bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
States Can Transform Their Health Care Workforce
Authors: Rockey Paul H. , Rieselbach Richard E. , Neuhausen Katherine , Nasca Thomas J. , Phillips Robert L. , Sundwall David N. , Philibert Ingrid , Yaghmour Nicholas A. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The United States faces the simultaneous challenges of improving health care access and balancing the specialty and geographic distribution of physicians. A 2014 Institute of Medicine report recommended significant changes in Medicare graduate medical education (GME) funding, to incentivize innovation and increase accountability for meeting national physician workforce needs. Annually, nearly $4 billion of Medicaid funds support GME, with limited accountability for outcomes. Directing these funds toward states' greatest health care workforce needs could address health care access and physician maldistribution issues and make the funding for resident education more accountable. Under the proposed approach, states would use Medicaid funds, in conjunction with Medicare GME funds, to expand existing GME programs and establish new primary care and specialty programs that focus on their population's unmet health care needs.
The Musical Instrument as National Archive: A Case Study of the Kazakh Qyl-qobyz
Authors: Rancier Megan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Abstract. This article examines the Kazakh two-stringed horsehair fiddle qylqobyz as a case study for conceptualizing musical instruments as “archives” that contain layers of historical, social, musical, and emotional information. This information is accumulated and maintained as “archival documents” within the musical instrument archive. These documents are then accessed and interpreted by performers, whose performance styles offer differing points of view on the significance of the qyl-qobyz to contemporary understandings of Kazakh national identity. By unpacking the many layers of information and meaning stored in the qyl-qobyz archive, the article explores its numerous musical contributions to Kazakh national identity narratives.
Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festival
Authors: Brown Sara Black 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Abstract. The Utah Festival of Colors, an incarnation of the Indian festival Holi, is among the largest Hindu celebrations in the United States, yet most who participate are not Hindu. Festivalgoers playfully throw colors at each other while singing kirtan, or sacred chants performed at this event in reggae, rock, and dubstep as well as traditional Indian musical styles. This article explores the musical and rhetorical techniques performers use to address the practices of their religion to adherents of different faiths, invite participation in their devotional chants, and in doing so use celebratory musicking as a tool for mediating social differences.
Very Late Antigen-5 Facilitates Stromal Progenitor Cell Differentiation Into Myofibroblast
Authors: Sen Namita , Weingarten Mark , Peter Yakov 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Fibrotic disease is associated with abrogated stromal cell proliferation and activity. The precise identity of the cells that drive fibrosis remains obscure, in part because of a lack of information on their lineage development. To investigate the role of an early stromal progenitor cell (SPC) on the fibrotic process, we selected for, and monitored the stages of, fibroblast development from a previously reported free-floating anchorage-independent cell (AIC) progenitor population. Our findings demonstrate that organotypic pulmonary, cardiac, and renal fibroblast commitment follows a two-step process of attachment and remodeling in culture. Cell differentiation was confirmed by the inability of SPCs to revert to the free-floating state and functional mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) differentiation into osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, and fibroblastic lineages. The myofibroblastic phenotype was reflected by actin stress-fiber formation, α-smooth muscle production, and a greater than threefold increase in proliferative activity compared with that of the progenitors. SPC-derived pulmonary myofibroblasts demonstrated a more than 300-fold increase in fibronectin-1 (Fn1), collagen, type 1, α1, integrin α-5 (Itga5), and integrin β-1 (Itgb1) transcript levels. Very late antigen-5 (ITGA5/ITGB1) protein cluster formations were also prevalent on the differentiated cells. Normalized SPC-derived myofibroblast expression patterns reflected those of primary cultured lung myofibroblasts. Intratracheal implantation of pulmonary AICs into recipient mouse lungs resulted in donor cell FN1 production and evidence of epithelial derivation. SPC derivation into stromal tissue in vitro and in vivo and the observation that MSC and fibroblast lineages share a common ancestor could potentially lead to personalized antifibrotic therapies.
