bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irrigated Agricultural Adaptation to Water and Climate Variability: The Economic Value of a Water Portfolio
Authors: Mukherjee Monobina , Schwabe Kurt 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIncreasing aridity, more frequent and intense drought, and greater degrees of water scarcity create unique challenges for agriculture. In response to these challenges, which often manifest themselves as lower and more variable surface water supplies, as well as depleted and degraded ground water supplies, growers tend to seek opportunities to adapt. One option for growers to reduce their exposure to water scarcity and heightened uncertainty is to diversify. Indeed, access to a portfolio of supplies is one way in which water and irrigation districts, as well as individual growers, are responding to the changing landscape of water resource availability. This article evaluates the benefits to irrigated agriculture from having access to multiple sources of water. With farm‐level information on 1,900 agricultural parcels across California, we use the hedonic property value method to investigate the extent that growers benefit from having access to multiple sources of water (i.e., a water portfolio). Our results suggest that while lower quality waters, less reliable water, and less water all negatively impact agricultural land values, holding a water portfolio has a positive impact on land values through its role in mitigating the negative aspects of these factors and reducing the sensitivity of agriculture to climate‐related factors. From a policy perspective, such results identify a valuable adaptation tool that irrigation districts may consider to help offset the negative impacts of climate change, drought, and population increases on water supply availability and reliability.
Global Fair Trade Markets and Product Innovations
Authors: DiMarcello Nicholas , Marconi Nicholas , Hooker Neal H. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryConsumer interest in social justice and traceability has supported the global fair trade market's substantial growth in recent years, measured by both market share and number of product launches. Using fair trade product launch data we identify 6,423 food, beverage, and health and beauty products with various label claims launched in over 40 countries between 1999 and 2012. We provide a descriptive and comparative analysis of these products. Topics include the type of fair trade claim, the (third‐party) organisation certifying the claim (if any) and product categories. The most common fair trade categories are hot beverages, skin care products and chocolate confectionery. Dozens of certifying bodies operate in the fair trade industry, each with its own set of standards. While a majority of the products were certified, a significant share of innovations notably in health and beauty categories could only be classified as following fair trade ‘practices’ or ‘supporting’ fair trade procurement strategies. Affiliates of Fair Trade Labeling Organizations International (FLO‐I) certified 50 per cent of all fair trade product launches. We highlight differences in fair trade standards across certification organisations. Such diversity in composition and sourcing standards may confuse consumers, diffuse the market benefits and in extreme cases lead to government intervention.
Balancing sample accumulation and DNA degradation rates to optimize noninvasive genetic sampling of sympatric carnivores
Authors: Lonsinger Robert C. , Gese Eric M. , Dempsey Steven J. , Kluever Bryan M. , Johnson Timothy R. , Waits Lisette P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractNoninvasive genetic sampling, or noninvasive DNA sampling (NDS), can be an effective monitoring approach for elusive, wide‐ranging species at low densities. However, few studies have attempted to maximize sampling efficiency. We present a model for combining sample accumulation and DNA degradation to identify the most efficient (i.e. minimal cost per successful sample) NDS temporal design for capture–recapture analyses. We use scat accumulation and faecal DNA degradation rates for two sympatric carnivores, kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) and coyote (Canis latrans) across two seasons (summer and winter) in Utah, USA, to demonstrate implementation of this approach. We estimated scat accumulation rates by clearing and surveying transects for scats. We evaluated mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear (nDNA) DNA amplification success for faecal DNA samples under natural field conditions for 20 fresh scats/species/season from <1–112 days. Mean accumulation rates were nearly three times greater for coyotes (0.076 scats/km/day) than foxes (0.029 scats/km/day) across seasons. Across species and seasons, mtDNA amplification success was ≥95% through day 21. Fox nDNA amplification success was ≥70% through day 21 across seasons. Coyote nDNA success was ≥70% through day 21 in winter, but declined to <50% by day 7 in summer. We identified a common temporal sampling frame of approximately 14 days that allowed species to be monitored simultaneously, further reducing time, survey effort and costs. Our results suggest that when conducting repeated surveys for capture–recapture analyses, overall cost‐efficiency for NDS may be improved with a temporal design that balances field and laboratory costs along with deposition and degradation rates.
Limits of Dissent, Perils of Activism: Spaces of Resistance and the New Security Logic
Authors: Amir Merav , Kotef Hagar 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOn 26 December 2003 an Israeli activist was shot by the Israeli Army while he was participating in a demonstration organized by Anarchists Against the Wall (AAtW) in the West Bank. This was the first time Israeli Soldiers have deliberately shot live bullets at a Jewish‐Israeli activist. This paper is an attempt to understand the set of conditions, the enveloping frameworks, and the new discourses that have made this event, and similar shootings that soon followed, possible. Situating the actions of AAtW within a much wider context of securitization—of identities, movements, and bodies—we examine strategies of resistance which are deployed in highly securitized public spaces. We claim that an unexpected matrix of identity in which abnormality is configured as security threat render the bodies of activists especially precarious. The paper thus provides an account of the new rationales of security technologies and tactics which increasingly govern public spaces.
