bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional Structures of Isobutenyl Ether Compounds Possessing Dodecyl and Tridecyl Chains: Effects of Solvent and Tandem Claisen Rearrangement
Authors: Kikkawa Yoshihiro , Omori Kazuhiro , Kanesato Masatoshi , Hiratani Kazuhisa 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) structures of isobutenyl ether compounds possessing relatively short alkyl tails (carbon numbers = 12 and 13) were studied using scanning tunneling microscopy at a solid/liquid interface. Coadsorption of solvent molecules was partly dependent on the alkyl chain lengths of the isobutenyl compounds and solvents. Tandem Claisen rearrangement induced structural convergence, and the solvent effect was completely quenched.
Highly Concentrated Colloidal Dispersion of Decanoic Acid Self-assembled Monolayer-protected CeO2 Nanoparticles Dispersed to a Concentration of up to 77 wt % in an Organic Solvent
Authors: Arita Toshihiko , Yoo Jungwoo , Ueda Yu , Adschiri Tadafumi 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of decanoic acids were prepared on CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs). The dispersion of the NPs was improved by increasing the packing density of decanoic acid SAM on CeO2 NPs. According to our proposed criterion related to the SAM on NPs for stable dispersion in nonpolar liquids, the CeO2 NPs were dispersed up to 77 wt % and perfectly dispersed up to 50 wt % in cyclohexane.
Direct urine ammonium measurement: time to discard urine anion and osmolar gaps
Authors: Ha Leah Y , Chiu Weldon W , Davidson James S 
Published: October 2012

Background A failure of urine ammonium to increase during acidosis indicates impaired renal acidification, and the urinary ammonium concentration is therefore a useful investigation in determining the cause of a metabolic acidosis. However, urine ammonium measurements are not widely available in routine diagnostic laboratories. This has led to the use of urine anion or osmolar gaps, which are unsatisfactory as surrogates for urine ammonium measurement. Methods We evaluated the adaptation of two widely available automated plasma ammonium assays for measurement of urinary ammonium. Results Both assays showed good recovery and linearity in urine samples spiked with ammonium chloride, and acceptable precision. Urine ammonium concentrations estimated from urinary anion and osmolar gaps showed poor agreement with measured urine ammonium concentrations. Conclusions Direct urine ammonium measurements are easily performed with modern autoanalysers by simple adaptation of routine plasma ammonium assays. The use of urine anion and osmolar gaps should be abandoned where direct measurement is available.
REVIEWS
Authors: Jennings Matt , Brocklehurst Robert John , Wood Nigel , Haddow Sam , Pattie David , Hauthal Janine , Chow Broderick D.V. 
Published: October 2012

COMMUNITY POLITICS AND THE PEACE PROCESS IN CONTEMPORARY NORTHERN IRISH DRAMA, EVA URBAN, (2010) Oxford, Frankfurt am Main, Bern and New York: Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, 303 pp., ISBN: 978-3-0343-0143-5, pbk, £38.00
GET REAL: DOCUMENTARY THEATRE PAST AND
PRESENT, ALISON FORSYTH AND CHRIS MEGSON (EDS), ([2009] 2011) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 264 pp., ISBN: 0-230-22115-7, hbk, £52.00; ISBN: 0-230-33689-2, pbk, £17.99
THEATRE: THE REDISCOVERY OF STYLE, MICHEL SAINT-DENIS, (2009) Jane Baldwin (ed.), London and New York: Routledge
Theatre Classics, 202 pp., ISBN: 978-0-415-45048-5, pbk, £17.99
DISASTER CAPITALISM; OR MONEY CAN'T BUY YOU LOVE, RICK MITCHELL, (2011) Bristol: Intellect, 299 pp., ISBN 978-1-84150-430-8, pbk, £14.95
THEATRE AND ETHICS, NICHOLAS RIDOUT, (2009) London: Palgrave, 78 pp., ISBN
978-0-230-23027-1, pbk, £4.99
DAS DRAMA DES PREKÄREN: ÜBER DIE WIEDERKEHR DER ETHIK IN THEATER UND PERFORMANCE, KATHARINA PEWNY, (2011) Bielefeld: transcript, 336 pp., ISBN 978-3-8376-1651-4, pbk, €32.80
THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF PERFORMANCE (TRANS. SASKYA IRIS
JAIN), ERIKA FISCHER-LICHTE, (2008) Abingdon: Routledge, 232 pp., ISBN: 978-0-415-45856-6, pbk, £22.99
