bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjectivity in translation as interlingual re-instantiation
Authors: Yang Zhong 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Existing theories of translation are mostly product-oriented, the process of translation is under-theorized. The concept of equivalence, as idealized quality of a translated text, is re-examined from the perspective of functional linguistics. It is argued that equivalence should not be merely interpreted as similar perlocutionary effects of the source text and the target text. The translated text should be maximally equivalent to the source text in the interpersonal, ideational and textual meanings. A process model is constructed to reveal the process of translation as interlingual re-instantiation and the sorts and sources of information dealt with by the translator in his/her endeavour to achieve maximal equivalence. The subjectivity of the translator in making inferences and in rhetorical manoeuvring is analysed based on data from two English translations of Lao Zi’s Book of Tao and Teh.
Doing business in the non-ferrous metals industry: how to survive in a mature market in crisis
Authors: Lipsits Igor Vladimirovitch , Vigdorchik Elena Alexandrovna 
Published: March 2015

Subject area
Crisis management, Strategic management.

Study level/applicability
This case study can be used for teaching MBA and pre-experience Masters students as part of a strategic management course.

Case overview
This case study tells the story of Kirov non-ferrous metals processing plant located in Kirov (USSR, presently the Russian Federation). Founded in 1956, this company had long been one of the USSR's leading manufacturers in the industry of non-ferrous metals processing. The situation changed dramatically in the first half of 1990s. During those years, instead of state-planned economy, Russia saw the formation of market economy. It was the first time when the company (as a result of privatization, it became a joint-stock company with a small number of pure portfolio investment owners) was faced with the need to look for marketing outlets for its products on its own. At the same time, after having been privatized, the company could not receive government investments anymore. Due to all these conditions, in 1995, capacity utilization in this company fell to 16 per cent, and it appeared to be on the verge of bankruptcy.

Expected learning outcomes
The main learning objectives of the case study are: to develop students' skills to analyze complex managerial situations; to help students in understanding the logic of company's strategic choice, depending on the stage of the market life cycle (especially, in case of mature markets); and to provide the training for the students' ability to justify management decisions using the example of companies in B2B markets.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
The XFEM for nonlinear thermal and phase change problems
Authors: Stapór Pawel 
Published: March 2015

Purpose– Of particular interest is the ability of the extended finite element method (XFEM) to capture transient solution and motion of phase boundaries without adaptive remeshing or moving-mesh algorithms for a physically nonlinear phase change problem. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approach– The XFEM is applied to solve nonlinear transient problems with a phase change. Thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity are assumed to be dependent on temperature. The nonlinearities in the governing equations make it necessary to employ an effective iterative approach to solve the problem. The Newton-Raphson method is used and the incremental discrete XFEM equations are derived.Findings– The robustness and utility of the method are demonstrated on several one-dimensional benchmark problems.Originality/value– The novel procedure based on the XFEM is developed to solve physically nonlinear phase change problems.
Bioconvection peristaltic flow in an asymmetric channel filled by nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganism
Authors: Akbar Noreen Sher 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to discuss free convection peristaltic flow in an asymmetric channel with nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganism.

Design/methodology/approach
– The governing equations for proposed model are simplified using “long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximation.” Numerical solutions have been presented for “velocity, pressure gradient, the solid volume fraction nanoparticles, temperature profile and density of motile microorganisms.” The effects of various flow parameters, i.e Hartmann number, the solid volume fraction of the nanoparticles amplitude ratio, Prandtl number, bioconvection Péclet number, bioconvection constant, bioconvection Rayleigh number are presented.

Findings
– The author finds that the pressure rise increases with an increase in Hartmann number, Grashof number bioconvection, Rayleigh number and buoyancy ratio in the peristaltic pumping section.

Originality/value
– The peristaltic flow nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganism is explored in the literature for the first time.
Deflated preconditioned conjugate gradients applied to a Petrov-Galerkin generalized least squares finite element formulation for incompressible flows with heat transfer
Authors: Kraft Rosilene A. , Coutinho Alvaro L. G. A. 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to show benefits of deflated preconditioned conjugate gradients (CG) in the solution of transient, incompressible, viscous flows coupled with heat transfer.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper presents the implementation of deflated preconditioned CG as the iterative driver for the system of linearized equations for viscous, incompressible flows and heat transfer simulations. The De Sampaio-Coutinho particular form of the Petrov-Galerkin Generalized Least Squares finite element formulation is used in the discretization of the governing equations, leading to symmetric positive definite matrices, allowing the use of the CG solver.

Findings
– The use of deflation techniques improves the spectral condition number. The authors show in a number of problems of coupled viscous flow and heat transfer that convergence is achieved with a lower number of iterations and smaller time.

