bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response to fertilizer nitrogen and water of post-rainy
season sorghum on a Vertisol. 1. Biomass and light interception
Authors: REGO T. J. , MONTEITH J. L. , SINGH PIARA , LEE K. K. , RAO V. NAGESWARA , SRIRAMA Y. V. 
Published: July 2002

In parts of peninsular India, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor
L.) is grown during the dry season using water
stored in the root zone. The optimum application of nitrogen is difficult
to assess because no
comprehensive model exists for the interaction of water and N. To explore
this system as a basis for
modelling in the first instance and ultimately for better management, sorghum
(cv. SPH–280) was
grown in the post-rainy season at ICRISAT (Andhra Pradesh, India) with
and without irrigation and
at six rates of nitrogen from zero to 150 kg/ha applied before sowing.
The biomass of top components
was measured weekly and of roots every 2 weeks. Interception of solar radiation
was monitored
continuously in all treatments.Leaf expansion was strongly influenced both by water and by N, whereas
specific leaf area was
almost independent of treatment. In the irrigated treatment, the Biomass
Radiation Coefficient (e) for
the main growth period was almost independent of N application at 1·3–1·4
g/MJ and was also
independent of leaf N. In consequence, the main source of differences in
yield was a decrease in
radiation interception with decreasing N. In contrast, without irrigation,
biomass, yield, e and leaf
N were all maximal at 60 kg/ha N.At 33 days after emergence (DAE), root mass was almost independent of
N whether water had
been applied or not, but was somewhat smaller with irrigation. Later, root,
leaf, and panicle mass all
responded to N and to water, but stem mass was unresponsive to N with irrigation.
There was
evidence of translocation from stem to grain in most treatments. With irrigation,
a maximum grain
yield of 4·8 t/ha was obtained at 150 kg/ha N and without
irrigation the maximum was 3·2 t/ha at
90 kg/ha.
Response to fertilizer nitrogen and water of post-rainy
season sorghum on a Vertisol. 2. Biomass and water extraction
Authors: SINGH PIARA , MONTEITH J. L. , LEE K. K. , REGO T. J. , WANI S. P. 
Published: July 2002

During rainless weather following a monsoon, sorghum (Sorghum
bicolor cv. SPH–280) was grown
on a Vertisol either unirrigated throughout growth or irrigated for 7 weeks
after emergence and
rainfed thereafter. Before sowing, ammonium sulphate was applied at six
rates from 0 to
150 kg/ha N. Roots were sampled every 2 weeks to determine biomass
and root length density as a
function of depth. Every week, soil water content in all treatments was
measured gravimetrically to
a depth of 0·23 m and with a neutron probe from 0·3 to 1·5
m.Below 0·45 m, volumetric water content was a negative exponential
function of time after roots
arrived and the maximum depth of extraction moved downwards at 2–5
cm per day. In the dry
treatment, the extraction ‘front’ lagged behind the deepest
roots by c. 12 days initially but the two
fronts eventually converged. Irrigation delayed the descent of the extraction
front by c. 20 days but
thereafter it appeared to descend faster than without irrigation. Averaged
over N rates, the time
constant of the exponential function was inversely related to the root
length density,
lv, decreasing
with depth from about 20 to 10 days as lv increased
from
2·5 to 4·0 km/m3.The biomass[ratio ]water ratio was almost independent of N but increased
from a mean of 5·3 g dry
matter per kg water in the dry treatments to 6·9 g/kg with irrigation.
When normalized by the
seasonal mean difference in vapour pressure deficit within irrigated and
unirrigated plots, the ratios
were 13·1 and 13·3 kPa g per kg water, respectively.
The Will to Fight and the Will to Write: Some Recent
Books on the American Civil War
Authors: PARISH PETER J. 
Published: July 2002

David J. Eicher, The Civil War in Books: An Analytical Bibliography
(Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1997, $39.95). Pp. 432. ISBN 0 252 02273
4.Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, Mass. and
London:
Harvard University Press, 1997, $24.95). Pp. 222. ISBN 0 674 16055 x.Judith N. McArthur and Orville Vernon Burton (editors), “A
Gentleman
and an Officer”: A Military and Social History of
James B. Griffin's Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, $30.00). Pp. 382. ISBN 0 19 509311
9.A. K. McClure, Abraham Lincoln and Men of War Times: Some Personal

