bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Professional Ethics
Authors: Meyers Christopher 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn order to address what is distinctive about professional ethics, one must first clearly identify what it means to be a profession or a professional. Conceptual clarity is obviously a virtue in all practical ethics topics, but it is particularly so given the wide array of occupations and activities that identify themselves as professions, including everything from physicians to athletes to architects to beauticians. The disparity between these respective enterprises' qualifications and commitments is so wide as to make implausible the idea that they share a common ethical framework, and thereby to also challenge the opening presupposition that there is something distinctive about professional ethics.
Thoreau, Henry David
Authors: Bates Stanley 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

David Henry Thoreau (1817–62) was born in Concord, Massachusetts. His family moved a number of times but returned to Concord in 1823, where his father was a shopkeeper and later had a pencil business. The rest of his life except for his college years and some periods of travel was spent in Concord, to which he had a complicated and sometimes confrontational relationship. He went to Harvard College from which he graduated in 1837, after which he returned to Concord, where he was for a brief time a schoolteacher. He began the most important friendship of his life with Ralph Waldo Emerson (
see
Emerson, Ralph Waldo) in Concord after his graduation from college. In this period when Thoreau was trying to find a course of life for himself, Emerson encouraged him to keep a journal. He did so for the rest of his life, and almost all of his published writing began in this journal. Like Emerson he reshaped that raw material of his journal into lectures, essays, and the books he published in his lifetime. (Thoreau also changed the order of his given names to Henry David.) He worked in the family pencil business, lived and worked in the Emerson household as a general factotum for a time, and worked as a land surveyor off and on for the rest of his life. Thoreau was a writer, a poet, a student of philosophy, and an avid reader of the wisdom literature of other, especially Asian, traditions. He was also the greatest of American “nature writers.” He died in Concord in 1862.
Commodification
Authors: Walsh Adrian 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Are there some things that should not be commodified? By “commodification” we mean the process of transforming a good or activity into a commodity available on the market. How extensive should that market be? For instance, should transplant kidneys, water, professional soldiers, or sexual services be available on the market? Are there reasons to prevent the buying and selling of certain kinds of goods or might we permissibly allow the commodification of everything that can be commodified?
Difference Principle
Authors: Brighouse Harry 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDistributive justice concerns how the benefits and burdens of social and economic activity should be shared out (seeJustice). So a theory of distributive justice identifies the benefits and burdens that social cooperation produces, and prescribes how they should be distributed. An important dimension on which theories differ is the extent to which, and mechanisms by which, inequalities can be legitimate (seeEquality; Egalitarianism). John Rawls' relatively egalitarian theory of justice as fairness shapes most contemporary philosophical debates, not in the sense that there is any kind of consensus on his principles, but in that other theories are often proposed explicitly as superior alternatives (seeRawls, John).
Religion and Politics
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe interaction between religion and politics is a matter of urgent concern well into the early part of the twenty‐first century, principally because of the apparent revival of enthusiasm for religion in many parts of the world and the widespread belief that this revival poses a threat to democracy and political stability more generally. This threat is seen as coming not only from extremist Islamic jihadists but also from some democratic leaders with strong Christian commitments, of whom George W. Bush was a prime example. (For President George W. Bush's religio‐political inclinations, see in particular MacAskill 2005 and Weinberger 2006: 137.) Partly as a reaction to this revival and its perceived dangers, there has been a resurgence of intellectual hostility to religion, most evident in the popularity of “new atheist” publications and gatherings.
Hindu Ethics
Authors: Perrett Roy W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhile classical Indian philosophy is incredibly rich in rigorous discussion of topics in epistemology, logic, and metaphysics, comparable discussions in ethics were not as extensive as might be expected. Certainly, ethics was not a distinct field within Indian philosophy in the manner of pramāṇavāda (the part of Indian philosophy that corresponds roughly to epistemology and logic;seeComparative Religious Ethics). Instead, Indian ethical discussions are to be found scattered across many works and genres (Holdrege 1991). However, although classical Indian value theory is underdeveloped relative to other branches of Indian philosophy, Indian philosophers had a good deal to say about ethics as they vigorously discussed topics like the ends of life and the relation of virtuous action to those ends. Moreover, these ideas continue to have influence within contemporary Hinduism, though they have also been somewhat transformed by Hinduism's encounter with modernity.
