bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen sulfide regulates abiotic stress tolerance and biotic stress resistance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Shi Haitao , Ye Tiantian , Han Ning , Bian Hongwu , Liu Xiaodong , Chan Zhulong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gaseous molecule in various plant developmental processes and plant stress responses. In this study, the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants with modulated expressions of two cysteine desulfhydrases, and exogenous H2S donor (sodium hydrosulfide, NaHS) and H2S scavenger (hypotaurine, HT) pre‐treated plants were used to dissect the involvement of H2S in plant stress responses. The cysteine desulfhydrases overexpressing plants and NaHS pre‐treated plants exhibited higher endogenous H2S level and improved abiotic stress tolerance and biotic stress resistance, while cysteine desulfhydrases knockdown plants and HT pre‐treated plants displayed lower endogenous H2S level and decreased stress resistance. Moreover, H2S upregulated the transcripts of multiple abiotic and biotic stress‐related genes, and inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Interestingly, MIR393‐mediated auxin signaling including MIR393a/b and their target genes (TIR1, AFB1, AFB2, and AFB3) was transcriptionally regulated by H2S, and was related with H2S‐induced antibacterial resistance. Moreover, H2S regulated 50 carbon metabolites including amino acids, organic acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, and aromatic amines. Taken together, these results indicated that cysteine desulfhydrase and H2S conferred abiotic stress tolerance and biotic stress resistance, via affecting the stress‐related gene expressions, ROS metabolism, metabolic homeostasis, and MIR393‐targeted auxin receptors.
The metabolic impact of β‐hydroxybutyrate on neurotransmission: Reduced glycolysis mediates changes in calcium responses and KATP channel receptor sensitivity
Authors: Lund Trine M. , Ploug Kenneth B. , Iversen Anne , Jensen Anders A. , Jansen‐Olesen Inger 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGlucose is the main energy substrate for neurons, and ketone bodies are known to be alternative substrates. However, the capacity of ketone bodies to support different neuronal functions is still unknown. Thus, a change in energy substrate from glucose alone to a combination of glucose and β‐hydroxybutyrate might change neuronal function as there is a known coupling between metabolism and neurotransmission. The purpose of this study was to shed light on the effects of the ketone body β‐hydroxybutyrate on glycolysis and neurotransmission in cultured murine glutamatergic neurons. Previous studies have shown an effect of β‐hydroxybutyrate on glucose metabolism, and the present study further specified this by showing attenuation of glycolysis when β‐hydroxybutyrate was present in these neurons. In addition, the NMDA receptor‐induced calcium responses in the neurons were diminished in the presence of β‐hydroxybutyrate, whereas a direct effect of the ketone body on transmitter release was absent. However, the presence of β‐hydroxybutyrate augmented transmitter release induced by the KATP channel blocker glibenclamide, thus giving an indirect indication of the involvement of KATP channels in the effects of ketone bodies on transmitter release.
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Energy metabolism and neurotransmission are linked and involve ATP‐sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. However, it is still unclear how and to what degree available energy substrate affects this link. We investigated the effect of changing energy substrate from only glucose to a combination of glucose and R‐β‐hydroxybutyrate in cultured neurons. Using the latter combination, glycolysis was diminished, NMDA receptor‐induced calcium responses were lower, and the KATP channel blocker glibenclamide caused a higher transmitter release.
Individualistic attitudes toward attractive rewards in older people: An experimental study using ultimatum games
Authors: Inaba Midori 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study used an ultimatum game to test the hypothesis that older individuals make more selfish offers when bargaining for highly attractive rewards, regardless of the impacts of others' responses on reward size. Both older and younger individuals separately participated in the experiment and made offers as allocators. The effects of four factors (age, certainty of the allocators' own reward depending on the recipient's response, the recipient's response, and type of rewards to be shared) on participants' offers and expectations of recipients' replies were observed. Older participants demanded higher shares for themselves than younger participants, even under the low certainty condition in the highly attractive reward scenario. Particularly in this scenario, older participants increased their portions immediately after receiving rejections. Moreover, they consistently expected the recipients to accept their offers regardless of the proposed distribution amount or bargaining conditions. It was implied that the high attractiveness of the rewards made it difficult for older individuals to predict the recipient's view of their proposals and thus contributed to them making selfish proposals.
Psychological Treatment for Vaginal Pain: Does Etiology Matter? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Flanagan Esther , Herron Katherine A. , O’Driscoll Ciarán , Williams Amanda C. de C. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Classification of vaginal pain within medical or psychiatric diagnostic systems draws mainly on the presumed presence or absence (respectively) of underlying medical etiology. A focus on the experience of pain, rather than etiology, emphasizes common ground in the aims of treatment to improve pain and sexual, emotional, and cognitive experience. Thus, exploring how vaginal pain conditions with varying etiology respond to psychological treatment could cast light on the extent to which they are the same or distinct.

Aim
To examine the combined and relative efficacy of psychological treatments for vaginal pain conditions.

Methods
A systematic search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL was undertaken. Eleven randomized controlled trials were entered into a meta-analysis, and standardized mean differences and odds ratios were calculated. Effect sizes for individual psychological trial arms were also calculated.

Main Outcome Measures
Main outcome measures were pain and sexual function.

Results
Equivalent effects were found for psychological and medical treatments. Effect sizes for psychological treatment arms were comparable across vaginal pain conditions.

Conclusions
Effectiveness was equivalent regardless of presumed medical or psychiatric etiology, indicating that presumed etiology may not be helpful in selecting treatment. Research recommendations and clinical implications are discussed.
Oxford School of Sexual Medicine: How Are We Doing?
Authors: Lowenstein Lior , Reisman Yacov , Tripodi Francesca , Dean John , Shechter Arik , Porst Hartmut 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Since 2007, the European Society of Sexual Medicine has held an annual 2-week educational residential program at Oxford. The Oxford School of Sexual Medicine provides knowledge and skills learning opportunities for healthcare professionals.

Aim
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of Oxford School courses on the daily practice and medical careers of fellows from different countries.

Methods
All participants in the Oxford School programs were invited to anonymously complete a self-administered questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measures
The questionnaire comprised three sections: socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents; four Likert-scale score items inquiring about professional background; and 17 closed and two open questions to evaluate the impact of Oxford School on the respondents’ practices. Differences in proportions of categorical variables between respondent subgroups were assessed using Pearson χ2 test.

Results
The mean age of the 54 fellows who participated in the study was 44 years (range 28–63 years), 71% were men and 29% were women. Fifty (92%) were physicians, two (4%) psychologists, and two (4%) were sex therapists. Following participation in the Oxford School course, significantly more participants reported spending 50% or more of their clinical time practicing sexual medicine than prior to the course (59% [32] vs. 27% [15], P &lt; 0.001, Figure 1); and significantly more reported spending 50% or more of their working time in clinical research (54% [29] vs. 33% [18], P &lt; 0.001, Figure 2). Forty-six fellows (85%) reported current participation in teaching activities, compared with only 29 (54%) prior to participating in the Oxford School course.

Conclusion
Educational activities in sexual medicine, such as the Oxford School, may contribute to the advancement of clinical practice, teaching activities, and clinical research of healthcare providers who are interested in sexual medicine.
The diagnosis of gastro‐esophageal reflux disease cannot be made with barium esophagograms
Authors: Saleh C. M. G. , Smout A. J. P. M. , Bredenoord A. J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundFor over 50 years, barium studies have been used to diagnose gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD), but the value of this test is controversial. Our study aimed to determine if barium esophagograms can be used to diagnose GERD.MethodsBarium esophagograms and pH‐impedance measurement were performed in 20 subjects with reflux symptoms. pH‐impedance measurements were used as gold standard for the diagnosis of GERD. Gastro‐esophageal reflux measured with the barium study was defined as a positive outcome.Key Results50% of patients presented gastro‐esophageal reflux on the barium esophagogram. No significant differences were observed in acid exposure time between subjects with (median: 7.4%; interquartile range, IQR: 8.4%) or without reflux at barium esophagography (median: 5.95%; IQR: 13.05%; p > 0.05). Nor did we find differences in median proximal extent of reflux measured with impedance monitoring between patients with a positive (median: 6.7%; IQR: 1.95%) and negative barium study (median: 7.1%; IQR: 0.68%; p > 0.05). Patients with reflux on barium esophagogram did not have a positive symptom association probability more often than those who did not have reflux at barium esophagography. Lastly, there were no differences in numbers of acid, weakly acidic or total reflux episodes between those with positive or negative barium esophagogram (p > 0.05). No correlations were found between the maximum proximal extent of gastro‐esophageal reflux during esophagography and pH‐impedance parameters.Conclusions & InferencesPresence or absence of gastro‐esophageal reflux during barium esophagography does not correlate with incidence or extent of reflux observed during 24‐h pH‐impedance monitoring and is not of value for the diagnosis of GERD.
Anthocyanin leaf markings are regulated by a family of R2R3‐MYB genes in the genus Trifolium
Authors: Albert Nick W. , Griffiths Andrew G. , Cousins Greig R. , Verry Isabelle M. , Williams Warren M. 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Anthocyanin pigments accumulate to form spatially restricted patterns in plants, particularly in flowers, but also occur in vegetative tissues. Spatially restricted anthocyanin leaf markings are poorly characterised in plants, but are common in forage legumes.

We hypothesised that the molecular basis for anthocyanin leaf markings in Trifolium spp. is due to the activity of a family of R2R3‐MYB genes.

R2R3‐MYB genes were identified that are associated with the two classic pigmentation loci in T. repens. The R locus patterns ‘red leaf’, ‘red midrib’ and ‘red fleck’ are conditioned by a single MYB gene, RED LEAF. The ‘diffuse red leaf’ trait is regulated by the RED LEAF DIFFUSE MYB gene. The V locus was identified through mapping two V‐linked traits, ‘V‐broken yellow’ (Vby) and ‘red leaflet’ (Vrl). Two highly similar R2R3‐MYB genes, RED V‐a and RED V‐b, mapped to the V locus and co‐segregated with the RED V pigmentation pattern. Functional characterisation of RED LEAF and RED V was performed, confirming their function as anthocyanin regulators and identifying a C‐terminal region necessary for transactivation.

The mechanisms responsible for generating anthocyanin leaf markings in T. repens provide a valuable system to compare with mechanisms that regulate complex floral pigmentation.
Duplication and expression of CYC2‐like genes in the origin and maintenance of corolla zygomorphy in Lamiales
Authors: Zhong Jinshun , Kellogg Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Duplication, retention, and expression of CYCLOIDEA2 (CYC2)‐like genes are thought to affect evolution of corolla symmetry. However, exactly what and how changes in CYC2‐like genes correlate with the origin of corolla zygomorphy are poorly understood.

We inferred and calibrated a densely sampled phylogeny of CYC2‐like genes across the Lamiales and examined their expression in early diverging (EDL) and higher core clades (HCL).

CYC2‐like genes duplicated extensively in Lamiales, at least six times in core Lamiales (CL) around the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary, and seven more in EDL relatively more recently. Nested duplications and losses of CYC2‐like paralogs are pervasive but may not correlate with transitions in corolla symmetry. We found evidence for dN/dS (ω) variation following gene duplications. CYC2‐like paralogs in HCL show differential expression with higher expression in adaxial petals.

Asymmetric expression but not recurrent duplication of CYC2‐like genes correlates with the origin of corolla zygomorphy. Changes in both cis‐regulatory and coding domains of CYC2‐like genes are probably crucial for the evolution of corolla zygomorphy. Multiple selection regimes appear likely to play important roles in gene retention. The parallel duplications of CYC2‐like genes are after the initial diversification of bumble bees and Euglossine bees.
Parallel evolution of jugal structures in Devonian athyridide brachiopods
Authors: Guo Wen , Sun Yuanlin , Baliński Andrzej 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHere, we describe Sinathyris crassa gen. et sp. nov., a new early Emsian (Early Devonian) athyridide brachiopod with a double spiralium from the Guangxi Province of southern China. Unlike the majority of genera of the subfamily Helenathyridinae, which possess accessory spiral lamellae developed directly from the jugal branches, the form described here shows these lamellae arising from a distally bifurcating jugal stem. These differences suggest that the double spiralium in S. crassa might have appeared independently from the double spiralium of the helenathyridins. To test the subfamily assignment of Sinathyris gen. nov., we carried out phylogenetic analyses, which indicate that the new genus is more appropriately referred to the Didymothyridinae. The cladistic analyses of the athyridides indicate that double spiralia have developed independently among these brachiopods at least five times during their evolutionary history.
Do all children with suicidal ideation receive a significant psychiatric intervention?
Authors: Waseem Muhammad , Diaz‐Guerrero Raquel Joselyn , Cosme Rosario , Ain Yumna , Leber Mark , Gerber Linda M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn most physicians' minds, suicidal ideation carries with it an ominous prognosis requiring intensive evaluation and treatment. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the proportion of children identified with suicide ideation who received a significant psychiatric intervention.MethodsMedical records were reviewed for psychiatric interventions of all children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with behavioral disorders between 2004 and 2007, for whom a psychiatry consultation was obtained. Suicidal children were those who had expressed suicidal ideation. Significant psychiatric intervention was defined as one of the following: hospitalization in a psychiatric facility, period of observation in the ED (≥12 h), use of restraints, and prescription of psychiatric medication. Suicidal labeling was considered appropriate if one or more of the aforementioned interventions were recommended by a psychiatrist. The presence of psychiatric intervention was compared with that in children who presented with a behavioral disorder, not labeled as suicidal. Chi‐squared or Fisher's exact test, whenever appropriate, was used to evaluate the association between suicide status and intervention.ResultsA total of 160 children (27.1%) were labeled as suicidal, and 431 (72.9%) with a behavioral disorder were classified as non‐suicidal. A total of 244/431 (56.6%) in the non‐suicidal group had a significant psychiatric intervention compared to 79/160 (49.4%) in the suicidal ideation group (P = 0.116). This 49.4% is significantly different from an a priori assumption that 100% of children with suicidal ideation would have a significant psychiatric intervention.ConclusionMore than half (50.6%) of the children presenting with a label of suicidal ideation did not receive significant psychiatric intervention. This study calls into question the accuracy of suicide labeling in children referred to the ED.
Regulatory dynamism of environmental mobilization in urban China
Authors: Johnson Thomas R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn China, urban middle class mobilization against potential pollution risk has become increasingly common. This article examines this phenomenon through a detailed case study of a 2009 anti‐waste incinerator campaign in the Panyu District of Guangzhou, which culminated in a sizeable public protest and government U‐turn. This episode revealed tension between the narrow, state‐centered regulatory model fixated on end‐of‐pipe pollution control, and a much broader decentered approach advocated – and practiced – by project opponents, which incorporated public consultation and much greater emphasis on upstream waste reduction and sorting. In the process, the Panyu campaign progressed beyond a case of “regulation by escalation,” whereby beneficial regulations are belatedly enforced following populist pressure. Instead, it transformed into an open dialogue between a plurality of actors, including citizens, journalists, experts, and officials, about what regulation should constitute and who should determine acceptable levels of risk. By focusing on the processes through which regulatory issues emerged and changed during the Panyu campaign, this article highlights the regulatory dynamism of environmental mobilization in a context of regulatory uncertainty, and campaigns against “locally unwanted land uses” more broadly.
