bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petroleum Resources of Venezuela
Authors: Arnold Ralph , Bryan Barnabas , Macready Geo. A. 
Published: June 2014

While much geological work and drilling have been done in Venezuela, theincompleteness of geological evidence obtainable and the restricted areas inwhich drilling has been done make any estimates of oil resources extremelyspeculative. Nevertheless, it is felt that the data given are justified, in thebelief that the ideas of a geologist familiar with the region are better thanthose of a promoter.
The oldest beds of interest to oil men are those of the Cretaceous, whichare well developed in eastern Venezuela and about parts of Lake Maracaibo. Inboth cases, a hard massive limestone is overlain by a great thickness, most ofwhich is shale. In the west, in places this shale is more than 2000 ft. (610m.) thick, while in the east it may attain 3500 ft. (1067 m.). The limestoneand parts of the shale are oil producing. In the east, the Tertiary wherepresent is almost entirely covered by the Quarternary, but in the west it iswell developed.
In probable unconformity over the Cretaceous shales is found a series ofsandstones and shales, which may be called the lower coal series. It is welldeveloped southwest of the lake, where it is the oil container, and is probablythe lowest series exposed east of the lake.
Above this is the Pauji shale, which is probably the point of origin of allthe oil east of Lake Maracaibo and in the State of Falcon. It has a thicknessof about 3000 ft. (914 m.) in the Mene Grande region.
The upper coal series is developed as a great thickness of sands, shales, and clays, with some partly consolidated limestone. Its thickness may be asgreat as 10,000 ft. It is the oil container of the Falcon-El Mene region and aprobable location for oil in some of the area about the lake. It may or may notinclude the so-called Maracaibo series in which the oil is found at MeneGrande.
Over much of Venezuela, the Quarternary is present in unknown thickness, which probably is not great. It obscures oil structure in all cases andpresents the greatest hazard of oil exploration for the fields which probablyexist below.
AIME 068–74
Oil Possibilities in Brazil
Authors: Branner John C. 
Published: June 2014

Five of the geologic horizons that yield oil in other parts of the world arerepresented in Brazil; namely, the Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. Thus far, the first two have shown no evidences ofbeing oil bearing within Brazilian territory. Not enough exploring has beendone to permit trustworthy comparisons of the relative importance of thePermian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary as oil-bearing horizons in this country. Themost important, indeed almost the only, information available relates to thelocations of the areas and to the structural features of the several horizons.The theories regarding the physical conditions under which these rocks werelaid down, however, I regard of the utmost importance.

Permian
Rocks of Permian age cover an enormous area in Brazil, extending from RioGrande do Sul to Maranhao on the north, and to Matto Grosso on the west. ThesePermian rocks in many places are known to include oil-bearing shales and insome locations contain small veins of gilsonite. The geologic map of Brazilshows that the Permian area is widely distributed, but there is considerabledoubt about the origin of some of the rocks. Some of the lower Permian beds insouthern Brazil contain marine fossils, but in Minas no fossils have as yetbeen found in them, and in Bahia, at only one locality have a few Permianplants been found.
Indications of oil have been found in the states of Sao Paulo, Parana, andelsewhere farther south, but wells drilled in the Permian of Sao Paulo near theMorro do Bofete did not find oil. One well has been started, by the BrazilianGovernment, in the Permian of Parana near Marechal Mallet, close to latitude26? south, but thus far oil has not been found.
AIME 068–75
Oil Laws of Latin America
Authors: Schuster Edward , Feuille Frank 
Published: June 2014

As the time allotted is short, we can present only a general idea of the oillaws in the Latin-American republics, as a supplement to Bulletin 206 of theDepartment of the Interior compiled under the direction of J. W. Thompson ofthe Bureau of Mines and entitled "Petroleum Laws of All America." Weshall not discuss the European colonies in Latin America nor the islandrepublics. As to the countries discussed, we shall attempt to give the mainfeatures of such special petroleum legislation as has been adopted prior to theearly part of this year; where no special petroleum laws exist, we must look tothe mining codes for light on the petroleum policy.
As the laws and regulations for the extraction of the metals are oftendifficult of application to, and are lacking in many essentials for, thepetroleum industry, it is best for persons or companies desiring to enter, on alarge scale, into the petroleum exploration and development of countries nothaving special petroleum legislation, to obtain a concession contract from theexecutive of the country under consideration, and to have the concessionapproved by the congress. If this concession, which would then be a speciallaw, contains nothing contrary to the constitution of that country and does notinfringe on vested rights of third parties, it should be reasonably safe. If insuch country there is some doubt as to whether the petroleum subsoil is ownedby the nation or the private surface owner, only public lands should be coveredwith the concession.
Guatemala is the only republic in the group that discriminates directlyagainst foreigners. Bolivia, Ecuador, Mexico and Venezuela require waivers ofdiplomatic protection. Colombia requires foreigners to agree to be bound by itsalien law.
AIME 068–76
Petroleum Resources of Japan
Authors: Clements J. Morgan 
Published: June 2014

