bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of local winter cooling on the melt of Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica
Authors: St‐Laurent P. , Klinck J. M. , Dinniman M. S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe rapid thinning of the ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea is generally attributed to basal melt driven by warm water originating from the continental slope. We examine the hypothesis that processes taking place on the continental shelf contribute significantly to the interannual variability of the ocean heat content and ice shelf melt rates. A numerical model is used to simulate the circulation of ocean heat and the melt of the ice shelves over the period 2006–2013. The fine model grid (grid spacing 1.5 km) explicitly resolves the coastal polynyas and mesoscale processes. The ocean heat content of the eastern continental shelf exhibits recurrent decreases around September with a magnitude that varies from year to year. The heat loss is primarily caused by surface heat fluxes along the eastern shore in areas of low ice concentration (polynyas). The cold winter water intrudes underneath the ice shelves and reduces the basal melt rates. Ocean temperatures upstream (i.e., at the shelf break) are largely constant over the year and cannot account for the cold events. The cooling is particularly marked in 2012 and its effect on the ocean heat content remains visible over the following years. The study suggests that ocean‐atmosphere interactions in coastal polynyas contribute to the interannual variability of the melt of Pine Island Glacier.
Comparing carbon storage of Siberian tundra and taiga permafrost ecosystems at very high spatial resolution
Authors: Siewert Matthias B. , Hanisch Jessica , Weiss Niels , Kuhry Peter , Maximov Trofim C. , Hugelius Gustaf 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPermafrost‐affected ecosystems are important components in the global carbon (C) cycle that, despite being vulnerable to disturbances under climate change, remain poorly understood. This study investigates ecosystem carbon storage in two contrasting continuous permafrost areas of NE and East Siberia. Detailed partitioning of soil organic carbon (SOC) and phytomass carbon (PC) is analyzed for one tundra (Kytalyk) and one taiga (Spasskaya Pad/Neleger) study area. In total, 57 individual field sites (24 and 33 in the respective areas) have been sampled for PC and SOC, including the upper permafrost. Landscape partitioning of ecosystem C storage was derived from thematic upscaling of field observations using a land cover classification from very high resolution (2 × 2 m) satellite imagery. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling was used to explore patterns in C distribution. In both environments the ecosystem C is mostly stored in the soil (≥86%). At the landscape scale C stocks are primarily controlled by the presence of thermokarst depressions (alases). In the tundra landscape, site‐scale variability of C is controlled by periglacial geomorphological features, while in the taiga, local differences in catenary position, soil texture, and forest successions are more important. Very high resolution remote sensing is highly beneficial to the quantification of C storage. Detailed knowledge of ecosystem C storage and ground ice distribution is needed to predict permafrost landscape vulnerability to projected climatic changes. We argue that vegetation dynamics are unlikely to offset mineralization of thawed permafrost C and that landscape‐scale reworking of SOC represents the largest potential changes to C cycling.
Nitrogen reduction pathways in estuarine sediments: Influences of organic carbon and sulfide
Authors: Plummer Patrick , Tobias Craig , Cady David 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPotential rates of sediment denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) were mapped across the entire Niantic River Estuary, CT, USA, at 100–200 m scale resolution consisting of 60 stations. On the estuary scale, denitrification accounted for ~ 90% of the nitrogen reduction, followed by DNRA and anammox. However, the relative importance of these reactions to each other was not evenly distributed through the estuary. A Nitrogen Retention Index (NIRI) was calculated from the rate data (DNRA/(denitrification + anammox)) as a metric to assess the relative amounts of reactive nitrogen being recycled versus retained in the sediments following reduction. The distribution of rates and accompanying sediment geochemical analytes suggested variable controls on specific reactions, and on the NIRI, depending on position in the estuary and that these controls were linked to organic carbon abundance, organic carbon source, and pore water sulfide concentration. The relationship between NIRI and organic carbon abundance was dependent on organic carbon source. Sulfide proved the single best predictor of NIRI, accounting for 44% of its observed variance throughout the whole estuary. We suggest that as a single metric, sulfide may have utility as a proxy for gauging the distribution of denitrification, anammox, and DNRA.
