bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taste characteristics based quantitative and qualitative evaluation of ginseng adulteration
Authors: Cui Shaoqing , Yang Liangcheng , Wang Jun , Wang Xinlei 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDAdulteration of American ginseng with Asian ginseng is common and has caused much damage to customers. Panel evaluation is commonly used to determine their differences, but it is subjective. Chemical instruments are used to identify critical compounds but they are time‐consuming and expensive. Therefore, a fast, accurate and convenient method is required. A taste sensing system, combining both advantages of the above two technologies, provides a novel potential technology for determining ginseng adulteration. The aim is to build appropriate models to distinguish and predict ginseng adulteration by using taste characteristics.RESULTSIt was found that ginsenoside contents decreased linearly (R2 = 0.92) with mixed ratios. A bioplot of principal component analysis showed a good performance in classing samples with the first two principal components reaching 89.7%, and it was noted that it was the bitterness, astringency, aftertaste of bitterness and astringency, and saltiness leading the successful determination. After factor screening, bitterness, astringency, aftertaste of bitterness and saltiness were employed to build latent models. Tastes of bitterness, astringency and aftertaste bitterness were demonstrated to be most effective in predicting adulteration ratio, mean while, bitterness and aftertaste bitterness turned out to be most effective in ginsenoside content prediction.CONCLUSIONTaste characteristics of adulterated ginsengs, considered as taste fingerprint, can provide novel guidance for determining the adulteration of American and Asian ginseng. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Release of bisphenols from can coatings into canned beer in China market
Authors: Xie Yunfei , Bao Yang , Wang Heya , Cheng Yuliang , Qian He , Yao Weirong 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe aim of this research was to understand the migration of bisphenols from can coatings into foods in the Chinese market.RESULTSThe migration of bisphenols was studied in commercial cans from the Chinese market filled with four types of food simulant (FS), which were heated at 121 °C for 30 min and stored at 40 °C for 30 days. Only bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) were found in the can coatings, and SimC (10% (v/v) ethanol/water) was the most suitable FS for their release. The levels of these bisphenols in 24 kinds of canned beer from Chinese markets were also investigated. The average concentrations of BPA and BADGE were 2.85 ± 0.79 and 0.38 ± 0.19 µg · L−1 respectively, which were both lower than the EU limits, and their respective daily intakes were estimated at 0.015 and 0.0020 µg · kg−1 body weight · day−1. Besides, increasing storage temperature and time accelerated the release of bisphenols into FSs.CONCLUSIONThe present results provide some guidance to reduce the migration of bisphenols during the transport and storage of canned foods. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Study of the Influence of Gemini Cationic Surfactants on the Dyeing and Fastness Properties of Polyester Fabrics Using Naphthalimide Dyes
Authors: Sadeghi‐Kiakhani Mousa , Gharanjig Kamaladin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this paper, the dyeing and fastness properties of three monoazo naphthalimide dyes including different imide groups (dye 1: ethyl amine, dye 2: ethyl glycinate and dye 3: glycine) on a polyester fabric were investigated in the presence of two gemini cationic surfactants (symbolized as 12‐4‐12 or 14‐4‐14) and a conventional single chain surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB). The color strength (K/S) of naphthalimide dyes on polyester fabric was measured through the reflectance spectrophotometric method, and the values obtained in the presence of different cationic surfactants increased in the order of dye 3 < dye 2 < dye 1. Although the K/S values indicated that the gemini cationic surfactants had almost no effect on the dyeing behavior of dye 1, but they were effective in dyeing ability of dye 2 and dye 3. The data for dye 2 demonstrated that build up of polyester fabrics in the presence of gemini surfactants are more than the conventional cationic surfactant, and also K/S values of dye 3 on polyester fabrics were in the order: DTAB > 12‐4‐12 > 14‐4‐14. It was found that the washing and rubbing fastness properties improved with increasing the concentration of surfactants. In addition, the sublimation fastness of dye 3 was more than the other dyes owing to the presence of a polar group in its chemical structure, and the light fastness of naphthalimide dyes on polyester fabrics was generally moderate.
