bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The spider fauna of Shetland and its zoogeographic context
Authors: Ashmole N. Philip 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe spider fauna of Shetland is described on the basis of collections made in 1974–75 and earlier published and unpublished data. The number of species recorded is increased from 35 to 90. Work on Ronas Hill and elsewhere has shown that Shetland has a substantial array of montane spiders, many of them occurring at much lower elevations than is normal in mainland Britain: a height of 400 m on Shetland is roughly equivalent—in terms of the spider community—to one of 900 m in the Cairngorms. Shetland appears to lack, however, a number of the arctic-alpine species present at high levels in mainland Scotland and the Faroes. The spider fauna of moorland in Shetland is shown to have closely similar composition to that of a moorland area in the Pennines, although the latter has more species. Other habitats discussed include sand dunes in South Mainland and serpentine heaths in Unst.The new information permits for the first time assessment of the spider fauna of Shetland in its zoogeographic context. Almost all of the species found in Shetland, the Faroes and Iceland are present in both Scotland and Fennoscandia; however, only two-thirds of the Faroes species and less than half of the Iceland species are also found in Shetland.Consideration of the Pleistocene history of the area permits analysis of the origins of the faunas. Some species adapted to arctic conditions may have survived through the last glacial episode in Iceland, where there were ice-free areas, but such survival is most unlikely for the Faroes and Shetland: for Orkney the picture is unclear. There was no subsequent overland immigration to Iceland or the Faroes and little or none to Shetland, but Orkney may have received rather more of its species in this way. The rapid postglacial rise in sea level ensured that the bulk of the species in all these faunas had to colonise over water. Some species were transported by man and a few may have travelled on natural rafts, but the majority seem to have immigrated by ballooning.Orkney probably received all its colonists from mainland Scotland and Shetland could also have done so. Immigration from Fennoscandia, however, was undoubtedly important in the case of Iceland, significant in the Faroes and possibly also contributed to the Shetland fauna. Only Iceland can be shown to have received species from Greenland.In an Appendix the spider species recorded from Orkney, Shetland, the Faroes and Iceland are tabulated and the occurrence of these species on the Scottish mainland and in Fennoscandia and Greenland is indicated.
Zoology: A natural history of natural historians
Authors: Laverack M. S. 
Published: March 2014

‘The appreciation and study of the Natural Sciences appear to have been of tardy growth in the North of Scotland’ (Traill 1906).The origins of the study of zoology in the Universities of Scotland are reminiscent of evolutionary events. A shadowy beginning, periods of apparent stagnation, sudden transition into more active states, and latterly, a reversion and regrouping under modern financial pressures. Not a smooth progression, but rather a lurching progress and cladistic development!
Diet of Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) from the continental slope and oceanic features of the Ross Sea region, Antarctica
Authors: Stevens Darren W. , Dunn Matthew R. , Pinkerton Matthew H. , Forman Jeff S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe diet of Dissostichus mawsoni captured by bottom longline in the Ross Sea region was examined during 2003, 2005 and 2010. The diet of sub-adult toothfish was similar to adult toothfish, comprising mainly benthic fishes and cephalopods. Sub-adult toothfish ate a greater variety of smaller prey than adults, including smaller fish and prawns. Grenadiers (Macrourus spp.) were the most important fish and overall prey species. On the continental slope, icefish (Channichthyidae) and eel cods (Muraenolepididae) were also important fish prey, while Psychroteuthis glacialis was the most important cephalopod prey. On oceanic features, toothfish fed mainly on Macrourus spp. but also fed on Antimora rostrata, cephalopods and the occasional mesopelagic to epipelagic fish. Diet varied significantly with toothfish size and location on northern parts of the Mawson and Iselin banks of the Ross Sea continental slope. There was no significant temporal change in diet composition.
