bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Powder X‐Ray Diffraction Investigation of Xylazine Hydrochloride Solid Phase Transformation Kinetics
Authors: Krūkle‐Bērziņa Kristīne , Actiņš Andris 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe kinetics of the solid‐state phase transformation of xylazine hydrochloride form X to A has been investigated using powder X‐ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. Three different kinetic models have been used to describe transition kinetics: the Avrami–Erofeev equation, the Cardew equation, and the methodology for simulation of solid‐state phase transition kinetics by the combination of nucleation and nuclei growth processes. The latter has been recently developed and has been tested in this paper for the case of a real solid‐state transition. The relative humidity, mechanical pressure, temperature, and sample‐preparation effect on phase‐transition kinetics have been investigated, and rate constant changes have been analyzed.
Intrafamilial phenotypic variability in families with biallelic SLC26A4 mutations
Authors: Song Mee Hyun , Shin Joong‐Wook , Park Hong‐Joon , Lee Kyung‐A , Kim Yoonjung , Kim Un‐Kyung , Jeon Ju Hyun , Choi Jae Young 
Published: December 2013

Objectives/HypothesisEnlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) and hearing loss are known to be caused by SLC26A4 mutations, but large phenotypic variability exists among patients with biallelic SLC26A4 mutations. Intrafamilial phenotypic variability was analyzed in multiplex EVA families carrying biallelic SLC26A4 mutations to identify the contribution of SLC26A4 mutations and other genetic or environmental factors influencing the clinical manifestations.Study DesignRetrospective case series.MethodsEleven multiplex Korean families with EVA and hearing loss that carry biallelic mutations of the SLC26A4 gene were included. Genetic analysis for SLC26A4 and other genes including FOXI1, FOXI1‐DBD, and KCNJ10 was performed. The auditory and other phenotypes were compared among siblings with the same SLC26A4 mutations.ResultsThe difference in the auditory phenotypes was identified between siblings in approximately half of the EVA families. Families with SLC26A4 mutations other than H723R homozygous mutations demonstrated more phenotypic variability, especially in those carrying IVS7‐2A>G splice site mutation. Cochlear malformation was a consistent finding among siblings with the same SLC26A4 mutations. No mutation was identified in the FOXI1, FOXI1‐DBD, and KCNJ10 genes in the tested families.ConclusionsThe possibility of variability concerning auditory phenotype should be considered even within family members carrying the same SLC26A4 mutations when providing genetic counseling to multiplex EVA families. Mutations in the currently known genes associated with EVA other than SLC26A4 were not found to be responsible for the intrafamilial phenotypic variability. Modifier genes or environmental factors other than the currently known genes seem to play a role in the phenotypic expressions of EVA patients.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 124:E194–E202, 2014
Simultaneous multislice spectral‐spatial excitations for reduced signal loss susceptibility artifact in BOLD functional MRI
Authors: Anderson Robert J. , Poser Benedikt A. , Stenger V. Andrew 
Published: December 2013

PurposeSimultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging can significantly increase image acquisition rates and improve temporal resolution and contrast in gradient‐echo blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) experiments. Through‐plane signal loss due to B0 inhomogeneities at air–tissue interfaces limits fMRI of structures near the nasal cavity and ear canals. This study implemented spectral–spatial (SPSP) radiofrequency pulses for reduced through‐plane signal loss across multiple simultaneously excited slices.Theory and MethodsMultiband (MB) and power independent of number of slices (PINS) methods are combined with SPSP excitation for signal loss compensation in slice‐accelerated human brain imaging. Nine simultaneous slices of 5‐mm thickness and 20 mm apart were excited using standard MB radiofrequency pulses and the proposed SPSP‐SMS pulses, yielding coverage of 36 slices in four shots with 350‐ms volume pulse repetition time. The pulses were compared in breath‐hold fMRI at 3T.ResultsThe SPSP‐SMS pulses recovered ∼45% of voxels with signal loss in standard SMS images. Activation in areas of signal recovery increased by 26.4% using a 12.6‐ms SPSP‐MB pulse and 20.3% using a 12.1‐ms SPSP‐PINS pulse.ConclusionsIt is demonstrated that SPSP‐SMS pulses can improve BOLD sensitivity in areas of signal loss across simultaneous multiple slices. Magn Reson Med 72:1342–1352, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A concurrent atomistic and continuum coupling method with applications to thermo‐mechanical problems
