bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple extraction method using syringe filter for detection of ethephon in tomatoes by negative‐ion mode liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Cho Soon‐Kil , Cho Ji‐Mi , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Rahman Md. Musfiqur , Choi Jeong‐Heui , Seo Young‐Jun , Shin Ho‐Chul , Shim Jae‐Han 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this study, a simple, rapid, and sensitive method was developed for the extraction of ethephon from homogenized tomatoes that does not require a cleanup procedure. In a syringe filter, three distinct layers – aqueous, acetonitrile, and n‐hexane – are clearly separated after storage at −80 °C for 5–10 min. A Dionex IonPac column was used to separate the analyte before detection using negative‐ion mode liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The matrix effect of the tested analyte was negligibly small and the matched calibration showed a good linearity over a concentration range of 0.01–1.0 mg/kg with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9998. The recovery at three fortification levels (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) was between 82.9 and 108.6% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) <5.0%. The limit of quantification (0.03 mg/kg) was lower than the maximum residue limit (3 mg/kg) set by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Republic of Korea. From a field trial, the method developed herein was applied to calculate the decline pattern and predict the pre‐harvest residue limits of ethephon in tomatoes. In conclusion, the proposed sample preparation is feasible for the detection of hydrophilic analytes in tomatoes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust Multiobjective Optimization Applied to Optimal Control Problems Using Differential Evolution
Authors: Souza Davi L. , Lobato Fran S. , Gedraite Rubens 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRobust optimization is an approach for modeling optimization problems under uncertainty where the modeler aims at finding decisions that are optimal for the worst‐case realization of the uncertainties within a given set of values. Typically, the original uncertain optimization problem is converted into an equivalent deterministic form, called the robust counterpart, using strong duality arguments and then solved by standard optimization algorithms. A methodology is proposed for the treatment of optimal control problems applying the multiobjective optimization differential evolution algorithm associated with the concept of mean effective for the insertion of robustness. The results obtained with applications in chemical systems demonstrate that the method conveyed is configured as an interesting approach for the solution of robust optimization problems.
Adsorption Processes for the Synthesis of Catalytically Active Metal Nanoparticles in Polymeric Matrices
Authors: Sulman Esther , Sulman Mikhail , Tyamina Irina , Doluda Valentin , Nikoshvili Linda , Lyubimova Nadezhda , Sidorov Alexander , Matveeva Valentina 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe influence of the content of a hydrophilic Pd(II) compound (disodium tetrachloropalladate, Na2PdCl4) on its adsorption and nanoparticle (NP) formation in the pores of hydrophobic micro/mesoporous hypercrosslinked polystyrene (HPS) was systematically investigated. The morphology and composition of HPS‐Pd nanocomposites were studied using transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray fluorescence measurements, and liquid nitrogen physisorption. The size of Pd‐containing NP was found to depend on the content of the hydrophilic Pd(II) compound. Catalytic testing of these nanocomposites in the partial hydrogenation of acetylene alcohols was carried out to illustrate the influence of the NP size on the catalytic activity. The highest catalytic activity was achieved for HPS/Pd‐0.1 %, forming small NP.
Close‐Packed Two‐Dimensional Silver Nanoparticle Arrays: Quadrupolar and Dipolar Surface Plasmon Resonance Coupling
Authors: Yun Sukang , Hong Soonchang , Acapulco Jesus A. I. , Jang Ho Young , Ham Songyi , Lee Kyungeun , Kim Seong Kyu , Park Sungho 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSilver nanoparticles (NPs) ranging in size from 40 to 100 nm were prepared in high yield by using an improved seed‐mediated method. The homogeneous Ag NPs were used as building blocks for 2D assembled Ag NP arrays by using an oil/water interface. A close‐packed 2D array of Ag NPs was fabricated by using packing molecules (3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane) to control the interparticle spacing. The homogeneous 2D Ag NP array exhibited a strong quadrupolar cooperative plasmon mode resonance and a dipolar red‐shift relative to individual Ag NPs suspended in solution. A well‐arranged 2D Ag NP array was embedded in polydimethylsiloxane film and, with biaxial stretching to control the interparticle distance, concomitant variations of the quadrupolar and dipolar couplings were observed. As the interparticle distance increased, the intensity of the quadrupolar cooperative plasmon mode resonance decreased and dipolar coupling completely disappeared. The local electric field of the 2D Ag NP array was calculated by using finite difference time domain simulation and qualitatively showed agreement with the experimental measurements.
