bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Change Mitigation Policies: Implications for Agriculture and Water Resources
Authors: Frisvold George B. , Konyar Kazim 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study examines how the proposed American Clean Energy and Security Act (H.R. 2454) would affect U.S. agriculture with special reference to water resources. The bill's cap and trade provisions for greenhouse gases would significantly raise fertilizer, irrigation pumping, and other energy‐related costs. By 2030, it would reduce U.S. irrigation water use by >11 percent and fertilizer use by >18 percent with positive implications for water conservation and quality. Carbon offset provisions create financial incentives for farmers to sequester carbon by planting trees on cropland, reducing agricultural production and raising prices. Because sequestration potential differs by region, most of the estimated 51 million acres of converted cropland would be in the Corn Belt and Mississippi Delta. Afforestation would reduce Delta water use further, but increase water use in other regions compared to cap and trade alone. Compared to a no‐policy baseline, irrigation water use declines 10 percent nationally, but increases in the Southern Plains. H.R. 2454 may have significant water conservation effects in some regions, but increase competition for water in others. By reducing fertilizer use and dramatically altering land use patterns in parts of the Mississippi Basin, it may also provide unexpected water quality benefits. Unintended water use and quality consequences of climate policies merit further research.
Farm and Ecological Resilience to Water Supply Variability
Authors: Schuster Elizabeth , Colby Bonnie 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWater supplies are constrained in the lower Colorado River Basin in the western United States and northern Mexico by extensive agricultural use, increasing urban populations, ecosystem needs, and the pressures of climate change. Agriculture is the largest consumptive use of water, and better understanding of how farmers are managing water supply risk and adapting to unreliable water supplies can help lead to the creation of appropriate solutions for the region. Based upon original primary data collected in 2012 in the Mexicali Valley of northern Mexico, we present findings on farm households that give us a better understanding of agricultural water management and adaptation options. We build upon these results to present voluntary, market‐based solutions to improve the region's ability to adapt to water supply variability. Increasing use of water markets and improving the cooperation among stakeholders are promising solutions with the potential to benefit agricultural and ecological water interests alike.
Acequias and the Effects of Climate Change
Authors: Rango Albert , Fernald Alexander , Steele Caitriana , Hurd Brian , Ochoa Carlos 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTraditional forms of acequia irrigation can be combined with ground based and remote sensing snow measurements and snowmelt runoff modeling to better estimate runoff volumes now and in the future under conditions of climate change. The experience gained over 400 years of irrigating small fields strongly binds communities and strengthens the resolve of acequia associations to contest challenges presented by climate change. Increased density of snow measurements in high elevations of the Rio Grande along with input of real‐time data to snowmelt models has led to an improved potential for acequia decision making under the increased temperatures projected for the future by climate models. Acequia communities and similar Native American settlements have shown the willingness to share water during times of severe water shortages in the southwestern U.S. Acequia associations have shown the desire to adopt new forms of hydrologic data and modeling techniques and incorporate them into acequia association approaches.
Water Requirements for Large‐Scale Solar Energy Projects in the West
Authors: Frisvold George B. , Marquez Tatiana 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study estimates how much water would be required to meet Renewable Portfolio Standards for electricity generation in five western states if 100 percent of this demand were supplied by solar power. Future renewable electricity demand (net of current supplies) is estimated for 2025 and 2035. One scenario assumes the most water‐intensive solar thermal technology supplies all this future demand. Although not a feasible scenario, the assumed water intensity (1057 gallons/MWh) provides an upper‐bound estimate of solar power water consumption that may be compared with regional water balances. A second scenario assumes the water intensity of future projects is comparable to the average of solar projects actually being deployed. Water intensity for these 34 projects with 8.7 GW of capacity averages 228 gallons/MWh – a lower rate than many conventional electricity facilities (i.e., coal, natural gas, nuclear). Water requirements by 2035 would be 0.8 percent of regional consumptive use of water under the upper bound scenario and 0.2 percent of consumptive use based on current, average water intensities.
