bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triaging older major trauma patients in the emergency department: an observational study
Authors: Lukin William , Greenslade Jaimi H , Chu Kevin , Lang Jacelle , Brown Anthony F T 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to compare the triage category assigned to older trauma patients with younger trauma patients upon arrival to the emergency department. The focus was to examine whether older major trauma patients were less likely to be assigned an emergency triage category on arrival to the emergency department after controlling for relevant demographics, injury characteristics and injury severity.MethodsThis was an observational study using data from the Queensland Trauma Registry. All trauma patients aged 15 years and older who presented to contributing hospitals between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2009 with an Injury Severity Score (ISS)>15 were included. Logistic regression analysis examined the odds of assignment to emergency (Australasian Triage Scale (ATS) 1 or 2) versus urgent (ATS 3–5) treatment for patients across various age categories after adjustment for relevant demographics, injury characteristics and injury severity.ResultsThe study used data on 6923 patients with a median (IQR) age of 43 (26–62) years and a mortality of 11.4% (95% CI 10.7% to 12.2%). Compared with individuals aged 15–34, the adjusted odds of being assigned an ATS category 1 or 2 were 30% lower (OR=0.68, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.81) for individuals aged 55–75 years and were 50% lower (OR=0.46, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.56) for individuals aged 75 years or older.ConclusionsAmong patients with an ISS>15, older major trauma patients were less likely to be assigned an emergency triage category compared with younger patients. This suggests that the elderly may be undertriaged and provides a potential area of study for reducing mortality and morbidity in older trauma patients.
Current practice regarding seizure prophylaxis in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage across academic centers
Authors: Dewan Michael C , Mocco J 
Published: January 2014

ObjectThe objective of this study was to determine current practices regarding seizure prophylaxis in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).MethodsAn eight question survey was sent to 25 US centers with high volume aSAH cases (>100 annually). Respondents were asked about institutional practices regarding use, duration, and type of seizure prophylaxis.Results13 (52%) respondents endorsed the utility of seizure prophylaxis while 10 (40%) did not, and two (8%) were unsure. Among respondents using prophylaxis, levetiracetam was the firstline medication for the majority (94%) while phenytoin was used as a primary agent at one (4%) center and as a secondary agent at four (16%) centers. Duration of levetiracetam prophylaxis ranged from 1 day to 6 weeks following SAH (mean 13.2; median 11). Only a single center employed EEG routinely in all aSAH patients but most supported EEG use when the neurologic examination was unreliable or inexplicably declining. 24 (96%) respondents agreed that a trial randomizing patients to levetiracetam or no antiseizure medication is warranted at this time, and all 25 (100%) believed that such a trial would be appropriate or ethically sound.ConclusionsThe routine use of seizure prophylaxis following aSAH is controversial. Among a sampling of 25 major academic centers, most administer prophylaxis, while a significant proportion does not. The majority believes a trial randomizing patients to receive seizure prophylaxis is both timely and ethical.
Seeing about soil — management lessons from a simple model for renewable resources
Authors: Lichtenegger Klaus , Schappacher Wilhelm 
Published: January 2014

Employing an effective cellular automata model, we investigate and analyze the build-up and erosion of soil. Depending on the strategy employed for handling agricultural production, in many cases we find a critical dependence on the prescribed production target, with a sharp transition between stable production and complete breakdown of the system.Strategies which are particularly well-suited for mimicking real-world management approaches can produce almost cyclic behavior, which can also either lead to sustainable production or to breakdown.While designed to describe the dynamics of soil evolution, this model is quite general and may also be useful as a model for other renewable resources and may even be employed in other disciplines like psychology.
A Family of Fourteenth-Order Convergent Iterative Methods for Solving Nonlinear Equations
Authors: Zafar Fiza , Bibi Gulshan 
Published: January 2014

