bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple PCR‐based marker to determine sex in aspen
Authors: Pakull B. , Kersten B. , Lüneburg J. , Fladung M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe genus Populus features a genetically controlled sex determination system, located on chromosome 19. However, different Populus species vary in the position of the sex‐linked region on the respective chromosome and the apparent heterogametic sex, and the precise mechanism of sex determination in Populus is still unknown. Using next generation sequencing of pooled samples of male and female aspens, we identified the aspen homologue of the P. trichocarpa gene Potri.019G047300 (‘TOZ19’) to be male‐specific. While in P. tremuloides, the complete gene is missing in the genome of female plants, a short fragment of the 3′‐part of the gene is still present in P. tremula females. The male‐specific presence and transcription of TOZ19 was further verified using PCR in various different aspen individuals and RT‐PCR expression analysis. TOZ19 is potentially involved in early steps of flower development, and represents an interesting candidate gene for involvement in sex determination in aspen. Regardless of its role as candidate gene, TOZ19 represents an ideal marker for determination of the sex of non‐flowering aspen individuals or seedlings.
Attempting to Restore Herbaceous Understories in Wyoming Big Sagebrush Communities with Mowing and Seeding
Authors: Davies Kirk W. , Bates Jon D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractShrub steppe communities with depleted perennial herbaceous understories often need to be restored to increase resilience and resistance. Mowing has been applied to Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) steppe plant communities to reduce sagebrush dominance and restore native herbaceous vegetation, but success has been limited and hampered by increases in exotic annuals. Seeding native bunchgrasses after mowing may accelerate recovery and limit exotics. We compared mowing followed by drill‐seeding native bunchgrasses to mowing and an untreated control at five sites in southeastern Oregon over a 4‐year period. Mowing and seeding bunchgrasses increased bunchgrass density; however, bunchgrass cover did not differ among treatments. Exotic annuals increased with mowing whether or not post‐mowing seeding occurred. Mowing, whether or not seeding occurred, also reduced biological soil crusts. Longer term evaluation is needed to determine if seeded bunchgrasses will increase enough to suppress exotic annuals. Seeded bunchgrasses may have been limited by increases in exotic annuals. Though restoration of sagebrush communities with degraded understories is needed, we do not recommend mowing and seeding native bunchgrasses because this treatment produced mixed results that may lower the resilience and resistance of these communities. Before this method is applied, research is needed to increase our understanding of how to improve establishment of seeded native bunchgrasses. Alternatively, restoration practitioners may need to apply treatments to control exotic annuals and repeatedly seed native bunchgrasses.
Species Traits as Practical Tools for Ecological Restoration of Marly Eroded Lands
Authors: Burylo Mélanie , Dutoit Thierry , Rey Freddy 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPlant functional traits are increasingly used in restoration ecology because they have the potential to guide restoration practices at a broad scale. This article presents a trait‐based multi‐criteria framework to evaluate and predict the performance of 17 plant seedlings to improve ecological restoration of marly eroded areas in the French Southern Alps. The suitability of these species to limit soil erosion was assessed by studying both their response to erosive forces and their effect on erosion dynamics. We assumed that species efficiency could be explained and predicted from plant traits and we looked for trait‐performance relationships. Our results showed that root slenderness ratio, the percentage of fine roots and root system topology, were the three root morphology traits best describing anchorage strength. Root system characterized by a long and thin tap root and many fine lateral ramifications would be the best to resist concentrated runoff. Species response to burial mainly depended on growth form and morphological flexibility. The abilities of species in reinforcing the soil and reducing erosion rates were negatively correlated to root diameter and positively to the percentage of fine roots. Moreover, root system density and root tensile strength also influenced root reinforcement. Finally, the ability to trap sediment was positively correlated to leaf area and canopy density. Species were then scored and classified in four clusters according to their global performance. This method allows identifying species that possess both response and effect traits related to the goal of preventing erosion during ecological restoration.
