bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recherche en éthologie appliquée aux animaux de ferme: concilier bien-être animal et production
Authors: Boissy Alain 
Published: October 2014

Ethological research applied to farm animals : reconciling animal welfare and production
This paper illustrates the integrative feature of ethology with two complementary approaches in farm animals, one aiming at production targets and the other addressing concerns about animal welfare. The first approach is based on social ethology. As farm animals belong to gregarious species, their individual behaviour is strongly shaped by the group. Social organisation is based on both stable dominance relationships that ensure the resolution of many conflicts inherent to promiscuity among animals, and affinity relationships that ensure group cohesion and increase social tolerance in conflict situations. A better understanding of the behavioural mechanisms involved in the construction of social relationships, allows to providing animal husbandry practices that take into account the social needs of animals, highlights the importance of affinity relationships to alleviate problems due to social stress and ensures social support for a better adaptation. The second approach relies on cognitive ethology. While it is now widely accepted that animals are sentient beings capable of feeling emotions, understanding their emotional experience remains a tricky issue. The analysis of the emotion -cognition relationships allows to assess emotional experiences in animals through a scientific approach and to open new perspectives for a better understanding animal welfare. Inspired by theories in cognitive psychology, we have developed a framework to facilitate the study of emotions in animals from their cognitive abilities. Emotion depends on how the animal evaluates the eliciting situation based on a limited numbers of checks : the relevance of the situation (i. e. suddenness, familiarity, predictability and pleasantness), the implications of the situation for the animal, including how far the situation is consistent with its own expectations, and the coping potential of the animal, including the control offered by the situation and its ability to react. The outcomes of this limited number of evaluative checks determine the negative or positive nature of the emotion. Furthermore, recent works have shown that an emotion transiently influences the way the animal evaluates its situation and that the accumulation of emotions can long-lasting influence the evaluation processes. Innovative husbandry practices may then be recommended to seek positive experiences of animals and so genuinely improve their level welfare.
Travailler en parc zoologique: dangers physiques et zoonotiques, moyens de prévention
Authors: Bourgeois Aude , Lécu Alexis 
Published: October 2014

Working in a zoo : physical and zoonotic hazards, preventive measures
Working with zoo animals involves hazards for veterinarians and animal keepers. The staff is exposed to a risk of injury, either directly due to the animals or indirectly due to the equipment used for their care. The broad range of species gathered in the same place, and daily contacts between the staff and the animals also constitute a zoonotic risk. Preventive measures involve health and security measures, staff training, and communication with all the actors of animal and human health.
Actualités en radioprotection: radiobiologie, réglementation internationale et nationale, pratiques vétérinaires
Authors: Roy Catherine , Desbrosse Francis , Jançon Ghislaine , Pelletier Bruno 
Published: October 2014

Radioprotection news : radiobiology, international and national regulation, veterinary practices
Radiation protection is “the set of rules, procedures and means designed to monitor and prevent or reduce the harmful effects of ionizing radiation on humans and the environment”. It is subject to international scientific monitoring, and national regulations are constantly being updated to comply with international recommendations and European directives. The veterinary profession must deal with radiation protection, as not only it uses fixed or mobile xray generators for radiodiagnostics, but it is also increasingly turning to new and more complex imaging techniques and sealed sources for cancer treatments or unsealed sources with radioactive tracers for diagnostic purposes. Dosimetry studies have been conducted or are underway to improve our understanding of the risks inherent in these different sources and thus define a code of practice. Although it ignored such regulations for many years, the veterinary profession is now taking a responsible view, as evidenced by the availability of professional statistics, dosimetric monitoring or inspection reports. In less than ten years, the number of holders of passive dosimeters and of authorizations for the detention and use of ionizing radiation has increased and radiation protection is now part of the veterinary training.
La toxi-infection alimentaire de 2011 due à E. coliO104:H4 en Allemagne et en France : bilan et leçons à en tirer
Authors: Poudelet Eric 
Published: October 2014

