bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Grass Infusions as Oviposition Attractants to Aedes (Stegomyia) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Sant’ana Adson L. , Roque Rosemary A. , Eiras Alvaro E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Ovitraps baited with grass infusions were evaluated in the field as oviposition attractants or stimulants for Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes. Significantly higher oviposition by Aedes aegypti (L.) was observed in areas with no vegetation, but intense human presence, whereas Aedes albopictus (Skuse) oviposition was significantly higher in areas with vegetation, regardless of human presence. Ovitraps baited with infusions of Panicum maximum (Jacq.) collected significantly more eggs than controls containing tap water. Moreover, the number of eggs deposited in ovitraps baited with infusion made from fresh, mature leaves was higher compared with dried leaves or fresh, immature leaves. Anaerobically fermented of grass infusions were more attractive than either aerobically fermented or sterilized infusions of P. maximum. The fermentation age of the grass infusion also affected the oviposition response of mosquitoes. Significantly more eggs were deposited in baited ovitraps containing a fresh leaf infusion of P. maximum fermented for 15 or 20 d, compared with the controls. This demonstrates that 15- or 20-d anaerobic fermentation made of fresh, fully mature leaves of P. maximum is the optimum infusion for ovitrap-based Aedes (Stegomyia) surveillance mosquitoes in Brazil. Neglecting to consider these differences in infusion attractiveness may introduce significant variation in surveillance results.
Laboratory Evaluation of Avian Odors for Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Attraction
Authors: Allan S. A. , Bernier U. R. , Kline D. L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Attraction of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Culex tarsalis Coquillett, Culex nigripalpus Theobald, and Aedes aegypti (L.) to avian and other host odors was investigated in a dual-port olfactometer. Although attraction to a human arm was high for Ae. aegypti (&gt;80%) and low for all Culex spp. (&lt;25%), all species responded similarly to a chicken (55.3–73.6%). Responses of Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Cx. nigripalpus to feathers were low (&lt;20%) but greater than to controls. There was no difference in attraction of Cx. tarsalis to feathers or controls. Responses to CO2 (5 ml/min) were low for all species (&lt;15%) except Cx. tarsalis, which were moderate (24.5%). When feathers were combined with CO2, the resulting attraction was additive or lower than responses to feather and CO2 alone for all species except for Cx. tarsalis, which had responses that were three-fold greater than expected if responses were additive. The CO2–feather treatments were less attractive than a chicken for all species. When olfactometer assays were extended from 3 to 20 min, responses by Ae. aegypti significantly increased to a chicken and CO2 and attraction of Cx. quinquefasciatus significantly greater to chickens, CO2, and feathers. None of the volatile compounds previously identified from feathers or uropygial glands tested were attractive. Both feather-rubbed cotton balls and hexane extracts of feathers were attractive and as attractive as feathers; however, ether extracts were not attractive. Feathers clearly contribute to the attraction of host-seeking Culex spp., and future studies will focus on identification of the attractant compounds.
Population Genetics of Ochlerotatus eatoni (Diptera: Culicidae) Endemic Species to Two Macaronesian Islands
Authors: Khadem Mahnaz , Conçalves Ysabel , Mendonça Sandra , Capela Ruben 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Analyses of 11 isoenzyme loci of Ochlerotatus eatoni, endemic to two Macaronesian Islands (Madeira and Tenerife, Canary Islands), revealed substantial genetic structure in the study populations. Samples from sites on the south and north of Madeira displayed a significant reduction of variability compared with those from central Madeira and Tenerife. The Tenerife population exhibited a severe deficit of heterozygosity with similar magnitude across all the loci examined. The complex pattern of variation in Oc. eatoni is because of interplay of breeding structure, genetic drift, and geographical and historical factors. From these findings, we concluded that island colonization by Oc. eatoni was not marked by founder effect.
