bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photochemical degradation of bismerthiazol: structural characterisation of the photoproducts and their inhibitory activities against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Liang Xiaoyu , Duan Yabing , Yu Xiaoyue , Wang Jianxin , Zhou Mingguo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDBismerthiazol is a commonly used bactericide against rice bacterial leaf blight in China. Although previous research determined that bismerthiazol is susceptible to photolytic degradation, the photodegradation pathway and degradation products, except for 2‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole, have remained unknown.RESULTSThe photodegradation of bismerthiazol was investigated after 4 and 8 h of irradiation in a solar simulator. Inhibition of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) was greater with a photolysed solution than with a non‐photolysed solution of bismerthiazol. Six photoproducts of bismerthiazol were characterised by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and, based on these products, a photodegradation pathway was inferred. Inhibition of Xoo was significantly greater with bismerthiazol and 2‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole than with 5‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole. In addition, Xoo strain 2‐1‐1 was bismerthiazol‐ and 2‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole resistant in vivo.CONCLUSIONPhotodegradation increased the inhibitory activity of bismerthiazol against Xoo. The photodegradation pathway was inferred on the basis of the photoproducts of bismerthiazol. In vitro assays indicated that the sulfhydryl group was crucial for the inhibition of Xoo by bismerthiazol and its photoproducts. Bismerthiazol and 2‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole might have a similar mode action in vivo and in vitro. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
An intelligent control scheme for precise tip‐motion control in atomic force microscopy
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Hu Xiaodong , Xu Linyan 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe paper proposes a new intelligent control method to precisely control the tip motion of the atomic force microscopy (AFM). The tip moves up and down at a high rate along the z direction during scanning, requiring the utilization of a rapid feedback controller. The standard proportional‐integral (PI) feedback controller is commonly used in commercial AFMs to enable topography measurements. The controller's response performance is determined by the set of the proportional (P) parameter and the integral (I) parameter. However, the two parameters cannot be automatically altered simultaneously according to the scanning speed and the surface topography during continuors scanning, leading to an inaccurate measurement. Thus a new intelligent controller combining the fuzzy controller and the PI controller is put forward in the paper. The new controller automatically selects the most appropriate PI parameters to achieve a fast response rate on basis of the tracking errors. In the experimental setup, the new controller is realized with a digital signal process (DSP) system, implemented in a conventional AFM system. Experiments are carried out by comparing the new method with the standard PI controller. The results demonstrate that the new method is more robust and effective for the precise tip motion control, corresponding to the achievement of a highly qualified image by shortening the response time of the controller. SCANNING 38:93–99, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Right person in the right place: How the host country IPR influences the distribution of inventors in offshore R&D projects of multinational enterprises
Authors: Nandkumar Anand , Srikanth Kannan 
Published: July 2015

Research summary: Prior work has shown that the strength of the intellectual property regime (IPR) in a host country influences offshore R&D to that country. Building on this work we propose that the strength of the IPR in a host country differentially influences the threat of knowledge leakage on projects that are produced for the location where the multinational firm is headquartered (home) versus the offshore location to which the R&D project is sent (host). We argue and show that when the host location has a weak IPR, fewer host inventors are involved in host R&D projects when compared to home R&D projects. We test our hypotheses using a dataset of patents held by US assignees, but coinvented in 43 host locations with differing IPR strength.Managerial summary: Multinational enterprises often cite the weak IPRs at emerging economy host destinations as a significant impediment to offshore R&D activities in those countries, despite the abundant supply of inexpensive scientific talent there. We find that the weak IPR at the host destination is a greater impediment to offshore R&D that is aimed for end use at the host market than for R&D that is aimed for end use globally or in the home market. Since IPRs are local, a weaker IPR at the host location does not protect IP that is relevant to the host market. Since the IPR at the home country is more relevant for technologies aimed at the home market, the IPR at the host country is irrelevant for such R&D projects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seamless LTE connectivity in high‐speed trains
