bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploration of Interfacial Materials Chemistry Control to Improve Cu Wire-Bonding Reliability
Authors: Durai Kevin Antony Jesu , Kumaravel Dinesh Kumar , Alptekin John , Estridge Logan , Nair Shyam , Chyan Oliver 
Published: July 2024

Copper (Cu) wire bonding, with its advantages of higher electrical conductivity and better mechanical strength, has replaced gold wire bonding as a proven, cost-effective electrical interconnection solution for integrated circuit packaging for the past 15 y. Early Cu wire-bonding development required overcoming several technical challenges, including bond pad damage caused by copper’s hardness and brittleness relative to gold. A more chemistry-related challenge of using Cu as a bonding wire is its well-known reactivity with oxygen. An inert atmospheric envelope of forming gas surrounding bonding capillary was developed to prevent the oxidation of Cu wire during electronic flame off to enable a strong bonding. Another more elusive materialschemistry- related reliability challenge, with a typical low ppm occurrence, has been the chloride-induced corrosion defects between the Cu wire and Al bond pad. The opportunistic lowlevel chloride contaminations can originate from various points of the packaging manufacturing process flow, often rendering it untrackable. In this paper, we present recent efforts to systematically control interfacial materials chemistry across Cu-bonding wire, Cu-Al bimetallic contacts, and CuxAly intermetallic compounds to eliminate corrosion defects and improve the overall bonding reliability. The prevailing manufacturing solution is to utilize Pd-coated Cu-bonding wire that can only partially mitigate the CuxAly intermetallic corrosion vulnerability. We utilized a real-time corrosion screening metrology to explore the underlying interfacial materials chemistry that drives vigorous corrosion between Cu wire and Al bond pad when exposed to a trace level of chloride contaminant. Combined with scanning electron microscope, sensitive IR spectroscopy, and electrochemical characterization, our data show that strategic surface modification on both Cu-bonding wire and exposed CuxAly intermetallic can have a significant impact on reducing corrosion defect rates. The obtained mechanistic insights provide several new strategies enabled by a novel Cu-selective passivation coating technology to effectively mitigate Cu wire-bonding corrosion defects. Implications for improving overall Cu wire-bonding reliability will be presented based on these new approaches with low-cost and packagingfriendly advantages.
Improved Throughput with Dynamic “Real-Time” Dual Head Dispensing in Electronics Assembly
Authors: Agarwal Sunny 
Published: July 2024

Today’s unique assembly challenges are comprised of complex printed circuit board (PCB) panelization, involving identical PCBs with a goal of increased production capability, due to a reduced footprint of the production floor. Identical PCBs that are within the same panel, with uniform spacing in an array or carrier, need to be dispensed at the same time. All these high-mix challenges have gone mainstream and affect real productivity and throughput. Existing manual dual-head dispensing systems do not consider the rotational correction for the second head, which leads to yield loss. To eliminate the yield loss on the second head, there is a mini XY drive system incorporated that provides fast and accurate dispensing to double the process capabilities over the same work area. Dynamic dual-head (DDH) dispensing uses a unique mini XY drive system on the left head, mounted on a separate Z-axis, to dynamically control the position of the head for accurately aligning to a second part, while synchronously dispensing both parts. The machine vision system performs the substrate alignment for each identical PCB that is individually placed in a carrier, which provides greater potential for variation in offset and skew. During synchronous dispensing for the second part with the DDH all the kinematic adjustment is performed with calculated values, from the skew angle and scaling factor. This technique guarantees increased productivity whilst maintaining yields through unsurpassed accuracy. DDH also provides the same level of adjustment and rotational correction for all step and repeated PCBs, flex circuits, and panel designs. If a product contains an odd number of units, then either of the heads can be programmed for dispensing while the others cannot. This paper examines proven methods to determine the dot/line positional accuracy along with the mass flow rate for both heads during synchronous dispensing. This paper will also address the challenges faced, and how the rotational correction can achieve up to 23 higher throughput than existing single/dual head dispensing systems.
Quantification and Clinical Correlation of Posterior Cranial Fossa Cerebrospinal Fluid Volume in Primary Hemifacial Spasm Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Anudeep DDS , Kulanthaivelu Karthik , Holla Vikram V. , Kamble Nitish , Yadav Ravi , Pal Pramod Kumar , Mahale Rohan R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background and Objective:
Primary hemifacial spasm (HFS) is caused by neurovascular conflict (NVC) at the root entry zone of the facial nerve. Whether reduction of posterior cranial fossa (PCF) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume is a risk factor for HFS is not clear. The study aims at the radiologic assessment of PCF CSF volume and its clinical correlation.

