bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Marginal Bone Loss around Oral Implants the Result of a Provoked Foreign Body Reaction?
Authors: Albrektsson Tomas , Dahlin Christer , Jemt Torsten , Sennerby Lars , Turri Alberto , Wennerberg Ann 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundWhen a foreign body is placed in bone or soft tissue, an inflammatory reaction inevitably develops. Hence, osseointegration is but a foreign body response to the implant, which according to classic pathology is a chronic inflammatory response and characterized by bone embedding/separation of the implant from the body.PurposeThe aim of this paper is to suggest an alternative way of looking at the reason for marginal bone loss as a complication to treatment rather than a disease process.Materials and MethodsThe present paper is authored as a narrative review contribution.ResultsThe implant‐enveloping bone has sparse blood circulation and is lacking proper innervation in clear contrast to natural teeth that are anchored in bone by a periodontal ligament rich in blood vessels and nerves. Fortunately, a balanced, steady state situation of the inevitable foreign body response will be established for the great majority of implants, seen as maintained osseointegration with no or only very little marginal bone loss. Marginal bone resorption around the implant is the result of different tissue reactions coupled to the foreign body response and is not primarily related to biofilm‐mediated infectious processes as in the pathogenesis of periodontitis around teeth. This means that initial marginal bone resorption around implants represents a reaction to treatment and is not at all a disease process. There is clear evidence that the initial foreign body response to the implant can be sustained and aggravated by various factors related to implant hardware, patient characteristics, surgical and/or prosthodontic mishaps, which may lead to significant marginal bone loss and possibly to implant failure. Admittedly, once severe marginal bone loss has developed, a secondary biofilm‐mediated infection may follow as a complication to the already established bone loss.ConclusionsThe present authors regard researchers seeing marginal bone loss as a periodontitis‐like disease to be on the wrong track; the onset of marginal bone loss around oral implants depends in reality on a dis‐balanced foreign body response.
Endgame: engaging the tobacco industry in its own elimination
Authors: Ioannidis John P. A. , Henriksen Lisa , Prochaska Judith J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA billion deaths from tobacco are expected by 2100. Many policy interventions such as increased taxation, restrictions on advertisement, smoking bans, as well as behavioral interventions, such as pharmacological and psychological treatments for smoking cessation, decrease tobacco use, but they reach their limits. Endgame scenarios focusing on tobacco supply rather than demand are increasingly discussed, but meet with resistance by the industry and even by many tobacco control experts. A main stumbling block that requires more attention is what to do with the tobacco industry in endgame scenarios. This industry has employed notoriously talented experts in law, business, organization, marketing, advertising, strategy, policy, and statistics and has tremendous lobbying power. Performance‐based regulatory approaches can pose a legal obligation on manufacturers to decrease – and eventually – eliminate tobacco products according to specified schedules. Penalties and rewards can make such plans both beneficial for public health and attractive to the companies that do the job well. We discuss caveats and reality checks of engaging the tobacco industry to eliminate its current market and change focus. Brainstorming is warranted to entice the industry to abandon tobacco for other profit goals. To get the dialogue started, we propose the wild possibility of hiring former tobacco companies to reduce the costs of healthcare, thereby addressing concurrently two major challenges to public health.
Status epilepticus as a system disturbance: Is status epilepticus due to synchronization or desynchronization?
Authors: Cash Sydney S. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThe traditional view of seizure activity is one in which there is extreme hypersynchronization. Although what is meant by hypersynchronization is rarely explicitly and fully defined, it can be understood to imply large numbers of neurons firing together essentially simultaneously. In this discussion we explore the possibility that seizures—both self‐terminating and sustained in status—are not purely synchronous in time or in space. We investigate the alternative possibility that much seizure activity represents spatiotemporal desynchronization. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility that, in contrast to canonical views of epileptic activity, a high degree of synchronization is a prerequisite for termination of the seizure rather than a marker of early and ongoing seizure activity. These ideas will be discussed with reference to results from our collaborative group based on microelectrode recordings in patients with epilepsy as well as to the many studies done by others in both patients and animal models. Finally, we will explore implications for these hypotheses in the treatment of patients with epilepsy and in status epilepticus.