3‐iodothyroacetic acid, a metabolite of thyroid hormone, induces itch and reduces threshold to noxious and to painful heat stimuli in mice
Authors: Laurino Annunziatina , De Siena Gaetano , Resta Francesco , Masi Alessio , Musilli Claudia , Zucchi Riccardo , Raimondi Laura 
Published: December 2014

Background and purposeItch is associated with increased sensitization to nociceptive stimuli. We investigated whether 3‐iodothyroacetic acid (TA1), by releasing histamine, induces itch and increases sensitization to noxious and painful heat stimuli.Experimental ApproachItch was evaluated after s.c. administration of TA1 (0.4, 1.32 and 4 μg·kg−1). Mice threshold to noxious (NHT) and to painful heat stimuli were evaluated by the increasing‐temperature hot plate (from 45.5 to 49.5°C) or by the hot plate (51.5°C) test, respectively, 15 min after i.p. injection of TA1 (0.4, 1.32 and 4 μg·kg−1). Itch, NHT and pain threshold evaluation were repeated in mice pretreated with pyrilamine. Itch and NHT were also measured in HDC+/+ and HDC−/− following injection of saline or TA1 (1.32, 4 and 11 μg·kg−1; s.c. and i.p.). pERK1/2 levels were determined by Western blot in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) isolated from CD1 mice 15 min after they received (i.p.): saline, saline and noxious heat stimulus (46.5°C), TA1 (0.1, 0.4, 1.32, 4 μg·kg−1) or TA1 1.32 μg·kg−1 and noxious heat stimulus.Key ResultsTA1 0.4 and 1.32 μg·kg−1 induced itch and reduced NHT; pyrilamine pretreatment prevented both of these effects. TA1 4 μg·kg−1 (i.p.) reduced pain threshold without inducing itch or modifying NHT. In HDC−/− mice, TA1 failed to induce itch and to reduce NHT. In DRG, pERK1/2 levels were significantly increased by noxious heat stimuli and by TA1 0.1, 0.4 and 1.32 μg·kg−1; i.p.Conclusions and ImplicationsIncreased TA1 levels induce itch and an enhanced sensitivity to noxious heat stimuli suggesting that TA1 might represent a potential cause of itch in thyroid diseases.
Crowell problem solving procedure: a psychometric analysis of a laboratory measure of the caregiver–child relationship
Authors: Sprang Ginny , Craig Carlton 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundMany decades of research demonstrates that the presence of and perceived quality of the parent–child bond can impact a child's health, mental health, and interpersonal trajectory for a lifetime (Weinfield, Sroufe, Egeland, & Carlson, 1999 Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. New York: Guilford Press, 68; Lieberman, Infant Mental Health Journal, 25, 336, 2004). However, investigations regarding the utility of methods to evaluate the quality and nature of caregiver–child interactions are limited. Using clinical data from 151 caregiver–child dyads, this study examines the psychometric properties of the Crowell Problem Solving Procedure Rating Scale using exploratory factor analysis. Additionally, the predictive validity of the coding system was examined via comparisons with the Parent–Infant Relationship Global Assessment Scale (PIRGAS).FindingsThe child and adult scales were each psychometrically defined by a single factor that was internally consistent and well‐defined conceptually by the representative items. High internal consistency for each scale provides support for the reliability of the rating scale, and suggests that the Crowell scores can be useful as two separate scales measuring a child's affective presentation and caregiver responsiveness, but also collectively as a total score assessing overall relational functioning. Aspects of the caregiver–child relationship were significantly related to PIRGAS scores on the child and adult domains.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest the Crowell Problem Solving Procedure Rating Scale is a brief tool, with good internal consistency, that can assess a wide range of young children, in a clinical setting.
Farmers' Participation in Civic Agriculture: The Effect of Social Embeddedness
Authors: Migliore Giuseppina , Caracciolo Francesco , Lombardi Alessia , Schifani Giorgio , Cembalo Luigi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis work investigates how farmers' attitudes influence their decision to participate in some particular forms of civic agriculture, namely farmers' markets (conventional or organic), solidarity purchase groups, direct selling, and box schemes. It also explores whether social embeddedness‐related attitudes occur with different intensities within the various types of civic agriculture. To this end, a survey was carried out among farmers participating in civic agriculture in Sicily (Italy). Empirical results confirm the role of social embeddedness whereby personal relations between farmers and consumers are emphasized: a greater presence of community relations fosters a greater role of social embeddedness in farmers' decisions.
