bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Efect of Noradrenaline and Renal Nerve Stimulation on Vascular Resistance in the Dog Kidney and the Release of a Prostaglandin E-Like Substance
Authors: McGiff J. C. , Crowshaw K. , Terragno N. A. , Malik K. U. , Lonigro A. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The concentrations of prostaglandin E(PGE)- and prostaglandin F(PGF)-like substances in renal venous blood were determined by parallel bioassay of extracts of renal venous effluent before and during adrenergic stimulation of the kidney and were related to simultaneous measurements of renal blood flow and urine flow.
2. When noradrenaline was infused continuously into the renal artery, its initial vasoconstrictor and antidiuretic effects diminished on seven of eight occasions in six dogs. Rapid recovery of renal blood flow and urine flow was invariably associated with increasing concentration in renal venous blood of a substance having the physicochemical, chromatographic and biological properties of a prostaglandin of the E series. In the one instance when rapid early recovery of renal blood flow was not observed the concentration of PGE-like substance was not increased.
3. In contrast, during renal nerve stimulation early rapid recovery of renal blood flow and urine flow did not occur and the concentration of a PGE-like substance in renal venous blood did not increase. The concentration of a PGF-like substance in renal venous effluent did not increase in response to either stimulus.
4. Since PGE2, unlike PGF2α, is a potent renal vasodilator and diuretic, the intrarenal release of this substance by noradrenaline in concentrations similar to those determined for a PGE-like substance (&gt;0·50 ng/ml assayed as PGE2 equivalents) would account for the changes in renal blood flow and urine flow in these experiments when the renal actions of noradrenaline were attenuated.
5. These results support the proposal that renal prostaglandins function in an intrarenal negative feedback control system which regulates antidiuretic and vasoconstrictor systems.
Effect of Increased Sodium ION on Arterial Sodium and Reactivity
Authors: Harris G. S. , Palmer W. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Isolated rabbit arterial segments were perfused with buffer containing sodium (155 mmol/l) and vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline, histamine and electrical stimulation were measured. When the concentration of sodium in the perfusing medium was raised by 8 mmol/l, the vasoconstrictor responses to all stimuli were significantly increased, though response to electrical stimulation was less enhanced than the responses to the other stimuli.
2. The constrictor response of the isolated perfused rabbit ear to angiotensin was also enhanced by perfusion with buffer of a similarly enriched sodium content.
3. Ileal responses to electrical stimulation and atrial responses to electrical stimuli and noradrenaline were also examined after exposure to similar changes of environmental sodium. No change in responsiveness was demonstrated.
4. Isotope-exchange studies with 22Na showed that this small increase in sodium concentration of the environmental fluid caused an increased sodium ion content of 20% in arterial wall, 5% in ileum and 11% in atrium.
5. It is suggested that a relationship exists between increased exchangeable sodium ion in arterial wall and arterial reactivity.
Intravascular Haemolysis and Urinary Iron Losses after Replacement of Heart Valves by a Prosthesis
Authors: Slater S. D. , Fell G. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The haemolytic complications of Starr—Edwards ball and cage prostheses have been studied in ninety-five patients.
2. Intravascular haemolysis has been found to be common and particularly marked after an aortic valve replacement.
3. A simple and reliable method for estimating urinary iron is described, and excessive urinary iron loss was found to be common especially in aortic valve replacements.
4. The urinary haemosiderin test has proved to be a useful screening procedure, the degree of haemosiderinuria correlating with the severity of haemolysis and also giving an indication of the amount of urinary iron lost.
5. Iron therapy is recommended where there is haemolytic anaemia with secondary iron deficiency, or prophylactically in the presence of persistent appreciable haemosiderinuria or abnormal urinary iron excretion.
Metabolic Effect and Uptake of [3H]Digoxin in the Forearm of Man
Authors: Ogilvie R. I. , Klassen G. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The forearm perfusion technique was used to study the effect of intra-arterial injections of ethanol with or without digoxin on the metabolism and electrolyte flux of forearm tissues in normal male volunteers.
