bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association between Helicobacter pylori gastritis and lymphoid aggregates, lymphoid follicles and intestinal metaplasia in gastric mucosa of children
Authors: Kara Nursu , Urganci Nafiye , Kalyoncu Derya , Yilmaz Banu 
Published: June 2014

AimsThe aim of the study was to determine the topographic prevalence of lymphoid follicles, lymphoid aggregates, gastric glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia among children with chronic abdominal pain. The association between these lesions and age, type of gastritis and Helicobacter pylori density was also assessed.MethodsA total of 358 patients (mean age: 10, 18 ± 3, 26 years; male : female ratio: 0.92) with chronic abdominal pain who had upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were included in the study. The endoscopic and histopathological findings were documented. The prevalence of lymphoid follicles, lymphoid aggregates, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia according to the type of gastritis and their relation with H. pylori density were determined.ResultsH. pylori was detected in 214 (59.8%) patients. H. pylori‐ positive patients were found to be significantly older than H. pylori‐negative patients (P < 0.01). The endoscopy revealed that the most common finding observed was antral nodularity in H. pylori‐positive patients and normal mucosal appearance in H. pylori‐negative patients. Panmucosal gastritis both in the corpus and antrum and the prevalence of lymphoid follicles and lymphoid aggregates were more frequent in the H. pylori‐positive group (P < 0.01). None of the patients had atrophy, whereas 11 patients had intestinal metaplasia. Although positive correlation was obtained between lymphoid lesions and H. pylori density, no significant relation was established between intestinal metaplasia, lymphoid lesions and H. pylori density.ConclusionLymphoid follicles and lymphoid aggregates in gastric mucosa involving both antrum and corpus significantly correlated with H. pylori infection, H. pylori density and type of gastritis in children.
A rice chloroplast transit peptide sequence does not alter the cytoplasmic localization of sheep serotonin N‐acetyltransferase expressed in transgenic rice plants
Authors: Byeon Yeong , Lee Hyoung Yool , Lee Kyungjin , Back Kyoungwhan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEctopic overexpression of melatonin biosynthetic genes of animal origin has been used to generate melatonin‐rich transgenic plants to examine the functional roles of melatonin in plants. However, the subcellular localization of these proteins expressed in the transgenic plants remains unknown. We studied the localization of sheep (Ovis aries) serotonin N‐acetyltransferase (OaSNAT) and a translational fusion of a rice SNAT transit peptide to OaSNAT (TS:OaSNAT) in plants. Laser confocal microscopy analysis revealed that both OaSNAT and TS:OaSNAT proteins were localized to the cytoplasm even with the addition of the transit sequence to OaSNAT. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing the TS:OaSNAT fusion transgene exhibited high SNAT enzyme activity relative to untransformed wild‐type plants, but lower activity than transgenic rice plants expressing the wild‐type OaSNAT gene. Melatonin levels in both types of transgenic rice plant corresponded well with SNAT enzyme activity levels. The TS:OaSNAT transgenic lines exhibited increased seminal root growth relative to wild‐type plants, but less than in the OaSNAT transgenic lines, confirming that melatonin promotes root growth. Seed‐specific OaSNAT expression under the control of a rice prolamin promoter did not confer high levels of melatonin production in transgenic rice seeds compared with seeds from transgenic plants expressing OaSNAT under the control of the constitutive maize ubiquitin promoter.
