bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘The Forty.’
Authors: Hasluck F. W. 
Published: October 2013

In Turkish geographical nomenclature certain ‘round’ numbers are regularly employed in an arbitrary sense. Most important of these are ‘a thousand and one’ (bin bir), used to express the idea of ‘countless,’ and ‘forty’ (kirk), which is similarly used for ‘numerous.’ As examples of the first may be cited the well-known ‘thousand-and-one-column’ (Bin Bir Direk) cistern at Constantinople and the ‘Thousand and one Churches’ (Bin Bir Kilisse) in Lycaonia. For the second we may instance several rivers called Kirk Getchid (‘Forty Fords’, in Greek Sarandáporos), the town Kirk Agatch (‘Forty Trees’), springs called Kirk Gueuz (‘Forty Eyes’), districts called Kirk In, Kirk Er (‘Forty Caves’) and numerous others.Side by side with names like the foregoing, which explain themselves if we read ‘numerous’ for ‘forty,’ we find certain localities denominated simply ‘the Forty’ (Tk. Kirklar, Gr. Saránda). They are especially common in Pontus but occur also elsewhere, as e.g. in Mysia, where there are at least two villages called Kirklar, and in Caria, where the name is applied to a site with ruins of a church near the ancient Loryma and to an ancient tomb east of Knidos. Similarly mysterious are names like Kirklar Dagh (‘Mountain of the Forty,’ not ‘Forty Mountains’) which like the foregoing, imply an association with forty persons. These ‘forties’ call for explanation.
The Followers of Praxiteles
Authors: Dickins Guy 
Published: October 2013

A very large proportion of the statues that fill our museums are liable to be dismissed somewhat curtly in descriptions as belonging to the ‘School of Praxiteles.’ It would be interesting to know exactly what percentage of the total number of ancient statues which have come down to us is formed by the Aphrodites, Satyrs, Erotes, and others usually classed under this head, but it must certainly be a very large proportion.Considering the very large number of statues which we treat in this way, it is startling to discover that our literary evidence contains no record at all of any such school ever having been in existence. We know of followers and pupils of Pheidias, of Polycleitus, and of Lysippus, but we hear of no followers or pupils of Praxiteles or of Scopas, in spite of the undoubted and obvious influence of their style upon the sculpture that now fills our museums. It is true that we know of two sons of Praxiteles, Cephisodotus and Timarchus, but the list of their works, though containing a Leto, an Aphrodite, and two statues of Artemis, includes a greater number of statues which we should be inclined to call un-Praxitelean in character.
The Greek Inscriptions at Petworth House
Authors: Hutton C. A. 
Published: October 2013

In the spring of 1915 I had the opportunity of examining the long Greek inscription at Petworth House, Sussex, first published in 1883 by U. Köhler (Ath. Mitt. viii. pp. 57 f.), from a squeeze and copy supplied by the late Dr. A. S. Murray (Fig. 1), and republished with corrections in I.G. ii. 5, 477 d. The right side of the inscription is so much worn (Pl. XIV.) that though the letters can be traced in a good light on the stone or on a photograph, they leave no impression on a squeeze; I was therefore able to make some important additions to the published text.They may be summed up as follows:—(1) The lines are incomplete on the right side.(2) The stone contains lists of names from six tribes, not four, but a portion of the lines belonging to the third and the sixth tribe has been cut off.(3) The second tribe is Akamantis and the list under that heading is now complete; the third is Hippothontis.(4) A few words and letters have been added to the fragmentary Decree at the top of the stone (ll. 1–6).(5) Köhler's restorations of the text of the second Decree (ll. 7–26) are almost all correct.
The Battlefield of Pharsalos
Authors: Lucas F. L. 
Published: October 2013

The dead of Pharsalos sleep sound; but more than a century ago their battlefield began to walk; and since Leake a dozen scholars in succession have found it in as many different places, over an area of forty miles by ten.I must apologise for introducing yet another claimant theory, but I have at least aimed also at reducing the total by the abolition of one or two of its wilder predecessors. I propose, then, to summarise the ancient evidence, to state and criticise the theories based on it, and to conclude with a new attempt at solution, checked by walking over the plains of Pharsalos.Far the first, then, among our authorities stands of course Caesar himself (Bellum Civile, III. 81–98). After the occupation of Gomphoi and Metropolis, all the states of Thessaly, except Larissa, had declared for him. Accordingly, ‘having found a convenient position in the Thessalian plain,’ he sat down there to wait for Pompey and the final decision. A few days later Pompey marched south to Larissa and joined Scipio. When next heard of, their army is encamped opposite Caesar on a hill.
Notes on the Harbours of S. Boeotia, and Sea-trade between Boeotia and Corinth in Prehistoric Times
Authors: Heurtley W. A. 
Published: October 2013

