bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyze of Hydrate Formation with the use of Neural Network Technology
Authors: Kolchin Alexander 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
Hydrate formation is one of the most actual problems in modern gas industry. Gas hydrates are crystalline water-based solids physically resembling ice, in which small non-polar molecules or polar molecules with large hydrophobic moieties are trapped inside "cages" of hydrogen bonded water molecules. In other words, gas hydrates are clathrate compounds in which the host molecule is water and the guest molecule is typically gas or liquid.
Existing and applied models of hydrate formation, as a rule, do not take into account the variety of design features of gas pipelines and the heat exchange between the gas and the environment in the real pipeline constructions. In concordance with foregoing the work held: investigation of the formation process and dissociation of the gas hydrates with due regard for the heat exchange between the gas and the environment and, also, development of the quasionedimensional models of the flow and the heat exchange of the multicomponent medium. The last model analyzes some conditions which could provide us with the hydrate thin-shelled layer instead of spontaneous clathrate formation with further plugging.
Determination of The Dew-Point Pressure (Dpp) For A Gas Condensate Fluid By Genetic Algorithm (Ga)
Authors: Adetiloye Bamisebi 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In reservoir engineering, a variety of data is needed to accurately estimate reserves and forecast production. Fluid characterization consist of reservoir rock analysis and fluid analysis. The determination of gas condensate dew point pressure, gas specific gravity and producing yield is essential for fluid characterization, gas reservoir performance calculations and the design of production systems. The importance of gas condensate reservoirs has grown continuously and the condensate fluid has gained increased importance.
Traditionally, the dew-point pressure of a gas condensate is experimentally determined in a laboratory in a process called constant mass expansion (CME) test using a visual window-type PVT cell and the constant volume depletion test (CVD). However laboratory measurements, though most reliable, have been found to be laborious, costly and still subject to errors. Hence, the need for other simple and accurate methods of predicting the dew-point pressure (DPP) for a gas condensate. Thus using different equations of states (EOS), several correllations have been developed to predict the DPP of a gas condensate fluid.
This paper therefore seeks to predict the dew point pressure of a gas condensate using genetic algorithm. This is an improved, faster, simple and most accurate method of predicting the dew point pressure.
Genetic algorithm is an adaptive heuristic searching methodology, introduced on the evolutionary ideas of natural selection and genetics, which follows the Charles Darwin's principle of "Survival of the Fittest". Genetic Algorithm represents an intelligent development of a random search within a defined search space (also called as population) to obtain the optimum solution of the problems. Thus, GA would be very effective in carrying out this multi variable optimization.
Managed Pressure Drilling
Authors: Hilts Brandon 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Managed pressure drilling (MPD) is a drilling technology applied to unconventional prospects where conventional, hydrostatically over-balanced drilling methods encounter problems. MPD finds its greatest success in drilling plays where the margin between pore pressure and fracture gradient is very narrow. The MPD system constitutes several skids containing manifolds, valves, and sensors that plumb into the drilling rig mud circulating system. This system creates a closed atmosphere in the wellbore, which allows MPD technology to achieve a target equivalent circulating density (ECD) by adjusting surface backpressure across the wellhead. Once the target ECD is reached, stable bottom-hole pressure is established.
MPD allows drilling operations to continue "at balance" in oil and gas plays where primary well control cannot meet the needs of pore pressures due to weak fracture gradients in the well profile. MPD technology provides the required calculated surface backpressure to account for drilling fluid density deficiencies. The system is also able to account for lost annular friction pressure during connections as well as variations in bottom-hole pressure due to surge/swab effects resulting from hoisting operations. In addition to the increase in safety as a result of wellbore stability gained from MPD, well economics improve greatly making managed pressure drilling a highly selectable application.
Mapping Geo-Cellular Models to Unstructured Simulation Grids
Authors: Mosser Lukas J. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
To date, while there are a wide variety of property modeling tools for structured grids, one of the main obstacles to reservoir simulation on unstructured grids is how to transfer these from the geo-cellular grid to an unstructured grid in a consistent and conservative fashion. This needs to be accomplished while honoring layer boundaries, unconformities and faults.
This contribution presents a new method designed to populate unstructured, adaptively refined tetrahedral finite element meshes with highly resolved petrophysical properties from a commercial property modeling tool. Properties from volumetric as well as surface meshes embedded into the 3D domains, are mapped to corresponding tetrahedral and triangular meshes using a barycentric mesh traversal scheme. Solving Laplace equation on the unstructured grid using the modeled property values as constraints, allows us to interpolate them to tetrahedra that do not contain geo-cellular data. The results are of high quality as is indicated by a statistical analysis comparing original with mapped property histograms and variograms. Integral values such as pore volume and original oil in place show a high quality match when compared with an evaluation of the geo-cellular model. The method is demonstrated for the well-known Clyde model including simulations with an original hybrid finite-element finite-volume method.
