bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Software To Predict Liquid Loading In Gas Wells
Authors: Ikechukwu Okafor , Ikiensikimama Sunday 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Liquid loading is a common problem for gas producers. Better prediction of liquid loading will help operators in reducing costs (fewer shutdowns) and improving revenue (greater production).
The objective of this thesis is to develop a software to predict liquid loading in gas wells. Guo et al.'s Four Phase Mist Flow Model and Turner et al.'s Entrained Droplet Model were incorporated into the software as the prediction models. These models predict Liquid loading by determining the minimum flow rate of gas that will transport all its liquid content to surface effectively.
The software was designed using Visual Basic and it benefits the operator in the following ways.
Timely Prediction of Onset of Liquid Loading Optimum Field Development Reduces frequency of workover by using proper liquid unloading techniques and hence unnecessary costs Increases total profitability of the venture.
The software is very user friendly and gives the user the opportunity to select what system of unit he is comfortable with. Sensitivity Analysis can also be carried out to see the possibility of occurrence of liquid loading when certain parameters (Tubing ID, Liquid-Gas Interfacial Tension, etc.) are varied. The software will continually be modified to become an integrated package to help Operators manage liquid loading issues optimally.
Maximizing Recovery from Gas Injection in a Complex Channel System - Edop Field Case Study
Authors: Onwude R. J. , Jackson C. , Anidi E. , Ojo A. , Obere F. , Wanorue E. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The Edop Field Intra Qua-Iboe (IQI) reservoirs are comprised of complex Pliocene deepwater channel sands. Reservoir connectivity and the potential for by-passed oil are the two major challenges in maximizing recovery from this field. Integration of seismic and reservoir performance data has become a key tool for identifying opportunities and improving recovery in this complex geologic environment.
Gas injection into the two main IQI reservoirs, the IQI-2 and IQI-3, began in 1997. This significantly arrested production decline, and thereby improved recovery. However, due to compartmentalization and difficulty in predicting the extent of lateral and vertical communication between the channel sands, developing an effective gas injection system has been challenging.
Positive pressure response has been noted in all of the fault blocks receiving gas injection, but the response has not always been in proportion to the gas volume being injected. Reservoir performance data has further indicated that some intervals, which have had no direct gas injection, have also been receiving varied levels of pressure support.
In Edop Field, understanding of reservoir interconnectivity and compartmentalization has become key to production uplift and pressure maintenance. This paper will address how integration of seismic data with reservoir pressure and production performance has helped to identify some significant by-passed oil opportunities as well as improve recovery.
Update on factors motivating pharmacy students to pursue residency and fellowship training
Authors: McCarthy Bryan C. , Weber Lynn M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Purpose
The factors motivating pharmacy students to pursue residency and fellowship training in 2011 versus 1993 were assessed.

Methods
A survey replicating previous research was electronically sent to 794 residency directors and 29 fellowship program directors with a request to forward the survey to current residents and fellows. A similar survey was sent to 124 colleges of pharmacy with a request to forward the survey to the faculty member most involved with residency and fellowship promotion within their doctor of pharmacy (Pharm.D.) curriculum. Participants were asked to rank leading motivating factors and barriers to pharmacy students pursuing these programs. Additional data collected included when and the methods by which these programs are promoted.

Results
Among residents and fellows, 865 usable surveys were returned. The leading motivating reasons for residents and fellows to pursue training were “to gain knowledge and experience,” “to gain confidence,” and “understood as a prerequisite for certain jobs.” A total of 124 U.S. pharmacy schools were surveyed, and 65 (52%) returned completed responses. “Understood as a prerequisite for certain jobs,” “faculty stressing importance,” and “recognition of the new and challenging roles for pharmacists in the future” were the factors most frequently cited by faculty members.

