bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dopamine agonist‐responsive depression
Authors: Hori Hiroaki , Kunugi Hiroshi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDopaminergic dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiology of treatment‐resistant depression. In this review, we describe the putative role of dopamine in depression, summarize the evidence for the efficacy of dopamine receptor agonists in the treatment of treatment‐resistant depression, and discuss the underlying mechanisms by which these medications work. Both preclinical and clinical data suggest that adjunctive dopamine agonists could be a promising option for the treatment of such a condition, indicating that there is a dopamine agonist‐responsive subgroup of depression. Future clinical studies are warranted to clarify unresolved issues regarding dopamine agonists such as long‐term efficacy, efficacy as a monotherapy, and efficacy for juvenile and senile depression. Further basic research is also necessary to fully understand how dopamine acts in the brain of depressed patients.
A review of recent case reports of cenesthopathy in Japan
Authors: Takahashi Tohru , Fuke Tomonori , Washizuka Shinsuke , Hanihara Tokiji , Amano Naoji 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIdiopathic abnormal bodily sensations, or cenesthesic symptoms, are exhibited in a wide variety of mental illnesses. In Japan, patients with abnormal bodily sensations are often diagnosed with cenesthopathy. This study reviewed recent case reports of cenesthopathy. Of the 100 identified cases, young patients were more commonly men with predominant bodily cenesthesic symptoms, while older patients (≥40 years) were more commonly women with cenesthesic symptoms restricted to the oral cavity (oral cenesthopathy).
Older adults' decoding of emotions: age‐related differences in interpreting dynamic emotional displays and the well‐preserved ability to recognize happiness
Authors: Moraitou Despina , Papantoniou Georgia , Gkinopoulos Theofilos , Nigritinou Magdalini 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimAlthough the ability to recognize emotions through bodily and facial muscular movements is vital to everyday life, numerous studies have found that older adults are less adept at identifying emotions than younger adults. The message gleaned from research has been one of greater decline in abilities to recognize specific negative emotions than positive ones. At the same time, these results raise methodological issues with regard to different modalities in which emotion decoding is measured. The main aim of the present study is to identify the pattern of age differences in the ability to decode basic emotions from naturalistic visual emotional displays.MethodThe sample comprised a total of 208 adults from Greece, aged from 18 to 86 years. Participants were examined using the Emotion Evaluation Test, which is the first part of a broader audiovisual tool, The Awareness of Social Inference Test. The Emotion Evaluation Test was designed to examine a person's ability to identify six emotions and discriminate these from neutral expressions, as portrayed dynamically by professional actors.ResultsThe findings indicate that decoding of basic emotions occurs along the broad affective dimension of uncertainty, and a basic step in emotion decoding involves recognizing whether information presented is emotional or not. Age was found to negatively affect the ability to decode basic negatively valenced emotions as well as pleasant surprise. Happiness decoding is the only ability that was found well‐preserved with advancing age.ConclusionThe main conclusion drawn from the study is that the pattern in which emotion decoding from visual cues is affected by normal ageing depends on the rate of uncertainty, which either is related to decoding difficulties or is inherent to a specific emotion.
Neuropsychological differentiation between Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies in a memory clinic
Authors: Kawai Yoshinari , Miura Rina , Tsujimoto Masashi , Sakurai Takashi , Yamaoka Akiko , Takeda Akinori , Arahata Yutaka , Washimi Yukihiko , Kachi Teruhiko , Toba Kenji 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify a useful neuropsychological instrument for making a differential clinical diagnosis between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).MethodsWe examined 402 AD and 38 DLB patients with neuropsychological tests that covered general cognition, frontal lobe cognitive function, non‐verbal abstract reasoning, working memory and attention, and verbal memory. Discriminant analysis using a stepwise method was performed to identify the measures best able to discriminate between AD and DLB.ResultsThe AD patients performed significantly worse than the DLB patients on orientation to time, delayed recall subtests on the Mini‐Mental State Examination, and logical memory subtests 1 and 2 of the Revised Wechsler Memory Scale. The DLB patients performed significantly worse than the AD patients on the attention, repetition, and pentagon copying subtests of the Mini‐Mental State Examination, the constructional praxis subtests of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐cognitive component‐Japanese version, the Frontal Assessment Battery total score, Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) sets A, AB, and B, and backward digit span. Discriminant analyses between AD and DLB established the key variables as Logical Memory 1, Logical Memory 2, backward digit span, RCPM, and delayed recall on the Mini‐Mental State Examination. We inferred the AD–DLB discriminant index from the following discriminant analyses: AD–DLB discriminant index = (Backward digit span score + RCPM set B score) − (Logical Memory 1 score + Logical Memory 2 score), which offered a highly favourable value for diagnostic utility.ConclusionsThe AD–DLB discriminant index, consisting of backward digit span, RCPM set B, and logical memory 1 and 2, is useful to differentiate between AD and DLB.
