bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Effects of Resin Infiltration on Enamel Erosion Inhibition
Authors: Oliveira GC , Boteon AP , Ionta FQ , Moretto MJ , Honório HM , Wang L , Rios D 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARY
Resin-based materials that show promising effects for preventing the progression of erosion have been studied. This in vitro study evaluated the effects of applying resin-based materials, including resin infiltration, on previously eroded enamel subjected to erosive challenges. The influence of enamel surface etching prior to application of the material was also studied. Bovine enamel blocks were immersed in hydrochloric acid (HCl), 0.01 M (pH 2.3), for 30 seconds in order to form a softened erosion lesion. The blocks were then randomly divided into nine groups (n=12) and treated as follows: C = control without treatment; Hel = pit & fissure resin sealant (Helioseal Clear); Adh = two-step self-etching adhesive system (AdheSe); Tet = two-step conventional adhesive system (Tetric N-bond); and Inf = infiltrant (Icon). The Helno, Adhno, Tetno, and Infno groups received the same materials without (or with no) surface conditioning. The depth of the material's penetration into softened erosion lesions was qualitatively analyzed using reflection and fluorescence confocal microscopy. After application of the materials, the blocks were immersed in HCl for two minutes; this step was followed by immersion in artificial saliva for 120 minutes four times a day for five days (erosive cycling). Both the enamel alteration and material thickness were analyzed using profilometry, and the results were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p&gt;0.05). Images from the confocal microscopy showed minimal penetration of Adh/Adhno and deep penetration of Inf/Infno into the erosive lesions. The groups Hel, Adh, Inf, Tetno, and Infno resulted in the formation of a layer of material over the enamel, which was effective in inhibiting the progression of erosion. In conclusion, the infiltrant, with or without etching, was able to penetrate and protect the enamel against dental erosion. The other resin-based materials, except for the two-step conventional adhesive, were able to penetrate and inhibit the progression of erosive lesions only when they were applied after enamel etching.
Trichoderma spp. – application and prospects for use in organic farming and industry
Authors: Błaszczyk Lidia , Siwulski Marek , Sobieralski Krzysztof , Lisiecka Jolanta , Jędryczka Małgorzata 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are a very large group of microorganisms that play a significant role in the environment.
They use a variety of mechanisms to colonise various ecological niches. Several Trichoderma spp. positively affect plants by stimulating
plant growth, and protecting plants from fungal and bacterial pathogens. They are used in biological plant protection as biofungicides
as well as in bioremediation. Members of the genus Trichoderma are also utilised in various industry branches – mainly in the
production of enzymes, antibiotics, and other metabolites, but also of biofuel. Moreover, the genus Trichoderma comprises edible and
medicinal mushrooms, but also the pathogens of humans. Currently, Trichoderma has entered the genomic era and parts of genome sequences
are publicly available. This is why, Trichoderma fungi have the potential to be used for human needs to an even greater extent
than before. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to increase the efficiency and safety of the application of these fungi.
Side effects of fungicides and insecticides on predatory mites, in laboratory conditions
Authors: Fiedler Żaneta , Sosnowska Danuta 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Experiments were carried out on the toxicity of selected insecticides and fungicides to the predatory mites species:
Amblyseius swirskii, A. andersoni, and Phytoseiulus persimilis. Among the tested active substances: abamectin, hexytiazox,
and spinosad were safe to the predators. The mortality level of the tested predator was comparable to the control treatment,
seven days after application. The percentage values of these predatory mites’ mortality caused by these insecticides,
applied at one and a half of the recommended dose did not exceed a low toxicity – 25% (referring to International Organisation
for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC) classification on the toxicity to beneficial organisms). The results of the tests revealed
that imidaclopryd, lambda-cyhalothrin, and fenpyroksymat were highly toxic to the predatory mites. It was found
that toxicity of fungicides to the tested predatory mite species depended on the date of the chemical treatment and the date
the predators were introduced. The fungicide Topsin M 500 SC – thiophanate-methyl, appeared to be selective to the species
