bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of sterol 3‐ketoreductase sensitivity in susceptibility to the fungicide fenhexamid in Botrytis cinerea and other phytopathogenic fungi
Authors: Debieu Danièle , Bach Jocelyne , Montesinos Emeline , Fillinger Sabine , Leroux Pierre 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe narrow‐spectrum fungicide fenhexamid was introduced into French vineyards in 2000 to control grey mould caused by a complex of two cryptic species: Botrytis cinerea, the predominant species sensitive to fenhexamid, and Botrytis pseudocinerea, naturally resistant. Fenhexamid was suggested to inhibit the 3‐ketoreductase involved at C‐4 demethylation steps during ergosterol biosynthesis, as revealed by its effects on the B. cinerea sterol profile. Resistance monitoring studies have hitherto identified two B. cinerea fenhexamid‐resistant phenotypes, both resulting from mutations in the erg27 gene encoding 3‐ketoreductase.RESULTSThe role of 3‐ketoreductase sensitivity in fungal susceptibility to fenhexamid was investigated by studying sterol profiles and microsomal 3‐ketoreductase in various fungal strains. Fenhexamid does inhibit B. cinerea 3‐ketoreductase activity. Erg27 mutations causing amino acid substitutions in or near the transmembrane domain strongly decrease the affinity of fenhexamid for 3‐ketoreductase. Fenhexamid has very low affinities for 3‐ketoreductase in inherently resistant species, whether closely related to B. cinerea, like B. pseudocinerea, or more distantly related, like Nectria haematococca.CONCLUSIONerg27 mutation and erg27 polymorphism may therefore contribute to the unfavourable binding of fenhexamid to its target, 3‐ketoreductase, explaining the acquisition of fenhexamid resistance in B. cinerea and the narrow spectrum of this fungicide.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Canonical two‐range addition theorem for slater‐type orbitals
Authors: Gebremedhin Daniel , Weatherford Charles 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe radial Slater‐type orbitals (STO)
${r^\mu }{e^{ - \alpha r}}$
can be simply obtained by repeated parametric differentiation of the Yukawa Potential
$({e^{ - \alpha r}}/r)$
with respect to α. A new compact two‐range addition theorem (AdT) for the STO is herein derived by explicit parametric differentiation of the well‐known Yukawa AdT. The resulting addition formula is combined with the single‐range AdT for solid spherical harmonics
$({r^l}Y_l^m(\hat r))$
to present a new AdT for three‐dimensional spherical coordinate STOs. We advance the proposition that this formula is “canonical” in the same sense that the Laplace expansion of the Coulomb potential is considered canonical. We demonstrate how this procedure can be employed for all exponential‐type orbitals. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxidative degradation of bis(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid in nitric acid studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Groenewold Gary S. , Peterman Dean R. , Klaehn John R. , Delmau Laetitia H. , Marc Philippe , Custelcean Radu 
Published: August 2012

RATIONALEThe selective separation of the minor actinides (Am, Cm) from the lanthanides is a topic of ongoing nuclear fuel cycle research, and dithiophosphinic acids are candidate ligands in these processes. Ligand instability has been noted under radiolytic and harsh acid conditions but explicit degradation pathways for ligands such as bis(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl)‐dithiophosphinic acid (CyxH), the major compound in the commercial product Cyanex 301, have been elusive.METHODSOrganic solutions of CyxH were contacted with aqueous solutions of HNO3, and their degradation was studied by analyzing samples from these experiments by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Ions were identified using accurate mass measurement and collision‐induced dissociation.RESULTSThe positive ion spectra contained cationized CyxH cluster ions, and oxidatively coupled species (designated Cyx2) cationized by either H or Na. The Cyx2‐derived ions increased with acid contact time. The negative ion spectra consisted almost entirely of the CyxH conjugate base. The negative ion spectra of the HNO3‐contacted samples also contained conjugate bases corresponding to the dioxo and perthio derivatives of CyxH.CONCLUSIONSCyxH is oxidized by acid contact to form the coupled species Cyx2, and the dioxo species arise from subsequent oxidation of Cyx2. Oxidative coupling increases with contact time, and with higher HNO3 concentrations. The direct infusion measurements provided a simple approach for assessing degradation pathways and kinetics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling of nanolayers
Authors: Baryshev Sergey V. , Zinovev Alexander V. , Tripa C. Emil , Pellin Michael J. , Peng Qing , Elam Jeffrey W. , Veryovkin Igor V. 
