bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Singulativen‐stems in indo‐european
Authors: Pronk Tijmen 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMost Indo‐Europeann‐stem nouns are either individualizing, e.g. Avestanmarətan‐‘mortal’, i.e. ‘the dead one’, or they denote body parts, e.g. Greekōlḗn‘elbow’. In this article, it is argued that most Indo‐Europeann‐stems denoting body parts originally had a singulative function, denoting a single instance of a body part of which the body has more than one. This analysis allows us to connect the ‘body part’ function of the Indo‐European suffix *‐n‐to its well‐established individualizing function. The following evidence in favour of a singulative suffix *‐n‐will be discussed: (1) the productive singulative suffix *‐(e)n‐i̯o‐in Celtic; (2) suppletive paradigms in various Indo‐European languages in which a singular is (based on) ann‐stem, e.g. Armenianduṙn, pl.durk‘‘door, gate’, Gothickaurno‘single grain’,kaurn‘corn’, Russiansúdno, pl.sudá‘vessel’; and 3) words for body parts naturally occurring in pairs or larger quantities which are attested with and without the nasal suffix, e.g. Armenianakn, Gothicaugoand Old Prussianagins‘eye’, but without a nasal Greekósseand Old Church Slavicoči‘eyes’.
Determining hormone metabolite concentrations when enzyme immunoassay accuracy varies over time
Authors: Davidian Eve , Benhaiem Sarah , Courtiol Alexandre , Hofer Heribert , Höner Oliver P. , Dehnhard Martin 
Published: January 2015

Summary

Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) are widely used to quantify concentrations of hormone metabolites. Modifications in laboratory conditions may affect the accuracy of metabolite concentration measurements and lead to misinterpretations when results of different accuracy are combined for a statistical analysis. This issue is of great relevance to studies in behavioural and evolutionary ecology because these usually aim at understanding how hormone concentrations vary between individuals, environments or experimental conditions.

We present a method based on re‐assaying a subset of samples to standardize hormone metabolite concentrations when changes in EIA accuracy occur. We used glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations (fGMCs) measured in faeces of spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) between 2011 and 2013 with a previously validated EIA. Changes in accuracy were assessed by monitoring the metabolite concentration of faecal control ‘pools’ that were systematically assayed with faecal samples. A cluster analysis on these pools identified two distinct sample sets with different EIA accuracy; ‘Cluster 1’ and ‘Cluster 2’. We then re‐assayed all samples of Cluster 1 (n = 138) with an EIA accuracy similar to that of Cluster 2 and fitted a linear regression to the remeasured fGMCs against the initial fGMCs to predict fGMCs in Cluster 2. To determine the minimum number of samples to re‐assay that allows reliable predictions, we assessed the variation in the quality of model predictions by fitting linear regressions on decreasing numbers of re‐assayed samples. This revealed that re‐assaying 27 samples would be sufficient to generate reliable predictions considering our data set.

To test the robustness of our method, we fitted a new linear regression to 27 randomly chosen samples and used its equation to standardize all fGMCs of Cluster 1. The standardized fGMCs were similar to the remeasured fGMCs, and the regression on 27 samples was as effective at standardizing fGMCs as the regression fitted on the complete data set.

