bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modification of Ni-Fe Base Superalloy for Steam Turbine Applications
Authors: Imano S. , Doi H. , Saitoh E. , Iijima K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To improve microstructure stability at temperature up to 700°C and avoid segregation of Nb during melting processes, we modified the chemical composition of conventional Ni-Fe base super alloy(Ni-36Fe-16Cr-3Nb-1.7Ti-0.3Al:Alloy706). It is known that Alloy706 is strengthened by γ'(Ni3Al) phase and γ”(Ni3Nb) phase. But these phases are unstable at high temperature and transform into Nb rich δ or η) phase after long-term exposure to elevated temperature. Therefore modified alloy contains lower Nb and higher Al than those of Alloy706, and it is mainly strengthened by γ’(Ni3Al) phase. In fact we could not find δ or η phase in the modified alloy after creep and aging at 700 °C. Tensile strengths of the modified alloy at temperature from room temperature to 700 °C were almost same as those of Alloy706. Yield strength of modified alloy at room temperature was slightly lower than that of Alloy706, but equivalent to that of Alloy706 at higher temperatures. Tensile and yield strengths of the modified alloy at temperature from room temperature to 700 °C were higher than those of Alloy706 after aging at 700 °C. In this paper, we discuss effects of Nb and Al on mechanical properties and microstructure at elevated temperature up to 700 °C, using mechanical testing, TEM observations and thermodynamics calculation results. And we show advantages of the microstructure stabilized Ni-Fe base superalloy(FENIX-700), which is a candidate material for 700 °C class USC steam turbine rotor.
The Small Punch Test Method: Results from a European Creep Testing Round Robin
Authors: Bicego V. , Rantala J.H. , Klaput J. , Stratford G.C. , Di Persio F. , Hurst R.C. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The small punch (SP) test technique can generate tensile, toughness, and creep strength data from very small specimens, enabling nondestructive sampling from large components. This has accelerated industry interest in SP, particularly in the energy sector. A round-robin for the SP creep test was organized within the EPERC network on a 1CrMoV rotor steel, primarily to contribute to harmonizing the test procedure for this emerging method. This presentation analyzes the SP creep test results performed at several temperatures and one load level to assess their inter-comparability and interpret the results concerning conventional uniaxial creep tests. The SP loading geometry appeared to be a key parameter in evaluating the SP results, particularly for correlation with uniaxial creep behavior. A standardization initiative for the SP test method, including creep as well as low-temperature testing for determining tensile and toughness properties of metallic materials, has recently started via a CEN Workshop.
Long-Term Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Welds Between P91 Grade and Low-Alloyed Steels
Authors: Prchlik L. , Folkova E. , Hranek P. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Dissimilar joints between modern 10% chromium steels and low-alloy steels are unavoidable in new installations or upgrades of steam turbine components. Welds between 10CrMo9-10 (P22) and X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) steel pipes are often required. This paper studies this heterogeneous weld from a steam turbine manufacturer's practical perspective. Two types of filler materials were used: P22- and P91-based weld metals. The integrity and mechanical properties of the prepared heterogeneous welds were evaluated according to the welding standard EN 288-3. Both approaches yielded satisfactory results. Additionally, creep rupture strength was evaluated. The creep rupture strength of both joints fell within the -20% scatter band of the P22 base material's creep rupture strength. The weld design with P91 filler material appeared to slightly outperform the P22-based approach for longer exposure times.
Alternative Filler Materials for Dissimilar Metal Welds Involving P91 Materials
Authors: Coleman K. , Gandy D. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the late 1980s, the domestic utility industry experienced failures in dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) between low-alloy ferritic tubing and austenitic tubing in superheaters and reheaters. Extensive research by EPRI found that nickel-based filler metals provided significant service life improvements over 309 stainless steel filler metals. Improved joint geometries and additional weld metal reinforcement were determined to extend service life further. A new nickel-based filler metal was also developed, exhibiting thermal expansion properties similar to the low-alloy base metal and a low chromium content that would result in a smaller carbon-depleted zone than currently available fillers. However, this new filler metal was never commercialized due to a tendency for microfissuring, resulting in less than desired service life. This paper discusses further investigation into the filler metal microfissuring issue and examines long-term testing to determine the filler's suitability for high-temperature applications.
