bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does the textual quality of prospectuses affect gross spread in seasoned equity offerings?
Authors: Nagarajan Nandu J. , Nerur Sridhar Panchapakesan , Srinidhi Bin , Yu Xiaoxiao 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWe examine how expositional quality (measured by discretionary readability and lexical focus—new measures) in the textual content of prospectuses preceding seasoned equity offerings affects the gross spread after controlling for the quality of numerical information. We measure the gross spread as the difference between the offer price and the underwriter's purchase price per share, expressed as a percentage of the offer price. We find that the gross spread is higher in firms whose prospectuses have lower discretionary readability, while the discretionary readability of the preceding 10‐K has little effect. Further, when the prospectus readability is lower than that of the preceding 10‐K, the gross spread increases more than it decreases when readability is higher by the same amount. Low focus (lexical focus) in the Use of Proceeds section of the prospectus results in a higher gross spread. However, low prospectus focus is associated with higher gross spread only in the bad‐news subsample. Overall, our results show that the gross spread is incrementally associated with textual obfuscation over the numerical quality of earnings. Moreover, our findings indicate that investors get distinctly different and useful information from different measures of textual quality in different parts of the text. Finally, we present novel insights showing that investors respond differently to different measures of textual quality, for example, readability and lexical focus, depending on whether there is good or bad news.
Social capital and economic growth: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Xue Xindong , Reed W. Robert , van Aert Robbie C. M. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis research provides a comprehensive, quantitative synthesis of the empirical literature on social capital and economic growth. It assesses 957 estimates from 83 studies. While our preferred estimate of the overall mean effect is close to zero and statistically insignificant, the main finding of our analysis is the substantial degree of effect heterogeneity. We find that social capital effects can range from large negative to large positive, suggesting that its impact on economic growth varies substantially depending on the context. However, our investigation was unable to trace the sources of this heterogeneity to any observable data, estimation, and study characteristics. This suggests that other factors, not included in our study, are responsible. Our analysis did uncover significant publication bias, indicating that the estimates of social capital's effects in the empirical literature are overstated. A further finding from our analysis is that we found no evidence that different types of social capital have different effects on economic growth.
Construction of a decision model for donor testing in cases of suspected antibody‐mediated transfusion‐related‐acute‐lung‐injury
Authors: Latham Tom , Bentley Andrew , Grey Sharran , Malhotra Puneet , Davis Peter J. , Clarkson Jill , Poles Anthony , Narayan Shruthi 
Published: August 2024

AbstractObjectiveTo propose a rational basis for donor testing in cases of suspected antibody‐mediated transfusion‐related lung injury (AMT).BackgroundAnti‐leukocyte antibodies in donated blood are established causes of transfusion‐related lung injury (TRALI). However, the question of whether to test donors for antibodies is not identical to whether the case meets definition criteria for TRALI. There is a balance between the potential benefits of testing and the costs of donor deferral and investigation. We propose that a decision‐making process based on optimising the balance between risk and benefit requires a subjective choice of the relative value of different outcomes of testing.MethodsWe have developed a formal decision model to illustrate how these choices affect testing decisions.ResultsUsing a Bayesian probability model, we show that the diagnostic benefit and TRALI prevention benefit of testing donors have a complex interrelationship with the number of implicated donors and clinical suspicion of antibody‐mediated TRALI (AMT) and that rational testing choices vary according to value assigned to outcomes.ConclusionsThe challenges to the use of a formal decision model for clinical testing are discussed and conclude that a formal model is a useful consensus‐building tool for improving consistency and openness in decision making.
