bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De l'oralité et de la lettre de la loi
Authors: Howes David 
Published: February 2015

Orality and the Letter of the Law.
This essay extends P. Bourdieu's discussion of « the force of form » by interrogating the force which resides in the medium of legal discourse. Significant changes in the norms of legal discourse can be discerned when a legal tradition undergoes the transition from being oral to being written, as shown in the first case study presented here, which concerns the codification of the private law of Quebec. The second case study examines the battle over the recognition of aboriginal rights in Canada and the U.S., and demonstrates how significant injustices may occur when an attempt is made to translate the legal institutions and interests of an oral society into written terms. It is no exaggeration to say that the « letter of the law » kills.
Juge dominant ou juge démuni ? La redéfinition du rôle du juge en matière de divorce
Authors: Cardia-Vonèche Laura , Liziard Sylvie , Bastard Benoit 
Published: February 2015

Dominant or Diminished ? Redefining the Judge's Role in Divorce Proceedings.
This article presents some thoughts on the role judges play in French divorce proceedings. It is based on an analysis of hearings held by family court judges in different courts in the Paris area. Through focusing on the mariner in which communication occurs during hearings, the analysis has lead to a distinction among courtroom situations. When the parties have reached agreement before the hearing, communication during the procedure is highly structured. The judge directs the entire process, taking the role of giving a solemn character to the decisions made by the divorcing couple. On the other hand, if issues are raised at the hearing, the style of communication changes in tone. All the participants use language borrowed from everyday usage. The interventions of the judge in these latter situations are in keeping with the task of searching for an agreement.
« Looking to the Future » : vers une nouvelle délimitation des interventions professionnelles dans le domaine du divorce au Royaume-Uni
Authors: Maclean Mavis 
Published: February 2015

« Looking to the Future » : Towards a New Approach to Professional Intervention in Divorce in the United Kingdom.
« Looking to the Future » is a Green Paper presented to Parliament to reform divorce proceedings. It aims at turning divorce away from the courts towards mediation. This article presents the economic and political contexts of this proposal and examines its likely consequences. The different professional interventions happening in a divorce today are pictured, as well as their modifications, when this legislation cornes to be enforced. It is argued that with enough rules to regulate mediation and appropriate training for mediators, family justice might not lose out, but this would probably be no less expensive than courts and solicitors, while they are already expert in the field.
Une relation « dans l'intérêt de l'enfant » ? Le juge de la famille et les lieux d'accueil pour l'exercice du droit de visite
Authors: Sayn Isabelle 
Published: February 2015

A Relationship in the Best Interest of the Child ? Family Court Judges and the Use of Meeting Places for the Exercise of Visiting Rights ; Family Contact Centres.
To improve the understanding of the relations elaborated between judges and family contact centres, 18 family court judges have been interviewed. An analysis of these interviews reveals a two-fold paradox : In the first place, although the judges are very anxious to obtain information and have the authority to demand that family contact centres supply them with this information, in general they content themselves with obtaining less information than the amount desired. They thus respect the arguments of confidentiality put forward by the family contact centres. In the second place, even though the judges attach great authority to their decisions, they do not dispose of the legal means to compel the family contact centres to respect them. Nevertheless, they manage to achieve this without too much difficulty. The conclusion is that the collaboration between the judges and the family contact centres strengthens the authority of the judicial decision with the purpose of maintaining the Personal relationships of the child with both its parents.
Avocats et divorce aux États-Unis : la transformation des pratiques professionnelles
Authors: Mather Lynn , Maiman Richard J. , McEwen Craig A. 
Published: February 2015

Changes in Divorce Law and Legal Practice in the United States.
Social and legal changes in the United States since the 1960' s have affected the practice of divorce law in a variety of ways. This article analyzes these developments by drawing on interview data and court records from the states of Maine and New Hampshire. Prominent among the changes examined are the increased incidence of divorce among middle and lower income couples ; the rapid rise in the number of women attorneys, a trend particularly notable among divorce specialists ; new rules governing child custody and division of marital property ; an increased use of mediation in divorce cases. The analysis shows, for example, how the roles and work of divorce lawyers have become differentiated according to the class of clientele and degree of legal specialization, how some women lawyers have brought a new style of feminist advocacy to divorce, and how legal changes and the introduction of mediation have reduced adversarial legal conflict in divorce.
Droit et usages des nouvelles technologies : les enjeux d'une réglementation de la vidéosurveillance
Authors: Ocqueteau Frédéric , Heilmann Éric 
Published: February 2015

