bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the pathology of schizophrenia: recent advances from the study of the molecular architecture of postmortem CNS tissue
Authors: Dean B 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The use of central nervous system (CNS) tissue obtained postmortem has long underpinned efforts to understand the neurobiology of schizophrenia, but the ability to use such tissue in conjunction with a wide variety of methodologies has seen a renaissance of interest in this area of research. Recent findings have shown changes in markers in a number of neurotransmitter systems in the brains of subjects with schizophrenia which include the dopaminergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems of the CNS. Many of these changes also appear to be regionally specific, and abnormalities in non-neurotransmitter specific pathways have been found in schizophrenia. Changes in the neurotransmitter release pathways in schizophrenia may be important in the pathology of the illness, and recent findings suggest that abnormalities in the Wnt pathway, which controls transcription selectivity in cells, may be involved. Studies using CNS material obtained postmortem clearly show that the pathology of schizophrenia is complex while the polygenetic nature of the illness may be adding to this complexity.
Bacille Calmette-Guérin lymphadenitis
Authors: Goraya J S , Virdi V S 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) lymphadenitis is the most common complication of BCG vaccination. Two forms of BCG lymphadenitis can be recognised in its natural course—simple or non-suppurative lymphadenitis, which usually regresses spontaneously over a period of few weeks, and suppurative BCG lymphadenitis distinguished by the development of fluctuations in the swelling, with erythema and oedema of overlying skin. Healing in suppurative glands occurs through spontaneous perforation and sinus formation, followed by closure of the sinus by cicatrisation. Non-suppurative BCG lymphadenitis is best managed with expectant follow ups only, because medical treatment with erythromycin or antituberculous drugs do not hasten the regression or prevent development of suppuration. Suppurative BCG lymphadenitis may be treated by needle aspiration to hasten resolution and prevent spontaneous perforation and sinus formation. Surgical excision is rarely needed and is meant for cases of failed needle aspiration or for draining BCG nodes.
THE WEAK INTERACTION: ITS HISTORY AND IMPACT ON PHYSICS
Authors: LEE T. D. 
Published: July 2002

It is a pleasure and an honor for me to give this lecture in honor of Oscar Klein who made major contributions to field theory, quantum electrodynamics and particle physics, including weak interactions. He was the first one to observe that the μ decay and the β decay could be described by the same interaction with the same coupling constant; this led to the discovery of the Universal Fermi Interaction. Perhaps I should begin my discussion of the history of weak interactions by separating it into three periods: (1) Classical Period, 1898–1949. (2) Transition Period, 1949–1956. (3) Modern Period, 1956–.
DOES LIOUVILLE'S THEOREM IMPLY QUANTUM MECHANICS?
Authors: SYROS C. 
Published: July 2002

The essentials of quantum mechanics are derived from Liouville's theorem in statistical mechanics. An elementary solution, g, of Liouville's equation helps to construct a differentiable N-particle distribution function (DF), F(g), satisfying the same equation. Reality and additivity of F(g): (i) quantize the time variable; (ii) quantize the energy variable; (iii) quantize the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution; (iv) make F(g) observable through time-elimination; (v) produce the Planck constant; (vi) yield the black-body radiation spectrum; (vii) support chronotopology introduced axiomatically; (viii) the Schrödinger and the Klein–Gordon equations follow. Hence, quantum theory appears as a corollary of Liouville's theorem. An unknown connection is found allowing the better understanding of space-times and of these theories.
Application of ESR to High-Tc Superconductors and Related Materials: I. ESR Study of Cu2+ as a Probe of Crystal Growth Rates of Y2BaCuOy at High Temperatures
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Arai N. , Hotta K. , Sugawara K. , Hirose H. 
Published: July 2002

A number of pellets with nominal concentration ratio of Y:Ba:Cu =2:1:1 have been sintered in air at temperatures between 800°C and 1400°C for 1 min ~24 h. The heat-treated samples were quenched to room temperature and the crystal growth rates of Y 2 BaCuO y≃5 were measured using ESR of Cu 2+. Systematic data on the growth rates were taken as a function of heat-treatment temperature and period.
TOWARDS A UNIFIED VERSION MODEL USING THE RESOURCE DESCRIPTION FRAMEWORK (RDF)
Authors: KITCHAROENSAKKUL SUPANAT , WUWONGSE VILAS 
Published: July 2002

Version control, a fundamental component of Software Configuration Management (SCM) — a key mechanism for software development especially in large-scale systems — lacks a unified foundation for interchangeability, interoperability, and integrability. A practical solution of such problems is not readily achieved because version controls of different SCM systems employ various version models. Hence a single unified version model is required. The work develops a single formalism to model major version control approaches as well as a prototype system. Its architecture is based on a federated SCM architecture and introduces a new SCM foundation which contains two layers: unified SCM representation and computation, based on the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Equivalent Transformation computational model, respectively. The evolution of software objects, their relationships as well as team cooperation strategies can be uniformly expressed under the representation layer. The computational layer is briefly mentioned for framework demonstration. Finally, a simple prototype system is presented.
