bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Australian school canteens: menu guideline adherence or avoidance?
Authors: Woods Julie , Bressan Alex , Langelaan Corrina , Mallon Angela , Palermo Claire 
Published: September 2014

Issue addressedSince 2005, all states and territories across Australia have progressively introduced policy guidelines to promote nutritious food sales in school canteens. This study aimed to assess the compliance of school canteens with their state or territory canteen guidelines.MethodsSchool canteen menus from a convenience sample of online government school websites were assessed for compliance with guidelines for the inclusion of foods meeting the criteria for ‘red’ (‘not recommended’ or ‘only occasional – no more than twice per term’), ‘amber’ (‘select carefully’) and ‘green’ (‘always on the menu’, ‘everyday’, ‘fill the menu’ or ‘plenty’). The costs of a salad and a regular pie were also collected where present.ResultsA total of 263 school menus were sourced and assessed (4% of government schools). Western Australia was the most compliant, with 62% of menus adhering to the state guidelines; compliance in other jurisdictions ranged from 5–35%. Compared with primary schools, a higher proportion of secondary schools offered ‘red’ items on the menu (P < 0.05). The mean cost of a regular pie (A$3.17 ± 0.51) was significantly cheaper than the cost of a salad (A$4.25 ± 0.82) (P < 0.001). A range of discretionary food items were present on a large proportion of menus.ConclusionThis study found that the majority of school canteens were not complying with relevant state or territory guidelines, particularly those schools in which no monitoring or enforcement of the guidelines was conducted.So what?Monitoring and enforcement by those responsible for the policy, together with efforts to build the capacity for schools and manufacturers to improve the food supply, may increase compliance.
An exploratory study identifying where local government public health decision makers source their evidence for policy
Authors: Stoneham Melissa , Dodds James 
Published: September 2014

