bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cerebellum and addiction: insights gained from neuroimaging research
Authors: Moulton Eric A. , Elman Igor , Becerra Lino R. , Goldstein Rita Z. , Borsook David 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAlthough cerebellar alterations have been consistently noted in the addiction literature, the pathophysiology of this link remains unclear. The cerebellum is commonly classified as a motor structure, but human functional neuroimaging along with clinical observations in cerebellar stroke patients and anatomical tract tracing in non‐human primates suggests its involvement in cognitive and affective processing. A comprehensive literature search on the role of the cerebellum in addiction was performed. This review article (1) considers the potential role of the cerebellum in addiction; (2) summarizes the cerebellar structural alterations linked to addiction; (3) presents the functional neuroimaging evidence linking the cerebellum with addiction; and (4) proposes a model for addiction that underscores the role of the cerebellum. The data implicate the cerebellum as an intermediary between motor and reward, motivation and cognitive control systems, as all are relevant etiologic factors in addiction. Furthermore, consideration of these findings could contribute to deeper and more sophisticated insights into normal reward and motivational function. The goal of this review is to spread awareness of cerebellar involvement in addictive processes, and to suggest a preliminary model for its potential role.
Accuracy of tympanic and forehead thermometers in private paediatric practice
Authors: Teller J , Ragazzi M , Simonetti GD , Lava SAG 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimTo compare infrared tympanic and infrared contact forehead thermometer measurements with traditional rectal digital thermometers.MethodsA total of 254 children (137 girls) aged one to 24 months (median 7 months) consulting a private paediatric practice because of fever were prospectively recruited. Body temperature was measured using the three different devices.ResultsThe median and interquartile range for rectal, tympanic and forehead thermometers were 37.6 (37.1–38.4)°C, 37.5 (37.0–38.1)°C and 37.5 (37.1–37.9)°C, respectively (p < 0.01). The limits of agreement in the Bland‐Altman plots were −0.73 to +1.04°C for the tympanic thermometer and −1.18 to +1.64°C for the forehead thermometer. The specificity of both the tympanic and forehead thermometers for detecting fever above 38°C was good, but sensitivity was low. Forehead measurements were susceptible to the use of a radiant warmer.ConclusionBoth the tympanic and forehead devices recorded lower temperatures than the rectal thermometers. The limits of agreement were particularly wide for the forehead thermometer and considerable for the tympanic thermometer. In the absence of valid alternatives, because of the ease to use and little degree of discomfort, tympanic thermometers can still be used with some reservations. Forehead thermometers should not be used in paediatric practice.
Effect of a non‐forage fiber of red bean hulls on ruminal mat characteristics, chewing activity and milk production in dairy cows
Authors: Izumi Kenichi , Miwa Junpei , Ishizuka Kenta 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe evaluation of red bean hulls (RBH) as a non‐forage fiber source on ruminal mat formation, chewing activity and milk production was determined using two experiments. In experiment 1, four non‐lactating, rumen‐cannulated Holstein cows were offered a control diet of 60.1% forage, and an RBH diet of 51.6% forage and 9.4% RBH. Although the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was higher with the RBH diet than the control diet, the physically effective NDF (peNDF) intake was lower. The rumination period tended to be longer with the RBH diet than with the control diet and the ruminal mat was formed even when the RBH diet was consumed. Ruminal fermentation parameters were not affected by treatment. In experiment 2, 40 lactating cows were fed a control diet of 53.4% forage or an RBH diet of 50.3% forage and 8.1% RBH. Dry matter intake, chewing activity and milk production were not affected by diet. Cows sorted against NDF in the control diet, but not in the RBH diet. It is concluded that normal ruminal function can be maintained because the ruminal mat was stratified and rumination activity was not reduced even when a low peNDF diet that contained RBH was given to dairy cows.
Haplotype C of growth hormone (GH) gene in Japanese Black cattle: Structure of GH protein and a novel method for detection of the gene
Authors: Bahrami Abolfazl , Ardiyanti Astrid , Tonosaki Kaoru , Suzuki Keiichi , Tanida Nanako , Hirayama Takuji , Roh Sang‐Gun , Nishio Takeshi , Katoh Kazuo 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFrom a series of studies on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the bovine growth hormone (GH) gene of Japanese Black cattle, the type‐C (127Val and 172Met) that is specific for this breed has been intensively focused upon because of the economic importance for carcass traits, such as intramuscular oleic acid contents. In the present study, we intended to analyze the 3‐D structure of GH of haplotype C, and developed a novel method to detect the type C gene. Three‐D analysis of the type C protein showed that the amino acid residues (127Val and 172Met), which are present in the third and fourth helixes, respectively, and are important for binding with GH receptors, are shifted to deeper positions in the molecule compared with that for type A (127Leu and 172Thr), implying the alteration of binding interaction with receptors. A novel, efficient and cost‐effective method (Dot‐blot‐SNP technique) for type C genotyping was successfully established, of which the basal method was a reported genotyping of SNPs for a large number of plants, reducing the cost to 10% or less of direct sequencing.
Defining a therapeutic window for the novel TGF‐β inhibitor LY2157299 monohydrate based on a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model
Authors: Gueorguieva Ivelina , Cleverly Ann L. , Stauber Anja , Pillay N. Sada , Rodon Jordi A. , Miles Colin P. , Yingling Jonathan M. , Lahn Michael M. 
Published: October 2013

