bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
End‐to‐end mobility support in content centric networks
Authors: Kim Do‐hyung , Kim Jong‐hwan , Kim Yu‐sung , Yoon Hyun‐soo , Yeom Ikjun 
Published: February 2014

SummaryContent‐centric networking (CCN) has been recently proposed as an alternative to traditional IP‐based networking. In CCN, content is accessed by content name instead of a host identifier (locational identifier). This new type of access methodology rapidly and efficiently disseminates content in combination with the in‐network caching mechanism. For practical use of CCN, many network properties studied in IP‐based networking are being revisited, and new types of CCN architecture components are being designed. Although mobility is an essential aspect of the future networking system, it has not been sufficiently studied. We therefore address fundamental mobility issues, such as seamless handover, optimal access point selection, network mobility, and handling of persistent interests. In addition, for each issue, we propose practical solutions that efficiently align to a CCN environment. To ensure seamless handoff, we propose various handoff schemes and compare their performance in terms of handoff latency using packet‐level simulation. Because our proposed schemes are consistent with the characteristics and rules of CCN, we believe that they can easily be integrated as a part of CCN. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TLR2 engagement on CD4+ T cells enhances effector functions and protective responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Reba Scott M. , Li Qing , Onwuzulike Sophia , Ding Xuedong , Karim Ahmad F. , Hernandez Yeritza , Fulton Scott A. , Harding Clifford V. , Lancioni Christina L. , Nagy Nancy , Rodriguez Myriam E. , Wearsch Pamela A. , Rojas Roxana E. 
Published: February 2014

We have previously demonstrated that mycobacterial lipoproteins engage TLR2 on human CD4+ T cells and upregulate TCR‐triggered IFN‐γ secretion and cell proliferation in vitro. Here we examined the role of CD4+ T‐cell‐expressed TLR2 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) Ag‐specific T‐cell priming and in protection against MTB infection in vivo. Like their human counterparts, mouse CD4+ T cells express TLR2 and respond to TLR2 costimulation in vitro. This Th1‐like response was observed in the context of both polyclonal and Ag‐specific TCR stimulation. To evaluate the role of T‐cell TLR2 in priming of CD4+ T cells in vivo, naive MTB Ag85B‐specific TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells (P25 TCR‐Tg) were adoptively transferred into Tlr2−/− recipient C57BL/6 mice that were then immunized with Ag85B and with or without TLR2 ligand Pam3Cys‐SKKKK. TLR2 engagement during priming resulted in increased numbers of IFN‐γ‐secreting P25 TCR‐Tg T cells 1 week after immunization. P25 TCR‐Tg T cells stimulated in vitro via TCR and TLR2 conferred more protection than T cells stimulated via TCR alone when adoptively transferred before MTB infection. Our findings indicate that TLR2 engagement on CD4+ T cells increases MTB Ag‐specific responses and may contribute to protection against MTB infection.
Feasibility of using 3D MR elastography to determine pancreatic stiffness in healthy volunteers
Authors: Shi Yu , Glaser Kevin J. , Venkatesh Sudhakar K. , Ben‐Abraham Ephraim I. , Ehman Richard L. 
