bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Types of Innovation
Authors: Garcia Rosanna 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this article we offer an organizing framework, or typology, for the different types of innovations that a firm may create or experience. Because of the plethora of terms used to label innovations, the focus here is on the most widely referenced types of innovations: product/service versus process, radical versus incremental, technological versus administrative, architectural versus modular, and disruptive versus sustaining. Having a common way of conceptualizing innovations provides researchers and managers a foundation for gaining a greater understanding on how to manage different types of innovations in the firms portfolio.
Diffusion of Innovation
Authors: Di Benedetto C. Anthony 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Diffusion of innovation is the process by which an innovative product spreads within a market. Several models have been proposed to describe this process. According to Rogers' model, the diffusion rate is influenced by product characteristics and diffusion progresses by word of mouth. Moore's crossing‐the‐chasm model focuses on differences between customer segments, and notes that word‐of‐mouth may not necessarily flow from early to later adopters. Both Rogers' and Moore's models offer managerial insights and implications. Diffusion models, such as Bass's model of durable goods sales, are often used to predict the rate of diffusion of innovative products into the market. Intriguing questions still remain regarding global diffusion of products.
Consumer Interaction with Novel Interfaces: A Typology of Learning from Product Use
Authors: Ziamou Paschalina Lilia 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A central factor in the adoption of technological innovations is the nature of consumer interaction with new interfaces and how this interaction ultimately impacts adoption. The challenge for firms commercializing novel interfaces is not only to understand how this learning occurs but also to anticipate how they can proactively facilitate consumers' learning process. We propose four types of learning processes that are likely to facilitate adoption: two consumer driven and two firm driven.
The Generations ofR&Dand Innovation Management
Authors: Miller William L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSince 1900, there have been four generations of innovation and R&D management theory and practice. The first three generations were based on a linear model and process that begins with research and but generally does not effectively progress through development to commercialization. The current fourth generation (4G) has twelve new principles that improve the effectiveness and efficiency of innovation and R&D management. The linear model is replaced in 4G with a nonlinear model and iterative nonlinear process in the “front‐end” of innovation. 4G extends the previous model of entrepreneurship to coordinate innovation among a group of suppliers called a “galaxy” in which a set of latent market and industry needs have to be identified and the components of a solution also have to be determined to satisfy the needs. The 4G solution is based on (i) a set of new capabilities for suppliers to deliver a different set of capabilities to customers, (ii) new business models linked among suppliers, and (iii) new market or industry structures. 4G facilitates the discovery of the latent needs and the creation of a solution that can become a dominant design which will govern the radical innovation in a transformed market or industry.
Dual Career Ladders in Organizations
Authors: Weer Christy H. , Greenhaus Jeffrey H. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Organizations with dual career ladders provide technical employees with alternative opportunities for organizational advancement. Technical professionals may choose to advance through one of two ladders – the management ladder or the technical ladder. Ideally, both ladders provide similar career advancement opportunities and organizational rewards. It has been suggested that providing technical professionals with career advancement alternatives can benefit employees as well as organizations. Individuals who work for organizations with dual ladder systems should experience increased job satisfaction and motivation as they are able to pursue the career path that best suits their skills, talents, and desires. Moreover, organizations that successfully implement dual‐ladder systems should be better able to attract and retain key technical professionals. However, dual‐ladder systems have also received criticism. It has been said that in some organizations, dual ladders may indeed be available, however, they are often less than equal in status and rewards. In addition, advancing on the technical side often takes significantly longer than advancing through managerial ranks.
Learning and Experience
Authors: Olk Paul , McGowan Robert 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Effective management of knowledge and how an organization learns from its experiences have become increasingly relevant to most technology‐effective and innovation management issues. Organizational learning has been identified in technology and innovation management research as critical to a firm achieving and sustaining a competitive advantage. We address this development by focusing on what is meant by knowledge, how individual knowledge leads to organizational learning, and the various ways firms learn.
Organizing for Innovation
Authors: Jelinek Mariann 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article summarizes the history of efforts to organize innovation. Organizing for innovation is an apparent oxymoron: “organizing” suggests continuity and reliability, while “innovation” emphasizes change. Efforts to address this dichotomy have drawn on different tools over time, initially beginning with structure, then moving to systems – especially systems for information sharing and authority – and most recently to teams. Contemporary innovation efforts highlight the collaborative, extra‐organizational character of much innovation, where networks of firms cooperate to create new technology, design products and production processes, market and distribute, and provide after‐sales service. Networked teams of partners across organizations, and sophisticated agreements on sharing gains, are the current state of the art, typically making extensive use of digital information sharing and communication, to include online collaboration and virtual meetings, among other technologies.
