bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grammaticalization in African languages
Authors: Heine Bernd 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article aims to provide an overview of grammatical developments or grammaticalisation in African languages. It shows that grammaticalisation theory not only offers a means of reconstructing earlier states in the history of African languages but can also be of use for explaining structural characteristics of these languages. The results indicate that a number of African languages have a distinction between an inclusive and exclusive first person plural in their system of personal pronouns, which can be explained as being the result of the grammaticalisation of a noun for persons or people.
Grammaticalization in Germanic languages
Authors: Hilpert Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the history of grammaticalisation in Germanic languages. It provides Germanic examples of degrammaticalisation and explains that all Germanic languages have grammaticalised a set of auxiliary verbs. A common grammaticalisation path in Germanic is the development of discourse markers out of conjunctions. This article also provides a synchronic comparison of grammaticalised forms across the Germanic languages.
Grammaticalization from Latin to Romance
Authors: Ledgeway Adam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides an overview of grammatical developments or grammaticalisation in Latin and Romance languages. The historical sources of these languages reveal an unparalleled wealth of diachronic, diatopic, and diastratic variation, in short a fertile testing ground for assessing and shaping new ideas and perspectives about language change, structure, and variation in grammaticalization. This article explains that the Romance sentence provides dedicated grammaticalised positions for the verb, its arguments, and any accompanying adjuncts.
Grammaticalization in Slavic languages
Authors: Wiemer Björn 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the grammaticalisation developments in Slavic languages. The functions of the past tenses lost in northern Slavic are only partially covered by the younger opposition of perfective and imperfective aspect. The only new classes of morphemes that arose in some sub-areas of Slavic are the definite and the indefinite article, both with preliminary, not-yet-grammaticalised stages in some more Slavic varieties. In sum, in Slavic grammaticalization, phenomena have occurred predominantly in the realm of verbal categories; only very few phenomena are related to the noun phrase.
Parameters and Limitations of Current Conceptualizations
Authors: Watts Fraser 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe current state of the psychology of religion is reviewed, and it is argued that there would be mutual benefit in it having closer links with general psychology. At present the psychology of religion is too selective in the range of phenomena it covers, and it should be broader geographically and in terms of faith traditions. In view of the diversity of religion, better ways of classifying religious phenomena are needed if research is to work with homogeneous categories. Though questionnaire methods have played an important role, the psychology of religion would benefit from making more use of both experimental methods and qualitative, first-person accounts. The “outsider's” perspective of the psychology of religion could usually be brought into dialog with the insider's perspective of theology. Finally, there is a case for developing an approach to the psychology of religion that tackles applied practical, applied issues while remaining research based.
Overview and Development of a Trait-Based Measure of Numinous Constructs: The Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) Scale
Authors: Piedmont Ralph L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInterest in spiritual and religious (numinous) constructs has grown rapidly in the past decade. Corresponding to this interest, numerous scales have been developed to capture these qualities. The presence of so many different measures has generated some difficulties for the field, including the lack of a developed database that supports the psychological validity of many of these instruments. The Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES)1 scale addresses these concerns by clearly operationalizing spirituality and religiousness as psychological constructs that have universal relevance. This chapter provides an overview on the development and psychometric integrity of the scale. It also provides an overview of research that has examined the incremental, cross-cultural, and clinical validity of the instrument. It is concluded that the ASPIRES scale provides empirically sustainable definitions of spirituality and religiousness that reinforce their nonredundancy with established personality constructs and their relevance in predicting a wide array of psychosocially significant outcomes.
