bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of undeclared sources of animal origin in canine dry foods used in dietary elimination trials
Authors: Ricci R. , Granato A. , Vascellari M. , Boscarato M. , Palagiano C. , Andrighetto I. , Diez M. , Mutinelli F. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryFailure to respond to commercial limited antigen diets can occur in dogs kept on a dietary trial for the diagnosis of adverse food reaction (AFR). The aim of this study was to assess twelve canine dry limited antigen diets (eleven novel protein diets and one hydrolysed diet) for potential contamination by ingredients of animal origin not mentioned on the label. The validity of the two methods adopted for the detection of such food antigens was also evaluated. Each dietary product was analysed by microscopy analysis using the official method described in Commission RegulationEC152/2009 with the aim of identifying bone fragments of different zoological classes (mammalian, avian and fish) and bypolymerasechainreaction(PCR) for the identification ofDNAof animal origin. Discrepancies between the results obtained byPCRand/or microscopy analysis and the ingredients listed on pet food packages were found. Only in two pet foods did the results of both analyses match the ingredients listed on the label. In the remaining ten samples, microscopy detected bone fragments from one or two unpredicted zoological classes, revealing avian fragments in six of ten samples followed by those of fish in five of ten and mammalian fragments in four of ten. In two samples, microscopy analysis identified a contamination that would have otherwise passed unobserved if onlyPCRhad been used. However,PCRconfirmed the presence of all the zoological classes detected by microscopy and also identified theDNAof an additional unexpected zoological class in two samples. Dogs might fail to respond to commercial limited antigen diets because such diets are contaminated with potential allergens. BothPCRand microscopy analysis are required to guarantee the absence of undeclared animal sources in pet foods. Before ruling outAFR, a novel protein home‐made diet should be considered if the dog is unresponsive to a commercial regimen.
Effect of weaning and in‐feed high doses of zinc oxide on zinc levels in different body compartments of piglets
Authors: Davin R. , Manzanilla E.G. , Klasing K.C. , Pérez J.F. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryHigh doses of Zn are widely used for prevention and treatment of diarrhoea in weaning piglets; however, the mechanism of action of Zn against diarrhoea is still not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether weaning induces Zn deficiency in piglets. Eight litters of primiparous sows were selected for the experiment, and 3 piglets presenting similar weights were selected within each litter. Two of the three selected piglets from each litter were weaned at 21d of age and fed two different diets: a commercial control diet (WCt) and the same diet plus 2000 ppm of Zn as ZnO (WZn). The third selected pig from each litter was kept unweaned (Uw) with the sow and the rest of the litter. All 24 selected animals were killed at 28 d of age, and blood, gastrointestinal content, liver, pancreas and spleen were sampled for Zn, Fe and Cu analysis (mg/kg or L of sample). Data were analysed using anova including treatment as a fixed factor. Weaned pigs fed WCt diet presented a lower Zn concentration in plasma than Uw animals (0.76 ± 0.091 vs. 1.10 ± 0.099 mg/L, p = 0.05). Zinc levels in liver, pancreas and spleen were not affected by weaning. Total concentration of Zn was higher in gastrointestinal contents of weaned animals fed WCt diet than in Uw pigs (p ≤ 0.001 for stomach, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon). Supplementation with high doses of ZnO increased levels of Zn in gastrointestinal content (p < 0.001), liver (p < 0.001) and pancreas (p < 0.001) compared to WCt diet. It also increased plasma Zn to non‐deficient levels (1.32 ± 0.086), but the increase was not as marked as in other locations and final concentration was not different than that in Uw animals (p = 0.231). Weaning creates a Zn deficiency situation in weaned pigs as observed by plasma Zn concentrations. ZnO supplementation counteracts Zn deficiency.
