bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to nutrition informatics in Australia
Authors: Maunder Kirsty , Williams Peter , Walton Karen , Ferguson Maree , Beck Eleanor , Probst Yasmine 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to provide an introduction to nutrition informatics, including a brief history and a rationale of its importance for Australian dietetics.MethodsThe study method used was a narrative review informed by a literature review and expert consultation with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.ResultsNutrition informatics has demonstrated potential to improve efficiencies, reduce costs, support research and ultimately enhance patient care. Governments and organisations have identified this as an emerging priority area. The Dietitians Association of Australia has launched initiatives to advocate and provide strategic advice on dietetic involvement in biomedical informatics and specifically nutrition informatics.ConclusionsIf nutrition standards and processes are not integrated into information systems, dietitians may inherit technologies that do not support dietetic work practices, and opportunities to enhance nutrition services may be missed. It is recommended that dietitians be aware of the opportunities and potential benefits of nutrition informatics, become familiar and involved in technology initiatives, and take the lead in guiding the development and implementation of technologies that may impact patient nutritional care.
Using mark–recapture distance sampling methods on line transect surveys
Authors: Burt Mary Louise , Borchers David L. , Jenkins Kurt J. , Marques Tiago A. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryMark–recapture distance sampling (MRDS) methods are widely used for density and abundance estimation when the conventionalDSassumption of certain detection at distance zero fails, as they allow detection at distance zero to be estimated and incorporated into the overall probability of detection to better estimate density and abundance. However, incorporatingMRdata inDSmodels raises survey and analysis issues not present in conventionalDS. Conversely, incorporatingDSassumptions inMRmodels raises issues not present in conventionalMR. As a result, being familiar with either conventionalDSmethods or conventionalMRmethods does not on its own put practitioners in good a position to applyMRDSmethods appropriately. This study explains the sometimes subtly different varieties ofMRDSsurvey methods and the associated concepts underlyingMRDSmodels. This is done as far as possible without giving mathematical details – in the hope that this will make the key concepts underlying the methods accessible to a wider audience than if we were to present the concepts via equations.We illustrate use of the two main types ofMRDSmodel by using data collected on two different types of survey: a survey of ungulate faecal pellets where two observers searched independently of each other; and a cetacean survey that used a search protocol that could accommodate responsive movement, with only one observer searching independently and the other being aware of all detections.Synthesis and applications. Mark–recaptureDSis a widely used method for estimating animal density and abundance when detection of animals at distance zero is not certain. Two observer configurations and three statistical models are described, and it is important to choose the most appropriate model for the observer configuration and target species in question. By way of making the methods more accessible to practicing ecologists, we describe the key ideas underlyingMRDSmethods, the sometimes subtle differences between them, and we illustrate these by applying different kinds ofMRDSmethod to surveys of two different target species using different survey configurations.
A method to detect subcommunities from multivariate spatial associations
Authors: Flügge Anton J. , Olhede Sofia C. , Murrell David J. 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Species are seldom distributed at random across a community, but instead show spatial structure that is determined by environmental gradients and/or biotic interactions. Analysis of the spatial co‐associations of species may therefore reveal information on the processes that helped to shape those patterns.

We propose a multivariate approach that uses the spatial co‐associations between all pairs of species to find subcommunities of species whose distribution in the study area is positively correlated. Our method, which begins with the patterns of individuals, is particularly well‐suited for communities with large numbers of species and gives rare species an equal weight. We propose a method to quantify a maximum number of subcommunities that are significantly more correlated than expected under a null model of species independence.

Using data on the distribution of tree and shrub species from a 50 ha forest plot on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, we show that our method can be used to construct biologically meaningful subcommunities that are linked to the spatial structure of the plant community. As an example, we construct spatial maps from the subcommunities that closely follow habitats based on environmental gradients (such as slope) as well as different biotic conditions (such as canopy gaps).

