bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roman Urbanism: A View from the Countryside
Authors: Taylor Jeremy 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThe towns of Roman Britain have been subject to a long tradition of empirical research and discussion, but far less attention has been paid to the landscape context in which they developed. This paper considers the implications of this caveat for our understanding of Roman urbanism and suggests that most previous approaches have internalized the study of towns as social institutions and have failed to give due weight to the role of local rural agency in influencing the character of urban development. In so doing, it is suggested that the potential role of other important and competing nodes of economic, political and religious life, such as forts, fortresses, vici and small towns as well as rural sanctuaries and other settlements, is also not given due consideration in discussing the distinctive character of urbanism in Roman Britain.
Cooking Pots and Islamicization in the Early Medieval Vega of Granada (Al‐Andalus, Sixth to Twelfth Centuries)
Authors: Carvajal Jose C. , Day Peter M. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryIn this paper we undertake a petrographic analysis of cooking wares in order to explore the relationship between cultural change and issues of production, consumption and distribution of cooking wares, and particularly between political authority and the location of workshops in the early Islamic Vega of Granada, a region in south‐eastern Spain. This work offers the possibility of testing the potential of thin section petrography in combination with a detailed archaeological study and a well‐documented historical background. Examination of both the technology and microprovenance of wares within the Vega has led to a fruitful set of results with an important impact on our understanding of the place of ceramic material culture on both the local and the regional scale.
Straight video blades are advantageous than curved blades in simulated pediatric difficult intubation
Authors: Saracoglu Kemal T. , Eti Zeynep , Kavas Ayse D. , Umuroglu Tumay 
Published: November 2013

SummaryBackgroundIt is still controversial which laryngoscope may be a better option in unanticipated difficult airway in pediatric patients. The aim of the present study was to compare two direct and two video‐assisted laryngoscope devices for the management of difficult pediatric airway.MethodsForty‐five anesthesiology residents and nurse anesthetists participated in the study. Macintosh, Miller, Storz Miller, and McGrath Mac curved laryngoscopes were used for tracheal intubation of 3–6‐month Airsim Pierre Robin manikin. We compared the duration of successful intubation, number of attempts, glottic view grades, severity of dental trauma, the use of optimization maneuvers, and the difficulty of use of the devices with straight and curved laryngoscope blades.ResultsSuccessful intubation duration was significantly lower in Storz Miller device, and the number of intubation attempts was significantly higher in the Macintosh laryngoscope (P < 0.01). According to the Cormack and Lehane classification, Grades 1 and 2 glottic view was 20% for Macintosh and 40% for Miller laryngoscope, while it was 100% for Storz Miller and 80% for McGrath (P < 0.001). Difficulty VAS scores of Storz Miller device were significantly lower than the scores of Macintosh, Miller, and McGrath laryngoscopes (15.7 ± 14.89, 34.7 ± 26.44, 31.5 ± 26.74, 33.4 ± 26.67 mm, respectively; P < 0.01).The severity of dental trauma was significantly lower in Storz Miller compared with Macintosh, Miller, and McGrath laryngoscopes (0.96 ± 1.04, 1.67 ± 1.15, 1.38 ± 1.05, 1.42 ± 1.27, respectively; P < 0.01).ConclusionStorz Miller laryngoscope was found to have advantages over the other laryngoscopes in regard to glottic view, duration of successful intubation, number of attempts, dental trauma severity, need for additional maneuvers, and ease of use.
Generalizing from Unrepresentative Experiments: A Stratified Propensity Score Approach
Authors: O'Muircheartaigh Colm , Hedges Larry V. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThe paper addresses means of generalizing from an experiment based on a non-probability sample to a population of interest and to subpopulations of interest, where information is available about relevant covariates in the whole population. Using stratification based on propensity score matching with an external populationwide data set, an estimator of the population average treatment effect is constructed. An example is presented in which the applicability of a major education intervention in a non-probability sample of schools in Texas, USA, is assessed for the state as a whole and for its constituent counties. The implications of the results are discussed for two important situations: how to use this methodology to establish where future experiments should be conducted to improve this generalization and how to construct a priori a strategy for experimentation which will maximize both the initial inferential power and the final inferential basis for a series of experiments.
