bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Mathematics: From Mainstream Misconceptions to Educational Enrichment
Authors: Xu Hongzhang , Ball Rowena 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe old canard that Indigenous and First Nations peoples had, or have, only rudimentary mathematical skills has been curiously persistent, against widespread published evidence over the past century and a half. In Australia, attempts to include Indigenous mathematical knowledge in curriculums have encountered strong resistance. After more than 12 years of advocacy and development by expert Indigenous advisers, content elaborations on Indigenous mathematics were included in the 2022 release of the Australian school curriculum. This hard-won achievement is welcomed widely, but experience also tells us to expect some resistance from sectors of the education communities who maintain and gatekeep an exclusively British-European or Western provenance of mathematics. In this article, we employ an exemplary approach to counter such narratives by summarising and replying to five published critiques of Indigenous mathematics, which typify widely held and propagated misconceptions. We seek to forestall potential pushback constructively, and address concerns regarding the legitimacy and pedagogical value of Indigenous mathematics, by countering with evidence claims in these critiques that Australian First Nations peoples historically had no autonomously developed mathematical knowledge. In doing so, we seek to stimulate more diverse and inclusive discussions of the underlying questions of ‘What is mathematics?’ and ‘Who can do mathematics?’. Although our research originated in a particular national context, the foundational importance of mathematics within and between all societies entails a global response to address these and similar pervasive misconceptions.
RelChronVis: an interactive web application for visualizing the relative chronology of language changes
Authors: Wandl Florian , Thelitz Thilo H. K. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractModels of the relative chronology of language changes resemble the structure of a graph. They consist of a set of changes that are in many cases related to each other. It follows that they can be visualized in a diagram, which opens up new possibilities for publishing historical linguistics data. In this paper, we introduce the RelChronVis application, a web application designed for visualizing language history. Based on detailed models of the relative chronology of Russian and Croatian sound changes, we show how interactive graph representations can help visualize language changes and the relationships between them. In addition to graphs, the application provides textual information about the included changes and relations as well as reconstructions of example lexemes. The RelChronVis application is primarily designed for doing research and for teaching. It allows the researcher to transparently compare different models and to access relevant data. At the same time, the RelChronVis application can be used to teach the history of the included languages as well as methods of historical linguistics. It provides the option of visualizing custom data and can easily be accommodated to novel discoveries. We believe that these features and uses make the RelChronVis application an immensely useful tool for publishing models of the relative chronology of language changes.
Decisional value scores: A new family of metrics for ethical AI-ML
Authors: Waters Gabriella , Mapp William , Honenberger Phillip 
Published: July 2024