Conclusion
Compared with previous research, a new factor motivating pharmacy students to pursue residency and fellowship training is the consideration that these opportunities are a prerequisite for certain jobs. This development may be attributable to trends in the supply and demand of pharmacists, the recognition of the value in these programs by major pharmacy organizations, and the evolving role of pharmacists in direct patient care.
History of sterile compounding in U.S. hospitals: Learning from the tragic lessons of the past
Authors: Myers Charles E. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Purpose
The evolution of sterile compounding in the context of hospital patient care, the evolution of related technology, past incidents of morbidity and mortality associated with preparations compounded in various settings, and efforts over the years to improve compounding practices are reviewed.

Summary
Tightened United States Pharmacopeial Convention standards (since 2004) for sterile compounding made it difficult for hospitals to achieve all of the sterile compounding necessary for patient care. Shortages of manufactured injections added to the need for compounding. Non-hospital-based compounding pharmacies increased sterile compounding to meet the needs. Gaps in federal and state laws and regulations about compounding pharmacies led to deficiencies in their regulation. Lapses in sterility led to injuries and deaths. Perspectives offered include potential actions, including changes in practitioner education, better surveillance of sterile compounding, regulatory reforms, reexamination of the causes of drug shortages, and the development of new technologies.

Conclusion
Over the years, there have been numerous exhortations for voluntary better performance in sterile compounding. In addition, professional leadership has been vigorous and extensive in the form of guidance, publications, education, enforceable standards, and development of various associations and organizations dealing with safe compounding practices. Yet problems continue to occur. We must engage in diligent learning from the injuries and tragedies that have occurred. Assuming that we are already doing all we can to avoid problems would be an abdication of the professional mission of pharmacists. It would be wrong thinking to assume that the recent problems in large-scale compounding pharmacies are the only problems that warrant attention. It is time for a systematic assessment of the nature and the dimensions of the problems in every type of setting where sterile compounding occurs. It also is time for some innovative thinking about ensuring safety in sterile compounding.
Enhancing insulin-use safety in hospitals: Practical recommendations from an ASHP Foundation expert consensus panel
Authors: Cobaugh Daniel J. , Maynard Gregory , Cooper Lebron , Kienle Patricia C. , Vigersky Robert , Childers Diana , Weber Robert , Carson Stacy L. , Mabrey Melanie E. , Roderman Nicki , Blum Frederick , Burkholder Rebecca , Dortch Marcus , Grunberger George , Hays Daniel , Henderson Rashida , Ketz Jeffrey , Lemke Todd , Varma Surendra K. , Cohen Michael 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Purpose
Consensus recommendations to help ensure safe insulin use in hospitalized patients are presented.

Summary
Insulin products are frequently involved in medication errors in hospitals, and insulin is classified as a high-alert medication when used in inpatient settings. In an initiative to promote safer insulin use, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) Research and Education Foundation convened a 21-member panel representing the fields of pharmacy, medicine, and nursing and consumer advocacy groups for a three-stage consensus-building initiative. The panel’s consensus recommendations include the following: development of protocol-driven insulin order sets, elimination of the routine use of correction/sliding-scale insulin doses for management of hyperglycemia, restrictions on the types of insulin products stored in patient care areas, and policies to restrict the preparation of insulin bolus doses and i.v. infusions to the pharmacy department. In addition, the panelists recommended that hospitals better coordinate insulin use with meal intake and glucose testing, prospectively monitor the coordination of insulin delivery and rates of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and provide standardized education and competency assessment for all hospital-based health care professionals responsible for insulin use.

