bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is it possible to individually identify red foxes from photographs?
Authors: Güthlin Denise , Storch Ilse , Küchenhoff Helmut 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe individual identification of animals from photographs is increasingly used to obtain density estimates not only for animals with distinct natural markings but also for species with little or no distinct markings, such as coyotes (Canis latrans), pumas (Puma concolor) and tapirs (Tapirus terrestris). This lack of distinct natural markings may lead to large error rates in the assessment of photographs, and as a consequence result in poor abundance estimates. We conducted an experiment asking expert observers to identify individual red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from a set of photographs taken by automatic camera‐traps. Our objectives were to determine whether reliable individual identification of red foxes from photographs is possible and, if possible, to improve the identification process. Exact assessment of error rates in individual identification can only be achieved if photographs of known individuals are available. This is rarely the case; therefore, we used photographs of red foxes from different study sites and determined the lower limit of the proportion of false positive matches. Our analysis, based on 10 expert responses, suggested that individual identification of red foxes is not reliable. The number of individual foxes assessed by the observers varied between 4 and 23 individuals. The minimal proportion of false positive matches was very large (>50% of the photographs considered to be of the same individual were from 2 different study sites) and there was little agreement among experts on which photographs showed the same individuals. Hence, we caution against individual identification from photographs of red foxes and other animals with similar or less natural markings without further testing. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
I Wish the Views Were Clearer: Children's Wishes and Views in Australian Family Law
Authors: Campbell Alan 
Published: December 2013

In 2006, legislative changes were made to the Australian Family Law Act 1975. These changes included a revision of the matters that must be considered when determining children's best interests following parental separation, at Section 60CC. This section lists two ‘primary considerations’, which relate to the child's having a ‘meaningful relationship’ with both parents and ensuring that children are safe in their interactions with their parents and others in their lives. The first of the ‘Additional considerations’ under Section 60CC concerns ‘any views expressed by the child and any factors (such as the child's maturity or level of understanding) that the court thinks are relevant to the weight it should give to the child's views’. This consideration differs from that in the pre-2006 Act, which referred to a child's ‘wishes’ rather than her/his ‘views’. There is evidence, however, that those working in the family law system may not yet have made the shift towards understanding what these changes may entail.In this article I explore the differences between the concepts of ‘wishes’ and ‘views’ as they relate to children in family law matters. I argue that these concepts are qualitatively different, and that children's ‘views’ are far more encompassing than their ‘wishes’. Moving to a far broader understanding of children and their ability to understand issues that directly affect their lives may lead to the development of more comprehensive decisions about their futures.
Effect of fluid inertia on the dynamics and scaling of neutrally buoyant particles in shear flow
Authors: Rosén T. , Lundell F. , Aidun C. K. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe basic dynamics of a prolate spheroidal particle suspended in shear flow is studied using lattice Boltzmann simulations. The spheroid motion is determined by the particle Reynolds number (${\mathit{Re}}_{p} $) and Stokes number ($\mathit{St}$), estimating the effects of fluid and particle inertia, respectively, compared with viscous forces on the particle. The particle Reynolds number is defined by${\mathit{Re}}_{p} = 4G{a}^{2} / \nu $, where$G$is the shear rate,$a$is the length of the spheroid major semi-axis and$\nu $is the kinematic viscosity. The Stokes number is defined as$\mathit{St}= \alpha \boldsymbol{\cdot} {\mathit{Re}}_{p} $, where$\alpha $is the solid-to-fluid density ratio. Here, a neutrally buoyant prolate spheroidal particle ($\mathit{St}= {\mathit{Re}}_{p} $) of aspect ratio (major axis/minor axis)${r}_{p} = 4$is considered. The long-term rotational motion for different initial orientations and${\mathit{Re}}_{p} $is explained by the dominant inertial effect on the particle. The transitions between rotational states are subsequently studied in detail in terms of nonlinear dynamics. Fluid inertia is seen to cause several bifurcations typical for a nonlinear system with odd symmetry around a double zero eigenvalue. Particle inertia gives rise to centrifugal forces which drives the particle to rotate with the symmetry axis in the flow-gradient plane (tumbling). At high${\mathit{Re}}_{p} $, the motion is constrained to this planar motion regardless of initial orientation. At a certain critical Reynolds number,${\mathit{Re}}_{p} = {\mathit{Re}}_{c} $, a motionless (steady) state is created through an infinite-period saddle-node bifurcation and consequently the tumbling period near the transition is scaled as$\vert {\mathit{Re}}_{p} - {\mathit{Re}}_{c} {\vert }^{- 1/ 2} $. Analyses in this paper show that if a transition from tumbling to steady state occurs at${\mathit{Re}}_{p} = {\mathit{Re}}_{c} $, then any parameter$\beta $(e.g. confinement or particle spacing) that influences the value of${\mathit{Re}}_{c} $, such that${\mathit{Re}}_{p} = {\mathit{Re}}_{c} $as$\beta = {\beta }_{c} $, will lead to a period that scales as$\vert \beta - {\beta }_{c} {\vert }^{- 1/ 2} $and is independent of particle shape or any geometric aspect ratio in the flow.