Methods:
A cross-sectional, hospital-based, case–control study was conducted, in which 50 cases of primary HFS and 50 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. PCF CSF volume was quantified in 3-T brain magnetic resonance imaging.

Results:
The mean age at presentation of cases was 50.7 ± 10.7 years (42–69 years) and controls was 52.4 ± 8.7 years (45–68 years). The mean duration of symptoms was 3.5 ± 1.3 years (1.5–8 years). About 52% of patients had grade 2 (mild) severity of HFS. The mean PCF CSF volume of patients was 13,725.1 ± 909.5 mm3 and controls was 14,458.5 ± 973.5 mm3 (P < 0.001). The mean PCF CSF volume of females with HFS was 13,714.8 ± 852.5 mm3 and female controls was 14,521.8 ± 973.5 mm3 (P = 0.006). PCF CSF volume was significantly associated with the presence of HFS (P = 0.007), the severity of HFS (P < 0.001), and the presence of NVC (P = 0.02).

Conclusion:
PCF CSF volume was lesser in HFS patients and was associated with the presence of HFS, the severity of HFS, and the presence of NVC. Females with HFS had smaller PCF CSF volume. Small PCF CSF volume is a risk factor for HFS, particularly in females with HFS.
Evaluation of the effects of probiotic pills on the oral plaque indices: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Nilchian Firoozeh , Esrafili Mohammadreza , Hosseini Nafiseh 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Clinical trials investigating the efficacy of oral health prevention materials have conventionally used indices to evaluate the amount of plaque on tooth surfaces. Various methods, including the use of probiotics, have been suggested to prevent oral disease. The present study was conducted to investigate the probiotic products available in Iranian pharmacies that are used for the prevention of dental disease.

Materials and Methods:
In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 40 students of medicine and pharmacy were randomly allocated into two equal groups of intervention and control using random allocation software. The intervention group used a probiotic pill containing Streptococcus salivarius M18 and K12 bacteria every night before going to bed. The control group used a mouth freshener tablet with the same flavor as the probiotic tablet every night before going to bed. The mean number of Streptococcus mutans bacteria in both the groups was calculated before and after using probiotic pills. The data were staticali analyzed by descriptive statistics (central tendency and dispersion) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent t-test) and Kolmogorov-Smironove tests (P<0.05).

Results:
The plaque index values at the beginning of the study showed no statistical differences between the intervention and control groups (P = 0.85). The plaque index values in the intervention group before and after the intervention were 0.41 and 0.75, respectively, which showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The plaque index values in the control group before and after the intervention were 0.42 and 0.42, respectively, which indicated no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
The mean plaque index in the group using probiotic tablets was significantly increased compared to those of the control group. However, further studies are suggested to evaluate these products.
Evaluation of the effects of Streptococcus salivarius M18 and K12 probiotic bacteria on the Streptococcus mutans in saliva: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Nilchian Firoozeh , Esrafili Mohammadreza , Hosseini Nafiseh 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Various methods, including the use of probiotics, have been suggested to prevent caries. Caries, which is mainly caused by Streptococcus mutans, is one of the bacterial diseases that imposes a heavy cost on society. The present study was conducted to investigate the probiotic products available in Iranian pharmacies that are used for caries prevention.

Materials and Methods:
In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 40 students of medicine and pharmacy were randomly allocated to two equal groups of intervention and control using random allocation software. The intervention group used a probiotic pill containing Streptococcus
salivarius M18 and K12 bacteria every night before going to bed. The control group used a mouth freshener tablet with the same flavor as the probiotic tablet every night before going to bed. The data were analyzed by SPSS (version 24) software using descriptive statistics (central tendency and dispersion) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent t-test). Data were collected using Excel software, and statistical analyses were performed by SPSS software (version 24).

Results:
The mean number of S.
mutans in the intervention group was 754.5 cfu/mm before the intervention and 1701.5 cfu/mm after the intervention, which showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). In the control group, the mean S. mutans was 683 cfu/mm at the beginning of the intervention and 659 cfu/mm at the end of the intervention, which did not indicate a statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). Moreover, the normality of data was checked by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.

Conclusion:
The mean number of S. mutans bacteria in the group using probiotic tablets was significantly increased compared to those of the control group. However, further studies are suggested to evaluate these products.
In vitro assessment of push-out bond strength of cold ceramic and mineral trioxide aggregate to root dentin
Authors: Mokhtari Fatemeh , Akhondzadeh-Kashani Laleh , Modaresi Jalil 
Published: July 2024

Background:
To provide a continuous seal of the root canal, root-filling material should bond to the root canal dentin, ensuring the integrity of both the root-filling material and dentin remains in a static and functional state. The present study assessed the push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and cold ceramic (CC).

