bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infants’ unprovoked acts of force toward others
Authors: Dahl Audun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractInfants harm others at higher rates than older children and adults. A common explanation is that infants fail to regulate their frustration, becoming aggressive when they do not get what they want. The present research investigated whether infants also use force against others without provocation, for instance because they seek to explore the consequences of hitting or try to pet someone using too much force. Two studies with infants aged 11 to 24 months investigated infants’ use of force against others in everyday life using maternal report (Study 1) and direct observation (Study 2). In both studies, a large proportion of infants’ acts of force were unprovoked and occurred without signs of infant distress. Unlike provoked acts, unprovoked acts showed a decrease late in the second year and were positively associated with reports of infant pleasure‐proneness. The presence of unprovoked acts of harm may reflect that infants’ actions are not reliably guided by an aversion for harming others and may provide unique opportunities for early moral development.
In vitro models for peripheral nerve regeneration
Authors: Geuna S. , Raimondo S. , Fregnan F. , Haastert‐Talini K. , Grothe C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe study of peripheral nerve repair and regeneration is particularly relevant in the light of the high clinical incidence of nerve lesions. However, the clinical outcome after nerve lesions is often far from satisfactory and the functional recovery is almost never complete. Therefore, a number of therapeutic approaches are being investigated, ranging from local delivery of trophic factors and other molecules to bioactive biomaterials and complex nerve prostheses. Translation of the new therapeutic approaches to the patient always requires a final pre‐clinical step using in vivo animal models. The need to limit as much as possible animal use in biomedical research, however, makes the preliminary use of in vitro models mandatory from an ethical point of view. In this article, the different types of in vitro models available today for the study of peripheral nerve regeneration have been ranked by adopting a three‐step stair model based on their increasing ethical impact: (i) cell line‐based models, which raise no ethical concern; (ii) primary cell‐based models, which have low ethical impact as animal use, although necessary, is limited; and (iii) organotypic ex vivo‐based models, which raise moderate ethical concerns as the use of laboratory animals is required although with much lower impact on animal wellbeing in comparison to in vivo models of peripheral nerve regeneration. This article aims to help researchers in selecting the best experimental approach for their scientific goals driven by the ‘Three Rs’ (3Rs) rules (Replacement, Reduction or Refinement of animal use in research) for scientific research.
Ixodes tick saliva suppresses the keratinocyte cytokine response to TLR2/TLR3 ligands during early exposure to Lyme borreliosis
Authors: Bernard Quentin , Gallo Richard L. , Jaulhac Benoît , Nakatsuji Teruaki , Luft Benjamin , Yang Xiahoua , Boulanger Nathalie 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIxodes hard tick induces skin injury by its sophisticated biting process. Its saliva plays a key role to enable an efficient blood meal that lasts for several days. We hypothesized that this feeding process may also be exploited by pathogens to facilitate their transmission, especially in the context of arthropod‐borne diseases. To test this, we used Lyme borreliosis as a model. This bacterial infection is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato transmitted by Ixodes. We co‐incubated Borrelia with human keratinocytes in the presence of poly (I: C), a dsRNA TLR3 agonist generated by skin injury. This induced a strong cytokine response from human primary keratinocytes that was much greater than that induced by Borrelia alone. OspC, a TLR2/1 agonist and a major surface lipoprotein of Borrelia also amplified the process. Interestingly, tick saliva inhibited cytokine responses by keratinocytes to these TLR agonists. We propose that Borrelia uses the immunoprivileged site produced by tick saliva to facilitate its transmission.
O‐glycosylation effects on family 1 carbohydrate‐binding module solution structures
Authors: Happs Renee M. , Guan Xiaoyang , Resch Michael G. , Davis Mark F. , Beckham Gregg T. , Tan Zhongping , Crowley Michael F. 