SPATIAL STRATEGIC INTERACTION IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE CHINESE PROVINCES
Authors: Jiang Yanqing 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this study, we empirically investigate the issue of strategic interaction among Chinese provincial governments in determining their levels of environmental protection efforts. Based on theoretical models of strategic interaction, which lead to the theoretical reaction function, we specify our empirical model and estimate the reaction slope of our empirical reaction function. By applying a panel data approach, our regression analysis shows that the estimated reaction slope is significantly positive, which suggests that Chinese provincial governments interact strategically in deciding the levels of their efforts in environmental protection.
Suppression among alleles encoding nucleotide‐binding–leucine‐rich repeat resistance proteins interferes with resistance in F1 hybrid and allele‐pyramided wheat plants
Authors: Stirnweis Daniel , Milani Samira D. , Brunner Susanne , Herren Gerhard , Buchmann Gabriele , Peditto David , Jordan Tina , Keller Beat 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe development of high‐yielding varieties with broad‐spectrum durable disease resistance is the ultimate goal of crop breeding. In plants, immune receptors of the nucleotide‐binding–leucine‐rich repeat (NB‐LRR) class mediate race‐specific resistance against pathogen attack. When employed in agriculture this type of resistance is often rapidly overcome by newly adapted pathogen races. The stacking of different resistance genes or alleles in F1 hybrids or in pyramided lines is a promising strategy for achieving more durable resistance. Here, we identify a molecular mechanism which can negatively interfere with the allele‐pyramiding approach. We show that pairwise combinations of different alleles of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm3 in F1 hybrids and stacked transgenic wheat lines can result in suppression of Pm3‐based resistance. This effect is independent of the genetic background and solely dependent on the Pm3 alleles. Suppression occurs at the post‐translational level, as levels of RNA and protein in the suppressed alleles are unaffected. Using a transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana, the LRR domain was identified as the domain conferring suppression. The results of this study suggest that the expression of closely related NB‐LRR resistance genes or alleles in the same genotype can lead to dominant‐negative interactions. These findings provide a molecular explanation for the frequently observed ineffectiveness of resistance genes introduced from the secondary gene pool into polyploid crop species and mark an important step in overcoming this limitation.
Clinical application of growth factors and cytokines in wound healing
Authors: Barrientos Stephan , Brem Harold , Stojadinovic Olivera , Tomic‐Canic Marjana 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWound healing is a complex and dynamic biological process that involves the coordinated efforts of multiple cell types and is executed and regulated by numerous growth factors and cytokines. There has been a drive in the past two decades to study the therapeutic effects of various growth factors in the clinical management of nonhealing wounds (e.g., pressure ulcers, chronic venous ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers). For this review, we conducted an online search of Medline/PubMed and critically analyzed the literature regarding the role of growth factors and cytokines in the management of these wounds. We focused on currently approved therapies, emerging therapies, and future research possibilities. In this review, we discuss four growth factors and cytokines currently being used on and off label for the healing of wounds. These include granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, platelet‐derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. While the clinical results of using growth factors and cytokines are encouraging, many studies involved a small sample size and are disparate in measured endpoints. Therefore, further research is required to provide definitive evidence of efficacy.
Recovery of the Gut Microbiome following Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Authors: Seekatz Anna M. , Aas Johannes , Gessert Charles E. , Rubin Timothy A. , Saman Daniel M. , Bakken Johan S. , Young Vincent B. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT

Clostridium difficile
infection is one of the most common health care-associated infections, and up to 40% of patients suffer from recurrence of disease following standard antibiotic therapy. Recently, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been successfully used to treat recurrent
C. difficile
infection. It is hypothesized that FMT aids in recovery of a microbiota capable of colonization resistance to
C. difficile
. However, it is not fully understood how this occurs. Here we investigated changes in the fecal microbiota structure following FMT in patients with recurrent
C. difficile
infection, and imputed a hypothetical functional profile based on the 16S rRNA profile using a predictive metagenomic tool. Increased relative abundance of
Bacteroidetes
and decreased abundance of
Proteobacteria
were observed following FMT. The fecal microbiota of recipients following transplantation was more diverse and more similar to the donor profile than the microbiota prior to transplantation. Additionally, we observed differences in the imputed metagenomic profile. In particular, amino acid transport systems were overrepresented in samples collected prior to transplantation. These results suggest that functional changes accompany microbial structural changes following this therapy. Further identification of the specific community members and functions that promote colonization resistance may aid in the development of improved treatment methods for
C. difficile
infection.