We present a family of fourteenth-order convergent iterative methods for solving nonlinear equations involving a specific step which when combined with any two-step iterative method raises the convergence order by n+10, if n is the order of convergence of the two-step iterative method. This new class include four evaluations of function and one evaluation of the first derivative per iteration. Therefore, the efficiency index of this family is 141/5 =1.695218203. Several numerical examples are given to show that the new methods of this family are comparable with the existing methods.
Pan-PIM Kinase Inhibition Provides a Novel Therapy for Treating Hematologic Cancers
Authors: Garcia Pablo D. , Langowski John L. , Wang Yingyun , Chen Min , Castillo Joseph , Fanton Christie , Ison Marjorie , Zavorotinskaya Tatiana , Dai Yumin , Lu Jing , Niu Xiao-Hong , Basham Stephen , Chan Julie , Yu Jianjun , Doyle Michael , Feucht Paul , Warne Robert , Narberes Jamie , Tsang Tiffany , Fritsch Christine , Kauffmann Audrey , Pfister Estelle , Drueckes Peter , Trappe Joerg , Wilson Christopher , Han Wooseok , Lan Jiong , Nishiguchi Gisele , Lindvall Mika , Bellamacina Cornelia , Aycinena J. Alex , Zang Richard , Holash Jocelyn , Burger Matthew T. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Purpose: PIM kinases have been shown to act as oncogenes in mice, with each family member being able to drive progression of hematologic cancers. Consistent with this, we found that PIMs are highly expressed in human hematologic cancers and show that each isoform has a distinct expression pattern among disease subtypes. This suggests that inhibitors of all three PIMs would be effective in treating multiple hematologic malignancies.
Experimental Design: Pan-PIM inhibitors have proven difficult to develop because PIM2 has a low Km for ATP and, thus, requires a very potent inhibitor to effectively block the kinase activity at the ATP levels in cells. We developed a potent and specific pan-PIM inhibitor, LGB321, which is active on PIM2 in the cellular context.
Results: LGB321 is active on PIM2-dependent multiple myeloma cell lines, where it inhibits proliferation, mTOR-C1 signaling and phosphorylation of BAD. Broad cancer cell line profiling of LGB321 demonstrates limited activity in cell lines derived from solid tumors. In contrast, significant activity in cell lines derived from diverse hematological lineages was observed, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Furthermore, we demonstrate LGB321 activity in the KG-1 AML xenograft model, in which modulation of pharmacodynamics markers is predictive of efficacy. Finally, we demonstrate that LGB321 synergizes with cytarabine in this model.
Conclusions: We have developed a potent and selective pan-PIM inhibitor with single-agent antiproliferative activity and show that it synergizes with cytarabine in an AML xenograft model. Our results strongly support the development of Pan-PIM inhibitors to treat hematologic malignancies. Clin Cancer Res; 20(7); 1834–45. ©2014 AACR.
Associations between Vitamin D–Binding Protein Isotypes, Circulating 25(OH)D Levels, and Vitamin D Metabolite Uptake in Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Hibler Elizabeth A. , Jacobs Elizabeth T. , Stone Angelika Dampf , Sardo Christine L. , Galligan Michael A. , Jurutka Peter W. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Vitamin D metabolites have been extensively studied as cancer chemopreventive agents. Gc-globulin (GC) isotypes, based on rs7041 and rs4588 diplotypes, have varying affinities for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), which may affect circulating metabolite concentration as well as delivery at the cellular level. We evaluated associations between GC isotype and circulating vitamin D metabolite concentrations in 403 ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) clinical trial participants. Metabolite uptake was evaluated in human colon cancer (HCT-116) cells treated with ethanol vehicle, 1,25(OH)2D, or 25(OH)D, and with plasma from individuals with known GC isotype. Mammalian-2-hybrid and vitamin D–responsive element-based luciferase assays were used to measure the vitamin D receptor pathway activation as a marker for metabolite uptake. Regression analysis demonstrated significantly lower serum 25(OH)D concentration for clinical trial participants with 1F_2, 1S_2, or 2_2 isotypes (P &lt; 0.01) compared with 1S_1S. Consistent with these in vivo observations, cellular data revealed that 25(OH)D uptake varied less by GC isotype only at the higher concentration tested (P = 0.05), while 1,25(OH)2D uptake differed markedly by GC isotype across concentration and assay (P &lt; 0.01). The 1F_1S and 1F_2 isotypes produced the greatest reporter gene induction with 1,25(OH)2D treatment and, while activation varied less with 25(OH)D, the 2_2 isotype demonstrated increased induction at the lower concentration. These results suggest that vitamin D metabolite concentration and delivery to colon cells may vary not only by GC isotype, but also that certain isotypes may more effectively deliver 1,25(OH)2D versus 25(OH)D. Overall, these results may help identify populations at risk for cancer and potential recipients of targeted chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res; 7(4); 426–34. ©2014 AACR.
Appropriateness of Diagnostic Catheterization for Suspected Coronary Artery Disease in New York State
Authors: Hannan Edward L. , Samadashvili Zaza , Cozzens Kimberly , Walford Gary , Holmes David R. , Jacobs Alice K. , Stamato Nicholas J. , Venditti Ferdinand J. , Sharma Samin , King Spencer B. 
Published: January 2014

