bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying Conflicts of Norms: The ICJ Approach in the Case of the Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening)
Authors: BOUDREAULT FRANÇOIS 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe potential for conflicts of norms is particularly great in modern international law. Yet until now, the International Court of Justice has said very little as to what it considers a conflict of norms. The opportunity to do so arose in the case of the Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening). There, it was argued that granting Germany sovereign immunity in proceedings before Italian courts involving civil claims for violations of international humanitarian law (IHL) committed by the German Reich between 1943 and 1945 would come in conflict with prevailing peremptory (jus cogens) norms of international law. In its 3 February 2012 Judgment, the ICJ rejected this argument. In the present article, the author argues that the conceptions of conflict of norms underlying the Court's judgment and the dissent of Judge Cançado Trindade both have weaknesses. The author suggests an alternative framework to ascertain conflicts of norms. He then applies this framework to the rules of state immunity and the IHL rules breached by Germany, agreeing in the end with the conclusion reached by the majority of the ICJ that these rules did not conflict.
Persisting role of healthcare settings in hepatitis C transmission in Pakistan: cause for concern
Authors: VER HOEVE E. , CODLIN A. J. , JAWED F. , KHAN A. J. , SAMAD L. , VATCHEVA K. M. , FALLON M. B. , ALI M. , NIAZ S. K. , McCORMICK J. B. , FISHER-HOCH S. P. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYTransmission of hepatitis C (HCV) in Pakistan is a continuing public health problem; 15 years ago it was linked to the practice of reusing therapeutic instruments in healthcare settings. We sought to examine current risk factors for HCV transmission in a hospital population in Karachi, Pakistan. We enrolled 300 laboratory-confirmed HCV-positive participants and 300 laboratory-confirmed HCV-negative participants from clinics at Indus Hospital. Independent and significant risk factors for both men and women were: receiving ⩾12 injections in the past year, blood transfusions, having had dental work performed, and delivery in hospital or transfusion for women. Interestingly, being of Mohajir origin or born in Sindh province were protective. Encouragingly, a strong protective effect was observed for those that reported bringing their own needle for injections (59%). The widespread reuse of therapeutic needles in healthcare settings in Karachi remains a major driver of the HCV epidemic.
A survey of rodent-borne pathogens carried by wildRattusspp. in Northern Vietnam
Authors: KOMA T. , YOSHIMATSU K. , YASUDA S. P. , LI T. , AMADA T. , SHIMIZU K. , ISOZUMI R. , MAI L. T. Q. , HOA N. T. , NGUYEN V. , YAMASHIRO T. , HASEBE F. , ARIKAWA J. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYTo examine the prevalence of human pathogens carried by rats in urban areas in Hanoi and Hai Phong, Vietnam, we live-trapped 100 rats in January 2011 and screened them for a panel of bacteria and viruses. Antibodies againstLeptospira interrogans(22·0%), Seoul virus (14·0%) and rat hepatitis E virus (23·0%) were detected in rats, but antibodies againstYersinia pestiswere not detected. Antibodies againstL. interrogansand Seoul virus were found only in adult rats. In contrast, antibodies to rat hepatitis E virus were also found in juvenile and sub-adult rats, indicating that the transmission mode of rat hepatitis E virus is different from that ofL. interrogansand Seoul virus. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses of the S and M segments of Seoul viruses found inRattus norvegicusshowed that Seoul viruses from Hai Phong and Hanoi formed different clades. Human exposure to these pathogens has become a significant public health concern.
