bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristic interactions and evaluation of the parameters of the transport equation and formation, including porosity, from data of measurements by some nuclear geophysical methods
Authors: Khisamutdinov A.I. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
An important but problematic component of nuclear geophysical technologies is computer inversion of measurement data based on the equation of particle transport. In this paper, we propose an approach and iterative methods for this inversion that are applicable to many problems of evaluation formation characteristics, including elemental composition, from data of corresponding logging methods. This approach is based on defining characteristic elements, interactions, and trajectories and using the superposition principle for transport processes, and linear a priori constraints on unknowns are used. In comparison with the previous publications of the author, this paper deals with a broader type of measurement data, including the reading ratio of detectors and normalized measurements. The iterative methods are specified for problems of determining the porosity and density from data of neutron-neutron and gamma-gamma logs, respectively. For the first of them, the results of numerical experiments are presented.
Mechanism of wavelength conversion in polystyrene doped with benzoxanthene: emergence of a complex
Authors: Nakamura Hidehito , Shirakawa Yoshiyuki , Kitamura Hisashi , Sato Nobuhiro , Shinji Osamu , Saito Katashi , Takahashi Sentaro 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFluorescent guest molecules doped in polymers have been used to convert ultraviolet light into visible light for applications ranging from optical fibres to filters for the cultivation of plants. The wavelength conversion process involves the absorption of light at short wavelengths followed by fluorescence emission at a longer wavelength. However, a precise understanding of the light conversion remains unclear. Here we show light responses for a purified polystyrene base substrates doped with fluorescent benzoxanthene in concentrations varied over four orders of magnitude. The shape of the excitation spectrum for fluorescence emission changes significantly with the concentration of the benzoxanthene, indicating formation of a base substrate/fluorescent molecule complex. Furthermore, the wavelength conversion light yield increases in three stages depending on the nature of the complex. These findings identify a mechanism that will have many applications in wavelength conversion materials.
High Performance Graphene Oxide Based Rubber Composites
Authors: Mao Yingyan , Wen Shipeng , Chen Yulong , Zhang Fazhong , Panine Pierre , Chan Tung W. , Zhang Liqun , Liang Yongri , Liu Li 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this paper, graphene oxide/styrene-butadiene rubber (GO/SBR) composites with complete exfoliation of GO sheets were prepared by aqueous-phase mixing of GO colloid with SBR latex and a small loading of butadiene-styrene-vinyl-pyridine rubber (VPR) latex, followed by their co-coagulation. During co-coagulation, VPR not only plays a key role in the prevention of aggregation of GO sheets but also acts as an interface-bridge between GO and SBR. The results demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the GO/SBR composite with 2.0 vol.% GO is comparable with those of the SBR composite reinforced with 13.1 vol.% of carbon black (CB), with a low mass density and a good gas barrier ability to boot. The present work also showed that GO-silica/SBR composite exhibited outstanding wear resistance and low-rolling resistance which make GO-silica/SBR very competitive for the green tire application, opening up enormous opportunities to prepare high performance rubber composites for future engineering applications.
Neuropsychological Functioning among Chronic Khat Users in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ismail Ahmed A. , El Sanosy Rashad M. , Rohlman Diane S. , El-Setouhy Maged 
Published: August 2013

Background Khat chewing effects in the central nervous system are attributed to cathinone and cathine, which are structurally related to amphetamine. However, studies on neuropsychological problems arising from khat use in humans are not extensive and have only included observational and single-case studies. The aims of this study were to (1) to examine neuropsychological functions among khat chewers, and (2) to determine factors affecting neuropsychological outcomes among khat chewers. Methods A sample of 70 adult male khat chewers and a control group of 72 nonchewers were recruited from the Jazan region in southwest Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire examining socioeconomic background, medical and occupational history, education, and khat chewing behaviors was administered. Neuropsychological performance was assessed using computerized tests from the Behavioral Assessment and Research System (BARS) that assessed learning, episodic and working memory, motor speed/coordination, attention/information processing speed, sustained attention, set-shifting/response inhibition, and perceptual functions; noncomputerized tests, Trail Making A and B, Block Design, and Benton Visual Retention tests were also administered. Results Khat chewers performed significantly worse on 3 out of 14 neuropsychological subtests compared with the control group, representing learning, motor speed/coordination, and set-shifting/response inhibition functions. Age and educational level were identified as predictors of neuropsychological outcomes of khat chewers. Conclusions The chronic chewing of khat leaves is associated with deficits in some neuropsychological functions, which may affect the mental and neurological health of communities in which khat chewing is a common habit.
