bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modalités et enjeux du traitement sous contrainte auprès des toxicomanes
Authors: Quirion Bastien 
Published: January 2015

Cet article propose d’explorer les différentes formes de contrainte qui s’exercent dans le champ de l’intervention auprès des toxicomanes. Nous proposons dans un premier temps de définir l’intervention thérapeutique en insistant sur le fait que toute intervention implique nécessairement l’exercice d’un pouvoir ; d’où l’importance d’étudier le caractère contraignant de l’intervention en toxicomanie. Nous proposons ensuite de distinguer les différents niveaux de contrainte qui peuvent s’exercer sur les personnes manifestant des problèmes de dépendance dans un contexte de soins thérapeutiques. Trois formes de contrainte seront tour à tour exposées, soit la contrainte judiciaire, la contrainte institutionnelle et la contrainte relationnelle. Le caractère coercitif de l’intervention thérapeutique auprès de cette clientèle se manifeste alors par une combinaison variable de ces trois niveaux de contrainte. Ultimement, cet article vise à établir des repères nous permettant de mieux réfléchir aux enjeux éthiques et cliniques qui sont liés au caractère contraignant de la prise en charge thérapeutique des toxicomanes.
A mixture of crushing and segregation: The complexity of grainsize in natural granular flows
Authors: Marks Benjy , Einav Itai 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe interplay between grain crushing and segregation controls the dynamics of dense granular flows that underpin many natural hazards. We address this issue for the first time by developing a simple lattice model with three interacting rules—for grain crushing, mixing, and segregation. In earthquake faults, particles are trapped, they crush and mix, but do not segregate. In this case the model produces power law distributions, consistent with previous models. When segregation by kinetic sieving is added to the model, we predict depth‐dependent lognormal distributions as previously observed, but not explained, in pyroclastic flows, debris flows, rock avalanches, and dry snow avalanches.
A faster numerical scheme for a coupled system modeling soil erosion and sediment transport
Authors: Le M.‐H. , Cordier S. , Lucas C. , Cerdan O. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOverland flow and soil erosion play an essential role in water quality and soil degradation. Such processes, involving the interactions between water flow and the bed sediment, are classically described by a well‐established system coupling the shallow water equations and the Hairsine‐Rose model. Numerical approximation of this coupled system requires advanced methods to preserve some important physical and mathematical properties; in particular, the steady states and the positivity of both water depth and sediment concentration. Recently, finite volume schemes based on Roe's solver have been proposed by Heng et al. (2009) and Kim et al. (2013) for one and two‐dimensional problems. In their approach, an additional and artificial restriction on the time step is required to guarantee the positivity of sediment concentration. This artificial condition can lead the computation to be costly when dealing with very shallow flow and wet/dry fronts. The main result of this paper is to propose a new and faster scheme for which only the CFL condition of the shallow water equations is sufficient to preserve the positivity of sediment concentration. In addition, the numerical procedure of the erosion part can be used with any well‐balanced and positivity preserving scheme of the shallow water equations. The proposed method is tested on classical benchmarks and also on a realistic configuration.
