bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TA’LIIM AL-LUGHAH AL-‘ARABIYYAH LI AL-THULLAB AL-WAFIDIIN FII JAMI’AH AL-MALIK SAUUD BI AL-RIYADH AL-MAMLAKAH AL-‘ARABIYYAH AL-SAUUDIYYAH
Authors: Hamid Hamid 
Published: October 2015

The interesting finding of this research is the model of teaching Arabic for foreign student developed by Malik Sauud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In the past, the teaching Arabic for foreign student or non-native in Arab mostly used direct method, while in this research it is found out that there are five important things in teaching Arabic language. The first, the Arabic language teaching needs specific dormitory for the foreign students so that all of the program can be applied exclusively. Second, the direct method , is still applied completed with communicative approach and various strategies. Third, the use of multi-media is considered important eventough the tutors are native speaker. This also shows that teacher-centered has shifted into student-centered sothat teachers take role as facilitator. Fourth, the materials presented are suited with Arabic culture and the culture of students’ origin. Fifth, the phase of evaluation is considered most important to measure the success of learning Arabic language. The shift of language learning model of Arabic language in Arab country as applied in Malik Sauud University, Riyadh, Arab Saudi can be a new trend in developing Arabic language and culture teaching learning.<br />Keywords: Ta’liim, Jami’ah Al-Malik Sauud<br /><br />
PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PROJECT-BASED LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BAHASA INGGRIS SISWA PONPES MODERN DI MALANG RAYA
Authors: Suhartatik Suhartatik , Adi Adi 
Published: October 2015

English is taught in Modern Islamic Boarding School as one of language competences must be mastered by the students beside Arabic. The teachers find difficulties to implement learning models that make the students to be active and the students need others learning variation. Research and Development (R &amp; D) design is used in this research that aim to produce the development of <em>“Project Based-Learning Model”</em> plus VCD to improve the Students' English Ability of Modern Islamic Boarding School at Malang Area. The model of development is adopted by Borg and Gall Model starting from collecting information, development of initial product, 1st expert validation, 1st product revision, 2nd expert validation, 2nd product revision, tryout, and final product. The Experts’ English Material validation conclude that formulation of learning objective, content, material selection for development of <em>“Project Based-Learning Model”</em> have got category of Excellent. The validation of the Expert of Media conclude that final product of VCD have been appropriated with the aspects of learning media that are feasible to be applied.
The Efficacy of Shareholder Voting in Staggered and Non-Staggered Boards: The Case of Audit Committee Elections
Authors: Gal-Or Ronen , Hoitash Rani , Hoitash Udi 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY
We examine whether shareholder votes can influence the audit committee and whether this influence is uniform across non-staggered and staggered boards. We find that through voting, shareholders can increase the efficacy of the audit committee, leading to improvements in audit committee structure, diligence, and financial reporting quality. These results hold only in firms with non-staggered boards, underscoring the need to separately examine staggered and non-staggered boards. Importantly, the non-responsiveness of staggered audit committees to shareholder disapproval presents an additional explanation for the weaker performance that is often documented for firms with staggered boards. Overall, our results support the movement to de-stagger boards.
Pain experience during initial alignment with three types of nickel-titanium archwires: A prospective clinical trial
Authors: Abdelrahman Reem Sh. , Al-Nimri Kazem S. , Al Maaitah Emad F. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To clinically evaluate the pain intensity during the week following initial placement of three different orthodontic aligning archwires.

Materials and Methods:
A consecutive sample of 75 patients requiring upper and lower fixed orthodontic appliances were alternately allocated into three different archwires (0.014-inch superelastic NiTi, 0.014-inch thermoelastic NiTi or 0.014-inch conventional NiTi). Assessments of pain/discomfort were made on a daily basis over the first 7-day period after bonding by means of visual analog scale and consumption of analgesics. The maximum pain score was recorded. The possible associations between age, gender, degree of crowding, and teeth irregularity and the pain intensity were also examined. Demographic and clinical differences between the three groups were compared with chi-square test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.

Results:
No statistically significant differences were found in the pain intensity when the three aligning NiTi archwires were compared (P  =  .63). No significant differences in pain perception were found in terms of gender, age, lower arch crowding, and incisor irregularity. The intake of analgesics was the least in the superelastic NiTi group.

Conclusion:
The three forms of NiTi wires were similar in terms of pain intensity during the initial aligning stage of orthodontic fixed appliance therapy. Gender, age, and the degree of crowding have no effect on the perceived discomfort experienced by patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.
Airway compartments volume and oxygen saturation changes after rapid maxillary expansion: A longitudinal correlation study
Authors: Fastuca Rosamaria , Perinetti Giuseppe , Zecca Piero Antonio , Nucera Riccardo , Caprioglio Alberto 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To evaluate changes in airway volumes and respiratory performance in patients undergoing rapid maxillary expansion and determine whether any correlations exist between the morphological and respiratory functional modifications induced by rapid maxillary expansion and pretreatment airway stenosis.

