bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Very Low PSA Concentrations and Deletions of the KLK3 Gene
Authors: Rodriguez Santiago , Al-Ghamdi Osama A , Burrows Kimberley , Guthrie Philip AI , Lane J Athene , Davis Michael , Marsden Gemma , Alharbi Khalid K , Cox Angela , Hamdy Freddie C , Neal David E , Donovan Jenny L , Day Ian NM 
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a widely used biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa), is encoded by a kallikrein gene (KLK3, kallikrein-related peptidase 3). Serum PSA concentrations vary in the population, with PCa patients generally showing higher PSA concentrations than control individuals, although a small proportion of individuals in the population display very low PSA concentrations. We hypothesized that very low PSA concentrations might reflect gene-inactivating mutations in KLK3 that lead to abnormally reduced gene expression.

METHODS
We have sequenced all KLK3 exons and the promoter and searched for gross deletions or duplications in KLK3 in the 30 individuals with the lowest observed PSA concentrations in a sample of approximately 85 000 men from the Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) study. The ProtecT study examines a community-based population of men from across the UK with little prior PSA testing.

RESULTS
We observed no stop codons or frameshift mutations, but we did find 30 single-base genetic variants, including 3 variants not described previously. These variants included missense variants that could be functionally inactivating and splicing variants. At this stage, however, we cannot confidently conclude whether these variants markedly lower PSA concentration or activity. More importantly, we identified 3 individuals with different large heterozygous deletions that encompass all KLK3 exons. The absence of a functional copy of KLK3 in these individuals is consistent with their reduced serum PSA concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS
The clinical interpretation of the PSA test for individuals with KLK3 gene inactivation could lead to false-negative PSA findings used for screening, diagnosis, or monitoring of PCa.
New progressive architecture: Designing for cities in end times
Authors: Nawratek Krzysztof 
Published: November 2012

Alongside investment banks and bankers, architecture and architects should be blamed for the global economic crisis that hit cities in 2008. Risky financial speculations were driven by a real estate bubble that relied on the production of spectacular, expensive buildings by the architecture
industry. Four years later, contemporary architecture (especially in Europe) still fails to engage with or promote socially aware, progressive urban thinking. The tradition of socially engaged architecture has almost vanished. That attitude is apparent only in remnant form – small initiatives
focused on buildings rather than on the built environment as a whole. Our new cities of austerity require a reassessment of this attitude, and a fresh generation of architects must be educated to address the challenges facing our urban environment.This article presents a theoretical framework
of a new paradigm of radical architecture and radical architecture education, as a function of strong social and political positions taken by students. This framework is the current result of three years of work conducted at the M.Arch. programme at the University of Plymouth, United Kingdom,
including projects from 2009 to 2012: one in Riga, Latvia, the second in Gdansk, Poland and the most recent in Zielona Góra, Poland. It will illustrate how architecture and urban design could become a tool for social and political change and a means to create liveable cities from the
ruins of the neo-liberal model.
Changing Physical Activity Behavior in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Avery Leah , Flynn Darren , van Wersch Anna , Sniehotta Falko F. , Trenell Michael I. 
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE
Behavioral interventions targeting “free-living” physical activity (PA) and exercise that produce long-term glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes are warranted. However, little is known about how clinical teams should support adults with type 2 diabetes to achieve and sustain a physically active lifestyle.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (published up to January 2012) to establish the effect of behavioral interventions (compared with usual care) on free-living PA/exercise, HbA1c, and BMI in adults with type 2 diabetes. Study characteristics, methodological quality, practical strategies for increasing PA/exercise (taxonomy of behavior change techniques), and treatment fidelity strategies were captured using a data extraction form.