Larvicidal Activity of Extracts of Ginkgo biloba Exocarp for Three Different Strains of Culex pipiens pallens
Authors: Sun Lixin , Dong Huiqin , Guo Chongxia , Qian Jin , Sun Jing , Ma Lei , Zhu Changliang 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Ethanolic extracts from the Ginkgo biloba L. exocarp from the Chinese ginkgo were assayed against larvae of three strains of Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett. The chemical compositions were detected using a Hewlett-Packard 6890/5973 mass spectrometric detector. The larvicidal bioassay was carried out according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization. The analysis of the essential oil of ginkgo exocarp showed that its major components are ginkgo acid (85.3%) and ginkgo phenolic (5.69%). The larvicidal bioassay showed that extracts of ginkgo exocarp have LC50 of 18.6, 12.7, and 25.0 mg/liter for deltamethrin-susceptible, deltamethrin-resistant, and field strains, respectively. The acute toxicity concentrations of the ginkgo extracts that killed 50% (LD50) of Wistar rats within 2 wk and young carp within 96 h were 4947.2 mg/kg and 557.9 mg/liter, respectively. These results are promising in creating new, effective, and affordable approaches to mosquito control.
Effects of Azadirachtin on the Development and Mortality of Lutzomyia longipalpis Larvae (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)
Authors: Coelho Claudia Alves Andrade , de Souza Nataly Araújo , Feder Maria Denise , Silva Carlos Eugênio da , Garcia Elói de Souza , Azambuja Patricia , Gonzalez Marcelo Salabert , Rangel Elizabeth F. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The effects of azadirachtin A added to the standard diet on the development, mortality, and metamorphosis of Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, 1912 were studied. Concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μg of azadirachtin/mg of diet significantly increased larval mortality in comparison with nontreated insects. Concentrations 0.1 and 1.0 μg blocked the molt of larvae, which remained as third instars until the end of the experiment. The 10 μg/mg concentration resulted in greater molt inhibition. In this group, all insects stopped their development as second instars. Simultaneous addition of ecdysone (1 μg/mg) to the standard diet containing azadirachtin counteracted the effects of azadirachtin on mortality and inhibition of ecdysis. These results indicate that azadirachtin is a potent growth inhibitor of L. longipalpis.
Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae from Mozambique
Authors: Casimiro S. , Coleman M. , Hemingway J. , Sharp B. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Malaria control in the southern part of Mozambique is currently by indoor residual spraying with a carbamate insecticide and by pyrethroid-treated bed-nets distributed to pregnant women and children under five in northern Mozambique. The susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis Patton to pyrethroid, carbamate, organochlorine, and organophosphorus insecticides was determined by World Health Organization adult mosquito susceptibility tests at 17 localities in Mozambique, from March 2000 to July 2002. Biochemical assays were carried out on mosquitoes from the same families to detect shifts in the quantity or activity of enzyme families involved in insecticide detoxification. An. gambiae s.s. from all localities remained fully susceptible to DDT and the organophosphorus insecticide malathion. A low level of pyrethroid resistance was detected in populations in southern Mozambique. Populations outside Maputo province were still susceptible to pyrethroids. Low level resistance to the carbamate propoxur also was detected in An. arabiensis from two localities. Mosquitoes from five of the localities had elevated p450 estimates, compared with the insecticide susceptible Durban strain. The lack of cross-resistance between pyrethroids and DDT in Mozambican populations suggests that a kdr-type target site resistance mechanism has not been selected. Increased frequencies of insecticide insensitive acetylcholinesterase, the target site for carbamates and organophosphates, were found in 16 of the populations tested. Although vector control with bendiocarb is not being compromised by the presence of the acetylcholinesterase mechanism alone, the high level of insensitive acetylcholinesterase unless sensibly managed may have long-term implications for malaria control programs in Mozambique.
