bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic routes contaminate graphene materials with a whole spectrum of unanticipated metallic elements
Authors: Wong Colin Hong An , Sofer Zdeněk , Kubešová Marie , Kučera Jan , Matějková Stanislava , Pumera Martin 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Graphene is well-poised to revolutionize many industries because of its multitude of exceptional properties. Current bulk synthesis of graphene materials typically starts with the oxidation of graphite to graphite oxide followed by a reduction step. Many different methods exist for both the oxidation and reduction steps, leading to highly variable types and amounts of metallic contaminations that originate from the reagents themselves. These impurities are able to alter the graphene materials’ properties significantly, which impacts the range of potential applications for which these graphene materials are suitable. Thus, proper characterization of metallic contamination is highly important to ensure the suitability of a chosen set of synthetic procedures to the final application of the graphene material.
Increased Diaphragmatic Contribution to Inspiratory Effort during Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assistance versus Pressure Support
Authors: Cecchini Jérôme , Schmidt Matthieu , Demoule Alexandre , Similowski Thomas 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background:
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA), regulated exclusively by the electromyographic activity (EA) of the diaphragm (EAdi), could affect the distribution of neural drive to the various inspiratory muscles. The objective of this study was to compare EAdi, EA of the scalene (EAscal), and EA of the alae nasi (EAan), according to the ventilatory mode and assist level in 12 mechanically ventilated patients.

Methods:
Seven assist levels of pressure support ventilation (PSV) and NAVA were sequentially applied. EAdi, EAscal, and EAan were quantified and expressed as a percentage of their maximum values. The relative contributions of extradiaphragmatic muscles to inspiratory efforts were assessed by calculating EAscal/EAdi and EAan/EAdi ratios. Three assist levels for each of the two ventilatory modes that resulted in EAdi values of 80 to 100%, 60 to 80%, and 40 to 60% were assigned to three groups (N1, N2, and N3). Results are expressed as median and interquartile range.

Results:
EA of inspiratory muscles decreased during PSV and NAVA (P < 0.0001). Although EAdi remained constant within groups (P = 0.9), EAscal was reduced during NAVA compared with PSV in N1 and N3 (65% [62 to 64] and 27% [18 to 34] in NAVA vs. 90% [81 to 100] and 49% [40 to 55] in PSV, P = 0.007). Altogether, EAscal/EAdi and EAan/EAdi ratios were lower in NAVA than PSV (0.7 [0.6 to 0.7] and 0.7 [0.6 to 0.8] in NAVA vs. 0.9 [0.8 to 1.1] and 0.9 [0.7 to 1.1] in PSV, P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
NAVA and PSV both reduced extradiaphragmatic inspiratory muscle activity, in proportion to the level of assistance. Compared with PSV, NAVA resulted in a predominant contribution of the diaphragm to inspiratory effort.
Brain Serotonin Content Regulates the Manifestation of Tramadol-induced Seizures in Rats
Authors: Fujimoto Yohei , Funao Tomoharu , Suehiro Koichi , Takahashi Ryota , Mori Takashi , Nishikawa Kiyonobu 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background:
Tramadol-induced seizures might be pathologically associated with serotonin syndrome. Here, the authors investigated the relationship between serotonin and the seizure-inducing potential of tramadol.

Methods:
Two groups of rats received pretreatment to modulate brain levels of serotonin and one group was treated as a sham control (n = 6 per group). Serotonin modulation groups received either para-chlorophenylalanine or benserazide + 5-hydroxytryptophan. Serotonin, dopamine, and histamine levels in the posterior hypothalamus were then measured by microdialysis, while simultaneously infusing tramadol until seizure onset. In another experiment, seizure threshold with tramadol was investigated in rats intracerebroventricularly administered with either a serotonin receptor antagonist (methysergide) or saline (n = 6).

