bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genotypic variation in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] exotic germplasm collections for drought and disease tolerance
Authors: Kapanigowda Mohankumar H. , Perumal Ramasamy , Djanaguiraman Maduraimuthu , Aiken Robert M. , Tesso Tesfaye , Prasad P. V. Vara , Little Christopher R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] grain yield is severely affected by abiotic and biotic stresses during post-flowering stages, which has been aggravated by climate change. New parental lines having genes for various biotic and abiotic stress tolerances have the potential to mitigate this negative effect. Field studies were conducted under irrigated and dryland conditions with 128 exotic germplasm and 12 adapted lines to evaluate and identify potential sources for post-flowering drought tolerance and stalk and charcoal rot tolerances. The various physiological and disease related traits were recorded under irrigated and dryland conditions. Under dryland conditions, chlorophyll content (SPAD), grain yield and HI were decreased by 9, 44 and 16%, respectively, compared to irrigated conditions. Genotype RTx7000 and PI475432 had higher leaf temperature and grain yield, however, genotype PI570895 had lower leaf temperature and higher grain yield under dryland conditions. Increased grain yield and optimum leaf temperature was observed in PI510898, IS1212 and PI533946 compared to BTx642 (B35). However, IS14290, IS12945 and IS1219 had decreased grain yield and optimum leaf temperature under dryland conditions. Under irrigated conditions, stalk and charcoal rot disease severity was higher than under dryland conditions. Genotypes IS30562 and 1790E R had tolerance to both stalk rot and charcoal rot respectively and IS12706 was the most susceptible to both diseases. PI510898 showed combined tolerance to drought and Fusarium stalk rot under dryland conditions. The genotypes identified in this study are potential sources of drought and disease tolerance and will be used to develop better adaptable parental lines followed by high yielding hybrids.
Effect of microtitanium impregnated tape on the recovery of triceps surae musculotendinous function following strenuous running
Authors: Hughes Jonathan D. , Fink Philip W. , Graham David F. , Rowlands David S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
We previously reported increased running economy and joint range of motion (ROM) during subsequent exercise performed 48-h following strenuous exercise while wearing garments containing micro-titanium particles generated from high-pressure aqueous processing of titanium (AQUA TITANTM). Here we utilised an isolated plantarflexion triceps surae model and AQUA TITAN-treated flexible tape to determine if dermal application of the micro-titanium could account for meaningful changes in functional properties of the musculotendinous unit. In a randomised double-blind crossover, 20 trained men day 1, baseline measures, AQUA TITAN or placebo tape covering the triceps surae, intermittent high-intensity treadmill running; day 2, rest; day 3, post-stress post-treatment outcome measures. Outcomes comprised: plantarflexion ROM via isokinetic dynamometry; short latency reflex from electromyography; Achilles tendon stiffness from isometric dynamometry, ultrasonography (Achilles-medial-gastrocnemius junction), motion analysis, and force-length modelling. High-intensity exercise with placebo tape reduced tendon stiffness (-16.5%; 95% confidence limits ±8.1%; small effect size), relative to non-taped baseline, but this effect was negligible (-5.9%; ±9.2%) with AQUA TITAN (AQUA TITAN-placebo difference -11.3%; ±11.6%). Change in latency relative to baseline was trivial with placebo (1.6%; ±3.8%) but large with AQUA TITAN (-11.3%; ±3.3%). The effects on ROM with AQUA TITAN (1.6%; ±2.0%) and placebo were trivial (-1.6% ±1.9%), but the small difference (3.1%; ±2.7%) possibly greater with AQUA TITAN. AQUA TITAN tape accelerated the reflex response and attenuated reduced Achilles tendon stiffness following fatiguing exercise. Altered neuromuscular control of tendon stiffness via dermal application of micro-titanium treated materials may facilitate restoration of musculotendinous contractile performance following prior strenuous exercise.
