bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Clinicians' Use of Cues When Assessing the Future Risk of Violence: A Clinical Judgement Analysis in the Psychiatric Setting
Authors: Brown Barbara , Rakow Tim 
Published: February 2015

Research is sparse on how clinicians' judgement informs their violence risk assessments. Yet, determining preferences for which risk factors are used, and how they are weighted and combined, is important to understanding such assessments. This study investigated clinicians' use of static and dynamic cues when assessing risk in individual patients and for dynamic cues considered in the recent and distant past. Clinicians provided three violence risk assessments for 41 separate hypothetical cases of hospitalized patients, each defined by eight cues (e.g., psychopathy and past violence severity/frequency). A clinical judgement analysis, using regression analysis of judgements for multiple cases, created linear models reflecting the major influences on each individual clinician's judgement. Risk assessments could be successfully predicted by between one and four cues, and there was close agreement between different clinicians' models regarding which cues were relevant for a given assessment. However, which cues were used varied between assessments: history ofrecentviolence predicted assessments of in‐hospital risk, whereas violence in thedistant pastpredicted the assessed risk in the community. Crucially, several factors included in actuarial/structured risk assessment tools had little influence on clinicians' assessments. Our findings point to the adaptivity in clinicians' violence risk assessments, with a preference for relying on information consistent with the setting for which the assessment applies. The implication is that clinicians are open to using different structured assessment tools for different kinds of risk assessment, although they may seek greater flexibility in their assessments than some structured risk assessment tools afford (e.g., discounting static risk factors). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner MessageAcross three separate violence risk assessments, clinicians' risk assessments were more strongly influenced by dynamic cues that can vary over time (e.g., level of violence) than by static cues that are fixed for a given individual (e.g., a diagnosis of psychopathy).The variation in the factors affecting risk assessments for different settings (i.e., in hospital versus in the community) was greater than the variability between clinicians for such judgements.The findings imply a preference for risk assessment strategies that offer flexibility: either using different risk assessment tools for different purposes and settings or employing a single tool that allows for different inputs into the risk assessment depending upon the nature of the assessment.The appropriateness of these clinical intuitions about violence risk that are implied by our findings warrants further investigation.
Automated nonparametric method for detection of step‐like features in biological data sets
Authors: Tyson C. , McAndrew C. , Tuma P. L. , Pegg I. , Sarkar A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractExperimental data from single‐molecule DNA‐protein experiments, such as experiments using optical traps or magnetic tweezers, typically contain steps, plateaus, or dwell regions that are obscured by thermal and other noise sources. We present a nonparametric method for detecting step‐like features in noisy biological data sets. Our algorithm does not assume that the steps can be modeled as Heaviside functions or any particular parametric form. No assumptions about the noise source, such as whether the noise is Gaussian or colored, are made either. Instead, for detection of plateaus, the algorithm uses the novel method of analyzing a probability distribution function of the data values. The vast majority of previously published methods for step detection rely on statistical fitting of step functions with the flat segments linked by vertical segments. Our approach is intended for use on data which cannot be modelled as a series of step functions but applies to step functions as a special case. These type of data traces have, so far, been difficult to characterize effectively. We examine the performance of the algorithm through systematic simulation studies and illustrate the use of our algorithm to analyze single molecule DNA‐protein micromanipulation experiments carried out by our laboratory. The simulation results and experimental validation suggest that our method is very robust, avoids overfitting, and functions effectively in the presence of noise sources characteristic of single molecule experiments. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Increased yolk progesterone interferes with prenatal auditory learning and elevates emotional reactivity in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) chicks
Authors: Herrington Joshua , Vallin Claudia , Lickliter Robert 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTAvian eggs contain maternally derived hormones, including testosterone and progesterone. Little is currently known about the effects of these hormones on early behavioral development. We assessed the effects of elevated levels of progesterone levels on prenatal perceptual learning and postnatal emotional reactivity in Northern bobwhite quail. Prior to incubation, eggs received an injection of either progesterone (P) or oil vehicle (V). In P eggs, levels of progesterone were elevated two standard deviations above the mean based on ELISA analysis of progesterone yolk concentrations from a previous study. A third group of eggs served as controls and received no injection (C). Chicks hatched from P eggs displayed elevated levels of emotional reactivity compared to V and C chicks in a tonic immobility task and a hole‐in‐the‐wall emergence task. Chicks from P eggs also failed to demonstrate a preference for a familiarized bobwhite maternal call that had been presented prenatally. In contrast, the V and C chicks demonstrated a significant preference for the familiarized maternal call following hatching, indicating prenatal auditory learning. Our results are consistent with previous findings from precocial birds demonstrating that hormones of maternal origin can influence prenatal perceptual learning as well as emotional reactivity in the period following hatching. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 255–262, 2015.
