bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beta‐lactam versus beta‐ lactam/macrolide therapy in pediatric outpatient pneumonia
Authors: Ambroggio Lilliam , Test Matthew , Metlay Joshua P. , Graf Thomas R. , Blosky Mary Ann , Macaluso Maurizio , Shah Samir S. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryObjectiveThe objective was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of beta‐lactam monotherapy and beta‐ lactam/macrolide combination therapy in the outpatient management of children with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP).MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included children, ages 1–18 years, with CAP diagnosed between January 1, 2008 and January 31, 2010 during outpatient management in the Geisinger Health System. The primary exposure was receipt of beta‐lactam monotherapy or beta‐lactam/macrolide combination therapy. The primary outcome was treatment failure, defined as a follow‐up visit within 14 days of diagnosis resulting in a change in antibiotic therapy. Logistic regression within a propensity score‐ restricted cohort was used to estimate the likelihood of treatment failure.ResultsOf 717 children in the analytical cohort, 570 (79.4%) received beta‐lactam monotherapy and 147 (20.1%) received combination therapy. Of those who received combination therapy 58.2% of children were under 6 years of age. Treatment failure occurred in 55 (7.7%) children, including in 8.1% of monotherapy recipients, and 6.1% of combination therapy recipients. Treatment failure rates were highest in children 6–18 years receiving monotherapy (12.9%) and lowest in children 6–18 years receiving combination therapy (4.0%). Children 6–18 years of age who received combination therapy were less likely to fail treatment than those who received beta‐lactam monotherapy (propensity‐adjusted odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.28, 0.95).ConclusionChildren 6–18 years of age who received beta‐ lactam/macrolide combination therapy for CAP in the outpatient setting had lower odds of treatment failure compared with those who received beta‐lactam monotherapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:541–548. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Output feedback quantized observer‐based synchronization of linear multi‐agent systems over jointly connected topologies
Authors: Meng Yang , Li Tao , Zhang Ji‐Feng 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe synchronization problem of linear over‐actuated multi‐agent systems with unmeasurable states is studied in this paper, under both limited communication data rate and switching topology flows. A class of adaptive quantized observer‐based encoding–decoding schemes and a class of certainty equivalence principle‐based control protocols are proposed. By developing the graph‐based space decomposition technique and analyzing the closed‐loop quantized dynamic equations, it is shown that if the network topology flow is jointly connected, the communication channels are periodic active, and the agent dynamics is observable, and with the orthogonal system matrix, the proposed communication and control protocols can ensure the closed‐loop system to achieve synchronization exponentially fast with finite bits of information exchange per step. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can Disease-Specific Funding Harm Health? in the Shadow of HIV/AIDS Service Expansion
Authors: Wilson Nicholas 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This article examines the effect of introducing a new HIV/AIDS service—prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT)—on overall quality of prenatal and postnatal care. My results suggest that local PMTCT introduction in Zambia may have actually increased all-cause child mortality in the short term. There is some evidence that vaccinations may have declined in the short term in association with local PMTCT introduction, suggesting that the new service may have partly crowded out existing pediatric health services.
The Monge–Ampère constraint: Matching of isometries, density and regularity, and elastic theories of shallow shells
Authors: Lewicka Marta , Mahadevan L. , Pakzad Mohammad Reza 
Published: September 2015

The main analytical ingredients of the first part of this paper are two independent results: a theorem on approximation of

W^{2,2}

solutions of the Monge–Ampère equation by smooth solutions, and a theorem on the matching (in other words, continuation) of second order isometries to exact isometric embeddings of 2d surface in

\mathbb{R}^{3}

.

In the second part, we rigorously derive the Γ-limit of 3-dimensional nonlinear elastic energy of a shallow shell of thickness

h

, where the depth of the shell scales like

h^{\alpha }

and the applied forces scale like

h^{\alpha + 2}

, in the limit when

h\rightarrow 0

. We offer a full analysis of the problem in the parameter range

\alpha \in (1/ 2,1)

. We also complete the analysis in some specific cases for the full range

\alpha \in (0,1)

, applying the results of the first part of the paper.

