bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory experiments and observations of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies impinging on an island
Authors: Andres Magdalena , Cenedese Claudia 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLaboratory experiments are conducted to investigate the interactions of self‐propagating barotropic cyclones and baroclinic anticyclones with an island. Results are interpreted in the context of observations around Okinawa Island, Japan, where ubiquitous arrivals of cyclones and anticyclones on the southeastern side of the island influence the flow around it, thereby impacting both the Ryukyu Current's and the Kuroshio's transport. In the laboratory, baroclinic anticyclones generate a buoyant current that flows clockwise around an island whereas barotropic cyclones generate a counterclockwise current. In both cases, the interaction is governed by conservation of circulation Γ around the island, which establishes a balance between the dissipation along the island in contact with the eddy and the dissipation along the island in contact with the generated current. Laboratory results and scaling analysis suggest that the interaction between an anticyclone (cyclone) and Okinawa Island should result in an instantaneous increase (decrease) of the Ryukyu Current transport and a delayed increase (decrease) of the Kuroshio transport. The estimated delays are in good agreement with those obtained with field measurements suggesting that the dynamics at play in the laboratory may be relevant for the flow around Okinawa Island.
Estimating rock compressive strength from Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) grinds
Authors: Thomson B. J. , Bridges N. T. , Cohen J. , Hurowitz J. A. , Lennon A. , Paulsen G. , Zacny K. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEach Mars Exploration Rover carries a Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) whose intended use was to abrade the outer surfaces of rocks to expose more pristine material. Motor currents drawn by the RAT motors are related to the strength and hardness of rock surfaces undergoing abrasion, and these data can be used to infer more about a target rock's physical properties. However, no calibration of the RAT exists. Here, we attempt to derive an empirical correlation using an assemblage of terrestrial rocks and apply this correlation to data returned by the rover Spirit. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between rock strength and RAT grind energy for rocks with compressive strengths less than about 150 MPa, a category that includes all but the strongest intact rocks. Applying this correlation to rocks abraded by Spirit's RAT, the results indicate a large divide in strength between more competent basaltic rocks encountered in the plains of Gusev crater (Adirondack‐class rocks) and the weaker variety of rock types measured in the Columbia Hills. Adirondack‐class rocks have estimated compressive strengths in the range of 70–130 MPa and are significantly less strong than fresh terrestrial basalts; this may be indicative of a degree of weathering‐induced weakening. Rock types in the Columbia Hills (Wishstone, Watchtower, Clovis, and Peace class) all have compressive strengths <50 MPa and are consistent with impactites or volcanoclastic materials. In general, when considered alongside chemical, spectral, and rock textural data, these inferred compressive strength results help inform our understanding of rock origins and modification history.
Comparison of direct mass spectrometry methods for the on‐line analysis of volatile compounds in foods
Authors: Déléris Isabelle , Saint‐Eve Anne , Sémon Etienne , Guillemin Hervé , Guichard Elisabeth , Souchon Isabelle , Le Quéré Jean‐Luc 
Published: April 2013

