bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General versus spinal anaesthesia and postoperative delirium in an orthogeriatric population
Authors: Ilango Sivarajah , Pulle Ranjeev Chrys , Bell Jack , Kuys Suzanne S 
Published: September 2015

AimPostoperative delirium is common among elderly hip surgery patients. We aimed to pragmatically evaluate whether type of anaesthesia influenced postoperative delirium in an orthogeriatric population following hip fracture.MethodThis observational study comprises prospectively collected data on hip fracture patients admitted between October 2010 and November 2011. Delirium was diagnosed clinically by geriatricians.ResultsOf the 344 patients admitted, seven managed conservatively and 19 with incomplete data were excluded; 318 patients were analysed. Average age was 81.6 (SD 9.8) years; 28% were men and 167 (53%) were administered general anaesthesia. Mean length of stay was 18 (SD 9.4) days. Overall, 172 patients (54%) experienced delirium. There was no apparent difference in postoperative delirium by anaesthetic type (88 vs 84, P = 0.15).ConclusionDelirium was common in both general and spinal anaesthetic patients. Further randomised controlled trials would be required to determine whether anaesthesia type influenced delirium rates.
A New Application for Albumin Dialysis in Extracorporeal Organ Support: Characterization of a Putative Interaction Between Human Albumin and Proinflammatory Cytokines IL‐6 and TNFα
Authors: Pfensig Claudia , Dominik Adrian , Borufka Luise , Hinz Michael , Stange Jan , Eggert Martin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAlbumin dialysis in extracorporeal organ support is often performed in the treatment of liver failure as it facilitates the removal of toxic components from the blood. Here, we describe a possible effect of albumin dialysis on proinflammatory cytokine levels in vitro. Initially, albumin samples were incubated with different amounts of cytokines and analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Analysis of interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) levels indicated that increased concentrations of albumin reduce the measureable amount of the respective cytokines. This led to the hypothesis that the used proinflammatory cytokines may interact with albumin. Size exclusion chromatography of albumin spiked with cytokines was carried out using high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis. The corresponding fractions were evaluated by immunoblotting. We detected albumin and cytokines in the same fractions indicating an interaction of the small‐sized cytokines IL‐6 and TNFα with the larger‐sized albumin. Finally, a two‐compartment albumin dialysis in vitro model was used to analyze the effect of albumin on proinflammatory cytokines in the recirculation circuit during 6‐h treatment. These in vitro albumin dialysis experiments indicated a significant decrease of IL‐6, but not of TNFα, when albumin was added to the dialysate solution. Taken together, we were able to show a putative in vitro interaction of human albumin with the proinflammatory cytokine IL‐6, but with less evidence for TNFα, and demonstrated an additional application for albumin dialysis in liver support therapy where IL‐6 removal might be indicated.
Continuity and Interpolation Techniques for Computer Graphics
Authors: Gonzalez F. , Patow G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractContinuity and interpolation have been crucial topics for computer graphics since its very beginnings. Every time we want to interpolate values across some area, we need to take a set of samples over that interpolating region. However, interpolating samples faithfully allowing the results to closely match the underlying functions can be a tricky task as the functions to sample could not be smooth and, in the worst case, it could be even impossible when they are not continuous. In those situations bringing the required continuity is not an easy task, and much work has been done to solve this problem. In this paper, we focus on the state of the art in continuity and interpolation in three stages of the real‐time rendering pipeline. We study these problems and their current solutions in texture space (2D), object space (3D) and screen space. With this review of the literature in these areas, we hope to bring new light and foster research in these fundamental, yet not completely solved problems in computer graphics.