Inhomogeneous Longitudinal Cardiac Rotation and Impaired Left Ventricular Longitudinal Strain in Children and Young Adults with End‐Stage Renal Failure Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Lagies Ruth , Beck Bodo B. , Hoppe Bernd , Sheta Sahar S. , Weiß Verena , Sreeram Narayanswami , Udink ten Cate Floris E. A. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundCardiac dysfunction frequently complicates the clinical course of patients with end‐stage renal failure (ESRF). Recently, we observed abnormal longitudinal cardiac rotation (LR) among patients with ESRF. In this study, we sought to quantify LR mechanics in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD).MethodsTwenty‐four subjects, 12 ESRF patients (58% male; age 17.5 ± 4.4 years) receiving HD, and 12 aged‐matched controls, were prospectively studied. Patients underwent echocardiographic studies before and after HD. LR mechanics were quantified with two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Peak systolic left ventricular (LV) longitudinal strain and displacement measurements were obtained in all subjects.ResultsLR mechanics were successfully quantified in all subjects using 5 key echocardiographic features of LR. We identified two different inhomogeneous LR motion patterns in 41.7% of ESRF patients, characterized by a delayed timing of LR or increased segmental apical rotation. Inhomogeneous LR patterns were not found in controls. Timing of early‐systolic counterclockwise LR increased after HD (P = 0.006). In patients, late‐systolic clockwise LR occurred earlier (P = 0.043), and showed a significant prolongation after HD (P = 0.003). Longitudinal strain was significantly impaired in patients (P = 0.015), and further decreased after HD (P < 0.0001). Strong correlations were observed between strain and displacement parameters and LR mechanics.ConclusionsQuantifying LR using speckle tracking echocardiography was feasible, easy, and reproducible. Inhomogeneous LR motion patterns were demonstrated in a large proportion of patients with ESRF. LV dysfunction seems the most important determinant of inhomogeneous LR. Further studies are required to validate these findings.
Adding computed tomography and transcranial Doppler findings to the ABCD2 score to predict long‐term risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke
Authors: Fu J. , Tang J. , Yang J. , Chen X. , Chen Y. , Leung T. W. , Mok V. , Soo Y. , Wong K. L. 
Published: December 2014

Background and purposeThe ABCD2 score can predict the early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. However, there is no simple and practical assessment method for the long‐term risks. Computed tomography (CT) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) findings were added to the ABCD2 score to build an ABCD2L2 score and whether the new scoring system could improve the predictive value of the ABCD2 score for the long‐term risk of stroke was determined.MethodsFrom January 2004 to December 2005, all patients with a definite diagnosis of transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke at the Prince of Wales Hospital were consecutively enrolled and followed up until August 2008. CT and TCD were performed. The areas under the curve were used to quantify the ABCD2 and ABCD2L2 scores and related items.ResultsAll 481 patients completed the follow‐up. The shortest follow‐up time was 0.17 months (until death), the longest follow‐up time was 55.60 months and the mean follow‐up time was 40.3 ± 11.0 months. In total, 277 (57.6%) patients showed lesions on CT scans and 195 (40.6%) patients were found with intracranial large artery atherosclerosis. Further strokes occurred in 74 (15.4%) patients, including four (0.83%) patients who died of ischaemic stroke during the follow‐up period. The area under the curve increased from 0.650 (0.586–0.715) for the ABCD2 score to 0.700 (0.637–0.764) for the ABCD2L2 score.ConclusionAdding CT and TCD results to the ABCD2 score to increase its predictability for long‐term risk of stroke recurrence might be a meaningful exploration.
Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with post‐stroke depression
Authors: Han B. , Lyu Y. , Sun H. , Wei Y. , He J. 
Published: December 2014

Background and purposeLow serum levels of vitamin D have been associated with depression in non‐stroke subjects. Our aim was to examine the possible association between serum vitamin D levels and the development of post‐stroke depression (PSD).MethodsIn total, 189 patients with acute ischaemic stroke were consecutively recruited. Serum levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured by competitive protein‐binding assay within 24 h after admission. The 17‐item Hamilton Depression Scale was used for screening for the existence of depressive symptoms at 1 month after stroke. Patients with a Hamilton Depression Scale score of ≥7 were given the Structured Clinical Interview of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, for diagnosis of PSD. Meanwhile, 100 healthy control subjects were also recruited and underwent measurement of 25(OH)D.ResultsFifty‐five patients (29.1%) were diagnosed as having PSD at 1 month. Serum vitamin D levels within 24 h after admission were significantly lower in both non‐PSD patients and PSD patients than in normal controls. PSD patients had significantly lower vitamin D than non‐PSD patients. Serum vitamin D levels (≤37.1 and ≥64.1 nmol/l) were independently associated with the development of PSD (odds ratio 8.824, 95% confidence interval 2.011–38.720, P = 0.004, and odds ratio 0.127, 95% confidence interval 0.022–0.718, P = 0.020, respectively).ConclusionsSerum vitamin D levels within 24 h after admission are found to be associated with PSD and may predict its development at 1 month post‐stroke.