Evaluating Innovation Projects
Authors: Rice Mark P. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Established enterprises have highly developed and broadly implemented practices for evaluation of projects that support ongoing operations. In contrast, managerial practices for evaluation of innovation projects that embody high uncertainty are often limited and less mature. This article illuminates and discusses the difference in evaluation processes/systems for two different categories of innovation projects: those that support or extend ongoing operations and that are marked by relatively low uncertainty (product/brand support, and derivative or incremental innovation); and those involving more than incremental change with respect to ongoing operations and that are marked by relatively high uncertainty on multiple dimensions (platform, radical, break through, discontinuous, or game‐changing innovation). The questions about project evaluation that are addressed include the following. (i) Why is project evaluation important? (ii) How should project evaluation be conducted? (iii) When should project evaluation occur? (iv) What criteria should be used for project evaluation? (v) Who should engage in project evaluation?
Managing Project–Organization Coupling in Breakthrough Innovation
Authors: Heller Trudy 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe relationship between an innovation project and its host organization is the arena wherein the marrying of the innovation to established organizational capabilities and strategies is consummated. This article explores loosely‐coupled systems as an apt metaphor for this interface.Because the model calls attention tomutual influences of innovators and managers and to ways in which projects and organizations are at once loosened from and coupled to each other, it complements other studies that focus oneitherthe innovation project or the sponsoring organization. Findingsshed light on how to manage the relative independence of innovation projectsfrom their sponsoring corporations.Based on prior studies of 13 innovation projects in two Fortune 500 corporations, everyday actions that loosen and couple innovation projects to the strategy and organizational capabilities of the corporation are identified. Findings include: (i) Ordinary, daily decisions, not just extraordinary actions of champions, determine the relative independence of projects and organizations; (ii) Projects may be given independence at a local level of organization, yet be closely scrutinized by senior management; (iii) Innovators may experience a motivational surge if the innovation project allows them to work with greater independence – or a decrease in motivation if the project work reduces their independence.
Innovation at the National Level
Authors: Peters Lois S. , Narayanan V. K. , O'Connor Gina C. , Tribbitt Mark 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article introduces the reader to the evolution of the concept of innovation systems at the national level. National Innovation systems (NIS) are variously defined as a system for generating and diffusing new technologies or, or as a tool to identify key linkages in the system of technical institutions and other organizations to create and manage innovation. Government support and area of technological focus are two components that contribute to the effectiveness of a national innovation system but they are not a sufficient explanation for high performing systems. Examples of other factors contributing to a nation's innovation are its level of education, its ability to commercialize innovation, and its overall social and cultural climate. NIS policy studies aim to describe and compare the most important institutions, organizations, activities, and interactions of public and private actors that take part in or influence the innovation process of a country. NIS thinking has led to a structurally different view of how government can stimulate the innovation performance of a country. It shifts focus away from labor and wages and draws policy makers' attention to “getting the institutional environment right.”
National Innovation System in Singapore
Authors: Koh Winston , Phan Phillip 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSince independence in 1965, Singapore enjoyed an annual growth averaging 8.5%. According to the Global Competitiveness Report, her economy is consistently ranked in the top 10 globally. Singapore has no external debt, and her foreign exchange reserves of more than US$250 billion ranks as one of the highest in the world. Singapore's development strategy has shifted from emphasizing using technology to creating it through four phases of transition. An industrial take‐off phase from the 1960s to the mid‐1970s, based on technology transfer from foreign MNCs; growth in technological process development supported by local industry to the late‐1980s; rapid expansion of applied R&D and publicly funded R&D institutions to the late‐1990s; and now, an emphasis on high tech start‐ups and technology creation capabilities.
