bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypervelocity dust impacts on the Wind spacecraft: Correlations between Ulysses and Wind interstellar dust detections
Authors: Wood S. R. , Malaspina David M. , Andersson Laila , Horanyi Mihaly 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Wind spacecraft is positioned just sunward of Earth at the first Lagrange point, while the Ulysses spacecraft orbits above and below the ecliptic plane crossing the ecliptic as far from the Sun as the orbit of Jupiter (∼5 AU). While Wind does not carry a dedicated dust detector, we demonstrate the ability of Wind electric field measurements to detect hypervelocity dust impacts through their impact plasma signatures. Interstellar dust (ISD) and interplanetary dust particles are differentiated based on a yearly modulation of the ISD flux. Measurements of ISD flux variation by Wind are found to be in good agreement with ISD flux variation measured by Ulysses. While measurements of the ISD flow direction through the Solar System determined by Wind could not be directly compared to those from Ulysses, strong variation in ISD flow direction was observed during similar time periods by both spacecraft.
Reconciling the ICE‐6G_C reconstruction of glacial chronology with ice sheet dynamics: The cases of Greenland and Antarctica
Authors: Stuhne G. R. , Peltier W. R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe describe a theoretical and numerical framework that has been developed to investigate the compatibility of the ICE‐6G_C reconstruction of the glaciation histories of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets with the latest understanding of ice physics. The ICE‐6G_C reconstruction has been produced solely on the basis of the theory of the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) process, and it has remained an issue as to whether such reconstructions of the time‐dependent thickness variations of grounded continental ice sheets were compatible with physics‐based ice mechanical considerations. Our analyses focus on the evolution over the last glacial cycle of these extent ice sheet complexes and demonstrate that the GIA‐inferred models are entirely consistent with such considerations when uncertainties in (net) mass balance history are taken fully into account.
Volumetric MRI data correlate to disease severity in metachromatic leukodystrophy
Authors: Tillema Jan‐Mendelt , Derks Marloes G.M. , Pouwels Petra J. W. , de Graaf Pim , van Rappard Diane F. , Barkhof Frederik , Steenweg Marjan E. , van der Knaap Marjo S. , Wolf Nicole I. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveMetachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is an inherited lysosomal disorder due to a deficiency in arylsulfatase A with progressive demyelination and neurological decline. This retrospective MRI study investigated the extent of cortical involvement at time of diagnosis, and clinical correlates to both conventional and regional volumetric measures of brain involvement.Methods3D‐T1‐weighted MRI scans were used to determine cortical thickness and surface‐based cerebral cortical gray matter (GM) and cerebral white matter (WM) volume (GMV and WMV), WM lesions, thalamus, and cerebellum. MRI‐MLD severity scores were obtained from FLAIR images. Associations between clinical and imaging data were examined using correlation coefficients.ResultsTwenty patients with MLD (mean age 13.7 years, range 2–35) and 20 controls (mean age 13.9 years, range 2–40) were included. Compared with control subjects, late‐infantile, and juvenile patients (n = 14) had significantly diminished cerebral cortical GMV and thalamus volume (P < 0.05), but did not differ in WMV and cortical thickness. Adult patients (n = 6) showed significantly reduced GMV, WMV and cortical thickness (all P < 0.05). Regional analysis showed statistically significant cortical thinning in the cingulate gyrus and most pronounced thinning with age in the frontal lobe of MLD patients. Intelligence quotient (IQ) correlated with MRI‐MLD scores (r = −0.87, P < 0.001).InterpretationSignificant cerebral cortical GMV loss is already present in early stages of MLD. IQ correlates with WM severity scores and lesion volume, but not with volumetric measures. In adult presentations, there is more pronounced global atrophy with GMV and WMV loss and accelerated cortical thinning, most prominently in the cingulate gyrus and frontal lobes.
Versatile grasping ability in power‐grip actions by tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.)
