bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjuvant Action of Capsular Polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on Antibody Response
Authors: Yokochi Takashi , Nakashima Izumi , Kato Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractChanges in the number of cells and the weight of various lymphoid organs of mice, such as the regional lymph node (right inguinal node), spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and peripheral blood, were followed after the subcutaneous injection of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS‐K). For comparison, the changes after injection of various polyclonal lymphocyte activators (PLA) including various preparations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were concurrently studied. The number of cells of all of the lymphoid organs tested and that of nucleated cells in the peripheral blood decreased significantly within a few days after injection of CPS‐K, and increased later. Above all, the increase in the number of cells and in the weight of the regional lymph node was most prominent (about 10 times larger than that of the normal control). Such a marked increase in the number of cells of the regional lymph node was not induced by the injection of any preparation of LPS or any other PLA tested. The initial decrease in the number of cells after CPS‐K injection was most marked and long lasting in the thymus. Although LPS prepared by Westphal's method from Escherichia coli O55 or Salmonella enteritidis exhibited a stronger decreasing effect on the number of cells of the thymus, the effect of LPS prepared by Westphal's method from E. coli O111 or that by Boivin's method from E. coli O55 was similar to that of CPS‐K. It is concluded therefore that CPS‐K has the ability to decrease the number of cells of various lymphoid organs, especially that of the thymus, initially after injection, which is a property in common with LPS, and CPS‐K has a unique ability to increase markedly the cells of various lymphoid organs, especially those of the regional lymph node, at later stages after injection. Considering that CPS‐K exhibits a much stronger adjuvant effect on the antibody response than does LPS or other polyclonal lymphocyte activators, it is suggested that this extraordinarily potent activity of CPS‐K in increasing the number of cells of the regional lymph node is closely related to its strong adjuvant action.
Properties of a Macrophage Cell Line Transformed by Simian Virus 40
Authors: Katsumoto Tetsuo , Takayama Hisao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA mouse macrophage clone (line NH‐1) transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) was examined by electron microscopy. In the growing phase of the cultures, NH‐1 cells were non‐phagocytic and SV40 T antigen‐positive, and contained a large number of filament sheaths within their pseudopodia. In the late stationary phase, they became phagocytic, SV40 T antigen‐negative and contained a filamentous network within their psudopodia. In addition, NH‐1 cells in the late stationary phase were very similar to normal macrophages in other morphological properties.
Studies on the Sulfite Reduction Test for Clostridia
Authors: Kawabata Norihiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPeptone‐yeast extract (PY) medium containing 0.035% ferric ammonium citrate as an indicator, 0.05% sulfite as a substrate, 0.05% cysteine as a reducer and 0.5% glucose was found to be suitable for observing the sulfite reduction test. The effect of added cysteine on the test was suppressed by the addition of glucose. In cultures of bacteria grown for 2 days at 37 C in medium containing the above ingredients, 121 among 132 strains of Clostridia, including 86 strains of Clostridium perfringens, gave a positive reaction. Although some strains of Salmonella and Proteus were positive, the specificity of the test for Clostridia was thought to be relatively high. Positive reactions in a resting cell system were limited to some species of Clostridia.
Reassembly of the Regularly Arranged Subunits in the Cell Wall of Lactobacillus brevis and Their Reattachment to Cell Walls
Authors: Masuda Kuniyoshi , Kawata Tomio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe reassembly of tetragonally arranged subunits in the cell wall of Lactobacillus brevis and the reattachment of the subunits to cell wall fragments were investigated by electron microscopy. The subunits dissociated from the cell wall with guanidine hydrochloride (GHCl) reassembled into the same regular array as seen in the native cell wall after dialysis against neutral buffer even in the absence of specific cations. The subunits could also reattach to the cell wall fragments from which they had been removed by treatment with GHCl, sodium dodecyl sulfate or cold trichloroacetic acid but not to those treated with hot formamide. Heterologous reattachment of the subunits occurred on cell wall fragments obtained from L. fermentum but not on those from L. plantarum or L. casei subsp. casei. On the basis of these observations and chemical analyses of the cell wall fragments, the subunits of L. brevis appeared to be bound by hydrogen bonds to a neutral polysaccharide moiety in the cell wall but not to peptidoglycan or teichoic acid.
