bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GATOR-GARD: The Process, Coatings, and Turbomachinery Applications
Authors: Lewis Thomas F. 
Published: April 2015

The GATOR-GARD® process uses a high temperature, high velocity, ionized gas to deposit metal or ceramic particles on substrate materials. The high particle velocities and their extremely short dwell time at high temperature produces dense, well bonded coatings with unique structures which can be tailored for maximum resistance to wear, erosion and impact.
The selective usage of metal and ceramic thermal sprayed coatings on turbomachinery components for repair or original equipment protection is a cost effective solution to today’s high maintenance costs. GATOR-GARD coatings are used to protect new components from sliding, fretting, and erosive wear from the compressor to the turbine exhaust fairings, at metal temperatures from ambient to more than 1040 degrees C (1900 F). When used for repair of worn components, these coatings improve the life many times over the original equipment.
Development of Injection Molded Rotors for Gas Turbine Applications
Authors: Ohnsorg R. , Teneyck M. , Sweeting T. 
Published: April 2015

Development of sintered alpha silicon carbide (SASC) gas turbine rotors commenced in 1979 and is being continued through 1986 under the AGT-100 (Advanced Gas Turbine) program where the Allison Gas Turbine Division (AGTD) of General Motors is the prime contractor. Injection molding of a solid one piece rotor was the chosen fabrication technique.
Compound development in connection with the appropriate binder removal process suitable for a wide variety of wall thicknesses were critical steps early in the program. Various molding conditions and injection procedures were evaluated to obtain acceptable rotors. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods as well as destructive measures were used to evaluate molded, baked, and sintered rotors. These results and related processing studies will be discussed in detail.
Current rotors fabricated with the improved procedures show increased molding yield and a lower variability in strength. Rotors have been proof tested to 95,000 rpm (110% of design speed) which is equivalent to about 600 m/s tip speed.
The Extension of Gas Turbine Power Plants to Combined Cycle Power Stations
Authors: Schemenau Wolfgang , Häuser Ulrich 
Published: April 2015

In industrial countries as well as in developing countries there is a continuous growth of electricity consumption. The normal way to meet these requirements is the stepwise extension of electricity producing plants. In countries where clean fuel is available at acceptable prices the advantages of combined cycle plants in terms of efficiency and of smooth meeting the requirements can be used.
The following essay concentrates on the influences of design criterias and ambient conditions on efficiency, output and plant cost for the type of CCP which is most frequently excecuted. As a result of an optimization an executed plant is described also with regard to lay out, required space and erection time.
Observing the unexpected enhances infants’ learning and exploration
Authors: Stahl Aimee E. , Feigenson Lisa 
Published: April 2015

Learning when and what to learn
Infants use “unexpectedness” as a cue for learning. Stahl and Feigenson studied how babies reacted when objects behaved in surprising ways (see the Perspective by Schulz). Babies who saw apparently solid and weighty objects moving through a wall or past the edge of a table without falling looked intently at them. When given the opportunity to explore these peculiar objects, they did so by banging them on the floor—as if to test their solidity—or dropping them—as if to test their weightiness.

