bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship of socio-economic factors and parental eating habits with children's food intake in a population-based study in a metropolitan area of Brazil
Authors: dos Santos Barroso Gabriela , Sichieri Rosely , Salles-Costa Rosana 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association of sociodemographic factors and parental food consumption with children's food intake.DesignA cross-sectional survey.SettingA population-based study with a representative sample in a metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Parents’ socio-economic variables, age and education level and children's age were obtained by face-to-face interviews. The parental food intake was assessed using an FFQ and the children's food intake was assessed using two 24 h recalls.SubjectsChildren (n 366) aged 6–30 months and their parents.ResultsThe hierarchical regression analysis indicated that parents’ age was positively associated with the intake of vegetables among children (β = 0·73, 95 % CI 0·11, 1·34), while parents’ educational level was positively associated with the intake of fats (β = 3·52, 95 % CI 0·04, 7·01) and negatively associated with the intake of beans (β = −13·98, 95 % CI −27·94, −0·03). The age of the children was positively associated with the intakes of meats and eggs (β = 2·88, 95 % CI 1·55, 4·22), sugars (β = 5·08, 95 % CI 1·85, 8·30) and coffee (β = 1·77, 95 % CI 0·71, 2·84), and negatively associated with the intake of vegetables (β = −2·12, 95 % CI −3·20, −1·05). The influence of parental food intake was observed for the food groups of breads, cereals and tubers (β = 0·06, 95 % CI 0·003, 0·12), beans (β = 0·11, 95 % CI −0·003, 0·22) and fruits (β = 0·10, 95 % CI 0·03, 0·16). Unfavourable socio-economic variables were associated with intakes of breads, cereals and tubers, vegetables, fruits, meats, sugars and coffee by children.ConclusionsParental food intake is associated with children's intake of cereals, beans and fruits independent of socio-economic status.
Schopenhauer's Contraction of Reason: Clarifying Kant and Undoing German Idealism
Authors: Gardner Sebastian 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSchopenhauer's claim that the essence of the world consists inWilleencounters well-known difficulties. Of particular importance is the conflict of this metaphysical claim with his restrictive account of conceptuality. This paper attempts to make sense of Schopenhauer's position by restoring him to the context of post-Kantian debate, with special attention to the early notebooks andFourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. On the reconstruction suggested here, Schopenhauer's philosophical project should be understood in light of his rejection of post-Kantian metaphilosophy and his opposition to German Idealism.
Necessity, Responsibility and Character: Schopenhauer on Freedom of the Will
Authors: Janaway Christopher 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper gives an account of the argument of Schopenhauer's essay On the Freedom of the Human Will, drawing also on his other works. Schopenhauer argues that all human actions are causally necessitated, as are all other events in empirical nature, hence there is no freedom in the sense of liberum arbitrium indifferentiae. However, our sense of responsibility or agency (being the ‘doers of our deeds’) is nonetheless unshakeable. To account for this Schopenhauer invokes the Kantian distinction between empirical and intelligible characters. The paper highlights divergences between Schopenhauer and Kant over the intelligible character, which for Schopenhauer can be neither rational nor causal. It raises the questions whether the intelligible character may be redundant to Schopenhauer's position, and whether it can coherently belong to an individual agent, suggesting that for Schopenhauer a more consistent position would have been to deny freedom of will to the individual.
The ‘Perfected System of Criticism’: Schopenhauer's Initial Disagreements with Kant
Authors: Kossler Matthias 
Published: October 2012

