bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cato, Marcus Porcius (Cato the Elder)
Authors: Stern Gaius 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGreat‐grandfather of Cato the Younger (Uticensis), Cato the Elder was anovus homowho rose to political prominence during the Second Punic War (218–202BCE) and famously hastened the Third Punic War with the constant refrain“Carthage must be destroyed”.
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius
Authors: Elliott Jackie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCincinnatus is a figure of the fifth centuryBCE, one of the oldest known patrician representatives of his family, thegens Quinctia.He became an emblem of the antique austerity and steadfastness associated with early Rome and its leaders. The stories about him, which made him the antithesis of modern corruption and lust for power, circulated for generations as moral exempla.
Astronomy, Ptolemaic
Authors: Evans James 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNamed for Ptolemy (Klaudios Ptolemaios, Greek astronomer of Alexandria, second centuryce), “Ptolemaic astronomy”; refers to the sophisticated, highly mathematical, and very successful astronomical science of Later Antiquity. Ptolemy's work dominated astronomical and cosmological thought in Late Greek Antiquity and the Arabic and Latin Middle Ages. It was not superseded until the astronomical revolution of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
Disease, conceptions of
Authors: Touwaide Alain 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPeople, priests, healers, physicians, and others explored the whole spectrum of approaches to conceptualize the phenomenon of illness, from a holistic perception of animistic character to corpuscular divisionism of materialistic inspiration. Although these many interpretations unfolded over time, they did not necessarily supersede one another in a linear evolutionary perspective, but may have coexisted in some form at all or some points in time.
Ephemerides, astronomical
Authors: Steele John M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBabylonian astronomical ephemerides are tables of astronomical phenomena computed using arithmetical schemes. Ephemerides are known for the Moon and for each of the five planets known to ancient astronomers. Typically, an ephemeris will be devoted to a single heavenly body, but there are a small number of tablets which have ephemerides for different planets on the obverse and reverse of the tablet.
Manilius, Marcus
Authors: Volk Katharina 
Published: December 2012

AbstractManilius was a Roman poet, author ofAstronomica, a didactic poem on astrology in five books. Nothing is known about his life. A reference to the Roman defeat at the Teutoburg Forest in 9CE(1.898–903) provides aterminus post quemfor the work, though the exact date of the composition remains controversial.
Marinus of Tyre
Authors: Jones Alexander 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Marinus of Tyre, a cartographer and geographical theoretician, wrote a series of texts on the subject of drawing a map of the
oikoumene
, the known part of the world. Ptolemy, who is our only source of knowledge concerning Marinus, calls him “the latest in our time to have undertaken this subject;” his career seems to have extended to about 110
CE
.
Mathematics, Mesopotamian
Authors: Hoyrup Jens 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMesopotamian mathematics and writing coevolved as book‐keeping tools in protoliterate Uruk (ca. 3300BCE), apparently as key constituents in the legitimization of the transformation of a redistributive into a statal social system. At least until 2000BCE, accounting and mathematically determined allocation of rations and land seem to have carried connotations of social justice. In the second and first millennia, mathematics still served accounting and planning purposes, and in the later first millennium it served a sophisticated mathematical astronomy connected to astrology, but no textual evidence suggests a continued socio‐ideological role.
Pappus of Alexandria
Authors: Bernard Alain G. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

This Late Antique polymath (ca. 285–320
CE
) wrote on an impressively large number of subjects, including theoretical and computational astronomy, classical geometry, mechanics and “mechanical” geometry, practical arithmetic, geography, and perhaps astrology. His historical importance and influence does not lie in any substantial innovation to ancient science but in the way he used, organized, and compared an impressive mass of scientific (mainly mathematical) texts he had at his disposal.
Parapegma
Authors: Lehoux Daryn 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHistorians of astronomy generally use the term parapegma to describe an astronomical weather calendar such as that found in Pliny, book 18 or Columella, book 12. These literaryastrometeorologicalparapegmata typically (but not always) list dates in a civil calendar and for each significant date described, relevant stellar phases (annual appearances and disappearances of fixed stars), as well as the weather signaled or caused by those phases.
