bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the canonical real structure on wonderful varieties
Authors: Akhiezer Dmitri , Cupit-Foutou Stéphanie 
Published: August 2014

Abstract.

We
study equivariant real structures on spherical varieties.
We call such a structure canonical if it is equivariant
with respect to the involution defining the split real form
of the acting reductive group G. We
prove the existence and uniqueness of a canonical structure
for homogeneous spherical varieties G/H with H self-normalizing
and for
their wonderful embeddings. For a strict wonderful variety
we give an estimate of the number of real form orbits on the
set of real points.
A survey of doctors reveals that few laboratory tests are of primary importance at the Emergency Department
Authors: van de Wijngaart Dennis J. , Scherrenburg Jolanda , van den Broek Lisette , van Dijk Nadine , Janssens Pim M.W. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Background: Laboratory tests in hospitals are among the most important diagnostic tools for medical decision making at the Emergency Department. They are often ordered as part of extended test panels, which, although helpful and convenient for doctors, may lead to overuse of tests and overdiagnosis. To improve the ordering process, we investigated which laboratory tests are essential for optimal decision making at the Emergency Department of our hospital.

Methods: Forty-nine doctors regularly involved with the Emergency Department filled in a questionnaire asking for their opinions on laboratory test ordering and use.

Results: A limited number of laboratory tests are considered indispensable for the Emergency Department: CRP and leukocytes, urea and creatinin, sodium and potassium, and haemoglobin. Glucose and troponin should probably also be included in this list, but were not mentioned as glucose is measured using portable point-of-care devices in our hospital, while cardiac patients are referred directly to the cardiac care unit.

