bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-Level Jets in the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR): A Comparison with Rawinsonde Observations
Authors: Walters Claudia K. , Winkler Julie A. , Husseini Sara , Keeling Ryan , Nikolic Jovanka , Zhong Shiyuan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractClimatological analyses of low-level jets (LLJs) can be negatively influenced by the coarse spatial and temporal resolution and frequent changes in observing and archiving protocols of rawinsonde observations (raobs). The introduction of reanalysis datasets, such as the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), provides new resources for climatological research with finer spatial and temporal resolution and potentially fewer inhomogeneities. To assess the compatibility of LLJ characteristics identified from NARR wind profiles with those obtained from raob profiles, LLJs were extracted using standard jet definitions from NARR and raobs at 12 locations in the central United States for four representative years that reflect different rawinsonde protocols. LLJ characteristics (e.g., between-station differences in relative frequency, diurnal fluctuations, and mean speed and elevation) are generally consistent, although absolute frequencies are smaller for NARR relative to raobs at most stations. LLJs are concurrently identified in the NARR and raob wind profiles on less than 60% of the observation times with LLJ activity. Variations are seen between analysis years and locations. Of particular note is the substantial increase in LLJ frequency seen in raobs since the introduction of the Radiosonde Replacement System, which has led to a greater discrepancy in jet frequency between the NARR and raob datasets. The analyses suggest that NARR is a viable additional resource for climatological analyses of LLJs. Many of the findings are likely applicable for other fine-resolution reanalysis datasets, although differences between reanalyses require that each be carefully evaluated before its use in climatological analyses of wind maxima.
On the Observability of Oceanic Gyres
Authors: Marchal Olivier 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study examines the observability of a stratified ocean in a square flat basin on a midlatitude beta plane. Here, “observability” means the ability to establish, in a finite interval of time, the time-dependent ocean state given density observations over the same interval and with no regard for errors. The dynamics is linearized and hydrostatic, so that the motion can be decomposed into normal modes and the observability analysis is simplified. An observability Gramian (a symmetric matrix) is determined for the flows in an inviscid interior, in frictional boundary layers, and in a closed basin. Its properties are used to establish the condition for complete observability and to identify optimal data locations for each of these flows.It is found that complete observability of an oceanic interior in time-dependent Sverdrup balance requires that the observations originate from the westernmost location at each considered latitude. The degree of observability increases westward due to westward propagation of long baroclinic Rossby waves: data collected in the west are more informative than data collected in the east. Likewise, the best locations for observing variability in the western (eastern) boundary layer are near (far from) the boundary. The observability of a closed basin is influenced by the westward propagation and the boundaries. Optimal data locations that are identified for different resolutions (0.01 to 1 yr) and lengths of data records (0.2 to 20 yr) show a variable influence of the planetary vorticity gradient. Data collected near the meridional boundaries appear always less informative, from the viewpoint of basin observability, than data collected away from these boundaries.
Estimation and Impact of Nonuniform Horizontal Correlation Length Scales for Global Ocean Physical Analyses
Authors: Storto Andrea , Masina Simona , Dobricic Srdjan 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Optimally modeling background-error horizontal correlations is crucial in ocean data assimilation. This paper investigates the impact of releasing the assumption of uniform background-error correlations in a global ocean variational analysis system. Spatially varying horizontal correlations are introduced in the recursive filter operator, which is used for modeling horizontal covariances in the Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC) analysis system. The horizontal correlation length scales (HCLSs) were defined on the full three-dimensional model space and computed from both a dataset of monthly anomalies with respect to the monthly climatology and through the so-called National Meteorological Center (NMC) method. Different formulas for estimating the correlation length scale are also discussed and applied to the two forecast error datasets. The new formulation is tested within a 12-yr period (2000–11) in the ½° resolution system. The comparison with the data assimilation system using uniform background-error horizontal correlations indicates the superiority of the former, especially in eddy-dominated areas. Verification skill scores report a significant reduction of RMSE, and the use of nonuniform length scales improves the representation of the eddy kinetic energy at midlatitudes, suggesting that uniform, latitude, or Rossby radius-dependent formulations are insufficient to represent the geographical variations of the background-error correlations. Furthermore, a small tuning of the globally uniform value of the length scale was found to have a small impact on the analysis system. The use of either anomalies or NMC-derived correlation length scales also has a marginal effect with respect to the use of nonuniform HCLSs. On the other hand, the application of overestimated length scales has proved to be detrimental to the analysis system in all areas and for all parameters.
