bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scapular Muscle-Activation Ratios in Patients With Shoulder Injuries During Functional Shoulder Exercises
Authors: Moeller Chad R. , Bliven Kellie C. Huxel , Valier Alison R. Snyder 
Published: May 2014

Context:Alterations in scapular muscle activation, which are common with glenohumeral (GH) injuries, affect stability and function. Rehabilitation aims to reestablish activation between muscles for stability by progressing to whole-body movements.Objective:To determine scapular muscle-activation ratios and individual muscle activity (upper trapezius [UT], middle trapezius [MT], lower trapezius [LT], serratus anterior [SA]) differences between participants with GH injuries and healthy control participants during functional rehabilitation exercises.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Thirty-nine participants who had GH injuries (n = 20; age = 23.6 ± 3.2 years, height = 170.7 ± 11.5 cm, mass = 74.7 ± 13.1 kg) or were healthy (n = 19; age = 24.4 ± 3.3 years, height = 173.6 ± 8.6 cm, mass = 74.7 ± 14.8 kg) were tested.Intervention(s):Clinical examination confirmed each participant's classification as GH injury or healthy control. Participants performed 4 exercises (bow and arrow, external rotation with scapular squeeze, lawnmower, robbery) over 3 seconds with no load while muscle activity was recorded.Main Outcome Measure(s):We used surface electromyography to measure UT, MT, LT, and SA muscle activity. Scapular muscle-activation ratios (UT:MT, UT:LT, and UT:SA) were calculated (normalized mean electromyography of the UT divided by normalized mean electromyography of the MT, LT, and SA). Exercise × group analyses of variance with repeated measures were conducted.Results:No group differences for activation ratios or individual muscle activation amplitude were found (P &gt; .05). Similar UT:MT and UT:LT activation ratios during bow-and-arrow and robbery exercises were seen (P &gt; .05); both had greater activation than external-rotation-with-scapular-squeeze and lawnmower exercises (P &lt; .05). The bow-and-arrow exercise elicited the highest activation from the UT, MT, and LT muscles; SA activation was greatest during the external-rotation-with-scapular-squeeze exercise.Conclusions:Scapular muscle activation was similar between participants with GH injuries and healthy control participants when performing the unloaded multiplanar, multijoint exercises tested. High activation ratios during the bow-and-arrow exercise indicate UT hyperactivity or decreased MT, LT, and SA activity. Our GH injury group may be comparable to high-functioning injured athletes. Study results may assist clinicians in selecting appropriate exercises for scapular muscle activation when caring for injured athletes.
Neuronal and Glia-Related Biomarkers in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Hjalmarsson Clara , Bjerke Maria , Andersson Björn , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Åberg N. David , Olsson Bob , Eckerström Carl , Bokemark Lena , Wallin Anders 
Published: May 2014

Background Cerebral ischemia promotes morphological reactions of the neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in experimental studies. Our aim was to examine the profile of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) biomarkers and their relation to stroke severity and degree of white matter lesions (WML). Methods A total of 20 patients (mean age 76 years) were included within 5–10 days after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) onset. Stroke severity was assessed using NIHSS (National Institute of Health stroke scale). The age-related white matter changes (ARWMC) scale was used to evaluate the extent of WML on CT-scans. The concentrations of specific CSF biomarkers were analyzed. Results Patients with AIS had significantly higher levels of NFL (neurofilament, light), T-tau, myelin basic protein (MBP), YKL-40, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) compared with controls; T-Tau, MBP, GFAP, and YKL-40 correlated with clinical stroke severity, whereas NFL correlated with severity of WML (tested by Mann–Whitney test). Conclusions Several CSF biomarkers increase in AIS, and they correlate to clinical stroke severity. However, only NFL was found to be a marker of degree of WML.
