bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Drift Calculation in Mothy Operational Oil Spill Prediction System
Authors: Daniel Pierre , Marty Fabien , Josse Patrick , Skandrani Chafih , Benshila Rachid 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
MOTHY (Modèle Océanique de Transport d'Hydrocarbures) is a pollutant drift model, developed and operated by Météo-France. MOTHY includes hydrodynamic coastal ocean modelling and real time atmospheric forcing from a global meteorological model. Pollutants can be oil or floating objects. To improve forecasts on the Mediterranean Sea, several methods were tested to inject large scale currents (permanent part) into the MOTHY system. The best results were obtained with monthly means of currents at 5 meters (from Mercator system). The addition of altimetric corrections improved the results. In addition the impact of wave (or swell) current, which is usually neglected in such models, is investigated. The literature has surprisingly little to say on the topic of wave-driven surface oil slicks. Earlier review on oil spill transport modelling includes wave driven transport among potential advection mechanisms. The discussion of wave-induced advection (mass transport) adopts a Lagrangian framework, focusing on the analyses of Stokes and Longuet-Higgins for the vertical profile of the Lagrangian velocity beneath waves. In our work, the action of a vertical shear due to waves is accounted for by including the Stokes drift due to weakly non linear waves. We evaluate this term and compare with observations of Erika pollution incident.
THE Windy Bay Discharge – A Success Story
Authors: Marchant Sharon O. , Pearson Leslie , Hurst John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the world of mechanical spill response, success stories are limited. The case of the F/V Windy Bay is an exception and much has been learned from the experience. On August 4, 2001, the fishing vessel Windy Bay hit a charted rock near Olsen Island in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The vessel carried 35,000 gallons of diesel fuel and sank quickly with no loss of life. A response was initiated, led by the USCG, with input from the owner, their response contractor, Chadux, and the contractor for the USCG, Alyeska/SERVS. The response lasted 20 days and involved 192 personnel, 20 spill response trained fishing vessels, the Valdez Star, and the CurrentBuster™ nearshore recovery system. By day six, over 12,000 gallons had been recovered and 19,500 gallons had evaporated or naturally dispersed. The mechanical response was very successful. The response also included major programs for protecting sensitive resources, informing the public and stakeholders, issue management, wildlife response programs and evaluations, decontamination, and waste management programs.
Master Plans, a New Approach for Contingency Planning in the Colombian Oil Industryi
Authors: Miranda Darío , Betancur Ana María , Gutiérrez Guillermo 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Up to a few years ago, contingency planning in the Colombian oil industry treated contingency plans for oil spills, fires and explosions as independent contingency plans. Strategies, operational procedures and equipment were selected for each type of emergency response. This condition reduced overall performance for different types of emergencies and restricted an emergency brigade's responsibility and commitment when facing an emergency. The members of a fire brigade, for example, did not have enough experience to control an oil spill and simply felt that they were not responsible for such work. In 1989, new legislation in Colombia established an approach for emergency response in which local, regional and national committees were created at municipal, departmental and national levels. These committees were responsible for emergency response coordination that depended on the emergency type and size, and on the resources involved. It soon became evident that individual contingency plans should be incorporated into a single comprehensive document. However, there were no guidelines available to provide contingency planners with the tools necessary to develop such integrated plans. The Colombian Petroleum Institute's new approach for designing and structuring Contingency Plans for the Colombian oil industry is presented in this document. New schemes for comprehensive emergency response are discussed, considering strategic, operational and data processing issues. Master Contingency Plans provide Local Contingency Plan developers with suitable tools that will enable them to develop their own plans in a comprehensive way, while coordinating the plans with the Colombian National System for Disaster Prevention and Response considered in Colombian law.
