bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spanish and English contact and morpheme acquisition
Authors: Smith Daniel 
Published: August 2024

Regarding the order of morpheme acquisition in both first language (L1) and second language (L2) acquisiton there appears to be a so-called 'natural order' of acquisition. In addition, there are peculiarities which are part of the morphosyntax of any language influencing the order of morpheme acquisition in L2, whether it be from the L1, or as in the case of simultaneous bilinguals, another L1. We use Myers-Scotton's (2002) 4-M model to help us analyze and discuss the data. The analysis shows a tendency for speakers to acquire language morphology in a natural order, regardless of the L1, but with special reference to Spanish and English we show that the two languages can influence each other and make changes in the order of acquisition.
Enhanced carbon dioxide causing the dust storm‐related increase in high‐altitude photoelectron fluxes at Mars
Authors: Xu Shaosui , Liemohn Michael , Bougher Stephen , Mitchell David 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that the Martian global dust storm occurred in 2001 had a long‐term influence on high‐altitude photoelectron fluxes by analyzing the observations of the magnetometer/electron reflectometer instrument on board Mars Global Surveyor, most likely because the dust altered the neutral atmosphere in a significant way in terms of photoelectron production and loss. This study investigates candidate atmospheres that can replicate observations, especially focusing on the role that thermospheric composition and density play in high‐altitude photoelectrons. Through the simulations of our SuperThermal Electron Transport model, it is found that high‐altitude photoelectron fluxes at more field‐aligned pitch angles are very sensitive to composition change and surprisingly independent of density. For more perpendicular pitch angles, both composition and density take part in determining photoelectron fluxes. Also, a CO2 atmosphere is the only one of the tested atmospheres that can qualitatively match the observation, which suggests that the global dust storm might have altered the photoelectron fluxes via causing CO2 to be the dominant species at a much larger altitude range than usual.
Swarm observations of field‐aligned currents associated with pulsating auroral patches
Authors: Gillies D. M. , Knudsen D. , Spanswick E. , Donovan E. , Burchill J. , Patrick M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe have performed a superposed epoch study of in situ field‐aligned currents located near the edges of regions of pulsating aurora observed simultaneously using ground‐based optical data from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all‐sky imager (ASI) network and magnetometers on board the Swarm satellites. A total of nine traversals of Swarm over regions of pulsating aurora identified using THEMIS ASI were studied. We determined that in the cases where a clear boundary can be identified, strong downward currents are seen just poleward and equatorward of the pulsating patches. A downward current in the range of ~1–6 μA/m2 can be seen just poleward of the boundary. A weaker upward current of ~1–3 μA/m2 is observed throughout the interior of the patch. These observations indicate that currents carried by precipitating electrons within patches could close through horizontal currents and be returned at the edges, in agreement with Oguti and Hayashi (1984) and Hosokawa et al. (2010b). In addition to confirming these earlier results and adding to their statistical significance, the contribution of this study is to quantify the upward and downward current magnitudes, in some cases using two satellites traversing the same pulsating regions. Finally, we compare Swarm's two‐satellite field‐aligned current product to the single‐satellite results and determine that the data product can be compromised in regions of pulsating aurora, a phenomenon that occurs over widespread regions and tends to persist for long periods of time. These results underscore the importance of electrical coupling between the ionosphere and magnetosphere in regions of patchy pulsating aurora.
Electron density and parallel electric field distribution of the auroral density cavity
Authors: Alm L. , Marklund G. T. , Karlsson T. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe present an event study in which Cluster satellites C1 and C3 encounters the flux tube of a stable auroral arc in the premidnight sector. C1 observes the midcavity, while C3 enters the flux tube of the auroral arc at an altitude which is below the acceleration region, before crossing into the top half of the acceleration region. This allows us to study the boundary between the ionosphere and the density cavity, as well as large portion of the upper density cavity. The position of the two satellites, in relation to the acceleration region, is described using a pseudo altitude derived from the distribution of the parallel potential drop above and below the satellites. The electron density exhibits an anticorrelation with the pseudo altitude, indicating that the lowest electron densities are found near the top of the density cavity. Over the entire pseudo altitude range, the electron density distribution is similar to a planar sheath, formed out of a plasma sheet dominated electron distribution, in response to the parallel electric field of the acceleration region. This indicates that the parallel electric fields on the ionosphere‐cavity boundary, as well as the midcavity parallel electric fields, are part of one unified structure rather than two discrete entities. The results highlight the strong connection between the auroral density cavity and auroral acceleration as well as the necessity of studying them in a unified fashion.