Surgical Treatment of the Neglected Achilles Tendon Rupture with Hyalonect
Authors: Esenyel Cem Zeki , Tekin Cagri , Çakar Murat , Bayraktar Kursat , Saygili Selcuk , Esenyel Meltem , Tekin Zeynep N. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to report the management and outcomes of ten patients with chronic Achilles tendon rupture treated with a turndown gastrocnemius-soleus fascial flap wrapped with a surgical mesh (Hyalonect).MethodsTen men with neglected Achilles tendon rupture were treated with a centrally based turndown gastrocnemius fascial flap wrapped with Hyalonect. Hyalonect is a knitted mesh composed of HYAFF, a benzyl ester of hyaluronic acid. The Achilles tendon ruptures were diagnosed more than 1 month after injury. The mean patient age was 41 years. All of the patients had weakness of active plantarflexion. The mean preoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was 64.8.ResultsThe functional outcome was excellent. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was 97.8 at the latest follow-up. There were significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative scores. Ankle range of motion was similar in both ankles. Neither rerupture nor major complication, particularly of wound healing, was observed.ConclusionsFor patients with chronic Achilles tendon rupture with a rupture gap of at least 5 cm, surgical repair using a single turndown fascial flap covered with Hyalonect achieved excellent outcomes.
Numerical simulation of the effects of meteoroid ablation and solar EUV/X‐ray radiation in the dayside ionosphere of Mars: MGS/MEX observations
Authors: Pandya B. M. , Haider S. A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe have developed a model which produces three plasma layers simultaneously due to the impact of the meteoroids, solar X‐ray (0.5–9 nm), and EUV (9–102.6 nm) radiation at altitude range 75–85 km, 100–115 km, and 135–140 km, respectively, in the dayside ionosphere of Mars. The calculated results are compared with the radio occultation measurements made by Mars Express (MEX) and Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) on 18 April 2004 and 11 May 2005, when comets P/2003 WC7 (LINEAR Catalina) and 10P/Tempel 2 intersected the orbit of Mars, respectively. The densities of 21 ions (CO2+, O2+, CO+, O+, NO+, N2+, Mg+, Fe+, Si+, MgO+, FeO+, SiO+, MgCO2+, MgO2+, FeCO2+, FeO2+, SiCO2+, SiO2+, MgN2+, FeN2+, and SiN2+) and 10 neutral species (Mg, Fe, Si, MgO, FeO, SiO, MgCO3, FeCO3, MgO2, and FeO2) have been computed self‐consistently for both days. The metallic ions are formed in the middle ionosphere due to the ablation of meteoroids. It is found that the middle ionosphere of Mars strongly depends on incoming mass and flux of the meteoroids. The meteoroids of fluxes 4.0 × 10−15 and 8.3 × 10−16 cm−2 s−1 for masses 4.5 × 10−7 g and 1.0 × 10−3 g have produced third layers, which are good in agreement with the observations made by MEX and MGS on 18 April 2004 and 11 May 2005, respectively.
Leader observations during the initial breakdown stage of a lightning flash
Authors: Stolzenburg Maribeth , Marshall Thomas C. , Karunarathne Sumedhe , Karunarathna Nadeeka , Orville Richard E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper describes luminosity and leader propagation during the initial breakdown (IB) stage of a cloud‐to‐ground flash, beginning at 6.06 km altitude and 31.86 ms before the return stroke (RS). High‐speed video (50,000 frames per s) and time‐correlated electric field change (E‐change) data show multiple branch ends advance concurrently in the first 6 ms of the flash; each branch begins with IB pulses and propagates first via bursts as an initial leader. Burst luminosity (pixel intensity) is directly related to IB pulse amplitude. Some initial leader branches transition to advancing as stepped leaders after a few milliseconds. Each initial leader branch end makes the transition to a stepped leader branch end at a different time, resulting in a complex E‐change waveform including relatively narrow step‐type pulses during the IB stage and no apparent Intermediate stage prior to the Leader stage. There is no visible evidence of an upward propagating leader end prior to the RS nor of any light above the earliest visible IB luminosity prior to or during the RS. During the RS, the topmost visible portion of the channel that developed as an initial leader (above 5.1 km) behaves differently from the channel below, indicating it is less conductive. Radar and time‐of‐arrival lightning source data indicate that the IB luminosity visible to the camera comes from about 6 km inside the thundercloud echo. The 1276 m long initial leader transitions to a stepped leader at 4.9–5.0 km, near the altitude of the radar bright band.