We discuss extensions and adaptations to our method that might be appropriate for other types of spatially referenced data and for other ecological communities. We make suggestions for other ways to interpret the subcommunities using phylogenetic relationships, biological traits and environmental variables as covariates and note that subcommunities that are hard to interpret may suggest groups of species and/or regions of the landscape that merit further attention.
Assessing the short‐ and long‐term outcomes after resection of benign insulinoma
Authors: Tsang Yi‐Po , Lang Brian Hung‐Hin , Shek Tony Wai‐Hung 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundInsulinoma is a rare functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (NET) believed to have an excellent long‐term outcome, but few studies have solely focused on this issue after apparently curative resection. This study aimed to assess post‐operative and long‐term outcomes after resection of benign insulinomas.MethodsFrom 1998 to 2013, 36 consecutive patients with insulinomas underwent surgery. Three patients had multiple endocrine neoplasia type‐1 (MEN‐1). Demographics, operative findings, tumour grade (2010 World Health Organization (WHO) NET classification), post‐operative pancreatic fistula (POPF) grade (International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF)), complications and recurrence were analysed.ResultsEighteen (50%) had enucleation while the rest underwent pancreatic resection. The majority (86.1%) of insulinomas belonged to WHO NET grade G1. POPF occurred in 58.3% of patients while clinical fistula (ISGPF grades B and C) occurred in 19.4%. One (2.8%) patient required reoperation. The occurrence of POPF was not related to type of resection or surgical approach. There was no perioperative mortality. After a mean follow‐up of 83.6 months, two patients (5.7%) developed disease recurrence at 34.4 and 131.9 months after initial surgery. No patients developed distant metastasis. The 10‐ and 15‐year disease‐free rates were 95.6 and 85.4%, respectively.ConclusionPOPF occurred frequently and posed a significant morbidity after resection of insulinoma. However, it occurred independently of type of resection or surgical approach. Although the immediate cure rate after resection was high (100%), long‐term disease recurrence in sporadic (non‐MEN‐1) cases was not insignificant. Regular long‐term follow‐up is recommended.
Comparing the use of the interpersonal computer, personal computer and pen‐and‐paper when solving arithmetic exercises
Authors: Alcoholado Cristián , Diaz Anita , Tagle Arturo , Nussbaum Miguel , Infante Cristián 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study aims to understand the differences in student learning outcomes and classroom behaviour when using the interpersonal computer, personal computer and pen‐and‐paper to solve arithmetic exercises. In this multi‐session experiment, third grade students working on arithmetic exercises from various curricular units were divided into three groups. The first group used personal computers (netbooks), the second group used an interpersonal computer (ie, one projector with a screen, one computer and one mouse per child) and the third group used pen‐and‐paper. The results of the experiment indicate that all three groups achieved an increase in learning, as shown by the pretest and posttest scores. No significant difference was found between the interpersonal computer and personal computer groups. This suggests that the key characteristic shared by the two groups is the provision of feedback. The format that such feedback takes, either private (through a personal screen) or public (through a shared screen), is shown to make no difference. However, the results significantly favour groups that are provided with instant feedback (interpersonal computer and personal computer) as opposed to delayed feedback (pen‐and‐paper).
