bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Race and Religion in Social Service Providers
Authors: Hsu Becky , Hackett Conrad , Hinkson Leslie 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesThe objectives of this study are to investigate the traits that clients find important in professional social service providers, comparing confidence in client management skills (friendliness, experience, and knowledge) to desire for demographic characteristics (being of the same race and religion).MethodsTo accomplish this task, we use multiple regression to analyze results of the Lehigh Valley Trust Survey of low‐income recipients of social services.ResultsWhile most respondents find the professional traits important, there is significant variation in whether respondents consider demographic characteristics to be important. We find that having a provider of the same race is very important for African Americans and Hispanics, while having a provider with similar religious beliefs is extremely important for evangelical Protestants. Other predictive variables for homophilous preferences in race and religion are age, mobility, and education.ConclusionsProfessional skills corresponding to organizational position are important to most people, but specific demographic groups prioritize racial, ethnic, and religious homophily. While we suggest some possible explanations (perceived or actual discrimination and cultural concordance), further research is needed to determine the causes.
Conservation of Meningococcal Antigens in the Genus
Neisseria
Authors: Muzzi Alessandro , Mora Marirosa , Pizza Mariagrazia , Rappuoli Rino , Donati Claudio 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT

Neisseria meningitidis
, one of the major causes of bacterial meningitis and sepsis, is a member of the genus
Neisseria
, which includes species that colonize the mucosae of many animals. Three meningococcal proteins, factor H-binding protein (fHbp), neisserial heparin-binding antigen (NHBA), and
N. meningitidis
adhesin A (NadA), have been described as antigens protective against
N. meningitidis
of serogroup B, and they have been employed as vaccine components in preclinical and clinical studies. In the vaccine formulation, fHbp and NHBA were fused to the GNA2091 and GNA1030 proteins, respectively, to enhance protein stability and immunogenicity. To determine the possible impact of vaccination on commensal neisseriae, we determined the presence, distribution, and conservation of these antigens in the available genome sequences of the genus
Neisseria
, finding that fHbp, NHBA, and NadA were conserved only in species colonizing humans, while GNA1030 and GNA2091 were conserved in many human and nonhuman neisseriae. Sequence analysis showed that homologous recombination contributed to shape the evolution and distribution of both NHBA and fHbp, three major variants of which have been defined. fHbp variant 3 was probably the ancestral form of meningococcal fHbp, while fHbp variant 1 from
N. cinerea
was introduced into
N. meningitidis
by a recombination event. fHbp variant 2 was the result of a recombination event inserting a stretch of 483 bp from variant 1 into the variant 3 background. These data indicate that a high rate of exchange of genetic material between neisseriae that colonize the human upper respiratory tract exists.

IMPORTANCE
The upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals is a complex ecosystem colonized by many bacterial species. Among these, there are representatives of the genus
Neisseria
, including
Neisseria meningitidis
, a major cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis. Given the close relationship between commensal and pathogenic species, a protein-based vaccine against
N. meningitidis
has the potential to impact the other commensal species of
Neisseria
. For this reason, we have studied the distribution and evolutionary history of the antigen components of a recombinant vaccine, 4CMenB, that recently received approval in Europe under the commercial name of Bexsero®. We found that fHbp, NHBA, and NadA can be found in some of the human commensal species and that the evolution of these antigens has been essentially shaped by the high rate of genetic exchange that occurs between strains of neisseriae that cocolonize the same environment.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy-Associated Mutations in the JC Polyomavirus Capsid Disrupt Lactoseries Tetrasaccharide c Binding
Authors: Maginnis Melissa S. , Ströh Luisa J. , Gee Gretchen V. , O’Hara Bethany A. , Derdowski Aaron , Stehle Thilo , Atwood Walter J. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT

The human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is the causative agent of the fatal, demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The Mad-1 prototype strain of JCPyV uses the glycan lactoseries tetrasaccharide c (LSTc) and serotonin receptor 5-HT
2A
to attach to and enter into host cells, respectively. Specific residues in the viral capsid protein VP1 are responsible for direct interactions with the α2,6-linked sialic acid of LSTc. Viral isolates from individuals with PML often contain mutations in the sialic acid-binding pocket of VP1 that are hypothesized to arise from positive selection. We reconstituted these mutations in the Mad-1 strain of JCPyV and found that they were not capable of growth. The mutations were then introduced into recombinant VP1 and reconstituted as pentamers in order to conduct binding studies and structural analyses. VP1 pentamers carrying PML-associated mutations were not capable of binding to permissive cells. High-resolution structure determination revealed that these pentamers are well folded but no longer bind to LSTc due to steric clashes in the sialic acid-binding site. Reconstitution of the mutations into JCPyV pseudoviruses allowed us to directly quantify the infectivity of the mutants in several cell lines. The JCPyV pseudoviruses with PML-associated mutations were not infectious, nor were they able to engage sialic acid as measured by hemagglutination of human red blood cells. These results demonstrate that viruses from PML patients with single point mutations in VP1 disrupt binding to sialic acid motifs and render these viruses noninfectious.

IMPORTANCE
Infection with human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is common and asymptomatic in healthy individuals, but during immunosuppression, JCPyV can spread from the kidney to the central nervous system (CNS) and cause a fatal, demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Individuals infected with HIV, those who have AIDS, or those receiving immunomodulatory therapies for autoimmune diseases are at serious risk for PML. Recent reports have demonstrated that viral isolates from PML patients often have distinct changes within the major capsid protein. Our structural-functional approach highlights that these mutations result in abolished engagement of the carbohydrate receptor motif LSTc that is necessary for infection. Viruses with PML-associated mutations are not infectious in glial cells, suggesting that they may play an alternative role in PML pathogenesis.
LP or not LP, that is the question: gold standard or unnecessary procedure in subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Authors: Stewart Hannah , Reuben Adam , McDonald James 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo measure the sensitivity of modern CT in patients presenting to the emergency department and evaluated for possible subarachnoid haemorrhage, with particular attention to those presenting within 12 h of ictus.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingLarge district general hospital emergency department seeing 73 500 new attendances per year.ParticipantsPatients presenting to the emergency department and screened for suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage.Outcome measuresSubarachnoid haemorrhage was defined by either the presence of subarachnoid blood on CT, positive CSF spectrophotometry defined by national guidelines or aneurysm identified on subsequent angiography if either of the former were equivocal.Results244 patients were screened for subarachnoid haemorrhage during the 24 months between March 2006 and April 2008 (mean age 48.5 years). The sensitivity of CT overall for subarachnoid haemorrhage was 93.8% (95% CI 84% to 98%) increasing to 95% (95% CI 82% to 99%) if performed within 12 h of ictus.ConclusionsWhile modern CT has a high sensitivity for the diagnosis of acute subarachnoid haemorrhage, particularly within 12 h of ictus, it is still not sufficient to act as the sole diagnostic tool, and patients with a negative CT will require further investigation with a lumbar puncture.
EGFRmutant-specific immunohistochemistry has high specificity and sensitivity for detecting targeted activatingEGFRmutations in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Cooper W A , Yu B , Yip P Y , Ng C C , Lum T , Farzin M , Trent R J , Mercorella B , Clarkson A , Kohonen-Corish M R J , Horvath L G , Kench J G , McCaughan B , Gill A J , O'Toole S A 
Published: June 2013

