bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Under Oath, Tips for Testifying
Authors: Zimmerly JG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Under Oath is not a comprehensive text but rather a brief guidebook (43 pages). Each of the eight chapters and three appendices is clear, concise, and organized. Chapter One addresses “Discovery and Pretrial matters” including depositions. It should be studied by any health care provider facing their first appearance at trial. Chapter Two explains the “Subpoena.” Chapter Three is loaded with examples of various personality types among lawyers, ranging from Mr. Rogers to Ghengis Khan, and several types in between. The author gives sage advice on responding to the cross examination directed by all of these characters. Chapter Four, on “Direct and Cross Examination” advises the reader on how to respond to the usual questions.
Review of The Scientific Expert in Court, Principles and Guidelines
Authors: Zimmerly JG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
You could fill a small room with the books an expert witness testimony that have appeared in the last two years. This reviewer has read many and reviewed several. In terms of volume of text, this book is one of the smaller ones. Ninety-two pages including Index and Appendices. But this is a Guide Book and not a library reference text. The author, a very experienced forensic pathologist and seasoned expert witness, covers all of the important topics. The book is aimed at the novice expert witness and hits the target in providing basic guidelines to prepare for a court appearance.
Testing of the National Crime Information Center Missing/Unidentified Persons Computer Comparison Routine
Authors: Bell GL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
For many years the effectiveness of the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) missing and unidentified persons matching program has been in question. The reliability of the NCIC matching system was tested using actual cases. When entered with the original information as provided by the investigating agencies, none of the four test cases were successfully matched. The NCIC system is the only source that links the states with this type of information. The use of NCIC for the entry of missing and unidentified persons information is still recommended, however, entered information should be reviewed by a qualified individual to insure accurate data entry. For accurate matching of information a proven parallel system should be used by every state.
The Incidence of Transient Particulate Gunshot Primer Residue in Oregon and Washington Bow Hunters
Authors: Mann MJ , O'Neil Espinoza E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The interpretation of GSR/PA (gunshot primer residue particulate analysis) results in an alleged firearm violation of bow hunting regulations is complicated by the theoretical presence of contaminant GSR from prior legitimate shooting incidents. A total of 120 samples representing field collections from thirty Oregon and Washington bow hunters were analyzed for the presence of particulate gunshot residue in order to assess the level of contamination that may be present in this population. Of the bow hunters sampled, 50% stated that they shoot guns; 80% of the shooting group stated at the time of the GSR field collection that they were wearing the same outer clothing or driving the same vehicle, or both, when they last handled and fired a weapon. Analysis of the 120 samples resulted in the detection of one tricomponent particle of GSR.
Detection of Trace Explosive Evidence by Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Authors: Fetterolf DD , Clark TD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The continuing threat of worldwide terrorism has prompted the need for new and innovative explosives detection systems. As part of an ongoing research effort, the FBI Laboratory has been evaluating new technology and the innovative adaptation of existing technology for use in counterterrorism and counternarcotics investigations. We have been examining the application of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), for its role in explosives detection.
The explosives residue is collected on a membrane filter by a special attachment on a household vacuum. Subsequent thermal desorption and analysis requires 5 s. Experimental results have determined the limits of detection for most common explosives to be approximately 200 pg. The vacuum sampling method permits the collection of trace physical evidence transferred to hands or surfaces through contact or post blast residue. The persistence of explosives on hands and transfer to other surfaces has been examined. Post-blast residue of NG was detected on fragments of improvised explosive devices constructed with double-based smokeless powder. Post-blast residue from C-4, Deta Sheet, SEMTEX, and ammonium nitrate explosives have also been detected on items of forensic and evidentiary value.
Application of the Microdroplet Method of X-Ray Analysis to the Characterization of Inks
Authors: Cassidy MF , Allen DE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the application of the microdroplet method of x-ray analysis to the characterization of inks. A methodology to allow the microdroplet method to be applied to ink analysis was designed. Ethylene glycol was the preferred solvent for droplet formation. Pyridine was added to this solvent to improve ink extraction capabilities, and could then be removed selectively by vacuum evaporation. Microdroplets were delivered to a thin film support through the use of a nebuliser. Thin films of celloidin were supported on copper specimen grids which were in turn held on a specially designed carbon holder.
A number of different inks were examined using both a previously described method and the newly designed microdroplet technique. Examination of 17 inks from ballpoint pens commonly available in Australia showed that no detectable elements were present that could be used for characterization. This result was in contrast to earlier work by Harada in Japan. Four fountain pen inks were also examined and it was found that all of these inks contained detectable elements that could be used for characterization.