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Compounds and Gelling Property of Whitecheek Shark (Carcharhinus Dussumieri) Mince as Affected by Washing and Microbial Transglutaminase
Authors: Chanarat Sochaya , Benjakul Soottawat , Xiong Youling 
Published: June 2014

AbstractChanges in nonprotein nitrogenous compounds and gelling properties of whitecheek shark (Carcharhinus dussumieri) meat during iced storage for 12 days were monitored. Total volatile base (TVB), trimethylamine (TMA) and ammonia contents increased, whereas urea content decreased during the storage (P < 0.05). TVB, TMA, urea and ammonia contents were lower in washed mince, indicating the removal of those compounds by washing. The addition of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase, 0.6 unit/g sample) was able to increase breaking force, deformation and water‐holding capacity of both gels from mince and washed mince. Nevertheless, gel strengthening effect of MTGase was lowered when mince or washed mince were obtained from shark stored for an extended time. Polymerization of myosin heavy chain was enhanced when MTGase was incorporated but took place at a lower degree for mince and washed mince produced from unfresh shark. Washing process in combination with MTGase addition could therefore improve gel quality of shark meat.Practical ApplicationsShark meat is a good source of protein, which could be a suitable source for surimi production. However, the meat is considered to have a low market value because of undesirable odor, which is mainly from the decomposition of urea to ammonia during extended storage. Appropriate washing to remove those compounds, along with the use of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), can be a promising means to improve the textural properties of gels from shark mince. Thus, shark meat can be better exploited, especially for the surimi industry.
Spatial and temporal patterns of larval dispersal in a coral‐reef fish metapopulation: evidence of variable reproductive success
Authors: Pusack Timothy J. , Christie Mark R. , Johnson Darren W. , Stallings Christopher D. , Hixon Mark A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMany marine organisms can be transported hundreds of kilometres during their pelagic larval stage, yet little is known about spatial and temporal patterns of larval dispersal. Although traditional population‐genetic tools can be applied to infer movement of larvae on an evolutionary timescale, large effective population sizes and high rates of gene flow present serious challenges to documenting dispersal patterns over shorter, ecologically relevant, timescales. Here, we address these challenges by combining direct parentage analysis and indirect genetic analyses over a 4‐year period to document spatial and temporal patterns of larval dispersal in a common coral‐reef fish: the bicolour damselfish (Stegastes partitus). At four island locations surrounding Exuma Sound, Bahamas, including a long‐established marine reserve, we collected 3278 individuals and genotyped them at 10 microsatellite loci. Using Bayesian parentage analysis, we identified eight parent‐offspring pairs, thereby directly documenting dispersal distances ranging from 0 km (i.e., self‐recruitment) to 129 km (i.e., larval connectivity). Despite documenting substantial dispersal and gene flow between islands, we observed more self‐recruitment events than expected if the larvae were drawn from a common, well‐mixed pool (i.e., a completely open population). Additionally, we detected both spatial and temporal variation in signatures of sweepstakes and Wahlund effects. The high variance in reproductive success (i.e., ‘sweepstakes’) we observed may be influenced by seasonal mesoscale gyres present in the Exuma Sound, which play a prominent role in shaping local oceanographic patterns. This study documents the complex nature of larval dispersal in a coral‐reef fish, and highlights the importance of sampling multiple cohorts and coupling both direct and indirect genetic methods in order disentangle patterns of dispersal, gene flow and variable reproductive success.
Within‐season variation in sexual selection in a fish with dynamic sex roles
Authors: Wacker Sebastian , Amundsen Trond , Forsgren Elisabet , Mobley Kenyon B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe strength of sexual selection may vary between species, among populations and within populations over time. While there is growing evidence that sexual selection may vary between years, less is known about variation in sexual selection within a season. Here, we investigate within‐season variation in sexual selection in male two‐spotted gobies (Gobiusculus flavescens). This marine fish experiences a seasonal change in the operational sex ratio from male‐ to female‐biased, resulting in a dramatic decrease in male mating competition over the breeding season. We therefore expected stronger sexual selection on males early in the season. We sampled nests and nest‐holding males early and late in the breeding season and used microsatellite markers to determine male mating and reproductive success. We first analysed sexual selection associated with the acquisition of nests by comparing nest‐holding males to population samples. Among nest‐holders, we calculated the potential strength of sexual selection and selection on phenotypic traits. We found remarkable within‐season variation in sexual selection. Selection on male body size related to nest acquisition changed from positive to negative over the season. The opportunity for sexual selection among nest‐holders was significantly greater early in the season rather than late in the season, partly due to more unmated males. Overall, our study documents a within‐season change in sexual selection that corresponds with a predictable change in the operational sex ratio. We suggest that many species may experience within‐season changes in sexual selection and that such dynamics are important for understanding how sexual selection operates in the wild.
