bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seat Belts and Human Rights: An Appraisal
Authors: Greenberg SR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Mandatory seat belt legislation has been passed in 15 states. Accompanying this action has been a deluge of information concerning the lives saved and the injuries prevented by the wearing of seat belts by the front seat passengers in automobiles. This study presents data relating to the injuries and deaths attributable to their usage. There is virtually no major area of the adult body that has escaped such involvement. Mechanisms by which seat belt injury is effected are described in relation to the restraint systems currently available in the United States and abroad.
Injury Patterns in Motor Vehicle Fatalities
Authors: Horowitz R , Siegel J , Flaster M , Maldonado WE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A retrospective pilot study of motor vehicle incident fatalities was conducted to determine what relationships exist between injuries received by deceased drivers, passengers, and a control population of pedestrians, and some of the environmental factors existing at the time of the incident. A number of correlations were established between the types and locations of injuries received, seat belt use, position of the injured party, and so forth. A study of this type, if performed on a large enough population, could lead to predictive models for the determination of position of the victims within a motor vehicle at the time of a fatal crash, based on a unique clustering of injuries.
Background Characteristics of Judicious and Injudicious Prescribers in New Jersey
Authors: Vilensky W , Steer RA , Weikel CV 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Six background characteristics of 79 male physicians found by the New Jersey State Board of Medical Examiners to have indiscriminately prescribed Schedule II medications from 1979 through 1983 were compared with those same characteristics estimated for 10 397 physicians not reported to have indiscriminately prescribed Schedule II medications during 1979. Doctors of osteopathy (D.O.s) had a rate of injudiciously prescribing Schedule II drugs approximately 3.5 times that of medical doctors (M.D.s), and separate analyses, by type of physician, were thus conducted. However, the D.O.s who were members of the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) were approximately 4.25 times less likely to be injudicious prescribers than those who were not AOA members. Age, location, and graduation from a foreign medical school were found to differentiate injudicious M.D. prescribers. The implications of the results for developing continuing medical education programs for physicians are discussed.
Policy Implications of Private Sector Involvement in Correctional Services and Programs
Authors: Johnson TA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The movement toward private sector involvement in our correctional services and programs is growing. Before our focus is turned completely to privatization of these services, it would be prudent to analyze the “policy impact of such change. It is evident that the diverse and incompatible policies guiding the government approach to corrections and the absence of any rational planning to answer public interest goals is costly. Moreover, despite the increasing complexity of problems now confronting public authorities, little change has been made in their approach to resolving them. However, is it realistic to assume that the profit/loss barometer of the private sector can be applied in an area of social problems that are so pluralistic and ill defined? What of the many areas of potential legal concern, that is, vicarious litigation, First Amendment right of prisoners, and so forth? These are all areas that need to be researched so that any judgements or decisions made will be sound.
Dithizone as a Microcrystalline Test for the Confirmation of Projectile Lead Wipes
Authors: McGinnis MD , Thornton JI , Espinoza EO'N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The dithizone test is frequently used as a color test for lead in the confirmation of projectile wipes. An adjustment of test conditions will also allow the dithizone reaction to be conducted as a microcrystalline test, thereby increasing the specificity of the reaction. The color resulting from the formation of the inner salt complex between dithizone and the lead cation is maintained, and may be observed on the characteristic crystals obtained.
The Characterization of Small Quantities of Luminescent Invisible Detection Materials Using the Docuspec TM/1 Microspectrophotometer
Authors: Springer E , Zeichner A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A simple method has been developed for the adaptation of a Docuspec TM/1 microspectrophotometer in obtaining emission spectra of minute quantities of luminescent materials. One of the forensic science applications of this method was demonstrated: its use for the characterization of luminescent invisible detection materials.
Cost-Effective Drug Testing
Authors: McBay AJ , Hudson P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Drug testing of employees has become very popular. It has been stated that such testing is necessary because of the widespread use of drugs that affect the health, safety, and performance of workers. The sudden increase in demand for such testing has led to inadequate testing and questionable interpretation of results. High quality testing is relatively expensive. A method for evaluating the effect of drug testing programs is sorely needed. Even more important is a program for evaluating the quality of testing and the competency of those who interpret the tests. There is practically no documentation of the past and present extent of the drug problem in the workplace.
Nitro-Benzofurazanyl Ethers—A New Series of Fluorigenic Fingerprint Reagents
Authors: Almog J , Zeichner A , Shifrina S , Scharf G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Five 7-nitro-4-benzofurazanyl ethers have been prepared and examined as potential fluorigenic reagents for latent fingerprints on paper. All developed latent fingerprints with high sensitivity, similar to that of the parent compound 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-chloride). Although development in solution is faster, vapor phase development is also possible, and it has certain advantages such as the avoidance of the use of solvents and the smaller background fluorescence and discoloration.
