bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of travel distance on household demand for typhoid vaccines: implications for planning
Authors: Kim Dohyeong , Lauria Donald T. , Poulos Christine , Dong Baiqing , Whittington Dale 
Published: March 2013

SUMMARYTyphoid fever causes millions of illnesses and hundreds of thousands of deaths yearly. Vaccinations would mitigate this problem, but the users would probably have to pay some or most of the cost. Several willingness‐to‐pay studies have assessed the effect of price on private demand to provide a basis for financial planning of campaigns, but the effect of travel distance, which is a potentially important determinant of demand, has not been studied. This paper thus has two objectives: (i) conduct a willingness‐to‐pay survey to assess the effects of distance, price and other variables on the private demand for typhoid vaccinations in a rural township of China where a campaign is under consideration; and (ii) embed the demand function in a mathematical model to address three planning questions; should each village have its own clinic, would one clinic be best or should the number of clinics be something in‐between? Private vaccine demand was found to depend on and be inelastic with respect to both price and travel distance. A 1‐km increase in distance caused the number of vaccinations demanded to decrease the same as a $0.5 increase in price. Thus, the marginal rate of substitution was $0.5 per km. A single clinic would be best for the township only if diseconomies of scale in supplying vaccinations exceeded the marginal rate of substitution. Otherwise, multiple clinics close to users would be optimal. Thus, deciding the number, location and capacities of clinics for vaccination planning is as important as deciding what price(s) to charge. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local‐scale and watershed‐scale determinants of summertime urban stream temperatures
Authors: Booth Derek B. , Kraseski Kristin A. , Rhett Jackson C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe influence of urbanization on the temperature of small streams is widely recognized, but these effects are confounded by the great natural variety of their contributing watersheds. To evaluate the relative importance of local‐scale and watershed‐scale factors on summer temperatures in urban streams, hundreds of near‐instantaneous temperature measurements throughout the central Puget Lowland, western Washington State, were collected during a single 2‐h period in August in each of the years 1998–2001. Stream temperatures ranged from 8.9 to 27.5 °C, averaging 15.4 °C. Pairwise correlation coefficients between stream temperature and four watershed variables (total watershed area and the watershed percentages of urban development, upstream lakes, and permeable glacial outwash soils as an indicator of groundwater exchange) were uniformly very low. Akaike's information criterion was applied to determine the best‐supported sets of watershed‐scale predictor variables for explaining the variability of stream temperatures. For the full four‐year dataset, the only well‐supported model was the global model (using all watershed variables); for the most voluminous single‐year (1999) data, Akaike's information criterion showed greatest support for per cent outwash (Akaike weight of 0.44), followed closely by per cent urban development + per cent outwash, per cent lake area only, and the global model. Upstream lakes resulted in downstream warming of up to 3 °C; variability in riparian shading imposed a similar temperature range. Watershed urbanization itself is not the most important determining factor for summer temperatures in this region; even the long‐recognized effects of riparian shading can be no more influential than those imposed by other local‐scale and watershed‐scale factors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD 
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:Fundamental Concepts in Drug‐Receptor Interactions. J. F. Danielli, J. F. Moran, and D. J. Triggle, editors.Current Dermatologic Management. Stuart Maddin, editor.Drugs and Cerebral Function. W. L. Smith and G. A. Ulett, editors.The Psychodynamic Implications of the Physiological Studies on Psychomimetic Drugs. L. Madow and L. H. Snow, editors.Marijuana, The Second Trip. Revised Ed. Edward R. Bloomquist.Cancer Chemotherapy. F. Elkerbout, P. Thomas, and A. Zwaveling, Eds.
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD 
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:Cardiovascular Therapy, The Art and the Science. H. I. Russek and B. L. Zohman, editors.Steroid‐Protein Interactions (Monographs on Endocrinology). U. Westphal, editor.Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism and Drug Disposition. B. N. LaDu, H. G. Mandel, and E. L. Way, editors.Monitoring Birth Defects and Environment. The Problem of Surveillance. E. B. Hook, D. T. Janerich, and I. H. Porter, editors.