Chronic hepatitis B and C co-infection increased all-cause mortality in HAART-naive HIV patients in northern Thailand
Authors: TSUCHIYA N. , PATHIPVANICH P. , ROJANAWIWAT A. , WICHUKCHINDA N. , KOGA I. , KOGA M. , AUWANIT W. , KILGORE P. E. , ARIYOSHI K. , SAWANPANYALERT P. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYA total of 755 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-naive HIV-infected patients were enrolled at a government hospital in Thailand from 1 June 2000 to 15 October 2002. Census date of survival was on 31 October 2004 or the date of HAART initiation. Of 700 (92·6%) patients with complete data, the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody positivity was 11·9% and 3·3%, respectively. Eight (9·6%) HBV co-infected patients did not have anti-HBV core antibody (anti-HBcAb). During 1166·7 person-years of observation (pyo), 258 (36·9%) patients died [22·1/100 pyo, 95% confidence interval (CI) 16·7–27·8]. HBV and probably HCV co-infection was associated with a higher mortality with adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of 1·81 (95% CI 1·30–2·53) and 1·90 (95% CI 0·98–3·69), respectively. Interestingly, HBV co-infection without anti-HBc Ab was strongly associated with death (aHR 6·34, 95% CI 3·99–10·3). The influence of hepatitis co-infection on the natural history of HAART-naive HIV patients requires greater attention.
Chest pain with elevated troponin assay in adolescents
Authors: Schwartz Matthew C. , Wellen Shari , Rome Jonathan J. , Ravishankar Chitra , Natarajan Shobha 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to describe the evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of adolescents who presented to a single institution with chest pain and an elevated troponin I value in the absence of typical symptoms of pericarditis or myocarditis.Materials and methodsWe performed a retrospective review of patients in the age group of 10–18 years of age with no history of significant heart disease admitted to our institution from 2000 to 2010 after presenting with chest pain and an elevated troponin I value.ResultsA total of 16 patients were identified with a median age of 16.5 years (range 11.2–17.8 years). Of these 13 (81%) were male and 10 (63%) showed evidence of localised ST elevations on electrocardiogram. The median peak troponin I level was 17.8 nanograms per millilitre (range 0.89–227, normal less than 0.4). There were eight patients (50%) with a diagnosis of coronary vasospasm, three patients (20%) with atypical myopericarditis, one patient with coronary anomaly, one patient with hypercoagulable disorder, and one patient with prolonged supraventricular tachycardia. In two patients, no definitive diagnosis was made. There was one patient who needed catheter-based intervention, which involved stenting of a coronary artery after a procedure-related complication.ConclusionsIn our cohort of adolescents without history of significant cardiac disease, chest pain and elevated troponin I levels were attributed to a variety of causes. Although coronary vasospasm and atypical myopericarditis were seen most commonly, coronary anomaly was identified in one case. Magnetic resonance imaging proved a useful diagnostic tool to assess coronary artery anatomy and myocardial changes suggestive of myocarditis. On the basis of these results and a review of the literature, a general evaluation algorithm is presented.
School food, politics and child health
Authors: Bundy Donald AP , Drake Lesley J , Burbano Carmen 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveAn analysis undertaken jointly in 2009 by the UN World Food Programme, The Partnership for Child Development and the World Bank was published as Rethinking School Feeding to provide guidance on how to develop and implement effective school feeding programmes as a productive safety net and as part of the efforts to achieve Education for All. The present paper reflects on how understanding of school feeding has changed since that analysis.DesignData on school feeding programme outcomes were collected through a literature review. Regression models were used to analyse relationships between school feeding costs (from data that were collected), the per capita costs of primary education and Gross Domestic Product per capita. Data on the transition to national ownership, supply chains and country examples were collected through country case studies.ResultsSchool feeding programmes increase school attendance, cognition and educational achievement, as well as provide a transfer of resources to households with possible benefits to local agricultural production and local market development. Low-income countries exhibit large variations in school feeding costs, with concomitant opportunities for cost containment. Countries are increasingly looking to transition from externally supported projects to national programmes.ConclusionsSchool feeding is now clearly evident as a major social programme in most countries with a global turnover in excess of $US 100 billion. This argues for a continuing focus on the evidence base with a view to helping countries ensure that their programmes are as cost-effective as possible. Clear policy advice has never been more important.
