bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amphetamine stimulates movement through thalamocortical glutamate release
Authors: Mabrouk Omar S. , Semaan Daniel Z. , Mikelman Sarah , Gnegy Margaret E. , Kennedy Robert T. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe ventrolateral thalamus (VL) is a primary relay point between the basal ganglia and the primary motor cortex (M1). Using dual probe microdialysis and locomotor behavior monitoring, we investigated the contribution of VL input into M1 during amphetamine (AMPH)‐stimulated monoamine release and hyperlocomotion in rats. Tetrodotoxin (10 μM) perfusion into the VL significantly lowered hyperactivity induced by AMPH (1 mg/kg i.p.). This behavioral response corresponded to reduced cortical glutamate and monoamine release. To determine which glutamate receptors the thalamocortical projections acted upon, we perfused either the α‐amino‐3‐(3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐isoxazol‐4‐yl)propanoic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonist 2,3‐dihydroxy‐6‐nitro‐7‐sulfamoyl‐benzo[f]quinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (NBQX) (10 μM) or the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist (MK‐801) intracortically followed by systemic AMPH. The results show that AMPA/kainate, and to a lesser extent NMDA receptors, mediated the observed effects. As glutamate–monoamine interactions could possibly occur through local or circuit‐based mechanisms, we isolated and perfused M1 tissue ex vivo to determine the extent of local glutamate–dopamine interactions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that AMPH generates hyperlocomotive states via thalamocortical signaling and that cortical AMPA receptors are an important mediator of these effects.
imageThis study utilizes dual probe microdialysis sampling and comprehensive LC‐MS analysis to determine the effects of amphetamine (1 mg/kg i.p.) on thalamocortical neurotransmission. Using pharmacological tools such as local thalamic tetrodotoxin (TTX) perfusion and glutamate antagonist at the cortical level, we demonstrate that thalamocortical glutamate (acting primarily through cortical AMPA receptors) is an essential component in amphetamine‐induced hyperlocomotion.
Duration of Executive Compensation
Authors: GOPALAN RADHAKRISHNAN , MILBOURN TODD , SONG FENGHUA , THAKOR ANJAN V. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTExtensive discussions on the inefficiencies of “short‐termism” in executive compensation notwithstanding, little is known empirically about the extent of such short‐termism. We develop a novel measure of executive pay duration that reflects the vesting periods of different pay components, thereby quantifying the extent to which compensation is short‐term. We calculate pay duration in various industries and document its correlation with firm characteristics. Pay duration is longer in firms with more growth opportunities, more long‐term assets, greater R&D intensity, lower risk, and better recent stock performance. Longer CEO pay duration is negatively related to the extent of earnings‐increasing accruals.
A Randomized Trial on Simplified and Conventional Methods for Complete Denture Fabrication: Cost Analysis
Authors: Vecchia Maria Paula Della , Regis Rômulo Rocha , Cunha Tatiana Ramirez , de Andrade Ingrid Machado , da Matta Julio César Souza , de Souza Raphael Freitas 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to quantify the costs of complete denture fabrication by a simplified method compared with a conventional protocol.Materials and MethodsA sample of edentulous patients needing conventional maxillary and mandibular complete dentures was randomly divided into group S, which received dentures fabricated by a simplified method, and group C, which received conventionally fabricated dentures. We calculated direct and indirect costs for each participant including unscheduled procedures. This study assessed 19 and 20 participants allocated into groups S and C, respectively, and comparisons between groups were conducted by the Mann‐Whitney and Student'st‐test (α = 0.05).ResultsComplete denture fabrication demanded median time periods of 173.2 and 284.5 minutes from the operator for groups S and C respectively, and 46.6 and 61.7 minutes from the dental assistant (significant differences,p< 0.05). There was no difference between groups regarding postinsertion adjustments. Group S showed lower values for costs with materials and time spent by patients than group C during the fabrication stage, but not during adjustments.ConclusionsThe median direct cost of complete denture treatment was 34.9% lower for the simplified method. It can be concluded that the simplified method is less costly for patients and the health system when compared with a conventional protocol for the rehabilitation of edentulous patients.
Coverage of Denture Teeth with Tin Foil for Radiographic Guide Fabrication
Authors: Alhashim Abdulmohsin , Chesla Edward Robert 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA novel technique using the patient's existing complete dentures as a radiographic guide for diagnosis and treatment planning in implant dentistry is presented. Tin foil is used to cover the denture teeth before the radiographic scan is performed. Advantages of the described technique include its cost‐effectiveness, simplicity, efficiency, and lack of need to modify or duplicate the patient's existing dentures. A disadvantage of the technique is that it serves only as a radiographic guide.
Effect of plasticiser type on the hot melt extrusion of venlafaxine hydrochloride
Authors: Bounartzi Melina , Panagopoulou Athanasia , Kantiranis Nikolaos , Malamataris Stavros , Nikolakakis Ioannis 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Objectives
During hot melt extrusion (HME), phase changes and interactions due to thermo-mechanical stresses affect the drug incorporation into polymeric matrices. Two HME compositions of venlafaxine HCl with Eudragit RSPO (Evonic, Darmstadt, Germany) as the matrix polymer and either citric acid monohydrate (CAMH) or Lutrol F127 (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) as plasticisers were compared.