Study and analysis of contiguous channel triplexer based on combining method of two filtering circuits using CRLH and RH isolation circuits
Authors: Lee Hanseung , Wu Chung-Tse Michael , Itoh Tatsuo 
Published: March 2014

Several types of multiplexers based on isolation circuits have been introduced and investigated. Combining method of two filtering circuits (CMTC) is one way to make multiplexers based on isolation circuits. This method fits well for designing contiguous channel triplexers. A triplexer based on CMTC consists of a conventional transmission line (TL) connected to a diplexer and a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) TL connected to a filter. The triplexer based on CMTC has two significant advantages. One is that it is not necessary to modify the design of a stand-alone filter and diplexer and there is freedom in the choice of filtering circuits. In addition, a designer does not need to perform three-dimensional full-wave optimization, because of a simple and straightforward design concept. In this paper, a triplexer prototype having 1, 1.125, and 1.25 GHz center frequencies, is designed and fabricated. The measured results show good agreement with the simulation results.
Application of vitamin E to antagonize SWCNTs-induced exacerbation of allergic asthma
Authors: Li Jinquan , Li Li , Chen Hanqing , Chang Qing , Liu Xudong , Wu Yang , Wei Chenxi , Li Rui , Kwan Joseph K. C. , Yeung King Lun , Xi Zhuge , Lu Zhisong , Yang Xu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe aggravating effects of zero-dimensional, particle-shaped nanomaterials on allergic asthma have been previously investigated, but similar possible effects of one-dimensional shaped nanomaterials have not been reported. More importantly, there are no available means to counteract the adverse nanomaterial effects to allow for their safe use. In this study, an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rat asthma model was established to investigate whether single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) aggravate allergic asthma. The results showed that SWCNTs in rats exacerbated OVA-induced allergic asthma and that this exacerbation was counteracted by concurrent administration vitamin E. A mechanism involving the elimination of reactive oxygen species, downregulation of Th2 responses, reduced Ig production and the relief of allergic asthma symptoms was proposed to explain the antagonistic effects of vitamin E. This work could provide a universal strategy to effectively protect people with allergic asthma from SWCNTs or similar nanomaterial-induced aggravating effects.
Speech, Sign, or Multilingualism for Children With Hearing Loss: Quantitative Insights Into Caregivers' Decision Making
Authors: Crowe Kathryn , McLeod Sharynne , McKinnon David H. , Ching Teresa Y. C. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
The authors sought to investigate the influence of a comprehensive range of factors on the decision making of caregivers of children with hearing loss regarding the use of speech, the use of sign, spoken language multilingualism, and spoken language choice. This is a companion article to the qualitative investigation described in Crowe, Fordham, McLeod, and Ching (2014).

Method

Through a questionnaire, 177 caregivers of 157 Australian children with hearing loss (ages 3;5 to 9;4 [years;months],
M
age
= 6;6) rated the importance of a range of potential influences on their decision making regarding their children's communication. The majority of children were reported to use speech (96.6%) as part or all of their communication system, with fewer children reported to use sign (20.9%). Few children used more than one spoken language (8.3%).

Results
Proportional analyses and exploratory factor analyses were conducted. Overall, caregivers' decisions were influenced by their children's audiological and intervention characteristics, communication with those around them, community participation, access to intervention and education services in English, and concerns about their children's future lives. The advice of speech-language pathologists, audiologists, and specialist teachers was more important to caregivers than advice from medical practitioners and nonprofessionals.

Conclusion
Caregivers' decision making regarding communication mode and language use is influenced by factors that are not equally weighted and that relate to child, family, community, and advice from others. Knowledge of these factors can assist professionals in supporting caregivers making choices regarding communication.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170282
Liquid crystal based phased array antenna with improved beam scanning capability
Authors: Karabey O.H. , Mehmood A. , Ayluctarhan M. , Braun H. , Letz M. , Jakoby R. 
