bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forearm pressure distribution during ambulation with elbow crutches: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Fischer Jonas , Nüesch Corina , Göpfert Beat , Mündermann Annegret , Valderrabano Victor , Hügle Thomas 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
Increasing numbers of patients require permanent walking aids to maintain mobility. Current elbow crutches are not designed for long-term use, and overuse is often associated with hematoma formation and pain along the forearm. We therefore hypothesized that the highest pressures between the forearm and crutch cuff during walking and stance are located in the ulnar region and that the level of weight-bearing, forearm circumference and kinematic parameters influence peak pressure values and pressure distribution.

Methods
Ten healthy adults participated in a cross-sectional study. A pressure sensor array was attached to the forearm of each participant separating the forearm into four quadrants (lateral, ulnar, intermediate and medial). Measurements were taken during crutch gait and during partial and full weight-bearing stance. A three-dimensional motion analysis system with reflective markers attached to the subject’s body and to the crutches was used to obtain kinematic data.

Results
The mean pressure on the forearm during crutch gait was 37.5 kPa (SD 8.8 kPa). Highest mean pressure values were measured in the ulnar (41.0 kPa, SD 9.6 kPa) and intermediate (38.0 kPa, SD 9.0 kPa) quadrants. The center of pressure was mainly located in an oblique lamellar area in these two quadrants. With increasing weight-bearing on the crutches during stance, we observed a shift of the peak pressures towards the ulnar quadrant. The circumference of the forearm correlated with the peak pressure in the medial and intermediate quadrants during crutch gait (P < 0.05). Peak pressures on the forearm showed a trend towards correlation with crutch abduction, but no association with other kinematic parameters was detected.

Conclusion
The pressure load on the forearm during crutch-assisted gait is located predominantly over the ulna and may be linked to a range of secondary conditions caused by crutch use including hematoma formation and pain.
Fungal allergy in asthma–state of the art and research needs
Authors: Denning David W , Pashley Catherine , Hartl Domink , Wardlaw Andrew , Godet Cendrine , Del Giacco Stefano , Delhaes Laurence , Sergejeva Svetlana 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSensitization to fungi and long term or uncontrolled fungal infection are associated with poor control of asthma, the likelihood of more severe disease and complications such as bronchiectasis and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Modelling suggests that >6.5 million people have severe asthma with fungal sensitizations (SAFS), up to 50% of adult asthmatics attending secondary care have fungal sensitization, and an estimated 4.8 million adults have allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). There is much uncertainty about which fungi and fungal allergens are relevant to asthma, the natural history of sensitisation to fungi, if there is an exposure response relationship for fungal allergy, and the pathogenesis and frequency of exacerbations and complications. Genetic associations have been described but only weakly linked to phenotypes. The evidence base for most management strategies in ABPA, SAFS and related conditions is weak. Yet straightforward clinical practice guidelines for management are required. The role of environmental monitoring and optimal means of controlling disease to prevent disability and complications are not yet clear. In this paper we set out the key evidence supporting the role of fungal exposure, sensitisation and infection in asthmatics, what is understood about pathogenesis and natural history and identify the numerous areas for research studies.
Nation related participation and performance trends in ‘Ironman Hawaii’ from 1985 to 2012
Authors: Dähler Philippe , Rüst Christoph Alexander , Rosemann Thomas , Lepers Romuald , Knechtle Beat 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
This study examined participation and performance trends in ‘Ironman Hawaii’ regarding the nationality of the finishers.

Methods
Associations between nationalities and race times of 39,706 finishers originating from 124 countries in the ‘Ironman Hawaii’ from 1985 to 2012 were analyzed using single and multi-level regression analysis.

