bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TRENDS IN SAT SCORES AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF EXAMINEES PLANNING TO MAJOR IN MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, OR ENGINEERING
Authors: Grandy Jerilee 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis study analyzed data from the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) taken by high school seniors between 1977 and 1988. Its purpose was to study trends in the numbers, test scores, and other characteristics of examinees planning to major in math, science, or engineering, and to compare these data with comparable data from examinees planning to major in other fields.The major findings were as follows:

The total test‐taking population declined in number until 1983 and has since been increasing. The average SAT Verbal score also declined until 1981, then increased until 1986. Between 1986 and 1988 the Verbal mean declined 3 points. The mean Mathematics score declined until 1981 but rose 10 points from 1981 to 1988.
Between 1977 and 1988, the percentage of examinees who planned to major in math, science, or engineering increased from 24% to 29% of the examinee population. In recent years, the numbers planning to major in psychology and in the social sciences have shown especially large increases.
In 1988, examinees planning to major in math, science, or engineering obtained a mean Verbal score 18 points higher than the population average and a mean Mathematics score 31 points higher. Means for specific fields varied considerably. Examinees planning to major in physics, for example, obtained a mean Mathematics score 145 points above average, while those planning to major in sociology obtained a mean 44 points below the population average.
Among students planning to major in math, science, or engineering, the mean Verbal score declined until 1983, rose slightly in the next two years, and declined 5 points between 1985 and 1988. The mean Mathematics score declined until 1981, increased until 1985, and declined thereafter. Between 1987 and 1988, the mean Mathematics score dropped 6 points.
Among examinees who identify themselves as White and who plan to major in math, science, or engineering, there has been a difference of nearly a standard deviation between the mean Mathematics scores of males and females. The scores of females do not appear to be “catching up” with the scores of males. Sex differences are not as great among Black examinees as among White examinees.
Among examinees who identify themselves as Black and who plan to major in math, science, or engineering, the mean Mathematics score for males rose 18 points between 1977 and 1988, and the mean for females rose 20 points during that period.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SCIENCE INTEREST
Authors: Martinez Michael E. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTMales are more likely than females to aspire to and attain careers in science. This pattern might be attributed to differences in the appeal of school science to boys and girls. In this study, middle school students carried out versions of science experiments that differed in their motivational appeal. Findings showed that boys were more attentive to aspects of science experiments that elicit perceptions of control, whereas girls were more attentive to social aspects. Further, attempts to enhance the interest value of science experiments were found to be more effective for girls than for boys. Motivational enhancement of science experiments was found to affect subsequent choices to participate in science experiments.
CONTEXT BIAS IN THE TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: Angoff William H. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis study was undertaken to test the hypothesis advanced by Traynor (1985) that items of the TOEFL test that contain references to American people, places, regions, customs, institutions, etc., tend to favor examinees who have spent some time living in the United States. Two samples of examinees were drawn from the March 1987 administration of the test–one, tested in the United States, consisting of individuals who had lived in this country for more than a year, the other, tested in their native countries, consisting of individuals who had spent less than a month in the United States. Mantel‐Haenszel (1959) analyses were carried out for each of the 146 operational items of the test, using data from the two groups, separately by region of origin, and also combined across regions. In all analyses, the subjects in the two groups were matched on the total score on the section in which the item was contained.In a separate part of the study, five raters were engaged and asked to rate the items of the test, judging whether they contained explicit reference to some aspect of Americana. These ratings were found to be highly reliable; all but 16 of the 146 were unanimously judged by the raters as having reference or not having reference to Americana.Of all 146 items in TOEFL, only one gave a consistent