bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choroidal and Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Adults with Anisometropic Amblyopia
Authors: Kantarci Feride Aylin , Tatar Mehmet Gurkan , Uslu Hasim , Colak Hatice Nur , Yildirim Aydin , Goker Hasan , Karaca Emine Esra , Gurler Bulent 
Published: April 2015

Purpose To evaluate choroidal thickness, macular thickness, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in amblyopic eyes compared to fellow and normal control eyes using high-definition spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods Fifty-four without any systemic problem and ocular disease participated in this prospective study. Inclusion criteria included individuals older than 18 years with anisometropic amblyopia. Choroidal thickness, central macular thickness (CMT), and RNFL thickness were measured by using enhanced depth imaging SD-OCT. The choroidal thickness was measured at the fovea and at 500 μm intervals from the foveal center in both temporal and nasal directions. Axial length measurements of the cases were also recorded. Results Mean peripapillary RNFL thickness of the amblyopic, fellow, and control eyes was 107.5 ± 15.5 μm, 109.3 ± 12.7 μm, and 108.8 ± 8.6 μm, respectively (p = 0.343). The average CMT was 231.7 ± 14.7 μm in amblyopic eyes, 232.5 ± 15.7 μm in fellow eyes, and 230.8 ± 14.8 μm in control eyes (p = 0.599). Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was significantly greater in the amblyopic eyes than in the fellow and control eyes (396.3 ± 104.3 μm, 361.0 ± 103.9 μm, 390.6 ± 91.7 μm). Mean axial measurement in amblyopic eyes was 22.7 ± 1.3 mm (20.5–26.1), in fellow eyes 23.1 ± 0.9 mm (20.9–25.0), and in control eyes 23.3 ± 0.9 mm. Conclusions In adults with anisometropic amblyopia, subfoveal, temporal, and nasal choroidal thickness of amblyopic eyes are significantly thicker than in fellow eyes. However, no significant differences in peripapillary RNFL thickness or CMT were found between amblyopic and fellow or control eyes.
Quality of Outcome Data in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Comparison of Registry Data and Worldwide Non-Registry Studies from 5 Decades
Authors: Pabinger Christof , Bridgens Anna , Berghold Andrea , Wurzer Paul , Boehler Nikolaus , Labek Gerold 
Published: April 2015

Purpose This systematic review assessed evidence on outcome (revision rate for all reasons) following hip arthroplasty from its beginning 5 decades ago. Methods We evaluated all studies from all current hip implants since their market introduction in 1962 regarding “revision rate per 100 observed component years”. Data were compared with arthroplasty registries. Results A total of 54 different hip implants were included: for 81% (44 of 54) data is either absent or poor; for 30% (16 of 54) not a single publication could be found. For 52% (28 of 54) less than 100 revisions for all reasons are published in non-registry studies. The remaining 10 implants (19%) comprise 92638 primary implants with 4473 revisions. Control group were the same implants with 111658 primary cases and 3029 revisions from arthroplasty registries. A systematic developer bias as in knee arthroplasty could not be found but several independent authors were found to significantly bias the literature. The overall revision rates per 100 observed component years from non-registry studies (and joint registries) are 0.4 (0.5) for stems, 0.7 (0.7) for cups and 1.4 (2.1) for resurfacing systems. Conclusions For 81% of all hip implants assessed limited evidence exists from non-registry studies regarding outcome (revision rate) even 5 decades after market introduction. For the remaining 19% of implants no systematic developer bias could be found but several individual authors significantly biased results of single implants. We therefore ask for a more active publication of new implants.
Design and Evaluation of an Intelligent Artificial Anal Sphincter System Powered by an Adaptive Transcutaneous Energy Transfer System
Authors: Ke Lei , Yan Guozheng , Wang Yongbing , Wang Zhiwu , Liu Dasheng 
Published: April 2015

