bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seroepidemiology and clinical features of hepatitis delta among HBsAg carriers: a study from Hepatitis Clinic of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization
Authors: Keshvari M. , Alavian S. M. , Aghaee B. , Behnava B. , Mahdavi M. , Fesharaki M. Gholami , Sharafi H. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYBackgroundHepatitis B is a significant health problem and more than 350 million individuals are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) globally. About 5% of these individuals are coinfected with hepatitis D virus (HDV). HBV–HDV coinfection increases the rate of fulminant hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of HDV in individuals positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) who were referred to Tehran Blood Transfusion Hepatitis Clinic from 2011 to 2012.Materials and MethodsHBsAg‐positive individuals attending this clinic were tested for anti‐HDAg antibodies (anti‐HDAbs). All samples positive for anti‐HDAb were also tested for detection of HDV RNA by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). A questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics and potential risk factors for acquisition of HDV was filled for each individual.ResultsAmong 1038 individuals, HBsAg was detected in 660 (63·6%) cases following blood donation and in 378 (36·4%) cases following blood testing. In this study, 23 [2·2%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1·3–3·2%] patients were HDV‐seropositive. In HDV‐seropositive patients, 14 (60·9%, 95% CI = 39·1–78·3%) were positive for HDV RNA. HDV‐seropositive cases were more likely to have evidence of severe forms of hepatitis than the group of individuals without anti‐HDAb (P < 0·01). Familial history of hepatitis D infection was more observed in HDV‐seropositive patients than in individuals negative for anti‐HDAb (P < 0·01).ConclusionThe seroprevalence of HDV in HBsAg‐positive individuals in this study was about 2% which seems to be lower than the global prevalence of HDV.
Doxorubicin chemotherapy for presumptive cardiac hemangiosarcoma in dogs†
Authors: Mullin C.M. , Arkans M.A. , Sammarco C.D. , Vail D.M. , Britton B.M. , Vickery K.R. , Risbon R.E. , Lachowicz J. , Burgess K.E. , Manley C.A. , Clifford C.A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSixty‐four dogs were treated with single‐agent doxorubicin (DOX) for presumptive cardiac hemangiosarcoma (cHSA). The objective response rate (CR + PR) was 41%, and the biologic response rate (CR + PR + SD), or clinical benefit, was 68%. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) for treated dogs was 66 days. The median survival time (MST) for this group was 116 days and was significantly improved compared to a MST of 12 days for untreated control dogs (P = 0.0001). Biologic response was significantly associated with improved PFS (P < 0.0001) and OS (P < 0.0001). Univariate analysis identified larger tumour size as a variable negatively associated with PFS. The high rate of clinical benefit and improved MST suggest that DOX has activity in canine cHSA.
Efficacy and reduced fuel use for hot water weed control on pavements
Authors: De Cauwer B , Bogaert S , Claerhout S , Bulcke R , Reheul D 
Published: December 2014

