bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The AMINO experiment: exposure of amino acids in the EXPOSE-R experiment on the International Space Station and in laboratory
Authors: Bertrand Marylène , Chabin Annie , Colas Cyril , Cadène Martine , Chaput Didier , Brack Andre , Cottin Herve , Westall Frances 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn order to confirm the results of previous experiments concerning the chemical behaviour of organic molecules in the space environment, organic molecules (amino acids and a dipeptide) in pure form and embedded in meteorite powder were exposed in the AMINO experiment in the EXPOSE-R facility onboard the International Space Station. After exposure to space conditions for 24 months (2843 h of irradiation), the samples were returned to the Earth and analysed in the laboratory for reactions caused by solar ultraviolet (UV) and other electromagnetic radiation. Laboratory UV exposure was carried out in parallel in the Cologne DLR Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt). The molecules were extracted from the sample holder and then (1) derivatized by silylation and analysed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC–MS) in order to quantify the rate of degradation of the compounds and (2) analysed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in order to understand the chemical reactions that occurred. The GC–MS results confirm that resistance to irradiation is a function of the chemical nature of the exposed molecules and of the wavelengths of the UV light. They also confirm the protective effect of a coating of meteorite powder. The most altered compounds were the dipeptides and aspartic acid while the most robust were compounds with a hydrocarbon chain. The MS analyses document the products of reactions, such as decarboxylation and decarbonylation of aspartic acid, taking place after UV exposure. Given the universality of chemistry in space, our results have a broader implication for the fate of organic molecules that seeded the planets as soon as they became habitable as well as for the effects of UV radiation on exposed molecules at the surface of Mars, for example.
Schul- und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten nach extremer Frühgeburtlichkeit im Alter von 7 bis 10 Jahren
Authors: Streiftau Silke , Bode Harald , Voigt Friedrich , Hummler Helmut D. , Schulze Andreas , Herber-Jonat Susanne 
Published: September 2014

Aufgrund verbesserter medizinischer Versorgung überleben heute immer mehr extrem Frühgeborene und haben Chancen auf ein Leben ohne Behinderung. Allerdings darf das Risiko langfristiger Entwicklungsstörungen nicht unterschätzt werden. In dieser Studie wurden 79 von 105 Kinder (75 %), die zwischen 1999 und 2003 vor vollendeter 25. Schwangerschaftswoche in zwei Perinatalzentren geboren wurden, im Alter von 7 bis 10 Jahren standardisiert nachuntersucht hinsichtlich neurologischer, körperlicher, kognitiver Fähigkeiten, schulischer Leistungen, Verhalten und Förderbedarf. Im Mittel lag der Gesamt-IQ bei 87, bei 38 % unter 85. Knapp die Hälfte der Kinder besuchte keine Regelschule. Neben Entwicklungsverzögerungen (64 %) traten gehäuft Entwicklungsstörungen schulischer Fertigkeiten (30 %), Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen (17 %) und Autismus-Spektrum-Erkrankungen (6 %) auf. Es bestand erhöhter medizinischer Therapie- sowie schulischer Förderbedarf. Bei extrem Frühgeborenen sind kognitive Einschränkungen, Verhaltensauffälligkeiten und Probleme der schulischen Adaptation häufig und erfordern langfristig Therapien und Fördermaßnahmen.
Human Tra2 proteins jointly control a CHEK1 splicing switch among alternative and constitutive target exons
Authors: Best Andrew , James Katherine , Dalgliesh Caroline , Hong Elaine , Kheirolahi-Kouhestani Mahsa , Curk Tomaz , Xu Yaobo , Danilenko Marina , Hussain Rafiq , Keavney Bernard , Wipat Anil , Klinck Roscoe , Cowell Ian G. , Cheong Lee Ka , Austin Caroline A. , Venables Julian P. , Chabot Benoit , Santibanez Koref Mauro , Tyson-Capper Alison , Elliott David J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlternative splicing—the production of multiple messenger RNA isoforms from a single gene—is regulated in part by RNA binding proteins. While the RBPs transformer2 alpha (Tra2α) and Tra2β have both been implicated in the regulation of alternative splicing, their relative contributions to this process are not well understood. Here we find simultaneous—but not individual—depletion of Tra2α and Tra2β induces substantial shifts in splicing of endogenous Tra2β target exons, and that both constitutive and alternative target exons are under dual Tra2α–Tra2β control. Target exons are enriched in genes associated with chromosome biology including CHEK1, which encodes a key DNA damage response protein. Dual Tra2 protein depletion reduces expression of full-length CHK1 protein, results in the accumulation of the DNA damage marker γH2AX and decreased cell viability. We conclude Tra2 proteins jointly control constitutive and alternative splicing patterns via paralog compensation to control pathways essential to the maintenance of cell viability.
