bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying highly connected sites for risk-based surveillance and control of cucurbit downy mildew in the eastern United States
Authors: Ojwang’ Awino M. E. , Lloyd Alun L. , Bhattacharyya Sharmodeep , Chatterjee Shirshendu , Gent David H. , Ojiambo Peter S. 
Published: July 2024

Objective
Surveillance is critical for the rapid implementation of control measures for diseases caused by aerially dispersed plant pathogens, but such programs can be resource-intensive, especially for epidemics caused by long-distance dispersed pathogens. The current cucurbit downy mildew platform for monitoring, predicting and communicating the risk of disease spread in the United States is expensive to maintain. In this study, we focused on identifying sites critical for surveillance and treatment in an attempt to reduce disease monitoring costs and determine where control may be applied to mitigate the risk of disease spread.

Methods
Static networks were constructed based on the distance between fields, while dynamic networks were constructed based on the distance between fields and wind speed and direction, using disease data collected from 2008 to 2016. Three strategies were used to identify highly connected field sites. First, the probability of pathogen transmission between nodes and the probability of node infection were modeled over a discrete weekly time step within an epidemic year. Second, nodes identified as important were selectively removed from networks and the probability of node infection was recalculated in each epidemic year. Third, the recurring patterns of node infection were analyzed across epidemic years.

Results
Static networks exhibited scale-free properties where the node degree followed a power-law distribution. Betweenness centrality was the most useful metric for identifying important nodes within the networks that were associated with disease transmission and prediction. Based on betweenness centrality, field sites in Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina and Virginia were the most central in the disease network across epidemic years. Removing field sites identified as important limited the predicted risk of disease spread based on the dynamic network model.

Conclusions
Combining the dynamic network model and centrality metrics facilitated the identification of highly connected fields in the southeastern United States and the mid-Atlantic region. These highly connected sites may be used to inform surveillance and strategies for controlling cucurbit downy mildew in the eastern United States.
Enhancing Animal Nutrition and Sustainability: The Vital Role of Genetically Modified Crops in Animal Feeding
Authors: Siddiqui Rukkiya , Mondal B.C. , Raza Meesam , Kumar Sawan , Goswami Rashmi , Rafiqui Muteeb Ullah , Ahmed Adis Mirel , Bhardwaj Mohit , Verma Preeti , Arya Damini 
Published: July 2024

Agriculture and livestock are fundamental to the economies of developing countries. A substantial portion of crop harvests is allocated for animal feed. Thus, more technological advancements are necessary to enhance agricultural productivity and provide affordable feed. Future biotech crops are expected to play a crucial role in this area. The goal is often to introduce traits into plants that do not naturally occur in these species. These new traits may include resistance to pests, diseases, or environmental conditions, or the production of specific nutrients or pharmaceutical agents. GM crops have indirectly benefited the livestock sector by increasing the yield of feed ingredients and improving quality traits. These crops are primarily used in livestock feed rations as energy and/or protein sources. Numerous animal feeding studies have been conducted to demonstrate that genetically modified crops are as nutritious and wholesome as compared to their conventional counterparts. No biological relevant differences in animal performance, health, or animal product (meat and milk) composition had been observed in various studies conducted. Overall, no significant differences in gain, intake, and feed conversion have been reported. Since the GM crop’s composition is not different from its conventional counterpart [except for the introduced transgene(s) and expressed protein(s)] and the expressed transgenic protein is rapidly digested in the digestive system, one would not expect any unintended effects. The introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops into the market undergoes extensive testing and a rigorous approval process to ensure food, feed, and environmental safety. This process includes thorough analyses before GM crops are deemed safe for commercial use. GM livestock feed is assessed for its nutritional composition and digestibility by comparing it with conventional crops. Therefore, while GM crops have the potential to enhance the efficiency of animal agriculture by improving nutritional content, reducing pesticide use, and increasing crop yields, it is essential to approach their adoption with caution.
Effective Media Validation, Benefits and Costs for Achieving High Yield in Ribbed Gourd in Soilless Culture under Matric Suction Irrigation
Authors: N. Elakiya , Arulmozhiselvan K. 
Published: July 2024

