bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in blood gas transport of altitude native soccer players near sea-level and sea-level native soccer players at altitude (ISA3600)
Authors: Wachsmuth Nadine , Kley Marlen , Spielvogel Hilde , Aughey Robert J , Gore Christopher J , Bourdon Pitre C , Hammond Kristal , Sargent Charli , Roach Gregory D , Sanchez Rudy Soria , Claros Jesus C Jimenez , Schmidt Walter F , Garvican-Lewis Laura A 
Published: November 2013

ObjectivesThe optimal strategy for soccer teams playing at altitude is not known, that is, ‘fly-in, fly-out’ versus short-term acclimatisation. Here, we document changes in blood gas and vascular volumes of sea-level (Australian, n=20) and altitude (Bolivian, n=19) native soccer players at 3600 m.MethodsHaemoglobin-oxygen saturation (Hb-sO2), arterial oxygen content (CaO2), haemoglobin mass (Hbmass), blood volume (BV) and blood gas concentrations were measured before descent (Bolivians only), together with aerobic fitness (via Yo-YoIR1), near sea-level, after ascent and during 13 days at 3600 m.ResultsAt baseline, haemoglobin concentration [Hb] and Hbmass were higher in Bolivians (mean±SD; 18.2±1.0 g/dL, 12.8±0.8 g/kg) than Australians (15.0±0.9 g/dL, 11.6±0.7 g/kg; both p≤0.001). Near sea-level, [Hb] of Bolivians decreased to 16.6±0.9 g/dL, but normalised upon return to 3600 m; Hbmass was constant regardless of altitude. In Australians, [Hb] increased after 12 days at 3600 m to 17.3±1.0 g/dL; Hbmass increased by 3.0±2.7% (p≤0.01). BV decreased in both teams at altitude by ∼400 mL. Arterial partial pressure for oxygen (PaO2), Hb-sO2and CaO2of both teams decreased within 2 h of arrival at 3600 m (p≤0.001) but increased over the following days, with CaO2overcompensated in Australians (+1.7±1.2 mL/100 mL; p≤0.001). Yo-YoIR1 was lower on the 3rd versus 10th day at altitude and was significantly related to CaO2.ConclusionsThe marked drop in PaO2and CaO2observed after ascent does not support the ‘fly-in, fly-out’ approach for soccer teams to play immediately after arrival at altitude. Although short-term acclimatisation was sufficient for Australians to stabilise their CaO2(mostly due to loss of plasma volume), 12 days appears insufficient to reach chronic levels of adaption.
Soccer activity profile of altitude versus sea-level natives during acclimatisation to 3600 m (ISA3600)
Authors: Aughey Robert J , Hammond Kristal , Varley Matthew C , Schmidt Walter F , Bourdon Pitre C , Buchheit Martin , Simpson Ben , Garvican-Lewis Laura A , Kley Marlen , Soria Rudy , Sargent Charli , Roach Gregory D , Claros Jesus C Jimenez , Wachsmuth Nadine , Gore Christopher J 
Published: November 2013