Results:
Pretreatment significantly affected seizure threshold and serotonin fluctuations. The threshold was lowered in para-chlorophenylalanine group and raised in benserazide + 5-hydroxytryptophan group (The mean ± SEM amount of tramadol needed to induce seizures; sham: 43.1 ± 4.2 mg/kg, para-chlorophenylalanine: 23.2 ± 2.8 mg/kg, benserazide + 5-hydroxytryptophan: 59.4 ± 16.5 mg/kg). Levels of serotonin at baseline, and their augmentation with tramadol infusion, were less in the para-chlorophenylalanine group and greater in the benserazide + 5-hydroxytryptophan group. Furthermore, seizure thresholds were negatively correlated with serotonin levels (correlation coefficient; 0.71, P < 0.01), while intracerebroventricular methysergide lowered the seizure threshold (P < 0.05 vs. saline).

Conclusions:
The authors determined that serotonin-reduced rats were predisposed to tramadol-induced seizures, and that serotonin concentrations were negatively associated with seizure thresholds. Moreover, serotonin receptor antagonism precipitated seizure manifestation, indicating that tramadol-induced seizures are distinct from serotonin syndrome.
Duodenal Hematoma Following EGD
Authors: Sahn Benjamin , Anupindi Sudha A. , Dadhania Neha J. , Kelsen Judith R. , Nance Michael L. , Mamula Petar 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTBackground:Duodenal hematoma (DH) is a rare complication of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with duodenal biopsy and uncommon, but better described following blunt abdominal trauma (BAT). We aimed to describe DH incidence and investigate risk factors for DH development post‐EGD and compare its features to those post‐BAT.Methods:Multiple electronic databases were searched for the diagnosis of DH from 2000 to 2012. Inclusion criteria were patients 0 to 21 years of age who developed a DH following EGD with biopsy or BAT. Exclusion criteria were DH secondary to any other mechanism, EGD performed at another medical center, and insufficient information in the electronic medical record to determine treatments or outcomes.Results:A total of 14 post‐EGD and 15 post‐BAT patients with DH were included in the study. There were 26,905 EGDs with duodenal biopsies performed during the study period, for an incidence of 1:1922 procedures. Thirteen of 14 (93%) post‐EGD DH events occurred between 2007 and 2012 (P < 0.001). The proportion of procedures performed under general anesthesia versus moderate sedation, and performed in the supine position versus left lateral decubitus were close to but did not reach statistical significance. DH‐related complications and time to hematoma resolution was similar between groups.Conclusions:In a 13‐year study period, 14 patients developed DH after EGD, for an incidence of 1:1922. Method of sedation and supine positioning of the patient during endoscopy warrant further investigation as potential risks. The clinical course and time to recovery with conservative management are similar between patients with EGD and BAT‐induced DH.
Analysis of Adverse Events Associated With Adult Moderate Procedural Sedation Outside the Operating Room
Authors: Karamnov Sergey , Sarkisian Natalia , Grammer Rebecca , Gross Wendy L. , Urman Richard D. 
Published: September 2014

Introduction
Moderate sedation outside the operating room is performed for a variety of medical and surgical procedures. It involves the administration of different drug combinations by nonanesthesia professionals. Few data exist on risk stratification and patient outcomes in the adult population. Current literature suggests that sedation can be associated with significant adverse outcomes.

Objectives
The aims of this study were to evaluate the nature of adverse events associated with moderate sedation and to examine their relation to patient characteristics and outcomes.

Methods
In this retrospective review, 52 cases with moderate sedation safety incidents were identified out of approximately 143,000 cases during an 8-year period at a tertiary care medical center. We describe types of adverse events and the severity of associated harm. We used bivariate and multivariate analyses to examine the links between event types and both patient and procedure characteristics.

Results
The most common adverse event and unplanned intervention were oversedation leading to apnea (57.7% of cases) and the use of reversal agents (55.8%), respectively. Oversedation, hypoxemia, reversal agent use, and prolonged bag-mask ventilation were most common in cardiology (84.6%, 53.9%, 84.6%, and 38.5% of cases, respectively) and gastroenterology (87.5%, 75%, 87.5%, and 50%) suites. Miscommunication was reported most frequently in the emergency department (83.3%) and on the inpatient floor (69.2%). Higher body mass index was associated with increased rates of hypoxemia and intubation but lower rates of hypotension. Advanced age boosted the rates of oversedation, hypoxemia, and reversal agent use. Women were more likely than men to experience oversedation, hypotension, prolonged bag-mask ventilation, and reversal agent use. Patient harm was associated with age, body mass index, comorbidities, female sex, and procedures in the gastroenterology suite.