2. In six subjects infusion of ethanol alone (2·9 mg/min over 30 min) resulted in no alterations of forearm blood flow, O2 consumption, carbohydrate metabolism, or flux of potassium and calcium. Although there was no change in extraction of [14C]oleic acid, a significant net output of oleic and total free fatty acids was observed from both deep venous and superficial venous systems.
3. In six subjects the intra-arterial infusion of [3H]digoxin (0·09 μg/min with ethanol, 2·9 mg/min over 30 min) resulted in no alteration of forearm blood flow. During the steady state achieved after 5–8 min of perfusion, 50·3% of the calculated local arterial plasma digoxin concentration of 2·73 μg/l was extracted by the deep venous system with a significant increase in glucose extraction. The respiratory quotient and fractional utilization of O2 by glucose increased. No change in extraction of [14C]oleic acid from arterial blood was observed. However, the net output of oleic and total free acids from both deep and superficial venous systems was insignificant in comparison with that observed in the ethanol control subjects. The changes in K+ flux were similar to those noted in the ethanol group. In the post-digoxin period there was a significantly increased uptake of Ca2+ by forearm tissues.
4. This is the first demonstration of the stimulatory effects of digoxin on glucose metabolism, the antilipolytic effects of this drug and its effect on Ca2+ fluxes in vivo in man.
Metabolic Changes in Active Chronic Hepatitis
Authors: Alberti K. G. M. M. , Record C. O. , Williamson D. H. , Wright R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The metabolic and hormonal responses to intravenous glucose (0·5 g/kg body wt.) were studied in ten normal subjects and thirteen patients with active chronic hepatitis. Untreated patients showed a decreased initial insulin response and glucose intolerance (KG, 0·89 ± 0·10%/min compared with 2·34 ± 0·24%/min), together with a paradoxical rise in growth hormone.
2. Fasting blood lactate and pyruvate were normal but both metabolites showed a diminished rise after glucose. The rate of rise of lactate was directly related to initial insulin secretion in both hepatitis subjects and controls.
3. Fasting blood ketone bodies, blood glycerol, plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids were all significantly elevated in the patient group. Results were similar to those found in mild diabetes mellitus.
4. In two patients with a more severe cirrhosis fasting values of serum insulin, growth hormone, blood lactate, pyruvate and glycerol were raised.
5. After corticosteroid therapy hyperinsulinism was found together with a return towards normal of glucose tolerance (KG, 1·49 + 0·10%/min), ketone bodies, free fatty acids and triglycerides; blood glycerol remained elevated and lactate response to glucose was excessive.
6. It is suggested that in active chronic hepatitis there might be pancreatic dysfunction on an autoimmune basis.
The Effect of Defibrination on Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis in Rabbits
Authors: Naish P. , Penn G. B. , Evans D. J. , Peters D. K. 
Published: August 2015

1. Nephrotoxic serum nephritis was induced in rabbits.
2. Treatment with Arvin to produce defibrination provided structural and functional protection to the glomeruli.
A Study by Perfusion Techniques of the Absorption Abnormalities in the Jejunum in Adult Coeliac Disease
Authors: Russell R. I. , Allan J. G. , Gerskowitch V. P. , Robertson J. W. K. 
Published: August 2015

1. The transport of water, sodium and chloride across the jejunal mucosa was studied in fourteen patients with untreated adult coeliac disease by using a triple-lumen tube perfusion system. The results were compared with those obtained by identical methods in fifteen normal control volunteers.
2. Evidence was obtained suggesting that not only was absorption impaired in the adult coeliac disease group, but that in some patients there was secretion of water and electrolytes.
3. No significant improvement had occurred in six patients 2–4 months after withdrawal of gluten, nor in one patient after 8 months, in spite of histological improvement and clinical remission.
A Study of the Acid Dose-Response Curve to Small Doses of Pentagastrin in Duodenal Ulcer Patients
Authors: Elder J. B. , Gillespie G. , Campbell E. H. G. , Gillespie I. E. , Crean G. P. , Kay A. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The acid secretory responses to a range of small doses of pentagastrin in 0·15 m-NaCl have been studied in thirty-one preoperative duodenal ulcer subjects. Acid output increased significantly above basal values when a dose of 0·064 μg h−1 kg−1 was given.