Razones, retos y aportaciones del programa de la especialidad de medicina familiar y comunitaria en España
Authors: Casado Vicente Verónica , Luzón Oliver Lourdes 
Published: May 2014

El sistema de formación especializada, mediante residencia, ha sido, indudablemente, en estos 30 años uno de los motores que ha contribuido a elevar de forma homogénea la calidad asistencial y la seguridad de los pacientes, alcanzando de forma eficiente importantes resultados en salud en España, en relación a los países de nuestro entorno.La especialidad de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria (MFyC) es una de las 44 especialidades médicas vía residencia. Se desarrolla en 97 Unidades Docentes que cuentan con 887 Centros de Salud y 212 hospitales acreditados y forma en torno a 1800 residentes/año.El programa de la especialidad, actualmente vigente, de 4 años, es un programa orientado por competencias, donde la flexibilidad, la pluripotencialidad, el eje tutor-residente y la evaluación formativa son sus características claves. Nace de la firme voluntad de actualizar y consolidar el cuerpo doctrinal y los valores de la MFyC y de un profundo compromiso con la formación y con el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Se sustenta en la evidencia de que un sistema sanitario para ser equitativo, efectivo, eficiente y viable debe contar con una Atención Primaria potente y resolutiva, la cual debe ser proporcionada por médicos bien formados y entrenados en su práctica.Por todo ello, es clave que los Ministerios y Organismos responsables de los sistemas sanitario y educativo de los países, consideren, como objetivo imprescindible, valorizar, con financiación adecuada y “empowerment”, a la Atención Primaria como función central del sistema sanitario y a la MFyC como disciplina, especialidad y profesión sanitaria.
Dependency of parameter values of a crop model on the spatial scale of simulation
Authors: Iizumi Toshichika , Tanaka Yukiko , Sakurai Gen , Ishigooka Yasushi , Yokozawa Masayuki 
Published: May 2014

AbstractReliable regional‐scale representation of crop growth and yields has been increasingly important in earth system modeling for the simulation of atmosphere‐vegetation‐soil interactions in managed ecosystems. While the parameter values in many crop models are location specific or cultivar specific, the validity of such values for regional simulation is in question. We present the scale dependency of likely parameter values that are related to the responses of growth rate and yield to temperature, using the paddy rice model applied to Japan as an example. For all regions, values of the two parameters that determine the degree of yield response to low temperature (the base temperature for calculating cooling degree days and the curvature factor of spikelet sterility caused by low temperature) appeared to change relative to the grid interval. Two additional parameters (the air temperature at which the developmental rate is half of the maximum rate at the optimum temperature and the value of developmental index at which point the crop becomes sensitive to the photoperiod) showed scale dependency in a limited region, whereas the remaining three parameters that determine the phenological characteristics of a rice cultivar and the technological level show no clear scale dependency. These results indicate the importance of using appropriate parameter values for the spatial scale at which a crop model operates. We recommend avoiding the use of location‐specific or cultivar‐specific parameter values for regional crop simulation, unless a rationale is presented suggesting these values are insensitive to spatial scale.
Bone quality in prehistoric, cis‐baikal forager femora: A micro‐CT analysis of cortical canal microstructure
Authors: Faccia Kathleen , Buie Helen , Weber Andrzej , Bazaliiskii Vladimir I. , Goriunova Olga I. , Boyd Steven , Hallgrímsson Benedikt , Katzenberg M. Anne 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTBone quality, a contributor to bone strength, is determined by structural and mechanical properties, which may be analyzed by gross and/or microscopic methods. Variables that contribute to bone quality, such as porosity, can provide insight into the health and lifestyles of people in prehistory. This study tests the ability of microcomputed tomography (µCT) to capture and characterize cortical canal systems in archaeological bone. Seven variables and 71 femora are analyzed to explore bone dynamics in prehistoric foragers from Lake Baikal, Siberia. The results indicate that canal number and canal separation differ significantly (P < 0.05) between age‐at‐death categories, but only for the pooled and male samples. When merged into a new variable by means of principal components analysis, canal diameter and canal surface