bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Out-of-hospital paramedic interactions with people living with dementia: a scoping review
Authors: Han Ming Xuan , Ross Linda , Hemingway Liam , Anderson David , Gosling Cameron 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Dementia encompasses neurodegenerative disorders that account for a global estimated healthcare expenditure of 1.3 trillion US dollars. In Australia, one in 12 people aged ≥65 has a diagnosis of dementia and it is the second leading cause of death. Paramedics play a crucial role in person-centred dementia care, particularly in the community. While consensus has been established on paramedicine’s integration into interdisciplinary care teams, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the paramedic role in dementia care.

Objective
This study aimed to examine and report paramedic interactions with people living with dementia in the out-of-hospital setting.

Design and Setting
This was a scoping review study of paramedics and people living with dementia within the out-of-hospital setting.

Methods
This study was guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review framework. Databases were searched without date limits, up to 4 April 2023. These encompassed OVID Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, APA PsycInfo and OVID Embase. Articles were included if they were primary, peer-reviewed studies in English and reporting on paramedic-specific interactions with people living with dementia in the out-of-hospital setting. Data extraction was performed based on study setting, design, population and key findings.

Results
Twenty-nine articles were included in the thematic analysis. Four themes emerged: need for training, patterns of attendances, patterns of documentation and the integrative potential of paramedicine. Paramedics reported feeling ill-equipped and unprepared in caring for patients living with dementia due to challenges in assessment and management of caregiver tensions. They were often called as a last resort due to poor service integration and a lack of alternative care pathways. Despite high conveyance rates, there was low incidence of paramedic interventions initiated. Underdocumentation of dementia and pain was found.

Conclusion
Emergency ambulance conveyance of people living with dementia is a surface reaction compounded by a lack of direction for paramedics in the provision of out-of-hospital care. There is a pressing need for establishment of research and educational priorities to improve paramedic training in dementia-specific skillsets.
The effect of youth-friendly health services on risk of pregnancy among adolescent girls and young women in Lilongwe, Malawi: a secondary analysis of the Girl Power–Malawi study
Authors: Graybill Lauren A , Westreich Daniel , Maseko Bertha , Phanga Twambilile , Nthani Tiyamike , Vansia Dhrutika , Chi Benjamin H , Daniels Julie L , Tang Jennifer H , Bekker Linda-Gail , Pettifor Audrey E , Rosenberg Nora E 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In Sub-Saharan Africa, adolescent girls and young women aged 15 to 24 (AGYW) experience a high risk of early and unintended pregnancy. We assessed the impact of youth-friendly health services (YFHS) on pregnancy risk among AGYW who participated in the Girl Power study. In 2016, Girl Power randomly assigned 4 government-run health centers in Lilongwe, Malawi, to provide a standard (n = 1) or youth-friendly (n = 3) model of service delivery. At 6 and 12 months, study participants (n = 250 at each health center) self-reported their current pregnancy status and received a urine pregnancy test. Because of missing pregnancy test results, we used multiple imputation to correct for outcome misclassification in self-reported pregnancy status and applied the parametric g-formula on the corrected data to estimate the effect of YFHS on the 12-month risk of pregnancy. After correcting for outcome misclassification, the risk of pregnancy under the scenario where all health centers offered YFHS was 15.8% compared to 23.2% under the scenario where all health centers offered standard of care (risk difference: –7.3%; 95% CI, –15.5% to 0.8%). Access to a model of YFHS that integrates provider training with youth-friendly clinic modifications and community outreach activities may decrease risk of pregnancy among AGYW relative to standard of care.
Patient Experiences With Blood Pressure Measurement Methods for Hypertension Diagnosis: Qualitative Findings From the BP-CHECK Study
Authors: Hansell Laurel D , Hsu Clarissa W , Munson Sean A , Margolis Karen L , Thompson Matthew J , Ehrlich Kelly J , Hall Yoshio N , Anderson Melissa L , Evers Sarah C , Marcus-Smith Miriam S , McClure Jennifer B , Green Beverly B 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Out-of-office blood pressure (BP) measurement is recommended when making a new hypertension diagnosis. In practice, however, hypertension is primarily diagnosed using clinic BP. The study objective was to understand patient attitudes about accuracy and patient-centeredness regarding hypertension diagnostic methods.