RESULTS
Seventeen RCTs fulfilled the review criteria. Behavioural interventions showed statistically significant increases in objective (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.45, 95% CI 0.21–0.68) and self-reported PA/exercise (SMD 0.79, 95% CI 0.59–0.98) including clinically significant improvements in HbA1c (weighted mean difference [WMD] –0.32%, 95% CI –0.44% to –0.21%) and BMI (WMD –1.05 kg/m2, 95% CI –1.31 to –0.80). Few studies provided details of treatment fidelity strategies to monitor/improve provider training. Intervention features (e.g., specific behavior change techniques, interventions underpinned by behavior change theories/models, and use of ≥10 behaviour change techniques) moderated effectiveness of behavioral interventions.

CONCLUSIONS
Behavioral interventions increased free-living PA/exercise and produced clinically significant improvements in long-term glucose control. Future studies should consider use of theory and multiple behavior change techniques associated with clinically significant improvements in HbA1c, including structured training for care providers on the delivery of behavioural interventions.
Pharmacist Interventions to Improve Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Diabetes
Authors: Santschi Valérie , Chiolero Arnaud , Paradis Gilles , Colosimo April L. , Burnand Bernard 
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE
This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assesses the effect of pharmacist care on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among outpatients with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. Pharmacist interventions were classified, and a meta-analysis of mean changes of blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and BMI was performed using random-effects models.

RESULTS
The meta-analysis included 15 RCTs (9,111 outpatients) in which interventions were conducted exclusively by pharmacists in 8 studies and in collaboration with physicians, nurses, dietitians, or physical therapists in 7 studies. Pharmacist interventions included medication management, educational interventions, feedback to physicians, measurement of CVD risk factors, or patient-reminder systems. Compared with usual care, pharmacist care was associated with significant reductions for systolic BP (12 studies with 1,894 patients; −6.2 mmHg [95% CI −7.8 to −4.6]); diastolic BP (9 studies with 1,496 patients; −4.5 mmHg [−6.2 to −2.8]); TC (8 studies with 1,280 patients; −15.2 mg/dL [−24.7 to −5.7]); LDL cholesterol (9 studies with 8,084 patients; −11.7 mg/dL [−15.8 to −7.6]); and BMI (5 studies with 751 patients; −0.9 kg/m2 [−1.7 to −0.1]). Pharmacist care was not associated with a significant change in HDL cholesterol (6 studies with 826 patients; 0.2 mg/dL [−1.9 to 2.4]).

CONCLUSIONS
This meta-analysis supports pharmacist interventions—alone or in collaboration with other health care professionals—to improve major CVD risk factors among outpatients with diabetes.
Basal Supplementation of Insulin Lispro Protamine Suspension Versus Insulin Glargine and Detemir for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Esposito Katherine , Chiodini Paolo , Capuano Annalisa , Petrizzo Michela , Improta Maria Rosaria , Giugliano Dario 
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE
We compared the effect of insulin lispro protamine suspension (ILPS) with that of insulin glargine and insulin detemir, all given as basal supplementation, in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted an electronic search until February 2012, including online registries of ongoing trials and abstract books. All randomized controlled trials comparing ILPS with insulin glargine or detemir with a duration of ≥12 weeks were included.

RESULTS
We found four trials lasting 24–36 weeks involving 1,336 persons: three studies compared ILPS with glargine, and one trial compared ILPS with detemir. There was no significant difference in change in HbA1c level between ILPS and comparators, in the proportion of patients achieving the HbA1c goals of ≤6.5 or &lt;7%, in weight change, or in daily insulin doses. There was no difference in overall hypoglycemia, but nocturnal hypoglycemia occurred significantly more with ILPS than with comparator insulins (mean difference 0.099 events/patient/30 days [95% CI 0.03–0.17]). In a prespecified sensitivity analysis comparing data obtained in patients who remained on their once-daily insulin regimen, not significantly different event rates for nocturnal hypoglycemia were observed between ILPS and comparator insulins (0.063 [−0.007 to 0.13]), and ILPS was associated with lower insulin dose (0.07 units/kg/day [0.05–0.09]).