Prenatal tobacco exposure and infant stress reactivity: Role of child sex and maternal behavior
Authors: Eiden Rina D. , Molnar Danielle S. , Granger Douglas A. , Colder Craig R. , Schuetze Pamela , Huestis Marilyn A. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis study examined the association between prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) and infant cortisol reactivity at 9 months of infant age. Child sex and maternal parenting behavior were hypothesized moderators. The sample included 217 (148 tobacco‐exposed, 69 non‐exposed) mother‐child dyads. Data used were obtained from pregnancy assessments, mother‐infant feeding interactions at 2 months, and salivary cortisol at four time points in response to frustration at 9 months. Results indicated a significant association between PTE and infant cortisol that was moderated by infant sex and maternal intrusiveness. That is, PTE boys had lower cortisol than control boys, but there was no association between PTE and cortisol among girls. There was a significant association between PTE and cortisol among infants of intrusive mothers, but not among infants with non‐intrusive mothers. Thus, PTE was associated with cortisol hypo‐reactivity such that boys and non‐exposed infants experiencing high maternal intrusiveness were at greater risk. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 212–225, 2015.
Sim1 is required for the migration and axonal projections of V3 interneurons in the developing mouse spinal cord
Authors: Blacklaws Jake , Deska‐Gauthier Dylan , Jones Christopher T , Petracca Yanina L. , Liu Mingwei , Zhang Han , Fawcett James P. , Glover Joel C. , Lanuza Guillermo M. , Zhang Ying 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTV3 spinal interneurons (INs) are a group of excitatory INs that play a crucial role in producing balanced and stable gaits in vertebrate animals. In the developing mouse spinal cord, V3 INs arise from the most ventral progenitor domain and form anatomically distinctive subpopulations in adult spinal cords. They are marked by the expression of transcription factor Sim1 postmitotically, but the function of Sim1 in V3 development remains unknown. Here, we used Sim1Cre;tdTomato mice to trace the fate of V3 INs in a Sim1 mutant versus control genetic background during development. In Sim1 mutants, V3 INs are produced normally and maintain a similar position and organization as in wild types before E12.5. Further temporal analysis revealed that the V3 INs in the mutants failed to migrate properly to form V3 subgroups along the dorsoventral axis of the spinal cord. At birth, in the Sim1 mutant the number of V3 INs in the ventral subgroup was normal, but they were significantly reduced in the dorsal subgroup with a concomitant increase in the intermediate subgroup. Retrograde labeling at lumbar level revealed that loss of Sim1 led to a reduction in extension of contralateral axon projections both at E14.5 and P0 without affecting ipsilateral axon projections. These results demonstrate that Sim1 is essential for proper migration and the guidance of commissural axons of the spinal V3 INs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1003–1017, 2015
Epigenetic regulation of presenilin 1 and 2 in the cerebral cortex of mice during development
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Thakur Mahendra Kumar 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTPreviously, we reported differential expression profile of Presenilin (PS)1 and 2 and their interacting partners in mouse cerebral cortex during development. Our findings indicated crucial involvement of these proteases in prenatal and postnatal development of mouse cerebral cortex. However, the mechanisms that precisely control their expression in stage‐specific manner during brain development are still elusive. In this regard, epigenetic modifications by DNA methylation and histone acetylation during brain development deserve major attention. Therefore, we have analyzed the epigenetic regulation of PS1 and PS2 in mouse cerebral cortex during development. The data demonstrated a good correspondence of H3K9/14 Ac level in PS1 and PS2 promoter with their expression profile during cerebral cortical development. H3K9/14 Ac level was high at embryonic day (E)12.5, declined at E18.5, increased from postnatal day (P)0 to P45 and decreased again at 20 weeks (w) in PS1 promoter. For PS2, H3K9/14 Ac level was high at E12.5, thereafter, reduced upto P20 and increased at P45 and 20 weeks. DNA methylation sites also varied in number and position at different developmental stages, and some of them are putative sites for binding of transcription factors like HSF‐1, Ets‐1, and Sp1 that are crucial for brain developmental processes, as revealed by in silico analysis. Though MeCP2 level also altered during development, they did not correlate with PS1 and PS2 expression profile. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence of epigenetic regulation of PS1 and PS2 by H3K9/14 histone acetylation and DNA methylation in mouse cerebral cortex during development. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1165–1173, 2015
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of gene therapy in animal models of cerebral glioma: why did promise not translate to human therapy?