Comparison of Automotive Gasolines Using Capillary Gas Chromatography I: Comparison Methodology
Authors: Mann DC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Capillary gas chromatography was usd to compare the relative concentrations of hydrocarbons in a variety of gasoline samples. It was found that most of the discriminating information is contained in the fraction with a volatility ranging from approximately n-pentane to n-octane. Using the described comparison method, all gasoline samples collected at random were easily distinguished. Gasolines with identical histories (from the same distributor and same lot), once added to a gasoline station residual, were also distinguishable, although not as readily as those samples obtained at random.
Printwheel Typescript Variations Caused by the Manufacturing Process
Authors: Behrendt JE , Muehlberger RJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Typescript specimens from several printwheels of different manufacture were examined to ascertain how the manufacturing process may influence type design. Among the parameters considered were the composition, molding process, sequence, and physical design of the printwheel. It was found that each parameter may affect modifications in a typefont. These variances in type design may cause difficulties in the classification of printwheel type styles.
Minimizing Analytical Interferences from Digoxin-Like Immunoreactive Substances (DLIS) in Cases of Digoxin Toxicity
Authors: Seccombe DW , Pudek MR , Humphries KH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recently, the value of therapeutic drug monitoring for digoxin has been called into question by the finding of endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactive substances (DLIS) in the serum of individuals, especially premature and full-term neonates, not being treated with digoxin. In some cases, values have been as high as 10 μg/L. Levels as high as 20 μg/L and 80 μg/g can be found in bile and meconium. Because of the magnitude of this interference, it is essential that methods be developed for measuring digoxin in the presence of DLIS. This is particularly important when such analyses are required in forensic science cases of suspected digoxin toxicity. This report outlines the high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods that we used in assessing the relative contribution made by digoxin, its metabolites, and DLIS to serum and tissue digoxin concentrations obtained by RIA in a forensic pediatric case of suspected digoxin toxicity.
A Comparison of Immunodiffusion and Latex Agglutination Tests for the Identification of White-Tailed Deer Tissues
Authors: Bey RF , Loken KI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Latex agglutination and agar gel immunodiffusion were used to identify muscle tissue extracts. Both tests reacted with white-tailed deer extracts at a higher dilution than extracts from other cervids and both detected cervid antigens in sausage extracts. Latex agglutination was consistently more sensitive than agar gel diffusion. Sausage spices at five times normal concentrations and ascorbic acid did not produce false positive reactions.
A Contribution to the Discussion of Probabilities and Human Hair Comparisons
Authors: Aitken CGG , Robertson J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The paper by Gaudette and Keeping on “An Attempt at Determining Probabilities in Human Scalp Hair Comparison” in the Journal of Forensic Sciences (Vol. 19, No. 3, July 1974, pp. 599–606) has provoked considerable controversy. This paper highlights two of the sources of the controversy and shows how the probability, 1/4500, quoted by Gaudette and Keeping should be treated with caution. The necessity of the use of a likelihood ratio statistic is described. It is suggested that the hair examination form resulting from the responses to the questionnaire recently distributed by the authors and also the discussions at Quantico (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Forensic Hair Comparisons, 25–27 June 1985, Quantico VA) should be used to facilitate the collection of the data which will be necessary to enable a likelihood ratio statistic to be estimated effectively.
Transillumination in Bite Mark Evidence
Authors: Dorion RBJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Transillumination of bite mark evidence is a technique whereby the presence of subcutaneous hemorrhage can be visualized without having to section through the bite mark. This is a nondestructive technique. The presence of subcutaneous hemorrage indicates that the bite mark was inflicted before death or perimortem. In addition, the technique proves invaluable in determining the orientation of the bite mark. This is particularly helpful when a bite mark is poorly defined, barely visible, or obscured by other superimposed bite marks or traumatic injury patterns. Observation of the subcutaneous hemorrhage by transillumination may provide an indication of the horizontal alignment of the aggressor's dentition since the force of occlusion used in delivery of the bite mark is a factor in the presence and intensity of the hemorrhage. Transillumination supports a conclusion that there may be two types of hemorrhagic patterns in bite mark evidence. Lastly, when transillumination is used in conjunction with visual aids, it can facilitate communication of bite mark evidence to other expert witnesses or to the jury in trial presentation or both.
A Fatal Wound from an Unusual Military Projectile: Potential Dangers of Live Military Ordnance to the Autopsy Pathologist
Authors: Clark MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During ground maintenance on an F-14 aircraft, a worker was removing the Mark 124 cartridge activated devices (CADS) from the aircraft when a second worker entered the cockpit of the aircraft and energized the electrical system, causing the four CADS to detonate. One of the four CADS became an airborne projectile. It struck the first worker in front of the right arm, passed through his chest, and became embedded in his thoracic spine. An immediate concern at autopsy was whether or not the device retained any explosive potential. Recommendations for autopsy procedures in cases involving military ordnance are discussed.