Absentee Mothering – Not So Absent? Responses of European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Mothers to Pup Distress Calls
Authors: Rödel Heiko G. , Landmann Christina , Starkloff Anett , Kunc Hansjörg P. , Hudson Robyn 
Published: September 2013

AbstractLonger‐range acoustic parent‐offspring communication is widespread, but might be absent in species in which young are hidden in burrows during the mother's absence. The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is such a species, with unusually limited maternal care largely restricted to a short daily nursing bout. Based, however, on evidence of frequent infanticide in this species, we hypothesize that rabbits possess a mechanism promoting a maternal response to pup distress calls. We conducted playback experiments with distress calls of pre‐weaning pups played next to the breeding burrows of mothers in a field enclosure (i.e. next to the burrows where mothers give birth and raise their young). Calls were played shortly after pups were born (T1) when infanticide risk is maximal, and shortly before the pups start dispersing from the breeding burrow (T2). A high proportion of mothers (60.6%) responded to pup calls by rapidly returning to their breeding burrow and 40% of them investigated the area around the entrance. Return responses to the playback of pup calls did not differ between mothers during T1 and T2. Thus, our results confirm that rabbit mothers respond rapidly to pup distress calls and that this responsiveness may adaptively serve to repel potentially infanticidal females.
Retrospective Outcome Analyses for Headaches in a Pain Rehabilitation Interdisciplinary Program
Authors: Zheng Yuxi , Tepper Stewart J. , Covington Edward C. , Mathews Manu , Scheman Judith 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundIncapacitating chronic migraine and other severe headaches can have significant impact on peoples' lives, including family and occupational functioning. Although a number of reports have investigated the prevalence and medical treatment of chronic headache, few have reported on the efficacy of treating these disorders within a comprehensive, intensive chronic pain rehabilitation program (CPRP), instead of a headache‐specific program. CPRPs provide treatment of headache by focusing not only on physical pain, but also its association with impaired mood and function.MethodsWe examined the efficacy of CPRP in patients with chronic headache via a retrospective analysis of 123 patients (76.4% female), ages 21 to 85, who completed the CPRP at the Cleveland Clinic between January 2007 and December 2011, and were diagnosed using International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition and International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition revision, with migraine or headache as a major complaint. Outcome measures included: pain intensity scores present at the moment of questioning where 10 is the maximal (0‐10/10), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) scores, (measuring mood), and Pain Disability Index scores (measuring function). Repeated measures t‐tests were used.ResultsAverage pain score on admission was 6.4, and 3.4 upon discharge. Average function on admission was moderately impaired, and normalized on discharge. The average depression score was in the moderate range, and had normalized on discharge. The average anxiety score on admission was in the severe range and was in the mild range on discharge.ConclusionsResults indicate that individuals had statistically and clinically meaningful improvement in pain, mood, and function. Data suggest that an interdisciplinary CPRP approach for patients diagnosed with headache can be effective in helping to decrease pain, as well as normalize mood and function. Thus, CPRPs serve as an alternative treatment to multidisciplinary headache programs, interventional pain techniques, and primary care standard headache care.
Maternal Butalbital Use and Selected Defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Authors: Browne Marilyn L. , Van Zutphen Alissa R. , Botto Lorenzo D. , Louik Carol , Richardson Sandra , Druschel Charlotte M. 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundButalbital is a barbiturate contained in combination products with caffeine and an analgesic prescribed for the treatment of migraine and tension‐type headaches. Controversy exists as to whether butalbital should continue to be prescribed in the United States because of the potential for abuse, overuse headache, and withdrawal syndromes. Butalbital crosses the placenta but there is limited information about potential teratogenicity.ObjectiveTo evaluate associations between butalbital and a wide range of specific birth defects.MethodsThe National Birth Defects Prevention Study is an ongoing, case–control study of nonsyndromic, major birth defects conducted in 10 states. The detailed case classification and large number of cases in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study allowed us to examine the association between maternal self‐reported butalbital use and specific birth defects. We conducted an analysis of 8373 unaffected controls and 21,090 case infants with estimated dates of delivery between 1997 and 2007; included were birth defects with 250 or more cases. An exploratory analysis examined groups with 100 to 249 cases.ResultsSeventy‐three case mothers and 15 control mothers reported periconceptional butalbital use. Of 30 specific defect groups evaluated, adjusted odds ratios for maternal periconceptional butalbital use were statistically significant for 3 congenital heart defects: tetralogy of Fallot (adjusted odds ratio = 3.04; 95% confidence interval = 1.07−8.62), pulmonary valve stenosis (adjusted odds ratio = 5.73; 95% confidence interval = 2.25−14.62), and secundum‐type atrial septal defect (adjusted odds ratio = 3.06; 95% confidence interval = 1.07−8.79). In the exploratory analysis, an elevated odds ratio was detected for 1 congenital heart defect, single ventricle.ConclusionsWe observed relationships between maternal periconceptional butalbital use and certain congenital heart defects. These associations have not been reported before, and some may be spurious. Butalbital use was rare and despite the large size of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, the number of exposed case and control infants was small. However, if confirmed in additional studies, our findings will be useful in weighing the risks and benefits of butalbital for the treatment of migraine and tension‐type headaches.