ObjectivesWe investigated the effect of high altitude on the match activity profile of elite youth high altitude and sea level residents.MethodsTwenty Sea Level (Australian) and 19 Altitude-resident (Bolivian) soccer players played five games, two near sea level (430 m) and three in La Paz (3600 m). Match activity profile was quantified via global positioning system with the peak 5 min period for distance ((D5peak)) and high velocity running (>4.17 m/s, HIVR5peak); as well as the 5 min period immediately subsequent to the peak for both distance (D5sub) and high-velocity running (HIVR5sub) identified using a rolling 5 min epoch. The games at 3600 m were compared with the average of the two near sea-level games.ResultsThe total distance per minute was reduced by a small magnitude in the first match at altitude in both teams, without any change in low-velocity running. There were variable changes in HiVR, D5peakand HiVR5peakfrom match to match for each team. There were within-team reductions in D5peakin each game at altitude compared with those at near sea level, and this reduction was greater by a small magnitude in Australians than Bolivians in game 4. The effect of altitude on HiVR5peakwas moderately lower in Australians compared with Bolivians in game 3. There was no clear difference in the effect of altitude on maximal accelerations between teams.ConclusionsHigh altitude reduces the distance covered by elite youth soccer players during matches. Neither 13 days of acclimatisation nor lifelong residence at high altitude protects against detrimental effects of altitude on match activity profile.
Relationship between changes in haemoglobin mass and maximal oxygen uptake after hypoxic exposure
Authors: Saunders Philo U , Garvican-Lewis Laura A , Schmidt Walter F , Gore Christopher J 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundEndurance athletes have been using altitude training for decades to improve near sea-level performance. The predominant mechanism is thought to be accelerated erythropoiesis increasing haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) resulting in a greater maximal oxygen uptake (O2max). Not all studies have shown a proportionate increase inO2maxas a result of increased Hbmass. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the two parameters in a large group of endurance athletes after altitude training.Methods145 elite endurance athletes (94 male and 51 female) who participated in various altitude studies as altitude or control participants were used for the analysis. Participants performed HbmassandO2maxtesting before and after intervention.ResultsFor the pooled data, the correlation between per cent change in Hbmassand per cent change inO2maxwas significant (p<0.0001, r2=0.15), with a slope (95% CI) of 0.48 (0.30 to 0.67) intercept free to vary and 0.62 (0.46 to 0.77) when constrained through the origin. When separated, the correlations were significant for the altitude and control groups, with the correlation being stronger for the altitude group (slope of 0.57 to 0.72).ConclusionsWith high statistical power, we conclude that altitude training of endurance athletes will result in an increase inO2maxof more than half the magnitude of the increase in Hbmass, which supports the use of altitude training by athletes. But race performance is not perfectly related to relativeO2max, and other non-haematological factors altered from altitude training, such as running economy and lactate threshold, may also be beneficial to performance.
The sleep of elite athletes at sea level and high altitude: a comparison of sea-level natives and high-altitude natives (ISA3600)
Authors: Roach Gregory D , Schmidt Walter F , Aughey Robert J , Bourdon Pitre C , Soria Rudy , Claros Jesus C Jimenez , Garvican-Lewis Laura A , Buchheit Martin , Simpson Ben M , Hammond Kristal , Kley Marlen , Wachsmuth Nadine , Gore Christopher J , Sargent Charli 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundAltitude exposure causes acute sleep disruption in non-athletes, but little is known about its effects in elite athletes. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of altitude on two groups of elite athletes, that is, sea-level natives and high-altitude natives.MethodsSea-level natives were members of the Australian under-17 soccer team (n=14). High-altitude natives were members of a Bolivian under-20 club team (n=12). Teams participated in an 18-day (19 nights) training camp in Bolivia, with 6 nights at near sea level in Santa Cruz (430 m) and 13 nights at high altitude in La Paz (3600 m). Sleep was assessed on every day/night using activity monitors.ResultsThe Australians’ sleep was shorter, and of poorer quality, on the first night at altitude compared with sea level. Sleep quality returned to normal by the end of the first week at altitude, but sleep quantity had still not stabilised at its normal level after 2 weeks. The quantity and quality of sleep obtained by the Bolivians was similar, or greater, on all nights at altitude compared with sea level. The Australians tended to obtain more sleep than the Bolivians at sea level and altitude, but the quality of the Bolivians’ sleep tended to be better than that of the Australians at altitude.ConclusionsExposure to high altitude causes acute and chronic disruption to the sleep of elite athletes who are sea-level natives, but it does not affect the sleep of elite athletes who are high-altitude natives.
Advance care planning discussions among residents of long term care and designated assisted living: experience from Calgary, Alberta
Authors: Dyason Claire , Simon Jessica , Wityk Martin Tracy Lynn 
Published: November 2013