Is Globalization Undermining Civilizational Identities? A Test of Huntington's Core State Assumptions among the Publics of Greater Asia and the Pacific
Authors: COLLET CHRISTIAN , INOGUCHI TAKASHI 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSamuel Huntington's influential clash of civilizations hypothesis (Huntington, 1993; Huntington, 1996) has been widely debated, but empirical tests of his ideas about core states remain limited at the micro-level. In this paper, we bring new evidence to bear, focusing on the ‘cauldron of civilizations’: Greater Asia and the Pacific. Using the AsiaBarometer, we examine the extent to which publics in the region identify with the core states of the supposedly most contentious civilizations in the region – the US, China, and Iran – and the factors that influence those perceptions. We give attention to the role of globalization and nationalism and whether both may be subsumed by religiosity as Huntington suggests. Our descriptive evidence affirms some of the tensions between the US, China, and Islamic-predominant Asia identified by Huntington as areas of potential conflict. At the same time, we find no evidence to suggest that attitudes toward core states are zero-sum; Asian publics often see rival powers as mutually good influences. Using multivariate analysis, we find that religiosity, as the clash paradigm surmises, boosts Iranian influence and undermines American influence in several predominantly Islamic states. We also find, contrary to Huntington, that overall exposure to foreign cultures leads to a more positive assessment of American influence among Chinese and Pakistanis, as well as American perceptions of China. When foreign exposure influences perceptions of Iran, the effect is modestly, but consistently, negative. Taken together, the findings raise questions about two key assumptions of the Huntington framework – civilizational identity formation and cultural resurgence – and suggest that alternative approaches in recent civilizations literature show greater empirical promise.
Pitch angle distribution of suprathermal electrons behind dipolarization fronts: A statistical overview
Authors: Fu H. S. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Vaivads A. , André M. , Sergeev V. A. , Huang S. Y. , Kronberg E. A. , Daly P. W. 
Published: November 2012

We examine the pitch angle distribution (PAD) of suprathermal electrons (>40 keV) inside the flux pileup regions (FPRs) that are located behind the dipolarization fronts (DFs), in order to better understand the particle energization mechanisms operating therein. The 303 earthward‐propagating DFs observed during 9 years (2001–2009) by Cluster 1 have been analyzed and divided into two groups according to the differential fluxes of the >40 keV electrons inside the FPR. One group, characterized by the low flux (F < 500/cm2 · s · sr · keV), consists of 153 events and corresponds to a broad distribution of IMF Bz components. The other group, characterized by the high flux (F ≥ 500/cm2 · s · sr · keV), consists of 150 events and corresponds to southward IMF Bzcomponents. Only the high‐flux group is considered to investigate the PAD of the >40 keV electrons as the low‐flux situation may lead to large uncertainties in computing the anisotropy factor that is defined asA = F⊥/F∥ − 1 for F⊥ > F∥, and A = −F∥/F⊥ + 1 for F⊥ < F∥. We find that, among the 150 events, 46 events have isotropic distribution (|A| ≤ 0.5); 60 events have perpendicular distribution (A > 0.5), and 44 events have field‐aligned distribution inside the FPR (A < −0.5). The perpendicular distribution appears mainly inside the growing FPR, where the flow velocity is increasing and the local flux tube is compressed. The field‐aligned distribution occurs mainly inside the decaying FPR, where the flow velocity is decreasing and the local flux tube is expanding. Inside the steady FPR, we observed primarily the isotropic distribution of suprathermal electrons. This statistical result confirms the previous case study and gives an overview of the PAD of suprathermal electrons behind DFs.
The role of type II spicules in the upper solar atmosphere
Authors: Klimchuk J. A. 