Published: August 2015

Family 1 carbohydrate‐binding modules (CBMs) are ubiquitous components of multimodular fungal enzymes that degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides and bind specifically to cellulose. Native glycosylation of family 1 CBMs has been shown to substantially impact multiple physical properties, including thermal and proteolytic stability and cellulose binding affinity. To gain molecular insights into the changes in CBM properties upon glycosylation, solution structures of two glycoforms of a Trichoderma reesei family 1 CBM were studied by NMR spectroscopy: a glycosylated family 1 CBM with a mannose group attached to both Thr1 and Ser3 and a second family 1 CBM with single mannose groups attached to Thr1, Ser3 and Ser14. The structures clearly reveal that monosaccharides at both Ser3 and Ser14 on family 1 CBMs present additional cellulose binding platforms, similar to well‐characterized aromatic residues at the binding interface, which align to the cellulose surface. These results are in agreement with previous experimental work demonstrating that glycans at Ser3 and Ser14 impart significant improvements in binding affinity. Additionally, detailed analysis of the NMR structures and molecular simulations indicates that the protein backbone of the CBM is not significantly altered by attachment of monosaccharides, and that the mannose attached to Ser14 may be more flexible than the mannose at Ser3. Overall, the present study reveals how family 1 CBM structures are affected by covalent attachment of monosaccharides, which are likely important post‐translational modifications of these common subdomains of fungal plant cell wall degrading enzymes.DatabaseStructural data have been deposited in the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB codes: 2MWJ and 2MWK) and the BioMagRes Bank (BMRB codes: 25331 and 25332) for CBM_M2 and CBM_M3, respectively.
Improved experimental protocols to evaluate cold tolerance thresholds in Miscanthus and switchgrass rhizomes
Authors: Peixoto Murilo de Melo , Sage Rowan F. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study investigates protocols to evaluate cold tolerance thresholds for overwintering rhizomes of perennial bioenergy grasses. Protocols examined include the temperature at which ice formation occurs, cooling rate, incubation time at the treatment temperature, and the electrolyte leakage (EL) method to assess mortality thresholds. Using these protocols, we assessed low temperature injury in two genotypes of Miscanthus and two genotypes of lowland switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Ice formed near −1 C in the rhizomes cooled at 1 C h−1, but at variable temperatures at cooling rates of 3 and 5 C h−1. Rhizome temperature followed chamber temperature at a cooling rate of 1 C h−1, whereas at faster cooling rates, there was a lag in rhizome temperature that affected treatment exposure time. A 1 C h−1 cooling rate is thus suitable. In rhizomes incubated for <4 h at the treatment temperature, EL values were variable, while there was no change in EL when samples were incubated 4–20 h. A continuous, steady rate of cooling at 1 C h−1 demonstrated the Miscanthus and lowland switchgrass varieties exhibited lethal levels of electrolyte leakage below −6 C. Continuous cooling does not allow for subzero acclimation and reflects thermal tolerances of sampled tissue in situ. To allow for maximum acclimation at subzero temperatures, a prolonged, staged‐cooling procedure was adopted. This procedure showed diploid Miscanthus rhizomes could acclimate and adjust their tolerance limit to −12 C, while a triploid Illinois line showed little acclimation and was still killed below −6 C.