Photoredox Removal of p‐Methoxybenzyl Ether Protecting Group with Hydrogen Peroxide as Terminal Oxidant
Authors: Liu Zheng , Zhang Yi , Cai Zheren , Sun Hao , Cheng Xu 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe report a mild protocol for removal of the p‐methoxybenzyl ether protecting group under acidic conditions with eosin Y combined with LEDs as a photoredox catalysis system and hydrogen peroxide as the terminal oxidant. This protocol is compatible with ethers derived from primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, as well as with various functional groups. The protocol showed unusual selectivity for a tertiary ether over a primary ether. The scale up to gram scale is also explored and identical reactivity is observed.magnified image
Synthesis and Characterization of Secondary Nitrosamines from Secondary Amines Using Sodium Nitrite and p‐Toluenesulfonic Acid
Authors: Miró Sabaté Carles , Delalu Henri 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe synthesized nitrosamines (R2NNO) with R=iPr (1), nPr (2), nBu (3), and hydroxyethyl (4) from the amine using sodium nitrite/p‐toluenesulfonic acid in CH2Cl2. The rate of formation of 1–4 increases in the direction iPr<nPr<nBu<CH2CH2OH. Compounds 1–3 were obtained as colorless solids, whereas 4 is a bright yellow liquid. Compounds 1–4 were characterized by elemental analysis, MS, IR, and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, and 15N) spectroscopies. Additionally, we measured the UV/Vis spectra of all compounds, which show maxima of absorption at approximately 221 nm and molar extinction coefficients between 3043 and 4859 L mol−1 cm−1. We calculated the optimized structures of 1–4 (B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p)) and computed the NMR spectroscopic chemical shifts and infrared frequencies. Furthermore, we carried out a natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of the nitrosamine moiety. Lastly, the compounds described in this work are valuable starting materials for the synthesis of 2‐tetrazenes with potential interest to replace highly toxic hydrazines in rocket propulsion.
Synthesis of Hybrid Hollow Sub‐microspheres Assisted by Pre‐added Colloidal SiO2
Authors: Huang Ting , Wang Chao , Zhang Xinping , Wang Chen , Li Ailing , Qiu Dong 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA novel method was developed to synthesize organic–inorganic hybrid hollow sub‐microspheres (HHSs) through the addition of colloidal SiO2. The hydrolysis rate of 3‐(methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) was accelerated by SiO2 particles; meanwhile, the condensation rate of the hydrolytic species was decelerated. Thus, the hydrolytic monomers and oligomers of MPS were preserved as emulsifiers. These emulsifiers can then emulsify the isopentyl acetate (PEA) to form a steady O/W emulsion. The HHSs were produced by subsequent free radical polymerization and removal of the oil core. The hydrolytic MPS acted as emulsifiers and polymerizable monomers at the emulsification and polymerization stage, respectively. Thus, extra emulsifiers, co‐emulsifiers, and organic monomers were omitted, which simplified the synthesis process. The good dispersion of HHSs in water and oil, as well as the EDX results, indicated the organic–inorganic hybrid structure of HHSs.
A simple, rapid and reliable liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determination of methotrexate in human plasma and its application to therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Wu Dan , Wang Yixuan , Sun Yan , Ouyang Nian , Qian Jun 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA simple, rapid and reliable liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was established and validated for the determination of methotrexate in human plasma. After a straightforward protein precipitation by acetonitrile–water (70:30, v/v), methotrexate (MTX) and p‐aminoacetophenone (used as internal standard, IS) were separated on a Column C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 3 µm; Column Technology, Fremont, CA, USA) using a gradient elution with mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.03% acetic acid aqueous solution at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The total chromatographic runtime was 5 min for each injection. Quantification detection was performed in a triple‐quadruple tandem mass spectrometer under positive mode monitoring the following mass transitions: m/z 455.3 → 308.3 for MTX and m/z 136.1 → 94.4 for IS. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.05–25.0 µmol/L with a lower limit of quantification of 0.05 µmol/L. The intra‐ and interday precisions were <5.2%, the accuracy varied from −4.1 to 4.5%. The recovery was >94%. The LC‐MS/MS method showed an excellent agreement with the existing HPLC‐UV method using Passing–Bablok regression and Bland–Altman difference plot analysis. The validated LC‐MS/MS can be successfully applied to the routine therapeutic drug monitoring of MTX in clinical laboratories. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The combination of Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG and heavy‐ion irradiation provides effective tumor control in human lung cancer cells
Authors: Hirakawa Hirokazu , Fujisawa Hiroshi , Masaoka Aya , Noguchi Miho , Hirayama Ryoichi , Takahashi Momoko , Fujimori Akira , Okayasu Ryuichi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHsp90 inhibitors have become well‐studied antitumor agents for their selective property against tumors versus normal cells. The combined treatment of Hsp90 inhibitor and conventional photon radiation also showed more effective tumor growth delay than radiation alone. However, little is known regarding the combined treatment of Hsp90 inhibitor and heavy‐ion irradiation. In this study, SQ5 human lung tumor cells were used in vitro for clonogenic cell survival and in vivo for tumor growth delay measurement using a mouse xenograft model after 17‐allylamino‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) pretreatment and carbon ion irradiation. Repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) was also assessed along with expressions of DSB repair‐related proteins. Cell cycle analysis after the combined treatment was also performed. The combined treatment of 17AAG and carbon ions revealed a promising treatment option in both in vitro and in vivo studies. One likely cause of this effectiveness was shown to be the inhibition of homologous recombination repair by 17AAG. The more intensified G2 cell cycle delay was also associated with the combined treatment when compared with carbon ion treatment alone. Our findings indicate that the combination of Hsp90 inhibition and heavy‐ion irradiation provides a new effective therapeutic alternative for treatment of solid tumors.
