bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification, comparison, and functional analysis of salivary phenol‐oxidizing enzymes in Bemisia tabaci B and Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Authors: Peng Lu , Yan Ying , Yang Chun Hong , De Barro Paul J. , Wan Fang Hao 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe differences in the ability of the invading whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (commonly known as biotype B and hereafter as B) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (both Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to utilize salivary phenol‐oxidizing enzymes – polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) to detoxify plant defensive phenolic compounds were explored. Polyphenol oxidase and POD were found in the saliva of both B and T. vaporariorum. For tomato colonies, the PPO and POD activities in the watery saliva of B were 2.27‐ and 1.34‐fold higher than those of T. vaporariorum. The PPO activities against specific phenolic compounds commonly found in plants were compared. The activities of those from B were significantly greater than those from T. vaporariorum. We also measured PPO activity in both species after they had fed on plants that were undamaged or had been previously damaged with either a plant pathogen [Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary (Peronosporales)] infection, mechanical damage, B infestation, or exogenous salicylic acid. For B, PPO activities in watery saliva increased 229, 184, 152, and 139% in response to the four treatments, whereas those of T. vaporariorum only increased 133, 119, 113, and 103%, respectively. Biotype B infestation significantly increased the total phenolic content of tomato leaves. Meanwhile, feeding on tomato infestation with B had no significant effect on the survival rate of B, but decreased the survival rate of T. vaporariorum significantly. These results suggest that B has stronger ability utilizing PPO to detoxify high concentrations of phenolics than T. vaporariorum, and this contributes to a significant advantage for B to hold high fitness on plants with induced resistance. Possible roles of salivary PPO in the competition between B and T. vaporariorum are discussed.
Performance and prospects of Rag genes for management of soybean aphid
Authors: Hesler Louis S. , Chiozza Mariana V. , O'Neal Matthew E. , MacIntosh Gustavo C. , Tilmon Kelley J. , Chandrasena Desmi I. , Tinsley Nicholas A. , Cianzio Silvia R. , Costamagna Alejandro C. , Cullen Eileen M. , DiFonzo Christina D. , Potter Bruce D. , Ragsdale David W. , Steffey Kevin , Koehler Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an invasive insect pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae)] in North America, and it has led to extensive insecticide use in northern soybean‐growing regions there. Host plant resistance is one potential alternative strategy for managing soybean aphid. Several Rag genes that show antibiosis and antixenosis to soybean aphid have been recently identified in soybean, and field‐testing and commercial release of resistant soybean lines have followed. In this article, we review results of field tests with soybean lines containing Rag genes in North America, then present results from a coordinated regional test across several field sites in the north‐central USA, and finally discuss prospects for use of Rag genes to manage soybean aphids. Field tests conducted independently at multiple sites showed that soybean aphid populations peaked in late summer on lines with Rag1 or Rag2 and reached economically injurious levels on susceptible lines, whereas lines with a pyramid of Rag1 + Rag2 held soybean aphid populations below economic levels. In the regional test, aphid populations were generally suppressed by lines containing one of the Rag genes. Aphids reached putative economic levels on Rag1 lines for some site years, but yield loss was moderated, indicating that Rag1 may confer tolerance to soybean aphid in addition to antibiosis and antixenosis. Moreover, no yield penalty has been found for lines with Rag1, Rag2, or pyramids. Results suggest that use of aphid‐resistant soybean lines with Rag genes may be viable for managing soybean aphids. However, virulent biotypes of soybean aphid were identified before release of aphid‐resistant soybean, and thus a strategy for optimal deployment of aphid‐resistant soybean is needed to ensure sustainability of this technology.
