bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An application of the plant functional group concept to restoration practice on coal mine spoil heaps
Authors: Piekarska‐Stachowiak Anna , Szary Małgorzata , Ziemer Barbara , Besenyei Lynn , Woźniak Gabriela 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe history of coal mining in South Poland has left a legacy of many spoil heaps across the landscape. These have presented the opportunity to study their colonisation and spontaneous successional sequences over a long time period. We use the plant functional group (PFG) approach to characterize and compare species diversity on spoil heaps of different ages by utilising the ecological characteristics (PFG categories) of the species recorded during the course of spontaneous vegetation development. By changing species frequency into functional group frequency it was possible to find the significant differences in the functional composition of the studied vegetation and to analyze the dataset using non‐parametric statistics. There was a small increase in the number of species over time, while the frequency of geophytes, nanophanerophytes and megaphanerophytes increased significantly. A significant increase was also recorded for the frequency of competitors, stress‐tolerators and stress‐tolerant competitors and for native species. We found that the significant differences in species composition measured as PFG diversity occurred between the youngest and the oldest age classes. The PFG approach provided valuable insights into the nature of the species composition of the developing vegetation on hard‐coal mine spoil heaps. We suggest that it could be usefully applied in restoration practice in the future by facilitating the natural colonization of native species adapted to local conditions and thus retaining the local gene pool in these areas.
Preparation of a Novel Class of Cationic Gemini Imidazolium Surfactants Containing Amide Groups as the Spacer: Their Surface Properties and Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Wang Liyan , Qin Honglei , Ding Limin , Huo Shichao , Deng Qigang , Zhao Bing , Meng Lingwei , Yan Tie 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA class of novel cationic Gemini imidazolium surfactants containing amide groups as the spacer were synthesized from ethylenediamine and 1‐bromoalkane(C8, C10, C12, C14, C16) by N‐alkylation to get N,N′‐dialkyl ethylenediamine (1a–e), 1a–e was further reacted with chloroacetyl chloride by N‐acylation to get N,N′‐(ethane‐1,2‐diyl)bis(2‐chloro‐N‐alkylacetamide) (2a–e), which was further reacted respectively with 1‐methyl imidazole by quaternized to form the surfactant molecule, N,N′‐((ethane‐1,2‐diyl)bis(alkyl‐azanediyl)bis(2‐oxoethane‐2,1‐diyl)) bis(1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium) dichloride. The structures of intermediates (1a–e) and (2a–e) were characterized by IR and 1H NMR. The structures of the surfactants (3a–e) were characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR and element analysis. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of 3a–e were determined by the conductivity method at 25 °C. The CMC values decreased with increasing the length of the hydrophobic chain. The surfactants (3a–e) showed good foaming stability, emulsion ability and wetting ability. The surfactants (3a–e) also have good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
Glenohumeral Corticosteroid Injections in Adhesive Capsulitis: A Systematic Search and Review
Authors: Song Amos , Higgins Laurence D. , Newman Joel , Jain Nitin B. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the literature on outcomes of corticosteroid injections for adhesive capsulitis, and, in particular, image‐guided corticosteroid injections.TypeSystematic search and review.Literature SurveyThe databases used were PubMed (1966‐present), EMBASE (1947‐present), Web of Science (1900‐present), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Upon reviewing full‐text articles of these studies, a total of 25 studies were identified for inclusion. The final yield included 7 prospective studies, 16 randomized trials, and 2 retrospective studies.MethodologyThis systematic review was formatted by using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. Study criteria were limited to clinical trials, prospective studies, and retrospective studies that specifically evaluated intra‐articular corticosteroid injections, both alone and in combination with other treatment modalities, for shoulder adhesive capsulitis. We included studies that were not randomized control trials because our review was not a meta‐analysis. Data items extracted from each study included the following: study design, study population, mean patient age, duration of study, duration of symptoms, intervention, single or multiple injections, location of injections, control population, follow‐up duration, and outcome measurements. A percentage change in outcome measurements was calculated when corresponding data were available. Risk of bias in individual studies was assessed when appropriate.SynthesisAll the studies involved at least 1 corticosteroid injection intended for placement in the glenohumeral joint, but only 8 studies used image guidance for all injections. Seven of these studies reported statistically significant improvements in range of motion at or before 12 weeks of follow‐up. Ninety‐two percent of all the studies documented a greater improvement in either visual analog pain scores or range of motion after corticosteroid injections in the first 1‐6 weeks compared with the control or comparison group.ConclusionsCorticosteroid injections offer rapid pain relief in the short‐term (particularly in the first 6 weeks) for adhesive capsulitis. Long‐term outcomes seem to be similar to other treatments, including placebo. The added benefit of image‐guided corticosteroid injections in improving shoulder outcomes needs further assessment.
