bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palliative care in children with spinal muscular atrophy type I: What do they need?
Authors: García-Salido Alberto , de Paso-Mora María García , Monleón-Luque Manuel , Martino-Alba Ricardo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjective:Our aim was to describe the clinical evolution and needs of children with spinal muscular atrophy type I treated in a domiciliary palliative care program.Method:We undertook a retrospective chart review of nine consecutive patients. Descriptions of the clinical and demographic profile of children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type I were referred to a pediatric palliative care team (PPCT).Results:Six males and three females were admitted to the PPCT, all before six months of age, except for one afflicted with SMA type I with respiratory distress. The median time of attention was 57 days (range 1–150). The domiciliary attention mainly consisted of respiratory care. The patient with SMA type I with respiratory distress required domiciliary mechanical ventilation by tracheotomy. In all cases, a nasogastric tube (NT) was indicated. As end-of-life care, eight required morphine to manage the dyspnea, four received it only by enteral (oral or NT) administration, and four received it first by enteral administration with continuous subcutaneous infusion (CSI) later. Three of the four patients with CSI also received benzodiazepines. While they were attended by the PPCT, none required hospital admission. All the patients died at home except for the one attended to for just one day.Significance of Results:Domiciliary care for these patients is possible. The respiratory morbidity and its management are the main issues. Application of an NT is useful to maintain nutritional balance. Morphine administration is necessary to manage the dyspnea. Palliative sedation is not always necessary.
Modulation of adipose tissue lipolysis and body weight by high-density lipoproteins in mice
Authors: Wei H , Averill M M , McMillen T S , Dastvan F , Mitra P , Subramanian S , Tang C , Chait A , LeBoeuf R C 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Background:
Obesity is associated with reduced levels of circulating high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and its major protein, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. As a result of the role of HDL and apoA-I in cellular lipid transport, low HDL and apoA-I may contribute directly to establishing or maintaining the obese condition.

Methods:
To test this, male C57BL/6 wild-type (WT), apoA-I deficient (apoA-I−/−) and apoA-I transgenic (apoA-Itg/tg) mice were fed obesogenic diets (ODs) and monitored for several clinical parameters. We also performed cell culture studies.

Results:
ApoA-I−/− mice gained significantly more body weight and body fat than WT mice over 20 weeks despite their reduced food intake. During a caloric restriction regime imposed on OD-fed mice, apoA-I deficiency significantly inhibited the loss of body fat as compared with WT mice. Reduced body fat loss with caloric restriction in apoA-I−/− mice was associated with blunted stimulated adipose tissue lipolysis as verified by decreased levels of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase (p-HSL) and lipolytic enzyme mRNA. In contrast to apoA-I−/− mice, apoA-Itg/tg mice gained relatively less weight than WT mice, consistent with other reports. ApoA-Itg/tg mice showed increased adipose tissue lipolysis, verified by increased levels of p-HSL and lipolytic enzyme mRNA. In cell culture studies, HDL and apoA-I specifically increased catecholamine-induced lipolysis possibly through modulating the adipocyte plasma membrane cholesterol content.

Conclusions:
Thus, apoA-I and HDL contribute to modulating body fat content by controlling the extent of lipolysis. ApoA-I and HDL are key components of lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and constitute new therapeutic targets in obesity.
Curvature‐corrected low‐noise sub‐bandgap reference in 28 nm CMOS technology
Authors: Bowers D.F. , Modica E.J. 
Published: February 2014

A sub‐bandgap circuit architecture employed to achieve a precision reference in 28 nm CMOS technology is described. The 500 mV voltage reference exhibits < 10 ppm/°C drift from −40 to 125°C and 5.5 μV of root‐mean‐square (RMS) noise in a 0.1–10 Hz bandwidth, dissipates 500 μW of power on a 1.2 V supply and occupies 0.09 mm².
Influence of electrodeposited crystallite size on interfacial adhesion strength of electroformed layers
Authors: Zhao Zhong , Du Liqun , Tan Zhicheng 
Published: February 2014

