bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does experience imply learning?
Authors: Anand Jaideep , Mulotte Louis , Ren Charlotte R. 
Published: May 2015

Research summary: Research traditionally uses experiential learning arguments to explain the existence of a positive relationship between repetition of an activity and performance. We propose an additional interpretation of this relationship in the context of discrete corporate development activities. We argue that firms choose to repeat successful activities, thereby accumulating high experience with them. Data on 437 aircraft projects introduced through three governance modes show that the positive performance effect of the firm's experience with the focal mode becomes insignificant after accounting for experience endogeneity. We suggest that in a general case, experience with corporate development activities may be tinged with both learning and selection effects. Therefore, omitting to account for experience endogeneity may lead to incorrect conclusions from an “empirically observed” positive experience–performance relationship.Managerial summary: This paper emphasizes that firms generally choose to undertake the corporate development activities (new product introductions, diversification moves, international expansions, alliances, acquisitions, etc.) with which they have been the most successful in the past and that they expect to be the most successful in the future. Hence, if a firm possesses certain capabilities, it will repeatedly engage in certain activities corresponding to those capabilities, thereby simultaneously achieving high levels of activity experience as well as superior activity performance. This view suggests that an “empirically observed” positive experience–performance relationship may not be due solely to learning‐based enhanced capabilities but may also be driven by astute self‐selection. Overall, we provide a new interpretation of the relationship between experience and performance in the context of infrequent, heterogeneous, and causally‐ambiguous corporate development activities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of software process consistency on residual defects
Authors: Huang Fuqun , Liu Bin , Wang Shihai , Li Qiuying 
Published: May 2015

AbstractResidual defects at the time of delivery are an important concern for safety critical software systems. Suppliers and customers are urged to get evidence for what they can do to reduce residual defects. Thus, it is meaningful to learn from historical data concerning the kinds of defects that have escaped from the existing quality assurance approaches and the factors that lead to the residual defects. A total of 3747 defects from 70 software systems developed by 29 Chinese aviation organizations were collected from acceptance tests during the last 5 years. For all these organizations, 38 domain experts from the industry assessed the process consistency to the standard built in the framework of Capability Maturity Model (CMM). Results demonstrate that the process improvement in the range of high consistency is effective in reducing total defects, as well as the minor and severe defects. The high consistency adoption of the practices in CMM Level 1 to Level 3 is more effective in reducing minor defects than severe defects. Causal analysis was performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Results reveal that individual cognitive failures cause 87% of severe defects. More approaches to help software developers manage their interior cognitive process are needed for improving software quality in the future. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the virtualization of rich applications by combining VNC and streaming protocols at the hypervisor layer
Authors: Rodríguez‐Silva Daniel A. , Loureiro‐Acuña Jaime , González‐Castaño Francisco J. , López‐Bravo Cristina 
Published: May 2015

SummaryVirtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) solutions seek to provide a satisfactory user experience at the client side when accessing remote desktop applications, even from mobile devices with limited capabilities. This paper presents a new approach, improving on previous work by the authors, in which a combination of Virtual Network Computing (VNC) and streaming protocols allowed efficient remote web access to virtualized applications within a cloud architecture. The new approach simplifies virtual machine templates, from which virtual machine instances are deployed, by centralizing software modules, greatly simplifying their management. Our new contribution consists of an integrated solution with specific WebM video encoding modules in charge of application visual output processing, an Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) streaming server, and a VNC server. The solution can be installed in the hypervisor of the host machines instead of replicating the servers and modules throughout the guest (virtual) machines that run the virtualized applications. Consequently, their implementations are unique and independent of the operating system of the virtual machines. In short, it is not necessary to provide different implementations for different operating systems, which reduces the complexity of virtual machine templates and greatly simplies platform management. To demonstrate our solution, we have modified the Quick Emulator (QEMU)‐Kernel‐based Virtual Machine (KVM) hypervisor source code accordingly. We also present qualitative and quantitative analyses that demonstrate that the new approach is advantageous in terms of software management and quality of experience, compared with our previous work and other well‐known thin clients, contributing to the enhancement of VDI systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impacts of climate change on agricultural water management: a review
Authors: Cai Ximing , Zhang Xiao , Noël Paul H. , Shafiee‐Jood Majid 
Published: May 2015

