bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protecting The Low Income Earner: Minimum Wage Determination In Australia
Authors: Plowman David H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe Minimum Wage, in various variants, has been an important part of Australian wage determination for over a century. This paper documents the development of the minimum wage and in so doing highlights the pivotal role of the Sunshine Harvester case. That case left a number of legacies which are examined in other parts of the paper. These include the bifurcated nature of wage determination, consideration of family size, the sexual division of labour and wages, the conflict between needs and capacity to pay, wage adjustment indexes and the role of minimum wages in a decentralised wages system.
The Limits of Enterprise Autonomy: Enterprise Bargaining in the Australian Domestic Airline Industry
Authors: Bray Mark 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper identifies a model of enterprise bargaining which has recently been advocated by some Australian employer groups. Under this ‘autonomous enterprise’model, ‘genuine’ enterprise bargaining is supposed to produce comprehensive agreements which set terms and conditions of employment which are company-specific. The experience of enterprise bargaining in the Australian domestic airline industry is then compared with that model. It is found that, contrary to the model, the two major airlines have negotiated enterprise agreements which are remarkably similar, with wage increases and workplace reforms following strong industry-wide trends. The explanation offered for the lack of enterprise autonomy focuses on both institutional factors and structural features of the industry’s product
The New Role of Trade Unionism in the 21st Century: Lessons from Singapore
Authors: Ser Tan Ern , Chew Irene K.H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the different types of ideological positions (welfarist, realist, and socialist) and, by extension, the roles that trade unions may adopt in the future. It suggests that a distinction can be made between what trade unions should be, by definition, and what they can be as we move into the 21st Century. It argues that the optimum role that trade unions can assume is one in which they are autonomous, yet choose to work in close partnership with a state which is dedicated to improving the welfare of the citizenry. The rationale for this argument is that a strong state is in a position to garner support for beneficial development programs, while autonomous trade unions can ensure that the interest of members are factored into state policies, even as they seek to enhance their voice and ownership at workplace level. The Singapore case is used as a template to support the arguments generated in this paper.
Casual Employment in Australia: Growth, Characteristics, a Bridge or a Trap?
Authors: Burgess John , Campbell Iain 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAbout one in every four Australian employees is a casual. The casual share has doubled over the past decade and continues to expand. This paper catalogues the growth of casual employment and discusses the characteristics of casual jobs and of those in casual jobs. The key analytical issue discussed is whether casual employment is a transitional employment arrangement on the road towards permanent employment conditions. Alternatively, is it a trap which is associated with job insecurity, low earnings and spells outside of employment? Although the evidence is partial and circumstantial, casual employment is a bridge for some and a trap for others. In particular, for those who wish to beak out of unemployment, casual employment is unlikely to be a transitional point on the road to a permanent job. This finding has important implications for the design of labour market programs.
Contingent Work and Gender in Australia: Evidence from the 1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey
Authors: Hall Richard , Harley Bill , Whitehouse Gillian 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe decreasing prevalence of the standard model of employment embodied by the ‘typical male full-time employee on a permanent contract’ can be seen both as risking the erosion of hard won labour rights and as offering the potential for a more flexible, less ‘male’ model. This paper addresses some of the ways in which this tension is played out, drawing on data from the 1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations (AWIRS95) Employee Survey to examine the implications for women workers of recent trends in contingent employment in Australia. Our analysis suggests that the growth in contingent employment in Australia has had little positive impact on women’s experience of work. We conclude that if the disadvantage faced by women in irregular employment is to be countered, greater regulation of such employment is required. However, key features of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 make the regulation of the conditions of contingent employment even more difficult to achieve than in the past. The result of current policy settings is likely to be the further institutionalisation of women’s disadvantage at work and in the labour market.
‘Not Rewarding’, ‘Not Relevant’, ‘Not Interesting’: Career Choices of Female Economics Students
Authors: Haslehurst Paula , Hopkins Sandra , Thorpe Michael 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIncreasing female participation rates in undergraduate economics programs are not reflected in increasing female representation in the ranks of academic economists. Approximately 42 per cent of undergraduate students are women but the percentage of women participating declines in postgraduate programs and in academic positions in economics departments, where approximately 26 per cent of academics are women. Female representation in the academic labour market has an importance beyond its numbers. A lack of female role models and mentors among academics is one factor that may affect students’ motivation and career aspirations. We use the results of a national survey of Australian economics students to assess the relative importance of a number of factors in the career choices for postgraduate and undergraduate students in economics. We assess the factors that make academia an unattractive career choice for females.
Why Join? Why Stay? Instrumentality, Beliefs, Satisfaction and Individual Decisions on Union Membership
Authors: Peetz David 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTo understand individuals’ union membership choices it is necessary to examine decisions both to join and to leave (exit) unions, observed when employees are in jobs where unions are available and there is freedom of choice on union membership (‘open’ jobs). Using multivariate analysis of survey data, it was found that sympathy towards unions was the most powerful influence upon union joining, but had little impact on union exit, which was more a function of the perceived instrumentality of membership. Employee perceptions on union in-fighting and cooperation with management influenced union membership, as did the outcome of involvement in industrial disputes. Satisfaction with union delegates was a key influence on attitudes and membership. Employee trust of management only influenced exit behaviour through its interaction with satisfaction with union delegates. Job satisfaction had a complex relationship with union membership that is disguised in aggregated studies.
Flexibility and Labour Market Structures: The Role of Employers
Authors: Mylett Terri 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to explore the possibility of explaining labour market restructuring in terms of employers’ labour utilisation strategies. The main arena of activity in the labour market is within employing organisations. Therefore, whilst national and industry level labour market studies may shed some light on labour market trends, this paper suggests that analysis should also assess the impact of activity within firms. A case study is used to examine the link between the employment polices and practices of a firm in the metals manufacturing industry and the labour market position of its employees taking into account the firm’s institutional context (award restructuring, enterprise bargaining, and an active union presence). The study finds that the firm’s pursuit of flexibility in order to improve its cost and quality competitiveness is exacerbating and reproducing divisions within the workforce based on workers’ attributes (sex, English proficiency and formal qualifications). Labour market explanation should include, if not begin with, the role of employers.
The Victorian Labour Hire Maintenance Workers’ Strike of 1997
Authors: Underhill Elsa 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe trend towards outsourcing maintenance functions to labour hire firms raises questions about the capacity of unions to maintain membership levels and employment standards amongst an increasingly casualised labour hire workforce. The Victorian manufacturing maintenance sector has experienced substantial outsourcing to labour hire firms, but unions in this sector have maintained membership levels and established enterprise agreements to govern employment of labour hire workers. In 1997, labour hire workers in this sector struck for almost 7 weeks in support of a wage claim. This paper outlines the nature of employment regulation of labour hire firms in Victorian manufacturing maintenance and the factors leading to the 1997 dispute. It analyses how the union organised industrial action and how the employers responded. The conclusion explores some questions about collective action by labour hire workers, and highlights some problems of dispute resolution under the current regulatory regime.
Evaluating and utilizing probability of study success in clinical development
Authors: Wang Yanping , Fu Haoda , Kulkarni Pandurang , Kaiser Christopher 
Published: March 2013

