bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weapons Materials
Authors: Micheels Georges , Gavage Xavier 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTFor many years, firearm's design has been based on extensive use of traditional metallic materials.Regarding operating conditions severity, it was a comfortable position.In the last fifteen years, users requirements were growing (weight budget, cost reduction, …) and designers had to consider potential use of new materials.During P90 sub-machine-gun design, introduction of reinforced fiber composites like polyarylamide IXEF® induced design methodology reconsideration.It was the first use of a material having highly temperature sensitive mechanical characteristics.As environmental temperature became a key factor, failure modes analysis and performance assessment methods needed to be reviewed.Those changes brought use of new scientific tools during design stage like structural dynamic analysis (experimental and finite elements computation), fatigue computation, mechanical simulation, … Testing programs and methods were also adapted in order to put in evidence environmental effects on product performance.Thanks to this design process reengineering, performance goals have been achieved and user's safety has been preserved.
Understanding the thermal degradation of an electric fire-resistant cable
Authors: Henrist Catherine , Rulmont André , Cloots Rudi , Beyer Guenter 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe processing of fire-resistant non-halogeneted electric cables is a specific challenge. Metal hydroxides have always been extensively used as fillers in the insulating polymer sheaths. Recently, an hydrated zinc borate has been said to act in synergy with the traditionnal aluminium trihydroxide. We report the results of a microstructural investigation of a cable containing zinc borate in combination with aluminium trihydroxide, submitted to different heat treatments in order to get information about the structural modifications and the degradation of the electrical properties. We conclude with a short proposal to improve its efficiency.
Stress Analysis of 4-Point Bend Test for Thin Film Adhesion
Authors: Roham Sassan , Hardikar Kedar , Woytowitz Peter 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFour point bend (4PB) tests are currently used to characterize the adhesive strength of thin films. Of particular interest are low k films whose strength properties are normally less than traditional dielectrics. A finite element analysis (FEA) of a 4PB specimen is conducted in order to better understand the results and limitations of such testing. We discuss the classical equation used to convert 4PB test data into fracture energy and have validated this classical formula using finite element analysis. We also present a theory that explains one possible reason for the occurrence of anomalous test results where the film fails in a cohesive rather than an adhesive mode.
Grain Boundary Characters and Sliding of [0001] Symmetric Tilt Boundaries in Alumina
Authors: Matsunaga Katsuyuki , Nishimura Hitoshi , Muto Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Takahisa , Ikuhara Yuichi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBicrystal experiments were performed to investigate atomic structures and high-temperature creep properties of [0001] symmetric tilt grain boundaries in Al2O3. Al2O3 bicrystals with Σ7, Σ31 and Σ39 boundaries were fabricated by a diffusion bonding technique, and their atomic arrangements at the grain boundary cores were analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), in combination with static lattice calculations based on two-body ionic potentials. Compressive creep tests were also conducted to examine the behavior of grain boundary sliding for the above bicrystals. It was found that the behavior of grain boundary sliding depends on the grain boundary characters, whereas the trend of grain boundary sliding was not related to their Σ values. In contrast, HRTEM observations showed that the Σ31 boundary exhibiting the highest sliding rate has open spaces at the boundary core. Since grain boundary diffusion is expected to accommodate strains at grain boundary cores during sliding, it is likely that such open spaces give rise to high diffusivity at the grain boundary core, which results in the rapid grain boundary sliding of Σ31.
Whipspiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi) in amber from the Early Eocene and mid-Cretaceous, including maternal care
Authors: Engel Michael S. , Grimaldi David A 
Published: January 2015

Two new genera and species of fossil whipspiders (Chelicerata: Arachnida: Amblypygi) are described from Tertiary and Cretaceous ambers of southern Asia. Paracharonopsis cambayensis Engel & Grimaldi, new genus and species, preserved in Cambay amber of Ypresian age from western India is the first Tertiary and Asian fossil of the Paleoamblypygi, a highly relict taxon that includes the Late Carboniferous genus Graeophonus Scudder and the living West African species Paracharon caecus Hansen. Paracharonopsis cambayensis is one of the few examples in Cambay amber of a biotic connection to Africa; most taxa show widespread or Laurasian distributions. Kronocharon prendinii Engel & Grimaldi, new genus and species, is the first Cretaceous amber whipspider and putatively a sister group to the Phrynoidea (= Apulvillata). The holotype female of K. prendinii is preserved with the remains of three nymphs near her, documenting the Early Cretaceous presence of the extended maternal care so distinctive for the order, and a behavioral repertoire widespread among arachnids.
