bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(1‐Adamantyl)methyl Glycidyl Ether: A Versatile Building Block for Living Polymerization
Authors: Moers Christian , Wrazidlo Robert , Natalello Adrian , Netz Isabelle , Mondeshki Mihail , Frey Holger 
Published: March 2014

(1‐Adamantyl)methyl glycidyl ether (AdaGE) is introduced as a versatile monomer for oxyanionic polymerization, enabling controlled incorporation of adamantyl moieties in aliphatic polyethers. Via copolymerization with ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether (EEGE) and subsequent cleavage of the acetal protection groups of EEGE, hydrophilic linear polyglycerols with an adjustable amount of pendant adamantyl moieties are obtained. The adamantyl unit permits control over thermal properties and solubility profile of these polymers (LCST). Additionally, AdaGE is utilized as a termination agent in carbanionic polymerization, affording adamantyl‐terminated polymers. Using these structures as macroinitiators for the polymerization of ethylene oxide affords amphiphilic, in‐chain adamantyl‐functionalized block copolymers.
image
CSR and service quality in nonprofit organizations: the case of a performing arts association
Authors: Andreini Daniela , Pedeliento Giuseppe , Signori Silvana 
Published: March 2014

The relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and marketing performance has been widely investigated recently, but mostly in relation to for‐profit companies. This paper highlights the importance of this topic for nonprofit organizations (NPOs). Focusing on an Italian NPO operating in the performing arts and entertainment industry, two empirical studies (a quantitative survey and a qualitative exploratory enquiry) prove the strategic relevance of CSR in nonprofit contexts. The results demonstrate that CSR can be considered an additional dimension of the customer perception of service quality in NPOs and reveal that customer perception of the social responsibility of the studied NPO is strongly linked to its institutional mission and to the modalities through which it pursues that mission. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A control based on a knapsack problem for solar hydrogen production
Authors: Roca L. , Diaz‐Franco R. , de la Calle A. , Bonilla J. , Vidal A. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe Hydrosol pilot plant was installed in the small solar power systems solar tower at CIEMAT‐Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA), Spain, for producing solar hydrogen from water using a ferrite‐based redox technology. It consists of two reactors where hydrogen and oxygen production cycles are alternated for quasi‐continuous hydrogen production. In the first step (water splitting), an exothermic reaction takes place at an operating temperature of 800℃. The second step (thermal reduction) is an endothermic reaction, which requires an operating temperature of 1200℃. Recently, an adaptive control strategy for controlling these operating temperatures in the solar hydrogen reactor has been proposed and implemented, using the number of heliostats focused as the control signal. The algorithm chooses which heliostats have to be focused estimating the concentrated solar power contribution of each heliostat. Then, the heliostats are focused, starting from those which provide lower power. This paper is based on this control strategy, but considering a new algorithm to choose the heliostats. Using the concentrated solar power contributions, a knapsack problem is defined to obtain a local optimal solution, which provides a set of heliostats that minimizes the error between the setpoint and the reactor concentrated solar power. In order to evaluate the performance of this method, simulation and experimental results are shown and discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An activation of LC3A‐mediated autophagy contributes to de novo and acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Nihira Kaito , Miki Yasuhiro , Iida Shinya , Narumi Sodai , Ono Katsuhiko , Iwabuchi Erina , Ise Kazue , Mori Kazushige , Saito Mikiyoshi , Ebina Masahito , Sato Ikuro , Maemondo Makoto , Yamada‐Okabe Hisafumi , Kondo Takashi , Sasano Hironobu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe development of therapeutic resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs, ie erlotinib or gefitinib) has been the major clinical problem when treating lung adenocarcinoma patients with these agents. However, its mechanisms have not necessarily been well studied to this date. Autophagy has been recently considered to play pivotal roles in escaping from the effects of anti‐neoplastic agents. Therefore, in this study, we examined its roles in the development of resistance to EGFR‐TKIs in lung adenocarcinoma. We first established erlotinib‐resistant cell lines (PC9/ER) from parental PC9 cells by exposing the cells to erlotinib. In PC9/ER, autophagy‐related LC3A expression came to be up‐regulated and constitutive activation of LC3A‐mediated autophagy became more pronounced through the process of acquiring therapeutic resistance. In addition, inhibition of LC3A or autophagy restores sensitivity to EGFR‐TKIs in PC9/ER. LC3A was also activated at the transcriptional level in de novo resistant cells via demethylation of the MAP1LC3A gene. We then evaluated the status of LC3A in 169 lung adenocarcinoma patients using immunohistochemistry. LC3A immunoreactivity was only detected in carcinoma cells (89/169 patients), not in non‐tumoural cells. In addition, LC3A immunoreactivity was significantly correlated with progression‐free survival (p = 0.0039) and overall survival (p = 0.0040) of 35 patients treated with EGFR‐TKIs. The results of our present study demonstrated that LC3A‐mediated autophagy in carcinoma cells was involved in the development of resistance to EGFR‐TKIs, and that LC3A could serve as a promising therapeutic target for overcoming resistance to EGFR‐TKIs and a novel predictor of response to EGFR‐TKIs in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Gender differences in objectively assessed physical activity in asthmatic and non‐asthmatic children