Authors: Parichehreh Ali , Savazzi Stefano , Goratti Leonardo , Spagnolini Umberto 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHigh‐speed train (HST) is revitalizing the train as a preferred mid‐range transportation system. The provision of broadband Internet connectivity onboard trains is one of the key challenges in the competition among train operators. Unprecedented spectral efficiency and data rates (up to 100Mbps in high mobility) of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System long‐term evolution (LTE) are expected to offer the solution for high‐speed Internet access onboard in HSTs. Massive wireless access and frequent handovers (HOs) of a large number of users might potentially cause service interruptions, and this, in turn, degrades intolerably the quality of experience (QoE) of users' onboard Internet access. In this paper, we propose a solution based on distributed antenna system that combines directional and omni‐directional antennas as train‐to‐ground radio‐access terminals (T‐RATs) and LTE femtocells in each carriage. Directional antennas are deployed at both ends of the HST to provide multi‐cell access by diversifying the HOs over multiple LTE cells. This mechanism virtually elongates the train size by connecting the front and rear carriages' T‐RATs to the faraway eNodeBs and augmenting the number of cells the HST can be simultaneously connected to. An ad hoc distributed load‐balancing mechanism that consists in offloading backlogged packets to the on‐service T‐RATs is mandatorily paired with multi‐cell access scheme to tie up with the request of seamless onboard Internet service at high QoE level. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion implantation of the 4H SiC epitaxial layers and substrates with 2 MeV Se+ and 1 MeV Al+ ions
Authors: Wierzchowski W. , Turos A. , Wieteska K. , Stonert A. , Ratajczak R. , Jóźwik P. , Wilhelm R. , Akhamadaliev S. , Mazur K. , Paulmann C. 
Published: July 2015

The implantations were performed in 4H silicon carbide homoepitaxial layers deposited on (00.1) substrates with 8° offcut, and reference 4H‐SiC substrates. The 2 MeV Se+ ions and 1 MeV Al+ ions were implanted with four fluences subsequently increased by the factor of 4–5×. The samples were studied by means of X‐ray diffraction topography, high‐resolution diffractometry, specular X‐ray reflectometry, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry\channeling method. The dislocation density in the samples evaluated from the diffraction topographs did not exceed 5 × 103 cm−2. The representative roughness values evaluated from the reflectometric measurements was 2.3 ± 0.1 nm for the substrates and less than 1.4 ± 0.1 nm for the epitaxial layers.A significantly higher damage level in the case of 2 MeV Se+ ions in comparison with 1 MeV Al+ ion and a linear increase of the strain with the fluence was indicated, but the highest doses of selenium ions caused the amorphization of the implanted layer. It was also possible to obtain a good fitting of the theoretical and experimental diffraction curves approximating the strain profiles by the distribution of the point defects calculated with the SRIM 2008 code. It was confirmed that the maximum coming from surface damages observed in channeling spectra of the virgin substrate wafers was significantly higher than in the case of epitaxial layers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation and Assessment of a Technology Familiarity Score in Patients Attending a Symptomatic Breast Clinic
Authors: O’Brien C. , Kelly J. , Lehane E. A. , Livingstone V. , Cotter B. , Butt A. , Kelly L. , Corrigan M. A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIntroductionNew media technologies (computers, mobile phones and the internet) have the potential to transform the healthcare information needs of patients with breast disease (Ferlay et al. in Eur J Cancer 49:1374–1403, 2013). However, patients’ current level of use and their willingness to accept new media for education and communication remain unknown.MethodsThis was a single‐centre clinic‐based prospective cross‐sectional study. A previously developed instrument was modified, validated and tested on patients attending a symptomatic breast clinic.ResultsThe instrument was evaluated on 200 symptomatic breast patients. The commonest outlets for education were staff (95 %), leaflets (69 %) and websites (59 %). Websites are more likely to be consulted by younger patients (<47 years), and patients who were working, students or homemakers (p < 0.05). Patients rated usefulness of information media in this order: (1) print, (2) phone, (3) website, (4) email, (5) text and (6) apps. Patients who were new to the clinic were more likely to find text messaging and emailing useful (n < 0.05). Younger patients (<47 years) are more likely to find text messages, apps, websites and email useful (p < 0.05). Urban patients are more likely to find websites and email useful (p < 0.05). Patients with higher education were more likely to favour apps, websites and email (p < 0.05). Smartphone owners were significantly more likely to rate text messaging, apps, websites and email as useful media (p < 0.05).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that new media technology use among breast patients is expanding as expected along generational trends. As such its’ further integration into healthcare systems can potentially ameliorate patient education and communication.
