bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knockdown of orexin type 2 receptor in the lateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum of rats increases REM sleep
Authors: Chen Lichao , McKenna James T. , Bolortuya Yunren , Brown Ritchie E. , McCarley Robert W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDysfunction of the orexin/hypocretin neurotransmitter system causes the sleep disorder narcolepsy, characterized by intrusion of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep‐like events into normal wakefulness. The sites where orexins act to suppress REM sleep are incompletely understood. Previous studies suggested that the lateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum (lPMT) contains an important REM sleep inhibitory area, and proposed that orexins inhibit REM sleep via orexin type 2 receptors (OxR2) in this region. However, this hypothesis has heretofore not been tested. We thus performed bilateral injection of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting Ox2R into the lPMT on two consecutive days. This led to a approximately 30% increase of time spent in REM sleep in both the dark and light periods for the first 2 days after injection, with a return to baseline over the next two post‐injection days. This increase was mainly due to longer (> 120 s) REM episodes. Cataplexy‐like episodes were not observed. The percentage of time spent in wakefulness and non‐(N)REM sleep, as well as the power spectral profile of NREM and REM sleep, were unaffected. Control animals injected with scrambled siRNA had no sleep changes post‐injection. Quantification of the knockdown revealed that unilateral microinjection of siRNAs targeting OxR2 into the lPMT induced a approximately 40% reduction of OxR2 mRNA 2 days following the injections when compared with the contralateral side receiving control (scrambled) siRNA. Orexin type 1 receptor mRNA level was unaffected. Our results indicate that removal of OxR2 neurotransmission in the lPMT enhances REM sleep by increasing the duration of REM episodes.
Traumatic brain injury and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures yield worse outcomes
Authors: LaFrance W. Curt , DeLuca Marie , Machan Jason T. , Fava Joseph L. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryPurpose:  To investigate the relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). We hypothesized that PNES with TBI would be associated with more psychiatric comorbidities and disability than PNES without TBI.Methods:  In this cross‐sectional study comparing patients with PNES with TBI to patients with PNES without TBI, medical records from 255 consecutive patients with electroencephalography (EEG)‐confirmed PNES were reviewed to assess variables including demographic, head injury, neurologic, psychiatry, social variables, and quality of life and symptoms scales. Parametric, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and logistic regression analyses were performed, to compare psychiatric and function variables between the two study groups while controlling for age and sex.Key Findings:  Of the 92 patients with PNES who fulfilled inclusion/exclusion criteria, 41 (44.6%) had a history of TBI. Of the 41 patients with TBI, 30 (73%) met criteria for mild TBI (mTBI). Patients with TBI had more mood disorder diagnoses, were more likely to receive disability, and had lower global functioning than non‐TBI patients with PNES, after adjusting for age and sex. Patients with TBI and PNES had significantly increased odds for having major depression, behavioral impulsivity, posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis, and a trauma/abuse history.Significance:  TBI is a significant risk factor in patients with PNES, being associated with increased psychiatric diagnostic comorbidity, symptoms severity, poorer functioning, and increased disability. This study reveals the importance of identifying and addressing the impact of TBI in patients with seizure disorders. Addressing the sequelae of TBI in PNES may be a target to improve functioning.
Wound healing around dental implants
Authors: Villar Cristina C. , Huynh‐Ba Guy , Mills Michael P. , Cochran David L. 
Published: January 2013

Dental implants have become a part of routine dentistry. Bone healing around modern implants follows established sequence of events and results in predictable osseointegration. Bone formation can be seen as early as four days after implant placement. In a healing bone wound, fibroblast‐like osteogenic progenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts and start to deposit woven bone that gradually grows towards the implant surface. During 1–3 months of healing, this woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone with increasing bone to implant contact that allows functional loading of the implant. As a clinical application, RFA has suggested that implant stability is initially decreased up to three weeks due to bone remodeling and followed by an increase to the baseline at 4–5 weeks and then reaching plateau in 8 weeks. Regardless of this remodeling, studies have shown that implants can be successfully loaded immediately after placement although with somewhat reduced survival rates. Development of new implant surfaces has played a critical role in expanding these clinical loading protocols.Soft tissue healing around implants has become a focus of attention because it plays a central role in esthetic outcomes. Healing of the peri‐implant soft tissue occurs similarly to that against of a tooth after surgical procedure. Fibrin clot serves as a provisional matrix allowing epithelial and fibroblast migration towards the implant surface. Epithelial and connective tissue contact to the implant or abutment surface is established within 1–2 weeks and further maturation follows up to at least 12 weeks. In the established interphase, the peri‐implant epithelium is similar but longer than the junctional epithelium against the tooth. Orientation of collagen fiber bundles also differs from natural tooth. Instead of attaching to the neck of the implant, collagen fibers run parallel and circumferentially around the implant. Future studies are needed to develop better implant designs and surfaces that improve the soft tissue healing for more predictable esthetical outcomes.