Pyrophyllite formation in the thermal aureole of a hydrothermal system in the Lower Saxony Basin, Germany
Authors: Will P. , Lüders V. , Wemmer K. , Gilg H. A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA combined clay mineralogical, fluid inclusion, and K‐Ar study of Upper Jurassic metasediments at the Gehn (Lower Saxony Basin, Germany) provides evidence for a transient hydrothermal event during Upper Cretaceous basin inversion centered on a prominent gravimetric anomaly. Kaolinite and smectite in Oxfordian pelitic parent rocks that cap a deltaic sandstone unit were locally transformed into pyrophyllite, 2M1 illite, R3 illite–smectite, chlorite, and berthierine at the Ueffeln quarry. The pyrophyllite‐bearing metapelites lack bedding‐parallel preferred orientation of sheet silicates and experienced peak temperatures of about 260–270°C consistent with microthermometric data on quartz veins in the underlying silicified sandstones. The presence of expandable layers in illite–smectite and high Kübler Index values indicate that the thermal event was rather short‐lived. K‐Ar dating of the <0.2 μm fraction of the pyrophyllite‐bearing Ueffeln metapelite yields a maximum illitization age of 117 ± 2 Ma. Lower trapping temperatures of aqueous fluid inclusions in quartz veins and the absence of pyrophyllite in metapelites of the Frettberg quarry in a distance of about 2.5 km from the Ueffeln quarry infer maximum paleotemperatures of only 220°C. The highly localized thermal anomaly at Ueffeln suggests fault‐controlled fluid migration and heat transfer that provided a thermal aureole for pyrophyllite formation in the metapelites rather than metamorphism due to deep burial. A pH neutral hydrothermal fluid that formed by devolatilization reactions or less likely by mixing of meteoric and marine waters that interacted at depth with shales is indicated by the low salinity (3–5 wt. % NaCl equiv.) of aqueous inclusions, their coexistence with methane–carbon dioxide‐dominated gas inclusions as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope data. The upwelling zone of hydrothermal fluids and the thermal maximum is centered on a gravimetric anomaly interpreted as an igneous intrusion (‘Bramsche Massif’) providing the heat source for the intrabasinal hydrothermal system.
Which stroke patients gain most from intermittent pneumatic compression: further analyses of the CLOTS 3 trial
Authors: Dennis Martin , Graham Catriona , Smith Joel , Forbes John , Sandercock Peter 
Published: August 2015

Background The CLOTS 3 trial showed that intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) reduced the risk of DVT and improved survival after stroke. Aims To provide additional information which may help clinicians target IPC on the most appropriate patients by exploring the variation in its effects on subgroups defined by predicted prognosis. Methods A multicentre, parallel group, randomized trial enrolled immobile acute stroke patients and allocated them to IPC or no IPC. The primary outcome was proximal DVT at 30 days. Secondary outcomes at six-months included survival, disability, quality of life, and hospital costs. We stratified patients into quintiles according to their predicted prognosis at randomization, based on the Six Simple Variable model. Results Between December 2008 and September 2012, we enrolled 2876 patients in 94 UK hospitals. Patients with the best predicted outcome had the lowest absolute risk of proximal DVT (6.7%) and death by six-months (9.3%). Allocation to IPC had little effect on DVT, survival, disability, quality of life, hospital length of stay, or costs. In patients with the worst predicted outcomes, the overall risk of DVT and death was 16.0% and 51.3%, respectively. IPC reduced DVT (odds reduction 34%) and improved survival 17% and significantly increased length of stay and hospital costs. In the three intermediate quintiles, IPC reduced the odds of DVT (35-43%) and improved survival (11-13%). Disability and quality of life at six-months depended on baseline severity but was not influenced significantly by IPC. Conclusions IPC appears to reduce the risk of DVT and probably improves survival in all immobile stroke patients, other than the fifth with the best prognosis. It therefore seems reasonable to recommend that IPC should be considered in all immobile stroke patients, but that the final decision should be based on a judgment about the individual's prognosis. In some, their prognosis for survival with an acceptable quality of life will be so poor that use of IPC might be considered futile, while at the other end of the spectrum, patients’ risk of DVT, and of dying from VTE, may not be high enough to justify the modest cost and inconvenience of IPC use.
