bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Immunogenicity of Heat Shock Protein 70 Peptide Complexes from Dendritic Cell-Tumor Fusion Cells
Authors: Enomoto Yutaka , Bharti Ajit , Khaleque Ad Abdul , Song Baizheng , Liu Chunlei , Apostolopoulos Vasso , Xing Pei-xiang , Calderwood Stuart K. , Gong Jianlin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe have developed a molecular chaperone-based tumor vaccine that reverses the immune tolerance of cancer cells. Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 extracted from fusions of dendritic (DC) and tumor cells (HSP70.PC-F) possess superior properties such as stimulation of DC maturation and T cell proliferation over its counterpart from tumor cells. More importantly, immunization of mice with HSP70.PC-F resulted in a T cell-mediated immune response including significant increase of CD8 T cells and induction of the effector and memory T cells that was able to break T cell unresponsiveness to a nonmutated tumor Ag and provide protection of mice against challenge with tumor cells. By contrast, the immune response to vaccination with HSP70-PC derived from tumor cells is muted against such nonmutated tumor Ag. HSP70.PC-F complexes differed from those derived from tumor cells in a number of key manners, most notably, enhanced association with immunologic peptides. In addition, the molecular chaperone HSP90 was found to be associated with HSP70.PC-F as indicated by coimmunoprecipitation, suggesting ability to carry an increased repertoire of antigenic peptides by the two chaperones. Significantly, activation of DC by HSP70.PC-F was dependent on the presence of an intact MyD88 gene, suggesting a role for TLR signaling in DC activation and T cell stimulation. These experiments indicate that HSP70-peptide complexes (PC) derived from DC-tumor fusion cells have increased their immunogenicity and therefore constitute an improved formulation of chaperone protein-based tumor vaccine.
CD4 T Cell-Induced, Bid-Dependent Apoptosis of Cutaneous Dendritic Cells Regulates T Cell Expansion and Immune Responses
Authors: Pradhan Sanjay , Genebriera Joseph , Denning Warren L. , Felix Kumar , Elmets Craig A. , Timares Laura 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe fate of dendritic cells (DCs) after Ag presentation may be DC subset-specific and controlled by many factors. The role of activation-induced apoptosis in regulating DC function is not clear. We investigated the fate of cutaneous DCs (cDCs), specifically Langerhans cells (LCs), and observed that they undergo apoptosis after successful Ag presentation to CD4 T cells. Caspase-specific inhibitors revealed that LC lines use a type II apoptosis pathway in response to CD4 T cells. In support of this, BH3-interacting domain (Bid) protein was present at high levels and specifically cleaved in the presence of Ag-specific T cells. Significant resistance to apoptosis by OT-2 CD4 cells was also observed for Bid knockout (KO) LCs in vitro. To test whether Bid was required to regulate LC function in vivo, we measured contact sensitization and topical immunization responses in Bid KO mice and observed markedly enhanced ear swelling and proliferation responses compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, when Ag-pulsed Bid KO migratory cDCs were inoculated into wild-type recipients, an increase in both the rate and percentage of expanded OT-2 T cells expressing IFN-γ was observed. Thus, enhanced Ag presentation function was intrinsic to Bid KO cDCs. Therefore, Bid is an important regulator of LC viability and Ag presentation function.
Subepithelial Myofibroblasts are Novel Nonprofessional APCs in the Human Colonic Mucosa
Authors: Saada Jamal I. , Pinchuk Irina V. , Barrera Carlos A. , Adegboyega Patrick A. , Suarez Giovanni , Mifflin Randy C. , Di Mari John F. , Reyes Victor E. , Powell Don W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe human gastrointestinal mucosa is exposed to a diverse normal microflora and dietary Ags and is a common site of entry for pathogens. The mucosal immune system must respond to these diverse signals with either the initiation of immunity or tolerance. APCs are important accessory cells that modulate T cell responses which initiate and maintain adaptive immunity. The ability of APCs to communicate with CD4+ T cells is largely dependent on the expression of class II MHC molecules by the APCs. Using immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry, we demonstrate that α-smooth muscle actin+, CD90+ subepithelial myofibroblasts (stromal cells) constitutively express class II MHC molecules in normal colonic mucosa and that they are distinct from professional APCs such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Primary isolates of human colonic myofibroblasts (CMFs) cultured in vitro were able to stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cell proliferation. This process was dependent on class II MHC and CD80/86 costimulatory molecule expression by the myofibroblasts. We also demonstrate that CMFs, engineered to express a specific DR4 allele, can process and present human serum albumin to a human serum albumin-specific and DR4 allele-restricted T cell hybridoma. These studies characterize a novel cell phenotype which, due to its strategic location and class II MHC expression, may be involved in capture of Ags that cross the epithelial barrier and present them to lamina propria CD4+ T cells. Thus, human CMFs may be important in regulating local immunity in the colon.