This study provides an overview on the impacts of climate change on agricultural water management, including agricultural water requirement, water availability and water quality, and the transition of those impacts to crop yield, agricultural land suitability and livestock production systems, considering both long‐term trends of climate and extreme climatic events. A synthesis of findings from local, regional, and global studies guides this article's discussion of scientifically based information, implications for managing the risk of water scarcity and food insecurity, and future research. Negative and positive climate change impacts occurring at the local scale may counteract each other at the global scale (e.g., those on irrigation requirement and arable land availability); the impacts from the various factors can be counter‐balanced too (e.g.,CO2and water deficit impact on crop yield). Meanwhile, the shocks at the local and regional levels have been or will be caused by water quantity and quality problems and are pressing concerns for decision making. Although uncertainty in climate change predictions remains a critical issue for decision making, certain knowledge about the impact on crop production has been obtained from historical data. Finally, future research needs to focus on gaining a more detailed understanding of climate change (especially extreme events), climate change impacts, both natural and social response mechanisms, and adaptation measures of agricultural water management. More focus should be laid on improving impact assessment via the various methods such as retrospective analysis, monitoring, prediction, and strategic risk management. Moreover, planned adaptations in agricultural water management will be needed to facilitate more consistent and more effective responses to climate change, with consideration of the linkage with nonagricultural water uses.WIREs Water2015, 2:439–455. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1089This article is categorized under:Engineering Water > Planning WaterScience of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Retained satellite information influences performance of GPS devices in a forested ecosystem
Authors: Moriarty Katie M. , Epps Clinton W. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTGlobal Positioning System (GPS) units used in animal telemetry often suffer from nonrandom data loss and location error. GPS units use stored satellite information to estimate locations, including almanac and ephemeris data reflecting satellite positions at weekly and at <4‐hr temporal scales, respectively. Using the smallest GPS collars (45–51 g) available for mammals, we evaluate how satellite information and environmental conditions affected GPS performance in 27 mobile trials, and field reliability during 56 deployments on Pacific marten (Martes caurina). We conducted trials in Lassen National Forest, California, USA, during March 2011–January 2012. We programmed GPS units to retain or remove satellite data (i.e., continuous or cold‐start mode) before attempting a location (fix), thereby mimicking differing fix intervals. In continuous mode, fix success was 2.2× higher, was not influenced by environmental obstructions, and improved after a location with ≥4 satellites (3 ‐D). In cold‐start mode, fix success was negatively correlated with vegetation cover. Location error was lower for 3‐D fixes. Censoring cold‐start fixes with only 3 satellites (2‐D) and 2‐D locations prior to the first 3‐D fix in continuous mode decreased location error by 91% and 55%, ensuring <50 m accuracy. The significance of previous fix success and reduced battery expenditure underscores the benefits of ephemeris data and short fix intervals. Only 66% of 56 units functioned upon delivery for field deployment. Once tested and deployed, 28% malfunctioned. This study demonstrates that GPS tests should use the same fix schedules as field deployments, and GPS data quality in dense cover improves with short fix intervals. Miniature GPS units are a promising tool, but the study design should be carefully considered. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Managing the Colorado potato beetle; the need for resistance breeding
Authors: Maharijaya Awang , Vosman Ben 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe Colorado potato beetle (CPB) is one of the pest insects that significantly can decrease the production of potato when no control measures are taken. The fast, flexible and diverse life cycle of the CPB, its highly destructive feeding habits, and high adaptability to a variety of environment stresses, have made the control of CPB a difficult task. This paper briefly reviews the information on all aspects of CPB management to come to an integrated pest management approach: the biology of the CPB, management practices including their limitations and drawbacks, as well as the need to incorporate host plant resistance into potato varieties. Several aspects of potato breeding for resistance to CPB are discussed. We evaluate the availability of natural variation present in potato wild relatives, the considerations in choosing a specific wild relative, and constraints in using them from biological, environmental and genetic point of view, in which newly developed technologies play an important role. We also consider recently developed GM approaches. We conclude that varieties resistant to CPB are desperately needed by farmers and demanded by society, and that the means to develop them are available.
Decreases in Phospholipids Containing Adrenic and Arachidonic Acids Occur in the Human Hippocampus over the Adult Lifespan
Authors: Hancock Sarah E. , Friedrich Michael G. , Mitchell Todd W. , Truscott Roger J. W. , Else Paul L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractOne of the biggest risk factors for developing Alzheimer's disease is advanced age. Despite several studies examining changes to phospholipids in the hippocampus during the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, little is known regarding changes to phospholipids in this region during normal adult aging. This study examined the phospholipid composition of the mitochondrial and microsomal membranes of the human hippocampus from post‐mortem tissue of neurologically normal subjects aged between 18 and 104 years. Many of the age‐related changes found were in low‐to‐moderately abundant phospholipids in both membrane fractions, with decreases with age being seen in many phospholipids containing either adrenic or arachidonic acid. The most abundant phospholipid of this type was phosphatidylethanolamine 18:0_22:4, which decreased in both the mitochondrial and microsomal membranes by approximately 20 % from ages 20 to 100. Subsequent decreases with age were seen in total adrenic and arachidonic acid in the phospholipids of both membrane fractions, but not in either fatty acid specifically within the phosphatidylethanolamine class. Increases with age were seen in the hippocampus for mitochondrial phosphatidylserine 18:0_22:6. This is the first report of changes to molecular phospholipids of the human hippocampus over the adult lifespan, with this study also providing a comprehensive profile of the phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine phospholipids of the human hippocampus.