Profiles in computing: Allan L. Scherr
Authors: Frenkel Karen A. 
Published: July 2002

"Most of the work I've done has been done to break things into existence that didn't exist before. . . . In a sense, my whole career's been about building organizations that didn't exist before, creating processes to do things that have never been done before, and solving technical problems that hadn't been solved before. The work I did at MIT was that way as well. There was no real foundation to build on, and I had to make it up as I went along. That's characterized, if not my whole career, at least the parts of my career that I consider the most rewarding."
"Pioneers are also the people that get arrows shot through them. That's the downside, and I've had my share of arrows pulled out of my hide."
Anthropology of Tourism: Forging New Ground for Ecotourism and Other Alternatives
Authors: Stronza Amanda 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Tourism is relevant to many theoretical and real-world issues in anthropology. The major themes anthropologists have covered in the study of tourism may be divided conceptually into two halves: One half seeks to understand the origins of tourism, and the other reveals tourism's impacts. Even when taken together, these two approaches seem to produce only a partial analysis of tourism. The problem is that most studies aimed at understanding the origins of tourism tend to focus on tourists, and most research concerning the impacts of tourism tend to focus on locals. The goal of future research should be to explore incentives and impacts for both tourists and locals throughout all stages of tourism. This more holistic perspective will be important as we explore the ways in which ecotourism and other alternative forms of tourism can generate social, economic, and environmental benefits for local communities while also creating truly transformative experiences for tourists.Tourism has some aspects of showbiz, some of international trade in commodities; it is part innocent fun, part a devastating modernizing force. Being all these things simultaneously, it tends to induce partial analysis only.     Victor Turner, 1974
The Evolution of Rotating Stars
Authors: Maeder André , Meynet Georges 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  In this article we first review the main physical effects to be considered in the building of evolutionary models of rotating stars on the Upper Main-Sequence (MS). The internal rotation law evolves as a result of contraction and expansion, meridional circulation, diffusion processes, and mass loss. In turn, differential rotation and mixing exert a feedback on circulation and diffusion, so that a consistent treatment is necessary.We review recent results on the evolution of internal rotation and the surface rotational velocities for stars on the Upper MS, for red giants, supergiants, and W-R stars. A fast rotation enhances the mass loss by stellar winds and, conversely, high mass loss removes a lot of angular momentum. The problem of the breakup or Ω-limit is critically examined in connection with the origin of Be and LBV stars. The effects of rotation on the tracks in the HR diagram, the lifetimes, the isochrones, the blue-to-red supergiant ratios, the formation of Wolf-Rayet stars, and the chemical abundances in massive stars as well as in red giants and AGB stars are reviewed in relation to recent observations for stars in the Galaxy and Magellanic Clouds. The effects of rotation on the final stages and on the chemical yields are examined, along with the constraints placed by the periods of pulsars. On the whole, this review points out that stellar evolution is not only a function of mass M and metallicity Z, but of angular velocity Ω as well.
Physicochemical Foundations and Structural Design of Hydrogels in Medicine and Biology
Authors: Peppas N. A. , Huang Y. , Torres-Lugo M. , Ward J. H. , Zhang J. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Hydrogels are cross-linked hydrophilic polymers that can imbibe water or biological fluids. Their biomedical and pharmaceutical applications include a very wide range of systems and processes that utilize several molecular design characteristics. This review discusses the molecular structure, dynamic behavior, and structural modifications of hydrogels as well as the various applications of these biohydrogels. Recent advances in the preparation of three-dimensional structures with exact chain conformations, as well as tethering of functional groups, allow for the preparation of promising new hydrogels. Meanwhile, intelligent biohydrogels with pH- or temperature-sensitivity continue to be important materials in medical applications.
ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE CRETACEOUS FLOWERING PLANT RADIATION
Authors: Wing Scott L. , Boucher Lisa D. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The first flowering plant fossils occur as rare, undiverse pollen grains in the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian-Hauterivian). Angiosperms diversified slowly during the Barremian-Aptian but rapidly during the Albian-Cenomanian. By the end of the Cretaceous, at least half of the living angiosperm orders were present, and angiosperms were greater than 70% of terrestrial plant species globally. The rapid diversification of the group, and its dominance in modern vegetation, has led to the idea that the Cretaceous radiation of angiosperms also represents their rise to vegetational dominance. Paleoecological data cast a different light on the Cretaceous radiation of angiosperms. Analyses of sedimentary environments indicate that angiosperms not only originated in unstable habitats but remained centered there through most of the Cretaceous. Morphology of leaves, seeds, and wood is consistent with the status of most Cretaceous angiosperms as herbs to small trees with early successional strategy. The diversification of flowering plants in the Cretaceous represents the evolution of a highly speciose clade of weeds but not necessarily a major change in global vegetation.
The Role of Segmentation in Phonological Processing: An fMRI Investigation
Authors: Burton Martha W. , Small Steven L. , Blumstein Sheila E. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Phonological processes map sound information onto higher levels of language processing and provide the mechanisms by which verbal information can be temporarily stored in working memory. Despite a strong convergence of data suggesting both left lateralization and distributed encoding in the anterior and posterior perisylvian language areas, the nature and brain encoding of phonological subprocesses remain ambiguous. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRT) to investigate the conditions under which anterior (lateral frontal) areas are activated during speech-discrimination tasks that differ in segmental processing demands. In two experiments, subjects performed “same/ different” judgments on the first sound of pairs of words. In the first experiment, the speech stimuli did not require overt segmentation of the initial consonant from the rest of the word, since the “different” pairs only varied in the phonetic voicing of the initial consonant (e.g., dip-tip). In the second experiment, the speech stimuli required segmentation since “different” pairs both varied in initial consonant voicing and contained different vowels and final consonants (e.g., dip-ten). These speech conditions were compared to a tone-discrimination control condition. Behavioral data showed that subjects were highly accurate in both experiments, but revealed different patterns of reaction-time latencies between the two experiments. The imaging data indicated that whereas both speech conditions showed superior temporal activation when compared to tone discrimination, only the second experiment showed consistent evidence of frontal activity. Taken together, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 suggest that phonological processing per se does not necessarily recruit frontal areas. We postulate that frontal activation is a product of segmentation processes in speech perception, or alternatively, working memory demands required for such processing.
Visualization and Measurement of the Cortical Surface
Authors: Wandell Brian A. , Chial Suelika , Backus Benjamin T. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Much of the human cortical surface is obscured from view by the complex pattern of folds, making the spatial relationship between different surface locations hard to interpret. Methods for viewing large portions of the brain's surface in a single flattened representation are described. The flattened representation preserves several key spatial relationships between regions on the cortical surface. The principles used in the implementations and evaluations of these implementations using artificial test surfaces are provided. Results of applying the methods to structural magnetic resonance measurements of the human brain are also shown. The implementation details are available in the source code, which is freely available on the Internet.
Abnormal Functional Activation During a Simple Word Repetition Task: A PET Study of Adult Dyslexics
Authors: McCrory Eamon , Frith Uta , Brunswick Nicola , Price Cathy 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Eight dyslexic subjects, impaired on a range of tasks requiring phonological processing, were matched for age and general ability with six control subjects. Participants were scanned using positron emission tomography (PET) during three conditions: repeating real words, repeating pseudowords, and rest. In both groups, speech repetition relative to rest elicited widespread bilateral activation in areas associated with auditory processing of speech; there were no significant differences between words and pseudowords. However, irrespective of word type, the dyslexic group showed less activation than the control group in the right superior temporal and right post-central gyri and also in the left cerebellum. Notably, the right anterior superior temporal cortex (Brodmann's area 22 [BA 22]) was less activated in each of the eight dyslexic subjects, compared to each of the six control subjects. This deficit appears to be specific to auditory repetition as it was not detected in a previous study of reading which used the same sets of stimuli (Brunswick, N., McCrory, E., Price, C., Frith, C.D., & Frith, U. [1999]. Explicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics: A search for Wernicke's Wortschatz? Brain, 122, 1901-1917). This implies that the observed neural manifestation of developmental dyslexia is task-specific (i.e., functional rather than structural). Other studies of normal subjects indicate that attending to the phonetic structure of speech leads to a decrease in right-hemisphere processing. Lower right hemisphere activation in the dyslexic group may therefore indicate less processing of non-phonetic aspects of speech, allowing greater salience to be accorded to phonological aspects of attended speech.