Materials and Methods:
Fifteen patients (11 females and 4 males; mean age, 7.5 ± 0.3 years) were enrolled in the study. Each patient underwent cone beam computed tomography and polysomnography examination before rapid maxillary expansion and after the removal of the maxillary expander 12 months later. The airway regions were segmented and the volumes were computed.

Results:
The upper, middle, and lower airway volumes were significantly increased 2305 mm3, 1144 mm3, and 1915 mm3, respectively. Similarly, oxygen saturation was increased (+5.3%) and the apnea/hypopnea index was improved (−4.2 events). All the observed modifications were statistically significant (P &lt; .05). Baseline middle and lower airway volume showed a significant negative correlation with the oxygen saturation modification.

Conclusions:
The results of this study showed that when rapid maxillary expansion is performed in subjects having posterior crossbite, oxygen saturation is improved. The improvement is greater in subjects having more reduced middle and lower airway volumes.
Impact of malocclusion and dentofacial anomalies on the prevalence and severity of dental caries among adolescents
Authors: Feldens Carlos Alberto , dos Santos Dullius Angela Isabel , Kramer Paulo Floriani , Scapini Annarosa , Busato Adair Luiz Stefanello , Vargas-Ferreira Fabiana 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
To investigate the association between malocclusion/dentofacial anomalies and dental caries among adolescents.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 509 adolescents aged 11 to 14 years enrolled at public schools in the city of Osório in southern Brazil. Parents/caregivers answered a structured questionnaire on demographic and socioeconomic variables. A trained examiner recorded the presence of malocclusion (Dental Aesthetic Index [DAI]), traumatic dental injury, and dental caries. Data analysis involved the chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Poisson regression with robust variance was used for the multivariable analysis.

Results:
A total of 44.8% of the adolescents had dental caries (mean DFMT  =  1.33 ± 1.84). The DAI index ranged from 15 to 77 (mean  =  29.0 ± 7.9); 43.6% of the sample had severe malocclusion and 11.6% had traumatic dental injury. The prevalence and severity of dental caries were significantly greater among adolescents with severe malocclusion. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that adolescents with severe or handicapping malocclusion had a 31% greater probability of having dental caries (prevalence ratio: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.02–1.67), independently of demographic, socioeconomic, or clinical aspects. The orthodontic characteristics associated with the occurrence and severity of caries were maxillary irregularity ≥3 mm (P  =  .021) and abnormal molar relationship (P  =  .021).