Issue addressedThe Western Australian (WA) Public Health Bill will replace the antiquated Health Act 1911. One of the proposed clauses of the Bill requires all WA local governments to develop a Public Health Plan. The Bill states that Public Health Plans should be based on evidence from all levels, including national and statewide priorities, community needs, local statistical evidence, and stakeholder data.MethodsThis exploratory study, which targeted 533 WA local government officers, aimed to identify the sources of evidence used to generate the list of public health risks to be included in local government Public Health Plans.ResultsThe top four sources identified for informing local policy were: observation of the consequences of the risks in the local community (24.5%), statewide evidence (17.6%), local evidence (17.6%) and coverage in local media (16.2%).ConclusionsThis study confirms that both hard and soft data are used to inform policy decisions at the local level. Therefore, the challenge that this study has highlighted is in the definition or constitution of evidence.So what?Evidence is critical to the process of sound policy development. This study highlights issues associated with what actually constitutes evidence in the policy development process at the local government level. With the exception of those who work in an extremely narrow field, it is difficult for local government officers, whose role includes policymaking, to read the vast amount of information that has been published in their area of expertise. For those who are committed to the notion of evidence‐based policymaking, as advocated within the WA Public Health Bill, this presents a considerable challenge.
Novel INHAT Repressor (NIR) is required for early lymphocyte development
Authors: Ma Chi A. , Pusso Antonia , Wu Liming , Zhao Yongge , Hoffmann Victoria , Notarangelo Luigi D. , Fowlkes B. J. , Jain Ashish 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Novel inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase repressor (NIR) is a transcriptional corepressor that can bind to p53 at promoters and suppress p53-transcriptional activity by inhibiting histone acetylation. We found that lymphoid-restricted deletion of NIR resulted in the absence of mature B and T lymphocytes, which is partially, but not completely, rescued by the combined deletion of p53 with NIR. Thus, NIR cooperates with p53 to impose a checkpoint for the generation of mature B and T lymphocytes in vivo. Further delineation of additional protein interactions with NIR may lead to the better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis, and lymphocyte differentiation.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of GluK2 up-regulates kainate receptor-mediated responses and downstream signaling after brain ischemia
Authors: Zhu Qiu-Ju , Kong Fan-Shu , Xu Hao , Wang Yi , Du Cai-Ping , Sun Chang-Cheng , Liu Yong , Li Ting , Hou Xiao-Yu 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Kainate receptors, a subfamily of the ionotropic glutamate receptors, mediate the pre- and postsynaptic actions of glutamate. Overactivation of postsynaptic kainate receptors plays an important role in neurodegeneration after ischemic stroke. Because Src kinases show increased activity after brain ischemia, we evaluated their roles in regulating kainate receptor function after brain ischemia. Our results demonstrate that Src kinases bind to and phosphorylate GluK2 at Y590 and facilitate kainate-evoked whole-cell currents and calcium influx. Furthermore, long-term kainate stimulation promotes apoptosis through the endocytosis of GluK2 subunits and activation of JNK3–c-Jun signaling. In summary, our results demonstrate that Src phosphorylation of GluK2 regulates kainate receptor activity and downstream excitatory signaling.
Common genetic variants associated with cognitive performance identified using the proxy-phenotype method
Authors: Rietveld Cornelius A. , Esko Tõnu , Davies Gail , Pers Tune H. , Turley Patrick , Benyamin Beben , Chabris Christopher F. , Emilsson Valur , Johnson Andrew D. , Lee James J. , Leeuw Christiaan de , Marioni Riccardo E. , Medland Sarah E. , Miller Michael B. , Rostapshova Olga , van der Lee Sven J. , Vinkhuyzen Anna A. E. , Amin Najaf , Conley Dalton , Derringer Jaime , van Duijn Cornelia M. , Fehrmann Rudolf , Franke Lude , Glaeser Edward L. , Hansell Narelle K. , Hayward Caroline , Iacono William G. , Ibrahim-Verbaas Carla , Jaddoe Vincent , Karjalainen Juha , Laibson David , Lichtenstein Paul , Liewald David C. , Magnusson Patrik K. E. , Martin Nicholas G. , McGue Matt , McMahon George , Pedersen Nancy L. , Pinker Steven , Porteous David J. , Posthuma Danielle , Rivadeneira Fernando , Smith Blair H. , Starr John M. , Tiemeier Henning , Timpson Nicholas J. , Trzaskowski Maciej , Uitterlinden André G. , Verhulst Frank C. , Ward Mary E. , Wright Margaret J. , Davey Smith George , Deary Ian J. , Johannesson Magnus , Plomin Robert , Visscher Peter M. , Benjamin Daniel J. , Cesarini David , Koellinger Philipp D. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
We identify several common genetic variants associated with cognitive performance using a two-stage approach: we conduct a genome-wide association study of educational attainment to generate a set of candidates, and then we estimate the association of these variants with cognitive performance. In older Americans, we find that these variants are jointly associated with cognitive health. Bioinformatics analyses implicate a set of genes that is associated with a particular neurotransmitter pathway involved in synaptic plasticity, the main cellular mechanism for learning and memory. In addition to the substantive contribution, this work also serves to show a proxy-phenotype approach to discovering common genetic variants that is likely to be useful for many phenotypes of interest to social scientists (such as personality traits).
Resistance of the boreal forest to high burn rates
Authors: Héon Jessie , Arseneault Dominique , Parisien Marc-André 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Climate change is expected to drastically increase both fire size and the frequency of large-fire years in the North American boreal forest, with consequent effects on forest ecosystems and carbon stocks. However, the influence of fire size and time since previous fire on fire activity is poorly understood because of incomplete records of past fire overlaps. Here we reconstruct the length of overlapping fires during the last 200 years along a 190-km transect and provide direct field evidence that extreme burn rates can be sustained by occasional droughts triggering immense fires. Fire occurrence in the most fire-prone regions of the North American boreal forest is, however, already fuel-limited and will resist further climate change because of overabundant young forest stands.
Structural adaptations to diverse fighting styles in sexually selected weapons
Authors: McCullough Erin L. , Tobalske Bret W. , Emlen Douglas J. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Animal weapons are among nature’s most diverse structures. Intuitively, species have different types of weapons because they fight in different ways, yet no studies have directly tested whether weapons perform better at the animals’ own style of fighting than they do at others. We constructed biomechanical models of the horns of different rhinoceros beetle species to evaluate the functional performance of horns in response to both species-typical and species-atypical fighting loads. We found that horns are both stronger and stiffer in response to species-typical fighting loads, which suggests selection for improved performance under different fighting styles played an important role in the diversification of weapon form.
Reforestation as a novel abatement and compliance measure for ground-level ozone
Authors: Kroeger Timm , Escobedo Francisco J. , Hernandez José L. , Varela Sebastián , Delphin Sonia , Fisher Jonathan R. B. , Waldron Janice 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Despite often decadeslong control efforts, in many regions of the world ambient concentrations of ground-level ozone threaten human and ecosystem health. Furthermore, in many places the effects of continuing land use and climate change are expected to counteract ongoing efforts to reduce ozone concentrations. Combined with the rising cost of more stringent conventional technological ozone controls, this creates a need to explore novel approaches to reducing tropospheric ozone pollution. Reforestation of peri-urban areas, which removes ozone and one of its precursors, may be a cost-effective approach to ozone control and can produce important ancillary benefits. We identify key criteria for maximizing the ozone abatement and cost effectiveness of such reforestation and the substantial potential for its application in the United States.
Involvement of the host DNA-repair enzyme TDP2 in formation of the covalently closed circular DNA persistence reservoir of hepatitis B viruses
Authors: Königer Christian , Wingert Ida , Marsmann Moritz , Rösler Christine , Beck Jürgen , Nassal Michael 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection puts >250 million humans at risk for developing liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Current therapies are not curative because they do not target HBV´s persistence reservoir, the plasmid-like covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). RNA production from cccDNA initiates the generation of progeny virus via protein-primed reverse transcription, yielding viral polymerase-linked relaxed-circular DNA (RC-DNA). Its conversion, upon infection, into cccDNA requires multiple poorly understood steps, including polymerase removal. We found that the host enzyme tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2), important for repair of cellular protein–DNA adducts, performed this step in vitro and that TDP2 depletion impaired the conversion of RC-DNA to cccDNA in cells. These data establish a functional link between HBV and cellular DNA repair and pave the way for targeting HBV persistence.
Role of cavities and hydration in the pressure unfolding of T4lysozyme
Authors: Nucci Nathaniel V. , Fuglestad Brian , Athanasoula Evangelia A. , Wand A. Joshua 
Published: September 2014