Results
Most of the finishers originated from the United States of America (47.5%) followed by athletes from Germany (11.7%), Japan (7.9%), Australia (6.7%), Canada (5.2%), Switzerland (2.9%), France (2.3%), Great Britain (2.0%), New Zealand (1.9%), and Austria (1.5%). German women showed the fastest increase in finishers (r2 = 0.83, p < 0.0001), followed by Australia (r2 = 0.78, p < 0.0001), Canada (r2 = 0.78, p < 0.0001) and the USA (r2 = 0.69, p < 0.0001). Japanese women showed no change in the number of finishers (r2 = 0.01, p > 0.05). For men, athletes from France showed the steepest increase (r2 = 0.85, p < 0.0001), followed by Austria (r2 = 0.68, p < 0.0001), Australia (r2 = 0.67, p < 0.0001), Brazil (r2 = 0.60, p < 0.0001), Great Britain (r2 = 0.46, p < 0.0001), Germany (r2 = 0.26, p < 0.0001), the United States of America (r2 = 0.21, p = 0.013) and Switzerland (r2 = 0.14, p = 0.0044). The number of Japanese men decreased (r2 = 0.35, p = 0.0009). The number of men from Canada (r2 = 0.02, p > 0.05) and New Zealand (r2 = 0.02, p > 0.05) remained unchanged. Regarding female performance, the largest improvements were achieved by Japanese women (17.3%). The fastest race times in 2012 were achieved by US-American women. Women from Japan, Canada, Germany, Australia, and the United States of America improved race times. For men, the largest improvements were achieved by athletes originating from Brazil (20.9%) whereas the fastest race times in 2012 were achieved by athletes from Germany. Race times for athletes originating from Brazil, Austria, Great Britain, Switzerland, Germany, Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand and France decreased. Race times in athletes originating from Australia and the United States of America showed no significant changes. Regarding the fastest race times ever, the fastest women originated from the United States (546 ± 7 min) followed by Great Britain (555 ± 15 min) and Switzerland (558 ± 8 min). In men, the fastest finishers originated from the United States (494 ± 7 min), Germany (496 ± 6 min) and Australia (497 ± 5 min).

Conclusions
The ‘Ironman Hawaii’ has been dominated by women and men from the United States of America in participation and performance.
Performance on a pattern separation task by Alzheimer’s patients shows possible links between disrupted dentate gyrus activity and apolipoprotein E ∈4 status and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β42 levels
Authors: Wesnes Keith A , Annas Peter , Basun Hans , Edgar Chris , Blennow Kaj 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Emerging evidence suggests that decreased adult hippocampal neurogenesis represents an early critical event in the course of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In mice, adult neurogenesis is reduced by knock-in alleles for human apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ∈4. Decreased dentate gyrus (DG) neural progenitor cells proliferation has been observed in the triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD); this reduction being directly associated with the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and an increase in the number of Aβ-containing neurons in the hippocampus. Cognitive tasks involving difficult pattern separations have been shown to reflect DG activity and thus potentially neurogenesis in both animals and man. This study involved the administration of a pattern separation paradigm to Alzheimer’s patients to investigate relationships between task performance and both ApoE status and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42 levels.

Methods
The CDR System pattern separation task involves the presentation of pictures that must later be discriminated from closely similar pictures. This paper presents pattern separation data from 66 mild to moderate AD patients, of which 50 were genotyped and 65 in whom CSF Aβ42 was measured.

Results
ApoE ∈4 homozygotes were not compromised on the easy pattern separations compared with the other patients, but they were statistically significantly poorer at the difficult separations. In all patients CSF Aβ42 correlated significantly with the ability to make the difficult discriminations, but not easier discriminations. Pattern separation speed correlated negatively with CSF Aβ42, and thus the association was not due to increased impulsivity.

Conclusions
These are, to our knowledge, the first human pattern separation data to suggest a possible genetic link to poor hippocampal neurogenesis in AD, as well as a relationship to Aβ42. Therapies which target neurogenesis may thus be useful in preventing the early stages of AD, notably in ApoE ∈4 homocygotes.
Fracture parameter inversion for Marcellus Shale
Authors: Far Mehdi E. , Hardage Bob , Wagner Don 
Published: April 2014