IMPORTANCE
Within the last decade,
Clostridium difficile
infection has surpassed other bacterial infections to become the leading cause of nosocomial infections. Antibiotic use, which disrupts the gut microbiota and its capability in providing colonization resistance against
C. difficile
, is a known risk factor in
C. difficile
infection. In particular, recurrent
C. difficile
remains difficult to treat with standard antibiotic therapy. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has provided a successful treatment method for some patients with recurrent
C. difficile
infection, but its mechanism and long-term effects remain unknown. Our results provide insight into the structural and potential metabolic changes that occur following FMT, which may aid in the development of new treatment methods for
C. difficile
infection.
The role of proximal circumstances and child behaviour in toddlers’ risk for minor unintentional injuries
Authors: Kuhn Jennifer , Damashek Amy 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundMuch of the research on child injury risk has focused on trait-like factors (eg, hyperactivity, child gender) that influence injury risk rather than state-like factors (eg, environmental circumstances, child behaviour). Additional research is needed to better identify the proximal risk factors for children's risk for unintentional injury.ObjectivesThe present study examined the antecedents to minor unintentional injury events and whether unusual circumstances and child behaviour predicted injury risk.MethodsThe study used archival data that were collected via biweekly in-person interviews with 170 mothers of toddlers (15–36 months) for 6 months. A case crossover design was used to predict children's risk for injury from proximal risk factors.ResultsChildren were at a higher risk for injury when circumstances were unusual and when they were engaging in an unusual behaviour. When a child was engaging in an unusual behaviour, higher levels of maternal supervision predicted lower injury risk. Children were more likely to be injured in a new environment, in an environment with animals or other people, in an environment with hazards or when engaging in a new activity or in a familiar activity performed in an unfamiliar way.ConclusionsThe results indicate that toddlers may be at a greater risk for minor unintentional injury when environmental circumstances are outside of the norm or when a child is engaging in unusual behaviours. The findings also indicate that higher levels of caregiver supervision may be especially beneficial when children are engaging in new or unfamiliar activities.
TLR9: an important molecule in the fight against hepatitis B virus
Authors: Shahrakyvahed Aziz , Sanchooli Javad , Sanadgol Nima , Arababadi Mohammad Kazemi , Kennedy Derek 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most prevalent infectious agent that can induce severe liver disease. Patients infected with long-term HBV, including chronic, asymptomatic and occult forms, cannot clear HBV from infected hepatocytes completely. It is not clear why some people can clear the infection while others cannot. Furthermore, the main mechanisms responsible for progression of the infections are not fully understood. It has been hypothesised that differences in genetic and immunological parameters between patients and subjects who successfully clear HBV infections are responsible for inducing the long-term forms of the infection. Previous investigations showed that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in immune responses, especially innate immunity, against viral infections, including hepatitis B. TLR9 detects intracellular viral dsDNA, which results in the activation of an immune response against HBV. However, defects in this system may result in an attenuated response ultimately leading to long-term HBV infections. Targeting the defects in TLR9 or reactivating the downstream pathways that are normally switched on by TLR9 in response to HBV infection is a new approach to the treatment of long-term HBV infection. However, the pathways and defects seen in patients with long-term HBV need to be thoroughly explored before therapeutics can be applied in the clinical setting. Furthermore, the apparently multigenic nature of long-term HBV infection suggests that treatment of patients may need to be personalised.
