bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH): Guidelines for diagnosis, clinical work‐up, and treatment for patients till the age of 18 years
Authors: Haupt Riccardo , Minkov Milen , Astigarraga Itziar , Schäfer Eva , Nanduri Vasanta , Jubran Rima , Egeler R. Maarten , Janka Gritta , Micic Dragan , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Van Gool Stefaan , Visser Johannes , Weitzman Sheila , Donadieu Jean ,   for the Euro Histio Network
Published: October 2012

AbstractThese guidelines for the management of patients up to 18 years with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) have been set up by a group of experts involved in the Euro Histio Net project who participated in national or international studies and in peer reviewed publications. Existing guidelines were reviewed and changed where new evidence was available in the literature up to 2012. Data and publications have been ranked according to evidence based medicine and when there was a lack of published data, consensus between experts was sought. Guidelines for diagnosis, initial clinical work‐up, and treatment and long‐term follow‐up of LCH patients are presented. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:175–184. © 2012 The Authors. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nutritional status of children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Guatemala
Authors: Antillon Federico , Rossi Emanuela , Molina Ana Lucia , Sala Alessandra , Pencharz Paul , Valsecchi Maria Grazia , Barr Ronald 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundMost children with cancer live in developing countries where the prevalence of malnutrition may reach 50% and influence the course of the disease. This study examined the prevalence and severity of malnutrition at diagnosis, as well as after 3 and 6 months of chemotherapy, in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Guatemala.MethodsTriceps skin fold thickness (TSFT) and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) provided measures of nutritional status (NS) in three categories: adequately nourished (A): TSFT and MUAC > 10th percentile; severely depleted (SD): TSFT or MUAC < 5th percentile; and moderately depleted (MD): all the remaining patients.ResultsOf 331 new patients, 241 had NS assessed at diagnosis. A = 113 (46.9%); MD = 28 (11.6%); SD = 100 (41.5%). At 3 months A = 106 (52.2%); MD = 25 (12.3%); SD = 72 (35.5%). At 6 months A = 146 (76.0%); MD = 12 (6.3%); SD = 34 (17.7%). In multivariate analysis, SD children at 6 months of treatment had a hazard of death that was 2.4‐fold the hazard of those A or MD (95% CI: 1.3–4.7)ConclusionsMalnutrition is prevalent in newly diagnosed children with ALL in Guatemala and severe nutritional depletion is apparently predictive of abandonment of therapy and relapse of disease, but if children survive and improve their NS in the first 6 months after diagnosis, their chances of survival may improve significantly to approximate those in children not presenting with nutritional depletion. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 911–915. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are fetuses with isolated echogenic bowel at higher risk for an adverse pregnancy outcome? Experiences from a tertiary referral center
Authors: Mailath‐Pokorny Mariella , Klein Katharina , Klebermass‐Schrehof Katrin , Hachemian Nilouparak , Bettelheim Dieter 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the risk of poor perinatal outcome in normal karyotype second‐trimester fetuses with the sonographic finding of isolated echogenic bowel.MethodMedical records, ultrasonographic findings and outcome details were reviewed for 97 cases of isolated fetal echogenic bowel, after excluding cases of aneuploidy and major congenital anomalies, and compared with a cohort of 400 fetuses without pathologic intra‐abdominal findings.ResultsThe incidence of echogenic bowel during the 14‐year study period was 0.8%. Eighty (82.5%) pregnancies resulted in healthy, live‐born infants. Congenital infection and cystic fibrosis was reported in 6.2% and 4.4%, respectively. The incidence of intrauterine growth restriction and intrauterine fetal demise was significantly higher in the group of isolated echogenic bowels compared with the control group (9.9% versus 1.3%, p ≤0.001; 8.9% versus 0.5% p ≤0.001).ConclusionEchogenic bowel is a risk factor for an adverse pregnancy outcome, even in normal karyotype fetuses without congenital anomalies. This information should be considered when counseling patients after midtrimester echogenic bowel is diagnosed. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An investigation of solar cell interconnection schemes within CPV modules using a validated temperature‐dependent SPICE network model
