bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating False Images: Stream Restoration in an Urban Setting
Authors: Cockerill Kristan , Anderson William P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractStream restoration has become a multibillion dollar business with mixed results as to its efficacy. This case study utilizes pre‐ and post‐monitoring data from restoration projects on an urban stream to assess how well stream conditions, publicly stated project goals, and project implementation align. Our research confirms previous studies showing little communication among academic researchers and restoration practitioners as well as provides further evidence that restoration efforts tend to focus on small‐scale, specific sites without considering broader land use patterns. This study advances our understanding of restoration by documenting that although improving ecological conditions is a stated goal for restoration projects, the implemented measures are not always focused on those issues that are the most ecologically salient. What these projects have accomplished is to protect the built environment and promote positive public perception. We argue that these disconnects among publicized goals for restoration, the implemented features, and actual stream conditions may create a false image of what an ecologically stable stream looks like and therefore perpetuate a false sense of optimism about the feasibility of restoring urban streams.
A Multi‐Scale Analysis of Single‐Family Residential Water Use in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area
Authors: Ouyang Yun , Wentz Elizabeth A. , Ruddell Benjamin L. , Harlan Sharon L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractStudies that evaluate determinants of residential water demand typically use data from a single spatial scale. Although household‐scale data are preferred, especially when econometric models are used, researchers may be limited to aggregate data. There is little, if any, empirical analysis to assess whether spatial scale may lead to ecological fallacy problems in residential water use research. Using linear mixed‐effects models, we compare the results for the relationship of single‐family water use with its determinants using data from the household and census tract scales in the city of Phoenix. Model results between the household and census tract scale are similar suggesting the ecological fallacy may not be significant. Common significant determinants on these two spatial scales include household size, household income, house age, pool size, irrigable lot size, precipitation, and temperature. We also use city/town scale data from the Phoenix metropolitan area to parameterize the linear mixed‐effects model. The difference in the parameter estimates of those common variables compared to the first two scales indicates there is spatial heterogeneity in the relationship between single‐family water use and its determinants among cities and towns. The negative relationship between single‐family house density and residential water use suggests that residential water consumption could be reduced through coordination of land use planning and water demand management.
Intrahepatic interleukin‐17+T cells and FoxP3+ regulatory T cells cooperate to promote development and affect the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Huang Yong , Wang Fengmei , Wang Yijun , Zhu Zhengyan , Gao Yingtang , Ma Zhe , Xu Ruicheng , Du Zhi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground and AimRecent studies have shown that imbalance between tumor‐infiltrating interleukin (IL)‐17+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is an important regulator of progression in various cancers, but little is known regarding this imbalance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study explored the role of imbalance between IL‐17+ T cells and Tregs in the immunopathogenesis of HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection.MethodsFifty‐six of patient‐matched tumors and peritumoral surgical specimens from 56 patient with HCC and 136 liver biopsies specimens from 46 patients with CHB, 37 with atypical hyperplasia (AH), and 53 with HCC were enrolled. The expressions of IL‐17, FoxP3, CD4, and CD8 in liver tissue were measured by immunochemistry for the evaluation of liver‐infiltrating lymphocytes.ResultsThe density of liver infiltrated FoxP3+ Tregs was increased in a stepwise manner from CHB to AH then HCC, while there was a decreasing trend for the density of IL‐17+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. In surgical specimens of less differentiated HCC, the quantity of tumor‐infiltrating FoxP3+ Tregs was significantly lower and IL‐17+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher. Additionally, peritumoral IL‐17+ T cells were increased in poorly differentiated HCC. High intratumoral FoxP3+ Tregs with high intratumoral IL‐17+ T cells showed a significantly lower overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) compared with other groups (OS, P = 0.033; DFS, P = 0.004). High intratumoral FoxP3+ Tregs with high peritumoral IL‐17+ T cells showed a significantly lower survival rate compared with other groups (OS, P < 0.001 and DFS, P < 0.001).ConclusionOur findings suggest that intrahepatic IL‐17+ T cells and FoxP3+ Tregs may cooperate to promote the progression of HCC.
