bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐Channel Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminate Analysis (LDA) for Organic Vapors
Authors: Hsu Hui‐Ping , Shih Jeng‐Shong 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA multi‐channel surface acoustic wave (SAW) detection system which is employed to detect various organic molecules in a static system was prepared using 315 MHz one‐port quartz resonators and a home‐made computer interface for signal acquisition and data process. The oscillating frequency of the quartz crystal decreases on adsorption of organic molecules on the coating materials. The principal component analysis (PCA) method with SAS software was applied to select the appropriate coating materials onto the SAW crystals for organic vapors, e.g. hexane, 1‐hexene, 1‐hexyne, 1‐propanol, propionaldehyde, propionic acid, and 1‐propylamine. A dataset for a multi‐channel sensor with 19 SAW crystals for 7 analyses was collected after comparing the correlation between the 19 coating materials and the first six principal component (PC) factor. Furthermore, linear discriminate analysis (LDA) with SPSS software and a profile discrimination map were also applied and discussed for the discrimination of these organic vapors. These organic molecules could be clearly distinguished by the six‐channel SAW static sensor. The effect of concentration for various organic vapors was investigated and discussed.
Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of 4‐Chlorophenol in Kaolinite Catalysts
Authors: Kuo Shu‐Lung , Liao Chiu‐Jung 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis research applies semiconductor photocatalysts, which are formed by metal ion exchange on the surface of kaolinite catalyst with cations, to the study of photocatalytic degradation of 4‐chlorophenol.The analysis results of catalyst properties shows that, after sintering at 400 °C, kaolinite catalyst has a particle size of between 10–100 nm indicating the nano level of synthesized catalysts. Under the same condition, kaolinite‐Ag/Zn catalyst works better in degradation efficiency than single kaolinite‐Ag and kaolinite‐Zn catalysts. Kaolinite‐Zn catalyst declines in degradation efficacy after 150 minutes and performs poorer than the other three types of kaolinite catalysts. In the experiments of different amounts of catalysts, when the concentration exceeds 0.1 wt%, utilization of light energy and degradation efficiency will be reduced due to shielding effect. When at different pH values, the higher the pH value, the more OH‐will be released and that is beneficial for reaction with substances and the increase of reaction rate. Finally multivariate analysis proves that there is one determining factor that influences the photocatalytic degradation of 4‐chlorophenol in kaolinite catalysts, named as “the factor with intermediates competition degree,” the one affecting the 4‐CP degradation at different weight percentages that is referred to as the “shielding effect factor.”
Solid Phase Extraction and Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead(II) Using Octadecyl Membrane Disks Modified by a New Schiff's Base and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Mohammadhosseini Majid , Tehrani Mohammad Saber 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA highly selective, facile and reliable method for separation and preconcentration of the trace amounts of lead present in aqueous samples is introduced. By passing the solutions through an octadecyl silica membrane disk modified by a novel Schiff's base, Pb2+ ions are adsorbed quantitatively while almost all interfering ions pass through the disk. The retained lead(II) ions are then eluted from the disk surface by a minimal amount of organic eluents. The influences of pH, sample flow‐rates and interfering ions are also investigated. The proposed method permits an enrichment factor of about 500 or higher and a detection limit of 0.0065 ng mL−;1.
Triiodide Ion‐Selective Electrode Based on Charge‐Transfer Complex of 4,7,13,16,21,24‐Hexaoxa‐1,10‐diazabicyclo‐[8.8.8]hexacosane
Authors: Khayatian Golamreza , Rezatabar Hadi , Karonian Fatemeh Salehy , Salimi Abdollah 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTwo new highly selective triiodide electrodes have been prepared using charge‐transfer complex of iodine with cryptand 222 as an electroactive ionophore and nitrophenyl octyl ether as a plasticizing agent. The electrodes showed Nernstian response to triiodide ions over a concentration range from 1.0 × 10−;2 — 7.9 × 10−;7 M and from 1.0 × 10−;2 — 1 × 10−;6 M with detection limits of 6.3 × 10−;7 and 7.9 × 10−;7 M for cryptand and its charge‐transfer complex with iodine, respectively. The response times (t95%) of the sensors were 10 and 5 s. The membrane could be used for more than 1 month without any divergence in potentials. The proposed sensors exhibited very high selectivity for triiodide ion over other anions, and could be used in a wide pH range ˜2–10. These electrodes were successfully applied as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of copper in ore samples.