Petroleum has been known in Japan since at least 668 A. D., for a pictureshows the presentation, during that year, to the Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) of"burning water" and "burning earth" by his subjects from EchigoProvince, which today is the largest producer of petroleum in Japan. Theburning water was doubtless petroleum and the burning earth either bituminousshale or oil-soaked earth or rock from near the oil seepages.
The early methods of getting the oil were simple and similar to methods usedtoday in Japan and in China. Where the seepages occurred, trenches or shallowwells were dug along the seepages and allowed to fill with oil, which was thenbailed out; in some cases, they filled with oil and water and overflowed.During the 300 years following 1500 A. D., the use of petroleum in EchigoProvince seems to have increased considerably, as compared with earliercenturies, and records show that in 1818 the depth of the wells had beengreatly increased. Doubtless, they passed through the seepages and tapped theshallow oil-bearing strata; probably some of these deeper wells were dug beforethat time.
The real value of petroleum was not recognized until early in the Meiji era, which began in 1868, when the Japanese learned that the kerosene that was beingimported was derived from petroleum. Guided solely by information obtained frombooks, they refined the oil and increased the depth of their wells in order toincrease the production. The deepest well, dug by hand, about this time was 894ft.' (273 m.) and by 1874 the recorded production reached 3499 barrels.
In 1876, Benjamin Smith Lyman prepared geological maps of the Echigo oilfield, which were the first of such geological maps made in Japan, and based onthese a more enlightened development of the oil fields began; the Japanese, however, still dug the wells by hand. Toward the end of the '80s, an Americanwell-drilling outfit was secured, but the efforts to use it failed from lack ofexperience by the operators.
AIME 068–79
Production Problems in the Grass Creek Oil Field
Authors: Estabrook Edward L. 
Published: June 2014

This paper gives a brief account of the geologic and production problemsencountered in the Grass Creek oil field, the methods used in their solution, and the beneficial results obtained from the work. The author wishes toacknowledge the assistance received from J. H. Pearson and Miss Ninetta A.Davis in the collection of the data and the preparation of the cross-sections.Permission for its publication was given by the officials of the MidwestRefining Co. and the Ohio Oil Co.
The Grass Creek oil field is located in Ts. 98–99 W., R. 46 N., Hot SpringsCounty, Wyo. The productive area includes about 2? mi. (4 km.) on the apex of agreat anticlinal fold occupying more than 150 sq. mi. Fig. 1 shows thestructural contours of the field. Oil was discovered in the field in June,1914; development proceeded rapidly and production rose to a maximum in 1918.About 350 wells, 800 to 1500 ft. (243 to 457 m.) deep, have been drilled toreach the upper oil sands; two companies, the Ohio Oil Co. and the MidwestRefining Co., operate the entire field.
The principal producing sands in the field are members of the FrontierFormation, a series of sands and shales occurring in the upper portion of theColorado Group of the Upper Cretaceous series. These Frontier, or "WallCreek" sands are also productive in the Salt Creek, Big Muddy, and ElkBasin fields and, therefore, are much the most important reservoirs of lightoil in Wyoming. At Grass Creek, the sands in the Formation are more numerousthan in the other fields and much less uniform in thickness and character.Usually, eight distinct beds are encountered and in some wells twelve sandshave been reported.
AIME 068–83
Oil Reserves of the United States
Authors: White David 
Published: June 2014

The submission of carefully prepared estimates of the oil reserves of theUnited States calls for no apology or explanation. In this country, petroleumis a rapidly wasting asset and an occasional appraisal of the amount remainingin the ground is a simple business procedure to safeguard the general welfareand the prosperity of the republic. The rumored danger of failure, in the nearfuture, of the foreign supply on which we depend in constantly increasingamounts makes the immediate review of our available reserves the moreimperative.
The Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, in March, 1921, requested theAmerican Association of Petroleum Geologists to cooperate in the preparation ofnew estimates of the oil remaining in the ground. With the members of thiscooperative committee, state geologists, regional geologists, consultingspecialists, and geologists and engineers attached to many companies workedboth independently and through subcommittees. The reports for districts, counties, fields, etc., after review by local or state committees, werediscussed by the joint cooperative committee in conferences that, in someinstances, were attended by the original compilers of estimates for the statesor smaller areas. Finally the data were reviewed and the figures revised by thejoint cooperative committee, so that the totals given in Table 1 represent theopinion of the committee, which was composed of F. W. DeWolf, W. E. Wrather, Roswell H. Johnson, Wallace A. Pratt, Alexander W. McCoy, Carl H. Beal, C. T.Lupton, G. C. Matson, K. C. Heald, W. T. Thom Jr., A. E. Fath, Kirtley F.Mather, R. C. Moore, and David White, chairman.
Oil geologists and engineers understand well the speculative nature and thechances of error that must attend estimates of the petroleum in the ground whenthey cover not merely prospective territory, but possible territory. Neitherthe character nor the magnitude of the factors of uncertainty is to bedisguised.
AIME 068–65
Recent Exploration for Petroleum in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ickes E.L. 
Published: June 2014

