bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Escaping a Rising Tide: Sea Level Rise and Migration in Kiribati
Authors: Wyett Kelly 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe inundation of an entire nation due to anthropogenic climate change has never been seen. And the low‐lying Pacific nation of Kiribati is likely to be among the first victims of such a disaster. As such, this article examines a number of strategies for the relocation of Kiribati, and finds that bilateral migration deals with Australia and New Zealand present the best policy option. First, bilateral agreements can be designed to allow for pre‐emptive and planned migration. Second, as relatively large countries with low population densities, Australia and New Zealand are in the best place to absorb large numbers of migrants. Third, with a history of migration, and support for the Pacific islands combating climate change, there is scope for bilateral deals to be politically supportable. Fourth, as the wealthiest countries in the region, and with developed capacities in refugee resettlement, these governments are most able to implement a migration deal. Of course, the challenge of climate change migration is larger than Kiribati. Some estimates suggest that more than 200 million people may be displaced by climate change by 2050. When this is taken into account, getting policy right in Kiribati takes on added importance, as the way the international community handles this challenge is likely to set a global precedence.
CD21−/low Marginal Zone B Cells Highly Express Fc Receptor–like 5 Protein and Are Killed by Anti–Fc Receptor–like 5 Immunotoxins in Hepatitis C Virus–Associated Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis
Authors: Terrier Benjamin , Nagata Satoshi , Ise Tomoko , Rosenzwajg Michelle , Pastan Ira , Klatzmann David , Saadoun David , Cacoub Patrice 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveHepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with B cell lymphoproliferative disorders, including mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) vasculitis and B cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. The expansion of clonal and autoreactive rheumatoid factor–bearing CD21−/low marginal zone (MZ) B cells was demonstrated in patients with HCV‐associated MC vasculitis. Fc receptor–like (FCRL) proteins comprise a family of immunoregulatory proteins preferentially expressed on B lineage cells. The goal of this study was to investigate the expression of FCRL proteins 1–5 on B cells from patients with HCV‐associated MC vasculitis.MethodsExpression of FCRL proteins 1–5 was assessed by flow cytometry on B cells from 15 HCV‐infected patients with type II MC (7 of whom had B cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma), 20 HCV‐infected patients without MC, and 20 healthy donors. To evaluate FCRL‐5 as an immunotherapy target in HCV‐associated MC vasculitis, 2 anti–FCRL‐5 recombinant immunotoxins were produced using anti–FCRL‐5 monoclonal antibodies and Pseudomonas exotoxin.ResultsExpression of FCRLs 2, 3, and 5 was markedly increased while expression of FCRL‐1 was decreased on clonal CD21−/low MZ B cells, as compared with other B cell subsets, from HCV‐infected patients and healthy donors. However, there was no difference in the pattern of FCRL expression between HCV‐MC patients with lymphoma and those without lymphoma. The anti–FCRL‐5 immunotoxins showed specific cytotoxicity against FCRL‐5–expressing clonal CD21−/low MZ B cells isolated from HCV‐infected patients as well as FCRL‐5–transfected cell lines. No cytotoxicity against T cells or conventional B cells was observed.ConclusionThese findings suggest that FCRL‐5–targeting therapies could be a specific treatment for HCV‐associated MC vasculitis and other FCRL‐5–positive autoimmune B cell disorders.
Evolution of Etching Kinetics and Directional Transition of Nanowires Formed on Pyramidal Microtextures
Authors: Chen Chia‐Yun , Li Liyi , Wong Ching‐Ping 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTwo‐scale roughened silicon (Si) textures are considered promising architectures for versatile applications because of their excellent self‐cleaning, light‐trapping, and biosensing capacities. In this study, we explore the directional control of nanowires formed on pyramidal microtextures through a single‐step metal‐assisted chemical etching (MACE). The measured current density of Si dissolution at catalytic etching enables quantitative monitoring of the etching kinetics of nanowire formation. The preferential orientation of fabricated nanowires on {111}‐plane pyramidal textures was found to positively correlate with the molar ratio of [AgNO3] to ([AgNO3]+[HF]), referred to as ρ. A distinct transition from <100> to <111> axial directions at ρ≥0.2 and ρ=0.07, respectively, was revealed. The <111>‐oriented nanowires on the pyramidal microtextures exhibited an excellent antireflection performance, with a reflectivity as low as 1.2 % at 600 nm. The results of this study may aid the design for the development of high‐performance Si‐based optoelectronic devices.