Published: March 2014

A phased array antenna is presented, including a 1‐by‐4 dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array, liquid crystal (LC) based phase shifters, RF‐feeding and biasing networks. The dielectric resonators are used as waveguide radiating elements. The RF signal coupled between the phase shifters and DRAs are guided and then radiated from the top face of the DRAs. This reduces the effects of the surface waves since the radiation is away from the ground plane. Hence, the gain losses at wide scan angles are reduced, enlarging the antenna's beam scan angle, compared to that of a conventional microstrip patch antenna array. The LC phase shifters are realised in inverted microstrip line topology, with a phase shifter figure‐of‐merit of 70°/dB at 10 GHz. The far‐field power patterns of the antenna were measured in an anechoic chamber for different beam directions. These results confirm that the gain losses are <1.5 for a beam scanning range of ±30° for the broadside.
High herbivore density associated with vegetation diversity in interglacial ecosystems
Authors: Sandom Christopher J. , Ejrnæs Rasmus , Hansen Morten D. D. , Svenning Jens-Christian 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Megafaunas have been decimated worldwide during the last 50,000 y, with poorly understood ecosystem consequences. In Europe, the ability of the extinct megafauna to generate structurally diverse vegetation within the temperate forest biome is controversial and has important implications for conservation management. We used paleoecological beetle data to reconstruct the abundance of large herbivores and the vegetation structure in Great Britain before and after the megafaunal extinctions. We found indications of high abundances of large herbivores and a mosaic of closed forest and wood–pasture vegetation in the last interglacial period and primarily closed forests with lower herbivore abundance in the early Holocene. These findings support an important role for large herbivores in driving vegetation dynamics and in current efforts to promote landscape diversity through rewilding.
Holomorphic projections and Ramanujan’s mock theta functions
Authors: Imamoğlu Özlem , Raum Martin , Richter Olav K. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Mock theta functions were introduced by Ramanujan in 1920. They have become a vivid area of research, and they continue to play important roles in different parts of mathematics and physics. In this paper, we extend the concept of holomorphic projection, which allows us to prove identities for the Fourier series coefficients of Ramanujan’s mock theta functions.
Carnitine metabolism to trimethylamine by an unusual Rieske-type oxygenase from human microbiota
Authors: Zhu Yijun , Jameson Eleanor , Crosatti Marialuisa , Schäfer Hendrik , Rajakumar Kumar , Bugg Timothy D. H. , Chen Yin 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceMetabolism ofl-carnitine, a compound abundant in human diet, to trimethylamine by human microbiota has been shown to promote atherosclerosis and subsequent development of heart disease. However, the underpinning molecular and biochemical mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we reveal that a previously unidentified Rieske-type protein is responsible for carnitine transformation to trimethylamine from human microbiota. Knowledge gained in our study provides the opportunity not only to explore Rieske protein inhibitors in preventing trimethylamine formation in animal studies and clinical trials, but also for its use as a functional genetic marker to better understand human microbiota and their dynamics in our health and disease in future epidemiological studies and dietary interventions.
Disease causing mutants of TDP-43 nucleic acid binding domains are resistant to aggregation and have increased stability and half-life
Authors: Austin James A. , Wright Gareth S. A. , Watanabe Seiji , Grossmann J. Günter , Antonyuk Svetlana V. , Yamanaka Koji , Hasnain S. Samar 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Adult onset neurodegenerative diseases are viewed as protein destabilization, misfolding, and aggregation diseases. TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43) protein is strongly associated with many neurological disorders, particularly amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. All of the disease-associated TDP-43 mutants tested have been shown to increase TDP-43 half-life and this correlates inversely with the age at which the sufferer first becomes aware of symptoms. Here we show that disease mutations in two TDP-43 nucleic acid binding domains also increase the protein’s half-life and this is commensurate with increased structural stability and resistance to aggregation. Our results are an unusual contrast to other neurodegenerative diseases and provide a potential link between the molecular characteristics of mutant TDP-43 and the symptoms of these debilitating diseases.