Graph analysis of β2 adrenergic receptor structures: a “social network” of GPCR residues
Authors: Sheftel Samuel , Muratore Kathryn E , Black Michael , Costanzi Stefano 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPurposeG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a superfamily of membrane proteins of vast pharmaceutical interest. Here, we describe a graph theory-based analysis of the structure of the β2adrenergic receptor (β2AR), a prototypical GPCR. In particular, we illustrate the network of direct and indirect interactions that link each amino acid residue to any other residue of the receptor.MethodsNetworks of interconnected amino acid residues in proteins are analogous to social networks of interconnected people. Hence, they can be studied through the same analysis tools typically employed to analyze social networks – or networks in general – to reveal patterns of connectivity, influential members, and dynamicity. We focused on the analysis of closeness-centrality, which is a measure of the overall connectivity distance of the member of a network to all other members.ResultsThe residues endowed with the highest closeness-centrality are located in the middle of the seven transmembrane domains (TMs). In particular, they are mostly located in the middle of TM2, TM3, TM6 or TM7, while fewer of them are located in the middle of TM1, TM4 or TM5. At the cytosolic end of TM6, the centrality detected for the active structure is markedly lower than that detected for the corresponding residues in the inactive structures. Moreover, several residues acquire centrality when the structures are analyzed in the presence of ligands. Strikingly, there is little overlap between the residues that acquire centrality in the presence of the ligand in the blocker-bound structures and the agonist-bound structures.ConclusionsOur results reflect the fact that the receptor resembles a bow tie, with a rather tight knot of closely interconnected residues and two ends that fan out in two opposite directions: one toward the extracellular space, which hosts the ligand binding cavity, and one toward the cytosol, which hosts the G protein binding cavity. Moreover, they underscore how interaction network is by the conformational rearrangements concomitant with the activation of the receptor and by the presence of agonists or blockers.
Essential Health Benefits and the Affordable Care Act: Law and Process
Authors: Bagley Nicholas , Levy Helen 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Starting in 2014, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) will require private insurance plans sold in the individual and small-group markets to cover a roster of “essential health benefits.” Precisely which benefits should count as essential, however, was left to the discretion of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The matter was both important and controversial. Nonetheless, HHS announced its policy by posting on the Internet a thirteen-page bulletin stating that it would allow each state to define essential benefits for itself. On both substance and procedure, the move was surprising. The state-by-state approach departed from the uniform, federal standard that the ACA appears to anticipate and that informed observers expected HHS to adopt. And announcing the policy through an Internet bulletin appeared to allow HHS to sidestep traditional administrative procedures, including notice and comment, immediate review in the courts, and White House oversight. This article explores two questions. First, is the state-by-state approach a lawful exercise of HHS's authority? Second, did HHS in fact evade the procedural obligations that are meant to shape the exercise of its discretion?
The role of hydrodynamics in structuring in situ ammonium uptake within a submerged macrophyte community
Authors: Morris Edward P. , Peralta Gloria , Van Engeland Tom , Bouma Tjeerd J. , Brun Fernando G. , Lara Miguel , Hendriks Iris E. , Benavente Javier , Soetaert Karline , Middelburg Jack J. , Lucas Perez‐Llorens J. 
Published: December 2013

Lay AbstractAquatic macrophytes (such as macroalgae and sea grasses) are able to take up nutrients directly from the surrounding water in which they inhabit. How fast nutrients are transported into their structures (such as leaves or fronds) can be influenced by water flow. However, macrophytes tend to form canopies made up of many individual structures, and the presence of these canopies has large effects on local water flow. This implies that in shallow regions the architecture of different canopies may well be a key factor in setting rates of nutrient transport to the sea floor. Predicting these effects is complicated because in many natural systems macrophyte communities often form patchy distributions consisting of bare and vegetated areas, as well as patches of different species with different canopy types. Here we use a new application of stable isotope labeling to directly measure the in situ uptake of ammonium at the transition between short, dense Caulerpa prolifera (a macroalga) and tall, sparse Cymodocea nodosa (a sea grass) canopies. We found that as water flowed over the dense macroalgae into the sparse sea grass canopy, it accelerated, resulting in horizontal and vertical variations in water velocity and mixing that appeared to explain variations in the ammonium uptake of the different types of organisms living on and within the canopies. These results highlight how the interplay between the physical structure of organisms and flow may determine the nutrient transport of individual species within macrophyte communities, creating nutrient transport microhabitats that may influence biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
The behavioural effects of predator-induced stress responses in the cricket (Gryllus texensis): the upside of the stress response
Authors: Adamo Shelley A. , Kovalko Ilya , Mosher Brianna 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYPredator-induced stress responses are thought to reduce an animal's risk of being eaten. Therefore, these stress responses should enhance anti-predator behaviour. We found that individual insects (the cricket Gryllus texensis) show reliable behavioural responses (i.e. behavioural types) in a plus-shaped maze. An individual's behaviour in the plus maze remained consistent for at least 1/2 of its adult life. However, after exposure to a model predator, both male and female crickets showed a reduced period of immobility and an increased amount of time spent under shelter compared with controls. These changes could be mimicked by injections of the insect stress neurohormone octopamine. These behavioural changes probably aid crickets in evading predators. Exposure to a model predator increased the ability of crickets to escape a live predator (a bearded dragon, Pogona vitticeps). An injection of octopamine had the same effect, showing that stress hormones can reduce predation. Using crickets to study the fitness consequences of predator-induced stress responses will help integrate ecological and biomedical concepts of ‘stress’.