Adaptation to Climate Change in Industry: Improving Resource Efficiency through Sustainable Production Applications
Authors: Alkaya Emrah , Bogurcu Merve , Ulutas Ferda , Demirer Göksel Niyazi 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to investigate the climate change adaptation opportunities of six companies from different sectors through resource efficiency and sustainable production. A total of 77 sustainable production options were developed for the companies based on the audits conducted. After screening these opportunities with each company's staff, 19 options were selected and implemented. Significant water savings (849,668 m3/year) were achieved as a result of the applications that targeted reduction of water use. In addition to water savings, the energy consumption was reduced by 3,607 MWh, which decreased the CO2 emissions by 904.1 tons/year. Moreover, the consumption of 278.4 tons/year of chemicals (e.g., NaCl, CdO, NaCN) was avoided, thus the corresponding pollution load to the wastewater treatment plant was reduced. Besides the tangible improvements, other gains were achieved, such as improved product quality, improved health and safety conditions, reduced maintenance requirements, and ensured compliance with national and EU regulations. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first ever activity in Turkey devoted to climate change adaptation in the private sector. This study may serve as a building block in Turkey for the integration of climate change adaptation and mitigation approach in the industry, since water efficiency (adaptation) and carbon reduction (mitigation) are achieved simultaneously.
Effects of LB Broth, Naphthalene Concentration, and Acetone on the Naphthalene Degradation Activities by Pseudomonas putida G7
Authors: Chang Su‐yun , Liu Xue‐gong , Ren Bi‐qiong , Liu Bo , Zhang Kai , Zhang Honggui , Wan Yao 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT: Luria‐Bertani broth and acetone were usually used in naphthalene degradation experiments as nutrient and solvent. However, their effect on the degradation was seldom mentioned. In this work, we investigated the effect of LB, naphthalene concentration, and acetone on the degradation of naphthalene by Pseudomonas putida G7, which is useful for the degradation of naphthalene on future field remediation. By adding LB, the naphthalene degradation efficiencies and naphthalene dioxygenase were both decreased by 98%, while the catechol dioxygenase was decreased by 90%. Degradation of naphthalene was also inhibited when naphthalene concentration was 56 ppm and higher, which was accompanied with the accumulation of orange‐colored metabolism products. However, acetone can stimulate the degradation of naphthalene, and the stimulation was more obvious when naphthalene concentration was lower than 2000 ppm. By assaying the enzyme activities of naphthalene dioxygenase and catechol dioxygenase, it was thought that the degradation efficiency was depending on the more sensitive enzymes on the complicated conditions.
Oskar Kolberg (1814–1890) the Founder of Musical Ethnography in Poland
Authors: Dahlig Piotr 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The article presents the greatest Polish ethnographer, who was
also a professionally educated musician. He concentrated his
activities on the oral musical culture, still vital in the 19th century
but liable to changes. Culture studies by Kolberg concerned
mainly rural communities, statistically dominating in those times.
He planned to edit 60 volumes geographically covering the first
Polish State from before 1772; he managed to print 33 of them in his
lifetime and prepare many further anthologies for editing. Up till now,
the editorial work is still in progress. The already edited 80 volumes
show us an old social culture, folk ceremonies, musical repertoire
including ritual singing, songs and instrumental pieces. Kolberg’s
printed monument is a source of reflection on the past and can
inspire social studies, ethnomusicological research as well as musical
ensembles performing traditional ethnic music of peasant origin.
The size of Kolberg’s documentation means that a special Institute
of Oskar Kolberg had to be established to continue editorial and research
work.

In spite of his positivistic and empirical attitude, Kolberg
still kept a romantic faith in the significance of folk songs and
singing for the preservation of national components in cultural
consciousness. Simultaneously, he developed a model for structural
analysis of popular/folk culture and intended to build a cultural atlas
of the country, building on the work of his father, professor of the
University of Warsaw, an outstanding cartographer. But the core
of Kolberg’s programme, its “planetary centre”, was always music.