Materials and Methods:
In this laboratory trial study, 20 single-rooted, extracted human teeth without caries and cracks were selected. Each tooth was mounted in cold-curing resin. Then, 3 mm slices of mid-root dentin were obtained from each tooth. The specimens were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10) and filled with MTA ProRoot and CC. All specimens were stored for 30 days in an incubator at 37°C and 100% humidity. The push-out bond strength of the test materials was measured using a cylindrical punch with a 1-mm diameter. The punch was pushed against the test specimen at a speed of 1.0 mm/min using a universal material testing machine, extruding the filling test material. The push-out force during the test was recorded, and then, the internal surface of the teeth was examined to evaluate the mode of failure. Independent t-test and Chi-square were used to analyze the data. P < 0.05 was considered a significance threshold.

Results:
The mean push-out bond strength in the CC group was 24.58 (MPa), and in MTA ProRoot, it was 23.77. No significant difference was observed between the two groups. The most frequent mode of failure in both groups was adhesive failure.

Conclusion:
The two materials have adequate push-out bond strength to root dentin, and there is no difference between the bond strength and mode of failure of the two materials.
Urinary Cadmium in Relation to Neonatal Anthropometric Indices during Pregnancy
Authors: Taheri Ensiyeh , Goodarzi-Khoigani Masoomeh , Riahi Roya , Daniali Seyede Shahrbanoo , Kelishadi Roya 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Aim:
This study aims to determine the concentrations of urinary Cadmium (Cd) in a group of pregnant women and its association with neonatal anthropometric Indices.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 136 pregnant women in the first trimester, as a sub-study of the PERSIAN Birth Cohort in Isfahan in 2020. Cadmium exposure was assessed by urinary concentrations using atomic absorption spectrometry. The socioeconomic information and neonatal anthropometric indices were documented. Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
The results of the study revealed the mean (standard deviation) concentration of urinary Cd (U-Cd) was 0.16 (0.11) μg/L. The U-Cd by Creatinine ranged from 0.06 to 1.24 with a median (interquartile range) of 0.18 (0.12–0.26) (μg/g creatinine). The mean age of participants was 30.26 (4.92) years. Although the association between birth height and birth head circumference was inverse, it was not significant after using the adjusted model for confounder variables, including maternal anthropometric measurements, maternal body mass index, passive smoking status, and socioeconomic demographic.

Conclusion:
The current findings show that maternal Cd exposure was reversely associated with physical growth at birth. Hence, reduction of maternal Cd exposure is essential to improve infant health. Further research is required to investigate the effect of maternal exposure to Cd on adverse health outcomes in long-term periods considering other cofounders and metal pollutants.
Readiness for self-directed learning among basic sciences medical students
Authors: Dehghani Gholamali , Ghaffarifar Saeideh 
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:
Self-directed learning is a required skill for medical students for remaining lifelong learners. This study focuses on measuring the readiness for self-directed learning of basic sciences medical students.

MATERIALS AND METHOD:
In the second half of 2022, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 288 basic sciences medical students at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Iran. The students were selected using convenience sampling. The instrument used was Fisher’s self-directed learning readiness (SDLR) scale consisting of “self-management”, “desire for learning”, and “self-control” domains. The data were analyzed by SPSS-25 and also by using descriptive statistics [mean, standard deviation (SD), median, frequency, and percentage] and inferential statistics techniques (Chi-square test and t-test, ANOVA, and MANOVA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

RESULT:
The results revealed that the scores of 63.9% students were more than 150. Also, the mean total score of self-directed learning readiness was 152.98 (SD = 16.76), suggesting that the self-directed learning readiness of the students was high level. The highest score was for “self-control” (59.99 ± 6.95), followed by “desire for learning” (46.99 ± 5.64) and “self-management” (46.01 ± 7.07). The total SDLR score and its three sub-scales did not show any notable interdependence with student contextual factors (age, gender, marital and residential status). However, a higher cumulative grade point average (>17) showed a significant higher mean in the “self-management” domain of SDLR among medical students (F = 3.730; P = 0.025).

CONCLUSION:
To become life-long learners, self-directed learning is crucial for medical students. The basic sciences medical students participating in this study showed a high level of SDL readiness. Even though the students obtained the highest score for the self-control sub-scale, the desire for learning and self-management skills needs further improvement, which can be achieved through multi-disciplinary approaches.
Psychometric analysis and validation of the Persian translation of the systemic sclerosis questionnaire (SySQ)
Authors: Parniyan Razieh , Pasyar Nilofar , Rambod Masoume , Momennasab Marzieh , Nazarinia MohammadAli 
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:
Scleroderma is a complex multisystem disorder that could have effects on the quality of patients’ lives. This study was conducted by determining the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the systemic sclerosis questionnaire (SySQ) that specifically assesses indications and functional limitations of scleroderma patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
In the present cross-sectional study, the method included: translation and back translation. Psychometric properties of the questionnaire including its content and face validity were assessed. Internal consistency with the SySQ (Cronbach’s alpha) and reproducibility was by test–retest method. The factor structure of the questionnaire was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The convergent validity of the SySQ was assessed using the General Health Assessment Scale (HAQ).