AimsTo identify prospectively a safe therapeutic window for administration of a novel oral transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) inhibitor, LY2157299 monohydrate, based on a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model. Simulations of population plasma exposures and biomarker responses in tumour were performed for future trials of LY2157299 in glioblastoma and other cancer populations.MethodsThe model was updated after completion of each cohort during the first‐in‐human dose (FHD) study. The flexible design allowed continuous assessment of PK variability by recruiting the required number of patients in each cohort. Based on 30% inhibition of TGF‐β RI kinase phosphorylates (pSMAD), biologically effective exposures were anticipated to be reached from 160 mg onwards. The therapeutic window was predicted, based on animal data, to be between 160 and 360 mg.ResultsNo medically significant safety issues were observed and no dose limiting toxicities were established in this study. Observed plasma exposures (medians 2.43 to 3.7 mg l−1 h, respectively) with doses of 160 mg to 300 mg were within the predicted therapeutic window. Responses, based on the MacDonald criteria, were observed in these patients.ConclusionsA therapeutic window for the clinical investigation of LY2157299 in cancer patients was defined using a targeted PK/PD approach, which integrated translational biomarkers and preclinical toxicity. The study supports using a therapeutic window based on a PK/PD model in early oncology development.
Assessing the Causal Effect of Organ Transplantation on the Distribution of Residual Lifetime
Authors: Vock David M. , Tsiatis Anastasios A. , Davidian Marie , Laber Eric B. , Tsuang Wayne M. , Finlen Copeland C. Ashley , Palmer Scott M. 
Published: October 2013