Authors: Yiallouros Panayiotis K. , Economou Mary , Kolokotroni Ourania , Savva Savvas C. , Gavatha Marina , Ioannou Phivos , Karpathios Themistoclis , Middleton Nicos 
Published: March 2014

SummaryObjectiveTo compare objectively assessed physical activity levels, between asthmatic children and non‐asthmatic controls.MethodsFrom a random community sample of 794 children aged 8–9 years, in a case–control design, 104 children with ever doctor's diagnosis of asthma and 99 non‐asthmatic controls were recruited and had assessment of physical activity with biaxial accelerometers for 7 days.ResultsChildren with active (also reporting at least one episode of wheezing in the last 12 months) and inactive (no wheezing in past 12 months) asthma appeared to have similar physical activity and sedentary activity levels compared to non‐asthmatic children. However, girls with active asthma had significantly lower moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels than their peers with adjusted geometric mean ratio of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.369, 0.929, P‐value = 0.024). No difference in physical and sedentary activity levels was observed between asthmatic and non‐asthmatic boys. The difference between genders in the comparison of MVPA levels in asthmatics and controls was statistically significant (P‐value of likelihood ratio test [LRT] for effect modification by gender = 0.034).ConclusionsUnlike boys, girls with active asthma appear to be less active than their healthy peers, and this gender difference might explain the inconsistent evidence from previous reports on physical activity levels in asthmatic children. Further studies are needed to confirm the gender interaction in the childhood asthma‐physical activity relation and the implications on current guidelines for physical exercise prescriptions in asthmatic children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:317–326. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Robust linear parameter‐varying control of induction motors
Authors: Blanchini Franco , Casagrande Daniele , Miani Stefano , Viaro Umberto 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe paper deals with the motion control of an induction motor. Because the nonlinear state equations describing the dynamics of such a machine can be embedded into a linear model with the rotor speed ω as a varying parameter, advantage is taken of some recent results on the control of linear parameter‐varying systems, thus ensuring stability independently of how the varying parameter changes in time within a compact set. The adopted control structure consists of a fast inner electric loop that controls the stator currents and an outer mechanical loop that generates the torque acting on the motor shaft. Of crucial importance is the design of the internal model controller for the current loop. In particular, it is proved that an algebraically equivalent electric motor model admits a Lyapunov function that, together with its Lyapunov derivative, is independent of ω and of all motor parameters. This result allows us to find an upper bound on the norm of the Youla–Kucera parameter that ensures robust stability against speed measurement errors. Simulations carried out on a benchmark motor model show that the adopted control strategy performs well. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The origin of clones among androgenic regenerants of hexaploid triticale
Authors: Oleszczuk Sylwia , Tyrka Mirosław , Zimny Janusz 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDoubled haploids (DH) have become a standard tool in breeding and genetic studies of many crops and in most cases androgenesis is the only available route of their production. It has been recently observed that some populations of DH lines obtained via androgenesis contain high proportions of clones. This seriously reduces the efficiency of breeding and may jeopardize genetic studies. This study was designed to determine at which stage of androgenesis these clones are created, using samples set aside during routine production of DH lines in breeding of hexaploid triticale. The fate of each androgenic structure was carefully followed through the entire regeneration process, and all obtained plants were genotyped using DNA markers. Overall, 189 plants were regenerated forming 33 families, each originating from a single original androgenic structure (callus, polyembryos). In ca. 80 % of cases all members of a family were genetically identical. However, in about 20 % of cases the families of regenerants were genetically heterogeneous, showing that not all androgenic structures originate from single microspores. The evidence shown here demonstrates that retention of single plants from each original structure guarantees the production of only unique genotypes but it reduces the total output of plants. If maximum output is desired, multiple regenerants from single callus can be retained but must be genotyped using at least 10 polymorphic markers to identify clones.