Authors: Hirst T. C. , Vesterinen H. M. , Conlin S. , Egan K. J. , Antonic A. , Lawson McLean A. , Macleod M. R. , Grant R. , Brennan P. M. , Sena E. S. , Whittle I. R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe development of therapeutics is often characterized by promising animal research that fails to translate into clinical efficacy; this holds for the development of gene therapy in glioma. We tested the hypothesis that this is because of limitations in the internal and external validity of studies reporting the use of gene therapy in experimental glioma.MethodWe systematically identified studies testing gene therapy in rodent glioma models by searching three online databases. The number of animals treated and median survival were extracted and studies graded using a quality checklist. We calculated median survival ratios and used random effects meta‐analysis to estimate efficacy. We explored effects of study design and quality and searched for evidence of publication bias.ResultsWe identified 193 publications using gene therapy in experimental glioma, including 6,366 animals. Overall, gene therapy improved median survival by a factor of 1.60 (95% CI 1.53–1.67). Study quality was low and the type of gene therapy did not account for differences in outcome. Study design characteristics accounted for a significant proportion of between‐study heterogeneity. We observed similar findings in a data subset limited to the most common gene therapy.ConclusionAs the dysregulation of key molecular pathways is characteristic of gliomas, gene therapy remains a promising treatment for glioma. Nevertheless, we have identified areas for improvement in conduct and reporting of studies, and we provide a basis for sample size calculations. Further work should focus on genes of interest in paradigms recapitulating human disease. This might improve the translation of such therapies into the clinic.
A rapid method to collect methane from peatland streams for radiocarbon analysis
Authors: Garnett M. H. , Gulliver P. , Billett M. F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPeatland streams typically contain high methane concentrations and act as conduits for the release of this greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. Radiocarbon analysis provides a unique tracer that can be used to identify the methane source, and quantify the time elapsed between carbon fixation and return to the atmosphere as CH4. Few studies – those that have focus largely on sites with bubble (ebullition) emissions – have investigated the 14C age of methane in surface waters because of the difficulty in collecting sufficient CH4 for analysis. Here, we describe new sampling methods for the collection of CH4 samples from CH4‐oversaturated peatland streams for radiocarbon analysis. We report the results of a suite of tests, including using methane 14C standards and replicated field measurements, to verify the methods. The methods are not restricted to ebullition sites, and can be applied to peatland streams with lower methane concentrations. We report the 14C age of methane extracted from surface water samples (~4–13 l) at two contrasting locations in a temperate raised peat bog. Results indicate substantial spatial variation with ages ranging from ~400 (ditch in afforested peatland) to ~3000 years BP (bog perimeter stream). These contrasting ages suggest that methane in stream water can be derived from a wide range of peat depths. This new method provides a rapid (10–15 min per sample) and convenient approach, which should make 14CH4 dating of surface water more accessible and lead to an increased understanding of carbon cycling within the soil–water–atmosphere system. © 2015 The Authors. Ecohydrology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
System solutions for headraces of high head hydropower plants / Systemlösungen für Kraftabstiege von Hochdruck‐Wasserkraftanlagen