The following notes were made partly in the course of a voyage taken in a small sailing boat in the late summer of 1922, from Corinth across the gulf, and along the Boeotian coast, during which all the south Boeotian harbours, as well as Voulis in Phokis, were visited, and partly in the course of subsequent visits from the land side. It is hoped that the notes may supplement, if they cannot improve upon, Mr. Gomme's excellent description of this part of Boeotia, and at the same time throw some light on trading relations between the two sides of the gulf in pre-Hellenic times.Of the three possible harbours from which Thebes could be reached from the south, the nearest to Thebes is Kreusis, or, as it is now called, Livadóstro. The difficulties of the journey from there to Plataea are vividly described by Mr. Gomme (op. cit., p. 204), but there is reason to think that communication between Livadóstro and Thebes has always passed through Parapoúngia or its ancient representative Eutresis, rather than through Plataea. At the present day there are two paths to Parapoúngia, which serve the east and west sides respectively of the Livadóstro plain.
The Finlay Library
Authors: Miller William 
Published: October 2013

The study of mediaeval, Turkish and modern Greek history now attracts considerable attention in Athens. Important works upon these periods have been recently published by Greek scholars; lectures upon Byzantine history in particular are crowded not merely by students, but also by the general public, and several newspapers make a special feature of articles by specialists on social life in the reign of Otho. In these circumstances it is fortunate that the British School has possessed since 1899 the Finlay library, to which the adjacent library of M. Gennadios, opened in April, now provides a worthy counterpart.The Finlay library, of which I speak from some two years' work among its shelves, consists, apart from general literature and travels, mainly of four divisions: (1) books used by Finlay for the Byzantine, Trapezuntine, Frankish and Turkish periods of his history; (2) books about the War of Independence and the reign of Otho; (3) a collection of Greek newspapers; and (4) Finlay's review articles, Times' correspondence, diaries and other documents. Of these the first section is nowadays the least important. Since Finlay's death much has been published about the Byzantine, Frankish and Turkish times, and the Empire of Trebizond, which renders some of his sources inadequate or obsolete.
Excavations at Haliartos, 1926
Authors: Austin R. P. 
Published: October 2013

A Permit was granted for the School to carry out a trial excavation at Haliartos in Boeotia with the object of establishing the plan of the ancient walls of the city and testing the future possibilities of the site.Digging was begun on March 30th on the west wall of the Acropolis—Mr. Woodward being present to direct operations for the first two days. Five men were employed at first, but after the opening week the number was raised to six.For about a fortnight the workmen were employed in determining the lines of the walls of the Acropolis. It was found impossible in the limited time available for the excavation to include the outer town walls in the investigation. For the second fortnight the men were chiefly engaged in excavating a sanctuary and adjacent buildings which were discovered within the Acropolis. Work was continued until April 28th.
Report on Excavations at the Toumba and Tables of Vardaróftsa, Macedonia, 1925, 1926: Part I. (B.S.A. xxvii. pp. 1–66). Corrigenda and Addenda
Authors: Heurtley W. A. , Davies O. 
Published: October 2013

P. 7, Fig. 6. Pit should read Pit D.P. 21, Fig. 10. For Period D read Period C.P. 41, Fig. 26 is a Sketch; Figs. 27, 28 are Plans.Pl. VIII, a, b. Scale ca. 1: 5.Pl. XI, b. For 1: 6 read ca. 1 : 2.Addenda, p. 39.
Excavations at Sparta, 1924—28: Part II. Four Hellenistic Decrees
Authors: Woodward A. M. , Robert Louis 
Published: October 2013

