bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuro‐cognitive performance of very preterm or very low birth weight adults at 26 years
Authors: Eryigit Madzwamuse Suna , Baumann Nicole , Jaekel Julia , Bartmann Peter , Wolke Dieter 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundChildren born very preterm (VP <32 weeks gestation) and/or with very low birth weight (VBLW <1500 g; subsequently VP/VLBW) have been previously reported to have more cognitive impairment and specific executive functioning problems than term children; however, it remains unclear whether these problems persist into adulthood. This study aimed to examine general intelligence (IQ) and executive functioning (EF) of adults born VP/VLBW in comparison to term controls. Additionally, the effects of smallness for gestational age (SGA) and family socioeconomic status (SES) at birth were investigated.MethodsThe Bavarian Longitudinal Study is a geographically defined prospective cohort study of neonatal at‐risk children born in 1985/86 in Southern Germany. A total of 217 VP/VLBW and 197 controls completed the battery of IQ and EF tests at 26 years of age.ResultsVP/VLBW adults scored significantly lower than controls in IQ and EF. There was a 1.16 standard deviation (SD) unit difference between the VP/VLBW and controls in Full‐Scale IQ. VP/VLBW adults were found to have general and multiple cognitive problems rather than specific deficits in EF. SGA was not a significant predictor of cognitive impairment. Family SES had a significant impact on general intelligence in both VP/VLBW and term controls. The SES effects amounted to 1.13 SD units between individuals born into high versus low SES.ConclusionsNo narrowing of cognitive deficits between VP/VLBW and term control adults to previous childhood assessments at 6 years of age was found. VP/VLBW adults do not outgrow their cognitive problems despite many receiving special educational support in childhood. Low family SES at birth has similar additive adverse effects on cognitive performance in VP/VLBW and term offspring.
Floral isolation is the major reproductive barrier between a pair of rewarding orchid sister species
Authors: Sun M. , Schlüter P. M. , Gross K. , Schiestl F. P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe crucial role of reproductive isolation in speciation has long been recognized; however, a limited number of studies quantify different isolation barriers and embed reproductive isolation in a phylogenetic context. In this study, we investigate reproductive isolation between the often sympatrically occurring orchid species,Gymnadenia conopseaandG. odoratissima. We examine the phylogenetic relationship between the two species and analyse floral isolation, fruit set and seed viability from interspecies crosses, as well as the ploidy level. Additionally, we quantify interspecies differences in floral signals and morphology. The results suggest that the two species have a sister–species relationship. In terms of reproductive isolation, we found complete floral isolation between the two species, but little to no post‐pollination isolation; the species also mostly had the same ploidy level in the studied populations. We also show clear distinctions in floral signals, as well as in floral size and spur length. We propose that respective adaptation to short‐ vs. long‐tongued pollinators was the driver of speciation in the here studiedGymnadeniaspecies. Our study supports the key role of floral isolation in orchid speciation and shows that floral isolation is not restricted to highly specialized pollination systems, but can also occur between species with less specialized pollination.
The Food Web of Boiling Springs Lake Appears Dominated by the Heterolobosean Tetramitus thermacidophilus Strain BSL
Authors: Reeder William H.H. , Sanck Jessica , Hirst Marissa , Dawson Scott C. , Wolfe Gordon V. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe studied the protist grazers of Boiling Springs Lake (BSL), an acid geothermal feature in Lassen Volcanic National Park, using a combination of culture and genetic approaches. The major predator in BSL is a vahlkampfiid ameba closely related (95% 18S+ITS rRNA identity) to Tetramitus thermacidophilus, a heterolobose ameboflagellate recently isolated from volcanic geothermal acidic sites in Europe and Russia, as well as an uncultured heterolobosean from the nearby Iron Mountain acid mine drainage site. Tetramitus thermacidophilus strain BSL is capable of surviving the physical extremes of BSL, with optimal growth at 38–50 °C and pH 2–5. This bacterivore also ingested conidiospores of the ascomycete Phialophora sp., but ultrastructural observations reveal the latter may not be readily digested, and conidia were not separable from the ameoboflagellate culture, suggesting a possible symbiosis. DGGE fingerprint transects studies showed the organism is restricted to near‐lake environs, and we detected an average of ~500 viable cysts/cm3 sediment on the shoreline. Other grazing protists were isolated from lakeshore environments, including the lobose amebae Acanthamoeba sp. and Hartmannella sp., and the kinetoplastid flagellate Bodo sp., but none could tolerate both low pH and high temperature. These appear to be restricted to cooler near lake geothermal features, which also contain other potential grazer morphotypes observed but not successfully cultured, including ciliates, euglenids, testate amebae, and possible cercozoans. We compare the food web of BSL with other acidic or geothermal sites, and discuss the impact of protists in this unique environment.
