bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial Replacement of Fish Meal with Poultry By‐product Meal in Diets for Snakehead, Channa striata (Bloch, 1793), Fingerlings
Authors: Abdul‐Halim Halimatun H. , Aliyu‐Paiko Mohammed , Hashim Roshada 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA 12‐wk feeding trial was carried out to examine the response of snakehead, Channa striata, fingerlings to diets containing poultry by‐product meal (PBM) protein as replacement to fish meal (FM) protein. Fish (mean initial weight 3.98 ± 0.01) were reared in 15 tanks and fed one of five isocaloric (18.5 kJ/g gross energy) diets, in triplicates. Each diet was formulated to contain 45% crude protein and 6.5% crude fat and utilizing protein from PBM to replace that of defatted FM in the following decreasing order; 40, 30, 20, 10, and 0%, respectively. Fish were fed assigned diets to apparent satiation twice daily during the trial, for 12 wk. Water quality parameters (temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen) were monitored and ranged between 28.5–30.5 C, 6.1–6.6, and 4.61–6.34 mg/L, respectively. Fish survival and growth performance were not significantly (P < 0.05) different among all the treatments. Dietary PBM level did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the hepatosomatic (HSI) and viserosomatic indices (VSI) in fish and the carcass protein and ash compositions. Muscle lipid was significantly the highest in the 30PBM compared to 0PBM, 10PBM and 20PBM groups, but similar to the 40PBM treatment. The result of this trial indicates that protein from PBM could be used to successfully replace minimum 40% of defatted FM protein in diets for snakehead fingerlings without negative effects on growth and feed utilization.
Summer larval fish assemblages in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Giordano Daniela , Profeta Adriana , Busalacchi Barbara , Minutoli Roberta , Guglielmo Letterio , Bergamasco Alessandro , Granata Antonia 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to study the community structure, in terms of species composition, abundance and spatial distribution, of fish larvae in a wide coastal area of Sicily facing the Southeastern Tyrrhenian Sea, extending for 2300 km2 from Cape Cefalù to the west, to Cape Rasocolmo in the east. This study analyses how species are assembled in relation to an inshore–offshore gradient and also how environmental conditions, determined by surface circulation patterns occurring in the Central Mediterranean at the local scale, determine the distribution patterns. Samples from 39 stations were collected using a 60‐cm Bongo net during an ichthyoplanktonic survey carried out in June 2006. In all, 62 taxa, representing 32 families, were identified. Cyclothone braueri (59.6%), Engraulis encrasicolus (9.2%) Lampanyctus crocodilus (4.3%) and Lampanyctus pusillus (4.1%) were the most abundant species. The results showed that the highest abundance value (14830.6 fish larvae per 10 m2 sea surface) was observed in the western part of the study area. MDS, SIMPER and CCA analyses revealed well defined groups of stations and assemblages of larvae in accordance with an inshore–offshore gradient. The results of this study could have implications for the management of marine resources because the investigated area has already been identified as a nursery area for many pelagic and coastal fishes and a natural habitat for many species of high commercial interest.
The effects of in vitro fluoride mouth rinse on the antibacterial properties of orthodontic cements
Authors: Slutzky H. , Feuerstern O. , Namuz K. , Shpack N. , Lewinstein I. , Matalon S. 
Published: April 2014

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the ability of orthodontic cements to regain their antibacterial effect after aging for 1 month, followed by 2 weeks of fluoride ‘recharging’ through daily fluoride rinse.Materials and MethodsFour orthodontic cements were tested: composite resin‐based materials (Transbond XT and Transbond Plus), a conventional glass ionomer cement (CX Plus) and dual‐cured resin‐reinforced glass ionomer cement (Fuji ORTHO LC) by direct contact test. After polymerization and a 30‐day aging process, the samples were rinsed daily with 0.05% NaF solution for 14 days. Twenty‐four hours after the last fluoride rinse, Streptococcus mutans cells (approximately 1 x 106) were placed on the surface of each sample for 1 h at 37°C to establish direct contact. Bacterial growth was monitored for 24 h by temperature‐controlled spectrophotometry. Similar experiments were conducted after aging for 48 h and 72 h after the last fluoride rinse. One‐way anova, two‐way anova, and Tukey's multiple comparison test were applied to the data.ResultsTwenty‐four hours after the last fluoride rinse, the resin‐modified glass ionomer and the glass ionomer showed potent antibacterial properties, whereas the composite‐based material Transbond XT encouraged bacterial growth. After 72 h, only Fuji Ortho LC maintained its bacteriostatic properties while all the other tested materials showed no antibacterial activity.ConclusionsFourteen days daily fluoride rinse temporarily revives the antibacterial properties of the resin‐modified glass ionomer cement and glass‐ionomer‐based cement.