METHODS
Qualitative study within a randomized controlled diagnostic study conducted between May 2017 and March 2019 comparing the accuracy and acceptability of BP measurement methods among patients in an integrated healthcare delivery system. All participants completed 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), plus either clinic BP, home BP monitoring (HBPM), or kiosk BP diagnostic testing. Qualitative interviewees (aged 31–76 years, n = 35) were recruited from the main study.

RESULTS
Participants who completed HBPM found it to be comfortable and low burden, and believed it produced accurate results. Participants in the clinic arm described clinic measurements as inconvenient. Participants in the kiosk arm overall did not favor kiosks due to concerns about accuracy and privacy. Participants described ABPM as the most accurate method due to repeated measurements over the 24-hour period in real-world contexts, but many found it uncomfortable and disruptive. Participants also noted methods that involved repeated measures such as HBPM and ABPM particularly influenced their understanding of whether or not they had hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS
Hypertension diagnostic methods that include more BP measurements help patients gain a deeper understanding of BP variability and the lower reliability of infrequent measurements in the clinic. These findings warrant implementing strategies to enhance out-of-office BP diagnostic testing in primary care.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION
Trial number NCT03130257.
The Utility of a Novel Neuropsychological Measurement to Analyze Event-Related Attentional Behaviors among Young Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—a Pilot Study
Authors: Chen I-Chun , Zheng Yu-Qi , Zhao Hui-Xuan , Lin Li-Chen , Chen Yun-Ju , Chang Meng-Han , Ko Li-Wei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective
The identification and diagnosis of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits is challenging during the preschool stage. Neuropsychological measures may be useful in early assessments. Furthermore, analysis of event-related behavior appears to be an unmet need for clinical treatment planning. Conners’ Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) is the most popular well-established neuropsychological measurement but lacks event markers to clarify the heterogeneous behaviors among children. This study utilized a novel commercially available neuropsychological measure, the ΣCOG, which was more game-like and provided definite event markers of individual trial in the test.

Methods
Thirty-three older preschool children (14 were diagnosed with ADHD, mean age: 66.21 ± 5.48 months; 19 demonstrated typical development, mean age: 61.16 ± 8.11 months) were enrolled and underwent comprehensive medical and developmental evaluations. All participants underwent 2 versions of neuropsychological measures, including the K-CPT, Second Edition (K-CPT 2) and the ΣCOG, within a short interval.

Results
The study indicated the omissions and response time scores measured in this novel system correlated with clinical measurement of the behavioral scales in all participants and in the group with ADHD; additionally, associations with the traditional K-CPT 2 were observed in commissions and response time scores. Furthermore, this system provided a within-task behavioral analysis that identified the group differences in the specific trial regarding omission and commission errors.

Conclusions
This innovative system is clinically feasible and can be further used as an alternative to the K-CPT 2 especially in research by revealing within-task event-related information analysis.
Evaluation of quercetin as a potential cytoprotector against acetaldehyde using the cultured hepatocyte model with aldehyde dehydrogenase isozyme deficiency
Authors: Xu Yuhang , Sawamoto Takeshi , Sun Ruitong , Ishikura Aki , Munemasa Shintaro , Murata Yoshiyuki , Satoh Ayano , Matsumoto Akiko , Nakamura Toshiyuki , Nakamura Yoshimasa 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Protective effect of quercetin against acetaldehyde was evaluated using the cultured hepatocyte models with aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozyme deficiency (aldh2-kd and aldh1a1-kd). The quercetin-induced cytoprotection against acetaldehyde in the ALDH1A1-deficient mutant (aldh1a1-kd) was weaker than that in the wild type. Furthermore, quercetin did not enhance the ALDH activity in aldh1a1-kd cells, suggesting that ALDH1A1 is involved in quercetin-induced cytoprotection.
ScyNet: Visualizing interactions in community metabolic models
Authors: Predl Michael , Gandolf Kilian , Hofer Michael , Rattei Thomas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Genome-scale community metabolic models are used to gain mechanistic insights into interactions between community members. However, existing tools for visualizing metabolic models only cater to the needs of single organism models.