Authors: Truppa Valentina , Spinozzi Giovanna , Laganà Tiziana , Piano Mortari Eva , Sabbatini Gloria 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesCapuchin monkeys are well known to have a high degree of manual dexterity. In this study, we assessed the variability of capuchin grasping actions involving power grips, i.e., manual actions in which the object is grasped between the palm and one or several parts of the fingers and that do not necessarily involve individually controlled finger movements. Planning abilities in executing actions were also evaluated.MethodsTwenty tufted capuchins (Sapajus spp.) were tested in a task requiring individuals to grasp a dowel inserted into a vertical tube. We examined their grasping techniques, focusing on the following aspects: (i) the different hand postures made during grasping, (ii) the frequency of thumb use in opposition to the other fingers, (iii) the asymmetric use of the hands, and (iv) the configuration of the grasping action for the purpose of comfortably bringing the food to the mouth.ResultsEight power‐grip variants were identified, with individual capuchins performing an average of more than five different grips. The use of the thumb in opposition to the other areas of the hand, as reported in studies of precision grips, also appears to be a common feature in power grips. No evidence of group‐level manual asymmetries was found. Adult capuchins were better than immature individuals in planning grasping actions in relation to following task demands.DiscussionOverall, these findings clarify the extent to which manual dexterity and cognitive abilities can be expressed in the grasping tasks of highly manually skilled primate species. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:63–72, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactive flame retardant with core‐shell structure and its flame retardancy in rigid polyurethane foam
Authors: Luo Fubin , Wu Kun , Li Yinwen , Zheng Jian , Guo Huilong , Lu Mangeng 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTWith a shell of poly (methyl methacrylate‐co‐hydroxyl ethyl acrylate) (PMMA‐HA), microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MHAPP) is prepared by in situ polymerization. The core‐shell structure of the reactive flame retardant (FR) is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The results of water leaching rate and water contact angle measurements show that ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is well coated by a hydrophobic shell. Due to the presence of active groups (–OH) and hydrophobic groups (–CH3) in shell, MHAPP exhibits better compatibility, flame retardancy, and water resistance compared with neat ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in rigid polyurethane foam (PU). Compression strength of PU/MHAPP with suitable loading is higher than that of PU/APP and PU, the reason is that the active groups in shell can improve the compatibility of MHAPP in PU composite. From thermal stability and residue analysis, it can be seen that the presence of reactive flame retardant shows positive effect on thermal stability of PU composite at high temperature, results also indicate that MHAPP can promote the carbonization formation efficiency of PU composite during combustion process compared with APP. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42800.
In situ thermal polymerization of an ionic liquid monomer for quasi‐solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Song Pingyuan , Gao Minda , Su Ying , Zhao Jie , Zou Guifu 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTIn situ thermal polymerization of a model ionic liquid monomer and ionic liquids mixture to form gel electrolytes is developed for quasi‐solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (Q‐DSSCs). The chemical structures and thermal property of the monomers and polymer are investigated in detail. The effect of iodine concentration on the conductivity and triiodide diffusion of the gel electrolytes is also investigated in detail. The conductivity and triiodide diffusion of the gel electrolytes increase with the increasing I2 concentration, while excessive I2 contents will decrease the electrical performances. Based on the in situ thermal polymeric gel electrolytes for Q‐DSSCs, highest power conversion efficiency of 5.01% has been obtained. The superior long‐term stability of fabricated DSSCs indicates that the cells based on in situ thermal polymeric gel electrolytes can overcome the drawbacks of the volatile liquid electrolyte. These results offer us a feasible method to explore new gel electrolytes for high‐performance Q‐DSSCs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42802.
Pre‐clinical assessment of the effectiveness of modified polyvalent antivenom in the neutralization of Naja naja venom toxicity
Authors: Kadali Renu , Kadiyala Gopi , Gurunathan Jayaraman 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe potency of conventional antivenom (AV) conjugated to soy protein nanoparticles (NPs) (C‐AV) was compared with the free AV in neutralizing the systemic toxicity of Naja naja venom. The effective dose (ED50) of AV and C‐AV to neutralize the venom‐induced toxicity in mice was found to be 19.89 and 9.50 mg, respectively. The histopathological examination of heart, liver, and kidney indicated that the systemic toxicity induced by the venom was effectively neutralized by lower concentrations of C‐AV than compared with AV. In addition, C‐AV was found to be more effective in neutralizing the edema forming activity of N. naja venom compared with the AV. Thus, the results of this study indicate that the potency of commercially available AV could be improved by conjugating it to soy protein NPs.
