bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing the evolution and biogeographic history of tribe Cardueae (Compositae)
Authors: Barres Laia , Sanmartín Isabel , Anderson Cajsa Lisa , Susanna Alfonso , Buerki Sven , Galbany‐Casals Mercè , Vilatersana Roser 
Published: April 2013

• Premise of the study: Tribe Cardueae (thistles) forms one of the largest tribes in the family Compositae (2400 species), with representatives in almost every continent. The greatest species richness of Cardueae occurs in the Mediterranean region where it forms an important element of its flora. New fossil evidence and a nearly resolved phylogeny of Cardueae are used here to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of this group.• Methods: We performed maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic inference based on nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA markers. Divergence times and ancestral area reconstructions for main lineages were estimated using penalized likelihood and dispersal–vicariance analyses, respectively, and integrated over the posterior distribution of the phylogeny from the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis to accommodate uncertainty in phylogenetic relationships.• Key results: The phylogeny shows that subtribe Cardopatiinae is sister to the remaining subtribes, and subtribes Carlininae and Echinopsinae appear as consecutive sister‐clades to the Carduinae/Centaureinae. Tribe Cardueae is inferred to have originated around the Mid Eocene in West Asia, which is also the ancestral area of most subtribes within Cardueae. Diversification within each subtribe began during the Oligocene‐Miocene period.• Conclusions: Most diversification events within Cardueae are related to the continuous cycles of area connection and division between the Anatolian microplate and the western Mediterranean Basin during the Oligocene‐Miocene and with the uplift of the Himalayan range from the Miocene onward. From these two regions, thistles dispersed and colonized the rest of the continents (e.g., the New World, Africa, and Australia), most likely during the colder Pliocene‐Pleistocene period.
Toward a predictive understanding of the fitness costs of heterospecific pollen receipt and its importance in co‐flowering communities
Authors: Ashman Tia‐Lynn , Arceo‐Gómez Gerardo 
Published: April 2013

• Premise of the study: While we have a good understanding of how co‐flowering plants interact via pollinator foraging, we still know very little about how plants interact via heterospecific pollen (HP) receipt. To fill this gap, we sought to illuminate the extent of HP receipt and quantitatively evaluate the fitness consequences of HP receipt. We consider plant traits that could mediate the fitness costs of HP receipt in an effort to better understand the potential consequences of pollinator sharing in natural communities.• Methods: We survey the literature for occurrence of HP receipt and assess variation in the fitness effects of a standard HP treatment. We develop a conceptual framework for understanding variation in fitness consequences of HP receipt.• Key results: We find evidence for variation in HP receipt and its costs. Our framework predicts that certain traits (self‐incompatibility, small, highly aperaturate or allelopathic pollen) will lead to detrimental HP donors, whereas others (self‐compatibility, small or wet stigmas, short styles) will lead to vulnerable HP recipients. We also predict that detrimental effects of HP receipt will increase with decreasing phylogenetic distance between donor and recipient.• Conclusions: Our framework can guide much needed additional work so that we can evaluate whether and which plant traits contribute to the variation in the effects of HP receipt. This will be a step toward predicting the consequences of HP receipt in natural communities, and ultimately transform our understanding of the role of postpollination interactions in floral trait evolution and pollinator sharing.
Seed development in Trimenia (Trimeniaceae) and its bearing on the evolution of embryo‐nourishing strategies in early flowering plant lineages
Authors: Friedman William E. , Bachelier Julien B. 
Published: April 2013

