bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formal Functions and Retrospective Reinterpretation in the First Movement of Schubert's String Quintet
Authors: Martin Nathan John , Vande Moortele Steven 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe first movement of Schubert's String Quintet, D. 956, is among the early nineteenth‐century repertoire's clearest examples of what Janet Schmalfeldt has called ‘form as the process of becoming’. In this article we show how the governing formal principle of the movement's exposition is the conflation of distinct and typically consecutive formal functions. The result is an extraordinary chain of form‐functional overlaps, requiring the analyst to engage in a process of constant retrospective reinterpretation that ends only with the unambiguous closing group. Our aim is not only to revisit some familiar analytical questions about Schubert's Quintet from a form‐functional perspective, but also to provide a test case showing the applicability of form‐functional thinking to early nineteenth‐century music. We begin by presenting a form‐functional overview and cadential plan of the exposition and then home in on three passages that pose particular analytical challenges: the introduction/main‐theme/transition complex (bars 1–59), the transition/subordinate‐theme complex (bars 60–100) and the closing‐group/subordinate theme complex (bars 100–138). The article concludes by proposing certain ways in which Schmalfeldt's idea of retrospective reinterpretation may be further refined.
Renal replacement therapy in Brunei Darussalam: Comparing standards with international renal registries
Authors: Tan Jackson 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackground and AimBrunei Darussalam is a small South East Asian country with a high prevalence and incidence of end stage kidney disease (ESRD). This study aims to compare key performance indicators recorded in the Brunei Dialysis and Transplant Registry and department records against international practice. Registries from the USA (USRDS), UK (UK Renal Registry), Australasia (ANZDATA), Europe (ERA‐EDTA Registry) and Malaysia (MDTR) were used for comparisons.Methods and ResultsHaemodialysis (83%) and renal transplantation (6%) were the most and least favoured modality of renal replacement therapy in Brunei. Diabetes mellitus as a cause of ESRD (57%) was high in Brunei but on par with other South East Asian countries. Dialysis death rates (11%) and living‐related transplant survival rates (5 year graft and patient survival 91% and 96% respectively) were favourable compared with other registries. Anaemia and mineral bone disease management were similar to Malaysia but slightly inferior to the others, but generally in keeping with KDOQI and KDIGO targets. Haemodialysis adequacy (48% achieving urea reduction ratio of >65%) was relatively poorer due to poor dialysis flow rates and low fistula usage (71%). Peritoneal dialysis peritonitis (24.5 patient‐month/episode) and adequacy (78% achieving kt/v of 1.7) were in keeping with ISPD targets and international registries' results.ConclusionBrunei has achieved reasonable and commendable standards in many areas pertaining to the renal services. This report has identified several key areas for developments but this is to be expected for a service making its first foray into international benchmarked practice.
Comparing Parametric and Non‐parametric Early Warning Systems for Currency Crises in Emerging Market Economies
Authors: Comelli Fabio 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper compares in‐sample and out‐of‐sample performances of parametric and non‐parametric early warning systems (EWS) for currency crises in emerging economies. The parametric EWS achieves superior out‐of‐sample results compared with the non‐parametric EWS. The policymaker faces a trade‐off when using EWS: greater cautiousness allows the policymaker to correctly call more crisis episodes, but this comes at the cost of issuing more false alarms. The benefit of correctly calling more currency crises needs to be traded off against the cost of issuing more false alarms and of implementing corrective policies prematurely.
A Welfare Ranking of Multilateral Reductions in Real and Tariff Trade Barriers when Firms are Heterogenous
Authors: Schröder Philipp J. H. , Sørensen Allan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTrade liberalization comes about through reductions in various types of trade barriers. This paper introduces, apart from the customary real trade costs (i.e. iceberg and fixed export costs), two revenue generating trade barriers (i.e. an ad valorem tariff and a trade license) into a standard heterogeneous‐firms‐trade model with Pareto distributed productivities. We derive analytical welfare rankings of all four liberalization channels for an equal effect on two openness measures, for any trade cost level and while all four barriers are simultaneously present, i.e. for any initial equilibrium. We show that when openness is measured at retail prices, not border prices, the welfare rankings are sensitive to the degree of efficiency in revenue redistribution, e.g. the share of tariff revenues wasted on rent‐seeking activities. As a result, multilateral tariff reductions can switch from the least to the most preferred mode of liberalization. Among the other three barriers we establish a universal welfare ranking for any strictly positive level of revenue redistribution and for either measure of openness.