Local adaptation and evolutionary potential along a temperature gradient in the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium commune
Authors: Stefansson Tryggvi S. , McDonald Bruce A. , Willi Yvonne 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTo predict the response of plant pathogens to climate warming, data are needed on current thermal adaptation, the pathogen's evolutionary potential, and the link between them. We conducted a common garden experiment using isolates of the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium commune from nine barley populations representing climatically diverse locations. Clonal replicates of 126 genetically distinct isolates were assessed for their growth rate at 12°C, 18°C, and 22°C. Populations originating from climates with higher monthly temperature variation had higher growth rate at all three temperatures compared with populations from climates with less temperature fluctuation. Population differentiation in growth rate (QST) was significantly higher at 22°C than population differentiation for neutral microsatellite loci (GST), consistent with local adaptation for growth at higher temperatures. At 18°C, we found evidence for stabilizing selection for growth rate as QST was significantly lower than GST. Heritability of growth rate under the three temperatures was substantial in all populations (0.58–0.76). Genetic variation was lower in populations with higher growth rate at the three temperatures and evolvability increased under heat stress in seven of nine populations. Our findings imply that the distribution of this pathogen is unlikely to be genetically limited under climate warming, due to its high genetic variation and plasticity for thermal tolerance.
Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of Syzygium aromaticum,Ocimum sanctum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum plant extracts against Enterococcus faecalis: a preliminary study
Authors: Gupta A. , Duhan J. , Tewari S. , Sangwan P. , Yadav A. , Singh G. , Juneja R. , Saini H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Ocimum sanctum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Enterococcus faecalis in planktonic suspension and biofilm phenotypes.MethodologyThe antibacterial efficacy of different concentrations of aqueous ethanolic extracts of O. sanctum, C. zeylanicum and S. aromaticum against E. faecalis at various time intervals was assessed using the agar well diffusion test, microdilution test and biofilm susceptibility assay (BSA) on cellulose nitrate membrane as well as in a tooth model. NaOCl was used as the positive control. Distilled water was used as negative control for agar diffusion and microdilution tests and phosphate‐buffered saline for the BSA. The results of the agar diffusion test were analysed statistically using anova and Tukey's tests.ResultsCinnamomum zeylanicum, S. aromaticum and O. sanctum exhibited minimum bactericidal concentration at 10%, 10% and 40%, respectively. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, S. aromaticum, O. sanctum and NaOCl showed complete bacterial inhibition in planktonic form after exposure of 30, 15, 35 and 1 min, respectively. In BSA on cellulose nitrate membrane, NaOCl was associated with complete bacterial inhibition after contact of 2 min, whilst 10% C. zeylanicum, 10% S. aromaticum and 40% O. sanctum showed cessation of growth after 12, 12 and 24 h, respectively. The results of BSA on tooth model were similar except for O. sanctum, which was not included in the model.ConclusionCinnamomum zeylanicum, S. aromaticum and O. sanctum demonstrated antimicrobial activity against planktonic and biofilm forms of E. faecalis with C. zeylanicum and S. aromaticum having better antimicrobial efficacy than O. sanctum. NaOCl had superior antimicrobial efficacy amongst all the groups.
Automated digital cell morphology identification system (CellaVision DM96) is very useful for leukocyte differentials in specimens with qualitative or quantitative abnormalities
Authors: Park S. H. , Park C.‐J. , Choi M.‐O. , Kim M.‐J. , Cho Y.‐U. , Jang S. , Chi H.‐S. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryIntroductionThe CellaVision DM96 system (CellaVision AB, Lund, Sweden) was developed as one of the automated digital cell morphology analyzer for determining leukocyte differential counts in peripheral blood smears (PBS) and we evaluated this system.MethodsA total of 308 PB samples with abnormalities were analyzed in this study. For each sample, manual differential counts were performed by two independent technologists, and the CellaVision DM96 system was applied in duplicate. Correlations between the two methods and ability of this system to identify six abnormalities were assessed.ResultsThe correlation coefficients between two methods were consistently high, ranged from 0.864 to 0.992. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive values of this system for the identification of abnormalities were consistently high, especially for blasts (98.2%, 99.2%, 96.6%, 99.6%). When the instrument was ordered to count 300 or 500 cells from the operator, better performance was demonstrated than 100 cells in the leukopenic samples by sacrificing only 40 s/slide in average.ConclusionsThe CellaVision DM96 system is useful in the clinical laboratory providing comparative accuracy compared with manual counts in samples with abnormalities. In leukopenic samples, report quality can be improved by ordering to count 300 or 500 cells from the operator without severe prolongation of turnaround time.