Published: February 2014

PurposeTo evaluate the feasibility of using three‐dimensional (3D) MR elastography (MRE) to determine the stiffness of the pancreas in healthy volunteers.Materials and MethodsTwenty healthy volunteers underwent 1.5 Tesla MRE exams using an accelerated echo planar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence with low‐frequency vibrations (40 and 60 Hz). Stiffness was calculated with a 3D direct inversion algorithm. The mean shear stiffness in five pancreatic subregions (uncinate, head, neck, body, and tail) and the corresponding liver stiffness were calculated. The intrasubject coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated as a measure of the reproducibility for each volunteer.ResultsThe mean shear stiffness (average of values obtained in different pancreatic subregions) was (1.15 ± 0.17) kPa at 40 Hz, and (2.09 ± 0.33) kPa at 60 Hz. The corresponding liver stiffness was higher than the pancreas stiffness at 40 Hz ([1.60 ± 0.21] kPa, mean pancreas‐to‐liver stiffness ratio: 0.72), but similar at 60Hz ([2.12 ± 0.23) kPa, mean ratio: 0.95). The mean intrasubject CV for each pancreatic subregion was lower at 40 Hz than 60 Hz (P < 0.05 for all subregions, range: 11.9–15.7% at 40 Hz and 16.5–19.6% at 60 Hz).ConclusionThe 3D pancreatic MRE can provide promising and reproducible stiffness measurements throughout the pancreas, with more consistent data acquired at 40 Hz. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:369–375.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo effect of two different pulsed electromagnetic field frequencies on osteoarthritis
Authors: Veronesi F. , Torricelli P. , Giavaresi G. , Sartori M. , Cavani F. , Setti S. , Cadossi M. , Ongaro A. , Fini M. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTOsteoarthritis (OA) is a joint pathology characterized by fibrillation, reduced cartilage thickness and subchondral bone sclerosis. There is evidence that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) counteract OA progression, but the effect of two different PEMF frequencies has not yet been shown. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of PEMFs at two different frequencies (37 and 75 Hz) in a late OA stage in 21‐month‐old Guinea pigs. After 3 months of 6 h/day PEMF stimulation, histological and histomorphometric analyses of the knees were performed. At both frequencies, PEMFs significantly reduced histological cartilage score, fibrillation index (FI), subchondral bone thickness (SBT) and trabecular number (Tb.N) and increased trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and separation (Tb.Sp) in comparison to the not treated SHAM group. However, PEMFs at 75 Hz produced significantly more beneficial effects on the histological score and FI than 37 Hz PEMFs. At 75 Hz, PEMFs counteracted cartilage thinning as demonstrated by a significantly higher cartilage thickness values than either those of the SHAM or 37 Hz PEMF‐treated groups. Although in severe OA both PEMF frequencies were able to limit its progression, 75 Hz PEMF stimulation achieved the better results. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:677–685, 2014.
Survey of methods of facial palsy documentation in use by members of the Sir Charles Bell Society
Authors: Fattah Adel Y. , Gavilan Javier , Hadlock Tessa A. , Marcus Jeffrey R. , Marres Henri , Nduka Charles , Slattery William H. , Snyder‐Warwick Alison K. 
Published: February 2014

Objectives/HypothesisFacial palsy manifests a broad array of deficits affecting function, form, and psychological well‐being. Assessment scales were introduced to standardize and document the features of facial palsy and to facilitate the exchange of information and comparison of outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine which assessment methodologies are currently employed by those involved in the care of patients with facial palsy as a first step toward the development of consensus on the appropriate assessments for this patient population.Study DesignOnline questionnaire.MethodsThe Sir Charles Bell Society, a group of professionals dedicated to the care of patients with facial palsy, were surveyed to determine the scales used to document facial nerve function, patient reported outcome measures (PROM), and photographic documentation.ResultsFifty‐five percent of the membership responded (n = 83). Grading scales were used by 95%, most commonly the House‐Brackmann and Sunnybrook scales. PROMs were used by 58%, typically the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation scale or Facial Disability Index. All used photographic recordings, but variability existed among the facial expressions used. Videography was performed by 82%, and mostly involved the same views as still photography; it was also used to document spontaneous movement and speech. Three‐dimensional imaging was employed by 18% of respondents.ConclusionsThere exists significant heterogeneity in assessments among clinicians, which impedes straightforward comparisons of outcomes following recovery and intervention. Widespread adoption of structured assessments, including scales, PROMs, photography, and videography, will facilitate communication and comparison among those who study the effects of interventions on this population.Level of Evidence5 Laryngoscope 124:2247–2251, 2014
Fractional ablative erbium YAG laser: Histological characterization of relationships between laser settings and micropore dimensions
Authors: Taudorf Elisabeth H. , Haak Christina S. , Erlendsson Andrés M. , Philipsen Peter A. , Anderson R. Rox , Paasch Uwe , Haedersdal Merete 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTreatment of a variety of skin disorders with ablative fractional lasers (AFXL) is driving the development of portable AFXLs. This study measures micropore dimensions produced by a small 2,940 nm AFXL using a variety of stacked pulses, and determines a model correlating laser parameters with tissue effects.Materials and MethodsEx vivo pig skin was exposed to a miniaturized 2,940 nm AFXL, spot size 225 µm, density 5%, power levels 1.15–2.22 W, pulse durations 50–225 microseconds, pulse repetition rates 100–500 Hz, and 2, 20, or 50 stacked pulses, resulting in pulse energies of 2.3–12.8 mJ/microbeam and total energy levels of 4.6–640 mJ/microchannel. Histological endpoints were ablation depth (AD), coagulation zone (CZ) and ablation width (AW). Data were logarithmically transformed if required prior to linear regression analyses. Results for histological endpoints were combined in a mathematical model.ResultsIn 138 sections from 91 biopsies, AD ranged from 16 to a maximum of 1,348 µm and increased linearly with the logarithm of total energy delivered by stacked pulses, but also depended on variations in power, pulse duration, pulse repetition rate, and pulse energy (r2 = 0.54–0.85, P < 0.0001). Microchannels deeper than 500 µm were created only by the highest pulse energy of 12.8 mJ/microbeam. Pulse stacking increased AD, and enlarged CZ and AW. CZ varied from 0 to 205 µm and increased linearly with total energy (r2 = 0.56–0.75, P < 0.0001). AW ranged from 106 to 422 µm and increased linearly with the logarithm of number of stacked pulses (r2 = 0.53–0.61, P < 0.001). The mathematical model estimated micropores of specific ADs with an associated range of CZs and AWs, for example, 300 µm ADs were associated with CZs from 27 to 73 µm and AWs from 190 to 347 µm.ConclusionsPulse stacking with a small, low power 2,940 nm AFXL created reproducible shallow to deep micropores, and influenced micropore configuration. Mathematical modeling established relations between laser settings and micropore dimensions, which assists in choosing laser settings for desired tissue effects. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:281–289, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile Monitoring of Fullerene Crystallization in Polymer Solar Cell Blends by UV–vis Spectroscopy
Authors: Lindqvist Camilla , Wang Ergang , Andersson Mats R. , Müller Christian 
Published: February 2014

A simple technique is demonstrated based on UV–vis spectroscopy that permits the onset of fullerene crystallization to be monitored in polymer:fullerene bulk‐heterojunction blends. The growth of fullerene crystals only occurs during thermal annealing above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the blend. Light scattering due to the presence of micrometer‐sized fullerene crystals reduces the apparent transmittance, which can serve as a clear indicator for the upper limit of the Tg. This principle is used to deduce this critical parameter for two high‐performance photovoltaic blends that are based on a thiophene–quinoxaline and a thiophene–isoindigo copoly­mer, respectively. High Tgs of 115 and 145 °C promise good thermal stability.
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Characterization of Ethylene/α‐Olefin Copolymers Using High‐Temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography
Authors: Al‐Khazaal Abdulaal Z. , Soares João B. P. 
Published: February 2014

Several crystallization‐based techniques are used to measure the chemical‐composition distribution of polyolefins, but they are limited to semicrystalline polyolefins. Recently, high‐temperature thermal gradient interaction chromatography (HT‐TGIC) has been developed to quantify the chemical‐composition distribution of semicrystalline and amorphous polyolefins, thus broadening the range of techniques available for the analysis of polyolefin chemical‐composition distribution. In HT‐TGIC, the fractionation mechanism relies on the interaction of polyolefin chains with a graphite surface upon temperature change in an isocratic solvent. In the present investigation, a series of ethylene/1‐octene copolymers having approximately the same molecular weight average and different comonomer fractions (up to 25% of 1‐octene) is synthesized using a metallocene catalyst to investigate the fractionation mechanism of HT‐TGIC. Three copolymer samples and their blends are also studied to determine which operation parameters influence the HT‐TGIC peak shape and position. The cooling rate has no significant effect on the desorption temperature and the broadness of the HT‐TGIC chromatograms. On the other hand, the heating rate and the elution flow rate substantially influence the peak temperature and breadth.
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Concurrent Solution‐Like Decoloration Rate and High Mechanical Strength from Polymer‐Dispersed Photochromic Organogel
Authors: Long Shijun , Bi Shuguang , Liao Yonggui , Xue Zhigang , Xie Xiaolin 
Published: February 2014

To achieve a fast photochromic response in solid matrix, photochromic molecules/segments have been either dispersed into elastomers via physical doping or linked to glassy polymers by soft units through covalent bonding. However, the former is lack of high mechanical strength and the latter owes the drawback of time‐consumption of synthesis. Here, we propose a facile strategy of co‐solvent evaporation to prepare polymer‐dispersed photochromic organogel where both high mechanical strength of the glassy polymer matrix and solution‐like fast photochromism of the photochromic molecule within organogel can be retained concurrently. Glassy PVA matrix and dispersed organogel of 1,3:2,4‐di‐O‐benzylidene‐d‐sorbitol/poly(propylene glycol) (DBS/PPG) provide high mechanical strength and sufficient free volume for intramolecular rotation of photochromic spiropyran (SP), respectively. Interestingly, these thin films behave a solution‐like decoloration the decay rate of which is 65–70 fold faster than that in the SP‐directly doped PVA film and only slightly slower than those in their corresponding PPG solutions.
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Instruments to measure behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia
Authors: van der Linde Rianne M. , Stephan Blossom C.M. , Dening Tom , Brayne Carol 
Published: February 2014

AbstractReliable and valid measurement of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) is important for research and clinical practice. Here we provide an overview of the different instruments and discuss issues involved in the choice of the most appropriate instrument to measure BPSD in research. A list of BPSD instruments was generated. For each instrument Pubmed and SCOPUS were searched for articles that reported on their use or quality. Eighty‐three instruments that are used to measure BPSD were identified. Instruments differ in length and detail, whether the interview is with participants, informants or by observation, the target sample and the time frames for use. Reliability and validity is generally good, but reported in few independent samples. When choosing a BPSD instrument for research the research question should be carefully scrutinised and the symptoms of interest, population, quality, detail, time frame and practical issues should be considered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Profiling the subjective effects of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol using visual analogue scales
Authors: Kleinloog Daniël , Roozen Frits , De Winter Willem , Freijer Jan , Van Gerven Joop 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe subjective effects of cannabis and its main psychoactive component Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have played an important part in determining the therapeutic potential of cannabinoid agonists and antagonists. The effects mainly consist of feeling high, changes in perception, feelings of relaxation and occasionally dysphoric reactions. These effects are captured by two of the most frequently used visual analogue scales (VASs) in clinical (pharmacologic) research to measure subjective effects: VAS Bond and Lader (alertness, calmness and mood) and VAS Bowdle (psychedelic effects). In this analysis, the effects of THC on these VASs were compared within a total of 217 subjects who participated in 10 different studies. Not surprisingly, the item feeling high was found to be the best predictor for the effect of THC. Three separate clusters that describe the spectrum of subjective effects of THC were identified using different statistical methods, consisting of VAS “time”, “thoughts” and “high” (“perception”), VAS “drowsy”, “muzzy”, “mentally slow” and “dreamy” (“relaxation”) and VAS “voices”, “meaning” and “suspicious” (“dysphoria”). These results provide experimental evidence that THC can evoke different classes of effects. These distinct subjective clusters could represent effects on various systems in the brain, which can be used to further differentiate the involvement of endocannabinoid systems in health and disease. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Über die Inflation wissenschaftlicher Zeitschriften
Authors: Böhme Uwe , Tesch Silke 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren starteten zahlreiche neue Zeitschriften in der Chemie und den angrenzenden Gebieten, etablierte wurden eingestellt. Kommt hier eine nicht mehr beherrschbare Informationslawine auf uns zu oder ist das ein normaler Wachstumsprozess?
Paul Harteck und die Uranmaschine
Authors: Stegmann Annalena , Habekost Achim 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIm April 1939 erhielt das deutsche Heereswaffenamt einen Brief, der auf das militärische Potenzial der unlängst entdeckten Kernspaltung hinwies. Initiator des Briefs war der österreichisch‐deutsche Physikochemiker Paul Harteck. Er war auch derjenige, der anschließend die experimentelle Entwicklung einer “Uranmaschine” am intensivsten voran trieb.
Was ist was? Biochemie, chemische Biologie et al.
Authors: Köhn Maja 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDie Begriffe molekulare Zellbiologie, Molekularbiologie, Biochemie, bio(an)organische Chemie und chemische Biologie sind weit verbreitet, doch scheint es immer weniger Unterschiede zwischen den Fachgebieten zu geben. Wo liegen die Überlappungen, wo sind Grenzen sinnvoll?
