bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitpicky Literal-Mindedness and Other Fallacies
Authors: Keating Malcolm 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Among the irrational and sophistical ways to reason—broadly called “fallacies”—that Nyāya philosophers exclude from truth-seeking debate are equivocations and misleading objections. There are three kinds of equivocation: equivocation with words, equivocation through generalization, and equivocation by implication. This chapter explains and illustrates all three kinds of equivocations and selective misleading objections. The examples draw on modern debates, although the chapter also makes connections with Nyāya philosophy. It explores the underlying principles of the equivocations, paying special attention to how they come about, how to recognize them, and how to respond to them.
Points of Defeat
Authors: Keating Malcolm 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In a debate where one party is judged a victor, rather than a debate where the goal for both parties is to determine what is true, Nyāya philosophers identified twenty-two points of defeat, ways that a debater could lose. This chapter explains and illustrates all twenty-two points of defeat and shows how they are related to the fallacies treated earlier: counterfeit reasons, equivocations, and misleading objections. The chapter frames the analysis along the lines of Uddyotakara’s analysis of points of defeat in terms of partial misunderstanding or failure to understand something entirely.
Of Logic in General
Authors: Franz Timothy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 faces a problem Maimon thinks Kant should have better addressed in the Critique of Pure Reason and suggests a solution. The problem is that the critical philosophy must justify, de novo, the laws and rules of formal logic as the a priori science of the form of all possible rational cognition. However, this involves a problematic circle. While logic is defined as the science of rational thought, rational thought is defined as evaluable by logic. Maimon proposes reflection as the proper response to this circularity. He argues that all cognition must involve five elements (a subject who thinks, an object it thinks, acts of thought, and thoughts which the subject produces). Thus, in the New Logic he will reflect on the laws or principles of valid cognition of objects, determine those principles, and then base formal logic on them as the science of the form of cognition.
Of Thinking in General
Authors: Franz Timothy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 performs the reflection Chapter 1 demands. Because Maimon asks how cognition can be valid of its object, he defines thought as the generation of cognition by the synthetic connection of subject- and predicate-terms in judgments. This is his version of Kant’s synthetic unity of apperception. He inquires specifically about the principles that govern the connection of subject- and predicate-terms in judgments, so that cognition can be valid of objects. The reflection discovers an integrated set of principles, the chief of which is Maimon’s “principle of determinability,” which means that the subject-term independently refers to object, while the predicate term does not, and must join with its subject-term so the synthesis refers to the same object determined in a new way. The reflection results in a systematic of the terms of thought, according to which all terms can be related systematically in concepts, judgments, and inferences.
[Of Cognition]
Authors: Franz Timothy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 starts the second half of the book, in which Maimon uses the very same reflection on thought from Chapters 1–2 to obtain the principles, not of the relation between subject- and predicate-terms, but of the relation of thought to its given object. This relation should characterize our possible cognition of the world. Thus, whereas Maimon grounded Kant’s formal logic on the reflection, he will now ground Kant’s transcendental logic of the categories and schematism on it, too. But Chapter 8 poses a problem: formal logic is the science of rational thought. But how can rational thought be rational, i.e., objective, about the world? For if objects are materially given to us, it seems we can only have subjective or a posteriori cognition. However, although empirical objects are simply given to us, reflective thought also projects the form of mathematical cognition on them. This sets up a solution.
[The Transcendental Deduction]
Authors: Franz Timothy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 11 is Maimon’s transcendental deduction of the categories. It resembles yet differs significantly from Kant’s. Kant’s transcendental deduction concluded that we could not judge, or bring cognitions to objectivity, if we did not experience universally via the categories. Therefore, the categories are objectively valid. Maimon agrees. But his deduction comes after the schematized system of objective cognition. This is because his system affirms that objects are always given to cognition as problems from outside it. But this is a problem: how are the categories predicates of objects, if objects are not conceptually structured? Chapter 11 argues that we do not apply concepts directly to objects but to the spatiotemporal relations that mediate between thought and beings. It also argues that the reflection on the conditions of cognition could not have gotten off the ground without presupposing the objective validity of the categories. Maimon also seems to raise skeptical possibilities.
