bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structure of psammic rotifer communities in two boreal lakes with different trophic conditions: Lake Võrtsjärv and Lake Saadjärv (Estonia)
Authors: Lokko Külli , Virro Taavi 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Psammon communities are still poorly studied worldwide. The aim of the present study was to establish the structure of psammic rotifer communities including their diversity and quantitative parameters. A total of 41 rotifer taxa were found in hydro-, hygro-, and euarenal zones of eutrophic Lake Võrtsjärv and mesotrophic Lake Saadjärv during the study carried out in Estonia in 2008, including 11 rotifer species new to Estonia. In L. Võrtsjärv, the predominant rotifer taxa were Bdelloidea and Lecane psammophila. L. psammophila dominated in July and August and bdelloids prevailed in the rest of the year. In L. Saadjärv, the most abundant taxa were Lepadella ovalis, Keratella hiemalis, and Cephalodella megalocephala. The psammic rotifer community of L. Saadjärv proved to be more diverse than that of L. Võrtsjärv. Microphagous rotifers were dominant in L. Võrtsjärv. Raptorial feeders dominated in L. Saadjärv in summer and autumn and were more abundant at sites with coarser sand and low plant density.
The influence of hydromorphological modifications of the littoral zone in lakes on macrophytes
Authors: Jusik Szymon , Macioł Aurelia 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The study aimed at determining the influence of hydromorphological modifications of the littoral zone in lakes on the occurrence and quantitative diversity of macrophytes. The field research was carried out at the peak of the growing season (June – September) between 2006 and 2009. Altogether, 457 transects were studied, located in 5 lakes. Studies on the hydromorphology were performed with the method of Lake Habitat Survey (LHS), and on macrophytes — with the method of transects. The studied sites were divided into 3 groups of different intensity of morphological transformations. The identified groups constituted the starting point for the analysis of influence exerted by transformations on macrophytes. The obtained results indicate that hydromorphological modifications of lakes are an important ecological factor affecting the occurrence and quantitative diversity of macrophytes. The transformations recorded in the studied reservoirs resulted mostly from recreational exploitation. They were responsible for mechanical elimination of dominant species, which led to an increased number of taxa, synanthropization and an average level of hemeroby as well as a decrease in the total vegetation cover. Helophytes were the most negatively affected group by the transformations, which reduce their contribution in the vegetation cover, whereas macroscopic filamentous algae and elodeids were positively affected.
Five species of aquatic oligochaetes new to Iran with an updated checklist
Authors: Jabłońska Aleksandra , Pešić Vladimir 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Only 14 species of aquatic oligochaetes occurring in inland waters of Iran have been recorded until now. Our investigations based on samples collected in 2003 and 2005 revealed the presence of six species, including five new to the fauna of Iran: Haplotaxis gordioides, Dero dorsalis, Pristina breviseta, Embolocephalus velutinus and Psammoryctides albicola. The provided checklist of Iranian aquatic oligochaetes is still very short (19 species). It is mostly represented by common, cosmopolitan species. However, taking into account the large area of the country, its mountainous terrain and peculiar hydrological network, more species may be discovered in the future.
Biotherapeutic Activity of Boerhaavia diffusa against Oxidized Cholesterol Induced Lipid Peroxidation and Anti-Oxidant Status in Hypercholesterolemic Rats
Authors: Singh Puneet Kumar , Ojha Sanjay Kumar , Mishra Snehasish , Kumar Satish , Khan Amir , Chauhan Subodh Kumar 
Published: March 2014

