bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon preservation in humic lakes; a hierarchical regulatory pathway
Authors: Fenner Nathalie , Freeman Chris 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPeatland catchments store vast amounts of carbon. Humic lakes and pools are the primary receptacles for terrigenous carbon in these meta‐ecosystems, representing sequestration hotspots; boreal lakes alone store ca. 120 Pg C. But little is known about the mechanisms that preserve aquatic carbon stocks. Here, we determined the regulatory pathway of decomposition in relation to ‘traditional’ limitations, namely anoxia, decay inhibiting compounds, low nutrients and acidity, using in vitro manipulation, mesocosms and natural gradients. We show that anoxia represents a powerful hierarchical preservation mechanism affecting all major limitations on decomposition and recapturing carbon that would otherwise escape from peatlands. Oxygen constraints on microbial synthesis of oxidases and nutrient‐cycling enzymes, prevents the decay of organic matter to CO2, CH4 and N2O by allowing inhibitor accumulation and lowering nutrients. However, this pathway is sensitive to direct nutrient inputs and therefore eutrophication could initiate catastrophic feedback to global warming via dramatically increased greenhouse gas emissions. Identifying these process‐specific limitations should inform better management and conservation of these vital systems.
Preparation of albumin from human plasma by heat denaturation method in plasma bag
Authors: Aghaie A. , Khorsand Mohammad Pour H. , Banazadeh S. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYAimIn many countries, there is surplus plasma which is thrown out. Due to the high cost of albumin as a pharmaceutical product, it is not widely available for all patients. Therefore, we considered direct preparation of albumin in the plasma bag.BackgroundHuman plasma has many unique features compared with prepared pharmaceutical products because of its human origin. In countries which do not have a plasma fractionation industry, shortages for plasma products are commonplace.MethodsAlbumin stabiliser was added to the plasma in the bag to stabilised albumin molecule and make it resistant to heat. When the plasma bag was heated, other plasma proteins are irreversibly precipitated and can be separated by centrifugation. Finally, albumin is filtered and pasteurized in plasma bag.ResultsThe purity of prepared albumin is >99% and the yield is 21 g per liter of plasma. Polymer content of pasteurized albumin measuring with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was less than 1%.ConclusionsSince albumin preparation in plasma bag is a simple and cheap technology, it has the potential for use in the production of a safe plasma derived product, although suitability for human use would require appropriate clinical assessment for safety. Using this method, albumin could be prepared from all types of plasma. This method is suggested as a possible method of albumin production for all countries which do not have a plasma fractionation industry and even for the countries with low plasma supplies.
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction with DNA pooling: a cost‐effective strategy of genotyping rare blood types
Authors: He Y.‐L. , Gao H.‐H. , Ye L.‐Y. , Guo Z.‐H. , Wang P. , Zhu Z.‐Y. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYObjectives/AimsThis work aims to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction combined with DNA pooling for mass screening for rare blood types.BackgroundThe differences in most blood group antigens are associated with single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are used in detecting blood antigen expression at the molecular level. However, all existing sequence‐specific primers polymerase chain reaction (PCR‐SSP) assays for blood typing genotype one or several SNPs individually. DNA pooling is a way that reduces the amount of genotyping required.MethodsA sensitive multiplex PCR‐SSP assay testing pooled DNA was established to detect the rare Fyb and S alleles. It was applied to screen a total of 4490 donor samples via testing 898 DNA pools. The samples in the positive pools were further tested individually. Then the positive samples, including Fy(a−b+)/Fy(a+b+) and S+s−/S+s+ genotypes, were tested via two PCR‐SSP assays for alleles Fya and s. The rare genotypes Fy(a−b+) and S+s− were verified using serologic tests and sequencing analysis.ResultsTwo hundred and fifty‐four donors were tested positive for the Fyb allele, whereas 101 donors were positive for the S allele. Among the 254 Fy(b+) donors, 5 were Fy(a−b+) and 249 were Fy(a+b+). Among the 101 S+ donors, 3 were S+s− and 98 were S+s+. The rare Fyb and S alleles comprised 2·28 and 1·16%, respectively. The PCR‐SSP assays were confirmed by sequencing analysis and serological test.ConclusionA multiplex PCR assay was combined with DNA pooling to reduce the number of tests required, making large‐scale screening feasible.