Alternative care options and policy choices to support orphans: The case of Mozambique in the context of the SADC
Authors: Shibuya Tomoko , Taylor Viviene 
Published: January 2013

AbstractContextualizing the situation of orphans within the Southern African region and drawing on quantitative and qualitative field research, this article analyses care options and social protection policy for orphans in Mozambique, with its focus placed on children in orphan support centres. Seeking to offer new insights and greater understanding of the experiences of children in care and of the social protection available to them, the research highlights that orphaned children living in informal foster care arrangements are more likely to experience abuse, neglect and maltreatment than those living in non‐governmental care organizations. The research emphasizes the need for a more careful selection of foster families in which children are placed. Recommendations include the need to focus on capacity building and institutional reforms that provide social protection policies for orphaned children as part of an overall social protection floor. The monitoring and evaluation of organizations providing care to orphaned children is deemed a priority.
Hunting Effects on Favourable Conservation Status of Highly Inbred Swedish Wolves
Authors: LAIKRE LINDA , JANSSON MIJA , ALLENDORF FRED W. , JAKOBSSON SVEN , RYMAN NILS 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe wolf (Canis lupus) is classified as endangered in Sweden by the Swedish Species Information Centre, which is the official authority for threat classification. The present population, which was founded in the early 1980s, descends from 5 individuals. It is isolated and highly inbred, and on average individuals are more related than siblings. Hunts have been used by Swedish authorities during 2010 and 2011 to reduce the population size to its upper tolerable level of 210 wolves. European Union (EU) biodiversity legislation requires all member states to promote a concept called “favourable conservation status” (FCS) for a series of species including the wolf. Swedish national policy stipulates maintenance of viable populations with sufficient levels of genetic variation of all naturally occurring species. Hunting to reduce wolf numbers in Sweden is currently not in line with national and EU policy agreements and will make genetically based FCS criteria less achievable for this species. We suggest that to reach FCS for the wolf in Sweden the following criteria need to be met: (1) a well‐connected, large, subdivided wolf population over Scandinavia, Finland, and the Russian Karelia‐Kola region should be reestablished, (2) genetically effective size (Ne) of this population is in the minimum range of Ne = 500–1000, (3) Sweden harbors a part of this total population that substantially contributes to the total Ne and that is large enough to not be classified as threatened genetically or according to IUCN criteria, and (4) average inbreeding levels in the Swedish population are <0.1.Efectos de la Cacería sobre el Estatus de Conservación Favorable de Lobos Suecos con Endogamia Alta
BMI may underestimate the socioeconomic gradient in true obesity
Authors: van den Berg G. , van Eijsden M. , Vrijkotte T. G. M. , Gemke R. J. B. J. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryBackgroundBody mass index (BMI) does not make a distinction between fat mass and lean mass. In children, high fat mass appears to be associated with low maternal education, as well as low lean mass because maternal education is associated with physical activity. Therefore, BMI might underestimate true obesity in children of low‐educated mothers.ObjectiveTo investigate the associations of maternal education with fat mass index (FMI), lean mass index (LMI) and BMI.MethodsIn total, 1965 Dutch children from a prospective cohort, aged 5.7 years (standard deviation 0.5), had available data on body composition based on bioelectrical impedance analysis.ResultsMaternal education was not associated with BMI after adjustment for confounders. In contrast, children of low‐educated mothers had a higher FMI (β 0.28 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07; 0.49) and a lower LMI (β −0.18 95% CI −0.33; −0.03) compared with children of high‐educated mothers.ConclusionsThis suggests that BMI underestimates the educational gradient of childhood obesity.
Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. IX. Host plant and population specific epicuticular hydrocarbon expression influences mate choice and sexual selection
Authors: Havens J. A. , Etges W. J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSexual signals in cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis include cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), contact pheromones that mediate female discrimination of males during courtship. CHCs, along with male courtship songs, cause premating isolation between diverged populations, and are influenced by genotype × environment interactions caused by different host cacti. CHC profiles of mated and unmated adult flies from a Baja California and a mainland Mexico population of D. mojavensis reared on two host cacti were assayed to test the hypothesis that male CHCs mediate within‐population female discrimination of males. In multiple choice courtship trials, mated and unmated males differed in CHC profiles, indicating that females prefer males with particular blends of CHCs. Mated and unmated females significantly differed in CHC profiles as well. Adults in the choice trials had CHC profiles that were significantly different from those in pair‐mated adults from no‐choice trials revealing an influence of sexual selection. Females preferred different male CHC blends in each population, but the influence of host cactus on CHC variation was significant only in the mainland population indicating population‐specific plasticity in CHCs. Different groups of CHCs mediated female choice‐based sexual selection in each population suggesting that geographical and ecological divergence has the potential to promote divergence in mate communication systems.