Non-commutativity and Local Indistinguishability of Quantum States
Authors: Ma Teng , Zhao Ming-Jing , Wang Yao-Kun , Fei Shao-Ming 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe study the local indistinguishability problem of quantum states. By introducing an easily calculated quantity, non-commutativity, we present an criterion which is both necessary and sufficient for the local indistinguishability of a complete set of pure orthogonal product states. A constructive distinguishing procedure to obtain the concrete local measurements and classical communications is given. The non-commutativity of ensembles can be also used to characterize the quantumness for classical-quantum or quantum-classical correlated states.
Global market integration increases likelihood that a future African Green Revolution could increase crop land use and CO
2
emissions
Authors: Hertel Thomas W. , Ramankutty Navin , Baldos Uris Lantz C. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Agriculture is a key driver of tropical deforestation, and there is heated debate about whether productivity-enhancing crop innovations can slow such environmental degradation. For fixed food demand, globally higher yields will reduce cropland and hence deforestation. However, regional innovations often boost agricultural profitability and lower prices, thereby leading to cropland expansion in the innovating region. This paper develops a framework for understanding the impact of regional innovations on global land use and the environment. Although the historical Green Revolution in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East is shown to have been land sparing, a future Green Revolution in Africa could lead to global cropland expansion in the context of a more fully integrated global agricultural economy.
Polarized gene conversion at the
bz
locus of maize
Authors: Dooner Hugo K. , He Limei 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Meiotic recombination between homologous paternal and maternal chromosomes allows the shuffling of genes that otherwise would be coinherited and originates at nonrandom sites termed hotspots. In maize, an organism with >90% repetitive DNA, recombination hotspots correspond to genes. Gene conversion is a nonreciprocal form of recombination that leads to an aberrant allelic segregation ratio. In most higher organisms, gene conversions can be identified as intragenic recombinants having a parental arrangement of flanking markers. Here, we show that in maize heterozygotes where most recombinants can be attributed to gene conversion, mutant sites at either end of the gene convert to WT more frequently than those in the middle, arguing for a polarized distribution of recombination initiation sites within the gene.
Self-assisted GaAs nanowires with selectable number density on Silicon without oxide layer
Authors: Bietti S , Somaschini C , Frigeri C , Fedorov A , Esposito L , Geelhaar L , Sanguinetti S 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
We present the growth of self-assisted GaAs nanowires (NWs) with selectable number density on bare Si(1 1 1), not covered by the silicon oxide. We determine the number density of the NWs by initially self-assembling GaAs islands on whose top a single NW is nucleated. The number density of the initial GaAs base islands can be tuned by droplet epitaxy and the same degree of control is then transferred to the NWs. This procedure is completely performed during a single growth in an ultra-high vacuum environment and requires neither an oxide layer covering the substrate, nor any pre-patterning technique.
Understanding doping at the nanoscale: the case of codoped Si and Ge nanowires
Authors: Amato Michele , Rurali Riccardo , Palummo Maurizia , Ossicini Stefano 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Results of first-principles DFT calculations of the structural and electronic properties of B–P codoped Si and Ge NWs are presented and discussed. We find that, according to experiments, for both Si and Ge NWs, impurities tend to get closer together and to occupy edge positions, as a result of minor structural relaxation and hence lower formation energy. The study of the electronic structure shows that the simultaneous addition of B and P only slightly modifies the energy band gap value with respect to the pure wire, and is strongly dependent on the particular codoping configuration considered.