Recollections of War and Politics during the Lincoln Administration
(Bison Books
edition, with introduction by James A. Rawley; Lincoln: University of
Nebraska Press, 1996, £18.95). Pp. 496. ISBN 0 8032 8228 1.James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the
Civil
War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, £20.00). Pp. 256.
ISBN 0 19 509023 3.John Michael Priest, Before Antietam: The Battle for South Mountain
(New
York: Oxford University Press, 1992; pbk 1996, £15.99). Pp. 455.
ISBN 0 19 510712 8.Jack D. Welsh, Medical Histories of Union Generals (Kent, OH:
Kent State
University Press, 1996). Pp. 442. ISBN 0 87338 552 7.Donald Yacovone (editor), A Voice of Thunder: The Civil War Letters
of
George E. Stephens (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997, $26.95).

Pp. 372. ISBN 0 252 02245 9.Like Ol' Man River, Civil War historiography just keeps rolling
along. It changes
course occasionally, leaving behind bayous of stagnant argument, while
it carves
out new lines of inquiry and debate. The books under review here follow
the
meandering course of this great river of historical writing. There are
two
scholarly editions of the writings of Civil War soldiers, one northern
one
southern, one black one white. There are two reference works, each of them

bearing the rather idiosyncratic stamp of its editor. The immensely detailed

battlefield narrative, as exemplified by John Michael Priest's book
on South
Mountain, adheres to a tradition of Civil War historical writing that resists

changing historiographical fashions, and continues to appeal to a readership

which knows the kind of military history it likes, and simply wants still
more of
it. Another honoured tradition in Civil War literature
is the reprint of a “classic”
written by someone who lived through the conflict, and Alexander McClure
has
good claims to inclusion in this category. Finally, there are two quite
brief books
by two heavyweight historians, James McPherson and Gary Gallagher, who

address some of the perennial Civil War issues, such as why did men fight
and
go on fighting, and which is more in need of explanation: why did the
Confederacy lose, or how did it manage to fight for so long?
Saccadic and attentional abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: MARUFF P. , DANCKERT J. , PANTELIS C. , CURRIE J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Abnormal performance on the antisaccade task

suggests that patients with
schizophrenia have difficulty with the inhibition of reflexive attentional

shifts. The aim of the study
was to investigate whether deficits in the inhibition of reflexive
attentional shifts were specific to the
oculomotor modality or whether they could also occur when attentional shifts
were made without
eye movements (e.g. covert attentional shifts).Methods. Fifteen medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia

and 15 matched controls
performed the antisaccade task and the covert orientating task (COVAT)
where the probability of
targets appearing at the same location of a peripheral cue was
varied so that voluntary and reflexive
orientating systems had the same goal (80% probability of target and cued
condition) or opposite
goals (20%probability of target at cued location). A condition
where only reflexive orientating was
initiated was also included (50% probability of target at cued location).
For each of these
conditions the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) varied between 150 and 350
ms.Results. Patients with schizophrenia showed normal latency

and accuracy for visually guided
saccades but increased error rates and latency on the antisaccade task.
For the COVAT, patients
with schizophrenia were unable to use voluntary orientating strategies

to inhibit reflexive shifts of
covert attention. On conditions where only reflexive orientating was
required or when the goals of
the reflexive and voluntary orientating systems were the same, patients

with schizophrenia showed normal performance.Conclusions. These results suggest the reflexive orientating

mode is normal in patients with chronic
schizophrenia. However, these patients have a reduced ability to utilize

the voluntary orientating
mode to control or inhibit reflexive orientating. This impairment of
voluntary control is evident for both overt and covert attentional shifts.
COURT CASES AND LEGAL ARGUMENTS IN ENGLAND, c.1066–1166
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTHE relationship between law, the power of participants in disputes, and the structure of society and politics is always a complex one. It is also, not surprisingly therefore, controversial in writings on jurisprudence, modern law, and legal history. In this paper I argue for the importance of legal norms in the conduct of disputes in England in the period between the Norman Conquest and the early Angevin legal reforms. This importance is certainly related to the extent of Anglo-Norman royal power. However, in a wider context I shall argue against any necessary, simple, and direct link between political structure and the existence and influence of legal norms.
Topological equivalence and rigidity of flows on certain solvmanifolds
Authors: BENARDETE D. , DANI S. G. 
Published: July 2002

