bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Custom 1-D CFD Numeric Model of Single-Cell Scale Sample Holder for Scanning Thermal Analysis
Authors: Compton Logan M. , Armes James L. , Solbrekken Gary L. 
Published: October 2013

Successful cryopreservation protocols have been developed for a limited number of cell types through an extensive amount of experimentation. To optimize current protocols and to develop effective protocols for a larger range of cells and tissues it is imperative that accurate transport models be developed for the cooling process. Such models are dependent on the thermodynamic properties of intracellular and extracellular solutions, including heat capacity, latent heat, and the physical phase change temperatures. Scanning techniques, such as differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential thermal analysis are effective tools for measuring those thermodynamic properties.
It is essential to understand the behavior of the in house fabricated differential-scanning calorimeter given different cooling and warming rates to reassure and validate the obtained experimental results. A 1-D transient CFD code was created in Matlab using Patankar’s theory to not only validate obtained experimental results but aid in optimizing the control system to produce linear cooling and warming rates. A freezing model was also implemented as a subroutine to numerically observe the effect of heat release and absorption of the sample during a run. The numeric model is composed of a multilayer scheme that incorporates a thermoelectric module which provides the primary temperature control along with the micron sized bridge with sample holder and thermocouple. An electric current profile is imported in from either an experimental run to validate results or from an optimization program to determine the optimum electrical current profile for a desired temperature profile. Numeric detection of heat capacity, latent heat, and thermal resistance has also been demonstrated.
Product Designing, Engineering, Manufacturing of Innovative Products at the Request of Large Retailers
Authors: Seber Brett P. 
Published: October 2013

Large Retailers in the USA have evolved in recent years from buying products designed and built by the manufactures, to more of an “import direct” strategy on commodity products. As a result the emphasis for engineering, quality control, and factory support falls back on the Retailer to manage. The downside with such a strategy is the vacuum left for true innovative products.
The Large Retailers find themselves hungry for companies to provide problem solving solutions resulting in patentable innovative products that are outside the norm as provided by most of their vendors.
We developed a successful, proven, R&D and specific Engineering, by designing in manufacturing processes and equipment capabilities as set forth by qualified factories, both domestically and internationally, while working with the Large Retailers to provide patentable innovative products.
Design and Development of Mechanically Actuated Wheelchair Convertible to Bed
Authors: Kothari Naman S. , Porwal Mayank R. , Kacholiya Mayur O. 
Published: October 2013

Wheelchair design for patient safety and comfort has been one of the most concerned topics for practitioners of mechanical engineering and bio-engineers. In the present scenario of medical institutions, transferring of immobilized patients from bed to wheelchair and vice-versa for numerous chronic and emergency activities is a very labor intensive and tedious job.
Various attempts have been made in addressing this problem. These were modeled using simple mechanical devices providing the conversion. But still the issue of easy and controlled transition of adjusting the position of wheelchair’s head and base part according to patient’s needs and its full conversion has not been modeled and devised completely. So arises the need for a suitable, efficient and complete designing and development of such a device.
This paper focuses on the design and manufacturing of a safe, reliable and low cost wheelchair which is convertible to a bed and vice-versa using a novel mechanical actuation by the effort of a single person. It models out a process of development and evolution of a reliable and verified design. Key areas focused upon are compact and efficient transmission system, discrete angular control of head and leg space with efficient load distribution while optimizing the size, cost (initial, service and disposal) and weight of the device. Further, the model is analyzed and justified by applying Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods.
The Novel Human Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Is Naturally Adapted to Efficient Growth in Human Lung Tissue
Authors: Knepper Jessica , Schierhorn Kristina L. , Becher Anne , Budt Matthias , Tönnies Mario , Bauer Torsten T. , Schneider Paul , Neudecker Jens , Rückert Jens C. , Gruber Achim D. , Suttorp Norbert , Schweiger Brunhilde , Hippenstiel Stefan , Hocke Andreas C. , Wolff Thorsten 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
A novel influenza A virus (IAV) of the H7N9 subtype has been isolated from severely diseased patients with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome and, apparently, from healthy poultry in March 2013 in Eastern China. We evaluated replication, tropism, and cytokine induction of the A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) virus isolated from a fatal human infection and two low-pathogenic avian H7 subtype viruses in a human lung organ culture system mimicking infection of the lower respiratory tract. The A(H7N9) patient isolate replicated similarly well as a seasonal IAV in explanted human lung tissue, whereas avian H7 subtype viruses propagated poorly. Interestingly, the avian H7 strains provoked a strong antiviral type I interferon (IFN-I) response, whereas the A(H7N9) virus induced only low IFN levels. Nevertheless, all viruses analyzed were detected predominantly in type II pneumocytes, indicating that the A(H7N9) virus does not differ in its cellular tropism from other avian or human influenza viruses. Tissue culture-based studies suggested that the low induction of the IFN-β promoter correlated with an efficient suppression by the viral NS1 protein. These findings demonstrate that the zoonotic A(H7N9) virus is unusually well adapted to efficient propagation in human alveolar tissue, which most likely contributes to the severity of lower respiratory tract disease seen in many patients.

IMPORTANCE
Humans are usually not infected by avian influenza A viruses (IAV), but this large group of viruses contributes to the emergence of human pandemic strains. Transmission of virulent avian IAV to humans is therefore an alarming event that requires assessment of the biology as well as pathogenic and pandemic potentials of the viruses in clinically relevant models. Here, we demonstrate that an early virus isolate from the recent A(H7N9) outbreak in Eastern China replicated as efficiently as human-adapted IAV in explanted human lung tissue, whereas avian H7 subtype viruses were unable to propagate. Robust replication of the H7N9 strain correlated with a low induction of antiviral beta interferon (IFN-β), and cell-based studies indicated that this is due to efficient suppression of the IFN response by the viral NS1 protein. Thus, explanted human lung tissue appears to be a useful experimental model to explore the determinants facilitating cross-species transmission of the H7N9 virus to humans.
Relapse after Treatment with Miltefosine for Visceral Leishmaniasis Is Associated with Increased Infectivity of the Infecting Leishmania donovani Strain
Authors: Rai Keshav , Cuypers Bart , Bhattarai Narayan Raj , Uranw Surendra , Berg Maya , Ostyn Bart , Dujardin Jean-Claude , Rijal Suman , Vanaerschot Manu 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Leishmania donovani
is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes leishmaniasis, which can range from a self-healing cutaneous disease to a fatal visceral disease depending on the infecting species. Miltefosine is currently the latest and only oral antileishmanial that came out of drug discovery pipelines in the past few decades, but recent reports indicate a significant decline in its efficacy against visceral leishmaniasis (also known as kala-azar) in the Indian subcontinent. This relapse rate of up to 20% within 12 months after treatment was shown not to be related to reinfection, drug quality, drug exposure, or drug-resistant parasites. We therefore aimed to assess other phenotypes of the parasite that may affect treatment outcome and found a significant association between the number of metacyclic parasites, parasite infectivity, and patient treatment outcome in the Indian subcontinent. Together with previous studies on resistance of
L. donovani
against pentavalent antimonials, these data suggest that the infectivity of the parasite, or related phenotypes, might be a more determinant factor for treatment failure in visceral leishmaniasis than drug susceptibility, warranting a reassessment of our current view on treatment failure and drug resistance in leishmaniasis and beyond.

IMPORTANCE
The high miltefosine relapse rate poses a major challenge for the current Kala-Azar Elimination Program in the Indian subcontinent and other leishmaniasis control programs worldwide. This relapse rate could not be related to reinfection, drug-resistant parasites, or reduced treatment quality. Here we report that an increased infectivity of the parasite is associated with miltefosine relapse of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients. These results supplement those obtained with antimonial-resistant
L. donovani
where an increased infectivity was also observed. This challenges the current view of
Leishmania
drug susceptibility being the biggest parasitic factor that contributes to treatment failure in leishmaniasis. These selected more infectious parasites may pose an additional burden to leishmaniasis control programs, highlighting the importance of multifaceted control measures to achieve leishmaniasis elimination in the Indian subcontinent and other regions where leishmaniasis is endemic.
Cross-sectional study: Does combining optical coherence tomography measurements using the ‘Random Forest’ decision tree classifier improve the prediction of the presence of perimetric deterioration in glaucoma suspects?
Authors: Sugimoto Koichiro , Murata Hiroshi , Hirasawa Hiroyo , Aihara Makoto , Mayama Chihiro , Asaoka Ryo 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesTo develop a classifier to predict the presence of visual field (VF) deterioration in glaucoma suspects based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements using the machine learning method known as the ‘Random Forest’ algorithm.DesignCase–control study.Participants293 eyes of 179 participants with open angle glaucoma (OAG) or suspected OAG.InterventionsSpectral domain OCT (Topcon 3D OCT-2000) and perimetry (Humphrey Field Analyser, 24-2 or 30-2 SITA standard) measurements were conducted in all of the participants. VF damage (Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study criteria (2002)) was used as a ‘gold-standard’ to classify glaucomatous eyes. The ‘Random Forest’ method was then used to analyse the relationship between the presence/absence of glaucomatous VF damage and the following variables: age, gender, right or left eye, axial length plus 237 different OCT measurements.Main outcome measuresThe area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) was then derived using the probability of glaucoma as suggested by the proportion of votes in the Random Forest classifier. For comparison, five AROCs were derived based on: (1) macular retinal nerve fibre layer (m-RNFL) alone; (2) circumpapillary (cp-RNFL) alone; (3) ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) alone; (4) rim area alone and (5) a decision tree method using the same variables as the Random Forest algorithm.ResultsThe AROC from the combined Random Forest classifier (0.90) was significantly larger than the AROCs based on individual measurements of m-RNFL (0.86), cp-RNFL (0.77), GCL+IPL (0.80), rim area (0.78) and the decision tree method (0.75; p<0.05).ConclusionsEvaluating OCT measurements using the Random Forest method provides an accurate prediction of the presence of perimetric deterioration in glaucoma suspects.
Sustained life-like waveform capnography after human cadaveric tracheal intubation
Authors: Reid Cliff , Lewis Anthony , Habig Karel , Burns Brian , Billson Frank , Kunkel Sven , Fisk Wesley 
Published: October 2013

IntroductionFresh frozen cadavers are effective training models for airway management. We hypothesised that residual carbon dioxide (CO2) in cadaveric lung would be detectable using standard clinical monitoring systems, facilitating detection of tracheal tube placement and further enhancing the fidelity of clinical simulation using a cadaveric model.MethodsThe tracheas of two fresh frozen unembalmed cadavers were intubated via direct laryngoscopy. Each tracheal tube was connected to a self-inflating bag and a sidestream CO2detector. The capnograph display was observed and recorded in high-definition video. The cadavers were hand-ventilated with room air until the capnometer reached zero or the waveform approached baseline.ResultsA clear capnographic waveform was produced in both cadavers on the first postintubation expiration, simulating the appearances found in the clinical setting. In cadaver one, a consistent capnographic waveform was produced lasting over 100 s. Maximal end-tidal CO2was 8.5 kPa (65 mm Hg). In cadaver two, a consistent capnographic waveform was produced lasting over 50 s. Maximal end-tidal CO2was 5.9 kPa (45 mm Hg).ConclusionsWe believe this to be the first work to describe and quantify detectable end-tidal capnography in human cadavers. We have demonstrated that tracheal intubation of fresh frozen cadavers can be confirmed by life-like waveform capnography. This requires further validation in a larger sample size.
Suboptimal adherence to doxycycline and treatment outcomes among men with non-gonococcal urethritis: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Khosropour Christine M , Manhart Lisa E , Colombara Danny V , Gillespie Catherine W , Lowens M Sylvan , Totten Patricia A , Golden Matthew R , Simoni Jane 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveDoxycycline, one of two recommended therapies for non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), consists of a 7-day course of therapy (100 mg BID). Since suboptimal adherence may contribute to poor treatment outcomes, we examined the association between self-reported imperfect adherence to doxycycline and clinical and microbiologic failure among men with NGU.MethodsMen aged ≥16 years with NGU attending a Seattle, WA, sexually transmitted diseases clinic were enrolled in a double-blind, parallel-group superiority trial from January 2007 to July 2011. Men were randomised to active doxycycline/placebo azithromycin or placebo doxycycline/active azithromycin. Imperfect adherence was defined as missing ≥1 dose in 7 days. Urine was tested forChlamydia trachomatis(CT),Mycoplasma genitalium(MG), andUreaplasma urealyticum-biovar 2 (UU-2) using nucleic acid amplification tests. Clinical failure (symptoms and ≥5 PMNs/HPF or discharge) and microbiologic failure (positive tests for CT, MG, and/or UU-2) were determined after 3 weeks.Results184 men with NGU were randomised to active doxycycline and provided data on adherence. Baseline prevalence of CT, MG and UU-2 was 26%, 13% and 27%, respectively. 28% of men reported imperfect adherence, and this was associated with microbiologic failure among men with CT (aRR=9.33; 95% CI 1.00 to 89.2) and UU-2 (aRR=3.08; 95% CI 1.31 to 7.26) but not MG. Imperfect adherence was not significantly associated with clinical failure overall or for any specific pathogens, but it was more common among imperfectly adherent men with CT (aRR=2.63; 0.93–7.41, p=0.07).ConclusionsAdherence may be important for microbiologic cure of select pathogens. Factors other than adherence should be considered for CT-negative men with persistent NGU.
The Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Suppression of Colorectal Tumorigenesis by Tolfenamic Acid
Authors: Zhang Xiaobo , Lee Seong-Ho , Min Kyung-Won , McEntee Michael F. , Jeong Jin Boo , Li Qingwang , Baek Seung Joon 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug tolfenamic acid has been shown to suppress cancer cell growth and tumorigenesis in different cancer models. However, the underlying mechanism by which tolfenamic acid exerts its antitumorigenic effect remains unclear. Previous data from our group and others indicate that tolfenamic acid alters expression of apoptosis- and cell-cycle arrest–related genes in colorectal cancer cells. Here, we show that tolfenamic acid markedly reduced the number of polyps and tumor load in APCmin/+ mice, accompanied with cyclin D1 downregulation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, tolfenamic acid promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, resulting in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway, of which PERK-mediated phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) induces the repression of cyclin D1 translation. Moreover, the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 branch of the UPR pathway plays a role in tolfenamic acid-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells, as silencing ATF4 attenuates tolfenamic acid-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest ER stress is involved in tolfenamic acid-induced inhibition of colorectal cancer cell growth, which could contribute to antitumorigenesis in a mouse model. Cancer Prev Res; 6(12); 1337–47. ©2013 AACR.
Incident Atrial Fibrillation Among Asians, Hispanics, Blacks, and Whites
Authors: Dewland Thomas A. , Olgin Jeffrey E. , Vittinghoff Eric , Marcus Gregory M. 
Published: October 2013

Background—
Because the association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and race has only been rigorously compared in population-based studies that dichotomized participants as white or black, it is unclear whether white race confers elevated AF risk or black race affords AF protection.

Methods and Results—

The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project was used to identify patients receiving hospital-based care in California between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2009. The association between race and incident AF was examined using Cox proportional hazards models. Interaction analyses were performed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the race-AF association. Among 13 967 949 patients, 375 318 incident AF episodes were observed over a median 3.2 (interquartile range 1.8–4.3) years. In multivariable Cox models adjusting for patient demographics and established AF risk factors, blacks (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.82–0.85;
P
<0.001), Hispanics (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.77–0.79;
P
<0.001), and Asians (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.77–0.79;
P
<0.001) each exhibited a lower AF risk compared with whites. AF risk among whites was disproportionately higher in the absence of acquired cardiovascular risk factors and diminished or reversed in the presence of comorbid diseases. Although Hispanics and Asians also had a lower adjusted risk of incident atrial flutter compared with whites, the risk of flutter was significantly higher among blacks.

Conclusions—
In a large hospital-based cohort, whites have an increased risk of AF whether compared with blacks, Asians, or Hispanics. The heightened AF risk among whites is most pronounced in the absence of cardiovascular comorbidities.
Acute Inhibition of Excessive Mitochondrial Fission After Myocardial Infarction Prevents Long‐term Cardiac Dysfunction
Authors: Disatnik Marie‐Hélène , Ferreira Julio C.B. , Campos Juliane Cruz , Gomes Kátia Sampaio , Dourado Paulo M.M. , Qi Xin , Mochly‐Rosen Daria 
Published: October 2013

Background

Ischemia and reperfusion (
IR
) injury remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality and multiple molecular and cellular pathways have been implicated in this injury. We determined whether acute inhibition of excessive mitochondrial fission at the onset of reperfusion improves mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac contractility postmyocardial infarction in rats.

Methods and Results

We used a selective inhibitor of the fission machinery, P110, which we have recently designed. P110 treatment inhibited the interaction of fission proteins Fis1/Drp1, decreased mitochondrial fission, and improved bioenergetics in three different rat models of
IR
, including primary cardiomyocytes, ex vivo heart model, and an in vivo myocardial infarction model. Drp1 transiently bound to the mitochondria following
IR
injury and P110 treatment blocked this Drp1 mitochondrial association. Compared with control treatment, P110 (1 μmol/L) decreased infarct size by 28±2% and increased adenosine triphosphate levels by 70+1% after
IR
relative to control
IR
in the ex vivo model. Intraperitoneal injection of P110 (0.5 mg/kg) at the onset of reperfusion in an in vivo model resulted in improved mitochondrial oxygen consumption by 68% when measured 3 weeks after ischemic injury, improved cardiac fractional shortening by 35%, reduced mitochondrial H
2
O
2
uncoupling state by 70%, and improved overall mitochondrial functions.

Conclusions
Together, we show that excessive mitochondrial fission at reperfusion contributes to long‐term cardiac dysfunction in rats and that acute inhibition of excessive mitochondrial fission at the onset of reperfusion is sufficient to result in long‐term benefits as evidenced by inhibiting cardiac dysfunction 3 weeks after acute myocardial infarction.
Clot Length Distribution and Predictors in Anterior Circulation Stroke
Authors: Kamalian Shervin , Morais Livia T. , Pomerantz Stuart R. , Aceves Mario , Sit Siu Po , Bose Arani , Hirsch Joshua A. , Lev Michael H. , Yoo Albert J. 
Published: October 2013

Background and Purpose—
Thin-section noncontrast computed tomography images can be used to measure hyperdense clot length in acute ischemic stroke. Clots ≥8 mm have a very low probability of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator recanalization and hence may benefit from a bridging intra-arterial approach. To understand the prevalence of such clots, we sought to determine the distribution and predictors of clot lengths in consecutive anterior circulation proximal artery occlusions.

Methods—
Of 623 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke, 53 met inclusion criteria: presentation <8 hours from onset; intracranial internal carotid artery-terminus or proximal-middle cerebral artery occlusion; admission thin-slice noncontrast computed tomography (≤2.5 mm); and no intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator pretreatment. For each patient, hyperdense clot length was measured and recorded along with additional relevant imaging and clinical data.

Results—

Mean age was 70 years, and mean time to computed tomography was 213 minutes. Median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 16.5. Occlusions were located in the internal carotid artery-terminus (34% [18 of 53]), middle cerebral artery M1 (49% [26 of 53]) and M2 segments (17% [9 of 53]). Hyperdense thrombus was visible in 96%, with mean and median clot lengths (mm) of 18.5 (±14.2) and 16.1 (7.6–25.2), respectively. Occlusion location was the strongest predictor of clot length (multivariate,
P
=0.02). Clot length was ≥8 mm in 94%, 73%, and 22% of internal carotid artery-terminus, M1, and M2 occlusions, respectively.

Conclusions—
The majority of anterior circulation proximal occlusions are ≥8 mm long, helping to explain the low published rates of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator recanalization. Internal carotid artery-terminus occlusion is an excellent marker for clot length ≥8 mm; vessel-imaging status alone may be sufficient. Thin-section noncontrast computed tomography seems useful for patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion because of the wide variability of clot lengths.