Conclusion
A 21-member expert panel convened by the ASHP Foundation identified 10 recommendations for enhancing insulin-use safety across the medication-use process in hospitals. Professional organizations, accrediting bodies, and consumer groups can play a critical role in the translation of these recommendations into practice. Rigorous research studies and program evaluations are needed to study the impact of implementation of these recommendations.
HbA1c and Risk of Severe Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lipska Kasia J. , Warton E. Margaret , Huang Elbert S. , Moffet Howard H. , Inzucchi Silvio E. , Krumholz Harlan M. , Karter Andrew J. 
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE
We examined the association between HbA1c level and self-reported severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Type 2 diabetic patients in a large, integrated healthcare system, who were 30–77 years of age and treated with glucose-lowering therapy, were asked about severe hypoglycemia requiring assistance in the year prior to the Diabetes Study of Northern California survey conducted in 2005–2006 (62% response rate). The main exposure of interest was the last HbA1c level collected in the year preceding the observation period. Poisson regression models adjusted for selected demographic and clinical variables were specified to evaluate the relative risk (RR) of severe hypoglycemia across HbA1c levels. We also tested whether the HbA1c-hypoglycemia association differed across potential effect modifiers (age, diabetes duration, and category of diabetes medication).

RESULTS
Among 9,094 eligible survey respondents (mean age 59.5 ± 9.8 years, mean HbA1c 7.5 ± 1.5%), 985 (10.8%) reported experiencing severe hypoglycemia. Across HbA1c levels, rates of hypoglycemia were 9.3–13.8%. Compared with those with HbA1c of 7–7.9%, the RR of hypoglycemia was 1.25 (95% CI 0.99–1.57), 1.01 (0.87–1.18), 0.99 (0.82–1.20), and 1.16 (0.97–1.38) among those with HbA1c &lt;6, 6–6.9, 8–8.9, and ≥9%, respectively, in a fully adjusted model. Age, diabetes duration, and category of diabetes medication did not significantly modify the HbA1c-hypoglycemia relationship.

