bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thomas Hobbes
Authors: Machamer Peter 
Published: June 2014

In this essay, I present an overview of Hobbes as a consistent philosopher, perhaps the most consistent in the Early Modern period. First, I sketch how his endeavors have a cogency that is unrivalled, in many ways even to this day. Section 2 outlines Hobbes’s conception of philosophy and his causal materialism. Section 3 deals briefly with Hobbes’s discussion of sensation and then presents his views on the nature and function of language and how reason depends upon language. Section 4 treats human nature, and section 5 discusses the artificial body of the Commonwealth. All of this will move rather quickly, so that hopefully the sketch of the overall structure of Hobbes’s thought will be clear. At the end, I will try to correct a few misconceptions, and briefly to say why it was that Hobbes’ natural philosophy has been so unduly neglected.
Enhancing the light absorbance of polymer solar cells by introducing pulsed laser-deposited CuIn0.8Ga0.2Se2 nanoparticles
Authors: Zhao Yu , Li Hui , Liu Xu-Jun , Guan Lei-Lei , Li Yan-Li , Sun Jian , Ying Zhi-Feng , Wu Jia-Da , Xu Ning 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Evenly separated crystalline CuIn0.8Ga0.2Se2 (CIGS) nanoparticles are deposited on ITO-glass substrate by pulsed laser deposition. Such CIGS layers are introduced between conjugated polymer layers and ITO-glass substrates for enhancing light absorbance of polymer solar cells. The P3HT:PCBM absorbance between 300 and 650 nm is enhanced obviously due to the introduction of CIGS nanoparticles. The current density-voltage curves of a P3HT:PCBM/CIGS solar cell demonstrate that the short-circuit current density is improved from 0.77 to 1.20 mA/cm2. The photoluminescence spectra show that the excitons in the polymer are obviously quenched, suggesting that the charge transfer between the P3HT:PCBM and CIGS occurred. The results reveal that the CIGS nanoparticles may exhibit the localized surface plasmon resonance effect just as metallic nanostructures.

PACS

61.46. + w; 61.41.e; 81.15.Fg; 81.07.b
Validation of the peroneal nerve test to diagnose critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy in the intensive care unit: the multicentre Italian CRIMYNE-2 diagnostic accuracy study
Authors: Latronico Nicola , Nattino Giovanni , Guarneri Bruno , Fagoni Nazzareno , Amantini Aldo , Bertolini Guido ,   and GiVITI Study Investigators
Published: June 2014

Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of the peroneal nerve test (PENT) in the diagnosis of critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and myopathy (CIM) in the intensive care unit (ICU). We hypothesised that abnormal reduction of peroneal compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude predicts CIP/CIM diagnosed using a complete nerve conduction study and electromyography (NCS-EMG) as a reference diagnostic standard.Design: prospective observational study.Setting: Nine Italian ICUs.Patients: One-hundred and twenty-one adult (≥18 years) neurologic (106) and non-neurologic (15) critically ill patients with an ICU stay of at least 3 days.Interventions: None.Measurements and main results: Patients underwent PENT and NCS-EMG testing on the same day conducted by two independent clinicians who were blind to the results of the other test. Cases were considered as true negative if both NCS-EMG and PENT measurements were normal. Cases were considered as true positive if the PENT result was abnormal and NCS-EMG showed symmetric abnormal findings, independently from the specific diagnosis by NCS-EMG (CIP, CIM, or combined CIP and CIM). All data were centrally reviewed and diagnoses were evaluated for consistency with predefined electrophysiological diagnostic criteria for CIP/CIM.During the study period, 342 patients were evaluated, 124 (36.3%) were enrolled and 121 individuals with no protocol violation were studied. Sensitivity and specificity of PENT were 100% (95% CI 96.1-100.0) and 85.2% (95% CI 66.3-95.8). Of 23 patients with normal results, all presented normal values on both tests with no false negative results. Of 97 patients with abnormal results, 93 had abnormal values on both tests (true positive), whereas four with abnormal findings with PENT had only single peroneal nerve neuropathy at complete NCS-EMG (false positive).Conclusions: PENT has 100% sensitivity and high specificity, and can be used to diagnose CIP/CIM in the ICU.
Yeast Augmented Network Analysis (YANA): a new systems approach to identify therapeutic targets for human genetic diseases
Authors: Wiley David J. , Juan Ilona , Le Hao , Cai Xiaodong , Baumbach Lisa , Beattie Christine , D'Urso Gennaro 
Published: June 2014