SummaryNon‐chemical weed control on pavements needs more frequently repeated treatments than the application of glyphosate and often uses large amounts of fuel. To obtain effective hot water control with minimum energy consumption, an in‐depth study of efficacy‐influencing factors was performed. Three dose–response pot experiments were conducted outdoors to investigate the impact of growth stage (39, 60 and 81 day old), water temperature (78, 88 and 98°C), time of the day (2, 7 and 12 h after sunrise) and treatment interval (2, 3, 4 and 6 week intervals) on hot water sensitivity of seven weed species that are hard to control on pavements. Responses to hot water were quantified by weed coverage and total dry biomass. In general, hot water sensitivity was highest for species with large planophile leaves and lowest for grasses with small erectophile leaves. Most species were twofold to sixfold more sensitive to water at 98°C than at 78 and 88°C, particularly when treated at early growth stages. Among treatment intervals, treating at 3‐week intervals was up to twofold more effective and energy efficient than treating at 6‐week intervals. Sensitivity was about twofold lower in the morning than in the afternoon. For effective control of weeds, while using less fuel, it is recommended to apply hot water in the late afternoon, to operate at high water temperature (98°C) and to treat plants as young as possible at 3‐week intervals.
The specific influence of carbon dioxide and carbamate compounds on the buffer power and Bohr effects in human haemoglobin solutions
Authors: Rossi-Bernardi L. , Roughton F. J. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The difference of pH (ΔpH) between human deoxygenated haemoglobin (Hb) and oxygenated haemoglobin (O2Hb) solutions when equilibrated with physiological pressures of carbon dioxide is (experimentally) much less than previously supposed.2. This smaller ΔpH is in contradiction to Wyman's (1948) theoretical calculations, wherein no allowance was made for the specific effect of carbamino‐compounds on the amount of base neutralized by haemoglobin. Other previous authorities have also neglected this factor, which when properly allowed for restores the role of carbamino‐compounds in CO2 transport practically to that previously estimated by Ferguson & Roughton (1934a, b).3. At a given pH and PCO2, more CO2 is bound by Hb solutions than by O2Hb, the difference increasing with pH. This result provides further, and seemingly decisive, evidence that the bound‐CO2 in the blood other than HCO3— (i.e. x‐bound CO2) is oxygen‐linked.4. According to a modified form of the Henderson—Hasselbalch equation for haemoglobin solutions [Formula: see text]. The value of pK1′ is the same in Hb as in O2Hb solution and from the data in 3 is found to have the value 6·15 at 37° C.5. The difference between the titration curves of O2Hb and Hb (ΔX̄), at a given pH had been hitherto supposed to be the same in presence of CO2 as in its absence. Our experiments show, however, that ΔX̄ is less in presence of CO2 and at pH > 7·5 may even change sign. This paradoxical effect is also explicable, at any rate semi‐quantitatively, by the effect of carbamino compounds on the buffer power, according to the theory put forward in the paper.6. The results show that the buffer power (dB/dpH) of haemoglobin solution under physiological conditions is 20‐30% greater than previously estimated, and this also is in line with the new theory.7. In graphs of total CO2 versus PCO2 in haemoglobin solutions (or blood) it has been customary to suppose that points on straight lines radiating from the origin are points of equal pH. Our data, however, show that the iso‐pH lines drawn through the experimental points in the pH range, 7·2‐7·4 do not, when produced as straight lines, pass through the origin, but intercept the PCO2 axis significantly to the right thereof.8. Calculations indicate that most of the x‐bound CO2 in haemoglobin solutions at pH 7·2‐7·4 and at 37° C can be accounted for by carbaminobound CO2 without the need of postulating the existence of appreciable amounts of yet other forms, i.e. y‐bound CO2, in this range.
The action of dopamine on neurones of the caudate nucleus
Authors: McLennan H. , York D. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. Dopamine applied iontophoretically to neurones of the caudate nucleus of cats caused excitation of some (9% of those encountered) and depression of others (60%). Some cells have been found affected both by dopamine and by acetylcholine.2. The effects of dopamine could be prevented by the previous iontophoretic administration of phenoxybenzamine, but not by dichloroisopropylnoradrenaline.3. Responses evoked in caudate neurones by electrical stimulation of substantia nigra were depressed by dopamine. No evidence for enhancement of the effects of nigral stimulation through the application of dopamine were detected.4. Stimulation of nucleus centromedianus thalami depressed firing of caudate neurones.5. The hypothesis that dopamine may act as an inhibitory synaptic transmitter within the caudate is put forward.
The production of persistent changes in the level of neuronal activity by brief local cooling of the cerebral cortex of the rat
Authors: Gartside I. B. , Lippold O. C. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Local cooling of the surface of the cerebral cortex of the rat gives rise to an increase in the spontaneous firing rate of cortical neurones.2. When this increase in firing is maintained, by continued cooling, for 5 min or more, a prolonged after‐effect consisting of an increase in rate above the control level is produced lasting up to at least 3½ hr following restoration of temperature.3. The potential gradient across the cortical surface during cooling is in the opposite direction to that required to produce an increase in firing during and after trans‐cortical polarization.4. It is therefore likely that the important factor in producing after‐effects is associated with the actual firing rate of the neurones during the cooling (or polarizing) procedure rather than the accompanying extracellular potential gradient.
Transport and distribution of sodium across frog skin
Authors: Cereijido M. , Rotunno Catalina A. 
Published: December 2014