Beyond the mitochondrion: cytosolic PINK1 remodels dendrites through Protein Kinase A
Authors: Dagda Ruben K. , Pien Irene , Wang Ruth , Zhu Jianhui , Wang Kent Z. Q. , Callio Jason , Banerjee Tania Das , Dagda Raul Y. , Chu Charleen T. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe subcellular compartmentalization of kinase activity allows for regulation of distinct cellular processes involved in cell differentiation or survival. The PTEN‐induced kinase 1 (PINK1), which is linked to Parkinson's disease, is a neuroprotective kinase localized to cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments. While mitochondrial targeting of PINK1 is important for its activities regulating mitochondrial homeostasis, the physiological role of the cytosolic pool of PINK1 remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for cytosolic PINK1 in neuronal differentiation/neurite maintenance. Over‐expression of wild‐type PINK1, but not a catalytically inactive form of PINK1(K219M), promoted neurite outgrowth in SH‐SY5Y cells and increased dendritic lengths in primary cortical and midbrain dopaminergic neurons. To identify the subcellular pools of PINK1 involved in promoting neurite outgrowth, we transiently transfected cells with PINK1 constructs designed to target PINK1 to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM‐PINK1) or restrict PINK1 to the cytosol (ΔN111‐PINK1). Both constructs blocked cell death associated with loss of endogenous PINK1. However, transient expression of ΔN111‐PINK1, but not of OMM‐PINK1 or ΔN111‐PINK1(K219M), promoted dendrite outgrowth in primary neurons, and rescued the decreased dendritic arborization of PINK1‐deficient neurons. Mechanistically, the cytosolic pool of PINK1 regulated neurite morphology through enhanced anterograde transport of dendritic mitochondria and amplification of protein kinase A‐related signaling pathways. Our data support a novel role for PINK1 in regulating dendritic morphogenesis.
image
Mutations in PINK1 cause recessive Parkinson's disease, but the neuronal function(s) of the PINK1 protein remain elusive. We found that cytosolic PINK1 promotes neuronal differentiation in naïve cells, reversing dendritic shortening and cell death in Pink1−/− neurons, by increasing PKA activity and mitochondrial transport to dendrites. Release of processed PINK1 from healthy mitochondria may serve as a pro‐differentiation signal in cortical and dopaminergic neurons.
Repeated monitoring of corneal nerves by confocal microscopy as an index of peripheral neuropathy in type‐1 diabetic rodents and the effects of topical insulin
Authors: Chen Debbie K. , Frizzi Katie E. , Guernsey Lucie S. , Ladt Kelsey , Mizisin Andrew P. , Calcutt Nigel A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe developed a reliable imaging and quantitative analysis method for in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) in rodents and used it to determine whether models of type 1 diabetes replicate the depletion of corneal nerves reported in diabetic patients. Quantification was reproducible between observers and stable across repeated time points in two rat strains. Longitudinal studies were performed in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)‐diabetic rats, with innervation of plantar paw skin quantified using standard histological methods after 40 weeks of diabetes. Diabetic rats showed an initial increase, then a gradual reduction in occupancy of nerves in the sub‐basal plexus so that values were significantly lower at week 40 (68 ± 6%) than age‐matched controls (80 ± 2%). No significant loss of stromal or intra‐epidermal nerves was detected. In a separate study, insulin was applied daily to the eye of control and STZ‐diabetic mice and this treatment prevented depletion of nerves of the sub‐basal plexus. Longitudinal studies are viable in rodents using CCM and depletion of distal corneal nerves precedes detectable loss of epidermal nerves in the foot, suggesting that diabetic neuropathy is not length dependent. Loss of insulin‐derived neurotrophic support may contribute to the pathogenesis of corneal nerve depletion in type 1 diabetes.
Curcumin potentiates the anti-arthritic effect of prednisolone in Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritic rats
Authors: Kuncha Madhusudana , Naidu Vegi Ganga Modi , Sahu Bidya Dhar , Gadepalli Shankar Ganesh , Sistla Ramakrishna 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of curcumin in combination with prednisolone for the effective treatment of arthritis with reduced side effects when glucocorticoids therapy is indicated.

Methods
Arthritis was induced in wistar rats by subplantar injection of Freund's complete adjuvant, and animals were observed for the symptoms of arthritis during the period of 21 days. Combined treatment of curcumin with various doses of prednisolone (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) was evaluated in order to ascertain the efficacy and toxicity induced by steroid.

Key findings
Arthritic animals showed significant increase in tumour necrosis factor-α and IL-1β levels in paw tissue and IL-1β in serum. Combined therapy of curcumin with low doses of prednisolone showed pronounced beneficial effect on joint swelling, leucocyte count and biochemical parameters compared with prednisolone groups. Among the different doses used in the study, prednisolone at 1.25 mg/kg in combination with curcumin showed beneficial anti-arthritic activity and also reduced the steroid toxicity. This is evidenced by increase in body weight, low toxicity to immune organs, reduction in leucocyte count, increase in spleen anti-oxidant enzymes and potent inhibition of cytokines in combination group.

Conclusion
Therefore, combined treatment of curcumin with low doses of prednisolone may find therapeutic use in arthritis.