Phase dynamics of freely swimming foils
Authors: Finkel Cyndee L. , von Ellenrieder Karl D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA two-dimensional D-shaped cylinder and heaving foil were mounted in tandem and used to simulate the main body and tail, respectively, of a natural swimmer. Thrust/drag measurements of the force on the foil and particle image velocimetry measurements of the flow downstream of the swimming system were conducted at a Reynolds number of about $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}10^4$ in a water channel with a constant free stream current speed. Two main sets of measurements were conducted: one set with the swimming system locked at a fixed streamwise location in the water channel as the heave frequency of the foil was varied; the other set with the system freely swimming to a desired set-point position from different upstream and downstream locations. When the freely swimming system reached and maintained its set-point position, so that its swimming speed matched that of the current, the oscillation frequency of the heaving foil corresponded to a Strouhal number of 0.36. Phase portraits of the measured thrust/drag forces reveal limit cycle oscillations for all swimming cases studied, which suggests that self-regulation drives the selection of this Strouhal number. No coupling was observed between the vortices shed by the D-shaped cylinder and the self-selected frequency of the heaving foil during free swimming. An examination of the ratio of the phase-locking indices for the input heaving motion of the foil and the coupled fluidic thrust/drag response reveals that it approaches a value of 0.5 over time when the freely swimming system is released from rest and allowed to achieve steady-state cruising. The jet produced by the freely swimming foil was inclined at an angle of approximately $4^\circ $ with respect to the direction of the mean flow.
A universal scaling for low-order structure functions in the log-law region of smooth- and rough-wall boundary layers
Authors: Davidson P. A. , Krogstad P.-Å. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe consider the log-law layer of both smooth- and rough-wall boundary layers at large Reynolds number. A scaling theory is proposed for low-order structure functions (say$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}n \leq 6$) in the range of scales$\eta \ll r \ll \delta $, where$\eta $is the Kolmogorov length and$\delta $is the boundary layer thickness. This theory rests on the hypothesis that the turbulence in this intermediate range of scales depends only on the scale$r$, the local dissipation rate and the shear velocity. Crucially, the structure of the turbulence is assumed to be independent of the distance from the wall,$y$, except to the extent that$y$sets the value of the local dissipation rate. A detailed comparison is made between the predictions of the theory and data taken from both smooth- and rough-wall boundary layers. The data support the hypothesis that it is the dissipation rate, and not$y$, that controls the structure of the turbulence for this range of eddy sizes. Our findings provide the first unified scaling theory for both smooth- and rough-wall turbulence.
Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations of buoyant, vertical miscible Hele-Shaw displacements
Authors: Heussler F. H. C. , Oliveira R. M. , John M. O. , Meiburg E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGravitationally and viscously unstable miscible displacements in vertical Hele-Shaw cells are investigated via three-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations. The velocity of the two-dimensional base-flow displacement fronts generally increases with the unfavourable viscosity contrast and the destabilizing density difference. Displacement fronts moving faster than the maximum velocity of the Poiseuille flow far downstream exhibit a single stagnation point in a moving reference frame, consistent with earlier observations for corresponding capillary tube flows. Gravitationally stable fronts, on the other hand, can move more slowly than the Poiseuille flow, resulting in more complex streamline patterns and the formation of a spike at the tip of the front, in line with earlier findings. A two-dimensional pinch-off governed by dispersion is observed some distance behind the displacement front. Three-dimensional simulations of viscously and gravitationally unstable vertical displacements show a strong vorticity quadrupole along the length of the finger, similar to recent observations for neutrally buoyant flows. This quadrupole results in an inner splitting instability of vertically propagating fingers. Even though the quadrupole’s strength increases for larger destabilizing density differences, the inner splitting is delayed due to the presence of a secondary, outer quadrupole which counteracts the inner one. For large unstable density differences, the formation of a secondary, downward-propagating front is observed, which is also characterized by inner and outer vorticity quadrupoles. This front develops an anchor-like shape as a result of the flow induced by these quadrupoles. Increased spanwise wavelengths of the initial perturbation are seen to result in the formation of the well-known tip-splitting instability. For suitable initial conditions, the inner and tip-splitting instabilities can be seen to develop side by side, affecting different regions of the flow field.