Energy Abundance or Environmental Worries? Analyzing Public Support for Fracking in the United States
Authors: Davis Charles , Fisk Jonathan M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper provides an analysis of public attitudes toward fracking use and policies with an eye toward factors that help us account for differing levels of support. Using data from a national survey of American adults, we found that women and people residing in urban areas are slightly more inclined to oppose fracking and to favor more regulation in terms of drilling operations and company chemical disclosure requirements than men or people living in rural areas. Our key findings, however, are that opposition to fracking and support for current or increased levels of regulation are strongly related to Democratic Party identification and to pro‐environmental policy attitudes. We conclude by suggesting that a tendency for people to view fracking as an environmental rather than an energy issue has potentially important implications for the implementation of locally based regulatory requirements.
Examining the Canadian Government's Resistance to Including Socioeconomic Concerns in Genetically Modified Seeds Regulation: A Policy Transfer and Multilevel Approach
Authors: Marcoux Jean‐Michel , Létourneau Lyne 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn 2011, Canadian Members of Parliament refused to transfer a regulatory initiative taken from Argentina that would have required an analysis of potential harm to export markets before authorizing the sale of any new genetically modified seed. This was the purpose of Bill C‐474, which was defeated in the House of Commons. After exploring Argentina's regulatory framework as a source of transfer, this paper combines a multilevel analysis with a typology of policy transfer mechanisms in order to address the complexities underlying this unsuccessful attempt. We explore how the mechanisms of competition and coercion might have impeded the transfer of such an initiative at the international and the macro‐state levels. Moreover, while a policy transfer network in support of the bill called on previous experiences with genetically modified seeds, their efforts appear to have been outweighed by another network using arguments based on the mechanisms of competition, coercion, and mimicry.
Signatures of slope failures and river‐delta collapses in a perialpine lake (Lake Lucerne, Switzerland)
Authors: Hilbe Michael , Anselmetti Flavio S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHistorical reports from the 17th Century document two destructive tsunamis with run‐ups exceeding 5 m, affecting proximal basins of Lake Lucerne (Switzerland). One event in ad 1601 is coeval with a strong nearby earthquake (MW ca 5·9) which caused extensive slope failures in many parts of the lake. The second event in ad 1687 is associated with an apparently spontaneous partial collapse of the Muota river delta. This study combines high‐resolution bathymetry, reflection seismic and lithological data to document the sedimentary and morphological signatures of the two subaqueous mass movements that probably generated the observed tsunamis. Such mass movements are significant as a common sedimentation process and as a natural hazard in fjord‐type lakes and similar environments. The deposits, covering large parts of the basins with thicknesses reaching >10 m, consist of two subunits: A lower ‘massflow deposit’ contains variably deformed sediments from the source areas. Its emplacement affected pre‐existing sediments, incorporating thin sediment slices into the deposit and increasing its volume. Deep‐reaching deformation near basin margins is expressed as bulges on the lake floor. An overlying ‘megaturbidite’, featuring a graded, sandy base and a thick homogeneous muddy part, was deposited from suspended particles. The source area for the ad 1601 event, gently dipping lateral slopes with an unconsolidated hemipelagic sediment cover, hosts a pronounced slide scar with sharp escarpments and sliding surfaces. The source area for the ad 1687 event on an active delta slope has been overprinted by continued sedimentation and does not show an unambiguous scar. The case studies are exemplary for end‐member types of source areas (lateral versus delta slopes) and trigger mechanisms (seismic versus aseismic); they show that morphological mapping and reconstructions of past events are key components of a hazard assessment for mass movement‐generated tsunamis.
Spatial distribution of dust deposition within a small drainage basin: Implications for loess deposits in the Negev Desert
Authors: Kidron Giora J. , Zohar Motti , Starinsky Abraham 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLoessial colluvial sediments and aeolian aprons are common deposits in the Negev Desert Highlands. In an attempt to monitor the amounts and distributional pattern of loess, monthly dust measurements were carried out during 2004 to 2006 in 10 cm diameter traps located at 18 stations along four slopes, north‐facing, south‐facing, east‐facing and west‐facing in a second‐order drainage basin near Sede Boqer, Negev Desert Highlands, Israel. Annual total dust depositions ranged between 110 g and 178 g m−2 with an average of 151·1 g m−2. The average annual dust deposition in the catchment was 23·5% higher than the average amount recorded at the hilltops (122·4 g m−2) and may be a consequence of sheltering opportunities in the hilly topography. When analysed according to season and aspect, significantly higher monthly amounts were received during the wet rainy season of December to March (17·0 g m−2), in comparison with the rest of the year (8·1 g m−2). As for the aspect, while no significant differences characterized north‐facing and south‐facing slopes, east‐facing slopes received significantly higher amounts (by 43·3%) than west‐facing slopes, pointing to preferential dust deposition at the leeward slope. Concurring with the classical model that anticipates higher dust deposition at the leeside slope, but in disagreement with some reports published in the literature, the findings of this study were also supported by a field survey that showed preferential loess accumulation at the eastern and north‐eastern aspects. These findings may shed light on distributional patterns of colluvial sediments and aeolian aprons in the Negev, on soil‐forming processes and on past cycles of dust deposition.
