bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rising Food Prices, Food Price Volatility, and Social Unrest
Authors: Bellemare Marc F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCan food prices cause social unrest? Throughout history, riots have frequently broken out, ostensibly as a consequence of high food prices. Using monthly data at the international level, this article studies the impact of food prices – food price levels as well as food price volatility – on social unrest. Because food prices and social unrest are jointly determined, data on natural disasters are used to identify the causal relationship flowing from food price levels to social unrest. Results indicate that for the period 1990–2011, food price increases have led to increases in social unrest, whereas food price volatility has not been associated with increases in social unrest. These results are robust to alternative definitions of social unrest, to using real or nominal prices, to using commodity‐specific price indices instead of aggregated price indices, to alternative definitions of the instrumental variable, to alternative definitions of volatility, and to controlling for non‐food‐related social unrest.
Commodity Price Responses to Monetary Policy Surprises
Authors: Scrimgeour Dean 
Published: June 2014

AbstractInformation contained in high‐frequency financial market data reveals that a 10 basis‐point surprise increase in interest rates causes commodity prices to fall immediately by approximately 0.6%. This is similar to the estimated responses of both the Standard and Poor's 500 and a United States trade weighted exchange rate index, and approximately five times larger than the response in a standard vector autoregression, even twelve months after the shock. Metals prices tend to respond more than agricultural commodities. The point estimate for oil prices is similar to other commodities, but is estimated less precisely.
A Review of the Forensic Implications of Pica
Authors: Byard Roger W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPica is characterized by the persistent eating of non‐nutritive substances over some time that is inappropriate for the maturation stage of the individual and is not culturally sanctioned. A 9‐year‐old boy with Goldenhar syndrome, significant developmental delay and pica, collapsed and died after a short history of diarrhea and vomiting. Death was due to a sigmoid volvulus resulting from filling of the distal colon with feces containing dirt, stones, and rice with evidence of ischemic intestinal necrosis. Lethal complications of pica include intestinal obstruction and perforation with peritonitis and generalized sepsis. Other findings at autopsy may include airway obstruction, heavy metal poisoning, and parasitic infestation. Presenting symptoms and signs of such complications may be subtle or masked given the nature of underlying conditions, and so careful evaluation of the medical histories of individuals with pica may be necessary to provide pertinent details of associated medical and psychiatric conditions.
Burial Patterns during Times of Armed Conflict in Cyprus in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Mikellide Maria 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe island of Cyprus experienced two periods of intercommunal conflict during which c. 2000 individuals went missing. The Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus began a program of exhumations in 2005, through which more than 185 burial sites pertaining to the two periods of conflict have been identified and excavated. The aim of this study was twofold: (i) to present a classification of the main types of clandestine burial and (ii) to test the hypothesis that the nature of conflict influences the mode of interment. Burials can be divided into “public burials” and “concealed burials,” based on the possible motives of those involved in the interment and then subdivided into smaller categories based on similarities in archeological context. A comparison of results from the two periods of conflict reveals that there are statistical differences (p < 0.005), which indicate that the mode of interment may reflect the nature, character, and atmosphere of conflict.
Considering external information to improve the phylogenetic comparison of microbial communities: a new approach based on constrained Double Principal Coordinates Analysis (cDPCoA)
Authors: Dray S. , Pavoine S. , Aguirre de Cárcer D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe use of next‐generation sequencing technologies is revolutionizing microbial ecology by allowing a deep phylogenetic coverage of tens to thousands of samples simultaneously. Double Principal Coordinates Analysis (DPCoA) is a multivariate method, developed in community ecology, able to integrate a distance matrix describing differences among species (e.g. phylogenetic distances) in the analysis of a species abundance matrix. This ordination technique has been used recently to describe microbial communities taking into account phylogenetic relatedness. In this work, we extend DPCoA to integrate the information of external variables measured on communities. The constrained Double Principal Coordinates Analysis (cDPCoA) is able to enforce a priori classifications to retrieve subtle differences and (or) remove the effect of confounding factors. We describe the main principles of this new approach and demonstrate its usefulness by providing application examples based on published 16S rRNA gene data sets.
