bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of insidious data disasters
Authors: Lundquist Jessica D. , Wayand Nicholas E. , Massmann Adam , Clark Martyn P. , Lott Fred , Cristea Nicoleta C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEveryone taking field observations has a story of data collection gone wrong, and in most cases, the errors in the data are immediately obvious. A more challenging problem occurs when the errors are insidious, i.e., not readily detectable, and the error‐laden data appear useful for model testing and development. We present two case studies, one related to the water balance in the snow‐fed Tuolumne River, Sierra Nevada, California, combined with modeling using the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM); and one related to the energy balance at Snoqualmie Pass, Washington, combined with modeling using the Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA). In the Tuolumne, modeled streamflow in 1 year was more than twice as large as observed; at Snoqualmie, modeled nighttime surface temperatures were biased by about +10°C. Both appeared to be modeling failures, until detective work uncovered observational errors. We conclude with a discussion of what these cases teach us about science in an age of specialized research, when one person collects data, a separate person conducts model simulations, and a computer is charged with data quality assurance.
Solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence that correlates with canopy photosynthesis on diurnal and seasonal scales in a temperate deciduous forest
Authors: Yang Xi , Tang Jianwu , Mustard John F. , Lee Jung‐Eun , Rossini Micol , Joiner Joanna , Munger J. William , Kornfeld Ari , Richardson Andrew D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is correlated with Gross Primary Production (GPP). However, it remains unclear to what extent this relationship is due to absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and/or light use efficiency (LUE). Here we present the first time series of near‐surface measurement of canopy‐scale SIF at 760 nm in temperate deciduous forests. SIF correlated with GPP estimated with eddy covariance at diurnal and seasonal scales (r2 = 0.82 and 0.73, respectively), as well as with APAR diurnally and seasonally (r2 = 0.90 and 0.80, respectively). SIF/APAR is significantly positively correlated with LUE and is higher during cloudy days than sunny days. Weekly tower‐based SIF agreed with SIF from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment‐2 (r2 = 0.82). Our results provide ground‐based evidence that SIF is directly related to both APAR and LUE and thus GPP, and confirm that satellite SIF can be used as a proxy for GPP.
Diurnal variation of atmospheric electric field at the summit of Mount Fuji, Japan, distinctly different from the Carnegie curve in the summertime
Authors: Kamogawa Masashi , Suzuki Yuko , Sakai Rikuma , Fujiwara Hironobu , Torii Tatsuo , Kakinami Yoshihiro , Watanabe Yasuyuki , Sato Ryoe , Hashimoto Satoshi , Okochi Hiroshi , Miura Kazuhiko , Yasuda Hiroshi , Orihara Yoshiaki , Suzuki Tomoyuki 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn fair weather, a clear diurnal variation of atmospheric electric field (AEF), which is distinctly different from the global diurnal variation, i.e., Carnegie curve, was observed during the summer time (July and August) of the year 2010 and 2011 at the summit of Mount Fuji, Japan (3776 m in altitude). The variation of the AEF at the summit showed a local time dependent feature, which means that the AEF increased at sunrise and decreased at sunset. This local diurnal variation is known as a mountain variation. The intensity of AEF in the daytime reached 1.5–3 times larger than that in the nighttime. From the multipoint observations of cloud images and AEF, the mountain variation was found to be attributable to the AEF generated by the positively charged top of a horizontally extensive sea of clouds below the summit. Since the sea of clouds grows with the temperature rise, the AEF variation follows local time.