Viologen‐Templated Arrays of Cucurbit[7]uril‐Modified Iron‐Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Benyettou Farah , Nchimi‐Nono Katia , Jouiad Mustapha , Lalatonne Yoann , Milosevic Irena , Motte Laurence , Olsen John‐Carl , Saleh Na'il , Trabolsi Ali 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMagnetic and fluorescent assemblies of iron‐oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were constructed by threading a viologen‐based ditopic ligand, DPV2+, into the cavity of cucurbituril (CB[7]) macrocycles adsorbed on the surface of the NPs. Evidence for the formation of 1:2 inclusion complexes that involve DPV2+ and two CB[7] macrocycles was first obtained in solution by 1H NMR and emission spectroscopy. DPV2+ was found to induce self‐assembly of nanoparticle arrays (DPV2+⊂CB[7]NPs) by bridging CB[7] molecules on different NPs. The resulting viologen‐crosslinked iron‐oxide nanoparticles exhibited increased saturation magnetization and emission properties. This facile supramolecular approach to NP self‐assembly provides a platform for the synthesis of smart and innovative materials that can achieve a high degree of functionality and complexity and that are needed for a wide range of applications.
Long‐term outcomes after surgical or nonsurgical initial therapy for patients with T4 squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx: A 3‐decade survey
Authors: Rosenthal David I. , Mohamed Abdallah S. R. , Weber Randal S. , Garden Adam S. , Sevak Parag R. , Kies Merril S. , Morrison William H. , Lewin Jan S. , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Ginsberg Lawrence E. , Kocak‐Uzel Esengul , Ang K. Kian , Fuller Clifton David 
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUNDThe current study was conducted to evaluate long‐term disease control, survival, and functional outcomes after surgical and nonsurgical initial treatment for patients with T4 larynx cancer.METHODSDemographics, disease stage, and treatment characteristics were reviewed for 221 sequential patients treated for T4 laryngeal squamous cell cancer at a single institution between 1983 and 2011. Survival and disease control outcomes were calculated.RESULTSThe median follow‐up time was 47 months (71 months for patients still alive at the time of analysis). The overall 5‐year and 10‐year overall survival rates were 52% and 29%, respectively, and the corresponding disease‐free survival rates were 57% and 48%, respectively. Overall 5‐year and 10‐year locoregional control rates were 78% and 67%, respectively, and the corresponding rates for freedom from distant metastasis were 76% and 74%, respectively. On both univariate and multivariate analyses, lymph node‐positive disease at the time of presentation was associated with overall mortality (P<.0001). Patients treated with laryngectomy followed by postlaryngectomy radiotherapy (161 patients) achieved better initial locoregional control than patients treated with a laryngeal preservation (LP) approach (60 patients) throughout the follow‐up period (log‐rank P<.007) yet the median overall survival times were equal for both groups (64 months; 95% confidence interval 47‐87 months and 38‐87 months, respectively [P =.7]). Patients treated with an LP approach had a tracheostomy rate of 45% and an any‐event aspiration rate of 23%. Rates of high‐grade dysphagia at the time of last follow‐up were worse for patients treated with an LP approach (P<.01).CONCLUSIONSSurgery and postoperative radiotherapy can produce substantial long‐term cancer control and survival rates for patients with T4 larynx cancer. Caution should be taken when selecting patients for initial nonsurgical treatment because of significant rates of functional impairment despite survival equivalence. Cancer 2015;121:1608–1619. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Hydroxy‐Functionalized Basic Ionic Liquids—An Unexpected “Hydroxy” Effect on the Transesterification of Glycerides with Methanol
Authors: Nowicki Janusz , Nosal Hanna , Muszyński Marcin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNew task‐specific ionic liquids, hydroxy‐functionalized 1‐methyl‐3‐alkylimidazolium hydroxides, were used as catalysts in the transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol. In comparison to the well‐described 1‐methyl‐3‐butylimidazolium hydroxide [bmim]OH, the new ionic liquids show unexpectedly high catalytic activity. In case of the ionic liquid [glymim]OH, which is structurally similar to glycerol, the conversion of rapeseed oil was nearly 100 %.