Given a Lie group $G$ and a lattice $\Gamma$ in $G$, a one-parameter subgroup $\phi$ of $G$ is said to be rigid if for any other one-parameter subgroup $\psi$, the flows induced by $\phi$ and $\psi$ on $\Gamma\backslash G$ (by right translations) are topologically orbit-equivalent only if they are affinely orbit-equivalent. It was previously known that if $G$ is a simply connected solvable Lie group such that all the eigenvalues of $\mathrm{Ad} (g) $, $g\in G$, are real, then all one-parameter subgroups of $G$ are rigid for any lattice in $G$. Here we consider a complementary case, in which the eigenvalues of $\mathrm{Ad} (g)$, $g\in G$, form the unit circle of complex numbers.Let $G$ be the semidirect product $N \rtimes M$, where $M$ and $N$ are finite-dimensional real vector spaces and where the action of $M$ on the normal subgroup $N$ is such that the center of $G$ is a lattice in $M$. We prove that there is a generic class of abelian lattices $\Gamma$ in $G$ such that any semisimple one-parameter subgroup $\phi$ (namely $\phi$ such that $\mathrm{Ad} (\phi_t)$ is diagonalizable over the complex numbers for all $t$) is rigid for $\Gamma$ (see Theorem 1.4). We also show that, on the other hand, there are fairly high-dimensional spaces of abelian lattices for which some semisimple $\phi$ are not rigid (see Corollary 4.3); further, there are non-rigid semisimple $\phi$ for which the induced flow is ergodic.
Modification of a hierarchical model of forest disturbance
Authors: TAULMAN JAMES F. 
Published: July 2002

A model of disturbance equilibrationThe contemporary ‘non-equilibrium’ paradigm in ecology acknowledges that ecosystems and their component floral and faunal communities show historic dynamism, not unchanging constancy (Shugart & West 1981; Pickett et al. 1992; Hengeveld 1994). In formulating a hierarchical view of landscape ecology, Urban et al. (1987) modelled broad classes of forest disturbances and corresponding landscape scales. A reference level is the scale at which a disturbance is observed as an ‘interesting event’. At the next, lower landscape scale the disturbance has a significant impact and explanatory mechanisms may be investigated. At the level above the reference scale, the ‘event’ may be viewed in a broader ecological context where its impact has been buffered and successfully incorporated. Urban et al. (1987) suggested that ‘a disturbance regime that can be incorporated is not disturbing at all’. Extending this perspective to anthropogenic perturbations, Urban et al. (1987) praised the ‘wisdom’ of foresters for discovering clear-cut harvesting as a forest management strategy that mimics natural disturbances. It might be possible for a reader with a pro-exploitation agenda to misinterpret the meaning of the model presented in Urban et al. (1987) and attempt to use it in support of forest management that is destructive to overall ecosystem health, thereby detracting from Urban et al.'s (1987) and Shugart and West's (1981) pioneering contributions to the field of landscape ecology. It could be argued that we only need look to a higher landscape scale in the model of equilibration to find a level at which clear-cuts need no longer be considered forest disturbances.
Helicobacter pylori in out-patients of a general practitioner:

prevalence and determinants of current infection
Authors: ROTHENBACHER D. , BODE G. , WINZ T. , BERG G. , ADLER G. , BRENNER H. 
Published: July 2002

Data on prevalence and determinants of Helicobacter pylori

infection in well-defined

populations are scarce. We investigated the prevalence and

determinants of active H. pylori

infection in a population of out-patients attending a general

practitioner in Southern Germany.

Infection status was determined by [13C]urea breath

test. In addition, information on potential

risk factors and medical history was collected.Five hundred and one of the 531 eligible patients participated in the

study (response rate of

94·4%). In total, 117 of the 501 patients had a positive

[13C]urea breath test (23·4%).