AimWe assessed the diagnostic accuracy of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant-specific antibodies for detecting two common activatingEGFRmutations.MethodsImmunohistochemical expression of mutation-specific antibodies againstEGFRexon 19 deletion E746-A750 ((c.2235_2249del15 or c.2236_2250del15, p. Glu746_Ala750del) and exon 21 L858R point mutation (c.2573T>G, p.Leu858Arg) were assessed in a cohort of 204 resected early stage node negative lung adenocarcinomas, and protein expression was compared with DNA analysis results from mass spectrometry analysis.ResultsOf seven cases with L858R point mutation, six were positive by immunohistochemistry (IHC). There were three false positive cases using L858R IHC (sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 98.5%, positive predictive value 66.7%, negative predictive value 99.5%). All seven E746-A750 exon 19 deletions identified by mutation analysis were positive by IHC. Four additional cases were positive for exon 19 IHC but negative by mutation analysis. The sensitivity of exon 19 IHC for E746-A750 was 100%, specificity 98.0%, positive predictive value 63.6% and negative predictive value 100%.ConclusionsMutant-specific EGFR IHC has good specificity and sensitivity for identifying targeted activatingEGFRmutations. Although inferior to molecular genetic analysis of theEGFRgene, IHC is highly specific and sensitive for the targetedEGFRmutations. The antibodies are likely to be of clinical value in cases where limited tumour material is available, or in situations where molecular genetic analysis is not readily available.
Estimates of the size of key populations at risk for HIV infection: men who have sex with men, female sex workers and injecting drug users in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Okal Jerry , Geibel Scott , Muraguri Nicolas , Musyoki Helgar , Tun Waimar , Broz Dita , Kuria David , Kim Andrea , Oluoch Tom , Raymond H Fisher 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesSize estimates of populations at higher risk for HIV infection are needed to help policy makers understand the scope of the epidemic and allocate appropriate resources. Population size estimates of men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW) and intravenous drug users (IDU) are few or non-existent in Nairobi, Kenya.MethodsWe integrated three population size estimation methods into a behavioural surveillance survey among MSM, FSW and IDU in Nairobi during 2010–2011. These methods included the multiplier method, ‘Wisdom of the Crowds’ and an approach that drew on published literature. The median of the three estimates was hypothesised to be the most plausible size estimate with the other results forming the upper and lower plausible bounds. Data were shared with community representatives and stakeholders to finalise ‘best’ point estimates and plausible bounds based on the data collected in Nairobi, a priori expectations from the global literature and stakeholder input.ResultsWe estimate there are approximately 11 042 MSM with a plausible range of 10 000–22 222, 29 494 FSW with a plausible range of 10 000–54 467 FSW and approximately 6107 IDU and plausibly 5031–10 937 IDU living in Nairobi.ConclusionsWe employed multiple methods and used a wide range of data sources to estimate the size of three hidden populations in Nairobi, Kenya. These estimates may be useful to advocate for and to plan, implement and evaluate HIV prevention and care programmes for MSM, FSW and IDU. Surveillance activities should consider integrating population size estimation in their protocols.
Proterochampsia: an endemic archosauriform clade from South America
Authors: Trotteyn María Jimena , Arcucci Andrea B. , Raugust Tiago 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Proterochampsia is a monophyletic group of crocodile-like archosauriforms currently endemic to the late Middle and early Late Triassic of South America considered as one of the potential successive sister-taxa of the crown group Archosauria. The proterochampsians come from the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin in the west of Argentina and the Parana Basin in the south of Brazil. The traditional composition of the group includes the genera
Cerritosaurus
Price 1946
,
Proterochampsa
Reig 1959
(with two species:
P
.
barrionuevoi
in Argentina and
P. nodosa
Barberena 1982
in Brazil),
Chanaresuchus
Romer (with two species from Argentina:
C. bonapartei
Romer and
C. ischigualastensis

