bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accounting for Merger & Acquisition
Authors: Meeks Geoff , Meeks J.G. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The article explores three aspects of financial accounting in relation to merger and acquisition (M&A): the use of accounting to evaluate the financial outcome of M&A; the alternative approaches to accounting for M&A adopted by the regulators; and the role of creative accounting in permitting or even promoting dysfunctional M&A.
Financial Analysts
Authors: Tan Zhiyuan S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article deals with sell‐side financial analysts. It offers an overview of the work these analysts generally perform and points toward the recently changing institutional and regulatory environment in which sell‐side financial analysis is conducted. This article provides a snapshot of those key areas of mainstream accounting and finance research on the work of analysts. This strand of research commenced some 40 years ago and has continued to the present. This article also introduces some sociologically informed studies of the work performed by analysts that emerged in the past decade or so. To end this article, some new developments in the work performed by analysts are highlighted. This article calls for continuing research on the work of analysts, particularly on those new developments, conducted by mainstream accounting and finance researchers as well as scholars who are informed mainly by sociology.
Consolidated Financial Statements
Authors: Brennan Niamh M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFinancial statements of a parent or holding company and its subsidiaries are calledconsolidated financial statements. The monetary amounts in the underlying financial statements of the parent and its subsidiaries are amalgamated as if the group were a single entity. Group or consolidated financial statements may also include amounts for associates and joint ventures. Where subsidiaries are not wholly owned, the element not owned by the parent company is deducted in a one‐line adjustment called noncontrolling or minority interests. Four concepts of control are considered: legal, economic (entity), parent company, and proprietary concepts of control. Five methods of consolidation are discussed: the acquisition method, merger method, equity method, gross equity method, and proportionate consolidation. Simple illustrative examples are used to explain the mechanics of basic consolidation.
Auditors' Role in Reporting on a Company's Going Concern Status
Authors: Asare Stephen K. , Williams Devin J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
We discuss the evolution and nature of auditors' responsibility to report on public companies' going concern status. Our discussion includes an overview of current standards that provide guidance to auditors on the evaluation of their public clients' going concern status. We also report the incidence of going concern reports in the last decade (2000–2010), summarize research that has examined how auditors make the decision and comment on the effect that the going concern report has on various stakeholders in the financial reporting chain.
Income Taxation Based On Financial Accounting Income
Authors: Eilifsen Aasmund 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
There are differences among countries in the extent financial accounting income forms the basis for computation of taxable income – from applying a fairly integrated system to applying dual systems. The interplay between the systems will affect the scope and extent of tax considerations in the financial reporting. Tax considerations continue to influence financial reporting in many areas. Research has documented firms' trade‐offs between tax accounting and financial reporting.
Accounting for Derivatives
Authors: Tan Pearl , Lee Peter 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Financial derivatives have escalated in significance in terms of their volume in global financial markets, widespread use and financial impact on companies and markets. They are akin to a two‐edged sword; their use may mitigate or increase risk. Spectacular collapses in the past have brought considerable attention to these instruments. However, when used for hedging purposes, they potentially enhance or preserve value and mitigate risk of financial distress. Accounting for derivative instruments has had a difficult history with accounting standards adopting a piecemeal approach in accounting for financial instruments. However, accounting standards now require derivatives to be recognized on the balance sheet at fair values. Special requirements relating to hedge accounting apply to derivative contracts that are entered into for risk mitigation. The United States were faster in arriving at a comprehensive standard that required companies to report their derivative contracts on the balance sheet. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) had a more challenging task to garner support from its member bodies worldwide to adopt the on‐balance sheet recognition of derivative contracts. However, its path‐breaking standard, IAS 39 has had an impact on the way companies account for financial instruments. In its effort to reform IAS 39, the IASB has issued IFRS 9 which, while simplifying the accounting for financial instruments, continues to require the on‐balance sheet recognition of derivative contracts. The “off‐balance” sheet treatment of derivative contracts is clearly a thing of the past.
Earnings Forecasting
Authors: Rees Bill 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article reviews analysts' forecasts of earnings, pointing out the incentives and constraints that impact on analysts' forecasting proficiency, the relatively poor performance of published analysts' forecasts, the difficulty experienced when we try and improve on forecasts, and the evidence which is apparently consistent with the ability of analysts' forecast to provide a basis for earning abnormal returns. The final point is controversial as it is surprising that investment practices based on publicly available information could be used to demonstrate market inefficiency – especially given the relatively inaccurate nature of those forecasts. The analysis is based on a vast literature that been generated by the ready availability of data on analysts' forecasts but it is also apparent that this large‐scale empirical analysis is providing relatively few insights which impact on practitioner behaviour. Whilst we have learned a lot from large‐scale empirical analysis it would be interesting to supplement this evidence with alternative approaches.
Residual Income andEVA®
Authors: O'Hanlon John , Peasnell Ken 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article outlines the history of residual income as a performance measure, and describes the economic value added (EVA®) variant of residual income proposed by the consulting firm Stern Stewart and Co. It also summarises literature that has proposed or used residual income or a related accounting‐earnings‐based measure for the purpose of business valuation. Finally, it describes the link between (i) an accounting‐free measure of abnormal economic performance, (ii) EVA and (iii) another Stern Stewart performance measure termed market value added (MVA), which is the excess of a business's market value over the capital invested in the business.
Social and Environmental Accounting
Authors: Kolk Ans , Perego Paolo 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The article provides an historical overview of the accounting practices related to the social and environmental aspects of business. Recent trajectories of corporate reporting in multinationals are highlighted, with an emphasis on different sector dynamics and regulatory contexts. The current wave of reporting seems not to have ended, with environmental, social and ethical aspects of business being considered in various forms, through inclusion in annual reports, in stand‐alone environmental, social, or sustainability reports, and sometimes in underlying management accounting systems. Academic research on firms' motivations for reporting is then summarized by addressing a range of theoretical frameworks and debates. Environmental and social accounting continues to be a lively and challenging area because of its societal, managerial, and policy relevance.
Budgeting and Management Control
Authors: Van der Stede Wim A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Budgeting is ubiquitous in organizations beyond minimal size for several reasons. Budgeting provides a way to translate organizational objectives into an organized set of actions associated with specific expectations of results; budgeting facilitates coordination by forcing the sharing of information across the organization; and budgets provide a standard that can be used to evaluate performance. Budgets thus provide a means of planning and coordination, performance target setting, and performance evaluation. Therefore, budgets, and the processes through which they are set, are an important part of management control to influence behaviors and direct actions towards the achievement of organizational goals. But while budgets should be designed to increase positive (motivational) behaviors, they can also have negative (dysfunctional) consequences, such as through inducing budget slack creation and/or performance manipulations to increase the likelihood of achieving budget targets. Designing budgets therefore involves tradeoffs among various behavioral considerations.
Performance Measurement, Implementation Issues
Authors: Ittner Christopher D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article discusses some of the primary technical and organizational issues facing organizations' performance measurement system implementation efforts. Among the primary challenges are selecting and interpreting performance measures and overcoming information system limitations, as well as overcoming organizational resistance and providing adequate top management support, decision‐making authority, and training. Organizations must consider these technical and organizational issues if they are to successfully implement new performance measurement systems.
Profit Measurement – Time and Uncertainty
Authors: McSweeney Brendan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Profit measurements have major corporate and social consequences. Calculations of profit already earned (ex post income) or that anticipated (ex ante income) influence corporate tax liabilities, dividend levels, incentive scheme payments, regulatory intervention, management goals, expansion or closure decisions, outsourcing criteria, acceptance or rejection of investment proposals, and other key business and political policies and actions. This entry describes key assumptions about time that underlie widely held and promoted views of profit calculation. It identifies flaws in those assumptions, and overviews the literature that addresses those weaknesses.
R&D and Intangibles
Authors: Sougiannis Theodore 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEmpirical studies have established that corporate intangibles assets such as Research and Development (R&D), employee satisfaction, firm reputation and celebrity status, are valued by market participants. R&D expenditures lead to higher future profitability and stock market investors price them positively. These investments do not appear to be superior since the average stock returns of R&D and non‐R&D firms are comparable. However, portfolios of high R&D intensity and of large unexpected increases in R&D earn positive future abnormal returns. This has sparked an ongoing debate as to whether the abnormal returns represent investor mispricing or compensation for risk. Since R&D spending is treated as a period expense in the financial reports, the potential mispricing has also been attributed to the limited disclosures and accounting practiced. Financial analysts appear to play an important role in compensating for R&D‐related financial reporting deficiencies but the compensation is far from complete. Successful R&D activity leads to patents which have also been shown to be positively associated with stock market values and future earnings. However, results show that neither analysts nor investors appear to fully understand the implications of patent information. Overall, there is a need for continued effort by policy makers to address intangibles‐related information deficiencies.
C
atholic Social Teaching: Some Implications for Business Leadership
Authors: Williams Oliver F. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
While there has always been some reflection on the social and political implications of biblical teaching, within the last 100 years there has developed a body of official Catholic church teaching on social ethics known as Catholic social teaching (CST). These church statements reflect on and offer guidance to capitalist economies, attempting to be a moral force, ensuring that an acquisitive economy does not degenerate into an acquisitive society. Working from the fundamental principle of the dignity of the individual person, CST focuses on several norms to guide a business: the need for community; the embracing of fair treatment, lack of discrimination and encouraging diversity; the forming of channels for employee association and participation; the focus on the connectedness of all stakeholders, solidarity; and the developing of an attitude of stewardship toward the physical environment.
Codes of Ethics
Authors: Ryan Leo V. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Codes of conduct explore one aspect of defining an ethical environment. Codes of conduct introduces definitions and identifies leading codes of conduct B.C. and A.D., including Parliament of World's Religion's Global Ethics signed by fourteen religions. Codes of conduct are proposed by both the UN and UN agencies, including a code of conduct for Transnational Corporations (1996). Codes are developed by governments (Canada, Ireland, and U.S.) and intergovernmental bodies, including Business Round Table (1958), Caux Round Table (1986), and Caux Principles for Business Behavior for a Better World (1994). William Frederick identified six landmark international codes (1948–1998). Multiple governments and NGO's have proposed codes with minimal success. Enforcement of codes present extreme complications. Developing codes represents an intricate and involved task because of the scope, multiple issues to be incorporated, their complexity and problems of voluntary or legal enforcement.
Decision Analysis
Authors: Clyman Dana R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
It is often believed that quantitative methods are insufficient to explore fully the qualitative elements of important decisions, particularly when one is concerned with such ethical considerations as individual rights, interests multiple stakeholders, and nonfinancial societal concerns. Decision analysis is a formal and coherent theoretical methodology for modeling complex decisions in an uncertain world which integrates objective inputs with subjective judgments and personal preferences. The approach combines systematic analysis, with various analytical techniques, to help clarify the optimum choice for that particular decision maker given her values, preferences, and risk tolerance.
U
nited
K
ingdom, Business Ethics in the
Authors: Cowton Christopher J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
As a result of its empire and the early industrialization of its economy, the United Kingdom had a significant impact on business institutions and practices around the world. This article considers institutions of significance to business ethics in the UK – in particular, the governance framework and the stock market – and provides an overview of the development of academic business ethics.
Work and Family
Authors: Johnson Robin D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article describes some of the programs, policies, practices, and problems encountered when individuals and organizations attempt to help people manage the boundary between work‐professional life and family‐personal life. Issues mentioned include flextime, predictable hours, dependent care costs‐care‐concerns, leave policies, limits to overworking, telecommuting, policy versus practice dilemmas, work‐family stress, generation‐culture differences in definitions of family, and rethinking the gendered nature of work.
Africa, Business Ethics in
Authors: Gichure Christine W. , Oluoch Prisca M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractResearch in African philosophy of management can make a significant contribution to the existing literature in African philosophy and management, as well as to the practice of African management. However, to date there is a dearth of substantial African business ethics literature. This on one hand; on the other hand much of what is used is, just like management theories, still largely based on Western ontology which either takes management theory for granted, thereby concerning itself mostly with moral dilemmas of managing following the said theories, or argues that some management theory is unethical. As a consequence, the impact of these ethical theories on the practice of management in Africa is still negligible. A practice of management relevnt to the African situation seems to require a re‐examination of the relationship between philosophy and management within African cultures. This article is an overview and justification of the opinion that a viable business ethics for Africa would have to take into consideration the general African worldview called Ubuntu, which has been proposed by some prominent scholars as an African worldview that can offer a relevant basis for an African Business Ethics.
Internet and Business Ethics
Authors: De George Richard T. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article presents an overview of some of the ethical issues concerning the internet and business. The Internet is changing the way business is done, and in the process is raising new ethical issues in business and is adding new dimensions to old issues. Some businesses are involved in making the Internet commercially useable and other businesses are involved in selling goods and services. Their moral responsibilities vary according to their function. Central to all is the establishment of trust. Some of the major issues involve security, privacy, and intellectual property. In all the issues transparency and informed consent go a long way towards fulfilling the ethical requirements.
Just Wages
Authors: Naughton Michael 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Alasdair MacIntyre explains that when speaking of justice, we are always faced with the question of “whose justice” and which tradition. The idea of what constitutes “just wages” is no exception. Among several visions, two tend to dominate: a “market” or “strategic” notion of a just wage and a communitarian, social or Aristotelian/Thomistic notion. Both agree that a just wage is fair and equitable compensation for work; however, what constitutes fairness is the basis of significant controversy. At the heart of this controversy is an understanding of what good is exchanged in the wage between employer and employee. For the market/strategic view, people and organizations must be free to negotiate and contract the wage price. The communitarian view or Aristotelian/Thomastic view of justice differs greatly. Justice within the communitarian perspective is a habit that directs the person's actions to the good of the other so as to contribute to stronger bonds of community. These two views have similarities and differences. Both would agree on where the company's responsibilities lie in light of their virtue. Both would argue that a firm is not responsible to pay employees in excess of a market or sustainable wage (one consistent with the sound financial management of the firm), even if it falls below a living wage. The essential difference is their underlying assumptions of what is exchanged.
Privacy
Authors: Petronio Sandra , Child Jeffrey T. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In today's world, the central role of privacy in the realm of organizational and business management is evident. Although, privacy is a common factor influencing many choices organizations make, the complexity of understanding the best way to address privacy issues is not necessarily clear. However, using a theoretical lens that focuses on how, behaviorally, people manage private information holds promise for better grasping the process people use that can lead to more productive outcomes. This entry introduces Petronio's communication privacy management theory, an applied, evidenced‐based system, which focuses on behavioral communication to identify how individuals, groups, and organizations make choices about regulating, revealing, and concealing information they consider private. Being able to isolate key elements of private information, management affords the prospect of developing more useful ways to address privacy issues.
S
arbanes‐
O
xley
A
ct
Authors: Mead Jenny , Sack Robert J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In July 2002, in response to a series of financials scandals that had rocked the corporate world in the United States (most notably Enron, Tyco, and Worldcom), Congress passed the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX), HR 2673, or “Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability Act.” Among the act's many provisions were a requirement that senior management sign off on the company's financial statements, and a requirement that management along with auditors establish internal controls and an effective monitoring system to maintain these controls.
South America, Business Ethics in
Authors: Coutinho de Arruda Maria Cecelia 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Most South American countries (
SAC
s) have gone through deep political and economic changes in recent decades. Ethical challenges exist for businesses, alongside illiteracy and low levels of education – even though the cultural and economic context includes Christian teaching and rich natural resources. With naive attitude, many business leaders often ask for a specific definition of
business ethics
. Values, honesty, transparency, and respect live along with corruption, fraud, bribery, inside information, human rights violation, and – most important in the SACs – lack of punishment. There are clear rules and laws, but compliance is not usually reinforced. With the dream of living in a successful economy leading some citizens to forego personal responsibility, business ethics has become an imperative in South America at the micro‐ and macrolevels. Companies, universities, and governmental agencies are starting to successfully implement ethical systems, based on social and environmental values.
Discrimination in Employment – Description and Legal Responses
Authors: Ortiz Daniel R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article defines “discrimination in employment,” identifies the major legal provisions governing it under United States law, and describes the requirements of Title VII, the most important provision and the one on which most specific legal prohibitions are modeled. In particular, it describes the shifting of evidentiary burdens that typically applies, the limited exception for bona fide occupational qualifications, and sexual harassment. It concludes by describing the requirements placed on employers to accommodate employees' religious beliefs, practices, and physical and psychological disabilities.
Entrepreneurship and Ethics
Authors: Venkataraman Sankaran 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Entrepreneurship is concerned with how the opportunity to create “value” in society is discovered or imagined and acted upon thereby bringing new goods and services into the marketplace. The field of business ethics, on the other hand, is concerned with the fairness of methods used to create this “value,” and the ensuing distribution of the value among various stakeholders to the enterprise. Entrepreneurially introduced innovations can alter the economic, political, and social landscape. Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship have the power to do immense good, but can also harm. However, the entrepreneurial process contains within itself the power to address the harm.