bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local means, wavelet bases and wavelet isomorphisms in Besov‐Morrey and Triebel‐Lizorkin‐Morrey spaces
Authors: Rosenthal Marcel 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe consider local means with bounded smoothness for Besov‐Morrey and Triebel‐Lizorkin‐Morrey spaces. Based on those we derive characterizations of these spaces in terms of Daubechies, Meyer, Bernstein (spline) and more general r‐regular (father) wavelets, finally in terms of (biorthogonal) wavelets which can serve as molecules and local means, respectively. Hereby both, local means and wavelet decompositions satisfy natural conditions concerning smoothness and cancellation (moment conditions). Moreover, the given representations by wavelets are unique and yield isomorphisms between the considered function spaces and appropriate sequence spaces of wavelet coefficients. These wavelet representations lead to wavelet bases if, and only if, the function spaces coincide with certain classical Besov‐Triebel‐Lizorkin spaces.
Dipyridamole intervention of breast cell carcinogenesis
Authors: Choudhary Shambhunath , Sood Shilpa , Wang Hwa‐Chain Robert 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDietary prevention is a cost‐efficient strategy to reduce the risk of human cancers. More than 85% breast cancers are sporadic and attributable to long‐term exposure to environmental carcinogens through a multistep and multiyear disease process. We used our chronically induced cellular carcinogenesis model as a target to search for preventive agents capable of blocking breast cell carcinogenesis. Dipyridamole (DPM), at a non‐cytotoxic physiologically achievable dose of 10 nmol/L, effectively blocked breast cell carcinogenesis induced by cumulative exposures to three unrelated carcinogens 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK). The ability of DPM to block H‐Ras upregulation, thus blocking ERK pathway activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation, and DNA damage in each exposure, may account for its mechanisms in intervention of carcinogenesis induced by cumulative exposures to PhIP. Likewise, DPM's ability to block ROS elevation and DNA damage may account for its mechanisms in intervention of carcinogenesis chronically induced by NNK and B[a]P, as well. DPM is approved by the Food and Drug Administration to control platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction in patients. Our study revealed, for the first time, the novel ability of DPM to block breast cell carcinogenesis induced by three unrelated carcinogens. DPM should be seriously considered as a chemopreventive agent in development of strategies for reducing the risk of sporadic breast cancer associated with long‐term exposure to environmental carcinogens. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mit großen Schritten nach vorn
Authors: Becker Guido , Walter Annette 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDie wachsende Beliebtheit von sportlichen Aktivitäten, vor allem des Laufens, löste in der letzten Hälfte des vorigen Jahrhunderts ein großes Interesse an Forschung innerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft aus. Die Wissenschaftler wollen die menschlichen Bewegungsabläufe verstehen, um somit die Bewegungsabläufe des Körpers effizienter beeinflussen zu können. Sportschuhe bieten hierfür eine sehr gute Gelegenheit, da ein direktes Zusammenspiel von Belastung und Leistung besteht. Das biomechanische Verhalten des Körpers mittels kombinierter kinematischer und kinetischer Studien muss besser untersucht werden, um die Ursachen von Verletzungen während des Sports zu verstehen und folglich zu vermeiden und um somit die Leistung des Sportlers im Wettkampf zu steigern [1].