• Premise of the study: Seeds of most families in the ancient angiosperm lineage Austrobaileyales produce a full‐fledged genetically biparental embryo‐nourishing endosperm. However, seeds of fossil and extant Trimeniaceae have been described as having a perisperm, a maternal nutrient‐storing and embryo‐nourishing tissue derived from the nucellus of the ovule. Because perisperm is also found in Nymphaeales, another ancient angiosperm clade, the presence of a perisperm in Trimeniaceae, if confirmed, would be congruent with the hypothesis that the first angiosperms used a perisperm in addition to a minute (nutrient‐transferring) endosperm.• Methods: Seed development was studied from fertilization through maturity/dormancy in Trimenia moorei and in maturing fruits of T. neocaledonica.• Key results: A persistent layer of nucellar tissue surrounds the endosperm but does not contain stored nutrients and does not function as a perisperm. The nutrient‐storing and embryo‐nourishing tissue in Trimenia seeds is an endosperm, as is the case in all other members of the Austrobaileyales studied to date.• Conclusion: The absence of a perisperm and the presence of a typical nutrient‐storing and embryo‐nourishing endosperm in Trimeniaceae may represent the ancestral condition for angiosperms. However, the combination of a copious nutrient‐storing and embryo‐nourishing perisperm with a minute endosperm, as in Nymphaeales, remains a plausible plesiomorphic condition for angiosperms as a whole. In either case, the developmental and functional biology of the diploid endosperm of Trimenia (and other Austrobaileyales) differs markedly from the diploid endosperm of Nymphaeales, and is fundamentally similar to the triploid endosperms of most other angiosperms.
La laïcité républicaine. Déterminations, implications et enjeux
Authors: Hayat Pierre 
Published: April 2013

Historiquement inséparable de l’idée démocratique, la laïcité républicaine s’est constituée dans la France des xix et xx e siècles autour de l’école publique et de l’État providence, ferments d’intégration nationale. Mais la laïcité républicaine se comprend aussi par ses implications philosophiques : l’individualisme moral, la socialité solidaire, la rationalité critique, l’humanisme universaliste. On mesure alors l’enjeu politique de la laïcité républicaine dans des sociétés fragmentées et minées par la régression communautariste, à travers la concurrence de trois modèles du peuple : le demos , le laos , l’ ethnos .
La République et la question sociale
Authors: Blais Marie-Claude 
Published: April 2013

Cet article présente la manière dont la iii e République a affronté sa problématique majeure, la question sociale. Pour surmonter l’opposition désastreuse entre l’individualisme libéral et le collectivisme autoritaire, elle s’est appuyée sur un ensemble de penseurs qui, à la suite de Charles Renouvier, ont appliqué leur réflexion aux deux problèmes cruciaux posés par l’avènement de la République : qu’est-ce au juste qu’une société composée d’individus déclarés libres ? Comment préserver la justice sans porter atteinte aux libertés individuelles ? C’est au travers de l’idée de solidarité que la France des années 1900 élabore cette « synthèse démocratico-libérale » qui caractérisera désormais le régime républicain.
Républicanisme et libéralisme – points de rencontre
Authors: Leboyer Olivia 
Published: April 2013

La pensée républicaine est parfois considérée comme l’envers, l’antithèse, du libéralisme. Il manquerait, en quelque sorte, quelque chose à la liberté des libéraux pour être véritablement substantielle. A l’inverse, chez les républicains, les idées de vertu et de participation politique représenteraient une assise solide. La distinction est-elle aussi claire ? Nous examinerons quelques zones tangentes entre les deux traditions de pensée, qu’un même souci démocratique peut imprégner.
Le nouvel idéal républicain
Authors: Kacenelenbogen Edwige 
Published: April 2013

Cet article examine la nature du politique sur lequel les nouvelles théories républicaines se fondent. Je propose de montrer que, plutôt qu’une conception verticale et « autoritaire » du pouvoir politique, ces théories défendent et reposent sur une vision « horizontale » et « auto-organisée » du pouvoir et de l’ordre politiques, vision que je nommerai « spontanéiste » en référence au concept néo-libéral d’« ordre spontané ». Quelques conséquences importantes de cette thèse sont ensuite éclairées, tant au niveau de la pertinence de la doctrine néo-républicaine qu’à celui des potentiels dangers que son épistémologie recèle 1 .
Camus et son maître d'école : la pédagogie républicaine de Monsieur Bernard est-elle désuète ?
Authors: Jacomino Baptiste 
Published: April 2013

Dans Le premier homme , Camus présente la pédagogie de Monsieur Bernard. Alain Finkielkraut la voit comme l’image de ce qui faisait encore dans l’entre-deux-guerres et qui ne serait plus possible aujourd’hui. Nous soutenons, au contraire, que la pédagogie de Monsieur Bernard est originale, même si, par certains aspects, elle est représentative, non pas de « l’école républicaine » ou de « la pédagogie républicaine », mais d’une certaine école de la Troisième République. Il s’agit d’une pédagogie républicaine singulière qui demeure actuelle, parce qu’elle est une pédagogie fraternelle.
Rousseau : une économie politique républicaine ?
Authors: Bachofen Blaise 
Published: April 2013