Materials for Corrosion and Erosion Protection in Low NOx Power Boiler Super Heater Tubes
Authors: Kiser Samual D. , Faws P.E. , Orsini Tino 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Tests show that Inconel Filler Metal 72 overlay and/or Incoclad alloys 671/800HT are two material solutions that will provide adequate corrosion and erosion protection for superheater and reheater tubes in low-NOx boilers. This paper gives an overview of the corrosion issues involved in these applications and presents test data for these materials.
The Fracture Behaviors of the Welded Joints in P92, P122 and P23 Pipe Steels for Fossil Power Plants
Authors: Ryu S. H. , Lee Y. S. , Kong B. O. , Kim J. T. , Baek J. W. , Nam S. W. , Kim B. J. , Lim B. S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper reports on a study that investigated how low cycle fatigue (LCF) and fatigue crack propagation (FCG) properties of P92, P122, and P23 steels vary between 600°C and 700°C depending on the location relative to a cross weld. Microstructure analysis was also performed on fractured specimens. Due to its higher yield strength, P122 exhibited the best continuous LCF life. However, creep-fatigue interaction (CFI) in the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) of P122 and P23 steels significantly reduced their lifespans compared to continuous LCF tests. This reduction is attributed to the effect of weld thermal cycles on fine precipitates. FCG tests revealed that the base metal consistently outperformed the HAZ in all tested steels and temperatures. P92 and P122 showed similar FCG rates except for P92's behavior at 600°C, which resembled P23. In both steels, the HAZ exhibited faster FCG rates at 600°C and 700°C compared to the base metal, particularly at lower stress intensity factor ranges (ΔK). Within the HAZ, the region 1 mm from the fusion line displayed the slowest FCG rates, followed by the base metal, while the fusion line and the region 2 mm from it showed the fastest. Fracture surfaces near the fusion line displayed cleavage-like features, while the region 1 mm away exhibited features associated with higher crack growth resistance.
Weldability Evaluation of Martensitic Heat Resisting Chromium Steels with Tungsten Additions and Properties of Welded Joints
Authors: Brózda J. , Pasternak J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Short characteristics of the out-of-date Polish power generation system are given, which shows that in the near future there will be a shortage of electrical energy and the necessity to build supercritical power units. A lignite-fired boiler will be build at the RAFAKO Boiler Plant. Supercritical operating parameters require new creep resisting steels to be applied for the boiler and pipe systems. Therefore at the Institute of Welding weldability examinations have been performed on selected Cr-W heat resisting steels. Welding thermal cycles have been simulated on steels: HCM2S (T23/P23), T92/P92, E911 and HCM12A. The influence of t8/5 cooling times on Charpy V notch toughness, HV10 hardness and microstructure of simulated HAZ's is presented in the form of graphs and prints of microstructures. By means of simulation technique the susceptibility to reheat cracking of those steels has been evaluated. At REMAK- Opole (Enterprise for the Modernisation of Power Installations) and RAFAKO tube and pipe test joints were welded, to select proper fabrication conditions. Mechanical properties of the welded test joints, KV notch toughness of weld metals and HAZ’s and microstructures were examined and are presented.
Thermodynamic Databases: Useful Tools in the Development of Advanced Materials
Authors: Zhang F. , Chen S.-L. , Xie F.-Y. , Chang Y. A. , Oates W. A. , Schmid-Fetzer R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Materials are developed and improved by adjusting both the alloy chemistry and the processing conditions to achieve desired microstructures and properties. Traditionally, these improvements have been made by a slow and labor-intensive series of experiments. But it is now possible to replace this expensive trial and error process by carrying out only a few ‘key’ experiments in conjunction with thermodynamic calculations. These calculations are powerful tools for alloy design, enabling improvement in the selection of alloy chemistry and the parameters used for fabrication steps such as heat treatments. In order to have the utmost confidence in the results obtained from the calculations, it is essential to have high quality thermodynamic databases. Such databases can be used not only in phase equilibrium calculations but also as the critical input for further kinetic simulations. In the present paper, we present our work on the development of reliable thermodynamic databases for nickel-based superalloys and iron alloys. We first briefly describe the methodology of developing these databases and then discuss some specific examples using the databases. With the aid of these examples, the usefulness of thermodynamic databases in aiding the development of advanced materials is discussed.
