bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are nonprofit entrepreneurs also Jacks-of-all-trades?
Authors: Cho Insoo , Orazem Peter F 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We investigate whether nonprofit and for-profit entrepreneurs share similar observable and unobservable skills. In JLE 23:649-680, 2005 ‘Jacks-of-all-Trades’ model of entrepreneurship, individuals with more diverse academic and occupational training are more likely to become entrepreneurs, while more narrowly trained individuals become employees. Data on college graduates from a single university show that observed diverse skills increase the probability that the graduate will open both for-profit and nonprofit venture. Positive correlation in the errors that jointly affect for-profit and nonprofit start-ups is consistent with the existence of an unobserved entrepreneurial skill, a key factor underlying Lazear’s theory.

JEL codes

J24; L3
Selective Deletion of Leptin Receptors in Gonadotropes Reveals Activin and GnRH-Binding Sites as Leptin Targets in Support of Fertility
Authors: Akhter Noor , CarlLee Tyler , Syed Mohsin M. , Odle Angela K. , Cozart Michael A. , Haney Anessa C. , Allensworth-James Melody L. , Beneš Helen , Childs Gwen V. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe adipokine, leptin (LEP), is a hormonal gateway, signaling energy stores to appetite-regulatory neurons, permitting reproduction when stores are sufficient. Dual-labeling for LEP receptors (LEPRs) and gonadotropins or GH revealed a 2-fold increase in LEPR during proestrus, some of which was seen in LH gonadotropes. We therefore investigated LEPR functions in gonadotropes with Cre-LoxP technology, deleting the signaling domain of the LEPR (Lepr-exon 17) with Cre-recombinase driven by the rat LH-β promoter (Lhβ-cre). Selectivity of the deletion was validated by organ genotyping and lack of LEPR and responses to LEP by mutant gonadotropes. The mutation had no impact on growth, body weight, the timing of puberty, or pregnancy. Mutant females took 36% longer to produce their first litter and had 50% fewer pups/litter. When the broad impact of the loss of gonadotrope LEPR on all pituitary hormones was studied, mutant diestrous females had reduced serum levels of LH (40%), FSH (70%), and GH (54%) and mRNA levels of Fshβ (59%) and inhibin/activin β A and β B (25%). Mutant males had reduced serum levels of GH (74%), TSH (31%), and prolactin (69%) and mRNA levels of Gh (31%), Ghrhr (30%), Fshβ (22%), and glycoprotein α-subunit (Cga) (22%). Serum levels of LEP and ACTH and mRNA levels of Gnrhr were unchanged. However, binding to GnRH receptors was reduced in LEPR-null LH or FSH gonadotropes by 82% or 89%, respectively, in females (P &lt; .0001) and 27% or 53%, respectively, in males (P &lt; .03). This correlated with reductions in GnRH receptor protein immunolabeling, suggesting that LEP's actions may be posttranscriptional. Collectively, these studies highlight the importance of LEP to gonadotropes with GnRH-binding sites and activin as potential targets. LEP may modulate population growth, adjusting the number of offspring to the availability of food supplies.
Glucocorticoids Induce Gastroparesis in Mice Through Depletion of l-Arginine
Authors: Reichardt Sybille D. , Weinhage Toni , Rotte Anand , Föller Michael , Oppermann Martin , Lühder Fred , Tuckermann Jan P. , Lang Florian , van den Brandt Jens , Reichardt Holger M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) constitute a highly pleiotropic class of drugs predominantly employed in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In our search for new mechanisms of action, we identified a hitherto unknown effect of GCs in the gastrointestinal tract. We found that oral administration of dexamethasone (Dex) to mice caused an enlargement of the stomach due to the induction of gastroparesis and that this effect was abolished in GRdim mice carrying the A458T mutation in the GC receptor (GR). Gastroparesis was unrelated to the enhanced gastric acid secretion observed after Dex treatment, although both effects were mediated by the same molecular mechanism of the GR. Using conditional GR-knockout mice, we could further rule out that GC effects on enterocytes or myeloid cells were involved in the induction of gastroparesis. In contrast, we found that Dex upregulated arginase 2 (Arg2) in the stomach both at the mRNA and protein level. This suggests that GC treatment leads to a depletion of l-arginine thereby impeding the production of nitric oxide (NO), which is required for gastric motility. We tested this hypothesis by supplementing the drinking water of the mice with exogenous l-arginine to compensate for the presumed shortage of this major substrate of NO synthases. Importantly, this measure completely prevented both the enlargement of the stomach and the induction of gastroparesis after Dex treatment. Our findings raise considerations of combining orally applied GCs with l-arginine to improve tolerability of GC treatment and provide a possible explanation for the antiemetic effects of GCs widely exploited in chemotherapy.
Both Low and High Serum IGF-1 Levels Associate With Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Elderly Men
Authors: Carlzon Daniel , Svensson Johan , Petzold Max , Karlsson Magnus K. , Ljunggren Östen , Tivesten Åsa , Mellström Dan , Ohlsson Claes 
Published: July 2014