Cbl-b Is a Negative Regulator of Inflammatory Cytokines Produced by IgE-Activated Mast Cells
Authors: Gustin Sonja E. , Thien Christine B. F. , Langdon Wallace Y. 
Published: April 2014

Abstractc-Cbl and Cbl-b E3 ubiquitin ligases are abundantly expressed in hemopoietic cells where they negatively regulate the activity and levels of many cell surface receptors and associated signaling molecules. By comparing bone marrow-derived mast cells from c-Cbl and Cbl-b-deficient mice it has recently been shown that Cbl-b is the dominant family member for negatively regulating signaling responses from high-affinity IgE receptors. In this study, we suggest that a possible reason for the greater enhancement of IgE receptor signaling in Cbl-b-deficient mice is the relatively higher levels of Cbl-b protein over c-Cbl in mast cells compared with other hemopoietic cells. We also directly compare mast cells from c-Cbl and Cbl-b-deficient mice and find that loss of Cbl-b, but not c-Cbl, increases cell growth, retards receptor internalization, and causes the sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk and its substrates. However, loss of Cbl-b does not enhance the activation of ERK or Akt, nor does it promote a greater calcium response. Furthermore, loss of Cbl-b or c-Cbl does not increase levels of the Syk or Lyn protein tyrosine kinases. Most notable, however, is the extremely large increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 by Cbl-b−/− mast cells compared with levels produced by c-Cbl−/− or wild-type cells. This marked induction, which appears to be restricted to these three cytokines, is dependent on IgE receptor activation and correlates with enhanced IκB kinase phosphorylation. Thus, Cbl-b functions as a potent negative regulator of cytokines that promote allergic and inflammatory reactions.
Dendritic Cells Cross-Dressed with Peptide MHC Class I Complexes Prime CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Dolan Brian P. , Gibbs Kenneth D. , Ostrand-Rosenberg Suzanne 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe activation of naive CD8+ T cells has been attributed to two mechanisms: cross-priming and direct priming. Cross-priming and direct priming differ in the source of Ag and in the cell that presents the Ag to the responding CD8+ T cells. In cross-priming, exogenous Ag is acquired by professional APCs, such as dendritic cells (DC), which process the Ag into peptides that are subsequently presented. In direct priming, the APCs, which may or may not be DC, synthesize and process the Ag and present it themselves to CD8+ T cells. In this study, we demonstrate that naive CD8+ T cells are activated by a third mechanism, called cross-dressing. In cross-dressing, DC directly acquire MHC class I-peptide complexes from dead, but not live, donor cells by a cell contact-mediated mechanism, and present the intact complexes to naive CD8+ T cells. Such DC are cross-dressed because they are wearing peptide-MHC complexes generated by other cells. CD8+ T cells activated by cross-dressing are restricted to the MHC class I genotype of the donor cells and are specific for peptides generated by the donor cells. In vivo studies demonstrate that optimal priming of CD8+ T cells requires both cross-priming and cross-dressing. Thus, cross-dressing may be an important mechanism by which DC prime naive CD8+ T cells and may explain how CD8+ T cells are primed to Ags that are inefficiently cross-presented.
