bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent evidence for a strengthening CO2 sink in the Southern Ocean from carbonate system measurements in the Drake Passage (2002–2015)
Authors: Munro David R. , Lovenduski Nicole S. , Takahashi Taro , Stephens Britton B. , Newberger Timothy , Sweeney Colm 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe present a 13 year (2002–2015) semimonthly time series of the partial pressure of CO2 in surface water (pCO2surf) and other carbonate system parameters from the Drake Passage. This record shows a clear increase in the magnitude of the sea‐air pCO2 gradient, indicating strengthening of the CO2 sink in agreement with recent large‐scale analyses of the world oceans. The rate of increase in pCO2surf north of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) is similar to the atmospheric pCO2 (pCO2atm) trend, whereas the pCO2surf increase south of the APF is slower than the pCO2atm trend. The high‐frequency surface observations indicate that an absence of a winter increase in total CO2 (TCO2) and cooling summer sea surface temperatures are largely responsible for increasing CO2 uptake south of the APF. Muted winter trends in surface TCO2 also provide temporary stability to the carbonate system that is already close to undersaturation with respect to aragonite.
Liquid iron‐hydrogen alloys at outer core conditions by first‐principles calculations
Authors: Umemoto Koichiro , Hirose Kei 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe examined the density, bulk sound (compressional) velocity, and Grüneisen parameter of liquid pure Fe, Fe100H28 (0.50 wt % H), Fe88H40 (0.81 wt % H), and Fe76H52 (1.22 wt % H) at Earth's outer core pressure and temperature (P‐T) conditions (~100 to 350 GPa, 4000 to 7000 K) based on first‐principles molecular dynamics calculations. The results demonstrate that the thermodynamic Grüneisen parameter of liquid iron alloy decreases with increasing pressure, temperature, and hydrogen concentration, indicating a relatively small temperature gradient in the outer core when hydrogen is present. Along such temperature profile, both the density and compressional velocity of liquid iron containing ~1 wt % hydrogen match seismological observations. It suggests that hydrogen could be a primary light element in the core, although the shear velocity of the inner core is not reconciled with solid Fe‐H alloy and thus requires another impurity element.
Outlet glacier response to the 2012 collapse of the Matusevich Ice Shelf, Severnaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic
Authors: Willis Michael J. , Melkonian Andrew K. , Pritchard Matthew E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Matusevich Ice Shelf (MIS), located within the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago in the Russian Arctic, rapidly broke apart between 10 August and 7 September 2012. We examine the response of the outlet glaciers that fed the MIS from local ice caps to the removal of the ice shelf. We use spaceborne laser altimetry and multiple optically derived digital elevation models to track ice surface elevation change rates (dh/dt) between 1984 and 2014. Glacier speeds are measured by pixel‐tracking from optical and RADAR imagery between 2010 and 2014 and interferometric synthetic aperture radar in 1995 to compare precollapse and postcollapse velocities. We find that the three main outlet glaciers that fed the MIS are thinning an order of magnitude more rapidly than most of the rest of Severnaya Zemyla, based upon ICESat data from 2003 to 2009. Recent, 2012 to 2014 thinning rates are three to four times faster than the 30 year average thinning rate, calculated between 1984 and 2014. The springtime speeds of the largest outlet glacier (Issledovateley) have increased more than 200% at the terminus between April 2010 and April 2014. To date, changes in surface elevation (dh/dt) and velocity at the outlet glaciers near MIS are smaller than glacier responses to ice shelf collapse in Antarctica. It is possible that the MIS was already very weak prior to the 2012 collapse and unable to support back stress. Further observations are required to assess whether the thinning and nonmelt season glacier speeds are continuing to accelerate.
Alcohol Intoxication: Mode and Risk for Injury
Authors: Brick John 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAs the mostly widely used drug on earth, alcohol is overly represented in accidental injuries that are often the subject of forensic examination. This article reviews the relationship between intoxication and different modes of injuries and where there is sufficient data, explores the dose‐dependent relationship between alcohol intoxication and statistical analysis of relative risk for a serious or fatal accident.