Science
, this issue p.
91
; see also p.
42
Evidence for Human Norovirus Infection of Dogs in the United Kingdom
Authors: Caddy Sarah L. , de Rougemont Alexis , Emmott Edward , El-Attar Laila , Mitchell Judy A. , Hollinshead Michael , Belliot Gael , Brownlie Joe , Le Pendu Jacques , Goodfellow Ian 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, with an estimated 3 million cases per year in the United Kingdom. HuNoVs have recently been isolated from pet dogs in Europe (M. Summa, C.-H. von Bonsdorff, and L. Maunula, J Clin Virol 53:244–247, 2012,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2011.12.014
), raising concerns about potential zoonotic infections. With 31% of United Kingdom households owning a dog, this could prove to be an important transmission route. To examine this risk, canine tissues were studied for their ability to bind to HuNoV
in vitro
. In addition, canine stool samples were analyzed for the presence of viral nucleic acid, and canine serum samples were tested for the presence of anti-HuNoV antibodies. The results showed that seven different genotypes of HuNoV virus-like particles (VLPs) can bind to canine gastrointestinal tissue, suggesting that infection is at least theoretically possible. Although HuNoV RNA was not identified in stool samples from 248 dogs, serological evidence of previous exposure to HuNoV was obtained in 43/325 canine serum samples. Remarkably, canine seroprevalence for different HuNoV genotypes mirrored the seroprevalence in the human population. Though entry and replication within cells have not been demonstrated, the canine serological data indicate that dogs produce an immune response to HuNoV, implying productive infection. In conclusion, this study reveals zoonotic implications for HuNoV, and to elucidate the significance of this finding, further epidemiological and molecular investigations will be essential.
Equine Herpesvirus 1 Multiply Inserted Transmembrane Protein pUL43 Cooperates with pUL56 in Downregulation of Cell Surface Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I
Authors: Huang Teng , Ma Guanggang , Osterrieder Nikolaus 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Herpesviruses have evolved an array of strategies to counteract antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I). Previously, we identified pUL56 of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) as one major determinant of the downregulation of cell surface MHC-I (G. Ma, S. Feineis, N. Osterrieder, and G. R. Van de Walle, J. Virol. 86:3554–3563, 2012,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06994-11
; T. Huang, M. J. Lehmann, A. Said, G. Ma, and N. Osterrieder, J. Virol. 88:12802–12815, 2014,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02079-14
). Since pUL56 was able to exert its function only in the context of virus infection, we hypothesized that pUL56 cooperates with another viral protein. Here, we generated and screened a series of EHV-1 single-gene deletion mutants and found that the pUL43 orthologue was required for downregulation of cell surface MHC-I expression at the same time of infection as when pUL56 exerts its function. We demonstrate that the absence of pUL43 was not deleterious to virus growth and that expression of pUL43 was detectable from 2 h postinfection (p.i.) but decreased after 8 h p.i. due to lysosomal degradation. pUL43 localized within Golgi vesicles and required a unique hydrophilic N-terminal domain to function properly. Finally, coexpression of pUL43 and pUL56 in transfected cells reduced the cell surface expression of MHC-I. This process was dependent on PPxY motifs present in pUL56, suggesting that late domains are required for pUL43- and pUL56-dependent sorting of MHC class I for lysosomal degradation.

IMPORTANCE
We describe here that the poorly characterized herpesviral protein pUL43 is involved in downregulation of cell surface MHC-I. pUL43 is an early protein and degraded in lysosomes. pUL43 resides in the Golgi vesicles and needs an intact N terminus to induce MHC-I downregulation in infected cells. Importantly, pUL43 and pUL56 cooperate to reduce MHC-I expression on the surface of transfected cells. Our results suggest a model for MHC-I downregulation in which late domains in pUL56 are required for the rerouting of vesicles containing MHC-I, pUL56, and pUL43 to the lysosomal compartment.
Coronavirus and Influenza Virus Proteolytic Priming Takes Place in Tetraspanin-Enriched Membrane Microdomains
Authors: Earnest James T. , Hantak Michael P. , Park Jung-Eun , Gallagher Tom 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Coronaviruses (CoVs) and low-pathogenicity influenza A viruses (LP IAVs) depend on target cell proteases to cleave their viral glycoproteins and prime them for virus-cell membrane fusion. Several proteases cluster into tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs), suggesting that TEMs are preferred virus entry portals. Here we found that several CoV receptors and virus-priming proteases were indeed present in TEMs. Isolated TEMs, when mixed with CoV and LP IAV pseudoparticles, cleaved viral fusion proteins to fusion-primed fragments and potentiated viral transductions. That entering viruses utilize TEMs as a protease source was further confirmed using tetraspanin antibodies and tetraspanin short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). Tetraspanin antibodies inhibited CoV and LP IAV infections, but their virus-blocking activities were overcome by expressing excess TEM-associated proteases. Similarly, cells with reduced levels of the tetraspanin CD9 resisted CoV pseudoparticle transductions but were made susceptible by overproducing TEM-associated proteases. These findings indicated that antibodies and CD9 depletions interfere with viral proteolytic priming in ways that are overcome by surplus proteases. TEMs appear to be exploited by some CoVs and LP IAVs for appropriate coengagement with cell receptors and proteases.