Characteristics of PMSE associated with the geomagnetic disturbance driven by corotating interaction region and high‐speed solar wind streams in the declining solar cycle 23
Authors: Lee Young‐Sook , Kirkwood Sheila , Kwak Young‐Sil , Shepherd Gordon G. , Kim Kyung‐Chan , Yang Tae‐Yong , Kero Antti 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe report interannual variations of the correlation between the reflectivity of polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSEs) and solar wind parameters (speed and dynamic pressure), and AE index as a proxy of geomagnetic disturbances, and cosmic noise absorption (CNA) in the declining phase (2001–2008) of solar cycle 23. PMSEs are observed by 52 MHz VHF radar measurements at Esrange (67.8°N, 20.4°E), Sweden. In approaching the solar minimum years, high‐speed solar wind streams emanate from frequently emerging coronal holes, leading to 7, 9, and 13.5 day periodicities in their arrival at Earth. Periodicities of 7 and/or 9 days are found in PMSE reflectivity in 2005–2006 and 2008. Periodicity‐resolved correlations at 7 and 9 days of both D region ionization observed by cosmic noise absorption (CNA) and PMSE with solar wind speed and AE index vary from year to year but generally increase as solar minimum is approached. PMSEs have a higher periodicity‐resolved correlation with AE index than the solar wind speed. In addition, cross correlation of PMSE reflectivity with AE index is mostly higher than with CNA in solar minimum years (2005–2008). This can signify that high‐speed solar wind stream‐induced high‐energy particles possibly have strong influence on CNA, but not as much as on PMSE, especially for the years of significant periodicities occurring.
Construction of Chiral 2‐Substituted Octahydroindoles from Cyclic Ketones and Nitroolefins Bearing only One α‐Substituent
Authors: Han Yong , Zheng Bo , Peng Yungui 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA dual catalytic system has been developed following the screening of a series of chiral primary amine catalysts and chiral phosphoric acid catalysts for the Michael addition of cyclic ketones to nitroolefins bearing only one α‐substituent. The resulting γ‐nitro ketones, which contain a substituent on the carbon connected to the nitro group, were formed in excellent yields (>80%) with high levels of stereoselectivity (up to 94:6 dr and 98% ee) when the reaction was performed in benzene at 0 °C with 10 mol% of the optimal amine/phosphoric acid combination (1:1) as a catalyst. Subsequent reduction of the nitro group followed by intramolecular reductive amination could afford optically active cis‐octahydroindole analogues bearing a non‐functional substituent at their 2‐position.magnified image
One‐Pot Synthesis of Symmetrical 2,6‐Diarylpyridines via Palladium/Copper‐Catalyzed Sequential Decarboxylative and Direct CH Arylation
Authors: Ma Zhiyong , Liu Hailong , Zhang Chunchun , Zheng Xueli , Yuan Maolian , Fu Haiyan , Li Ruixiang , Chen Hua 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA palladium(II)/copper oxide (Cu2O)‐catalyzed one‐pot decarboxylative and direct CH arylation of 2‐picolinic acid with aryl bromides has been developed. Various aryl bromides have been shown to be efficient coupling partners in the presence of dimethyl sulfate, furnishing symmetrical 2,6‐diarylpyridines in moderate to good yields.magnified image
Bioinspired, Base‐ and Metal‐Free, Mild Decarboxylative Aldol Activation of Malonic Acid Half Thioesters Under Phase‐Transfer Reaction Conditions
Authors: Bew Sean P. , Stephenson G. Richard , Rouden Jacques , Ashford Polly‐Anna , Bourane Manuel , Charvet Agathe , Dalstein Virginie M. D. , Jauseau Raphael , Hiatt‐Gipson G. D. , Martinez‐Lozano Luis A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUtilizing ‘off the shelf’ commercially available, cheap, small synthetic molecules that mimic the efficient mediation of important bioreactions utilized by Nature is not only highly sought after but also currently highly topical. This paper details our preliminary efforts at developing a unique base‐ and metal‐free phase‐transfer‐mediated malonic acid thioester (MAHT) ‘activation protocol’ that efficiently generates (±)‐β‐thioesters. Our bioinspired aldol process is exceptionally mild, conducted under near neutral pH reaction conditions, does not require an inert, oxygen‐free atmosphere or anhydrous reaction conditions and is highly atom‐economic. Exemplifying the utility of our protocol, the synthesis of an array of structurally and functionally diverse (±)‐β‐hydroxy thioesters equipped with highly prized functionality, i.e., chlorine, bromine, fluorine, nitrile and nitro groups, is reported, as is the diastereoselective potential of this important reaction.magnified image
Amine–Borane Complexes: Air‐ and Moisture‐Stable Partners for Palladium‐Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Bromides and Chlorides
Authors: Guerrand Hélène D. S. , Vaultier Michel , Pinet Sandra , Pucheault Mathieu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA method for using amine–borane complexes directly in palladium catalyzed borylation has been developed. The reaction proceeds through the sequential formation of a boronium species followed by deprotonation leading to the aminoborane. This reagent is then directly used in the borylation process leading, after work‐up, to various boronic acid derivatives. The reaction was applied to (hetero)aryl triflates, iodides, bromides and chlorides.magnified image