Human Drg1 is a potassium‐dependent GTPase enhanced by Lerepo4
Authors: Pérez‐Arellano Isabel , Spínola‐Amilibia Mercedes , Bravo Jerónimo 
Published: May 2013

Human Drg1, a guanine nucleotide binding protein conserved in archaea and eukaryotes, is regulated by Lerepo4. Together they form a complex which interacts with translating ribosomes. Here we have purified and characterized the GTPase activity of Drg1 and three variants, a shortened mutant depleted of the TGS domain, a phosphomimicking mutant and a construct with the two combined mutations. Our data reveal that potassium strongly stimulates the GTPase activity, without changing the monomeric status of Drg1 and that this activity is notably reduced in the mutants. The nature of Lerepo4 association has also been investigated. Dissecting the role of the different domains revealed that Dfrp domain is the sole responsible for the Drg1 increase in thermal stability and the four fold stimulation over its catalytic activity. Lerepo4 action leaves Drg1 affinity for nucleotides unaffected, feasibly favoring a switch I reorientation, mainly via the TGS domain. Drg1 displayed a high temperature optimum of activity at 42°C, suggesting the ability of being active under possible heat stress conditions.Structured digital abstract

Drg1 and Drg1 bind by molecular sieving (View Interaction: 1, 2)
Rapamycin unbalances the polarization of human macrophages to M1
Authors: Mercalli Alessia , Calavita Ines , Dugnani Erica , Citro Antonio , Cantarelli Elisa , Nano Rita , Melzi Raffaella , Maffi Paola , Secchi Antonio , Sordi Valeria , Piemonti Lorenzo 
Published: May 2013

SummaryPlasticity is a hallmark of macrophages, and in response to environmental signals these cells undergo different forms of polarized activation, the extremes of which are called classic (M1) and alternative (M2). Rapamycin (RAPA) is crucial for survival and functions of myeloid phagocytes, but its effects on macrophage polarization are not yet studied. To address this issue, human macrophages obtained from six normal blood donors were polarized to M1 or M2 in vitro by lipopolysaccharide plus interferon‐γ or interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), respectively. The presence of RAPA (10 ng/ml) induced macrophage apoptosis in M2 but not in M1. Beyond the impact on survival in M2, RAPA reduced CXCR4, CD206 and CD209 expression and stem cell growth factor‐β, CCL18 and CCL13 release. In contrast, in M1 RAPA increased CD86 and CCR7 expression and IL‐6, tumour necrosis factor‐α and IL‐1β release but reduced CD206 and CD209 expression and IL‐10, vascular endothelial growth factor and CCL18 release. In view of the in vitro data, we examined the in vivo effect of RAPA monotherapy (0·1 mg/kg/day) in 12 patients who were treated for at least 1 month before islet transplant. Cytokine release by Toll‐like receptor 4‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a clear shift to an M1‐like profile. Moreover, macrophage polarization 21 days after treatment showed a significant quantitative shift to M1. These results suggest a role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) into the molecular mechanisms of macrophage polarization and propose new therapeutic strategies for human M2‐related diseases through mTOR inhibitor treatment.
Zirconium Incorporation into CaTiO3 Perovskite Prepared from Xerogels and Implication for the Fate of (Ca,Sr)TiO3 Nuclear Waste Ceramics
Authors: Navi Nissim U. , Kimmel Giora , Yardeni Guy , Zabicky Jacob , Shneck Roni Z. , Mintz Moshe H. , Navrotsky Alexandra 
Published: May 2013

CaTiO3 perovskite has been proposed as a ceramic waste form for immobilization of 90Sr. Nonradioactive coprecipitated xerogel powders with nominal atomic ratios of Ca:Zr:Ti = 0.75:0.25:1.00 were synthesized to mimic the fate of (Ca0.7590Sr0.25)TiO3 solid solution after complete decay of the Sr and its intermediate product Y to stable Zr when an excess B4+ (Ti and 90Zr) cations will present. Ca:Ti = 1.00:1.00 samples were used as a reference. The powders were heated to various conditions to explore the thermodynamic stability of its oxides. The heated Ca:Zr:Ti = 0.75:0.25:1.00 samples formed a major orthorhombic Ca(Zr1−xTix)O3 perovskite phase. The Ti/(Ti + Zr) ratio of the perovskite preserves its nominal ratio at 600°C. The Zr rejects from the Ca(Zr1−xTix)O3 with further increasing the temperature, following the formation of Ca–Ti–Zr–O secondary phases. This study indicates a tendency of the Zr to segregate from an original (Ca,Sr)TiO3 waste form when the stoichiometry is controlled by the conversion of Sr to Zr (in normal oxidation states).
Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties in Cu‐Doped c‐Axis‐Oriented Ca3Co4O9+δ Thin Films
Authors: Wei Renhuai , Jian Hongbin , Tang Xianwu , Yang Jie , Hu Ling , Chen Li , Dai Jianming , Zhu Xuebin , Sun Yuping 
Published: May 2013

Highly c‐axis‐oriented Ca3Co4−xCuxO9+δ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) thin films were prepared by chemical solution deposition on LaAlO3 (001) single‐crystal substrates. X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electronic microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectrums were used to characterize the derived thin films. The solubility limit of Cu was found to be less than 0.2, above which [Ca2(Co0.65Cu0.35)2O4]0.624CoO2 with quadruplicated rock‐salt layers was observed. The electrical resistivity decreased monotonously with increasing Cu‐doping content when x ≤ 0.2, and then slightly increased with further Cu doping. The Seebeck coefficient was enhanced from ~100 μV/K for the undoped thin film to ~120 μV/K for the Cu‐doped thin films. The power factor was enhanced for about two times at room temperature by Cu doping, suggesting that Cu‐doped Ca3Co4O9+δ thin films could be a promising candidate for thermoelectric applications.
Experimental evidence for trait utility of gill raker number in adaptive radiation of a north temperate fish
Authors: Roesch C. , Lundsgaard‐Hansen B. , Vonlanthen P. , Taverna A. , Seehausen O. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractNorth temperate fish in post‐glacial lakes are textbook examples for rapid parallel adaptive radiation into multiple trophic specialists within individual lakes. Speciation repeatedly proceeded along the benthic–limnetic habitat axis, and benthic–limnetic sister species diverge in the number of gill rakers. Yet, the utility of different numbers of gill rakers for consuming benthic vs. limnetic food has only very rarely been experimentally demonstrated. We bred and raised families of a benthic–limnetic species pair of whitefish under common garden conditions to test whether these species (i) show heritable differentiation in feeding efficiency on zooplankton, and (ii) whether variation in feeding efficiency is predicted by variation in gill raker numbers. We used zooplankton of three different size classes to investigate prey size dependency of divergence in feeding efficiency and to investigate the effect strength of variation in the number of gill rakers. Our results show strong interspecific differences in feeding efficiency. These differences are largest when fish were tested with the smallest zooplankton. Importantly, feeding efficiency is significantly positively correlated with the number of gill rakers when using small zooplankton, also when species identity is statistically controlled for. Our results support the hypothesis that a larger number of gill rakers are of adaptive significance for feeding on zooplankton and provide one of the first experimental demonstrations of trait utility of gill raker number when fish feed on zooplankton. These results are consistent with the suggested importance of divergent selection driven feeding adaptation during adaptive radiation of fish in post‐glacial lakes.
The influence of gluten on clinical and immunological status of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Kuehnel Friederike , Mietsch Matthias , Buettner Thomas , Vervuert Ingrid , Ababneh Rayan , Einspanier Almuth 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundCommon marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are susceptible to gastrointestinal diseases. Sensitivity to nutritional elements, for example gluten, has been suggested, but a serological screening has not been performed yet.MethodsA gluten‐containing diet was offered to 24 animals, followed by a gluten‐free diet. During these diets, serum IgA antibodies to gliadin (AGA), tissue transglutaminase (tTG), deamidated gliadin (ADGA), and glycoprotein 2 (AGP2A) were determined. Body weight, diarrhea, and other clinical symptoms were recorded.ResultsGluten increased AGA, tTG, and AGP2A concentrations in 13 of 24 animals. A significant decline of AGA and AGP2A was seen on gluten withdrawal. Positive (AGA, tTG) animals presented diarrhea more frequently on gluten‐containing diet and showed significantly increased body weight on gluten‐free diet compared to negative animals.ConclusionGluten ingestion caused gastrointestinal symptoms in common marmosets, which disappeared on gluten withdrawal. Considering the immunological response to both diets, gluten sensitivity seems to be most likely.
