bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing and integrating tactics to slow ash (Oleaceae) mortality caused by emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: McCullough Deborah G. , Mercader Rodrigo J. , Siegert Nathan W. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPractical and effective strategies to manage emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennisFairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae) are increasingly important given economic and ecological impacts of this invader. While EAB detection remains challenging, tactics are available to protect individual ash (FraxinusLinnaeus; Oleaceae) trees and slow EAB population growth, thereby delaying ash mortality. Simulations with a coupled map lattice model, parameterised with data from numerous field studies, showed treating trees with a highly effective systemic insecticide (TREE-äge™; emamectin benzoate), would be more effective in slowing EAB population growth than girdling trees to attract ovipositing females then destroying trees before larvae develop, while harvesting ash to reduce available phloem would have the least effect. From 2008 to 2012, cooperators participated in a pilot project to implement an integrated strategy for an EAB infestation in Upper Michigan, United States of America. Ash was inventoried and EAB density monitored using girdled ash detection trees supplemented with baited artificial traps across the >750 km2project area. While only a tiny fraction of ash trees in the project area were girdled (444–855 trees annually) or injected with TREE-äge™ (<360 roadside trees annually), and treatment distribution was restricted, both treatments slowed EAB population growth. Coupling TREE-äge™ injections with other tactics will likely yield additive or synergistic outcomes.
Unique Roles of Infiltrating Myeloid Cells in the Murine Uterus during Early to Midpregnancy
Authors: Zhao Hui , Kalish Flora , Schulz Stephanie , Yang Yang , Wong Ronald J. , Stevenson David K. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Leukocyte infiltration into the uterus is a characteristic feature in early to midpregnancy, but the composition and function of these leukocytes are not well understood. Using a pregnant murine model, we showed that myeloid cells and uterine NK (uNK) cells were the predominant populations in uteri during early to midgestation, whereas T and B cells were constrained. Uterine myeloid populations included cells that infiltrated from the circulation (myeloid-derived suppressor cells [MDSCs], monocyte-derived macrophages [Mφs], and dendritic cells [DCs]) or proliferated from resident precursors (resident Mφs [Re-Mφs] and DCs). CD11bhiLy6-Ghi cells, representing neutrophils in both blood and uterine MDSCs, significantly increased from embryonic days 8.5 to 9.5. To understand their putative functions, we used anti–Gr-1 Ab to deplete circulating neutrophils and uterine MDSCs. In the absence of MDSC suppression, uterine DCs, T cells, and regulatory T cells expanded. Conversely, uterine MDSCs responded to LPS-induced inflammation and transformed into CD14+-activated neutrophils, resulting in an upregulation of tolerogenic DCs. A high dose of LPS (2.5 μg/mouse) significantly increased the influx of neutrophils and production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, resulting in the reduction of Re-Mφs and uNK cells, and led to placental hemorrhages and fetal deaths. In summary, uterine MDSCs are important in early to midpregnancy by responding to the maternal immunologic milieu and protecting uNK cells and Re-Mφs via MDSC’s suppressive and anti-inflammatory functions. Upsetting this delicate immune balance by factors leading to either insufficient MDSCs or excessive neutrophil infiltration in the fetomaternal interface may contribute to pregnancy failure.
The Upregulation of LAG-3 on T Cells Defines a Subpopulation with Functional Exhaustion and Correlates with Disease Progression in HIV-Infected Subjects
Authors: Tian Xiaoling , Zhang Anli , Qiu Chao , Wang Wei , Yang Yu , Qiu Chenli , Liu Aiping , Zhu Lingyan , Yuan Songhua , Hu Huiliang , Wang Wanhai , Wei Qiang , Zhang Xiaoyan , Xu Jianqing 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
T cells develop functional defects during HIV-1 infection, partially due to the upregulation of inhibitory receptors such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and CTLA-4. However, the role of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3; CD223), also known as an inhibitory receptor, in HIV infection remains to be determined. In this study, we revealed that LAG-3 on T cells delivers an inhibitory signal to downregulate T cell functionality, thereby playing an immunoregulatory role during persistent HIV-1 infection. We observed that HIV-1 infection results in a significant increase in LAG-3 expression in both the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes. The upregulation of LAG-3 is dramatically manifested on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and is correlated with disease progression. As expected, prolonged antiretroviral therapy reduces the expression of LAG-3 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The ex vivo blockade of LAG-3 significantly augments HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, whereas the overexpression of LAG-3 in T cells or the stimulation of LAG-3 on T cells leads to the reduction of T cell responses. Furthermore, most LAG-3 and PD-1 are expressed in different T cell subsets. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the LAG-3/MHC class II pathway plays an immunoregulatory role, thereby providing an important target for enhancing immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients. Additionally, the LAG-3/MHC class II pathway may synergize with PD-1/PD ligand to enhance T cell–mediated immune responses.