The physiological cost of reproduction for rich and poor across 65 countries
Authors: Hruschka Daniel J. , Hagaman Ashley 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesOne of the fundamental tradeoffs posited in life history theory is between storing energy for future reproduction versus spending that energy on current reproduction. However, past studies have shown variable and sometimes contradictory effects of reproduction on energy stores among women.MethodsTo examine how varying economic resources can account for these diverse findings, we applied mixed models to Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 187,848 nulliparous and primiparous women of reproductive age (20–34 years) in 65 countries varying widely in economic resources. Using this approach, we tracked average trajectories of body mass through pregnancy and the post‐partum period, and assessed how these trajectories varied by household wealth and breastfeeding.ResultsIn all four wealth categories, sustained breastfeeding posed a substantial tradeoff with energy stores, reducing post‐partum BMI by 0.5 to 1.0 kg m−2 relative to non‐breastfeeding women. However, among the wealthiest households (>6,400 USD per capita), this deficit was buffered substantially by greater pre‐partum weight gain (+1.1 kg m−2 compared to women from the poorest households).ConclusionThese findings show how the level of economic resources can systematically and profoundly shape a physiological tradeoff in reproduction, and can help account for past contradictory findings. More broadly, these results illustrate how integrating economic and energetic resources in a common framework can help clarify the apparently disparate weight‐related outcomes of fertility in different countries. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:654–659, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cerebrospinal fluid markers reveal intrathecal inflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Komori Mika , Blake Andrew , Greenwood Mark , Lin Yen Chih , Kosa Peter , Ghazali Danish , Winokur Paige , Natrajan Muktha , Wuest Simone C. , Romm Elena , Panackal Anil A. , Williamson Peter R. , Wu Tianxia , Bielekova Bibiana 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveThe management of complex patients with neuroimmunological diseases is hindered by an inability to reliably measure intrathecal inflammation. Currently implemented laboratory tests developed >40 years ago either are not dynamic or fail to capture low levels of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. Therefore, we aimed to identify and validate biomarkers of CNS inflammation in 2 blinded, prospectively acquired cohorts of untreated patients with neuroimmunological diseases and embedded controls, with the ultimate goal of developing clinically useful tools.MethodsBecause biomarkers with maximum utility reflect immune phenotypes, we included an assessment of cell specificity in purified primary immune cells. Biomarkers were quantified by optimized electrochemiluminescent immunoassays.ResultsAmong markers with cell‐specific secretion, soluble CD27 is a validated biomarker of intrathecal T‐cell activation, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.97. Comparing the quantities of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immune cells and their respective cell‐specific soluble biomarkers (released by CSF cells as well as their counterparts in CNS tissue) provided invaluable information about stationary CNS immune responses, previously attainable via brain biopsy only. Unexpectedly, progressive and relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have comparable numbers of activated intrathecal T and B cells, which are preferentially embedded in CNS tissue in the former group.InterpretationThe cell‐specific biomarkers of intrathecal inflammation may improve diagnosis and management of neuroimmunological diseases and provide pharmacodynamic markers for future therapeutic developments in patients with intrathecal inflammation that is not captured by imaging, such as in progressive MS. Ann Neurol 2015;78:3–20
Alkynyl‐Protected Au23 Nanocluster: A 12‐Electron System
Authors: Wan Xian‐Kai , Yuan Shang‐Fu , Tang Qing , Jiang De‐en , Wang Quan‐Ming 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA 23‐gold‐atom nanocluster was prepared by NaBH4‐mediated reduction of a solution of PhCCAu and Ph3PAuSbF6 in CH2Cl2. The cluster composition was determined to be [Au23(PhCC)9(Ph3P)6]2+ and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed that the cluster has an unprecedented Au17 kernel protected by three PhC2‐Au‐C2(Ph)‐Au‐C2Ph motifs and six Ph3P groups. The Au17 core can be viewed as the fusion of two Au10 units sharing a Au3 triangle. Electronic structure analysis from DFT calculations suggests that the stability of this unusual 12‐electron cluster is a result of the splitting of the superatomic 1D orbitals under D3h symmetry of the Au17 kernel. The discovery and determination of the structure of the Au23 cluster demonstrates the versatility of the alkynyl ligand in leading to the formation of new cluster compounds.