Realizing Synchronous Energy Harvesting and Ion Separation with Graphene Oxide Membranes
Authors: Sun Pengzhan , Zheng Feng , Zhu Miao , Wang Kunlin , Zhong Minlin , Wu Dehai , Zhu Hongwei 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA synchronous ion separation and electricity generation process has been developed using G-O membranes. In addition to the size effect proposed prevsiouly, the separation of ions can be attributed to the different interactions between ions and G-O membranes; the generation of electricity is due to the confinement of G-O membranes and the mobility difference of ions. Efficient energy transduction has been achieved with G-O membranes, converting magnetic, thermal and osmotic energy to electricity, distinguishing this material from other commercial semi-permeable membranes. Our study indicated that G-O membranes could find potential applications in the purification of wastewater, while producing electricity simultaneously. With G-O membranes, industrial magnetic leakage and waste heat could also be used to produce electricity, affording a superior approach for energy recovery.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent energy depletion occurs through inhibition of glycolysis
Authors: Andrabi Shaida A. , Umanah George K. E. , Chang Calvin , Stevens Daniel A. , Karuppagounder Senthilkumar S. , Gagné Jean-Philippe , Poirier Guy G. , Dawson Valina L. , Dawson Ted M. 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceExcessive activation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase (PARP) is intimately linked to cell death in a variety of organ systems. It has long been thought that the cell death caused by excessive activation of PARP occurs through the catalytic consumption of NAD+followed by reduction of ATP and bioenergetic collapse. This study shows that the bioenergetic collapse is caused not by the consumption of NAD+but by PAR-dependent inhibition of hexokinase activity leading to defects in glycolysis. These results are consistent with the notion that cell death induced by excessive PARP activity (parthanatos) is an active cell-death program that is initiated by PAR signaling.
Capitalized Amenity Value of Native Vegetation in a Multifunctional Rural Landscape
Authors: Polyakov Maksym , Pannell David J. , Pandit Ram , Tapsuwan Sorada , Park Geoff 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn many parts of the world, natural vegetation has been cleared to allow agricultural production. To ensure a long‐term flow of ecosystem services without compromising agricultural activities, restoring the environment requires a balance between public and private benefits and costs. Information about private benefits generated by environmental assets can be utilized to identify conservation opportunities on private lands, evaluate environmental projects, and design effective policy instruments. We use a spatio‐temporal hedonic model to estimate the private benefits of native vegetation on rural properties in the state of Victoria, Australia. Specifically, we estimate the marginal value of native vegetation on private land and examine how it varies with the extent of vegetation on a property and across a range of property types and sizes. Private benefits of native vegetation are greater per unit area on small and medium‐sized properties and smaller on large production‐oriented farms. Native vegetation exhibits diminishing marginal benefits as its proportion of a property increases. The current extent of native vegetation cover is lower than the extent that would maximize the amenity value to many landowners. There is scope for improved targeting of investment in the study region by incorporating private benefits of environmental projects into environmental planning processes. Landowners with high marginal private benefits from revegetation would be more willing to participate in a revegetation program. Targeting these landowners would likely provide higher value for money because such projects could be implemented at lower public cost.
bammds:
a tool for assessing the ancestry of low-depth whole-genome data using multidimensional scaling (MDS)
Authors: Malaspinas Anna-Sapfo , Tange Ole , Moreno-Mayar José Víctor , Rasmussen Morten , DeGiorgio Michael , Wang Yong , Valdiosera Cristina E. , Politis Gustavo , Willerslev Eske , Nielsen Rasmus 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Summary: We present bammds , a practical tool that allows visualization of samples sequenced by second-generation sequencing when compared with a reference panel of individuals (usually genotypes) using a multidimensional scaling algorithm. Our tool is aimed at determining the ancestry of unknown samples—typical of ancient DNA data—particularly when only low amounts of data are available for those samples.
Availability and implementation: The software package is available under GNU General Public License v3 and is freely available together with test datasets https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/bammds/ . It is using R ( http://www.r-project.org/ ), parallel ( http://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/ ), samtools ( https://github.com/samtools/samtools ).
Contact: bammds-users@nongnu.org
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Applying lessons learned from the USAID family planning graduation experience to the GAVI graduation process
Authors: Shen Angela K , Farrell Marguerite M , Vandenbroucke Mary F , Fox Elizabeth , Pablos-Mendez Ariel 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
As low income countries experience economic transition, characterized by rapid economic growth and increased government spending potential in health, they have increased fiscal space to support and sustain more of their own health programmes, decreasing need for donor development assistance. Phase out of external funds should be systematic and efforts towards this end should concentrate on government commitments towards country ownership and self-sustainability. The 2006 US Agency for International Development (USAID) family planning (FP) graduation strategy is one such example of a systematic phase-out approach. Triggers for graduation were based on pre-determined criteria and programme indicators. In 2011 the GAVI Alliance (formerly the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations) which primarily supports financing of new vaccines, established a graduation policy process. Countries whose gross national income per capita exceeds $1570 incrementally increase their co-financing of new vaccines over a 5-year period until they are no longer eligible to apply for new GAVI funding, although previously awarded support will continue. This article compares and contrasts the USAID and GAVI processes to apply lessons learned from the USAID FP graduation experience to the GAVI process. The findings of the review are 3-fold: (1) FP graduation plans served an important purpose by focusing on strategic needs across six graduation plan foci, facilitating graduation with pre-determined financial and technical benchmarks, (2) USAID sought to assure contraceptive security prior to graduation, phasing out of contraceptive donations first before phasing out from technical assistance in other programme areas and (3) USAID sought to sustain political support to assure financing of products and programmes continue after graduation. Improving sustainability more broadly beyond vaccine financing provides a more comprehensive approach to graduation. The USAID FP experience provides a window into understanding one approach to graduation from donor assistance. The process itself—involving transparent country-level partners well in advance of graduation—appears a valuable lesson towards success.