Present days, herbal medicines are widely practiced to treat cardio vascular diseases (CVD) and heart care management in most of the Asian countries. The present study was to evaluate the hypercholesterolemic and antioxidative effect of Boerhaavia diffusa root extract (BD) on oxidized cholesterol induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. The root extract was prepared in 70% ethanolic medium by soxhlet extraction procedure. Experiment was designed to carry out with 18 male albino rats which are equally divided into 3 groups for four week experiment. All experimental animals provided rat chow and water ad libitum. Group II and III received oxidized cholesterol through gastric intubation at the dose of 1mg/rat/day, where as in group III followed by BD at the dose of 1ml/rat/day for 4 weeks. Parameters like lipid peroxidation, total cholesterol and antioxidant status in plasma along with catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (Gred) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissue were analyzed on oxidized cholesterol supplemented rats with and/or without treatment of BD. The total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and LDL levels in plasma of group II remained high compared to the counterparts. But in group III showed significant decrease in TC, TG and LDL levels by 34.39%, 42.13% and 48.30%, respectively. The based on findings, it seems very levelheaded to believe that this greener way of formulation of herbal medicines is not just a utilization of naturally occurring medicinal herbs but also to make it available for the betterment of the society at low cost.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.9483Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(1): 69-74
Feasibility of real time PCR over cell culture in diagnosis of influenza virus infection: an experience of rade I viral diagnostic laboratory of developing country
Authors: Jain Bhawana , Singh Ajay Kr , Dangi Tanushree , Verma Anil Kr , Dwivedi Mukesh , Mohan Madan , Singh K P , Jain Amita 
Published: March 2014

Introduction: In spite of the discovery of viral culture technology about a century ago, its application in diagnostic labs is being used since 1970s. It served as the "gold standard" for virus detection for long. In recent years, rapid, technically less challenging, sensitive and highly specific viral identification is possible by molecular tools. Hence, the purpose of this study was to analyze the importance of real time PCR over virus culture in diagnosis of Influenza virus infections, the biggest viral challenge of present India, a developing country, so that prompt and correct diagnosis can help physicians as well as the policy makers to control the virus spread. Objective: To study the feasibility of real time PCR vis a vis viral culture technique and evaluate the utility of these methods for laboratory diagnosis of Influenza virus infections. Methodology: The study was conducted in Grade I Virology Diagnostic laboratory, Dept of Microbiology, KGMU, Lucknow. We used both real time RT-PCR and viral culture methods (on MDCK cell lines) for detection of Influenza virus infection and compared the effect of transport time, cost per sample and turnaround time on both the techniques. Results & Conclusion: Real time PCR is more practical, more sensitive, quicker and cost effective. It needs less expertise and availability of reagents is better. Though viral culture proved to be highly specific and useful for wide application but the use should currently be limited to mostly research facilities. Therefore for epidemiological diagnosis purposes real time PCR detection of Influenza virus is advised.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.9860Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 2(1): 97-102
L'héritage de la Grande Guerre : États souverains, mondialisation et régionalisme
Authors: Soutou Georges-Henri 
Published: March 2014

La Grande Guerre modèle nombre de pratiques et de normes du xx e siècle. La prééminence économique et sociale de l’État s’y confirme, comme la montée de valeurs nouvelles : l’universalité des Droits de l’homme, la construction collective d’une sécurité jusqu’ici dépendante d’alliances bilatérales, l’élaboration de normes juridiques universelles... La Grande Guerre nous lègue à la fois un État-nation réaffirmé et la possibilité de son dépassement dans l’organisation régionale et internationale.
Europe : d'une démilitarisation l'autre
Authors: de Durand Étienne 
Published: March 2014

Amorcée dès les années 1970, confirmée dans les années 1990 avec les « dividendes de la paix », accélérée par la crise de 2008, la démilitarisation de l’Europe est incontestable. L’effondrement des budgets produit des armées réduites, des matériels déployés en échantillons, des capacités en berne. Alors que les États-Unis se désengagent partiellement d’Europe, cette démilitarisation débouche sur l’impuissance européenne dans un monde où la violence collective demeure une réalité.
La place de l'Europe dans le monde : d'hier à demain
Authors: Chevènement Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2014

