bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2‐[(Acetyloxy)methyl]‐4‐(acetylsulfanyl)‐2‐(ethoxycarbonyl)‐3‐oxobutyl Group: A Thermolabile Protecting Group for Phosphodiesters
Authors: Kiuru Emilia , Lönnberg Harri , Ora Mikko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe phosphodiester linkage of 3′‐O‐levulinoylthymidine 5′‐methylphosphate (5) has been protected with 2‐[(acetyloxy)methyl]‐4‐(acetylsulfanyl)‐2‐(ethoxycarbonyl)‐3‐oxobutyl group (to give 1) to study the potential of this group as an esterase‐ and thermolabile protecting group. The group turned out to be unexpectedly thermolabile, being removed as ethyl 3‐(acetyloxy)‐4‐(acetylsulfanyl)‐2‐methylidenebut‐3‐enoate (10) without accumulation of any intermediates. The half‐life of this reaction at pH 7.5 and 37° is 14 min. Hog liver esterase (HLE), in turn, removes the protecting group as ethyl 4‐(acetylsulfanyl)‐2‐methylidene‐3‐oxobutanoate (12). On using 2.6 units of HLE in 1 ml, the rate of the enzymatic deprotection was still only one third of that of the nonenzymatic reaction. The mechanisms of both reactions have been studied and discussed. The crucial step seems to be removal of the O‐bound Ac group, either by esterase or by migration to the neighboring 3‐oxo group (nonenzymatic removal). This triggers the removal by retro‐aldol condensation/elimination mechanism. No alkylation of glutathione (GSH) upon the deprotection of 1 could be detected.
New 9,10‐Secosteroids from Biotransformations of Bile Acids with Rhodococcus ruber
Authors: Costa Stefania , Giovannini Pier Paolo , Fantin Giancarlo , Medici Alessandro , Pedrini Paola 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe biotransformations of cholic, deoxycholic, and hyocholic acids with Rhodococcus ruber are reported. In all biotransformations, the C17‐side chain is partially degraded, and the new 9,10‐secosteroids 4a (54%) and 4b (55%) are obtained from cholic and deoxycholic acids, respectively. The loss of H2O from C(11)C(12) of secosteroids 4a and 4b affords the compounds 5a (5%) and 5b (20%), respectively. On the other hand, in the biotransformation of hyocholic acid with R. ruber the 9,10‐secosteroid 4c is not detected, but, rearranging to an intramolecular hemiacetal form, it evolves to the final furan derivative 6c (35%) by easy elimination of two molecules of H2O. The new secosteroids were characterized by IR, NMR, and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy.
Hexahelicenophanes
Authors: Meier Herbert , Schwertel Manfred , Kolshorn Heinz 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA reaction sequence was studied for the preparation of cyclophanes 12, which contain 2,7‐bis(2‐phenylethenyl)naphthalene chromophores and polymethylenedioxy chains of different length. The irradiation of 12 in the presence of I2 led then, by oxidative cyclization processes, to the hexahelicenophanes 13, provided that the methylenedioxy chain of 12 is long enough (n = 8, 10). As competitive photoreaction, a twofold [2π+2π] cyclodimerization occurred, which furnished the belt cyclophanes 14. The latter process is the only photoreaction for 12 with n=6. The hexahelicenophanes 13 have lower racemization barriers and longer spinlattice relaxation times compared to those of hexahelicenes.
