bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connexins, gap junctions, and glia
Authors: Giaume Christian , Naus Christian C. 
Published: May 2013

Neurons and glial cells are the two main classes of cells present in brain. There are four classes of glial cells in the brain that differ by their origin, morphology, and function: microglia, oligodendrocytes, NG2 (nerve/glia antigen 2) cells, and astrocytes. Microglial cells, which are derived from the mesoderm, represent approximately 10% of glia and are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Three subclasses compose the macroglia and are derived from the ectoderm. As an overview one can consider that: (1) the oligodendrocytes are mainly involved in the myelination of axons, (2) the NG2 cells comprise oligodendrocyte precursor cells but they are also multipotential cells, although this issue is still debated, and (3) finally, astrocytes are the predominant glial cells in the brain that establish active interactions with neurons and the vascular system. With the exception of NG2 cells, all glial cells are characterized by the expression of gap junction proteins (connexins) with specific features and properties. In addition, a number of neuropathological disorders involve changes in Cx expression and channel function. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2013, 2:133–142. doi: 10.1002/wmts.87Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Metabolite sensing in eukaryotic mRNA biology
Authors: Clingman Carina C. , Ryder Sean P. 
Published: May 2013

All living creatures change their gene expression program in response to nutrient availability and metabolic demands. Nutrients and metabolites can directly control transcription and activate second‐messenger systems. More recent studies reveal that metabolites also affect post‐transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Here, we review the increasing number of connections between metabolism and post‐transcriptional regulation in eukaryotic organisms. First, we present evidence that riboswitches, a common mechanism of metabolite sensing in bacteria, also function in eukaryotes. Next, we review an example of a double stranded RNA modifying enzyme that directly interacts with a metabolite, suggesting a link between RNA editing and metabolic state. Finally, we discuss work that shows some metabolic enzymes bind directly to RNA to affect mRNA stability or translation efficiency. These examples were discovered through gene‐specific genetic, biochemical, and structural studies. A directed systems level approach will be necessary to determine whether they are anomalies of evolution or pioneer discoveries in what may be a broadly connected network of metabolism and post‐transcriptional regulation. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:387–396. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1167This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Small Molecule–RNA Interactions
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Riboswitches
Developing a new shock‐collar design for safe and efficient use on wild wolves
Authors: Hawley Jason E. , Rossler Shawn T. , Gehring Thomas M. , Schultz Ronald N. , Callahan Peggy A. , Clark Raymond , Cade Jerry , Wydeven Adrian P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractElectronic training collars, or shock collars, have received relatively little application as a non‐lethal management tool for reducing livestock losses caused by gray wolves (Canis lupus). One of the major obstacles to using shock collars on wolves has been the lack of a safe and efficient collar design. We developed a new shock‐collar design and tested it for safety and efficacy on captive wolves. Our design used a radiocollar with a shock unit mounted on the back. Shock units were fitted with rounded probes that contact the back of a wolf's shaved neck and with externally mounted batteries to increase battery life. We tested our design in 5 different captive trials conducted during 2003–2005 at the Wildlife Science Center, Minnesota, USA, and eliminated neck damage shown in previous shock‐collar research, while retaining the ability to effectively deliver a shock. We extended battery life to 80 days. We believe this new shock‐collar design could be used as a safe and efficient alternative to lethal control in certain situations for wild wolves. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Trauma in Canada: A Spirit of Equity & Collaboration
Authors: Zakrison Tanya , Ball Chad G. , Kirkpatrick Andrew W. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe delivery of equitable trauma care in Canada is not without challenges within our universal health care system. Notably, the tyranny of geography is intermittently at odds with adequate access for our rural, indigenous, and impoverished populations. Other differences exist when compared with neighbouring trauma systems, for example in the United States.MethodsAs a critical review, we chose to compare and critique the overall system of trauma organization and perceived societal expectations of a high‐income, North American country (Canada) to assist with discussions on trauma systems for the future.ResultsTele‐technology is providing some early solutions. Trauma systems and delivery of care in Canada differ from the United States due to our single‐payer system, regionalization and universal provision. Care for injured Canadians has a long history of being multidisciplinary, with collaborative research programs. Canada also has a history of global surgical endeavours, beginning with Dr. Norman Bethune and his recognition of the political causes of trauma and continuing as a global public health concern for all.ConclusionsWhile challenges continue to exist for the provision of equitable trauma care in Canada, unique multidisciplinary, collaborative and technology‐based solutions continue to be developed, both locally and globally, to address this critical public health issue.