Chronic osteomyelitis management in austere environments: the International Committee of the Red Cross experience
Authors: Baldan Marco , Gosselin Richard A. , Osman Zaher , Barrand Kenneth G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundChronic osteomyelitis (COM) causes major physical disability. In situations of limited resources and war zones, western world treatments are neither affordable nor sustainable. The International Committee of the Red Cross has established a COM treatment project in the Democratic Republic of Congo, with emphasis on affordability and sustainability.MethodsOne hundred and sixty‐eight patients were treated for COM. The protocol focused on surgical excision of necrotic bone, physiotherapy and an open wound dressing method using granulated brown sugar.ResultsSeventy‐one patients could be reviewed with a mean follow‐up of 13.7 months (5–28 months). 46 patients (63.4%, 95% CI 52.5–75.6) had excellent/good results in terms of clinical cure of the infection, and 36 patients (50.7%, 95% CI 38.7–62.7) had seen excellent/good improvement in their functional status compared with before treatment.ConclusionsThe above‐mentioned treatment protocol has shown encouraging results: almost two‐thirds of the patients had their infection clinically cured, and half the patients saw significant functional improvement.
The effect of ageing and indomethacin on forearm reactive hyperaemia in healthy adults
Authors: Taylor Jennifer L. , Hines Casey N. , Nicholson Wayne T. , Joyner Michael J. , Barnes Jill N. 
Published: April 2014

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
We aimed to investigate the effects of the cyclo‐oxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin on resistance vessel function in young and older adults and to test the hypothesis that indomethacin will attenuate forearm vascular conductance during reactive hyperaemia.
What is the main finding and its importance?
Older adults demonstrated an attenuated vasodilator response to ischaemia after COX inhibition compared with their younger counterparts. This suggests that older adults do not compensate for the vascular changes induced by an acute dose of indomethacin. Long‐term use of indomethacin may increase vascular resistance and reduce the response to acute haemodynamic stress in older adults. The risk for potential adverse cardiovascular consequences of COX inhibition should be considered.
We have previously shown that non‐selective cyclo‐oxygenase inhibition, via indomethacin, unfavourably increased central blood pressure in older adults, with little effect in young adults. In addition, the vasoactive prostaglandins have been shown to contribute to both peripheral vasodilator responses and large artery function; however, there is little information available in older adults and conflicting reports in young adults on the extent to which resistance vessel function is influenced by indomethacin. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that cyclo‐oxygenase inhibition using indomethacin would attenuate forearm vascular conductance during reactive hyperaemia in older adults compared with young adults. Forearm blood flow responses to 5 min of forearm ischaemia were measured in 26 healthy adults (13 young, 25 ± 5 years old; and 13 older, 65 ± 6 years old), using venous occlusion plethysmography before and after indomethacin. Baseline forearm blood flow and vascular conductance were not different between groups during either trial, and there were no age‐related differences prior to cyclo‐oxygenase inhibition. Peak forearm vascular conductance and blood flow were similar between groups before indomethacin, but lower in older adults after indomethacin compared with young adults (27 ± 4 versus 41 ± 4 ml (100 ml)−1 min−1 (100 mmHg)−1, P = 0.02; and 23 ± 3 versus 33 ± 3 ml (100 ml)−1 min−1, P = 0.02, respectively). These results, in conjunction with our previous findings in large arteries, suggest that ageing alters the effect of cyclo‐oxygenase inhibition on vascular responses, and specifically, the resistance vessel responses underlying reactive hyperaemia.