2011 E. coli o104 : h4 outbreak in Germany and in France : lessons learnt
In May/June 2011, two outbreaks of shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli O104 : H4 were reported mainly in Germany, but also in France, and to a lesser extent in about fifteen other countries. The relative rarity of this bacterial strain, the difficulties of tracing it back to the food source, and the serious impact on consumer health are addressed in this thesis. Mis-communication to the general public had major economical consequences for the agricultural sector, as the contamination was initially attributed to a source later exonerated. The most likely source, based on the investigation of 41 patient cohorts, and the similarity of the bacterial strains in the German and the French outbreaks, is a batch of fenugreek seeds imported at the end of 2009 from Egypt. Finally, all concerned authorities learned from this serious crisis, responsible for over than 900 cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and 55 deaths.
« La gestion globale de l’hygiène dans les IAA » : une méthode de facilitation pour la mise en oeuvre des prescriptions d’hygiène du Codex alimentarius
Authors: Bonne Richard 
Published: October 2014

“The comprehensive hygiene management in food industries” : a facilitating method for the implementation of the codex alimentarius food safety requirements
The implementation of a food safety management system (FSMS), based on good hygiene and good manufacturing practices (GHP/ GMP) and HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point), is a mandatory requirement imposed on the food businesses (FB) and established by the European Regulation which is a transposition of the Codex Alimentarius prescriptions. This FSMS implementation turns out to be a difficult process for many FB managers because of the complexity of the available documents and methods. This article describes one original facilitating method for the implementation of specific Codex Alimentarius requirements. The method known as “Comprehensive Hygiene Management in Food Industries” is a rational system of organization for the implementation of “Good Hygiene and Good Manufacturing Practices” (GHP/ GMP). This innovative method has been developed by applying a deductive reasoning procedure on a validated scheme of occurrence of health and/ or economical food accidents.
Variation in propagule and colonization pressures following rapid human‐mediated transport: Implications for a universal assemblage‐based management model
Authors: Briski Elizabeta , Drake D. Andrew R. , Chan Farrah T. , Bailey Sarah A. , MacIsaac Hugh J. 
Published: October 2014

Recent studies have recognized the importance of propagule pressure (number of individuals) and colonization pressure (number of species) for explaining establishment success of nonindigenous species. However, the International Ballast Water Management Convention, when ratified, will require ships to satisfy a numeric discharge standard that focuses only on cumulative propagule pressure of all individuals released. Because of practical constraints, the standard does not differentiate between discharges of single vs. multiple species. The assemblage‐based approach, which uses rank‐abundance gradients to quantify and manage introduction risk, may compensate for this limitation (e.g., even gradient [relatively consistent propagule pressures among n transported species] or uneven gradient [uneven propagule pressures among n transported species]). Here we explore species abundance distributions of zooplankton during transportation in ballast water to assess variability in the structure of assemblages, with implications for the potential development of an assemblage‐based management model. Specifically, we explored species abundance distributions for voyages that lasted < 24 h, those from 24 to 48 h, and those from 48 to 72 h (i.e., three time scales). Species abundance distributions within and across transit time scales were highly variable. As transport time increased, we observed a shift from uneven to even rank‐abundance gradients. Owing to variation in assemblage structure, the number of organisms necessary to quantify colonization pressure exhibited similarly strong variation within and across time scales. Our study indicates that assemblage‐based approaches to estimate introduction risk are warranted, yet the variation inherent in transported assemblages will induce substantial uncertainty within management models.
Feeding rates and prey : predator size ratios of the nauplii and adult females of the marine cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae
Authors: Saiz Enric , Griffell Kaiene , Calbet Albert , Isari Stamatina 
Published: October 2014