CONCLUSIONS
Severe hypoglycemia was common among patients with type 2 diabetes across all levels of glycemic control. Risk tended to be higher in patients with either near-normal glycemia or very poor glycemic control.
Evaluation of racing performance after colic surgery in Thoroughbreds: 85 cases (1996–2010)
Authors: Tomlinson Joy E. , Boston Raymond C. , Brauer Thomas 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine racing performance after surgery for colic in Thoroughbreds.
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Animals—85 racing Thoroughbreds that survived to discharge following colic surgery and 170 race-matched reference horses.
Procedures—Earnings, starts, and earnings per start were compared between horses that underwent surgery and reference horses, the proportions of horses that returned to racing were analyzed, and career longevity was determined.
Results—Among 85 racing Thoroughbreds that underwent colic surgery, 31 (36%) had primarily small intestinal lesions, of which 11 underwent resection; 54 (64%) had large intestinal lesions, of which 2 underwent resection. Fifty-nine of 85 (69%) horses that underwent colic surgery returned to racing after a 6-month recovery period versus 125 of 170 (73%) reference horses (OR, 0.81). In the 36-month postoperative period, reference horses earned a mean of $7,866 more, had a mean of 0.26 more starts, and had mean earnings per start of $29 more than horses that underwent surgery. Horses that underwent surgery did not have different career lengths than reference horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Horses that underwent colic surgery did not have a significant reduction in measures of performance or career length, compared with a reference cohort.
Assessment of paper interstate certificates of veterinary inspection used to support disease tracing in cattle
Authors: Portacci Katie , Miller Ryan S. , Riggs Philip D. , Buhnerkempe Michael G. , Abrahamsen Lauren M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the differences among each state's Interstate Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (ICVI) form and the legibility of data on paper ICVIs used to support disease tracing in cattle.
Design—Descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study.
Sample—Examples of ICVIs from 50 states and 7,630 randomly sampled completed paper ICVIs for cattle from 48 states.
Procedures—Differences among paper ICVI forms from all 50 states were determined. Sixteen data elements were selected for further evaluation of their value in tracing cattle. Completed paper ICVIs for interstate cattle exports in 2009 were collected from 48 states. Each of the 16 data elements was recorded as legible, absent, or illegible on forms completed by accredited veterinarians, and results were summarized by state. Mean values for legibility at the state level were used to estimate legibility of data at the national level.
Results—ICVIs were inconsistent among states in regard to data elements requested and availability of legible records. A mean ± SD of 70.0 ± 22.1% of ICVIs in each state had legible origin address information. Legible destination address information was less common, with 55.0 ± 21.4% of records complete. Incomplete address information was most often a result of the field having been left blank. Official animal identification was present on 33.1% of ICVIs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The inconsistency among state ICVI forms and quality of information provided on paper ICVIs could lead to delays and the need for additional resources to trace cattle, which could result in continued spread of disease. Standardized ICVIs among states and more thorough recording of information by accredited veterinarians or expanded usage of electronic ICVIs could enhance traceability of cattle during an outbreak.
Modification of the High-alloyed White Cast Iron Microstructure with Magnesium Master Alloy
Authors: Kawalec M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
High-vanadium cast iron is the white cast iron in which the regular fibrous γ + VC eutectic with the volume fraction of vanadium carbide amounting to about 20% crystallises. This paper presents the results of studies on high-vanadium cast iron subjected to the inoculation treatment with magnesium master alloy. The aim of this operation is to change the morphology of the crystallising VC carbides from the fibrous shape into a spheroidal one. The study also examines the effect of the amount of the introduced inoculant on changes in the morphology of the crystallising VC carbides. To achieve the goals once set, metallographic studies were performed on high-vanadium cast iron of eutectic composition in base state and after the introduction of a variable content of the inoculant.
The introduction of magnesium-based master alloy resulted in the expected changes of microstructure. The most beneficial effect was obtained with the introduction of 1.5% of magnesium master alloy, since nearly half of the crystallised vanadium carbides have acquired a spheroidal shape.
Water Glass Modification and its Impact on the Mechanical Properties of Moulding Sands
Authors: Kmita A. , Hutera B. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The purpose of the presented experiment was to develop an effective water glass modifier. In the conducted research, an attempt was made to determine the effect of modifier addition on the wettability of quartz grains, viscosity and cohesion of binder and strength RmUof the sand mixture. Water glass modification was carried out with, obtained in electrochemical process [1], colloidal suspension of ZnO nanoparticles in methanol (modifier I) or propanol (modifier II), characterised by a constant molar concentration of c = 0.3 M. It was demonstrated that the addition of a colloidal suspension of ZnO nanoparticles in propanol (modifier II) had a significant effect on wettability of quartz grains improvement without the accompanying increase in binder viscosity. Testing the mechanical properties RmUof sand mixtures containing modified binder (modifier II) hardened at ambient conditions showed an approximately 28% increase in strength compared with the RmUof the sand bonded with an unmodified binder.
Rinderpest Global Eradication Management