advantage, found in every one of the five regions of the world studied here, to examineees tested domestically. It is noteworthy, however, that this item made no reference to Americana. Several other items also showed an advantage to domestic candidates, but, with two exceptions, the advantage was found in only one region of the world. The two exceptions showed a domestic advantage in only two regions. Of the five most “significantly” aberrant items, only one was judged (by four of the five raters) to be an “Americana” item.Bivariate distributions of “Americana” scores on the items of TOEFL versus their Mantel‐Haenszel indices were prepared to determine whether there was any relation between the two. None was found.On the strength of the information provided in the tables of this report, and on the strength of the review of the items cited here, it may be concluded that there is no support for the hypothesis that TOEFL items that make reference to American people, places, institutions, customs, etc., tend to advantage TOEFL candidates who have lived in the United States for a year or more over those who have spent little (one month or less) time in the country.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Sensitive Colorimetric Detection of Chromium(III)
Authors: Li Jiao , Du Jianxiu , Zhang Jianhuai 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA cost‐effective and sensitive colorimetric method was described for the determination of chromium(III) ion (Cr3+) by using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid functionalized gold nanoparticles (EDTA‐AuNPs) as a probe. The stable and dispersed EDTA‐AuNPs were prepared by reducing HAuCl4 with sodium borohydride in presence of EDTA as a capping agent. Upon the addition of Cr3+, the colour of EDTA‐AuNPs solution changed from red to violet, which was in response to the surface plasmon absorption of dispersed and aggregated EDTA‐AuNPs. The procedure allowed the determination of Cr3+ in the range of 0.1–1.0 mol/L. The limit of detection for Cr3+ was 0.08 mol/L. The relative standard deviation was 2.5 % for eight repeated measurements of 0.6 mol/L Cr3+ solution. The method was applied to the determination of Cr3+ in water samples.
Ultra‐wideband power divider with a notched band using embedded dual‐mode resonators
Authors: Song Kaijun , Hu Bingkun , Duan Qi , Chen Qike , Fan Yong 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTAn ultra‐wideband (UWB) Wilkinson power divider with a notched band is presented. Multisection Wilkinson structure is utilized to realize UWB response. The notched band is introduced using the embedded dual‐mode resonators. The central frequency and bandwidth of the notched band can be adjusted independently by tuning the structural parameters of the embedded dual‐mode resonators. Even and odd analyses are used to analyze the proposed structure. The presented power divider has been developed and measured. The measured notched band is located at 1.78 GHz with an attenuation of greater than 14 dB. The measured results show reasonable agreement with the predicted ones. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2758–2762, 2014
Combined‐type dual‐wideband antenna for 2G/3G/4G tablet device
Authors: Chen Li‐Yu , Wong Kin‐Lu 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTA combined‐type dual‐wideband antenna with its lower wideband and higher widebands, respectively, contributed by two separate radiating portions thereof is presented. The two separate radiating portions (one low‐band antenna and one high‐band antenna) are easily combined into a compact structure for the 2G/3G/4G operation in the 698–960 and 1710–2690 MHz bands. In addition, for applications in the typical tablet device such as a tablet computer, the proposed antenna requires a very small ground clearance of 10 × 30 mm2 for the 2G/3G/4G operation. The low‐band antenna for the 698–960 MHz band is an inverted‐F antenna, with its radiating arm coupled to the antenna's feeding strip through a first chip inductor and its shorting strip embedded with a second chip inductor. The high‐band antenna for the 1710–2690 MHz band is a monopole antenna formed by connecting a simple strip to the feeding strip and enclosed by the low‐band antenna so as to achieve a compact antenna structure. A simple matching circuit disposed on the device ground plane can, respectively, widen the bandwidth of the antenna's lower and higher bands. The proposed combined‐type antenna can easily achieve dual‐wideband operation with a small antenna volume, and a promising antenna design for the 2G/3G/4G tablet device is presented. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2799–2805, 2014
A Fabry–Perot sensor prototype for low‐pressure measurements
Authors: Roriz P. , Ferreira M. S. , Schuster K. , Kobelke J. , Frazão O. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTAn interferometric Fabry–Perot cavity based on hollow‐core ring photonic crystal fiber combined with a silicone diaphragm is proposed for low pressure sensing. The sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 0.086 nm/mmHg for a pressure range between 0 and 337.5 mmHg. These values are in the range of physiological pressures, such as intravascular pressure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2981–2984, 2014