Presumptive Screening of Suspected Semen Stain In Situ Using Cotton Swabs and Bromochloroindolyl Phosphate to Detect Prostatic Acid Phosphatase Activity
Authors: Samuel Baechtel F , Brown J , Terrell LD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A novel approach to the presumptive screening of questioned semen stains has been developed which enables the rapid identification of stains which are devoid of semen. Questioned semen stains can be swabbed with a moist cotton swab, and the prostatic acid phosphatase (SAP) activity transferred to the swab identified through assay with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP). Controlled laboratory studies revealed that the BCIP swab procedure was as sensitive as the semiquantitative SAP test currently employed in the FBI Laboratory for the presumptive screening of semen stains. A validation study of the BCIP swab procedure in parallel with the current procedure using 4305 case evidence stains indicated that the BCIP swab procedure was as effective as the current procedure in identifying those questioned stains which lack semen. The advantage of the BCIP swab procedure is that it can be performed on questioned stains in situ and thereby avoids the requirement of removing and extracting the stain before assay of SAP activity.
Lewis Typing of Human Bloodstains by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Using Monoclonal Anti-Lea and Anti-Leb
Authors: Takatori T , Tustsubuchi Y , Terazawa K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Lewis blood grouping of human dried bloodstains could be determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal anti-Lea and anti-Leb antibodies with an avidin-biotin complex (ABC). The bloodstains aged 1 year were used as samples, and approximately 1 mg of the stains was enough to type each Lewis antigen reliably by this method. The Lewis substances of 106 individual stains were correctly typed regardless of their ABO blood group system.
Unconjugated Morphine in Blood by Radioimmunoassay and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Spiehler V , Brown R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Morphine, the active metabolite of heroin, is rapidly inactivated by glucuronidation at the 3 carbon. Unconjugated (pharmacologically active) morphine was measured in postmortem blood by radioimmunoassay using an antibody-coated tube kit. The kit shows less than 0.2% cross-reactivity with codeine and morphine-glucuronide. Unconjugated morphine concentrations were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using deuterated morphine as the internal standard. The blood was precipitated with 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl), centrifuged, and decanted. The supernatant was then either diluted (unhydrolyzed) or heated to 100°C, 30 min (hydrolyzed), followed by a wash with 4:1 chloroform:isopropranol. The upper aqueous layer was then saturated with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and extracted with 4:1 chloroform:isopropranol. The organic layer was evaporated, derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFA), and analyzed by selected ion monitoring (SIM) GC/MS.
Comparison of the results for unconjugated morphine by radioimmunoassay and unhydrolyzed morphine by GC/MS gave a correlation coefficient of r = 0.98, n = 100. Unconjugated morphine ranged from 0 to 100% of total morphine with a mean of 42%, n = 200, for heroin or morphine involved deaths. Review of 56 putative rapid deaths gave a mean of 68% unconjugated morphine with a range of 26 to 100%. The ratio of unconjugated to total morphine was found to be stable in postmortem blood after more than a year of storage at room temperature, within the precision of the method.
Improved Determination of Nitrotoluenes Using Liquid Chromatography with Photolytically Assisted Thermal Energy Analysis (LC-PAT)
Authors: Selavka CM , Tontarski RE , Strobel RA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A post-column, on-line, photolysis unit is incorporated in a normal phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) system to improve the thermal energy analyzer (TEA) detectability of mono-, di- and tri-nitrotoluenes. The construction of this photolytically assisted TEA (PAT) detection approach includes the use of an ultraviolet lamp and a knitted open tubular (KOT) reaction chamber of Teflon®. The mechanism for improved detection using PAT is explored, using batch irradiations followed by LC-TEA and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and is postulated to involve photochemically induced isomerization leading to homolytic cleavage of the C-NO2 bond, followed by hydrogen abstraction. After optimization of photolytic residence time and cooling bath temperature, PAT allows for an improvement in the TEA detectability of trinitrotoluene and dinitrotoluene by factors of 30 and 16, respectively. Mononitrotoluene, which is not responsive under conventional TEA conditions, may be detected with good sensitivity using LC-PAT. The use of LC-PAT does not interfere with the determination of other nitro-based high explosives which exhibit adequate responses under conventional LC-TEA conditions.