Seasonal Prevalence of Lyme Disease Spirochetes in a Heterothermic Mammal, the Edible Dormouse (Glis glis)
Authors: Fietz Joanna , Tomiuk Jürgen , Matuschka Franz-Rainer , Richter Dania 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

In Europe, dormice serve as competent reservoir hosts for particular genospecies of the tick-borne agent of Lyme disease (LD) and seem to support them more efficiently than do mice or voles. The longevity of edible dormice (
Glis glis
) and their attractiveness for ticks may result in a predominance of LD spirochetes in ticks questing in dormouse habitats. To investigate the role of edible dormice in the transmission cycle of LD spirochetes, we sampled skin tissue from the ear pinnae of dormice inhabiting five different study sites in south western Germany. Of 501 edible dormice, 12.6% harbored DNA of LD spirochetes. Edible dormice were infected most frequently with the pathogenic LD spirochete
Borrelia afzelii
. The DNA of
B. garinii
and
B. bavariensis
was detected in ca. 0.5% of the examined individuals. No spirochetal DNA was detectable in the skin of edible dormice until July, 6 weeks after they generally start to emerge from their obligate hibernation. Thereafter, the prevalence of spirochetal DNA in edible dormice increased during the remaining period of their 4 to 5 months of activity, reaching nearly 40% in September. Males were more than four times more likely to harbor LD spirochetes than females, and yearlings were almost twice more likely to be infected than adults. The seasonality of the prevalence of LD spirochetes in edible dormice was pronounced and may affect their role as a reservoir host in respect to other hosts.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Vacuolar H
+
-ATPase Regulation by Disassembly and Reassembly: One Structure and Multiple Signals
Authors: Parra Karlett J. , Chan Chun-Yuan , Chen Jun 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Vacuolar H
+
-ATPases (V-ATPases) are highly conserved ATP-driven proton pumps responsible for acidification of intracellular compartments. V-ATPase proton transport energizes secondary transport systems and is essential for lysosomal/vacuolar and endosomal functions. These dynamic molecular motors are composed of multiple subunits regulated in part by reversible disassembly, which reversibly inactivates them. Reversible disassembly is intertwined with glycolysis, the RAS/cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, and phosphoinositides, but the mechanisms involved are elusive. The atomic- and pseudo-atomic-resolution structures of the V-ATPases are shedding light on the molecular dynamics that regulate V-ATPase assembly. Although all eukaryotic V-ATPases may be built with an inherent capacity to reversibly disassemble, not all do so. V-ATPase subunit isoforms and their interactions with membrane lipids and a V-ATPase-exclusive chaperone influence V-ATPase assembly. This minireview reports on the mechanisms governing reversible disassembly in the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, keeping in perspective our present understanding of the V-ATPase architecture and its alignment with the cellular processes and signals involved.
Ribosome Biogenesis in African Trypanosomes Requires Conserved and Trypanosome-Specific Factors
Authors: Umaer Khan , Ciganda Martin , Williams Noreen 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Large ribosomal subunit protein L5 is responsible for the stability and trafficking of 5S rRNA to the site of eukaryotic ribosomal assembly. In
Trypanosoma brucei
, in addition to L5, trypanosome-specific proteins P34 and P37 also participate in this process. These two essential proteins form a novel preribosomal particle through interactions with both the ribosomal protein L5 and 5S rRNA. We have generated a procyclic L5 RNA interference cell line and found that L5 itself is a protein essential for trypanosome growth, despite the presence of other 5S rRNA binding proteins. Loss of L5 decreases the levels of all large-subunit rRNAs, 25/28S, 5.8S, and 5S rRNAs, but does not alter small-subunit 18S rRNA. Depletion of L5 specifically reduced the levels of the other large ribosomal proteins, L3 and L11, whereas the steady-state levels of the mRNA for these proteins were increased. L5-knockdown cells showed an increase in the 40S ribosomal subunit and a loss of the 60S ribosomal subunits, 80S monosomes, and polysomes. In addition, L5 was involved in the processing and maturation of precursor rRNAs. Analysis of polysomal fractions revealed that unprocessed rRNA intermediates accumulate in the ribosome when L5 is depleted. Although we previously found that the loss of P34 and P37 does not result in a change in the levels of L5, the loss of L5 resulted in an increase of P34 and P37 proteins, suggesting the presence of a compensatory feedback loop. This study demonstrates that ribosomal protein L5 has conserved functions, in addition to nonconserved trypanosome-specific features, which could be targeted for drug intervention.