Microelectroforming is an important method for fabricating metal devices in microelectromechanical systems. However, the metal devices are limited by poor interfacial adhesion strength between the electroformed coating and the substrate. To improve the adhesion strength, the authors' research group presented a small current density deposition method. The purpose of this Letter is to investigate the mechanism of this method regarding the effect of the electrodeposited crystallite size. The mechanism is that a small current density can cause a big crystallite size which reduces the compressive stress. Therefore the adhesion strength is large under a small current density. To investigate this mechanism, different current densities were applied during the microelectroforming experiments. The crystallite size of the electroformed coating was measured by the X‐ray diffraction method, and the adhesion strength was calculated by a scratch test. The experimental results indicate that within the range of the current density from 0.2 to 2 A/dm2, the crystallite size decreases from 30.1 to 23.7 nm and the adhesion strength decreases from 14.89 to 8.12 J/m2, respectively. The adhesion strength maintains a decreasing trend along with the decreasing crystallite size. Considering the effect of the crystallite size, a new mechanism of the small current density deposition method is presented in this Letter. This Letter may contribute to improving the adhesion strength of the electrodeposited layer.
The ‘spectre of anti-Americanism’ in the British public debate over the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Authors: Burridge Joseph 
Published: February 2014

This paper draws upon insights from rhetorical and discursive psychology in order to attend to a particular dimension of the public debate in Britain surrounding the invasion of Iraq in March 2003. It is concerned with discourse regarding the relevance of ‘anti-Americanism’, and the difficulty that circulation of such an accusation fostered for critics of the war.It uses examples drawn from British national press coverage, and the content of parliamentary debates, to describe some of the main responses made by critics of the war to the possibility that their arguments could be undermined if described as anti-American. The three techniques identified are the display of ‘pro-American credentials’, the discursive separation of the American government and its people, and the differentiation of the self from more extreme elements who are nevertheless on the same side.By focusing upon such responses, the paper attends to a gap in existing literature concerned with the alleged inhibiting effect that accusations of ‘anti-Americanism’ can have upon dissent, and argues that things are more complex than is often understood by accounts which stress how dissent is decided or regulated.
One message, many tongues
Authors: Opeibi Tunde Olusola 
Published: February 2014

The essay sets off by arguing that since the 1950s, there has been a growing enthusiasm in political advertising discourse. This was because political advertising became prominent as an effective communicative and publicity tool in the 1952 U.S. presidential election campaign when Dwight D. Eisenhower deployed its instruments to win the most prestigious and highest political post in the U.S. (Reece 2003). Since that time, several rhetorical strategies have been adopted by politicians all over the world to cast and communicate political messages to their various audiences. Most previous research efforts appear to be in the monolingual or L1 settings (e.g. Chilton and Schäffner 1997; Obeng 1997).In this study, we examine how Nigerian politicians demonstrate their bilingual creativity in an innovative manner, employing linguistic facilities to publicise and sell their political programmes, especially in the use of media multilingualism, a novel persuasive strategy that has come to characterise political campaign texts. Specifically, we consider this recent phenomenon in Nigerian political discourse in which political candidates ‘marry’ and exploit the resources of both the exogenous (English) and indigenous languages (and sometimes along with pidgin) in the same campaign texts in order to woo voters. So the term ‘media multilingualism’ here is taken to be the variety of code-mixing and codeswitching in written political texts. The paper thus examines inter/intrasententially code-mixed facts found in the written campaign texts and discusses their functional implications especially as part of the discourse strategies deployed by the politicians to elicit support and woo voters to support their candidatures.Relevant literature on codeswitching and theories (e.g. Speech Accommodation Theory) that provide theoretical underpinning for the study are reviewed. An attempt is also made to demonstrate that codeswitching in political discourse is an interpersonal strategy that can be used to create, strengthen or destroy interpersonal boundaries, and thus it functions as a discourse strategy for pragmatic and strategic purposes (Wei 2003). The framework for analysis follows the insights provided in Rational Choice Models (RC) as seen in the works of Myers-Scotton (1993), Myers-Scotton and Agnes Bolonyai (2001) and Wei (2003). The essay concludes by presenting a summary of some important analytical observations that arose from the study. It also suggests that a similar pattern is bound to occur in political discourse found in other L2 contexts.The data set for this work came from selected political texts produced during the 2003 governorship and presidential elections campaigns in Nigeria and sourced from selected Nigerian national newspapers.
Early experiences with food
Authors: Burdelski Matthew 
Published: February 2014