to canal volume are also able to discriminate amongst age‐at‐death categories, as well as between the sexes. However, the overall lack of significant differences between the sexes and amongst age‐at‐death categories indicates that Baikal forager bone quality (i.e., canal architecture) did not change drastically throughout the lifespan. Interestingly, principal component one identified an untested variable that contributes to canal microstructure variability, and a sexual division of labor may promote divergent trends in canal degree of anisotropy between the sexes. Overall, µCT provides an alternate method for exploring bone quality in archaeological remains, complementing existing methods such as thin‐sectioning and gross morphological analyses. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:486–497, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THz and above THz electron or hole oscillations in DNA dimers and trimers
Authors: Lambropoulos Konstantinos , Kaklamanis Konstantinos , Georgiadis Georgios , Simserides Constantinos 
Published: May 2014

A non conventional source or receiver of THz and above THz electromagnetic radiation is proposed. Specifically, electron or hole oscillations in DNA dimers (two interacting DNA base‐pairs or monomers) are predicted, with frequency in the range 0.25–100 THz (period 10–4000 fs) i.e. potentially absorbing or emitting electromagnetic radiation mainly in the mid‐ and far‐infrared with wavelengths ≈ 3–1200 μm. The efficiency of charge transfer between the two monomers which make up the dimer is described with the maximum transfer percentage p and the pure maximum transfer rate . For dimers made of identical monomers , but for dimers made of different monomers . The investigation is extended to DNA trimers (three interacting DNA base‐pairs or monomers). For trimers made of identical monomers the carrier oscillates periodically with 0.5–33 THz ( 30–2000 fs); for 0 times crosswise purines , for 1 or 2 times crosswise purines . For trimers made of different monomers the carrier movement may be non periodic. Generally, increasing the number of monomers above three, the system becomes more complex and periodicity is lost; even for the simplest tetramer the carrier movement is not periodic.
Chemoselective Amination of Propargylic C(sp3)H Bonds by Cobalt(II)‐Based Metalloradical Catalysis
Authors: Lu Hongjian , Li Chaoqun , Jiang Huiling , Lizardi Christopher L. , Zhang X. Peter 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHighly chemoselective intramolecular amination of propargylic C(sp3)H bonds has been demonstrated for N‐bishomopropargylic sulfamoyl azides through cobalt(II)‐based metalloradical catalysis. Supported by D2h‐symmetric amidoporphyrin ligand 3,5‐DitBu‐IbuPhyrin, the cobalt(II)‐catalyzed CH amination proceeds effectively under neutral and nonoxidative conditions without the need of any additives, and generates N2 as the only byproduct. The metalloradical amination is suitable for both secondary and tertiary propargylic CH substrates with an unusually high degree of functional‐group tolerance, thus providing a direct method for high‐yielding synthesis of functionalized propargylamine derivatives.
Harnessing Quinone Methides: Total Synthesis of (±)‐Vaticanol A
Authors: Jepsen Tue H. , Thomas Stephen B. , Lin Yunqing , Stathakis Christos I. , de Miguel Irene , Snyder Scott A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAlthough quinone methides are often postulated as intermediates in the biosynthesis of many polyphenolic natural products, deploying their power in a laboratory setting to achieve similar bond constructions has sometimes proven challenging. Herein, a total synthesis of the resveratrol trimer vaticanol A has been achieved through three instances of quinone methide chemistry. These operations, one of which succeeded only under very specific conditions, expediently generated its [7,5]‐carbocyclic core, afforded a unique sequence for dihydrobenzofuran formation, and concurrently generated, in addition to the target molecule, a series of diastereomers reflective of many other isolates.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Arylative Cyclization of Alkynones by 1,4‐Iridium Migration
Authors: Partridge Benjamin M. , Solana González Jorge , Lam Hon Wai 
Published: May 2014

Abstract1,4‐Metal migrations enable the remote functionalization of CH bonds, and have been utilized in a wide variety of valuable synthetic methods. The vast majority of existing examples involve the 1,4‐migration of palladium or rhodium. Herein, the stereoselective synthesis of complex polycycles by the iridium‐catalyzed arylative cyclization of alkynones with arylboronic acids is described. To our knowledge, these reactions involve the first reported examples of 1,4‐iridium migration.