Conclusions
Providers should take into account patient characteristics and procedure types when assessing the risks of harmful sedation-related complications.
A measurement of
G
with a cryogenic torsion pendulum
Authors: Newman Riley , Bantel Michael , Berg Eric , Cross William 
Published: September 2014

A measurement of Newton's gravitational constant
G
has been made with a cryogenic torsion pendulum operating below 4 K in a dynamic mode in which
G
is determined from the change in torsional period when a field source mass is moved between two orientations. The source mass was a pair of copper rings that produced an extremely uniform gravitational field gradient, whereas the pendulum was a thin fused silica plate, a combination that minimized the measurement's sensitivity to error in pendulum placement. The measurement was made using an as-drawn CuBe torsion fibre, a heat-treated CuBe fibre, and an as-drawn Al5056 fibre. The pendulum operated with a set of different large torsional amplitudes. The three fibres yielded high
Q
-values: 82 000, 120 000 and 164 000, minimizing experimental bias from fibre anelasticity.
G
-values found with the three fibres are, respectively: {6.67435(10),6.67408(15),6.67455(13)}×10
−11
m
3
kg
−1
s
−2
, with corresponding uncertainties 14, 22 and 20 ppm. Relative to the CODATA2010
G
-value, these are higher by 77, 37 and 107 ppm, respectively. The unweighted average of the three
G
-values, with the unweighted average of their uncertainties, is 6.67433(13)×10
−11
m
3
kg
−1
s
−2
(19 ppm).
Myoinhibitory peptide regulates feeding in the marine annelidPlatynereis
Authors: Williams Elizabeth A. , Conzelmann Markus , Jékely Gáspár 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundDuring larval settlement and metamorphosis, marine invertebrates undergo changes in habitat, morphology, behavior and physiology. This change between life-cycle stages is often associated with a change in diet or a transition between a non-feeding and a feeding form. How larvae regulate changes in feeding during this life cycle transition is not well understood. Neuropeptides are known to regulate several aspects of feeding, such as food search, ingestion and digestion. The marine annelidPlatynereis dumeriliihas a complex life cycle with a pelagic non-feeding larval stage and a benthic feeding postlarval stage, linked by the process of settlement. The conserved neuropeptide myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) is a key regulator of larval settlement behavior inPlatynereis. Whether MIP also regulates the initiation of feeding, another aspect of the pelagic-to-benthic transition inPlatynereis, is currently unknown.ResultsHere, we explore the contribution of MIP to feeding in settledPlatynereispostlarvae. We find that MIP is expressed in the gut of developing larvae in sensory neurons that densely innervate the foregut and hindgut. Activating MIP signaling by synthetic neuropeptide addition causes increased gut peristalsis and more frequent pharynx extensions leading to increased food intake. Conversely, morpholino-mediated knockdown of MIP expression inhibits feeding. In the long-term, treatment ofPlatynereispostlarvae with synthetic MIP increases growth rate and results in earlier cephalic metamorphosis.ConclusionsOur results show that MIP activates ingestion and digestion inPlatynereispostlarvae. MIP is expressed in sensory-neurosecretory cells of the digestive system indicating that following larval settlement, feeding is initiated by a direct sensory mechanism. This is similar to the mechanism by which MIP induces larval settlement. The pleiotropic roles of MIP may thus have evolved by redeploying the same signaling mechanism in different aspects of a life cycle transition.
Automated evaluation system of dermoscopic images of longitudinal melanonychia: Proposition of a discrimination index for detecting early nail apparatus melanoma
Authors: Koga Hiroshi , Yoshikawa Shunji , Sekiguchi Akihito , Fujii Jyuzo , Saida Toshiaki , Sota Takayuki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe prognosis of nail apparatus melanoma is generally poor because of difficulty in early stage diagnosis. Most nail apparatus melanomas occur as longitudinal melanonychia, and criteria and algorithms for dermoscopy diagnosis of longitudinal melanonychia have only recently been proposed. However, as with any clinical diagnosis, the diagnosis based on dermoscopy is to some extent subjective. Our goal is to develop an automated dermoscopic screening system for longitudinal melanonychia and to propose a novel objective and quantitative index for discriminating early nail apparatus melanoma from benign longitudinal melanonychia including melanocytic nevus. We propose an automatically calculated index representing degrees of color variegation in dermoscopic images of longitudinal melanonychia. Dermoscopy images of six cases of early stage nail apparatus melanoma and 25 cases of benign longitudinal melanonychia were analyzed with our screening system and a threshold of melanoma discrimination index was determined. This single melanoma discrimination index diagnosed early nail apparatus melanoma with 100% sensitivity and 92% specificity. The automatically calculated index proposed in the present study is valuable for managing longitudinal melanonychia. The results suggest that the degree of color variegation is essentially different between early nail apparatus melanoma and benign longitudinal melanonychia including melanocytic nevus of the nail apparatus.