The number of decrees recovered from Ancient Sparta is regrettably small, and of them by no means all contain resolutions of the Spartan state. One complete text, and apparently six incomplete texts in the Laconian Corpus (I.G. v. 1, 12, 13, 14, 23, 28, 29 and 30), and three, and perhaps four, of the fragments published in the Annual from the recent excavations (B.S.A. xxvi. pp. 231 ff., Nos. 22, 23, 24 and 28) represent copies of resolutions passed by other states and erected at Sparta, in recognition of her citizens who had won honour and privileges at their hands. It is to this class of inscription that the four texts here published all belong, and they have the further importance that substantial portions of each can be read, or, in the case of No. 87, restored.The first (No. 84) is a decree of Arcadian Orchomenos, conferring proxeny on a Spartan; the second is a decree of Eretria in favour of Spartan dikasts; the third is probably a decree of Tralles, but is too incomplete to furnish either the full record of the services rendered by the recipient or the honours bestowed on him; and the last is in honour of Spartan dikasts, passed by the city of Demetrias in Thessaly.
The Copper Mines of Cyprus
Authors: Davies O. 
Published: October 2013

There is no doubt that during the historical period Cyprus was a copper-mining centre of great importance; not only does the literary evidence testify to this, but also the large slag-heaps found in many parts of the island. It is not our intention, however, to treat of this period, but to examine how far Cyprus produced copper during the bronze age.Prof. Gjerstad has, in his Studies on Prehistoric Cyprus, shewn that at least till the end of the bronze age there seems to be no racial change in the population, the cultural development being steady. During Late Cypriot II and III, however, Mycenean ware and its local imitations become so frequent that it is likely that Mycenean overlords were ruling in Cyprus; such a state of affairs fits in well with Mycenean history of this time, and probably now Cyprus began to be hellenised.
Ἐώθινα Ἀναστάσιμα. The Morning Hymns of the Emperor Leo, Part II
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W. 
Published: October 2013

By invitation of the Rask-Oersted Foundation a conference was held at Copenhagen in July 1931. Plans for the study and publication of Byzantine hymns with music were put forward; and a resolution was passed recommending a uniform method for the transcription of Byzantine melodies. This was as follows:'1. Agreement has been reached with regard to the values of the Byzantine interval-signs in the Middle (Round) and Late (Cucuzelian) systems.'2. Byzantine musical handbooks afford some indication of the dynamic effect of certain signs. These signs affect the length of the notes, the stress or the rhythm.
A List of Clazomenian Pottery
Authors: Cook R. M. 
Published: October 2013

By ‘Clazomenian’ is usually meant what seems to be the main group of East Greek pottery decorated in a mature b.f. style. It is most obviously distinguished from Attic, on which it is partly dependent, by its greater tendency to decorative forms and details, as for example in the more extensive use of rows of white dots, and by such favourite motives as sirens and scales containing white drops. The home of Clazomenian is in northern Ionia: from Samos southwards, where its counterpart is the reserving and more traditional pottery known as Fikellura, no important b.f. school developed.The first and still the only big find of Clazomenian pottery was made by W. M. Flinders Petrie in 1886 at Tell Defenneh in Egypt: most of this find went to the British Museum and a selection of the pieces was promptly and fairly published in 1888. In this publication Petrie, though not expert in Greek archaeology, noted the unity of the group, but—mainly (I suspect) on grounds of frequency—considered it to be a local Greek product of Tell Defenneh.
Part III. The Agamemnoneion
Authors: Cook J. M. 
Published: October 2013

On Professor Wace's invitation I joined his staff on the Mycenae excavation in 1950 in order to undertake the testing of an area where Geometric pottery had been picked up in ploughland by the Mycenaean Causeway a kilometre S.S.W. of the acropolis. The soundings here reported were carried out in the first ten days of August at the place called Ayios Ioannis on the left bank of the Chaos watercourse, in a field which extends some sixty metres up from the causeway. On his plan of Mycenae Steffen marked considerable traces of ‘Cyclopean’ buildings a short distance back from the stream bank, but these are no longer to be seen.The first probe was made at a distance of about seven metres to the east of the abutment of the Mycenaean Causeway on the south bank. A very rough terrace wall or substructure on an alignment north-east by north was found at plough level and exposed for a length of four metres; it has a loose stone backing something over a metre thick and is preserved to a height of 80 cm. on the face. The wall is bedded in gravel, and being at the presumed level of the top of the causeway may have had some connection with the network of roads that radiated from it; below plough level a little plain L.H. III pottery was found.
Notes on Attic Inscriptions
Authors: Lewis David M. 
Published: October 2013

