bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparisons between basal metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis in different types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Green J. H. , Muers M. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Some patients with the emphysematous type of tobacco-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are hypermetabolic. Since the likely mechanism is the increased work of breathing, other groups of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease should be similar. We have now measured basal metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis in six patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with an arterial partial pressure of CO2 of &lt;5kPa (emphysematous), nine patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with an arterial partial pressure of CO2 of &gt;6kPa (bronchitic), eight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to chronic asthma and seven control subjects. Diet-induced thermogenesis was measured for 4h after a meal of 87% carbohydrate, 11% protein and 2% fat as energy, with a total energy content of 40% of basal metabolic rate.
2. There was no difference between measured and predicted basal metabolic rate in the control (5541 ± 272 versus 5881 ± 245 kJ/24h) or emphysematous (5552 ± 370 versus 6239 ± 197 kJ/24 h) groups, but measured basal metabolic rate was significantly higher than predicted in the bronchitic (6126 ± 387 versus 5405 ± 250 kJ/24 h) and asthmatic (6293 ± 197 versus 5701 + 245, mean ± SEM, P&lt;0.01) groups. All the control subjects had measured basal metabolic rates within 10% of predicted, whereas two out of six emphysematous patients, four out of nine bronchitic patients and five out of eight asthmatic patients were hypermetabolic. The contributions of fat, carbohydrate and protein oxidation rates to the overall basal metabolic rate were similar between groups.
3. Diet-induced thermogenesis was similar between groups. The postprandial fuel mix oxidized was also similar between all four groups.
4. Thus, some patients with both types of smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other patients with chronic asthma were hypermetabolic. This could not be predicted from detailed lung function tests, arterial blood gases or anthropometric measurements, and suggests that the increased work of breathing may not be the only cause of the hypermetabolism and weight loss seen in these patients.
Effects of endothelin in portal hypertensive rats
Authors: Yu Pi-Chin , Kuo Jon-Son , Lin Han-Chieh , Yang May C. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Effects of endothelin-1 on systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate and portal venous pressure were compared in normal Sprague-Dawley rats and rats with portal hypertension induced by CCl4 and partial portal vein ligation.
2. Endothelin-1 produced biphasic effects on systemic blood pressure and portal venous pressure in all three groups of rats. However, the magnitude of the changes in blood pressure was less in portal hypertensive rats.
3. The ability of endothelin-1 to increase the portal venous pressure was also significantly diminished in portal hypertensive rats. On the other hand, the initial decrease in portal pressure was augmented in rats with partial portal vein ligation, and disappeared at higher dosage in CCl4-treated rats.
4. In accordance with the pressure recording in vivo, the dose-response vasoconstrictive activity of endothelin-1 was significantly attenuated in the intrahepatic vasculature.
5. The plasma immunoreactive endothelin concentration was significantly higher (5.55 ± 0.81 fmol/ml) in Sprague-Dawley rats than in CCl4-treated rats (2.83 ± 0.56 fmol/ml) and rats with partial portal vein ligation (2.68 ± 0.53 fmol/ml).
6. It was concluded that a lower plasma level of endothelin and a reduced vascular responsiveness may contribute, at least in part, to the hyperdynamics of portal hypertension.
Resting energy expenditure and the thermic effect of adrenaline in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Müller Manfred J. , Willmann Olaf , Fenk Andrea , Rieger Annette , Selberg Oliver , Canzler Helmut , von zur Mühlen Alexander , Schmidt Friedrich W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Resting energy expenditure and the metabolic responses to adrenaline (infusion rate: 0.03 μg min−1 kg−1 fat-free mass for 1 h) were investigated in 25 patients with liver cirrhosis. The patient group was heterogeneous and varied with respect to the aetiology of cirrhosis, the clinical condition (i.e. Child A or B), the nutritional status and the degree of hyper-insulinaemia.
2. When compared with 10 healthy control subjects the basal plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were both increased in cirrhosis and remained elevated during adrenaline infusion (+39% and +31%, respectively; P&lt;0.05). Concomitantly, the peripheral plasma insulin concentration and the molar C-peptide/insulin ratio were increased in liver cirrhosis (+96% and + 30%, respectively; P&lt;0.05). Hyperinsulinaemia was more pronounced in patients with ethanol-induced liver cirrhosis.