J
apan's National Innovation System
Authors: Watanabe Chihiro , Fukuda Kayano 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Japan's high‐tech miracle as an industrial society up until the end of the 1980s prompts the postulate that coevolutionary dynamism between innovation and institutional systems is decisive for an innovation‐driven economy and that Japan indigenously incorporates a sophisticated capacity in such dynamism. Japanese industry's R&D intensity (R&D expenditure per GDP, gross domestic product) ranks second after Sweden in 30 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development) countries, while its government ratio of R&D to industry R&D is the lowest. This demonstrates Japan's sophisticated capacity to induce vigorous R&D from its industry.
However, Japan's contrasting economic stagnation in an information society, resulting in a “lost decade” in the 1990s, prompts another postulate that such stagnation can be attributed to a system conflict between a new paradigm in an information society and the traditional business model formed by organizational inertia and further that an innovation‐driven economy may stagnate if institutional systems cannot adapt to innovations.
Although Japan's dynamism fell by the wayside in the 1990s, resulting in a lost decade, it reemerged in the early 2000s. This is attributable to the coevolution between indigenous strength developed in an industrial society and the effects of cumulative learning from competitors in an information society. This is based on the hybrid management of technology (MOT) fusing the East (indigenous strength) and the West (learning from what can only be described as a digital economy).
National Innovation System of the
R
ussian Federation
Authors: Cooper Julian 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The Russian Federation possesses a large R&D system in terms of personnel and funding but it is debatable whether it has a national innovation system in the normally understood sense. In terms of personnel the system has contracted to a significant degree since the collapse of the USSR but from an institutional point of view it still retains many features of the Soviet R&D system. State‐owned organisations predominate, budget funding plays a major role and the economy, while now working on market principles, is characterised by poor innovative performance. Furthermore, the share of military R&D remains relatively large. The number of scientists has begun to stabilise but the average age is high and the retention of young specialists is often difficult because of inadequate rates of pay. In recent years the government has devoted considerable attention to improving the R&D system and boosting innovation. New “institutions of development” have been established and the role in research of the higher educational system, relatively weak in Soviet times, has been enhanced. Russia now faces intense competition from China and other emerging economies: boosting the performance of the innovation system has become a central policy goal.
National Innovation System inGermany
Authors: Allen Matthew M.C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article examines the development of Germany innovation system. It focuses on the institutional supports for the development of new products and services. The role of research institutes, funding bodies, political initiatives, educational systems, and vocational training schemes are analyzed. The characteristics of these institutions can often help to explain German competitive strengths in medium‐high‐technology industries. Such industries often require long‐term financing and workers with well‐developed industry skills. The national innovation system in Germany is well placed to provide these resources to companies. However, this can create difficulties for companies in high‐tech industries. Various government initiatives have sought to redress this imbalance. It is too soon to tell how successful those efforts have been.
The Dutch Innovation System: Raising the Lowland?
Authors: van der Duin Patrick 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the last 50 years, the Dutch innovation system has contributed significantly to the country's economic and social prosperity. Its most important strengths are the high quality of its scientific institutions, good access to ICT and the existence of very diversified industrial networks. However, in order to stay innovative. The Dutch innovation system should improve considerably when it comes to topics like the “innovation paradox”, the willingness of Dutch managers to take entrepreneurial risks, the amount of spending (both commercial and governmental) on R&D, and the development of a government policy that is focused more on the process of innovation than on deciding in which innovative opportunities to invest government funds.
Creating Knowledge and Innovation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Tribbitt Mark 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTotal spending by the United Kingdom across universities, research institutes and companies is discussed. Further, this spending is evaluated in terms of its influence on investment in knowledge, scientific performance, and technological performance is examined. In an effort to assess its overall performance as a nation the United Kingdom is compared to three different blocks of countries: (i) major industrialized countries – France, Germany, US, and Japan; (ii) small, high‐tech countries – Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland; and (iii) newcomer countries – Brazil, China, India, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Findings suggest that the United Kingdom is a leader in terms of publication output, but falls behind other nations in terms of patent output in the major science and technology areas of the world.
What are Emerging Technologies?
Authors: Narayanan V. K. , O'Connor Gina C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Emerging technologies is a term used to cover the description of novel technologies, the processes by which they begin to infuse themselves into the commercial market place and the nature of their impact over time. They are arenas where major competitive battles are fought and won. This article also summarizes Perez, who provides a convenient way of describing the emergence process.
