bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoter CpG island methylation of RET predicts poor prognosis in stage II colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Draht Muriel X.G. , Smits Kim M. , Tournier Benjamin , Jooste Valerie , Chapusot Caroline , Carvalho Beatriz , Cleven Arjen H.G. , Derks Sarah , Wouters Kim A.D. , Belt Eric J.T. , Stockmann Hein B.A.C. , Bril Herman , Weijenberg Matty P. , van den Brandt Piet A. , de Bruïne Adriaan P. , Herman James G. , Meijer Gerrit A. , Piard Françoise , Melotte Veerle , van Engeland Manon 
Published: February 2014

Improved prognostic stratification of patients with TNM stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) is desired, since 20–30% of high‐risk stage II patients may die within five years of diagnosis. This study was conducted to investigate REarranged during Transfection (RET) gene promoter CpG island methylation as a possible prognostic marker for TNM stage II CRC patients.The utility of RET promoter CpG island methylation in tumors of stage II CRC patients as a prognostic biomarker for CRC related death was studied in three independent series (including 233, 231, and 294 TNM stage II patients, respectively) by using MSP and pyrosequencing. The prognostic value of RET promoter CpG island methylation was analyzed by using Cox regression analysis.In the first series, analyzed by MSP, CRC stage II patients (n = 233) with RET methylated tumors had a significantly worse overall survival as compared to those with unmethylated tumors (HRmultivariable = 2.51, 95%‐CI: 1.42–4.43). Despite a significant prognostic effect of RET methylation in stage III patients of a second series, analyzed by MSP, the prognostic effect in stage II patients (n = 231) was not statistically significant (HRmultivariable = 1.16, 95%‐CI 0.71–1.92). The third series (n = 294), analyzed by pyrosequencing, confirmed a statistically significant association between RET methylation and poor overall survival in stage II patients (HRmultivariable = 1.91, 95%‐CI: 1.04–3.53). Our results show that RET promoter CpG island methylation, analyzed by two different techniques, is associated with a poor prognosis in stage II CRC in two independent series and a poor prognosis in stage III CRC in one series. RET methylation may serve as a useful and robust tool for clinical practice to identify high‐risk stage II CRC patients with a poor prognosis. This merits further investigation.
Genetic diversity and insecticide resistance during the growing season in the green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on primary and secondary hosts: a farm-scale study in Central Chile
Authors: Rubiano-Rodríguez J.A. , Fuentes-Contreras E. , Figueroa C.C. , Margaritopoulos J.T. , Briones L.M. , Ramírez C.C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe seasonal dynamics of neutral genetic diversity and the insecticide resistance mechanisms of insect pests at the farm scale are still poorly documented. Here this was addressed in the green peach aphidMyzus persicae(Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Central Chile. Samples were collected from an insecticide sprayed peach (Prunus persicaL.) orchard (primary host), and a sweet-pepper (Capsicum annumvar.grossumL.) field (secondary host). In addition, aphids from weeds (secondary hosts) growing among these crops were also sampled. Many unique multilocus genotypes were found on peach trees, while secondary hosts were colonized mostly by the six most common genotypes, which were predominantly sensitive to insecticides. In both fields, a small but significant genetic differentiation was found between aphids on the crops vs. their weeds. Within-season comparisons showed genetic differentiation between early and late season samples from peach, as well as for weeds in the peach orchard. The knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation was detected mostly in the heterozygote state, often associated with modified acetylcholinesterase throughout the season for both crops. This mutation was found in high frequency, mainly in the peach orchard. The super-kdrmutation was found in very low frequencies in both crops. This study provides farm-scale evidence that the aphidM. persicaecan be composed of slightly different genetic groups between contiguous populations of primary and secondary hosts exhibiting different dynamics of insecticide resistance through the growing season.
Dominance of an invasive fruit fly species,Bactrocera invadens, along an altitudinal transect in Morogoro, Eastern Central Tanzania
Authors: Geurts K. , Mwatawala M.W. , De Meyer M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBactrocera invadens, a fruit fly from Asia, is an invasive pest species across Africa. It appears to continue spreading, not only in latitude but also in altitude. To assess its capacity to infest a large variety of hosts and its competition with other fruit fly species, a study along an altitudinal gradient was conducted. At low altitudes, the high abundance in the field and high infestation ofB. invadensin different fruit species make it a serious pest. At high altitudes, colonization has started andB. invadensoccurs in low numbers by reproducing successfully in high altitude fruits. Overall the abundance and infestation ofB. invadensis influenced by its direct competitorCeratitis rosaand the presence of its preferred host species.C. rosais still the dominant species in temperate fruits grown at high altitude.Ceratitis cosyra, however, is negatively affected byB. invadens, this species seems to have shifted hosts to avoid competition. The broad host range and competitive potential ofB. invadensincrease the risk for further spread not only to higher areas, but also to subtropical regions.