Background—
Appropriate use criteria for diagnostic catheterization (DC) were recently published. These criteria are yet to be examined for a large population of patients undergoing DC.

Methods and Results—
New York State’s Cardiac Diagnostic Catheterization Database was used to identify patients undergoing DC for coronary artery disease between 2010 and 2011 for suspected coronary artery disease. Patients were rated by the appropriate use criteria as appropriate, uncertain, and inappropriate for DC. The relationships between various patient characteristics and the appropriateness ratings were examined, along with the relationships between hospital-level inappropriateness, for DC and 2 other hospital-level variables (hospital DC volume and percutaneous coronary intervention inappropriateness). Of the 8986 patients who could be rated for appropriateness, 35.3% were rated as appropriate, 39.8% as uncertain, and 24.9% as inappropriate. Of the 2240 patients rated as inappropriate, 56.7% were asymptomatic/had no previous stress test/had low or intermediate global coronary artery disease risk, 36.0% had a previous stress test with low-risk findings and no symptoms, and 7.3% were symptomatic/had no previous stress test/had low pretest probability. The median hospital-level inappropriateness rate was 28.5%, with a maximum of 48.8% and a minimum of 8.6%. Hospital-level inappropriateness was not related to hospital volume or inappropriateness for percutaneous coronary intervention.

Conclusions—
One quarter of patients undergoing DC for suspected coronary artery disease were rated as inappropriate for the procedure, approximately two thirds of these inappropriate patients had no previous stress test, and ≈90% of inappropriate patients with no previous stress test were asymptomatic with low or intermediate global risk scores.
The Concept of Essential Climate Variables in Support of Climate Research, Applications, and Policy
Authors: Bojinski Stephan , Verstraete Michel , Peterson Thomas C. , Richter Carolin , Simmons Adrian , Zemp Michael 
Published: January 2014