Our standardization method permits the combination of results of different accuracy. It is a simple and reliable alternative to the costly, time‐consuming and often impractical re‐assaying of complete sample sets that can be applied to a wide variety of species and sample types.
Molecular evolution of Pepino mosaic virus during long‐term passaging in different hosts and its impact on virus virulence
Authors: Minicka J. , Rymelska N. , Elena S.F. , Czerwoniec A. , Hasiów‐Jaroszewska B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this study the effect of host changes and multiple passages on Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) evolution was analysed. A population of a mild isolate of PepMV was used to generate five independent evolution lineages on three tomato cultivars, which differ in rate of appearance of symptoms and their severity during viral infection (Beta Lux, Moneymaker and Malinowy Ożarowski) and on Datura inoxia. Twenty serial passages were performed over a period of 217–220 days. Symptom severity was monitored along the entire experiment. After the last series of passages total RNAs from each lineage and host were isolated and the triple gene block 3 (TGB3) and coat protein (CP) were amplified, cloned and 10 clones for each gene sequenced. Among the 400 clones for both genes, 143 individual mutations (61 synonymous and 82 nonsynonymous) were identified, with the largest number of nonsynonymous mutations being observed for the tomato cultivars Malinowy Ożarowski and Beta Lux. In two of the lineages evolving in the most susceptible variety of tomato (Beta Lux) necrotic changes in leaf blades appeared after 17 passages, leading to death of the plants. In these two lineages the mutation responsible for necrotic symptoms was K67E in TGB3. The appearance of this convergent mutation in independently evolving lineages may suggest that selection in this experimental set up favours more aggressive PepMV variants. We found a positive association between the severity of symptoms and the amount of genetic variability contained on viral populations. Indeed, the severity of symptoms turned out to be a good predictor for several indices of molecular variability. In addition, mapping all observed mutations in CP and TGB3 protein structures revealed that most were located on the surface, indicating a possible implication in viral–viral or viral–host interactions.
Estimation of changes in maternal mortality in a rural district of northern Tanzania during the last 50 years
Authors: Melkert Peter , Melkert Dennis , Kahema Leonard , van der Velden Koos , van Roosmalen Jos 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveMaternal mortality remains a major challenge worldwide. Reliable information concerning ratios and trends is essential for resource mobilization and assessment of progress towards the Millennium Development Goals.DesignAssessment of levels and trends in maternal mortality during the last 50 years.SettingSengerema district, rural North Tanzania.PopulationNumber of deliveries, births, admissions, maternal deaths and causes of maternal mortality in the only hospital in the area.MethodsWe compiled a database from the annual hospital reports for the period of 1962–2011 to obtain estimated maternal mortality ratio for each decade.Main outcome measuresMaternal mortality ratio for each decade and classification of maternal deaths.ResultsOf 629 maternal deaths, 490 (77.9%) could be classified as either direct or indirect and causes of mortality ascertained. Of the 361 direct causes (73.7%), hemorrhage (29.8%) and sepsis (20.4%) were the leading causes. Of the 129 indirect causes (26.3%), anemia during pregnancy (6.5%), meningitis (4.1%), HIV‐AIDS (3.5%), malaria (2.9%), heart diseases (2.4%) and relapsing fever (2.0%) were most often diagnosed. Since 1962, a 63% decrease in maternal mortality ratio has been achieved. The hospital‐based maternal mortality ratio decreased from 770/100 000 to 282/100 000 in the last decade (95% confidence interval 244/100 000, 320/100 000). The yearly decline since 1962 was 1.3%.ConclusionsDuring the last 50 years we have witnessed a reduction of maternal mortality and improvements in maternal health. Progress has been made towards improving Millennium Development Goal 5, although only a prospective population‐based survey will provide the ultimate answer.
Aqueous humor concentration of VEGF and retinal oxygen saturation after unilateral acute primary angle closure
Authors: Wang Jiawei , Gao Xinbo , Du Shaolin , Li Xingyi , Huang Wenbin , Zhou Minwen , Wang Wei , Chen Sida , Zhang Yichi , Gao Qianying , Zhang Xiulan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPurposeTo measure the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in aqueous humor in patients with unilateral acute primary angle closure (APAC) and retinal oxygen saturation (SO2) after trabeculectomy.MethodsTwelve patients, with unilateral trabeculectomy‐required APAC, were recruited as the study group. Aqueous humor samples were collected prospectively for every subject. VEGF concentrations were analysed via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and retinal SO2 was measured using oximeter (Reykjavik, Iceland) at 1 month after trabeculectomy.ResultsIn the APAC eyes, the mean aqueous humor concentration of VEGF was 388.4 ± 260.1 pg/ml and positively correlated with preoperative intraocular pressure (ρ = 0.658, p = 0.020). In the normal controls, the mean SO2 levels in the larger arterioles and venules were 93.0 ± 5.9% and 59.5 ± 5.4% and the arteriovenous [A‐V] difference was 33.5 ± 6.3%. In the study group, the arteriolar SO2 at 1 month after surgery (97.6 ± 19.4%, p = 0.147) did not differ significantly from the values in the control group. However, the mean venular SO2 was significantly lower than the control eyes (50.0 ± 9.1% versus 59.5 ± 5.4%, p = 0.004), and a remarkable increased A‐V difference (47.6 ± 22.7% versus 33.5 ± 6.3%) was found in the APAC eyes (p = 0.037).ConclusionsLower venular SO2 and increased A‐V difference existed in the APAC eyes after surgery, and it is possible that the saturation was even lower during the attack. Together with the elevated VEGF concentrations in aqueous humor, these provided indirect evidence that ocular hypoxia was constantly present during APAC attack.
Antiproliferative Activity of Polyether Antibiotic – Cinchona Alkaloid Conjugates Obtained via Click Chemistry
Authors: Skiera Iwona , Antoszczak Michał , Trynda Justyna , Wietrzyk Joanna , Boratyński Przemysław , Kacprzak Karol , Huczyński Adam 
Published: January 2015