IG I2 80 +; Paton, The Erechtheum (1927), 449–450; Wade-Gery, JHS LI (1931), 82; Ferguson, Treasurers of Athena 176; Dinsmoor, AJA XXXVI (1932), 312; Deubner, Attische Feste 19; SEG X 28; Raubitschek, Dedications from the Athenian Akropolis 323.The editio minor publication of this decree curiously failed to take into account Wilhelm's discussion of its epigraphical problems. The facts were correctly stated by him. Fragment b has its left margin preserved, and since the width of the stone can be determined from fairly certain restorations in fragment a, considerably more sense can be made out of the third part, the πάτρια of the Praxiergidai, than either Ziehen or Hiller attempted.EM 6629; three fragments of Pentelic marble with back preserved. Fragment a has its top preserved, fragment b its left edge, fragment c its right edge. Original thickness 0·065 m., but the back slopes to each edge. Parts I and II are cut with a horizontal chequer of 0·0106 and a vertical chequer of 0·0104 with chisels measuring 9, 7·5, 6, and 4 mm. Part III is cut with a horizontal chequer of 0·0129 and a vertical chequer of 0·0126 with chisels measuring 11, 9, 7·5, and 4 mm.
Part III. A Possible Middle Helladic Fortification Wall
Authors: Rowe K. R. 
Published: October 2013

Schliemann on his plan of the acropolis of Mycenae marks a terrace wall on the north-west corner of the ‘summit’. Steffen on his plan of the acropolis marks the same wall as one of his ‘kyklopische Stutz- u. Abschnittsmauern’. Dr. Leicester Holland included the wall in his plan of the palace made during our excavations there in 1920–23. Then we thought that this wall was a terrace wall which supported the end of the inclined roadway which climbed the Citadel from the Ramp to the north-west Propylon (9) of the Palace with its paved forecourt (7).In 1939 in excavating the rock shelf to the east of the Guardroom (3, 4) and below the terrace wall which supports the temple foundations on the north, we found a much ruined wall (Fig. 7, Z) on the very edge of the rock shelf, which here drops abruptly to the north. This wall was associated with a Middle Helladic deposit. Above this lay a somewhat disturbed Late Helladic stratum where the splendid ivory group of two women and a boy was discovered. The wall is a packed construction of largish stones about 1·25 m. thick, and the deposit behind it rests in a hollow in the rock and was at most 1·25 m. deep.
Part V. Four Tombs
Authors: Desborough V. R. d'A. 
Published: October 2013

This is a true cist burial, in that the skeleton, of an infant, was placed in a stone casket. The casket is a single block of poros, roughly hollowed out until the requisite depth was reached. Its dimensions are 0·60 m. × 0·50 m., but the block is not a perfect rectangle by any means. The depth is c. 0·30 m. Underneath the block a group of seven roughly circular shallow holes and two shallow rectangular depressions are to be seen; the only explanation I can suggest for these is that it was perhaps originally intended to hollow out the block from this side. Over the casket two blocks of sandstone were placed; both have a shallow depression underneath. At the west end of the casket and closely adjoining it lay a triangular block of poros about 0·48 m. wide and 0·35 m. high (only partially visible on Plate 43). This, from the similarity of material and workmanship, seems to have had some connection with the burial. Could it have been a small unsculptured stele? The unsculptured stelai from Schliemann's Grave Circle are triangular at the top.The burial lies partially over a wall which may have been intended as a boundary for the Prehistoric Cemetery area, thus showing that the height of the wall mentioned can have been no higher at this point at the time of this burial, and suggesting that, if in fact this is an enclosure wall, it was not felt desirable to bury the dead outside the enclosure, either in the case of this burial or in that of the Geometric cist and pithos burials, and arguing some continuity in the cult of the dead. The wall itself, so far as has yet been ascertained, cannot be later than the L.H. IIIA period, and is probably considerably earlier.
Part VI. The Cyclopean Terrace Building and the Deposit of Pottery beneath It
Authors: Wace Elizabeth B. 
Published: October 2013

The Cyclopean Terrace Building lies to the north-west of the Lion Gate on the northern end of the Panagia Ridge and faces almost due west across the valley of the Kephissos and modern main road from Corinth to Argos. It lies just below the 200 m. contour line, and one terrace below the houses excavated in 1950–51 by Dr. Papadimitriou and Mr. Petsas to the east at the same end of the ridge. The area contains a complex of buildings, both successive and contemporary, and in view of the discovery of structures both to the south-west and, by the Greek Archaeological Service, to the north-east it is likely that this whole slope was covered by a portion of the outer town of Mycenae. This report will deal only with the structure to which the name Cyclopean Terrace Building was originally given, the so-called ‘North Megaron’, supported by the heavy main terrace wall.The excavation of this structure was begun in 1923. The main terrace wall was cleared and two L.H. IIIC burials discovered in the top of the fill in the south room. In 1950 it was decided to attempt to clear this building entirely in an endeavour to find out its date and purpose. The clearing was not, however, substantially completed until the close of the 1953 excavation season, and this report presents the available evidence for the date as determined by the pottery found beneath the building; the purpose is still a matter for study, though various tentative conclusions can be put forward.
Early Euboean Pottery and History
Authors: Boardman John 
Published: October 2013

This paper is divided into three sections. In the first a group of pottery fragments from Chalcis serves as an introduction to a study of early Euboean pottery, and of its appearance and imitation in other parts of the Greek world. In the second some archaic and black-figured vases are published as addenda to my article on ‘Pottery from Eretria’ in BSA xlvii. 1–48, plates 1–14. This I refer to here simply as Eretria. Finally some historical considerations are prompted by the archaeological evidence reviewed. Briefly they involve the following theses: that Strabo's ‘Old Eretria’ may lie at or near Amarynthos at the distance from Eretria that Strabo indicated; that Euboeans played a major part in the foundation of Al Mina (Posideion) on the North Syrian coast in the early eighth century B.C.; that they may be largely responsible for the adoption of the Semitic alphabetic characters for the Greek language; and that Eretria was the ultimate victor in the ‘Lelantine War’.Mme Semni Karouzou has with customary generosity granted me permission to publish several vases in the National Museum, Athens. Other pieces in the Louvre, the British Museum, and the Ashmolean Museum are illustrated by permission of the authorities of those museums. Mrs. A. D. Ure has been particularly helpful in the study of the black-figured vases and is herself preparing a study of a series closely related to the Euboean vases which are discussed here.
Part II. A Faience Cylinder
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Porada Edith 
Published: October 2013

In 1939 we cleared away the prickly oak scrub and excavated the rock ledge below the north temple terrace on the north summit of the acropolis of Mycenae. Here we found on the edge of the steep rock remains of a wall of largish blocks of limestone. These we believe to have been part of a Middle Helladic fortification wall running round the upper part of the acropolis. Behind this and held up by the wall were the ruins of two rooms and a thick deposit of M.H. pottery. Over this lay another stratum in which L.H. IIIB pottery was found. Here we found the splendid ivory group of two women and a boy which has already been published. Associated with it were a number of other objects, a male head in painted stucco, a sword pommel in white stone, some ornaments of gold and ivory, a number of beads of stone, paste, and faience including a lantern bead, and a cylinder of faience. The pottery, as stated, was of the L.H. IIIB style, but it was unfortunately lost in the Nauplia Museum during the war.This collection of precious objects we suggested might have belonged to the Shrine of the Palace, which we believe can be be recognized in a small room with a cement floor underlying the western foundations of the temples built here in classical times over part of the ruins of the Mycenaean Palace.
Prehistoric Laconia: Part I
Authors: Waterhouse Helen , Simpson R. Hope 
Published: October 2013

This survey (Part II of which will be published shortly in the Annual) includes all Laconia, as far as the ancient borders with Messenia and Arcadia, the Thyreatis, and the islands of Kythera and Antikythera. Most of the results have been established by surface research alone, in 1936–8 and 1956–8. Little was previously known about the distribution of prehistoric sites in Laconia, and few settlements have been excavated.Much of Laconia is either mountain or hill country. The ranges of Taygetus and Parnon form the bones of the province, while between them the Eurotas flows through the fertile alluvial plains of Sparta and Helos down to the Laconian Gulf. The Spartan plain, the central Eurotas valley, is bounded to the north by broken hill country, to the west by the great mountain wall of Taygetus (Plates 15a and the map, Plate 24), spurs of which also enclose it on the south, and to the east by the great Parnon range. It is one of the most fertile plains in Greece, and must at all times have been able to support a considerable settled population.