bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidisciplinary therapy including proton beam radiotherapy for a Ewing sarcoma family tumor of maxillary sinus in a 4‐year‐old girl
Authors: Yamaoka Masayoshi , Akiyama Masaharu , Yokokawa Yuichi , Terao Yoko , Yokoi Kentaro , Kato Takakuni , Fukushima Takashi , Sakurai Hideyuki , Ida Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundAlthough complete resection offers the best chance for controlling head and neck Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFTs), it is occasionally unfeasible because of possible functional and cosmetic side effects. Planning multidisciplinary treatment for head and neck ESFT is challenging.Methods and ResultsA 4‐year‐old girl had left‐sided excessive tearing, nasal obstruction, and exophthalmos for 4 months. A CT scan showed a mass filling the left maxillary sinus and extending to the left orbital wall. After a diagnosis of ESFT was established with biopsy, the patient was treated with vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide/ifosfamide etoposide (VDC/IE) regimen over 50 weeks; partial maxillectomy was performed at week 15 and was followed by proton radiotherapy. The patient has remained tumor‐free for 16 months, with preservation of facial form and function.ConclusionPartial resection combined with proton radiotherapy may enable maximal tumor control and minimal functional and cosmetic side effects in children with head and neck ESFT. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: E386–E390, 2013
Brief communication: The ecosystem perspective in ecotoxicology as a way forward for the ecological risk assessment of chemicals
Authors: De Laender Frederik , Janssen Colin R 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
One of the objectives of the European Union (EU) ecological risk assessment of chemicals (ERA) is to derive maximum environmental concentrations that are not expected to cause adverse ecological effects. To this end, related EU directives list protection goals as well as guidelines that should be used to reach these goals. It is generally accepted that the individual-level endpoints on which these guidelines are based do not correspond to the listed population- and ecosystem-level protection goals. In this article, we identify 5 research topics that are key to bridging this gap: 1) the refinement of population-level effects and recovery rates by explicitly taking into account competition and 2) predation, 3) the assessment of chemical effects on biodiversity, 4) the assessment of chemical stress on ecosystem functions and services, and 5) the quantification of the effects of chemical mixtures. In addition, we illustrate why an ecosystem perspective is needed to address these topics and to inform the risk assessment process. We propose the use of existing ecotoxicological community, food web, and ecosystem models to tackle these issues and discuss why new models are needed to predict chemical effects on biodiversity. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:e34–e38. © 2013 SETAC
Priorities to improve the ecological risk assessment and management for pesticides in surface water
Authors: Brock Theo CM 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This article deals with prospective and retrospective ecological risk assessment (ERA) procedures for pesticides in surface waters as carried out under European legislation (Regulation 1107/2009/EC; Directive 2009/128/EC; Directive 2000/60/EC). Priorities to improve the aquatic risk assessment and management of pesticides are discussed on basis of the following 5 theses: 1) the management of the environmental risks of pesticides in surface water requires an appropriate implementation of feedback mechanisms between prospective and retrospective ERA, 2) an appropriate ERA cannot be carried out without well-defined specific protection goals, described in terms of focal vulnerable populations and related exposure assessment goals, 3) the interaction between the assessment of exposure and eco(toxico)logical effects in ERA is at a lower level of sophistication than either assessment of exposure or assessment of effects in the field, 4) there is insufficient experimental proof that, in prospective ERA, the chronic effect assessment procedures accurately predict long-term population- and community-level impacts, and 5) multiple stress by pesticides in aquatic ecosystems cannot be ignored in ERA, but in individual water bodies, toxicity usually is dominated by a limited number of substances. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:e64–e74. © 2013 SETAC
Positive regulation of osteogenesis by bile acid through FXR
Authors: Cho Sun Wook , An Jee Hyun , Park Hyojung , Yang Jae-Yeon , Choi Hyung Jin , Kim Sang Wan , Park Young Joo , Kim Seong Yeon , Yim Mijung , Baek Wook-Young , Kim Jung-Eun , Shin Chan Soo 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that functions as a bile acid sensor controlling bile acid homeostasis. We investigated the role of FXR in regulating bone metabolism. We identified the expression of FXR in calvaria and bone marrow cells, which gradually increased during osteoblastic differentiation in vitro. In male mice, deletion of FXR (FXR−/−) in vivo resulted in a significant reduction in bone mineral density by 4.3% to 6.6% in mice 8 to 20 weeks of age compared with FXR+/+ mice. Histological analysis of the lumbar spine showed that FXR deficiency reduced the bone formation rate as well as the trabecular bone volume and thickness. Moreover, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) staining of the femurs revealed that both the osteoclast number and osteoclast surface were significantly increased in FXR−/− mice compared with FXR+/+ mice. At the cellular level, induction of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities was blunted in primary calvarial cells in FXR−/− mice compared with FXR+/+ mice in concert with a significant reduction in type I collagen