Authors: Steiner Marc , Siefer Gerald , Bett Andreas W. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we present a temperature‐dependent network model of a concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) module. The ability of this network model to calculate different interconnection schemes within CPV modules is validated, and there is good agreement between the measured and calculated data. The model is used to quantify the influence of an inhomogeneous current and of a temperature distribution between the solar cells on the power output of a module. The different interconnection schemes that combine parallel and series connections are compared. The optimal interconnection scheme strongly depends on the variations in the short current densities and temperature differences between the solar cells as well as on the risk of ‘sudden death’ of individual solar cells. Optimal interconnection schemes for several scenarios are developed. A combination of parallel and series interconnections is found to be the most robust interconnection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the Explosion Thermodynamics of TNT and Black Powder Using Le Chatelier Diagrams
Authors: Salzano Ernesto , Basco Anna 
Published: October 2012

AbstractLe Chatelier diagrams may be adopted for the definition of thermodynamic loci of explosion in terms of internal energy with respect to the temperature for either the primary explosion or for the deflagrative, post‐combustion of the products of the first reaction with air, the afterburning reaction. In this paper, Le Chatelier diagrams are produced for TNT and black powder by using the CEA code. Pressure plots with respect to density or air/fuel ratio are also shown. These results are useful for the simulation of explosion (hydrodynamic codes), and more generally for the definition of safety of storage, transportation, and production of explosives and pyrotechnics. Furthermore, the method can be easily extended to any deflagrative pyrotechnic substances, for which information on explosion and afterburning effects are needed.
Optimization of Potassium Dinitramide Preparation
Authors: Gołofit Tomasz , Maksimowski Paweł , Biernacki Ariel 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of potassium dinitramide (KDN), an intermediate in the ammonium dinitramide (ADN) synthesis, was optimized to reduce the costs of the ADN synthesis in order to facilitate competitiveness of this oxidizer with ammonium perchlorate (AP). The optimal conditions for the synthesis of KDN like feedstock molar ratio, nitration time, and temperature were determined. KDN was obtained in ca. 48 % yield. The modifications introduced allowed to reduce feedstock consumption and energy intensity of the process.
Calculation of Depth and Crater Diameter for the Supersonic Penetration of Shaped Charge Jet into Concrete
Authors: Xiao Qiang‐Qiang , Huang Zheng‐Xiang , Zhu Chuan‐Sheng , Zu Xu‐Dong 
Published: October 2012

AbstractConsidering that the sound velocity of concrete is lower than that of metal, this study discusses the effect of stationary shocks and compression during the process of shaped charge jet penetration into concrete when the penetration velocity is greater than sound velocity. The linear relationship between shock velocity and particle velocity is used to describe concrete materials. The state parameters of concrete under shock loading are calculated using Rankine‐Hugoniot jump conditions. Moreover, a combination of these relations with the Bernoulli equation yields a supersonic penetration equation across the shock. A cavity growth equation based on the Szendrei‐Held equation is presented when supersonic penetration occurs. Predictions from the supersonic penetration model are in good agreement with the depth and cavity diameter of experimental results for shaped charge jet penetration into concrete for charge diameters of 60, 142, 200, and 400 mm.
Thermal Decomposition of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate under Static High Pressure
Authors: Yamawaki Hiroshi , Fujihisa Hiroshi , Wakabayashi Kunihiko , Honda Kazumasa , Gotoh Yoshito 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe decomposition reaction of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), C(CH2ONO2)4, under static high pressure was examined by conducting observations and infrared measurements up to 5 GPa at around 500 K. The thermal decomposition of PETN proceeded rapidly at around 500 K and formed a fluid consisting of N2O, CO2, and H2O. The rate of the decomposition reaction at 423 K increased as the pressure increased, indicating a negative activation volume. The initial step of the decomposition reaction of PETN under static pressure was presumed to be the elimination of HNO3.
