bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental selection of protistan plankton communities in hypersaline anoxic deep‐sea basins,EasternMediterraneanSea
Authors: Filker Sabine , Stock Alexandra , Breiner Hans‐Werner , Edgcomb Virginia , Orsi William , Yakimov Michail M. , Stoeck Thorsten 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHigh salt concentrations, absence of light, anoxia, and high hydrostatic pressure make deep hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) in theEasternMediterraneanSea one of the most polyextreme habitats onEarth. Taking advantage of the unique chemical characteristics of these basins, we tested the effect of environmental selection and geographic distance on the structure of protistan communities. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) analyses were performed on water samples from the brines and seawater/brine interfaces of five basins:Discovery,Urania,Thetis,Tyro, andMedee. Using statistical analyses, we calculated the partitioning of diversity among the ten individual terminal restriction fragment (T‐RF) profiles, based on peak abundance and peak incidence. While a significant distance effect on spatial protistan patterns was not detected, hydrochemical gradients emerged as strong dispersal barriers that likely lead to environmental selection in theDHABprotistan plankton communities. We identified sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and oxygen playing in concerto as dominant environmental drivers for the structuring of protistan plankton communities in theEasternMediterraneanDHABs.
Microarray analysis identifies COMP as the most differentially regulated transcript throughout in vitro follicle growth
Authors: Skory Robin M. , Bernabé Beatriz Peñalver , Galdones Eugene , Broadbelt Linda J. , Shea Lonnie D. , Woodruff Teresa K. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn vitro follicle growth has emerged as a technology that can provide new information about folliculogenesis and serve as part of a suite of methods currently under development to assist women whose fertility is threatened by cancer treatments. Though it has been shown that in vitro‐grown follicles secrete peptide and steroid hormones, much of the follicular transcriptome remains unknown. Thus, microarray analysis was performed to characterize the transcriptome and secretome of in vitro‐grown follicles. One prominently regulated gene product was cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (Comp): its mRNA was upregulated during the final 4 days of culture (P < 0.05) and COMP protein could be detected in medium from individual follicles. COMP expression localized to mural granulosa cells of large antral follicles both in vitro and in vivo, with maximal expression immediately preceding ovulation in cycling and chorionic gonadotropin‐primed female mice. COMP was co‐expressed with two known markers of follicle maturation, inhibin βA and gremlin, and was expressed only in TUNEL‐negative follicles. In addition to other gene products identified in the microarray, COMP has potential utility as a marker of follicle maturation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exacerbation of myasthenia gravis with voriconazole
Authors: Azzam Raed , Shaikh Aasef G. , Serra Alessandro , Katirji Bashar 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTIntroductionWe describe a patient with stable generalized myasthenia gravis who presented with new onset severe ophthalmoplegia and ptosis after initiation of voriconazole for aspergillosis.MethodsLigand‐protein docking software was used to simulate the interaction of voriconazole with the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). We tested voriconazole binding to AChR in comparison to high affinity and neutral compounds.ResultsThere was no clinical improvement after intravenous immunoglobulin infusion and plasmapheresis. However, the patient improved slowly after withdrawal of voriconazole. Based on our results, voriconazole binds favorably to AChR and may putatively block muscle nicotinic AChRs. Other theoretical explanations include blocking potassium channels and reducing their intracellular trafficking.ConclusionsThe mechanisms involved in ocular exacerbation may be multi‐factorial, reflecting the intricate dynamics of the neuromuscular junction. It is important to consider medications that harbor pyridine or pyrimidine moieties as potential causes of exacerbation in myasthenic patients, especially those who present with ocular symptoms. Muscle Nerve 47: 928–930, 2013
Longitudinal characterization of functional, morphologic, and biochemical adaptations in mouse skeletal muscle with hindlimb suspension
