bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy Commercializing Nonprofits in Health: The History of a Paradox From the 19th Century to the ACA
Authors: FOX DANIEL M. 
Published: March 2015

Policy Points:
Health policy in the United States has, for more than a century, simultaneously and paradoxically incentivized the growth as well as the commercialization of nonprofit organizations in the health sector.
This policy paradox persists during the implementation of the Affordable Care Act of 2010.
ContextFor more than a century, policy in the United States has incentivized both expansion in the number and size of tax‐exempt nonprofit organizations in the health sector and their commercialization. The implementation of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) began yet another chapter in the history of this policy paradox.MethodsThis article explores the origin and persistence of the paradox using what many scholars call “interpretive social science.” This methodology prioritizes history and contingency over formal theory and methods in order to present coherent and plausible narratives of events and explanations for them. These narratives are grounded in documents generated by participants in particular events, as well as conversations with them, observing them in action, and analysis of pertinent secondary sources. The methodology achieves validity and reliability by gathering information from multiple sources and making disciplined judgments about its coherence and correspondence with reality.FindingsA paradox with deep historical roots persists as a result of consensus about its value for both population health and the revenue of individuals and organizations in the health sector. Participants in this consensus include leaders of governance who have disagreed about many other issues. The paradox persists because of assumptions about the burden of disease and how to address it, as well as about the effects of biomedical science that is translated into professional education, practice, and the organization of services for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of illness.ConclusionsThe policy paradox that has incentivized the growth and commercialization of nonprofits in the health sector since the late 19th century remains influential in health policy, especially for the allocation of resources. However, aspects of the implementation of the ACA may constrain some of the effects of the paradox.
Cloning & sequence identification of Hsp27 gene and expression analysis of the protein on thermal stress in Lucilia cuprina
Authors: Singh Manish K. , Tiwari Pramod K. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract Hsp27, a highly conserved small molecular weight heat shock protein, is widely known to be developmentally regulated and heat inducible. Its role in thermotolerance is also implicated. This study is a sequel of our earlier studies to understand the molecular organization of heat shock genes/proteins and their role in development and thermal adaptation in a sheep pest, Lucilia cuprina (blowfly), which exhibits unusually high adaptability to a variety of environmental stresses, including heat and chemicals. In this report our aim was to understand the evolutionary relationship of Lucilia hsp27 gene/protein with those of other species and its role in thermal adaptation. We sequence characterized the Lchsp27 gene (coding region) and analyzed its expression in various larval and adult tissues under normal as well as heat shock conditions. The nucleotide sequence analysis of 678 bps long‐coding region of Lchsp27 exhibited closest evolutionary proximity with Drosophila (90.09%), which belongs to the same order, Diptera. Heat shock caused significant enhancement in the expression of Lchsp27 gene in all the larval and adult tissues examined, however, in a tissue specific manner. Significantly, in Malpighian tubules, while the heat‐induced level of hsp27 transcript (mRNA) appeared increased as compared to control, the protein level remained unaltered and nuclear localized. We infer that Lchsp27 may have significant role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, particularly, during summer months, when the fly remains exposed to high heat in its natural habitat.
Development of an Ultrasensitive Immunochromatographic Assay (ICA) Strip for the Rapid Detection of Phenylethanolamine A in Urine and Pork Samples
Authors: Junhua Li , Chunsheng Li , Meng Wu , Yan Zhang , Xiaofei Ma , Hua Cheng , Jinghui Yan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this study a one‐step immunochromatographic assay based on competitive format was developed for the rapid detection of phenylethanolamine A (PEAA) residues in urine and pork samples. A monoclonal antibody against PEAA was produced from BALB/c mice immunized with the PEAA‐BSA conjugate. The results of this qualitative test strip were to be interpreted visually. The visual detection limit (VDL) and threshold level of the optimized immunochromatographic assay for PEAA were 0.1 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. Cross‐reactions with other β‐agonists were not significant inhibitions to the performance of the test strip assay. The results from the test strip were in a good agreement with those obtained using a high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS) assay. The immunochromatographic assay developed here was a useful on‐site screening tool that is rapid to use, low in cost, and extremely convenient for the detection of PEAA in urine samples and pork samples.
