bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SBH: A Thermal Hybrid Process Tailored for Challenging Reservoirs
Authors: Meza Diaz B.. , Lorimer S. A. , Bogatkov D.. , Lee K.. , Andarcia L.. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Hybrid processes combine the benefits of both thermal and solvent processes. The results generated to date in this area demonstrate potential to develop improved processes that will significantly reduce energy, water and greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity, and therefore operating costs, while maintaining economic oil recovery rates. The Steam Butane Hybrid (SBH) process has emerged as a promising hybrid process that could be considered as an alternative to SAGD, where the performance of SAGD is expected to be less than ideal.
This paper summarizes the results of a study designed to evaluate the performance of the SBH process in comparison with the SAGD process for three different reservoir models (Geomodel I, II and III) using numerical simulation. Geomodel III is the cleanest (highest average permeability) and most homogeneous of the three reservoir models. Geomodel II has the lowest average permeability, and the highest shale content, while Geomodel I is midway between the other two, in terms of average permeability and shale content. Five well pairs were used in all of the simulations. Three different injection pressures were investigated: 2000, 1000 & 800 kPa*.
It was found that geology plays a very important role in determining the competitive advantage of SBH vs. SAGD. It also plays an important role in establishing optimal operating conditions for the process in the field. The predicted performance of SBH, in terms of cumulative oil production, was better than that of SAGD at low injection pressures in the two geomodels (I & II) with lower average permeabilities. In the geomodel with the highest average permeability (III), the predicted performance of the SBH process was slightly poorer than that of SAGD at a relatively low injection pressure (800 kPa), but slightly better than that of SAGD at a relatively high injection pressure (2000 kPa).
These numerical simulation results indicate that the relative performance of SBH as compared with SAGD is likely to be reservoir specific, meaning that the optimal injection pressures and butane concentrations should be tailored to specific reservoir characteristics, on a case by case basis, rather than generalizing the process to a range of reservoir conditions.
New Heat-Management Model for Steamflood Processes
Authors: Rincon Canas M. M. , Munoz Navarro S. F. , Naranjo Suarez C. E. , Palma Bustamante J. M. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Steamflooding is one of the most efficient alternative for heavy oil recovery; in spite of that, the steam generation and treatment represent a large percentage of economic investment in the project. One of the main consequences of the costs associated with the technique is that it limits the lifetime of the project. In many cases, it is common to use high steam injection rates in order to obtain the highest oil recovery, however on many occasions that influence negatively the project profitability.
Heat management ensures moreover as its name indicates optimize the energy injected into the reservoir with the objective of generate maximum profitability with lower injection rate. Until now, different authors have proposed some heat management analytical models, which aim to predict the energy injection rate required for the reservoir, including the thermal requirements of the rock-fluid system and the energy produced and lost. Given the need to generate greater applicability to heat management process, it has proposed a new heat management model (MMRC-Model). One of the most important characteristic is that the results of numerical reservoir simulation complemented the model, which favors their application in fields of different characteristics that will be included in the built of the reservoir simulation model.
The implementation of this new model can efficiently calculate the energy requirements of the reservoir increasing the project profitability in 42% compared to a process of continuous steam injection at a constant rate. On the other hand it is important to emphasize that the implementation of the MMRC heat management model can increase the life of the project from 50% – 80%, thus allowing made changes in the injection rate can be made into longer periods of time depending on the thermal maturity of the reservoir. Finally, the model included a variable that any author had not been taken into account previously was the oil viscosity, which varies over a wide range in heavy oil reservoirs and influences the energy requirements.
An Integrated Approach Using Commercial Monitoring and Surveillance Tools Coupled With Statistical Analysis Techniques to Optimize Oil, Heavy Oil and Extra-Heavy-Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Lee D.. , Valentine A. P. , Tewari C.. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractModern monitoring and surveillance software are very powerful in analyzing all types of reservoirs including Heavy Oil and Extra Heavy Oil. In addition to the software, easy to use statistical tools can add enormous analytical value in understanding reservoir performance. The engineering focus is to analyze reservoirs to predict the locations of underperforming wells based on the integrated approach discussed in this paper. Wells in the reservoir are evaluated using spatial statistics (i.e. kriging or nearest neighbour) to locate underperforming wells or regions within the reservoir. This goal is achieved by using known (measured) petro-physical information from the reservoir and coupling it with their production history (production/injection flow and pressures). Spatial statistics including other statistical tools, such as multivariate regression analysis techniques is then used to evaluate the reservoir performance.This paper presents a unique approach developed for reservoir monitoring and diagnostics. It shows that the combination of statistical techniques coupled with monitoring and surveillance software can be used to identify regions, as well as individual distressed wells, within Oil, Heavy Oil and Extra Heavy Oil reservoirs. The focus is to identify underperforming wells relative to their theoretical average well in a specific reservoir analyzed. The reservoirs that can be analyzed include any enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process: waterfloods, polymer floods, cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) and steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD).The process to achieve this analysis begins with collecting and statistically filtering data for erroneous data entries. The data collected includes but not limited to:Production/Injection history; Pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) data; Petro-physical and seismic data; Well completion and work-over history data.Production, PVT, Petro-physical and Geo-Statistical data are analyzed and mapped. The reservoirs total moving average production data is calculated and compared to its geological data to calculate a theoretical moving average well that is representative over the life of the reservoir. Once the theoretical average well is determined, it can be used as the basis for comparing each well individually to identify distressed wells or regions of the reservoir for the individual well and total reservoir optimization.
