bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computation of Three-Phase Capillary Pressure Curves and Fluid Configurations at Mixed-Wet Conditions in 2D Rock Images
Authors: Zhou Y.. , Helland J. O. , Hatzignatiou D. G. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
In this study, we present a three-phase, mixed-wet capillary bundle model with cross sections obtained from a segmented 2D rock image, and apply it to simulate gas-invasion processes directly on images of Bentheim sandstone after two-phase saturation histories consisting of primary drainage, wettability alteration, and imbibition. We calculate three-phase capillary pressure curves, corresponding fluid configurations, and saturation paths for the gas-invasion processes and study the effects of mixed wettability and saturation history by varying the initial water saturation after primary drainage and simulating gas invasion from different water saturations after imbibition. In this model, geometrically allowed gas/oil, oil/water, and gas/water interfaces are determined in the pore cross sections by moving two circles in opposite directions along the pore/solid boundary for each of the three fluid pairs separately. These circles form the contact angle with the pore walls at their front arcs. For each fluid pair, circle intersections determine the geometrically allowed interfaces. The physically valid three-phase fluid configurations are determined by combining these interfaces systematically in all permissible ways, and then the three-phase capillary entry pressures for each valid interface combination are calculated consistently on the basis of free-energy minimization. The valid configuration change is given by the displacement with the most favorable (the smallest) gas/oil capillary entry pressure. The simulation results show that three-phase oil/water and gas/oil capillary pressure curves are functions of two saturations at mixed wettability conditions. We also find that oil layers exist in a larger gas/oil capillary pressure range for mixed-wet conditions than for water-wet conditions, even though a nonspreading oil is considered. Simulation results obtained in sandstone rock sample images show that gas-invasion paths may cross each other at mixed-wet conditions. This is possible because the pores have different and highly complex, irregular shapes, in which simultaneous bulk-gas and oil-layer invasion into water-filled pores occur frequently. The initial water saturation at the end of primary drainage has a significant effect on the gas-invasion processes after imbibition. Small initial water saturations yield more-oil-wet behavior, whereas large initial water saturations show more-water-wet behavior. However, in both cases, the three-phase capillary pressure curves must be described by a function of two saturations. For mixed-wet conditions, in which some pores are water-wet and other pores are oil-wet, the gas/oil capillary pressure curves can be grouped into two curve bundles that represent the two wetting states. Finally, the results obtained in this work demonstrate that it is important to describe the pore geometry accurately when computing the three-phase capillary pressure and related saturation paths in mixed-wet rock.
Predictors of Independent Walking in Young Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Begnoche Denise M. , Chiarello Lisa A. , Palisano Robert J. , Gracely Edward J. , McCoy Sarah Westcott , Orlin Margo N. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundThe attainment of walking is a focus of physical therapy intervention in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and may affect their independence in mobility and participation in daily activities. However, knowledge of determinants of independent walking to guide physical therapists' decision making is lacking.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify child factors (postural control, reciprocal lower limb movement, functional strength, and motivation) and family factors (family support to child and support to family) that predict independent walking 1 year later in young children with CP at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels II and III.DesignA secondary data analysis of an observational cohort study was performed.MethodsParticipants were 80 children with CP, 2 through 6 years of age. Child factors were measured 1 year prior to the walking outcome. Parent-reported items representing family factors were collected 7 months after study onset. The predictive model was analyzed using backward stepwise logistic regression.ResultsA measure of functional strength and dynamic postural control in a sit-to-stand activity was the only significant predictor of taking ≥3 steps independently. The positive likelihood ratio for predicting a “walker” was 3.26, and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.74. The model correctly identified a walker or “nonwalker” 75% of the time.LimitationsPrediction of walking ability was limited by the lack of specificity of child and family characteristics not prospectively selected and measurement of postural control, reciprocal lower limb movement, and functional strength 1 year prior to the walking outcome.ConclusionsThe ability to transfer from sitting to standing and from standing to sitting predicted independent walking in young children with CP. Prospective longitudinal studies are recommended to determine indicators of readiness for independent walking.
