bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Density at Room Temperature and 1 Atmosphere
Authors: Berman H. , Daly R. A. , Spicer H. C. 
Published: April 2013

ContentsPageTable 21. Density of minerals (H. Berman)82. Average densities of holocrystalline igneous rocks (R. A. Daly)143. Densities of crystals and corresponding glasses (R. A. Daly)154. Density of natural glasses (R. A. Daly)165. Density of crystalline rock and corresponding glass (artificially prepared) (R. A. Daly)166. Porosity and bulk density, dry and saturated, of sedimentary deposits (H. C. Spicer)177. Loss of weight on drying at elevated temperatures (H. C. Spicer)26
Table 2 – 1.—Density of Minerals
(H. Berman)
The densities of minerals here listed are selected from the complete list by Rosenholtz and Smith, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Eng. and Sci. Series, No. 34, Troy, 1931, who have compiled all the published values. The ranges given are, in most cases, not significant, since they arise from an uncritical compilation of the limiting values found in the literature. Some minerals have a considerable spread in specific gravity as a result of isomorphous substitution, and in these instances it is necessary to correlate a specific chemical analysis with the given value of density. In a number of instances, new values marked * have been substituted for those in Rosenholtz and Smith.
Room temperature, 1 atm. NameDensity gm./cm.3NameDensity gm./cm.3Acanthite7.2 – 7.33Annite2.8 – 3.4Actinolite2.9 – 3.2Anorthite2.70 – 2.76Adamite4.34 – 4.35Anorthite, pure2.76Adularia2.56Anorthoclase2.56 – 2.65Aegirinaugite3.5Anthophyllite2.86 – 3.2Aegirite3.5 – 3.56Antigorite2.55 – 2.62Aegirite-hedenbergite3.502* Antimony
Internal Friction in Vibrating Solids
Authors: Birch Francis 
Published: April 2013

ContentsPageTable 61. Internal friction in single crystals892. Internal friction in polycrystalline metals903. Internal friction in glass914. Internal friction in rocks92
The vibrations of solid bodies are accompanied by dissipation of energy attributable to their “ internal friction”; this loss of energy is additional to whatever external losses may occur. There are various ways of specifying the internal friction, and few of the published researches have adopted a common terminology. In this section the results have been reduced to show a dimensionless quantity, 1/Q, which may be called the “dissipation function” or the “internal friction.” The logarithmic decrement Δ of free vibrations is related to this function by Δ = π/Q. If dE is the loss of energy per cycle, and E the total energy, then 1/Q = dE/(2πE), Thus the internal friction is small when 1/Q is small.
Only in the last few years has the technique of measuring internal friction reached a point where the losses in single crystals can be studied [4, 16, 17]. The mechanism of internal dissipation of energy in single crystals probably involves plastic flow and strain hardening even for very small strains. The internal friction is sensitive to the condition of the surface and to annealing [16]. Unannealed single crystals may show losses approaching those of polycrystalline material. In the latter, internal friction arises from a number of distinct sources, including (1) losses within the individual crystals, (2) losses at the surfaces of the . . .
Seismic Velocities
Authors: Leet L. D. , Birch Francis 
Published: April 2013