Effect of processing techniques on the 3D microstructure of poly (l‐lactic acid) scaffolds reinforced with wool keratin from different sources
Authors: Puglia Debora , Ceccolini Romina , Fortunati Elena , Armentano Ilaria , Morena Francesco , Martino Sabata , Aluigi Annalisa , Torre Luigi , Kenny Jose M 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was the analysis of morphologies of poly (l‐lactic acid)/keratin tridimensional scaffolds developed by using two main solvent based techniques: solvent casting particulate leaching in the presence of paraffin microspheres as porogen, and thermally induced phase‐separation process. Keratins from different sources were used. Specifically, keratin from Merino wool (KM) and Brown Alpaca (KA) were dispersed in dioxane or 1,4‐dioxane/water mixture and then the keratin structure after interaction with 1.4‐dioxane was investigated by means of electrophoresis and spectroscopic analysis. A detailed morphological characterization of the scaffold systems obtained by the two different methods was performed by using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The effect of porogen content, solvent composition and processing parameters, such as the influence of keratin presence (1 wt %) and source (KA and KM) were evaluated. The results reveal that 1,4‐dioxane, used as based solvent in the two selected processes, does not negatively affect the keratin structure. A slight change in the procedure parameters, such as porogen content or solvent/non‐solvent ratio, significantly affects the resulting porosity and architecture of the obtained PLLA and PLLA/keratin scaffolds. Both keratins can be considered as suitable fillers able to modify the pore architecture and interconnection of three‐dimensional PLLA/keratin porous composites obtained by the two different solvent assisted techniques. Of note, both composites are biocompatible, as demonstrated by the culture adult bone‐marrow mesenchymal stem cells without signs of toxicity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42890.
2015 Recommendations for the Management of Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology Collaborative Initiative
Authors: Dejaco Christian , Singh Yogesh P. , Perel Pablo , Hutchings Andrew , Camellino Dario , Mackie Sarah , Abril Andy , Bachta Artur , Balint Peter , Barraclough Kevin , Bianconi Lina , Buttgereit Frank , Carsons Steven , Ching Daniel , Cid Maria , Cimmino Marco , Diamantopoulos Andreas , Docken William , Duftner Christina , Fashanu Billy , Gilbert Kate , Hildreth Pamela , Hollywood Jane , Jayne David , Lima Manuella , Maharaj Ajesh , Mallen Christian , Martinez‐Taboada Victor , Maz Mehrdad , Merry Steven , Miller Jean , Mori Shunsuke , Neill Lorna , Nordborg Elisabeth , Nott Jennifer , Padbury Hannah , Pease Colin , Salvarani Carlo , Schirmer Michael , Schmidt Wolfgang , Spiera Robert , Tronnier David , Wagner Alexandre , Whitlock Madeline , Matteson Eric L. , Dasgupta Bhaskar 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTherapy for polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) varies widely in clinical practice as international recommendations for PMR treatment are not currently available. In this paper, we report the 2015 European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) recommendations for the management of PMR. We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology as a framework for the project. Accordingly, the direction and strength of the recommendations are based on the quality of evidence, the balance between desirable and undesirable effects, patients’ and clinicians’ values and preferences, and resource use. Eight overarching principles and nine specific recommendations were developed covering several aspects of PMR, including basic and follow‐up investigations of patients under treatment, risk factor assessment, medical access for patients and specialist referral, treatment strategies such as initial glucocorticoid (GC) doses and subsequent tapering regimens, use of intramuscular GCs and disease modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), as well as the roles of non‐steroidal anti‐rheumatic drugs and non‐pharmacological interventions. These recommendations will inform primary, secondary and tertiary care physicians about an international consensus on the management of PMR. These recommendations should serve to inform clinicians about best practices in the care of patients with PMR.
Recent Trends in Copper‐Catalyzed C−H Amination Routes to Biologically Important Nitrogen Scaffolds
Authors: Subramanian Parthasarathi , Rudolf Georg C. , Kaliappan Krishna P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNitrogen‐containing heterocycles have found remarkable applications in natural product research, material sciences, and pharmaceuticals. Although the synthesis of this interesting class of compounds attracted the interest of generations of organic chemists, simple and straightforward assembly methods based on transition‐metal catalysis have regularly been elusive. The recent advancements in the development of C−H functionalization have helped in accomplishing the synthesis of a variety of complex heterocycles from simple precursors. This Focus Review summarizes the recent advances in one particular field: the copper‐catalyzed C−N bond formation reactions via C−H bond functionalization to furnish a comprehensive range of nitrogen heterocycles. Applicability and synthetic feasibility of a particular reaction represent major requirements for the inclusion in this review.