Variable selection for propensity score models when estimating treatment effects on multiple outcomes: a simulation study
Authors: Wyss Richard , Girman Cynthia J. , LoCasale Robert J. , Alan Brookhart M. , Stürmer Til 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeIt is often preferable to simplify the estimation of treatment effects on multiple outcomes by using a single propensity score (PS) model. Variable selection in PS models impacts the efficiency and validity of treatment effects. However, the impact of different variable selection strategies on the estimated treatment effects in settings involving multiple outcomes is not well understood. The authors use simulations to evaluate the impact of different variable selection strategies on the bias and precision of effect estimates to provide insight into the performance of various PS models in settings with multiple outcomes.MethodsSimulated studies consisted of dichotomous treatment, two Poisson outcomes, and eight standard‐normal covariates. Covariates were selected for the PS models based on their effects on treatment, a specific outcome, or both outcomes. The PSs were implemented using stratification, matching, and weighting (inverse probability treatment weighting).ResultsPS models including only covariates affecting a specific outcome (outcome‐specific models) resulted in the most efficient effect estimates. The PS model that only included covariates affecting either outcome (generic‐outcome model) performed best among the models that simultaneously controlled measured confounding for both outcomes. Similar patterns were observed over the range of parameter values assessed and all PS implementation methods.ConclusionsA single, generic‐outcome model performed well compared with separate outcome‐specific models in most scenarios considered. The results emphasize the benefit of using prior knowledge to identify covariates that affect the outcome when constructing PS models and support the potential to use a single, generic‐outcome PS model when multiple outcomes are being examined. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new “Comparative Effectiveness” assessment strategy using the THIN database: comparison of the cardiac complications of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone
Authors: Tannen Richard , Xie Dawei , Wang Xingmei , Yu Menggang , Weiner Mark G. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeExamine feasibility of a new strategy to perform Electronic Medical Record database valid Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER), using determination of whether rosiglitazone (ROS) treatment increases Acute myocardial infarction (MI) in comparison to pioglitazone (PIO) as a model question.MethodsUsing the UK The Health Improvement Network Database, a retrospective cohort design replicated the proactive RCT of diabetics with ischemic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Replication studies using PIO or ROS, as well as expanded studies of subjects not requiring CVD, were performed. MI assessment used multiple analytics comparing ROS and PIO exposed patients including: unexposed subjects, the proactive RCT, and directly between ROS to PIO exposed cohorts.ResultsPIO replication studies did not affect MI [HR 0.88 (0.49 to 1.42)], but ROS increased MI, with prior event rate ratio (PERR) adjusted HR (which overcomes unmeasured confounding) results of: [HR 1.31 (0.94 to 1.74)] versus proactive RCT [HR 0.83 (0.65 to 1.06)] (p = 0.02). Direct ROS to PIO exposed cohort comparisons yielded PERR adj HR of 1.55 (0.98 to 2.65). By contrast, expanded studies showed no differences between ROS and PIO exposure.ConclusionsThese results provide new insight regarding the effects of ROS and PIO on MI. In a population with established ischemic CVD, ROS increased MI in contrast to PIO; whereas in an unselected population, ROS and PIO have reasonably comparable effects. Most importantly, this study demonstrates the feasibility and advantages of a new strategy to perform reliable “CER” using an EMR database. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermoelectric behavior of organic thin film nanocomposites
Authors: Moriarty Gregory P. , De Sukanta , King Paul J. , Khan Umar , Via Michael , King Julia A. , Coleman Jonathan N. , Grunlan Jaime C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractOrganic thin film nanocomposites, prepared by liquid‐phase exfoliation, were investigated for their superior electrical properties and thermoelectric behavior. Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) were stabilized by intrinsically conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) in an aqueous solution. The electrical conductivity (σ) was found to increase linearly as 20 to 95 wt % SWNT. At 95 wt % SWNT, these thin films exhibit metallic electrical conductivity (∼4.0 × 105 S m−1) that is among the highest values ever reported for a free‐standing, fully organic material. The thermopower (S) remains relatively unaltered as the electrical conductivity increases, leading to a maximum power factor (S2σ) of 140 μW m−1 K−2. This power factor is within an order of magnitude of bismuth telluride, so it is believed that these flexible films could be used for some unique thermoelectric applications requiring mechanical flexibility and printability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Photogenerated‐carrier‐induced band bending effects on generation of a coherent longitudinal optical phonon in a GaAs buffer layer optically masked by a GaSb top epitaxial layer