Rousseau, contre la pensée dominante de son temps, affirme l’existence d’une res publica , d’un bien public irréductible à la juxtaposition des intérêts privés. Aussi sa pensée économique résiste-t-elle à l’idée selon laquelle l’économie ne serait scientifique qu’à condition de s’affranchir du politique. Il déconstruit l’illusion selon laquelle, dans les sociétés existantes, la division sociale du travail ne ferait que des gagnants. Ses propositions de politique économique visent alors à rendre possible une collaboration dont tous les agents tireraient profit en proportion de leur contribution effective. Il cherche également à promouvoir le goût d’une richesse d’un autre ordre que celle qui résulte du développement de la production et du commerce : la jouissance morale d’une contribution au bien public.
Le lien social selon Auguste Comte
Authors: Muglioni Jean-Michel 
Published: April 2013

La philosophie est une parce qu’elle est philosophie de l’Humanité, une et toujours la même. Comprendre cette double systématicité est essentiel à l’unité de notre société : la philosophie, pouvoir spirituel, peut seule fonder le lien social. Les hommes font société seulement s’ils s’accordent sur la vérité. La philosophie des sciences est déjà sociologie, comprenant les sciences à partir de leur élaboration par l’ensemble des hommes. Synthèse subjective , elle tient l’unité de l’ensemble du savoir en le rapportant à l’Humanité. La liaison des hommes entre eux a pour principe la liaison de leurs pensées : la conséquence philosophique , unifiant l’esprit d’un homme, lui permet de rallier les autres. Le lien social selon Comte n’est pas comme chez Durkheim coercition mais libre concours .
Estradiol Promotes Functional Responses in Inflammatory and Steady-State Dendritic Cells through Differential Requirement for Activation Function-1 of Estrogen Receptor α
Authors: Seillet Cyril , Rouquié Nelly , Foulon Eliane , Douin-Echinard Victorine , Krust Andrée , Chambon Pierre , Arnal Jean-François , Guéry Jean-Charles , Laffont Sophie 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) has been shown to regulate GM-CSF– or Flt3 ligand–driven dendritic cell (DC) development through estrogen receptor (ER) α signaling in myeloid progenitors. ERα regulates transcription of target genes through two distinct activation functions (AFs), AF-1 and AF-2, whose respective involvement varies in a cell type– or tissue-specific manner. In this study, we investigated the role of ERα AFs in the development and effector functions of inflammatory DCs, steady-state conventional DCs, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDC), using mouse lacking either AF-1 or AF-2. In agreement with previous works, we showed that E2 fostered the differentiation and effector functions of inflammatory DCs through ERα-dependent upregulation of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-4 in GM-CSF–stimulated myeloid progenitors. Interestingly, whereas AF-1 was required for early IRF-4 upregulation in DC precursors, it was dispensable to enhance IRF-4 expression in differentiated DCs to a level compatible with the development of the more functional Ly6C− CD11b+ DC subset. Presence of E2 had no effect on progenitors from either knock-in mice with 7-aa deletion in helix 12 of ERα, lacking AF-2, or ERα−/− mice. By contrast, in Flt3 ligand–driven DC differentiation, activation of AF-1 domain was required to promote the development of more functionally competent conventional DCs and pDCs. Moreover, lack of ERα AF-1 blunted the TLR7-mediated IFN-α response of female pDCs in vivo. Thus, our study demonstrates that ERα uses AF-1 differently in steady-state and inflammatory DC lineages to regulate their innate functions, suggesting that selective ER modulators could be used to target specific DC subsets.
γδ T Cells Are Essential Effectors of Type 1 Diabetes in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse Model
Authors: Markle Janet G. M. , Mortin-Toth Steve , Wong Andrea S. L. , Geng Liping , Hayday Adrian , Danska Jayne S. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
γδ T cells, a lineage of innate-like lymphocytes, are distinguished from conventional αβ T cells in their Ag recognition, cell activation requirements, and effector functions. γδ T cells have been implicated in the pathology of several human autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and their corresponding mouse models, but their specific roles in these diseases have not been elucidated. We report that γδ TCR+ cells, including both the CD27−CD44hi and CD27+CD44lo subsets, infiltrate islets of prediabetic NOD mice. Moreover, NOD CD27−CD44hi and CD27+CD44lo γδ T cells were preprogrammed to secrete IL-17, or IFN-γ upon activation. Adoptive transfer of type 1 diabetes (T1D) to T and B lymphocyte–deficient NOD recipients was greatly potentiated when γδ T cells, and specifically the CD27− γδ T cell subset, were included compared with transfer of αβ T cells alone. Ab-mediated blockade of IL-17 prevented T1D transfer in this setting. Moreover, introgression of genetic Tcrd deficiency onto the NOD background provided robust T1D protection, supporting a nonredundant, pathogenic role of γδ T cells in this model. The potent contributions of CD27− γδ T cells and IL-17 to islet inflammation and diabetes reported in this study suggest that these mechanisms may also underlie human T1D.
Participation opportunities for persons with disabilities in training interventions in the dti and CIPRO
Authors: Van Niekerk Zelna , Van der Merwe John 
Published: April 2013