Nonlocality, Intention, and Observer Effects in Healing Studies: Laying a Foundation for the Future
Authors: Schwartz Stephan , Dossey Larry 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAll research domains are based upon epistemological assumptions. Periodic reassessment of these assumptions is crucial because they influence how we interpret experimental outcomes. Perhaps nowhere is this reassessment needed more than in the study of prayer and intention experiments: If positive results from this field of research are sustained, the reality of nonlocal consciousness must be confronted. This chapter explores the current status of healing and intention research, citing a number of major studies and using the “Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer (STEP) in Cardiac Bypass Surgery Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Uncertainty and Certainty of Receiving Intercessory Prayer” as a case study of this line of research. The chapter argues that the dose-dependent model typical of drug trials, and adopted for use in the STEP and other studies, is not the optimal model for intention-healing research, and critiques this approach in detail, citing apposite research from which we draw our recommendations and conclusions. The chapter suggests that the usual assumptions concerning blindness and randomization that prevail in studies using the pharmacological model must be reappraised. Experimental data suggest that a nonlocal relationship exists among the various individuals participating in a study, one which needs to be understood and taken seriously. We argue that it is important to account for and understand the role of both local and nonlocal observer effects, since both can significantly affect outcome. Research is presented from an array of disciplines to support why we feel these issues of linkage, belief, and intention are so important to a successful, accurate, and meaningful study outcome. Finally, we offer suggestions for new lines of research and new protocol designs that address these observer-effect issues, particularly the nonlocal aspects. The chapter finally suggests that if these effects occur in intention studies, they must necessarily exist in all studies, although in pharmacological studies they are often overshadowed by the power of chemical and biological agents.
Political Histories of Food
Authors: Ochoa Enrique C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlthough policies are in place to eradicate hunger, basic access to food remains a formidable problem worldwide. Scholars and policy analysts disagree sharply on the extent of hunger and malnutrition as well as their causes and solutions. Recent evidence suggests that foodways offer an important means of creating alternative and more egalitarian systems of food production and distribution. This article reviews the assumptions and ideologies underlying the politics of food over the past few centuries. It examines power relations shaped by shifting capitalist developmental policies and by various state and international institutions. The article first looks at the link between food, capitalism, and colonialism before turning to food shortages, famines, and political legitimacy. It also discusses food policies and nation-states from 1930 to the 1970s, along with corporate globalization and food politics from the 1970s to the 2000s. The article concludes by focusing on struggles for food sovereignty and considering alternatives to corporate food politics.
Sociology of Food
Authors: Burnett Sierra Clark , Ray Krishnendu 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe study of food, an area associated with domesticity and women's work, has been neglected in sociology for decades. Folklorists and anthropologists in the past already recognized the importance of food in the development of cultures, religions, group dynamics, symbolism, communication, and other sources of meaning in human life. Sociologists, however, have been reluctant to focus on food. Even today, when food is already a major component of studies of class and stratification, labor, and consumption, there is little sociological work dedicated to food. Before discussing the merits of food studies in general and its lessons for sociology in particular, this article provides an overview of the discipline of sociology, its theories and methods, strengths and limitations that have been adapted to the study of food.
Agricultural Production and Environmental History
Authors: Evans Sterling 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe traditional focus of agricultural history has been the study of rural landscapes, societies, and economies, as well as agricultural production and technologies. In contrast, environmental history has adopted a more interdisciplinary research approach, offering both ecological and political analyses, and addressing the world's current environmental crises from a historical perspective. Drawing on the environmental perspective, this article explores the development of human food production. Subsistence has been an important part of history from the earliest times to the advent of modern, industrial agriculture. The seasonal migrations of gathering and hunting peoples were based on their procurement of food. Although the emergence of farming and herding led to the rise of urban, elite classes specializing in other activities, food production remained the focus of the vast majority of people in agrarian empires. This article investigates the transitions between three basic modes of production: what I. G. Simmons has called the distinct "cultural ecologies" of gatherer-hunter, agrarian, and industrial societies.
Food and Empire
Authors: Sharma Jayeeta 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBetween 1926 and 1933, the Empire Marketing Board used a myriad of advertisements, posters, exhibits, and films to promote the empire's food products to British homes. The publicity campaigns were intended to show that tea from India or fruit from Australia was not foreign, but also British. Whether the Board was successful in its bid to promote intra-imperial food consumption, indeed, whether those efforts were needed in the first place, was not clear. This article focuses on foods from Asia and America that were originally thought to be exotic in Europe, initially served as indicators of elite status, and their gradual dissemination downwards. It also examines the role of long-distance trade and modern technologies in the production and distribution of new agro-industrial foods across networks of imperial knowledge and commodity circulation. The article concludes by assessing the impact of global food corporations' domination in the contemporary era, which in many ways can be seen as the equivalent of the European and American empire of the past.