Authors: Takeuchi Hideo , Tsuruta Syuichi , Nakayama Masaaki 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe demonstrate that, in a GaSb/GaAs epitaxial structure, the coherent longitudinal optical (LO) phonon in a GaAs buffer layer optically masked by a GaSb top layer is observed utilizing terahertz spectroscopy. It is confirmed from Raman scattering measurements that only the optical phonons in the GaSb layer is observable. In the terahertz‐wave measurement, the Fourier power spectrum of a terahertz waveform exhibits both the coherent GaAs and GaSb LO phonon bands; namely, the coherent LO phonon in the optically masked GaAs buffer layer is observed. This fact demonstrates that the instantaneous surface potential modulation, which originates from the impulsive carrier excitation by a pump beam, reaches the GaAs buffer layer. We perform a time‐partitioning Fourier transform analysis in order to investigate the decay dynamics of the coherent GaAs and GaSb LO phonons. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoresponsive behavior of LCs doped with fluorescent materials
Authors: Kinoshita Motoi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractLiquid crystalline (LC) molecules are known to reorient parallel to the light polarization when irradiated by linearly polarized light (a phenomenon known as light induced Frederiks transition). Dye‐doped LCs exhibit significantly enhanced photoinduced reorientation compared to undoped LCs. Although the reorientation behavior has been interpreted as a phenomenon based on interaction between the dye molecules and the electric field of light, the effect of the molecular structure on the photoinduced reorientation and details of the reorientational mechanism are not clear. In this study, photoresponsive behavior of LC systems doped with photostable fluorescent dyes were investigated. Sample cells were prepared by insertion of dye‐doped LCs into glass cells coated with n ‐octadecyl trimethoxy silane to obtain homeotropic alignment of LCs. Photoresponsive behavior of the LC system was evaluated by the self‐diffraction pattern formed upon irradiation of linearly polarized Ar+ laser beam at 488 nm. When the laser beam was incident on the sample cells, clear diffraction pattern was observed for the sample cell doped with Coumarin 6. Appearance of the diffraction ring indicates photoinduced reorientation of LCs. Thus, Coumarin 6 was found to act as a trigger for the photoinduced reorientation. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and scintillation properties of Ce3+‐doped (Y1‐xGdx)AlO3 crystals
Authors: Fujimoto Yutaka , Yanagida Takayuki , Wakahara Shingo , Suzuki Shotaro , Kurosawa Shunsuke , Yoshikawa Akira 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe optical and scintillation properties of 0.5% fixed Ce‐doped (Y1‐xGdx)AlO3 single crystals have been investigated at three different levels of Gd doping: x = 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6. Single crystal of the Ce3+‐doped (Y0.8Gd0.2)AlO3, (Y0.6Gd0.4)AlO3 and (Y0.4Gd0.6)AlO3 were successfully grown by μ‐PD technique in nitrogen atmosphere. From X‐ray diffraction analysis, no impurity phase was detected for the grown Ce‐doped crystals. Ce‐doped (Y0.6Gd0.4)AlO3 crystal demonstrated highest fluorescence quantum efficiency (∼ 25%) with improvement of excitation efficiency due to the Gd‐doping. When irradiated by the alpha‐rays from a 241Am source, all the Ce‐doped crystals showed luminescence band that corresponding to 5d (t2g)‐4f transition of Ce3+. The scintillation decay time was characterized by two components; the fast component (5‐15 ns) is ascribed to 5d‐4f transition of Ce3+, while the slow one (100‐200 ns) may be related to energy transfer between Ce3+ and Gd3+ ion. According to the result of 137Cs gamma‐ray irradiated pulse height spectra compared with BGO scintillator, the relative scintillation light output was found to be about 12200 ± 1220 (Gd 20%) and 16000 ± 1600 (Gd 40%) ph/MeV. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of wideband near‐infrared phosphor by stacking Sm3+‐doped glass on Pr3+‐doped glass phosphors
Authors: Oshima Koji , Terasawa Kengo , Fuchi Shingo , Takeda Yoshikazu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe synthesized the Pr3+‐doped Bi2O3‐Sb2O3‐B2O3glass phosphor and the Sm3+‐doped CaO‐Sb2O3‐B2O3glass phosphor in order to fabricate a wideband luminescence. The luminescence bands of the Pr3+‐doped glass phosphor were from 760 nm to 910 nm and from 920 nm to 1100 nm. The luminescence bands of the Sm3+‐doped glass phosphor were from 840 nm to 1060 nm. The excitation band of the Pr3+‐doped glass phosphor coincided with that of the Sm3+‐doped glass phosphor at around 475 nm. We achieved the wideband luminescence from 760 nm to 1100 nm by stacking the Pr3+‐doped glass phosphor (0.1mol% Pr6O11, 10 mm) on the Sm3+‐doped glass phosphor (0.5 mol% Sm2O3, 10 mm) excited by one LED (470 nm). This luminescence covered the wavelength region that is suitable for the absorption spectrometry of agricultural products (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of composition on photodoping behaviors in bulk Ge‐Sb‐S glasses