Menthol cigarette smoking in theCOPDGene cohort: Relationship withCOPD, comorbidities andCTmetrics
Authors: Park Seoung Ju , Foreman Marilyn G. , Demeo Dawn L. , Bhatt Surya P. , Hansel Nadia N. , Wise Robert A. , Soler Xavier , Bowler Russell P. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveMenthol cigarettes contain higher levels of menthol to produce a characteristic mint flavour and cooling sensation. Compared with non‐menthol cigarettes, little information exists on the effects of menthol cigarette smoking on clinical and radiological characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The main objective of the present study was to examine associations between menthol cigarette use and the risk ofCOPDand its characteristics, such as exacerbation, comorbidities and computed tomography (CT) abnormalities.MethodsWe analysed the data from 5699 current smokers in the COPDGene cohort to evaluate whether lung function, comorbidities, exacerbations andCTparameters were different between menthol and non‐menthol cigarette smokers.ResultsThere were 3758 (65.9%) who reported use of menthol cigarettes. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that younger age, female gender and African‐American ethnicity were significantly associated with smoking of menthol cigarettes. No significant associations were found between menthol cigarette use andCOPD, majorCTfindings or comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, gastro‐oesophageal reflux and osteoporosis; however, menthol cigarette smokers were more likely to experience a severe exacerbation ofCOPDduring longitudinal follow‐up (odds ratio 1.29; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.54) compared with the non‐menthol cigarette smokers.ConclusionsThese results confirm that menthol cigarettes are not safer than traditional cigarettes and suggest that menthol cigarette smokers may have more frequent severe exacerbations than non‐menthol cigarette smokers.
Attitude toward rapid HIV testing in a Dental School Clinic
Authors: Durall Piedad Suarez , Enciso Reyes , Rhee Jiho , Mulligan Roseann 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTDetection of HIV infection provides an opportunity for transmission reduction and lifesaving treatment strategies. This study examined patients’ willingness to take a routine, rapid oral HIV test if offered at a dental school clinic. For fifteen days in 2011, an anonymous survey containing demographic information and willingness to be tested questions was offered to all patients awaiting treatment. A total of 383 of 443 people approached, answered the questionnaire (40.2% Hispanic, 27.2% Caucasian, and 19.3% African American) with 58.8% indicating that they had been previously tested for HIV (as compared to the California mean of 39.2%). Patients were highly likely to participate (84.0% of Hispanics, 63.6% of Caucasians, 80.0% of African Americans and 66.7% of Asians) in a free HIV rapid test when given the opportunity. Of respondents never tested before, 62.6% reported a willingness to be tested in this study. HIV screening in a dental clinic during routine visits may allow new undiagnosed cases to be detected with subsequent referral into medical treatment.
Ex vivo assessment of cellular immune function – applications in patient care and clinical studies
Authors: Lindemann M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCellular ex vivo assays have a broad range of applications in patient care and clinical studies, especially when they are standardized and highly sensitive. As compared to analyses by molecular genetics such as the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) testing, they are usually more global. These assays partly mimic the in vivo situation, relying on a complex interaction of various immune cells. For example, they can be used to determine modulation of alloresponses by treatment or underlying disease, diagnose and quantify primary and secondary cellular immunodeficiency, follow‐up vaccination responses, measure adoptive transfer of virus‐specific immunity via hematopoietic stem cell or liver transplantation, assess allergy, antimicrobial immunity and also rare effector/memory cells directed against tumor antigens. This review will first shortly describe various cellular in vitro methods and then present applications, summarizing some own studies performed within the last 18 years.
Active Learning and Threshold Concepts in Multiple Testing that can Further Develop Student Critical Statistical Thinking
Authors: White Desley 
Published: October 2014

SummaryTwo practical activities are described, which aim to support critical thinking about statistics as they concern multiple outcomes testing. Formulae are presented in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, which are used to calculate the inflation of error associated with the quantity of tests performed. This is followed by a decision‐making exercise, where an Excel calculator is used to adjust for multiple outcomes prior to deciding whether or not an intervention has been successful.