CD4+ T Cell–Derived IL-21 and Deprivation of CD40 Signaling Favor the In Vivo Development of Granzyme B–Expressing Regulatory B Cells in HIV Patients
Authors: Kaltenmeier Christof , Gawanbacht Ali , Beyer Thamara , Lindner Stefanie , Trzaska Timo , van der Merwe Johannes Andreas , Härter Georg , Grüner Beate , Fabricius Dorit , Lotfi Ramin , Schwarz Klaus , Schütz Catharina , Hönig Manfred , Schulz Ansgar , Kern Peter , Bommer Martin , Schrezenmeier Hubert , Kirchhoff Frank , Jahrsdörfer Bernd 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
IL-21 can induce both plasma cells and regulatory B cells. In this article, we demonstrate that untreated HIV patients display CD4+ T cells with enhanced IL-21 expression and high in vivo frequencies of regulatory B cells overexpressing the serine protease granzyme B. Granzyme B–expressing regulatory B cells (GraB cells) cells from HIV patients exhibit increased expression of CD5, CD43, CD86, and CD147 but do not produce IL-10. The main functional characteristic of their regulatory activity is direct granzyme B–dependent degradation of the TCR-ζ–chain, resulting in significantly decreased proliferative T cell responses. Although Th cells from HIV patients secrete IL-21 in a Nef-dependent manner, they barely express CD40L. When culturing such IL-21+CD40L− Th cells with B cells, the former directly induce B cell differentiation into GraB cells. In contrast, the addition of soluble CD40L multimers to T cell/B cell cultures redirects B cell differentiation toward plasma cells, indicating that CD40L determines the direction of IL-21–dependent B cell differentiation. As proof of principle, we confirmed this mechanism in a patient lacking intact CD40 signaling due to a NEMO mutation. The majority of peripheral B cells from this patient were GraB cells and strongly suppressed T cell proliferation. In conclusion, GraB cells represent potent regulatory B cells in humans that are phenotypically and functionally distinct from B10 cells and occur in early HIV infection. GraB cells may contribute significantly to immune dysfunction in HIV patients, and may also explain ineffective Ab responses after vaccination. The use of soluble CD40L multimers may help to improve vaccination responses in HIV patients.
Distinct Modes of Antigen Presentation Promote the Formation, Differentiation, and Activity of Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells In Vivo
Authors: Weissler Katherine A. , Garcia Victoria , Kropf Elizabeth , Aitken Malinda , Bedoya Felipe , Wolf Amaya I. , Erikson Jan , Caton Andrew J. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
How the formation and activity of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are shaped by TCR recognition of the diverse array of peptide:MHC complexes that can be generated from self-antigens and/or foreign Ags in vivo remains poorly understood. We show that a self-peptide with low (but not high) stimulatory potency promotes thymic Treg formation and can induce conventional CD4+ T cells in the periphery to become Tregs that express different levels of the transcription factor Helios according to anatomical location. When Tregs generated in response to this self-peptide subsequently encountered the same peptide derived instead from influenza virus in the lung-draining lymph nodes of infected mice, they proliferated, acquired a T-bet+CXCR3+ phenotype, and suppressed the antiviral effector T cell response in the lungs. However, these self-antigen–selected Tregs were unable to suppress the antiviral immune response based on recognition of the peptide as a self-antigen rather than a viral Ag. Notably, when expressed in a more immunostimulatory form, the self-peptide inhibited the formation of T-bet+CXCR3+ Tregs in response to viral Ag, and Ag-expressing B cells from these mice induced Treg division without upregulation of CXCR3. These studies show that a weakly immunostimulatory self-peptide can induce thymic and peripheral Foxp3+ Treg formation but is unable to activate self-antigen–selected Tregs to modulate an antiviral immune response. Moreover, a strongly immunostimulatory self-peptide expressed by B cells induced Tregs to proliferate without acquiring an effector phenotype that allows trafficking from the draining lymph node to the lungs and, thereby, prevented the Tregs from suppressing the antiviral immune response.
De stad als lab voor sociale verandering
Authors: Karré Philip Marcel , Vanhommerig Iris , van Bueren Ellen 
Published: March 2015