Importance of Socioeconomic Status and Tree Holes in Distribution of Aedes Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Authors: Joshi Vinod , Sharma R. C. , Sharma Yogesh , Adha Sandeep , Sharma Keerti , Singh Himmat , Purohit Anil , Singhi Manju 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Immature Aedes mosquitoes were found in domestic, peridomestic, and tree hole habitats within three socioeconomic strata of Jodhpur, a city within an arid area of Rajasthan, India, endemic for dengue. Peridomestic habitats served as a persistent source of Aedes vectors, especially those used for watering cows for religious reasons that were located within high socioeconomic areas. Domestic (indoor) containers within low socioeconomic strata showed a higher container index (27.0%) than periurban areas with cattle sheds (14.3%) or high socioeconomic areas (18.1%). Mosquitoes were collected in tree holes at zoos and gardens supporting several species of monkeys. Six of 67 Aedes albopictus Skuse reared from immatures collected in tree holes tested positive for dengue antigen acquired through vertical transmission, possibly indicating a persistence mechanism for dengue virus within an urban environment.
Role of Corvids in Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Southern California
Authors: Reisen William K. , Barker Christopher M. , Carney Ryan , Lothrop Hugh D. , Wheeler Sarah S. , Wilson Jennifer L. , Madon Minoo B. , Takahashi Richard , Carroll Brian , Garcia Sandra , Fang Ying , Shafii Marzieh , Kahl Nicole , Ashtari Siranoosh , Kramer Vicki , Glaser Carol , Jean Cynthia 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The invasion of different southern California landscapes by West Nile virus (WNV) and its subsequent amplification to epidemic levels during 2004 enabled us to study the impact of differing corvid populations in three biomes: the hot Colorado desert with few corvids (Coachella Valley), the southern San Joaquin Valley (Kern County) with large western scrub-jay but small American crow populations, and the cool maritime coast (Los Angeles) with a large clustered American crow population. Similar surveillance programs in all three areas monitored infection rates in mosquitoes, seroconversion rates in sentinel chickens, seroprevalence in wild birds, numbers of dead birds reported by the public, and the occurrence of human cases. Infection rates in Culex tarsalis Coquillett and sentinel chicken seroconversion rates were statistically similar among all three areas, indicating that highly competent mosquito hosts were capable of maintaining enzootic WNV transmission among less competent and widely distributed avian hosts, most likely house sparrows and house finches. In contrast, infection rates in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say were statistically higher in Kern and Los Angeles counties with elevated corvid populations than in Coachella Valley with few corvids. Spatial analyses of dead corvids showed significant clusters near known American crow roosts in Los Angeles that were congruent with clusters of human cases. In this area, the incidence of human and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus infection was significantly greater within corvid clusters than without, indicating their importance in virus amplification and as a risk factor for human infection. In contrast the uniform dispersion by territorial western scrub-jays resulted in a high, but evenly distributed, incidence of human disease in Kern County.
Use of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems to Predict Locations of Anopheles darlingi-Positive Breeding Sites Within the Sibun River in Belize, Central America
Authors: Achee Nicole L. , Grieco John P. , Masuoka Penny , Andre Richard G. , Roberts Donald R. , Thomas James , Briceno Ireneo , King Russell , Rejmankova Eliska 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Previous studies have identified several anopheline species integral to the transmission of malaria in Belize. The highly efficient vector, Anopheles darlingi Root, is currently considered the most important. The preferred larval habitat of An. darlingi has been described as floating detritus patches, which are commonly associated with overhanging spiny bamboo, Guadua longifolia (E. Fourn.), along river margins. The objectives of this study were to use remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) tools to 1) define the landscape features (i.e., river curvature, land cover, and house locations) associated with An. darlingi-positive breeding habitats and 2) determine the association between cleared land cover and the growth of spiny bamboo. A systematic survey was conducted in which all detritus patches of at least 1 m2 were sampled, mapped using GPS, and characterized by cause of habitat lodging. Bamboo stretches growing along the river margins also were mapped. Spatial analyses of satellite imagery found no associations between river characteristics or land cover with positive An. darlingi habitats. In addition, there was no significant difference in cleared versus forested land cover in relation to the presence or absence of bamboo. Results indicate that the average distance from homes to negative habitats was significantly greater than from positive detritus mats. Based on the land cover and river characteristics used, our results do not support the use of remote sensing as a predictive tool to locate specific areas within rivers positive for An. darlingi habitats.
