bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of groundnut shell biochar produced with different stainless steel combustion compartment volumes
Authors: Ayanwusi Oluwatoyin Rhoda , Abdulkareem Sulyman A. , Michael Taiwo Temitayo , Iwuozor Kingsley O. , Emenike Ebuka Chizitere , Hambali Hambali Umar , Adeniyi Adewale George 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBiochar, a solid material derived from a thermochemical process, has received significant attention due to its usefulness in various sectors. Previous studies have been conducted to improve the properties and quality of this material by altering the thermochemical processes, treating the feedstock, hybridizing the feedstock, and so forth, but little has been done on the effect of varying the reactor's configuration. This research aims to study the effect of varying the stainless‐steel‐based combustion compartment volume of a biomass‐fueled top‐lit updraft gasifier on the groundnut shell biochar. The biochar yields for reactors ranged from 34.9% to 51.2%. The sample produced in the smallest combustion compartment volume showed the highest carbon content, according to energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Potassium, another major element, decreased as the combustion compartment was reduced. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the biochar samples produced had an irregular shape and rough surfaces, and reducing the combustion compartment volume resulted in larger particles on the surface. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis showed similarities and differences in peaks observed for all the samples. The biochar samples produced can find applications in wastewater treatment, energy conversion and storage, and soil amendment, and the findings contribute to the design and optimization of biomass‐based gasifiers.
Combining Partial True Discovery Guarantee Procedures
Authors: Xu Ningning , Solari Aldo , Goeman Jelle J. 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACTClosed testing has recently been shown to be optimal for simultaneous true discovery proportion control. It is, however, challenging to construct true discovery guarantee procedures in such a way that it focuses power on some feature sets chosen by users based on their specific interest or expertise. We propose a procedure that allows users to target power on prespecified feature sets, that is, “focus sets.” Still, the method also allows inference for feature sets chosen post hoc, that is, “nonfocus sets,” for which we deduce a true discovery lower confidence bound by interpolation. Our procedure is built from partial true discovery guarantee procedures combined with Holm's procedure and is a conservative shortcut to the closed testing procedure. A simulation study confirms that the statistical power of our method is relatively high for focus sets, at the cost of power for nonfocus sets, as desired. In addition, we investigate its power property for sets with specific structures, for example, trees and directed acyclic graphs. We also compare our method with AdaFilter in the context of replicability analysis. The application of our method is illustrated with a gene ontology analysis in gene expression data.
Association between gut microbiota and malignant cardiac tumors: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Song Yongfei , Hu Jiale , Li Chongrong , Lian Jiangfang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies provide compelling evidence linking the gut microbiota to most cancers. Nevertheless, further research is required to establish a definitive causal relationship between the gut microbiota and malignant cardiac tumors.MethodsThe genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) data on the human gut Microbiota, included in the IEU Open GWAS project, was initially collected by the MiBioGen consortium. It encompasses 14,306 individuals and comprises a total of 5,665,279 SNPs. Similarly, the GWAS data on malignant cardiac tumors, also sourced from the IEU Open GWAS project, was initially stored in the finnGen database, including 16,380,303 SNPs observed within a cohort of 174,108 individuals within the European population. Utilizing a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) methodology, we examined whether there exists a causal association between the gut microbiota and cardiac tumors. Additionally, to bolster the credibility and robustness of the identified causal relationships, we conducted an extensive array of sensitivity analyses, encompassing Cochran's Q test, MR‐PRESSO tests, MR‐Egger interpret test, directionality test and leave‐one‐out analysis.ResultsOur analysis unveiled seven distinct causal associations between genetic susceptibility in the gut microbiota and the incidence of malignant cardiac tumors. Among these, the Family Rikenellaceae, genus Eubacterium brachy group, and genus Ruminococcaceae UCG009 exhibited an elevated risk of cardiac tumors, while the phylum Verrucomicrobia, genus Lactobacillus, genus Ruminiclostridium5, and an unknown genus id.1868 were genetically linked to a reduced risk of cardiac tumors. The causal relationship between these two bacteria, belonging to the phylum Verrucomicrobia (OR = 0.178, 95% CI: 0.052–0.614, p = 0.006) and the genus Ruminococcaceae UCG009 (OR = 3.071, 95% CI: 1.236–7.627, p = 0.016), and cardiac tumors was further validated through sensitivity analyses, reinforcing the robustness and reliability of the observed associations.ConclusionOur MR analysis confirms that the phylum Verrucomicrobia displays significant protection against cardiac tumor, and the genus Ruminococcaceae UCG009 leads to an increasing risk of cardiac tumor.
