bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To Die with the Buddha: The Brick Pagoda and Its Role in the Xuezhuang Tomb in Early Medieval China
Authors: Shi Jie 
Published: April 2015

The important late fifth- or early sixth-century brick tomb at Xuezhuang in Dengxian (Henan) features a brick form at the rear wall, which remained mysterious until it has recently been shown to represent a Buddhist pagoda. This discovery sheds light on the purpose of the burial chamber, featuring the novel combination of vaulted ceiling, colonnade, and pagoda, as simulating an Indian-derived Buddhist temple (caitya). To reinforce this Buddhist context, the burial chamber simultaneously imitates the structure of a Buddhist votive stele (zaoxiangbei 造像碑), in which various Buddhist images, including the Buddha and bodhisattvas, apsaras, worshippers, and guardians, are carefully organized. The Xuezhuang tomb thus merges Buddhist structures with the traditional Chinese funerary structure, representing an entirely new manner in which funerary art and Buddhist art interacted with one another in early medieval China. While in earlier times Buddhist elements were subject to the unilaterally dominant funerary context, in the fifth to sixth centuries, as the importance of a specifically Buddhist context increased, the tomb occupant, whose coffin lay right before the pagoda, became an integral part of a simulated Buddhist structure as a worshipper symbolically poised to worship the pagoda or attend the “dead” Buddha in the concealed Buddhist “temple” that was the tomb. La tombe importante, datant de la fin du ve siècle ou du début du vie, découverte à Xuezhang (Dengxian, Henan) comporte une forme en briques sur son mur postérieur dont on n’a montré que récemment qu’il s’agissait d’une pagode bouddhiste. Cette découverte éclaire l’objet de la chambre funéraire: la combinaison d’un plafond en voûte, d’une colonnade et d’une pagode évoque un temple bouddhiste de style indien (caitya). Renforçant encore ce contexte religieux, la chambre funéraire imite en même temps la structure d’une stèle votive bouddhiste (zaoxiangbei 造像碑), dans laquelle les images du Bouddha, des bodhisattvas, des apsaras, des adorateurs et des gardiens sont soigneusement disposées. La tombe de Xuezhang combine de la sorte des structures bouddhistes et une structure funéraire chinoise traditionnelle; elle représente une manière entièrement nouvelle dans la Chine du début du Moyen Âge, dans laquelle interagissent l’art funéraire et l’art bouddhique. Alors qu’auparavant les éléments bouddhistes étaient subordonnés à un contexte exclusivement funéraire, aux ve-vie siècles le contexte spécifiquement bouddhique a gagné en importance; en conséquence, l’occupant de la tombe, dont le cercueil était placé directement devant la pagode, est devenu partie intégrante d’une structure bouddhique simulée en tant qu’adorateur placé symboliquement pour faire ses dévotions à la pagode, ou alors être au service du Bouddha “mort” dans le temple bouddhique caché qu’était devenue la tombe.
Contrasting Local versus Regional Effects of Land-Use-Change-Induced Heterogeneity on Historical Climate: Analysis with the GFDL Earth System Model
Authors: Malyshev Sergey , Shevliakova Elena , Stouffer Ronald J. , Pacala Stephen W. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The effects of land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) on surface climate using two ensembles of numerical experiments with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) comprehensive Earth System Model ESM2Mb are investigated in this study. The experiments simulate historical climate with two different assumptions about LULCC: 1) no land-use change with potential vegetation (PV) and 2) with the CMIP5 historical reconstruction of LULCC (LU). Two different approaches were used in the analysis: 1) the authors compare differences in LU and PV climates to evaluate the regional and global effects of LULCC and 2) the authors characterize subgrid climate differences among different land-use tiles within each grid cell in the LU experiment. Using the first method, the authors estimate the magnitude of LULCC effect to be similar to some previous studies. Using the second method, the authors found a pronounced subgrid signal of LULCC in near-surface temperature over majority of areas affected by LULCC. The signal is strongest on croplands, where it is detectable with 95% confidence over 68.5% of all nonglaciated land grid cells in June–July–August, compared to 8.3% in the first method. In agricultural areas, the subgrid signal tends to be stronger than LU–PV signal by a factor of 1.3 in tropics in both summer and winter and by 1.5 in extratropics in winter. This analysis for the first time demonstrates and quantifies the local, subgrid-scale LULCC effects with a comprehensive ESM and compares it to previous global and regional approaches.
A Comparison of Multiscale GSI-Based EnKF and 3DVar Data Assimilation Using Radar and Conventional Observations for Midlatitude Convective-Scale Precipitation Forecasts
Authors: Johnson Aaron , Wang Xuguang , Carley Jacob R. , Wicker Louis J. , Karstens Christopher 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
A GSI-based data assimilation (DA) system, including three-dimensional variational assimilation (3DVar) and ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), is extended to the multiscale assimilation of both meso- and synoptic-scale observation networks and convective-scale radar reflectivity and velocity observations. EnKF and 3DVar are systematically compared in this multiscale context to better understand the impacts of differences between the DA techniques on the analyses at multiple scales and the subsequent convective-scale precipitation forecasts.
Averaged over 10 diverse cases, 8-h precipitation forecasts initialized using GSI-based EnKF are more skillful than those using GSI-based 3DVar, both with and without storm-scale radar DA. The advantage from radar DA persists for ~5 h using EnKF, but only ~1 h using 3DVar.
A case study of an upscale growing MCS is also examined. The better EnKF-initialized forecast is attributed to more accurate analyses of both the mesoscale environment and the storm-scale features. The mesoscale location and structure of a warm front is more accurately analyzed using EnKF than 3DVar. Furthermore, storms in the EnKF multiscale analysis are maintained during the subsequent forecast period. However, storms in the 3DVar multiscale analysis are not maintained and generate excessive cold pools. Therefore, while the EnKF forecast with radar DA remains better than the forecast without radar DA throughout the forecast period, the 3DVar forecast quality is degraded by radar DA after the first hour. Diagnostics revealed that the inferior analysis at mesoscales and storm scales for the 3DVar is primarily attributed to the lack of flow dependence and cross-variable correlation, respectively, in the 3DVar static background error covariance.
Evaluation of Wind Forecasts and Observation Impacts from Variational and Ensemble Data Assimilation for Wind Energy Applications
Authors: Ancell Brian C. , Kashawlic Erin , Schroeder John L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The U.S. Department of Energy Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP) has recently been completed with the aim of 1) understanding the performance of different mesoscale data assimilation systems for lower-atmospheric wind prediction and 2) determining the observation impacts on wind forecasts within the different assimilation systems. Here an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) was tested against a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) technique. Forecasts lasting 24 hours were produced for a month-long period to determine the day-to-day performance of each system, as well as over 10 individual wind ramp cases. The observation impacts from surface mesonet and profiler/sodar wind observations aloft were also tested in each system for both the month-long run and the ramp forecasts.
It was found that EnKF forecasts verified over a domain including Texas and Oklahoma were better than those of 3DVAR for the month-long experiment throughout the forecast window, presumably from the use of flow-dependent covariances in the EnKF. The assimilation of mesonet data improved both EnKF and 3DVAR early forecasts, but sodar/profiler data showed a degradation (EnKF) or had no effect (3DVAR), with the degradation apparently resulting from a lower-atmospheric wind bias. For the wind ramp forecasts, ensemble averaging appears to overwhelm any improvements flow-dependent assimilation may have on ramp forecasts, leading to better 3DVAR ramp prediction. This suggests that best member techniques within the EnKF may be necessary for improved performance over 3DVAR for forecasts of sharp features such as wind ramps. Observation impacts from mesonet and profiler/sodar observations generally improved EnKF ramp forecasts, but either had little effect on or degraded 3DVAR forecasts.
A rapid anion-exchange chromatography for measurement of cholesterol concentrations in five lipoprotein classes and estimation of lipoprotein profiles in male volunteers without overt diseases
Authors: Manita Daisuke , Hirowatari Yuji , Yoshida Hiroshi 
Published: April 2015

Background Analysis of lipoprotein profile gives important clinical information for lipid-lowering therapy which prevents atherosclerotic diseases. The lipoprotein classes can be isolated from serum with ultracentrifugation, which inevitably consumes a long time and needs large serum volume. We have established a method with anion-exchange chromatography with 1.0 µL of the injected volume in 5.2 min for assay of one sample. Methods One-hundred-forty-one male volunteers without overt diseases were divided three groups (Group 1, non-dyslipidemia with LDL-cholesterol [LDL-C] <120 mg/dL and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) ≥40 mg/dL; Group 2, borderline dyslipidemia with 120 ≤ LDL-C < 140 mg/dL and HDL-C ≥40 mg/dL; Group 3, dyslipidemia with LDL-C ≥ 140 mg/dL or HDL-C < 40 mg/dL). Their lipoprotein profiles were evaluated by rapid anion-exchange chromatography, which measured concentrations of HDL-C, LDL-C, IDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, and other fraction (chylomicron + lipoprotein [a])-cholesterol (other-C). Results The within-day and between-day assay coefficients of variation of lipoprotein cholesterol values were 0.33–4.31% and 2.37–9.19%, respectively. The correlation coefficients between values of HDL-C, LDL-C, IDL-C and VLDL-C by the anion-exchange chromatography and those by ultracentrifugal method were 0.97, 0.92, 0.58 and 0.94, respectively. Group 3 had significantly lower HDL-C and higher concentrations of IDL-C, VLDL-C and other-C than did Group 1. Group 2, borderline dyslipidemia, had significantly higher concentrations of IDL-C and VLDL-C than did Group 1. Conclusion The rapid anion-exchange chromatography assay may be sufficiently applied to the assessment of borderline dyslipidemia.
Religiosity/spirituality: Relationships with non-suicidal self-harm behaviors and attempted suicide
Authors: Sansone Randy A , Wiederman Michael W 
Published: April 2015

Background: The relationships between religiosity/spirituality (RS) and self-harm behavior, including non-suicidal self-harm behavior (NS-SHB) and suicide attempts/completions, remain of keen interest. Whereas the majority of studies strongly suggest that RS protects against suicide attempts/completions, relationships between RS and NS-SHB have been rarely studied. Aim: In this study, we examined RS in relationship to both NS-SHB (six explicit behaviors) and past history of suicide attempts. Method: In a cross-sectional sample of 306 consecutive primary care outpatients, we administered four self-report assessments for RS (extent participant considered self a religious person, extent participant considered self a spiritual person, extent religion is involved in understanding/dealing with stressful situations, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp-12)) as well as examined seven items on the Self-Harm Inventory: six items reflecting NS-SHB and one item reflecting a past suicide attempt. Results: While two RS items yielded no significant findings (extent participant considered self a spiritual person, extent religion is involved in understanding/dealing with stressful situations), the remaining two items were associated with a lowered risk of self-harm behavior, particularly the FACIT-Sp-12. Conclusions: Some but not all aspects of RS are associated with lowered risk for self-harm. In this study, considering oneself a religious person and reporting a general sense of RS well-being offered the most protective effect to participants, particularly the latter.
Comparative effectiveness of ultrasonophoresis and iontophoresis in impingement syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial
Authors: García Isabel , Lobo Cristina , López Esther , Serván Jose Luis , Tenías Jose María 
Published: April 2015

Objective: To estimate the effectiveness of ultrasonophoresis and iontophoresis with sodium diclofenac used in addition to an exercise program for patients with impingement syndrome. Design: Multicentre, double-blind, placebo randomized controlled trial. Setting: “Mancha Centro” Outpatient primary care clinic (Spain). Participants: A total of 175 patients were considered, of whom 88 met criteria and agreed. Intervention: The patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a) standard treatment (supervised exercises and cryotherapy) along with placebo iontophoresis and placebo ultrasonophoresis; b) standard treatment, iontophoresis, and placebo ultrasonophoresis; and c) standard treatment, ultrasonophoresis, and placebo iontophoresis. All patients received 15 treatment sessions. Outcome measures: Baseline, 6-, and 12-week evaluations were carried out. Functionality, pain, range of motion, strength and quality of life were assessed with the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (DASH), Constant-Murley score, and SF-36 scale. Results: Ultrasonophoresis group experienced significant decreases in pain compared to the standard treatment group (12.7 and 13.5 points in “bodily pain” dimension of SF-36; and 1,5 and 2,2 points in “pain” dimension of Constant Murley after 6 and 12 weeks of therapy, respectively). They also reported improved range of motion compared to the exercises group (2,1 points in Constant-Murley after 6 weeks and 12 weeks), better vitality and overall health (SF-36 dimensions). Iontophoresis, however, led to no significant improvements when added to the standard treatment. Conclusion: In patients with impingement syndrome, a combination of ultrasonophoresis and an exercise program are better than a combination of iontophoresis and the same exercise program or the exercise program alone.
Increased Incidence and Severity of Postoperative Radiographic Hallux Valgus Interphalangeus With Surgical Correction of Hallux Valgus
Authors: Dixon Alexis E. , Lee Lydia C. , Charlton Timothy P. , Thordarson David B. 
Published: April 2015

Background: A previous study has shown an increased radiographic prevalence and severity of hallux valgus interphalangeus (HVIP) after surgical correction of hallux valgus (HV) due to correction of pronation deformity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in pre- and postoperative HVIP deformity with correction of HV with multiple radiographic parameters. Methods: A retrospective chart review identified all bunion surgeries performed at a single center from July 1, 2009, to September 30, 2012. Exclusion criteria included prior bony surgery to the first ray, inadequate films, nonadult bunion, Akin osteotomy, or surgical treatment other than bunion correction. Pre- and postoperative films were reviewed for 2 HV angular measurements and 5 HVIP measurements, which were compared. The angles measured were hallux valgus angle (HVA), first intermetatarsal angle (IMA), hallux interphalangeus angle (HIA), distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA), proximal phalangeal articular angle (PPAA), proximal to distal phalangeal articular angle (PDPAA), and total distal deformity (TDD). Prevalence of HVIP was analyzed in pre- and postoperative radiographs. A 1-sided Student t test was used to compare continuous data, and a chi-square test was used to compare categorical data. Ninety-two feet in 82 patients were eligible. Results: The average preoperative HV improved with surgery. Preoperative HVA improved from 27 to 11 degrees ( P < .001). Preoperative IMA improved from 13.6 to 6.1 degrees ( P < .001). HVIP worsened after surgery. Preoperative HIA increased from 7.2 to 13.2 degrees ( P < .001). DMAA worsened from 7.3 to 9.2 degrees ( P = .001). PPAA worsened from 3.2 to 6.2 degrees. PDPAA worsened from 6.7 to 8.2 degrees ( P < .001). The TDD increased from 14.6 to 17.9 degrees ( P < .001). The prevalence of HVIP pre- and postoperatively as defined by HIA increased from 26% to 79% ( P < .001) and by PPAA from 12% to 46% ( P < .001). Conclusion: Initial assessment of preoperative radiographs underestimated HVIP. Postoperative correction of the deformity revealed HVIP that was not obvious preoperatively. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative series.
Comparative study of functional and aesthetically outcomes of reverse digital artery and reverse dorsal homodigital island flaps for fingertip repair
Authors: Chen Q. Z. , Sun Y. C. , Chen J. , Kong J. , Gong Y. P. , Mao T. 
Published: April 2015

This retrospective study was designed to compare functional and cosmetic outcomes of the reverse digital artery island flap and reverse dorsal homodigital island flap in fingertip repair. A total of 23 patients were followed for 24 to 30 months. The reverse digital artery island flap was used in 12 patients, and reverse dorsal homodigital island flap in another 11 patients. Flap sensibility was assessed using the Semmes–Weinstein monofilament test and static 2-point discrimination test. Patient satisfaction, active motion of the finger joints, complications and cold intolerance were evaluated. The static 2-point discrimination and Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (appearance) of the fingers treated with a reverse digital artery flap were significantly better than those with a reverse dorsal homodigital flap. The static 2-point discrimination of the skin-grafted donor sides after dorsal homodigital flap were poorer than that in the contralateral finger. No significant differences were found between the two flaps for pressure or touch sensibility, active ranges of digital motion, complications and cold intolerance. Level of evidence: III.
Myeloma cell–derived Runx2 promotes myeloma progression in bone
Authors: Trotter Timothy N. , Li Mei , Pan Qianying , Peker Deniz , Rowan Patrick D. , Li Juan , Zhan Fenghuang , Suva Larry J. , Javed Amjad , Yang Yang 
Published: April 2015

Key PointsMyeloma cell–derived Runx2 promotes myeloma progression. High levels of Runx2 expression are associated with a high-risk myeloma population.
Expansion of a novel endogenous retrovirus throughout the pericentromeres of modern humans
Authors: Zahn Joseph , Kaplan Mark H , Fischer Sabrina , Dai Manhong , Meng Fan , Saha Anjan Kumar , Cervantes Patrick , Chan Susana M , Dube Derek , Omenn Gilbert S , Markovitz David M , Contreras-Galindo Rafael 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Background
Approximately 8% of the human genome consists of sequences of retroviral origin, a result of ancestral infections of the germ line over millions of years of evolution. The most recent of these infections is attributed to members of the human endogenous retrovirus type-K (HERV-K) (HML-2) family. We recently reported that a previously undetected, large group of HERV-K (HML-2) proviruses, which are descendants of the ancestral K111 infection, are spread throughout human centromeres.

Results
Studying the genomes of certain cell lines and the DNA of healthy individuals that seemingly lack K111, we discover new HERV-K (HML-2) members hidden in pericentromeres of several human chromosomes. All are related through a common ancestor, termed K222, which is a virus that infected the germ line approximately 25 million years ago. K222 exists as a single copy in the genomes of baboons and high order primates, but not New World monkeys, suggesting that progenitor K222 infected the primate germ line after the split between New and Old World monkeys. K222 exists in modern humans at multiple loci spread across the pericentromeres of nine chromosomes, indicating it was amplified during the evolution of modern humans.

Conclusions
Copying of K222 may have occurred through recombination of the pericentromeres of different chromosomes during human evolution. Evidence of recombination between K111 and K222 suggests that these retroviral sequences have been templates for frequent cross-over events during the process of centromere recombination in humans.
The intranet age: Decreasing delays to diagnosis of lymphoma
Authors: Parsons Iain , Pratt Guy , Ahmad Ijaz , Steyn Richard , Hendrickse Charles , Bowley Doug 
Published: April 2015

Background: Lymphoma, the most common haematological malignancy, is a complex, diverse disease and biopsy of lymph nodes remains fundamental for diagnosis. However, delay from referral to tissue biopsy and consequent diagnosis occurs commonly. This study aimed to assess whether delays for significant diagnoses such as lymphoma could be decreased using novel intranet referral pathways as opposed to traditional referral methods. Methods: A review of a prospectively maintained adult lymphoma histopathology database was undertaken for a six-year period (2003–2008). Processes of care were examined by assessment of electronic records and case notes. The review was extended to encompass a two-year period (2011–2013) following the construction and implementation of an intranet lymph node biopsy booking service and dedicated surgical booking coordinator. Results: The introduction of an intranet referral system and a dedicated surgical booking coordinator resulted in the median time to lymphoma diagnosis falling from 53 days (range 16–300) to 35 days (range 6–68; p = < 0.001) in comparison to referral made by letter. There was a significant (p = 0.003) decrease in delay to lymph node biopsy from 35 days (5–292) to 22 days (1–138) following the implementation of the lymph node booking system. However, delay to inpatient biopsy remained significantly (p = < 0.001) less than outpatient regardless of referral method. Conclusion: An intranet booking system and named coordinator significantly decreases time to lymph node biopsy and consequent diagnosis of lymphoma in comparison to letter referral. Intranet pathways should be further used to reduce variability of time to surgical intervention.
Students With Intellectual Disability in Higher Education: Adult Service Provider Perspectives
Authors: Sheppard-Jones Kathleen , Kleinert Harold Lawrence , Druckemiller Wendy , Ray Megan Kovacevich 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Postsecondary education (PSE) is increasingly becoming an option for students with intellectual disability (ID; Grigal & Hart, 2012). Postsecondary education offers the promise of pursuing a valued social role (that of college student), enhanced social networks, and, most significantly, increased employment options. To date, research and practice in the area of transition to PSE for students with ID has focused primarily upon the sending (public school systems) and receiving (colleges or universities) agencies (Oertle & Bragg, 2014; Thoma et al., 2011). Yet adults with ID often require ongoing supports through state and federally funded developmental disability waivers, and agency providers of waiver services have, for the most part, not been part of this vital conversation. This study represents an exploratory study of directors of developmental disability provider agencies in one midwestern state to assess their knowledge of PSE for individuals with ID. A total of 87 directors responded; quantitative results are presented and, based on these findings, we provide implications for the future.