Process management in hospitals: an empirically grounded maturity model
Authors: Cleven Anne Katharina , Winter Robert , Wortmann Felix , Mettler Tobias 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn order to improve transparency and stabilise health care costs, several countries have decided to reform their healthcare system on the basis of diagnosis-related groups (DRG). DRGs are not only used for classifying medical treatments, but also for case-based reimbursement, hence induce active competition among hospitals, forcing them to become more efficient and effective. In consequence, hospitals are investing considerably in process orientation and management. However, to date there is neither a consensus on what capabilities hospitals need to acquire for becoming process-oriented, nor a general agreement on the sequence of development stages they have to traverse. To this end, this study proposes an empirically grounded conceptualisation of process management capabilities and presents a staged capability maturity model algorithmically derived on the basis of empirical data from 129 acute somatic hospitals in Switzerland. The five capability maturity levels start with ‘encouragement of process orientation’ (level 1), ‘case-by-case handling’ (level 2), and ‘defined processes’ (level 3). Ultimately, hospitals can reach the levels ‘occasional corrective action’ (level 4) and ‘closed loop improvement’ (level 5). The empirically derived model reveals why existing, generic capability maturity models for process management are not applicable in the hospitals context: their comparatively high complexity on the one hand and their strong focus on topics like an adequate IT integration and process automation on the other make them inadequate for solving the problems felt in the hospital sector, which are primarily of cultural and structural nature. We deem the proposed capability maturity model capable to overcome these shortcomings.
Mean equicontinuity and mean sensitivity
Authors: LI JIAN , TU SIMING , YE XIANGDONG 
Published: August 2014

Answering an open question affirmatively it is shown that every ergodic invariant measure of a mean equicontinuous (i.e. mean-L-stable) system has discrete spectrum. Dichotomy results related to mean equicontinuity and mean sensitivity are obtained when a dynamical system is transitive or minimal. Localizing the notion of mean equicontinuity, notions of almost mean equicontinuity and almost Banach mean equicontinuity are introduced. It turns out that a system with the former property may have positive entropy and meanwhile a system with the latter property must have zero entropy.
Compact dynamical foliations
Authors: CARRASCO PABLO D. 
Published: August 2014

According to the work of Dennis Sullivan [A counterexample to the periodic orbit conjecture.Publ. Math. Inst. Hautes Études Sci. 46(1976), 5–14], there exists a smooth flow on the five-sphere all of whose orbits are periodic, although there is no uniform bound on their periods. The question addressed in this article is whether these type of examples can occur in the partially hyperbolic context. That is, does there exist a partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism of a compact manifold such that all the leaves of its center foliation are compact but there is no uniform bound for their volumes? We develop tools to attack the previous question and show that it has a negative answer provided that all periodic leaves have finite holonomy.
Experimental investigation of viscoplastic free-surface flows in a steady uniform regime
Authors: Chambon Guillaume , Ghemmour A. , Naaim M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe present experimental results focused on the hydraulic properties of free-surface flows of viscoplastic fluids. The objective is to investigate the possibility of predicting macroscopic flow properties on the base of conventional rheometrical characterization of the fluids. The experiments are performed in an inclined conveyor-belt channel allowing us to generate gravity-driven surges which remain stationary in the laboratory frame. Two different types of materials are studied: Kaolin slurries and Carbopol microgels. Global height–velocity relationships and local velocity profiles are measured in the uniform zone for different experimental conditions (slope angle, rheological parameters). These data are then compared to theoretical predictions based on the Herschel–Bulkley constitutive law and independent measurements of the rheological parameters. Great care has been devoted to the determination of experimental uncertainties, including those associated with the rheometrical characterization. For Kaolin, the experimental results show excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. With Carbopol, on the contrary, a systematic discrepancy between measured and theoretical flow heights is observed. The velocity profiles do nevertheless remain consistent with a Herschel–Bulkley rheology, and we show that all experimental data can be explained by increasing the rheological parameters (yield stress and consistency) by 10–20 % compared to the values measured in the rheometer. Potential interpretations for this discrepancy are discussed.