Conclusions:
Handicapping malocclusion, maxillary irregularity, and abnormal molar relationship were associated with the occurrence and severity of dental caries. The findings suggest that the prevention and treatment of these conditions can contribute to a reduction in dental caries among adolescents.
A systematic review of the effects of euthanasia and occupational stress in personnel working with animals in animal shelters, veterinary clinics, and biomedical research facilities
Authors: Scotney Rebekah L. , McLaughlin Deirdre , Keates Helen L. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Background—The study of occupational stress and compassion fatigue in personnel working in animal-related occupations has gained momentum over the last decade. However, there remains incongruence in understanding what is currently termed compassion fatigue and the associated unique contributory factors. Furthermore, there is minimal established evidence of the likely influence of these conditions on the health and well-being of individuals working in various animal-related occupations.
Objective—To assess currently available evidence and terminology regarding occupational stress and compassion fatigue in personnel working in animal shelters, veterinary clinics, and biomedical research facilities.
Data Sources—Studies were identified by searching the following electronic databases with no publication date restrictions: ProQuest Research Library, ProQuest Social Science Journals, PsycARTICLES, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, PsychINFO databases, and Google Scholar. Search terms included (euthanasia AND animals) OR (compassion fatigue AND animals) OR (occupational stress AND animals).
Study Appraisal and Synthesis—Only articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals that included use of quantitative or qualitative techniques to investigate the incidence of occupational stress or compassion fatigue in the veterinary profession or animal-related occupations were included. On the basis of predefined criteria, 1 author extracted articles, and the data set was then independently reviewed by the other 2 authors.
Results—12 articles met the selection criteria and included a variety of study designs and methods of data analysis. Seven studies evaluated animal shelter personnel, with the remainder evaluating veterinary nurses and technicians (2), biomedical research technicians (1), and personnel in multiple animal-related occupations (2). There was a lack of consistent terminology and agreed definitions for the articles reviewed. Personnel directly engaged in euthanasia reported significantly higher levels of work stress and lower levels of job satisfaction, which may have resulted in higher employee turnover, psychological distress, and other stress-related conditions.
Limitations and Conclusions—Results of this review suggested a high incidence of occupational stress and euthanasia-related strain in animal care personnel. The disparity of nomenclature and heterogeneity of research methods may contribute to general misunderstanding and confusion and impede the ability to generate high-quality evidence regarding the unique stressors experienced by personnel working with animals. The present systematic review provided insufficient foundation from which to identify consistent causal factors and outcomes to use as a basis for development of evidence-based stress management programs, and it highlights the need for further research.
Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to a recombinant Blastomyces adhesin-1 repeat antigen as an aid in the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs
Authors: Mourning Alyssa C. , Patterson Edward E. , Kirsch Emily J. , Renschler Janelle S. , Wolf Linda A. , Paris Jasmin K. , Durkin Michelle M. , Wheat Lawrence J. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for antibodies to a recombinant Blastomyces adhesin-1 repeat antigen (rBAD-1) to aid in the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs and compare the findings with results from other tests used for this purpose.
Design—Prospective analytic study.
Sample—Serum and urine from 70 dogs with and without blastomycosis.
Procedures—Serum and urine samples were collected from dogs with blastomycosis (n = 21), histoplasmosis (8), or nonfungal pulmonary disease (21) and from healthy control dogs living in a blastomycosis-endemic area (20). Serum was tested for antibodies against Blastomyces dermatitidis with the rBAD-1 antibody EIA and an A-antigen antibody agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay. Serum and urine were tested for B dermatitidis antigen with a quantitative EIA.
Results—Sensitivity of the quantitative antigen EIA was 100% in serum and urine samples from dogs with blastomycosis, with specificity of 95% in urine samples from dogs with nonfungal pulmonary disease and 100% in urine samples from healthy dogs. Sensitivity of the rBAD-1 antibody EIA (95%) was significantly greater than that of the A-antigen antibody AGID assay (65%). Specificity of the antibody EIA was 88% in dogs with histoplasmosis, 95% in healthy dogs, and 100% in dogs with nonfungal pulmonary disease.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The rBAD-1 antibody EIA had greater sensitivity than the A-antigen antibody AGID assay in dogs with blastomycosis. This antibody EIA may assist in distinguishing histoplasmosis from blastomycosis. Further evaluation in a larger prospective study is needed to verify these results.
Incidence rates and risk factors for owner-reported adverse events following vaccination of dogs that did or did not receive a Leptospira vaccine
Authors: Yao Peng Ju , Stephenson Nicole , Foley Janet E. , Toussieng Chuck R. , Farver Thomas B. , Sykes Jane E. , Fleer Katryna A. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Objective—To determine incidence rates (IRs) and potential risk factors for owner-reported adverse events (AEs) following vaccination of dogs that did or did not receive a Leptospira vaccine.
Design—Observational, retrospective cohort study.
Animals—130,557 dogs.
Procedures—Electronic records of mobile veterinary clinics from June 2012 to March 2013 were searched to identify dogs that received ≥ 1 vaccine in a given visit. Signalment data, vaccinations received, medications administered, and owner-reported clinical signs consistent with AEs that developed ≤ 5 days after vaccination were recorded. Associations between potential risk factors and owner-reported AEs were evaluated by logistic regression analysis.
Results—The IR/10,000 dogs for owner-reported postvaccination AEs was 26.3 (95% CI, 23.6 to 29.2), whereas that for dogs that received a Leptospira vaccine alone or with other vaccines was 53.0 (95% CI, 42.8 to 64.9). Significant factors for increasing or decreasing risk of AEs were as follows: receiving a Leptospira vaccine (adjusted OR, 2.13), age at vaccination 1 to < 7 or ≥ 7 years (vs a referent of < 6 months; adjusted OR, 0.54 and 0.44, respectively), and weight 13.6 to < 22.7 kg (30 to < 50 lb) and 22.7 to < 45.5 kg (50 to 100 lb [vs a referent of < 4.5 kg {10 lb}]; adjusted OR, 0.48 and 0.55, respectively). Hypersensitivity reactions were rare (IR, 6.5/10,000 dogs), and IRs for these events did not differ significantly between dogs vaccinated with or without a Leptospira component.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The overall IR for owner-reported postvaccination AEs was low. Results suggested vaccination against Leptospira (an organism that can cause fatal disease) is safe in the majority of cases, slightly increasing the risk of owner-reported AEs but not associated with a significant increase in hypersensitivity reactions, compared with other vaccinations administered.
External skeletal fixator intramedullary pin tie-in for the repair of tibiotarsal fractures in raptors: 37 cases (1995–2011)
Authors: Bueno Irene , Redig Patrick T. , Rendahl Aaron K. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the outcome of the application of an external skeletal fixator intramedullary pin tie-in (TIF) to tibiotarsal fractures in raptors.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—Thirty-four raptors with 37 tibiotarsal fractures.
Procedures—Medical records and radiographs for raptors with tibiotarsal fractures that were treated at The Raptor Center at the University of Minnesota between 1995 and 2011 were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were generated and univariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess whether age, sex, body weight, location and nature of the fracture, and type of surgical reduction were significantly associated with whether the fracture healed following surgical reduction and TIF application.
Results—31 of 37 (84%) tibiotarsal fractures successfully healed following surgical reduction and TIF application. The mean healing time was 38 days (range, 15 to 70 days). None of the variables assessed were significantly associated with whether the tibiotarsal fracture healed. Twenty of the 34 (59%) raptors were eventually rehabilitated and released.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that most tibiotarsal fractures were successfully managed by surgical reduction and stabilization with a TIF. However, other comorbidities (eg, systemic infections and visual deficits) negatively affected the rehabilitation of raptors and sometimes resulted in euthanasia despite the fact that the tibiotarsal fracture had healed, and those comorbidities, along with the variables evaluated (eg, age, sex, and nature of the fracture), should be used as triage criteria and prognostic indicators.
Microsurgical anatomy and internal architecture of the brainstem in 3D images: surgical considerations
Authors: Párraga Richard Gonzalo , Possatti Lucas Loss , Alves Raphael Vicente , Ribas Guilherme Carvalhal , Türe Uğur , de Oliveira Evandro 
Published: October 2015