Aspirin enhances protective effect of fish oil against thrombosis and injury‐induced vascular remodelling
Authors: Gong Yanjun , Lin Minghui , Piao Lingjuan , Li Xinzhi , Yang Fei , Zhang Jian , Xiao Bing , Zhang Qingli , Song Wen‐Liang , Yin Huiyong , Zhu Li , Funk Colin D , Yu Ying 
Published: October 2014

Background and PurposeAlthough aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is commonly used to prevent ischaemic events in patients with coronary artery disease, many patients fail to respond to aspirin treatment. Dietary fish oil (FO), containing ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), has anti‐inflammatory and cardio‐protective properties, such as lowering cholesterol and modulating platelet activity. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential additional effects of aspirin and FO on platelet activity and vascular response to injury.Experimental ApproachFemoral arterial remodelling was induced by wire injury in mice. Platelet aggregation, and photochemical‐ and ferric chloride‐induced carotid artery thrombosis were employed to evaluate platelet function.Key ResultsFO treatment increased membrane ω3 PUFA incorporation, lowered plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and reduced systolic BP in mice. FO or aspirin alone inhibited platelet aggregation; however, when combined, they exhibited synergistic suppression of platelet activity in mice, independent of COX‐1 inhibition. FO alone, but not aspirin, attenuated arterial neointimal growth in response to injury. Strikingly, a combination of FO and aspirin synergistically inhibited injury‐induced neointimal hyperplasia and reduced perivascular inflammatory reactions. Moreover, co‐administration of FO and aspirin decreased the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules in inflammatory cells. Consistently, a pro‐resolution lipid mediator‐Resolvin E1, was significantly elevated in plasma in FO/aspirin‐treated mice.Conclusions and ImplicationsCo‐administration of FO and low‐dose aspirin may act synergistically to protect against thrombosis and injury‐induced vascular remodelling in mice. Our results support further investigation of adjuvant FO supplementation for patients with stable coronary artery disease.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Chinese Innovation in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-23
Trajectories of Ethnic‐Racial Discrimination Among Ethnically Diverse Early Adolescents: Associations With Psychological and Social Adjustment
Authors: Niwa Erika Y. , Way Niobe , Hughes Diane L. 
Published: October 2014

Using longitudinal data, the authors assessed 585 Dominican, Chinese, and African American adolescents (Grades 6–8, Mage at W1 = 11.83) to determine patterns over time of perceived ethnic‐racial discrimination from adults and peers; if these patterns varied by gender, ethnicity, and immigrant status; and whether they are associated with psychological (self‐esteem, depressive symptoms) and social (friend and teacher relationship quality, school belonging) adjustment. Two longitudinal patterns for adult discrimination and three longitudinal patterns for peer discrimination were identified using a semiparametric mixture model. These trajectories were distinct with regard to the initial level, shape, and changes in discrimination. Trajectories varied by gender and ethnicity and were significantly linked to psychological and social adjustment. Directions for future research and practice are discussed.
Effect of rituximab on B cell phenotype and serum B cell-activating factor levels in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Becerra E , Scully M A , Leandro M J , Heelas E O , Westwood J-P , De La Torre I , Cambridge G 
Published: October 2014

Summary
Autoantibodies inhibiting the activity of the metalloproteinase, ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13), underlie the pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Rituximab (RTX) combined with plasma-exchange (PEX) is an effective treatment in TTP. Patients can remain in remission for extended periods following PEX/RTX, and this is associated with continuing reduction in antibodies to ADAMTS13. Factors controlling B cell differentiation to autoantibody production, including stimulation through the B cell receptor and interactions with the B cell-activating factor (BAFF), may thus impact length of remission. In this cross-sectional study, we measured naive and memory B cell phenotypes [using CD19/immunoglobulin (Ig)D/CD27] following PEX/RTX treatment in TTP patients at B cell return (n = 6) and in 12 patients in remission 10–68 months post-RTX. We also investigated relationships among serum BAFF, soluble CD23 (sCD23– a surrogate measure of acquiring B memory (CD27+) phenotype) and BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) expression. At B cell return after PEX/RTX, naive B cells predominated and BAFF-R expression was reduced compared to healthy controls (P &lt; 0·001). In the remission group, despite numbers of CD19+ B cells within normal limits in most patients, the percentage and absolute numbers of pre-switch and memory B cells remained low, with sCD23 levels at the lower end of the normal range. BAFF levels were correlated inversely with BAFF-R expression and time after therapy. In conclusion, the long-term effects of RTX therapy in patients with TTP included slow regeneration of memory B cell subsets and persistently reduced BAFF-R expression across all B cell subpopulations. This may reflect the delay in selection and differentiation of potentially autoreactive (ADAMTS13-specific) B cells, resulting in relatively long periods of low disease activity after therapy.