Polymer Flooding of Heavy Oil - From Screening to Full-Field Extension
Authors: Delamaide Eric 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThermal EOR has long been considered the sole Enhanced Oil Recovery method for heavy oil but this is no longer the case; several heavy oil polymer floods have proven successful and more are in the planning stages. In the US alone several billion barrels of oil could be targeted; in the rest of the world and in Latin America in particular the potential target is also probably large but mostly unknown at this point. Even though polymer flooding recovery is usually lower than with thermal methods, it is less capital intensive and may be the only economical solution for instance in thin reservoirs.As any EOR project, polymer flooding of heavy oil is done in stages – screening, feasibility study, pilot preparation, pilot execution and eventually full field deployment. Each of these stages requires care and attention to details and many pitfalls need to be avoided in order to reach the final stage of full deployment.This paper intends to provide guidelines on the whole process, based on practical experience and illustrated with actual field cases. This should allow operators to benefit from a better understanding of the challenges and potential of polymer flooding of heavy oil and open the door for more projects.
Multiphase Flow Meter for Testing Heavy Oil Wells Offshore Brazil
Authors: Maizeret P. -D. , Rocha P. S. , Marsili M. Danemberg , de Almeida Ferreira I.. , Lipovetsky T.. , Schubert E.. , Goncalves E.. , Theuveny B.. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The difficulties associated with producing heavy oil have discouraged operators from developing the Atlanta field in the Santos basin offshore Brazil, despite more than 1.5 billion bbl of oil in place. The water depth in the area is more than 1,500 m, which makes operations even more challenging. Because Brazil has set aggressive production targets for the next decade, new interest has been given to the field, and a consortium of E&P operators began to reassess the field.
Well deliverability and test data are crucial to field development planning. Well test operations were planned with a multienergy gamma ray and venturi multiphase flow meter used as contingency. During the well test operations, the foaming propensity of the produced oil made it almost impossible to distinguish an interface between liquid and gas in the separator or tank, rendering the standard equipment useless. Only in the second test were some tank measurements available. The measurement principle used in this multiphase flow meter, however, is not sensitive to foam or emulsion because they respond to the atomic-level composition of the different components of the mixture independently of their arrangement, providing accurate flow rate measurements.
We detail the behavior of the multiphase flow meter during the well tests in the Atlanta field and the challenges caused by foaming oil. In the case of standard oils, the measurements are not sensitive to the viscosity value. However, in the case of high viscosities which lead to low Reynolds numbers, the viscosity value can drastically affect the results. In this case, some solvents were injected during the well test to reduce the liquid viscosity, and we present the consequences on the multiphase flow meter. We also compare the multiphase flow meter results to the gas/oil ratio measured in the laboratory on downhole samples from the same reservoir, to the water cut measured manually during the operations and to the tank measurements. Finally, we present some recommendations on the use of multiphase flow meters for heavy oil well tests.
Viscous Fingering Stimulation Option Applied on Heavy-Oil Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Ballinas Javier 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Heavy-oil carbonate reservoirs are complicated to produce. Heavy-oil saturated fractured limestone formations present tremendous completion, stimulation and production challenges because they commonly contain thick completion intervals with extreme permeability ranges. In Mexico, completion and stimulation engineers must consider these complexities during the design stage and when selecting appropriate stimulation technologies to optimize production and hydrocarbon recovery.
A valid option to treat these complex reservoirs is the viscous fingering stimulation technique. The situation is further complicated when the reservoir is saturated with heavy-oil. Carbonate reservoirs are stimulated using acid-predominantly hydrochloric acid (HCl) strengthened with organic acetic acid to create conductive pathways from the reservoir to the wellbore, and to bypass the wellbore region that has been damaged during drilling and cementing.
Acid-fracturing techniques are also used in areas where the natural permeability of carbonate reservoirs is insufficient to promote effective matrix acid stimulations. The goal in carbonate reservoir stimulation is to effectively treat all latent productive zones, reducing formation skin and improving productivity, improving heavy-oil mobility.