Objectives The aim of this study was to optimize an intelligent artificial anal sphincter system (AASS) II for patients with severe fecal incontinence. Methods Redesigning and integrating a pressure sensor into the sphincter prosthesis allows us to reduce the sensor volume and makes it suitable for a chronic, ambulatory application. Furthermore, a close-loop frequency control method was designed for the transcutaneous energy transfer system. Finally, a longer working time of the implanted device was obtained by the low-power design of the hardware and software. The new model was implanted in 2 dogs and studied for periods of up to 5 weeks. Results The output voltage induced on the load of 30 Ω, for a variation range in k of 0.12 ~ 0.42, was maintained at approximately 6.8 V with a frequency control range of the 270 ~ 320 kHz. The minimum and maximum output voltages of the pressure sensor were found to be 1.7 V and 2.34 V, respectively, which corresponded to a pressure range of 90 ~ 120 kPa with maximum change rate of approximately 3.7% caused by the temperature variations. Moreover, compared with AASS I, the low-power design resulting in 94% reduction in power consumption. Conclusions The efficacy of the device in achieving continence and sensing the need to defecate was assessed in an animal model. The technical concept and the design of the AASS II turned out to be capable of fulfilling the medical requirements.
Effectiveness of Different Irrigation Procedures for Removal of Dentin Debris from a Simulated Internal Resorption Cavity
Authors: Topçuoğlu Hüseyin S. , Akti Ahmet , Düzgün Salih , Ceyhanli Kadir Tolga , Topçuoğlu Gamze 
Published: April 2015

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of different final irrigation techniques to remove artificially placed dentinal debris from a simulated internal root resorption (IRR) cavity. Methods Seventy teeth were prepared using the ProTaper system. The roots were then split longitudinally into two halves, in each of which standardized IRR cavities were prepared. Five teeth were set aside to serve as negative control group. Each cavity of the remaining 65 teeth was filled with dentin debris mixed with 2.5% NaOCl. Another 5 teeth (positive control) were not subjected to the debris removal procedure. Sixty teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 15), according to the final irrigation technique used: conventional syringe irrigation (CSI), the Self-Adjusting File (SAF), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and the EndoActivator (EA). Ten milliliters of 2.5% NaOCl was used during the debris removal procedure. The root halves were disassembled, and the amount of remaining debris was evaluated under a stereomicroscope at 30x magnification. Results SAF and PUI removed debris significantly better than CSI and EA ( P<.05). CSI was the least effective in debris removal ( p<0.05). Conclusions None of the irrigation techniques used was able to completely remove debris from simulated IRR cavities.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation after Liver Transplantation in a Patient with Hepatopulmonary Syndrome and an Atrial Septal Defect
Authors: Sharma Nirmal S. , Wille Keith M. , Guzman Enrique Diaz 
Published: April 2015

Introduction Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare complication of liver cirrhosis that may result in refractory hypoxemia even after liver transplantation. ECMO has been rarely used after liver transplantation or in patients with HPS. Methods We present a patient with HPS who underwent liver transplantation and developed refractory hypoxemia requiring postoperative ECMO support at our institution. During our review of literature we found nine reports of ECMO use for cardiorespiratory failure after liver transplant in the past. Results Our patient had persistent intrapulmonary shunting and developed severe respiratory failure after liver transplant. Additionally, the patient was found to have an atrial septal defect (ASD) and required percutaneous closure while receiving ECMO support. Literature review suggests that survival among these patients who were supported with ECMO after liver transplant was 50% and catastrophic bleeding complications were described in only one report. Conclusions With careful selection of post-liver transplant patients and judicious management of anticoagulation, ECMO can be safely instituted in this cohort.
Possible role for interleukins as biomarkers for mortality and recurrence in oral cancer
Authors: Arduino Paolo G. , Menegatti Elisa , Cappello Nazario , Martina Eugenio , Gardino Nicolò , Tanteri Carlotta , Cavallo Franco , Scully Crispian , Broccoletti Roberto 
Published: April 2015

Background Salivary and serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) have previously been studied in oral cancer with conflicting results. Methods We designed a controlled study to assess the correlation between pretreatment salivary and serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8, and all-cause survival and cancer recurrence in oral cancer patients. Results Fifty-two oral cancer patients and 52 healthy control cases were selected. In univariate analysis, salivary IL-6 and IL-8 seemed to be more expressed in cases (p<0.001 and p = 0.010, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that higher pretreatment saliva IL-6 levels were significantly associated with better survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 8.62; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.21-62.50; p = 0.031). Conclusions To date, this is the largest prospective controlled study that has analyzed the pretreatment salivary and serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in oral cancer patients, suggesting salivary IL-6 as a possible prognostic biomarker. But further validation in a larger sample is still necessary.
Slachtoffer- en herstelgericht werken in Justitiële Jeugdinrichtingen: nieuwe data, groeimodel en advies
Authors: van Hoek Anneke 
Published: April 2015

