bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of grinding conditions in oscillatory ball milling on the morphology of particles and cellulose crystallinity of Norway spruce (Picea abies)
Authors: Karinkanta Pasi , Illikainen Mirja , Niinimäki Jouko 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Norway spruce (Picea abies) has been submitted to oscillatory ball milling at room temperature and at -196°C. The effects of moisture content (MC) and cryogenic milling on the morphology and crystallinity of cellulose were investigated. At room temperature, MC had a significant effect on particle morphology and it was possible to produce powders of smaller particle size and rounder shape when the wood feed had a lower MC. Under cryogenic conditions, MC had less influence on the morphology, and the particle size was even smaller than that produced under ambient conditions. The degree of cellulose crystallinity in the milled wood was influenced by the MC of the feed, milling time, and milling temperature.
Crimes of Misery and Theories of Punishment
Authors: Mitchell John B. 
Published: October 2012

Increasingly, one sees the homeless on the streets, alleys, and doorways of the commercial, recreational, and living spaces of our cities, otherwise populated by the affluent and relatively affluent. At the same time, there has been an increase in the creation and use of so-called “public order laws,” such as forbidding sitting on sidewalks, lying down on benches, and panhandling in certain tourist areas. Together with laws already on the books forbidding public intoxication, open containers of liquor in public, and urinating in public, this suite of laws provides police with a means to control the day-to-day lives of the homeless on the city streets. Although there is a rich and extensive literature exploring the philosophical justification for the use of the criminal sanction, little has been concerned with minor crimes (misdemeanors), and none of the literature concerns these misdemeanor public order laws. Termed “crimes of misery” herein, this suite of laws forbids conduct naturally flowing from life on streets as experienced by the desperately impoverished, mentally ill, chronically alcoholic, and/or drug-addicted.
In this article, the author carefully analyzes these crimes of misery within each of the five philosophical grounds that traditionally justify and guide punishment: a variety of theories of retribution, as well as general deterrence, specific deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. From this analysis, the author concludes that none of the traditional philosophical theories can justify the crimes of misery and, as such, those crimes are morally unsupportable and unjust.
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I and Sudden Unexpected Infant Death in British Columbia First Nations
Authors: Sinclair Graham B. , Collins Sorcha , Popescu Oana , McFadden Deborah , Arbour Laura , Vallance Hilary D. 
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE:
Infant mortality in British Columbia (BC) First Nations remains elevated relative to other residents. The p.P479L (c.1436C&gt;T) variant of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1A) is frequent in some aboriginal populations and may be associated with increased infant deaths. This work was initiated to determine the performance of acylcarnitine profiling for detecting this variant, to determine its frequency in BC, and to determine if it is associated with sudden infant deaths in this population.

METHODS:
Newborn screening cards from all BC First Nations infants in 2004 and all sudden unexpected deaths in BC First Nations infants (1999–2009) were genotyped for the CPT1A p.P479L variant and linked to archival acylcarnitine data.

RESULTS:
The CPT1A p.P479L variant is frequent in BC First Nations but is not evenly distributed, with higher rates in coastal regions (up to 25% homozygosity) with historically increased infant mortality. There is also an overrepresentation of p.P479L homozygotes in unexpected infant deaths from these regions, with an odds ratio of 3.92 (95% confidence interval: 1.69–9.00). Acylcarnitine profiling will identify p.P479L homozygotes with a 94% sensitivity and specificity.

CONCLUSIONS:
The CPT1A p.P479L variant is common to some coastal BC First Nations, and homozygosity for this variant is associated with unexpected death in infancy. The high frequency of this variant in a wide range of coastal aboriginal communities, however, suggests a selective advantage, raising the possibility that this variant may have differing impacts on health depending on the environmental or developmental context.
Trajectories of Autism Severity in Children Using Standardized ADOS Scores
Authors: Gotham Katherine , Pickles Andrew , Lord Catherine 
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVES:
To plot longitudinal trajectories of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) severity from early childhood to early adolescence. In line with reported trajectories in toddlers, we hypothesize that a substantial minority of children will show marked changes in ASD severity over time, with “Improvers” demonstrating the highest mean baseline and rate of growth in verbal IQ (VIQ).

METHODS:
Patients included 345 clinic referrals and research participants with best-estimate clinical diagnoses of ASD at 1 or more time points, and repeated Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), VIQ, and nonverbal IQ scores. Standardized ADOS severity scores were applied to 1026 assessments collected longitudinally between the ages of 2 and 15 (VIQ at most recent assessment: mean = 58, SD = 35). Scores were fitted for latent severity trajectory classes with and without covariates. Adaptive behavior and VIQ trajectories over time were modeled within each of the best-fit latent classes.