Authors: Vigl Alois 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPressure shafts, due to their complexity and length, are one of the most challenging parts of the headrace system of a high head hydropower plant. Pressure shafts offer great potential for optimisation and this has to be reflected in their design and construction. The article first describes most common system concepts for headrace systems. Then it introduces the graphical‐analytical design method from Seeber in its main features and uses this as a basis for understanding the mode of action of common lining systems. Finally, the common mechanised heading methods are briefly discussed in terms of their areas of application depending on the expected ground behaviour with a qualitative risk assessment of their feasibility.Kraftabstiege gehören gemessen an Komplexität, Längenerstreckung und Anpassungsmöglichkeiten an die Gegebenheiten vor Ort zu den anspruchsvollsten Anlageteilen von Hochdruckanlagen. Sie bergen ein entsprechendes Optimierungspotenzial und erfordern eine entsprechend hohe Beachtung bei der Planung und Ausführung. Der Beitrag geht zunächst auf die gebräuchlichsten Anlagenkonzepte ein, stellt anschließend das graphisch‐analytische Bemessungsverfahren nach Seeber in seinen Grundzügen vor und nutzt dieses als Basis für das Verständnis der Wirkungsweise gängiger Auskleidungssysteme. Abschließend werden die gängigen mechanischen Vortriebsverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer Einsatzgebiete kurz erläutert und in Abhängigkeit des erwarteten Gebirgsverhaltens einer qualitativen Risikobetrachtung hinsichtlich ihrer Einsatzeignung unterzogen.
Surge tanks for high head hydropower plants – Hydraulic layout – New developments / Wasserschlösser für Hochdruck‐Wasserkraftanlagen – Hydraulische Auslegung – Neue Entwicklungen
Authors: Richter Wolfgang , Zenz Gerald , Schneider Josef , Knoblauch Helmut 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHigh head hydropower plants can generate high electrical power at very short notice, or if equipped with pumps can also draw electricity from the distribution grid and store its energy very efficiently. In this way, hydropower plants can make an indispensable contribution to regulating the grid and the use of regenerative energy sources. Physically, this requires reservoirs at various altitudes connected through headraces.In order to be able to use high head hydropower plants with longer headrace tunnels for the generation of electricity, surge tanks are needed to compensate the kinetic energy. A surge tank thus represents an interface between civil, mechanical and electrical engineering. The construction of new high head plants and particularly of pumped storage schemes, exploiting ever greater quantities of water and with increasingly stringent demands for flexibility, leads to additional criteria and requirements, which are explained in this article. The article describes also some specific designs of surge tanks in Austria.Hochdruckwasserkraftanlagen können hohe elektrische Leistungen in kürzester Zeit bereitstellen oder bei zusätzlichen Pumpanlagen aus dem Netz abziehen und diese damit sehr effizient speicherbar machen. Damit leisten diese Anlagen einen unverzichtbaren Beitrag zur Netzregelung und Nutzung der regenerativen Energiequellen. Physikalisch sind dazu Speicher auf unterschiedlichen Höhen verbunden durch Triebwasserwege erforderlich.Um nun Hochdruckwasserkraftanlagen mit längeren Stollen für die Erzeugung von elektrischem Strom betreiben zu können, sind zum Ausgleich der kinetischen Energie Wasserschlösser notwendig. Das Wasserschloss stellt dabei eine Schnittstelle zwischen Bauingenieurwesen, Maschinenbau und Elektrotechnik dar. Durch den Bau von neuen Hochdruckanlagen und insbesondere von Pumpspeicherkraftwerken mit steigenden Ausbauwassermengen und steigenden Anforderungen an die Anlagenflexibilität ergeben sich auch für die hydraulische Auslegung von Wasserschlössern zusätzliche Kriterien und Anforderungen, die in diesem Beitrag erörtert werden. Auch werden in diesem Artikel zusammenfassend spezifische Wasserschlossdesigns in Österreich dargestellt.