Aims: To standardize an appropriate method of finding suitable particulate organic substrates for composing soilless media, a soilless experiment was conducted in an open wasteland area in pandal system under matric suction irrigation
Study Design: Completely Randomized Design
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Trichy, Tamil Nadu during Rabi 2020-2021
Methodology: Three growing media were tested with ten replications. For composing the growing media equal proportion (on a weight basis) of substrates viz., coir pith, vermicompost, fly ash, green manure (Dhaincha), and sand were mixed in different combinations. Ribbed gourd CoH-1 was raised in growing media in containers that were interconnected by tubs and tubes to maintain moisture always by matric suction irrigation technique.
Results: Growing media having Coir pith: Vermicompost: Green Manure: Sand registered the highest fruit yield (10.033 kg pot-1), water use efficiency (411.2 kg fresh fruit mm-1) and benefit-cost ratio (1.95) than that of the growing media combination with fly ash. This green manure combination significantly recorded 18% more yield and water use efficiency than that of the coir pith and vermicompost combination. Apparent nutrient recovery was highest in the growing media with coir pith: vermicompost: green manure: sand for N (22.42%), P (23.47%), and K (192.9%).
Conclusion: Exploitation of the potentiality of particulate organic materials demonstrated in this soilless system technique may be useful for farmers to generate additional farm income with proper use of particulate organic substrates obtainable/ available in their farm.
Was fügt der EuGH in Scalable Capital zur Prüfung von Art. 82 DSGVO hinzu? — Ein weiterer Baustein in der Rechtsprechungslinie zum immateriellen Schadensersatz
Authors: Schneider Ruben , Lennartz Markus , Banken Beatrice 
Published: July 2024

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Rechtsprechung des EuGH zum datenschutzrechtlichen Schadensersatzanspruch gem. Art. 82 Abs. 1 DSGVO. Sein Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Analyse und Einordnung des jüngsten Urteils des EuGH zur Thematik in der Rs. Scalable Capital (I.). Im Anschluss daran werden die Erkenntnisse der weiteren Urteile des EuGH zu Art. 82 DSGVO konsolidiert (II.). Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Summa und einem Ausblick auf die weitere Entwicklung (III.).
Verändert das Steuerrecht das Personengesellschaftsrecht? – Neue Entwicklungen zu Gewinnabführungsverträgen mit Personengesellschaften
Authors: Krüger Astrid 
Published: July 2024

Zusammenfassung
Die Verfasserin stellt fest, dass das Gesellschaftsrecht der Organschaft mit einer optierenden Personengesellschaft nicht entgegensteht und der erforderliche Gewinnabführungsvertrag ohne größere praktische Schwierigkeiten abgeschlossen werden kann. Offene bleibe jedoch die Frage nach der Eintragung des Gewinnabführungsvertrags in das Handelsregister der abführenden Personengesellschaft.
Substanznormen: Substanz in der Missbrauchsvermeidung: Die Substanzanforderungen der §§ 7 ff. AStG und des § 50d Abs. 3 EStG
Authors: Steiner Natalie , Stumpf Tim , Ullmann Robert 
Published: July 2024

Zusammenfassung
„Substanz“ ist in zahlreichen deutsch-steuerlichen Normen von zentraler Bedeutung. Obgleich die norm- und tätigkeitsspezifische Auslegung der Substanzanforderungen über alle Substanznormen hinweg wesentliche Gemeinsamkeiten aufweist, ergeben sich gleichwohl vereinzelt Besonderheiten. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird dargelegt, dass jedenfalls bei Substanznormen, denen ein einheitlicher Normzweck zugrunde liegt, eine normübergreifend einheitliche Auslegung geboten ist. Dies wird konkret anhand der beiden Substanznormen der Hinzurechnungsbesteuerung gem. §§ 7 ff. AStG und des Quellensteuervorbehalts gem. § 50d Abs. 3 EStG herausgearbeitet. Insbesondere sind die sich aus dem Wortlaut der beiden Substanznormen ergebenden Unterschiede letztlich jedenfalls in EU/EWR-Sachverhalten nicht haltbar.
Risikotragung für fehlerhafte oder überhöhte Rechnungen im Haftungsrecht des Straßenverkehrs
Authors: Zwickel Martin 
Published: July 2024

