bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 3-Dimensional Anatomic Study of the Distal Biceps Tendon
Authors: Walton Christine , Li Zhi , Pennings Amanda , Agur Anne , Elmaraghy Amr 
Published: June 2015

Background Complete rupture of the distal biceps tendon from its osseous attachment is most often treated with operative intervention. Knowledge of the overall tendon morphology as well as the orientation of the collagenous fibers throughout the musculotendinous junction are key to intraoperative decision making and surgical technique in both the acute and chronic setting. Unfortunately, there is little information available in the literature. Purpose To comprehensively describe the morphology of the distal biceps tendon. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods The distal biceps terminal musculature, musculotendinous junction, and tendon were digitized in 10 cadaveric specimens and data reconstructed using 3-dimensional modeling. Results The average length, width, and thickness of the external distal biceps tendon were found to be 63.0, 6.0, and 3.0 mm, respectively. A unique expansion of the tendon fibers within the distal muscle was characterized, creating a thick collagenous network along the central component between the long and short heads. Conclusion This study documents the morphologic parameters of the native distal biceps tendon. Reconstruction may be necessary, especially in chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures, if the remaining tendon morphology is significantly compromised compared with the native distal biceps tendon. Knowledge of normal anatomical distal biceps tendon parameters may also guide the selection of a substitute graft with similar morphological characteristics. Clinical Relevance A thorough description of distal biceps tendon morphology is important to guide intraoperative decision making between primary repair and reconstruction and to better select the most appropriate graft. The detailed description of the tendinous expansion into the muscle may provide insight into better graft-weaving and suture-grasping techniques to maximize proximal graft incorporation.
Polycomb repressive complex 2 component Suz12 is required for hematopoietic stem cell function and lymphopoiesis
Authors: Lee Stanley C. W. , Miller Sarah , Hyland Craig , Kauppi Maria , Lebois Marion , Di Rago Ladina , Metcalf Donald , Kinkel Sarah A. , Josefsson Emma C. , Blewitt Marnie E. , Majewski Ian J. , Alexander Warren S. 
Published: June 2015

Key PointsInactivation of Suz12 results in a rapid and marked exhaustion of the HSC pool. Lymphoid development is completely dependent on PRC2, but numerous myeloid lineages develop in the absence of PRC2.
Supported self-management for asthma
Authors: Pinnock Hilary 
Published: June 2015

Key pointsSelf-management education in asthma is not an optional extra. Healthcare professionals have a responsibility to ensure that everyone with asthma has personalised advice to enable them to optimise how they self-manage their condition.Overviews of the extensive evidence-base conclude that asthma self-management supported by regular professional review, improves asthma control, reduces exacerbations and admissions, and improves quality of life.Self-management education should be reinforced by a written personalised asthma action plan which provides a summary of the regular management strategy, how to recognise deterioration and the action to take.Successful implementation combines education for patients, skills training for professionals in the context of an organisation committed to both the concept and the practice of supported self-management.Educational aimsTo summarise the evidence base underpinning supported self-management for asthmaTo provide clinicians with a practical approach to providing supported self-management for asthmaTo suggest an appropriate strategy for implementing supported self-managementSummaryThe evidence in favour of supported self-management for asthma is overwhelming. Self-management including provision of a written asthma action plan and supported by regular medical review, almost halves the risk of hospitalisation, significantly reduces emergency department attendances and unscheduled consultations, and improves markers of asthma control and quality of life. Demographic and cultural tailoring enables effective programmes to be implemented in deprived and/or ethnic communities or within schools.A crucial component of effective asthma self-management interventions is the provision of an agreed, written personalised action plan which advises on using regular medication, recognising deterioration and appropriate action to take. Monitoring can be based on symptoms or on peak flows and should specify thresholds for action including increasing inhaled steroids, commencing oral steroids, and when (and how) to seek professional help. Plans should be personalised to reflect asthma severity and treatment regimes, avoidance of triggers, co-morbid rhinitis and the individual’s preferences.Implementation is a challenge. Systematic review evidence suggests that it is possible to implement asthma self-management in routine care, but that to be effective this requires a whole systems approach which considers implementation from the perspective of patient education and resources, professional skills and motivation and organisation priorities and routines.
Physiological basis of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in patients with lung or heart disease
Authors: Louvaris Zafeiris , Vogiatzis Ioannis 
Published: June 2015