Prevalence of H. pylori infection increased with age from

10·8% (95% CI 5·7–18·1%) in the

age group 15–29 years to 30·8% (95% CI

22·1–40·6%) in the age group 60–79 years and
was

20·3%, 30·4% and 28·2% for the age groups

30–39, 40–49 and 50–59 years, respectively.

Education and childhood living conditions, especially the number of siblings,

were identified as additional independent determinants of infection.
“THE MOST BEAUTIFUL MURDER”: THE TRANSGRESSIVE AESTHETICS OF MURDER IN VICTORIAN STREET BALLADS
Authors: O’Brien Ellen L. 
Published: July 2002

To say that this common [criminal] fate was described in the popular press and commented on simply as a piece of police news is, indeed, to fall short of the facts. To say that it was sung and balladed would be more correct; it was expressed in a form quite other than that of the modern press, in a language which one could certainly describe as that of fiction rather than reality, once we have discovered that there is such a thing as a reality of fiction.—Louis Chevalier, Laboring Classes and Dangerous ClassesSPEAKING OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE, Louis Chevalier traces the bourgeoisie’s elision of the working classes with the criminal classes, in which crime becomes either the representation of working class “failure” or “revenge” (396). Chevalier argues that working- class texts “recorded” their acquiescence to and acceptance of “a genuine fraternity of [criminal] fate” when they “described and celebrated [it] in verse” (397). Though a community of fate might inspire collective resistance, popular poetry and ballads, he confirms, reproduced metonymic connections between criminal and worker when “their pity went out to embrace dangerous classes and laboring classes alike. . . . One might almost say [they proclaimed these characteristics] in an identical poetic strain, so strongly was this community of feeling brought out in the relationship between the favorite subjects of working-class songs and the criminal themes of the street ballads, in almost the same words, meters, and tunes” (396) Acquiescence to or reiteration of worker/criminal equations established itself in workers’ views of themselves as “a different, alien and hostile society” (398) in literature that served as an “involuntary and ‘passive’ recording and communication of them” (395). Though I am investigating Victorian England, not nineteenth-century France, and though I regard the street ballads as popular texts which record resistance, not acquiescence, Chevalier’s work usefully articulates the predicament of class-based ideologies about worker and criminal which functioned similarly in Victorian England. More importantly, Chevalier acknowledges the complexity of street ballads as cultural texts..
Re: Collaboration Between the NHS and Social Services in the Provision
of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services
Authors: Withecomb J. L. 
Published: July 2002

I am a Consultant Psychiatrist who spends
a large proportion of my time providing
input to non-health settings. This includes
work with the East Sussex Social Service
Secure Facility, the Medway Secure Training
Centre, the Brighton & Hove Youth
Offending Team, Queensdown EBD
School and the East Sussex Special Placements Scheme.I read Professor Pearce's paper (Pearce,
1999) with interest, but felt that there were
a number of important omissions. I also
felt that the perspective taken on some
areas was itself so ‘medical’ as to be
unhelpful in supporting truly collaborative
work with professionals from a different
background.
Disinventing standard English
Authors: PENNYCOOK ALASTAIR 
Published: July 2002

Review of Tony Bex & Richard J. Watts (eds), Standard English: the widening debate. London: Routledge. 1999. Pp. xi + 312. Hardback £50, ISBN 0 415 191629; paperback £15.99, ISBN 0 415 191637.According to D'Souza (1999) the question of standard English ‘is one of the great, unresolved problems that we are carrying into the twenty-first century’ (p. 271). Why should this question be so important and why so unresolved? And what does the book under review here add to our possible understanding of this issue? There are a number of significant issues here. First, there is the question of definition: what is a standard language? From this follows the ontological question as to whether they actually exist or are merely convenient (or inconvenient) fictions. Are we talking about spoken or written language? And in the global context, there are questions such as whether a global standard of international English exists or is emerging? Or is international intelligibility always a negotiation of possibilities with no obvious standard? And how do the new standard Englishes of Singapore, India, or Hong Kong relate both to all the other forms of English within those countries and to the other regionalized standards as well as the possible international standard? From definitional questions we move on to more political and pedagogical ones: Are standard languages hegemonic forms to be opposed? Are standard languages hegemonic forms to be acquired? Does access to standard language give people greater social and economic mobility, or is this another myth associated with standard languages?
High-Resolution Physical Map and Transcript Identification of a Prostate Cancer Deletion Interval on 8p22
Authors: Arbieva Zarema H. , Banerjee Kumarika , Kim Su Young , Edassery Seby L. , Maniatis Vasilios S. , Horrigan Stephen K. , Westbrook Carol A. 
Published: July 2002

