bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Lessons Learned From Extramural School Programs That Offer HPV Vaccine
Authors: Hayes Kim A. , Entzel Pamela , Berger Wendy , Caskey Rachel N. , Shlay Judith C. , Stubbs Brenda W. , Smith Jennifer S. , Brewer Noel T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThere has been little evaluation of school‐located vaccination programs that offer human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in US schools without health centers (ie, extramural programs). This article summarizes lessons learned from such programs.METHODSIn July to August 2010, 5 programs were identified. Semistructured, in‐depth telephone interviews were conducted with program representatives about practical aspects of planning and implementation, including configuration and effectiveness.RESULTSMost programs offered HPV vaccine as part of a broader effort to increase uptake of adolescent vaccines. Respondents stressed the importance of building partnerships with local school systems throughout all aspects of the planning and implementation phases. All programs offered HPV vaccine at no cost to students. Most did not have a mechanism to bill private insurance, and some found Medicaid reimbursements to be a challenge. Programs achieved modest rates of initiation of the 3‐dose HPV vaccine series (median 10%); however, among those who initiated the series, completion rates were high (median 78%). HPV vaccine uptake was lowest for a program that offered only HPV vaccine.CONCLUSIONSExtramural programs may increase uptake of vaccines and decrease absenteeism due to noncompliance with vaccine requirements for school entry. Until extramural programs in the US receive better access to billing private insurers and Medicaid, sustainability of these programs relies on grant funding. Better integration of extramural school‐located vaccine programs with existing local healthcare and other programs at schools is an area for growth.
Relationship between blood culture collection method and proportion of contaminated cultures in neonates
Authors: McLaughlin Linda M , Inglis Garry DT , Hoellering Adam B , Davies Mark W 
Published: January 2013

AimThis study aims to document methods of blood culture collection used in our neonatal unit and to determine whether or not the proportion of contaminated cultures varied according to method of collection. Two specific comparisons of interest were the proportion of contaminated cultures in samples collected via (i) preferred versus non‐preferred methods, and (ii) peripheral cannulae at the time of insertion versus separate arterial or venous puncture.MethodsData were collected on every blood culture taken in the Grantley Stable Neonatal Unit of the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital over a 12‐month period. The method used to collect blood for culture was recorded, and the proportion of contaminated cultures taken by each method was calculated.ResultsBlood was collected via peripheral cannulae at the time of insertion in 63.1% of cultures, umbilical catheters at the time of insertion in 18.1%, peripheral arterial or venous puncture in 7.7%, and indwelling lines in 2.1%, and the method was unknown in 9.0%. The proportion of contaminated blood cultures was 11.5% with collection via peripheral vascular puncture, 11.1% via indwelling lines, 2.1% via peripheral cannulae at the time of insertion and 1.1% via umbilical catheters at the time of insertion. There was no significant difference in the proportion of contaminated cultures taken via preferred and non‐preferred methods. The proportion of contaminated cultures taken via peripheral cannulae at the time of insertion was significantly less than when samples were taken via a separate arterial or venous puncture.ConclusionsIn our unit, blood cultures are frequently collected via peripheral cannulae at the time of insertion. Blood cultures taken in this manner are less likely to be contaminated than cultures collected via separate vascular puncture.
Comparative Study of Accumulation of Two Potato Virus X Strains Differing in Virulence, Hydrolase Activity and Morphological Abnormalities in Datura stramonium L. Leaves
Authors: Reunov Anatoliy Vasiljevich , Lapshina Larisa Anatoljevna , Nagorskaya Vera Pavlovna 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn young systemically infected leaves of Datura stramonium L., a severe strain of Potato virus X (PVX) accumulated to a lower degree than a mild strain. Infected leaves had increased protease and RNase activities in comparison with those of healthy controls. The highest hydrolase activities were found in leaves infected with the severe strain. Negative‐staining electron microscopy of dips from the infected leaves indicated that PVX virions underwent destructive changes, which resulted in the appearance of abnormal (swollen and ‘thin’) particles. Immuno‐electron microscopic assays showed that thin PVX particles, in contrast to those of normal diameter, lost the ability to bind with specific antiserum. The relative number of thin virions in leaves infected with the severe PVX strain was considerably higher than in leaves infected with the mild strain. This shows that a correlation exists between increased protease activity and intracellular destruction of virions. In abnormal virions, the viral RNA appears to be available for RNase attack. Therefore, it seems that high RNase activity together with increased generation of abnormal virions in the leaves infected with the severe strain promote inactivation of the viral RNA with RNase. We suppose that the enhanced hydrolase activities in the leaves infected with severe PVX strain, on the one hand, limit viral accumulation and thus play a defensive role and, on the other hand, cause considerable intracellular pathological changes resulting in severe symptoms.