RESULTS:
A 4-class model best represented the observed data. Over 80% of participants were assigned to persistent (stable) high or moderately severe classes; 2 small classes respectively increased or decreased in severity over time. Age, gender, race, and nonverbal IQ did not predict class membership; VIQ was a significant predictor. Baseline VIQ was highest in the improving and worsening classes; it increased at the greatest rate in the improving class. Adaptive behavior declined in all but the improving class, with consistent impairment in all classes.

CONCLUSIONS:
If replicated, identified trajectory classes of ADOS severity may contribute to clinical prognosis and to subtyping samples for neurobiological and genetic research.
Influence of Stress in Parents on Child Obesity and Related Behaviors
Authors: Parks Elizabeth P. , Kumanyika Shiriki , Moore Reneé H. , Stettler Nicolas , Wrotniak Brian H. , Kazak Anne 
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To assess associations of the number of parent stressors and parent-perceived stress with obesity and related behaviors in their children.

METHODS:
This cross-sectional analysis used data from the 2006 Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey in which 2119 parents/caregivers answered questions about themselves and their children (ages 3–17 years). Survey data were used to assess the main exposure variables: the number of stressors (measured using a stressor index) and parent-perceived stress (the response to a general stress question); child covariates (age, race/ethnicity, health quality, and gender); adult covariates (education, BMI, gender, poor sleep quality) and study outcomes (child obesity, fast-food consumption, fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical activity). To account for developmental differences, analyses were also stratified by age group (3–5, 6–8, 9–12, and 13–17 years). Analyses used multiple logistic regression, with results expressed as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS:
The number of parent stressors was related to child obesity in unadjusted (1.12, 1.03–1.22, P = .007) and adjusted models (1.12, 1.03–1.23, P = .010). Parent-perceived stress was related to fast-food consumption in unadjusted (1.07, 1.03–1.10, P &lt; .001) and adjusted (1.06, 1.02–1.10, P &lt; .001) models.

CONCLUSIONS:
The number of parent stressors was directly related to child obesity. Parent-perceived stress was directly related to child fast-food consumption, an important behavioral indicator of obesity risk. Clinical care models and future research that address child obesity should explore the potential benefits of addressing parent stressors and parent-perceived stress.
Cheerleading Injuries: Epidemiology and Recommendations for Prevention
Authors:   COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS, Labella Cynthia R. , Mjaanes Jeffrey , Brenner Joel S. , Benjamin Holly J. , Cappetta Charles T. , Demorest Rebecca A. , Halstead Mark E. , Weiss Kelly Amanda K. , Koutures Chris G. , LaBotz Michele , Loud Keith J. , Martin Stephanie S. 
Published: October 2012

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2024-068956.
Over the last 30 years, cheerleading has increased dramatically in popularity and has evolved from leading the crowd in cheers at sporting events into a competitive, year-round sport involving complex acrobatic stunts and tumbling. Consequently, cheerleading injuries have steadily increased over the years in both number and severity. Sprains and strains to the lower extremities are the most common injuries. Although the overall injury rate remains relatively low, cheerleading has accounted for approximately 66% of all catastrophic injuries in high school girl athletes over the past 25 years. Risk factors for injuries in cheerleading include higher BMI, previous injury, cheering on harder surfaces, performing stunts, and supervision by a coach with low level of training and experience. This policy statement describes the epidemiology of cheerleading injuries and provides recommendations for injury prevention.
Ga-vacancy Activation Under Low Energy Electron Irradiation in GaN-based Materials – ERRATUM
Authors: Nykänen Henri , Suihkonen Sami , Kilanski Lucasz , Sopanen Markku , Tuomisto Filip 
Published: October 2012

doi: 10.1557/opl.2012.782, Published by Cambridge University Press, 13 April 2012.The acknowledgment that follows should have been included in the published article:THE CORRECTIONThis article was originally published on June 2012 with a mistake. The name of the third author was incorrect. The correct name of the third author is “Lukasz Kilanski.”The authors regret the error.
Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Infants with Trisomy 21 Using Oral Appliances
Authors: Linz Annette , Urschitz Michael S. , Bacher Margit , Brockmann Pablo E. , Buchenau Wolfgang , Poets Christian F. 
Published: October 2012

