bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism and Nature of the Different Viscosity Sensitivities of Hemicyanine Dyes with Various Heterocycles
Authors: Cao Jianfang , Hu Chong , Liu Fei , Sun Wen , Fan Jiangli , Song Fengling , Sun Shiguo , Peng Xiaojun 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA series of hemicyanine derivatives are excellent fluorescent viscosity sensors in live cells and in imaging of living tissues due to their low quantum yields in solution but large fluorescence enhancements in viscous environments. Herein, three carbazole‐based hemicyanine dyes with different heterocycles are studied. They have different background quantum yields, and hence different sensitivities to viscosity detection, large Stokes shifts, and high sensitivity. Better understanding of the structure–property relationships for viscosity sensitivity could benefit the design of improved dyes. Computational studies on these dyes reveal the mechanism of viscosity sensitivity of fluorescent molecular rotors and the nature of the difference in viscosity sensitivity of the three dyes. The results show that the greatly raised HOMO and greatly lowered LUMO in the S1 state compared with the S0 state are responsible for the large Stokes shift of the three dyes. The heterocyclic moieties have the primary influence on the LUMO levels of the three hemicyanine dyes. Rotation about the CC bond adjacent to the carbazole moiety of the three dyes drives the molecule toward a small energy gap between the ground state and the first excited state, which causes mainly nonradiative deactivation. The oscillator strengths in the lowest singlet excited state drop rapidly with increasing rotation between 0 and 95°, which leads to a dark state for these dyes when fully twisted at 95°. We draw a mechanistic picture at the molecular level to illustrate how these dyes work as viscosity‐sensitive fluorescent probes. The activation barriers and energy gaps of CC bond rotation strongly depend on the choice of heterocycle, which plays a major role in reducing fluorescence quantum yield in the free state and provides high sensitivity to viscosity detection in viscous environments for the carbazole‐based hemicyanine dyes.
Bragg Stack‐Functionalized Counter Electrode for Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Park Jung Tae , Prosser Jacob H. , Kim Dong Jun , Kim Jong Hak , Lee Daeyeon 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA highly reflective counter electrode is prepared through the deposition of alternating layers of organized mesoporous TiO2 (om‐TiO2) and colloidal SiO2 (col‐SiO2) nanoparticles. We present the effects of introducing this counter electrode into dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) for maximizing light harvesting properties. The om‐TiO2 layers with a high refractive index are prepared by using an atomic transfer radical polymerization and a sol–gel process, in which a polyvinyl chloride‐g‐poly(oxyethylene) methacrylate graft copolymer is used as a structure‐directing agent. The col‐SiO2 layers with a low refractive index are prepared by spin‐coating commercially available silica nanoparticles. The properties of the Bragg stack (BS)‐functionalized counter electrode in DSSCs are analyzed by using a variety of techniques, including spectroscopic ellipsometry, SEM, UV/Vis spectroscopy, incident photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiency, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and intensity modulated photocurrent/voltage spectroscopy measurements, to understand the critical factors contributing to the cell performance. When incorporated into DSSCs that are used in conjunction with a polymerized ionic liquid as the solid electrolyte, the energy conversion efficiency of this solid‐state DSSC (ssDSSC) approaches 6.6 %, which is one of the highest of the reported N719 dye‐based ssDSSCs. Detailed optical and electrochemical analyses of the device performance show that this assembly yields enhanced light harvesting without the negative effects of charge recombination or electrolyte penetration, which thus, presents new possibilities for effective light management.