This paper examines children’s early experiences with food in Japan. Focusing on meal and snack time in and around households and a preschool, it identifies three practices across these settings – talking about food, finishing all of one’s food, and behaving properly at the table – and examines the verbal (e.g. pragmatic particles, passive) and non-verbal resources (e.g. pointing), and strategies (e.g. assessment, reported speech) that caregivers and peers deploy in socializing children to these practices. The findings reveal how speakers deploy language resources and strategies within activities surrounding food to socialize children into how to feel towards and relate to others, food, and food-related objects.
A Response Surface Model Approach for Continuous Measures of Hypnotic and Analgesic Effect during Sevoflurane–Remifentanil Interaction
Authors: Heyse Bjorn , Proost Johannes H. , Hannivoort Laura N. , Eleveld Douglas J. , Luginbühl Martin , Struys Michel M. R. F. , Vereecke Hugo E. M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background:
The authors studied the interaction between sevoflurane and remifentanil on bispectral index (BIS), state entropy (SE), response entropy (RE), Composite Variability Index, and Surgical Pleth Index, by using a response surface methodology. The authors also studied the influence of stimulation on this interaction.

Methods:
Forty patients received combined concentrations of remifentanil (0 to 12 ng/ml) and sevoflurane (0.5 to 3.5 vol%) according to a crisscross design (160 concentration pairs). During pseudo–steady-state anesthesia, the pharmacodynamic measures were obtained before and after a series of noxious and nonnoxious stimulations. For the “prestimulation” and “poststimulation” BIS, SE, RE, Composite Variability Index, and Surgical Pleth Index, interaction models were applied to find the best fit, by using NONMEM 7.2.0. (Icon Development Solutions, Hanover, MD).

Results:
The authors found an additive interaction between sevoflurane and remifentanil on BIS, SE, and RE. For Composite Variability Index, a moderate synergism was found. The comparison of pre- and poststimulation data revealed a shift of C50SEVO for BIS, SE, and RE, with a consistent increase of 0.3 vol%. The Surgical Pleth Index data did not result in plausible parameter estimates, neither before nor after stimulation.

Conclusions:
By combining pre- and poststimulation data, interaction models for BIS, SE, and RE demonstrate a consistent influence of “stimulation” on the pharmacodynamic relationship between sevoflurane and remifentanil. Significant population variability exists for Composite Variability Index and Surgical Pleth Index. (Anesthesiology 2014; 120:1390-9)
Comparison of the Effects of 0.03 and 0.05 mg/kg Midazolam with Placebo on Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children Having Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Cho Eun Jung , Yoon Seung Zhoo , Cho Jang Eun , Lee Hye Won 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background:
Midazolam has been widely studied for preventing emergence agitation. The authors previously reported that in children with sevoflurane anesthesia, intravenous administration of midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) before the end of surgery reduced the incidence of emergence agitation but prolonged the emergence time. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a lower midazolam dose could suppress emergence agitation with minimal disturbance of the emergence time in children with sevoflurane anesthesia.

Methods:
In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 90 children (1 to 13 yr of age) having strabismus surgery were randomized to 1:1:1 to receive 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam, 0.05 mg/kg of midazolam, or saline just before the end of surgery. The primary outcome, the incidence of emergence agitation, was evaluated by using the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale and the four-point agitation scale. The secondary outcome was time to emergence, defined as the time from sevoflurane discontinuation to the time to extubation.

