bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Benefits and Costs of Sustainable Land Management Technologies: An Analysis of WOCAT's Global Data
Authors: Giger Markus , Liniger Hanspeter , Sauter Caspar , Schwilch Gudrun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPerceived profitability is a key factor in explaining farmers' decision to adopt or not adopt sustainable land management (SLM) technologies. Despite this importance, relatively little is known about the economics of SLM. This paper contributes to the literature by analysing data on costs and perceived cost/benefit ratios of SLM technologies. Data are taken from the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies technology database and cover 363 case studies conducted in a variety of countries between 1990 and 2012. Based on an in‐depth descriptive analysis, we determine what costs accrue to local stakeholders and assess perceived short‐term and long‐term cost/benefit ratios. Our results show that a large majority of the technologies in our sample are perceived as being profitable: 73% were perceived to have a positive or at least neutral cost/benefit ratio in the short term, while 97% were perceived to have a positive or very positive cost/benefit ratio in the long term. An additional empirical analysis confirms that economic factors are key determinants of land users' decisions to adopt or not adopt SLM technologies. We conclude that a wide range of existing SLM practices generate considerable benefits not only for land users, but for other stakeholders as well. High initial investment costs associated with some practices may, however, constitute a barrier to their adoption; short‐term support for land users can help to promote these practices where appropriate. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New High Sensitivity System to Detect Instabilities During the Extrusion of Polymer Melts
Authors: Naue Ingo F. C. , Kádár Roland , Wilhelm Manfred 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis publication is concerned with the development of a novel high sensitivity instability detection die for a laboratory size extruder. The high sensitivity system consists of piezoelectric transducers placed along the die length to monitor local pressure fluctuations, having temporal and pressure resolution of up to Δt ≈ 10−3 s and Δp ≈ 10−5 bar, at a nominal pressure of 500 bar. The system is tested on short chain branched polyethylenes, namely on the detection and characterization of the sharkskin instability. It is shown that the determined instabilities are related to characteristic peaks in the corresponding in situ pressure Fourier‐transform spectra and that other peaks are caused by different, but defined, sources. The in situ results obtained are validated through optical image analysis of the instabilities.
Design of Aggregate Structures and Molecular Capture by Using Molecular‐Cluster‐Assembly Method
Authors: Ho Shirun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTechnology for designing functional polymers needs to incorporate biomimetic structures for a new functionality. A simulation method, referred to as “molecular‐cluster‐assembly,” is used to design aggregate structures comprised of oligomers in a bottom‐up manner and predict the capability of molecular capture. Acrylic acid oligomer forms an arched and syndiotactic structure with minimum energy. In accordance with the degree of aggregation, arched oligomers form a constricted structure with a unique channel width. The aggregate structures capture ethylene carbonates (ECs) inside the constricted channel and produce attractive energy between the ECs in host‐guest complexes. The optimum numbers of ECs stably captured are determined when the binding energy at which the guests are captured at the outside wall of the channel exceeds the attractive energy between the guests in the constricted channel.
The combined transverse upper gracilis and profunda artery perforator (TUGPAP) flap for breast reconstruction
Authors: Ciudad Pedro , Maruccia Michele , Orfaniotis Georgios , Weng Hui‐Ching , Constantinescu Thomas , Nicoli Fabio , Cigna Emanuele , Socas Juan , Sirimahachaiyakul Pornthep , Sapountzis Stamatis , Kiranantawat Kidakorn , Lin Shu‐Ping , Wang Gou‐Jen , Chen Hung‐Chi 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundSurgical options for breast reconstruction include alloplastic and autogenous reconstructions. In autologous cases where the abdomen is not a suitable primary donor site, secondary donor sites such as the thigh or buttock are considered. The aim of this report is to describe a novel approach, the combined transverse upper gracilis and profunda artery perforator (TUGPAP) flap, aimed at medium to large volume breast reconstruction, with a single donor site used per breast.MethodsBetween January 2011 and June 2013, 32 consecutive unilateral immediate breast reconstruction cases were performed using free flaps. In nine cases, patients had previously undergone abdominal surgery, therefore abdominal flaps were excluded and TUGPAP flaps were performed. The TUGPAP flap consisted of the combination of two well‐described flaps: the transverse upper gracilis (TUG) and the profunda artery perforator (PAP) flap. All TUGPAP flaps were based on two pedicles: the ascending branch of the medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA) for the TUG component, and the profunda artery perforator itself for the PAP component.ResultsThe mean size of the harvested skin paddle was 28.6 × 8 cm2 (range, 27 × 7 cm2 to 30 × 9 cm2). The average length of the TUG flap pedicle was 7 cm (range, 6–8 cm) and the PAP flap pedicle was 9 cm (range, 8.5–10 cm). The flap survival rate was 100% with no re‐exploration, and no partial flap loss. Post‐operatively there was one case of persistent donor site seroma, which was managed conservatively.ConclusionWith appropriate patient selection and surgical technique the TUGPAP flap could be a valuable option as an alternative method for autologous breast reconstruction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:359–366, 2016.