Published: August 2012

RATIONALEAlthough the fundamental physical limits for depth resolution of secondary ion mass spectrometry are well understood in theory, the experimental work to achieve and demonstrate them is still ongoing. We report results of high‐resolution TOF SIMS (time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) depth profiling experiments on a nanolayered structure, a stack of 16 alternating MgO and ZnO ~5.5 nm layers grown on a Si substrate by atomic layer deposition.METHODSThe measurements were performed using a newly developed approach implementing a low‐energy direct current normally incident Ar+ ion beam for ion milling (250 eV and 500 eV energy), in combination with a pulsed 5 keV Ar+ ion beam at 60° incidence for TOF SIMS analysis. By this optimized arrangement, a noticeably improved version of the dual‐beam (DB) approach to TOF SIMS depth profiling is introduced, which can be dubbed gentleDB.RESULTSThe mixing‐roughness‐information model was applied to detailed analysis of experimental results. It revealed that the gentleDB approach allows ultimate depth resolution by confining the ion beam mixing length to about two monolayers. This corresponds to the escape depth of secondary ions, the fundamental depth resolution limitation in SIMS. Other parameters deduced from the measured depth profiles indicated that a single layer thickness is equal to 6 nm so that the 'flat' layer thickness d is 3 nm and the interfacial roughness σ is 1.5 nm, thus yielding d + 2σ = 6 nm.CONCLUSIONSWe have demonstrated that gentleDB TOF SIMS depth profiling with noble gas ion beams is capable of revealing the structural features of a stack of nanolayers, resolving its original surface and estimating the roughness of interlayer interfaces, information which is difficult to obtain by traditional approaches. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐endothelial Transport of Microvectors using Cellular Shuttles and Tunneling Nanotubes
Authors: Ferrati Silvia , Shamsudeen Sabeel , Summers Huw D. , Rees Paul , Abbey James V. A. , Schmulen Jeff , Liu Xuewu , Wong Stephen T. C. , Bean Andrew J. , Ferrari Mauro , Serda Rita E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNew insights into the intra‐ and intercellular trafficking of drug delivery particles challenges the dogma of particles as static intracellular depots for sustained drug release. Recent discoveries in the cell‐to‐cell transfer of cellular constituents, including proteins, organelles, and microparticles sheds light on new ways to propagate signals and therapeutics. While beneficial for the dispersion of therapeutics at sites of pathologies, propagation of biological entities advancing disease states is less desirable. Mechanisms are presented for the transfer of porous silicon microparticles between cells. Direct cell‐to‐cell transfer of microparticles by means of membrane adhesion or using membrane extensions known as tunneling nanotubes is presented. Cellular relays, or shuttle cells, are also shown to mediate the transfer of microparticles between cells. These microparticle‐transfer events appear to be stimulated by environmental cues, introducing a new paradigm of environmentally triggered propagation of cellular signals and rapid dispersion of particle‐delivered therapeutics. The opportunity to use microparticles to study cellular transfer events and biological triggers that induce these events may aid in the discovery of therapeutics that limit the spread of disease.