Planform architecture, stratigraphic signature and morphodynamics of an exhumed Jurassic meander plain (Scalby Formation, Yorkshire, UK)
Authors: Ielpi Alessandro , Ghinassi Massimiliano 
Published: March 2014

AbstractModern fluvial meander plains exhibit complex planform transformations in response to meander‐bend expansion, downstream migration and rotation. These transformations exert a fundamental control on lithology and reservoir properties, yet their stratigraphic record has been poorly evaluated in ancient examples due to the lack of extensive three‐dimensional exposures. Here, a unique exhumed meander plain exposed to the north of Scarborough (Yorkshire, UK) is analysed in terms of architecture and morphodynamics, with the aim of developing a comprehensive model of facies distribution. The studied outcrop comprises tidal platforms and adjacent cliffs, where the depositional architecture of un‐tilted deposits was assessed on planform and vertical sections, respectively. In its broader perspective, this study demonstrates the potential of architectural mapping of extensive planform exposures for the reconstruction of ancient fluvial morphodynamics. The studied exhumed meander plain is part of the Scalby Formation of the Ravenscar Group, and originally drained small coastal incised valleys within the Jurassic Cleveland Basin. The meander plain is subdivided into two storeys that contain in‐channel and overbank architectural elements. In‐channel elements comprise expansional and downstream‐migrating point bars, point‐bar tails and channel fills. Overbank elements comprise crevasse complexes, levées, floodplain fines and lake fills. The evolution of the point bars played a significant role in dictating preserved facies distributions, with high flood‐stage nucleation and accretion of meander scrolls later reworked during waning flood‐stages. At a larger scale, meander belt morphodynamics were also a function of valley confinement and contrasts in substrate erodibility. Progressive valley infilling decreased the valley confinement, promoting the upward transition from prevalently downstream migrating to expansional meander belts, a transition associated with enhanced preservation of overbank elements. Strikingly similar relations between valley confinement, meander‐bend transformations and overbank preservation are observed in small modern meandering streams such as the Beaver River of the Canadian prairies and the Powder River of Montana (USA).
HLA‐alleles associated with increased risk for extra‐pulmonary involvement in sarcoidosis
Authors: Darlington P. , Gabrielsen A. , Sörensson P. , Tallstedt L. , Padyukov L. , Eklund A. , Grunewald J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractGenetic factors influence the risk for disease as well as the clinical picture seen in sarcoidosis and especially the genes localized to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region on chromosome 6 are of importance. The aim of this study was to further investigate associations between HLA‐DRB1 alleles and the risk for extra‐pulmonary manifestations (EPMs), i.e. engagement of the skin, superficial lymph nodes, eyes, nervous system, kidneys, hypercalcemia, parotid and salivary glands, heart, liver, spleen and bone marrow in Scandinavian sarcoidosis patients. One thousand patients with together with a group of 2000 healthy individuals, matched for sex and age. HLA‐DRB1 alleles were determined for all patients and controls. Excluding erythema nodosum and ankle arthritis, we found 288 of 1000 patients to have EPMs. There were 383 patients with Löfgren's syndrome (LS), and among them EPM were relatively uncommon and diagnosed in only 31 (8.1%) of the patients. In contrast, among the 617 non‐LS patients, 257 (41.6%) had EPM (P < 0.0001). In LS patients, the absence of HLA‐DRB1*03 substantially increased the risk factor for EPM (erythema nodosum and ankle arthritis excluded) (P < 0.0001). A distinct HLA allele combination, HLA‐DRB1*04/*15, was identified as a risk factor for EPM in all patients (25 of 50 with DRB1*04/15 had EPM). In conclusion, EPM are common in non‐LS sarcoidosis. Furthermore, HLA‐typing of sarcoidosis patients can be used in the clinic to identify patients with an increased risk for EPM.
Tumor antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells in cancer immunity: from antigen identification to tumor prognosis and development of therapeutic strategies
Authors: Protti M. P. , Monte L. D. , Lullo G. D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCD4+ T cells comprise a large fraction of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and it is now established that they may exert an important role in tumor immune‐surveillance. Several CD4+ T cell subsets [i.e. T helper (Th)1, Th2, T regulatory (Treg), Th17, Th22 and follicular T helper (Tfh)] have been described and differentiation of each subset depends on both the antigen presenting cells responsible for its activation and the cytokine environment present at the site of priming. Tumor antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells with different functional activity have been found in the blood of cancer patients and different CD4+ T cell subsets have been identified at the tumor site by the expression of specific transcription factors and the profile of secreted cytokines. Importantly, depending on the subset, CD4+ T cells may exert antitumor versus pro‐tumor functions. Here we review the studies that first identified the presence of tumor‐specific CD4+ T cells in cancer patients, the techniques used to identify the tumor antigens recognized, the role of the different CD4+ T cell subsets in tumor immunity and in cancer prognosis and the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at activating efficient antitumor CD4+ T cell effectors.