Different Areas, Different People? Migration to Popular and Less‐Popular Rural Areas in the Netherlands
Authors: Bijker Rixt Anke , Haartsen Tialda , Strijker Dirk 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTCounterurbanisation is often conceptualised as urban, middle‐class movers attracted by an idyllic rural setting. However, knowing that rural areas differ in their popularity for living, we argue that more attention is required to the diversity of rural in‐migration within countries. We do so by comparing the characteristics, motivations, and values of movers to popular and less‐popular areas in the northern Netherlands using multivariate analysis on survey data (N = 1,717). In contrast to earlier studies, we focus on the motivations for choosing the destination area instead of mixing those with motives for leaving. We also included residential history and values in our analysis. The differences between movers to the two types of areas appear to be less distinct than indicated by previous studies. Although popular areas more often attract middle‐class movers, both areas attract urban movers. Movers to less‐popular areas are more often motivated by low house prices and moving in with a partner, but movers to popular areas also mention instrumental considerations related to work and location. While the physical aspects of the environment are important to moving to popular areas, social aspects are more important to moving to less‐popular areas. We find that values add to our understanding of counterurbanisation. It is not possible to relate two distinct groups of movers directly to different types of rural areas within countries. Future research into rural migration should be careful not to use too simplified understandings of counterurbanisation, both in general and with regard to different types of rural areas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of TMGa preflow on the properties of high temperature AlN layers grown on sapphire
Authors: Kirste Ronny , Wagner Markus R. , Nenstiel Christian , Brunner Frank , Weyers Markus , Hoffmann Axel 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe effect of a trimethylgallium (TMGa) preflow on the structural and optical properties of MOCVD grown AlN layers on sapphire substrates is investigated. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements were performed to investigate the incorporation of Ga in the layers. It is shown that for AlN layers grown with a TMGa preflow Ga atoms incorporate mainly near the substrate/epilayer interface. Photoluminescence spectra exhibit a free exciton and a donor bound exciton. By analyzing the full width at half maximum of the free exciton and the defect luminescence an increased optical quality for the sample grown with TMGa preflow is demonstrated. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy reveals a higher crystal quality for this sample. Comparing the results from Raman spectroscopy and luminescence measurements a shift rate of 60 meV GPa−1 is determined for the free A‐exciton. Finally, cross‐sectional Raman spectroscopy is used to compare the strain at the AlN/sapphire interface for a sample grown with and without TMGa preflow.
Covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes with tetramanganese complexes
Authors: Meyer Carola , Besson Claire , Frielinghaus Robert , Saelhoff Anna‐Katharina , Flötotto Henrik , Houben Lothar , Kögerler Paul , Schneider Claus M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe present first results on the covalent chemical functionalization of single‐walled carbon nanotubes with polynuclear {Mn4} coordination complexes. Raman spectra prove that the reaction can only be achieved for tubes which have been oxidized to create carboxylic groups. HRTEM is used to show that the reaction can be carried out directly on a substrate as well. Analysis of the D/G intensity ratio for different oxidation times shows that it is possible to reduce the amount of defects created. This is important for the future application of this material in transport devices.
Effect of gap modes on graphene and multilayer graphene in tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Poliani Emanuele , Nippert Felix , Maultzsch Janina 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe experimental system formed by an electrochemically etched Au tip and an Au substrate is studied in a tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) setup with side illumination. A resonant optical cavity is created allowing the interaction between localized surface plasmons (LSPs) from the tip and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) from the substrate, the so called ‘gap modes’. We investigate the interaction between multilayer graphene and gap modes as well as localized emission of defects and inner unknown molecules enhanced by this coupling. The effect of this intense localized electromagnetic field is also studied on monolayer graphene deposited on SiO2.magnified imageGraphical representation of TERS on graphene.
