bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liver stiffness measurement as an alternative to fibrotic stage in risk assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma incidence for chronic hepatitis C patients
Authors: Wang Hsin‐Ming , Hung Chao‐Hung , Lu Sheng‐Nan , Chen Chien‐Hung , Lee Chuan‐Mo , Hu Tsung‐Hui , Wang Jing‐Houng 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundHepatic fibrosis stage is useful in assessing risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence.AimTo evaluate liver stiffness measurement (LSM), in addition to fibrosis stage, in risk assessment of long‐term HCC occurrence for patients with chronic hepatitis C.Patients and methodsConsecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C, without past history and presence of HCC, with concomitant liver biopsy and LSM were enrolled in this study. All patients attended regular surveillance for HCC development every 3–12 months. The medical records were reviewed. Follow‐up LSM was performed at least 1 year later.ResultsOne hundred and ninety‐eight patients (M/F: 112/86) with reliable LSM results were enrolled. Ten patients developed HCC in a median follow‐up period of 47.8 months. For patients with initial LSM >24 kPa, 12–24 kPa, and <12 kPa, 5‐ year HCC incidence was 45.1%, 9.5% and 0.9% respectively. Multivariate analysis showed patients with LSM>24 kPa and patients with LSM 12–24 kPa had higher risks of HCC development (HR: 24.6, CI: 2.7–220.4 and HR:11.7, CI:1.3–105.2). Patients without sustained virological response after treatment also had higher risk of HCC occurrence (HR: 9.7, CI: 1.1–82.2). Among 106 patients with follow‐up LSM, there was a higher risk of HCC development for patients with LSM>12 kPa in the initial and follow‐up LSM.ConclusionAs an alternative of fibrosis stage, initial LSM is useful as a non‐invasive method in risk assessment of HCC occurrence for patients with chronic hepatitis C. Serial follow‐up LSM>12 kPa carries higher risk of HCC development.
Structural and computational studies of the maleate isomerase from Pseudomonas putidaS16 reveal a breathing motion wrapping the substrate inside
Authors: Chen Duoduo , Tang Hongzhi , Lv Yang , Zhang Zhenyi , Shen Kunlong , Lin Kui , Zhao Yi‐Lei , Wu Geng , Xu Ping 
Published: January 2013

SummaryNicotine is an environmental toxicant in tobacco waste, imposing a serious hazard for human health. Some bacteria including Pseudomonas spp. strains are able to metabolize nicotine to non‐toxic compounds. The pyrrolidine pathway of nicotine degradation in Pseudomonas putida S16 has recently been revealed. The maleate isomerase (Pp‐Iso) catalyses the last step in nicotine degradation of P. putida S16, the cis‐trans isomerization of maleate to fumarate. In this study, we determined the crystal structures of both wild type isomerase by itself and its C200A point mutant in complex with its substrate maleate, to resolutions of 2.95 Å and 2.10 Å respectively. Our structures reveal that Asn17 and Asn169 play critical roles in recognizing the maleate by site‐directed mutants' analysis. Surprisingly, our structure shows that the maleate is completely wrapped inside the isomerase. Examination of the structure prompted us to hypothesize that the β2‐α2 loop and the β6‐α7 loop have a breathing motion that regulates substrate/solvent entry and product departure. Our results of molecular dynamics simulation and enzymatic activity assay are fully consistent with this hypothesis. The isomerase probably uses this breathing motion to prevent the solvent from entering the active site and prohibit unproductive side reactions from happening.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Natural Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolated from a Pig Farm in Yunnan Province, Southwest China
Authors: Yan Yulin , Xin Aiguo , Zhu Gaohong , Huang Hui , Liu Qian , Shao Zhiyong , Zang Yating , Chen Ling , Sun Yongke , Gao Hong 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
YN-2011 is a highly pathogenic North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Unlike previously described PRRSVs, which contained a 30-amino-acid deletion in NS2, YN-2011 had no amino acid deletions or insertions but had several new mutations in NS2. Here, we announce the complete genome sequence of YN-2011.