Empathy
Authors: Stueber Karsten 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The concept of empathy has played and continues to play a central role in the philosophical and psychological discussions and investigations of two central features characterizing the social nature of human beings: the ability to recognize what other people are thinking and feeling, and the ability to engage with other people in a social manner. Accordingly, empathy refers to a broad range of psychological processes and phenomena having to do with our ability to know another person's state of mind and our ability to be emotionally affected by how others feel and think about their situation, allowing us to feel like them, to feel with them, to care for them, and to be concerned about them. Although the concept of empathy had been coined only at the beginning of the twentieth century, empathy‐related phenomena have been the focus of attention under the heading of sympathy (
see
Sympathy) ever since British philosophers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, particularly David Hume and Adam Smith (
see
Hume, David; Smith, Adam), attempted to analyze the psychological foundation of moral judgments, of moral motivation, and of the social nature of human beings.
Gun Control
Authors: Hunt Lester H. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The phrase “gun control” has no very precise meaning. It typically refers either to prohibitions of or restrictions on gun ownership on the part of the civilian population. Such rules may apply either to guns in general or to some type of gun (such as handguns). More rarely, it can refer to legal restrictions, not on classes of weapons, but on classes of users, a sort of restriction that might be called “dangerous possessor gun control” (
see
Risk). In this case, the state denies the right of gun ownership to some class of the population deemed – perhaps due to youth, mental infirmity, or prior criminal behavior – to be insufficiently trustworthy. Dangerous possessor rules seem to be
per se
uncontroversial: though there is disagreement about which users are sufficiently untrustworthy, no one seems to deny that there should be some restrictions on who may own these weapons. The philosophical literature that has developed in the past two decades is focused mainly on legal restrictions on guns, and not on users.
Socrates
Authors: Rider Benjamin A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSocrates (ca. 469–399BCE) is at once one of the most influential and one of the most mysterious and malleable figures in the history of Western ethical philosophy. Almost every ancient Greek and Roman philosophical school, from the iconoclastic Cynics and skeptical Academy to the system‐building Stoics and hedonistic Cyrenaics, claimed Socrates as an intellectual ancestor and moral exemplar (seeAncient Ethics; Cyrenaics; Hellenistic Ethics; Stoicism). His ideas about virtue, wisdom, and happiness set the agenda for subsequent ethical inquiry, and his life and example continued to exert their power down through the Western philosophical tradition, influencing and inspiring philosophers from Kierkegaard and Freud to contemporary proponents of virtue ethics (seeEudaimonism; Virtue Ethics). Yet, as this diversity of appropriations of Socrates and the Socratic life indicates, the man himself has always been something of an enigma, his life, ideas, and significance seen differently depending on who is looking at him. This held true even for those who knew him when he was alive: the decades after Socrates' death saw the emergence of a surprisingly diverse group of “Socratic” philosophers, as former companions of Socrates debated vigorously about the meaning of their mentor's life and work, often through the medium of Socratic dialogues (Döring 2011). Socrates himself, however, wrote nothing, and the three significant surviving depictions of Socrates – in the works of the comic playwright Aristophanes, the soldier and historian Xenophon, and the philosopher Plato – ascribe very different personalities and philosophical interests and commitments to their subject (on Aristophanes' Socrates, see Konstan 2011; on Xenophon's, see Dorion 2006). All agree he was a strange but compelling man, but they disagree about most of the reasons why.
Greatest Happiness Principle
Authors: Riley Jonathan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe greatest happiness principle is the ultimate standard of morality set up by classical utilitarianism (seeUtilitarianism). That classical creed conceives of good as happiness (seeHappiness) and holds that right actions are those which maximize the total happiness of the members of the community. As John Stuart Mill (seeMill, John Stuart) explains inUtilitarianism(1861), “The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness” (1969: 210). Moreover, happiness is understood in hedonistic terms, “By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure” (seeHedonism; Pleasure).
Thought Experiments in Ethics
Authors: Walsh Adrian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThought experiments have been part of the philosopher's toolkit when exploring ethical issues since the very beginnings of philosophy. One need only look to Book 1 of Plato'sRepublicto find a telling example of a thought experiment at work. Therein Plato asks us, in order to focus our attention on the problem of what reasons there are for acting morally, to imagine a ring that enables its wearer to become invisible and thereby to perpetrate all sorts of mischief. This is but one of many instances of their use to be found in the ethics literature. Some of the more famous recent examples of thought experiments in ethics, which vary widely with respect to their realism, include Philippa Foot's notorious “trolley problem,” Bernard Williams' story of Jim and the Indians, and Judith Jarvis Thomson's “famous violinist” (Foot 1978; Smart and Williams 1973; Thomson 1971).
Character
Authors: Cokelet Bradford 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

In both ordinary and academic contexts, people regularly invoke claims about character to support
normative
practical conclusions – conclusions about what is good, right, admirable, etc. Ordinary examples include a father who advises his son to avoid some unsavory characters in his school and a mother who praises her daughter for showing real strength of character in the face of peer pressure. Academic examples include moral philosophers who think that good character or virtue should play a central role in ethical theory (
see
Virtue Ethics) and sociologists, such as Sennett (2000), who raise worries about various socio‐political forces corroding peoples’ characters.
