bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of treatment of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum) eggs with 1,3;1,6‐β‐D‐glucans on their development and susceptibility to Saprolegnia infection
Authors: Kiseleva M , Balabanova L , Elyakova L , Rasskazov V , Zvyagintseva T 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effects of six 1,3;1,6‐β‐D‐glucooligo‐ and polysaccharides with different structures (ranging from 1 to 10 kDa in molecular mass and containing 10–25% of β‐1,6‐linked glucose residues) from brown algae, Saccharina cichorioides, on development of the chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), were evaluated. Exposure of chum salmon eggs to 1,3;1,6‐β‐D‐glucans with a molecular mass of more than 2 kDa increased the survival of embryos and juveniles and their resistance to Saprolegnia infection by up to 2.5‐fold, leading to a weight gain in juveniles of 40–55% compared with The control chum salmons. The 1,3;1,6‐β‐D‐glucans with molecular mass of 6–8 kDa and used at a at concentration of 0.5 mg mL−1 rendered the best stimulative effect.
Comparison of the Contents of Bioactive Compounds and Quality Parameters in Selected Mango Cultivars
Authors: Sellamuthu Periyar Selvam , Denoya Gabriela Inés , Sivakumar Dharini , Polenta Gustavo Alberto , Soundy Puffy 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMango cultivars Tommy Atkins, Zill, Peach, Sabre, Rosa and Phiva were analyzed for their quality parameters (fruit weight, flesh color chroma, L, h0, total soluble solid [TSS]/titratable acidity [TA], firmness), bioactive compounds (total phenols, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. Cv. Sabre showed highest total phenolic content (76.43 mg gallic acid/100 g FW), carotenoids (9.90 mg/100 g of FW), ascorbic acid content (69.71 mg/100 g of FW) and antioxidant activity (1.2 mg of gallic acid/g of FW), whereas cv. Peach mango contained lower bioactive compounds. Multivariate principal component analysis analysis showed higher concentration of bioactive compounds in cv. Sabre mango, whereas cv. Tommy Atkins was firm and heavier. Cv. Rosa and Phiva were moderately rich in bioactive compounds and lower in fruit weight and firmness, whereas cv. Peach was higher in TSS/ TA. The PPO activity was higher in cvs. Rosa and Zill.Practical ApplicationsThe variability in the quality parameters and bioactive components in five different mango cultivars was investigated. The results of this study provide valuable information to growers, distributors and consumers in selecting cultivars that are rich in bioactive components to consume as fresh fruit. Different cultivars were also identified for specific processing operations based on their quality parameters.
Changes of Nutritional and Physical Quality Characteristics during Storage of Osmotic Pretreated Apple before Hot Air Drying and Sensory Evaluation
Authors: Aktas T. , Ulger P. , Daglioglu F. , Hasturk F. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe aim of this research was to increase the application of different osmotic dehydration solutions to decrease the drying time, and decrease the loss of quality after drying and during storage of apples. Sucrose and trehalose solutions with 20 and 50 Brix concentrations were applied. Drying experiments were performed at 50, 60 and 70C using a hot air dryer. Changes in color, water activity, vitamin C, dry matter, total phenol content and mechanical properties were determined with 3‐month intervals. Trehalose pretreatments, especially with 50 Brix concentration, generally decreased the drying time. Trehalose pretreatment with 20 Brix had better effects on quality characteristics. Texture of the samples pretreated using 50 Brix sucrose and trehalose stayed more stable just after drying. Lowest change in puncture force was found in 50 Brix trehalose‐treated samples even after 12 months. Samples pretreated using 20 Brix trehalose had the higher preference by the panelists.Practical ApplicationsApple drying is rather important because of large production capacity in the world. For reducing quality losses and the cost, osmotic pretreatments and then using cabin or tunnel dryers, which are based on hot air circulating, have been widely used. Usually sucrose, dextrin, glucose have been used for osmotic dehydration implementations to fruits like apple, kiwi and mango, until now. Sucrose implementation is the most successful for fruits and therefore it has widest usage in fruit processing. But there are many disadvantages of using sucrose like caramelization and changes in flavor and viscosity. Our previous research showed that trehalose has rather good effects to improve the quality of dried vegetables such as carrot and potato. The results of this research can also serve as a valuable resource to further researches for utilization of alternative osmotic materials such as trehalose similar to our research to decrease negative effects of drying process.
Numerical simulation of potential inundation in a coastal zone
