bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring functional contexts of symbiotic sustain within lichen-associated bacteria by comparative omics
Authors: Grube Martin , Cernava Tomislav , Soh Jung , Fuchs Stephan , Aschenbrenner Ines , Lassek Christian , Wegner Uwe , Becher Dörte , Riedel Katharina , Sensen Christoph W , Berg Gabriele 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Symbioses represent a frequent and successful lifestyle on earth and lichens are one of their classic examples. Recently, bacterial communities were identified as stable, specific and structurally integrated partners of the lichen symbiosis, but their role has remained largely elusive in comparison to the well-known functions of the fungal and algal partners. We have explored the metabolic potentials of the microbiome using the lung lichen Lobaria pulmonaria as the model. Metagenomic and proteomic data were comparatively assessed and visualized by Voronoi treemaps. The study was complemented with molecular, microscopic and physiological assays. We have found that more than 800 bacterial species have the ability to contribute multiple aspects to the symbiotic system, including essential functions such as (i) nutrient supply, especially nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur, (ii) resistance against biotic stress factors (that is, pathogen defense), (iii) resistance against abiotic factors, (iv) support of photosynthesis by provision of vitamin B12, (v) fungal and algal growth support by provision of hormones, (vi) detoxification of metabolites, and (vii) degradation of older parts of the lichen thallus. Our findings showed the potential of lichen-associated bacteria to interact with the fungal as well as algal partner to support health, growth and fitness of their hosts. We developed a model of the symbiosis depicting the functional multi-player network of the participants, and argue that the strategy of functional diversification in lichens supports the longevity and persistence of lichens under extreme and changing ecological conditions.
Observation of a quantum Cheshire Cat in a matter-wave interferometer experiment
Authors: Denkmayr Tobias , Geppert Hermann , Sponar Stephan , Lemmel Hartmut , Matzkin Alexandre , Tollaksen Jeff , Hasegawa Yuji 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFrom its very beginning, quantum theory has been revealing extraordinary and counter-intuitive phenomena, such as wave-particle duality, Schrödinger cats and quantum non-locality. Another paradoxical phenomenon found within the framework of quantum mechanics is the ‘quantum Cheshire Cat’: if a quantum system is subject to a certain pre- and postselection, it can behave as if a particle and its property are spatially separated. It has been suggested to employ weak measurements in order to explore the Cheshire Cat’s nature. Here we report an experiment in which we send neutrons through a perfect silicon crystal interferometer and perform weak measurements to probe the location of the particle and its magnetic moment. The experimental results suggest that the system behaves as if the neutrons go through one beam path, while their magnetic moment travels along the other.
Audience preferences are predicted by temporal reliability of neural processing
Authors: Dmochowski Jacek P. , Bezdek Matthew A. , Abelson Brian P. , Johnson John S. , Schumacher Eric H. , Parra Lucas C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNaturalistic stimuli evoke highly reliable brain activity across viewers. Here we record neural activity from a group of naive individuals while viewing popular, previously-broadcast television content for which the broad audience response is characterized by social media activity and audience ratings. We find that the level of inter-subject correlation in the evoked encephalographic responses predicts the expressions of interest and preference among thousands. Surprisingly, ratings of the larger audience are predicted with greater accuracy than those of the individuals from whom the neural data is obtained. An additional functional magnetic resonance imaging study employing a separate sample of subjects shows that the level of neural reliability evoked by these stimuli covaries with the amount of blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) activation in higher-order visual and auditory regions. Our findings suggest that stimuli which we judge favourably may be those to which our brains respond in a stereotypical manner shared by our peers.
A self-adaptive method for creating high efficiency communication channels through random scattering media
Authors: Hao Xiang , Martin-Rouault Laure , Cui Meng 
Published: July 2014

AbstractControlling the propagation of electromagnetic waves is important to a broad range of applications. Recent advances in controlling wave propagation in random scattering media have enabled optical focusing and imaging inside random scattering media. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a new method to deliver optical power more efficiently through scattering media. Drastically different from the random matrix characterization approach, our method can rapidly establish high efficiency communication channels using just a few measurements, regardless of the number of optical modes and provides a practical and robust solution to boost the signal levels in optical or short wave communications. We experimentally demonstrated analog and digital signal transmission through highly scattering media with greatly improved performance. Besides scattering, our method can also reduce the loss of signal due to absorption. Experimentally, we observed that our method forced light to go around absorbers, leading to even higher signal improvement than in the case of purely scattering media. Interestingly, the resulting signal improvement is highly directional, which provides a new means against eavesdropping.
Preliminary Validity and Reliability Data on the Wilson Voice Profile System
Authors: Moody Donna K. , Montague Jim , Bradley Bob 
Published: July 2014