Pharmacology,
E
gyptian
Authors: David Rosalie 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The origins of modern medicine are generally traced back to ancient Greece:
GALEN
, ca. 150
CE
, advocated treatments that included herbal remedies, and
DIOSCORIDES
, ca. 150
CE
, is credited with authorship of the earliest extant pharmacopeia. However, medical papyri demonstrate that the Egyptians were practicing effective medical treatment at least one thousand years earlier.
S
osigenes, Astronomer
Authors: Hannah Robert 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

While the Roman republican calendar had maintained reasonable synchronisms with the seasons between ca. 150 and the 60s
BCE
, nonetheless, through inadequate intercalation, a significant misalignment occurred through the 50s, to the point that by 46
BCE
the calendar was ninety days out of sync with the Sun (Censorinus
DN
20, Macrob.
Sat.
1.14.6–12; Hannah 2005: 111–12).
Vindicianus
Authors: Cilliers Louise 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Helvius Vindicianus (ca. 340–ca. 400
CE
) was a prominent Roman physician who held important government offices, such as count in charge of the Roman College of Physicians (
CT
10.19.9; 13.3.12). He was held in high regard at the court of the emperor Valentinian I (364–75), where he was the court physician.
Adulthood
Authors: Golden Mark 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOnly a free male (Greekaner, Latinvir)ever became fully adult. A slave could always be called a boy (Greekpais, Latinpuer). Free boys themselves might put on thetoga virilisin their mid‐teens (in Rome) or be enrolled in their father's deme at seventeen or eighteen (in Athens) or enter the army at the end of their teens and marry in their twenties (in Sparta).
Cousin (consobrinus, frater patruelis)
Authors: Harders Ann‐Cathrin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn Greco‐Roman societies, cousins belonged to the close kinship group. The Greek Anchisteia extended on both the father's and the mother's side to first cousins once removed; cousins were therefore entitled to inherit. They were obliged to pursue a kinsman's murder or permitted to grant forgiveness (IGI3104.13–25). Although agnates legally ranked before cognates, Greek kinship terminology did not differentiate between agnatic or cognatic cousins. Both were termed asanepsios; a first cousin once removed was termedanepsiadous.
Diet, elite
Authors: Touwaide Alain , Brown Madeline 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDiet in Antiquity was part of an elite lifestyle complex aiming at health and including mainly physical exercise, bathing, and dietetics. The physician Herodicus of Selymbria (ca. 500–430/420BCE) has been credited since Antiquity with the development of diet, particularly for athletes. Theories of diet probably go further back, as they may result from a long history of observation of the effect of food on human health. Nevertheless, no corpus of doctrine is known before the late fifth or early fourth centuryBCEand the Regimen in theHippocratic Corpus. Literature in the field was further developed by Mnesitheos (fl. ca. 350BCE), Dieuches (fourth–third century), Galen (e.g.,Properties of Foodstuffs), and later on Anthimus (fifth–sixth centuryCE). Discussion on nutritional properties of food may have been a topic of conversation in elite groups, as Athenaeus (ca. 190CE),Deipnosophists, suggests.
Fumigations
Authors: Touwaide Alain 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFumigations (thumiama, thumiêsis; apothumiaô) were a method for administering medicines particularly attested in the gynecological treatises of theCorpus Hippocraticum, especially for affections of the womb (medicinal products were introduced through the vagina): medicinal substances were burned on charcoal so as to provoke smoke (apokapnizô). The patient squatted above the source of smoke, wrapped the body with a piece of fabric covering both the body and the source of therapeutic smoke, and let the smoke penetrate the body. Medicinal substances were constantly renewed.
Funus publicum
Authors: Kyle Donald G. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMost Roman funerals were conducted by the family of the deceased (funera privata), but among various funerary rites (Toynbee 1971: 43–61; Hopkins 1983: 201–26), afunus publicum(Toynbee 1971: 55–6) was an especially honorific funeral approved by the Senate (see Cic.Phil. 9.16–17; Wesch‐Klein 1993: 83–4), paid for by the quaestors from the state treasury, and conducted by the consuls, as a mark of honor or respect for distinguished service to the state.Funera publicarecall the ceremonial pattern of aristocratic Roman funerals (see Polyb. 6.53) as well as spectacular aspects of Roman triumphs (Bodel 1999: 259–64). Although known earlier, public funerals increased in number in the later decades of the republic (Wesch‐Klein 1993: 11–15). Such funerals were public also in the sense that all citizens were invited, and the sons or family of deceased notables might supplement the activities with entertainments or distributions of food.