Suppression of Powdery Mildew on Flax by Foliar Application of Essential Oils
Authors: Aly Aly A. , Mohamed Heba I. , Mansour Mahmoud T. M. , Omar Moawad R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSix essential oils were evaluated as to their efficiency in controlling powdery mildew (PM) of flax when they were applied as foliar sprays in an outdoor pot experiment. Onion, flax and fenugreek oils did not affect PM severity ratings – that is, they were ineffective in controlling the disease. On the other hand, black cumin, jojoba and coriander oil showed variable levels of efficiency in controlling the disease. Black cumin was moderately effective in controlling the disease because it reduced disease severity by 32.87%, while jojoba and coriander oils were highly effective as they reduced disease severity by 66.24 and 68.64%, respectively. Essential oils did not affect seed weight; however, coriander oil was a notable exception as it reduced seed weight by 55%. Straw weight was not affected by any oil. Foliar application of essential oils resulted in significant changes in the levels of protein, phenols, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde and in activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. The lack of significant correlation between levels and activities of these biochemical components and PM severity demonstrate that these components are not involved in the suppression of PM by essential oils. Therefore, direct toxicity of essential oils to the causal pathogen Oidium lini is the most likely explanation for the disease suppression.
First Report ofNigrospora oryzae(Berk. &Broome) Petch Causing Stem Blight onBrassica junceainIndia
Authors: Sharma Pankaj , Meena Prabhu Dayal , Chauhan Jitendra Singh 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA stem blight disease was observed on the lower portions ofBrassica junceastems during the cropping season (2010–2011). In advanced stages, the lesions were up to 120 cm in length on the stems and also spread to petioles and midribs of leaves. The purified fungus was identified asNigrospora oryzae(Berk. &Br.)Petch (teleomorphKhuskia oryzae), which produced similar symptoms when healthyB. junceaplants were inoculated, thus provingKoch's postulates. This is the first report of the occurrence ofN. oryzaeonB. juncea.
The Fog of Negotiation: What Negotiators Can Learn from Military Doctrine
Authors: Wheeler Michael 
Published: January 2013

On the surface, warfare and negotiation may seem to be polar opposites. The objective in war is to defeat the enemy. In negotiation, the goal is to find a solution that satisfies all the parties. Not surprisingly, little cross‐learning and exchange has occurred across the two domains.In spite of important differences, however, the dynamics of war and negotiation have much in common. Specifically, both involve the interaction of motivated agents with distinct interests, perceptions, and values (especially in high‐stakes contexts). As a result, robust strategy, creativity, and nimble tactics are essential both on the battlefield and at the bargaining table. Just as negotiation theory could be enriched by principles of maneuver warfare, military doctrine offers officers and soldiers a potentially useful foundation to better understand and manage the negotiation process, especially in complex, cross‐cultural contexts.
Games, Claims, and New Frames: Rethinking the Use of Simulation in Negotiation Education
Authors: Druckman Daniel , Ebner Noam 
Published: January 2013

Negotiation educators have long considered the use of role‐play simulations as an essential classroom teaching method, and have had high expectations regarding their suitability and efficacy for teaching. In this article, we review the literature to examine the degree to which simulations deliver on these perceived benefits, finding that simulations enjoy only limited advantages over other teaching methods.We note three trends that have developed as part of this reevaluation process: improving the way simulations are conducted, deemphasizing the use of simulations as a teaching tool while seeking new methods, and finding paradigm‐changing uses for simulations. With regard to this last trend, we describe our own experiments assigning students to design their own simulations, rather than participate in them as role players. Among other benefits of the design method, we found that designers showed greater improvements in concept learning and motivation than did role players.
Reduced kidney function in acute coronary syndrome patients with undiagnosed diabetes or pre‐diabetes
Authors: Liu Hao , Zhou Cheng , Yu Jinming , Jiang Qingwu , Hu Dayi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimChronic kidney disease is highly prevalent in the diabetic population and it is also associated with adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the risk of reduced kidney function (RKF) in ACS patients with undiagnosed diabetes or pre‐diabetes is yet to be clear. Herein, the present study attempts to investigate the risk for RKF in ACS patients with special reference to undiagnosed diabetes and pre‐diabetes, generating possible recommendations for early intervention and management in ACS patients.MethodsA cross‐sectional design was performed to evaluate the risk for RKF in 2232 ACS patients according to glycaemic status from the China Heart Survey between June 2005 and August 2005 by using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of RKF in ACS patients with normal glucose metabolism, pre‐diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes and diagnosed diabetes was 11.6%, 17.7%, 16.7% and 28.8%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, apart from ACS patients with diagnosed diabetes, those with pre‐diabetes (odds ratio = 1.58, 95%:1.08‐2.31) and undiagnosed diabetes (odds ratio  = 1.51, 95%:1.01–2.26) also suffered from an increased risk for RKF, compared with those with normal glucose metabolism. Stratified by ACS subtypes, the associations of RKF with ACS subtypes remained statistically significant.ConclusionsThe increased risk of RKF was significantly associated with undiagnosed diabetes and pre‐diabetes, relative to normal glucose metabolism. Screenings for RKF among ACS patients with pre‐diabetes or newly diagnosed diabetes would be highly recommended.