Problems of Recovering Partial Human Remains at Different Times and Locations: Concerns for Death Investigators
Authors: Haglund WD , Reay DT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Examples of cases where partial remains of the same individual were recovered at different times and from separate locations are presented. Such remains raise unique problems for coroner/medical examiners and police because their discovery has the potential to confound identification and disrupt investigative continuity. Recovered partial human remains highlight the need for their proper documentation and raise the question of their release for burial or retention for evidence.
An Animal Model of Postmortem Amitriptyline Redistribution
Authors: Hilberg T , Bugge A , Beylich K-M , Ingum J , Bjørneboe A , Mørland J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An experimental rat model was developed to study postmortem changes of drug concentration after an acute overdose. Overnight fasted rats were fed 75 mg of amitriptyline (AMI). Two h after dosing, the rats were anaesthetized and blood samples were drawn from the femoral vein (peripheral blood—PB) and the heart (HB). The rats were sacrificed by CO2 and left at room temperature for either 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 24, 48, or 96 hours, when samples of heart blood, blood from the inferior vena cava (PB) and tissue samples from different liver lobes, heart, lungs, kidney, thigh muscle, and brain were taken. Samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The AMI concentration in HB increased fairly rapidly within the first 2 h postmortem and from then the average ratio was 6.4 ± 0.8 (mean ± sem) (n = 31). In PB, the post/antemortem AMI concentration ratio followed an approximately exponential rise; at 2 h postmortem the ratio was 1.6 ± 0.3 (n = 5), and at 96 h 55.1 ± 23.8 (n = 4). For the main metabolite nortriptyline (NOR), the concentration changes followed the same pattern, but to a lesser extent. Among the tissues, the liver lobes had high, but variable drug concentrations; lobes lying closest to the stomach had the highest drug concentrations. The drug concentration in the lungs declined significantly. This animal model demonstrates postmortem drug concentration changes similar to those described in humans. Probable mechanisms include drug diffusion from the stomach and GI tract to the surrounding tissues and blood; and postmortem drug release from the lungs and possibly other drug-rich tissues into the blood.
Experimental Observations on Adipocere Formation
Authors: Mellen PFM , Lowry MA , Micozzi MS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Adipocere, “grave wax,” is a waxy or greasy decomposition product formed by hydrolysis and hydrogenation of tissue fats. Once formed, it appears stable for extended periods. Adipocere has generally been considered to result from bacterial action, commonly in warm, damp, anaerobic environments. However, its frequency, rate of formation, factors affecting its formation and physical characteristics are not well defined. To study the frequency, time course, and effects of temperature and clothing on adipocere formation, we submerged human adipose tissue samples in aquaria under controlled conditions and conducted serial observations.
Adipocere formed with high frequency, within a few months, in tissues submerged in warm tap water; similar changes took longer, 12 to 18 months in cold water submersion. Presence of clothing over the tissue appeared to accelerate adipocere formation.
Invasive Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Disease
Authors: Tepper SL , Overman J , Parker JR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Invasive bacterial disease due to Haemophilus influenzae is a cause of sudden death in children. It must be considered by medical examiners when a child dies with a fulminant course and nonspecific symptoms. Three fatal cases are presented in children 7 weeks to 15 months of age. Two had meningitis and petechiae or purpura. All three had bilateral adrenal hemorrhage and a rapidly fatal course.
The potential for rapid and accurate diagnosis of H. influenzae infection is widely available due to latex agglutination technique against bacterial capsular wall antigens. Diagnosis is critical because of its public-health implications. Up to 50% of cases may be acquired in day-care settings. Chemoprophylaxis is recommended for household and day care contacts. With the recent introduction of Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines for routine administration to infants beginning at 2 months of age, a change in the epidemiology of the disease is anticipated.
The Analysis of Cremains: A Case Study Involving the Inappropriate Disposal of Mortuary Remains
Authors: Murray KA , Rose JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cremation as a method of body disposition has increased over the last two decades. Mishandling of the remains is bringing the analysis of cremains to the attention of forensic anthropologists. The destruction of skeletal components by heat, and mechanical reduction, make the analysis of cremains difficult.
Three years after receiving cremains believed to be that of their mother, a family received a second set of cremains that were also purported to be those of their mother. Questioning whether which, if either, set of remains were the decedent, the family initiated an anthropological analysis of both sets of remains.
The investigation focused on both osseous and nonosseous characteristics of each set. Total weight of the material and differences in both the osseous and nonosseous characteristics indicate that the cremains represent two individuals. These differences include the degree of color change due to heat, the amount of bone fragments vs. ash, and the lead and calcium content remaining in the fragments from each set. Differences in the nonosseous components of each set are related to coffin hardware, and medical and dental artifacts.