Alumina as a Support and Catalyst for the Synthesis of Benzothiazoles in Solvent‐free Condition
Authors: Ding Mei‐Fang , Chen Chia‐Pei , Lin Shaw‐Tao 
Published: March 2013

AbstractArylbenzothiazole (4) and benzothiazolylcoumarins (5) were prepared by the condensation of 2‐aminothiophenol (1) and hydroxybenzaldehydes (2) and 3‐ethoxycarbonylcoumarinnin (3), respectively, in solvent‐free condition. Of the solid support used, γ‐Al2O3 demonstrated the best activity. A linear regression line obtained from correlation between relative formation rate and Hammett constants with slope of 0.653 suggested that this condensation process is less sensitive to the substituents on the phenyl ring due to low efficacy of polarization in the solid state. In general, good yields (>80% yield) were obtained for the formation of 4. Conversely, yields of 5 were poor, because of γ‐Al2O3 catalytic decomposition of 3 to form 2 (without P2O5) and coumarin (with P2O5).
In vitro Photo‐Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl: A Main Source for the Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A in the Citric Acid Cycle to Perform Biochemical Reactions
Authors: Farrukh Muhammad Akhyar , Naz Sana 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe kinetics of photooxidation of pyruvate was investigated in presence of zinc oxide catalyst under illumination of visible light. The influence of different parameters such as concentrations of reactants, amount of catalyst and irradiation time was studied on the redox reaction under pseudo‐first order conditions. The results indicated that amount of catalyst, presence of electron accepter in solution and irradiation time was the key factors influencing the efficiency of photo‐oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl.
Controlled Friedel‐Crafts Acylation of 3,6‐Disubstituted‐9H‐carbazole
Authors: Lee Ting‐Yu , Yeh Ming‐Che , Chang Ling‐Chueh , Ong Chi‐Wi , Lin Che‐Yu , Huang Jui‐Hsien 
Published: March 2013

Abstract1,8‐Dicarbonylcarbazoles are important starting materials for various applications, especially for pincer‐type ligands. The convenient synthesis of a series of 1,8‐diacyl‐3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9H‐carbazoles (2) by the direct Friedel‐Crafts acylation of 3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9H‐carbazole (1) is described. During the reaction, the dealkylation also occurred, and 1,8‐diacetyl‐3‐tert‐butyl‐9H‐carbazole (4) was isolated as well as characterized by an X‐ray diffraction analysis. In addition, the steric bulkiness of the acyl chlorides strongly affects the yields of 1,8‐diacylation of 1.
Photochemical and microbial alteration of dissolved organic matter in temperate headwater streams associated with different land use
Authors: Lu Yuehan , Bauer James E. , Canuel Elizabeth A. , Yamashita Youhei , Chambers R. M. , Jaffé Rudolf 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPhotochemical and microbial transformations of DOM were evaluated in headwater streams draining forested and human‐modified lands (pasture, cropland, and urban development) by laboratory incubations. Changes in DOC concentrations, DOC isotopic signatures, and DOM fluorescence properties were measured to assess the amounts, sources, ages, and properties of reactive and refractory DOM under the influence of photochemistry and/or bacteria. DOC in streams draining forest‐dominated watersheds was more photoreactive than in streams draining mostly human‐modified watersheds, possibly due to greater contributions of terrestrial plant‐derived DOC and lower amounts of prior light exposure in forested streams. Overall, the percentage of photoreactive DOC in stream waters was best predicted by the relative content of terrestrial fluorophores. The bioreactivity of DOC was similar in forested and human‐modified streams, but variations were correlated with temperature and may be further controlled by the diagenetic status of organic matter. Alterations to DOC isotopes and DOM fluorescence properties during photochemical and microbial incubations were similar between forested and human‐modified streams and included (1) negligible effects of microbial alteration on DOC isotopes and DOM fluorescence properties, (2) selective removal of 13C‐depleted and 14C‐enriched DOC under the combined influence of photochemical and microbial processes, and (3) photochemical alteration of DOM resulting in a preferential loss of terrestrial humic fluorescence components relative to microbial fluorescence components. This study provides a unique comparison of DOC reactivity in a regional group of streams draining forested and human‐modified watersheds and indicates the importance of land use on the photoreactivity of DOC exported from upstream watersheds.