Effect of timing of post‐partum introduction to pasture and supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on milk production, metabolic status, energy balance and some reproductive parameters in early lactation dairy cows
Authors: Al Ibrahim R. M. , Whelan S. J. , Pierce K. M. , Campion D. P. , Gath V. P. , Mulligan F. J. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryDietary change, an inconsistent nutrient intake and high levels of milk production make the early post‐partum period (PP) a challenging time for the lactating dairy cow. This experiment investigates the effects of two early PP nutritional management strategies (NM): abrupt introduction to pasture (AP) or a total mixed ration (TMR) for 21 days followed by a gradual introduction to pasture over 7 days (GP), with (Y) or without (C) live yeast (YS) on milk production, energy balance (EB) and selected metabolic and reproductive variables. Forty multiparous dairy cows were assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a two (AP vs. GP) by two (Y vs. C) factorial, randomized block design. The experiment was conducted from days 1 to 70 PP. Blood samples were taken on day 1, day 5 and every 10 days until day 45 to determine metabolites, whilst intake (DMI), and EB were determined during week 6 PP. Milk was sampled weekly for fat, protein and lactose. Trans‐rectal scanning for reproductive variables commenced on day 10 PP. Animals in the GP group had a higher DMI (p = 0.04), higher fat yield (p = 0.08) and fewer days to first ovulation (p = 0.09) vs. those in the AP group. EB (−3.5 ± 0.67 units of energy for milk production) and body condition score loss (0.70 ± 0.09) were not affected by NM. However, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) (p < 0.01) were higher, and glucose (p = 0.02) was lower in the AP vs. the GP group. Supplementary YS tended to improve EB (p = 0.09) and reduced NEFA (p < 0.01) vs. non‐supplemented animals. These data suggest that offering animals a nutritionally balanced TMR during the first 3 weeks PP followed by a gradual introduction to pasture can improve DMI vs. pasture‐based diets. Additionally, the blood metabolic profile suggests a more favourable energy status in the GP group or where YS was supplemented during the early PP period.
Morphology of the parotoid macroglands in Phyllomedusa leaf frogs
Authors: Antoniazzi M. M. , Neves P. R. , Mailho‐Fontana P. L. , Rodrigues M. T. , Jared C. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe parotoid macroglands of toads (bufonids) and leaf frogs (hylids) are used in passive defence against predators. The parotoids release poison when the amphibian is bitten by a predator. Despite the apparent similarity, the anatomical and histological structure of these macroglands in hylids is poorly studied when compared with those of bufonids. In this paper, we focused on the morphology of the macroglands of P. distincta, a leaf frog endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, comparing their structure with those of bufonids. In addition, we compared the macrogland morphology of P. distincta with those from major clades of Phyllomedusa. All results revealed a macrogland morphology in leaf frogs distinct from that of toads, suggesting that the term parotoid should be used only for those of bufonids.
Product feedback regulation implicated in translational control of the Trypanosoma brucei S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase regulatory subunit prozyme
Authors: Xiao Yanjing , Nguyen Suong , Kim Sok Ho , Volkov Oleg A. , Tu Benjamin P. , Phillips Margaret A. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryHuman African sleeping sickness (HAT) is caused by the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei. Polyamine biosynthesis is an important drug target in the treatment of HAT. Previously we showed that trypanosomatid S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), a key enzyme for biosynthesis of the polyamine spermidine, is activated by heterodimer formation with an inactive paralogue termed prozyme. Furthermore, prozyme protein levels were regulated in response to reduced AdoMetDC activity. Herein we show that T. brucei encodes three prozyme transcripts. The 3′UTRs of these transcripts were mapped and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter constructs were used to identify a 1.2 kb region that contained a 3′UTR prozyme regulatory element sufficient to upregulate CAT protein levels (but not RNA) upon AdoMetDC inhibition, supporting the hypothesis that prozyme expression is regulated translationally. To gain insight into trans‐acting factors, genetic rescue of AdoMetDC RNAi knock‐down lines with human AdoMetDC was performed leading to rescue of the cell growth block, and restoration of prozyme protein to wild‐type levels. Metabolite analysis showed that prozyme protein levels were inversely proportional to intracellular levels of decarboxylated AdoMet (dcAdoMet). These data suggest that prozyme translation may be regulated by dcAdoMet, a metabolite not previously identified to play a regulatory role.