Study of Kerogen Maturity using Transmission Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Authors: Dang Son Thai 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Maturity of kerogen in shale governs the productivity and generation hydrocarbon type. In the industry, there are generally two methods used to measure kerogen maturity; one is the measurement of vitrinite reflectance, and another is the measurement of Tmax through pyrolysis. However, each of these techniques has its own limits; Vitrinite reflectance measurement cannot be applied to marine shale and pre-Silurian shales lacking plant materials. Tmax measurement is questionable for mature and post-mature samples. Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy can be applied for both qualitative and quantitative assessment on organics maturity in shale. The technique does not require separating organic matter or identifying macerals. CH2/CH3 index calculated from FTIR spectra is more objective than other measurements. The index increases with maturity (both natural maturation and artificial maturation by hydrous and dry pyrolysis). The new maturity index CH2/CH3 calibrates to Vitrinite Reflectance is: greater than 1.6±0.2 for immature window; from 1.6±0.2 to 1.3±0.3 for oil window; from 1.3±0.3 to 1.13±0.05 for wet gas window; and less than 1.13±0.05 for dry gas window.
Experiment Research Of Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoir Stress Sensitivity Based On The Capillary Bundle Mode
Authors: Zhu Suyang 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The study on tight sandstone gas reservoir stress sensitivity is conductive to set a certain production of gas well and to manage gas field with high efficiency. Traditionally, it is recognized that the stress sensitivity level of tight sandstone is very high based on the experiment report. However, it is not reflected by the production data. In this paper, it is discussed a number of issues which center around the stress sensitivity experiment of tight sandstone, to improve the experiment and develop a new model to evaluate the stress sensitivity level of tight sandstone.
During analyzing the stress sensitivity experiment test, it is found that there exist small interspaces on the core surface which can lead to experiment problems. Based on the study in loose sandstone and analysis on core deformation behavior, two improvements are made, including the pressure drop standard uniform and core ageing treatment. In addition, the capillary bundle model has been developed during the evaluation process, which makes it reasonably possible to deduce the theoretical relationship between the permeability and reservoir pressure drop by the Kozeny-Carman equation to unify and transform the flow in porous media and pipe.
According to the model and improved experiment, it is demonstrated that there exists a linear relation between the permeability and the reciprocal of reservoir pressure drop, which agrees well with experiment observation. Meantime, it can be concluded that and stress sensitivity level of tight sandstone is weak, not as strong as it is reported before.
Economic Study of Miscible CO2 Flooding in a Mature Waterflooded Oil Reservoir
Authors: Salem Said , Moawad Taha 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
One of the first steps in planning EOR research is usually the application of a set of technical screening parameters. These parameters are developed to provide general guidelines for the applicability of a given process to a given oil accumulation or to an inventory of fields with known general characteristics. On the other hand, if an economic screen is carried out, crucial parameters, both technical and economic, may be identified before a significant research commitment is made.
This paper describes the economic feasibility of using CO2 in a mature water flooded oil reservoir. Different cases are used in this study: Continuous water flooding, continuous CO2 flooding and water alternative gas (WAG).
From the economical study on the reservoir, it was found that the reservoir is economically feasible for applying CO2 flooding. The net present value increases with increasing injection rate but there is a limit where increasing the injection rate will reduce the net present value. The optimum injection rate for this reservoir in different techniques is 25 MMscfd; it will give the highest NPV. Results also showed that the second scenario of WAG (two cycles) technique is the best one for this reservoir. The NPV from this technique is equal to $409 million, so the incremental increase of NPV than water flooding is equal to $208 million. From sensitivity analysis, it was concluded that the oil price and CO2 price have a significant effect on the economical feasibility of the application of CO2 flooding and also on the selection of the best technique in CO2 flooding.
Effects of carprofen and meloxicam on C-reactive protein, ceruloplasmin, and fibrinogen concentrations in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Kum Cavit , Voyvoda Huseyin , Sekkin Selim , Karademir Umit , Tarimcilar Tugrul 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of perioperative oral administration of carprofen and meloxicam on concentrations of 3 acute-phase proteins in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH).
Animals—18 healthy adult anestrous female dogs undergoing elective OVH.