Anthropometric characteristics and comorbidities in Japanese patients with neurofibromatosis type 1: A single institutional case–control study
Authors: Koga Monji , Koga Kaori , Nakayama Juichiro , Imafuku Shinichi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a well‐known genetic disorder characterized by café‐au‐lait spots and neurofibromas, but many other clinical characteristics and associated comorbidities also have been reported. This study aimed to characterize NF1 further by investigating its association with anthropometric characteristics and other diseases. We performed a case–control study of 227 NF1 patients (101 male, 126 female) and a randomly selected age‐ and sex‐matched control group of 681 non‐NF1 patients (303 male, 378 female) who visited our institution in Japan. We examined adult (≥20 years) height and body mass index (BMI), and, in the total sample, allergic diseases (bronchial asthma [BA], atopic dermatitis [AD] and allergic rhinitis) and other respiratory cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders. In adults, the mean BMI was lower in the NF1 group than in the control group, and was significantly statistically different among men (P = 0.0238). In the whole sample, the prevalences of BA (P = 0.0184), AD (P = 0.0144) and valvular heart disease (P = 0.0166) were significantly greater in the NF1 group than in the control group. To date, no similar research on the BMI or the prevalence of allergic disease in NF1 patients has been reported. Our results suggest that NF1 patients tend to have lower BMI and may have alterations in specific metabolic pathways and altered allergic immunity.
Gabor‐frame‐based Gaussian packet migration
Authors: Geng Yu , Wu Ru‐Shan , Gao Jinghuai 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTWe present a Gaussian packet migration method based on Gabor frame decomposition and asymptotic propagation of Gaussian packets. A Gaussian packet has both Gaussian‐shaped time–frequency localization and space–direction localization. Its evolution can be obtained by ray tracing and dynamic ray tracing. In this paper, we first briefly review the concept of Gaussian packets. After discussing how initial parameters affect the shape of a Gaussian packet, we then propose two Gabor‐frame‐based Gaussian packet decomposition methods that can sparsely and accurately represent seismic data. One method is the dreamlet–Gaussian packet method. Dreamlets are physical wavelets defined on an observation plane and can represent seismic data efficiently in the local time–frequency space–wavenumber domain. After decomposition, dreamlet coefficients can be easily converted to the corresponding Gaussian packet coefficients. The other method is the Gabor‐frame Gaussian beam method. In this method, a local slant stack, which is widely used in Gaussian beam migration, is combined with the Gabor frame decomposition to obtain uniform sampled horizontal slowness for each local frequency. Based on these decomposition methods, we derive a poststack depth migration method through the summation of the backpropagated Gaussian packets and the application of the imaging condition. To demonstrate the Gaussian packet evolution and migration/imaging in complex models, we show several numerical examples. We first use the evolution of a single Gaussian packet in media with different complexities to show the accuracy of Gaussian packet propagation. Then we test the point source responses in smoothed varying velocity models to show the accuracy of Gaussian packet summation. Finally, using poststack synthetic data sets of a four‐layer model and the two‐dimensional SEG/EAGE model, we demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the migration method. Compared with the more accurate but more time‐consuming one‐way wave‐equation‐based migration, such as beamlet migration, the Gaussian packet method proposed in this paper can correctly image the major structures of the complex model, especially in subsalt areas, with much higher efficiency. This shows the application potential of Gaussian packet migration in complicated areas.
Disability and Care Needs Among Older Americans
Authors: FREEDMAN VICKI A. , SPILLMAN BRENDA C. 
Published: September 2014