Enhanced IgA Class Switching in Marginal Zone and B1 B Cells Relative to Follicular/B2 B Cells
Authors: Kaminski Denise A. , Stavnezer Janet 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMouse splenic marginal zone (MZ) B cells and B1 B cells enriched in the peritoneal cavity respond preferentially to T cell-independent Ags compared with follicular (FO)/B2 B cells. Despite the differential responses of B cell subsets to various stimuli, and despite the need for multiple stimuli to induce IgA class switching, the relative contribution of B cell subpopulations to IgA production is unknown. By culturing purified B cell populations, we find that MZ and peritoneal B1 cells switch more readily to IgA than do splenic FO or peritoneal B2 cells in BLyS/LPS/TGF-β. Addition of IL-4, IL-5, and anti-IgD dextran to the cultures enhances IgA switching in FO/B2 and MZ B cells to a similar frequency, but this treatment suppresses IgA class switching in B1 cells. Thus, IgA switching differs among purified B cell subsets, suggesting that individual B cell populations could contribute differentially to IgA expression in vivo, depending on available stimuli.
IL-10 Signaling Is Essential for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Mediated Inhibition of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Spach Karen M. , Nashold Faye E. , Dittel Bonnie N. , Hayes Colleen E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) results from an aberrant, neuroantigen-specific, T cell-mediated autoimmune response. Because MS prevalence and severity decrease sharply with increasing sunlight exposure, and sunlight supports vitamin D3 synthesis, we proposed that vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) may protect against MS. In support of this hypothesis, 1,25-(OH)2D3 strongly inhibited experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This inhibition required lymphocytes other than the encephalitogenic T cells. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that 1,25-(OH)2D3 might inhibit EAE through the action of IL-10-producing regulatory lymphocytes. We report that vitamin D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 strongly inhibited myelin oligodendrocyte peptide (MOG35–55)-induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice, but completely failed to inhibit EAE in mice with a disrupted IL-10 or IL-10R gene. Thus, a functional IL-10-IL-10R pathway was essential for 1,25-(OH)2D3 to inhibit EAE. The 1,25-(OH)2D3 also failed to inhibit EAE in reciprocal, mixed bone marrow chimeras constructed by transferring IL-10-deficient bone marrow into irradiated wild-type mice and vice versa. Thus, 1,25-(OH)2D3 may be enhancing an anti-inflammatory loop involving hemopoietic cell-produced IL-10 acting on brain parenchymal cells and vice versa. If this interpretation is correct, and humans have a similar bidirectional IL-10-dependent loop, then an IL-10-IL-10R pathway defect could abrogate the anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective functions of sunlight and vitamin D3. In this way, a genetic IL-10-IL-10R pathway defect could interact with an environmental risk factor, vitamin D3 insufficiency, to increase MS risk and severity.
CD28 Ligation Costimulates Cell Death but Not Maturation of Double-Positive Thymocytes due to Defective ERK MAPK Signaling
Authors: Graham Daniel B. , Bell Michael P. , Huntoon Catherine J. , Griffin Matthew D. , Tai Xuguang , Singer Alfred , McKean David J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe differentiation of double-positive (DP) CD4+CD8+ thymocytes to single-positive CD4+ or CD8+ T cells is regulated by signals that are initiated by coengagement of the Ag (TCR) and costimulatory receptors. CD28 costimulatory receptors, which augment differentiation and antiapoptotic responses in mature T lymphocytes, have been reported to stimulate both differentiation and apoptotic responses in TCR-activated DP thymocytes. We have used artificial APCs that express ligands for TCR and CD28 to show that CD28 signals increase expression of CD69, Bim, and cell death in TCR-activated DP thymocytes but do not costimulate DP thymocytes to initiate the differentiation program. The lack of a differentiation response is not due to defects in CD28-initiated TCR proximal signaling events but by a selective defect in the activation of ERK MAPK. To characterize signals needed to initiate the death response, a mutational analysis was performed on the CD28 cytoplasmic domain. Although mutation of all of CD28 cytoplasmic domain signaling motifs blocks cell death, the presence of any single motif is able to signal a death response. Thus, there is functional redundancy in the CD28 cytoplasmic domain signaling motifs that initiate the thymocyte death response. In contrast, immobilized Abs can initiate differentiation responses and cell death in DP thymocytes. However, because Ab-mediated differentiation occurs through CD28 receptors with no cytoplasmic domain, the response may be mediated by increased adhesion to immobilized anti-TCR Abs.