bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collateral Damage
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn connection with warfare and related forms of political violence (seeWar; Violence) the concept of collateral damage is morally important, analytically difficult, and subject to much abuse in its applications. In essence, the idea covers harms inflicted during war (or other acts of political violence, a qualification that will remain implicit in what follows) that are either incidental to the targeting involved or accidental. In either type of case the damage inflicted is claimed to be unintentional. For incidental damage, the harm done is unintended but foreseen; for accidental damage it is unintentional and unforeseen. If we accept the idea that intentional killing (seeHarm; Killing) of noncombatants is morally forbidden, then we should also address the question of collateral damage because much of it involves the harming or killing of noncombatants, which seems morally problematic even if it hasn't been brought about intentionally.
World Trade Organization
Authors: Barry Christian , Wisor Scott 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe World Trade Organization (WTO) is a multilateral trade organization that, at least partially, governs trade relations between its member states. The WTO (2011a) proclaims that its “overriding objective is to help trade flow smoothly, freely, fairly and predictably.” The WTO is a “treaty‐based” organization – it has been constituted through an agreed, legally binding treaty made up of more than 30 articles, along with additional commitments by some members in specific areas. At present, 153 states are members of the WTO, which collectively make up over 97 percent of all trade worldwide (WTO 2011b). Together, the WTO treaty specifies the rights and obligations of its member states. To become a member of the WTO, a state must treat the agreement as a “single undertaking.” Members cannot chooseà la cartewhich agreements – for example, regarding tariffs, or trade in services or intellectual property – they want to accede to and which they do not. Instead, they must take on the obligations of the agreementin toto. The WTO is one of the most consequential governance institutions in the world, a lodestar of political debate about globalization (seeglobalization), attracting increased interest from moral and political philosophers in recent years (James 2006; Moellendorf 2005; Risse 2007; Brock 2009).
Family
Authors: Brighouse Harry , Swift Adam 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe family is a central institution in most societies. Children are usually reared and socialized by adults, to whom they are related genetically, who live with them, and who have a great deal of power over them. Children usually maintain some sort of close connection with the people who reared them and those with whom they are reared into adulthood; these are usually lifetime relationships even when people stop sharing a home. In most societies property is passed down through the family and, in many, status is as well. Families socialize children: they exert great influence over both the children's prospective well‐being and the probability that they will contribute to society and treat other people well. There are too many philosophical debates about the family to cover in a short essay. Some are mainly concerned with the relationship between the family and the state, others with the relationships among family members. Is the family a natural, or a socially created institution? Is it part of a private sphere? Should governments encourage family formation and, if so, what kinds of family formation should they support? How should power over children be distributed between parents and the state? Who should pay the costs of raising children? Do children have rights against their parents (seeChildren's Rights)? Are there alternative institutions that would be better at raising children, and even if there are, would they be justified? This essay will primarily discuss the justification of the family as an institution for rearing children, and the kind of family that is justified.
Suárez, Francisco
Authors: Hill Benjamin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFrancisco Suárez (1548–1617) was a Spanish Jesuit and theologian who resurrected and transformed the Thomistic conception of natural law (seeNatural Law; Aquinas, Saint Thomas). Suárez loosened the conceptual connections between rightness and law, a move that represented a significant step in the transition from medieval to modern ways of thinking about morality, which are also exemplified by Hugo Grotius (Irwin 2008, 91;seeGrotius, Hugo). Along with Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto, Suárez laid down the theoretical underpinnings of modern international law and just war theory.
Supervenience, Moral
Authors: Schmitt Johannes V. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMany philosophers working in metaethics (seeMetaethics) have argued that an action's moral properties and its nonmoral or descriptive properties are related in a special way: there can be no difference between two actions' moral properties without some difference in their descriptive properties. Or, to put it a little more formally, if an action (or an agent) a with descriptive properties D1… Dnhas some moral property M, thenanyaction b that has all and only(!) the descriptive properties D1… Dnis going to have the moral property M as well. This co‐variance relation between the moral property M and the descriptive properties D1… Dnis calledsupervenience. The property M is said to supervene on the properties D1… Dn.
Savior Siblings
Authors: Bennett Belinda 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The term “savior sibling” is used to refer to a child conceived using
in vitro
fertilization with the intention that the child will, upon birth, be a compatible donor for another child who is ill (Spriggs and Savulescu 2002). Using preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), an embryo can be tested genetically to see if it is affected by a genetic condition (
see
Genetic Testing). Using tissue typing techniques, the embryo can also be tested to see if it would be a compatible donor for an existing child (Verlinsky et al. 2004). Subject to legal and regulatory requirements in the jurisdiction in which the procedure takes place, it may be possible for prospective parents to select between embryos and to choose one that would be a compatible donor for an existing child who is ill. The debate over savior siblings links in with broader debates about “designer babies” (
see
Reproductive Technology), although it has been argued that characterizing savior siblings as being on a slippery slope toward “designer babies” fails to appreciate the important differences between these categories, including the difference between using PGD to create a savior sibling so as to save a child's life, and selecting designer babies on the basis of trivial characteristics such as hair color (Sheldon and Wilkinson 2004: 534–5).