Zusammenfassung
Nach Verkehrsunfällen im Straßenverkehr weigern sich Kfz- Haftpflichtversicherungen auf Basis entsprechender interner oder externer Prüfberichte oft, Teile einer Reparatur- oder Sachverständigenrechnung zu zahlen. Für den Geschädigten ist aber bei der Beauftragung der Werkstatt bzw. des Sachverständigen nicht abzusehen, in welcher Höhe diese Leistungsträger abrechnen werden. Die Rechtsprechung hat daher Grundsätze dafür entwickelt, wer das Risiko einer überhöhten oder fehlerhaften Rechnung trägt. Seit Beginn des Jahres 2024 hat sich der BGH in mehreren Urteilen mit dieser Thematik befasst, deren Kernaussagen im folgenden Beitrag zu einem Gesamtsystem der Risikotragung für fehlerhafte bzw. überhöhte Rechnungen im Haftungsrecht des Straßenverkehrs zusammengeführt werden.
Change of Psychological Distress and Physical Disability in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Over the Last Two Decades
Authors: Overman Cécile L. , Jurgens Maud S. , Bossema Ercolie R. , Jacobs Johannes W. G. , Bijlsma Johannes W. J. , Geenen Rinie 
Published: December 2013

ObjectiveDuring the past decades, a more cautious approach with respect to prescribing medication and physical exercise progressed toward evidence‐based guidelines regarding the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Currently, physical activity and other means to improve well‐being and functioning are encouraged, and the disease is targeted earlier with more intensive and aggressive pharmacologic treatment. The current study examined whether psychological distress and physical disability in patients with RA reduced over the last 2 decades and whether this is explained by a reduction of disease activity.MethodsFrom 1990–2011, consecutive patients with RA (n = 1,151, age range 17–86 years, 68% female, 62% rheumatoid factor positive) were monitored at diagnosis and after 3–5 years of treatment (followup). Depressed mood, anxiety, and physical disability were predicted in multiple linear regression analyses by year of assessment, disease activity, and patient demographics.ResultsOver the decades, depressed mood (P = 0.01), anxiety (P = 0.001), and physical disability (P = 0.02) reduced at diagnosis and within‐treatment improvement of anxiety (P = 0.04) and physical disability (P < 0.001) increased. Percentages of patients with depressed mood, anxiety, and physical disability at followup changed from 25%, 23%, and 53%, respectively, 2 decades ago to 14%, 12%, and 31%, respectively, currently. After taking account of reduction in disease activity, the decrease in physical disability remained significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionOver the last 2 decades, psychological distress and physical disability decreased. This favorable trend might partly be due to reduced disease activity. The results indicate that patients with RA have a better opportunity to live a valued life currently than 20 years ago.
SODAR observations of inertia‐gravity waves in the atmospheric boundary layer during the passage of tropical cyclone
Authors: Niranjan Kumar K. , Rao Ch. Kanaka , Sandeep A. , Rao T. N. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis study reports characteristics of inertia‐gravity waves (IGWs) in the atmospheric boundary layer during the passage of Tropical Cylone‐03B, using the Doppler Sound Detection and Ranging (SODAR) observations at the Indian tropical station of Gadanki (13.45°N, 79.2°E; near the east coast of India). Wavelet analysis of horizontal winds indicates significant wave motion (˜60 h) near the characteristic inertial period. The hodograph analysis of the filtered winds shows an anti‐cyclonic turning of horizontal wind with height and time, indicating the presence of IGW. This study finds important implications in boundary layer dynamics during the passage of tropical cyclones.
A Novel Model for Predicting the Dense Phase Behavior of 3D Gas‐Solid Fluidized Beds
Authors: Movahedirad Salman , Ghafari Mohsen , Molaei Dehkordi Asghar 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA novel phenomenological discrete bubble model was developed and tested for prediction of the hydrodynamic behavior of the dense phase of a 3D gas‐solid cylindrical fluidized bed. The mirror image technique was applied to take into account the effects of the bed wall. The simulation results were validated against experimental data reported in the literature that were obtained by positron emission particle tracking. The time‐averaged velocity profiles of particles predicted by the developed model were found to agree well with experimental data. The initial bubble diameter had no significant influence on the time‐averaged circulating pattern of solids in the bed. The model predictions clearly indicate that the developed model can fairly predict the hydrodynamic behavior of the dense phase of 3D gas‐solid cylindrical fluidized beds.
Mass transfer around oblate spheroidal drops in a biaxial stretching motion