The metabolic responses induced by acute dexamethasone predict glucose tolerance and insulin secretion over 10 years in relatives of type 2 diabetic subjects
Authors: Durck Tina Trier , Henriksen Jan Erik , Egede Mette Brogaard , Levin Klaus , Rantzau Christian , Ward Glenn , Beck‐Nielsen Henning , Alford Frank P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to compare the metabolic and insulin secretory responses to dexamethasone with the metabolic responses observed at 10 years in normoglycaemic relatives of type 2 diabetic and healthy control subjects.MethodsTwenty relatives and 20 matched control subjects were studied twice at 0 year (pre‐ and post‐dexamethasone) and at 10 years, employing a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), with serial measurements of glucose and insulin, for determination of glucose tolerance and calculations of acute insulin release (ΔI30/ΔG30; insulinogenic index) and insulin sensitivity (SIHOMA).ResultsFollowing dexamethasone, the relatives group developed varying degrees of glucose intolerance, associated with reduced insulin sensitivity and insulinogenic index. By 10 years, fasting glucose and 2‐h OGTT glucose were raised in the relatives group, especially in the relatives most metabolically affected by dexamethasone, including a reduced insulinogenic index. Multiple regression analysis of the data in relatives demonstrated that the 2‐h OGTT glucose and fasting glucose values at 10 years depended on the 0‐year post‐dexamethasone 2‐h OGTT glucose, post‐dexamethasone fasting glucose and post‐dexamethasone insulin sensitivity, r2adj = 56% (p < 0.001) and r2adj = 60% (p < 0.0001), respectively. No pre‐dexamethasone metabolic or insulin secretory responses entered these models.ConclusionsIn relatives, fasting and 2‐h OGTT glucose concentrations and β‐cell responses to acute dexamethasone‐induced insulin resistance are similar to those observed at 10 years, especially in relatives who develop the most disturbed dexamethasone‐induced glucose intolerance and impaired acute insulin secretion. The combined 0‐year, post‐dexamethasone fasting and 2‐h OGTT glucose concentrations and insulin resistance, measured as SIHOMA, are the best predictors in relatives of future dysglycaemia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of river channel geometry in stream flow modelling and guidelines for field investigation
Authors: Zhang Hongbo , Zhang Fan , Shi Xiaonan , Zeng Chen , Shih Dong‐Sin , Yeh Gour‐Tsyh , Joswiak Daniel R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractFully physics‐based, process‐level, distributed fluid flow and reactive transport hydrological models are rarely used in practice until recent years. These models are useful tools to help understand the fundamental physical, chemical, and biological processes that take place in nature. In this study, sensitivity analyses based on a mountain area river basin modelling study are performed to investigate the effect of river channel geometric characteristics on downstream water flow. Numerical experiments show that reduction in the river channel geometric measurement interval may not significantly affect the downstream water stage simulation as long as measurement accuracy at special nodes is guaranteed. The special upstream nodes include but are not limited to 1) nodes located close to the observation station, 2) nodes near the borders of different land covers with considerable riverbed roughness changes, 3) nodes at entering points of tributaries causing discharge jump and 4) nodes with a narrow cross‐section width that may control the flow conditions. This information provides guidelines for field investigation to efficiently obtain necessary geometric data for physics‐based hydrological modelling. It is especially useful in alpine areas such as the Tibetan Plateau where field investigation capability is limited under severe topography and climate condition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delayed efficient anticoagulation with heparin in patients with a weight of 110 kg and more treated for acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Joncas Sebastien X. , Poirier Paul , Ardilouze Jean‐Luc , Carrier Nathalie , Fayad Tania , Farand Paul 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveThe use of a weight‐based nomogram is considered as standard care for prescribing appropriate doses of unfractionated heparin (UFH). Because of the need for multiple other medications that may affect bleeding and that clinical data have relied on similar dosing algorithms, maximum initial bolus and infusion rates have been suggested (capped initial dose). Whether these weight‐based heparin nomograms properly address therapeutic dosing in obese patients remains questionable.Design and MethodsThirty patients treated for acute coronary syndrome and weighing ≥110 kg were retrospectively compared with 90 controls (three groups of 30 patients, weighting 50‐69.9, 70‐89.9, or 90‐109.9 kg), all treated with UFH, July 2008 to April 2009. The primary end point was the time required to obtain a threshold activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).ResultsMean time to achieve threshold aPTT was longer for obese patients weighing ≥110 kg than for controls (31.47 vs. 12.89 hours; P < 0.0001). At 24 hours, 63% of obese patients weighing ≥110 kg had not reached threshold aPTT vs. 7% of controls (P < 0.0001). However, threshold infusion rate did not differ between weight categories (13.0 vs. 13.1 U/kg/h; P = NS) and approximated the initial infusion rate recommended by nomograms without applying the dose cap (12 U/kg/h).ConclusionsAdequate anticoagulation time doubled in patients weighing ≥110 kg, suggesting that these patients were not receiving appropriate heparin doses initially to achieve threshold aPTT rapidly. Using initial infusion rate recommended by a nomogram without capping for total body weight is suggested as acceptable in this study. This approach should be further evaluated in a prospective study.