A Case of Strong Metal–Support Interactions: Combining Advanced Microscopy and Model Systems to Elucidate the Atomic Structure of Interfaces
Authors: Willinger Marc G. , Zhang Wei , Bondarchuk Oleksandr , Shaikhutdinov Shamil , Freund Hans‐Joachim , Schlögl Robert 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA symbiosis of advanced scanning probe and electron microscopy and a well‐defined model system may provide a detailed picture of interfaces on nanostructured catalytic systems. This was demonstrated for Pt nanoparticles supported on iron oxide thin films which undergo encapsulation by supporting oxide as a result of strong metal–support interactions.
Molybdenum Carbide as Alternative Catalysts to Precious Metals for Highly Selective Reduction of CO2 to CO
Authors: Porosoff Marc D. , Yang Xiaofang , Boscoboinik J. Anibal , Chen Jingguang G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRising atmospheric CO2 is expected to have negative effects on the global environment from its role in climate change and ocean acidification. Utilizing CO2 as a feedstock to make valuable chemicals is potentially more desirable than sequestration. A substantial reduction of CO2 levels requires a large‐scale CO2 catalytic conversion process, which in turn requires the discovery of low‐cost catalysts. Results from the current study demonstrate the feasibility of using the non‐precious metal material molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) as an active and selective catalyst for CO2 conversion by H2.
Adding a Functional Handle to Nature′s Building Blocks: The Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy‐α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Zhang Yinfeng , Farrants Helen , Li Xuechen 
Published: May 2014

Abstractβ‐Hydroxy‐α‐amino acids are not only used by synthetic chemists but are also found in natural products, many of which show anti‐microbial or anti‐cancer properties. Over the past 30 years, chemists have searched for many asymmetric routes to these useful building blocks. Initial attempts to synthesize these compounds utilized chiral auxiliaries and the reactions of glycine equivalents with aldehydes to form two stereocenters in one step. Other methods with the formation of specific intermediates or that were aimed at a specific amino acid have also been investigated. Asymmetric hydrogenation by dynamic kinetic resolution has emerged as a high‐yielding method for the synthesis of an array of modified amino acids with good stereoselectivity. More recently, amino‐acid functionalization and multicomponent reactions have increased the atom economy and simplified many long and difficult routes. In this Focus Review, many of the elegant syntheses of these compounds are explored. The applications of β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acids in natural‐product synthesis are also mentioned.
Human motion retrieval based on freehand sketch
Authors: Tang Zhangpeng , Xiao Jun , Feng Yinfu , Yang Xiaosong , Zhang Jian 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we present an integrated framework of human motion retrieval based on freehand sketch. With some simple rules, the user can acquire a desired motion by sketching several key postures. To retrieve efficiently and accurately by sketch, the 3D postures are projected onto several 2D planes. The limb direction feature is proposed to represent the input sketch and the projected‐postures. Furthermore, a novel index structure based on k‐d tree is constructed to index the motions in the database, which speeds up the retrieval process. With our posture‐by‐posture retrieval algorithm, a continuous motion can be got directly or generated by using a pre‐computed graph structure. What's more, our system provides an intuitive user interface. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. © 2014 The Authors. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Warfarin‐associated fetal intracranial subdural hematoma: a case report
Authors: Fujiwara Kana , Aoki Shigeru , Kurasawa Kentaro , Okuda Mika , Takahashi Tsuneo , Hirahara Fumiki 
Published: May 2014

Key Clinical MessageWe present a case in which to of fetal subdural hematoma developing despite that the maternal the prothrombin time by international normalized ratio (PT/INR) during pregnancy was within the normal range.
A Convergent Strategy for the Synthesis of Type‐1 Elongated Mucin Cores 1–3 and the Corresponding Glycopeptides
Authors: Pett Christian , Westerlind Ulrika 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMucins are a class of highly O‐glycosylated proteins found on the surface of cells in epithelial tissues. O‐Glycosylation is crucial for the functionality of mucins and changes therein can have severe consequences for an organism. With that in mind, the elucidation of interactions of carbohydrate binding proteins with mucins, whether in morbidly altered or unaltered conditions, continue to shed light on mechanisms involved in diseases like chronic inflammations and cancer. Despite the known importance of type‐1 and type‐2 elongated mucin cores 1–4 in glycobiology, the corresponding type‐1 structures are much less well studied. Here, the first chemical synthesis of extended mucin type‐1 O‐glycan core 1–3 amino acid structures based on a convergent approach is presented. By utilizing differentiation in acceptor reactivity, shared early stage Tn‐ and T‐acceptor intermediates were elongated with a common type‐1 [β‐D‐Gal‐1,3‐β‐D‐GlcNAc] disaccharide, which allows for straightforward preparation of diverse glycosylated amino acids carrying the type‐1 mucin core 1–3 saccharides. The obtained glycosylated 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)‐protected amino acid building blocks were employed in synthesis of type‐1 mucin glycopeptides, which are useful in biological applications.