Neuroprotective effects of donepezil against Aβ42‐induced neuronal toxicity are mediated through not only enhancing PP2A activity but also regulating GSK‐3β and nAChRs activity
Authors: Noh Min‐Young , Koh Seong H. , Kim Sung‐Min , Maurice Tangui , Ku Sae‐Kwang , Kim Seung H. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe main purpose of this study was to evaluate whether donepezil, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, shown to play a protective role through inhibiting glycogen synthesis kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) activity, could also exert neuroprotective effects by stimulating protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity in the amyloid‐beta (Aβ)42‐induced neuronal toxicity model of Alzheimer's disease. In Aβ42‐induced toxic conditions, each PP2A and GSK‐3β activity measured at different times showed time‐dependent reverse pattern toward the direction of accelerating neuronal deaths with the passage of time. In addition, donepezil pre‐treatment showed dose‐dependent stepwise increase of neuronal viability and stimulation of PP2A activity. However, such effects on them were significantly reduced through the depletion of PP2A activity with either okadaic acid or PP2Ac siRNA. In spite of blocked PP2A activity in this Aβ42 insult, however, donepezil pretreatment showed additional significant recovering effect on neuronal viability when compared to the value without donepezil. Moreover, donepezil partially recovered its dephosphorylating effect on hyperphosphorylated tau induced by Aβ42. This observation led us to assume that additional mechanisms of donepezil, including its inhibitory effect on GSK‐3β activity and/or the activation role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), might be involved. Taken together, our results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of donepezil against Aβ42‐induced neurotoxicity are mediated through activation of PP2A, but its additional mechanisms including regulation of GSK‐3β and nAChRs activity would partially contribute to its effects.
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We investigated neuroprotective mechanisms of donepezil against Aβ42 toxicity: Donepezil increased neuronal viability with reduced p‐tau by enhancing PP2A activity. Despite of blocked PP2A activity, donepezil showed additional recovering effect on neuronal viability, which findings led us to assume that additional mechanisms of donepezil including its inhibitory effect on GSK‐3β activity and activating role of nicotinic AChRs might be involved.
NativeSTIM2 andORAI1 proteins form a calcium‐sensitive and thapsigargin‐insensitive complex in cortical neurons
Authors: Gruszczynska‐Biegala Joanna , Kuznicki Jacek 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn non‐excitatory cells, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) andSTIM2 mediate store‐operated calcium entryviaan interaction withORAI1 calcium channels. However, in neurons,STIM2 over‐expression appears to play a role in calcium homeostasis that is different fromSTIM1 over‐expression. The aim of this study was to establish the role and localization of nativeSTIM2 in the neuronal cell. Co‐immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the interaction between endogenousSTIM2 andORAI1 was greater in a low‐calcium medium than in a high‐calcium medium. Using a Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA), the number of apparent complexes of endogenousSTIM2 withORAI1 was quantified. No change in the number ofPLAsignals was observed in the presence of thapsigargin, which depletes calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the number of apparentSTIM2‐ORAI1 complexes increased when intracellular and subsequentlyERcalcium concentrations were decreased byBAPTA‐AMor a low‐calcium medium. Both Fura‐2 acetoxymethyl ester calcium imaging andPLAin the same neuronal cell indicated that the calcium responses correlated strongly with the number of endogenousSTIM2‐ORAI1 complexes. The small drop in calcium levels in theERcaused by decreased intracellular calcium levels appeared to initiate the calcium‐sensitive and thapsigargin‐insensitive interaction betweenSTIM2 andORAI1.imageWe show in neuronal somata the formation of endogenous complexes of stromal interaction molecule 2 (STIM2) with ORAI1 calcium channels. Their number increased when intracellular Ca2+concentrations were decreased by the Ca2+chelator BAPTA‐AM or a low‐calcium medium (EGTA), but did not in the presence of thapsigargin (TG). We conclude that the small drop of Ca2+level in endoplasmic reticulum, due to the decreased level of intracellular Ca2+, is sufficient to trigger STIM2‐ORAI1 complex formation in a thapsigargin‐insensitive manner.