Love
Authors: Vout Caroline 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAncient historians have a problem with love. First, there is the semantic confusion to contend with: the modern term covers a multitude of sins, from the visceral to the euphemistic. What are we are talking about here? Love of God, or love of ice‐cream? The Greeks and Romans had a range of words for “love” and would have found this overlap peculiar. But the existence of a bigger menu does not render each of them less tantalizing, and it can make separating their delights more difficult.
Matrona
Authors: Harders Ann‐Cathrin 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

A free‐born Roman woman who had contracted a
iustum matrimonium
was, according to Roman law, called a
matrona
. Under the Roman Republic, the term
matrona
was distinguished from
materfamilias
. According to Gellius (18.6.4), only a woman who had contracted a
manus
marriage was properly a
materfamilias
.
Menstruation
Authors: Touwaide Alain 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBesides notions scattered in the so‐called gynecological treatises in theCorpus Hippocraticum(Nat. wom.,Wom. dis.1–3,Gener.,Nat. child,Superfet.,Eighth‐ and Seventh‐mo.child,Excis. fet.) and in Galen's immense oeuvre, our principal source on menstruation in ancient medicine is Soranus,Women's diseases (gunaikeiôn pathê)(1.6–8 (1.16.1–;25.108; Burguière and Gourevitch 1988)), who provides a survey of available literature on the topic in his time (second half of the first centuryCE), including theories by Diocles of Carystus for example.
Mosmaiorum
Authors: Walter Uwe 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWhen Augustus, in his record of achievements, pointed out that he did not accept any office which was contrary to ancestral custom (contra morem maiorem,Res Gestae6.1), and that he also preferred to follow the “example of our ancestors” (maiorum nostrorum exemplo,Res Gestae27.2) in matters of foreign affairs, the idea of the “custom of the ancestors” had already undergone a history of its own.
Nomads
Authors: Schubert Charlotte 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNomadism is a historical phenomenon and one of perception and construction. There have been accounts of nomads in literature of the Greco‐Roman world since Homer. They have been influenced by contacts, exchanges, and wars with nomads in the Danube‐Black Sea area, Northern Africa and the Syrian Arabic area. Constructions of auto‐ and hetero‐images of the nomad also merge with the image of the barbarian, and depending on the regional and historical context they either idealize or conjure negative critical representations of nomads.
Prostitution
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractProstitution in ancient Rome was widespread. The sale of sex constituted an important aspect of the economy in terms of upper‐class investment, state revenue, and female employment. Highly exploitative in nature, it also enjoyed great symbolic importance. The vast bulk of the legal, literary, documentary, and archaeological evidence derives approximately from the period 200BCE–250CE, and most of this concerns the prostitution of women, our focus here. The literary and legal evidence is by and large Rome‐centered, while some of the most important documentary sources, such as inscriptions, hail from the periphery of the empire. The highest concentration of material remains is found in Pompeii.
Sponsalia
Authors: Müller Sabine 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSponsaliais a term for the Roman engagement that could precede marriage. It is suggested that in earlier times, thesponsaliaincluded a transaction in which money changed hands. Especially in rich Roman families,sponsaliawere common. Etymologically, the term derives fromsponsio,the reciprocal vow, made by the fathers of both the bride and groom, promising that the marriage would take place at some time in the future.
Halab (Aleppo)
Authors: Sasson Jack 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Lying by the Quwaik River at the nexus of many trade routes, Halab is the second largest city in modern Syria. The city has been continuously inhabited since the third millennium
BCE
, acquiring many names over time: Halpa among Hittites, Halman in Assyria, eventually also Aleppo in English. Since modern habitation restricts archaeology to the imposing citadel in the town's center, Halab's early history is recovered from documents found at other sites.