Context:
Most previous prospective studies suggest that low serum IGF-1 associates with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events whereas other studies suggest that high serum IGF-1 associates with increased risk of CVD events.

Objective:
We tested the hypothesis that not only low, but also high serum IGF-1 levels associate with increased risk of CVD events in elderly men.

Setting and Design:
Serum IGF-1 levels were measured in 2901 elderly men (age 69–81 years) included in the Swedish cohort of the prospective, population-based Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS), Sweden cohort. Data for CVD events were obtained from national Swedish registers with no loss of followup.

Results:
During followup (median, 5.1 y) 589 participants experienced a CVD event. The association between serum IGF-1 and risk of CVD events was nonlinear, and restricted cubic spline Cox regression analysis revealed a U-shaped association between serum IGF-1 levels and CVD events (P &lt; .01 for nonlinearity). Low as well as high serum IGF-1 (quintile 1 or 5 vs quintiles 2–4) significantly associated with increased risk for CVD events (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval, [CI], 1.02–1.54; and HR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.10–1.66, respectively). These associations remained after adjustment for prevalent CVD and multiple risk factors. High serum IGF-1 associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) events but not with risk of cerebrovascular events.

Conclusions:
Both low and high serum IGF-1 levels are risk markers for CVD events in elderly men. The association between high serum IGF-1 and CVD events is mainly driven by CHD events.
Dispersion of Fullerene in Neat Synthesized Liquid-state Oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)s
Authors: Adachi Naoya , Itagaki Ryo , Sugeno Masafumi , Norioka Takayuki 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We used Sonogashira coupling to synthesize oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)s (OPEs) with branched alkyl side chains, which were determined to be in liquid state at ambient temperatures, and investigated their thermal and optical properties. Solvent-free OPE exhibited strong fluorescence and could be used to disperse fullerene (C60).
Premature termination in couple therapy as a part of therapeutic process.
Authors: Jurek Joanna , Janusz Bernadetta , Chwal Martyna , de Barbaro Bogdan 
Published: July 2014

Aim of the studyThe aim of the study: The paper presents the qualitative study of premature termination in couple therapy. The aim of the research was to answer why couples drop-out from couple therapy at the early stage of treatment.Subject or material and methodsTo understand the complexity of this event the researchers decided to examine the phenomenon of early drop-out from three different perspectives, that is: from therapists and both spouses point of view.The therapists and couples that ended the therapy prematurely were interviewed. Among examined drop-out cases, there were selected three which fulfilled the criteria for early drop–out. Data were analyzed according to the method of cross-case analysis.ResultsAs a result common categories were singled out which were characteristic for those three cases of drop-out.DiscussionThe distinguished categories of ‘the split of the working alliance’ and ‘the split of the therapeutic bond’ show that the conflict which the couple brought to the therapy was reflected in their experience of the therapy and the therapist.ConclusionsPremature termination in couple therapy is a part of therapeutic process.
Impact of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on daily life
Authors: Kellett Naomi , Drummond Avril ER , Palmer Tracy , Munshi Sunil , Lincoln Nadina B 
Published: July 2014