On the self-similar exact MHD jet solution
Authors: Mullyadzhanov R. I. , Yavorsky N. I. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe consider an axisymmetric steady flow of a viscous incompressible conducting fluid. The flow is induced by the point source of momentum and point electrode discharging the electric current, both of which are located at the end of a thin semi-infinite insulated wire. We seek the solution in the conical self-similar class where the velocity and magnetic field decrease as the inverse distance from the origin. The solution is obtained for various parameters of the problem, namely the Reynolds number, dimensionless electric current and Batchelor number (magnetic Prandtl number). A reverse flow along the wire occurs, leading to the confinement of the current density in the direction of the jet. If the Batchelor number is zero, the solution obtains a singularity at finite values of the current leading to its breakdown; otherwise, the solution exists at all parameter values. We derive the boundary-layer equations near the wire for large current values and obtain the solution. The pitchfork bifurcation with non-zero poloidal magnetic field occurs and causes the rotation of the fluid, which eliminates the current confinement effect. We describe the conditions when the solution for the swirling jet exists. The connection of this problem to the ones considered previously is discussed.
Numerical study of acoustic radiation due to a supersonic turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Duan Lian , Choudhari Meelan M. , Wu Minwei 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDirect numerical simulations are used to examine the pressure fluctuations generated by fully developed turbulence in a Mach 2.5 turbulent boundary layer, with an emphasis on the acoustic fluctuations radiated into the free stream. Single- and multi-point statistics of computed surface pressure fluctuations show good agreement with measurements and numerical simulations at similar flow conditions. Consistent with spark shadowgraphs obtained in free flight, the quasi-homogeneous acoustic near field in the free-stream region consists of randomly spaced wavepackets with a finite spatial coherence. The free-stream pressure fluctuations exhibit important differences from the surface pressure fluctuations in amplitude, frequency content and convection speeds. Such information can be applied towards improved modelling of boundary layer receptivity in conventional supersonic facilities and, hence, enable a better utilization of transition data acquired in such wind tunnels. The predicted acoustic characteristics are compared with the limited available measurements. Finally, the numerical database is used to understand the acoustic source mechanisms, with the finding that the supersonically convecting eddies that can directly radiate to the free stream are confined to the buffer zone within the boundary layer.
WOMEN AND CREDIT IN PERU DURING THE GUANO ERA. WAS THERE GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE MORTGAGE CREDIT MARKET OF PERU?
Authors: Zegarra Luis Felipe 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the role of women and gender discrimination in the mortgage credit market in Peru between 1860 and 1875. Relying on a large sample of notarised loans, the article shows that women participated in the credit market as lenders and borrowers. However, their participation was lower than that of men. In addition, women received smaller loans and paid higher interest rates than men. The evidence suggests that the lower participation of women as borrowers and their smaller loans were largely a consequence of the distribution of collateral. In addition, much of the difference in interest rates resulted from the differences in loan sizes. As women received smaller loans and there were probably fixed costs involved in granting a loan, making a loan to a woman implied a higher average cost.