HIV Testing and Epidemiology in a Hospital‐Based Surgical Cohort in Malawi
Authors: Haac Bryce E. , Charles Anthony G. , Matoga Mitch , LaCourse Sylvia M. , Nonsa Dominic , Hosseinipour Mina 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundDespite the high prevalence of HIV in adults (11 %) in Malawi, testing among surgical patients is not routine. We examined the feasibility of universal opt‐out HIV testing and counseling (HTC) on the surgical wards of Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi, and sought to further delineate the role of HIV in surgical presentation and outcome.MethodsWe reviewed HTC and surgical admission records from May to October 2011 and compared these data to data collected prospectively on patients admitted from November 2011 through April 2012, after universal HTC implementation.ResultsPrior to universal HTC, 270 of the 2,606 (10.4 %) surgical admissions were tested; 13 % were HIV‐infected. After universal HTC implementation, HTC counselors reviewed 1,961 of the 2,488 admissions (79 %): 310 (16 %) had known status (157 seropositive, 153 seronegative) and 1,651 had unknown status (81 %). Among those with unknown status, 97 % (1,598, of 64 % of all admissions) accepted testing, of whom 9 % were found to be HIV‐infected. Patients with longer lengths of stay (LOS) (mean = 11 vs. 5 days, p < 0.01) and those who underwent surgical intervention (odds ratio [OR] 2.5; confidence interval [CI] 2.0–3.1) were more likely to have a known status on discharge. HIV was more prevalence in patients with infection and genital/anal warts or ulcers and lower in trauma patients. HIV‐positive patients received less surgical intervention (OR 0.69; CI 0.52–0.90), but there was no association between HIV status and length of stay or mortality.ConclusionsUniversal opt‐out HTC on the surgical wards was well accepted and increased the proportion of patients tested. High HIV prevalence in this setting merits implementation of universal HTC.
Improved production of protease-resistant phytase by Aspergillus oryzae and its applicability in the hydrolysis of insoluble phytates
Authors: Sapna  , Singh Bijender 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Among three hundred isolates of filamentous fungi, Aspergillus oryzae SBS50 secreted higher phytase activity at pH 5.0, 35 °C and 200 rpm after 96 h of fermentation. Starch and beef extract supported the highest phytase production than other carbon and nitrogen sources. A nine-fold improvement in phytase production was achieved due to optimization. Supplementation of the medium with inorganic phosphate repressed the enzyme synthesis. Among surfactants tested, Tween 80 increased fungal growth and phytase production, which further resulted in 5.4-fold enhancement in phytase production. The phytase activity was not much affected by proteases treatment. The enzyme resulted in the efficient hydrolysis of insoluble phytate complexes (metal- and protein–phytates) in a time dependent manner. Furthermore, the hydrolysis of insoluble phytates was also supported by scanning electron microscopy. The enzyme, being resistant to trypsin and pepsin, and able to hydrolyze insoluble phytates, can find an application in the animal food/feed industry for improving nutritional quality and also in combating environmental phosphorus pollution and plant growth promotion.