Risk factors of early and late onset pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Aksornphusitaphong Adisorn , Phupong Vorapong 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to identify the differences in risk factors between early and late onset pre‐eclampsia.Material and MethodsA case–control study was carried out involving pregnancies with pre‐eclampsia (152 early onset and 297 late onset) and 449 controls at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2010. The data were reviewed from antenatal and delivery records.ResultsFactors which were significantly associated with increased risk for both early and late onset pre‐eclampsia were family history of diabetes mellitus, high pre‐pregnancy body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 and weight gain ≥ 0.5 kg per week. History of chronic hypertension (odds ratio 4.4; 95% confidence interval 2.1–9.3) was significantly associated with increased risk for only early onset pre‐eclampsia, while family history of chronic hypertension (odds ratio 18; 95% confidence interval 6–54) was significantly associated with increased risk for only late onset pre‐eclampsia.ConclusionsThe risk factors that differ between early and late onset of pre‐eclampsia were history of chronic hypertension and family history of chronic hypertension. Family history of diabetes mellitus, pre‐pregnancy body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 and weight gain ≥ 0.5 kg per week were risk factors of both early and late onset pre‐eclampsia. These risk factors are of value to obstetricians in identifying patients at risk for pre‐eclampsia and in implementing primary prevention.
Acute congestive heart failure due to ruptured mitral chordae tendineae in late pregnancy
Authors: Ohishi Sugiko , Nitta Hayase , Chinen Yukiko , Kinjo Tadatsugu , Masamoto Hitoshi , Sakumoto Kaoru , Maeda Tatsuya , Kuniyoshi Yukio , Aoki Yoichi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA 31‐year‐old woman complained of dyspnea and orthopnea at 38 weeks of gestation. A grade 3/6 pansystolic murmur was heard, and echocardiography revealed severe mitral regurgitation with a hyperechoic obstacle on the posterior mitral valve leaflet, consistent with a diagnosis of acute heart failure due to a ruptured chordae tendineae or an infectious endocarditis. An emergency cesarean section was performed under general anesthesia. A male infant was born weighing 2928 g with Apgar scores of 7 and 8 at 1 and 5 min, respectively. The patient was managed in the intensive care unit and underwent open‐heart surgery for mitral valve repair on postpartum day 3. The two chordal tendineae appeared torn and frail, and a mitral annuloplasty was performed. No finding of infectious endocarditis was observed. Because it is a dramatic and life‐threatening clinical situation, proper diagnosis and treatment in the intensive care unit assure a good outcome for both mother and fetus.
Tumor‐associated macrophages correlate with progesterone receptor loss in endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma
Authors: Jiang Xue‐feng , Tang Qiong‐lan , Li Hai‐gang , Shen Xi‐ming , Luo Xin , Wang Xiao‐yu , Lin Zhong‐qiu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimIt has been well established that tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) play a tumor promoting role in endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EEC). But the association with TAMs and sex hormone receptor expression, and progression of precancerous endometrial lesions in EEC has been little reported.Material and MethodsWe used immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of CD68, CD34, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in 95 cases of EEC, as well as 35 cases of endometrial hyperplasia (including 15 atypical hyperplasia, 10 complex hyperplasia and 10 simple hyperplasia). We also correlated TAMs count with various clinicopathological factors, sex hormone receptor, and prognostic value in patients with EEC.ResultsWe identified that TAMs count increased linearly with disease progression (mean count per case at ×200 magnification: simple hyperplasia, 6.30; complex hyperplasia, 11.20; atypical hyperplasia, 29.40; EEC 55.81, respectively; P < 0.001), that microvascular density (MVD) also increased accordingly (27.50, 30.20, 50.13 and 59.94, respectively; P < 0.001). The expression of progesterone receptor, not of estrogen receptor, significantly decreased with disease progression (P < 0.05). Moreover, histopathologic grades, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage (2009), depth of myometrial invasion, pelvic lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular space invasion, and expression of PR and VEGF were associated with TAMs count (P = 0.0001, P = 0.004, P = 0.0001, P = 0.04, P = 0.0001, P = 0.0001, P = 0.0001, respectively). Progesterone receptor expression was also associated with histopathologic grades, lymphovascular space invasion, VEGF and high TAMs (P = 0.035, P = 0.022, P = 0.014, P = 0.001, respectively). The estimated 5‐year survival rate of patients with low TAMs was significantly higher than those with high TAMs (96.4% vs 69.8%, P = 0.002).ConclusionTAMs are potentially related to PR loss and progression of precancerous endometrial lesions in EEC.