Originality/value
– This work addressed for the first time the use of deflated CG for the solution of transient analysis of free/forced convection in viscous flows coupled with heat transfer.
Reliability evaluation and analysis of CNC cam shaft grinding machine
Authors: Loganathan M.K. , Gandhi O.P. 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– Reliability assessment does require an effective structural modelling approach for systems, in general and manufacturing systems are no exception. This paper aims to develop it for large manufacturing systems using graph models, a systems approach.

Design/methodology/approach
– Structural graph models for reliability at various hierarchical levels are developed by considering a CNC cam shaft grinding machine. The system reliability expression is obtained by converting the reliability graphs into equivalent matrices, which helps to evaluate and analyse system.

Findings
– Using the obtained reliability expressions at various hierarchical levels of the system, it is possible not only to evaluate its reliability from structure point of view but also to identify weak structural elements from reliability point of view.

Research limitations/implications
– The approach can be extended to include the influence of other parameters, such as human, component and environment, etc., on the system reliability.

Practical implications
– The approach helps to design and develop manufacturing systems from reliability consideration by assessing their possible alternatives among these.

Originality/value
– The suggested methodology is useful for reliability evaluation of large and complex manufacturing systems.
EDITOR'S CHOICE: Small‐scale restoration in intensive agricultural landscapes supports more specialized and less mobile pollinator species
Authors: Kremen Claire , M'Gonigle Leithen K. 
Published: March 2015

Summary

Agriculture now constitutes 40–50% of terrestrial land use globally. By enhancing habitat suitability and connectivity, restoration within agricultural landscapes could have a major influence on biodiversity conservation. However, habitat management within intensive agricultural landscapes may primarily boost abundances of common, highly mobile generalists, rather than vulnerable or endangered species. We studied pollinator community response to small‐scale habitat restoration in the intensively farmed Central Valley of California to determine whether restoration could also promote more specialized, less common and/or less mobile species.

Composition of pollinator communities was assessed in five experimental and 10 control (unrestored) sites before and after restoration of native plant hedgerows over an 8‐year period, using a before‐after control‐impact design.

We characterized bee and fly species based on functional response traits [floral specialization, habitat specialization, abundance, body size and sociality (bees only)] known to influence the response to habitat change.

We modelled how species occurrences changed with habitat restoration over time as modulated by their response traits.

We found that hedgerows not only significantly enhanced occurrences of native bee and syrphid fly species, but that as hedgerows matured, they had a greater positive effect on species that were more specialized in floral and nesting resources and smaller (less mobile).