Authors: Ramisetti S. B. , Anciaux G. , Molinari J. F. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYWe present a novel method to couple molecular dynamics with finite elements at finite temperatures using spatial filters. The mismatch in the dispersion relations between continuum and atomistic models leads, at finite temperature, to unwanted mesh vibrations, which are illustrated using a standard least square coupling formulation. We propose the use of spatial filters with the least square minimization to selectively damp the unwanted mesh vibrations. Then, we extend the idea of selective damping of wavelength modes to couple atomistic and continuum models at finite temperatures. The restitution force from the generalized Langevin equation is modified to perform a two‐way thermal coupling between the two models. Three different numerical examples are shown to validate the proposed coupling formulation in two‐dimensional space. Finally, the method is applied to a high‐speed impact simulation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reference values for fetal aortic isthmus blood flow parameters at 24 to 38 weeks' gestation
Authors: Thanasuan Sornlada , Phithakwatchara Nisarat , Nawapan Katika 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe goal of this study is to establish population‐specific nomograms of fetal aortic isthmus (AoI) Doppler indices in the period of 24–38 weeks' gestation.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of 240 Asian singleton pregnant women at 24–38 completed weeks' gestation. Fetal AoI blood flow was evaluated by Doppler study with automatic calculation of pulsatility index, resistance index, peak systolic velocity, end‐diastolic velocity, and time‐averaged maximum velocity. The relationship of these indices and gestational age was estimated by using regression analysis, and the best predictive models were determined to define mean, 5th, and 95th centile of each gestational age. The reproducibility was expressed by intraclass correlation coefficients and limits of agreement.ResultsThe mean maternal age was 28 ± 5.7 years. A total of 97% of all attempts to obtain AoI Doppler waveforms were successful with high interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility. Pulsatility index and peak systolic velocity significantly correlated with gestational age (P = 0.03 and 0.001, respectively), whereas no significant change of resistance index, end‐diastolic velocity, and time‐averaged maximum velocity with advancing gestation was observed.ConclusionThis study offers normative values of fetal AoI Doppler indices, which may be useful in the difficult task of fetal surveillance in growth‐restricted fetuses among our population. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing case ascertainment of Parkinson's disease using Medicare claims data in a population‐based cohort: the Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Ton Thanh G. N. , Biggs Mary Lou , Comer Diane , Curtis Lesley , Hu Shu‐Ching , Thacker Evan L. , Searles Nielsen Susan , Delaney Joseph A. , Landsittel Douglas , Longstreth William T. , Checkoway Harvey , Jain Samay 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeWe sought to improve a previous algorithm to ascertain Parkinson's disease (PD) in the Cardiovascular Health Study by incorporating additional data from Medicare outpatient claims. We compared our results to the previous algorithm in terms of baseline prevalence and incidence of PD, as well as associations with baseline smoking characteristics.MethodsOur original case ascertainment used self‐reported diagnosis, antiparkinsonian medication, and hospitalization discharge International Classification of Diseases—Ninth version code. In this study, we incorporated additional data from fee‐for‐service Medicare claims, extended follow‐up time, review of hospitalization records, and adjudicated cause of death. Two movement disorders specialists adjudicated final PD status. We used logistic regression models and controlled for age, sex, African American race, and education.ResultsWe identified 75 additional cases but reclassified 80 previously identified cases as not having PD. We observed significant inverse association with smoking status (odds ratio = 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22, 0.79), and inverse linear trends with pack‐years (p = 0.005), and cigarettes per day (p = 0.019) with incident PD. All estimates were stronger than those from the previous algorithm.ConclusionsOur enhanced method did not alter prevalence and incidence estimates compared with our previous algorithm. However, our enhanced method provided stronger estimates of association, potentially due to reduced level of disease misclassification. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of NOS1AP rs12742393 Polymorphism on Repaglinide Response in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Yan , Lv Dong‐Mei , Song Jin‐Fang , Lu Qian , Gao Xing , Zhang Fan , Guo Hao , Li Wei , Yin Xiao‐Xing 