Posterior Tibialis Tendon Dysfunction: Overview of Evaluation and Management
Authors: Yao Kaihan , Yang Timothy Xianyi , Yew Wei Ping 
Published: June 2015

Educational ObjectivesAs a result of reading this article, physicians should be able to:1.Recognize posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction and begin to include it in differential diagnoses.2.Recall the basic anatomy and pathology of the posterior tibialis tendon.3.Assess a patient for posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction with the appropriate investigations and stratify the severity of the condition.4.Develop and formulate a treatment plan for a patient with posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction.The posterior tibialis is a muscle in the deep posterior compartment of the calf that plays several key roles in the ankle and foot. Posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction is a complex but common and debilitating condition. Degenerative, inflammatory, functional, and traumatic etiologies have all been proposed. Despite being the leading cause of acquired flatfoot, it is often not recognized early enough. Knowledge of the anatomical considerations and etiology of posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction, as well as key concepts in its evaluation and management, will allow health care professionals to develop appropriate intervention strategies to prevent further development of flatfoot deformities. [Orthopedics.2015; 38(6):385–391.]
TLR3-Mediated CD8+ Dendritic Cell Activation Is Coupled with Establishment of a Cell-Intrinsic Antiviral State
Authors: Széles Lajos , Meissner Felix , Dunand-Sauthier Isabelle , Thelemann Christoph , Hersch Micha , Singovski Simon , Haller Sergio , Gobet Florian , Fuertes Marraco Silvia A. , Mann Matthias , Garcin Dominique , Acha-Orbea Hans , Reith Walter 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Because of their unique capacity to cross-present Ags to CD8+ T cells, mouse lymphoid tissue–resident CD8+ dendritic cells (DCs) and their migratory counterparts are critical for priming antiviral T cell responses. High expression of the dsRNA sensor TLR3 is a distinctive feature of these cross-presenting DC subsets. TLR3 engagement in CD8+ DCs promotes cross-presentation and the acquisition of effector functions required for driving antiviral T cell responses. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the TLR3-induced antiviral program and cell-autonomous immunity in CD8+ DC lines and primary CD8+ DCs. We found that TLR3-ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and human rhinovirus infection induced a potent antiviral protection against Sendai and vesicular stomatitis virus in a TLR3 and type I IFN receptor–dependent manner. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid–induced antiviral genes were identified by mass spectrometry–based proteomics and transcriptomics in the CD8+ DC line. Nanostring nCounter experiments confirmed that these antiviral genes were induced by TLR3 engagement in primary CD8+ DCs, and indicated that many are secondary TLR3-response genes requiring autocrine IFN-β stimulation. TLR3-activation thus establishes a type I IFN–dependent antiviral program in a DC subtype playing crucial roles in priming adaptive antiviral immune responses. This mechanism is likely to shield the priming of antiviral responses against inhibition or abrogation by the viral infection. It could be particularly relevant for viruses detected mainly by TLR3, which may not trigger type I IFN production by DCs that lack TLR3, such as plasmacytoid DCs or CD8− DCs.
Chronic Ankle Instability and Neural Excitability of the Lower Extremity
Authors: McLeod Michelle M. , Gribble Phillip A. , Pietrosimone Brian G. 
Published: June 2015

Context
Neuromuscular dysfunction of the leg and thigh musculature, including decreased strength and postural control, is common in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Understanding how CAI affects specific neural pathways may provide valuable information for targeted therapies.

Objective
To investigate differences in spinal reflexive and corticospinal excitability of the fibularis longus and vastus medialis between limbs in patients with unilateral CAI and between CAI patients and participants serving as healthy controls.

Design
Case-control study.