Emission from Charge Recombination between Radical Cations and Radical Anions of 9‐Cyano‐10‐(p‐Substituted Phenyl)Anthracene Generated during Pulse Radiolysis
Authors: Samori Shingo , Tojo Sachiko , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Lin Jui‐Hsien , Ho Tong‐Ing , Yang Jye‐Shane , Majima Tetsuro 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEmission from charge recombination between radical cations and anions of 9‐cyano‐10‐(p‐substituted phenyl)anthracenes (RA, where R is 10‐p‐substituted phenyl: R = Phenyl (PA), anisyl (OA), p‐N,N‐dimethylaminophenyl (NA), N, N‐di‐p‐anisylaminophenyl (DA)), as donor‐acceptor type molecules, generated during the pulse radiolysis in benzene was measured together with the transient absorption of RA radical cations (RA•+) and anions (RA•−). Based on the transient absorption and density functional theory (DFT‐B3LYP/6‐31G*) calculation, a twisted geometry is assumed for all RA in the ground state, RA•+, and RA•−. It is suggested that the positive charge of PA•+, OA•+, and NA•+ is delocalized on two moieties, and that of DA•+ is localized on the donor N,N‐di‐p‐anisylaminophenyl moiety, while the negative charge of all RA•− is mainly on the acceptor 9‐(10‐cyano)anthracenyl moiety. When both RA•+ and RA•− are generated with sufficiently high concentrations during the pulse radiolysis in benzene, the charge recombination between RA•+ and RA•− occurred to give RA in the singlet excited state (1RA*) as the emissive species, but not the excimers because of the twisted geometries of RA•+ and RA•− with the large torsional angles between the 9‐(10‐cyano)anthracenyl and p‐substituted phenyl moieties. Not only the fluorescence quantum yield of 1RA* but also the energy differences between the annihilation enthalpy change and the excitation energy of 1RA* are important factors for the radiolysis induced emission intensity of RA in benzene.
A Novel Three‐Dimensional Coordination Polymer, [Cd(bpym)0.5(μ1,1‐N3)(μ1,3‐N3)]n (Bpym = 2,2′‐Bipyrimidine), Containing Both End‐on and End‐to‐End Azide Bridges
Authors: Wang Chih‐Chieh , Kuo Chen‐Tsung , Lee Gene‐Hsiang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA new polymeric complex, [Cd(bpym)0.5(N3)2]n (bpym = 2,2′‐bipyrimidine) has been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic, elemental analyses and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c, with chemical formula C4H3CdN8, a = 7.6763(5), b = 13.1539(9), c = 7.9693(5) Å, β = 109.988(1)°, and Z = 4. Structural determination reveals that the coordination environment of the cadmium atoms is distorted octahedral, consisting of two nitrogen donors of one bpym and four nitrogen donors of four azide ligands. The azide ligand acts as a bridging ligand with two different bridging modes, an end‐on (μ1,1‐) and an end‐to‐end (μ1,3‐) coordination mode, linking the CdII ions to form a two‐dimensional layer metal‐organic framework (MOF), which get cross‐linked by the bridges of bis‐bidentate bpym ligands to form a novel 3D network.
Fluorescence Dynamics of Zinc Protoporphyrin in Solution and inside Anodized Aluminum Oxide (AAO) Nano‐channel Arrays
Authors: Lin Jin‐Shyong , Chen Yu‐Chying , Chen Chien‐Chon , Luo Li‐Yang , Diau Eric Wei‐Guang , Liu Tzeng‐Feng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe excited‐state relaxation dynamics of zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) in THF solution and inside nano‐channel arrays of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) have been investigated with time‐correlated single‐photon‐counting (TCSPC) fluorescence spectra with S2 excitation (λex = 435 nm). We used three initial concentrations of immersion‐4.8 × 10−;6, 4.8 × 10−;5 and 4.8 × 10−;4 M‐to examine the extent of aggregation of ZnPP inside the AAO nano‐channel arrays of two pore sizes — 15 and 70 nm. Only one decay component corresponds to the aggregation of ZnPP in THF solution, whereas at least two decay components are required to describe the transient behavior of ZnPP inside AAO. The observed systematic variation of the decay coefficients and the corresponding amplitudes of the ZnPP/AAO samples are consistent with the observation of steady‐state spectra of the system reported previously (JCCS 2006, 53, 201), but through fluorescence lifetime measurements we further highlight the significance of aggregation of ZnPP in the specific nanoporous environment that is not achievable in ZnPP/THF solutions in large concentrations.