A. swirskii and it could be used in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for greenhouse grown crops.
Temperature-dependent life history of Sipha maydis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on wheat
Authors: Tazerouni Zahra , Talebi Ali Asghar 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Sipha maydis (Passerini) is a pest of Poaceae in many cereal-growing area of the world and Iran. The effects of temperature
on biology and life table were investigated at five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 32.5±1°C), 60±5% relative humidity (RH)
and a photoperiod of 16L : 8D h. The results indicated that aphids failed to complete development at 32.5°C. Developmental time
was ranged between 17.28 to 9.55 days at 15 and 30°C, respectively. The lower developmental threshold (T0) and thermal constant of
S. maydis were estimated to be –5.52°C and 332.22 degree-days, respectively. The Analytis-3/Briere-1 model (as non linear model) is
highly recommended for the description of temperature dependent development of S. maydis. The highest life expectancy of adults at
emergence was 33.35 days at 20°C. The mean adult longevity of females and nymphipositional period were the highest at 20°C. The
mean lifetime fecundity at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C were 21.24±1.97, 44.82±3.18, 22.25±2.33 and 16.39±1.15 nymphs/female, respectively.
The survivorship curves of S. maydis were type I at 20 and 25°C (H < 0.5) and type III at 15 and 30°C (H > 0.5). The highest and lowest
values of intrinsic rate of increase (rm) were observed at 20 (0.173±0.012 females/female/day) and 15°C (0.109±0.003 females/female/
/day), respectively. The growth index (GI) at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C were 0.033, 0.069, 0.062 and 0.038, respectively. According to this
research the optimum temperature for population growth of S. maydis was 20°C. Our findings provide fundamental information and
when this information is used in association with other ecological data, it may be valuable in development and implementation of
management programs of S. maydis.
Induction of systemic resistance and defense-related enzymes in tomato plants using Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO and salicylic acid against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Sarafraz Nikoo Fatemeh , Sahebani Navazolah , Aminian Heshmatolah , Mokhtarnejad Lachin , Ghaderi Reza 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are the most economically important group of plant parasitic nematodes on many
crops worldwide. Resistance-based management is considered as one of the most sound and effective strategies against these pathogens.
Plant-mediated systemic resistance against the M. javanica in tomato cv. CALJN3 was triggered using salicylic acid (SA) and
Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO as elicitors. The effect of each elicitor was assayed by (1) the calculation of nematode indices including
the number of nematode galls, egg masses and eggs/egg mass; (2) the analysis of changes in the concentration of reactive oxygen
species (ROS); and (3) monitoring the activities of their scavenging enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and
catalase (CAT). The results indicated that SA/bacterial elicitors induced the removal of high concentrations of the toxic ROS via an
increase in the activity of their scavenging antioxidant enzymes, especially that of catalase. Moreover, pre- or post-treatment application
of the elicitors significantly reduced the number of galls, egg masses or eggs of M. javanica in infected tomato plants as compared
to the control. The results of the present study support the involvement of the elicitor-induced ROS and related scavenging enzymes
for stimulating plant defense reactions in a moderately resistant tomato challenged with M. javanica.
Patterns in the horizontal structure of litter invertebrate communities in windbreak plantations in the steppe zone of the Ukraine
Authors: Faly Ludmyla , Brygadyrenko Viktor 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The article analyses the patterns in the horizontal structure of litter invertebrate communities in windbreak plantations in
the Steppe zone of the Ukraine. The number of invertebrate species shows statistically insignificant changes depending on the extent
of the litter horizon development. With an increase in litter mass from 300 to 900 g/m2 the number of invertebrate species increases.
An increase in the total number of macrofauna is observed in areas having a minimum and maximum thickness of the litter layer.
Maximum values in the Shannon diversity index were observed in areas with sparse litter (50–150 g/m2). An observed increase in the
variety of macrofauna species were seen where there was sparse grass cover in windbreak planted areas. The total number of litter
invertebrate individuals related to the percentage of projective cover of herbaceous plants shows a significant increase in plots with
20–28% cover, though this factor does not affect the number of Aranei, Carabidae, and Staphylinidae. There is a decrease in the number
of litter invertebrate species in areas with higher numbers of Lasius platythorax Seifert, 1991, while there is an insignificant change
in the overall numbers of macrofauna. The abundance of Myrmica scabrinodis Nylander, 1846 does not show a significant influence on
the number of litter macrofauna species. The minimum values of the Shannon biodiversity index for macrofauna were registered in
plots with maximum numbers of M. scabrinodis. With an increase in the abundance of ants, the abundance of litter saprophages and
phytophages decreases. There are also significant changes in the dominance structure of other taxonomic groups. Biotic factors have
greater significance for the horizontal structure of litter macrofauna of steppe plantations than abiotic factors.
Shahr-I Sokhta and its Masonry Walls from Structural and Seismicity Standpoint
Authors: Masoumi Mohammad Mehdi 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Shahr-I Sokhta, Burned City, located in the south of Zabol, Sistan where founded circa 3200 BCE and some part of the city was burnt. Marvelous finds such as the world's earliest known artificial eyeball, the first animation in the world, the oldest known backgammon, with its dice and so forth all in this city. Their expertise was merely not in handicrafts. In this work provided evidences which Burned City’s walls are highly resistance against seismic loads and has engineering aspects, a wall was simulated by a finite element software and seismically considerations was approve the walls minimal deformation even after circa five thousand years.
Uncertainty in Resistance Models for Steel Members
Authors: Nadolski Vitali , Sykora Miroslav 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Resistance of steel structures is primarily dependent on material properties, geometry and uncertainties related to an applied model. While materials and geometry can be relatively well described, the uncertainties in resistance models are not yet well understood. In many cases significant efforts are spent to improve resistance models and reduce uncertainty associated with outcomes of the model. However, these achievements are then inadequately reflected in the values of partial factors. That is why the present paper clarifies a model uncertainty and its quantification. Initially a general concept of the model uncertainty is proposed. Influences affecting results obtained by tests and models and influences of actual structural conditions are overviewed. Statistical characteristics of the uncertainties in resistance of steel members are then provided. Simple engineering formulas, mostly based on the EN 1993-1-1 models, are taken into account. To facilitate practical applications, the partial factors for the model uncertainties are derived using a semiprobabilistic approach.
The Secret of Gambling with Irregular Dice: Estimating the Face Statistics of Polyhedra
Authors: Várkonyi Péter L. 
Published: January 2015

This paper is devoted to the description of a new geometric algorithm to estimate the “face statistics” of an irregularly-shaped polyhedron, i.e. the probability that it rests on a given face after being dropped onto a horizontal surface. A recently published paper of the author discussed existing and new methods to estimate this probability, together with a comparison of their reliability, and the challenges of benchmarking them against data obtained via computer simulation. The present work focuses on a new estimation algorithm, with computational complexity linearly proportional to the number of vertices. The main industrial application area of this result is automated assembly: the throughput of a part feeder is heavily influenced by the face statistics of the parts processed by the feeder.
Baisse de l'euro et désinflation compétitive
Authors: Ducoudré Bruno , Heyer Éric 
Published: January 2015

Pendant près de 2 ans, entre le milieu de l’année 2012 et 2014, l’euro s’est apprécié face aux principales monnaies du monde. Depuis le mois de mai 2014, cette tendance s’est inversée : en quelques mois la monnaie européenne s’est notamment dépréciée de près de 10 % par rapport au dollar. Il s’agit dans cette étude d’anticiper les effets macroéconomiques (impact sur le PIB, sur les prix et sur l’emploi notamment) à attendre de cette dépréciation de l’euro. La relance de la croissance à court terme en zone euro via une dépréciation du taux de change effectif de l’euro permettrait en effet de lutter contre la déflation et de limiter les politiques non coopératives de désinflation compétitive menées dans le sud de l’Europe. Pour ce faire, nous présentons les résultats de la ré-estimation du bloc du commerce extérieur français (prix et volume des exportations et des importations) figurant dans le modèle macroéconomique emod.fr de l’OFCE. L’estimation conjointe des équations des volumes et des prix d’exportations et d’importations s’avère nécessaire et permet d’obtenir un effet bouclé d’une variation du taux de change effectif sur les volumes d’importations et d’exportations. La prise en compte des comportements de marge des importateurs et des exportateurs tend ainsi à limiter l’effet d’une variation du taux de change effectif sur les volumes d’importations et d’exportations lorsque ceux-ci ont un faible pouvoir de marché. Nous réitérons cette démarche sur les données de pays partenaires et concurrents de la France : l’Allemagne, l’Italie, l’Espagne, le Royaume-Uni et les États-Unis. Les élasticités obtenues sont cohérentes avec la littérature sur le sujet. Nous comparons ensuite l’incidence d’une dépréciation de l’euro sur les différentes économies étudiées en distinguant le commerce intra-zone et le commerce extra-zone euro, et nous présentons une analyse plus fine sur l’économie française grâce à l’utilisation du modèle emod.fr. Il ressort des simulations qu’au sein de la zone euro, l’Espagne aurait le plus à gagner à la fois d’une dépréciation du taux de change de l’euro face aux autres monnaies, mais aussi d’une politique de désinflation compétitive.
Fear of Falling Is Associated with Recurrent Falls in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Mazumder Rajarshi , Lambert William E. , Nguyen Thuan , Bourdette Dennis N. , Cameron Michelle H. 
Published: January 2015

Background: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) fall frequently, and there are few clinically valid tools to measure the risk factors for falls. We assessed the unidimensionality of the 7-item Falls Efficacy Scale–International (FES-I), a measure of fear of falling, and determined whether the 7-item FES-I is associated with recurrent falls in people with MS.
Methods: Falls were counted prospectively for 6 months using fall calendars in 58 people with MS (age, 18–50 years; Expanded Disability Status Scale score, 0–6). The FES-I was administered at baseline, and its unidimensionality was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis. The relationship between FES-I score and future falls, after adjusting for recurrent falls in the past year, was assessed by logistic regression.
Results: Fifty-four participants who completed all assessments were included in the analysis. Goodness-of-fit indices confirmed a single-factor solution for the 7-item FES-I (discrepancy χ2, P = .101; Tucker-Lewis index, 0.953; comparative fit index, 0.969; root mean square error of approximation, 0.098). There was a significant association between fear of falling and falls in the following 3 months, independent of recurrent falls in the past year (odds ratio = 1.22, 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.43, P = .016).
Conclusions: The 7-item FES-I demonstrates good construct validity, allowing the total score to be used as a measure of fear of falling in people with MS. Fear of falling, as measured by the 7-item FES-I, is associated with future recurrent falls independent of past recurrent falls in people with MS.
Clinical Significance of Gastrointestinal and Flushing Events in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Delayed-Release Dimethyl Fumarate
Authors: Phillips J. Theodore , Selmaj Krzysztof , Gold Ralf , Fox Robert J. , Havrdova Eva , Giovannoni Gavin , Abourjaily Heather , Pace Amy , Novas Mark , Hotermans Christophe , Viglietta Vissia , Meltzer Leslie 
Published: January 2015

Background: In the phase 3 DEFINE and CONFIRM trials, flushing and gastrointestinal (GI) events were associated with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF; also known as gastroresistant DMF) treatment in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). To investigate these events, a post hoc analysis of integrated data from these trials was conducted, focusing on the initial treatment period (months 0−3) with the recommended DMF dosage (240 mg twice daily).
Methods: Eligibility criteria included age 18 to 55 years, relapsing-remitting MS diagnosis, and Expanded Disability Status Scale score 0 to 5.0. Patients were randomized and received treatment with placebo (n = 771) or DMF (n = 769) for up to 2 years. Adverse events were recorded at scheduled clinic visits every 4 weeks.
Results: The incidence of GI and flushing events was highest in the first month of treatment. In months 0 to 3, the incidence of GI events was 17% in the placebo group and 27% in the DMF group and the incidence of flushing and related symptoms was 5% in the placebo group and 37% in the DMF group. Most GI and flushing events were of mild or moderate severity and resolved during the study. The events were temporally associated with the use of diverse symptomatic therapies (efficacy not assessed) and infrequently led to DMF discontinuation.