Authors: Favelukis Moshe , Lavrenteva Olga M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMass transfer around a small eccentricity oblate spheroidal drop in a biaxial stretching and creeping flow, was investigated theoretically. The results at small capillary (Ca ≪ 1) and large Peclet numbers (Pe ≫ 1), obtained via regular perturbations in Ca, suggest that: at very short times, the mass transfer rate to or from the drop represents, at O(Ca), mass transfer by diffusion only around a sphere. At long times or at steady‐state, the mass transfer rate is, at O(Ca), slightly larger than that of a spherical drop, it increases with increasing the capillary number and decreases with increasing the viscosity ratio. Steady‐state is established faster, as the viscosity ratio decreases and as the capillary number increases. Exact and approximate analytical solutions, valid at all times, which converge to the asymptotic solutions for short and long times, are also presented.
Stability of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical ThinPrep specimens previously lysed with glacial acetic acid: Effect on cobas 4800 HPV test performance
Authors: McMenamin Mary , McKenna Michael 
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUNDThe authors previously demonstrated that lysing samples with glacial acetic acid (GAA) before human papillomavirus (HPV) testing does not adversely affect HPV detection with the cobas 4800 HPV Test. However, the long‐term impact of GAA on HPV DNA was not explored in that study, and inherent cell loss with the lysing protocol used also was observed. The current study considered the long‐term effects of GAA treatment of cervical ThinPrep samples on HPV detection with the cobas 4800 HPV Test. They also modified the manufacturer's lysing procedure for ThinPrep specimens to help prevent cell loss.METHODSSeventy‐eight ThinPrep samples, including previously lysed, archived specimens, were split; then, 1 part was treated with GAA according to the manufacturer's protocol or using a modified protocol, and the other part was left untreated. All samples were tested for HPV using the cobas 4800 HPV Test. The HPV‐positive/HPV‐negative status of tested samples was used to determine the level of agreement between treated and untreated fractions. Performance of the modified lysing procedure was assessed relative to the manufacturer's protocol.RESULTSPositive HPV status produced 97% agreement between the GAA‐treated/untreated fractions. Concordance between the GAA‐treated/untreated fractions did not differ between the 2 lysing methods; however, the average percentage increases in β‐globin and HPV cycle threshold values after lysing were less discernible for the modified lysing method.CONCLUSIONSGAA treatment of cervical ThinPrep specimens does not have long‐term adverse effects on HPV detection with the cobas 4800 HPV Test. The manufacturer's GAA lysing procedure for ThinPrep specimens can be reliably modified for specimens that may subsequently undergo HPV testing. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:250–256. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Comparison of fine‐needle aspiration and fine‐needle capillary sampling of thyroid nodules: A prospective study with emphasis on the influence of nodule size
Authors: Zhou Jian‐Qiao , Zhang Jing‐Wen , Zhan Wei‐Wei , Zhou Wei , Ye Ting‐Jun , Zhu Ying , Yao Jie‐Jie , Liu Jun , Hu Yun‐Yun , Grant Edward G. 
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to compare the sampling efficiency of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) and fine‐needle capillary (FNC) sampling in thyroid nodules, in which the authors specifically analyzed the influence of nodule size.METHODSThis study included 280 thyroid nodules in 275 consecutive patients. The nodules were divided into 4 size subgroups: ≤5.0 mm, from 5.1 to 10.0 mm, from 10.1 to 20.0 mm, and >20.0 mm. Each nodule was sampled by both FNA and FNC. The final cytopathologic findings were reported. The smears were scored and then categorized as diagnostically inadequate, adequate, or superior on the basis of 4 parameters, which included background clot or blood, the number of obtained cells, preserved tissue architecture, and cellular degeneration.RESULTSThe κ scores for agreement of the cytopathologic results between FNA and FNC sampling in the 4 size subgroups were 0.377, 0.455, 0.751, and 0.352 for nodules that measured ≤5.0 mm, from 5.1 to 10.0 mm, from 10.1 to 20.0 mm, and >20.0 mm, respectively. The proportion of nondiagnostic of FNAs was significantly lower than the proportion of nondiagnostic FNC samples in nodules that measured >20.0 mm (P = .037). Scores for the 4 diagnostic parameters were significantly greater in FNAs than in FNC samples in nodules that measured from 5.1 to 10.0 mm and >20.0 mm (all P < .05); however, similar results were not observed in the nodules that measured ≤5.0 mm or from 10.1 to 20.0 mm (all P > .05). Also, FNA yielded significantly more diagnostically superior specimens than FNC sampling in nodules that measured from 5.1 to 10.0 mm and >20.0 mm (P < .05 for both).CONCLUSIONSThe current findings indicated that FNA may be more suitable than FNC for sampling nodules that measure from 5.1 to 10.0 mm and >20.0 mm; whereas, for nodules that measure ≤5.0 mm and from 10.1 to 20.0 mm, the 2 techniques could yield specimens with similar quality. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:266–273. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Colour, contrast and gestalt theories of perception: The impact in contemporary visual communications design
Authors: O'Connor Zena 
Published: December 2013