ObjectivesPatients, physicians and the healthcare system are faced with the challenge of determining, and respecting, the medical wishes of an aging population. Our study sought to describe who participates in advance care planning (ACP) and decision-making for patients in long-term care and designated assisted living.MethodsIn 2008, Alberta Health Services initiated its ‘Advance Care Planning: Goals of Care Designation’ (Adult) policy in the Calgary zone. This policy encouraged discussions about goals of care and used a tracking form to capture these conversations. A postpolicy implementation chart review was performed at 3 time points: at baseline, at 6 months and at 18 months post implementation in long term care (LTC) and designated assisted living sites.Results166 charts were reviewed and 90% had a documented goals of care order. Less than half of residents (47%) were documented as participating in conversations and they were less likely to participate if they had cognitive impairment and were living in LTC. Documented family participation was more prevalent in LTC (51% vs 11%). Nurses participated in 67% of documented conversations with only 34% of discussions documenting physician involvement.ConclusionsThis study identifies the lack of documented resident participation in ACP in LTC. While this finding may be explained by the high prevalence of cognitive impairment in our population, it raises questions about the optimal approach to ACP in LTC. In this setting, ACP appears to be more about relational autonomy than it is about patient autonomy.
A randomised controlled trial of Silirum vaccine for control of paratuberculosis in farmed red deer
Authors: Stringer L. A. , Wilson P. R. , Heuer C. , Mackintosh C. G. 
Published: November 2013

A randomised controlled trial to assess the efficacy of Silirum vaccine in control of paratuberculosis in young farmed deer was carried out in 2008–2009 in six New Zealand herds with a history of clinical disease. Vaccination with Silirum was carried out in four‐month‐old deer, and vaccinates (n=1671) and controls (n=1664) were weighed at vaccination and at 8 and 12 months old, when faecal samples were collected from 125 vaccinates and 123 controls on five farms. Deer were slaughtered between 11 and 20 months of age, and the incidence of gross visceral lymph node (VLN) pathology typical of paratuberculosis in deer, that is, enlarged and/or granulomatous VLN, was recorded. Clinical disease was confirmed in 18 controls and seven vaccinates, representing a vaccine efficacy estimate of 60 per cent (95% CI 3 per cent to 83 per cent, P=0.04). Forty‐seven percent (95% CI 38 per cent to 56 per cent) of faecal samples from vaccinates and 55 per cent (95% CI 46 per cent to 64 per cent) from controls were Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis positive (P=0.5). Average daily liveweight gain did not differ between the cohorts. At slaughter, 1.4 per cent of vaccinates and 4.5 per cent of controls had VLN pathology, RR=0.32 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.54, P<0.001). These data indicate that vaccination with Silirum may be useful as an aid to control losses associated with clinical paratuberculosis in young deer.
Determinants of Internet Financial Reporting Practices: Evidence from the UAE
Authors: Miniaoui Hela , Oyelere Peter 
Published: November 2013