Environmental management practices and engineering science: A review and typology for future research
Authors: Evangelinos Konstantinos I , Allan Stuart , Jones Keith , Nikolaou Ioannis E 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Current literature describes a number of environmental management practices and cleaner production methods that facilitate different industrial sectors to address their various environmental impacts. The high number of present practices makes their use especially difficult and complicated. This paper aims to shed light on this field by providing a typology of those environmental management practices (such as environmental management systems, environmental indicators assessment methodologies, and cleaner productions methods) and their limitations. It also describes the strengths and weaknesses of using such tools and thoughts for future research. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:153–162. © 2013 SETAC
Raman spectroscopic evidence of tissue restructuring in heat‐induced tissue fusion
Authors: Su Lei , Cloyd Kristy L. , Arya Shobhit , Hedegaard Martin A. B. , Steele Joseph A. M. , Elson Daniel S. , Stevens Molly M. , Hanna George B. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHeat‐induced tissue fusion via radio‐frequency (RF) energy has gained wide acceptance clinically and here we present the first optical‐Raman‐spectroscopy study on tissue fusion samples in vitro. This study provides direct insights into tissue constituent and structural changes on the molecular level, exposing spectroscopic evidence for the loss of distinct collagen fibre rich tissue layers as well as the denaturing and restructuring of collagen crosslinks post RF fusion. These findings open the door for more advanced optical feedback‐control methods and characterization during heat‐induced tissue fusion, which will lead to new clinical applications of this promising technology. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Developing the Leadership Capacity and Leader Efficacy of College Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math Fields
Authors: Dugan John P. , Fath Kimberly Q. , Howes Shannon D. , Lavelle Kathryn R. , Polanin Joshua R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe current study examined the extent to which college women in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) majors demonstrated differential levels of leadership capacity and/or leader efficacy than their non‐STEM, female peers. Data represented 14,698 women from 86 institutions of higher education in the United States. Results indicated similar levels of leadership capacity but significantly lower leader efficacy for women in STEM majors. Implications explore unique predictors of leader efficacy for women in STEM majors along with recommendations for changes to policy and professional practice that might address how the differential organizational contexts shape leadership development.
Opening up Openness to Experience: A Four‐Factor Model and Relations to Creative Achievement in the Arts and Sciences
Authors: Kaufman Scott Barry 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOpenness to experience is the broadest personality domain of the Big Five, including a mix of traits relating to intellectual curiosity, intellectual interests, perceived intelligence, imagination, creativity, artistic and aesthetic interests, emotional and fantasy richness, and unconventionality. Likewise, creative achievement is a broad construct, comprising creativity across the arts and sciences. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between openness to experience and creative achievement. Toward this aim, I factor analyzed a battery of tests of cognitive ability, working memory, Intellect, Openness, affect, and intuition among a sample of English Sixth Form students (N = 146). Four factors were revealed: explicit cognitive ability, intellectual engagement, affective engagement, and aesthetic engagement. In line with dual‐process theory, each of these four factors showed differential relations with personality, impulsivity, and creative achievement. Affective engagement and aesthetic engagement were associated with creative achievement in the arts, whereas explicit cognitive ability and intellectual engagement were associated with creative achievement in the sciences. The results suggest that the Intellectual and Openness aspects of the broader openness to experience personality domain are related to different modes of information processing and predict different forms of creative achievement.
Hydrochar amendment promotes microbial immobilization of mineral nitrogen
Authors: Bargmann Inge , Martens Rainer , Rillig Matthias C. , Kruse Andrea , Kücke Martin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHydrochars and biochars are products of the carbonization of biomass in different conversion processes. Both are considered suitable soil amendments, though they differ greatly in chemical and physical composition (e.g., aromaticity, inner surface area) due to the different production processes (pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization), thus affecting their degradability in soil. Depending on the type, char application may provide soil microorganisms with more (hydrochars) or less (biochars) accessible C sources, thus resulting in the incorporation of nitrogen (N) into microbial biomass. A soil‐incubation experiment was conducted for 8 weeks to determine the relationship between mineral‐N concentration in the soil solution and microbial‐biomass development as well as soil respiration. An arable topsoil was amended with two hydrochars from feedstocks with different total N contents. Biochars from the same feedstocks were used for comparison. Both char amendments significantly decreased mineral‐N concentration and promoted microbial biomass compared to the nonamended control, but the effects were much stronger for hydrochar. Hydrochar application increased soil respiration significantly during the first week of incubation, simultaneous with the strongest decrease in mineral‐N concentration in the soil and an increase in microbial biomass. The amount of N detected in the microbial biomass in the hydrochar treatments accounted for the mineral N “lost” from the soil during incubation. This shows that microbial immobilization is the main sink for decreasing mineral‐N concentrations after hydrochar application. However, this does not apply to biochar, since the amount of N recovered in microorganisms was much lower than the decrease in soil mineral‐N concentration. Our results demonstrate that while both chars are suitable soil amendments, their properties need to be considered to match the application purpose (C sequestration, organic fertilizer).