Impact of Sustained Use of Insecticide-Treated Bednets on Malaria Vector Species Distribution and Culicine Mosquitoes
Authors: Lindblade K. A. , Gimnig J. E. , Kamau L. , Hawley W. A. , Odhiambo F. , Olang G. , Kuile F. O. ter , Vulule J. M. , Slutsker L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) significantly reduce malaria vector populations. Susceptibility to ITNs differs by vector species, and culicine mosquitoes have not been shown to be significantly affected by the use of ITNs. We examined the impact of 2–4 yr of ITN use on malaria vector species distribution and culicine mosquitoes. Routine entomological surveillance was conducted in adjacent areas with and without ITNs from November 1999 to January 2002. Use of ITNs reduced the proportion of Anopheles gambiae Giles relative to Anopheles arabiensis Giles. The number of culicines per house was significantly lower in the ITN area than in the neighboring area. Changes in the An. gambiae sibling species distribution may help to explain apparent mosquito behavioral changes attributed to ITNs. Reductions in culicines by ITNs may have implications for community perceptions of ITN effectiveness and for control of other diseases such as lymphatic filariasis.
Molecular Phylogenetics of Aedes japonicus, a Disease Vector That Recently Invaded Western Europe, North America, and the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Cameron Emilie C. , Wilkerson Richard C. , Mogi Motoyoshi , Miyagi Ichiro , Toma Takako , Kim Heung-Chul , Fonseca Dina M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
We used two mitochondrial loci (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 4 and cytochrome oxidase II) and a nuclear locus (28S-D2 spacer) for a total of 1337 bp to evaluate the relationships among the four subspecies of Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus Theobald. Ae. j. japonicus was recently introduced into the United States and has been expanding rapidly. We also included in our analysis a morphologically very closely related species, Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus Edwards, as well as three more distantly related species: Aedes (Finlaya) togoi Theobald, Aedes (Finlaya) hatorii Yamada, and Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans Meigen. We found that the four subspecies in the Ae. japonicus complex are genetically quite distinct but seem to form a monophyletic group that surprisingly also includes Ae. koreicus, suggesting the need for a taxonomic reconsideration of the group. We also found that the two southern subspecies are more closely related to each other than to any of the remaining subspecies or to Ae. koreicus and may indicate an ancient north-south split of the lineage. Considering the overlap between Ae. j. japonicus and Ae. koreicus, but the stronger association between Ae. koreicus and humans, we are surprised it also has not expanded from its original range. As a proactive reaction to this possibility, we designed and tested a DNA-based rapid assay to differentiate Ae. koreicus from some of the species with which it may be confused in the United States. These Aedes are putative vectors of several important viral encephalitides.
Establishment of Quantitative Sequencing and Filter Contact Vial Bioassay for Monitoring Pyrethroid Resistance in the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius
Authors: Seong Keon Mook , Lee Da-Young , Yoon Kyong Sup , Kwon Deok Ho , Kim Heung Chul , Klein Terry A. , Clark J. Marshall , Lee Si Hyeock 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTwo point mutations (V419L and L925I) in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel α-subunit gene have been identified in deltamethrin-resistant bed bugs. A quantitative sequencing (QS) protocol was developed to establish a population-based genotyping method as a molecular resistance-monitoring tool based on the frequency of the two mutations. The nucleotide signal ratio at each mutation site was generated from sequencing chromatograms and plotted against the corresponding resistance allele frequency. Frequency prediction equations were generated from the plots by linear regression, and the signal ratios were shown to highly correlate with resistance allele frequencies (r2 &gt; 0.9928). As determined by QS, neither mutation was found in a bed bug population collected in 1993. Populations collected in recent years (2007–2009), however, exhibited completely or nearly saturating L925I mutation frequencies and highly variable frequencies of the V419L mutation. In addition to QS, the filter contact vial bioassay (FCVB) method was established and used to determine the baseline susceptibility and resistance of bed bugs to deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin. A pyrethroid-resistant strain showed &gt;9,375- and 6,990-fold resistance to deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin, respectively. Resistance allele frequencies in different bed bug populations predicted by QS correlated well with the FCVB results, confirming the roles of the two mutations in pyrethroid resistance. Taken together, employment of QS in conjunction with FCVB should greatly facilitate the detection and monitoring of pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs in the field. The advantages of FCVB as an on-site resistance-monitoring tool are discussed.