Procedures—Dogs were allocated to 3 groups (6 dogs/group). A placebo treatment, carprofen (2.0 mg/kg), or meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) was orally administered to the dogs of the respective groups. The initial doses were administered 30 minutes before premedication prior to OVH; additional doses were administered once daily for 4 days after surgery. Blood samples were collected 45 minutes before premedication and 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after the end of OVH; samples were used for measurement of total WBC and neutrophil counts and concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), ceruloplasmin, and fibrinogen.
Results—Values did not differ significantly among groups for WBC and neutrophil counts, serum concentrations of CRP and ceruloplasmin, and plasma concentrations of fibrinogen. Concentrations of all inflammatory markers, except serum ceruloplasmin, increased significantly following OVH, but in a similar manner for each group. No significant changes were detected in serum ceruloplasmin concentrations over time.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Perioperative administration of both carprofen and meloxicam did not significantly affect the concentrations of CRP, ceruloplasmin, and fibrinogen in dogs undergoing OVH. Thus, use of carprofen or meloxicam should not affect clinical interpretation of results for these 3 acute-phase proteins.
Degree and duration of corneal anesthesia after topical application of 0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution in ophthalmically normal dogs
Authors: Douet Jean-Yves , Michel Julien , Regnier Alain 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Objective—To assess the anesthetic efficacy and local tolerance of topically applied 0.4% oxybuprocaine ophthalmic solution to in dogs and compare its effects with those of 1% tetracaine solution.
Animals—34 ophthalmically normal Beagles.
Procedures—Dogs were assigned to 2 groups, and baseline corneal touch threshold (CTT) was measured bilaterally with a Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. Dogs of group 1 (n = 22) received a single drop of 0.4% oxybuprocaine ophthalmic solution in one eye and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control treatment) in the contralateral eye. Dogs of group 2 (n = 12) received a single drop of 0.4% oxybuprocaine ophthalmic solution in one eye and 1% tetracaine ophthalmic solution in the contralateral eye. The CTT of each eye was measured 1 and 5 minutes after topical application and then at 5-minute intervals until 75 minutes after topical application.
Results—CTT changes over time differed significantly between oxybuprocaine-treated and control eyes. After instillation of oxybuprocaine, maximal corneal anesthesia (CTT = 0) was achieved within 1 minute, and CTT was significantly decreased from 1 to 45 minutes, compared with the baseline value. No significant difference in onset, depth, and duration of corneal anesthesia was found between oxybuprocaine-treated and tetracaine-treated eyes. Conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis were detected more frequently in tetracaine-treated eyes than in oxybuprocaine-treated eyes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Topical application of oxybuprocaine and tetracaine similarly reduced corneal sensitivity in dogs, but oxybuprocaine was less irritating to the conjunctiva than was tetracaine.
Physico-chemical properties investigation of softwood surface after treatment with organic anhydride
Authors: Bodîrlău Ruxanda , Teacă Carmen-Alice , Roşu Dan , Roşu Liliana , Varganici Cristian-Dragoş , Coroabǎ Adina 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Wood originating from a softwood species was subjected to chemical treatment by reaction with succinic anhydride in N, N-dimethylformamide at different concentration values. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis were used to study changes that occurred on a softwood surface. The extent of chemical treatment on softwood was evaluated by determining the weight percent gain values. Thermal properties of modified softwood and the water absorption were also evaluated. The chemical treatment with succinic anhydride influenced the thermal stability of the softwood samples with increasing anhydride concentration levels.
Corrosion depth profiles of nitrided titanium alloy in acidified sulphate solution
Authors: Jagielska-Wiaderek Karina , Bala Henryk , Wierzchon Tadeusz 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Thick (400 µm) glow-discharge nitrided layers, TiN+Ti2N + αTi(N) type, have been produced on the Ti-1Al-1Mn titanium alloy. Using a progressive thinning method, the polarization characteristics at different depths of nitrided layers have been measured. From the plots of obtained potentiodynamic polarization curves the depth profiles of characteristic anodic and cathodic currents (at potentials corresponding to (a) hydride formation, (b) hydrogen evolution, (c) primary passivation, (d) oxygen evolution and (e) secondary passivation) as well as polarization resistance have been determined in 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution acidified to pH = 2. The anomalously high slope of the polarization curves in the cathodic region has been ascribed to the formation of titanium hydride. It has been shown that outer nitrided layers (up to 25 µm) exhibit excellent acid corrosion resistance owing to strong inhibition of the anodic process by TiN phase. Corrosion resistance of deeper situated layers gradually decreases and at depths of 250–370 µm the corrosion process is accelerated by presence of TiO2 precipitations. Nitrided layers, unlike the alloy core, allow oxygen evolution on the oxy-nitrided surface at potential of +1.6 V and at more positive potentials gradual transformation of the surfacial film into TiO2 takes place. Secondary passivation on nitrided titanium is less efficient than that in the absence of Ti-N species.