It was music that gave him the stimulus to interpret the culture of
Central-Eastern Europe. To preserve regional diversity, he wrote down
more than 20 thousand vocal melodies, song texts and instrumental
pieces, paying special attention to variants and ornamentation.
For the contemporary composer, Kolberg’s volumes are a useful
musical reader. These huge anthologies of elementary but highly
integrated musical concepts demonstrate the collective creativity and
a fascinating prefiguration of mass culture, still open to symbols
and to poetry. Kolberg’s music transcriptions, catching music in the
process of performance, should not be treated as unchangeable patterns
for copying, but rather as a source that helps understand creativity
in traditional oral culture.
Oskar Kolberg’s Study of the Musical Culture of the Hutsuls
Authors: Smoluch Łukasz 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Henryk Oskar Kolberg (1814–1890), a musician, composer,
the greatest Polish ethnographer and one of the fathers of European
ethnomusicology, collected over 20,000 folk songs, dances, and
instrumental melodies from the territory of today’s Poland, Belarus,
Ukraine and other Slavic countries. The musical culture of the Hutsuls
was an object of Oskar Kolberg’s interest in the late 1870s and early
1880s. The research material related to this region was collected
by Kolberg, similarly as in other regions, from two different types
of sources. The core of his work consisted of field notes written down
during his few trips to that region. Another way of collecting information
for Kolberg’s publication included an extensive study of already
published resources – historical and ethnographical works, collections
of songs, short articles, etc. Kolberg’s study of the musical culture of the
Hutsuls is a very valuable source for the history of the culture of this
part of Europe.
Les tourbières de France : répartition, caractères biogéographiques, fonctionnement écologique et dynamique, valeur patrimoniale (French Peat-bogs : localisation, biogeographic characters, ecological functionning, patrimonial value)
Authors: Julve Philippe 
Published: January 2015

Mires may occur in all regions of France. The biggest areas may be found at mountainous level for shagnum-mires, and in alluvial valleys of northern half for carex-mires.
The two process of mire creation, paludification and terrestrialization may occur everywhere, giving birth, according different kinds of water supply, to topogenous mires, limnogenous mires, soligenous mires and ombrogenous mires.
Each mire type may change dynamically, from a geotrophous stage towards an ombrotrophous stage, which one may receive lateral income, or develop through natural or artificial drainage into a mineralized stage. Outside dynamic and hydric characters, edaphical and climatic factors are responsible of the extraordinary diversity of french mires.
Situated at the margin of the optimal area of mires, mires of France have an international level of patrimonial value, which is recognized in the protection of some of them.
Impact de l'environnement agricole sur une tourbière de maar ; conséquences pour sa protection (Impact of agricultural surroundings on a maar peat bog ; consequences for its conservation)
Authors: Josien Etienne , Tort Maryse 
Published: January 2015

Parmi les tourbières de maar du Velay, seul le Marais de Limagne a, pour des raisons d'ordre historique (conflits entre les deux communes propriétaires), été préservé des profondes détériorations qui ont affecté les sites comparables (exploitation de la tourbe, drainage et « mise en valeur agricole », rejet d'eaux usées...). Sous arrêté de protection de biotope depuis 1987, en raison notamment de sa richesse floristique (7 espèces protégées par le décret de janvier 1982), il fait l'objet d'observations régulières.
L'apparition ou l'extension, en quelques années, dans le bas-marais, d'espèces indicatrices d'enrichissement en minéraux, a conduit à une étude de l'impact de l'activité agricole du bassin versant sur la zone humide.
En 1991, année de sécheresse, les eaux du marais présentent un gradient de concentration en nitrates décroissant de la périphérie vers le centre, les eaux de la ceinture externe étant, en outre, plus riches face aux zones cultivées ou pâturées que face aux zones boisées. Dans les sols des flancs du maar, on n'enregistre aucune trace d'accumulation.
En 1992, année pluvieuse, le gradient de concentration se retrouve à la fois pour les nitrates (avec des teneurs plus élevées qu'en 1991) et pour le phosphore. Dans le même temps, les sols agricoles révèlent une teneur en nitrates plus importante en profondeur qu'en surface d'une part, en bas de pente d'autre part.