Genetic interaction networks that underlie most human diseases are highly complex and poorly defined. Better-defined networks will allow identification of a greater number of therapeutic targets.Here we introduce ourYeastAugmentedNetworkAnalysis (YANA) approach and test it with the X-linked spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) disease geneUBA1. First, we expressUBA1and a mutant variant in fission yeast and use high-throughput methods to identify fission yeast genetic modifiers ofUBA1. Second, we analyze available protein-protein interaction network databases in both fission yeast and human to constructUBA1genetic networks. Third, from these networks we identified potential therapeutic targets for SMA. Finally, we validate one of these targets in a vertebrate (zebrafish) SMA model. This study demonstrates the power of combining synthetic and chemical genetics with a simple model system to identify human disease gene networks that can be exploited for treating human diseases.
Performance Writing: Twenty-years and still counting
Authors: Hall John 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This article by the launch director of the first degree in Performance Writing, reviews the early 1990s intentions in the light of subsequent changes in the textual environment. The author argues that the original intention to take a broad view of textuality, seen as inseparable from the technologies, cultural practices and domains of conceptual enquiry that sustain it, rather than pursue the narrower, more established, literary and academic notion of ‘creative writing’, still hold good. He reconsiders the two words that make up the name, together with the related notion of performativity, and argues that it remains productive for writing to continue to treat these as problematic and unsettled. Significant developments in digital textuality are acknowledged within an argument that these can usefully remain within a Performance Writing frame of reference. Implications of changes to the ethos and funding of both arts and education are briefly considered.
Performance Writing network: A dialogue between Nathan Jones and Mary Paterson
Authors: Jones Nathan , Paterson Mary 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper sets out to collaboratively explore the notion of the Performance Writing Network. It documents and reconstitutes a conversation which took place between the authors in late-2012, across Facebook, Twitter and blogging services. The process of re-situating this conversation into a page format for the journal has resulted in a range of unconventional formatting decisions, which reflect on the nature of online writing as a performative and networked activity. The authors retain and draw attention to the stylistic quirks of online (and therefore public, and performative) writing – the incessant ‘paratexts’ of dating and html location, and the simultaneity of thought, composition and redraft. Together, the style and content of the paper give an indication of the thematic and temporal folds which occur in textual conversation (or networking) in online space.
Media cross-ownership and threat to diversity: A discourse analysis of news coverage on the permission for cross-ownership between broadcasters and newspapers in South Korea
Authors: Sup Park Chang 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Media diversity is an essential policy goal in achieving democracy. This study deals with how the press covered the issue of media cross-ownership which was recently allowed in South Korea. To this end, it analysed 210 news articles from two newspapers that have contrasting political stances, using critical discourse analysis. The analysis compared news discourse between two contrasting newspapers from political, social and economic values that constitute public interest. The results reveal that Joongang, a typical commercial newspaper, advocated cross-ownership based on economic values ignoring social values. On the other hand, Hankyoreh, a representative liberal newspaper, opposed the deregulation of cross-ownership on the basis of social values instead of economic values. In addition, the present study finds that while Joongang highlighted outlet diversity, Hankyoreh deemed content diversity as more important than outlet diversity. The findings also indicate that debate on media cross-ownership can be seriously interrupted when the media put more emphasis on private interest than on public interest. The current research suggests that a desirable goal of media cross-ownership should be pursued on the basis of a solid public interest standard, which is not compromised by political intervention and is supported by political, economic and social values.
The sincerest form of irony: Fun and games in a post-September 11 world
Authors: Reeve Charles 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A look at the ironic sensibility of artist's reactions to the World Trade Center attack by turning to media that historically have been coded as incapable of performing seriousness and competence - comics, animation and video games. The article provides close readings of: Art Spiegelman's comic In the Shadow of No Towers, Joe Peragine's animation 9/11/01, and Ben Langlands and Nikki Bell's video game The House of Osama bin Laden. Together, works highlight the inadequacy not only of their responses, but of any response.
Frames of atrocity: Resistance and left melancholy
Authors: Frascina Francis 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This article considers current dilemmas for artists and critics who desire to respond to contemporary violence, trauma and atrocity free of any melancholic attachment to past politics and ideals - a failed or lost campaign or struggle. Described by Walter Benjamin as the problem of 'left melancholy', its persistence in the 1990s and beyond into the post-September 11 era necessitated seizing possibilities to embrace and develop radical ways of responding to contemporary events. The article explores theories and art practices that address pressing questions without preconceived answers. Given the horror of the present, what would an effective political intervention in the field of imagery be like? How to avoid the premature - melancholic - validation of available paradigms of representation to produce enabling cultural work? Recent examples by Regina José Galindo, Mark Boulos, Renzo Martens, Alfredo Jaar and Lars Laumann are examined in the light of such questions.
Sliding Wear of TiCN PVD Coated Prealloyed Chromium Sintered Steel
Authors: Bidulský Róbert , Bidulská Jana , Actis Grande Marco 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe present paper deals with the sliding wear behaviour of prealloyed chromium sintered steel (Fe-1.5Cr-0.2Mo) with graphite powder added in the amount of 0.7%. The wear characteristics, such as profilograms, wear tracks morphology and wear curves of the as sintered specimens and TiCN coating were investigated through pin-on-disk tests. The specimens were sintered in pusher furnace at the temperature of 1453 K for 2400 s in a nitrogen-hydrogem atmosphere. Dominant bainitic microstructures with evident features of plastic deformation at the worn surface were detected. The coating of the investigated prealloyed steels increases the wear resistance in comparison with the as-sintered state according to the wear curves. Microstructural and EDX analyses confirmed that delamination and oxidation wear are the main wear mechanism in wear tests.
Effect of consolidation parameters and heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of SiCp/2024 Al composites
Authors: Hao Shiming , Xie Jingpei , Wang Aiqin , Wang Wenyan , Li Jiwen 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of vacuum hot pressing sintering temperature, sintering time and pressure on the properties of SiCp/2024Al composites. The microstructures and mechanical properties were tested by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a mechanical testing machine. The results indicated that increasing hot pressing temperature decreased the number of pores and increased the density and interfacial bonding strength, and improved the mechanical properties of the composites. The composite fabricated at 580°C exhibited the optimum tensile strength, excessive hot pressing temperature easily produced micro-cracks, and the liquid aluminum extrusion and the reduction of Al2 Cu phase. Prolonged sintering times had an adverse effect on the strength of the composite. A hot vacuum pressure needed to be higher than 60 MPa to achieve densification of composites above 99%. Solution treatment plus aging of the composites resulted in a significant improvement in strength and hardness. The higher the sintering temperature, the shorter the time taken to achieve the hardness peak.
Toward a Better Fiscal Governance?
Authors: Damonte Alessia 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDespite many reforms, evidence from the past decade proves the Italian fiscal policy still being “irresponsible.” The article understands the problem from a public choice perspective: irresponsibility is a natural result of unconstrained “raw politics,” yet proper institutional designs can bring it under control. It then presents qualitative data showing how Italian irresponsibility follows inappropriate constraints, and explains why the recent European provisions can support a fruitful institutional change.
Liberal Anguish
Authors: Rosenberg Anat 
Published: June 2014