Phase I Trial of Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara Encoding Epstein–Barr Viral Tumor Antigens in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients
Authors: Hui Edwin P. , Taylor Graham S. , Jia Hui , Ma Brigette B.Y. , Chan Stephen L. , Ho Rosalie , Wong Wai-Lap , Wilson Steven , Johnson Benjamin F. , Edwards Ceri , Stocken Deborah D. , Rickinson Alan B. , Steven Neil M. , Chan Anthony T.C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several malignancies including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a high incidence tumor in Chinese populations, in which tumor cells express the two EBV antigens EB nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2). Here, we report the phase I trial of a recombinant vaccinia virus, MVA-EL, which encodes an EBNA1/LMP2 fusion protein designed to boost T-cell immunity to these antigens. The vaccine was delivered to Hong Kong patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma to determine a safe and immunogenic dose. The patients, all in remission more than 12 weeks after primary therapy, received three intradermal MVA-EL vaccinations at three weekly intervals, using five escalating dose levels between 5 × 107 and 5 × 108 plaque-forming unit (pfu). Blood samples were taken during prescreening, immediately before vaccination, one week afterward and at intervals up to one year later. Immunogenicity was tested by IFN-γ ELIspot assays using complete EBNA1 and LMP2 15-mer peptide mixes and known epitope peptides relevant to patient MHC type. Eighteen patients were treated, three per dose level one to four and six at the highest dose, without dose-limiting toxicity. T-cell responses to one or both vaccine antigens were increased in 15 of 18 patients and, in many cases, were mapped to known CD4 and CD8 epitopes in EBNA1 and/or LMP2. The range of these responses suggested a direct relationship with vaccine dose, with all six patients at the highest dose level giving strong EBNA1/LMP2 responses. We concluded that MVA-EL is both safe and immunogenic, allowing the highest dose to be forwarded to phase II studies examining clinical benefit. Cancer Res; 73(6); 1676–88. ©2012 AACR.
The “Moghul’s Admiral”: Angrian “Piracy” and the Rise of British Bombay
Authors: Layton Simon 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This article explores the political and legal construction of the concept of piracy in British India. By examining the discourses promulgated and policies enacted in the Bombay Presidency in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, it shows how the seemingly paradoxical designation of coastal polities as “piratical states” opened up new paths for imperial domination. Rather than territorial conquest heralding new claims to maritime sovereignty, it was Britain’s piracy strategy that brought about the subordination of a growing number of Indian rulers to the dictates of the Company. This revised perspective recommends a wider rethinking of the role of so-called piracy in European imperial expansion in Asia.
The Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Tracks in the Western North Pacific through Data Mining. Part II: Tropical Cyclone Landfall
Authors: Zhang Wei , Leung Yee , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis is the second paper of a two-part series of papers on the analysis of tropical cyclone (TC) tracks in the western North Pacific Ocean. In this paper, TC landfalls in the South China Sea and western North Pacific basins are investigated through the data-mining approach. On the basis of historical TC archives, the C4.5 algorithm, a classic tree algorithm for classification, has been employed to quantitatively discover rules governing TC landfall. A classification tree, with 14 leaf nodes, has been built. The path from the root node to each leaf node forms a rule. Fourteen rules governing TC landfall across the Chinese coast have been unraveled with respect to the selected attributes having potential influence on TC landfall. The rules are derived by the attributes and splitting values. From the classification tree, split values, such as 27°N latitude, 130°E longitude, 141°E in the west extension index, and 0.289 in the monsoon index have been shown to be useful for TC forecasting. The rules have been justified from the perspective of meteorology and knowledge of TC movement and recurvature (e.g., deep-layer mean winds and large-scale circulation). The research findings are also consistent with existing results concerning TC movement and landfall. Both the unraveled rules and the associated splitting values can provide useful references for the prediction of TC landfall over China.