Objective To perform a retrospective study to evaluate the effect of oral appliances, aimed at increasing the pharyngeal space, on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in infants with trisomy 21 (TS21). Design and Setting Retrospective study in a tertiary referral center. Intervention We analyzed data from 51 consecutive infants (mean age, 2.7 months) who underwent polysomnography (PSG) and were offered our treatment concept. Primary study variable was the mixed-obstructive apnea index (MOAI); OSA was defined as a MOAI ≥ 1. Results Twenty-seven infants (53%) had OSA. Their median MOAI improved from 2.3 (1 to 13) to 0 (0 to 0.2; P < .05). Seven of these infants were treated with an appliance that included some type of velar extension to move the tongue base forward. Of the 24 infants without OSA at admission, follow-up PSG results were available for 13. Three infants from this group had developed OSA by the time of a repeat PSG. Conclusion In patients with TS21, OSA may already develop in infancy. Early treatment may improve OSA. Oral appliances with some type of velar extension may be considered as an alternative to other treatment procedures.
Unconventional Cementing Method Enables Drilling in Lost-Circulation Zones: Case History
Authors: Hernández Rafael 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
When drilling in lost-circulation-prone locations using conventional cements and circulation methods, significant challenges can be encountered during primary cementing operations. Using conventional circulation cementing methods might not be the best choice in circumstances where a w llbore has formations with low fracture gradients unable to withstand the pressure commonly associated with conventional circulation cementing operations. The formation could possibly breakdown under the pressure applied by the cement, causing the cement to be lost into the formation.
Cement lost into the fo mation is undesirable because of the associated damage and expense. To overcome these challenges, the use of an unconventional cementing method during primary cementing operations is proposed. This method reduces the equivalent circulation densities (ECDs), minimizes excess cement volumes, and eliminates displacement, thereby increasing the chances of a s ccessful cement job with minimum environmental impact. Reverse circulation can significantly reduce bottomhole pressures and allow placement of cement with no apparent losses in many cases. This unconventional cementing method is discussed and a case history is presented.
Increased Tubular Running Efficiency on Drilling Rigs
Authors: Cummins Tracy , Sinnott Aaron , Forestier Danny 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The drilling industry continually seeks enhanced technologies and processes that reduce time spent drilling and completing a well while maintaining well bore integrity, particularly with the installation of casing and tubing and the handling of tubulars in general. Over the years, major focus has been placed on the handling of tubulars and efforts to handle most preparatory functions offline rather than on the rig itself, thus generating greater efficiency and improving health, safety and environmental (HSE) conditions.
Many newly constructed rigs are equipped with auxiliary pipe makeup stations and racking systems for offline makeup and racking and installation of casing and tubing in stands. As a result, run times have improved at well centers by as much as 100% while reducing risk exposure to personnel. But the vast majority of existing rigs is not equipped to handle pre-made stands of casing and tubing and therefore is unable to take full advantage of these potential efficiency gains. One option for enhancing rigs without offline makeup and racking capability is to prepare and pre-assemble the casing or tubing into stands at a pipe handling yard and subsequently ship them to the rig to be picked up and run as stands at well centers on the critical path.
In this paper the authors will review the use of tubular management facilities for offline preparation of tubing and casing. We also assess the savings potential associated with moving makeup and breakdown operations from the drilling rig critical path. We will document recent projects in Australia, Asia and the Gulf of Mexico in which the tubular running service company improved efficiency by managing logistics, preparation and preassembly of tubular stands, safe installation and shipment to the operational rig.
An Integrated Horizonal and Vertical Flow Simulation with Application to Wax Precipitation
Authors: Trina S. , Johansen T. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
There is a lack of comprehensive simulation tools that (a) accommodates the complexities of advanced completions together with near wellbore behaviour, and (b) has reliable wax precipitation models for production planning. In this work, these issues are tackled by combining three specific models. Firstly, a steady-state, three-phase, non-isothermal flow model in advanced horizontal completions was implemented to run fluid specific simulations, thereby calculating field specific flow conditions. This is useful in situations when fluid specific temperature calculations are important, such as wax crystallization. Secondly, a non-isothermal vertical flow model was developed by combining Hagedorn and Brown's multi-phase flow correlation with Ramey's multi-phase temperature model by solving them in sequence (iteratively). The advanced horizontal well model and vertical flow model were coupled iteratively at the bottom hole where the two models meet. Thirdly, two different analytical wax crystallization models were incorporated in the above coupled flow simulator to calculate the location of wax precipitation along the vertical section of the well. These three simulation models, individually and in combination, were tested and found to be in par with theory, expectations and published results. Additionally, significant difference was noted between Ramey's analytical temperature profile (which is a widely used approximation) and the complete Ramey's model integrated with the simulator developed in this work.