Electron Microscopic Observation of New Transposable Elements Inserted into P22 Phage Genome from R Plasmids
Authors: Suzuki Kenji , Mise Katsutoshi , Nakaya Rintaro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBy using phage P22spl, a deletion mutant of phage P22, the structures of two new transposons on P22 genomes were studied by the electron microscopic heteroduplex method. One of these was the Cm (chloramphenicol) transposon derived from an R plasmid, NR1, and the other the Km (kanamycin) transposcn from pNR502. The heteroduplex between P22 phage DNAs with and without the Cm transposon revealed that the Cm transposon was similar in structure to the Tn9 element, a well‐known Cm transposon derived from the R plasmid pMS14. On the other hand, the Km transposon of pNR502 was quite different in structure from other Km transposons reported previously. This transposon consists of a 6.8 kilo‐base (kb) segment of DNA, in which a short inverted repeat is contained. The heteroduplex experiments showed that a 4.5 kb segment of DNA was deleted from the P22 genome in the P22spl genome. Because of a shorter unit length of the genome, phage P22spl is considered to be useful for assaying various kinds of transposable elements.
In Vitro Proliferative Activity of Spleen Cells in Mice Infected with Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Saito‐Taki Tatsuo , Asou Hiroaki , Nakano Masayasu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProliferative activity of cultured spleen cells obtained from mice 1 to 5 weeks after infection with attenuated strains of Salmonella typhimurium was examined in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or concanavalin A (Con A). Spontaneous uptake of 3H‐thymidine (TdR) by cells taken from infected mice at the 2nd and 3rd weeks was obviously lower than that by cells from uninfected, control mice. Cells from infected mice at the 4th and 5th weeks also showed a lower proliferative response to LPS than that of the controls. However, the responses of the cells to Con A remained virtually unchanged during the entire period. Furthermore, the reduction of spontaneous 3H‐TdR uptake by the cells could be achieved also by the injection of heat‐killed instead of living organisms.The T‐ and B‐lymphocyte populations of these spleen cells were examined by the dye exclusion cytotoxic test using rabbit anti‐mouse T‐ and anti‐mouse B‐lymphocyte sera, respectively. There was some alteration of the populations in the cells, but it did not correlate with the reduction in 3H‐TdR uptake.Results of expriments with cultured cells reconstituted with lymphocytes and macrophages isolated from spleen cells suggested that the spontaneous reduction of proliferative activity observed in cells taken from the infected mice could be attributed to the dysfunction of macrophages.
Superoxide Anion‐Generating Activities of Macrophages as Studied by Using Cytochalasin E and Lectins as Synergistic Stimulants for Superoxide Release
Authors: Kayashima Kohji , Onoue Kaoru , Nakagawara Akira , Minakami Shigeki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTreatment of macrophages with cytochalasin E in combination with a lectin was found to stimulate the generation of superoxide anions (O2‐) very efficiently. The macrophages stimulated with concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin or wheat germ agglutinin released superoxide, but cells pretreated with cytochalasin E released much greater amounts of superoxide, without notable lag time, upon stimulation with the lectin. Wheat germ agglutinin was found to be the most efficient stimulant among the lectins tested. Superoxide generation in guinea pig macrophages was shown to be dependent largely on cytoplasmic glucose metabolism and to some extent on mitochondrial respiration, since the superoxide release was largely but not totally inhibited by 2‐deoxyglucose and to a lesser extent by antimycin A or KCN. The method presented is sensitive and allows rapid assay of the superoxide‐generating activity with only 1–5 × 105 macrophages for a single determination. In application of this technique, elevation of the superoxide‐generating activity was shown with macrophages elicited by chemical inflammation or those obtained from mice after treatment with tubercle bacilli.
Gene Expression of Ampicillin Resistance Transposons, Tn2601 and Tn2602
Authors: Yamamoto Tomoko , Katoh Rieko , Shimazu Akemi , Yamagishi Saburo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo establish the mode of gene expression specified by transposon, we investigated the correlation among the homology of the DNA sequence, the extent of transposon‐specific transcription, the specific activity of penicillinase (PCase) per cell, and the transposition frequency by using two ampicillin resistance transposons (TnAs), Tn2601 and Tn2602. Although both the TnAs specify the so‐called type I PCase, Tn2602 always conferred 10–to 20‐fold higher PCase activity per cell than Tn2601 regardless of the kind of replicon carrying TnA. The transposition frequency of Tn2602 also was 8 to 50 times higher than that of Tn2601 in all combinations of donor and recipient plasmids examined. As a result, the transposability expressed by the TnA was thought to correlate with the productivity of PCase in the cell specified by the corresponding TnA. The level of TnA‐specific transcription of Tn2602 was noticeably higher than that of Tn2601, whereas the two TnAs shared a high degree (more than 90%) of DNA sequence homology. These results suggest that the difference in rates of transcription of the two transposons plays a key role in determining the difference in the productivity of PCase and the transposition‐protein(s) of Tn2601 and Tn2602.