AbstractI would like to know who of mycontemporaries should be more competent inKantian philosophy than me.(Schopenhauer in a letter to Rosenkranz and Schubert, 18371)In this paper the attempt is made to show how Schopenhauer's critique of Kant leads from initial disagreements to a fundamental modification, even a new formation, of the Kantian concepts of understanding, reason, imagination, perception, idea and thing-in-itself. The starting point and the core of his critique is the demand for the appreciation of intuitive knowledge which is apart from and independent of reason. The intuitive knowledge goes back to images and its highest form is aesthetic contemplation. Without a participation of concepts it is sufficient to explain objective reality. Particularly on the basis of Schopenhauer's critical examination of Kant's schematism it can be shown that his alternative conception of an image-based objectivity of experience is to be taken seriously, even if the way he presents it sometimes gives the impression of a mere misunderstanding of Kant's theory of cognition.
Occupancy of serotonin and norepinephrine transporter by milnacipran in patients with major depressive disorder: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]DASB and (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2
Authors: Nogami Tsuyoshi , Takano Harumasa , Arakawa Ryosuke , Ichimiya Tetsuya , Fujiwara Hironobu , Kimura Yasuyuki , Kodaka Fumitoshi , Sasaki Takeshi , Takahata Keisuke , Suzuki Masayuki , Nagashima Tomohisa , Mori Takaaki , Shimada Hitoshi , Fukuda Hajime , Sekine Mizuho , Tateno Amane , Takahashi Hidehiko , Ito Hiroshi , Okubo Yoshiro , Suhara Tetsuya 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Antidepressants used for treatment of depression exert their efficacy by blocking reuptake at serotonin transporters (5-HTT) and/or norepinephrine transporters (NET). Recent studies suggest that serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors that block both 5-HTT and NET have better tolerability than tricyclic antidepressants and may have higher efficacy compared to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies have reported >80% 5-HTT occupancy with clinical doses of antidepressants, but there has been no report of NET occupancy in patients treated with antidepressants. In the present study, we investigated both 5-HTT and NET occupancies by PET using radioligands [11C]DASB and (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2, in six patients, each with major depressive disorder (MDD), using various doses of milnacipran. Our data show that mean 5-HTT occupancy in the thalamus was 33.0% at 50 mg, 38.6% at 100 mg, 60.0% at 150 mg and 61.5% at 200 mg. Mean NET occupancy in the thalamus was 25.3% at 25 mg, 40.0% at 100 mg, 47.3% at 125 mg and 49.9% at 200 mg. Estimated ED50 was 122.5 mg with the dose for 5-HTT and 149.9 mg for NET. Both 5-HTT and NET occupancies were observed in a dose-dependent manner. Both 5-HTT and NET occupancies were about 40% by milnacipran at 100 mg, the dose most commonly administered to MDD patients.
Nicotine induces chromatin remodelling through decreases in the methyltransferases GLP, G9a, Setdb1 and levels of H3K9me2
Authors: Chase Kayla A. , Sharma Rajiv P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractStudies examining the epigenetic effects of nicotine are limited, but indicate that nicotine can promote a transcriptionally permissive chromatin environment by increasing acetylation of histone H3 and H4. To further explore nicotine-induced histone modifications, we measured histone methyltransferase (HMT) mRNA expression as well as total and promoter-specific H3K9me2 levels. Following administration of nicotine, HMT mRNA and H3K9me2 levels were examined in mouse primary cortical neuronal culture and cortex extracted from mice injected intraperitoneally, as well as in human lymphocyte culture. Furthermore, Bdnf/BDNF mRNA levels were examined as an epigenetically regulated read-out of gene expression. There was a significant decrease of the HMT GLP, G9a and Setdb1 mRNA expression in the nicotine-treated tissue examined, with significant decreases seen in both total and promoter-specific H3K9me2 levels. Increasing doses of nicotine resulted in significant decreases in Bdnf/BDNF promoter specific H3K9me2 binding, leading to enhanced Bdnf/BDNF transcription. Taken together, our data suggest that nicotine reduces markers of a restrictive epigenomic state, thereby leading to a more permissive epigenomic environment.
Preoccupied with occupation: critical examinations of the historical development of the law of occupation
Authors: Arai-Takahashi Yutaka 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article examines the historical evolution of the law of occupation from two angles. First, it analyses scholarly discourse and practice with respect to the general prohibition on the Occupying Power making changes to the laws and administrative structure of the occupied country, as embodied in Article 43 of the 1907 Hague Regulations. Many Occupying Powers and scholars have endeavoured to rationalize exceptions to this ‘general principle’ governing the entire corpus of the law of occupation. Their studies support the contingent nature of the law of occupation, with its interpretation being dependent on different historical settings and social context. The second part of the article focuses on how the law of occupation that evolved as a European project has rationalized excluding the system of colonialism from the framework of that law. The historical assessment of this body of jus in bello would be incomplete and biased if it did not address the narratives of such structural exclusivity.
Why the 2002 Denali fault rupture propagated onto the Totschunda fault: Implications for fault branching and seismic hazards
Authors: Schwartz David P. , Haeussler Peter J. , Seitz Gordon G. , Dawson Timothy E. 
Published: October 2012