A Comprehensive Approach to the Development and Improvement of 9-12% Cr Steels: Report, Status, and Outlook
Authors: Cerjak H. , Dimmler G. , Hofer P. , Kozeschnik E. , Letofsky E. , Pein C. , Rajek J. , Schaffernak B. , Sonderegger B. , Weinert P. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Institute of Materials Science, Welding and Forming (IWS) conducts research activities on ferritic/martensitic 9-12% Cr steels through an interconnected network of projects. These projects focus on mechanical properties of base and weld metals, microstructural characterization of creep and damage kinetics, weldability, microstructure analysis during creep, modeling of precipitation and coarsening kinetics, and deformation behavior under creep loading. The individual projects are briefly described, outlining the conceptual approach towards quantitatively describing the creep behavior of 9-12% Cr steels. The research efforts aim to comprehensively understand and model the creep performance of these advanced steel grades by investigating their microstructural evolution, damage mechanisms, precipitation kinetics, and deformation characteristics under creep conditions. The integrated projects examine both base metals and welded joints, providing insights into material properties, weldability, and microstructure-property relationships critical for their application in high-temperature components.
Creep Strength Evaluation of Serviced and Rejuvenated T91 using the Stress Relaxation Method
Authors: Woodford David A. , Swindeman Robert W. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
High precision stress relaxation tests (SRT) at temperatures between 550C and 700C were performed on serviced and reheat treated T91, 9%Cr steel. The service exposure was 116,000 hours at steam temperatures to 550C. Constant displacement rate (CDR) tests were also run at 600C on notched specimens for the two conditions. Specimens, heat treated after service, were stronger at the lower test temperatures in terms of both tensile strength and creep strength. This difference was reflected in the CDR results, which also suggested a lower fracture resistance in the heat treated condition. Thus, service exposure appears to have softened the alloy and enhanced its resistance to fracture, with no evidence of embrittling reactions. Based on the analysis of the SRT tests, projections were made of the times to 1% creep and the times to rupture as well as direct comparisons with minimum creep rate data'. When plotted on the basis of a Larson- Miller parameter (C=30), the calculated values compared well with actual long time rupture testing for exposed and re-heat treated specimens, and generally showed higher precision. The longest test time was about eighteen months for the stress rupture data compared with the use of one machine for a few weeks for the SRT data. The latter actually covered a far greater range of creep rates and projected lives. The SRT test is especially consistent at higher parameter values, i.e., higher temperatures and/or lower stresses. This method of accelerated testing is now being applied to a wide range of alloys for fossil power plants for composition and process optimization, design analysis, and life assessment.
Creep Response of Advanced Martensitic Steels to Stress and Temperature Changes after Long Times
Authors: Swindeman M. J. , Swindeman R. W. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Significant developments have been made in recent years in the description of creep as a damage process. Advanced martensitic steels that expend over half their lives in the tertiary creep stage have been the focus of attention since their use temperatures are being extended to higher temperatures. Data available for assessing the predictability of the damage models are somewhat scarce since long-time exposure testing has generally been for constant temperature and load conditions. In this work, data are reviewed from relatively long-time tests that involved temperature and stress changes. The prediction of several damage models are compared to material behavior. Most of the comparisons are for 9Cr-1Mo-V steel in the temperature range of 538 to 649 C and for times in the range of 10,000 to 80,000 hours.
Aluminum Nitride Precipitation in Low Strength Grade 91 Power Plant Steels
Authors: Brett S. J. , Bates J. S. , Thomson R. C. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper investigates the cause of premature failures in certain Grade 91 steel components used in UK power plants. The failures were linked to both low material hardness and specific chemical compositions that fell within ASTM specifications but had a low nitrogen-to-aluminum ratio (N:Al). The investigators examined eight material batches, including those involved in failures, new stock, and in-service components with similar properties. Testing confirmed these materials had lower creep resistance compared to standard Grade 91 steel. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of large aluminum nitride precipitates, which limited the formation of beneficial vanadium nitride precipitates, leading to reduced creep strength. These findings suggest that even within the ASTM specification limits, a low N:Al ratio can negatively impact the performance of Grade 91 steel.