Résumé
On démontre d'abord deux résultats indépendants, l'un sur la densité des fonctions régulières dans l'ensemble des solutions de l'équation de Monge–Ampère, l'autre sur la construction d'isométries exactes par continuation à partir d'isométries infinitésimales d'ordre 2, pour des surfaces bidimensionelles.

On dérive ensuite un modèle nouveau pour les coques minces peu profondes d'épaisseur

h

et profondeur de l'ordre de

h^{\alpha }

départant de la théorie trois-dimensionnelle de l'élasticité nonlinéaire. Le modèle limite obtenu par la Gamma-convergence consiste à minimiser une énergie biharmonique sous une contrainte de type Monge–Ampère. Ce résultat s'applique au cas où les forces sont de l'order de

h^{\alpha + 2}

et

1/ 2 < \alpha < 1

. On peut l'étendre pour

\alpha \in (0,1)

dans certains cas spécifics, utilisant les résultats de la première partie de l'article.
The relationship between temperament and character and psychotic-like experiences in healthy children and adolescents
Authors: Nitzburg G.C. , Gopin C.B. , Peters B.D. , Karlsgodt K.H. , Malhotra AK , DeRosse P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundPrior work by our group identified personality profiles associated with psychotic-like experiences (PLE's) in healthy adults that were strikingly similar to those found in schizophrenia patients, with the exception of two key differences. Specifically, higher levels of PLE's were linked to higher persistence and cooperativeness, suggesting that these characteristics might represent personality-based resilience factors. Notably, age and personality were significantly correlated in these data, raising questions about whether healthy children and adolescents would show similar results. To date, no study has examined personality profiles associated with both positive and negative PLE's in healthy children and adolescents using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Thus, this study examined the relationship between TCI dimensions and PLE's in healthy children and adolescents.MethodThe TCI and the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) were administered to 123 healthy children and adolescents aged 8–18. Multiple regression models were used to examine personality dimensions associated with overall severity of PLE's as well as severity of positive and negative PLE's separately.ResultsPositive, negative, and overall PLE severity were all associated with a personality pattern of higher harm avoidance and lower self-directedness. Negative PLE severity was also associated with lower persistence.ConclusionsPersonality correlates of PLE's in healthy children and adolescents were largely consistent with our past work on PLE's in healthy adults. However, our previously identified resilience factors were notably absent in this sample. These findings may suggest that these personality characteristics have not yet crystallized or emerged to aid in coping with PLE's.
The microorganisms of cryoconite holes (algae, Archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and Protista): a review
Authors: Kaczmarek Łukasz , Jakubowska Natalia , Celewicz-Gołdyn Sofia , Zawierucha Krzysztof 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTWe provide a comprehensive list of microorganisms (algae, Archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and Protista) inhabiting cryoconite holes on glaciers throughout the world, giving an updated taxonomy accompanied by geographic coordinates and localities. The list consists of 370 taxa reported from cryoconite holes (mostly from Arctic and Antarctic regions and European Alps). However, most of the taxa were not identified to the species level. Until now only 39 identified species or subspecies of bacteria and Archaea, 11 fungi, 17 cyanobacteria, 62 algae, and 13 Protista are known from cryoconite holes, which are only about 38% of total number of taxa reported from these ephemeral environments. Almost 62% of the taxa were marked ascf.(confer) or were identified only to the genera or even to the higher taxonomic units (such as families or orders). This wide and detailed review assists other scientists to identify the gaps in our knowledge about cryobionts and indicates directions for further zoogeographical and taxonomical studies in this unique freshwater habitat.
Prescribing of neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza in UK primary care since the 2009 pandemic
Authors: HARDELID P. , RAIT G. , GILBERT R. , PETERSEN I. 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYWe determined prescribing rates of neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) for influenza in UK primary care since 2009 in relation to national prescribing guidelines. All NI prescriptions issued during the influenza seasons between October 2010 and May 2013 were extracted from The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a large UK primary-care database. We calculated NI prescribing rates per 100 000 person-weeks (pw) by age group, sex, deprivation level, influenza season and presence of chronic conditions with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and used negative binomial regression models to determine the independent association between these variables and NI prescribing. NI prescribing was rare. The prescribing rate was 1·7/100 000 pw (95% CI 1·7–1·8) during influenza-active periods, and 0·1/100 000 (95% CI 0·1–0·1) during non-active periods. Prescribing rates were highest in 25- to 44-year-olds in 2010/2011 and in persons aged ⩾85 years in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. Individuals with chronic conditions had significantly higher prescribing rates than persons without (rate ratio 2·62, 95% CI 2·27–3·03). GPs are more likely to prescribe NIs to high-risk individuals and during influenza active periods, as per national guidelines. We could not assess the proportion of patients with influenza-like illness who were prescribed an NI.
Necessary Conditions for Morally Responsible Animal Research
Authors: DeGRAZIA DAVID , SEBO JEFF 
Published: September 2015