During the summer and winter of 1918 eleven standard rigs were erected inthe United Kingdom to test the petroleum prospects of ten structures, eight ofwhich were in England and two in Scotland. By the fall of 1921 ten of the wellswere completed; the remaining one, the D'Arcy in Scotland, was stopped somemonths later. The tests were deep ones, five of the wells being 4000 ft. ormore, the rest varying in depth between 1810 and 3918 ft. The total footagedrilled was 40,047 ft. The holes were put down with standard or cable toolspurchased in the United States (except the boilers). The larger sizes ofcasing, 10-in. and above, were also from America, while the smaller sizes weresecured in Scotland.
The Hardstoft well in England found a small production of high-grade oil andthe D'Arcy well also encountered what is reported as a favorable showing at adepth of 1810 ft. The Werrington and West Calder wells had to be abandoned onaccount of drilling difficulties. The Apedale well encountered greatthicknesses of ash in the Carboniferous and had to be abandoned on account ofdepth. The results might be summarized by saying that of the ten structuresdrilled upon, two yielded encouraging showings; three cannot be considered ashaving been adequately tested; and five produced dry holes, although in some ofthese small oil showings and gas were met.
The total cost of the work amounted to about half a million pounds sterling, which sum includes the cost of all equipment, subsequently sold by thegovernment. The work, under the superintendence of V. L. Conaghan, took placefor the most part in the period immediately following the war - a period ofhigh prices, labor and transportation difficulties, and unsettled conditionsgenerally; factors tending to retard the work and affect the costs.
AIME 070–56
Trend of Prices in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Pogue Joseph E. 
Published: June 2014

The prices of crude petroleum and its derivatives have shown an upward trendfrom 1915 to 1920, and a downward trend from 1920 to 1923, see Table 1. Overthe former period, oil prices were dominated by the rapidly increasing demandsand inflation incident to the war and its aftermath, while over the latterperiod oil prices were influenced at the outset by deflation and then by theconditions of overproduction that have characterized the past three years. Thepurpose of this paper is to analyze the broader features of the more recentprice movements in the petroleum industry and to relate these features to basiceconomic conditions in the industry.

Index Numbers of Oil Prices
The analysis and comparison of price movements may be facilitated byconverting actual prices into relative prices, or index numbers, with 1913 taken as a base of 100. In this way, the various price groups are expressed aspercentages of the 1913 prices and may thus be readily compared with oneanother or with the average prices of other commodities similarlyexpressed.
Table 1 gives the index numbers representing the average prices of crudepetroleum, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, lubricating oils, and all commodities.The last named is the index of all commodities as published by the U. S. Bureauof Labor Statistics and is widely accepted as the official measure of thegeneral price level. The index numbers of oil prices were calculated by thewriter from weekly quotations published in trade journals.
Fig. 1 shows in graphic form the trend of oil prices by months over theperiod 1920–23.
AIME 070–65
Technologic Progress in the Oil Industry
Authors: Fohs F. Julius 
Published: June 2014

As an industry approaches stabilization, greater and greater stress must belaid on its technologic progress, which becomes a prime aid in improving itscondition. The oil industry is tending toward this stage and hence itsengineers must be pressed into greater service to prevent stabilization andstagnation from becoming synonymous, and to supply, either by improvements inprocesses or by new machinery, a means of obtaining savings in raw and finishedproducts. Thus profits can be assured warranting continued investment.
It may be repeated, technology must apply a slight improvement here, achange there, or a complete renovation, to eliminate inefficiencies and makeeach dollar invested yield greater results. The profits of yesterday were madeof rich strikes, of monopolized patents or processes, of control of prices andof markets. Sixty-five years of growth, of large investment, of healthfulcompetition, and of expanding markets, have put the oil industry in theforemost rank of world industries. Just as the railroads passed a similarperiod of expansion and growth, and are being stabilized with reasonableprofits, so the oil industry must take advantage of the efforts of itsengineers and experts to promote its healthful growth and a better service tothe people.
Herein is attempted a review of recent progress in which is presented theadvances in exploration, production engineering, transportation, refining and greater efficiency in uses of petroleum, with a view not only tostressing important new processes and methods, but also the problems that pressfor solution. This review can only touch outstanding developments of recentyears, but the several Petroleum Division symposiums of program will presentdetails worthy of attention.

Exploration
Geology offers directly little new in the technique of oil-finding majorstress being laid on improvement in subsurface correlation by means offoraminiferal studies, additions to the knowledge of which are being made, slowly but surely, and by means of mineral, and especially heavy mineral, determinations in well samples.
A Discussion on Some of the Factors Affecting Well Spacing
Authors: Brewster F.M. 
Published: June 2014

From the standpoint of getting oil from the reservoir sands our presentmethods of extraction are very inefficient. From all data compiled it isevident that about three times as much oil remains in the sand after economicproduction has ceased as was originally produced.
Spacing is not so much a problem of determining how many acres a well willdrain as it is a problem of obtaining the greatest possible yield at theminimum expense. In this paper will be discussed some of the factors affectingyield to show how little we know about recovery and to indicate thepossibilities for further research along the suggested lines. Property linesand surface restrictions should be disregarded and the economic spacing ofwells should be governed by subsurface conditions. However, it is obvious thatall existing conditions, both surface and subsurface must enter into thisproblem.
Some of the important factors affecting production are: Structural position;thickness, porosity and grain size of the sand; gas pressure and hydrostaticpressure; viscosity, capillarity, adhesion and surface tension of the oil;dissolved and occluded gases; isothermal expansion and the gas-oil ratio inlifting the oil.

Structural Position
An oil or gas structure is any arrangement of sand of such a nature as toform a trap suitable for the accumulation of commercial quantities of oil orgas. Structural position has an important effect on a well in that the life ofthe well, the amount of oil produced and the efficiency of the operation dependon this factor. The potential amount of recoverable oil is less at the limitsof the field and theoretically could be handled by a fewer number of wells. Butto prevent water coning and the bypassing of water with the resultantentrapping of oil, the wells should be spaced so that control can be maintainedover water encroachment.
There is some justification for spacing wells near together in the directionof strike when it is assumed that the movement of oil is up the dip of thestructure. Theoretically a screen of closely-spaced wells along the crest ofthe anticline and across the direction of flow would completely drain it underthe influence of hydrostatic pressure.
Core Drilling in Geological Exploration
Authors: Bartram John G. , Wilson John H. 
Published: June 2014

Geological explorations by oil companies, state and federal surveys, andprivate consulting geologists, have resulted in the mapping of the greater partof the structures to be found in the Rocky Mountain region. Most of thepromising structures have been drilled and few remain that are generallyregarded as favorable for the accumulation of oil and gas. Undoubtedly, a fewstructures, some of which may produce, exist beneath Tertiary overlaps and morerecent gravel terraces and soil-covered areas. The finding and investigation ofthese structures must be done by core drilling or by geophysical methods.
A consideration of the area of oil-producing land compared with the totalarea of the region will show the folly of systematic core drilling of coveredareas in the hope of picking up structures that will produce oil and gas. Suchan exploration would inevitably result in financial disaster unless theinvestigator were exceptionally endowed with luck. Consequently, all coredrilling done in the Rocky Mountain region has been to supplement and checkfield work which has demonstrated folding, but has been unable to demonstrateclosure or amount of closure due to lack of outcrops. Before the advent of coredrilling, pits were sometimes dug to a depth of 125 ft. to obtain dips. As suchinformation was expensive and often unreliable, because of local crumpling andslumping in shale and crossbedding in sandstones, the advent of core drillingwas inevitable.
Up to the present time the Midwest Refining Co. has investigated tenstructures with the core drills and of these, six were found unworthy of a testwell, three are being drilled, and one is still being investigated.

Operating Data
Local operating conditions are materially different from those of other oilfields. The Midwest Refining Co. is employing two Longyear 2N Fordson-drivendiamond drills.
Basket Core Barrel
Authors: Brown E. Call 
Published: June 2014

The following are a few outstanding features of the basket core barrel:It can be made out of scrap casing by anyone in the field.It is possible to take a core inside a 4 1/2 inch casing, which Iunderstand is not being done by the double barrels.It is found useful in picking up the hard teeth that are broken from theother barrels and tools.If the teeth break off they are easily picked up or drilled out.
The cores taken by some of the present-day double barrels are far fromsatisfactory and are unreliable. In one case the shale is distorted, tightlycompressed, and sheared, with mud between the buttons; in another the sand hasbeen sheared into buttons, interbedded with rotary mud which contaminates thesand and may lead to very unfortunate decisions.
A great deal of improvement has been made in core barrels during the lasttwo or three years, but there is still plenty of room for better work.