Impact of freshening over the Southern Ocean on ENSO
Authors: Ma Hao , Wu Lixin , Li Zhengquan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe response of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to idealized freshwater forcing over the Southern Ocean (SO) is investigated using a fully‐coupled climate model. Modeling results explicitly show that freshening over the SO can modulate mean climate of tropical Pacific, triggering La Niña‐like sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and a sharper zonal tilt of tropical thermocline, which further influences ENSO variability. Amplitude of ENSO is intensified due to shallower thermocline in central‐eastern tropical Pacific, while the period of ENSO is significantly enlarged primarily because upper‐ocean meridional temperature gradient between equatorial and off‐equatorial region is decreased, which is favorable to extend the period of ENSO © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society.
A comparison of modern and historical methods for calculating Montgomery steamfunction
Authors: Market Patrick S. , Rochette Scott M. , Lupo Anthony R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe suggestion has been made that the Montgomery streamfunction is now calculable for isentropic analysis purposes simply by applying the equation Ψ = gZ + cpT. Historically, this practice has been frowned upon, as measurements aloft did not have the accuracy requisite to allow such practice. Instead, an integral approach to calculating Ψ has been preferred to get workable values. Yet, advancements in the accuracy of radiosonde measurements have occurred, especially with global positioning system (GPS)‐verified height data. Herein, we show that the values from the simple and integral methods of getting Ψ are very similar, and differ by only ∼0.2%. © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Controlled Synthesis and High Oxidation Stability of Cobalt Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Mesoporous Silica using a Modified Stöber Approach and a Pseudomorphic Transformation
Authors: Batail Nelly , Clémençon Isabelle , Legens Christelle , Chaumonnot Alexandra , Uzio Denis 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUniform core@shell cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) embedded into mesoporous silica (Co@m‐SiO2) were prepared by a simple two‐step procedure. Metallic cobalt NPs stabilized by sodium citrate and a nonionic polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) were coated by a homogeneous silica shell by using a modified Stöber protocol. In the second step, the mesoporosity of the shell was produced through a pseudomorphic transformation by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in alkaline media. An in situ XRD study performed in air on the resulting Co@m‐SiO2 solid revealed that this new material is stable under ambient conditions and even resistant towards oxidation up to 450 °C. It is noteworthy that only 30 % of the Co3O4 phase is detected after air treatment at 550 °C. As a result, the core@shell morphology is preserved even at 700 °C in air, which shows the stabilization effect and sintering resistance of this type of structure.
Lifetime memories from persistently supple synapses
Authors: Routtenberg Aryeh 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIt is here proposed that the evanescent network derived from malleable or supple synapses is the substrate for long‐lasting memory. The subjective sense of memory permanence is not derived, as suggested by Bain and others, from the stabilization of synaptic structure which gives rise to consolidated distributed networks. This generally held wisdom that synapses are activated and ultimately stabilized to reflect the long‐lasting substrate of memory is reinforced by increased interest in the importance of sparse coding in memory consolidation. One line of evidence for sparse coding derives from studies on the lateral nucleus neurons of the amygdala (for review, see Josselyn, 2010). These findings lead to the conclusion that a small number of neurons are both necessary and sufficient to retrieve the fear engram. Recently, it has been shown that sparse coding in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is sufficient for retrieving the fear conditioning engram (Liu et al., 2012). One implication of these findings is that memory is stored in selected cells and that this restricted storage is more or less permanent, as the authors note: “… Defined cell populations can form the cellular basis for fear memory engrams (Liu et al., 2012, p. 89).” But the problem with this model is that because new learning is incorporated into existing networks, stabilization would work against this integration. For this reason and because of obligatory processes of metabolic protein turnover and ongoing synaptic malleability, the “supple synapse” model is proposed (Routtenberg, A., Rekart, 2005; Routtenberg, 2008a,b). Specifically, long‐lasting memory is derived from the instructive, use‐dependent sampling of neural networks selected from a very large universe of networks that are evanescent because they are linked together by supple synapses. Importantly, if such suppleness did not exist, the stabilization of synapses would then prevent the physiological malleability of brain circuitry that is essential both for proper integrated information storage and for flexible information retrieval. A corollary of this proposal is that it suggests an alternative view of consolidation: the same agent which is disruptive immediately after learning is no longer effective later because the network, over time, becomes widely distributed and evanescent. Thus, time‐dependence is replaced with space‐dependence. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Yokukansan in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Matsuda Yuki , Kishi Taro , Shibayama Hiroto , Iwata Nakao 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesThere is currently no meta‐analysis of the efficacy and tolerability of Yokukansan in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.MethodWe used information obtained from the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases until October 2012. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of individual patient data from randomized controlled trials comparing Yokukansan with usual care (UC, i.e., controls). Standardized mean difference and weighted mean difference were calculated. All studies used the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) for the evaluation of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.ResultsFour relevant studies (total n = 236) were identified. Yokukansan was superior to UC in the reduction of total NPI scores (p = 0.0009, weighted mean difference =−7.20, I2 = 0%). In addition, Yokukansan was more efficacious in reducing scores on the NPI subscale (delusions, hallucinations, and agitation/aggression) than UC (p < 0.00001–0.0009). Yokukansan treatment also improved activities of daily living scores compared with UC (p = 0.04, standardized mean difference = −0.32, I2 = 0%). Mini‐mental state examination scores did not differ between the Yokukansan and UC treatment groups. Yokukansan was not different from UC regarding discontinuation due to any cause.ConclusionOur results suggest that Yokukansan has a beneficial effect on NPI and on ADL scores and that Yokukansan seems to be a well‐tolerated treatment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A branch‐and‐cut algorithm for the ring spur assignment problem
Authors: Carroll Paula , Fortz Bernard , Labbé Martine , McGarraghy Seán 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe ring spur assignment problem arises in the design of next‐generation telecommunications networks and has applications in location‐allocation problems. The aim is to identify a minimum cost set of interconnected ring spurs. We seek to connect all nodes of the network either on a set of bounded disjoint local rings or by a single spur edge connected to a node on a local ring. Local rings are interconnected by a special ring called the tertiary ring. We show that the problem is NP ‐Hard and present an Integer Programming formulation with additional valid inequalities. We implement a branch‐and‐cut algorithm and present our conclusions with computational results. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2013
Dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in polyacrylonitrile‐co‐starch copolymer matrix for enhancement of electrical, thermal, and gas barrier properties
Authors: Prusty Gyanaranjan , Swain Sarat K. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNanomaterials gained great importance on account of their wide range of applications in many areas. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit exceptional electrical, thermal, gas barrier, and tensile properties and can therefore be used for the development of a new generation of composite materials. Functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) reinforced Polyacrylonitrile‐co‐starch nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization technique. The structural property of PAN‐co‐starch/MWCNT nanocomposites was studied by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The conductivity, tensile strength, and thermal properties of nanocomposites were measured as a function of MWCNT concentrations. The thermal stability, conductivity, and tensile strength of PAN‐co‐starch/MWCNT nanocomposites were improved with increasing concentration of MWCNTs. Oxygen barrier property of PAN‐co‐starch/MWCNT nanocomposites was calculated and it was found that, the property was reduced substantially with increase of MWCNTs proportion. The synthesized PAN‐co‐starch/MWCNT nanocomposites may used for electrostatically dissipative materials, aerospace or sporting goods, and electronic materials. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
The p.L750V mutation in the NLRP7 gene is frequent in Mexican patients with recurrent molar pregnancies and is not associated with recurrent pregnancy loss
Authors: Estrada Higinio , Buentello Beatriz , Zenteno Juan Carlos , Fiszman Rachel , Aguinaga Mónica 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this study is to analyze NLRP7 mutation frequency in 20 Mexican patients with recurrent hydatidiform moles (RHMs).PatientsTwenty patients with RHMs, 50 couples with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and 100 controls were included in the study. Molecular analysis of the NLRP7 coding region was performed in patients with RHMs. Restriction enzyme digestion analysis and direct sequencing of the identified mutations were performed in controls and patients with RPL.ResultsPatients displayed between two and six moles, and 10 of them presented other forms of pregnancy loss. Twelve (60%) patients were homozygous for the missense mutation c.2248C > G (p.L750V), five (25%) patients were heterozygous for the p.L750V mutation and the c.1018 G > A (p.E340K) variant, and three (15%) patients were heterozygous for the c.1018 G > A (p.E340K) variant. Five (5%) control women and four women and one man (5%) with RPL were heterozygous for the p.L750V mutation and two (2%) patients with RPL were heterozygous for the p.E340K variant.ConclusionsA total of 60% of our RHM patients presented homozygous p.L750V mutations, 25% were compound heterozygotes for p.L750V mutation and the p.E340K variant, and 15% were heterozygous for p.E340K variant. Heterozygous p.L750V mutations were frequently observed in our population. Homozygous mutations were also present in patients with RHMs. Additional studies are needed to understand the role of the p.E340K variant in RHMs and RPL. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.