IMPORTANCE
Enveloped viruses use their surface glycoproteins to catalyze membrane fusion, an essential cell entry step. Host cell components prime these viral surface glycoproteins to catalyze membrane fusion at specific times and places during virus cell entry. Among these priming components are proteases, which cleave viral surface glycoproteins, unleashing them to refold in ways that catalyze virus-cell membrane fusions. For some enveloped viruses, these proteases are known to reside on target cell surfaces. This research focuses on coronavirus and influenza A virus cell entry and identifies TEMs as sites of viral proteolysis, thereby defining subcellular locations of virus priming with greater precision. Implications of these findings extend to the use of virus entry antagonists, such as protease inhibitors, which might be most effective when localized to these microdomains.
Detection of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Semen, Urethra, and Male Reproductive Organs during Efficient Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Matusali G. , Dereuddre-Bosquet N. , Le Tortorec A. , Moreau M. , Satie A.-P. , Mahé D. , Roumaud P. , Bourry O. , Sylla N. , Bernard-Stoecklin S. , Pruvost A. , Le Grand R. , Dejucq-Rainsford N. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTA number of men receiving prolonged suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) still shed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in semen. To investigate whether this seminal shedding may be due to poor drug penetration and/or viral production by long-lived cells within male genital tissues, we analyzed semen and reproductive tissues from macaques chronically infected with simian immunodeficiency virus mac251 (SIVmac251) who were treated for 4 months with HAART, which was intensified over the last 7 weeks with an integrase inhibitor. We showed that a subset of treated animals continued shedding SIV in semen despite efficient HAART. This shedding was not associated with low antiretroviral drug concentrations in semen or in testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate. HAART had no significant impact on SIV RNA in the urethra, whereas it drastically reduced SIV RNA levels in the prostate and vas deferens and to a lesser extent in the epididymis and seminal vesicle. The only detectable SIV RNA-positive cells within the male genital tract after HAART were urethral macrophages. SIV DNA levels in genital tissues were not decreased by HAART, suggesting the presence throughout the male genital tract of nonproductively infected cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that 4 months of HAART induced variable and limited control of viral infection in the male reproductive organs, particularly in the urethra, and suggest that infected long-lived cells in the male genital tract may be involved in persistent seminal shedding during HAART. These results pave the way for further investigations of male genital organ infection in long-term-treated infected individuals.IMPORTANCEA substantial subset of men receiving prolonged HAART suppressing viral loads in the blood still harbor HIV in semen, and cases of sexual transmission have been reported. To understand the origin of this persistence, we analyzed the semen and male reproductive tissues from SIV-infected macaques treated with HAART. We demonstrated that persistent seminal shedding was not linked to poor drug penetration in semen or semen-producing prostate, seminal vesicle, epididymis, and testis. We revealed that HAART decreased SIV RNA to various extents in all male genital organs, with the exception of the urethra, in which SIV RNA+macrophages were observed despite HAART. Importantly, HAART did not impact SIV DNA levels in the male genital organs. These results suggest that infection of male genital organs, and particularly the urethra, could be involved in the release of virus in semen during HAART.
Prevention of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy by a polyamine-reduced diet—NEUROXAPOL: protocol of a prospective, randomised, controlled, single-blind and monocentric trial
Authors: Balayssac David , Ferrier Jérémy , Pereira Bruno , Gillet Brigitte , Pétorin Caroline , Vein Julie , Libert Frédéric , Eschalier Alain , Pezet Denis 
Published: April 2015