Ultrafast Photoinduced Charge Separation Leading to High‐Energy Radical Ion‐Pairs in Directly Linked Corrole–C60 and Triphenylamine–Corrole‐C60 Donor–Acceptor Conjugates
Authors: Sudhakar Kolanu , Gokulnath Sabapathi , Giribabu Lingamallu , Lim Gary N. , Trâm Tạ , D'Souza Francis 
Published: September 2015

AbstractClosely positioned donor–acceptor pairs facilitate electron‐ and energy‐transfer events, relevant to light energy conversion. Here, a triad system TPACor‐C60, possessing a free‐base corrole as central unit that linked the energy donor triphenylamine (TPA) at the meso position and an electron acceptor fullerene (C60) at the β‐pyrrole position was newly synthesized, as were the component dyads TPA‐Cor and Cor‐C60. Spectroscopic, electrochemical, and DFT studies confirmed the molecular integrity and existence of a moderate level of intramolecular interactions between the components. Steady‐state fluorescence studies showed efficient energy transfer from 1TPA* to the corrole and subsequent electron transfer from 1corrole* to fullerene. Further studies involving femtosecond and nanosecond laser flash photolysis confirmed electron transfer to be the quenching mechanism of corrole emission, in which the electron‐transfer products, the corrole radical cation (Cor⋅+ in Cor‐C60 and TPA‐Cor⋅+ in TPACor‐C60) and fullerene radical anion (C60⋅−), could be spectrally characterized. Owing to the close proximity of the donor and acceptor entities in the dyad and triad, the rate of charge separation, kCS, was found to be about 1011 s−1, suggesting the occurrence of an ultrafast charge‐separation process. Interestingly, although an order of magnitude slower than kCS, the rate of charge recombination, kCR, was also found to be rapid (kCR≈1010 s−1), and both processes followed the solvent polarity trend DMF>benzonitrile>THF>toluene. The charge‐separated species relaxed directly to the ground state in polar solvents while in toluene, formation of 3corrole* was observed, thus implying that the energy of the charge‐separated state in a nonpolar solvent is higher than the energy of 3corrole* being about 1.52 eV. That is, ultrafast formation of a high‐energy charge‐separated state in toluene has been achieved in these closely spaced corrole–fullerene donor–acceptor conjugates.
Early sustainability assessment for potential configurations of integrated biorefineries. Screening of bio‐based derivatives from platform chemicals
Authors: Moncada Jonathan , Posada John A. , Ramírez Andrea 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study aims to identify potential bio‐based derivatives from the conversion of platform chemicals at early design phases. To do this, an existing early‐stage sustainability assessment method was extended, to cover both catalytic and biochemical conversion processes in biorefinery systems. The method combines proxy indicators describing economic, environmental, and operational aspects. Conversion routes are analyzed by using three case studies: catalytic conversion of bio‐based syngas to derivatives with petrochemical counterpart (16 systems), biochemical conversion of carbohydrates to derivatives with petrochemical counterpart (12 systems), and biochemical and catalytic conversion of glycerol to derivatives with petrochemical counterpart (8 systems). The indicators were combined into a single score, and then compared to a petrochemical counterpart. Sensitivity analysis was carried‐out to analyze the influence of conversion yields and prices on the index ratio. Furthermore, scenario analyses were conducted to account for three different regions (the EU, the USA, and China). Results confirmed the successful application of the method to processes that considered catalytic and/or biochemical conversion processes. The method showed to be an effective tool for the selection of bio‐based derivatives with favorable potential sustainability performances in comparison to their petrochemical counterparts. The results show two systems from syngas, five systems from carbohydrates, and seven systems from glycerol as favorable. The results serve as a primary database to draw recommendations on e.g., future configurations of integrated biorefineries. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Feasibility of carotid artery stenting with double cerebral embolic protection in high‐risk patients