Trading height for education in the marriage market
Authors: Ponzo Michela , Scoppa Vincenzo 
Published: October 2014

ObjectivesSeveral empirical studies point out the relevance of individuals' physical attributes—such as height, weight, beauty—in the labor market. In the same way, physical characteristics may affect lifetime prospects through their impact on the selection of a partner in the marriage market. We analyzed to what extent an individual's height and weight (arguably affecting physical attractiveness, as documented in many studies) are related to lifetime economic outcomes through the marriage market, investigating whether individual height and weight affect the probability of marrying with a “high‐quality partner,” measuring quality as the partner's educational attainment or as the partner's prospective labor income.MethodsUsing a large Italian dataset of married (and cohabiting) couples—the 2005 Italian Health Conditions Survey which provides information on health conditions, individual characteristics, and socioeconomic variables—we estimated separate OLS and Ordered Probit regressions for females and males. Since weight might be endogenously determined, to avoid any estimation bias we also estimated a reduced form equation in which predetermined height affects directly and indirectly (through BMI) physical attractiveness and, as a consequence, the choice of a partner with a given educational attainment.ResultsOur findings suggest that height is a desirable trait in mating selection affecting the partner's socioeconomic characteristics: we found that taller individuals tended to mate with more educated partners, controlling for their own educational level—to take into account the tendency for assortative mating for education—and for other personal traits such as age, geographical residence, city size, and the presence of health problems. On the other hand, we showed that individuals with higher BMI were married to partners with lower levels of education. The results also provide evidence of non‐linearity in the relationship between height and educational attainment of the partner. These findings are confirmed for both males and females, but being taller seems to be more relevant for males, while being thinner is more important for females. We have also found that taller and thinner females and males tend to be married with partners earning higher labor incomes. These findings were robust to a number of checks.ConclusionsOur findings confirm that the physical characteristics that an individual brings to the marriage market influences the outcome in this market: physical attractiveness is exchanged in the marriage market for a higher educational attainment and the ability to earn a higher labor income. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:164–174, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Robust Integral Sliding‐Mode Consensus Tracking for Multi‐Agent Systems with Time‐Varying Delay
Authors: Jiang YuLian , Liu JianChang , Wang ShenQuan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper is devoted to robust integral sliding‐mode consensus tracking control for leader‐following multi‐agent systems with higher order, time‐varying delay and disturbances under fixed and switching topologies. A delay‐dependent sufficient condition for the existence of integral sliding surfaces is given in terms of linear matrix inequalities. This guarantees the global stability of the dynamics in the specified switching surface and the consensus tracking of multi‐agent systems is achieved. Unlike the previous works, both the controller gain and sliding mode matrix are designed but not chosen in this note, which increases the design degree of freedom, and moreover, the reciprocally convex combination technique is given to get a less conservative stability condition for multi‐agent systems with arbitrary time‐derivative of the time‐varying delay. Illustrative examples with fixed and switching topologies are provided to test the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Non‐Fragile Synchronization Control For Markovian Jumping Complex Dynamical Networks With Probabilistic Time‐Varying Coupling Delays
Authors: Li Xiaodi , Rakkiyappan R. , Sakthivel N. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper studies the problem of non‐fragile synchronization control for Markovian jumping complex dynamical networks with probabilistic time‐varying coupling delays. By constructing a new Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) and combining the reciprocal convex technique, sufficient conditions for the complex dynamical networks to be globally asymptotically synchronized in the mean square sense are derived. The probability distribution of the delays have been proposed and delay probability‐distribution‐dependent conditions are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The derived conditions depend not only on the size of the delay but also on the probability of the delay taking values in some intervals. Further, a non‐fragile synchronization controller is proposed. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Intrathecal administration of clonidine or yohimbine decreases the nociceptive behavior caused by formalin injection in the marsh terrapin (Pelomedusa subrufa)