Contingency Regulations and Oil Spill Preparedness in Norwegian Arctic Areas1
Authors: Bjerkemo Ole Kristian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Svalbard includes all landmasses between 74 and 81 degrees North and between 10 and 35 degrees east, as well as the sea inside a territorial boundary stretching out 4 nautical miles from land. Ice and snow permanently cover two thirds of this area. Svalbard is a very sensitive area in case of oil spill or chemical accidents. A lot of activities on Svalbard may lead to oil spill. Spills from tourist cruise vessels, coal carriers and tank farms may be the largest threat. The law and regulations in this area gives the authorities an opportunity to direct the different companies to prepared an oil spill contingency plan. Because of a large expansion of the coal shipment from Svea mines on Svalbard and that the sailing would take place in a very sensitive area, the authorities took decision to ask for an oil spill contingency plan. The shipment takes place from July to November during the “ice free” months. The responsible company worked out different reports such as a weathering study of different bunker oils, environmental risk analysis, emergency preparedness analysis, a report discussing safe shipment within the sensitive area and an oil spill contingency plan. Based on these reports, the responsible parties received further requirements including carrying out a training program, oil spill exercises and efforts to avoid ship grounding. One of the the challenges of oil spill contingency planning in an area like Svalbard is how to keep the organisation trained for every sailing season.
Assessing the Capability of Remote Detection Systems to Identify Oil Slicks in Harbours
Authors: Goodman Ron , Hudema Henry , Mullin Blair , Amtech Alex Markov 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the past, the presence of oil slicks in harbours has been acknowledged as a natural result of ship movement and industrial activity in the area. In recent years, such pollution has become socially and environmentally unacceptable. The most common method of detecting the presence of oil in a harbour is currently the use of marine patrols and visual observations. This is a costly activity, which is not very effective. Harbourmasters and others involved in the operation of major marine facilities have recognized the need for a system that would continuously monitor for the presence of oil on water, and report its location to a central control room. In order to prosecute such violations, the system should be capable of identifying the oil and relating the oil to a specific ship. In the last ten years there have been significant developments in the remote sensing of oil on water in the support of oil-spill response. Such systems have generally been used as airborne packages, which allow the coverage of large areas. For the harbour situation, the area of coverage is fixed permitting the sensors to be mounted on towers. It would be ideal if the system had coverage similar to that of existing Vessel Traffic Systems (VTS). This paper will examine the applicability of using existing and proven oil-spill detection systems for harbours.
Mexus Gulf Exercise: Making it Count
Authors: James Terry , Pertuz David , Powell Billy , Stankovich Gary 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In May 2002, an oil spill exercise was led by Unocal Corporation - a major US based independent energy company, the U. S. Coast Guard, The Mexican Navy and members of several U.S. and Mexican government agencies. The objective of the exercise was to test the recently signed joint contingency plan between Mexico and the United States regarding pollution of the environment by discharges of hydrocarbons or other hazardous materials (MEXUS) and one of the associated geographic annexes; the MEXUS-Gulf. Participants and exercise design team members included representatives from U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Minerals Management Service, the Texas General Land Office, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Unocal Corporation, ERST/O'Brien's Inc., 1st Naval Zone of Mexico, Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT), Procuraduria Federal de Proteccion al Ambiente (PROFEPA) and Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX). This paper will describe the many lessons learned as the exercise was planned, conducted and evaluated. The exercise resulted in an exemplary show of cooperation between industry, U.S. and Mexican government officials in the desire to learn and understand the issues associated with hydrocarbon spills that cross or have the potential to cross the U.S./Mexico borders. Communications, language barriers, acceptable practices and standards for oil spill cleanup were all challenges faced by the teams in this unique exercise. Gaining a better understanding of these challenges and many other issues was invaluable and it was the consensus of all involved that this type of cooperative effort is the key to a successful cross-border response. Joint planning and training should continue in order to assure an effective implementation of the MEXUS plan should a real event ever occur.
Underwater Cleanup Assessment Program During the M/V Kuroshima Incident, April 1998
Authors: Martin C. Andrew , Mauseth Gary S. , Suggs Robert D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On 26 November 1997, the M/V KUROSHIMA went aground in Summer Bay on Unalaska Island, Alaska during a severe windstorm (Figure 1). The vessel released approximately 39,000 gallons of Bunker C fuel oil into the intertidal zone. A portion of this oil was forced into Summer Bay Lake by storm winds and high tides. From the outset of the incident, the trustees and the Responsible Party considered the possibility that oil had been submerged and covered parts of Summer Bay Lake substratum. Therefore, an underwater survey was included as part of the overall spring shoreline cleanup assessment program. This paper focuses on the process of performing an underwater survey as part of a larger cleanup operation. Surveys were conducted by representatives for the State of Alaska and the Responsible Party and incorporated standard Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) guidelines (Owens, 1992). The primary objective of these surveys was to locate submerged oil, quantify the amount of oil, and to document the characteristics of the oil. The underwater survey program had two main components; delineation and cleanup assessment for sign-off surveys. The logistics and support needed for performing an underwater survey with SCUBA, methods of navigation above and below the water surface, and the generation of maps for the dissemination of survey results to cleanup personnel are discussed.