Synthesis and applications. Unlike previous studies that suggest habitat restoration in agricultural landscapes only benefits mobile, generalist species, our results suggest that small‐scale habitat restoration can promote species whose traits likely render them particularly vulnerable to habitat degradation. Thus, even within highly intensive agricultural landscapes, small‐scale habitat restoration can be a conservation management tool. However, tailoring habitat enhancements to promote certain species or guilds may be critical for their success as a conservation intervention in agricultural landscapes.
Similar sponge‐associated bacteria can be acquired via both vertical and horizontal transmission
Authors: Sipkema Detmer , de Caralt Sònia , Morillo Jose A. , Al‐Soud Waleed Abu , Sørensen Søren J. , Smidt Hauke , Uriz María J. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryMarine sponges host diverse communities of microorganisms that are often vertically transmitted from mother to oocyte or embryo. Horizontal transmission has often been proposed to co‐occur in marine sponges, but the mechanism is poorly understood. To assess the impact of the mode of transmission on the microbial assemblages of sponges, we analysed the microbiota in sympatric sponges that have previously been reported to acquire bacteria via either vertical (Corticium candelabrum and Crambe crambe) or horizontal transmission (Petrosia ficiformis). The comparative study was performed by polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and pyrosequencing of barcoded PCR‐amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments. We found that P. ficiformis and C. candelabrum each harbour their own species‐specific bacteria, but they are similar to other high‐microbial‐abundance sponges, while the low‐microbial‐abundance sponge C. crambe hosts microbiota of a very different phylogenetic signature. In addition, nearly 50% of the reads obtained from P. ficiformis were most closely related to bacteria that were previously reported to be vertically transmitted in other sponges and comprised vertical–horizontal transmission phylogenetic clusters (VHT clusters). Therefore, our results provide evidence for the hypothesis that similar sponge‐associated bacteria can be acquired via both vertical and horizontal transmission.
Prevention of Enzymatic Browning of Chinese Yam (Dioscorea spp.) Using Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water
Authors: Jia Guo‐Liang , Shi Jing‐Ying , Song Zhan‐Hua , Li Fa‐De 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this study, the effects of electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) on the prevention of enzymatic browning of fresh‐cut “Jiu Jinhuang” Chinese yam were investigated. The yams were immersed in the inhibitors for 25 min at 20 °C. Compared with the tap water (TW) treatment, the chromatic attributes were significantly different after 72 h of storage (P < 0.05). The activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO, EC 1.10.3.1), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), and L‐phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) were inhibited when measured at 24 h. The contents of phenolic acids, including gallic and chlorogenic acid, in the group treated with the slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) were higher than those treated with TW and neutral electrolyzed water (NEW). The group treated with NEW had the highest total phenol content (P < 0.05, at 24 h), while the group treated with SAEW had the highest flavonoid content (P < 0.05) during storage. Without being treated with inhibitors, the Km and Vmax values of yam PPO were 0.0044 mol/L and 0.02627 U/min, respectively, and the Ki of samples treated with SAEW and citric acid (CA) were 15.6607 and 2.3969 μmol/L, respectively. These results indicate that EOW is beneficial as a browning inhibitor.
Calcified Biofilms from Cambrian Oolitic Limestones in China
Authors: Wei LIU , Xingliang ZHANG 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCalcified biofilms are preserved as thin micritic coatings in the Cambrian oolitic limestone of two sections in North and South China. Standard petrographic examination revealed that the biofilms were developed during the early diagenetic stage immediately after the freshly deposited ooids, proceeding in the continuous sequence of depositional processes. The biofilm outlines are highly irregular, with steep sides, tower‐like structures and overhanging projections; the internal fabric of the biofilms is composed of roughly laminated micrite aggregates with channel‐like structures. Biofilms exhibit a strong fluorescent reaction. Detailed SEM examination suggests that the biofilms are biotically dominated by cyanobacteria. Our study demonstrates that microbial colonies, such as biofilms, can develop on ooid cortices and influence the formation and microstructures of those ooids.
Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Chronology of the Dehenglong Landslide from Longyang Gorge to Liujia Gorge along Upper Yellow River, China
Authors: Xiaohua GUO , Zhongping LAI , Yudong LU , Xiaolin LI , Zheng SUN 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGiant landslides are common along the upper Yellow River from Longyang Gorge to Liujia Gorge, and some of them even blocked and dammed the upper Yellow River. Chronology is inevitable in studying the mechanism of giant landslides. Controversy exists about the chronology of those giant landslides, and some have not yet dated. The Dehenglong landslide is the largest one among them. In this study, OSL samples were collected from lacustrine silty sediments and loess directly overlying the landslide sediments, as well as fault sediments related to the landslide. This landslide yielded an age of 89 ± 8 ka, which is identical with the fault age of 73 ± 5 ka at two sigma errors. The agreement of a topographic analysis and the absolute age of landslides imply that the formation of the Dehenglong landslide is strongly correlated with the tectonic activity.
Effects of propofol or desflurane on post‐operative spirometry in elderly after knee surgery: a double‐blind randomised study