Dans le même temps, l'analyse d'un maximum de données sur l'agro-écosystème maar a été entreprise. Elle montre que le lessivage et le ruissellement sont potentiellement importants. De plus, les systèmes de cultures génèrent un certain nombre de risques : prairies temporaires de courte durée, niveau de fertilisation modeste mais souvent supérieur aux exportations. Ainsi, le Marais de Limagne est dans une situation à risques, au moins en année très humide. Une solution, respectant les activités agricoles (dans un département menacé de désertification) et limitant de manière sensible les intrants dans la zone humide, consisterait en une transformation des parcelles ceinturant le marais en prairies permanentes fauchées. La D.D.A.F. a retenu ce site pour la mise en oeuvre des mesures agrienvironnementales de la C.E.E. Mais la solution proposée pourrait se heurter à deux obstacles : absence d'intérêt des agriculteurs pour la tourbière ; rivalité latente entre les deux communes sur lesquelles se trouve le marais.
Démarche et programme de restauration et d'aménagement d'un marais anciennement cultivé, les marais d'Orx (Landes) (A plan for the restoration and management of a previously cultivated marsh, les marais d'Orx, Landes, France)
Authors: Charmoy François , Blanchon Jean-Jacques 
Published: January 2015

Les marais d'Orx sont situés au Sud du département des Landes, proches de l'Atlantique (4 km). Ils sont la propriété du Conservatoire du Littoral et des Rivages Lacustres (775 ha, achetés avec la participation du W.W.F. en 1989). Transformés en polder dans les années 1970, la culture du maïs a été abandonnée car elle n'était plus rentable. Les eaux ont reconquis les deux parties les plus basses (1985 pour le marais central, 1988 pour le marais barrage).
Il est entouré par une digue qui l'isole des apports d'eau des bassins versants. L'eau de pluie (1150 mm, tombée dans le marais est évacuée par pompage dans le canal périphérique. L'eau douce est fortement eutrophisée et trouble du fait de son passé agricole.
Situé sur l'important couloir occidental de migration, il accueille un grand nombre d'espèces d'oiseaux (213) pendant des périodes de plus en plus longues. C'est un site d'intérêt international (Grue, Spatule, Canard Souchet, Sarcelle d'hiver...).
Les objectifs de la restauration de cette zone humide sont :
- favoriser les haltes migratoires et la reproduction de certaines espèces menacées ;
- privilégier la sensibilisation du public sur les valeurs patrimoniales des milieux naturels humides ;
- maintenir une zone naturelle en équilibre au cœur d'une région à fortes activités touristiques.
Pour cela, il a été établi un programme d'aménagement intégrant les préoccupations écologiques et paysagères, afin de dégager des vocations contrastées et complémentaires des trois unités fonctionnelles du marais.
Faire connaître les zones humides, annexes des cours d'eau (Raising awareness of wet areas attached to watercourses)
Authors: Wolff Jean-Claude , Montbrun Marie-Dominique 
Published: January 2015

L'Agence de l'Eau Seine-Normandie intervient techniquement et financièrement, depuis 1964, pour assurer une répartition des ressources en eau, en qualité et en quantité, entre les divers usagers. Depuis une dizaine d'années, à l'occasion des travaux d'aménagement et d'entretien des cours d'eau, la préservation du patrimoine « vivant » rentre également dans ses préoccupations.
Dans ce cadre, une meilleure connaissance des zones humides annexes des cours d'eau a été recherchée lors d'études préalables à des travaux ou bien par des investigations spécifiques.
Actuellement, l'agence de l'eau cherche a compléter son action de conseil aux décideurs par une information du grand public et plus particulièrement des jeunes. La diffusion du film vidéo « entre terre et rivière », élaboré par des spécialistes scientifiques, grâce à des images fortes et une structure pédagogique, répond à cet objectif.
Cette sensibilisation constitue une des actions visant à lever les obstacles à la préservation des zones humides. Parallèlement, d'autres réflexions d'ordre technique et économique se poursuivent.