Authors: Hanson Andrea M. , Harrison Brooke C. , Young Mary H. , Stodieck Louis S. , Ferguson Virginia L. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTIntroductionHindlimb unloading‐induced muscle atrophy is often assessed after a homeostatic state is established, thus overlooking the early adaptations that are critical to developing this pattern of atrophy.MethodsMuscle function and physiology were characterized at 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days of hindlimb suspension (HS).ResultsReductions in muscle mass were maximal by Day 14 of HS. Functional strength and isolated muscle strength were reduced. MyHC‐I and ‐IIa expressing fibers were reduced in size by Day 7 in the soleus and by Day 14 in the gastrocnemius (MyHC‐I fibers only). Atrogin‐1 and MuRF1 expression was increased by Day 1 in both the calf and tibialis anterior while IGF‐1 expression was significantly reduced on Day 3. Phosphorylation of Akt was reduced on Day 14.ConclusionsInsight into these early changes in response to HS improves understanding of the molecular and functional changes that lead to muscle atrophy. Muscle Nerve 48: 393–402, 2013
Effects of short‐term resistance training and subsequent detraining on the electromechanical delay
Authors: Costa Pablo B. , Herda Trent J. , Walter Ashley A. , Valdez Andrea M. , Cramer Joel T. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the effects of 3 days of dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) and isokinetic (ISOK) training and subsequent detraining on the electromechanical delay (EMD). Methods: Thirty‐one men [age 22.2±4.2 years, body mass 77.9±12.9 kg, height 173.9±5.4 cm (mean±SD)] were randomly assigned to a DCER training group, ISOK training group, or control (CONT) group. Results: No significant changes were found for EMD from pre‐ to posttraining assessments 1, 2, and 3 [4.5±0.2 ms, 4.7±0.2 ms, 4.5±0.1 ms, 4.5±0.2 ms, respectively (mean±SE)] (P>0.05). Conclusions: It can be hypothesized that increases in strength observed after a short‐term resistance training program may not be attributed to stiffness changes in the series‐elastic component. Muscle Nerve, 2013
Optimization of ultraviolet laser doping for crystalline silicon solar cells with a novel segmented selective emitter design
Authors: Renshaw John S. , Upadhyaya Ajay , Upadhyaya Vijaykumar , Cooper Ian B. , Rohatgi Ajeet 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on the use of ultraviolet laser for forming segmented selective emitters on POCl 3 n  + –p–p  +  solar cells. Laser scan speed, pulse power, and repetition rate are optimized to minimize laser‐induced defects, which are found to enhance recombination and reduce the local open‐circuit voltage. Laser‐doped selective emitters formed by locally driving in additional phosphorous from the diffusion glass are well suited for an etchback process without the need for a mask. In this paper, we show a novel selective emitter design that is segmented instead of continuous, combined with an emitter etchback process gives an efficiency improvement of about 0.3% absolute over a standard industrial type solar cell and 0.2% absolute improvement over a non‐segmented selective emitter solar cell. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating Source Area Contributions from Aircraft Flux Measurements Over Heterogeneous Land Using Large-Eddy Simulation
Authors: Bertoldi Giacomo , Kustas William P. , Albertson John D. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The estimation of spatial patterns in surface fluxes from aircraft observations poses several challenges in the presence of heterogeneous land cover. In particular, the effects of turbulence on scalar transport and the different behaviour of passive (e.g. water vapour) versus active (e.g. temperature) scalars may lead to large uncertainties in the source area/flux-footprint estimation for sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat-flux fields. This study uses large-eddy simulation (LES) of the land–atmosphere interactions to investigate the atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) processes that are likely to create differences in airborne-estimated H and LE footprints. We focus on 32~m altitude aircraft flux observations collected over a study site in central Oklahoma during the Southern Great Plains experiment in 1997 (SGP97). Comparison between the aircraft data and traditional model estimates provide evidence of a difference in source area for turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes. The LES produces reasonable representations of the observed fluxes, and hence provides credible evidence and explanation of the observed differences in the H and LE footprints. Those differences can be quantified by analyzing the change in the sign of the spatial correlation of the H and LE fields provided by the LES model as a function of height. Dry patterns in relatively moist surroundings are able to generate strong, but localized, sensible heating. However, whereas H at the aircraft altitude is still in phase with the surface, LE presents a more complicated connection to the surface as the dry updrafts force a convergence of the surrounding moist air. Both the observational and LES model evidence support the concept that under strongly advective conditions, H and LE measured at the top of the surface layer (≈50 m) can be associated with very different upwind source areas, effectively contradicting surface-layer self-similarity theory for scalars. The results indicate that, under certain environmental conditions, footprint models will need to predict differing source area/footprint contributions between active (H) and passive (LE) scalar fluxes by considering land-surface heterogeneity and ABL dynamics.
