bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critical Review of PAHs as DIB Carriers - Progress and Open Questions
Authors: Salama F. , Ehrenfreund P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPAHs are among the most commonly proposed and popular candidates for DIB carriers. We present a critical assessment of the PAH-DIB model in view of the progress and the advances that have recently been achieved through a series of complementary studies involving astronomical observations of DIBs, laboratory simulation of interstellar analogs for PAHs (neutrals and ions), space exposure experiments of PAHs, theoretical calculations of PAH spectra and the modeling of diffuse and translucent interstellar clouds. What have we learned from these complementary studies? What are the constraints that can now be derived for the PAHs as DIB carriers? What are the strengths and the weaknesses of the PAH model to account for the DIBs?
Dirty H2 Molecular Clusters as the DIB Sources: Spectroscopic and Physical Properties
Authors: Bernstein L. S. , Clark F. O. , Lynch D. K. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe propose that the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) arise from absorption lines of electronic transitions in molecular clusters primarily composed of a single molecule, atom, or ion (“seed”), embedded in a single-layer shell of H2 molecules (Bernstein et al. 2013). Less abundant variants of the cluster, including two seed molecules and/or a two-layer shell of H2 molecules may also occur. The lines are broadened, blended, and wavelength-shifted by interactions between the seed and surrounding H2 shell. We refer to these clusters as CHCs (Contaminated H2 Clusters). CHC spectroscopy matches the diversity of observed DIB spectral profiles, and provides good fits to several DIB profiles based on a rotational temperature of 10 K. CHCs arise from ~cm-sized, dirty H2 ice balls, called CHIMPs (Contaminated H2 Ice Macro-Particles), formed in cold, dense, Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs), and later released into the interstellar medium (ISM) upon GMC disruption. Attractive interactions, arising from Van der Waals and ion-induced dipole potentials, between the seeds and H2 molecules enable CHIMPs to attain cm-sized dimensions. When an ultraviolet (UV) photon is absorbed in the outer layer of a CHIMP, it heats the icy matrix and expels CHCs into the ISM. While CHCs are quickly destroyed by absorbing UV photons, they are replenished by the slowly eroding CHIMPs. Since CHCs require UV photons for their release, they are most abundant at, but not limited to, the edges of UV-opaque molecular clouds, consistent with the observed, preferred location of DIBs. An inherent property of CHCs, which can be characterized as nanometer size, spinning, dipolar dust grains, is that they emit in the radio-frequency region. Thus, CHCs offer a natural explanation to the anomalous microwave emission (AME) feature in the ~10-100 GHz spectral region.
EXPRESSIVE LIMITATIONS OF NAÏVE SET THEORY IN LP AND MINIMALLY INCONSISTENT LP.
Authors: THOMAS NICK 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe give some negative results on the expressiveness of naïve set theory (NS) in LP and in the four variants of minimally inconsistent LP defined in Crabbé (2011): ${\rm{L}}{{\rm{P}}_m},{\rm{L}}{{\rm{P}}_ = },{\rm{L}}{{\rm{P}}_ \subseteq }$, and ${\rm{L}}{{\rm{P}}_ \supseteq }$. We show that NS in LP cannot prove the existence of sets that behave like singleton sets, Cartesian pairs, or infinitely ascending linear orders. We show that NS is close to trivial in ${\rm{L}}{{\rm{P}}_m}$ and ${\rm{L}}{{\rm{P}}_ \subseteq }$, in the sense that its only minimally inconsistent model is a one-element model. We show that NS in ${\rm{L}}{{\rm{P}}_ = }$ and ${\rm{L}}{{\rm{P}}_ \supseteq }$ has the same limitations we give for NS in LP.
GLP-1 at physiological concentrations recruits skeletal and cardiac muscle microvasculature in healthy humans
Authors: Subaran Sharmila C. , Sauder Matthew A. , Chai Weidong , Jahn Linda A. , Fowler Dale E. , Aylor Kevin W. , Basu Ananda , Liu Zhenqi 
Published: February 2014