Integration of Response, Restoration, and Enhancement in a Northwest United States Salmonid Stream Following a Gasoline Spill
Authors: Mauseth Gary S. , Challenger Greg E. , Owens Edward H. , Campbell Ronald F. , Macrander Michael , Doty Dan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The gasoline release, explosion, and fire that resulted from the Olympic Pipeline rupture on June 10, 1999 in Bellingham, Washington affected approximately 4 kilometers of the Whatcom Creek system. One component of the response program involved remediation of the affected streambed sections. A combination of mechanical, manual, and hydraulic in situ treatment techniques were used to remove product from the streambed and stream banks. Much of this work involved placement of heavy equipment in the stream and manipulation of unconsolidated substrata. Several kilometers of the streambed being treated had been the subject of historical anthropogenic alterations substantially lowering the suitability of the stream to support salmon spawning and rearing. While the equipment was in the stream, a series of emergency restoration modifications were made to increase the suitability of the stream to support increased viable salmonid populations. Enhancement included: erosion control, provisions for pools, runs, riffles, effective use of groundwater infiltration providing colder water, enhancement of partial passage barriers, and installation of large woody debris. Work was completed by September 1999 prior to the return of spawning adult salmon. Subsequent data collected on the stream used by salmon indicates that the measures were successful. Integration of response, restoration, and enhancement allowed the accomplishment with very little interruption to the anadromous fish cycle following a substantial insult to the stream system.
Commercial Diving Operations During Salvage and Pollution Response Operations1
Authors: Elliott James E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill response personnel encounter commercial diving operations during salvage and pollution response operations. During an oil spill or hazardous substance release, the National Contingency Plan requires that response operations, including commercial diving operations, be conducted in accordance with the requirements, standards, and regulations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Additionally, the Coast Guard requires that commercial diving contractors meet their own commercial diving regulations (46 CFR 197) during response operations. Incident commanders and safety officers should ensure that an inspection of the on-site diving operation is conducted to confirm that commercial diving personnel, operations, and equipment meet the applicable regulations. This technical paper provides guidance to response personnel on the inspection of commercial diving operations during marine response operations and an overview of the equipment used to protect divers in contaminated waters. Additionally, this guidance provides checklists to facilitate the inspection of commercial diving operations to protect the health and safety of commercial divers.
Use of GIS and Digital Orthoquads to Support Inspection and Operations During Oil Spill Response
Authors: Lamarche Alain , Gundlach Erich R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Maps are essential tools of spill response. They are traditionally used in a variety of sizes and formats to report and show the location of oil, cleanup activities and, in later phases of the response, the status of beach inspections. Very precise maps are also needed by operations personnel to direct cleanup crews to the right location, along with specific cleanup instructions. Detailed aerial pictures provide the ideal type of representation for this specific task. Such pictures are now available in the form of one to six meter resolution digital orthophotos quadrangles (DOQ), which are georeferenced and may be used as basemaps within a Geographical Information System (GIS). We have designed a system using these aerial pictures that allows the provision, on a daily basis, of large scale representation used 1) by inspection teams as forms to report location and nature of areas of concern and 2) by cleanup supervisors to more efficiently direct the effort of cleanup crews. These maps incorporate all relevant information needed by their users such as location and identification of shoreline segments, nature of oiling conditions, or any other observation needed by operations personnel. These detailed representations are complemented by georeferenced 1/100 000 scale topographical maps, which prove to be very effective for general reporting and orientation purposes. This system was developed and implemented in the course of the Swanson Creek Incident (Maryland) oil spill response.