Unequal Access to Payments for Ecosystem Services: The Case of Costa Rica
Authors: Lansing David M. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTUsing Costa Rica's experience with its payments for ecosystem services (PES) programme, this article examines how and why some groups come to be excluded from participating in the programme. It demonstrates that Costa Rica's PES programme results in payments that generally go to larger landowners and tend to exclude certain kinds of smallholders, and that these patterns occur despite concerted state efforts to include the rural poor. The author argues that access exclusions found in PES are the result of historical patterns of agrarian settlement interacting with the state's inability to recognize certain forms of property claims in the context of PES, with the latter condition emerging through ongoing efforts to transform the administration of the nation's property regime in ways that will render it more legible to markets. This case study shows the importance of understanding how access restrictions emerge from the complex relations between multiple state institutions and agrarian producers in the implementation of PES.
Screening tools for clinical high risk for psychosis
Authors: Addington Jean , Stowkowy Jacqueline , Weiser Mark 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimThe purpose of this article was to review existing screening instruments that could be used to identify individuals who may be at increased risk for psychosis and to determine the suitability of these instruments.MethodsMedline (Ovid) and PubMed were searched for peer‐reviewed articles published in English, which reported performance evaluation of screening instruments for symptoms of high risk for psychosis. The articles' titles, abstracts and, when necessary, full texts were read to filter them against the selection criteria. Citations within relevant articles were hand searched for other potentially eligible studies.ResultsThis selection strategy resulted in identifying 56 articles (including three articles available only in an abstract format) that reported performance evaluation of 17 screening instruments.ConclusionsThe sensitivity of these scales ranged from 67% to 100% and the specificity ranged from 39% to 100%. The positive predictive value was less precise with scores ranging from 24% to 100%, and the negative predictive value ranging from 58% to 100%. There were several scales that might be useful for screening for individuals who are at increased risk for developing psychosis; however, the majority of measures are underexplored with poor validation.
Biostabilization of cohesive sediments: revisiting the role of abiotic conditions, physiology and diversity of microbes, polymeric secretion, and biofilm architecture
Authors: Gerbersdorf S. U. , Wieprecht S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn aquatic habitats, micro‐organisms successfully adhere to and mediate particles, thus changing the erosive response of fine sediments to hydrodynamic forcing by secreting glue‐like extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Because sediment dynamics is vital for many ecological and economic aspects of watersheds and coastal regions, biostabilization of cohesive sediments is one of the important ecosystem services provided by biofilms. Although the research on biostabilization has gained momentum over the last 20 years, we still have limited insights principally due to the complex nature of this topic, the varying spatial, temporal, and community scales examined, oversimplified ecohydraulic experiments with little natural relevance, and the often partial views of the disciplines involved. This review highlights the current state of our knowledge on biostabilization and identifies important areas for future research on: (A) the influence of abiotic conditions on initial colonization and subsequent biofilm growth, focusing on hydrodynamics, substratum, salinity, nutrition, and light climate; (B) the response of microbes in terms of physiological activity and species diversity to environmental settings as well as biotic conditions such as competition and grazing; and (C) the effects of the former on the EPS matrix, its main constituents, their composition, functional groups/substitutes, and structures/linkages. The review focuses specifically on how the numerous mutual feedback mechanisms between abiotic and biotic conditions influence microbial stabilization capacity, and thus cohesive sediment dynamics.