RESULTS:
Altogether 32 SySQ items, the internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) of the whole tool was 0.906. The content validity index was 0.98 and the content validity ratio was 0.796, there was a significant relationship between the questions and the relevant factors in the factor analysis. The correlation coefficient = 0.953 for the instrument. The correlation of SySQ dimensions with HAQ questionnaire dimensions in convergent validity showed that musculoskeletal dimensions, general condition, and cardiorespiratory of the questionnaire are correlated with all dimensions of the HAQ questionnaire.

CONCLUSION:
The Persian version of the questionnaire SySQ with competency is valid and reliable and is suitable for measuring specific changes in Persian systemic sclerosis patients.
Investigating knowledge, attitude, and self-care behavior concerning Aedes mosquito bites and the knowledge of dengue fever among Hormozgan residents in the south of Iran
Authors: Asadian Ali , Zakeri Abdoljabbar , Dadras Masoud , Mahdavi Sheila 
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:
In recent years, with the identification of the Aedes mosquito as a vector of dengue fever (DF) in Hormozgan province, this southern province was recognized nationwide at a great risk of DF. The present study was conducted on the Aedes mosquito prevention and DF knowledge in this province.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
An online survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire for 1 month in 2022. The sampling method was snowball. A total number of 4,004 questionnaires were completed online by the residents of Hormozgan province. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, statistical tests, and statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) version 22.

RESULTS:
The level of knowledge, attitude, and behavior concerning the self-care behavior of Aedes mosquito bites was as follows. Most participants were knowledgeable and correctly answered the questions related to the preventive ways of Aedes mosquito bites. The average rate of correct answers was 94.5%. They also mostly held a positive attitude. Regarding the attitude items, most participants (more than 85%) strongly agreed and agreed with the statements. Regarding the behavioral items, most participants (70.4%) stated they showed the aforementioned preventive behaviors to impede Aedes mosquito bites. As for the state of participants’ knowledge of how the DF is transmitted, overall, in the nine examined items, on average, 40.6% answered “I do not know” and “false”.

CONCLUSION:
As the education level of the participants showed, they did not know adequately about the DF. Judging the state of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of the less privileged and less educated social classes in Hormozgan province requires further investigation of the public living in this province after some time passes since the implementation of educational and preventive interventions. It is also necessary to enrich population-based educational interventions aiming to improve knowledge and preventive behaviors of the DF and Aedes mosquito.
Translation and validation of Persian version of resilience evaluation scale (RES): A cross-cultural methodological research
Authors: Aghababaeian Hamidreza , Ostadtaghizadeh Abbas , Zareian Armin , Olff Miranda , van der Meer Christianne , Araghi Ahvazi Ladan 
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:
The Resilience Evaluation Scale (RES) is a new, free and short self-report questionnaire for measuring psychological resilience. This study aims to translate and assess the psychometric properties of the RES.

MATERIALS AND METHOD:
In the present methodological study, after the translation process, face and content validity were conducted through qualitative and quantitative methods. To determine the construct validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used, and for the reliability, Cronbach’s α test and inter-counter coefficient test were calculated. Persian version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale was used to determine the convergent validity of the questionnaire.

RESULTS:
Results show that the face and content validity of 9 items of RES were acceptable and they were all approved [Impact scores (IS) >1.5, S-CVI/Ave = 0.97, I-CVI = 0.93]; the Internal consistency of the scale was confirmed by the Cronbach’s α coefficient (0.82) and McDonald’s omega (0.83). The reliability of the scale also was confirmed by the Spearman’s correlation coefficient and intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC), with results obtained above 0.8 for all items. The factor analysis identified two factors that accounted for about 56% of the variance. Also, the CFA model fitted well according to the results of the fitting indices (RMSEA = 0.084, CFI = 0.98, SRMR = 0.064, and TLI = 0.97). In addition, the convergent validity of the scale was equal to 0.65 (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION:
Development of a valid and reliable psychological resilience scale may bring great benefits to the Persian society. Our findings suggest that the Persian RES has good psychometric properties, and it may serve as a valuable instrument in research and clinical practice.