Climate research, monitoring, prediction, and related services rely on accurate observations of the atmosphere, land, and ocean, adequately sampled globally and over sufficiently long time periods. The Global Climate Observing System, set up under the auspices of United Nations organizations and the International Council for Science to help ensure the availability of systematic observations of climate, developed the concept of essential climate variables (ECVs). ECV data records are intended to provide reliable, traceable, observation-based evidence for a range of applications, including monitoring, mitigating, adapting to, and attributing climate changes, as well as the empirical basis required to understand past, current, and possible future climate variability. The ECV concept has been broadly adopted worldwide as the guiding basis for observing climate, including by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), WMO, and space agencies operating Earth observation satellites.
This paper describes the rationale for these ECVs and their current selection, based on the principles of feasibility, relevance, and cost effectiveness. It also provides a view of how the ECV concept could evolve as a guide for rational and evidence-based monitoring of climate and environment. Selected examples are discussed to highlight the benefits, limitations, and future evolution of this approach.
The article is intended to assist program managers to set priorities for climate observation, dataset generation and related research: for instance, within the emerging Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS). It also helps the observation community and individual researchers to contribute to systematic climate observation, by promoting understanding of ECV choices and the opportunities to influence their evolution.
Wave Forcing of Zonal Mean Angular Momentum in Various Coordinate Systems
Authors: Egger Joseph , Hoinka Klaus-Peter 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The wave forcing of the atmospheric mean flow in isentropic coordinates has been investigated intensively in the past with the divergence of the Eliassen–Palm flux playing a dominating role. These concepts are reviewed briefly and it is pointed out that angular momentum is attractive in this context because the wave driving can be written in the form of a flux divergence. This helps to evaluate the wave forcing in other coordinate systems with a different separation of waves and mean flow. The following coordinates are chosen: (λ, φ, z), (λ, φ, θ), and (λ, θ, z). To be consistent, only one type of zonal averaging should be used. Mass-weighted averaging is applied in the isentropic standard case and simple averaging is applied in the others. The wave driving is presented for all three systems. It has to balance essentially the mean-flow part of the “Coriolis term” in the angular momentum budget in (φ, z) and (θ, z) coordinates but not in the (φ, θ) system where the form drag is a mean-flow term and, therefore, the forcing pattern differs from what has been published so far.
Effect of Feedback Mode and Task Difficulty on Quality of Timing Decisions in a Zero-Sum Game
Authors: Tikuisis Peter , Vartanian Oshin , Mandel David R. 
Published: January 2014

Objective: The objective was to investigate the interaction between the mode of performance outcome feedback and task difficulty on timing decisions (i.e., when to act). Background: Feedback is widely acknowledged to affect task performance. However, the extent to which feedback display mode and its impact on timing decisions is moderated by task difficulty remains largely unknown. Method: Participants repeatedly engaged a zero-sum game involving silent duels with a computerized opponent and were given visual performance feedback after each engagement. They were sequentially tested on three different levels of task difficulty (low, intermediate, and high) in counterbalanced order. Half received relatively simple “inside view” binary outcome feedback, and the other half received complex “outside view” hit rate probability feedback. The key dependent variables were response time (i.e., time taken to make a decision) and survival outcome. Results: When task difficulty was low to moderate, participants were more likely to learn and perform better from hit rate probability feedback than binary outcome feedback. However, better performance with hit rate feedback exacted a higher cognitive cost manifested by higher decision response time. Conclusion: The beneficial effect of hit rate probability feedback on timing decisions is partially moderated by task difficulty. Application: Performance feedback mode should be judiciously chosen in relation to task difficulty for optimal performance in tasks involving timing decisions.
Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Requiring Parotidectomy: Prognostic Indicators and Treatment Selection
Authors: Sweeny Larissa , Zimmerman Terence , Carroll William R. , Schmalbach Cecelia E. , Day Kristine E. , Rosenthal Eben L. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveEvaluate characteristics and risk factors for patients with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC).Study DesignRetrospective case series.SettingTertiary care center.Patients and MethodsChart review of patients with cSCC undergoing a parotidectomy (2003‐2012).ResultsOf 218 patients identified, 49% presented with a new primary lesion (n = 107) and 51% with a recurrence (n = 111). Parotid lymph nodes were positive in 52% of patients; 81% had a concurrent neck dissection, and 28% had cervical lymph node metastases. In 18% of patients, both parotid and cervical nodes were positive, while 44% were both parotid and cervical node negative; 33% had positive parotid and negative cervical nodes, and only 5% had negative parotid and positive cervical nodes. The overall 2‐ and 5‐year survival rates were 0.71 and 0.58. Overall 5‐year survival was lower for patients presenting with recurrent (0.49) versus new primary disease (0.69; P =. 04). In addition, decreased overall 5‐year survival rates were associated with cervical lymph node involvement (0.47 vs. 0.62; P =. 01). There was no difference in overall survival when stratified by parotid lymph node involvement (P =. 85), margin status (P =. 67), perineural invasion (P =. 42), facial nerve sacrifice (P =. 92), or type of parotid operation performed (P =. 51).ConclusionsIn this study, cervical, but not parotid, lymph node involvement was associated with poor outcomes in patients with advanced cSCC requiring a parotidectomy. In patients without evidence of cervical or parotid lymph node involvement, a neck dissection may be spared, given there is a 5% chance of occult disease.
Effect of Physician Perspective on Allocation of Medicare Resources for Patients with Advanced Cancer
Authors: Rocke Daniel J. , Beumer Halton W. , Thomas Steven , Lee Walter T. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo assess how physician perspective (perspective of patient vs perspective of physician) affects Medicare resource allocation for patients with advanced cancer and compare physician allocations with actual cancer patient and caregiver allocations.Study DesignCross‐sectional assessment.SettingNational assessment.SubjectsOtolaryngologists.MethodsPhysicians used a validated tool to create a Medicare plan for patients with advanced cancer. Participants took the perspective of an advanced cancer patient and made resource allocations between 15 benefit categories (assessment 2, November/December 2012). Results were compared with data from a prior assessment made from a physician's perspective (assessment 1, February/March 2012) and with data from a separate study with patients with cancer and caregivers.ResultsIn total, 767 physicians completed assessment 1 and 237 completed assessment 2. Results were compared with 146 cancer patient and 114 caregiver assessments. Assessment 1 physician responses differed significantly from patients/caregivers in 14 categories (P <. 05), while assessment 2 differed in 11. When comparing physician data, assessment 2 allocations differed significantly from assessment 1 in 7 categories. When these 7 categories were compared with patient/caregiver data, assessment 2 allocations in emotional care, drug coverage, and nursing facility categories were not significantly different. Assessment 1 allocations in cosmetic care, dental, home care, and primary care categories were more similar to patient/caregiver preferences, although all but home care were still significantly different.ConclusionsOtolaryngology–head and neck surgery physician perspectives on end‐of‐life care differ significantly from cancer patient/caregiver perspectives, even when physicians take a patient's perspective when allocating resources. This demonstrates the challenges inherent in end‐of‐life discussions.
Predictors of recurrence of great saphenous vein reflux following treatment with ultrasound-guided foamsclerotherapy
Authors: Shadid N , Nelemans P , Lawson J , Sommer A 
Published: January 2014