Orientation:Persons with disabilities (PWD) face daily barriers which often hinder them in fully participating in society or reaching their full potential. They often have little or no exposure to formal education and only are employed at entry-level positions. When employed, they are often not trained or developed.Research purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which PWD in a public service department were exposed to training and development opportunities valuable for career advancement.Motivation for the study:The primary researcher is living with a disability and has not only experienced discrimination but has also witnessed it throughout her career in the Public Service.Research design, approach and method:The researchers followed a qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews and document analysis. A non-probability, purposive sampling technique was used given the limited number of PWD employed and seven interviews were conducted in the organisations.Main findings:The perceptions of the participants were that they were mainly exposed to repetitive, low-level training leading to little or no career advancement. A document analysis of the number of PWD trained and employees without disabilities trained, showed an unequal distribution.Practical/managerial implications: The organisations need to address the unfairness through their policies, ensuring increased and equally valuable training and development opportunities for PWD.Contribution/value-add:The findings of this study provide an understanding of the exposure of PWD to valuable training and development opportunities and show that inequality still exists and needs to be addressed.
Women and the Formation of Swedish Folklife Research
Authors: Klein Barbro 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This assessment of the role of women in Swedish folklife research (or ethnology) begins with the decades before 1900 and ends with the present. Paying special attention to the Nordiska museet in Stockholm (founded 1873) and shifting between portraits of individual actors and comparative generalizations, the article demonstrates that reformist middle-class women were essential in shaping the research topics and exhibitions at the Nordiska museet and other budding institutions within the folklife sphere. Changes set in around 1910, when efforts to professionalize the museums and create a truly scientific discipline began. This entailed a masculinization in which men were hired as the superiors of women who continued working as they had before. Although a few women did earn doctorates in folklife research in the 1950s and 1960s, the first appointment of a woman as a full professor in the field took place as late as 1973, and it was not until 2000 that several women reached top positions. Subsequent developments were rapid; by 2010, the majority of the active full professors of ethnology in Sweden were women (as were their students). The question remains what this speedy feminization will mean for the field.
Gleason Score 7 Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate With Lymph Node Metastases: Analysis of 184 Radical Prostatectomy Specimens
Authors: Kryvenko Oleksandr N. , Gupta Nilesh S. , Virani Nilam , Schultz Daniel , Gomez Juan , Amin Ali , Lane Zhaoli , Epstein Jonathan I. 
Published: April 2013