On Core Sorting in RMTS and RMTO Systems: A Newsvendor Framework
Authors: Li Xiang , Li Yongjian , Cai Xiaoqiang 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTVariation in core condition and uncertainty in market demand pose great challenges for remanufacturers to match supply with demand. This article investigates a firm that acquires and remanufactures cores of multiple quality conditions to satisfy demand. Both remanufacturing‐to‐stock (RMTS) and remanufacturing‐to‐order (RMTO) systems are considered. In each system, a sorting operation that resolves the core conditions before remanufacturing may or may not be adopted, leading to four possible sorting/remanufacturing strategies: (1) no sorting in RMTS; (2) sorting in RMTS; (3) no sorting in RMTO; and (4) sorting in RMTO. Under each strategy, we derive the optimal decisions on the acquisition and remanufacturing quantities, in two scenarios, respectively: (i) all acquired cores are remanufacturable and (ii) some cores are non‐remanufacturable. We find that sorting can be completely useless to RMTS system, and thus should never be adopted regardless of the sorting cost. We provide the analytical condition under which this ineffectiveness of sorting occurs. Nevertheless, sorting is always useful to RMTO system and should be adopted when the sorting cost is below a threshold value. We also conduct an extensive numerical study and show that the effects of sorting to RMTO system are more significant than that to RMTS system.
The general movement optimality score: a detailed assessment of general movements during preterm and term age
Authors: Einspieler Christa , Marschik Peter B , Pansy Jasmin , Scheuchenegger Anna , Krieber Magdalena , Yang Hong , Kornacka Maria K , Rowinska Edyta , Soloveichick Marina , Bos Arend F 
Published: September 2015

AimTo explore the appropriateness of applying a detailed assessment of general movements and characterize the relationship between global and detailed assessment.MethodThe analysis was based on 783 video recordings of 233 infants (154 males, 79 females) who had been videoed from 27 to 45 weeks postmenstrual age. Apart from assessing the global general movement categories (normal, poor repertoire, cramped‐synchronized, or chaotic general movements), we scored the amplitude, speed, spatial range, proximal and distal rotations, onset and offset, tremulous and cramped components of the upper and lower extremities. Applying the optimality concept, the maximum general movement optimality score of 42 indicates the optimal performance.ResultsGeneral movement optimality scores (GMOS) differentiated between normal general movements (median 39 [25–75th centile 37–41]), poor repertoire general movements (median 25 [22–29]), and cramped‐synchronized general movements (median 12 [10–14]; p<0.01). The optimality score for chaotic general movements (mainly occurring at late preterm age) was similar to those for cramped‐synchronized general movements (median 14 [12–17]). Short‐lasting tremulous movements occurred from very preterm age (<32wks) to post‐term age across all general movement categories, including normal general movements. The detailed score at post‐term age was slightly lower compared to the scores at preterm and term age for both normal (p=0.02) and poor repertoire general movements (p<0.01).InterpretationFurther research might demonstrate that the GMOS provides a solid base for the prediction of improvement versus deterioration within an individual general movement trajectory.
Revision of the lygaeid genus Nysius (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae: Orsillinae) of Japan, with description of a new species
Authors: Nakatani Yukinobu 
Published: September 2015

AbstractJapanese species of the lygaeid–orsilline genus Nysius were revised, and five species including a new species, N. hidakai, were recognized. Male and female genitalia of all the species were illustrated, and a key to species of Japanese Nysius was provided. The DNA barcoding information of each species except N. expressus were recorded.
Segmentation of elemental EDS maps by means of multiple clustering combined with phase identification
Authors: MÜNCH B. , MARTIN L.H.J. , LEEMANN A. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryAn imaging concept is proposed for the phase identification and segmentation of elemental map images from energy dispersive spectroscopy. The procedure starts with presegmentation using common clustering algorithms, continues with automated identification of the chemical compositions, followed by their screening by professional expertise. The ultimate phases are finally clustered by applying a minimum Euclidean distance classifier. The potential, performance and limitations of the approach are presented on energy dispersive spectroscopy maps acquired by a scanning electron microscope and conducted on samples produced from cement clinker, natural rock and hydrated cement mortar. Nevertheless, the technique is suitable for arbitrary types of materials and general devices for energy dispersive spectroscopy acquisition. It is an approach for extending common energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis by means of visual examination and ratio plots towards quantitative rating.