The validity and reliability of the Wilson Voice Profile System (WVPS) was assessed by using taped matched voice samples of groups of 20 previously evaluated voice disordered and 20 normal children. A group of 11 trained listener-judges evaluated these vocal samples.
The WVPS results for differentiating normal from abnormal voiced children were similar to those obtained by previous independent voice studies. This suggests voice-disorder identification validity in the WVPS.
Additional results indicated that the WVPS vocal parameters of severity, airloss, tension, and pitch, have high intra- and inter-judge reliability. The other vocal parameters indicated no significant reliability coefficients and were seldom marked by the listener-judges. Implications for evaluation of voice/resonance disorders are discussed.
Serving Children With Limited English Proficiency in the Schools
Authors: Roseberry-McKibbin Celeste A. , Eicholtz Glenn E. 
Published: July 2014

A national survey of public school clinicians (
N
=1,145) was conducted to assess these clinicians' services to limited English proficient (LEP) children. The main findings of the survey follow:

1. The ethnic group served most commonly by clinicians was Hispanic.
2. The type of treatment provided most frequently for LEP children was language treatment.
3. Ninety percent of the respondents did not speak a second language fluently enough to provide services in that language.
4. Approximately 76% of the respondents had no previous coursework or classes addressing services for LEP children.
5. Problems encountered most frequently by the respondents were the lack of appropriate assessment instruments and the inability to speak the languages of the children they served.
In terms of continuing education topics, respondents were most interested in learning about assessment and treatment procedures for LEP children. Eighty-five percent of the respondents indicated that they felt the best service delivery model for the continuing education of LEP children was workshops offered by school districts. They also expressed interest in coursework offered by universities. Implications of the survey findings for the profession are discussed.
The Diagnostic Accuracy of Four Vocabulary Tests Administered to Preschool-Age Children
Authors: Gray Shelley , Plante Elena , Vance Rebecca , Henrichsen Mary 
Published: July 2014

This study examined the empirical evidence for using four vocabulary tests (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III [Dunn & Dunn, 1997], Receptive One-Word Vocabulary Test [Gardner, 1985], Expressive Vocabulary Test [Williams, 1997], Expressive One-Word Vocabulary Test-Revised [Gardner, 1990]) to screen or identify specific language impairment (SLI) in preschool-age children. Tests were administered to 31 4- and 5-year-old children with SLI and 31 age-matched controls with normal language (NL). All children spoke General American English. Despite moderate to strong inter-test correlations, no test was a strong identifier of SLI. The group with SLI scored lower than the NL group on each test; however, the individual scores of children with SLI typically fell within the normal range.
Vocabulary tests are frequently administered to determine whether a child’s language skills require further evaluation (screening), as a method of identifying SLI in children, or simply to describe aspects of language functioning. These purposes for administering a vocabulary test require various forms of empirical evidence in support of their use. Our data support construct validity for the four vocabulary tests examined, but do not support their use for identification purposes. Clinicians must apply a degree of sophistication in evaluating the evidence presented for test validity relative to the purposes for which the test will be administered. Unfortunately, although many test manuals offer inter-test correlations or statistically significant group differences as evidence of construct validity, they often omit data that would support common clinical uses, such as screening or identification.
Linguistic Influences on the Emergence of Written Word Decoding in First Grade
Authors: Swank Linda K. 
Published: July 2014

This longitudinal investigation examined the linguistic influences on the emergence of written word decoding in a group of typically developing first-grade children. Sixty children were administered tasks that measured phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic abilities as well as literacy and alphabet knowledge during the first quarter of their kindergarten year. Subjects were then given measures of written word decoding in the fourth quarter of the first-grade year.
Fixed-order regression analyses indicated that the phonological and orthographic factors contributed the most variance to written word decoding. A meaning factor also contributed significant variance to written word decoding. This latter finding challenges previous research that identifies phonological and orthographic variables as the sole influence on written word decoding. It is argued that, in teaching written word decoding skills, a focus on only form (i.e., phonological and orthographic knowledge) to the exclusion of meaning may result in less efficient decoding and subsequently may result in less competent reading comprehension.
Otoacoustic Emissions
Authors: Glattke Theodore J. , Kujawa Sharon G. 
Published: July 2014