Background: The aim of this study was to identify functional, emotional and cognitive problems following transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke (mS). Methods: Participants were recruited from patients who were attending a TIA and minor stroke clinic. A control group of healthy adults was recruited through community groups. Participants were asked to complete questionnaire measures to assess independence in activities of daily living, mood, fatigue and quality of life. Findings: Questionnaires were returned by 106 people with TIA or minor stroke and 67 healthy controls. Those with TIA or minor stroke scored significantly lower on the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale compared with the control group (P<0.001). Difficulties were most frequently reported in leisure activities and mobility tasks. A high proportion of participants with TIA or minor stroke reported clinically significant levels of fatigue (41%), anxiety (31%) and depression (28%). There were significant differences between those with TIA or minor stroke and healthy controls on these questionnaire measures (P<0.05). Conclusions: People with TIA and minor stroke have residual functional impairments and high levels of distress. Further longitudinal research is recommended to establish the nature of persisting symptoms and potential treatments.
Gene expression profiles induced by growth factors in in vitro cultured osteoblasts
Authors: Robubi A. , Berger C. , Schmid M. , Huber K. R. , Engel A. , Krugluger W. 
Published: July 2014

Objectives Effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) on the expression of genes involved in the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in culture were analysed. The best sequence of growth factor addition that induces expansion of cells before their differentiation was sought. Methods Primary human osteoblasts in in vitro culture were treated with IGF1, BMP2 or FGF2 (10 ng/ml) for 24 hours (IGF1) or 48 hours (BMP2 and FGF2). Experiments were performed during the exponential growth phase with approximately 1e7 cells per 75 cm2 flask. mRNA was reverse transcribed directly and analysed using RT-PCR Taqman assays. Expression levels of key genes involved in cell growth and differentiation (CDH11, TNFRSF11B, RUNX2, POSTN, ALP, WNT5A, LEF1, HSPA5, FOS, p21) were monitored using RT-PCR with gene-specific Taqman probes. Results Autocrine expression of BMP2 is stimulated by FGF2 and BMP2 itself. BMP2 and FGF2 act as proliferative factors as indicated by reduced expression of ALP and POSTN, whereas IGF1 exhibits a more subtle picture: the Wingless und Int-1 (Wnt) signalling pathway and the Smad pathway, but not p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signalling, were shown to be activated by IGF1, leading to proliferation and differentiation of the cells. Conclusions For future use of autologous bone cells in the management of bony defects, new treatment options take advantage of growth factors and differentiation factors. Thus, our results might help to guide the timely application of these factors for the expansion and subsequent differentiation of osteoblastic cells in culture. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:236–40.
Systematic Literature Review of Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Associated with Physiotherapists' Occupational Exposures to Non‐ionising Radiation
Authors: Shah Syed Ghulam Sarwar , Farrow Alexandra 
Published: July 2014

Systematic Literature Review of Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Associated with Physiotherapists' Occupational Exposures to Non‐ionising Radiation: Syed Ghulam Sarwar SHAH, et al. School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University London, UK—ObjectivesTo review empirical research on adverse health and pregnancy outcomes associated with physiotherapists' occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMFs) from shortwave (SWD) and microwave (MWD) diathermy devices.MethodsA systematic review of peer reviewed literature published from 1990 to 2010 in the English language searched in eight online bibliographic databases: CINAHL, EBSCOhost, ISI Web of Knowledge, Medline, OSH UPDATE, PubMed Central, Science Direct, and Scopus.ResultsFindings suggest that physiotherapists' occupational exposure to SWD was statistically significantly associated with delayed time to pregnancy (>6 months), still birth, altered gender ratio (low ratio of boys to girls), congenital malformations and low birth weight (<2,500 g) among physiotherapists' offspring. Physiotherapists' exposure to MWD was also found to be statistically significantly associated with spontaneous abortion. However, causal mechanisms for these statistical associations are unknown. The present systematic review has found these adverse reproductive outcomes and health effects associations with RF EMFs from therapeutic diathermy devices to be inconsistent.ConclusionsA number of studies did not find statistically significant results to replicate associations with such adverse outcomes, and therefore further research, preferably prospective studies of cohorts of physiotherapists, is warranted.
Comparative Effect of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin on 25-hydroxy-Vitamin D Levels in Non-diabetic Patients with Dyslipidaemia: A Prospective Randomized Open-label Pilot Study
Authors: Anagnostis Panagiotis , Adamidou Fotini , Slavakis Aristidis , Polyzos Stergios A , Selalmatzidou Despina , Panagiotou Athanasios , Athyros Vasilios G , Karagiannis Asterios , Kita Marina 
Published: July 2014