Women Lawyers and Their Working Arrangements: Time Crunch, Stress and Career Paths
Authors: Leiper Jean McKenzie 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLife in industrial societies is governed by different kinds of “time”: mathematical or monochronic time predominates in the workplace but sociocultural or polychronic time prevails at home, particularly where young children are present. Many women report high levels of “time crunch” as they move between these two spheres and these effects are heightened for women in the professions. In this study, I test four hypotheses: women lawyers have higher time crunch levels than women in the general population. Time crunch is heightened among women who take primary responsibility for the care of young children and those who work in large law firms. As women grow older and shed some of the demands of child care, their time crunch levels drop. This study incorporates both quantitative and qualitative approaches: a regression analysis of “time crunch stress” is used to test the major hypotheses and excerpts from unstructured interviews deal with time management problems in the lives of these women. Findings from the regression analysis reveal heightened time crunch stress for the women in this study, particularly if they assume major responsibility for child care. Neither firm size nor age has a statistically significant effect on time crunch stress. Women lawyers are caught between two kinds of time and, over the long term, their careers assume shapes that differ from those of their male counterparts. These divergent career patterns suggest that current career theories are in need of reassessment and revision.
The Compensation of Wrongful Pregnancy in Québec Civil Law
Authors: Langevin Louise 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe Supreme Court of Canada has recognized the right to reproductive autonomy for women based on the right to liberty protected by section 7 of theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Thus, it is a woman's choice whether to have children. It follows, therefore, that in the case of a violation of her reproductive autonomy, a woman has a right to compensation. It is in light of these principles that I analyze the wrongful pregnancy cases in Québec civil law. From a feminist analytical framework, I posit that Québec courts have effectively denied women the right to reproductive autonomy by awarding compensation for the cost of child-rearing only in cases where a difficult economic situation is evidenced by the parents. In so doing, the courts have not only refused to fully compensate women for the injuries caused to them, but they continue to reproduce the dominant pronatalist ideology in reproductive matters. This judicial reaction to cases of wrongful pregnancy is another example of the gendered dimension of law.
Ethnicization of the Police in Canada
Authors: Jaccoud Mylène , Felices Maritza 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this article, the authors carry out a documentary analysis of the stakes and debates surrounding the policies and practices of the recruitment of ethnicized and racialized groups within the Canadian police services. The analysis of the justifications set forth by the proponents of affirmative action in the police services as well as the identification of the questions which have prompted the debates, criticisms and hesitations regarding this policy bring the authors to conclude that the integration of minorized groups in the police services is less concerned with the redressing of inequities than with the development of a new process of racialization.
Judicial Notice: The Very Texture of Legal Reasoning
Authors: Drummond Susan G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe doctrine of judicial notice has been gaining attention in Canadian jurisprudence. This article begins with an examination of how the doctrine has been recently used in areas such as family law to bring a diversity of community interests into the legal decision-making process. The history of the doctrine in American and Canadian jurisprudence is reviewed along with its principal characterizations in the works of Thayer, Morgan, and Davis. The article goes on to uncover several epistemological problems to which the doctrine is prone and proposes a means of getting out of these philosophical dilemmas while keeping the integrity of the doctrine intact. The article concludes by alluding to the communitarian uses to which the doctrine might be put.
Le Recours collectif québécois: Les Réalités collectives à travers le prisme du droit
Authors: Younes Carole 
Published: August 2014

RésuméMalgré la remise en question du principe de l'unité et de l'autonomie du droit qui a rendu possible l'intégration de la dynamique sociale dans le droit, l'on constate que le droit continue à souffrir d'un manque de souplesse et d'ouverture et d'une certaine incapacité à saisir la réalité; sociale. Nous verrons à travers l'institution du recours collectif comment le droit déforme et instrumentalise les réalités collectives qu'il était sensé saisir. Ainsi, force est de constater qu'au-delà de sa fonction d'instrument rationnel visant à répondre aux besoins sociaux, le droit contribue en fait à véhiculer sa propre représentation de la réalité conforme à sa logique et à une certaine vision de la société. Par ailleurs et paradoxalement, cette posture d'ouverture du droit sur la réalité sociale le conduit d'en intégrer des aspects et contribue à une certaine visibilité des conflits sociaux.
