bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of the STING Adaptor Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalitis
Authors: Lemos Henrique , Huang Lei , Chandler Phillip R. , Mohamed Eslam , Souza Guilherme R. , Li Lingqian , Pacholczyk Gabriela , Barber Glen N. , Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Munn David H. , Mellor Andrew L. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Cytosolic DNA sensing activates the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) adaptor to induce IFN type I (IFN-αβ) production. Constitutive DNA sensing to induce sustained STING activation incites tolerance breakdown, leading to autoimmunity. In this study, we show that systemic treatments with DNA nanoparticles (DNPs) induced potent immune regulatory responses via STING signaling that suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) when administered to mice after immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), at EAE onset, or at peak disease severity. DNP treatments attenuated infiltration of effector T cells into the CNS and suppressed innate and adaptive immune responses to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunization in spleen. Therapeutic responses were not observed in mice treated with cargo DNA or cationic polymers alone, indicating that DNP uptake and cargo DNA sensing by cells with regulatory functions was essential for therapeutic responses to manifest. Intact STING and IFN-αβ receptor genes, but not IFN-γ receptor genes, were essential for therapeutic responses to DNPs to manifest. Treatments with cyclic diguanylate monophosphate to activate STING also delayed EAE onset and reduced disease severity. Therapeutic responses to DNPs were critically dependent on IDO enzyme activity in hematopoietic cells. Thus, DNPs and cyclic diguanylate monophosphate attenuate EAE by inducing dominant T cell regulatory responses via the STING/IFN-αβ/IDO pathway that suppress CNS-specific autoimmunity. These findings reveal dichotomous roles for the STING/IFN-αβ pathway in either stimulating or suppressing autoimmunity and identify STING-activating reagents as a novel class of immune modulatory drugs.
Cathepsins Limit Macrophage Necroptosis through Cleavage of Rip1 Kinase
Authors: McComb Scott , Shutinoski Bojan , Thurston Susan , Cessford Erin , Kumar Kriti , Sad Subash 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
It has recently been shown that programmed necrosis, necroptosis, may play a key role in the development of inflammation. Deciphering the regulation of this pathway within immune cells may therefore have implications in pathology associated with inflammatory diseases. We show that treatment of macrophages with the pan caspase inhibitor (zVAD-FMK) results in both increased phosphorylation and decreased cleavage of receptor interacting protein kinase-1 (Rip1), leading to necroptosis that is dependent on autocrine TNF signaling. Stimulation of cells with TLR agonists such as LPS in the presence of zVAD-FMK also induced Rip1-phosphorylation via a TNFR-independent mechanism. Further examination of Rip1 expression under these stimulatory conditions revealed a regulatory cleavage of Rip1 in macrophages that is not apparently attributable to caspase-8. Instead, we provide novel evidence that cysteine family cathepsins, which are highly abundant in myeloid cells, can also cleave Rip1 kinase. Using small interfering RNA knockdown, specific cathepsin inhibitors, and cell-free cleavage assays, we demonstrate that cysteine cathepsins B and S can directly cleave Rip1. Finally, we demonstrate that only through combined inhibition of cathepsins and caspase-8 could a potent induction of macrophage necroptosis be achieved. These data reveal a novel mechanism of regulation of necroptosis by cathepsins within macrophage cells.
LA ESTRUCTURA DEL RODAL Y LA FUNCIÓN ECOLÓGICA DEL ARBOLADO EN EL PARQUE CIRCUNDANTE DE HEFEI, PROVINCIA DE ANHUI, CHINA
Authors: Jianan Wang , Zemin Wu , Yuan Wang , Hui Liu 
Published: May 2014