Fluctuation–Dissipation Supplemented by Nonlinearity: A Climate-Dependent Subgrid-Scale Parameterization in Low-Order Climate Models
Authors: Achatz Ulrich , Löbl Ulrike , Dolaptchiev Stamen I. , Gritsun Andrey 
Published: January 2013

AbstractClimate-system models use a multitude of parameterization schemes for small-scale processes. These should respond to externally forced climate variability in an appropriate manner so as to reflect the response of the parameterized process to a changing climate. The most attractive route to achieve such a behavior would certainly be provided by theoretical understanding sufficiently deep to enable the a priori design of climate-sensitive parameterization schemes. An alternative path might, however, be helpful when the parameter tuning involved in the development of a scheme is objective enough so that these parameters can be described as functions of the statistics of the climate system. Provided that the dynamics of the process in question is sufficiently stochastic, and that the external forcing is not too strong, the fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT) might be a tool to predict from the statistics of a system (e.g., the atmosphere) how an objectively tuned parameterization should respond to external forcing (e.g., by anomalous sea surface temperatures). This problem is addressed within the framework of low-order (reduced) models for barotropic flow on the sphere, based on a few optimal basis functions and using an empirical linear subgrid-scale (SGS) closure. A reduced variant of quasi-Gaussian FDT (rqG-FDT) is used to predict the response of the SGS closure to anomalous local vorticity forcing. At sufficiently weak forcing, use of the rqG-FDT is found to systematically improve the agreement between the response of a reduced model and that of a classic spectral code for the solution of the barotropic vorticity equation.
Lenalidomide reduces survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in primary cocultures by altering the myeloid microenvironment
Authors: Schulz Angela , Dürr Claudia , Zenz Thorsten , Döhner Hartmut , Stilgenbauer Stephan , Lichter Peter , Seiffert Martina 
Published: January 2013

Key PointsLenalidomide treatment of primary CLL/nurse-like cell cocultures resulted in significantly decreased viability of CLL cells. Lenalidomide increased IL-10 levels, activation of STAT1, expression of ICAM-1, and migration-related genes, and reduced CLL cell motility.
The Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, decreases nitrogenous excretion, reduces urea synthesis and suppresses ammonia production during emersion
Authors: Ip Alex Y. K. , Lee Serene M. L. , Wong Wai P. , Chew Shit F. 
Published: January 2013

Summary
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of 6 days of emersion on nitrogen metabolism and excretion in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis. Despite having a soft shell with a cutaneous surface which is known to be water permeable, P. sinensis lost only ~2% of body mass and was able to maintain its hematocrit and plasma osmolality, [Na+] and [Cl-] during 6 days of emersion. During emersion, it ameliorated water loss by reducing urine output, which led to a reduction (by 29-76%) in ammonia excretion. In comparison, there was a more prominent reduction (by 82-99%) in urea excretion during emersion due to a lack of water to flush the buccopharyngeal epithelium, which is known to be the major route of urea excretion. Consequently, emersion resulted in an apparent shift from ureotely to ammonotely in P. sinensis. Although urea concentration increased in several tissues, the excess urea accumulated could only account for 13-22% of the deficit in urea excretion. Hence, it can be concluded that a decrease (~80%) in urea synthesis occurred in P. sinensis during 6 days of emersion. Indeed, emersion led to significant decreases in activities of some ornithine-urea cycle enzymes (argininosuccinate synthetase + argininosuccinate lyase and arginase) from the liver of P. sinensis. Since a decrease in urea synthesis occurred without accumulations of ammonia and total free amino acids, it can be deduced that ammonia production through amino acid catabolism was suppressed with a proportional reduction in proteolysis in P. sinensis during emersion. Indeed, calculated results revealed that there could be a prominent decrease(~88%) in ammonia production in turtles after 6 days of emersion. In summary, despite being ureogenic and ureotelic in water, P. sinensis adopted reduction in ammonia production, instead of increased urea synthesis, as the major strategy to ameliorate ammonia toxicity and problems associated with dehydration during terrestrial exposure.
Enhanced Tumor Targeting and Photocytotoxicity of Folate–Poly(ethylene glycol)–Chlorin Photosensitizer Mediated by Folate Receptor
Authors: Li Donghong , Li Pengxi , Jiang Zonglin , Guo Linfeng 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A targeting and water-soluble photosensitizer folate–PEG–chlorin (I) has been synthesized and characterized. The uptake of conjugate I by HeLa and Hep-2 cells was much higher than the uptake by A549 cells, and can be inhibited by folic acid. Conjugate I exhibited much lower cytotoxicity against HeLa and Hep-2 cells but significant photocytotoxicity. Conjugate I preferentially located in mitochondria of the Hep-2 cells, and conjugate I–PDT induced a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and then the apoptosis of Hep-2 cells.