Missing wedge computed tomography by iterative algorithm DIRECTT
Authors: KUPSCH ANDREAS , LANGE AXEL , HENTSCHEL MANFRED P. , LÜCK SEBASTIAN , SCHMIDT VOLKER , GROTHAUSMANN ROMAN , HILGER ANDRÉ , MANKE INGO 
Published: September 2015

SummaryA strategy to mitigate typical reconstruction artefacts in missing wedge computed tomography is presented. These artefacts appear as elongations of reconstructed details along the mean direction (i.e. the symmetry centre of the projections). Although absent in standard computed tomography applications, they are most prominent in advanced electron tomography and also in special topics of X‐ray and neutron tomography under restricted geometric boundary conditions. We investigate the performance of the DIRECTT (Direct Iterative Reconstruction of Computed Tomography Trajectories) algorithm to reduce the directional artefacts in standard procedures. In order to be sensitive to the anisotropic nature of missing wedge artefacts, we investigate isotropic substructures of metal foam as well as circular disc models. Comparison is drawn to filtered backprojection and algebraic techniques. Reference is made to reconstructions of complete data sets. For the purpose of assessing the reconstruction quality, Fourier transforms are employed to visualize the missing wedge directly. Deficient reconstructions of disc models are evaluated by a length‐weighted kernel density estimation, which yields the probabilities of boundary orientations. The DIRECTT results are assessed at different signal‐to‐noise ratios by means of local and integral evaluation parameters.
Development of real‐time PCR assays for the detection of Moraxella macacae associated with bloody nose syndrome in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques
Authors: Whitehouse Chris A. , Chase Kitty , Embers Monica E. , Kulesh David A. , Ladner Jason T. , Palacios Gustavo F. , Minogue Timothy D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundMoraxella macacae is a recently described bacterial pathogen that causes epistaxis or so‐called bloody nose syndrome in captive macaques. The aim of this study was to develop specific molecular diagnostic assays for M. macacae and to determine their performance characteristics.MethodsWe developed six real‐time PCR assays on the Roche LightCycler. The accuracy, precision, selectivity, and limit of detection (LOD) were determined for each assay, in addition to further validation by testing nasal swabs from macaques presenting with epistaxis at the Tulane National Primate Research Center.ResultsAll assays exhibited 100% specificity and were highly sensitive with an LOD of 10 fg for chromosomal assays and 1 fg for the plasmid assay. Testing of nasal swabs from 10 symptomatic macaques confirmed the presence of M. macacae in these animals.ConclusionsWe developed several accurate, sensitive, and species‐specific real‐time PCR assays for the detection of M. macacae in captive macaques.
Development of a scale to assess children's trust in general nurses
Authors: Rotenberg Ken J. , Woods Ella E. , Betts Lucy R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPurposeDevelop a Children's Trust in General Nurses Scale (CTGNS).Design and MethodsIn a cross‐sectional investigation, 128 U.K. children (68 females and 60 males; mean age = 10 years and 4 months) completed the CTGNS and reported their trust in, and fear of, nurses. A total of 46 parents reported those dispositions and the frequency of their children visiting medical centres.ResultsThe CTGNS showed acceptable internal consistency and factor structure. It was correlated with reported children's trust in nurses and visiting medical centres.Practice ImplicationsThe CTGNS will permit the investigation of children's trust in nurses and interventions to promote it.
Adiposity and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Schmid D. , Ricci C. , Behrens G. , Leitzmann M. F. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThyroid cancer incidence has increased rapidly over time, as has obesity prevalence. A link between the two appears plausible, but the relation of adiposity to thyroid cancer remains incompletely understood. We performed a meta‐analysis of adiposity measures and thyroid cancer using studies identified through October 2014. Twenty‐one articles yielded data on 12,199 thyroid cancer cases. We found a statistically significant 25% greater risk of thyroid cancer in overweight individuals and a 55% greater thyroid cancer risk in obese individuals as compared with their normal‐weight peers. Each 5‐unit increase in body mass index (BMI), 5 kg increase in weight, 5 cm increase in waist or hip circumference and 0.1‐unit increase in waist‐to‐hip ratio were associated with 30%, 5%, 5% and 14% greater risks of thyroid cancer, respectively. When evaluated by histologic type, obesity was significantly positively related to papillary, follicular and anaplastic thyroid cancers, whereas it revealed an inverse association with medullary thyroid cancer. Both general and abdominal adiposity are positively associated with thyroid cancer. However, relations with BMI vary importantly by tumour histologic type.