Dissecting the
cis
and
trans
Elements That Regulate Adjacent-Gene Coregulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Arnone James T. , Arace Jeffrey R. , Soorneedi Anand R. , Citino Teryn T. , Kamitaki Tadashi L. , McAlear Michael A. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

The relative positions that genes occupy on their respective chromosomes can play a critical role in determining how they are regulated at the transcriptional level. For example, a significant fraction of the genes from a variety of coregulated gene sets, including the ribosomal protein (RP) and the rRNA and ribosome biogenesis (RRB) regulons, exist as immediate, adjacent gene pairs. These gene pairs occur in all possible divergent, tandem, and convergent orientations. Adjacent-gene pairing in these regulons is associated with a tighter transcriptional coregulation than is observed for nonpaired genes of the same regulons. In order to define the
cis
and
trans
factors that regulate adjacent-gene coregulation (AGC), we conducted a mutational analysis of the convergently oriented RRB gene pair
MPP10-YJR003C
. We observed that coupled corepression of the gene pair under heat shock was abrogated when the two genes were separated by an actively expressed RNA polymerase (Pol) II transcription unit (the
LEU2
gene) but not when the inserted
LEU2
gene was repressed. In contrast, the insertion of an RNA Pol III-transcribed tRNA (Thr) gene did not disrupt the coregulated repression of
MPP10
and
YJR003C
. A targeted screen of mutants defective in regulating chromosome architecture revealed that the Spt20, Snf2, and Chd1 proteins were required for coupling the repression of
YJR003C
to that of
MPP10
. Nucleosome occupancy assays performed across the
MPP10
and
YJR003C
promoter regions revealed that the mechanism of corepression of the gene pair was not related to the repositioning of nucleosomes across the respective gene promoters.
Resolving Nonstop Translation Complexes Is a Matter of Life or Death
Authors: Keiler Kenneth C. , Feaga Heather A. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Problems during gene expression can result in a ribosome that has translated to the 3′ end of an mRNA without terminating at a stop codon, forming a nonstop translation complex. The nonstop translation complex contains a ribosome with the mRNA and peptidyl-tRNA engaged, but because there is no codon in the A site, the ribosome cannot elongate or terminate the nascent chain. Recent work has illuminated the importance of resolving these nonstop complexes in bacteria. Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA)-SmpB specifically recognizes and resolves nonstop translation complexes in a reaction known as
trans
-translation.
trans
-Translation releases the ribosome and promotes degradation of the incomplete nascent polypeptide and problematic mRNA. tmRNA and SmpB have been found in all bacteria and are essential in some species. However, other bacteria can live without
trans
-translation because they have one of the alternative release factors, ArfA or ArfB. ArfA recruits RF2 to nonstop translation complexes to promote hydrolysis of the peptidyl-tRNAs. ArfB recognizes nonstop translation complexes in a manner similar to tmRNA-SmpB recognition and directly hydrolyzes the peptidyl-tRNAs to release the stalled ribosomes. Genetic studies indicate that most or all species require at least one mechanism to resolve nonstop translation complexes. Consistent with such a requirement, small molecules that inhibit resolution of nonstop translation complexes have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. These results suggest that resolving nonstop translation complexes is a matter of life or death for bacteria.