Comparison of primary tumour volumes delineated on four‐dimensional computed tomography maximum intensity projection and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography computed tomography images of non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Duan Yili , Li Jianbin , Zhang Yingjie , Wang Wei , Sun Xiaorong , Fan Tingyong , Shao Qian , Xu Min , Guo Yanluan , Shang Dongping 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe study aims to compare the positional and volumetric differences of tumour volumes based on the maximum intensity projection (MIP) of four‐dimensional CT (4DCT) and 18F‐fluorodexyglucose (18F‐FDG) positron emission tomography CT (PET/CT) images for the primary tumour of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsTen patients with NSCLC underwent 4DCT and 18F‐FDG PET/CT scans of the thorax on the same day. Internal gross target volumes (IGTVs) of the primary tumours were contoured on the MIP images of 4DCT to generate IGTVMIP. Gross target volumes (GTVs) based on PET (GTVPET) were determined with nine different threshold methods using the auto‐contouring function. The differences in the volume, position, matching index (MI) and degree of inclusion (DI) of the GTVPET and IGTVMIP were investigated.ResultsIn volume terms, GTVPET2.0 and GTVPET20% approximated closely to IGTVMIP with mean volume ratio of 0.93 ± 0.45 and 1.06 ± 0.43, respectively. The best MI was between IGTVMIP and GTVPET20% (0.45 ± 0.23). The best DI of IGTVMIP in GTVPET was IGTVMIP in GTVPET20% (0.61 ± 0.26).ConclusionsIn 3D PET images, the GTVPET contoured by standardised uptake value (SUV) 2.0 or 20% of maximal SUV (SUVmax) approximate closely to the IGTVMIP in target size, while the spatial mismatch is apparent between them. Therefore, neither of them could replace IGTVMIP in spatial position and form. The advent of 4D PET/CT may improve the accuracy of contouring the perimeter for moving targets.
PhytoREF: a reference database of the plastidial 16S rRNA gene of photosynthetic eukaryotes with curated taxonomy
Authors: Decelle Johan , Romac Sarah , Stern Rowena F. , Bendif El Mahdi , Zingone Adriana , Audic Stéphane , Guiry Michael D. , Guillou Laure , Tessier Désiré , Le Gall Florence , Gourvil Priscillia , Dos Santos Adriana L. , Probert Ian , Vaulot Daniel , de Vargas Colomban , Christen Richard 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPhotosynthetic eukaryotes have a critical role as the main producers in most ecosystems of the biosphere. The ongoing environmental metabarcoding revolution opens the perspective for holistic ecosystems biological studies of these organisms, in particular the unicellular microalgae that often lack distinctive morphological characters and have complex life cycles. To interpret environmental sequences, metabarcoding necessarily relies on taxonomically curated databases containing reference sequences of the targeted gene (or barcode) from identified organisms. To date, no such reference framework exists for photosynthetic eukaryotes. In this study, we built the PhytoREF database that contains 6490 plastidial 16S rDNA reference sequences that originate from a large diversity of eukaryotes representing all known major photosynthetic lineages. We compiled 3333 amplicon sequences available from public databases and 879 sequences extracted from plastidial genomes, and generated 411 novel sequences from cultured marine microalgal strains belonging to different eukaryotic lineages. A total of 1867 environmental Sanger 16S rDNA sequences were also included in the database. Stringent quality filtering and a phylogeny‐based taxonomic classification were applied for each 16S rDNA sequence. The database mainly focuses on marine microalgae, but sequences from land plants (representing half of the PhytoREF sequences) and freshwater taxa were also included to broaden the applicability of PhytoREF to different aquatic and terrestrial habitats. PhytoREF, accessible via a web interface (http://phytoref.fr), is a new resource in molecular ecology to foster the discovery, assessment and monitoring of the diversity of photosynthetic eukaryotes using high‐throughput sequencing.