Nursing challenges with a severely injured patient in critical care
Authors: Crossan Lisa , Cole Elaine 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundPatients with severe, multiple, traumatic injuries are challenging to manage in critical care. Early identification of injuries and optimal resuscitation is essential for favourable outcomes. Trauma‐related haemorrhage can lead to the lethal triad of hypothermia, coagulopathy and acidosis. Many trauma patients require urgent haemorrhage control and structural fixation through operative intervention. However, metabolic derangement and cardiovascular instability may delay surgery, resulting in an ongoing cycle of deterioration. Damage control surgery (DCS) may be used as a temporizing measure until the patient is stabilized in critical care. The aim of this case study is to discuss the complex issues faced in the critical care management of a severely injured patient.DesignWe conducted a patient case study, with analysis of care using published evidence. The key terms used to search for evidence were trauma, injury, damage control surgery, spinal fixation, critical/intensive care and nurse.ResultsWe report the care of a trauma patient with complex, conflicting injuries requiring management of the lethal triad and DCS. The delay in subsequent definitive repair of spinal column fractures provided many challenges for critical care nurses including restricted patient mobilization, positioning and pressure ulcer prevention. A review of contemporary evidence relating to DCS reveals that whilst this technique is used increasingly in trauma, the research focuses on single system injuries.ConclusionEvidence and guidelines are required to support DCS for critical care patients with multiple, conflicting injuries including spinal fractures. For patients with delayed surgical intervention, rotational bed therapy may assist critical care nurses in meeting needs.
Direct and legacy effects of long‐term elevatedCO2on fine root growth and plant–insect interactions
Authors: Stiling Peter , Moon Daniel , Rossi Anthony , Forkner Rebecca , Hungate Bruce A. , Day Frank P. , Schroeder Rachel E. , Drake Bert 
Published: May 2013

SummaryIncreasing atmosphericCO2concentrations alter leaf physiology, with effects that cascade to communities and ecosystems. Yet, responses over cycles of disturbance and recovery are not well known, because most experiments span limited ecological time. We examined the effects ofCO2on root growth, herbivory and arthropod biodiversity in a woodland from 1996 to 2006, and the legacy ofCO2enrichment on these processes during the year after theCO2treatment ceased.We used minirhizotrons to study root growth, leaf censuses to study herbivory and pitfall traps to determine the effects of elevatedCO2on arthropod biodiversity.ElevatedCO2increased fine root biomass, but decreased foliar nitrogen and herbivory on all plant species. Insect biodiversity was unchanged in elevatedCO2. Legacy effects of elevatedCO2disappeared quickly as fine root growth, foliar nitrogen and herbivory levels recovered in the next growing season following the cessation of elevatedCO2.Although the effects of elevatedCO2cascade through plants to herbivores, they do not reach other trophic levels, and biodiversity remains unchanged. The legacy of 10 yr of elevatedCO2on plant–herbivore interactions in this system appear to be minimal, indicating that the effects of elevatedCO2may not accumulate over cycles of disturbance and recovery.
The regulation of cambial activity in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) involves extensive transcriptome remodeling
Authors: Qiu Zongbo , Wan Lichuan , Chen Tong , Wan Yinglang , He Xinqiang , Lu Shanfa , Wang Yanwei , Lin Jinxing 
Published: May 2013

Summary

Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a commercially important tree for the timber and pulp industry, is widely distributed in southern China and northern Vietnam, but its large and complex genome has hindered the development of genomic resources. Few efforts have focused on analysis of the modulation of transcriptional networks in vascular cambium during the transition from active growth to dormancy in conifers.

Here, we used Illumina sequencing to analyze the global transcriptome alterations at the different stages of vascular cambium development in Chinese fir.