Unravelling RNA–Substrate Interactions in a Ribozyme‐Catalysed Reaction Using Fluorescent Turn‐On Probes
Authors: Gaffarogullari Ece Cazibe , Greulich Peter , Kobitski Andrei Yu. , Nierth Alexander , Nienhaus G. Ulrich , Jäschke Andres 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Diels–Alder reaction is one of the most important CC bond‐forming reactions in organic chemistry, and much effort has been devoted to controlling its enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity. The Diels–Alderase ribozyme (DAse) catalyses the reaction between anthracene dienes and maleimide dienophiles with multiple‐turnover, stereoselectivity, and up to 1100‐fold rate acceleration. Here, a new generation of anthracene‐BODIPY‐based fluorescent probes was developed to monitor catalysis by the DAse. The brightness of these probes increases up to 93‐fold upon reaction with N‐pentylmaleimide (NPM), making these useful tools for investigating the stereochemistry of the ribozyme‐catalysed reaction. With these probes, we observed that the DAse catalyses the reaction with >91 % de and >99 % ee. The stereochemistry of the major product was determined unambiguously by rotating‐frame nuclear Overhauser NMR spectroscopy (ROESY‐NMR) and is in agreement with crystallographic structure information. The pronounced fluorescence change of the probes furthermore allowed a complete kinetic analysis, which revealed an ordered bi uni type reaction mechanism, with the dienophile binding first.
A New Water‐Soluble Phosphorus‐Dipyrromethene and Phosphorus‐Azadipyrromethene Dye: PODIPY/aza‐PODIPY
Authors: Jiang Xin‐Dong , Zhao Jiuli , Xi Dongmei , Yu Haifeng , Guan Jian , Li Shuang , Sun Chang‐Liang , Xiao Lin‐Jiu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPODIPY and aza‐PODIPY have been successfully prepared by the treatment of dipyrromethene and azadipyrromethene with POCl3 in the presence of Et3N. The new PODIPY and aza‐PODIPY dyes are found to have photophysical properties. PODIPY and aza‐PODIPY are water‐soluble, and aza‐PODIPY is suited for labeling living Hep‐2 cells for imaging assays in the near‐infrared region. Molecular orbital calculations show that the increase in the HOMO–LUMO band gap for the lowest energy absorption bands is observed in the new phosphorus‐containing aza‐PODIPY, and the HOMO and LUMO energies of aza‐PODIPY are found to be higher than those of aza‐BODIPY.
Homocatenation of Aluminum: Alkane‐like Structures of Li2Al2H6 and Li3Al3H8
Authors: Gish J. Tyler , Popov Ivan A. , Boldyrev Alexander I. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is Alexander I. Boldyrev and co‐workers at Utah State University. The image depicts the magician who symbolizes a chemist synthesizing molecules of “aluminum homocatenated ethane and propane” based on the idea of electronic transmutation. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201500298.
Reactivity and Operational Stability of N‐Tailed TAMLs through Kinetic Studies of the Catalyzed Oxidation of Orange II by H2O2: Synthesis and X‐ray Structure of an N‐Phenyl TAML
Authors: Warner Genoa R. , Mills Matthew R. , Enslin Clarissa , Pattanayak Shantanu , Panda Chakadola , Panda Tamas Kumar , Gupta Sayam Sen , Ryabov Alexander D. , Collins Terrence J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue are Terrence J. Collins and co‐workers at Carnegie Mellon University (USA) and the National Chemical Laboratory (India). The image depicts five generations of tetraamido macrocyclic ligand (TAML) activators, which are small molecule, full‐functional mimics of oxidizing enzymes that arguably outperform the peroxidase enzymes they mimic. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201406061.