Requiring On-Line Medical Command for Helicopter Request Prolongs Computer-Modeled Transport Time to the Nearest Trauma Center
Authors: Tortella Bartholomew J. , Lavery Robert F. , Kamat Mihir , Ramani Mohnish 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIntroduction:Rapid transport from scene to closest trauma center requires optimal use of public safety first responder (FR), basic life support (BLS), advanced life support (ALS), and transport resources (ground or air). In some parts of this regional emergency medical services (EMS) system, on-scene ALS requires contact with on-line medical command (OLMC) to obtain authorization for air medical helicopter (AMH) dispatch, because some EMS medical directors believe that this may decrease overutilization of AMH services.Hypothesis:The hypothesis of this study was that requiring prior OLMC for AMH dispatch prolongs mean time to a trauma center versus either FR or BLS request for AMH.Methods:Computer mapping programs were used to model the most rapid driving time to the closest trauma center from 167 actual AMH responses to the scene of a motor vehicle accident. In an OLMC-ALS model, only OLMC-ALS can request an AMH. In a BLS model, BLS units arrive on the scene and the crew requests simultaneous dispatch of an ALS response and an AMH. In the FR model, on arrival at the scene, a FR requests simultaneous dispatch of a BLS unit, an ALS unit, and an AMH.Results:The OLMC-ALS model resulted in a longer mean value for time to trauma center by an AMH than did the computer model for all ground transport settings. The FR model yielded a shorter mean time for AMH compared with the mean values for time to trauma center for all settings. Differences in mean values for time in urban settings were small (ground: 42 minutes, air: 36 minutes), whereas those for the suburban (ground: 52 minutes, air: 41 minutes), and those for rural (ground: 69 minutes, air: 47 minutes) were significant clinically. For the BLS model, these differences persisted, but were significant clinically only in the rural setting (ground: 68 minutes, air: 53 minutes).Conclusions:Optimal use of AMH requires balancing the need for early helicopter dispatch to fully exploit its speed advantage with the disadvantage of expensive overutilization. This computer model indicates that the best person to request AMH varies by venue: in urban settings, the OLMC physician should request AMH dispatch; in suburban venues, BLS should request AMH dispatch; and in rural venues, FRs should request AMH dispatch.
Transpositions of Spectacle and Time: The Entr'acte in theTragédie en musique
Authors: STEVENS BLAKE 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe entr'acte in thetragédie en musiqueis the site of compelling yet often overlooked musical and dramaturgical activity. The term refers to both spatial and musical categories: the space between acts in which rapid and potentially astonishing set changes occur and the instrumental music that accompanies these transformations. Practices in French classical tragedy established a precedent for opera; largely observing the ‘unity of place’ after 1640, spoken tragedy included brief instrumental interludes between acts while the stage remained unoccupied. These intervals punctuated the action and created suspensions in mimesis, allowing off-stage events to occur in unfixed temporal and spatial dimensions. Characterized by Mikhail Bakhtin as a ‘chronotope’ of theatrical time and space, the entr'acte exposes foundational issues concerning representation in opera and drama, including questions of illusion and the status of fictional actions and worlds. This article examines the role played by the spectator's reflection and rumination during operatic entr'actes and the use of narrative reference to shape the awareness of unseen actions presumed to transpire within them. These modes of representation and spectatorship are illustrated by Simon-Joseph Pellegrin'slivretsforJephté(1732) andHippolyte et Aricie(1733). Parodies ofHippolyte et Ariciefurther demonstrate that the possibilities of unseen action had a vital effect on the reception of thetragédie en musique.
New Light on theBouffonsin Paris (1752–1754)
Authors: CHARLTON DAVID 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTModern writing on the troupe of Eustachio Bambini has encouraged different thinking about the ‘querelle’ and the ‘bouffons’. Andrea Fabiano, in particular, has intimated a fresh view of Bambini's Parisian repertory that aims to understand the various tactics of pamphleteers and free itself from received opinion. Recent writers have taken a harder look at the evidential assumptions that led to a long-held weighting of thebouffonnarrative towards Pergolesi'sLa serva padronaon one hand and the departure of the Italian troupe on the other, politicized as this was by outraged reactions to Rousseau'sLettre sur la musique françoise. In the present account, the emphasis is on new evidence, both primary and secondary. It fills in new details concerning the institutional relationship between Bambini and the Paris Opéra, alerts us to hitherto unreported performances by thebouffonsbetween Easter 1753 and February 1754 and tells us that a rearguard action for compensation was fought by Jean-Baptiste-Claude Rousselet of Rouen, whose original contract with Bambini had been severed in November 1752. The concluding picture is one of constructive support for Bambini by the Opéra; indeed, a creative collaboration between these two had been arranged before thequerellebegan. Mandated by the king in 1749 to recognize a public-interest function in running the Opéra, itsdirecteur(Bernage de Saint-Maurice) may well have wanted to continue some form of binary programming between the two traditions, French and Italian, at the point when Rousseau'sLettremade it impossible. Box-office takings rose during the early success of his initiatives, especially before Easter 1753; after this juncture the extant financial records are not adequate to judge such profitability.