Conclusions: Only a limited number of laboratory tests are essential for early medical decision making at the Emergency Department. Ordering facilities should be arranged such that these tests are permanently available, easy to order, and performed with short turnaround times. Test panels for the ED should incorporate these essential tests, with additional other tests so as to prevent essential tests from being forgotten, maintain convenience for doctors and promote sensible and effective use of diagnostic testing. The outcome of these conflicting aims is a compromise, as is discussed.
Fuzzy cognitive maps: a tool to improve diagnostic decisions
Authors: Lucchiari Claudio , Folgieri Raffaella , Pravettoni Gabriella 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Anticipating that the problem of diagnostic errors will not easily be solved through education, debiasing techniques or incentives-based systems, experts have proposed the systematic use of decision support tools (or decision aids) in medical practice. These tools are active knowledge resources that use patient data to generate case-specific advice to support clinical decision making. We argue that designing these decision support tools incorporates both discrete, analytical information as well as intuitive elements that would optimize their impact on clinical everyday activities. The use of fuzzy cognitive maps should allow developers to achieve this aim, by incorporating published evidence, intuition and qualitative assessment in a low-cost software program that could be implemented in various clinical settings.
Uncovering the hidden villain within the human respiratory microbiome
Authors: Lee Chun Kiat , Bent Stephen James 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Respiratory tract infection increases the risk of secondary bacterial infection and causes mortality. Despite advances in the field of targeted molecular diagnostics, there are still failed attempts in identifying a valid causative etiological agent in a large proportion of respiratory tract infections. To date, a comprehensive list of human respiratory infection-associated eukaryotic viruses has been identified. However, there has been little progress towards the characterisation of the viruses that infect bacteria (phages), which are capable of mediating the transfer of virulence genes into non-pathogenic bacterial species to cause respiratory tract infections. With the advent of next-generation-sequencing, the application of an unbiased comparative metagenomic survey on the viral communities within the human respiratory tract may reveal to us how the phage virome changes between healthy individuals and respiratory tract infection patients. With this useful information, it will be feasible to develop an alternative phage-based diagnostic panel for respiratory tract infections. The review herein presents the current status of human airway microbiome research and highlights potential gaps which can be translated into research possibilities for future work on respiratory tract infection diagnosis.
Complex structures in algebra, topology and differential equations
Authors: Balanov Zalman , Krasnov Yakov 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we present our recent results on the so-called complex structures in algebras in the context relevant to the following four problems which, at first glance, have
nothing in common: (i) solubility of polynomial equations in non-associative algebras, (ii) topological/geometric properties of quadratic maps, (iii) existence of bounded solutions
to quadratic differential systems, and (iv) ellipticity of the Dirac equation. The unsolved
problems related to (i)–(iv) are formulated as well.
Cyclopropyl aziridines: solvolytic reactions of the N-tosylaziridines of (+)-2-carene and (+)-3-carene
Authors: Silverberg Lee J. , Rabb Javon M. , Reno Joseph M. , He Gang 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The N-tosylaziridine 4 of (+)-2-carene 1 was prepared and subjected to solvolytic reactions with weak protic acids. For comparison, the solvolytic reactions of cis-3-carene-N-tosylaziridine 8 were also studied. The solvolyses of 4 were more rapid than those of 8, and both rings were opened in 4, whereas only the aziridine was opened in 8. This leads to the conclusion that the aziridine and cyclopropane rings in 4 can achieve a conjugated transition state.
Property enhancement of kenaf fiber composites by means of vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM)
Authors: Xia Changlei , Shi Sheldon Q. , Cai Liping , Hua Jun 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This work was aimed at applying vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) technique to reinforced polymer molding products made of vegetable fibers. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L. Malvaceae) bast fibers were preformed into mat by means of a cold press. The unsaturated polyester resin was infused into the preforms at a vacuum pressure of 1.3–1.6 kPa. The examination of the mechanical properties and microstructure of the prepared composites indicated that the modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rapture (MOR), and tensile strength (TS) of the VARTM composites were increased by 65.5%, 30.7%, and 41.7%, respectively, compared to the traditional hot-pressing composites. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that the VARTM composite moduli in the temperature range of -50°C–200°C were doubled. The observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mercury porosimetry confirmed that the interfacial compatibility between the kenaf fibers and the polyester resin was substantially improved.
Urea-formaldehyde resin penetration into Pinus radiata tracheid walls assessed by TEM-EDXS
Authors: Singh Adya P. , Nuryawan Arif , Park Byung-Dae , Lee Kwang Ho 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper reports a new method of detecting urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin penetration into the cell walls of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). The quantifications of penetrated UF resin in the ultrathin cuts of cell walls were realized by detecting nitrogen (N) element by TEM-EDXS. Both line scan and area mapping revealed N in cell walls in contact with resin-filled lumens but not in those in contact with empty lumens. Thus, UF resin had penetrated the cell walls from the lumen side.
Associations between sleep disturbance and suicidal ideation in adolescents admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit
Authors: Kaplan Sebastian G. , Ali Shahzad K. , Simpson Brittany , Britt Victoria , McCall W. Vaughn 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The goals of our study were to: 1) describe the incidence of disturbances in sleep quality, sleep hygiene, sleep-related cognitions and nightmares; and 2) investigate the association between these sleep-related disturbances and suicidal ideation (SI), in adolescents admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit. Our sample consisted of 50 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 years (32 females and 18 males; 41 Caucasian and nine African American). Our cross-sectional design involved the administration of the Adolescent Sleep Wake Scale (ASWS), the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHS), the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep-Short version for use with children (DBAS-C10), the Disturbing Dreams and Nightmare Scale (DDNSI), and the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire Jr (SIQ-JR). Analyses were conducted using Pearson correlations, as well as univariate and multivariate regression. Results indicated that our sample experienced sleep disturbances and SI to a greater degree than non-clinical samples. Sleep quality was correlated with nightmares, while sleep quality and nightmares were each correlated with SI. Sleep quality, dysfunctional beliefs, and nightmares each independently predicted SI. Our study was the first to use the four sleep measures with an adolescent psychiatric inpatient sample. It is important to develop sleep-related assessment tools in high-risk populations given the link between sleep disturbances and suicidality. Furthermore, a better understanding of the relationships between SI and sleep quality, sleep-related cognitions, and nightmares is needed to develop potential prevention and treatment options for suicidality in adolescents.