Current and Future Geographic Information System Projects within the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, and the Potential for One Universal Application
Authors: Harbaugh Seth 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Geographic information systems (GIS) have a wide range of capabilities, which can be used for a variety of useful applications, such as a resource for oil spill management or a maritime security response tool. These systems provide useful information in a graphically and timely fashion, making it an ideal system for managers making critical decisions. A number of GIS programs have been developed. Among these are the Geographic Specific Tactical Response Plan (GSTRP), Florida Marine Spill Analysis System (FMSAS) and the Maritime Security Strategic Information System (MSSIS). The GSTRP and FMSAS were developed to assist responders in the event of an oil spill, where response time is critical in order to effectively reduce environmental and monetary impact. The MSSIS has been developed to better plan for, react to, or protect the port from a terrorist/criminal threat. All of these programs are similar in scope and function, with overlapping areas of operation. Each also has unique features and together they form an excellent base upon which to build a universal GIS system. Many believe the development of a universal GIS, which combines spill response, maritime security, and potentially other functions would be beneficial to the area, region, and country. This concept was discussed following a presentation of the Alabama and Mississippi Oil Spill GIS at the Regional Response Team (RRT) IV meeting at the beginning of 2002. The Alabama and Mississippi Oil Spill GIS was developed with the intention of building upon the existing systems and adding state of the art technology with additional capabilities and an internet platform to make an all encompassing system. This discussion sparked a future meeting to discuss this potential and the logistics involved in it's undertaking. This paper examines the value and development of a universal GIS within RRT IV. This project also has the potential to address the same maritime security issues as previously discussed, making it a broad application. With this continuity the project could be a living application, which would grow as needs change and technology advances, enabled by the scope of the project and combined resource management and funding.
A Simulation Model to Predict Spill-Induced Bird Mortality Using Beached Carcass Data
Authors: Wakefield Jeffrey R , Tomasi Theodore , Byrd Heath , Greer Richard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Beached bird models have been used to estimate spill induced bird mortality as a function of carcass recovery. The basic models generate defensible estimates given the sparse data generally associated with large, infrequently searched, areas. We have extended the model to address spills of limited geographic extent and intense recovery effort. Our model simulates the number of carcasses required to re-create the vector of carcasses actually collected. Each simulation generates a single estimate of mortality consistent with carcass recovery data. Monte Carlo methods facilitate a mean mortality estimate.
Scaling Primary and Compensatory Restoration of Endangered Species
Authors: Wakefield Jeffrey , Tomasi Theodore , Greer Richard , Byrd Heath 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As a result of oil spills endangered species may be killed. This paper discusses issues associated with scaling restoration projects that would compensate for mortality of an endangered species due to an oil spill. We illustrate our concerns using hypothetical data and a simple stochastic population dynamics model meant to (roughly) approximate Marbeled Murrelets (a federally-listed west- coast seabird) killed as result of a spill. The paper discusses the implications of possible outcomes with very long run implications (i.e. extinction), for which conservation biologists have generated various approaches for guiding management decisions in which discounting is not used. These are contrasted with the usual scaling approach, Resource Equivalency Analysis, which uses (expected) discounted bird years (EDBYs).
The West Coast Offshore Vessel Traffic Risk Management Project
Authors: Cameron Jean R. , Holly Rick , Uberti Captain William , Springer LT Patricia 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The West Coast Offshore Vessel Traffic Risk Management Project resulted from a unique collaboration between the US Coast Guard Pacific Area, the Canadian Coast Guard, and the environmental agencies representing the Province of British Columbia and the States of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California. In addition to these organizations, the Project Workgroup included federal military and environmental agencies from both the US and Canada, industry from all the affected regions, as well as public interest organizations. The primary focus of the project is prevention of drift groundings - and subsequent oil spills - by disabled vessels traveling coastwise off the West Coast of the US and Canada anywhere between Cook Inlet and San Diego. Working together over a three-year period, the Project Workgroup collected information on West Coast traffic patterns, traffic volume, existing management measures, ship drift rates, historical casualty data, weather data, assist vessel availability, and economic and environmental sensitivity of the coastlines. Vessel types of concern included laden tank vessels and barges, plus cargo, passenger, and fishing vessels over 300 gross tons. Two risk assessment tools were developed that incorporated this information and delineated average and higher risk areas of operation on the West Coast. Based upon these outcomes, the Workgroup has developed findings and recommendations focused on reducing risk associated with the distance offshore, collision hazard, tug availability, and historic casualty factors. In addition to the collaborative partnerships involved in this project, the risk assessment techniques and the regional applications are unique and provide a model which could be applied to offshore regions worldwide.