Thalamic stimulation to improve level of consciousness after seizures: Evaluation of electrophysiology and behavior
Authors: Gummadavelli Abhijeet , Motelow Joshua E. , Smith Nicholas , Zhan Qiong , Schiff Nicholas D. , Blumenfeld Hal 
Published: December 2014

SummaryObjectiveUnderstanding the neural mechanisms that support human consciousness is an important frontier in neuroscience and medicine. We previously developed a rodent model of temporal lobe seizures that recapitulates the human electroencephalography (EEG) signature of ictal and postictal neocortical slow waves associated with behavioral impairments in level of consciousness. The mechanism of slow‐wave production in epilepsy may involve suppression of the subcortical arousal systems including the brainstem and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. We hypothesized that intralaminar thalamic stimulation may lead to electrophysiologic and functional rescue from postictal slow waves and behavioral arrest.MethodsWe electrically stimulated the central lateral thalamic nucleus (a member of the intralaminar nuclei) under anesthesia and after electrically induced hippocampal seizures in anesthetized and in awake‐behaving animal model preparations.ResultsWe demonstrated a proof‐of‐principle restoration of electrophysiologic and behavioral measures of consciousness by stimulating the intralaminar thalamic nuclei after seizures. We measured decreased cortical slow waves and increased desynchronization and multiunit activity in the cortex with thalamic stimulation following seizures. Functionally, thalamic stimulation produced resumption of exploratory behaviors in the postictal state.SignificanceTargeting of nodes in the neural circuitry of consciousness has important medical implications. Impaired consciousness with epilepsy has dangerous consequences including decreased school/work performance, social stigmatization, and impaired airway protection. These data suggest a novel therapeutic approach for restoring consciousness after seizures. If paired with responsive neurostimulation, this may allow rapid implementation to improve level of consciousness in patients with epilepsy.
Narcotics Anonymous: Anonymity, Admiration, and Prestige in an Egalitarian Community
Authors: Snyder Jeffrey K. , Fessler Daniel M. T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractNarcotics Anonymous (NA) supports long‐term recovery for those addicted to drugs. Paralleling social dynamics in many small‐scale societies, NA exhibits tension between egalitarianism and prestige‐based hierarchy, a problem exacerbated by the addict's personality as characterized by NA's ethnopsychology. We explore how NA's central principle of anonymity normatively translates into egalitarianism among group members. Turning to the lived reality of membership, building on Carr's () concept of script flipping, we identify script embellishment as speech acts that ostensibly conform to normative therapeutic discourse while covertly serving political ends. We argue that, in spite of the overtly egalitarian context, NA members differ dramatically in prestige, with more experienced members being admired and emulated. Critically, prestige acquisition occurs via structural functions that are central to the maintenance of the institution, as experienced members serve a central role in the transmission and enforcement of cultural norms, paradoxically including norms of egalitarianism.
Dissociating several forms of commonness in birds sheds new light on biotic homogenization
Authors: Godet Laurent , Gaüzere Pierre , Jiguet Frédéric , Devictor Vincent 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimWe disentangle three facets of species commonness (local abundance, geographical range size, degree of habitat generalization) to identify how species segregate along these axes and how each of these facets determines the relative functional originality of each species (i.e. the mean trait distance of a species with others). At the community level we test whether changes in the relative abundances of species with different levels of commonness contribute to the spatial and temporal dynamics of species assemblages and to the local trend in functional homogenization.LocationFrance.MethodsData from theFrenchBreedingBirdSurvey from 2001 to 2012 were used to represent the yearly change in species abundances of 198 species over 2057 plots. Functional originality and three commonness indices were calculated for each species related to their geographical range, habitat generalization and specific local abundances. These species‐specific indices were then used to compute community‐weighted means of commonness and functional originality. Hierarchical partitioning was used to investigate the relationships between each of the three facets of commonness and functional originality. Generalized additive models were used to estimate the spatial and temporal trends of each community index.ResultsSpecies that are generalist and abundant but with a restricted range had higher functional originality. From 2001 to 2012, assemblages were increasingly composed of species with large ranges and of habitat generalists. The functional simplification of communities was mainly linked to the increase in species with large ranges and, to lesser extent, to a decrease in species with high local abundances.Main conclusionsThe decomposition of commonness into complementary facets is useful for describing the causes and consequences of biotic homogenization at large spatial scales. Functional simplification can occur during a short time period and is driven mainly by the greater success of species with large ranges.