Abstract:In this article, we present three necessary conditions for morally responsible animal research that we believe people on both sides of this debate can accept. Specifically, we argue that, even if human beings have higher moral status than nonhuman animals, animal research is morally permissible only if it satisfies (1) an expectation of sufficient net benefit, (2) a worthwhile-life condition, and (3) a no-unnecessary-harm/qualified-basic-needs condition. We then claim that, whether or not these necessary conditions are jointly sufficient for justified animal research, they are relatively demanding, with the consequence that many animal experiments may fail to satisfy them.
Herod's Circus at Caesarea: a response to J. Patrich (JRA 14, 269-83)
Authors: Porath Y. 
Published: September 2015

Over the last decade, a Herodian facility for chariot racing has been excavated at Caesarea Maritima by two different teams. A team of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) under my direction has been responsible for excavating the cavea and most of the arena (fig. I), while the Combined Caesarea Expedition under J. Patrich has excavated the carceres and a small portion of the arena. Patrich recently published (JRA 14, 269-83) the archaeological evidence for the carceres, but some of his conclusions about how the facility as a whole operated, especially those relating to the larger area excavated by the IAA, are misleading, and I would like to discuss and correct them.Patrich calls the stone-built facility for chariot racing a “hippodrome/stadium”, although that is not a commonly accepted term among the types of ancient entertainment buildings. The sources and archaeological evidence make it clear that an entertainment building belonging to a particular building type could house a wider variety of performances than just those chiefly associated with that type. Thus, in addition to chariot races, a circus could legitimately hold athletic contests typical of the stadium in front of the longitudinal sections of the cavea, and it might even hold performances typical of theatre and amphitheatre in its semicircular end opposite the start.
The effects of plague: model and evidence
Authors: Bagnall Roger S. 
Published: September 2015

In the foregoing article, W. Scheidel builds on earlier work, most notably that of R. P. Duncan-Jones in JRA 9, to offer a model for the predicted effects of the Antonine plague and to argue that the model fits the evidence from Roman Egypt reasonably well within the limits of the quantity and quality of the latter. In his second footnote, he encourages critical response, suggesting that it “may either corroborate or undermine my interpretation.” The following pages are intended as a contribution to that discussion, but with lesser ambitions than either corroborating or undermining the model as a whole. They offer some of both, in fact, but more in the direction of undermining it.There are three reasons for not claiming too much at this point and not offering any general conclusion (as I do not). The first is that I do not have any fixed views on the degree to which the plague was the prime mover behind the changes visible in late 2nd- and 3rd-c. Egypt. In the absence of any concerted attempt to formulate and test other hypotheses about the engines of social and economic change, it is hard to say if the degree of fit of evidence to model is impressive or not. The most obvious counter-candidate is the increased municipalization of Egypt during just this period, especially from A.D. 200 onward. It would be useful to generate a model of economic change from this force and see if it is equally capable of accounting for the evidence.
Roman and late-antique Butrint: excavations and survey 2000-2001
Authors: Bowden W. , Hodges R. , Lako K. , Bescoby D. , Crowson A. , Gilkes O. , Martin S. , Mitchell J. , Përzhita L. , Reynolds P. 
Published: September 2015