Novel Tia Biomarkers Identified by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics
Authors: George Paul M. , Mlynash Michael , Adams Christopher M. , Kuo Calvin J. , Albers Gregory W. , Olivot Jean-Marc 
Published: August 2015

Background Transient ischemic attacks remain a clinical diagnosis with significant variability between physicians. Finding reliable biomarkers to identify transient ischemic attacks would improve patient care and optimize treatment. Aim Our aim is to identify novel serum TIA biomarkers through the use of mass spectroscopy-based proteomics. Methods Patients with transient neurologic symptoms were prospectively enrolled. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics, an unbiased method to identify candidate proteins, was used to test the serum of the patients for biomarkers of cerebral ischemia. Three candidate proteins were found, and serum concentrations of these proteins were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a second cohort of prospectively enrolled patients. The Student's t-test was used for comparison. The Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate controlling procedure for multiple comparison adjustments determined significance for the proteomic screen. Results Patients with transient ischemic attacks ( n = 20), minor strokes ( n = 15), and controls (i.e. migraine, seizure, n = 12) were enrolled in the first cohort. Ceruloplasmin, complement component C8 gamma (C8γ), and platelet basic protein were significantly different between the ischemic group (transient ischemic attack and minor stroke) and the controls ( P = 0·0001, P = 0·00027, P = 0·00105, respectively). A second cohort of patients with transient ischemic attack ( n = 22), minor stroke ( n = 20), and controls' ( n = 12) serum was enrolled. Platelet basic protein serum concentrations were increased in the ischemic samples compared with control (for transient ischemic attack alone, P = 0·019, for the ischemic group, P = 0·046). Ceruloplasmin trended towards increased concentrations in the ischemic group ( P = 0·127); no significant difference in C8γ ( P = 0·44) was found. Conclusions Utilizing mass spectrometry-based proteomics, platelet basic protein has been identified as a candidate serum biomarker for transient ischemic attack. This unbiased proteomic approach may be a promising method to identify novel biomarkers to more precisely diagnose transient ischemic attacks.
Multi-Modal CT in Acute Stroke: Wait for a Serum Creatinine before Giving Intravenous Contrast? No!
Authors: Ang Timothy E. , Bivard Andrew , Levi Christopher , Ma Henry , Hsu Chung Y. , Campbell Bruce , Donnan Geoffrey , Davis Stephen M. , Parsons Mark 
Published: August 2015

Background Multi-modal CT (MMCT) to guide decision making for reperfusion treatment is increasingly used, but there remains a perceived risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). At our center, MMCT is used empirically without waiting for serum-creatinine (sCR) or renal profiling. Aims To determine the incidence of CIN, examine the risk factors predisposing to its development, and investigate its effects on clinical outcome in the acute stroke population. Methods An institution-wide protocol was implemented for acute stroke presentations to have MMCT (100–150 ml nonionic tri-iodinated contrast, perfusion CT and CT angiography) without waiting for serum-creatinine to minimize delays. Intravenous saline is routinely infused (80–125 ml/h) for at least 24-h after MMCT. Serial creatinine levels were measured at baseline, risk period, and follow-up. Renal profiles and clinical progress were reviewed up to 90 days. Results We analyzed 735 consecutive patients who had MMCT for the evaluation of acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke during the last five-years. A total of 623 patients met the inclusion criteria for analysis: 16 cases (2·6%) biochemically qualified as CIN; however, the risk period serum-creatinine for 15 of these cases was confounded by dehydration, urinary tract infection, or medications. None of the group had progression to chronic kidney disease or required dialysis. Conclusions The incidence of CIN is low when MMCT is used routinely to assess acute stroke patients. In this population, CIN was a biochemical phenomenon that did not have clinical manifestations, cause chronic kidney disease, require dialysis, or negatively impact on 90-day mRS outcomes. Renal profiling and waiting for a baseline serum-creatinine are an unnecessary delay to emergency reperfusion treatment.
Heart Rate and Ischemic Stroke: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (Regards) Study
Authors: O'Neal Wesley T. , Qureshi Waqas T. , Judd Suzanne E. , Meschia James F. , Howard Virginia J. , Howard George , Soliman Elsayed Z. 