For the on‐line monitoring of flavour compound release, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and proton transfer reaction (PTR) combined to mass spectrometry (MS) are the most often used ionization technologies. APCI‐MS was questioned for the quantification of volatiles in complex mixtures, but direct comparisons of APCI and PTR techniques applied on the same samples remain scarce. The aim of this work was to compare the potentialities of both techniques for the study of in vitro and in vivo flavour release.Aroma release from flavoured aqueous solutions (in vitro measurements in Teflon bags and glass vials) or flavoured candies (in vivo measurements on six panellists) was studied using APCI‐ and PTR‐MS.Very similar results were obtained with both techniques. Their sensitivities, expressed as limit of detection of 2,5‐dimethylpyrazine, were found equivalent at 12 ng/l air. Analyses of Teflon bag headspace revealed a poor repeatability and important ionization competitions with both APCI‐ and PTR‐MS, particularly between an ester and a secondary alcohol. These phenomena were attributed to dependency on moisture content, gas/liquid volume ratio, proton affinities and product ion distribution, together with inherent drawbacks of Teflon bags (adsorption, condensation of water and polar molecules). Concerning the analyses of vial headspace and in vivo analyses, similar results were obtained with both techniques, revealing no competition phenomena.This study highlighted the equivalent performances of APCI‐MS and PTR‐MS for in vitro and in vivo flavour release investigations and provided useful data on the problematic use of sample bags for headspace analyses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic Review of Upper‐limb Function Measurement Methods in Botulinum Toxin Intervention for Focal Spasticity
Authors: Ashford Stephen , Turner‐Stokes Lynne 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground and PurposeThis paper aimed to select studies evaluating botulinum toxin (BoNT) intervention applied for upper‐limb spasticity and from these identify outcome measures that are a) applicable in the hemiparetic upper limb and b) include evaluation of functional outcome in the context of everyday real‐life activities.MethodsA systematic search was used to identify peer‐reviewed papers evaluating BoNT intervention for focal spasticity management in the upper limb. From these papers, outcome evaluation methods were identified, which attempted to capture ‘active function’ improvement (functional use of the hand and/or arm) or passive function improvement (care for the affected limb, for example to maintain hygiene and dress or support the arm).ResultsThe search yielded 411 studies. Seventy papers were identified following a final review of the abstracts as potentially including evaluation of functional outcome (active and/or passive function). Following the review of the papers, a total of 22 studies contained specific methods for evaluating functional outcome in the upper limb.DiscussionThree different patient‐focused methods to evaluate functional outcome following focal spasticity intervention using BoNT have been identified: 1) use of patient report of upper‐limb items (including the Leeds Adult Spasticity Impact Scale and the Disability Assessment Scale), 2) use of a composite measure of function incorporating functional items and 3) Goal Attainment Scaling. None of these methods fully address evaluation of functional outcome in this context but may go some way to recording these improvements. An alternative or complementary measure, recently published, is the Arm Activity Measure for evaluation of active and passive function in this context. The Arm Activity Measure addresses active and passive function changes from the perspective of patients and carers and has been developed for application in this context. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser desorption ionisation quadrupole ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry of titanium‐carbon thin films
Authors: Amato Filippo , Panyala Nagender Reddy , Vašina Petr , Souček Pavel , Havel Josef 
Published: April 2013

RATIONALETitanium‐carbon (Ti‐C) ceramic thin films (abbreviated as n‐TiC/a‐C:H) are very important for industrial applications. However, their chemical structure is still not completely resolved. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of such n‐TiC/a‐C:H layers prepared by balanced magnetron sputtering under various experimental conditions.METHODSMass spectrometric analysis of Ti‐C thin films was carried out via laser desorption ionisation (LDI) using a quadrupole ion trap and reflectron time‐of‐flight analyser. The stoichiometry of clusters formed via laser ablation was determined, and the relative abundances of species for which the isotopic patterns overlaps were estimated using a least‐squares program.RESULTSTi‐C films were found to be composites of (i) pure and hydrogenated TiC, (ii) titanium oxycarbides, and (iii) titanium oxides of various degrees of hydrogenation (all embedded in an amorphous and/or diamond‐like carbon matrix). Hydrogenated titanium oxycarbide was the main component of the surface layer, whereas deeper layers were composed primarily of TiC and titanium oxides (also embedded in the carbon matrix).CONCLUSIONSMass spectrometry proved useful for elucidating the chemical structure of the hard ceramic‐like Ti‐C layers produced by magnetron sputtering. The Ti‐C layers were found to be complex composites of various chemical entities. Knowledge of the resolved structure could accelerate further development of these kinds of materials. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Analysis and Coordination Compounds of [(1,3‐Benzoxazol‐2‐yl)‐(5‐chloro‐1,3‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl)]amine
Authors: Téllez Fabiola , Ramírez‐Trejo Raúl , Vieto‐Peña Rebeca , Suárez‐Moreno Galdina V. , Colorado‐Peralta Raúl , Flores‐Parra Angelina , Contreras Rosalinda , Barba‐Behrens Noráh 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA novel [(1,3‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl)‐(5‐chloro‐1,3‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl)]amine (L) (1) compound was synthesized. The molecule has a nitrogen atom between 1,3‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl and 5‐chloro‐1,3‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl groups. For compound 1 there are twelve possible conformers and tautomers. Ab initio calculations were performed in order to investigate the more stable structures. Three crystals of compound 1 were obtained in different media, where compound 1 is associated by hydrogen bonding to H2O (1a), THF (1b), or o‐aminophenol (1c). Their X‐ray diffraction analyses are reported. The synthesis and structural study of the coordination compounds [Co(L)2(H2O)] (3) and [Ni(L)2(H2O)2] (4) are discussed.
3‐Chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl Dimethyl Dehydroabietyl Ammonium Chloride: Synthesis, Characterization, and Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Pei Li‐jun , Cai Zhao‐sheng , Song Zhan‐qian , Zhu Xue‐mei , Shang Shi‐bin 
Published: April 2013