3. When expressed per kg fat-free mass, resting energy expenditure was enhanced in liver cirrhosis (+21%; P&lt;0.05) and was more pronounced (i.e. resting energy expenditures of +35% to +49% above estimated values) in patients with ethanol-induced cirrhosis, at advanced stages of the disease and in association with decreased body cell mass.
4. Infusion of adrenaline increased heart rate, O2 consumption and the plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids, glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate, and similar transient increases and subsequent decreases in the respiratory quotient were observed in both groups. However, the lipolytic, ketogenic and thermic responses were reduced in cirrhotic patients. Reduced metabolic responses were more pronounced in hyperinsulinaemic patients.
5. We conclude that resting energy expenditure is variable but may be substantially increased in patients with ethanol-induced cirrhosis. In contrast, the thermic effect of adrenaline is reduced in cirrhotic patients. Variations in resting energy expenditure are strongly associated with variations in body cell mass, which explains 65% of its variability. No parameter of body composition is predictive for thermogenesis.
Aggregation of erythrocyte sodium/lithium countertransport activity in families of patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy
Authors: Fabbri A. , Boero R. , Esposti E. Degli , Guarena C. , Lucatello A. , Sturani A. , Piccoli G. , Fusaroli M. 
Published: August 2015

1. We evaluated the inheritance of erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport activity in IgA nephropathy by assessing this parameter in 19 patients with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy and in their 53 relatives (32 parents and 21 siblings). The possible use of erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport activity as a marker of poor prognosis was also evaluated.
2. A significant correlation was found between ‘familial’ and proband Na+/Li+ countertransport activity, but not between that of spouses.
3. Mean blood pressure, although within the normal range, and Na+/Li+ countertransport activity were significantly higher in patients with proteinuria than in those without proteinuria.
4. Parents of proteinuric patients had a higher Na+/Li+ countertransport activity than parents of non-proteinuric patients.
5. In IgA nephropathy the inheritance of erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport activity was preserved. Therefore genetic factors could play a role in the non-immunological progression of IgA nephropathy.
Pancreatic secretion of lysosomal enzymes stimulated by intraduodenal instillation of a liquid meal in rabbits
Authors: Hirano T. , Manabe T. , Saluja A. K. , Steer M. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Studies have been performed to determine the effect of intraduodenal food on pancreatic secretion of lysosomal enzymes.
2. Intraduodenal instillation of a liquid meal (3 g/kg body weight; 15.3% protein, 19.7% fat, 59.7% carbohydrate) caused significant increases in pancreatic juice volume and pancreatic secretion of amylase and protein compared with basal values for 2 h after instillation in anaesthetized rabbits.
3. Intraduodenal instillation of a liquid meal also caused significant increases in pancreatic secretion of three lysosomal enzymes (cathepsin B, N-β-acetyl-galactosaminidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase) compared with basal values for 2 h after instillation.
4. In addition, there were significant correlations between cathepsin B secretion and amylase secretion (r = 0.7764, P&lt;0.001) and between cathepsin B secretion and protein secretion (r = 0.6216, P&lt;0.001), both in basal conditions and in response to the liquid meal.
5. These results are evidence for the localization of lysosomal enzymes in the secretory granules-zymogen granules in normal acinar cells, and also indicate that the pancreatic secretion of lysosomal enzymes is gut-hormone-regulated.
Altered prostaglandin synthesis and impaired sodium conservation in the kidneys of old rats
Authors: Rathaus M. , Greenfeld Z. , Podjarny E. , Brezis M. , Green J. , Bernheim J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The aim of this investigation was to study the role of prostaglandins in the impaired Na+ conservation of the ageing kidney.
2. We measured the urinary excretion of thromboxane B2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α and prostaglandin E2 in young (3–4 months) and old (20–21 months) rats after 12, 24 and 36 h of Na+ deprivation. In a separate protocol, we measured prostanoid synthesis by isolated glomeruli, cortical homogenates, medullary slices and papillary slices from young and old rats in basal conditions and after 15 days of dietary Na+ deprivation.
3. In the acute study, urinary excretion of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1α and prostaglandin E2 decreased in young but not in old rats. Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 was lower in old rats, but did not vary significantly with Na+ deprivation.
4. In old rats, thromboxane B2 synthesis was increased in all the portions of the kidney except the medulla. Production of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α was elevated in glomeruli and tended to increase in the cortex. Prostaglandin E2 synthesis was also elevated in the cortex. Thromboxane B2 synthesis tended to increase in the medulla and was enhanced in the papilla. After Na+ deprivation, only glomerular prostaglandin E2 synthesis increased in young rats. In old rats, cortical and papillary synthesis of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1α increased, whereas prostaglandin E2 synthesis did not change.
5. The results suggest increased thromboxane synthesis in the ageing kidney. Increased prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 synthesis may be an attempt to counteract enhanced thromboxane production. Blunting of this tendency in medulla and papilla could contribute to the conservation of medullary solute concentration, whereas inappropriate stimulation of prostacyclin synthesis during Na+ deprivation could impair Na+ conservation.
Sodium-lithium countertransport and platelet cytosolic free calcium concentration in relation to peripheral insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women
Authors: Mattiasson Ingrid , Berntorp Kerstin , Lindgärde Folke 
Published: August 2015

1. Peripheral glucose disposal (assessed by the euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique), Na+-Li+ countertransport in erythrocytes and the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration in platelets were determined in 41 women with impaired glucose tolerance and in 38 women with normal glucose tolerance. The groups were matched for body mass index (range 18–44 kg/m2) and diastolic blood pressure (range 58–109 mmHg).
2. Na+-Li+ countertransport was correlated significantly with body mass index, basal plasma insulin concentration and basal plasma glucose concentration, and was inversely correlated with peripheral glucose disposal rate. Stepwise regression analysis showed that Na+-Li+ countertransport was positively correlated with basal plasma insulin concentration (r2 = 8.7%).
3. Systolic blood pressure was correlated with fasting plasma insulin concentration (model r2 = 25%) and with Na+-Li+ countertransport (model r2 = 34%) in the group with impaired glucose tolerance. In the group with normal glucose tolerance there were no correlations between blood pressure and Na+-Li+ countertransport.
4. No correlation was found between platelet cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration and any of the variables measured.
5. It is concluded that Na+-Li+ countertransport is correlated with the degree of peripheral insulin sensitivity and with the plasma insulin concentration. Platelet cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration was not correlated with any of these variables, and there was no relationship between Na+-Li+ countertransport and the platelet cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration.
Study of the actions of human recombinant erythropoietin on rat renal haemodynamics
Authors: Huang Chunlong , Davis Gerard , Johns Edward J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Studies were undertaken to examine the effect of acute and chronic administration of human recombinant erythropoietin on kidney cortical and papillary perfusion in the anaesthetized rat using laser-Doppler flowmetry.
2. Thirty minutes after erythropoietin (50 and 150 units/kg intravenously), blood pressure, cortical perfusion and papillary perfusion were unchanged.
3. In animals treated chronically with erythropoietin over 7 days (three doses of 150 units/kg subcutaneously) blood pressure was similar to that of vehicle-treated animals, whereas cortical perfusion and papillary perfusion were reduced by 23% and 20%, respectively (both P&lt;0.05), and the packed cell volume (51.1 ± 0.7%) was significantly (P&lt;0.01) greater than in vehicle-treated animals (46.2 ± 0.6%).
4. Bolus doses of vasopressin and phenylephrine increased blood pressure (by between 10% and 40%) and decreased cortical and papillary perfusion (by between 10% and 20%), while angiotensin II caused similar increases in blood pressure and decreases in cortical perfusion but not papillary perfusion. The magnitude and pattern of these responses were comparable after both acute and chronic administration of erythropoietin.
5. Erythropoietin given acutely at therapeutic levels has a marginal effect on cortical and papillary perfusion. However, the chronic treatment indicated that there was a sustained reduction in both cortical and papillary perfusion, reflecting a vasoconstriction. This reduction in renal haemodynamics could contribute to the increase in blood pressure observed when this hormone is administered in man.