Li‐ion transport mechanisms in Ge/Cl dual‐doped Li10GeP2S12 solid electrolytes: Synergistic insights from experimental structural characterization and machine‐learning‐assisted atomistic modeling
Authors: Choi Yong‐Seok , Jeong Jiwon , Lee Youngin , Ahn Hyuna , Scanlon David O. , Chung Kyung Yoon , Lee Jae‐Chul 
Published: July 2024

AbstractEnhancing the ionic conductivity of sulfide solid electrolytes (SEs) through dual‐doping is a well‐established approach, yet the atomic‐level mechanisms driving these improvements remain elusive. By dual‐doping Ge and Cl into the Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS) framework, we synthesized Ge/Cl‐doped LGPS (Li10+xGe1+2xP2−2xS12−xClx, x = 0.3) with an ionic conductivity of 12.4 mS/cm at 25°C, a value that stands among the highest for LGPS‐type SEs. This achievement emphasizes the pivotal role of dopant selection in modulating Li‐ion transport mechanisms, thereby enhancing SE performance. Our research elucidates the intricate atomic mechanisms responsible for this enhanced ionic conductivity, with a particular focus on the synergistic effects of Ge and Cl dual‐doping. Integrating advanced multianalytical techniques, including experiments and atomistic modeling (machine‐learning‐assisted molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations), we provide comprehensive insights into the structure–property relationship in Ge/Cl‐doped LGPS SEs. Our findings reveal that Cl doping significantly enhances the paddle‐wheel dynamics, while Ge doping promotes cooperative Li diffusion through the formation of Li interstitials. This dual‐doping approach not only elucidates the structural and functional dynamics of SEs but also paves the way for designing dopants to enhance ionic conductivity. The insights gained from this study offer a strategic direction for developing higher‐performance SEs, highlighting the importance of tailored dopant selection in advancing energy storage technologies.
Pre‐Coordination Induced Further Deamination to Create Inter‐Chain Cross‐Linking in Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Photocatalytic H2O2 Production
Authors: Zhang Hui , Wang Yonghai , Gong Jie , Huang Chingcheng , Guo Yu , Sun Jianhua , Lei Weiwei 
Published: July 2024

AbstractCreating cross‐linking to establish efficient inter‐chain charge‐transfer channels in carbon nitride represents a promising strategy for enhancing its photocatalytic capabilities. Molten salt‐assisted calcining has emerged as a method for preparing cross‐linked carbon nitrides. However, the precise influence of molten salts on the molecular structure of carbon nitride remains to be fully elucidated. Herein, we develop a KCl guided cross‐linking reaction to preliminarily reveal the formation mechanism of cross‐linking. The cross‐linking reaction is initiated by the pre‐coordination of amino groups with K+. Subsequent heating at high temperature converts the amino groups into chlorines. Then, dechlorination leads to the formation of cross‐linking. Thus, this cross‐linking reaction can be accurately described as a pre‐coordination‐induced, two‐step deamination reaction. The pre‐coordination step plays a pivotal role in the cross‐linking process. Sufficient pre‐coordination results in a relatively high cross‐linking degree of the as‐prepared CNK‐2. Consequently, CNK‐2 demonstrates a significantly enhanced photocatalytic H2O2 production, with a generation rate of 682 μmol L−1 h−1, about 59 times that of traditional carbon nitride.
De‐ and Rearomatisation of Pyridine in Silylene Chemistry
Authors: Jin Da , Hinz Alexander , Sun Xiaofei , Roesky Peter W. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTraditional methods relying on metal‐ligand cooperation for activating pyridine bonds in de‐ and rearomatisation are being challenged by the abundant metal‐free element species as alternatives. Here, we investigated the de/re‐aromatisation of pyridine facilitated by pyridylamino‐functionalised silylene reactions with ketones and ketene. The reactivity outcome is highly dependent on the substituents on the ketones. By carefully tuning the steric demand of the ketone, each intermediate of the reaction sequence could be isolated. At room temperature, benzophenone and acetophenone substrates led to dearomatisation of the pyridine moiety, with the case of acetophenone showing an intermediate silaoxirane preceding dearomatisation. However, when subjected to acetone or diphenylketene, only silaoxiranes were formed without dearomatisation of the pyridine moiety. Notably, only benzophenone‐derived dearomatised species demonstrated rearomatisation upon heating. Furthermore, the reduced steric bulk of the ketene facilitated further ring expansion with another equivalent of the substrate, forming sila‐1,3‐dioxolanes. Both steric hindrance and aromatic groups collectively influence the dearomatisation of pyridine in pyridylaminosilylene reactions.