Background Drug development has become increasingly costly, lengthy, and risky. The call for better decision making in research and development has never been stronger. Analytic tools that utilize available data can inform decision makers of the risks and benefits of various decisions, which could lead to better and more informed decisions. Purpose Through some real oncology examples, we will demonstrate how using available data to analytically evaluate probability of study success (PrSS) can lead to better decisions in clinical development. Methods The predictive power, or average conditional power, is used to quantify the PrSS. To calculate the probability, we follow a general two-step process: (1) use Bayesian modeling and appropriate assumptions to synthesize relevant data to derive the distribution of treatment effect and (2) evaluate the PrSS analytically or via trial simulation. Results We applied the procedure to several compounds in our oncology pipeline. The analysis informed decision making where PrSS was an important factor to consider. Limitations When modeling the treatment effect, we made certain assumptions, including how two drugs work together and exchangeable treatment effects across studies. Those assumptions are reasonable for our specific situations but may not generalize well. Conclusions From our experience, PrSS based on available data can help decision making in drug development, particularly the Go/No-Go decision after the proof of concept trial is completed. When applicable, we recommend this evaluation be regularly done in addition to the routine data analysis for clinical trials.
RUNX1/AML1 mutant collaborates with BMI1 overexpression in the development of human and murine myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Harada Yuka , Inoue Daichi , Ding Ye , Imagawa Jun , Doki Noriko , Matsui Hirotaka , Yahata Takashi , Matsushita Hiromichi , Ando Kiyoshi , Sashida Goro , Iwama Atsushi , Kitamura Toshio , Harada Hironori 
Published: March 2013

Key Points
BMI1 overexpression is one of the second hit partner genes of RUNX1 mutations that contribute to the development of MDSs.
Modeling human tumor angiogenesis in a three-dimensional culture system
Authors: Seano Giorgio , Chiaverina Giulia , Gagliardi Paolo Armando , di Blasio Laura , Sessa Roberto , Bussolino Federico , Primo Luca 
Published: March 2013

