bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caries preventive measures in orthodontic practice: the development of a clinical practice guideline
Authors: Oosterkamp B. C. M. , van der Sanden W. J. M. , Frencken J. E. F. M. , Kuijpers‐Jagtman A. M. 
Published: October 2015

Structured AbstractObjectivesWhite spot lesions (WSLs) are a side effect of orthodontic treatment, causing esthetic problems and a risk of deeper enamel and dentine lesions. Many strategies have been developed for preventing WSLs, but great variability exists in preventive measures between orthodontists. This study developed statements on which a clinical practice guideline (CPG) can be developed in order to help orthodontists select preventive measures based on the best available evidence.Materials and methodsA nominal group technique (RAND‐e modified Delphi procedure) was used. A multidisciplinary expert panel rated 264 practice‐ and evidence‐based statements related to the management of WSLs. To provide panel members with the same knowledge, a total of six articles obtained from a systematic review of the literature were read by the panel in preparation of three consensus rounds. According to the technique, a threshold of 75% of all ratings within any 3‐point section of the 9‐point scale regarding a specific statement was accepted as consensus.ResultsAfter the first and second consensus rounds, consensus was reached on 37.5 and 31.1% of statements, respectively. For the remaining 31.4% of statements, consensus was reached during a 4‐h consensus meeting.ConclusionsStatements on the management of WSLs derived from a systematic literature review combined with expert opinion were formally integrated toward consensus through a nominal group technique. These statements formed the basis for developing a CPG on the management of WSLs before and during orthodontic treatment.
Graptolite (Hemichordata,Pterobranchia) preservation and identification in theCambrianSeries 3
Authors: Maletz Jörg , Steiner Michael 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDue to inadequate preservation, pterobranchs are often difficult to identify in the fossil record, and a better understanding of preservational modes and diagenetic and metamorphic effects is needed for their recognition. Pterobranch hemichordates are common inCambrianStage 5 and younger sedimentary rocks, but are frequently overlooked. Often, pterobranch hemichordate colonies have been considered to be algal remains or hydroids. Re‐examination ofCambrianBurgess Shale algae reveals that the generaYuknessiaandDalyiacan be recognized as putative early representatives of pterobranch hemichordates. Distinct fusellar construction of the individual zooidal tubes and branching of the creeping proximal part of the colonies are found in the morphologically similar rhabdopleurid pterobranch genusSphenoecium. The erect tubes ofSphenoeciumdo not branch and can reach a length of several centimetres. The development of the fusellar construction in this taxon shows a highly irregular development of the suture patterns, but a fairly consistent height of the individual fuselli. The taxon is widely distributed in theCambrianSeries 3, but has regularly been identified as a hydroid or an alga.Sphenoecium wheelerensisfrom theCambrianWheelerShale ofUtah is described as new.
Sexual problems and post‐traumatic stress disorder following sexual trauma: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: O'Driscoll Ciarán , Flanagan Esther 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveDifficulties with sex often develop following sexual trauma, yet are rarely targeted within treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Where outcomes of sexual function are included, they are secondary to other measures. This review aimed to assess whether psychological treatment for PTSD (from sexual trauma) has an effect on sexual functioning.MethodsSystematic searches of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and trial registers were performed. Five studies met inclusion criteria. Pre‐post treatment effect sizes were also calculated.ResultsData from four good‐quality RCTs were included in the meta‐analyses. These examined females (n = 799) who had experienced adult sexual trauma or child sexual abuse. Studies compared psychological treatment to control conditions, but no effect on outcomes of sexual concerns, standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.03 and dysfunctional sexual behaviour, SMD = 0.02, was found. Pre‐post treatment effect sizes were small to medium (SMD = 0.36 and 0.47, respectively).ConclusionsWhile firm conclusions cannot be drawn, the available evidence suggests that psychological treatment for PTSD has no effect on sexual problems. Pre‐post effects indicate some improvement over the course of treatment, which may be strengthened if treatment actively targeted sexual problems. The paucity of evidence in this area suggests that there is substantial need for further research in order to establish a set of evidence‐based guidelines for practitioners implementing treatment in this area.Practitioner points

The measurement of sexual problems is overlooked in psychological treatment RCTs for sexual trauma.

Current treatments for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from sexual trauma do not appear to be addressing sexual problems.

Integrated treatments for comorbid sexual problems and PTSD treatment may be warranted.

It is imperative that in future, RCTs that examine people with PTSD from sexual trauma use outcomes of sexual problems.