N‐linked glycosylation of recombinant cellobiohydrolase I (Cel7A) from Penicillium verruculosum and its effect on the enzyme activity
Authors: Dotsenko Anna S. , Gusakov Alexander V. , Volkov Pavel V. , Rozhkova Aleksandra M. , Sinitsyn Arkady P. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTCellobiohydrolase I from Penicillium verruculosum (PvCel7A) has four potential N‐glycosylation sites at its catalytic module: Asn45, Asn194, Asn388, and Asn430. In order to investigate how the N‐glycosylation influences the activity and other properties of the enzyme, the wild type (wt) PvCel7A and its mutant forms, carrying Asn to Ala substitutions, were cloned into Penicillium canescens PCA10 (niaD‐) strain, a fungal host for production of heterologous proteins. The rPvCel7A‐wt and N45A, N194A, N388A mutants were successfully expressed and purified for characterization, whereas the expression of N430A mutant was not achieved. The MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry fingerprinting of peptides, obtained as a result of digestion of rPvCel7A forms with specific proteases, showed that the N‐linked glycans represent variable high‐mannose oligosaccharides and the products of their sequential enzymatic trimming, according to the formula (Man)0‐13(GlcNAc)2, or a single GlcNAc residue. Mutations had no notable effect on pH‐optimum of PvCel7A activity and enzyme thermostability. However, the mutations influenced both the enzyme adsorption ability on Avicel and its activity against natural and synthetic substrates. In particular, the N45A mutation led to a significant increase in the rate of Avicel and milled aspen wood hydrolysis, while the substrate digestion rates in the case of N194A and N388A mutants were notably lower relative to rPvCel7A‐wt. These data, together with data of 3D structural modeling of the PvCel7A catalytic module, indicate that the N‐linked glycans are an important part of the processive catalytic machinery of PvCel7A. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 283–291. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing similarity models for human‐motion retrieval applications
Authors: Valcik Jakub , Sedmidubsky Jan , Zezula Pavel 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe development of motion capturing devices poses new challenges in the exploitation of human‐motion data for various application fields, such as computer animation, visual surveillance, sports, or physical medicine. Recently, a number of approaches dealing with motion data have been proposed, suggesting characteristic motion features to be extracted and compared on the basis of similarity. Unfortunately, almost each approach defines its own set of motion features and comparison methods; thus, it is hard to fairly decide which similarity model is the most suitable for a given kind of human‐motion retrieval application. To cope with this problem, we propose the human motion model evaluator, which is a generic framework for assessing candidate similarity models with respect to the purpose of the target application. The application purpose is specified by a user in form of a representative sample of categorized motion data. Respecting such categorization, the similarity models are assessed from the effectiveness and efficiency points of view using a set of space‐complexity, information‐retrieval, and performance measures. The usability of the framework is demonstrated by case studies of three practical examples of retrieval applications focusing on recognition of actions, detection of similar events, and identification of subjects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combinatorial Strategies to find New Catalysts for Asymmetric Hydrogenation Based on the Versatile Coordination Chemistry of METAMORPhos Ligands
Authors: Terrade Frédéric G. , Kluwer Alexander M. , Detz Remko J. , Abiri Zohar , van der Burg Alida M. , Reek Joost N. H. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTo extend the toolbox and find improved catalysts, anionic METAMORPhos ligands and neutral amino‐acid‐based ligands were used separately and in mixtures to form Rh complexes used in the asymmetric hydrogenation of eight industrially relevant substrates. Spectroscopic studies showed that under the catalytic conditions, the mononuclear complex with two different ligands (the heterocombination) is the main complex in solution if both the anionic and neutral ligands have the same chirality. If the neutral ligand and the anionic ligand have the opposite chirality at the P atom, monometallic and bimetallic heterocomplexes were detected by NMR spectroscopy and MS. For the majority of substrates evaluated in this study, higher enantioselectivities were obtained if the complexes used were based on the heterocombination of an anionic and a neutral ligand compared to respective homocombinations. After we found the initial leads, higher turnover numbers and enantioselectivities could be obtained easily by further exploring focused ligand libraries. The superior activity of the complexes based on the different ligands is highlighted by their robustness: significant divergence from a 1:1 ratio between the ligands does not lower the selectivity of the catalyst, although more of the competing homocomplexes are formed under these conditions.