Effective MicroPET imaging of brain 5‐HT1A receptors in rats with [18F]MeFWAY by suppression of radioligand defluorination
Authors: Choi Jae Yong , Kim Chul Hoon , Jeon Tae Joo , Kim Byoung Soo , Yi Chi Hoon , Woo Kwang Sun , Seo Young Beom , Han Sang Jin , Kim Kyeong Min , Yi Dae Ik , Lee Minkyung , Kim Dong Goo , Kim Jung Young , Lee Kyo Chul , Choi Tae Hyun , An Gwangil , Ryu Young Hoon 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIntroduction: [18F]MeFWAY has been developed for imaging the serotonin 1A receptors in the brain. The purpose of this study were to verify the metabolic stability of [18F]MeFWAY, to measure the degree of defluorination of [18F]MeFWAY in vivo, to investigate methods of inhibition of defluorination of [18F]MeFWAY, and to assess the efficacy of [18F]MeFWAY in rat brains in vivo. Methods: MicroPET experiments in rats were conducted to confirm the distribution of radioactivity in the brain. Nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex were also analyzed. Miconazole and fluconazole were tested for the ability to suppress defluorination of [18F]MeFWAY. We conducted a blockade and displacement experiment by treating with WAY‐100635. Results: In vitro stability tests showed that MeFWAY was very stable in serum for 6 h, but PET revealed that authentic [18F]MeFWAY underwent significant defluorination in vivo. In vitro inhibition study against decreasing parent activity in liver microsomes, miconazole and fluconazole suppressed metabolic elimination of MeFWAY. However, in the PET study, fluconazole showed more potent inhibitory activity than miconazole. In the suppression of metabolizing enzymes using fluconazole, radioactivity in skull was dramatically decreased by 81% (compared with 69% with miconazole) and it was coupled with an increase in brain uptake. Moreover, BPND in hippocampus was 5.53 and 2.66 in frontal cortex. The blockade and displacement study showed the specificity of [18F]MeFWAY to 5‐HT1A receptors. Conclusion: In the rat brain, [18F]MeFWAY microPET showed skull uptake due to defluorination in vivo. We can effectively overcome this drawback with fluconazole. Synapse, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The evolution of the neural crest: new perspectives from lamprey and invertebrate neural crest‐like cells
Authors: Medeiros Daniel Meulemans 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe neural crest is an embryonic cell population that gives rise to an array of tissues and structures in adult vertebrates including most of the head skeleton. Because neural crest cells (NCCs), and many of their derivatives, are unique to vertebrates, the evolution of the neural crest is thought to have potentiated vertebrate origins and diversification. However, the lack of clear NCC homologs in invertebrate chordates has made it difficult to reconstruct the evolutionary history of modern NCCs. In this review, the development of NCCs in the basal jawless vertebrate, lamprey, is compared with the development of neural crest‐like cells in a range of invertebrates to deduce features of the first NCCs and their evolutionary precursors. These comparisons demonstrate that most of the defining attributes of NCCs are widespread features of invertebrate embryonic ectoderm. In addition, they suggest ancient origins for the neural border domain and chondroid skeletal tissue in the first bilaterian, and show that NCCs must have evolved in a chordate with an unduplicated invertebrate‐type genome. On the basis of these observations, a stepwise model for the evolution of NCCs involving heterotopic and heterochronic activation of ancient ectodermal gene programs and new responsiveness to preexisting inducing signals is proposed. In light of the phylogenetic distribution of neural crest‐like cells, the deep homology of developmental gene networks, and the central role of evolutionary loss in deuterostome evolution, this article concludes with suggestions for future studies in a broad range of bilaterians to test key aspects of this model. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:1–15. doi: 10.1002/wdev.85This article is categorized under:

Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species
Comparative Development and Evolution > Evolutionary Novelties
Impacts of residential development on ungulates in the Rocky Mountain West
Authors: Polfus Jean L. , Krausman Paul R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractRural residential development in the Rocky Mountain West of North America is resulting in increased conflict between ungulate habitat and infrastructure. Subdivisions, houses, and roads affect ungulates both behaviorally and demographically and reduce management options available to agencies. These habitat alterations need to be addressed if wildlife species are to coexist with humans. We reviewed literature (using 7 search engines and 16 key words) on the effects of land‐use change (especially residential development) on elk (Cervus canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white‐tailed deer (O. virginianus), American pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). Approximately 80 studies were directly related to the effects of human development on ungulates; however, only 25 specifically examined residential development and its influences on the focal species. Studies varied in methodology (i.e., aerial and ground surveys, pellet counts, movement rates) and analyses. The literature suggests most ungulates exhibit short‐term behavioral reactions to human disturbance. However, few studies link these responses to population‐level consequences or test the cumulative impact that multiple developments and development types (i.e., roads, housing, industrial development) have on seasonal habitat use and migratory behavior. Short‐term and small‐scale observational studies have articulated the conflict between humans and ungulates on shared habitat. Those studies need to be followed with well‐designed experiments and large‐scale multi‐jurisdictional projects so that managers and planners can make more credible recommendations to direct future exurban development that benefits wildlife and humans. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Missing lynx and trophic cascades in food webs: A reply to Ripple et al.