Anat Rosenberg, “Liberal Anguish: Wuthering Heights and the Structures of Liberal Thought” (pp. 1–25)
After decades of sustained academic critiques along established lines, liberalism has recently attracted renewed evaluations. These readings treat complexity as inherent in liberalism, and proceed to explore its structures beyond suspicious hermeneutics. This essay argues that Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights (1847) constitutes an early and sophisticated argument about the structures of complexity in liberalism. Not only does Brontë’s novel merit entry into the discussion as a conceptual contribution, but it also offers an aesthetic enactment of the anguish that liberal structures of complexity were to evoke for generations to follow, an anguish experienced already at its troubled reception.
Comparative study of microstructures and mechanical properties of in situ Ti–TiB composites produced by selective laser melting, powder metallurgy, and casting technologies
Authors: Attar H. , Bönisch M. , Calin M. , Zhang L.C. , Zhuravleva K. , Funk A. , Scudino S. , Yang C. , Eckert J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Growth-Employment Relationship and Leijonhufvud's Corridor
Authors: Le Page Jean-Marie 
Published: June 2014

À partir de 2008, le taux de chômage de la zone euro n’a cessé d’augmenter alors que le PIB de cette zone était encore à la fin de 2012 au même niveau qu’en 2008. Cette évolution récente de l’activité globale illustre le risque couru par une économie de quitter le couloir de stabilité à l’intérieur duquel elle progresse d’une manière cyclique pour entrer dans une zone de turbulence. Dans cette zone, les stabilisateurs automatiques n’exercent qu’une faible force de rappel. Pour étudier à un niveau théorique ce type de situation, cet article présente un modèle qui associe le corridor de Leijonhufvud au principe d’instabilité de Harrod. Ce modèle met en évidence un seuil au-delà duquel l’économie risque de connaître un processus cumulatif de déclin simultané de la croissance et de l’emploi. Un tel mécanisme n’existe cependant que lorsque le chômage a une influence directe sur la demande globale comme cela semble être le cas dans la période actuelle. Classification JEL : B22, E12, E24.
Genetic Evidence Confirms the Presence of Pygmy Rabbits in Colorado
Authors: Estes-Zumpf Wendy A. , Zumpf Shane E. , Rachlow Janet L. , Adams Jennifer R. , Waits Lisette P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The pygmy rabbit Brachylagus idahoensis is a sagebrush-obligate species of conservation concern that occurs in the Great Basin and adjacent intermountain areas in the western United States. The species is not known to occur in Colorado, despite proximity to existing populations of pygmy rabbits in Wyoming. We provide the first documentation of the pygmy rabbit in Colorado. Fecal pellets diagnostic of pygmy rabbits were collected in the Vermillion Bluffs area of northwestern Colorado. Samples from 16 pellet clusters were collected for species identification via genetic analyses, and we were able to extract and amplify sufficient DNA from 7 of 16 pellet samples. All seven samples were identified as originating from pygmy rabbits based on a species-specific mitochondrial DNA fragment analysis test. To verify species identification, we also sequenced 225 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b region from all seven pellet samples. Presence of pygmy rabbits was confirmed from three locations separated by 2.4–7.7 km and pellets represented both adult and juvenile rabbits. Based on the sparseness of burrows in the area, density of pygmy rabbits in the area likely is low; however, systematic surveys by trained observers are needed to delineate the range and density of this species in Colorado. Given the conservation concern for pygmy rabbits across their current range, the newly confirmed presence of this species suggests that assessment of their conservation status in Colorado is warranted.
Using the RNAstructure Software Package to Predict Conserved RNA Structures
Authors: Mathews David H. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe structures of many non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) are conserved by evolution to a greater extent than their sequences. By predicting the conserved structure of two or more homologous sequences, the accuracy of secondary structure prediction can be improved as compared to structure prediction for a single sequence. This unit provides protocols for the use of four programs in the RNAstructure suite for prediction of conserved structures, Multilign, TurboFold, Dynalign, and PARTS. These programs can be run via Web servers, on the command line, or with graphical interfaces. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 46:12.4.1‐12.4.22. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Polysaccharides