Naturally rare versus newly rare: demographic inferences on two timescales inform conservation of Galápagos giant tortoises
Authors: Garrick Ryan C. , Kajdacsi Brittney , Russello Michael A. , Benavides Edgar , Hyseni Chaz , Gibbs James P. , Tapia Washington , Caccone Adalgisa 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLong‐term population history can influence the genetic effects of recent bottlenecks. Therefore, for threatened or endangered species, an understanding of the past is relevant when formulating conservation strategies. Levels of variation at neutral markers have been useful for estimating local effective population sizes (Ne) and inferring whether population sizes increased or decreased over time. Furthermore, analyses of genotypic, allelic frequency, and phylogenetic information can potentially be used to separate historical from recent demographic changes. For 15 populations of Galápagos giant tortoises (Chelonoidis sp.), we used 12 microsatellite loci and DNA sequences from the mitochondrial control region and a nuclear intron, to reconstruct demographic history on shallow (past ~100 generations, ~2500 years) and deep (pre‐Holocene, >10 thousand years ago) timescales. At the deep timescale, three populations showed strong signals of growth, but with different magnitudes and timing, indicating different underlying causes. Furthermore, estimated historical Ne of populations across the archipelago showed no correlation with island age or size, underscoring the complexity of predicting demographic history a priori. At the shallow timescale, all populations carried some signature of a genetic bottleneck, and for 12 populations, point estimates of contemporary Ne were very small (i.e., < 50). On the basis of the comparison of these genetic estimates with published census size data, Ne generally represented ~0.16 of the census size. However, the variance in this ratio across populations was considerable. Overall, our data suggest that idiosyncratic and geographically localized forces shaped the demographic history of tortoise populations. Furthermore, from a conservation perspective, the separation of demographic events occurring on shallow versus deep timescales permits the identification of naturally rare versus newly rare populations; this distinction should facilitate prioritization of management action.