Authors: Squires John R. , DeCesare Nicholas J. , Hebblewhite Mark , Berger Joel 
Published: August 2012

AbstractRipple et al. () proposed a hypothesis that the recovery of gray wolves (Canis lupus) may positively affect the viability of threatened Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) populations in the contiguous United States through indirect species interactions. Ripple et al. () proposed 2 key trophic linkages connecting wolf restoration with lynx recovery. First, recovering wolf populations may benefit lynx through reduced interference and exploitative competition with coyotes (C. latrans). Second, recovering wolf populations may benefit lynx through reduced exploitative competition among ungulates and snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), the primary prey of lynx. Both proposed linkages have weak or contradictory empirical support in the available literature on lynx–hare ecology, casting doubt on the utility of Ripple et al.'s () hypothesis. Debate over Ripple et al.'s () hypothesis demonstrates the importance of experimental or comparative documentation when proposing trophic cascades in complex food webs. In this case, publishing unsupported opinions as hypotheses that concern complex trophic interactions is a potential disservice to lynx conservation through misallocated research, conservation funding, and misplaced public perception. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Improved gap repair cloning in yeast: treatment of the gapped vector with Taq DNA polymerase avoids vector self‐ligation
Authors: Bessa Daniela , Pereira Filipa , Moreira Roxana , Johansson Björn , Queirós Odília 
Published: August 2012

AbstractGap repair is a fast and efficient method for assembling recombinant DNA molecules in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method produces a circular DNA molecule by homologous recombination between two or more linear DNA fragments, one of which is typically a vector carrying replicative sequences and a selective marker. This technique avoids laborious and costly in vitro purification and ligation of DNA. The DNA repair machinery can also close and ligate the linear vector by mechanisms other than homologous recombination, resulting in an empty vector. The frequency of these unwanted events can be lowered by removing the 5′‐phosphate groups using phosphatase, which is the standard method used for in vitro ligation. However, phosphatase treatment is less effective for gap repair cloning than for in vitro ligation, presumably due to the ability of the S. cerevisiae DNA repair machinery to efficiently repair the missing phosphate group to allow religation. We have developed a more efficient method to prevent vector religation, based on treatment of the vector fragment with Taq DNA polymerase and dATP. This procedure prevents vector recircularization almost completely, facilitating the screening for true recombinant clones. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New fully‐covered self‐expandable metal stent for endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided intervention in infectious walled‐off pancreatic necrosis (with video)
Authors: Itoi Takao , Reddy D. Nageshwar , Yasuda Ichiro 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEndoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)‐guided pancreatic pseudocyst drainage using a self‐expandable metal stent (SEMS) has been reported for satisfactory drainage and endoscopic necrosectomy. Here, we described an interesting case in which successful endoscopic therapy was performed using a new SEMS in infectious walled‐off pancreatic necrosis.
Evolutionism and the Teaching of Science: How Portugal Has Been “Playing with the Big Tree of Evolution”
Authors: Assis Sandra , Carvalho Susana 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The concept of evolution is fundamental to the teaching of biological sciences. Nevertheless, it seems frequently neglected and/or forgotten in our classrooms and absent from the school syllabus. These difficulties are present today in the Portuguese educational system, especially concerning the issue of human evolution. To overcome this difficulty, a multidisciplinary pilot project entitled Playing with the Big Tree of Evolution was developed by a nonprofit association called Group of Studies in Human Evolution in Portuguese schools and in other public and private organizations. Combining non-formal and informal apprenticeship, the project is composed of a set of pedagogical and experimental activities that aim to promote the broad concept of human evolution as well as to demystify the anthropocentric perspective that places humans at the top of the chain of life.
