bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remimazolam has similar anesthetic effect and superior safety compared to propofol in elderly patients: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Dong Liyun , Sun Tianze , Yang Jiecheng , Zhou Yue , Liu Xinyan , Liu Zhijie , Lv Hangyu , Ma Zhen , Chen Yongxue 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackgroundThe superiority between remimazolam and propofol for anesthesia is controversial in elderly patients (≥60 years). This meta‐analysis aimed to systematically compare anesthetic effect and safety profile between remimazolam and propofol in elderly patients under any surgery.MethodsCochrane Library, Web of Science, and PubMed were searched until December 25, 2023 for relevant randomized controlled trials.ResultsTen studies with 806 patients receiving remimazolam (experimental group) and 813 patients receiving propofol (control group) were included. Time to loss of consciousness [standard mean difference (SMD) (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.347 (−0.362, 3.055), p = 0.122] and recovery time [SMD (95% CI): −0.022 (−0.300, 0.257), p = 0.879] were similar between experimental and control groups. Mean arterial pressure at baseline minus 1 min after induction [SMD (95% CI): −1.800 (−3.250, −0.349), p = 0.015], heart rate at baseline minus 1 min after induction [SMD (95% CI): −1.041 (−1.537, −0.545), p < 0.001], incidences of hypoxemia [relative risk (RR) (95% CI): 0.247 (0.138, 0.444), p < 0.001], respiratory depression [RR (95% CI): 0.458 (0.300, 0.700), p < 0.001], bradycardia [RR (95% CI): 0.409 (0.176, 0.954), p = 0.043], hypotension [RR (95% CI): 0.415 (0.241, 0.714), p = 0.007], and injection pain [RR (95% CI): 0.172 (0.113, 0.263), p < 0.001] were lower in the experimental group compared to the control group. Postoperative nausea and vomiting was not different between groups [RR (95% CI): 1.194 (0.829, 1.718), p = 0.341]. Moreover, this meta‐analysis displayed a low risk of bias, minimal publication bias, and good robustness.ConclusionRemimazolam shows comparative anesthetic effect and better safety profile than propofol in elderly patients under any surgery.
Challenges of enzyme therapy: Why two players are better than one
Authors: Cuoghi Sabrina , Caraffi Riccardo , Anderlini Alessandro , Baraldi Cecilia , Enzo Elena , Vandelli Maria Angela , Tosi Giovanni , Ruozi Barbara , Duskey Jason Thomas , Ottonelli Ilaria 
Published: July 2024

AbstractEnzyme‐based therapy has garnered significant attention for its current applications in various diseases. Despite the notable advantages associated with the use of enzymes as therapeutic agents, that could have high selectivity, affinity, and specificity for the target, their application faces challenges linked to physico‐chemical and pharmacological properties. These limitations can be addressed through the encapsulation of enzymes in nanoplatforms as a comprehensive solution to mitigate their degradation, loss of activity, off‐target accumulation, and immunogenicity, thus enhancing bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, and circulation time, thereby reducing the number of administrations, and ameliorating patient compliance. The exploration of novel nanomedicine‐based enzyme therapeutics for the treatment of challenging diseases stands as a paramount goal in the contemporary scientific landscape, but even then it is often not enough. Combining an enzyme with another therapeutic (e.g., a small molecule, another enzyme or protein, a monoclonal antibody, or a nucleic acid) within a single nanocarrier provides innovative multidrug‐integrated therapy and ensures that both the actives arrive at the target site and exert their therapeutic effect, leading to synergistic action and superior therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, this strategic approach could be extended to gene therapy, a field that nowadays has gained increasing attention, as enzymes acting at genomic level and nucleic acids may be combined for synergistic therapy. This multicomponent therapeutic approach opens opportunities for promising future developments.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Optical Biometry
Authors: Nenning Magdalena , Hirnschall Nino , Findl Oliver 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe development of optical biometry has improved very significantly the accuracy and precision of the measurement of the axial length (AL) which is one of the essential variables for the calculation of the intraocular lens (IOL) power. In this chapter, the technologies of the different interferometric setups are described in detail: from PCI to OLCR, finally arriving at the present day used swept-source OCT. The accurate measurement of anterior chamber length and lens thickness with these methods has given way to the development of modern IOL power calculation formulas. Optical biometry provides the surgeon with a B-scan of the eye allowing the identification of anatomical boundaries even in the case of very dense cataracts. The OCT technology has also been applied in the intraoperative measurement of the IOL position.
Corneal Topography and Tomography
Authors: Aramberri Jaime 
Published: July 2024

AbstractCorneal topography measures the shape and optical properties of the cornea with different technologies that have evolved through the years: from Placido reflection topographers to elevation Scheimpflug and OCT tomographers. In this chapter, the difference among these instruments is analyzed exposing the features of each method as well as the precision and agreement of the measurements. Definitions and metrics used for shape, curvature, elevation, optical power, and aberrometry are discussed. These instruments provide the surgeon with software-oriented to intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation taking advantage of the anterior and posterior corneal measurements. Corneal analysis also plays an important role in the selection of the most adequate IOL optical design.
The A-Scan Biometer
Authors: Shammas Maya C. , Shammas H. John 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe use of optical biometry is limited when measuring eyes with a mature cataract. A-scan biometry is needed in these cases. The A-scan biometer measures the axial length using ultrasound. The transducer is located at the tip of the probe where electric pulses are transformed into sound waves. The transducer emits the ultrasound beam. Ultrasound consists of high-frequency sound waves over 20,000 cycles/s, which is the highest frequency audible to the human ear. The ultrasound beam is formed of ultrasound waves that display different characteristics depending on the ultrasound frequency, wavelength, velocity, and direction. The different characteristics of the commonly used ultrasound biometers are presented.The A-scan biometer with its transducer produces ultrasound impulses. These impulses propagate within the eye and are reflected, creating an A-scan pattern. The A-scan identifies the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea, the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens, and the anterior surface of the retina.
Argos Verion Image-Guided System
Authors: Babu Raiju J. , Voegtle Jessica 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe Argos Biometer with Image Guidance by Alcon is an integrated biometer that provides image guidance to the surgeons, after that all measurements are taken. The image guidance is provided by having hardware (Verion Digital Marker) to provide overlays in the operating room and at the Alcon LenSx Laser. The Verion Reference Unit receives the biometry information from the Argos Biometer; it is an integrated keratometer with image guidance capability at Alcon LenSx system and operating room. The Digital Marker presents advantages in correcting pre-existing astigmatism. It provides patient eye confirmation with automated consistency check of reference image from VERION Reference Unit; incision guide; capsulorhexis guide with online overlay of planned capsulorhexis position and radius on the microscope live image; centration and toric alignment guide and a finalization check with a combined overlay of the centration and toric alignment information on the microscope live image for a final IOL position check; and documentation with storage of reference and measurement data, surgery, and surgery image data.
The NIDEK Cataract Suite: The OPD-Scan III Multifunction Diagnostic Device and the AL-Scan Optical Biometer
Authors: Tyson Farrell C. , Pieger Stefan , Bains Harkaran S. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe OPD-Scan III is a multiple-instrument device combining corneal topography, wavefront aberrometry, autorefraction, keratometry, pupillometry, and pupillography. The measurement of topography and whole eye wavefront allows separation of corneal and internal aberrations for rapid assessment of the refractive and optical effects of the cornea, physiologic lens, or an intraocular lens. The Daya Cataract Summary, the Cataract Summary, the Optical Quality summary, the Internal OPD, toric summary, and retroillumination maps are described.The AL-Scan optical biometry is an optical biometer based on partial coherence interferometry. It also features Scheimflug imaging, which is used to measure corneal thickness and anterior chamber depth.
CSO MS-39: Principles and Applications
Authors: Vestri Gabriele , Versaci Francesco , Savini Giacomo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractMS-39 combines a Placido disc corneal topographer and an anterior segment spectral domain optical coherence tomographer (SD-OCT). The Placido disc is used for the topography of the anterior corneal surface, and the SD-OCT system is used for the topography and tomography of the anterior segment. The broadband source is an infrared superluminescent diode emitting a radiation centered around 850 nm, which provides an axial resolution of 3.5 μm and a transversal resolution of 35 μm. Different scanning patterns are available, and the instrument can acquire sections of the anterior segment, corneal topographies and tomographies, lens biometries, and pupillographies. The IOL module is based on corneal topography and anterior segment tomography and calculates the intraocular lens power by ray tracing. This is one of the easiest and most accurate methods to achieve the correct power of the lens in eyes that underwent previous corneal refractive surgery.
Gaussian Optics
Authors: Colliac Jean-Philippe 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe paraxial or Gaussian approximation in geometric optics simplifies the calculation of the optical properties of the human eye. In this chapter the analytical equations that allow the calculation of the cardinal elements of an optical system are explained in detail. Determining the focal length, the principal planes and the nodal points of the eye will permit calculating the position and magnification of the image. The matrix method is an alternative way to perform paraxial ray tracing and also calculate the Gaussian cardinal elements of an optical system. These foundations lead to the modeling of a schematic eye that can be used to study the optics of a pseudophakic eye and the calculation of the intraocular lens power.
Outcomes Review of Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Formulas
Authors: Fam Han Bor 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis chapter analizes the published outcomes of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas. A modified version of the formula performance index (PI) proposed by Prof. Haigis is presented. This index ranks formulas accuracy based on several parameters, including the standard deviation (SD) of the prediction error, the median absolute error (MedAE) , the relationship between the prediction error (PE) and axial length (AL) and the percentage of eyes with a prediction error within ±1.00 D. Modifications include the mean absolute error, (MAE) the percentage of eyes with a prediction error within ±0.50 D, and the relationship between the prediction error and keratometry (K). A further version of the PI, specifically designed for subgroup analysis, is also presented.The data of 17 studies (including eyes with any AL) are presented, and formulas are compared by means of the PI. A similar analysis is presented separately for short, medium, and long eyes, as well as for eyes with flat and steep corneas, shallow and deep anterior chambers (ACD) and for eyes with a target refraction other than emmetropia.
Barrett Formulas: Strategies to Improve IOL Power Prediction
Authors: Barrett Graham D. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe Barrett Universal II Formula has become a popular and well-documented formula as regards its accuracy compared to third-generation formulas. The author lays out the history of IOL power calculation, the groundwork and framework for the development of his formula, as well as his related formulas to deal with special problem eyes. There is a description of his method to predict the final lens position. There is the Barrett toric calculator for toric calculations and the Barrett True K Formula for post-corneal surgery eyes. There is a careful analysis of the issue of optical biometer use of a group refractive index for axial length measurement versus the use of individual indices for each segment of the eye measured. There is a full discussion of the new Barrett True AL formula which deals with this issue. There is a full analysis of this formula compared to the Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T formulas. There is also a discussion of the causes that lead to IOL power errors.
The Castrop IOL Formula
Authors: Hoffmann Peter , Langenbucher Achim 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe Castrop IOL formula is a theoretical Gaussian vergence formula that calculates the IOL power and refraction. The cornea is modeled as a thick lens where the posterior radii of curvature can be measured or assumed according to published normal values. The axial length is transformed in order to equal a segmental measurement. The IOL position is calculated with a multivariable regression formula using several anterior segment biometric variables. Two or three offset values (C, R, and H) can be used to correct systematic errors with a sequential or simultaneous optimization process. Performance on case series is better than classical formulas and compares favorably with modern ones.
The Haigis Formula
Authors: Haigis Wolfgang , Hoffer Kenneth J. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe Haigis formula, like other optical formulas, is based on thin lens optics. However, while all other formulas use only one constant (like the ACD constant, the A-constant, or the surgeon factor) for a given IOL, the Haigis formula uses three (a0, a1, and a2). In addition, apart from the axial length, the anterior chamber depth is taken to serve as a predictor for the postoperative IOL position. By this approach, it is possible to represent an IOL by a curve (optical ACD vs axial length) rather than a number. The power of the formula evolves after optimization with individualization of constants insofar as it allows a mean zero prediction error for the postoperative refraction irrespective of axial length. Although a classical optimization on the basis of one constant is possible, Haigis recommends optimization of the three constants, a0, a1, and a2, derived from a statistical analysis of postoperative results. Thus, for every intraocular lens, an individual curve is defined for optimum prediction of the postoperative IOL position allowing a mean zero prediction error for all axial lengths.
Kane Formula
Authors: Kane Jack X 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe Kane formula is an optical theoretical formula for IOL power calculation that optimizes its performance by means of regression and artificial intelligence components. Variables used in the formula are axial length, keratometry, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness (optional), central corneal thickness (optional), and patient biological sex. A summary is given on the available publications showing the Kane formula to be one of the best among the newer IOL power calculation formulas. The Kane keratoconus formula is designed for keratoconic eyes adjusting the IOL power based on the correct anterior/posterior corneal ratio in these eyes. The Kane toric formula calculates the toric IOL power using theoretical optics, regression, and artificial intelligence.
Norrby Formulas for IOL Power Calculation
Authors: Norrby Sverker 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis chapter gives Norrby’s background in optics as researcher working for a major international IOL manufacturer and his early and subsequent work in the optics and development of IOL power calculation formulas. He has developed three formulas for IOL power (Norrby thick lens formula, Norrby thin lens formula, and Norrby regression formula), which are thoroughly documented here. This comprehensive effort was first presented a decade ago but never published until now, in this chapter. Since he has now completely retired from the field, it will be up to others to test the benefit of his theories in clinical practice and compare them to the other new formulas using artificial intelligence and special algorithms.
The Olsen Formula
Authors: Olsen Thomas 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe ambition of the Olsen formula was to develop a thick-lens formula based on paraxial ray tracing as assumption-free as possible allowing for a full-thickness calculation of the cornea and the IOL power and the use of real physical dimensions—including the physical position of the IOL—to be used in the formula. From 2012, the Olsen formula was modified to allow exact ray tracing on aspheric surfaces to include the effect of spherical aberration. The prediction of the IOL position has been improved over the years based on numerous clinical measurements of the actual IOL position and the correlation with relevant preoperative clinical parameters (see chapter on ELP estimation). An important step was the development of the C-constant concept which predicts the IOL position as a fraction of the preoperative lens thickness, thereby reducing the number of indirect parameters in the algorithm.