Designing a more nonlinearly stable laminar flow via boundary manipulation
Authors: Rabin S. M. E. , Caulfield C. P. , Kerswell R. R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe show how a fully nonlinear variational method can be used to design a more nonlinearly stable laminar shear flow by quantifying the effect of manipulating the boundary conditions of the flow. Using the example of plane Couette flow, we demonstrate that by forcing the boundaries to undergo spanwise oscillations in a certain way, it is possible to increase the critical disturbance energy for the onset of turbulence by 41 %. If this is sufficient to ensure laminar flow (i.e. ambient noise does not exceed this increased threshold), nearly four times less energy is consumed than in the turbulent flow which exists in the absence of imposed spanwise oscillations.
Kinetic-theory predictions of clustering instabilities in granular flows: beyond the small-Knudsen-number regime
Authors: Mitrano Peter P. , Zenk John R. , Benyahia Sofiane , Galvin Janine E. , Dahl Steven R. , Hrenya Christine M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn this work we quantitatively assess, via instabilities, a Navier–Stokes-order (small-Knudsen-number) continuum model based on the kinetic theory analogy and applied to inelastic spheres in a homogeneous cooling system. Dissipative collisions are known to give rise to instabilities, namely velocity vortices and particle clusters, for sufficiently large domains. We compare predictions for the critical length scales required for particle clustering obtained from transient simulations using the continuum model with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The agreement between continuum simulations and MD simulations is excellent, particularly given the presence of well-developed velocity vortices at the onset of clustering. More specifically, spatial mapping of the local velocity-field Knudsen numbers ($K{n}_{u} $) at the time of cluster detection reveals $K{n}_{u} \gg 1$ due to the presence of large velocity gradients associated with vortices. Although kinetic-theory-based continuum models are based on a small-$Kn$ (i.e. small-gradient) assumption, our findings suggest that, similar to molecular gases, Navier–Stokes-order (small-$Kn$) theories are surprisingly accurate outside their expected range of validity.