Prevalence and Correlates of Psychological Symptoms in Chinese Doctors as Measured with the SCL‐90‐R: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Dai Yue , Zhang Baoquan , Sun Hong , Li Zhanzhan , Shen Liangfang , Liu Yuanyuan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPoor mental health in doctors appears to be a global phenomenon, but there are limited data on changes in doctors’ psychological symptoms over time in mainland China. Through a detailed meta‐analysis of cross‐sectional studies, our aim was to examine the prevalence of psychological symptoms in Chinese physicians as measured with the Symptom Checklist 90‐R (SCL‐90‐R) and to explore the factors associated with doctors’ mental health. A comprehensive search was performed in major English and Chinese databases. Thirty studies involving a total of 6,099 subjects were included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled estimates of psychological symptoms including somatization, obsession‐compulsion, interpersonal‐sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, and paranoid ideation among doctors were significantly higher than those in the general population. Only psychoticism was similar in prevalence to Chinese population norms. The prevalence increased with the study year but decreased with physicians’ increasing age. Doctors from central and western China experienced more mental health symptoms than those from eastern China. Psychiatrists scored significantly less favorably than other doctors on most subscales of the SCL‐90‐R. Doctors’ mental health may be associated with age discrepancy, quantitative workload, effort‐reward ratio, doctor‐patient relationships, professional identity, and individual traits. To minimize the risk of poor mental health in doctors, screening and professional intervention services should be provided at early career stages to raise physicians’ awareness about the importance of maintaining psychological well‐being and to reduce the prevalence of psychological symptoms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants of Heart Failure Self‐Care Maintenance and Management in Patients and Caregivers: A Dyadic Analysis
Authors: Bidwell Julie T. , Vellone Ercole , Lyons Karen S. , D'Agostino Fabio , Riegel Barbara , Juárez‐Vela Raúl , Hiatt Shirin O. , Alvaro Rosaria , Lee Christopher S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDisease self‐management is a critical component of maintaining clinical stability for patients with chronic illness. This is particularly evident in the context of heart failure (HF), which is the leading cause of hospitalization for older adults. HF self‐management, commonly known as HF self‐care, is often performed with the support of informal caregivers. However, little is known about how a HF dyad manages the patient's care together. The purpose of this study was to identify determinants of patient and caregiver contributions to HF self‐care maintenance (daily adherence and symptom monitoring) and management (appropriate recognition and response to symptoms), utilizing an approach that controls for dyadic interdependence. This was a secondary analysis of cross‐sectional data from 364 dyads of Italian HF patients and caregivers. Multilevel modeling was used to identify determinants of HF self‐care within patient‐caregiver dyads. Patients averaged 76.2 (SD = 10.7) years old, and a slight majority (56.9%) was male, whereas caregivers averaged 57.4 (SD = 14.6) years old, and about half (48.1%) were male. Most caregivers were adult children (48.4%) or spouses (32.7%) of patients. Both patients and caregivers reported low levels of HF maintenance and management behaviors. Significant individual and dyadic determinants of self‐care maintenance and self‐care management included gender, quality of life, comorbid burden, impaired ADLs, cognition, hospitalizations, HF duration, relationship type, relationship quality, and social support. These comprehensive dyadic models assist in elucidating the complex nature of patient‐caregiver relationships and their influence on HF self‐care, leading to more effective ways to intervene and optimize outcomes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of time‐resolved spectroscopy as a method to monitor carotenoids present in tomato extract obtained using ultrasound treatment