Methods
Miscibility and extrusion temperatures were elucidated based on solubility parameters and differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal changes in the extruded melts and their respective physical mixtures were compared. Powder X-ray diffraction was applied to detect changes in crystallinity and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy for chemical interactions.

Key findings
Both plasticisers (15%) enabled extrusion easily. With Lutrol, the drug remained crystalline, whereas with CAMH a single-phase amorphous transparent extrudate was obtained. Differences between the thermographs of extruded and physical mixtures indicated the importance of mechanical stresses in the single-screw extruder. In the FT-IR spectrum of Eudragit/CAMH/drug extrudate, the abscence of the peak due to venlafaxine OH and the merging of the two peaks due to CAMH carbonyl, into one, indicated esterification.

Conclusions
CAMH and Lutrol have different reactivities towards venlafaxine HCl and also different plasticising mechanisms for Eudragit RSPO because of hydrogen bonding and because of similar overall molecular attractive forces, respectively.
Vascular Dysfunction in Preeclampsia
Authors: Brennan Lesley J. , Morton Jude S. , Davidge Sandra T. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPreeclampsia is a complex disorder which affects an estimated 5% of all pregnancies worldwide. It is diagnosed by hypertension in the presence of proteinuria after the 20th week of pregnancy and is a prominent cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. As delivery is currently the only known treatment, preeclampsia is also a leading cause of preterm delivery. Preeclampsia is associated with maternal vascular dysfunction, leading to serious cardiovascular risk both during and following pregnancy. Endothelial dysfunction, resulting in increased peripheral resistance, is an integral part of the maternal syndrome. While the cause of preeclampsia remains unknown, placental ischemia resulting from aberrant placentation is a fundamental characteristic of the disorder. Poor placentation is believed to stimulate the release of a number of factors including pro‐ and antiangiogenic factors and inflammatory activators into the maternal systemic circulation. These factors are critical mediators of vascular function and impact the endothelium in distinctive ways, including enhanced endothelial oxidative stress. The mechanisms of action and the consequences on the maternal vasculature will be discussed in this review.
Identification of Instantaneous Modal Parameter of Time‐Varying Systems via a Wavelet‐Based Approach and Its Application
Authors: Su W. C. , Liu C. Y. , Huang C. S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis work presents an efficient approach using time‐varying autoregressive with exogenous input (TVARX) model and a substructure technique to identify the instantaneous modal parameters of a linear time‐varying structure and its substructures. The identified instantaneous natural frequencies can be used to identify earthquake damage to a building, including the specific floors that are damaged. An appropriate TVARX model of the dynamic responses of a structure or substructure is established using a basis function expansion and regression approach combined with continuous wavelet transform. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated using numerically simulated earthquake responses of a five‐storey shear building with time‐varying stiffness and damping coefficients. In terms of accuracy in determining the instantaneous modal parameters of a structure from noisy responses, the proposed approach is superior to typical basis function expansion and regression approach. The proposed method is further applied to process the dynamic responses of an eight‐storey steel frame in shaking table tests to identify its instantaneous modal parameters and to locate the storeys whose columns yielded under a strong base excitation.
Several developmental and morphogenetic factors govern the evolution of stomatal patterning in land plants
Authors: Rudall Paula J. , Hilton Jason , Bateman Richard M. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryWe evaluate stomatal development in terms of its primary morphogenetic factors and place it in a phylogenetic context, including clarification of the contrasting specialist terms that are used by different sets of researchers. The genetic and structural bases for stomatal development are well conserved and increasingly well understood in extant taxa, but many phylogenetically crucial plant lineages are known only from fossils, in which it is problematic to infer development. For example, specialized lateral subsidiary cells that occur adjacent to the guard cells in some taxa can be derived either from the same cell lineage as the guard cells or from an adjacent cell file. A potentially key factor in land‐plant evolution is the presence (mesogenous type) or absence (perigenous type) of at least one asymmetric division in the cell lineage leading to the guard‐mother cell. However, the question whether perigenous or mesogenous development is ancestral in land plants cannot yet be answered definitively based on existing data. Establishment of ‘fossil fingerprints’ as developmental markers is critical for understanding the evolution of stomatal patterning. Long cell–short cell alternation in the developing leaf epidermis indicates that the stomata are derived from an asymmetric mitosis. Other potential developmental markers include nonrandom stomatal orientation and a range of variation in relative sizes of epidermal cells. Records of occasional giant stomata in fossil bennettites could indicate development of a similar type to early‐divergent angiosperms.