Capturing LiDAR‐Derived Hydrologic Spatial Parameters to Evaluate Playa Wetlands
Authors: Tang Zhenghong , Li Ruopu , Li Xu , Jiang Weiguo , Hirsh Aaron 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe digital elevation model data from traditional stereo photogrammetric methods are inadequate in providing accurate vertical parameters to feed hydrologic models for low‐lying, extremely flat areas. High‐resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data provide the robust capability of capturing small variations in low‐relief playa wetlands. The Rainwater Basin in south‐central Nebraska includes a complex of seasonally shallow playa wetlands that attract millions of migratory waterfowl every spring and fall. This research focuses on the development of a procedure with applicable protocols to produce LiDAR‐derived three‐dimensional wetland maps and to extract the critical surface parameters (i.e., watershed boundaries, flow direction, flow accumulation, and drainage lines) for playa wetlands. The topo‐hydrologic conditions of playa wetlands were evaluated at the watershed level. The results show that in the Rainwater Basin, 70.7% of the historic hydric soil footprints identified in the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database were not functioning as topographically depressional wetlands. This finding was confirmed by a recent five‐year Annual Habit Survey showing that 69.8% of the historic hydric soil footprints did not function during the spring migratory bird seasons between 2004 and 2009. The majority of playa wetlands' topographic conditions have been substantially changed and theSSURGOdata cannot fully reflect current topographic reality in the Rainwater Basin.
Hydrological Variability and Uncertainty of Lower Missouri River Basin Under Changing Climate
Authors: Qiao Lei , Pan Zaitao , Herrmann Robert B. , Hong Yang 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe lower Missouri River Basin has experienced increasing streamflow and flooding events, with higher risk of extreme hydrologic impacts under changing climate. The newly available North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) climate projections were used as atmospheric forcing for Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model which runs with varying potential evapotranspiration (PET) methods to assess the hydrological change and uncertainty of 2040‐2069 over 1968‐1997. The NARCCAP temperature and precipitation predictions were refined using a bias correction method. The results show that, following the seasonal variability of precipitation, various water fluxes would increase in most seasons except the summer. Expected precipitation tends to increase in intensity with little change in frequency, triggering faster surface water concentration to form floods. The greatest streamflow increase would occur from November to February, increasing by around 10% on average. An increase of 3% occurs in the other months except for July and August in which river discharge decreases by around 2%. The climate predictions contribute more uncertainty annually, but PET algorithms gain more influence in winter or when other weather factors such as wind play a relatively more important role on evapotranspiration flux. This study predicts an even wetter environment compared to the historically very wet period, with the possibility of more flooding.
Arc StormSurge: Integrating Hurricane Storm Surge Modeling and GIS
Authors: Ferreira Celso M. , Olivera Francisco , Irish Jennifer L. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractArc StormSurge is a data model that integrates geographic information systems and the hurricane wave and surge model SWAN+ADCIRC, which is the coupling of the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model and the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) hydrodynamic model. The Arc StormSurge data model is a geodatabase, which is a relational database that can contain georeferenced information. It includes feature classes in feature datasets and tables, all related among them through relationship classes, and raster catalogs and grids. In addition to the data model schema, Arc StormSurge includes a number of pre‐ and post‐processing tools that help integrate spatial data and numerical modeling. As an illustration, Arc StormSurge was used to support the modeling of Hurricane Bret, which made landfall in the Corpus Christi area in Texas in 1999. By using Arc StormSurge, it was possible to take advantage of already available geo‐referenced information (e.g., base maps, land cover datasets, and monitoring station locations) for the model setup, and for identifying spatial patterns in the model results by presenting them in map format.