Authors: KIM Y.‐S. , LIM B.‐G. , KIM H. , KONG M.‐H. , LEE I.‐O. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundIntravenous or volatile agents reduce respiratory function, which can result in respiratory complications in geriatric patients. We hypothesised that there would be no differences in lung function between anaesthesia established using either drug.MethodsElderly patients were randomly assigned to receive either propofol with remifentanil (n = 48) or desflurane (DES) with remifentanil (n = 52) for knee surgery. Spirometry tests including forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced mid‐expiratory flow (FEF25–75), and FEV1/FVC ratio were performed preoperatively, and 30 min, 60 min, and 24 h after awakening. Emergence time and post‐operative pain scores were also measured.ResultsTime to emergence was significantly longer in the propofol than in the DES group (17.0 vs. 12.5 min, P = 0.04). Post‐operative FEV1 (1.6 or 1.4 l, P = 0.68 between groups) were significantly lower than preoperative values (2.1 or 2.0 l, P = 0.001 vs. post‐operative values, respectively) in both groups. Reduced FEV1 lasted for 24 h after surgery (1.7 or 1.6 l, P = 0.001 vs. preoperative values, respectively). Post‐operative FVC or FEF25–75 were lower than preoperative values. FEV1/FVC ratio did not change during the study period in both groups. There was no difference in FEV1, FVC, FEF25–75, FEV1/FVC, and post‐operative pain between the two anaesthetic techniques.ConclusionsAlthough there is a delay in awakening when using propofol, the effects of propofol on post‐operative spirometry parameters are similar to those of DES when anaesthesia duration is approximately 3 h. Decreased respiratory parameters persisted up to 24 h after anaesthesia, irrespective of the choice of anaesthetic.
mGluR5 in the nucleus accumbens shell regulates morphine‐associated contextual memory through reactive oxygen species signaling
Authors: Qi Chong , Wang Xinjuan , Ge Feifei , Li Yijing , Shen Fang , Wang Junkai , Cui Cailian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEmerging evidence indicates that metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) critically modulates drug and drug‐related behaviors. However, the role of mGluR5 in the opiate‐induced contextual memory remains unclear. Here, we found that microinfusion of the mGluR5 antagonist 3‐((2‐Methyl‐1,3‐thiazol‐4‐yl)ethynyl)pyridine (MTEP) into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell, but not into the core, significantly attenuated the expression of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. Following the expression of morphine CPP, the protein level of membrane mGluR5 was selectively increased in the NAc shell. In primary striatal neurons, we observed that treatment with the mGluR5 agonist CHPG increased the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), which was dependent on the mGluR5‐inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate‐reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway. Moreover, the microinjection of the ROS scavenger Tempol into the NAc shell of rats blocked the expression of morphine CPP. Further, the administration of t‐BOOH, a ROS donor, into the NAc shell rescued the retrieval impairment of morphine CPP produced by MTEP. Our previous study demonstrated that the expression of morphine CPP increased the phosphorylation of ERK selectively in the NAc shell. Thus, results of the present study suggest that mGluR5 in the NAc shell, but not in the core, is essential for the retrieval of morphine contextual memory, which is mediated at least in part, through the ROS/ERK signaling pathway. Uncovering the molecular basis of opiate contextual memory will benefit the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of opiate addiction.
The impact of friends on young adults’ drinking over the course of the evening—an event‐level analysis
Authors: Thrul Johannes , Kuntsche Emmanuel 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimsTo examine whether young adults’ alcohol consumption during the course of an evening was affected by the number of friends present, and the interaction between participants’ gender and number of friends present.DesignParticipants used the internet‐based cellphone‐optimized assessment technique (ICAT) to complete a series of cellphone questionnaires every Thursday, Friday and Saturday evening over five weekends. A multi‐level growth curve model (hourly assessments, clustered within evenings, clustered within individuals) with time‐invariant and time‐varying covariates was estimated.SettingFrench‐speaking Switzerland.ParticipantsA total of 183 young adults (53.0% female, mean age = 23.1) who completed 7205 questionnaires on 1441 evenings.MeasurementsAlcohol consumption and number of friends present assessed at 8 p.m., 9 p.m., 10 p.m., 11 p.m. and midnight.FindingsDrinking pace accelerated notably over the course of the evening on Saturdays (b = 0.047; P < 0.01). Men consumed more alcohol than women, particularly at the beginning of the evening (b = 0.152; P < 0.05). However, this effect was no longer significant when the impact of friends was accounted for (b = 0.096; P = 0.139). The higher the number of friends present, the higher the number of drinks consumed at a given time during the course of the evening (b = 0.070; P < 0.001). Cross‐level interaction effects indicated that this relationship was stronger for men than women (b = 0.027; P < 0.05).ConclusionsAmong young adults in Switzerland, the number of friends present is associated positively with hourly drinking frequency during the course of weekend evenings. The impact of the drinking group size on alcohol use is stronger for men than women.
Transvaginal sonographic evaluation of cervical length in the second trimester of asymptomatic singleton pregnancies, and the risk of preterm delivery
Authors: Kuusela Pihla , Jacobsson Bo , Söderlund Mona , Bejlum Carina , Almström Elisabeth , Ladfors Lars , Hagberg Henrik , Wennerholm Ulla‐Britt 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate cervical length in asymptomatic women with singleton pregnancies in the second trimester by means of transvaginal ultrasonography, and to examine the relation between cervical length and spontaneous preterm delivery.DesignObservational, prospective study.SettingA university hospital and a county hospital in Western Sweden.PopulationA total of 2122 asymptomatic women with live singleton pregnancies without fetal anomalies.MethodsCervical length was measured at between 16 and 23 weeks of gestation by means of transvaginal ultrasonography. Data were analysed using logistic regression analysis.Main outcome measuresCervical length in relation to spontaneous preterm delivery <34 weeks (primary outcome) and <37 weeks of gestation (secondary outcome).ResultsEleven women had a cervical length of ≤25 mm (0.5%) and 73 women had a cervical length of ≤30 mm (3.4%). Spontaneous preterm delivery at <34 weeks occurred in 22/2061 women (1.1%) and at <37 weeks in 87/2061 women (4.2%). There was a significant association between cervical length and spontaneous preterm delivery at <34 weeks (odds ratio 1.78; 95% confidence interval 1.19–2.65 for a decrease of cervical length by 5 mm) but no significant association at <37 weeks.ConclusionsThe rate of short cervical length of ≤25 mm was lower than expected. The study confirmed the increased risk of spontaneous preterm delivery in women with a short cervix, although the analysis was based on only a few cases. In Sweden, a larger study is needed to evaluate the prevalence of short cervical length and the possible association with preterm delivery before universal screening can be recommended.