bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the distribution of annual runoff from climatic variables using copulas
Authors: Xiong Lihua , Yu Kun‐xia , Gottschalk Lars 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAn approach of deriving the annual runoff distribution using copulas from an annual rainfall‐runoff model is proposed to provide an alternative annual runoff frequency analysis method in case of changing climatic variables. The annual rainfall‐runoff model is established on the basis of the Budyko formula to estimate annual runoff, with annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration as input variables. The model contains one single parameterthat guarantees that annual water balance is satisfied. In the derivation of the annual runoff distribution, annual precipitation, annual potential evapotranspiration, and parameterare treated as three random variables, while the annual runoff distribution is obtained by integrating the joint probability density function of the three random variables over the domain constrained by the annual rainfall‐runoff model using the canonical vine copula. This copula‐based derivation approach is tested for 40 watersheds in two large basins in China. The estimated annual runoff distribution performs well in most watersheds. The performance is mainly related to the accuracy of the marginal distribution of precipitation. The copula‐based derivation approach can also be used in ungauged watersheds where the distribution ofat the local site is estimated from the regional information of thevariable, and it also has acceptable performance in most watersheds, while poor performance is observed in a few watersheds with low accuracy in the Budyko formula.
Trends in water balance components across the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Oliveira Paulo Tarso S. , Nearing Mark A. , Moran M. Susan , Goodrich David C. , Wendland Edson , Gupta Hoshin V. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe assess the water balance of the Brazilian Cerrado based on remotely sensed estimates of precipitation (TRMM), evapotranspiration (MOD16), and terrestrial water storage (GRACE) for the period from 2003 to 2010. Uncertainties for each remotely sensed data set were computed, the budget closure was evaluated using measured discharge data for the three largest river basins in the Cerrado, and the Mann‐Kendall test was used to evaluate temporal trends in the water balance components and measured river discharge. The results indicate an overestimation of discharge data, due mainly to the overestimation of rainfall by TRMM version 6. However, better results were obtained when the new release of TRMM 3B42 v7 was used instead. Our results suggest that there have been (a) significant increases in average annual evapotranspiration over the entire Cerrado of 51 ± 15 mm yr−1, (b) terrestrial water storage increases of 11 ± 6 mm yr−1 in the northeast region of the Brazilian Cerrado, and (c) runoff decreases of 72 ± 11 mm yr−1 in isolated spots and in the western part of the State of Mato Grosso. Although complete water budget closure from remote sensing remains a significant challenge due to uncertainties in the data, it provides a useful way to evaluate trends in major water balance components over large regions, identify dry periods, and assess changes in water balance due to land cover and land use change.
Linear weakening of the AMOC in response to receding glacial ice sheets in CCSM3
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Liu Zhengyu , Zhang Xu , Eisenman Ian , Liu Wei 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe transient response of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) to a deglacial ice sheet retreat is studied using the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3), with a focus on orographic effects rather than meltwater discharge. It is found that the AMOC weakens significantly (41%) in response to the deglacial ice sheet retreat. The AMOC weakening follows the decrease of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet volume linearly, with no evidence of abrupt thresholds. A wind‐driven mechanism is proposed to explain the weakening of the AMOC: lowering the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets induces a northward shift of the westerlies, which causes a rapid eastward sea ice transport and expanded sea ice cover over the subpolar North Atlantic; this expanded sea ice insulates the ocean from heat loss and leads to suppressed deep convection and a weakened AMOC. A sea ice‐ocean positive feedback could be further established between the AMOC decrease and sea ice expansion.