Abstract3‐Chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl dimethyl dehydroabietyl ammonium chloride (CHPDMDHA) was synthesized from dehydroabietylamine (DHA) and epichlorodrin. The synthesis was done in three steps. First, DHA was transformed into N,N‐dimethyl dehydroabietyl amine (DMDHA) through Eschweiler‐Clarke Reaction. Second, the DMDHA was reacted with hydrochloric acid and translated into DMDHA hydrochloride. Third, the CHPDMDHA was obtained after the DMDHA hydrochloride had reacted with epichlorodrin and recrystallized using a solvent composed of ethyl acetate and ethanol. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of CHPDMDHA at 25 °C was found to be 2.56 × 10−4 mol L−1, and its surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) was determined to be 27.4 mN m−1; these data suggest that the surface activities of CHPDMDHA are better than those of benzalkonium chloride (BC), so that CHPDMDHA could be used as a good alternative to BC.
Zircon U–Pb geochronology of the Zanhuang metamorphic complex: reappraisal of the Palaeoproterozoic amalgamation of the Trans-North China Orogen
Authors: XIAO LING-LING , WANG GUO-DONG , WANG HAO , JIANG ZONG-SHENG , DIWU CHUN-RONG , WU CHUN-MING 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAmphibolites and metapelites exposed in the Zanhuang metamorphic complex situated in the south-middle section of the Trans-North China Orogen (TNCO) underwent upper-amphibolite-facies metamorphism and record clockwise P–T paths including retrograde isothermal decompression. High-resolution zircon U–Pb geochronological analyses indicate that the metamorphic peak occurred during ~ 1840–1860 Ma, which is in accordance with the ubiquitous metamorphic ages of ~ 1850 Ma retrieved by miscellaneous geochronologic methods throughout the metamorphic terranes of the northern TNCO, confirming that the south-middle section of the TNCO was involved in the amalgamation of the Eastern and Western Blocks of the North China Craton during the Palaeoproterozoic.
Ceres, Liber and Flora: Georgic and Anti-Georgic Elements in Ovid's Fasti
Authors: Fantham Elaine 
Published: April 2013

The Georgics stand at the threshold of Augustan literature, the Fasti at its end, but despite Ovid's respect for Rome's first great didactic poem, Lucretius' De rerum natura, and despite all the intervening achievements of Augustan poets in incorporating national and aetiological themes into other poetic genres, Ovid's poem repeatedly acknowledges by echoes of form and theme the primacy of the Georgics as model for his aetiological work.This paper attempts to measure Ovidian response to the Georgics at two levels, the level of formal, verbal allusion and the level of themes and values. I have been led to focus on Ovid's treatment of Ceres/Demeter (and less prominently Liber/Bacchus) because Ceres as teacher of agriculture and benefactor of men is central to Virgil's representation of evolving human culture. But Ceres is equally important to the Fasti (although her sober personality makes her unappealing as a candidate for interview by the poet) as a major deity in the largely rural Roman calendar, as a symbol of the didactic principle, and for her very centrality in the Virgilian poem that Ovid is emulating.
On Ovid'sIbis: a poem in context
Authors: Williams Gareth 
Published: April 2013

In Propertius' reconstruction of the battle of Actium in 4.6 Apollo is pictured taking his place over Augustus' ship, braced for war:non ille attulerat crinis in colla solutosaut testudineae carmen inerme lyrae. (31–2)In the opening couplet of theIbisOvid repeats the wordscarmen inermeat the same point in the pentameter:tempus ad hoc lustris bis iam mihi quinque peractisomne fuit Musae carmen inerme meae.In Propertius Apollo lays aside the peaceful lyre and takes up his bow to begin the onslaught (55) which will bring Augustus easy victory (57). By echoing Propertius' words Ovid signals his own move into bellicose poetics. But whereas Apollo is equally adept with the lyre and the bow, Ovid is a stranger to war and no more equipped to take up figurative arms in his unaccustomed hands (cf. 10) than he is to take up real arms in self-defence against the marauding hordes of Pontic barbarians (cf.Tr.4.1.71–4). So why does Ovid have no option but to make war when, on his own admission, he is so ill-equipped for the task? Why is he at such pains to stress his strangeness to arms?
Virgil's metamorphoses: myth and allusion in theGeorgics
Authors: Gale Monica 
Published: April 2013

felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas 490atque metus omnis et inexorabile fatumsubiecit pedibus strepitumque Acherontis auari.fortunatus et ille deos qui nouit agrestisPanaque Siluanumque senem Nymphasque sorores. (Geo.2.490–4)[Happy is he who has been able to learn the causes of things, andhas trampled underfoot every fear, and unyielding Fate, and the dinof greedy Acheron. Fortunate, too, is he who knows the rustic gods,Pan and old Silvanus and the sister Nymphs.]In these famous words, Virgil expresses his ambivalent relationship with his great didactic model, Lucretius. The doublemakarismossuggests a declaration of allegiance to two incompatible views of the world: the rationalist philosophy of Epicurus and a nostalgic longing for the simple rustic piety which the Romans of the late Republic and early Empire were so fond of attributing to the farmer and the countryman.
Notes on Ovid'sTristia
Authors: Heyworth S. J. 
Published: April 2013

Professor J. B. Hall has been kind enough to include some conjectures of mine in the apparatus of his forthcoming Teubner edition of Ovid'sTristia. The notes that follow (bar one – the discussion of 4.2) give some explanation and defence of these proposals.Tristia1.6.19–26nec probitate tua prior est aut Hectoris uxor,aut comes extincto Laodamia uiro.    20tu si Maeonium uatem sortita fuisses,Penelopes esset fama secunda tuae;    22prima locum sanctas heroidas inter haberes,   33prima bonis animi conspicerere tui.    34siue tibi hoc debes, nullo pia facta magistro,   23cumque noua mores sunt tibi luce dati,femina seu princeps omnes tibi culta per annos   25te docet exemplum coniugis esse bonae …33–4post22ed. Ven. 1486
‘Tribuni Aerarii’ (?) on coins
Authors: Mattingly H. 
Published: April 2013

At the head of this little paper I set the descriptions of the three denarii, upon which it is based:(1) obv. Head of Titus Tatius, bare-headed, bearded r. sabin. Ā. rev. Two Romans carrying off two Sabine women, L TITVRI.Sometimes A PV with palm-branch stands in place of Ā, sometimes palm-branch only. The same obverse type is found with two other reverses: (a) Tarpeia buried under shields, (b) Victory in biga r. With (a) the obverse shows A PV and palm-branch or palm-branch alone, with (b) neither. There is Aes of the semiuncial standard. Grueber's date (BMC. Rep. I, pp. 297 ff. nos. 2322 ff.) is ca. 87 B.C. Babelon gives ca. 88 B.C., Mommsen gives ca. 86 (near end of period, 100–84 B.C.).(2) obv. Bust of Diana, draped r, with quiver and bow, ending in stags' horns. rev. Hound running r.; spear, c postvmi. Ā.
Some recent experiments in Propertian criticism
Authors: Bailey D. R. Shackleton 
Published: April 2013

Ex Propertio semper aliquid novi. It is with novelties, to speak relatively, that I am concerned; but first a glance around and backwards.If one wishes to separate Propertius' editors into conservative sheep and radical goats, it is tempting to take as a criterion their attitude towards the problem of (alleged) disorder of verses in his MSS.—the Properzproblem as some call it κατ'ἐξοχήν——which arises chiefly, though not exclusively, in his second book. An ‘unvereinbare Divergenz’ is held by Ulrich Knoche to divide the troop of critics who have in general adhered to the verse order of the MSS. from those others, Housman, Postgate, and Richmond among them, who have tended to deal with the vulgate as Omar would have dealt with the universe—first shattering to bits and then remoulding nearer each to his own heart's desire; a practice inaugurated by Scaliger during the six or seven weeks of convalescence which produced (along with editions of Catullus and Tibullus) the portentously transposed Propertius of 1577.
The Gyges fragment: a new Possibility
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: April 2013