El Parque Circundante de la ciudad de Hefei tiene características típicas de bosque urbano. En este investigación se utilizan métodos de ecología de la vegetación para analizar la estructura de la comunidad del parque. La composición de especies, la distribución de alturas de los árboles y el DAP (diámetro a la altura del pecho) fueron descritos. Existen 27,662 árboles en el área de estudio, la cual tiene un área de bosque urbano de 42.5 hm2. El DAP promedio fue de 19.2 cm, la densidad en pie fue de 651 árboles·hm2 y el área basal promedio fue de 20.8 m2·hm-2. Con base en la evaluación, los árboles en el parque cuentan con buena salud, pues representaron 53.4 % del total del bosque urbano. Las estructuras de la comunidad fueron analizadas a través del cálculo del índice de crecimiento de los árboles y la correlación de asociación de las especies componentes en el parque. Los resultados muestran que las estructuras de la comunidad en el parque son complejas; existen 22 pares de especies con asociación positiva y, en las siguientes comunidades, los individuos tienen buen crecimiento y son más estables, incluyendo principalmente Platycladus orientalis-Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea-Osmanthus fragrans, Robinia pseudoacacia-Ligustrum lucidum, R. pseudoacacia-Ginkgo biloba-Photinia serrulata, Populus canadensis-L. lucidum-O. fragrans, Sophora japonica-L. lucidum-Buxus sinica, Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Distylium racemosum.
DESARROLLO DE PLÁNTULAS DE HUIZACHE (Acacia farnesiana) EN SUSTRATOS CON VERMICOMPOST
Authors: Moreno-Reséndez Alejandro , Solís-Morales Guadalupe , Blanco-Contreras Eduardo , Vásquez-Arroyo Jesús , Guzmán-Cedillo Luz M. P. , Rodríguez-Dimas Norma , Figueroa-Viramontes Uriel 
Published: May 2014

Se estudió el efecto del vermicompost, como parte del sustrato de crecimiento, sobre el desarrollo de plántulas de huizache (Acacia farnesiana) colocadas bajo un sombreador rústico construido a base de carrizo, durante un periodo de 240 días. Se evaluaron cinco mezclas de vermicompostarena con proporciones: 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 y 50:50 (% volumen) y como testigo se utilizó suelo natural de la zona donde los huizaches se desarrollan. Las semillas para producir las plántulas se obtuvieron de la zona donde se desarrollan los huizaches. Los tratamientos se repitieron 30 veces y de cada uno se cosecharon cinco plántulas para evaluar la altura, diámetro de tallo, número de ramificaciones, peso fresco y peso seco. El efecto de los tratamientos se determinó mediante un diseño completamente al azar y se aplicó la prueba de comparación de medias DMS(5 %). El desarrollo del huizache en los diferentes sustratos no fue uniforme. Las variables presentaron las respuestas más sobresalientes con la mezcla vermicompost-arena 10:90, por lo que se puede concluir que el vermicompost, en baja concentración, favoreció el desarrollo de A. farnesiana.
CONTENIDO MINERAL Y DE CLOROFILA DE LA HEMIPARÁSITA Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC) G. Don Y DE CUATRO DE SUS ÁRBOLES HOSPEDEROS
Authors: Raya-Pérez J. Carlos , Ramírez-Pimentel J. Gabriel , Covarrubias-Prieto Jorge , Acevedo-Lara Bryan , Aguirre-Mancilla César 
Published: May 2014

Se colectaron hojas de la planta hemiparásita Psittacanthus calyculatus y de sus árboles hospederos Salix taxifolia, Ulmus divaricate, Fraxinus uhdei y Prosopis laevigata, con el objetivo de conocer y comparar los contenidos de Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, clorofila y proteína. Los análisis se realizaron con un microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM) equipado con una sonda dispersiva de rayos X (EDS). Los resultados mostraron que la hemiparásita acumuló más K (al menos dos veces más) que sus hospederos, lo que indica que usa un mecanismo activo para lograr esta acumulación. De acuerdo con el análisis estadístico (P = 0.05), U. divaricate es la especie que acumula más S, Si y Ca. El contenido de Mg también fue mayor en U. divaricate, pero fue estadísticamente similar (P = 0.05) que en la hemiparásita. El contenido de P fue similar (P = 0.05) tanto en P. calyculatus como en sus hospederos. Fraxinus uhdei acumuló más C que el resto de las especies. El contenido de clorofila fue mayor en F. uhdei y S. taxifolia, mientras que P. laevigata tuvo el contenido más bajo. Las hojas de P. calyculatus tuvieron alto contenido de proteína (21 %).
Goose`s eggshell strength at compressive loading
Authors: Nedomová Šárka , Buchar Jaroslav , Strnková Jana 
Published: May 2014