Contents

Summary
598

I.
Introduction
599

II.
One‐cell spacing
601

III.
Paired guard cells
601

IV.
Asymmetric cell divisions
604

V.
Leaf development and stomatal orientation
606

VI.
Lateral subsidiary cells
607

VII.
Amplifying divisions
608

VIII.
Conclusions
610

Acknowledgements
611

References
611
The evolutionary paths towards complexity: a metabolic perspective
Authors: Weng Jing‐Ke 
Published: July 2013

SummaryAs sessile organisms, land plants have exploited their metabolic systems to produce a panoply of structurally and functionally diverse natural chemicals and polymers to adapt to challenging ecosystems. Many of these core and specialized metabolites confer chemical shields against a multitude of abiotic stresses, while others play important roles in plants' interactions with their biotic environments. Plant specialized metabolites can be viewed as complex traits in the sense that the biosynthesis of these molecules typically requires multistep metabolic pathways comprising numerous specific enzymes belonging to diverse protein fold families. Resolving the evolutionary trajectories underlying the emergence of these specialized metabolic pathways will impact a fundamental question in biology – how do complex traits evolve in a Darwinian fashion? Here, I discuss several general patterns observed in rapidly evolving specialized metabolic systems in plants, and surmise mechanistic features at enzyme, pathway and organismal levels that rationalize the remarkable malleability of these systems through stepwise evolution. Future studies, focused on fine sampling of metabolic enzymes and pathways in phylogenetically related plant species, or employing directed evolution strategies in synthetic systems, will significantly broaden our perspective on how biological complexity arises at the metabolic level.
Genome‐wide association mapping for wood characteristics in Populus identifies an array of candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms
Authors: Porth Ilga , Klapšte Jaroslav , Skyba Oleksandr , Hannemann Jan , McKown Athena D. , Guy Robert D. , DiFazio Stephen P. , Muchero Wellington , Ranjan Priya , Tuskan Gerald A. , Friedmann Michael C. , Ehlting Juergen , Cronk Quentin C. B. , El‐Kassaby Yousry A. , Douglas Carl J. , Mansfield Shawn D. 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Establishing links between phenotypes and molecular variants is of central importance to accelerate genetic improvement of economically important plant species. Our work represents the first genome‐wide association study to the inherently complex and currently poorly understood genetic architecture of industrially relevant wood traits.