The Effects of Carbon and Austenite Stabilizing Elements (Co, Cu, Ni and Mn) on the Microstructural Changes and the Creep Rupture Strength in 9-12 % Cr Ferritic Heat Resistant Steels
Authors: Ryu S. H. , Kim M. S. , Lee Y. S. , Kim J. T. , Yu J. , Lee B. J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study examines the influence of carbon and austenite stabilizing elements (Ni, Mn, Co, Cu) on Laves phase precipitation, Fe2W formation, and creep rupture strength (CRS) in 9-12% Cr steels at 600-700°C. Nickel and manganese had minimal impact on Laves phase and coarse carbide formation up to 1% content. While cobalt increased Laves phase fraction at 650°C, it did not improve long-term CRS and even caused a rapid decrease in short-term CRS. Copper, on the other hand, promoted the precipitation of fine Cu-rich particles that acted as nucleation sites for Laves phase and M23C6 carbide. This resulted in a different needle-like Laves phase morphology compared to the globular type observed in nickel and cobalt alloys, leading to improved CRS in the copper alloy. Increasing carbon content from 0.1% to 0.2% effectively suppressed Laves phase formation, as confirmed by Thermo-Calc calculations. Notably, for cobalt alloys with higher tungsten content, higher carbon content (0.09% to 0.19%) improved CRS at 650°C, whereas the opposite effect was observed in nickel and nickel-manganese alloys. Copper alloys maintained improving CRS trends even with increased carbon, leading to the overall best CRS performance among the tested alloys with 0.2% carbon.
Bimbingan dan Konseling Sekolah di Era Society 5.0: Sebuah Kajian Sistematis
Authors: Prayoga Ammi , Purwoko Budi , Habsy Bakhrudin All 
Published: July 2024

Entering the era of society 5.0 where the integration between technology and humans is very close. This will also have an impact on the process of providing guidance and counseling services in the school environment. Guidance and counseling in the era of society 5.0 must be able to adapt to very rapid social developments and changes. Student problems are currently increasingly complex and require guidance and counseling services to be provided, however, the condition of guidance and counseling teachers whose time is limited and the number of teachers is less than proportional is a challenge in itself. Information technology is one alternative that can be used to answer these challenges. Many innovations in the field of guidance and counseling by utilizing information technology have been carried out by BK academics. This journal uses a systematic literature review method in an effort to summarize the innovation of guidance and counseling services in utilizing information technology which is included in the professional competence of guidance and counseling teachers. Guidance and guidance teachers at schools often use social media and the internet. In this regard, it can be used to optimize guidance and counseling services at schools in the era of society 5.0. _____________________________________________________________Memasuki era society 5.0 dimana integrasi antara teknologi dan manusia sangat erat. Hal ini juga akan berdampak pada proses pemberian layanan bimbingan dan konseling di lingkungan persekolahan. Bimbingan dan konseling pada era sociey 5.0 harus dapat beradaptasi dengan perkembangan dan perubahan sosial yang sangat cepat. Permasalahan siswa pada saat ini semakin komplek dan medesak untuk diberikan layanan BK, namun kondisi Guru BK yang waktunya terbatas dan jumlah guru yang kurang porposional menjadi tantangan tersendiri. Teknologi informasi menjadi salah satu alternatif yang bisa dilakukan untuk menjawab tantangan tersebut. Inovasi dalam bidang bimbingan dan konseling dengan memanfaatkan teknologi informasi sudah banyak dilakukan oleh para akademisi BK. Jurnal ini menggunakan metode systematic literature review dalam upaya merangkuman inovasi layanan BK dalam memanfaatkan teknologi informasi yang tercakup pada kompetensi profesional Guru BK. Guru BK disekolah sudah sering menggunakan sosial media dan internet. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mengoptimalkan layanan BK disekolah pada era society 5.0.