A benefit-cost framework for early intervention to prevent sex trading
Authors: Martin Lauren , Lotspeich Richard 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:Prevention of juvenile sex trading in the US has risen to prominence in public policy discourse. We develop a generalized benefit-cost model to shed light on this policy issue and illustrate the framework with a case study from Minnesota. The model treats government-funded intervention as an investment project and calculates its net present value. Benefits are derived from harms avoided by reducing the extent of sex trading. The impacts of youth involvement in the market for sexual services are highly complex, and clear data on them are lacking. To account for empirical ambiguity we develop the model around a representative individual, approximate the effect of intervention on the sex market, and conduct sensitivity analysis with key model parameters. The case study evaluates seventeen distinct harms caused by sex trading based on conservative best estimates from scholarly literature. We find a large positive Net Present Value, suggesting it is in the best interest of Minnesota taxpayers to support intervention.
Identifying the analytical implications of alternative regulatory philosophies
Authors: Fraas Art , Morgenstern Richard 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:The core analytical elements of Executive Order 12291 are widely seen as having been embraced by both Democratic and Republican administrations. Some critics argue, however, that this embrace is superficial and serves more as a cover for political decisions. To address this question, this paper examines the analytical priorities presented in the annual Report to Congress on the Benefits and Costs of Federal Regulations over the period from 1997 to 2012. While there is general agreement across administrations on such broad issues as the importance of benefit-cost analysis in providing a shared framework and discipline to the analytic process, we identify important differences in five areas: monetization of benefits, scope of costs considered, behavioral economics, intergenerational benefits, and the general equilibrium impacts of regulation. All are active and exciting issues in the current scholarly work on regulation. These cross-administration differences appear to reflect a relatively modest shifting across political parties on issues where reasonable people might disagree, rather than major ideological swings in approach.
A study of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation
Authors: Zhu Shunming , Cheng Gong , Zhu Huolan , Guan Gongchang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWith the use of the microarray technique, genes expressed in the late phase of adipocyte differentiation were investigated. These genes play an important role in stimulating adipocyte growth and lipid droplet formation. Therefore, they contribute a great deal to the onset of obesity.With the use of SW872 adipocytes and the microarray technique, genes related to adipocyte differentiation were tested and compared with undifferentiated preadipocytes 14 days after induction. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for confirmation.More than 21,329 transcriptors were expressed and determined, of which 1326 increased and 687 decreased undifferentiated adipocytes. Among them, 21 were highly expressed by more than 10-fold. With RT-PCR, 12 were confirmed, including apelin, CIDEC, PID1, LYRM1, ADD1, PPARγ2, ANGPTL4, ADIPOQ, ACOX1, FIP1L1, MAP3K2 and PEX14. Furthermore, genes involved in lipid metabolism, signal transduction, DNA replication, redox status and transcription factors were determined as well. Novel genes involved in adipogenesis (e.g., apelin) were detected.A variety of genes were discovered and validated with RT-PCR at the late phase of adipocyte differentiation. This may help us better understand the onset of obesity and the potential role of adipocytes in other organs.
Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia in a 4-year-old girl with hyperactivity, palpitations and advanced dental age: how gold standard assays may be misleading
Authors: Choudhary Abha , Sriphrapradang Chutintorn , Refetoff Samuel , Antal Zoltan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHere we report the case of a young girl who had vague signs and symptoms potentially attributable to hyperthyroidism and was found to have autoimmune thyroiditis and hyperthyroxinemia. The elevated serum free thyroxine levels were persistent when measured by both standard assays and equilibrium dialysis/high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The clinical symptoms, with discordant thyroid test results, created a diagnostic dilemma that led initially to unnecessary additional evaluations. She was ultimately found to have familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH) and required no therapy. This case highlights the inherent difficulties in evaluating children, who typically have vague signs and symptoms of thyroid dysfunction, when, in addition, they have an unrelated acquired (autoimmune) as well as a genetic (FDH) defect. The benefit of including testing for immediate members of the family is emphasized.
Governments, Rebels, and the Use of Child Soldiers in Internal Armed Conflicts: A Global Analysis, 1987–2007
Authors: Tynes Robert , Early Bryan R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWhy do governments and rebel groups employ child soldiers in some internal armed conflicts but not in others? This study argues that child soldiers can be viewed as a military innovation that governments and rebel groups have differing costs and incentives in employing. It is hypothesized that longer, bloodier conflicts, disputant capacities, and the presence of democratic institutions significantly influence whether child soldiers are used by one or both parties during internal armed conflicts. The effects of these factors are statistically analyzed, uncovering new insights into global patterns of child soldier usage by governments and rebel groups.
Mapping early fate determination in Lgr5+ crypt stem cells using a novel Ki67‐RFP allele
Authors: Basak Onur , van de Born Maaike , Korving Jeroen , Beumer Joep , van der Elst Stefan , van Es Johan H , Clevers Hans 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCycling Lgr5+ stem cells fuel the rapid turnover of the adult intestinal epithelium. The existence of quiescent Lgr5+ cells has been reported, while an alternative quiescent stem cell population is believed to reside at crypt position +4. Here, we generated a novel Ki67RFP knock‐in allele that identifies dividing cells. Using Lgr5‐GFP;Ki67RFP mice, we isolated crypt stem and progenitor cells with distinct Wnt signaling levels and cell cycle features and generated their molecular signature using microarrays. Stem cell potential of these populations was further characterized using the intestinal organoid culture. We found that Lgr5high stem cells are continuously in cell cycle, while a fraction of Lgr5low progenitors that reside predominantly at +4 position exit the cell cycle. Unlike fast dividing CBCs, Lgr5low Ki67− cells have lost their ability to initiate organoid cultures, are enriched in secretory differentiation factors, and resemble the Dll1 secretory precursors and the label‐retaining cells of Winton and colleagues. Our findings support the cycling stem cell hypothesis and highlight the cell cycle heterogeneity of early progenitors during lineage commitment.
In Situ Simulation Training for Neonatal Resuscitation: An RCT
Authors: Rubio-Gurung Sophie , Putet Guy , Touzet Sandrine , Gauthier-Moulinier Hélène , Jordan Isabelle , Beissel Anne , Labaune Jean-Marc , Blanc Sébastien , Amamra Nassira , Balandras Catherine , Rudigoz René-Charles , Colin Cyrille , Picaud Jean-Charles 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVES:
High-fidelity simulation is an effective tool in teaching neonatal resuscitation skills to professionals. We aimed to determine whether in situ simulation training (for ∼80% of the delivery room staff) improved neonatal resuscitation performed by the staff at maternities.