SignificancePressure unfolding of proteins is a fundamental aspect of their thermodynamic response, the origins of which remain controversial. Here, we use high-pressure solution NMR to investigate the pressure response of a model protein, T4 lysozyme, under various conditions. Our data resolve longstanding controversies regarding the pressure response of this protein and the hydration of the internal hydrophobic cavity. It is shown that local packing (cavities) and the availability of conformational space have important and nonlocal impacts on the protein pressure response. Overall, the findings presented here reveal a previously unappreciated complexity in the pressure response of protein structure.
Substratum-induced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells reveals the coactivator YAP is a potent regulator of neuronal specification
Authors: Musah Samira , Wrighton Paul J. , Zaltsman Yefim , Zhong Xiaofen , Zorn Stefan , Parlato Matthew B. , Hsiao Cheston , Palecek Sean P. , Chang Qiang , Murphy William L. , Kiessling Laura L. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells can self-renew indefinitely and differentiate into almost any cell type. Thus, hPS cells represent a potentially unlimited supply of cells for regenerative medicine, drug screening, and developmental studies. Realizing the full potential of hPS cells requires efficient protocols to direct their differentiation into desired cell types. Most efforts to control hPS cell differentiation have focused on soluble signaling factors, while the roles of insoluble signals, such as the mechanical properties of the ECM, have been less explored. We show that matrix mechanics alone can robustly induce neuronal differentiation of hPS cells, independent of soluble neurogenic factors. These results can guide the design of materials to influence stem cell fate.
Johan Hjort's impact on fisheries science: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Aksnes Dag W. , Browman Howard I. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
We analyse how Johan Hjort's publication, “Fluctuations in the great fisheries of northern Europe, viewed in the light of biological research” (Hjort, 1914), has been cited in the subsequent scientific literature. In the context of this special issue commemorating the 100th anniversary of Hjort's seminal publication, our objective is to provide insights into how his work has penetrated the literature and influenced the development of fishery science. We also tracked Hjort's related article, “Fluctuations in the year classes of important food fishes” (Hjort, 1926). We present the citation life cycles of these articles and analyse various characteristics of the publications that cite them. The importance of Hjort (1914) is reflected in the large number of citations that it has accrued (908), and by the 40–50 citations that it continues to receive every year. This is exceptional for a 100-year-old scientific article, in any field. Hjort (1926) initially received as many cites as Hjort (1914), but the latter subsequently became the paradigmatic article. Hjort (1914) has been cited in 162 different journals and by scientists in 53 countries—Hjort's work has had a broad and global impact on fisheries research. The contextual analysis demonstrated that Hjort (1914) is considered a seminal, novel, and paradigm setting study—the core research questions addressed by Hjort (1914) remain unsolved and several of his hypotheses continue to drive fisheries science to this day.
Evaluating a Posterior Approach for Surgical Treatment of Thoracolumbar Pseudarthrosis in Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Wang Ting , Wang Dechun , Cong Yanan , Yin Chuqiang , Li Shuzhong , Chen Xiaoliang 
Published: September 2014