Generation of angiotensin II from human plasma by tissue kallikrein
Authors: Krivoy N. , Schlüter H. , Karas M. , Zidek W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Human plasma was incubated with tissue kallikrein from porcine pancreas, dialysed to obtain a fraction with a molecular mass &lt; 10 kDa and further purified by reverse-phase chromatography.
2. Vasopressor activity in the fractions obtained was tested in the isolated perfused rat kidney.
3. In one fraction a strong vasopressor action was found, which was blocked by saralasin and by an angiotensin II antibody.
4. Aprotinin inhibited the formation of vasopressor substances by tissue kallikrein.
5. U.v.-laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry revealed a molecular mass of 1046 Da in the purified active fraction.
6. It is concluded that tissue kallikrein forms not only kinins, but also angiotensin II, from human plasma under physiological conditions.
Angiotensin II regulates the metabolism but not the secretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the rabbit
Authors: Davis R. E. , MacDonald G. J. , Duggan K. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. We have previously demonstrated that the metabolism and secretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide are affected by both acute and chronic dietary sodium. Sodium concentrations in portal and systemic plasma were unaffected by differing levels of sodium intake or administration of an acute gastric sodium load. We sought, therefore, to determine whether other hormones involved in sodium homoeostasis (such as angiotensin II) might be involved in regulating the metabolism and secretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide. We determined the metabolic clearance rate and theoretical secretion rate of vasoactive intestinal peptide in rabbits on low sodium (high circulating angiotensin II) and high sodium (low circulating angiotensin II) diets with and without simultaneous angiotensin II infusion.
2. The metabolic clearance rate of vasoactive intestinal peptide was significantly higher in rabbits on the high sodium diet during both vehicle control (P&lt;0.01) and angiotensin II (P&lt;0.05) infusion. Angiotensin II infusion decreased the metabolism of vasoactive intestinal peptide in rabbits on both low (P&lt;0.01) and high (P&lt;0.01) sodium diets.
3. Although there was a significant difference in secretion rates between the two dietary groups (P&lt;0.025) under basal conditions, infusion of angiotensin II did not alter the secretion rate significantly in either group.
4. We conclude that angiotensin II regulates the metabolism of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the rabbit, but does not regulate its secretion.
Whole-body and site-specific bone remodelling in patients with previous femoral fractures: relationships between reduced physical activity, reduced bone mass and increased bone resorption
Authors: Wand J. S. , Smith T. , Green J. R. , Hesp R. , Bradbeer J. N. , Reeve J. 
Published: August 2015

1. A new tracer method is described for the noninvasive measurement of bone formation in the proximal femur. The method is based on our previously described whole-body method using 85Sr as the tracer (Reeve, J., Hesp, R. & Wootton, R. Calcif. Tissue Res. 1976; 22, 191–206). It allows correction to be made for long-term exchange processes within the skeleton.
2. The method has been applied in a study of regional and whole-body bone formation in 12 rehabilitated patients who had previously suffered a fracture of the proximal femur. Twelve healthy control subjects were studied, who were selected for their good health and continued physical activity. The aim was to explore the relationship between bone formation and physical activity.
3. Bone formation was similar in the two groups, both regionally and in the whole body. Based on analyses of four cadaver specimens, bone formation in the proximal femur was about one and two-thirds times that in the whole skeleton when related to mass of calcium in the region of interest.
4. Whole-body bone resorption, estimated from five measurements per subject of hydroxyproline excretion in relation to creatinine excretion, was significantly higher in the fracture patients (P&lt;0.01, Wilcoxon's test).
5. Estimates of current physical activity (and immediate pre-fracture physical activity) were made with a newly devised questionnaire. Historical levels of physical activity (at ages 15–45 years) were determined with Astrom's questionnaire. No bone formation index correlated with any index of physical activity. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion correlated inversely both with current physical activity and historical physical activity (for both regression coefficients P&lt;0.01).