Modulation of Intramolecular Hydrogen-bonding Strength by Axial Ligands in Ruthenium(II) Complexes
Authors: Oyama Dai , Yamanaka Takashi , Fukuda Ayumi , Takase Tsugiko 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
To modulate and evaluate the strength of noncovalent interactions experimentally, mononuclear ruthenium aqua complexes ([Ru(dnp)(OH2)L2]2+: dnp: 2,6-di(1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)pyridine, L = pyridine or triphenylphosphine) that are capable of forming multiple intramolecular hydrogen bonds have been prepared. In both solution and the solid state, the intramolecular hydrogen-bonding strength in these complexes can be regulated by the axial ligand (L).
A global infrageneric classification system for the genus Crotalaria (Leguminosae) based on molecular and morphological evidence
Authors: le Roux M. Marianne , Boatwright James S. , van Wyk Ben-Erik 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCrotalaria is a large genus of 702 species with its centre of diversity in tropical Africa and Madagascar and secondary radiations in other parts of the world. The current infrageneric classification system is based on morphological and morphometric studies of the African taxa only and is here re‐evaluated using a phylogenetic approach. DNA sequences derived from the nuclear ITS and the plastid matK, psbA‐trnH and rbcLa markers were analyzed using parsimony and model‐based (Bayesian) approaches. The resultant molecular phylogeny allowed for a new interpretation of diagnostically important morphological characters, including specialisations of the calyx, keel, standard petal and style, which are variously convergent in several unrelated infrageneric groups. Of particular interest is the congruence between the new phylogeny and the distribution of standard petal callosity types. A sectional classification system for the entire genus is proposed for the first time. The new system that is formalised here comprises eleven sections: Amphitrichae, Calycinae, Crotalaria, Geniculatae, Glaucae, Grandiflorae, Hedriocarpae, Incanae, Schizostigma, Borealigeniculatae and Stipulosae. Sectional limits of the Geniculatae, Calycinae and Crotalaria are modified. The subsections Stipulosae, Glaucae and Incanae are raised to sectional level, while some groups previously recognized as subsections are abandoned due to non‐monophyly (subsections Chrysocalycinae, Hedriocarpae, Macrostachyae and Tetralobocalyx). Two new sections are recognized, Amphitrichae and Borealigeniculatae.