AbstractResearch in ethical AI has made strides in quantitative expression of ethical values such as fairness, transparency, and privacy. Here we contribute to this effort by proposing a new family of metrics called “decisional value scores” (DVS). DVSs are scores assigned to a system based on whether the decisions it makes meet or fail to meet a particular standard (either individually, in total, or as a ratio or average over decisions made). Advantages of DVS include greater discrimination capacity between types of ethically relevant decisions and facilitation of ethical comparisons between decisions and decision-making systems, including across different modalities (for instance: human, machine, or coupled human–machine systems). After clarifying ambiguities in the concept of “decision” itself, including the question of how to individuate the decisions made by a system, we discuss the role and meaning of “decision” in common AI and machine learning approaches such as decision trees, neural networks, SVMs, and unsupervised classifiers. We then show how DVSs may be defined for several ethical values of interest, with an extended discussion of transparency. Finally, we explore how such metrics can be applied to real decision-making systems through two case studies: evaluations of LLMs for transparency; and evaluations of criminal risk assessment tools for utility, rights violations, fairness, and transparency.
Gradient discretisation of elliptic quasi-variational inequalities with gradient type barriers
Authors: Alnashri Yahya 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis paper proposes a discretisation scheme for quasi-variational inequalities problems with different constraint types associated with gradient and divergence operators. We use the gradient discretisation method, a generic framework designed to encompass several numerical schemes. The paper describes the discretisation and analyses the convergence using a compactness argument that does not require strong assumptions on a solution.
Flow-induced noise and vibration in axial fan: a case study
Authors: Bakhtar Husam , Alsahafi Nawaf , Almehmadi Mosaaed , Ahmed Mohamed , Ismail Majed , Alzahrani Ryan , Magadmi Anas , Bawazeer Saleh , Alhazmi Hani , Aloufi Badr , Hijji Hasan H. , Alhazmi Mohammed W. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractReducing axial fan noise is crucial in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. This study explores how attaching different add-on designs to axial fans reduces aerodynamic noise. Eight design cases were examined, including extending the outlet and inlet ducts, using Chevron nozzles, placing internal spherical balls in staggered and straight patterns, applying a wavy inner wall treatment, and combining some of these nozzle designs. CFD and acoustic analyses were performed using Ansys Fluent 2022 R1. Noise reduction was measured at the nozzle outlet in each design case. All nozzle modifications reduced noise levels, with noise reductions ranging from 3 to 10% at the blade tip and 26–55% at the outlet. As an add-on to existing fan cases, the design cases investigated in this study can potentially improve the acoustic environment in various settings. The findings of this study can contribute to the development of quieter axial fans.
LeafNST: an improved data augmentation method for classification of plant disease using object-based neural style transfer
Authors: Khare Om , Mane Sunil , Kulkarni Harshmohan , Barve Ninad 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPlant diseases significantly threaten global agriculture, impacting crop yield and food security. Nearly 30% of the crop yield is lost due to plant diseases. Efficient identification and classification of plant diseases through computer vision techniques have become imperative for timely intervention. However, popular plant disease datasets often suffer from data imbalance, with certain classes underrepresented, hindering the performance of machine learning models. Traditional data augmentation methods, such as rotation and flipping, are limited in their effectiveness, especially when faced with imbalanced datasets. To address this limitation, we explore advanced data augmentation techniques, including Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) such as CycleGAN and LeafGAN, which have shown promise in generating synthetic images. However, we propose an innovative approach of Object-based single Style Transfer on a single neural network for augmenting the plant disease dataset. This technique focuses on mitigating data imbalance issues within datasets, which can adversely affect the model’s ability to generalize across diverse classes. The proposed method is compared with state-of-the-art data augmentation techniques, highlighting its superiority in addressing data imbalance issues. Our approach aims to produce more realistic and diverse synthetic images, leading to improved model generalization and accuracy in plant disease classification tasks validated using different classifiers. The efficiency of our approach is validated through extensive experimentation and benchmarking against existing methods.
Times series record of water quality analysis during flood time in Cauvery River basin, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Veeran Yoganandan , Balasubramaniyan Monisha , Palanisamy Arunkarthik , Balu Bharathi 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWe determine the spatial and temporal changes in the physicochemical and nutritional parameters of water quality in the Cauvery River basin. We also analyze the effects of anthropogenic and natural factors on the physicochemical and nutritional parameters. The river water samples were collected over a time series record of 6-h intervals for 6 days during and after flooding time. The combination of physicochemical and nutritional parameters generated a large dataset, which was processed using statistical analysis. In addition, statistical analysis was used to calculate the correlation coefficients and plot the regression equations relating various parameters to electrical conductivity (EC). The resulting average values of pH, EC, and total dissolved solids (TDS) showed significant differences in the time series record of the study period (i.e., pH = 8.24, EC = 220 S/m, and TDS = 157.1 mg/L). The values of the following nutritional parameters in floodwater were also determined: orthophosphate = 0.13 mg/L, phosphate = 0.1 mg/L, nitrite = 2.11 mg/L, nitrate = 0.79 mg/L, and ammonia = 4.47 mg/L. Our findings indicates that flooding can deteriorate the groundwater quality, resulting in a decrease in water quality and an increase in contamination levels, which can have detrimental effects on both the environment and human health. This information is crucial to decision making in flood risk management, water resource planning, and conservation efforts to protect both human and ecological systems.
Intrinsic features of flow-induced stability of a square cylinder
Authors: Lin Cuiting , Alam Md. Mahbub 
Published: July 2024

Vortex-induced vibrations and galloping of an elastically mounted square cylinder are investigated for cylinder mass ratio m* = 2–50, damping ratio ζ = 0–1.0, mass-damping ratio m*ζ = 0–50 and flow reduced velocity Ur = 1–80. We home in on the effects of m*, ζ, m*ζ,

$({m^\ast } + m_{a\textrm{0}}^\ast )\zeta$

and

$({m^\ast } + m_{ae}^\ast )\zeta$

on the critical reduced velocity Urc marking the onset of galloping, where

$m_{a\textrm{0}}^\ast $

is the quiescent-fluid added mass ratio and

$m_{ae}^\ast $

is the effective added mass ratio. Vibration responses, forces, vibration frequencies and added mass ratios are studied and discussed. The different branches of vortex-induced vibrations have different dependencies of

$m_{ae}^\ast $

on Ur. The

$m_{ae}^\ast $

in the initial branch is positive and drops rapidly with Ur, but that in the lower branch is negative and declines gently. In the galloping regime,

$m_{ae}^\ast $

jumps from negative to positive at the onset of galloping, declining slightly with increasing Ur. Our results and prediction equations show that when ζ = 0, Urc is independent of m* for m* ≥ 5, albeit slightly higher for m* = 3. The latter is ascribed to mode competition. When ζ > 0, Urc linearly increases with increasing ζ. Detailed analysis substantiates that m*ζ or