WHAT BEETHOVEN LEARNED FROM K464
Authors: RUMPH STEPHEN 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTBeethoven imitated Mozart's String Quartet in A major K464 more openly than any other work by a fellow composer. Yet critics have never explained his fascination with the fifth ‘Haydn’ quartet. This article argues that Beethoven responded to a rare and unexplored transformation of sonata form in which the primary theme returns at its original pitch in the secondary area. This preserves the melody of the theme, but reinterprets its harmonic and schematic function. Mozart explored this device with unusual rigour ink464, recalling the primary theme at pitch in both outer movements. The two primary themes share a common chromatic line whose invariant return wittily probes late eighteenth-century tonal conventions.Beethoven emulated Mozart's harmonic design in his own Quartet in A major, Op. 18 No. 5, and even intensified its more problematic features. He imitatedk464 most literally in the finale of the ‘Kreutzer’ Sonata, which provided a model for similar harmonic experimentation in the Sonata in G major Op. 31 No. 1, the ‘Waldstein’ Sonata and the first ‘Razumovsky’ quartet.k464 suggests an important source for Beethoven's use of chromatic elements to problematize tonal and thematic function, a practice most evident in the ‘Eroica’ Symphony.
East-Southeast Asia in World History: The Making of a World Region
Authors: Gunn Geoffrey C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractGlobal trends which have seen the dramatic rise of the East-Southeast Asian economies suggests a turning of the wheel. Students of world history will recall the central place of China and India in the pre-modern world as producers and exporters of, variously, silks, ceramics and textiles, just as their populations and economies vastly dwarfed those of medieval Europe. The sprawling tropical zone of Southeast Asia, known historically as a prime source of spices and natural commodities, also boasted impressive civilisations. Still we are perplexed as to how a region boasting internationally known trade emporium dropped off the centre stage of world history. Reading back, did colonialism and imperialism turn the tide against indigenous agency? Or was stagnation an inevitable feature of life in pre-modern Southeast Asia? In seeking to answer these and other questions, this article both replays and critiques the many constructions of the broader East-Southeast Asia region, including its historiography, with special attention to recent trends in the framing of world-regional and global history. This is important, I argue, as localism, powerful state narratives, and the legacies of colonial conceptions and categories all contrive to ignore the importance of a holistic framing of this part of the globe.
Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Sen Tansen 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe maritime regions of Southeast Asia played an important but varying role in connecting South Asia and China prior to the sixteenth century. With regard to commercial exchanges, traders, ships, and polities in Southeast Asia facilitated and sometimes controlled the flow of goods. Additionally, merchant associations from South Asia and China established their bases in Southeast Asia to participate in trading activities in the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea regions. At least three distinct networks emerged as a result of these maritime interactions: 1) networks of exchanges among the polities skirting the Bay of Bengal; 2) networks that connected the areas around the South China Sea; and 3) networks of direct exchanges between South Asia and China. Buddhist ideas also circulated through these networks, but seem to have made limited inroads in the maritime regions of Southeast Asia prior to the fifth century AD. By this time, Buddhism had already spread widely in China, with significant number of Buddhist missionaries arriving in the region through the maritime routes. Rather than playing a staging role in the transmission of Buddhism to China, the doctrine may have penetrated maritime Southeast Asia due to the vibrant Buddhist interactions and a significant increase in commercial activity along the networks linking South Asia and China during the fourth and fifth centuries. The use of Buddhism to legitimise new regimes in China and the diplomatic exchanges between Southeast Asian polities and these courts may have also facilitated the spread of Buddhism in the region.