Study on DTBP initiated MAH onto polybutene-1 with melt-grafting
Authors: Zhao Yongxian , Du Yuejuan , Han Lei , Liu Zhen , Chen Junyi 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Maleic anhydride (MAH) grafting onto isotactic polybutene-1 (iPB-1) was prepared using di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) as the initiator in the internal mixer. The influence of the reaction temperature, rotor rate, initiator content, monomer and co-monomer content, on grafting ratio (G/%) and melt flow rate (MFR), was investigated. The results showed that the temperature and rotor rate had little effect on the grafting ratio and MFR when the temperature was 160°C–200°C, and the rotor rate was 50 rpm–90 rpm. Besides, as the initiator content increased, the grafting ratio increased, but excessive initiator content led to degradation of macromolecules and a significant increase in MFR. The grafting ratio reached a peak value with an MAH content of 4.5 phr and a fixed initiator content of 0.3 phr. As a co-monomer, styrene (St) can enhance the G/% and decrease the MFR. The crystallization properties of iPB-1 were also studied. The grafting of MAH onto iPB-1 remarkably accelerated the crystal form II to I transformation of iPB-1 and the transformation rate increased with an increase in the G/% of iPB-1.
Performance and Suitability of Radial Drainage Materials in Axisymmetric Testing of Clayey Soils at High Confining Pressures
Authors: Yamamuro Jerry A. , Liu Yigang , Lade Poul V. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
When lubricated end platens are used in axisymmetric testing of clayey soil specimens, radial or side drainage is often used. As confining pressure increases, the filter paper rapidly loses its flow capacity. An experimental study of different radial drainage materials in compression and extension is presented examining their flow capacity and vertical load corrections at confining pressures ranging from low stresses to approximately 3000 kPa. Drainage materials investigated include filter paper and various non-woven geo-textiles. At high pressures, flow capacity was greatly limited by clogging, thereby limiting the allowable strain rate for drained tests. The vertical load carrying capacity of drainage materials in different configurations (vertical strips or sheets with inclined slots) was determined to be much higher than expected, even for filter paper.
Effects of Cracks on the Electrical Conductivity of a Fissured Laterite: A Combined Experimental and Statistical Study
Authors: Kong Ling-Wei , Bai Wei , Guo Ai-Guo 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study of the effects of cracks on the electrical conductivity (EC) of a fissured laterite in Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China, followed by multi-variant statistical analyses of the sensitivity of the EC dependence on different crack parameters (e.g., depth, length, width, orientation, and crack density). The results show that the soil EC is highly dependent on the crack properties. In general, the EC decreases linearly as the crack depth, length, width, orientation angle, or density increases. However, the EC decreases non-linearly, and the rate of reduction increases more dramatically, as the depth of cracks exceeds 1/4 of the thickness of the soil sample. When the width of the crack increases to 2.8 cm, the EC decreases less obviously and tends to remain at a constant value. Moreover, the EC decreases more dramatically with the orientation angle when it is less than 45° (otherwise the EC decreases more slowly with the orientation angle). With an increase in crack density (or the number of cracks), the EC exhibits much higher dependence on crack depth, length, and width. Finally, of all these crack parameters, the depth and orientation are the two primary factors influencing the soil EC, and the crack length, width, and density are secondary ones. As such, the degree of effect of different crack parameters on the soil EC follows the order of depth &gt; orientation angle &gt; density &gt; length &gt; width.