CONCLUSIONS
There is no difference between ILPS and insulin glargine or detemir for targeting hyperglycemia, but nocturnal hypoglycemia occurred more frequently with ILPS than with comparator insulins. Nocturnal hypoglycemia was not significantly different in people who injected insulin once daily.
Metformin and the Risk of Cancer
Authors: Suissa Samy , Azoulay Laurent 
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE
Time-related biases in observational studies of drug effects have been described extensively in different therapeutic areas but less so in diabetes. Immortal time bias, time-window bias, and time-lag bias all tend to greatly exaggerate the benefits observed with a drug.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
These time-related biases are described and shown to be prominent in observational studies that have associated metformin with impressive reductions in the incidence of and mortality from cancer. As a consequence, metformin received much attention as a potential anticancer agent; these observational studies sparked the conduction of randomized, controlled trials of metformin as cancer treatment. However, the spectacular effects reported in these studies are compatible with time-related biases.

RESULTS
We found that 13 observational studies suffered from immortal time bias; 9 studies had not considered time-window bias, whereas other studies did not consider inherent time-lagging issues when comparing the first-line treatment metformin with second- or third-line treatments. These studies, subject to time-related biases that are avoidable with proper study design and data analysis, led to illusory extraordinarily significant effects, with reductions in cancer risk with metformin ranging from 20 to 94%. Three studies that avoided these biases reported no effect of metformin use on cancer incidence.

CONCLUSIONS
Although observational studies are important to better understand the effects of drugs, their proper design and analysis is essential to avoid major time-related biases. With respect to metformin, the scientific evidence of its potential beneficial effects on cancer would need to be reassessed critically before embarking on further long and expensive trials.
Le futur passé de la séparation des pouvoirs
Authors: Barberis Mauro 
Published: November 2012

Résumé L’étiquette « séparation des pouvoirs », appliquée à la doctrine de Montesquieu, signifie trois choses : une distinction des fonctions constitutionnelles et deux règles différentes – balance et séparation des pouvoirs au sens strict – pour les distribuer entre les organes constitutionnels. En adoptant cette grille analytique, l’intervention constate que seul le judiciaire, d’après Montesquieu, devait être séparé des autres pouvoirs : mais en l’attribuant à des jurés et non à des juges permanents. De plus le travail montre que le temps historique de la séparation des pouvoirs – l’époque de l’État législatif, en tant qu’opposé à l’État constitutionnel – est suspendu entre un passé et un futur où, non seulement législatif et exécutif se sont toujours balancés entre eux, mais où les juges ont toujours participé à la production du droit.
De l'usage des pouvoirs neutres
Authors: Baume Sandrine 
Published: November 2012

Résumé La notion de pouvoir neutre a connu essentiellement trois traductions institutionnelles dans les régimes démocratiques : la présidence, la juridiction constitutionnelle et plus récemment les autorités de régulation. Ces instances se sont approprié d’une manière particulière le concept de neutralité et ont défini leur rôle en fonction d’un équilibre institutionnel à restaurer. C’est dans les correctifs que ces pouvoirs neutres réalisent que résident à la fois la légitimité de leur pouvoir, mais aussi les critiques très vives qu’ils inspirent.
La nouveauté de la prédication protestante dans les villes francophones XVI e -XVII e siècles
Authors: Krumenacker Yves , Léonard Julien 
Published: November 2012