The propagation of the rupture of the Mw7.9 Denali fault earthquake from the central Denali fault onto the Totschunda fault has provided a basis for dynamic models of fault branching in which the angle of the regional or local prestress relative to the orientation of the main fault and branch plays a principal role in determining which fault branch is taken. GeoEarthScope LiDAR and paleoseismic data allow us to map the structure of the Denali‐Totschunda fault intersection and evaluate controls of fault branching from a geological perspective. LiDAR data reveal the Denali‐Totschunda fault intersection is structurally simple with the two faults directly connected. At the branch point, 227.2 km east of the 2002 epicenter, the 2002 rupture diverges southeast to become the Totschunda fault. We use paleoseismic data to propose that differences in the accumulated strain on each fault segment, which express differences in the elapsed time since the most recent event, was one important control of the branching direction. We suggest that data on event history, slip rate, paleo offsets, fault geometry and structure, and connectivity, especially on high slip rate‐short recurrence interval faults, can be used to assess the likelihood of branching and its direction. Analysis of the Denali‐Totschunda fault intersection has implications for evaluating the potential for a rupture to propagate across other types of fault intersections and for characterizing sources of future large earthquakes.
Emplacement mechanism of off‐axis large submarine lava field from the Oman Ophiolite
Authors: Umino Susumu 
Published: October 2012

Large submarine lava flows with thicknesses >100 m and volumes exceeding a few km3are not uncommon volcanic constructs of mid‐ocean ridges and around Hawaii Islands, yet details of the physical processes of eruption of these large lava flows are poorly understood. The V3 unit of the Oman Ophiolite extruded onto pelagic sediment far off the paleospreading axis as thick lava flows with an areal extent of >11 km by 1.5 km and the maximum thickness >270 m, yielding an estimated volume >1.2 km3. The feeder dike for the V3 flow field has an unusual thickness up to 60 m, striking at a high angle to the paleospreading axis. The skewed variation in thickness suggests an intrusion at the apparent level of neutral buoyancy in off‐axis crust. The thick sheet flows consist of massive core and columnar jointed crust. Finer‐grained, finely jointed layers and lenses embedded in coarser‐grained, roughly jointed lava show a complex cooling and growth history of the lava crust. In the periphery of the flow field, sheet flows lack developed core textures and change laterally into compound flows of pillow and subaqueous pahoehoe lobes, which are occasionally intermingled with pelagic shale. On the other hand, core lacks fine columnar joints and shows a typical doleritic texture. We conclude that the V3 flow field formed by extrusion of lava at low to moderate rates onto a subhorizontal seafloor covered with thick pelagic sediment, burying topographic relief >100 m of abyssal hills and fault grabens.
Holocene tephras highlight complexity of volcanic signals in Greenland ice cores
Authors: Coulter Sarah E. , Pilcher Jonathan R. , Plunkett Gill , Baillie Mike , Hall Valerie A. , Steffensen J. P. , Vinther Bo M. , Clausen Henrik B. , Johnsen Sigfus J. 
Published: October 2012