The objective of this paper is to undertake an in-depth study of the Internet financial reporting (IFR) practices of UAE-listed companies. The survey is aimed at identifying IFR versus non-IFR companies, and the nature and extent of their IFR practices. Logistic regression analysis was undertaken to establish the determinants of IFR by the companies.The findings of this study identify the size, the leverage, industry sector, and profitability as the most important predictors of IFR adoption by UAE listed-companies. Larger companies with greater leverage are more likely to set up a website and use it for IFR than smaller less leveraged ones. It was noticed that 62% of IFR companies is from banking, investment & finance sector and from insurance sector as well.This study is expected to inform monetary authorities on this subject and give more support to these two industries, as they were peers for other sectors in the UAE. Furthermore, the outcome of this paper will provide policy-makers with insight into the factors that motivate IFR among corporate organizations.
Using titanium-in-quartz geothermometry and geospeedometry to recover temperatures in the aureole of the Ballachulish Igneous Complex, NW Scotland
Authors: Morgan D. J. , Jollands M. C. , Lloyd G. E. , Banks D. A. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
‘Titanium-in-Quartz’ geothermometry suggests quartzites could yield reliable temperature estimates. We here apply four calibrations of the titanium-in-quartz geothermometer to contact-metamorphosed quartzites surrounding the Ballachulish Igneous Complex, Scotland. Two agree broadly with thermal modelling and pre-existing geothermometry; two give temperatures consistently too low. As reported in earlier studies, the technique suffers from difficulties in analysing low titanium (Ti) levels with high spatial and analytical precision. However, this study finds that the critical problem is one of Ti heterogeneity, which poses difficulties in constraining the chemical activity of Ti during quartz growth under metamorphic conditions. Scanning electron microscope-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) textures support an interpretation of extensive Ti disequilibrium despite the presence of rutile, indicating dynamic interplay between grain boundary diffusion, fluid/melt percolation and grain growth. The strong zonation suggests a possible geothermometer based on apparent volume diffusion of Ti-in-quartz to derive grain growth histories. Analysis of rutile–quartz interaction implies peak contact temperatures of 645±12 °C, precise but reliant on external estimates of cooling rate from thermal models. Our conclusions support caution in applying Ti-in-quartz geothermometry in aureole settings. However, rutile–quartz juxtaposition prior to heating to >600 °C defines a Ti diffusion couple, employable as a thermometer if cooling rates are constrained by other means.
OCTET
Authors: Bond Michael D. , Kulkarni Milind , Cao Man , Zhang Minjia , Fathi Salmi Meisam , Biswas Swarnendu , Sengupta Aritra , Huang Jipeng 
Published: November 2013

Parallel programming is essential for reaping the benefits of parallel hardware, but it is notoriously difficult to develop and debug reliable, scalable software systems. One key challenge is that modern languages and systems provide poor support for ensuring concurrency correctness properties - atomicity, sequential consistency, and multithreaded determinism - because all existing approaches are impractical. Dynamic, software-based approaches slow programs by up to an order of magnitude because capturing and controlling cross-thread dependences (i.e., conflicting accesses to shared memory) requires synchronization at virtually every access to potentially shared memory.
This paper introduces a new software-based concurrency control mechanism called OCTET that soundly captures cross-thread dependences and can be used to build dynamic analyses for concurrency correctness. OCTET achieves low overheads by tracking the locality state of each potentially shared object. Non-conflicting accesses conform to the locality state and require no synchronization; only conflicting accesses require a state change and heavyweight synchronization. This optimistic tradeoff leads to significant efficiency gains in capturing cross-thread dependences: a prototype implementation of OCTET in a high-performance Java virtual machine slows real-world concurrent programs by only 26% on average. A dependence recorder, suitable for record & replay, built on top of OCTET adds an additional 5% overhead on average. These results suggest that OCTET can provide a foundation for developing low-overhead analyses that check and enforce concurrency correctness.
Bottle graphs
Authors: Du Bois Kristof , Sartor Jennifer B. , Eyerman Stijn , Eeckhout Lieven 
Published: November 2013

Understanding and analyzing multi-threaded program performance and scalability is far from trivial, which severely complicates parallel software development and optimization. In this paper, we present bottle graphs, a powerful analysis tool that visualizes multi-threaded program performance, in regards to both per-thread parallelism and execution time. Each thread is represented as a box, with its height equal to the share of that thread in the total program execution time, its width equal to its parallelism, and its area equal to its total running time. The boxes of all threads are stacked upon each other, leading to a stack with height equal to the total program execution time. Bottle graphs show exactly how scalable each thread is, and thus guide optimization towards those threads that have a smaller parallel component (narrower), and a larger share of the total execution time (taller), i.e. to the 'neck' of the bottle.
Using light-weight OS modules, we calculate bottle graphs for unmodified multi-threaded programs running on real processors with an average overhead of 0.68%. To demonstrate their utility, we do an extensive analysis of 12 Java benchmarks running on top of the Jikes JVM, which introduces many JVM service threads. We not only reveal and explain scalability limitations of several well-known Java benchmarks; we also analyze the reasons why the garbage collector itself does not scale, and in fact performs optimally with two collector threads for all benchmarks, regardless of the number of application threads. Finally, we compare the scalability of Jikes versus the OpenJDK JVM. We demonstrate how useful and intuitive bottle graphs are as a tool to analyze scalability and help optimize multi-threaded applications.
The latency, accuracy, and battery (LAB) abstraction
Authors: Kansal Aman , Saponas Scott , Brush A.J. Bernheim , McKinley Kathryn S. , Mytkowicz Todd , Ziola Ryder 
Published: November 2013