Effects of parasitism on aphid nutritional and protective symbioses
Authors: Martinez Adam J. , Weldon Stephanie R. , Oliver Kerry M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractInsects often carry heritable symbionts that negotiate interactions with food plants or natural enemies. All pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, require infection with the nutritional symbiont Buchnera, and many are also infected with Hamiltonella, which protects against the parasitoid Aphidius ervi. Hamiltonella‐based protection requires bacteriophages called APSEs with protection levels varying by strain and associated APSE. Endoparasitoids, including A. ervi, may benefit from protecting the nutritional symbiosis and suppressing the protective one, while the aphid and its heritable symbionts have aligned interests when attacked by the wasp. We investigated the effects of parasitism on the abundance of aphid nutritional and protective symbionts. First, we determined strength of protection associated with multiple symbiont strains and aphid genotypes as these likely impact symbiont responses. Unexpectedly, some A. pisum genotypes cured of facultative symbionts were resistant to parasitism and resistant aphid lines carried Hamiltonella strains that conferred no additional protection. Susceptible aphid clones carried protective strains. qPCR estimates show that parasitism significantly influenced both Buchnera and Hamiltonella titres, with multiple factors contributing to variation. In susceptible lines, parasitism led to increases in Buchnera near the time of larval wasp emergence consistent with parasite manipulation, but effects were variable in resistant lines. Parasitism also resulted in increases in APSE and subsequent decreases in Hamiltonella, and we discuss how this response may relate to the protective phenotype. In summary, we show that parasitism alters the within‐host ecology of both nutritional and protective symbioses with effects likely significant for all players in this antagonistic interaction.
Phosphorylation of a p38‐like MAPK is involved in sensing cellular redox state and drives atypical tubulin polymer assembly in angiosperms
Authors: LIVANOS PANTELIS , GALATIS BASIL , GAITANAKI CATHERINE , APOSTOLAKOS PANAGIOTIS 
Published: October 2013

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) imbalance is a stressful condition for plant cells accompanied by dramatic changes in tubulin cytoskeleton. Here, evidence is provided that alterations in ROS levels directly interfere with the phosphorylation state of a p38‐like MAPK in the angiosperms Triticum turgidum and Arabidopsis thaliana. Both oxidative stress generators and chemicals inducing ROS scavenging or decreasing ROS production resulted in the accumulation of a phospho‐p46 protein similar to p38‐MAPK. Importantly, the rhd2 A. thaliana mutants exhibited a remarkable increase in levels of phospho‐p46. The presence of the p38‐MAPK inhibitor SB203580 attenuated the response to ROS disturbance, prevented microtubule disappearance and resulted in a dramatic decrease in the number of atypical tubulin polymers. Moreover, in roots treated simultaneously with substances inducing ROS overproduction and others resulting in low ROS levels, phospho‐p46 levels and the organization of tubulin cytoskeleton were similar to controls. Collectively, our experimental data suggest, for the first time in plants, that p46 functions as a putative sensor of redox state, the activation of which initiates downstream signalling events leading to microtubule disruption and subsequent assembly of atypical tubulin polymers. Thus, p46 seems to participate in perception of ROS homeostasis disturbance as well as in cellular responses to redox imbalance.
Risk Management: History, Definition, and Critique
Authors: Dionne Georges 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe study of risk management began after World War II. Risk management has long been associated with the use of market insurance to protect individuals and companies from various losses associated with accidents. Other forms of risk management, alternatives to market insurance, surfaced during the 1950s when market insurance was perceived as very costly and incomplete for protection against pure risk. The use of derivatives as risk management instruments arose during the 1970s, and expanded rapidly during the 1980s, as companies intensified their financial risk management. International risk regulation began in the 1980s, and financial firms developed internal risk management models and capital calculation formulas to hedge against unanticipated risks and reduce regulatory capital. Concomitantly, governance of risk management became essential, integrated risk management was introduced, and the chief risk officer positions were created. Nonetheless, these regulations, governance rules, and risk management methods failed to prevent the financial crisis that began in 2007.
Provenance diversification within an arc‐trench system induced by batholith development: the Cretaceous Japan case
Authors: Aoki Kazumasa , Isozaki Yukio , Kofukuda Daisuke , Sato Tomohiko , Yamamoto Atsushi , Maki Kenshi , Sakata Shuhei , Hirata Takafumi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBy comparing detrital zircon U–Pb age spectra of coeval fore‐arc and back‐/intra‐arc basin sandstones, we identified the overall distributary pattern of terrigenous clastic material within the Cretaceous arc system of SW Japan. Abundant Proterozoic (c. 1500–2500 Ma) detrital grains from the interior of East Asia are present in the Cretaceous intra‐arc basin. However, after a barrier mountain range formed during batholith emplacement, Proterozoic clastics were rarely transported into the fore‐arc domain. Episodic batholith formation in Pacific‐type orogens likely played a major role in controlling terrigenous supply routes between coeval back‐arc and fore‐arc domains. The Cretaceous orogen in Japan thus provides a good template for analysing the tectono‐sedimentary development of other arc‐related basins.