The potential of genomics in plant systematics
Authors: Soltis Douglas E. , Gitzendanner Matthew A. , Stull Gregory , Chester Michael , Chanderbali Andre , Chamala Srikar , Jordon-Thaden Ingrid , Soltis Pamela S. , Schnable Patrick S. , Barbazuk W. Brad 
Published: December 2013

AbstractNext‐generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized molecular systematics as well as population and conservation genetics. It is now possible to obtain enormous amounts of gene sequence data from any species in a short time at low cost. More technological advances are on the horizon, ensuring that this trend will continue throughout the coming decade. These rapid advances provide unprecedented opportunities in systematics; they also pose new challenges, requiring that the next generation of systematists be well‐versed in new skill sets (e.g., bioinformatics). As examples of the potential of NGS, it is now possible to develop genetic resources for any plant system that poses intriguing evolutionary questions. During the next decade many new "evolutionary model systems" will become available as systematists rapidly develop the necessary genetic/genomic frameworks for many previously unstudied plants. Phylogenetic reconstruction will be conducted at an unprecedented pace at both deep and fine scales with datasets of numerous taxa and genes—this includes rapid progress on assembling a more comprehensive Tree of Life for green plants. For example, complete plastid genome sequencing is now routinely facilitating analyses of hundreds of taxa at deep levels, as well as enabling complete plastid genome phylogeographic analyses at the population level. Gene capture methods hold enormous promise for the rapid and inexpensive analyses of complete plastid genomes, as well as studies of hundreds of selected (targeted) nuclear loci. NGS has also had a big impact on population genetics, initially by dramatically simplifying microsatellite marker development, but more recently by opening new possibilities through various genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) approaches that have great potential to expand on the types of questions that can be addressed at the population level. Transcriptome sequencing has enabled the construction of large datasets of nuclear genes while also providing a wealth of plastid and mitochondrial genes. NGS has also facilitated probe development for studies of chromosomes using FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization). NGS is also making the rapid sequencing of complete nuclear genomes routine, thus transforming our field and opening up new avenues of systematic endeavor in comparative genomics. However, even as sequencing costs drop and technological advances make complete nuclear genome sequencing more commonplace, genome assembly will remain a major challenge.
Molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy of Hypocenomyce sensu lato (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes): Extreme polyphyly and morphological/ecological convergence
Authors: Bendiksby Mika , Timdal Einar 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe have addressed phylogenetic relationships and tested hypotheses about five presumed subgroups among 15 species of Hypocenomyce s.l. (including Pycnora) by use of nuclear (ITS, LSU) and mitochondrial (SSU) ribosomal DNA‐regions. Bayesian, likelihood and parsimony phylogenetic analyses, of a dataset with broad Lecanoromycete taxon sampling, mostly support the five presumed subgroups, but two of these were found to be polyphyletic (the H. friesii‐group and Pycnora). The seven supported Hypocenomyce s.l. clades belong in different genera, families, orders and even subclasses, and represent a remarkable example of morphological and ecological convergence. Based on our molecular phylogenetic results, we split Hypocenomyce into four genera placed in two subclasses: (1) Carbonicola gen. nov. (Carbonicolaceae fam. nov., Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetidae; including C. anthracophila comb. nov., C. foveata comb. nov., and C. myrmecina comb. nov.); (2) Fulgidea gen. nov. (Umbilicariaceae, Umbilicariales, Umbilicariomycetidae subcl. nov.; including F. oligospora comb. nov. and F. sierrae comb. nov.); (3) Hypocenomyce (Ophioparmaceae, Umbilicariales; including H. australis, H. scalaris, and H. tinderryensis; and (4) Xylopsora gen. nov. (Umbilicariaceae; including X. caradocensis comb. nov. and X. friesii comb. nov.). We split Pycnora into two genera: (1) Pycnora (Pycnoraceae fam. nov., Candelariales, "Candelariomycetidae"; including P. praestabilis, P. sorophora, and P. xanthococca); and (2) Toensbergia gen. nov. (Sporastatiaceae fam. nov., unknown order, Lecanoromycetidae; including T. leucococca comb. nov.). We place Hypocenomyce isidiosa in Xylographa (Trapeliaceae, Baeomycetales, Ostropomycetidae; X. isidiosa comb. nov.). We place the family Ophioparmaceae in the Umbilicariales. Our type studies have shown that the epithet “myrmecina” should replace “castaneocinerea”, and lectotypes are chosen for Lecidea friesii Ach., L. scalaris var. myrmecina Ach., Psora cladonioides var. albocervina Räsänen, and P. cladonioides var. castaneocinerea Räsänen. Elixia cretica is reported as new to North America (from Mexico) and Australia.
Shangwua (Compositae), a new genus from the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas
Authors: Wang Yu-Jin , von Raab-Straube Eckhard , Susanna Alfonso , Liu Jian-Quan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA new genus of Compositae, Shangwua, is described to accomodate all species formerly placed in Saussurea sect. Jacea. This genus is distinct from the other genera of tribe Cardueae in its unique combination of states of characters including involucral bracts, receptacle, paleae, anther, style, achene and pappus. Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data suggest that this new genus belongs to the Xeranthemum group, a lineage of the Carduinae that diversified early, with only distant relationships to Saussurea and related genera. The genus Shangwua consists of three species occurring in the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas.
The sad story of Agaricus rhacodes/rachodes: Why would an orthographical error with limited current use become accepted through conservation?
Authors: Demoulin Luc , Demoulin Vincent 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe spelling rachodes used by Vittadini in 1833 for a new species of Agaricus has often been considered a correct‐ able orthographical error for rhacodes. Use of the original spelling has however been occasional and was recently promoted by Vellinga and coworkers. The arguments used to support this practice, especially developed by Vellinga and Pennycook, when proposing conservation of rachodes in 2010 are refuted. It is shown that it is philologically illogical to assume an adjective rachodes could have been created, while the existing rhacodes was obviously meant. The use of the two spellings presented by Vellinga and Pennycook is shown to be incomplete. The conclusion is that rachodes should be corrected under Art. 60.1 to rhacodes, the spelling used for every other organism with that epithet, and that this correction is far more universal, including outside Europe, than the usage claimed for justifying a conservation of rachodes. The expenditure of energy caused by the Vellinga and Pennycook proposal shows that new ways to handle orthography of scientific names should be explored.
The Early Cretaceous Aroid, Spixiarum kipea gen. et sp. nov., and implications on early dispersal and ecology of basal monocots
Authors: Coiffard Clément , Mohr Barbara A.R. , Bernardes-de-Oliveira Mary E.C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMorphology and anatomy of a fossil monocotyledon from the late Early Cretaceous and extant monocots are compared. Anatomy was examined based on publications, while leaf morphology, especially the venation, required new observations on fresh and herbarium material. Spixiarum kipea gen. et sp. nov. belongs most likely to Araceae, and may be sister to Orontioideae or is even part of this tribe. Consequently, proto‐Araceae were most likely present during the Early Cretaceous in South America. The occurrence of Spixiarum in South America indicates a north Gondwana origin for Orontioideae and and thus may indicate a Gondwanan origin for proto‐Araceae. Sedimentological and taphonomic context indicate that Spixiarum had probably a helophytic ecology similar to living Orontioideae and formed possibly the aquatic vegetation of the Crato Lake in association with the Nymphaeales Pluricarpellatia peltata and Jaguariba wiersemana. Early Cretaceous monocotyledon remains have been rarely recorded. It is debatable if their scarceness is a sign of low diversity or may be due to taphonomic/ecologic reasons.
Not God’s own country: The cinema of Adoor Gopalakrishnan
Authors: Ganguly Suranjan 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Adoor Gopalakrishnan, India’s most distinguished contemporary film-maker, has made eleven award-winning films and over 40 documentaries, most of which are set in his native state of Kerala, in southern India. A 1965 graduate of the Film and Television Institute of Pune, his first film, Swayamvaram/One’s Own Choice (1972), heralded the New Wave in Kerala. It is Kerala’s abrupt displacement from a princely feudal state into twentieth-century modernity that forms the backdrop to most of his complex narratives about identity, selfhood and otherness in which innocence is often at stake and characters grapple with their consciences. The films deal with eviction and dislocation, with the precarious nature of space, and the search for home. They are also about power and its abuse within a destructive patriarchy and the abject conditions of servility it breeds. At the same time, these narratives are usually placed within the larger frameworks of guilt and redemption in which the hope of emancipation – moral, spiritual and creative – is a real one.
Of goats, lambs, sheep and wolves: Chinese animation and cultural industries
Authors: Xiaying Xu , Kam Tan See , Wei Jiang 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This article contains an interview with Messrs. Lo Wing Keung, Shao Haowen and Don Wu who are the creative force behind one of China’s most foremost and longest running animation series called Xi Yang Yang yu Hui Tai Lang/The Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf (2005–). The interview discusses developments in Chinese creative/cultural industries and animation production for TV and film, as well as issues of intellectual property.