Amorites
Authors: Reculeau Hervé 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The designation “Amorite” (Akkadian
amurru
,Sumerian MAR.TU) denotes the peoples and polities of the “West,” from a Mesopotamian perspective; thus, it refers to the Syrian steppe and its inhabitants, in particular the West Semitic‐speaking population groups who came to dominate Syro‐Mesopotamia in the early second millennium
BCE
.
Aratta
Authors: Brisch Nicole 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Aratta was a fictional geographical designation for a land far east of Sumer. It appears only in literary texts, mostly in the stories about the legendary kings Enmerkar and Lugalbanda, who ruled the city of Uruk. Most scholars today agree that Aratta is a mythical place that cannot be located on a map; however, similarities have been postulated between literary descriptions of Aratta and southeast Iran or even Afghanistan.
Astyages
Authors: Rollinger Robert 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Astyages, a Median ruler of the sixth century
BCE
, is attested in both classical and Near Eastern sources. His name, rendered in Greek as Astyages or Astyigas and in Cuneiform sources as Ishtumegu, represents Iranian
☆
ašti‐vaiga‐, “spear swinger”.
Diyala
Authors: Emberling Geoff 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Diyala River, called Durul in cuneiform texts of the third millennium
BCE
and Turna(t) in later texts, runs from sources in the central Zagros Mountains through the small Hamrin Basin, onto the Mesopotamian plain, where it formed a focus of ancient settlement, and joins the Tigris River just south of Baghdad. It was the basis of an important route connecting the Tigris River and the Iranian plateau.
Eanna and other major Babylonian temples
Authors: Linssen M.J.H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn Mesopotamia, as far back as written records allow us to look, each temple was given a name. The name usually began with é, “house” in Sumerian, since the people of Sumer and AKKAD(AGADE) considered each temple to be a specific god's personal abode on earth.
Habur
Authors: Emberling Geoff 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Habur River is one of the two main tributaries of the Euphrates River. Arising in springs near Ras al‐Ain and supplemented by wadis flowing from the east, the upper Habur runs through an area that receives enough rainfall for dry farming. The lower Habur flows through dry areas in which settlement was largely dependent on the river itself, with nomadic groups living on either side of the river. Major canal construction along the lower Habur is documented around Tell Sheikh Hamad, the site of ancient Dur‐Katlimmu, beginning in the Middle Assyrian period (fourteenth century
BCE
).
Mittanian kings
Authors: Wilhelm Gernot 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNo complete record can yet be compiled of the kings who ruled Mittani, a Hurrian‐dominated kingdom centered in upper Mesopotamia that flourished during the fifteenth and fourteenth centuriesBCE. The earliest Mittanian kings known by name are Kirta and his son Shuttarna I, who are attested only by the legend of a cylinder seal used by one of their successors, Saushtatar.
Moses
Authors: Cline Eric H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe story of Moses, which would have transpired sometime in the latter half of the second millenniumBCE(probably during the thirteenth century), is told in the Hebrew Bible (Exodus–Deuteronomy). Moses was born the son of a Hebrew slave but was raised in the court of the Egyptian Pharaoh. His name, previously thought to be Hebrew, may actually be Egyptian, simply meaning “the child” or “the offspring.” It is usually found combined with a divine element – that is, in a “theophoric” name such as Thut‐mose or Ptah‐mose – but can appear on its own, as it does here.
Prophecy and oracles, ancient Near East
Authors: Nissinen Martti 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn modern vernacular usage, the word “prophecy” usually stands for prediction, and “prophet” for a person who foretells future events. In ancient languages, however, the vocabulary of prophecy referred not only to prediction, but first and foremost to the mediation of divine messages. Accordingly, scholars understand the principal function of “prophecy” to be mediation rather than prediction.
Sin‐kashid of Uruk and his dynasty
Authors: van Koppen Frans 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe city of Uruk, in the southern part of the Mesopotamian floodplain, had a turbulenthistory during the first centuries ofthe second millennium BCE. Normally the seat of autonomous kingship, Uruk's position close to the political centers of Isin and Larsa (seeLarsa, And Larsa Dynasty) nevertheless meant that it was frequently pulled into the sphere of influence of one of its powerful neighbors, who time and again ousted itsking and incorporated it within their realms. But Uruk regained independence with each shift in the balance of power, particularly if it could secure the support of outside allies.
