bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joint role exploration in sagittal balance by optimizing feedback gains
Authors: Xing Dengpeng , Su Jianbo 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYThis paper investigates the contributions of each joint in perturbed balance by employing multiple balance strategies and exploring gain scheduling. Hybrid controllers are developed for sagittal standing in response to constant pushes, and a hypothesis is then investigated that postural feedback gains in standing balance should change with perturbation size via an optimization approach. Related research indicates the roles of each joint: the ankles apply torque to the ground, the hips and/or arms generate horizontal ground forces, and the knees and hips squat. To investigate it from an optimization point of view, this paper uses a horizontal push of a given size, direction, and location as a perturbation, and optimizes controllers for different push sizes, directions, and locations. It applies to the ankle, hip, squat, and arm swinging strategies in standing balance. By comparing the capability of handling disturbances and investigating the feedback gains of each strategy, this paper quantitatively analyzes the contributions of each joint to perturbed balance. We believe this work is also instructive to study the progressive behavioral changes as the model gets more and more complex.
God, Totality and Possibility in Kant'sOnly Possible Argument
Authors: Yong Peter 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThere has been a groundswell of interest in the account of modality that Kant sets forth in his pre-CriticalOnly Possible Argument. Andrew Chignell's reconstruction of Kant's theistic argument in terms of what he calls ‘real harmony’ has aprima facieadvantage in that it appears to be able to block the plurality objection (namely, that even if every modal fact presupposes some ground, this does not entail that all modal facts share the same ground). I argue that it is both textually and philosophically problematic to interpret Kant's argument in terms of real harmony. Then, I set forth an alternative response to the plurality objection which does not require the adoption of the problematic notion of real harmony. Instead, I argue that the objection can be overcome by observing that the argument seeks to ground modal facts as a totality and that, according to Kant, such relations can be accounted for only by their schematization in a single intellect.
Throwing Oneself Away: Kant on the Forfeiture of Respect
Authors: Bunch Aaron 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSurprisingly often Kant asserts that it is possible to behave in such a degrading way that one ‘throws oneself away’ and turns oneself ‘into a thing’, as a result of which others may treat one ‘as they please’. Rather than dismiss these claims out of hand, I argue that they force us to reconsider what is meant and required by ‘respect for humanity’. I argue that to ‘throw away’ humanity is not to lose or extinguish it, but rather to refuse or otherwise fail toclaimthe respect that itauthorizesone to claim. If I refuse or fail to make this claim, there is a sense in which I become a thing, and I leave others no choice but to treat me as such. This is compatible with their respect for humanity in my person.
Relationship Between Brain Volumetric Changes and Interim Drinking at Six Months in Alcohol‐Dependent Patients
Authors: Segobin Shailendra H. , Chételat Gaël , Le Berre Anne‐Pascale , Lannuzel Coralie , Boudehent Céline , Vabret François , Eustache Francis , Beaunieux Hélène , Pitel Anne‐Lise 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundChronic alcohol consumption results in brain damage potentially reversible with abstinence. It is however difficult to gauge the degree of recovery of brain tissues with abstinence since changes are subtle and a significant portion of patients relapse. State‐of‐the‐art morphometric methods are increasingly used in neuroimaging studies to detect subtle brain changes at a voxel level. Our aim was to use the most refined morphometric methods to observe in alcohol dependence the relationship between volumetric changes and interim drinking over a 6‐month follow‐up.MethodsOverall, 19 patients with alcohol dependence received volumetric T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after detoxification. A 6‐month follow‐up study was then conducted, during which 11 of them received a second MRI scan. First, correlations were conducted between gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes of patients at alcohol treatment entry and the amount of alcohol consumed between treatment entry and follow‐up. Second, longitudinal analyses were performed from pairs of MRI scans using tensor‐based morphometry in the 11 patients, and correlations were computed between the resultant Jacobian maps of GM and WM and interim drinking.ResultsOur preliminary results showed that, among others, alcoholics with smaller thalamus at alcohol treatment entry tended to resume with heavy alcohol consumption (p < 0.005 uncorrected [unc.]). Our longitudinal study revealed an overall inverse relationship between recovery of brain structures like the cerebellum, striatum, and cingulate gyrus, and the amount of alcohol consumed over the 6‐month follow‐up (p < 0.005 unc.). The recovery could be observed not only with strict abstinence but also in cases of moderate resumption of alcohol consumption, when there had been no drastic relapse into alcohol dependence.ConclusionsThose preliminary findings indicate that the volume of the thalamus at treatment entry may have an influence on subsequent interim drinking. There is recovery of certain brain regions even when patients resume with moderate, but not drastic, alcohol consumption.
Matching on‐the‐fly: Sequential allocation with higher power and efficiency
Authors: Kapelner Adam , Krieger Abba 
Published: January 2014

