bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonprofit Organizations’ Involvement in Participatory Processes: The Need for Democratic Accountability
Authors: Mosley Jennifer E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractParticipatory processes – defined as formal efforts to involve constituents in government decision-making – are an increasingly common tool adopted by public agencies and other elite decision making bodies in many developed nations. Unfortunately, although conceptualized as a way to incorporate lay citizens as stakeholders, participation in such processes takes time and expertise that many citizens do not have. As a result, nonprofit leaders are often invited to participate as a logistical shortcut for citizen involvement. This representation, albeit nonelected and unaccountable, is an increasingly important way vulnerable groups are represented and a key aspect of many nonprofit organizations’ advocacy involvement. It is important to ask, then, how well nonprofits do when attempting to represent specific claimed constituents. It is likely their success varies greatly. While many organizations work to engage constituents in democratic ways – including ongoing outreach and communication strategies, establishing participatory mechanisms within their own organizations, and soliciting resident feedback – other nonprofits do not. Based on the authors’ collaborative research, his brief identifies four specific policy proposals that may help facilitate the inclusionary goals of participatory processes, promote democratic accountability among nonprofit representatives, and make sure the needs of vulnerable citizens are met.
Late-stage systemic immune effectors inPlasmodium bergheiANKA infection: biopterin and oxidative stress
Authors: Dogruman-Al Funda , Engin Ayşe Başak , Bukan Neslihan , Evirgen-Bostanci Seda , Çeber Kemal 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTo investigate the involvement of systemic oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria, mice were infected with thePlasmodium berghei(P. berghei) ANKA 6653 strain. Serum tryptophan (Trp), kynurenine and urinary biopterin, liver, brain, spleen and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite and nitrate (NOx) levels were measured on day 7 post-inoculation. Our data showed a significant decrease in SOD and an increase in GPx activity and MDA level in all the examined biological materials (p<0.05), except spleen. Conversely, GPx activities in spleen were depleted, while SOD and MDA levels remained unchanged. Increased MDA levels might indicate increased peroxynitrite production, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Also, elevated urinary biopterin, which was accompanied by increased NOx (p<0.05), may support the inhibition of Trp degradation (p>0.05). The excessive NO synthesis inP. bergheiinfection may be related to the up-regulation of inducible NO synthase, which was in accordance with the increased biopterin excretion. Thus, the large quantities of released toxic redox active radicals attack cell membranes and induce lipid peroxidation. AlthoughP. bergheiinfection did not demonstrate systemic Trp degradation and related indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activity, it may cause multi-organ failure and death, owing to host-derived severe oxidative stress.
A Study on the Installed Performance Seeking Control for Aero-Propulsion under Supersonic State
Authors: Sun Fengyong , Miao Lizhen , Zhang Haibo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAn integrated model including inlet, engine and nozzle with their internal and external characteristics was built to simulate the propulsion installed performance. With the integrated model, a new performance seeking control scheme under supersonic state is firstly proposed, taking inlet ramp angle as optimizing variable, which is equally important to fuel flow rate, nozzle throat area, guided vane angle of fan and compressor. Specially, engine installed thrust replaces its total thrust as one crucial factor for performance seeking control. Installed performances under supersonic state are significantly improved with the new scheme, as installed thrust increases of up to 4.9% in the maximum thrust mode, installed specific fuel consumption improvements of up to 3.8% in the minimum fuel consumption mode, and turbine temperature decreases of up to 0.6% in the minimum turbine temperature mode. The simulation results also indicates that, the performance seeking control scheme proposed shows superiority in restraining of the increasing of rotational speed and turbine temperature in performance seeking control.