Published: December 2013

Study ObjectiveTo investigate the associations of NOS1AP rs12742393 polymorphism with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and repaglinide therapeutic efficacy in Chinese patients with T2DM.DesignProspective case‐control study.SettingAcademic medical center.PatientsA total of 300 patients with T2DM and 200 healthy volunteers were enrolled to identify NOS1AP rs12742393 genotypes using the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Eighty‐four patients with various genotypes were randomly selected to receive oral repaglinide as a single‐agent therapy (3 mg/day) for 8 weeks.Measurements and Main ResultsAnthropometric measurements and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, fasting serum insulin (FINS), postprandial serum insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), triglyceride, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol tests were obtained before and after repaglinide treatment. The risk C allelic frequency of NOS1AP rs12742393 was higher in patients with T2DM than in healthy volunteers (p<0.001). Patients with T2DM and genotypes AA and AC at NOS1AP rs12742393 had a significant reduction in FPG (mmol/l) compared with those with genotype CC (p<0.01). Patients with CC homozygotes and AC heterozygotes had a greater increase in FINS (mU/l) than those with wild‐type AA (p<0.05). In addition, the carriers of genotype CC at NOS1AP rs12742393 had higher differential values of HOMA‐IR compared with genotypes AC and AA carriers (p<0.001). The effects of repaglinide treatment on FPG (p<0.01), FINS (p<0.05) and HOMA‐IR (p<0.001) were reduced in patients with T2DM carrying the NOS1AP rs12742393 risk C allele compared with the AA genotype carriers.ConclusionThe NOS1AP rs12742393 polymorphism is associated with therapeutic efficacy of repaglinide in Chinese T2DM patients.
Evaluation of Preventive Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Barry Arden R. , Koshman Sheri L. , Norris Colleen M. , Ross David B. , Pearson Glen J. 
Published: December 2013

Study ObjectiveTo determine the rate of secondary prevention cardiovascular drug utilization in a cohort of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery—including specific drugs and their dosages, drug adherence, and assessment of targeted therapy—from admission to 1 year after CABG surgery.DesignRetrospective analysis.SettingCardiovascular quaternary care medical center in Edmonton, Canada.PatientsThe entire cohort consisted of 1031 adults who underwent CABG surgery between January 2009 and March 2010; a randomly selected subset of 151 patients was used to evaluate medication use and target‐directed therapy at 1 year after CABG surgery.Measurements and Main ResultsUtilization rates of aspirin, β‐blockers, statins, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ACEIs/ARBs) on admission and at discharge were determined for the entire cohort by using data from a large clinical patient registry. The proportion of patients discharged receiving all four classes of medications was 35%. Individual utilization rates for aspirin, β‐blockers, and statins were 96%, 94%, and 95%, respectively; use of ACEIs/ARBs was lowest at 42%. In the 1‐year post‐CABG surgery substudy, medication use and target‐directed therapy at 1 year after CABG surgery were evaluated by using community pharmacy and electronic health records. The proportion of patients receiving all four classes of medications at 1 year was 48%. Individual utilization rates for aspirin, β‐blockers, statins, and ACEIs/ARBs were 95%, 84%, 84%, and 65%, respectively. Medication adherence, assessed by the medication possession ratio, for β‐blockers, statins, and angiotensin‐modulating agents at 1 year exceeded 0.85, thereby demonstrating high adherence. Evaluation of target‐directed treatment of dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus demonstrated suboptimal control, with only 66% and 54% of patients, respectively, achieving the recommended therapeutic targets.ConclusionThe utilization rate for patients receiving all four classes of secondary prevention cardiovascular medications was 35% at discharge and 48% at 1 year after CABG surgery. These rates were primarily limited by the low utilization of angiotensin‐modulating agents, although their rate improved by 22% from discharge. Utilization rates, however, were high for aspirin, β‐blockers, and statins both at discharge and 1 year after surgery. Opportunities remain to further optimize secondary prevention cardiovascular pharmacotherapy in patients who undergo CABG surgery, either while in the hospital or immediately subsequent to discharge.
