bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization and simulation of optical absorption in Si nanocrystals
Authors: Jia Xuguang , Wu Lingfeng , Lin Ziyun , Zhang Tian , Yang Terry Chien‐Jen , Xia Hongze , Puthen‐Veettil Binesh , Conibeer Gavin , Perez‐Wurfl Ivan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe application of silicon quantum dot (Si QD) based material is regarded as a promising approach for the realization of high efficiency solar cells. When silicon nanocrystals are made very small (within the vicinity of the exciton Bohr radius of bulk Si), they behave as quantum dots due to the three‐dimensional quantum confinement, which could cause the material's effective optical band gap to increase. The optical band gap can be deduced from the absorption coefficient. In this paper, we analyze optical absorption and emission processes in Si QD and attempt to simulate the band‐edge absorption features based on the photoluminescence spectrum. We also investigate the application of ellipsometry in the study of optical properties of Si QD thin films. Based on WVASE32 modeling tool, a homogeneous mixture model is developed to extract the absorption coefficient of this material. From these results, we extract the effective optical band gap and analyze optical properties of Si QDs materials. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ga+ implantation in a PZT film during focused ion beam micro‐machining
Authors: Wollschläger Nicole , Österle Werner , Häusler Ines , Stewart Mark 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe objective of the present work was to study the impact of Focused Ion Beam (FIB) machining parameters on the thickness of the damaged layer within a thin film PZT. Therefore, different Ga+‐ ion doses and ion energies were applied to a standard PZT film (80/20 lead zirconium titanate) under two beam incidence angles (90° and 1°). The thicknesses of the corresponding Ga+‐implanted layers were then determined by cross‐sectional TEM in combination with energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) line‐scans and correlated with polarisation hysteresis loops. The results show a decrease of Ga+‐implanted layer thickness with decreasing inclination angle, whereas ion energy and ion dose could be correlated with gallium concentration in the implanted layers.. Under the most unfavorable conditions the depth of the affected zone was 26 nm, it was only 2 nm for the most favorable conditions. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solar signals in CMIP‐5 simulations: the stratospheric pathway
Authors: Mitchell D. M. , Misios S. , Gray L. J. , Tourpali K. , Matthes K. , Hood L. , Schmidt H. , Chiodo G. , Thiéblemont R. , Rozanov E. , Shindell D. , Krivolutsky A. 
Published: February 2015

The 11 year solar‐cycle component of climate variability is assessed in historical simulations of models taken from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5 (CMIP‐5). Multiple linear regression is applied to estimate the zonal temperature, wind and annular mode responses to a typical solar cycle, with a focus on both the stratosphere and the stratospheric influence on the surface over the period ∼1850–2005. The analysis is performed on all CMIP‐5 models but focuses on the 13 CMIP‐5 models that resolve the stratosphere (high‐top models) and compares the simulated solar cycle signature with reanalysis data. The 11 year solar cycle component of climate variability is found to be weaker in terms of magnitude and latitudinal gradient around the stratopause in the models than in the reanalysis. The peak in temperature in the lower equatorial stratosphere (∼70 hPa) reported in some studies is found in the models to depend on the length of the analysis period, with the last 30 years yielding the strongest response.A modification of the Polar Jet Oscillation (PJO) in response to the 11 year solar cycle is not robust across all models, but is more apparent in models with high spectral resolution in the short‐wave region. The PJO evolution is slower in these models, leading to a stronger response during February, whereas observations indicate it to be weaker. In early winter, the magnitude of the modelled response is more consistent with observations when only data from 1979–2005 are considered. The observed North Pacific high‐pressure surface response during the solar maximum is only simulated in some models, for which there are no distinguishing model characteristics. The lagged North Atlantic surface response is reproduced in both high‐ and low‐top models, but is more prevalent in the former. In both cases, the magnitude of the response is generally lower than in observations.
Imputation of systematically missing predictors in an individual participant data meta‐analysis: a generalized approach using MICE
Authors: Jolani Shahab , Debray Thomas P. A. , Koffijberg Hendrik , van Buuren Stef , Moons Karel G. M. 