A Comparison of Mesh Refinement in the Global MPAS-A and WRF Models Using an Idealized Normal-Mode Baroclinic Wave Simulation
Authors: Park Sang-Hun , Klemp Joseph B. , Skamarock William C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Idealized normal-mode baroclinic wave simulations are conducted to examine the impact of continuous mesh refinement compared with stepwise changes in resolution using nested grids. The nested-grid results are produced using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) Model, hereafter ARW, and the continuous refinement results are produced using the atmospheric component of the Model for Prediction Across Scales-Atmosphere (MPAS-A). For the nested domain simulations with the ARW, variants of both one-way and two-way nesting techniques are examined. Significant reflection and distortion of waves are evident in results using one-way nesting, with the error increasing with decreasing boundary-update frequency. With continuous updating of the boundary conditions in one-way and two-way nesting, wave distortion is still evident near the lateral boundaries but the distortion is much less than with infrequent boundary updates. The conformal Voronoi meshes in MPAS provide a much smoother transition between mesh resolutions. Variable-resolution mesh MPAS-A simulations, using different transition zones between high- and low-resolution regions, are compared with the results from the ARW simulations. In the MPAS-A simulations, there is no significant reflection of gravity waves, suggesting that continuous mesh refinement can eliminate distortions that tend to occur along the boundaries of nested meshes.
Diversity decrease of ant (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) after a forest disturbance: different responses among functional guilds
Authors: Kwon Tae-Sung , Lee Cheol Min , Sung Joo Han 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background
Disturbance is one of the main causes for determining diversity of natural communities. A 3-year (2003 to 2005) monitoring of ant communities at a Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in South Korea revealed a drop of ant diversity due to a forest disturbance which was evidenced by decrease of leaf area index (LAI) associated with the dropping of tree branches. In order to determine the process of the decrease in diversity, we compared the annual change of functional ant guilds, which are composed of forest ground foragers (FGF), forest vegetation foragers (FVF), soil and litter dwellers (SLD), and open-land foragers (OF).

Results
Four functional guilds of ants responded differently to the forest disturbance; FGF and SLD decreased, but OF and FVF increased. Species richness decreased, due to the decrease in SLD, and species evenness decreased mainly due to a sudden increase in an OF species, Formica japonica. Based on these findings, a mechanism is proposed for the decrease in ant diversity after the forest disturbance.

Conclusions
Ant communities responded significantly to even a slight forest disturbance of branch dropping with decrease in diversity and change in functional guild structures.
Excimer Emission in Inclusion Complexes of Dibenzofuran and 5-Dibenzosuberenone with α- and β-Cyclodextrins
Authors: Rajendiran Narayanasamy , Sankaranarayanan Ramasamy Kandasamy , Venkatesh Govindaraj 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The supramolecular self-assemblies of dibenzofuran (DBF) and 5-dibenzosuberenone (DBS) with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were investigated by absorption, steady-state, and time-resolved fluorescence, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and molecular modeling methods. In all the solvents, the absorption and emission maxima of DBF is red shifted from that of DBS. DBF and DBS show single exponential in water and biexponential in CD solution. In both CD solutions, the change in the emission intensity indicates 1:1 inclusion complex is formed. At higher β-CD concentrations, excimer emission (2:2 stoichiometry, guest2:β-CD2) is detected. Binding constants were determined from the analysis of F0/F versus [CD] plots, resulting in a stronger association for β-CD. In the absorption and fluorescence spectra, the different trend displayed in α-CD seems to be related to a shallow inclusion of both drugs, stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of the guests and the hydroxy groups of CDs. Self-assembled nanosphere and nanosheet morphology of the inclusion complexes were observed by TEM. The possible modes of theoretical calculations suggest the complex formation is favorable to an enthalpy driven process.