The paper deals with the study of the goose eggs behaviour under compressive loading between two plates using testing device TIRATEST. The influences of the loading orientation as well as the effect of compressive velocity are studied. 226 eggs from Landes geese were chosen for the experiment. Eggs have been loaded between their poles and in the equator plane. Five different compressive velocities (0.0167, 0.167, 0.334, 1.67 and 5 mm.s-1) were used. The increase in rupture force with loading rate was observed for loading in all direction (along main axes). Dependence of the rupture force on loading rate was quantifies and described. The highest rupture force was obtained when the eggs were loaded along their axes of symmetry (X-axis). Compression in the equator plane (along the Z-axis) required the least compressive force to break the eggshells. The eggshell strength was described by the rupture force, specific rupture deformation and by the absorbed energy. The rupture force is highly dependent on compression speeds. The dependence of the rupture force on the compression velocity can be described by a power function. The same is valid for the rate dependence of the energy absorbed by the egg up to the fracture. The rate sensitivity of the Goose's eggshells strength is significantly higher than that reported for the hen's eggs
The effect of yucca on proliferation, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis of porcine ovarian granulosa cells
Authors: Štochmaľová Aneta , Kadasi Attila , Alexa Richard , Grossman Roland , Sirotkin Alexander 
Published: May 2014

Yucca shidigera is a medicinal plant native to Mexico. Is a plant widely used in folk medicine to treat a variety of ailmentary disorders, but its action on reproductive processes and possible mechanisms of such action remains unknown. Yucca schidigera extract contains a number of steroidal saponins that, because of their biological activity, have attracted attention from the food industry for many years. Yucca extract is used as a natural feed additive with positive effect to microflora, digestion, metabolism and to improve animal muscle growth. Its extract has been used as a foodstuff and folk medicine to treat a wide variety of diseases for many years. Nevertheless, it remaines unknown, whether consumption of yucca can affect reproductive system. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of yucca on basic ovarian cell functions - proliferation, apoptosis and steroidogenesis. Porcine ovarian granulosa cells were cultured with and without yucca extract (added at doses 0; 1; 10 and 100 μg.mL-1 of medium). Markers of proliferation (% of PCNA-positive cells) and apoptosis (% cells containing bax) were analysed by immunocytochemistry. Release of steroid hormones (progesterone and testosterone) was measured by EIA. It was observed, that addition of yucca inhibited proliferation (expression of PCNA), increased apoptosis (expression of bax), stimulated progesterone and inhibited testosterone release. The ability of yucca to reduce ovarian cell proliferation, to promote ovarian cell apoptosis and affect steroidogenesis demonstrates the direct influence of yucca on female gonads. Furthermore, our observations suggest the multiple sites of action (proliferation, apoptosis, steroidogenesis) of yucca on porcine ovarian cell functions. It is not to be excluded, that consumption of yucca can suppress female reproductive functions.
Production of enterotoxins of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from samples of sheep milk
Authors: Zigo František , Vasiľ Milan , Elečko Juraj , Lapin Martin , Farkašova Zuzana 
Published: May 2014

In our study was followed occurrence of mastitis in herd of 430 sheep of breed zoslachtena valaska with hand milking technology examined two times during one lactation season. Individual examination consisted from clinical examination of udder and microbiological examination of milk samples. By PCR was determined presence of genes coding production of enterotoxins, and by ELISA methods production individual types of enterotoxins. From individual forms of mastitis were frequently detected subacute (6.7%), subclinical (5.7%) and acute (2.9%). The coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were identified in 102 (65.4%) from all 156 positive isolates. The CNS and S. aureus caused subacute (5.1%), subclinical (3.9%) and acute (2.4%) forms of mastitis. The most frequently isolated were S. epidermidis, followed by S. chromogenes and S. xylosus from ewes with subacute and subclinical mastitis. From acute and chronical forms of mastitis were predominantly isolated S. aureus, S. uberis and S. epidermidis. The production of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) - SEA, SEB, SEC, SED and the presence of genes sec (3), sea (2), seb (2) and sed (2) were determined in S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. schleiferi and S. chromogenes, respectively. The results suggested on the high occurrence (12.4%) of subacute and subclinical forms. Confirmed production of enterotoxins and presence of genes coding their production present a risk for human health and decreased a quality of milk and products from sheep´s milk.
assignFAST: An Autosuggest based tool for FAST Subject Assignment
Authors: Bennett Rick , O'Neill Edward T. , Kammerer Kerre 
Published: May 2014