Introduction: The city as a lab for social change
The city is hot: solutions to the world’s everyday problems are increasingly sought at the local level. Local administrations are handed more responsibilities through decentralizations and much is expected of the pragmatic skills of mayors. A great deal of hope is directed at the self-organizing abilities of cities, which can be seen as laboratories for social change and improvement. In this themed issue we will critically review these high expectations of cities and the local level. Can cities live up to these expectations, and at what point does ‘hope’ become ‘hype’? This introductory article mainly focuses on the concept of living labs, which are presented as an accessible, innovative and pragmatic way to address social issues in neighbourhoods.
Intermezzo II: Persoonlijke reflecties uit de praktijk rondom steden als living/urban labs en de samenwerking tussen kennisinstellingen, bedrijfsleven, stedelijk en nationaal bestuur
Authors: van Winden Willem 
Published: March 2015

Intermezzo II: Personal reflections on working in living labs
Willem van Winden has done research about and has worked in several living labs at home and abroad. In this contribution he summarizes several practical lessons based on these experiences.
Gedrag als succesformule voor beleid
Authors: Houppermans Meyken 
Published: March 2015

Behavioral sciences as success formula for public policy: Do behavioral sights lead to successful public policy?
The economic crisis is forcing Dutch government to deliberate decisions that lead to effective public policy.There seems to be a trend for the involvement of behavioral insights in the policymaking process, in order to achieve more effective public policy. The Government Strategy Board organized several conferences on this topic and the Scientific Council for Government policy researches this subject.To what extent can behavioral insights be considered a success formula for policy? This article offers a critical consideration from the findings of the thesis ’Two sides of the coin’, that deals with the relationship between the policymaking process and the effectiveness of public policy and makes it clear that behavioral insights are an important condition for successful policy. However, success demands an update of the current dominant scientific perspective on public policy as well as a realistic judgement of the high requirements on policy makers to involve behavioral insights in the policymaking process.
Effecten van detentie op het vinden van werk en een woning
Authors: Dirkzwager Anja , Blokland Arjan , Nannes Kimberley , Vroonland Marieke 
Published: March 2015

The effects of imprisonment on finding a job and a place to live. Two field experiments
In this paper we examine to what extent a prison record negatively affects employment and accommodation outcomes after release from prison. Two randomized field experiments were conducted in which we had fictitious persons respond by email to online job openings and online advertisements for rented accommodations. In total, we responded to 384 job openings and to 231 advertisements for rented accommodations. Contrary to expectations, applicants with a prison record were not less likely to receive a positive response from employers than applicants without a prison record. Applicants with a non-western background, however, were less likely to receive a positive response. In the housing experiment, we did find a significant effect of having a prison record. Former prisoners were less likely to receive a positive response during their search for a place to live.
Wederopsluiting na elektronische detentie en reguliere detentie in België
Authors: Blokland Arjan , Wermink Hilde , Robert Luc , Maes Eric 
Published: March 2015