Summary
Because the number of patients waiting for organ transplants exceeds the number of organs available, a better understanding of how transplantation affects the distribution of residual lifetime is needed to improve organ allocation. However, there has been little work to assess the survival benefit of transplantation from a causal perspective. Previous methods developed to estimate the causal effects of treatment in the presence of time-varying confounders have assumed that treatment assignment was independent across patients, which is not true for organ transplantation. We develop a version of G-estimation that accounts for the fact that treatment assignment is not independent across individuals to estimate the parameters of a structural nested failure time model. We derive the asymptotic properties of our estimator and confirm through simulation studies that our method leads to valid inference of the effect of transplantation on the distribution of residual lifetime. We demonstrate our method on the survival benefit of lung transplantation using data from the United Network for Organ Sharing.
Bayesian Spatial Transformation Models with Applications in Neuroimaging Data
Authors: Miranda Michelle F. , Zhu Hongtu , Ibrahim Joseph G. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe aim of this article is to develop a class of spatial transformation models (STM) to spatially model the varying association between imaging measures in a three-dimensional (3D) volume (or 2D surface) and a set of covariates. The proposed STM include a varying Box–Cox transformation model for dealing with the issue of non-Gaussian distributed imaging data and a Gaussian Markov random field model for incorporating spatial smoothness of the imaging data. Posterior computation proceeds via an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Simulations and real data analysis demonstrate that the STM significantly outperforms the voxel-wise linear model with Gaussian noise in recovering meaningful geometric patterns. Our STM is able to reveal important brain regions with morphological changes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Environmental and individual correlates of distress: Testing Karasek's Demand‐Control model in 99 primary care clinical environments
Authors: Presseau Justin , Johnston Marie , Johnston Derek W. , Elovainio Marko , Hrisos Susan , Steen Nick , Stamp Elaine , Francis Jill J. , Grimshaw Jeremy M. , Hawthorne Gillian , Hunter Margaret , Eccles Martin P. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesKarasek's job demand‐control model postulates that demand, control, and distress are environmental rather than individual features although these levels are often confounded. The objective was to investigate whether job demand, control, and demand × control predict environmental and individual distress in primary care clinicians, and the mediating role of distress in the relationships between demand and control with intention to leave and absenteeism.DesignPredictive national survey.MethodsWe invited 2,079 staff from 99 general practices in the United Kingdom (843 GPs and nurses, 1,236 administrators) to complete postal questionnaires assessing distress, intention to leave, absenteeism, job demand, and control. Random intercept multilevel models and bootstrapped mediation models were run to test the study hypotheses.ResultsOne thousand five hundred and ninety staff completed questionnaires (77% staff‐level response rate; complete responses by ≥80% of all workers in 68 work environments). There was evidence of environmental variation between practices in intention to leave, absenteeism, job demand, and control, but not distress. Job demand and control both significantly predicted distress, and control moderated the relationship between demand and distress with the effects of demand being reduced at low levels by high control. A small indirect effect via distress was observed for the relationship between job demand and absenteeism, and between job control and intention to leave. No support was found for environmental effects of work settings on distress, but there was evidence of individual‐level effects.ConclusionsThere is a need for considering environmental and individual levels and a danger of generalizing conclusions from one level to the other.Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Karasek's job demand‐control model shows consistent prediction of distress in health professionals.

Environmental and individual features of distress, demand, and control are often confounded.

What does this study add?

Nationally representative UK survey of doctors, nurses, and admin primary care staff.

Test individual and environment effect of demand and control on distress, absenteeism, leaving intention.

Indirect effect of demand on absenteeism via distress and of control on intention to leave via distress.
Contemporary management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in Victoria: implications for longer term outcomes and costs
Authors: Ta Anthony D. , Bolton Damien M. , Dimech Margaret K. , White Victoria , Davis Ian D. , Coory Michael , Millar Jeremy , Giles Graham 
Published: October 2013

Objective
To describe the contemporary patterns of care for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) using a whole of population series from Victoria.
Patients and methods
Retrospective review of medical records of all patients diagnosed and treated for RCC in Victoria in 2009.
Patients were identified via the State‐wide Victorian Cancer Registry.
Patient demographic characteristics, symptoms, stage, and first‐line treatment were assessed.
Associations between case residential location (metropolitan or rural) and treatment were examined using multivariate logistic regression after adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomic status, treatment in private or public hospital and comorbidity.
Results
Data were obtained for 499 of 577 eligible patients.
In all, 413 patients (83%) underwent surgery.
Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (RN) was the most common procedure for Stage I pT1a/pT1b tumours (51.2%); partial nephrectomy (PN) was performed for 27% of Stage I RCC
In multivariate analysis, regional patients were less likely to receive PN (odds ratio [OR] 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18–0.85) for Stage I RCC, and less likely to receive systemic therapy for Stage IV RCC (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01–0.41).
Multidisciplinary team meetings were recorded for only 25% of patients and 3% were enrolled in a clinical trial.
Conclusion
Most contemporary patients diagnosed with RCC are still treated with RN, including those with smaller tumours amenable to PN.
This may impact future outcomes, including increased risk of chronic kidney disease and its potential financial healthcare burden.
Patterns of treatment also appear to differ between metropolitan and regional populations.
Non‐invasive urodynamics predicts outcome prior to surgery for prostatic obstruction
Authors: Losco Giovanni , Keedle Lucy , King Quinten 
Published: October 2013