Tag jumps illuminated – reducing sequence‐to‐sample misidentifications in metabarcoding studies
Authors: Schnell Ida Bærholm , Bohmann Kristine , Gilbert M. Thomas P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMetabarcoding of environmental samples on second‐generation sequencing platforms has rapidly become a valuable tool for ecological studies. A fundamental assumption of this approach is the reliance on being able to track tagged amplicons back to the samples from which they originated. In this study, we address the problem of sequences in metabarcoding sequencing outputs with false combinations of used tags (tag jumps). Unless these sequences can be identified and excluded from downstream analyses, tag jumps creating sequences with false, but already used tag combinations, can cause incorrect assignment of sequences to samples and artificially inflate diversity. In this study, we document and investigate tag jumping in metabarcoding studies on Illumina sequencing platforms by amplifying mixed‐template extracts obtained from bat droppings and leech gut contents with tagged generic arthropod and mammal primers, respectively. We found that an average of 2.6% and 2.1% of sequences had tag combinations, which could be explained by tag jumping in the leech and bat diet study, respectively. We suggest that tag jumping can happen during blunt‐ending of pools of tagged amplicons during library build and as a consequence of chimera formation during bulk amplification of tagged amplicons during library index PCR. We argue that tag jumping and contamination between libraries represents a considerable challenge for Illumina‐based metabarcoding studies, and suggest measures to avoid false assignment of tag jumping‐derived sequences to samples.
Modelling Household Energy Consumption Using ABS Survey Data
Authors: Cao Kay , Mathews Rosalynn , Wang Summer 
Published: March 2015

This study develops a model of household energy consumption using data from the ABS 2012 Household Energy Consumption Survey. Using a reduced‐form equation approach, household energy consumption is found to be influenced by income, energy price, location and other household and dwelling characteristics. The price elasticity of household energy demand is found to be inelastic. Treating household insulation as endogenous rejects the rebound effect hypothesis. The paper also suggests further research directions when additional survey data become available.
Circulating PD‐L1 in NSCLC patients and the correlation between the level of PD‐L1 expression and the clinical characteristics
Authors: Zhang Jie , Gao Jing , Li Yanyan , Nie Jun , Dai Ling , Hu Weiheng , Chen Xiaoling , Han Jindi , Ma Xiangjuan , Tian Guangming , Wu Di , Shen Lin , Fang Jian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe programmed cell death‐1/programmed cell death‐1 ligand (PD‐1/PD‐L1) pathway plays a crucial role in tumor evasion. This study evaluated the association between circulating PD‐L1 expression and clinical characteristics in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsA total of 109 advanced NSCLC and 65 healthy patients from the Beijng Cancer Hospital were enrolled in the study. Circulating PD‐L1 expression was tested by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The associations between the level of PD‐L1 expression and clinicopathologic features and prognosis were statistically analyzed.ResultsThe expression of PD‐L1 in advanced NSCLC patients was significantly upregulated compared with the healthy control (P < 0.001). The expression of PD‐L1 was significantly correlated with abdominal organ metastasis (P = 0.004). A high PD‐L1 expression had a worse prognosis than a low expression in patients (18.7 vs. 26.8 month, P < 0.001).ConclusionsPD‐L1 was elevated in advanced NSCLC patients and may play an important role in tumor immune evasion and patient prognosis.
Clonal wound re‐epithelialisation after radiotherapy for skin cancer
Authors: McKay Michael J , McKay Catherine 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSimple clinical observations can give useful insights into biological processes in humans. Here we present a temporal series of pictures addressing the tissue response of a basal cell carcinoma to radiotherapy, where re‐epithelialisation (RE) after radiotherapy appeared to occur by clonal regrowth, rather than the usually described sheet‐likeRE.