Measurement of Arch Widths in a Human Population: Relation of Anticipated Bite Marks
Authors: Barsley RE , Lancaster DM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors compared arch width measurements of diagnostic dental models obtained from dental school patients. Arch width measurements were taken in the canine area on each dental cast in an effort to assist forensic dental investigators in matching certain classes of subjects to the bites they might possibly inflict. If any canine teeth were absent, the measurements were taken using other specified adjacent teeth which the investigators felt would be interpreted as the arch width determiners in a bite mark injury. The ages of the subjects varied from 14 to 87 years. Statistical comparison of the maxillary arch width, mandibular arch width, and the mean difference between maxillary and mandibular arch width were performed. Significant differences between the arch width measurements were found to exist between several classes of subjects based on race and sex.
Litigous Paranoids and the Legal System: The Role of the Forensic Psychiatrist
Authors: Goldstein RL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic psychiatrists should be aware of the many ways that paranoid individuals may present within the legal system. Litigious paranoids often utilize the legal system as a vehicle to act out their fantasies and delusional preoccupations. Imaginary grievances, accusations based on delusional ideation, and irrational vindictiveness toward imagined persecutors may find full expression in any number of legal contexts. They can defeat the rational and legitimate objectives of the legal system, enmesh innocent and unsuspecting victims in nightmarish legal entanglements, and subvert the process of justice. The forensic psychiatrist can assist the court by alerting it to the presence of paranoid illness in parties or witnesses and by clarifying what the effects of such psychopathology are and what the most favorable response should be. Three legal contexts wherein paranoid individuals may present within the legal system are discussed: the “hypercompetent” defendant, the paranoid party in a divorce proceeding, and the paranoid complaining witness. Case illustrations are presented for each legal context. Two issues are discussed: the dividing line between paranoid ideation (and its impact on the legal process) and so-called “normal” thinking (and its objective to use the legal process to obtain certain ends); and the degree to which psychiatric opinions in this area should influence the way an individual's case is handled by the legal system. The author concludes that, despite the costs involved, it is preferable that even paranoids have their “day in court.”
An Evaluation of an Enzymatic Choline Determination for the Identification of Semen in Casework Samples
Authors: Noppinger K , Morrison R , Jones NH , Hopkins H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study compares the detection of choline in seminal stains by both an enzymatic method and by the standard Florence crystal test. The tests were conducted on 293 actual casework samples. In those samples identified as containing semen, choline was detected twice as often by the enzymatic method compared to the Florence method (84.6 versus 40.3%). The choline results were correlated with spermatozoa and acid phosphatase tests. The enzymatic detection of choline in seminal stains was found to be a fast, easy, sensitive, and reliable test.
Triazolam, Handwriting, and Amnestic States: Two Cases
Authors: Boatwright DE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion of handwriting in the amnestic state through two case reports associated with the phenomenon of anterograde amnesia following the use of therapeutic doses of triazolam, a rapid acting oral sleep inducing benzodiazepine. The fact that an individual executing a contract or signing a document may have no recollection of the writing event has significant implications for the questioned document examiner and other forensic science specialists. Since the issue of amnestic states and handwriting has received little apparent discussion in the forensic science literature, this paper outlines a number of issues of concern to the forensic science specialist.
Preservation of Human Tissue Immersed for Five Years in Fresh Water of Known Temperature
Authors: Cotton GE , Aufderheide AC , Goldschmidt VG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two human bodies were recovered from the waters of the Duluth, Minnesota harbor. Extensive adipocere formation resulted in remarkable preservation of gross anatomic features of internal organs. Total time of immersion could be precisely estimated at five years. Water temperature during those five years could also be accurately estimated by direct measurements taken during the year following recovery of the bodies and from information supplied by a local electric power generating company. Immersion occurred at the time of the year when water temperature was highest (70° F [21°C]) facilitating the rapid formation of adipocere. A proposed mechanism for formation of adipocere is described.
Determination of Shooting Distance from Deformation of the Recovered Bullet
Authors: Fackler ML , Woychesin SD , Malinowski JA , Dougherty PJ , Loveday TL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method is reported for estimating shooting distance by comparing the amount of bullet deformation of a recovered bullet with that produced in a series of test bullets fired into 10% ordnance gelatin at 4°C. Bullet deformation and fragmentation pattern in this gelatin was previously found to be comparable to that seen in living animal muscle. Striking velocities of the test bullets were lowered stepwise until a test bullet was produced with less deformity than the evidence bullet. Two shots were then made through the abdomen of a fresh swine cadaver at velocities approximating those of the last two test shots in gelatin. This served as verification of the gelatin's calibration against animal tissue and gave an additional set of bullets whose degrees of deformation bracketed that of the evidence bullet. Separate interpolations were done for bullet length, average bullet tip diameter, and bullet weight using both sets of bracketing test bullets. The resulting velocities were then converted to distances using the manufacturer's velocity tables. The average of the interpolations was 256 yds (234 m); all six fell within a range of 33 yds (30 m) (from 238 to 271 yds [218 to 248 m]).