Law and Practice of New Technologies : Issues in Regulation of Close Circuit Television (CCTV).
Social relations are increasingly determined by information and communication techniques. A better understanding of this expanding field of research may be obtained by showing how regulations tend to alter the techniques themselves. The aim of this article is twofold : firstly, to describe the present context in which Prefects legalise and control CCTV techniques i.e. by revealing political assumptions underlying the law and observing the various simplifications of the problem within secondary norms necessary for its practical implementation ; secondly, to oppose these assumptions and real practices (stated and latent) in CCTV, using examples drawn from field research. This latter approach suggests that organisations equipped with CCTV are increasingly led to emphasise security aspects in order to improve the professional ability of policemen regarding urban insecurity, although this is not necessarily the principal role of these techniques.
Un diplôme, pour quoi faire ? Coûts et bénéfices des examens comme instruments de fermeture des groupes professionnels : l'exemple des commissaires-priseurs
Authors: Quemin Alain 
Published: February 2015

A Diploma : To What End ? Costs and Benefits of Academic Examinations in Restricting Access to Professions : The Case of French « Auctioneers » (commissaires-priseurs).
The restriction of access to professions through educational requirements and competitive examinations — a classic subject in the sociology of professions — has mainly been analysed in terms of the benefit derived from protecting their market share. However, the case of French « auctioneers » (commissaires-priseurs) shows that there also exists a cost, as family reproduction becomes problematic. The evolution of the professional qualifications analyzed in this article for French « auctioneers » was characterized by the persistence of anachronistic criteria (recruitment based exclusively on wealth), by empty attempts at reforms which left auctioneers free to elect their membership and, very recently, by a considerable though sometimes questioned lise in academic training requirements.
Juger l'histoire
Authors: Le Crom Jean-Pierre 
Published: February 2015

Judging History.
From the defense of descendents to the defense of contemporaries caught up in the dramatic events of the 20th century and those tortured under modem totalitarian governments, history has become a subject of law. This evolution came about as a result of a widening of the interpretation of the concept of fault and by the creation of many new incriminations designed to suppress attacks on memory's duty after the Second World War's atrocities. If "professional" historians have long been exempt from responsibility, except in cases of crirninal intent or the obvious lack of a rigorous methodology, non professionals have, on the contrary, not escaped prosecution. This discrimination now seems to be questioned, social necessity, of which the judge is guardian, overriding the freedom of expression of the historian. Memory is perhaps the winner, but what about history ?
L'écriture en procès : les récits d'un meurtre devant un tribunal sharʻî
Authors: Messick Brinkley 
Published: February 2015

The Trial of Writing : Murder Narratives in a Shariʻa Court.
A murder judgement from a shariʻa court in mid-twentieth-century Yemen is the point of departure for an analysis intended to advance an "archival anthropology". This ethnographic and historical project centers on a close reading of the judgement in question using methods inspired by Mikhail Bakhtin. Attention is given to how the judgement is composed of fragments of other texts, both oral and written. This work also is meant to complement inquiries into the "source" texts of Islamic legal practice and to shed light specifically on the handling of homicide cases, which are little studied in Islamic settings.
La voie britannique vers une constitution européenne
Authors: Émili Pietro 
Published: February 2015

Britain Steeps Towards a European Constitution.
A process of constitutional change is under way in Great Britain which could have unexpected precedents for constitutional development in the European Union. This article shows how current constitutional expectations at the national level are a reaction to the centralist local government policies of the conservative governments preceding Tony Blair. There is a widespread impression among experts and citizens that the non-written constitution of the UK is under attack which has led to calls for the incorporation of a bill of rights in national law. Lobbying by citizens' organisations and local authorities in this constitutional process has given rise to a view of society based on participatory democracy. This social vision is the same as that being developed in a supranational context. Even in the EU there is a constirutional process under way.
De la régulation internalisée à la régulation externalisée dans le domaine des télécommunications
Authors: Vedel Thierry 
Published: February 2015

From Internalized to Externalized Regulation : The Case of French Telecommunications.
Over the last two centuries, the French telecommunications' sector has been developing according to various regulatory patterns : private firm, public service company, monopolistic administration. While the administrative form has been dominant, unique forms of regulation - based on private subsidiaries, ad hoc territorial structures, a tight control of manufacturers and specific financing procedures - took place and allowed the operator to adjust to a changing environment. The privatization and liberalization of French telecommunications is leading to the externalization of these modes of regulation.
The Family Assembly and the Justice of the Peace in 19th Century Flanders
Authors: Deryckere Ira 
Published: February 2015