A framework of change‐point detection for multivariate hydrological series
Authors: Xiong Lihua , Jiang Cong , Xu Chong‐Yu , Yu Kun‐xia , Guo Shenglian 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUnder changing environments, not only univariate but also multivariate hydrological series might become nonstationary. Nonstationarity, in forms of change‐point or trend, has been widely studied for univariate hydrological series, while it attracts attention only recently for multivariate hydrological series. For multivariate series, two types of change‐point need to be distinguished, i.e., change‐point in marginal distributions and change‐point in the dependence structure among individual variables. In this paper, a three‐step framework is proposed to separately detect two types of change‐point in multivariate hydrological series, i.e., change‐point detection for individual univariate series, estimation of marginal distributions, and change‐point detection for dependence structure. The last step is implemented using both the Cramér‐von Mises statistic (CvM) method and the copula‐based likelihood‐ratio test (CLR) method. For CLR, three kinds of copula model (symmetric, asymmetric, and pair‐copula) are employed to construct the dependence structure of multivariate series. Monte Carlo experiments indicate that CLR is far more powerful than CvM in detecting the change‐point of dependence structure. This framework is applied to the trivariate flood series composed of annual maxima daily discharge (AMDD), annual maxima 3 day flood volume, and annual maxima 15 day flood volume of the Upper Hanjiang River, China. It is found that each individual univariate flood series has a significant change‐point; and the trivariate series presents a significant change‐point in dependence structure due to the abrupt change in the dependence structure between AMDD and annual maxima 3 day flood volume. All these changes are caused by the construction of the Ankang Reservoir.
Near‐field Optics
Authors: Deutsch Brad 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Near‐field optics is largely concerned with the study and control of evanescent waves. This article outlines the basic concepts of the near field, including their relationship to the diffraction limit and the generation of surface plasmon polaritons. Applications of near‐field enhancement are discussed, such as optical antennas and tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Finally, scanning near‐field optical microscopy is described, as well as theoretical tools used in the study of the near field.
Skeletal and dental development in a sub‐adult western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Joganic Jessica L. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesNon‐human primate growth trajectories are often used to estimate the age and life history traits of fossil taxa. The exclusive use of chimpanzee growth patterns to estimate developmental stages for the earliest hominins is problematic because incomplete lineage sorting in the hominoid clade has produced a mosaic human genome that contains different regions shared with any one of the great apes. The accidental death of a sub‐adult male western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) provides not only an opportunity to compare the degree of dentoskeletal maturation in this individual with published data from conspecifics, but also insight into gorilla growth and development as it applies to modeling that of early hominins.Materials and MethodsDental stage was assessed for a sub‐adult male western lowland gorilla by comparing dental eruption and calcification to established relative age categories. Ectocranial suture fusion, epiphyseal union, and long bone dimensions were compared to growth standards for wild male gorillas of a similar dental stage to determine developmental timing variability.ResultsResults suggest that greater variability exists in developmental rates and patterns and in morphological parameters than is often acknowledged.DiscussionThese results have implications for selecting appropriate models for studying extinct taxa. Ecological and physical characteristics shared between humans and gorillas may make gorilla life history equally valid in a comparative framework and encourage non‐exclusive use of chimpanzee life history for paleoanthropological models. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:174–181, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endocranial morphology of Microchoerus erinaceus (Euprimates, Tarsiiformes) and early evolution of the Euprimates brain
Authors: Ramdarshan Anusha , Orliac Maeva J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesInnovations in brain structure and increase in brain size relative to body mass are key features of Primates evolutionary history. Surprisingly, the endocranial morphology of early Euprimates is still rather poorly known, and our understanding of early euprimate brain evolution (Eocene epoch) relies on a handful of specimens.Materials and MethodsIn this article, we describe the endocranial cast of the tarsiiform Microchoerus erinaceus from the late Early Eocene of Perrière (Quercy fissure filling, France) based on a virtual reconstruction extracted from CT scan data of the endocranial cavity of the complete, undeformed specimen UM‐PRR1771.ResultsThe endocast of M. erinaceus shows the derived features observed in other Euprimates (e.g. sylvian fissure and temporal lobe), with limited neocortical folding, and a telencephalic flexure comparable to that of extant primates.DiscussionComparison with the endocasts of other available late Eocene primates shows that they already exhibited a variety of brain morphologies, highlighting the complex history of the external features of the primate brain, as early as the Eocene. M. erinaceus was a fruit and gum eater considered as nocturnal based on its orbit size. However, its brain showed small olfactory bulbs—smaller than in the coeval diurnal taxa Adapis parisiensis—and a neocorticalization similar to folivorous taxa. These observations contrast with patterns observed in primates today where nocturnal taxa have larger olfactory bulbs than diurnal taxa, and call into question a direct correlation between frugivory and neocorticalization increase in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:5–16, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of ABCB1, ABCG2, ABCC2 and ABCC5 transporters in placental passage of zidovudine
Authors: Neumanova Zuzana , Cerveny Lukas , Ceckova Martina , Staud Frantisek 
Published: September 2015

AbstractZidovudine (AZT) is one of the most frequently used antiretroviral drugs in prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV. However, safety concerns on AZT use in pregnancy still persist as severe side effects are associated with AZT exposure in children. In our study we aimed to contribute to current knowledge on AZT transplacental transport and to evaluate potential involvement of the main human drug efflux ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters, p‐glycoprotein (ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) and multidrug resistance‐associated proteins 2 and 5 (ABCC2 and ABCC5) in the disposition of AZT between mother and fetus. In order to elucidate this issue we investigated the effect of selected ABC transporters on AZT transepithelial transport across MDCKII cell monolayers. In addition we used the in situ method of dually perfused rat term placenta to further study the role of ABC transporters in AZT transplacental transport. In vitro studies revealed significant effect of ABCB1 and ABCG2 on AZT transport which was subsequently confirmed also on organ level. Lamivudine, an antiretroviral agent commonly co‐administered with AZT, did not affect ABC transporter‐mediated AZT transfer. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disrupted short chain specific β‐oxidation and improved synthase expression increase synthesis of short chain fatty acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Leber Christopher , Choi Jin Wook , Polson Brian , Da Silva Nancy A. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTBiologically derived fatty acids have gained tremendous interest as an alternative to petroleum‐derived fuels and chemical precursors. We previously demonstrated the synthesis of short chain fatty acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by introduction of the Homo sapiens fatty acid synthase (hFAS) with heterologous phosphopantetheine transferases and heterologous thioesterases. In this study, short chain fatty acid production was improved by combining a variety of novel enzyme and metabolic engineering strategies. The use of a H. sapiens‐derived thioesterase and phosphopantetheine transferase were evaluated. In addition, strains were engineered to disrupt either the full β‐oxidation (by deleting FAA2, PXA1, and POX1) or short chain‐specific β‐oxidation (by deleting FAA2, ANT1, and PEX11) pathways. Prohibiting full β‐oxidation increased hexanoic and octanoic acid levels by 8‐ and 79‐fold relative to the parent strain expressing hFAS. However, by targeting only short chain β‐oxidation, hexanoic and octanoic acid levels increased further to 31‐ and 140‐fold over the parent. In addition, an optimized hFAS gene increased hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic and total short chain fatty acid levels by 2.9‐, 2.0‐, 2.3‐, and 2.2‐fold, respectively, relative to the non‐optimized counterpart. By combining these unique enzyme and metabolic engineering strategies, octanoic acid was increased more than 181‐fold over the parent strain expressing hFAS. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 895–900. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variation in the risk of venous thromboembolism following colectomy
Authors: Humes D J , Walker A J , Blackwell J , Hunt B J , West J 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Background
Guidelines recommend extended thromboprophylaxis following colectomy for malignant disease, but not for non-malignant disease. The aim of this study was to determine absolute and relative rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following colectomy by indication, admission type and time after surgery.

Methods
A cohort study of patients undergoing colectomy in England was undertaken using linked primary (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) and secondary (Hospital Episode Statistics) care data (2001–2011). Crude rates and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for the risk of first VTE following colectomy using Cox regression analysis.

Results
Some 12 388 patients were identified; 312 (2·5 per cent) developed VTE after surgery, giving a rate of 29·59 (95 per cent c.i. 26·48 to 33·06) per 1000 person-years in the first year after surgery. Overall rates were 2·2-fold higher (adjusted HR 2·23, 95 per cent c.i. 1·76 to 2·50) for emergency compared with elective admissions (39·44 versus 25·78 per 1000 person-years respectively). Rates of VTE were 2·8-fold higher in patients with malignant disease versus those with non-malignant disease (adjusted HR 2·84, 2·04 to 3·94). The rate of VTE was highest in the first month after emergency surgery, and declined from 121·68 per 1000 person-years in the first month to 25·65 per 1000 person-years during the rest of the follow-up interval. Crude rates of VTE were similar for malignant and non-malignant disease (114·76 versus 120·98 per 1000 person-years respectively) during the first month after emergency surgery.

Conclusion
Patients undergoing emergency colectomy for non-malignant disease have a similar risk of VTE as patients with malignant disease in the first month after surgery.
First in human implantation of the mechanical expanding Lotus® valve in degenerated surgical valves in mitral position
Authors: Schaefer Ulrich , Conradi Lenard , Lubos Edith , Deuschl Florian , Schofer Niklas , Seiffert Moritz , Treede Hendrik , Schirmer Johannes , Reichenspurner Hermann , Blankenberg Stefan 
Published: September 2015

IntroductionImplantation of transcatheter heart valves (THV) into degenerated surgical valves is an emerging therapy for selected high‐risk patients. Although, CE mark of most THV is limited for native aortic valvular stenosis, transcatheter valve implantation into degenerated bioprostheses, even in mitral position is very intriguing.Methods and ResultsAfter placement of a cerebral protection device (Claret Sentinel®), three consecutive patients (age, 79.0 ± 6.1; log EuroSCORE I: 33.3 ± 9.2%) with a degenerated mitral bioprosthesis were treated by transapical implantation of the Lotus® valve (Boston Scientific Inc.). In addition, a SwanGanz catheter was introduced in the pulmonary artery for hemodynamic assessments all patients.Procedural success was 100%. Valve implantation was performed without rapid ventricular pacing. Resheating was performed in two patients due to suboptimal initial positioning. Invasive online hemodynamics revealed stable blood pressure in all patients. After Lotus® valve implantation, valvular mitral regurgitation was completely eliminated in all patients. One patient had a mild paravalvular leak of the surgical bioprosthesis, which was present before implantation. Invasive right and left heart hemodynamics showed an immediate improvement after Lotus® valve implantation. Mean mitral surface area (2.1 ± 0.2 cm2) and mean gradient (3.7 ± 2.1 mm Hg) demonstrated satisfactory results. All patients were immediately extubated and discharged from the hospital without any adverse event.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of transapical Lotus® Valve implantation in degenerated mitral bioprostheses. The controlled mechanical Lotus® valve expansion with remarkably stable hemodynamics throughout the procedure offers a new and valuable treatment option. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxygen Reduction at the Liquid–Liquid Interface: Bipolar Electrochemistry through Adsorbed Graphene Layers
Authors: Rodgers Andrew N. J. , Dryfe Robert A. W. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe reduction of oxygen and protons at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has received a great deal of interest over the last decade, with various materials being used to catalyse these reactions. Probing the mechanisms through which these reactions proceed when using interfacial catalysts is important from both from the perspective of fundamental understanding and for catalyst optimisation. Herein, we have used interfacial‐assembled graphene to probe the importance of simple electron conductivity towards the catalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the ITIES, and a bipolar setup to probe the homogeneous/heterogeneous nature of the ORR proceeding through interfacial graphene. We found that interfacial graphene provides a catalytic effect towards the reduction of oxygen at the ITIES, proceeding via the heterogeneous mechanism when using a strong reducing agent.
Furans Conjugated with Bulky Aromatic Systems: One‐Pot Synthesis from Ketones and Acetylene
Authors: Schmidt Elena Yu , Bidusenko Ivan A. , Cherimichkina Natalia A. , Ushakov Igor A. , Borodina Tatyana N. , Smirnov Vladimir I. , Trofimov Boris A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractKetones with bulky aromatic, heteroaromatic and ferrocene substituents react with acetylene in the presence of a KOH/DMSO super‐base suspension (90 °C, 15 min) to give polysubstituted furans in up to 86 % isolated yields in a one‐pot fashion. This assembly of the furan scaffold involves a domino sequence in which one molecule of ketone reacts with two molecules of acetylene.
Preparation, Structural Determination, and Characterization of Electronic Properties of Bis‐Silylated and Bis‐Germylated Lu3N@Ih‐C80
Authors: Kako Masahiro , Miyabe Kyosuke , Sato Kumiko , Suzuki Mitsuaki , Mizorogi Naomi , Wang Wei‐Wei , Yamada Michio , Maeda Yutaka , Olmstead Marilyn M. , Balch Alan L. , Nagase Shigeru , Akasaka Takeshi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue are the groups of M. Kako (The University of Electro‐Communications, Japan), M. M. Olmstead (University of California, USA), A. L. Balch (University of California, USA), S. Nagase (Kyoto University, Japan), T. Akasaka (University of Tsukuba, Japan). The image depicts the 1,4‐bis‐silylated and 1,4‐bis‐germylated structures of Lu3N@Ih‐C80, which represent rare examples of the crystallographic studies of functionalized Lu3N@Ih‐C80. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201502511.
Somatic mutation in PIK3CA is a late event in cervical carcinogenesis
Authors: Verlaat Wina , Snijders Peter JF , van Moorsel Marinda IH , Bleeker Maaike , Rozendaal Lawrence , Sie Daoud , Ylstra Bauke , Meijer Chris JLM , Steenbergen Renske DM , Heideman Daniëlle AM 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSomatic mutations in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) are largely unknown. Here, we profiled 35 cervical carcinomas and 23 CIN grade 2/3 (CIN2/3) for mutations in 48 cancer‐related genes using a Next Generation Sequencing‐based cancer panel. PIK3CA exon 9 was the most frequently mutated locus in cervical carcinoma and the only mutated locus detected in CIN2/3. These PIK3CA exon 9 mutation findings were verified in a large, independent series (n = 647) covering all stages of cervical carcinogenesis using high resolution melting‐guided Sanger sequencing. PIK3CA exon 9 mutation frequency was 37.1% (13/35; 95%CI 21.2–54.0%) in cervical carcinoma, and 2.4% (5/209; 95%CI 0.5–4.7%) in CIN3. No PIK3CA exon 9 mutations were detected in CIN2 (0/144), CIN1 (0/154) and normal cervix (0/105). In a third series of 46 CIN2/3 lesions from women with a known 5‐year history of preceding high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection, detection of PIK3CA exon 9 mutation was confined to 2 (5.4%; 95%CI 0.0–13.2%) CIN3 lesions with preceding hrHPV infection ≥5 years, and was absent in those with a short duration (<5 years) of preceding hrHPV infection. In conclusion, somatic mutation in PIK3CA represents a late event during cervical carcinogenesis, detected in a substantial subset of cervical carcinoma, but only in a minority of CIN3.