Disappearance Rate of Ethanol from the Blood of Human Subjects: Implications in Forensic Toxicology
Authors: Jones AW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article outlines major developments in knowledge about the human metabolism of ethanol. The results of a large number of controlled experiments aimed at measuring the rate of ethanol elimination from the blood are reported. The factors that influence the rate of ethanol elimination from blood, such as the amount of ethanol ingested, the drinking habits of the subjects, and the effect of food taken together with, or before, drinking were investigated. The slowest rate of ethanol disappearance was observed in a healthy male subject who ingested 0.68 g ethanol/kg body weight after an overnight (8 h) fast; the β-slope was 9 mg/dL/h. The fastest rate of ethanol disappearance was observed in a male chronic alcoholic during detoxification; the β-slope was 36 mg/dL/h. This four-fold difference in the rate of ethanol disposal should be considered when the pharmacokinetics of ethanol become an issue in drinking and driving trials, for example, when retrograde estimations are attempted.
Nicotine Analysis in Neonates' Hair for Measuring Gestational Exposure to Tobacco
Authors: Kintz P , Kieffer I , Messer J , Mangin P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Hair samples were collected at time of delivery from 40 neonates whose mothers were known to be smokers during the prenatal period. Hair was decontaminated in dichloromethane, homogenized in NaOH, and nicotine was extracted in diethyl ether. After separation on a BP-5 capillary column, nicotine was identified and quantified by GC/MS using selected ion monitoring. In all cases, nicotine was found in the neonatal hair and in the hair of the corresponding mother. The ranges of nicotine levels were 0.15 to 11.80 ng/mg, and 0.37 to 63.50 ng/mg, for the neonates, and their mothers, respectively. It was possible to establish a significant correlation between both concentrations, and the correlation coefficient was 0.83. These findings suggest the possibility of monitoring the transfer of maternal nicotine through the placenta by measuring nicotine concentration in neonatal hair.
Substance Abuse Testing of Urine by GC/MS in Scanning Mode Evaluated by Proficiency Studies, TLC/GC, and EMIT
Authors: Gibb RP , Cockerham H , Goldfogel GA , Lawson GM , Raisys VA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Using GC/MS in scanning mode as a screening and definitive identification methodology for substance abuse testing, 4500 urine samples have been analyzed. The accuracy and sensitivity of this method was evaluated by the results of 92 proficiency sample analyses, reanalyses by TLC screening with GC confirmation of 125 samples from forensic sources and reanalysis by EMIT screening for seven groups of drugs confirmed by GC/MS of 590 samples from industrial and treatment sources. The results of these studies are presented.
The pH Pen—A Means of Comparing Paper Products
Authors: Blackledge RD , Gernandt MN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Printers may use a pH pen to test the alkaline/acid content of paper stock to determine if it will be compatible with a given formulation of printing ink. Questioned-document examiners may find the pH pen useful as an additional discriminator when attempting to determine if two paper products (known and questioned) could have originated from a common source. A total of 68 different fine white paper products were compared. From a total of 2278 possible pairs (questioned and known), all but six pairs were discriminated by a combination of physical characteristics, fluorescence under UV light, and the pH pen.
The Use of Hydrogen Peroxide to Visualize Tattoos Obscured by Decomposition and Mummification
Authors: Haglund WD , Sperry K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Tattoos are distinctive, potentially important acquired identifying features that last for the life of the bearer, and persist into the postmortem period. However, the accumulation of decompositional pigments in the skin and subcutaneum will obscure tattoo designs. By treating the area with 3% hydrogen peroxide, the dark red-black decomposition products are temporarily removed, allowing underlying tattoos to be located, and photographed for identification purposes.
A Method for Siding and Sequencing Human Ribs
Authors: Mann RW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Siding and sequencing (that is, putting in anatomical order) human ribs are essential to the proper examination and documentation of injuries to the chest. The paucity of information regarding sequencing nonfleshed human ribs makes it particularly difficult for physical anthropologists and medicolegal authorities to differentiate the midthoracic ribs. It was found that ribs could be accurately sequenced without the aid of a comparative skeleton using such features as maximum (relative) rib length, the size and shape of the articular facets, the distance between the articular facets and rib angle, and the height of the rib heads relative to one another.
Evaluation of Enzyme Immunoassay Performance Characteristics—Phencyclidine Example
Authors: Fyfe MJ , Chand P , McCutchen C , Long JS , Walia AS , Edwards C , Liu RH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Four reagent formulations (three provided by a manufacturer; one prepared in-house by mixing equal volumes of two commercial reagents) are used for the assay of phencyclidine (PCP) in urine samples. Performance characteristics evaluated included assay precision and sensitivity at and near the assay cutoff concentration. Data resulting from the reagent prepared in-house are better than those using then commercially available formulations, and are comparable with those obtained using the recently available new commercial formulation.