Aims:
Low 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(ΟΗ)D] levels have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Conflicting data exist regarding the effect of statins on [25(OH)D] levels. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on 25(OH)D levels in non-diabetic patients with dyslipidaemia.

Methods:
This was a prospective randomized open-label study. Patients were assigned to atorvastatin 20 mg⁄day (n=28, age: 56.1±2.2 years, 22 females) or rosuvastatin 10 mg⁄day (n=24, age: 57.4±1.9 years, 20 females). Total cholesterol (TC), low- (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), fasting plasma glucose, insulin, glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were measured, and homeostatic model of assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated at baseline and 12 weeks post-treatment.

Results:
There were no within or between group significant differences in 25(OH)D levels (atorvastatin: 21.7±1.9 ng/ml at baseline and 23.5±2.3 ng/ml at week 12; rosuvastatin: 25.3±1.8 and 27.0±2.4 ng/ml, respectively; p=0.172 and p=0.306 for between groups, respectively). Both statins significantly reduced TC, TG and LDL-C levels, with a greater LDL-C reduction being observed by rosuvastatin.

Conclusion:
Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin did not significantly affect 25(OH)D levels in this study.
Parameters Associated with Elevated Systolic Blood Pressure Levels in
Greek Military Pilots
Authors: Platsas G. , Kourianidis G. , Toutouzas P. , Stefanadis C. , Vyssoulis G. 
Published: July 2014

Background:
Elevated blood pressure levels (BP) continue to comprise one of the most important public health problems worldwide. Hypertension is among the most serious risk factors that relates to myocardial infarction, stroke and kidney failure. The purpose of the study was to examine factors that may contribute to presentation of hypertension in military jet pilots.

Methods:
This is a cross-sectional study of 300 jet pilots of Greek Air-Force. Several data were retrieved from medical files. Participants filled in a questionnaire about demographics, dietary habits and lifestyle factors. Arterial BP was also measured. Spearman’s r was used for correlations. Also, multivariate linear regression analysis was performed.

Results:
All pilots presented systolic and diastolic BP within normal range (mean: 117.5 mmHg and 77.0 mmHg, respectively). 200 pilots presented optimal BP, 80 normal BP and 20 had marginally normal BP. Most pilots were exercising up to two times weekly (66.9%), however, some reported they didn’t exercise at all (12%) and mentioned exercising for a mean period of 12.0 (±7.6) years, mainly (62.1%) outdoors with aerobic (52.4%), anaerobic exercises (5.6%) or both (42%). Factors that influenced systolic BP levels were body mass index, flight hours, HDL values and exercise intensity.

Conclusion:
Pilots’ medical monitoring seems adequate since there weren’t any abnormal BP values. Emphasis should be placed on the continuation of programs already in place with further refinement according to specific needs. Smoking cessation interventions are needed as well as promotion of measures that can effectively lead to long standing life-style changes and dietary modifications.
Physical Activity at Altitude: Challenges for People With Diabetes
Authors: de Mol Pieter , de Vries Suzanna T. , de Koning Eelco J.P. , Gans Reinold O.B. , Bilo Henk J.G. , Tack Cees J. 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND
A growing number of subjects with diabetes take part in physical activities at altitude such as skiing, climbing, and trekking. Exercise under conditions of hypobaric hypoxia poses some unique challenges on subjects with diabetes, and the presence of diabetes can complicate safe and successful participation in mountain activities. Among others, altitude can alter glucoregulation. Furthermore, cold temperatures and altitude can complicate accurate reading of glucose monitoring equipment and storage of insulin. These factors potentially lead to dangerous hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Over the last years, more information has become available on this subject.