We inverted P-wave amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOAz) data from the Marcellus Shale to obtain fracture parameters that can fully describe the elastic behavior of fractured rocks with overall symmetry of orthorhombic or monoclinic. AVOAz data from two interfaces, (1) the upper interface between top Marcellus and Stafford limestone and (2) the lower interface between base Marcellus and Onondaga limestone, were used for inversion. To check the validity of our inversion results, fracture parameters for the Marcellus Shale were inverted for each interface using Monte Carlo simulation to include uncertainty in our a priori information, i.e., elastic properties of unfractured rocks that are assumed to be known from well logs. Inversion results appeared robust with respect to uncertainties and converge to the same values for the two inversions. Our results were also consistent with singular value decomposition analysis (resolution matrix).
Prevention and Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Survivors of Adult Cancers: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Hershman Dawn L. , Lacchetti Christina , Dworkin Robert H. , Lavoie Smith Ellen M. , Bleeker Jonathan , Cavaletti Guido , Chauhan Cynthia , Gavin Patrick , Lavino Antoinette , Lustberg Maryam B. , Paice Judith , Schneider Bryan , Smith Mary Lou , Smith Tom , Terstriep Shelby , Wagner-Johnston Nina , Bak Kate , Loprinzi Charles L. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose To provide evidence-based guidance on the optimum prevention and treatment approaches in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathies (CIPN) in adult cancer survivors. Methods A systematic literature search identified relevant, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the treatment of CIPN. Primary outcomes included incidence and severity of neuropathy as measured by neurophysiologic changes, patient-reported outcomes, and quality of life. Results A total of 48 RCTs met eligibility criteria and comprise the evidentiary basis for the recommendations. Trials tended to be small and heterogeneous, many with insufficient sample sizes to detect clinically important differences in outcomes. Primary outcomes varied across the trials, and in most cases, studies were not directly comparable because of different outcomes, measurements, and instruments used at different time points. The strength of the recommendations is based on the quality, amount, and consistency of the evidence and the balance between benefits and harms. Recommendations: On the basis of the paucity of high-quality, consistent evidence, there are no agents recommended for the prevention of CIPN. With regard to the treatment of existing CIPN, the best available data support a moderate recommendation for treatment with duloxetine. Although the CIPN trials are inconclusive regarding tricyclic antidepressants (such as nortriptyline), gabapentin, and a compounded topical gel containing baclofen, amitriptyline HCL, and ketamine, these agents may be offered on the basis of data supporting their utility in other neuropathic pain conditions given the limited other CIPN treatment options. Further research on these agents is warranted.
Foot sling for the treatment of diurnal leg oedema: effect due to foot muscle pump stimulation?
Authors: Reich-Schupke S. , Selanski-Porto P. , Altmeyer P. , Stücker M. , Doerler M. 
Published: April 2014