Imaging services at the Paralympic Games London 2012: analysis of demand and distribution of workload
Authors: Bethapudi Sarath , Campbell Robert S D , Budgett Richard , Willick Stuart E , Van de Vliet Peter 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundVery little data have been published on medical imaging services at disability games. 7.9 million euros (£6.6 million, US$11 million) were invested in setting up radiology facilities within purpose built polyclinics at the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic games. This paper details imaging services at the 2012 Paralympic Games. Data analysis on imaging at 2012 Olympics has been published in a separate paper.AimTo analyse the workload on the polyclinics’ radiology services, provided for the Paralympic athletes during the London 2012 Paralympic Games.MethodData were prospectively collected during the period of the Paralympic games from the Picture Archive Communications System (PACS) and the Radiological Information System (RIS). Data were correlated with the medical encounter database (ATOS).Results655 imaging episodes were recorded, which comprised 38.8% (n=254) MRI, 33% (n=216) plain radiographs, 24% (n=157) ultrasound scans and 4.2% (n=28) CT scans. Investigations on the Paralympic athletes accounted for 65.2% of workload, with the remainder divided between Paralympic family and workforce.ConclusionsMRI was the most used imaging resource and CT was the least used imaging modality at the Paralympic village polyclinic. Analysis of demographic data provides a useful index for planning radiology infrastructure and manpower at future international competitions for athletes with a disability.
Quick starting contraception after emergency contraception: have clinical guidelines made a difference?
Authors: Simpson Janine , Craik Julie , Melvin Louise 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveWhen initiating contraception after emergency contraception (EC), conventional practice had been to wait until the next menses. Since 2010, UK guidelines have endorsed quick starting (QS) contraception, namely offering immediate start when requested. We conducted an audit to assess clinical practice before and after QS guidance publication.MethodsA full cycle audit was performed on the clinical notes of women requesting EC during two 2-month periods in 2010 and 2011 in an Integrated Sexual Health Service. All case notes were identified using the National Sexual Health database of sexual health records (Scotland). Information was collated and interpreted using Microsoft Excel and SPSS V.17.ResultsDuring January and February 2010 and 2011, 190 and 180 women, respectively, attended for EC, of whom 96 and 97 were identified as potential quick starters. Between 2010 and 2011, a statistically significant increase in QS practice was noted from 20.8% (n=20) to 37.1% (n=36) (p=0.011), with a corresponding decrease in the percentage of women traditionally started on hormonal contraception (HC): 24% (n=23) and 14.6% (n=14), respectively. There was also a decrease in those advised to return for commencement of HC [55.2% (n=53) vs 49% (n=47)]. Of those advised to return, 26.4% (n=14) and 31.9% (n=15) had no further contact with the service within at least 6 months.ConclusionsQS practice increased after the introduction of clinical guidelines. However, overall provision of HC remained low, with only around half of women prescribed a hormonal method.
Magnetic fabric of ignimbrites: a case study from the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province
Authors: Agrò Alessandro , Zanella Elena , Le Pennec Jean-Luc , Temel Abidin 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The magnetic fabric of the Pliocene Kızılkaya ignimbrite in the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province has been investigated by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and isothermal remanent magnetization (AIRM). Seven sections were sampled at various stratigraphic heights within the devitrified portion of the ignimbrite. The magnetic mineralogy is complex: titanomagnetite occurs as magmatic grains, and as inclusions in other phenocryst and glass shards; an oxidized phase and hematite occur in deposit levels affected by alteration processes. The disturbance produced by lithic and pumice clasts has been reduced by discarding the specimens that deviate more than ±1σ from the site mean value of the density. The AMS fabric varies along each individual section. Neither the AMS magnetic lineation nor the magnetic foliation plunge clearly define a common area as the vent location. The AIRM fabric of low-coercivity minerals, mainly represented by free titanomagnetite grains of magmatic origin, is consistent between sites and the inferred flow directions converge on a region near Derinkuyu, in the Nevsehir plateau, previously reported as the Kızılkaya ignimbrite source area. This study shows that systematic use of the remanent fabric improves the results given by AMS and aids the identification of the primary magnetic fabric related to the ignimbrite emplacement dynamics.