The Continuing Economic Potential of Nanotechnology
Authors: Peters Lois S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNanotechnology is an emerging technology that already has had commercial impact and potentially could revolutionize manufacturing and industry ecosystems. Drawing on interviews with company representatives, and discussions with nanotechnology scientists and engineers as well as secondary data, this article reviews the history of scientific developments, patents, products, company activities,nanotech business models, government resources, nanotechnology infrastructure and ethical, legal, social and educational dimensions of the nanotechnology platform to illustrate opportunities and challenges of nanotechnology commercialization. The continuing growth of nanotechnology enabled businesses and products and pace of technological development make observers increasingly convinced that nanotechnology will have a significant impact on society, business, and economic growth.
Open Innovation
Authors: Vanhaverbeke Wim , Roijakkers Nadine 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the past 10 years, numerous interesting articles, book chapters, and books have been written on open innovation strategies in mainly large companies. While closed innovation models have resulted in important breakthrough innovations, many large companies have abandoned vertical integration strategies in recent years and have moved toward a combination of both closed and open innovation models that are used for reaching different sets of innovative goals. The definition of open innovation as proposed by Chesbrough is still the most commonly used notion of the concept. However, several respectable open innovation researchers have added to the theory and have offered valuable extensions to Chesbrough's widely used definition. While the open innovation literature strongly builds on important existing theories of innovation, there are several new contributions of the open innovation literature to the established body of literature: a strong focus on external technology commercialization; the positioning of the business model as the connection between a firm's innovation efforts and strategy; and the appreciation of the value associated with recognizing false negatives. Open innovation strategies are potentially useful in several different settings: in product innovation and in commodities; in high‐tech industries as well as in low‐tech sectors; and in small and large companies. However, research also shows that in all of these settings companies that have the necessary internal conditions in place find open innovation models to be the most useful. For the next 10 years, there are several interesting research themes in open innovation for researchers, both established scholars and young researchers, to explore.
Cloud Computing
Authors: Anandarajan Murugan , Arinze Bay 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Cloud computing is a paradigm shift in which server hardware and software are not located onsite, but instead, accessed over the Internet on demand in a dynamically scalable and virtualized form. In this article, we discuss about cloud computing, the different forms and business/service models it can take, and suggest ways in which those service models should be matched to a subscriber's information processing requirements.
Do Police Officers' Beliefs About Emotional Witnesses Influence the Questions They Ask?
Authors: Kleider‐Offutt Heather M. , Cavrak Sarah E. , Knuycky Leslie R. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryHigh emotional arousal associated with witnessing a crime promotes memory error. Police are trained to use open‐ended questioning (i.e., Cognitive Interview) to guard against contaminating fragile witness memory, but do they follow this protocol? We investigated whether officers' belief about arousal's impact on crime scene memory influenced their questioning procedures. Officers read crime scenarios describing the witness/victim as either emotionally distraught or calm, and then they chose among open‐ended and close‐ended question options for witness interviews. Results showed that emotionally aroused witnesses were asked more closed questions by officers who believed arousal did not hurt memory, while officers who believed arousal negatively impacted memory accuracy asked more open‐ended questions. This relationship was not influenced by police experience. Results suggest that regardless of training and empirical findings, beliefs about the arousal–memory relationship may guide the questioning technique that officers employ, potentially contaminating already vulnerable witness memory. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of polylactide/zinc oxide nanocomposites: influence of surface treatment on zinc oxide antibacterial activities in textile nanocomposites
Authors: Doumbia Awa Soronfé , Vezin Hervé , Ferreira Manuela , Campagne Christine , Devaux Eric 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTPolylactide (PLA)/zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposite filaments were produced with a melt‐spinning process, with the aim of obtaining antibacterial textiles. ZnO, an inorganic antibacterial nanofiller, is used to impart antibacterial properties to PLA. These nanoparticles suit the melt‐spinning process because of their high thermal stability and low granulometry. Generally, metallic oxides (e.g., ZnO) are used to recycle PLA via catalyzed unzipping depolymerization. In this study, we used different ways to finely disperse ZnO in PLA and produce filaments with a minimum degradation of the thermal and mechanical properties. Optimized antibacterial properties were obtained with a fabric containing ZnO with specific surface treatments. The reasons for this better antibacterial activity, related to the study of the antibacterial mechanism of ZnO, were investigated with different characterization techniques [X‐ray, electron probe microanalysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)]. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41776.