Origins and functional diversification of salinity‐responsive Na+, K+ATPase α1 paralogs in salmonids
Authors: Dalziel Anne C. , Bittman Jesse , Mandic Milica , Ou Michelle , Schulte Patricia M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Salmoniform whole‐genome duplication is hypothesized to have facilitated the evolution of anadromy, but little is known about the contribution of paralogs from this event to the physiological performance traits required for anadromy, such as salinity tolerance. Here, we determined when two candidate, salinity‐responsive paralogs of the Na+, K+ ATPase α subunit (α1a and α1b) evolved and studied their evolutionary trajectories and tissue‐specific expression patterns. We found that these paralogs arose during a small‐scale duplication event prior to the Salmoniform, but after the teleost, whole‐genome duplication. The ‘freshwater paralog’ (α1a) is primarily expressed in the gills of Salmoniformes and an unduplicated freshwater sister species (Esox lucius) and experienced positive selection in the freshwater ancestor of Salmoniformes and Esociformes. Contrary to our predictions, the ‘saltwater paralog’ (α1b), which is more widely expressed than α1a, did not experience positive selection during the evolution of anadromy in the Coregoninae and Salmonine. To determine whether parallel mutations in Na+, K+ ATPase α1 may contribute to salinity tolerance in other fishes, we studied independently evolved salinity‐responsive Na+, K+ ATPase α1 paralogs in Anabas testudineus and Oreochromis mossambicus. We found that a quarter of the mutations occurring between salmonid α1a and α1b in functionally important sites also evolved in parallel in at least one of these species. Together, these data argue that paralogs contributing to salinity tolerance evolved prior to the Salmoniform whole‐genome duplication and that strong selection and/or functional constraints have led to parallel evolution in salinity‐responsive Na+, K+ ATPase α1 paralogs in fishes.
Deciphering the language of plant communication: volatile chemotypes of sagebrush
Authors: Karban Richard , Wetzel William C. , Shiojiri Kaori , Ishizaki Satomi , Ramirez Santiago R. , Blande James D. 
Published: June 2014

Summary

Volatile communication between sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) individuals has been found previously to reduce herbivory and to be more effective between individuals that are genetically identical or related relative to between strangers. The chemical nature of the cues involved in volatile communication remains unknown for this and other systems.

We collected headspace volatiles from sagebrush plants in the field and analyzed these using GC‐MS.

Volatile profiles were highly variable among individuals, but most individuals could be characterized as belonging to one of two chemotypes, dominated by either thujone or camphor. Analyses of parents and offspring revealed that chemotypes were highly heritable.

The ecological significance of chemotypes and the genetic mechanisms that control them remain poorly understood. However, we found that individuals of the same chemotype communicated more effectively and experienced less herbivory than individuals of differing chemotypes. Plants may use chemotypes to distinguish relatives from strangers.
Sinus Sternoclavicularis: A Congenital Cervical Sinus
Authors: Kargl Simon , Silye Rene , Pumberger Wolfgang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe try to characterize a previously rather neglected congenital cervical sinus located in the sternoclavicular area in five children. This sinus showed extension to the left sternoclavicular joint in all patients, so we call this congenital lesion “sinus sternoclavicularis.” With knowledge of this congenital lesion, diagnosis can easily be established based on case history and clinical examination; no further radiological tests are required. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. The chance of recurrence seems to be high because of misinterpretation of the lesion.
Piggyback‐Acquired Hypertrichosis
Authors: Farsani Terry T. , Kane Michaela J. , Kane Kay S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA 9‐month‐old girl exposed to 5% topical minoxidil for 2 months developed generalized hypertrichosis of the exposed and unexposed areas of her body. The infant's grandfather had been using minoxidil daily and then propping the baby on his shoulders for an hour or more a day. Minoxidil was eliminated from the child's environment and 4 months later her hair distribution returned to normal.