Clinical and Economic Value of Performing Dialysis Vascular Access Procedures in a Freestanding Office‐Based Center as Compared with the Hospital Outpatient Department among Medicare ESRD Beneficiaries
Authors: Dobson Al , El‐Gamil Audrey M. , Shimer Matthew T. , DaVanzo Joan E. , Urbanes Aris Q. , Beathard Gerald A. , Litchfield Terry Foust 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDialysis vascular access (DVA) care is being increasingly provided in freestanding office‐based centers (FOC). Small‐scale studies have suggested that DVA care in a FOC results in favorable patient outcomes and lower costs. To further evaluate this issue, data were drawn from incident and prevalent ESRD patients within a 4‐year sample (2006‐2009) of Medicare claims (USRDS) on cases who receive at least 80% of their DVA care in a FOC or a hospital outpatient department (HOPD).Using propensity score matching techniques, cases with a similar clinical and demographic profile from these two sites of service were matched. Medicare utilization, payments, and patient outcomes were compared across the matched cohorts (n = 27,613).Patients treated in the FOC had significantly better outcomes (p < 0.001), including fewer related or unrelated hospitalizations (3.8 vs. 4.4), vascular access‐related infections (0.18 vs. 0.29), and septicemia‐related hospitalizations (0.15 vs. 0.18). Mortality rate was lower (47.9% vs. 53.5%) as were PMPM payments ($4,982 vs. $5,566).This study shows that DVA management provided in a FOC has multiple advantages over that provided in a HOPD.
Potassium Balance in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Sanghavi Sarah , Whiting Susan , Uribarri Jaime 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe advent of dialytic therapy has enabled nephrologists to provide life‐saving therapy, but potassium balance continues to be an ever present challenge in the ESRD population. Although a small percent of patients are chronically hypokalemic, hyperkalemia is by far the most common abnormality in dialysis patients. It is associated with increased all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and arrhythmogenic death. Although alterations of the dialysis bath may decrease predialysis potassium, potassium baths <2 mEq/l are associated with a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. Studies show that patients are aware of the risks of hyperkalemia, but adherence to a low potassium diet is suboptimal. ACEI, ARBs, and spironolactone may cause slight increases in potassium even in anuric patients, requiring increased surveillance. Fludrocortisone and potassium binders have not been proven to be beneficial in lowering interdialytic potassium levels. Frequent hemodialysis may be a viable option, and studies of prophylactic placement of implantable cardioverter/defibrillators are underway.
Dynamic High‐temperature Testing of an Iridium Alloy in Compression at High‐strain Rates
Authors: Song B. , Nelson K. , Lipinski R. , Bignell J. , Ulrich G. , George E. P. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIridium alloys have superior strength and ductility at elevated temperatures, making them useful as structural materials for certain high‐temperature applications. However, experimental data on their high‐strain ‐rate performance are needed for understanding high‐speed impacts in severe environments. Kolsky bars (also called split Hopkinson bars) have been extensively employed for high‐strain ‐rate characterization of materials at room temperature, but it has been challenging to adapt them for the measurement of dynamic properties at high temperatures. In this study, we analyzed the difficulties encountered in high‐temperature Kolsky bar testing of thin iridium alloy specimens in compression. Appropriate modifications were then made to the current high‐temperature Kolsky bar technique to obtain reliable compressive stress–strain response of an iridium alloy at high‐strain rates (300–10 000 s−1) and temperatures (750 and 1030 °C). The compressive stress–strain response of the iridium alloy showed significant sensitivity to both strain rate and temperature.
Malaria in school‐age children in Africa: an increasingly important challenge
Authors: Nankabirwa Joaniter , Brooker Simon J. , Clarke Sian E. , Fernando Deepika , Gitonga Caroline W. , Schellenberg David , Greenwood Brian 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSchool‐age children have attracted relatively little attention as a group in need of special measures to protect them against malaria. However, increasing success in lowering the level of malaria transmission in many previously highly endemic areas will result in children acquiring immunity to malaria later in life than has been the case in the past. Thus, it can be anticipated that in the coming years there will be an increase in the incidence of both uncomplicated and severe malaria in school‐age children in many previously highly endemic areas. In this review, which focuses primarily on Africa, recent data on the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia and on the incidence of clinical malaria in African school‐age children are presented and evidence that malaria adversely effects school performance is reviewed. Long‐lasting insecticide treated bednets (LLIN) are an effective method of malaria control but several studies have shown that school‐age children use LLINs less frequently than other population groups. Antimalarial drugs are being used in different ways to control malaria in school‐age children including screening and treatment and intermittent preventive treatment. Some studies of chemoprevention in school‐age children have shown reductions in anaemia and improved school performance but this has not been the case in all trials and more research is needed to identify the situations in which chemoprevention is likely to be most effective and, in these situations, which type of intervention should be used. In the longer term, malaria vaccines may have an important role in protecting this important section of the community from malaria. Regardless of the control approach selected, it is important this is incorporated into the overall programme of measures being undertaken to enhance the health of African school‐age children.