Quantitative mapping of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM)
Authors: Zhang Jingwei , Liu Tian , Gupta Ajay , Spincemaille Pascal , Nguyen Thanh D. , Wang Yi 
Published: September 2014

PurposeTo quantitatively map cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (
) and oxygen extraction fraction (
) in human brains using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and arterial spin labeling‐measured cerebral blood flow (CBF) before and after caffeine vasoconstriction.MethodsUsing the multiecho, three‐dimensional gradient echo sequence and an oral bolus of 200 mg caffeine, whole brain
and
were mapped at 3‐mm isotropic resolution on 13 healthy subjects. The QSM‐based
was compared with an
‐based
to analyze the regional consistency within cortical gray matter (CGM) with the scaling in the
method set to provide same total
as the QSM method for each subject.ResultsCompared to precaffeine, susceptibility increased (5.1 ± 1.1 ppb; P < 0.01) and
decreased (−23.6 ± 6.7 ml/100 g/min; P < 0.01) at 25‐min postcaffeine in CGM. This corresponded to a
of 153.0 ± 26.4 μmol/100 g/min with an
of 33.9 ± 9.6% and 54.5 ± 13.2% (P < 0.01) pre‐ and postcaffeine, respectively, at CGM, and a
of 58.0 ± 26.6 μmol/100 g/min at white matter.
from both QSM‐ and
‐based methods showed good regional consistency (P > 0.05), but quantitation of
‐based
required an additional scaling factor.ConclusionQSM can be used with perfusion measurements pre‐ and postcaffeine vascoconstriction to map
and OEF. Magn Reson Med 74:945–952, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dexmedetomidine and hydromorphone: A novel pain management strategy for the oncology ward setting during anti‐GD2 immunotherapy for high‐risk neuroblastoma in children
Authors: Görges Matthias , West Nicholas , Deyell Rebecca , Winton Pamela , Cheung Wesley , Lauder Gillian 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundTreatment of neuroblastoma with targeted immunotherapy using chimeric anti‐GD2 monoclonal antibodies (ch14.18) is associated with significant pain requiring management with a high‐dose opioid infusion. We present a case series of six children, for whom dexmedetomidine and hydromorphone infusions safely and effectively reduced the pain of ch14.18 therapy in the oncology ward setting.ProcedureThe ch14.18 infusion is administered for ≥10 hr over four consecutive days in each of 5 cycles. Hydromorphone (2–8 mcg.kg−1.hr−1) and dexmedetomidine (0.1–0.6 mcg.kg−1.hr−1) infusions were commenced 1 hr before starting ch14.18 immunotherapy and titrated to optimal clinical effect. One hour after stopping the ch14.18 infusion, dexmedetomidine was discontinued and hydromorphone weaned as tolerated. This strategy was supervised by the Acute Pain Service with strict monitoring and nursing policies. Patient charts were reviewed for evidence of side effects and quality of analgesia.ResultsData from six patients, with median (range) age of 3.5 (2–12) years are reported. Median (range) utilization of hydromorphone was 2.9 (2.0–4.7) mcg.kg−1.hr−1, and of dexmedetomidine was 0.17 (0.10–0.20) mcg.kg−1.hr−1. A drop in mean arterial pressure ≥30% below baseline was identified during 30% of treatment days, but only prompted interrupting or reducing the ch14.18 infusion on 7% of treatment days; only one episode of grade 3 hypotension was recorded during this series. Hypoxemia occurred during 8% and bradycardia during 4% of treatment days.ConclusionsDexmedetomidine infusion may be an effective and safe pain management adjunct to opioid therapy for the pain of ch14.18 infusion. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:29–34. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How and How Not to Prepare Students for the New Tests
Authors: Shanahan Timothy 
Published: September 2014

Abstract“Data‐driven school reform” emphasizes the idea that if teachers analyze the kinds of questions students miss on standardized reading comprehension tests, and then give students lots of practice with such items, they will end up with higher test scores. This approach is likely to be popular with the new Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Career (PARCC; http://www.parcconline.org) and Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium (SBAC; http://www.smarterbalanced.org) tests given their innovative item designs. However, research shows that reading comprehension tests do not measure these question‐answering skills, but instead estimate how well students can read particular kinds of texts with understanding. PARCC and SBAC are pointedly avoiding making claims that their assessments will reveal whether students are meeting particular standards, but instead provide an overall estimate of reading comprehension. Various alternative approaches to improving achievement on these new tests are recommended.
