bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On double Rossby wave breaking in the North Atlantic
Authors: Messori Gabriele , Caballero Rodrigo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe discuss the dynamical features associated with double Rossby wave breaking (DWB, concurrent cyclonic and anticyclonic breakings) over the North Atlantic, with a focus on the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the midlatitude jet stream, and surface wind extremes over continental Europe. Objective automated algorithms for detecting wave breaking and determining the location, intensity, and direction of the jet are adopted. The analysis is performed on the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ERA‐Interim reanalysis and the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM). We find that DWB events can project onto both phases of the NAO, albeit showing no strong preference for either. Wave‐breaking pairs occurring in the northern North Atlantic project onto the positive NAO, while the opposite holds for pairs occurring farther south. DWB also affects the direction and intensity of the jet stream. Events in the eastern half of the basin (EWB) intensify and zonalize the jet, while events farther to the west (WWB) weaken the westerly flow over Europe. An analysis of destructive wind storms over Europe in the last three decades suggests that these are typically associated with a very intense, zonal jet—similar to the case of EWB. Indeed, EWB corresponds to an enhanced likelihood of destructive windstorms over the continent, although there is not a one‐to‐one correspondence. The MPI‐ESM model does not capture this statistical relationship. On the contrary, WWB corresponds to a decreased likelihood of destructive weather.
Interannual variations of light‐absorbing particles in snow on Arctic sea ice
Authors: Doherty Sarah J. , Steele Michael , Rigor Ignatius , Warren Stephen G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSamples of snow on sea ice were collected in springtime of the 6 years 2008–2013 in the region between Greenland, Ellesmere Island, and the North Pole (82°N –89°N, 0°W–100°W). The meltwater was passed through filters, whose spectral absorption was then measured to determine the separate contributions by black carbon (BC) and other light‐absorbing impurities. The median mixing ratio of BC across all years' samples was 4 ± 3 ng g−1, and the median fraction of absorption due to non‐BC absorbers was 36 ± 11%. Variances represent both spatial and interannual variability; there was no interannual trend in either variable. The absorption Ångström exponent, however, decreased with latitude, suggesting a transition from dominance by biomass‐burning sources in the south to an increased influence by fossil‐fuel‐burning sources in the north, consistent with earlier measurements of snow in Svalbard and at the North Pole.
Spatiotemporal impacts of wildfire and climate warming on permafrost across a subarctic region, Canada
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wolfe Stephen A. , Morse Peter D. , Olthof Ian , Fraser Robert H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractField observations show significant impacts of wildfires on active layer thickness and ground temperatures. However, the importance of fires to permafrost conditions at regional scales remains unclear, especially with climate warming. This study evaluated the regional impacts of fire on permafrost with climate change from 1942 to 2100 using a process‐based model in a large subarctic region in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Climate warming is shown to be the dominant factor for permafrost reduction. The warming trend of climate reduces permafrost extent in this region from 67% at present to 2% by 2100. For burned areas, fire increases the reduction of permafrost extent by up to 9% on average, with up to 16% for forest, 10% for tundra and bogs, and 4% for fens. Fire accelerates permafrost disappearance by 5 years on average. The effects of fire on active layer thickness and permafrost extent are much larger in forest areas than in tundra, bogs, and fens. Since active layer is thicker after a fire and cannot recover in most of the areas, the fire effects on active layer are widespread. On average, fires thickens active layer by about 0.5 m. The fire effects on active layer increased significantly after 1990 due to climate warming.