Setting
Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 56 participants volunteered, and complete data for 21 CAI patients (9 men, 12 women; age = 20.81 ± 1.63 years, height = 171.57 ± 11.44 cm, mass = 68.84 ± 11.93 kg) and 24 healthy participants serving as controls (7 men, 17 women; age = 22.54 ± 2.92 years, height = 172.35 ± 10.85 cm, mass = 69.15 ± 12.30 kg) were included in the final analyses. Control participants were matched to CAI patients on sex, age, and limb dominance. We assigned “involved” limbs, which corresponded with the involved limbs of the CAI patients, to control participants.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Spinal reflexive excitability was assessed via the Hoffmann reflex and normalized to a maximal muscle response. Corticospinal excitability was assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Active motor threshold (AMT) was defined as the lowest transcranial magnetic stimulation intensity required to elicit motor-evoked potentials equal to or greater than 100 μV in 5 of 10 consecutive stimuli. We obtained motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) at percentages ranging from 100% to 140% of AMT.

Results
Fibularis longus MEP amplitudes were greater in control participants than in CAI patients bilaterally at 100% AMT (control involved limb: 0.023 ± 0.031; CAI involved limb: 0.014 ± 0.008; control uninvolved limb: 0.021 ± 0.022; CAI uninvolved limb: 0.015 ± 0.007; F1,41 = 4.551, P = .04) and 105% AMT (control involved limb: 0.029 ± 0.026; CAI involved limb: 0.021 ± 0.009; control uninvolved limb: 0.034 ± 0.037; CAI uninvolved limb: 0.023 ± 0.013; F1,35 = 4.782, P = .04). We observed no differences in fibularis longus MEP amplitudes greater than 110% AMT and no differences in vastus medialis corticospinal excitability (P &gt; .05). We noted no differences in the Hoffmann reflex between groups for the vastus medialis (F1,37 = 0.103, P = .75) or the fibularis longus (F1,41 = 1.139, P = .29).

Conclusions
Fibularis longus corticospinal excitability was greater in control participants than in CAI patients.
Safety and outcome using endoscopic dilation for benign esophageal stricture without fluoroscopy
Authors: Siddeshi E. R. , Krishna M. V. , Jaiswal Deepak , Krishna M. Murali 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Aim: The aim was to investigate the use of Savary-Gilliard marked dilators in tight esophageal strictures without fluoroscopy. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and six patients with significant dysphagia from benign strictures due to a variety of causes were dilated endoscopically. Patients with achalasia, malignant lesions, and external compression were excluded. The procedure consisted of two parts. First, Savary-Gilliard or zebra guide wire was placed through video endoscopy and then dilatation was performed without fluoroscopy. In general, “the rule of three” was followed. Effective treatment was defined as the ability of patients, with or without repeated dilatations, to maintain a solid or semisolid diet for more than 12 months. Results: One thousand and twenty-four dilatations sessions in a total of 408 patients were carried out. The success rate for placement of a guide wire was 100% and for dilatation 97% without the use of fluoroscopy, after 6 months–24 years of follow-up. The number of sessions per patient was between one and seven, with an average of three sessions. The ability of patients, after one or more sessions of dilatations to maintain a solid or semisolid diet for more than 12 months was obtained in 386 patients (95.8%). All patients improved clinically without complications after the endoscopic procedure without fluoroscopy, but we noted 22 failures. Conclusions: Dilatation (dilation) using Savary-Gilliard dilators without fluoroscopy are safe and effective in the treatment of very tight esophageal strictures if performed with care.