SummaryWe propose a dynamic allocation procedure that increases power and efficiency when measuring an average treatment effect in fixed sample randomized trials with sequential allocation. Subjects arrive iteratively and are either randomized or paired via a matching criterion to a previously randomized subject and administered the alternate treatment. We develop estimators for the average treatment effect that combine information from both the matched pairs and unmatched subjects as well as an exact test. Simulations illustrate the method's higher efficiency and power over several competing allocation procedures in both simulations and in data from a clinical trial.
Evaluation of histological staging systems for primary biliary cirrhosis: correlation with clinical and biochemical factors and significance of pathological parameters in prognostication
Authors: Chan Anthony W H , Chan Ronald C K , Wong Grace L H , Wong Vincent W S , Choi Paul C L , Chan Henry L Y , To Ka‐Fai 
Published: January 2014

AimsA new Japanese histological staging system for primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been proposed. We aimed to evaluate the efficacies of the Scheuer, Ludwig and Japanese staging systems, with emphasis on their clinical and biochemical correlations and prognostic significances.Methods and resultsWe conducted a retrospective review of a cohort of 58 Chinese PBC patients, with follow‐up of up to 16.9 years. All three systems correlated well with prognostically significant parameters, namely serum bilirubin, Mayo scores and model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score. Only the Japanese staging system was associated with Child–Pugh score, which was the single independent prognostic factor for liver‐related events (log‐rank P < 0.001; Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) 6.723, P < 0.001). The Japanese system (log‐rank P = 0.007; Cox proportional HR 10.400, P = 0.025) predicted liver‐related events, while Scheuer (log‐rank P = 0.112) and Ludwig (log‐rank P = 0.147) systems did not. The copper‐associated protein (CAP) deposition score, a component of the Japanese system, was the most powerful histological prognostic parameter (log‐rank P < 0.001; Cox proportional HR 99.534, P = 0.049) and provided extra prognostic values in additional to serum albumin, serum bilirubin, Child–Pugh score, Mayo scores and MELD score.ConclusionThe Japanese staging system is more effective than classical systems. The degree of CAP deposition is an essential prognostic histological parameter.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Gammaproteobacterial Strain MOLA455, a Representative of a Ubiquitous Proteorhodopsin-Producing Group in the Ocean
Authors: Courties Alicia , Riedel Thomas , Jarek Michael , Papadatou Maria , Intertaglia Laurent , Lebaron Philippe , Suzuki Marcelino T. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Strain MOLA455 is a marine gammaproteobacterium isolated from the bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. Here, we present its genome sequence and annotation. Genome analysis revealed the presence of genes associated with a possibly photoheterotrophic lifestyle that uses a proteorhodopsin protein.
Draft Genome Sequences of Three Strains of Bacteroides pyogenes Isolated from a Cat and Swine
Authors: Sakamoto Mitsuo , Oshima Kenshiro , Suda Wataru , Kitamura Keiko , Iida Toshiya , Hattori Masahira , Ohkuma Moriya 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the draft genome sequences of
Bacteroides pyogenes
JCM 6294
T
, JCM 6292, and JCM 10003, which were isolated from a cat and swine and were recently classified into a single species,
B. pyogenes
. Comparative analyses of these genomes revealed the diversification of
B. pyogenes
strains isolated from different animals.