Authors: Makau Christopher M. , Towett Philemon K. , Abelson Klas S. P. , Kanui Titus I. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe role of noradrenergic system in the control of nociception is documented in some vertebrate animals. However, there are no data showing the role of this system on nociception in the marsh terrapins.MethodologyIn this study, the antinociceptive action of intrathecal administration of the α2‐adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine and α2‐adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine was evaluated in the African marsh terrapin using the formalin test. The interaction of clonidine and yohimbine was also evaluated.ResultsIntrathecal administration of clonidine (37.5 or 65 μg/kg) caused a significant reduction in the mean time spent in pain‐related behavior. Yohimbine, at a dose of 25 μg/kg, significantly blocked the effect of clonidine (65 μg/kg). However, administration of yohimbine (40 or 53 μg/kg) caused a significant reduction in the mean time spent in pain‐related behavior. Intrathecal administration of yohimbine (53 μg/kg) followed immediately by intrathecal injection of the serotonergic methysergide maleate (20 μg/kg) resulted in a significant reversal of the antinociceptive effect of yohimbine.ConclusionThe present study documented the intrathecal administration of drugs in the marsh terrapin, a technique that can be applied in future studies on these animals. The data also suggest the involvement of both α2‐adrenoreceptors and 5HT receptors in the modulation of nociception in testudines.
Designing Foldamer–Foldamer Interactions in Solution: The Roles of Helix Length and Terminus Functionality in Promoting the Self‐Association of Aminoisobutyric Acid Oligomers
Authors: Pike Sarah J. , Diemer Vincent , Raftery James , Webb Simon J. , Clayden Jonathan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe biological activity of antibiotic peptaibols has been linked to their ability to aggregate, but the structure–activity relationship for aggregation is not well understood. Herein, we report a systematic study of a class of synthetic helical oligomer (foldamer) composed of aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) residues, which mimic the folding behavior of peptaibols. NMR spectroscopic analysis was used to quantify the dimerization constants in solution, which showed hydrogen‐bond donors at the N terminus promoted aggregation more effectively than similar modifications at the C terminus. Elongation of the peptide chain also favored aggregation. The geometry of aggregation in solution was investigated by means of titrations with [D6]DMSO and 2D NOE NMR spectroscopy, which allowed the NH protons most involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonds in solution to be identified. X‐ray crystallography studies of two oligomers allowed a comparison of the inter‐ and intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding interactions in the solid state and in solution and gave further insight into the geometry of foldamer–foldamer interactions. These solution‐based and solid‐state studies indicated that the preferred geometry for aggregation is through head‐to‐tail interactions between the N and C termini of adjacent Aib oligomers.
2‐Methoxy‐4‐methylsulfinylbenzyl: A Backbone Amide Safety‐Catch Protecting Group for the Synthesis and Purification of Difficult Peptide Sequences
Authors: Paradís‐Bas Marta , Tulla‐Puche Judit , Albericio Fernando 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe use of 2‐methoxy‐4‐methylsulfinylbenzyl (Mmsb) as a new backbone amide‐protecting group that acts as a safety‐catch structure is proposed. Mmsb, which is stable during the elongation of the sequence and trifluoroacetic acid‐mediated cleavage from the resin, improves the synthetic process as well as the properties of the quasi‐unprotected peptide. Mmsb offers the possibility of purifying and characterizing complex peptide sequences, and renders the target peptide after NH4I/TFA treatment and subsequent ether precipitation to remove the cleaved Mmsb moiety. First, the “difficult peptide” sequence H‐(Ala)10‐NH2 was selected as a model to optimize the new protecting group strategy. Second, the complex, bioactive Ac‐(RADA)4‐NH2 sequence was chosen to validate this methodology. The improvements in solid‐phase peptide synthesis combined with the enhanced solubility of the quasi‐unprotected peptides, as compared with standard sequences, made it possible to obtain purified Ac‐(RADA)4‐NH2. To extend the scope of the approach, the challenging Aβ(1‐42) peptide was synthesized and purified in a similar manner. The proposed Mmsb strategy opens up the possibility of synthesizing other challenging small proteins.