Victim oriented and restorative practices in juvenile detention centres: new data, maturity grid and advice
This article provides data about qualitative and quantitative research that was executed in juvenile detention centres in The Netherlands in the framework of the EU-funded Restorative Justice in Europe project. The results of a survey amongst 75 staff members are presented. Special attention is paid to the restorative handling of internal conflicts and crimes within the detention centre. Restorative Justice Nederland, executing this research, also developed a self-assessment tool for prisons, the Organisational Maturity Grid Restorative Practices, that can be used to assess how ‘mature’ restorative practices are within an organisation. Based on this maturity grid and the data of the research advice is provided on how restorative practices within juvenile detention centres can be brought to the next level.
PROFITABILITY OF FORAGE PRODUCTION IN SMALLHOLDER PERI-URBAN DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Authors: AGYEMANG K. , DOGOO D. L. , MAKUN H. J. 
Published: July 2002

Peri-urban dairy producers in West Africa face major production constraints including inadequate and poor quality feeds. In view of the high cost of traditional supplementary feeds such as oilseed cakes, the production of forage, especially legumes, is increasingly being advocated. However, it has not been established whether returns in terms of increased livestock productivity from sown forages will be adequate to encourage smallholder livestock owners to undertake forage production for indigenous livestock.In three trials involving indigenous Bunaji cows biological and economic responses in terms of milk yields to farmer-planted forage legumes and tree legumes from home gardens were evaluated. Synthesis of the resulting data on labour inputs, forage yields, feed intakes, milk yields, value of outputs and cost of inputs such as seeds and fertilizers showed that for the semi-intensive smallholder and zero-grazed models considered in this study, the margin or profit from using home-grown fodder was 5–8 times the cost of acquiring the feed. The opportunity cost of using the land for forage production rather than for cultivating sorghum, a highly favoured cereal crop, was only 67% of the accrued benefits from milk yields produced by cows supplemented with the forage hays. Thus, there is a real potential for profitable dairy production in peri-urban areas using home-grown fodder.
Rumen gases and bloat in grazing dairy cows
Authors: MOATE P. J. , CLARKE T. , DAVIS L. H. , LABY R. H. 
Published: July 2002

Results are reported from three experiments conducted at the

Dairy Research Institute, Ellinbank,

Australia during 1992/93 which examined the composition and kinetics

of the gas in the rumen

headspace of lactating dairy cows grazing white clover/perennial ryegrass

pastures. Before grazing,

rumen headspace gas was composed of carbon dioxide 65%, methane 31% and
nitrogen 4%

whereas, after one hour of active grazing, the headspace gas was composed
of

carbon dioxide 76%,

methane 22% and nitrogen 2%. The composition of headspace gas was not affected

by antibloat

capsules (which release 250 mg/day of monensin). The headspace gas
from

bloated cows contained

slightly less (P<0·01) carbon dioxide and slightly more

nitrogen than that from non-bloated cows.A novel technique which employs ethane as a tracer to measure rumen

headspace volume and the

kinetics of the rumen headspace gases is described. The tracer technique
was

used in two experiments

in which the influence of grazing, antibloat capsules and bloat on the
rumen

headspace volume and

the kinetics of the headspace gases were examined. It is concluded that

our ethane tracer technique

provides a simple and inexpensive way to estimate methane production by

grazing ruminants.
Effect of temperature and photoperiod on growth and
reproduction of Helix aspersa var. maxima
Authors: JESS S. , MARKS R. J. 
Published: July 2002

