bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bud protection: a key trait for species sorting in a forest–savanna mosaic
Authors: Charles‐Dominique Tristan , Beckett Heath , Midgley Guy F. , Bond William J. 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Contrasting fire regimes maintain patch mosaics of savanna, thicket and forest biomes in many African subtropical landscapes. Species dominating each biome are thus expected to display distinct fire‐related traits, commonly thought to be bark related. Recent Australian savanna research suggests that bud position, not bark protection alone, determines fire resilience via resprouting.

We tested first how bud position influences resprouting ability in 17 tree species. We then compared the effect of both bark‐related protection and bud position on the distribution of 63 tree species in 253 transects in all three biomes.

Tree species with buds positioned deep under bark had a higher proportion of post‐fire aboveground shoot resprouting. Species with low bud protection occurred in fire‐prone biomes only if they could root‐sucker. The effect of bud protection was supported by a good relationship between species bud protection and distribution across a gradient of fire frequency.

Bud protection and high bark production are required to survive frequent fires in savanna. Forests are fire refugia hosting species with little or no bud protection and thin bark. Root‐suckering species occur in the three biomes, suggesting that fire is not the only factor filtering this functional type.
Attachment‐related differences in secrecy and rumination in romantic relationships
Authors: MERRILL ANNE F. , AFIFI TAMARA D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe study examined attachment‐related predispositions and patterns of cognition and emotion that contribute to different secret‐keeping experiences. Participants (n = 380) reported on their secret keeping, rumination, attachment anxiety, and attachment avoidance via online questionnaires. Results showed that both anxiety and avoidance were positively associated with keeping a secret from a romantic partner, while only avoidance was associated with a greater total number of secrets kept. The association between avoidance and rumination was partially mediated by perceptions of a partner's ownership rights to the secret and guilt for keeping the secret, such that those who were highly avoidant were less likely to perceive a partner's ownership rights. Finally, highly anxious participants reported higher levels of rumination, which were mediated by feelings of guilt for keeping a secret. The study extends research on the link between secrecy and rumination by offering a theoretical account based on attachment for why some people are more likely to ruminate about their secrecy than others.
Comparing Two Measures of Social Movement Identity: The Environmental Movement as an Example
Authors: McCright Aaron M. , Dunlap Riley E. 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveWe compare the relative performance of two measures of identification with the environmental movement: a self‐identified environmentalist indicator and an environmental movement identity indicator.MethodsWe utilize data from the March/April 2000–2010 Gallup Polls to examine how these two measures of identification with the environmental movement are related to membership in environmental organizations, attitudes toward the environmental movement, and private and public environmental behaviors.ResultsWhile both indicators similarly predict self‐reported private environmental behaviors, the environmental movement identity indicator is more strongly associated with membership in environmental organizations and attitudes toward the environmental movement, and the self‐identified environmentalist indicator is more strongly associated with self‐reported public environmental behaviors.ConclusionsGiven the performance of the environmental movement identity measure, we lay out an agenda for future research using a slightly revised version of the indicator to investigate identification with a range of social movements via surveys of nationally representative samples of the general public.
Genetic polymorphisms and expression of HLA‐G and its receptors, KIR2DL4 and LILRB1, in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Wiśniewski A. , Kowal A. , Wyrodek E. , Nowak I. , Majorczyk E. , Wagner M. , Pawlak‐Adamska E. , Jankowska R. , Ślesak B. , Frydecka I. , Kuśnierczyk P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHuman leukocyte antigen‐G (HLA‐G) is a nonclassical HLA class I molecule absent from most normal tissues but detected in many malignant tumors. It is recognized by cells of the immune system using LILRB1, KIR2DL4 and LILRB2 receptors. We attempted to find out whether some polymorphisms of HLA‐G, LILRB1 and KIR2DL4 genes are associated with susceptibility to nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Four polymorphisms in HLA‐G, i.e. −964A>G (rs1632947), −725C>G>T (rs1233334), −716T>G (rs2249863) in the promoter, and a 14 base pair insertion/deletion (14 bp indel) in the 3′‐untranslated region (3′UTR), and five in LILRB1 – 5651G>A (rs41308748) in intron 14, 5717C>T L622L (rs1061684), 5724G>A E625K (rs16985478), 5774 C>A P641P (rs41548213) in exon 15, and 5806C>T (rs8101240) in 3′UTR – as well as 9620 9A/10A (rs11410751) polymorphism in exon 7 of KIR2DL4 were typed using different laboratory techniques. Only one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in HLA‐G (‐964A>G) and one in LILRB1 (5724G>A) were found to influence the risk of NSCLC. In addition, 5724G>A was associated with protection from tumor cell infiltration of regional lymph nodes. Most importantly, we detected HLA‐G and LILRB1 expression in tumor specimens, but no correlation with genetic polymorphisms was observed. HLA‐G and LILRB1 protein expression levels in tumor tissue were significantly correlated with tumor stage.
Role of granulocyte transfusions in invasive fusariosis: systematic review and single‐center experience
Authors: Kadri Sameer S. , Remy Kenneth E. , Strich Jeffrey R. , Gea‐Banacloche Juan , Leitman Susan F. 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUNDInvasive Fusarium infection is relatively refractory to available antifungal agents. Invasive fusariosis (IF) occurs almost exclusively in the setting of profound neutropenia and/or systemic corticosteroid use. Treatment guidelines for IF are not well established, including the role of granulocyte transfusions (GTs) to counter neutropenia.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe conducted a systematic review, identifying IF cases where GTs were used as adjunctive therapy to antifungal agents and also report a single‐center case series detailing our experience (1996‐2012) of all IF cases treated with antifungal agents and GTs. In the systematic review cases, GTs were predominantly collected from nonstimulated donors whereas, in the case series, they were universally derived from dexamethasone‐ and granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor–stimulated donors.RESULTSTwenty‐three patients met inclusion criteria for the systematic review and 11 for the case series. Response rates after GTs were 30 and 91% in the review and case series, respectively. Survival to hospital discharge remained low at 30 and 45%, respectively. Ten patients in the systematic review and three in the case series failed to achieve hematopoietic recovery and none of these survived. In the case series, donor‐stimulated GTs generated mean “same‐day” neutrophil increments of 3.35 × 109 ± 1.24 × 109/L and mean overall posttransfusion neutrophil increments of 2.46 × 109 ± 0.85 × 109/L. Progressive decrements in neutrophil response to GTs in two cases were attributed to GT‐related HLA alloimmunization.CONCLUSIONIn patients with IF, donor‐stimulated GTs may contribute to high response rates by effectively bridging periods of neutropenia or marrow suppression. However, their utility in the absence of neutrophil recovery remains questionable.
The efficacy and safety of sirolimus‐based graft‐versus‐host disease prophylaxis in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Wang Li , Gu Zhenyang , Zhai Ruiren , Li Dandan , Zhao Shasha , Luo Lan , Zhao Xiaoli , Wei Huaping , Pang Zhaoxia , Wang Lili , Liu Daihong , Wang Quanshun , Gao Chunji 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUNDThe efficacy and safety of sirolimus (SIR)‐based graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in patients who were subjected to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) remain to be clarified; this meta‐analysis was conducted to evaluate these factors.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSData from original research were obtained from PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane central register of controlled trials databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of SIR‐based prophylaxis in allo‐HSCT were included. The risk ratio (RR), with a 95% confidence interval (CI), was used to pool data. The random effects model was used, irrespective of the presence or absence of heterogeneity.RESULTSFive RCTs were included in the meta‐analysis. SIR was observed to significantly decrease the incidence of Grade II to IV acute GVHD (aGVHD; RR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47‐0.89). However, the incidence of Grade III to IV aGVHD and chronic GVHD was not decreased (RR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.59‐1.40; RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.88‐1.23, respectively). An analysis of the toxic effects of SIR revealed that SIR effected a significant increase in the incidence of sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (RR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.26‐4.01), while that of thrombotic microangiopathy was not significantly increased (RR, 2.48; 95% CI, 0.87‐7.06). Moreover, SIR did not improve event‐free survival and overall survival (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.85‐1.10; and RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.82‐1.02, respectively).CONCLUSIONThis meta‐analysis indicated that the SIR‐based regimen is an effective and safe alternative prophylaxis strategy for GVHD.
A simple genotyping procedure without DNA extraction to identify rare blood donors
Authors: Silvy M. , Brès J.‐C. , Grimaldi A. , Movia C. , Muriel V. , Roubinet F. , Chiaroni J. , Bailly P. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundTransfusion‐induced alloimmunization has severe clinical consequences including haemolytic transfusion reactions, impaired transfused RBCs longevity and greater difficulty in finding compatible blood. Molecular analysis of genomic DNA now permits prediction of blood group phenotypes based on identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Implementation of molecular technologies in donor centres would be helpful in finding RBC units for special patient populations, but DNA extraction remains an obstacle to donor genotyping.Materials and MethodsWe propose a simple method compatible with high throughput that allows blood group genotyping using a multiplex commercial kit without the need for DNA extraction. The principle relies on pre‐PCR treatment of whole blood using heating/cooling procedure in association with a recombinant hotstart polymerase.ResultsIn a prospective analysis, we yielded 5628 alleles identification and designated 63 donors with rare blood, that is either negative for a high‐frequency antigen or with a rare combination of common antigens.ConclusionThe procedure was optimized for simplicity of use in genotyping platform and would allow not only to supply antigen‐matched products to recipients but also to find rare phenotypes. This methodology could also be useful for establishing a donor repository for human platelet antigens (HPA)‐matched platelets since the same issues are involved for patients with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia or post‐transfusion purpura.
‘Fine‐tuning’ blood flow to the exercising muscle with advancing age: an update
Authors: Wray D. Walter , Richardson Russell S. 
Published: April 2015

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
This review focuses on age‐related changes in the regulatory pathways that exist at the unique interface between the vascular smooth muscle and the endothelium of the skeletal muscle vasculature, and how these changes contribute to impairments in exercising skeletal muscle blood flow in the elderly.

What advances does it highlight?
Several recent in vivo human studies from our group and others are highlighted that have examined age‐related changes in nitric oxide, endothelin‐1, alpha adrenergic, and renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone (RAAS) signaling.
During dynamic exercise, oxygen demand from the exercising muscle is dramatically elevated, requiring a marked increase in skeletal muscle blood flow that is accomplished through a combination of systemic sympathoexcitation and local metabolic vasodilatation. With advancing age, the balance between these factors appears to be disrupted in favour of vasoconstriction, leading to an impairment in exercising skeletal muscle blood flow in the elderly. This ‘hot topic’ review aims to provide an update to our current knowledge of age‐related changes in the neural and local mechanisms that contribute to this ‘fine‐tuning’ of blood flow during exercise. The focus is on results from recent human studies that have adopted a reductionist approach to explore how age‐related changes in both vasodilators (nitric oxide) and vasoconstrictors (endothelin‐1, α‐adrenergic agonists and angiotensin II) interact and how these changes impact blood flow to the exercising skeletal muscle with advancing age.
Molecular Chaperone Hsp90 Is a Therapeutic Target for Noroviruses
Authors: Vashist Surender , Urena Luis , Gonzalez-Hernandez Mariam B. , Choi Jayoung , de Rougemont Alexis , Rocha-Pereira Joana , Neyts Johan , Hwang Seungmin , Wobus Christiane E. , Goodfellow Ian 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are a significant cause of acute gastroenteritis in the developed world, and yet our understanding of the molecular pathways involved in norovirus replication and pathogenesis has been limited by the inability to efficiently culture these viruses in the laboratory. Using the murine norovirus (MNV) model, we have recently identified a network of host factors that interact with the 5′ and 3′ extremities of the norovirus RNA genome. In addition to a number of well-known cellular RNA binding proteins, the molecular chaperone Hsp90 was identified as a component of the ribonucleoprotein complex. Here, we show that the inhibition of Hsp90 activity negatively impacts norovirus replication in cell culture. Small-molecule-mediated inhibition of Hsp90 activity using 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) revealed that Hsp90 plays a pleiotropic role in the norovirus life cycle but that the stability of the viral capsid protein is integrally linked to Hsp90 activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both the MNV-1 and the HuNoV capsid proteins require Hsp90 activity for their stability and that targeting Hsp90
in vivo
can significantly reduce virus replication. In summary, we demonstrate that targeting cellular proteostasis can inhibit norovirus replication, identifying a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of norovirus infections.

IMPORTANCE
HuNoV are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis around the world. RNA viruses, including noroviruses, rely heavily on host cell proteins and pathways for all aspects of their life cycle. Here, we identify one such protein, the molecular chaperone Hsp90, as an important factor required during the norovirus life cycle. We demonstrate that both murine and human noroviruses require the activity of Hsp90 for the stability of their capsid proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that targeting Hsp90 activity
in vivo
using small molecule inhibitors also reduces infectious virus production. Given the considerable interest in the development of Hsp90 inhibitors for use in cancer therapeutics, we identify here a new target that could be explored for the development of antiviral strategies to control norovirus outbreaks and treat chronic norovirus infection in immunosuppressed patients.
Genomic, Phylogenetic, and Recombinational Characterization of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Strains
Authors: Kolb Aaron W. , Larsen Inna V. , Cuellar Jacqueline A. , Brandt Curtis R. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a major global pathogen, infecting 16% of people 15 to 49 years old worldwide and causing recurrent genital ulcers. Little is known about viral factors contributing to virulence, and there are currently only two genomic sequences available. In this study, we determined nearly complete genomic sequences of six additional HSV-2 isolates, using Illumina MiSeq. We report that HSV-2 has a genomic overall mean distance of 0.2355%, which is less than that of HSV-1. There were approximately 100 amino-acid-encoding and indels per genome. Microsatellite mapping found a bias toward intergenic regions in the nonconserved microsatellites and a genic bias in all detected tandem repeats. Extensive recombination between the HSV-2 strains was also strongly implied. This was the first study to analyze multiple HSV-2 sequences, and the data will be valuable in future evolutionary, virulence, and structure-function studies.

IMPORTANCE
HSV-2 is a significant worldwide pathogen, causing recurrent genital ulcers. Here we present six nearly complete HSV-2 genomic sequences, and, with the addition of two previously sequenced strains, for the first time genomic, phylogenetic, and recombination analysis was performed on multiple HSV-2 genomes. Our results show that microsatellite mapping found a bias toward intergenic regions in the nonconserved microsatellites and a genic bias in all detected tandem repeats and confirm that chimpanzee herpesvirus 1 (ChHV-1) is a separate species and that each of the HSV-2 strains is a genomic mosaic.
Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Pathogenesis Is Independent of Caspase-1 and Caspase-11 in Mice and Impairs Interleukin-1β Production upon Extrinsic Stimulation in Culture
Authors: Cieniewicz Brandon , Dong Qiwen , Li Gang , Forrest James C. , Mounce Bryan C. , Tarakanova Vera L. , van der Velden Adrianus , Krug Laurie T. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTGammaherpesviruses establish lifelong infections that are associated with the development of cancer. These viruses subvert many aspects of the innate and adaptive immune response of the host. The inflammasome, a macromolecular protein complex that controls inflammatory responses to intracellular danger signals generated by pathogens, is both activated and subverted during human gammaherpesvirus infection in culture. The impact of the inflammasome response on gammaherpesvirus replication and latencyin vivois not known. Caspase-1 is the inflammasome effector protease that cleaves the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. We infectedcaspase-1-deficient mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) and observed no impact on acute replication in the lung or latency and reactivation from latency in the spleen. This led us to examine the effect of viral infection on inflammasome responses in bone marrow-derived macrophages. We determined that infection of macrophages with MHV68 led to a robust interferon response but failed to activate caspase-1 or induce the secretion of IL-1β. In addition, MHV68 infection led to a reduction in IL-1β production after extrinsic lipopolysaccharide stimulation or upon coinfection withSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium. Interestingly, this impairment occurred at the proIL-1β transcript level and was independent of the RTA, the viral lyticreplication andtranscriptionactivator. Taken together, MHV68 impairs the inflammasome response by inhibiting IL-1β production during the initial stages of infection.IMPORTANCEGammaherpesviruses persist for the lifetime of the host. To accomplish this, they must evade recognition and clearance by the immune system. The inflammasome consists of proteins that detect foreign molecules in the cell and respond by secreting proinflammatory signaling proteins that recruit immune cells to clear the infection. Unexpectedly, we found that murine gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis was not enhanced in mice lackingcaspase-1, a critical inflammasome component. This led us to investigate whether the virus actively impairs the inflammasome response. We found that the inflammasome was not activated upon macrophage cell infection with murine gammaherpesvirus 68. Infection also prevented the host cell inflammasome response to other pathogen-associated molecular patterns, indicated by reduced production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β upon bacterial coinfection. Taken together, murine gammaherpesvirus impairment of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in macrophages identifies one mechanism by which the virus may inhibit caspase-1-dependent immune responses in the infected animal.
SRSF1 RNA Recognition Motifs Are Strong Inhibitors of HIV-1 Replication
Authors: Paz Sean , Lu Michael L. , Takata Hiroshi , Trautmann Lydie , Caputi Massimo 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Replication of the integrated HIV-1 genome is tightly regulated by a series of cellular factors. In previous work we showed that transactivation of the HIV-1 promoter is regulated by the cellular splicing factor SRSF1. Here we report that SRSF1 can downregulate the replication of B, C, and D subtype viruses by >200-fold in a cell culture system. We show that viral transcription and splicing are inhibited by SRSF1 expression. Furthermore, SRSF1 deletion mutants containing the protein RNA-binding domains but not the arginine serine-rich activator domain can downregulate viral replication by >2,000-fold with minimal impact on cell viability and apoptosis. These data suggest a therapeutic potential for SRSF1 and its RNA-binding domains.

IMPORTANCE
Most drugs utilized to treat the HIV-1 infection are based on compounds that directly target proteins encoded by the virus. However, given the high viral mutation rate, the appearance of novel drug-resistant viral strains is common. Thus, there is a need for novel therapeutics with diverse mechanisms of action. In this study, we show that the cellular protein SRSF1 is a strong inhibitor of viral replication. Furthermore, expression of the SRSF1 RNA-binding domains alone can inhibit viral replication by >2,000-fold in multiple viral strains without impacting cell viability. Given the strong antiviral properties of this protein, the RNA-binding domains, and the minimal effects observed on cell metabolism, further studies are warranted to assess the therapeutic potential of peptides derived from these sequences.