SERENE ER Analysis Part 1‐SERENE CD: Exposure‐Response Analysis of Higher Versus Standard Adalimumab Dosing Regimens for Patients With Moderately to Severely Active Crohn Disease
Authors: Chen Mong‐Jen , Ponce‐Bobadilla Ana Victoria , Stodtmann Sven , Song Alexandra P. , Finney‐Hayward Tricia K. , Mostafa Nael M. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSERENE CD (NCT02065570) evaluated whether a higher adalimumab induction dose would improve patients with Crohn disease response and suggested a flat dose‐response relationship for efficacy in the induction study. We investigated exposure‐response relationships in induction and maintenance studies considering patients’ baseline characteristics. Adalimumab exposures were simulated using the established population pharmacokinetic model. Efficacy end points (clinical remission/endoscopic response) at Weeks 4, 12, and 56 were evaluated in exposure‐response analyses using multivariable logistic regression. Analyses showed an increasing trend with heterogeneity between induction regimens, which suggested that average concentration has an impact on coprimary efficacy end points within each group, but data did not fit a single‐response curve. Although higher concentrations within arms were associated with improved outcomes, increasing the concentration through a higher induction dose was not associated with increasing clinical remission/endoscopic response at Week 4/12. A model including inverse effective clearance eliminated heterogeneity and described trends across induction regimens with a single curve. In the maintenance study, the response rates at Week 56 showed no heterogeneity. In the induction study, patients with lower effective adalimumab clearance responded better, whereas in the maintenance study average concentration drove primary efficacy end points at Week 56. Research extending these findings to other indications is needed.
Soil Fertility, Fertilizers, and Crop Nutrition: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Mikkelsen Robert , Blaylock Alan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe 20th century saw the development of a highly efficient nutrient industry producing affordable fertilizers that contributed greatly to increased food, feed, fiber, and fuel production for a growing global population. Plant nutrient production and use in the 21st century faces pressure to improve efficiency and outcomes. The nutrient industry has historically operated with large volumes and low margins, and has, at times, been slow to embrace innovations. However, the landscape has changed, driven by the demand for superior products, practices, and environmental stewardship. This transition marks the advent of what experts term “responsible plant nutrition” (International Fertilizer Association, 2024). This is the third and final article in a series on the past, present, and future of the North American fertilizer industry. Earn 1.5 CEUs in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
Seed dormancy types and germination response of 15 plant species in temperate montane peatlands
Authors: Wang Jian‐Yi , Bu Zhao‐Jun , Poschlod Peter , Yusup Shuayib , Zhang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Zheng‐Xiang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDespite their crucial role in determining the fate of seeds, the type and breaking mode of seed dormancy in peatland plants in temperate Asia with a continental monsoon climate are rarely known. Fifteen common peatland plant species were used to test their seed germination response to various dormancy‐breaking treatments, including dry storage (D), gibberellin acid soaking (GA), cold stratification (CS), warm followed cold stratification (WCS), GA soaking + cold stratification (GA + CS) and GA soaking + warm followed cold stratification (GA + WCS). Germination experiment, viability and imbibition test, and morphological observation of embryos were conducted. Of the 15 species, nine showed physiological dormancy (PD), with non‐deep PD being the dominant type. Four species, Angelica pubescens, Cicuta virosa, Iris laevigata, and Iris setosa exhibited morphophysiological dormancy. Two species, Lycopus uniflorus and Spiraea salicifolia, demonstrated nondormancy. Overall, the effect hierarchy of dormancy‐breaking is: CS > GA > WCS > GA + CS > D > GA + WCS. Principal component analysis demonstrated that seed traits, including embryo length: seed length ratio, seed size, and monocot/eudicot divergence, are more likely to influence seed dormancy than environmental factors. Our study suggests that nearly 90% of the tested peatland plant species in the Changbai Mountains demonstrated seed dormancy, and seed traits (e.g. embryo‐to‐seed ratio and seed size) and abiotic environmental factors (e.g. pH and temperature seasonality) are related to germination behavior, suggesting seed dormancy being a common adaptation strategy for the peatland plants in the temperate montane environment.