Enhanced Load-Transfer Analysis for Friction Piles Using a Modified Borehole Shear Test
Authors: AbdelSalam Sherif S. , Suleiman Muhannad T. , Sritharan Sri 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This study discusses the development and use of a modified borehole shear test (mBST) to improve the prediction of the load-displacement and load-distribution responses for axially loaded friction piles in cohesive soils using the load-transfer analysis method (i.e., t–z analysis). Unlike available approaches that rely on empirical or semi-empirical correlations to generate the shear stress displacement at the soil–pile interface (i.e., t–z curves), the mBST enables direct field measurement of the t–z curves at the soil–pile interface. As part of this study, three full-scale vertical static load tests (SLTs) were conducted on instrumented steel H piles. The t–z analysis was carried out utilizing the TZPILE software with measured t–z curves via the mBST (i.e., the TZ-mBST model). When comparing results of the analysis with the measured responses for the three test piles, it was found that: (1) the TZ-mBST provides proper prediction for the initial part of the measured load-displacement response from SLT results, with a difference not exceeding 10 %; (2) the TZ-mBST analysis provides acceptable prediction of the pile capacity; (3) the TZ-mBST analysis matches the load distribution along the pile length with a maximum difference of 8.3 %; and (4) the analysis with directly measured t–z curves using the mBST provide improved predictions of the pile response when compared to the empirical CPT-based analysis.
Fracture-Toughness Evaluation in Submerged Arc-Welding Seam Welds in Nonstandard Curved SE(B) Specimens in the Short Radial Direction of API 5L Steel Pipe
Authors: Angeles-Herrera D. , González-Velázquez J. , de Morales-Ramírez A. J. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Plane-strain fracture toughness of submerged arc-welding seams of an API 5L steel pipe in the short radial direction was evaluated using nonstandard curved SE(B) test specimens. These specimens are directly cut from the pipe and require no machining other than the crack starter notch. The stress intensity factor function for the nonstandard curved SE(B) specimen was calibrated for three-point bending loading. The initiating notch was aligned to make the crack propagate through the weld-deposited metal zone. The measured fracture-toughness value was 56.3 ± 2.9 Mpa√m. A fractographic study of the tested specimens showed that the deposited metal fracture consists of a mixture of ductile tearing and cleavage that corresponds to the ferrite and the dendritic grains, respectively. The dendritic grains behave in a brittle way, thus being the main contributions to the relatively low fracture-toughness values obtained from the tests.
Mechanical Characteristics of Asphaltic Mixtures Containing Titanium-Dioxide Photocatalyst
Authors: Mohammad Louay , Hassan Marwa , Cooper Sam 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Photocatalysis pavements containing nano and ultrafine titanium dioxide (TiO2) can trap and degrade organic and inorganic particles in the air, removing harmful air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds in the presence of UV light (sunlight). To accommodate the rapid development and adoption of this technology, performance characterization of photocatalytic mixture is needed. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive laboratory evaluation of conventional HMA and WMA mixtures containing the nano TiO2 photocatalyst. To achieve this objective, two asphalt cement binder blends, consisting of an unmodified PG 64–22 and SBS polymer-modified PG 70–22, and a commercial crystallized anatase-based titanium-dioxide ultra-fine powder with an active surface area of 90 m2/g were prepared at a modification rate of 7 % by weight of the binder. The blends were used in 19-mm Superpave asphalt mixtures. The content of Evotherm J1 WMA additive was 1.0 % by weight of the binder. The mixture performance tests included modified Lottman test, SCB, LWT, and TSRST. Based on the results of the experimental program, the use of TiO2 as a modifier to HMA and WMA mixtures did not significantly alter the performance as compared to conventional mixes; therefore, TiO2 may be used to modify both HMA and WMA mixtures without damaging effects on performance.
Germline mutations of AIP gene in somatotropinomas resistant to somatostatin analogues
Authors: Oriola Josep , Lucas Tomás , Halperin Irene , Mora Mireia , Perales Ma José , Alvarez-Escolá Cristina , Paz de Miguel-Novoa , Díaz Soto Gonzalo , Salinas Isabel , Julián María Teresa , Olaizola Izaskun , Bernabeu Ignacio , Marazuela Mónica , Puig-Domingo Manuel 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveMost cases of familial isolated pituitary adenomas with mutated aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP:HGNC:358) gene develop somatotropinomas. They are characterised by an aggressive clinical phenotype including early age at diagnosis, large tumours and frequent invasiveness. There is little information onAIPgene mutations' prevalence in isolated somatotropinomas characterised by poor response to somatostatin analogue treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence ofAIPmutations in non-familial cases of somatotropinomas with poor response to conventional treatment.Design and methodsFifty patients with acromegaly (22 males/28 females, age 51±18 years) and 60 controls were included in this study performed at eight University Hospitals in Spain. None had family history of pituitary adenomas or other endocrine tumors. All patients failed to respond to conventional treatment including surgery and somatostatin analogues. Some patients received adjuvant radiotherapy and most cases required pegvisomant (PEG) treatment for normalisation of IGF1. AIP analysis was performed in DNA extracted from peripheral leucocytes, using standardised PCR protocol in which the coding regions of exons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were amplified. Possible deletions/duplications were studied using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification.ResultsSequence changes of potential different significance that could be considered as mutations or variations of unknown significance (VUS) of theAIPgene were found in four patients (8%). In two cases, two different mutations previously described were found: p.Arg9Gln and p.Phe269Phe. Two other VUS were also found: c.787+24C>T in intron 5 and c.100-18C>T in intron 1. Age at diagnosis ranged from 21 to 50 years old, and in all patients, the tumor was a macroadenoma depicting IGF1 normalisation under PEG treatment.ConclusionsAIPgermline mutations show a low, but non-negligible, prevalence in non-familial acromegaly patients with tumors resistant to treatment with somatostatin analogues.