Comparing the associations between three types of adolescents' romantic involvement and their engagement in substance use
Authors: Beckmeyer Jonathon J. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTUsing data on 838 middle adolescents, the current study compared the associations between three types of romantic involvement and alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use. Off‐time (i.e., serious romantic relationships) but not on‐time (i.e., romantic socializing and dating) types of involvement were expected to be associated with increased odds of using each substance. Participating in romantic socializing was unrelated to substance use and dating was only positively associated with alcohol use. Participation in serious romantic relationships, however, was associated with an increased likelihood of having used each substance. Associations did not differ between males and females. Based on these results some but not all forms of romantic involvement may place middle adolescents at risk for substance use. Implications for parents and relationship education are discussed.
Stigma and treatment of eating disorders in Ireland: healthcare professionals’ knowledge and attitudes
Authors: McNicholas F. , O’Connor C. , O’Hara L. , McNamara N. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesThis study examines aspects of healthcare professionals’ knowledge and attitudes about eating disorders (EDs), which might impede the effective detection or treatment of EDs in Ireland.MethodsA total of 1,916 healthcare professionals were invited to participate in a web-based survey. Participants were randomly allocated to view one of five vignettes depicting a young person with symptoms consistent with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, depression or type 1 diabetes. Study-specific questions examined participants’ responses to the vignettes and ED knowledge and experience.ResultsIn total, 171 clinicians responded (9% response rate). Participants had an average of 15.8 years of clinical experience (s.d.=9.2) and included psychiatrists, GPs, psychologists and counsellors. Although participants’ knowledge of EDs was moderately good overall, responses showed poor recognition of the symptoms of EDs compared with depression [χ2(4,n=127)=20.17,p<0.001]. Participants viewed EDs as chronic disorders that primarily affected females. Participants believed that clinicians like working with patients with depression and diabetes more than with AN patients [F(4,101)=5.11,p=0.001]. Among the professionals surveyed, psychiatrists were the most knowledgeable about EDs [F(4,82)=9.18,p<0.001], and were more confident in their ability to diagnose and treat EDs than professionals of all other disciplines, except psychologists [F(4,85)=8.99,p<0.001]. Psychiatrists were also the most pessimistic about ED patients’ long-term life prospects [χ2(4,n=65)=15.84,p=0.003].ConclusionsThis study recommends that specific attention should be given to EDs in professional educational programmes across healthcare disciplines. This training should not be restricted to improving healthcare professionals’ knowledge of EDs, but should also strive to increase service-providers’ awareness of how their own potentially stigmatising attitudes can undermine engagement with treatment.
Specific IgG and immune complex responses to parthenogenetic females and eggs of nematodeStrongyloides venezuelensisfor the diagnosis of immunosuppression in infected rats
Authors: Gonçalves A.L.R. , de Araújo K.C.L. , Carvalho E.F.G. , Ueta M.T. , Costa-Cruz J.M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn the present study, antigens from parthenogenetic females and eggs ofStrongyloides venezuelensis, or anti-parthenogenetic-female and anti-egg antigens were used to detect specific IgG and immune complex responses, respectively. Serum samples from experimentally infected immunocompetent and immunosuppressed rats were analysed on days 5, 8, 13 and 21 post-infection (dpi). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed using alkaline parasite extract for specific IgG detection, and anti-parthenogenetic-female or anti-egg antigens for immune complex detection. The data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a Bonferroni test. When parthenogenetic female or egg extracts were used as antigens, specific IgGs were not detected in either immunocompetent or immunosuppressed rats. When anti-parthenogenetic-female or anti-S. venezuelensis-eggs were used, immune complexes were detected for the duration of the infection in immunosuppressed animals and were only detected between 5 and 13 dpi in immunocompetent animals. The duration of infection was not significantly different between the immunocompetent and immunosuppressed groups when anti-parthenogenetic-female or anti-S. venezuelensis-eggs were used. Parthenogenetic female extracts yielded significant differences between antibody and immune complex responses in immunocompetent rats from 5 to 13 dpi, but only on day 5 dpi in immunosuppressed rats. Exposure toS. venezuelensisegg extract yielded significant differences in both antibody and immune complex detection between immunocompetent and immunosuppressed rats for the duration of the infection. In conclusion, ELISA using alternative antigens may be a successful strategy for identifying immune complexes in serum samples and diagnosing active strongyloidiasis, particularly under conditions of immunosuppression.