METHODS:
A baseline evaluation of 12 maternities was performed: a random sample of 10 professionals in each unit was presented with 2 standardized scenarios played on a neonatal high-fidelity simulator. The medical procedures were video recorded for later assessments. The 12 maternities were then randomly assigned to receive the intervention (a 4-hour simulation training session delivered in situ for multidisciplinary groups of 6 professionals) or not receive it. All maternities were evaluated again at 3 months after the intervention. The videos were assessed by 2 neonatologists blinded to the pre-/postintervention as well as to the intervention/control groups. The performance was assessed using a technical score and a team score.

RESULTS:
After intervention, the median technical score was significantly higher for scenarios 1 and 2 for the intervention group compared with the control group (P = .01 and 0.004, respectively), the median team score was significantly higher (P &lt; .001) for both scenarios. In the intervention group, the frequency of achieving a heart rate &gt;90 per minute at 3 minutes improved significantly (P = .003), and the number of hazardous events decreased significantly (P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
In situ simulation training with multidisciplinary teams can effectively improve technical skills and teamwork in neonatal resuscitation.
Electronic Gaming and Psychosocial Adjustment
Authors: Przybylski Andrew K. 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
The rise of electronic games has driven both concerns and hopes regarding their potential to influence young people. Existing research identifies a series of isolated positive and negative effects, yet no research to date has examined the balance of these potential effects in a representative sample of children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to explore how time spent playing electronic games accounts for significant variation in positive and negative psychosocial adjustment using a representative cohort of children aged 10 to 15 years.

METHODS:
A large sample of children and adolescents aged 10 to 15 years completed assessments of psychosocial adjustment and reported typical daily hours spent playing electronic games. Relations between different levels of engagement and indicators of positive and negative psychosocial adjustment were examined, controlling for participant age and gender and weighted for population representativeness.

RESULTS:
Low levels (&lt;1 hour daily) as well as high levels (&gt;3 hours daily) of game engagement was linked to key indicators of psychosocial adjustment. Low engagement was associated with higher life satisfaction and prosocial behavior and lower externalizing and internalizing problems, whereas the opposite was found for high levels of play. No effects were observed for moderate play levels when compared with non-players.

CONCLUSIONS:
The links between different levels of electronic game engagement and psychosocial adjustment were small (&lt;1.6% of variance) yet statistically significant. Games consistently but not robustly associated with children’s adjustment in both positive and negative ways, findings that inform policy-making as well as future avenues for research in the area.
Changes Over Time in Sex Assignment for Disorders of Sex Development
Authors: Kolesinska Zofia , Ahmed S. Faisal , Niedziela Marek , Bryce Jillian , Molinska-Glura Marta , Rodie Martina , Jiang Jipu , Sinnott Richard O. , Hughes Ieuan A. , Darendeliler Feyza , Hiort Olaf , van der Zwan Yvonne , Cools Martine , Guran Tulay , Holterhus Paul-Martin , Bertelloni Silvano , Lisa Lidka , Arlt Wiebke , Krone Nils , Ellaithi Mona , Balsamo Antonio , Mazen Inas , Nordenstrom Anna , Lachlan Katherine , Alkhawari Mona , Chatelain Pierre , Weintrob Naomi 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
It is unclear whether the proportion of infants with a disorder of sex development who are raised as male or female has changed over time. The temporal trends in sex assignment of affected cases entered in the International Disorder of Sex Development (I-DSD) Registry were studied.

METHODS:
Cases of disorders of sex development reported as partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS; n = 118), disorder of gonadal development (DGD; n = 232), and disorder of androgen synthesis (DAS; n = 104) were divided into those who were born before 1990, 1990–1999, and after 1999. External appearance of the genitalia was described by the external masculinization score.

RESULTS:
The median (5th–95th percentile) external masculinization scores of those infants with PAIS, DGD, and DAS who were raised as boys were 6 (2–9), 6 (3–9), and 6 (1–12), respectively, and were significantly higher than in those raised as girls (2 [0–6], 2 [0–7], and 0 [0–5], respectively); this difference was maintained in the 3 temporal birth cohorts (P &lt; .01). Of the 118 cases in the pre-1990 cohort, 41 (35%) were raised as boys; of the 148 cases in the 1990–1999 cohort, 60 (41%) were raised as boys; and of the 188 cases in the post-1999 cohort, 128 (68%) were raised as boys.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although there is an association between the external appearance of the genitalia and the choice of sex assignment, there are clear temporal trends in this practice pointing toward an increased likelihood of affected infants being raised as boys. The impact of this change in practice on long-term health outcomes requires additional focus.