Transfusion reactions in pediatric compared with adult patients: a look at rate, reaction type, and associated products
Authors: Oakley Fredrick D. , Woods Marcella , Arnold Shanna , Young Pampee P. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundThe majority of reports on transfusion reactions address adult patients. Less is known about the types, incidence, and other clinical details of transfusion reactions in pediatric populations. Furthermore, to our knowledge, there have been no previous reports directly comparing these aspects between adults and pediatric patient populations to assess if there are differences.Study Design and MethodsBetween the period of January 1, 2011, and February 1, 2013, all reported adult and pediatric transfusion reactions at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) were evaluated by transfusion medicine clinical service. The information was subsequently shared with the hemovigilance database. Data provided to hemovigilance included age, sex, blood product associated with the reaction, severity of the reaction, and the type of transfusion reactions. These were collated with hospital and blood bank information system–acquired data on overall admission and product transfusion.ResultsA total of 133,671 transfusions were performed at VUMC during the study period including 20,179 platelet (PLT) transfusions, 31,605 plasma transfusions, 79,933 red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, and 2154 cryoprecipitate transfusions. Over the same period, 108 pediatric and 277 adult transfusion reactions were recorded. This corresponds to an incidence of 6.2 reactions per 1000 transfusions within the pediatric (age < 21) population and an incidence of 2.4 reactions per 1000 transfusions within the adult population. In both adult and pediatric populations, transfusion reactions were most commonly associated with PLT, followed by RBC, and then plasma transfusions. Within the pediatric population, subset analysis identified multiple differences when compared to the adult population, including an increased incidence of allergic transfusion reactions (2.7/1000 vs. 1.1/1000, p < 0.001), febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (1.9/1000 vs. 0.47/1000, p < 0.001), and hypotensive transfusion reactions (0.29/1000 vs. 0.078/1000, p < 0.05). Interestingly, while the reaction incidence was the same between sexes in adults, in pediatric patients, reactions were more common in male patients (7.9/1000 pediatric males vs. 4.3/1000 pediatric females, p < 0.01).ConclusionTo our knowledge this is the first study to provide detailed comparisons of acute transfusion reactions to all blood products between pediatric and adult populations at a single institution and supported by a single transfusion service and culture. Collectively these data provide insight into pediatric transfusion reactions and demonstrate a general increase in the incidence of transfusion reactions within the pediatric compared to adult population.
Comparison of whole blood and plasma colloid osmotic pressure in healthy cats
Authors: Jackson Mary L. , Kerl Marie E. , Tynan Beth , Mann F. A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo establish reference intervals for whole blood and plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in healthy cats between the ages of 1 and 10 years using a cage‐side colloid osmometer.DesignProspective, observational study.SettingsUniversity veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsSixty‐three healthy cats.InterventionsPhlebotomy.Measurements and Main ResultsWhole blood COP mean was 24.4 (±2.78) mmHg and plasma COP mean was 24.3 (±2.59) mmHg. Reference interval for our study population of feline whole blood COP was 18.9 to 30.4 mmHg, and for our study population of feline plasma COP was 18.3 to 30.8 mmHg. Difference of paired whole blood COP and plasma COP was +0.23 ± 1.68 mmHg (P = 0.32). There was no significant difference when comparing COP from neutered male and neutered female cats. Total protein and albumin were significantly correlated with whole blood COP (total protein to whole blood COP P < 0.0001, r = 0.53; albumin to whole blood COP P <0.0001, r = 0.68) and plasma COP (total protein to plasma COP P = 0.0025, r = 0.41; albumin to plasma COP P < 0.0001, r = 0.66).ConclusionsNo significant difference was found between mean whole blood and plasma COP in this study population of cats. Even though not statistically significant, evaluation of paired whole blood COP and plasma COP did reveal a slight difference; therefore, it seems prudent to maintain sample consistency for serial evaluations in cats.