Present Geothermal Fields of the Dongpu Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin
Authors: ZUO Yinhui , QIU Nansheng , HAO Qingqing , ZHANG Yunxian , PANG Xiongqi , LI Zhongchao , GAO Xia 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Dongpu sag is located in the south of the Bohai Bay basin, China, and has abundant oil and gas reserves. To date, there has been no systematic documentation of its geothermal fields. This study measured the rock thermal conductivity of 324 cores from 47 wells, and calculated rock thermal conductivity for different formations. The geothermal gradient and terrestrial heat flow were calculated for 192 wells on basis of 892 formation‐testing data from 523 wells. The results show that the Dongpu sag is characterized by a medium‐temperature geothermal field between stable and active tectonic areas, with an average geothermal gradient of 32.0°C/km and terrestrial heat flow of 65.6 mW/m2. The geothermal fields in the Dongpu sag is significantly controlled by the Changyuan, Yellow River, and Lanliao basement faults. They developed in the Paleogene and the Dongying movement occurred at the Dongying Formation depositional period. The geothermal fields distribution has a similar characteristic to the tectonic framework of the Dongpu sag, namely two subsags, one uplift, one steep slope and one gentle slope. The oil and gas distribution is closely associated with the present geothermal fields. The work may provide constraints for reconstructing the thermal history and modeling source rock maturation evolution in the Dongpu sag.
Provenance, Tectonic Setting and Geochemistry of Ahwaz Sandstone Member (Asmari Formation, Oligo‐Miocene), Marun Oilfield, Zagros Basin, SW Iran
Authors: AVARJAM Shahram , MAHBOUBI Asadollah , MOUSSAVI‐HARAMI Reza , AMIRI‐BAKHTIAR Hassan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Asmari Formation deposited in the Zagros foreland basin during the Oligocene‐Miocene. Lithologically, the Asmari Formation consists of limestone, dolomitic limestone, dolomite, argillaceous limestone, some anhydrite (Kalhur Member) and sandstones (Ahwaz Member). This study is based on the analysis of core samples from four subsurface sections (wells Mn‐68, Mn‐281, Mn‐292 and Mn‐312) in the Marun Oilfield in the Dezful embayment subzone in order to infer their provenance and tectonic setting of the Ahwaz Sandstone Member. Petrographical data reveal that the Ahwaz Sandstone comprises 97.5% quartz, 1.6% feldspar, and 0.9% rock fragments and all samples are classified as quartz arenites. The provenance and tectonic setting of the Ahwaz Sandstone have been assessed using integrated petrographic and geochemical studies.Petrographic analysis reveals that mono‐ and poly‐crystalline quartz grains from metamorphic and igneous rocks of a craton interior setting were the dominant sources. Chemically, major and trace element concentrations in the rocks of the Ahwaz Sandstone indicate deposition in a passive continental margin setting. As indicated by the CIW' index (chemical index of weathering) of the Ahwaz Sandstone (average value of 82) their source area underwent “intense” recycling but “moderate to high” degree of chemical weathering. The petrography and geochemistry results are consistent with a tropical, humid climate and low‐relief highlands.
A Microscopic and Nanoscale Understanding of the Formation of Gold Geochemical Provinces
Authors: YE Rong , WANG Xueqiu , ZHANG Bimin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGold geochemical provinces in China were delineated through stream sediment or catchment sediment sampling in this study. Each gold geochemical province delineated by a threshold value of 2.5 ng/g covers an area of thousands of kilometers. It is a dilemma that geochemists traditionally thought that gold could not migrate for a long distance in rivers or streams to form a large‐scale geochemical anomaly due to its chemical inertness and high specific density. The quantitative spectroscopic analysis and observations under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicate the presence of submicroscopic gold particles (<5 μm in diameter) in large quantities, and observations under a Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) further suggest the presence of nanoscale gold particles (several tens of nanometre in diameter) in ores, rocks, soils and stream sediments. Particularly, submicroscopic and nanoscale gold particles less than 5 μm were only found in samples having a low gold content (<10ng/g). This result shows that geochemical provinces, delineated by a threshold value of 2.5 ng/g, are formed by long‐distance transport of ultrafine gold in streams. The findings may provide direct microscopic evidence for gold migration to form geochemical provinces.
Discriminant analysis reveals limited association between forest habitat types and the environment in western United States land classification
Authors: Kusbach Antonín , Shaw John D. , Long James N. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimsCritical assessment of the connection between units of the habitat type system and physiographic, climatic and soil factors in interior western United States land classifications.LocationInterior western United States including Utah,SEIdaho, W Wyoming and Colorado, N Arizona,NWNew Mexico and E Nevada, representing 11 Bailey's ecoregion sections and covering 389 519 km2.MethodsWe analysed 2754 plots from the extensiveFIAdatabase, representing 185 different habitat types. We used two techniques: discriminant analysis represented by Random Forests and ordination represented by principal components analysis to discriminate among habitat type classification units, and assessed their relationships with the physical environment.ResultsNeither habitat types nor series correspond well to environmental (climatic, physiographic, edaphic) differences. Plant indicator species (sensuDaubenmire) representing the habitat types generally failed in differentiating between important factors of the physical environment.ConclusionsThe failure of the habitat type classifications in discriminating between key environmental factors calls into question the basic premise that habitat types, as used in much of the western United States, are representative of basic ecological units of land. Given its broad acceptance and importance in land management, a fundamental reexamination of the habitat type concept is warranted.
