bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing pressures to use forest biomass: A conservation viewpoint
Authors: Hesselink Trevor P. 
Published: February 2014

Various policy, economic, and social drivers are pushing us towards utilizing our forests for a changing mix of products that include returning to them for biomass as a fuel source. While this is a use with some limited merit, it must be considered prudently and with the ecological limits of our forests clearly identified and understood before substantially investing our public resources towards this purpose. There is enough scientific evidence to suggest that caution and restraint is needed so that we can identify key ecological impacts and define sites on which increased fibre harvesting is not appropriate before biomass policies are put in place. Information is needed on monitoring methods, and effects on site productivity, biodiversity, and carbon cycling; full economic analyses and life-cycle carbon accounting is needed. Perverse incentives need to be avoided. A precautionary path is therefore required that makes ecosystem sustainability a priority, that builds confidence in application of current practices, that includes environmental assessment and pilot programs, and that operates under a clear regulatory regime that integrates bioenergy removals within clear forest management plans. The pervasive impacts of climate change are converging with an economic opportunity to set the groundwork for our next forest economy, and biomass utilization policy will play a key role in how well we choose to manage our forest resources in this unique context. To proceed with maximization of use as the dominant management priority is to ignore the critical obligation that managers must appreciate: that our forest resources have limits to their exploitation from which, once exceeded, they do not easily recover. On the evidence available, this is a time for government policy makers to take the precautionary path in allocating our forest biomass, and to ensure that we are comfortably living on the interest from our forest ecosystems but not tapping into its capital. Key words: biomass, sustainability, policy, conservation, full-tree harvesting, environmental impacts, intensity, carbon, utilization pressures
L’aménagement durable des vieilles forêts boréales : mythes, pistes de solutions et défis
Authors: Le Goff Héloïse , De Grandpré Louis , Kneeshaw Daniel , Bernier Pierre 
Published: February 2014

Old-growth boreal forests serve as focal points for many issues affecting the forest sector such as sustainable forest management and the development of a conservation network. They also challenge the implementation of an adaptive management framework and participative natural resources management. Old-growth boreal forests thus provide a good opportunity for the forest sector to develop transparent management that integrates the diversity of social values associated with old-growth boreal forests. In this paper, we present a review of the different issues related to the sustainable management and conservation of old-growth boreal forests and present these issues in terms of myths and solutions. Finally, we identify and discuss the current limits of our understanding of these issues and we propose research priorities to bridge these knowledge gaps.Key words: sustainable forest management, old-growth boreal forests, biodiversity, social values, adapted silvicultural systems
Changes in stand structure in uneven-aged lodgepole pine stands impacted by mountain pine beetle epidemics and fires in central British Columbia
Authors: Axelson Jodi N. , Alfaro René I. , Hawkes Brad C. 