Authors: Varbella Ferdinando , Gagnor Andrea , Rolfo Cristina , Cerrato Enrico , Bollati Mario , Giay Pron Paolo , Hartwig Massimo , Palacio Restrepo Sara , Reggiani Monica , Amarù Salvatore , Luda di Cortemiglia Emilio , Tomassini Francesco 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundPrevious trials comparing carotid artery stenting (CAS) with carotid endarterectomy have shown that the former can increase the stroke rate. However, in the last years, because of the improvements either of the technique or the improvement of the stents and embolic protection devices (EPD), CAS has become a very competitive procedure. In this study, we tried to assess the feasibility and the safety of using double EPD (proximal and distal) in high‐risk patients.MethodsWe collected data about all consecutive patients with carotid artery stenosis who underwent CAS and compared clinical and procedural characteristics as well as immediate and 30‐day outcomes between the use of double vs. single EPD.ResultsBetween November 2007 and August 2014, 294 patients underwent CAS. In 35 of them (11.9%) double EPD was used. In comparison with the patients treated with single EPD, those with double EPD presented more with acute carotid syndrome (recurrent TIAs < 48 hr, minor stroke < 14 days) and with complex plaque (79.4 vs. 33.6%, P < 0.0001). There was no difference between the 2 groups in primary success (100 vs. 99.6%, P = 0.16) and in 30‐days major complications: death (0 vs. 0.8%, P = 0.6), major stroke (0 vs. 0.8%, P = 0.42), and minor stroke (0 vs 1.1%, P = 0.66).ConclusionsIn our experience, in high‐risk patients with high‐risk lesions, the use of double EPD (proximal and distal) is safe and effective in minimizing the risk of cerebral embolization, but, to validate such a technique in wide range of patients, further studies are warranted. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modified contrast microinjection technique to facilitate chronic total occlusion recanalization
Authors: Carlino Mauro , Ruparelia Neil , Thomas Gavin , Brooks Matthew , Uretsky Barry F. , Brilakis Emmanouil S. , Karmpaliotis Dimitri , Hanratty Colm , Walsh Simon , Spratt James , Colombo Antonio 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesTo assess the efficacy and safety of the modified contrast microinjection technique to facilitate chronic total occlusion recanalization.BackgroundThe success rate of chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention (CTO‐PCI) does not exceed 90% even in the most experienced centres. We have previously demonstrated that a large volume of contrast injected into the subintimal space can facilitate recanalization but is limited by a risk of serious complication. The aim of this study was to assess the application, efficacy and safety of a modified contrast microinjection technique that utilizes the injection of a much smaller volume of contrast in CTO‐PCI.MethodsA retrospective analysis of patients in whom the modified microinjection technique was utilised in patients undergoing CTO‐PCI at five tertiary centres was conducted. Results: Of 1,192 patients who underwent CTO‐PCI, the microinjection technique was used in 59 patients (4.7%). The majority of CTOs treated were in the right coronary artery (79.7%), were of high complexity and 35.6% of lesions had a least one previously failed PCI attempt. The modified microinjection technique was used for more than one indication in 7 (11.9%) of patients. The success rate was 81.4%. There were no procedural complications related to the use of the reported modified microinjection.ConclusionInitial experience with the modified microinjection demonstrates that it can be performed safely, is reproducible, and is broadly applicable. Whilst not required for all CTO procedures it can be a helpful adjunctive tool to increase the likelihood of success especially in complex, or refractory cases, without compromising the safety of the procedure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gas‐Phase Photooxidation: Reactors and Materials
Authors: Bechec Mickael Le , Costarramone Nathalie , Pigot Thierry , Lacombe Sylvie 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPhotocatalytic vs. photosensitizing materials to be used for gas‐phase photooxidation and photooxygenation, respectively, are described. An overview is given on reactive oxygen species specific to photocatalysis and photosensitization as well as on various kinds of gas‐phase reactors and photocatalytic materials in order to illustrate the great number of possible configurations and conditions of use. Some efforts towards standardization of gas‐phase photocatalytic reactors devoted to indoor‐ or outdoor‐air treatment are mentioned. Examples for application of singlet oxygen in solvent‐free photooxygenation reaction of volatile sulfides are given together with the properties of silica‐based photosensitizing materials.
Recent Advances on the Total Syntheses of Communesin Alkaloids and Perophoramidine
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Osipov Maksim 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe communesin alkaloids are a diverse family of Penicillium‐derived alkaloids. Their caged‐polycyclic structure and intriguing biological profiles have made these natural products attractive targets for total synthesis. Similarly, the ascidian‐derived alkaloid, perophoramidine, is structurally related to the communesins and has also become a popular target for total synthesis. This review serves to summarize the many elegant approaches that have been developed to access the communesin alkaloids and perophoramidine. Likewise, strategies to access the communesin ring system are reviewed.