Paleocene‐Early Eocene uplift of the Altyn Tagh Mountain: Evidence from detrital zircon fission track analysis and seismic sections in the northwestern Qaidam basin
Authors: Wang Yadong , Zheng Jianjing , Zheng Youwei , Liu Xingwang , Sun Guoqiang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMost existing tectonic models suggest that the deformation and uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau is the latest crustal response to the collision of the India Plate and Eurasian Plate. The tectonic evolution of Altyn Tagh Mountain (hereafter called simply the “Altyn Tagh”), on the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, has attracted considerable scientific attention. In this study, we use fission track age dates of detrital zircons from the northwestern Qaidam basin together with sedimentary observations to understand more fully the Cenozoic tectonic uplift of the Altyn Tagh. Detrital zircons from five borehole samples distributed in different folds in the northwestern Qaidam basin yielded ages mainly ranging from 88.5 to 49.2 Ma, older than their sedimentary deposition ages (43.8–22 Ma). The binomial distribution in grain age fitted peaks was generally dominated by one young peak, P1, which varied from 73.6 to 47.2 Ma. A thinning of the Cenozoic Lulehe Formation (53.5–43.8 Ma) stretched from the inner Qaidam basin to the slopes of the Altyn Tagh in the seismic sections of the northwestern Qaidam basin. Based on magnetostratigraphic dating, there was a hiatus in sedimentation in the Qaidam basin between 65 Ma and 54 Ma; this was confirmed by seismic profiles and borehole data, which show an unconformity between the Mesozoic Quanyagou Formation and the Lulehe Formation. Combined with an analysis of provenance, the detrital zircon young peak age and the sedimentary record revealed that the most significant regional uplift of the Altyn Tagh occurred during the Paleogene‐Early Eocene, almost coinciding with the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates between 65 Ma and 44 Ma.
Laboratory‐based seismic attenuation in Fontainebleau sandstone: Evidence of squirt flow
Authors: Subramaniyan Shankar , Quintal Beatriz , Madonna Claudio , Saenger Erik H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAt seismic frequencies (1–100 Hz), we studied attenuation in the laboratory using the forced oscillation method. We adopted the longitudinal mode of oscillation, which yields the Young's modulus and the corresponding attenuation, here defined as the inverse quality factor. A Fontainebleau sandstone with a porosity of 8% and a permeability of 12 mD was saturated with different fluids and investigated at the confining pressures of 5, 10, and 15 MPa. At all the measured confining pressures, while attenuation was zero for the dry sample, for partial and full water saturation, it gradually increased from nearly zero to ~0.02 with increasing frequency. The sample was then fully saturated with glycerin‐water mixtures of varying viscosities, up to that of glycerin (8, 92, 485, and 1414 cP). At the confining pressure of 5 MPa, a bell‐shaped attenuation curve peaking at ~6 Hz with a magnitude of ~0.11 was observed when the sample was fully saturated with glycerin (1414 cP). A decrease in viscosity of the saturating fluid shifted the attenuation curve to higher frequencies, and an increase in confining pressure caused a decrease in the overall magnitude of attenuation. The data obtained for glycerin were compared to a simple squirt flow model with sufficient agreement, implying that squirt flow is the dominant mechanism responsible for the observed attenuation.