Le conseil de famille et le juge de paix en Flandre au XIXe siècle.
Cet article rend compte des résultats d'une étude historique et sociologique plus large sur le fonctionnement du conseil de famille - organe principal de la tutelle d'après le Code civil, présidé par le juge de paix - en Flandre au XIXe siècle. Les règles de la tutelle visaient principalement à protéger l'avoir des personnes concernées et de leurs familles. Si, à première vue, il semble que la protection de ces biens ne présentait pas de problème majeur, une analyse plus approfondie montre qu'une partie des prescriptions concernant la protection des biens et de la personne n'était pas appliquée, compromettant ainsi l'efficacité du dispositif de tutelle.
An Averaging Technique for the P300 Spatial Distribution
Authors: Matteucci M. , Mainardi L. , Tahirovic A. 
Published: February 2015

Summary
Introduction: This article is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Biosignal Interpretation: Advanced Methods for Neural Signals and Images”.
Objectives: The main objectives of the paper regard the analysis of amplitude spatial distribution of the P300 evoked potential over a scalp of a particular subject and finding an averaged spatial distribution template for that subject. This template, which may differ for two different subjects, can help in getting a more accurate P300 detection for all BCIs that inherently use spatial filtering to detect P300 signal. Finally, the proposed averaging technique for a particular subject obtains an averaged spatial distribution template through only several epochs, which makes the proposed averaging technique fast and possible to use without applying any prior training data as in case of data enhancement technique.
Methods: The method used in the proposed framework for the averaging of spatial distribution of P300 evoked potentials is based on the statistical properties of independent components (ICs). These components are obtained by using independent component analysis (ICA) from different target epochs.
Results: This paper gives a novel averaging technique for the spatial distribution of P300 evoked potentials, which is based on the P300 signals obtained from different target epochs using the ICA algorithm. Such a technique provides a more reliable P300 spatial distribution for a subject of interest, which can be used either for an improved spatial selection of ICs, or more accurate P300 detection and extraction. In addition, the experiments demonstrate that the values of spatial intensity computed by the proposed technique for P300 signal converge after only several target epochs for each electrode allocation. Such a speed of convergence allows the proposed algorithm to easily adapt to a subject of interest without any additional artificial data preparation prior the algorithm execution such in case of data enhancement technique.
Conclusion: The proposed technique averages the P300 spatial distribution for a particular subject over all electrode allocations. First, the technique combines P300-like components obtained by the ICA run within a target epoch in order to obtainan averaged P300 spatial distribution. Second, the technique averages spatial distributions of P300 signals obtained from different target epochs in order to get the final averaged template. Such an template can be useful for any BCI technique where spatial selection is used to detect evoked potentials.
Daily Life Activity Routine Discovery in Hemiparetic Rehabilitation Patients Using Topic Models
Authors: Derungs A. , Schuster-Amft C. , Amft O. , Tröster G. , Seiter J. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryBackground: Monitoring natural behavior and activity routines of hemiparetic rehabilitation patients across the day can provide valuable progress information for therapists and patients and contribute to an optimized rehabilitation process. In particular, continuous patient monitoring could add type, frequency and duration of daily life activity routines and hence complement standard clinical scores that are assessed for particular tasks only. Machine learning methods have been applied to infer activity routines from sensor data. However, supervised methods require activity annotations to build recognition models and thus require extensive patient supervision. Discovery methods, including topic models could provide patient routine information and deal with variability in activity and movement performance across patients. Topic models have been used to discover characteristic activity routine patterns of healthy individuals using activity primitives recognized from supervised sensor data. Yet, the applicability of topic models for hemiparetic rehabilitation patients and techniques to derive activity primitives without supervision needs to be addressed.Objectives: We investigate, 1) whether a topic model-based activity routine discovery framework can infer activity routines of rehabilitation patients from wearable motion sensor data. 2) We compare the performance of our topic model-based activity routine discovery using rule-based and clustering-based activity vocabulary.Methods: We analyze the activity routine discovery in a dataset recorded with 11 hemiparetic rehabilitation patients during up to ten full recording days per individual in an ambulatory daycare rehabilitation center using wearable motion sensors attached to both wrists and the non-affected thigh. We introduce and compare rule-based and clustering-based activity vocabulary to process statistical and frequency acceleration features to activity words. Activity words were used for activity routine pattern discovery using topic models based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Discovered activity routine patterns were then mapped to six categorized activity routines.Results: Using the rule-based approach, activity routines could be discovered with an average accuracy of 76% across all patients. The rule-based approach outperformed clustering by 10% and showed less confusions for predicted activity routines.Conclusion: Topic models are suitable to discover daily life activity routines in hemiparetic rehabilitation patients without trained classifiers and activity annotations. Activity routines show characteristic patterns regarding activity primitives including body and extremity postures and movement. A patient-independent rule set can be derived. Including expert knowledge supports successful activity routine discovery over completely data-driven clustering.