Oxidative Modification in Human Hair: The Effect of the Levels of Cu (II) Ions, UV Exposure and Hair Pigmentation
Authors: Grosvenor Anita J. , Marsh Jennifer , Thomas Ancy , Vernon James A. , Harland Duane P. , Clerens Stefan , Dyer Jolon M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractProtein oxidative degradation is implicated in a wide range of deleterious effects. For human hair, this oxidative damage can lead to significant observable changes in fiber physical and visual properties. A redox proteomic approach was applied to map molecular modification in human hair proteins and correlate this modification with the abundance of copper (II) ions, the levels of UV exposure and the general level of hair pigmentation. An increase in oxidative modification was observed with increasing copper (II) ion levels, regardless of the pigmentation level. Significantly, increased protein oxidative modification was also observed to occur in both lightly and darkly pigmented hair tresses even in the absence of irradiation, albeit at lower relative levels. Modification levels increased with increased copper (II) ion concentration. This new finding indicates that the level of copper (II) ions in human hair plays a key role in mediating protein oxidation, with or without exposure to UV light. Overall, these results strongly suggest that minimization of the level of copper (II) ions in human hair will mitigate and/or slow protein oxidative modification and therefore lower overall hair damage.
Sensitivity of UV Erythemal Radiation to Total Ozone Changes under Different Sky Conditions: Results for Granada, Spain
Authors: Antón Manuel , Cazorla Alberto , Mateos David , Costa Maria J. , Olmo Francisco J. , Alados‐Arboledas Lucas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study focuses on the analysis of the sensitivity of UV erythemal radiation (UVER) to variations in the total ozone column (TOC) under different sky conditions at Granada (southeastern Spain). The sensitivity is studied both in relative terms by means of the Radiation Amplification Factor (RAF) and in absolute terms using the Ozone Efficiency (OE). These two variables are determined for diverse sky conditions characterized by the cloud cover information given by a sky camera (in oktas) and the cloud optical depth (COD) estimated from global solar radiation measurements. As expected, in absolute terms, the TOC variations cause substantially smaller UVER changes during completely overcast situations than during cloud‐free cases. For instance, the OE (SZA = 30°, TOC = 290 DU) decreases from 0.68 mW m−2 per unit of TOC (0 oktas) to 0.50 mW m−2 per unit of TOC (8 oktas). However, the opposite is observed when the analysis is performed in relative terms. Thus, the RAF (determined for SZA cases below 80°) increases from 1.1 for cloud‐free cases (0 oktas) to 1.4 for completely overcast situations (8 oktas). This opposite behavior is also found when both RAF and OE are analyzed as functions of COD. Thus, while the OE strongly decreases with increasing COD, the RAF increases as COD increases.
Effects of Transport Regulation on the Oil Market: Does Market Power Matter?
Authors: Kverndokk Snorre , Rosendahl Knut Einar 
Published: October 2015

AbstractInstruments used to regulate the consumption of oil in the transport sector include fuel taxes, biofuel requirements, and fuel‐efficiency standards. However, the effects that these have on oil consumption and price vary. If market power is present in the oil market, the directions of change in consumption and price might contrast with those in a competitive market. As a result, the market structure affects not only the effectiveness of the policy instruments used to reduce oil consumption, but also the terms of trade and carbon leakage. In particular, reduced oil consumption, as a result of increased fuel‐efficiency standards, will unambiguously increase the price of oil under a monopoly.
Rent‐Seeking, Market Structure, and Growth
Authors: Brou Daniel , Ruta Michele 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe study the role of productive and unproductive entrepreneurship in economic growth, in a setting where firms compete in both economic and political markets. Specifically, firms compete for market share through cost‐reducing technological innovation, and they vie for influence over government transfer policy through rent‐seeking activities. We find that rent‐seeking affects growth in two ways: it allows firms to ignore economic competition, leading to less innovation, and it alters the number of firms that are supported in equilibrium. The former effect is negative, while the latter is ambiguous. We show how these effects depend on various characteristics of economic and political markets.
Population Growth and Natural‐Resource Scarcity: Long‐Run Development under Seemingly Unfavorable Conditions
Authors: Bretschger Lucas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, I consider an economy that is constrained by the use of natural resources and driven by knowledge accumulation. Resources are essential inputs in all sectors. I show that population growth and poor input substitution are not detrimental but, on the contrary, are even necessary to obtain a sustainable consumption level. I find a general rule to define the conditions for a constant innovation rate. The rule does not apply to capital but to labor growth, which is the crucial input in research. Furthermore, the rule relates to the sectoral structure of the economy, and to demographic transition. The results continue to hold with a backstop technology, and are extended for the case of minimum resource constraints.