a1(Col1a1), ALP, and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) gene expressions. Cultures of bone marrow–derived macrophages from FXR−/− mice exhibited an increased number of osteoclast formations and protein expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). In female FXR−/− mice, although bone mineral density (BMD) was not significantly different from that in FXR+/+ mice, bone loss was accelerated after an ovariectomy compared with FXR+/+ mice. In vitro, activation of FXR by bile acids (chenodeoxycholic acid [CDCA] or 6-ECDCA) or FXR agonists (GW4064 or Fexaramine) significantly enhanced osteoblastic differentiation through the upregulation of Runx2 and enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and β-catenin signaling. FXR agonists also suppressed osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow macrophages. Finally, administration of a farnesol (FOH 1%) diet marginally prevented ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss and enhanced bone mass gain in growing C57BL/6J mice. Taken together, these results suggest that FXR positively regulates bone metabolism through both arms of the bone remodeling pathways; ie, bone formation and resorption. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Prospective observational study of physical functioning, physical activity, and time outdoors and the risk of hip fracture: A population-based cohort study of 158,057 older adults in the 45 and up study
Authors: Lai Jeffrey K C , Lucas Robyn M , Armstrong Miranda , Banks Emily 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Low levels of physical activity or sun exposure and limitations to physical functioning (or disability) have been identified as possible risk factors for hip fracture. However, these factors are closely related, and data on their independent and joint association with risk of hip fracture are limited. A total of 158,057 individuals aged ≥45 years sampled from the general population of New South Wales, Australia, from the prospective 45 and Up Study completed a baseline postal questionnaire in 2006 to 2009 including data on physical activity (Active Australia questionnaire); sun exposure (usual time outdoors); and physical functioning (Medical Outcomes Score-Physical Functioning; scored 0 to 100). Incident first hip fractures were ascertained by linkage to administrative hospital data (n = 293; average follow-up 2.3 years). The relative risk (RR) of hip fracture was estimated using Cox proportional hazards. Poorer physical functioning, lower physical activity, and less time outdoors were positively related to each other at baseline and individually associated with significantly increased hip fracture risk. However, physical activity and time outdoors were not significantly related to hip fracture risk after adjustment for baseline physical functioning or when analysis was restricted to those with no or mild baseline physical limitation. In contrast, physical functioning remained strongly related to hip fracture risk after adjustment for the other two factors; compared with the group without limitation (100), the RR of hip fracture among those with mild (75–95), moderate (50–70), severe (25–45), and greatest (0–20) level of physical limitation was 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88–2.14), 2.14 (1.29–3.53), 3.87 (2.31–6.44), and 5.61 (3.33–9.42), respectively. The findings suggest that limitation in physical functioning, but not physical activity or time outdoors, is strongly related to hip fracture risk. The apparent increased risk of hip fracture previously described for low physical activity or sun exposure may be, at least in part due to uncontrolled confounding. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Ground/satellite observations and atmospheric modeling of dust storms originating in the high Puna‐Altiplano deserts (South America): Implications for the interpretation of paleo‐climatic archives
Authors: Gaiero D.M. , Simonella L. , Gassó S. , Gili S. , Stein A.F. , Sosa P. , Becchio R. , Arce J. , Marelli H. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis study provides a detailed description of the sources, transport, dispersion, and deposition of two major dust events originating from the high‐altitude subtropical Puna‐Altiplano Plateau (15–26°S; 65–69°W) in South America. A long and severe drought provided the right conditions for the onset of both events in July 2009 and 2010. Dust was transported SE and deposited over the Pampas region and was observed to continue to the Atlantic Ocean. Dust monitoring stations located downwind recorded both events, and samples were characterized through chemical and textural analysis. Through a combination of meteorological data and satellite observations (CALIPSO and MODIS detectors), we estimate the emission flux for the 2010 event. This estimate was used to constrain the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) transport model and simulate the dust event. Both satellite imagery and model results agree in the location and extension of the dust cloud. CALIPSO detected dust between ~6000 and ~8500 m a.s.l., which remained at this height during most of its trajectory. The dust cloud mixed with a strong convective system in the region, and the associated precipitation brought down significant amounts of dust to the ground. Dust particle size analysis for both events indicates that near the sources dust samples show median modes of 12.4–14.1 µm, similar to modes observed 1300 km away. Chemical composition of sediments from potential dust sources shows distinct signatures within the Puna‐Altiplano Plateau, the Puna sector being clearly different from the Altiplano area. In addition, both sources are markedly different from the Patagonian chemical fingerprint. These results have important implications to improve the interpretation of paleo‐environmental archives preserved on the Argentine loess, Antarctic ice cores, and Southern Ocean marine sediments.