Posttraumatic Growth and Spirituality After Brain Injury
Authors: McGrath Joanna Collicutt 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article introduces the concept of posttraumatic growth and briefly reviews the limited number of empirical studies on posttraumatic growth in survivors of brain injury. The relationship between posttraumatic growth and psychological understandings of human spirituality is then explored and it is argued that posttraumatic growth is a type of spirituality that is of particular theoretical and practical interest to healthcare professionals. Specific aspects of the situation of people with acquired brain injury are then considered in this light and some suggestions are made for the integration of spiritual care aimed at supporting personal resilience and promoting posttraumatic growth into rehabilitation practice.
Examination of the Teaching Styles of Nursing Professional Development Specialists, Part II: Correlational Study on Teaching Styles and Use of Adult Learning Theory
Authors: Curran Mary K. 
Published: July 2014

This article, the second in a two-part series, details a correlational study that examined the effects of four variables (graduate degrees in nursing education, professional development training in adult learning theory, nursing professional development [NPD] certification, and NPD specialist experience) on the use of adult learning theory to guide curriculum development. Using the Principles of Adult Learning Scale, 114 NPD specialists tested the hypothesis that NPD specialists with graduate degrees in nursing education, professional development training in adult learning theory, NPD certification, and NPD experience would use higher levels of adult learning theory in their teaching practices to guide curriculum development than those without these attributes. This hypothesis was rejected as regression analysis revealed only one statistically significant predictor variable, NPD certification, influenced the use of adult learning theory. In addition, analysis revealed NPD specialists tended to support a teacher-centered rather than a learner-centered teaching style, indicating NPD educators are not using adult learning theory to guide teaching practices and curriculum development.J Contin Educ Nurs.2014;45(8):353–359.
A new temperature and humidity dependent surface site density approach for deposition ice nucleation
Authors: Steinke I. , Hoose C. , Möhler O. , Connolly P. , Leisner T. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Deposition nucleation experiments with Arizona Test Dust (ATD) as a surrogate for mineral dusts were conducted at the AIDA cloud chamber at temperatures between 220 and 250 K. The influence of the aerosol size distribution and the cooling rate on the ice nucleation efficiencies was investigated. Ice nucleation active surface site (INAS) densities were calculated to quantify the ice nucleation efficiency as a function of temperature, humidity and the aerosol surface area concentration. Additionally, a contact angle parameterization according to classical nucleation theory was fitted to the experimental data in order to relate the ice nucleation efficiencies to contact angle distributions. From this study it can be concluded that the INAS density formulation is a very useful tool to decribe the temperature and humidity dependent ice nucleation efficiency of ATD particles. Deposition nucleation on ATD particles can be described by a temperature and relative humidity dependent INAS density function ns(T, Sice) with ns(xtherm) = 1.88 × 105 &amp;centerdot; exp(0.2659 &amp;centerdot; xtherm) [m−2] (1) where the thermodynamic variable xtherm is defined as xtherm = −(T − 273.2) + (Sice−1) × 100 (2) with Sice>1 and within a temperature range between 226 and 250 K. For lower temperatures, xtherm deviates from a linear behavior with temperature and relative humidity over ice. Two different approaches for describing the time dependence of deposition nucleation initiated by ATD particles are proposed. Box model estimates suggest that the time dependent contribution is only relevant for small cooling rates and low number fractions of ice-active particles.