Bubbles of Governance: Private Policing and the Law in Canada
Authors: Rigakos George S. , Greener David R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn the last three decades, the public-private organization of policing in Canada has undergone significant change. It is now common sociological knowledge that there has been formidable growth in private security alongside evolving forms of private governance. These changing social relations have resulted in the prominence of actuarial practices and agents to enforce them. This paper examines how the Canadian socio-legal context affects and is affected by both private security and new, more aggressive, ‘parapolicing’ organizations. We update the state of knowledge on the powers of private security personnel by examiningCriminal Codeprovisions in apost-Charterlegal environment, comparing provincial trespass Acts, and analyzing how one aggressive ‘Law Enforcement Company’ as well as other private security firms, more generally, are both enabled and constrained by these legal provisions.
Les Organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) et la société: Le principe de précaution, une norme de régulation du débat social?
Authors: Manga Sylvestre-José-Tidiane 
Published: August 2014

RésuméL'intervention du génie génétique dans la production de plantes agricoles et de denrées alimentaires n'est pas un domainet réservé aux seuls scientifiques. Les biotechnologies agricoles suscitent un débat social sans précédent. Elles opposent les intérêts des multinationales de l'industrie de la biotechnologie aux préoccupations environnementales des opposants au développement accéléré du recours au génie génétique dans l'agriculture et l'alimentation. Certes, la biotechnologie moderne de la recombinaison de l'ADN peut améliorer la productivité agricole. Toutefois les effets préjudiciables d'une telle technologie sur la diversité biologique et la santé humaine sont de plus en plus dénoncés. Cet article traite de quelques-uns des problèmes sociaux que pose le recours aux OGM dans l'agriculture et l'alimentation et relate l'avènement du principe de précaution dans le commerce international des OGM. L'adoption du principe de précaution dans le Protocole sur la prévention des risques biotechnologiques en fait désormais un cadre de régulation du débat social sur les OGM.
Cartographies of Violence: Women, Memory, and the Subjects of the “Internment”
Authors: Oikawa Mona 
Published: August 2014

RésuméEn 1942, 22 000 personnes d'origine japonaise furent expulsées de leur demeure, en Colombie-Britannique, vers de nombreux camps d'internement. L'expulsion, l'emprisonnement, la dépossession, l'éviction et la déportation de ces Canado-Japonais eurent lieu légalement. Cet article examine quelques-unes des zones d'incarcération et de transition créées conformément à ces lois et les mécanismes de pouvoir qu'elles activèrent. En retraçant la création de ces espaces d'enfermement, on constate le rôle de l'exclusion raciale et des actes de violence dans la constitution de la nation canadienne, et on découvre les conditions des personnes soumises aux lois et procédures évoquées. Leurs récits révèlent les conséquences à long terme de la violence des internements.
Delivering Subjects: Race, Space, and the Emerqence of Legalized Midwivery in Ontario
Authors: Nestel Sheryl 
Published: August 2014

RésuméCet article décrit la pratique du «tourisme de la profession de sage-femme» par laquelle, les sages-femmes en Ontario ont fait des stages dans des cliniques de maternité de pays du Tiers-monde en vue d'obtenir l'expérience clinique qu'elles ne pouvaient pas obtenir ici avant la légalisation de la profession dans la province. Plusieurs sages-femmes ont aussi pu mieux se faire reconnaître sur le plan professionnel pour leurs connaissances directes des méthodes obstétriques utilisées par les femmes du Tiers-monde, c'est-à-dire par des femmes qui, selon une mythologie soutenue dans le mouvement pour l'accouchement naturel, posséderaient, en ce qui concerne les accouchements, des connaissances féminines innées qui n'auraient pas encore été corrompues par les pratiques médicales des pays de l'Ouest. L'émergence nouvelle de la profession de sage-femme en Amérique du Nord est un exemple convaincant de la manière dont, par des affirmations épistémologiques sur l'identité partagée des femmes, les régions du Tiers-monde et les personnes qui les occupent en sont venues à constituer un produit de consommation et de progrès social pour les femmes des pays industrialisés.