Colloid filtration prediction by mapping the correlation‐equation parameters from transport experiments in porous media
Authors: Kamai Tamir , Nassar Mohamed K. , Nelson Kirk E. , Ginn Timothy R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractColloid filtration theory (CFT) is a conceptual construct for predicting the characteristic rate of colloid‐surface collisions during transport in granular porous media. A central product of this theory is the correlation equation for predicting collection‐efficiency (η), based exclusively on theoretical model development. Specifically, the η‐equation has terms combining dimensionless groups (of physicochemical properties) with unknown parameters that are usually fitted so that the predicted η matches that determined by colloid‐surface collisions simulated in idealized pore‐scale models. In this study, we replace the simulated colloid‐surface collisions in idealized models with experimental column‐scale data on apparent colloid‐surface collisions. A new correlation equation is obtained by minimizing the difference between η determined by the correlation equation and that determined experimentally, using data from a collection of experiments for favorable conditions for colloid filtration. In this way, we parameterize a mechanistically based η‐equation with empirical evidence. The impact of different properties of colloids and porous media is studied by comparing experimental properties with different terms of the correlation equation. This comparison enables insight about the different processes that occur during colloid transport and retention in porous media, such as diffusion and interception, and provides directions for future CFT developments that will need to account for these processes differently than the current theory does. Additionally, we find that while most of the parameters of the presented η‐equation are only slightly different than those proposed in previous theoretical studies, the match between theory and observation is significantly improved. For the available experimental data, which provide a reasonable representation of property ranges for many applications of CFT, the proposed equation provides a closer match to the experimentally measured collection efficiencies compared to available theories to date.
A concept of reactive compatibilizer‐tracer for studying reactive polymer blending processes
Authors: Ji Wei‐Yun , Feng Lian‐Fang , Zhang Cai‐Liang , Hoppe Sandrine , Hu Guo‐Hua , Dumas Dominique 
Published: October 2015

SignificanceA concept called reactive compatibilizer‐tracer is proposed. The latter bears reactive groups capable of reacting with its counterpart on forming a copolymer for in situ compatibilization, and fluorescent labels allowing determining very small amounts of the in situ formed compatibilizer and formation of micelles when it occurs. Owing to this concept, it is shown that a reactive compatibilizer may be very efficient at the beginning of a reactive blending process and may suddenly become completely inefficient, resulting in an abrupt and drastic increase in size of the dispersed phase domains. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 359–366, 2016
Trapping of Oxygen Vacancies at Crystallographic Shear Planes in Acceptor‐Doped Pb‐Based Ferroelectrics
Authors: Batuk Dmitry , Batuk Maria , Tsirlin Alexander A. , Hadermann Joke , Abakumov Artem M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe defect chemistry of the ferroelectric material PbTiO3 after doping with FeIII acceptor ions is reported. Using advanced transmission electron microscopy and powder X‐ray and neutron diffraction, we demonstrate that even at concentrations as low as circa 1.7 % (material composition approximately ABO2.95), the oxygen vacancies are trapped into extended planar defects, specifically crystallographic shear planes. We investigate the evolution of these defects upon doping and unravel their detailed atomic structure using the formalism of superspace crystallography, thus unveiling their role in nonstoichiometry in the Pb‐based perovskites.
A Single Biosensor for Evaluating the Levels of Copper Ion and L‐Cysteine in a Live Rat Brain with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Luo Yongping , Zhang Limin , Liu Wei , Yu Yanyan , Tian Yang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCopper ion (Cu2+) and L‐cysteine (CySH) are closely correlated with physiological and pathological events of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), however the detailed mechanism is still unclear, mainly owing to a lack of accurate analytical methods in live brains. Herein, we report a single biosensor for electrochemical ratiometric detection of Cu2+ and CySH in live rat brains with AD. N,N‐di‐(2‐picoly)ethylenediamine (DPEA) is first synthesized for specific recognition of Cu2+ to form a DPEA–Cu2+ complex. This complex shows high selectivity for CySH owing to the release of Cu2+ from the complex through CySH binding to Cu2+ center. In parallel, 5′‐MB‐GGCGCGATTTTTTTTTTTTT‐SH‐3′ (HS‐DNA‐MB, MB=Methylene Blue) is designed as an inner‐reference for providing a built‐in correction to improve the accuracy. As a result, combined with the amplified effect of Au nanoleaves, our single ratiometric biosensor can be successfully applied in real‐time detection of Cu2+ and CySH in the live rat brains with AD. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the accurate concentrations of Cu2+ and CySH in live rat brains with AD.