Short‐term variation of cosmic radiation measured by aircraft under constant flight conditions
Authors: Lee Jaejin , Nam Uk‐Won , Pyo Jeonghyun , Kim Sunghwan , Kwon Yong‐Jun , Lee Jaewon , Park Inchun , Kim Myung‐Hee Y. , Dachev Tsventan P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe temporal variations in cosmic radiation on aircraft under constant flight conditions were measured by a Liulin detector. Rather than a commercial long‐distance aircraft, we used a military reconnaissance aircraft performing a circular flight at a constant altitude over the Korean Peninsula. At 9144 m (30,000 ft), the mean and standard deviation of the radiation dose rate (among 35 measurements) was 2.3 and 0.17 μSv/h, respectively. The experiment yielded two observational results. First, the dose rate changed over a flight time of 5–7 h; second, no strong correlation was revealed between the cosmic rays observed from the ground‐based neutron monitor and the radiation doses at aircraft altitude. These observations can provide insight into the short‐term variation of cosmic radiation at aviation altitudes. When discarding various negligible factors, it is postulated that the changes in the geomagnetic field and the air density still could affect the variation of cosmic radiation at aircraft altitude. However, various factors are less known about the dependence on the cosmic radiation. Therefore, investigations of possible factors are also warranted at the monitoring points of space weather.
Hypomyelination following deletion of Tsc2 in oligodendrocyte precursors
Authors: Carson Robert P. , Kelm Nathaniel D. , West Kathryn L. , Does Mark D. , Fu Cary , Weaver Grace , McBrier Eleanor , Parker Brittany , Grier Mark D. , Ess Kevin C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveWhile abnormalities in myelin in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) have been known for some time, recent imaging‐based data suggest myelin abnormalities may be independent of the pathognomonic cortical lesions (“tubers”). Multiple mouse models of TSC exhibit myelination deficits, though the cell types responsible and the mechanisms underlying the myelin abnormalities remain unclear.MethodsTo determine the role of alterations in mTOR signaling in myelination, we generated a conditional knockout (CKO) mouse model using Cre‐recombinase and the Olig2 promoter to inactivate the Tsc2 gene in oligodendrocyte precursor cells.ResultsCharacterization of myelin and myelin constituent proteins demonstrated a marked hypomyelination phenotype. Diffusion‐based magnetic resonance imaging studies were likewise consistent with hypomyelination. Hypomyelination was due in part to decreased myelinated axon density and myelin thickness as well as decreased oligodendrocyte numbers. Coincident with hypomyelination, an extensive gliosis was seen in both the cortex and white matter tracks, suggesting alterations in cell fate due to changes in mTOR activity in oligodendrocyte precursors. Despite a high‐frequency appendicular tremor and altered gait in CKO mice, no significant changes in activity, vocalizations, or anxiety‐like phenotypes were seen.InterpretationOur findings support a known role of mTOR signaling in regulation of myelination and demonstrate that increased mTORC1 activity early in development within oligodendrocytes results in hypomyelination and not hypermyelination. Our data further support a dissociation between decreased Akt activity and increased mTORC1 activity toward hypomyelination. Thus, therapies promoting activation of Akt‐dependent pathways while reducing mTORC1 activity may prove beneficial in treatment of human disease.
Nickel–Copper‐Catalyzed C(sp2)N Cross‐Coupling of Cyclic and Bridged Amides: An Access to Cyclic Enamides and Alkenyl Vince Lactams
Authors: Maity Pintu , Kundu Debasish , Ranu Brindaban C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn efficient C(sp2)N cross‐coupling of styrenyl and vinyl halides with cyclic and bridged amides catalyzed by nickel acetonylacetonate [Ni(acac)2] and copper(I) iodide (CuI) in the absence of any ligand has been developed. The reaction conditions are optimized to give the maximum yield of products using cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) (2.0 equiv.) in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) at 110 °C under argon in the presence of Ni(acac)2/CuI (10 mol% each). A series of alkenyl derivatives of Vince lactams (bridged amides) and cyclic amides are obtained by this procedure. Halogen‐containing styrenyl bromides also underwent coupling with amides to provide the products. The coupling is highly chemoselective as during the reactions the halogens (Br, Cl, F) on the aromatic ring remained intact and these can be used for further functionalization to make these enamides more useful. Although the (E)‐styrenyl halides produced the corresponding (E)‐styrenyl enamides, reactions with (Z)‐styrenyl halides produced 1,3‐di‐ynes instead of (Z)‐styrenyl enamides. This may be explained by the possibility of E2 type elimination of (Z)‐styrenyl halides in the presence of a strong base like cesium carbonate followed by homocoupling. This catalyst system works efficiently for the N‐arylation too along with N‐styrenylation and vinylation. The bridged as well as cyclic amides successfully coupled with substituted aryl halides to provide the corresponding products. In general, the reactions are clean and high yielding. The operations are very simple and the products are obtained pure by standard column chromatography. The reaction is compatible with variety of amides and alkenyl bromides. The roles of nickel acetonylacetonate and copper(I) iodide in this reaction have been established and a possible reaction pathway has been outlined. The significant feature of this protocol is the alkenylation of Vince lactams via C(sp2)N cross‐coupling, which has not been reported so far and these products may have much potential in the pharmaceutical industry.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Bond Ortho Acylation/Annulation with Toluene Derivatives
Authors: Yang Lingyun , Han Li , Xu Bin , Zhao Leilei , Zhou Jinpei , Zhang Huibin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed cascade cross‐coupling of benzamide and toluene for the synthesis of 3‐hydroxyisoindolin‐1‐one is described. This method allows C−H bond ortho acylation/annulation with a Pd/TBHP system in an atom‐economical and environmentally friendly manner. In addition, a variety of substrates are well tolerated.