PURPOSE
To provide an up-to-date overview of the pathophysiological changes during physical activity at altitude and the potential problems related to diabetes, including the use of (continuous) blood glucose monitors and insulin pumps. To propose practical recommendations for preparations and travel to altitude for subjects with diabetes.

DATA SOURCES AND SYNTHESIS
We researched PubMed, medical textbooks, and related Internet sites, and extracted human studies and data based on relevance for diabetes, exercise, and altitude.

LIMITATIONS
Given the paucity of controlled trials regarding diabetes and altitude, we composed a narrative review and filled in areas lacking diabetes-specific studies with data obtained from nondiabetic subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
Subjects with diabetes can take part in activities at high, and even extreme, altitude. However, careful assessment of diabetes-related complications, optimal preparation, and adequate knowledge of glycemic regulation at altitude and altitude-related complications is needed.
Acute methoxetamine and amphetamine poisoning with fatal outcome: A case report
Authors: Wiergowski Marek , Anand Jacek , Krzyżanowski Maciej , Jankowski Zbigniew 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMethoxetamine (MXE) is a psychoactive substance distributed mostly via the Internet and is not liable to legal regulation in Poland. MXE has a toxicity profile similar to that of ketamine but longer-lasting effects. The paper describes a case of acute poisoning that resulted from recreational use of MXE and amphetamine and ended in death. In mid-July 2012, a 31-year old man was admitted to the clinical toxicology unit in Gdańsk because of poisoning with an unknown psychoactive substance. The patient was transported to the emergency department (ED) at 5:15 a.m. in a very poor general condition, in a deep coma, with acute respiratory failure, hyperthermia (> 39°C) and generalized seizures. Laboratory tests showed marked leukocytosis, signs of massive rhabdomyolysis, hepatic failure and beginning of acute renal failure. Despite intensive therapy, the patient died 4 weeks after the poisoning in the course of multi-organ dysfunction syndrome. Chemical and toxicological studies of serum and urine samples collected on the poisoning day at 1:40 p.m. confirmed that amphetamine and MXE had been taken earlier that day. Concentration of amphetamine in the serum (0.06 μg/ml) was within the non-toxic range, while MXE (0.32 μg/ml) was within the toxic range of concentrations. Amphetamine was also detected in the patient’s hair, which suggested a possibility of its use within the last dozen weeks or so. The serious clinical course of intoxication and co-existence of amphetamine and MXE in the patient’s blood and urine suggest the possibility of adverse interactions between them.
Physical and mechanical properties of composites based on polypropylene and timber industry waste
Authors: Kajaks Janis , Kalnins Karlis , Uzulis Sandris , Matvejs Juris 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWood polymer composites (WPC) are widely used materials in different industries because of many application, processing and recycling advantages compared to traditional thermoplastic polymer composites containing mineral fillers [1]. However, the commercial success of these materials primarily depends on improvements in moisture performance, and ability to use recycled and waste material as a wood filler. The research regarding WPC is focused on the chemical interaction between dissimilar material components with an aim to provide strong adhesion to the surface of wood filler-polymer matrix [2]. The goal of this paper was to present results of investigations of exploitation properties of composites containing different plywood production industry byproducts and polypropylene. It was shown that modification of all composites with coupling agent maleated polypropylene (MAPP) considerably improve physical mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, impact strength) of WPC. MAPP (5 wt.%) additions also significantly improve water resistance of WPC. SEM investigations confirmed positive action of interfacial modifiers on strengthening of adhesion interaction between components wood and PP matrix that give considerable increase of exploitation properties of the WPC.