Orbital and spin magnetic moments of ferrocene encapsulated in metallicity sorted single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Briones‐Leon Antonio , Liu Xianjie , Ayala Paola , Kataura Hiromichi , Yanagi Kazuhiro , Weschke Eugen , Pichler Thomas , Shiozawa Hidetsugu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe nature of the electronic and local magnetic properties of ferrocene (FeCp2) filled single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) has been investigated by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Metallic, semiconducting, and unsorted ferrocene‐filled tubes have been studied in different conditions of temperature and magnetic field. XMCD signal becomes evident with the application of a magnetic field at low temperature. We find that the molecular states of ferrocene interact with SWCNT of different metallicities. A paramagnetic behavior of encapsulated ferrocene is observed from the magnetic field dependent XMCD measurements which is consistent with theoretical predictions.
On estimation of the domain of attraction for sliding mode control of underactuated nonlinear systems
Authors: Nersesov Sergey G. , Ashrafiuon Hashem , Ghorbanian Parham 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYA system is considered underactuated if the number of the actuator inputs is less than the number of degrees of freedom for the system. Sliding mode control for underactuated systems has been shown to be an effective way to achieve system stabilization. It involves exponentially stable sliding surfaces so that when the closed‐loop system trajectory reaches the surface, it moves along the surface while converging to the origin. In this paper, a general framework that provides sufficient conditions for asymptotic stabilization of underactuated nonlinear systems using sliding mode control in the presence of system uncertainties is presented. Specifically, it is shown that the closed‐loop system trajectories reach the sliding surface in finite time, and a constructive methodology to determine exponential stability of the closed‐loop system on the sliding surface is developed, which ensures asymptotic stability of the overall closed‐loop system. Furthermore, the aforementioned framework provides the basis to determine an estimate of the domain of attraction for the closed‐loop system with uncertainties. Finally, the results developed in the paper are experimentally validated using a linear inverted pendulum testbed to show a good match between the actual domain of attraction of the upward equilibrium state of the pendulum and its analytical estimate.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slow movement of a random walk on the range of a random walk in the presence of an external field
Authors: Croydon David A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this article, a localisation result is proved for the biased random walk on the range of a simple random walk in high dimensions ($$d\ge 5$$). This demonstrates that, unlike in the supercritical percolation setting, a slowdown effect occurs as soon as a non-trivial bias is introduced. The proof applies a decomposition of the underlying simple random walk path at its cut-times to relate the associated biased random walk to a one-dimensional random walk in a random environment in Sinai’s regime. Via this approach, a corresponding aging result is also proved.
Titanium elastic nail in femur fractures as an alternative to spica cast in preschoolers
Authors: Assaghir Yasser M. 
Published: October 2012

Purpose Titanium elastic nail (TEN) as an alternative to traction and spica cast in preschool children has not been widely studied for its safety and effectiveness. Methods A cohort of 59 children with 59 fractures (non-pathological; not involving condyles or cervicotrochanteric area) were retrospectively examined. Their mean age was 4.5 ± 0.9 years and their mean weight was 14.5 ± 3.7 kg. All but five were closed (21 transverse, 19 oblique and 19 spiral). Thirty-five were caused by motor vehicle accidents and 24 by falls. There were six upper third, 27 upper-middle junction, 14 middle third, seven lower-middle junction, and five lower third fractures. Results The mean follow-up was 41.8 ± 4.3 months, the mean hospital stay was 1.3 ± 0.87 days, and the mean time to nail removal was 20.3 ± 10.2 weeks. The mean time to union was 7.6 ± 1.5 weeks. Union was significantly correlated to age ( p = 0.000) and fracture shape ( p = 0.005), but not to the fracture level, nature, or mechanism. Shortening of ≥1.0 cm occurred in two cases (3.4 %), with an overall mean of 0.06 ± 0.21 cm. Shortening was significantly correlated to the fracture shape ( p = 0.020), but not to the level. Overgrowth of ≥1 cm occurred in seven cases (11.9 %), with an overall mean of 0.22 ± 0.41 cm. Overgrowth was insignificantly correlated to the fracture level and shape. Frontal angulation of 5–9° occurred in six cases (10.2 %) and sagittal angulation of 3–7° occurred in seven cases (11.9 %). A rotational deformity of 10° occurred in two cases (3.4 %). Five cases had a painful nail end (8.5 %) and exteriorization with superficial infection occurred in two cases (3.4 %). Conclusion TEN is a dependable, safe, and cost-effective alternative to traction and cast in preschool children.
Clinical and neuropsychological aspects of non-fatal self-harm in schizophrenia
Authors: Pluck G. , Lekka N.P. , Sarkar S. , Lee K.H. , Bath P.A. , Sharif O. , Woodruff PWR 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPurpose:To investigate demographic, clinical and neuropsychological aspects of self-harm in schizophrenia and identify which are independently predictive of and therefore the most relevant to clinical intervention.Subjects and methods:Eighty-seven patients with schizophrenia were interviewed regarding substance misuse, depression, hopelessness, negative/positive symptoms and illness insight. Neuropsychological assessment included premorbid IQ, continuous performance test, cognitive-motor and trait impulsivity. A prospective three-month review of medical records was also undertaken.Results:Fifty-nine patients (68%) reported past self-harm (including attempted suicide). Those with past self-harm, compared to those without, were significantly more likely to report depression, hopelessness, impulsivity, a family history of self-harm, polysubstance abuse and had higher premorbid IQ. Logistic regression revealed that depression, higher premorbid IQ and polysubstance abuse were independently linked to self-harm. Five participants attempted self-harm during the 3-month prospective follow-up period. These all had a history of past self-harm and were significantly more likely to have been depressed at the initial interview than those who did not go on to self-harm.Discussion and conclusions:Independent predictors of self-harm in schizophrenia are premorbid IQ and polysubstance abuse. In addition, depression was both independently associated with past self-harm and predictive of self-harm in the follow-up period.
Outcomes of the patients in the respiratory care center are not associated with the seniority of the caring resident
Authors: Tsai Ming‐Ju , Huang Ju‐Yin , Wei Po‐Ju , Wang Cheng‐Yuan , Yang Chih‐Jen , Wang Tung‐Heng , Hwang Jhi‐Jhu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAlthough many studies show that the experience level of physicians is significantly associated with the outcomes of their patients, little evidence exists to show whether junior residents provide worse care than senior residents. This study was conducted to analyze whether the experience level of residents may affect the outcomes of patients cared for in a well‐organized setting. We conducted a 7‐year retrospective study utilizing statistical data from a respiratory care center (RCC) in a medical center between October 2004 and September 2011. In addition to the two medical residents who had been trained in the intensive care unit (ICU), the RCC team also included attending physicians in charge, a nurse practitioner, a case manager, a dietitian, a pharmacist, a social worker, registered respiratory therapists, and nursing staff. Weaning from mechanical ventilation was done according to an established weaning protocol. The 84 months analyzed were classified into five groups according to the levels of the two residents working in the RCC: R2 + R1, R2 + R2, R3 + R1, R3 + R2, and R3 + R3. The monthly weaning rate and mortality rate were the major outcomes, while the mean ventilator days, rate of return to the ICU, and nosocomial infection incidence rate were the minor outcomes. The groups did not differ significantly in the monthly weaning rate, mortality rate, mean ventilator days, rate of return to the ICU, or nosocomial infection incidence rate (p > 0.1). Further analysis showed no significant difference in the monthly weaning rate and mortality rate between months with a first‐year resident (R1) and those with two senior residents (p > 0.2). Although the weaning rate in the RCC gradually improved over time (p < 0.001), there was no significant difference in the monthly weaning rate between the groups after adjusting for time and disease severity (p > 0.7). Thus, we concluded that in a well‐organized setting, the levels (experiences) of residents did not significantly affect patient outcomes. This result may be attributed to the well‐developed weaning protocol and teamwork processes in place, which avoid a large effect from any single factor and provide stable and high‐quality care to the patients.