Longitudinal study shows increasing obesity and hyperglycemia in micronesia
Authors: Murdock David , Salit Jacqueline , Stoffel Markus , Friedman Jeffrey M. , Pe'er Itsik , Breslow Jan L. , Bonnen Penelope E. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveObesity and diabetes are particularly high in indigenous populations exposed to a Western diet and lifestyle. The prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension in one such population, the Micronesian island of Kosrae was described.Design and MethodsLongitudinal screenings for metabolic traits were conducted on adult Kosraens ≥ 20 years of age in 1994 and again in 2001. Data was obtained on 3,106 Kosraens, comprising ∼80% of the adult population. Diabetes was diagnosed using World Health Organization guidelines. Prevalences of obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension were assessed.ResultsThe overall age‐adjusted prevalence of diabetes increased from 14 to 21%. The most significant change observed in the population was increases in obesity and hyperglycemia, especially among young Kosraens and women. Obesity age‐adjusted prevalence increased from 45 to 62%, and hyperglycemia age‐adjusted prevalence increased from 19 to 44%. Of note, Kosraens as a group had unusually low high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels with 80% classified as low HDL by NCEP‐ATPIII criteria, despite lacking the usually accompanying increase in triglycerides. Comparison to reports from other populations shows that Kosrae experiences one of the highest rates of obesity, hyperglycemia, and low HDL globally while maintaining relatively healthy levels of triglycerides.ConclusionOur study shows a dramatic increase in obesity and hyperglycemia in Kosrae in just 7 years and forebodes significantly increased health risks for this part of the world.
Cell proliferation monitoring by multiplexed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on microwell assays
Authors: Duchateau Stijn , Broeders Jeroen , Croux Dieter , Janssen Daniel , Rigo Jean‐Michel , Wagner Patrick , Thoelen Ronald , De Ceuninck Ward 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCell proliferation can be monitored by a wide range of well‐established techniques. Most of the principles used rely on optical, single end‐point methods, often involving the use of absorbent, fluorescent or luminescent compounds. These additives can interfere with the cell growth, thus producing distorted results. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provides a solution for this problem and enables continuous monitoring without interference. However equipment for this measurement technique is often bulky, highly expensive and lacks multichannel features. This paper presents a low‐cost, compact hardware platform optimized for proliferation measurements, together with custom software to ease interpretation and physical modelling of data. Performance is demonstrated and measurement parameters are fine‐tuned for three commonly used cell types in proliferation measurements. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The impact of offshore financial centers on international financial markets
Authors: Dufey Gunter , Bartram Söhnke M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOffshore centers have come to play an important role in the institutional structure of international financial markets. The article identifies two dimensions of dynamic competition that are relevant for an analysis of the offshore center phenomenon. First, there is competition between the offshore centers and one or more domestic financial markets. Second, there is dynamic competition among the offshore centers. The system of offshore centers generates a three‐tier structure of international financial markets: domestic, foreign traditional, and offshore markets, both with respect to financial intermediaries as well as securities markets. This structure constitutes the institutional base for trends in the international financial markets which result in a process of increasing globalization.