Human and mouse neuroinflammation markers in Niemann‐Pick disease, type C1
Authors: Cologna Stephanie M. , Cluzeau Celine V. M. , Yanjanin Nicole M. , Blank Paul S. , Dail Michelle K. , Siebel Stephan , Toth Cynthia L. , Wassif Christopher A. , Lieberman Andrew P. , Porter Forbes D. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractNiemann‐Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder in which a pathological cascade, including neuroinflammation occurs. While data demonstrating neuroinflammation is prevalent in mouse models, data from NPC1 patients is lacking. The current study focuses on identifying potential markers of neuroinflammation in NPC1 from both the Npc1 mouse model and NPC1 patients. We identified in the mouse model significant changes in expression of genes associated with inflammation and compared these results to the pattern of expression in human cortex and cerebellar tissue. From gene expression array analysis, complement 3 (C3) was increased in mouse and human post‐mortem NPC1 brain tissues. We also characterized protein levels of inflammatory markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from NPC1 patients and controls. We found increased levels of interleukin 3, chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 5, interleukin 16 and chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), and decreased levels of interleukin 4, 10, 13 and 12p40 in CSF from NPC1 patients. CSF markers were evaluated with respect to phenotypic severity. Miglustat treatment in NPC1 patients slightly decreased IL‐3, IL‐10 and IL‐13 CSF levels; however, further studies are needed to establish a strong effect of miglustat on inflammation markers. The identification of inflammatory markers with altered levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of NPC1 patients may provide a means to follow secondary events in NPC1 disease during therapeutic trials.
Physical activity is inversely related to drug consumption in elderly patients with cardiovascular events
Authors: Cacciatore Francesco , Mazzella Francesca , Viati Luisa , Longobardi Giancarlo , Magliocca Antonio , Basile Claudia , Guadagno Livia , Ferrara Nicola , Rengo Franco , Abete Pasquale 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Elderly patients with cardiovascular events are characterized by high drug consumptions. Whether high drug consumptions are related to physical activity is not known. In order to examine whether physical activity is related to drug consumption in the elderly, patients older than 65 years (n = 250) with a recent cardiovascular event were studied. Physical activity was analyzed according to the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) score and related to drug consumption. PASE score was 72.4 ± 45.0 and drug consumption was 8.3 ± 2.2. Elderly patients with greater comorbidity took more drugs (8.7 ± 2.1) and are less active (PASE = 64.4 ± 50.6) than patients with Cumulative Illness Rating Scale severity score higher than 1.8 than those with a score lower than 1.8 (76.3 ± 41.4, p < 0.05, and 8.0 ± 2.0, p = 0.006, respectively). Multivariate analysis correlation confirmed that PASE score is negatively associated with drug consumption (β = −0.149, p = 0.031), independently of several variables including comorbidity. Thus, physical activity is inversely related to drug consumption in elderly patients with cardiovascular events. This inverse relationship may be attributable to the high degree of comorbidity observed in elderly patients in whom poor level of physical activity and high drug consumption are predominant.
Estimation of Docosahexaenoic Acid Glycerides in Schizochytrium sp. Oil by Open Column Chromatography and Reversed‐phase HPLC
Authors: Jiang Lu , Huang He , Lei Mingliu , Zheng Hongbo , Liang Jingrui , Zhang Hongman 
Published: May 2013

AbstractColumn chromatography and reversed‐phase HPLC using a Sepax BR‐C18 column were applied for the analysis of glycerides in the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) oil by Schizochytrium sp. The oil was detected under UV light after isocratic elution with 20 % 2‐propanol/hexane (5:4, v/v) + 80 % acetonitrile. The correlation coefficients for the calibration of HPLC for DHA glycerides were in the range of 0.9958–0.9998. The accuracy was confirmed with recoveries of 93.47–102.25 %. DHA oil samples under different aeration rates were successfully analyzed and the content of the binding of DHA on the acylglycerol backbone was very low (1.81–4.21 %). However, the content of glycerides (tri‐, di‐, mono‐) separated by column chromatography was more than 87.22 %. The glycerides were largely composed of triacylglycerides (TAG) (82.29–89.54 %), where higher content of TAG correlated to higher contents of DHA and TAG of DHA (TriDHA). In addition, the optimal aeration rate of 250 m3/h was obtained for TAG, DHA, and TriDHA production by Schizochytrium sp. with the temperature 30 ± 0.5 °C, impeller speed 85 ± 5 rpm and pressure 0.04 Mpa.