Published: February 2015

Individual participant data meta‐analyses (IPD‐MA) are increasingly used for developing and validating multivariable (diagnostic or prognostic) risk prediction models. Unfortunately, some predictors or even outcomes may not have been measured in each study and are thus systematically missing in some individual studies of the IPD‐MA. As a consequence, it is no longer possible to evaluate between‐study heterogeneity and to estimate study‐specific predictor effects, or to include all individual studies, which severely hampers the development and validation of prediction models.Here, we describe a novel approach for imputing systematically missing data and adopt a generalized linear mixed model to allow for between‐study heterogeneity. This approach can be viewed as an extension of Resche‐Rigon's method (Stat Med 2013), relaxing their assumptions regarding variance components and allowing imputation of linear and nonlinear predictors.We illustrate our approach using a case study with IPD‐MA of 13 studies to develop and validate a diagnostic prediction model for the presence of deep venous thrombosis. We compare the results after applying four methods for dealing with systematically missing predictors in one or more individual studies: complete case analysis where studies with systematically missing predictors are removed, traditional multiple imputation ignoring heterogeneity across studies, stratified multiple imputation accounting for heterogeneity in predictor prevalence, and multilevel multiple imputation (MLMI) fully accounting for between‐study heterogeneity.We conclude that MLMI may substantially improve the estimation of between‐study heterogeneity parameters and allow for imputation of systematically missing predictors in IPD‐MA aimed at the development and validation of prediction models. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CUP Syndrome in Neuroendocrine Neoplasia: Analysis of Risk Factors and Impact of Surgical Intervention
Authors: Begum Nehara , Wellner Ulrich , Thorns Christoph , Brabant Georg , Hoffmann Martin , Bürk Conny Georg , Lehnert Hendrik , Keck Tobias 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundNeuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN) with unknown primary site (NEN‐CUP tumors) may have a poor prognosis. We evaluated the clinical presentation, therapy, outcome, and risk factors for adverse outcomes in patients who had these tumors.MethodsIn 243 patients who had NEN, a retrospective review was performed in 38 patients who had NEN‐CUP tumors. The 38 patients who had NEN‐CUP tumors were evaluated in three groups: group 1 (surgery; primary tumor detected; ten patients); group 2 (surgery; no primary tumor detected; ten patients); and group 3 (no surgery; 18 patients). Risk factors were evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsMost patients who had NEN‐CUP tumors [32 patients (84 %)] had World Health Organization (WHO) performance score of 0 or 1, and most tumors [24 patients (63 %)] were well differentiated (WHO grade, G1 or G2; Ki‐67 index, ≤20 %). Univariate analysis showed that greater survival was significantly associated with lower patient age, lower WHO performance score, lower WHO grade, lower number of metastatic sites, treatment with surgery, and no treatment with chemotherapy. Multivariate analysis showed that low WHO performance score (hazard ratio 7.63, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.63–22.19) and treatment with surgery (hazard ratio 0.10, CI 0.028–0.381) were significant independent predictors of improved survival.ConclusionsIn patients with NEN‐CUP tumors, surgical treatment is an independent predictor of better survival. Therefore, surgical treatment may be indicated in patients with good general health status and well‐differentiated NEN‐CUP tumors.
Effects of Intra‐abdominally Instilled Isotonic Saline on Pain, Recovery, and Health‐Related Quality‐of‐Life Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized Prospective Double‐Blind Controlled Study
Authors: Barthelsson C. , Sandblom G. , Ljesevic‐Nikoletic S. , Hammarqvist F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe postoperative installation of isotonic saline in the abdomen has been suggested as a method to reduce the effect of local toxins, thereby reducing postoperative pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. The aim of this randomized prospective double‐blind trial was to assess whether installation of isotonic saline can reduce postoperative pain and nausea following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).MethodsAltogether 71 LC patients were randomized to either intra‐abdominal instillation of isotonic saline group (S) (n = 36) or no saline (NS) group (n = 35) at the end of surgery. Data were collected by means of questionnaires. The postoperative recovery profile questionnaire was answered prior to surgery and 1 week postoperatively, SF‐36 prior to surgery and at 1 month postoperatively, and a pain diary recording a Visual Analogue Scale score each day during the first week.ResultsThe overall response rate was 94 %. No significant differences were seen between the groups regarding abdominal and shoulder pain. However, the NS group reported more pain (NS = 53 %, S = 29 %) and fatigue (NS = 50 %, S = 35 %) than the S group postoperative day 7. Moreover, the most frequently reported problem in both groups 7 days after surgery was getting back to normal life (60 %). Females reported a slower recovery profile than males and also more postoperative symptoms day 7. HRQoL results were similar between the groups.ConclusionInstillation of isotonic saline does not improve recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Postoperative pain was more often reported in the NS group than in the S group, though the difference was not significant.
Myths and Misinformation About Gunshot Wounds may Adversely Affect Proper Treatment
Authors: Hafertepen Stephen C. , Davis James W. , Townsend Ricard N. , Sue Lawrence P. , Kaups Krista L. , Cagle Kathleen M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundPoorly designed experiments and popular media have led to multiple myths about wound ballistics. Some of these myths have been incorporated into the trauma literature as fact and are included in Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS). We hypothesized that these erroneous beliefs would be prevalent, even among those providing care for patients with gunshot wounds (GSWs), but could be addressed through education.MethodsATLS course content was reviewed. Several myths involving wound ballistics were identified. Clinically relevant myths were chosen including wounding mechanism, lead poisoning, debridement, and antibiotic use. Subsequently, surgery and emergency medicine services at three different trauma centers were studied. All three sites were busy, urban trauma centers with a significant amount of penetrating trauma. A pre‐test was administered prior to a lecture on wound ballistics followed by a post‐test. Pre‐ and post‐test scores were compared and correlated with demographic data including ATLS course completion, firearm/ballistics experience, and years of post‐graduate medical experience (PGME).ResultsOne‐hundred and fifteen clinicians participated in the study. A mean pre‐test score of 34 % improved to 78 % on the post‐test with associated improvements in all areas of knowledge (p < 0.001). Years of PGME correlated with higher pre‐test score (p = 0.021); however, ATLS status did not (p = 0.774).ConclusionsErroneous beliefs involving wound ballistics are prevalent even among clinicians who frequently treat victims of GSWs and could lead to inappropriate treatment. Focused education markedly improved knowledge. The ATLS course and manual promulgate some of these myths and should be revised.
Patterns and Treatment of Recurrence Following Pulmonary Resection for Colorectal Metastases
Authors: Yokota Mitsuru , Kobayashi Akihiro , Nomura Shogo , Nishizawa Yuji , Ito Masaaki , Nagai Kanji , Saito Norio 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackground
Pulmonary resection is the best therapeutic option for lung metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC) today. However, recurrences are frequent following pulmonary resection. We aimed to evaluate the recurrence pattern and treatment of initial pulmonary resection for metastases from CRC.MethodsData from 76 patients with recurrence after curative resection of primary CRC and lung metastases were reviewed. The primary outcome measure was overall survival (OS), defined as the interval between the date of recurrence after pulmonary resection and the date of death or last follow‐up. Cox regression analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with OS.ResultsRecurrence sites after initial pulmonary resection were lung (n = 37), liver (n = 12), others (n = 11), and multiple (n = 16). Treatments for recurrence included surgery (n = 35), chemotherapy (n = 37), and palliative care (n = 4). Of 35 patients who underwent surgery, 22 had pulmonary resection, and 11 had hepatic resection, and 2 had other resection. The 3‐year OS was 84.1 % for surgery, 38.9 % for chemotherapy, and 0 % for palliative care, respectively (p < 0.001). In the surgery group, there was no difference in survival between surgical treatments for pulmonary and hepatic recurrences (p = 0.503). Cox regression analyses identified three factors: disease‐free interval (DFI) (HR 1.99, 95 % CI 1.03–3.83), surgery (HR 0.30, 95 % CI 0.12–0.72), and recurrence site (lung: HR 0.10, 95 % CI 0.04–0.28, liver: HR 0.08, 95 % CI 0.02–0.31).ConclusionsThe most common recurrence site after resection of lung metastases was the lung. Although the relapse rate is high, surgery for isolated recurrences is a promising strategy, especially for patients with long DFI.
Rational engineering of multiple module pathways for the production of l-phenylalanine in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Zhang Chuanzhi , Zhang Junli , Kang Zhen , Du Guocheng , Chen Jian 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Microbial production of l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) from renewable sources has attracted much attention recently. In the present study, Corynebacterium glutamicum 13032 was rationally engineered to produce l-Phe from inexpensive glucose. First, all the l-Phe biosynthesis pathway genes were investigated and the results demonstrated that in addition to AroF and PheA, the native PpsA, TktA, AroE and AroA, and the heterologous AroL and TyrB were also the key enzymes for L-Phe biosynthesis. Through combinational expression of these key enzymes, the l-Phe production was increased to 6.33 ± 0.13 g l−1 which was about 1.48-fold of that of the parent strain C. glutamicum (pXM-pheAfbr-aroFfbr) (fbr, feedback-inhibition resistance). Furthermore, the production of l-Phe was improved to 9.14 ± 0.21 g l−1 by modifying the glucose and l-Phe transport systems and blocking the acetate and lactate biosynthesis pathways. Eventually, the titer of l-Phe was enhanced to 15.76 ± 0.23 g l−1 with a fed-batch fermentation strategy. To the best of our knowledge, this was the highest value reported in rationally engineered C. glutamicum 13032 strains. The results obtained will also contribute to rational engineering of C. glutamicum for production of other valuable aromatic compounds.
Genetic inheritance analysis of melon aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) resistance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Liang Danna , Hu Qijing , Xu Qiang , Qi Xiaohua , Zhou Fucai , Chen Xuehao 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe melon aphid Aphis gossypii Glover is one of the most serious pests in cucumber production, often causing severe damage in commercial fields. Identifying and deploying resistant germplasm and understanding the inheritance of melon aphid resistance are required for cucumber geneticists to develop an effective breeding strategy. In this study, resistance of 30 cucumber selections to melon aphid was evaluated at the seedling stage. Six generations, P1, P2, F1, BC1, BC2 and F2 derived from the cross of JY30 (susceptible) × EP6392 (resistant), were used as genetic populations to study the inheritance of melon aphid resistance in cucumber with the mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance model with the joint analysis method of multiple generations. Eight of the 30 tested selections displayed resistance to the melon aphid. The resistance of cucumber to melon aphids was controlled by one additive and dominant major gene plus additive and dominant polygenes, and was affected by environment as well. The additive effect and the dominant effect of the major gene were greater than the additive effect and the dominant effect of the polygenes. The heritabilities of the major gene in BC1, BC2 and F2 were 63.62 %, 0 % and 70.39 %, respectively. The polygenic heritabilities were 22.62 %, 37.0 % and 9.32 %, and the ratios of the environmental variance to phenotype variance were 58.54 %, 63.16 % and 30.77 %. We conclude that selections of cucumber with high resistance to melon aphid could be screened in advanced generations.
CLASS AND GENDER DYNAMICS OF THE PORNOGRAPHY TRADE IN LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN
Authors: STOOPS JAMIE 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTDuring the second half of the nineteenth century, British social purity campaigners framed the pornography trade as a major source of cultural and moral pollution. As in their anti-prostitution efforts, purity campaigners presented the abolition of pornography as an attempt to protect women, children, and impressionable members of the lower classes from sexual immorality. Their rhetoric and policy efforts, however, reveal deeply entrenched fears of middle-class vulnerability to the negative effects of pornographic literature and images. Building on existing obscenity studies scholarship, this article explores the role of class and gender tension in nineteenth-century pornography regulation. In contrast to the majority of work on Victorian pornography, this article focuses on the British lower classes as producers and distributors rather than consumers of pornography. In addition, this article argues for a higher level of female participation in the pornography trade than has been previously recognized. By focusing on the contradictions and biases at the heart of campaigns against pornography, this article explores the ways in which regulation efforts and discourses of obscenity were shaped by the class and gender dynamics of the pornography trade.
THE ‘REPEAL YEAR’ IN IRELAND: AN ECONOMIC REASSESSMENT
Authors: READ CHARLES 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMost of the existing literature on the ‘Repeal Year’ agitation in Ireland explains the rise in popularity of the 1842–3 campaign for repeal of the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland in political and religious terms. This article argues that, in addition, the British government's economic policy of reducing tariffs in 1842 damaged Ireland's agricultural economy and increased popular support for the Repeal movement. Using both qualitative and quantitative analysis, this article shows that the tariff reductions and import relaxations of the 1842 budget had an immediate negative impact on Irish real incomes by reducing agricultural prices. A negative relationship between these prices and the Repeal rent, together with the economic rhetoric of Repeal in favour of protection, indicate a link between the economic downturn and the rise in the popularity of Repeal. This article concludes that Peel's trade policy changes of 1842 should therefore be added to the traditional religious and political explanations as a cause behind the sudden surge in popularity of the Repeal movement between 1842 and 1843.
NARRATING A PENDING CALAMITY: ARTISANAL CRISIS IN THE MEDINA OF FES, MOROCCO
Authors: Ouaknine-Yekutieli Orit 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA crisis narrative dominates current public discourse about the artisanal sector in Fes, Morocco. Through historical and ethnographic research on Fessi crafts and craftspeople, this article elucidates the rise of the crisis narrative and its relationship to modernity and moral and political economy. Sustained analysis of the dialectical relationship between craftspeople's practical knowledge and public narratives highlights the existence of a “pool” of multiple and cross-cutting storylines from which the artisans draw to depict their profession. These storylines are marked by intertextual reverberations of precolonial Islamic philosophy, colonial Orientalist discourses, modern governance, and liberal and neoliberal economic policies. This article claims that the current, widespread crisis narrative took precedence over other storylines with the arrival of colonialism and modernity in Morocco. Drawing on the analytical framework of colonial modernity, it argues that from the colonial period to the postcolonial present, rulers and ruled alike have produced, maintained, and enhanced the crisis narrative, which is deeply rooted in modernity.
Effects of replacing extracted soybean meal with rapeseed cake in corn grass silage-based diet for dairy cows
Authors: Rutkowska Jarosława , Białek Małgorzata , Bagnicka Emilia , Jarczak Justyna , Tambor Krzysztof , Strzałkowska Nina , Jóźwik Artur , Krzyżewski Józef , Adamska Agata , Rutkowska Ewa 
Published: February 2015

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of partial replacement of soybean meal with a protein-equivalent amount of rapeseed cake in the diet on milking parameters and fatty acid (FA) composition of milk in dairy cows. Two groups of Holstein-Friesian cows, 8 each, consisting of randomised blocks were studied: a control group (C) was given a traditional high-protein supplement (extracted soybean meal) and the experimental group (E), had part of extracted soybean meal replaced with rapeseed cake. Dry matter intake and milk yield in both groups were not affected by the diet but milk fat percentage and yield were decreased in both groups. Rapeseed cake had no effect on milk acidity or on protein (including casein) and lactose contents. A lower concentration of urea in milk in E group indicated a proper ratio of protein to energy in the fodder. Health condition of mammary gland and indicators of metabolic profile were not affected by rapeseed cake supplementation. In E group, the share of atherogenic saturated fatty acids (FA) was reduced after 11 weeks: palmitic, by 26% and myristic, by 22%; moreover, as compared with control cows, the content of monounsaturated FA in milk increased by 44% after 3 weeks and by 68% after 11 weeks, t-18:1 and c-9 t-11 isomer of CLA increased about 2·5-fold after 11 weeks. In E group, the atherogenic index (AI) was significantly (P < 0·001) lower than in C (by 54% on average) and the decrease with time was considerable (by 29%, P < 0·001). Contents of odd- and branched- chain FA in milk were not significantly affected thus reflecting proper rumen function. Partial replacement of soybean meal with rapeseed cake in the diet of cows may improve both milking indices and FA profile of milk.