Risk of second primary tumors in men diagnosed with prostate cancer: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Davis Elizabeth J. , Beebe‐Dimmer Jennifer L. , Yee Cecilia L. , Cooney Kathleen A. 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUNDThe survival of men diagnosed with prostate cancer has improved over time, and the current 10‐year relative survival rate is 99.7%. The long survival of patients with this common cancer raises questions about the risk of a second primary cancer and the need for continued surveillance.METHODSA population‐based cohort of 441,504 men who were diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1992 and 2010 was identified from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER) data (SEER13). The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was calculated as an estimate of the risk of a second primary malignancy based on the incidence in the general population.RESULTSProstate cancer survivors had a lower risk of being diagnosed with another cancer overall compared with the US population (SIR = 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.60‐0.61). The risks of leukemia and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon and rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, lung and bronchus, and larynx were significantly lower. Conversely, these patients had a greater risk of bladder, kidney, and endocrine and soft tissue cancers. Men who received treatment with radiation therapy (external‐beam radiation therapy) had long‐term increases in their risk of bladder cancer (SIR = 1.42) and rectal cancer (SIR = 1.70) risk compared with who did not receive radiation (SIRbladder = 0.76; SIRrectal = 0.74). There were significant racial differences in the risk of being diagnosed with a second primary cancer, and the magnitude and direction of these risks depended on tumor type.CONCLUSIONSProstate cancer survivors remain at risk of subsequent malignancies, and race and treatment choice important determinants of long‐term risk. Cancer 2014;120:2735–2741. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Reduction in late‐stage breast cancer incidence in the mammography era: Implications for overdiagnosis of invasive cancer
Authors: Helvie Mark A. , Chang Joanne T. , Hendrick R. Edward , Banerjee Mousumi 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUNDMammographic screening is expected to decrease the incidence of late‐stage breast cancer. In the current study, the authors determined the decrease in late‐stage cancer incidence and the changes in invasive cancer incidence that occurred in the mammographic era after adjusting for prescreening temporal trends.METHODSBreast cancer incidence and stage data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. The premammography period (1977‐1979) was compared with the mammographic screening period (2007‐2009) for women aged ≥ 40 years. The authors estimated prescreening temporal trends using 5 measures of annual percentage change (APC). Stage‐specific incidence values from 1977 through 1979 (baseline) were adjusted using APC values of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.3%, and 2.0% and then compared with observed stage‐specific incidence in 2007 through 2009.RESULTSPrescreening APC temporal trend estimates ranged from 0.8% to 2.3%. The joinpoint estimate of 1.3% for women aged ≥ 40 years approximated the 4‐decade long APC trend of 1.2% noted in the Connecticut Tumor Registry. At an APC of 1.3%, late‐stage breast cancer incidence decreased by 37% (56 cases per 100,000 women) with a reciprocal increase in early‐stage rates noted from 1977 through 1979 to 2007 through 2009. Resulting late‐stage cancer incidence decreased from 21% at an APC of 0.5% to 48% at an APC of 2.0%. Total invasive breast cancer incidence decreased by 9% (27 cases per 100,000 women) at an APC of 1.3%.CONCLUSIONSThere is evidence that a substantial reduction in late‐stage breast cancer has occurred in the mammography era when appropriate adjustments are made for prescreening temporal trends. At background APC estimates of ≥ 1%, the total invasive breast cancer incidence also decreased. Cancer 2014;120:2649–2656. © 2014 American Cancer Society.