1. The time course of 22Na influx across frog skin mounted as a flat sheet between two lucite chambers has been studied. The flux reaches its maximal steady value in about 30 min.2. The time course of changes in 22Na specific activity in the cells has been followed by two different methods: (1) periodical measurements of 22Na activity in pieces of skin mounted in a special device in which the outer facing membrane was in contact with the tracer and (2) measurement of uptake of 24Na in individual pieces of skin suspended in Ringer solution. Under both circumstances the skin failed to exchange all its Na.3. Considerations on the basis of the kinetics of 22Na influx and 22Na specific activity indicate that there exist at least two different Na compartments in the epithelium, one of them being directly involved in Na transport.4. The 22Na specific activity profile was studied in skins which had previously been mounted as a flat sheet between two chambers with tracer in one of them. This was carried out by removing the skin from the chamber, freezing, slicing and analysing the slices for Na and 22Na. The results indicate that both Na compartments are distributed across the whole epithelium.5. The results of these studies are taken to indicate: (a) that the Na partition in the tissue is not a result of the Na being contained in different cellular layers; (b) that Na transport across frog skin is carried out by all the epithelial cells and is not restricted to those of a particular layer; (c) that Na entry from an outer solution containing from 1 to 10 m
M‐Na occurs into the transporting cells down an electrochemical potential gradient and therefore need not involve an active mechanism at the outer border of the cells.
The inhibitory action of monoamines on lateral geniculate neurones
Authors: Phillis J. W. , Tebēcis A. K. , York D. H. 
Published: December 2014

1.
L‐Noradrenaline (NA), dopamine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and lysergide were administered iontophoretically to neurones in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat and the responses to these drugs recorded.2. Many neurones were depressed by the monoamines and lysergide.3. This depression was manifested by a reduction or abolition of the effects of optic nerve or visual stimulation, by a failure in some instances of an antidromically propagating spike to invade the cell soma, and by a depression of the excitant effects of
L‐glutamate and acetylcholine.4. Although there was considerable variation in the magnitude of the depressant effects of the monoamines, dopamine was found to be slightly more potent than 5‐HT and NA. Neurones which were inhibited by catecholamines did not always respond to 5‐HT and lysergide and vice versa.5. The inhibitory actions of monoamines on lateral geniculate neurones are comparable with those that have been recorded in other structures of the central nervous system.6. Lysergide did not antagonize the action of 5‐HT.7. Catecholamines and 5‐HT are present in nerve terminals in the lateral geniculate nucleus and the findings of this study suggest that they act as inhibitory transmitters.
Visual resolution when light enters the eye through different parts of the pupil
Authors: Green Daniel G. 
Published: December 2014

1. Threshold contrasts for resolution of sinusoidal gratings imaged on to the retina through a decentred 2 mm pupil were measured.2. No loss in resolution was found when the pupil was decentred parallel to the lines of the gratings. A loss in resolution by a factor of 3 occurred when the pupil was decentred by 3 mm perpendicular to the lines of the gratings.3. The effects of focus on the threshold contrast for a grating viewed through a centred and decentred pupil were used to show that at least a portion of the loss in resolution is due to optical aberrations.4. Using a neon‐helium gas laser as a coherent light source, interference fringes were produced on the retina directly. Threshold contrasts for resolution of the fringes were determined for different positions of entry of the beams of light through the pupil. When the Stiles—Crawford brightness effect was compensated for, no loss in resolution was found to occur for decentred entry of the beams.5. It is concluded that the off‐axis loss of visual acuity is wholly due to optical aberrations in the eye.6. The ratios between the threshold contrasts for sinusoidal gratings and for interference fringes are used to calculate the optical transfer functions of the off‐axis aberrations of the eye.
The synaptic basis of a bilateral lingual‐hypoglossal reflex in cats
Authors: Porter R. 
Published: December 2014