Resident Scholarship Expectations and Experiences: Sources of Uncertainty as Barriers to Success
Authors: Ledford Christy J. W. , Seehusen Dean A. , Villagran Melinda M. , Cafferty Lauren A. , Childress Marc A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Scholarly activity during residency is vital to resident learning and ultimately to patient care. Incorporating that activity into training is, however, a challenge for medical educators. Most research on medical student and resident attitudes toward scholarly activity to date has been quantitative and has focused on level of interest, desire to perform scholarship, and perceived importance of scholarship.

Objective
We explored attitudes, expectations, and barriers regarding participation in scholarly activity among current residents and graduates of a single family medicine residency program.

Methods
Using a phenomenologic approach, we systematically analyzed data from one-on-one, semistructured interviews with residents and graduates. Interviews included participant expectations and experiences with scholarly activity in residency.

Results
The 20 participants (residents, 15 [75%]; residency graduates, 5 [25%]) identified uncertainty in their attitudes toward, and expectations regarding, participation in scholarly activity as an overarching theme, which may present a barrier to participation. Themes included uncertainty regarding their personal identity as a clinician, time to complete scholarly activity, how to establish a mentor-mentee relationship, the social norms of scholarship, what counted toward the scholarship requirements, the protocol for completing projects, and the clinical relevance of scholarship.

Conclusions
Uncertainty about scholarly activity expectations can add to learner anxiety and make performing scholarly activity during residency seem like an insurmountable task. Programs should consider implementing a variety of strategies to foster scholarly activity during residency, including clarifying and codifying expectations and facilitating mentoring relationships with faculty.
What big size you have! Using effect sizes to determine the impact of public health nursing interventions
Authors: McMorris B.J. , Raynor L.A. , Monsen K. A. , Johnson K. E. 
Published: September 2013

Summary
Background: The Omaha System is a standardized interface terminology that is used extensively by public health nurses in community settings to document interventions and client outcomes. Researchers using Omaha System data to analyze the effectiveness of interventions have typically calculated p-values to determine whether significant client changes occurred between admission and discharge. However, p-values are highly dependent on sample size, making it difficult to distinguish statistically significant changes from clinically meaningful changes. Effect sizes can help identify practical differences but have not yet been applied to Omaha System data.
Methods: We compared p-values and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) for mean differences between admission and discharge for 13 client problems documented in the electronic health records of 1,016 young low-income parents. Client problems were documented anywhere from 6 (Health Care Supervision) to 906 (Caretaking/parenting) times.
Results: On a scale from 1 to 5, the mean change needed to yield a large effect size (Cohen’s d 0.80) was approximately 0.60 (range = 0.50 – 1.03) regardless of p-value or sample size (i.e., the number of times a client problem was documented in the electronic health record).
Conclusions: Researchers using the Omaha System should report effect sizes to help readers determine which differences are practical and meaningful. Such disclosures will allow for increased recognition of effective interventions.
Determination of Bovine Immunoglobulin G in Bovine Colostrum Powders, Bovine Milk Powders, and Dietary Supplements Containing Bovine Colostrum Products by an Automated Direct Immunoassay with Optical Biosensor: Collaborative Study
Authors: Gapper Leyton ,   Collaborators:, Chow A , Crooks S , Dupont D , Guthrie B , Haasnoot W , Indyk H , Marsh C , Wahlstrom L , Yuan J 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Nine laboratories participated in an AOAC collaborative study to determine bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in selected dairy powders and dietary supplements by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) methodology. Each sample matrix was dissolved in buffer and suitably diluted to fit within the standard curve. The sample extract was injected over a surface functionalized with affinity-purified, polyclonal goat anti-bovine IgG (H+L) antibody; IgG was then detected. SPR detection was used for the direct immunoassay and quantification was made against a calibration curve prepared from bovine serum IgG. Between each standard and sample, the surface was regenerated using 10 mM glycine at pH 1.5. The samples analyzed included the likely matrixes for which the assay would find commercial use, namely, high- and low-protein-content colostrum powders, tablets containing colostrum powder, infant formula containing colostrum powder, and some IgG-containing dairy powders, i.e., milk protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, and skim milk powder. Each laboratory provided data for the study and assayed blind duplicates of seven materials. Due to gross outliers in the majority of results from one laboratory, the data from eight laboratories were used for the statistical analysis. The repeatability RSD (RSDr) values ranged from 3.2 to 7.3%, and the reproducibility RSDR values from 13.0 to 22.6%.