It is now nearly two and a half years since Mr Lobel published the fragment which he has called ‘as surprising as any recovered from the soil of Egypt’. Since then a considerable literature has grown up around the fragment. Mr Lobel with caution and Professor Page with more conviction have attributed the fragment to early Attic tragedy. But the other scholars who have written on the subject have with striking unanimity assigned it to the tragedy of the Hellenistic age, some of them with what seems to me a surprising self-assurance.Arguments from the nature of the subject-matter seem to give little help in reaching a decision. If one party can adduce thePersaeof Aeschylus and thePhoenissaeand theCapture of Miletusof Phrynichus, the other can retort with theThemistoclesof Mausolus and theCassandreisof Lycophron. Leaving subject-matter aside, three main types of evidence have been brought forward, that of the style, that of the language and that of the metre. Any inference about the date based solely on the style must rest on foundations that are at least partially subjective.
The Conception of India in Hellenistic and Roman Literature
Authors: Dihle Albrecht 
Published: April 2013

Going through the literature of late antiquity, of, say, the third and fourth centuries A.D., one is likely to discover very easily three different concepts of Indian geography.(1) In literary—not in scientific—texts which belong to the classical tradition, India is usually thought of as the country of two big rivers, namely the Indus and the Ganges. This India does not include the region south of the Vindhya mountains, in spite of the fact that the commercial relations between South India and the Roman empire had been particularly close during the first and second centuries A.D. India, according to this literary tradition, was accessible by land, by following the course of Alexander's campaign, whereas Indian trade in the Roman period actually followed the passage provided by the monsoon, which had been discovered in the late Hellenistic period. Many details of that classical or rather classicistic conception of India can be gathered from Philostratus' Life of Apollonius, written early in the third century A.D., as well as from the History of Alexander, falsely attributed to Callisthenes.
Interpolations in Petronius
Authors: Sullivan J. P. 
Published: April 2013

‘The core of practically every problem in textual criticism is a problem of style, and the categories are still far less settled than those of textual criticism. And there is the further danger that the editor in making his recension may fall into the habit of forgetting his responsibility for being continually alive to the author's style. Here I may be allowed to end by recalling a remark of Richard Bentley's in his note on Horace, Odes 3.27.15, nobis et ratio et res ipsa centum codicibus potiores sunt. This remark has always tempted some scholars to misuse it, and it will always continue to do so; but it is true.’ (P.Maas, Textual criticism (1958) 40 f.)That there were interpolations in Petronius' text was recognised early, although it was not until Eduard Fraenkel's more scientific, if controversial, views on Petronian interpolation were communicated and published in K.Müller's first edition of the Satyricon (1961) that an attempt was made to classify and date more serious and unnoticed interpolations.
Rhetors at the wedding
Authors: Russell D. A. 
Published: April 2013

In Lucian's Symposium, one of the wedding guests is a philosopher and another is a grammatikos. The grammatikos provides a bad elegiac epithalamium; the philosopher, who is called Ion, improves the occasion with a speech in which he declares that pederasty offers the best way of life, and the system of communal wives, as recommended in Plato's Republic, is the next best thing.This fantasy, of course, tells us nothing about what went on at weddings. Lucian's main motive is literary parody, of Plutarch's Erotikos or something of the kind. But it may serve to recall something of which we have evidence enough in Greek rhetoric, namely the practice of delivering speeches of some literary pretention at high-class weddings. The educated classes of the cities of the eastern provinces evidently cherished this habit: a display of culture, as well as of wealth, was admired, and elaborate orations took their place, alongside abundance of food and wine, music and song, elaborately decorated bridal chambers and beds, as concomitants of a wedding that was to do both families credit. This is true of the period of the ‘Second Sophistic’, and of its fourth-century and early Byzantine continuations. How far the practice was common before, say, the Antonine age is much less clear.
Note on a Greek text relating to credit transactions
Authors: Millett Paul 
Published: April 2013

This note is intended as a contribution towards a better understanding of the structure of credit relations in Greek society.Diogenes Laertios: Life of Menippos 6.99 (Long):.This passage has been consistently misunderstood by translators and commentators. Typical of the confusion is the translation by Hicks in the Loeb edition:Hermippos says that he [Menippos] lent out money by the day and got a nickname from doing so. For he used to make loans on bottomry and take security, thus accumulating a large fortune.