The Urban, Politics and Subject Formation
Authors: M. Hoffman Lisa 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn contrast to more traditional debates about voting patterns, local versus state administrations, and individual rights and participatory democracy, this article addresses the question of urban politics through an analysis of subject formation. By taking subject formation as the analytical focus, research questions about ‘politics’ shift from traditional ones about local or state government and the development of consensus, for instance, to ones about the constitution of subjects who are governed and govern themselves in particular ways. Using the emergence of two increasingly commonplace subject forms in contemporary China — urban professionals and volunteers — as examples, the article considers how modes of self‐regulation become political problems and also how subjects may be of the urban as well as located in the urban. The problematizations of socialist state planning have led to new governmental rationalities and technologies that not only produced new subject positions, but also new urban spaces, landscapes, economies and lifestyles. From this view, the article is an intervention into discussions about the ‘where’ of urban politics. It also argues that it is critical to examine politics as problematization and normalization if we are to understand what is at stake in the constitution of potential ‘communities of action’.
Macronutrients and Micronutrients of Soybean Oil Bodies Extracted at Different pH
Authors: Chen Yeming , Cao Yanyun , Zhao Luping , Kong Xiangzhen , Hua Yufei 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this study, the macronutrients and micronutrients of pH 6.8, 8.0, 9.5, and 11.0 extracted soybean oil bodies (OBs) were examined, revealing that soybean OBs might be used as a natural carrier for bioactive components (unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipid, tocopherol, and phytosterol). pH 6.8 extracted OBs (dry basis) contained 85.88% neutral lipid, 8.18% protein, and 5.85% polar lipid (mainly phospholipid) by gravimetric analysis. The percentage of neutral lipid was increased, while those of protein and polar lipid were decreased with increasing pH. Tocopherol (about 75 mg/100 g neutral lipid of OBs) was not affected, while phytosterol was decreased (136 to 110 mg/100 g neutral lipid of OBs) with increasing pH. The detectable total monosaccaride (galactosamine, glucosamine, and glucose) content of extracted OBs was low and also decreased (35.80 to 6.13 mg/100 g neutral lipid of OBs) with increasing pH. The protein of extracted OBs had higher percentage of essential amino acids than soybean protein isolate with tryptophan and methionine as limited amino acids. The fatty acid composition of extracted OBs was rich in linoleic acid (about 59%), oleic acid (about 20%), and α‐linolenic acid (about 7%).
Age and sex differences in the incidence of diabetes mellitus in a population‐based Spanish cohort在一个基于人群的西班牙队列中糖尿病发病率的年龄与性别差异
Authors: Vega Tomás , Gil Milagros , Lozano Jose 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Spain ranges between 10% and 20%. However, very little is known about the incidence of DM because of difficulties involved in estimating it and its apparent lack of usefulness in practice. The aim of the present study was to describe the incidence of type 1 and type 2 DM (T1DM and T2DM, respectively) in the Castilla y León diabetes cohort (CODICyL).MethodsNew diabetes cases, were registered on a standard form that included diagnostic criteria, background, symptoms, results of clinical examination, complications, other cardiovascular risk factors, and treatment. There were 1 354 619 person‐years monitored between 2000 and 2013. We estimated the incidence of DM and calculated the relative risks adjusted for age, gender, and year of diagnosis with Poisson regression models.ResultsThe incidence of DM in individuals aged ≥15 years was 196.9 per 100 000 person‐years (95% confidence interval [CI] 188.4–205.7), whereas in those aged <15 years the incidence was 10.8 per 100 000 person‐years (95% CI 7.8–14.8). Men had a 36% higher risk than women of developing T2DM (95% CI 25%–49%). The greatest incidence of T2DM was found in 55–64‐year‐old men and 65–69‐year‐old women.ConclusionsThe annual incidence of T2DM is approximately 2 per 1000 person‐years, higher in men, and peaks in middle age. Although specific tests to differentiate between the two types of DM are not available in this study, the estimation of incidence in those <15 years of age (10.8 per 100 000 person‐years) represents a close approximation of the incidence of T1DM.