Policy Points:

Nearly half of elderly Medicare beneficiaries have difficulty performing daily activities without assistance or receive help with such activities. This help is most often from informal caregivers.
Substantial numbers of older adults living at home or in supportive settings other than nursing homes experience adverse consequences related to unmet need.
With continuing care shifts away from nursing homes, strategies are needed to improve community‐based long‐term care services and supports to aid both older adults and the informal caregivers who provide most care.
ContextThe cost of late‐life dependency is projected to grow rapidly as the number of older adults in the United States increases in the coming decades. To provide a context for framing relevant policy discussions, we investigated activity limitations and assistance, care resources, and unmet need for a national sample of older adults.MethodsWe analyzed the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study, a new national panel study of more than 8,000 Medicare enrollees.FindingsNearly one‐half of older adults, or 18 million people, had difficulty or received help in the last month with daily activities. Altogether, 1 in 4 older adults receiving help lived in either a supportive care (15%) or a nursing home (10%) setting. Nearly 3 million received assistance with 3 or more self‐care or mobility activities in settings other than nursing homes, and a disproportionate share of persons at this level had low incomes. Nearly all older adults in settings other than nursing homes had at least 1 potential informal care network member (family or household member or close friend), and the average number of network members was 4. Levels of informal assistance, primarily from family caregivers, were substantial for older adults receiving help in the community (164 hours/month) and living in supportive care settings (50 hours/month). Nearly all of those getting help received informal care, and about 3 in 10 received paid care. Of those who had difficulty or received help in settings other than nursing homes, 32% had an adverse consequence in the last month related to an unmet need; for community residents with a paid caregiver, the figure was nearly 60%.ConclusionsThe older population—especially those with few economic resources—has substantial late‐life care needs. Policies to improve long‐term services and supports and reduce unmet need could benefit both older adults and those who care for them.
Discussion of “Managers' Discretionary Adjustments: The Influence of Uncontrollable Events and Compensation Interdependence”
Authors: van Rinsum Marcel 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this discussion of Bol, Hecht and Smith (this issue; BHS), I examine their theory and experimental setting with the purposes of investigating how their study generalizes and identifying further research possibilities. First, I discuss the uncontrollable events the study addresses, which are influenceable and require innovative effort to prevent adverse effects. What follows next is an analysis of experimental design choices and their implications. In particular, results could be specific to the manipulation of event likelihood, as well as to the properties of the objective bonus system and form of subjectivity. This illustrates how evaluation system design properties can create diverse reference points and affect perceived fairness and discretionary adjustments. Together, these points indicate wherein the contribution of BHS lies, and provide an outline for future research opportunities by suggesting alternative research choices.
Incident subjective memory complaints and the risk of subsequent dementia
Authors: Luck T. , Luppa M. , Matschinger H. , Jessen F. , Angermeyer M. C. , Riedel‐Heller S. G. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed to analyze the association between new—incident—subjective memory complaints (SMC) and risk of subsequent dementia in a general population sample aged 75+ years.MethodData were derived from follow‐up (FUP) waves I‐V of the population‐based Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA75+). We used the Kaplan–Meier survival method to estimate dementia‐free survival times of individuals with and without incident SMC and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to assess the association between incident SMC and risk of subsequent dementia, controlled for covariates.ResultsOf 443 non‐demented individuals, 58 (13.1%) developed dementia during a subsequent 5.4‐year follow‐up period. Participants with incident SMC showed a significantly higher progression to dementia (18.5% vs. 10.0%; P = 0.010) and a significantly shorter mean dementia‐free survival time than those without (6.2 vs. 6.8 years; P = 0.008). The association between incident SMC and risk of subsequent dementia remained significant in the multivariable Cox analysis (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.8; P = 0.028).ConclusionOur findings suggest higher progression to dementia and shorter dementia‐free survival in older individuals with incident SMC. These findings support the notion that such subjective complaints should be taken seriously in clinical practice as possible early indicators of incipient dementia.