Relationships between epistaxis, migraines, and triggers in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Elphick Amy , Shovlin Claire L. 
Published: November 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo identify whether relationships exist between epistaxis and migraines in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), to potentially provide further preventative and therapeutic options for the debilitating nosebleeds that are often very difficult to manage in clinical practice.Study DesignStudy participants were recruited from a UK specialist service, and online following advertisement by the HHT Foundation International. They completed a nonbiased questionnaire in which paired questions on nosebleeds and migraines were separated by at least 17 other questions.MethodsMigraines were defined as headaches with associated autonomic and/or neurological features. The reported frequencies and precipitants of epistaxis and migraines were compared using numerical scales applied equally for each condition.ResultsThe 220 HHT‐affected respondents reported frequent nosebleeds, 153 (69.5%) used iron tablets, and 39 (17.7%) had received at least 10 blood transfusions. Migraines displaying typical features were reported by 51 (23.2%), and were more common with pulmonary or cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Thirty of 51 (58.8%) migraine sufferers reported that nosebleeds occurred at the same time as their migraines. More frequent migraines were reported by patients with more frequent nosebleeds (r2 = 15%, P = .007), or transfusions (r2 = 16.9%, P = .004). In menstrual, lifestyle, and dietary analyses, consistency was observed between factors having no effect, and those provoking both nosebleeds and migraines in multiple patients (premenses; activity; lack of sleep; stress; caffeine, cheese, alcohol, and chocolate).ConclusionsWe demonstrate an unexpected and provocative association between nosebleeds and migraines in HHT patients. Evaluation of whether antimigraine approaches limit HHT nosebleeds may be appropriate.Level of Evidence4Laryngoscope, 124:1521–1528, 2014
Snoring and carotid artery intima‐media thickness
Authors: Deeb Robert , Judge Paul , Peterson Ed , Lin Judith C. , Yaremchuk Kathleen 
Published: November 2013

Objectives/HypothesisA growing body of evidence indicates that primary snoring (PS) may be the initial presentation of sleep‐disordered breathing and can adversely affect an individual's health. Individuals with the sole diagnosis of PS were evaluated to determine if a relationship exists between snoring and thickening of the intima media of the carotid arteries.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsOur institution's sleep center database identified patients aged 18 to 50 years who had a diagnostic sleep study with apnea‐hypopnea index <5 between December 2006 and January 2012. Subjects underwent a diagnostic carotid artery duplex ultrasound measuring the intima‐media thickness (IMT) of the bilateral carotid arteries at four separate points. A validated Snoring Outcomes Survey (SOS) was completed and used to categorize snorers and nonsnorers. Groups were compared using a Student t test.ResultsOf 913 patients who met inclusion criteria, 54 patients completed both the carotid duplex ultrasound and SOS. There were no statistically significant differences in IMT for the groups defined by smoking or diabetes. Compared to nonsnorers, snorers were found to have a significantly greater IMT at two points along the left internal carotid artery and one point on the right side. When considering all eight points, IMT was significantly greater in snorers.ConclusionsThis study shows a relationship between PS and IMT of the carotid arteries. Given the well‐described relationship between increased carotid IMT and serious health conditions, nonapneic snoring may be a precursor to changes of the carotid artery intima and should be further investigated.Level of Evidence3b. Laryngoscope, 124:1486–1491, 2014
Characterization of the scattering data for the Sturm–Liouville operator
Authors: Nabiev A.A. , Saltan S. , Gürdal M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis work studies the scattering problem on the real axis for the Sturm–Liouville equation with discontinuous leading coefficient and the real‐valued steplike potential q(x) that has different constant asymptotes as x → ± ∞ . We investigate the properties of the scattering data, obtain the main integral equations of the inverse scattering problem, and also give necessary and sufficient conditions characterizing the scattering data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the Network Structure of PEG Diacrylate Hydrogels Formed in the Presence of N‐Vinyl Pyrrolidone