La première mondialisation du xx e siècle a produit un profond bouleversement de l’ordre des puissances et une dévalorisation globale des nations européennes. Elle a ainsi laissé le champ à une construction européenne largement technocratique et dépolitisée. Il est temps d’affirmer une vision nouvelle, fondée sur la coopération de nations qui demeurent en Europe le creuset de la démocratie. Seule une telle vision peut redonner à cette Europe son poids à l’international.
De grands pouvoirs...
Authors: Poezevara Kévin 
Published: March 2014

Avec ce que nous reconnaîtrons comme le fantasme du sauveur en tant qu’il a été mis à jour par Freud, considérons trois mythes, trois héros, de l’antique au plus moderne – Gygès, Grégoire Samsa, Peter Parker – afin d’interroger ces trois destins comme vicissitudes de la reconnaissance de dette à l’adolescence.
Jeanne la Pucelle : le tranvestisme à l'origine du héros
Authors: Hedjem Louisa 
Published: March 2014

L’axe de travail prend pour hypothèse que le choix de porter le vêtement masculin est une transgression principielle tant elle est à l’origine d’une nouvelle identité, celle de Jeanne la Pucelle, identité et acte inaugural nécessaires pour faire advenir le héros Jeanne d’Arc ; et qu’elle est également source de sa mort terrestre, mort qui représente un autre acte inaugural, la naissance d’un mythe encore actif. En effet, l’adolescente Jeannette, obéissante et pieuse, décide de révéler son message d’abord au capitaine de Vaucouleurs, représentant du roi pour qu’il devienne un intercesseur et lui octroie les moyens d’une chevauchée jusqu’à la résidence royale. Les ayant obtenus, elle demande à porter l’habit d’homme, elle bafoue volontairement les codes vestimentaires, sociaux de son époque médiévale et par cette première transgression elle s’affirme comme Jeanne la Pucelle. Cette vierge adolescente construit à partir d’elle-même et pour elle-même de façon consciente mais aussi inconsciente un personnage historique qui marque les esprits. En effet, la transgression sexuelle opérée par Jeanne exprime une création identitaire qui s’appuie sur l’idéal chevaleresque, sur les valeurs et les attributs valorisés du masculin, traduit une innovation identitaire reflétée par l’apparition d’une nouvelle identité : désormais la naissance de Jeanne la Pucelle peut permettre à la future Jeanne d’Arc de se déployer et de hanter l’inconscient par l’identification à la figure du héros qui reste prégnante encore aujourd’hui.
Achille, un héros homérique épris d'absolu
Authors: Evzonas Nicolas 
Published: March 2014