Internationalization of currencies: The case of the US dollar and its challenger euro
Authors: Tavlas George S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article examines the benefits and costs to the United States of having the US dollar used as an international currency and explains the factors underlying the dollar's use internationally. The main benefit for the United States is that it derives seigniorage from the dollar's international use while the main cost is that there is less scope for controlling domestic monetary conditions. There are three prerequisites for the international use of a currency: (1) confidence in the political stability of the issuing country; (2) deep, broad, and open financial markets in the issuing country; and (3) a large share of world exports on the part of the issuing country. The implications of the euro for the dollar's leading international position are discussed. Data are presented showing that the dollar is the world's leading international currency.
Toward global regulatory harmonization in banking
Authors: Kim Taeho 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSeveral principles of international bank regulatory jurisdictions have emerged since the mid‐1970s. Each principle has advantages and disadvantages in promoting cross‐border competition, ensuring prudent banking practice, and maintaining worldwide financial stability. At the same time, simultaneous application of different principles by different countries has caused overlapping, underlapping, or sheer avoidance of bank regulations, resulting in less transparency and an uneven playing field for internationally competing banks. To level the playing field, bank regulatory harmonization has been advocated, particularly under the auspices of the Basle Committee on Banking Supervision. However, as demonstrated in the case of setting minimum capital standards for market risks, a successive harmonization approach may not be the panacea. There is a need for rethinking of efficiency in regulation, including incentive‐compatible approaches.
A time diversification approach to the emerging stock markets of Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico
Authors: Ratner Mitchell , Arbeláez Harvey , Leal Ricardo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article provides the analytical basis for the adoption of a longer view to portfolio diversification in Latin America. The benefits to be gained through time diversification are studied in the context of four countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. The empirical evidence of actual annualized returns indicates that risk in investment in Latin American equity returns tends to diminish over longer term investment horizons.
Electronic Origin of the Structural Anomalies of Zinc and Cadmium
Authors: Wedig Ulrich , Nuss Hanne , Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin , Andrae Dirk , Paulus Beate , Kirfel Armin , Weyrich Wolf 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe electron distributions in position and in momentum space of thehcpmetals magnesium and zinc are investigated experimentally and compared to results of quantum‐chemical calculations. Furthermore, a survey is given on recent analyses of the bonding properties of zinc and cadmium, using the method of increments. The experimental deformation densities were obtained by refining multipole models to X‐ray diffraction data sets measured at 100 K with either Mo‐Kα(Mg) or Ag‐Kα(Zn) radiation. The finalRFvalues (Valray/Jana2006) are 0.0028/0.0034 (Mg) and 0.0068/0.0068 (Zn). The differences to deformation densities obtained from periodic density functional calculations are discussed. The effect of dynamical electron correlation on the electron density was analyzed, using cluster models. Compton profiles were measured with 88.67 keV synchrotron radiation at beamline ID15B at the ESRF in Grenoble. Varied orientations of the samples allowed for probing the projected momentum distribution along the [100], [423] and [001] directions. Fourier transforms of the computed reciprocal form factorB(r) resulted in the corresponding theoretical Compton profiles. It is suggested that the anomaloushcpstructure of zinc is favored by a kinetic balancing of the valence electrons, i.e. correlation mediated 4s‐3dinteractions.