Inhibition of Neuroinflammation by Synthetic Androstene Derivatives Incorporating Amino Acid Methyl Esters on Activated BV‐2 Microglia
Authors: Wu Jing , Du Juanjuan , Gu Ruinan , Zhang Li , Zhen Xuechu , Li Yuanchao , Chen Hongli , Jiang Biao , Zheng Longtai 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAndrostene derivatives incorporating amino acid methyl esters were prepared, and their anti‐inflammatory effects were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated BV‐2 microglial cells. Several compounds exhibited dose‐dependent inhibition. The most active compound, methyl ((3S,10R,13S)‐3‐hydroxy‐10,13‐dimethyl‐2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17‐tetradecahydro‐1H‐cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene‐17‐carbonyl)‐L‐phenylalaninate (10) significantly suppressed LPS‐induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). Mechanistic studies revealed that compound 10 markedly inhibits phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and subsequent transcription factor (NF‐κB) and activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) activation. Furthermore, compound 10 decreased LPS‐activated microglial neurotoxicity in a condition medium/HT‐22 neuroblastoma co‐culture model. Taken together, these results suggest 10 is a potential lead compound for the development of a novel therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases.
Chemically Modified Diatoms Biosilica for Bone Cell Growth with Combined Drug‐Delivery and Antioxidant Properties
Authors: Cicco Stefania R. , Vona Danilo , De Giglio Elvira , Cometa Stefania , Mattioli‐Belmonte Monica , Palumbo Fabio , Ragni Roberta , Farinola Gianluca M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNanostructured biosilica produced by Thalassiosira weissflogii diatoms is covalently functionalized with the cyclic nitroxide 2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl (TEMPO), an efficient scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems. Drug delivery properties of the TEMPO‐functionalized biosilica are studied for Ciprofloxacin, an antimicrobial thoroughly employed in orthopedic or dental implant related infections. The resulting TEMPO‐biosilica, combining Ciprofloxacin drug delivery with anti‐oxidant properties, is demonstrated to be a suitable material for fibroblasts and osteoblast‐like cells growth.
Spinal mediation of motor learning and memory in the rat fetus
Authors: Robinson Scott R. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTFetal rats can alter patterns of interlimb coordination after experience with a yoke that links two legs together. Yoke training results in a pronounced increase in conjugate limb movements (CLM). To determine whether yoke motor learning is mediated by spinal cord circuitry, fetal subjects at embryonic Day 20 (E20) received yoke training after mid‐thoracic spinal cord transection or sham surgery. Both spinal and sham‐treated fetuses exhibited an increase in CLM during training. In a second experiment, fetuses received initial yoke training, then were transected or sham treated before a 2nd training. Spinal and sham fetuses that were yoked during both training sessions exhibited a more rapid rise in CLM than those yoked only in the later session. These findings indicate that motor learning in fetal rats can be supported by spinal cord circuitry alone, and that savings implies a form of motor memory localized in the spinal cord. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 421–434, 2015.
Offspring size at weaning affects survival to recruitment and reproductive performance of primiparous gray seals
Authors: Bowen William. D. , den Heyer Cornelia E. , McMillan Jim I. , Iverson Sara J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOffspring size affects survival and subsequent reproduction in many organisms. However, studies of offspring size in large mammals are often limited to effects on juveniles because of the difficulty of following individuals to maturity. We used data from a long‐term study of individually marked gray seals (Halichoerus grypus; Fabricius, 1791) to test the hypothesis that larger offspring have higher survival to recruitment and are larger and more successful primiparous mothers than smaller offspring. Between 1998 and 2002, 1182 newly weaned female pups were branded with unique permanent marks on Sable Island, Canada. Each year through 2012, all branded females returning to the breeding colony were identified in weekly censuses and a subset were captured and measured. Females that survived were significantly longer offspring than those not sighted, indicating size‐selective mortality between weaning and recruitment. The probability of female survival to recruitment varied among cohorts and increased nonlinearly with body mass at weaning. Beyond 51.5 kg (mean population weaning mass) weaning mass did not influence the probability of survival. The probability of female survival to recruitment increased monotonically with body length at weaning. Body length at primiparity was positively related to her body length and mass at weaning. Three‐day postpartum mass (proxy for birth mass) of firstborn pups was also positively related to body length of females when they were weaned. However, females that were longer or heavier when they were weaned did not wean heavier firstborn offspring.