Effects of Processing and Composition on the Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions
Authors: Cisneros Estevez A. , Toro‐Vazquez J. F. , Hartel R. W. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis research investigated the role of agitation, high‐melting emulsifier and water content on the crystallization process and the texture of water‐in‐oil emulsions produced on a pilot plant scale using a scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE). Our results indicated that shear affected the hardness of the emulsions as they exited the SSHE, with softer emulsions processed at higher shear; once the emulsions reached equilibrium temperature, no differences in texture due to shear were observed. The added emulsifier delayed the crystallization of emulsions processed in the SSHE with no further effect on the equilibrium solid fat content (SFC) or textural properties of emulsions after 24 h of storage. The texture of the crystallized emulsions at early stages of processing was influenced by the amount of water and water droplet size; the larger the amount of water and the smaller the droplets, the higher the hardness of emulsions. Once the emulsions reached equilibrium temperature, further crystallization took place, and the texture depended only on the SFC.
Repeated evaluations of the quality of clinical teaching by residents
Authors: Fluit Cornelia R. M. G. , Feskens Remco , Bolhuis Sanneke , Grol Richard , Wensing Michel , Laan Roland 
Published: May 2013

Many studies report on the validation of instruments for facilitating feedback to
clinical supervisors. There is mixed evidence whether evaluations lead to more effective
teaching and higher ratings. We assessed changes in resident ratings after an evaluation
and feedback session with their supervisors. Supervisors of three medical specialities
were evaluated, using a validated instrument (EFFECT). Mean overall scores (MOS) and
mean scale scores were calculated and compared using paired T-tests. 24 Supervisors from
three departments were evaluated at two subsequent years. MOS increased from 4.36 to
4.49. The MOS of two scales showed an increase >0.2: ‘teaching methodology’
(4.34–4.55), and ‘assessment’ (4.11–4.39). Supervisors with an MOS <4.0 at year 1
(n = 5) all demonstrated a strong increase in the MOS (mean overall increase 0.50, range
0.34–0.64). Four supervisors with an MOS between 4.0 and 4.5 (n = 6) demonstrated an
increase >0.2 in their MOS (mean overall increase 0.21, range −0.15 to 53). One
supervisor with an MOS >4.5 (n = 13) demonstrated an increase >0.02 in the MOS,
two demonstrated a decrease >0.2 (mean overall increase −0.06, range −0.42 to 0.42).
EFFECT-S was associated with a positive change in residents’ ratings of their
supervisors, predominantly in supervisors with relatively low initial scores.
Mechanisms of cisplatin ototoxicity: theoretical review
Authors: Gonçalves M S , Silveira A F , Teixeira A R , Hyppolito M A 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIntroduction:Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic agent commonly used in the treatment of malignant tumours, but ototoxicity is a significant side effect.Objectives:To discuss the mechanisms of cisplatin ototoxicity and subsequent cell death, and to present the results of experimental studies.Material and methods:We conducted a systematic search for data published in national and international journals and books, using the Medline, SciELO, Bireme, LILACS and PubMed databases.Results:The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 3 isoform (also termed NOX3) seems to be the main source of reactive oxygen species in the cochlea. These reactive oxygen species react with other molecules and trigger processes such as lipid peroxidation of the plasma membrane and increases in expression of the transient vanilloid receptor potential 1 ion channel.Conclusion:Cisplatin ototoxicity proceeds via the formation of reactive oxygen species in cochlear tissue, with apoptotic cell death as a consequence.
Peltigera wulingensis, a new lichen (Ascomycota) from north China
Authors: HAN Liu-Fu , ZHANG Ya-Ya , GUO Shou-Yu 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe terricolous lichen Peltigera wulingensis sp. nov. is described from Wuling Mountain, North China. It can be distinguished from other members of the P. rufescens group by its phyllidia along the margin or laminal cracks, scabrose upper surface, lobe extremities with tufts of tiny grey-whitish to pale brown hairs, and its slender, scattered and simple rhizines. Comparisons of the ITS sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat tandem support the taxonomic distinctness of this species.