Genotyping by RAD sequencing enables mapping of fatty acid composition traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne (L.))
Authors: Hegarty Matthew , Yadav Rattan , Lee Michael , Armstead Ian , Sanderson Ruth , Scollan Nigel , Powell Wayne , Skøt Leif 
Published: January 2013

SummaryPerennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is the most important forage crop in temperate livestock agriculture. Its nutritional quality has significant impact on the quality of meat and milk for human consumption. Evidence suggests that higher energy content in forage can assist in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from ruminants. Increasing the fatty acid content (especially α‐linolenic acid, an omega‐3 fatty acid) may thus contribute to better forage, but little is known about the genetic basis of variation for this trait. To this end, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified associated with major fatty acid content in perennial ryegrass using a population derived from a cross between the heterozygous and outbreeding high‐sugar grass variety AberMagic and an older variety, Aurora. A genetic map with 434 restriction‐associated DNA (RAD) and SSR markers was generated. Significant QTLs for the content of palmitic (C16:0) on linkage groups (LGs) 2 and 7; stearic (C18:0) on LGs 3, 4 and 7; linoleic (C18:2n‐6) on LGs 2 and 5; and α‐linolenic acids (C18:3n‐3) on LG 1 were identified. Two candidate genes (a lipase and a beta‐ketoacyl CoA synthase), both associated with C16:0, and separately with C18:2n‐6 and C18:0 contents, were identified. The physical positions of these genes in rice and their genetic positions in perennial ryegrass were consistent with established syntenic relationships between these two species. Validation of these associations is required, but the utility of RAD markers for rapid generation of genetic maps and QTL analysis has been demonstrated for fatty acid composition in a global forage crop.
Acquired Universal Melanosis (Carbon Baby Syndrome)
Authors: Ghosh Sudip K. , Ghoshal Loknath , Bhunia Deblina , Ghoshal Astik M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGeneralized pigmentation in a child may be attributed to a wide range of disorders. Acquired universal melanosis (AUM), also known as carbon baby syndrome, is one such rare condition, characterized by progressive hyperpigmentation of the skin since infancy with histopathologic features of heavy melanization of the entire epidermis. Since its initial description, only a few cases of AUM have been described in the English‐language literature. We describe here a case of a young child with AUM for its rarity and a few unusual features.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and hemorrhage associated with tacrolimus in a pediatric heart transplantation recipient
Authors: Loar Robert W. , Patterson Marc C. , O'Leary Patrick W. , Driscoll David J. , Johnson Jonathan N. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPosterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a disorder characterized by gray and white matter abnormalities in the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes of the brain. Its etiology has been attributed to renal failure, immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus, and other potential entities leading to acute hypertension. Clinical findings include headaches, altered mental status, seizures, visual changes, and focal neurologic deficits. We report the case of a child who developed PRES with intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhages associated with tacrolimus exposure 10 days after heart transplantation for restrictive cardiomyopathy. The patient initially presented with complex partial seizures, headache, agitation, and hypertension. Head MRI was suggestive of PRES along with intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhages. Tacrolimus was discontinued and blood pressure was controlled. The patient's encephalopathy resolved, but he has had ongoing neurologic symptoms secondary to hemorrhage. Generally, PRES is less common in children than in the adult population and is a rare complication of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI). Presentation with secondary hemorrhage also can occur. In children receiving CNIs presenting with new neurologic symptoms, PRES should be considered as prompt discontinuation of the offending agent can induce resolution of symptoms. Children can develop hemorrhage in the context of PRES, leading to increased morbidity.
Diversity and the Division of Cognitive Labor
Authors: Muldoon Ryan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn epistemology and the philosophy of science, there has been an increasing interest in the social aspects of belief acquisition. In particular, there has been a focus on the division of cognitive labor in science. This essay explores several different models of the division of cognitive labor, with particular focus on Kitcher, Strevens, Weisberg and Muldoon, and Zollman. The essay then shows how many of the benefits of the division of cognitive labor flow from leveraging agent diversity. The essay concludes by examining the benefits and burdens of diversity, particularly in the evaluative diversity that can be found in interdisicplinary science.
