bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les conditions d'émergence d'une élite : diffuser la réforme sociale par les Éclaireurs de France dans la décennie 1920
Authors: Palluau Nicolas 
Published: October 2012

Résumé Résumé : L’histoire des éclaireurs de France présente en regard de la formation des élites en France un cas particulier et exemplaire. Nicolas Palluau analyse la dynamique des origines de ce mouvement. Leurs initiateurs imaginent un encadrement social en partant des classes très privilégiées de la société, mais tentent d’établir une continuité sociale en étendant leur action et leur esprit vers les couches populaires. Inspiré par la science sociale de Frédéric Leplay, le directeur de cette institution très privée et très privilégiée qu’est l’École des Roches, Georges Bertier, va prendre la présidence du mouvement des Éclaireurs de France pour en faire l’outil d’une alliance entre démocratie et aristocratie. Très critiques à l’égard des élites de leur temps, ces pédagogues libéraux cherchent à former une élite capable de porter la régénération sociale. Ils entendent alors, avec le mouvement du christianisme social, irriguer l’ensemble de la société vers des couches nouvelles plus populaires, voire très populaires si l’on songe à la Maison pour Tous de la rue Mouffetard.
Présentation et lecture de Il nous manque une culture. Réflexions sur l'enseignement hébraïque d'Emmanuel Levinas
Authors: Poizat Denis 
Published: October 2012

Résumé Sans doute, Emmanuel Levinas ne pouvait dans ses cours de philosophie négliger les questions de la transmission et de la formation. Mais ses responsabilités comme Directeur pendant trente-quatre ans de l’École Normale Israélite Orientale n’ont pu que nourrir en lui, davantage encore, la réflexion sur l’éducation, comme de nombreux textes en témoignent. Dans celui que D. Poizat nous présente et commente ici, « Il nous manque une culture », E. Levinas tente de répondre à une question que lui a posée Ben Gourion en 1953 sur l’échec de l’enseignement hébraïque. Pour Levinas, le sens de cet échec est qu’une éducation ne peut se soutenir qu’adossée à une culture, transmise dans une tradition vécue, enracinée dans une “terre”. Cela cependant ne suffit pas, comme l’indiquent d’autres textes : il faut encore à l’éducation de pouvoir s’appuyer et se déployer dans la connaissance des textes ( la Thora ), leur relecture et leur commentaire incessants ; il faut encore pouvoir ancrer l’éducation dans une philosophie de l’éducation, qui unisse l’universalisme, l’exercice contradictoire de la raison, l’attention à autrui.
Épistémophilie
Authors: Arveiller Jacques 
Published: October 2012

Résumé Résumé : L’auteur identifie, retrace et restitue ici la notion d’épistémophilie, telle qu’elle apparaît dans l’œuvre de la psychanalyste Melanie Klein (1882-1960). Il montre qu’elle est au cœur de sa théorie de l’inhibition intellectuelle, liée au refoulement. Il envisage ensuite rapidement les conséquences ultérieures de l’application de tels modèles aux déficients intellectuels, sur le plan éducatif et scolaire d’abord, sur le plan clinique et thérapeutique ensuite.
Un Américain à Pékin : John Dewey
Authors: Berthier Patrick 
Published: October 2012

Résumé Résumé : Si le voyage est encore le meilleur moyen d’accéder à l’altérité de l’étranger, encore faut-il “savoir voyager”. Quel type d’expérience en effet le voyage met-il en jeu ? Comment accéder à la saisie de cette altérité ? Dewey écarte l’idée d’une compréhension par l’histoire, ou celle d’une médiation universelle de l’esprit, s’il est vrai que les modes de pensée ne sont rien de plus que des formes métabolisées d’habitudes. Dewey tente alors de cerner les “particularités” de la “culture” chinoise par la description de comportements, que l’on ne peut jauger, estime-t-il, que dans leur relation à leur environnement et ce que l’on peut désigner in fine comme une philosophie “naturelle”. La rencontre entre les cultures est alors une question qui ne peut être abordée que de façon pragmatique et ouverte, dans l’hypothèse d’un “fond commun de sagesse et d’expérience”.
L'étrangeté de la formation de soi
Authors: Moreau Didier 
Published: October 2012