Subject assignment is really a three-phase task. The first phase is intellectual—reviewing the material and determining its topic. The second phase is more mechanical, identifying the correct subject heading(s). The final phase is retyping or cutting and pasting the heading(s) into the cataloging interface along with any diacritics, and potentially correcting formatting and subfield coding. If authority control is available in the interface, some of these tasks may be automated or partially automated.
A cataloger with a reasonable knowledge of FAST[i],[ii] or even LCSH[iii] can quickly get to the proper heading, but usually needs to confirm the final details—was it plural? Am I thinking of an alternate form? Is it inverted? Etc. This often requires consulting the full authority file interface. assignFAST is a Web service that consolidates the entire second phase of the manual process of subject assignment for FAST subjects into a single step based on autosuggest technology.

[i] Chan, Lois Mai and Edward T. O'Neill. FAST: Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, Prnciples and Applications Libraries Unlimited, Santa Barbara, 2010.http://lu.com/showbook.cfm?isbn=9781591587224.

[ii] OCLC Research Activities associated with FAST are summarized at http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/fast/

[iii] Chan, Lois M. Library of Congress Subject Headings : Principles and Application: Principles and Application. Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited, 2005.
Quel avenir pour la banque universelle? Une analyse empirique appliquée à la zone euro
Authors: Labye Agnès 
Published: May 2014

Le modèle de banque universelle, caractérisé notamment par sa profitabilité en périodes de prospérité, est aujourd’hui remis en cause en raison de la contribution de certains intermédiaires financiers à l’instabilité financière.
Dans cette perspective, cet article vise d’une part à faire une présentation synthétique des principales caractéristiques du modèle de banque universelle en Europe tout en faisant ressortir des spécificités nationales et d’autre part à faire une analyse des arguments favorables et défavorables au maintien du modèle. Enfin, il propose une réflexion sur son avenir et sur les améliorations possibles à y apporter.
Sources, sinks, and transatlantic transport of North African dust aerosol: A multimodel analysis and comparison with remote sensing data
Authors: Kim Dongchul , Chin Mian , Yu Hongbin , Diehl Thomas , Tan Qian , Kahn Ralph A. , Tsigaridis Kostas , Bauer Susanne E. , Takemura Toshihiko , Pozzoli Luca , Bellouin Nicolas , Schulz Michael , Peyridieu Sophie , Chédin Alain , Koffi Brigitte 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study evaluates model‐simulated dust aerosols over North Africa and the North Atlantic from five global models that participated in the Aerosol Comparison between Observations and Models phase II model experiments. The model results are compared with satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), and Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor, dust optical depth (DOD) derived from MODIS and MISR, AOD and coarse‐mode AOD (as a proxy of DOD) from ground‐based Aerosol Robotic Network Sun photometer measurements, and dust vertical distributions/centroid height from Cloud Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder satellite AOD retrievals. We examine the following quantities of AOD and DOD: (1) the magnitudes over land and over ocean in our study domain, (2) the longitudinal gradient from the dust source region over North Africa to the western North Atlantic, (3) seasonal variations at different locations, and (4) the dust vertical profile shape and the AOD centroid height (altitude above or below which half of the AOD is located). The different satellite data show consistent features in most of these aspects; however, the models display large diversity in all of them, with significant differences among the models and between models and observations. By examining dust emission, removal, and mass extinction efficiency in the five models, we also find remarkable differences among the models that all contribute to the discrepancies of model‐simulated dust amount and distribution. This study highlights the challenges in simulating the dust physical and optical processes, even in the best known dust environment, and stresses the need for observable quantities to constrain the model processes.
Aerosols in the convective boundary layer: Shortwave radiation effects on the coupled land‐atmosphere system
Authors: Barbaro Eduardo , de Arellano Jordi Vilà‐Guerau , Ouwersloot Huug G. , Schröter Joel S. , Donovan David P. , Krol Maarten C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBy combining observations and numerical simulations, we investigated the responses of the surface energy budget and the convective boundary layer (CBL) dynamics to the presence of aerosols. A detailed data set containing (thermo)dynamic observations at CESAR (Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research) and aerosol information from the European Integrated Project on Aerosol, Cloud, Climate, and Air Quality Interactions was employed to design numerical experiments reproducing two typical clear‐sky days, each characterized by contrasting thermodynamic initial profiles: (i) residual layer above a strong surface inversion and (ii) well‐mixed CBL connected to the free troposphere by a capping inversion, without the residual layer in between. A large‐eddy simulation (LES) model and a mixed‐layer (MXL) model, coupled to a broadband radiative transfer code and a land surface model, were used to study the impacts of aerosols on shortwave radiation. Both the LES model and the MXL model results reproduced satisfactorily the observations for both days. A sensitivity analysis on a wide range of aerosol properties was conducted. Our results showed that higher loads of aerosols decreased irradiance imposing an energy restriction at the surface, delaying the morning onset of the CBL and advancing its afternoon collapse. Moderately to strongly absorbing aerosols increased the heating rate contributing positively to increase the afternoon CBL height and potential temperature and to decrease Bowen ratio. In contrast, scattering aerosols were associated with smaller heating rates and cooler and shallower CBLs. Our findings advocate the need for accounting for the aerosol influence in analyzing surface and CBL dynamics.
High abundances of oxalic, azelaic, and glyoxylic acids and methylglyoxal in the open ocean with high biological activity: Implication for secondary OA formation from isoprene
Authors: Bikkina Srinivas , Kawamura Kimitaka , Miyazaki Yuzo , Fu Pingqing 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAtmospheric dicarboxylic acids (DCA) are a ubiquitous water‐soluble component of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), affecting the Earth's climate. Despite the high abundances of oxalic acid and related compounds in the marine aerosols, there is no consensus on what controls their distributions over the open ocean. Marine biological productivity could play a role in the production of DCA, but there is no substantial evidence to support this hypothesis. Here we present latitudinal distributions of DCA, oxoacids and α‐dicarbonyls in the marine aerosols from the remote Pacific. Their concentrations were found several times higher in more biologically influenced aerosols (MBA) than less biologically influenced aerosols. We propose isoprene and unsaturated fatty acids as sources of DCA as inferred from significantly higher abundances of isoprene‐SOA tracers and azelaic acid in MBA. These results have implications toward the reassessment of climate forcing feedbacks of marine‐derived SOA.
Mesosphere and lower thermosphere zonal wind variations over low latitudes: Relation to local stratospheric zonal winds and global circulation anomalies
Authors: Kishore Kumar G. , Kishore Kumar K. , Singer W. , Zülicke C. , Gurubaran S. , Baumgarten G. , Ramkumar G. , Sathishkumar S. , Rapp M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLong‐term observations from medium‐frequency and meteor radars (1993–2012) and rocket soundings (1979–1990 and 2002–2007) are used to study mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) zonal wind variations in relation to the stratospheric winds over northern low latitudes. The combined data set provides a complete height profile of amplitude of semiannual oscillation (SAO) up to 100 km, with an exception around 75–80 km. The SAO signal has maxima around 50 km and 82 km and a minimum around 65 km. The MLT zonal winds show remarkable interannual variability during northern hemispheric spring equinox and much less during fall equinox. Zonal wind mesospheric spring equinox enhancements (MSEE) appear with a periodicity of 2–3 years, suggesting a modulation by the quasi‐biennial oscillation, which we identified with the strength of stratospheric westward winds. Out of 20 years of observations, the stratospheric westward winds are strong during 11 years (non‐MSEE) and weak during 9 years. Six of these 9 years show large MLT winds (MSEE), and 3 years (1999, 2004, and 2006) show small MLT winds (missing MSEE). These unexpected small winds occur in years with global circulation anomalies associated with strong sudden stratospheric warmings and an early spring transition of zonal winds. With the proposed three MSEE classes, we take into account local and global forcing factors.
De Novo Synthesis of γ,γ‐Disubstituted Butyrolactones through a Visible Light Photocatalytic Arylation–Lactonization Sequence
Authors: Guo Wei , Cheng Hong‐Gang , Chen Li‐Yan , Xuan Jun , Feng Zhu‐Jia , Chen Jia‐Rong , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Xiao Wen‐Jing 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA visible light photocatalytic arylation–lactonization sequence has been developed for the synthesis of γ,γ‐disubstituted butyrolactones. This unprecedented transformation features simple experimental procedures under very mild conditions. A one‐step synthesis of isobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐one has been carried out to demonstrate the synthetic application of this reaction.magnified image