bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lung Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Children: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Pereda Maria A. , Chavez Miguel A. , Hooper-Miele Catherine C. , Gilman Robert H. , Steinhoff Mark C. , Ellington Laura E. , Gross Margaret , Price Carrie , Tielsch James M. , Checkley William 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Pneumonia is the leading cause of death of children. Diagnostic tools include chest radiography, but guidelines do not currently recommend the use of lung ultrasound (LUS) as a diagnostic method. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of LUS for childhood pneumonia.

METHODS:
We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Global Health, World Health Organization–Libraries, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature of studies comparing LUS diagnostic accuracy against a reference standard. We used a combination of controlled key words for age &lt;18 years, pneumonia, and ultrasound. We identified 1475 studies and selected 15 (1%) for further review. Eight studies (765 children) were retrieved for analysis, of which 6 (75%) were conducted in the general pediatric population and 2 (25%) in neonates. Eligible studies provided information to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios. Heterogeneity was assessed by using Q and I2 statistics.

RESULTS:
Five studies (63%) reported using highly skilled sonographers. Overall methodologic quality was high, but heterogeneity was observed across studies. LUS had a sensitivity of 96% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 94%–97%) and specificity of 93% (95% CI: 90%–96%), and positive and negative likelihood ratios were 15.3 (95% CI: 6.6–35.3) and 0.06 (95% CI: 0.03–0.11), respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.98. Limitations included the following: most studies included in our analysis had a low number of patients, and the number of eligible studies was also small.

CONCLUSIONS:
Current evidence supports LUS as an imaging alternative for the diagnosis of childhood pneumonia. Recommendations to train pediatricians on LUS for diagnosis of pneumonia may have important implications in different clinical settings.
13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) in Preterm Versus Term Infants
Authors: Martinón-Torres Federico , Czajka Hanna , Center Kimberly J. , Wysocki Jacek , Majda-Stanislawska Ewa , Omeñaca Felix , Bernaola Iturbe Enrique , Blazquez Gamero Daniel , Concheiro-Guisán Ana , Gimenez-Sanchez Francisco , Szenborn Leszek , Giardina Peter C. , Patterson Scott , Gruber William C. , Scott Daniel A. , Gurtman Alejandra 
Published: March 2015

OBJECTIVES:
This study evaluated the immune response and safety profile of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in preterm infants compared with term infants.

METHODS:
This Phase IV, open-label, 2-arm, multicenter, parallel-group study enrolled 200 healthy infants (preterm, n = 100; term, n = 100) aged 42 to 98 days. All subjects received PCV13 at ages 2, 3, 4 (infant series), and 12 (toddler dose [TD]) months, together with routine vaccines (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine).

RESULTS:
Most subjects achieved an anticapsular immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody concentration ≥0.35 μg/mL for all serotypes: &gt;85% after the infant series (except preterm infants for serotypes 5, 6A, and 6B) and &gt;97% after TD (except for serotype 3). Preterm infants had overall lower IgG geometric mean concentrations compared with term infants; however, geometric mean fold increases after TD were similar for all serotypes. Opsonophagocytic activity results were consistent with IgG results and titers increased after TD in both groups for all serotypes, including serotype 3. PCV13 was generally well tolerated, with similar safety profiles in all preterm subgroups.