Acidity peaks in Greenland ice cores have been used as critical reference horizons for synchronizing ice core records, aiding the construction of a single Greenland Ice Core Chronology (GICC05) for the Holocene. Guided by GICC05, we examined sub‐sections of three Greenland cores in the search for tephra from specific eruptions that might facilitate the linkage of ice core records, the dating of prehistoric tephras and the understanding of the eruptions. Here we report the identification of 14 horizons with tephra particles, including 11 that have not previously been reported from the North Atlantic region and that have the potential to be valuable isochrons. The positions of tephras whose major element data are consistent with ash from the Katmai AD 1912 and Öraefajökull AD 1362 eruptions confirm the annually resolved ice core chronology for the last 700 years. We provide a more refined date for the so‐called “AD860B” tephra, a widespread isochron found across NW Europe, and present new evidence relating to the 17th century BC Thera/Aniakchak debate that shows N. American eruptions likely contributed to the acid signals at this time. Our results emphasize the variable spatial and temporal distributions of volcanic products in Greenland ice that call for a more cautious approach in the attribution of acid signals to specific eruptive events.
A Direct‐Gradient Multivariate Index of Biotic Condition
Authors: Miranda L. E. , Aycock J. N. , Killgore K. J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMultimetric indexes constructed by summing metric scores have been criticized despite many of their merits. A leading criticism is the potential for investigator bias involved in metric selection and scoring. Often there is a large number of competing metrics equally well correlated with environmental stressors, requiring a judgment call by the investigator to select the most suitable metrics to include in the index and how to score them. Data‐driven procedures for multimetric index formulation published during the last decade have reduced this limitation, yet apprehension remains. Multivariate approaches that select metrics with statistical algorithms may reduce the level of investigator bias and alleviate a weakness of multimetric indexes. We investigated the suitability of a direct‐gradient multivariate procedure to derive an index of biotic condition for fish assemblages in oxbow lakes in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Although this multivariate procedure also requires that the investigator identify a set of suitable metrics potentially associated with a set of environmental stressors, it is different from multimetric procedures because it limits investigator judgment in selecting a subset of biotic metrics to include in the index and because it produces metric weights suitable for computation of index scores. The procedure, applied to a sample of 35 competing biotic metrics measured at 50 oxbow lakes distributed over a wide geographical region in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, selected 11 metrics that adequately indexed the biotic condition of five test lakes. Because the multivariate index includes only metrics that explain the maximum variability in the stressor variables rather than a balanced set of metrics chosen to reflect various fish assemblage attributes, it is fundamentally different from multimetric indexes of biotic integrity with advantages and disadvantages. As such, it provides an alternative to multimetric procedures.
Elevated Streamflows Increase Dam Passage by Juvenile Coho Salmon during Winter: Implications of Climate Change in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Kock Tobias J. , Liedtke Theresa L. , Rondorf Dennis W. , Serl John D. , Kohn Mike , Bumbaco Karin A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A 4-year evaluation was conducted to determine the proportion of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch passing Cowlitz Falls Dam, on the Cowlitz River, Washington, during winter. River and reservoir populations of coho salmon parr were monitored using radiotelemetry to determine if streamflow increases resulted in increased downstream movement and dam passage. This was of interest because fish that pass downstream of Cowlitz Falls Dam become landlocked in Riffe Lake and are lost to the anadromous population. Higher proportions of reservoir-released fish (0.391–0.480) passed Cowlitz Falls Dam than did river-released fish (0.037–0.119). Event-time analyses demonstrated that streamflow increases were important predictors of dam passage rates during the study. The estimated effect of increasing streamflows on the risk of dam passage varied annually and ranged from 9% to 75% for every 28.3 m3/s increase in streamflow. These results have current management implications because they demonstrate the significance of dam passage by juvenile coho salmon during winter months when juvenile fish collection facilities are typically not operating. The results also have future management implications because climate change predictions suggest that peak streamflow timing for many watersheds in the Pacific Northwest will shift from late spring and early summer to winter. Increased occurrence of intense winter flood events is also expected. Our results demonstrate that juvenile coho salmon respond readily to streamflow increases and initiate downstream movements during winter months, which could result in increased passage at dams during these periods if climate change predictions are realized in the coming decades.
Received February 7, 2012; accepted July 31, 2012
A numerical and experimental investigation of an axially symmetric RF plasma
Authors: Sutton Yvonne C , Johnson Peter C , Naidis George V , Sharp David , Braithwaite Nicholas St J 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The characteristics of an atmospheric pressure, RF discharge in air were determined and compared with a 2D numerical model adapted from that used for a dc glow discharge. For a 15 mm discharge, the RF plasma's electrical and optical characteristics show a close correlation to several equivalent dc plasmas and to the results calculated from the adapted model. For an rms conduction current range of 11–30 mA, the rotational temperature varies between 2800 and 3200 K; the vibrational temperature shows a change of 3500–4000 K with near equilibrium conditions to the rotational state occuring in the central region of the discharge. Spatial measurements and modelling of nitrogen emission spectra identify the changes in the temperatures and dimensions along the vertical z-axis as well as the spatial dependence on the atomic and molecular species generated in the discharge.
Shape evolution of MBE grown Si1−xGex structures on high-index Si(5 5 12) surfaces: a temperature dependent study
Authors: Dash J K , Rath A , Juluri R R , Satyam P V 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The morphological evolution and the effect of growth temperature on size, orientation and composition of molecular beam epitaxy grown Ge–Si islands on Si(5 5 12) surfaces have been investigated in the temperature range from room temperature to 800 °C. Two modes of substrate heating, i.e. radiative heating (RH) and direct current heating (DH) have been used. The post-growth characterization was carried out ex situ by scanning electron microscopy, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. In the RH case, we found spherical island structures at 600 °C with a bimodal distribution and upon increasing temperature, the structures got faceted at 700 °C. At 800 °C thick (∼122 nm) dome-like structures are formed bounded by facets. While in the case of dc heating, after the optimum critical temperature 600 °C, well aligned trapezoidal Si1−x
Ge
x
structures with a graded composition starts forming along the step edges. Interestingly, these aligned structures have been found only around 600 °C, neither at low temperature nor at higher temperatures.
Surgical Outcome of Percutaneous Endoscopic Interlaminar Lumbar Discectomy for Highly Migrated Disk Herniation
Authors: Kim Chi H. , Chung Chun K. , Woo Ji W. 
Published: October 2012

Study Design:
Technical report.

Objective:
To present a detailed surgical technique for percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy (PEID) for highly migrated disk herniation.

Summary of Background Data:
Percutaneous lumbar endoscopic discectomy for highly migrated disk herniation is still challenging even for an experienced surgeon. Because of the risk of failure and technical difficulty, open discectomy is recommended for a high-grade migration. However, past reports focused on the transforaminal approach (percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy) and may give a biased impression. We may overlook the merit of PEID. The surgical procedure for PEID is similar to a traditional open discectomy and the range of approach could be widened by the inclined introduction and pivoting motion of an endoscope.

Methods:
Eighteen consecutive patients (M:F=12:6; age, 56±15 y) with highly migrated disk herniation were enrolled for the present study. The disk material was migrated superiorly in 7 patients (L4–5, 4; L5–S1, 2; L2–3, 1) and inferiorly in 11 patients (L4–5, 6; L3–4, 4; L5–S1, 1). PEID was applied in 17 patients and PETD was performed for L2–3 disk herniation. The follow-up period was 16±12 months. The outcome was graded using the MacNab criteria.

Results:
Complete removal of the disk material was confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging in 16 patients (success rate 89%). Revision operation was necessary in 2 patients with inferior migration from L4–5. The residual disk was removed through the L5–S1 laminar window 2 days after surgery with excellent outcome at the last follow-up. The outcome at the last follow-up was excellent in 12 patients, good in 3, fair in 2, and poor in 1. Dural tear was suspected in 1 patient without any further problems and there was no recurrence during follow-up.

Conclusions:
PEID may be applied comfortably even for less-experienced surgeons because of the familiar anatomy with open surgery.