Binding study of lysozyme with Al(III) using chemiluminescence analysis
Authors: Liu Jiangman , Luo Kai , Song Zhenghua 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe binding behavior of lysozyme with Al(III) is described using luminol as a luminescence probe by flow injection–chemiluminescence (FI–CL) analysis. It was found that the CL intensity of the luminol–lysozyme reaction could be markedly enhanced by Al(III), and the increase in CL intensity was linear with the Al(III) concentration over the range 0.3–30.0 pg mL−1, with a detection limit of 0.1 pg mL−1 (3σ). Based on the interaction model of lysozyme with Al(III), lg[(I − I0)/(2I0 − I)] = lgK + nlg[M], the binding constant K = 6.84 × 106 L mol–1 and the number of binding sites (n) = 0.76. The relative standard deviations were 3.2, 2.4 and 2.0% for 10.0, 20.0 and 30.0 pg mL−1 Al(III) (n = 7), respectively. This new method was successfully applied to continuous, quantitative monitoring of picogram level Al(III) in human saliva following oral intake of compound aluminum hydroxide tablets. It was found that Al(III) in saliva reached a maximum of 101.2 ng mL−1 at 3.0 h. The absorption rate constant ka, elimination rate constant k and half‐life time t1/2 of Al(III) were 1.378 h−1, 0.264 h−1 and 2.624 h, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor, 2‐[4‐(4‐{5‐[2‐phenyl‐5‐(trifluoromethyl) oxazole‐4‐carboxamido]‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl} phenyl) cyclohexyl] acetic acid (KR‐69232) in rat plasma using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Seo Hyewon , Choi Sung Heum , Kwak Eun‐Young , Zheng Zhi , Kwak Hyun Jung , Ahn Jin Hee , Lee Yong‐Moon , Ahn Sung‐Hoon , Bae Myung Ae , Song Jin Sook 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTA liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of KR‐69232, a diacyltransferase 1 inhibitor, in rat plasma. KR‐69232 in the concentration range of 0.004–4 µg/mL was linear. The intra‐and inter‐day precision and accuracy were acceptable (<20%). KR‐69232 was stable under various storage and handling conditions. The method was applied successfully in a pharmacokinetic study of KR‐69232 in rats. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous quantification of methylene blue and its major metabolite, azure B, in plasma by LC‐MS/MS and its application for a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Kim Soo‐Jin , Ha Dong‐Jin , Koo Tae‐Sung 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTA simple and sensitive liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was developed for the quantification of methylene blue (MB) and its major metabolite, azure B (AZB), in rat plasma. A simple protein precipitation using acetonitrile was followed by injection of the supernatant on to a Zorbax HILIC Plus column (3.5 µm, 2.1 × 100 mm) with isocratic mobile phase consisting of 5 mM ammonium acetate in 10:90 (v/v) water:methanol at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and detection in positive ionization mode. The standard curve was linear over the concentration range from 1 to 1000 ng/mL for MB and AZB with coefficient of determination above 0.9930. The lower limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL using 20 μL of rat plasma sample. The intra‐ and inter‐assay precision and accuracy were <12%. The developed analytical method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of MB and AZB in rats. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blood pressure fluctuation and hypertension in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Tsukamoto Tetsuro , Kitano Yoshimi , Kuno Sadako 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectivesBlood pressure (BP) abnormalities have been known in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. The present study aimed at determining how the BPs of PD patients fluctuate in a day.MethodsA total of 37 PD patients and 44 OD (other disease) patients, all of who were inpatients, were monitored every 30 min by 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM).ResultsThe average systolic BP and the number of patients who showed postprandial hypotension were not different between the two groups. However, occurrence of nocturnal hypertension, BP fluctuation of over 100 mmHg in a day and BP of over 200 mmHg were significantly more frequently observed in the PD patients than in the OD patients. In the PD patients, these parameters were not different between those who were suffering from the disease for less than 10 years and those with the disease for 10 years or longer, as well as between those who had a Hoehn–Yahr staging scale of 2–3 and those with a scale of 4–5.ConclusionTwenty‐four‐hour ABPM, not BP measurement once a day, enables us to determine the actual BP in PD patients. Although hypotension is a severe risk factor for falling and syncope, we emphasize the importance of monitoring rather hypertension and fluctuating BP in PD patients that may lead to a variety of other undesirable conditions. Management of hypotension, hypertension, and BP fluctuation is an important issue in the future.