K2CO3‐Catalyzed Steam Gasification of Indonesian Low‐Rank Coal for H2‐Rich Gas Production in a Fixed Bed Reactor
Authors: Yuan XiangZhou , Namkung Hueon , Kang Tae‐Jin , Kim Hyung‐Taek 
Published: March 2015

AbstractK2CO3‐catalyzed steam gasification of low‐rank coal in a fixed bed reactor was investigated in order to elucidate the effects of temperature and catalyst loading amounts on hydrogen yield. The optimum conditions for H2‐rich syngas were 102.08 g kg−1 coal at 1073 K with 20 wt % K2CO3; the carbon conversion (XC) reached 72.63 wt % and the cold gas efficiency (ηCGE) reached 87.05 %, simultaneously. However, at 1073 K the tar yield was too small to be ignored. Through Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH), t‐plot, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the gasification process, the surface area and micro‐pore volume were found to reach a maximum value at 20 min, while the average pore size reached a maximum value at 10 min. XC was promoted by the enlargement of average pore size and surface area, mainly caused by coal devolatilization. Potassium compounds tightly adhered to the surface and interpore sites of coal, capturing sulfur compounds to form K2SO4.
Morphology and anatomy of needle‐leaves and cladode‐like structures in Abies firma Siebold & Zucc. (Pinaceae, Coniferales) and their evolutionary relevance
Authors: Dörken Veit M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNeedle‐leaves and untypical leaf structures in Abies firma were investigated. Among Abies needle‐leaves are generally described as being supplied with two vascular bundles surrounded by a common bundle sheath. However, the results indicate that needle‐leaves of Abies firma are always supplied with only a single vascular bundle, which is strongly interrupted by parenchymatic bands in the middle part of the lamina. This parenchyma lacks in distal and proximal parts. Thus, the leaf‐vasculature among Abies is not open dichotomous as is generally assumed. Studies of the detected untypical leaf structures which seem quite similar to cladodes of Sciadopitys ‐ and Phyllocladus have shown that they are formed exclusively by congenitally fused needle‐leaves. This fusion takes place in the early stage of development favored by the very broad leaf bases. Within a parastichy the primordia of two, three or four directly neighbored leaves are in physical contact. Secondary, they fuse completely with their lateral margins. Thus, they represent contact parastichys of only some leaves within a helical line at the shoot axis. Thus, these untypical leaf structures have no evolutionary relevance in respect to the understanding of the interfamilial phylogeny. Nevertheless, they help towards a better understanding of cladode‐formations in general. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Looking at It Wrong
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTwo articles in this issue of the Hastings Center Report push the boundaries of bioethics, but in radically different directions. The lead article offers a new understanding of clinical translation—the process, that is, of generating clinical tools from the theoretical understanding of disease developed in the laboratory. The topic is important because, as Kimmelman and London point out, clinical translation is widely held to be in trouble. In general, the feeling is that there's been lots of basic science on disease mechanisms over the last twenty years or so, but there's only a trickle of good new medications in the “drug pipeline.” Kimmelman and London's claim, crudely put, is that we’re looking at it wrong.In a second article, John Hardwig, author of one of the Report's more frequently mentioned articles, “Is There a Duty to Die?,” continues in somewhat that same surprising and maybe even contrarian vein by asking, in effect, whether there can ever be a duty to have an abortion.
The Buried Curriculum
Authors: Farris Grace 
Published: March 2015

Abstract“Your patient just died; do you mind pronouncing her?” It was six‐thirty in the morning three months after I had graduated from medical school, and I had just relieved the covering nighttime intern. I must have looked horrified. Pronouncing a death is one of the last things we do for a patient, but it's a ritual that doctors learn outside of formal training. If, as the data suggests, young physicians do not have any training on death pronouncement in medical school and do not receive any direct observation from faculty during their postgraduate years, pronouncing a death remains deeply buried in the informal curriculum, or “hidden curriculum,” a term that has been used to describe the massive body of tacit cultural education that takes place in medical school and residency.