Long‐term survival rate of teeth receiving multidisciplinary endodontic, periodontal and prosthodontic treatments
Authors: Moghaddam A. S. , Radafshar G. , Taramsari M. , Darabi F. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryDeciding whether to replace or preserve a compromised tooth, even with emerging trends in implant dentistry, is still a common dilemma for practitioners. This study sought to determine the 3‐ to more than 10‐year survival rate of teeth that had undergone endodontic, periodontal and prosthodontic treatments. A total of 245 teeth in 87 patients were clinically and radiographically evaluated. All the teeth had received crown lengthening surgery by a single periodontist. Root canal therapy and prosthodontic procedures were rendered either by specialists or by experienced general dentists. Numbers of lost teeth were recorded and the criteria for hopeless teeth were defined. Survival rate was determined using the Kaplan–Meier estimator. Clinical indices including pocket depth (PD), bleeding index (BI), C/R ratio, position of the restoration margin relative to the gingival margin (RM‐GM) and the presence of intra‐canal post were compared between different survival groups (<3, 3–5, 5–10 and >10 years) using one‐way analysis of variance (anova). Potential predictors of failure were determined using the Cox regression model. The mean ± s.d. of 3‐, 5‐, 10‐ and 13‐year survival rates was 98 ± 1%, 96 ± 1·6%, 83·1 ± 4·5% and 51·9 ± 14·5%, respectively. The mean PD (P < 0·013), as well as C/R ratio in the mesial (P = 0·003) and distal (P = 0·007) surfaces, was significantly higher in the >10‐year‐survived teeth. Bleeding index and RM‐GM showed no significant differences between the groups. C/R ratio and RM‐GM position appeared to be the major determinants of tooth loss. The long‐term survival rate of multidisciplinary‐treated teeth was 83–98% in this specific sample.
Toll‐like receptor 9 expression in mucoepidermoid salivary gland carcinoma may associate with good prognosis
Authors: Korvala Johanna , Harjula Teresa , Siirilä Kristiina , Almangush Alhadi , Aro Katri , Mäkitie Antti A. , Grénman Reidar , Karttunen Tuomo J. , Leivo Ilmo , Kauppila Joonas H. , Salo Tuula 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundMucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common salivary gland malignancy. Although several biomarkers have been evaluated, histological grade remains the most valuable prognostic marker. Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an immune receptor recognizing microbial DNA. Its expression associates with prognosis or cancer properties in several cancers. This study examined the role of TLR9 in MEC.MethodsSixty patients with salivary gland MEC were collected from two Finnish university hospitals, and tumor samples were stained for TLR9. Salivary gland high‐grade MEC cell line (UT‐MUC‐1) was cultured to assess TLR9 and MMP‐13 expression. The function of TLR9 was studied in vitro using traditional Matrigel® invasion assay and novel human myoma organotypic model.ResultsCancer‐specific survival was related with tumor grade (P = 0.01), and there were no deaths in patients with low‐grade MEC. TLR9 was expressed in 56 of 60 (93%) tumors. High TLR9 expression indicated better survival in the patient series (P = 0.002) and showed a trend for association with lower disease stage (P = 0.06) and higher differentiation grade (P = 0.068). In multivariate analysis, TLR9 expression was prognostically insignificant due to heavy correlation to disease stage and higher gradus. Treating UT‐MUC‐1 cells with TLR9 ligand CpG in vitro induced MMP‐13 expression and invasion in Matrigel® invasion assay, whereas decreased invasion was seen in myoma organotypic model.ConclusionFunctional TLR9 is present in salivary MEC, and high level of expression may indicate good prognosis. However, more studies are needed to evaluate biological consequences of TLR9 interaction in tumor cells.
Absence of matrix‐like chondrule rims in CR2 LAP 02342
Authors: Wasson John T. , Rubin Alan E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn numerous past papers, it was concluded that the fine (<1 μm) matrix immediately adjacent to, and radially symmetric around, chondrules in primitive chondrites consists of compact (low‐porosity) rims that were attached in the solar nebula. We present here textural and compositional evidence that no matrix‐like (or accretionary) rims around chondrules are present in the well‐preserved CR2 chondrite LAP 02342. Fine‐grained matrix‐rich regions (i.e., candidate “rims”) at the edges of chondrules were studied with an electron‐microprobe‐based matrix‐grid technique; comparison of the “rims” data for matrix regions near these chondrules showed the candidate “rims” to be compositionally heterogeneous, inconsistent with origins as radially symmetric, matrix‐like rims formed by gradual accretion. This evidence (together with simulations and laboratory studies indicating that accretionary processes produced highly porous aggregates) strongly suggests that nebular processes did not produce compact matrix‐like rims around chondrules in any chondrite group.