Stabilizing effect of optimally amplified streaks in parallel wakes
Authors: Del Guercio Gerardo , Cossu Carlo , Pujals Gregory 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe show that optimal perturbations artificially forced in parallel wakes can be used to completely suppress the absolute instability and to reduce the maximum temporal growth rate of the inflectional instability. To this end we compute optimal transient energy growths of stable streamwise uniform perturbations supported by a parallel wake for a set of Reynolds numbers and spanwise wavenumbers. The maximum growth rates are shown to be proportional to the square of the Reynolds number and to increase with spanwise wavelengths with sinuous perturbations slightly more amplified than varicose ones. Optimal initial conditions consist of streamwise vortices and the optimally amplified perturbations are streamwise streaks. Families of nonlinear streaky wakes are then computed by direct numerical simulation using optimal initial vortices of increasing amplitude as initial conditions. The stabilizing effect of nonlinear streaks on temporal and spatiotemporal growth rates is then determined by analysing the linear impulse response supported by the maximum amplitude streaky wakes profiles. This analysis reveals that at $\mathit{Re}= 50$, streaks of spanwise amplitude ${A}_{s} \approx 8\hspace{0.167em} \% {U}_{\infty } $ can completely suppress the absolute instability, converting it into a convective instability. The sensitivity of the absolute and maximum temporal growth rates to streak amplitudes is found to be quadratic, as has been recently predicted. As the sensitivity to two-dimensional (2D, spanwise uniform) perturbations is linear, three-dimensional (3D) perturbations become more effective than the 2D ones only at finite amplitudes. Concerning the investigated cases, 3D perturbations become more effective than the 2D ones for streak amplitudes ${A}_{s} \gtrsim 3\hspace{0.167em} \% {U}_{\infty } $ in reducing the maximum temporal amplification and ${A}_{s} \gtrsim 12\hspace{0.167em} \% {U}_{\infty } $ in reducing the absolute growth rate. However, due to the large optimal energy growths they experience, 3D optimal perturbations are found to be much more efficient than 2D perturbations in terms of initial perturbation amplitudes. Despite their lower maximum transient amplification, varicose streaks are found to be always more effective than sinuous ones in stabilizing the wakes, in accordance with previous findings.
A nationwide study on delirium in psychiatric patients from 1995 to 2011
Authors: Lundberg Anne Sofie , Okkels Niels , Gustafsson Lea Nørgreen , Larsen Janne Tidselbak , Sørensen Lisbeth Uhrskov , Munk-Jørgensen Povl 
Published: December 2013

ObjectivesDelirium shares symptoms with some mental illnesses. This may lead to misdiagnosis of delirium in psychiatric patients and a risk of inadequate management. Moreover, literature on delirium in psychiatric patients is sparse. The aim was to analyse possible changes in the diagnostic incidence of delirium in psychiatric patients from 1995 to 2011, and to investigate the patients with regard to sex, age, and type of patient.MethodsAll first time ever diagnoses of delirium among psychiatric patients were identified in the nationwide Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register (DPCRR) from 1995 to 2011. The delirium diagnoses include (1) delirium unspecified, (2) delirium with dementia, and (3) drug-related delirium, all in accordance with International Classification of Diseases-10. The incidence rates were age standardised.ResultsA total of 15 680 persons diagnosed with delirium for the first time were identified in the DPCRR between 1995 and 2011. The total incidence rate of delirium has decreased, reaching 8.4/1000 person-years in 2011. In 2011, 2.6% of the demented patients were diagnosed with delirium with dementia. Diagnosis of delirium is significantly more common in men, and the three groups of delirium showed a characteristic age distribution.ConclusionOur incidences were markedly lower when compared with previous studies. This suggests a possible underdiagnosis of delirium in psychiatric hospitals and should be investigated further, as delirium is a serious state and identifying the syndrome is important for sufficient treatment.
Influence of parental socio-economic status on diet quality of European adolescents: results from the HELENA study
Authors: Béghin L. , Dauchet L. , De Vriendt Tineke , Cuenca-García M. , Manios Y. , Toti E. , Plada M. , Widhalm K. , Repasy J. , Huybrechts I. , Kersting M. , Moreno L. A. , Dallongeville J. 
Published: December 2013

Diet quality is influenced by socio-economic and geographical factors. The present study sought to assess whether adolescents' diet quality is affected by their parents' socio-economic status and whether the relationship between these factors is similar in northern and southern Europe. Data collected in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study in eight European countries were analysed. Dietary intake data were recorded via repeated 24 h recalls (using specifically developed HELENA Dietary Intake Assessment Tool software) and converted into an adolescent-specific Diet Quality Index (DQI-AM). Socio-economic status was estimated through parental educational level (Par-Educ-Lev) and parental occupation level (Par-Occ-Lev) as reported by the adolescents in a specific questionnaire. The DQI-AM data were then analysed as a function of Par-Educ-Lev and Par-Occ-Lev in northern European countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden) and southern European countries (Greece, Italy and Spain). We studied a total of 1768 adolescents (age 14·7 (sd 1·3) years; percentage of girls: 52·8 %; 1135 and 633 subjects from northern and southern Europe, respectively). On average, the DQI-AM score was higher in southern Europe than in northern Europe (69·1 (sd 0·1) v. 60·4 (sd 2·8), respectively; P< 0·001; Δ = 12·6 %). The DQI was positively correlated with both paternal and maternal Par-Educ-Lev. However, this association was more pronounced in northern Europe than in southern Europe (P interaction = 0·004 for the mother and 0·06 for the father). The DQI was also positively correlated with Par-Occ-Lev (all P trends < 0·01), but this correlation was independent of the geographical area (P interaction = 0·51 for the mother and 0·50 for the father). In conclusion, Par-Educ-Lev and Par-Occ-Lev are associated with diet quality in adolescents in Europe. However, this association differs between northern Europe and southern Europe.