The Roman and Byzantine port of Butrint, situated on the SW coast of Albania directly opposite the island of Corfu, has been the focus of a major research project since 1994. The investigation of the site and its hinterland commenced with excavations within the walled town and a survey of sites and monuments in the region (Hodges et al 1997). Despite a brief hiatus caused by civil unrest in Albania in 1997, work continued with excavation and study seasons in 1998 and 1999. The results of the first five years of the project are due to be published shortly (Hodges, Bowden and Lako, forthcoming).The second phase of the Butrint project, starting in 2000, has encompassed a wide variety of research aims. They have included extensive research on the archives of the Italian mission that conducted large-scale excavations between 1928 and 1942. Among other finds, this resulted in the discovery of the manuscript of L. Ugolini's Albania antica vol. 4, the hitherto unpublished results of the Italian excavation of the Hellenistic and Roman theatre (Gilkes, forthcoming). Other archival research has focussed on the records of the communist-period archaeological investigations, and has resulted in a much better understanding of the aims and results of these projects, which in some cases are almost wholly unpublished. Our project is also concerned with the controlled development of the site for tourism. This has resulted in the expansion of the UNESCO World Heritage site to 2900 ha and the creation of a National Park with the intent of protecting the archaeological and natural landscape around Butrint (Hodges and Martin 2000; Martin 2001). The present report is a synthesis of the first results of the major excavations of 2000 and 2001. While it is possible (and indeed likely) that interpretations may change as excavations continue, it was felt that the material was of sufficient interest to justify an interim statement.
Notes on the rural landscape of central Tyrrhenian Italy in the 6th-5th c. b.c. and its social significance
Authors: Cifani Gabriele 
Published: September 2015

During the last few decades most landscape archaeologists have noted the diffusion and the demographic importance of the rural landscapes of Archaic Etruscan communities and have tried to define their significance within Etruscan society in the same way as others have attempted to evaluate the political significance of the Greek rural landscape. Recent research on Italian landscapes has led to a great increase in the available data regarding the different paths of development for the various communities, allowing them to be outlined and compared.The growing dichotomy between the studies of field archaeologists and historians or art-historians may appear to be a problem. Landscape studies in Italy have been dominated since the 1950s by an Anglocentric tradition of economic and environmental archaeology, with important work focusing on long-term phenomena. Historians and art-historians, on the other hand, have tried to define an interdisciplinary approach involving the use of several sources of evidence (art-historical, epigraphic, literary) and focusing on historical events and medium-or short-term phenomena. Yet field and historical archaeology are simply two sides of the same coin, and should be viewed as complementary rather than incompatible approaches to understanding the comolex evidence of the Dre-Roman cultures.
Galerius, Gamzigrad, and the Fifth Macedonian legion
Authors: Christodoulou Dēmētrios N. 
Published: September 2015