Key Points
Human arterial ring assay is an innovative system for the three-dimensional study of tumor angiogenesis. This assay can be exploited for antiangiogenic drug screening and gene function analysis on human vessels.
Anti-CD45 radioimmunotherapy using 211At with bone marrow transplantation prolongs survival in a disseminated murine leukemia model
Authors: Orozco Johnnie J. , Bäck Tom , Kenoyer Aimee , Balkin Ethan R. , Hamlin Donald K. , Wilbur D. Scott , Fisher Darrell R. , Frayo Shani L. , Hylarides Mark D. , Green Damian J. , Gopal Ajay K. , Press Oliver W. , Pagel John M. 
Published: March 2013

Key Points
Astatination of anti-CD45 antibody via a closo-decaborate compound yields a stable conjugate that targets radiation to hematologic organs. 211At-anti-CD45 radioimmunotherapy combined with bone marrow transplantation prolongs survival in a disseminated murine leukemia model.
An epigenetic component of hematopoietic stem cell aging amenable to reprogramming into a young state
Authors: Wahlestedt Martin , Norddahl Gudmundur L. , Sten Gerd , Ugale Amol , Frisk Mary-Ann Micha , Mattsson Ragnar , Deierborg Tomas , Sigvardsson Mikael , Bryder David 
Published: March 2013

Key Points
Hematopoietic stem cell aging associates with stable transcriptional alterations. Somatic cell reprogramming reverses functional defects associated with hematopoietic aging.
Effectiveness of supportive care measures to reduce infections in pediatric AML: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group
Authors: Sung Lillian , Aplenc Richard , Alonzo Todd A. , Gerbing Robert B. , Lehrnbecher Thomas , Gamis Alan S. 
Published: March 2013

Key Points
Systemic antibacterial and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor prophylaxis appear to reduce bacterial infection rates. Mandatory hospitalization during profound neutropenia did not reduce infection or significantly reduce nonrelapse-related mortality.
Ambient air pollution: a cause of COPD?
Authors: Schikowski Tamara , Mills Inga C. , Anderson H. Ross , Cohen Aaron , Hansell Anna , Kauffmann Francine , Krämer Ursula , Marcon Alessandro , Perez Laura , Sunyer Jordi , Probst-Hensch Nicole , Künzli Nino 
Published: March 2013

The role of ambient air pollution in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered to be uncertain. We review the evidence in the light of recent studies.Eight morbidity and six mortality studies were identified. These were heterogeneous in design, characterisation of exposure to air pollution and methods of outcome definition. Six morbidity studies with objectively defined COPD (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio) were cross-sectional analyses. One longitudinal study defined incidence of COPD as the first hospitalisation due to COPD. However, neither mortality nor hospitalisation studies can unambiguously distinguish acute from long-term effects on the development of the underlying pathophysiological changes.Most studies were based on within-community exposure contrasts, which mainly assess traffic-related air pollution. Overall, evidence of chronic effects of air pollution on the prevalence and incidence of COPD among adults was suggestive but not conclusive, despite plausible biological mechanisms and good evidence that air pollution affects lung development in childhood and triggers exacerbations in COPD patients. To fully integrate this evidence in the assessment, the life-time course of COPD should be better defined. Larger studies with longer follow-up periods, specific definitions of COPD phenotypes, and more refined and source-specific exposure assessments are needed.
Gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastric aspiration in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients
Authors: Savarino Edoardo , Carbone Roberto , Marabotto Elisa , Furnari Manuele , Sconfienza Luca , Ghio Massimo , Zentilin Patrizia , Savarino Vincenzo 
Published: March 2013

The aim of the study was to characterise gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).40 consecutive IPF patients underwent pulmonary high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan and impedance-pH monitoring while off antisecretory therapy. The presence of pulmonary fibrosis was assessed using validated HRCT scores. Reflux features included distal oesophageal acid exposure, number of acid/weakly acidic reflux episodes and their proximal migration. 40 consecutive patients with interstitial lung disease other than IPF (non-IPF patients) and 50 healthy volunteers were also enrolled.IPF patients had significantly higher (p<0.01) oesophageal acid exposure (median (interquartile range (IQR)) 9.25 (4.7–15.4)%versus3.3 (1.4–7.4)%versus0.7 (0.2–4.2)%, number of acid (median (IQR) 45 (23–55)versus32 (19–44)versus18 (10–31)), weakly acidic (median (IQR) 34 (19–43)versus21 (11–33)versus18 (15–28)) and proximal reflux (median (IQR) 51 (26.5–65.5)versus20 (9.5–34.5)versus9 (5–20)) events compared to non-IPF patients and healthy volunteers, respectively. Pulmonary fibrosis HRCT scores correlated well with reflux episodes in both the distal (r2=0.567) and proximal (r2=0.6323) oesophagus. Patients with IPF had more bile acids and pepsin (p<0.03) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (62% and 67%, respectively) and saliva (61% and 68%, respectively) than non-IPF patients (25% and 25% in BALF, and 33% and 36%, respectively, in saliva) and controls (0% and 0% in BALF and saliva, respectively).Acid GOR is common in IPF, but weakly acidic GOR may also occur. Patients with IPF had a risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. Outcome studies with intense antireflux therapy are needed.
Evaluation and integration of existing methods for computational prediction of allergens
Authors: Wang Jing , Yu Yabin , Zhao Yunan , Zhang Dabing , Li Jing 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Allergy involves a series of complex reactions and factors that contribute to the development of the disease and triggering of the symptoms, including rhinitis, asthma, atopic eczema, skin sensitivity, even acute and fatal anaphylactic shock. Prediction and evaluation of the potential allergenicity is of importance for safety evaluation of foods and other environment factors. Although several computational approaches for assessing the potential allergenicity of proteins have been developed, their performance and relative merits and shortcomings have not been compared systematically.