A series of eight new conjugates of salinomycin or monensin and Cinchona alkaloids were obtained by the Cu(I)‐catalysed 1,3‐dipolar Huisgen cycloaddition (click chemistry) of respective N‐propargyl amides of salinomycin or monensin with four different Cinchona alkaloid derived azides. In vitro antiproliferative activity of these conjugates evaluated against three cancer cell lines (LoVo, LoVo/DX, HepG2) showed that four of the compounds exhibited high antiproliferative activity (IC50 below 3.00 μm) and appeared to be less toxic and more selective against normal cells than two standard anticancer drugs.
The other side of the story – maternal perceptions of safety advice and information: a qualitative approach
Authors: Ablewhite J. , Kendrick D. , Watson M. , Shaw I. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundA qualitative study of maternal perceptions of home safety advice. The aim was to gain an understanding of maternal perceptions of and possible barriers to the implementation of home safety advice.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews with 37 mothers with a child aged less than 5 years of age; 16 were mothers living in an area of socio‐economic disadvantage (with a high rate of childhood unintentional injury), 21 were mothers living in an area of relative affluence (with a low rate of childhood unintentional injury). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.ResultsAlthough some mothers living in both areas found talking to a health professional about child home safety was helpful, mothers in both areas tended to find talking to other mothers as being more helpful and they preferred this to talking to a professional. Barriers to obtaining safety advice from professionals exist for mothers living in both areas. Mothers living in the advantaged area describe ‘feeling silly’ and that they should ‘know it already’ when talking to professionals. Mothers living in the disadvantaged area are less likely to access home safety advice due to fear of being perceived as an incompetent mother and the fear of social service involvement.ConclusionsMothers find home safety advice from other parents more useful and prefer this to advice from professionals. This suggests greater use could be made of appropriately trained parents to deliver safety advice and education. Fear and mistrust can limit access to child safety advice in parents living in disadvantaged areas and this may be a potential explanation for differential unintentional injury rates as those who need the advice and support most may be least likely to access it. Further research should explore how professionals can build trust, gain parents' confidence and provide child safety advice and education that is targeted appropriately to parents living circumstances and their child safety needs.
Productivity of Noun Slots in Verb Frames
Authors: Theakston Anna L. , Ibbotson Paul , Freudenthal Daniel , Lieven Elena V. M. , Tomasello Michael 
Published: January 2015

AbstractProductivity is a central concept in the study of language and language acquisition. As a test case for exploring the notion of productivity, we focus on the noun slots of verb frames, such as __want__, __see__, and __get__. We develop a novel combination of measures designed to assess both the flexibility and creativity of use in these slots. We do so using a rigorously controlled sample of child speech and child directed speech from three English‐speaking children between the ages of 2–3 years and their caregivers. We find different levels of creativity and flexibility between the adult and child samples for some measures, for some slots, and for some developmental periods. We discuss these differences in the context of verb frame semantics, conventionality versus creativity and child errors, and draw some tentative conclusions regarding developmental changes in children's early grammatical representations.
Training Program for Cardiology Residents to Perform Focused Cardiac Ultrasound Examination with Portable Device
Authors: Siqueira Vicente N. , Mancuso Frederico J. N. , Campos Orlando , De Paola Angelo A. , Carvalho Antonio C. , Moises Valdir A. 
Published: January 2015

IntroductionTraining requirements for general cardiologists without echocardiographic expertise to perform focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) with portable devices have not yet been defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate a training program to instruct cardiology residents to perform FCU with a hand‐carried device (HCD) in different clinical settings.MethodsTwelve cardiology residents were subjected to a 50‐question test, 4 lectures on basic echocardiography and imaging interpretation, the supervised interpretation of 50 echocardiograms and performance of 30 exams using HCD. After this period, they repeated the written test and were administered a practical test comprising 30 exams each (360 patients) in different clinical settings. They reported on 15 parameters and a final diagnosis; their findings were compared to the HCD exam of a specialist in echocardiography.ResultsThe proportion of correct answers on the theoretical test was higher after training (86%) than before (51%; P = 0.001). The agreement was substantial among the 15 parameters analyzed (kappa ranging from 0.615 to 0.891; P < 0.001). The percentage of correct interpretation was lower for abnormal (75%) than normal (95%) items, for valve abnormalities (85%) compared to other items (92%) and for graded scale (87%) than for dichotomous (95%) items (P < 0.0001, for all). For the final diagnoses, the kappa value was higher than 0.941 (P < 0.001; 95% CI [0.914, 0.955]).ConclusionThe training proposed enabled residents to perform FCU with HCD, and their findings were in good agreement with those of a cardiologist specialized in echocardiography.
Prioritising the rehabilitation of fish passage in a regulated river system based on fish movement
Authors: O'Connor Justin , Amtstaetter Frank , Jones Matthew , Mahoney John 
Published: January 2015

SummaryEnvironmental rehabilitation budgets are often limited, and management actions need to be prioritised to achieve the best outcomes. Prioritisation can best be done when evidence informs the decision‐making process. We acoustically tagged twenty Golden Perch (Macquaria ambigua) in the Loddon River, Australia, and tracked their movements to gain an understanding on the requirements for fish passage at a major regulating structure, the Box Creek regulator. The movements of these fish were monitored through a network of receivers located throughout the lower Loddon River and Pyramid Creek system. Five fish moved 50–120 km upstream, four of which reached the Box Creek regulator before moving back downstream to the entrance of the Kerang Lakes system. Most long distance upstream movements were associated with an increase in river discharge. The remaining 15 fish moved <20 km, with all fish being detected at least once. This pilot study indicates that Box Creek regulator is acting as a barrier for some fish within the Loddon River system. Movement data also indicate that Golden Perch migration pathways may be influenced by river discharge. The management implications of this work includes the need to reinstate fish passage at Box Creek regulator and the potential use of environmental flows to enhance colonisation of native fish species throughout the Murray Darling Basin.
The Nile: Its Role in the Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Fatimid Dynasty During its Rule of Egypt (969–1171)
Authors: Cortese Delia 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Fatimids have been consistently studied as powerful contenders in the commercial and political control of the Mediterranean Sea. It is therefore surprising to find that only passing attention has been paid so far to the use of the Nile the Fatimids made as the ‘avenue’ through which goods from Africa and the Indian Ocean could be transported from Upper Egypt, to Cairo, then Alexandria and from there distributed to other Mediterranean ports. My argument in this paper is that the imperial aspirations of the Fatimids in Cairo and beyond were in many ways dependant on the unpredictability of the natural cycles that are characteristic of the river to this day but also on the Fatimids' success or failure in politically and economically managing the varied social, political and trading activities that took place along the Egyptian section of the Nile valley. Beside commercial navigation, throughout the history of Egypt during the Fatimid period, the river was used for transport of people, water supply, the staging of state rituals and parades, as holiday destination for the imam‐caliphs and their courts but also as a vehicle through which pilgrims form various regions of the Islamic world continued to penetrate Egypt whilst back and forth on their way to Mecca.
In vitro performance of QLF system and conventional methods for detection of occlusal caries around tooth‐colored restorations in primary molars
Authors: Lenzi Tathiane L. , Piovesan Chaiana , Mendes Fausto M. , Braga Mariana M. , Raggio Daniela P. 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundSecondary caries is the main reason for restoration replacement, and therefore, an accurate detection of this type of condition is fundamental.AimTo compare in vitro the performance of different conventional and quantitative light‐induced fluorescence‐based (QLF) methods in detecting occlusal caries around resin composite restorations in primary molars.DesignTwo examiners evaluated independently 42 sites adjacent to tooth‐colored restorations using visual inspection (ICDAS‐CARS), radiographic examination, and QLF. Histological examination was used as reference standard method. Area under the ROC curve (Az), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the methods were calculated at enamel (D1) and dentin caries (D3) lesions thresholds. Intra‐ and interexaminer reproducibility were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and kappa statistics.ResultsThere was no difference among the methods considering Az at D1 threshold. Visual inspection, radiograph, and QLF (scores) methods presented similar sensitivities and significantly higher than those obtained with the QLF (∆F%). At D3 threshold, there were no differences among the methods regarding sensitivities, specificities, and accuracy, except for the examiner 2 with the QLF (∆F%) who achieved a very low sensitivity value.ConclusionConventional methods are similar to QLF methods for detecting caries around tooth‐colored restorations in primary teeth.
Intergranular Stress Induced Phase Transition in CaZrO3 Modified KNN‐Based Lead‐Free Piezoelectrics
Authors: Chen Feng , Li Yuan‐Hang , Gao Guan‐Yin , Yao Fang‐Zhou , Wang Ke , Li Jing‐Feng , Li Xiao‐Long , Gao Xing‐Yu , Wu Wenbin 
Published: January 2015