A genomic interval of ∼1–1.5 Mb centered at the MSR marker on 8p22 has emerged as a possible site for a tumor suppressor gene, based on high rates of allele loss and the presence of a homozygous deletion found in metastatic prostate cancer. The objective of this study was to prepare a bacterial contig of this interval, integrate the contig with radiation hybrid (RH) databases, and use these resources to identify transcription units that might represent the candidate tumor suppressor genes. Here we present a complete bacterial contig across the interval, which was assembled using 22 published and 17 newly originated STSs. The physical map provides twofold or greater coverage over much of the interval, including 17 BACs, 15 P1s, 2 cosmids, and 1 PAC clone. The position of the selected markers across the interval in relation to the other markers on the larger chromosomal scale was confirmed by RH mapping using the Stanford G3 RH panel. Transcribed units within the deletion region were identified by exon amplification, searching of the Human Transcript Map, placement of unmapped expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the Radiation Hybrid Database (RHdb), and from other published sources, resulting in the isolation of six unique expressed sequences. The transcript map of the deletion interval now includes two known genes (MSR and N33) and six novel ESTs.[The sequences described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under the accession nos.AF126202–AF126212.]
Regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh Arginine Decarboxylase by Potassium Deficiency Stress
Authors: Watson M. B. , Malmberg R. L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Arginine decarboxylase (ARGdc) is the first enzyme in one of the two pathways to putrescine in plants. ARGdc enzyme activity has been shown to be induced by many environmental factors, including potassium deficiency stress. We investigated the mechanism for induction of ARGdc activity during potassium deficiency stress in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. We show that A. thaliana responds to potassium deficiency stress by increasing ARGdc activity by up to 10-fold over unstressed plants with a corresponding increase in putrescine levels of up to 20-fold. Spermidine and spermine levels do not increase proportionately. Northern analysis showed no increase in ARGdc mRNA levels correlated with the increase in ARGdc enzyme activity. Western analysis revealed that there was no difference between ARGdc protein levels in stressed plants compared with controls. The increase in ARGdc enzyme activity due to potassium deficiency stress does not appear to involve changes in mRNA or protein abundance.
Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Tomato Farnesyl-Protein Transferase
Authors: Schmitt D. , Callan K. , Gruissem W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The prenylation of membrane-associated proteins involved in the regulation of eukaryotic cell growth and signal transduction is critically important for their subcellular localization and biological activity. In contrast to mammalian cells and yeast, however, the function of protein prenylation in plants is not well understood and only a few prenylated proteins have been identified. We partially purified and characterized farnesyl-protein transferase from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, LeFTase) to analyze its biochemical and molecular properties. Using Ras- and G[gamma]-specific peptide substrates and competition assays we showed that tomato protein extracts have both farnesyl-protein transferase and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase 1 activities. Compared with the heterologous synthetic peptide substrates, the plant-specific CaaX sequence of the ANJ1 protein is a less efficient substrate for LeFTase in vitro. LeFTase activity profiles and LeFTase β-subunit protein (LeFTB) levels differ significantly in various tissues and are regulated during fruit development. Partially purified LeFTase requires Zn2+ and Mg2+ for enzymatic activity and has an apparent molecular mass of 100 kD. Immunoprecipitation experiments using anti-α-LeFTB antibodies confirmed that LeFTB is a component of LeFTase but not of tomato geranylgeranyl-protein transferase 1. Based on their conserved biochemical activities, we expect that prenyltransferases are likely integrated with the sterol biosynthesis pathway in the control of plant cell growth.