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und Design: Prospektive Pilot-fallserie zur Beurteilung der Effektivität, Verträglichkeit und Einfachheit der Anwendung einer neuartigen Fußschlinge (Stimfeet) zur Behandlung von habituellen Beinödemen.Patienten und Methoden: Eingeschlossen wurden acht Patientinnen mit nachweisbarer prätibialer Dellenbildung bei habituellen Beinödemen. Hämodynamisch relevante Refluxe oder Obstruktionen der Beinvenen wurden duplexsonographisch ausgeschlossen. Die Patientinnen erhielten eine einwöchige ganztägige Behandlung mit medizinischen Kompressionsstrümpfen (MKS) bis zum Knie (18–23 mmHg) und nach zweitägiger Pause mit Stimfeet (maximal vier Stunden ohne Unterbrechung) oder umgekehrt. Vor und nach jeder Behandlungswoche erfolgten jeweils zwei wasserplethysmographische Volumenmessungen pro Bein. Mittels standardisierter Fragebögen wurden die Effektivität, Verträglichkeit und Einfachheit der Anwendung evaluiert. In einem Patiententagebuch wurden die Nebenwirkungen dokumentiert.Ergebnisse: MKS führten zu einer größeren Volumenreduktion (mittleres Δ rechts: 39,00 g, links: 24,44 g) verglichen mit Stimfeet (mittleres Δ rechts: 5,06 g, links: 2,81 g). Die Ergebnisse unterschieden sich jedoch nicht signifikant (t-test: rechts: p=0,55, links: p=0,63). In Bezug auf weniger Einschränkung (n=5), Komfort (n=6), Reduktion der Symptome (n=5), Verbesserung der Lebensqualität (n=5), Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen (n=5) und den Erwartungen entsprechend (n=5) bevorzugten mehr Patientinnen den MKS. Die Einfachheit der Anwendung wurde gleich bewertet. Die am häufigsten dokumentierten Nebenwirkungen von Stimfeet waren Druck- und Schürfstellen (n=6) und Verrutschen/Notwendigkeit der Fixierung (n=5).Schlussfolgerung: MKS waren der neuartigen Fußschlinge in der Behandlung habitueller Beinödeme überlegen. Bei einer Minderheit der Patientinnen führte die neuartige Fußschlinge jedoch zur Besserung der Beschwerden und Ödemreduktion. Die Wirksamkeit wird möglicherweise durch eine Stimulation der Fußmuskelpumpe bedingt. Methoden zur Aktivierung der Fußmuskelpumpe stellen eine neue Therapieoption für die Behandlung von Beinödemen dar.
Private Manning and the Chamber of Secrets
Authors: Cloud Dana L. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This article explores news coverage from 2010–2013 of Chelsea (formerly known as Bradley) Manning’s disclosures of both state and gender secrets to discover how government actors, journalists, and social movement leaders disciplined emergent truths in two modalities. The first modality is juridical, involving Manning’s trial and reporting that focuses attention exclusively on Manning’s crime against the state; the second is biopolitical, disciplining Manning by discrediting her body and voice as troubled, confused, damaged, weak, irrational, and pathological. That Manning’s disclosures resulted in repressive and discursive discipline does not mean that such an outcome was inevitable. Rather than abandoning disclosure as a democratic project, we might ask ourselves how the rhetorical process of disclosure might open up a contradictory publicity that critically exposes the complexity of discipline itself.
Spectrum of quantum dynamical systems: Subsystems and entropy
Authors: Khare Mona , Shukla Anurag 
Published: April 2014

Abstract.In the present paper, we have studied quantum dynamical systems of difference posets, their equivalence, subsystems and spectra. It is shown that every subsystem of a mixing quantum dynamical system is mixing, and also a bounded spectrum of quantum dynamical systems has its supremum, and all such suprema are equivalent. Entropy of subsystems of a quantum dynamical system of orthomodular lattices is also investigated.
Experimental Study of Fault Arc Protection Based on UV Pulse Method in High Voltage Switchgear
Authors: Wang Jingang , Xu Cheng , Sun Jiaxiang 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Based on the relationship between electrical equipment discharge and ultraviolet radiation, this paper proposed the use of UV pulse method to detect switchgear arcing faults. Switchgear protection system based on this new technique detects arcing faults by analyzing the ultraviolet produced by electric arc. This technique was implemented and tested in laboratory, and the performance of the protection module was verified: it is capable of calculating the number of UV pulses quickly and precisely, which indicates the intensity of fault arc, and therefore it can be applied to arcing faults protection system for detecting faults.
Hybrid Harmony Search Algorithm and Interior Point Method for Economic Dispatch with Valve-Point Effect
Authors: Sivasubramani S. , Ahmad Md. Samar 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This paper proposes a new hybrid algorithm combining harmony search (HS) algorithm and interior point method (IPM) for economic dispatch (ED) problem with valve-point effect. ED problem with valve-point effect is modeled as a non-linear, constrained and non-convex optimization problem having several local minima. IPM is a best non-linear optimization method for convex optimization problems. Since ED problem with valve-point effect has multiple local minima, IPM results in a local optimum solution. In order to avoid IPM getting trapped in a local optimum, a new evolutionary algorithm HS, which is good in global exploration, has been combined. In the hybrid method, HS is used for global search and IPM for local search. The hybrid method has been tested on three different test systems to prove its effectiveness. Finally, the simulation results are also compared with other methods reported in the literature.
Kinetic and Kinematic Analysis for Assessing the Differences in Countermovement Jump Performance in Rugby Players
Authors: Floría Pablo , Gómez-Landero Luis A. , Suárez-Arrones Luis , Harrison Andrew J. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Floría, P, Gómez-Landero, LA, Suárez-Arrones, L, and Harrison, AJ. Kinetic and kinematic analysis for assessing the differences in countermovement jump performance in rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2533–2539, 2016—The aim of this study was to ascertain the differences in kinetic and kinematic profiles between better and poorer performers of the vertical jump within a homogeneous group of trained adults. Fifty rugby players were divided into low scoring (LOW) and high scoring (HIGH) groups based on their performance in the vertical jump. The force, velocity, displacement, and rate of force development (RFD)-time curves were analyzed to determine the differences between groups. The analysis of the data showed differences in all the patterns of the ensemble mean curves of the HIGH and LOW groups. During the eccentric phase, the differences in the HIGH group with respect to the LOW group were lower crouch position, higher downward velocity, and higher force and RFD during the braking of the downward movement. During the concentric phase, the HIGH group achieved higher upward velocity, higher force at the end of phase, and a higher position at takeoff. The higher jump performances seem to be related to a more effective stretch-shortening cycle function that is characterized by a deeper and faster countermovement with higher eccentric forces being applied to decelerate the downward movement leading to enhanced force generation during the concentric phase.
Variations in Measurement of Sexual Activity Based on EHR Definitions
Authors: Berlan Elise D. , Ireland Andrea M. , Morton Suzanne , Byron Sepheen C. , Canan Benjamin D. , Kelleher Kelly J. 
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVE:
The goal of this study was to compare the performance of 4 operational definitions of sexual activity by using data electronically abstracted from electronic health records (EHRs) and examine how documentation of Chlamydia screening and positivity vary according to definition of sexual activity.