Flame retarding mechanism of Polyamide 6 with phosphorus‐nitrogen flame retardant and DOPO derivatives
Authors: Li Maolin , Zhong Yuhua , Wang Zheng , Fischer Andreas , Ranft Florian , Drummer Dietmar , Wu Wei 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTA novel flame‐retardant composite was prepared by introducing a phosphorus‐nitrogen flame retardant and DOPO‐SiO2 into PA6. DOPO‐SiO2 was synthesized successfully in a one‐step process. PA6/OP1314/DOPO‐SiO2 achieved a UL 94 V‐0 rating with an LOI value of 31%. The maximum mass loss rate of decomposition decreased significantly and char residue increased to 11.6 wt % compared with that of pure PA6. The compacted and dense char was formed due to the combination of the P‐N flame retardant and DOPO‐SiO2. The complex viscosity of PA6/OP1314/DOPO‐SiO2 increased considerably which tend to prevent the dripping phenomenon. The flame‐retardant mechanism of PA6/OP1314/DOPO‐SiO2 was also investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR at different temperatures and the pyrolysis products were investigated by pyrolysis gas chromatography/ mass spectrum (Py‐GC/MS). It was assumed that DOPO‐SiO2 and the hypophosphite of OP1314 possess excellent flame retardancy during the gaseous phase. Meanwhile, melamine and phosphate reacted with the pyrolytic products of PA6 to protect the matrix during the condensed phase. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42932.
Investigation of corrosion inhibitory effect of hydroxyl propyl alginate on mild steel in acidic media
Authors: Sangeetha Y. , Meenakshi S. , Sairam Sundaram C. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe anti‐corrosion effect of hydroxyl propyl alginate (HPA) on mild steel in 1M HCl has been studied by chemical (weight loss) and electrochemical (polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) methods. From all the three methods, it is inferred that there is an increase in inhibition efficiency with increase in concentration of the inhibitor. Polarization studies revealed the mixed mode of inhibition by HPA. The mode of adsorption is physical in nature. The adsorption of HPA on mild steel followed Frumkin adsorption isotherm. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters have been calculated and discussed. Surface morphological studies have been carried out with Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is utilized to characterize the adsorbed film. SEM and AFM methods confirm the presence of inhibitor on the surface of the metal. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43004.
Using Raman spectroscopic imaging for non‐destructive analysis of filler distribution in chalk filled polypropylene
Authors: Boros Evelin , Bak Porse Peter , Nielsen Inga , Kucheryavskiy Sergey 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTA feasibility study on using Raman spectral imaging for visualization and analysis of filler distribution in chalk filled polypropylene samples has been carried out. The spectral images were acquired using a Raman spectrometer with 785 nm light source. Eight injection‐molded samples with concentration of chalk 25% and 50% were used in the experiment. Two methods for spectral unmixing were applied to the images and both revealed almost identical distribution maps over the samples’ surface. The maps also correlated with the ones obtained for several separated peaks, typical for the chalk and the polypropylene. The revealed distribution patterns show the same trend for each concentration level and agree with theoretical explanation of plastic flow into an injection molding tool. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43016.
Phasic disappearance of left circumflex coronary artery from an early complication of mitral valve surgery
Authors: Devabhaktuni Subodh , Sunkara Nirmal , Ahsan Chowdhury 
Published: October 2015

Key Clinical MessageLV pseudoaneurysm can be a late complication of mitral valve replacement. In our case, it was an early postoperative complication. This pseudoaneurysm was causing compression of LCX artery during systole, leading to presentation of NSTEMI two weeks after the surgery.
Iron overload‐related heart failure in a patient with transfusion‐dependent myelodysplastic syndrome reversed by intensive combined chelation therapy
Authors: Pinto Valeria , Balocco Manuela , Ambaglio Ilaria , Derchi Giorgio , Malcovati Luca , Forni Gian Luca 
Published: October 2015

Key Clinical MessagePatients with transfusion‐dependent myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have an increased risk of cardiac events, due to both chronic anemia and iron overload. Here, we report the recovery of cardiac function after an intensive iron chelation therapy in a MDS patient who had developed heart failure due to iron overload.