Improving Health Education for Women Who Carry an FMR1 Premutation
Authors: Espinel Whitney , Charen Krista , Huddleston Lillie , Visootsak Jeannie , Sherman Stephanie 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWomen who carry an FMR1 (i.e., fragile X) premutation have specific health risks over their lifetime. However, little is known about their experience understanding these risks and navigating their health needs. The aim of this study was to use qualitative analysis to uncover both barriers and facilitators to personal healthcare using a framework of the Health Belief Model. Five focus groups were conducted with a total of 20 women who carry the FMR1 premutation using a semi‐structured discussion guide. All sessions were transcribed verbatim and independently coded by two researchers. The coders used a deductive – inductive approach to determine the prominent themes related to the participants’ experiences seeking healthcare for premutation‐related conditions. Salient barriers to personal healthcare included difficult clinical translation of research findings, lack of knowledge among healthcare providers and among the women themselves, different priorities, and shortage of premutation‐specific support and targeted educational materials. Facilitators included family members, national and community support organizations, research studies, compassionate physicians, and other premutation carriers. Addressing barriers to personal healthcare through up‐to‐date educational materials can help diminish misperceptions regarding health risks. Targeted educational materials will aid in information sharing and awareness for women who carry the FMR1 premutation and their physicians.
Characterization of Wax Esters by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Double Bond Effect and Unusual Product Ions
Authors: Chen Jianzhong , Green Kari B. , Nichols Kelly K. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA series of different types of wax esters (represented by RCOOR′) were systematically studied by using electrospray ionization (ESI) collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) along with pseudo MS3 (in‐source dissociation combined with MS/MS) on a quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Q‐TOF) mass spectrometer. The tandem mass spectra patterns resulting from dissociation of ammonium/proton adducts of these wax esters were influenced by the wax ester type and the collision energy applied. The product ions [RCOOH2]+, [RCO]+ and [RCO−H2O]+ that have been reported previously were detected; however, different primary product ions were demonstrated for the three wax ester types including: (1) [RCOOH2]+ for saturated wax esters, (2) [RCOOH2]+, [RCO]+ and [RCO−H2O]+ for unsaturated wax esters containing only one double bond in the fatty acid moiety or with one additional double bond in the fatty alcohol moiety, and (3) [RCOOH2]+ and [RCO]+ for unsaturated wax esters containing a double bond in the fatty alcohol moiety alone. Other fragments included [R′]+ and several series of product ions for all types of wax esters. Interestingly, unusual product ions were detected, such as neutral molecule (including water, methanol and ammonia) adducts of [RCOOH2]+ ions for all types of wax esters and [R′−2H]+ ions for unsaturated fatty acyl‐containing wax esters. The patterns of tandem mass spectra for different types of wax esters will inform future identification and quantification approaches of wax esters in biological samples as supported by a preliminary study of quantification of isomeric wax esters in human meibomian gland secretions.
