bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faster diversification on land than sea helps explain global biodiversity patterns among habitats and animal phyla
Authors: Wiens John J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTerrestrial environments occupy ~ 30% of the Earth's surface yet contain ~ 80% of all species. The causes of this dramatic biodiversity gradient have remained relatively unstudied. Here, I test the fundamental prediction that predominantly non‐marine clades have more rapid rates of diversification than marine clades, using a time‐calibrated phylogeny of animal phyla. The results strongly support this hypothesis. This pattern helps explain the higher richness of terrestrial environments and the dramatic variation in species richness among animal phyla. The results show the importance of ecology in explaining large‐scale patterns of clade richness and of diversification rates in explaining Earth's largest biodiversity patterns. The results also demonstrate remarkable niche conservatism in habitats, in some cases lasting > 800 million years. Finally, the results highlight the surprisingly high species richness of freshwater habitats, which are nearly equal to marine environments despite their much smaller area (~ 2% of Earth's surface vs. 70% for marine habitats).
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug associated right dorsal colitis in the horse
Authors: Davis J. L. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryRight dorsal colitis in horses is a disease characterised by mucosal ulceration and oedema that is localised to the right dorsal colon. It is considered one of the more severe adverse effects associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly phenylbutazone. Diagnosis is typically made based on a history ofNSAIDadministration, the presence of hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia, as well as ultrasound evidence of thickening and oedema of the right dorsal colon wall. Definitive diagnosis is made at surgery or necropsy. Treatment involves discontinuation ofNSAIDtherapy, dietary management, and mucosal protectants such as misoprostol and sucralfate. Prognosis is dependent upon early recognition and appropriate treatment. Horses on prolonged courses ofNSAIDs should have frequent monitoring of serum total protein and albumin concentrations, as this is one of the earliest and most consistent clinicopathological findings.
Adults’ Remembrances of Parental Acceptance–Rejection in Childhood Predict Current Rejection Sensitivity in Adulthood
Authors: Ibrahim Dara M. , Rohner Ronald P. , Smith Rhiannon L. , Flannery Kaitlin M. 
Published: September 2015

Interpersonal acceptance–rejection theory predicts that the experience of parental rejection in childhood leads to the development of rejection sensitivity that tends to extend into adulthood. This study provides the first test of this prediction within the framework of the theory. Self‐report surveys were administered to 271 undergraduates (M age = 21.73). Adults’ remembrances of both maternal and paternal acceptance–rejection in childhood were significantly related to their current levels of rejection sensitivity. Moreover, acceptance–rejection from the same‐sex parent explained more of the variance in rejection sensitivity than did acceptance–rejection from the other‐sex parent.
Phylogenetic community structure when competition and environmental filtering determine abundances
Authors: Freilich Mara A. , Connolly Sean R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimEcologists have long been concerned with understanding how local communities are assembled from the pool of species present in the broader biogeographical region. Although there has been considerable interest in the use of measures of species relatedness as tools to detect community assembly process, empirical and simulation studies have produced mixed results on the effectiveness of the technique. Here, we ask how well the most commonly used metrics of such community phylogenetic patterns detect the operation of filtering and competition in simulated communities where filtering and competition determine species abundances as well as co‐occurrence patterns.LocationSimulated local communities assembled from a simulated regional species pool.MethodsWe simulate the evolution of niche traits for a regional species pool on a phylogeny, and then simulate the assembly of a local community from this regional species pool using a Lotka–Volterra model. We then test whether the net relatedness index (NRI) or the nearest taxon index (NTI) can detect the assembly process. We compare the performance of abundance‐weighted (NRIAW and NTIAW) and occurrence‐based (NRIO and NTIO) versions of the metrics along a gradient of local community size as a percentage of the regional pool.ResultsWe find that abundance weighting can substantially increase the power to detect assembly processes. Moreover, clustering and over‐dispersion are, in fact, most detectable when assembly processes act mainly on abundance rather than occurrence. Where they differed, NTIAW tended to outperform NRIAW at detecting limiting‐similarity competition. NRIAW outperformed NTIAW at detecting filtering except when filtering was very strong compared with limiting‐similarity competition.Main conclusionsOur findings imply that phylogenetic information is more likely to yield information about community assembly when abundance information is incorporated, and local communities contain a relatively large fraction of the regional species pool.
Association between bleeding tendency and health‐related quality of life in carriers of moderate and severe haemophilia
Authors: Olsson A. , Hellgren M. , Berntorp E. , Baghaei F. 
Published: September 2015

IntroductionCarriers of severe and moderate haemophilia A and B are expected to have approximately 50% of the normal level of factors VIII and IX. However, due to X chromosome inactivation in early embryonic life, factor levels can vary considerably. This can lead to increased bleeding tendency, which may in turn impact on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).AimThe aim of this study was to assess HRQOL in carriers of severe and moderate haemophilia with and without increased bleeding tendency.MethodsOne hundred and twenty‐four adult carriers and 90 controls were recruited. Bleeding tendency was evaluated using a structured bleeding assessment tool. HRQOL was measured by the short form 36 (SF‐36) questionnaire. The SF‐36 scores were compared with Swedish normative age‐matched data and reported as Z scores.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the whole groups of carriers and controls in the Z scores of the eight SF‐36 domains. The mental component summary (MCS) was lower in carriers, compared with controls (P = 0.048). The subgroup of carriers with an increased bleeding tendency had significantly lower Z scores compared to controls regarding the General Health (P = 0.008), the Social Functioning (P = 0.040) and the Mental Health (P = 0.048) domains. The MCS was significantly lower in this carrier subgroup than in controls (P = 0.033).ConclusionWe conclude that the subgroup of carriers of haemophilia with increased bleeding tendency have impaired HRQOL. The SF‐36 results indicate that this condition affects mental rather than physical health.
Enterococcus faecalis endophthalmitis as a metastatic complication of hemodialysis vascular access‐related sepsis: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sahin Osman Zikrullah , Kara Ekrem , Belice Tahir , Ayaz Teslime , Baydur Sahin Serap , Ozturk Cinar , Yildirim Safak , Metin Yavuz , Sahutoglu Tuncay 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCatheter and/or arteriovenous (A‐V) graft‐related bacteremia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among hemodialysis (HD) patients. Endocarditis, septic arthritis, epidural abscess, septic embolism, and osteomyelitis are the most common complications of catheter and/or A‐V graft‐related bacteremia; however, endogenous endophthalmitis is rarely seen. To the best of our knowledge, Enterococcus faecalis is the first case report in this population. We hereby report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by E. faecalis as a complication of catheter and/or A‐V graft‐related bacteremia in a diabetic patient, who was undergoing HD for 5 years. We also discuss the etiology, clinical features, and outcomes of endogenous endophthalmitis in HD patients with a brief review of the literature. Although broad‐spectrum parenteral (intravenous and intravitreal) antibiotics were used for 4 weeks, evisceration of the left eye could not be avoided. Endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare but rapidly blinding complication of catheter and/or A‐V graft‐related bacteremia in HD patients. It can develop as a result of silent catheter and/or A‐V graft infections, which may lead to recurrent bacteremia. E. faecalis should be considered as a pathogen in this population who had recent history of catheter or A‐V graft procedure.
Helicobacter pylori Infection Rates in Patients Undergoing Endoscopy in the Interior of Borneo
Authors: Chai Feng Yih , Chong Hock Chin , Tan Yew Eng , Heng Sophia Si Ling , Asilah Siti Mohd Desa , Ridwan Hashim 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIntroductionVery limited data are available on the Helicobacter pylori infection among the population of interior Borneo. We aimed to investigate the H. pylori infection rate among an endoscoped interior Borneo population and to report the differences between the infected and noninfected patients.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the data of the rapid urease test (RUT) records in Endoscopy Unit Hospital Keningau from January 2009 to May 2014. Student's t‐test, chi‐square test or Fisher's exact test were used accordingly. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for H. pylori infection. Birth cohort was analyzed against H. pylori infection rate with chi‐square test.ResultsOverall, there were 215 of 774 (27.8%) positive RUTs. Patients with H. pylori infection were younger (47.66 ± 14.93 vs 50.50 ± 15.02 years, p = .019), more likely to be female (OR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.12–2.13, p = .008) and originated from the Pensiangan district (OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.01–2.64, p = .047). Chinese patients were less likely infected with H. pylori (OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.16–0.80, p = .013). Birth cohort was significantly associated with H. pylori infection rate (χ2(7) = 14.71, p = .040) with an increasing trend of H. pylori infection rate in patients born later (χ2(1) = 5.26, p = .022).ConclusionThe overall H. pylori infection rate in this population was unexpectedly low. Accordingly, it may be a recent arrival in this community. Gender, age, dietary practice, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity were among the factors associated with H. pylori infection.
An exploration of strategies used by older people to obtain information about health‐ and social care services in the community
Authors: Mc Grath Margaret , Clancy Kathleen , Kenny Anne 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPurposeTo explore the strategies used by older people living in Ireland to obtain information about community health and social services.MethodsA qualitative exploratory design was used. Focus groups (n = 3) were conducted with community dwelling older people (n = 17). A series of vignettes were used to guide discussion regarding hypothetical situations that approximated real‐life scenarios for older people. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis.ResultsObtaining information about community health and social services is an ongoing process that requires continuous commitment by older adults. Key strategies which emerged from the data included (i) taking a proactive stance towards accessing health information, (ii) making use of personal networks in your community and (iii) developing ‘insider’ knowledge.ConclusionOlder people in this study had a proactive approach to obtaining health information and identified the importance of taking responsibility for managing their own needs. Despite this, obtaining basic information about community health and social services was a challenging and time‐consuming process. Future research should focus on developing health literacy interventions that build upon and expand the strategies currently used by older people.
Treatment strategies for advanced renal cell carcinoma: A new paradigm for surgical treatment
Authors: Tomita Yoshihiko 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe induction of targeted drugs for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma has changed the treatment strategy for systemic therapy. Surgical treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma should also be reconsidered in the light of the effect of targeted drugs. The clinical benefit of cytoreductive nephrectomy for cases of metastatic renal cell carcinoma was proved in randomized trials in the cytokine era. However, at present, there has not been level 1 evidence for this in the targeted therapy era. Patients with better performance status and without poor risk factors tend to benefit from cytoreductive nephrectomy. Two ongoing large‐scale randomized studies might shed light on this issue. One of the remarkable differences in the efficacy between cytokines and targeted drugs, particularly tyrosine kinase inhibitors, is the reduction in the size of the primary tumors by tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including sunitinib and axitinib. Initial experiences with targeted therapy suggest that the neoadjuvant setting of tyrosine kinase inhibitors could be a viable option when the primary tumor shows local invasion and/or is unresectable. The present study does not support the routine neoadjuvant use of sunitinib because of the possibility of disease progression during the neoadjuvant therapy, and modest response and benefit. Axitinib, in contrast, shows larger reduction in the size of the primary tumor and might be used in the near future. Another issue is the combination of targeted therapy with metastasectomy. There is a lack of evidence for improved prognosis resulting from the neoadjuvant setting of tyrosine kinase inhibitors followed by metastasectomy. Further studies are warranted to investigate this.
Red cell and platelet transfusion burden following myeloablative allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Le Viellez A. , P'Ng S. , Buffery S. , Wright M. , Cooney J. , Cannell P. , Purtill D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundAdult allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) usually requires blood transfusion support of red cells and platelets. There are few studies describing transfusion burden after allogeneic HSCT.AimsThis study aims to quantify and identify determinants of transfusion burden after allogeneic HSCT to improve planning, inventory management and patient counselling.MethodsA retrospective audit of blood use (red cells and platelets) of all adult HSCT (n = 169) was performed over an 8‐year period extracted from pathology and hospital databases. ABO compatibility, graft type, conditioning regimens and patient factors were analysed for up to 12 months post transplant.ResultsTransfusion burden was lower than expected and lower than reported by other groups. The median number of units transfused was four red cells and four platelets by day 30, and six red cells and six platelets by day 365. The median time to transfusion independence was 12 days for red cells and 16 days for platelets. Factors associated with increased red cell use included sex, disease stage, graft type (cord blood) and ABO compatibility. Disease stage and graft type (cord blood) were associated with increased platelet transfusion.ConclusionsDonor and patient characteristics are associated with transfusion burden after allogeneic HSCT. Determining transfusion burden in HSCT and identifying determinants of increased transfusion use assist in inventory planning and patient information.
Discharge documentation improvement project: a pilot study
Authors: Tan B. , Mulo B. , Skinner M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundDischarge summaries remain a critical communication tool with primary care physicians. In a previous study of over 200 general medicine discharge summaries, we demonstrated that only 50% contain information regarding the indication and follow up required of any medicine changes on discharge.AimIn this follow up pilot study, we assess the role of feedback and token incentives in improving discharge documentation.MethodsOver a 14‐week period, we randomly audited a selection of discharge summaries on a fortnightly basis. The results of these audits were fed back to the junior medical staff who compiled these summaries. If over 80% of the audited discharge summaries adequately documented the indication, with required follow up for new medication changes, junior doctors were provided with a token, non‐monetary incentive for their efforts. At the end of the study period, we then conducted a survey of the junior doctors involved and collected feedback regarding their impressions of the study.ResultsOver the study period, 722 discharge summaries were completed and eligible for analysis. Over this time, mean appropriate documentation regarding medicine indication improved by 32%, and follow‐up documentation improved by 10%. Overall, the participants felt the interventions were beneficial and that they should be continued beyond the study period.ConclusionsEducation coupled with regular feedback and non‐monetary incentives can potentially lead to improvements in the quality of discharge summaries.