Role of endoscopy in evaluating upper gastrointestinal tract lesions in rural population
Authors: Javali Sharanabasavaraj , Madan M. , Harendrakumar M. L. , Mahesh M. S. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Background and Objectives: Before the advent of endoscopy direct access to the lesion for the confirmation of the diagnosis was difficult, this posed difficulty in contemplating adequate and appropriate surgery. Endoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool has grown in recent years. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is one of the most fascinating branch which serves not only as a means of resolving or amplifying the diagnosis made clinically or by X-ray, but also a primary diagnostic procedure for conditions not otherwise diagnosable on unoperated case. Fiber optic upper GI endoscopy has already become firmly established as a reliable, quick and inexpensive tool. This study was done to detect the upper gastrointestinal lesions in rural population of Kolar District, the distribution pattern of various upper GI lesions in patients presenting with upper GI symptoms and to follow the endoscopic diagnosis for medical and surgical management. Materials and Methods: The study group includes patients reporting to outpatient department and also the inpatients in wards of General Surgery and other departments, who have upper GI symptoms, were advised endoscopy at R. L. JALAPPA Hospital and Research Centre, Kolar, from a period of December 2011 to August 2013. Results: Of the 600 cases, 370 were males, and 230 were females. Disease incidence was highest in 51–70 years age group, that is, 21.6%. Pain abdomen was the most common symptom. Epigastric tenderness was the most common sign among the patients clinically. Reflux esophagitis and diffuse gastritis formed most common cases (307 cases). The incidence of duodenitis - 7.83%, peptic ulcer -3.3%, esophageal varices - 1.5%, the incidence of carcinoma esophagus and carcinoma stomach was approximately same that is, 4.5% and 4.6% respectively. The incidence of esophageal candidiasis was 4.16%. The majority of the patients had a normal study that is, 14.5%. Conclusion: Upper GI lesions were more common in males. The incidence of diseases was highest among the elderly age group. Most of the benign mucosal lesions were mainly due to spicy food and habit of tobacco consumption. The incidence of malignancy was mostly among older age group above 50 years. The incidence of the normal study was high owing to increased medical care, easy availability of the procedure and increased medical awareness among patients. In all these cases, upper GI endoscopy not only helped in diagnosing the disease but also helped to get information about pathology, extent of disease and complications that have occurred. This study highlights the importance of diagnostic and therapeutic uses, recording of the various gastroenterological diseases we come across in rural population.
HIGHLY ACTIVE AND REUSABLE RHODIUM CATALYST FOR SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION OF NITRILE–BUTADIENE RUBBER
Authors: Cao Peng , Su Lin , Li Cui , Zhang Liqun , Yue Dongmei 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
A recyclable heterogeneous rhodium catalyst (MTS-T-Rh) was prepared by loading Rh species onto an amino-silica support grafted by tannin, an intermediate linker and stabilizer, and fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma. The importance of tannin in improving the activity and stability of the heterogeneous catalyst is discussed. Tannin is a stabilizer for chelating with the Rh-active sites through a chemical bond, which enhances interactions between the Rh nanoparticles and silica. The catalytic hydrogenation of nitrile–butadiene rubber was evaluated in solution. Above 96% conversion and 100% selectivity, the carbon–carbon double bond was obtained at 120 °C and 3.0 MPa H2 after 8 h over MTS-T-Rh. Compared with Rh/SiO2, the as-prepared MTS-T-Rh catalyst exhibited considerably improved reusability, which suffered about 11% deactivation for hydrogenation of nitrile–butadiene rubber, whereas Rh/SiO2 was 53%.
COMBINED NUMERICAL, FINITE ELEMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL-OPTIMIZATION APPROACH IN THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF MEDIUM-VOLTAGE, RUBBER-INSULATED ELECTRIC CABLES VULCANIZED WITH STEAM WATER. PART 1: DSC AND RHEOMETER EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Authors: Milani G. , Galanti A. , Cardelli C. , Milani F. , Cardelli A. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
The standard industrial process to produce medium-voltage electric cables based on EPDM consists of cross-linking by peroxides with high-temperature steam (pressurized water vapor). Suboptimal material cross-linking is usually due to a decrease of the temperature along the vulcanization pipe. Temperature variations are connected to variations in steam pressure into pipe system. A combined numerical and experimental approach to optimize the production process of medium-voltage, rubber-insulated electric cables vulcanized with steam water is presented. The numerical part of this process is based on the use of finite elements and an optimization genetic algorithm (GA) and will be presented in Part 2. In Part 1, attention focuses on the experimental investigation. In particular, the final cross-linking degree is experimentally obtained by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) determination of nondecomposed peroxide from the external layer to the core of the cable insulation. The final task is to minimize the difference between numerically predicted and experimentally determined cross-linking degree using a steam-temperature profile along the pipe to explain the variations. A preliminary evaluation of kinetic-reaction constants of rubber cured with peroxides is provided with the support of a comprehensive experimental investigation of the curing process by means of standard rheometer characterizations done at different curing temperatures. An existing mathematical, kinetic model is applied to the experimentally determined rheometer curves, allowing the determination of partial-reaction kinetic constants used in the finite-element computations.