Chemische Sensorik mit Nanoteilchen
Authors: Wolfbeis Otto S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNanopartikel gibt es als Stäbe, Röhren, Körner, Korallen, Hörner, Reis oder Drähte. Sie sind aus Kohlenstoff, Metallen, Halbleitern und Oxiden. Aufgrund ihrer elektrischen, katalytischen und optischen Eigenschaften eignen sie sich als Sensormaterialien. Ihre geringe Größe prädestiniert sie für Untersuchungen in lebenden Zellen.
Was verdienen Chemiker?
Authors: Schmitz Karin J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAuch dieses Jahr gibt es wieder eine Gehaltsumfrage der GDCh. An Mitglieder, die in der Industrie arbeiten, wurde der Fragebogen Ende Januar per Post verschickt. Mitglieder, die keinen Fragebogen erhalten haben, können ihn beim Karriereservice anfordern.
Robust fault detection for networked control systems with packet dropouts: An average dwell time method
Authors: Long Yue , Yang Guang‐Hong 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe problem of fault detection for networked control systems with respect to packet dropouts is investigated in this paper based on average dwell time method. For the cases that there may be sensor stuck failure and packet dropouts, the networked control systems are modeled as discrete time switched systems. Subsequently, a novel fault detection scheme, which is valid to detect the failures with small magnitudes even the outage ones, is proposed by making the generated residuals sensitive to servo inputs in faulty cases and robust against it in normal case. By utilizing the average dwell time method, new sufficient conditions, which include some existing results, for characterizing the sensitivity performance and the attenuation performance are presented in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Meanwhile, the relation between the packet dropout rate and the system performance is established. Finally, an application of a linearized aircraft is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) with Heliox decreases diaphragmatic injury in a newborn porcine lung injury model
Authors: Jassar Romal K. , Vellanki Haritha , Zhu Yan , Hesek Anne , Wang Jordan , Rodriguez Elena , Wu Jichuan , Shaffer Thomas H. , Wolfson Marla R. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBackgroundHigh flow nasal cannula (HFNC) improves ventilation by washing out nasopharyngeal dead space while delivering oxygen. Heliox (helium–oxygen gas mixture), a low‐density gas mixture, decreases resistance to airflow, reduces the work of breathing, and facilitates distribution of inspired gas. Excessive lung work and potential injury increases the workload on the immature diaphragm predisposing the muscle to fatigue, and can lead to inflammatory and oxidative stress, thereby contributing to impaired diaphragmatic function. We tested the hypothesis that HFNC with Heliox will decrease the work of breathing thereby unloading the neonatal diaphragm, and potentially reducing diaphragmatic injury.MethodsSpontaneously breathing neonatal pigs were randomized to Nitrox (nitrogen–oxygen gas mixture) or Heliox, and studied over 4 hr following oleic acid injury. Gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics indices, and systemic markers of inflammation were measured serially. Diaphragm inflammation biomarkers and histology for muscle injury were assessed at termination.ResultsHeliox breathing animals demonstrated decreased respiratory load and work of breathing with lower pressure‐rate product, lower labored breathing index, and lower levels of diaphragmatic inflammatory markers, and muscle injury score as compared to Nitrox.ConclusionThese results suggest that HFNC with Heliox is a useful adjunct to attenuate diaphragmatic fatigue in the presence of lung injury by unloading the diaphragm, resulting in a more efficient breathing pattern, and decreased diaphragm injury. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:1214–1222. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and Characteristics of Foamed NC‐Based Propellants
Authors: Li Yuxiang , Yang Weitao , Ying Sanjiu 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFoaming properties of the three NC‐based (nitrocellulose‐based) propellants, namely, single‐base propellant, NG (nitroglycerine) propellant and TEGDN (triethylene glycol dinitrate) propellant were investigated in the batch foaming process by using supercritical CO2 as the physical foaming agent. Burning characteristics of the foamed NC‐based propellants were also investigated in this work. For this study, the CO2 desorption of the three NC‐based propellants were plotted by the gravimetric method. The morphology and burning characteristics of these foamed NC‐based propellants were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and closed vessel experiment. The test data revealed that the energetic plasticizer has a considerable effect on the pore formation in the NC matrix although it has little effect on the CO2 solubility in the NC‐based propellants. Moreover, the SEM images showed the foaming temperature also plays an important role in the pore parameters of foamed propellants. Furthermore, the data of closed vessel experiment indicated that the burning characteristics of foamed NC‐based propellants largely depend on the pore parameters, and the porous structure of foamed propellants would considerably increase the mass conversion rate.