La présente contribution explore à partir du texte original en grec ancien le personnage d’Achille dans l’ Iliade d’Homère, œuvre-matrice de la conception occidentale de l’héroïsme. L’auteur décèle un trait d’union psychologique reliant les paroles et les actes du plus valeureux des guerriers de l’Antiquité, qu’il érige en mythe et qu’il nomme « l’Éros de l’absolu ». L’idéalité paroxystique qui sous-tend ledit mythe est à l’origine de la μῆνις légendaire d’Achille, à savoir la colère déferlante déclenchée par la contestation de sa préséance, aggravée par la perte de son compagnon de guerre, stimulée par le drame de la vieillesse et de la mort et enfin transfigurée par le chant et le souvenir. Homère s’avère in fine le Père de la « horde primitive » des affects.
Conservation of Pathogenic TCR Homology across Class II Restrictions in Anti-Ribonucleoprotein Autoimmunity: Extended Efficacy of T Cell Vaccine Therapy
Authors: Zang YunJuan , Martinez Laisel , Fernandez Irina , Pignac-Kobinger Judith , Greidinger Eric L. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
T cells have been shown to mediate aspects of anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) autoimmunity, and are a potential target of therapy in lupus and related diseases. In this study, we assessed the relevance of a conserved class of anti-RNP T cells to autoimmune disease expression and therapy. Our data show that anti-RNP T cell selection induced a limited set of homologous CDR3 motifs at high frequency. Homologous CDR3 motifs have been reported in other autoimmune diseases. Vaccination with irradiated anti-RNP (but not anti–tetanus toxoid) CD4+ cells induced remission of anti-RNP–associated nephritis in ≥80% of treated mice, even with donor/recipient MHC class II mismatch, and in both induced and spontaneous autoimmunity. Vaccine responder sera inhibited anti-70k T cell proliferation and bound hybridomas expressing the conserved CDR3 motifs. Our data indicate that a limited set of TCR CDR3 motifs may be important for the pathogenesis of anti-RNP lupus and other autoimmune diseases. The ability to target a consistent set of pathogenic T cells between individuals and across class II restrictions may allow for the more practical development of a standardized anti-RNP T cell vaccine preparation useful for multiple patients.
Regulatory CD4+ T Cells Promote B Cell Anergy in Murine Lupus
Authors: Liu Yaoyang , Liu Aijing , Iikuni Noriko , Xu Huji , Shi Fu-Dong , La Cava Antonio 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
To prevent autoimmunity, anergy of autoreactive B cells needs to be maintained, together with the suppression of hyperactive B cells. We previously reported that CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) can directly suppress autoantibody-producing autoreactive B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. In this article, we show that Tregs can also reduce the production of autoantibodies in (NZB × NZW)F1 mouse lupus B cells by promoting B cell anergy, both in vitro and in vivo. This phenomenon associated with a reduction in Ca2+ flux in B cells, and CTLA-4 blockade inhibited the effects of Tregs on anergic lupus B cells. These findings identify a new mechanism by which Tregs can control production of autoantibodies in lupus B cells and, more generally, B cell activity in physiopathological conditions.
Strength Asymmetry of the Shoulders in Elite Volleyball Players
Authors: Hadzic Vedran , Sattler Tine , Veselko Matjaž , Markovic Goran , Dervisevic Edvin 
Published: March 2014

Context:
Volleyball players are reported to have shoulder strength imbalances. Previous authors have primarily investigated small samples of male players at a single skill level, without considering playing position, and with inconsistent findings.

Objective:
To evaluate shoulder strength asymmetry and a history of shoulder injury in a large sample of professional volleyball players of both sexes across different playing positions and skill levels.

Design:
Descriptive laboratory study.

Patients or Other Participants:
A sample of 183 volleyball players (99 men, 84 women).

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We assessed shoulder internal-rotator and external-rotator concentric strength at 60°/s using an isokinetic dynamometer and dominant-nondominant differences in shoulder strength and strength ratios using repeated-measures analyses of variance. Peak torque was normalized for body mass and external-rotation/internal-rotation concentric strength.

Results:
Internal-rotation strength was asymmetric in favor of the dominant side in both sexes, regardless of previous shoulder injury status. Male volleyball players had a lower shoulder strength ratio on the dominant side, regardless of previous shoulder injury status. However, this finding was valid only when hand dominance was taken into account. Female volleyball players playing at a higher level (ie, first versus second division) were 3.43 times more likely to have an abnormal strength ratio. Playing position was not associated with an abnormal shoulder strength ratio or strength asymmetry.

Conclusions:
In male volleyball players, the external-rotation/internal-rotation strength ratio of the dominant shoulder was lower, regardless of playing position, skill level, or a previous shoulder injury. In female players, the ratio was less only in those at a higher skill level. Although speculative, these findings generally suggest that female volleyball players could have a lower risk of developing shoulder-related problems than male volleyball players. Isokinetic shoulder testing may reveal important information about the possible risk factors for shoulder injuries, so we recommend including it in the functional screening of volleyball players.
Postinjury Anxiety and Social Support Among Collegiate Athletes: A Comparison Between Orthopaedic Injuries and Concussions
Authors: Covassin Tracey , Crutcher Bryan , Bleecker Alisha , Heiden Erin O. , Dailey Alexander , Yang Jingzhen 
Published: March 2014

Context:
When an athlete is injured, the primary focus of the sports medicine team is to treat the physical effects of the injury. However, many injured athletes experience negative psychological responses, including anxiety, regarding their injury.