We studied the feeding behavior of the nauplii and adult females of the marine cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae in the laboratory. Functional response experiments showed that O. davisae can feed on a broad size range of prey but that high clearance rates only occur in a narrow prey size range. Neither the nauplii nor the females were able to feed on Nannochloropsis oculata (2.5 µm), but > 4 µm prey were ingested. The highest clearance rates occurred when the nauplii and females were offered the dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina and the ciliate Strombidium sulcatum, respectively. O. davisae females preyed on Acartia grani nauplii but not on nauplii of their own species. Optimal prey : predator size ratios were similar for the nauplii and the females (∼ 10% of the predator's body length) and were higher than those reported for suspension‐feeding calanoid copepods (2–6%). The finding that the nauplii and females of O. davisae feed on relatively larger prey appears to be a consequence of their strict ambush‐feeding behavior, which constrains feeding activity to prey large enough to create hydromechanical signals above the detection threshold. Very high weight‐specific ingestion rates (> 150% d−1) were obtained when O. davisae fed on relatively large prey. Such high daily rations are much higher than those that can be calculated indirectly from egg production. Size measurements of the mouth of O. davisae females indicate that those prey resulting in extreme feeding rates were too large to be swallowed completely and suggest the presence of sloppy feeding in Oithona.
Temperature effects on aggregation during a spring diatom bloom
Authors: Simon Heike , Lipsewers Yvonne A. , Giebel Helge‐Ansgar , Wiltshire Karen H. , Simon Meinhard 
Published: October 2014

Diatom‐dominated phytoplankton blooms in neritic seas are typically terminated by aggregation. Despite extensive studies, it is still unknown how temperature controls aggregation. Therefore, we studied aggregation in a 750 liter mesocosm experiment under simulated in situ conditions during a spring diatom bloom in the southern North Sea at Helgoland Roads. In the early phase, at the peak, and in the late phase, aggregation was examined in rolling tanks at the ambient temperature (6°C) and at 11°C. In a second set of rolling tanks, cells of Thalassiosira rotula were added to examine how this readily aggregating diatom affects aggregation. In the treatments with the natural phytoplankton, a significant effect of temperature on aggregation was detected only in the late bloom, when the aggregate area increased at 11°C relative to 6°C. In contrast, in the T. rotula–supplemented treatments, aggregation was enhanced by the elevated temperature at the peak but not in the late bloom. The aggregate area per microgram particulate organic carbon, a normalized measure to assess the aggregation potential, indicated that the aggregation potential in the natural phytoplankton community decreased from the peak to the late bloom, independent of temperature. This was presumably due to the reduced stickiness of the particles and lower concentrations of transparent exopolymer particles in the late phase. In the T. rotula–supplemented treatments, aggregation potential increased from the peak to the late bloom at the ambient temperature, whereas it decreased at the elevated temperature. Flavobacteria and Sphingobacteria of the Bacteroidetes phylum and Gammaproteobacteria were the dominant bacterial groups colonizing the aggregates.
Legal Subjects and Juridical Persons: Developing Public Legal Theory through Fuller and Arendt
Authors: Rundle Kristen 
Published: October 2014

Legal Subjects and Juridical Persons: Developing Public Legal Theory through Fuller and Arendt
The ‘public’ character of the kind of rule of law theorizing with which Lon Fuller was engaged is signalled especially in his attention to the very notion of being a ’legal subject’ at all. This point is central to the aim of this paper to explore the animating commitments, of substance and method alike, of a particular direction of legal theorizing: one which commences its inquiry from an assessment of conditions of personhood within a public legal frame. Opening up this inquiry to resources beyond Fuller, the paper makes a novel move in its consideration of how the political theorist Hannah Arendt’s reflections on the ‘juridical person’ might aid a legal theoretical enterprise of this kind.
Lawyers Doing Philosophy
Authors: Westerman Pauline 
Published: October 2014

Lawyers Doing Philosophy
Rundle criticizes the command conception of law by means of Fuller’s and Arendt’s concept of human agency. However, neither of these two authors derive law from human agency, as Rundle seems to think. Instead they stress that personhood can only be attributed to physical human beings on the basis of law. Moreover, their theories cannot be understood as answers to Rundle’s question – whatever that may be – but as answers to their own questions and concerns. In the case of Arendt and Fuller, these concerns were so different that the enterprise to reconcile them seems futile. Rundle’s approach can be understood as the attempt to deal with philosophy as if it were legal doctrine.
L’abduction et l’enquête sociale comme procédé méthodologique pragmatiste
Authors: Hallée1 Yves 
Published: October 2014