Análisis sobre la eficacia del influencer marketing en el mundo de la moda
Authors: Pablo Marín Dueñas Pedro , Simancas-González Esther 
Published: July 2024

Introducción: El marketing de influencia se ha configurado como una estrategia de comunicación relevante para muchas organizaciones y el sector de la moda no se ha quedado al margen, por lo que esta investigación tiene como principal objetivo analizar la eficacia que este tipo de acciones tiene para estas empresas, y más concretamente, en el ámbito de las colaboraciones con microinfluencers. Metodología: Se ha implementado una metodología mixta, que combina la entrevista en profundidad a profesionales del sector y a creadores de contenido de moda con la encuesta a consumidores. Resultados: Éstos juegan un papel clave en la promoción de la moda, generando un contenido caracterizado por su autenticidad y que consigue una notable conexión, mejorando la preferencia de compra. Discusión: Los microinfluencers se configuran como colaboradores valiosos para las marcas de moda al crear un contenido genuino y relevante. Una selección cuidadosa de estos creadores de contenido maximiza el impacto de estas estrategias. Conclusiones: Son una alternativa muy eficaz para la comunicación de las marcas de moda, por su capacidad para generar confianza y alcanzar a targets específicos, ampliando el alcance de las campañas.
ANALISIS SISTEM PENGENDALIAN INTERN DALAM PEMBERIAN KREDIT PADA PT.BANK RAKYAT INDONESIA (PERSERO) CABANG SIDENRENG RAPPANG
Authors: K Rikayanti 
Published: July 2024

This research purposed to analyzing the internal control system in providing credit at PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Cabang Sidenreng Rappang. Is the internal control system implemented according to the intern of control elements according to COSO. The research data collection techniques through observation and interviews. The data analysis used is a qualitative method. The results showed that the provision of credit at PT BRI Cabang Sidenreng Rappang was carrying to based on a written application letter signed by the applicant. The credit application is written by in a form provided by the bank. Deskman or Customer Service is in charge of handling customer credit applications. Credit requirement documents in the form of customer financial reports. This document will use as a reference for the customer's business prospects.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN BADAN USAHA MILIK DESA (BUMDes) CAHAYA BARU DI DESA KUNYI KABUPATEN POLEWALI MANDAR
Authors: Indriani Indriani , Arham Arham 
Published: July 2024

Tujuan yang hendak dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana BUMDes merujuk pada potensi yang dimiliki oleh Desa Kunyi dalam menentukan usaha yang akan dikembangkan, dan untuk mengetahui strategi pengembangan yang dilakukan oleh BUMDes Cahaya Baru Desa Kunyi Kab. Polewali Mandar terhadap usaha telah diprogramkan. Penelitian ini karena menggunakan pendekatan dengan Analisis SWOT maka secara umum pendekatan metode yang dilakukan adalah perpaduan antara Metode Keulitatif dan semi kuantitatif, karena dalam kegiatan penelitian terdapat analisis yang menggunakan angka-angka. Indorman yang digunakan adalan perangkat-perangkat Desa seperti Aparat Pemerintah Desa, BPD, BUMDes, Kepala Dusun, Ketua-Ketua RT dan Tokoh Masyarakat sebanyak 27 orang. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini antara lain Pengembangan usaha yang dilakukan oleh BUMDes telah berorientasi pada pemanfaatan potensi-potensi yang ada di desa untuk dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar dalam pengembangan usaha, dimana langkah awal yang dilakukan BUMDes yakni terlebih dahulu menangani kendala-kendala yang selama ini terjadi seperti peningkatan kemampuan kualitas sumber daya pengelola, program usaha yang akan dikelola harus sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat dan perlibatan semua unsur dalam pengelolaan kebijakan BUMDes dan Langkah Strategis yang direkomedasikan sesuai dengan hasil analisis SWOT yakni bagaimana BUMDes mengoptimalkan kekuatan dari potensi yang dimiliki dalam rangka memanfaatkan peluang-peluang yang ditawarkan oleh pasar