Trotteyn
et al.
2012

),
Gualosuchus reigi
Romer 1971
and
Tropidosuchus romeri
Arcucci 1990
. After a precladistic history of confusion about their relationships with crocodilians, in the last 20 years new discoveries of taxa, and more systematic and phylogenetic studies, have clarified their position as non-archosaurian archosauriforms and their relationships with other Triassic archosaurs.
Early Crocodylomorpha
Authors: Irmis Randall B. , Nesbitt Sterling J. , Sues Hans-Dieter 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Non-crocodyliform crocodylomorphs, often called ‘sphenosuchians’, were the earliest-diverging lineages of Crocodylomorpha, and document the stepwise acquisition of many of the features that characterize extant crocodylians. The first crocodylomorph fossils are approximately 230 million years old (upper Carnian, Late Triassic), and at least one of these early lineages persisted until at least 150 million years ago (Late Jurassic). These taxa occupied a wide variety of terrestrial environments from equatorial regions to high-paleolatitudes during the early Mesozoic. Despite a quarter-century of quantitative phylogenetic work, the interrelationships of early crocodylomorphs remain in a state of flux, though recent studies suggest that these lineages are paraphyletic with respect to Crocodyliformes, rather than forming a monophyletic early offshoot of Crocodylomorpha as some previously hypothesized. Nearly all early crocodylomorphs were upright quadrupedal small-bodied taxa, but lumping them all together as small cursorial faunivores masks ecological and morphological disparity in diet and limb functional morphology. With the accelerated pace of recent discovery of new specimens and taxa, future consensus on early crocodylomorph phylogeny will provide a solid framework for understanding their change in diversity and disparity through time, potential biogeographic patterns, and the morphological transformation leading to Crocodyliformes.
Crystal uptake into aphyric arc melts: insights from two-pyroxene pseudo-decompression paths, plagioclase hygrometry, and measurement of hydrogen in olivines from mafic volcanics of SW Japan
Authors: Zellmer Georg F. , Sakamoto Naoya , Iizuka Yoshiyuki , Miyoshi Masaya , Tamura Yoshihiko , Hsieh Hui-Ho , Yurimoto Hisayoshi 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Minerals of mafic rocks from the SW Japan arc have been studied to deduce
P
–
T
–X
H2O
conditions and their variations in mafic arc magmas. Two-pyroxene thermobarometry of magmas from several volcanoes yields constant temperatures and variable pressures. MELTS fractional crystallization modelling is employed to show that such ‘pseudo-decompression paths’ (PDPs) are artefacts that derive from uptake of pyroxene antecrysts formed at a range of crustal levels by isobaric cooling of previously intruded mafic melts. It is shown that PDPs can be used to constrain oxygen fugacities and initial water contents of the intruded magmas. These constraints, and plagioclase hygrometry, indicate that initial melt H
2
O contents change systematically along the SW Japan arc. Direct determination of hydrogen in olivine by secondary ion mass spectrometry yields consistently low olivine H
2
O contents of 11±4 ppm (1σ), with little, if any, along-arc variations. MELTS modelling indicates that crystallization of calcic plagioclase and olivine dominantly occurs during upper crustal differentiation of mafic melts. The combined data indicate that aphyric melts are released from the mantle wedge, taking up most if not all crystals from previously intruded plutonic rocks during rapid magma ascent to the surface.
Reappraisal of uranium-series isotope data in Kamchatka lavas: implications for continental arc magma genesis
Authors: Dosseto Anthony , Turner Simon 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Uranium-series isotopes can be used to determine constraints on the timescale of slab dehydration and melt production at subduction zones. However, interpretations of U–Th–Ra data suggest very different timescales of slab dehydration. Here, we present new U–Th–Ra data from Kamchatka along with a number of alternative models for production of radioactive disequilibrium. Variations in (
226
Ra/
230
Th) and (
231
Pa/
235
U) activity ratios are best explained by crystal fractionation with host rock assimilation for a duration of less than
c.
6000 years. The association of the largest
226
Ra excesses with high Sr/Th in the most primitive lavas suggests that Ra–Th fractionation is controlled by slab dehydration less than 10 ka ago. We show that U–Th data can be explained by dynamic melting of a recently (<10 ka) metasomatized mantle wedge. Dynamic melting of an oxidized source metasomatized several hundreds of thousands of years ago cannot produce significant
231
Pa excess. Because
238
U–
230
Th disequilibrium is inferred to be controlled by partial melting, there is no requirement for multi-stage slab dehydration commencing ∼150 ka. We suggest that Ra–Th disequilibria constrain the timing of slab dehydration, whilst U–Th fractionation is dominated by partial melting, at least at the Kamchatka arc.
Insights into crust formation and recycling in North Africa from combined U–Pb, Lu–Hf and O isotope data of detrital zircons from Devonian sandstone of southern Libya
Authors: Meinhold Guido , Morton Andrew C. , Fanning C. Mark , Howard James P. , Phillips Richard J. , Strogen Dominic , Whitham Andrew G. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Combined U–Pb, Lu–Hf and O isotope data of detrital zircons from the Devonian sandstone of southern Libya provide important new boundary parameters for reconstruction of palaeosource areas and sediment transport and may lead to novel approaches to test current plate tectonic models, with important implications for our understanding of the evolution of northern Gondwana (in present-day coordinates) during the Palaeozoic. Detrital zircon U–Pb ages from Devonian sandstone of the eastern margin of the Murzuq Basin show four main age populations: 2.7–2.5 Ga (13%), 2.1–1.9 Ga (10%), 1.1–0.9 Ga (25%) and 0.7–0.5 Ga (46%). The ubiquitous occurrence of
c.
1.0 Ga detrital zircons is characteristic of the Saharan Metacraton sedimentary cover sequence and provides new insights into palaeogeographic reconstructions of Gondwana-derived terranes in the Eastern Mediterranean and SW Europe. The Lu–Hf isotope data suggest that zircons crystallized within a narrow time interval from magmas with heterogeneous Hf isotope compositions. These magmas were derived by melting of pre-existing rocks, rather than being juvenile. The calculated Hf model ages range from 3.7 Ga to 1.3 Ga, with a major population between 2.8 Ga and 1.9 Ga, indicating prominent recycling of Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic crust.
Heavy mineral provenance of the Mesozoic succession in Andøya, northern Norway: implications for sand transport in the Vøring Basin
Authors: Morton Andrew , Fanning Mark , Berry John R. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