Evolution of a Unified Strategy for Complex Sesterterpenoids: Progress toward Astellatol and the Total Synthesis of (−)‐Nitidasin
Authors: Hog Daniel T. , Huber Florian M. E. , Jiménez‐Osés Gonzalo , Mayer Peter , Houk Kendall N. , Trauner Dirk 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAstellatol and nitidasin belong to a subset of sesterterpenoids that share a sterically encumbered trans‐hydrindane motif with an isopropyl substituent. In addition, these natural products feature intriguing polycyclic ring systems, posing significant challenges for chemical synthesis. Herein, the evolution of our stereoselective strategy for isopropyl trans‐hydrindane sesterterpenoids is detailed. These endeavors included the synthesis of several building blocks, enabling studies toward all molecules of this terpenoid subclass, and of advanced intermediates of our initial route toward a biomimetic synthesis of astellatol. These findings provided the basis for a second‐generation and a third‐generation approach toward astellatol that eventually culminated in the enantioselective total synthesis of (−)‐nitidasin. In particular, a series of substrate‐controlled transformations to install the ten stereogenic centers of the target molecule was orchestrated and the carbocyclic backbone was forged in a convergent fashion. Furthermore, the progress toward the synthesis of astellatol is disclosed and insights into some observed yet unexpected diastereoselectivities by detailed quantum‐mechanical calculations are provided.
Ultrathin Mesoporous NiCo2O4 Nanosheet Networks as High‐Performance Anodes for Lithium Storage
Authors: Leng Xuning , Shao Yuan , Wei Sufeng , Jiang Zhonghao , Lian Jianshe , Wang Guoyong , Jiang Qing 
Published: August 2015

AbstractUltrathin mesoporous NiCo2O4 nanosheets were directly grown on Ni foams to form an efficient and reversible anode for lithium‐ion half‐cell batteries. Nanosheets with wrinkles, which were monolayers of 10 nm NiCo2O4 nanoparticles, were interconnected to build up a honeycomb‐like architecture that offered a large electrolyte contact area and good structural integrity. The firm attachment of the sheets on the foam endows the anode with good electrical conductivity and excellent mechanical stability. Electrochemical measurements confirm that the electrode has a better performance at reversible Li+ storage (specific capacity of 1170.1 mA h g−1 in the 50th cycle at 0.2 C) than the pasted electrode made of NiCo2O4 nanosheets powder.
Exposing the structure of an Arctic food web
Authors: Wirta Helena K. , Vesterinen Eero J. , Hambäck Peter A. , Weingartner Elisabeth , Rasmussen Claus , Reneerkens Jeroen , Schmidt Niels M. , Gilg Olivier , Roslin Tomas 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHow food webs are structured has major implications for their stability and dynamics. While poorly studied to date, arctic food webs are commonly assumed to be simple in structure, with few links per species. If this is the case, then different parts of the web may be weakly connected to each other, with populations and species united by only a low number of links. We provide the first highly resolved description of trophic link structure for a large part of a high‐arctic food web. For this purpose, we apply a combination of recent techniques to describing the links between three predator guilds (insectivorous birds, spiders, and lepidopteran parasitoids) and their two dominant prey orders (Diptera and Lepidoptera). The resultant web shows a dense link structure and no compartmentalization or modularity across the three predator guilds. Thus, both individual predators and predator guilds tap heavily into the prey community of each other, offering versatile scope for indirect interactions across different parts of the web. The current description of a first but single arctic web may serve as a benchmark toward which to gauge future webs resolved by similar techniques. Targeting an unusual breadth of predator guilds, and relying on techniques with a high resolution, it suggests that species in this web are closely connected. Thus, our findings call for similar explorations of link structure across multiple guilds in both arctic and other webs. From an applied perspective, our description of an arctic web suggests new avenues for understanding how arctic food webs are built and function and of how they respond to current climate change. It suggests that to comprehend the community‐level consequences of rapid arctic warming, we should turn from analyses of populations, population pairs, and isolated predator–prey interactions to considering the full set of interacting species.