Published: February 2014

We examined the development of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) in uneven-aged stands in the Interior Douglasfir (IDF) biogeoclimatic zone of central of British Columbia (B.C.), which are currently undergoing a massive outbreak of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins; MPB). Using historical ecological approaches, dendrochronology, and stand measurement data, we determined the roles MPB and fire disturbances have played in the ecological processes of lodgepole pine in an Interior Douglas-fir zone. We found that multiple mixed-severity fires created patchy uneven-aged stands dominated by lodgepole pine. Since fire suppression in the 20th century, multiple MPB disturbances have maintained the structural complexity of the stands and favoured regeneration of lodgepole pine in the understory despite the absence of fire, resulting in self-perpetuating multi-age lodgepole pine stands. Analysis of the stand structures remaining after multiple MPB outbreaks showed that, even with high overstory mortality, the sample stands contained several MPB-initiated cohorts, consisting of younger and smaller-diameter lodgepole pine. These surviving lodgepole pine layers, which are less susceptible to beetle, will provide important ecological legacies, and could play an important role in the mid-term timber supply chain. We concluded that, in the absence of fire, the MPB plays a more frequent role in directing stand dynamics and structure in uneven-aged lodgepole pine stands resulting in selfperpetuating complex stands in the central interior. We compared and contrasted these findings with those obtained in “even-aged” lodgepole pine stands, also in the Interior Douglas-fir zone in the southern interior, which were investigated in an earlier study. Key words: lodgepole pine, mountain pine beetle, dendroecology, complex stands, mixed-severity fire regime
Early seedling response to group selection harvesting in a northern hardwood forest
Authors: Falk Karla J. , Elliott Ken A. , Burke Dawn M. , Nol Erica 
Published: February 2014

We evaluated the immediate effects of group selection harvesting on the establishment of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) seedlings in maple-dominated hardwood stands of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. Group selection gaps were compared to single-tree selection cutting and uncut reference stands pre-harvest and one growing season post-harvest using a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design. The percent cover of yellow birch seedlings increased significantly more in gaps than in single-tree selection and reference plots. Black cherry seedling cover increased significantly more in gaps than in reference plots, but increased at a similar rate in gaps and single-tree selection plots. Increased soil exposure and closer seed trees resulted in increased yellow birch recruitment when harvesting occurred in the late-summer-fall. These factors had little influence on yellow birch recruitment when harvesting occurred in the winter. The proportion of black cherry in the stand overstory had the greatest influence on black cherry recruitment; however, the uneven distribution of black cherry between stands may have precluded our ability to reliably test the influence of other factors. Concomitant increases in potential competitors such as wild red raspberry (Rubus strigosus Michx.) and sedges (Carex spp.) and the continued dominance of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) in gap openings may limit yellow birch and black cherry regeneration in successive growing seasons. While continued monitoring is required, our short-term results demonstrate that fall harvesting with group selection is effective at stimulating natural regeneration of yellow birch and black cherry. Key words: yellow birch, black cherry, seedling recruitment, group selection, single-tree selection, mid-tolerant, shadeintolerant
Collaboration entre Autochtones et autres acteurs forestiers du Québec : portrait d’une diversité de pratiques et de modèles
Authors: Wyatt Stephen , Fortier Jean-François , Hébert Martin 
Published: February 2014

Collaboration has now become a central element of relations between First Nations and other forest sector actors (notably the forest industry and governments). This article provides an overview of the extent of collaborative experience in Quebec. Our analysis is based on a diversity of information (scientific studies, a census of collaborative arrangements in 41 Aboriginal communities) compiled from a range of academic, governmental, industrial and independent sources. A workshop was also organised with Aboriginal managers responsible for forestry activities within their communities. This study indicates that Aboriginal groups and the forest industry in Quebec have established an wide variety of ways to collaborate, which we have organised into five general approaches : agreements to determine management responsibilities; mapping, planning and management activities ; consultation and certification ; forest tenures ; and economic partnerships and contractual relations. Our results show that nearly two-thirds of communities are engaged in at least three different approaches. This suggests that government policies should seek to encourage a diversity of collaborative arrangements, rather than promoting a single solution to respond to the varying interests of both Aboriginal peoples and the industry. Comparing experiences on the ground with scientific studies also shows that some practices, such as economic partnerships, have attracted little interest from researchers. Furthermore, university research has concentrated on the experience of the Cree, the Algonquins and the Innu. We consider that other groups, who also have long histories of relations with forest sector actors, are also deserving of greater study. Finally, we consider the impacts of several policy initiatives in Québec, including the current revision of the forestry regime. Key words: Aboriginal forestry, consultation, partnerships, co-management, traditional knowledge, governance, collaboration, negotiation