Objective To investigate which clinical characteristics at baseline are predictive for great saphenous vein recurrence following ultrasound-guided foamsclerotherapy. Material and methods Data of patients treated for great saphenous vein incompetence with ultrasound-guided foamsclerotherapy were derived from a multicentre prospective randomized controlled trial comparing surgery versus ultrasound-guided foamsclerotherapy with a follow-up of two years. Recurrence of reflux was determined on colour duplex scans at three months, one year and two years. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of gender, age, C of CEAP classification, diameter of great saphenous vein, injected foam volume, presence of distal great saphenous vein reflux, presence of reflux in the anterior accessory saphenous vein and Venous Clinical Severity Score on risk of recurrent reflux. Results Two hundred twenty-five patients were available for analysis. Treatment after one single session was successful in 120 patients and recurrence of saphenous reflux was observed in 105 patients within two years during follow-up. Significant associations with risk of recurrence were observed for mid thigh great saphenous vein diameter (HR = 1.012 with 95% CI: 1.002–1.022, p = 0.022) and presence of distal great saphenous vein reflux (HR = 1.882 with 95% CI: 1.029–3.443, p = 0.040). Conclusion In conclusion, this prospective study suggests that ultrasound-guided foamsclerotherapy treatment for the proximal great saphenous vein is less effective for patients with a large vein and a refluxing distal great saphenous vein at baseline.
Sonic hedgehog mediates a novel pathway of PDGF-BB–dependent vessel maturation
Authors: Yao Qinyu , Renault Marie-Ange , Chapouly Candice , Vandierdonck Soizic , Belloc Isabelle , Jaspard-Vinassa Béatrice , Daniel-Lamazière Jean-Marie , Laffargue Muriel , Merched Aksam , Desgranges Claude , Gadeau Alain-Pierre 
Published: January 2014

Key PointsMaturation of vascular endothelial growth factor–induced new vessels in cornea involves a PDGF-Shh axis. Shh promotes PDGF-BB–mediated SMC migration by inducing ERK1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ activation and increased motility.