CONCLUSIONS:
Immune responses were lower in preterm infants than in term infants. However, the majority of subjects in both groups achieved both pneumococcal serotype-specific IgG antibody levels after the infant series that exceeded the World Health Organization–established threshold of protection and functional antibody responses. Responses were uniformly higher after TD, reinforcing the importance of a timely booster dose. PCV13 was well tolerated regardless of gestational age.
Influence of nanoparticle morphology on reaction kinetics, particle size and rheology in acrylic latex
Authors: Hernandez-Vargas Mireya L. , Romo-Uribe Angel , Baghdachi Jamil 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTOrganic/inorganic (O/I) composite latexes combine the best attributes of inorganic solids with the processability, lightweight and handling advantages of organic polymers. There are common methods to produce polymer nanocomposites: melt compounding, in-situ polymerization and solution mixing. Emulsion polymerization is an unique chemical process widely used to produce waterborne resins with various colloidal and physicochemical properties. This free radical polymerization process involves emulsification of the relatively hydrophobic monomer in water by an oil-in-water emulsifier, followed by the initiation reaction with a water insoluble initiator. This research focuses on the synthesis and reactions kinetics of polyacrylic latex with the incorporation of various nanospheres (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3), and layered silicate (Bentonite nanoclay) nanoparticles via emulsion polymerization. The influence of nanoparticle concentration on reaction kinetics was also investigated. The results showed that the concentration of nanoparticles has significant influence on the monomer conversion, particle size, coagulum content and viscosity of the emulsion. Furthermore, the nanostructured emulsions were shear thinning, exhibiting a power-law behavior, and the viscosity was influenced by the nanoparticle morphology.
Organized Molecular Assemblies based on Ferrocenyl Derivatives
Authors: Lazo-Jiménez Rosa E. , López- Cortés José G. , Chávez-Carvayar José A. , Ignés-Mullol Jordi , Sagués Francesc , Ortega-Alfaro María C. , Carreón-Castro María Pilar 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTOrganic films with a thickness of few nanometers are potentially useful components in many practical and commercial applications such as sensors, detectors, displays and electronic circuit components. In this context, the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method is one the most promising techniques for preparing these films.In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of three new amphiphilic organometallic compounds with ferrocene units, which consist of one ferrocenyl aminocarbene with the general formula FcC=Cr(CO)5NH(CH2)15CH3, and two ferrocenyl amides with the general formula FcC=MNH(CH2)15CH3 where M = S or Se. These new derivatives have been synthesized to study the influence of long alkyl side chain and the hydrophilic head on the film organization behavior at the air-water interface.The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique was focused for building ordered nanostructures in molecular assemblies of ferrocenyl derivatives, which are apt to form a stable and transferable monolayer film. The π-A isotherm, hysteresis, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and film stability were used to characterize the behavior of a monolayer film at the air-water interface. Z- type LB films were prepared from molecular monolayers which were transferred onto glass substrates. These films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-Visible spectra and X-ray diffraction (DRX) techniques.
Dynamic mechanical analysis and morphology of nanostructured acrylic coatings
Authors: Castillo-Pérez Rubén , Romo-Uribe Ángel , Baghdachi Jamil 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe addition of nanoparticles into polymeric materials has changed dramatically the properties of the host polymers, promising a novel class of composite materials with different properties and added functionalities. This research focuses on the influence of inorganic nanospheres particles such as SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2 and nanoplatelets, such as Bentonite nanoclay, on the thermo-mechanical properties of a polyacrylic latex (utilized in commercial coatings). The analysis of the thermal and mechanical properties showed a decrease of Young's modulus and glass transition temperature Tg in the presence of spherical nanoparticles. However, there was an increase of these properties in the presence of nanoplatelets (Bentonite), as demonstrated by the dynamic mechanical analysis and uniaxial tensile analysis. Moreover, water contact angle measurements demonstrated significant increase in hydrophobic behavior when incorporating nanosphere particles as compared to nanoplatelets. These results showed that the metallic oxides nanoparticles greatly influenced the physical and mechanical properties of the neat polyacrylic matrix.
Using Low Concentrations of Nano-Carbons to Induce Polymer Self-Reinforcement of Composites for High-Performance Applications
Authors: Song Kenan , Zhang Yiying , Minus Marilyn L. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe current study focuses on the influence of low nano-carbon loading in polymer based composite fibers to modify matrix microstructure. With regards to the processing–structure–property relationship, post-spinning heat treatments (i.e., drawing, annealing without tension, and annealing with tension) was used to track microstructural development and associated mechanical property changes. Drawing and annealing procedures were found to influence the interphase volume fraction, fibril dimensions, sub-fibrillar lamellae, and sub-lamellae grain size for each sample. Annealing at 160 °C was found to have the largest impact on interphase percentage, fibril length, and grain packing density. These improvements corresponded to excellent mechanical properties for both control and composite fibers. Understanding the relationship between processing and property provides a novel perspective for producing high-performance composite materials from flexible polymers by only minimal amounts of carbon nano-fillers.
Determination of the Physical Properties of Oil Sands Components using Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Gaikwad Ravi , Abraham Tinu , Hande Aharnish , Bakhtiari Fatemeh , Das Siddhartha , Thundat Thomas 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTAtomic force microscopy is employed to study the structural changes in the morphology and physical characteristics of asphaltene aggregates as a function of temperature. The exotic fractal structure obtained by evaporation-driven asphaltene aggregates shows an interesting dynamics for a large range of temperatures from 25°C to 80°C. The changes in the topography, surface potential and adhesion are unnoticeable until 70°C. However, a significant change in the dynamics and material properties is displayed in the range of 70°C - 80°C, during which the aspahltene aggregates acquire ‘liquid-like’ mobility and fuse together. This behaviour is attributed to the transition from the pure amorphous phase to a crystalline liquid phase which occurs at approximately 70°C as shown by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, the charged nature of asphaltenes and bitumen is also explored using kelvin probe microscopy. Such observations can lead to the development of a rational approach to the fundamental understanding of asphaltene aggregation dynamics and may help in devising novel techniques for the handling and separation of asphaltene aggregates using dielectrophoretic methods.
Implementation of CVD Diamond Growth Methods for Selective and Efficient Formation of Color-Centers in Diamond
Authors: Gay Stefano , Reina Giacomo , Cianchetta Ilaria , Tamburri Emanuela , Angjellari Mariglen , Terranova Maria Letizia , Orlanducci Silvia 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTWe report here on the chemical methodologies that are being settled in our labs for the insertion in diamond of foreign atoms and consequent creation of fluorescent defects. The inclusion of Si, Cr, Ge, able to produce color centers, is directly obtained during the process of diamond synthesis by means of a CVD technique. The deposition of the diamond films takes place on substrates of different nature, treated following procedures specifically settled to control the insertion of the different species. The photoluminescence emission from a series of diamond samples grown on different substrates (Si, Ge and Ti) has been investigated and is discussed with reference to the morphological/structural features of the diamond phase and to the experimental procedures adopted for substrate preparation.
Evolution of correlated electron behavior from the surface to the bulk in SrxCa1-xVO3
Authors: Laverock J. , Chen B. , Kuyyalil J. , Singh R. P. , Balakrishnan G. , Qiao R. M. , Yang W. L. , Adell J. , Karlin B. , Woicik J. C. , Smith K. E. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTWe present a detailed depth-sensitive study of the evolution in correlated electron behavior from the surface of the prototypical correlated oxide, SrxCa1-xVO3, to its bulk. Photoemission measurements of varying surface sensitivity are employed to directly compare both the spectral weight and energetics of the correlated electron features, and resonant soft x-ray emission spectroscopy is used as a bulk-sensitive reference. The surface component, which still contributes significantly to photoemission at 2.2 keV, is characterized by a transfer of spectral weight into the incoherent lower Hubbard band and the corresponding shift of these states towards lower binding energy.
Thermal rectification of porous semiconductor materials
Authors: Geist Brian L. , Zaynetdinov Madrakhim , Myers Kirby , Robinson Hans D. , Kochergin Vladimir 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThermal rectification in nanostructured materials is an active topic of research and development. Here it is suggested that porous semiconductor materials can offer an unmatched tailoring of its structural properties, resulting in both the ability to study the effects of nanoscale morphology on thermal rectification phenomenon, and the perspective to achieve large thermal rectification over a wide temperature range in combination with other beneficial properties, such as a wide tunability of thermal conductivity, or optical transparency of the thermally rectifying structure. In this contribution we are presenting the first to our knowledge experimental demonstration of thermal rectification in mesoporous silicon. The influence of pore morphology controlled via Si substrate crystallographic orientation and etching conditions on thermal rectification are studied. The effect of oxidation of the porous material is presented as well. Experimental results are further compared with several recently published theoretical predictions of thermal rectification in similar structures.
INVESTIGATION OF BEE BREAD AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITS DOSAGE FORMS
Authors: Barene Ilze , Daberte Irena , Siksna Sanita 
Published: March 2015

The aim of the study. The objective of this study was to investigate microscopic, physical and chemical properties of bee bread collected in three regions of Latvia in order to compare the quality and to investigate the possibility of producing granules containing bee bread. Material and methods. Microscopic analysis of bee bread samples was performed. Plant herbaria, special literature and internet sources were used for identification of pollen. Thin layer chromatography was used for identification of carotenoids and flavonoids. Granules were prepared by wet granulation method. Lactose, calcium lactate, calcium carbonate, potato starch and purified water were used as excipients. Appearance, loss on drying, pH of aqueous solution and content of carotenes were estimated. Results. Microscopic analysis showed mostly native pollen identified as willow pollen. Beta-carotene identified and 2 carotenoids found by thin layer chromatography. Two zones of flavonoids found on chromatograms at day light and 6 zones at ultra violet light. The comparison of bee bread samples of 3 regions of Latvia showed insignificant differences in appearance and consistency, hydrogen ion concentration 3.93–4.23, loss on drying 7.72–11.07 %; content of carotenes calculated to bcarotene 6.77–9.35 mg%. Stability study of bee bread samples showed greater changes after storage at 40ºC temperature. All compositions of granules showed appropriate appearance and flowability. Quality of granules: loss on drying 5.48–13.5%, content of carotenes calculated to b-carotene 5.77–6.75 mg%. Conclusions. Pollen of willow can be considered as an indicator of the origin of bee bread in Latvia. Bee bread samples of three regions of Latvia have insignificant differences in physical, chemical parameters.
5. COISA JULGADA E PROCESSO AMBIENTAL
Authors: MARIN Jeferson Dytz 
Published: March 2015

A padronização do direito e a pausterização dos conceitos traduzem uma realidade nefasta da pós-modernidade. A pretensão espúria de quantificar resultados e imprimir à ciência jurídica uma tecnicidade cega sepulta o caráter personalíssimo que o direito, historicamente, deve carregar consigo. A coisa julgada traduz um instituto que guarda consigo o caráter de finitude do processo, vetor da segurança jurídica. Nas ações coletivas, especialmente as de tutela ambiental, que cuidam de um direito intergeracional, a coisa julgada reclama um tratamento publicista, que rompa com a tradição individualista-patrimonial. A coisa julgada <em> in utilibus, </em>a consideração do <em>rebus sic stantibus</em> e a necessidade de estabelecer critérios diversos para a competência territorial nas ações coletivas de tutela ambiental ganham destaque nesse raciocínio.
Probabilistic Well Time Estimation Revisited: Five Years On
Authors: Adams A.J. , Grundy K.C. , Kelly C.M. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In 2010, Nexen UK published a paper on well time estimation (Adams et al. 2010), which for the first time allowed accurate calculation of probabilistic duration for non-critical wells. The present paper extends the method and data coverage to high step-out and HPHT wells.
The method has now been in use at Nexen for five years. Actual and predicted durations are given for each year's drilling, showing that the accuracy is historically within 2-3% for stable train-wreck rates.
The historical well database upon which the statistics are based now stands at 190 wells, 72 more than the previous paper. To the authors' knowledge, it remains the only large-sample timings database published in the open literature. To allow others to use the method, the updated activity timings, mechanical NPT and waiting on weather data for semi-sub drilled wells are given in full.
It is shown that the commonly used distributed train-wrecks model has too high a sampling uncertainty for accurate time estimation. The lumped train-wrecks approach presented here does not suffer from this limitation, and is therefore the only method that delivers the required predictive accuracy for practical dataset sizes.
Automated Drilling Fluid Rheology Characterization with Downhole Pressure Sensor Data
Authors: Vajargah Ali Karimi , Oort Eric van 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Measuring rheological properties of drilling fluids for optimum maintenance and wellbore hydraulic management is one the most important tasks during any drilling operation. In current drilling practice, such measurement is carried out by a mud engineer at the rig site using test protocols and equipment that quantify the relationship between the fluid's shear stress and shear rate, as standardized by API. Usually, measurements are conducted at atmospheric pressure and standardized temperature. Therefore, these rheological properties are generally not representative of the actual downhole pressure and temperature conditions, particularly not when it comes to deeper and more complex wells.
This paper presents a novel method to determine mud rheological parameters in real-time by using downhole sensor data. The well itself is used as the equivalent of a large pipe viscometer, with pressure measurements conducted along its length using sensors placed at strategic positions in the drillstring. Contrary to traditional methods, rheology determination is performed automatically at downhole pressure and temperature, without any human interaction and without the need for any rheology measurement equipment on surface. Frictional pressure loss is recorded at several flow rates, preferably while ramping up pump rates after making connections, and parameters associated with two- and three-parameter rheological models (e.g. the n, K and τo parameters of the Yield Power Law (YPL) also known as Herschel-Bulkley model, which most accurately describes the majority of drilling fluids) are derived. In addition, time-dependent fluid characteristics such as gel strength can also be quantified using this method. Pressure data from wired (intelligent) drillpipe during field trials with a 12.6 ppg synthetic based mud was used to clearly validate the applicability of the new method in the field. Comparison of surface and downhole rheological parameters yielded excellent agreement, showing that the method can be applied successfully in the field when downhole pressure measurement techniques are available.
This novel approach represents a significant step in the direction of achieving full automation of drilling fluid property monitoring and maintenance with an elegant method that requires no human interaction, eliminating the need for surface measurement equipment, while representing more accurately the downhole pressure and temperature environment. Given the importance of accurate rheology characterization, particularly in the new era of active annular pressure management using managed pressure drilling (MPD) and dual gradient drilling (DGD) techniques that rely heavily on accurate hydraulics modeling, the benefits are self-evident.
Evaluating Formation Fluid Properties During Sampling-While-Drilling Operations
Authors: Indo K. , Pop J. , Hsu K , Ossia S. , Atzeni G-L. , Malossi A. , Agarwal V. , Garcia-Mayans A. , Paul S. , Varughese J. , Haq S. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Recent experience with a newly introduced sampling-while-drilling service has shown that it is possible to make reliable downhole formation fluid property estimates during sampling-while-drilling operations. Such fluid properties, derived by means of downhole optical spectrometry, include hydrocarbon composition (C1 through C5 and C6+), carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, gas/oil ratio (GOR), formation volume factor (FVF), and, asphaltene content. Oil-based mud filtrate contamination estimates made during the sample cleanup process enable assessing the quality of the pumped fluid in real time. These property and contamination estimates facilitate the management of the entire while-drilling sampling process by aiding sample-capture decisions and allowing the best possible utilization of the sample bottles currently available on a drilling bottomhole assembly. Moreover, the contamination estimates together with the real-time fluid property estimates enable prediction of the uncontaminated fluid properties. These may be the only available estimates of clean-fluid properties in zones where fluid scanning was performed with no physical sample recovery. The real-time while-drilling fluid property predictions made during sampling-while-drilling operations performed in a Gulf of Mexico deepwater exploration well are compared to the properties measured during pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) laboratory analysis performed on recovered samples. Furthermore, the predicted clean-fluid properties are compared to uncontaminated properties derived using an equation-of-state (EoS) after mathematically “removing” the contamination from the composition of the laboratory-analyzed samples. The downhole estimated fluid properties are found to be in good agreement with the properties measured in the PVT laboratory on recovered samples. Similarly, the downhole predicted clean-fluid properties are found to be in good agreement with the laboratory cleaned estimates obtained by the EoS approach.