A Bayesian nonparametric model for spatially distributed multivariate binary data with application to a multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) study
Authors: Kang Jian , Zhang Nanhua , Shi Ran 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThere has been an increasing interest in the analysis of spatially distributed multivariate binary data motivated by a wide range of research problems. Two types of correlations are usually involved: the correlation between the multiple outcomes at one location and the spatial correlation between the locations for one particular outcome. The commonly used regression models only consider one type of correlations while ignoring or modeling inappropriately the other one. To address this limitation, we adopt a Bayesian nonparametric approach to jointly modeling multivariate spatial binary data by integrating both types of correlations. A multivariate probit model is employed to link the binary outcomes to Gaussian latent variables; and Gaussian processes are applied to specify the spatially correlated random effects. We develop an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for the posterior computation. We illustrate the proposed model on simulation studies and a multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis case study.
Changing USA national trends for adrenalectomy: the influence of surgeon and technique
Authors: Monn M. Francesca , Calaway Adam C. , Mellon Matthew J. , Bahler Clinton D. , Sundaram Chandru P. , Boris Ronald S. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo explain differences over time between operative approach and surgeon type for adrenal surgery in the USA.Patients and methodsA retrospective cohort analysis was performed on all patients undergoing adrenalectomy between 2002 and 2011 using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Patients undergoing concurrent nephrectomy were excluded. Surgeon specialty was only available for 2003–2009. Descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess variables associated with minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and urologist‐performed procedures.ResultsIn all, 58 948 adrenalectomies were identified. A MIS approach was used in 20% of these operations. There was a 4% increase in MIS throughout the study period (P < 0.001). Cases performed at teaching hospitals were more likely to be MIS (odds ratio [OR] 1.47, P < 0.001). We were able to identify surgical specialty in 23 746 cases, of which 60% were performed by urologists. Cases performed in the Midwest compared with Northeast were at increased adjusted odds of being performed by urologists (OR 1.38, P = 0.11). Despite most cases being performed by urologists, adrenalectomy by urologists showed a 15% annual decrease over the analysed period (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe use of a MIS technique to perform adrenalectomy is increasing at a slower rate compared with most other surgical extirpative procedures. Further investigation to explain the decreased performance of adrenalectomy by urologists is warranted.
Social stratification and tooth loss among middle‐aged and older Americans from 1988 to 2004
Authors: Wu Bei , Hybels Celia , Liang Jersey , Landerman Lawrence , Plassman Brenda 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectivesTooth retention has improved over the past few decades, but it is not known whether these trends have been observed across all demographic/socioeconomic subgroups. We examined number of missing teeth among dentate individuals (n = 9, 113) as well as edentulism and systematically modeled their trends over time by using clinical examination data.MethodsWe investigated the association between social stratification and trends in tooth retention among adults ages 50+ from 1988 to 2004, using four waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) (n = 11 812).ResultsThe prevalence of edentulism declined from 24.6% in NHANES III (1988–1994) to 17.4% in 2003–2004, and the mean number of missing teeth declined from 8.19 to 6.50. Older participants, Blacks, the less educated and those with lower income were higher on both edentulism and number missing teeth. Both edentulism and number of missing teeth declined over time, but their patterns varied. For edentulism, age and socioeconomic related disparities decreased over time due to more decline among older and low‐income participants. For missing teeth, there was less decrement among older and low‐income participants, resulting in increased age and socioeconomic related disparities.ConclusionsOur study found disparities in trends of tooth loss across demographic/socioeconomic strata. Findings suggest that racial/ethnic disparities are partially explained by socioeconomic status. Interventions designed to improve oral health for older adults, particularly those with low levels of income, need special attention.