The future emperor Galerius was born in a small village in the province of Dacia Ripensis around A.D. 258. His mother's name was Romula. When he was confirmed as a member of the tetrarchy he undertook a building programme in his native village, transforming it into a monumental fortified palace. To honour his mother he gave it a new name,Felix Romuliana. In 311, before this ambitious programme was complete, he died and was buried and deified there.Romulianahas been securely identified through epigraphic evidence with the impressive remains that exist near modern Gamzigrad (NE Serbia). This fortified palace was built in two phases: first came a fortification wall with 16 small rectangular or octagonal towers, dated in the first five years of the 4th c; then inc.305 this defensive system was partly demolished and a new, bigger fortification wall, strengthened by 20 huge, bastion-like towers (16-, 12- or 10-sided) was erected on the outside, encompassing and enlarging the original plan. This wall has been dated to 306-311. Inside the walls were erected two temples with altars, two palace complexes, a bath, a horreum, and auxiliary buildings. On a low ridge of hills east of the fortified palace two large consecration mounds and two mausolea were excavated in 1993. From the finds as well as the overall nature of the buildings at Romuliana, it was determined that this was where Galerius and his mother were buried and deified in the first years of the 4th c.
Inscriptions de l'hippodrome de Tyr
Authors: Rey-Coquais Jean-Paul 
Published: September 2015

L'hippodrome de Tyr est l'un des mieux conservès du monde antique. Les malheurs du temps et la mort de l'èmir Maurice Chèhab, qui en avait dirigè la fouille, n'en ont pas encore permis la publication scientifique. Des inscriptions y ont ètè trouvèes, dont l'èmir Chèhab m'avait confiè le relevè et la publication. Les èvènements du Liban ont interrompu ces travaux. Les inscriptions de l'hippodrome sont encore inèdites; des rèvisions et quelques complèments d'information s'imposent, peut-être difficiles à effectuer ou à obtenir, car il est à craindre que plus d'un document n'ait ètè perdu ou dètèriorè durant ces annèes dramatiques. J'ai toutefois souvent eu l'occasion de faire mention des plus importantes de ces inscriptions. La bienveillante autorisation de la Direction Gènèrale des Antiquitès du Liban me permet d'en donner ici les textes eux-mêmes. Cette première prèsentation du dossier anticipe une èdition plus critique et un commentaire plus complet, qui devraient prendre place dans le deuxième volume, en prèparation, consacrè aux inscriptions dècouvertes dans les fouilles de Tyr.Ces inscriptions, peu nombreuses, forment trois groupes. L'un comprend trois mosaïques de pavement, conservèes en place, qui ont quelque peu souffert des èvènements. Un deuxième groupe est celui d'inscriptions sur fragments de colonnes, dont il n'est pas possible de dèterminer avec toute la prècision ou la certitude souhaitable les lieux de dècouverts, et dont je ne sais ce qu'elles sont devenues; ces inscriptions indiquaient les emplacements rèservès, sur les gradins, aux deux grandes factions, à d'autres groupes ou à certains personnages. Un troisième groupe est celui d'inscriptions peintes qui, près des accès et sous les galeries de l'hippodrome, marquaient les emplacements rèservès aux commerçants; dèjà difficiles à dèchiffrer avant 1975, ces inscriptions sont aujourd'hui apparemment effacèes; je n'ai pu en retrouver aucune lors de brèves visites en 1997 et 1998.
Roman and Early Christian burial-complex at Leptiminus: first notice
Authors: Lazreg Nejib Ben 
Published: September 2015

Following the rescue excavation of part of the Roman cemetery and a Roman mausoleum (Site 200) on Dhahret Slama, on the SE edge of the ancient town of Leptiminus on the east coast of Tunisia, the continued pressure of modern building led to the discovery of a remarkably well preserved underground burial-complex, as well a considerable extension of the above-ground cemetery which we had previously sampled. The underground burial-complex includes a number of tunnels and chambers, undoubtedly part of a much larger area of catacombs. These underground structures are cut into the sandstone and limestone ridge known as the Formation Rejiche which runs along the coast.3 This geological formation was suitable for the cutting of Punic-type chambers, of which a number have been located on this side of Leptiminus, and for catacombs, of which other examples have been identified in the same region, at Sousse, Sullecthum, and probably Thapsus.The existence of underground structures became clear following enquiries made of local residents, who spoke of substructures and vaults beneath their houses. Residents noted that after heavy rains water vanished rapidly into the ground; we now realize that it disappears into the underground voids of built or carved structures.