Uroabdomen secondary to spontaneous bladder rupture in a dog with dystocia
Authors: Lim Sukjung , Hennig Geoffrey Stuart , Niedzwecki Alicia , Yankin Igor 
Published: August 2024

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the development of uroabdomen secondary to spontaneous bladder rupture in a dog with dystocia.Case SummaryA 2‐year‐old intact female Boston Terrier was referred for prolonged labor of 72 hours. At presentation, the dog had delivered 8 puppies at home, with the last pup being stillborn. The dog was in hypovolemic shock and had free abdominal effusion. Abdominal radiographs showed no evidence of remaining fetuses. Abdominal fluid analysis revealed a fluid potassium that was 1.8 times higher than the peripheral blood potassium. Retrograde positive contrast cystography identified leakage of contrast into the abdomen, consistent with uroabdomen secondary to bladder rupture. Bloodwork abnormalities included a mild monocytic leukocytosis with a left shift, moderate azotemia, mild hyperbilirubinemia, mild increase of alkaline phosphatase activity, moderate hyponatremia, and moderate hypochloremia. The dog was resuscitated with IV fluids and received IV antimicrobials out of concerns for septic peritonitis and sepsis. An exploratory laparotomy revealed a moderate volume abdominal effusion, uterine enlargement with no identifiable fetuses, and a small rupture of the urinary bladder wall apex. The bladder wall defect was repaired, and the dog underwent an ovariohysterectomy. Perioperative systemic hypotension was treated with a norepinephrine constant rate infusion and resolved within 24 hours. The dog was discharged 5 days later. The combined peritoneal fluid and uterine fluid culture and sensitivity testing revealed Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, both susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and enrofloxacin. Bladder wall histopathology revealed severe mural congestion, edema, and hemorrhage, without evidence of neoplasia, cystitis, or urolithiasis.Unique Information ProvidedThis is the first case report of a dog with uroabdomen secondary to a bladder wall rupture associated with dystocia. Early recognition of this rare phenomenon and vigilance in treatment is essential for a good prognosis and outcome.
A note on the squarefree density of polynomials
Authors: Vaughan R. C. , Zarhin Yu. G. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe conjectured squarefree density of an integral polynomial in variables is an Euler product which can be considered as a product of local densities. We show that a necessary and sufficient condition for to be 0 when is a polynomial in variables over the integers, is that either there is a prime such that the values of at all integer points are divisible by or the polynomial is not squarefree as a polynomial. We also show that generally the upper squarefree density satisfies .
Towards spatially selective efferent neuromodulation: anatomical and functional organization of cardiac fibres in the porcine cervical vagus nerve
Authors: Thompson Nicole , Ravagli Enrico , Mastitskaya Svetlana , Challita Ronald , Hadaya Joseph , Iacoviello Francesco , Idil Ahmad Shah , Shearing Paul R. , Ajijola Olujimi A. , Ardell Jeffrey L. , Shivkumar Kalyanam , Holder David , Aristovich Kirill 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSpatially selective vagus nerve stimulation (sVNS) offers a promising approach for addressing heart disease with enhanced precision. Despite its therapeutic potential, VNS is limited by off‐target effects and the need for time‐consuming titration. Our research aimed to determine the spatial organization of cardiac afferent and efferent fibres within the vagus nerve of pigs to achieve targeted neuromodulation. Using trial‐and‐error sVNS in vivo and ex vivo micro‐computed tomography fascicle tracing, we found significant spatial separation between cardiac afferent and cardiac efferent fibres at the mid‐cervical level and they were localized on average on opposite sides of the nerve cross‐section. This was consistent between both in vivo and ex vivo methods. Specifically, cardiac afferent fibres were located near pulmonary fibres, consistent with findings of cardiopulmonary convergent circuits and, notably, cardiac efferent fascicles were exclusive. These cardiac efferent regions were located in close proximity to the recurrent laryngeal regions. This is consistent with the roughly equitable spread across the nerve of the afferent and efferent fibres. Our study demonstrated that targeted neuromodulation via sVNS could achieve scalable heart rate decreases without eliciting cardiac afferent‐related reflexes; this is desirable for reducing sympathetic overactivation associated with heart disease. These findings indicate that understanding the spatial organization of cardiac‐related fibres within the vagus nerve can lead to more precise and effective VNS therapy, minimizing off‐target effects and potentially mitigating the need for titration.
imageKey points
Spatially selective vagus nerve stimulation (sVNS) presents a promising approach for addressing chronic heart disease with enhanced precision.
Our study reveals significant spatial separation between cardiac afferent and efferent fibres in the vagus nerve, particularly at the mid‐cervical level.
Utilizing trial‐and‐error sVNS in vivo and micro‐computed tomography fascicle tracing, we demonstrate the potential for targeted neuromodulation, achieving therapeutic effects such as scalable heart rate decrease without stimulating cardiac afferent‐related reflexes.
This spatial understanding opens avenues for more effective VNS therapy, minimizing off‐target effects and potentially eliminating the need for titration, thereby expediting therapeutic outcomes in myocardial infarction and related conditions.