Authors: Lee Chu‐Yi , Teymour Fouad , Camastral Heinz , Tirelli Nicola , Hubbell Jeffrey A. , Elbert Donald L. , Papavasiliou Georgia 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPEGDA hydrogels copolymerized with NVP using free‐radical photopolymerization are used in biomedical applications. These networks consist of a poly(acrylate‐co‐vinyl pyrrolidone) backbone crosslinked with PEG chains whose crosslink density is dependent on the backbone molecular weight and composition. Insight into the network structure and characterization of the backbone molecular weight and composition is achieved by considering hydrogel degradation through ester bond hydrolysis resulting in the release of PEG and poly(acrylic acid‐co‐vinyl pyrrolidone). A model is developed to determine the influence of kinetic constants and phenomena on the backbone formation and is compared to experimental data. Results indicate that the backbone molecular weight is related to the amount of NVP and unaffected by polymerization time.
Assessing the extent and impact of the masking effect of disproportionality analyses on two spontaneous reporting systems databases
Authors: Maignen Francois , Hauben Manfred , Hung Eric , Van Holle Lionel , Dogne Jean‐Michel 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundMasking is a statistical issue by which signals are hidden by the presence of other medicines in the database. In the absence algorithm, the impact of the masking effect has not been fully investigated.ObjectiveOur study is aimed at assessing the extent and the impact of the masking effect on two large spontaneous reporting databases.Study designCross sectional study using a set of terms of importance for public health in two spontaneous reporting databases.SettingThe analyses were performed on EudraVigilance (EV) and the Pfizer spontaneous reporting database (PfDB).Main outcome measureUsing the masking ratio, we have identified and removed the products inducing the highest masking effect.ResultsStudying a total of almost 50 000 drug‐event combinations masking had an impact on approximately 60% of drug‐event combinations were masked by another product with a masking ratio >1 in EV and 84% in PfDB. The prevalence of important masking was quite rare (0.003% of the DECs) and mainly affected events rarely reported in EV. The products involved in the highest masking effects are products known to induce the reaction. The removal of the masking effect of the highest masking product has revealed 974 signals of disproportionate reporting in EV including true signals. The study shows that the original ranking provided by the quantitative methods included in our study is marginally affected by the removal of the masking product.ConclusionOur study suggests that significant masking is rare in large spontaneous databases and mostly affects events rarely reported in EV. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbonyldiimidazole‐accelerated efficient cure of epoxidized soybean oil with dicyandiamide
Authors: Zhao Chun Hua , Wan Shun Jiang , Wang Lu , Liu Xiang Dong , Endo Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the curing of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) using dicyandiamide (DICY) and combinations of DICY with several accelerators as curing agents. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicated that carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) is a highly efficient accelerator for the ESO‐DICY curing system. CDI accelerated ESO‐DICY curing system can gel within a short period of 13 min at 190 °C. The activation energies of the ESO‐DICY curing systems with and without CDI are 95 and 121 kJ mol−1, respectively. Similar acceleration effect was observed in the ESO‐diglycidyl ether of biphenyl A (DGEBA) blending formulations. When the molar part of the glycidyl epoxy groups of DGEBA was equal to the internal epoxy groups of ESO in the mixture, gelation of the DICY curing system accelerated by CDI was achieved in 3 min at 160 °C. Furthermore, the DSC results with FTIR analysis suggest that the stoichiometric curing molar ratio was 3 ESO epoxy units per 1 DICY molecule. Two epoxy units reacted with DICY to give secondary alcohols, while the other one linked to the nitrile group. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 375–382