Conclusive Evidence for Two Unimolecular Pathways to Zeolite‐Catalyzed De‐alkylation of the Heptamethylbenzenium Cation
Authors: Westgård Erichsen Marius , Mortén Magnus , Svelle Stian , Sekiguchi Osamu , Uggerud Einar , Olsbye Unni 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe de‐alkylation of polymethylbenzenes is a key step in the zeolite‐catalysed methanol to hydrocarbons (MTH) reaction. As the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the zeolite pores commonly leads to numerous parallel reactions even at low conversions, the elucidation of the de‐alkylation mechanism is a challenging task. In this study, the gas‐phase dissociation of isotopically labelled heptamethylbenzenium ions was combined with reaction studies of its conjugate base over an H‐SSZ‐24 zeolite. The study provided conclusive evidence that unimolecular de‐alkylation pathways are favoured over side‐chain methylation in the zeolite‐catalysed reaction: the same alkenes, containing the same number of labelled carbon atoms, were formed in similar relative amounts in both the gas‐phase and catalytic studies. The observed labelling pattern (one ring‐carbon atom in C2, C3 and i‐C4, and two ring‐carbon atoms in n‐C4 and i‐C5) further revealed the existence of two different pathways for the unimolecular de‐alkylation of polymethylbenzenes.
A Simple Approach towards High‐Performance Perovskite‐Based Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts
Authors: Elumeeva Karina , Masa Justus , Tietz Frank , Yang Fengkai , Xia Wei , Muhler Martin , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTo accelerate the large‐scale commercialization of electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies through water splitting and regeneration in reversible fuel cells, cost‐effective, highly efficient, and durable reversible oxygen electrodes are required. We report a comparatively simple approach to modify a group of oxygen‐evolving perovskites based on lanthanum cobaltite into effective bifunctional systems through partial atom substitution, which, upon intermixing with nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes, achieve remarkably low round‐trip overvoltage of <850 mV in the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution in an alkaline electrolyte, KOH (0.1 m). Besides the bifunctional electrocatalytic performance, the composite systems with a low Fe content possessed promising long‐term stability.
Optimization of Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pantothenate Synthetase Based on Group Efficiency Analysis
Authors: Hung Alvin W. , Silvestre H. Leonardo , Wen Shijun , George Guillaume P. C. , Boland Jennifer , Blundell Tom L. , Ciulli Alessio , Abell Chris 
Published: October 2015

AbstractLigand efficiency has proven to be a valuable concept for optimization of leads in the early stages of drug design. Taking this one step further, group efficiency (GE) evaluates the binding efficiency of each appendage of a molecule, further fine‐tuning the drug design process. Here, GE analysis is used to systematically improve the potency of inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase, an important target in tuberculosis therapy. Binding efficiencies were found to be distributed unevenly within a lead molecule derived using a fragment‐based approach. Substitution of the less efficient parts of the molecule allowed systematic development of more potent compounds. This method of dissecting and analyzing different groups within a molecule offers a rational and general way of carrying out lead optimization, with potential broad application within drug discovery.
