bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fisheries‐induced neutral and adaptive evolution in exploited fish populations and consequences for their adaptive potential
Authors: Marty Lise , Dieckmann Ulf , Ernande Bruno 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFishing may induce neutral and adaptive evolution affecting life‐history traits, and molecular evidence has shown that neutral genetic diversity has declined in some exploited populations. Here, we theoretically study the interplay between neutral and adaptive evolution caused by fishing. An individual‐based eco‐genetic model is devised that includes neutral and functional loci in a realistic ecological setting. In line with theoretical expectations, we find that fishing induces evolution towards slow growth, early maturation at small size and higher reproductive investment. We show, first, that the choice of genetic model (based on either quantitative genetics or gametic inheritance) influences the evolutionary recovery of traits after fishing ceases. Second, we analyse the influence of three factors possibly involved in the lack of evolutionary recovery: the strength of selection, the effect of genetic drift and the loss of adaptive potential. We find that evolutionary recovery is hampered by an association of weak selection differentials with reduced additive genetic variances. Third, the contribution of fisheries‐induced selection to the erosion of functional genetic diversity clearly dominates that of genetic drift only for the traits related to maturation. Together, our results highlight the importance of taking into account population genetic variability in predictions of eco‐evolutionary dynamics.
Evolutionary rescue: linking theory for conservation and medicine
Authors: Alexander Helen K. , Martin Guillaume , Martin Oliver Y. , Bonhoeffer Sebastian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEvolutionary responses that rescue populations from extinction when drastic environmental changes occur can be friend or foe. The field of conservation biology is concerned with the survival of species in deteriorating global habitats. In medicine, in contrast, infected patients are treated with chemotherapeutic interventions, but drug resistance can compromise eradication of pathogens. These contrasting biological systems and goals have created two quite separate research communities, despite addressing the same central question of whether populations will decline to extinction or be rescued through evolution. We argue that closer integration of the two fields, especially of theoretical understanding, would yield new insights and accelerate progress on these applied problems. Here, we overview and link mathematical modelling approaches in these fields, suggest specific areas with potential for fruitful exchange, and discuss common ideas and issues for empirical testing and prediction.
Molecular detection of trophic interactions: emerging trends, distinct advantages, significant considerations and conservation applications
Authors: Clare Elizabeth L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe emerging field of ecological genomics contains several broad research areas. Comparative genomic and conservation genetic analyses are providing great insight into adaptive processes, species bottlenecks, population dynamics and areas of conservation priority. Now the same technological advances in high‐throughput sequencing, coupled with taxonomically broad sequence repositories, are providing greater resolution and fundamentally new insights into functional ecology. In particular, we now have the capacity in some systems to rapidly identify thousands of species‐level interactions using non‐invasive methods based on the detection of trace DNA. This represents a powerful tool for conservation biology, for example allowing the identification of species with particularly inflexible niches and the investigation of food‐webs or interaction networks with unusual or vulnerable dynamics. As they develop, these analyses will no doubt provide significant advances in the field of restoration ecology and the identification of appropriate locations for species reintroduction, as well as highlighting species at ecological risk. Here, I describe emerging patterns that have come from the various initial model systems, the advantages and limitations of the technique and key areas where these methods may significantly advance our empirical and applied conservation practices.
Disease and freeways drive genetic change in urban bobcat populations
Authors: Serieys Laurel E. K. , Lea Amanda , Pollinger John P. , Riley Seth P. D. , Wayne Robert K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUrbanization profoundly impacts animal populations by causing isolation, increased susceptibility to disease, and exposure to toxicants. Genetic effects include reduced effective population size, increased population substructure, and decreased adaptive potential. We investigated the influence that urbanization and a disease epizootic had on the population genetics of bobcats (Lynx rufus) distributed across a highly fragmented urban landscape. We genotyped more than 300 bobcats, sampled from 1996 to 2012, for variation at nine neutral and seven immune gene‐linked microsatellite loci. We found that two freeways are significant barriers to gene flow. Further, a 3‐year disease epizootic, associated with secondary anticoagulant rodenticide exposure, caused a population bottleneck that led to significant genetic differentiation between pre‐ and post‐disease populations that was greater than that between populations separated by major freeways for >60 years. However, balancing selection acted on immune‐linked loci during the epizootic, maintaining variation at functional regions. Conservation assessments need to assay loci that are potentially under selection to better preserve the adaptive potential of populations at the urban–wildland interface. Further, interconnected regions that contain appropriate habitat for wildlife will be critical to the long‐term viability of animal populations in urban landscapes.