Effects of exposure to a cafeteria diet during gestation and after weaning on the metabolism and body weight of adult male offspring in rats
Authors: Mucellini Amanda Brondani , Goularte Jéferson Ferraz , de Araujo da Cunha Ana Carla , Caceres Rafael Corrêa , Noschang Cristie , da Silva Benetti Carla , Silveira Patrícia Pelufo , Sanvitto Gilberto Luiz 
Published: December 2013

In the present study, we investigated whether maternal exposure to a cafeteria diet affects the metabolism and body composition of offspring and whether such an exposure has a cumulative effect during the lifetime of the offspring. Female rats were fed a control (CON) or a cafeteria (CAF) diet from their own weaning to the weaning of their offspring. At 21 d of age, male offspring were divided into four groups by diet during gestation and after weaning (CON-CON, CON-CAF, CAF-CON and CAF-CAF). Blood was collected from dams (after weaning) and pups (at 30 and 120 d of age) by decapitation. CAF dams had significantly greater body weight and adipose tissue weight and higher concentrations of total cholesterol, insulin and leptin than CON dams (Student's t test). The energy intake of CAF rats was higher than that of CON rats regardless of the maternal diet (two-way ANOVA). Litters had similar body weights at weaning and at 30 d of age, but at 120 d, CON-CAF rats were heavier. At both ages, CAF rats had greater adipose tissue weight than CON rats regardless of the maternal diet, and the concentrations of TAG and cholesterol were similar between the two groups, as were blood glucose concentrations at 30 d of age. However, at 120 d of age, CAF rats were hyperglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic and hyperleptinaemic regardless of the maternal diet. These findings suggest that maternal obesity does not modulate the metabolism of male offspring independently, modifying body weight only when associated with the intake of a cafeteria diet by the offspring.
α-Retinol and 3,4-didehydroretinol support growth in rats when fed at equimolar amounts and α-retinol is not toxic after repeated administration of large doses
Authors: Riabroy Napaporn , Dever Joseph T. , Tanumihardjo Sherry A. 
Published: December 2013

Dietary α-carotene is present in oranges and purple-orange carrots. Upon the central cleavage of α-carotene in the intestine, α-retinal and retinal are formed and reduced to α-retinol (αR) and retinol. Previous reports have suggested that αR has 2 % biopotency of all-trans-retinyl acetate due in part to its inability to bind to the retinol-binding protein. In the present work, we carried out three studies. Study 1 re-determined αR's biopotency compared with retinol and 3,4-didehydroretinol in a growth assay. Weanling rats (n40) were fed a vitamin A-deficient diet for 8 weeks, divided into four treatment groups (n10/group) and orally dosed with 50 nmol/d retinyl acetate (14·3 μg retinol), α-retinyl acetate (143 μg αR), 3,4-didehydroretinyl acetate (14·2 μg DR) or cottonseed oil (negative control). Supplementation was continued until the control rats exhibited deficiency signs 5 weeks after the start of supplementation. Body weights and AUC values for growth response revealed that αR and DR had 40–50 and 120–130 % bioactivity, respectively, compared with retinol. In study 2, the influence of αR on liver ROH storage was investigated. The rats (n40) received 70 nmol retinyl acetate and 0, 17·5, 35 or 70 nmol α-retinyl acetate daily for 3 weeks. Although liver retinol concentrations differed among the groups, αR did not appreciably interfere with retinol storage. In study 3, the accumulation and disappearance of αR over time and potential liver pathology were determined. The rats (n15) were fed 3·5 μmol/d α-retinyl acetate for 21 d and the groups were killed at 1-, 2- and 3-week intervals. No liver toxicity was observed. In conclusion, αR and didehydroretinol are more biopotent than previously reported at sustained equimolar dosing of 50 nmol/d, which is an amount of retinol known to keep rats in vitamin A balance.