2. Control observations in sixteen duodenal ulcer patients using the saline solvent alone at identical rates of infusion showed no significant increase in acid output.
3. From the dose-response curves sub-threshold and threshold doses of pentapeptide are suggested for duodenal ulcer patients before truncal vagotomy.
4. Considerable variation in acid response was noted between patients given the same body-weight dose of pentapeptide. The results suggest that a ‘twilight zone’ of stimulation exists between the dose of pentagastrin by which few patients are stimulated and the dose by which the majority are stimulated. This may reflect some variation in the sensitivity to stimulation by pentagastrin from one patient to another.
Factors affecting the Absorption of Vitamin B12
Authors: Adams J. F. , Clow D. J. , Ross Sheila K. , Boddy K. , King Priscilla , Mahaffy Maureen A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The absorption of radioactive cobalamin was measured by a whole-body counting technique in control subjects and in patients with pernicious anaemia.
2. The absorption of cyanocobalamin by patients with pernicious anaemia was decreased by charcoal but not by bile or saliva.
3. The absorption of cyanocobalamin by control subjects was not affected by food but was significantly increased by pentagastrin. With pentagastrin the absorption of cyanocobalamin was significantly greater than that of hydroxocobalamin. The hog intrinsic factor-mediated absorption of cyanocobalamin by patients with pernicious anaemia was significantly depressed by pentagastrin.
4. The effect of increasing the mass of hog intrinsic factor concentrate on the absorption of cyanocobalamin by patients with pernicious anaemia could be described by a function relating the amount absorbed, the mass of intrinsic factor and two constants. The relationship implies that when the mass of intrinsic factor is small the amount of cyanocobalamin absorbed is directly proportional to the mass of intrinsic factor but that absorption approaches a saturation value with increasing mass of intrinsic factor. In physiological terms the function implies that absorption is proportional to the amount of cyanocobalamin attached to receptor sites but that cyanocobalamin attached to receptor sites may become detached and either reattached or lost to absorption.
5. With oral doses of 25 μg and 50 μg, control subjects absorbed more cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin than patients with pernicious anaemia. At both dose levels control subjects absorbed more cyanocobalamin than hydroxocobalamin but no difference was observed in patients with pernicious anaemia. The intrinsic factor mechanism therefore influences amounts absorbed at such dose levels and appears to be a factor in the differences in absorption of cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin.
6. The use of double-tracer techniques makes it possible for each subject to act as his own control in studies of vitamin B12 absorption. The value of this technique is stressed.
Inositol Phosphates and Phytic Acid as Inhibitors of Biological Calcification in the Rat
Authors: Van Den Berg C. J. , Hill L. F. , Stanbury S. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Partial hydrolysates of phytic acid, containing mixtures of different polyphosphate esters of inositol, have been shown to be potent inhibitors of the calcification in vitro of ricketic rat cartilage and rat aorta; phytate itself was inert.
2. Phytic acid, as well as its hydrolysates, when injected parenterally, prevented aortic calcification in rats with vitamin D intoxication.
3. The rat appears able to dephosphorylate parenterally administered phytate. It may be necessary to reconsider the biological role of phytate.
Relationship between the Adrenergic Nervous System and Renin during Adaptation to Upright Posture: A Possible Role for 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine (Dopamine)
Authors: Cuche J. L. , Kuchel O. , Barbeau A. , Boucher R. , Genest J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The role of the adrenergic nervous system in the regulation of plasma renin activity was investigated in fourteen healthy volunteers. Special attention was devoted to 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine (dopamine) because this amine is not only a precursor of noradrenaline, but also a catecholamine with its own functions. The adrenergic nervous system was activated by a change of posture because this offers a simple and reproducible stimulus; its effects were studied during a normal diet and also after restriction of sodium.
2. With both diets, the expected increase in plasma renin activity was observed after changing from recumbency to an upright posture. This was associated with a decrease in the urinary excretion of dopamine and an increase in the urinary excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline. In addition, a positive and significant correlation was found between the urinary excretion of dopamine and sodium.
3. Our data suggest that dopamine and noradrenaline may play a complementary role in the regulation of renin secretion, but they do not necessarily act in the same direction or through similar mechanisms. Dopamine is known to be a pharmacological natriuretic agent. It may have a similar role in the physiological regulation of urinary sodium excretion.