Dental erosion due to GERD in patients with developmental disabilities: case theory
Authors: Rada Robert E. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common finding among individuals in our society. Unfortunately, the condition is even more prevalent in individuals with developmental disabilities. There are significant comorbidities that can affect the upper gastrointestinal tract. Erosion of tooth surfaces may be the first comorbidity that is detected in individuals unable to express physical discomfort associated with GERD. The dentist should be aware of these findings and able to refer the patient for medical management. In addition, an awareness of preventive regimens and restorative options is essential in maintaining a healthy dentition for these individuals.
A newHLA‐A*03null allele – A*03:162Ncaused by an exon 4 insertion and discovered during an external quality assessment exercise
Authors: Bengtsson M. , Street J. , Johnson J. , Harvey C. , Corbin S. , Darke C. 
Published: November 2013

HLA‐A*03:162Ndiffers fromA*03:01:01:01by an exon 4, 664‐665insCATGcausingE198AandA199X.
Analysis of UK river restoration using broad‐scale data sets
Authors: Smith Benjamin , Clifford Nicholas J. , Mant Jenny 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis paper uses data from the UK River Restoration Centre's National River Restoration Inventory (NRRI) and the UK Environment Agency's River Habitat Survey (RHS) to analyse the relationship between restoration technique and the physical catchment context in which they have been implemented. Specifically we tested the relationship between categories of restoration technique and energy conditions, the relationship between restoration project and degree of channel modification, and whether the associations between restoration and physical catchment attributes have changed over time. Significant associations between categories of restoration technique and catchment variables were found, with direct morphological interventions needed in lower energy conditions; however, the analysis shows no change over time. This work shows that analysis of existing data sets can provide useful information to support the science and practice of river restoration and suggests that further analysis of existing ecological and geomorphological data sets provides an important learning opportunity to strengthen river restoration.
The impact of wastewater irrigation on the chemical quality of groundwater
Authors: Paruch Adam M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to assess the groundwater impact of irrigation with industrial wastewater (baker's yeast wastewater, BYW) and to determine if agricultural reuse can be considered as an efficient wastewater treatment method. The impact of the irrigation and the status of the groundwater quality were determined using chemical parameters that are typical contaminants of BYW and characterise the content of total suspended solids (TSSs), organic matter (biochemical and chemical oxygen demands), nutrients (Norg, N‐NH4, N‐NO3, Ntotal, Ptotal and K), salts (Cl, SO4 and Na) and pH. The study revealed that BYW irrigation did not cause a significant increase in the content of these parameters in groundwater at a low water table region (WTR). However, at a high WTR, the irrigation had an extremely significant (P < 0.001) impact on the chemical status of groundwater that has been demonstrated by substantially high values of COD, N‐NH4, Cl, SO4 and Na.
Modelling the surface circulation and thermal structure of a tropical reservoir using three‐dimensional hydrodynamic lake model and remote‐sensing data
Authors: Curtarelli Marcelo Pedroso , Alcântara Enner , Rennó Camilo Daleles , Assireu Arcilan Trevenzoli , Bonnet Marie Paule , Stech José Luiz 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDiurnal variations in surface circulation, heat budget and thermal structure were investigated in a tropical reservoir using a synergistic approach that combines in situ observations, remote‐sensing data and numerical modelling. The study area, the Itumbiara Reservoir (Brazil) at the beginning of the austral winter, is characterized by the presence of a weak thermal stratification and the passage of several cold fronts. Both in situ observations and numerical modelling showed that the surface circulation is wind‐driven. The strongest water current was observed at 13:00 h, which lagged behind the strongest wind. The daily heat budget was negative during the period and was controlled by short‐wave radiation and latent heat flux. The diurnal cycle of stratification was at its maximum at 17:00 h, and the surface mixed layer deepens at night. The colder waters of the Paranaíba River contribute to the stability of the water column near the river‐reservoir transition zone.
Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacogenetic Analysis of Nevirapine in Hypersensitive and Tolerant HIV-Infected Patients from Malawi
Authors: Dickinson Laura , Chaponda Masautso , Carr Daniel F. , van Oosterhout Joep J. , Kumwenda Johnstone , Lalloo David G. , Pirmohamed Munir , Heyderman Robert S. , Khoo Saye H. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWe modeled nevirapine (NVP) pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected Malawian patients to assess the relationship between drug exposure and patient characteristics, genetic polymorphisms, and development of hypersensitivity reaction (HSR). One thousand one hundred seventeen patients were prospectively recruited and followed for 26 weeks with multiple or single serum samples obtained in a subset of patients for NVP quantification. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) withinCYP2B6andCYP3A4genes were typed. Nonlinear mixed effects modeling was utilized to assess the influence of patient characteristics and host genetics on NVP apparent oral clearance (CL/F) and to explore the relationship between NVP CL/F and HSR. Published haplotype distributions were used to simulate NVP concentrations in Caucasians versus Africans. One hundred eighty patients (101 female) were included in the model; 25 experienced HSR. No associations between patient demographics or HSR and NVP CL/F were evident. A significant relationship betweenCYP2B6c.983T>C andCYP2B6c.516G>T and NVP CL/F was observed (P< 0.01). NVP CL/F was reduced by 23% and 36% in patients withCYP2B6983TT/516TT and 983TC/516GG or GT, respectively, compared to the reference genotype. Simulated exposures suggested similar proportions (13 to 17%) of patients with subtherapeutic NVP among Caucasians and an African population. Influence ofCYP2B6polymorphisms on NVP CL/F in this population is in agreement with other reports. Our data indicate a lack of association between NVP exposure and HSR. Based on these data, dose optimization based solely on ethnicity (without individual gene testing) is unlikely to impact on risk of treatment failure or toxicity even in an African population with high carriage of poor metabolizer mutations.
Efficient B Cell Responses to Borrelia hermsii Infection Depend on BAFF and BAFFR but Not TACI
Authors: Dickinson Gregory S. , Sun Guizhi , Bram Richard J. , Alugupalli Kishore R. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT

T cell-independent antibody responses develop rapidly, within 3 to 4 days, and are critical for preventing blood-borne pathogens from evolving into life-threatening infections. The interaction of BAFF, also known as BLyS, with its receptors BAFFR and TACI on B cells is critical for B cell homeostasis and function. Using a synthetic polysaccharide antigen, it has previously been shown that TACI is critical for T cell-independent antibody responses. To examine the role of BAFFR and TACI in T cell-independent antibody responses to an active infection, we utilized the
Borrelia hermsii
infection system. In this infection system, T cell-independent responses mediated by the B1b cell subset are critical for controlling bacteremia. We found that B1b cells express BAFFR and TACI and that the surface expression of both receptors is upregulated on B1b cells following exposure to whole
B. hermsii
cells. Surprisingly, we found that TACI
−/−
mice are not impaired either in specific antibody responses to
B. hermsii
or in controlling
B. hermsii
bacteremia. In contrast, TACI-deficient mice immunized with heat-killed type 3 serotype pneumococcus cells are impaired in generating pneumococcal polysaccharide-specific responses and succumb to challenge with live type 3 serotype pneumococcus, indicating that TACI is required for T cell-independent antibody responses to bacterial-associated polysaccharides. Although we have found that TACI is dispensable for controlling
B. hermsii
infection, mice deficient in BAFFR or BAFF exhibit impairment in
B. hermsii
-specific IgM responses and clearance of bacteremia. Collectively, these data indicate a disparity in the roles for TACI and BAFFR in primary T cell-independent antibody responses to bacterial pathogens.
Protection from Clostridium difficile Infection in CD4 T Cell- and Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor-Deficient Mice
Authors: Johnston Pehga F. , Gerding Dale N. , Knight Katherine L. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT

Clostridium difficile
rivals methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
as the primary hospital-acquired infection.