The Structure of Claw‐Free Perfect Graphs
Authors: Chudnovsky Maria , Plumettaz Matthieu 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn 1988, Chvátal and Sbihi (J Combin Theory Ser B 44(2) (1988), 154–176) proved a decomposition theorem for claw‐free perfect graphs. They showed that claw‐free perfect graphs either have a clique‐cutset or come from two basic classes of graphs called elementary and peculiar graphs. In 1999, Maffray and Reed (J Combin Theory Ser B 75(1) (1999), 134–156) successfully described how elementary graphs can be built using line‐graphs of bipartite graphs using local augmentation. However, gluing two claw‐free perfect graphs on a clique does not necessarily produce claw‐free graphs. In this article, we give a complete structural description of claw‐free perfect graphs. We also give a construction for all perfect circular interval graphs.
Nitric oxide boosts TLR‐4 mediated lipocalin 2 expression in chondrocytes
Authors: Gómez Rodolfo , Scotece Morena , Conde Javier , Lopez Veronica , Pino Jesus , Lago Francisca , Gómez‐Reino Juan J. , Gualillo Oreste 
Published: March 2013

AbstractLipocalin 2 (LCN2) has recently emerged as a novel adipokine involved in different processes including arthritis and chondrocyte inflammatory response. However, little is known about its activity on chondrocyte homeostasis and its regulation by nitric oxide (NO) Hence, we performed a set of experiments aimed to achieve a better understanding of this relationship. Cell vitality was tested in the ATDC5 cell line by the MTT colorimetric assay. Protein expression and gene expression was evaluated by Western blot and real time RT‐PCR, respectively. NO production (determined as nitrite accumulation) was assayed by the Griess reaction. First, we demonstrated that LCN2 decreased murine chondrocytes vitality. Next, LCN2 co‐stimulation with LPS enhanced NOS2 protein expression by murine chondrocytes. In addition, inhibition of LPS‐induced nitric oxide production by aminoguanidine, a selective NOS2 inhibitor, significantly reduced LPS‐mediated LCN2 expression. In contrast, treatment of murine chondrocytes with sodium nitroprussiate (SNP), a classic NO donor, scarcely induced LCN2 expression. Intriguingly, SNP addition to LPS‐challenged chondrocytes, treated with aminoguanidine, provoked a strong induction of LCN2 expression. Finally, murine ATDC5 cells, co‐cultured with LPS pre‐challenged macrophages, had higher LCN2 expression in comparison with murine chondrocytes co‐cultured with non pre‐challenged macrophages. In this work we have described for the first time that NO is able to exert a control on LCN2 expression, suggesting the existence of a feedback loop regulating its expression. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1046–1052, 2013
Endogenous TGF‐β activity limits TSLP expression in the intervertebral disc tissue by suppressing NF‐κB activation
Authors: Zhu Yong , Ohba Tetsuro , Ando Takashi , Fujita Koji , Koyama Kensuke , Nakamura Yuki , Katoh Ryohei , Haro Hirotaka , Nakao Atsuhito 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an IL‐7‐like cytokine, is highly expressed in herniated disc (HD) tissue and may act as a key molecule for the initiation of macrophage recruitment into the tissue and natural resorption of HD. However, it remains unclear how TSLP expression is regulated in the intervertebral discs. This study showed that expression of TSLP and phosphorylated NF‐κB in HD tissue samples was inversely correlated with expression of phosphorylated Smad2/3 (an indicator of active TGF‐β signaling) and vice versa in posterior lumbar spinal fusion samples. The pharmacological blockades of endogenous TGF‐β activity induced TSLP expression in mouse intervertebral disc tissue culture, which was inhibited by NF‐κB inhibitors. Additionally, phosphorylation of Smad2/3 was constitutively detected in mouse intervertebral disc tissue in the steady states. Collectively, these results suggest that endogenous TGF‐β activity limits TSLP expression in intervertebral disc tissue in the steady states by suppressing NF‐κB activation. The findings reveal a regulatory mechanism how TSLP expression is induced in the intervertebral disc tissue and suggest a novel role of TGF‐β in maintaining the homeostasis of intervertebral disc tissue. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1144–1149, 2013