Novel Nonenzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor Based on Ag/Cu2O Nanocomposites
Authors: Qi Chengcheng , Zheng Jianbin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe nanocomposites of Ag nanoparticles supported on Cu2O were prepared and used for fabricating a novel nonenzymatic H2O2 sensor. The morphology and composition of the nanocomposites were characterized using the scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrum (EDX) and X‐ray diffraction spectrum (XRD). The electrochemical investigations indicate that the sensor possesses an excellent performance toward H2O2. The linear range is estimated to be from 2.0 μM to 13.0 mM with a sensitivity of 88.9 μA mM−1 cm−2, a response time of 3 s and a low detection limit of 0.7 μM at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3. Additionally, the sensor exhibits good anti‐interference.
Characteristics of street dust inJianshengTown,ChongqingCity,China
Authors: Wang Long‐Tao , Zhao Jian‐Wei , Duan Bing‐Zheng , Zhu Duan‐Wei , Hua Yu‐Mei , Zhou Wen‐Bing , Liu Guang‐Long 
Published: August 2015

Samples of typical street dust were collected from Jiansheng Town, Chongqing City and classified into four groups on the basis of particle size: 0–75, 75–150, 150–300, and 300–1000 μm. The pollutant content and heavy metal composition of the samples were investigated. The particles in the 0–75, 75–150, 150–300, and 300–1000 μm groups had mass fractions of 20.82% ± 8.86%, 24.68% ± 9%, 30.83% ± 9.76%, and 23.68% ± 15.56%, respectively. The highest concentration of nutritional pollutants was detected in the 300–1,000 µm group, with total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations of 3.07 ± 2.48, 0.64 ± 0.39, and 83.79 ± 65.28 g/kg, respectively. The lowest concentration of nutritional pollutants was observed in the 150–300 μm group, with TN, TP, and TOC concentrations of 1.78 ± 1.22, 0.51 ± 0.20, and 36.74 ± 24.64 g/kg, respectively. The nutritional pollutants presented similar mass fractions in the street dust samples with different particle sizes. Vegetation significantly affected the TOC content in the samples. The TOC content of the streets with rich vegetation was 1.90 ± 0.56 times that of the streets with less vegetation. The 150–300 µm group had the highest heavy metal mass percentage. Among the heavy metals detected in street dust, Cd, Cr, and Ni were mainly residuals; Cu and Pb were oxidizable; and Zn was mainly acid‐extractable. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 794–801, 2016
Experimental and numerical modeling of CO2 leakage in the vadose zone
Authors: Gasparini Andrea , Credoz Anthony , Grandia Fidel , Garcia David Angel , Bruno Jordi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study presents the experimental and modeling results of CO2 injection and transport in the vadose zone performed in PISCO2 facilities at the ES.CO2 center in Ponferrada (North Spain). During 46 days of experiments, 62.10 kg of CO2 were injected through 16 micro‐injectors in a 35 m3 experimental unit filled with sandy material. Monitoring and mapping of surface CO2 flux were performed periodically to assess the evolution of CO2 migration through the soil and to the atmosphere. Numerical simulations were run using TOUGH2 code with EOS7CA research module considering two phases (gas and liquid) and three components (H2O, CO2, air). Two layers (sand, gravel) and atmosphere boundary were implemented taking into account heterogeneous soils, homogeneous soil, rainfall, temperature, and liquid saturation to allow a better understanding of CO2 behavior in the vadose zone. This combined experimental and modeling approach shows that CO2 leakage in the vadose zone quickly comes out through preferential migration pathways and spots with the ranges of fluxes in the ground/surface interface from 2.5 to 600 g·m−2·day−1. This gas channeling is mainly related to soil compaction and climatic perturbation. This has significant implications for design‐adapted detection and monitoring strategies of early leakage in commercial CO2 storage. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd