bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La transmission de la langue française au sein des familles exogames et endogames francophones au Canada
Authors: Vézina Mireille , Houle René 
Published: January 2015

Cet article examine la transmission de la langue française au Canada entre 1991 et 2011 au Québec et hors du Québec. Une attention plus particulière est portée à l’année de recensement de 2011. Pour cette année de recensement, une analyse plus détaillée est réalisée dans le but de déterminer les facteurs qui peuvent expliquer dans quelles circonstances la langue maternelle française est transmise ou non entre parents et enfants d’âge mineur. Pour ce faire, on utilise le modèle théorique de la transmission culturelle qui met l’accent sur les vecteurs de transmission : transmission verticale, horizontale et oblique. On distingue également les facteurs de transmission qui prennent leur source au sein de la famille et du ménage de ceux qui proviennent de l’environnement immédiat du lieu de résidence, en l’occurrence la sous-division de recensement.
Définitions et manifestations du phénomène de l’exploitation financière des personnes âgées
Authors: Dufour Marie-Hélène 
Published: January 2015

L’article 48 de la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne accorde à toute personne âgée ou handicapée le droit d’être protégée contre toute forme d’exploitation. Le présent texte vise à définir les notions permettant de délimiter les contours du phénomène de l’exploitation financière des personnes âgées. Ainsi, les notions de « personne âgée », « personne vulnérable », « personne dépendante » sont analysées, de même que la notion d’« exploitation » et d’autres notions connexes (« maltraitance » et « abus ») dans le contexte de la protection offerte par cette disposition, plus particulièrement, contre l’exploitation financière. Il appert que bien que toute personne âgée soit visée, il ne pourra y avoir exploitation que si la personne âgée est vulnérable. Le Tribunal des droits de la personne a défini le terme « exploitation » comme étant la mise à profit d’une position de force au détriment d’intérêts plus vulnérables, tout en insistant sur la portée large du terme qui offrirait une protection contre toutes les formes d’exploitation, incluant l’exploitation physique, psychologique, sociale ou morale. Cette définition nous semble trop restrictive pour protéger efficacement les personnes âgées contre les formes d’exploitation ou d’abus autres que d’ordre financier. Quant à la notion de « maltraitance », très utilisée en sciences sociales, elle appert être à la fois plus large et plus restreinte que la notion juridique d’exploitation. Dans un deuxième temps, nous illustrons le phénomène en présentant de nombreuses manifestations de l’exploitation financière des personnes âgées.
Les grands modèles de justice de proximité : bilan d’une nouvelle pratique juridique
Authors: Noreau Pierre , Pasca Alexandra 
Published: January 2015

L’institutionnalisation graduelle des institutions juridiques et judiciaires a favorisé, depuis le milieu des années 60, une grande diversité d’expériences et l’élaboration de pratiques visant à combler le fossé qui sépare les activités juridiques traditionnelles des besoins de plus en plus diversifiés des justiciables. Un grand nombre de ces pratiques et de ces services sont nés du besoin de rapprocher les citoyens du système de justice. Ces pratiques et services répondent souvent aux mêmes caractéristiques générales du service juridique et du droit à la justice et fondent une conception plus large de ces derniers. On parle plus largement ici de justice de proximité. Les formes empruntées par ces expériences y sont étudiées de façon systématique dans le présent article. Nous y proposons une typologie qui prend en compte l’étendue et la diversité des formes que peuvent connaître ces services. Nous y distinguons trois modèles d’activités : le modèle du guichet juridique, le modèle d’intercession et le modèle multifonctionnel. Alors que les organismes de justice de proximité ont souvent conçu leurs activités en marge de l’institution judiciaire, des relations se sont graduellement tissées entre ces organismes et les palais de justice. Une discussion vient conclure sur les conditions assurant l’autonomie, la coopération ou l’intégration de ces pratiques dans le cadre des activités ou des structures du système traditionnel de justice, chaque situation étant adaptée en fonction du contexte social et juridique où ces pratiques de proximité sont apparues.
Nation Tsilhqot’in c Colombie-Britannique : bonne décision, mauvaises raisons
Authors: St-Hilaire Maxime 
Published: January 2015

Le qualificatif est galvaudé, mais l’arrêt de la Cour suprême du Canada dans l’affaire Nation Tsilhqot’in c Colombie-Britannique est véritablement « historique ». Il représente la première reconnaissance judiciaire, concrète, formelle et définitive d’un titre constitutionnel autochtone ancestral dans l’histoire du droit canadien. Il dissipe les principaux doutes sur la crédibilité du contrôle judiciaire des droits constitutionnels que la partie II de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 garantit aux peuples autochtones. Or, au-delà de quelques précisions utiles, sa motivation est sérieusement problématique, et ce, à maints égards. Relativement aux droits constitutionnels des peuples autochtones, la plupart des erreurs de la Cour proviennent de la manière dont, sur nombre de questions fondamentales, elle se fonde principalement sur l’arrêt Guerin. À l’égard du droit relatif à la résolution des conflits de compétences attribuées au sein de la fédération, les nombreuses erreurs, conceptuelles notamment, que consignent les motifs de la juge en chef sont symptomatiques de problèmes encore plus profonds.
Commentaires de l’arrêt Walmart
Authors: Morin Fernand 
Published: January 2015

La dissolution de l’établissement de Walmart à Jonquière fut une suite immédiate de l’accréditation du syndicat des salariés du lieu. La problématique mit en opposition concrète ces deux libertés : la liberté de commerce de l’employeur et la liberté d’association des 190 salariés qui y travaillaient. Pourtant, l’article 59 du Code du travail impose à l’employeur, dont les salariés sont maintenant représentés par un syndicat accrédité, de maintenir le statu quo ante du moins jusqu’à l’acquisition du droit au lock-out ou à la grève (art 59, al 2 Ct)! À la suite de cette dissolution de l’établissement de Jonquière se posa cette double question en droit : parce que la Cour ne crut pas disposer du pouvoir d’annuler la dissolution de l’établissement de Jonquière ni d’ordonner, en conséquence, la reprise des activités en ce même lieu, elle se refusa à ordonner la réintégration au travail de ces 190 salariés, de plus, la Cour suprême reconnut que l’arbitre qui intervint au différend (art 93.1 Ct – première convention collective), puis qui fut désigné par les parties à titre d’arbitre de grief, dispose à ce dernier titre du pouvoir de réparation nécessaire. Ainsi, la Cour suprême du Canada s’en remit à cet arbitre de grief pour en traiter et en tirer les conclusions juridiques et pratiques qui pourraient s’imposer. Les deux juges dissidents considérèrent que l’article 59 Ct était inapplicable en cette affaire et qu’il aurait fallu d’abord établir si le démantèlement de l’établissement fut un acte antisyndical de la part de Walmart. Nous notons que l’on semble parfois, en cet arrêt, confondre les concepts d’« entreprise » et d’« établissement », du moins selon le libellé de certains énoncés. Une telle confusion des termes ne pourrait-elle pas être aussi porteuse d’éventuelles malheureuses interprétations ou extrapolations?
Community‐academic partnerships in HIV‐related research: a systematic literature review of theory and practice
Authors: Brizay Ulrike , Golob Lina , Globerman Jason , Gogolishvili David , Bird Mara , Rios‐Ellis Britt , Rourke Sean B , Heidari Shirin 
Published: January 2015

IntroductionCommunity involvement in HIV research has increased over recent years, enhancing community‐academic partnerships. Several terms have been used to describe community participation in research. Clarification is needed to determine whether these terms are synonymous or actually describe different research processes. In addition, it remains unclear if the role that communities play in the actual research process follows the recommendations given in theoretical frameworks of community‐academia research.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to review the existing terms and definitions regarding community‐academic partnerships and assess how studies are implementing these in relation to conceptual definitions.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed. Two reviewers independently assessed each article, applying the following inclusion criteria: the article must be published in English before 2013; it must provide an explicit definition and/or defining methodology for a term describing research with a community component; and it has to refer to HIV or AIDS, reproductive health and/or STDs. When disagreements about the relevance of an article emerged, a third reviewer was involved until concordance was reached. Data were extracted by one reviewer and independently verified by a second. Qualitative data were analyzed using MaxQDA for content and thematic analyses while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Community feedback on data analysis and presentation of results was also incorporated.ResultsIn total, 246 articles were retrieved, 159 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The number of studies that included community participation in the field of HIV research increased between 1991 and 2012, and the terms used to describe these activities have changed, moving away from action research (AR) to participatory action research (PAR), community‐based research (CBR) and community‐based participatory research (CBPR), with the latter being the most commonly used term. While definitions of all terms had common characteristics (e.g. participation of community in research process), they varied with regard to the emphasis placed on these characteristics. The nature of community participation in reviewed studies differed considerably from that described in theoretical models.ConclusionsThis study indicates the increase of participatory approaches in HIV research and underlines the need for clarification of terms and a framework providing orientation to community‐academia partnerships.
Re-implementation of a pharmacist-managed metabolic syndrome clinic in an outpatient mental health clinic setting
Authors: Ganzer Nicole , Utter Brandon , DeJongh Beth , Behrens Michael , Garcia Guadalupe , Graham Rebecca 
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) are often prescribed prior to first-generation antipsychotics (FGA) for mental health disorders by reason of proposed improved tolerability. Patients on SGA are not always appropriately screened for metabolic parameters in the clinical setting. A metabolic clinic was previously established for a limited time period at the West Palm Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Center (WPB VAMC) with beneficial outcomes. Re-implementation expanded the clinic to assess the impact when patients were referred from outpatient mental health and primary care providers. The objectives of this quality improvement initiative were to evaluate pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions and compare the patient load preexpansion and postexpansion of the metabolic clinic.
Methods: Patients receiving SGA at the WPB VAMC who met the criteria for metabolic syndrome were referred to the metabolic clinic. Preclinic data variables collected include demographics, social history, SGA, and assessment for presence of hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic intervention variables were collected throughout clinic involvement. The patient load post clinic expansion was reported.
Results: Of the 17 patients evaluated, 88.2% had hypertension, 94.1% had dyslipidemia, and 88.2% had diabetes mellitus. The average number of components of metabolic syndrome was 3.7 out of 5 possible components. Most patients were taking risperidone (47.1%). An average of 1.5 medication interventions were made per patient. Only 28 patients were referred during reimplementation phase.
Discussion: Metabolic syndrome commonly occurs in patients receiving SGA. Appropriately trained clinical pharmacists can help fill a gap in care by providing the recommended monitoring criteria and interventions for patients taking SGA.
Global secular changes in different tidal high water, low water and range levels
Authors: Mawdsley Robert J. , Haigh Ivan D. , Wells Neil C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTides exert a major control on the coastal zone by influencing high sea levels and coastal flooding, navigation, sediment dynamics, and ecology. Therefore, any changes to tides have wide ranging and important implications. In this paper, we uniquely assess secular changes in 15 regularly used tidal levels (five high water, five low water and five tidal ranges), which have direct practical applications. Using sea level data from 220 tide gauge sites, we found changes have occured in all analyzed tidal levels in many parts of the world. For the tidal levels assessed, between 36% and 63% of sites had trends significantly different (at 95% confidence level) from zero. At certain locations, the magnitude of the trends in tidal levels were similar to trends in mean sea level over the last century, with observed changes in tidal range and high water levels of over 5 mm yr−1 and 2 mm yr−1, respectively. More positive than negative trends were observed in tidal ranges and high water levels, and vice versa for low water levels. However we found no significant correlation between trends in mean sea level (MSL) and any tidal levels. Spatially coherent trends were observed in some regions, including the north‐east Pacific, German Bight and Australasia, and we also found that differences in trends occur between different tidal levels. This implies that analyzing different tidal levels is important. Because changes in the tide are widespread and of similar magnitude to MSL rise at a number sites, changes in tides should be considered in coastal risk assessments.
Internal climate memory in observations and models
Authors: Monselesan Didier P. , O'Kane Terence J. , Risbey James S. , Church John 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAttribution of cause of climate change is hindered by our ability to separate internal low‐frequency variability from the forced response in the climate system. We characterize the spatiotemporal characteristics of internal variability by comparing ensemble averages of in‐band fractional variances in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) preindustrial control simulations to estimates from observations and reanalyses. For sea surface temperature and sea level height anomalies both models and observations show that variability on time scales less than 5 years is predominantly in the tropics and has the spatial signature of El Nio–Southern Oscillation. On progressively longer time scales the variance moves to the extratropics and from middle to higher latitudes while displaying spatially coherent features. The CMIP5 models show good agreement in the spatial and temporal apportioning of in‐band variance when the variances are normalized.
Tropical climate change control of the lower stratospheric circulation
Authors: Lin Pu , Ming Yi , Ramaswamy V. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe behavior of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation is investigated using a suite of global climate model simulations with different forcing agents, in conjunction with observation‐based analysis. We find that the variations in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation are strongly correlated with those in the tropical mean surface temperature through changes in the upper tropospheric temperature and zonal winds. This correlation is seen on both interannual and multidecadal time scales, and holds for natural and forced variations alike. The circulation change is relatively insensitive to the spatial pattern of the forcings. Consistent changes in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation with respect to those in the tropical mean surface temperature prevail across time scales and forcings, and constitute an important attribution element of the atmospheric adjustment to global climate change.
East‐west type precursor activity prior to the auroral onset: Ground‐based and THEMIS observations
Authors: Golovchanskaya I. V. , Kornilov I. A. , Kornilova T. A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUsing ground‐based optical observations, we study an auroral breakup event, focusing on the wave‐like signatures of the east‐west (E‐W) type auroral activities which appear before breakup. By conjunction with the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) P2 and P5 measurements, it is shown that the underlying wave mode can be identified as the ballooning mode. Considering the similarity of the wave‐like characteristics derived from ground‐based auroral and THEMIS spacecraft observations, we argue that the E‐W activities under study may be related to ballooning waves propagating in the plasma sheet. The implications for mechanisms of substorm triggering are discussed.
Stacking global GPS verticals and horizontals to solve for the fortnightly and monthly body tides: Implications for mantle anelasticity
Authors: Kang Kaixuan , Wahr John , Heflin Michael , Desai Shailen 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe availability of long‐term position measurements from permanent GPS stations distributed around the Earth makes it feasible to extract small, globally coherent, long‐period geophysical signals from the data. Using 11 years of daily vertical and horizontal positions from over 600 permanent GPS stations worldwide, we solve for the amplitude and phase of the fortnightly and monthly body tides by stacking the surface displacements against spherical harmonics and isolating the fortnightly and monthly signals in the stacks. We use our solutions to help constrain the Earth's anelastic properties, which are not well understood within the tidal frequency band. Our error estimates include the effects of the following: (1) random noise across the fortnightly and monthly tidal bands; (2) fortnightly and monthly ocean tide model errors; (3) errors in the diurnal and semidiurnal ocean tide models that alias into the fortnightly and monthly frequency bands; (4) errors in the solid Earth Green's functions used to compute ocean tidal loading corrections; and (5) leakage from GPS draconitic signals at periods close to the fortnightly and monthly frequencies. The mantle anelasticity coefficients we infer from our solutions are consistent with a ωα frequency dependence of mantle Q with α in the range 0.1–0.3.
Seasonal ice loss in the Beaufort Sea: Toward synchrony and prediction
Authors: Steele Michael , Dickinson Suzanne , Zhang Jinlun , W. Lindsay Ron 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe seasonal evolution of sea ice loss in the Beaufort Sea during 1979–2012 is examined, focusing on differences between eastern and western sectors. Two stages in ice loss are identified: the Day of Opening (DOO) is defined as the spring decrease in ice concentration from its winter maximum below a value of 0.8 areal concentration; the Day of Retreat (DOR) is the summer decrease below 0.15 concentration. We consider three aspects of the subject, i.e., (i) the long‐term mean, (ii) long‐term linear trends, and (iii) interannual variability. We find that in the mean, DOO occurs earliest in the eastern Beaufort Sea (EBS) owing to easterly winds which act to thin the ice there, relative to the western Beaufort Sea (WBS) where ice has been generally thicker. There is no significant long‐term trend in EBS DOO, although WBS DOO is in fact trending toward earlier dates. This means that spatial differences in DOO across the Beaufort Sea have been shrinking over the past 33 years, i.e., these dates are becoming more synchronous, a situation which may impact human and marine mammal activity in the area. Retreat dates are also becoming more synchronous, although with no statistical significance over the studied time period. Finally, we find that in any given year, an increase in monthly mean easterly winds of ∼1 m/s during spring is associated with earlier summer DOR of 6–15 days, offering predictive capability with 2–4 months lead time.
A semianalytical model for sheet flow layer thickness with application to the swash zone
Authors: Lanckriet Thijs , Puleo Jack A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA new semianalytical model for the time‐dependent thickness of the sheet flow layer that includes the effects of pressure gradients, bed slope, boundary layer growth, and bore turbulence is presented. The shear stress and boundary layer growth are computed using the boundary layer integral method. The model is expressed as two coupled ordinary differential equations that are solved numerically given a prescribed time series of free‐stream velocity, horizontal pressure gradient and bore turbulence, which together represent the hydrodynamic forcing. The model was validated against two data sets of sheet flow layer thickness collected in oscillatory flow tunnels and one data set collected in the swash zone of a prototype‐scale laboratory experiment. In the oscillatory flow tunnel data sets, sheet flow is mostly generated by shear stress, with pressure gradients providing an important secondary forcing around flow reversal. In the swash zone, pressure gradients and shear stresses alone are not sufficient to generate the large sheet flow layer thickness observed at the initial stages of uprush. Bore turbulence is most likely the dominant generation mechanism for this intense sheet flow.
The impact of mean state errors on equatorial Atlantic interannual variability in a climate model
Authors: Ding Hui , Keenlyside Noel , Latif Mojib , Park Wonsun , Wahl Sebastian 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObservations show that the Equatorial Atlantic Zonal Mode (ZM) obeys similar physics to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO): positive Bjerknes and delayed negative feedbacks. This implies the ZM may be predictable on seasonal timescales, but models demonstrate little prediction skill in this region. In this study using different configurations of the Kiel Climate Model (KCM) exhibiting different levels of systematic error, we show that a reasonable simulation of the ZM depends on realistic representation of the mean state, i.e., surface easterlies along the equator, upward sloping thermocline to the east, with an equatorial SST cold tongue in the east. We further attribute the differences in interannual variability among the simulations to the individual components of the positive Bjerknes and delayed negative feedbacks. Differences in the seasonality of the variability are similarly related to the impact of seasonal biases on the Bjerknes feedback. Our results suggest that model physics must be enhanced to enable skillful seasonal predictions in the Tropical Atlantic Sector, although some improvement with regard to the simulation of Equatorial Atlantic interannual variability may be achieved by momentum flux correction. This pertains especially to the seasonal phase locking of interannual SST variability.