Explaining European Union Citizens’ Trust in the European Central Bank in Normal and Crisis Times
Authors: Ehrmann Michael , Soudan Michel , Stracca Livio 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe study the determinants of trust in the European Central Bank (ECB) as measured by the European Commission's Eurobarometer survey, in particular during the global financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis. We find that the fall in trust in the ECB in crisis times can be rather well explained based on the pre‐crisis determinants. We also show that the fall in trust reflected the macroeconomic deterioration, a more generalized fall in the trust in European institutions in the wake of the crisis, and the severity of the banking sector's problems, to which the ECB was associated in the public opinion.
Work and Wage Dynamics around Childbirth
Authors: Ejrnæs Mette , Kunze Astrid 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate how the wage processes of women who are well established in the labour market are affected by having children. We estimate a flexible fixed‐effects wage regression model extended by post‐childbirth fixed effects. We use register data on West Germany, and we exploit the expansionary family policy during the late 1980s and 1990s for identification. On their return to work after childbirth, the wages of mothers drop by 3–5.7 per cent per year of leave. We find negative selection back to full‐time work after childbirth. We discuss the policy implications regarding statistical discrimination and the results concerning the family gap.
Oil, Growth, and Health: What Does the Cross‐Country Evidence Really Show?*
Authors: Cotet Anca M. , Tsui Kevin K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe show that previous results from the body of literature on the resource curse have primarily been driven by the collapse in oil prices during the mid‐1980s. By exploiting cross‐country variations in the size of initial oil endowments and the timing of oil discoveries, we find that there is a stable positive relationship between oil abundance and long‐run economic growth. Using dynamic panel data methods, we also find that there is no evidence that higher oil rents hinder growth. However, to focus on material gain means that the welfare gain from oil is understated, because oil‐rich countries benefit more by the reduction in infant mortality and the gain in longevity. Interestingly, such oil‐led health improvements are more pronounced in non‐democratic countries, where initial heath conditions were poor and oil wealth is concentrated among the ruling elites.
Do First‐Time House Buyers Receive Financial Transfers from Their Parents?*
Authors: Kolodziejczyk Christophe , Leth‐Petersen Søren 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUsing Danish longitudinal data with information about wealth for a sample of first‐time house buyers and their parents, we test whether there are direct financial transfers from parents to children in connection with the house purchase, or in connection with unemployment spells occurring just after the purchase, when children typically hold few liquid assets. First, we document that child and parent financial resources are correlated. Then, we introduce conditioning variables and exploit the panel aspect of the data to also condition on fixed unobserved factors, which arguably govern preferences and/or productivity. We find no evidence of direct financial transfers.
Assessing Macroprudential Policies: Case of South Korea*
Authors: Bruno Valentina , Shin Hyun Song 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we develop methods for assessing the sensitivity of capital flows to global financial conditions. We use these methods to assess the impact of macroprudential policies introduced by South Korea in 2010. Relative to a comparison group of countries, we find that the sensitivity of capital flows into South Korea to global conditions decreased in the period following the introduction of macroprudential policies.
Debt Crises and Risk‐Sharing: The Role of Markets versus Sovereigns
Authors: Kalemli‐Ozcan Sebnem , Luttini Emiliano , Sørensen Bent 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUsing a variance decomposition of shocks to gross domestic product (GDP), we quantify the role of international factor income, international transfers, and saving in achieving risk‐sharing during the recent European crisis. We focus on the subperiods 1990–2007, 2008–2009, and 2010 and consider separately the European countries hit by the sovereign debt crisis in 2010. We decompose risk‐sharing from saving into contributions from government and private saving, and show that fiscal austerity programs played an important role in hindering risk‐sharing during the sovereign debt crisis.
Early Tracking and the Misfortune of Being Young
Authors: Schneeweis Nicole , Zweimüller Martina 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRecent research suggests that the relative age of a student within a grade has a causal effect on educational achievement, and that this effect fades with the duration of schooling. In this study, we estimate the causal relative‐age effect on track choice in Austria, a country where students are first tracked in grade 5 (at the age of 10 years), and again in grade 9. We find a strong positive relative‐age effect on track choice in grades 5–8. The age effect persists beyond grade 8 for students from less‐favorable socioeconomic backgrounds and students in urban areas.
Civil Conflict, Democratization, and Growth: Violent Democratization as Critical Juncture
Authors: Cervellati Matteo , Sunde Uwe 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we provide an empirical investigation of the interaction between violent conflicts, democratization, and growth in the “third wave” of democratization. The effect of democratization is weakened when taking into account the incidence of civil conflict. The results show that the growth effect of democratization is heterogeneous and depends on the democratization scenario. Peaceful transitions to democracy have a significant positive effect on growth that is even larger than reported previously in the literature, whereas violent transitions have no, or even negative, growth effects.