Efficient and Simple Approaches Towards Direct Oxidative Esterification of Alcohols
Authors: Ray Ritwika , Jana Rahul Dev , Bhadra Mayukh , Maiti Debabrata , Lahiri Goutam Kumar 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe present article describes novel oxidative protocols for direct esterification of alcohols. The protocols involve successful demonstrations of both “cross” and “self” esterification of a wide variety of alcohols. The cross‐esterification proceeds under a simple transition‐metal‐free condition, containing catalytic amounts of TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy)/TBAB (tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide) in combination with oxone (potassium peroxo monosulfate) as the oxidant, whereas the self‐esterification is achieved through simple induction of Fe(OAc)2/dipic (dipic=2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid) as the active catalyst under an identical oxidizing environment.
Dimers of Nineteen‐Electron Sandwich Compounds: Crystal and Electronic Structures, and Comparison of Reducing Strengths
Authors: Mohapatra Swagat K. , Fonari Alexandr , Risko Chad , Yesudas Kada , Moudgil Karttikay , Delcamp Jared H. , Timofeeva Tatiana V. , Brédas Jean‐Luc , Marder Seth R. , Barlow Stephen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe dimers of some Group 8 metal cyclopentadienyl/arene complexes and Group 9 metallocenes can be handled in air, yet are strongly reducing, making them useful n‐dopants in organic electronics. In this work, the X‐ray molecular structures are shown to resemble those of Group 8 metal cyclopentadienyl/pentadienyl or Group 9 metal cyclopentadienyl/diene model compounds. Compared to those of the model compounds, the DFT HOMOs of the dimers are significantly destabilized by interactions between the metal and the central CC σ‐bonding orbital, accounting for the facile oxidation of the dimers. The lengths of these CC bonds (X‐ray or DFT) do not correlate with DFT dissociation energies, the latter depending strongly on the monomer stabilities. Ru and Ir monomers are more reducing than their Fe and Rh analogues, but the corresponding dimers also exhibit much higher dissociation energies, so the estimated monomer cation/neutral dimer potentials are, with the exception of that of [RhCp2]2, rather similar (−1.97 to −2.15 V vs. FeCp2+/0 in THF). The consequences of the variations in bond strength and redox potentials for the reactivity of the dimers are discussed.
Exploring the Potential of Fulvalene Dimetals as Platforms for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage: Computations, Syntheses, Structures, Kinetics, and Catalysis
Authors: Börjesson Karl , Ćoso Dušan , Gray Victor , Grossman Jeffrey C. , Guan Jingqi , Harris Charles B. , Hertkorn Norbert , Hou Zongrui , Kanai Yosuke , Lee Donghwa , Lomont Justin P. , Majumdar Arun , Meier Steven K. , Moth‐Poulsen Kasper , Myrabo Randy L. , Nguyen Son C. , Segalman Rachel A. , Srinivasan Varadharajan , Tolman Willam B. , Vinokurov Nikolai , Vollhardt K. Peter C. , Weidman Timothy W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA study of the scope and limitations of varying the ligand framework around the dinuclear core of FvRu2 in its function as a molecular solar thermal energy storage framework is presented. It includes DFT calculations probing the effect of substituents, other metals, and CO exchange for other ligands on ΔHstorage. Experimentally, the system is shown to be robust in as much as it tolerates a number of variations, except for the identity of the metal and certain substitution patterns. Failures include 1,1′,3,3′‐tetra‐tert‐butyl (4), 1,2,2′,3′‐tetraphenyl (9), diiron (28), diosmium (24), mixed iron‐ruthenium (27), dimolybdenum (29), and ditungsten (30) derivatives. An extensive screen of potential catalysts for the thermal reversal identified AgNO3–SiO2 as a good candidate, although catalyst decomposition remains a challenge.