Northern Adriatic phytoplankton response to short Po River discharge pulses during summer stratified conditions
Authors: Vilicic Damir , Kuzmic Milivoj , Tomažić Igor , Ljubešić Zrinka , Bosak Sunčica , Precali Robert , Djakovac Tamara , Marić Danijela , Godrijan Jelena 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA 275‐km‐long transversel Northern Adriatic profile from the mouth of the Po River (Italian Adriatic coast) to the Kvarner region (Croatian coastal island area) was investigated in three successive case studies in August 2008, 2009 and 2010. The short Po River pulses in August result in the surface advection of riverine water, nutrients and phytoplankton from the western to the eastern side of the Adriatic. This surface spreading exhibits inter‐annual variability depending on the riverine discharge in the preceding period. The Po River discharge pulse in August 2010 in particular resulted in an extraordinary tongue‐like advection of riverine water, nutrients, and phytoplankton towards the Eastern Adriatic coast. The phenomenon was detected using both satellite imagery and classical oceanographic measurements. In the advective water, toxic dinoflagellates were most abundant in August 2010, when the influence of the Po was greatest.
Divergent evolutionary histories of two sympatric spruce bark beetle species
Authors: Bertheau Coralie , Schuler Hannes , Arthofer Wolfgang , Avtzis Dimitrios N. , Mayer François , Krumböck Susanne , Moodley Yoshan , Stauffer Christian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIps typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus are two sympatric Palearctic bark beetle species with wide distribution ranges. As both species are comparable in biology, life history, and habitat, including sharing the same host, Picea abies, they provide excellent models for applying a comparative approach in which to identify common historical patterns of population differentiation and the influence of species‐specific ecological characteristics. We analysed patterns of genetic diversity, genetic structure and demographic history of ten I. typographus and P. chalcographus populations co‐distributed across Europe using both COI and ITS2 markers. Rather than similarities, our results revealed striking differences. Ips typographus was characterised by low genetic diversity, shallow population structure and strong evidence that all extant haplogroups arose via a single Holocene population expansion event. In contrast, genetic variation and structuring were high in P. chalcographus indicating a longer and more complex evolutionary history. This was estimated to be five times older than I. typographus, beginning during the last Pleistocene glacial maximum over 100 000 years ago. Although the expansions of P. chalcographus haplogroups also date to the Holocene or just prior to its onset, we show that these occurred from at least three geographically separated glacial refugia. Overall, these results suggest that the much longer evolutionary history of P. chalcographus greatly influenced the levels of phylogeographic subdivision among lineages and may have led to the evolution of different life‐history traits which in turn have affected genetic structure and resulted in an advantage over the more aggressive I. typographus.
Extreme genetic mixing within colonies of the wood‐dwelling termiteKalotermes flavicollis(Isoptera,Kalotermitidae)
Authors: Luchetti A. , Dedeine F. , Velonà A. , Mantovani B. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe existence of altruism in social insects is commonly attributed to altruistic individuals gaining indirect fitness through kin selection. However, recent studies suggest that such individuals might also gain direct fitness through reproduction. Experimental studies on primitive wood‐dwelling termites revealed that colony fusion often causes the death of primary reproductives (queen and king), allowing opportunities for workers to inherit the nest by developing into replacement reproductives (neotenics). Therefore, colony fusion has been proposed as an important factor that may have favoured sociality in termites. However, whether colony fusion occurs frequently in natural populations of wood‐dwelling termites remains an open question. We analysed eleven colonies of the wood‐dwelling termiteKalotermes flavicollis(Kalotermitidae), using two mitochondrial and five nuclear microsatellite markers. Nine of eleven colonies (82%) were mixed families, with offspring of three or more primary reproductives. To our knowledge, this result represents the highest frequency of mixed‐family colonies ever reported in termites. Moreover, genetic mixing of colonies appeared extreme in two ways. First, the number of haplotypes per colony was exceptionally high (up to nine), indicating that colonies were composed of multiple queens' offspring. Second, some mixed‐family colonies included individuals belonging to two highly divergent genetic lineages.F‐statistics and relatedness values suggest that mixed‐family colonies most likely result from colony fusion, giving support to the accelerated nest inheritance theory. These findings raise important questions about the mode of foundation of mixed‐family colonies and the evolutionary forces that maintain them within populations.