Successful treatment with fumagillin of the first pediatric case of digestive microsporidiosis in a liver‐kidney transplant
Authors: Desoubeaux G. , Maakaroun‐Vermesse Z. , Lier C. , Bailly É. , Morio F. , Labarthe F. , Bernard L. , Chandenier J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe report the first successful use, to our knowledge, of fumagillin alone in a pediatric patient to cure intestinal microsporidiosis in a liver‐kidney transplanted child. Detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in stool became negative from the first post‐therapeutic control, while digestive symptoms disappeared in 4 days. During a 9‐month follow‐up, polymerase chain reaction and direct examinations remained negative for microsporidia in her feces. No major undesirable effects were noted during the anti‐microsporidial therapy.
Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI‐RADS) breast composition descriptors: Automated measurement development for full field digital mammography
Authors: Fowler E. E. , Sellers T. A. , Lu B. , Heine J. J. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose:The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI‐RADS) breast composition descriptors are used for standardized mammographic reporting and are assessed visually. This reporting is clinically relevant because breast composition can impact mammographic sensitivity and is a breast cancer risk factor. New techniques are presented and evaluated for generating automated BI‐RADS breast composition descriptors using both raw and calibrated full field digital mammography (FFDM) image data.Methods:A matched case‐control dataset with FFDM images was used to develop three automated measures for the BI‐RADS breast composition descriptors. Histograms of each calibrated mammogram in the percent glandular (pg) representation were processed to create the new BRpg measure. Two previously validated measures of breast density derived from calibrated and raw mammograms were converted to the new BRvc and BRvr measures, respectively. These three measures were compared with the radiologist‐reported BI‐RADS compositions assessments from the patient records. The authors used two optimization strategies with differential evolution to create these measures: method‐1 used breast cancer status; and method‐2 matched the reported BI‐RADS descriptors. Weighted kappa (κ) analysis was used to assess the agreement between the new measures and the reported measures. Each measureˈs association with breast cancer was evaluated with odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for body mass index, breast area, and menopausal status. ORs were estimated as per unit increase with 95% confidence intervals.Results:The three BI‐RADS measures generated by method‐1 had κ between 0.25–0.34. These measures were significantly associated with breast cancer status in the adjusted models: (a) OR = 1.87 (1.34, 2.59) for BRpg; (b) OR = 1.93 (1.36, 2.74) for BRvc; and (c) OR = 1.37 (1.05, 1.80) for BRvr. The measures generated by method‐2 had κ between 0.42–0.45. Two of these measures were significantly associated with breast cancer status in the adjusted models: (a) OR = 1.95 (1.24, 3.09) for BRpg; (b) OR = 1.42 (0.87, 2.32) for BRvc; and (c) OR = 2.13 (1.22, 3.72) for BRvr. The radiologist‐reported measures from the patient records showed a similar association, OR = 1.49 (0.99, 2.24), although only borderline statistically significant.Conclusions:A general framework was developed and validated for converting calibrated mammograms and continuous measures of breast density to fully automated approximations for the BI‐RADS breast composition descriptors. The techniques are general and suitable for a broad range of clinical and research applications.
Reconstructing Geographical Movements and Host Species Transitions of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT 2
Authors: Hall Matthew D. , Knowles Nick J. , Wadsworth Jemma , Rambaut Andrew , Woolhouse Mark E. J. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Of the three foot-and-mouth-disease virus SAT serotypes mainly confined to sub-Saharan Africa, SAT 2 is the strain most often recorded in domestic animals and has caused outbreaks in North Africa and the Middle East six times in the last 25 years, with three apparently separate events occurring in 2012. This study updates the picture of SAT 2 phylogenetics by using all available sequences for the VP1 section of the genome available at the time of writing and uses phylogeographic methods to trace the origin of all outbreaks occurring north of the Sahara since 1990 and identify patterns of spread among countries of endemicity. Transitions between different host species are also enumerated. Outbreaks in North Africa appear to have origins in countries immediately south of the Sahara, whereas those in the Middle East are more often from East Africa. The results of the analysis of spread within sub-Saharan Africa are consistent with it being driven by relatively short-distance movements of animals across national borders, and the analysis of host species transitions supports the role of the African buffalo (
Syncerus caffer
) as an important natural reservoir.

IMPORTANCE
Foot-and-mouth disease virus is a livestock pathogen of major economic importance, with seven distinct serotypes occurring globally. The SAT 2 serotype, endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, has caused a number of outbreaks in North Africa and the Middle East during the last decades, including three separate incidents in 2012. A comprehensive analysis of all available RNA sequences for SAT 2 has not been published for some years. In this work, we performed this analysis using all previously published sequences and 49 newly determined examples. We also used phylogenetic methods to infer the source country for all outbreaks occurring outside sub-Saharan Africa since 1990 and to reconstruct the spread of viral lineages between countries where it is endemic and movements between different host species.