Impact of continued mailed fecal tests in the patient‐centered medical home: Year 3 of the Systems of Support to Increase Colon Cancer Screening and Follow‐Up randomized trial
Authors: Green Beverly B. , Anderson Melissa L. , Chubak Jessica , Fuller Sharon , Meenan Richard T. , Vernon Sally W. 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDThe current study was conducted to determine the effect of continuing a centralized fecal occult blood test (FOBT) mailed program on screening adherence.METHODSA patient‐level randomized controlled trial was conducted in 21 patient‐centered medical home primary care clinics between January 2010 and November 2012. A total of 2208 patients ranging in age from 52 to 75 years in a substudy of the Systems of Support to Increase Colon Cancer Screening and Follow‐Up (SOS) trial were randomized at year 3 to continued automated interventions (Continued group), which included mailed information regarding colorectal cancer (CRC) screening choices, and were mailed stool kit tests or to a group in which interventions were stopped (Stopped group). The main outcomes and measures were the completion of CRC screening in year 3 and by subgroup characteristics, respectively.RESULTSAdherence to CRC screening in year 3 was found to be significantly higher in patients in the Continued group compared with those in the Stopped group (53.3% vs 37.3%; adjusted net difference, 15.6% [P<.001]). This difference was entirely due to greater completion of FOBT (adjusted net difference, 18.0% [P<.001]). Year 3 CRC screening rates were highest in patients in the Continued group completing FOBT in both years 1 and 2 (77.2%), followed by patients completing only 1 FOBT in 1 of the 2 years (44.6%), with low rates of CRC testing reported among patients not completing any FOBT within the first 2 years (18.1%).CONCLUSIONSA centralized mailed FOBT CRC screening program continued to be more effective than patient‐centered medical home usual‐care interventions, but only for those patients who had previously completed FOBT testing. Research is needed regarding how to engage patients not completing CRC testing after being mailed at least 2 rounds of FOBT tests. Cancer 2016;122:312–321. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Electrodeposited Ni‐P Alloy Nanoparticle Films for Efficiently Catalyzing Hydrogen‐ and Oxygen‐Evolution Reactions
Authors: Tang Chun , Asiri Abdullah M. , Luo Yonglan , Sun Xuping 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDevelopment of earth‐abundant bifunctional electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is highly desirable but still remains a great challenge. In this Communication, we demonstrate that a Ni‐P alloy nanoparticle film electrodeposited on Ni foam (Ni‐P/NF) acts as an efficient bifunctional water‐splitting electrocatalyst with strong durability in alkaline media. This electrode needs overpotentials of 80 and 309 mV to drive 10 mA cm−2 for HER and OER, respectively, in 1.0 m KOH, and its two‐electrode water electrolyzer requires voltage of 1.67 V to reach 10 mA cm−2.
Solvation of Calcium–Phosphate Headgroup Complexes at the DPPC/Aqueous Interface
Authors: Hua Wei , Verreault Dominique , Allen Heather C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe effects of sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) cations on model zwitterionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayers spread on metal chloride salt solutions are investigated by means of vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) and heterodyne‐detected (HD)‐VSFG spectroscopy. VSFG and HD‐VSFG spectra in the OH stretching region reveal cation‐specific effects on the interfacial water′s H‐bonding network, knowledge of which has been limited to date. It is found that low‐concentrated Ca2+ more strongly perturbs interfacial water organization relative to highly concentrated Na+. At higher Ca2+ concentrations, the water H‐bonding network at the DPPC/CaCl2 interface reorganizes and the resulting spectrum closely follows that of the bare air/CaCl2 interface up to ∼3400 cm−1. Most interesting is the appearance of a negative band at ∼3450 cm−1 in the DPPC/CaCl2 Im χs(2) spectra, likely arising from an asymmetric solvation of Ca2+–phosphate headgroup complexes. This gives rise to an electric field that orients the net OH transition moments of a subset of OH dipoles toward the bulk solution.
Physical Parameters of Phosphor Layers and their Effects on the Device Properties of Beta‐radioluminescent Nuclear Batteries
Authors: Tang Xiaobin , Xu Zhiheng , Liu Yunpeng , Liu Min , Wang Hao , Chen Da 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA series of phosphor layers (ZnS:Cu‐Large, ZnS:Cu‐Small, and Y2O2S:Eu) precipitated with varying mass thicknesses were prepared using a homogeneous precipitation method. Radioluminescence (RL), the light emitted from phosphor materials immediately upon beta particle radiation, was measured at room temperature using RL spectra under 4.89 mCi cm−2 63 Ni and 2.23 mCi cm−2 147 Pm beta particle sources, respectively. The RL properties, such as emission intensity, are affected by the mass thickness of the phosphor layers. In this work, the performance of beta‐radioluminescent nuclear batteries with the aforementioned phosphor layers as intermediate absorbers was analyzed and discussed. The current–voltage characteristics of the nuclear batteries revealed the effect of the physical parameters of the phosphor layers. The maximum output power of the batteries increased approximately linearly with increasing RL intensity for the three types of phosphors under excitation by different beta sources.