Dewey's Naturalistic Mysticism of Meaning: Finite Transcendence
Authors: Aisemberg Gregory 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
In this article, I argue for a naturalistic and extrovertive mysticism of meaning at the heart of John Dewey's thought. Rather than a transcendence of a concrete finite point of view, and, therefore, of the natural world, I argue that, for Dewey, the mystical experience represents a radicalized perspectival transcendence into the hidden yet experienceable depths of the world. Not the obliteration but the aesthetic intensification of one's being in the world and thus a radical dilation of the finite focus of clarity are what characterize Dewey's mystical thought.
Disease-Related Determinants of Quality of Life 10 Years After Clinically Isolated Syndrome
Authors: Kinkel R. Philip , Laforet Genevieve , You Xiaojun 
Published: July 2014

Background: The main clinical determinants of quality of life (QOL) 5 years after clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) are Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score and conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS). The aim of this study was to determine the demographic, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) factors associated with QOL 10 years after CIS.
Methods: Controlled High Risk Avonex® Multiple Sclerosis Prevention Study in Ongoing Neurologic Surveillance (CHAMPIONS) 10-year patients were assessed for CDMS, EDSS score, MRI T2 activity, brain parenchymal fraction, and patient-reported QOL. Associations were evaluated using analysis of variance models.
Results: A second clinical event consistent with CDMS and higher EDSS scores at years 5 and 10 were associated with lower 36-item Short Form Health Status Survey (SF-36) Physical Component Summary scores at year 10 (P &lt; .01). Patients with earlier onset of CDMS had worse patient-reported Physical Component Summary, SF-36 Mental Component Summary, fatigue, and pain scores at year 10 than patients with later or no onset of CDMS. Neither initial randomization group nor any MRI metrics assessed at baseline or during follow-up were associated with QOL at 10 years.
Conclusions: These results support the development of therapies for patients with CIS that significantly reduce the risk of conversion to CDMS and the progression of physical disability to milestones as low as EDSS scores of 2.0.
H2 evolution on Lanthanum and Carbon co-doped NaTaO3 Photocatalyst
Authors: Husin Husni , Mahidin Mahidin , Zuhra Zuhra , Hafita Fikri 
Published: July 2014

We report a carbon-modify lanthanum doped sodium tantalum oxide powders (La-C-NaTaO3) by sol-gel process. The resultant materials are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The X ray diffraction of La-C-NaTaO3 show a single phases with a good crystallinity and without any impurity. The samples is exactly indexed as NaTaO3 monoclinic structure with the space group P2/m. The SEM measurements give a smaller particle size of doped NaTaO3 than pure NaTaO3. The effect of dopant on the photocatalytic activity of La-C-NaTaO3 in the photocatalytic of hydrogen generation is studied and compared with pure NaTaO3. The results show that the rate of hydrogen evolution over La-C-NaTaO3 is higher as compared to that of pure NaTaO3. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity of La-C-NaTaO3 nanocrystalline is mainly due to their capability for reducing the electron hole pair recombination. The La-C-dopant is believed to play a key role in the enhancement of photocatalytic properties of La-C-NaTaO3 crystalline. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Brönsted Acid of Keggin Type Polyoxometalate Catalyzed Pinacol Rearrangement
Authors: Lesbani Aldes , Mohadi Risfidian 
Published: July 2014

Keggin type polyoxometalates K4[a-SiW12O40] was synthesized and transformed to H4[a-SiW12O40]. Both catalysts have been used for pinacol rearrangement in toluene at 373 oK. The results showed that reaction of pinacol rearrangement did not proceed using K4[a-SiW12O40] as catalyst. The extent reac-tion time until 20 h also did not produce pinacolone as main product. By using H4[a-SiW12O40] as cata-lyst at 1 h reaction time gave conversion 100% with formation of pinacolone 72%. The reaction produce 27% of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene as byproduct and 99% carbon balance for the reaction. This phe-nomenon indicated the Brönsted acid is a key role for catalytic reaction of pinacol rearrangement to pinacolone. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
A graphomorphemic approach to identifying and selecting a set of high utility, stable affixes common to the technical vocabulary of science
Authors: NELLENBACH KRISTIN , ZOSKI JENNIFER , DIAMOND JOY , ERICKSON KAREN 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTAdolescents often learn science vocabulary through reading. This vocabulary is frequently characterized by multisyllabic words derived from Greek and Latin roots. While most adolescents have acquired the decoding skills to read these multisyllabic words, many students, particularly those with disabilities, cannot engage in independent word learning because they lack the skills to decode these multisyllabic words. Graphomorphemic elements of words, including affixes, support effective decoding and can eventually support word learning. This article describes an approach used to identify the most frequently occurring, stable affixes within science words so that they could be used in “big word” decoding instruction. To illustrate the approach, a subset of high frequency science words and a list of high utility, stable affixes are provided.