Source of error and uncertainty in sheet erosion rates estimated from dendrogeomorphology
Authors: Bodoque José M. , Ballesteros‐Cánovas Juan A. , Lucía Ana , Díez‐Herrero Andrés , Martín‐Duque José F. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDendrogeomorphology has been used since the 1960s to estimate sheet erosion rates. To date, most efforts have focused on accurately determining the first year of root exposure. However, an adequate methodological approach that takes into consideration the microtopography of the ground surface when estimating sheet erosion rates using dendrogeomorphology has not been proposed. In this study, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was used for the first time to examine how changes in microtopography determine the level of certainty in estimates. To this end, highly accurate TLS‐based digital elevation models representing exposed roots and their immediate vicinity were analysed using geographic information system tools. The results indicate that erosion rates calculated using the standard dendrogeomorphic method have been underestimated by up to 29% because the method does not take into account changes to the microtopography caused by the axial and radial pressure of the roots. Another source of uncertainty, which we estimate to be 50%, was also found and is the result of changes in the ground surface microtopography caused by variations in soil roughness. These findings do not invalidate the usefulness of dendrogeomorphology for assessing soil erosion, although they do show the need for correct characterization of the microtopography to guarantee reliability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐way relay framework based on interference cancellation in wireless networks
Authors: Fu Gowin , Li Li , Hu Honglin , Du Yang 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe two‐way relay (TWR) protocols are efficient in providing appreciable throughput gains in wireless networks through the use of network coding to combine packets from multiple channels. The key determinant factor in driving the throughput improvement is the degree of simultaneity achieved in the relay scheme. In this paper, we propose a new TWR protocol named interference cancellation TWR (IC‐TWR), which combines network coding, spatial diversity, and IC techniques to arrive at high degree of simultaneity and in the meanwhile to relax the requirement on channel state information as compared with TWR schemes based on amplify‐and‐forward. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed IC‐TWR is uniformly advantageous over the traditional decode‐and‐forward scheme in terms of system throughput and end‐to‐end delay. The proposed scheme may be useful for system designers of high‐speed multimedia applications in wireless mobile networks, wireless cellular networks, wireless sensor networks, and so on. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Chief village in a nation of villages’: history, race and authority in Tanzania's Dodoma plan
Authors: CALLACI EMILY 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis article explores how notions of African authenticity informed urban planning in post-colonial Africa. It examines an attempt by Tanzania's ruling party to build a new national capital in the sparsely populated region of Dodoma. Paradoxically, Dodoma's planners sought to build a modern African city based on the social principles of the traditional African village. This vision of African village authenticity legitimized Tanzania's ruling party by linking its authority to a purely African, rather than colonial, past. At the same time, it allowed politicians to criminalize urban poverty by attributing it to racial betrayal rather than broader structural failures.
Introduction to the Ronald H. Coase memorial issue
Authors: HODGSON GEOFFREY M. , MÉNARD CLAUDE , SHIRLEY MARY M. , WANG NING 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis is an introduction to the twelve essays in the special memorial issue in honor of Ronald Coase. It includes a brief account of Coase's long life and some of its many achievements. Coase's distinctive, worldly and empirically-grounded approach to economics is highlighted, claiming that it has yielded major theoretical and policy insights. This introduction concludes with a summary of the contributions of the twelve essays.
Haptoglobin phenotype predicts the development of focal and global cerebral vasospasm and may influence outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Leclerc Jenna L. , Blackburn Spiros , Neal Dan , Mendez Nicholas V. , Wharton Jeffrey A. , Waters Michael F. , Doré Sylvain 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating stroke subtype associated with an early age at onset and significant morbidity and mortality. Cerebral vasospasm (CV) is a common complication of SAH and a key contributor to poor outcomes due to the resulting brain ischemia and/or infarction. Blood bioproducts have been implicated in the development of CV, and haptoglobin (Hp), the hemoglobin-binding protein, may aid in attenuating this cascade of toxic effects. Here, we demonstrate that Hp phenotype is an independent risk factor for focal CV, and importantly, for global CV. We also show that Hp phenotype predicts mortality and poor outcomes. Although this work focuses on SAH, we expect that these findings will also apply to other acute neurological conditions.
Ventral aspect of the visual form pathway is not critical for the perception of biological motion
Authors: Gilaie-Dotan Sharon , Saygin Ayse Pinar , Lorenzi Lauren J. , Rees Geraint , Behrmann Marlene 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Perceiving the movements of people around us is critical for many daily skills (from detecting threats to social interactions) and involves both form and motion perception. Even though the “form” visual pathway is standardly activated by biological motion stimuli, it is unknown whether this pathway’s integrity is critical for the perception of biological motion. Here, we examined whether damage to different aspects of the form pathway affects biological motion perception. Individuals with lesions to the ventral aspects of this pathway evinced normal biological motion perception despite their impairments in form perception. Our counterintuitive findings indicate that biological motion can be perceived and processed normally even when the ability to perceive the form or the actor executing the movements is impaired.