IntroductionOxaliplatin remains the most widely used chemotherapeutic agent for treating advanced colorectal cancer but its efficacy is hampered by dose-limiting neurotoxicity manifested by a painful polyneuropathy. Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) is characterised by acute and transient cold hyperaesthesia in the hours and days following oxaliplatin infusion (>90% of patients), but also by retarded chronic neuropathy due to the repetition of chemotherapy cycles (30–50% of patients). OIPN impairs the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients and no preventive or curative strategies have as yet proven effective. A polyamine-reduced diet (PRD) has recently demonstrated its efficacy to prevent OIPN in animals without adverse effects.Methods and analysisThe NEUROXAPOL trial is a prospective, randomised, controlled, single-blind, monocentric and interventional study. This trial is aimed at evaluating the efficacy and feasibility of a PRD compared to a normal polyamine containing diet to prevent OIPN in patients treated by oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Patients (n=40 per group) will be randomly assigned to receive either a PRD or a normal diet before and during the chemotherapy regimen. The main objectives are to improve the cold pain thresholds, neuropathic pain symptoms, comorbidities (anxiety and depression) and HRQOL of patients. The primary end point is the assessment of cold pain thresholds 2 weeks after the third cycle of chemotherapy. The secondary end points are the evaluation of thermal pain thresholds, the grade of neuropathy, neuropathic pain, symptoms of anxiety and depression and HRQOL, until the 12th cycle of chemotherapy.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by an independent medical ethics committee 1 (CPP Sud Est 1, Saint Etienne, France) and registered by the competent French authority (ANSM, Saint Denis, France). The results will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at international congresses.Trial registration numberNCT01775449.
Investigating the fall-injury reducing effect of impact absorbing flooring among female nursing home residents: initial results
Authors: Gustavsson Johanna , Bonander Carl , Andersson Ragnar , Nilson Finn 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundFall-related injuries affect the lives of elderly to a substantial degree. This quasi-experimental study investigates the fall-injury reducing effect of impact absorbing flooring among female nursing home residents.MethodsThe intervention site is a nursing home in Sweden where impact absorbing flooring was installed in parts of one of six wards (six out of 10 apartments (excluding bathrooms), the communal dining-room and parts of the corridor). The impact absorbing flooring is a 12 mm thick closed cell flexible polyurethane/polyurea composite tile (500×500 mm) with an exterior surface of polyurethane/polyurea. A generalised linear model (log-binomial) was used to calculate the RR of injury from falls on impact absorbing flooring compared to falls on regular flooring, adjusted for age, body mass index, visual and cognitive impairments.ResultsDuring the study period (1 October 2011 to 31 March 2014), 254 falls occurred on regular flooring and 77 falls on impact absorbing flooring. The injury/fall rate was 30.3% for falls on regular flooring and 16.9% for falls on impact absorbing flooring. Adjusted for covariates, the impact absorbing flooring significantly reduced the RR of injury in the event of a fall by 59% (RR 0.41 (95% Cl 0.20 to 0.80)).ConclusionsThis is, to our knowledge, the first study evaluating the injury-reducing effect of impact absorbing flooring in a nursing home showing statistically significant effect. The results from this study are promising, indicating the considerable potential of impact absorbing flooring as a fall-related injury intervention among frail elderly.
Comparison of the sociodemographic characteristics of the large NutriNet-Santé e-cohort with French Census data: the issue of volunteer bias revisited
Authors: Andreeva Valentina A , Salanave Benoît , Castetbon Katia , Deschamps Valérie , Vernay Michel , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Hercberg Serge 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundA recurring concern in traditional and in Web-based studies pertains to non-representativeness due to volunteer bias. We investigated this issue in an ongoing, large population-based e-cohort.MethodsThe sample included 122 912 individuals enrolled in the Internet-based, nutrition-focused NutriNet-Santé study between May 2009 and March 2014, with complete baseline data. Participants were recruited via recurrent multimedia campaigns and other traditional and online strategies. Individuals aged 18+ years, residing in France and having Internet access, were eligible for enrolment. Their sociodemographic characteristics were compared with the corresponding 2009 Census data via χ2goodness-of-fit tests. The effectiveness of statistical weighting of the e-cohort data was also explored.ResultsThe sample exhibited marked geographical and sociodemographic diversity, including volunteers belonging to typically under-represented subgroups in traditional surveys (unemployed, immigrants, the elderly). Nonetheless, the proportions of women, relatively well-educated individuals and those who are married or cohabiting, were notably larger compared with the corresponding national figures (women: 78.0% vs 52.4%; postsecondary education: 61.5% vs 24.9%; married or cohabiting: 70.8% vs 62.0%, respectively; all p<0.0001).ConclusionsThere were notable sociodemographic differences between the general French population and this general population-based e-cohort, some of which were corrected by statistical weighting. The findings bear on the potential generalisability of future investigations in the context of e-epidemiology.
Integration of production and financial models to analyse the financial impact of livestock diseases: a case study of Schmallenberg virus disease on British and French dairy farms
Authors: Häsler Barbara , Alarcon Pablo , Raboisson Didier , Waret‐Szkuta Agnes , Rushton Jonathan 
Published: April 2015