Educational AimsTo illustrate the common mechanisms limiting exercise tolerance in patients with chronic lung and heart diseaseTo highlight the impact of lung and heart disease on daily physical activity levelsTo outline the effects of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation on functional capacity in patients with chronic lung and heart diseaseTo discuss an innovative tele-rehabilitation intervention using information and communications technologies to improve functional capacity in patients with chronic lung and heart diseaseSummaryShortness of breath associated with cardiorespiratory abnormalities and peripheral muscle discomfort are the major factors that limit exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and those with congestive heart failure (CHF). Both of these symptoms negatively impact on patients’ daily physical activity levels. In turn, poor daily physical activity is commonly associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programmes partially reverse muscle weakness and dysfunction and increase functional capacity in both COPD and CHF. However, benefits gained from participation in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programmes are regressing soon after the completion of these programmes. Moreover, several barriers limit access and uptake of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programmes by eligible patients. A potential solution to the underutilisation of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation is the implementation of tele-rehabilitation interventions at home using information and communications technologies. Thus, tele-rehabilitation may be useful to encourage and educate patients with COPD or CHF on how best to maintain and/or further enhance daily physical activity levels.
How to carry out a field walking test in chronic respiratory disease
Authors: Holland Anne E. , Spruit Martijn A. , Singh Sally J. 
Published: June 2015

Educational AimsTo provide recommendations for conducting field walking tests in people with chronic respiratory disease, from the new European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society Technical StandardTo provide information to assist in selecting a field walking test in people with chronic respiratory disease.Key pointsThe 6MWT, ISWT and ESWT are valid and reliable tests of functional exercise capacity in people with COPD. The 6MWT is also widely used in other chronic respiratory disorders.There is a learning effect for the 6MWT and ISWT, so two tests must be performed if the tests are being used to measure change over time, with the best distance recorded.The 6MWT is very sensitive to changes in the way it is conducted, including use of encouragement, provision of supplemental oxygen, changes in track layout and length, and use of wheeled walkers. These factors should be held constant when the test is repeated.The 6MWT, ISWT and ESWT are strenuous tests, with cardiorespiratory responses that are similar to those during a maximal incremental exercise test. As a result, the contraindications and precautions for these field walking tests should be the same as for a laboratory-based incremental exercise test.SummaryThe European Respiratory Society (ERS) and American Thoracic Society (ATS) have recently published a Technical Standard which documents the standard operating procedures for the 6-min walk test (6MWT), incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT). The Technical Standard shows that all three tests are valid and reliable measures of functional exercise capacity in people with chronic respiratory disease and makes recommendations for standardising their performance. Key findings and recommendations of the Technical Standard include:The 6MWT, ISWT and ESWT are strenuous tests which elicit cardiorespiratory responses that are similar to those observed during a maximal incremental exercise test. As a result, the contraindications and precautions for field walking tests should be consistent with those used for a laboratory-based incremental exercise test.There is strong evidence of a learning effect for the 6MWT and ISWT. Two tests should be performed when the 6MWT or ISWT are used to measure change over time.The 6MWT, ISWT and ESWT are responsive to treatment effects in people with chronic respiratory disease, particularly for rehabilitation.The 6MWT is very sensitive to variations in methodology, including use of encouragement, provision of supplemental oxygen, changes in track layout and length, and use of wheeled walkers. These factors should be documented and held constant on repeat testing.The lowestSpO2recorded during a 6MWT is an important marker of disease severity and prognosis. Continuous pulse oximetry is recommended during the 6MWT, to ensure that the lowestSpO2is recorded.In adults with chronic respiratory disease, a change in 6-min walk distance of 30 m or more indicates a clinically significant change has occurred.
SmileFinder: a resampling-based approach to evaluate signatures of selection from genome-wide sets of matching allele frequency data in two or more diploid populations
Authors: Guiblet Wilfried M , Zhao Kai , O'Brien Stephen J , Massey Steven E , Roca Alfred L , Oleksyk Taras K 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Background
Adaptive alleles may rise in frequency as a consequence of positive selection, creating a pattern of decreased variation in the neighboring loci, known as a selective sweep. When the region containing this pattern is compared to another population with no history of selection, a rise in variance of allele frequencies between populations is observed. One challenge presented by large genome-wide datasets is the ability to differentiate between patterns that are remnants of natural selection from those expected to arise at random and/or as a consequence of selectively neutral demographic forces acting in the population.

Findings
SmileFinder is a simple program that looks for diversity and divergence patterns consistent with selection sweeps by evaluating allele frequencies in windows, including neighboring loci from two or more populations of a diploid species against the genome-wide neutral expectation. The program calculates the mean of heterozygosity and FST in a set of sliding windows of incrementally increasing sizes, and then builds a resampled distribution (the baseline) of random multi-locus sets matched to the sizes of sliding windows, using an unrestricted sampling. Percentiles of the values in the sliding windows are derived from the superimposed resampled distribution. The resampling can easily be scaled from 1 K to 100 M; the higher the number, the more precise the percentiles ascribed to the extreme observed values.

Conclusions
The output from SmileFinder can be used to plot percentile values to look for population diversity and divergence patterns that may suggest past actions of positive selection along chromosome maps, and to compare lists of suspected candidate genes under random gene sets to test for the overrepresentation of these patterns among gene categories. Both applications of the algorithm have already been used in published studies. Here we present a publicly available, open source program that will serve as a useful tool for preliminary scans of selection using worldwide databases of human genetic variation, as well as population datasets for many non-human species, from which such data is rapidly emerging with the advent of new genotyping and sequencing technologies.
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving tacrolimus
Authors: Migita Kiyoshi , Akeda Yukihiro , Akazawa Manabu , Tohma Shigeto , Hirano Fuminori , Ideguchi Haruko , Matsumura Ryutaro , Suematsu Eiichi , Miyamura Tomoya , Mori Shunsuke , Fukui Takahiro , Izumi Yasumori , Iwanaga Nozomi , Tsutani Hiroshi , Saisyo Kouichirou , Yamanaka Takao , Ohshima Shiro , Sugiyama Takao , Kawabe Yojiro , Katayama Masao , Suenaga Yasuo , Okamoto Akira , Ohshima Hisaji , Okada Yasumasa , Ichikawa Kenji , Yoshizawa Shigeru , Kawakami Kenji , Matsui Toshihiro , Furukawa Hiroshi , Oishi Kazunori 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Introduction
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients receiving immunosuppressive treatments, vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae is recommended. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of tacrolimus (TAC) on immune response following administration of a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) in patients with established RA.

Methods
Patients with RA (n = 133) were vaccinated with PPSV23. Patients were classified into TAC (n = 29), methotrexate (MTX) (n = 55), control (n = 35), and TAC/MTX (n = 14) treatment groups. We measured the concentrations of pneumococcal serotypes 6B and 23F by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and determined antibody functionality by using a multiplexed opsonophagocytic killing assay, reported as the opsonization index (OI), before and 4 to 6 weeks after vaccination. A positive antibody response was defined as at least a twofold increase in the IgG concentration or as at least a 10-fold increase in the OI.

Results
IgG concentrations and OIs were significantly increased in all treatment groups after PPSV23 vaccination. The TAC treatment group appears to respond in a manner similar to that of the RA control group in terms of 6B and 23F serotype concentration and function. In contrast, the MTX group had the lowest immune response. Patients who received a combination of TAC and MTX (TAC/MTX) also had a diminished immune response compared with those who received TAC alone.

Conclusions
TAC monotherapy does not appear to impair PPSV23 immunogenicity in patients with RA, whereas antibody production and function may be reduced when TAC is used with MTX. Thus, PPSV23 administration during ongoing TAC treatment should be encouraged for infection-prone TAC-treated patients with rheumatic diseases.

Trial registration
University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry: UMIN000009566. Registered 12 December 2012.
Effect of bite force in occlusal adjustment of dental implants on the distribution of occlusal pressure: comparison among three bite forces in occlusal adjustment
Authors: Kayumi Sho , Takayama Yoshiyuki , Yokoyama Atsuro , Ueda Nana 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of occlusal forces (the contractile force of masticatory muscles) exerted during occlusal adjustment on the distribution of the forces among teeth, implants, and temporomandibular joints (TMJs) in intercuspal clenching in cases with bilateral missing molars and premolars by using finite element analysis.

Methods
A three-dimensional finite element model of the mandible with eight implants in the premolar and molar regions was constructed. Linearly elastic material properties were defined for all elements except the periodontal ligament, which was defined as nonlinearly elastic. The TMJs and antagonists were simplified and replaced with nonlinear springs. Antagonists were assumed to be natural teeth or implants and had two- or three-stage displaceability. We constructed finite element (FE) models in which occlusal adjustment with three kinds of occlusal force (40 N as a light bite, 200 N as a hard bite, and 400 N as a maximum biting force) was performed. The clearance by occlusal adjustment was decided beforehand with a trial-and-error method so that the occlusal forces were distributed similarly to the distribution of the natural dentition. Each model was evaluated under loads of 40, 100, 200, 400, and 800 N to determine the distribution of occlusal forces on the teeth and implants.

Results
The occlusal forces were concentrated on the most posterior implants while the load was larger, and the percentage of bearing force at the TMJ was small, and vice versa.

Conclusions
Maximum biting force was better for occlusal adjustment to prevent overloading of the most posterior implant.
Postprandial Protein Handling Is Not Impaired in Type 2 Diabetes Patients When Compared With Normoglycemic Controls
Authors: Kouw Imre W. K. , Gorissen Stefan H. M. , Burd Nicholas A. , Cermak Naomi M. , Gijsen Annemarie P. , van Kranenburg Janneau , van Loon Luc J. C. 
Published: June 2015

Context:
The progressive loss of muscle mass with aging is accelerated in type 2 diabetes patients. It has been suggested that this is attributed to a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to food intake.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion is impaired in older type 2 diabetes patients when compared with healthy, normoglycemic controls.

Design:
A clinical intervention study with two parallel groups was conducted between August 2011 and July 2012.

Setting:
The study was conducted at the research unit of Maastricht University, The Netherlands.

Intervention, Participants, and Main Outcome Measures:
Eleven older type 2 diabetes males [diabetes; age 71 ± 1 y, body mass index (BMI) 26.2 ± 0.5 kg/m2] and 12 age- and BMI-matched normoglycemic controls (control; age 74 ± 1 y, BMI 24.8 ± 1.1 kg/m2) participated in an experiment in which they ingested 20 g intrinsically L-[1-13C]phenylalanine-labeled protein. Continuous iv L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine infusion was applied, and blood and muscle samples were obtained to assess amino acid kinetics and muscle protein synthesis rates in the postabsorptive and postprandial state.

Results:
Plasma insulin concentrations increased after protein ingestion in both groups, with a greater rise in the diabetes group. Postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates did not differ between groups and averaged 0.029 ± 0.003 vs 0.029 ± 0.003%/h1 and 0.031 ± 0.002 vs 0.033 ± 0.002%/h1 in the diabetes versus control group, respectively. Postprandial L-[1-13C]phenylalanine incorporation into muscle protein did not differ between groups (0.018 ± 0.001 vs 0.019 ± 0.002 mole percent excess, respectively).