Rescuing Magnolia sinica (Magnoliaceae), a Critically Endangered species endemic to Yunnan, China
Authors: Wang Bin , Ma Yongpeng , Chen Gao , Li Congren , Dao Zhiling , Sun Weibang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMagnolia sinica, a Critically Endangered tree endemic to Yunnan, China, is one of the 20 plant species with extremely small populations approved by the Yunnan government for urgent rescue action before 2015. Information on the geographical distribution and population size of this species had not previously been reported, hindering effective conservation. We therefore carried out a survey of the literature and of herbarium specimens, followed by a detailed field survey and morphological measurements and observations of surviving individuals. We located 52 individuals in the wild, in eight localities. Two distinguishing morphological characters (tepal colour and tepal number) were revised based on observations of all remaining wild individuals that produced flowers and on one 30-year-old flowering plant in Kunming Botanical Garden. The survival rate of individuals propagated from seed for ex situ conservation at the Garden was 100% over 5 years; of 100 individuals transplanted to each of two reinforcement sites, 20 and 18, respectively, were alive after 6 years. We propose two groups of measures to protect M. sinica: (1) in situ conservation, population monitoring, and public engagement, and (2) ex situ conservation with reinforcement or reintroduction.
Logic is a Moral Science
Authors: Slater Hartley 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBecause of the communicative function of propositions, Logic is a moral science about what ought to be said. The association with morality derives from the connection between Logic and Truth, and the social value of speaking the truth. Propositions are used rather than mentioned sentences, and so are not the platonically abstract objects they have often been taken to be. Instead they are social objects formed by a community's employment of language. So it is the public use of sentences that settles what they mean, and thereby their logic. The matter has a particular relevance to Graham Priest's non-classical views.
Calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity in the mice thoracic spinal cord after space flight
Authors: Porseva Valentina V. , Shilkin Valentin V. , Krasnov Igor B. , Masliukov Petr M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe aim of the work was to analyse changes in the location and morphological characteristics of calbindin (CB)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons of the thoracic spinal cord of C57BL/6N male mice after completion of a 30-day space flight on board the BION-M1 biosatellite (Russia, 2013). Space flight induced multidirectional changes of the number and morphological parameters of CB-positive neurons. The number of IR neurons increased in laminae I (from 10 to 17 neurons per section), II (from 42 to 67 cells per section) and IX (from two neurons per segment to two neurons per section), but CB disappeared in neurons of lamina VIII. Weightlessness did not affect the number of CB-IR neurons in laminae III–V and VII, including preganglionic sympathetic neurons. The cross-sectional area of CB-IR neurons decreased in lamina II and VII (group of partition cells) and increased in laminae III–V and IX. After a space flight, few very large neurons with long dendrites appeared in lamina IV. The results obtained give evidence about substantial changes in the calcium buffer system and imbalance of different groups of CB-IR neurons due to reduction of afferent information under microgravity.
Listening to parents: The role of symptom perception in pediatric palliative home care
Authors: Vollenbroich René , Borasio Gian Domenico , Duroux Ayda , Grasser Monika , Brandstätter Monika , Führer Monika 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjective:This study analyzes symptom perception by parents and healthcare professionals and the quality of symptom management in a pediatric palliative home care setting and identifies which factors contribute to a high quality of palliative and end-of-life care for children.Methods:In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, parents were surveyed at the earliest three months after their child's death. All children were cared for by a specialized home pediatric palliative care team that provides a 24/7 medical on-call service. Questionnaires assessed symptom prevalence and intensity during the child's last month of life as perceived by parents, symptom perception, and treatment by medical staff. The responses were correlated with essential palliative care outcome measures (e.g., satisfaction with the care provided, quality-of-life of affected children and parents, and peacefulness of the dying phase).Results:Thirty-eight parent dyads participated (return rate 84%; 35% oncological disorders). According to parental report, dyspnea (61%) and pain (58%) were the dominant symptoms with an overall high symptom load (83%). Pain, agitation, and seizures could be treated more successfully than other symptoms. Successful symptom perception was achieved in most cases and predicted the quality of symptom treatment (R2, 0.612). Concordant assessment of symptom severity between parents and healthcare professionals (HCPs) improved the satisfaction with the care provided (p = 0.037) as well as the parental quality-of-life (p = 0.041). Even in cases with unsuccessful symptom control, parents were very satisfied with the SHPPC team's care (median 10; numeric rating scale 0–10) and rated the child's death as highly peaceful (median 9).Significance of the results:The quality and the concordance of symptom perception between parents and HCPs essentially influence parental quality-of-life as well as parental satisfaction and constitute a predictive factor for the quality of symptom treatment and palliative care.