bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaccinia Virus Expression System
Authors: Hall Yper , Carroll Miles W 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Replication‐competent vaccinia virus was used as the vaccine in the campaign to eradicate smallpox. After the disease was eradicated, recombinant vaccinia viruses were created that were capable of expressing foreign genes. This made vaccinia‐based systems available for mammalian cell expression of recombinant protein, an advantage of which, like other mammalian expression systems, is authentic posttranslational modification. Generation of recombinant vaccinia also provided an opportunity for developing vaccinia‐based vaccines for use against nonpoxvirus diseases. In this respect, recombinant vaccinia virus and recombinant versions of an attenuated derivative, Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) have been extensively studied. Today, there are recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing foreign antigens in phases I–III clinical trials relating to viral, bacterial, parasitic and cancer‐related diseases, and a licensed veterinary vaccine.

Key Concepts:

Smallpox was eradicated following a vaccination campaign in which live vaccinia virus was used as the vaccine.

Foreign genes can be inserted into the vaccinia virus genome to create recombinant vaccinia virus strains.

The vaccinia virus expression system allows for mammalian cell expression of recombinant protein, an advantage of which is authentic post‐translational modification.

Recombinant vaccinia can deliver vaccine antigens and evoke potent cell‐mediated and humoral responses specific to the inserted gene.

Vaccination with recombinant organisms can confer protection against viral, bacterial, parasitic and cancer‐related diseases.
Generation, Expansion, and Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs) Derived From the Umbilical Cords of Newborns
Authors: Song Richard S. , Carroll Jeanne M. , Acevedo Lisette , Wu Dongmei , Liu Yang , Snyder Evan Y. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe umbilical cord is tissue that is normally discarded after the delivery of the infant, but it has been shown to be a rich source of stem cells from the cord blood, Wharton's jelly, and umbilical endothelial cells. Patient‐specific human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) reprogrammed from patient specific human umbilical vein endothelial cells in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) population (specifically, premature neonates) have not been shown in the literature. This unit describes a protocol for the generation and expansion of hiPSCs originating from umbilical cords collected from patients in the NICU. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 29:1C.16.1‐1C.16.13. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamically bonded layer‐by‐layer films: Dynamic properties and applications
Authors: Guan Ying , Zhang Yongjun 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTLayer‐by‐layer (LBL) assembly, a simple but versatile method for thin film fabrication, has been widely employed to fabricate nanoengineered films with controlled composition and thickness. Dynamically bonded LBL films are films fabricated using dynamic bonds, that is, chemical bonds which can undergo reversible breaking and reformation usually under equilibrium conditions, as driving forces. Because of the reversible, dynamic nature of the dynamic bonds, these films exhibit various dynamic properties, ranging from a small scale movement of the polymer chains within the films (chain rearrangement), to a large scale movement of the chains, which results in film disintegration. Usually an external stimulus is used to trigger the response of a dynamic film. Novel applications have been proposed by exploiting the dynamic properties of these films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40918.
Poly(p‐phenylene sulfide) nanofibers prepared by CO2 laser supersonic drawing
Authors: Koyama Hiroyuki , Watanabe Yuta , Suzuki Akihiro 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTPoly(p‐phenylene sulfide) (PPS) nanofibers are prepared by irradiating a PPS fiber with a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser while drawing it at supersonic speeds. A supersonic jet is generated by blowing air into a vacuum chamber through the fiber injection orifice. Nanofibers obtained at a laser power of 30 W and chamber pressure of 10 kPa exhibit an average diameter of 600 nm and a draw ratio of 110,000. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analyses are employed to investigate the relationships among the chamber pressure, fiber morphology, and crystallization behavior. The nanofibers exhibit two melting temperatures (Tm): approximately 280°C and 320°C. The endothermic peak at Tm = 280°C is ascribable to lamellar crystals and that at Tm = 320°C to the highly complete crystals, since the polymer molecular chain is highly oriented. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40922.
Synthesis of biocompatible and degradable microspheres based on 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate via microfluidic method
Authors: Tarameshlou Mohammad , Jafari Seyed Hassan , Rezaeian Iraj , Khonakdar Hossein Ali 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTMonodisperse poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate), p‐HEMA, microspheres in size ranging from 16 to 340 (μm) were synthesized by in situ emulsion photopolymerization of HEMA monomer with polyethylene glycol diacrylate (p‐EGDA) by means of a three‐dimensional microfluidic flow‐focusing device. An aqueous solution of HEMA, p‐EGDA as chain extender and UV‐photoinitiator serving as dispersed phase formed microdroplets in a continuous oil phase mainly consisting of n‐heptane. A downward coaxial orifices design in the device led to confinement of the reaction admixtures thread to central axis of the microchannels. This design strategy could solve the wetting problem of dispersed phase with the microchannels leading to a successful production of monodisperse microspheres with size variation of less than 4%. The effects of concentration of p‐EGDA, surfactant, and flow rate ratios on microsphere size were examined. It was observed that increasing the concentration of p‐EGDA slightly increases the size whereas increasing the flow rate ratios of continuous to dispersed phase effectively decreases the size of microspheres. The rapid continuous synthesis of p‐HEMA based microspheres via the microfluidic route with reliable control over size, size distribution, and composition opens new doors for mass production of biocompatible and degradable polymeric microspheres for enormous biotechnological applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40925.
Synthesis and thermal stability properties of boron‐doped silicone resin
Authors: Hao Zhifeng , Zhang Jin , Wu Yahong , Yu Jian , Yu Lin 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, a novel boron‐doped silicone resin (BSR) was synthesized by hydrolysis‐polycondensation method, with propyl‐triethoxysilane (PTES), dimethyl‐diethoxysilane (DMDES), and boric acid (BA) as starting materials, using absolute ethyl alcohol as solvent and hydrochloric acid as catalyst. The structures of the BSR were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). FTIR spectra showed characteristic BOSi and SiOSi stretching modes. XPS and NMR results confirmed further that boron element was doped successfully into the main chains of the silicone resin as SiOB bond motifs, and hydroxyl groups from BA were condensed properly with SiOH or SiOR to form cross‐linked structure of BSR with narrowed molecular weight distributions in optimum experimental condition. The thermal stability of the BSR was studied by thermogravimetry analysis and derivative thermogravimetry. The thermal degradation temperature of the silicone resin improved greatly after doping element boron into the main chain, and the thermal stability of the BSR was influenced by the content of boron. The thermal degradation mechanism of this BSR was also discussed. The degradation process can be divided into two stages, the weight loss in the first stages may be corresponding to the loss of the small groups and weaker bonds in the chains, such as CH3, and C3H7, the weight loss in the second stage may be corresponding to the loss of the group as OC2H5. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40934.
Key Role of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 in Regulating gp130 Cytokine–Induced Signaling and Limiting Chondrocyte Responses During Murine Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Liu Xiao , Croker Ben A. , Campbell Ian K. , Gauci Stephanie J. , Alexander Warren S. , Tonkin Brett A. , Walsh Nicole C. , Linossi Edmond M. , Nicholson Sandra E. , Lawlor Kate E. , Wicks Ian P. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo examine the impact of the gp130 cytokine family on murine articular cartilage and to explore a potential regulatory role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS‐3) in murine chondrocytes.MethodsIn wild‐type (WT) mouse chondrocytes, baseline receptor expression levels and gp130 cytokine–induced JAK/STAT signaling were determined by flow cytometry, and expression of SOCS‐3 was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The role of endogenous SOCS‐3 was examined in cartilage explants and chondrocytes from mice with conditional deletion of Socs3 driven by the Col2a1 promoter in vitro (Socs3Δ/Δcol2) and from mice during CD4+ T cell–dependent inflammatory monarthritis. Bone erosions in the murine joints were analyzed by micro–computed tomography.ResultsOn chondrocytes from WT mice, gp130 and the oncostatin M (OSM) receptor were strongly expressed, whereas the transmembrane interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) receptor was expressed at much lower levels. Compared to other gp130 cytokines, OSM was the most potent activator of the JAK/STAT pathway and of SOCS‐3 induction. Treatment of Socs3Δ/Δcol2 mouse cartilage explants and chondrocytes with gp130 cytokines prolonged JAK/STAT signaling, enhanced cartilage degradation, increased the expression of Adamts4, Adamts5, and RANKL, and elevated the production of IL‐6, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, CXCL1, and CCL2. Socs3Δ/Δcol2 mice developed exacerbated inflammation and joint damage in response to gp130 cytokine injections, and these histopathologic features were also observed in mice with inflammatory monarthritis.ConclusionThe results of this study highlight a key role for SOCS‐3 in regulating chondrocyte responses during inflammatory arthritis. Within the gp130 cytokine family, OSM is a potent stimulus of chondrocyte responses, while IL‐6 probably signals via trans‐signaling. The gp130 cytokine–driven production of RANKL in chondrocytes may link chondrocyte activation and bone remodeling during inflammatory arthritis. Thus, these findings suggest that the inhibition of OSM might reduce the development and severity of structural joint damage during inflammatory arthritis.
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap–Derived Enzymes Oxidize High‐Density Lipoprotein: An Additional Proatherogenic Mechanism in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Smith Carolyne K. , Vivekanandan‐Giri Anuradha , Tang Chongren , Knight Jason S. , Mathew Anna , Padilla Robin L. , Gillespie Brenda W. , Carmona‐Rivera Carmelo , Liu Xiaodan , Subramanian Venkataraman , Hasni Sarfaraz , Thompson Paul R. , Heinecke Jay W. , Saran Rajiv , Pennathur Subramaniam , Kaplan Mariana J. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveOxidative stress and oxidized high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) are implicated as risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Yet, how HDL is oxidized and rendered dysfunctional in SLE remains unclear. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), the levels of which are elevated in lupus, possess oxidant‐generating enzymes, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), NADPH oxidase (NOX), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We hypothesized that NETs mediate HDL oxidation, impairing cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC).MethodsPlasma MPO levels and CEC activity were examined in controls and lupus patients, and 3‐chlorotyrosine (MPO specific) and 3‐nitrotyrosine (derived from reactive nitrogen species) were quantified in human HDL. Multivariable linear models were used to estimate and test differences between groups. HDL was exposed to NETs from control and lupus neutrophils in the presence or absence of MPO, NOX, NOS inhibitors, and chloroquine (CQ). Murine HDL oxidation was quantified after NET inhibition in vivo.ResultsSLE patients displayed higher MPO levels and diminished CEC compared to controls. SLE HDL had higher 3‐nitrotyrosine and 3‐chlorotyrosine content than control HDL, with site‐specific oxidation signatures on apolipoprotein A‐I. Experiments with human and murine NETs confirmed that chlorination was mediated by MPO and NOX, and nitration by NOS and NOX. Mice with lupus treated with the NET inhibitor Cl‐amidine displayed significantly decreased HDL oxidation. CQ inhibited NET formation in vitro.ConclusionActive NOS, NOX, and MPO within NETs significantly modify HDL, rendering the lipoprotein proatherogenic. Since NET formation is enhanced in SLE, these findings support a novel role for NET‐derived lipoprotein oxidation in SLE‐associated CVD and identify additional proatherogenic roles of neutrophils and putative protective roles of antimalarials in autoimmunity.
Inhibition of Fucosylation Reshapes Inflammatory Macrophages and Suppresses Type II Collagen–Induced Arthritis
Authors: Li Jun , Hsu Hui‐Chen , Ding Yana , Li Hao , Wu Qi , Yang PingAr , Luo Bao , Rowse Amber L. , Spalding David M. , Bridges S. Louis , Mountz John D. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveFucosylation catalyzed by fucosyltransferases (FUTs) is an important posttranslational modification involved in a variety of biologic processes. This study was undertaken to determine the roles of fucosylation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to assess the efficacy of reestablishing immune homeostasis with the use of 2‐deoxy‐d‐galactose (2‐d‐gal), a fucosylation inhibitor.MethodsQuantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the expression of FUT genes in synovial tissue from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients and in fluorescence‐activated cell–sorted cells from RA synovial fluid. The in vivo inhibitory effect of 2‐d‐gal was evaluated in a murine collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) model. The in vitro effects of 2‐d‐gal on differentiation of inflammatory macrophages, production of cytokines, and antigen uptake, processing, and presentation functions were analyzed.ResultsFUTs that are involved in terminal or subterminal fucosylation, but not those involved in core fucosylation or O‐fucosylation, were up‐regulated in RA compared to OA synovial tissue. The expression of terminal FUTs was highly positively correlated with the expression of TNF (encoding for tumor necrosis factor α). Terminal FUTs were predominantly expressed in M1 macrophages. In vivo, 2‐d‐gal treatment of mice precluded the development of CIA by reducing inflammatory macrophages and Th17 cells in the draining lymph nodes and decreasing the levels of TNFα, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and antibodies to type II collagen in the serum. In vitro, treatment with 2‐d‐gal skewed the differentiation of M1 macrophages to IL‐10–producing M2 macrophages. Furthermore, 2‐d‐gal significantly inhibited the antigen‐presenting function of M1 macrophages.ConclusionTerminal fucosylation is a novel hallmark of inflammatory macrophages. Inhibition of terminal FUTs reshapes the differentiation and functions of M1 macrophages, leading to resolution of inflammation in arthritis.
Development and Validation of a New Measure of Intuition: The Types of Intuition Scale
Authors: Pretz Jean E. , Brookings Jeffrey B. , Carlson Lauren A. , Humbert Tamera Keiter , Roy Michael , Jones Meghan , Memmert Daniel 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe Types of Intuition Scale (TIntS) measures three types of intuition identified in a literature review by Pretz and Totz (2007): holistic, inferential, and affective. Holistic intuitions integrate diverse sources of information in a Gestalt‐like, non‐analytical manner; inferential intuitions are based on previously analytical processes that have become automatic; and affective intuitions are based on feelings. Current intuition measures inadequately assess these distinct types. We report four validity studies: Study 1 reports the reliability and factor structure of the TIntS and correlations with extant intuition and personality measures. Study 2 presents a confirmatory factor analysis. Studies 3 and 4 examine the predictive validity of the TIntS with respect to clinical decision making in occupational therapy and musical performance. Scales were internally consistent and stable over time, and factor analyses supported the predicted distinctions among them. Correlations with existing measures of intuition, personality, and behavior showed that the TIntS is unique in its assessment of all three types of intuition in one measure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactive motion synthesis with optimal blending
Authors: Oshita Masaki 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we propose an interactive motion synthesis technique that synthesizes a continuous motion sequence from given elementary motions. A user can either specify the execution timings of motions or execute motions in a sequence with automatically determined execution timings. Our method is based on a previous approach that determined the appropriate synthesis method and blending range for each pair of sequential motions, while considering the constraints between the foot and ground in the elementary motions to prevent foot sliding. However, using only the foot‐ground constraints to determine the blending range may generate unnatural motions such as nonsmooth, too fast, or too slow transitions. Moreover, simple motion blending with a regular weight function can generate unnatural motions. To solve these problems, we have introduced an optimal blending range and a weight function, which are determined for each blending segment for the upper and lower body. We also introduced extensions for applying this method to interactive character control. We have successfully applied our method to both animation generation and interactive character control. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid level‐of‐detail representation for large‐scale urban scenes rendering
Authors: Zhou Shengchuan , Yoo Innfarn , Benes Bedrich , Chen Ge 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTA novel hybrid level‐of‐detail (LOD) algorithm is introduced. We combine point‐based, line‐based, and splat‐based rendering to synthesize large‐scale urban city images. We first extract lines and points from the input and provide their simplification encoded in a data structure that allows for a quick and automatic LOD selection. A screen‐space projected area is used as the LOD selector. The algorithm selects lines for long‐distance views providing high contrast and fidelity of the building silhouettes. For medium‐distance views, points are added, and splats are used for close‐up views. Our implementation shows a 10 × speedup as compared with the ground truth models and is about four times faster than geometric LOD. The quality of the results is indistinguishable from the original as confirmed by a user study and two algorithmic metrics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turbulence synthesis for shape‐controllable smoke animation
Authors: Yang Ben , Jin Xiaogang 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTWe present a novel procedural synthesis method to improve small‐scale turbulence details for controllable smoke animation constrained by shapes and paths. In order to enhance fluid details without introducing unpleasing fluid control effects, we propose a spatial–temporal varying synthesis parameter to control turbulence behaviors and compute it from control force and the vorticity velocity. Our approach can control enhanced turbulence behaviors efficiently and produces visually plausible realistic fine‐scale details while reducing artifacts of large‐scale noises on fluid control. We compare our algorithm to existing procedural synthesis ones to validate its efficiency and controllability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for social spatial behavior in virtual characters
Authors: Karimaghalou Nahid , Bernardet Ulysses , DiPaola Steve 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTPlausible spatial behavior is a key capability that autonomous virtual characters need in order to provide ecologically valid social interactions. However, there is a lack of psychological data on spatial behavior in the larger scale social settings and over extended periods of time. In this paper, we present a social navigation model that aims at generating human‐like spatial behavior for a virtual human in a social setting with group dynamics. We employ an engineering approach by defining a dynamic representation of interest and then using it as the psychometric function that regulates the behavior of the agent. We evaluate our model by means of two test cases that address different aspect of the model and serve as a proof of concept. Our work is a step toward models for generating more plausible social spatial behavior for virtual characters that is based on both internal dynamics and attributes of the social environment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adolescent male hazardous drinking and participation in organised activities: Involvement in team sports is associated with less hazardous drinking in young offenders
Authors: Hallingberg Britt , Moore Simon , Morgan Joanne , Bowen Katharine , van Goozen Stephanie H. M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere is a lack of research investigating organised activity participation and associated alcohol use in vulnerable groups.AimsThe purpose of this research was to test and compare associations between participation in organised activities and indicators of hazardous drinking between young offenders and young non‐offenders.MethodsTwo groups of 13–18 year‐old males were recruited in Cardiff, UK: 93 young offenders and 53 non‐offenders from secondary schools matched on estimated IQ, sex and socioeconomic status. Indicators of hazardous drinking were measured using the Fast Alcohol Screening Test (FAST). Organised activity participation and externalising behaviour was measured by the Youth Self Report. The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence was also administered.ResultsYoung offenders participated in fewer organised activities and had higher FAST scores than non‐offenders. Young offenders and non‐offenders significantly differed on mean FAST scores if they participated in no organised activities but not if they participated in at least one team sport. Externalising behaviour problems were unrelated to participation in organised activities.ConclusionsAlthough young offenders were less likely to have participated in organised activities, for them, participation in a team sport was associated with less hazardous drinking. Vulnerable youths who might benefit most from sporting activities actually access them the least. Future research should identify the different barriers to participation that they face. © 2014 The Authors. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.