La prédication est, pour Calvin, une des deux caractéristiques de l’Église. De fait, parmi les signes du passage à la Réforme, la plupart des chroniques mentionnent la prédication par des laïcs d’abord dans les maisons, puis surtout dans des espaces publics. Dans le même temps, des clercs favorables aux nouvelles idées prêchent de manière nouvelle dans les églises. On trouve de multiples exemples de ce processus dans les villes d’Allemagne, de Suisse, de France. Le cas de Metz est particulièrement significatif, depuis les premières prédications des années 1525 jusqu’au passage de Farel en 1542. Partout, l’enjeu est d’occuper l’espace public, de préférence des églises, bien que, pendant les guerres de religion, le culte doit souvent rester confiné dans des maisons, quand le protestantisme est minoritaire. Après cette période troublée, la prédication s’institutionnalise. « Aller au prêche » devient la marque de l’exercice du culte. En ville, au XVII e siècle, la prédication a ses lieux, son rythme, ses particularités. Plusieurs exemples, dont celui de Metz, permettent de montrer les spécificités de cette prédication à la fois par rapport à celle qui se fait dans les villages et par rapport aux pratiques catholiques. Mais, en dehors de cas particuliers comme Metz ou les villes huguenotes du Sud de la France, elle échoue à s’installer au cœur de l’espace urbain.
Further biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Canadian Cretaceous amber
Authors: Borkent Art 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA collection of 55 Canadian amber Ceratopogonidae is described, including two new species, Protoculicoides ciliatus Borkent and Stilobezzia pikei Borkent. The male of Protoculicoides depressus Boesel is newly described and the two males previously identified as members of this species are designated holotype and paratype of P. ciliatus. A new key to the species of Protoculicoides Boesel is provided. A male genitalia of Peronehelea chrimikalydia Borkent is additionally described and a specimen that is possibly a gynandromorph, a female with an associated male genitalia or a new species of Peronehelea Borkent is described.
Exploring the Value of Clinical Data Standards to Predict Hospitalization of Home Care Patients
Authors: Swanberg H.L. , Oancea S.C. , Westra B.L. , Monsen K.A. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBackground: There is a critical need to reduce hospitalizations for Medicare patients and electronic health record (EHR) home care data provide new opportunities to evaluate risk of hospitalization for patients.Objectives: The objectives of this study were to 1) develop a measure to predict risk of hospitalization among home care patients, the Hospitalization Risk Score (HRS), and 2) compare it with an existing severity of illness measure, the Charlson Index of Comorbidity (CIC).Methods: A convenience sample of clinical data from 14 home care agencies’ EHRs, representing 1,643 home care patient episodes was used for the study. The development of the HRS was based on review of the literature, and expert panel evaluation to construct the HRS. Descriptive statistics and generalized linear models were used for comparative analysis; areas under curve (AUC) values were compared for receiver operating curves (ROC), and cut points predicting hospitalization were evaluated.Results: The HRS for this sample ranged from 0 to 5.6, with a median of 1.25. The CIC for this sample ranged from 0 to 9 and with a median of 0. Nearly three fourths of the sample was hospitalized at an HRS of 2, and a CIC of 1. AUC values for ROC were 0.63 for HRS and 0.59 for the CIC. The ROC curves were significantly different (t = -7.59, p <0.003).Conclusions: This preliminary study demonstrates the potential value of the HRS using Omaha System EHR data. There was a statistically significant difference for predicting hospitalization of home care patients with the HRS versus the CIC; however the AUC values for both were low. Continued research is needed to further refine the HRS, determine whether it is more sensitive for particular subgroups of patients, and combine it with additional risk factors in understanding rehospitalization.Citation: Monsen KA, Swanberg HL, Oancea SC, Westra BL. Exploring the value of clinical data standards to predict hospitalization of home care patients. Appl Clin Inf 2012; 3: 419–436http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2012-05-RA-0016
Axillary-axillary Interarterial Chest Loop Graft for Successful Early Hemodialysis Access
Authors: Stephenson Matthew A. , Norris Joseph M. , Mistry Hiren , Valenti Domenico 
Published: November 2012