1. Reflex discharge of some hypoglossal neurones innervating the intrinsic musculature of the tongue occurred following single stimuli delivered to low threshold afferents in the ipsilateral or contralateral lingual nerves of decerebrate cats.2. The discharge produced by contralateral lingual nerve stimuli was smaller and had a longer latency than that produced by ipsilateral lingual nerve stimuli. The timing of the ipsilateral response suggested that two synapses were included in the reflex arc.3. Intracellular recordings in hypoglossal motoneurones revealed complex depolarizing and later hyperpolarizing synaptic respones following single nerve stimuli. The direction of the early synaptic action in any cell was the same whether low threshold afferents in the ipsilateral or the contralateral lingual nerve were stimulated. The timing of these synaptic responses and the occurrence of ripples on the rising phase of many of the depolarizing potentials was consistent with the presence of an internuncial neurone in the pathway from the afferent fibres to the motoneurone.4. Recordings were made of the discharges of neurones in or near the sensory nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract caused by lingual nerve stimuli. The latencies of these discharges and the characters of the bursts of responses which followed single lingual nerve stimuli indicated that these neurones could be the internuncials on the reflex pathway.5. The relationship of these findings to the observations of Miller & Sherrington (1915) on the ‘licking’ reflex is discussed.
A comparative study of middle cerebral pressure in dogs and macaques
Authors: Symon Lindsay 
Published: December 2014

1. A comparison has been made of the pressures recorded from pial branches of the middle cerebral artery in dogs and macaques. This pressure has been shown to be between 88 and 95% of femoral arterial pressure in dogs under chloralose anaesthesia, and between 80 and 90% of femoral arterial pressure in macaques similarly anaesthetized.2. The effect of occlusion of the main vessels in the neck is shown to differ considerably in the two species. Blood pressure within the forebrain of the dog is shown to be largely dependent upon the integrity of the external carotid artery, whereas in the monkey the external carotid artery is without effect in the maintenance of forebrain blood pressure. Occlusion of the four major arteries in the neck is shown to produce a greater effect in the macaque and to be accompanied by signs of medullary ischaemia in this species.3. After occlusion of the main middle cerebral artery, arterial pressure measured distal to the occlusion depends upon the integrity of collateral vessels from the other cerebral arteries. When only a branch of the middle cerebral artery is occluded, the greater part of the residual blood pressure depends upon anastomoses from other branches of the middle cerebral artery itself.
Temperature effects produced in dogs and monkeys by injections of monoamines and related substances into the third ventricle
Authors: Feldberg W. , Hellon R. F. , Lotti V. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. In dogs the effects on rectal temperature of noradrenaline, adrenaline, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine were studied following their injection into the third ventricle through a chronically implanted cannula. Tranylcypromine was given also by the intraperitoneal route.2. The hypothermic effect of the catecholamines and the hyperthermic effect of 5‐HT previously demonstrated in anaesthetized dogs were obtained also in an unanaesthetized dog, but 5‐HT was effective only in doses under 20 μg.3. Tranylcypromine (1 mg) injected into the third ventricle of dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium produced shivering and a rise in temperature.4. Tranylcypromine (10 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally caused a rise in temperature in the unanaesthetized dog. For a time shivering and panting, two effects which produce opposite change in temperature, were observed together. When injected shortly before an intraperitoneal injection of an anaesthetizing dose of pentobarbitone sodium, tranylcypromine not only prevented the fall in temperature which is normally produced by the anaesthetic but caused a greater and longer lasting rise than when given alone.5. The intraperitoneal injections of tranylcypromine produced profuse salivation, a peripheral effect which persisted after acute denervation and which was not abolished by atropine or tolazoline.6. In rhesus monkeys anaesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbitone sodium, noradrenaline, adrenaline, 5‐HT and 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) were injected into the cannulated third ventricle. The catecholamines caused a fall in rectal temperature. No evidence was obtained that the fall resulted from a rise in hypothalamic temperature. The injections of 5‐HT or of its precursor 5‐HTP raised rectal temperature. Monkeys thus respond to the monoamines injected intraventricularly, in the same way as cats and dogs, and unlike rabbits, sheep, goats, oxen and rats.
Somato‐sensory paths to the second cortical projection area of the group I muscle afferents
Authors: Landgren S. , Silfvenius H. , Wolsk D. 
Published: December 2014