Diversification of South American spiny rats (Echimyidae): a multigene phylogenetic approach
Authors: Fabre Pierre‐Henri , Galewski Thomas , Tilak Marie‐ka , Douzery Emmanuel J. P. 
Published: October 2012

Fabre, P.‐H., Galewski, T., Tilak, M.‐k. & Douzery, E.J.P. (2012) Diversification of South American spiny rats (Echimyidae): a multigene phylogenetic approach. —Zoologica Scripta,00, 000–000.We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of 14 Echimyidae (spiny rats), one Myocastoridae (nutrias) and one Capromyidae (hutias) genera based on three newly sequenced nuclear genes (APOB,GHRandRBP3) and five previously published markers (the nuclearRAG1andvWF, and the mitochondrial cytochromeb,12SrRNA and16SrRNA). We recovered a well‐supported phylogeny within the Echimyidae, although the evolutionary relationships among arboreal echimyid taxa remain unresolved. Molecular divergence times estimated using a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock suggest a Middle Miocene origin for most of the extant echimyid genera. Echimyidae seems to constitute an example of evolutionary radiation with high species diversity, yet they exhibit only narrow skull morphological changes, and the arboreal and terrestrial taxa are shown to retain numerous plesiomorphic features. The most recent common ancestor of spiny rats is inferred to be a ground‐dwelling taxon that has subsequently diverged into fossorial, semiaquatic and arboreal habitats. The arboreal clade polytomy and ancestral character estimations suggest that the colonization of the arboreal niche constituted the keystone event of the echimyid radiation. However, biogeographical patterns suggest a strong influence of allopatric speciation in addition to ecology‐driven diversification among South American spiny rats.
Cryptic speciation and genetic structure of widely distributed brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) in Europe
Authors: Pérez‐Portela Rocío , Almada Vitor , Turon Xavier 
Published: October 2012

Pérez‐Portela, R., Almada, V. & Turon, X. (2012). Cryptic speciation and genetic structure of widely distributed brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) in Europe. —Zoologica Scripta, 00, 000–000.The development of molecular techniques has led to the detection of numerous cases of cryptic speciation within widely distributed marine invertebrate species and important taxonomic revisions in all the major marine taxa. In this study, we analysed a controversial marine species complex in the genus Ophiothrix, a widespread taxon in European waters traditionally assigned to two nominal species, Ophiothrix fragilis and O. quinquemaculata. These species are important components of the rocky shores and deep marine benthos along the North Atlantic and Mediterranean littoral. Their status (including variants of both species) has remained contentious due to overlapping variability in morphological characters. In this study, we analysed the genetic and morphological differences of Ophiothrix lineages along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. We also assessed population genetic structure in the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins by sequencing two mitochondrial genes, the 16S rRNA gene and COI gene, of 221 specimens from 13 locations. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the existence of two genetically distinct lineages, attributable to two different species although unrelated to previous taxonomic distinctions. Morphological differences could also be detected between these lineages. Samples from the Northeast Atlantic and one from the deep Mediterranean grouped within Lineage I, whereas Lineage II pooled together the southern Atlantic and rocky shallow Mediterranean samples. In the northern region of the Iberian Peninsula and at a deep locality in the Mediterranean, both lineages overlap. Speciation processes likely happened during the Mio–Pliocene transition (about 4.8–7.5 million years ago), when marine‐level oscillations led to the blockage of major marine corridors in Europe and promoted genetic isolation by vicariance. Secondary contact between lineages following sea‐level increases and recolonization during the refilling of the Mediterranean after the Miocene salinity crisis could explain the present‐day distribution of genetic variability. No barriers to gene flow along the Atlanto‐Mediterranean area were detected for Lineage II, and the lack of genetic structure could be caused by a mixture of several factors, such as wide dispersal potential, recent demographic expansion and large population size.
Effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity among socioeconomically disadvantaged women: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cleland V. , Granados A. , Crawford D. , Winzenberg T. , Ball K. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryPhysical activity is important for preventing weight gain and obesity, but women experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage are at high risk of inactivity. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity among women experiencing disadvantage, and the intervention factors (i.e. physical activity measure, delivery mode, delivery channel, setting, duration, use of theory, behavioural techniques, participant age, risk of bias) associated with effectiveness. We conducted a meta‐analysis of controlled trials using random‐effects models and meta‐regression. Seven databases were searched for trials among healthy women (18–64 years), which included a physical activity intervention, any control group, and statistical analyses of a physical activity outcome at baseline and post‐intervention. Nineteen studies were included (n = 6,339). Because of substantial statistical heterogeneity (χ2 = 53.61, df = 18, P < 0.0001, I2 = 66%), an overall pooled effect is not reported. In subgroup analyses, between‐group differences were evident for delivery mode, which modestly reduced heterogeneity (to 54%). Studies with a group delivery component had a standardized mean difference of 0.38 greater than either individual or community‐based delivery. Programs with a group delivery mode significantly increase physical activity among women experiencing disadvantage, and group delivery should be considered an essential element of physical activity promotion programs targeting this population group.
Comparison of national gestational weight gain guidelines and energy intake recommendations
Authors: Alavi N. , Haley S. , Chow K. , McDonald S. D. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryAlthough data showing adverse effects with high and low gestational weight gain (GWG) come from a large number of countries, a variety of guidelines about the GWG exist. Our objectives were to compare existing GWG and energy recommendations across various countries, as well as the rationale or evidence on which they were based. We used the United Nations' Human Developmental Index to determine the ranking of the country to ensure broad sampling and then searched for guidelines. We first searched the national government websites, and if necessary searched Medline and EMBASE, Global Health databases, and bibliographies of published articles for both guidelines and the studies on which they were based. We found guidelines for 31% of the countries, and 59% of these had a GWG recommendation, 68% had an energy intake recommendation (EIR), and 36% had both. About half of the GWG guidelines are similar to the 2009 American Institutes of Medicine (IOM) and 73% of the EIRs are similar to the 2006 IOM. Despite the documented relationship between both high GWG and adverse outcomes for women and infants and low GWG and adverse outcomes in infants, there are a wide variety of guidelines for GWG and energy recommendations by different countries around the world.
Developmental Trajectories in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorders: The First 3 Years
Authors: Landa Rebecca J. , Gross Alden L. , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Faherty Ashley 
Published: October 2012

Retrospective studies indicate 2 major classes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) onset: early and later, after a period of relatively healthy development. This prospective, longitudinal study examined social, language, and motor trajectories in 235 children with and without a sibling with autism, ages 6–36 months. Children were grouped as: ASD identified by 14 months, ASD identified after 14 months, and no ASD. Despite groups' initial similar developmental level at 6 months, ASD groups exhibited atypical trajectories thereafter. Impairment from 14 to 24 months was greater in the Early‐ASD than the Later‐ASD group, but comparable at 36 months. Developmental plateau and regression occurred in some children with ASD, regardless of timing of ASD diagnosis. Findings indicate a preclinical phase of varying duration for ASD.
Dwarfism in insular carnivores: a case study of the pygmy raccoon
Authors: McFadden K. W. , Meiri S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractInsular dwarfism is common in mammals. Many theories have been put forward to explain it, including competitive release, predation release, resource limitation and limited dispersal abilities. However, recent analyses have challenged many of these assertions and indicate that size evolution is more complex with populations and species developing unique patterns of morphological variation. We explore the evolution of body size in a poorly studied island carnivore, the pygmy raccoon Procyon pygmaeus, and compare it with other mainland and island populations within its genus. We studied 36 males and 42 females of the endemic and endangered pygmy raccoon on Cozumel Island, Mexico, from 2001 to 2003. Insular P. pygmaeus are, on average, 17.5% smaller in linear dimensions than their closest mainland relative. Minimum linear rate of size change was 6.21% per 1000 years or 5.43 darwins. Size reduction is likely to have been an adaptation to fewer resources and predators. Our population genetic examination identified different patterns of divergence than the morphological examination, indicating that the rate of morphological evolution likely exceeds that represented in this genus’ neutral genetic history. This case study highlights the importance of an autecological approach toward examining insular dwarfism given that clear patterns are not visible across the Carnivora.
Understanding performance deficits in developmental coordination disorder: a meta‐analysis of recent research
Authors: WILSON PETER H , RUDDOCK SCOTT , SMITS‐ENGELSMAN BOUWIEN , POLATAJKO HELENE , BLANK RAINER 
Published: October 2012

Aim  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a significant disorder of childhood, characterized by core difficulties in learning fine and/or gross motor skills, and the attendant psychosocial problems. The aim of the meta‐analysis presented here (the first on DCD since 1998) was to summarize trends in the literature over the past 14 years and to identify and describe the main motor control and cognitive deficits that best discriminate children with DCD from those without.Method  A systematic review of the literature published between January 1997 and August 2011 was conducted. All available journal papers reporting a comparison between a group of children with DCD and a group of typically developing children on behavioural measures were included.Results  One hundred and twenty‐nine studies yielded 1785 effect sizes based on a total of 2797 children with DCD and 3407 typically developing children. Across all outcome measures, a moderate to large effect size was found, suggesting a generalized performance deficit in children with DCD. The pattern of deficits suggested several areas of pronounced difficulty, including internal (forward) modelling, rhythmic coordination, executive function, gait and postural control, catching and interceptive action, and aspects of sensoriperceptual function.Interpretation  The results suggest that the predictive control of action may be a fundamental disruption in DCD, along with the ability to develop stable coordination patterns. Implications for theory development and intervention are discussed.
A lifespan comparison of the reliability, test‐retest stability, and signal‐to‐noise ratio of event‐related potentials assessed during performance monitoring
Authors: Hämmerer Dorothea , Li Shu‐Chen , Völkle Manuel , Müller Viktor , Lindenberger Ulman 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe reliability, stability, and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of event‐related potentials (ERPs) were investigated in children, adolescents, younger adults, and older adults in performance monitoring tasks. P2, N2, P3, and P2‐N2 peak‐to‐peak amplitude showed high odd‐even split reliabilities in all age groups, ranging from.70 to.90. Multigroup analyses showed that test‐retest stabilities (across 2 weeks) of ERP amplitudes did not differ among the four age groups. In contrast, relative to adolescents and younger adults, SNRs were lower in children and older adults, with higher noise levels in children and lower signal power in older adults. We conclude that age differences in the SNR of stimulus‐locked ERPs can be successfully compensated by the averaging procedure with about 40 trials in the average. However, age differences in baseline noise and split‐half reliability should be considered when comparing age groups in single trial measures or time‐varying processes with ERPs.