Résumé Résumé : La formation de soi est un processus éducatif dont l’étrangeté a été posée dès le début de la philosophie de l’éducation. Il s’agit d’y comprendre comment celui qui se forme devient un autre pour devenir soi, c’est-à-dire, comment cet autre est réduit pour devenir le même. Deux perspectives se présentent alors : celle d’une expulsion de l’altérité dans l’extériorité, et celle d’un accueil de l’altérité du monde dans l’intériorité de l’être en formation. La première met en œuvre le schème d’une conversion, la seconde, celui d’une métamorphose. C’est celle-ci qui est interrogée ici à travers sa constitution dans la pensée stoïcienne, chez Cicéron lisant Caton et chez Sénèque. Ce sont les étrangers qui nous forment, lorsqu’ils sont devenus des Revenants. La question, reprise par la Modernité, ne possède plus la clarté que l’humanisme ancien y avait introduite. Herder, par le concept de l’ Emporbildung , va tenter de réconcilier la formation de soi avec la formation de l’humanité, contre la vision saisissante d’une conversion des peuples étrangers à la vérité d’une civilisation plus valeureuse.
Une utopie éducative en Émilie-Romagne
Authors: Dubois Émilie 
Published: October 2012

Résumé	Utopie et Éducation forment un duo assez singulier, l’une et l’autre étant souvent soumises à leur coexistence. La ville de Reggio Emilia, désormais reconnue pour le système alternatif de la petite enfance qu’elle a instauré dans ses écoles municipales depuis 1963, entretient avec ce duo un lien particulier qu’il est intéressant d’examiner pour illustrer comment il parvient à se manifester dans l’existence quotidienne d’enfants, d’éducateurs et de parents. À la fois nécessaire par le passé, dans le présent, mais également dans un avenir qui tend à l’optimisme, Utopie semble occuper dans l’expérience préscolaire reggiane une place bien à elle, au cœur de la philosophie et des pratiques pédagogiques qui la régissent ( Toutes les traductions sont celle de l’auteur.)
Identification of Core DNA Elements That Target Somatic Hypermutation
Authors: Kohler Kristin M. , McDonald Jessica J. , Duke Jamie L. , Arakawa Hiroshi , Tan Sally , Kleinstein Steven H. , Buerstedde Jean-Marie , Schatz David G. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) diversifies the V region of Ig genes and underlies the process of affinity maturation, in which B lymphocytes producing high-affinity Abs are generated and selected. SHM is triggered in activated B cells by deamination of deoxycytosine residues mediated by activation-induced deaminase (AID). Whereas mistargeting of SHM and AID results in mutations and DNA damage in many non-Ig genes, they act preferentially at Ig loci. The mechanisms responsible for preferential targeting of SHM and AID activity to Ig loci are poorly understood. Using an assay involving an SHM reporter cassette inserted into the Ig L chain locus (IgL) of chicken DT40 B cells, we have identified a 1.9-kb DIVAC (diversification activator) element derived from chicken IgL that supports high levels of AID-dependent mutation activity. Systematic deletion analysis reveals that targeting activity is spread throughout much of the sequence and identifies two core regions that are particularly critical for function: a 200-bp region within the IgL enhancer, and a 350-bp 3′ element. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that whereas DIVAC does not alter levels of several epigenetic marks in the mutation cassette, it does increase levels of serine-5 phosphorylated RNA polymerase II in the mutation target region, consistent with an effect on transcriptional elongation/pausing. We propose that multiple, dispersed DNA elements collaborate to recruit and activate the mutational machinery at Ig gene variable regions during SHM.
Stress Degradation Studies on Azithromycin and Development of a Validated Stability-Indicating TLC-Densitometric Method with HPLC/Electrospray Ionization-MS Analysis of Degradation Products
Authors: Kwiecień Anna , Krzek Jan , Walczak Maria 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this work was to develop a sensitive stability-indicating TLC-densitometric method for determination of azithromycin (AZ) in the presence of its impurities E, I, and L, and to study the stability of AZ under different stress conditions. The method was developed on TLC aluminum plates precoated with silica gel F254 using the mobile phase methanol–acetone–ammonia 25% (2 + 13 + 0.1, v/v/v), which gives compact zones for AZ (Rf = 0.39) and impurities E, I, and L (Rf = 0.54, 0.20, and 0.05, respectively). Densitometric analysis of AZ and its impurities was carried out at 483 nm after spraying with sulfuric acid–ethanol (1 + 4, v/v) and heating at 100 ° C for 5 min. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationships with r = 0.9941 for AZ, 0.9987 for impurity E, 0.9989 for impurity I, and 0.9984 for impurity L. AZ was subjected to acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction stress. The drug underwent degradation under these conditions. The degradation products were well-resolved from the pure drug, with significantly different Rf values. A plausible degradation pathway of AZ was established by HPLC/electrospray ionization-MS analysis of the products.
Marketing of Some Fruits in the Province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines
Authors: Ursulom Florida U. 
Published: October 2012