Slavery
Authors: Roberts‐Thomson Simon 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSlavery is an institution that has been present within nearly every human society (Patterson 1982: vii). Although it is now widely seen as a paradigmatic case of injustice (seeJustice), slavery and related practices are still common. A recent report estimates that there are more than 12.3 million people in forced labor, bonded labor or sexual slavery, and 2.45 million of these people were the victims of human trafficking (International Labour Organization 2005: 12, 14). In philosophy, discussions of slavery usually focus on questions concerning the nature of slavery and the permissibility of slavery. Those concerned with the former topic seek to understand slavery and to distinguish it from other forms of status. The latter topic divides into three main areas: justifications of slavery, explanations of the injustice of slavery, and voluntary slavery.
Stoicism
Authors: Mitsis Phillip 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Stoicism derives its name from the
stoa poikilê
, a painted colonnade in the Athenian Agora, where Zeno of Citium (333–262
BCE
) began teaching and attracting adherents to what was to become the most influential philosophical movement of the Hellenistic period, if not, perhaps, of all of Greek antiquity (
see
Ancient Ethics). For the next half millennium, large numbers of Greeks and Romans from all walks of life identified themselves as followers of Stoic doctrine and professed to live by its strenuous ethical mandates. Although often difficult to pin down, Stoic influence on Christian writers from St. Paul to Abelard has likewise been increasingly documented, while the self‐conscious attempt by Justus Lipsius, the Flemish humanist, to revive and merge Stoicism with Christianity in his hugely popular
De Constantia
(1583) was just the first of many modern attempts to find in Stoicism a refuge from the travails of everyday personal and political life. The notion that being ‘philosophical’ is to show a ‘stoic’ calm in the face of ill fortune perhaps demonstrates just how deeply ingrained such arguments became in the general imagination.
Methodology in Metaethics
Authors: Tersman Folke 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

One way of stating the difference between metaethics and normative ethics is as follows: while the aim of normative ethics is to answer moral questions, such as the question of whether euthanasia should be legalized, the aim of metaethics is rather to figure out what kind of questions they are. Do our answers to moral issues – our moral convictions – consist of true or false beliefs? Are the sentences and words (such as “right,” “wrong,” etc.) we use to express them in the business of stating facts? Which are the facts, if any, that make them true? These are some of the topics that metaethicists focus on (
see
Metaethics).
Quietism
Authors: McPherson Tristram 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Quietism is a response to philosophical debate or theorizing perhaps most closely associated with the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein (
see
Wittgenstein, Ludwig). The quietist's aim is to
dissolve
a debate or apparent theoretical problem by showing that it rests on mistaken presuppositions. Recently, a number of influential philosophers have found quietism to be an attractive response to some or all of the debates that characterize contemporary metaethics. This essay briefly sketches the outlines of these debates, introduces some central quietist strategies, and identifies some central burdens that the quietist approach faces.
Sexuality in Religions
Authors: Kalbian Aline H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInstitutional religions derive much of their power from controlling and ordering human behavior. Sexual behaviors, in particular, are often the focus of intense attention because of their potential both to stabilize and to destabilize societies. Decisions about whom to have sex with, about the status of one's relationship to that person, and about specific sex acts are consequential ones, and have great impact on political and cultural arrangements. Moreover, both religion and sex are embodied practices that require individuals to interpret the meaning and purpose of their bodyvis‐à‐vislarger sets of concerns. In the context of religion, the believer might use her body to worship, or to engage in ritual cleansing as a way to express a connection to a transcendent other. In the context of sex, humans may use their bodies to experience pleasure in communion with another, to attract a mate, and/or to procreate. All of these actions express the desire to build community and to enhance human flourishing.