Renal impairment during the treatment of telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Fukuda Kazuto , Imai Yasuharu , Hiramatsu Naoki , Irishio Keiko , Igura Takumi , Sawai Yoshiyuki , Kogita Sachiyo , Makino Yuki , Mizumoto Rui , Matsumoto Yasushi , Nakahara Masanori , Zushi Sinichiro , Kajiwara Nobuyuki , Oze Tsugiko , Kawata Sumio , Hayashi Norio , Takehara Tetsuo 
Published: September 2013

AimRenal damage has been reported as an important complication during combination treatment of peginterferon (PEG IFN), ribavirin (RBV) and telaprevir (TVR) for chronic hepatitis C. However, very little is known about this complication. We investigated the role TVR plays in renal damage during this triple therapy.MethodsTwenty‐five chronic hepatitis C patients with genotype 1 and high viral load received TVR in combination with PEG IFN and RBV for 12 weeks followed by treatment with PEG IFN and RBV. Renal function of these patients was prospectively evaluated for 16 weeks.ResultsCreatinine clearance decreased significantly during PEG IFN/RBV/TVR treatment. Consequently, serum creatinine and cystatin C significantly rose during PEG IFN/RBV/TVR treatment. Serum creatinine returned to pretreatment levels after the termination of TVR. The increase of serum creatinine and cystatin C from baseline significantly correlated with serum TVR level at day 7, which was determined by starting dose of TVR per bodyweight . When the patients were classified according to the starting dose of TVR per bodyweight, renal impairment was observed only in the high‐dose (TVR ≥33 mg/kg per day) group, not in the low‐dose (TVR <33 mg/kg per day) group.ConclusionThese results suggest that TVR dose per bodyweight is important for the occurrence of renal impairment in PEG IFN/RBV/TVR treatment.
Fabrication and characterization of polymer composites for endodontic use
Authors: Alhashimi R. , Mannocci F. , Foxton R. , Deb S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimTo develop a low‐density polyethylene–hydroxyapatite (HA‐PE) composite with properties tailored to function as a potential root canal filling material.MethodologyHydroxyapatite and polyethylene mixed with strontium oxide as a radiopacifier were extruded from a single screw extruder fitted with an appropriate die to form fibres. The composition of the composite was optimized with clinical handling and placement in the canal being the prime consideration. The fibres were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and their thermal properties determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the composite fibres and gutta‐percha were compared, dry and after 1 month storage in simulated body fluid (SBF), using a universal testing machine. The radiopacity of the fibres was determined using digital radiography. The interaction of the composites with eugenol was evaluated and compared with gutta‐percha. Data of the tensile test were submitted to two‐way anova and Bonferroni tests (P < 0.05).ResultsThe endothermic peaks obtained from the DSC studies showed that the melting point of the HA/PE composites ranged between 110.5 and 111.2 °C, whereas gutta‐percha exhibited a melting point at 52 °C. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the silanated HA/PE composites were significantly higher than those of gutta‐percha (P < 0.0001) under dry conditions and 1 month storage in SBF. The gutta‐percha in eugenol showed a significant increase in the polymer molar mass, whereas the silanated HA/PE composites were unchanged. Radiological evaluations demonstrated that silanated HA/PE fibres were sufficiently radiopaque.ConclusionPromising materials for endodontic applications have been developed, offering relevant benefits over the traditional materials in terms of mechanical and chemical properties.
Amphiphilic suramin dissolves Matrigel, causing an ‘inhibition’ artefact within in vitro angiogenesis assays
Authors: Prigozhina Natalie L. , Heisel Andrew J. , Seldeen Jordan R. , Cosford Nicholas D. P. , Price Jeffrey H. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThe field of study concerning promotion and/or inhibition of angiogenesis has gathered much attention in the scientific community. A great deal of work has been invested towards defining reproducible assays to gauge for promotion or inhibition of angiogenesis in response to drug treatments or growth conditions. Two common components of these assays were noted by our group to have an unexpected and previously unreported interaction. Suramin is a commercially available compound, commonly used as a positive control for in vitro angiogenic inhibition assays. Matrigel is a popular extracellular substrate that supports angiogenic network formation when endothelial cells are cultured on its surface. However, our group demonstrated that suramin alone (without the presence of cells) will actively dissolve Matrigel, causing the extracellular matrix to transition from the gel‐like physical state to a more liquid state. This causes cells on the Matrigel to congregate and sink to the bottom of the well. Therefore, previous observations of inhibition of endothelial cell angiogenesis through the incubation with suramin (including previous observations made by our group) are, largely, an artefact caused by suramin and matrix interaction rather than suramin and cells interaction, as previously reported. Our results suggest that the presence of sulphate groups and amphiphilic properties of suramin are likely responsible for the disruption of the matrix layer. We believe that this information is of prime importance to anyone using similar in vitro models, or employing suramin in any therapy or drug development assays.