Oxidative Stability of Commodity Fats and Oils: Modeling Based on Fatty Acid Composition
Authors: Kerrihard Adrian L. , Nagy Kornél , Craft Brian D. , Beggio Maurizio , Pegg Ronald B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAlthough fatty acid (FA) composition is known to be of fundamental importance to oxidative stability in lipids, consistent quantifications of the magnitude of this association have proved elusive. The objective of this study was to quantify the relationship between FA composition and stability on a large scale within comparable lipid systems, with the numerical effects of individual outcome factors (e.g. output of a singular assay, oxidative products after a brief period of time, etc.) attenuated by incorporation into a comprehensive summation of stability. The stability of 50 plant‐based oils and fats was modeled according to FA composition, utilizing a quantification of stability that encompassed the complete oxidation curves of four distinct classical assays (two 1° and two 2° oxidation assessments) throughout 2 months of accelerated storage (60 °C). In our models, the concentrations of monounsaturated FA (MUFA), diunsaturated FA (DiUFA), and triunsaturated FA (TriUFA) together demonstrated a very strong correlation with our consolidated measure of stability (r2 = 0.915; greater than observed with our assessments by individual assays). The resultant model also indicated the relative effect upon magnitude of oxidation of MUFA:DiUFA:TriUFA to be approximately 1:3:12—substantially greater than the 1:2:3 ratio of their relative unsaturation.
Evaluation of periesophageal nerve injury after pulmonary vein isolation using the 13C‐acetate breath test
Authors: Kanaeda Tomonori , Ueda Marehiko , Arai Makoto , Ishimura Masayuki , Kajiyama Takatsugu , Hashiguchi Naotaka , Nakano Masahiro , Kondo Yusuke , Hiranuma Yasunori , Oyamada Arata , Yokosuka Osamu , Kobayashi Yoshio 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has become an important option for treating patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Periesophageal nerve (PEN) injury after PVI causes pyloric spasms and gastric hypomotility. This study aimed to clarify the impact of PVI on gastric motility and assess the prevalence of gastric hypomotility after PVI.MethodsThirty consecutive patients with AF underwent PVI under luminal esophageal temperature (LET) monitoring. The 13C‐acetate breath test was conducted before and after the procedure for all patients (PVI group). Gastric emptying was evaluated using the time to peak concentration of 13CO2 (Tmax). This test was also conducted in another 20 patients who underwent catheter ablation procedures other than PVI (control group).ResultsThe number of patients with abnormal Tmax (≥75 min) increased from seven (23%) to 13 (43%) and from three (15%) to five (25%) after the procedure in the PVI group and control group, respectively. The mean Tmax was longer after PVI than before PVI (64±14 min vs. 57±15 min, p=0.006), whereas there was no significant difference before and after the procedure in the control group. However, no significant difference in ΔTmax was observed between the two groups (p=0.27). No patients suffered from symptomatic gastric hypomotility.ConclusionsAsymptomatic gastric hypomotility occurred more often after PVI. However, the average impact of PVI on gastric motility was minimal.
Clearance Rate of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Carriage Among Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Kim Kyu-Ri , Lee Jeong-Young , Park Hee-Youn , Kwak Sun-Hee , Lim Young-Ju , Hong Min-Jee , Kim Sun-Kyung , Park So-Yeon , Kim Hyeon-Jeong , Choi Hye-Suk , Kim Mi-Na , Choi Hye-Ran , Jeong Jae-Sim , Choi Sang-Ho 
Published: July 2015

During the past decade, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) has emerged and spread across the world.1 The major carbapenemase enzymes currently being reported are KPC, NDM-1, VIM, IMP, and OXA.2 Because carbapenemase can be effectively transmitted via mobile genetic elements, and current therapeutic options for CPE infections are extremely limited, CPE may be one of the most serious contemporary threats to public health. However, very little is known about the characteristics of CPE carriage during hospitalization. The aims of this study were to investigate the clearance rate of CPE carriage and determine the number of consecutive negative cultures required to confirm CPE clearance. We also examined CPE transmission among hospitalized patients.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(11):1361–1362
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations on Shear Lag Effect of Double-Box Composite Beam with Wide Flange under Symmetrical Loading
Authors: Hu S.-W. , Yu J. , Huang Y.-Q. , Xiao S.-Y. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTA new type of steel-concrete composite beam with double-box cross-section is proposed in this paper. In order to investigate stress behaviors and deflection characteristics of such composite beam with wide flange considering the shear lag effect, theoretical analysis and experimental study are launched simultaneously. Based on the minimum potential energy principle, governing differential equations in view of the shear lag effect are deduced by energy variational method, and analytical solutions of it's stress and deflection under the effect of symmetrical loading are calculated. The preceding analyses show that relative error is less than 14.71%, with a good agreement, and farther show that this method of theoretical derivation, which is used for analyzing shear lag effect of composite beam with wide flange, has certain reference and guidance.
