bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fair Dealing and the World of Work
Authors: Brodie Douglas 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Traditionally, labour lawyers have held that there is a strict dichotomy between employment and commercial law; they regulate relationships which are different in nature and underpinned by different values. The emergence of the implied obligation of mutual trust and confidence can be portrayed as confirming the validity of that dichotomy. It is the contention of this paper that it is now increasingly the case that contracts for the provision of work are underpinned by shared values. One of the strongest manifestations of this process of harmonisation is the fact that obligations of fair dealing are becoming much more prevalent. The paper contends that where contracts for the provision of work are concerned this is most likely to occur where the relationship can be seen as analogous to employment. The paper explores the difficulties involved in determining whether an analogous relationship exists and goes on to discuss the implications of harmonisation for both the employment contract and the contract for services. The relevance of the emergence of the concept of the relational contract is addressed.
Spatial Information in Large-Scale Neural Recordings
Authors: Cybulski Thaddeus R. , Glaser Joshua I. , Marblestone Adam H. , Zamft Bradley M. , Boyden Edward S. , Church George M. , Kording Konrad P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA central issue in neural recording is that of distinguishing the activities of many neurons. Here, we develop a framework, based on Fisher information, to quantify how separable a neuron’s activity is from the activities of nearby neurons. We (1) apply this framework to model information flow and spatial distinguishability for several electrical and optical neural recording methods, (2) provide analytic expressions for information content, and (3) demonstrate potential applications of the approach. This method generalizes to many recording devices that resolve objects in space and thus may be useful in the design of next-generation scalable neural recording systems.
LD Score Regression Distinguishes Confounding from Polygenicity in Genome-Wide Association Studies
Authors: Bulik-Sullivan Brendan K. , Loh Po-Ru , Finucane Hilary , Ripke Stephan , Yang Jian ,   Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Patterson Nick , Daly Mark J. , Price Alkes L. , Neale Benjamin M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBoth polygenicity1,2(i.e.many small genetic effects) and confounding biases, such as cryptic relatedness and population stratification3, can yield inflated distributions of test statistics in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, current methods cannot distinguish between inflation from bias and true signal from polygenicity. We have developed an approach that quantifies the contributions of each by examining the relationship between test statistics and linkage disequilibrium (LD). We term this approach LD Score regression. LD Score regression provides an upper bound on the contribution of confounding bias to the observed inflation in test statistics and can be used to estimate a more powerful correction factor than genomic control4–14. We find strong evidence that polygenicity accounts for the majority of test statistic inflation in many GWAS of large sample size.
Perennial Roots to Immortality
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Authors: Munné-Bosch Sergi 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Maximum lifespan greatly varies among species, and it is not strictly determined; it can change with species evolution. Clonal growth is a major factor governing maximum lifespan. In the plant kingdom, the maximum lifespans described for clonal and nonclonal plants vary by an order of magnitude, with 43,600 and 5,062 years for Lomatia tasmanica and Pinus longaeva, respectively. Nonclonal perennial plants (those plants exclusively using sexual reproduction) also present a huge diversity in maximum lifespans (from a few to thousands of years) and even more interestingly, contrasting differences in aging patterns. Some plants show a clear physiological deterioration with aging, whereas others do not. Indeed, some plants can even improve their physiological performance as they age (a phenomenon called negative senescence). This diversity in aging patterns responds to species-specific life history traits and mechanisms evolved by each species to adapt to its habitat. Particularities of roots in perennial plants, such as meristem indeterminacy, modular growth, stress resistance, and patterns of senescence, are crucial in establishing perenniality and understanding adaptation of perennial plants to their habitats. Here, the key role of roots for perennial plant longevity will be discussed, taking into account current knowledge and highlighting additional aspects that still require investigation.
ABD1 Is anArabidopsisDCAF Substrate Receptor for CUL4-DDB1–Based E3 Ligases That Acts as a Negative Regulator of Abscisic Acid Signaling
Authors: Seo Kyoung-In , Lee Jae-Hoon , Nezames Cynthia D. , Zhong Shangwei , Song Eunyoung , Byun Myung-Ok , Deng Xing Wang 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMembers of the DDB1-CUL4–associated factors (DCAFs) family directly bind to DAMAGED DNA BINDING PROTEIN1 (DDB1) and function as the substrate receptors in CULLIN4-based E3 (CUL4) ubiquitin ligases, which regulate the selective ubiquitination of proteins. Here, we describe a DCAF protein, ABD1 (for ABA-hypersensitive DCAF1), that negatively regulates abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. ABD1 interacts with DDB1 in vitro and in vivo, indicating that it likely functions as a CUL4 E3 ligase substrate receptor. ABD1 expression is induced by ABA, and mutations in ABD1 result in ABA- and NaCl-hypersensitive phenotypes. Loss of ABD1 leads to hyperinduction of ABA-responsive genes and higher accumulation of the ABA-responsive transcription factor ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5), hypersensitivity to ABA during seed germination and seedling growth, enhanced stomatal closure, reduced water loss, and, ultimately, increased drought tolerance. ABD1 directly interacts with ABI5 in yeast two-hybrid assays and associates with ABI5 in vivo by coimmunoprecipitation, and the interaction was found in the nucleus by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Furthermore, loss of ABD1 results in a retardation of ABI5 degradation by the 26S proteasome. Taken together, these data suggest that the DCAF-CUL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase assembled with ABD1 is a negative regulator of ABA responses by directly binding to and affecting the stability of ABI5 in the nucleus.