Growth of accretionary wedges and pulsed ophiolitic mélange formation by successive subduction of trench‐parallel volcanic elevations
Authors: Hajná Jaroslava , Žák Jiří , Kachlík Václav 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFault‐bounded coherent belts alternating with belts of mélanges are common in accretionary wedges and are usually interpreted as a result of imbrication along subduction zone megathrusts. Using the Neoproterozoic/early Cambrian Blovice accretionary complex (BAC), Bohemian Massif, as a case example, we present a new model for the origin of alternating belts through the repetition of several cycles of (1) offscraping and deformation of trench‐fill sediments to form the coherent units, interrupted by (2) arrival and subduction of linear, trench‐parallel volcanic elevations. The latter process leads to an increase in the wedge taper, triggering mass‐wasting and formation of olistostromes. At the same time, ophiolitic mélanges form by disruption of an upper part of the volcanic ridge and incorporation of the disrupted ocean‐floor succession into the olistostromes. Specifically, the BAC represents a complete section across an accretionary wedge and records three such major pulses of ophiolitic mélange formation through subduction of an outboard back‐arc basin.
Toys and toilets: cross‐sectional study using children's toys to evaluate environmental faecal contamination in rural Bangladeshi households with different sanitation facilities and practices
Authors: Vujcic Jelena , Ram Pavani K. , Hussain Faruqe , Unicomb Leanne , Gope Partha Sarathi , Abedin Jaynal , Mahmud Zahid Hayat , Sirajul Islam M. , Luby Stephen P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate household faecal contamination using children's toys among 100 rural Bangladeshi households categorised as ‘cleaner’ (toilet that reliably separates faeces from the environment and no human faeces in/around living space) or ‘less clean’ (no toilet or toilet that does not reliably separate faeces from the environment and human faeces in/around living space).MethodsWe distributed toy balls to each household and rinsed each study toy and a toy already owned by the household in 200 ml of Ringer's solution. We enumerated faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci from each rinse using membrane filtration methods.ResultsStudy toys from 39 cleaner households had lower mean faecal coliform contamination than toys from 61 less clean households (2.4 log10 colony‐forming units (CFU)/200 ml vs. 3.2 log10 CFU/200 ml, P = 0.03). However, wealth measures explained a portion of this relationship. Repeat measures were moderately variable [coefficient of variation (CV) = 6.5 between two toys in the household at the same time, CV = 37.6 between toys in the household at two different times 3–4 days apart]. Too few households owned a non‐porous toy to compare groups without risk of bias.ConclusionIn rural Bangladesh, improved sanitation facilities and practices were associated with less environmental contamination. Whether this association is independent of household wealth and whether the difference in contamination improves child health merit further study. The variation found was typical for measures of environmental contamination, and requires large sample sizes to ascertain differences between groups with statistical significance.
Foreign Ownership and the Extensive Margins of Exports: Evidence for Manufacturing Enterprises in Germany
Authors: Raff Horst , Wagner Joachim 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe examine how foreign ownership of a firm affects the variety of goods that the firm exports and the number of countries it trades with. We construct a simple theoretical model of how foreign ownership may affect these extensive margins of exports and take this model to data from Germany, one of the leading actors on the world market for goods. In line with theoretical predictions we find that foreign‐owned firms do export more goods to more countries after controlling for firm size, productivity and industry affiliation. These differences between foreign‐owned firms and domestically controlled firms are highly statistically significant, and they are large from an economic point of view, with foreign‐owned firms exporting up to 39 per cent more goods to up to 31 per cent more countries.
Internal and External Knowledge and Introduction of Export Varieties
Authors: Johansson Börje , Johansson Sara , Wallin Tina 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFirms in local industries maintain their capability to generate new export varieties by simultaneously exploiting internal and external knowledge resources. The paper introduces the notion ‘variety triplet’ to distinguish individual export varieties, where a triplet is a unique combination of a firm, a product code and a destination country. For each date, the set of variety triplets in each local industry records all remaining export varieties introduced in the past. In view of this, the paper examines how internal and external knowledge of local industries influence the industry's scope and value of export varieties. First, the paper contributes by considering a local industry's internal and external knowledge, as well as the conjunction of its internal and external knowledge sources. Second, the knowledge sources are shown to influence both the stock and the dynamics of a local industry's variety triplets, using firm‐level data from Sweden.