Pulse fidelity in ultra-high-power (petawatt class) laser systems
Authors: Danson Colin , Neely David , Hillier David 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
There are several petawatt-scale laser facilities around the world and the fidelity of the pulses to target is critical in achieving the highest focused intensities and the highest possible contrast. The United Kingdom has three such laser facilities which are currently open for access to the academic community: Orion at AWE, Aldermaston and Vulcan & Astra-Gemini at the Central Laser Facility (CLF), STFC (Science and Technology Facilities Council) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL). These facilities represent the two main classes of petawatt facilities: the mixed OPCPA/Nd:glass high-energy systems of Orion and Vulcan and the ultra-short-pulse Ti:Sapphire system of Astra-Gemini. Many of the techniques used to enhance and control the pulse generation and delivery to target have been pioneered on these facilities. In this paper, we present the system designs which make this possible and discuss the contrast enhancement schemes that have been implemented.
Reynolds-number-dependent turbulent inertia and onset of log region in pipe flows
Authors: Chin C. , Philip J. , Klewicki J. , Ooi A. , Marusic I. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA detailed analysis of the ‘turbulent inertia’ (TI) term (the wall-normal gradient of the Reynolds shear stress,$\mathrm{d} \langle -uv\rangle /\mathrm{d} y $), in the axial mean momentum equation is presented for turbulent pipe flows at friction Reynolds numbers$\delta ^{+} \approx 500$, 1000 and 2000 using direct numerical simulation. Two different decompositions for TI are employed to further understand the mean structure of wall turbulence. In the first, the TI term is decomposed into the sum of two velocity–vorticity correlations ($\langle v \omega _z \rangle + \langle - w \omega _y \rangle $) and their co-spectra, which we interpret as an advective transport (vorticity dispersion) contribution and a change-of-scale effect (associated with the mechanism of vorticity stretching and reorientation). In the second decomposition, TI is equivalently represented as the wall-normal gradient of the Reynolds shear stress co-spectra, which serves to clarify the accelerative or decelerative effects associated with turbulent motions at different scales. The results show that the inner-normalised position,$y_m^{+}$, where the TI profile crosses zero, as well as the beginning of the logarithmic region of the wall turbulent flows (where the viscous force is leading order) move outwards in unison with increasing Reynolds number as$y_m^{+} \sim \sqrt{\delta ^{+}}$because the eddies located close to$y_m^{+}$are influenced by large-scale accelerating motions of the type$\langle - w \omega _y \rangle $related to the change-of-scale effect (due to vorticity stretching). These large-scale motions of$O(\delta ^{+})$gain a spectrum of larger length scales with increasing$\delta ^{+}$and are related to the emergence of a secondary peak in the$-uv$co-spectra. With increasing Reynolds number, the influence of the$O(\delta ^{+})$motions promotes viscosity to act over increasingly longer times, thereby increasing the$y^{+}$extent over which the mean viscous force retains leading order. Furthermore, the TI decompositions show that the$\langle v \omega _z \rangle $motions (advective transport and/or dispersion of vorticity) are the dominant mechanism in and above the log region, whereas$\langle - w \omega _y \rangle $motions (vorticity stretching and/or reorientation) are most significant below the log region. The motions associated with$\langle - w \omega _y \rangle $predominantly underlie accelerations, whereas$\langle v \omega _z \rangle $primarily contribute to decelerations. Finally, a description of the structure of wall turbulence deduced from the present analysis and our physical interpretation is presented, and is shown to be consistent with previous flow visualisation studies.
