bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid detection of total and viableLegionella pneumophilain tap water by immunomagnetic separation, double fluorescent staining and flow cytometry
Authors: Keserue Hans‐Anton , Baumgartner Andreas , Felleisen Richard , Egli Thomas 
Published: October 2012

SummaryWe developed a rapid detection method forLegionella pneumophila(Lp) by filtration, immunomagnetic separation, double fluorescent staining, and flow cytometry (IMS‐FCMmethod). The method requires 120 min and can discriminate ‘viable’ and ‘membrane‐damaged’ cells. The recovery is over 85% of spikedLpSG1 cells in 1 l of tap water and detection limits are around 50 and 15 cells per litre for total and viableLp, respectively. The method was compared using water samples from house installations in a blind study with three environmental laboratories performing theISO11731 plating method. In 53% of the water samples from different taps and showers significantly higher concentrations ofLpwere detected by flow cytometry. No correlation to the plate culture method was found. Since also ‘viable but not culturable’ (VNBC) cells are detected by our method, this result was expected. TheIMS‐FCMmethod is limited by the specificity of the used antibodies; in the presented case they targetLpserogroups 1–12. This and the fact that noLp‐containing amoebae are detected may explain why in 21% of all samples higher counts were observed using the plate culture method. Though theIMS‐FCMmethod is not yet fit to completely displace the established plating method (ISO11731) for routineLpmonitoring, it has major advantages to plating and can quickly provide important insights into the ecology of this pathogen in water distribution systems.
Remodulation of central carbon metabolic pathway in response to arsenite exposure in Rhodococcus sp. strain NAU‐1
Authors: Jain Raina , Adhikary Hemanta , Jha Sanjay , Jha Anamika , Kumar G. Naresh 
Published: October 2012

SummaryArsenite‐tolerant bacteria were isolated from an organic farm of Navsari Agricultural University (NAU), Gujarat, India (Latitude: 20°55′39.04″N; Longitude: 72°54′6.34″E). One of the isolates, NAU‐1 (aerobic, Gram‐positive, non‐motile, coccobacilli), was hyper‐tolerant to arsenite (AsIII, 23 mM) and arsenate (AsV, 180 mM). 16S rRNA gene of NAU‐1 was 99% similar to the 16S rRNA genes of Rhodococcus (Accession No. HQ659188). Assays confirmed the presence of membrane bound arsenite oxidase and cytoplasmic arsenate reductase in NAU‐1. Genes for arsenite transporters (arsB and ACR3(1)) and arsenite oxidase gene (aoxB) were confirmed by PCR. Arsenite oxidation and arsenite efflux genes help the bacteria to tolerate arsenite. Specific activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S‐transferase) increased in dose‐dependent manner with arsenite, whereas glutathione reductase activity decreased with increase in AsIII concentration. Metabolic studies revealed that Rhodococcus NAU‐1 produces excess of gluconic and succinic acids, and also activities of glucose dehydrogenase, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase and isocitrate lyase were increased, to cope with the inhibited activities of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase and α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzymes respectively, in the presence of AsIII. Enzyme assays revealed the increase in direct oxidative and glyoxylate pathway in Rhodococcus NAU‐1 in the presence of AsIII.
Rescuing Doxastic Normativism
Authors: Olinder Ragnar Francén 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAccording to doxastic normativism, part of what makes an attitude a belief rather than another type of attitude is that it is governed by a truth‐norm. It has been objected that this view fails since there are true propositions such that if you believed them they would not be true, and thus the obligation to believe true propositions cannot hold for these. I argue that the solution for doxastic normativists is to find a norm that draws the right distinction between those true propositions we are obliged to believe (“ordinary non‐tricky propositions”) and those we are not (“tricky propositions”). I develop a norm which I argue does exactly this, and further argue that it can be used to salvage the idea that belief is constitutively normative.
Transitivity and Partial Screening Off
Authors: Atkinson David , Peijnenburg Jeanne 
Published: October 2012