Context.—Prostate cancer (PC) with lymph node metastases (LN+) is relatively rare, whereas it is relatively common in disease with a Gleason score (GS) 8 to 10 and virtually never seen in PC with GS 6 or less. It is most variable in GS 7 PC.Objective.—To determine clinicopathologic features associated with GS 7 PC with LN+ compared with a control group without lymph node metastases (LN−).Design.—We analyzed 184 GS 7 radical prostatectomies with LN+ and the same number of LN− Gleason-matched controls. The LN+ cases were GS 3 + 4 = 7 (n = 64; 34.8%), GS 4 + 3 = 7 (n = 66; 35.9%), GS 3 + 4 = 7 with tertiary 5 (n = 10; 5.4%), and GS 4 + 3 = 7 with tertiary 5 (n = 44; 23.9%).Results.—The LN+ cases demonstrated higher average values in preoperative prostate-specific antigen (12.2 versus 8.1 ng/mL), percentage of positive biopsy cores (59.1% versus 42.9%), prostate weight (54.4 versus 49.4 g), number of LNs submitted (12.7 versus 9.4), incidence of nonfocal extraprostatic extension (82.6% versus 63.6%), tumor volume (28.9% versus 14.8%), frequency of lymphovascular invasion (78.3% versus 38.6%), intraductal spread of carcinoma (42.4% versus 20.7%), incidence of satellite tumor foci (16.4% versus 4.3%), incidence of pT3b disease (49.5% versus 14.7%), and lymphovascular invasion in the seminal vesicles (52% versus 30%). There were differences in GS 4 patterns and cytology between LN+ and LN− cases, with the former having higher volumes of cribriform and poorly formed patterns, larger nuclei and nucleoli, and more-frequent macronucleoli. All P ≤ .05.Conclusion.—Gleason score 7 PC with LN+ has features highlighting a more-aggressive phenotype. These features can be assessed as prognostic markers in GS 7 disease on biopsy (eg, GS 4 pattern, intraductal spread, cytology) or at radical prostatectomies (all variables), even in men without LN dissection or LN− disease.
La métamorphose d’Étienne de Carheil
Authors: Smeesters Aline 
Published: April 2013

Le jésuite français Étienne de Carheil est surtout connu pour ses missions auprès des peuples autochtones du Canada. Mais l’ouvrage ici étudié est antérieur à son départ en mission : il s’agit d’un poème latin (Metamorphosis) célébrant la naissance du fils aîné de Louis xiv, le 1er novembre 1661, et composé alors que de Carheil, âgé de vingt-huit ans, était professeur de rhétorique au collège jésuite de Tours. Le poème reçut l’aval de ses supérieurs et fut jugé digne d’être imprimé à Paris ; de Carheil s’en souvient encore dans une lettre envoyée douze ans plus tard à son père, depuis la mission de Saint-Joseph à Goyogouën. À travers l’analyse de ce long poème allégorique (260 hexamètres consacrés à la métamorphose du lys français, rougi par les guerres mais retrouvant sa blancheur à travers la naissance princière), transparaît le bagage littéraire et culturel du jeune de Carheil quelques années avant son départ pour le Canada.
S’engager dans le monde d’aujourd’hui et d’hier : histoire et psychanalyse
Authors: Mansouri Malika , Moro Marie Rose 
Published: April 2013

Cet article a pour objet la mise en perspective d’un intérêt complémentariste favorisant l’engagement de la psychanalyse dans les champs théorico-clinique du traumatisme historique. Si la psychanalyse s’engage dans les débats politiques contemporains, elle doit aussi s’impliquer dans le champ de la recherche en psychologie. C’est le cas, notamment, lorsqu’elle aborde l’aire du traumatisme, car il n’est pas possible d’appréhender l’inconscient sans tenir compte des représentations d’un groupe ayant vécu une catastrophe historique commune : guerres, génocides, esclavage, colonialisme. Nous soutiendrons notre propos par une recherche sur les « émeutes » de l’automne de 2005 en France, lesquelles ont été agies par des adolescents « français » dont la particularité est qu’ils sont nés de l’histoire française et de ses anciennes colonies.
Men and women as perpetrators and victims of sexual aggression in heterosexual and same‐sex encounters: A study of first‐year college students in Germany
Authors: Krahé Barbara , Berger Anja 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a large convenience sample of N = 2,149 first‐year college students from different universities in Germany. Participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14. Both same‐sex and heterosexual victim–perpetrator constellations were examined. Prevalence rates were established for different victim–perpetrator relationships (partners, acquaintances, strangers) and for incidents involving alcohol consumption by one or both partners. The overall perpetration rate was 13.2%, for men and 7.6% for women. The overall victimization rate was 35.9% for women and 19.4% for men. A disparity between victimization and perpetration reports was found for both men and women. Perpetration and victimization rates were highest among participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite‐sex and same‐sex partners. Sexual aggression and victimization rates were higher between current or former partners and acquaintances than between strangers. Alcohol consumption by one or both partners was involved in almost 75% of all victimization and almost 70% of all perpetration incidents. The findings portray a comprehensive picture of the scale of sexual aggression and victimization in college students with different sexual lifestyles. Aggr. Behav. 39:391–404, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.