Hainan four‐eyed turtles actively select suitable stones to masquerade according to their own morphology
Authors: Yu Hongmin , Deng Xinyi , Xiao Fanrong , Shi Haitao 
Published: July 2024

AbstractMasquerade is a form of camouflage in which animals use their body size, shape, and coloration to resemble inanimate objects in their environment to deceive predators. However, there is a lack of experimental evidence to show that animals actively choose objects that match these body parameters. To explore how the Hainan four‐eyed turtle, Sacalia insulensis, masquerades using suitable stones, we used indoor video surveillance technology to study the preferences of juvenile S. insulensis for stones of different sizes, shapes, and colors. The results indicated that under normal conditions, during the day, juvenile S. insulensis preferred larger oval or round stones, while at night, they preferred oval stones that were closer to their own size, with no significant preference for stone color during either time. When disturbed (by a researcher swinging their arm back and forth above the experimental setup every hour to mimic a predator), the turtles showed a preference for brown stones that were closer to their size and oval in shape. These findings suggest that juvenile S. insulensis prefer stones that resemble their carapace size and shape to masquerade when undisturbed, and that this preference is reinforced when they masquerade to reduce the risk of predation. The preference for stones that resemble their carapace color is significant only when there is a disturbance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence that vertebrates can selectively choose objects that resemble their own morphology for masquerading to reduce predation risk.
Specialization: A multidimensional and integrative perspective
Authors: Rodríguez‐Arribas Clara , Prieto María , Aragón Gregorio , López‐Angulo Jesús , Escudero Adrián , Martínez Isabel 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSpecialization remains as a controversial and ambiguous term in ecology. Although it has been usually measured using a dichotomic and simplified classification of specialists and generalists, its nature is by far more complex. In the context of biotic interactions, assigning these two labels is usually based on the number of interacting partners (one or few vs. many). Here, we provide a more precise, quantitative, and objective interpretation of the specialization phenomenon combining three different dimensions (specificity, preference, and selectivity) that offer complementary information to quantify specialization. Hence, partner richness is a metric associated with the specificity, Simpson's evenness is related to the preference and d′ index to the selectivity of the biotic interactions. Consequently, we propose a 3D specialization space combining these three metrics which allows to identify the degree of biotic specialization fleeing from its simplified historical interpretation. The proposed space was subsequently evaluated in five natural interacting systems (host–parasite, plant–ant, plant–pollinator, plant–seed disperser, and mycobiont–cyanobacteria) using available data comprising 116 networks with quantitative observations. The results indicate the prevalence of a lax specialization, where most organisms tended to show low values in at least one of the metrics. Predominantly, observations showed high values of specificity and low values of preference and selectivity. This relaxed specialization provides advantages of being specialized, without sentencing it when being too tight. The implementation of this framework provides a useful tool that allows to identify specialization in a more objective, integrative, and universal way for future specialization studies.
Dectin‐1 induces TRPV1 sensitization and contributes to visceral hypersensitivity of irritable bowel syndrome in male mice
Authors: Zheng Hao‐Nan , Zhi Yu‐Ru , Su Yang‐Shuai , Jiang Jin‐Yan , Zhang Hao‐Zhou , Cao Feng , Wang Yun , Chi Yan , Zhang Ying 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackgroundVisceral hypersensitivity is considered the core pathophysiological mechanism that causes abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Fungal dysbiosis has been proved to contribute to visceral hypersensitivity in IBS patients. However, the underlying mechanisms for Dectin‐1, a major fungal recognition receptor, in visceral hypersensitivity are poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the role of Dectin‐1 in visceral hypersensitivity and elucidate the impact of Dectin‐1 activity on the function of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1).MethodsVisceral hypersensitivity model was established by the intracolonic administration of 0.1 mL TNBS (130 μg/mL in 30% ethanol) in the male mice. Fluconazole and nystatin were used as fungicides. Laminarin, a Dectin‐1 antagonist and gene knockout (Clec7a−/−) mice were used to interrupt the function of Dectin‐1. Colorectal distension‐electromyogram recording was performed to assess visceral sensitivity. Immunostaining experiment was performed to determine the localization of Dectin‐1 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Calcium imaging study was performed to assay TRPV1‐mediated calcium influx in acutely dissociated DRG neurons.ResultsPretreatment with fungicides, administration of laminarin or genetic deletion of Clec7a alleviated TNBS‐induced visceral hypersensitivity in male mice. The expression of Dectin‐1 was upregulated in the DRG and colon of TNBS‐treated mice. Colocalization of Dectin‐1 and TRPV1 was observed in DRG neurons. Importantly, pretreatment with curdlan, a Dectin‐1 agonist, increased TRPV1‐mediated calcium influx.ConclusionsDectin‐1 contributes to visceral hypersensitivity in IBS or in inflammatory bowel disease in remission and activation of Dectin‐1 induces TRPV1 sensitization.Significance StatementThis work provides direct evidence for the functional regulation of TRPV1 channel by Dectin‐1 activity, proposing a new mechanism underlying TRPV1 sensitization. Control of intestinal fungi might be beneficial for the treatment of refractory abdominal pain in patients with IBS or IBD in remission.