EHLERS–DANLOS SYNDROME — A CASE OF MULTIDIRECTIONAL SHOULDER INSTABILITY REHABILITATION
Authors: Diniz João Rego , Sousa Rui Moreira , Bernardo Inês Rocha , Aroso Pedro 
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a hereditary and heterogeneous syndrome that affects conjunctive tissue, due to collagen production compromise. Hypermobile EDS (hEDS) is the most common subtype of this syndrome and can cause shoulder joint instability, which can lead to chronic pain and significant functional impairment. Methods: A case report of a patient with hEDS followed in our local health unit was made. The authors describe their clinical insight regarding the case, as well as the rehabilitation program the patient was submitted to. Results: Female patient, 32 years old. Functionally autonomous in every daily living activity. Clinically diagnosed with hEDS in 2013, after reporting bilateral shoulder instability. The patient presented herself in a Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine consultation, 6 months after being submitted to the third surgical intervention of the right shoulder. She presented an overall limited range of motion, decreased muscle strength and positive apprehension and drawer tests. An extensive rehabilitation program was prescribed, focusing on joint mobilization, dynamic stabilizers strengthening and proprioceptive training. After 12 weeks, the patient presented reduced shoulder pain and a better functional status. Conclusion: hEDS compromises the integrity of the static and dynamic stabilizers of the shoulder. Clinical management of these cases involves a multidisciplinary approach with early and adequate rehabilitation care treatments.
Do Autocrats Need a Foreign Enemy? Evidence from Fortress Russia
Authors: Hale Henry E. , Lenton Adam C. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Conventional thinking suggests that autocrats need enemies and thus have incentives to create them. Russia's Vladimir Putin is often thought to reap domestic legitimacy from belligerence. We examine multiple public opinion datasets collected in Russia that span Putin's presidency to confirm that he gains popularity from a sense of Western threat. But findings indicate that until 2021, these gains came primarily from a carefully cultivated domestic reputation for responding to threats with moderation instead of bellicosity. Our survey experiment further suggests that Putin wins as much support when he is prudent and cooperative as when he is hostile and aggressive. These findings add to evidence that Russia's full-scale 2022 invasion of Ukraine was not a war of domestic political necessity. They also help explain why Putin felt that he had to promote the invasion at home as a careful, limited, defensive act rather than something glorious for which the Russian population should fully mobilize. Even the most aggressive autocrats may still cater to public preferences for moderate foreign policy.
The Iron Dice: Fatalism and War
Authors: Tierney Dominic 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Leaders in international relations often exhibit fatalism, or the belief that events are guided by forces beyond their control. In some cases, fatalism may reflect reality, or be rhetoric to boost support. But there is also an important psychological explanation: fatalism can help leaders avoid responsibility for costly outcomes and protect their self-image. Fatalism is more likely: (1) in regard to bad outcomes versus good outcomes; (2) when war is seen as imminent versus far-off; and (3) in nondemocratic regimes versus democratic regimes. The concept of fatalism is central to philosophy, religion, medicine, sociology, and psychology, but has been neglected by scholars in international relations. Fatalism may be an important cause of war, especially when combined with a perceived window of opportunity. This research contributes to democratic peace theory by helping explain the lack of war between representative regimes. If elected leaders are less prone to extreme fatalism about war, democracies may have more room to maneuver in a crisis. I use case studies of the origins of World War I and World War II to probe the argument.
Baby Bumps in the Road: The Impact of Parenthood on Job Performance, Human Capital, and Career Advancement
Authors: Healy Olivia J. , Heissel Jennifer A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This paper explores whether and why a maternal “child penalty” to earnings would emerge even without changes in employment and hours worked. Using a matched event study de-sign, we trace monthly changes in determinants of wages (job performance, human capital accumulation, and promotions). Data come from a usefully unusual setting with required multiyear employment and detailed personnel data: the United States Marine Corps. Mothers' job performance initially declines, and gaps in promotion grow through 24 months postbirth. Fathers' physical fitness performance drops somewhat but recovers. These patterns lead mothers to earn relatively lower wages, even absent changes in employment postbirth.
Immigration and Worker-Firm Matching
Authors: Orefice Gianluca , Peri Giovanni 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Positive assortative matching increases both the wages of more productive workers and wage dispersion. We study the effect of immigration on positive assortative matching using French employer-employee data from 1995 to 2005. We find that increases in the share of immigrants, driven by historical networks across local labor markets, generated stronger positive assortative matching between workers and firms. We present evidence suggesting that this effect was associated to higher wages for more productive workers and that the findings are consistent with increased workers' screening by firms.