Flow of non‐Newtonian fluids in converging–diverging rigid tubes
Authors: Sochi Taha 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA residual‐based lubrication method is used to find the flow rate and pressure field in converging‐diverging rigid tubes for the flow of time‐independent category of non‐Newtonian fluids. Five converging‐diverging prototype geometries were used in this investigation in conjunction with two fluid models: Ellis and Herschel‐Bulkley. The method was validated by convergence behavior sensibility tests, convergence to analytical solutions for the straight tubes as special cases for the converging‐diverging tubes, convergence to analytical solutions found earlier for the flow in converging‐diverging tubes of Newtonian fluids as special cases for non‐Newtonian, and convergence to analytical solutions found earlier for the flow of power‐law fluids in converging‐diverging tubes. A brief investigation was also conducted on a sample of diverging‐converging geometries. The method can in principle be extended to the flow of viscoelastic and thixotropic/rheopectic fluid categories. The method can also be extended to geometries varying in size and shape in the flow direction, other than the perfect cylindrically‐symmetric converging‐diverging ones, as long as characteristic flow relations correlating the flow rate to the pressure drop on the discretized elements of the lubrication approximation can be found. These relations can be analytical, empirical and even numerical and hence the method has a wide applicability range. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Antitumor Drug Sorafenib on Chick Embryo Development
Authors: Cheng Yi‐Sen , Wang Xiao‐Yu , Wang Guang , Li Yan , Chen Yue‐Lei , Chuai Man‐li , Lee Kenneth Ka Ho , Ding Xiao‐Yan , Yang Xue‐song 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTSorafenib has been used as an oral anti‐cancer drug because of its ability to inhibit tumor growth. However, the pharmacological effect of sorafenib is still the lack of in vivo experimental evidence. Tumor and embryonic cells share some similar features, so we investigated the effects of sorafenib on the development of gastrulating chick embryos. We found that sorafenib exposure was markedly attributed to the number of embryonic cell in proliferation and apoptosis. We also detected sorafenib significantly interfered with epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, sorafenib treatment impaired the production and migration of neural crest cells. Anat Rec, 298:1271–1281, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Further Data on Sesamoid Identity from Two Anuran Species
Authors: Corina Vera Miriam , Laura Ponssa María , Abdala Virginia 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTConsidering that the identification of equivalent entities is the basis for any comparative analysis, we compare the histology, histochemistry, shape and dimensions of epiphyses, carpal and sesamoids in two anuran frogs. Our goal was to explore the morphological correspondence among these three skeletal elements in order to clarify the sesamoid identity. We studied the skeletogenesis, contour geometric morphometry and dimensions of forelimb elements of juveniles of two anurans speciesLeptodactylus bufoniusandRhinella arenarum. Skeletogenesis in anurans present a common trait between carpals and sesamoids: both elements exhibit endochondral ossification. A difference between these elements is the presence of fibrocartilage in the development of sesamoids. The geometric morphometry does not allow us to establish a shape pattern that can be compared either between sesamoids and epiphyses or carpals. With regard to dimensions, our data indicate that bones categorization based on these aspects is ambiguous and therefore is useless to classify of skeletal bones. The data about tissue differentiation of sesamoids provide evidence that support the idea that these elements should be considered part of the typical endowment of the vertebrate skeleton. Anat Rec, 298:1376–1394, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epitope Specificity Determines Pathogenicity and Detectability of Anti–Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor Receptor α Autoantibodies in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Moroncini Gianluca , Grieco Antonella , Nacci Giulia , Paolini Chiara , Tonnini Cecilia , Pozniak Katarzyna N. , Cuccioloni Massimiliano , Mozzicafreddo Matteo , Svegliati Silvia , Angeletti Mauro , Kazlauskas Andrius , Avvedimento Enrico V. , Funaro Ada , Gabrielli Armando 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveTo identify the epitopes recognized by autoantibodies targeting platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and develop novel assays for detection of serum anti‐PDGFRα