Industrial Food
Authors: Petrick Gabriella M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe years between 1880 and 1930 have been characterized not only as "Hell with the lid taken off" but also as a consumer revolution. Until recently, however, little attention has been paid to how industrialization changed the foods available to Americans. This article examines what Americans were eating in the first half of the twentieth century. It first defines industrial foods as foods that are mass produced in a factory setting and require no or very little cooking to make them edible. These foods are also packaged which make them highly portable. Examples of industrial foods are commercially canned goods; frozen foods; ice cream; breads, cakes, and pies purchased at bakeries and/or groceries and supermarkets; cake mixes; hot and cold cereals; instant mashed potatoes; pastry/pie shell mixes; and jams and jellies. Industrial foods are considered products of the Cold War and the Baby Boom Generation, rather than the Gilded Age or the Progressive Era. This article also discusses home economics, food consumption, and the national diet.
Food, Mobility, and World History
Authors: Gabaccia Donna R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTo determine how scholars have tackled the study of food as part of world histories, this article reviews research connecting the history of food with that of human mobility. It explores how and under what circumstances food practices "spread" or "diffuse" among human societies. It asserts that the study of food is becoming a more central theme in world history due to recent interest in mapping the links among the culturally distinct societies of the six continents over the course of human life on earth. Such histories offer a glimpse into the relationship of the general and particular in culinary culture. World histories indicate that trade, human migrations, and media are the mechanisms that allow particular foods, food practices, food technologies, and food knowledge to travel across space and time, and cultural boundaries to become general.
The Columbian Exchange
Authors: Earle Rebecca 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Columbian Exchange refers to the flow of plants, animals and microbes across the Atlantic Ocean and beyond. Coined in 1972 by the historian Alfred Crosby, the Columbian Exchange set in motion Christopher Columbus' historic voyage to the Americas in 1492. Crosby used the term "Columbian Exchange" to describe the process of biological diffusion that arose following Europe's colonization of the Americas. Crosby's The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 chronicled the wide-ranging consequences of the transfer of diseases, plants and animals that ensued after 1492. The book, essentially consisting of a series of interlocking essays, documented the impact of Old World plants and animals on the Americas, the global dissemination of New World foods, and how European colonization resulted in the transmission of pathogens. Crosby made forceful arguments to support his claim that the most significant consequences of European colonization of the new world were biological in nature.
The Art of Chaos: Community and African American Literary Traditions
Authors: Ernest John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines African American literary traditions during the nineteenth century. It suggests that African American literary history of this time is often taken to be a rather self-evident tradition and describes the collection of works published by African American writers that were considered to have a literary veil obscuring the real work of political protest and activism. The article analyzes the works of William Wells Brown, Martin Delany, and William Grimes in the context of African American literary and cultural theory.
The Visible and Invisible City: Antebellum Writers and Urban Space
Authors: Steele Jeffrey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the works of antebellum writers about city and urban space. It investigates how American writers accessed social and political phenomena which elude visual perception, and suggests that Lydia Maria Child, George Lippard, Fanny Fern, and other authors who toured, investigated, and ambled around city spaces confronted this challenge posed by urbanization. The article contends that in pioneering new structures of literary attention, a number of antebellum urban writers showed their readers vast areas of life which had hitherto been invisible.
The Role of Imagery in Performance
Authors: Cumming Jennifer , Williams Sarah E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractImagery is both a fundamental cognitive process for producing motor actions and a performance-enhancing technique widely used by athletes and dancers. In this chapter, we review findings from basic and applied research to comprehensively define imagery and describe its key characteristics. Using a cognitive neuroscience explanation, we discuss how imagery is involved with motor skill performance and the practical implications for this explanation in planning more effective interventions through application of the PETTLEP model (Holmes & Collins, 2001 ). We also focus on the development of imagery ability, an important individual difference variable impacting the value of imagery, and discuss how certain aspects of this characteristic can be improved. We then describe other imagery outcomes and offer a revised model based on our review to guide further research and application. We conclude with future directions for imagery research and its practical use for performers, including contemporary issues to be addressed by researchers in the field.