Influence of strain and polycrystalline ordering on magnetic properties of high moment rare earth metals and alloys
Authors: Scheunert G , Ward C , Hendren W R , Lapicki A A , Hardeman R , Mooney M , Gubbins M , Bowman R M 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Despite being the most suitable candidates for solenoid pole pieces in state-of-the-art superconductor-based electromagnets, the intrinsic magnetic properties of heavy rare earth metals and their alloys have gained comparatively little attention. With the potential of integration in micro and nanoscale devices, thin films of Gd, Dy, Tb, DyGd and DyTb were plasma-sputtered and investigated for their in-plane magnetic properties, with an emphasis on magnetization versus temperature profiles. Based on crystal structure analysis of the polycrystalline rare earth films, which consist of a low magnetic moment fcc layer at the seed interface topped with a higher moment hcp layer, an experimental protocol is introduced which allows the direct magnetic analysis of the individual layers. In line with the general trend of heavy lanthanides, the saturation magnetization was found to drop with increasing unit cell size. In situ annealed rare earth films exceeded the saturation magnetization of a high-moment Fe65Co35 reference film in the cryogenic temperature regime, proving their potential for pole piece applications; however as-deposited rare earth films were found completely unsuitable. In agreement with theoretical predictions, sufficiently strained crystal phases of Tb and Dy did not exhibit an incommensurate magnetic order, unlike their single-crystal counterparts which have a helical phase. DyGd and DyTb alloys followed the trends of the elemental rare earth metals in terms of crystal structure and magnetic properties. Inter-rare-earth alloys hence present a desirable blend of saturation magnetization and operating temperature.
Planar heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells based on tetramethyl substituted copper(II) phthalocyanine treated with thermal annealing
Authors: Qu Dalong , Guo Runda , Yue Shouzhen , Wu Yukun , Yan Pingrui , Cheng Gang 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The fabrication of planar heterojunction (PHJ) organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells using tetramethyl substituted copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuMePc) as an electron donor and C60 as an acceptor is described. The impact of post-fabrication thermal annealing upon the performance of these cells has been examined. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and UV–visible absorption spectra of CuMePc thin films revealed crystallization of CuMePc induced by thermal annealing at 190 °C. The crystallized CuMePc films accounted for improved hole mobility, broadened absorption spectrum, and increased donor/acceptor interface in the as-fabricated cells after thermal annealing. AFM images also revealed that the surface of MoO3 film was smooth and close-packed after thermal annealing, which efficiently blocked the leakage current in the annealed cells, leading to dramatic improvement of performance for the PHJ cells using CuMePc as the electron donor and MoO3 or V2O5 as the anode buffer layer. The power conversion efficiency of the thermal-annealed PHJ cell with a configuration of ITO/MoO3/CuMePc/C60/Bathocuproine/Al was higher than that of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) cell fabricated by co-depositing CuMePc and C60. It was mainly because the isolated clusters of CuMePc and/or C60 molecules formed during the fabrication of the BHJ cell was avoided in the PHJ cell.
The influence of the tube diameter on the properties of an atmospheric pressure He micro-plasma jet
Authors: Jõgi Indrek , Talviste Rasmus , Raud Jüri , Piip Kaarel , Paris Peeter 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In the present study, a single electrode micro-plasma jet working in helium flow was investigated. The aim of our study was to clarify the influence of the tube diameter on the discharge ignition and sustaining voltage, as well as on nitrogen rotational temperature, helium excitation temperature and electron density. The diameter of the micro-tubes was varied in the range of 80–500 µm. A sinusoidal voltage with a frequency of 6 kHz was applied to ignite and sustain the plasma jet. Both the ignition and sustaining voltage monotonically increased with the decreasing diameter of the tube. The gas temperature of the plasma in the capillary tube estimated by the rotational temperature of the N2 second positive system remained below 500 K and depended weakly on tube diameter, while the excitation temperature of He and electron density, n
e, increased as the tube diameter decreased.