Conclusions: This integrated analysis indicates that in a clinical trial setting, GI and flushing events associated with DMF treatment are generally transient and mild or moderate in severity and uncommonly lead to treatment discontinuation.
Questionnaire evaluating teaching competencies in the university environment. Evaluation of teaching competencies in the university
Authors: Moreno-Murcia Juan Antonio , Silveira Torregrosa Yolanda , Belando Pedreño Noelia 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The objective of this study was to design and validate a measuring instrument to evaluate the performance of university professors. The Evaluation of Teaching Performance (CEID [Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Docentes (Center for Teaching Studies and Research)]) questionnaire was administered to 1297 university students. Various factor analyses were performed (exploratory and confirmatory), of the internal consistency, descriptive statistics, and correlation of all of the items. The data obtained confirmed a suitable psychometric structure for the CEID scale, which was made up of three dimensions (planning, development, and result). It is therefore concluded that it is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating the performance of a university professor.
The influence of photosynthetic acclimation to rising CO2 and warmer temperatures on leaf and canopy photosynthesis models
Authors: Bagley Justin , Rosenthal David M. , Ruiz‐Vera Ursula M. , Siebers Matthew H. , Kumar Praveen , Ort Donald R. , Bernacchi Carl J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThere is an increasing necessity to understand how climate change factors, particularly increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 ([CO2]) and rising temperature, will influence photosynthetic carbon assimilation (A). Based on theory, an increased [CO2] concomitant with a rise in temperature will increase A in C3 plants beyond that of an increase in [CO2] alone. However, uncertainty surrounding the acclimation response of key photosynthetic parameters to these changes can influence this response. In this work, the acclimation responses of C3 photosynthesis for soybean measured at the SoyFACE Temperature by Free‐Air CO2 Enrichment experiment are incorporated in a leaf biochemical and canopy photosynthesis model. The two key parameters used as model inputs, the maximum velocity for carboxylation (Vc,max) and maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax), were measured in a full factorial [CO2] by temperature experiment over two growing seasons and applied in leaf‐ and canopy‐scale models to (1) reassess the theory of combined increases in [CO2] and temperature on A, (2) determine the role of photosynthetic acclimation to increased growth [CO2] and/or temperature in leaf and canopy predictions of A for these treatments, and (3) assess the diurnal and seasonal differences in leaf‐ and canopy‐scale A associated with the imposed treatments. The results demonstrate that the theory behind combined increases in [CO2] and temperature is sound; however, incorporating more recent parameterizations into the photosynthesis model predicts greater increases in A when [CO2] and temperature are increased together. Photosynthetic acclimation is shown to decrease leaf‐level A for all treatments; however, in elevated [CO2] the impact of acclimation does not result in any appreciable loss in photosynthetic potential at the canopy scale. In this analysis, neglecting photosynthetic acclimation in heated treatments, with or without concomitant rise in [CO2], leads to modeled overestimates of carbon gain for soybean under future predicted conditions.
A compositional origin to ultralow‐velocity zones
Authors: Brown Samuel P. , Thorne Michael S. , Miyagi Lowell , Rost Sebastian 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe analyzed vertical component short‐period ScP waveforms for 26 earthquakes occurring in the Tonga‐Fiji trench recorded at the Alice Springs Array in central Australia. These waveforms show strong precursory and postcursory seismic arrivals consistent with ultralow‐velocity zone (ULVZ) layering beneath the Coral Sea. We used the Viterbi sparse spike detection method to measure differential travel times and amplitudes of the postcursor arrival ScSP and the precursor arrival SPcP relative to ScP. We compare our measurements to a database of 340,000 synthetic seismograms finding that these data are best fit by a ULVZ model with an S wave velocity reduction of 24%, a P wave velocity reduction of 23%, a thickness of 8.5 km, and a density increase of 6%. This 1:1 VS:VP velocity decrease is commensurate with a ULVZ compositional origin and is most consistent with highly iron enriched ferropericlase.