Results
ScyNet is a Cytoscape app for visualizing community metabolic models, generating networks with reduced complexity by focusing on interactions between community members. ScyNet can incorporate the state of a metabolic model via fluxes or flux ranges, which is shown in a previously published simplified cystic fibrosis airway community model.

Availability and implementation
ScyNet is freely available under an MIT licence and can be retrieved via the Cytoscape App Store (apps.cytoscape.org/apps/scynet). The source code is available at Github (github.com/univieCUBE/ScyNet).
A curated rotamer library for common post-translational modifications of proteins
Authors: Zhang Oufan , Naik Shubhankar A , Liu Zi Hao , Forman-Kay Julie , Head-Gordon Teresa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Sidechain rotamer libraries of the common amino acids of a protein are useful for folded protein structure determination and for generating ensembles of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). However, much of protein function is modulated beyond the translated sequence through the introduction of post-translational modifications (PTMs).

Results
In this work, we have provided a curated set of side chain rotamers for the most common PTMs derived from the RCSB PDB database, including phosphorylated, methylated, and acetylated sidechains. Our rotamer libraries improve upon existing methods such as SIDEpro, Rosetta, and AlphaFold3 in predicting the experimental structures for PTMs in folded proteins. In addition, we showcase our PTM libraries in full use by generating ensembles with the Monte Carlo Side Chain Entropy (MCSCE) for folded proteins, and combining MCSCE with the Local Disordered Region Sampling algorithms within IDPConformerGenerator for proteins with intrinsically disordered regions.