Calcium Oxalate Crystalluria and Inhibitors of Crystallization in Recurrent Renal Stone-Formers
Authors: Robertson W. G. , Peacock M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The particle size distributions of calcium oxalate crystals were measured at 37°C in fresh urine from recurrent, idiopathic stone-formers and their controls under the same conditions of dietary and fluid intake. The crystals excreted by the controls were small and belonged to a unimodal distribution, whereas those excreted by the stone-formers belonged to a distribution which contained a second peak of much larger particles. The proportion of large crystals in the urines of the stone-formers was significantly higher than in the urines of the controls.
2. The difference in the proportion of large particles passed by the two groups was accentuated by adding a small quantity of sodium oxalate to their diets. Whereas the controls continued to excrete only small crystals of calcium oxalate, the stone-formers passed most of their crystals as large particles.
3. Further investigations showed that the urines of the controls contained a potent inhibitor of the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro and that the inhibitor was deficient in the urines of the recurrent stone-formers.
4. It is suggested that the inhibitor in normal urine may allow calcium oxalate to be passed harmlessly in the form of small particles, whereas the lower inhibitory activity in the urines of the recurrent stone-formers is insufficient to prevent the growth of the primary crystals into the large aggregates seen in these urines. By blocking the formation of abnormally large crystals and aggregates the inhibitor may therefore play an important role in preventing crystalluria leading to stone formation.
The Absorption of Orally Administered [12α-3H]Digoxin in Man
Authors: Beermann B. , Hellström K. , Rosén A. 
Published: August 2015

1. [12α-3H]Digoxin and polyethylene glycol (nonabsorbable marker) dissolved in water were administered orally to five healthy subjects.
2. The ratio between the amount of radioactivity/mg of polyethylene glycol in gastro-intestinal aspirates and that of the test solution demonstrated that 40–60% of the radioactivity administered was absorbed in the stomach and the proximal part of the small intestine.
3. Evidence for additional possible uptake in the lower gut was obtained by intrajejunal instillation of [3H]digoxin into the jejunum of one subject.
4. The recovery of radioactivity in the urine ranged between 43 and 62%. The total absorption might exceed the amount excreted in the urine since there was evidence of biliary excretion of radioactivity.
5. Some of the radioactivity in gastrointestinal aspirates was attached to digoxigenin and its derivatives with one or two digitoxoside groups. Studies in vitro indicated that these compounds were produced during the exposure of radioactive digoxin to the acid gastric content.
6. [12α-3H]Digoxigenin was administered orally to one subject. The uptake of radioactivity was essentially the same as that after the administration of [3H]digoxin.
7. It was concluded that the absorption of radioactivity following the administration of labelled digoxin reflects the combined uptake of the glycoside and metabolites.
8. The uptake of the intact glycoside was calculated to be approx. 50%.
The Role of Pancreatic Glucagon in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Day J. L. , Knight M. , Condon J. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. A reliable, reproducible and specific method for determination of pancreatic glucagon in plasma by radioimmunoassay is described and plasma glucagon was measured in normal subjects and patients with acute pancreatitis.
2. In patients with acute pancreatitis the normal relationship between glucagon and glucose was impaired and disturbance of alpha-cell function was indicated by relative hyperglucagonaemia in patients with moderately severe disease.
3. In patients with severe pancreatitis glucagon concentrations were low and the possible relationship between hyper- and hypo-glucagonaemia and the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis is discussed.
4. Insulin values in acute pancreatitis, although increased, were not as high as would be expected for the raised glucose concentrations.
5. It is concluded that both alpha- and beta-cell dysfunction may account for the high incidence of carbohydrate intolerance in acute pancreatitis.
Baroreflex Sensitivity in Patients on Long-Term Haemodialysis
Authors: Pickering T. G. , Gribbin B. , Oliver D. O. 
Published: August 2015

1. Serial studies of the baroreflex control of heart rate (baroreflex sensitivity) were made in thirty-two patients on long-term haemodialysis by relating the reflex slowing of the heart to the arterial pressure rise produced by repeated sudden injections of phenylephrine.