Abstract:The notion of probabilistic support is beset by well‐known problems. In this paper we add a new one to the list: the problem of transitivity. Tomoji Shogenji has shown that positive probabilistic support, or confirmation, is transitive under the condition of screening off. However, under that same condition negative probabilistic support, or disconfirmation, is intransitive. Since there are many situations in which disconfirmation is transitive, this illustrates, but now in a different way, that the screening‐off condition is too restrictive. We therefore weaken this condition to what we call ‘partial’ screening off. We show that the domain defined by partial screening off comprises two mutually exclusive subdomains. In one subdomain disconfirmation is indeed transitive, but confirmation is then intransitive. In the other, confirmation is transitive, but here disconfirmation is once more intransitive.
Unreliable Intuitions: A New Reply to the Moral Twin‐Earth Argument
Authors: Sonderholm Jorn 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article is concerned with Mark Timmons and Terence Horgan's influential twin‐earth argument against the semantic views of that school of thought in metaethics that has come to be known as “Cornell realism”. The semantic views of Cornell realism have been developed in greatest detail by Richard Boyd, and it is Boyd's view that is targeted by Timmons and Horgan. In the first part of the article, the twin‐earth argument is introduced and two versions of it are disentangled. Thereafter, a defensive strategy is developed against the most powerful version of the argument. The conclusion of the article is that Timmons and Horgan's argument does not succeed in showing that the semantic views associated with Cornell realism are false.
How Did Modern Humans Originate
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. , Caspari Rachel 
Published: October 2012

Abstract:People alive today and their immediate ancestors—modern humans—had multiple ancestors in the Middle Pleistocene. They did not originate as a new clade—the unique descendants of a recent, small African population. Therefore, the anatomical, behavioral, and genetic aspects of their modernity are not tied together in their origin. Instead, these key components of modernity have different origins and evolutionary pathways that can be understood as distinct, although interrelated, processes. Each process characterizes all living and recent human populations, and their interrelationship derives from a shared unifying factor: changes in human demographic history originating as the consequence of increased adult survivorship. Longer lifespans helped make humans modern.
A nanoparticle depot formulation of 4-(N)-stearoyl gemcitabine shows a strong anti-tumour activity
Authors: Zhu Saijie , Li Xinran , Lansakara-P Dharmika S P , Kumar Amit , Cui Zhengrong 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Objectives
Depot formulation as a carrier for cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs is not well studied. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of using a subcutaneous depot formulation to administer a cytotoxic anti-cancer drug for systemic therapy.

Methods
A fatty-acid amide prodrug of the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine (4-(N)-stearoyl gemcitabine (GemC18)) was incorporated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles or microspheres. A GemC18 solution was used as a control. The anti-tumour activity was evaluated after subcutaneous injection of the different formulations in C57BL/6 mice with pre-established model tumours. The clearance of GemC18 from the injection site was determined by measuring the percentage of GemC18 remaining at the injection site at different times after the injection.

Key findings
The depot formulation based on the GemC18-loaded PLGA nanoparticles showed the strongest anti-tumour effect, likely due to the proper ‘release’ of GemC18 from the injection site.