A Persian version of Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index
Authors: Rezaei Mohammad , Rashedi Vahid , Khedmati Morasae Esmaeil 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveThis study aimed to translate the original English version of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) into a Persian version and to assess the preliminary psychometric properties of the translated index among a sample of Persian elders.Material and methodsTwelve items included in GOHAI were first translated into Persian using a back‐translation technique and then were compared with the original version. Four hundred and seventeen elderly subjects who were admitted to a day care centre answered GOHAI and an attached socio‐demographic questionnaire. Internal consistency of the Persian version was measured by Cronbach's alpha. Test–retest reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and weighted kappa. Factor structure of GOHAI was evaluated by principal component factor analysis.ResultsMean of GOHAI score was 45.71 (SD: 5.14; range: 27–51). The mean of GOHAI score was higher for the elders who rated their oral and general health as ‘good’. The Cronbach's alpha for GOHAI score was 0.748, indicating a high degree of internal consistency and homogeneity between the GOHAI items. The test–retest correlation for the total GOHAI score using ICC was 0.763 (95% CI = 0.713–0.809). Factor analysis revealed a three‐factor solution that bolstered the theoretical construction of the index. Significant differences in the GOHAI scores were found for income and current number of teeth.ConclusionThe Persian version of the GOHAI can be used reliably to identify oral health‐related concerns of older Persian speakers, but further research is needed to confirm its cultural consonance in this population.
Hydraulic and hydrochemical properties of deep sedimentary reservoirs of the Upper Rhine Graben, Europe
Authors: Stober I. , Bucher K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHydraulic and hydrochemical data from several hundred wells mostly drilled by the oil and gas industry within the four deep carbonate and siliciclastic reservoirs of the Upper Rhine Graben area in France and Germany have been compiled, examined, validated and analysed with the aim to characterize fluids and reservoir properties. Due to enhanced temperatures in the subsurface of the Upper Rhine Graben, this study on hydraulic and hydrochemical properties has been motivated by an increasing interest in deep hydrogeothermal energy projects in the Rhine rift valley. The four examined geothermal reservoir formations are characterized by high hydraulic conductivity reflecting the active tectonic setting of the rift valley and its fractured and karstified reservoirs. The hydraulic conductivity decreases only marginally with depth in each of the reservoirs, because the Upper Rhine Graben is a young tectonically active structure. The generally high hydraulic conductivity of the reservoir rocks permits cross‐formation advective flow of thermal water. Water composition data reflect the origin and hydrochemical evolution of deep water. Shallow water to 500 m depth is, in general, weakly mineralized. The chemical signature of the water is controlled by fluid–rock geochemical interactions. With increasing depth, the total of dissolved solids (TDS) increases. In all reservoirs, the fluids evolve to a NaCl‐dominated brine. The high salinity of the reservoirs is partly derived from dissolution of halite in evaporitic Triassic and Cenozoic formations, and partly from the fluids residing in the crystalline basement. Water of all four reservoirs is saturated with respect to calcite and other minerals including quartz and barite.
Clinicopathological characteristics of serum amyloid A‐positive hepatocellular neoplasms/nodules arising in alcoholic cirrhosis
Authors: Sasaki Motoko , Yoneda Norihide , Sawai Yoshiyuki , Imai Yasuharu , Kondo Fukuo , Fukusato Toshio , Yoshikawa Seiichi , Kobayashi Satoshi , Sato Yasunori , Matsui Osamu , Nakanuma Yasuni 
Published: October 2014

AimsTo characterize serum amyloid A (SAA)‐positive hepatocellular neoplasms/nodules arising in alcoholic cirrhosis, which are detected as hypervascular hepatocellular nodules resembling hepatocellular carcinoma on imaging.Methods and resultsFifty‐three hepatocellular nodules were examined with immunostaining for SAA, glutamine synthetase and glypican‐3 in 23 patients (four women and 19 men) with alcoholic cirrhosis. Sixteen nodules were examined with magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid enhancement (EOB‐MRI). Somatic mutations in IL6ST, GNAS and STAT3 were examined in 19 nodules. Thirty‐six nodules in 18 patients were diagnosed as SAA‐positive hepatocellular neoplasms/nodules, and the remaining 17 nodules in eight patients were SAA‐negative focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)‐like nodules. SAA‐positive hepatocellular neoplasms/nodules showed significantly more extensive sinusoidal dilatation, inflammatory reaction, abnormally thick arteries and cellular atypia than FNH‐like nodules (P < 0.05). Eight SAA‐positive hepatocellular neoplasms/nodules (67%) showed slight hypointensity in the hepatobiliary phase on EOB‐MRI, whereas all four FNH‐like nodules showed iso‐intensity (P < 0.05). STAT3 mutations were detected in two of 17 SAA‐positive hepatocellular neoplasms/nodules.ConclusionsThis study showed that approximately two‐thirds of hypervascular hepatocellular nodules arising in alcoholic cirrhosis were SAA‐positive hepatocellular neoplasms/nodules, which show different findings on the EOB‐MRI. STAT3 mutations were detected in 11.8% of SAA‐positive hepatocellular neoplasms/nodules, supporting a neoplastic nature.
HLA‐DRA is associated with Parkinson's disease in Iranian population
Authors: Jamshidi J. , Movafagh A. , Emamalizadeh B. , Zare Bidoki A. , Manafi A. , Ghasemi Firouzabadi S. , Shahidi G.‐A. , Kazeminasab S. , Petramfar P. , Fazeli A. , Motallebi M. , Mortazavi‐Tabatabaei S. A. , Kowsari A. , Jafarian Z. , Darvish H. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe rs3129882, a noncoding variant in HLA‐DR, was found to be associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) using several genome‐wide association studies. The aim of this replication study was to explore the relationship between this variant and PD in Iranian population. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and the rs3129882 SNP was genotyped using a PCR‐RFLP method in 520 PD patients and 520 healthy Iranian controls. Significant differences were found in allele frequencies between patients and controls (χ2 = 4.64, P = 0.031). Under additive and dominant models, the association of the SNP with PD risk is significant, where the A allele was observed to be protective. The results suggest that rs3129882 polymorphism may be a risk factor for PD in Iranian. This is the first study reporting such an association in this population. More replication studies are needed to confirm this data.
Treatment of castration‐resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases with radium‐223 dichloride
Authors: Lien Lise Marie E , Tvedt Birger , Heinrich Daniel 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTRadium‐223 dichloride (Ra‐223) is the first α‐particle emitting radiopharmaceutical to be approved for the treatment of patients with castration‐resistant prostate cancer and associated bone metastases, and the first bone‐targeting agent to significantly improve patient overall survival whilst reducing pain and the symptomatic skeletal events (SSEs) associated with bone metastases. Ra‐223 exhibits a favourable safety profile, with low myelosuppression rates and fewer adverse events than placebo. Compared with other approved radiopharmaceuticals, the α‐particle emitting Ra‐223 has a high biological efficiency and a short penetration range, potentially sparing bone marrow toxicity and limiting unwanted exposure. Ra‐223 has a short half‐life and decays to a stable product, reducing the problem of storage and disposal associated with radiopharmaceuticals. Ra‐223 offers a new treatment option with great potential in this setting. However, concerns remain amongst patients, their families and health care professionals over the use of radiopharmaceuticals. This article, which draws on the experiences of health care workers during the ALSYMPCA (ALpharadin in SYMtomatic Prostate CAncer) study, reviews the clinical development of Ra‐223, highlighting the key issues for the uro‐oncology nurse who has a pivotal role within the multi‐disciplinary team (MDT) to ensure safe and effective treatment to the patient. The role of the uro‐oncology nurse is multifaceted, including patient pre‐assessment and post‐treatment monitoring and coordination of the MDT. In addition, their role in communicating with and educating those involved with Ra‐223 on what to expect from the agent can alleviate fears associated with its use.
Expression of foraging and Gp‐9 are associated with social organization in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta
Authors: Lucas C. , Nicolas M. , Keller L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate levels of expression of two major genes, the odorant binding protein Gp‐9 (general protein‐9) and foraging, that have been shown to be associated with behavioural polymorphisms in ants. We analysed workers and young nonreproductive queens collected from nests of the monogyne (single reproductive queen per nest) and polygyne (multiple reproductive queens) social forms of Solenopsis invicta. In workers but not young queens, the level of foraging expression was significantly associated with social form and the task performed (ie localization in the nest or foraging area). The level of expression of Gp‐9 was also associated with social form and worker localization. In addition there was a higher level of expression of the Gp‐9b allele compared with the Gp‐9B allele in the heterozygote workers and the young nonreproductive queens. Finally, in the polygyne colonies the level of expression of foraging was not significantly associated with the Gp‐9 genotype for either workers or young nonreproductive queens, suggesting that both genes have independent non‐epistatic effects on behaviour in S. invicta.
Oxygen prescribing practice at Waikato Hospital does not meet guideline recommendations
Authors: Holbourn A. , Wong J. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundIt is the recommendation of the British Thoracic Society oxygen guidelines and the Waikato Hospital prescribing policy that all supplemental oxygen should be prescribed.AimsThe aim of this audit was to evaluate the current oxygen prescribing practices on different specialty wards in the Waikato Hospital. The secondary aim was to evaluate potential harm from oxygen toxicity of the patients whose oxygen was not prescribed appropriately.MethodsOne hundred and twenty inpatients receiving oxygen therapy were randomly selected between December 2012 and April 2013. Forty patients were selected from each of the respiratory, surgical and other medical subspecialty wards. Their medication charts, clinical records and laboratory results were reviewed regarding their oxygen prescription, smoking history, diagnoses of chronic respiratory diseases and previous documentation of type 2 respiratory failure.ResultsIn total, 51.7% of all the patients audited had correct oxygen prescriptions: 77.5% of respiratory, 52.5% of surgical and 25% of other medical specialities. Among the 50 patients whose oxygen was not prescribed, many were classified as having high risk of potential complications of oxygen toxicity: 44% having known chronic respiratory disease, 70% having smoking history and 16% having previous type 2 respiratory failure.ConclusionCurrent oxygen prescription rates and practices in Waikato Hospital are not satisfactory and can in turn put patients at risk of oxygen toxicity. There is a significant discrepancy in prescribing practices between specialities. Better education of oxygen prescription is required to raise the awareness and to improve the prescribing practice across the hospital.
Phagocytosis: receptors, signal integration, and the cytoskeleton
Authors: Freeman Spencer A. , Grinstein Sergio 
Published: October 2014

SummaryPhagocytosis is a remarkably complex and versatile process: it contributes to innate immunity through the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, while also being central to tissue homeostasis and remodeling by clearing effete cells. The ability of phagocytes to perform such diverse functions rests, in large part, on their vast repertoire of receptors. In this review, we address the various receptor types, their mobility in the plane of the membrane, and two modes of receptor crosstalk: priming and synergy. A major section is devoted to the actin cytoskeleton, which not only governs receptor mobility and clustering but also is instrumental in particle engulfment. Four stages of the actin remodeling process are identified and discussed: (i) the ‘resting’ stage that precedes receptor engagement, (ii) the disruption of the cortical actin prior to formation of the phagocytic cup, (iii) the actin polymerization that propels pseudopod extension, and (iv) the termination of polymerization and removal of preassembled actin that are required for focal delivery of endomembranes and phagosomal sealing. These topics are viewed in the larger context of the differentiation and polarization of the phagocytic cells.
Origin, development, and homeostasis of tissue‐resident macrophages
Authors: Haldar Malay , Murphy Kenneth M. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryMacrophages are versatile cells of the hematopoietic system that display remarkable functional diversity encompassing innate immune responses, tissue development, and tissue homeostasis. Macrophages are present in almost all tissues of the body and display distinct location‐specific phenotypes and gene expression profiles. Recent studies also demonstrate distinct origins of tissue‐resident macrophages. This emerging picture of ontological, functional, and phenotypic heterogeneity within tissue macrophages has altered our understanding of these cells, which play important roles in many human diseases. In this review, we discuss the different origins of tissue macrophages, the transcription factors regulating their development, and the mechanisms underlying their homeostasis at steady state.
Understanding macrophage diversity at the ontogenic and transcriptomic levels
Authors: Gautier Emmanuel L. , Yvan‐Charvet Laurent 
Published: October 2014

SummaryMacrophages are phagocytes characterized by high lysosomal activity and are involved in a wide range of biological processes. Consequently, macrophages have long been recognized for their critical roles in development as well as in healthy and pathological states. Our knowledge about macrophage biology has evolved greatly over the past several years. Significantly, it has now been demonstrated that monocytes are not direct precursors for most tissue‐resident macrophages at the steady state. Only few tissue macrophage populations derive from monocytes during homeostasis; rather, monocytes give rise to inflammatory macrophages that infiltrate tissues during inflammation. Tissue‐resident macrophages have recently been characterized at the transcriptional level, which provided the basis to uncover the molecular pathways controlling their functional diversity as well as to identify a core signature. Transcription factors controlling specific tissue‐resident macrophage populations have been described, suggesting that diversity is under the control of specific regulatory programs. In this review, we discuss and summarize several of the new paradigms emerging in the field of macrophage biology. In particular, we emphasize new findings relevant to macrophage ontogeny, similarities and differences observed across macrophage populations, and gene regulatory programs controlling specialized aspects of tissue macrophage functions.
A Simple and Highly Efficient Method for Synthesis of Ce3+‐Activated Borogermanate Scintillating Glasses in Air
Authors: Sun Xin‐Yuan , Ye Zi‐Piao , Wu Yun‐Tao , Gao Pan , Mao Ri‐Hua , Zhang Zhi‐Jun , Zhao Jing‐Tai 
Published: October 2014

Fast Ce3+‐activated borogermanate scintillating glasses with the density of 5.58–5.67 g/cm3 were synthesized by melt quenching method in air atmosphere for the first time. The optical transmittance and X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopy results confirm that Ce4+ ions can be effectively reduced to Ce3+ ions by adding 0.31 mol% Si3N4 as a strong reducing agent during glass synthesis. The luminescence behavior under both ultraviolet and X‐ray excitations indicate that the proposed Ce3+‐activated borogermanate scintillating glasses have a broad emission band centered at 430 nm and a decay time of less than 25 ns. This will be of great interest in high‐energy physics and nuclear physics engineering.