Mutagenesis of Individual Pentatricopeptide Repeat Motifs Affects RNA Binding Activity and Reveals Functional Partitioning of Arabidopsis PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION3
Authors: Fujii Sota , Sato Nozomi , Shikanai Toshiharu 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins bind RNA and act in multiple eukaryotic processes, including RNA editing, RNA stability, and translation. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the functional versatility of Arabidopsis thaliana PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION3 (PGR3), a chloroplast protein harboring 27 PPR motifs. Previous studies suggested that PGR3 acts in (1) stabilization of photosynthetic electron transport L (petL) operon RNA, (2) translation of petL, and (3) translation of ndhA. We showed here that replacement of the 4th amino acid of the 12th PPR with nonpolar or charged amino acids abolished functions (1) and (2) but not (3) of PGR3 by compromising the function of this specific PPR. This discovery enabled us to knock out the RNA binding ability of individual PPR motifs. Consequently, we showed that the 16 N-terminal PPRs were sufficient for function (1) via sequence-specific RNA binding, whereas the 11 C-terminal motifs were essential for functions (2) and (3) by activating translation. We also clarified that the 14th amino acid of the 12th PPR should be positively charged to make the PPR functionally active. Our finding opens up the possibility of selectively manipulating the functions of PPR proteins.
3D diffraction imaging of linear features and its application to seismic monitoring
Authors: Alonaizi Faisal , Pevzner Roman , Bóna Andrej , Shulakova Valeriya , Gurevich Boris 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTMany subsurface features, such as faults, fractures, cracks, or fluid content terminations are defined by geological discontinuities. The seismic response from such features is encoded in diffractions. We develop an algorithm for imaging such discontinuities by detecting edge diffractions. The algorithm exploits phase‐reversal phenomena of edge diffractions and uses them as a criterion to separate these diffractions from specular reflections and diffractions produced by a leaner object. The performance of the method is demonstrated on both synthetic and real 3D seismic data. The output image focuses the diffracted energy back to its origin and shows high semblance values at the edge of the object. The method is applied on conventionally stacked data producing an image that contains only diffraction events called the D‐volume. We also reveal the potential of diffractions to image and track the changes of a CO2 plume using time‐lapse analysis and detect any possible CO2 seepage from its primary containment.
A systematic review of ultrasonography as an outcome measure of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Ch'ng Shereen S. , Roddy Janet , Keen Helen I. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe modified Rodnan skin score is widely accepted as a validated tool to assess skin involvement in systemic sclerosis, which is a hallmark of this heterogeneous disease. Ultrasonography is increasingly being utilized in the study of other rheumatic diseases. The utility of ultrasonography to measure skin thickness in systemic sclerosis has been explored since three decades ago. The aim of this review was to examine the validity of ultrasonography as an outcome measure of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis. Original articles in English, published before December 2010, pertaining to the use of B mode ultrasound assessing skin involvement in systemic sclerosis were reviewed. Data were extracted with a focus on criterion and construct validity, reproducibility and responsiveness to change. Seventeen papers were analyzed. Skin thickness was most commonly studied, although skin echogenicity has also been examined. There was heterogeneity with regards to subjects, definitions used and sites imaged. Although there was limited information regarding reliability, when reported, the results showed excellent reproducibility. There was also a lack of construct and criterion validity and evidence for sensitivity to change. Ultrasound has potential as an outcome measure in systemic sclerosis. However, more work needs to be done in order to prove that it is a feasible outcome measure with proven validity.
Is experience on a farm an effective approach to understanding animal products and the management of dairy farming?
Authors: Mochizuki Mariko , Osada Masahiro , Ishioka Katsumi , Matsubara Takako , Momota Yutaka , Yumoto Norio , Sako Toshinori , Kamiya Shinji , Yoshimura Itaru 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe understanding of animal products and dairy farming is important for the promotion of dairy farming. Thus, to examine the effects of farm experience on the understanding of animal products and the management of dairy farming, the interaction between students and dairy cows was investigated in groups of first‐year veterinary nursing students in 2011 and 2012 (n = 201). These students included 181 women and 20 men. Nine items about dairy cows were presented in a questionnaire. The survey was performed before and after praxis on the educational farm attached to the authors' university. After praxis on the farm, increases occurred in the number of positive responses to the items involving the price of milk, dairy farming and the taste of milk. For these items, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between the scores obtained before and after training. The results of the study suggested that farm experience is useful for improving the understanding of animal products and dairy farming.
A bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide (BMAP‐28) kills methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus but promotes adherence of the bacteria
Authors: Takagi Shiaki , Bai Lanlan , Ozeki Tomomitsu , Miyagi Hikaru , Kuroda Kengo , Hayashi Shunji , Yoneyama Hiroshi , Ando Tasuke , Isogai Emiko 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe cathelicidin family is one of the several families of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). A bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide (BMAP‐28) belongs to this family. Recently, the emergence of drug‐resistant bacteria such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a big problem. AMPs are expected to be leading compounds of new antibiotics against drug‐resistant bacteria. In this study, we focused on the activity of BMAP‐28 against bacterial cell surfaces. First, we observed morphological change of MRSA caused by BMAP‐28 using a scanning probe microscope. We also studied activities of BMAP‐28 against adherence of S. aureus to fibronectin, collagen type I, collagen type IV. We confirmed whether BMAP‐28 can bind to lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of S. aureus. BMAP‐28 was indicated as damaging the cell surface of MRSA. In a particular range of concentrations, BMAP‐28 promoted adherence of S. aureus against fibronectin and collagens. It was revealed that BMAP‐28 and LTA of S. aureus bound with each other. Our study showed the potential of BMAP‐28 which can damage MRSA and interact with LTA of S. aureus but promote its adherence in some concentrations. This study provides new points of which to take notice when we use AMPs as medicines.
Increased ectopic fat cells in the longitudinal muscularis layer of the oviduct isthmus in obese Japanese Black cows
Authors: Maki Sachiko , Kadokawa Hiroya 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn obese humans, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to become ectopic fat cells in muscles. These ectopic fat cells inhibit the contraction of vascular smooth muscles. Stem cells have been recently identified in the human oviduct, a structure important in reproduction. We therefore investigated the number of Oil Red O (ORO)‐positive cells in the oviducts of control Japanese Black cows (n = 6; body condition score [BCS], 3.0 on a 5‐point scale) compared to those with diet‐induced obesity (n = 5; BCS, 4.0). We stained the ampulla and isthmus collected on the second day after ovulation with ORO and then counted the positive cells in each layer in 10 cross‐sections of the ampulla or isthmus. The obese group (23.4 ± 3.4 in the 10 sections) had larger numbers of ORO‐positive cells in the longitudinal muscularis of the isthmus (P < 0.05) than did the control group (15.0 ± 2.4). ORO‐positive cells were also observed in all other layers of the isthmus and ampulla; however, the number of cells in these layers did not differ significantly between obese cows and controls. Whether this observed increase in ORO‐positive cells in the oviducts of obese cows affects their reproduction warrants further study.
Autosomal dominant PIK3R1 mutations cause SHORT syndrome
Authors: Chung B.K. , Gibson W.T. 
Published: August 2013

PIK3R1 mutations cause syndromic insulin resistance with lipoatrophy.Thauvin‐Robinet et al. (2013)The American Journal of Human Genetics 93: 141–149SHORT syndrome with partial lipodystrophy due to impaired phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase signalling.Chudasama et al. (2013)The American Journal of Human Genetics 93: 150–157Mutations in PIK3R1 cause SHORT syndrome.Dyment et al. (2013)The American Journal of Human Genetics 93: 158–166
Behaviours associated with weight loss maintenance and regaining in a Mediterranean population sample. A qualitative study
Authors: Karfopoulou E. , Mouliou K. , Koutras Y. , Yannakoulia M. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
In the US, the National Weight Control Registry revealed lifestyle behaviours shared by weight loss maintainers. In the US and the UK, qualitative studies compared the experiences of weight loss maintainers and regainers.
High rates of physical activity, a low‐energy/low‐fat diet, weight self‐monitoring, breakfast consumption and flexible control of eating are well‐established maintenance behaviours.
What this study adds
The Mediterranean lifestyle has not been studied relative to weight loss maintenance. This study focused on a sample of Greek maintainers and regainers.
Maintainers emphasized home‐cooked meals; their diet does not appear to be low‐fat, as home‐cooked Greek meals are rich in olive oil.
Having a small dinner is a common strategy among maintainers. Health motives were not mentioned by maintainers. Maintainers, but not regainers, appeared to compensate for emotional eating.
Weight loss maintenance is imperative to successful obesity treatment. We qualitatively explored lifestyle behaviours associated with weight regulation, in a sample of Greek volunteers who had lost weight and either maintained or regained it. A 10% intentional loss maintained for at least one year was considered successful maintenance. Volunteers (n = 44, 41% men) formed eight focus groups, four of maintainers and four of regainers. Questions regarded weight loss, weight maintenance or regaining, and beliefs on weight maintenance and regaining. All discussions were tape recorded. Maintainers lost weight on their own, whereas regainers sought professional help. Maintainers exercised during both the loss and maintenance phases, whereas regainers showed inconsistent physical activity levels. Health motives for weight loss were mentioned only by regainers. Emotional eating was a common barrier, but only maintainers compensated for it. Maintainers continuously applied specific strategies to maintain their weight: emphasizing home‐cooked meals, high eating frequency, a small dinner, portion size regulation, and sweets' intake regulation. Regainers considered the behaviours leading to weight loss different from their normal lifestyle, and resumed their old habits when the diet was over. However, both groups believed that for long‐term success, lifestyle changes need to be permanent.