Muscle microvascular surface area determines substrate and hormonal exchanges between plasma and muscle interstitium. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) regulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion and has numerous extrapancreatic effects, including a salutary vascular action. To examine whether GLP-1 recruits skeletal and cardiac muscle microvasculature in healthy humans, 26 overnight-fasted healthy adults received a systemic infusion of GLP-1 (1.2 pmol/kg of body mass per min) for 150 min. Skeletal and cardiac muscle MBV (microvascular blood volume), MFV (microvascular flow velocity) and MBF (microvascular blood flow) were determined at baseline and after 30 and 150 min. Brachial artery diameter and mean flow velocity were measured and total blood flow was calculated before and at the end of the GLP-1 infusion. GLP-1 infusion raised plasma GLP-1 concentrations to the postprandial levels and suppressed plasma glucagon concentrations with a transient increase in plasma insulin concentrations. Skeletal and cardiac muscle MBV and MBF increased significantly at both 30 and 150 min (P&lt;0.05). MFV did not change in skeletal muscle, but decreased slightly in cardiac muscle. GLP-1 infusion significantly increased brachial artery diameter (P&lt;0.005) and flow velocity (P=0.05) at 150 min, resulting in a significant increase in total brachial artery blood flow (P&lt;0.005). We conclude that acute GLP-1 infusion significantly recruits skeletal and cardiac muscle microvasculature in addition to relaxing the conduit artery in healthy humans. This could contribute to increased tissue oxygen, nutrient and insulin delivery and exchange and therefore better prandial glycaemic control and tissue function in humans.
The Relationship between Interannual Climate Variability and Juvenile Eastern Oyster Abundance at a Regional Scale in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Kimmel David G. , Tarnowski Mitchell , Newell Roger I. E. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is an important ecological and commercial species along the Eastern Seaboard of North America, although its abundance in Chesapeake Bay (Maryland and Virginia) has declined precipitously since the mid-1800s. Management activities, including efforts to enhance larval settlement, to rebuild the Chesapeake Bay eastern oyster population have met with limited success. Since 1939, juvenile oyster abundance has been measured at oyster bars in the northern portion of Chesapeake Bay. Prior analyses of those data indicate that juvenile oyster abundance is influenced by environmental conditions, which are related to regional climate. We quantified a regional scale (1,000 km2) climate signal using a synoptic climatology approach by identifying predominant weather patterns. We related these weather patterns to Susquehanna River freshwater discharge, a major influencing factor on Chesapeake Bay salinity, and the Palmer Hydrological Drought Index (PHDI), an indicator of the overall wetness or dryness of a given region. We developed path analysis models that linked weather patterns to Susquehanna River discharge and thence to either the PHDI or ambient salinity and water temperature and finally to juvenile oyster abundance in one of four preidentified spatial groupings. The path models indicated that weather patterns that produce wet conditions, leading to a higher PHDI and lower salinity, resulted in reduced juvenile oyster abundance; weather patterns that produce dry conditions that decreased the PHDI and increased salinity resulted in higher juvenile oyster abundance. Our results indicate that regions of higher juvenile oyster abundance may be predicted several months in advance using the path model. These predictions can be used to increase the effectiveness of oyster restoration efforts by indicating where hard substrate added to oyster bars in the four regions is likely to result in greater than average numbers of juvenile oysters.
Received January 16, 2013; accepted July 24, 2013
Published online December 3, 2013
Climate Change, Migration Phenology, and Fisheries Management Interact with Unanticipated Consequences
Authors: Peer A. C. , Miller T. J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that as global temperatures rise, reproductive behaviors, including migrations, are occurring earlier across a range of taxa. Alone, these changes are ecologically important; however, for some fish populations, management practices may unknowingly interact with climate-induced changes in reproductive phenology, leading to unanticipated changes in fishing mortality. The potential for such an interaction exists for the Chesapeake Bay Striped Bass Morone saxatilis fishery, which opens on the same week each year during the spawning season. Earlier migrants spawn before the fishery opens; however, later migrants are vulnerable to fishing before they reach the spawning grounds. Consequently, if there are climate-induced changes in Striped Bass spawning phenology, unexpected levels of fishing mortality may occur for egg-bearing, prespawn females. To evaluate the potential consequences of this temporally fixed fishing season, we analyzed a time series of gill-net catch data using an inference-based modeling approach to identify the environmental cues driving variation in the migratory timing of Striped Bass onto their two primary spawning grounds. We hypothesized that factors driving migratory timing would also influence the proportion of egg-bearing, prespawn females caught in the fishery each year. Results indicated that spring water temperature was the primary factor influencing the timing of movement onto spawning grounds, with higher temperatures resulting in early migrations. Importantly, our results indicated that in cool years, when females moved onto the spawning grounds later, more egg-bearing females were caught in the fishery before they could spawn. This situation provides impetus for establishing management approaches that reduce potential climate-induced variability in fishing mortality in the Chesapeake Bay and fisheries around the globe.