Thalamo‐striato‐cortical determinants to fatigue in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Engström Maria , Flensner Gullvi , Landtblom Anne‐Marie , Ek Anna‐Christina , Karlsson Thomas 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe aim was to explore the thalamo‐striato‐cortical theory of central fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with self‐reported fatigue. If the theory correctly predicted fatigue based on disruptions of the thalamo‐striato‐cortical network, we expected altered brain activation in this network in MS participants while performing a complex cognitive task that challenged fatigue.MethodsMS participants with self‐reported fatigue were examined by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the performance of a complex working memory task. In this task, cognitive effort was challenged by a parametric design, which modeled the cerebral responses at increasing cognitive demands. In order to explore the theory of central fatigue in MS we also analyzed the cerebral responses by adding perceived fatigue scores as covariates in the analysis and by calculating the functional connectivity between regions in the thalamo‐striatocortical network. The main findings were that MS participants elicited altered brain responses in the thalamo‐striato‐cortical network, and that brain activation in the left posterior parietal cortex and the right substantia nigra was positively correlated to perceived fatigue ratings. MS participants had stronger cortical‐to‐cortical and subcortical‐to‐subcortical connections, whereas they had weaker cortical‐to‐subcortical connections.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study indicate that the thalamo‐striato‐cortical network is involved in the pathophysiology of fatigue in MS, and provide support for the theory of central fatigue. However, due to the limited number of participants and the somewhat heterogeneous sample of MS participants, these results have to be regarded as tentative, though they might serve as a basis for future studies.
Sustainable Project Finance, the Adoption of the Equator Principles and Shareholder Value Effects
Authors: Eisenbach Sebastian , Schiereck Dirk , Trillig Julian , von Flotow Paschen 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTRecent trends in the project finance industry include an increasing volume and a growing awareness of sustainable development. This has raised the question of whether and a how voluntary code of conduct such as the Equator Principles (EP) could enhance its impact on the project finance industry. We apply an event study methodology, and also consider the market model and conditional variance. We find positive abnormal returns for financial institutions adopting the EP, which supports the reputational risk hypothesis. Furthermore, we document that adopters outperform the global project finance market, especially in terms of market share. However, we do not find evidence that non‐adopters are excluded from lending syndicates. Results include practical recommendations for environmental policy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The Effects of Negative Incidents in Sustainability Reporting on Investors’ Judgments–an Experimental Study of Third‐party Versus Self‐disclosure in the Realm of Sustainable Development
Authors: Reimsbach Daniel , Hahn Rüdiger 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis study examines how the disclosure of negative sustainability‐related incidents affects the investment‐related judgments of decision‐makers. Participants in a sequential 2 × 2 between‐subjects experiment first received a company's financial information before viewing additional sustainability information (by the company and by a non‐governmental organization (NGO); with and without negative disclosure). Results indicate that self‐reporting of negative incidents does not affect decision‐makers’ stock price estimates and investment decisions compared with judgments based on financial information only. However, third‐party disclosure of these incidents by a NGO has a negative affect on these investment‐related judgments. Furthermore, the magnitude of the NGO reporting effect depends on whether the company itself simultaneously reports these incidents. Thus, disclosing negative incidents in sustainability reporting could lose some of its apparent stigma. Instead of avoiding negative reporting altogether, managers might use it as a risk mitigation tool in their reporting strategy. The results also emphasize the power of the often‐mentioned ‘watchdog’ function of NGOs acting as stakeholder advocates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Src controls castration recurrence of CWR22 prostate cancer xenografts