Study Design:
Retrospective study of a posterior approach for surgical treatment of thoracolumbar pseudarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Objective:
The aim of the current study was to report the surgical results of symptomatic thoracolumbar pseudarthrosis in AS through a posterior approach.

Summary of Background Data:
Spinal pseudarthrosis is a well-known complication in AS. The condition may complicate with mechanical back pain, spinal deformity, and sometimes neurological deficits. Conservative treatment often fails in this situation and surgical treatment is required. However, the optimal surgical procedure for this condition is still controversial.

Methods:
From January 2006 to December 2011, 12 AS patients with spinal pseudarthrosis at the thoracolumbar segment were treated surgically after failure of >3 months conservative treatment. The indications for surgery were persisting back pain in all patients, combined with neurological deficits in 4 patients and spinal deformities in 3 patients. Transforaminal or transpedicular debridement of the pseudarthrosis at the anterior column was performed from a posterior approach. After complete debridement, bone graft at the anterior open wedge defect of the pseudarthrosis was performed from a posterior approach. Posterior pedicle screws were placed for fixation. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed with an average follow-up of 28 months (range, 24–36 mo).

Results:
The persistent back pain obtained significant relief in all cases after surgery. Four patients with neurological deficits showed complete recovery of neurological function at follow-up. The spinal deformities in 3 cases obtained correction. Solid bony fusion was achieved in all cases, and there was no correction loss at follow-up.

Conclusions:
In AS with symptomatic thoracolumbar pseudarthrosis, a posterior transforaminal or transpedicular approach can provide circumferential stability, anterior bone graft, and neurological decompression simultaneously. A supplemental anterior approach may be avoided by this method.
Low n‐3 Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Newly Diagnosed Celiac Disease in Children With Preexisting Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Tárnok András , Marosvölgyi Tamás , Szabó Éva , Györei Eszter , Decsi Tamás 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTObjective:Fat malabsorption can occur in celiac disease (CD) owing to villus atrophy and inflammation of small intestinal mucosa. Abnormal fatty acid (FA) status of intestinal mucosa in children with CD was reported earlier. Previously we found significantly reduced availability of n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 LCPUFA) in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study was to investigate FAs in plasma lipid classes in children with newly diagnosed CD with or without preexisting DM.Methods:FA composition of plasma samples of children with untreated CD only (n = 20) and with preexisting DM (CDDM, n = 8) were compared with those of healthy controls (n = 21). Detailed analysis of phospholipid, triacylglycerol, and sterol ester FAs was performed by high‐resolution capillary gas–liquid chromatography.Results:Significantly decreased docosapentaenoic (C22:5n‐3), docosahexaenoic (C22:6n‐3), n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA), and n‐3 LCPUFA values were found in CDDM group compared with controls and patients with CD. When compared with healthy controls, no significant difference was found in plasma FAs of children with newly diagnosed CD only.Conclusions:Children with CDDM showed marked signs of reduced availability of n‐3 PUFA and n‐3 LCPUFA in circulating lipids. Although different tissues express membrane FAs differently, our present study suggests that CD on its own does not necessarily lead to detectable disturbances of essential FA metabolism in plasma and supports the concept that DM has significant impact on plasma FA composition in children.
Measuring the Newtonian constant of gravitation
G
with an atomic interferometer
Authors: Prevedelli M. , Cacciapuoti L. , Rosi G. , Sorrentino F. , Tino G. M. 
Published: September 2014