3D Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Micropump Performance Using Numerical Method
Authors: Derakhshan S. , Yazdani K. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn the present study, a 3-dimensional model was developed to investigate fluid flow in MHD micro-pumps. Initially, 3D governing equations were derived and numerically solved using the finite volume method/SIMPLE algorithm. The case study was a (MHD) micropump built in the year 2000 (channel length: 20mm, channel width: 800μm, channel height: 380μm and electrode length: 4mm). The applied magnetic flux density was 13mT and the electric current was different for various solutions (10 ~ 140mA). The numerical results were verified by experimental and analytical data for several solutions. In addition effects of magnetic field strength, electric current, geometrical parameters of the MHD micropump, electrode length and electrode location on its performance have been investigated. Finally the results has been considered and discussed.
The Electro-Elastic Fields in a Functionally Gradient Piezoelectric Strip with an Internal Electrode
Authors: Chen C.-D. , Chen Y.-C. , Chen C.-C. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the electro-elastic fields in a functionally gradient piezoelectric strip with an internal semi-infinite electrode are analyzed by using Fourier transform and Wiener-Hopf technique. The exact forms of asymptotic solutions and intensity factor and energy are obtained. The energy density criterion is proposed to study the fracture behavior near the electrode tip. The fracture initiation angle depends on the fracture resistance of the piezoelectric ceramic, bonding strength between piezoelectric and electrode, and the direction of least energy density factor S inside the piezoceramic.
Torsional Surface Waves in an Inhomogeneous Layer over a Fluid Saturated Porous Half-Space
Authors: Gupta S. , Pramanik A. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn the present paper the propagation of torsional surface waves is discussed in an inhomogeneous elastic layer lying over a fluid saturated porous half space. The inhomogeneity in rigidity and density in the inhomogeneous layer plays an important role in the propagation of torsional surface waves. The presence of fluid in the pores diminishes the velocity. Further, it is seen that if the layer becomes homogeneous and the porous half space is replaced by a homogeneous half space, the velocity of the torsional surface waves coincides with that of Love wave. The effect of inhomogeneity factors and porosity factor on the phase velocity of torsional surface wave is delimitated by means of graphs.
Effect of Lubricant Compressibility on Hydrodynamic Behavior of Finite Length Journal Bearings Running under Heavy Load Conditions
Authors: Besanjideh M. , Nassab S. A. Gandjalikhan 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe journal bearings which are designed for heavy-duty operations could experience different lubricant density due to high bearing loads. In the present work, hydrodynamic behaviour of finite length journal bearings under laminar and isoviscous flow with variable density are investigated. For this purpose, three-dimensional continuity and momentum equations along with a proper density-pressure relation are solved numerically, using CFD technique. Also, an appropriate cavitation model based on mass conservation is involved in the computation. Because of complex geometry of journal bearing, a conformal mapping is employed to generate an orthogonal grid and the governing equations are transformed in the computational domain. Since the degree of oil compressibility can be depended to the type of lubricant, typical mineral and synthetic oils treatments are modelled, separately. Results indicate that the oil compressibility effect leads to increasing load carrying capacity such that this increase is slightly more for the synthetic oil.