B-cell Expansion and Lymphomagenesis Induced by Chronic CD40 Signaling Is Strictly Dependent on CD19
Authors: Hojer Caroline , Frankenberger Samantha , Strobl Lothar J. , Feicht Samantha , Djermanovic Kristina , Jagdhuber Franziska , Hömig-Hölzel Cornelia , Ferch Uta , Ruland Jürgen , Rajewsky Klaus , Zimber-Strobl Ursula 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCD40, a member of the TNF receptor family, is expressed on all mature B cells and on most B-cell lymphomas. Recently, we have shown that constitutive activation of CD40 signaling in B cells induced by a fusion protein consisting of the transmembrane part of the Epstein–Barr viral latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and the cytoplasmic part of CD40 (LMP1/CD40) drives B-cell lymphoma development in transgenic mice. Because LMP1/CD40-expressing B cells showed an upregulation of CD19, we investigated CD19's function in CD40-driven B-cell expansion and lymphomagenesis. Here, we demonstrate that ablation of CD19 in LMP1/CD40 transgenic mice resulted in a severe loss and reduced lifespan of mature B cells and completely abrogated development of B-cell lymphoma. CD19 is localized to lipid rafts and constitutively activated by the LMP1/CD40 fusion protein in B cells. We provide evidence that the improved survival and malignant transformation of LMP1/CD40-expressing B cells are dependent on activation of the MAPK Erk that is mediated through CD19 in a PI3K-dependent manner. Our data suggest that constitutively active CD40 is dependent on CD19 to transmit survival and proliferation signals. Moreover, we detected a similarly functioning prosurvival pathway involving phosphorylated CD19 and PI3K-dependent Erk phosphorylation in human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines. Our data provide evidence that CD19 plays an important role in transmitting survival and proliferation signals downstream of CD40 and therefore might be an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of lymphoma undergoing chronic CD40 signaling. Cancer Res; 74(16); 4318–28. ©2014 AACR.
IL32 Is Progressively Expressed in Mycosis Fungoides Independent of Helper T-cell 2 and Helper T-cell 9 Polarization
Authors: Ohmatsu Hanako , Humme Daniel , Gulati Nicholas , Gonzalez Juana , Möbs Markus , Suárez-Fariñas Mayte , Cardinale Irma , Mitsui Hiroshi , Guttman-Yassky Emma , Sterry Wolfram , Krueger James G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Mycosis fungoides, the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), is characterized by a helper T-cell 2 (Th2) skewing with a mature CD4+ memory T-cell phenotype. Using skin samples from patients with mycosis fungoides (n = 21), healthy volunteers (n = 17), and individuals with atopic dermatitis (n = 17) and psoriasis (n = 9), we found IL32 mRNA expression significantly higher in mycosis fungoides samples than in samples from benign inflammatory skin diseases, and its expression increases with disease progression. By IHC and immunofluorescence, we confirmed IL32 protein expression in many CD3+CD4+ T cells and some epidermotropic T cells in mycosis fungoides lesions. MyLa cells (a mycosis fungoides cell line) express IL32, which, in turn, could promote cellular proliferation and viability in a dose-dependent fashion. IL32-treated MyLa and CTCL HH cells upregulated cell proliferation and survival genes. Of the major “polarizing” T-cell cytokines, only IFNγ mRNA increases with mycosis fungoides progression and positively correlates with IL32 mRNA expression. Th2 cytokines do not positively correlate with IL32 mRNA expression or mycosis fungoides progression. Furthermore, by flow cytometry, IL32 production by circulating activated T cells in healthy individuals was found in both IFNγ+ and IFNγ− cells but not in IL4+ or IL13+ cells. In conclusion, we have identified IL32+ cells as the likely tumor cells in mycosis fungoides, and demonstrated that IL32 mRNA expression increases with mycosis fungoides progression and is significantly higher than mRNA expression in other skin diseases, and that some IL32+ T cells are independent from the defined Th subsets. Thus, IL32 may play a unique role in mycosis fungoides progression as an autocrine cytokine. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(9); 890–900. ©2014 AACR.