Objective:
To compare the anxiety and social support of athletes with concussions and a matched group of athletes with orthopaedic injuries.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Athletic training room.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 525 injuries among athletes from 2 Big Ten universities were observed. Of these, 63 concussion injuries were matched with 63 orthopaedic injuries for the athlete's sex, sport, and time loss due to injury.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Clinical measures included the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (which measures both state and trait anxiety) and the modified 6-item Social Support Questionnaire.

Results:
The group with concussions relied on their family for social support 89% of the time, followed by friends (78%), teammates (65%), athletic trainers (48%), coaches (47%), and physicians (35%). The group with orthopaedic injuries relied on their family for social support 87% of the time, followed by friends (84%), teammates (65%), athletic trainers (57%), coaches (51%), and physicians (36%). We found no differences for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (t = −1.38, P = .193) between the concussed and orthopaedic-injury groups. Social Support Questionnaire scores were significant predictors for postinjury state anxiety. Specifically, increased scores were associated with decreased postinjury state anxiety (β = −4.21, P = .0001).

Conclusions:
Both the concussed athletes and those with orthopaedic injuries experienced similar state and trait anxiety and relied on similar sources of social support postinjury. However, athletes with orthopaedic injuries reported greater satisfaction with support from all sources compared with concussed athletes. In contrast, concussed athletes showed more significant predictor models of social support on state anxiety at return to play.
Practice Effects Associated With Repeated Assessment of a Clinical Test of Reaction Time
Authors: Del Rossi Gianluca , Malaguti Alfonso , Del Rossi Samanta 
Published: March 2014

Context:
Researchers have confirmed that the ruler-drop test could be included as part of a multifaceted concussion-assessment battery and potentially as a way to track recovery from head injury. However, it is unclear if this clinical test of reaction time would be characterized by inconsistent performance because of practice effects.

Objective:
To determine if the ruler-drop test is susceptible to practice effects after serial administration.

Design:
Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:
Sports medicine research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Forty-three persons (age = 21.8 ± 2.6 years).

Intervention(s):
Ten sessions were completed over 5 weeks. Participants completed 10 trials of the ruler-drop test during each session.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
The mean reaction times calculated for all participants from each test session were analyzed to determine if there was any meaningful change (ie, improvement) in reaction time over the course of the investigation.

Results:
Simple reaction time improved (ie, decreased) after repeated administration of the ruler-drop test, and the most pronounced improvement occurred between the first 2 test sessions. Between the first and second test sessions, reaction time decreased by almost 7 milliseconds, and there was an overall improvement of almost 13 milliseconds between the first and tenth sessions. Although the pairwise comparisons between the first and second and the first and third sessions were not significant, the change in mean reaction time between the first session and most of the other sessions was significant. We noted no differences when successive sessions were compared.

Conclusions:
To prevent practice-related improvements in reaction time, practitioners should allow at least 1 practice session before recording baseline results on the ruler-drop test.
Economic evaluation of resonable nutrition support
Authors: Hu Wen , Yu Feng-mei 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
As an indispensable part of modern clinical therapeutics, nutrition support plays an important role in improving quality of life and prognosis for patients. In this paper, economic evaluation of practicing nutrition support as well as different ways and administrative patterns of nutrition support was provided to clarify how to obtain the optimal economic benefit during practicing nutrition support.
Effectiveness and safety of nicotine replacement therapy: A systematic review
Authors: Verma Kanika Gupta , Verma Pradhuman , Basavaraju Suman 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is the use of various forms of nicotine delivery methods intended to replace the nicotine obtained from smoking or other tobacco usage. This reduces the withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation and helps resist the urge to smoke cigarettes. The aim of this review is to determine the effectiveness of the different forms of NRT (chewing gum, transdermal patches, nasal spray, inhalers, and tablets) in achieving asceticism from cigarettes. As a method of delivering nicotine into the bloodstream, NRT is thought to be a comparatively less-dangerous method than tobacco smoking.