Synthesis of Singly and Doubly Cage‐Annulated Bicyclo[2.2.2]octenes Derived from Triptycene Skeleton
Authors: Chou Teh‐Chang , Liu Nen‐Yor 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTriptycene‐diquinone 5 was synthesized from 1,4‐dimethoxyanthraene (6b) and found to undergo Diels‐Alder reaction with 5,5‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrachlorocyclopentadiene (DTCp) to afford exclusively the least symmetric (Cs) bis‐adduct 4b. The double Diels‐Alder reaction exhibited π‐facial selectivity, in which the initial cycloaddition occurred preferentially on the π‐face of the benzoquinone moiety of 5 that is syn to the other benzoquinone unit (about 6:1), thereby producing the corresponding mono‐adducts 13b and 13a. Both stereoisomeric 13a and 13b underwent the second cycloaddition via exclusively the π‐face that is opposite to the orientation of previous DTCp addition 5, thus leading to the formation of bis‐adduct 4b as sole product. The structure of 4b was unequivocally established by X‐ray structural determination.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Novel Pyrazoline Derivatives against Human Lung Tumor Cell Line (A549)
Authors: Yar Mohammad Shahar , Siddiqui Anees Ahmad , Ali Mohamed Ashraf , Murugan Vedigounder , Chandrashekhar Raghu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn the present investigation, a series of 5‐(‐4‐(substituted)phenyl)‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methylphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1‐pyrazolyl‐2‐toluidino methane thione and 5‐(substituted)phenyl‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methylphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1‐pyrazolyl‐2‐methoxy anilino methane thiones were synthesized and were examined against human lung tumor cell line (A549) in vitro using the MTT assay system. Among those tested, 5‐(4‐flurophenyl)‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methylphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1‐pyrazolyl‐2‐toluidino methane thione & 5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methylphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1‐pyrazolyl‐2‐methoxy anilino methane thione showed more potent cytotoxicity against human lung tumor cell line (A549) than the other synthesized compounds.
Synthetic Studies on the Synthesis of Some New Fused Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from 3,5‐Pyrazolidinedione
Authors: Khodairy A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCondensation of 1‐phenylpyrazolidine‐3,5‐dione 1 with 3‐formylchromone afforded 4‐(chromenylmethylene)pyrazolidinedione 2, which was reacted with hydrazine or hydroxylamine in different molar ratios and conditions to give the corresponding pyrazole and isoxazole derivatives 3‐8, respectively. Compound 2 was subject to react with ammonia, N,S‐ or S,S‐acetals, mercaptoacetic acid, cyanoacetamide or cyanothioacetamide to give the corresponding pyridine, dithiine, thiazine and thiophene, 9‐14, respectively. The reaction of compound 2 with thiourea, guanidine, cystamine, o‐aminothiophenol, ethylenediamine, o‐phenelenediamine or barbituric acid afforded the corresponding thiazine, pyrimidine, thiazepine, diazepine, and pyran derivatives 17‐23, respectively. The study of the reaction of compound 2 with nucleophiles via chromene ring opening was investigated.