Palladium Catalyzed Defect-free <110> Zinc-Blende Structured InAs Nanowires
Authors: Xu Hongyi , Gao Qiang , Tan H. Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati , Zou Jin 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, Pd thin film is used as catalyst to grow epitaxial InAs nanowires on GaAs(111)B substrate in a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition reactor to explore the growth mechanism and the effects of non-gold catalysts in the growth of III-V epitaxial nanowires. Through detailed morphological, structural and chemical characterization using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, it is found that defect-free zinc-blende structured epitaxial InAs nanowires are grown along the <110> directions with four {111} sidewall facets forming a diamond shaped cross-section. Furthermore, the interface between the nanowire/catalyst is found to be the uncommon {113} planes. It is anticipated that these zinc-blende structured InAs nanowires are grown via the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. The defect-free nature of these nanowires arises from the non-<111> growth direction and non-{111} nanowire/catalyst interface.
Drought‐induced stomatal closure probably cannot explain divergent white spruce growth in the Brooks Range, Alaska, USA
Authors: Brownlee Annalis H. , Sullivan Patrick F. , Csank Adam Z. , Sveinbjörnsson Bjartmar , Ellison Sarah B. Z. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIncrement cores from the boreal forest have long been used to reconstruct past climates. However, in recent years, numerous studies have revealed a deterioration of the correlation between temperature and tree growth that is commonly referred to as divergence. In the Brooks Range of northern Alaska, USA, studies of white spruce (Picea glauca) revealed that trees in the west generally showed positive growth trends, while trees in the central and eastern Brooks Range showed mixed and negative trends during late 20th century warming. The growing season climate of the eastern Brooks Range is thought to be drier than the west. On this basis, divergent tree growth in the eastern Brooks Range has been attributed to drought stress. To investigate the hypothesis that drought‐induced stomatal closure can explain divergence in the Brooks Range, we synthesized all of the Brooks Range white spruce data available in the International Tree Ring Data Bank (ITRDB) and collected increment cores from our primary sites in each of four watersheds along a west‐to‐east gradient near the Arctic treeline. For cores from our sites, we measured ring widths and calculated carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C), intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE), and needle intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) from δ13C in tree‐ring alpha‐cellulose. We hypothesized that trees exhibiting divergence would show a corresponding decline in Δ13C, a decline in Ci, and a strong increase in iWUE. Consistent with the ITRDB data, trees at our western and central sites generally showed an increase in the strength of the temperature–growth correlation during late 20th century warming, while trees at our eastern site showed strong divergence. Divergent tree growth was not, however, associated with declining Δ13C. Meanwhile, estimates of Ci showed a strong increase at all of our study sites, indicating that more substrate was available for photosynthesis in the early 21st than in the early 20th century. Our results, which are corroborated by measurements of xylem sap flux density, needle gas exchange, and measurements of growth and Δ13C along moisture gradients within each watershed, suggest that drought‐induced stomatal closure is probably not the cause of 20th century divergence in the Brooks Range.
Herbage Accumulation and Nutritive Value of Limpograss Breeding Lines Under Stockpiling Management
Authors: Wallau M. O. , Sollenberger L. E. , Vendramini J. M. B. , Mullenix M. K. , Quesenberry K. H. , Gomide C. A. M. , Costa e Silva V. , DiLorenzo N. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTSupplements or conserved forage are often used to overcome forage quantity deficits for beef cattle, but stockpiled forage can be more economical. Limpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.] is the best available species for stockpiling in Florida because it is productive in autumn and maintains greater digestibility than other grasses at advanced stages of maturity. New limpograss hybrid breeding lines have been developed, but they have not been tested under stockpiling. Three limpograss breeding lines (1, 4F, and 10) and the most‐used cultivar, Floralta, received 50 or 100 kg N ha−1 at initiation of stockpiling and herbage accumulated for 8, 12, or 16 wk. Entry 4F had greater herbage accumulation (7.3 Mg ha−1) than Entries 10, 1, and Floralta (6.1, 6.0, and 5.4 Mg ha−1, respectively). Entry 4F also had greater in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) concentration (530–594 g kg−1) than Entries 1 and Floralta, but 4F was not different from Entry 10 (519–531 g kg−1) after 12 and 16 wk of accumulation. As stockpiling period increased from 8 to 16 wk, herbage accumulation increased from 5.3 to 7.4 Mg ha−1, dead material proportion increased from 1 to 10%, and herbage crude protein (CP) decreased from 44 to 32 g kg−1. Limpograss hybrids 4F and 10 are superior to Floralta for stockpiling, stockpiling period should not be longer than 12 wk, and protein supplement will be required to achieve satisfactory animal performance on stockpiled limpograss.
The Lr46 Gene Conditions Partial Adult‐ Plant Resistance to Stripe Rust, Stem Rust, and Powdery Mildew in Thatcher Wheat
Authors: Kolmer J. A. , Lagudah E. S. , Lillemo M. , Lin M. , Bai G. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTDisease resistance is a critical goal for many wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improvement programs. Wheat cultivars are affected by multiple diseases including the rusts and powdery mildew. The F6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from ‘Thatcher’∗3/‘CI13227’ that had been previously characterized as having adult‐plant leaf rust resistance gene Lr46 were further tested for resistance to stripe rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew. In field plot tests, the RILs segregated for resistance to stripe rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew, with the highest logarithm of odds (LOD) peak at the sequence tagged site marker csLV46, which is closely linked to Lr46 on chromosome 1BL. Marker csLV46 had the highest LOD scores and R2 values for powdery mildew resistance, followed by stripe rust and leaf rust resistance. Tests for stem rust resistance had the lowest LOD scores. An additional quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 7AL for leaf rust resistance derived from CI13227 was detected in two of the three leaf rust tests. A QTL for stem rust resistance on chromosome 7AL derived from Thatcher was detected in two of the three stem rust tests.
Two-year Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of a Flowable and Conventional Composite in Class I Restorations
Authors: Lawson NC , Radhakrishnan R , Givan DA , Ramp LC , Burgess JO 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARY

Objectives
This study evaluated the two-year clinical performance and volumetric wear of a flowable resin composite compared to a conventional highly filled composite resin in Class I restorations.

Methods and Materials
In this single-center, single-blinded, comparator-controlled clinical study (Institutional Review Board approved), 120 carious teeth distributed in 60 patients were randomly assigned to four calibrated practitioners who placed occlusal restorations (n=60 flowable and n=60 conventional composite). Direct and indirect assessment at baseline, six months, one year, and two years occurred during which the modified Cvar and Ryge criteria were evaluated. Volumetric wear was determined by superimposition of profilometer scans of baseline and two-year casts.

Results
At two years, there was no significant difference in anatomic form (p=0.80), color match (p=0.08), marginal adaptation (p=0.89), marginal discoloration (p=0.79), surface integrity (p=0.18), secondary caries (p=0.66), cold sensitivity (p=0.522), occlusal sensitivity (p=0.818), or volumetric wear (p=0.661) between materials. Both materials showed a decrease in all criteria except secondary caries (p=0.95) over time. Two-year mean volumetric wear was 3.16 ± 2.38 mm3 for the flowable composite and 3.43 ± 2.50 mm3 for the conventional composite.

Conclusions
The flowable and conventional composites used in this study have similar clinical efficacy after two years of service when placed as Class I occlusal restorations having isthmus widths less than one-half the intercuspal distance.
Radiological and Bronchoscopic Findings for the Better Yield of Tissue Diagnosis in Lung Malignancy
Authors: Khunjeli Rabindra , Shrestha Sanjeet Krishna , Karki Manan , Srivastava Brajendra , Mohsin Ushab Rana 
Published: August 2015

Introduction: In flexible bronchoscopy, absence of endobronchial abnormality blinds the bronchoscopist towards the location of the lung lesion. Guided techniques for bronchoscopy are not available in Nepal. Hence, diagnostic yield is very low. There is need to find the factors to improve yield. This study evaluates the radiological and bronchoscopic findings that can help in histo-pathological yield.Methods: This retrospective study included 557 bronchoscopies done for the evaluation of lung malignancy. Radiological, bronchoscopic and histo-pathological abnormalities were classified and evaluated. The study aimed at finding the radiological and bronchoscopic factors commonly associated with positive yield in histopathology.Results: Among 557 subjects, 490 had abnormal chest X-ray. Mass lesion was seen in 252(45.24%), cavity in 19(3.41%), collapse in 93(16.69%), consolidation in 81(14.54%), pleural effusion in 28(5.02%) and fibrosis in 17(3.05%) subjects. Total of 314(56.37%) abnormal bronchoscopies included: endobronchial growth 200(35.9%), narrowing 66(11.84%), obstruction 107(19.27%) and ulcer 16(2.8%). Histopathology was positive in 198(35.54%) including 179 (32.13%) lung malignancies. The diagnostic yield for getting positive histopathology for the study population was 35.54%, for mass lesion was 40.47% and for abnormal bronchoscopy was 54.78%. Significant correlation was identified among mass lesion, endobronchial abnormality and positive histo-pathology. Central mass lesion, collapse and consolidation showed significant association with lung malignancy. Significant association was also identified between histo-pathology and endobronchial growth, obstruction and ulcer. Conclusions: The diagnostic yield increases with positive endobronchial abnormality. Presence of central lung lesion, collapse and consolidation favour positive yield of histo-pathology. Endobronchial growth, obstruction and ulcer are likely to yield malignant histopathology reports.
In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Tigecycline
Authors: Bhatta Sabita , Basu Babli , Chaudhary Chandrasekhar Narharrao , Praharaj Ashok Kumar 
Published: August 2015

Introduction: Tigecycline is a novel glycylcycline derivative of the tetracycline with activity against a wide range of organisms including Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus , Extended spectrum beta lactamase producing (Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumonia) and Acinetobacter species. The aim of the study was to assess effectiveness of the drug against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE), ESBL producers and carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and to compare the efficacy of different methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Tigecycline.Methods: A total of 250 clinical isolates were processed and identified by conventional methods. In all the 250 isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out by disc diffusion method , Minimum inhibitory test by agar dilution method (MIC) and in 30 isolates of A baumannii MIC was also done by E test.Results: Out of 250 isolates, 236 isolates were sensitive to tigecycline by agar dilution method while only 159 were sensitive by disk diffusion method.Conclusion: Marked discordance was observed between the results of two different methods (DDT & Agar dilution method) for E coli, Klebsiella spp and A baumannii, where significant number of isolates were resistant to tigecycline by DDT as compared to AD method. But results of MIC by agar dilution method & E test were in concordance for A. baumannii.
Climatic and geometric controls on the global distribution of surge-type glaciers: implications for a unifying model of surging
Authors: Sevestre Heïdi , Benn Douglas I. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractControls on the global distribution of surge-type glaciers hold the keys to a better understanding of surge mechanisms. We investigate correlations between the distribution of surge-type glaciers and climatic and glacier geometry variables, using a new global geodatabase of 2317 surge-type glaciers. The highest densities of surge-type glaciers occur within an optimal climatic envelope bounded by temperature and precipitation thresholds. Across all regions with both surge-type and normal glaciers, the former are larger, especially at the cold, dry end of the climatic spectrum. A species distribution model, Maxent, accurately predicts the major clusters of surge-type glaciers using a series of climatic and glacier geometry variables, but under-predicts clusters found outside the climatically optimal surge zone. We interpret the results in terms of a new enthalpy cycle model. Steady states require a balance between enthalpy gains generated by the balance flux and losses via heat conduction and meltwater discharge. This condition can be most easily satisfied in cold, dry environments (thin, low-flux glaciers, efficient conductive heat losses) and warm, humid environments (high meltwater discharges). Intermediate conditions correspond to the optimal surge zone, where neither heat conduction nor runoff can effectively discharge enthalpy gains, and dynamic cycling can result.
Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in the early 21st century
Authors: Zemp Michael , Frey Holger , Gärtner-Roer Isabelle , Nussbaumer Samuel U. , Hoelzle Martin , Paul Frank , Haeberli Wilfried , Denzinger Florian , Ahlstrøm Andreas P. , Anderson Brian , Bajracharya Samjwal , Baroni Carlo , Braun Ludwig N. , Cáceres Bolívar E. , Casassa Gino , Cobos Guillermo , Dávila Luzmila R. , Delgado Granados Hugo , Demuth Michael N. , Espizua Lydia , Fischer Andrea , Fujita Koji , Gadek Bogdan , Ghazanfar Ali , Ove Hagen Jon , Holmlund Per , Karimi Neamat , Li Zhongqin , Pelto Mauri , Pitte Pierre , Popovnin Victor V. , Portocarrero Cesar A. , Prinz Rainer , Sangewar Chandrashekhar V. , Severskiy Igor , Sigurđsson Oddur , Soruco Alvaro , Usubaliev Ryskul , Vincent Christian 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObservations show that glaciers around the world are in retreat and losing mass. Internationally coordinated for over a century, glacier monitoring activities provide an unprecedented dataset of glacier observations from ground, air and space. Glacier studies generally select specific parts of these datasets to obtain optimal assessments of the mass-balance data relating to the impact that glaciers exercise on global sea-level fluctuations or on regional runoff. In this study we provide an overview and analysis of the main observational datasets compiled by the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS). The dataset on glacier front variations (∼42 000 since 1600) delivers clear evidence that centennial glacier retreat is a global phenomenon. Intermittent readvance periods at regional and decadal scale are normally restricted to a subsample of glaciers and have not come close to achieving the maximum positions of the Little Ice Age (or Holocene). Glaciological and geodetic observations (∼5200 since 1850) show that the rates of early 21st-century mass loss are without precedent on a global scale, at least for the time period observed and probably also for recorded history, as indicated also in reconstructions from written and illustrated documents. This strong imbalance implies that glaciers in many regions will very likely suffer further ice loss, even if climate remains stable.
Semiochemical profile of four aphidophagous Indian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Pattanayak Rojalin , Mishra Geetanjali , Chanotiya Chandan Singh , Rout Prasant Kumar , Mohanty Chandra Sekhar , Omkar  
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe emitted aliphatic hydrocarbon profile of four Indian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus) (C7), Coccinella transversalis Fabricius (Ct), Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Ms), and Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) (Pd) has been investigated by simple solvent-less headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Identified volatile and non-volatile compounds were confirmed by running corresponding standards and comparing with the National Institute of Standards and Technology library. Among the 56 identified aliphatic hydrocarbons, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons were more in number than unsaturated ones. Among saturated hydrocarbons, methyl branched hydrocarbons were more in number in C7 and Ct than Ms and Pd. Menochilus sexmaculatus and Pd had higher percentages of unsaturated hydrocarbons than C7 and Ct. Among branched chain-hydrocarbons, mono-methylated saturated hydrocarbons were more in number than dimethylated saturated hydrocarbons. Further analysis of the semiochemical profile revealed a closeness between C7 and Ct, and between Ms and Pd. Quantitative analysis revealed that straight chain hydrocarbons form separate clusters to branched chain methylated hydrocarbons. This is the first attempt to identify the semiochemical profile of some Indian coccinellids using the headspace solid phase micro-extraction technique coupled with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. This report will be helpful for various chemotaxonomic studies of the species in the future.
"We Never Did Return": Migration, Materiality and Time in Penny Siopis' Post-Apartheid Art
Authors: Young Allison K. 
Published: August 2015

This article explores “migration” as both theme and operation in two works by the South African artist Penny Siopis, each created in the year 1997: the artist’s first film, My Lovely Day, and a related object installation entitled Reconnaissance (1900-1997). In each work, Siopis traces the course of her grandmother’s emigration from Europe to Africa through a variety of found, collected, or inherited components that bore witness to the longue durée of imperialism and Apartheid. Mediating between national, cultural, and familial narratives, these works are inherently archaeological in nature, and allowed viewers at the time to reflect on the multiple entangled histories that comprised the post-Apartheid condition. The late nineties in South Africa were defined by the conclusion of Apartheid, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and two major biennale exhibitions of contemporary art. The decade thusly saw a stream of collective efforts to both unearth the past and envision the future, marking a time of great cultural, artistic, political, and discursive transition. Mapping questions of medium-specificity and affect over this larger context, I investigate Siopis’ use and manipulation of historical traces as well as notions of contemporaneity and temporality in her art.