Charter Rights of Canadian Drug Users: A Constitutional Assessment of the Clay Trial and Ruling
Authors: Hathaway Andrew D. 
Published: August 2014

RésuméLa prohibition du cannabis au Canada remonte à 75 ans, et les dernières 25 années ont été marquées par un débat houleux sur la pertinence des sanctions pénales qu'entraîne un comportement si courant et si généralement toléré. Le mouvement en faveur de la décriminalisation de la simple possession et de l'usage récréatif de la marijuana prend de l'ampleur depuis quelques années. Pour atténuer les répercussions sociales et personnelles que peut avoir l'application de ces sanctions, les institutions juridiques canadiennes ont adopté des mesures pragmatiques qu'elles appliquent régulièrement mais de façon sélective. Il n'en demeure pas moins qu'une réforme des politiques est loin d'être assurée malgré des preuves tangibles de plus en plus nombreuses de son bien-fondé et le vaste soutien accordé à la décriminalisation. Étant donné l'impasse politico-juridique où se trouve actuellement la controverse entourant le cannabis, cet article examine les raisons qui pourraient être invoquées pour justifier une opposition à la prohibition en se fondant sur le respect des droits de la personne. Ces motifs moraux et les derniers obstacles à la réforme juridique sont dégagés en tenant compte des principaux arguments contestés dans l'affaireR.c.Clay(1997), qui a créé un précédent en contestant la constitutionnalité de l'interdiction du cannabis au Canada.
Note de recherche: Traitement fiscal des allocations sociales et droits de la personne
Authors: Girard Claude 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis research note on the use of the Canadian and Quebec Charters of Rights in social matters shows that judicial proceedings have limited success. Even reinforced by the Charters, the concept of social cohesion is powerless when faced with legislative changes that have undermined social law. The paper traces broadly some recent modifications to social programs in Quebec and on the Canadian federal level in order to determine their impact on social law. To do so, we focus on the fiscal treatment of such programs.
Consent and Sexual Violence in Canadian Public Discourse: Reflections onEwanchuk
Authors: Wright Joanne 
Published: August 2014

RésuméCet article est une analyse du discours public autour de la notion de consentement et de violence sexuelle, suite à la causeEwanchuk(«bonnet et crinoline»). L'analyse du débat qui s'ensuivit dans les pages editoriales duNational Postme porte à croire que la vive réaction à l'affaireEwanchukest liée à l'expérience personnelle et sexuée («gendered») des participants au débat, ce qui aurait influencé leur interprétation de la cause. La réaction fut également le résultat d'un conflit entre le modèle culturo-sexuel dominant des interactions hétérosexuelles (un modèle qui célèbre l'agressivité sexuelle masculine) et un modèle consensuel tel que prévu par le droit canadien selon le principe du «non veut dire non». Enfin, pour un public déjà sceptique à l'endroit du féminisme, la causeEwanchukfut un symbole de la prise de pouvoir de la Cour suprême par les féministes. Je soutiens que l'interprétation du consentement selon le modèle dominant représente une dérogation importante à l'idéal libéral du consentement libre et volontaire. En effet, elle s'appuie sur une notion de consentement «tacite» et le sens de «contrainte» et de «consentement» s'en voit obscurci. En fin de compte, la causeEwanchukreflète la persistance des attitudes découlant du sens commun face à la violence sexuelle et ce, malgré les réformes juridiques. L'affaire soulève aussi la question si le consentement peut être défini selon des termes significatifs et émancipateurs pour les femmes.