Vascular Defects and Spinal Cord Hypoxia in Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Somers Eilidh , Lees Robert D. , Hoban Katie , Sleigh James N. , Zhou Haiyan , Muntoni Francesco , Talbot Kevin , Gillingwater Thomas H. , Parson Simon H. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a major inherited cause of infant death worldwide. It results from mutations in a single, ubiquitously expressed gene (SMN1), with loss of lower motor neurons being the primary pathological signature. Systemic defects have also been reported in SMA patients and animal models. We investigated whether defects associated with the vasculature contribute to motor neuron pathology in SMA.MethodsDevelopment and integrity of the capillary bed was examined in skeletal muscle and spinal cord of SMA mice, and muscle biopsies from SMA patients and controls, using quantitative morphometric approaches on immunohistochemically labeled tissue. Pimonidazole hydrochloride–based assays were used to identify functional hypoxia.ResultsThe capillary bed in muscle and spinal cord was normal in presymptomatic SMA mice (postnatal day 1), but failed to match subsequent postnatal development in control littermates. At mid‐ and late‐symptomatic time points, the extent of the vascular architecture observed in two distinct mouse models of SMA was ∼50% of that observed in control animals. Skeletal muscle biopsies from human patients confirmed the presence of developmentally similar, significant vascular depletion in severe SMA. Hypovascularity in SMA mouse spinal cord was accompanied by significant functional hypoxia and defects in the blood–spinal cord barrier.InterpretationOur results indicate that vascular defects are a major feature of severe forms of SMA, present in both mouse models and patients, resulting in functional hypoxia of motor neurons. Thus, abnormal vascular development and resulting hypoxia may contribute to the pathogenesis of SMA. Ann Neurol 2016;79:217–230
ADSSL1 mutation relevant to autosomal recessive adolescent onset distal myopathy
Authors: Park Hyung Jun , Hong Young Bin , Choi Young‐Chul , Lee Jinho , Kim Eun Ja , Lee Ji‐Su , Mo Won Min , Ki Soo Mi , Kim Hyo In , Kim Hye Jin , Hyun Young Se , Hong Hyun Dae , Nam Kisoo , Jung Sung Chul , Kim Sang‐Beom , Kim Se Hoon , Kim Deok‐Ho , Oh Ki‐Wook , Kim Seung Hyun , Yoo Jeong Hyun , Lee Ji Eun , Chung Ki Wha , Choi Byung‐Ok 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveDistal myopathy is a heterogeneous group of muscle diseases characterized by predominant distal muscle weakness. A study was done to identify the underlying cause of autosomal recessive adolescent onset distal myopathy.MethodsFour patients from 2 unrelated Korean families were evaluated. To isolate the genetic cause, exome sequencing was performed. In vitro and in vivo assays using myoblast cells and zebrafish models were performed to examine the ADSSL1 mutation causing myopathy pathogenesis.ResultsPatients had an adolescent onset distal myopathy phenotype that included distal dominant weakness, facial muscle weakness, rimmed vacuoles, and mild elevation of serum creatine kinase. Exome sequencing identified completely cosegregating compound heterozygous mutations (p.D304N and p.I350fs) in ADSSL1, which encodes a muscle‐specific adenylosuccinate synthase in both families. None of the controls had both mutations, and the mutation sites were located in well‐conserved regions. Both the D304N and I350fs mutations in ADSSL1 led to decreased enzymatic activity. The knockdown of the Adssl1 gene significantly inhibited the proliferation of mouse myoblast cells, and the addition of human wild‐type ADSSL1 reversed the reduced viability. In an adssl1 knockdown zebrafish model, muscle fibers were severely disrupted, which was evaluated by myosin expression and birefringence. In these conditions, supplementing wild‐type ADSSL1 protein reversed the muscle defect.InterpretationWe suggest that mutations in ADSSL1 are the novel genetic cause of the autosomal recessive adolescent onset distal myopathy. This study broadens the genetic and clinical spectrum of distal myopathy and will be useful for exact molecular diagnostics. Ann Neurol 2016;79:231–243