Viscous fingering stimulation technique involves the displacement of a more viscous fluid by a less viscous fluid in porous media, the less viscous fluid tends to form fingers into the flow channel, hence the term viscous fingering. The viscous fingering acid injection technique maximizes acid contact time with reservoir faces and is essential to create long and highly conductive etched pathways to facilitate the viscous and heavy-oil flow from the reservoir to the wellbore.
Also, solvent/surfactant special additives are mixed then with acid system designed to stimulate heavy-oils wells for increased productivity. This article examines the viscous fingering stimulation procedures and designs performed in Mexico on heavy-oil carbonate reservoirs, onshore and offshore, reviewing historic cases, production results and the development and trends in the short and medium term.
Evaluation of the Effect of the Asphaltene Accumulation in Porous Media at Dynamic Conditions for a Colombian Crude Oil
Authors: Carrillo L. F. , Ariza León E. , García Padrón R. , Niño J. Lizcano 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Asphaltene accumulation in porous media is considered a formation damage issue, which may happen during miscible flooding processes, EOR or even primary production, and this may have deep effects on oil production. Although asphaltene precipitation is widely known in literature, the works related to asphaltene accumulation in porous media are rather limited. This work consists in an experimental quantification of asphaltene accumulation in porous media, and a numerical simulation of this process. An experimental methodology was developed in order to recreate asphaltene accumulation on laboratory, using synthetic cores and stock tank oil samples from two different Colombian fields. This methodology consists in determinate basic properties (API, BSW, % asphaltenes), precipitation onset (using n-heptane as a precipitating agent) and perform core floodings at constant rates, these displacement tests showed damage due to asphaltenes between 18% and 27%. The numerical model was developed using Simulink tool, from MATLAB. This model was validated with the experimental results, obtaining a satisfactory agreement, with relative errors between this data less than 5%. Different regimes of accumulation were observed, varying flooding rate. Besides modeling permeability reduction, the model was able to evaluate other variables in the accumulation process.
DC-DC boost-flyback converter functioning as input stage for one phase low power grid-connected inverter
Authors: Kawa Adam , Penczek Adam , Piróg Stanisław 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The paper treats about main problems of one phase DC-AC microinverters that allow single solar cell to be joined with the grid. One of the issues is to achieve high voltage gain with high efficiency in DC circuit, which is necessary for proper operation of inverter. The operating principles, results of practical implementation and investigations on boost-flyback converter, which meets mentioned demands, are presented. (high step-up DC-DC boost-flyback converter for single phase grid microinverter)
Faith and Patriotism: Some Snapshots and Reflections on 1914 and Beyond
Authors: Hill Rt Revd Christopher 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This article offers some fascinating ‘snapshots’ into theological activity and awareness between British and German theologians just prior to WW1, between the wars and post WW2. He helpfully surveys the differences between German and English understandings of the Church-Struggle or Kirchenkampf and some of its struggles which we might now name as too much identification with the prevailing culture and not enough critical distance. He considers how public opinion was divided in the 1930s the role of significant Anglican leaders in and post WW2. He concludes with reflections on Luther's two ‘regiments’, the essential spiritual domain of the Church and the temporal, political power of the State and with Harnack's understanding of the church with thoughts on implications for how we relate to church and state today.
Effect of Pig Farm on Microbial Contamination of Soil
Authors: Trawińska Beata , Józwik Milena , Nowakowicz-Dębek Bożena , Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska Anna , Lechowski Jerzy , Tymczyna Leszek , Pyrz Magdalena 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess microbial contamination of soil collected in a swine farm and manure from animals housed there depending on the season of the year and the sampling site. The study was conducted from October to September. The soil samples were taken immediately at the pig house wall (GI), and at the distance of 15 m (GII) and 45 m (GIII) from the house wall. Besides, manure samples were collected inside the pig housing facility: at the entrance to the pig house (KI) and at 1/4 (KII) and 1/2 length of the animal facility (KIII). The soil and manure samples underwent qualitative and quantitative bacteriological evaluation. The study was conducted according to the procedure laid out in the Polish Standards. There was also assessed air temperature and relative moisture, air motion and cooling as well as sample moisture in the sampling site. The greatest number of all studied bacteria was determined in soil collected 15 m from the piggery (GII) in December/January. The highest coli titre (0.0001) was also established in the samples (GII) at that time. The qualitative analysis of soil showed solely the presence of E. coli bacteria which were recovered in the GII soils taken from November to May. The largest bacterial load in swine manure was determined in the samples collected at 1/2 length of the pig house (KII) at the end of December and January. The growth of all the analysed microbes was favoured by sample moisture, while air relative moisture prompted development of psychrophilic and proteolytic bacteria. E. coli were isolated in manure samples throughout the entire research period, whereas Enterobacter spp. were detected in the KI and KII samples from June to August and in KII samples from June to September. The winter period was shown to affect significantly microbial contamination of swine farm environment as at that time the highest bacterial load was determined in soil and manure. This is most likely to be associated with the climatic and microclimatic conditions observed in those days.