Authors: Bot Francesca , Anese Monica , Lemos M. Adília , Hungerford Graham 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIntroductionCompounds exhibiting antioxidant activity have received much interest in the food industry because of their potential health benefits. Carotenoids such as lycopene, which in the human diet mainly derives from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), have attracted much attention in this aspect and the study of their extraction, processing and storage procedures is of importance. Optical techniques potentially offer advantageous non‐invasive and specific methods to monitor them.ObjectivesTo obtain both fluorescence and Raman information to ascertain if ultrasound assisted extraction from tomato pulp has a detrimental effect on lycopene.MethodUse of time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor carotenoids in a hexane extract obtained from tomato pulp with application of ultrasound treatment (583 kHz). The resultant spectra were a combination of scattering and fluorescence. Because of their different timescales, decay associated spectra could be used to separate fluorescence and Raman information. This simultaneous acquisition of two complementary techniques was coupled with a very high time‐resolution fluorescence lifetime measurement of the lycopene.ResultsSpectroscopic data showed the presence of phytofluene and chlorophyll in addition to lycopene in the tomato extract. The time‐resolved spectral measurement containing both fluorescence and Raman data, coupled with high resolution time‐resolved measurements, where a lifetime of ~5 ps was attributed to lycopene, indicated lycopene appeared unaltered by ultrasound treatment. Detrimental changes were, however, observed in both chlorophyll and phytofluene contributions.ConclusionExtracted lycopene appeared unaffected by ultrasound treatment, while other constituents (chlorophyll and phytofluene) were degraded. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The β‐Lactams Strike Back: Ceftazidime‐Avibactam
Authors: Zasowski Evan J. , Rybak Jeffrey M. , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: August 2015

Gram‐negative resistance has reached a crucial point, with emergence of pathogens resistant to most or all available antibiotics. Ceftazidime‐avibactam is a newly approved agent combining ceftazidime and a novel β‐lactamase inhibitor with activity against multidrug‐resistant gram‐negative bacteria. Avibactam has increased potency and expanded spectrum of inhibition of class A and C β‐lactamases relative to available β‐lactamase inhibitors, including extended‐spectrum β‐lactamases, AmpC, and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) enzymes. Avibactam expands ceftazidime's spectrum of activity to include many ceftazidime‐ and carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Early clinical data indicate that ceftazidime‐avibactam is effective and well tolerated in patients with complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) and complicated intraabdominal infections (cIAI). In a phase II trial of patients with cUTIs, ceftazidime‐avibactam produced similar rates of clinical and microbiologic success compared with imipenem‐cilastatin (70.5% and 71.4% microbiologic success rates, respectively). Likewise, patients receiving ceftazidime‐avibactam plus metronidazole in a phase II study of patients with cIAI had similar response rates to those receiving meropenem (91.2% and 93.4% clinical success rates, respectively). Based on available in vitro, in vivo, and phase II trial data, as well as preliminary phase III trial results in ceftazidime‐resistant, gram‐negative cUTI and cIAI, ceftazidime‐avibactam received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for treatment of cUTI, including pyelonephritis, and cIAI, in combination with metronidazole, in adult patients with limited or no alternative treatment options. The approved dosage, ceftazidime 2 g–avibactam 0.5 g administered as a 2‐hour infusion every 8 hours, was selected based on pharmacodynamic analysis and available clinical data. This dosage is under further investigation in patients with cUTI, cIAI, and nosocomial or ventilator‐associated pneumonia. The current body of evidence suggests that ceftazidime‐avibactam is a promising addition to our therapeutic armamentarium with potential to answer an urgent unmet medical need. Further data in highly resistant gram‐negative infections, particularly those caused by KPC‐producing Enterobacteriaceae, are needed. As it is introduced into clinical use, careful stewardship and rational use are essential to preserve ceftazidime‐avibactam's potential utility.