Application of Ultrasound for Oil Separation and Recovery of Palm Oil
Authors: Juliano P. , Swiergon P. , Mawson R. , Knoerzer K. , Augustin M. A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis work investigated whether ultrasound treatment could improve the oil recovery from the extract obtained from pressed oil palm mesocarp. Oil recoverable after subjecting two process streams from palm oil milling operations to ultrasound were compared to that obtained from corresponding samples without ultrasound treatment. The process streams examined were (i) the ex‐screw press feed into the vertical clarification tank and (ii) the underflow sludge from the clarification tank. Oil recoverable was taken as the sum of decantable oil obtained after a gravity settling process at 85 °C for 1 h (skimmed oil) and oil released from the remaining colloidal dispersion after centrifugation at 1,000 g (centrifuged oil). Oil recoverable was dependent on the ultrasound treatment applied, type of transducer used and the feed stream. Increased recoverable oil was obtained by applying low frequency ultrasound (20 kHz) to the ex‐screw press feed using a long rod radial sonotrode system but recoverable oil was decreased when a short single step cascade focused sonotrode system was used. High frequency ultrasound (400 + 1,600 kHz) increased recoverable oil from both process streams. Applying sequential low and high frequency ultrasound increased recoverable oil from the ex‐screw press feed but decreased that from the underflow sludge. The use of high frequency ultrasound for improving oil recovery is a significant advance for palm oil milling operations.
Pregnancy outcomes and relative risk factors among Chinese women with congenital heart disease
Authors: Liu Hua , Huang Taotao , Zhao Weixiu , Shen Yao , Lin Jianhua 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo summarize pregnancy outcomes among a cohort of Chinese women with congenital heart disease (CHD) and to identify predictive risk factors for maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 529 women with CHD who gave birth at the Shanghai Obstetrical Cardiology Intensive Care Center, Shanghai, China, between January 1, 1993, and September 30, 2010. Maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications were evaluated for these women.ResultsMaternal cardiac complications were reported in 33 (6.2%) of the women, whereas fetal and neonatal complications were reported in 145 (27.4%). The factors found to be significantly predictive for maternal cardiac complications were cardiac events before pregnancy (odds ratio [OR] 36.811), New York Heart Association functional class greater than II (OR 27.702), oxygen saturation below 90% (OR 7.506), and left ventricular obstruction (aorta stenosis) (OR 2.408). Factors significantly predictive for fetal and neonatal complications were New York Heart Association functional class greater than II (OR 20.12), oxygen saturation below 90% (OR 3.78), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (systolic pressure ≥ 50 mm Hg) (OR 3.42).ConclusionIdentification of maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications among women with CHD may guide medical intervention and therefore reduce pregnancy‐associated risk for these patients.
Plumbagin, a medicinal plant (lumbago zeylanica)‐derived 1,4‐naphthoquinone, inhibits growth and metastasis of human prostate cancer PC‐3M‐luciferase cells in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model
Authors: Hafeez Bilal Bin , Zhong Weixiong , Fischer Joseph W. , Mustafa Ala , Shi Xudong , Meske Louise , Hong Hao , Cai Weibo , Havighurst Thomas , Kim KyungMann , Verma Ajit K. 