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Do Not Migrate in Intestinal or Hepatic Lymph
Authors: Yrlid Ulf , Cerovic Vuk , Milling Simon , Jenkins Christopher D. , Zhang Jiquan , Crocker Paul R. , Klavinskis Linda S. , MacPherson G. Gordon 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPlasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) recognize pathogen-associated molecules, particularly viral, and represent an important mechanism in innate defense. They may however, also have roles in steady-state tolerogenic responses at mucosal sites. pDCs can be isolated from blood, mucosa, and lymph nodes (LNs). Although pDCs can express peripherally derived Ags in LNs and at mucosal sites, it is not clear whether pDCs actually migrate from the periphery in lymph or whether LN pDCs acquire Ags by other mechanisms. To determine whether pDCs migrate in lymph, intestine or liver-draining LNs were removed and thoracic duct leukocytes (TDLs) were collected. TDLs expressing MHC-II and CD45R, but not TCRαβ or CD45RA, were then analyzed. These enriched TDLs neither transcribe type I IFNs nor secrete inflammatory cytokines in response to viral stimuli in vitro or after a TLR7/8 stimulus in vivo. In addition, these TDLs do not express CD5, CD90, CD200, or Siglec-H, but do express Ig, and therefore represent B cells, despite their lack of CD45RA expression. Intestinal and hepatic lymph are hence devoid of bona fide pDCs under both steady-state conditions and after TLR7/8 stimulation. This shows that any role for pDCs in Ag-specific T cell activation or tolerance must differ from the roles of classical dendritic cells, because it cannot result from peripheral Ag capture, followed by migration of pDCs via lymph to the LN.
Complex Interplay of Activating and Inhibitory Signals Received by Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Revealed by Target Cell β2-Microglobulin Knockdown
Authors: Trichet Valérie , Benezech Cécile , Dousset Christelle , Gesnel Marie-Claude , Bonneville Marc , Breathnach Richard 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTumor cells often escape immunosurveillance by down-regulating MHC class I molecule expression. For human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, a major peripheral blood T cell subset with broad antitumor reactivity, this down-regulation can affect signals transmitted by both the inhibitory and the activating MHC class I and Ib-specific NK receptors (NKRs) that these lymphocytes frequently express. To assess the overall impact of MHC down-regulation on Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation, we used stable β2-microglobulin knockdown to generate tumor cells with a ∼10-fold down-modulation of all MHC class I molecules. This down-modulation had little effect on T cell proliferation or cytokine production, but modified tumor cell killing efficiency. Ab-blocking studies identified ILT2 as an important inhibitor of tumor cell killing by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Down-modulation of MHC class I and Ib molecules severely reduced ILT2 inhibitory signaling, but still allowed signaling by activating CD94-based receptors. It also unveiled a frequent enhancing effect of NKG2D on tumor killing by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Current models suggest that activating NKRs have less affinity for their MHC ligands than homologous inhibitory NKRs. Our results show that, despite this, activating NKRs recognizing MHC class I molecules play an important role in the increased killing by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells of tumor cells with down-regulated MHC class I molecule expression, and suggest that these T cells will best lyse tumor cells combining MHC class I molecule expression down-regulation with up-regulated NKG2D ligand expression.