Geological experience with the design of pressure shafts / Geologische Erfahrungen mit dem Entwurf von Druckschächten
Authors: Gerstner Reinhold 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe example of many hydropower plants shows that the pressure shafts of high pressure power stations lie in very varied geological conditions, which has a great influence on the layout of the pressure shaft and the structural design of the lining. Despite this variability, it is possible to formulate a few basic geological criteria whose application, however, cannot replace the detailed consideration of the specific geological conditions that is essential for every pressure shaft.Die Beispiele mehrerer Wasserkraftwerke zeigen, dass die Druckschächte von Hochdruckanlagen in sehr unterschiedlichen geologischen Verhältnissen liegen, die den Entwurf des Druckschachts und die Bemessung der Auskleidung stark beeinflussen. Bei aller Variabilität können aber einige grundsätzliche geologische Kriterien formuliert werden, deren Anwendung jedoch nicht die eingehende Befassung mit den spezifischen geologischen Verhältnissen ersetzt, die für jeden Druckschacht unabdingbar ist.
Spirulan from Blue‐Green Algae Inhibits Fibrin and Blood Clots: Its Potent Antithrombotic Effects
Authors: Choi Jun‐Hui , Kim Seung , Kim Sung‐Jun 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTWe investigated in vitro and in vivo fibrinolytic and antithrombotic activity of spirulan and analyzed its partial biochemical properties. Spirulan, a sulfated polysaccharide from the blue‐green alga Arthrospira platensis, exhibits antithrombotic potency. Spirulan showed a strong fibrin zymogram lysis band corresponding to its molecular mass. It specifically cleaved Aα and Bβ, the major chains of fibrinogen. Spirulan directly decreased the activity of thrombin and factor X activated (FXa), procoagulant proteins. In vitro assays using human fibrin and mouse blood clots showed fibrinolytic and hemolytic activities of spirulan. Spirulan (2 mg/kg) showed antithrombotic effects in the ferric chloride (FeCl3)‐induced carotid arterial thrombus model and collagen and epinephrine‐induced pulmonary thromboembolism mouse model. These results may be attributable to the prevention of thrombus formation and partial lysis of thrombus. Therefore, we suggest that spirulan may be a potential antithrombotic agent for thrombosis‐related diseases.
Hepatotoxicity associated with agomelatine and other antidepressants: Disproportionality analysis using pooled pharmacovigilance data from the Uppsala Monitoring Centre
Authors: Gahr Maximilian , Zeiss René , Lang Dirk , Connemann Bernhard J. , Schönfeldt‐Lecuona Carlos 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSince its marketing approval, the attention to the hepatic side‐effect profile of the antidepressant agomelatine (AGM) has gradually increased. Several cases of severe hepatotoxic adverse drug reactions (ADR) have been reported and the European Medicines Agency has released a safety warning regarding AGM‐associated hepatotoxicity. However, there are insufficient data for an adequate safety assessment of AGM‐related hepatotoxicity. Therefore, we performed a quantitative signal detection analysis using pharmacovigilance data from the Uppsala Monitoring Centre from the WHO that records ADR data from worldwide sources; we calculated reporting odds ratios (ROR) as measures for disproportionality within a case/non‐case approach for AGM and several other antidepressants. AGM was statistically associated with an increased risk of hepatotoxicity (ROR 6.4 [95%CI 5.7–7.2]) as well as both positive controls: amineptine (ROR 38.4 [95%CI 33.8–43.6]) and nefazodone (ROR 3.2 [95%CI 3.0–3.5]). Following amineptine, AGM was associated with the second highest ROR, followed by tianeptine (ROR 4.4 [95%CI 3.6–5.3]), mianserin (ROR 3.6 [95%CI 3.3–3.9]), and nefazodone. These results support the hypothesis that AGM is associated with relevant hepatotoxicity. However, the used data and applied method do not allow a quantitative evaluation of hepatotoxicity or assessment of substance‐specific differences regarding the extent of hepatotoxicity.