Effect of Adding Oregano Essential Oil, Garlic and Tomato Preparations Separately and in Combination on the Stability of Vacuum-Packed Minced Pork During Storage
Authors: Michalczyk Magdalena , Macura Ryszard , Banaś Joanna , Tesarowicz Iwona , Maciejaszek Ireneusz 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of adding oregano essential oil (0.02% v/w), freeze-dried garlic (1%), tomato concentrate (15%) and a combination of all three (in the same concentrations) on the shelf life of minced pork meat. Vacuum-packed samples with additives and a control were stored at 6±1°C for 16 days. Sensory, microbiological and biochemical changes were analysed over the whole storage period. The beneficial effect of oregano essential oil was generally to inhibit lipid oxidation, although its effect on bacterial growth was very weak. Adding tomato concentrate, combined with other additives, slowed the rate of microbiological and sensory changes, but had a marked effect on changes in proteins (SDS-PAGE analysis) and the proportion of meat pigments. The addition of freeze-dried garlic did not cause a substantial reduction of detectable bacteria count. Adding a combination of all three additives resulted in a product with a distinctly longer shelf life.
The Effect of a Coat Colour-Associated Genes Polymorphism on Animal Health – A Review
Authors: Charon Krystyna M. , Lipka Katarzyna R. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In recent years, the knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms of skin, hair and eye colouration in vertebrates has significantly broadened. It was found that some of the identified coat colour genes show negative pleiotropic effect. They are associated with hereditary diseases, often of a lethal character. Most of these diseases have their counterparts in humans. There is no effective treatment for these diseases, therefore animal models can help to identify the genetic background of diseases and to develop appropriate treatment. Much less is known on the association of coat colour with animal performance. However, there are reports on the effect of coat colour on body measurements and milk production in subtropical environments. The knowledge on pleiotropic effects of coat colour genes is important for breeders who should be aware of the consequences of their decision on mating animals with given genotype.
Characterization and Physicochemical Evaluation of Molecular Complexes Formed Between Umifenovir and Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Kons A. , Bērziņš A. , Krūkle-Bērziņa K. , Actiņš A. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The paper reports the investigation of three umifenovir molecular complexes with dicarboxylic acids, prepared to improve the bioavailability of this drug. All three molecular complexes were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The solubility and thermal properties were determined as well. Polymorph and solvate screening of umifenovir molecular complexes were performed by recrystallization from various solvents, as well as neat and solvent-drop grinding
Białowieża Forest (Ne-Poland) and Valday Np ( Nw-Russia) – Biogeographical Characteristics of Eutrophic Deciduous Forests
Authors: Matuszkiewicz Jan Marek , Bielonowska Elena , Kowalska Anna , Cariewska Nadjeżda , Baranowski Jarosław , Vinogradowa Viera , Tishkov Arkadij , Litvinova Elena 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
During geobotanical studies in the north-eastern border of hemi-boreal zone, in Valday (NW Russia), rare eutrophic deciduous forests dominated by oak Quercus robur were observed. A comparison of these forests with the model of European deciduous forest in Białowieża National Park (NE-Poland) indicates a great similarity. Therefore, eutrophic deciduous forests in Valday can be classified to the Querco-Fagetea class, the Fagetalia sylvaticae order and to the Capinion betuli alliance, despite the absence of hornbeam Carpinus betulus in the region. Rarity of eutrophic deciduous forests in Valday region results probably from strong anthropogenic pressure in the past.
A new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from tri-colored bats, Perimyotis subflavus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), from the Ouachitas of Arkansas
Authors: McAllister Chris , Seville R. , Arlen Robert , Connior Matthew 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBetween February 2013 and October 2013, eleven tri-colored bats, Perimyotis subflavus were collected from Marion, Polk, and Searcy counties, Arkansas, and their faeces examined for coccidian parasites. Two of eleven (18%) harboured an eimerian that we describe here as new. Oocysts of Eimeria mcdanieli sp. n. were ellipsoidal to elongate with a bi-layered wall and measured (length × width, L × W) 28.3 × 17.9 μm, with an L/W ratio of 1.6. A micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent but a single polar granule was present. Sporocysts were ovoidal, 12.6 × 8.3 μm, with an L/W ratio of 1.5. A pronounced, nipple-like Stieda body was present as well as a substieda body. A sporocyst residuum was present as dispersed bubble-like granules. This is the third coccidian described from tri-colored bats and the sixth species reported from Arkansas chiropterans. In addition, both infected bats harbored a concurrent infection of Eimeria heidti McAllister, Burt, Seville, and Robison, 2011.