The Transcendental Dialectic
Authors: Franz Timothy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 13, Maimon responds to Kant’s Transcendental Dialectic, i.e., the Paralogisms and Transcendental Antinomies that culminate in the Transcendental Ideal of God. He concludes by suggesting his own post-Kantian metaphysics. Maimon agrees with Kant’s Paralogisms, which teach that we cannot infer to the soul as a simple substance. For his reflection has already ruled this out. But Maimon disagrees with Kant’s Cosmological Antinomies. For he takes each argument to confuse absolute and indefinite infinities. Thus, the eight metaphysical possibilities Kant rules out remain possible. The reader must reconstruct Maimon’s metaphysics, which teaches that the contingently existing (but absolutely cognizing) transcendental subject and the world in which it exists demand a unifying ground that transcends them. This must be the God who exists in harmony with the world just as philosophy exists in harmony with the sciences which Maimon presented enigmatically in the Preface.
The Advent of War
Authors: Balserak Jon 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter picks up the story with the French Huguenots and French Catholics going to war in April 1562. It examines the character of the support given to the Huguenot war effort by Calvin and the Genevans. In examining this, it considers Calvin’s sermons on 2 Samuel in which he sets out his belief that the church of God must always fight, sometimes with arguments and sometimes with weapons. The second half of the chapter looks at the immersion of Calvin, Beza, and their colleagues in the war effort. They do not take up arms (something which Calvin and Beza both believed was inappropriate for a minister to do), but they strategize, liaise with Huguenot generals, and discuss God’s providence as regards the war. The potential Lutheran influence on France occupies an enormous amount of their time and energy. In Geneva itself, they insist on support for the Huguenots, regarding ambivalence or neutrality as a betrayal of God.
Blooming in the Ruins
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This book introduces readers to central concepts and ideas in Mexican philosophy. Couched in stories and anecdotes from the author’s life, the book offers these concepts and ideas as orientations, recommendations, and exhortations for navigating today’s world. The structure and the style of the book aim at making these accessible to both specialists and nonspecialists, and indeed to anyone who may have had some experience with contemporary forms of marginalization, alienation, objectification, or any of the various forms of dread and accidentality familiar to modern life. This, the author thinks, includes most of us. Narrowing down the scope of the tradition, the author draws from the history of Mexican philosophy in the twentieth century, the era when Mexican philosophy comes into its own. The book begins with two short introductions: one to philosophy in Mexico, the other to Mexican philosophy. Here readers are introduced to Alfonso de la Veracruz, who offered the first philosophy course in the Americas in 1540 in the monastery of a small town in Michoacán. This is followed by the positing of four main themes that recur in the literature of Mexican philosophy. The remainder of the book serves as a guide for living a better, more fulfilling life. The main characters in what the author considers an uncontroversial survey of Mexican philosophy are Antonio Caso, Samuel Ramos, Emilio Uranga, Leopoldo Zea, Jorge Portilla, Rosario Castellanos, and Elsa Cecilia Frost—along with significant figures from the author’s own life.
“In the Beginning . . .”
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This is the first of two chapters dealing with the history of Mexican philosophy. We begin by recalling that the first course in philosophy ever taught in the Americas was offered in the small town of Tiripetío in Michoacán, Mexico, not far from where my parents grew up. This allows us to suggest that the appearance of Mexican philosophy on your bookshelves should not be surprising, since philosophy in Mexico has a long and distinguished history. But why haven’t we heard about it? The answer must point to colonialism and certain existing prejudices, perhaps especially potent in the realm of serious intellectual endeavors such as philosophy.
Be Late to Parties
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to my third orientation, exhortation, or recommendation. Here we focus on Jorge Portilla’s notion of punctuality. We begin by making some generalizations from my own experience. The gist is that in many cultures there is something oddly suspicious about being on time. In my own family (including my wife’s Filipino family), people plan events with lateness as the rule and not the exception. This raises the question as to why “being on time” is such an obsession. Jorge Portilla believes that punctuality is an “ideal” value, something that we could aspire to but perhaps shouldn’t. According to Portilla, we will achieve it when we’re dead, but needn’t when we’re alive. In this chapter we explore what it means to be on time, and what it doesn’t mean.
There Is Hope in Zozobra
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Zozobra is the uncomfortable feeling of being stuck in between multiple possibilities of existence. It is similar to anxiety but not synonymous; here we discuss the differences. Luis Villoro associates zozobra with being “transfixed by nothingness.” Emilio Uranga argues that it is, in fact, a natural state of human existence and suggests that to believe otherwise is to exist in a fantasy. Rather than run away from the feelings of indeterminacy and ungroundedness that accompany zozobra, Uranga urges us to lean into it, to forge ourselves as zozobra. Here we think about what this means and how knowing our zozobra can guide us to a better, more hopeful life.