Authors: BeMiller James N 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Polysaccharides are natural carbohydrate polymers containing from approximately 35 (usually more than 100) to as many as 60 000 monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides have a range of general structures (from linear to various branched structures) and shapes. They are structural components of cell walls of bacteria, fungi, algae and higher plants and of the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, are energy‐ and carbon‐storage substances, or may serve various other functions as intra‐ or extracellular materials of plants, animals and microorganisms. They are the most abundant (by mass) of all organic substances in living organisms, comprising approximately two‐thirds of the dry weight of the total biomass. Some have commercial value as isolated substances.

Key Concepts:

Polysaccharides are polymers of sugar (carbohydrate) units.

Polysaccharides are ubiquitous in nature. They are present in all plant tissues.

Polysaccharides compose at least 75% of the dry weight of the total biomass.

Polysaccharides comprise approximately three‐fourths of the total biomass on the Earth.

Polysaccharides serve as structural materials, as reserve food materials, and in other functions.

Polysaccharide molecules may be linear or branched.

Polysaccharides occur in a wide range of shapes and sizes.

Polysaccharides are hydrophilic and either dissolve in or absorb water.

Polysaccharides are produced and used commercially in large volumes.
Biased Gene Conversion and Its Impact on Genome Evolution
Authors: Bhérer Claude , Auton Adam 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

In most eukaryotes, genetic information is exchanged between homologous chromosomes via the process of recombination. As part of this process, short
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
tracts of less than 1 kb in length are exchanged between chromosomes in an asymmetric fashion in a process known as gene conversion. When such gene conversion events occur within the vicinity of heterozygous loci, this asymmetric exchange of DNA can result in the non‐Mendelian transmission of alleles. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that this non‐Mendelian transmission is biased in favour of G and C alleles at the expense of A and T alleles. This process, known as biased gene conversion, has a number of important implications for understanding the behaviour of alleles within a population and the base composition of the genome itself.

Key Concepts:

Biased gene conversion is the preferential transmission of certain alleles to the next generation, arising from asymmetries in the gene conversion process.

Biased gene conversion appears to preferentially favour GC alleles over AT alleles, resulting in the overtransmission of GC alleles in regions of high recombination.

Biased gene conversion can increase the frequency of an allele in a population.

Consistent biased gene conversion can ultimately influence the base composition of the genome, leading to increased levels of GC content.

Although a difficult phenomenon to measure, multiple lines of experimental and evolutionary evidence support the existence of biased gene conversion.
Thermoelectric Power Properties of Graphite‐Loaded Nitrile Rubber/Poly(vinyl chloride) Blends Above the Percolation Threshold
Authors: Mansour S.A. , Hussein M. , Moharram A.H. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTElectrical conductivity, thermoelectric power (TEP), and thermal measurements were used to characterize acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/poly(vinyl chloride) blends loaded with graphite above the percolation threshold as thermoelectric materials. Low thermal conductivities and high electrical conductivities accompanied with relatively high Seebeck coefficients lead to relatively high thermoelectric performances (ZT = 2.24 × 10−6). The TEP of composites is (9.5–16.2) μV/°C near room temperature. Two conduction mechanisms have been identified in composites above the percolation: the metallic‐like mechanism in the temperature range of 308–363 K and variable range hopping mechanism due to delocalized electrons at the Fermi level above 363 K. Using the values of the dc electrical conductivity and TEP, the values of the charge carrier concentration and the charge carrier mobility were calculated.