Authors: Chen C.‐N. , Tsai C.‐H. , Wu M.‐H. , Tsai C.‐T. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this study, the physiographic inundation model that comprehensively accounts for the physical process of overland flow due to heavy rainfall and typhoon‐induced storm surge was applied to describe potential inundation in a coastal zone. A comparative study was first conducted to validate the model; the simulated results excellently agree with the field measurement concerning inundated depth and area during Typhoons Haitang and Kalmaegi. The model was then applied to calculate the corresponding potential inundation, inundated area, and inundated risk in a flood‐prone coastal zone under design rainfall of seven return periods (2‐year, 5‐year, 10‐year, 20‐year, 50‐year, 100‐year, and 200‐year) and the given hydrograph of storm surge. The simulated result indicates that 7.59% of the study area is under flooding when the return period is 2‐year and the ratio increases to 10.16% when the return period is 200‐year. Moreover, the ratio of the inundated area where the inundated depth is greater than 1 m to the total inundated area increases with an increase in the return period. It can be also found that more severe inundation arises in the lagoon and estuary together with both sides of tidal reach of rivers which also have higher inundated depth and risk.
Multistep‐ahead flood forecasts by neuro‐fuzzy networks with effective rainfall–run‐off patterns
Authors: Chang F.J. , Chiang Y.M. , Ho Y.H. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to construct a multistep‐ahead flood forecasting model based on the precise information of the rainfall‐runoff process in a watershed during typhoon events through neuro‐fuzzy networks. To achieve this goal, the nonparametric Kendall trend test was implemented for identifying appropriate rainfall lag times, and then the multistep‐ahead flood forecasting was carried out by the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)‐based hydrological models with different input combinations. Hydrological data collected during 13 typhoon events in the Shihmen Reservoir watershed of Taiwan were used to train and validate the forecasting models. Results reveal that rainfall and inflow had similar patterns with a time shift of 5 up to 7 h, and the ANFIS‐based model with inputs that involved effective time‐delayed rainfall identified by the Kendall trend test performed better than the other comparative models. Results demonstrate that accurate inflow forecasts can be achieved up to a lead time of 5 h, which is very valuable information on real‐time reservoir operation for flood control.
Isolation, Identification and Virulence Gene Profiling of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Retail Doner Kebabs, Iran
Authors: Hosseini Hedayat , Jamshidi Abdollah , Basssami Mohammad Reza , Khaksar Ramin , Zeynali Tayebe , Mousavi Khaneghah Amin , Khanzadi Saeid 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMost illnesses caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been associated with eating undercooked, contaminated meat. In this study, a number of 200 cooked beef doner kebab samples from different restaurants across cities of Tehran and Mashhad were analyzed. After enrichment, selective plating and biochemical tests, the DNA from suspected colonies were extracted. Three multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to confirm the isolates as E. coli O157:H7 and the presence of virulence factors were performed. Specific primers for cH7 and rfbO157 genes in the first and for stx1 and stx2 genes in the second m‐PCR were used. The third m‐PCR performed using specific primers for eaeA and EhlyA genes. From 25 nonsorbitol‐fermenting isolates, 21 isolates confirmed as E. coli O157:H7. The results of third m‐PCR showed 12 isolates harboring the EhlyA gene, three isolates the eaeA gene and three isolates harboring both the EhlyA and eaeA genes.Practical ApplicationsThe presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cooked beef doner kebabs could be considered a serious public health hazard. These three multiplex PCR assay are a suitable method for rapid identification of E. coli O157:H7 virulence genes.
Identification of novel human kinases that suppress hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Lee A. , Liu S. , Wang T. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThe human kinome includes between 500 and 600 known kinases and open reading frames (ORFs) that play key roles in regulating many cellular processes. Past studies adopting loss‐of‐function approaches have identified some kinases whose activities are required for hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle. Here, by screening a retroviral cDNA library of 192 active human kinases, we found that three of them, namely cyclin‐dependent kinases regulatory subunit 1 (CKS1B), mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 5 (MAP2K5) and protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons 1 (PACSIN1), potently suppressed HCV infection. The expression of these kinases did not induce the production of type I interferon (IFN) and interferon‐stimulated genes (ISGs); instead, they inhibited HCV at postentry stages. Specifically, CKS1B and MAP2K5 significantly inhibited viral RNA replication. PACSIN1, by contrast, inhibited HCV infection by decreasing the level of HCV p7. Altogether, the identification of human protein kinases that exert an anti‐HCV activity highlighted the potential of combating HCV infection by activating specific kinase‐mediated pathways, offering an alternative strategy of treatment.
New insights in the ϕ29 terminal protein DNA‐binding and host nucleoid localization functions
Authors: Holguera Isabel , Redrejo‐Rodríguez Modesto , Salas Margarita , Muñoz‐Espín Daniel 
Published: November 2013