Dietary l-arginine supplementation attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in broiler chickens
Authors: Tan Jianzhuang , Liu Shasha , Guo Yuming , Applegate Todd J. , Eicher Susan D. 
Published: December 2013

In the present study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary l-arginine (Arg) supplementation on the inflammatory response and innate immunity of broiler chickens. Expt 1 was designed as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (n 8 cages/treatment; n 6 birds/cage) with three dietary Arg concentrations (1·05, 1·42 and 1·90 %) and two immune treatments (injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline) given at an interval of 48 h between 14 and 21 d of age. In Expt 2, correlation between dietary Arg concentration (0·99, 1·39, 1·76, 2·13 or 2·53 %) and percentage of circulating B cells (percentage of circulating lymphocytes) was determined. In Expt 1, LPS injection decreased body-weight gain and feed intake and increased feed conversion ratio of the challenged broilers (14–21 d; P< 0·05). LPS injection suppressed (P< 0·05) the percentages of splenic CD11+ and B cells (percentages of splenic lymphocytes) and phagocytic activity of splenic heterophils and macrophages; Arg supplementation linearly decreased the percentages of CD11+, CD14+ and B cells in the spleen (P< 0·10). LPS injection increased (P< 0·05) the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in the spleen and caecal tonsils. Arginine supplementation decreased (P< 0·05) the expression of IL-1β, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and PPAR-γ mRNA in the spleen and IL-1β, IL-10, TLR4 and NF-κB mRNA in the caecal tonsils. In Expt 2, increasing dietary Arg concentrations linearly and quadratically reduced the percentage of circulating B cells (P< 0·01). Collectively, Arg supplementation attenuated the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines probably through the suppression of the TLR4 pathway and CD14+ cell percentage. Furthermore, excessive Arg supplementation (1·76 %) suppressed the percentages of circulating and splenic B cells.
Dietary phyto-oestrogens and the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers: findings from two Australian case–control studies
Authors: Neill Annette S. , Ibiebele Torukiri I. , Lahmann Petra H. , Hughes Maria Celia , Nagle Christina M. , Webb Penelope M. ,   for the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group and Australian National Endometrial Cancer Study Group
Published: December 2013

Phyto-oestrogens have been suggested to have a protective effect on hormone-sensitive cancers. However, few studies have investigated the association between dietary phyto-oestrogens and gynaecological cancers. In the present study, we analysed data from two population-based case–control studies of ovarian (1366 cases and 1414 controls) and endometrial (1288 cases and 1435 controls) cancers. Dietary intake information was obtained using a 135-item FFQ, and phyto-oestrogen intake was estimated using published food composition databases. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted OR and 95 % CI. In multivariable analyses, there was a suggestive pattern of inverse associations between increasing intakes of total phyto-oestrogens, isoflavones and enterolignans and the risk of ovarian cancer. However, the results only reached statistical significance for the lignan compounds matairesinol and lariciresinol, where the OR for the highestv.the lowest intake category was 0·72 (95 % CI 0·54, 0·96;Pfor trend = 0·02) for matairesinol and 0·72 (95 % CI 0·55, 0·96;Pfor trend = 0·03) for lariciresinol. When the risk of ovarian cancer was assessed by subtype, there was an indication that increasing intakes of phyto-oestrogens may be associated with a decreased risk of mucinous (casesn158) ovarian tumours (OR for the highestv.the lowest intake category: 0·47 (95 % CI 0·24, 0·93);Pfor trend = 0·04). However, there were no significant associations with other histological subtypes. In contrast, dietary phyto-oestrogens (total or any subclass) were unrelated to the risk of endometrial cancer cases overall or by subtype.