Conclusions:
Postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis and postprandial protein handling is not impaired in older individuals with type 2 diabetes when compared with age-matched, normoglycemic controls.
DICER Inactivation Identifies Pancreatic β-Cell “Disallowed” Genes Targeted by MicroRNAs
Authors: Martinez-Sanchez Aida , Nguyen-Tu Marie-Sophie , Rutter Guy A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPancreatic β-cells are the body's sole source of circulating insulin and essential for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis. Levels of up to 66 “disallowed” genes, which are strongly expressed and play housekeeping roles in most other mammalian tissues, are unusually low in β-cells. The molecular mechanisms involved in repressing these genes are largely unknown. Here, we explore the role in gene disallowance of microRNAs (miRNAs), a type of small noncoding RNAs that silence gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and are essential for β-cell development and function. To selectively deplete miRNAs from adult β-cells, the miRNA-processing enzyme DICER was inactivated by deletion of the RNase III domain with a tamoxifen-inducible Pdx1CreER transgene. In this model, β-cell dysfunction was apparent 2 weeks after recombination and preceded a decrease in insulin content and loss of β-cell mass. Of the 14 disallowed genes studied, quantitative RT-quantitative real-time PCR revealed that 6 genes (Fcgrt, Igfbp4, Maf, Oat, Pdgfra, and Slc16a1) were up-regulated (1.4- to 2.1-fold, P &lt; .05) at this early stage. Expression of luciferase constructs bearing the 3′-untranslated regions of the corresponding mRNAs in wild-type or DICER-null β-cells demonstrated that Fcgrt, Oat, and Pdgfra are miRNA direct targets. We thus reveal a role for miRNAs in the regulation of disallowed genes in β-cells and provide evidence for a novel means through which noncoding RNAs control the functional identity of these cells independently of actions on β-cell mass.
Adsorptive Square Wave Voltammetric Determination of Acyclovir and Its Application in a Pharmacokinetic Study Using a Novel Sensor of β-Cyclodextrin Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode
Authors: Saleh Gamal A , Askal Hassan F , Refaat Ibrahim H , Abdel-aal Fatma A M 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
An electrochemical sensor for acyclovir (ACV) based on polymerization of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on electrochemically pretreated pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was built for the first time. A synergistic effect of β-CD was used to construct this sensor for quantification of this important drug. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that polymer of β-CD has been successfully modified on the electrode. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) exhibited two linear dynamic ranges of 5 × 10−8 to 6 × 10−7 M and 1 × 10−6 to 9 × 10−6 M of ACV for its oxidation and the detection limit was found to be as low as 7.59 × 10−9 M of ACV. The parameters affecting ACV oxidation were investigated. The prepared electrodes showed good fabrication reproducibility. The analytical applications of the prepared electrodes were tested by using ACV dosage forms and human urine as a real sample. The SWV analysis has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of ACV in health human volunteers after oral administration of a single dose of Zovirax suspension (400 mg/5 mL).
Synthesis and Aqueous Solution Behavior of Thermosensitive Poly(leucine-co-lactic acid)-block-PEG-block-Poly(leucine-co-lactic acid) Block Copolymer
Authors: Zhu Meng , Zhou Mi , Liu Yu , Hao Jianyuan 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
A new thermosensitive block copolymer poly(leucine-co-lactic acid)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(leucine-co-lactic acid) [P(L-co-LA)-b-PEG-b-P(L-co-LA)] was prepared through chain end esterification between poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(leucine-co-lactic acid) [P(L-co-LA)] copolymer. The block copolymer has controllable molecular weight with narrow molecular weight distribution. By the adjustment of hydrophobic block length, the copolymer aqueous solution underwent a sol-to-gel transition as the temperature increased from 25 to 30 °C.