Unusual forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major
Authors: Solomon M. , Greenberger S. , Baum S. , Pavlotsky F. , Barzilai A. , Schwartz E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania major (L. major) is common in the Middle East; however, this skin infection may be under‐diagnosed when it presents atypically.ObjectiveTo highlight the occurrence of uncommon presentations of CL that may elude diagnosis.Materials and methodsA retrospective study was performed among patients who presented at The Sheba Medical Center between 2005 and 2014 with atypical clinical presentations of CL due to L. major.ResultsTwelve patients with unusual clinical presentations of L. major CL were identified. All infections were acquired in L. major – endemic areas of Israel. The average age was 37 years. The average number of lesions was 2. Nine patients presented with a form that mimicked other forms of CL, such as lupoid, giant ulcer, sporotrichoid and recidivans, and three had a variant resembling other infectious skin diseases, such as erysipeloid and verruciform. All patients required systemic therapy.ConclusionCutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major can masquerade as many other infectious and inflammatory diseases. In addition, it can mimic clinical forms of New World CL. We suggest that in endemic countries or in travellers returning from countries where L. major is endemic, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Leishmania‐specific DNA should be performed routinely in cases of unusual presentations of dermatitis with a single or a few lesions, even if a diagnosis of CL was not considered by the referring clinician.
Quality assessment of acute viral bronchiolitis clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Rodriguez‐Martinez Carlos E. , Sossa‐Briceño Monica P. , Acuña‐Cordero Ranniery 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesRecently, in an attempt to reduce variability in clinical practice and produce better results for patients, several clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the appropriate diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis in infants have been developed. However, the quality of available CPGs for bronchiolitis management has not yet been systematically evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of acute viral bronchiolitis CPGs.MethodWe performed a systematic and exhaustive search of CPGs on bronchiolitis published from 2000 to 2014. Three independent appraisers assessed the quality of the CPGs using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument. A standardized score was calculated for each of the six domains, and the CPGS were rated as recommended, recommended with modifications, or not recommended.ResultsSix CPGs published between the years 2000 and 2014 were selected from a total of 111 citations. There was substantial agreement among reviewers (ICC: 0.75; 95% CI, 0.61–0.89). The domains that scored the highest were ‘scope and purpose’, with a mean value of 92.1% (range: 77.8–100%), and ‘clarity of presentation’ [83.3% (69.4–91.7%)]. Those that scored the lowest were ‘applicability’ [44.3% (8.3–77.1%)], and ‘stakeholder involvement’ [66.7% (47.2–94.4%)]. Three CPGS were evaluated as being recommended with modifications, and only two were recommended for use in clinical practice.ConclusionsAvailable bronchiolitis CPGs vary in quality, and the findings of the present study are useful for identifying aspects or domains where there is room for improvement in future CPGs.
Significant increase of oral bacteria in the early pregnancy period in Japanese women
Authors: Fujiwara Natsumi , Tsuruda Keiko , Iwamoto Yuko , Kato Fuminori , Odaki Teruko , Yamane Nobuko , Hori Yuriko , Harashima Yuka , Sakoda Ayako , Tagaya Akira , Komatsuzawa Hitoshi , Sugai Motoyuki , Noguchi Mayumi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimOral microflora during pregnancy is critical to oral health care in the mother and her child. We examined the changes in the oral microbiota between pregnancy and nonpregnancy periods.MethodsThe study was performed using 132 healthy pregnant women enrolled from Hiroshima City Asa Citizens Hospital and 51 healthy nonpregnant women as control. During pregnancy, 132 subjects were assessed for seven microbial species by the cultured method and polymerase chain reaction at the early (7–16 weeks gestation), the middle (17–28 weeks), and the late (29–39 weeks) pregnancy periods. Pregnant women completed a series of questionnaires regarding oral and systemic health and lifestyle habits.ResultsThe total cultivable microbial counts in the early pregnancy were significantly higher than that of the nonpregnant women (P < 0.05). The incidences of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in gingival sulcus during the early and middle pregnancy were significantly higher than the nonpregnant group (P < 0.05), while Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum did not change. Candida species were more frequently detected during the middle and late pregnancy.ConclusionThe data suggest that pregnancy, especially in the early periods, promotes the proliferation of microorganisms in the oral cavity and facilitates a colonization of periodontal pathogens.
Protein trafficking during plant innate immunity
Authors: Wang Wen‐Ming , Liu Peng‐Qiang , Xu Yong‐Ju , Xiao Shunyuan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPlants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to fight against pathogenic microbes. Upon detection of pathogen invasion by immune receptors, the immune system is turned on, resulting in production of antimicrobial molecules including pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins. Conceivably, an efficient immune response depends on the capacity of the plant cell's protein/membrane trafficking network to deploy the right defense‐associated molecules in the right place at the right time. Recent research in this area shows that while the abundance of cell surface immune receptors is regulated by endocytosis, many intracellular immune receptors, when activated, are partitioned between the cytoplasm and the nucleus for induction of defense genes and activation of programmed cell death, respectively. Vesicle transport is an essential process for secretion of PR proteins to the apoplastic space and targeting of defense‐related proteins to the plasma membrane or other endomembrane compartments. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of protein trafficking during plant immunity, with a focus on the immunity proteins on the move and the major components of the trafficking machineries engaged.