Published: December 2012

We present here first time that Plumbagin (PL), a medicinal plant‐derived 1,4‐naphthoquinone, inhibits the growth and metastasis of human prostate cancer (PCa) cells in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. In this study, human PCa PC‐3M‐luciferase cells (2 × 106) were injected into the prostate of athymic nude mice. Three days post cell implantation, mice were treated with PL (2 mg/kg body wt. i.p. five days in a week) for 8 weeks. Growth and metastasis of PC‐3M‐luciferase cells was examined weekly by bioluminescence imaging of live mice. PL‐treatment significantly (p = 0.0008) inhibited the growth of orthotopic xenograft tumors. Results demonstrated a significant inhibition of metastasis into liver (p = 0.037), but inhibition of metastasis into the lungs (p = 0.60) and lymph nodes (p = 0.27) was not observed to be significant. These results were further confirmed by histopathology of these organs. Results of histopathology demonstrated a significant inhibition of metastasis into lymph nodes (p = 0.034) and lungs (p = 0.028), and a trend to significance in liver (p = 0.075). None of the mice in the PL‐treatment group showed PCa metastasis into the liver, but these mice had small metastasis foci into the lymph nodes and lungs. However, control mice had large metastatic foci into the lymph nodes, lungs, and liver. PL‐caused inhibition of the growth and metastasis of PC‐3M cells accompanies inhibition of the expression of: 1) PKCϵ, pStat3Tyr705, and pStat3Ser727, 2) Stat3 downstream target genes (survivin and BclxL), 3) proliferative markers Ki‐67 and PCNA, 4) metastatic marker MMP9, MMP2, and uPA, and 5) angiogenesis markers CD31 and VEGF. Taken together, these results suggest that PL inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of human PCa PC3‐M‐luciferase cells, which could be used as a therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of human PCa.
REGULARITY REFORMULATED
Authors: Tang Weng Hong 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis paper focuses on the view that rationality requires that our credences be regular. I go through different formulations of the requirement, and show that they face several problems. I then formulate a version of the requirement that solves most of, if not all, these problems. I conclude by showing that an argument thought to support the requirement as traditionally formulated actually does not; if anything, the argument, slightly modified, supports my version of the requirement.
EVIDENCE OF EVIDENCE AND TESTIMONIAL REDUCTIONISM
Authors: Rowley William D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAn objection to reductionism in the epistemology of testimony that is often repeated but rarely defended in detail is that there is not enough positive evidence to provide the non-testimonial, positive reasons reductionism requires. Thus, on pain of testimonial skepticism, reductionism must be rejected. Call this argument the ‘Not Enough Evidence Objection’ (or ‘NEEO’). I will defend reductionism about testimonial evidence against the NEEO by arguing that we typically have non-testimonial positive reasons in the form of evidence about our testifier's evidence. With a higher-level evidence principle borrowed from recent work on the epistemology of disagreement, I argue that, granting some plausible assumptions about conversational norms, the NEEO is unsound.
Variable Phase Bright-Field Contrast—An Alternative Illumination Technique for Improved Imaging in Transparent Specimens
Authors: Piper Timm , Piper Jörg 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn variable phase bright-field contrast, a bright-field image based on axial or concentric-peripheral light is optically superimposed with a phase-contrast image, so that typical details that are imminent in one or the other technique contribute to the resulting composite image. In particular, complex structured specimens consisting of high-density light absorbing details and additional low-density phase shifting components can be observed with improved clarity. As both partial images interfere with each other, fine details within thin specimens can be highlighted further by additional contrast effects based on interference. Haloing and shade-off are significantly reduced when compared with phase contrast carried out stand-alone. Our method is characterized by several technical means that are relevant for the high image quality that can be achieved: both illuminating light components associated with bright field and phase contrast are filtered at different colors and separated from each other so that they meet the specimen at different angles of incidence. The intensities of the phase-contrast- and bright-field-producing light can be selectively regulated so that the final image can be dominated by phase contrast or bright field, or be equalized. The condenser aperture diaphragm can be used for modulations of the image's appearance.