Synthesis of Pentafluorophenyl‐ and Pyridinyl‐3 Allenes
Authors: Erenler Ramazan , Biellmann Jean‐François 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe allenes 1,2,3,4,5‐pentafluoro‐6‐(3‐phenylpropa‐1,2‐dienyl)benzene 4, 3‐(3‐phenylpropa‐1,2‐dienyl)pyridine 11 and 3‐(3‐(pyridine‐3‐yl)propa‐1,2‐dienyl)pyridine 17 and the acetylenes 5, 12 and 16 were obtained by reduction of the corresponding propargylic acetates 3, 10 and 15 by Samarium(II) iodide in the presence of Pd(0). Base‐promoted isomerisation of acetylene 12 provided allene 11 in a yield of 80%. 1‐(Pentafluorophenyl)‐3‐phenylprop‐2‐yn‐1‐ol 2 was prepared from phenylacetylene and pentafluorobenzaldehyde. The condensation of nicotinaldehyde with trimethylsilylacetylene gave the 3‐(trimethylsilyl)‐1‐(pyridine‐3‐yl)prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ol 7. The removal of the silyl group of 7 to acetylene 8 was done in basic conditions. The Pd catalysed condensation of the acetylene 8 with iodobenzene gave 3‐phenyl‐1‐(pyridine‐3‐yl)prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ol 9. The Pd catalysed condensation of 8 with 3‐bromopyridine gave the 1,3‐dipyridin‐3‐yl‐prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ol 14. The propargylic alcohols 2, 9 and 14 were converted to the acetates 3, 10 and 15 with acetic anhydride‐pyridine.
Determination of Labetalol Hydrochloride in Drug Formulations by Spectrophotometry
Authors: Rahman Nafisur , Rahman Habibur , Azmi Syed Najmul Hejaz 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA validated, selective and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of labetalol hydrochloride in commercial dosage forms. The method is based on the coupling reaction of positive diazonium ion of 4‐aminobenzenesulfonic acid with phenolate ion of labetalol to form a colored azo compound which absorbs maximally at 395 nm. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the color is stable up to 2 h and Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.8–17.6 μg mL−1 with a linear regression equation of A = 4.84 × 10−4 + 7.864 × 10−2 C and coefficient of correlation, r = 0.9999. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity are found to be 2.874 × 104 L mol−1 cm−1 and 0.013 μg cm−2 per 0.001‐absorbance unit, respectively. The limits of detection and quantitation of the proposed method are 0.08 and 0.23 μg mL−1, respectively. The intra‐day and inter‐day precision variation and accuracy of the proposed method is acceptable with low values of standard analytical error. The recovery results obtained by the proposed method in drug formulations are acceptable with mean percent recovery ± RSD of 99.97 ± 0.52 ‐ 100.03 ± 0.63%. The results of the proposed method compared with those of Bilal's spectrophotometric method indicated excellent agreement with acceptable true bias of all samples within ± 2.0%.
Synthesis and Structural Study of Copper(I) or Silver(I) Complexes of 2,11‐Dithia‐4,5,6,7,8,9‐Hexahydro[3.3]paracyclophanes
Authors: Yang Ya‐Chen , Lin Shaw‐Tao , Cao Cha‐Chi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe complexes of 2,11‐dithia‐4,5,6,7,8,9‐hexahydro[3.3]paracyclophane (dthhpcp) with Cu(I), i.e. [Cu2I2(dthhpcp)2]·2H2O 1, or with Ag(I), i.e. [Ag(dthhpcp)(NO3)]thf 2 and [Ag(dthpcp)(CF3COO)] 3, were prepared for structural study by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. For these three complexes, dthhpcp serves as a bridging group in the polymeric structure through bridging sulfur atoms via metal, while the bonding of anion with the second metal atom forms the multi‐diminished structures. Complex 1 is a novel two‐dimensional coordination polymer composed of Cu6 motifs, in which Cu2I2 formed a square planar unit to link the dthhpcp molecule. The two oxygen atoms of the nitrate anion as a bridge for two Ag atoms in complex 2 provides a three‐dimensional channel framework of silver(I) with a tetrahydrofuran molecule as a guest inside the open cavities. In contrast, the analogous reaction with silver triflouroacetate gave a complex 3, which is composed of infinite linear chains of‐Ag‐dthhpcp‐Ag‐dthhpcp‐ along the a axis. Unit cell data: complex 1, orthorhombic system, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 19.2982(11) Å b = 16.5661(10) Å, c = 25.3006(15) Å, β = 90°, Z = 8; complex 2, orthorhombic system, space group Pna2(1), a = 8.8595(6) Å, b = 12.6901(9) Å, c = 19.8449(14) Å, β = 90°, Z = 4; complex 3, monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/n, a = 8.845(3) Å, b = 20.841(6) Å, c = 11.061(3) Å, β = 107.832(6)°, Z = 4.