Collema fasciculare belongs in Arctomiaceae
Authors: OTÁLORA Mónica A. G. , WEDIN Mats 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe phylogenetic placement of Collema fasciculare (L.) F. H. Wigg, the most deviating species within Collema (Collemataceae, Lecanoromycetidae), was studied using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis of three molecular loci (mitochondrial SSU rDNA, and the protein-coding, nuclear RPB1 and MCM7 genes). Collema fasciculare belongs to Arctomiaceae (Ostropomycetidae) forming a strongly supported monophyletic group with members of Arctomia. The spores, paraphyses, asci and hymenial reactions in Collema fasciculare are similar to other Arctomia, but the ascoma ontogeny is somewhat different. Also C. leptosporum Malme, another species in the Fasciculare group, shows similarities with Arctomia regarding spores and asci. Arctomia is morphologically heterogeneous and the genus is in need of revision. Until then, the species of the Fasciculare group fit best in Arctomia s. lat. and the combinations Arctomia fascicularis (L.) Otálora & Wedin, Arctomia leptospora (Malme) Otálora & Wedin, Arctomia papuanarum (Degel.) Otálora & Wedin and Arctomia uviformis (Hue) Otálora & Wedin are proposed.
New lichen species of the genera Porina and Byssoloma from an urban Atlantic rainforest patch in Sergipe, NE Brazil
Authors: CÁCERES Marcela Eugenia da Silva , SANTOS Marlon Wendell Oliveira dos , MENDONÇA Cléverton de Oliveira , MOTA Danyelle Andrade , APTROOT André 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe new species Byssoloma catillariosporum and Porina isidioambigua are described from NE Brazil. The first is reminiscent of B. leucoblepharum but differs by the consistently uniseptate ascospores. The second is characterized by tiny isidia and black perithecia with relatively large, 3-septate ascospores. Both species were found at the Área de Proteço Ambiental (APA) Morro do Urubu, an area of c. 214 hectares in the large (500 000 inhabitants) city of Aracaju. It is the only urban Mata Atlântica remnant in Aracaju, with mesophytic deciduous and semi-deciduous forest, and cerrado enclaves in isolated points.
Crew and Patient Safety in Ambulances: Results of a Personnel Survey and Experimental Side Impact Crash Test
Authors: Fournier Marc , Chenaitia Hichem , Masson Catherine , Michelet Pierre , Behr Michel , Auffray Jean-Pierre 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIntroductionAmbulance drivers often travel under stressful conditions at high speed while using vehicles with poor high-speed maneuverability. The occupant safety of ambulance vehicles has not yet been addressed by the automotive safety paradigm; particularly for the rear patient compartment. This study had two objectives: (1) to assess by survey the French Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to determine the layout of the vehicle most often used and the EMS personnel's behavior during transport; and (2) to conduct a crash test to analyze the injuries which may affect EMS personnel and patients in the rear patient compartment.MethodFirstly, a survey was distributed to the 50 largest metropolitan French EMS programs. Secondly, a crash test was performed with a Mobile Intensive Care Unit (MICU) in conditions closest to reality.ResultsForty-nine of the 50 biggest metropolitan French EMS programs responded to the survey. This represents 108 French MICUs. During the last three years, 12 of 49 EMS programs (24%) identified at least one accident with an MICU, and six of these 12 (50%) suffered at least one death in those accidents. A crash test using a typical French EMS MICU showed that after impact of a collision, the ambulance was moved more than five meters with major consequences for all passengers. A study-approved human cadaver placed in the position of a potential patient was partially thrown from the stretcher with a head impact. The accelerometric reaction of the anthropomorphic manikin head was measured at 48G.ConclusionThe crash test demonstrated a lack of safety for EMS personnel and patients in the rear compartment. It would be preferable if each piece of medical equipment were provided with a quick release system resistant to three-dimensional 10G forces. The kinetic changes undergone by the “patient” substitute on the stretcher would probably have an effect of causing injury pathology. This study highlights the need for more research and development in this area.FournierM,ChenaitiaH,MassonC,MicheletP,BehrM,AuffrayJP.Crew and patient safety in ambulances: results of a personnel survey and experimental side impact crash test.Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(4):1-6.