Authors: Kadono Kohei , Fujiwara Rikiya , Takahiro Katsumi , Wakasugi Takashi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSilver photodoping behaviors were investigated for bulk sulfide glasses, Ge21Sb14S64, Ge20Sb13S67, and Ge19Sb13S69, which were prepared with a conventional melting‐cooling method. The composition of these glasses are described as 60GeS2·40SbS1.5, 60GeS2·40SbS2, and 60GeS2·40SbS2.5, respectively, which means that the latter two glasses have excess amount of sulfur from the first one with a stoichiometric composition. Photodoping occurred more rapidly for glasses which have more amount of sulfur. Rutherford back scattering (RBS) measurements revealed that the thickness of the Ag‐doped layer was approximately 225 nm. Refractive indices at 633 nm increased from 2.36 to 2.56 by the photodoping for the 60GeS2·40SbS2.5 glass. From the variation of Raman spectra before and after the photodoping, it is considered that photochemical reaction between silver and sulfur constituting S‐S bonds occurred. The model is consistent with the experimental results showing the dependence of the amount of doped Ag on the irradiation time. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Towards understanding links between rural land management and the catchment flood hydrograph
Authors: Ewen John , O'Donnell Greg , Bulygina Nataliya , Ballard Caroline , O'Connell Enda 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe nature of causal links between land management in rural river catchments and the flood hydrograph is investigated. A catchment can be represented as a mosaic of tiles with different land use, land management, and soils. Over the mosaic, the causal links vary with the physical properties of the land and channel drainage network, and with the management practices and space–time variations in rainfall and evaporation. The river Hodder catchment in northwest England is represented using a custom‐designed semi‐distributed rainfall‐runoff model. An adjoint, reverse algorithmic differentiation, version of the model is then used to find the sensitivity of the peak flow rate at the catchment outlet to the model parameters controlling runoff generation. Using this novel approach, the links between changes in land management and the impact on the peak flow rate are investigated by decomposing the impact in space to give maps that show the sources of impact, tile by tile. The method works quite well for the Hodder catchment, especially for rainfall events in the autumn and winter. Its strengths and weaknesses are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Rapid screening of synthetic cathinones as trace residues and in authentic seizures using a portable mass spectrometer equipped with desorption electrospray ionization
Authors: Vircks Kyle E. , Mulligan Christopher C. 
Published: October 2012

RATIONALERecently, the surge in synthetic cathinone abuse has become a matter of public concern. With the influx of confiscated synthetic cathinones dramatically on the rise, laboratory workloads are expected to increase at a similar rate. This prompts the need for rapid analytical methods capable of detecting and identifying such compounds.METHODSA ruggedized, portable ion trap mass spectrometer capable of desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI‐MS) was used to rapidly characterize various synthetic cathinones. Target analytes were directly analyzed as trace residues on various substrates and as major components in authentic, powder‐based forensic evidence. Physical transfer swabs can also be examined with this method, allowing efficient screening of large areas and geometrically complex samples.RESULTSMethod validity was tested on trace residues, mock forensic samples, and authentic evidentiary seizures, yielding low‐ to sub‐ng detection limits from several substrates of interest to crime scene investigation. Analyte confirmation was accomplished through MS2 analysis, providing characteristic fragmentation similar to that reported in literature. High‐throughput analysis was demonstrated with no significant instrumental carryover, even for powdered samples. The robustness of this DESI‐MS method to multi‐component samples was examined, marked by high chemical specificity.CONCLUSIONSCoupling DESI‐MS with portable instrumentation allowed sensitive and selective examination of synthetic cathinones from various substrates, in complex mixtures, and directly from mock and authentic forensic evidence. This instrumental method has the potential to assess the evidentiary value of forensic samples at crime scenes, reducing backlogs and expediting criminal investigations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the abundance and stable isotope composition of pyrogenic carbon using hydrogen pyrolysis
Authors: Wurster Christopher M. , Lloyd Jon , Goodrick Iain , Saiz Gustavo , Bird Michael I. 
Published: October 2012

RATIONALEPyrogenic carbon (CP) is an important component of the global carbon budget. Accurate determination of the abundance and stable isotope composition of CP in soils and sediments is crucial for understanding the dynamics of the CP cycle and interpreting records of biomass burning, climate and vegetation change in the past. Here we test hydrogen pyrolysis (hypy) as a new technique potentially capable of eliminating labile organic carbon (CL) from total organic carbon (CT) in a range of matrices in order to enable reliable quantification of both the CP component of CT and the stable carbon isotope composition of CP (δ13CP).METHODSWe mixed CP at a range of concentrations with common CP‐free matrices (CL = cellulose, chitin, keratin, decomposed wood, leaf litter, grass and algae) and determined the amount of residual carbon not removed by hydrogen pyrolysis (CR) as a ratio of CT (CR/CT). Mixing CP with a unique δ13C value provided a natural abundance isotope label from which to precisely determine the ratio of CP to residual CL remaining after hypy.RESULTSAll CP‐free matrices contained trace carbon after hypy, indicating that hypy does not remove all the CL. However, there was a strong correlation between CR/CT and CP/CT, viz. CR/CT = 1.02(CP/CT) + 4.0 × 10–3, r2 = 0.99, p <0.001, suggesting that only a small and reasonably constant fraction of CL remains after hypy. Uncertainties associated with the correction for contamination of CR by residual CL are minimal allowing for reliable determinations of both CP and δ13CP in many cases.CONCLUSIONSHydrogen pyrolysis appears to be a robust technique for estimating CP abundance and δ13CP across a range of materials. Nevertheless, caution is required in interpreting δ13CP values when CP/CT is low, with CP/CT >4% being required for the determination of the δ13CP values within an interpretable error under our experimental conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An asymptotically stable sensorless speed controller for non‐salient permanent magnet synchronous motors
Authors: Shah D. , Espinosa–Pérez G. , Ortega R. , Hilairet M. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYA solution to the longstanding problem of sensorless control of an electrical machine is provided in this paper. That is, the construction of an asymptotically stable controller that regulates the mechanical speed of the motor, measuring only the electrical coordinates. The result is presented for a non‐salient permanent magnet synchronous motor perturbed by an unknown constant load torque. The proposed scheme is a fourth order nonlinear observer‐based controller that does not rely on—intrinsically nonrobust—operations like open‐loop integration of the systems dynamical model nor signal differentiation and can be easily implemented in real time. The controller is easy to commission, with the tuning gains directly determining the convergence rates of the position, speed, and load torque observers. Simulation and experimental results are presented. In particular, a comparison with a sensorless field‐oriented controller, recently proposed in the drives literature, is carried out. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insensitive output feedback H ∞  control of delta operator systems with insensitivity to sampling time jitter
Authors: Guo Xiang‐Gui , Yang Guang‐Hong 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYThe insensitive multi‐objective H ∞  control synthesis problem via dynamic output feedback for linear delta operator systems with insensitivity to sampling time jitter is investigated in the case of small sampling times. The delta‐domain model instead of the standard shift‐domain model is used to avoid the inherent numerical ill‐condition resulting from using the latter model at high sampling rates. Parameter sensitivity function of the transfer function with respect to sampling time is defined to mitigate the effect of sampling time jitter because it may cause significant degradation of the overall system performance. It is worth pointing out that a novel bounded real lemma for delta operator allowing extra degree of freedom for multi‐objective control design is presented by using the well‐known projection lemma. Then, from this new lemma, a two‐step design procedure based on LMI is presented to design insensitive dynamic output feedback controllers such that the resulting closed‐loop system is asymptotically stable and meets the requirement of sensitivity specification. A numerical example is also presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.