Shared health characteristics in Hispanic colorectal cancer patients and their primary social support person following primary diagnosis
Authors: Black David S. , Li Michael J. , Ihenacho Ugonna , Nguyen Nathalie T. , de Fatima Reyes Maria , Milam Joel , Pentz Mary Ann , Figueiredo Jane C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this paper was to determine individual and shared levels of psychosocial, behavioral, and symptomological health characteristics among Hispanics with recent history of cancer and their primary social support person (PSSP) in the years following diagnosis.Patients and MethodsRecruited from a population‐based cohort study were 409 Hispanic patients with a previous diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Forty‐seven patients identified a PSSP, who assists with medical decision‐making and health‐related matters, who also participated in the study. Current behavioral (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and complementary and alternative medicine use), psychosocial (stress and mindfulness), and physical symptom (fatigue) data were obtained using validated instruments. Analyses tested the individual and shared (between patients and PSSPs) variance in these health measures.ResultsThe sample was diagnosed on average 3.1 years (standard deviation = 1.7) prior to assessment. PSSPs were mainly spouses/partners (63%) or children (28%) of patients. Among patients, stress was positively associated with being a current smoker (p < 0.01) and with fatigue (r = 0.45, p < 0.001); stress was negatively correlated with mindfulness (r = −0.41, p < 0.001); mindfulness was negatively associated with smoking (odds ratio (OR) = 0.72, p < 0.01) and alcohol consumption (OR = 0.83, p < 0.05); the inverse relationship between mindfulness and fatigue was partially mediated through lower levels of stress (β = −0.17, p < 0.001). Similar patterns were observed among PSSPs. Patient mindfulness was negatively correlated with PSSP stress (r = −0.45, p < 0.01). Complementary and alternative medicine use showed interdependence between patients and PSSPs for use of herbal remedies (OR = 6.2; p < 0.01) and bodywork (OR = 8.3, p < 0.05).ConclusionHispanic colorectal cancer patients and their PSSP share a common health milieu in the years following a cancer diagnosis, offering opportunities for advancing interpersonal intervention approaches in cancer care. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Theoretical Analysis about the Driving Mechanism of Mild Detonating Fuse
Authors: Wen Xuejun , Lu Fangyun , Chen Rong , Lin Yuliang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTwo theoretical models based on momentum conservation, energy conservation, and law of motion were constructed to predict the velocity of fragments driven by mild detonating fuse (MDF). In the models, it is assumed that the driven velocity includes two parts: instant velocity coming from the impact of metal sheath and velocity increment caused by detonation products. Two groups of experiments were designed and carried out to validate the models. The experiment results show that the model based on momentum method better describes the fragments driving process. Furthermore, a series of finite‐element simulations using LS‐DYNA3D were done to fully verify the model. The simulation results show that the assumption of the fragment velocity composed of instant velocity and velocity increment is reasonable. Both theoretical predictions and simulation results all indicate that instant velocity coming from the impact of the metal sheath accounts for majority (average 89 %) of the final velocity, which shows that lead sheath plays a key role in the accelerating progress of fragment driven by MDF. As a result, a certain distance should be allowed for the lead sheath to be accelerated to make full use of the MDF. This research may relate to the design of linear pyrotechnic separation device in aerospace engineering.
Scanning electron microscopy of the nail plate in onychomycosis patients with negative fungal culture
Authors: Yue Xueping , Li Qing , Wang Hongwei , Sun Yilin , Wang Aiping , Zhang Qi , Zhang Cuiping 
Published: August 2015

SummaryOnychomycosis is a common dermatological problem and can be identified by direct microscopic examination and fungal culture. However, the positive rate of fungal culture is low. This study investigated the application of scanning electron microscopy in the diagnosis of onychomycosis in 20 patients with negative fungal culture. In this study, a routine glutaraldehyde fixation method was used to prepare specimens for electron microscope examination. Results showed that under the scanning electron microscope, significant structural damage was observed in the nail plate in all patients. Hyphaes were seen in 70% of cases. A mixture of scattered hyphaes, pseudohyphaes, and spores was observed in 30% of cases. A mixture of spores and bacteria was observed in 10% of cases. A mixture of hyphaes and bacteria was observed in 20% of cases. The typical hyphae pierced a thin layer or single layer of corneocytes. Hyphaes could be smooth, sleek, and straight with visible separation, or dry, bent, and folded with a smooth surface. The diameter of hyphaes was 1–2 µm. The scattered spores were the main form of spore growth, and the growth of budding spores can be seen attached to the surface of layered armor. Most of the bacteria were gathered in clumps on the ventral surface, especially in grooves. In conclusion, scanning electron microscopy can be used to preliminarily identify the pathogen involved and the degree of damage in cases where onychomycosis is clinically diagnosed, but fungal culture is negative. SCANNING 38:172–176, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An environmental crisis: science has failed; let us send in the machines
Authors: Death Russell G. 
Published: August 2015

The ecological condition of the world's waterways continues to decline under increasing pollution, human land use intensification, and/or demand for water abstraction. This is occurring despite the fact that freshwater ecologists and other water scientists have been investigating these environmental concerns for many years. Freshwater science has made considerable advances understanding the causes of this ecological decline, but we still appear to be further from halting that decline than ever before. Perhaps the scientific solutions are clear but political, social, legal or economic constraints intervene? Irrespective of the reasons, in my opinion freshwater science is failing to deal effectively with this environmental crisis. I believe that artificial intelligence devices and machine learning software may offer potential for dealing with the environmental crisis facing the world's freshwater. There are numerous, free and easy to use software packages that would enable freshwater ecologists to better understand some of the complex, nonlinear relationships in their data, and to potentially make better predictions about the effects of stressors and/or how best to mitigate them. I see a not too distant future where these devices will take over direct management of river reaches to hopefully provide more effective balancing of economic and environmental needs for water. I would like to encourage more scientists to embrace the ease and power of machine learning as a way to better interpret collected data, or at least provide an alternative perspective that may prove useful. WIREs Water 2015, 2:595–600. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1102This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Methods
New 1.9-2.0 Ga, Pb-Pb (PbSL), Age of Dolomites from Vempalle Formation, Lower Cuddapah Supergroup, Eastern Dharwar Craton, India
Authors: Rai A. K. , Pandey U. K. , Zakaulla Syed , Parihar P. S. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Uranium mineralised and non-mineralised dolomites from Vempalle Formation, Lower Cuddapah Supergroup, were analysed by Pb-Pb systematics (Pb Sequential Leaching-PbSL), to ascertain the age of deposition, uranium mineralization, diagenesis and dolomitisation. PbSL technique is a well established tool to be used for direct dating of carbonate rocks world wide. Based on present study, using PbSL technique, it is established that the age of deposition, diagenesis, dolomitisation and syn-diagenetic uranium mineralization, in the Vempalle dolomites, is c. 1900-2000 Ma. Such older ages were not reported earlier from any part of the Cuddapah basin. The present age is within the existing stratigraphic time frame, as mafic sill intruding the Vempalle Formation is dated as c.1885 Ma and this indicates that Vempalle dolomites and syn-diagenetic uranium mineralization in it, have to be older than c.1885 Ma. The deposition of carbonate sediments, diagenesis, dolomitisation and syn-diagentic uranium mineralization in the Vempalle Formation took place in a short duration of 100 Ma, similar to the Wittenoon Formation and Carawine Dolomite of Hamersley Group, Western Australia, in which time between initial deposition, diagenesis and late dolomitisation is 100-150 Ma. The Cuddapah basin might have formed during the period c. 2200–2100 Ma, as evidenced by widespread mafic dyke activity around Cuddapah basin during that time. Present study infers that the minimum age of the onset of sedimentation in the Cuddapah Supergroup was at around c. 2000 Ma and the diagenesis, dolomitisation and syn-diagenetic uranium mineralisation took place up to 1900 Ma.