Local‐Scale Dynamics and Local Drivers of Bushmeat Trade
Authors: NYAKI ANGELA , GRAY STEVEN A. , LEPCZYK CHRISTOPHER A. , SKIBINS JEFFREY C. , RENTSCH DENNIS 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBushmeat management policies are often developed outside the communities in which they are to be implemented. These policies are also routinely designed to be applied uniformly across communities with little regard for variation in social or ecological conditions. We used fuzzy‐logic cognitive mapping, a form of participatory modeling, to compare the assumptions driving externally generated bushmeat management policies with perceptions of bushmeat trade dynamics collected from local community members who admitted to being recently engaged in bushmeat trading (e.g., hunters, sellers, consumers). Data were collected during 9 workshops in 4 Tanzanian villages bordering Serengeti National Park. Specifically, we evaluated 9 community‐generated models for the presence of the central factors that comprise and drive the bushmeat trade and whether or not models included the same core concepts, relationships, and logical chains of reasoning on which bushmeat conservation policies are commonly based. Across local communities, there was agreement about the most central factors important to understanding the bushmeat trade (e.g., animal recruitment, low income, and scarcity of food crops). These matched policy assumptions. However, the factors perceived to drive social‐ecological bushmeat trade dynamics were more diverse and varied considerably across communities (e.g., presence or absence of collaborative law enforcement, increasing human population, market demand, cultural preference). Sensitive conservation issues, such as the bushmeat trade, that require cooperation between communities and outside conservation organizations can benefit from participatory modeling approaches that make local‐scale dynamics and conservation policy assumptions explicit. Further, communities’ and conservation organizations’ perceptions need to be aligned. This can improve success by allowing context appropriate policies to be developed, monitored, and appropriately adapted as new evidence is generated.Dinámicas a Escala Local y Conductores Locales del Mercado de Carne de Caza
Optimal Management of a Multispecies Shorebird Flyway under Sea‐Level Rise
Authors: IWAMURA TAKUYA , FULLER RICHARD A. , POSSINGHAM HUGH P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEvery year, millions of migratory shorebirds fly through the East Asian–Australasian Flyway between their arctic breeding grounds and Australasia. This flyway includes numerous coastal wetlands in Asia and the Pacific that are used as stopover sites where birds rest and feed. Loss of a few important stopover sites through sea‐level rise (SLR) could cause sudden population declines. We formulated and solved mathematically the problem of how to identify the most important stopover sites to minimize losses of bird populations across flyways by conserving land that facilitates upshore shifts of tidal flats in response to SLR. To guide conservation investment that minimizes losses of migratory bird populations during migration, we developed a spatially explicit flyway model coupled with a maximum flow algorithm. Migratory routes of 10 shorebird taxa were modeled in a graph theoretic framework by representing clusters of important wetlands as nodes and the number of birds flying between 2 nodes as edges. We also evaluated several resource allocation algorithms that required only partial information on flyway connectivity (node strategy, based on the impacts of SLR at nodes; habitat strategy, based on habitat change at sites; population strategy, based on population change at sites; and random investment). The resource allocation algorithms based on flyway information performed on average 15% better than simpler allocations based on patterns of habitat loss or local bird counts. The Yellow Sea region stood out as the most important priority for effective conservation of migratory shorebirds, but investment in this area alone will not ensure the persistence of species across the flyway. The spatial distribution of conservation investments differed enormously according to the severity of SLR and whether information about flyway connectivity was used to guide the prioritizations. With the rapid ongoing loss of coastal wetlands globally, our method provides insight into efficient conservation planning for migratory species.Gestión Óptima de una Ruta Migratoria de Múltiples Especies de Aves Costeras Sometida a Incremento del Nivel del Mar
Publishing trends on climate change vulnerability in the conservation literature reveal a predominant focus on direct impacts and long time‐scales
Authors: Chapman Sarah , Mustin Karen , Renwick Anna R. , Segan Daniel B. , Hole David G. , Pearson Richard G. , Watson James E. M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractOver the past twelve years the number of papers that explore the impacts of climate change on biodiversity in the conservation literature has grown on average by 20% annually. By categorising these papers on their primary research questions, we show that the vast majority of these articles (88.6%) focus only on those impacts that arise directly as a result of climate change, ignoring the potentially significant indirect threats that arise from human adaptation responses. This pattern has remained fairly consistent throughout the review period (2000–2012), with a trend towards more articles considering both direct and indirect impacts towards the end of the period. We also find a bias in the time‐frames considered by published articles that project future impacts of climate change on biodiversity, with more than three‐quarters (77.9%) of papers only considering impacts after 2031, and almost half (49.1%) only considering impacts after 2051. This focus on long‐term, direct impacts creates a mismatch, not only with the life‐cycles of species and timescales of many ecological processes, but also with most management and policy timelines and the short‐term nature of human decision making processes. The focus on studying the long‐term, direct impacts of climate change on biodiversity is likely a function of the lack of availability of climate projections on shorter temporal scales; a perception that short‐term impacts will be minor; and, insufficient integration with the social and political sciences. While the direct impact of changes in mean climatic conditions will significantly change the biosphere by the end of the century, near term changes in seasonality and extreme events coupled with human adaptation responses are likely to have substantial impacts much sooner, threatening the survival of species and ecosystems. It is therefore essential that we balance our research efforts to facilitate a better understanding of these more imminent threats.