Childhood Mycosis Fungoides: Experience of 28 Patients and Response to Phototherapy
Authors: Laws Philip M. , Shear Neil H. , Pope Elena 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMycosis fungoides (MF), the most common cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL), is rare in childhood. The prognosis and response to treatment are poorly described in children. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the response to phototherapy in a pediatric cohort. A retrospective cohort study of all patients diagnosed with MF before the age of 18 years and referred to the regional CTCL phototherapy service was performed between January 1990 and April 2012. Twenty‐eight patients were identified (13 boys, 15 girls). The mean age at presentation was 11.6 ± 3.9 years. The hypopigmented variant was noted in 79% of patients. All patients had stage I disease (IA = 10, IB = 17, unknown = 1). The median follow‐up after diagnosis was 43 months (range 6–274 mos). Narrowband ultraviolet B (NbUVB; 311 nm) was used as first‐line phototherapy in 18 patients and psoralen (bath) plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) was used in 8 patients. Complete or partial response was observed in 19 of 22 patients (86%). A further course of phototherapy was required in 7 of 12 patients (58%) treated with NbUVB after a median of 4 months (range 4–29 mos). A further course of phototherapy was required in four of eight patients (50%) successfully treated with PUVA after a median of 45.5 months (range 30–87 mos). No disease progression was noted over the follow‐up (median 43 mos). The majority of patients in our cohort had hypopigmented MF. Phototherapy offers an effective option for treatment of childhood MF, although the period of remission may be greater in patients treated with PUVA.
Postvaccinal, Corticosteroid‐resistant Bullous Pemphigoid in Infancy: Treatment with Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Authors: Ister Marielle , Pouessel Guillaume , Ythier Hubert , Catteau Benoit , Carpentier Olivier 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disorder that typically affects elderly adults but can also occur in childhood. We report on a 3‐month‐old boy who developed bullous pemphigoid 1 week after the second routine administration of a hexavalent vaccine. The disease was resistant to standard therapies (including oral and topical corticosteroids) but was relieved by intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. There was no recurrence of bullous pemphigoid after the next vaccination (3 mos after discontinuation of steroids).
Anterior Cervical Hypertrichosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Megna Matteo , Balato Nicola , Patruno Cataldo , Ayala Fabio 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAnterior cervical hypertrichosis (ACH), or “hairy throat,” is a rare form of localized hypertrichosis that refers to the presence of a tuft of terminal hair on the anterior neck. Only 40 cases of ACH have been reported in the literature. Although it is usually an isolated finding, it may be associated with systemic disorders such as neurologic abnormalities (peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, mental retardation), ophthalmologic disorders (optic atrophy, chorioretinal changes), hallux valgus, and dorsal hypertrichosis. Thus it is strongly advised to take a thorough family history and to perform clinical examinations and investigations (neurologic and ophthalmologic examination, electromyography, X‐ray of the feet) in all patients with ACH to exclude possible associated abnormalities. We report the case of a 7‐year‐old Italian girl who presented with this condition as an isolated finding.
Differential defence responses of susceptible and resistant kimchi cabbage cultivars to anthracnose, black spot and black rot diseases
Authors: Lee Y. H. , Hong J. K. 
Published: June 2014

The resistance of 27 commercial kimchi cabbage cultivars against Colletotrichum higginsianum causing anthracnose was evaluated. Among the cultivars with different disease severity, three cultivars, CR‐Hagwang, CR‐Hwangrock and Houseking‐125, showed moderate resistance. Two cultivars, Buram‐3‐ho (susceptible) and CR‐Hagwang (moderate resistance), were chosen for further investigation. Severe necrotic lesions were observed on the C. higginsianum‐inoculated leaves in cv. Buram‐3‐ho, whereas only a few scattered spot lesions were formed on the inoculated leaves of cv. CR‐Hagwang. Interestingly, similar susceptibility and resistance were shown in both cultivars when inoculated by fungal (Alternaria brassicicola) or bacterial (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) pathogens causing black spot or black rot disease, respectively. Pathogenesis‐related (PR) gene expression was analysed during resistant and susceptible responses to anthracnose, black spot and black rot diseases. Semiquantitative RT‐PCR analysis revealed that the transcriptional activation of PR1, BGL2, Chi1, PR4, VSP2, LOX2 and GST1 were differentially regulated in the kimchi leaves during resistant, as compared to susceptible, responses. In addition, the PR gene expression was regulated by defence‐related hormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene. Taken together, these results suggest that differential defence signalling crosstalk and PR gene expression are involved in cultivar‐specific resistance of kimchi cabbage plants to anthracnose, black spot and black rot diseases, and that resistance is strongly associated with the hormone‐dependent transcriptional induction of defence genes.