Understanding the Premalignant Potential of Atypical Hyperplasia through Its Natural History: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Hartmann Lynn C. , Radisky Derek C. , Frost Marlene H. , Santen Richard J. , Vierkant Robert A. , Benetti Lorelle L. , Tarabishy Yaman , Ghosh Karthik , Visscher Daniel W. , Degnim Amy C. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Atypical hyperplasia is a high-risk premalignant lesion of the breast, but its biology is poorly understood. Many believe that atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is a direct precursor for low-grade ductal breast cancer, whereas atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) serves as a risk indicator. These assumptions underlie current clinical recommendations. We tested these assumptions by studying the characteristics of the breast cancers that develop in women with ADH or ALH. Using the Mayo Benign Breast Disease Cohort, we identified all women with ADH or ALH from 1967 to 2001 and followed them for later breast cancers, characterizing side of breast cancer versus side of atypia; time to breast cancer; type, histology, and grade of breast cancer, looking for patterns consistent with precursors versus risk indicators. A total of 698 women with atypical hyperplasia were followed a mean of 12.5 years; 143 developed breast cancer. For both ADH and ALH, there is a 2:1 ratio of ipsilateral to contralateral breast cancer. The ipsilateral predominance is marked in the first 5 years, consistent with a precursor phenotype for both ADH and ALH. For both, there is a predominance of invasive ductal cancers with 69% of moderate or high grade. Twenty-five percent are node positive. Both ADH and ALH portend risk for ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancers, predominantly ductal, with two thirds moderate or high grade. The ipsilateral breast is at especially high risk for breast cancer in the first 5 years after atypia, with risk remaining elevated in both breasts long term. ADH and ALH behave similarly in terms of later breast cancer endpoints. Cancer Prev Res; 7(2); 211–7. ©2014 AACR.
Surface Air Temperature Changes over the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries in China Simulated by 20 CMIP5 Models
Authors: Chen Liang , Frauenfeld Oliver W. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Historical temperature variability over China during the twentieth century and projected changes under three emission scenarios for the twenty-first century are evaluated on the basis of a multimodel ensemble of 20 GCMs from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and two observational datasets. Changes relative to phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) are assessed, and the performance of individual GCMs is also quantified. Compared with observations, GCMs have substantial cold biases over the Tibetan Plateau, especially in the cold season. The timing and location of these biases also correspond to the greatest disagreement among the individual models, indicating GCMs’ limitations in reproducing climatic features in this complex terrain. The CMIP5 multimodel ensemble shows better agreement with observations than CMIP3 in terms of the temperature biases. Both CMIP3 and CMIP5 capture the climatic warming over the twentieth century. However, the magnitude of the annual mean temperature trends is underestimated. There is also limited agreement in the spatial and seasonal patterns of temperature trends over China. Based on six statistical measures, four individual models—the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model, low resolution (MPI-ESM-LR), Second Generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2), Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, Earth System Model (MIROC-ESM), and Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4)—best represent surface air temperature variability over China. The future temperature projections indicate that the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 and RCP 4.5 scenarios exhibit a gradual increase in annual temperature during the twenty-first century at a rate of 0.60° and 0.27°C (10 yr)−1, respectively. As the lowest-emission mitigation scenario, RCP 2.6 projects the lowest rate of temperature increase [0.10°C (10 yr)−1]. By the end of the twenty-first century, temperature is projected to increase by 1.7°–5.7°C, with larger warming over northern China and the Tibetan Plateau.
Incidence of Hip Pain in a Prospective Cohort of Asymptomatic Volunteers
Authors: Khanna Vickas , Caragianis Anthony , DiPrimio Gina , Rakhra Kawan , Beaulé Paul E. 
Published: January 2014