Prevalence of Primary Headaches in an Urban Slum in Enugu South East Nigeria: A Door‐to‐Door Survey
Authors: Ezeala‐Adikaibe Birinus A. , Onyekonwu Chinwe , Okudo Grace , Onodugo Obinna , Ekenze Stella , Orjioke Casmir , Chime Peter , Ezeanosike Obum , Mbadiwe Nkiru , Chikani Mark , Okwara Celestine , Ulasi Ifeoma , Ijoma Uchenna 
Published: October 2014

Objective/BackgroundThis study aims to determine the prevalence of primary headache disorders using the second edition of international classification of headache disorders among urban slum dwellers. Headache is a common neurological disorder and one of the most common reasons for visiting the neurology clinics in Nigeria. Low socioeconomic status has been linked with primary headaches. Factors that may precipitate and sustain headaches are common in Africa especially in urban slums. There are limited population based data on the prevalence of headache from Nigeria and other African countries.MethodsA 3 phase cross‐sectional descriptive study was done to survey at least 40% of the adult population (Igbos) living in an urban slum using the International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd Edition (ICHD‐I) criteria using a validated Igbo language adaptation (translation and back‐translation into Igbo language) of a World Health Organization protocol for screening neurological disorders in the community.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of headache of any type was 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 64.2‐69.2), significantly higher in females (70.2% [95% CI 67.0‐73.4]) than in males (62.3% [95% CI 58.5‐66.1]; P = .0.002). The prevalence of primary headaches was also significantly lower in males than in females (44.9% [95% CI 45.5‐53.3] vs 53.2% (95% CI 49.3‐57.1), P = .002). Female (52.1%) drinkers had a statistically higher prevalence of primary headaches than male drinkers (43.6%; P = .004). The prevalence of migraine was 6.4% (95% CI 5.1‐7.7); 7.5% (95% CI 5.6‐9.4) in females and 5% (95% CI 3.3‐6.7) in males (P = .058). Migraine with aura was similar in both males and females. Migraine without aura was significantly higher in females (5.7%) than males (3.1%) (P = .022). Tension‐type headache (TTH) had an overall prevalence of 13.8% (95% CI 11.3‐16.3), males 12.2% (95% CI 9.7‐14.7), and females 15.1% (95% CI 12.6‐17.6; P = .118.) The peak decade for all primary headaches was 20‐29 years for males (49.8%) and 60‐69 years for females (57.5%).ConclusionHeadache is a common health problem in an urban slum in Enugu south east Nigeria where 66.7% of participants had experienced headache in their lifetime, and 49.4% had experienced primary headaches. The prevalence of migraine and TTH were 6.4% (5% in males and 7.5% in females) and 13.8% (12.2% in males and 15.1% in females), respectively. The peak ages of migraine and tension‐type headache were 30‐39 and 60‐69 years, respectively. The prevalence of primary headaches was significantly higher among subjects who used alcohol significantly.
An evaluation of the implementation of Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP) roles in an acute hospital setting
Authors: McDonnell Ann , Goodwin Emma , Kennedy Fiona , Hawley Kay , Gerrish Kate , Smith Christine 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the impact of implementing Advanced Nurse Practitioner roles on patients, staff members and organizational outcomes in an acute hospital.BackgroundThe worldwide development of advanced practice roles in nursing has been influenced by increasing demands and costs of health care. A key issue in the UK has been the reduction in hours junior doctors can work.While there is evidence these roles can have a positive impact in a variety of clinical specialties, little is known about the impact advanced nurses substituting for junior doctors can have on patients, staff members and organizational outcomes in general hospital care settings.DesignCollective case study.MethodsA collective case study in a district general hospital in England was undertaken in 2011–2012. Interviews with strategic stakeholders (n = 13) were followed by three individual case studies. Each case study represented the clinical area in which the roles had been introduced: medicine, surgery and orthopaedics and included interviews (n = 32) and non‐participant observation of practice.FindingsThe ANPs had a positive impact on patient experience, outcomes and safety. They improved staff knowledge, skills and competence and enhanced quality of working life, distribution of workload and team‐working. ANPs contributed to the achievement of organizational priorities and targets and development of policy.ConclusionANPs undertaking duties traditionally performed by junior doctors in acute hospital settings can have a positive impact on a range of indicators relating to patients, staff members and organizational outcomes which are highly relevant to nursing.