autoantibodies.MethodsEpstein‐Barr virus–immortalized B cells from 1 patient with SSc (designated PAM) were screened for expression of IgG binding to PDGFRα and induction of reactive oxygen species in fibroblasts. The variable regions of anti‐PDGFRα IgG were cloned into an IgG expression vector to generate distinct recombinant human monoclonal autoantibodies (mAb), which were characterized by binding and functional assays. The epitopes of anti‐PDGFRα recombinant human mAb were defined by molecular docking, surface plasmon resonance binding assays, screening of a conformational peptide library spanning the PDGFRα extracellular domains, and expression analyses of alanine‐scanned PDGFRα mutants. Direct or competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were established to detect all serum anti‐PDGFRα autoantibodies or, selectively, the agonistic ones.ResultsThree types of anti‐PDGFRα recombinant human mAb, with the same VH but distinct VL chains, were generated. Nonagonistic VHPAM–Vκ13B8 recognized 1 linear epitope, whereas agonistic VHPAM–Vλ16F4 and VHPAM–Vκ16F4 recognized 2 distinct conformational epitopes. Serum anti‐PDGFRα antibodies were detected in 66 of 70 patients with SSc, 63 of 130 healthy controls, 11 of 26 patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP), and 13 of 29 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Serum VHPAM–Vκ16F4‐like antibodies were found in 24 of 34 patients with SSc, but not in healthy controls, patients with primary RP, or patients with SLE. Peptides composing the VHPAM–Vκ16F4 epitope inhibited PDGFRα signaling triggered by serum IgG from SSc patients.ConclusionAgonistic anti‐PDGFRα autoantibodies are enriched in SSc sera and recognize specific conformational epitopes that can be used to discriminate agonistic from nonagonistic antibodies and block PDGFRα signaling in patients with SSc.
Determination of bergenin based on the electrochemiluminescence quenching of tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)‐ruthenium(II)
Authors: Zhu Yinggui , Zou Lili , Dong Qin , Jiang Derong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractQuenching effects of bergenin, based on the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)‐ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+)/tri‐n‐propylamine (TPrA) system in aqueous solution, is been described. The quenching behavior can be observed with a 100‐fold excess of bergenin over Ru(bpy)32+. In the presence of 0.1 m TPrA, the Stern–Volmer constant (KSV) of the ECL quenching is as high as 1.16 × 104 M−1 for bergenin. The logarithmic plot of the inhibited ECL versus logarithmic plot of the concentration of bergenin was linear over the range 3.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−4 mol/L. The corresponding limit of detection was 6.0 × 10−7 mol/L for bergenin (S/N = 3). In the mechanism of quenching it is believed that the competition of the active free radicals between Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA and bergenin was the key factor for the ECL inhibition of the system. Photoluminescence, cyclic voltammetry, coupled with bulk electrolysis, supports the supposition mechanism of the Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA–bergenin system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employment of 4‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)phenol as a signal enhancer of the chemiluminescent luminol–H2O2–horseradish peroxidase reaction for detection of hepatitis C virus in real samples
Authors: Liu Jian , Zhang Lili , Fu Chuanyun , Wang Yunshan , Sun Shanhui 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHighly sensitive detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in serum is a key method for diagnosing and classifying the extent of HCV infection. In this study, a p‐phenol derivative, 4‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)phenol (4‐TRP), was employed as an efficient enhancer of the luminol–hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)–horseradish peroxidase (HRP) chemiluminescence (CL) system for detection of HCV. Compared with a traditional enhancer, 4‐TRP strongly enhanced CL intensity with the effect of prolonging and stabilizing light emission. The developed CL system was applied to detecting HCV core antigen (HCV‐cAg) using a sandwich structure inside microwells. Our experimental results showed that there was good linear relationship between CL intensity and HCV‐cAg concentration in the 0.6–3.6 pg/mL range (R = 0.99). The intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients of variation were 4.5–5.8% and 5.0–7.3%, respectively. In addition, sensitive determination of HCV‐cAg in serum samples using the luminol–H2O2–HRP–4‐TRP CL system was also feasible in clinical settings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.