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. are broadly susceptible to isolates representing the North American genogroups of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus
Authors: Kurath G , Winton J R , Dale O B , Purcell M K , Falk K , Busch R A 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBeginning in 1992, three epidemic waves of infectious hematopoietic necrosis, often with high mortality, occurred in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. on the west coast of North America. We compared the virulence of eleven strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), representing the U, M and L genogroups, in experimental challenges of juvenile Atlantic salmon in freshwater. All strains caused mortality and there was wide variation within genogroups: cumulative mortality for five U‐group strains ranged from 20 to 100%, four M‐group strains ranged 30‐63% and two L‐group strains varied from 41 to 81%. Thus, unlike Pacific salmonids, there was no apparent correlation of virulence in a particular host species with virus genogroup. The mortality patterns indicated two different phenotypes in terms of kinetics of disease progression and final per cent mortality, with nine strains having moderate virulence and two strains (from the U and L genogroups) having high virulence. These phenotypes were investigated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry to describe the variation in the course of IHNV disease in Atlantic salmon. The results from this study demonstrate that IHNV may become a major threat to farmed Atlantic salmon in other regions of the world where the virus has been, or may be, introduced.
Microbiota‐dependent metabolite trimethylamine‐N‐oxide is associated with disease severity and survival of patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Trøseid M. , Ueland T. , Hov J. R. , Svardal A. , Gregersen I. , Dahl C. P. , Aakhus S. , Gude E. , Bjørndal B. , Halvorsen B. , Karlsen T. H. , Aukrust P. , Gullestad L. , Berge R. K. , Yndestad A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesRecent metabolomic, experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that trimethylamine‐N‐oxide (TMAO), a microbiota‐dependent metabolite from dietary phosphatidylcholine and carnitine, is a strong predictor of coronary artery disease (CAD). This finding suggests a link between the gut microbiota and atherosclerosis. The potential impact of TMAO in chronic heart failure (HF) is unknown. We hypothesized that TMAO levels would provide prognostic information about adverse outcomes in chronic HF.DesignProspective, observational study including 155 consecutive patients with chronic HF. In addition, 100 patients with stable CAD without HF and 33 matched healthy individuals were included as controls. Plasma levels of TMAO and its precursors choline and betaine were measured, and associations with symptoms, aetiology and transplant‐free survival in the patients with HF were explored.ResultsPlasma levels of TMAO (P = 0.01), choline (P < 0.001) and betaine (P < 0.001) were elevated in patients with chronic HF compared to control subjects, with the highest levels in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes III and IV. Furthermore, TMAO levels were highest in individuals with ischaemic HF, followed by those with stable CAD and nonischaemic HF. TMAO, but not choline or betaine, was associated with reduced transplant‐free survival: approximately 50% of patients in the upper tertile of TMAO levels died or received a heart transplant during 5.2 years of follow‐up (unadjusted Cox‐regression: hazard ratio 2.24, 95% confidence interval 1.28–3.92, P = 0.005).ConclusionsTMAO levels were elevated in patients with HF and associated with NYHA class, ischaemic aetiology and adverse outcomes. Future studies should focus on gut microbiota, dietary composition and intestinal dysfunction in relation to TMAO levels and clinical outcome in HF.
The Home and the ‘Hood: Associations Between Housing and Neighborhood Contexts and Adolescent Functioning
Authors: Elliott Margaret C. , Leventhal Tama , Shuey Elizabeth A. , Lynch Alicia Doyle , Coley Rebekah Levine 
Published: November 2014

Adolescents from low‐income families face various opportunities and constraints as they develop, with possible ramifications for their well‐being. Two contexts of particular importance are the home and the neighborhood. Using adolescent data from the first two waves of the Three‐City Study (N = 1,169), this study explored associations among housing problems and neighborhood disorder with adolescents' socioemotional problems, and how these associations varied by parental monitoring and gender. Results of hierarchical linear models suggest that poor‐quality housing was most predictive of the functioning of girls and of adolescents with restrictive curfews, whereas neighborhood disorder was a stronger predictor for boys. Implications for future research on associations between housing and neighborhood contexts and adolescent development are discussed.