What's Missing in Environmental Self-Monitoring: Evidence from Strategic Shutdowns of Pollution Monitors
Authors: Mu Yingfei , Rubin Edward , Zou Eric Yongchen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Regulators often rely on regulated entities to self-monitor compliance, creating strategic incentives for endogenous monitoring. This paper builds a framework to detect whether local governments skip air pollution monitoring when they expect air quality to deteriorate. The core of our method tests whether the timing of monitor shutdowns coincides with the counties' air quality alerts – public advisories based on local governments' own pollution forecasts. Applying the method to a monitor in Jersey City, NJ, suspected of a deliberate shutdown during the 2013 “Bridgegate” traffic jam, we find a 33% reduction of this monitor's sampling rate on pollution-alert days. Building on large-scale inference tools, we then apply the method to test more than 1,300 monitors across the U.S., finding 14 metro areas with clusters of monitors showing similar strategic behavior. We assess geometric imputation and remote-sensing technologies as potential solutions to deter future strategic monitoring.
Multi-Product Exporters: Verifying Stylized Facts
Authors: Sheveleva Lena 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a statistical model to characterize the null hypothesis of the random product size distribution for multi-product exporters. It serves as a benchmark to test the empirical facts and model predictions. We ask which stylized facts that characterize multi-product exporters and motivate such theories as core competencies, productivity being a driver of both scope and scale, and economies of scope among others, are spurious, and which are informative. The benchmark model also provides alternative moments to test the validity of these theories.
Do Sanitary Pads Improve Girls' Educational Outcomes?
Authors: Agarwal Sumit , Chia Liu Ee , Ghosh Pulak 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Using a staggered installation of sanitary pad vending machines across schools in the Indian state of Kerala, we study the impacts of free monthly access to sanitary pads on girls' educational outcomes. We find that the number of dropouts among female students in the 7th-grade decrease by 24 percentage points and the attendance rate increases by 23 percentage points after the treatment. Our results are mainly driven by girls in backward-caste, rural schools, and public schools, supporting the idea that free distribution of sanitary pads alleviates cost of obtaining sanitary pads.
The Unintended Consequences of Home-Buying Restriction in China
Authors: Chen Yunjie , Liu Yongzheng , Wei Hailun 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We investigate the fake divorce activities associated with the home-buying restriction policy in China. We find that the policy increased divorce rate (marriage restoration rate) in the treated cities by 0.436 (0.195) permillage point relative to the control cities. This explains a 19.9% increase in the overall national divorce rate, of which at least 45% can be interpreted as fake divorces. Moreover, we find that the main responders to this policy are people who are older, childless, less-educated, and wealthier. Finally, we show that the fraudulent behavior has significant implications for market efficiency, intra- and inter-household wealth inequality, and other consequences.
The Value of Piped Water and Sewers: Evidence from 19th Century Chicago
Authors: Coury Michael , Kitagawa Toru , Shertzer Allison , Turner Matthew A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We estimate the impact of piped water and sewers on property values in late 19th century Chicago. The cost of sewer construction depends sensitively on imperceptible variation in elevation, and such variation delays water and sewer service to part of the city. This delay provides quasi-random variation for causal estimates. We extrapolate ate estimates from our natural experiment to the area treated with water and sewer service during 1874-1880 using a new estimator. Water and sewer access increases property values by a factor of about 2.8. This suggests that benefits are large relative to: the value of the value of averted mortality, many other infrastructure projects, and construction costs.
Instrument-Based Estimation of Full Treatment Effects with Partial Compliers
Authors: Nibbering Didier , Oosterveen Matthijs 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The effect of the full treatment is a primary parameter of interest in policy evaluation, while often the effect of a subset of treatment is estimated. We partially identify the local average treatment effect of receiving full treatment (LAFTE) using an instrumental variable that may induce individuals into subsets of treatment (partial compliers). We show that partial compliers violate the standard exclusion restriction, necessary conditions on the absence of partial compliers are testable, and partial identification holds under a double exclusion restriction. We identify partial compliers in four applications and estimate informative bounds on the LAFTE in three of them.
Set-Identified Structural Vector Autoregressions and the Effects of a 100 Basis Point Monetary Policy Shock
Authors: Read Matthew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
I estimate impulse responses to a 100 basis point US monetary policy shock using setidentified structural vector autoregressions. Identified sets for these responses may be unbounded when the identifying restrictions admit zero impact response of the federal funds rate following a standard-deviation shock. Such a zero response is always admissible when there are fewer sign and zero restrictions than endogenous variables. This is the case under existing restrictions on the systematic component of monetary policy, which consequently yield uninformative identified sets. Additional sign and narrative restrictions yield informative identified sets and imply smaller output responses than some previous estimates.