New Organic Sensitizers with N-Substituted or Nonsubstituted Pyrrole Units for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Hara Masaki , Kondo Daisuke , Shono Tomohiro , Kunugi Yoshihito , Aihara Hidenori 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
New organic dyes with pyrrolic conjugated π spacers have been prepared in combination with a triphenylamine donor and a cyanoacrylic acid acceptor. Various alkyl substituents can be introduced on the nitrogen atom of the pyrrole ring. The dyes are readily adsorbed on TiO2, and the conversion efficiency is over 5% in DSSC.
Acetals of N,N-Dimethylformamides: Ambiphilic Behavior in Converting Carbon Dioxide to Dialkyl Carbonates
Authors: Takada Yuki , Matsuoka Aki , Du Ya , Naka Hiroshi , Saito Susumu 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Carbon dioxide is immobilized into dialkyl carbonate using acetals of N,N-dimethylformamide under atmospheric pressure. No special treatment with tailor-made catalysts is needed. Use of dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent is critical. An ambiphilic mechanism is proposed for the direct synthesis of dialkyl carbonates from acetals and carbon dioxide.
Ein Werkzeug zur automatisierten Flachheitsanalyse nichtlinearer Systeme
Authors: Verhoeven Gregor , Antritter Felix 
Published: January 2013

Zusammenfassung
Die differentielle Flachheit linearer und nichtlinearer Regelsysteme ist eine, auch in der industriellen Anwendung, vielfach erfolgreich für den Steuerungs- und Reglerentwurf ausgenutzte Eigenschaft. Ein offenes Problem ist aber bisher noch immer die Überprüfung auf differentielle Flachheit im Fall nichtlinearer Mehrgrößensysteme. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die von Jean Lévine entwickelten, auch für nichtlineare Mehrgrößensysteme gültigen, notwendigen und hinreichenden Kriterien für differentielle Flachheit vor. Es wird eine Softwareumgebung präsentiert, die die aufwändige Auswertung der Kriterien unterstützt.
Crystal structure of of the supramolecular complex Eu(sal)3phen2, C45H31EuN4O9
Authors: Zhu Wen-Qing , Wang Jin-Ping , Zhang Chao , Xing Xi-Ping 
Published: January 2013

Abstract C45H31EuN4O9, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 17.456(2) Å, b = 12.612(1) Å, c = 23.487(2) Å, β = 131.817(4)°, V = 3853.7 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0241, wRref(F2) = 0.0701, T = 296 K.
Concerning Abolitionism, Black People, and Capoeira in the History of Brazil: Social and Moral (Im)Balances
Authors: Padeski Ferreira Ana Leticia , Wanderley Marchi Júnior 
Published: January 2013

Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss the changes that took place in relation to the peculiarities of Capoeira within Brazilian society. This popular practice, which is considered a martial art, a dance and a game, developed during the 19th century, where it was practiced by individuals from the lower walks of life. Practicing Capoeira was a felony, as it posed a threat to public safety, order, and morality. Presently, it has been upgraded to a Brazilian cultural asset, which shows how the perception of its practice has changed. These changes follow the different views of the historical processes related to abolitionism and the perverse incorporation of blacks into society at that time, which have continued until present time, having undergone significant changes and grown as a valued physical expression
Achieving Income Justice in Professional Sports: Limitation, Taxation, or Donation
Authors: Schweiger Gottfried 
Published: January 2013

Abstract This paper is based on the assumption that the high incomes of some professional sports athletes, such as players in professional leagues in the United States and Europe, pose an ethical problem of social justice. I deal with the questions of what should follow from this evaluation and in which ways those incomes should be regulated. I discuss three different options: a) the idea that the incomes of professional athletes should be limited, b) the idea that they should be vastly taxed by the state, and c) the idea that there is a moral obligation for the athletes to spend portions of their incomes on good causes. I will conclude that in today’s circumstances there are good reasons to advocate both option one (limitation) and option two (taxation), but that priority should be given to taxation.
First records of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) for east-central Canada
Authors: Murillo Henry , Hunt David W.A. , VanLaerhoven Sherah L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSpecimens of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) have been found in different municipalities in southwestern Ontario, Canada since 2008. This nonnative species occurs in tomato and green bean crops where it has the potential of becoming an important insect pest.
Free Vibration Analysis of Nanocomposite Plates Reinforced by Graded Carbon Nanotubes Based on First-Order Shear Deformation Plate Theory
Authors: Mehrabadi S. Jafari , Sobhaniaragh B. , Pourdonya V. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBased on the Mindlin’s first-order shear deformation plate theory this paper focuses on the free vibration behavior of functionally graded nanocomposite plates reinforced by aligned and straight single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The material properties of simply supported functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced (FGCNTR) plates are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction. The effective material properties at a point are estimated by either the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka approach or the extended rule of mixture. Two types of symmetric carbon nanotubes (CNTs) volume fraction profiles are presented in this paper. The equations of motion and related boundary conditions are derived using the Hamilton’s principle. A semi-analytical solution composed of generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method, as an efficient and accurate numerical method, and series solution is adopted to solve the equations of motions. The primary contribution of the present work is to provide a comparative study of the natural frequencies obtained by extended rule of mixture and Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka method. The detailed parametric studies are carried out to study the influences various types of the CNTs volume fraction profiles, geometrical parameters and CNTs volume fraction on the free vibration characteristics of FGCNTR plates. The results reveal that the prediction methods of effective material properties have an insignificant influence of the variation of the frequency parameters with the plate aspect ratio and the CNTs volume fraction.
An Error Analysis for the Finite Element Approximation to the Steady-State Poisson-Nernst-Planck Equations
Authors: Yang Ying , Lu Benzhuo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPoisson-Nernst-Planck equations are a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations consisting of the Nernst-Planck equation and the electrostatic Poisson equation with delta distribution sources, which describe the electrodiffusion of ions in a solvated biomolecular system. In this paper, some error bounds for a piecewise finite element approximation to this problem are derived. Several numerical examples including biomolecular problems are shown to support our analysis.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Halogenation of Aromatic Azo Compounds
Authors: Ma Xian‐Tao , Tian Shi‐Kai 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA highly regioselective halogenation reaction of symmetrical and unsymmetrical aromatic azo compounds has been developed at room temperature or at 50 °C. In the presence of 5 mol% palladium diacetate and 0.5 equiv. of p‐toluenesulfonic acid, a range of symmetrical aromatic azo compounds smoothly undergo monobromination with N‐bromosuccinimide to give the corresponding unsymmetrical aromatic azo compounds in good to excellent yields with >99:1 ortho‐selectivity. This chemistry has been successfully extended to unsymmetrical aromatic azo compounds, whose electron‐richer aryl groups prefer to be monobrominated. Moreover, replacing N‐bromosuccinimide with N‐iodosuccinimide in the reaction allows the synthesis of monoiodinated aromatic azo compounds with >99:1 regioselectivity.
Modelling selective visual attention for autonomous virtual characters
Authors: Kokkinara Elena , Oyekoya Oyewole , Steed Anthony 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTAutonomous virtual characters (AVCs) are becoming more prevalent both for real‐time interaction and also as digital actors in film and TV production. AVCs require believable virtual human animations, accompanied by natural attention generation, and thus the software that controls the AVCs needs to model when and how to interact with the objects and other characters that exist in the virtual environment. This paper models automatic attention behaviour using a saliency model that generates plausible targets for combined gaze and head motions. The model was compared with the default behaviour of the Second Life (SL) system in an object observation scenario while it was compared with real actors' behaviour in a conversation scenario. Results from a study run within the SL system demonstrate a promising attention model that is not just believable and realistic but also adaptable to varying task, without any prior knowledge of the virtual scene. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.