Absence of Cx43 selectively from osteocytes enhances responsiveness to mechanical force in mice
Authors: Bivi Nicoletta , Pacheco‐Costa Rafael , Brun Lucas R. , Murphy Thomas R. , Farlow Nathan R. , Robling Alexander G. , Bellido Teresita , Plotkin Lilian I. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe osteocyte network is crucial for the response of bone to mechanical force. Within this network, connexin43 (Cx43) is thought to mediate the communication of osteocytes and osteoblasts among themselves and the exchange of small molecules with the extracellular milieu. Despite recent advances in understanding Cx43 role for the response of bone cells to mechanical stimulation, the contribution of Cx43 specifically in osteocytes to mechanotransduction in vivo is not well‐known. We examined the anabolic response to ulnar axial loading of mice lacking Cx43 in osteocytes (Cx43ΔOt). Loading induced a greater increase in periosteal bone formation rate in Cx43ΔOt mice compared to control littermates, resulting from higher mineralizing surface and enhanced mineral apposition rate. Expression of β‐catenin protein, a molecule implicated in mechanotransduction, was higher in bones from Cx43ΔOt mice, compared to littermate controls. In addition, MLO‐Y4 osteocytic cells knocked‐down for Cx43 exhibited higher β‐catenin protein expression and enhanced response to mechanical stimulation. These findings suggest that osteocytes lacking Cx43 are “primed” to respond to mechanical stimulation and that absence of Cx43 in osteocytes unleashes bone formation, by a mechanism that might involve accumulation of β‐catenin. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1075–1081, 2013
Habitat used by common and king eiders in spring in the southeast Beaufort Sea and overlap with resource exploration
Authors: Dickson D. Lynne , Smith Paul A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe southeast Beaufort Sea is a critical spring staging area for common and king eiders (Somateria mollissima v‐nigrum,S. spectabilis), and is for many the final stop before they reach their breeding grounds throughout the western Canadian Arctic. The region also has significant oil and gas potential, and the recent approval of a pipeline through the Mackenzie Valley may make development of these resources economically viable. We used satellite telemetry to determine the distribution and habitat use of eiders staging in the southeast Beaufort Sea in spring, and the overlap of eiders with oil and gas exploration. From 2004 to 2009, we monitored 51 eiders equipped with platform terminal transmitters (PTTs) throughout spring migration (May–June). We compared the marine habitats used by each species, and evaluated habitat preferences using resource selection functions. The location and extent of the flaw lead (open water along the interface between mobile pack ice and stationary landfast ice) at the time when eiders were staging varied among years, but both species showed a strong preference for use of flaw lead habitats. This preference was stronger for common eiders than for king eiders, which also used pack ice extensively. Common eiders generally occurred near the landfast ice edge, whereas king eiders were just as often nearer to the pack ice edge of the flaw lead. Average water depth (±SE) for common eiders was 22 ± 2 m compared to 30 ± 1 m for king eiders. Kernel density estimators showed that eiders generally occurred in lower densities in areas of otherwise suitable habitat off the Mackenzie River delta. We suggest that this is a result of the highly turbid water discharged by the Mackenzie River, which limits visibility. Oil and gas exploration overlapped significantly with the areas used by eiders. The high density of birds using the restricted and ice‐rich flaw lead habitats indicates that an accidental spill in the region could be catastrophic for Canada's western Arctic eider populations. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Challenges and surgical nuances in reconstruction of large planum sphenoidale tuberculum sellae defects after endoscopic endonasal resection of parasellar skull base tumors
Authors: Eloy Jean Anderson , Shukla Pratik A. , Choudhry Osamah J. , Singh Rahul , Liu James K. 