Epiphyte assemblages respond to host life-form independently of variation in microclimate in lower montane cloud forest in Panama
Authors: Sanger Jennifer C. , Kirkpatrick James B. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract:We investigated the effects of host tree on epiphyte diversity, controlling for microclimate. We measured the light profiles of the lower trunks of 20 individuals, each from three host groups (tree ferns, dicots, palms) occupying the understorey in a tropical montane forest in Panama. The per cent cover and species richness of vascular and non-vascular epiphytes were surveyed on the lower trunks of each understorey host. Light varied considerably between trees (5–21% total transmitted light) but mean light level did not vary between types of host. Light was not significant as a covariate with host in any model. Tree ferns had higher covers than dicots and palms of filmy ferns (15%, 0.02% and 0.2%), other ferns (7%, 0% and 0.5%) and other vascular epiphytes (16%, 3% and 3.4%), and greater species richness of vascular epiphytes (filmy ferns: 3, 0.4 and 0.5; other ferns: 2, 0.2 and 0; other vascular: 7, 2 and 2). Dicots had a higher cover of liverworts (53%) than palms (18%) and tree ferns (27%). Palms and tree ferns were the compositional extremes. We conclude that the differences in species composition and cover between the three host groups relate better to physical differences between hosts than differences in light climate.
Optimal Sample Preparation to Characterize Corrosion in Historical Photographs with Analytical TEM
Authors: Grieten Eva , Caen Joost , Schryvers Dominique 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAn alternative focused ion beam preparation method is used for sampling historical photographs containing metallic nanoparticles in a polymer matrix. We use the preparation steps of classical ultra-microtomy with an alternative final sectioning with a focused ion beam. Transmission electron microscopy techniques show that the lamella has a uniform thickness, which is an important factor for analytical transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the method maintains the spatial distribution of nanoparticles in the soft matrix. The results are compared with traditional preparation techniques such as ultra-microtomy and classical focused ion beam milling.
Global identification of invasive species: the CABI Invasive Species Compendium as a resource.
Authors: Diaz-Soltero H. , Scott P. R. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

The number, spread and impact of invasive species in the latter half of the 20th century has been without historical precedent. Now, as human activity causes a precipitous rise in greenhouse gas emissions (e.g. CO2), there is growing concern that climate change may also be a significant, long-term driver enhancing invasive species introduction and spread. New and more powerful tools that facilitate linking invasive species and climate change are required to identify and manage these consequences. One such tool, which exploits a wide range of traditional and social media, is the Invasive Species Compendium, or ISC. The ISC is a scientific, web-based encyclopedia that compiles the latest information on the invasive species that have the most negative impacts on the environment, the economy and/or animal or human health. The information in the ISC, updated weekly with the latest scientific findings, can be used; to infer future climate change impacts on an invasive species; to understand the potential environmental and/or economic impacts of the species, and to identify ways to control and manage the species in question. This chapter discusses the value and efficacy of the ISC, with a particular emphasis on its application in a globally warmed future.
Predicting Future Forest Ranges Using Array-based Geospatial Semantic Modelling
Authors: Mulder Osenga Elise 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStudying the impacts of climate change requires looking at a multitude of variables across a broad range of sectors [1, 2]. Information on the variables involved is often unevenly available or offers different uncertainties [3, 4], and a lack of uniform terminology and methods further complicates the process of analysis, resulting in communication gaps when research enterprises span different sectors. For example, models designed by experts in one given discipline might assume conventions in language or oversimplify cross-disciplinary links in a way that is unfamiliar for scientists in another discipline.Geospatial Semantic Array Programming (GeoSemAP) offers the potential to move toward overcoming these challenges by promoting a uniform approach to data collection and sharing [5]. The Joint Research Centre of the European Commission has been exploring the use of geospatial semantics through a module in the PESETA II project (Projection of economic impacts of climate change in sectors of the European Union based on bottom-up analysis).