Clinical experience of anti‐Xa monitoring in critically ill dogs receiving dalteparin
Authors: Lynch Alex M. , deLaforcade Armelle M. , Sharp Claire R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo describe a population of critically ill dogs receiving dalteparin monitored with an anti‐Xa assay, to assess the potential utility of serial monitoring, and to investigate the association between pre‐treatment thromboelastography (TEG) and the ability to achieve targeted anti‐Xa activity.DesignDescriptive retrospective study.SettingVeterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsThirty‐eight client‐owned dogs receiving dalteparin and monitored with an anti‐Xa assay.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsMedical records were retrospectively reviewed for signalment, underlying disease, clinicopathological data, occurrence of thromboembolic events, complications, and outcome. Thirty‐eight dogs receiving dalteparin were monitored with an anti‐Xa assay. Diseases included hematological disease, protein‐losing disease, neoplastic disease, and septic processes. Pretreatment hypercoagulability was present in 34/35 dogs by assessment of TEG. Five cases of thromboembolism were confirmed prior to starting treatment and 4 cases occurred during hospitalization. Bleeding complications were rare (3/38) and 29/38 dogs survived to discharge. Interpretation of the anti‐Xa assay allowed for dose adjustment although reliable achievement of target anti‐Xa activity was not demonstrated. Dogs with higher G values on pretreatment TEG were significantly less likely to achieve the target anti‐Xa activity (ie, be above or below the target range).ConclusionsDalteparin was well tolerated in a heterogeneous population of dogs. However, dose adjustment in response to anti‐Xa activity interpretation inconsistently resulted in subsequent attainment of the target anti‐Xa range. Development of guidelines may be warranted to more consistently achieve the target range. Dogs that appear more hypercoagulable on pre‐treatment TEG may require closer monitoring and greater dose adjustment to achieve the target anti‐Xa range.
Effects of Blocked Versus Random Practice on Speech Motor Skill Acquisition and Retention
Authors: Scheiner Lauren R. , Sadagopan Neeraja , Sherwood David E. 
Published: August 2014

Purpose:The effect of blocked practice (BP) versus random practice (RP) on the acquisition and retention of novel speech motor sequences in healthy young adults was examined.Method:Twenty participants underwent a comparable amount of practice in either blocked or random order and were tested for retention the following day. Behavioral accuracy and kinematic measures of timing were obtained.Results:Performance levels were significantly higher, overall, for the BP group compared with the RP during the acquisition phases. During the retention test, the RP group was significantly more accurate than the BP group. Similar trends were noted, but did not reach significance, for kinematic measures.Conclusion:Consistent with patterns established in the limb motor learning literature, our results indicate that BP leads to higher overall performance levels (though not necessarily greater gains in performance) during acquisition, whereas improved performance at retention is facilitated by RP.
Daily Sedentary Time and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The National FINRISK 2002 Study
Authors: Borodulin Katja , Kärki Anja , Laatikainen Tiina , Peltonen Markku , Luoto Riitta 
Published: August 2014

Background:Daily sitting time may be a risk factor for incident cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, this has not yet been extensively studied. Our aim was to study the association of total sitting time with the risk of CVD.Methods:Participants (n = 4516, free of CVD at baseline) from the National FINRISK 2002 Study were followed for fatal and nonfatal CVD using national registers. Participants underwent a health examination and completed questionnaires, including total daily sitting time.Results:During a mean follow-up of 8.6 years, 183 incident CVD cases occurred. Sitting on a typical weekday, at baseline, was statistically significantly associated with fatal and nonfatal incident CVD. The hazard ratios (with 95% confidence intervals, CI) for the total amount of sitting were 1.05 (95% CI, 1.00–1.10) in the age and gender adjusted model and 1.06 (95% CI, 1.01–1.11) in the fully adjusted model, including age, gender, employment status, education, BMI, smoking status, leisure time physical activity, use of vegetables and fruit, alcohol use, blood pressure or its medication, and cholesterol or its medication.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that total amount of daily sitting is a risk factor for incident CVD. More research is needed to understand the etiology of sedentary behavior and CVD.
Walking Trail Use among a Sample of Black, White, Hispanic, and Asian Adult Walkers
Authors: McNeill Lorna H. , Murguia Karolina , Nguyen Nga , Taylor Wendell C. 
Published: August 2014

Background:Walking trails are positively associated with physical activity; however, few studies have been conducted among diverse communities. We sought to describe trail use and the physical and social environmental correlates of trail use in a racially/ethnically diverse sample.Methods:We administered an on-site trail intercept survey to walkers on a trail (N = 175). We assessed frequency/duration of trail use, reasons for using the trail, perceptions of the trail, demographics and BMI.Results:Walkers were primarily young (mean age = 37.8 years, SD = 11.8) and overweight (mean BMI = 25.2 kg/m2, SD = 4.2). Time spent on the trail and frequency of trail use differed significantly by age (P = .004) but not race/ethnicity. Perceptions of the trail differed significantly by sex and race/ethnicity (P-values = .001, .014, respectively). In regression models, different factors predicted time spent on the trail and frequency of trail use.Conclusions:Walkers were frequent users of the trail and cited many favorable features of the trail that encouraged their use. Duration and frequency of trail use did not differ by race/ethnicity or sex, thereby indicating that when provided with safe access, racial/ethnic minorities and women may be likely to use trails at rates similar to those of Whites and men.