We have recently completed a measurement of the Newtonian constant of gravitation
G
using atomic interferometry. Our result is
G
=6.67191(77)(62)×10
−11
m
3
kg
−1
s
−2
where the numbers in parenthesis are the type A and type B standard uncertainties, respectively. An evaluation of the measurement uncertainty is presented and the perspectives for improvement are discussed. Our result is approaching the precision of experiments based on macroscopic sensing masses showing that the next generation of atomic gradiometers could reach a total relative uncertainty in the 10 parts per million range.
G
measurements with time-of-swing method at HUST
Authors: Li Qing , Liu Jian-Ping , Zhao Hui-Hui , Yang Shan-Qing , Tu Liang-Cheng , Liu Qi , Shao Cheng-Gang , Hu Zhong-Kun , Milyukov Vadim , Luo Jun 
Published: September 2014

We review the
G
measurements with time-of-swing method at HUST. Two independent experiments have been completed and an improved experiment is in progress. The first
G
value was determined as 6.6699(7)×10
−11
m
3
kg
−1
s
−2
with a relative standard uncertainty (
u
r
) of 105 ppm by using a long period torsion pendulum and two cylindrical source masses. Later, this result was corrected to be 6.6723(9)×10
−11
m
3
kg
−1
s
−2
with
u
r
=130 ppm after considering the density distribution of the cylinders and the air buoyancy, which was 360 ppm larger than the previous value. In 2009, a new experiment by using a simple block pendulum and spherical source masses with more homogeneous density was carried out. A series of improvements were performed, and the
G
value was determined to be 6.67349(18)×10
−11
m
3
kg
−1
s
−2
with
u
r
=26 ppm. To reduce the anelasticity of the torsion fibre, fused silica fibres with
Q
's of approximately 5×10
4
are used to measure
G
in the ongoing experiment. These fibres are coated with thin layers of germanium and bismuth in turn to reduce the electrostatic effect. Some other improvements include the gravity compensation, reduction of the coating layer effect, etc. The prospective uncertainty of the next
G
value is 20 ppm or lower.
Evolutionary Conserved Function of Barley and Arabidopsis 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASES in Providing Wax Signals for Germination of Powdery Mildew Fungi
Authors: Weidenbach Denise , Jansen Marcus , Franke Rochus B. , Hensel Goetz , Weissgerber Wiebke , Ulferts Sylvia , Jansen Irina , Schreiber Lukas , Korzun Viktor , Pontzen Rolf , Kumlehn Jochen , Pillen Klaus , Schaffrath Ulrich 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
For plant pathogenic fungi, such as powdery mildews, that survive only on a limited number of host plant species, it is a matter of vital importance that their spores sense that they landed on the right spot to initiate germination as quickly as possible. We investigated a barley (Hordeum vulgare) mutant with reduced epicuticular leaf waxes on which spores of adapted and nonadapted powdery mildew fungi showed reduced germination. The barley gene responsible for the mutant wax phenotype was cloned in a forward genetic screen and identified to encode a 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASE (HvKCS6), a protein participating in fatty acid elongation and required for synthesis of epicuticular waxes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the mutant has significantly fewer aliphatic wax constituents with a chain length above C-24. Complementation of the mutant restored wild-type wax and overcame germination penalty, indicating that wax constituents less present on the mutant are a crucial clue for spore germination. Investigation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transgenic plants with sense silencing of Arabidopsis REQUIRED FOR CUTICULAR WAX PRODUCTION1, the HvKCS6 ortholog, revealed the same germination phenotype against adapted and nonadapted powdery mildew fungi. Our findings hint to an evolutionary conserved mechanism for sensing of plant surfaces among distantly related powdery mildews that is based on KCS6-derived wax components. Perception of such a signal must have been evolved before the monocot-dicot split took place approximately 150 million years ago.