Purpose Obtaining adequate vascular access in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis therapy can be demanding, particularly for those in whom all peripheral venous options have been exhausted. Case We present a case of a 46-year-old woman with a history of complex vascular access for end-stage renal failure for whom there was no remaining possibility of venous access and had reached a palliative stage. We implanted an emergency loop axillary-axillary interarterial early needling graft. Post-operatively, the patient made a quick and uneventful recovery, resuming hemodialysis after only six days with no interventions necessary up to four months follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dedicated case report describing the successful implantation of an axillary-axillary interarterial chest loop graft to re-establish access in a patient with exhausted options. Conclusion We recommend the use of this technique to surgeons who find themselves in comparable situations in the future.
Faculty Teaching Practices as Predictors of Student Satisfaction with a General Education Curriculum
Authors: Hall Molly R. , Culver Steven M. , Burge Penny L. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This study examined student perceptions of the Association of American Colleges and Universities' essential learning outcomes and the general education curriculum at a research-extensive university via the Student Perceptions of the Curriculum for Liberal Education Survey. Results indicate a gap between learning outcome importance and opportunities to develop outcomes.
The Teacher Work Sample:
Authors: Benton Jean E. , Powell David , DeLine Mary Ann , Sautter Alberta , Talbut Mary Harriet , Bratberg William , Cwick Simin 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article describes how a teacher education faculty integrated their university's general studies objectives into the Teacher Work Sample, which is a teacher education assessment tool that develops successful outcomes for teacher candidates. This process supports and develops both the general studies objectives and growth in teacher candidates' pedagogical skills.
Patriots and Neighbors: Pennsylvania Moravians in the American Revolution
Authors: Gordon Scott Paul 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
The persecution of Moravians during the American Revolution had little to do with the Revolution. Although these persecutions were enabled by the revolutionary crisis and justified by invoking the Moravians' refusal to bear arms or swear oaths to the state, the attacks on Moravians were actually new episodes in long-standing conflicts between neighbors. These neighbors seized the opportunity to realize ambitions that preexisted the revolutionary conflict—rooted in religious intolerance and a greed for land—to eradicate Moravian communities. But these neighbors, plebian patriots embodied in local militia units, pursued agendas that their “betters” never imagined, and elite patriots at the state and continental level repeatedly tried to protect Moravians. To understand this story we must look beyond Bethlehem. Bethlehem's triumph, its success at preserving its principles and resisting its neighbors' attacks, was not repeated elsewhere. In most Moravian communities the pressure from neighbors forced men to perform military service and swear the oath of allegiance. Church authorities denounced these activities, but these choices by individual church members helped preserve Moravian communities when “Cruel Neighbors” took advantage of the revolutionary crisis and envisioned eradicating Moravians from what had been the peaceable kingdom of Pennsylvania.
Evaluation of Zoletil and other injectable anaesthetics for field sedation of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)
Authors: Morgan DR , Scobie S , Arthur DG 
Published: November 2012

AbstractKetamine has been used for many years for sedating possums captured in the wild in New Zealand, but its recent reclassification as a Class III drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act (1975) has made its continued use impractical. Consequently, four other injectable anaesthetic compounds (Zoletil, xylazine-butorphanol, medetomidine-butorphanol and Fentazin) were evaluated as replacements for ketamine. Zoletil (a combination of zolazepam and tiletamine) was the only effective alternative. Brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) were sedated adequately for general procedures, such as fitting radio-collars, at an intramuscular dose of 5 mg kg−1. At this dose, possums were sedated on average in 3.6 min, and recovery took 65 min on average. Zoletil did not cause sudden arousal as seen with some other anaesthetics, but most possums showed involuntary chewing during recovery, and in some cases excessive salivation. In contrast, Fentazin and combinations of xylazine-butorphanol and medetomidine-butorphanol failed to produce sedation at doses known to be effective in other mammalian species. Zoletil proved similar to ketamine in both performance and cost, and is therefore recommended as a cost-effective anaesthetic and humane method for sedating possums captured in the wild.
Animal welfare considerations in primate rehabilitation: an assessment of three vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) releases in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Guy AJ , Stone OML , Curnoe D 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study evaluates the methods utilised to release and monitor three troops of rehabilitated vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) in South Africa. In all cases, monitoring was poor and conducted over a short time-frame disallowing release outcomes to be fully assessed. Wild troops were present at two of the three locations, casting doubt upon sightings of released monkeys and indicating that the release sites chosen were unsuitable and presented disease risks to the wild vervets. Eighty-three percent of monkeys were unaccounted for at the end of monitoring. Any future releases should make use of radio or GPS collars to track the monkeys, have a planned monitoring schedule covering a period of at least one year, collect detailed data on behaviour, demographics and ecology and should follow the IUCN Guidelines for Non-Human Primate Re-introductions.