Availability and implementation
The codes for dihedral angle computations and library creation are available at https://github.com/THGLab/ptm_sc.git.
Parallel phenotypic evolution of two independent cavefish lineages of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi, 1854) (Characiformes: Characidae)
Authors: Hernández-Lozano Jorge , Garita-Alvarado Carlos A , Munguía-Steyer Roberto , Garduño-Sánchez Marco A , Ornelas-García Claudia Patricia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Astyanax mexicanus offers a unique model for studying parallel evolution, with cave-dwelling forms arising from at least two distinct surface lineages. Here, we examined repeated evolution in the two cave-adapted lineages across four phenotypic datasets: (i) meristic data; (ii) ecomorphological data; and geometric morphometric data for (iii) head and (iv) premaxillary bone shape. Additionally, we assessed the association of these phenotypes with their phylogenetic history. Certain traits exhibited evidence of parallel evolution for the cave ecotype across lineages, such as increased maxillary tooth count, reduced lateral line scale count, and shorter ascending process of the premaxillary bone. Geometric morphometric data showed a phenotypic divergence gradient in head shape between cave and surface populations, with the strongest divergence between Sierra de El Abra and surface populations and with less differentiation between surface populations and caves from Sierra de Guatemala and Micos. Cave populations that hybridize with surface populations (e.g. Micos) displayed the greatest overlap with the surface ecotype. There was a similar divergence gradient for premaxillary bone shape, but with weaker differentiation between cave and surface ecotypes. This evidence of repeated evolution in several cave traits emphasizes the significance of selective pressures exerted by the environment on the evolution of cave ecotypes.
Absolute risk from double nested case-control designs: cause-specific proportional hazards models with and without augmented estimating equations
Authors: Lee Minjung , Gail Mitchell H 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
We estimate relative hazards and absolute risks (or cumulative incidence or crude risk) under cause-specific proportional hazards models for competing risks from double nested case-control (DNCC) data. In the DNCC design, controls are time-matched not only to cases from the cause of primary interest, but also to cases from competing risks (the phase-two sample). Complete covariate data are available in the phase-two sample, but other cohort members only have information on survival outcomes and some covariates. Design-weighted estimators use inverse sampling probabilities computed from Samuelsen-type calculations for DNCC. To take advantage of additional information available on all cohort members, we augment the estimating equations with a term that is unbiased for zero but improves the efficiency of estimates from the cause-specific proportional hazards model. We establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators, including the estimator of absolute risk, and derive consistent variance estimators. We show that augmented design-weighted estimators are more efficient than design-weighted estimators. Through simulations, we show that the proposed asymptotic methods yield nominal operating characteristics in practical sample sizes. We illustrate the methods using prostate cancer mortality data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial Study of the National Cancer Institute.
Nonparametric receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with an imperfect gold standard
Authors: Sun Jiarui , Tang Chao , Xie Wuxiang , Zhou Xiao-Hua 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
This article addresses the challenge of estimating receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the areas under these curves (AUC) in the context of an imperfect gold standard, a common issue in diagnostic accuracy studies. We delve into the nonparametric identification and estimation of ROC curves and AUCs when the reference standard for disease status is prone to error. Our approach hinges on the known or estimable accuracy of this imperfect reference standard and the conditional independent assumption, under which we demonstrate the identifiability of ROC curves and propose a nonparametric estimation method. In cases where the accuracy of the imperfect reference standard remains unknown, we establish that while ROC curves are unidentifiable, the sign of the difference between two AUCs is identifiable. This insight leads us to develop a hypothesis-testing method for assessing the relative superiority of AUCs. Compared to the existing methods, the proposed methods are nonparametric so that they do not rely on the parametric model assumptions. In addition, they are applicable to both the ROC/AUC analysis of continuous biomarkers and the AUC analysis of ordinal biomarkers. Our theoretical results and simulation studies validate the proposed methods, which we further illustrate through application in two real-world diagnostic studies.
Artificial intelligence-driven radiomics: developing valuable radiomics signatures with the use of artificial intelligence
Authors: Vrettos Konstantinos , Triantafyllou Matthaios , Marias Kostas , Karantanas Apostolos H , Klontzas Michail E 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The advent of radiomics has revolutionized medical image analysis, affording the extraction of high dimensional quantitative data for the detailed examination of normal and abnormal tissues. Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used for the enhancement of a series of steps in the radiomics pipeline, from image acquisition and preprocessing, to segmentation, feature extraction, feature selection, and model development. The aim of this review is to present the most used AI methods for radiomics analysis, explaining the advantages and limitations of the methods. Some of the most prominent AI architectures mentioned in this review include Boruta, random forests, gradient boosting, generative adversarial networks, convolutional neural networks, and transformers. Employing these models in the process of radiomics analysis can significantly enhance the quality and effectiveness of the analysis, while addressing several limitations that can reduce the quality of predictions. Addressing these limitations can enable high quality clinical decisions and wider clinical adoption. Importantly, this review will aim to highlight how AI can assist radiomics in overcoming major bottlenecks in clinical implementation, ultimately improving the translation potential of the method.
Healthcare Seeking Behavior and Disease Perception Toward Cholera and Acute Diarrhea Among Populations Living in Cholera High-Priority Hotspots in Shashemene, Ethiopia
Authors: Getahun Tomas , Hailu Dejene , Mogeni Ondari D , Mesfin Getachew Edlawit , Yeshitela Biruk , Jeon Yeonji , Gedefaw Abel , Ayele Abebe Samuyel , Hundito Ermiyas , Mukasa David , Jang Geun Hyeog , Pak Gi Deok , Kim Deok Ryun , Worku Demlie Yeshambel , Hussen Mukemil , Teferi Mekonnen , Park Se Eun 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Healthcare seeking behavior (HSB) and community perception on cholera can influence its management. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to generate evidence on cholera associated HSB and disease perception in populations living in cholera hotspots in Ethiopia.

Methods
A total of 870 randomly selected households (HHs) in Shashemene Town (ST) and Shashemene Woreda (SW) participated in our survey in January 2022.

Results
Predominant HHs (91.0%; 792/870) responded “primary health center” as the nearest healthcare facility (HCF). Around 57.4% (247/430) of ST HHs traveled &lt;30 minutes to the nearest HCF. In SW, 60.2% (265/440) of HHs travelled over 30 minutes and 25.9% (114/440) over 4 km. Two-thirds of all HHs paid &lt;USD1 travel cost; SW residents had slightly higher cost burden. When cholera symptoms occur, 68.0% (83/122), 75.5% (114/151), 100.0% (52/52), and 100.0% (426/426) of 0–4, 5–14, 15–17, and ≥18 years, respectively, in ST sought healthcare at our sentinel-HCFs. In SW, younger children visited our sentinel-HCFs slightly more (82.6%, 86.7% in 1–4, 5–14 years, respectively) than older age groups (74.4%, 75.6% in 15–17, ≥ 18 years, respectively). Relatively more adults in ST (12.0%; 51/426) sought over-the-counter drugs at pharmacies than those in SW (2.5%; 11/435). Around 73.8% (642/870) of HHs were aware of cholera disease and 66.7% (428/642) of HHs considered eating unclean food as main causes of cholera.

Conclusions
Variations in cholera prevention practices between rural and urban residents were shown. Addressing differences in HSB per age groups is needed for community engagement for early case detection and case management; critical in reducing cholera deaths and transmission.
Coverage of Two-Dose Preemptive Cholera Mass Vaccination Campaign in High-Priority Hotspots in Shashemene, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Park Se Eun , Gedefaw Abel , Hailu Dejene , Jeon Yeonji , Mogeni Ondari D , Jang Geun Hyeog , Mukasa David , Mraidi Ramzi , Kim Deok Ryun , Getahun Tomas , Mesfin Getachew Edlawit , Yeshitela Biruk , Ayele Abebe Samuyel , Hussen Mukemil , Worku Demlie Yeshambel , Teferi Mekonnen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Cholera is a public health priority in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian National Cholera Plan elaborates a multi-year scheme of oral cholera vaccine (OCV) use. Aligned with this, a preemptive OCV campaign was conducted under our Ethiopia Cholera Control and Prevention project. Here, we present the OCV vaccination outcomes.

Method
Cholera high-priority hotspots in the Oromia Region, Shashemene Town (ST) and Shashemene Woreda (SW), were selected. Four kebelles (Abosto, Alelu, Arada, and Awasho) in ST and 4 clusters (Faji Gole, Harabate, Toga, and Chabi) in SW were study sites with OCV areas nested within. A total of 40 000 and 60 000 people in ST and SW, respectively, were targeted for a 2-dose OCV (Euvichol-Plus) campaign in 11–15 May (first round [R1]) and 27–31 May (second round [R2]) 2022. Daily administrative OCV coverage and a coverage survey in 277 randomly selected households were conducted.

Results
The administrative OCV coverage was high: 102.0% for R1 and 100.5% for R2 in ST and 99.1% (R1) and 100.0% (R1) in SW. The coverage survey showed 78.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 73.1–82.9) of household members with 2-dose OCV and 16.8% (95% CI: 12.4–21.3) with no OCV in ST; and 83.1% (95% CI: 79.6–86.5) with 2-dose OCV and 11.8% (95% CI: 8.8–14.8) with no OCV in SW. The 2-dose coverages in 1–4-, 5–14-, and ≥15-year age groups were 88.3% (95% CI: 70.6–96.1), 88.9% (95% CI: 82.1–95.7), and 71.3% (95% CI: 64.2–78.3), respectively, in ST and 78.2% (95% CI: 68.8–87.7), 91.0% (95% CI: 86.6–95.3), and 78.7% (95% CI: 73.2–84.1) in SW.

Conclusions
High 2-dose OCV coverage was achieved. Cholera surveillance is needed to assess the vaccine impact and effectiveness.