Effects of Current Density on Nociceptor Activation Upon Electrical Stimulation in Humans
Authors: Landmann Gunther , Stockinger Lenka , Lustenberger Corinne , Schmelz Martin , Rukwied Roman 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesMechano‐insensitive (“silent”) nociceptors contribute to neuropathic pain. Their activation causes an axon‐reflex erythema, but their high electrical excitation thresholds complicate their assessment, particularly in painful neuropathy. We therefore developed electrical stimulation paradigms for brief nociceptor activation and explored their sensitivity for clinical trials.MethodThe local ethics committee approved the study protocol, and 14 healthy subjects were enrolled. Electrical stimuli were administered to ventral forearm and dorsum of the foot via self‐adhesive 3 × 10 mm electrodes and a pair of blunted 0.4‐mm‐diameter platinum/iridium pin electrodes. Pain thresholds were determined and nociceptors activated at 1.5‐fold pain threshold by 5 blocks delivering 10 pulses each and at randomized frequencies of 5 to 10 to 20 to 50 to 100 Hz, respectively. Axon reflex erythema and pain were recorded.ResultsIncreased frequencies dose‐dependently increased pain (P < 0.0001). Pin electrode stimulation was more painful than adhesive electrode stimulation (P < 0.04) particularly at the feet. Axon reflex erythema was significantly smaller at the feet than at the forearm (P < 0.0001). At both skin sites, pin electrode stimuli evoked significantly larger erythema (P < 0.05).ConclusionsElectrical stimulation at high current density using pin electrodes is a sensitive method for investigating “silent” nociceptors, which might therefore preferably be applied in neuropathic pain conditions.
Absence of Support Networks and Welfare Systems*
Authors: Requena Felix 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveThis article empirically examines the causal relationships among individuals who do not ask for assistance and the welfare systems involved. We analyze the following questions: Who does not seek assistance? What is the probability of identifying someone who does not seek assistance in different welfare systems? and What role does the system play in influencing someone not to seek assistance?MethodsWe use a rare events logit model that indicates the influence of various types of welfare systems and support networks on the circumstances in which support is not requested. Data came from the 2001 ISSP.ResultsThe results indicate that people who do not request assistance have small or nonexistent support networks and therefore no one from which to seek help.ConclusionThis analysis confirmed the importance of the cultural contexts of welfare systems and how they influence the behavior of those who do not seek support.
Clinical and computed tomography tumour dimension assessments for planning wide excision of injection site sarcomas in cats: how strong is the agreement?
Authors: Ferrari R. , Di Giancamillo M. , Stefanello D. , Giudice C. , Grieco V. , Longo M. , Ravasio G. , Boracchi P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn injection site sarcoma (ISS) in cats lateral as well as deep margins should be correctly planned for a successful surgical outcome. The discrepancy between clinical and computed tomography (CT) measurements of dimension in resectable tumour has led to possible bias that affects the subsequent surgical dose. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the agreement between clinical andCTmeasurements of dimension in newly diagnosedISSin cats. Fifty‐three client‐owned cats that underwent both clinical andCTmeasurements of the length and width ofISSwere included.CTmeasurements showed a tendency towards being larger than clinical dimensions, and this difference increased with increasing tumour size. Based on our results, in further studies focusing onISSin cats, the kind of assessment used to define tumour dimensions (CTversus clinic) should be declared and specified to properly consider surgical results and prognostic impact of this variable.
High temperature thermoelectric properties of Bi2−xNaxSr2Co2Oy ceramics
Authors: He Q. L. , Li S. Y. , Gao F. , Zhu Z. , Hu X. , Song H. Z. 