Published: March 2013

Objectives/HypothesisEndoscopic endonasal transplanum transtuberculum (EETT) resection of parasellar skull base (SB) tumors often results in large SB defects with intraoperative high‐flow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. Reconstruction of these defects can be challenging because of the large defects size, communication with the suprasellar cistern, and close proximity to the optic nerves and chiasm. Recent studies have postulated that transplanum defects may be associated with increased postoperative CSF leakage. We review our experience with reconstruction of transplanum defects after EETT resection of parasellar SB tumors. Challenges encountered during these repairs and our operative nuances for successful reconstruction are discussed.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed between March 2010 and February 2012 on patients undergoing reconstruction of transplanum defects after EETT resection of parasellar SB tumors. Repair materials, defect sizes, postoperative CSF leakage, postoperative CSF diversion, and demographic data were collected.ResultsNineteen patients who underwent 22 repairs with a pedicled nasoseptal flap (PNSF) were identified. The mean age was 47.6 years (range, 12–68years). Average defect size was 5.6 cm2 (range, 2.2–10.4 cm2). Three failed repairs necessitated a revision procedure. All three revisions were successfully reconstructed with the previously used PNSF. The mean follow‐up period was 13.5 months (range, 1–26 months). The overall success rate was 86.4% for transplanum defects alone, as compared to 97.0% for our comprehensive PNSF experience in 99 repairs.ConclusionRepair of large transplanum defects after EETT resection of parasellar SB tumors presents a unique challenge. Using a PNSF along with meticulous multilayer closure may help decrease postoperative CSF leaks.
Primary tracheoesophageal puncture in salvage laryngectomy patients
Authors: Johnson Adam , Grammer Tracy , Medina Jesus 
Published: March 2013

Objectives/HypothesisThe purpose of this study was to determine the rate of complications in the immediate postoperative period following primary tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) after salvage laryngectomy.Study DesignRetrospective.MethodsA retrospective review was done of 26 patients who underwent primary TEP with salvage total laryngectomy. To minimize variables, the patients included were operated on by a single surgeon and rehabilitated by a single speech‐language pathologist. The outcomes evaluated were the frequency of leakage around the TEP, dehiscence of the stoma, dislodging of the prosthesis, pharyngocutaneous fistula, time to initiation of oral intake, and length of hospital stay.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 60.8 years (range, 41–78 years). Previous treatment consisted of radiotherapy in 14 patients and chemotherapy and radiation in 12. Tumor site was glottic in 12 patients, supraglottic in seven, subglottic in two, vallecula in three, and overlapping in two. The pharynx was repaired primarily in all patients and then reinforced with a pectoralis muscle flap in 13. Leakage around the TEP was observed in 4% of the cases. There were no instances of dislodging of the TEP, and six patients (23%) developed pharyngocutaneous fistula; 12% had a wound dehiscence but none were around the stoma. The average time to begin oral feeding was 5.7 days (standard deviation, 1.93), and the average hospital stay was 8.4 days (standard deviation, 1.93).ConclusionsPrimary TEP in the setting of a salvage laryngectomy is associated with a low rate of complications. A pharyngocutaneous fistula occurred in 23% of the cases.Level of Evidence4.
Assessment of improvement of trainee surgical skills in the operating room for tonsillectomy
Authors: Ahmed Aadil , Ishman Stacey L. , Laeeq Kulsoom , Bhatti Nasir I. 
Published: March 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine the feasibility, reliability, and validity of an objective surgical assessment tool designed to measure the development of tonsillectomy skills by resident trainees in the operating room. A tonsillectomy evaluation instrument created previously serves as a basis for this tool, which incorporates many similar concepts but was optimized to maximize feasibility and reliability with simplified anchors and inclusion of global and task‐specific sections.Study DesignProspective longitudinal validation study.MethodsFaculty input via modified Delphi technique was used to develop a new objective structured assessment of technical skills–based instrument for tonsillectomy. The task‐specific checklist (TSC) and global rating scale (GRS) measured tonsillectomy technical skills and overall surgical performance, respectively. Twenty‐one otolaryngology–head and neck residents (ranging from postgraduate year 1 to 6) were evaluated for a period of 3 years by 11 faculty members.ResultsEighty‐three evaluations were completed showing strong correlation between both instruments (r = 0.95, P < .001). Our tool demonstrated construct validity for both TSC and GRS, showing higher scores with increasing surgical experience. Both instruments showed high interitem reliability with Cronbach α coefficients of 0.97 for both parts.ConclusionsThis assessment tool is a feasible, reliable, and valid instrument for the assessment of surgical competency in tonsillectomy. It is effective in providing structured feedback at the end of each procedure, which encourages specific, targeted development. Laryngoscope, 2013