Age and body composition influence TSH concentrations after administration of rhTSH
Authors: von Müller F. , Happel C. , Kranert W. T. , Grünwald F. , Holthausen F. F. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryAim: Previous studies listed body surface area (BSA), lean body mass (LBM), and age as modifying factors on the TSH concentrations after administration of recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH). The purpose of this study was to identify the main modifying factors on serum TSH levels and to compare the stimulation via single rhTSH injection after a short thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) with that of the standard stimulating protocol. Patients, methods: 106 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) undergoing radioiodine therapy (RIT) after rhTSH administration were obtained through chart review. Two groups were evaluated: Group I was treated with a single rhTSH administration after two weeks of T3 therapy followed by one week of THW. Group II was stimulated according to the international standard protocol via rhTSH injections for two consecutive days. Serum TSH concentrations were documented prior to rhTSH administration (day 1 TSH), one day after (day 3 TSH) and 3–6 days after (mean 4.2 days, day 6 TSH) the last rhTSH injection. The following data was collected: age, gender, weight, height, BMI, LBM, BSA, residual thyroid tissue, CRP, creatinine, GFR, liver enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Results: Group I: Age combined with anthropometric factors like BMI (TSH increase and day 6 TSH), BSA (TSH decrease), and gender (day 6 TSH) are the main modifying factors on serum TSH concentrations after rhTSH administration. Group II: Age and lean body mass (LBM) showed a significant impact on day 3 TSH, TSH increase (day 3-day 1), and TSH decrease (day 6-day 3). Day 6 TSH was found to be influenced by GFR (group II). Conclusion: Age and anthropometric parameters have significant independent influence on TSH concentrations after rhTSH injection in both groups. Anthropometric parameters (BSA, LBM) and demographic parameters (female gender) show strong influence on TSH concentrations. Further research should be conducted to examine the influence of body compartments on TSH levels through measuring total body water.
A RIPK3–Caspase 8 Complex Mediates Atypical Pro–IL-1β Processing
Authors: Moriwaki Kenta , Bertin John , Gough Peter J. , Chan Francis Ka-Ming 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Caspase 8, the initiator caspase for death receptor–induced apoptosis, functions as a negative regulator of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), an essential factor for TNF-, TLR3-, and TLR4-induced necroptosis. In certain situations, caspase 8 can also participate in pro–IL-1β processing. However, the biochemical complex that mediates caspase 8–mediated processing is not defined. In this study, we show that RIPK3 is crucial for caspase 1– and caspase 8–mediated pro–IL-1β and pro–IL-18 processing in bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in response to LPS stimulation. Caspase 8–mediated pro–IL-1β processing requires intact RIPK1, RIPK3, TRIF, and FADD. In response to LPS, a complex that contains RIPK1, RIPK3, FADD, and caspase 8 is formed. Surprisingly, RIPK3-specific kinase inhibitors strongly enhanced caspase 8 activation and pro–IL-1β processing in LPS-stimulated BMDCs. However, studies in BMDCs expressing the kinase-inactive RIPK3-K51A mutant or RIPK1-K45A mutant showed that the kinase activity of neither RIPK1 nor RIPK3 is required for LPS-induced caspase 8 activation and IL-1β secretion. Hence, RIPK3 is an unexpected positive regulator of caspase 8 activity that promotes IL-1β maturation in BMDCs.
Goed of fout
Authors: Bennis Hans , Hinskens Frans 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Modern colloquial standard Dutch has a number of features involving non-standard inflection (verbal, adnominal, pronominal; involving gender, person, number and case), which appear to participate in ongoing processes of deflection. We focus on ten constructions, nine of which concern non-standard inflection. After discussing each phenomenon from the perspective of its place in the grammatical system, we introduce an online survey on the evaluation and reported use of each phenomenon. Sociobiographical background data are available for over 1600 of the respondents, a third of whom claim to speak a specific Dutch dialect. The data for the 1515 Dutch respondents for each feature are analysed quantitatively on three different scales, as well as on a dialect-standard scale, for the reported own use as well as the perceived use in the respondents’ environments. The features appear to be stratified both according to evaluation and style. Several features turn out to be sensitive to the speakers’ dialect background, only few of them to sociobiographical background and a third subset to neither. At least one phenomenon seems to be subject to ongoing change, driven by age; some phenomena have de facto been elevated to the standard norm. In the patterning of the phenomena studied, internal grammatical factors do not appear to play a significant role as against sociolinguistic ones. Especially perceptual and evaluative considerations appear to determine the results.