Growth and reproduction of the snail Helix aspersa (Müller)

var. maxima were examined at four
combinations of temperature and artificial photoperiod and in transparent

and opaque containers at
two temperatures for over 40 weeks. Effects of temperature on both processes
predominated.
However, following 10 weeks of oviposition at optimum temperature (20°C),

absence of photoperiod
inhibited egg-laying throughout a further 15 weeks. Following inhibition

of oviposition, the albumen
gland atrophied, indicating the storage of secretory products.Snail growth was improved by rearing in opaque rather than transparent

containers in a long-day
photoperiod. Snail oviposition was unaffected by container type throughout
a 28-week period,
demonstrating an acute perception of photoperiodicity by snails maintained

at low light intensity.
A comparison of management regimes for one-year
rotational set-aside within a sequence of winter wheat
crops, and of growing wheat without interruption.
2. Effects on vegetation and weed control
Authors: SHIELD I. F. , BACON E. T. G. 
Published: July 2002

Six management regimes for 1-year set-aside were compared with

continuous winter wheat for their
effects on weed control in two following test crops of winter wheat.
The experiment was repeated in
each of three years (1989–91) on predominantly sandy loam soils
in eastern England. The weed flora
was dominated by Poa spp., Stellaria media,
Matricaria spp., Chenopodium album and volunteer
crops, predominantly wheat.Managing set-aside by allowing natural regeneration and cutting it
2–4 times during the growing
season resulted in fewest weeds in the following wheat crop. It was
also a low cost option. Winter
wheat, despite the application of herbicides, was not as
effective in minimizing weeds in the winter
wheat test crops as the best set-aside options.An Italian ryegrass cover crop set seed despite being cut
2–4 times per year. The only serious weed
infestation arising in following wheat crops was from volunteer ryegrass
in the second wheat
following set-aside. The effects of management in the set-aside
year were generally greater in the
second of the following wheats than in the first.
Quantitative assessment of bacterial contamination of raw milk
using bioluminescence
Authors: BROVKO LUBOV Yu. , FROUNDJIAN VALERY G. , BABUNOVA VERONIKA S. , UGAROVA NATALYA N. 
Published: July 2002

Enumeration of bacteria in raw milk is of public health and economic importance.
Among the proposed rapid methods for assessment of bacterial contamination in raw
milk, ATP bioluminescence has proved to be one of the most promising (Griffiths,
1991). Several companies produce ATP bioluminescence reagent kits and equipment
for analysing raw milk samples for total bacterial count (Sutherland et al. 1994;
Reybroeck & Schram, 1995). The principle of ATP bioluminescent bacterial assay is
based on the following assumptions (Olsen, 1991). All living organisms contain ATP,
ATP is neither associated with dead cells nor absorbed on to surfaces, colloids and
so on, and there is a fairly constant ratio of ATP to biomass/number of cells for all
microbial taxa independent of metabolic activity or environmental conditions. Of
these assumptions, only the first seems to be indisputable. It is not the number of
bacterial cells, but rather the colony forming unit (cfu) that is the denomination used
when assessing the microbial quality of milk. For Gram-negative rods of the genus
Enterobacteriaceae, a cfu is usually derived from a single cell. However, Gram-positive cocci (staphylococci and streptococci) grow in bunches and chains
respectively (Gregg, 1991), and estimation of cell numbers may not give good
agreement with the colony counts.Several approaches have been investigated to increase the sensitivity of the
bioluminescent method (Pahuski et al. 1991; Sutherland
et al. 1994; Reybroeck &
Schram, 1995; Froundjian et al. 1999). Although the detection limit achieved by
these modifications (104 cfu/ml) may be sufficient for
practical use (Bautista et al.
1992; Reybroeck & Schram 1995), the accuracy of the analysis was not significantly
improved. The reported values for accuracy of the estimate for cfu/ml in raw milk
(Syx) by the bioluminescent method were in
the range 0·27–0·87 log units (Bautista
et al. 1992; Reybroeck & Schram, 1995). The purpose of the present study was to
determine the reasons for the lack of accuracy of the bacterial ATP assay in raw milk.
‘Solo Saluador’: Printing the 1543
New Testament of Francisco de Enzinas (Dryander)
Authors: NELSON JONATHAN L. 
Published: July 2002