Conclusions
It is feasible to dose cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs as a nanoparticle-based depot formulation, especially when combined with an advanced prodrug strategy.
Where next for rigorous CAM research?
Authors: Lee William 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe purpose of CAM research is to inform clinical CAM practice but often developments in knowledge do not translate into practice. I make three suggestions for how this situation may be improved: First, carrying out different types of study; second, enhancing dissemination; third, improving engagement. Because of the weight of prior evidence, the best interpretation of even a well‐conducted positive trial of a gravely implausible CAM modality is to invoke chance. Thus no clinical trial could ever provide adequate evidence for such a modality. A way out of this problem is not to test treatment modalities for individual indications, but to test predictions of the theories of these modalities at the point at which they diverge from mainstream knowledge. Testing of this ‘basic science of CAM’ is likely to be easier, cheaper and have a larger explanatory footprint than clinical studies. Better dissemination of results can only improve the chances of research findings influencing practice, both directly by reaching practitioners, but also by reaching clients and commissioners. Suggested models include open access publishing and open data, as well as thorough use of the old and new media. Over the long term, better population health may be found through better science literacy, and the place to start is with outreach programmes in schools. In conclusion, I describe some threats and opportunities for the future and express my optimism that ineffective treatments will disappear to be replaced by effective variants which will be incorporated into evidence‐based clinical practice.
The impact of text‐based CMC on improving L2 oral fluency
Authors: Razagifard P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper reports on a study investigating the potential effect of synchronous and asynchronous text‐based computer‐mediated communication (CMC) on oral fluency development of second‐language (L2) learners. Sixty‐three intermediate learners of English were randomly assigned to one of three groups (two experimental groups and one control group), each consisting of 21 participants. The participants in the experimental groups completed four communicative tasks under two different instructional environments: synchronous text‐based CMC environment and asynchronous text‐based CMC environment. The average length of pauses, the articulation rate, the fluent‐run, the phonation‐time ratio and the speaking rate served as dependent variables. The study found that the participants in synchronous CMC group improved their L2 oral fluency significantly compared with their peers in the other two groups. The results also revealed the students in asynchronous CMC group obtained higher mean scores than those in the control group, although the differences between groups were not statistically significant.
Effect of injection of brucea javanica oil emulsion plus chemoradiotherapy for lung cancer: a review of clinical evidence
Authors: Nie Yan‐li , Liu Ke‐xin , Mao Xuan‐yue , Li Yu‐lin , Li Jing , Zhang Ming‐ming 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjective: Injection of brucea javanica oil emulsion (IBJOE), one of Chinese patent drugs has been widely used for lung cancer (LC) in China, and is known to provide some favorable outcomes, in particular when it combined with conventional treatment. However, little available best evidence is known about its effect and safety. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of IBJOE plus chemoradiotherapy to alleviate symptoms of LC patients.Methods: A complete literature searching was conducted in databases including Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China Academic Journals Full‐text Database, Chinese Scientific Journals Database, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and EMBASE to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of IBJOE with chemoradiotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy alone for LC patients regardless of blinding, duration of treatment or duration of follow‐up. All searching dates were from the beginning to December 2011. Quality of the included studies was assessed using the method by Cochrane Reviewer Handbook, and data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.10 software developed by The Cochrane Collaboration.Results: The searching yielded over 1371 relevant citations, most of which did not meet the inclusion criteria. Finally, only 21 RCTs involving 1619 patients were included, and all the studies were of poor quality. Pooled analyses were performed to reveal that compared with chemoradiotherapy alone, IBJOE plus chemoradiotherapy had a better complete response rate (relative risk (RR) = 1.42; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.92; P = 0.02) and improved quality of life (RR = 1.83; 95% CI 1.63 to 2.07; P < 0.00001) measured by Karnofsky Performance Status scale. In addition, there was a significant difference on the outcome of long‐term survival rate, level of immune function, and some incidences of adverse effects.Conclusions: IBJOE plus chemoradiotherapy may have positive effects on LC patients in response rate, improvement of quality of life, and reducing incidences of some adverse effects compared with chemoradiotherapy alone. However, the results need to be viewed with caution because of low quality of the included studies.
Effects of photoperiod and diet on diapause tendency, maturation and fecundity in Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Reznik S. Ya. , Vaghina N. P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe effects of photoperiodic conditions of larval development and adult maturation (L : D = 12 : 12 vs. 18 : 6) and different diets (sugar solution, frozen eggs of Sitotroga cerealella, different numbers of aphids Myzus persicae, and their combinations) on survival, reproductive maturation and fecundity of Harmonia axyridis were studied in laboratory conditions. The fundamental aim of the work was to distinguish between cue effect of diet (neurohormonal triggering of reproduction) and direct effect of diet (nutritional maintenance of reproduction). When adults were kept under short‐day conditions, the proportion of ovipositing females decreased and the duration of the pre‐oviposition period increased. Moreover, a strong reaction to the direction of changes in the day length was demonstrated: when larvae and pupae developed at long day and adults were transferred to short day, the proportion of ovipositing females was much lower than in individuals that were permanently kept under short‐day conditions. The percentage of ovipositing females, the rate of their reproductive maturation and the average daily fecundity gradually increased in the following succession of diets: ‘sugar + 5 aphids per day < sugar + eggs < sugar + eggs + 5 aphids per day < sugar + 100 aphids per day’. However, dissection showed that most of the non‐laying females fed on these diets (particularly those kept under long‐day conditions) have started reproductive maturation, while even first stages of oogenesis were not found in females fed on sugar solution alone. We conclude that cue effect of diet (reproductive activation) can be achieved almost independently of the number of prey consumed, while nutritional effects (the rate of reproductive maturation and fecundity) are sensitive both to the quality and quantity of food.
First report on Aonchotheca annulosa Dujardin, 1845 (Nematoda, Capillariidae) in a Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) from a zoo in northern Turkey
Authors: Umur Sinasi , Moravec Frantiśek , Gurler Ali , Bolukbas Cenk , Acici Mustafa 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundA dead male Hamadryas baboon, Papio hamadryas, from a zoo in Samsun in northern Turkey was submitted for necropsy examination.MethodsStandard techniques were performed for necropsy and for parasitic identification.ResultsA total of 14 nematodes were recovered from the small intestine. All nematodes were identified as Aonchotheca annulosa.ConclusionsThis nematode is most often reported from murid rodents under natural conditions. To date, little is known about the occurrence of A. annulosa in monkeys, with the exception of a single report in a capuchin monkey. This is the first record of A. annulosa from P. hamadryas.
Cranial myology and bite force performance of Erlikosaurus andrewsi: a novel approach for digital muscle reconstructions
Authors: Lautenschlager Stephan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe estimation of bite force and bite performance in fossil and extinct animals is a challenging subject in palaeontology and is highly dependent on the reconstruction of the cranial myology. Furthermore, the morphology and arrangement of the adductor muscles considerably affect feeding processes and mastication and thus also have important dietary and ecological ramifications. However, in the past, the reconstruction of the (cranial) muscles was restricted to the identification of muscle attachment sites or simplified computer models. This study presents a detailed reconstruction of the adductor musculature of the Cretaceous therizinosaur Erlikosaurus andrewsi based on a stepwise and iterative approach. The detailed, three‐dimensional models of the individual muscles allow for more accurate measurements of the muscle properties (length, cross‐section, attachment angle and volume), from which muscle and bite force estimates are calculated. Bite force estimations are found to be the lowest at the tip of the snout (43–65 N) and respectively higher at the first (59–88 N) and last tooth (90–134 N) position. Nevertheless, bite forces are comparatively low for E. andrewsi, both in actual numbers as well as in comparison with other theropod dinosaurs. The results further indicate that the low bite performance was mainly used for leaf‐stripping and plant cropping, rather than active mastication or chewing processes. Muscle and thus bite force in E. andrewsi (and most likely all therizinosaurs) is considerably constrained by the cranial anatomy and declines in derived taxa of this clade. This trend is reflected in the changes of dietary preferences from carnivory to herbivory in therizinosaurs.
Multivariate Approaches for Optimization of the Acceptance: Optimization of a Brazilian Cerrado Fruit Jam Using Mixture Design and Parallel Factor Analysis
Authors: de Souza Vanessa Rios , Pereira Patrícia Aparecida Pimenta , Pinheiro Ana Carla Marques , Nunes Cleiton Antônio , Silva Thais Lomônaco Teodoro , Borges Soraia Vilela , Queiroz Fabiana 
Published: October 2012

AbstractOptimization is an important step in the development of a product. Optimization methods are used within the sensory science as a way to obtain results in a specific set of conditions useful to understand cause‐and‐effect questions for ingredients or to provide potential formulations and direction for product development. In this work, response surface methodology and parallel factor analysis‐based method were used for optimization of acceptance parameters in mixed fruit jam using a mixture design. Fruit (murici, marolo, jenipapo, sweet passion fruit and soursop) proportions in a formulation of Cerrado Brazilian fruit jam were optimized for consumer acceptance parameters. An optimized jam was suggested with 40% of marolo, 35% of soursop, 25% of sweet passion fruit, and 0% of murici and jenipapo.Practical ApplicationsParallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was used in order to select relevant variables for a response surface methodology optimization of acceptance parameters in a product development. PARAFAC was useful to determine the importance (negative or positive influence) of variables in a mixture design. The method can be an interesting alternative to select relevant variables in optimization studies with various factors to be evaluated.
Modeling the Shelf Life of Fruit‐Filled Snack Bars Using Survival Analysis and Sensory Profiling Techniques
Authors: Corrigan Virginia , Hedderley Duncan , Harvey Winna 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSurvival analysis and accelerated storage techniques were used to evaluate the shelf life of fruit‐filled snack bars. Survival analysis of the consumer data gave estimated shelf lives of 37, 16 and 8 weeks for bars stored at 20, 25 and 30C, respectively. Reanalyzing the data with the first sample assessed excluded, greatly improved the shelf life confidence intervals indicating the value of including a warm‐up sample in the consumer sample set. Storage at 25 and 30C reduced the shelf life by a factor of approximately 2 for every 5‐C increase in storage temperature, as judged by consumer acceptability, and accelerated the rate of change of key sensory attributes evaluated by a trained sensory panel. The sensory attributes of fruit odor intensity, color development, sourness, freshness, uncharacteristic odors and uncharacteristic flavors were highly correlated with consumer rejection data and could be used as predictors of end of shelf life.Practical ApplicationsThis article supports survival analysis as a relatively simple methodology for use by the industry for the estimation of end of shelf life of shelf‐stable foods such as fruit‐filled snack bars, which can be slow and difficult to determine, driven by relatively small quality changes, rather than microbiological safety. Increased storage temperatures can be used to facilitate the process, accelerating the rate of change of key sensory attributes associated with consumer rejection. The data set can be modeled, allowing the estimation of such product rejection at any point in the product's shelf life and the level of risk selected accordingly. Shelf life confidence intervals are often wide when using this technique, but our findings indicate that including a warm‐up sample in the product sample set increases the precision of shelf life estimates. This has not been done previously, but we recommend that it be considered for future testing.