bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies
Authors: Diniz Breno S. , Butters Meryl A. , Albert Steven M. , Dew Mary Amanda , Reynolds Charles F. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundLate-life depression may increase the risk of incident dementia, in particular of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.AimsTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the risk of incident all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in individuals with late-life depression in population-based prospective studies.MethodA total of 23 studies were included in the meta-analysis. We used the generic inverse variance method with a random-effects model to calculate the pooled risk of dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in older adults with late-life depression.ResultsLate-life depression was associated with a significant risk of all-cause dementia (1.85, 95% CI 1.67-2.04, P< 0.001), Alzheimer's disease (1.65, 95% CI 1.42-1.92, P<0.001) and vascular dementia (2.52, 95% CI 1.77-3.59, P<0.001). Subgroup analysis, based on five studies, showed that the risk of vascular dementia was significantly higher than for Alzheimer's disease (P=0.03).ConclusionsLate-life depression is associated with an increased risk for all-cause dementia, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The present results suggest that it will be valuable to design clinical trials to investigate the effect of late-life depression prevention on risk of dementia, in particular vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Cyberbullying and its impact on young people's emotional health and well-being
Authors: Cowie Helen 
Published: May 2013

Aims and methodThe upsurge of cyberbullying is a frequent cause of emotional disturbance in children and young people. The situation is complicated by the fact that these interpersonal safety issues are actually generated by the peer group and in contexts that are difficult for adults to control. This article examines the effectiveness of common responses to cyberbullying.ResultsWhatever the value of technological tools for tackling cyberbullying, we cannot avoid the fact that this is an interpersonal problem grounded in a social context.Clinical implicationsPractitioners should build on existing knowledge about preventing and reducing face-to-face bullying while taking account of the distinctive nature of cyberbullying. Furthermore, it is essential to take account of the values that young people are learning in society and at school.
Effects of Ingestion Routes on Hormonal and Metabolic Profiles in Gastric-Bypassed Humans
Authors: Lindqvist Andreas , Spégel Peter , Ekelund Mikael , Mulder Hindrik , Groop Leif , Hedenbro Jan , Wierup Nils 
Published: May 2013

Context:
Gastric bypass surgery (GBP) results in the rapid resolution of type 2 diabetes. Most studies aiming to explain the underlying mechanisms are limited to data obtained after a postsurgical recovery period, making assessment of confounding influences from, for example, weight loss and altered nutrient intake difficult.

Objective:
To examine the impact of GBP on hormonal and metabolite profiles under conditions of identical nutrient intake independent of weight loss, we studied GBP patients fitted with a gastrostomy tube to enable the administration of nutrients to bypassed segments of the gut. Thus, this model allowed us to simulate partially the preoperative condition and compare this with the postoperative situation in the same patient.

Design:
Patients (n = 4) were first given a mixed meal test (MMT) orally and then via the gastrostomy tube, preceded by overnight and 2-hour fasting, respectively. Blood samples were assessed for hormones and metabolites.

Results:
The oral MMT yielded 4.6-fold increase in plasma insulin (P &lt; .05), 2-fold in glucagon-like peptide-1 (P &lt; .05), and 2.5-fold in glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (P &lt; .05) plasma levels, compared with the gastrostomy MMT. The changes in hormone levels were accompanied by elevated branched-chain amino acid levels (1.4–2-fold, P &lt; .05) and suppressed fatty acid levels (∼50%, P &lt; .05).

Conclusions:
These data, comparing identical nutrient delivery, demonstrate markedly higher incretin and insulin responses after oral MMT than after gastric MMT, thereby providing a potential explanation for the rapid remission of type 2 diabetes observed after GBP. The simultaneous increase in branched-chain amino acid questions its role as a marker for insulin resistance.
Proton Pump Inhibitor–Associated Hypomagnesemia: What Do FDA Data Tell Us?
Authors: Luk Chee Phun , Parsons Richard , Lee Ya Ping , Hughes Jeffery David 
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications indicated for the treatment of gastric acid–related diseases. Hypomagnesemia is a rare but serious adverse effect of PPIs. OBJECTIVE: To address the association between the use of different PPIs and hypomagnesemia by examining the frequency of occurrence of hypomagnesemia among the reported adverse drug reactions from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System database. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of PPI-associated adverse effect cases reported to the FDA between November 1, 1997, and April 1, 2012. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of sex, age, and different PPIs with hypomagnesemia. χ2 Analysis was conducted to investigate the association of PPI-associated hypomagnesemia with hypocalcemia and hypokalemia. RESULTS: Among 66,102 subjects identified as experiencing 1 or more adverse effects while taking a PPI, 1.0% (n = 693) were reported to have hypomagnesemia. The mean (SD) age of PPI users presenting with hypomagnesemia was 64.4 (12.9) years. Results from logistic regression indicated that, compared with esomeprazole, all other PPIs had a higher rate of hypomagnesemia, with pantoprazole having the highest rate (OR 4.3; 95% CI 3.3–5.7; p < 0.001). The risk of female subjects having hypomagnesemia (OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.71–0.97; p = 0.016) was significantly lower than that of males. Elderly subjects (age >65 years) were at increased risk of PPI-associated hypomagnesemia (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.7; p < 0.001). χ2 Analysis showed strong association between hypomagnesemia and both hypocalcemia (p < 0.001) and hypokalemia (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: All PPIs were associated with hypomagnesemia, with esomeprazole having the lowest risk and pantoprazole having the highest risk. The risk of PPI-associated hypomagnesemia was higher in males and the elderly population. Hypocalcemia and hypokalemia commonly coexisted with PPI-associated hypomagnesemia.
Rivoglitazone: A New Thiazolidinedione for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Koffarnus Robin L , Wargo Kurt A , Phillippe Haley M 
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of the thiazolidinedione rivoglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist, to determine its potential role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1966-February 2013) was conducted for English-language studies in humans, using the terms rivoglitazone and CS011. Abstracts presented at the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes annual meetings from 2007 to 2012 were also evaluated for relevant data. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Articles pertinent to the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of rivoglitazone were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Rivoglitazone has been shown, through small clinical studies, to decrease hemoglobin A1c (A1C) by 0.11-1.1% when compared with placebo and may provide greater A1C reduction than pioglitazone. Rivoglitazone reduces hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia by acting as an agonist of PPAR-γ. Rivoglitazone is the most potent PPAR-γ agonist; the initial recommended dose is 1 mg daily, with adjustment as needed to a maximum dose of 2 mg daily. Additionally, rivoglitazone has a longer half-life than other PPAR-γ agonists. Similar to those of the other PPAR-γ agonists, rivoglitazone's adverse effects include peripheral edema and weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: Rivoglitazone is the fourth agent in the thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetes drugs. Although rivoglitazone appears to be more potent in its ability to lower A1C levels compared with other thiazolidinediones, further studies of longer duration are needed to fully assess the risks associated with this drug. Until these can be completed, we cannot recommend rivoglitazone over currently approved drugs in this class.
Diabetes and periodontal diseases: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases
Authors: Chapple Iain L. C. , Genco Robert ,   on behalf of working group 2 of the joint EFP/AAP workshop
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackground: Diabetes and periodontitis are complex chronic diseases with an established bidirectional relationship. There is long‐established evidence that hyperglycaemia in diabetes is associated with adverse periodontal outcomes. However, given the ubiquity of periodontal diseases and the emerging global diabetes epidemic, the complications of which contribute to significant morbidity and premature mortality, it is timely to review the role of periodontitis in diabetes.Aims: To report the epidemiological evidence from cross‐sectional, prospective and intervention studies for the impact of periodontal disease on diabetes incidence, control and complications and to identify potential underpinning mechanisms.Epidemiology: Over the last 20 years, consistent and robust evidence has emerged that severe periodontitis adversely affects glycaemic control in diabetes and glycaemia in non‐diabetes subjects. In diabetes patients, there is a direct and dose‐dependent relationship between periodontitis severity and diabetes complications. Emerging evidence supports an increased risk for diabetes onset in patients with severe periodontitis.Biological mechanisms: Type 2 diabetes is preceded by systemic inflammation, leading to reduced pancreatic b‐cell function, apoptosis and insulin resistance.Increasing evidence supports elevated systemic inflammation (acute‐phase and oxidative stress biomarkers) resulting from the entry of periodontal organisms and their virulence factors into the circulation, providing biological plausibility for the effects of periodontitis on diabetes. AGE (Advanced Glycation Endproducts)–RAGE (Receptor for AGEs) interactions and oxidative‐stress‐mediated pathways provide plausible mechanistic links in the diabetes to periodontitis direction.Interventions: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) consistently demonstrate that mechanical periodontal therapy associates with approximately a 0.4% reduction in HbA1C at 3 months, a clinical impact equivalent to adding a second drug to a pharmacological regime for diabetes. RCTs are needed with larger numbers of subjects and longer term follow‐up, and if results are substantiated, adjunctive periodontal therapies subsequently need to be evaluated. There is no current evidence to support adjunctive use of antimicrobials for periodontal management of diabetes patients.Guidelines: Given the current evidence, it is timely to provide guidelines for periodontal care in diabetes patients for medical and dental professionals and recommendations for patients/the public.
Effect of periodontal disease on diabetes: systematic review of epidemiologic observational evidence
Authors: Borgnakke Wenche S. , Yl€ostalo Pekka V. , Taylor George W. , Genco Robert J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackground: Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus are common, chronic diseases worldwide. Epidemiologic and biologic evidence suggest periodontal disease may affect diabetes.Objective: To systematically review non‐experimental, epidemiologic evidence for effects of periodontal disease on diabetes control, complications and incidence.Data sources: Electronic bibliographic databases, supplemented by hand searches of recent and future issues of relevant journals. Study eligibility criteria and participants: Longitudinal and cross‐sectional epidemiologic, non‐interventional studies that permit determination of directionality of observed effects were included. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: Four reviewers evaluated pair‐wise each study. Review findings regarding study results and quality were summarized in tables by topic, using the PRISMA Statement for reporting and the Newcastle‐Ottawa System for quality assessment, respectively. From 2246 citations identified and available abstracts screened, 114 full‐text reports were assessed and 17 included in the review. Results: A small body of evidence supports significant, adverse effects of periodontal disease on glycaemic control, diabetes complications, and development of type 2 (and possibly gestational) diabetes.Limitations: There were only a limited number of eligible studies, several of which included small sample sizes. Exposure and outcome parameters varied, and the generalizability of their results was limited. Conclusions and implications of key findings: Current evidence suggests that periodontal disease adversely affects diabetes outcomes, and that further longitudinal studies are warranted.
Evidence that periodontal treatment improves biomarkers and CVD outcomes
Authors: D’Aiuto Francesco , Orlandi Marco , Gunsolley John C. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAim: The aim of this review was to critically appraise the evidence on the impact of periodontal treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) biomarkers and outcomes. Methods: A systematic search was performed in Cinhal, Cochrane, Embase and Medline for relevant articles up to July 2012. Duplicate screening and reference hand searching were performed. Data were then summarized and evidence graded in tables.Results: The search resulted in: (a) no evidence on the effects of periodontal therapy on subclinical atherosclerosis, serum levels of CD40 ligand, serum amyloid A and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, (b) limited evidence on the effects of periodontal therapy on arterial blood pressure, leucocyte counts, fibrinogen, tissue necrosis factor‐a, sE‐selectin, von Willebrand factors, d‐dimers, matrix metalloproteinases, oxidative stress and CVD events, and (c) moderate evidence suggesting a negligible effect of periodontal therapy in reducing interleukin‐6 and lipids levels, whilst a positive effect in reducing serum C‐reactive protein levels and improving endothelial function.Conclusions: Periodontal therapy triggers a short‐term inflammatory response followed by (a) a progressive and consistent reduction of systemic inflammation and (b) an improvement in endothelial function. There is however limited evidence that these acute and chronic changes will either increase or reduce CVD burden of individuals suffering from periodontitis in the long term.
Revealing Future Prospects without Forecasts: The Case of Accelerating Material Contract Filings
Authors: Li Edward Xuejun 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT:
Extant research on voluntary disclosure about future prospects has focused on two forward-looking disclosure mechanisms: management forecasts and conference calls. This study examines the accelerated filing of material contracts as another type of future-related disclosure that involves no forecasting. I find that firms are more likely to accelerate material contract filings when forward-looking disclosures could lack credibility or arouse litigation concerns. However, for proprietary cost considerations, firms delay contract filings when facing high (low) product market competition from incumbents (potential entrants). I also find that accelerated contract filing is incrementally associated with lower information asymmetry. Overall, while presenting a cost-benefit trade-off that is distinctly different from forward-looking disclosures, accelerated contract filing is an important alternative channel through which firms communicate future prospects to investors.
Data Availability: The data used in this study are available from the public sources identified in the paper. Contact the author for any specific data requests.
Understanding the Links Between Audit Risks and Audit Steps: The Case of Procurement Cards
Authors: Dow Kevin E. , Watson Marcia Weidenmier , Shea Vincent J. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
This case requires students to conduct an internal audit of a procurement card (PCard) program at a fictitious university. The primary objective of this case is to help students (1) understand the link between risks and controls for a given organization and then (2) link those risks and controls with the appropriate substantive and control tests. Students must complete a Risk-Control Matrix, develop an audit plan, and then conduct substantive audit tests on PCard transactions using Excel or generalized audit software. This audit provides a rich setting for students to complete a variety of real-world audit tasks to identify compliance (or non-compliance) with the PCard Program rules and to prepare business memos to communicate findings. Student feedback indicates that the case not only is realistic, interesting, and a positive learning experience, but also encourages critical thinking. In addition, the case significantly increased students' perceptions regarding their familiarity with PCards, use of generalized audit software (GAS) in compliance audits, and understanding of internal audit uses of GAS.
Short-term and long-term outcomes for overweight dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture treated surgically or nonsurgically
Authors: Wucherer Katja L. , Conzemius Michael G. , Evans Richard , Wilke Vicki L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine short- and long-term rates of successful outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical treatments for overweight dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR).
Design—Prospective, randomized, clinical trial.
Animals—40 client-owned overweight dogs with unilateral CCLR.
Procedures—Dogs were randomly assigned to nonsurgical (physical therapy, weight loss, and NSAID administration) or surgical (tibial plateau leveling osteotomy) treatment groups; dogs in both groups received the same nonsurgical treatments. Dogs were evaluated immediately before and 6, 12, 24, and 52 weeks after initiation of treatments via owner questionnaires, gait analysis, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. A successful outcome was defined as an affected limb net ground reaction force > 85% of the value for healthy dogs and a ≥ 10% improvement in values of questionnaire variables.
Results—Owner questionnaire responses indicated dogs in both groups improved during the study, but dogs in the surgical treatment group seemed to have greater improvement. Body fat percentages for dogs in both treatment groups significantly decreased during the study. Surgical treatment group dogs had significantly higher peak vertical force for affected limbs versus nonsurgical treatment group dogs at the 24- and 52-week evaluation times. Surgical treatment group dogs had a higher probability of a successful outcome (67.7%, 92.6%, and 75.0% for 12-, 24-, and 52-week evaluations, respectively) versus nonsurgical treatment group dogs (47.1%, 33.3%, and 63.6% for 12-, 24-, and 52-week evaluations, respectively).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Overweight dogs with CCLR treated via surgical and nonsurgical methods had better outcomes than dogs treated via nonsurgical methods alone. However, almost two-thirds of the dogs in the nonsurgical treatment group had a successful outcome at the 52-week evaluation time.
Evaluation of the diagnostic value of serologic microagglutination testing and a polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in dogs in a referral center
Authors: Fraune Claudia Kümmerle , Schweighauser Ariane , Francey Thierry 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine the diagnostic value of a serologic microagglutination test (MAT) and a PCR assay on urine and blood for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI).
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—76 dogs with AKI in a referral hospital (2008 to 2009).
Procedures—Dogs’ leptospirosis status was defined with a paired serologic MAT against a panel of 11 Leptospira serovars as leptospirosis-associated (n = 30) or nonleptospirosis-associated AKI (12). In 34 dogs, convalescent serologic testing was not possible, and leptospirosis status was classified as undetermined. The diagnostic value of the MAT single acute or convalescent blood sample was determined in dogs in which leptospirosis status could be classified. The diagnostic value of a commercially available genus-specific PCR assay was evaluated by use of 36 blood samples and 20 urine samples.
Results—Serologic acute testing of an acute blood sample had a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 76% to 100%), a sensitivity of 50% (33% to 67%), and an accuracy of 64% (49% to 77%). Serologic testing of a convalescent blood sample had a specificity of 92% (65% to 99%), a sensitivity of 100% (87% to 100%), and an accuracy of 98% (88% to 100%). Results of the Leptospira PCR assay were negative for all samples from dogs for which leptospirosis status could be classified.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Serologic MAT results were highly accurate for diagnosis of leptospirosis in dogs, despite a low sensitivity for early diagnosis. In this referral setting of dogs pretreated with antimicrobials, testing of blood and urine samples with a commercially available genus-specific PCR assay did not improve early diagnosis.
Perioperative outcome in dogs with hemoperitoneum: 83 cases (2005–2010)
Authors: Lux Cassie N. , Culp William T. N. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Tong Kim , Rebhun Robert B. , Kass Philip H. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Objective—To characterize the clinical course of dogs with hemoperitoneum in the perioperative setting and to determine risk factors that may affect short-term outcome.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—83 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—The medical records of dogs with hemoperitoneum that underwent surgery between 2005 and 2010 were reviewed. Data were analyzed to determine risk factors associated with perioperative outcome. The perioperative period was defined as the time from admission to the hospital for treatment of hemoperitoneum until the time of discharge or euthanasia (within the same visit).
Results—13 of 83 (16%) dogs died or were euthanized in the perioperative period. The median hospitalization time for surviving dogs was 2 days (range, 1 to 5 days). The requirement for a massive transfusion with blood products was a negative prognostic indicator for hospital discharge. The source of bleeding was isolated to the spleen in 75 of 83 (90%) dogs; a splenic source of hemorrhage was determined to be a positive predictor of survival to discharge from the hospital.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In the present study, factors associated with death and failure to be discharged from the hospital included tachycardia, a requirement for massive transfusion with blood products, and the development of respiratory disease secondary to suspected pulmonary thromboembolism or acute respiratory distress syndrome. The presence of disease within the spleen was positively associated with survival to discharge. Surgical intervention for treatment of hemoperitoneum, regardless of etiology, resulted in discharge from the hospital for 70 of the 83 (84%) dogs in this series.