Spatial analysis of response of trembling aspen patches to clearcutting in black spruce-dominated stands
Authors: Laquerre Simon , Harvey Brian D , Leduc Alain 
Published: February 2014

While expansion of intolerant hardwoods, including trembling aspen, has been recognized as a problem by boreal forestmanagers in eastern Canada, the problem has mostly been associated with the boreal mixedwood and, with a few exceptions,the spatial aspects of the phenomenon have not been well documented in the scientific literature. The objective ofthis study is to evaluate how the density and size of aspen patches influence the change in density, size and persistence ofpatches following clearcutting of black spruce forests in the claybelt region of northwestern Quebec. To do this, we finelyinterpreted: 1) aerial photos taken between 1970 and 1979 of 12 mature black spruce-dominated stands containing varyingsizes and densities of aspen patches prior to being clearcut harvested and 2) aerial photos taken between 1992 and1995 of the 12 resulting clearcuts, 11 to 18 years after harvesting. Sketch maps of pre- and post-harvest aspen presencewere rasterized and changes in aspen patch size and cover were determined. As well, the probabilities of aspen colonizationwith increasing distance from pre-harvest patches were calculated for each site. Black spruce forests of the claybeltcontaining no aspen prior to harvesting are relatively resistant to aspen invasion. However, when forests do contain aspenpatches with cover values ≤25%, almost 60% of these patches increase to a higher density class. Aspen patches less than 2ha in area had about a 50% probability of disappearing following clearcutting whereas larger patches had about a 96%chance of persisting as a result of clearcutting. In the black spruce forest of the claybelt, thick organic layers appear to havea negative effect on aspen recruitment. Distances of regenerating aspen from pre-harvest patches suggest that recruitmentfrom seed is more important than previously thought. Key words: encroachment, trembling aspen, clearcutting, black spruce, claybelt, aerial photography
Adipose Stem Cells Used to Reconstruct 13 Cases With Cranio-Maxillofacial Hard-Tissue Defects
Authors: Sándor George K. , Numminen Jura , Wolff Jan , Thesleff Tuomo , Miettinen Aimo , Tuovinen Veikko J. , Mannerström Bettina , Patrikoski Mimmi , Seppänen Riitta , Miettinen Susanna , Rautiainen Markus , Öhman Juha 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Although isolated reports of hard-tissue reconstruction in the cranio-maxillofacial skeleton exist, multipatient case series are lacking. This study aimed to review the experience with 13 consecutive cases of cranio-maxillofacial hard-tissue defects at four anatomically different sites, namely frontal sinus (3 cases), cranial bone (5 cases), mandible (3 cases), and nasal septum (2 cases). Autologous adipose tissue was harvested from the anterior abdominal wall, and adipose-derived stem cells were cultured, expanded, and then seeded onto resorbable scaffold materials for subsequent reimplantation into hard-tissue defects. The defects were reconstructed with either bioactive glass or β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds seeded with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), and in some cases with the addition of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Production and use of ASCs were done according to good manufacturing practice guidelines. Follow-up time ranged from 12 to 52 months. Successful integration of the construct to the surrounding skeleton was noted in 10 of the 13 cases. Two cranial defect cases in which nonrigid resorbable containment meshes were used sustained bone resorption to the point that they required the procedure to be redone. One septal perforation case failed outright at 1 year because of the postsurgical resumption of the patient's uncontrolled nasal picking habit.
Martin Luther et Francisco de Vitoria
Authors: Demelemestre Gaëlle 
Published: February 2014

On attribue à la Réforme la paternité de notre intelligence libérale du pouvoir et de la société civile. La tradition théologique classique, maintenant la possibilité d’une médiation entre l’homme et Dieu, ne serait pas parvenue à dégager la sphère des activités proprement humaines à partir de laquelle la modernité a pris son essor. Nous nous proposons ici d’évaluer cette thèse en comparant la pensée de Luther à celle d’un de ses contemporains prenant explicitement le contre-pied de ses positions, Vitoria, sur trois points précis : leur intelligence de la relation homme-Dieu, la nature de l’action humaine et de la loi naturelle qui s’en déduit, et leur théorisation subséquente du pouvoir politique.
Development of educational software for beam loading analysis using pen-based user interfaces
Authors: Suh Yong S. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Most engineering software tools use typical menu-based user interfaces, and they may not be suitable for learning tools because the solution processes are hidden and students can only see the results. An educational tool for simple beam analyses is developed using a pen-based user interface with a computer so students can write and sketch by hand. The geometry of beam sections is sketched, and a shape matching technique is used to recognize the sketch. Various beam loads are added by sketching gestures or writing singularity functions. Students sketch the distributions of the loadings by sketching the graphs, and they are automatically checked and the system provides aids in grading the graphs. Students receive interactive graphical feedback for better learning experiences while they are working on solving the problems.
Phosphorus‐Containing Materials for Organic Electronics
Authors: Stolar Monika , Baumgartner Thomas 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPhosphorus‐based materials have received widespread attention in recent years, in particular as possible candidates for practical application in organic electronics. The geometry and electronic nature of phosphorus make it a favorable heteroatom for property tuning in order to obtain better performing organic electronics. This Focus Review discusses recent structural modifications and syntheses of phosphorus‐based materials, illustrates property tuning at the same time, and highlights specific examples for device applications.
Intraspecific competition and light effect on reproduction of Ligularia virgaurea, an invasive native alpine grassland clonal herb
Authors: Xie Tian‐peng , Zhang Ge‐fei , Zhao Zhi‐gang , Du Guo‐zhen , He Gui‐yong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe relationship between sexual reproduction and clonal growth in clonal plants often shows up at the ramet level. However, only a few studies focus on the relationship at the genet level, which could finally account for evolution. The sexual reproduction and clonal growth of Ligularia virgaurea, a perennial herb widely distributed in the alpine grasslands of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau of China, were studied under different competition intensities and light conditions at the genet level through a potted experiment. The results showed that: (1) sexual reproduction did not depend on density or light, and increasing clonal growth with decreasing density and increasing light intensity indicated that intraspecific competition and light intensity may affect the clonal life history of L. virgaurea; (2) both sexual reproduction and clonal growth show a positive linear relationship with genet size under different densities and light conditions; (3) a threshold size is required for sexual reproduction and no evidence of a threshold size for clonal growth under different densities and light conditions; (4) light level affected the allocation of total biomass to clonal and sexual structures, with less allocation to clonal structures and more allocation to sexual structures in full sunlight than in shade; (5) light determined the onset of sexual reproduction, and the genets in the shade required a smaller threshold size for sexual reproduction to occur than the plants in full sunlight; and (6) no evidence was found of trade‐offs between clonal growth and sexual reproduction under different densities and light conditions at the genet level, and the positive correlation between two reproductive modes indicated that these are two integrated processes. Clonal growth in this species may be viewed as a growth strategy that tends to maximize genet fitness.
Synthesis of Indoles by Domino Reaction of 2‐(Tosylamino)benzyl Alcohols with Furfurylamines: Two Opposite Reactivity Modes of the α‐Carbon of the Furan Ring in One Process
Authors: Uchuskin Maxim G. , Molodtsova Natalia V. , Lysenko Sergey A. , Strel'nikov Vladimir N. , Trushkov Igor V. , Butin Alexander V. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAn unusual domino reaction where the same furan α‐carbon atom reacts initially as a nucleophile and then as an electrophile is reported. In the presence of acid, N‐tosylfurfurylamines react with 2‐(tosylamino)benzyl alcohols to afford 2‐(2‐acylvinyl)indoles. The reaction proceeds by Friedel–Crafts alkylation at the C(2) atom of furan followed by acid‐catalyzed intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the ortho‐amino group onto the same carbon atom. The replacement of the tosylamino leaving group by phthalimide enables generation of a different type of indole yet allows the ambiphilic nature of C(2) to be retained. Both types of indoles were obtained when N‐furfurylbenzamides were employed.
Simultaneous Detection of Heavy Metals by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using Carbon Nanotube Thread
Authors: Zhao Daoli , Guo Xuefei , Wang Tingting , Alvarez Noe , Shanov Vesselin N. , Heineman William R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCarbon nanotube (CNT) threads are a type of CNT arrays that consist of super long CNTs. CNT threads inherit the advantages of CNTs, while avoiding the potential toxicity caused by individual CNTs. Electrodes based on CNT threads were fabricated and used for simultaneous detection of trace levels of Cu2+, Pb2+ Cd2+ and Zn2+ by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The detection limits are 0.27 nM, 1.5 nM, 1.9 nM and 1.4 nM for Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+, respectively, in 0.1 M acetate buffer pH 4.5. The CNT thread electrode gives well‐defined, reproducible and sharp stripping signals for individual and simultaneous detection of heavy metals.
Predicting the development of brain metastases in patients with local/regional melanoma
Authors: Frankel Timothy L. , Bamboat Zubin M. , Ariyan Charlotte , Coit Daniel , Sabel Michael S. , Brady Mary S. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundThe brain is a common site of recurrence in melanoma patients. Brain recurrence may present as a seizure, hemorrhage, or death. We sought to determine predictors of brain metastases in patients with primary and regional melanoma in order to facilitate targeted screening.MethodsProspectively maintained databases were used to identify patients treated for local or regional melanoma who developed stage IV melanoma with and without brain metastasis at initial recurrence. One hundred twenty patients were identified with brain relapse and compared to 487 patients without brain recurrence.ResultsOn univariate analysis, patients with brain metastases were younger (55 vs. 59yrs, P = 0.04) but did not differ in primary site (head and neck 23% vs. 21%, P = 0.20). Brain metastasis patients had thinner primaries (mean 3.4 vs. 4.5 mm, P = 0.01). There were no other pathologic differences including ulceration (55% vs. 53%, P = 0.75), mitoses (7 vs.7.5, P = 0.61) or histologic subtype. Younger age and decreased Breslow thickness were independently associated with brain metastases at stage IV recurrence (OR = 1.10 P = 0.01 and OR = 1.02 P = 0.02, respectively).ConclusionsOur analysis, the largest to date, demonstrates that thinner Breslow depth and younger age were associated with brain recurrence at first presentation with Stage IV disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:770–774. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early experience with ultrasound features after intrabeam intraoperative radiation for early stage breast cancer
Authors: Goble Rachel N. , Drukteinis Jennifer S. , Lee M. Catherine , Khakpour Nazanin , Kiluk John V. , Laronga Christine 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundIntraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is an emerging option for partial breast radiotherapy in select women with early stage breast cancer. We assessed short‐term clinical and sonographic findings after breast conservation (BCT) and IORT.MethodsAn IRB‐approved, single institution retrospective chart review was conducted of patients (pts) treated with BCT/IORT from 1/2011 to 6/2012. Follow‐up clinical breast exams and ultrasounds (US) obtained 6 and 12 months after BCT/IORT were retrospectively reviewed by a single breast radiologist (JD) for sonographic findings. P values were calculated using McNemar's test, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, and Chi‐square.ResultsSeventy‐one pts underwent BCT/IORT and 38 pts had an US. All 38 pts had a seroma, 10/38 (26%) pts were symptomatic. Eighteen pts had deep tissue closure (DTC) of the lumpectomy cavity with 5/18 (28%) DTC pts being symptomatic at follow‐up versus 5/33 (15%) without DTC (P = 0.296). At 6 months, DTC resulted in smaller seroma cavity volumes compared to those without DTC (P = 0.03).ConclusionPresence of a seroma is commonplace post BCT/IORT; symptomatic seromas are uncommon. DTC generated smaller seromas. Longer follow‐up with serial US performed in all BCT/IORT pts could be considered to document natural progression/regression of symptoms and seromas. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:751–755. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.