Microstructural Characterization by Color Tint Etching of a TRIP-800 Steel Welded by Laser CO2 Process.
Authors: Pérez-Medina G.Y. , Zambrano P. , López H.F. , Reyes-Valdés F.A. , López-Cortés V H. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper presents results on the impact of Laser CO2 process variables on the weldability, phase transformations and exhibited tensile properties in a TRIP800 Steel. The microstructures of this steel consist of ferrite, bainite, martensite, and substantial amount of retained austenite, which is obtained by controlled cooling from the intercritical anneling temperature to the isothermal bainitic holding temperature. These steel has been increasingly used in the last 10 years in the automotive industries and for these materials to be used effectively, the influence of material and the Laser CO2 process condition must be clearly understood. Hence, in this work the effect of the welding process on the resultant microstructures and on the exhibited mechanical properties was investigated. Color tint etching applied in welded for AHSS help us to know the phase transformation, the colors of each phase viewed under the microscopy. The weld was etching with Klemm´s 1 solution, in this work; it was found that the bainite is clearly identify by blue color, the martensite brown, yellow ferrite and the retained austenite white. Additional X ray Diffraction (XRD) is employed in characterization to estimate the quantity of retained austenite.
Key Shale Gas Water Management Strategies: An Economic Assessment Tool
Authors: Slutz James , Anderson Jeffrey , Broderick Richard , Horner Patrick 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
As a result of recent innovations in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, shale gas has become an important global energy supply. However, water consumption and disposal issues associated with shale gas development, coupled with industry growth, are creating a need for sophisticated water management strategies. Current shale gas water management strategies fall into three key categories: disposal, re-use, and recycling. Disposal strategies involve sourcing fresh water for hydraulic fracturing and transporting all frac flowback and produced water to an injection well for disposal. Re-use strategies involve primary treatment of frac flowback, so it can be blended with make-up water for re-use as frac fluid. Recycling strategies involve treating the flowback to fresh water quality, either for re-use in hydraulic fracturing or for environmental discharge. This paper will analyze the total life cycle water management costs per frac by comparing the options and costs of water supply; water transportation; cost and options for disposal, re-use, and recycling; impact of water quality on frac chemical costs; the impact of water quality on frac performance and long-term well performance. This paper will also identify other impacts, including safety, public perception, community impact, and environmental liability.
Diabetes and Risk of Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Infections,
Urinary Tract Infections, and Bacteremia
Authors: W. Thomsen Reimar , Mor Anil 
Published: October 2012

Urinary tract infections:
The risk of asymptomatic bacteriuria and cystitis is 1.5 to 2 times increased in diabetes patients,
while their risk of pyelonephritis may be 2 to 4 times increased. Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in diabetes is
generally not recommended. Diabetes duration and chronic complications including cystopathy appear to be more
important risk factors than current glycemic control, but further evidence is needed. Modifiable risk factors for urinary
tract infection are the same as in persons without diabetes.

Bacteremia:
The risk of bacteremia due to pneumococci is approximately 1.5 times increased in diabetes, similar to the
increased risk for pneumonia. In comparison, diabetes is associated with 2.5 to 3 times increased risk for bacteremia due
to E. coli and other enterobacteria, often due to a urinary tract focus. Diabetes is also associated with a 2 times increased
risk for hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia, and 3 times increased risk for invasive group B streptococcal infection.
Limited data is available for staphylococcal bacteremia.

Conclusions:
Increased infection surveillance and unmeasured confounding factors among diabetic patients may
contribute to the observed increased infection risk, yet outcomes following infection are similar or worse in diabetes
patients. In conclusion, there is epidemiological evidence that individuals with diabetes have a substantially increased risk
of a number of important infections. Clinicians should remain vigilant for infections in this increasing group of patients.

This review provides an update on the risk of several important community-acquired infections seen in patients
with diabetes: respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and bacteremia. Respiratory tract infections: Recent
epidemiological evidence shows a modest (1.25 to 1.75-fold) risk increase for hospitalization with pneumonia associated
with diabetes. The increase of risk for tuberculosis is of similar magnitude in highly developed countries, and possibly
higher in low-income countries. Poor glycemic control and long diabetes duration predict higher risk for both pneumonia
and tuberculosis. Limited data is available for diabetes and influenza, yet both influenza and pneumococcal vaccination is
recommended in patients with diabetes.
A Survey of Practice Patterns for Rehabilitation Post Elbow Fracture
Authors: MacDermid Joy C , Vincent Joshua I , Kieffer Leah , Kieffer Ashley , Demaiter Jennifer , MacIntosh Stephanie 
Published: October 2012

Background and Purpose:Elbow fractures amount to 4.3% of all the fractures. The elbow is prone to stiffness after injury and fractures can often lead to significant functional impairment. Rehabilitation is commonly used to restore range of motion (ROM) and function. Practice patterns in elbow fracture rehabilitation have not been defined. The purpose of this study was to describe current elbow fracture rehabilitation practices; and compare those to the existing evidence base.Methods:Hand therapists (n=315) from the USA (92%) and Canada (8%) completed a web-based survey on their practice patterns and beliefs related to the acute (0-6 weeks) and functional (6-12 weeks) phases of elbow fracture rehabilitation.Results:More than 99% of respondents agreed that fracture severity, co-morbidities, time since fracture, compliance with an exercise program, psychological factors, and occupational demands are important prognostic indicators for optimal function. Strong agreement was found with the use of patient education (95%) and active ROM (86%) in the acute stage while, home exercise programs (99%), active ROM (99%), stretching (97%), strengthening (97%), functional activities (ADLs and routine tasks) (97%), passive ROM (95%), and active assisted ROM (95%) were generally used in the functional stage. The most commonly used impairment measures were goniometry (99%), Jamar dynamometry (97%), and hand held dynamometry (97%). Agreement on the use of patient-reported outcome measures was very minimal (1.3%- 35.6%).Conclusions:Exercise, education, and functional activity have high consensus as components of elbo fracture rehabilitation. Future research should focus on defining the optimal dosage and type of exercise/activity, and establish core measures to monitor outcomes of these interventions.
Gathering Evidence through Enquiry: A Process Improvement Focus
Authors: Liu Guoping 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
As financial statements continue to contain more estimates and audit programs rely more on enquiry-based evidence, there is an increasing need to understand whether the process of enquiry can provide more reliable evidence. Prior research in other disciplines indicates enquiry process improvement is a first step in the direction of improving the quality of evidence obtained from management enquiry. This study explores which type of decision aid—a simple cognitive planning theory-adapted instruction or a detailed checklist developed from auditing field research—is more likely to improve junior auditors' planning for collecting enquiry-based evidence about a specific accounting issue. An experiment was conducted using 154 participants with an average of 12 months of auditing experience. The results show participants receiving the theory-based instruction, in contrast to those receiving no decision aids, planned to pose a greater number of questions and inquire of a larger and more diverse set of client personnel in areas relevant to the accounting issue. Further, these participants planned to corroborate evidence obtained from management enquiry with an increased number of audit procedures other than enquiry. The practice-based checklist resulted in similar overall effects, albeit at the “cost” of having to deal with a more complex aid and with less focus on corroboration by means other than enquiry. This study suggests that both decision aids can lead junior auditors to improve their planned approach to enquiry, and if these plans are executed appropriately, they could lead to more reliable audit evidence generated from enquiry of management.
Data Availability: Contact the author.