ContentsPageTable 71. Field determinations of wave velocities at small depths952. Velocity of compressional waves in soils, water, petroleum963. Velocity in relation to depth and age974. Seismic velocities and thickness of upper layers in various regions995. Seismic velocities in the interior of the earth101
Seismic prospecting or surveying constitutes one of the most important geophysical diagnostic methods; knowledge of the wave velocities in different materials is evidently a primary requirement, to which a great deal of effort has been devoted in the field and laboratory. Unfortunately for the sensitivity of the diagnosis, a given material is not characterized by a unique set of velocities, different from those of all other materials. For each material, the velocities depend upon a number of factors, such as alteration, present and perhaps former depth, and in some cases moisture, direction with respect to schistosity, bedding, and so on. Thus a range of values must exist even for a fairly well defined material, and this range frequently overlaps, to a large extent, the ranges of other materials. A velocity determined in the field for a more or less well-defined formation will represent an average for the varying conditions within this layer along the path of the wave; for different depths of penetration, different conditions and hence different velocities may be expected. The determinations which have been published are not adequate for the formulation of definite relations between velocity and the various other factors except . . .
25-Year summary of US malpractice claims for diagnostic errors 1986–2010: an analysis from the National Practitioner Data Bank
Authors: Saber Tehrani Ali S , Lee HeeWon , Mathews Simon C , Shore Andrew , Makary Martin A , Pronovost Peter J , Newman-Toker David E 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundWe sought to characterise the frequency, health outcomes and economic consequences of diagnostic errors in the USA through analysis of closed, paid malpractice claims.MethodsWe analysed diagnosis-related claims from the National Practitioner Data Bank (1986–2010). We describe error type, outcome severity and payments (in 2011 US dollars), comparing diagnostic errors to other malpractice allegation groups and inpatient to outpatient within diagnostic errors.ResultsWe analysed 350 706 paid claims. Diagnostic errors (n=100 249) were the leading type (28.6%) and accounted for the highest proportion of total payments (35.2%). The most frequent outcomes were death, significant permanent injury, major permanent injury and minor permanent injury. Diagnostic errors more often resulted in death than other allegation groups (40.9% vs 23.9%, p<0.001) and were the leading cause of claims-associated death and disability. More diagnostic error claims were outpatient than inpatient (68.8% vs 31.2%, p<0.001), but inpatient diagnostic errors were more likely to be lethal (48.4% vs 36.9%, p<0.001). The inflation-adjusted, 25-year sum of diagnosis-related payments was US$38.8 billion (mean per-claim payout US$386 849; median US$213 250; IQR US$74 545–484 500). Per-claim payments for permanent, serious morbidity that was ‘quadriplegic, brain damage, lifelong care’ (4.5%; mean US$808 591; median US$564 300), ‘major’ (13.3%; mean US$568 599; median US$355 350), or ‘significant’ (16.9%; mean US$419 711; median US$269 255) exceeded those where the outcome was death (40.9%; mean US$390 186; median US$251 745).ConclusionsAmong malpractice claims, diagnostic errors appear to be the most common, most costly and most dangerous of medical mistakes. We found roughly equal numbers of lethal and non-lethal errors in our analysis, suggesting that the public health burden of diagnostic errors could be twice that previously estimated. Healthcare stakeholders should consider diagnostic safety a critical health policy issue.
Moving spatial keyword queries
Authors: Wu Dingming , Yiu Man Lung , Jensen Christian S. 
Published: April 2013

Web users and content are increasingly being geo-positioned. This development gives prominence to spatial keyword queries, which involve both the locations and textual descriptions of content. We study the efficient processing of continuously moving top-kspatial keyword (MkSK) queries over spatial text data. State-of-the-art solutions for moving queries employsafe zonesthat guarantee the validity of reported results as long as the user remains within the safe zone associated with a result. However, existing safe-zone methods focus solely on spatial locations and ignore text relevancy.We propose two algorithms for computing safe zones that guarantee correct results at any time and that aim to optimize the server-side computation as well as the communication between the server and the client. We exploit tight and conservative approximations of safe zones and aggressive computational space pruning. We present techniques that aim to compute the next safe zone efficiently, and we present two types of conservative safe zones that aim to reduce the communication cost. Empirical studies with real data suggest that the proposals are efficient.To understand the effectiveness of the proposed safe zones, we study analytically the expected area of a safe zone, which indicates on average for how long a safe zone remains valid, and we study the expected number of influence objects needed to define a safe zone, which gives an estimate of the average communication cost. The analytical modeling is validated through empirical studies.
Stalling the Engine of Resistance: Targeting Cancer Metabolism to Overcome Therapeutic Resistance
Authors: Butler Ethan B. , Zhao Yuhua , Muñoz-Pinedo Cristina , Lu Jianrong , Tan Ming 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Cancer cells are markedly different from normal cells with regards to how their metabolic pathways are used to fuel cellular growth and survival. Two basic metabolites that exemplify these differences through increased uptake and altered metabolic usage are glucose and glutamine. These molecules can be catabolized to manufacture many of the building blocks required for active cell growth and proliferation. The alterations in the metabolic pathways necessary to sustain this growth have been linked to therapeutic resistance, a trait that is correlated with poor patient outcomes. By targeting the metabolic pathways that import, catabolize, and synthesize essential cellular components, drug-resistant cancer cells can often be resensitized to anticancer treatments. The specificity and efficacy of agents directed at the unique aspects of cancer metabolism are expected to be high; and may, when in used in combination with more traditional therapeutics, present a pathway to surmount resistance within tumors that no longer respond to current forms of treatment. Cancer Res; 73(9); 2709–17. ©2013 AACR.
DDB2 Suppresses Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Colon Cancer
Authors: Roy Nilotpal , Bommi Prashant V. , Bhat Uppoor G. , Bhattacharjee Shaumick , Elangovan Indira , Li Jing , Patra Krushna C. , Kopanja Dragana , Blunier Adam , Benya Richard , Bagchi Srilata , Raychaudhuri Pradip 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide because of its metastasis to other essential organs. Metastasis of colon cancer involves a complex set of events, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that increases invasiveness of the tumor cells. Here, we show that the xeroderma pigmentosum group E (XPE) gene product, damaged DNA-binding protein (DDB)-2, is downregulated in high-grade colon cancers, and it plays a dominant role in the suppression of EMT of the colon cancer cells. Depletion of DDB2 promotes mesenchymal phenotype, whereas expression of DDB2 promotes epithelial phenotype. DDB2 constitutively represses genes that are the key activators of EMT, indicating that DDB2 is a master regulator of EMT of the colon cancer cells. Moreover, we observed evidence that DDB2 functions as a barrier for EMT induced by hypoxia and TGF-β. Also, we provide evidence that DDB2 inhibits metastasis of colon cancer. The results presented here identify a transcriptional regulatory pathway of DDB2 that is directly linked to the mechanisms that suppress metastasis of colon cancer. Cancer Res; 73(12); 3771–82. ©2013 AACR.
A Model of Postsurgical Advanced Metastatic Breast Cancer More Accurately Replicates the Clinical Efficacy of Antiangiogenic Drugs
Authors: Guerin Eric , Man Shan , Xu Ping , Kerbel Robert S. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The failure rate of randomized phase III oncology clinical trials is extremely high, even when preceded by encouraging preclinical studies and phase II trial results of the same therapy. Thus, there is considerable effort being made to improve the predictive clinical potential of preclinical models, in addition to improving phase II trial design. With respect to the former, preclinical models have historically relied heavily on treatment of primary spontaneous or transplanted tumors rather than the more common and therapeutically challenging clinical trial circumstance of advanced metastatic disease. Here, we show that the oral antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), sunitinib, which failed to meet primary or secondary survival endpoints in 4 separate phase III metastatic breast cancer (MBC) trials, either alone or with chemotherapy, similarly failed to show monotherapy or combination chemotherapy efficacy in a model of postsurgical advanced MBC using a metastatic variant of the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative human breast cancer. In contrast, the drug was effective when used to treat established orthotopic primary tumors. Similar results were obtained with pazopanib monotherapy, another antiangiogenic oral TKI. However, when an antibody targeting the VEGF pathway (DC101) was tested, it showed a trend in modestly improving the efficacy of paclitaxel therapy, thus resembling to a degree prior phase III clinical results of bevacizumab plus paclitaxel in MBC. Our results suggest the potential value of treating postsurgical advanced metastatic disease as a possible strategy to improve preclinical models for predicting outcomes in patients with metastatic disease. Cancer Res; 73(9); 2743–8. ©2013 AACR.
Animal Models of Human Prostate Cancer: The Consensus Report of the New York Meeting of the Mouse Models of Human Cancers Consortium Prostate Pathology Committee
Authors: Ittmann Michael , Huang Jiaoti , Radaelli Enrico , Martin Philip , Signoretti Sabina , Sullivan Ruth , Simons Brian W. , Ward Jerrold M. , Robinson Brian D. , Chu Gerald C. , Loda Massimo , Thomas George , Borowsky Alexander , Cardiff Robert D. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Animal models, particularly mouse models, play a central role in the study of the etiology, prevention, and treatment of human prostate cancer. While tissue culture models are extremely useful in understanding the biology of prostate cancer, they cannot recapitulate the complex cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment that play a key role in cancer initiation and progression. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Mouse Models of Human Cancers Consortium convened a group of human and veterinary pathologists to review the current animal models of prostate cancer and make recommendations about the pathologic analysis of these models. More than 40 different models with 439 samples were reviewed, including genetically engineered mouse models, xenograft, rat, and canine models. Numerous relevant models have been developed over the past 15 years, and each approach has strengths and weaknesses. Analysis of multiple genetically engineered models has shown that reactive stroma formation is present in all the models developing invasive carcinomas. In addition, numerous models with multiple genetic alterations display aggressive phenotypes characterized by sarcomatoid carcinomas and metastases, which is presumably a histologic manifestation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. The significant progress in development of improved models of prostate cancer has already accelerated our understanding of the complex biology of prostate cancer and promises to enhance development of new approaches to prevention, detection, and treatment of this common malignancy. Cancer Res; 73(9); 2718–36. ©2013 AACR.
Representing Objects, Relations, and Sequences
Authors: Gallant Stephen I. , Okaywe T. Wendy 
Published: April 2013

Vector symbolic architectures (VSAs) are high-dimensional vector representations of objects (e.g., words, image parts), relations (e.g., sentence structures), and sequences for use with machine learning algorithms. They consist of a vector addition operator for representing a collection of unordered objects, a binding operator for associating groups of objects, and a methodology for encoding complex structures. We first develop constraints that machine learning imposes on VSAs; for example, similar structures must be represented by similar vectors. The constraints suggest that current VSAs should represent phrases (“The smart Brazilian girl”) by binding sums of terms, in addition to simply binding the terms directly. We show that matrix multiplication can be used as the binding operator for a VSA, and that matrix elements can be chosen at random. A consequence for living systems is that binding is mathematically possible without the need to specify, in advance, precise neuron-to-neuron connection properties for large numbers of synapses. A VSA that incorporates these ideas, Matrix Binding of Additive Terms (MBAT), is described that satisfies all constraints. With respect to machine learning, for some types of problems appropriate VSA representations permit us to prove learnability rather than relying on simulations. We also propose dividing machine (and neural) learning and representation into three stages, with differing roles for learning in each stage. For neural modeling, we give representational reasons for nervous systems to have many recurrent connections, as well as for the importance of phrases in language processing. Sizing simulations and analyses suggest that VSAs in general, and MBAT in particular, are ready for real-world applications.
Variation in Muscle Activity Among Office Workers When Using Different Information Technologies at Work and Away From Work
Authors: Ciccarelli Marina , Straker Leon , Mathiassen Svend Erik , Pollock Clare 
Published: April 2013

Objective: To determine differences in muscle activity amplitudes and variation of amplitudes when using different information and communication technologies (ICT). Background: Office workers use different ICT to perform tasks. Upper body musculoskeletal complaints are frequently reported by this occupational group. Increased muscle activity and insufficient variation are potential risk factors for musculoskeletal complaints. Method: Muscle activity of right and left upper trapezius and right wrist extensor muscle bundle (extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) of 24 office workers (performing their usual tasks requiring different ICT at work and away from work) were measured continuously over 10 to 12 hours. Muscle activity variation was quantified using two indices, amplitude probability distribution function and exposure variation analysis. Results: There was a trend for electronics-based New ICT tasks to involve less electromyography (EMG) variation than paper-based Old ICT tasks. Performing Combined ICT tasks (i.e., using paper- and electronics-based ICT simultaneously) resulted in the highest muscle activity levels and least variation; however, these Combined ICT tasks were rarely performed. Tasks involving no ICT ( Non-ICT) had the greatest muscle activity variation. Conclusion: Office workers in this study used various ICT during tasks at work and away from work. The high EMG amplitudes and low variation observed when using Combined ICT may present the greatest risk for musculoskeletal complaints, and use of Combined ICT by workers should be kept low in office work. Breaking up combined, New, and Old ICT tasks, for example, by interspersing highly variable Non-ICT tasks into office workers’ daily tasks, could increase overall muscle activity variation and reduce risk for musculoskeletal complaints.
Lane Keeping Under Cognitive Load
Authors: He Jibo , McCarley Jason S. , Kramer Arthur F. 
Published: April 2013

Objective: A pair of simulated driving experiments studied the effects of cognitive load on drivers’ lane-keeping performance. Background: Cognitive load while driving often reduces the variability of lane position. However, there is no agreement as to whether this effect should be interpreted as a performance loss, consistent with other effects of distraction on driving, or as an anomalous performance gain. Method: Participants in a high-fidelity driving simulator performed a lane-keeping task in lateral wind, with instructions to keep a steady lane position. Under high load conditions, participants performed a concurrent working memory task with auditory stimuli. Cross-spectral analysis measured the relationship between wind force and steering inputs. Results: Cognitive load reduced the variability of lane position and increased the coupling between steering wheel position and crosswind strength. Conclusion: Although cognitive load disrupts driver performance in a variety of ways, it produces a performance gain in lane keeping. This effect appears to reflect drivers’ efforts to protect lateral control against the risk of distraction, at the apparent neglect of other elements of driving performance. Application: Results may inform educational efforts to help drivers understand the risks of distraction and the inadequacies of compensatory driving strategies.
Does training practice nurses to carry out physical health checks for people with severe mental illness increase the level of screening for cardiovascular risk?
Authors: Hardy Sheila , Hinks Philippa , Gray Richard 
Published: April 2013

Background: Compared to the general population, people with severe mental illness (SMI) have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Authors of clinical guidelines advise annual screening for CVD risk factors with appropriate lifestyle counselling. There are seven recommended elements of this health check: blood pressure, body mass index (or waist circumference), blood glucose, serum cholesterol, diet advice, exercise recommendations and smoking cessation guidance. Aim: To establish whether training practice nurses increases the proportion of patients with SMI who are screened for CVD risk factors and given lifestyle advice in primary care. Method: A before-and-after audit of 400 patients on the SMI registers in five primary care centres in Northampton, England. Results: Following the training, the proportion of patients with SMI who received all elements of the health check significantly increased (pre-training: n = 33, 8%, 95% CI = 6–11; post-training: n = 60, 15%, 95% CI = 12–19; RR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.22–2.72, p = .01). Conclusion: Training practice nurses about CVD prevention in people with SMI may be effective in increasing the proportion of patients in this group who receive a comprehensive health check.