Video‐assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Sleeve Lobectomy with Bronchoplasty
Authors: Li Yun , Wang Jun 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundWe review our experiences with video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) sleeve lobectomy with bronchoplasty for NSCLC. The safety, effectiveness, indications, and operation precautions of this approach were examined.MethodsFrom September 2011 to September 2012, 11 patients underwent VATS sleeve lobectomy with bronchoplasty in our hospital (right upper lobe = 8, left lower lobe = 2, left upper lobe = 1). The operation consisted of VATS anatomic sleeve lobectomy with bronchoplasty combined with systematic lymph node dissection. Three incisions were made. Bronchial anastomosis was combined with simple continuous suture anastomosis of the membranous part of the bronchus and simple interrupted suture anastomosis of the cartilaginous part of the bronchus.ResultsAll procedures went uneventfully. Median operative time was 178 min; median bronchial anastomosis time was 42 min; median blood loss was 180 ml. There was no case of conversion to thoracotomy. Pathological examination showed 10 squamous cell carcinomas and 1 adenocarcinoma. All patients recovered well, except one who suffered minor complications. Median postoperative chest tube drainage duration was 6.8 days, and median hospital stay was 8.9 days. All patients were followed up for 2–13 months without recurrence.ConclusionsVideo‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery sleeve lobectomy with bronchoplasty is a safe and effective surgical approach in the treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer. The operating incision placed at the 4th intercostal space on the anterior axillary line is convenient for anastomosis our experience shows that anastomosis combining simple continuous suture of the membranous part of bronchus and simple interrupted suture anastomosis of the cartilaginous part of the bronchus is fast and secure. Moreover, preserving the azygos vein does not affect the anastomosis.
Outcome of routine use of microsurgical biliary reconstruction in pediatric living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Chen Chao‐Long , Concejero Allan M. , Lin Tsan‐Shiun , Lin Yu‐Hung , Chiang Yuan‐Cheng , Wang Chih‐Chi , Wang Shih‐Ho , Lin Chih‐Che , Liu Yueh‐Wei , Yong Chee‐Chien 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectiveMicrosurgical techniques, initially used for hepatic artery reconstruction, have been extended to biliary reconstruction to decrease biliary complications. The routine use of microsurgical biliary reconstruction in pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has not been elucidated.MethodsSixty‐seven pediatric patients underwent primary LDLT. All biliary reconstructions were performed by a single microsurgeon using microsurgical techniques. A biliary stent was not used. The minimum follow‐up was 12 months. Thirty‐four patients had a minimum follow‐up of 36 months. The outcomes of those who underwent microsurgical biliary reconstruction were compared with the outcomes of a cohort of 67 patients who underwent conventional biliary reconstruction.ResultsThe demographical and clinical profiles of the two groups were not significantly different. There were 5 anastomotic complications in the conventional and 2 anastomotic complications in the microsurgical reconstruction groups. All complications developed within 90 days after transplant. There were no late biliary complications. Further analysis showed that conventional reconstruction increased the risk of biliary complications by 2.4 times (relative risk: 2.42; attributable risk: 4.5).ConclusionThe routine use of microsurgical biliary reconstruction in pediatric LDLT is a technical innovation that led to decreased anastomotic biliary complications.
IS THE EU SEAL PRODUCTS REGULATION A SEALED DEAL? EU AND WTO CHALLENGES
Authors: Perišin Tamara 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn both the EU and the WTO there are currently pending cases on the legality of EU Regulation 1007/2009 on trade in seal products and its Implementing Regulation 737/2010. While seals seem to be very attractive to the public so that raising arguments against these EU measures are not popular, the Regulations do raise concerns about competences, subsidiarity and proportionality which are relevant for compliance with EU primary law. They also raise concerns about possible protectionism, the use of public morals, coherence and necessity with regard to compatibility with WTO law. This paper seeks to examine all these issues.
THE APPLICATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL PREAMBLES AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL RECOGNITION OF INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS
Authors: Twomey Anne 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe debate on the recognition of Indigenous Australians in the Australian Constitution is more about how, than whether, this should occur. The two main proposals involve the use of a preamble. One proposes symbolic recognition in a new constitutional preamble with a clause prohibiting use of the preamble in constitutional interpretation. The other would give Parliament power to make laws with respect to Indigenous Australians, but qualify it in a preamble so that it could only be exercised for their ‘advancement’. This article draws on comparative experience of the use of preambles in other common law countries to challenge the assumptions underlying each proposal.