Fruits which are seen scattered and become waste should rather be preserved. This study is premised on the objectives of identifying the location of the residence of the fruit growers; fruits abundant in the different municipalities of Ilocos Sur; preservation/processing preferred by the residents; and the effective means of marketing the processed fruits in terms of channels and methods of marketing. A survey questionnaire was used to gather data from 20 representative samples who were fruit growers from each municipality chosen through random sampling. The findings show that the fruit growers were mostly found in rural/interior barangays where wider areas are found; the “abundant and wasted” fruits during their peak seasons were identified per municipality; the fruit processing preferred by the fruit growers were candies, pickles, jam, chips, dried, juice, vinegar, and wine depending on the kind of fruit; the channels of marketing the would-be processed fruits are through livelihood organizations, cooperatives, entrepreneurship, and businessmen/ traders; and, the methods are wholesale to stores, retail in the market, house-to-house selling, and contract/agreement with businessmen/ traders. Keywords - fruits, marketing, entrepreneurships, fruit processing’s
Ecological State of Coral Reefs for Conservation and Developmental Planning in Pandan Island, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines
Authors: Becira Joel G. , Gonzales Benjamin J. , Pagliawan Honorio B. 
Published: October 2012

In Palawan, Philippines, Honda Bay is fast becoming a target recreational site for curious domestic and foreign visitors. The general objectives of this resource assessment are to gather information regarding status of the marine resources in Pandan Island, and to provide recommendations for their sustainable use. Assessment was done using line intercept transect (LIT), fish visual census (FVC) and an imaginary transect belt for coral cover, fish, and macro-invertebrates, respectively. Average live coral cover around Pandan Island can be categorized as good (57%), with stations 7 and 1 and 2 categorized as excellent (76-100%) and fair (26-50%) conditions, respectively. Some 178 fish species were recorded in Pandan Island waters of which seven (7) highly target and 29 common commercial fish species were found. The estimated total reef fish biomass around Pandan Island is 588 mt/ km2. A total of eight macro invertebrate (shells, etc.) species belonging to five families was found around Pandan Island. The study concluded that of these eight species, six are commercially important,Tridacnacro cea(taklobo), Tridacnasquamosa (taklobo), Hippopusporcellanus(taklobo), Trochusniloticus(topshell), Pinna nobilis (tarab), and Bohadschiamarmota (sea cucumber). Five of these species the T. crocea, T. squamosa, H. porcellanus, P. nobilis, and T. niloticus are listed as endangered species by International Union for Conservation of Nature. Keywords - target species, macro-invertebrates, coral cover, coral reefs, reef fish, conservation
Synthesis of Organoselenium Compounds
Authors: Zade Sanjio S. , Singh Harkesh B. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this chapter the major advances in the synthetic methodology and the syntheses of novel organoselenium compounds‐since 1987 are reviewed. These are presented in the order of oxidation states i.e. in the initial parts of the chapter developments in the area of the synthesis of low valent organoselenium compounds are discussed. These include: diselenides, selenides, selenols, selenolesters, selenones, selenocyanate, selenenyl halides and related derivatives. The latter part of the chapter deals with the syntheses of high valent i.e. selenium (IV) and selenium (VI) compounds.Diselenides are generally prepared by the reaction of alkali metal chalcogenolates with appropriate organic halides. There has been a lot of activity in the area of the synthesis of selenides. The procedures include: epoxide ring opening, aziridine and other ring opening, addition to double and triple bonds, transition metal and Main Group Element catalyzed coupling reactions, nucleophilic substitution reactions, etc.The novel compounds described include: selenocystine derivatives, chiral diselenides, triselenides, oranoselenenyl cations, selenium‐containing pincer ligands for catalysis, selenols and nitrososelenol derivatives, selenenyl azides. The chapter is based on over 350 original references.
Synthesis of Organotellurium Compounds
Authors: Zade Sanjio S. , Singh Harkesh B. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis chapter highlights recent progress in the synthetic approaches to organotellurium chemistry and syntheses of novel compounds since 1987. Each section deals with a class of organotellurium compounds having tellurium in the particular functional group such as ditellurides, tellurides, tellurols, tellurones, tellurenyl halides and related derivatives, telluronium salts, telluroxanes, etc. Each section has been further subdivided according to the reaction types used for the preparation of the compounds. The chapter is based on over 150 original references.
Fouling Characteristics and Electrochemical Recovery of Carbon Nanotube Membranes