Measuring rill erosion at plot scale by a drone‐based technology
Authors: Carollo Francesco Giuseppe , Di Stefano Costanza , Ferro Vito , Pampalone Vincenzo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe traditional direct method (i.e. metric ruler and rillmeter) of monitoring rill erosion at plot scale is time consuming and invasive because it modifies the surface of the rilled area. Measuring rill features using a drone‐based technology is considered a non‐invasive method allowing a fast field relief. In the experimental Sparacia area a survey by a quadricopter Microdrones md4‐200 was carried out, and this relief allowed the generation of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), with a mesh size of 1 cm and a resolution elevation equal to 2 mm, for three plots (L, G and C) affected by rill erosion. At first for the experimental L plot, which is 44 m long, the rill features were surveyed by a ‘manual’ method which was carried out by drawing on the PC screen the rill paths obtained by a visual orthophoto interpretation. This manual method was not applicable for the plots in which rills of limited depth occurred and were not detectable. Then, for both L plot and the other experimental plots having a length ranging from 22 to 44 m, an ‘automatic’ extraction method of rills from DEM was applied. Using an appropriate calculation routine, a vector coverage of transects orthogonal to the main flow direction (i.e. the maximum slope steepness path) was generated. The intersection of each plot DEM with the transect coverage allowed to obtain both the cross sections and the main rill morphological features. For the L plot the comparison between the rill morphological features obtained by the two different methods (manual, automatic) was carried out. Finally, the length–volume relationship and a dimensionless relationship proposed in literature were tested for all studied experimental plots. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Methionine Alkylation to Prepare Cationic and Zwitterionic Block Copolypeptide Vesicles
Authors: Rodriguez April R. , Choe Uh‐Joo , Kamei Daniel T. , Deming Timothy J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe have developed a facile method for preparation of ionic copolypeptide vesicles that requires no protecting groups or expensive components. We prepared amphiphilic copolypeptides containing segments of water‐soluble methionine sulfonium residues. These were derived by aqueous phase, direct alkylation of a fully hydrophobic precursor diblock copolypeptide, poly(L‐methionine)65‐block‐poly(L‐leucine0.5‐stat‐L‐phenylalanine0.5)20 (M65[L0.5/F0.5]20), with simple alkylating reagents. Methylation of M65(L0.5/F0.5)20 gave the cationic methyl‐methionine sulfonium derivative MM65(L0.5/F0.5)20, and carboxymethylation gave the zwitterionic carboxymethyl‐methionine sulfonium derivative MC65(L0.5/F0.5)20. Assembly of MM65(L0.5/F0.5)20 or MC65(L0.5/F0.5)20 in water gave rise to vesicles with average diameters of a few microns, which could then be extruded to nanoscale diameters. While the cationic MM‐based vesicles were found to be cytotoxic, the zwitterionic MC‐based vesicles were found to possess minimal cytotoxicity.
Reversible Deterioration in Hypophosphatasia Caused by Renal Failure With Bisphosphonate Treatment
Authors: Cundy Tim , Michigami Toshimi , Tachikawa Kanako , Dray Michael , Collins John F , Paschalis Eleftherios P , Gamsjaeger Sonja , Roschger Andreas , Fratzl-Zelman Nadja , Roschger Paul , Klaushofer Klaus 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT

Hypophosphatasia is an inborn error of metabolism caused by mutations in the ALPL gene. It is characterized by low serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and defective mineralization of bone, but the phenotype varies greatly in severity depending on the degree of residual enzyme activity. We describe a man with compound heterozygous mutations in ALPL, but no previous bone disease, who suffered numerous disabling fractures after he developed progressive renal failure (for which he eventually needed dialysis treatment) and was prescribed alendronate treatment. A bone biopsy showed marked osteomalacia with low osteoblast numbers and greatly elevated pyrophosphate concentrations at mineralizing surfaces. In vitro testing showed that one mutation, T117H, produced an ALP protein with almost no enzyme activity; the second, G438S, produced a protein with normal activity, but its activity was inhibited by raising the media phosphate concentration, suggesting that phosphate retention (attributable to uremia) could have contributed to the phenotypic change, although a pathogenic effect of bisphosphonate treatment is also likely. Alendronate treatment was discontinued and, while a suitable kidney donor was sought, the patient was treated for 6 months with teriparatide, which significantly reduced the osteomalacia. Eighteen months after successful renal transplantation, the patient was free of symptoms and the scintigraphic bone lesions had resolved. A third bone biopsy showed marked hyperosteoidosis but with plentiful new bone formation and a normal bone formation rate. This case illustrates how pharmacological (bisphosphonate treatment) and physiologic (renal failure) changes in the “environment” can dramatically affect the phenotype of a genetic disorder. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.