Recent Arctic Ocean sea ice loss triggers novel fall phytoplankton blooms
Authors: Ardyna Mathieu , Babin Marcel , Gosselin Michel , Devred Emmanuel , Rainville Luc , Tremblay Jean‐Éric 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRecent receding of the ice pack allows more sunlight to penetrate into the Arctic Ocean, enhancing productivity of a single annual phytoplankton bloom. Increasing river runoff may, however, enhance the yet pronounced upper ocean stratification and prevent any significant wind‐driven vertical mixing and upward supply of nutrients, counteracting the additional light available to phytoplankton. Vertical mixing of the upper ocean is the key process that will determine the fate of marine Arctic ecosystems. Here we reveal an unexpected consequence of the Arctic ice loss: regions are now developing a second bloom in the fall, which coincides with delayed freezeup and increased exposure of the sea surface to wind stress. This implies that wind‐driven vertical mixing during fall is indeed significant, at least enough to promote further primary production. The Arctic Ocean seems to be experiencing a fundamental shift from a polar to a temperate mode, which is likely to alter the marine ecosystem.
An assessment of the role of soft electron precipitation in global ion upwelling
Authors: Redmon Robert J. , Peterson W. K. , Andersson Laila , Richards Philip G. , Yau A. W. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe role of electron precipitation in the auroral zone in driving thermal O+ upwelling is explored by comparison of observations and model results. Previous reports have shown how the ambiguities of such an assessment can be reduced when the problem is addressed in dynamic boundary‐related coordinates. Upwelling ion data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites are compared using a modeling framework based on the Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma (FLIP) ionospheric model. We focus on geomagnetically quiet intervals, that is, nonstorm times with Dst > −50 nT. We find that low‐energy (&#60;100 eV) electrons are a significant driver of O+ upwelling on the nightside, particularly in the 2100 magnetic local time sector. Our analysis suggests that DMSP electron observations and electron precipitation models derived from them significantly underestimate the actual flux of soft (i.e., &#60;100 eV) electrons.
Classification of fast flows in central plasma sheet: Superposed epoch analysis based on THEMIS observations
Authors: Li H. , Wang C. , Fu S. Y. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA statistical survey of 560 fast flows in midnight central plasma sheet is performed based on Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) observations during its first two tail phases. From superposed epoch analysis, no significant substorm activities are found to be associated with the occurrence of fast flows beyond X=−15 Re. Considering the associations with substorm activities, the fast flows inside of X=−15 Re can be classified into two obvious classes: short duration (< 2.0 min) and long duration (> 4.0 min). Substorm breakups are shown to be more closely correlated to short‐duration fast flows. Furthermore, the onset of short‐duration fast flows in the dipolarization region (X=−9 to −11 Re) is almost simultaneous with the onset of substorm breakups and dipolarizations. On the other hand, time delays of 2–4 min are both found in the near‐Earth region (X=−7 to −9 Re) and in the near‐tail region (X=−11 to −15 Re). Assuming that short‐duration fast flows are generated by the force imbalance caused by cross‐tail current disruption, these features are consistent with the predictions made by the cowling electrojet current loop and the cross‐tail current disruption substorm models. In comparison, although more magnetic flux is transported toward Earth for long‐duration fast flows, no clear substorm breakup is closely associated with them. The analysis of 2‐D ion velocity distribution further shows some differences. For short‐duration fast flows, multiple crescent‐shaped ion populations are found. However, for long‐duration fast flows, there exists only a single crescent‐shaped ion population. The difference may be an important signature for distinguishing these two classes of fast flows.
Southern Ocean CO2 sink: The contribution of the sea ice
Authors: Delille Bruno , Vancoppenolle Martin , Geilfus Nicolas‐Xavier , Tilbrook Bronte , Lannuzel Delphine , Schoemann Véronique , Becquevort Sylvie , Carnat Gauthier , Delille Daniel , Lancelot Christiane , Chou Lei , Dieckmann Gerhard S. , Tison Jean‐Louis 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe report first direct measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) within Antarctic pack sea ice brines and related CO2 fluxes across the air‐ice interface. From late winter to summer, brines encased in the ice change from a CO2 large oversaturation, relative to the atmosphere, to a marked undersaturation while the underlying oceanic waters remains slightly oversaturated. The decrease from winter to summer of pCO2 in the brines is driven by dilution with melting ice, dissolution of carbonate crystals, and net primary production. As the ice warms, its permeability increases, allowing CO2 transfer at the air‐sea ice interface. The sea ice changes from a transient source to a sink for atmospheric CO2. We upscale these observations to the whole Antarctic sea ice cover using the NEMO‐LIM3 large‐scale sea ice‐ocean and provide first estimates of spring and summer CO2 uptake from the atmosphere by Antarctic sea ice. Over the spring‐summer period, the Antarctic sea ice cover is a net sink of atmospheric CO2 of 0.029 Pg C, about 58% of the estimated annual uptake from the Southern Ocean. Sea ice then contributes significantly to the sink of CO2 of the Southern Ocean.
Bayesian methods for time‐varying state and parameter estimation in induction machines
Authors: Mansouri Majdi M. , Mohamed‐Seghir Moustafa M. , Nounou Hazem N. , Nounou Mohamed N. , Abu‐Rub Haitham A. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThis paper addresses the problem of nonlinear time‐varying state and parameter estimation of induction machines (IMs) on the basis of a third‐order electrical model. The objectives of this paper are threefold. The first objective is to propose the use of an improved particle filter (IPF) with better proposal distribution for nonlinear and non‐Gaussian state and parameter estimation. The second objective is to extend the state and parameter estimation techniques (i.e., extended Kalman filter (EKF), unscented Kalman filter (UKF), particle filter (PF), and IPF) to better handle nonlinear and non‐Gaussian processes without a priori state information, by utilizing a time‐varying assumption of statistical parameters. In this case, the state vector to be estimated at any instant is assumed to follow a Gaussian model, where the expectation and the covariance matrix are both random. The third objective is to compare the performances of EKF, UKF, PF, and IPF in estimating the states of the power process model representing the IM (i.e, the rotor speed, the rotor flux, the stator flux, the rotor resistance, and the magnetizing inductance) and their abilities to estimate some of the key system parameters, which are needed to define the IM process model. The results show that the IPF provides a significant improvement over the PF because, unlike the PF, which depends on the choice of sampling distribution used to estimate the posterior distribution, the IPF yields an optimum choice of the sampling distribution, which also accounts for the observed data. This conclusion is also supported by the experimental results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eco‐Efficient Synthesis of Cyclic Carbamates/Dithiocarbonimidates from Cyclic Carbonates/Trithiocarbonate and Aromatic Amines Catalyzed by Ionic Liquid BmimOAc
Authors: Wang Binshen , Yang Sijuan , Min Lijun , Gu Yanlong , Zhang Yongya , Wu Xiaopei , Zhang Lifeng , Elageed Elnazeer H. M. , Wu Shi , Gao Guohua 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe have investigated the reactions of cyclic carbonates/trithiocarbonate and aromatic amines in the presence of a basic ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate (BmimOAc), which produced various cyclic carbamates/dithiocarbonimidates in fairly good to excellent yields. The use of BmimOAc as catalyst here not only offers an effective approach to the synthesis of the target compounds, but also avoids the use of conventional toxic materials. By means of the reactions of cyclic carbonates and aromatic amines, 3‐aryloxazolidin‐2‐ones, 3,3′‐aryldioxazolidin‐2‐ones and 3‐aryl[1,3]oxazinan‐2‐ones could be synthesized. NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations revealed that both the cation and the anion of BmimOAc activate cooperatively the substrates in these reactions by means of inducing hydrogen bonding. In addition, condensation reactions of ethylene trithiocarbonate and aromatic amines also proceeded very well in the presence of the BmimOAc catalyst, which opened a hitherto unreported route to [1,3]dithiolan‐2‐ylidene‐arylamine derivatives in a straightforward way.magnified image
Family based genome‐wide copy number scan identifies complex rearrangements at 17q21.31 in dyslexics
Authors: Veerappa Avinash M. , Saldanha Marita , Padakannaya Prakash , Ramachandra Nallur B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDevelopmental dyslexia (DD) is a complex heritable disorder with unexpected difficulty in learning to read and spell despite adequate intelligence, education, environment, and normal senses. We performed genome‐wide screening for copy number variations (CNVs) in 10 large Indian dyslexic families using Affymetrix Genome‐Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. Results revealed the complex genomic rearrangements due to one non‐contiguous deletion and five contiguous micro duplications and micro deletions at 17q21.31 region in three dyslexic families. CNVs in this region harbor the genes KIAA1267, LRRC37A, ARL17A/B, NSFP1, and NSF. The CNVs in case 1 and case 2 at this locus were found to be in homozygous state and case 3 was a de novo CNV. These CNVs were found with at least one CNV having a common break and end points in the parents. This cluster of genes containing NSF is implicated in learning, cognition, and memory, though not formally associated with dyslexia. Molecular network analysis of these and other dyslexia related module genes suggests NSF and other genes to be associated with cellular/vesicular membrane fusion and synaptic transmission. Thus, we suggest that NSF in this cluster would be the nearest gene responsible for the learning disability phenotype. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief Communication: Calculating hominin and nonhuman anthropoid femoral head diameter from acetabular size
Authors: Plavcan J. Michael , Hammond Ashley S. , Ward Carol V. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFemoral head size provides important information on body size in extinct species. Although it is well‐known that femoral head size is correlated with acetabular size, the precision with which femoral head size can be estimated from acetabular size has not been quantified. The availability of accurate 3D surface models of fossil acetabular remains opens the possibility of obtaining accurate estimates of femoral head size from even fragmentary fossil remains [Hammond et al.,: Am J Phys Anthropol 150 (2013) 565–578]. Here we evaluate the relationship between spheres fit to surface models of the femoral head and acetabulum of a large sample of extant anthropoid primates. Sphere diameters are tightly correlated and scale isometrically. In spite of significant taxonomic and possibly functional differences in the relationship between femoral head size and acetabulum size, percent prediction errors of estimated femoral head size remain low regardless of the taxonomic composition of the reference sample. We provide estimates of femoral head size for a series of fossil hominins and monkeys. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:469–475, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconciling “stress” and “health” in physical anthropology: What can bioarchaeologists learn from the other subdisciplines?
Authors: Reitsema Laurie J. , McIlvaine Britney Kyle 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe concepts of “stress” and “health” are foundational in physical anthropology as guidelines for interpreting human behavior and biocultural adaptation in the past and present. Though related, stress and health are not coterminous, and while the term “health” encompasses some aspects of “stress,” health refers to a more holistic condition beyond just physiological disruption, and is of considerable significance in contributing to anthropologists' understanding of humanity's lived experiences. Bioarchaeological interpretations of human health generally are made from datasets consisting of skeletal markers of stress, markers that result from (chronic) physiological disruption (e.g., porotic hyperostosis; linear enamel hypoplasia). Non‐specific indicators of stress may measure episodes of stress and indicate that infection, disease, or nutritional deficiencies were present in a population, but in assessing these markers, bioarchaeologists are not measuring “health” in the same way as are human biologists, medical anthropologists, or primatologists. Rather than continue to diverge on separate (albeit parallel) trajectories, bioarchaeologists are advised to pursue interlinkages with other subfields within physical anthropology toward bridging “stress” and “health.” The papers in this special symposium set include bioarchaeologists, human biologists, molecular anthropologists, and primatologists whose research develops this link between the concepts of “stress” and “health,” encouraging new avenues for bioarchaeologists to consider and reconsider health in past human populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:181–185, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fortschritt in Richtung bioorthogonaler Katalyse mit Organometallverbindungen
Authors: Völker Timo , Dempwolff Felix , Graumann Peter L. , Meggers Eric 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDie Katalyse von bioorthogonalen Transformationen in Lebewesen ist eine enorme Herausforderung – allerdings birgt sie auch großes Potenzial für zukünftige Anwendungen. Wir berichten hier über Rutheniumkomplexe, die in der bioorthogonalen Katalyse unter biologisch relevanten Bedingungen und in lebenden Zellen eingesetzt werden können. Die Katalysatoren aktivieren Allylcarbamat‐geschützte Amine mit bisher unerreicht hoher Aktivität (270 Zyklen) in Gegenwart von Wasser, Luft und millimolaren Thiolkonzentrationen. Durch Fluoreszenzmikroskopie lebender HeLa‐Zellen und mithilfe einer aktivierbaren Fluoreszenzsonde konnten wir eine intensive Fluoreszenzentwicklung im Zytoplasma nachweisen und damit die vermutete Bioorthogonalität der Katalysatoren bekräftigen. Zur Illustration der möglichen Anwendungsbreite bioorthogonaler Organometallkatalyse entwickelten wir eine Methode zur intrazellulären, katalytischen Aktivierung einer Zytostatikavorstufe, welche die Apoptose effizient einleitete.
Palladium‐Templated Subcomponent Self‐Assembly of Macrocycles, Catenanes, and Rotaxanes
Authors: Browne Colm , Ronson Tanya K. , Nitschke Jonathan R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe reaction of 2,6‐diformylpyridine with diverse amines and PdIIions gave rise to a variety of metallosupramolecular species, in which the PdIIion is observed to template a tridentate bis(imino)pyridine ligand. These species included a mononuclear complex as well as [2+2] and [3+3] macrocycles. The addition of pyridine‐containing macrocyclic capping ligands allows for topological complexity to arise, thereby enabling the straightforward preparation of structures that include a [2]catenane, a [2]rotaxane, and a doubly threaded [3]rotaxane.
Chiral Amine Synthesis Using ω‐Transaminases: An Amine Donor that Displaces Equilibria and Enables High‐Throughput Screening
Authors: Green Anthony P. , Turner Nicholas J. , O'Reilly Elaine 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe widespread application of ω‐transaminases as biocatalysts for chiral amine synthesis has been hampered by fundamental challenges, including unfavorable equilibrium positions and product inhibition. Herein, an efficient process that allows reactions to proceed in high conversion in the absence of by‐product removal using only one equivalent of a diamine donor (ortho‐xylylenediamine) is reported. This operationally simple method is compatible with the most widely used (R)‐ and (S)‐selective ω‐TAs and is particularly suitable for the conversion of substrates with unfavorable equilibrium positions (e.g., 1‐indanone). Significantly, spontaneous polymerization of the isoindole by‐product generates colored derivatives, providing a high‐throughput screening platform to identify desired ω‐TA activity.
Kontrollierte Herstellung von Planet‐Satellit‐Nanostrukturen durch RAFT‐Sternpolymere
Authors: Rossner Christian , Vana Philipp 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDie Untersuchung und Anwendung komplexer Nanostrukturen setzt die Fähigkeit voraus, verschiedene Einheiten hierarchisch auf der Nanometerskala anzuordnen. In dieser Studie beschreiben wir eine Herstellungsmethode für Planet‐Satellit‐Strukturen vermittelt durch RAFT‐Polymere. Die vorgestellte Strategie beruht auf Sternpolymeren mit Trithiocarbonat‐Endgruppen auf deren Außenseite, welche eine Affinität zu Goldoberflächen aufweisen und somit das Polymer zu einem Verknüpfer (größerer) Goldnanopartikel‐Planeten und (kleinerer) Goldnanopartikel‐Satelliten machen. Die gezielte Einstellung der Molmasse dieser Sternpolymere ermöglicht die Herstellung von Nanostrukturen mit definierten Planet‐Satellit‐Abständen, was durch Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie gezeigt wurde. Die vorgestellte Methode stellt einen einfachen Weg zu multivalenten Goldnanopartikelgerüstarchitekturen mit Funktionalitäten bei festgelegten Abständen vom zentralen Kern dar.