Background: Although cam-type femoroacetabular impingement is commonly associated with labral chondral damage and hip pain, a large proportion of asymptomatic individuals will have this deformity. Purpose: To determine the incidence of hip pain in a prospective cohort of volunteers who had undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of their hips. Study Design: Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 200 asymptomatic volunteers who underwent an MRI of both hips were followed for a mean time of 4.4 years (range, 4.01-4.95 years). Thirty were lost to follow-up, leaving 170 individuals (77 males, 93 females) with a mean age of 29.5 years (range, 25.7-54.5 years). All patients were blinded to the results of their MRI. All completed a follow-up questionnaire inquiring about the presence of hip pain or a history of hip pain lasting longer than 6 weeks since the original MRI. Each patient was asked to draw where the pain was on a body diagram. Results: Eleven patients (5 males, 6 females; 6.5% of sample; mean age, 29.9 years; range, 25.7-45.6 years) reported hip pain, of which 3 (1 male, 2 females) had bilateral pain for a total of 14 hips. Seven of the 14 painful hips had a cam-type deformity at the time of the initial MRI versus 37 of the 318 nonpainful hips ( P = .0002). This gave a relative risk of 4.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-7.8) of developing hip pain if cam deformity was present. Those 14 painful hips had a significantly greater alpha angle at the radial 1:30 clock position than did those who did not develop pain with a cam deformity: 61.5° (range, 57.3°-65.7°) versus 57.9° (range, 56.9°-59.1°), respectively ( P = .05). A significantly greater proportion of patients (12%) with limited internal rotation ≤20° (versus 2.7% with internal rotation >20°) went on to develop hip pain ( P = .009; relative risk = 3.1 [95% CI, 1.6-6.0]). Conclusion: The presence of a cam deformity represents a significant risk factor for the development of hip pain. An elevated alpha angle at the 1:30 clock position and decreased internal rotation are associated with an increased risk of developing hip pain. However, not all patients with a cam deformity develop hip pain, and further research is needed to better define those at greater risk of developing degenerative symptoms.
Refinements of the Heinz inequalities for matrices
Authors: Yan Yanxiong , Feng Yuming , Chen Guiyun 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article aims to discuss Heinz inequalities involving unitarily invariant norms. We use a similar method to (Feng in J. Inequal. Appl. 2012:18, 2012; Wang in J. Inequal. Appl. 2013:424, 2013) and we get different refinements of the Heinz inequalities for matrices. Our results are better than some given in (Kittaneh in Integral Equ. Oper. Theory 68:519-527, 2010) and they are different from (Feng in J. Inequal. Appl. 2012:18, 2012; Wang in J. Inequal. Appl. 2013:424, 2013).
LeMYC2 acts as a negative regulator of blue light mediated photomorphogenic growth, and promotes the growth of adult tomato plants
Authors: Gupta Nisha , Prasad V Babu Rajendra , Chattopadhyay Sudip 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundArabidopsis ZBF1/MYC2bHLH transcription factor is a repressor of photomorphogenesis, and acts as a point of cross talk in light, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. MYC2 also functions as a positive regulator of lateral root development and flowering time under long day conditions. However, the function of MYC2 in growth and development remains unknown in crop plants.ResultsHere, we report the functional analyses of LeMYC2 in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The amino acid sequence of LeMYC2 showed extensive homology with Arabidopsis MYC2, containing the conserved bHLH domain. To study the function of LeMYC2 in tomato, overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi)LeMYC2tomato transgenic plants were generated. Examination of seedling morphology, physiological responses and light regulated gene expression has revealed that LeMYC2 works as a negative regulator of blue light mediated photomorphogenesis. Furthermore, LeMYC2 specifically binds to the G-box ofLeRBCS-3Apromoter. Overexpression of LeMYC2 has led to increased root length with more number of lateral roots. The tomato plants overexpressing LeMYC2 have reduced internode distance with more branches, and display the opposite morphology to RNAi transgenic lines. Furthermore, this study shows that LeMYC2 promotes ABA and JA responsiveness.ConclusionsCollectively, this study highlights that working in light, ABA and JA signaling pathways LeMYC2 works as an important regulator for growth and development in tomato plants.
Area of ischemia assessed by physicians and software packages from myocardial perfusion scintigrams
Authors: Edenbrandt Lars , Höglund Peter , Frantz Sophia , Hasbak Philip , Johansen Allan , Johansson Lena , Kammeier Annett , Lindner Oliver , Lomsky Milan , Matsuo Shinro , Nakajima Kenichi , Nyström Karin , Olsson Eva , Sjöstrand Karl , Svensson Sven-Eric , Wakabayashi Hiroshi , Trägårdh Elin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
The European Society of Cardiology recommends that patients with >10% area of ischemia should receive revascularization. We investigated inter-observer variability for the extent of ischemic defects reported by different physicians and by different software tools, and if inter-observer variability was reduced when the physicians were provided with a computerized suggestion of the defects.