Received December 20, 2012; accepted September 5, 2013
Published online February 10, 2014
Automated Detection and Tracking of Adult Pacific Lampreys in Underwater Video Collected at Snake and Columbia River Fishways
Authors: Negrea Cristi , Thompson Donald E. , Juhnke Steven D. , Fryer Derek S. , Loge Frank J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
To reduce staffing demands and enhance observational accuracy, we designed, implemented, and tested a computerized system for processing underwater video clips captured by static cameras and removing “quiet” frames in which no activity is detected. When the system detects activity, it tracks and counts the moving object. The implementation uses an adaptive background-subtraction algorithm for detection and motion prediction for tracking. The system can be used to reduce the amount of video that must be reviewed by personnel, and it can produce total fish passage counts through the monitored area. The automated system reduced the total number of video hours requiring review by an average of 87.5% for count window videos and 83.5% for videos of picketed leads and lamprey passage orifices. The software detected 98.6% of the 144 Pacific Lampreys Entosphenus tridentatus that were observed in 185 h of raw video. Because the system is fully automated, monitoring requirements are negligible, and the cost reduction for fish monitoring is proportional to the number of quiet frames removed.
Received March 27, 2013; accepted September 23, 2013
Published online January 30, 2014
Summer Thermal Thresholds of Fish Community Transitions in Connecticut Streams
Authors: Beauchene Mike , Becker Mary , Bellucci Christopher J. , Hagstrom Neal , Kanno Yoichiro 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Thermal tolerances have been studied for individual fish species but few have investigated how stream fish assemblages respond along a temperature gradient and which thermal ranges act as a threshold, triggering discernible community change. The purpose of this study was to define summer temperature thresholds of fish community transitions in Connecticut streams. The program Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis suggested that the coldwater class had a June–August mean water temperature &lt; 18.29°C, the coolwater class 18.29–21.70°C, and a warmwater class &gt; 21.70°C. Significant indicator species of coldwater streams were Slimy Sculpin Cottus cognatus and Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Significant indicator species of warmwater streams were Cutlip Minnow Exoglossum maxillingua, Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu, Rock Bass Ambloplites rupestris, Brown Bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus, Redbreast Sunfish Lepomis auritus and Yellow Bullhead A. natalis. The narrow 3.41°C temperature range between the coldwater and warmwater thresholds was designated as a coolwater transition zone, with potential for the presence of both coldwater and warmwater species and lack of species uniquely associated with this thermal range. Our approach based on a robust set of water temperature and fish community data should be applicable to other temperate regions and will be useful for informing development of thermal criteria, application of multimetric indices, and planning for anticipated effects of climate change.
Received July 2, 2013; accepted October 8, 2013
Published online January 30, 2014
Monitoring Stock-Specific Abundance, Run Timing, and Straying of Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River Using Genetic Stock Identification (GSI)
Authors: Hess Jon E. , Whiteaker John M. , Fryer Jeffrey K. , Narum Shawn R. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Genetic stock identification (GSI) provides a method of characterizing stock-specific abundance, run timing, and straying as they pertain to the population demographics and behavior of both hatchery and wild fish and thus assists with fisheries management. In this study, tissues were collected and genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci from adult Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that passed Bonneville Dam during four consecutive migration years (2004–2007). GSI methods were used to estimate the proportions of stocks in a broad genetic baseline, with high-density coverage of Chinook Salmon across the eastern Pacific Rim. The estimates of abundance for interior Columbia River stocks showed widespread decline consistent with a shift to poor ocean conditions during the years when the fish in this study were at sea, but divergent stock- and age-specific patterns were also observed. For example, the upper Columbia River spring-run stock experienced a unique net gain in abundance during this period, and the interior Columbia River summer–fall-run stock experienced a delayed decline of 4-year-olds. Stocks with early run timing shifted to later migrations. However, run timing distributions did not shift unidirectionally for all stocks across years, and stock membership in three major run timing categories was maintained. Of 9,215 total adults sampled, 27 (0.3%) were out-of-basin strays and a quarter of the strays were putatively of wild origin. The general concordance of GSI results with those based on more traditional methods supports the effectiveness of GSI as a tool for fisheries management.
Received May 5, 2013; accepted October 23, 2013
Published online February 10, 2014
Minimally Invasive Delivery of a Novel Direct Epicardial Assist Device in a Porcine Heart Failure Model
Authors: McGarvey Jeremy R. , Shimaoka Toru , Takebayashi Satoshi , Aoki Chikashi , Kondo Norihiro , Takebe Manabu , Zsido Gerald A. , Jassar Arminder , Gorman Joseph H. , Pilla James J. , Gorman Robert C. 
Published: February 2014