Authors: Sun Xinghua , Wu Ji , Chen Zhiqiang , Su Xin , Hinds Bruce J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe fouling behavior of carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes is investigated for large protein biomolecules and a wide variety of small molecules. The CNT membranes are largely fouling resistant, even to untreated river water, due to size exclusion and an inert graphitic core that supports fast fluid flow. However, it is found that bovine serum albumin (BSA) and naphthalene significantly foul membranes due to solution coagulation and π–π stacking, respectively. Small single‐walled (SW) CNTs (<1.5 nm i.d.) are difficult to foul with BSA when precipitation is prevented, showing that size exclusion at SWCNT tips can prevent fouling. Electrochemical oxidation, bubble generation and ionic pumping are shown to recover membrane performance. Electrochemical oxidation at greater than +1.4 V is seen to oxidize CNTs as well as biofoulants, but H2 bubble generation at –2 V lifts foulants without damage to the membrane allowing for repeated cycles. Ionic pumping using large cations is seen to remove small molecule foulants adsorbed to the CNT core. The relatively narrow class of foulants and three complementary methods of membrane defouling make the CNT membrane platform a potentially robust system for a wide variety of chemical separations and environmental water treatments.
Efficient Surface Neutralization and Enhanced Substrate Adhesion through Ketene Mediated Crosslinking and Functionalization
Authors: Jung Hyunjung , Leibfarth Frank A. , Woo Sanghoon , Lee Sumi , Kang Minhyuk , Moon Bongjin , Hawker Craig J. , Bang Joona 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBalancing the interfacial interactions between a polymer and substrate is one of the most commonly employed methods to ensure the vertical orientation of nanodomains in block copolymer lithography. Although a number of technologies have been developed to meet this challenge, there remains a need for a universal solution for surface neutralization that combines simple synthesis, fast processing times, generality toward substrate, low density of film defects, and good surface adhesion. The chemistry of ketenes, which combines highly efficient polymer crosslinking through dimerization and surface adhesion through reaction with the substrate, is shown to be well suited to the challenge. The versatile chemistry of ketenes are accessed through the post‐polymerization of Meldrum's acid, which can be easily incorporated into copolymers through controlled radical polymerization processes. Further, the Meldrum's acid monomer is synthesized on a large scale in one step without the need for chromatography. Processing times of seconds, low defect density, simple synthetic procedures, and good substrate adhesion make these materials attractive as robust block copolymer neutralization layers.
Soft Nanotubes with a Hydrophobic Channel Hybridized with Au Nanoparticles: Photothermal Dispersion/Aggregation Control of C60 in Water
Authors: Ishikawa Kazuyuki , Kameta Naohiro , Aoyagi Masaru , Asakawa Masumi , Shimizu Toshimi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSimple glycolipid N‐alkaroyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosylamine 1(n) selectively self‐assembles into sheets in water, nanotubes in alcohols, and helical nanocoils in toluene. All self‐assemblies consist of bilayer membranes in which 1(n) packed in an interdigitated fashion. The outer surface of the sheet is covered with the hydrophilic glucose headgroup of 1(n), whereas those of the nanotube and helical nanocoil are covered with the hydrophobic alkyl‐chain tail of 1(n). Heat treatment of the nanotube in the presence of water induces a rearrangement of the molecular packing of the outermost surface that allows the nanotube to become an effective nanocontainer for the dispersion of fullerene (C60) in water, a result of the ability of the hydrophilic outer surface of the nanotube and the hydrophobic nanochannel to encapsulate C60. The nanotube also exhibits photothermal characteristics after being hybridized with Au nanoparticles (AuNPs). The photothermal effect of the AuNPs allows the nanotube to unfold its tubular morphology and leads to compulsive release of the encapsulated C60 to the bulk water. Application of other nanotubes with similar photostimulated transformation ability should facilitate control of the dispersion/aggregation of other carbon nanomaterials, functional aromatic compounds, and drugs with low solubility in water.
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of a Polythiophene Derivative with Triphenylamine–Vinylene Conjugated Side Chain Attaching Carbonyl end Group
Authors: Zhang Siyuan , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Li Yongfang 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA new two‐dimensional conjugated (2D conjugated) and side chain isolated polythiophene derivative with a dodecane carbonyl group terminated triphenylamine‐vinylene (CTPA) conjugated side chain and unsubstituted terthiophene spacer, PT4‐CTPA, was designed and synthesized. Compared to its polymer analogue of PT2‐TPA (with only one thiophene spacer and without the pendant electron‐deficient group), the 2D‐conjugated and side chain isolated PT4‐CTPA with the electron‐withdrawing carbonyl group on the conjugated side chain shows a lower lying HOMO (the highest occupied molecular orbital) energy level at –5.24 eV and enhanced absorption of the polymer backbone. A bulk heterojunction polymer solar cell with the polymer as a donor and (6,6)‐phenyl C71‐butyric acid methyl ester as an acceptor demonstrated a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.56% with an open circuit voltage of 0.7 V under AM1.5G, 100 mW/cm2. PCE is more than seven times higher than that of PT2‐TPA (0.21%, under same experimental conditions). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E822–E831, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21324
Effectiveness of a web‐based protocol for the screening and phenotyping of individuals with tourette syndrome for genetic studies
Authors: Egan Crystelle A. , Marakovitz Susan E. , O'Rourke Julia A. , Osiecki Lisa , Illmann Cornelia , Barton Lauren , McLaughlin Elizabeth , Proujansky Rachel , Royal Justin , Cowley Heather , Rangel‐Lugo Martha , Pauls David L. , Scharf Jeremiah M. , Mathews Carol A. ,   for the Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics
Published: October 2012