Engage in a Bit of Relajo
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we consider Jorge Portilla’s notion of relajo, or the “suspension of seriousness.” We begin with an example of what a relajo situation looks like. We then describe the person who suspends seriousness, who Portilla calls a relajiento—the kind of person who “suspends” seriousness by inverting values at any opportunity. The briefly anarchic effect of relajo when deployed under the right circumstances can be healthy, or feel liberating. However, this chapter exhorts its readers not to be relajientos, since in suspending seriousness one also suspends the possibilities of doing anything constructive. Repeated relajo disruptions can thereby encourage one’s audience to truly “waste one’s time.”
Practice Irony, But Be Socratic about It
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter I consider “Socratic irony,” which is a way of relating to values and is different than relajo or fanticism (the way of being belonging to apretados). Unlike relajientos, who treat values lackadaisically or with disdain, and unlike apretados who seek obsessively to embody them, Socratic ironist take a more moderate, and critical, approach to values, and to life itself. To begin with, I consider my mother’s ironic attitude, one she often used as a way to cut through dogmatic or uncritical claims to knowledge, and which exemplifies the Socratic kind of irony. The use of Socratic irony as a critical stance—neither dogmatic or apathetic—is also illustrated in two contemporary scenarios: one involving anti-immigration rhetoric and the other Critical Race Theory. Following Jorge Portilla, we offer the recommendation or exhortation that the good life requires the use of a healthy sense this kind of irony, one that questions without devaluing.
It’s Okay to Be Choosy about Your Inheritance
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter exhorts readers to question their cultural, social, and familial inheritances as they relate to gender roles. Framing my discussion around María Elvira Bermúdez’s writings on the Mexican family, I discuss how my own familial/cultural inheritance manifested itself as patriarchy and violence in my childhood home. Bermúdez’s analysis of the failings of machismo also discusses hembrismo, in its older sense, designating the willing collusion of women in perpetuating male dominance. Her distinction between valentía and valor in males identifies the latter as the less ostentatious but more virtuous quality. I suggest that cultural inheritances that perpetuate cycles of oppression, patriarchy, and violence need to be overcome for the sake of our children and their children.
You Really Don’t Have to Join a Cult
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
According to Jorge Portilla, the most pernicious of the various crises diagnosed by Mexican philosophy midway through the twentieth century is what he calls “the state of sub-integration” found in certain sectors of Mexican society. Sub-integrated individuals lose their sense of belonging and suffer from “a species of social malnutrition” in which, alienated from their own native communities, they no longer feel nourished by existing social or communal relations. At the other extreme is super-integration. Super-integrated individuals, similarly alienated, instead join exclusive, closed communities resembling cults or sects. The chapter ends with recommendations about how to avoid both these states.
My Abuelo’s Favorite Dicho
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the first of two dichos, or maxims, popular in my family. This dicho states that “Respect for the rights of others is peace,” and is credited to the nineteenth-century Mexican president Benito Juárez. The gist of the saying is that peace is only achieved when our individual right to become who we are meant to be is respected and protected. We consider what this maxim instructs and how it has entered Mexican culture. I also recall how my grandfather lived by this dicho and how, during his final battle with Alzheimer’s, it was one of the last things he would not forget.
My Abuela’s Favorite Dicho
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the second of the two dichos popular in my family. My abuela was able to declare her experience in a dicho that said, “The old devil knows more for being old than for being the devil.” What she meant, or what we understood, was that her authority was a result of her old age rather than the fact that she was our grandmother. What the dicho emphasizes is the value of experience, something of a common thread in Mexican philosophy itself. We consider how this dicho represents a source of moral instruction.
An Orientation to Growing Songwriting
Authors: Randles Clint 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays the groundwork for terminology that is used throughout the book. A growth metaphor is applied to help frame the reader’s thinking around the pedagogical impact of lesson seeds, water, and sunlight to assist growth of each student’s songwriting skills. Object writing, song maps, melody, lyrics, word associations, and hype are discussed among a host of other topics to help readers with concepts that will be used throughout the book. The importance of working in groups to song write based on the professional landscape in Sweden is discussed, as is the importance of making daily use of a songwriting journal. Songwriting workgroups are suggested here as a way of employing teams of students in the songwriting process.