METHODS:
Extracts were created from EHRs of adolescent females 12 to 19 years old who had ≥1 visit to a primary care practice during 2011 at 4 US pediatric health care organizations. We created 4 definitions of sexual activity derived from electronically abstracted indicator variables. Percent sexually active, documentation of Chlamydia screening, and rate of positive Chlamydia test results per 1000 adolescent females according to the sexual activity definition were calculated.

RESULTS:
The most commonly documented individual indicator of sexual activity was “patient report of being sexually active” (mean across 4 sites: 19.2%). The percentage of adolescent females classified as sexually active varied by site and increased as more indicator variables were included. As the definition of sexual activity expanded, the percentage of sexually active females who received at least 1 Chlamydia test decreased. Using a broader definition of sexual activity resulted in improved identification of adolescent females with Chlamydia infection. For each sexual activity definition and performance item, the difference was statistically significant (P &lt; .0001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Information about sexual activity may be gathered from a variety of data sources, and changing the configurations of these indicators results in differences in the percentage of adolescent females classified as sexually active, screened for Chlamydia infection, and Chlamydia infection rates.
Postmarketing Trials and Pediatric Device Approvals
Authors: Hwang Thomas J. , Kesselheim Aaron S. , Bourgeois Florence T. 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND:
Medical devices can be useful in a variety of diseases, but few devices have been specifically approved for use in children. The 2007 Pediatric Medical Device Safety and Improvement Act was passed to stimulate pediatric device development. The current state of trial evidence underpinning the approval of pediatric devices remains poorly described.

METHODS:
We identified all high-risk (ie, class III) devices approved through the premarket approval or humanitarian device exemption pathways for therapeutic use in children between 2008 and 2011. We collected key information on clinical trial design (randomization, blinding, controls, and types of end points) as well as age distribution of trial participants. We also identified US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–mandated postmarketing trials.

RESULTS:
Twenty-two devices were approved for use in children via the premarket approval pathway and 3 via the humanitarian device exemption pathway. Twenty-two (88%) qualified as pediatric despite minimum approval ages of ≥18 years (the FDA Center for Devices and Radiologic Health considers patients 18–21 years old as pediatric). Most devices were approved on the basis of nonrandomized (59%), open-label (68%) studies with surrogate effectiveness end points (86%). Overall, 21 (84%) devices were not studied in any patients &lt;18 years of age. Postmarketing studies were mandated by the FDA for 19 (76%) devices, although only 3 (18%) required enrollment of pediatric patients.

CONCLUSIONS:
Most high-risk pediatric devices are approved on the basis of trials in patients ≥18 years old, with few pediatric patients exposed to the devices before market availability. Few postmarketing studies require additional study in pediatric patients.