Objective
To assess whether the penile cuff non‐invasive urodynamic test serves as an effective diagnostic tool for predicting outcomes prior to disobstructive surgery for men presenting with voiding lower urinary tract symptoms.
Patients with proven urodynamic obstruction do better after surgery. The current gold standard, invasive pressure‐flow studies, imposes cost, resource demand, discomfort and inconvenience to patients.
Patients and Methods
Patients undergoing surgery for prostatic obstruction at Palmerston North Hospital had pre‐operative non‐invasive urodynamics and completed an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Catheterised patients were excluded.
Two months post‐operatively they completed a further IPSS score.
An improvement of seven or greater was defined as a clinically successful outcome.
Results were compared with the outcome predicted by the nomogram supplied with the urodynamic device.
Results
Data was obtained for 62 patients with mean age 70 years (range 49 to 86 years; SD 9 years). Follow‐up was complete for all patients. Thirty‐eight patients underwent transurethral resection and 24 holmium laser enucleation of the prostate. Mean IPSS score was 21 (range 5 to 35; SD 6) pre‐operatively and 11 (range 1 to 31; SD 9) post‐operatively.
Thirty‐five patients were predicted obstructed and 27 not obstructed.
94% of those predicted obstructed had a successful outcome (p < 0.01).
70% predicted as not obstructed did not have a successful outcome after surgery (p < 0.01).
Conclusion
The penile cuff test is an exciting adjunct in the decision to proceed to surgery for prostatic obstruction.
Patients predicted to be obstructed have an excellent likelihood of a good surgical outcome, yet 30% of those shown not to be obstructed will still do well.
Whilst numbers in our study are small, outcomes compare favourably with published results on invasive urodynamic methods.
Investigation of poorer bladder cancer survival in women in NSW, Australia: a data linkage study
Authors: Tracey Elizabeth , Watt Hunter , Currow David , Young Jane , Armstrong Bruce 
Published: October 2013

Objective
To investigate the associations of a range of personal and clinical variables with bladder cancer survival in men and women in NSW to see if we could explain why bladder cancer survival is consistently poorer in women than in men.
Patients and Methods
All 6880 cases of bladder cancers diagnosed in NSW between 2000 and 2008 were linked to hospital separation data and to deaths.
Separate Cox proportional hazards regression models of hazard of bladder cancer death were constructed for those who did or did not undergo cystectomy.
Results
A total of 16% of patients with bladder cancer underwent cystectomy (16% of men and 15% of women). Women who underwent cystectomy were 26% more likely to die than men (hazard ratio [HR] 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.59) after adjustment for age, stage, time from diagnosis to cystectomy, distance from treatment facility and country of birth.
None of the above covariates had a material effect on the difference in hazard between women and men; however, when stratified by a history of cystitis, the adjusted hazard was 55% higher in women (HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.15–2.10) than in men with a history of cystitis while, in the absence of this history, there was no difference in the hazard between men and women (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.57–1.70).
This apparent modification of the effect of sex on bladder cancer outcome was not seen in patients treated only by resection: the adjusted HRs in women relative to men were 1.10 (95% CI 0.92–1.31) in those with a history of cystitis and 1.21 (95% CI 0.98–1.50) in those without.
A history of haematuria did not modify appreciably the association of sex with bladder cancer outcome.
Conclusion
Women's poorer survival from bladder cancer compared with that of men remains unexplained; however, the possibility that some factor associated with a history of cystitis may contribute to or explain the poorer outcome in women merits further investigation.
Impact of androgen suppression and zoledronic acid on bone mineral density and fractures in the Trans‐Tasman Radiation Oncology Group (TROG) 03.04 Randomised Androgen Deprivation and Radiotherapy (RADAR) randomized controlled trial for locally advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Denham James W. , Nowitz Michael , Joseph David , Duchesne Gillian , Spry Nigel A. , Lamb David S. , Matthews John , Turner Sandra , Atkinson Chris , Tai Keen‐Hun , Gogna Nirdosh Kumar , Kenny Lizbeth , Diamond Terry , Smart Richard , Rowan David , Moscato Pablo , Vimieiro Renato , Woodfield Richard , Lynch Kevin , Delahunt Brett , Murray Judy , D'Este Cate , McElduff Patrick , Steigler Allison , Kautto Allison , Ball Jean 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo study the influence of adjuvant androgen suppression and bisphosphonates on incident vertebral and non‐spinal fracture rates and bone mineral density (BMD) in men with locally advanced prostate cancer.Patients and MethodsBetween 2003 and 2007, 1071 men with locally advanced prostate cancer were randomly allocated, using a 2 × 2 trial design, to 6 months i.m. leuprorelin (androgen suppression [AS]) before radiotherapy alone ± 12 months additional leuprorelin ± 18 months zoledronic acid (ZdA), commencing at randomization.The main endpoint was incident thoraco‐lumbar vertebral fractures, which were assessed radiographically at randomization and at 3 years, then reassessed by centralized review.Subsidiary endpoints included incident non‐spinal fractures, which were documented throughout follow‐up, andBMD, which was measured in 222 subjects at baseline, 2 years and 4 years.ResultsIncident vertebral fractures at 3 years were observed in 132 subjects. Their occurrence was not increased by 18 months’AS, nor reduced byZdA.Incident non‐spinal fractures occurred in 72 subjects and were significantly related toASduration but not toZdA.Osteopenia and osteoporosis prevalence rates at baseline were 23.4 and 1.4%, respectively, at the hip.Treatment for 6 and 18 months withAScaused significant reductions in hipBMDat 2 and 4 years (P< 0.01) andZdAprevented these losses at both time points.ConclusionIn anAS‐naïve population, 18 months ofZdAtreatment prevented the sustainedBMDlosses caused by 18 months ofAStreatment; however, the study power was insufficient to show thatASduration orZdAinfluenced vertebral fracture rates.
Penile vibratory stimulation in the recovery of urinary continence and erectile function after nerve‐sparing radical prostatectomy: a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Fode Mikkel , Borre Michael , Ohl Dana A. , Lichtbach Jonas , Sønksen Jens 
Published: October 2013

Objective
To examine the effect of penile vibratory stimulation (PVS) in the preservation and restoration of erectile function and urinary continence in conjunction with nerve‐sparing radical prostatectomy (RP).
Patients and Methods
The present study was conducted between July 2010 and March 2013 as a randomized prospective trial at two university hospitals. Eligible participants were continent men with an International Index of Erectile Function‐5 (IIEF‐5) score of at least 18, scheduled to undergo nerve‐sparing RP.
Patients were randomized to a PVS group or a control group. Patients in the PVS group were instructed in using a PVS device (FERTI CARE® vibrator).
Stimulation was performed at the frenulum once daily by the patients in their own homes for at least 1 week before surgery. After catheter removal, daily PVS was re‐initiated for a period of 6 weeks.
Participants were evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery with the IIEF‐5 questionnaire and questions regarding urinary bother. Patients using up to one pad daily for security reasons only were considered continent. The study was registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ (NCT01067261).
Results
Data from 68 patients were available for analyses (30 patients randomized to PVS and 38 patients randomized to the control group).
The IIEF‐5 score was highest in the PVS group at all time points after surgery with a median score of 18 vs 7.5 in the control group at 12 months (P = 0.09), but the difference only reached borderline significance.
At 12 months, 16/30 (53%) patients in the PVS group had reached an IIEF‐5 score of at least 18, while this was the case for 12/38 (32%) patients in the control group (P = 0.07).
There were no significant differences in the proportions of continent patients between groups at 3, 6 or 12 months. At 12 months 90% of the PVS patients were continent, while 94.7% of the control patients were continent (P = 0.46).
Conclusion
The present study did not document a significant effect of PVS. However, the method proved to be acceptable for most patients and there was a trend towards better erectile function with PVS. More studies are needed to explore this possible effect further.