Here, we employed an Illumina Infinium 34K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array that generated 29 233 high‐quality SNPs in c. 3500 broad‐based candidate genes within a population of 334 unrelated Populus trichocarpa individuals to establish genome‐wide associations.

The analysis revealed 141 significant SNPs (α ≤ 0.05) associated with 16 wood chemistry/ultrastructure traits, individually explaining 3–7% of the phenotypic variance. A large set of associations (41% of all hits) occurred in candidate genes preselected for their suggested a priori involvement with secondary growth. For example, an allelic variant in the FRA8 ortholog explained 21% of the total genetic variance in fiber length, when the trait's heritability estimate was considered. The remaining associations identified SNPs in genes not previously implicated in wood or secondary wall formation.

Our findings provide unique insights into wood trait architecture and support efforts for population improvement based on desirable allelic variants.
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex with Mottled Pigmentation Due to a Rare Keratin 5 Mutation: Cutaneous Findings in Infancy
Authors: Geller Lauren , Kristal Leonard , Morel Kimberly D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEpidermolysis bullosa simplex with mottled pigmentation (EBS‐MP) is an autosomal dominant inherited blistering skin disease characterized by nonscarring blistering and reticulated hyperpigmentation. It is most commonly due to a heterozygous point mutation, P25L, in the nonhelical V1 domain of keratin 5 (KRT5). Here we present a case of EBS‐MP with early onset of reticulated hyperpigmentation during infancy due to a rare 1649delG mutation in the V2 domain of KRT5.
Application of Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Typing To Discriminate Ralstonia solanacearum Strains Associated with English Watercourses and Disease Outbreaks
Authors: Parkinson Neil , Bryant Ruth , Bew Janice , Conyers Christine , Stones Robert , Alcock Michael , Elphinstone John 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis was used for high-resolution discrimination among
Ralstonia solanacearum
phylotype IIB sequevar 1 (PIIB-1) isolates and further evaluated for use in source tracing. Five tandem-repeat-containing loci (comprising six tandem repeats) discriminated 17 different VNTR profiles among 75 isolates from potato, geranium, bittersweet (
Solanum dulcamara
), tomato, and the environment.
R. solanacearum
isolates from crops at three unrelated outbreak sites where river water had been used for irrigation had distinct VNTR profiles that were shared with PIIB-1 isolates from infected bittersweet growing upriver of each site. The VNTR profiling results supported the implication that the source of
R. solanacearum
at each outbreak was contaminated river water. Analysis of 51 isolates from bittersweet growing in river water at different locations provided a means to evaluate the technique for studying the epidemiology of the pathogen in the environment. Ten different VNTR profiles were identified among bittersweet PIIB-1 isolates from the River Thames. Repeated findings of contiguous river stretches that produced isolates that shared single VNTR profiles supported the hypothesis that the pathogen had disseminated from infected bittersweet plants located upriver. VNTR profiles shared between bittersweet isolates from two widely separated Thames tributaries (River Ray and River Colne) suggested they were independently contaminated with the same clonal type. Some bittersweet isolates had VNTR profiles that were shared with potato isolates collected outside the United Kingdom. It was concluded that VNTR profiling could contribute to further understanding of
R. solanacearum
epidemiology and assist in control of future disease outbreaks.
FLO11
Gene Is Involved in the Interaction of Flor Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a Biofilm-Promoting Synthetic Hexapeptide
Authors: Bou Zeidan Marc , Carmona Lourdes , Zara Severino , Marcos Jose F. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
“flor” yeasts have the ability to form a buoyant biofilm at the air-liquid interface of wine. The formation of biofilm, also called velum, depends on
FLO11
gene length and expression.
FLO11