Ocular side–effects of topical corticosteroids: what a dermatologist needs to know
Authors: Daniel Benjamin S , Orchard David 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTopical corticosteroids are used frequently in dermatology and atopic dermatitis without significant adverse effects. Though ocular diseases such as glaucoma and cataracts are known complications of systemic corticosteroids, the role of topical corticosteroids is limited to case reports. This review assesses the literature regarding topical steroids and their role in ocular diseases. There is evidence of harm to vision when potent topical corticosteroids are inappropriately used for prolonged periods to periorbital sites. There is no evidence to date that weak TCS to the face or potent TCS to areas other than the eyes results in ocular complications. Further research trials are required in this area.
Fractional carbon dioxide laser in recalcitrant vulval lichen sclerosus
Authors: Lee Andrew , Lim Adrian , Fischer Gayle 
Published: March 2015

AbstractVulval lichen sclerosus is an uncommon skin condition that can usually be managed with topical corticosteroids to maintain remission. However, there is a subset of patients in whom it remains recalcitrant despite treatment with super‐potent topical corticosteroids. We report a case series of four patients undergoing fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing and one with ablative carbon dioxide laser for severe, hyperkeratotic vulval lichen sclerosus not responding to super‐potent topical corticosteroids. In these patients, carbon dioxide laser was successful in achieving remission. Their vulval lichen sclerosus was subsequently able to be maintained with topical corticosteroid treatment.
Antidepressants but not antipsychotics have antiepileptogenic effects with limited effects on comorbid depressive‐like behaviour in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy
Authors: Citraro Rita , Leo Antonio , De Fazio Pasquale , De Sarro Giovambattista , Russo Emilio 
Published: March 2015

Background and PurposeTwo of the most relevant unmet needs in epilepsy are represented by the development of disease‐modifying drugs able to affect epileptogenesis and/or the study of related neuropsychiatric comorbidities. No systematic study has investigated the effects of chronic treatment with antipsychotics or antidepressants on epileptogenesis. However, such drugs are known to influence seizure threshold.Experimental ApproachWe evaluated the effects of an early long‐term treatment (ELTT; 17 weeks), started before seizure onset (P45), with fluoxetine (selective 5‐HT‐reuptake inhibitor), duloxetine (dual‐acting 5‐HT‐noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor), haloperidol (typical antipsychotic drug), risperidone and quetiapine (atypical antipsychotic drugs) on the development of absence seizures and comorbid depressive‐like behaviour in the WAG/Rij rat model. Furthermore, we studied the effects of these drugs on established absence seizures in adult (6‐month‐old) rats after a chronic 7 weeks treatment.Key ResultsELTT with all antipsychotics did not affect the development of seizures, whereas, both ELTT haloperidol (1 mg·kg−1 day−1) and risperidone (0.5 mg·kg−1 day−1) increased immobility time in the forced swimming test and increased absence seizures only in adult rats (7 weeks treatment). In contrast, both fluoxetine (30 mg·kg−1 day−1) and duloxetine (10–30 mg·kg−1 day−1) exhibited clear antiepileptogenic effects. Duloxetine decreased and fluoxetine increased absence seizures in adult rats. Duloxetine did not affect immobility time; fluoxetine 30 mg·kg−1 day−1 reduced immobility time while at 10 mg·kg−1 day−1 an increase was observed.Conclusions and ImplicationsIn this animal model, antipsychotics had no antiepileptogenic effects and might worsen depressive‐like comorbidity, while antidepressants have potential antiepileptogenic effects even though they have limited effects on comorbid depressive‐like behaviour.