An intragastric balloon produces large weight losses in the absence of a change in ghrelin or peptide YY
Authors: Fuller N. R. , Lau N. S. , Denyer G. , Caterson I. D 
Published: August 2013

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject?
The development of obesity is a multi‐factorial process that results in an alteration in the neuroendocrine hormones that help regulate appetite and body weight. Weight loss has been shown to alter this neuroendocrine balance so as to promote weight regain.
An intragastric balloon is an effective method to achieve significant weight loss in obese patients and is well suited for those patients who are looking for an alternative to lifestyle modification alone, and those who are not ready or suitable for surgical intervention.
Limited research has shown that the weight loss achieved with an intragastric balloon is mediated by altered secretion of the hormones that regulate appetite and weight.
What does this study add?
There are currently limited data on the effects of intragastric balloons on appetite and weight‐related hormones.
In the current study, we have investigated a broad range of gut hormones and adipokines and their response to weight loss induced by differing methods, and the subsequent effect this may have on weight regain.
This is an important research area as novel therapies and long‐term strategies are needed to counteract the unfavourable changes to the neuroendocrine control of appetite and satiety associated with diet‐induced weight loss.
This study aims to determine the effect of weight loss achieved with different methods on fasting levels of appetite hormones. Sixty‐six obese adults with metabolic syndrome were randomized to intragastric balloon (IGB) for 6 months, with a 12‐month behavioural modification programme (IGB group, ‘IGBG’) or a 12‐month behavioural modification programme alone (control group, ‘CG’). Anthropometric assessments and blood samples were taken every 3 months and total ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), adiponectin and leptin were measured. Significant weight‐loss differences favouring the IGBG were evident between groups at all time points. Ghrelin increased when the IGB was in situ (+39.3 pmol L−1 vs. baseline) and returned to baseline after its removal (−34.7 pmol L−1). Adiponectin and PYY levels remained stable in the IGBG, with transient increases noted in the CG. There were no significant between‐group differences for ghrelin, PYY or adiponectin. In the IGBG, despite a decrease in leptin at 6 months (−11.7 ng mL−1), levels increased to baseline after IGB removal (−3.7 ng mL−1). In summary, weight loss associated with the IGB did not alter fasting levels of PYY or adiponectin. There was a return of ghrelin and leptin levels to baseline values after IGB removal. No compensatory rise in ghrelin was evident in either group 12 months after initial weight reduction, suggesting that such treatment strategies may lead to better long‐term sustainable weight loss.
Long‐term outcome of the anal fistula plug for anal fistula of cryptoglandular origin
Authors: Tan K.‐K. , Kaur G. , Byrne C. M. , Young C. J. , Wright C. , Solomon M. J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimThis study aimed to evaluate the long‐term outcome of the anal fistula plug in the treatment of anal fistula of cryptoglandular origin.MethodA review of all patients who had at least one anal fistula plug inserted from March 2007 to August 2008 was performed. Only anal fistulae of cryptoglandular origin were included. Success was defined as the closure of the external opening with no further purulent discharge or collection.ResultsThirty anal fistula plugs were inserted in 26 patients [median age 40 (26–70) years]. Twenty‐six of the fistulae were transsphincteric and three were suprasphincteric. One patient had a high intersphincteric fistula, which was the only fistula that did not have a seton inserted. The median duration between seton insertion and the plug procedure was 12 (4–28) weeks. The median length of the fistula tract was 3 (1–7.5) cm. After a median follow‐up of 59 (13–97) weeks, 26 (86.7%) fistulae recurred. Of the 26 failures, the median time to failure was 8 (2–54) weeks. Subsequent surgical interventions were performed in 20 of the failures.ConclusionThe role of the fistula plug in the management of anal fistula of cryptoglandular origin remains debatable and warrants further evaluation.
Individualizing treatment and choice of medication in lichen planus: a step by step approach
Authors: Manousaridis Ioannis , Manousaridis Kleanthis , Peitsch Wiebke Katharina , Schneider Stefan Werner 
Published: August 2013

SummaryAlthough lichen planus is one of the most common dermatological entities, very few reviews on its management exist in the literature. Standard therapeutic approaches include various topical treatments (including topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, vitamin D analogs) and phototherapy modalities, as well as systemic corticosteroids and systemic retinoids. While localized skin lesions are easily managed with standard modalities, generalized forms and in particular involvement of hair follicles, nails and mucosa, as well as eyes are often challenging. This review proposes an evidence‐based and differential therapeutic regime, taking into account many new emerging systemic therapies to help clinicians optimize treatment according to the type, extent and severity of the disease. An individual therapeutic ladder has been developed for each location, starting with standard modalities and ranking alternative systemic treatments (mainly methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine, as well as cyclosporine, azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil) according to efficacy, evidence level and side‐effect profile.