A Ku-band coaxial relativistic transit-time oscillator with low guiding magnetic field
Authors: Ling Jun-Pu , He Jun-Tao , Zhang Jian-De , Jiang Tao , Song Li-Li 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA novel coaxial relativistic transit-time oscillator with low guiding magnetic field is proposed and investigated to generate high power microwave at Ku-band. With the coaxial structure and a quasi body wave adopted as the operating mode, the device has a larger space-charge limiting current, higher power handling capacity, and lower guiding magnetic field. Moreover, for further improving the output power, a coaxial TM02mode resonant reflector is well designed. Main structure parameters of the device are optimized by particle in cell simulations. A typical simulation result is that, with a 358 keV, 7.25 kA beam guided by a magnetic field of about 0.7 T, an 810 MW microwave pulse at 14.25 GHz is generated, yielding a conversion efficiency of about 31%. The primary experiments are also carried out. At a low guiding magnetic field of 0.7 T, a microwave pulse with power of 400 MW, pulse duration of 30 ns, frequency of 14.3 GHz close to the simulation one, and efficiency of 15.4% is generated.
On the intersection of random rotations of a symmetric convex body
Authors: BRAZITIKOS SILOUANOS , STAVRAKAKIS PANTELIS 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLet C be a symmetric convex body of volume 1 in ${\mathbb R}^n$. We provide general estimates for the volume and the radius of C ∩ U(C) where U is a random orthogonal transformation of ${\mathbb R}^n$. In particular, we consider the case where C is in the isotropic position or C is the volume normalized Lq-centroid body Zq(μ) of an isotropic log-concave measure μ on ${\mathbb R}^n$.
Reliability and validity of the German language version of Girls' Disinclination for Physical Activity Scale
Authors: Pedisic Zeljko , Matouschek Stefanie , Stückler Martina , Basaric Amir , Titze Sylvia 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe high prevalence of insufficient physical activity (PA) among adolescents is an important public health issue. Studying reasons for disliking PA might help researchers better understand its underlying mechanisms, yet this psychological construct has been understudied. This study established the psychometric properties of the German language version of the Girls' Disinclination for Physical Activity Scale (G‐DAS‐Ger). Data were collected on a sample of 257 adolescent girls in Austria (mean age: 13.0 ± 0.7 years) using the G‐DAS‐Ger and the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. One week after the first assessment, the questionnaires were re‐administered to 78 girls. Between two administrations, PA of 215 girls was monitored for seven consecutive days using the ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers. Confirmatory factor analysis of G‐DAS‐Ger showed good fit for a three‐factor model (χ2/df = 2.025; Bollen–Stine (B‐S) p = 0.159; root mean square error of approximation = 0.063; standardised root mean square residual = 0.054; comparative fit index = 0.950). Cronbach's alphas for G‐DAS‐Ger factors/subscales ranged 0.64–0.76. The test–retest reliability assessed by Spearman's rank correlation ranged 0.62–0.75. Only one subscale correlated significantly with vigorous‐intensity PA (Spearman's rho = −0.16) and none with moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity PA, which indicated poor predictive validity of the G‐DAS‐Ger. Correlations between G‐DAS‐Ger subscales and enjoyment of PA ranged from −0.29 to −0.41, indicating satisfactory convergent validity. The G‐DAS‐Ger may be used in its present form to assess disinclination for PA among adolescent girls in German‐speaking countries. However, our results put into question the stability of the originally proposed factor structure of the questionnaire and its predictive validity among German‐speaking adolescent girls. Methodological refinements to the G‐DAS‐Ger may be required to improve its psychometric properties in this population.
Inhibition of the Ubiquitin–Proteasome Pathway Does Not Protect against Ventilator-induced Accelerated Proteolysis or Atrophy in the Diaphragm
Authors: Smuder Ashley J. , Nelson W. Bradley , Hudson Matthew B. , Kavazis Andreas N. , Powers Scott K. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background:
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life-saving intervention in patients with acute respiratory failure. However, prolonged MV results in ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD), a condition characterized by both diaphragm fiber atrophy and contractile dysfunction. Previous work has shown that calpain, caspase-3, and the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPP) are all activated in the diaphragm during prolonged MV. However, although it is established that both calpain and caspase-3 are important contributors to VIDD, the role that the UPP plays in the development of VIDD remains unknown. These experiments tested the hypothesis that inhibition of the UPP will protect the diaphragm against VIDD.