Modification of Rhodium Catalyst with Stibines for Hydroformylation of 1‐Pentene
Authors: Sharma Pankaj , Arias Jose Luis , Vasquez Jaime , Gomez Valente , Guiterrez Rene 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHomogeneous hydroformylation of 1‐pentene under synthesis gas experimental conditions was studied using RhClCO(PPh3)2 complex with different triarylstibines. Three different stibine ligands SbR3 [where R = 2,4,6‐mesityl (TMS), 2‐furyl (TFS), 2‐N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine (TDMBAS)], have been tested. It is interesting to note that 2:1 addition of these stibine ligands to the RhClCO(PPh3)2 complex catalyst increases the aldehydes yields with an appreciable n:iso ratio. The catalytic activity of the system shows a TDMBAS > TMS > TFS pattern which indicates that not only basicity of the ligand alone is playing a role in the activity but the steric effect is also very important, and it is combination of these two factors that contributes to the resulting catalytical activity. The maximum yield of aldehydes obtained were 98.7% with n/iso = 1.4 when RhClCO(PPh3)2 + TFS system was used and 93.7% with n/iso = 2.43 when TDMBAS ligand was studied.
Study on the Relationship between the Emission of Chlorine and UV/VIS Sensitive Organic Matter from Heating MSWI Baghouse Ash: Using an Optical UV/VIS Spectrometer as the On‐Line Monitoring Sensor
Authors: Huang Wu‐Jang , Liu Yu‐Wei , Liou Jinx‐Jun 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this study the baghouse ash (fly ash) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants was heated in a fixed bed reactor, from 25 °C to 800 °C. An optical fiber UV/VIS spectrometer was employed as the real‐time monitor to probe the emission behaviors of organic compounds. A two‐dimensional (2D) correlation technique was used to specify organic matter existing in exhausted gas. Three adsorbents, including water, acetone and cyclohexane, were used to adsorb the organic and molecular chlorine in the gas emitted from the reactor. Concentrations of molecular chlorine (Cl2), total organic carbon (TOC), and total inorganic carbon (TIC) in these adsorbents were analyzed to evaluate the reactions occurring in fly ash. We have found that generation temperatures of molecular chlorine were found mainly at 200 °C and 750 °C, which are attributed to the dechlorination of chlorinated‐organic compounds and vaporization of heavy metal chlorides, respectively. 2D correlation UV/VIS spectra are useful to extract valuable information from the one‐dimensional UV/VIS of emitted gas. The identified organic species would be diethyl‐amine, dibenzo‐p‐dioxin, thioxanthone, 1,4‐dichloro‐anthraquinone, benzene, 1‐naphthalene azo, azulene, dibenzanthrone, 1‐chloro‐4‐notroso‐benzene and 4‐nitro‐toluene. The emission behaviors of dibenzo‐p‐dioxin, thioxanthone, azulene and dibenzanthrone were reported, and we concluded that the chlorine emission is almost always earlier than the release of these UV/VIS‐sensitive organic compounds.
Tetrafluorine‐Containing Ketones and Acetoacetates: Synthesis and Mechanistic Study
Authors: Tsai Hou‐Jen , Hsieh Chi‐Wei 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAddition of trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetate to the carbanions of α‐fluorobenzyl‐phosphonate (3) or diisopropyl(fluorocarbethoxymethyl)phosphonate (9) formed the corresponding intermediates [CF3C(O)CFPh]−Li+ (10) and [CF3C(O)CFCO2Et]−Li+ (11), respectively. Subsequent protonation, alkylation or allylation of 10 and 11 afforded trifluoromethyl fluorobenzyl ketones 12 and ethyl 2,4,4,4‐tetra‐fluoroacetoacetates 13. Based on the results obtained, a plausible mechanism was proposed.
Facile, Regioselective and Green Synthesis of Ortho‐Nitrophenoles Using NaNO2, KHSO4
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Oskooie Hossein A. , Baghernejad Bita 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCertain phenols and naphtols were nitrated regioselectively with NaNO2 in the presence of KHSO4 at 50 °C in high yields.