Objective Despite advances in design, modern ventricular assist device placement involves median sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass and is associated with infectious/embolic complications. In this study, we examine the feasibility and function of a novel minimally invasive, non–blood-contacting epicardial assist device in a porcine ischemic cardiomyopathy model. Methods Feasibility was first tested in an ex vivo thoracoscopic trainer box with slaughterhouse hearts. Five male Yorkshire swine underwent selective ligation of the circumflex artery to create a posterolateral infarct Twelve weeks after infarct, all animals underwent left minithoracotomy. A custom inflatable bladder was positioned over the epicardial surface of the infarct and firmly secured to the surrounding border zone myocardium with polypropylene mesh and minimally invasive mesh tacks. An external gas pulsation system actively inflated and deflated the bladder in synchrony with the cardiac cycle. All animals then underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to assess ventricular function. Results All subjects successfully underwent off-pump placement of the epicardial assist device via minithoracotomy. Ejection fraction significantly improved from 29.1% ± 4.8% to 39.6% ± 4.23% ( P < 0.001) when compared with pretreatment. End-systolic volume decreased (76.6 ± 13.3 mL vs 62.4 ± 12.0 mL, P < 0.001) and stroke volume increased (28.6 ± 3.4 mL vs 37.9 ± 3.1 mL, P < 0.05) when assisted. No change was noted in end-diastolic volume (105.1 ± 11.4 vs 100.3 ± 12.7). On postmortem examination, mesh fixation and device position were excellent in all cases. No adverse events were encountered. Conclusions Directed epicardial assistance improves ventricular function in a porcine ischemic cardiomyopathy model and may provide a safe alternative to currently available ventricular assist device therapies. Further, the technique used for device positioning and fixation suggests that an entirely thoracoscopic approach is possible.
Enhancing employability in engineering and management students through soft skills
Authors: Rao M.S. 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to bridge the gap between campus and industry among the management and engineering students to enhance their employability. It equips students and faculty with creative tools and techniques to acquire soft skills and provides a new perspective to the discipline of soft skills.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper designs an interview questionnaire containing both open and close-ended questions to elicit responses from faculty, students, recruiters, and directors of educational institutions.