Enhancement of adriamycin cytotoxicity by sodium butyrate involves hTERT downmodulation‐mediated apoptosis in human uterine cancer cells
Authors: Yu Meng , Kong Hong , Zhao Yan , Sun Xuefei , Zheng Zhihong , Yang Chunming , Zhu Yuyan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractActivation of telomerase is a key element in oncogenesis and resistance to apoptosis for many cancers. Some histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) or chemotheraputic agents have been reported to downregulate the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). However, whether hTERT is involved in cell death of uterine cancer cells induced by combination of HDACi with chemotheraputic regents remain unknown. The present study shows that combining sodium butyrate (NaBu) and adriamycin (ADR) inhibits proliferation of uterine cancer cell lines in a concentration and time‐dependent manner. Growth inhibition was accompanied by caspase‐dependent apoptosis with reduced telomerase activity and decreased hTERT mRNA expression. Ectopic wild type (WT)‐hTERT suppressed the apoptosis induced by NaBu/ADR treatment, while knockdown of hTERT sensitized uterine cancer cells to ADR. Moreover, the addition of NaBu significantly enhanced ADR cytotoxicity for the primary uterine cancer cells with high hTERT expression. These data indicate that downregulation of hTERT is an important part of the mechanism by which NaBu enhances ADR‐induced apoptosis, and suggests that combining NaBu and ADR may be effective in treating uterine tumor with high telomerase activity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multidimensional discontinuous SPH method and its application to metal penetration analysis
Authors: Xu F. , Zhao Y. , Yan R. , Furukawa T. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYThis paper presents a discontinuous smoothed particle hydrodynamics (DSPH) method to solve multidimensional discontinuous problems and the application of the method to metal penetration. The proposed DSPH method extends the original one‐dimensional approximate function via Taylor series expansions and the subsequent DSPH formulations to multidimensional space. A technique proposed within the method takes any particle on the opposite side in the computational domain as a key point for discontinuous treatment, and its association with the method completes the solution for multidimensional discontinuous problems. In addition to its ability to solve multidimensional discontinuous problems, the proposed DSPH method has further capabilities of accurate physics description and efficient computation. In the first set of numerical examples, the investigation of the proposed DSPH method and its comparative study with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method and corrective smoothed particle method have demonstrated the ability and superiority of the proposed DSPH method in solving multidimensional discontinuous problems. In the second set, the applicability of the proposed DSPH method to metal penetration has been validated by comparing the results of the proposed DSPH method to the experimental results and the behavioral analyses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virtual Practices and Migration Plans: a Qualitative Study of Urban Young Adults
Authors: Thulin Eva , Vilhelmson Bertil 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThe paper develops our understanding of how the Internet is integrated into migration processes and influences plans and decisions to move, drawing on in‐depth interviews with urban young adults planning to move. Our analysis is based on people's own experiences and perceptions, focusing on the pre‐migrant phase of interregional migration. Theoretically, the decision to move is an ongoing process and practice in which Internet use is increasingly prominent. Internet‐based information is assumed to increasingly be supporting and transforming individual migration plans. Results indicate that Internet use is integrated into most respondents' migration practices and is perceived as a necessity when accessing information about jobs, education, housing, and destinations. Its role varies between migration process phases, that is inspiration, screening and sorting, practical and emotional preparation, and post‐processing after settlement. In the inspiration phase, Internet‐based information builds migrant awareness of new opportunities in unfamiliar places, permitting larger and more distant geographical areas to be considered. The Internet is not perceived as a driving force per se, but instead a supportive agent. Internet use is believed to encourage individual interest in migration, transforming the overall meaning of migration and reducing the perceived friction of distance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single Port Laparoscopic Totally Extraperitoneal Hernioplasty: A Comparative Study of Short‐term Outcome with Conventional Laparoscopic Totally Extraperitoneal Hernioplasty
Authors: Kim Ji Hoon , Lee Yoon Suk , Kim Jin Jo , Park Seung Man 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundRecently, single port laparoscopic surgery has begun to develop as an extension of minimally invasive surgery, but there have been only a few reports of single port laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (SPLTEP) hernioplasty. In addition, there are few comparative studies with conventional laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (CLTEP) hernioplasty. The aim of the present study was to report our experience with SPLTEP hernioplasty and to compare short‐term outcomes for SPLTEP hernioplasty with CLTEP hernioplasty.MethodsData were prospectively collected for all patients undergoing SPLTEP hernioplasty for inguinal hernia at Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon, Korea. Data for the SPLTEP group (n = 76 patients enrolled between June 2010 and May 2011) were compared retrospectively with data for the CLTEP group (n = 93 patients enrolled between June 2009 and May 2010).ResultsThere were no significant differences in patient demographics. This study showed no significant difference in terms of operative time between the two groups (SPLTEP group 54.0 min vs. CLTEP group 47.8 min; p = 0.07). There were no conversions to conventional TEP hernioplasty or transabdominal preperitoneal hernioplasty or open surgery in SPLTEP hernioplasty. Morbidity rates were 7.9 % (n = 6) in the SPLTEP group and 10.8 % (n = 10) in the CLTEP group, and the difference was not significant.ConclusionsSingle port laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal hernioplasty is technically feasible and the short‐term operative outcome is comparable to that of CLTEP hernioplasty. Future large‐scale prospective controlled studies and long‐term analysis are needed to establish the cosmetic outcomes, quality of life, long‐term recurrence rate, and long‐term complication rate of SPLTEP hernioplasty.