Halbleiterphotokatalyse – mechanistische und präparative Aspekte
Authors: Kisch Horst 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBasierend auf frühen Arbeiten zur Photoelektrochemie an Halbleitereinkristallelektroden hat das Gebiet der Photokatalyse an Halbleiterpulvern in den letzten drei Dekaden ein erstaunliches Wachstum erlebt. Dies ist in der einzigartigen Fähigkeit anorganischer Halbleiteroberflächen begründet, konzertierte Reduktionen und Oxidationen einer großen Vielzahl von Elektronendonor‐ und Elektronenakzeptorsubstraten zu photokatalysieren. Während die Spaltung von Wasser und der erschöpfende aerobe Abbau von Schadstoffen große Beachtung fanden, befasste sich nur ein kleiner Teil der Forschung mit präparativen Aspekten. Nach Einführung der mechanistischen Grundlagen folgen Standardexperimente zur Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Photokatalysatoren, die mit sichtbarem Licht aktiv sind. Anschließend illustrieren neuartige atomökonomische C‐C‐ und C‐N‐Kupplungsreaktionen die Relevanz der Halbleiterphotokatalyse für die organische Synthese. Beispielhaft zeigen sie, dass in diesem multidisziplinären Gebiet klassische Photochemie mit Elektrochemie, Festkörperchemie und heterogener Katalyse vereint sind.
New damping materials by fabrication of ACM/PVC alloy into hollow fibers
Authors: Li Mingjun , Cheng Yan , Xu Yongwen , Qin Yuancheng 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNew acrylic rubber hollow fiber damping materials were successfully produced by dry–wet spinning technique. The effect of polymer concentration and blending ratio on ACM/PVC hollow fiber were investigated. The results showed that the tensile strength increased with the increase of polymer content and decreased with the decrease of blending ratio. DMA revealed that varying the size of inner diameter, the loss tangent (tan δ) would change. FTIR proved certain interactions among them. In addition, the position of peak of the glass transition temperature not only shifted to a higher temperature with the increase of PVC content, but also its temperature range of tan δ > 0.3 was 40–65°C, inferring that ACM/PVC mixture is a promising damping‐material. The outer skin and inner skin structure of ACM/PVC hollow fiber by SEM were different from that used in water treatment due to the differences between materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Exfoliated polymer nanocomposites by in situ coprecipitation of layered double hydroxides in a polymer matrix
Authors: Gaume Julien , Therias Sandrine , Leroux Fabrice , Rivaton Agnès , Gardette Jean‐Luc 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPolyvinylalcohol (PVA) nanocomposites were prepared by a “one step” method based on the coprecipitation of layered double hydroxide (LDH) platelets in the polymer aqueous solution. The PVA/LDH nanocomposites displayed an exfoliated morphology and the concentration of LDH in the nanocomposite was evaluated by IR analysis. Moreover, it was shown that the PVA/LDH nanocomposites had an improved photostability over PVA, which makes this material a good candidate for coating applications. Further optimization will be considered to tune the polymer/LDH properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
How the Generalized Anomeric Effect Influences the Conformational Preference
Authors: Wang Changwei , Chen Zhenhua , Wu Wei , Mo Yirong 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe generalized anomeric effect refers to the conformational preference of agauchestructure over anantistructure for molecules with a R‐X‐C‐Y moiety. Whereas there are conflicting reports regarding the origin of this ubiquitous effect, a general consensus is that both the steric (more specifically electrostatic) and hyperconjugative interactions contribute. Here we employed the block‐localized wavefunction (BLW) method, which is the simplest variant of ab initio valence bond (VB) theory and can define reference electron‐localized states self‐consistently, to evaluate the magnitude of the hyperconjugation effect in a number of acyclic molecules exhibiting the generalized anomeric effect. The BLW‐based energy decomposition analysis revealed that both the steric and hyperconjugation effects contribute to the conformational preferences of methoxymethyl fluoride and methoxymethyl chlorides. But for the other systems under investigation, including methanediol, methanediamine, aminomethanol and dimethoxymethane, the hyperconjugative interactions play a negative role in the conformational preferences and the steric effect is solely responsible for the generalized anomeric effect.