Analyses of Intrinsicality without Naturalness
Authors: Marshall Dan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOver the last 30 years there have been a number of attempts to analyse the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic properties. This article discusses three leading attempts to analyse this distinction that don't appeal to the notion of naturalness: the duplication analysis endorsed by G. E. Moore and David Lewis, Peter Vallentyne's analysis in terms of contractions of possible worlds, and the analysis of Gene Witmer, William Butchard and Kelly Trogdon in terms of grounding.
Semantic Challenges to Normative Realism
Authors: McPherson Tristram 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNormative realists might be assumed to have few worries about semantics. After all, a realist might initially hope to simply adopt the best semantic theory about ordinary descriptive language. However, beginning with the non‐cognitivist appropriation of the open question argument, a number of philosophers have posed serious objections to the realist’s ability to offer a plausible semantic theory. This paper introduces the two most influential semantic challenges to normative realism: the open question argument, and the Moral Twin Earth argument. It explains the major replies to these challenges offered by realists, and locates these challenges within the broader debate over what sort of semantic theories might be plausible candidates for a normative realist to adopt.
Whither Integrity II: Integrity and Impartial Morality
Authors: Scherkoske Greg 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe idea that impartial moral theories – consequentialism and Kantian ethics in particular – were objectionably hostile to a person’s integrity was famously championed by Bernard Williams nearly 40 years ago. That Williams’‘integrity objection’ has significantly shaped subsequent moral theorizing is widely acknowledged. It is less widely appreciated how this objection has helped shape recent thinking about the nature and value of integrity itself. This paper offers a critical survey of main lines of response to this objection.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Some Gram‐Negative Bacteria Isolated from the Bovine Ejaculate
Authors: Kilburn C , Rooks DJ , McCarthy AJ , Murray RD 
Published: January 2013

ContentsThe bacterial load and degree of antibiotic resistance present in untreated and antibiotic‐treated semen samples were investigated in five bulls standing at a cattle‐breeding centre. Bacterial load was determined by colony counts from semen samples cultured on brain heart infusion and nutrient agar plates. Antibiotic resistance in these bacteria was assessed by measuring the diameter of bacterial growth inhibition zones around discs containing different concentrations of antibiotics. Representative antibiotic‐resistant bacterial isolates were selected for identification. Untreated semen contained few culturable bacteria, and all were completely sensitive to gentamycin, spectinomycin and lincomycin: six of the isolates showed some resistance to tylosin. In semen to which antibiotics had been added as part of the routine production process, two isolates were sensitive to all of the antibiotics tested, and the remainder were resistant to all. Resistant Gram‐negative isolates that were identified included Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas spp. both in the class Gammaproteobacteria and a Sphingomonas sp. which is in the class Alphaproteobacteria.
Systems approach to tuberculosis vaccine development
Authors: Wang Charles C. , Zhu Bingdong , Fan Xionglin , Gicquel Brigitte , Zhang Ying 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTuberculosis is both highly prevalent across the world and eludes our attempts to control it. The current bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine has unreliable protection against adult pulmonary tuberculosis. As a result, tuberculosis vaccine development has been an ongoing area of research for several decades. Only recently have research efforts resulted in the development of several vaccine candidates that are further along in clinical trials. The majority of the barriers surrounding tuberculosis vaccine development are related to the lack of defined biomarkers for tuberculosis protective immunity and the lack of understanding of the complex interactions between the host and pathogen in the human immune system. As a result, testing various antigens discovered through molecular biology techniques have been only with surrogates of protection and do not accurately predict protective immunity. This review will address new discoveries in latency antigens and new next‐generation candidate vaccines that promise the possibility of sterile eradication. Also discussed are the potentially important roles of systems biology and vaccinomics in shortening development of an efficacious tuberculosis vaccine through utilization of high‐throughput technology, computer modelling and integrative approaches.
Laggards or Leaders: Conservers of Traditional Agricultural Knowledge in Bolivia
Authors: Gilles Jere L. , Thomas Justin L. , Valdivia Corinne , Yucra Edwin S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMany sustainable agricultural practices are based on local and traditional farming knowledge. This article examines the conservation and loss of three traditional practices in the Bolivian Altiplano that agronomic research has shown increase the resiliency of small farmers in the face of climate‐related risks. These practices are the use of manure, the use of local forecasts and risk‐management strategies, and the preservation of crop biodiversity. Although these practices are widely used today, farmers have been steadily abandoning them during the past decade. This article examines the characteristics of those who maintain and those who abandon traditional practices to see if the abandonment of local knowledge can be explained by the adoption‐diffusion literature. This research does not support the adoption‐diffusion literature; although the factors related to conservation are slightly different for each practice, the findings do not support the idea that young, educated, and wealthier farmers are more likely to reject local knowledge. Instead, off‐farm activities such as migration, employment, and trade seem to be related to the decline in local practices as each affects the availability of labor and the availability of people to learn these practices.