SummaryProtein‐primed DNA replication constitutes a strategy to initiate viral DNA synthesis in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Although the main function of viral terminal proteins (TPs) is to provide a free hydroxyl group to start initiation of DNA replication, there are compelling evidences that TPs can also play other biological roles. In the case of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage ϕ29, the N‐terminal domain of the TP organizes viral DNA replication at the bacterial nucleoid being essential for an efficient phage DNA replication, and it contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that is functional in eukaryotes. Here we provide information about the structural properties of the ϕ29 TP N‐terminal domain, which possesses sequence‐independent DNA‐binding capacity, and dissect the amino acid residues important for its biological function. By mutating all the basic residues of the TP N‐terminal domain we identify the amino acids responsible for its interaction with the B. subtilis genome, establishing a correlation between the capacity of DNA‐binding and nucleoid localization of the protein. Significantly, these residues are important to recruit the DNA polymerase at the bacterial nucleoid and, subsequently, for an efficient phage DNA replication.
Dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum mimicking syphilid: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Tan Yongfang , Lin Liangbao , Feng Peiying , Lai Wei 
Published: November 2013

SummaryA 56‐year‐old man who was under chemotherapy presented with a 2‐week history of erythema on the left palm, soles, glans penis and the foreskin with no itching and pain. Initially syphilid was suspected. However, both toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST) and treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA) were negative. Microscopy showed hyphae in all sites and skin culture revealed Trichophyton rubrum infection, consistent with the diagnosis of tinea infection. He was cured with oral terbinafine for 2 weeks. We report here a case of tinea incognito caused by T. rubrum mimicking syphilid and review the literature.
Investigating the predictive validity of an emergency department mental health triage tool
Authors: Sands Natisha , Elsom Stephen , Berk Michael , Hosking Jennifer , Prematunga Roshani , Gerdtz Marie 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEmergency department mental health triage is a complex clinical task for which the evidence base is minimal. Research in the past decade has consistently identified issues associated with the accuracy and consistency of mental health triage assessment. In this study, we investigated the predictive validity of the clinical descriptors in the Victorian Emergency Department Mental Health Triage Tool. Using a naturalistic, retrospective study design, an audit of the emergency department triage database was undertaken on 12 months of continuous data for all mental health presentations (n = 1718). The main outcome measure was urgency categorization. The study findings indicate that triage nurses can accurately identify the urgency of mental health presentations using defined clinical criteria. A significant finding was that patients with acute psychotic symptoms were more likely to be triaged as high urgency (code 2); however, the Australasian Triage Scale, in use in all Australian and many international emergency departments, provides no mental health‐specific descriptors in high‐urgency categories (1 and 2).
RuBPCase activase (RCA) mediates growth–defense trade‐offs: silencing RCA redirects jasmonic acid (JA) flux from JA‐isoleucine to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to attenuate induced defense responses in Nicotiana attenuata
Authors: Mitra Sirsha , Baldwin Ian T. 
Published: November 2013

Summary

RuBPCase activase (RCA), an abundant photosynthetic protein, is strongly down‐regulated in response to Manduca sexta's oral secretion (OS) in Nicotiana attenuata. RCA‐silenced plants are impaired not only in photosynthetic capacity and growth, but also in jasmonic acid‐isoleucine (JA‐Ile) signaling, and herbivore resistance mediated by JA‐Ile‐dependent defense traits. These responses are consistent with a resource‐based growth–defense trade‐off.

As JA + Ile supplementation of OS restored wild‐type (WT) levels of JA‐Ile, defenses and resistance to M. sexta, but OS supplemented individually with JA or Ile did not, the JA‐Ile deficiency of RCA‐silenced plants could not be attributed to lower JA or Ile pools or JAR4/6 conjugating activity. Similar levels of JA‐Ile derivatives after OS elicitation indicated unaltered JA‐Ile turnover, and lower levels of other JA conjugates ruled out competition from other conjugation reactions. RCA‐silenced plants accumulated more methyl jasmonate (MeJA) after OS elicitation, which corresponded to increased jasmonate methyltransferase (JMT) activity.

RCA silencing phenocopies JMT overexpression, wherein elevated JMT activity redirects OS‐elicited JA flux towards inactive MeJA, creating a JA sink which depletes JA‐Ile and its associated defense responses.

Hence, RCA plays an additional non‐photosynthetic role in attenuating JA‐mediated defenses and their associated costs, potentially allowing plants to anticipate resource‐based constraints on growth before they actually occur.
The grapevine flagellin receptor VvFLS2 differentially recognizes flagellin‐derived epitopes from the endophytic growth‐promoting bacterium Burkholderia phytofirmans and plant pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Trdá Lucie , Fernandez Olivier , Boutrot Freddy , Héloir Marie‐Claire , Kelloniemi Jani , Daire Xavier , Adrian Marielle , Clément Christophe , Zipfel Cyril , Dorey Stéphan , Poinssot Benoit 
Published: November 2013

Summary

The role of flagellin perception in the context of plant beneficial bacteria still remains unclear. Here, we characterized the flagellin sensing system flg22–FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) in grapevine, and analyzed the flagellin perception in the interaction with the endophytic plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Burkholderia phytofirmans.

The functionality of the grapevine FLS2 receptor, VvFLS2, was demonstrated by complementation assays in the Arabidopsis thaliana fls2 mutant, which restored flg22‐induced H2O2 production and growth inhibition. Using synthetic flg22 peptides from different bacterial origins, we compared recognition specificities between VvFLS2 and AtFLS2.

In grapevine, flg22‐triggered immune responses are conserved and led to partial resistance against Botrytis cinerea. Unlike flg22 peptides derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Xanthomonas campestris, flg22 peptide derived from B. phytofirmans triggered only a small oxidative burst, weak and transient defense gene induction and no growth inhibition in grapevine. Although, in Arabidopsis, all the flg22 epitopes exhibited similar biological activities, the expression of VvFLS2 into the fls2 background conferred differential flg22 responses characteristic for grapevine.

These results demonstrate that VvFLS2 differentially recognizes flg22 from different bacteria, and suggest that flagellin from the beneficial PGPR B. phytofirmans has evolved to evade this grapevine immune recognition system.
Developments in the correction of presbyopia I: spectacle and contact lenses
Authors: Charman W. Neil 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurposeTo outline the refractive problems associated with presbyopia and to review the basis and relative merits of currently‐available methods for their correction, with detailed consideration of spectacle and contact lens approaches.ContentsIn the developed world, most of the present population will spend roughly half their lives as presbyopes. The well‐known presbyopic changes with age in amplitude of accommodation and required near addition are briefly reviewed, together with the less widely acknowledged slow drifts that occur in distance refraction. The desirability of restoring to presbyopes clear vision for objects at any distance, ideally corresponding to vergences within the range of at least 0 to −5 D, in any viewing direction, is stressed. A general outline is given of possible corrective methods. Methods which satisfy the needs of a 50 year‐old may not be suitable for the 80 year‐old. Corrections may involve both fixed‐ and variable‐focus lens systems, and surgical methods which modify the optics of the cornea, replace the crystalline lens with different fixed optics, or attempt to at least partially restore active accommodation. Some more recent methods of spectacle and contact lens correction are described in more detail. Particular attention is given to recent commercially‐developed spectacles in which the corrective power can be varied actively by either mechanical (liquid‐filled deformable lenses or Alvarez lenses) or electrical (liquid crystal lenses) means to allow objects at different distances to be seen clearly. Contact lens corrections show less progress and are still preferred only by a minority of older patients, most of whom are early presbyopes.SummaryThe rising proportion of presbyopes in the population, covering an age span of around 40 years, represents both a problem for those concerned with giving their patients the best vision possible at both far and near viewing distances and a commercial opportunity. Traditional single‐vision distance and near, bifocal, and progressive spectacle lens solutions, together with contact lens modalities for presbyopic correction, are being challenged by a variety of new approaches. It remains to be seen whether the latter will receive wide acceptance in practice.
Patterns of macroevolution through the Phanerozoic
Authors: Seilacher Adolf 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEvolution is seen as a future‐blind process driven by ecology. At geological time scales (macroevolution), complex ecosystems (including parasites) have caused periods of relative stasis, while evolutionary change may be fostered by two kinds of exceptional situation: (1) after an extinction event, the availability of open niches gave innovative groups the chance to gain ecologic power; (2) a climatically controlled Golden Age before the event allowed Darwinian optimization to exceed the constructional limits of established bauplans. Increasing specialization, however, automatically raised the vulnerability towards biologically unforeseeable events, because niches become narrower, and conservative (plesiomorphic) features happen to become fatal ‘Achilles’ heels’ under unusual conditions. The interplay between Darwinian diversification and extinctional counter‐evolution results in cascading clade histories that resemble individual life cycles without any teleonomic underpinnings.
Crossing the boundary: an elasmobranch fauna from Stevns Klint, Denmark
Authors: Adolfssen Jan S. , Ward David J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe chondrichthyan faunas from the Danish Maastrichtian chalk and the K/T boundary clay, the Fiskeler, are described for the first time. The rich and diverse fauna discovered in the late Maastrichtian chalk experienced a massive drop in diversity prior to the boundary. However, the fauna started to recover immediately after the deposition of the impact layer during earliest Danian times and had regained much of its diversity during the first few millennia after the bolide impact. Precision sampling has made it possible to document the recovery of the fauna, which did not suffer an extinction event of the same magnitude, as apparently observed in Morocco. At Stevns Klint, only 33 per cent of the chondrichthyan fauna became extinct compared with the 96 per cent in Morocco. The drop in diversity before the boundary is attributed to a sudden change in sea level. Among the sharks found in the chalk and Fiskeler are rare species such as Parasquatina and Echinorhinus and the first representative of Nebrius in Europe.