bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in masonry construction / Neuere Entwicklungen im Mauerwerkbau
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang , Saenger Dorothea , Winkels Bernd 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThanks to innovative ideas, it has been possible in recent years to advance the development of masonry construction. In response to the stricter requirements for the thermal insulation of buildings, the thermal insulation properties of masonry are continually being improved. Larger masonry units, improved mortar application techniques and prefabricated wall elements all make it possible to improve the efficiency of masonry construction and counteract the increase in labour costs. In parallel to the development of the material, the behaviour of the built masonry and its components when subjected to load is analysed in ever greater detail, in many cases using numerical models. The objective is a better understanding of the load‐bearing behaviour of masonry in order to be able to use its various components more efficiently and hence to save material.
Reinforced masonry in Europe – Working strategy for the preparation of the State of the Art Report / Bewehrtes Mauerwerk in Europa – Arbeitsstrategie für die Erstellung des State‐of‐the‐Art‐Reports
Authors: Kubica Jan , Mojsilovic´ Nebojša 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe behaviour of reinforced masonry structures, especially when reinforcement is provided to enhance the mechanical properties, i.e. different strength types or resistance of masonry, is still not completely investigated or thoroughly understood. A significant lack of knowledge can be observed in many areas, especially in Europe. As a result of this situation, the Commission W023 – Wall Structures of the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) set up a Working Group (WG5) – Reinforced and Prestressed Masonry a few years ago, of which the authors are convenors. The first task of the WG5 is to produce a State of the Art document covering reinforced masonry applications in order to identify topics for future research and development. This document will serve as a contribution for the revision of European Structural Masonry Code EN 1996‐1‐1:2005 (Eurocode 6) [1], which is planned to be done between 2015 and 2018. It was agreed at the last W023 Commission Meeting held in Eindhoven in October 2013 that the preparation of the State of the Art document should cover the specific experience and problems connected with reinforced and prestressed masonry structures under static and dynamic/seismic loading, also outside Europe. The process of preparing such a report is now underway and the following article describes the planned scope of the document.
The durability of autoclaved aerated concrete / Dauerhaftigkeit von Porenbeton
Authors: Straube Berit , Schoch Torsten 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn order to be able to better assess the durability of autoclaved aerated concrete, a number of research activities have been carried out in the past. As a result of these studies, a new requirement was defined for autoclaved aerated concrete. The overall shrinkage rate, tested according to DIN EN 680, must be smaller than 0.4 mm/m. This article describes and discusses contributing factors and the background to this new requirement.
The clever compound solution – the Ytong Energy+ / Die clevere Compound Lösung – der Ytong Energy+
Authors: Schoch Torsten , Pallesen Niels Jorgen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe development of EU regulations dealing with energy conservation will sooner or later lead to changes in all member states – usually involving stricter insulation targets. In all markets traditionally dominated by solid construction methods, this development may make it harder for the monolithic construction method to retain its market share, because both the physical and commercial limitations – to a certain extent – appear insurmountable. The obvious solution seems to be to resort to thicker insulation material. But there are other alternatives. One of them has been developed initially specifically for the Scandinavian market where the climate has traditionally dictated tough thermal insulation requirements. In Denmark for example, U‐values of 0.15 W/(m²K) are considered standard today. With conventional thermal conductivity, this U‐value presents a challenge even when using autoclaved aerated concrete if one wants to retain familiar, commercially viable wall dimensions. But there are other possibilities: the compound solution offered by the Ytong Energy+ block.
Six‐Membered Silacycle Odorants: Synthesis and Olfactory Characterization of Si Analogues of Artemone, β‐Dynascone, and Herbac
Authors: Liu Junhui , Zhang Qidong , Li Peng , Qu Zhan , Sun Shihao , Ma Yuping , Su Dongying , Zong Yongli , Zhang Jianxun 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSi‐Artemone (4a), Si‐β‐Dynascone (5a), and Si‐Herbac 6a, which are Si analogues of the commercial fragrance ingredients Artemone (1), β‐Dynascone (2), and Herbac (3), were synthesized expediently by the insertion of terminal alkynes into silacyclobutane 7a. The sensory characterization results revealed that 4a and 6a had quite similar odor qualities compared with those of 1 and 3, whereas 5a had a totally different odor character relative to that of 2. In terms of the odor threshold values, that of 4a was slightly more substantive than that of its carbon analogue 1, 6a was less potent than its carbon analogue 3, whereas that of 5a was approximately one‐sixth that of its carbon analogue 2.