Synthesis of Novel Biphenyltetrazole Derivatives Containing 5‐Methylisoxazole Substituted 1,2,4‐Triazole
Authors: Sun De‐Guang , Hui Xin‐Ping , Xu Peng‐Fei , Zhang Zi‐Yi , Guan Zuo‐Wu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn efficient route to synthesize the target compounds was developed. Fifteen new 5‐[4′‐(5‐isoxazol‐4‐aryl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl‐sulfanylmethyl)‐biphenyl‐2‐yl]‐tetrazoles derivatives were synthesized. The structures of the new compounds synthesized were confirmed by elemental analyses and spectral data.
Effect of Hydrohalogenation of Metal/Zeolite Catalysts for Cyclohexene Hydroconversion ‐Part 3‐ Pd/H‐ZSM‐5 Catalysts
Authors: Aboul‐Gheit Noha A. K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCyclohexene (CHE) hydroconversion was performed in a flow reactor at atmospheric pressure and temperatures of 50–400 °C using: Pd/H‐ZSM‐5, Pd/H‐ZSM‐5(HCl), and Pd/H‐ZSM‐5(HF) catalysts. These catalysts were characterized for acid site strength distribution via NH3 TPD, Pd dispersion via H2 chemisorption, TPR via reduction of the metal oxide in the catalysts and XRD for tracing crystallinity The hydroconversion steps proceeded as follows: CHE → Cyclohexane (CHA); CHE → Methylcyclopentenes (MCPEs) → Methylcyclopentane (MCPA); CHE → Cyclohexadienes (CHDEs) → Benzene → Alkylbenzenes; CHE and others → Hydrocrackedproducts.The overall hydroconversion of CHE was achieved in the catalyst order: Pd/H‐ZSM‐5 > Pd/H‐ZSM‐5(HF) > Pd/H‐ZSM‐5(HCl). CHE hydrogenation step was the major reaction at low temperatures which significantly inhibited via HCl treatment, but slightly enhanced via HF treatment. At medium temperatures, on all catalysts, isomerisation to MCPEs and MCPA increase to a maximum then a decline with a further increase of temperature. The overall isomerisation of CHE was highest on the untreated catalyst. During the higher temperature range, dehydrogenation, alkylation and hydrocracking were increased with temperature. Dehydrogenation of CHE always yielded larger amounts of 1,3‐CHDE than 1,4‐CHDE. These cyclohexadienes were produced in the catalyst order: Pd/H‐ZSM‐5(HF) > Pd/H‐ZSM‐5(HCl) > Pd/H‐ZSM‐5. In general, benzene alkylation to toluene exceeded that of xylenes, indicating that the second methylation is more difficult than the first. However, the catalytic activities for benzene and toluene production were in the order: Pd/H‐ZSM‐5 » Pd/H‐ZSM‐5(HCl) > Pd/H‐ZSM‐5(HF), whereas for xylenes production, Pd/H‐ZSM‐5 » Pd/H‐ZSM‐5(HF) > Pd/H‐ZSM‐5(HCl). Intrapore diffusion plays an important role during the dehydrogenation reactions as well as during the interconversion of individual aromatic hydrocarbons.
Enhancement of Photocatalytic Efficiency of TiO2 by Supporting on Clinoptilolite in the Decolorization of Azo Dye Direct Yellow 12 Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Nikazar Manouchehr , Gholivand Khodayar , Mahanpoor Kazem 
Published: May 2015

AbstractStructure and physico‐chemical properties of a photocatalyst, especially surface area and absorption ability, were correlated to catalytic activities in photodegradation of dye pollutants in water. In this investigation photocatalytic degradation of azo dye Direct yellow 12 (Chrysophenine G) in water was studied. Titanium(IV) oxide was supported on Clinoptilolite (CP) (Iranian Natural Zeolite) using solid‐state dispersion (SSD) method. The results show that the TiO2/Clinoptilolite (SSD) is an active photocatalyst. The maximum effect of photo degradation was observed at 10 wt.% TiO2, 90 wt.% Clinoptilolite. A first order reaction with k = 0.0108 min−1 was observed. The effects of some parameters such as pH, amount of photocatalyst, initial concentration of dye were examined.