C. difficile
infection (CDI) caused by toxins A and/or B can manifest as mild diarrhea to life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. Although most patients recover fully from CDI, ∼20% undergo recurrent disease. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between anti-toxin antibody (Ab) and decreased recurrence; however, the contributions of the systemic and mucosal Ab responses remain unclear. Our goal was to use the CDI mouse model to characterize the protective immune response to
C. difficile
. C57BL/6 mice infected with epidemic
C. difficile
strain BI17 developed protective immunity against CDI and did not develop CDI upon rechallenge; they generated systemic IgG and IgA as well as mucosal IgA Ab to toxin. To determine if protective immunity to
C. difficile
could be generated in immunodeficient individuals, we infected
CD4
−/−
mice and found that they generated both mucosal and serum IgA anti-toxin Abs and were protected from CDI upon rechallenge, with protection dependent on major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) expression; no IgG anti-toxin Ab was found. We found that protection was likely due to neutralizing mucosal IgA Ab. In contrast,
pIgR
−/−
mice, which lack the receptor to transcytose polymeric Ab across the epithelium, were also protected from CDI, suggesting that although mucosal anti-toxin Ab may contribute to protection, it is not required. We conclude that protection from CDI can occur by several mechanisms and that the mechanism of protection is determined by the state of immunocompetence of the host.
Subacromial impingement syndrome—effectiveness of physiotherapy and manual therapy
Authors: Gebremariam Lukas , Hay Elaine M , van der Sande Renske , Rinkel Willem D , Koes Bart W , Huisstede Bionka M A 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundThe subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS) includes the rotator cuff syndrome, tendonitis and bursitis of the shoulder. Treatment includes surgical and non-surgical modalities. Non-surgical treatment is used to reduce pain, to decrease the subacromial inflammation, to heal the compromised rotator cuff and to restore satisfactory function of the shoulder. To select the most appropriate non-surgical intervention and to identify gaps in scientific knowledge, we explored the effectiveness of the interventions used, concentrating on the effectiveness of physiotherapy and manual therapy.MethodsThe Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, PEDro and CINAHL were searched for relevant systematic reviews and randomised clinical trials (RCTs). Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality. A best-evidence synthesis was used to summarise the results.ResultsTwo reviews and 10 RCTs were included. One RCT studied manual therapy as an add-on therapy to self-training. All other studies studied the effect of physiotherapy: effectiveness of exercise therapy, mobilisation as an add-on therapy to exercises, ultrasound, laser and pulsed electromagnetic field. Moderate evidence was found for the effectiveness of hyperthermia compared to exercise therapy or ultrasound in the short term. Hyperthermia and exercise therapy were more effective in comparison to controls or placebo in the short term (moderate evidence). For the effectiveness of hyperthermia, no midterm or long-term results were studied. In the midterm, exercise therapy gave the best results (moderate evidence) compared to placebo or controls. For other interventions, conflicting, limited or no evidence was found.ConclusionsSome physiotherapeutic treatments seem to be promising (moderate evidence) to treat SIS, but more research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.
Trends in serum lipids among 5th grade CARDIAC participants, 2002–2012
Authors: Lilly Christa L , Gebremariam Yohannes Daffo , Cottrell Lesley , John Collin , Neal William 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundStudies have shown that serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL-C) have recently declined in the USA among adult and child populations despite high obesity prevalence rates. The purpose of this study was to assess whether there was a significant linear decrease in LDL-C and non-HDL-C, but not Body Mass Index (BMI) percentile among a cross-sectional, large, homogenous cohort with consistent methodology over the past decade.MethodsA total of 47 198 children, mostly between 10 and 11 years old, participating between 2002 and 2012 were examined to assess trends in serum lipid concentration and BMI percentile.ResultsFor LDL-C, year of screening was significant (p<0.0001) even with the inclusion of gender, age and BMI (all p<0.0001). For non-HDL-C, year of screening was also significant (p<0.0001), even with the inclusion of gender (p=0.0445), age (p<0.0001), BMI (p<0.0001) and systolic blood pressure (p=0.0021). Although some non-linear trends were also significant (eg, a quartic trend, p<0.001), the linear trend provided the best fit for both cholesterol models. By comparison, we noted general maintenance of BMI percentile over time.ConclusionsBetween 2002 and 2012, among 5th grade Appalachian children, there was a consistent linear decrease in LDL-C and non-HDL-C despite continued high prevalence rates of obesity, diabetes and hypertension. The improvement in LDL-C and non-HDL-C could be due to multifactorial causes.