By analyzing dynamic changes in the transcriptome of vascular cambium based on our RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) data at the dormant, reactivating and active stages, many potentially interesting genes were identified that encoded putative regulators of cambial activity, cell division, cell expansion and cell wall biosynthesis and modification. In particular, the genes involved in transcriptional regulation and hormone signaling were highlighted to reveal their biological importance in the cambium development and wood formation.

Our results reveal the dynamics of transcriptional networks and identify potential key components in the regulation of vascular cambium development in Chinese fir, which will contribute to the in‐depth study of cambial differentiation and wood‐forming candidate genes in conifers.
EVALUATING THE PROSPECTS OF BENEFIT SHARING SCHEMES IN PROTECTING MOUNTAIN GORILLAS IN CENTRAL AFRICA
Authors: MUKANJARI SAMSON , BEDNAR‐FRIEDL BIRGIT , MUCHAPONDWA EDWIN , ZIKHALI PRECIOUS 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPresently, the mountain gorilla in Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo is endangered mainly by poaching and habitat loss. This paper sets out to investigate the possible resolution of poaching involving the local community by using benefit sharing schemes with local communities. Using a bioeconomic model, the paper demonstrates that the current revenue sharing scheme yields suboptimal conservation outcomes. It is, however, shown that a performance‐linked benefit sharing scheme in which the Park Agency makes payment to the local community based on the growth of the gorilla stock can achieve socially optimal conservation. This scheme renders poaching effort by the local community, and therefore poaching fines and antipoaching enforcement toward the local community unnecessary. Given the huge financial outlay requirements for the ideal benefit sharing scheme, the Park Agencies in central Africa could reap more financial benefits for use in conservation if they employ an oligopolistic pricing strategy for gorilla tourism.
INFLUENCES OF AVAILABILITY ON PARAMETER ESTIMATES FROM SITE OCCUPANCY MODELS WITH APPLICATION TO SUBMERSED AQUATIC VEGETATION
Authors: GRAY BRIAN R. , HOLLAND MARK D. , YI FENG , STARCEVICH LEIGH ANN HARROD 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSite occupancy models are commonly used by ecologists to estimate the probabilities of species site occupancy and of species detection. This study addresses the influence on site occupancy and detection estimates of variation in species availability among surveys within sites. Such variation in availability may result from temporary emigration, nonavailability of the species for detection, and sampling sites spatially when species presence is not uniform within sites. We demonstrate, using Monte Carlo simulations and aquatic vegetation data, that variation in availability and heterogeneity in the probability of availability may yield biases in the expected values of the site occupancy and detection estimates that have traditionally been associated with low‐detection probabilities and heterogeneity in those probabilities. These findings confirm that the effects of availability may be important for ecologists and managers, and that where such effects are expected, modification of sampling designs and/or analytical methods should be considered. Failure to limit the effects of availability may preclude reliable estimation of the probability of site occupancy.
Cyclin D1‐induced proliferation is independent of beta‐catenin in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Sales KU , Giudice FS , Castilho RM , Salles FT , Squarize CH , Abrahao AC , Pinto DS 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) progression and metastasis have previously been associated with the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase‐protein kinase B (PI3K‐Akt) and Wnt signalling pathways, which lead to the activation of pro‐proliferative genes, such as cyclin D1. The current study aims to investigate whether there is a crosstalk between these pathways in HNSCC and which pathway is more likely to regulate cyclin D1.Material and MethodsTwo HNSCC and a control keratinocyte cell lines were treated with EGF and wortmannin to respectively activate and block the PI3K‐Akt and Wnt pathways. Partial and total levels of cyclin D1, beta‐catenin and Akt were evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Twenty‐four paraffin‐embedded samples of human HNSCC, as well as normal oral mucosa biopsies, were also immunohistochemically evaluated for beta‐catenin and cyclin D1 expression.ResultsFollowing both treatments, change in cyclin D1 protein was correlated with Akt levels only. Cytoplasmic staining for beta‐catenin and loss of its membranous expression in the HNSCC invasive areas were found in 92% of the HNSCC biopsies.ConclusionTaken together, we show that the change in cyclin D1 levels is more likely to be due to the EGFR‐Akt pathway activation than due to beta‐catenin nuclear translocation.
To be or not to be Angolosaurus: a multilocus perspective on the phylogenetic position of Africa's desert plated lizard (Gerrhosauridae)
Authors: Lamb Trip , Bauer Aaron M. 
Published: May 2013

The Desert Plated Lizard is a Namib sand dune specialist whose distinct morphological habitus has elicited differing taxonomic interpretations. Originally described as Gerrhosaurus skoogi, the species was later placed in a monotypic genus, Angolosaurus, to emphasize its endemic status and psammophilous condition. Distinct views exist regarding its phylogenetic position as well. General morphological and cranial osteological analyses, respectively, identify the species as either the sister taxon to the remaining African gerrhosaurids or sister taxon to all (African + Madagascan) gerrhosaurids. Alternatively, a mitochondrial DNA phylogeny places the species within the genus Gerrhosaurus. Given these conflicting topologies, we revisit the systematic status of the Desert Plated Lizard, presenting here the first multilocus phylogeny for the African gerrhosaurids. Bayesian inference and maximum‐likelihood analyses depict the Desert Plated Lizard as being nested within a clade containing four species of Gerrhosaurus. This strongly supported clade, recovered in mitochondrial, nuclear and combined gene analyses, corroborates the previous mitochondrial phylogeny. Alternative topologies – in which the species was constrained to correspond to morphological phylogenetic placements – differ significantly from our multilocus topology. Thus, we reiterate and conclude that Angolosaurus is a junior synonym of Gerrhosaurus.
Determination of transit dose profile for a 192Ir HDR source
Authors: Fonseca G. P. , Rubo R. A. , Minamisawa R. A. , dos Santos G. R. , Antunes P. C. G. , Yoriyaz H. 
Published: May 2013

Purpose:Several studies have reported methodologies to calculate and correct the transit dose component of the moving radiation source for high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy planning systems. However, most of these works employ the average source speed, which varies significantly with the measurement technique used, and does not represent a realistic speed profile, therefore, providing an inaccurate dose determination. In this work, the authors quantified the transit dose component of a HDR unit based on the measurement of the instantaneous source speed to produce more accurate dose values.Methods:The Nucletron microSelectron‐HDR Ir‐192 source was characterized considering the Task Group 43 (TG‐43U1) specifications. The transit dose component was considered through the calculation of the dose distribution using a Monte Carlo particle transport code, MCNP5, for each source position and correcting it by the source speed. The instantaneous source speed measurements were performed in a previous work using two optical fibers connected to a photomultiplier and an oscilloscope. Calculated doses were validated by comparing relative dose profiles with those obtained experimentally using radiochromic films.Results:TG‐43U1 source parameters were calculated to validate the Monte Carlo simulations. These agreed with the literature, with differences below 1% for the majority of the points. Calculated dose profiles without transit dose were also validated by comparison with ONCENTRA® Brachy v. 3.3 dose values, yielding differences within 1.5%. Dose profiles obtained with MCNP5 corrected using the instantaneous source speed profile showed differences near dwell positions of up to 800% in comparison to values corrected using the average source speed, but they are in good agreement with the experimental data, showing a maximum discrepancy of approximately 3% of the maximum dose. Near a dwell position the transit dose is about 22% of the dwell dose delivered by the source dwelling 1 s and reached 104.0 cGy per irradiation in a hypothetical clinical case studied in this work.Conclusions:The present work demonstrated that the transit dose correction based on average source speed fails to accurately correct the dose, indicating that the correct speed profile should be considered. The impact on total dose due to the transit dose correction near the dwell positions is significant and should be considered more carefully in treatments with high dose rate, several catheters, multiple dwell positions, small dwell times, and several fractions.