Insufficient vitamin D supplement use during pregnancy and early childhood: a risk factor for positional skull deformation
Authors: Weernink Marieke G.M. , van Wijk Renske M. , Groothuis‐Oudshoorn Catharina G.M. , Lanting Caren I. , Grant Cameron C. , van Vlimmeren Leo A. , Boere‐Boonekamp Magda M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractVitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy is associated with disturbed skeletal homeostasis during infancy. Our aim was to investigate the influence of adherence to recommendations for vitamin D supplement intake of 10 μg per day (400 IU) during pregnancy (mother) and in the first months of life (child) on the occurrence of positional skull deformation of the child at the age of 2 to 4 months. In an observational case–control study, two hundred seventy‐five 2‐ to 4‐month‐old cases with positional skull deformation were compared with 548 matched controls. A questionnaire was used to gather information on background characteristics and vitamin D intake (food, time spent outdoors and supplements). In a multiple variable logistic regression analysis, insufficient vitamin D supplement intake of women during the last trimester of pregnancy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.86, 95% (CI) 1.27–2.70] and of children during early infancy (aOR 7.15, 95% CI 3.77–13.54) were independently associated with an increased risk of skull deformation during infancy. These associations were evident after adjustment for the associations with skull deformation that were present with younger maternal age and lower maternal education, shorter pregnancy duration, assisted vaginal delivery, male gender and milk formula consumption after birth. Our findings suggest that non‐adherence to recommendations for vitamin D supplement use by pregnant women and infants are associated with a higher risk of positional skull deformation in infants at 2 to 4 months of age. Our study provides an early infant life example of the importance of adequate vitamin D intake during pregnancy and infancy.
Association of maternal depression and infant nutritional status among women living with HIV in Tanzania
Authors: Kaaya Sylvia , Garcia Maria E. , Li Nan , Lienert Jeffrey , Twayigize William , Spiegelman Donna , Smith Fawzi Mary C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAntenatal and post‐natal depression has demonstrated a significant burden in sub‐Saharan Africa, with rates ranging from 10% to 35%. However, perinatal women living with HIV in Tanzania have reported an even greater prevalence of depression (43–45%). The primary goal of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal depression and infant malnutrition among women living with HIV. The design was a retrospective cohort study within the context of a randomised controlled trial among women living with HIV and their infants. Within this trial, 699 mother–child pairs were analysed for the present study. Although antenatal depression was not associated with infant malnutrition and post‐natal depression was negatively associated [relative risk (RR = 0.80, P = 0.04], cumulative depression demonstrated a positive association with infant wasting (RR = 1.08, P < 0.01) and underweight (RR = 1.03, P < 0.01) after controlling for confounding factors. Variation in the association between depression and infant nutritional status was observed for episodic vs. chronic depression. These findings suggest that providing evidence‐based services for persistent depression among women living with HIV may have an effect on infant malnutrition. In addition, other positive outcomes may be related to infant cognitive development as well as HIV disease prognosis and survival among women.
I. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE RELATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO COGNITIVE AND BRAIN HEALTH, AND SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: Hillman Charles H. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe current pandemic of physical inactivity threatens both physical and cognitive health throughout the lifespan. This monograph describes the multidisciplinary study of aspects of childhood health and its relationship to cognitive and brain function, and scholastic performance. Specifically, we focus on physical activity and physical fitness along with nutrition and obesity; interconnected aspects of health that have declined over the past 30 years in children of industrialized nations. Although much emphasis has been placed on correcting physical aspects of these public health concerns, it is only more recently that attention has been paid to the relation between physical health and cognitive health among school age children. The monograph begins with an overview of current behavioral trends that compete with physical activity engagement and contribute to the failure to achieve the public health recommendations for physical activity among children in the United States. Following the epidemiological overview, the relation of childhood fitness to brain structure and function is examined among children with varying fitness levels. The observed dissimilarities between higher‐ and lower‐fit children are discussed within the context of typical brain development. To broaden the scope of research presented herein, the relation of nutrient intake—among both undernourished and well‐nourished children—and obesity on cognition and brain are discussed. Next, novel empirical data are presented from a correlational study that indicates a differential relation between childhood fitness and adiposity on various aspects of cognition. In an effort to provide a more comprehensive review, a later chapter is dedicated to describing a small body of literature investigating the relation of physical activity to special populations of children, including those with learning disorders. In doing so, practical applications as well as challenges and limitations of implementing physical activity into the lives of children with learning disabilities are described. Finally, a detailed review and historical analysis of the relation of physical activity to scholastic performance is provided. This translational chapter provides an important application of the laboratory findings to a real world setting in which children rely upon attention, memory, and learning for scholastic success. Accordingly, this monograph is directed toward timely and important public health issues related to chronic disease prevention as a function of childhood inactivity and obesity with the goal of linking health behaviors to cognitive and brain health, and scholastic performance.