Environmental change and the carbon balance of Amazonian forests
Authors: Aragão Luiz E. O. C. , Poulter Benjamin , Barlow Jos B. , Anderson Liana O. , Malhi Yadvinder , Saatchi Sassan , Phillips Oliver L. , Gloor Emanuel 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTExtreme climatic events and land‐use change are known to influence strongly the current carbon cycle of Amazonia, and have the potential to cause significant global climate impacts. This review intends to evaluate the effects of both climate and anthropogenic perturbations on the carbon balance of the Brazilian Amazon and to understand how they interact with each other. By analysing the outputs of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report 4 (AR4) model ensemble, we demonstrate that Amazonian temperatures and water stress are both likely to increase over the 21st Century. Curbing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon by 62% in 2010 relative to the 1990s mean decreased the Brazilian Amazon's deforestation contribution to global land use carbon emissions from 17% in the 1990s and early 2000s to 9% by 2010. Carbon sources in Amazonia are likely to be dominated by climatic impacts allied with forest fires (48.3% relative contribution) during extreme droughts. The current net carbon sink (net biome productivity, NBP) of +0.16 (ranging from +0.11 to +0.21) Pg C year−1 in the Brazilian Amazon, equivalent to 13.3% of global carbon emissions from land‐use change for 2008, can be negated or reversed during drought years [NBP = −0.06 (−0.31 to +0.01) Pg C year−1]. Therefore, reducing forest fires, in addition to reducing deforestation, would be an important measure for minimizing future emissions. Conversely, doubling the current area of secondary forests and avoiding additional removal of primary forests would help the Amazonian gross forest sink to offset approximately 42% of global land‐use change emissions. We conclude that a few strategic environmental policy measures are likely to strengthen the Amazonian net carbon sink with global implications. Moreover, these actions could increase the resilience of the net carbon sink to future increases in drought frequency.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by coconut fatty acids diethanolamide
Authors: Aalto‐Korte Kristiina , Pesonen Maria , Kuuliala Outi , Suuronen Katri 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBackgroundCoconut fatty acids diethanolamide [cocamide diethanolamine (cocamide DEA)] is a surface‐active derivative of coconut oil that is used in industrial, household and cosmetic products. Cocamide DEA contact allergy has been reported relatively seldom.ObjectivesTo describe cocamide DEA‐positive patients in an occupational dermatology clinic.MethodsWe retrieved allergic reactions to cocamide DEA from test files, and studied the occupation, exposure, concomitant allergic reactions and diagnoses of the positive patients.ResultsOf the 2572 patients tested, 25 (1%) had an allergic reaction to cocamide DEA. Nineteen patients were occupational cases, and 11 worked in the metal industry. Hand cleansers constituted the main source of sensitization (n = 17). Other sources included two dishwashing liquids, one barrier cream, and one metalworking fluid. Three patients reacted to monoethanolamine and 2 to diethanolamine. Diethanolamine is an impurity of cocamide DEA, and can be found in cocamide DEA‐containing products and in commercial patch test substances, which may explain some concomitant reactions.ConclusionsCocamide DEA allergy is relatively common in patients with occupational hand dermatitis, and mainly derives from hand cleansers. However, exposure to detergents, metalworking fluids and barrier creams must also be taken into account. Concomitant reactions to ethanolamines are possible.
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by alkyl glucosides
Authors: Gijbels Dorien , Timmermans An , Serrano Pedro , Verreycken Evelyne , Goossens An 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBackgroundAlkyl glucosides were not expected to have a sensitizing potential at the concentrations to be used in finished consumer products; however, several contact allergy cases have been published.ObjectivesTo report on the patients suffering from allergic contact dermatitis caused by alkyl glucosides observed in our department.Patients/methodsDuring a 19‐year period (1993–2012), 11 842 patients with suspected contact dermatitis were patch tested with the European baseline series and, if relevant, also with other series and individual allergens. For this study, the clinical data and the sensitization sources in the alkyl glucoside‐positive patients were analysed.ResultsIn total, 30 patients (24 women and 6 men) presented with a positive reaction to one or more alkyl glucosides. The causal products were shampoos (in 12), skin‐cleansing products (in 12, among which were wipes for intimate hygiene), sunscreen products (in 5), skin‐care products (in 4), and a deodorant (in 1). Sixteen patients showed multiple sensitivities (defined as three or more contact allergies), not only to other glucosides, but also to non‐related chemicals.ConclusionsAllergic contact dermatitis caused by alkyl glucosides in cosmetics does occur, and might be more frequent than suspected. In view of their common use, their identification as allergenic culprits is important.
