bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lager Yeast Comes of Age
Authors: Wendland Jürgen 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

Alcoholic fermentations have accompanied human civilizations throughout our history. Lager yeasts have a several-century-long tradition of providing fresh beer with clean taste. The yeast strains used for lager beer fermentation have long been recognized as hybrids between two
Saccharomyces
species. We summarize the initial findings on this hybrid nature, the genomics/transcriptomics of lager yeasts, and established targets of strain improvements. Next-generation sequencing has provided fast access to yeast genomes. Its use in population genomics has uncovered many more hybridization events within
Saccharomyces
species, so that lager yeast hybrids are no longer the exception from the rule. These findings have led us to propose network evolution within
Saccharomyces
species. This “web of life” recognizes the ability of closely related species to exchange DNA and thus drain from a combined gene pool rather than be limited to a gene pool restricted by speciation. Within the domesticated lager yeasts, two groups, the Saaz and Frohberg groups, can be distinguished based on fermentation characteristics. Recent evidence suggests that these groups share an evolutionary history. We thus propose to refer to the Saaz group as
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
and to the Frohberg group as
Saccharomyces pastorianus
based on their distinct genomes. New insight into the hybrid nature of lager yeast will provide novel directions for future strain improvement.
Limited role for routine EEG in the assessment of staring in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Hughes Rebecca , Poon Wai-Yan , Harvey A Simon 
Published: August 2014

AimThe assessment of staring episodes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficult due to the range of diagnostic possibilities, the increased frequency of epileptiform activity on electroencephalogram (EEG), and the inability of normal EEG to exclude seizures. We reviewed the diagnostic use of routine EEG in this setting.MethodThe routine EEG database of the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne was searched for recordings during 2005–2010 in children with ASD below 16 years of age who were referred for staring. EEG reports and recordings were reviewed and epileptiform activity was characterised.ResultsNinety-two EEGs in children with ASD were requested for episodes of staring. No child had absence or focal dyscognitive seizures confirmed on EEG. Findings were normal or showed non-epileptiform abnormalities in 80 children. Interictal epileptiform abnormalities were recorded in 12 children, but were judged potentially significant in only three. Seven children had epileptiform activity typical of benign focal epilepsy of childhood, such discharges seen not uncommonly in developmentally normal and delayed children without seizures.InterpretationGiven the difficulties of performing EEG in children with ASD, the low yield of positive diagnostic findings and the high frequency of insignificant abnormalities, we suggest that EEG should be undertaken judiciously when evaluating children with ASD and staring episodes.
Estimating the prevalence of chronic conditions in children who die in England, Scotland and Wales: a data linkage cohort study
Authors: Hardelid Pia , Dattani Nirupa , Gilbert Ruth 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesTo estimate the proportion of children who die with chronic conditions and examine time trends in childhood deaths involving chronic conditions.DesignRetrospective population-based death cohort study using linked death certificates and hospital discharge records.SettingEngland, Scotland and Wales.ParticipantsAll resident children who died aged 1–18 years between 2001 and 2010.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the proportion of children who died with chronic conditions according to age group and type of chronic condition. The secondary outcome was trends over time in mortality rates involving chronic conditions per 100 000 children and trends in the proportion of children who died with chronic conditions.Results65.4% of 23 438 children (95% CI 64.8%, 66.0%) died with chronic conditions, using information from death certificates. This increased to 70.7% (95% CI 70.1% to 71.3%) if hospital records up to 1 year before death were also included and was highest (74.8–79.9% depending on age group) among children aged less than 15 years. Using data from death certificates only led to underascertainment of all types of chronic conditions apart from cancer/blood conditions. Neurological/sensory conditions were most common (present in 38.5%). The rate of children dying with a chronic condition has declined since 2001, whereas the proportion of deaths affected by chronic conditions remained stable.ConclusionsThe majority of children who died had a chronic condition. Neurological/sensory conditions were the most prevalent. Linkage between death certificate and hospital discharge data avoids some of the under-recording of non-cancer conditions on death certificates, and provides a low-cost, population-based method for monitoring chronic conditions in children who die.
A fresh look at the costs of non-fatal consumer product injuries
Authors: Lawrence Bruce A , Spicer Rebecca S , Miller Ted R 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundProducts under the purview of the Consumer Product Safety Commission are involved in a large share of injuries and injury costs in the USA.MethodsThis study analyses incidence data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) and cost data based on the Injury Cost Model, integrated with the NEISS. We examined the magnitude of non-fatal consumer product related injury, the distribution of products involved in these injuries and the cost of these injuries. We compared these findings with an earlier identical study from 2000.ResultsIn 2008–2010, 43.8% of the annual 30.4 million non-fatal injuries treated in hospital emergency departments involved consumer products. Of these consumer product related injuries, in 2009–2010, just three product groups accounted for 77% of the $909 billion annual cost: sports and recreation; home structures and construction materials; and home furnishings and fixtures. Sports and recreation was a leading cause of injury costs among 5–24-year-olds, particularly football, basketball, bicycling, baseball/softball and soccer. Since 1996, football surpassed basketball in becoming the number one cause of injury costs for children aged 10–19 years and the fifth ranked cause of product related injury costs overall. Among those over age 30 years, stairs and floors were a leading cause of consumer product related injury costs, in particular among those over age 70 years where they were responsible for over one-fifth of costs.ConclusionsThe findings of this study highlight priority areas for intervention and generate questions for future research.
Toker cells of the nipple are commonly associated with underlying sebaceous glands but not with lactiferous ducts
Authors: Saeed Duaa , Shousha Sami 
Published: August 2014

AimsToker cells are clear cells present in the squamous epithelium of the nipple of some women. In contrast to squamous epithelium, they are cytokeratin 7 (CK7) positive. The origin of these cells is not completely understood. It has been suggested that they may represent abortive glands or migratory ductal cells; and may be precursors of Paget's disease of the nipple. Our aim was to investigate the incidence and distribution of Toker cells and their relationship with lactiferous ducts.MethodsWe examined nipple sections from 100 consecutive mastectomies performed at Charing Cross hospital. New sections were stained for CK7 using the immunoperoxidase technique.ResultsToker cells were identified in 11 cases. They were always clustered within the squamous epithelium superficial to sebaceous glands with no relationship with lactiferous ducts. Two cases in the study had Paget's disease and these were not associated with underlying sebaceous glands.ConclusionsThis study suggests that Toker cells are more likely to be developmentally related to sebaceous glands rather than lactiferous ducts. This raises doubts about the presence of a relationship between Toker cells and the common forms of Paget's disease, as the latter are commonly seen in association with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) involving underlying lactiferous ducts. Toker cells, however, may be related to a less common form of Paget's disease which is not associated with underlying DCIS.
Do recruitment patterns of young men who have sex with men (YMSM) recruited through respondent-driven sampling (RDS) violate assumptions?
Authors: Phillips Gregory , Kuhns Lisa M , Garofalo Rob , Mustanski Brian 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundTo generate unbiased estimates for data collected using respondent-driven sampling (RDS), a number of assumptions need to be met: individuals recruit randomly from their social network and people can accurately report their eligible network size. However, research has shown that these assumptions are often violated.MethodsThis study used baseline data from Crew 450, a longitudinal study of young men who have sex with men in Chicago who were recruited via a modified form of RDS and its network substudy, in which a subset of 175 participants reported details on the composition and characteristics of their social network at either 1 or 2 years postbaseline.ResultsNearly two-thirds of participants reported giving coupons to at least one alter (64%), and 56.3% believed their alter(s) used the coupons. Frequency of communication, closeness and type of relationship played a major role in determining coupon distribution. Participants whose alters used coupons were significantly less likely to describe the strength of their relationship as ‘not at all close’ (OR=0.08; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.36) compared with ‘very close’ and to communicate weekly (OR=0.20; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.49) or 1–6 times in the past 6 months (OR=0.18; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.59).ConclusionsContrary to RDS assumptions, we found that relationship characteristics played a significant role when individuals decided to whom they would give coupons.
Quantitative 3D microstructural analysis of naturally deformed amphibolite from the Southern Alps (Italy): microstructures, CPO and seismic anisotropy from a fossil extensional margin
Authors: Zucali Michele , Barberini Valentina , Voltolini Marco , Ouladdiaf Bachir , Chateigner Daniel , Mancini Lucia , Lutterotti Luca 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The anisotropy of a rock is intimately related to the development of shape-preferred orientations (SPOs) and crystallographic-preferred orientations (CPOs). Quantifying the three-dimensional (3D) CPOs and SPOs in natural rocks is therefore critical for understanding the processes underlying the development of anisotropy. In this work, we present a CPO study of six amphibolite samples from the western Southern Alps (Italy) that have been characterized previously. Quantitative texture analyses using neutron diffraction data provided 3D CPOs for amphibole and plagioclase and were used to calculate seismic properties. We describe the relations between mesoscopic foliation and lineation, crystallographic fabrics and seismic anisotropies for lower–middle crust amphibolites. Based on these relations and in the context of lower–middle crust within fossil extensional margin, we suggest that seismic profiles should display large-scale geological features commonly present in extensional tectonics, such as folds and shear zones, rather than flat-lying structures. Moreover, from the integration of CPOs with geological data, we observe that samples from the Strona Ceneri boundary are characterized by a granulite to amphibolite facies transition while those from the Scisti dei Laghi only record the amphibolite facies evolution, supporting the idea of two independent tectono-metamorphic units pre-dating the amphibolite re-equilibration.
Descriptive tools for the analysis of texture projects with large datasets using
MTEX
: strength, symmetry and components
Authors: Mainprice David , Bachmann Florian , Hielscher Ralf , Schaeben Helmut 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