OBJECT
Brainstem surgery remains a challenge for the neurosurgeon despite recent improvements in neuroimaging, microsurgical techniques, and electrophysiological monitoring. A detailed knowledge of the microsurgical anatomy of the brainstem surface and its internal architecture is mandatory to plan appropriate approaches to the brainstem, to choose the safest point of entry, and to avoid potential surgical complications.

METHODS
An extensive review of the literature was performed regarding the brainstem surgical approaches, and their correlations with the pertinent anatomy were studied and illustrated through dissection of human brainstems properly fixed with 10% formalin. The specimens were dissected using the fiber dissection technique, under ×6 to ×40 magnification. 3D stereoscopic photographs were obtained (anaglyphic 3D) for better illustration of this study.

RESULTS
The main surgical landmarks and their relationship with the cerebellum and vascular structures were identified on the surface of the brainstem. The arrangements of the white matter (ascending and descending pathways as well as the cerebellar peduncles) were demonstrated on each part of the brainstem (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata), with emphasis on their relationships with the surface. The gray matter, constituted mainly by nuclei of the cranial nerves, was also studied and illustrated.

CONCLUSIONS
The objective of this article is to review the microsurgical anatomy and the surgical approaches pertinent to the brainstem, providing a framework of its external and internal architecture to guide the neurosurgeon during its related surgical procedures.
Lower rates of symptom recurrence and surgical revision after primary compared with secondary endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal stenosis in adults
Authors: Sankey Eric W. , Goodwin C. Rory , Jusué-Torres Ignacio , Elder Benjamin D. , Hoffberger Jamie , Lu Jennifer , Blitz Ari M. , Rigamonti Daniele 
Published: October 2015

OBJECT
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is the treatment of choice for obstructive hydrocephalus; however, the success of ETV in patients who have previously undergone shunt placement remains unclear. The present study analyzed 103 adult patients with aqueductal stenosis who underwent ETV for obstructive hydrocephalus and evaluated the effect of previous shunt placement on post-ETV outcomes.

METHODS
This study was a retrospective review of 151 consecutive patients who were treated between 2007 and 2013 with ETV for hydrocephalus. One hundred three (68.2%) patients with aqueductal stenosis causing obstructive hydrocephalus were included in the analysis. Postoperative ETV patency and aqueductal and cisternal flow were assessed by high-resolution, gradient-echo MRI. Post-ETV Mini-Mental State Examination, Timed Up and Go, and Tinetti scores were compared with preoperative values. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed comparing the post-ETV outcomes in patients who underwent a primary (no previous shunt) ETV (n = 64) versus secondary (previous shunt) ETV (n = 39).

RESULTS
The majority of patients showed significant improvement in symptoms after ETV; however, no significant differences were seen in any of the quantitative tests performed during follow-up. Symptom recurrence occurred in 29 (28.2%) patients after ETV, after a median of 3.0 (interquartile range 0.8–8.0) months post-ETV failure. Twenty-seven (26.2%) patients required surgical revision after their initial ETV. Patients who received a secondary ETV had higher rates of symptom recurrence (p = 0.003) and surgical revision (p = 0.003), particularly in regard to additional shunt placement/revision post-ETV (p = 0.005). These differences remained significant after multivariate analysis for both symptom recurrence (p = 0.030) and surgical revision (p = 0.043).

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with obstructive hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis exhibit symptomatic improvement after ETV, with a relatively low failure rate. Patients with a primary history of shunt placement who undergo ETV as a secondary intervention are at increased risk of symptom recurrence and need for surgical revision post-ETV.