encodes a cell wall mucin-like glycoprotein with a highly O-glycosylated central domain and an N-terminal domain that mediates homotypic adhesion between cells. In the present study, we tested previously known antimicrobial peptides with different mechanisms of antimicrobial action for their effect on the viability and ability to form biofilm of
S. cerevisiae
flor strains. We found that PAF26, a synthetic tryptophan-rich cationic hexapeptide that belongs to the class of antimicrobial peptides with cell-penetrating properties, but not other antimicrobial peptides, enhanced biofilm formation without affecting cell viability in ethanol-rich medium. The PAF26 biofilm enhancement required a functional
FLO11
but was not accompanied by increased
FLO11
expression. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analyses showed that the PAF26 peptide binds flor yeast cells and that a
flo11
gene knockout mutant lost the ability to bind PAF26 but not P113, a different cell-penetrating antifungal peptide, demonstrating that the
FLO11
gene is selectively involved in the interaction of PAF26 with cells. Taken together, our data suggest that the cationic and hydrophobic PAF26 hexapeptide interacts with the hydrophobic and negatively charged cell wall, favoring Flo11p-mediated cell-to-cell adhesion and thus increasing biofilm biomass formation. The results are consistent with previous data that point to glycosylated mucin-like proteins at the fungal cell wall as potential interacting partners for antifungal peptides.
Draft Genome Sequences of Four Dickeya dianthicola and Four Dickeya solani Strains
Authors: Pritchard Leighton , Humphris Sonia , Baeyen Steve , Maes Martine , Van Vaerenbergh Johan , Elphinstone John , Saddler Gerry , Toth Ian 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Dickeya dianthicola
and “
Dickeya solani
” are currently the dominant bacterial pathogens of potatoes in Europe. Here, we present the draft genome sequences of four strains of each pathogen.
Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium U288
Authors: Hooton Steven P. T. , Timms Andrew R. , Moreton Joanna , Wilson Ray , Connerton Ian F. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium U288 has firmly established itself within the United Kingdom pig production industry. The prevalence of this highly pathogenic multidrug-resistant serovar at such a critical point in the food chain is therefore of great concern. To enhance our understanding of this microorganism, whole-genome and plasmid sequencing was performed.
Function of a Glutamine Synthetase-Like Protein in Bacterial Aniline Oxidation via γ-Glutamylanilide
Authors: Takeo Masahiro , Ohara Akira , Sakae Shinji , Okamoto Yasuhiro , Kitamura Chitoshi , Kato Dai-ichiro , Negoro Seiji 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter
sp. strain YAA has five genes (
atdA1
to
atdA5
) involved in aniline oxidation as a part of the aniline degradation gene cluster. From sequence analysis, the five genes were expected to encode a glutamine synthetase (GS)-like protein (AtdA1), a glutamine amidotransferase-like protein (AtdA2), and an aromatic compound dioxygenase (AtdA3, AtdA4, and AtdA5) (M. Takeo, T. Fujii, and Y. Maeda, J. Ferment. Bioeng. 85:17-24, 1998). A recombinant
Pseudomonas
strain harboring these five genes quantitatively converted aniline into catechol, demonstrating that catechol is the major oxidation product from aniline. To elucidate the function of the GS-like protein AtdA1 in aniline oxidation, we purified it from recombinant
Escherichia coli
harboring
atdA1
. The purified AtdA1 protein produced gamma-glutamylanilide (γ-GA) quantitatively from aniline and
l
-glutamate in the presence of ATP and MgCl
2
. This reaction was identical to glutamine synthesis by GS, except for the use of aniline instead of ammonia as the substrate. Recombinant
Pseudomonas
strains harboring the dioxygenase genes (
atdA3
to
atdA5
) were unable to degrade aniline but converted γ-GA into catechol, indicating that γ-GA is an intermediate to catechol and a direct substrate for the dioxygenase. Unexpectedly, a recombinant
Pseudomonas
strain harboring only
atdA2
hydrolyzed γ-GA into aniline, reversing the γ-GA formation by AtdA1. Deletion of
atdA2
from
atdA1
to
atdA5
caused γ-GA accumulation from aniline in recombinant
Pseudomonas
cells and inhibited the growth of a recombinant
Acinetobacter
strain on aniline, suggesting that AtdA2 prevents γ-GA accumulation that is harmful to the host cell.