Determinants of Anti‐Trafficking Policies: Evidence from a New Index
Authors: Cho Seo‐Young , Dreher Axel , Neumayer Eric 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe develop an index measuring the three main dimensions – prosecution, protection, and prevention – of the anti‐trafficking policies of the governments of up to 180 countries over the 2000−2010 period. Overall, developed countries perform better than the rest of the world; compliance with prosecution policy is highest, while governmental efforts to protect victims of human trafficking remain weakest. We employ the new indices to investigate which factors determine anti‐trafficking policies. We find that compliance with anti‐trafficking policies significantly decreases with corruption and is higher in countries that also respect the rights of women. We also find some tentative evidence for spatial dependence in anti‐trafficking policies.
Gender Inequality, Endogenous Cultural Norms, and Economic Development
Authors: Hiller Victor 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, I explore the joint dynamics between gender inequality and cultural norms along the process of development. Cultural norms regarding gender roles are shaped by the relative female labor supply, and thus depend on the gender gap in education. In turn, these norms influence the relative education provided to boys and girls. I show that this two‐way causality between the inegalitarian nature of norms and the educational gender gap might explain the emergence of high gender inequality and low development traps. The model also makes it possible to replicate a U‐shaped relationship between the relative status of women and the economic development.
War, Marriage Markets, and the Sex Ratio at Birth
Authors: Bethmann Dirk , Kvasnicka Michael 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn belligerent countries, male‐to‐female sex ratios at birth increased during and shortly after the two world wars. These rises occurred amidst dramatically changed marriage‐market conditions caused by war‐related declines in adult sex ratios, and still defy explanation. Based on county‐level census data for the German state of Bavaria in the years just before and immediately after World War II, we explore the reduced‐form relationship between changes in marriage‐market tightness (the adult sex ratio) and changes in the offspring sex ratio, and we discuss potential mechanisms that might link the two. Our results suggest that war‐induced shortfalls of men significantly increased the percentage of boys among newborns.
A Fiscal Stimulus and Jobless Recovery
Authors: Cantore Cristiano , Levine Paul , Melina Giovanni 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe analyze the effects of a government‐spending expansion in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with Mortensen–Pissarides labor‐market frictions, deep habits in private and public consumption, investment adjustment costs, a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function, and adjustments in employment at both intensive and extensive margins. The combination of deep habits and CES technology is crucial. The presence of deep habits magnifies the responses of macroeconomic variables to a fiscal stimulus, while an elasticity of substitution between capital and labor in the range of available estimates allows the model to produce a scenario compatible with the observed jobless recovery.
International Trade and Collective Bargaining Outcomes: Evidence from German Employer–Employee Data
Authors: Felbermayr Gabriel , Hauptmann Andreas , Schmerer Hans‐Jörg 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn theoretical trade models with variable mark‐ups and collective wage bargaining, exposure to international markets might reduce the exporter wage premium. We test this prediction using linked German employer–employee data covering the years 1996–2007. To separate the rent‐sharing mechanism from assortative matching, we exploit individual worker information to construct profitability measures that are free of skill composition. Our results show that rent‐sharing is less pronounced in more export‐intensive firms or in more open industries. The exporter wage premium is highest for low‐productivity firms. In line with theory, these findings are unique to the subsample of plants covered by collective bargaining.
Interfirm Bundling and Vertical Product Differentiation
Authors: Brito Duarte , Vasconcelos Helder 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we study the competitive effects of bundled discounts offered by pairs of independent firms. In a setting with vertically differentiated goods, where firms decide whether to participate in a discounting scheme before prices are set, it is shown that, in equilibrium, all pairs of firms producing goods of the same quality level offer bundled discounts. Relative to the no‐bundling benchmark, we find that (i) all headline prices rise, (ii) all bundle prices, net of the respective discount, decrease, and (iii) only high‐quality sellers will obtain higher profits. Furthermore, this equilibrium corresponds to the worst scenario in terms of consumer welfare, and it and decreases social welfare.
Imitation, Contagion, or Exertion? Using a Tax Reform to Reveal How Colleagues' Sick Leaves Influence Worker Behaviour
Authors: Dale‐Olsen Harald , Østbakken Kjersti Misje , Schøne Pål 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe analyse the social interaction effects in sick‐leave behaviour in the workplace, using high‐quality Norwegian matched employer–employee data with detailed individual information on sick leaves during the 2004–2006 period. We find that social interaction effects in sick‐leave behaviour in the workplace do exist, and that the effects are noticeable in size. The strong relationship between the sick‐leave rates among colleagues is not solely the result of contagious diseases, nor is it caused by improved informational quality or by the increased workload for the non‐absent workers. Evidence supports the existence of reciprocal worker behaviour that is unrelated to joint leisure‐seeking activities.