AbstractVisual communications design, which generally relates to design projects with specific communication objectives, includes most forms of graphic and digital design that have a commercial or an educational purpose. The effectiveness of such design projects rests on how well the embedded communications objectives are met from the perspective of the target audience. In advertising as in education, various post‐campaign evaluation techniques are used to measure effectiveness. The challenge for designers is to create designs that are aesthetically appropriate and visually engaging for the target audience, but which are also functionally‐legible and support the encoding of communication messages so that these are effectively decoded as intended. This is particularly important given that the effectiveness of visual communications is not guaranteed in the visually‐cluttered environment of the 21st century. Of the design elements available to the designer of visual communications, colour and contrast play key roles in visual perception, and the strategic use of these can contribute to the effectiveness of visual communications design. Examining the roles that colour and contrast within the context of Gestalt theories of perception provides additional insight into the ways in which these design elements can be harnessed to improve the effectiveness of visual communications design. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 85–92, 2015
CAT02 and HPE triangles
Authors: Li Changjun , Ji Changjie , Luo Ronnier , Melgosa Manuel , Brill Michael H. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHere, we investigated the CAT02 and HPE triangles in both x,y and u′,v′ spaces. It was found that in u′,v′ space, the HPE triangle is separated into two regions by the line 3u′ − 8v′ + 6 = 0, which is the u′,v′ image of X + Y + Z = 0 under the mapping from (X,Y,Z) to (u′,v′). One of these two regions admits all‐positive R,G,B triplets and the other all‐negative R,G,B triplets, under the case of (X + Y + Z) > 0. The findings of this study explained the computation problems of CAT02 and provided methods for solving the Yellow‐Blue and Purple problems simultaneously. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 30–39, 2015