Air‐oxidized linalool elicits eczema in allergic patients – a repeated open application test study
Authors: Andersch Björkman Ylva , Hagvall Lina , Siwmark Charlotte , Niklasson Bo , Karlberg Ann‐Therese , Bråred Christensson Johanna 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBackgroundLinalool is a commonly used fragrance terpene that forms potent sensitizers upon oxidation. In a recent multicentre study, we found that 7% of 2900 patients showed positive patch test reactions to oxidized linalool at 6.0%. No elicitation studies have been performed.ObjectiveTo identify threshold concentrations for elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis caused by oxidized linalool in allergic individuals with repeated exposures.MethodsRepeated open application tests were performed in 6 participants previously diagnosed with contact allergy to oxidized linalool. Creams containing 3.0%, 1.0% and 0.30% oxidized linalool (corresponding to 0.56%, 0.19% and 0.056% linalool hydroperoxides, respectively) and ‘fine fragrance’ containing 1.0%, 0.30% and 0.10% oxidized linalool (corresponding to 0.19%, 0.056% and 0.019% linalool hydroperoxides, respectively) were used twice daily for up to 3 weeks. Patch testing with a dilution series of oxidized linalool was performed.ResultsFive of 6 participants reacted to the cream containing 3% oxidized linalool. With 1% oxidized linalool, a reaction was seen in 3 (cream) and 4 (fine fragrance) participants, respectively. With 0.3% oxidized linalool, 2 (cream) and 1 (fine fragrance) participants reacted.ConclusionRepeated exposure to low concentrations of oxidized linalool can elicit allergic contact dermatitis in previously sensitized individuals.
Alginate beads and apple pieces as carriers for Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii, as representative of yeast functional starter cultures
Authors: Gallo Mariangela , Bevilacqua Antonio , Speranza Barbara , Sinigaglia Milena , Corbo Maria R. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThis study focused on two different carriers for Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii for its targeted release as a starter or as a probiotic: the microencapsulation into alginate beads and the immobilisation on apple pieces. Beads were studied in relation to encapsulation yield (EY), viability of cells throughout the storage, kinetic of cell release, survival under conditions that mimic the transit into the gut and in vivo application (fermentation of grape juice). Concerning the microencapsulation, EY was very high (ca. 90%), cells survived for a long period (upon to 90 days), and the beads assured cell survival and their release under conditions that mimic the gut; moreover, the capsules could be used up to ten times to start a model fermentation of grape juice. Apple pieces were a good system for the immobilisation of S. boulardii; they could be proposed successfully as a reusable carrier for a starter culture, as they assured the start of the fermentation of grape juice for at least seven times.
A Two-Level Theory of Presidential Instability
Authors: Pérez-Liñán Aníbal 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article analyzes the conditions that facilitate the ousting of Latin American presidents and the mechanisms that prevent their downfall. Drawing lessons from the impeachment of Paraguayan president Fernando Lugo, it extends previous arguments about the “legislative shield” to show that the same forces that sometimes conspire to terminate an administration at other times work to resist its demise. The argument underscores the interaction between legislators and social movements, two prominent actors in the literature on presidential instability. The article presents a two-level theory to identify possible configurations of mass and legislative alignments, and tests some implications of the theory with data for 116 Latin American presidents over 28 years. Multiple comparison tests based on random effects logistic models show that popular protests can be neutralized by strong support in Congress, and hint at the possibility that legislative threats can be neutralized by loyal demonstrators in the streets.
Democratization Through Contention? Regional and Local Governance Conflict in Peru
Authors: Bland Gary , Chirinos Luis A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSocial conflict in Peru has increased dramatically since 2004. The economic origins of these disputes, which result mostly from the growth of mining operations, have received considerable scholarly attention. The emergence of collective action directed at the performance of regional and local government, however, has received little notice. This essay examines Peru's regional and local governance conflicts on the basis of hundreds of reported cases. It investigates the nature of these episodes and the strategies adopted by community organizations to get their complaints addressed. It finds that the political opportunity of the posttransition period, dissatisfaction with government performance, and new participatory rights have helped to give rise to such collective action. Community protagonists choose between institutional and noninstitutional strategies but often combine them to help ensure success. Maintaining legitimacy proves essential to both sides. This article argues that these events represent both constraints and favorable developments for subnational democracy in Peru.