The Impact of AD HOC Disaster and Crop Insurance Programs on the Use of Risk‐Reducing Conservation Tillage Practices
Authors: Schoengold Karina , Ding Ya , Headlee Russell 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe paper estimates the impacts of risk‐reducing government programs on the use of conservation tillage (no‐till and other conservation tillage) practices in agriculture. Conservation tillage can be used to reduce production risk from weather shocks. However, subsidized crop insurance and disaster payments also reduce risk through financial assistance. The paper examines the extent to which risk‐reducing tillage practices and government programs are substitutes for each other. The economic model shows that a decline in average weather conditions increases the use of conservation tillage. The economic model also shows that the impact of weather risk and risk aversion on risk‐reducing practices like conservation tillage are ambiguous. The effect depends on the degree that losses are offset by government payments. The paper uses county‐level tillage practice data from the Conservation Tillage Information Center for the three‐state region of Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota. Results are estimated using instrumental variables and spatial panel data techniques. Instruments for the program participation and payment data include political variables and weather data. The empirical analysis shows that recent disaster and indemnity payments are associated with an increase in the use of no‐till and a decrease in the use of other conservation till. Results also show that producers in counties with recent drought and flood events are more likely to use other conservation tillage. The results imply that there may be unintended impacts of changes to agricultural policies like disaster payments and crop insurance on the use of on‐farm conservation practices.
The methyltransferase domain of dengue virus protein NS5 ensures efficient RNA synthesis initiation and elongation by the polymerase domain
Authors: Potisopon Supanee , Priet Stéphane , Collet Axelle , Decroly Etienne , Canard Bruno , Selisko Barbara 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) responsible for the replication of single-strand RNA virus genomes exert their function in the context of complex replication machineries. Within these replication complexes the polymerase activity is often highly regulated by RNA elements, proteins or other domains of multi-domain polymerases. Here, we present data of the influence of the methyltransferase domain (NS5-MTase) of dengue virus (DENV) protein NS5 on the RdRp activity of the polymerase domain (NS5-Pol). The steady-state polymerase activities of DENV-2 recombinant NS5 and NS5-Pol are compared using different biochemical assays allowing the dissection of the de novo initiation, transition and elongation steps of RNA synthesis. We show that NS5-MTase ensures efficient RdRp activity by stimulating the de novo initiation and the elongation phase. This stimulation is related to a higher affinity of NS5 toward the single-strand RNA template indicating NS5-MTase either completes a high-affinity RNA binding site and/or promotes the correct formation of the template tunnel. Furthermore, the NS5-MTase increases the affinity of the priming nucleotide ATP upon de novo initiation and causes a higher catalytic efficiency of the polymerase upon elongation. The complex stimulation pattern is discussed under the perspective that NS5 adopts several conformations during RNA synthesis.
Clinical Utility of Indium 111–Labeled White Blood Cell Scintigraphy for Evaluation of Suspected Infection
Authors: Lewis Sarah S. , Cox Gary M. , Stout Jason E. 
Published: September 2014

Background.  We sought to characterize the clinical utility of indium 111 (111In)–labeled white blood cell (WBC) scans by indication, to identify patient populations who might benefit most from this imaging modality.
Methods.  Medical records for all patients who underwent 111In-labeled WBC scans at our tertiary referral center from 2005 to 2011 were reviewed. Scan indication, results, and final diagnosis were assessed independently by 2 infectious disease physicians. Reviewers also categorized the clinical utility of each scan as helpful vs not helpful with diagnosis and/or management according to prespecified criteria. Cases for which clinical utility could not be determined were excluded from the utility assessment.
Results.  One hundred thirty-seven scans were included in this analysis; clinical utility could be determined in 132 (96%) cases. The annual number of scans decreased throughout the study period, from 26 in 2005 to 13 in 2011. Forty-one (30%) scans were positive, and 85 (62%) patients were ultimately determined to have an infection. Of the evaluable scans, 63 (48%) scans were deemed clinically useful. Clinical utility varied by scan indication: 111In-labeled WBC scans were more helpful for indications of osteomyelitis (35/50, 70% useful) or vascular access infection (10/15, 67% useful), and less helpful for evaluation of fever of unknown origin (12/35, 34% useful).
Conclusions.  111In-labeled WBC scans were useful for patient care less than half of the time at our center. Targeted ordering of these scans for indications in which they have greater utility, such as suspected osteomyelitis and vascular access infections, may optimize test utilization.
Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of Inactivated Monovalent Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Vaccine Administered With or Without AS03 Adjuvant
Authors: Chen Wilbur H. , Jackson Lisa A. , Edwards Kathryn M. , Keitel Wendy A. , Hill Heather , Noah Diana L. , Creech C. Buddy , Patel Shital M. , Mangal Brian , Kotloff Karen L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Background.  The national stockpile for influenza pandemic preparedness includes vaccines against an array of strains and adjuvants that could be utilized to induce immunologic priming as a pandemic wave emerges. We assessed the feasibility of a strategy that allows the flexibility of postmanufacture mixture of vaccine and adjuvant at the point of care.
Methods.  We conducted a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial among healthy adults aged 18–49 years who received 2 doses of inactivated influenza A/Indonesia/05/2005 (H5N1 clade 2.2.3) virus vaccine containing either 3.75, 7.5, or 15 µg of hemagglutinin (HA) with or without AS03 adjuvant, administered 21 days apart. Subjects were observed for local (injection site) and systemic reactogenicity and adverse events. Sera were tested for hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) antibody levels against the homologous strain and 4 heterologous avian strains.
Results.  Vaccine containing ASO3 adjuvant was associated with significantly more local reactions compared with nonadjuvanted vaccine, but these were short-lived and resolved spontaneously. Although the immune response to nonadjuvanted vaccine was poor, 2 doses of AS03-adjuvanted vaccine containing as little as 3.75 µg of HA elicited robust immune responses resulting in seroprotective titers (≥1:40) to the homologous strain in ≥86% of subjects by HAI and in 95% of subjects by MN. Cross-clade antibody responses were also observed with AS03-adjuvanted vaccine, but not nonadjuvanted vaccine.
Conclusions.  AS03 adjuvant formulated with inactivated vaccine at the administration site significantly enhanced the immune responses to H5N1 vaccine and has the potential to markedly improve vaccine responses and accelerate delivery during an influenza pandemic.
Clinical Trials Registration.  NCT01317758.
Reflections on a measurement of the gravitational constant using a beam balance and 13 tons of mercury
Authors: Schlamminger S. , Pixley R. E. , Nolting F. , Schurr J. , Straumann U. 
Published: September 2014

In 2006, a final result of a measurement of the gravi- tational constant
G
performed by researchers at the University of Zürich, Switzerland, was published. A value of
G
=6.674252(122)×10
−11
m
3
kg
−1
s
−2
was obtained after an experimental effort that lasted over one decade. Here, we briefly summarize the measurement and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this approach.
De Novo Genome Assembly of the Economically Important Weed Horseweed Using Integrated Data from Multiple Sequencing Platforms
Authors: Peng Yanhui , Lai Zhao , Lane Thomas , Nageswara-Rao Madhugiri , Okada Miki , Jasieniuk Marie , O’Geen Henriette , Kim Ryan W. , Sammons R. Douglas , Rieseberg Loren H. , Stewart C. Neal 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Horseweed (Conyza canadensis), a member of the Compositae (Asteraceae) family, was the first broadleaf weed to evolve resistance to glyphosate. Horseweed, one of the most problematic weeds in the world, is a true diploid (2n = 2x = 18), with the smallest genome of any known agricultural weed (335 Mb). Thus, it is an appropriate candidate to help us understand the genetic and genomic bases of weediness. We undertook a draft de novo genome assembly of horseweed by combining data from multiple sequencing platforms (454 GS-FLX, Illumina HiSeq 2000, and PacBio RS) using various libraries with different insertion sizes (approximately 350 bp, 600 bp, 3 kb, and 10 kb) of a Tennessee-accessed, glyphosate-resistant horseweed biotype. From 116.3 Gb (approximately 350× coverage) of data, the genome was assembled into 13,966 scaffolds with 50% of the assembly = 33,561 bp. The assembly covered 92.3% of the genome, including the complete chloroplast genome (approximately 153 kb) and a nearly complete mitochondrial genome (approximately 450 kb in 120 scaffolds). The nuclear genome is composed of 44,592 protein-coding genes. Genome resequencing of seven additional horseweed biotypes was performed. These sequence data were assembled and used to analyze genome variation. Simple sequence repeat and single-nucleotide polymorphisms were surveyed. Genomic patterns were detected that associated with glyphosate-resistant or -susceptible biotypes. The draft genome will be useful to better understand weediness and the evolution of herbicide resistance and to devise new management strategies. The genome will also be useful as another reference genome in the Compositae. To our knowledge, this article represents the first published draft genome of an agricultural weed.