6. The results are discussed in the light of our current understanding of the control of bone remodelling by the discrete basic multicellular units of bone. The opportunity to study regional bone resorption by the additional use of serial dual X-ray absorptiometry of the same region will in future allow the direct monitoring of the effects of therapeutic interventions which have been designed to prevent contralateral hip fracture.
Quantitative autoradiography reveals higher densities of specific calcitonin-gene-related peptide receptors in small intramyocardial compared with large epicardial coronary arteries
Authors: Sun Bing , Davenport Anthony P. , Brown Morris J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Binding sites for calcitonin-gene-related peptide were localized and characterized in porcine coronary arteries using quantitative autoradiography, and the density of binding sites was compared between large epicardial and small intramyocardial coronary arteries.
2. A single class of binding sites for calcitonin-gene-related peptide with a dissociation constant of 2.1 ± 0.2 nmol/l was detected in both the large and small coronary arteries. The density of specific binding sites was higher (maximum binding site density 231 ± 14 fmol/mg of protein) in the small coronary arteries than in the large epicardial coronary arteries (maximum binding site density 108 ± 5 fmol/mg of protein). β-Human calcitonin-gene-related peptide showed higher affinity than α-human calcitonin-gene-related peptide for the binding sites. Most of the specific binding sites for both peptides in the large coronary artery were localized in the intima and media.
3. In coronary artery from patients with coronary heart disease, there were more binding sites for calcitonin-gene-related peptide in the smooth muscle layer of atheromatous segments (7.2 ± 0.7 amol/mm2) than in that of normal segments (3.0 ± 0.3 amol/mm2, P &lt; 0.002).
4. The present findings lend further support to the theory of regional variation in the vasodilator response to calcitonin-gene-related peptide in porcine coronary arteries, which seems to be due to different densities of a single type of receptor for calcitonin-gene-related peptide.
Augmented portal flow in the isolated perfused cirrhotic rat liver: a haemodynamic and morphological study
Authors: Cardoso Jorge E. , Calmus Yvon , Legendre Claire , Cherruau Brigitte , Jeyaraj Prema Raj , Crougneau Simone , Habib Nagy , Houssin Didier 
Published: August 2015

1. Isolated perfused cirrhotic rat livers were used to study the effects of an increase in portal perfusion pressure and portal flow on the microcirculation and viability of the hepatocytes. Cirrhosis was induced by CCl4, and Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer solution was used as the perfusate. Portal perfusion pressures were increased incrementally between 25 and 45 cm H2O. The viability of the livers was assessed and histological studies were performed under light and electron microscopy.
2. An increase in portal perfusion pressure induced an increase in hepatic flow in all the experiments (P &lt; 0.05). Hepatic flow was 2.52 ml min−1 g−1 of liver (SD 0.67; n = 5) at basal pressure compared with 4.19 ml min−1g−1 of liver (SD 0.93; n = 5) and 5.91 ml min−1g−1 of liver (SD 0.63; n = 5) when pressures were raised to 25 and 45 cm HzO, respectively. Portal perfusion pressure and hepatic flow were correlated (r = 0.908; P &lt; 0.001; n = 30).
3. Production of the enzyme alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) increased significantly from 5.69 i.u. ml−1min g-l of liver (SD 3.62; n = 5) to 23.53 i.u. ml−1min g−1 of liver (SD 16.7; n = 5) when the perfusion pressure was raised from baseline to 30 cm H2O. In all the cases the porto-caval gradient of enzyme production was within the normal range. No correlation existed between the release of enzyme and portal perfusion pressures
4. Histological studies demonstrated sinusoidal dilatation in one case out of five in the control group compared with nine cases out of 25 in the high perfusion pressure groups. Dead sinusoidal cells coloured by Trypan Blue were observed in one case out of five in the control group compared with nine cases out of 25 in the high perfusion pressure groups. With electron microscopy, occasional lesions such as detachment of endothelial cells or blebs were found. No relationship existed between portal perfusion pressures and histological lesions.
5. This study shows that a brief increase in portal perfusion pressure in the isolated perfused cirrhotic rat liver induces an increase in hepatic flow without a change in the viability of the liver and without significant histological alterations.