Supporting the Iron Fist: Crime News, Public Opinion, and Authoritarian Crime Control in Guatemala
Authors: Krause Krystin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAuthoritarian responses to rising violent crime rates have become a serious problem in Central America. Inspired by theories of agenda setting and media framing, this article examines the influence of news media coverage of crime on attitudes toward crime control. Using an original survey experiment, it tests the relationship between crime news, fear of crime, trust in government institutions, and support for authoritarian crime control measures in Guatemala. It finds that crime news influences support for authoritarian crime control via its effect on lowering citizen trust in government institutions. Exposure to crime news also affects self-reported victimization rates and levels of support for a presidential candidate promoting iron fist policies. These findings not only give insight into the relationship between crime news and political attitudes but also have implications for the rule of law and the politics of crime in new or fragile democracies.
Democracy and Social Welfare in Uruguay and Paraguay
Authors: Grassi Davide 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article aims to assess how democracy affects social welfare by analyzing Uruguay and Paraguay, one country with a vibrant democratic history and a progressive political landscape, the other with a generally authoritarian past and a conservative dominant party. The article maintains that welfare systems in these countries have been critically shaped by the impact of democracy, or by its absence, and by the strategies adopted by major social and political actors, especially parties; these strategies have been determined, in turn, by parties' ideologies and by the workings of electoral competition. The article also emphasizes that the impact of democracy on social welfare is critically mediated by the role of previous welfare legacies, the presence of welfare constituencies defending acquired rights and privileges, and social and economic variables, such as overall wealth levels, the formal or informal nature of labor markets, and the political organization of domestic economies.
Perinatal characteristics of fetuses with borderline ventriculomegaly detected by routine ultrasonographic screening of low‐risk populations
Authors: Hidaka Nobuhiro , Ishii Keisuke , Kanazawa Ryoko , Miyagi Akiko , Irie Akemi , Hayashi Shusaku , Mitsuda Nobuaki 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimFetal borderline ventriculomegaly represents a frequent dilemma in perinatal management. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of fetal borderline ventriculomegaly in a low‐risk Japanese population and to identify the risk factors for associated anomalies.MethodsData of cases of fetal borderline ventriculomegaly detected at 26−28 weeks of gestation by routine ultrasonographic screening of low‐risk singleton pregnancies between 2006 and 2012 were retrospectively collected. Ventricular width, in utero progression, associated anomalies, chromosomal abnormalities, and perinatal and postnatal outcomes were assessed. The ventricular width, in utero progression and other perinatal characteristics were compared between the isolated and non‐isolated groups.ResultsAmong the total 6020 singleton low‐risk pregnancies, we noted that 42 had borderline ventriculomegaly. Six (14%) of these cases had other defects by subsequent detailed examination. Ventriculomegaly resolved or regressed in 35 (83%) and progressed in four (10%) cases, of which three were associated with other anomalies. The median ventricular width was 12.8 mm (range, 10.0–14.7) in the six non‐isolated cases and 10.5 mm (range, 10.0–13.3) in the 36 isolated cases; the differences were statistically significant. A ventricular width of 12 mm or more and in utero progression were more frequently observed in non‐isolated cases than in isolated cases.ConclusionFetal borderline ventriculomegaly frequently resolves in utero. A ventricular diameter of more than 12 mm and in utero progression are risk factors for additional anomalies. After the initial diagnosis of borderline ventriculomegaly, the pregnancy should be carefully followed up to determine whether the ventricle size is resolved, remains stable or increases.
Comparison of gestational diabetes mellitus rates in women with increased and normal white blood cell counts in early pregnancy
Authors: Pattanathaiyanon Paranee , Phaloprakarn Chadakarn , Tangjitgamol Siriwan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimTo compare the rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among Thai or other South‐East Asian women with increased and normal peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts in early pregnancy. The risk of GDM in relation to WBC count was also determined.MethodsWe included singleton pregnant women who sought their first antenatal care in our institution between May 2010 and December 2011. Subjects were 595 gravidas with an increased WBC count while controls were 595 pregnancies with a normal WBC count. Data of pregnant women were collected. The WBC of each woman was obtained from a complete blood count performed in the first trimester. The rates of GDM between both groups were compared. The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of GDM development in the subject group was determined by multivariate analysis.ResultsData on 570 subjects with increased WBC and 575 controls with normal WBC were obtained. The rate of GDM was significantly higher in subjects compared to controls at 13.2% versus 5.2% (P < 0.001) with a crude OR of 2.75 (95% CI, 1.77–4.28). By multivariate analysis, the subject group was found at increased risk of GDM compared to the control group, with an adjusted OR of 2.20 (95% CI, 1.39–3.47).ConclusionThai or other South‐East Asian women with an increased WBC count in early pregnancy had a significantly higher rate of GDM than women having a normal WBC count. Our results demonstrate that WBC count is an independent risk factor for GDM.