Effect of ammonium groups on the properties and alkaline stability of poly(arylene ether)‐based anion exchange membranes
Authors: Miyake Junpei , Fukasawa Keita , Watanabe Masahiro , Miyatake Kenji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFive kinds of ammonium groups functionalized partially fluorinated poly(arylene ether) block copolymer membranes were prepared for investigating the structure–property relationship as anion exchange membranes (AEMs). Consequently, the pyridine (PYR)‐modified membrane showed the highest alkaline and hydrazine stability in terms of the conductivity, water uptake, and dry weight. The chloromethylated precursor block copolymers were reacted with amines, such as trimethylamine, N‐butyldimethylamine, 1‐methylimidazole, 1,2‐dimethylimidazole, and PYR to provide the target quaternized poly(arylene ether)s. The structures of the polymers, as well as model compounds and oligomers were well characterized by 1H NMR spectra. The obtained AEMs were subjected to water uptake and hydroxide ion conductivity measurements and stabilities in aqueous alkaline and hydrazine media. The pyridinium‐functionalized quaternized polymers membrane showed the highest alkaline and hydrazine stability with minor losses in the conductivity, water uptake, and dry weight. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 383–389
Reduction of n‐type diamond contact resistance by graphite electrode
Authors: Matsumoto Tsubasa , Kato Hiromitsu , Tokuda Norio , Makino Toshiharu , Ogura Masahiko , Takeuchi Daisuke , Okushi Hideyo , Yamasaki Satoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe contact resistance between heavily phosphorus doped n‐type (n+‐type) diamond (111) layers and graphite electrodes was investigated. To analyze the contact resistance properties in detail in the low‐voltage region, the transfer length method including nonlinear terms with a constant current was analyzed based on the double Schottky contact configuration. Using this method, we have revaluated the metal contact resistance reported previously. Using the graphite electrodes, the linearity of current‐voltage characteristics was improved. The contact resistance was reduced by a factor of ten compared to that of conventional Ti/Pt/Au electrodes. The graphite electrodes were formed directly by thermal annealing at 1300 °C for 10 min from an n+‐type diamond surface. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strong visible‐light photovoltaic effect in multiferroic Pb(Fe1/2V1/2)O3 bulk ceramics
Authors: Wu Zheng , Zhang Yihe , Ma Ke , Cao Yi , Lin He , Jia Yanmin , Chen Jianrong , Li2 Huamei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe multiferroic Pb(Fe1/2V1/2)O3 (PFV) bulk ceramic was fabricated by a conventional ceramic sintering method. The strong visible‐light photovoltaic effect in Sn‐doped‐In2O3(ITO)/PFV/ITO structure capacitor was observed. The open‐circuit voltage was up to ∼0.7 V, which was much higher than the value (∼0.3 V) in BiFeO3 film. The photo‐excited electric current is almost proportional to the incident light illumination intensity. The good visible‐light photovoltaic makes PFV ceramic a potential candidate for practical application in solar cell devices.magnified imageVisible‐light photovoltaic effect in multiferroic Pb(Fe1/2V1/2)O3 bulk ceramics. The open‐circuit voltage and zero‐bias photocurrent are ∼0.7 V and 0.02 μA, respectively.(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Adaptive control of a class of nonlinear systems using multiple models with smooth controller
Authors: Chen Wei , Sun Jian , Chen Chen , Chen Jie 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThe idea of using multiple models to improve transient performance in adaptive control systems with large uncertainty or time varying parameters was introduced in 1990s. However, the commonly used scheme with switching has some potential drawbacks. In this paper, a new multiple model scheme is proposed for strict‐feedback nonlinear systems. In order to avoid the possible chattering resulted from the controller's switching, a continuous controller based on the convex combination of parameter estimates of identification models is presented, which ensures the better use of the information of identification models than the switching scheme. Also, the number of necessary models is just one more than the dimension of the unknown system parameter, which is more practical. Simulation studies are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.