Cycloruthenation of N‐(Naphthyl)salicylaldimine and Related Ligands: Utilization of the Ru–C Bond in Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Dutta Jayita , Richmond Michael G. , Bhattacharya Samaresh 
Published: June 2014

AbstractUpon reaction with [Ru(PPh3)2(CO)2Cl2], N‐(naphthyl)‐4‐R‐salicylaldimines (R = OCH3, H, Cl; H2L1–H2L3) and 2‐hydroxy‐N‐(naphthyl)naphthaldimine (H2L4) readily undergo cycloruthenation by C–H bond activation at the peri position to afford complexes of the type [Ru(PPh3)2(L)(CO)] (L = L1–L4). The crystal structures of the [Ru(PPh3)2(L)(CO)] (L = L1, L2, L4) complexes were determined and the structure of [Ru(PPh3)2(L3)(CO)] optimized by DFT calculations. The thermodynamics for the reaction of [Ru(PPh3)2(CO)2Cl2] with H2L2 to give [Ru(PPh3)2(L2)(CO)] were determined. All the complexes show intense absorptions in the visible and UV regions, which have been analyzed by TDDFT calculations. Cyclic voltammetry of the four cycloruthenated complexes showed two oxidations within the range 0.50–1.35 V versus SCE and a reduction at around –1.75 V versus SCE. The [Ru(PPh3)2(L)(CO)] (L = L1–L4) complexes were found to efficiently catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds.
Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure C4‐Symmetric Tetramethoxyresorcarenes by Using the (–)‐(S)‐1‐Phenylethyl Isocyanate Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Thakar Amit S. , Parekh Hitesh M. , Pansuriya Pramod B. , Friedrich Holger B. , Maguire Glenn E. M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of a series of tetramethoxyresorcarene diastereomers is reported. The reactions of inherently chiral C4‐symmetric tetramethoxyresorcarene derivatives with the chiral auxiliary (–)‐(S)‐1‐phenylethyl isocyanate gave new diastereomeric carbamate compounds in good yields. The diastereomers were separated by simple silica chromatography and then converted by hydrolysis into their parent tetramethoxyresorcarenes to yield the optically pure (–)‐(M,R)‐ and (+)‐(P,S) enantiomers.
Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxy‐7‐methylcarbazole, Glycozolicine, Mukoline, Mukolidine, Sansoakamine, Clausine‐H, and Clausine‐K and Structural Revision of Clausine‐TY
Authors: Schuster Christian , Börger Carsten , Julich‐Gruner Konstanze K. , Hesse Ronny , Jäger Anne , Kaufmann Györley , Schmidt Arndt W. , Knölker Hans‐Joachim 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA Buchwald–Hartwig amination and palladium(II)‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization reaction sequence provided efficient access to a series of oxygenated tricyclic carbazoles. In the present work, this approach was applied to the total syntheses of the naturally occurring carbazole alkaloids 2‐hydroxy‐7‐methylcarbazole, glycozolicine, mukoline, mukolidine, sansoakamine, glycozolidine, clausine‐H (clauszoline‐C), clausine‐K (clauszoline‐J), and methyl 2‐hydroxy‐7‐methoxycarbazole‐3‐carboxylate, which was originally proposed as the structure of clausine‐TY. The synthesis of the latter led to the structural reassignment of clausine‐TY.
Concerted Determination of the Hydrogen Atom and Electron Transfer Capacity of Lipid Soluble Reducing Agents
Authors: Lemma Solomon Mengistu , Scampicchio Matteo , Bulbarello Andrea , Mason Marco , Schweikert Loni 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper describes a method based on square wave voltammetry to evaluate either the electron transfer or the hydrogen atom transfer of lipid soluble antioxidants such as dl‐mix‐tocopherol, BHT, ethoxyquin and retynil acetate. The electron transfer (ET) capacity was evaluated by the peak current, peak potential and the area under the anodic wave, whereas the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) capacity by the kinetic rate of the reaction between antioxidants and 2,2‐Azobis(2‐methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH). The results indicate that ethoxyquin and tocopherol have the highest ET and HAT capacity. However, HAT capacity of tocopherol, BHT and retinyl acetate depend on the concentration. The approach has the advantage to assess HAT and ET capacity of lipid soluble antioxidant in a single concerted protocol.
Central and Peripheral Peptides Regulating Eating Behaviour and Energy Homeostasis in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: A Literature Review
Authors: Tortorella Alfonso , Brambilla Francesca , Fabrazzo Michele , Volpe Umberto , Monteleone Alessio Maria , Mastromo Daniele , Monteleone Palmiero 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA large body of literature suggests the occurrence of a dysregulation in both central and peripheral modulators of appetite in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), but at the moment, the state or trait‐dependent nature of those changes is far from being clear. It has been proposed, although not definitively proved, that peptide alterations, even when secondary to malnutrition and/or to aberrant eating behaviours, might contribute to the genesis and the maintenance of some symptomatic aspects of AN and BN, thus affecting the course and the prognosis of these disorders. This review focuses on the most significant literature studies that explored the physiology of those central and peripheral peptides, which have prominent effects on eating behaviour, body weight and energy homeostasis in patients with AN and BN. The relevance of peptide dysfunctions for the pathophysiology of eating disorders is critically discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Development of a Micro Temperature Sensor and 3D Temperature Analysis for a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Wang H. Y. , Yang W. J. , Lee D. W. , Kim Y. B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study examines the development of micro in situ sensors and analyzed the through‐plane temperature of a fuel cell. Temperature sensing inside a fuel cell is important in fuel cell diagnosis and analysis. Temperature sensors must be adequately small, so that fuel cell performance is maintained and the temperature anywhere inside the cell can be flexibly measured. In this study, a temperature sensor based on a micro‐electromechanical system (MEMS) is designed and fabricated to achieve these objectives. The micro temperature sensor was installed inside a cell to measure through‐plane temperature. The current and voltage of the fuel cell with the micro temperature sensor were measured and compared with those of a fuel cell without the sensor to analyze the effect of the sensor on fuel cell performance. The developed temperature sensor is of resistance temperature detector (RTD) type, with a flexible substrate of polyimide, high sensitivity, and easy installation characteristics. After calibration of the sensors, three sensors were inserted into the cell to measure the through‐plane temperature, and the polarization curve of the cell with and without the micro sensor was compared. Finally, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a fuel cell was developed and analyzed by comparison of the measured temperature results to determine the accuracy of the model.
Selenium‐Containing π‐Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Patra Asit , Kumar Rachana , Chand Suresh 
Published: June 2014

AbstractOrganic solar cell research has attracted scientific and commercial interest in the last decade due to a rapid increase in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Today, PCEs in the range of 8–10 % have been obtained using conjugated polymers as electron‐donor materials in combination with fullerene/other acceptors. However, to enable commercial applications, the efficiencies and lifetimes of organic solar cells still need to be improved significantly. In recent years, due to the potential advantages of Se‐containing conjugated materials, namely, lower band gaps, rigidity, and strong Se⋅⋅⋅Se integration, have attracted surprising attention for use in organic solar cells. In this review, we focus on the synthesis and applications of Se‐containing conjugated polymers for organic solar cells and throughout compare them with S‐ and O‐containing analogues where applicable. The relationships between the chemical structures and properties, such as absorptions, energy levels, mobilities, and photovoltaic behavior, are also discussed.
Combining Ammonium Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate/methyl Isobutyl Ketone Microextraction in an Inexpensive Disposable Pipette with Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Cd and Pd
Authors: Wang TsingHai , Sung Yi‐Jung , Hsu Chien‐Hua , Hsieh Yi‐Kong , Wang Chu‐Fang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper describes a new analytical method, using a combination of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate/methyl isobutyl ketone (APDC‐MIBK) microextraction and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS), for the determination of the concentrations of Cd and Pb in aqueous samples. Only 200 μL of organic solvent was used throughout the entire analysis process, with enhancement factors as high as 25. Recoveries from replicate analyses of natural water [NIST 1640(a)] containing mean concentrations of 3.1 μg Cd L−1 and 9.3 μg Pb L−1 were 95 ± 3 and 104 ± 4%, respectively. The corresponding detection limits were 0.6 μg L −1 for Cd and 0.9 μg L −1 for Pb. The main advantage of this approach is its simplicity in terms of sample preparation, as demonstrated by quantifying the levels of Cd and Pd in real samples, including tap water, groundwater, and seawater, using a standard addition method.
NMR Analysis of Substituent Effect of Arymethylene‐malononitriles and Malonates
Authors: Lin Lee‐Hui , Lee Chuan‐Chen , Ding Mei‐Fang , Lin Shaw‐Tao 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA series of arylmethylene‐malononitriles and malonates were prepared from the condensation of arylaldehydes and malononitriles and malonates, respectively. The function of substituents on the carbon‐13 chemical shifts of the Cα and Cβ was studied. The correlation between Hammett's constants and the substituent chemical shifts demonstrates a negative slope for Cα and positive for Cβ (1, Cα:ρ = ‐3.877, r2 = 0.979; Cβ:ρ = 6.899, r2 = 0.984; 2, Cα:ρ = ‐2.817, r2 = 0.926; Cβ:ρ = 5.355, r2 = 0.950). The large slopes for Cβ for both series compounds resemble our previous studies on the arylcyclopropanes.The relaxation time of both proton and carbon are slightly affected by the size of substituents. In the viscosity study, an inverse‐law relationship between relaxation time and viscosity was observed.
A Green Approach to the Synthesis of Pd‐Ni/Graphene via Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite from Used Battery for the Electrocatalysis of Ethanol
Authors: Tan Joshua L. , Villar Paolo Gio , de Jesus Arvee , Tongol Bernard John V. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA simple, environmentally benign, and cost‐effective approach is described to prepare graphene via electrochemical exfoliation of graphite rod from spent batteries. PdNi was deposited on electrochemically exfoliated graphene materials with the electrocatalyst synthesized using a borohydride‐facilitated reduction. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis confirmed the exfoliation of graphite from used batteries and deposition of PdNi on electrochemically exfoliated graphenebased material. Cyclic voltammetry results show that the electrocatalytic activity towards ethanol oxidation of PdNi on electrochemically exfoliated graphene oxide (EGO) exfoliated from graphite of used battery has improved compared to carbon black as a support material.
Structure Design and Performance of LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2 Cathode Materials for Lithium‐ion Batteries: A Review
Authors: Zhao Xinru , Wang Jinxian , Dong Xiangting , Liu Guixia , Yu Wensheng , Wang Limin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries are now considered to be the technology of choice for future hybrid electric and full electric vehicles to address global warming. One of the challenges for improving the performance of lithium ion batteries to meet increasingly demanding requirements for energy storage is the development of suitable cathode materials. The recent advancement of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxides are investigated as advanced positive cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. This review aims at providing the reader with an understanding of the critical scientific challenges facing the development of LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2 materials, the latest developments in crystal structure, synthesis methods, and structure designs to unravel the mechanisms of charge and mass transport processes associated with battery performance, and the outlook for future‐generation batteries that exploit gradient structures materials for significantly improved performance to meet the ever‐increasing demands of emerging technologies.
Determination of Graphene Sheets Content in Carbon Materials by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Liou Yan‐Jia , Huang Wu‐Jang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGraphene layer is a monolayer of graphite. Graphene single layer has confirmed to have a higher electron and hole mobility than silicon and has high heat conduction and special optical properties. And un‐perfect graphene sheets exist in any carbon materials. In our previous result to determine the graphene sheets content in any carbon material can be determined by X‐ray spectrum combination with a peak decomposition method. In this study, we have prepared two serious carbon materials from wood wastes, with and without MnO2 catalytic pyrolysis processes. Results show that all the G band intensity of all synthesized samples including a commercial graphene powder in Raman spectrum has a proportional relation with the graphene sheets content in these carbon materials.
Forster's tern chick survival in response to a managed relocation of predatory California gulls
Authors: Ackerman Joshua T. , Herzog Mark P. , Hartman C. Alex , Herring Garth 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTGull populations can severely limit the productivity of waterbirds. Relocating gull colonies may reduce their effects on nearby breeding waterbirds, but there are few examples of this management strategy. We examined gull predation and survival of Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) chicks before (2010) and after (2011) the managed relocation of the largest California gull (Larus californicus) colony (24,000 adults) in San Francisco Bay, California. Overall, survival of radio‐marked Forster's tern chicks from hatching to fledging was 0.22 ± 0.03 (mean ± SE), and daily survival rates increased with age. Gulls were the predominant predator of tern chicks, potentially causing 54% of chick deaths. Prior to the gull colony relocation, 56% of radio‐marked and 20% of banded tern chicks from the nearest tern colony were recovered dead in the gull colony, compared to only 15% of radio‐marked and 4% of banded chicks recovered dead from all other tern colonies. The managed relocation of the gull colony substantially increased tern chick survival (by 900%) in the nearby (<1 km) colony from 0.04 ± 0.02 in 2010 to 0.40 ± 0.12 in 2011 but not at the more distant (>3.8 km) reference tern colony (0.29 ± 0.10 in 2010 and 0.25 ± 0.09 in 2011). Among 19 tern nesting islands, fledging success was higher when gull abundance was lower at nearby colonies and when gull colonies were farther from the tern colony. Our results indicate that the managed relocation of gull colonies away from preferred nesting areas of sensitive waterbirds can improve local reproductive success, but this conservation strategy may shift gull predation pressure to other areas or species. © 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Polyolefin ‐ Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites: Interfacial Interactions and Low Temperature Brittleness Reduction
Authors: Mittal Vikas , Luckachan Gisha E. , Matsko Nadejda B. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe interfacial interactions and low temperature brittleness of high density polyethylene (PE)‐chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) blends as well as their nanocomposites with graphene oxide (G) were characterized. The filler and the CPE phases were observed to have chemical interaction during solution mixing which enhanced during melt mixing of CPE‐graphene oxide masterbatch with PE matrix. Majority of the Cl atoms in the CPE chains were observed to be depleted during chemical reaction or thermal degradation at melt compounding temperature, thus, resulting in chlorine free materials. The samples with CPE35 could not be sufficiently hardened even at −180 °C and remained too soft for cryo‐sectioning. The composites had even higher degree of surface roughness due to additional effect of weak filler matrix interactions.
Shape Distortion of Carbon/Epoxy Composite Parts During Fabrication
Authors: Nawab Yasir , Park Chung Hae , Saouab Abdelghani , Agogué Romain , Beauchêne Pierre , Desjoyaux Bertrand 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe accurate modelling of residual stress in thermoset composites requires comprehensive consideration of all the phenomena contributing to its formation. These include: chemical shrinkage of matrix due to cross linking of molecules, mismatch of thermal expansion or contraction among fibres and matrix and viscoelastic relaxation during the fabrication. Thermo‐physical and thermo‐mechanical properties are altered during the curing process due to an exothermic chemical reaction. Since all the phenomena causing residual stress are strongly coupled, the solution procedure is a complex task. In this study, spring‐in angle of carbon/epoxy woven composite bracket with three different thicknesses are calculated by simultaneously solving the thermo‐kinetics and thermo‐mechanics coupling by a finite element code COMSOL Multiphysics. Properties of composites required for numerical simulation are obtained using an analytical method. The spring‐in angle values obtained by numerical simulation are also compared with the results of the analytical model.
Novel Electrically Conductive Melamine‐formaldehyde Nanocomposite Based on Graphite Nanosheets
Authors: Abdala Ahmed A. , Pretschuh Claudia , Schwarzinger Clemens , Lonkar Sunil , Vukusic Sulafudin 
Published: June 2014

SummaryConductive polymer composites based on carbon materials are widely used in commercial applications. Herein, electrically conductive melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) resin was fabricated by incorporating various loadings of graphite nanosheets (GNS) via in‐situ polymerization followed by crosslinking at 165 °C. The effect of GNS loading on the electrical conductivity, interfacial properties and thermal stability of the composites is discussed. SEM fractogram confirm the uniform dispersion and toughening of MF upon GNS reinforcement. The electrical percolation was achieved at about 0.9 vol.% loading of GNS suggesting an aspect ratio for GNS between 130 and 240 depending on the model used.