B10 Cells: A Functionally Defined Regulatory B Cell Subset
Authors: Tedder Thomas F. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
B cells are commonly thought to enhance inflammatory immune responses. However, specific regulatory B cell subsets recently were identified that downregulate adaptive and innate immunity, inflammation, and autoimmunity through diverse molecular mechanisms. In both mice and humans, a rare, but specific, subset of regulatory B cells is functionally characterized by its capacity to produce IL-10, a potent inhibitory cytokine. For clarity, this regulatory B cell subset has been labeled as B10 cells, because their ability to downregulate immune responses and inflammatory disease is fully attributable to IL-10, and their absence or loss exacerbates disease symptoms in mouse models. This review preferentially focuses on what is known about mouse B10 cell development, phenotype, and effector function, as well as on mechanistic studies that demonstrated their functional importance during inflammation, autoimmune disease, and immune responses.
Interrater Reliability of the Record of Driving Errors (RODE)
Authors: Barco Peggy P. , Carr David B. , Rutkoski Kathleen , Xiong Chengjie , Roe Catherine M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The Record of Driving Errors (RODE) is a novel standardized tool designed to quantitatively document the specific types of driving errors that occur during a standardized performance-based road test. The purpose of this study was to determine interrater reliability between two occupational therapy driver rehabilitation specialists who quantitatively scored specific driving errors using the RODE in a sample of older adults diagnosed with dementia (n = 24). Intraclass correlation coefficients of major driving error and intervention categories indicated almost perfect agreement between raters. Using raters with adequate training and similar professional backgrounds, it is possible to have good interrater reliability using the RODE on a standardized road test.
Test–Retest Reliability of the Child Occupational Self-Assessment (COSA)
Authors: Ohl Alisha M. , Crook Emily , MacSaveny Diane , McLaughlin Alanna 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
We examined the test–retest reliability of the Child Occupational Self-Assessment (COSA). Fifty-two children ages 6–12 yr completed the COSA on two separate occasions 7–14 days apart. Participant data were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Test–retest reliability was good for total Competence and Value scores (ICC2,1 = .72–.77) and poor to good across category scores (ICC2,1 = .44–.78). These findings suggest that the children’s perceptions of their abilities and the value they placed on their everyday activities as reflected in the test items were fairly consistent over a short period of time.
Improving Quality of Life and Depression After Stroke Through Telerehabilitation
Authors: Linder Susan M. , Rosenfeldt Anson B. , Bay R. Curtis , Sahu Komal , Wolf Steven L. , Alberts Jay L. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of home-based robot-assisted rehabilitation coupled with a home exercise program compared with a home exercise program alone on depression and quality of life in people after stroke.
METHOD. A multisite randomized controlled clinical trial was completed with 99 people &lt;6 mo after stroke who had limited access to formal therapy. Participants were randomized into one of two groups, (1) a home exercise program or (2) a robot-assisted therapy + home exercise program, and participated in an 8-wk home intervention.
RESULTS. We observed statistically significant changes in all but one domain on the Stroke Impact Scale and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for both groups.
CONCLUSION. A robot-assisted intervention coupled with a home exercise program and a home exercise program alone administered using a telerehabilitation model may be valuable approaches to improving quality of life and depression in people after stroke.
“Don’t Think Paralysis Takes Away Your Womanhood”: Sexual Intimacy After Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Fritz Heather A. , Dillaway Heather , Lysack Cathy L. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Sexuality and intimacy are important components of health and well-being. Issues surrounding sexuality and intimacy are equally important for men and women living with physical disabilities, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Yet, women’s sexuality after SCI remains largely unexamined. This article presents the findings from an in-depth qualitative investigation of the sexual and reproductive health experiences of 20 women with SCI in or around Detroit, MI. Findings echo existing literature documenting the sexual consequences of life after SCI and suggest new areas of inquiry important for better addressing sexual concerns across the lifespan. Specifically, findings suggest a need to consider the variable effects of SCI on sexual intimacy in relation to a person’s developmental trajectory, the appropriate timing of sexual education, the need to expand conceptualizations of sexual intimacy, and the ways SCI may affect sexuality in later life.
Telehealth and Occupational Therapy: Integral to the Triple Aim of Health Care Reform
Authors: Cason Jana 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Programs and concepts included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 are expected to transform health care in the United States from a volume-based health system to a value-based health system with increased emphasis on prevention and health promotion. The Triple Aim, a framework set forth by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, focuses on improving the health care experience, the health of populations, and the affordability of care. This article describes telehealth as an integral component in achieving the Triple Aim of health care and discusses implications for occupational therapy practitioners.