1. Cats anaesthetized with chloralose and paralysed with Flaxedil were used. The projections of muscle, joint and skin afferents to the cortical fold hidden in the anterior suprasylvian sulcus were investigated with micro‐electrode recording techniques.2. Electrical stimulation of Group I muscle afferents from the contralateral forelimb evoked a negative focal potential (latency 5 msec) in a locus of 1–2 mm diameter found in the lower bank of the fold. In one experiment a response to Group I muscle afferents from the contralateral hind limb was observed. The Group I potentials disappeared after sectioning of the dorsal columns at C3.3. Groups II and III muscle afferents, low threshold skin afferents and joint afferents also evoked potentials in the Group I locus. It was concluded that the joint afferents originated mainly in the Ruffini endings of the joint capsule.4. Groups II and III muscle afferents, low threshold skin and low threshold joint afferents projected to the upper bank of the suprasylvian fold. A certain somatotopic arrangement was observed.5. The possibility of connexions between the cortex of the anterior suprasylvian fold and the primary somato‐sensory projection areas was discussed, as well as the organization of the loci in the fold in terms of cell colonies with different properties.
Saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements in the monkey
Authors: Fuchs A. F. 
Published: December 2014

1. Voluntary eye movements were measured in the chronic, unanaesthetized monkey. A training technique is described which conditions the animals to follow a large variety of target trajectories.2. The eye movements of the monkey are not qualitatively different from those of man. In response to random target motions the monkey also employs a combination of saccadic and smooth pursuit movements.3. Monkeys execute their saccades more rapidly than humans.4. Monkeys are capable of attaining smooth pursuit velocities which are twice as fast as those of man.5. Most of the critical experiments showing the separate nature of the saccadic and smooth pursuit modes in man have been performed on monkeys with similar results.6. Therefore, if one remains aware of the quantitative differences between the two primates, results of neurophysiological studies of the occulomotor system of the monkey can be expected to have considerable relevance when extrapolated to man.
An investigation of pyramidal tract cells in the somatosensory cortex of the rat
Authors: McComas A. J. , Wilson P. 
Published: December 2014

1. An electrophysiological study has been made of pyramidal tract (PT) cells in the somatosensory cortex of the rat; the axons of the cells were shown to project either to the dorsal column nuclei or to the corticospinal tract.2. The corticospinal axons had conduction velocities of 7·6‐10·8 m/sec. and therefore must have belonged to the large population of PT axons with relatively small diameters.3. PT cells constituted almost a quarter of the units encountered; they were distributed throughout the forepaw area within the deeper layers of the cortex.4. The sizes of the receptive fields of PT cells varied widely and did not differ significantly from those of non‐PT cells.5. The latencies of PT cell discharges following peripheral stimulation showed less variation than those of non‐PT cells though the mean latencies were identical.6. Most PT cells could be driven from the periphery and exhibited spontaneous activity in addition; they therefore function to maintain a continuous control over the somatosensory input to the brain which can be increased whenever the skin is stimulated.