2. Baroreflex sensitivity was less in the older patients and in those with higher pressures. The response was about 50% of that found previously for other subjects of comparable ages and arterial pressures without renal failure.
3. Haemodialysis improved reflex sensitivity over the long term, but did not have any consistent immediate effect.
4. Patients who had malignant hypertension in the past had lower reflex sensitivities than others (with similar ages and pressures at the time of study) whose blood pressures had never been raised, but there were individual exceptions.
5. Reflex sensitivity changed very little with different blood pressures in any one subject.
6. Three patients in whom hypertension was thought to have preceded renal failure had reflex sensitivities similar to eleven others in whom the hypertension was secondary to renal disease.
7. Reflex sensitivity was no different in three patients whose blood pressure could be controlled only by bilateral nephrectomy from that in others in whom the pressure could be controlled by salt restriction.
8. Reflex sensitivity was slightly reduced in two patients studied in the diuretic phase of acute renal failure; it was markedly reduced in a third who was also pregnant.
Isolation and Characterization of a Serum Antibactericidal Factor
Authors: Taylor P. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. An antibactericidal factor in the serum of patients with urinary-tract infection could be partially purified by absorbing the serum with the homologous organism and treating the absorption complex with a weak acid buffer.
2. Material obtained in this way contained mainly immunoglobulin G.
3. Lipopolysaccharide extracted from the homologous organism was as effective as whole bacterial cells in removing the factor from patient's serum.
Quantitative Histology of Bone: The use of a Computer Program and Results in Normal Subjects
Authors: Garrick R. , Doman P. , Posen S. 
Published: August 2015

1. A simple system is described for the quantitative histological assessment of three skeletal disorders. It is based on the preparation of undecalcified sections of iliac crest biopsies, photography of cancellous bone and scanning of standard prints by a sensing device attached to a digital computer.
2. Areas of uncalcified osteoid are quantified by visual inspection during photography and the skeletal lesions of hyperparathyroidism are assessed semi-quantitatively.
3. This system makes it possible to define osteoporosis and osteomalacia according to quantitative histological criteria and provides some assistance in the assessment of the severity of hyperparathyroidism.
Evidence for Active Transport of the Dipeptide Glycylsarcosine by Hamster Jejunum in Vitro
Authors: Addison Jill M. , Burston D. , Matthews D. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Glycylsarcosine, a peptide which is slowly hydrolysed by the intestine, is transported into the jejunal mucosal cells of the hamster by an active Na+-dependent process.
2. Uptake of glycylsarcosine is inhibited by l-methionyl-l-methionine but not by l-methionine, suggesting that l-methionyl-l-methionine and glycylsarcosine share an uptake mechanism which is independent of that for free methionine, and that l-methionyl-l-methionine may also enter the cells.
The Effects of 30% Oxygen on the Respiratory Response to Treadmill Exercise in Chronic Respiratory Failure
Authors: King A. J. , Cooke N. J. , Leitch A. G. , Flenley D. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Minute ventilation, carbon dioxide output, and gas tensions, pH, lactate and pyruvate concentrations of arterial blood were measured in ten severely hypoxic bronchitic patients, both at rest and during slow level-treadmill walking, when breathing either air or 30% oxygen.
2. Hypoxaemia was aggravated by exercise, without change in the mean CO2 tension. Hypoxaemia was improved when 30% oxygen was breathed on exercise, but again there was no significant rise in the average arterial CO2 tension.
3. Arterial lactate concentrations, normal at rest in seven cases, were significantly increased in the last minute of exercise when breathing air, but were decreased by breathing oxygen on exercise in eight of nine cases. Arterial lactate/pyruvate ratios were not significantly changed by exercise during either air or oxygen breathing.
4. Both ventilation and CO2 output fell consistently when exercise was done breathing 30% oxygen, despite random allocation of the order of air and oxygen breathing, and the maintenance of a constant treadmill speed.
5. It is concluded that an intact chemoreceptor drive to ventilation mediated this fall in minute volume. The fall in CO2 output on exercise with oxygen does not arise from technical errors, changes in body CO2 stores, or the high work of breathing, and remains unexplained.