Results
To evaluate and improve the existing methods for allergen prediction, we collected an up-to-date definitive dataset consisting of 989 known allergens and massive putative non-allergens. The three most widely used allergen computational prediction approaches including sequence-, motif- and SVM-based (Support Vector Machine) methods were systematically compared using the defined parameters and we found that SVM-based method outperformed the other two methods with higher accuracy and specificity. The sequence-based method with the criteria defined by FAO/WHO (FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; WHO: World Health Organization) has higher sensitivity of over 98%, but having a low specificity. The advantage of motif-based method is the ability to visualize the key motif within the allergen. Notably, the performances of the sequence-based method defined by FAO/WHO and motif eliciting strategy could be improved by the optimization of parameters. To facilitate the allergen prediction, we integrated these three methods in a web-based application proAP, which provides the global search of the known allergens and a powerful tool for allergen predication. Flexible parameter setting and batch prediction were also implemented. The proAP can be accessed at http://gmobl.sjtu.edu.cn/proAP/main.html.

Conclusions
This study comprehensively evaluated sequence-, motif- and SVM-based computational prediction approaches for allergens and optimized their parameters to obtain better performance. These findings may provide helpful guidance for the researchers in allergen-prediction. Furthermore, we integrated these methods into a web application proAP, greatly facilitating users to do customizable allergen search and prediction.
Towards defining the chloroviruses: a genomic journey through a genus of large DNA viruses
Authors: Jeanniard Adrien , Dunigan David D , Gurnon James R , Agarkova Irina V , Kang Ming , Vitek Jason , Duncan Garry , McClung O William , Larsen Megan , Claverie Jean-Michel , Van Etten James L , Blanc Guillaume 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Giant viruses in the genus Chlorovirus (family Phycodnaviridae) infect eukaryotic green microalgae. The prototype member of the genus, Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1, was sequenced more than 15 years ago, and to date there are only 6 fully sequenced chloroviruses in public databases. Presented here are the draft genome sequences of 35 additional chloroviruses (287 – 348 Kb/319 – 381 predicted protein encoding genes) collected across the globe; they infect one of three different green algal species. These new data allowed us to analyze the genomic landscape of 41 chloroviruses, which revealed some remarkable features about these viruses.

Results
Genome colinearity, nucleotide conservation and phylogenetic affinity were limited to chloroviruses infecting the same host, confirming the validity of the three previously known subgenera. Clues for the existence of a fourth new subgenus indicate that the boundaries of chlorovirus diversity are not completely determined. Comparison of the chlorovirus phylogeny with that of the algal hosts indicates that chloroviruses have changed hosts in their evolutionary history. Reconstruction of the ancestral genome suggests that the last common chlorovirus ancestor had a slightly more diverse protein repertoire than modern chloroviruses. However, more than half of the defined chlorovirus gene families have a potential recent origin (after Chlorovirus divergence), among which a portion shows compositional evidence for horizontal gene transfer. Only a few of the putative acquired proteins had close homologs in databases raising the question of the true donor organism(s). Phylogenomic analysis identified only seven proteins whose genes were potentially exchanged between the algal host and the chloroviruses.

Conclusion
The present evaluation of the genomic evolution pattern suggests that chloroviruses differ from that described in the related Poxviridae and Mimiviridae. Our study shows that the fixation of algal host genes has been anecdotal in the evolutionary history of chloroviruses. We finally discuss the incongruence between compositional evidence of horizontal gene transfer and lack of close relative sequences in the databases, which suggests that the recently acquired genes originate from a still largely un-sequenced reservoir of genomes, possibly other unknown viruses that infect the same hosts.