Re-imprisonment after electronic monitoring and regular imprisonment in Belgium
Electronic monitoring is increasingly used as an alternative to imprisonment. Compared to imprisonment, electronic monitoring presumably is less costly. Furthermore, compared to imprisonment electronic monitoring may have less collateral consequences, as detainees who are electronically monitored are able to keep their job, housing and social networks, which are in turn associated with reduced recidivism. On the other hand electronic monitoring may have less of a deterrent effect than imprisonment, and deviant networks also remain intact, which may increase the likelihood of future crime and with it the likelihood of re-imprisonment. Here we make use of data from the Belgian penitentiary register to compare re-imprisonment of those having served their sentence under electronic monitoring and those regularly imprisoned, and limit our analyses to offenders with a prison sentence between six months and three years. We use propensity score matching to control for pre-existing differences between these groups. Our findings show that detainees are less likely to be re-imprisoned after electronic monitoring than after regular imprisonment.
Critères et processus d’évaluation en art contemporain. Les concours d’aide à la création du CALQ
Authors: Fournier Marcel , Misdrahi Marian 
Published: March 2015

Dans la carrière d’un artiste ou d’un écrivain, l’obtention d’une bourse d’un organisme subventionnaire est souvent importante, pour ne pas dire déterminante, car elle fournit une aide financière tout en constituant une reconnaissance (par les pairs). Mais comment procède-t-on pour évaluer les candidats à de telles bourses, et surtout selon quels critères les décisions d’attribuer ou non des bourses à des candidats sont-elles prises ? Ce sont les questions que nous nous sommes posées, tout en nous disant que ces critères sont non seulement esthétiques mais aussi moraux. Les décisions se prennent in situ, au sein de comités qui réunissent des pairs, artistes ou spécialistes de l’art. Sur la base de l’observation in situ des délibérations des jurys et d’entrevues avec les membres et en nous appuyant sur des travaux en sociologie de l’art, dont ceux de Nathalie Heinich, nous montrons, par nos résultats, que diverses formes d’art sont privilégiées, pourvu que cela respecte un certain nombre de critères, à savoir la contemporanéité, la singularité et l’authenticité. Tout se passe donc comme si chaque candidature était l’objet d’une triple évaluation et que chaque candidat devait traverser trois « épreuves » afin de réussir le concours, la plus importante étant celle de l’authenticité, étroitement associée à l’évaluation en rétrospective de la démarche artistique.
Rheology of the lithosphere beneath the central and western Tien Shan
Authors: England Philip , Molnar Peter 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe distribution of crustal velocity over a 800 by 400 km region of the Tien Shan shows strain rates with principal contractional axes aligned perpendicular to the mountain chain and with negligible velocity gradients in the along‐strike direction. This configuration allows us to describe the dynamics by a force balance along profiles perpendicular to the chain. The velocities on each of these profiles fit, with root‐mean‐square misfits of ∼1 mm/yr, a constant rate of contractional strain. Gravitational potential energy per unit area varies along these profiles by at least 3 and maybe 5 TN m−1; the insensitivity of contractional strain rates to those variations implies a lower bound of ∼1022 Pa s on the effective viscosity of the lithosphere. Seismic tomography shows variations in P and S wave speeds that imply large lateral temperature variations in crust and upper mantle of the region. If the ductile portion of the lithosphere were deforming by the mechanisms of high‐temperature creep, such temperature variations would be accompanied by variations in strength of 1 or 2 orders of magnitude. The observed velocity profiles allow variations in lithospheric strength by no more than a factor of 2 to 4, implying that the strength‐controlling portion of the lithosphere cannot be strongly sensitive to temperature. Lithospheric strength profiles that incorporate flow laws for low‐temperature plasticity of olivine reproduce both the effective viscosity and the insensitivity to lateral temperature variation that are observed in the Tien Shan. Plastic deformation of dry, pyroxene‐rich lower crust may also contribute to such a temperature‐insensitive strength profile.
Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion for the rheology of olivine single crystals
Authors: Mullet Benjamin G. , Korenaga Jun , Karato Shun‐Ichiro 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe present major modifications to the Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion method of Korenaga and Karato (2008), which was developed to analyze rock deformation data and determine a corresponding flow law and its uncertainty. The uncertainties of state variables, e.g., temperature, pressure, and stress, are now taken into account by data randomization, to avoid parameter bias that could be introduced by the original implementation of the cost function. Also, it is now possible to handle a flow law composed of both parallel and sequential deformation mechanisms, by using conjugate gradient search to determine scaling constants. We test the new inversion algorithm extensively using synthetic data as well as the high‐quality experimental data of Bai et al. (1991) on the deformation of olivine single crystals. Our reanalysis of this experimental data set reveals that a commonly adopted value for the stress exponent (∼3.5) is considerably less certain than previously reported, and we offer a detailed account for the validity of our new estimates. The significance of fully reporting parameter uncertainties including covariance is also discussed with a worked example on flow law prediction under geological conditions.
Poxviruses
Authors: Pickup David J 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Poxviruses are brick‐shaped, enveloped viruses, each containing a linear, double‐stranded DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) genome of 134–365 kilobases (kb). Several family members, including
variola
,
monkeypox
,
cowpox
,
vaccinia
,
orf
and
molluscum contagiosum viruses
, cause disease in humans. Smallpox, which was caused by
variola virus
, was once responsible for the deaths of millions each year. In 1796, Jenner showed that inoculation of material from a cowpox lesion could protect against smallpox: vaccination had been introduced into medicine. Moreover, through the use of
cowpox
and
vaccinia virus
vaccines, the dread disease of smallpox was eradicated from the natural environment. Although
variola virus
, the principal poxvirus pathogen, is no longer a public health hazard, the poxviruses have continued to be the focus of intense study because they provide unique systems for investigation of mechanisms important in molecular biology, viral pathogenicity and immunity. Attenuated poxviruses now provide some of the most promising contemporary platforms for broad‐spectrum, live‐virus vaccines.