Structures of reduced and ligand‐bound nitric oxide reductase provide insights into functional differences in respiratory enzymes
Authors: Sato Nozomi , Ishii Shoko , Sugimoto Hiroshi , Hino Tomoya , Fukumori Yoshihiro , Sako Yoshihiko , Shiro Yoshitsugu , Tosha Takehiko 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTNitric oxide reductase (NOR) catalyzes the generation of nitrous oxide (N2O) via the reductive coupling of two nitric oxide (NO) molecules at a heme/non‐heme Fe center. We report herein on the structures of the reduced and ligand‐bound forms of cytochrome c‐dependent NOR (cNOR) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a resolution of 2.3–2.7 Å, to elucidate structure‐function relationships in NOR, and compare them to those of cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) that is evolutionarily related to NOR. Comprehensive crystallographic refinement of the CO‐bound form of cNOR suggested that a total of four atoms can be accommodated at the binuclear center. Consistent with this, binding of bulky acetaldoxime (CH3‐CH=N‐OH) to the binuclear center of cNOR was confirmed by the structural analysis. Active site reduction and ligand binding in cNOR induced only ∼0.5 Å increase in the heme/non‐heme Fe distance, but no significant structural change in the protein. The highly localized structural change is consistent with the lack of proton‐pumping activity in cNOR, because redox‐coupled conformational changes are thought to be crucial for proton pumping in CCO. It also permits the rapid decomposition of cytotoxic NO in denitrification. In addition, the shorter heme/non‐heme Fe distance even in the bulky ligand‐bound form of cNOR (∼4.5 Å) than the heme/Cu distance in CCO (∼5 Å) suggests the ability of NOR to maintain two NO molecules within a short distance in the confined space of the active site, thereby facilitating N‐N coupling to produce a hyponitrite intermediate for the generation of N2O. Proteins 2014; 82:1258–1271. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using a case‐study approach to improve the Madden–Julian oscillation in the Hadley Centre model
Authors: Klingaman N. P. , Woolnough S. J. 
Published: December 2013

In its default configuration, the Hadley Centre climate model (GA2.0) simulates roughly one‐half the observed level of Madden–Julian oscillation activity, with MJO events often lasting fewer than 7 days.We use initialized, climate‐resolution hindcasts to examine the sensitivity of the GA2.0 MJO to a range of changes in subgrid parametrizations and model configurations. All 22 changes are tested for two cases during the Years of Tropical Convection. Improved skill comes only from (i) disabling vertical momentum transport by convection and (ii) increasing mixing entrainment and detrainment for deep and mid‐level convection. These changes are subsequently tested in a further 14 hindcast cases; only (ii) consistently improves MJO skill, from 12 to 22 days. In a 20 year integration, (ii) produces near‐observed levels of MJO activity but propagation through the Maritime Continent remains weak.With default settings, GA2.0 produces precipitation too readily, even in anomalously dry columns. Implementing (ii) decreases the efficiency of convection, permitting instability to build during the suppressed MJO phase and producing a more favourable environment for the active phase. The distribution of daily rain rates is more consistent with satellite data; default entrainment produces 6–12 mm day−1 too frequently. These results are consistent with recent studies showing that greater sensitivity of convection to moisture improves the representation of the MJO.