Two distinct neural mechanisms underlying indirect reciprocity
Authors: Watanabe Takamitsu , Takezawa Masanori , Nakawake Yo , Kunimatsu Akira , Yamasue Hidenori , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Miyashita Yasushi , Masuda Naoki 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Humans help strangers even if the strangers will not directly help them in the future. The so-called indirect reciprocity seems to support large-scale cooperation in human society. We revealed functional and anatomical neural bases of two types of indirect reciprocity by combining group and neuroimaging experiments. Reputation-based indirect reciprocity activated the precuneus, a brain region associated with self-centered cognition. Indirect reciprocity occurring as a succession of pay-it-forward behaviors specifically recruited the anterior insula, a region related to affective empathy. Furthermore, task-irrelevant neural fingerprints of these brain regions are predictive of the individual’s tendency of cooperation. These results in particular explain why we often conduct seemingly irrational cooperation such as pay-it-forward reciprocity.
Identifying the macromolecular targets of de novo-designed chemical entities through self-organizing map consensus
Authors: Reker Daniel , Rodrigues Tiago , Schneider Petra , Schneider Gisbert 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceNew chemical entities (NCEs) with desired pharmacological and biological activity spectra fuel drug discovery and provide tools for chemical biologists. Computer-assisted molecular design generates novel chemotypes with predictable polypharmacologies. We present the successful application of fully automated de novo drug design coupled with a pioneering approach for target panel prediction to obtain readily synthesizable bioactive compounds. This innovative concept enabled the identification of relevant macromolecular targets of computationally designed NCEs and led to the discovery of previously unknown off-targets of approved drugs.
Redesign of extensive protein–DNA interfaces of meganucleases using iterative cycles of in vitro compartmentalization
Authors: Takeuchi Ryo , Choi Michael , Stoddard Barry L. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Specific gene-targeting nucleases are critical for genetic engineering and therapy. Meganucleases have been shown to harbor many properties, including small monomeric folds and high cleavage specificities, that are appropriate for this purpose. However, they are rarely used for genome modification because their DNA specificity requires an extensive network of up to 50 amino acids, making redesign difficult. Because extensively reprogramming molecular recognition across such a complex interface is a fundamental biotechnology challenge, meganucleases are used here as a model system for the development of an efficient approach to alter their specificity. The nucleases produced by this method, when tethered to transcription activator-like effector domains, resulted in highly active DNA targeting reagents with notable recognition properties.
Parkinson disease-associated mutation R1441H in LRRK2 prolongs the “active state” of its GTPase domain
Authors: Liao Jingling , Wu Chun-Xiang , Burlak Christopher , Zhang Sheng , Sahm Heather , Wang Mu , Zhang Zhong-Yin , Vogel Kurt W. , Federici Mark , Riddle Steve M. , Nichols R. Jeremy , Liu Dali , Cookson Mark R. , Stone Todd A. , Hoang Quyen Q. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Mutations in the gene encoding for leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a common cause of Parkinson disease (PD). To understand how LRRK2 causes PD, we need to understand its normal functions and how they are altered by disease-causing mutations. This effort has been hampered by the lack of appropriate samples, which led to some confusion in the field. This study shows the construction of a stably folded domain of LRRK2 called Ras of complex proteins (Roc). We use the study to resolve two conflicting models of Roc oligomerization by quantitatively demonstrating its GTPase activity in both monomeric and dimeric states. We further show that a PD-causing mutation affects both GTP binding and GTPase activity of Roc.
Real-time analysis of composite magnetic nanoparticle disassembly in vascular cells and biomimetic media
Authors: Tengood Jillian E. , Alferiev Ivan S. , Zhang Kehan , Fishbein Ilia , Levy Robert J. , Chorny Michael 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Disassembly rates and patterns of nanoparticles used as drug carriers or diagnostic tools are important determinants of their performance and biocompatibility. Thus, understanding them is essential for the design and optimization of nanoparticle formulations for clinical use. Currently available strategies are not applicable to real-time, quantitative nanoparticle disassembly analysis directly in environments of interest, such as the cell interior or biomimetic media. In the present study, a quantitative strategy using Förster resonance energy transfer for monitoring integrity status of nanoparticles in situ was developed and applied for characterizing disassembly of biodegradable polymer-based magnetic nanoparticles in vascular cells and different types of model milieu. This methodology and study results may be relevant for a broad range of biomedical and analytical applications.
Hic-5 is a transcription coregulator that acts before and/or after glucocorticoid receptor genome occupancy in a gene-selective manner
Authors: Chodankar Rajas , Wu Dai-Ying , Schiller Benjamin J. , Yamamoto Keith R. , Stallcup Michael R. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Transcription factors (TFs) and their coregulators constitute two components of transcriptional regulatory complexes. TFs are thought to mediate genomic site selection, whereas coregulators appear to modulate the assembly/disassembly of the regulatory complex, which in turn specifies mechanisms of regulation. Here we show that coregulator hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 (Hic-5) acts gene selectively in both modes. On some glucocorticoid receptor (GR) target genes it contributes to the assembly of transcription complexes. However, on other GR target genes it acts before genome occupancy by GR and thereby influences the set of sites occupied by GR. Because genomic occupancy by GR and other TFs varies in different cell types and regulatory contexts, Hic-5 represents an alternative mechanism for regulating DNA binding by TFs, complementing the influence of chromatin and pioneer factors.
Transcriptional divergence and conservation of human and mouse erythropoiesis
Authors: Pishesha Novalia , Thiru Prathapan , Shi Jiahai , Eng Jennifer C. , Sankaran Vijay G. , Lodish Harvey F. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Mouse models have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of blood cell production. Although many studies have suggested specific differences between human and mouse red cell production (erythropoiesis), a global study of such similarities and differences has been lacking. By computationally comparing global gene expression data from adult human and mouse erythroid precursors representing the distinct stages of maturation, we showed that, while the overall transcriptional landscape has changed, critical erythroid gene signatures and transcriptional regulators have remained conserved. Importantly, these analyses can serve as a tool to integrate data between human and mouse erythropoiesis research, explain why certain human blood diseases are not faithfully recapitulated in mouse models, and highlight hurdles in translating therapeutic findings from mice to humans.
Clioquinol promotes the degradation of metal-dependent amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers to restore endocytosis and ameliorate Aβ toxicity
Authors: Matlack Kent E. S. , Tardiff Daniel F. , Narayan Priyanka , Hamamichi Shusei , Caldwell Kim A. , Caldwell Guy A. , Lindquist Susan 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Identifying disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been an insurmountable challenge. To provide a new discovery tool for high-throughput compound screening, we used a simple yeast model that makes toxic amounts of β-amyloid (Aβ), a peptide central to AD pathology. Previous genetic analysis established that Aβ compromises yeast biology in a manner relevant to human AD. We screened 140,000 compounds for reversal of toxicity and identified a class of protective metal-binding compounds related to clioquinol (CQ), a compound that alleviates Aβ toxicity in mouse AD models. Treating yeast with CQ promoted rapid degradation of Aβ oligomers, rescuing cellular processes perturbed by this insidious peptide and restoring viability. Our approach provides a method for identifying compounds that may eventually help treat AD.
BicOverlapper 2.0: visual analysis for gene expression
Authors: Santamaría Rodrigo , Therón Roberto , Quintales Luis 
Published: March 2014

Motivation: Systems biology demands the use of several point of views to get a more comprehensive understanding of biological problems. This usually leads to take into account different data regarding the problem at hand, but it also has to do with using different perspectives of the same data. This multifaceted aspect of systems biology often requires the use of several tools, and it is often hard to get a seamless integration of all of them, which would help the analyst to have an interactive discourse with the data.
Results: Focusing on expression profiling, BicOverlapper 2.0 visualizes the most relevant aspects of the analysis, including expression data, profiling analysis results and functional annotation. It also integrates several state-of-the-art numerical methods, such as differential expression analysis, gene set enrichment or biclustering.
Availability and implementation: BicOverlapper 2.0 is available at: http://vis.usal.es/bicoverlapper2
Contact: rodri@usal.es