Dans cet article, nous poursuivons les efforts de réhabilitation de l’institutionnalisme pragmatiste de John Rodgers Commons, mais en portant cette fois notre attention que sur les aspects méthodologiques. À cet effet, nous nous intéresserons aux travaux de Charles Sanders Peirce et à sa méthode de l’« abduction » ainsi qu’à ceux de John Dewey et à son procédé d’« enquête », puisqu’ils ont inspiré Commons dans ses recherches. Nous situerons notamment ces démarches complémentaires en regard des procédés usuels de déduction et d’induction et comme voie alternative à la tradition analytique cartésienne. Nous discuterons du procédé actif d’expérimentation ou de mise à l’épreuve, la causalité circulaire, qui résulte de la mise en application de l’abduction et de l’enquête sociale. Enfin, nous rendrons compte de l’expérience d’enquête de notre thèse de doctorat, inspirée de la méthodologie pragmatiste.
Understanding a submarine eruption through time series hydrothermal plume sampling of dissolved and particulate constituents: West Mata, 2008–2012
Authors: Baumberger Tamara , Lilley Marvin D. , Resing Joseph A. , Lupton John E. , Baker Edward T. , Butterfield David A. , Olson Eric J. , Früh‐Green Gretchen L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFour cruises between 2008 and 2012 monitored the continuing eruption of West Mata volcano in the NE Lau Basin as it produced plumes of chemically altered water above its summit. Although large enrichments in 3He, CO2, Fe, and Mn were observed in the plumes, the most notable enrichment was that of H2, which reached concentrations as high as 14,843 nM. Strongly enriched H2 concentrations in the water column result from reactions between seawater or magmatic water and extremely hot rocks. In 2008, the observation of elevated H2 concentrations in the water column above West Mata pointed to vigorous ongoing eruptions at the volcano's summit. The eruption was confirmed by visual observations made by the ROV Jason 2 in 2009 and demonstrated that H2 measurements are a vital instrument to detect ongoing volcanic eruptions at the seafloor. Elevated H2 in 2010 showed that the eruption was ongoing, although at a reduced level given a maximum H2 concentration of 4410 nM. In 2012, H2 levels in the water column declined significantly, to a maximum of only 7 nM, consistent with visual observations from the Quest‐4000 ROV that found no evidence of an ongoing volcanic eruption. Methane behaved independently of other measured gases and its concentrations in the hydrothermal plume were very low. We attribute its minimal enrichments to a mixture of mantle carbon reduced to CH4 and biological CH4 from diffuse flow sites. This study demonstrates that ongoing submarine volcanic eruptions are characterized by high dissolved H2 concentrations present in the overlying water column.
Observational evidence of electron pitch angle scattering driven by ECH waves
Authors: Kurita Satoshi , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Cully Christopher M. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Contel Olivier Le , Hikishima Mitsuru , Misawa Hiroaki 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUsing the plasma wave and electron data obtained from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms, we show a signature of electron pitch angle scattering driven by Electrostatic Cyclotron Harmonic (ECH) waves in the velocity distribution function (VDF). The diffusion curve of whistler mode waves is used as a proxy to identify changes in VDFs due to wave‐particle interactions. We confirm that the shape of the VDF well agrees with the diffusion curve of whistler mode waves when whistler mode chorus alone is active. On the other hand, we find that the shape of the VDF deviates from the diffusion curves at low pitch angles when ECH waves are active following the inactivation of chorus waves. The result is observational support for electron pitch angle scattering caused by ECH waves and suggests that ECH waves can contribute to generation of diffuse auroras.
Structural control on the nucleation of megathrust earthquakes in the Nankai subduction zone
Authors: Liu Xin , Zhao Dapeng 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTo clarify the causal mechanisms of megathrust earthquakes, we studied the detailed three‐dimensional P and S wave velocities (V), attenuation (Q), and Poisson's ratio (σ) structures of the Nankai subduction zone in southwest Japan, using a large number of high‐quality arrival time and t* data measured precisely from seismograms of local earthquakes. The suboceanic earthquakes used are relocated precisely using sP depth phase and ocean bottom seismometer data. Our results show the existence of two prominent high‐V, high‐Q, and low‐σ patches separated by low‐V, low‐Q, and high‐σ anomalies in the Nankai megathrust zone. Megathrust earthquakes during 1900 to 2013 nucleated in or around the high‐V, high‐Q, and low‐σ patches, which may represent strongly coupled areas (i.e., asperities) in the megathrust zone. Our results indicate that structural heterogeneities in the megathrust zone, such as the subducting seafloor topography and compositional variations, control the nucleation of the Nankai megathrust earthquakes.
Rocket‐triggered lightning propagation paths relative to preceding natural lightning activity and inferred cloud charge
Authors: Pilkey J. T. , Uman M. A. , Hill J. D. , Ngin T. , Gamerota W. R. , Jordan D. M. , Caicedo J. , Hare B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLightning Mapping Array (LMA) data are used to compare the propagation paths of seven rocket‐triggered lightning flashes to the inferred charge structure of the thunderstorms in which they were triggered. This is the first LMA study of Florida thunderstorm charge structure. Three sequentially (within 16 min) triggered lightning flashes, whose initial stages were the subject of Hill et al. (2013), are reexamined by comparing the complete flashes to the preceding natural lightning to demonstrate that the three rocket‐triggered flashes propagated through an inferred negative charge region that decreased from about 6.8 to about 4.4 km altitude as the thunderstorm dissipated. Two other flashes were also sequentially triggered (within 9 min) in a thunderstorm that contained a convectively intense region ahead of a stratiform region, with similar observed results. Finally, two unique cases of triggered lightning flashes are presented. In the first case, the in‐cloud portion of the triggered lightning flash, after ascending to and turning horizontal at 5.3 km altitude, just above the 0°C level, was observed to very clearly resemble the geometry of the in‐cloud portion of the preceding natural lightning discharges. In the second case, a flash was triggered relatively early in the storm's lifecycle that did not turn horizontal near the 0°C level, as is usually the case for triggered lightning in dissipating storms, but ascended to nearly 7.5 km altitude before exhibiting extensive horizontal branching.
Iron clad wetlands: Soil iron‐sulfur buffering determines coastal wetland response to salt water incursion
Authors: Schoepfer Valerie A. , Bernhardt Emily S. , Burgin Amy J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCoastal freshwater wetland chemistry is rapidly changing due to increased frequency of salt water incursion, a consequence of global change. Seasonal salt water incursion introduces sulfate, which microbially reduces to sulfide. Sulfide binds with reduced iron, producing iron sulfide (FeS), recognizable in wetland soils by its characteristic black color. The objective of this study is to document iron and sulfate reduction rates, as well as product formation (acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and chromium reducible sulfide (CRS)) in a coastal freshwater wetland undergoing seasonal salt water incursion. Understanding iron and sulfur cycling, as well as their reduction products, allows us to calculate the degree of sulfidization (DOS), from which we can estimate how long soil iron will buffer against chemical effects of sea level rise. We show that soil chloride, a direct indicator of the degree of incursion, best predicted iron and sulfate reduction rates. Correlations between soil chloride and iron or sulfur reduction rates were strongest in the surface layer (0–3 cm), indicative of surface water incursion, rather than groundwater intrusion at our site. The interaction between soil moisture and extractable chloride was significantly related to increased AVS, whereas increased soil chloride was a stronger predictor of CRS. The current DOS in this coastal plains wetland is very low, resulting from high soil iron content and relatively small degree of salt water incursion. However, with time and continuous salt water exposure, iron will bind with incoming sulfur, creating FeS complexes, and DOS will increase.