Study on dynamic response of large and small aspect ratio isolated buildings
Authors: He W. F. , Liu W. G. , Yang Q. R. , Qin C. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYAn experimental study of a large aspect structure, 1:4 scale five‐storey steel frame, is presented. Seismic responses of the test model to the unilateral and bilateral excitations are compared. The effects of aspect ratio on the maximum acceleration, the storey drift of the superstructure, the maximum displacement and the vertical load of the isolation system are investigated. A comparison of the large aspect ratio isolated building with the small aspect ratio isolated building showed significant difference of the effects of aspect ratio subjected to disparate earthquake ground motions. Experimental results reveal that the aspect ratio is an important factor influencing the axial load action on isolators and the tension stress of the lead‐rubber bearings. The superstructure flexibility of the large aspect ratio building‐isolation system and the effects of the axial force variation of the lead‐rubber bearings should be carefully considered for design. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Science for what public? Addressing equity in American science museums and science centers
Authors: Feinstein Noah Weeth , Meshoulam David 
Published: December 2013

AbstractScience museums and science centers exist (in large part) to bring science to the public. But what public do they serve? The challenge of equity is embodied by the gulf that separates a museum's actual public and the more diverse publics that comprise our society. Yet despite growing scholarly interest in museums and science centers, few researchers have explored how these organizations seek to bridge that gulf. Adopting an institutional theory perspective, we argue that equity is a field‐wide challenge in informal science education—a challenge that different organizations define and respond to in different ways. We draw on interviews with leaders from fifteen museums and science centers around the United States to examine how equity work reflects emerging norms of practice as well as local influences. Finally, we describe two institutional logics, client logic and cooperative logic, that contain different ideas about the relationship between an organization and its publics. These logics affect both the definition and the practice of equity work. The tension between them evokes a broader tension between dissemination and participation in public engagement with science. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 368–394, 2014
Non‐invasive prenatal testing for fetal chromosomal abnormalities by low‐coverage whole‐genome sequencing of maternal plasma DNA: review of 1982 consecutive cases in a single center
Authors: Lau T. K. , Cheung S. W. , Lo P. S. S. , Pursley A. N. , Chan M. K. , Jiang F. , Zhang H. , Wang W. , Jong L. F. J. , Yuen O. K. C. , Chan H. Y. C. , Chan W. S. K. , Choy K. W. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo review the performance of non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) by low‐coverage whole‐genome sequencing of maternal plasma DNA at a single center.MethodsThe NIPT result and pregnancy outcome of 1982 consecutive cases were reviewed. NIPT was based on low coverage (0.1×) whole‐genome sequencing of maternal plasma DNA. All subjects were contacted for pregnancy and fetal outcome.ResultsOf the 1982 NIPT tests, a repeat blood sample was required in 23 (1.16%). In one case, a conclusive report could not be issued, probably because of an abnormal vanished twin fetus. NIPT was positive for common trisomies in 29 cases (23 were trisomy 21, four were trisomy 18 and two were trisomy 13); all were confirmed by prenatal karyotyping (specificity = 100%). In addition, 11 cases were positive for sex‐chromosomal abnormalities (SCA), and nine cases were positive for other aneuploidies or deletion/duplication. Fourteen of these 20 subjects agreed to undergo further investigations, and the abnormality was found to be of fetal origin in seven, confined placental mosaicism (CPM) in four, of maternal origin in two and not confirmed in one. Overall, 85.7% of the NIPT‐suspected SCA were of fetal origin, and 66.7% of the other abnormalities were caused by CPM. Two of the six cases suspected or confirmed to have CPM were complicated by early‐onset growth restriction requiring delivery before 34 weeks. Fetal outcome of the NIPT‐negative cases was ascertained in 1645 (85.15%). Three chromosomal abnormalities were not detected by NIPT, including one case each of a balanced translocation, unbalanced translocation and triploidy. There were no known false negatives involving the common trisomies (sensitivity = 100%).ConclusionsLow‐coverage whole‐genome sequencing of maternal plasma DNA was highly accurate in detecting common trisomies. It also enabled the detection of other aneuploidies and structural chromosomal abnormalities with high positive predictive value. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd