bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers and facilitators to linkage to ART in primary care: a qualitative study of patients and providers in Blantyre, Malawi
Authors: MacPherson Peter , MacPherson Eleanor E , Mwale Daniel , Squire Stephen Bertel , Makombe Simon D , Corbett Elizabeth L , Lalloo David G , Desmond Nicola 
Published: January 2013

IntroductionLinkage from HIV testing and counselling (HTC) to initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is suboptimal in many national programmes in sub‐Saharan Africa, leading to delayed initiation of ART and increased risk of death. Reasons for failure of linkage are poorly understood.MethodsSemi‐structured qualitative interviews were undertaken with health providers and HIV‐positive primary care patients as part of a prospective cohort study at primary health centres in Blantyre, Malawi. Patients successful and unsuccessful in linking to ART were included.ResultsProgression through the HIV care pathway was strongly influenced by socio‐cultural norms, particularly around the perceived need to regain respect lost during a period of visibly declining health. Capacity to call upon the support of networks of families, friends and employers was a key determinant of successful progression. Over‐busy clinics, non‐functioning laboratories and unsuitable tools used for ART eligibility assessment (WHO clinical staging system and centralized CD4 count measurement) were important health systems determinants of drop‐out.ConclusionsKey interventions that could rapidly improve linkage include guarantee of same‐day, same‐clinic ART eligibility assessments; utilization of the support offered by peer‐groups and community health workers; and integration of HTC and ART programmes.
Using CellX to Quantify Intracellular Events
Authors: Mayer Christian , Dimopoulos Sotiris , Rudolf Fabian , Stelling Jörg 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMethods to quantify features of individual cells using light microscopy have become widely used in biology. A multitude of computational tools has been developed for image analysis; however, they are often only for specific cell types and microscopy techniques. This unit describes CellX, an open‐source software package for cell segmentation, intensity quantification, and cell tracking on a variety of microscopy images. CellX can perform cell segmentation largely independently of cell shapes, and can also cope with images that are crowded with cells. The basic protocol describes how to use CellX for cell segmentation and quantification. This protocol remains the same whether there is a collection of images to be analyzed or whether cell tracking on a sequence of images is to be performed. The CellX output comprises control images for visual validation, text files for post‐processing statistics, and MATLAB objects for advanced subsequent analysis. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 101:14.22.1–14.22.20. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Enlightenment and the Bourgeois Public Sphere (Through the Eyes of aLondon Merchant‐Writer)
Authors: Kittler Juraj 
Published: January 2013

AbstractConventional histories of the twentieth century had a propensity to idealize the seminal role played by the Enlightenment in ushering in modernity. Their impact on communication scholarship was reflected in Habermas's seminal work, which equated the main achievements of the English Enlightenment and the rise of the public sphere, defined as a venue fostering public opinion by means of rational debate. Yet, the same eighteenth‐century London coffeehouses that were idealized by Habermas as prototypes of democratic civic institutions are described by historical sources also as places of scandal and depravity, infested with deception and the manipulation of information. Daniel Defoe – merchant, journalist, and author of countless political pamphlets and literary novels – is one such exclusively positioned observer whose writings and personal life fully expose the ubiquitous dialectic tension between forces emphasizing the democratic potential of the emerging public sphere in London, and relentless efforts for its commodification. Indeed, Defoe's testimony challenges the very notion of its bourgeois nature. In conclusion, this essay attempts to demonstrate that the key concepts of the public sphere such as public opinion, consensus, and deliberative process predate the Enlightenment era. They had already been discussed in Renaissance Venice, albeit within a strikingly opposite normative framework. As a normative ideal, they became definitely adopted by mainstream society in mid‐seventeenth‐century England.
Media and Mobility
Authors: Andrejevic Mark 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the changing relationship of mobility to media technology, considering the ways in which we think about, engage in, and exploit the mobility of people and devices, goods and services, in a world in which mobility serves as an increasingly important type of information and information goes increasingly mobile. The chapter rethinks the ways in which information mobility and physical mobility interact with one another in the transition from industrial era shifts to digital era developments. If mobility has, at times, claimed for itself the attributes of a certain kind of freedom, this chapter considers the way in which this freedom can be put to work. The conquest of space, in the digital era, refers to the creation of a ubiquitous electromagnetic atmosphere – not merely extension across space, but also a “filling‐in” of space, so that wherever one goes, the network can be accessed, information can be retrieved, and feedback generated. Information is generated not simply about the movement of objects, but about the movement of messages, and, recursively, the tracking of the movement of messages. Mobility, in this sense, participates in a productive spiral.
The Chicago School of Sociology and Mass Communication Research
Authors: Wahl‐Jorgensen Karin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhile the Chicago School has subtly but profoundly shaped and influenced the direction of scholarship on mass media, the history of its engagement with mass communication researchers is also a history of missed connections and opportunities. At least two different stories can be told in tracing the legacies of the Chicago School on work in media studies. One is a tale of triumph: The Chicago School has had a significant impact on scholarship in the field, in its normative assessment of the media's role in society and its empirical work in understanding it. Another is a tale of loss and marginalization, witnessed by the decline of the socially engaged and often qualitative approach of the school and its diminishing presence within the collective conscience of the discipline today. Both of these stories are true. The Chicago School arose out of a particular moment, with its companion preoccupations and anxieties, but its contributions subsequently fell to the wayside in the face of profound epistemological shifts. The Chicago School gave voice to the idea that media and communication have a central role to play in shaping individual and collective lives, and in cementing identities and communities. This idea has helped to justify and solidify the notion that we cannot understand society without understanding how we communicate with each other and how the media shape our social bonds and social worlds.
The Political Economy of Communication
Authors: McChesney Robert W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe political economy of communication has three main components. First, it addressesin a critical mannerhow the media system interacts with and affects the overall disposition of power in society. Second, it examines how market structures, advertising support, labor relations, profit motivation, technologies, and government policies shape media industries, journalistic practices, occupational sociology, and the nature and content of the news and entertainment. The detailed examination of the policymaking process is the third core component. Political economic analysis suggests that media development has been inflected most strongly at critical junctures, moments when media technologies, political power, and economic structures simultaneously undergo stress and change. The present moment suggests the potential for political economic study of the media to have real impact.
Media Production and Information Policy
Authors: Burkart Patrick , Logan Lucas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter uses a stakeholder analysis to examine the legal regime governing intellectual property rights in cyberspace and those who try to shape current policies. Celebrating what they call “the Celestial Jukebox,” information policymakers in the European Union (EU) have adopted copyright maximalist standards, which follow a model dictated by Hollywood for the United States. This chapter explores the legal initiatives and mechanisms required for this transformation, the political resistance and opposition to these reforms, and the changing relationships between media producers and consumers that the reforms seek to legitimate.
A Critical Analysis of Cultural Imperialism
Authors: Jin Dal Yong 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAsian cultural industries have produced and exported domestic television programs and films on a large scale since the mid‐1990s, challenging scholars' theories of cultural imperialism. The process remains complex, however, because the US still dominates the Asian cultural market and has expanded its influence through massive capital investments. This chapter analyzes the nature of transnationalization for Asian cultural industries in order to establish whether cultural imperialism is phased out in Asia. It explores the flows of Asian cultural products and examines the import and export of these goods in recent years. It then challenges the assertions made by scholars who formulate a reverse cultural imperialism thesis, and it questions whether cultural imperialism is still useful in explaining the Asian cultural market.
YouTube Stylo
Authors: Juhasz Alexandra 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The impact of YouTube on media production and distribution has been breakneck, immense, and seemingly irreversible. In this chapter I argue that media production professors need to embrace, and not to avoid YouTube, as if it was what the French call a
stylo
: a pen. To do so, we need to better understand YouTube and YouTube videos. I impart here some of the lessons I have learned from teaching an experimental course, Learning from YouTube, in which all the course work has been
about
, but also
on
, the site. These lessons illustrate the genres, contents, and styles of “video writing” that my students have developed to expand the reach of YouTube's more standard and banal content. The lessons also address how knowledge of the technologies, ownership, architecture, and customs of the site can allow for careful, considered, and self‐referential student work to become a critical part of this unruly archive.
Is Media Work Good Work?
Authors: Hesmondhalgh David , Zoellner Anna 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines a politics of creative media work in order to make claims for what is good work. These claims follow a number of recent critiques of work emerging from media production studies. Drawing on sociology, philosophy, and social theory, the chapter develops a model for the analysis of good and bad work in general. A case study of the independent television sector in the UK and Germany then applies this model to illustrate the coexistence of positive and negative features in media work. This intervention aims to promote the kind of emancipatory social action necessary to make access to good work, including good creative work, more equal and just.
Is There Local Content on Television for Children Today?
Authors: Lustyik Katalin , Zanker Ruth 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores the dichotomy between “local” and “global” television content targeting children in the context of debates on media globalization. Our three case studies – TVNZ6 in New Zealand, Minimax in Eastern Europe, and Al Jazeera Children's Channel in the Middle East – focus specifically on locally produced content offered on thematic children's television channels launched to promote the cultural heritage of a particular nation or region. Operating in small but radically different media environments on different continents, these channels provide concrete examples of how local content is conceptualized and what types of content are being offered and produced for children today.
The Evolution of Hollywood Latinidad
Authors: Beltrán Mary C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay explores the evolution of Latina/o representation in Hollywood film and US television by reviewing the scholarship on Latina/o representation and stardom. The essay is structured in relation to methodological approaches and tropes that have emerged and become fundamental to the field of study as it has evolved. The sections below are organized to hone in on the themes of (1) Latina/o visibility and stereotypes; (2) racialization and the privileging of particular “Latin looks”; (3) constructions of Latinidad and related questions of authenticity; (4) hybridity and transnationalism; (5) self‐representation and Latina/o participation within the mainstream media industries; and (6) recent hypervisibility and other contemporary trends. It concludes by addressing the multiple implications of today's hypervisibility of Latina/o actors and calls for further in‐depth study of such multivalent representation and its impact.
The Reflexive Self
Authors: Sender Katherine 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Drawing from a large audience research project conducted by a team of researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, I consider how the methodological challenges of doing audience research can inform a broader investigation of the production of a reflexive self. Looking at responses to four US makeover reality shows, our data suggest that neither of the two main perspectives that dominate reality TV research, the uses and gratifications approach and the governmentality critique, fully account for the meanings the viewers we talked to brought to makeover texts. They acknowledged learning some things from these shows, while pointing to big differences between the shows. Yet producing themselves as disciplined citizens appears far less significant than their investments in the possibilities of self‐transformation: specifically, transforming the self's relation to the self. Makeover shows facilitate an articulation of a particular kind of self, which has insight into itself, has agency about itself, and that cares for itself. Yet this reflexive self is also produced through the research process, where implicit hierarchies of value concerning expressivity and self‐reflection are paralleled, even reinforced, by the apparently diverse routines of low‐brow makeover television and high‐brow academic research.
“Unity in Diversity?”
Authors: Bradfield Shelley‐Jean 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The public television endeavor in South Africa to translate a multicultural ideology into programming addresses the plurality of citizen‐viewers in the country through the stipulation of language and local content quotas, among other corporate objectives. But the way women negotiate television's attempts to reproduce a shared sense of national identity and the manner in which they view television as a means to participate in the national public sphere have not yet been assessed. This chapter intervenes by investigating the heterogeneous manner in which audiences utilize global
and
local programming in their identification as national subjects. First, white women offer an antagonistic response by distancing themselves from nation‐building rhetoric and by expressing preferences for programming from other national contexts. Second, older black women collaborate by identifying with programming on television that they believe addresses issues of the nation directly. And, finally, a mixed racial and ethnic group of women demonstrate more ambivalent or critical responses to programming designed to bring people together around national concerns. The paradoxical responses of women to national programming suggest the exclusive qualities of the lived experience of multiculturalism versus the imagined success of the televised national project.
Participation Beyond Production
Authors: Rauch Jennifer 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn an era of “social media” technologies, instrumental goals such as networking, organizing, and information‐sharing hold great sway over the study of activist culture. Researchers often conceptualize activists' media use as participation in message production and dissemination, while overlooking practices related to reception and interpretation – that is, activists asaudiences. In this chapter I propose that the moments in which activists engage with media as listeners, readers, and viewers are just as interesting to scholarship as those in which people create and/or share media relevant to activism. By shifting some emphasis from the transmission mode of activists' media use to the ritual or symbolic dimension, we can better understand how media habits help sustain activist identities and a sense of belonging, which serves as a precursor to participation. I also assert the importance of low‐tech media, face‐to‐face communication, and offline participation among such audiences, whose members aim to connect mediated activities with real‐world ones, and identify some social limitations in technological activism. The chapter concludes by suggesting avenues for future study that explore why activists choose to receive certain messages and how ritual contributes to people getting and staying involved with activist communities.
Cultivation Theory
Authors: Van den Bulck Jan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCultivation theory was developed by George Gerbner of the Annenberg School for Communication and his colleagues in the late 1960s. The theory argues that by overemphasizing certain aspects of social reality (such as violent crime) and underrepresenting other aspects, television drama affects people's perceptions of reality. Even though it has attracted a lot of criticism, it is one of the three most generative theories in the field of communication research. In recent years much attention has focused on the study of psychological processes. This chapter argues that there are many challenges cultivation theory will face in the coming years. Both the fact that television viewing behavior is changing rapidly and the fact that only small relationships have been found need methodological attention. Developing a sociological theory of the long‐term impact of television stories on culture and socialization may be the way forward.
Framing and Priming Effects
Authors: Scheufele Bertram T. , Scheufele Dietram A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of cognitive media effects and processes in the field of political communication. We examine the central role that accessibility‐based and applicability‐based models, such as priming and framing, have played in refining our understanding of communication effects at different levels of analysis. We then outline the theoretical and methodological challenges of such multi‐level or cross‐level approaches. In particular, we first present a formal blueprint for a multi‐level model of media effects. Based on this overview, we discuss framing and priming effects at the micro‐level. Here, we integrate disciplinary literatures especially from psychology and communication, and distinguish the theoretical promises underlying accessibility and applicability based models of media effects. Furthermore, we outline different forms of framing and priming effects on meso‐ and macro‐level units. Finally, the cross‐sectional challenges of modeling multi‐level media framing and priming effects are discussed.
PoliticalTVAdvertising and Debates
Authors: Benoit William L. , Henson Jayne R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay begins by justifying the importance of two particular forms of political campaign communication, TV advertising spots and debates. Advertising spots and debates are two especially prominent forms of messaging in political campaigns and there is extensive research evidence regarding their role and the outcomes associated with each. Thus we sketch the nature of these key campaign message forms, focusing on the two dimensions of functions and topics. Then we discuss the historic controversy over minimal effects. This leads to a discussion of the effects of these important message forms, which is based on meta‐analyses of these media.
Effects of Social Marketing
Authors: Basil Michael D. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Many efforts to improve people's health behaviors have employed communication campaigns. A related approach, but more extensive, termed “social marketing,” applies commercial marketing methods to health and other social goals by trying to shape people's behaviors through facilitation and reward. Social marketing is limited by existing beliefs, social forces and other structural factors, and to the extent that we cannot develop viable products or solutions, it cannot really be employed.
Using Message Framing in Health‐Related Persuasion
Authors: Nan Xiaoli 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter provides a review of theory and evidence concerning the relative persuasiveness of gain‐ versus loss‐framed messages in health contexts, with particular attention to research surrounding proposed moderators of message framing effects, including type of health behavior advocated, message recipients' involvement with the health issue and approach/avoidance tendency, and desirability of the end‐state emphasized in the message. The review suggests that several theoretical perspectives including prospect theory, dual‐process theories, and regulatory focus theory have been used to explain message framing effects. It is argued that there has been a lack of effort to integrate the different theoretical perspectives into a broader framework based on which the relative effects of message framing can be understood. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the current state of research and directions for future studies.
Prosocial TV Content
Authors: Mares Marie‐Louise 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTwo meta‐analyses of the early research on prosocial effects of TV viewing suggest the possibility for positive effects, but also reveal a lack of systematic research into how best to achieve desired outcomes. Since then, the question has gained more social relevance because of a renewed international interest in using television to reduce prejudice and foster prosocial interactions, and because of the proliferation of programs in the United States that purport to teach socioemotional lessons. Research by Narvaez and others on comprehension of written texts suggests that there are important cognitive and moral schema developments that affect how children process moral messages. It is a central argument of the chapter that the same issues of interpretation and misinterpretation arise with prosocial television content. The latter part of the chapter focuses on the challenges of using TV as a tool for promoting inclusive attitudes, and a series of recommendations about how to increase the probability of positive outcomes.