Visual Imagery in Hemianopic Patients
Authors: Gbadamosi Joystone , Zangemeister Wolfgang H. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In this article we report some findings about visual imagery in patients with stable homonymous hemianopia compared to healthy control subjects. These findings were obtained by analyzing the gaze control through recording of eye movements in different phases of viewing and imagery. We used six different visual stimuli for the consecutive viewing and imagery phases. With infrared oculography, we recorded eye movements during this presentation phase and in three subsequent imagery phases in absence of the stimulus. Analyzing the basic parameters of the gaze sequences (known as “scanpaths”), we discovered distinct characteristics of the “viewing scanpaths” and the “imagery scanpaths” in both groups, which suggests a reduced extent of the image within the cognitive representation. We applied different similarity measures (string/vector string editing, Markov analysis). We found a “progressive consistency of imagery,” shown through raising similarity values for the comparison of the late imagery scanpaths. This result suggests a strong top-down component in picture exploration: In both groups, healthy subjects and hemianopic patients, a mental model of the viewed picture must evolve very soon and substantially determine the eye movements. As our hemianopic patients showed analogous results to the normal subjects, we conclude that these patients are well adjusted to their deficit and, despite their perceptual defect, have a preserved cognitive representation, which follows the same top-down vision strategies in the process of visual imagery.
Visual Categorization and Object Representation in Monkeys and Humans
Authors: Sigala N. , Gabbiani F. , Logothetis N. K. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We investigated the influence of a categorization task on the extraction and representation of perceptual features in humans and monkeys. The use of parameterized stimuli (schematic faces and fish) with fixed diagnostic features in combination with a similarity-rating task allowed us to demonstrate perceptual sensitization to the diagnostic dimensions of the categorization task for the monkeys. Moreover, our results reveal important similarities between human and monkey visual subordinate categorization strategies. Neither the humans nor the monkeys compared the new stimuli to class prototypes or based their decisions on conditional probabilities along stimulus dimensions. Instead, they classified each object according to its similarity to familiar members of the alternative categories, or with respect to its position to a linear boundary between the learned categories.
Testing the Efficiency and Independence of Attentional Networks
Authors: Fan Jin , McCandliss Bruce D. , Sommer Tobias , Raz Amir , Posner Michael I. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In recent years, three attentional networks have been defined in anatomical and functional terms. These functions involve alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Reaction time measures can be used to quantify the processing efficiency within each of these three networks. The Attention Network Test (ANT) is designed to evaluate alerting, orienting, and executive attention within a single 30-min testing session that can be easily performed by children, patients, and monkeys. A study with 40 normal adult subjects indicates that the ANT produces reliable single subject estimates of alerting, orienting, and executive function, and further suggests that the efficiencies of these three networks are uncorrelated. There are, however, some interactions in which alerting and orienting can modulate the degree of interference from flankers. This procedure may prove to be convenient and useful in evaluating attentional abnormalities associated with cases of brain injury, stroke, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit disorder. The ANT may also serve as an activation task for neuroimaging studies and as a phenotype for the study of the influence of genes on attentional networks.
Deactivation of Sensory-Specific Cortex by Cross-Modal Stimuli
Authors: Laurienti Paul J. , Burdette Jonathan H. , Wallace Mark T. , Yen Yi-Fen , Field Aaron S. , Stein Barry E. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Visual and auditory cortices traditionally have been considered to be “modality-specific.” Thus, their activity has been thought to be unchanged by information in other sensory modalities. However, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present experiments revealed that ongoing activity in the visual cortex could be modulated by auditory information and ongoing activity in the auditory cortex could be modulated by visual information. In both cases, this cross-modal modulation of activity took the form of deactivation. Yet, the deactivation response was not evident in either cortical area during the paired presentation of visual and auditory stimuli. These data suggest that cross-modal inhibitory processes operate within traditional modality-specific cortices and that these processes can be switched on or off in different circumstances.
Neural Evidence Linking Visual Object Enumeration and Attention
Authors: Sathian K. , Simon Tony J. , Peterson Scott , Patel Gargi A. , Hoffman John M. , Grafton Scott T. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Visual object enumeration is rapid and accurate for four or fewer items but slow and error-prone for over four items. This dichotomy has recently been linked to visual attentional phenomena by findings suggesting that “subitizing” of small sets of objects is preattentive whereas “counting” of over four items demands spatial shifts of attention. We evaluated this link at a neural level, using H2 15O positron emission tomography to measure changes in regional cerebral blood flow while subjects enumerated the number of target vertical bars that “popped out”of a 16-bar visual display consisting of both horizontal and vertical bars. Relative to a condition with a single target, subitizing (one to four targets) activated foci in the occipital extras-triate cortex, consistent with involvement of early, preattentive visual processes. Relative to subitizing, counting (five to eight targets) activated a widespread network of brain regions, including multiple foci implicated in shifting visual attention— large regions of the superior parietal cortex bilaterally and a focus in the right inferior frontal cortex. These results offer the first direct neural support for mapping the subitizing-counting dichotomy onto separable processes mediating preattentive vision and shifts of visual attention.