Epigenetic Histone Modifications Do Not Control Igκ Locus Contraction and Intranuclear Localization in Cells with Dual B Cell-Macrophage Potential
Authors: Hodawadekar Suchita , Wei Fang , Yu Duonan , Thomas-Tikhonenko Andrei , Atchison Michael L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSomatic rearrangement of the Ig genes during B cell development is believed to be controlled, at least in part, by accessibility of the loci to the recombinational machinery. Accessibility is poorly understood, but appears to be controlled by a combination of histone posttranslational modifications, large scale Ig locus contractions, and changes in intranuclear localization of the loci. These changes are regulated by developmental stage-specific as well as tissue-specific mechanisms. We previously isolated a murine B cell lymphoma line, Myc5, that can oscillate between the B cell and macrophage lineages depending upon growth conditions. This line provides an opportunity to study tissue-specific regulation of epigenetic mechanisms operating on the Ig loci. We found that when Myc5 cells are induced to differentiate from B cells into macrophages, expression of macrophage-specific transcripts was induced (M-CSFR, F4/80, and CD14), whereas B cell-specific transcripts decreased dramatically (mb-1, E47, IRF4, Pax5, and Igκ). Loss of Igκ transcription was associated with reduced Igκ locus contraction, as well as increased association with heterochromatin protein-1 and association of the Igκ locus with the nuclear periphery. Surprisingly, however, we found that histone modifications at the Igκ locus remained largely unchanged whether the cells were grown in vivo as B cells, or in vitro as macrophages. These results mechanistically uncouple histone modifications at the Igκ locus from changes in locus contraction and intranuclear localization.
CD1 Antigen Presentation by Human Dendritic Cells as a Target for Herpes Simplex Virus Immune Evasion
Authors: Raftery Martin J. , Winau Florian , Kaufmann Stefan H. E. , Schaible Ulrich E. , Schönrich Günther 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn contrast to MHC molecules, which present peptides, the CD1 molecules have been discovered to present lipid Ags to T cells. CD1-restricted T lymphocytes have been recently associated with resistance to virus infection. The mechanisms underlying activation of CD1-restricted T cells in the course of virus infection are not defined. In this study, we wanted to investigate the interaction of HSV with the antiviral CD1 Ag presentation system in human dendritic cells (DC). In response to low titers of HSV, the surface expression of CD1b and CD1d on human DC was up-regulated. These phenotypic changes enhanced the capacity of infected DC to stimulate proliferation of CD1-restricted T lymphocytes. High titers of HSV, however, lead to strong down-regulation of all surface CD1 molecules. This modulation of surface expression was associated with intracellular accumulation, colocalization with viral proteins, and disruption of the CD1 recycling machinery. Finally, even at low titers HSV interfered with the capacity of infected DC to stimulate the release of important cytokines by CD1d-restricted NKT cells. Thus, we demonstrate both the existence of a CD1 pathway allowing human DC to react to viral infection, as well as its blockage by a human herpesvirus.
Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor in Intestinal Immune Defense against the Lumen-Dwelling Protozoan ParasiteGiardia
Authors: Davids Barbara J. , Palm J. E. Daniel , Housley Michael P. , Smith Jennifer R. , Andersen Yolanda S. , Martin Martin G. , Hendrickson Barbara A. , Johansen Finn-Eirik , Svärd Staffan G. , Gillin Frances D. , Eckmann Lars 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) is conserved in mammals and has an avian homologue, suggesting evolutionarily important functions in vertebrates. It transports multimeric IgA and IgM across polarized epithelia and is highly expressed in the intestine, yet little direct evidence exists for its importance in defense against common enteric pathogens. In this study, we demonstrate that pIgR can play a critical role in intestinal defense against the lumen-dwelling protozoan parasite Giardia, a leading cause of diarrheal disease. The receptor was essential for the eradication of Giardia when high luminal IgA levels were required. Clearance of Giardia muris, in which IgA plays a dominant role, was severely compromised in pIgR-deficient mice despite significant fecal IgA output at 10% of normal levels. In contrast, eradication of the human strain Giardia lamblia GS/M, for which adaptive immunity is less IgA dependent in mice, was unaffected by pIgR deficiency, indicating that pIgR had no physiologic role when lower luminal IgA levels were sufficient for parasite elimination. Immune IgA was greatly increased in the serum of pIgR-deficient mice, conferred passive protection against Giardia, and recognized several conserved giardial Ags, including ornithine carbamoyltransferase, arginine deiminase, α-enolase, and α- and β-giardins, that are also detected in human giardiasis. Corroborative observations were made in mice lacking the J chain, which is required for pIgR-dependent transepithelial IgA transport. These results, together with prior data on pIgR-mediated immune neutralization of luminal cholera toxin, suggest that pIgR is essential in intestinal defense against pathogenic microbes with high-level and persistent luminal presence.