Methods:
The authors tested this prediction in an established animal model of MV using a highly specific UPP inhibitor, epoxomicin, to prevent MV-induced activation of the proteasome in the diaphragm (n = 8 per group).

Results:
The results of this study reveal that inhibition of the UPP did not prevent ventilator-induced diaphragm muscle fiber atrophy and contractile dysfunction during 12 h of MV. Also, inhibition of the UPP does not affect MV-induced increases in calpain and caspase-3 activity in the diaphragm. Finally, administration of the proteasome inhibitor did not protect against the MV-induced increases in the expression of the E3 ligases, muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF1), and atrogin-1/MaFbx.

Conclusion:
Collectively, these results indicate that proteasome activation does not play a required role in VIDD development during the first 12 h of MV.
3D mapping of disease in ant societies reveals a strategy of a specialized parasite
Authors: Loreto Raquel G. , Elliot Simon L. , Freitas Mayara L. R. , Pereira Thairine M. , Hughes David P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDespite the widely held position that the social insects have evolved effective ways to limit infectious disease spread, many pathogens and parasites do attack insect societies. Maintaining a disease-free nest environment is an important evolutionary feature, but since workers have to leave the nest to forage they are routinely exposed to disease. Here we show that despite effective social immunity, in which workers act collectively to reduce disease inside the nest, 100% of studied ant colonies ofCamponotus rufipesin a Brazilian Rainforest were infected by the specialized fungal parasiteOphiocordyceps unilateralis s.l. Not only is disease present for all colonies but long-term dynamics over 20 months revealed disease is a permanent feature. Using 3D maps, we showed the parasite optimizes its transmission by controlling workers’ behavior to die on the doorstep of the colony, where susceptible foragers are predictable in time and space. Therefore, despite social immunity, specialized diseases of ants have evolved effective strategies to exploit insect societies.
Intradermal glutamate and capsaicin injections: Intra‐ and interindividual variability of provoked hyperalgesia and allodynia
Authors: Nilsson Matias , Lassen Dorte , Andresen Trine , Nielsen Anders K , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Drewes Asbjørn M 
Published: March 2014

SummaryIntradermal injections of glutamate and capsaicin are attractive to use in human experimental pain models because hyperalgesia and allodynia mimic isolated aspects of clinical pain disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the reproducibility of these models. Twenty healthy male volunteers (mean age 24 years; range 18–38 years) received intradermal injections of glutamate and capsaicin in the volar forearm. Magnitudes of secondary pinprick hyperalgesia and brush‐evoked allodynia were investigated using von Frey filaments (gauges 10, 15, 60 and 100 g) and brush strokes. Areas of secondary hyperalgesia and allodynia were quantified immediately after injection and after 15, 30 and 60 min. Two identical experiments separated by at least 7 days were performed. Reproducibility across and within volunteers (inter‐ and intra‐individual variation, respectively) was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV). Secondary pinprick hyperalgesia was observed as a marked increase in the visual analogue scale (VAS) response to von Frey gauges 60 and 100 g (P < 0.001) after glutamate injection. For capsaicin, secondary pinprick hyperalgesia was detected with all von Frey gauges (P < 0.001). Glutamate evoked reproducible VAS response to all von Frey gauges (ICC > 0.60) and brush strokes (ICC > 0.83). Capsaicin injection was reproducible for secondary hyperalgesia (ICC > 0.70) and allodynia (ICC > 0.71). Intra‐individual variability was generally lower for the VAS response to von Frey and brush compared with areas of secondary hyperalgesia and allodynia. In conclusion, glutamate and capsaicin yield reproducible hyperalgesic and allodynic responses, and the present model is well suited for basic research, as well as for assessing the modulation of central phenomena.