$({m^\ast } + m_{a\textrm{0}}^\ast )\zeta$

does not serve as the unique criterion to predict the galloping occurrence. Here, we propose a new combined mass-damping parameter

$({m^\ast } + m_{ae}^\ast )\zeta$

in the relationship between galloping onsets and structural properties, which successfully scales all data of Urc at different m* and ζ values.
Three‐Dimensional Venus Cloud Structure Simulated by a General Circulation Model
Authors: Shao Wencheng D. , Mendonça João M. , Dai Longkang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe clouds have a great impact on Venus's energy budget and climate evolution, but its three‐dimensional structure is still not well understood. Here we incorporate a simple Venus cloud physics scheme into a flexible GCM to investigate the three‐dimensional cloud spatial variability. Our simulations show good agreement with observations in terms of the vertical profiles of clouds and H2SO4 vapor. H2O vapor is overestimated above the clouds due to efficient transport in the cloud region. The cloud top decreases as latitude increases, qualitatively consistent with Venus Express observations. The underlying mechanism is the combination of H2SO4 chemical production and meridional circulation. The mixing ratios of H2SO4 at 50–60 km and H2O vapors in the main cloud deck basically exhibit maxima around the equator, due to the effect of temperature's control on the saturation vapor mixing ratios of the two species. The cloud mass distribution is subject to both H2SO4 chemical production and dynamical transport and shows a pattern that peaks around the equator in the upper cloud while peaks at mid‐high latitudes in the middle cloud. At low latitudes, H2SO4 and H2O vapors, cloud mass loading and acidity show semidiurnal variations at different altitude ranges, which can be validated against future missions. Our model emphasizes the complexity of the Venus climate system and the great need for more observations and simulations to unravel its spatial variability and underlying atmospheric and/or geological processes.
The Geochemical and Mineralogical Signature of Glaciovolcanism Near Þórisjökull, Iceland, and Its Implications for Glaciovolcanism on Mars
Authors: Bedford Candice C. , Rampe Elizabeth B. , Thorpe Michael T. , Ewing Ryan C. , Mason Kashauna , Horgan Briony , Rudolph Amanda , Lapôtre Mathieu G. A. , Sinha Prakhar , Nachon Marion , Champion Emily , Berger Lauren , Reid Ewan , Gray Patrick C. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractCandidate glaciovolcanic landforms have been identified across Mars, suggesting that volcano‐ice interactions may have been relatively widespread in areas that once contained extensive surface and near‐surface ice deposits. To better constrain the detection of glaciovolcanism in Mars' geological record, this study has investigated and characterized the petrology, geochemistry, and mineralogy of three intraglacial volcanoes and an interglacial volcano in the Þórisjökull area of southwest Iceland. Our results show that glaciovolcanism creates abundant, variably altered hyaloclastite and hyalotuff that is sufficiently geochemically and mineralogically distinctive from subaerially erupted lava for identification using instruments available on Mars rovers and landers. Due to the lower gravity and atmospheric pressure at the surface of Mars, hyaloclastite and hyalotuff are also more likely to form in greater abundance in Martian glaciovolcanoes. Our results support that magmatism following deglaciation likely triggers decompression melting of the shallow mantle beneath Iceland, creating systematic changes in geochemistry and mineralogy. Glaciation can also suppress magmatism at its peak, encouraging the formation of shallow fractionated magma chambers. As such, it is possible for the crustal loading of an ice cap to enhance igneous diversity on a planet without plate tectonism, creating glass‐rich, altered, and mineralogically diverse deposits such as those discovered in Gale crater by the Curiosity rover. However, as the eroded products of glaciovolcanism are similar to those formed through hydrovolcanism, the presence of a glaciovolcanic landform at the source is required to confirm whether volcano‐ice interactions occurred at the sediment source.
Evaluating Distributed Snow Model Resolution and Meteorology Parameterizations Against Streamflow Observations: Finer Is Not Always Better
Authors: Barnhart Theodore B. , Putman Annie L. , Heldmyer Aaron J. , Rey David M. , Hammond John C. , Driscoll Jessica M. , Sexstone Graham A. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractEstimating snow conditions is often done using numerical snowpack evolution models at spatial resolutions of 500 m and greater; however, snow depth in complex terrain often varies on sub‐meter scales. This study investigated how the spatial distribution of simulated snow conditions varied across seven model spatial resolutions from 30 to 1,000 m and over two meteorological data sets, coarser (≈12 km) and finer (4 km). Simulated snow covered area (SCA) was compared to remotely sensed SCA and simulated watershed mean peak snow water equivalent (SWE) was compared to four streamflow statistics representing different water management‐relevant aspects of the hydrograph using non‐parametric correlations. April 1 SWE tended to increase with model resolution, particularly below 4,000 masl. Finer meteorology simulations produced deeper April 1 SWE than coarser meteorology simulations. Finer resolution snow simulations tended to produce longer snowmelt durations and slower snowmelt rates than coarser resolution simulations. Finer resolution simulations had better agreement with SCA for both meteorology data sets, particularly at high and low elevations. However, finer resolution simulations did not generally outperform coarser simulations in snow versus streamflow statistic correlations. Snow versus streamflow correlations were most sensitive to meteorology, watershed properties, and then resolution. Watershed physiographic properties such as wetness index may increase snow versus streamflow metric correlations while elevation and slope may decrease correlations. At watershed scales, these results suggest that simulation resolution and choice of meteorology is less important than the physiographic properties of the watershed; however, if resolving snow distribution across the landscape is important, finer‐resolution simulations are useful.
Net Community Production and Inorganic Carbon Cycling in the Central Irminger Sea
Authors: Yoder M. F. , Palevsky H. I. , Fogaren K. E. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe subpolar North Atlantic plays an outsized role in the atmosphere‐to‐ocean carbon sink. The central Irminger Sea is home to well‐documented deep winter convection and high phytoplankton production, which drive strong seasonal and interannual variability in regional carbon cycling. We use observational data from moored carbonate chemistry system sensors and annual turn‐around cruise samples at the Ocean Observatories Initiative's Irminger Sea Array to construct a near‐continuous time series of mixed layer total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pCO2, and total alkalinity from summer 2015 to summer 2022. We use these carbonate chemistry system time series to deconvolve the physical and biological drivers of surface ocean carbon cycling in this region on seasonal, annual, and interannual time scales. We find high annual net community production within the seasonally varying mixed layer, averaging 9.8 ± 1.6 mol m−2 yr−1 with high interannual variability (range of 6.0–13.9 mol m−2 yr−1). The highest daily net community production rates occur during the late winter and early spring, prior to the observed high chlorophyll concentrations associated with the spring phytoplankton bloom. As a result, the winter and early spring play a much larger role in biological carbon export from the mixed layer than traditionally thought.
Breastfeeding behaviours in women with obesity; associations with weight retention and the serum metabolome: a secondary analysis of UPBEAT
Authors: Dalrymple Kathryn V. , Briley Annette L. , Tydeman Florence A. S. , Seed Paul T. , Singh Claire M. , Flynn Angela C. , White Sara L. , Poston Lucilla ,   on behalf of the UPBEAT Consortium, Briley Annette L. , Seed Paul T. , Singh Claire M. , Flynn Angela C. , Poston Lucilla 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Background/Objectives
Maternal obesity is associated with a decreased intention and initiation of breastfeeding as well as a shortened duration of breastfeeding. This analysis was undertaken to identify breastfeeding behaviours, and relationships with maternal anthropometry and the serum metabolome at 6-months postpartum in an ethnically diverse cohort of women with obesity.