The effects of pituitary and thyroid disorders on haemostasis: potential clinical implications
Authors: Kyriakakis Nikolaos , Lynch Julie , Ajjan Ramzi , Murray Robert D. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryDisturbances of coagulation and fibrinolysis are usually multifactorial and growing evidence suggests that endocrinopathies modulate the haemostatic balance. The thrombotic alterations in endocrine disorders range from mild laboratory clotting abnormalities with little clinical significance to serious thrombotic and bleeding disorders directly related to hormonal disturbances. This literature review focuses on presenting the current data on the effects of thyroid and pituitary disorders on various parameters of the haemostatic system. With the exception of overt hypothyroidism which appears to cause a bleeding tendency, the rest of the endocrinopathies discussed in this review (subclinical hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, endogenous hypercortisolaemia, growth hormone deficiency, acromegaly, prolactinoma/hyperprolactinaemia and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism) are associated with a hypercoagulable and hypofibrinolytic state, increasing the overall cardiovascular risk and thromboembolic potential in these patients. In most studies, the haemostatic abnormalities seen in endocrine disorders are usually reversible with successful treatment of the underlying condition and biochemical disease remission. High‐quality studies on larger patient cohorts are needed to produce robust evidence on the effects of endocrine disorders and their therapeutic interventions on coagulation and fibrinolysis, as well as on the long‐term mortality and morbidity outcomes in association with endocrine‐related haemostatic imbalance. Given the rarity of some of the endocrine disorders, multicentre studies are required to achieve this target.
Prognostic significance of polo‐like kinases in retinoblastoma: correlation with patient outcome, clinical and histopathological parameters
Authors: Singh Lata , Pushker Neelam , Sen Seema , Singh Mithalesh K , Chauhan Feeroj A , Kashyap Seema 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundRetinoblastoma is evolving, but it is still a therapeutic challenge for pediatric oncologists. Polo‐like kinases (PLKs) plays an important role in cell cycle events. They play a crucial role in cell proliferation which may lead to tumour formation. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of PLK1 and PLK3 proteins in human retinoblastoma tissues.DesignNon‐randomized, prospective study was performed in the Dr R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.ParticipantsThis study included 74 primary enucleated retinoblastoma tissues.MethodsExpression of PLK1 and PLK3 protein were assessed in primary enucleated retinoblastoma tissues by immunohistochemistry and western blotting.Main Outcome MeasuresExpression of PLK1 and PLK3 protein were correlated with clinical and histopathological parameters, tumour staging and overall survival of patients.ResultsImmunohistochemical results revealed expression of PLK1 in 47/74 (63.51%) cases and PLK3 in 31/74 (41.89%) cases. Western blotting confirmed the immunoreactivity results. Expression of PLK1 showed correlation with poor differentiation and tumour invasion. In addition, PLK1 was statistically significant with massive choroidal invasion, whereas PLK3 did not correlate with any of the clinical or histopathological parameters. There was no statistical correlation in the overall survival of patients with PLK1 and PLK3 expression.ConclusionsPLK1 expression was associated with poor tumour differentiation and histopathological high‐risk factors. These proteins may be involved in tumorigenesis and progression of disease. These results suggest that PLK1 may act as a potential therapeutic target and a promising marker for developing potent small molecule inhibitors of PLK isoforms in retinoblastoma.
A new live‐cell biobank workflow efficiently recovers heterogeneous melanoma cells from native biopsies
Authors: Raaijmakers Marieke I. G. , Widmer Daniel S. , Maudrich Melanie , Koch Tabea , Langer Alice , Flace Anna , Schnyder Claudia , Dummer Reinhard , Levesque Mitchell P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFibroblast contamination can make establishing primary melanoma cell cultures from native biopsies a major challenge, due to fibroblasts overgrowing the melanoma cells. Standard protocols therefore enrich for highly proliferative melanoma cells that grow well in vitro but may not represent the full range of in vivo tumor heterogeneity. Here we apply conditional methods that more effectively retrieve melanoma cells by differential trypsinization or by inducing fibroblast senescence through contact inhibition, serum starvation or deprivation of adhesion. Simple mixing experiments of melanoma and fibroblast cells demonstrated the efficacy of the new protocols in retrieving slow‐growing melanoma cells. Applying our protocols to 20 cultures that had failed to grow by conventional methods, we could retrieve 12 (60%) validated melanoma cell cultures. Further application of the protocols in the live‐cell biobank of 124 early passage cultures significantly improved recovery rates from 13% using standard protocols to 70% overall for the new workflow.