Da Cosmologia à História: resitência, adaptação e consciência social entre os Kayapó
Authors: Turner Terence 
Published: June 2014

Traduzido de:TURNER,Terrence. 1987. "From cosmology to history: resistance, adaptation and social consciousness among the Kayapo". Trabalho apresentado na reunião da ABA Associação Brasileira de Antropologia, Belém do Para. tradutor: DAVID SOARESrevisão técnica: SYLVIA CAIUBY NOVAES, HELOISA BUARQUE DE ALMEIDA
Pontos de contato entre o pensamento antropológico e teatral
Authors: Schechner Richard 
Published: June 2014

traduzido de:SCHECHNER, Richard. “Points of contact between anthropological and theatrical thought”. In: Between Teatre and Anthropology. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985. Copyright Richard Schechner, reprinted with permission. First appeared in Between eater and Anthropology 1985. University of Pennsylvania Press. tradução: ANA LETÍCIA DE FIORIrevisão técnica: JOHN COWART DAWSEY, DIANA PAOLA GÓMEZ MATEUS
O corpo da alma e seus estados: uma perspectiva amazônica sobre a natureza de ser-se humano
Authors: Taylor Anne-Christine 
Published: June 2014

tradutores: Eduardo Soares Nunes / Roberta Cerri / Marcela Stockler Coelho de Souzarevisora: Marcela Stockler Coelho de Souza traduzido deTAYLOR, Anne-Christine. The Soul’s Body and Its States: An Amazonian Perspective of Being Human. The Journal Of The Royal Anthropological Institute. Vol. 2, No. 2 (Jun., 1996), pp. 201-215.
Outcomes With Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Versus Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bangalore Sripal , Toklu Bora , Feit Frederick 
Published: June 2014

Background—
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) compared with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) reduces mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, prior trials compared CABG with balloon angioplasty or older generation stents, and it is not known if the gap between CABG and PCI can be reduced by newer generation drug-eluting stents.

Methods and Results—
PUBMED/EMBASE/CENTRAL search for randomized trials comparing mode of revascularization in patients with diabetes mellitus. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, and stroke. Mixed treatment comparison analyses were performed using a random-effects Poisson regression model. Sixty-eight randomized trials that enrolled 24 015 diabetic patients with a total of 71 595 patient-years of follow-up satisfied our inclusion criteria. When compared with CABG (reference rate ratio [RR]=1.0), PCI with paclitaxel-eluting stent (RR=1.57 [1.15–2.19]) or sirolimus-eluting stent (RR=1.43 [1.06–1.97]) was associated with an increase in mortality. However, PCI with cobalt–chromium everolimus-eluting stent (RR=1.11 [0.67–1.84]) was not associated with a statistically significant increase in mortality. When compared with CABG, there was excess repeat revascularization with PCI, which progressively declined from plain old balloon angioplasty (341% increase) to bare metal stent (218% increase) to paclitaxel-eluting stent (81% increase) and to sirolimus-eluting stent (47% increase). However, for PCI with cobalt–chromium everolimus-eluting stent (RR=1.31 [0.74–2.29]), the excess repeat revascularization was not statistically significant although the point estimate favored CABG. CABG was associated with numerically higher stroke.

Conclusions—
In patients with diabetes mellitus, evidence from indirect comparison shows similar mortality between CABG and PCI using cobalt–chromium everolimus-eluting stent. CABG was associated with numerically excess stroke and PCI with cobalt–chromium everolimus-eluting stent with numerically increased repeat revascularization. This hypothesis needs to be tested in future trials.