Spain in the sixteenth century was not exempt from the movements

of reform sweeping over Europe. Its enthusiastic but short-lived
reception of Erasmian humanism in the 1520s is well-documented.
So is its even more enthusiastic suppression of native ‘Lutheran’

conventicles in the 1550s and the extinction of hope for a Protestant
Church in the kingdom of the Spanish Habsburgs. These events have
relegated Hispanic Protestantism to little more than a footnote in most

histories.The story, though, is not limited to the Iberian peninsula. A dedicated

cadre of Spaniards did battle in the realm of ideas from places of exile
in
Naples, France, England, Geneva and Germany. In so doing, they
contributed significantly to a core literature of evangelical humanism
in
Spanish. This corpus consists, in part, of translations of Reformers'
works,
such as Melanchthon's Antithesis and Luther's treatise
on Christian
liberty, by Francisco de Enzinas (1540); Calvin's catechism, by Juan

Pérez (Geneva 1556); and Calvin's Institutes, by Cipriano
de Valera
(London 1597). Translations of classics also figure prominently in the

work of Francisco de Enzinas, for example Plutarch's Lives
and
the Decades of Livy.
On the decay of inhomogeneous turbulence
Authors: CHASNOV J. R. 
Published: July 2002

The decay of high-Reynolds-number inhomogeneous turbulence in an
unbounded

domain is considered. The turbulence may be initially localized in one
to

three spatial

directions and the fluid is assumed to be at rest at infinity in those

directions. Previous

arguments used to determine the decay laws of homogeneous turbulence are
extended

to the decay of inhomogeneous turbulence by integrating the turbulence

statistics over

the inhomogeneous directions. Dimensional arguments based on the invariance
or

near-invariance of low-wavenumber spectral coefficients associated with
the

integrated

mean-square velocity are used to determine asymptotic decay laws for inhomogeneous

turbulence. These decay laws depend on the number of inhomogeneous directions
of

the flow field and reduce to the well-known decay laws of homogeneous turbulence

when this number is zero. Different decay laws are determined depending
on the

spectral behaviour at low wavenumbers. Asymptotic similarity states of
the spectrum

during the decay and of the distribution of the mean-square velocity along
the

inhomogeneous directions are also determined. An analytical result for
the decay of

the mean-square velocity at the centre of the initial disturbance is found,
and the

decay proceeds more rapidly with increasing number of inhomogeneous directions

due to the transport of energy along those directions.Large-eddy simulations of decaying turbulence homogeneous in a plane
and

localized in a single direction are performed to test the theoretical scaling

laws. The

numerically determined asymptotic decay laws of the integrated mean-square
velocity

agree well with the theoretical predictions. A self-similar decay of the
spectra and

mean-square velocity distributions is also observed. The simulation results
suggest

that when the low-wavenumber spectral coefficient is an exact invariant,
a unique

similarity state depending only on the initial value of this invariant

and independent

of all other aspects of the initial conditions is attained asymptotically.
Investigation of transition to turbulence using
white-noise excitation and local analysis techniques
Authors: SHAIKH F. N. 
Published: July 2002

Weak free-stream turbulence excites modulated Tollmien–Schlichting
(T–S) waves in
a laminar boundary layer that grow in magnitude with downstream distance
and
ultimately lead to the formation of turbulent spots and then fully
turbulent flow. Hot-wire experiments have indicated that the
development of localized large-amplitude
‘events’ in the velocity records are the essential precursor
to the eventual formation of
turbulent spots in the flow field. Traditional global Fourier
techniques are unable to
resolve the localized nature of these events and hence provide little
useful information
concerning the physical processes responsible for this breakdown process.This investigation used sequences of computer-generated deterministic
white noise
to excite a laminar boundary layer via a loudspeaker embedded in a flat-plate
model.
This form of excitation generated the modulated disturbance waves of interest
a short
distance downstream from the source in a repeatable and deterministic manner.
Further downstream the pattern of flow breakdown and subsequent generation
of
turbulent spots was similar to that observed in naturally excited situations.
By
repeatedly exciting the boundary layer with a single white-noise sequence
it was
possible to examine the highly nonlinear stages of ‘event’
development and breakdown with a single hot-wire probe.Two local analysis techniques, the wavelet transform (WT) and singular
spectrum
analysis (SSA), were used in conjunction with the white-noise excitation
technique to
examine the highly nonlinear flow mechanisms responsible for the localized
formation
of events that lead to the eventual breakdown to turbulence.