The phase transition temperatures of CaZrO3‐doped (Na0.49K0.49Li0.02)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3 lead‐free piezoelectrics (LKNNT‐CZ5) have been studied with X‐ray diffraction and Raman scattering. It is found that LKNNT‐CZ5 ceramics and powders with the same crystallite size (~2–5 μm) exhibit distinctly different phase transition behaviors versus temperature. The ceramic bulk changes its orthorhombic phase to tetragonal structure abruptly after being pulverized to powders at room temperature(RT), and follows a phase transition sequence with increasing temperature: orthorhombic (RT–65°C), orthorhombic and tetragonal (65°C–105°C), and tetragonal phase (105°C to ~220°C). Contrastively, the powders hold a tetragonal structure without any phase transition within the whole temperature region (RT–220°C). These differences might be induced by the existing internal stress or residual strain, which could be released during the grinding process.
Characterization of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Causing Watermelon Soft Rot Disease in Iran
Authors: Dana Hamed , Khodakaramian Gholam , Rouhrazi Kiomars 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was characterized Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) the causal pathogen of watermelon soft rot disease in Iran. Of fifty bacterial isolates with white grey and convex colonies on nutrient agar obtained from symptomatic watermelon, ten isolates were selected for further tests. Pathogenicity tests results showed that all test isolates developed typical water‐soak symptoms after 2 days and signs of soft rot began 4 days after inoculation on watermelon fruits. Based on the phenotypic properties, the isolates were identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. The 16S rDNA sequences of isolates were 99% similar to the corresponding 16S rDNA sequence of the reference Pcc isolate. BOX and ERIC‐PCR analysis indicated that genetic diversity was present among the isolated Pcc isolates did not relate to the geographic location isolated from. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of biochemical and genotypic characterization of Pcc isolates the causal agents of soft rot disease on watermelon, in Iran.
Dosage assessment of valnemulin in pigs based on population pharmacokinetic and Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Yuan L. G. , Tang Y. Z. , Zhang Y. X. , Sun J. , Luo X. Y. , Zhu L. X. , Zhang Z. , Wang R. , Liu Y. H. 
Published: January 2015

To estimate the valnemulin pharmacokinetic profile in a swine population and to assess a dosage regimen for increasing the likelihood of optimization. This study was, respectively, performed in 22 sows culled by p.o. administration and in 80 growing‐finishing pigs by i.v. administration at a single dose of 10 mg/kg to develop a population pharmacokinetic model and Monte Carlo simulation. The relationships among the plasma concentration, dose, and time of valnemulin in pigs were illustrated as Ci,v = X0(8.4191 × 10‐4 × e−0.2371t + 1.2788 × 10−5 × e−0.0069t) after i.v. and Cp.o = X0(−8.4964 × 10−4 × e−0.5840t + 8.4195 × e−0.2371t + 7.6869 × 10−6 × e−0.0069t) after p.o. Monte Carlo simulation showed that T>MIC was more than 24 h when a single daily dosage at 13.5 mg/kg BW in pigs was administrated by p.o., and MIC was 0.031 mg/L. It was concluded that the current dosage regimen at 10–12 mg/kg BW led to valnemulin underexposure if the MIC was more than 0.031 mg/L and could increase the risk of treatment failure and/or drug resistance.