Online IOL Power Calculators
Authors: Hoffer Kenneth J. , Ribeiro Filomena , Savini Giacomo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis chapter aims to provide readers with the latest online intraocular (IOL) power calculators developed by individual ophthalmologists and researchers to improve the refractive outcomes of cataract surgery. Means to access them and utilize a newer website that congregates them all on the website will be presented.
Power Calculations for Spherical and Toric Phakic IOLs
Authors: Sarver Edwin J. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn this chapter, methods for the calculation of stigmatic and toric phakic IOL (TPIOL) powers are presented. These methods include calculations for the ideal TPIOL power for a given eye and desired postoperative spectacle power, the prediction of the postoperative spectacle power for a selected TPIOL power different from the ideal power, the calculation of an exchange TPIOL in the event of an unacceptable refractive surprise, and the calculation of a lens position parameter on a per-case basis to provide a means of building a data set to optimize the predictability of future cases. Sample calculations are presented to demonstrate the use of these equations.
IOL Power Calculation in Long Eye
Authors: Wang Li , Bezerra Rachel Lopes Franke , Koch Douglas D. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractInaccurate measurement of preoperative axial length is the main reason for postoperative refractive error in axial high myopia. When axial length is measured by optical biometry, the adoption of the original formula to transform the optical path length into a geometrical path length leads to overestimation of axial length in myopic eyes. The group refractive index adopted to calibrate optical biometry and immersion ultrasound biometry, in fact, does not take the different relative lengths of the ocular segments into account. Segmented axial length, which is obtained by adding the individual geometrical path length of cornea, aqueous depth, lens thickness, and vitreous chamber depth, provides more accurate axial length measurements in long eyes.Axial length adjustment methods (Wang-Koch adjustment) have been developed and refined to improve the refractive outcome of traditional formulas (Holladay 1, Holladay 2 and SRK/T). Similar adjustments are included in newer formulas and lead to better results compared to the original axial length measurements.
IOL Power Calculation in the Short Eye
Authors: Flikier David 
Published: July 2024

AbstractShort eyes include simple microphthalmos, complex microphthalmos, nanophthalmos, relative anterior microphthalmos, and posterior microphthalmos. The definition of each of these subgroups is given, as well as the possible genetic mutations leading to these anatomical characteristics.In short eyes, the ELP prediction is a critical parameter for IOL power calculation. Formulas that take both the anterior chamber depth and lens thickness into account are likely to achieve more accurate outcomes, but the results are still far from being perfect with more than 40% of eyes showing a prediction error >±0.50 D when the axial length is <21.5 mm. Primary and secondary piggy-back implantation is reviewed.
IOL Power Calculation After Corneal Refractive Surgery
Authors: Aramberri Jaime , Savini Giacomo , Hoffer Kenneth J. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIntraocular lens (IOL) power calculation is affected by the effect of any previous corneal refractive surgery. In this chapter, an extensive analysis of the different sources of error and the correspondent solutions is performed. Corneal shape change and keratometric error are the main contributors to the final refractive error. Incorrect IOL position estimation is another potential cause of error in determined formulas. New corneal tomographers and the use of a correct calculation method will improve the outcomes avoiding the commission of significant errors. A classification of the published methods to be used in these cases with their performance data will allow the surgeon to select the best option in each particular case.
Patient-Specific Eye Models for Intraocular Lens Power Calculation in Irregular Corneas
Authors: Pérez-Merino Pablo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIntraocular lens (IOL) power calculation is normally performed using theoretical Gaussian formulas. Paraxial calculation renders clinically acceptable outcomes in normal eyes with regular corneal shape and optics but leads to refractive error whenever the cornea is irregular in terms of anterior surface shape or anterior to posterior curvature proportions. The most prevalent conditions are keratoconus, keratoplasty, or corneas that have undergone refractive surgery, especially with old techniques. In this chapter, a more robust calculation methodology is proposed based on a three-dimensional model of the cornea constructed from tomographic data. Optical calculations are done by exact ray tracing, overcoming the limitations of the paraxial constraints and managing adequately the effect of higher-order aberrations. Image quality metrics that correlates with subjective vision will be used as a target to determine the best IOL sphere and cylinder power.
Spinning primordial black holes from first order phase transition
Authors: Banerjee Indra Kumar , Dey Ujjal Kumar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We conduct a novel study to obtain the initial spin of the primordial black holes created during a first-order phase transition due to delayed false vacuum decay. Remaining within the parameter space consistent with observational bounds, we express the abundance and the initial spin of the primordial black holes as functions of the phase transition parameters. The abundance of the primordial black holes is extremely sensitive to the phase transition parameters. We also find that the initial spin weakly depends on all parameters except the transition temperature.