A heavy mineral, mineral chemical and detrital zircon study of Jurassic–Cretaceous (Bathonian–Valanginian) sandstones of the Andøya B borehole, Lofoten–Vesterålen, northern Norway, has revealed the existence of significant differences within the succession. These are related partly to changes in source and partly to variations in the extent of weathering during alluvial storage. Three mineralogical units have been identified. The main change takes place within the Bathonian, and is interpreted as marking a switch from eastern (West Troms) to western (Andøya–Lofoten High) sourcing, consistent with previously published sedimentological models. U–Pb age data indicate that most of the zircons were derived from Palaeoproterozoic rocks (
c.
1750–1860 Ma), with a subordinate Archaean group (
c.
2600–2800 Ma) and a small early Palaeozoic group (mostly in the 435–446 Ma range). These groups can all be tied back to lithological components of the Lofoten–Vesterålen and West Troms regions, including Palaeozoic rocks hosted in Caledonian allochthons.

The provenance characteristics of the Andøya succession have no counterpart in Cretaceous and Paleocene sandstones of the Vøring Basin. This suggests that sediment fed into the basin from Lofoten–Vesterålen was of minor importance, and that prospective Cretaceous–Paleocene hydrocarbon reservoir sandstones in the Vøring Basin were mainly derived from either northern Nordland or northern East Greenland.

Supplementary material:

Zircon isotopic compositions and ages are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18616
.
Tracing provenance and pathways of late Holocene fluvio-deltaic sediments by heavy-metal spatial distribution (Po Plain–Northern Apennines system, Italy)
Authors: Amorosi Alessandro , Sammartino Irene 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The bulk geochemistry of 435 near-surface sediment samples from the southern Po Plain was used to identify the major sources of sediment delivered through distinct tracts of the routing system, from the Apenninic catchments to the Po Delta and the Adriatic coast. Sediment composition from the downstream reaches of the Po River and 23 Apenninic channel-levee river systems is fingerprinted by distinctive heavy metal (chromium and nickel) concentrations, which vary primarily as a function of the local ultramafic rock contribution. For any constant provenance domain, fine-grained (floodplain) sediments are invariably enriched in trace metals relative to their coarser-sized, channel-related counterparts, thus reflecting hydraulic sorting by crevasse and overbank processes. Once the geochemical signatures of fluvial endmembers are established, the relative contribution of the individual detrital sources to the downstream segments of the system can be assessed. Using an example from a multisourced supplied system, we outline the reconstruction of source-rock lithology and sediment pathways by combined sedimentological and geochemical studies as the basis for reliable estimates of sediment budgets in a source-to-sink context.