Methods
Twenty-five myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) patients who were regarded as ischemic according to the final report were included. Eleven physicians in nuclear medicine delineated the extent of the ischemic defects. After at least two weeks, they delineated the defects again, and were this time provided a suggestion of the defect delineation by EXINI HeartTM (EXINI). Summed difference scores and ischemic extent values were obtained from four software programs.

Results
The median extent values obtained from the 11 physicians varied between 8% and 34%, and between 9% and 16% for the software programs. For all 25 patients, mean extent obtained from EXINI was 17.0% (± standard deviation (SD) 14.6%). Mean extent for physicians was 22.6% (± 15.6%) for the first delineation and 19.1% (± 14.9%) for the evaluation where they were provided computerized suggestion. Intra-class correlation (ICC) increased from 0.56 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41-0.72) to 0.81 (95% CI 0.71-0.90) between the first and the second delineation, and SD between physicians were 7.8 (first) and 5.9 (second delineation).

Conclusions
There was large variability in the estimated ischemic defect size obtained both from different physicians and from different software packages. When the physicians were provided with a suggested delineation, the inter-observer variability decreased significantly.
Expression and function of visfatin (Nampt), an adipokine-enzyme involved in inflammatory pathways of osteoarthritis
Authors: Laiguillon Marie-Charlotte , Houard Xavier , Bougault Carole , Gosset Marjolaine , Nourissat Geoffroy , Sautet Alain , Jacques Claire , Berenbaum Francis , Sellam Jérémie 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Visfatin is an adipokine that may be involved in intertissular joint communication in osteoarthritis (OA). With a homodimeric conformation, it exerts nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) enzymatic activity, essential for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis. We examined the tissular origin and conformation of visfatin/Nampt in human OA joints and investigated the role of visfatin/Nampt in chondrocytes and osteoblasts by studying Nampt enzymatic activity.

Methods
Synovium, cartilage and subchondral bone from human OA joints were used for protein extraction or incubated for 24 hours in serum-free media (conditioned media), and synovial fluid was obtained from OA patients. Visfatin/Nampt expression in tissular extracts and conditioned media was evaluated by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Nampt activity was assessed in OA synovium by colorimetric assay. Primary cultures of murine chondrocytes and osteoblasts were stimulated with visfatin/Nampt and pretreated or not with APO866, a pharmacologic inhibitor of Nampt activity. The effect on cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and hypertrophic markers expression was examined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and/or ELISA.

Results
In tissular explants, conditioned media and synovial fluid, visfatin/Nampt was found as a homodimer, corresponding to the enzymatically active conformation. All human OA joint tissues released visfatin/Nampt (synovium: 628 ± 106 ng/g tissue; subchondral bone: 195 ± 26 ng/g tissue; cartilage: 152 ± 46 ng/g tissue), with significantly higher level for synovium (P <0.0005). Nampt activity was identified ex vivo in synovium. In vitro, visfatin/Nampt significantly induced the expression of interleukin 6, keratinocyte chemoattractant and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in chondrocytes and osteoblasts. APO866 decreased the mRNA and protein levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines in the two cell types (up to 94% and 63% inhibition, respectively). Levels of growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor β) and hypertrophic genes were unchanged with treatment.

Conclusion
Visfatin/Nampt is released by all human OA tissues in a dimeric enzymatically active conformation and mostly by the synovium, which displays Nampt activity. The Nampt activity of visfatin is involved in chondrocyte and osteoblast activation, so targeting this enzymatic activity to disrupt joint tissue interactions may be novel in OA therapy.