Otoacoustic emissions are low-intensity sounds that are produced in the cochlea and transmitted through the middle ear apparatus to the ear canal. They can be detected and extracted from the background noise in the ear canal through the use of a sensitive microphone and selective filtering or averaging techniques. The technical aspects of emission recording are very similar to those associated with the detection and capture of auditory evoked potentials. Emissions provide an acoustic link to a physiological window through which we can view the auditory periphery using frequency-specific stimuli that are presented at low and moderate intensities. The window provides an opportunity to examine cochlear activity that occurs prior to stimulation of the nervous system.Tonal emissions occur spontaneously in approximately 40% of people who have normal thresholds for pure-tone stimuli. SOAE and other types of emissions may be influenced by both ipsilateral and contralateral stimuli. One form of interaction results in suppression of the emission, and the tuning patterns associated with suppression of emissions by ipsilateral stimuli have characteristics that are similar to tuning patterns associated with single cochlear hair cells and individual neurons of the auditory nerve. These findings and other lines of evidence support the conclusion that an emission having tonal characteristics is produced from a very restricted region of the cochlear partition.Emissions may be evoked by brief click or tonal stimuli, and by continuous tonal stimuli, in virtually all individuals who have normal pure-tone thresholds and uncompromised middle ear systems. The EOAE are compromised by conditions that compromise the function of the cochlea, and they hold promise as tools that might be employed in screening for hearing loss. Preliminary findings suggest that screening employing TEOAE produces a yield that is similar to that produced by screening programs based on auditory brainstem responses. Emissions may offer advantages over current screening methods because of the ease with which they can be recorded and their apparent independence from neurological influence.Many questions regarding the origin and nature of emissions remain unanswered, but they appear to offer great sensitivity to the status of the auditory periphery. DPOAE provide an opportunity to scan the cochlear partition from base to apex with frequency-specific stimuli, and give the examiner a detailed view of the status of the end organ. The study of DPOAE holds great promise in refinement of site of lesion identification. It is exciting to witness the development of a tool to help clinical examiners probe the function of the previously inaccessible cochlea.
Audiologic Findings in Hyperacusic and Nonhyperacusic Subjects
Authors: Brandy William T. , Lynn James M. 
Published: July 2014

This study compared pure-tone threshold data, acoustic reflex threshold data, and loudness growth data for a group of 25 hyperacusic male subjects vs. a group of 13 nonhyperacusic male subjects. Pure-tone thresholds and acoustic reflex thresholds were obtained in 5-dB steps, using revised Hughson-Westlake procedures. Loudness growth functions were obtained with a fractionation (method of adjustment) procedure whereby the subjects doubled loudness, using a 1-dB step attenuator.
Results suggest that loudness growth was significantly different for the hyperacusic subjects compared to the nonhyperacusic subjects, but no significant differences in pure-tone thresholds or acoustic reflex thresholds were observed. When the hyperacusic group was divided into subgroups, however, the endocrine disorder subgroup had significantly lower acoustic reflex thresholds compared to the other subgroups of hyperacusic subjects. No other significant differences among the subgroups were noted.
Objective Indices of Severity of Chronic Aphasia in Stroke Patients
Authors: Smith Aaron 
Published: July 2014

Standardized language tests of 78 stroke patients with chronic aphasia indicated: (1) All four language components were impaired in all 78 aphasics. (2) The severity of comprehension defect generally reflected the severity of overall language impairment. (3) In hemiplegics and nonhemiplegics, writing was more severely impaired than speech, comprehension, and reading. (4) Severity of language defects increased with advancing age. (5) Residual language functions in highly educated aphasics were greater than those in less educated aphasics. (6) Left-handed adults are less likely than dextrals to sustain chronic aphasia as a result of cerebrovascular lesions. (7) Patterns of associated language defects did not coincide with the traditional dichotomy of Broca’s “motor” vs Wernicke’s “sensory” and “conduction” aphasia as originally described.
Marked impairment in visual ideational, spatial, and memory functions characteristic of deficits resulting from right posterior lesions was associated with severe comprehension defects. Since the same finding was consistently reported in several earlier studies, the results suggest that (1) cerebrovascular lesions resulting in chronic aphasia involve the nondominant as well as the left hemisphere more frequently than is commonly believed, and (2) the nondominant hemisphere plays a significant role in auditory comprehension and in recovery of language functions in aphasia.
Speech-Related Reaction Times of Stutterers and Nonstutterers
Authors: Bakker Klaas , Brutten Gene J. 
Published: July 2014

Speech-related reaction time measures (laryngeal premotor and adjustment time for /a/, labial initiation and physiological voice onset time for /pa/) and fluency-related measures (number of stutterings, number of normal disfluencies, and time needed to complete an oral reading) of 24 stutterers and a like number of nonstutterers were assessed to determine their diagnostic discriminative power.
Discriminant analysis showed that stutterers were most effectively differentiated from normally fluent speakers by the total number of stutterings and normal disfluencies during oral reading and by the duration of laryngeal adjustments prior to cued phonation. Factor analysis revealed that the fluency failure and reaction time measures clustered independently for both stutterers and nonstutterers. These findings suggest that both fluency failures and the duration of laryngeal adjustment time are useful diagnostic measures for discriminating stutterers from those who are normally fluent.
Phoneme—Sound Generalization as a Function of Phoneme Similarity and Verbal Unit of Test and Training Stimuli
Authors: Winitz Harris , Bellerose Betty 
Published: July 2014