Could There Be a Superhuman Species?
Authors: Oderberg David S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTranshumanism is the school of thought that advocates the use of technology to enhance the human species, to the point where some supporters consider that a new species altogether could arise. Even some critics think this at least a technological possibility. Some supporters also believe the emergence of a new, improved, superhuman species raises no special ethical questions. Through an examination of the metaphysics of species, and an analysis of the essence of the human species, I argue that the existence of an embodied, genuinely superhuman species is a metaphysical impossibility. Finally, I point out an interesting ethical consideration that this metaphysical truth raises.
Precipitation but not soil texture alters effectiveness of dicyandiamide to decrease nitrate leaching from dairy cow urine
Authors: Shepherd M. , Welten B. , Wyatt J. , Balvert S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis experiment compared the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) in decreasing NO3‐N leaching from dairy cow urine (1000 kg N/ha equivalent). DCD was applied to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) on three soil types (silt loam, sandy loam and clay) and under two precipitation regimes using intact soil monolith zero tension lysimeters (50 cm diameter by 65 cm deep). Over the two experiment years, annual precipitation (rainfall plus supplemented irrigation) covered the range 1103 to 2351 mm. Soil type affected the forms of N that leached after urine application. Most urea was lost from the clay soil in the first drainage collections after application. Ammonium‐N leached from the sandy soil. Apart from one soil type (sandy loam) giving a nil response to DCD in 1 yr, there was no strong evidence that soil type changed DCD effectiveness (the amount of NO3‐N retained, expressed as a percentage of the NO3‐N leached from untreated urine). Where DCD decreased leaching, effectiveness ranged between 6 and 57% with a mean value of 34 ± 5%. Drainage depth explained 50% of the variation in DCD effectiveness (P < 0.05) and indicated a 7% decrease per 100 mm extra drainage. Extra pasture growth and N uptake were strongly related to the amount of N saved by DCD application. We conclude that there may be scope to use rainfall/drainage as an estimate of likely DCD effectiveness at a site, but further work is required to test this across a wider range of circumstances.
Antagonism of serotonin receptor 1B decreases viability and promotes apoptosis in the COS canine osteosarcoma cell line
Authors: Viall A. K. , Goodall C. P. , Stang B. , Marley K. , Chappell P. E. , Bracha S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSerotonin receptor 1B (5HTR1B) traditionally exhibits anti‐proliferative activity in osteoblasts. We examined the expression and function of 5HTR1B in the COS canine osteosarcoma cell line and normal canine osteoblasts. Equal levels of 5HTR1B gene and protein expression were found between normal and malignant osteoblasts. Treatment with serotonin enhanced viability of osteosarcoma cells but not normal osteoblasts. Challenge with the 5HTR1B agonist anpirtoline caused no change in cell viability. Rather incubation with the specific receptor antagonist SB224289 caused reduction in osteoblast viability, with this effect more substantial in osteosarcoma cells. Investigation of this inhibitory activity showed 5HTR1B antagonism induces apoptosis in malignant cells. Evaluation of phosphorylated levels of CREB and ERK, transcriptional regulators associated with serotonin receptor signalling in osteoblasts, revealed aberrant 5HTR1B signalling in COS. Our results confirm the presence of 5HTR1B in a canine osteosarcoma cell line and highlight this receptor as a possible novel therapeutic target.