Preventing Multidrug‐Resistant Gram‐Negative Organisms in Surgical Patients
Authors: Murphy Rebecca J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMultidrug‐resistant gram‐positive infections have consumed the attention of health care organizations as well as the media, but recently multidrug‐resistant gram‐negative organisms (MDR‐GNOs) have become more and more prevalent. Limited treatment options are available for MDR‐GNO infections; thus, prevention is key. Patients who are at high risk for developing infections must be identified, and specialized prevention interventions must be developed for their care. Surgical patients are one subset of patients at high risk for developing MDR‐GNOs. Advanced practice nurses must support nurses and other health care personnel in preventing MDR‐GNO infections. Education should include active surveillance, contact precautions, cohorting patients and staff members, unit closures, reinforced hand hygiene practices, and environmental cleaning tailored to the care of surgical patients in regard to their preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care.
The Braden Q+P: A Pediatric Perioperative Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment and Intervention Tool
Authors: Galvin Patricia A. , Curley Martha A.Q. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPressure ulcers continue to be a personally and financially expensive complication of surgery and hospitalization. The effects of anesthesia, immobilization during surgery, and use of multiple medical devices all place the surgical patient at high risk for pressure‐related skin injury. As part of a comprehensive pressure ulcer prevention initiative, nurses in the cardiac and main ORs at Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, became concerned that current pressure ulcer risk assessment tools did not adequately capture the intense but short‐term risk posed in the operating and procedural suites. A team, formed to investigate this matter, developed a tool to guide nursing assessment of patient risk and to plan nursing interventions to prevent pressure ulcers. Results after implementation of the Braden Q+P tool appear to show improvement in preventing pressure ulcers. Increased awareness of pressure ulcer prevention, a hospital focus on skin care, and nursing education about pressure ulcers supported this improvement.
Clinical Issues—September 2012
Authors: Ogg Mary J. 
Published: August 2012

This MonthImplant expiration datesKey words: expiration date, event related sterility, useful life.Hazardous chemical lists in the workplaceKey words: hazardous substance, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), material safety data sheet (MSDS), safety data sheet (SDS), hazardous chemical.OSHA compliance fines for refusal to use safety devicesKey words: safety scalpel, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), safety‐engineered device.
Implementing AORN Recommended Practices for Minimally Invasive Surgery: Part I
Authors: Morton Paula J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article focuses on the patient safety aspects of the revised AORN “Recommended practices for minimally invasive surgery” (MIS). Key considerations include ensuring proper fluid management practices, assessing patients for risk factors related to MIS, implementing precautions for electrosurgery, planning for risks related to MIS, and assessing patients postoperatively for potential complications related to MIS. Collaboration and collegiality among members of the surgical team are essential for ensuring all pertinent aspects of care are recognized and considered.
Medication Errors, Routines, and Differences Between Perioperative and Non‐perioperative Nurses
Authors: Treiber Linda A. , Jones Jackie H. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDespite efforts to reduce the incidence of perioperative medication errors, these errors continue to be a problem. We examined written accounts from 16 nurses who discussed medication errors in the perioperative environment and 11 nurses who provided additional information about perioperative errors, nursing education, and the state of health care. Preoperative medication errors were the most frequently reported perioperative medication errors. Other reported errors involved intraoperative medication administration, IV sedation, and “close call” events. Reasons for errors included production pressure, complacency, and failure to follow established routines. We also identified evidence of self‐blame and lack of understanding between nursing units and specialty areas. We compared attitudes and opinions of nurses working in perioperative settings with those of nurses working in non‐perioperative areas and found both similarities and differences in the perceptions of medication errors and why they occur.