Inhibition of autophagy enhances the effects of the AKT inhibitor MK‐2206 when combined with paclitaxel and carboplatin in BRAF wild‐type melanoma
Authors: Rebecca Vito W. , Massaro Renato R. , Fedorenko Inna V. , Sondak Vernon K. , Anderson Alexander R. A. , Kim Eunjung , Amaravadi Ravi K. , Maria‐Engler Silvya S. , Messina Jane L. , Gibney Geoffrey T. , Kudchadkar Ragini R. , Smalley Keiran S. M. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThis study investigates the mechanism of action behind the long‐term responses (12–16 months) of two BRAF WT melanoma patients to the AKT inhibitor MK‐2206 in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin. Although single agent MK‐2206 inhibited phospho‐AKT signaling, it did not impact in vitro melanoma growth or survival. The combination of MK‐2206 with paclitaxel and carboplatin was cytotoxic in long‐term colony formation and 3D spheroid assays, and induced autophagy. Autophagy was initially protective with autophagy inhibitors and deletion of ATG5 found to enhance cytotoxicity. Although prolonged autophagy induction (>6 days) led to caspase‐dependent apoptosis, drug resistant clones still emerged. Autophagy inhibition enhanced the cell death response through reactive oxygen species and could be reversed by anti‐oxidants. We demonstrate for the first time that AKT inhibition in combination with chemotherapy may have clinical activity in BRAF WT melanoma and show that an autophagy inhibitor may prevent resistance to these drugs.
Detecting changes in biomass productivity in a different land management regimes in drylands using satellite‐derived vegetation index
Authors: Helman D. , Mussery A. , Lensky I. M. , Leu S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe investigated the use of a satellite‐derived vegetation index to detect changes in biomass productivity in different land management regimes in drylands of the Northern Negev. Two well‐documented management regimes, conservation and afforestation using a contour trenching technique were monitored. Biomass data on annual vegetation were collected from field survey and compared to a time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). A significant relationship between NDVI and biomass (r = 0.83, P < 0.01) confirmed the applicability of satellite information to monitoring biomass production in this low productivity area. However, a strong positive relationship between NDVI and precipitation (r = 0.96 ± 0.01, P < 0.001) prevented the conventional use of trend analysis to detect changes in biomass productivity. Trends in the NDVI and precipitation use efficiency were similar in both sites due to a rainfall effect. Use of a reference site revealed the magnitude and direction of change in biomass productivity in the different land management regimes. Measures of soil organic matter confirmed these differences between the two managed sites and the reference site. We suggest that the use of abandoned lands for a reference may enhance the ability to detect changes in biomass productivity in drylands.
A phylogenetic analysis of the Cryptocarya group (Lauraceae), and relationships of Dahlgrenodendron, Sinopora, Triadodaphne, and Yasunia
Authors: Rohwer Jens Gunter , DE MORAES PEDRO LUIS RODRIGUES , RUDOLPH BARBARA , WERFF HENK VAN DER 
Published: February 2014

A phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ITS and plastid trnK intron sequences confirms that Dahlgrenodendron, Sinopora, Triadodaphne, and Yasunia are members of the Cryptocarya group, as expected from morphology. Dahlgrenodendron from South Africa is sister to Aspidostemon from Madagascar. Triadodaphne inaequitepala is nested within Endiandra (both from Australasia), and Yasunia from South America is nested among South American Beilschmiedia species. Sinopora is a member of the Beilschmiedia clade, but its precise position is still uncertain. Among large genera of the group, Cryptocarya is clearly monophyletic, and Endiandra appears to be as well, if T. inaequitepala is included. Beilschmiedia is paraphyletic with respect to (at least) Potameia and Yasunia. Most well-supported clades within genera are geographically homogeneous, except a clade including the Chilean Cryptocarya alba and two New Caledonian species. Both Beilschmiedia and Cryptocarya have reached the Americas more than once. Four-locular anthers are plesiomorphic in the Cryptocarya group; two-locular anthers have arisen by fusion of the two pollen sacs of a theca. In the plesiomorphic fruit type, the ovary is completely enclosed in receptacular tissue; a superior fruit, seated free on its pedicel, is a synapomorphy of the Beilschmiedia clade.