Phoneme generalization as a function of phoneme similarity and the verbal unit in which the phonemes appeared was investigated. Subjects were children from the first and second grades. For all ten pretraining trials correct responses were reinforced. The test trial was presented on the eleventh trial. For all conditions the test and training stimuli were presented as part of a syllable and in some cases the syllables were words. Test and training stimuli were formed by altering the initial consonant of the syllables. For all conditions the training stimuli were either /c/ or /θ/ and the test stimuli were one of the following: /t∫/, /s/, /θ/, and /t/.
The results indicated that stimulus generalization occurred with the test stimuli /t∫/ and /s/. The verbal unit of the test and training stimuli was found to influence generalization, although the findings were not consistent for the experimental sounds employed in the present study. It was also found that stimulus generalization can, for the most part, be maintained with reinforcement.
Auditory Perceptual Thresholds in Brain-Injured Children
Authors: Grey Howard A. , D’Asaro Michael J. , Sklar Maurice 
Published: July 2014

This study investigated the effects of congenital brain injury alone, or in combination with sensori-neural hearing loss, upon figure-ground thresholds for spondees in young children.
Forty-eight subjects were selected from four diagnostic categories: (1) brain injured, normally hearing; (2) brain-injured, hearing-handicapped, (3) non-brain-injured, normally hearing; and (4) non-brain-injured, hearing-handicapped. Brain-injured and non-brain-injured subjects were matched for pure-tone thresholds. Selected spondees were presented bilaterally, first in quiet then in a background of white noise.
Results indicated no effect upon speech thresholds by brain injury, and no apparent interaction between brain injury and hearing impairment.
Effect of the Acoustic Reflex on the Impedance at the Eardrum
Authors: Feldman Alan S. , Zwislocki Jozef 
Published: July 2014

Seventeen ears of 12 subjects with normal hearing were tested in both a laboratory and a clinical setting to study impedance changes in normal human ears associated with the acoustic reflex. Compliance and resistance at the eardrum were measured with middle ear muscles relaxed and contracted by means of a contralateral noise stimulus, respectively.
The reflex induced impedance changes were compared to similar impedance data obtained by other investigators, and to typical otosclerotic impedance values. The reflex is shown to affect the impedance by a decrease in compliance and a slight decrease in resistance.
The Effects of Three Types of Stimulation on Articulatory Responses of Speech Defective Children
Authors: Smith Myrna W. , Ainsworth Stanley 
Published: July 2014

An analysis was made of the effects of three methods of stimulation on the responses elicited from the first grade school children. Forty children (25 males and 15 females) who had defective articulation were used as the subjects. Three methods of stimulation were used: picture stimulus, auditory stimulus, and auditory-visual stimulus with ten selected consonant sounds.
The children did not have the same number of articulatory errors when tested by the three methods. More errors were elicited from both males and females by the Picture Stimulus Method. This result was obtained with regard to the total errors and when the three methods were compared with regard to the initial, medial and final positions. Fewer errors were identified by the Auditory Stimulus Method. The least number of errors was found by the Auditory-Visual Stimulus Method.
The Effect of Response Contingent Verbal Punishment on Stuttering
Authors: Quist Raymond W. , Martin Richard R. 
Published: July 2014

The effects of response contingent “wrong” on stuttering were studied in three adult male stutterers. Each subject’s stuttering baserate was obtained, then “wrong” was made contingent on each stuttering.
For two subjects, “wrong” occasioned a 30% to 40% reduction in stuttering frequency. For a third subject, response contingent “wrong” produced almost total suppression of stuttering, removal of “wrong” was followed by a return to baserate frequency, and reintroduction of “wrong” resulted in an immediate and dramatic reduction in stuttering.
Sensory Modality and Object-Naming in Aphasia
Authors: Goodglass Harold , Barton Melvin I. , Kaplan Edith F. 
Published: July 2014

Twenty-seven aphasics, 12 right-brain-injured, and 12 normal subjects were presented with 16 objects for tactile naming, 16 for auditory naming, and 16 for olfactory naming. All 48 objects were also presented for visual naming. Comparison between groups was based on the percentage difference in response latencies between naming by vision and naming by each of the other modalities. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences. The order of increasing difficulty of stimuli was the same for all groups, with aphasics showing consistently larger differences in latency than the other two groups. With few exceptions, the aphasics' naming scores were less than 1 SD unit apart in all modalities.
It was concluded that a modality nonspecific process intervenes between stimulus presentation and naming.