From High Perm Oil To Tight Gas - A Practical Approach To Model Hydraulically Fractured Well Performance In Coarse Grid Reservoir Simulators
Authors: Burgoyne M. W. , Little A. J. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The Dynamic modeling of induced hydraulic fractures in finite-difference reservoir simulation has historically been a complex, time-consuming and error-prone process that is unsuited to practical application and difficult to reconcile with corresponding analytical solutions.
The methodology and workflows presented in this paper address the above problems and provide a process whereby the pressure-rate response of hydraulically fractured wells may be practically and reasonably accurately modeled in coarse-grid reservoir simulation models without recourse to the high computing-overhead methods commonly employed.
The correlations and methodologies presented here have been developed by describing fracture behaviour as a function of fracture half length, grid block size and dimensionless fracture conductivity, and ‘history-matching’ simulated well performance against accepted analytical and simulated responses for a wide range of reservoir and fracture properties. The methodology is applicable to multiple well scenarios (e.g. vertical, partial block fracture penetrations, block aspect ratios not equal to unity, horizontal wells as well as multi-stage hydraulic fractures in single grid blocks), does not require fracture completion information prior to grid construction, and can be implemented in the recurrent section of a simulation project.
Surface Profile Evolution Due to Long Term Exposure to Solid Particle Erosion
Authors: Wong Chong Y , Solnordal Christopher , Wu Jie 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Traditional erosion modelling on oil and gas equipment frequently assumes a fixed erosion rate and unchanging surface profile throughout the erosion exposure period. This approach does not account for the constantly changing surface and changes in the fluid flow, and may therefore lead to large uncertainties in the prediction of equipment life. The literature presents limited experimental data of generic configurations in this topic. The paper addresses this gap by experimentally and numerically investigating three generic configurations often encountered in oil and gas facilities. These configurations are: a cylindrical rod, a hole in a flat plate and a pipe cavity.
Particle erosion prediction is not a mature science as it requires predicting the dynamic paths of particles impacting on the target surface and linking this to the removal of parent material at the equipment surface. The authors have employed a modelling approach utilising qualitative and quantitative laboratory testings in parallel with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to determine the long term erosion profiles of the abovementioned configurations in a flow field suspended with dilute solid particles. Taken together, this approach provides an alternative quantitative method in assessing equipment longevity/failure due to solid particle erosion relative to empirical/analytical erosion modelling.
Fresh Water Conundrum in Oil and Gas Reservoirs of Malaysia
Authors: Kyi Ko Ko , Hashim Hazlina 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Positive identification of a water bearing interval is crucial to evaluating hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs in a well. Accurate estimation of formation water resistivity is also critical for proper computation of reservoir parameters used in hydrocarbon resource assessment. In reservoirs with high formation water salinity, it is relatively easy to differentiate water bearing zones from those bearing hydrocarbon. However, when the salinity of formation water is low, close to being fresh water, it becomes difficult to positively identify a water bearing reservoir, since the formation resistivity is relatively high. In some cases, a fresh water bearing interval may be misinterpreted as a hydrocarbon zone. In the Malay basin, offshore Malaysia, there are several reservoirs which contain relatively fresh formation water, making it difficult to evaluate the well logs from these reservoirs. Furthermore, some of these reservoirs are deep and have low porosity, which in combination with low formation water salinity, lead to relatively high formation resistivity. In certain reservoirs, there may even be some hydrocarbon shows, such as an oil stain on cuttings, which may have been due to residual hydrocarbon effects. These often cause confusion and contention in interpreting the fluid type in these reservoirs. Several case histories are presented in this paper, highlighting the importance of proper identification of fresh water bearing formation in evaluating well log data. In one of the case histories, a fresh water bearing interval was misinterpreted as a hydrocarbon zone and tested accordingly, resulting in substantial flow of formation water with extremely low salinity. In the others, the formations tested had low porosity and permeability, resulting in very small influx of formation water into the well bore with practically no flow at the surface. Since some of these zones had hydrocarbon shows and the formation water did not flow to the surface during the tests, there was much contention about the validity of the well tests and the conclusion on the fluid type. The authors have proposed a "what-if scenario" method, whereby a synthetic water saturation curve is computed using generic capillary pressure data, assuming that these zones are hydrocarbon bearing. The resulting water saturation curves are then compared with those computed using the resistivity logs from these zones. The possible presence of hydrocarbon may then be inferred from the difference between these water saturation curves.