Ionoluminescence in the Helium Ion Microscope
Authors: Boden Stuart A. , Franklin Thomas M.W. , Scipioni Larry , Bagnall Darren M. , Rutt Harvey N. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIonoluminescence (IL) is the emission of light from a material due to excitation by an ion beam. In this work, a helium ion microscope (HIM) has been used in conjunction with a luminescence detection system to characterize IL from materials in an analogous way to how cathodoluminescence (CL) is characterized in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A survey of the helium ion beam induced IL characteristics, including images and spectra, of a variety of materials known to exhibit CL in an SEM is presented. Direct band-gap semiconductors that luminesce strongly in the SEM are found not do so in the HIM, possibly due to defect-related nonradiative pathways created by the ion beam. Other materials do, however, exhibit IL, including a cerium-doped garnet sample, quantum dots, and rare-earth doped LaPO4 nanocrystals. These emissions are a result of transitions between f electron states or transitions across size dependent band gaps. In all these samples, IL is found to decay with exposure to the beam, fitting well to double exponential functions. In an exploration of the potential of this technique for biological tagging applications, imaging with the IL emitted by rare-earth doped LaPO4 nanocrystals, simultaneously with secondary electron imaging, is demonstrated at a range of magnifications.
The Zona Pellucida Porosity: Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Four Types of Mouse Oocyte Zona Pellucida Using a Dual Beam Microscope
Authors: Novo Sergi , Barrios Leonardo , Ibáñez Elena , Nogués Carme 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn the last decade, the applicability of focus ion beam–field emission scanning electron microscopy (FIB-FESEM) in the biological field has begun to get relevance. Among the possibilities offered by FIB-FESEM, high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of biological structures is one of the most interesting. Using this tool, the 3D porosity of four different types of mouse oocyte zona pellucida (ZP) was analyzed. A surface analysis of the mouse oocyte ZP was first performed by SEM. Next, one oocyte per ZP type was selected, and an area of its ZP was completely milled, using the cut and view mode, in the FIB-FESEM. Through a 3D reconstruction of the milled area, a map of the distribution of the pores across the ZP was established and the number and volume of pores were quantified, thus enabling for the first time the study of the inner porosity of the mouse ZP. Differences in ZP porosity observed among the four types analyzed allowed us to outline a model to explain the changes that the ZP undergoes through immature, mature, predegenerative, and degenerative stages.
The obesity risk gene FTO influences body mass in chronic schizophrenia but not initial antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in first-episode patients
Authors: Reynolds Gavin P. , Yevtushenko Olga O. , Gordon Sarah , Arranz Belen , San Luis , Cooper Stephen J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Genetic factors contribute to the individual variability in weight gain caused by several antipsychotic drugs. The FTO gene is associated with obesity in the general population; we have investigated whether a common risk polymorphism (rs9939609) in this gene is associated with antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain and obesity. Two samples were studied: (1) 93 first-episode patients receiving antipsychotic drugs for the first time and having body weight monitored for up to 12 months; (2) 187 chronic patients with schizophrenia assessed for measures of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. No association of FTO genotype with weight gain was found in initially drug-naive patients. The chronically treated patients had a significant association of genotype with body mass index (BMI), reflected in associations with waist circumference, waist:hip ratio and the frequency of central obesity. These findings indicate that FTO genotype has a major effect on body weight determined by BMI in chronically treated patients with schizophrenia.
Can teleseismic mb be affected by rock damage around explosions?
Authors: Taylor Steven R. , Patton Howard J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEffects of rock damage on teleseismic mb are investigated with P wave synthetic seismograms using a moment dipole Mzz as the equivalent elastic model for damage around buried explosions. Two manifestations of late‐time damage, cavity rebound and bulking from block rotations, are represented by model decompositions into compensated linear vector dipole and monopole sources, respectively. For high‐velocity media, P waves from damage destructively interfere with those from the explosion. This interference reduces the rate at which mb yield scales for a pure monopole source and provides a physical basis for observed scaling in hard rock, mb ~ 0.75 log[yield]. For over‐buried explosions, such as the North Korean tests, P waves from damage are weaker, and higher scaling rates are expected than explosions conducted under standard containment conditions. Our results highlight a cautionary note of transporting the same mb‐log[yield] relation between test sites to estimate yield when source phenomenology is likely to be very different.