Authors: Kouba Vaclav 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The global eradication of rinderpest in 2010 ranked as the second in history after the eradication of smallpox in humans in 1980. Rinderpest (in recent history included also among biological weapons of mass destruction) recurred throughout history causing hundreds of millions of animal deaths. It was recorded in 114 countries of all continents. After the World War II it was still reported from 66 countries in Africa and Asia. After all necessary knowledge about rinderpest virus and its circulation became available, along with excellent vaccine as well as enough experience with anti-rinderpest measures, the global eradication programme was launched in 1986 after a long preparatory period. It was composed of three new regional projects including all national anti-rinderpest programmes. The main method consisted in active search, isolation and stamping out of all outbreaks combined with mass prophylactic vaccinations and followed by years-long risk-based surveillance. The transfer of research results into practical reality required an extraordinary complex of a highly demanding system of managerial measures. It included analyses of rinderpest occurrence, identification of objectives/ deadlines and control methods, planning, ensuring necessary manpower, material and funds, organizing and implementation of coordinating programmes etc. This complex was represented by a managerial pyramid structure of inter-connected components having the basis at rinderpest affected localities and countries and its top at the Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as executive agency responsible for technical assistance and global leadership/coordination.
Database of Polish arable mineral soils: a review
Authors: Bieganowski A. , Witkowska-Walczak B. , Gliñski J. , Sokołowska Z. , Sławiński C. , Brzezińska M. , Włodarczyk T. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The database of Polish arable mineral soils is presented. The database includes a lot of information about the basic properties of soils and their dynamic characteristics. It was elaborated for about 1 000 representative profiles of soils in Poland The database concerns: particle size distribution, organic carbon content, acidity-pH, specific surface area, hydrophobicity - solidliquid contact angle, static and dynamic hydrophysical properties, oxidation-reduction properties and selected biological (microbiological) properties of soils. Knowledge about soil characteristics is indispensable for description, interpretation and prediction of the course of physical, chemical and biological processes, and modelling these processes requires representative data. The utility of simulation and prediction models describing phenomena which take place in the soil-plant-atmosphere system greatly depends on the precision of data concerning characteristics of soil. On the basis of this database, maps of chosen soil properties are constructed. The aim of maps is to provide specialists in agriculture, ecology, and environment protection with an opportunity to gain knowledge of soil properties and their spatial and seasonal variability.
Redox properties of ginger extracts: Perspectives of use of Zingiber officinale Rosc. as antidiabetic agent
Authors: Račková Lucia , Cupáková Mária , Ťažký Anton , Mičová Júlia , Kolek Emil , Košťálová Daniela 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
In traditional medicine, several medicinal plants or their extracts have been used to treat diabetes. Zingiber officinale Roscoe, known commonly as ginger, is consumed worldwide in cookeries as a spice and flavouring agent. It has been used as the spice and medicine for thousands of years. The present study was undertaken to investigate the potential protective effect of Zingiber officinale Rosc. in a model of oxidative damage to pancreatic β cells. The free radical scavenging activities and composition of the isolated n-hexane and ethanolic extracts were confronted with their protective, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects in INS-1E β cells. Unlike the n-hexane extract (exerting, paradoxically, stronger antiradical capacity), both low cytotoxicity and remarkable protective effects on β cell viability, followed by lowering oxidative stress markers were found for the ethanolic extract Zingiber officinale Rosc. The present study is the first pilot study to assess the protective potential of Zingiber officinale Rosc. in a model of cytotoxic conditions imposed by diabetes in β cells.
Developmental study of mercury effects on the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
Authors: Abnoos Hamideh , Fereidoni Masoud , Mahdavi-Shahri Naser , Haddad Farhang , Jalal Razieh 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by heavy metals such as mercury is one of the most important human problems. It might have severe teratogenic effects on embryonic development. Some pharmacological and physiological aspects of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are similar to humans. So the stages of egg to adult fruit fly, as a developmental model, were employed in the study. Wild adult insects were maintained in glass dishes containing standard medium at 25 °C in complete darkness. Five pairs of 3-day old flies were then transferred to standard culture dishes containing different concentrations of mercury ion. They were removed after 8 hours. We considered the following: The rate of larvae becoming pupae and pupae to adults; the time required for the development; the hatching rate in the second generation without mercury in the culture; the morphometric changes during development in both length and width of the eggs through two generations; larvae, pupae and adult thorax length and width. The results showed that mercury in culture (20-100 mg/l) increase the duration of larvae (p<0.01) and pupae (p<0.01) development, the rate of larvae becoming pupae (p<0.001); pupae maturation (p<0.05), the hatching rate (p<0.01), the length (p<0.05) and width of larvae (p<0.01) and pupae (p<0.001) and the length in the adult thorax (p<0.01) decreased significantly. There was no effect upon the size of eggs. There were also no larvae hatching in concentrations of 200 mg/l of mercury. Negative effects of mercury as a heavy metal are possibly due to the interference of this metal in cellular signaling pathways, such as: Notch signaling and protein synthesis during the period of development. Since it bonds chemically with the sulfur hydride groups of proteins, it causes damage to the cell membrane and decreases the amount of RNA. This is the cause of failure of many enzyme mechanisms.