Findings
– The study found that there must be effective coordination among faculty, students, industry and directors of educational institutions for enhancing employability skills among students. It places emphasis on the role of Training and Placement Officer (TPO) in the educational institutions for better employability and calls for promotion of finishing schools to enhance employability.

Research limitations/implications
– The article relies on limited survey and interview data from one particular district in India and from students of engineering and management education only.

Practical implications
– The study can be applied in any part of the world as there is a problem of unemployability everywhere currently.

Originality/value
– The paper adds value to the little literature available in the area of soft skills. It sets the agenda for discussion in soft and hard skills and employability, presents problems and prospects and calls for blending both hard and soft skills to enhance employability.
Corporate human rights social responsibility and employee job outcomes in Kenya
Authors: Kimeli Cheruiyot Thomas , Chemngetich Maru Loice 
Published: February 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify dimensionality and evaluate effect of corporate human rights social responsibility (CHRSR) on employee job outcomes among three leading Kenya's horticultural exporters based in Naivasha, Kenya.Design/methodology/approach– Exploratory and explanatory survey was utilized on a sample of 450 employees selected using a multistage sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was used to extract both nominal and ordinal data, the latter's items were anchored on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive, principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression was used to analyze the data.Findings– PCA of 32 items representing CHRSR yielded ten components while that of employee job outcomes yielded seven components reflecting the multidimensional nature of the constructs. Results showed that the selected firms have largely satisfied both HR and moral expectations. Regression results showed generally significant effect of CHRSR on employee job outcomes such as employee retention, satisfaction, commitment and pride.Research limitations/implications– A business case for CHRSR exists. This implies that compliance with the law, adoption of HR-related corporate social responsibility (CSR) is critical in enhancing employee job outcomes and overall organization performance.Originality/value– The study integrates CSR and HR into CHRSR. It demonstrates its multidimensional nature and utilizes statistical analysis to explore its relationship with employee job outcomes in an African export sector context and argues that CSRHR is more critical in Africa than more regulated contexts.
Establishing liability for multinational corporations: lessons from Akpan
Authors: James McConnell Lee 
Published: February 2014

Purpose– This article aims to explore the central challenges that preclude the attribution of liability to multinational corporations (MNCs) through a contextual analysis of the recent Akpan ruling of the District Court of The Hague. It considers the lack of direct regulation for multinationals at the international level and explores the procedural/substantive hurdles which pervade in the domestic systems of “host” and “home” States, in an exposition of the overall deficit in protection.Design/methodology/approach– The article employs a case-based approach, utilising the judgement of a recent Dutch case concerning environmental damage in Nigeria as a vehicle to discuss parent/subsidiary liability.Findings– The article demonstrates the procedural impediments that arise in the domestic forums of developing countries, as well as the jurisdictional challenges presented by corporate structures which preclude home State protection. Absent effective international regulation, this paper demonstrates that continued emphasis on State responsibility, particularly in developing countries, is unworkable.Originality/value– The article provides a fresh illustration of the challenges to the regulation of MNCs in the light of recent case law. It contributes to an evolving literature on the wider topic of non-State actor regulation, which continues to generate significant academic debate.
Developing a values evidence-based clinical supervision model within a forensic intellectual disability service
Authors: Jackson William 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development and proposal of a values evidence-based model of clinical supervision (CS) for the implementation by nursing staff (registered and non-registered nurses) within a forensic intellectual disability service.

Design/methodology/approach
– This is a conceptual and technical paper providing a descriptive account for a service provision with nursing staff.

Findings
– The paper does not present any research findings but does demonstrate a novel and innovative approach to the conceptualisation and implementation of CS.

Originality/value
– The paper examines the dominant concepts that shape existing thinking around CS and suggests a new interpretation that involves greater pragmatism through a values evidence-based approach.