This paper presents the background for the calculation of various numbers that can be used to characterize crystal-preferred orientation (CPO), also known as texture in materials science, for large datasets using the combined scripting possibilities of
MTEX
and MatLab®. The paper is focused on three aspects in particular: the strength of CPO represented by orientation and misorientation distribution functions (ODFs, MDFs) or pole figures (PFs); symmetry of PFs and components of ODFs; and elastic tensors. The traditional measurements of texture strength of ODFs, MDFs and PFs are integral measurements of the distribution squared. The M-index is a partial measure of the MDF as the difference between uniform and measured misorientation angles. In addition there other parameters based on eigen analysis, but there are restrictions on their use. Eigen analysis does provide some shape factors for the distributions. The maxima of an ODF provides information on the modes.
MTEX
provides an estimate of the lower bound uniform fraction of an ODF. Finally, we illustrate the decomposition of arbitrary elastic tensor into symmetry components as an example of components in anisotropic physical properties. Ten examples scripts and their output are provided in the appendix.
Mercury fluxes from volcanic and geothermal sources: an update
Authors: Bagnato E. , Tamburello G. , Avard G. , Martinez-Cruz M. , Enrico M. , Fu X. , Sprovieri M. , Sonke J. E. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

We review the state of knowledge on global volcanogenic Hg emissions to the atmosphere and present new data from seven active volcanoes (Poás, Rincón de la Vieja, Turrialba, Aso, Mutnovsky, Gorely and Etna) and two geothermal fields (Las Pailas and Las Hornillas). The variability of Hg contents (
c.
4–125 ng m
−3
) measured in gaseous emissions reflects the dynamic nature of volcanic plumes, where the abundances of volatiles are determined by the physical nature of degassing and variable air dilution. Based on our dataset and previous work, we propose that an average Hg/SO
2
plume mass ratio of
c.
7.8×10
−6
(±1.5×10
−6
; 1 SE,
n
=13) is best representative of open-conduit quiescent degassing. Taking into account the uncertainty in global SO
2
emissions, we infer a global volcanic Hg flux from persistent degassing of
c.
76±30 t a
−1
. Our data are derived from active volcanoes during non-eruptive periods and we do not have any direct constraint on the Hg flux during periods of elevated SO
2
flux associated with large-scale effusive or explosive eruptions. This suggests that the time-averaged Hg flux from these volcanoes is even larger if the eruptive contribution is considered. Conversely, closed-conduit degassing and geothermal emissions contribute modest amounts of Hg.
Magmatic volatile distribution as recorded by rhyolitic melt inclusions in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
Authors: Bégué Florence , Gravley Darren M. , Chambefort Isabelle , Deering Chad D. , Kennedy Ben M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

The central Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) is an actively rifting continental arc and is well known for its exceptionally high rate of rhyolitic magma generation and frequent caldera-forming eruptions. Two end-member types of rhyolites (R1 and R2) have been previously identified based on differences in their bulk-rock chemistry and mineral assemblage with hydrous phases crystallizing in the R1 type, which are not present or only rare in R2 rhyolites. Here we present new trace element and volatile data from rhyolitic melt inclusions measured in several representative eruptive deposits (R1 and R2 rhyolites) from the central TVZ to examine their volatile concentrations and origin. R1 and R2 show very distinct Cl concentrations, with R2 rhyolites being enriched in Cl by
c.
1000 ppm. H
2
O is slightly higher in the R1 rhyolites, whereas CO
2
concentrations are similar between the two end-member types. The origin of these volatile disparities between R1 and R2 melts is assigned to differences in the initial bulk volatile content of the parental magma, possibly associated with distinct input of fluids from the subduction zone. These disparities in bulk volatile concentrations can lead to variations in relative timing of exsolution of volatile phase(s) prior to melt inclusion entrapment.

Supplementary material:

Major, trace and volatile composition for the analysed central TVZ rhyolites, and comparison of H
2
O data between the transmission and reflectance FTIR are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18767
.
Effects of volatile behaviour on dome collapse and resultant pyroclastic surge dynamics: Gunung Merapi 2010 eruption
Authors: Genareau Kimberly , Cronin Shane J. , Lube Gert 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

In 2010, Gunung Merapi (Central Java, Indonesia) generated two violent eruption sequences on 26 October and 5 November culminating in widespread pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) associated with the destruction of lava domes. Tephra from PDC deposits were analysed to examine pre-dome collapse volatile behaviour and evidence of carbonate assimilation. Secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) depth profiles of plagioclase phenocrysts reveal that the
7
Li/
30
Si ratios in 26 October products are higher in the glass compared to the crystal, indicating a build-up of Li in the groundmass not observed in the 5 November samples. Higher Li in the groundmass suggests gas accumulation and rapid development of conduit overpressure in the shallow plumbing system prior to the initial 26 October explosion, which was only captured through the behaviour of quickly diffusing Li and not H
2
O. Following the explosion-induced decompression, juvenile magma rapidly ascended in great volume to generate extremely destructive PDCs following subsequent dome collapses, particularly on 5 November. Additionally, 26 October tephras contain carbonate grains in the ash component and abundant CO
2
within the lava lapilli groundmass glass, which supports previous studies indicating assimilation of calc-silicate lithologies by the Merapi magma at depth in the plumbing system prior to the onset of 2010 activity.

supplementary material:

Feldspar microlite compositions and SIMS volatile data for the glass measurements are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18762
.
TIGAR Has a Dual Role in Cancer Cell Survival through Regulating Apoptosis and Autophagy
Authors: Xie Jia-Ming , Li Bin , Yu Hong-Pei , Gao Quan-Geng , Li Wei , Wu Hao-Rong , Qin Zheng-Hong 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The p53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) inhibits glycolysis, resulting in higher intracellular NADPH, lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy activity. In this study, we investigated whether TIGAR might exert dual impacts on cancer cell survival based on its ability to inhibit both apoptosis and autophagy. In liver or lung cancer cells treated with the anticancer drug epirubicin, TIGAR levels increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. TIGAR silencing enhanced epirubicin-induced elevations in ROS levels and apoptosis rates, in a manner that was blocked by ectopic addition of NADPH or N-acetyl cysteine. These findings were correlated with reduced tumorigenicity and increased chemosensitivity in mouse xenograft tumor assays. In parallel, TIGAR silencing also enhanced the epirubicin-induced activation of autophagy, in a manner that was also blocked by ectopic addition of NADPH. Notably, TIGAR silencing also licensed epirubicin-mediated inactivation of the mTOR pathway, suggesting TIGAR also exerted a negative impact on autophagy. However, genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy increased epirubicin-induced apoptosis in TIGAR-silenced cells. Overall, our results revealed that TIGAR inhibits both apoptosis and autophagy, resulting in a dual impact on tumor cell survival in response to tumor chemotherapy. Cancer Res; 74(18); 5127–38. ©2014 AACR.
A Novel Wnt Regulatory Axis in Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Zhao Yu , Yang Yihua , Trovik Jone , Sun Kun , Zhou Liang , Jiang Peiyong , Lau Tat-San , Hoivik Erling A. , Salvesen Helga B. , Sun Hao , Wang Huating 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The Protocadherin 10 (PCDH10) is inactivated often by promoter hypermethylation in various human tumors, but its possible functional role as a tumor suppressor gene is not established. In this study, we identify PCDH10 as a novel Wnt pathway regulatory element in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC). PCDH10 was downregulated in EEC tumor cells by aberrant methylation of its promoter. Restoring PCDH10 levels suppressed cell growth and triggered apoptosis in EEC cells and tumor xenografts. Gene expression profiling revealed as part of the transcriptomic changes induced by PCDH10 a reduction in levels of MALAT1, a long noncoding RNA, that mediated tumor suppression functions of PCDH10 in EEC cells. We found that MALAT1 transcription was regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling via TCF promoter binding and PCDH10 decreased MALAT1 by modulating this pathway. Clinically, MALAT1 expression was associated with multiple parameters in patients with EEC. Taken together, our findings establish a novel PCDH10–Wnt/β-catenin–MALAT1 regulatory axis that contributes to EEC development. Cancer Res; 74(18); 5103–17. ©2014 AACR.
The SIRT1/HIF2α Axis Drives Reductive Glutamine Metabolism under Chronic Acidosis and Alters Tumor Response to Therapy
Authors: Corbet Cyril , Draoui Nihed , Polet Florence , Pinto Adan , Drozak Xavier , Riant Olivier , Feron Olivier 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Extracellular tumor acidosis largely results from an exacerbated glycolytic flux in cancer and cancer-associated cells. Conversely, little is known about how tumor cells adapt their metabolism to acidosis. Here, we demonstrate that long-term exposure of cancer cells to acidic pH leads to a metabolic reprogramming toward glutamine metabolism. This switch is triggered by the need to reduce the production of protons from glycolysis and further maintained by the NAD+-dependent increase in SIRT1 deacetylase activity to ensure intracellular pH homeostasis. A consecutive increase in HIF2α activity promotes the expression of various transporters and enzymes supporting the reductive and oxidative glutamine metabolism, whereas a reduction in functional HIF1α expression consolidates the inhibition of glycolysis. Finally, in vitro and in vivo experiments document that acidosis accounts for a net increase in tumor sensitivity to inhibitors of SIRT1 and glutaminase GLS1. These findings highlight the influence that tumor acidosis and metabolism exert on each other. Cancer Res; 74(19); 5507–19. ©2014 AACR.