Key Concepts

Variola virus
, which causes smallpox, is one of the most virulent human pathogens.

Variola virus
was the first virus to be eradicated from the natural environment.

Jenner showed that infection with cowpox could protect against infection with smallpox.

Cowpox virus
was the original vaccine, hence the name vaccine, from the Latin word
vacca
for cow.

The worldwide eradication of the disease of smallpox was achieved by immunisation with vaccines containing live
vaccinia viruses
(viruses similar to, but more attenuated than,
cowpox virus
).

Except for
variola virus
and
molluscum contagiosum virus
(
MCV
), most of the poxvirus diseases of humans are zoonoses (diseases transmitted to humans from animals).

Among viruses, the poxviruses are unusually independent of host cell functions, employing mainly viral enzymes for viral gene transcription and viral DNA replication in the cytoplasm of infected cells.

Poxviruses do not establish latent infections.

Poxviruses possess many accessory genes that are not required for virus replication
in vitro
, but which are advantageous for virus replication
in vivo
.

Most of the accessory proteins encoded by poxviruses of vertebrates interfere with either innate or adaptive immune responses.
Cell Membrane Features
Authors: Yeagle Philip L 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

The biological membranes provide much of the functionality of the organisms of which they are a part. From intracellular organelles to extracellular cell–cell interactions, membranes provide the structures necessary for biological function and organisation. Many structural and functional features are common among membranes in archaea, bacteria, eukaryotic cells and enveloped viruses. The fundamental architecture of all biological membranes is built upon the lipid bilayer. Thus, all membranes have properties in common. Membrane proteins confer a myriad of specific functions expressed by cell membranes. Plasma membranes determine the cell boundary and the interactions of the cell with its environment. Intracellular membranes compartmentalise cells into different functional units with differing internal compositions. The composition of the compartments is maintained by essential transport functions in concert with permeability control. Signal transduction is enabled by membranes. Membrane fusion provides a mechanism for intracellular vesicular transport and enveloped virus entry into cells.

Key Concepts

The hydrophobic effect, which governs the behaviour of hydrocarbons in water, controls the structures formed by membrane lipids and membrane proteins.

Many properties of membranes are conferred by lipid bilayers that form the basic structure for all biological membranes.

Integral membrane proteins have a portion of their mass buried in the lipid bilayer.

Transmembrane proteins have specialised organisations of amino acids in their primary sequence such that linear sequences of hydrophobic amino acids enable the protein to span the lipid bilayer.

Peripheral membrane proteins are much like soluble proteins in structure, but bind to membranes.

Cellular functions, including compartmentalisation, transport, intracellular trafficking, enveloped viral entry, signal transduction, endocytosis, phagocytosis, action potentials and RNA processing, are provided by membranes.

Specialised cell membranes have specialised functions for cells.