Subjects/Methods
A cohort analysis of 715 women from the UK Pregnancies Better Eating and Activity Trial (UPBEAT); a multi-centre randomised controlled trial of an antenatal lifestyle intervention in women with obesity. Maternal data were collected in early pregnancy and included body mass index (BMI), socio-demographic characteristics and anthropometry. At 6-months postpartum, breastfeeding behaviours, anthropometry and 158 maternal metabolic measures from blood samples were recorded. Kaplan–Meier curves of breastfeeding duration were constructed and were stratified by obesity class (I: BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2, II: 35.0–39.9 kg/m2, III: ≥40.0 kg/m2). Relationships between breastfeeding behaviours, socio-demographic characteristics, the metabolome, and anthropometry were determined using regression analyses.

Results
Eighty-two percent (591/715) of the cohort-initiated breastfeeding and at the 6-month follow-up 40% (283/715) were breastfeeding exclusively or partially. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding decreased with increasing BMI: Compared to BMI class I (mean 90.4 ± 64 days) the difference in mean for classes II and III were −15.8 days (95% confidence interval: −28.5, −3.1, p < 0.05) and −16.7 (95% CI: −32.0 to −1.35, p < 0.05), respectively. Compared to no breastfeeding, any breastfeeding at 6-months postpartum was associated with improvements in metabolites towards a healthier profile, reduced weight retention by −1.81 kg (95% CI −0.75, −2.88, p < 0.05 ) and reduced anthropometric measures, including mid-upper arm and hip circumferences. The breastfeeding related changes in anthropometry were not evident in women of Black ethnicity.

Conclusions
Greater emphasis on enabling breastfeeding for women with obesity could improve duration, women’s weight management and metabolic health. The lack of breastfeeding related anthropometric effects in Black women requires further investigation.

Clinical trial registry
ISRCTN reference 89971375.