God as First Truth, the Will's Good and Faith's Cause: The Theology of Faith and Newman's University Sermons
Authors: McIntosh Mark 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn the theology of faith, the nature of faith as a human cognitional state is sometimes treated as a foundational topic, to be analysed prior to theological claims about the God who in fact elicits this faith. The article suggests why this is an inadequate account of the act of belief, likely to lead to distortions in the content of belief, and then uses the example of Newman's argument with Lockean notions of faith to propose a renewal of the theology of faith in attention to divine agency.
Seizures during high‐dose antidepressant therapy: a case series with clinical and video‐electroencephalography characteristics
Authors: Ducharlet K. , Seneviratne U. , Sedal L. , Salzberg M. , Cook M. , D'Souza W. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis case series identified drug causes of seizures in patients with depressive disorders. Three patients with seizures were admitted for video‐electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring in the context of high‐dose antidepressants and sodium valproate. Very high‐dose antidepressants caused complex partial seizures with secondary generalisation that gave characteristic EEG discharges. This is the first reported series to capture the ictal EEG features associated with antidepressants.
Validation of the Swedish version of the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale used in patients 70 years and older undergoing cardiac surgery
Authors: Lingehall Helena Claesson , Smulter Nina , Engström Karl Gunnar , Gustafson Yngve , Olofsson Birgitta 
Published: September 2013

Aims and objectives. Validation of the Swedish version of the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale as a screening tool for nurses to use to detect postoperative delirium in patients 70 years and older undergoing cardiac surgery.Background. Delirium is common among old patients after cardiac surgery. Underdiagnosis and poor documentation of postoperative delirium is problematic, and nurses often misread the signs.Design. A prospective observational study.Methods. Patients (n = 142) scheduled for cardiac surgery were assessed three times daily by the nursing staff using the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale. Nursing Delirium Screening Scale was compared with the Mini Mental State Examination and the Organic Brains Syndrome Scale, evaluated day one and day four postoperatively. Delirium was diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – DSM‐IV‐TR criteria.Results. A larger proportion of patients were diagnosed with delirium according to the Mini Mental State Examination and Organic Brains Syndrome Scale compared with the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale, both on day one and day four. The Nursing Delirium Screening Scale protocol identified the majority of hyperactive and mixed delirium patients, whereas several with hypoactive delirium were unrecognised.Conclusions. The Swedish version of the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale was easily incorporated into clinical care and showed high sensitivity in detecting hyperactive symptoms of delirium. However, in the routine use by nurses, the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale had low sensitivity in detecting hypoactive delirium, the most prevalent form of delirium after cardiac surgery. Nursing Delirium Screening Scale probably has to be combined with cognitive testing to detect hypoactive delirium.Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses play a key role in detecting delirium. The Nursing Delirium Screening Scale was easy incorporated instrument for clinical practice and identified the majority of hyperactive and mixed delirium, but several of the patients with hypoactive delirium were unrecognised. Training of assessment and cognitive testing seems to be necessary to detect hypoactive delirium.
A Sparse Factor Analytic Probit Model for Congressional Voting Patterns
Authors: Richard Hahn P. , Carvalho Carlos M. , Scott James G. 
Published: September 2013

Summary
The paper adapts sparse factor models for exploring covariation in multivariate binary data, with an application to measuring latent factors in US Congressional roll-call voting patterns. This straightforward modification provides two advantages over traditional factor analysis of binary data. First, a sparsity prior can be used to assess the evidence that a given factor loading may be exactly 0, realizing a principled unification of exploratory and confirmatory factory analysis. Second, incorporating sparsity into existing factor analytic probit models effects a favourable bias–variance trade-off in estimating the covariance matrix of the multivariate Gaussian latent variables. Posterior summaries from this model applied to the roll-call data provide novel metrics of partisanship of a given Senate.
Classifying Life Course Trajectories: A Comparison of Latent Class and Sequence Analysis
Authors: Barban Nicola , Billari Francesco C. 
Published: September 2013

Summary
We compare two techniques that are widely used in the analysis of life course trajectories: latent class analysis and sequence analysis. In particular, we focus on the use of these techniques as devices to obtain classes of individual life course trajectories. We first compare the consistency of the classification that is obtained via the two techniques by using a data set on the life course trajectories of young adults. Then, we adopt a simulation approach to measure the ability of these two methods to classify groups of life course trajectories correctly when specific forms of ‘random’ variability are introduced within prespecified classes in an artificial data set. To do so, we introduce simulation operators that have a life course and/or observational meaning. Our results contribute on the one hand to outline the usefulness and robustness of findings based on the classification of life course trajectories through latent class analysis and sequence analysis and on the other hand to illuminate the potential pitfalls in applications of these techniques.