Published: September 2015

The Na doping effects on the high temperature thermoelectric properties of [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.30) ceramics were investigated from 343 K to 973 K. When [Formula: see text], the electrical resistivity of [Formula: see text] decreases with increasing Na doping amount due to the hole-doping effect, which exhibits metallic electrical conductivity behavior. While, at the temperature range of 480–830 K, the samples with [Formula: see text] exhibit semiconductor electrical conductivity behavior instead. The Seebeck coefficients are improved by Na doping at lower temperature, but they decrease slightly at higher temperature except for [Formula: see text]. Roughly, the thermal conductivity is depressed by the doping defects. As an overall result, the dimensionless figure of merit [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] reaches the maximum value of 0.3 K at 973 K, which is nearly twice the value of the undoped sample [Formula: see text].
Trends and Spatial Variability in Dry Spells across the South-Central United States
Authors: Trepanier Jill C. , Roberts Michael J. , Keim Barry D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAnnual average and maximum spells with no precipitation in the southern United States are analyzed. In this study, dry spells are defined as consecutive days with no measurable rainfall. The study area includes 70 weather stations in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Interarrival times between daily precipitation records for each station provide the data for this analysis. All 70 stations were analyzed from 1950 to 2013. Six stations that each have data for more than 100 years were analyzed for the period from 1908 to 2013. Approximately 25% of stations in the region show significant negative trends through time, indicating that dry spells have become shorter through time at these locations. The strongest geographical indicator for the number of consecutive dry days across this region was longitude. Dry spells tend to have had longer durations at the westernmost stations because of natural climatological controls.
Hand/foot splitting and the ‘re-evolution’ of mesopodial skeletal elements during the evolution and radiation of chameleons
Authors: Diaz Raul E. , Trainor Paul A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundOne of the most distinctive traits found within Chamaeleonidae is their split/cleft autopodia and the simplified and divergent morphology of the mesopodial skeleton. These anatomical characteristics have facilitated the adaptive radiation of chameleons to arboreal niches. To better understand the homology of chameleon carpal and tarsal elements, the process of syndactyly, cleft formation, and how modification of the mesopodial skeleton has played a role in the evolution and diversification of chameleons, we have studied the Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). We analysed limb patterning and morphogenesis throughin situhybridization,in vitrowhole embryo culture and pharmacological perturbation, scoring for apoptosis, clefting, and skeletogenesis. Furthermore, we framed our data within a phylogenetic context by performing comparative skeletal analyses in 8 of the 12 currently recognized genera of extant chameleons.ResultsOur study uncovered a previously underappreciated degree of mesopodial skeletal diversity in chameleons. Phylogenetically derived chameleons exhibit a ‘typical’ outgroup complement of mesopodial elements (with the exception of centralia), with twice the number of currently recognized carpal and tarsal elements considered for this clade. In contrast to avians and rodents, mesenchymal clefting in chameleons commences in spite of the maintenance of a robust apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Furthermore,Bmpsignaling appears to be important for cleft initiation but not for maintenance of apoptosis. Interdigital cell death therefore may be an ancestral characteristic of the autopodium, however syndactyly is an evolutionary novelty. In addition, we find that the pisiform segments from the ulnare and that chameleons lack an astragalus-calcaneum complex typical of amniotes and have evolved an ankle architecture convergent with amphibians in phylogenetically higher chameleons.ConclusionOur data underscores the importance of comparative and phylogenetic approaches when studying development. Body size may have played a role in the characteristic mesopodial skeletal architecture of chameleons by constraining deployment of the skeletogenic program in the smaller and earliest diverged and basal taxa. Our study challenges the ‘re-evolution’ of osteological features by showing that ‘re-evolving’ a ‘lost’ featurede novo(contrary to Dollo’s Law) may instead be due to so called ‘missing structures’ being present but underdeveloped and/or fused to other adjacent elements (cryptic features) whose independence may be re-established under changes in adaptive selective pressure.