Salivary Gland Thrombostasin Isoforms Differentially Regulate Blood Uptake of Horn Flies Fed on Control- and Thrombostasin-Vaccinated Cattle
Authors: Cupp Mary S. , Cupp Eddie W. , Navarre Christine , Zhang Dunhua , Yue Xin , Todd Latora , Panangala Victor 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThrombostasin (TS) is an anticlotting protein found in saliva of Haematobia irritans (horn flies). The polymorphic nature of the ts gene was first associated with success of horn flies blood feeding on a laboratory host, New Zealand White rabbits. In this study, we report results of similar studies testing blood uptake of horn flies feeding on a natural host, cattle. These studies confirmed the association of ts genotype with blood uptake of horn flies and showed that it was host species specific. In contrast to rabbits, blood uptake volumes of homozygous ts10 horn flies were lower than those of other ts genotypes when fed on control (ovalbumin-vaccinated) cattle. Cattle vaccinated with recombinant protein isoforms, rTS9 or rTB8, resisted horn fly feeding by yielding lower blood volumes compared with flies feeding on control cattle. The specific impact of vaccination, however, varied by ts genotype of flies. Cattle vaccinated with isoform rTS9 resisted flies of ts2, ts9, and tb8 genotype. Vaccination with isoform rTB8 produced resistance to ts8, ts9, and tb8 genotype flies. Horn flies of genotype ts10 were not affected by vaccination with either TS isoform and fed as well on rTS9- and rTB8-vaccinated as on control-vaccinated cattle. These experimental results confirm the efficacy of vaccines targeting horn fly salivary proteins and provide new insight into the dynamics of horn fly-cattle interactions in nature.
Sampling Biases of the BG-Sentinel Trap With Respect to Physiology, Age, and Body Size of Adult Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Ball Tamara S. , Ritchie Scott R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCurrently, Aedes aegypti (L.) control strategies are being developed that involve manipulation of the vector at the adult stage (e.g., the use of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia to shorten the life span of the vector population). These novel strategies demand adult sampling methods to measure changes in population size, structure (age, sex ratio), and, ultimately, the success of the program. Each sampling method presents certain biases. Once these biases are defined, methods used to estimate population size and structure can be calibrated accordingly, resulting in more accurate and complex estimates of the vector population. A series of mark-release-recapture experiments with adult Ae. aegypti were conducted in a large outdoor flight cage and an indoor setting in far north Queensland, Australia. The biases of the BG-Sentinel trap (BGS) were investigated across several categories, as follows: 1) mosquito age; 2) sex; 3) physiological status; and 4) body size. Biases were not detected across age groups or body sizes. A significant bias was detected across physiological groups: nulliparous females were recaptured at a significantly lower rate than all other groups except blood-fed parous females, which were also recaptured at a low rate by the BGS. Males were recaptured at a higher rate than all groups, but only a significant difference in recapture rates was observed between males and nulliparous females. Previous studies show that the BGS is a highly effective tool for Ae. aegypti surveillance. The BGS proves to be a reliable tool in Ae. aegypti surveillance with consistent sampling outcomes. The sampling bias of the BGS is measurable and can be used to generate more accurate estimates of the adult population and its attributes.