Total body irradiation: A transition from a Co‐60 treatment unit to an IMRT lateral‐field extended‐SAD technique
Authors: Kolokotronis Anastasia , Brunet‐Benkhoucha Malik , Roussin Étienne , St‐Pierre Julie , Marchand Eve‐Lyne , Bernard Maryse 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this work was to detail our center's experience in transitioning from a Co‐60 treatment technique to an intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) based lateral‐field extended source‐to‐axis distance (e‐SAD) technique for total body irradiation (TBI).Materials and MethodsAn existing beam model in RayStation v.10A was validated for the use of e‐SAD TBI treatments. Data were acquired with an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator (LINAC) at an extended source‐to‐surface distance of 365 cm with an 18 MV beam. Beam model validation measurements included percentage depth dose (PDD), profile data, surface dose, build‐up region and transmission measurements. End‐to‐end testing was carried out using an anthropomorphic phantom. Treatments were performed in a supine position in a whole‐body Vac‐Lok at an e‐SAD of 400 cm with a beam spoiler 10 cm from the couch. Planning was achieved using IMRT, where multi‐leaf collimators were used to modulate the beam and shield the organs at risk. Beam's eye view projection images were used for in‐room patient positioning and in‐vivo dosimetry was performed for every treatment.ResultsThe percent difference between the measured and calculated PDD and profiles was less than 2% at all locations. Surface dose was 83.8% of the maximum dose with the beam spoiler at a 10 cm distance from the phantom. The largest percent difference between the treatment planning system (TPS) and measured data within the anthropomorphic phantom was approximately 2%. In‐vivo dosimetry measurements yielded results within the 5% institutional threshold.ConclusionIn 2022, 17 patients were successfully treated using the new IMRT‐based lateral‐field e‐SAD TBI technique. The resulting clinical plans respected the institutional standard. The commissioning process, as well as the treatment planning and delivery aspects were described in this work with the intention of supporting other clinics in implementing this treatment method.
Associations of renin–angiotensin system inhibitor use with brain insulin signaling and neuropathology
Authors: Tong Han , Capuano Ana W. , Mehta Rupal I. , Sood Ajay , Bennett David A. , Ahima Rexford S. , Arnold Steven E. , Arvanitakis Zoe 
Published: July 2024

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the associations of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitor use with postmortem brain insulin signaling and neuropathology.MethodsAmong Religious Orders Study participants, 150 deceased and autopsied older individuals (75 with diabetes matched to 75 without by age at death, sex, and education) had measurements of insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) and RAC‐alpha serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT1) collected in the prefrontal cortex using ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Alzheimer's disease (AD), brain infarcts, and cerebral vessel pathology data were assessed by systematic neuropathologic evaluations. RAS inhibitor use was determined based on visual inspection of medication containers during study visits. The associations of RAS inhibitor use with brain insulin signaling measures and neuropathology were examined using adjusted regression analyses.ResultsOf the 90 RAS inhibitor users (54 with diabetes), 65 had used only angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, 11 only angiotensin II receptor blockers, and 14 used both. RAS inhibitor use was associated with lower pT308AKT1/total AKT1, but not with pS307IRS‐1/total IRS‐1 or the density of cells stained positive for pS616 IRS‐1. RAS inhibitor use was not associated with the level of global AD pathology or amyloid beta burden, but it was associated with a lower tau‐neurofibrillary tangle density. Additionally, we found a significant interaction between diabetes and RAS inhibitors on tangle density. Furthermore, AKT1 phosphorylation partially mediated the association of RAS inhibitor use with tau tangle density. Lastly, RAS inhibitor use was associated with more atherosclerosis, but not with other cerebral blood vessel pathologies or cerebral infarcts.InterpretationLate‐life RAS inhibitor use may be associated with lower brain AKT1 phosphorylation and fewer neurofibrillary tangles.
Autobiographical memory of blind and sighted early teenagers: Memory accessibility, episodicity and phenomenology
Authors: Güneş‐Acar Naziye , Tekcan Ali İ. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractVisual system is crucial to autobiographical memory. Research tended to show that blind adults may compensate for the loss of visual information in retrieval of their autobiographical memories. Much less is known about how blind children's autobiographical memory develops in the absence of visual information. Using cue‐word methodology, 36 sighted and 33 blind early teenagers were asked to recall memories and subsequently rated phenomenological qualities of their memories. Retrieval latency, the number of prompts provided, episodic and non‐episodic details reported for each memory were coded. In terms of memory accessibility, the blind group recalled comparable number of memories with comparable latency to retrieve memories, but they needed more prompting. Blind participants recalled similar number of episodic details; however, they reported more extraneous details, decreasing specificity. Blind early teenagers reported higher auditory imagery, a propensity to remember events from the first‐person perspective, and a tendency to remember events as coherent stories.