Beginner Middle Ground Seeds
Authors: Randles Clint 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter contains example lesson plan seeds for beginner Middle Ground lessons. It leverages concepts from across the chapters of the book. It centers on the creative practices and processes of professional songwriters, performing musicians, recording musicians, and scholars of songwriting. It provides the reader with resources for further growth and exploration. It leverages the musicianship that can be developed in small student-centered ensembles where the teacher functions like a music producer in the classroom. Lesson seeds include sections on lesson time, modifications for special learners, formal and informal assessment strategies and rubrics, and learning outcomes. The reader is urged to start thinking of ways of developing their own ideas for seeds.
Intermediate Middle Ground Seeds
Authors: Randles Clint 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter contains example lesson plan seeds for intermediate Middle Ground lessons. It leverages concepts from across the chapters of the book. It centers on the creative practices and processes of professional songwriters, performing musicians, recording musicians, and scholars of songwriting. It provides the reader with resources for further growth and exploration. It leverages the musicianship that can be developed in small student-centered ensembles where the teacher functions like a music producer in the classroom. Lesson seeds include sections on lesson time, modifications for special learners, formal and informal assessment strategies and rubrics, and learning outcomes. The reader is urged to start thinking of ways of developing their own ideas for seeds.
Intermediate Songwriting Seeds
Authors: Randles Clint 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter contains example lesson plan seeds for intermediate songwriting lessons. It leverages concepts from across the chapters of the book. It centers on the creative practices and processes of professional songwriters, performing musicians, recording musicians, and scholars of songwriting. It provides the reader with resources for further growth and exploration. It leverages the musicianship that can be developed in small student-centered ensembles where the teacher functions like a music producer in the classroom. Lesson seeds include sections on lesson time, modifications for special learners, formal and informal assessment strategies and rubrics, and learning outcomes. The reader is urged to start thinking of ways of developing their own ideas for seeds.
A Whole New World of Original Songs
Authors: Randles Clint 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter ties together the main points that were used throughout the book. A growth metaphor is applied to help frame the reader’s thinking around the pedagogical impact of lesson seeds, water, and sunlight to assist growth of each student’s songwriting skills. Object writing, song maps, melody, lyrics, word associations, and hype are discussed among a host of other topics to help readers with concepts that were used throughout the book. Practical examples are given along with reference to existing literature on this topic inside and outside of music and music education. This chapter provides readers with a conclusion of this work with suggestions for what to do next.
How Conscious Thoughts Cause Behavior
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Inspecting the evidence on how conscious thoughts cause behavior reveals some clear limitations. There is no proof that action begins with conscious thoughts, nor that conscious thoughts have immediate or direct influence on moving the muscles. Conscious thinking occurs in between input (information reaching the brain) and output (moving the body). Conscious thoughts are especially useful in translating broad, abstract goals into specific plans and actions. They operate best in situations defined by multiple alternative possibilities, such as difficult decisions. They enable one’s actions to be influenced by other people and indeed by the culture. They integrate past, present, and future. They help the automatic mind learn to function better, such as by forming good habits and practicing skills. Sometimes conscious thoughts involve reconsidering and overriding automatic responses and impulses.
Free Will Gone Rogue
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Free will presumably evolved to enable people to improve their lives, reflected in benefits for survival and reproduction. But sometimes people do self-destructive things. Contrary to the Freudian view of innate self-destructive tendencies, there is scant evidence that normal people ever seek harm or failure for themselves. They do however make self-destructive trade-offs, typically seeking a positive immediate reward that happens to come with a serious but delayed cost. Another pathway into self-defeat is that faulty knowledge about self and world causes people to pursue good outcomes in ways that backfire and thwart their efforts. Self-defeating actions occur in connection with threats to reputation, emotional distress, and failures of self-control. Free will is generally used to bring benefits to the self, but sometimes people go about this in ways that end up hurting themselves.
Whether People Believe in Free Will or Not
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Most people believe in free will to some degree, but some believe more firmly than others. Moreover, many supposed experts have enjoyed telling the public that there is no such thing as free will. In general, greater belief in free will is linked to behaving more prosocially: being more helpful and less aggressive, being more honest, learning from one’s mistakes, forgiving relationship partners (but punishing strangers for misdeeds), and being more grateful. People’s belief in free will increases when they read about other people doing bad things, presumably to support holding those people responsible. All the findings fit the view that free will evolved to enable people to participate constructively in society with culture.