Spectroscopic and Kinetic Evidence for the Crucial Role of Compound 0 in the P450cam‐Catalyzed Hydroxylation of Camphor by Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Franke Alicja , van Eldik Rudi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe hydroperoxo iron(III) intermediate P450camFeIII–OOH, being the true Compound 0 (Cpd 0) involved in the natural catalytic cycle of P450cam, could be transiently observed in the peroxo‐shunt oxidation of the substrate‐free enzyme by hydrogen peroxide under mild basic conditions and low temperature. The prolonged lifetime of Cpd 0 enabled us to kinetically examine the formation and reactivity of P450camFeIII–OOH species as a function of varying reaction conditions, such as pH, and concentration of H2O2, camphor, and potassium ions. The mechanism of hydrogen peroxide binding to the substrate‐free form of P450cam differs completely from that observed for other heme proteins possessing the distal histidine as a general acid–base catalyst and is mainly governed by the ability of H2O2 to undergo deprotonation at the hydroxo ligand coordinated to the iron(III) center under conditions of pH≥p. Notably, no spectroscopic evidence for the formation of either Cpd I or Cpd II as products of heterolytic or homolytic OO bond cleavage, respectively, in Cpd 0 could be observed under the selected reaction conditions. The kinetic data obtained from the reactivity studies involving (1R)‐camphor, provide, for the first time, experimental evidence for the catalytic activity of the P450FeIII–OOH intermediate in the oxidation of the natural substrate of P450cam.
Near‐Infrared Light and pH‐Responsive Polypyrrole@Polyacrylic acid/Fluorescent Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Imaging and Chemo‐Photothermal Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhang Manjie , Wang Tingting , Zhang Lingyu , Li Lu , Wang Chungang 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe have rationally designed a new theranostic agent by coating near‐infrared (NIR) light‐absorbing polypyrrole (PPY) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), in which PAA acts as a nanoreactor and template, followed by growing small fluorescent silica nanoparticles (fSiO2 NPs) inside the PAA networks, resulting in the formation of polypyrrole@polyacrylic acid/fluorescent mesoporous silica (PPY@PAA/fmSiO2) core–shell NPs. Meanwhile, DOX‐loaded PPY@PAA/fmSiO2 NPs as pH and NIR dual‐sensitive drug delivery vehicles were employed for fluorescence imaging and chemo‐photothermal synergetic therapy in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrate that the PPY@PAA/fmSiO2 NPs show high in vivo tumor uptake by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect after intravenous injection as revealed by in vivo fluorescence imaging, which is very helpful for visualizing the location of the tumor. Moreover, the obtained NPs inhibit tumor growth (95.6 % of tumors were eliminated) because of the combination of chemo‐photothermal therapy, which offers a synergistically improved therapeutic outcome compared with the use of either therapy alone. Therefore, the present study provides new insights into developing NIR and pH‐stimuli responsive PPY‐based multifunctional platform for cancer theranostics.
ChemInform Abstract: Cr3+: SrGa12O19: A Broadband Near‐Infrared Long‐Persistent Phosphor.
Authors: Xu Ju , Chen Daqin , Yu Yunlong , Zhu Wenjuan , Zhou Jiangchong , Wang Yuansheng 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSrGa12O19:Cr3+x (x = 0.0005‐0.02) are fabricated by calcination of stoichiometric amounts of SrCO3, Ga2O3, and Cr2O3 in air (1.
ChemInform Abstract: Red‐Emitting Phosphors Na2XF6: Mn4+(X: Si, Ge, Ti) with High Colour‐Purity for Warm White‐Light‐Emitting Diodes.
Authors: Wang Zhengliang , Liu Yong , Zhou Yayun , Zhou Qiang , Tan Huiying , Zhang Qiuhan , Peng Jinhui 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMn4+‐doped Na2MF6 (M: Si, Ge, Ti) is prepared by dissolving MO2 in HF (40%) and adding NaMnO4 to the transparent solution followed by co‐precipitation with NaF (70 °C, 30 min).