Authors: Su Bing , Gillard Bryan , Gao Lingqiu , Eng Kevin H. , Gelman Irwin H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRecurrence of prostate cancer (CaP) after androgen‐deprivation therapy continues to have the greatest impact on patient survival. Castration‐recurrent (CR)‐CaP is likely driven by the activation of androgen receptor (AR) through multiple mechanisms including induction of AR coregulators, AR mutants or splice variants, and AR posttranslational modification such as phosphorylation by Src‐family and Ack1 tyrosine kinases. Here, we address whether Src is required for the CR growth of human CWR22 CaP xenografts. The shRNA‐mediated Src knockdown or treatment with the Src inhibitors, dasatinib or KXO1, reduced CaP recurrence over controls and increased time‐to‐recurrence following castration. Moreover, CR‐CaP [Src‐shRNA] tumors that recurred had similar Src protein and activation levels as those of parental cells, strengthening the notion that Src activity is required for progression to CR‐CaP. In contrast, the ability of dasatinib or KXO1 to inhibit Src kinase activity in vitro did not correlate with their ability to inhibit serum‐driven in vitro proliferation of CR and androgen‐dependent stable cell lines derived from CWR22 tumors (CWR22Rv1 and CWR22PC, respectively), suggesting that the in vitro proliferation of these CaP lines is Src independent. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that Src is a potent and specific therapeutic target for CR‐CaP progression.
Attitudinal and behavioral resistance: A marketing perspective
Authors: Tinson Julie , Close Angeline , Tuncay Zayer Linda , Nuttall Peter 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTResistance to ritual practice and related consumption behavior has been under‐researched in both marketing and consumer research, although it has significant implications for business and consumers. In this paper, the authors offer an explanation of attitudinal and behavioral resistance by reporting on the findings of a qualitative interpretative study of those self‐identifying as high school prom resistors. Four types of resistance are posited, that is, identity‐positioning resistors, identity‐protecting resistors, emotional resistors, and apathetic resistors. Characteristics of the typology are developed and consequences of their behaviors discussed. Theoretical and managerial consequences are proposed. Understanding resistance to prom may lead to improved service provision, better targeting of communication messages (e.g., advertising), overcoming event dilution as well as generating positive word of mouth, and reducing consumer regret. This research expands the theoretical understanding of attitudinal and behavioral resistance by bringing new evidence as to the individual and social identity processes by which resistance develops. This study helps to better understand opposition to positional consumption as well as extending our understanding of why individuals resist consumption and related practice. Two new concepts are also identified and discussed, namely “event dilution” and “regret through resistance”. Managerial implications (contextual and for marketplace rituals) are posited. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Supercritical CO2 Pretreatment of Corn Stover with Ethanol‐Water as Co‐Solvent on Lignin Degradation
Authors: Lv H. , Yan L. , Zhang M. , Geng Z. , Ren M. , Sun Y. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe process of delignification during the pretreatment of corn stover in supercritical CO2 with ethanol‐water as co‐solvent was investigated. After pretreatment, many lignin droplets were found deposited on the fiber surface which hinder cellulose digestibility. These lignin droplets were removed by ethanol‐water and after washing the optimal glucose yield increased significantly. Lignin degradation reactions competed with condensation reactions during pretreatment. The cleavage of ether bonds and the high solubility of lignin fragments in ethanol‐water co‐solvent were the key factors for lignin removal and degradation behavior during pretreatment.
Physical Characterization of a Commercial Suspoemulsion as a Reference for the Development of Suspoemulsions
Authors: Santos J. , Trujillo L. A. , Calero N. , Alfaro M. C. , Muñoz J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractViscoelasticity, low shear flow, microstructure, and physical stability of a commercial suspoemulsion pesticide are studied to serve as a point of reference for the development of new suspoemulsions. Creep compliance tests allow the zero‐shear rate viscosity, η0, to be calculated. As expected, the values of η0 decrease with temperature. The storage modulus is higher than the loss modulus until a crossover frequency, ω*, which is located at the lower frequencies studied. The dynamic parameters decrease with higher temperature and ω* increases in agreement with a faster relaxation mechanism. Multiple light scattering predicts the occurrence of a creaming destabilization process, whose kinetics depends on temperature. Rheological measurements are demonstrated to be a powerful tool to assist in the prediction of destabilization processes together with the multiple light scattering technique.
Surface Tensions of Carbonated 2‐Amino‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanol and Piperazine Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Fu D. , Liu F. , Li Z. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSurface tensions of carbonated 2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanol (AMP) and piperazine (PZ) aqueous solutions were measured by a surface tension meter which employs the Wilhemy plate principle. A thermodynamic model was proposed to correlate the surface tensions of both CO2‐unloaded and CO2‐loaded aqueous solutions by introducing the contribution of CO2 loading into the formulation of surface tension. Based on experiments and calculations, the effects of temperature, mass fractions of amines, and CO2 loading on surface tensions of carbonated aqueous solutions were demonstrated.
Investigation of Functionalized α‐Chloroalkyllithiums for a Stereospecific Reagent‐Controlled Homologation Approach to the Analgesic Alkaloid (−)‐Epibatidine
Authors: Emerson Christopher R. , Zakharov Lev N. , Blakemore Paul R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFour putative functionalized α‐chloroakyllithiums RCH2CHLiCl, where R=CHCH2 (18 a), CCH (18 b), CH2OBn (18 c), and CH[O(CH2)2O] (18 d), were generated in situ by sulfoxide–lithium exchange from α‐chlorosulfoxides, and investigated for the stereospecific reagent‐controlled homologation (StReCH) of phenethyl and 2‐chloropyrid‐5‐yl (17) pinacol boronic esters. Deuterium labeling experiments revealed that α‐chloroalkyllithiums are quenched by proton transfer from their α‐chlorosulfoxide precursors and it was established that this effect compromises the yield of StReCH reactions. Use of α‐deuterated α‐chlorosulfoxides was discovered to ameliorate the problem by retarding the rate of acid‐base chemistry between the carbenoid and its precursor. Carbenoids 18 a and 18 b showed poor StReCH efficacy, particularly the propargyl group bearing carbenoid 18 b, the instability of which was attributed to a facile 1,2‐hydride shift. By contrast, 18 d, a carbenoid that benefits from a stabilizing interaction between O and Li atoms gave good StReCH yields. Boronate 17 was chain extended by carbenoids 18 a, 18 b, and 18 d in 16, 0, and 68 % yield, respectively; α‐deuterated isotopomers D‐18 a and D‐18 d gave yields of 33 and 79 % for the same reaction. Double StReCH of 17 was pursued to target contiguous stereodiads appropriate for the total synthesis of (−)‐epibatidine (15). One‐pot double StReCH of boronate 17 by two exposures to (S)‐D‐18 a (≤66 % ee), followed by work‐up with KOOH, gave the expected stereodiad product in 16 % yield (d.r.∼67:33). The comparable reaction using two exposures to (S)‐D‐18 d (≤90 % ee) delivered the expected bisacetal containing stereodiad (R,R)‐DD‐48 in 40 % yield (≥98 % ee, d.r.=85:15). Double StReCH of 17 using (S)‐D‐18 d (≤90 % ee) followed by (R)‐D‐18 d (≤90 % ee) likewise gave (R,S)‐DD‐48 in 49 % yield (≥97 % ee, d.r.=79:21). (R,S)‐DD‐48 was converted to a dideuterated isotopomer of a synthetic intermediate in Corey’s synthesis of 15.
Anion Sensing by Solution‐ and Surface‐Assembled Osmium(II) Bipyridyl Rotaxanes
Authors: Lehr Joshua , Lang Thomas , Blackburn Octavia A. , Barendt Timothy A. , Faulkner Stephen , Davis Jason J. , Beer Paul D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe report the preparation of [2]rotaxanes containing an electrochemically and optically active osmium(II) bipyridyl macrocyclic component mechanically bonded with cationic pyridinium axles. Such interlocked host systems are demonstrated to recognise and sense anionic guest species as shown by 1H NMR, luminescence and electrochemical studies. The rotaxanes can be surface assembled on to gold electrodes through anion templation under click copper(I)‐catalysed Huisgen cycloaddition conditions to form rotaxane molecular films, which, after template removal, respond electrochemically and selectively to chloride.