Emerging mobile applications that sense context are poised to delight and entertain us with timely news and events, health tracking, and social connections. Unfortunately, sensing algorithms quickly drain the phone's battery. Developers can overcome battery drain by carefully optimizing context sensing but that makes programming with context arduous and ties applications to current sensing hardware. These types of applications embody a twist on the classic tension between programmer productivity and performance due to their combination of requirements.
This paper identifies the latency, accuracy, battery (LAB) abstraction to resolve this tension. We implement and evaluate LAB in a system called Senergy. Developers specify their LAB requirements independent of inference algorithms and sensors. Senergy delivers energy efficient context while meeting the requirements and adapts as hardware changes. We demonstrate LAB's expressiveness by using it to implement 22 context sensing algorithms for four types of context (location, driving, walking, and stationary) and six diverse applications. To demonstrate LAB's energy optimizations, we show often an order of magnitude improvements in energy efficiency on applications compared to prior approaches. This relatively simple, priority based API, may serve as a blueprint for future API design in an increasingly complex design space that must tradeoff latency, accuracy, and efficiency to meet application needs and attain portability across evolving, sensor-rich, heterogeneous, and power constrained hardware.
Type-theory in color
Authors: Bernardy Jean-Philippe , Guilhem Moulin 
Published: November 2013

Dependent type-theory aims to become the standard way to formalize mathematics at the same time as displacing traditional platforms for high-assurance programming. However, current implementations of type theory are still lacking, in the sense that some obvious truths require explicit proofs, making type-theory awkward to use for many applications, both in formalization and programming. In particular, notions of erasure are poorly supported.
In this paper we propose an extension of type-theory with colored terms, color erasure and interpretation of colored types as predicates. The result is a more powerful type-theory: some definitions and proofs may be omitted as they become trivial, it becomes easier to program with precise types, and some parametricity results can be internalized.
Computer science as a school subject
Authors: Peyton Jones Simon 
Published: November 2013

Computer science is one of the richest, most exciting disciplines on the planet, yet any teenager will tell you that ICT (as it is called in UK schools --- "information and communication technology") is focused almost entirely on the use and application of computers, and in practice covers nothing about how computers work, nor programming, nor anything of the discipline of computer science as we understand it. Over the last two decades, computing at school has drifted from writing adventure games on the BBC Micro to writing business plans in Excel.
This is bad for our young people's education, and it is bad for our economy. Nor is this phenomenon restricted to the UK: many countries are struggling with the same issues. Our young people should be educated not only in the application and use of digital technology, but also in how it works, and its foundational principles. Lacking such knowledge renders them powerless in the face of complex and opaque technology, disenfranchises them from making informed decisions about the digital society, and deprives our nations of a well-qualified stream of students enthusiastic and able to envision and design new digital systems.
Can anything be done, given the enormous inertia of our various countries' educational systems? Sometimes, yes. After a decade of stasis, change has come to the UK. Over the last 18 months, there has been a wholesale reform of the English school computing curriculum, and substantial movement in Scotland and Wales. It now seems likely that computer science will, for the first time, become part of every child's education. This change has been driven not by institutions or by the government, but by a grass-roots movement of parents, teachers, university academics, software developers, and others. A key agent in this grass-roots movement---although not the only one---is the Computing At School Working Group (CAS).
In this talk I will describe how CAS was born and developed, and the radical changes that have taken place since in the UK. I hope that this may be encouraging for those pushing water uphill in other parts of the world, and I will also try to draw out some lessons from our experience that may be useful to others.