Evaluation of cloud microphysics schemes in simulations of a winter storm using radar and radiometer measurements
Authors: Han Mei , Braun Scott A. , Matsui Toshihisa , Williams Christopher R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUsing observations from a space‐borne radiometer and a ground‐based precipitation profiling radar, the impact of cloud microphysics schemes in the WRF model on the simulation of microwave brightness temperature (Tb), radar reflectivity, and Doppler velocity (Vdop) is studied for a winter storm in California. The unique assumptions of particles size distributions, number concentrations, shapes, and fall speeds in different microphysics schemes are implemented into a satellite simulator and customized calculations for the radar are performed to ensure consistent representation of precipitation properties between the microphysics schemes and the radiative transfer models.Simulations with four different schemes in the WRF model, including the Goddard scheme (GSFC), the WRF single‐moment 6‐class scheme (WSM6), the Thompson scheme (THOM), and the Morrison double‐moment scheme (MORR), are compared directly with measurements from the sensors. Results show large variations in the simulated radiative properties. General biases of ~20 K or larger are found in (polarization‐corrected) Tb, which is linked to an overestimate of the precipitating ice aloft. The simulated reflectivity with THOM appears to agree well with the observations, while high biases of ~5−10 dBZ are found in GSFC, WSM6 and MORR. Peak reflectivity in MORR exceeds other schemes. These biases are attributable to the snow intercept parameters or the snow number concentrations. Simulated Vdop values based on GSFC agree with the observations well, while other schemes appear to have a ~1 m s‐1 high bias in the ice layer. In the rain layer, the model representations of Doppler velocity vary at different sites.
View‐angle‐dependent AIRS cloudiness and radiance variance: Analysis and interpretation
Authors: Gong Jie , Wu Dong L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUpper tropospheric clouds play an important role in the global energy budget and hydrological cycle. Significant view‐angle asymmetry has been observed in upper‐level tropical clouds derived from 8 years of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) 15 µm radiances. Here we find that the asymmetry also exists in the extratropics. It is larger during day than that during night, more prominent near elevated terrain, and closely associated with deep convection and wind shear. The cloud radiance variance, a proxy for cloud inhomogeneity, has consistent characteristics of the asymmetry to those in the AIRS cloudiness. The leading causes of the view‐dependent cloudiness asymmetry are the local time difference and small‐scale organized cloud structures. The local time difference (1–1.5 h) of upper‐level clouds between two AIRS outermost views can create parts of the observed asymmetry. On the other hand, small‐scale tilted and banded structures of the upper‐level clouds can induce about half of the observed view‐angle‐dependent differences in the AIRS cloud radiances and their variances. This estimate is inferred from analogous study using microwave humidity sounder radiances observed during the period of time when there were simultaneous measurements at two different view‐angles from NOAA‐18 and NOAA‐19 satellites. The existence of tilted cloud structures and asymmetric 15 µm and 6.7 µm cloud radiances implies that cloud statistics would be view‐angle‐dependent, and should be taken into account in radiative transfer calculations, measurement uncertainty evaluations and cloud climatology investigations. In addition, the momentum forcing in the upper troposphere from tilted clouds is also likely asymmetric, which can affect atmospheric circulation anisotropically.
Are climate model simulations of clouds improving? An evaluation using the ISCCP simulator
Authors: Klein Stephen A. , Zhang Yuying , Zelinka Mark D. , Pincus Robert , Boyle James , Gleckler Peter J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe annual cycle climatology of cloud amount, cloud‐top pressure, and optical thickness in two generations of climate models is compared to satellite observations to identify changes over time in the fidelity of simulated clouds. In more recent models, there is widespread reduction of a bias associated with too many highly reflective clouds, with the best models having eliminated this bias. With increased amounts of clouds with lesser reflectivity, the compensating errors that permit models to simulate the time‐mean radiation balance have been reduced. Errors in cloud amount as a function of height or climate regime on average show little or no improvement, although greater improvement can be found in individual models.