Published: November 2012

We examine the suggestion that most of the hot plasma in the Sun's corona comes from type II spicule material that is heated as it is ejected from the chromosphere. This contrasts with the traditional view that the corona is filled via chromospheric evaporation that results from coronal heating. We explore the observational consequences of a hypothetical spicule dominated corona and conclude from the large discrepancy between predicted and actual observations that only a small fraction of the hot plasma can be supplied by spicules (<2% in active regions, <5% in the quiet Sun, and <8% in coronal holes). The red‐blue asymmetries of EUV spectral lines and the ratio of lower transition region (LTR;T ≤ 0.1 MK) to coronal emission measures are both predicted to be 2 orders of magnitude larger than observed. Furthermore, hot spicule material would cool dramatically by adiabatic expansion as it rises into the corona, so substantial coronal heating would be needed to maintain the high temperatures that are seen at all altitudes. We suggest that the corona contains a mixture of thin strands, some of which are populated by spicule injections, but most of which are not. A majority of the observed hot emission originates in non‐spicule strands and is explained by traditional coronal heating models. However, since these models predict far too little emission from the LTR, most of this emission comes from the bulk of the spicule material that is only weakly heated and visible in He II (304 Å) as it falls back to the surface.
Structural and functional characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor and vaccine candidate FhuD2
Authors: Mariotti Paolo , Malito Enrico , Biancucci Marco , Lo Surdo Paola , Mishra Ravi P. N. , Nardi-Dei Vincenzo , Savino Silvana , Nissum Mikkel , Spraggon Glen , Grandi Guido , Bagnoli Fabio , Bottomley Matthew J. 
Published: November 2012

Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen causing globally significant morbidity and mortality. The development of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus highlights the need for a preventive vaccine. In the present paper we explore the structure and function of FhuD2 (ferric-hydroxamate uptake D2), a staphylococcal surface lipoprotein mediating iron uptake during invasive infection, recently described as a promising vaccine candidate. Differential scanning fluorimetry and calorimetry studies revealed that FhuD2 is stabilized by hydroxamate siderophores. The FhuD2–ferrichrome interaction was of nanomolar affinity in surface plasmon resonance experiments and fully iron(III)-dependent. We determined the X-ray crystallographic structure of ligand-bound FhuD2 at 1.9 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution, revealing the bilobate fold of class III SBPs (solute-binding proteins). The ligand, ferrichrome, occupies a cleft between the FhuD2 N- and C-terminal lobes. Many FhuD2–siderophore interactions enable the specific recognition of ferrichrome. Biochemical data suggest that FhuD2 does not undergo significant conformational changes upon siderophore binding, supporting the hypothesis that the ligand-bound complex is essential for receptor engagement and uptake. Finally, immunizations with FhuD2 alone or FhuD2 formulated with hydroxamate siderophores were equally protective in a murine staphylococcal infection model, confirming the suitability and efficacy of apo-FhuD2 as a protective antigen, and suggesting that other class III SBPs might also be exploited as vaccine candidates.
Potential Effects of Management on Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia Predation on Juvenile Salmonids at a Colony in San Francisco Bay, California
Authors: Adrean Lindsay J. , Roby Daniel D. , Lyons Donald E. , Collis Ken , Evans Allen F. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSan Francisco Bay is a proposed relocation site for some of the Caspian terns Hydroprogne caspia currently nesting at the world's largest colony for the species in the Columbia River estuary and consuming salmonids listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). However, several runs of salmonids listed under the ESA occur in San Francisco Bay and managers are concerned that increased Caspian tern predation may pose a threat to the recovery of these fish. We used a bioenergetics modeling approach, employing estimates of tern energy requirements and proportions of energy supplied by various prey types, to estimate the consumption of juvenile salmonids by Caspian terns nesting on Brooks Island in central San Francisco Bay during 2008 and 2009. Estimated salmonid consumption was ∼205,000 smolts (95% confidence interval, 175,000–245,000 smolts) in 2008 and ∼167,000 smolts (144,000–191,000 smolts) in 2009. The interannual difference in smolt consumption was due to the smaller size of the tern colony and lower nesting success in 2009. Estimated predation rates on ESA‐listed Central Valley spring‐run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (0.1%) were lower than those on unlisted fall‐run Chinook salmon (1.0%). Continuation of the current downward trend in the number of Caspian terns nesting on Brooks Island and the resulting reductions in salmonid predation would not be sufficient to reverse salmonid declines in San Francisco Bay. The proposed enhancement of the Brooks Island Caspian tern colony to 3,000 individuals would at most cause declines in annual population growth rates of 0.28% for fall‐run Chinook salmon and 0.02% for threatened spring‐run Chinook salmon, assuming that the mortality from tern predation is 100% additive.
