bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Resolution Simulations of Decadal Climate Variability Impacts on Water Yield in the Missouri River Basin with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)
Authors: Mehta Vikram M. , Mendoza Katherin , Daggupati Prasad , Srinivasan Raghavan , Rosenberg Norman J. , Deb Debjani 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT
The Missouri River basin (MRB) is the largest river basin in the United States and is one of the most important agricultural regions in the world. Three decadal climate variability (DCV) phenomena—the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) gradient variability (TAG), and the west Pacific warm pool SST variability (WPWP)—substantially influence hydrometeorology in the MRB. The authors report on a simulation study with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to estimate impacts on water availability in response to realistic values of PDO, TAG, and WPWP indices in approximately 13 500 hydrologic unit areas covering the MRB. SWAT, driven by hydrometeorological anomalies associated with positive and negative phases of PDO and TAG, indicated major impacts on water yields and streamflows, as much as ±40% of the average in many locations. Impacts of the WPWP index were smaller. Consistent with observations during 1949–2010, SWAT showed water flow increases of as much as 80% of the average, causing very wet periods when the positive phase of the PDO and the negative phase of the TAG at extreme amplitudes were superposed. Water flows decreased by a similar amount, resulting in severe to extreme droughts when the negative phase of the PDO and the positive phase of the TAG at extreme amplitudes were superposed. Thus, the combined and cumulative effects of these DCV phenomena on water flows, droughts, and wet periods in the MRB can be dramatic, with important consequences for all water-consuming sectors as well as for feedbacks to the climate system.
Using Densely Distributed Soil Moisture Observations for Calibration of a Hydrologic Model
Authors: Thorstensen Andrea , Nguyen Phu , Hsu Kuolin , Sorooshian Soroosh 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Calibration is a crucial step in hydrologic modeling that is typically handled by tuning parameters to match an observed hydrograph. In this research, an alternative calibration scheme based on soil moisture was investigated as a means of identifying the potentially heterogeneous calibration needs of a distributed hydrologic model. The National Weather Service’s (NWS) Hydrology Laboratory Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM) was employed to carry out such a calibration, along with concentrated in situ soil moisture observations from the Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) field campaign in Iowa’s Turkey River basin. Synthetic, single-pixel experiments were conducted in order to identify parameters relevant to soil moisture dynamics and to test the ability of three calibration procedures (discharge, soil moisture, and hybrid based) to recapture prescribed parameter sets. It was found that three storage parameters of HL-RDHM could be consistently identified using soil moisture RMSE as the objective function and that the addition of discharge-based calibration led to more consistent parameter identification for all 11 storage and release parameters. Expanding to full-basin experiments, these three calibration procedures were applied following an investigation to find the most advantageous method of distributing the point-based calibrations carried out at each pixel collocated with an IFloodS observation site. A method based on pixel similarity was deemed most appropriate for this purpose. Additionally, streamflow simulations calibrated with soil moisture showed improvement in RMSE and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) for all calibration–validation events despite a short calibration period, a promising result when considering calibration of ungauged basins. However, supplementary evaluation metrics show mixed results for streamflow simulations, suggesting further investigation is required.
On Galerkin Approximations of the Surface Active Quasigeostrophic Equations
Authors: Rocha Cesar B. , Young William R. , Grooms Ian 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis study investigates the representation of solutions of the three-dimensional quasigeostrophic (QG) equations using Galerkin series with standard vertical modes, with particular attention to the incorporation of active surface buoyancy dynamics. This study extends two existing Galerkin approaches (A and B) and develops a new Galerkin approximation (C). Approximation A, due to Flierl, represents the streamfunction as a truncated Galerkin series and defines the potential vorticity (PV) that satisfies the inversion problem exactly. Approximation B, due to Tulloch and Smith, represents the PV as a truncated Galerkin series and calculates the streamfunction that satisfies the inversion problem exactly. Approximation C, the true Galerkin approximation for the QG equations, represents both streamfunction and PV as truncated Galerkin series but does not satisfy the inversion equation exactly. The three approximations are fundamentally different unless the boundaries are isopycnal surfaces. The authors discuss the advantages and limitations of approximations A, B, and C in terms of mathematical rigor and conservation laws and illustrate their relative efficiency by solving linear stability problems with nonzero surface buoyancy. With moderate number of modes, B and C have superior accuracy than A at high wavenumbers. Because B lacks the conservation of energy, this study recommends approximation C for constructing solutions to the surface active QG equations using the Galerkin series with standard vertical modes.
Prognostic Relevance of Mucosal Waves in Patients With Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis
Authors: Reiter Rudolf , Pickhard Anja , Sander Sylvia , Brosch Sibylle 
Published: November 2015

Objectives: To analyze the prognostic relevance of mucosal waves (MWs) for recovery of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVP). Methods: The charts and stroboscopic examinations of 100 consecutive patients with a complete UVP were reviewed retrospectively. All had a minimal (estimated <3 mm) mucosal gap on stroboscopy. A positive or negative MW on the paralyzed vocal fold was associated with complete recovery to full adduction and abduction. All patients were followed for at least 12 months. Results: Causes of the paralysis were iatrogenic/traumatic (n = 82), malignancy associated (n = 10), and idiopathic (n = 8). In patients with positive MW at diagnosis (n = 80), the chance of recovery of unilateral vocal fold paralysis was 91.25%, whereas the chance of recovery with a negative mucosal wave (n = 20) was only 10%. Conclusion: Positive MWs in stroboscopy are a predictor for recovery of (iatrogenic/traumatic) unilateral vocal fold paralysis and should be used in routine diagnostic assessment.
Nasal and Tracheal Microbial Colonization in Laryngectomized Patients
Authors: Riva Giuseppe , Garzaro Massimiliano , Zaccaria Teresa , Peruzzetto Daniela , Cipriani Raffaella , Salonia Laura , Raimondo Luca , Boita Monica , Pecorari Giancarlo 
Published: November 2015

Objective: Complete separation of upper and lower respiratory tract after total laryngectomy results in loss of physiological nasal functions and presence of “unconditioned” inspired air in lower airways. Aim of this study is evaluating the presence of a microbial colonization of nasal cavities and trachea in laryngectomized long-term survivors. Methods: Twenty-five laryngectomized patients underwent symptoms’ anamnestic evaluation, endoscopic fiber optic nasal and tracheal examination, specimen collection for microbiological exam, and culture. Enrolled patients had at least a 2-year follow-up period in order to evaluate long-term microflora. Results: Gram positive polimicrobic flora represented the main finding in nasal cavities and trachea (92% and 48% of patients, respectively). Other bacteria were non-fermenters Gram negative bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus. The same microflora was demonstrated in nasal cavity and trachea in 5 patients (20%), while sterile nasal cavity and trachea were seen in 3 (12%) and 4 (16%) cases, respectively. No fungi were observed in nasal cavity and trachea. Conclusion: Nasal cavities and trachea of laryngectomized patients are colonized by nonpathogenic and/or potentially pathogenic bacteria, in absence of signs and symptoms of infection. Colonizer microflora should be kept in mind when a culture from nasal or tracheal swabs is needed in daily practice.
External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve Mediated Glottic Closing Force in the Porcine Model
Authors: Folk David , Paskhover Boris , Wadie Mikhail , Wahba Basim , Sasaki Clarence T. 
Published: November 2015

Objectives: Based on our laboratory’s newly confirmed motor pathway for glottic closure, we measured the glottic closing force (GCF) during isolated stimulation of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (eSLN) in the porcine model. Glottic closure is 1 of the primary mechanisms for prevention of aspiration during deglutition. Methods: The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and eSLN were identified bilaterally in 4 porcine necks. Subsequently, GCF was measured with a pressure transducer as the distal ends of individual nerves were stimulated in 4 animals. The RLN mediated GCF was measured first, followed by isolated eSLN mediated GCF, followed by transection of the RLN and repeat measurement of the eSLN GCF. Ultimately, the cricothyroid (CT) muscle attachment was released and the GCF measured. Results: The GCF during isolated eSLN stimulation before and after RLN transection is approximately 89% of the RLN mediated GCF in each animal. The GCF after CT release is approximately 84% of the RLN perceived GCF. Transection of the RLN did not alter the eSLN observed GCF. Conclusions: The GCF obtained during isolated eSLN stimulation is adequate for delivery of an appropriate laryngeal protective response and may be considered a target motor nerve for augmenting GCF in selected rehab settings.
Evaluation of menstrual cycle-related changes in 85 clinical laboratory analytes
Authors: Masuda Shiori , Ichihara Kiyoshi , Yamanishi Hachiro , Hirano Yutaka , Tanaka Yuji , Kamisako Toshinori ,   on behalf of the Scientific Committee for the Asia-Pasific Federation of Clinical Biochemistry
Published: November 2015

Objective The menstrual cycle-related changes in clinical laboratory values were analysed by use of data obtained in the Asian multicentre study aimed at derivation of common reference intervals for 85 major clinical laboratory tests. Methods Among 1876 healthy female volunteers, 893 had regular menstruation. They were classified into five groups according to dates between sample collection and the start of the last menstrual cycle: early follicular phase (1–6 days), late follicular phase (7–12 days), ovulatory phase (13–16 days), early luteal phase (17–22 days), and late luteal phase (23–31 days). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the menstrual cycle-related changes in test results. The magnitude was expressed as a standard deviation ratio of between-phase standard deviation to between-individual standard deviation based on nested ANOVA. Results Aside from obvious changes for four sex hormones (oestradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone), we observed statistically significant menstrual cycle-related changes in the following tests (standard deviation ratio >0.15): Na, Cl, creatine kinase, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, carbohydrate antigen 125, and parathyroid hormone were higher during the early follicular phase, while insulin, total cholesterol, and white blood cell were higher during the luteal phase. Significant associations of those test items with the four sex hormones were revealed. Conclusions The menstrual cycle-related changes in laboratory test results were revealed in some commonly tested items other than sex hormones. The findings are of interest in understanding female physiology in relation to hormonal changes, but the magnitude of changes is rather small and not very relevant in interpreting test results.
Absence, deviance and unattainable ideals – Discourses on vegetarianism in the Swedish school subject Home and Consumer Studies
Authors: Bohm Ingela , Lindblom Cecilia , Åbacka Gun , Bengs Carita , Hörnell Agneta 
Published: November 2015

Objective: This study aimed to describe Discourses on vegetarian food in the Swedish school subject Home and Consumer Studies. Design: The study involved the observation of naturally occurring classroom talk, with audio recording and in some cases video-taping. Setting: The study was conducted during Home and Consumer Studies lessons in five different northern Swedish schools. Method: Fifty-nine students and five teachers were observed, recorded and in some cases video-taped. The resulting data were analysed with a focus on big ‘D’ Discourses. Results: Results indicated that gendered Discourses of absence, deviance and unattainability restricted some students’ access to vegetarian food. The absence of meat was constructed as simultaneously healthy and unhealthy, a lack of cultural familiarity with vegetarian cooking made finding recipes difficult and students perceived the loss of taste as very negative. The vegetarian was seen as deviant, with vegetarianism being conceptually equated with sickness. Access to meat-free food required a commitment to a vegetarian lifestyle, and this was seen as a sacrifice and as too much work, not only for the individual but also for others. Conclusion: To counteract the restricted access to vegetarian food, Home and Consumer Studies teachers can redesign activities in the subject with the help of critical food literacy. For example, cooking could focus on popular plant-based dishes instead of ‘empty’ vegetarian themes, all students could be allowed to share vegetarian dishes instead of reserving them for vegetarians, the possibly strict rules of vegetarianism could be relaxed for those who do not wish to commit to them and vegetarian food could be deliberately connected to strength and masculinity. However, this presupposes sufficient economic resources and ample food storage space.
Healthcare system information at language schools for newly arrived immigrants: A pertinent setting in times of austerity
Authors: Tynell Lena Lyngholt , Wimmelmann Camilla Lawaetz , Jervelund Signe Smith 
Published: November 2015

Objective: In most European countries, immigrants do not systematically learn about the host countries’ healthcare system when arriving. This study investigated how newly arrived immigrants perceived the information they received about the Danish healthcare system. Methods: Immigrants attending a language school in Copenhagen in 2012 received either a course or written information on the Danish healthcare system and subsequently evaluated this quantitatively. Results: The evaluation revealed a positive appraisal of the course/information provided. Conclusion: In times of austerity, incorporating healthcare information into an already existing language programme may be pertinent for providing immigrants with knowledge on the healthcare system.
Qualitative evaluation of paediatric burn injury in Malawi: assessing opportunities for injury prevention
Authors: Bane Marissa , Kaima Ruth , Mapala Suzgo , Cairns Bruce , Charles Anthony 
Published: November 2015

Introduction The burden of burn injury in sub-Saharan Africa is high and children bare a disproportional share of the injury burden. Methods This is a prospective qualitative study of paediatric burn survivors (age, ≤8 years) admitted to Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH) in Lilongwe, Malawi. Results There were a total of 72 guardians interviewed for the purpose of the study. The most frequent mechanisms of burn injury were flames and scalds in 44.4% and 38.9%, respectively. Mothers were present at the time of the burn injury in only 23.6% of cases, while 22.2% of children were unmonitored at the time of injury. A total of 55.6% of burn injuries was cooking-related. Conclusion Burn prevention strategies are necessary for addressing the high rates of burns for children in sub-Saharan Africa. The must be focused on mothers and caregivers burn education in the home, particularly as it relates to cooking and parental oversight.
The non-medical out-of-pocket costs to attend a free anxiety disorders treatment clinic in Australia
Authors: Anderson Reece , Wong Nora , Newby Jill M , Andrews Gavin 
Published: November 2015

Objective: Australia has high out-of-pocket costs for medical and non-medical treatments. The ‘cost to attend’ is seldom added to these estimates. Method: A sequence of 92 participants attending a free Anxiety Disorders Clinic at an inner city public hospital were surveyed about the costs to attend one appointment, including costs such as private /public transport costs and lost income. Results: We found that these out-of-pocket costs were on average AUD$57 per person to attend an appointment at a free point-of-service clinic. Of the 45% who experienced financial burden from attending, the majority reported only slight burden. Conclusion: This level of ‘cost to attend’ a free outpatient treatment clinic is non-trivial given people with anxiety and depressive disorders, like many others with chronic disorders, will need at least 6–10 visits to complete a course of treatment.
“You didn’t just consult community, you involved us”: transformation of a ‘top-down’ Aboriginal mental health project into a ‘bottom-up’ community-driven process
Authors: Singer Judy , Bennett-Levy James , Rotumah Darlene 
Published: November 2015

Objective: Recently, there has been a consistent call for Indigenous health research to be community-driven. However, for a variety of reasons, many projects, such as the one featured here, start as ‘top-down’. Using ten accepted principles for Aboriginal health research, the present article illustrates how a top-down project can be transformed into a ‘bottom-up’ community-driven project. Method: A table of examples is provided to show how the ten principles were translated into practice to create a bottom-up process. Results: We suggest that key elements for creating a bottom-up process are iterative conversations and community involvement that goes beyond notional engagement. A feature of community involvement is generating and sustaining ongoing conversations with multiple levels of community (organisations, health professionals, Elders, community members, project-specific groups) in a variety of different forums across the entire duration of a project. Local research teams, a commitment to building capacity in the local Indigenous workforce, and adequate timelines and funding are other factors that we hypothesise may contribute to successful outcomes. Conclusion: The article contributes to a much-needed evidence base demonstrating how appropriate structures and strategies may create bottom-up processes leading to successful outcomes.
Renal abscesses in cats: six cases
Authors: Faucher Mathieu R , Theron Marie-Laure , Reynolds Brice S 
Published: November 2015

Case series summary Six cats were diagnosed with renal abscesses. Common clinical findings were lethargy, dehydration, abdominal pain and nephromegaly. Fever was noted in half of the cases. Diagnosis was established by ultrasonography, cytological examination and bacterial culture of abscess aspirates. At least one possible contributing factor could be identified in all cases. Antibiotics were consistently used and in two cats the abscess was surgically drained. The short-term outcome was fair but the long-term outcome was dependent on the underlying condition. Relevance and novel information The results of this small case series suggest that renal abscess should be considered when nephromegaly and/or abdominal discomfort are noted. Diagnosis of renal abscess is straightforward when ultrasonography and fine-needle aspirate analysis can be performed. Medical treatment is assumed to be preferable but surgical treatment may be warranted on a case-by-case basis. Given that almost every affected cat was diagnosed with at least one comorbidity, a thorough evaluation is recommended for all cats with renal abscesses.
Evaluation of oral maropitant as an antiemetic in cats receiving morphine and dexmedetomidine
Authors: Martin-Flores Manuel , Sakai Daniel M , Mastrocco Alicia , Learn McKenzie M , Campoy Luis , Kirch Pati J , Boesch Jordyn M , Gleed Robin D 
Published: November 2015

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the antiemetic effects of maropitant, after oral administration, in cats receiving morphine and dexmedetomidine. Methods This prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial involved 98 healthy female domestic shorthair cats. Cats were randomly assigned to receive maropitant PO 8 mg total (group M) administered 18 h prior to sedation with intramuscular dexmedetomidine 20 µg/kg and morphine 0.1 mg/kg, or no antiemetic treatment (group C). The occurrence of signs of nausea (sialorrhea and lip-licking), retching and emesis during the 30 mins following administration of dexmedetomidine and morphine was measured for each group. Results Two cats were excluded from the investigation. Cats in group M (n = 46) received an average of 2.5 mg/kg of maropitant PO. Compared with group C (n = 50), cats in group M had lower incidences of emesis (M: 4% vs C: 40%), retching (M: 8% vs C: 40%) and lip-licking (M: 30% vs C: 52%) (all P <0.05). The incidence of sialorrhea was not different between groups (M: 21% vs C: 22%). Conclusions and relevance Maropitant 8 mg total PO was effective in reducing morphine and dexmedetomidine-induced emesis by 10-fold, when administered as early as 18 h in advance to healthy cats. Maropitant PO could be useful for administration the evening prior to a scheduled procedure requiring sedation/anesthesia to decrease the incidence of emesis.