Aims and objectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate and compare the financial impact of Schmallenberg disease for different dairy production types in the United Kingdom and France.Materials and methodsIntegrated production and financial models for dairy cattle were developed and applied to Schmallenberg virus (SBV) disease in a British and French context. The five main production systems that prevail in these two countries were considered. Their respective gross margins measuring the holding's profitability were calculated based on public benchmarking, literature and expert opinion data. A partial budget analysis was performed within each production model to estimate the impact of SBV in the systems modelled. Two disease scenarios were simulated: low impact and high impact.ResultsThe model gross margin obtained per cow space and year ranged from £1014 to £1484 for the UK and from £1037 to £1890 for France depending on the production system considered. In the UK, the net SBV disease costs in £/cow space/year for an average dairy farm with 100 milking spaces were estimated between £16.3 and £51.4 in the high‐impact scenario and between £8.2 and £25.9 in the low‐impact scenario. For France, the net SBV disease costs in £/cow space/year ranged from £19.6 to £48.6 in the high‐impact scenario and £9.7 to £22.8 in the low‐impact scenario, respectively.ConclusionThe study illustrates how the combination of production and financial models allows assessing disease impact taking into account differing management and husbandry practices and associated price structures in the dairy sector. It supports decision‐making of farmers and veterinarians who are considering disease control measures as it provides an approach to estimate baseline disease impact in common dairy production systems in the UK and France.
Novel real‐time PCR detection assay forBrucella suis
Authors: Hänsel C. , Mertens K. , Elschner M. C. , Melzer F. 
Published: April 2015

IntroductionBrucella suisis the causative agent of brucellosis in suidae and is differentiated into five biovars (bv). Biovars 1 and 3 possess zoonotic potential and can infect humans, whereas biovar 2 represents the main source of brucellosis in feral and domestic pigs in Europe. Both aspects, the zoonotic threat and the economic loss, emphasize the necessity to monitor feral and domestic pig populations. Available serological or PCR based methods lack sensitivity and specificity.ResultsHere a bioinformatics approach was used to identify aB. suisspecific 17 bp repeat on chromosome II (BS1330_II0657 locus). This repeat is common forB. suisbv 1 to 4 and was used to develop a TaqMan probe assay. The average PCR efficiency was determined as 95% and the limit of detection as 12,5 fg/µl of DNA, equally to 3.7 bacterial genomes. This assay has the highest sensitivity of all previously describedB. suisspecific PCR assays, making it possible to detect 3‐4 bacterial genomes per 1 µl of sample. The assay was tested 100% specific forB. suisand negative for otherBrucellaspp. and closely related non‐Brucellaspecies.ConclusionsThis novel qPCR assay could become a rapid, inexpensive and reliable screening method for large sample pools of B. suis 1 to 4. This method will be applicable for field samples after validation.
Limit Cycle and Boundary Equilibrium Bifurcations in Continuous Planar Piecewise Linear Systems
Authors: Ponce Enrique , Ros Javier , Vela Elísabet 
Published: April 2015

Boundary equilibrium bifurcations in continuous planar piecewise linear systems with two and three zones are considered, with emphasis on the possible simultaneous appearance of limit cycles. Situations with two limit cycles surrounding the only equilibrium point are detected and rigorously shown for the first time in the family of systems under study. The theoretical results are applied to the analysis of an electronic Wien bridge oscillator with biased polarization, characterizing the different parameter regions of oscillation.