Results:
The incidence of emergence agitation was lower in patients given 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam (5 of 30, 16.7%) and patients given 0.05 mg/kg of midazolam (5 of 30, 16.7%) compared with that in patients given saline (13/of 30, 43.3%; P = 0.036 each). The emergence time was longer in patients given 0.05 mg/kg of midazolam (17.1 ± 3.4 min, mean ± SD) compared with that in patients given 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam (14.1 ± 3.6 min; P = 0.0009) or saline (12.8 ± 4.1 min; P = 0.0003).

Conclusion:
Intravenous administration of 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam just before the end of surgery reduces emergence agitation without delaying the emergence time in children having strabismus surgery with sevoflurane anesthesia. (Anesthesiology 2014; 120:1354-61)
Disseminated ulcerating lupus panniculitis emerging under interferon therapy of hairy cell leukemia: Treatment‐ or disease‐related?
Authors: Urosevic‐Maiwald Mirjana , Nobbe Stephan , Kerl Katrin , Benz Rudolf 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe report a 43‐year‐old woman, who underwent therapy with interferon‐α for hairy cell leukemia. During interferon‐α therapy she developed multiple subcutaneous swellings, accompanied by fever and fatigue. A skin biopsy revealed lobular, T‐cell lymphocytic panniculitis. In conjunction with the clinical and immunological findings, the diagnosis of lupus panniculitis was made and interferon‐α therapy stopped. Initially, she responded well to oral prednisone and hydroxychloroquine, but after several months she became resistant to it. Her condition worsened, she developed skin ulcers in the inflamed regions. Only with the leukemia‐targeted therapy using cladribine and rituximab her skin condition could be controlled, suggesting hairy cell leukemia as an additional trigger of the lupus panniculitis. Our report is the first one to show induction of lupus panniculitis under interferon therapy of hairy cell leukemia and its presumable sustentation by the latter.
Maternal effects and warning signal honesty in eggs and offspring of an aposematic ladybird beetle
Authors: Winters Anne E. , Stevens Martin , Mitchell Chris , Blomberg Simon P. , Blount Jonathan D. 
Published: February 2014

Summary

The eggs of oviparous species are often subject to intense predation pressure. One parental strategy to deter predators is to produce eggs that are laced with noxious chemicals and are conspicuously coloured (i.e. aposematism).

Ladybird eggs are conspicuously coloured and contain alkaloids; these traits are believed to function in concert as visual signal and chemical defence, respectively, to deter predators. However, it remains unclear whether such aposematic signals reveal the strength (rather than simply the existence) of chemical defences.

Furthermore, additional functions of egg pigments and toxins could apply; in particular, mothers might deposit such resources into eggs to aid the development of offspring or to provide resources that could contribute to aposematic traits in offspring.

We bred wild‐caught seven‐spot ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata) in the laboratory and then measured relationships between egg coloration and toxin concentrations (i.e. the alkaloids precoccinelline and coccinelline). We also measured relationships between egg carotenoids and egg coloration, and between egg coloration and toxin levels, and the elytra coloration and toxin concentrations of offspring at eclosion for a subset of eggs that were allowed to develop.

Egg carotenoids predicted egg colour saturation. In turn, egg colour saturation and hue positively predicted egg concentrations of precoccinelline. However, there were no significant relationships between egg coccinelline concentration and any measure of egg coloration.

In recently eclosed adults of both sexes, elytra saturation was significantly explained by variation in egg saturation and hue. Finally, body concentrations of coccinelline were significantly explained by variation in elytra hue.