Intermolecular [2+2+1] Carbonylative Cycloaddition of Aldehydes with Alkynes, and Subsequent Oxidation to γ‐Hydroxybutenolides by a Supported Ruthenium Catalyst
Authors: Miura Hiroki , Takeuchi Kazuki , Shishido Tetsuya 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntermolecular [2+2+1] carbonylative cycloaddition of aldehydes with alkynes and subsequent oxidation to γ‐hydroxybutenolides is achieved using a supported ruthenium catalyst. A ceria‐supported ruthenium catalyst promotes the reaction efficiently, even with an ambient pressure of CO or without external CO, thus giving the corresponding γ‐hydroxybutenolide derivatives in good to high yields. Moreover this catalyst can be reused with no loss of activity.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Decarboxylative Functionalization of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Authors: Xuan Jun , Zhang Zhao‐Guo , Xiao Wen‐Jing 
Published: October 2015

AbstractVisible‐light‐induced radical decarboxylative functionalization of carboxylic acids and their derivatives has recently received considerable attention as a novel and efficient method to create CC and CX bonds. Generally, this visible‐light‐promoted decarboxylation process can smoothly occur under mild reaction conditions with a broad range of substrates and an excellent functional‐group tolerance. The radical species formed from the decarboxylation step can participate in not only single photocatalytic transformations, but also dual‐catalytic cross‐coupling reactions by combining photoredox catalysis with other catalytic processes. Recent advances in this research area are discussed herein.
Triplet State Aromaticity: NICS Criterion, Hyperconjugation, and Charge Effects
Authors: Sun Hongchao , An Ke , Zhu Jun 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAromaticity, one of the most important concepts in organic chemistry, has attracted considerable interest from both experimentalists and theoreticians. It remains unclear which NICS index is best to evaluate the triplet‐state aromaticity. Here, we carry out thorough density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine this issue. Our results indicate that among the various computationally available NICS indices, NICS(1)zz is the best for the triplet state. The correlations can be improved from 0.840 to 0.938 when only neutral species are considered, demonstrating the significant effect of the charge on the triplet‐state aromaticity. In addition, calculations suggest that five‐membered cyclic species with “hyperconjugative” aromaticity (and antiaromaticity) in the S0 state will become antiaromatic (and aromatic) in the T1 state, indicating an important role of hyperconjugation. Finally, a moderate correlation (r2=0.708) is identified between the NICS(1)zz values and spin distributions.
Different applications of virus‐like particles in biology and medicine: Vaccination and delivery systems
Authors: Shirbaghaee Zeinab , Bolhassani Azam 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTVirus‐like particles (VLPs) mimic the whole construct of virus particles devoid of viral genome as used in subunit vaccine design. VLPs can elicit efficient protective immunity as direct immunogens compared to soluble antigens co‐administered with adjuvants in several booster injections. Up to now, several prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems such as insect, yeast, plant, and E. coli were used to express recombinant proteins, especially for VLP production. Recent studies are also generating VLPs in plants using different transient expression vectors for edible vaccines. VLPs and viral particles have been applied for different functions such as gene therapy, vaccination, nanotechnology, and diagnostics. Herein, we describe VLP production in different systems as well as its applications in biology and medicine. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 113–132, 2016.