Improving Size Selectivity of Shrimp Trawls in the Gulf of Maine with a Modified Dual-Grid Size-Sorting System
Authors: He Pingguo , Balzano Vincent 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Finfish bycatch has been drastically reduced since the Nordmøre grid became mandatory in 1992 in the Gulf of Maine trawl fishery for northern shrimp Pandalus borealis. However, the Nordmøre grid does not improve northern shrimp size selection, catching large numbers of small shrimp when they are mixed with large mature shrimp. To reduce the catch of small northern shrimp, a new dual-grid shrimp size-sorting system was developed and tested in a flume tank and at sea to evaluate its potential for reducing catch of juvenile and male shrimp in the Gulf of Maine northern shrimp fishery and to optimize rigging. These tests used a trouser trawl system consisting of one trawl leading to two separate cod ends, which compared a cod end with a dual-grid size-sorting system with another identical cod end without a size-sorting grid. The size-sorting grid had 11-mm bar spacing. The dual-grid size-sorting system significantly reduced the number of small northern shrimp with a carapace length of 22 mm or less and slightly increased catch of large shrimp with a carapace length of 23 mm or larger, when compared with the Nordmøre grid without a size-sorting grid. There was a slight reduction of northern shrimp catch rates due to the release of smaller shrimp but with no significant differences in the number or quantity of major bycatch species between the regular grid and the size-sorting grid. The new dual-grid system was practical to operate and a significant improvement over an earlier version of the size-sorting grid in design, rigging, and handling. The application may reduce small shrimp in other northern shrimp fisheries and other shrimp and prawn fisheries with suitable modification to the design.
Received July 15, 2011; accepted August 2, 2012
Influence of Environmental Variables and Species Interactions on Sport Fish Communities in Small Missouri Impoundments
Authors: Michaletz Paul H. , Obrecht Daniel V. , Jones John R. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Small impoundments (&lt;400 ha) are numerous and provide close-to-home fishing opportunities for anglers but may not support optimal sport fisheries. Most of these fisheries are managed by harvest regulations, but watershed and impoundment characteristics, poor water quality, or detrimental species interactions can also influence the desirability of fisheries. We examined the relative importance of watershed characteristics, impoundment morphology, water quality, and species interactions in explaining differences in relative abundance, growth, and size structure of five sport fish species (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, redear sunfish L. microlophus, white crappie Pomoxis annularis, and black crappie P. nigromaculatus) among 89 small Missouri impoundments spanning a large fertility gradient. Using regression analysis, we found that variables associated with predation, competition, and lake fertility were most important in explaining variation in sport fish demographics, whereas watershed and impoundment morphology variables were typically less important. Lakes with dense largemouth bass populations commonly contained sunfish and crappie populations with desirable size structure and growth, implying that predation was a strong structuring force. Density-dependent growth was common among all sport fish species. White crappies and black crappies had better growth or size structure in lakes with fewer bluegills, suggesting competition among these species. Lakes containing common carp Cyprinus carpio had fewer largemouth bass and slower-growing black crappies than lakes without common carp. The presence of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum benefited largemouth bass populations but negatively affected bluegill and black crappie populations. Growth and size structure of sport fishes usually improved with increasing lake fertility. Predation and competition seemed to be most important in structuring sport fish communities in these impoundments provided that lake fertility was adequate to sustain acceptable abundances and growth rates of these fishes.
Received February 10, 2012; accepted August 17, 2012