The study of stone for conservation purposes: Lecce stone (southern Italy)
Authors: Calia Angela , Laurenzi Tabasso Marisa , Maria Mecchi Anna , Quarta Giovanni 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Lecce stone is a fine bio-calcarenite, widely used in the Salento region (southern Italy) as a constituent material of the large-scale built cultural heritage. This stone is affected by serious deterioration problems, such as alveolization and biological attack. The extensive conservation work carried out over the last few decades has promoted large-scale studies of various aspects related to the stone's characteristics, its resources, and associated decay and conservation problems.
The paper reviews the main features of ‘Lecce stone’, addressing the following points: distribution of the quarries, including quarrying and carving techniques; mineralogical–petrographical and physical–mechanical characteristics of the extracted materials; use of the stone from antiquity until modern times; morphology of decay and, most importantly, decay factors; conservation treatments (products, tools and techniques), with particular reference to case studies of Baroque monuments; and systematic monitoring of monuments treated in the last 20 years. Given the wide spectrum of activities conducted in connection with Lecce monuments, and the stone from which they are built, they may be regarded as a suitable model for the study and management of monumental heritage in terms of its preservation.
Health Mashups
Authors: Bentley Frank , Tollmar Konrad , Stephenson Peter , Levy Laura , Jones Brian , Robertson Scott , Price Ed , Catrambone Richard , Wilson Jeff 
Published: November 2013

People now have access to many sources of data about their health and wellbeing. Yet, most people cannot wade through all of this data to answer basic questions about their long-term wellbeing: Do I gain weight when I have busy days? Do I walk more when I work in the city? Do I sleep better on nights after I work out?
We built the Health Mashups system to identify connections that are significant over time between weight, sleep, step count, calendar data, location, weather, pain, food intake, and mood. These significant observations are displayed in a mobile application using natural language, for example, “You are happier on days when you sleep more.” We performed a pilot study, made improvements to the system, and then conducted a 90-day trial with 60 diverse participants, learning that interactions between wellbeing and context are highly individual and that our system supported an increased self-understanding that lead to focused behavior changes.
D538G Mutation in Estrogen Receptor-α: A Novel Mechanism for Acquired Endocrine Resistance in Breast Cancer
Authors: Merenbakh-Lamin Keren , Ben-Baruch Noa , Yeheskel Adva , Dvir Addie , Soussan-Gutman Lior , Jeselsohn Rinath , Yelensky Roman , Brown Myles , Miller Vincent A. , Sarid David , Rizel Shulamith , Klein Baruch , Rubinek Tami , Wolf Ido 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Resistance to endocrine therapy occurs in virtually all patients with estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive metastatic breast cancer, and is attributed to various mechanisms including loss of ERα expression, altered activity of coregulators, and cross-talk between the ERα and growth factor signaling pathways. To our knowledge, acquired mutations of the ERα have not been described as mediating endocrine resistance. Samples of 13 patients with metastatic breast cancer were analyzed for mutations in cancer-related genes. In five patients who developed resistance to hormonal therapy, a mutation of A to G at position 1,613 of ERα, resulting in a substitution of aspartic acid at position 538 to glycine (D538G), was identified in liver metastases. Importantly, the mutation was not detected in the primary tumors obtained prior to endocrine treatment. Structural modeling indicated that D538G substitution leads to a conformational change in the ligand-binding domain, which mimics the conformation of activated ligand-bound receptor and alters binding of tamoxifen. Indeed, experiments in breast cancer cells indicated constitutive, ligand-independent transcriptional activity of the D538G receptor, and overexpression of it enhanced proliferation and conferred resistance to tamoxifen. These data indicate a novel mechanism of acquired endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Further studies are needed to assess the frequency of D538G-ERα among patients with breast cancer and explore ways to inhibit its activity and restore endocrine sensitivity. Cancer Res; 73(23); 6856–64. ©2013 AACR.