Published: August 2015

Background The association between resting heart rate and ischemic stroke remains unclear. Aim To examine the association between resting heart rate and ischemic stroke. Methods A total of 24 730 participants (mean age: 64 ± 9·3 years; 59% women; 41% blacks) from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study who were free of stroke at the time of enrollment (2003–2007) were included in this analysis. Resting heart rate was determined from baseline electrocardiogram data. Heart rate was examined as a continuous variable per 10 bpm increase and also as a categorical variable using tertiles (<61 bpm, 61 to 70 bpm, and >70 bpm). First-time ischemic stroke events were identified during follow-up and adjudicated by physician review. Results Over a median follow-up of 7·6 years, a total of 646 ischemic strokes occurred. In a Cox regression model adjusted for socio-demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and potential confounders, each 10 bpm increase in heart rate was associated with a 10% increase in the risk of ischemic stroke (hazard ratio = 1·10, 95% confidence interval = 1·02, 1·18). In the categorical model, an increased risk of ischemic stroke was observed for heart rates in the middle (hazard ratio = 1·29, 95% confidence interval = 1·06, 1·57) and upper (hazard ratio = 1·37, 95% confidence interval = 1·12, 1·67) tertiles compared with the lower tertile. The results were consistent when the analysis was stratified by age, gender, race, exercise habits, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. Conclusion In REGARDS, high resting heart rates were associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke compared with low heart rates. Further research is needed to examine whether interventions aimed to reduce heart rate decrease stroke risk.
Statin use in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jung Jin-Man , Choi Jeong-Yoon , Kim Hyun Jung , Seo Woo-Keun 
Published: August 2015

Background Nonrandomized observational studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of statins on clinical outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Several studies on the effects of statin administration in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage have been published recently, but the findings are inconsistent. Aim To evaluate the effects of statins administered prior to hospital admission and during hospitalization on mortality and functional outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Summary of review We searched for relevant literature using multiple comprehensive databases and performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sixteen studies met our selection criteria. Preintracerebral hemorrhage statin use was not associated with mortality (odds ratio: 0.90, 95% confidence interval: 0.63-1.28). However, patients who used statins prior to intracerebral hemorrhage had a decreased risk of mortality at three-months following symptom onset (odds ratio: 0.47, 95% confidence interval: 0.32-0.68) and an increased probability of good functional outcomes (odds ratio: 1.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.19), as compared with those who did not. In-hospital use of statins was associated with a low risk of mortality (odds ratio: 0.34, 95% confidence interval: 0.26-0.44) irrespective of preadmission statin use or postadmission timepoints. Additionally, we were unable to pool the data on statin withdrawal because of differences in study methodologies. Conclusions Although careful interpretation is necessary due to several study limitations, we have demonstrated that statin use in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage is likely associated with improved mortality and functional outcomes.
Water Diplomacy: Perspectives from a Group of Interdisciplinary Graduate Students
Authors: Read Laura , Garcia Margaret 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWater management challenges are multifaceted, often involving issues of water availability, quality, access and equity. It is increasingly recognized that professionals trained to work in traditional disciplinary roles are ill‐equipped to address complex issues such as water that transcend both geographic and disciplinary boundaries. A growing number of interdisciplinary doctoral programs, including the Water Diplomacy Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) at Tufts University, have formed to respond to demand for progress in this area. This paper presents a Water Diplomacy IGERT student perspective on the benefits and challenges of interdisciplinary water education. First, we find that articulating a set of shared principles helps to build a strong research community, which in turn shapes the research approach and perspectives of participating students. Second, we recommend students clearly state uncertainties and assumptions to tackle the challenge of working with multidimensional complex systems. Next, we advise that students collaborate with researchers and partner organizations to gain exposure to different approaches outside of their discipline, and to increase breadth of knowledge while maintaining sufficient depth. Finally, we recommend that students take an active role in program leadership to ensure balance between program and student development. These difficulties are not unique to water education, and therefore we hope this discussion can help inform future interdisciplinary education and research efforts.