The “Black Man's Bible”
Authors: Sellers Allison Paige 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The Afro-Athlican Constructive Gaathly was an Afrocentric religious movement begun by Anguillan preacher Robert Athlyi Rogers during the interwar period. Its sacred text, the Holy Piby, represented a new truth reserved for people of African descent that promised to liberate them from oppression. More importantly for the purpose of this work, the Holy Piby charged followers with reclaiming Africa, overthrowing white rule, and taking their place as the greatest nation on earth. Despite its brevity, Rogers's movement was indicative of a significant historical moment in the Alantic world, one in which multiple new Black religions emerged to challenge white supremacy and negotiate the status of people of color. In the global conversations about race and progress, nationalism and identity, economics and politics, and religion and self-determination, Rogers was able to articulate what amounted to a Black supremacist ideology embedded within a religious framework.
Dominant modes of variability in large‐scale Birkeland currents
Authors: Cousins E. D. P. , Matsuo Tomoko , Richmond A. D. , Anderson B. J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractProperties of variability in large‐scale Birkeland currents are investigated through empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of 1 week of data from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE). Mean distributions and dominant modes of variability are identified for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Differences in the results from the two hemispheres are observed, which are attributed to seasonal differences in conductivity (the study period occurred near solstice). A universal mean and set of dominant modes of variability are obtained through combining the hemispheric results, and it is found that the mean and first three modes of variability (EOFs) account for 38% of the total observed squared magnetic perturbations (δB2) from both hemispheres. The mean distribution represents a standard Region 1/Region 2 (R1/R2) morphology of currents and EOF 1 captures the strengthening/weakening of the average distribution and is well correlated with the north‐south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). EOF 2 captures a mixture of effects including the expansion/contraction and rotation of the (R1/R2) currents; this mode correlates only weakly with possible external driving parameters. EOF 3 captures changes in the morphology of the currents in the dayside cusp region and is well correlated with the dawn‐dusk component of the IMF. The higher‐order EOFs capture more complex, smaller‐scale variations in the Birkeland currents and appear generally uncorrelated with external driving parameters. The results of the EOF analysis described here are used for describing error covariance in a data assimilation procedure utilizing AMPERE data, as described in a companion paper.
Investigation of the marine boundary layer cloud and CCN properties under coupled and decoupled conditions over the Azores
Authors: Dong Xiquan , Schwantes Adam C. , Xi Baike , Wu Peng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSix coupled and decoupled marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds were chosen from the 19 month Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility data set over the Azores. Thresholds of liquid water potential temperature difference ΔθL < 0.5 K (>0.5 K) and total water mixing ratio difference Δqt < 0.5 g/kg (>0.5 g/kg) below the cloud base were used for selecting the coupled (decoupled) cases. A schematic diagram was given to demonstrate the coupled and decoupled MBL vertical structures and how they associate with nondrizzle, virga, and rain drizzle events. Out of a total of 2676 5 min samples, 34.5% were classified as coupled and 65.5% as decoupled, 36.2% as nondrizzle and 63.8% as drizzle (47.7% as virga and 16.1% as rain), and 33.4% as daytime and 66.6% as nighttime. The decoupled cloud layer is deeper (0.406 km) than coupled cloud layer (0.304 km), and its liquid water path and cloud droplet effective radius (re) values (122.1 gm−2 and 13.0 µm) are higher than coupled ones (83.7 gm−2 and 10.4 µm). Conversely, decoupled stratocumuli have lower cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) and surface cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentration (NCCN) (74.5 cm−3 and 150.9 cm−3) than coupled stratocumuli (111.7 cm−3 and 216.4 cm−3). The linear regressions between re and Nd with NCCN have demonstrated that coupled re and Nd strongly depend on NCCN and have higher correlations (−0.56 and 0.59) with NCCN than decoupled results (−0.14 and 0.25). The MBL cloud properties under nondrizzle and virga drizzle conditions are similar to each other but significantly different to those of rain drizzle.