Explosive Baroclinic Instability
Authors: Fleming Rex J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
A low-order general circulation model contains all the elements of baroclinic instability, including differential heating to drive the mean zonal shear flow against dissipation. Simulations exhibit vacillation ending in fixed-point solutions and chaotic solutions with significant amplifications of the baroclinic cycles compared to those of vacillation. The chaos sensitivity to initial conditions, covering a broad landscape of initial values, demands analysis of why the chaos occurs and its impact on subsequent storm intensity.
Three attractors found in the dynamic system are important. One attractor is the stable fixed-point solution—the ultimate destination of a vacillation trajectory. A second attractor represents an unstable zonal solution. Though this dynamic system is bound, some trajectories get extremely close to the unstable, but strongly attracting, zonal solution. It is while traversing such a trajectory that the buildup of available potential energy is such to allow subsequent explosive baroclinic instability to develop.
The roots of the characteristic matrix of the dynamic system are examined at every time step. A single critical value of one of the roots is found to be the cause of the chaos for a given value of the differential heating H. The system becomes more stable with increased values of H; vacillation is stronger and more prominent, and the critical value for chaos increases with H. When chaos does occur, it is stronger and more explosive.
What Is the Source of the Stratospheric Gravity Wave Belt in Austral Winter?
Authors: Hendricks Eric A. , Doyle James D. , Eckermann Stephen D. , Jiang Qingfang , Reinecke P. Alex 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
During austral winter, and away from orographic maxima or “hot spots,” stratospheric gravity waves in both satellite observations and Interim European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data reveal enhanced amplitudes in a broad midlatitude belt extending across the Southern Ocean from east of the Andes to south of New Zealand. The peak latitude of this feature slowly migrates poleward from 50° to 60°S. Wave amplitudes are much weaker across the midlatitude Pacific Ocean. These features of the wave field are in striking agreement with diagnostics of baroclinic growth rates in the troposphere associated with midlatitude winter storm tracks and the climatology of the midlatitude jet. This correlation suggests that these features of the stratospheric gravity wave field are controlled by geographical variations of tropospheric nonorographic gravity wave sources in winter storm tracks: spontaneous adjustment emission from the midlatitude winter jet, frontogenesis, and convection.
Microstructure Measurements from an Underwater Glider in the Turbulent Faroe Bank Channel Overflow
Authors: Fer Ilker , Peterson Algot K. , Ullgren Jenny E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMeasurements of ocean microstructure are made in the turbulent Faroe Bank Channel overflow using a turbulence instrument attached to an underwater glider. Dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ε is measured using airfoil shear probes. A comparison is made between 152 profiles from dive and climb cycles of the glider during a 1-week mission in June 2012 and 90 profiles collected from the ship using a vertical microstructure profiler (VMP). Approximately one-half of the profiles are collocated. For 96% of the dataset, measurements are of high quality with no systematic differences between dives and climbs. The noise level is less than 5 × 10−11 W kg−1, comparable to the best microstructure profilers. The shear probe data are contaminated and unreliable at the turning depth of the glider and for U/ut < 20, where U is the flow past the sensor, ut = (ε/N)1/2 is an estimate of the turbulent velocity scale, and N is the buoyancy frequency. Averaged profiles of ε from the VMP and the glider agree to better than a factor of 2 in the turbulent bottom layer of the overflow plume, and beneath the stratified and sheared plume–ambient interface. The glider average values are approximately a factor of 3 and 9 times larger than the VMP values in the layers defined by the isotherms 3°–6° and 6°–9°C, respectively, corresponding to the upper part of the interface and above. The discrepancy is attributed to a different sampling scheme and the intermittency of turbulence. The glider offers a noise-free platform suitable for ocean microstructure measurements.