These results suggest that the coloration of C. septempunctata eggs is a reliable signal of the strength of chemical defences contained therein, but in addition, maternal investment of pigments and toxins into eggs may serve to influence the reliability of aposematic signalling in resultant offspring.
Tube wave to shear wave conversion at borehole plugs
Authors: Seher Tim , Rondenay Stephane , Djikpesse Hugues 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIn hydraulic fracturing experiments, perforation shots excite body and tube waves that sample, and thus can be used to characterize, the surrounding medium. While these waves are routinely employed in borehole operations, their resolving power is limited by the experiment geometry, the signal‐to‐noise ratio, and their frequency content. It is therefore useful to look for additional, complementary signals that could increase this resolving power. Tube‐to‐body‐wave conversions (scattering of tube to compressional or shear waves at borehole discontinuities) are one such signal. These waves are not frequently considered in hydraulic fracture settings, yet they possess geometrical and spectral attributes that greatly complement the resolution afforded by body and tube waves alone. Here, we analyze data from the Jonah gas field (Wyoming, USA) to demonstrate that tube‐to‐shear‐wave conversions can be clearly observed in the context of hydraulic fracturing experiments. These waves are identified primarily on the vertical and radial components of geophones installed in monitoring wells surrounding a treatment well. They exhibit a significantly lower frequency content (10–100 Hz) than the primary compressional waves (100–1000 Hz). Tapping into such lower frequencies could help to better constrain velocity in the formation, thus allowing better estimates of fracture density, porosity and permeability. Moreover, the signals of tube‐to‐shear‐wave conversion observed in this particular study provide independent estimates of the shear wave velocity in the formation and of the tube wave velocity in the treatment well.
Dimensionality‐reduced estimation of primaries by sparse inversion
Authors: Jumah Bander , Herrmann Felix J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWave‐equation based methods, such as the estimation of primaries by sparse inversion, have been successful in the mitigation of the adverse effects of surface‐related multiples on seismic imaging and migration‐velocity analysis. However, the reliance of these methods on multidimensional convolutions with fully sampled data exposes the ‘curse of dimensionality’, which leads to disproportional growth in computational and storage demands when moving to realistic 3D field data. To remove this fundamental impediment, we propose a dimensionality‐reduction technique where the ‘data matrix’ is approximated adaptively by a randomized low‐rank factorization. Compared to conventional methods, which need for each iteration passage through all data possibly requiring on‐the‐fly interpolation, our randomized approach has the advantage that the total number of passes is reduced to only one to three. In addition, the low‐rank matrix factorization leads to considerable reductions in storage and computational costs of the matrix multiplies required by the sparse inversion. Application of the proposed method to two‐dimensional synthetic and real data shows that significant performance improvements in speed and memory use are achievable at a low computational up‐front cost required by the low‐rank factorization.
Efficiently targeting resources to deter illegal activities in protected areas
Authors: Plumptre Andrew J. , Fuller Richard A. , Rwetsiba Aggrey , Wanyama Fredrick , Kujirakwinja Deo , Driciru Margaret , Nangendo Grace , Watson James E. M. , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIn many countries, areas delineated for conservation purposes can only achieve their objectives if effective law enforcement occurs within them. However, there is no method currently available to allocate law enforcement effort in a way that protects species and habitats in a cost‐effective manner. Law enforcement is expensive and effort is usually concentrated near the locations of patrol stations where rangers are based. This hampers effective conservation, particularly in large protected areas, or regions with limited enforcement capacity.Using the spatial planning tool Marxan, we demonstrate a method for prioritizing law enforcement in a globally important conservation landscape (the Greater Virunga Landscape,GVL, in central Africa) using data on the spatial distribution of illegal activities and conservation features within the landscape.Our analysis of current patrol data shows that law enforcement activity is inadequate with only 22% of the landscape being effectively patrolled and most of this activity occurring within 3 km of a patrol post. We show that the current patrol effort does not deter illegal activities beyond this distance.We discover that when we account for the costs of effective patrolling and set targets for covering key species populations and habitats, we can reduce the costs of meeting all conservation targets in the landscape by 63%, to $2·2–3·0 millionUSD, relative to the cost of patrolling the entire landscape. This cost is well within the current expenditure of approximately $5·9 millionUSDfor theGVLbut would better target effort from both patrol posts and mobile patrol units in the landscape.Synthesis and applications. Our results demonstrate a method that can be used to plan enforcement patrolling, resulting in more cost‐efficient prevention of illegal activities in a way that is targeted at halting declines in species of conservation concern.