Modeling and Performance
Authors: McCullagh Penny , Law Barbi , Ste-Marie Diane 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter we review theoretical and conceptual approaches in the sport and exercise psychology literature, as well as recognizing research in other domains (performing arts, education, medicine, health) to determine the influence that watching oneself or others can have on one's own performance, as well as on psychological variables such as self-efficacy, anxiety, and self-regulation. We recognize that various terms have been used to describe this phenomenon, including observational learning, modeling, and self-modeling, and we also review recent research that shows how athletes use observation in realistic sport settings. Finally, a brief discussion of role models and the influence that technology has had, including the influence of virtual models, is highlighted. Suggestions for future research are included throughout the chapter.
Leadership and Manifestations of Sport
Authors: Chelladurai Packianathan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAfter summarizing prevalent models of leadership in sport, the chapter identifies the inconsistencies among the guidelines emanating from these models. Based on the three distinct manifestations of sport—egalitarian sport, elite sport, and entertainment sport, a reconciliation and synthesis is offered based on the different purposes of sport participation—pursuit of pleasure and pursuit of excellence.
Physical Activity Interventions
Authors: Biddle Stuart J. H. , Gorely Trish 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPhysical activity is a key behavior in modern public health and is a topic of great concern to governments and health agencies. Psychologists can contribute to a better understanding of physical activity behavior by studying and explaining factors associated with participation in physical activity and interventions to change such behaviors. This chapter outlines the evidence on correlates for physical activity across the age span, what mediators might be important for behavior change, and what current evidence on interventions is available to guide thinking on behavior change.
The Role of the Sport and Performance Psychologist with the Coach and Team: Implications for Performance Consulting
Authors: Carr Christopher M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe complex and dynamic relationships among the sport psychologist, the coach, and the team (athletes and staff) are discussed in this chapter. The consultative nature of the work of the sport and performance psychologist and how psychological interventions are applied in organizational settings are addressed and discussed. Specific relationship issues and consultation strategies related to coaches, support staff (e.g., sports medicine personnel), the team, and individual athletes are presented. Several common consultation issues, such as role definition, professional challenges (e.g., isolation), managing conflicts, and dealing with successful/unsuccessful performance, are discussed. I use a number of examples from my own experiences with professional consultations at the collegiate, Olympic, and professional sports levels to identify and describe key issues in organizational consulting. Based on lessons drawn from these experiences and on the fundamental principles of systems theory as applied to organizations, I offer a number of practical strategies to enhance consultant effectiveness when working with elite, high-performing teams.
Individual Differences
Authors: Murphy Kevin R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIndividual differences in cognitive and physical abilities, personality, interests, and core self-concepts are all relevant for understanding behavior in organizations. Cognitive abilities are hierarchically organized, which implies that general cognitive ability predicts performance on most tasks that involves active information processing. Physical abilities show a less well-defined structure; these abilities tend to be relevant to more narrowly defined tasks. Personality traits (especially the Big-Five—Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) are most relevant to understanding interpersonal interactions. They are related to job performance, but this relationship is surprisingly weak. Interests are related to vocational choice, motivation, and satisfaction. Individual differences in core self-evaluations predict a willingness to take the initiative, to persevere, and to attempt to achieve challenging goals.
The Concept of Validity and the Process of Validation
Authors: Sackett Paul R. , Putka Dan J. , McCloy Rodney A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter we first set the stage by focusing on the concept of validity, documenting key changes over time in how the term is used and examining the specific ways in which the concept is instantiated in the domain of personnel selection. We then move from conceptual to operational and discuss issues in the use of various strategies to establish what we term the predictive inference, namely, that scores on the predictor measure of interest can be used to draw inferences about an individual's future job behavior or other criterion of interest. Finally, we address a number of specialized issues aimed at illustrating some of the complexities and nuances of validation.
Person–Environment Fit in the Selection Process
Authors: Ostroff Cheri , Zhan Yujie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to review and synthesize theory and research on person–environment (PE) fit as it applies to selection and recruitment from both the organization's and applicant's perspective. PE fit conceptualizations are briefly reviewed, delineating different subtypes, modes, and operationalizations of fit, with particular attention to their role in selection. A heuristic model is then developed that explores how actual assessment of fit as well as perceptions of the degree of fit influence hiring decisions on the part of the organization and decisions to join the organization on the part of the applicant. Individual and organizational factors that influence the degree of fit during recruiting and selection are addressed as well as the effect of fit on initial work responses and behaviors. Implications of the framework are discussed to provide future directions for research and theory.