Applicability of the Rayleigh‐Gans approximation for scattering by snowflakes at microwave frequencies in vertical incidence
Authors: Tyynelä J. , Leinonen J. , Westbrook C. D. , Moisseev D. , Nousiainen T. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe applicability of the Rayleigh‐Gans approximation (RGA) for scattering by snowflakes is studied in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Both the shapes of the single ice crystals, or monomers, and their amounts in the modeled snowflakes are varied. For reference, the discrete‐dipole approximation (DDA) is used to produce numerically accurate solutions to the single‐scattering properties, such as the backscattering and extinction cross‐sections, single‐scattering albedo, and the asymmetry parameter. We find that the single‐scattering albedo is the most accurate with only about 10% relative bias at maximum. The asymmetry parameter has about 0.12 absolute bias at maximum. The backscattering and extinction cross‐sections show about − 65% relative biases at maximum, corresponding to about − 4.6 dB difference. Overall, the RGA agrees well with the DDA computations for all the cases studied and is more accurate for the integrated quantities, such as the single‐scattering albedo and the asymmetry parameter than the cross‐sections for the same snowflakes. The accuracy of the RGA seems to improve, when the number of monomers is increased in an aggregate, and decrease, when the frequency increases. It is also more accurate for less dense monomer shapes, such as stellar dendrites. The DDA and RGA results are well correlated; the sample correlation coefficients of those are close to unity throughout the study. Therefore, the accuracy of the RGA could be improved by applying appropriate correction factors.
Effect of soluble surfactant on bubble persistence and bubble‐produced aerosol particles
Authors: Modini R. L. , Russell L. M. , Deane G. B. , Stokes M. D. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe effect of soluble surfactant on the persistence of salt‐water bubbles and their ability to produce aerosol particles upon bursting was investigated. Ensembles of individual, millimetric bubbles were produced in NaCl solutions of varying surfactant concentration. Aerosol production efficiency—a fundamental property of single bubbles defined as the number of particles produced per bubble film cap area—decreased by 79% to 98% following the addition of surfactant and increase in solution film pressure from 1–2 to 7–27 mN m−1. The generated particle size distributions (0.01–10 µm dry diameter) contained up to three modes and did not change much for film pressures up to 13.8 mN m−1. The persistence of the bubbles at the water surface and the thickness of their film caps were investigated with high‐speed videography. Addition of soluble surfactant increased average bubble persistence providing more time for the bubbles to drain and thin out with the aid of marginal regeneration flows. Bubble film cap thicknesses ranged from around 1 µm for relatively clean, short‐lived bubbles to less than 0.1 µm for surfactant‐stabilized, persistent bubbles. The suppression of aerosol production from the surfactant‐stabilized bubbles may have resulted from the dramatic thinning of their caps or reduced surface forces at high film pressure. Previously reported Sea Spray Aerosol source functions were compared to measured aerosol production efficiencies and found to be significantly greater in magnitude, suggesting that there is a source of particles from whitecaps that was not captured in these single‐bubble experiments.
Trends in ISCCP, MISR, and MODIS cloud‐top‐height and optical‐depth histograms
Authors: Marchand Roger 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this article, temporal changes in the Multiangle Imaging Spectro Radiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) joint histograms of cloud‐top height (CTH) and optical depth (OD) over the period 2001 to 2011 are examined. The analysis shows no significant trend in total cloud cover averaged over all oceans between 60°N and 60°S from 2001 to 2011. There are, however, significant trends in the amount of some CTH‐OD histogram components or cloud types. In particular, there was an increase in the amount of cloud with intermediate optical thickness (23 > OD > 3.6) and a decrease in the amount of the most optically thick cloud (OD > 23) over this period. The total cloud amount shows no trend because the increase in the amount of intermediate optically thick clouds is nearly balanced by the decrease in the amount of the most optically thick clouds. This balance is not due to a simple shift toward optically thinner clouds in all regions but has a complex spatial pattern both regionally and vertically. An examination of the geographic distribution of the change shows that the decrease in the amount of the most optically thick cloud occurred primarily in the extratropics. International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) observations are briefly compared with those from MODIS and MISR. The comparison shows that ISCCP‐retrieved total‐cloud fraction is reasonably robust, but changes in the ISCCP component cloud fractions sometimes show large deviations from those of MISR and MODIS.
Multimodel attribution of the Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell widening: Major role of ozone depletion
Authors: Min Seung‐Ki , Son Seok‐Woo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIt has been suggested that the Hadley cell has been widening during the past three decades in both hemispheres, but attribution of its cause(s) remains challenging. By applying an optimal fingerprinting technique to 7 modern reanalyses and 49 coupled climate models participating in the CMIP3 and CMIP5, here we detect an influence of human‐induced stratospheric ozone depletion on the observed expansion of the Hadley cell in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) summer. The detected signal is found to be separable from other external forcings that include greenhouse gases (GHGs), confirming a dominant role of stratospheric ozone in the SH summer climate change. Our results are largely insensitive to observational and model uncertainties, providing additional evidence for a human contribution to the atmospheric circulation changes.