AbstractGenome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and other emerging technologies offer great promise for the identification of genetic risk factors for complex psychiatric disorders, yet such studies are constrained by the need for large sample sizes. Web‐based collection offers a relatively untapped resource for increasing participant recruitment. Therefore, we developed and implemented a novel web‐based screening and phenotyping protocol for genetic studies of Tourette syndrome (TS), a childhood‐onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics. Participants were recruited over a 13‐month period through the membership of the Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA; n = 28,878). Of the TSA members contacted, 4.3% (1,242) initiated the questionnaire, and 79.5% (987) of these were enrollment eligible. 63.9% (631) of enrolled participants completed the study by submitting phenotypic data and blood specimens. Age was the only variable that predicted study completion; children and young adults were significantly less likely to be study completers than adults 26 and older. Compared to a clinic‐based study conducted over the same time period, the web‐based method yielded a 60% larger sample. Web‐based participants were older and more often female; otherwise, the sample characteristics did not differ significantly. TS diagnoses based on the web‐screen demonstrated 100% accuracy compared to those derived from in‐depth clinical interviews. Our results suggest that a web‐based approach is effective for increasing the sample size for genetic studies of a relatively rare disorder and that our web‐based screen is valid for diagnosing TS. Findings from this study should aid in the development of web‐based protocols for other disorders. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crosslinking induced by irradiation raises selectivity of polymeric adsorbent
Authors: Ma Hongjuan , Hoshina Hiroyuki , Seko Noriaki 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAmine‐type adsorbents were prepared by radiation‐induced graft polymerization. The sorption behaviors for an individual metal ion of Cu2+ and Pb2+ separately, as well as with mixed Cu2+/Pb2+, were studied in both column and batch mode. Ethylenediamine‐type adsorbent exhibited a high capacity for Cu2+ and Pb2+ at a high flow rate of 1000 h−1, but low selectivity in the mixed Cu2+/Pb2+ solutions. Radiation‐induced crosslinking of the amine‐type adsorbent was performed in water to improve selectivity. Crosslinking of the material was demonstrated by gel fraction, water content, and scanning electron microscopy image. Compared with the results from the noncrosslinked adsorbents, the breakthrough curve of Cu2+ right shifted, whereas the breakthrough curve of Pb2+ left shifted, indicating the higher adsorption capacity of Cu2+ and the lower adsorption capacity of Pb2+ from the crosslinked adsorbent. After 300 kGy irradiation, the crosslinked adsorbent was found to selectively adsorb Cu2+ from the mixed Cu2+/Pb2+ solution. The results revealed that crosslinking raised the selectivity of the adsorbents. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013