A Spatial Analysis of Thăng Long Capital During the Lý Period Through Re-Exploitation of Written Sources
Authors: Momoki Shiro 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn August 2010, the Vietnamese government and people celebrated the 1000thanniversary of the establishment of their capital Thăng Long (present-day Hanoi). Historical research on Thang Long has progressed considerably over the past decade, especially since the ‘18 Hoàng Diệu’ archaeological site was found. As a specialist in the Ly-Tran Period, I offer this contribution to the study of the spatial composition of Thăng Long Capital under the Ly dynasty (AD 1010–1226), through a re-examination of written sources such as dynastic annals. In view of the various functions necessary for a capital, new questions need to be addressed based on the original texts of the sources and the theories of East Asian ancient capitals. For instance: 1) were thecam trung(‘inside the forbidden area’) anddai noi(‘great interior area’) the same or not? 2)thanh(‘wall’) andthanh noi(‘inside the wall’?) are often mentioned in the sources, but which wall of the capital was it? 3) In China, the outermost area of the capital was not always included in thethanh (cheng)area; did the system of ‘three concentric walls’ indeed exist in Đại Việt during the Ly-Tran Period? And, 4) what functions and meanings did the space within each wall (and the suburban area outside the outmost wall) have? Given the present condition of sources, it is difficult to answer these questions. In this article I offer some tentative remarks in an attempt to fix a steady base for future collaborative research between historians and archaeologists.
Temperature alters Plasmodium blocking by Wolbachia
Authors: Murdock Courtney C. , Blanford Simon , Hughes Grant L. , Rasgon Jason L. , Thomas Matthew B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractVery recently, the Asian malaria vector (Anopheles stephensi) was stably transinfected with the wAlbB strain of Wolbachia, inducing refractoriness to the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. However, conditions in the field can differ substantially from those in the laboratory. We use the rodent malaria P. yoelii and somatically transinfected An. stephensi as a model system to investigate whether the transmission blocking potential of wAlbB is likely to be robust across different thermal environments. wAlbB reduced malaria parasite prevalence and oocyst intensity at 28°C. At 24°C there was no effect on prevalence but a marked increase in oocyst intensity. At 20°C, wAlbB had no effect on prevalence or intensity. Additionally, we identified a novel effect of wAlbB that resulted in reduced sporozoite development across temperatures, counterbalancing the oocyst enhancement at 24°C. Our results demonstrate complex effects of temperature on the Wolbachia-malaria interaction and suggest the impacts of transinfection might vary across diverse environments.
Exploring the nature of collisionless shocks under laboratory conditions
Authors: Stockem A. , Fiuza F. , Bret A. , Fonseca R. A. , Silva L. O. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCollisionless shocks are pervasive in astrophysics and they are critical to understand cosmic ray acceleration. Laboratory experiments with intense lasers are now opening the way to explore and characterise the underlying microphysics, which determine the acceleration process of collisionless shocks. We determine the shock character – electrostatic or electromagnetic – based on the stability of electrostatic shocks to transverse electromagnetic fluctuations as a function of the electron temperature and flow velocity of the plasma components and we compare the analytical model with particle-in-cell simulations. By making the connection with the laser parameters driving the plasma flows, we demonstrate that shocks with different and distinct underlying microphysics can be explored in the laboratory with state-of-the-art laser systems.
Single switch three‐phase ac to dc converter with reduced voltage stress and current total harmonic distortion
Authors: Juan Yu Lin 
Published: February 2014

A three‐phase ac/dc converter with low‐voltage stress and current total harmonic distortion (THD) for micro‐scale wind turbines is proposed in this study. A coupled inductor and buffering capacitors are integrated in the proposed converter to reduce the voltage stresses on the main switch and diodes. Moreover, the discontinuous conduction mode power factor correction technique is adopted to reduce the generator current THD. Corresponding operation principles of the proposed converter are also analysed and illustrated. A prototype with rated output power 200 W was constructed for evaluating the validity and performance of the proposed converter. From the experimental results, it can be seen that the voltage stress of all the active switches and diodes is reduced to half of the output voltage. Owing to the reduced voltage stress, the generator current THD and converter efficiency are both improved with respect to the conventional three‐phase single switch ac/dc converter. The efficiency is improved to about 92% which is 10% higher than the conventional single switch rectifier and the current THD is reduced by 2–6%.
Low-grade waste heat driven desalination technology
Authors: Christ Alexander , Wang Xiaolin , Regenauer-Lieb Klaus , Chua Hui Tong 
Published: February 2014

Low-grade heat driven multi-effect distillation (MED) desalination is a very promising environmentally friendly, low emission technology. Many countries, such as Australia, are water short and conventional desalination technology is energy intensive. If a primary fossil fuel source is used, then desalination will significantly contribute to carbon dioxide emission. Low-grade waste heat from process plants and power plants generate minimal additional carbon dioxide. This source of energy is typically abundant at a temperature around 65–90 °C, which dovetails with MED technology. In this paper, we report on a new MED technology that couples perfectly with low grade waste heat to give at least a 25% freshwater yield improvement compared with conventional MED design. Typical applications and their expected improvement will also be reported.