Complications related to early mobilization of mechanically ventilated patients on Intensive Care Units
Authors: Nydahl Peter , Ewers Andre , Brodda Diana 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTAims and objectivesTo compare international literature on the detection of complications associated with early mobilization of mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units (ICUs).BackgroundEarly mobilization of mechanically ventilatedICUpatients is considered to be a more beneficial approach to treatment in intensive care; however, it remains unclear how safe this approach is and what complications to expect.Search strategiesA systematic literature research in English and German was conducted in June 2013 in the databases Pubmed,CINAHL, Cochrane library andMedPilotwithout limiting by year of publication. References of the included studies were screened and supplemented by manual search.Inclusion and exclusion criteriaInclusion criteria were studies about mechanically ventilated adult patients onICU, who were mobilized and reported complications. Excluded were studies that (a) did not differentiate between non‐ventilated and ventilated patients, (b) did not report complications and (c) focused on in‐bed mobilization.ConclusionsOf 952 titles, 16 articles fit the criteria including 3 reviews and 13 clinical trials. The percentage of complications in clinical trials ranged between 0% and 16%. In total, 453 patients were mobilized 3613 times (up to walking with ventilation) with a complication mean rate of 3·9% (n= 144) using the inherent safety limits. No fall, cardiac arrest, or death was reported. Most complications were pulmonary, followed by haemodynamic ones. Serious complications that led to further consequences were observed in 0·3% (n= 10) of all mobilizations. The clinical studies have been carried out in trained, interdisciplinary teams with most of them using adapted algorithms for safety.Relevance to clinical practiceDespite a low complication rate, a frame for safety during early mobilization including team training and adapted criteria is recommended.
A simplified emergency trauma score for predicting mortality in emergency setting
Authors: Yuen Margaret SY , Mann Stephen KF , Chow Daniel HK 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTAimsThe aim of the study was to develop a simplified emergency trauma score (SETS) for rating injury severity as well as triaging and predicting mortality in Hong Kong.BackgroundMany existing trauma scoring systems require measurements that are not generally available in emergency settings in Hong Kong. As many of these important measures in the scoring systems are not available before the patients are admitted in the hospitals, it may delay treatment because of the extent of a patient's injury is often not clear at the site of accident or in the emergency settings.DesignA retrospective cohort analysis of trauma patients' records from Trauma Registry in Hong Kong was performed.MethodPotential significant parameters in predicting mortality were identified by univariate analysis. Binary logistic regression then was used to develop an equation forSETS. Four parameters including age, Glasgow coma scale, respiratory rate and American College of Surgeons (ACS) mechanism of injury were identified, and the reliability and validity ofSETSwas assessed.ResultsAt cut‐off point of aSETSscore of 60, the sensitivity and specificity ofSETSwere 64% and 98% respectively. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0·939 which was comparable with other commonly used trauma scores.ConclusionsSETSshould be considered a relevant trauma scoring system in Hong Kong emergency settings. It is suggested that similar scoring systems should be developed in other countries based upon obtainable measures in their corresponding emergency settings.Relevance to clinical practiceAs a trauma scoring system is closely related to the context of its application, a system that can facilitate accurate sorting of patients into treatment hierarchies should be adopted in the congested emergency settings.
RNA‐Seq bulked segregant analysis enables the identification of high‐resolution genetic markers for breeding in hexaploid wheat
Authors: Ramirez‐Gonzalez Ricardo H. , Segovia Vanesa , Bird Nicholas , Fenwick Paul , Holdgate Sarah , Berry Simon , Jack Peter , Caccamo Mario , Uauy Cristobal 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe identification of genetic markers linked to genes of agronomic importance is a major aim of crop research and breeding programmes. Here, we identify markers for Yr15, a major disease resistance gene for wheat yellow rust, using a segregating F2 population. After phenotyping, we implemented RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) of bulked pools to identify single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with Yr15. Over 27 000 genes with SNPs were identified between the parents, and then classified based on the results from the sequenced bulks. We calculated the bulk frequency ratio (BFR) of SNPs between resistant and susceptible bulks, selecting those showing sixfold enrichment/depletion in the corresponding bulks (BFR > 6). Using additional filtering criteria, we reduced the number of genes with a putative SNP to 175. The 35 SNPs with the highest BFR values were converted into genome‐specific KASP assays using an automated bioinformatics pipeline (PolyMarker) which circumvents the limitations associated with the polyploid wheat genome. Twenty‐eight assays were polymorphic of which 22 (63%) mapped in the same linkage group as Yr15. Using these markers, we mapped Yr15 to a 0.77‐cM interval. The three most closely linked SNPs were tested across varieties and breeding lines representing UK elite germplasm. Two flanking markers were diagnostic in over 99% of lines tested, thus providing a reliable haplotype for marker‐assisted selection in these breeding programmes. Our results demonstrate that the proposed methodology can be applied in polyploid F2 populations to generate high‐resolution genetic maps across target intervals.