Effects of Argon Laser Light, Alternate Source Light, and Cyanoacrylate Fuming on DNA Typing of Human Bloodstains
Authors: Shipp E , Roelofs R , Togneri E , Wright R , Atkinson D , Henry B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profile results were obtained from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolated from human bloodstains that had been subjected to cyanoacrylate ester (“superglue”) fuming, argon ion laser light and alternate light sources. All RFLP profile results obtained from treated samples were consistent with the DNA pattern from untreated bloodstains.
Child Stealing by Cesarean Section: A Psychiatric Case Report and Review of the Child Stealing Literature
Authors: Yutzy SH , Wolfson JK , Resnick PJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A highly unusual case of child stealing by cesarean section resulting in the death of the mother is presented. The judicial proceedings are summarized. The literature on the psychiatric status of perpetrators committing child stealing is presented. Two methods of psychiatrically categorizing these perpetrators are reviewed. The relevance of the literature to this and possible future cases is discussed.
A Technique for Developing and Photographing Ridge Impressions on Decomposed Water-Soaked Fingers
Authors: Keating DM , Miller JJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
One of the most challenging tasks confronting a crime laboratory technician is the fingerprinting and subsequent identification of an unknown homicide or drowning victim whose fingers have been subjected to a long period of exposure to water and the effects of decomposition. If the fingers of the individual have not been exposed to the erosive effects of water and decomposition for a long period of time, they may be allowed to dry, and suitable impressions are often obtainable. In other cases the fingers may have to be removed, with the permission of the Medical Examiners Office, and processed by the Crime Laboratory in an attempt to develop suitable ridge structure for inked impressions or an exact photographic copy of the individual's fingers. In extreme cases the effects of water and decomposition make the fragile ridge structure appear to be nonexistent to the naked eye.
The procedure used in this case report, combines the use of cyanoacrylate vapor, commonly called “super glue fuming,” and the ninhydrin process in conjunction to develop fragile ridge structure into discernable ridges that are easily seen and photographed for the purpose of making an identification of the individual.
Scleral and Conjunctival Hemorrhages Arising from a Gunshot Wound of the Chest: A Case Report
Authors: Sperry K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A young man committed suicide in the back seat of an automobile, witnessed by two law enforcement officers sitting in the front seat who had attempted to dissuade him from killing himself over an eight hour period. Death was caused by a contact gunshot wound of the anterior chest, which entered the midsternum and disrupted the anterior right atrium and ventricle of the heart, without involvement of either left ventricle or atrium. At the autopsy, bilateral fresh, confluent scleral and conjunctival sulcus hemorrhages were discovered, with no other evidence of facial or intracranial trauma. These hemorrhages are postulated to have arisen from a sudden pressure wave ascending through the superior vena cava, in a manner similar to the ocular findings associated with the retrograde venous blood flow that occurs during severe thoracic compression. These hemorrhages should not be mistaken for evidence that a decedent was beaten or otherwise involved in an assault episode.
Sudden and Unexpected Death in Childhood Due to a Colloid Cyst of the Third Ventricle
Authors: Byard RW , Moore L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A nine-year-old boy died suddenly and unexpectedly following a two day history of intermittent headaches. At autopsy a colloid cyst of the third ventricle was found that had obstructed the foramen of Monro and caused hydrocephalus with prominent cerebral edema. Colloid cysts are rare entities in childhood and are not usually included in the differential diagnosis of pediatric sudden death. This report describes the clinicopathological features of such a case.
A Review of Criminal Investigation, A Method for Reconstructing the Past
Authors: Fong W 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The book stirs a mix of sensations on first encounter. Its size is daunting: thick, wide, voluminous—a tome. Its title attracts attention, provokes thought. The outlined body location cover illustration is grim, haunting. If you know the forensic sciences, read its principal works, you know this publication is a momentous event. James W. Osterburg, educator, past president of our AAFS, author of two forensic science texts, is senior coauthor. One of his texts, Introduction to Criminalistics, has been read and remembered by generations of criminalists since it was published in 1949. Coauthor Richard H. Ward's credentials include authorship on criminal investigation, notably terrorism, and police corruption.
A Review of Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, 5th Edition
Authors: Fitzpatrick FA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
I first encountered Svensson and Wendel's Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation as a Berkeley undergraduate where it was used as a text in a criminal investigation course. The cases were riveting and the photographs gory and wonderful. It was a fine textbook. Barry A. J. Fisher's Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, 5th Edition is the latest rendition in the evolution of the original Swedish text by Arne Svensson and Otto Wendel. The value of the prior edition was recognized by the International Association of Identification and was a recommended text for their Crime Scene Certification test. This latest edition continues the series of changes and improvements found in the earlier editions.