The octadecaneuropeptide ODN prevents 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons through a PKC‐MAPK‐dependent pathway
Authors: Kaddour Hadhemi , Hamdi Yosra , Vaudry David , Basille Magalie , Desrues Laurence , Leprince Jérôme , Castel Hélène , Vaudry Hubert , Tonon Marie‐Christine , Amri Mohamed , Masmoudi‐Kouki Olfa 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOxidative stress, induced by various neurodegenerative diseases, initiates a cascade of events leading to apoptosis, and thus plays a critical role in neuronal injury. In this study, we have investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of the octadecaneuropeptide (ODN) on 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons (CGN). ODN, which is produced by astrocytes, is an endogenous ligand for both central‐type benzodiazepine receptors (CBR) and a metabotropic receptor. Incubation of neurons with subnanomolar concentrations of ODN (10−18 to 10−12 M) inhibited 6‐OHDA‐evoked cell death in a concentration‐dependent manner. The effect of ODN on neuronal survival was abrogated by the metabotropic receptor antagonist, cyclo1–8[DLeu5]OP, but not by a CBR antagonist. ODN stimulated polyphosphoinositide turnover and ERK phosphorylation in CGN. The protective effect of ODN against 6‐OHDA toxicity involved the phospholipase C/ERK MAPK transduction cascade. 6‐OHDA treatment induced an accumulation of reactive oxygen species, an increase of the expression of the pro‐apoptotic gene Bax, a drop of the mitochondrial membrane potential and a stimulation of caspase‐3 activity. Exposure of 6‐OHDA‐treated cells to ODN blocked all the deleterious effects of the toxin. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that ODN is a neuroprotective agent that prevents 6‐OHDA‐induced oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death.
Transporting newborns with transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Woods Patricia , Browning Carmo Kathryn , Wall Margaret , Berry Andrew 
Published: January 2013

AimsThe aim of the study was to examine the prevalence and management of outborn babies with a post‐natally confirmed diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) requiring transport by the Newborn and Paediatric Emergency Transport Service (NETS), New South Wales during the epoch 1991–2010.MethodA retrospective audit of NETS database and case notes. The physiological status, interventions and any complications encountered from the point of referral to NETS (pre‐transport), stabilisation (transport) and subsequent admission to the receiving hospital (post‐transport) were evaluated.ResultsOne hundred fifty‐seven infants with TGA were transported, with an average of eight per year (1:11 598 births). Seven (4%) had an antenatal diagnosis, and 72 (46%) had a post‐natal diagnosis prior to referral. Physiological and clinical parameters demonstrated overall clinical stability; however, 47% of the babies had a PaO2 <30 mmHg, and approximately one‐fifth had oxygen saturations <70%. Rates of mechanical ventilation and prostaglandin E1 administration were approximately 50%. A quarter of transported babies encountered a transport‐related event, including one death and two babies for which a decision was reached to forego life‐sustaining treatment at the referring hospital.ConclusionsMost newborns with TGA remain stable or improve during transport. There is a rate of adverse events; however, this reinforces the need to facilitate delivery where there is ready access to interventional paediatric cardiology services.
Size‐symmetric competition in a shade‐tolerant invasive plant
Authors: PAN Xiao‐Yun , WEINER Jacob , LI Bo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPlant responses to crowding have been investigated extensively in stands of light‐demanding species, but shade‐tolerant species may react differently. In the present study, we investigated the effect of density on the mortality, size inequality, and biomass allocation of Alternanthera philoxeroides, a shade‐tolerant invasive species. Stem fragments of A. philoxeroides were grown at either low or high densities (6 vs. 24 plants per pot) under three light levels (10%, 34%, and 100% full sun). After 8 weeks, survival was 31% lower in pots with a higher initial density. Both high density and low light levels reduced plant size substantially. Mean plant biomass ranged from 0.23 g in high‐density and low‐light pots to 4.41 g in low‐density and high‐light pots. There were no strong or significant effects of density or light level on size inequality of survivors. Most of the variation in allocation and morphology in response to light level and crowding were due to plant size and allometric growth, with little evidence of true plasticity. There was a small but significant increase in shoot allocation, in the direction predicted by optimal allocation theory, at low light levels. Our results show that intense competition need not be size asymmetric, and suggest that tolerance to low light levels involves a reduction in phenotypic plasticity. Responses of the invasive A. philoxeroides to crowding may be an example of an invasive plant's success in establishing dense stands of closely related individuals that are shade tolerant, cooperative, and follow a relatively fixed allometric trajectory with low plasticity.