The will to mobility: life-space satisfaction and distress in people with dementia who live alone
Authors: LLOYD BARBARA TERESA , STIRLING CHRISTINE 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIncreasing numbers of people with dementia reside in single-person households, yet little is known of their experiences and priorities. This exploratory Australian study elicited perceptions of seven people with dementia living alone, regarding their domestic environment and its surroundings. The general aim was to identify unmet service needs in this vulnerable population. Drawing upon the theoretical concepts of ‘the will to mobility’ and ‘life-space’, we identified four factors of particular salience to our respondents. These were access to public space, social distance and proximity, changing meanings of space and objects, and imaginative co-presence. Participants provided useful insights into a soon-to-be-common scenario in which increased numbers of people with dementia will be living without a resident carer. The findings have implications for the development of more personalised and targeted dementia care in the domestic setting, more inclusive public planning and more extensive public education programmes.
SU‐E‐T‐330: To Analyze the Calculation Error of Live Dose‐Volume Indices Applying 4D‐CT in Radiotherapy for PTVs Within the Liver Completely
Authors: Gong G , Liu C , Yin Y 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:To study the variation rule of normal liver dose‐volume indices calculation for the liver malignancy patients whose plan target volumes were in the liver completely in all breath phases.Methods:Ten patients who accepted radiotherapy for malignant tumor were selected in our study. All patients underwent 4D‐CT simulation and 3D‐CT simulation in free breathing(FB). 4D‐CT was sorted into 10 series CT images according to breath phase, named CT0, CT10 to CT90, respectively. And GTVs were contoured on different CT series, and the individual target volume(ITV) was obtained by merging 10 GTVs from 4D‐CT. The PTVs were obtained from ITV applying margins. The PTVs were not beyond the boundary of liver in all breath phase observed by dynamic 4D‐CT. The radiotherapy plans were designed and irradiation dose was calculated on 3D‐CT images, and the livers were contoured on different series CT images and mapped to 3D‐CT images applying rigid registration. To compare the dose‐volume difference of livers based on distinct CT images.Results:(1)The liver volumes were similar on 4D‐CT and 3D‐CT images(CTFB 1485±500cm3, CT0 1413±377cm3, CT10 1409±396cm3, CT20 1419±418cm3,CT30 1485±500cm3, CT40 1438±392cm3, CT50 1437±404cm3, CT60 1439±409cm3, CT70 1408±393cm3, CT80 1384±397cm3, CT90 1398±397cm3; F=0.064,p=1.00) (2) The PTVs volume were 30.17±14.62cm3;(3) The mean dose and V5 to V10 of liver were similar among 4D‐CT different series CT images(p>0.05), and the indices varied less than ±4% refer to liver on CT50.Conclusion:The calculation affection of liver dose‐volume indices induced by breath motion were not significant for the PTV within liver completely as estimation before. And more objective prediction indices for radiation induced l