Location of Elements in Ashed Spores of Bacillus megaterium
Authors: Nishihara Tsutomu , Ighikawa Tomio , Kondo Masaomi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe structure of the skeleton of spores of Bacillus megaterium was examined after ashing in a plasma asher and the elemental composition of the ashed whole spores was determined with an analytical electron microscope. All spores were ashed in situ although they shrank by about 15%. Even P and S, in addition to metals, were recovered well from ashed samples. Ash was rich in the core and the coat, and poor in the cortex. Ca, P, S, and Mg were detected in the core and coat of the spore of B. megaterium QM B1551. Ca in the core was markedly decreased by germination or autoclaving. In the spore of B. megaterium ATCC 19213, almost all of the ash was detected in the core and its elemental composition was similar to that of the core of the strain QM B1551 spore.These results suggest strongly that the core is the site of Ca associated with dipicolinic acid.
Coliphage HK243: Biological and Physicochemical Characteristics
Authors: Dhillon Tarlochan S. , Dhillon Elvera K.S. , Toyama Sakuji , Linn Stuart 
Published: November 2013

AbstractColiphage HK243 can form plaques on Escherichia coli C and K‐12, but not B. The plaques are 1–2 mm in diameter and are opaque areas which clear upon exposure to chloroform vapor. During one‐step growth, the eclipse and the latent periods are 20 and 30 min, respectively. Phage‐infected cells continue to produce cell‐free plaque‐forming units for as long as 80 min after the end of the latent period, although at high multiplicities of infection (MOI) most cells lyse. No lysogenic bacteria have been found among survivors, so HK243 is considered a virulent phage. Some of the cells surviving a high MOI challenge are maltose negative and resistant to both HK243 and coliphage lambda. This fact has made possible the isolation of lambda‐resistant mutants of lambda‐lysogens. However, no serological cross‐reaction between the phages lambda and HK243 has been detected. Genetic data involving three essential loci and a locus controlling plaque morphology suggest a circular linkage map. The virions are tadpole‐shaped with an icosahedral head 68 nm long which is attached to a flexible tail 131 nm long. The phage has a linear, duplex DNA genome of molecular weight approximately 44 × 106 and a base composition of 33% adenine, 31% thymine, 16% guanine, and 20% cytosine.
Cell‐Mediated Immunity to Mouse Adenovirus Infection
Authors: Inada Toshiki , Uetake Hisao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMigration of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), which were prepared from mice immunized against mouse adenovirus (M‐Ad), was inhibited upon exposure to the antigenic extract of M‐Ad‐infected cells. This inhibition was shown to be blocked when infected cells or their extracts were pretreated with antiserum against M‐Ad‐induced cell surface(s) antigen(s) or with antisera against alloantigens of infected cells. Immune spleen cell‐mediated cytolysis of M‐Ad‐infected cells was also blocked in the presence of anti‐S, anti‐alloantigen or anti‐β2m serum. Immunofluorescent antibody staining of S antigen(s) was blocked when infected cells were pretreated with anti‐alloantigen or anti‐β2m serum, whereas it was not blocked when they were pretreated with anti‐mouse immunoglobulin or anti‐Thy‐1.2 serum. Conversely, immunofluoresent antibody staining of alloantigens was blocked when infected cells were pretreated with anti‐S serum. These findings indicate that S and alloantigens are associated with each other or at least located very close to each other.
Association of Mouse Adenovirus‐Induced Cell Surface Antigen(s) with Histocompatibility Antigens
Authors: Inada Toshiki , Uetake Hisao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe topological relationship on the mouse adenovirus (M‐Ad)‐infected cell surface between virus‐induced specific cell surface(s) antigens and serologically defined major histocompatibility antigens (H‐2) was analyzed by the cap formation technique. Rhodamine‐isothiocyanate (RITC)‐labeled anti‐S serum failed to stain the surface of virus‐infected lymphoid cells which were pretreated with anti‐H‐2 serum and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labeled anti‐mouse immunoglobulin serum (anti‐M‐Ig) to cap the appropriate H‐2 antigens. Conversely, the capping of the S antigens by pretreatment with anti‐S followed by FITC anti‐M‐Ig serum induced cocapping of H‐2 antigens. The β2 microglobulins (β2m) were also shown to be cocapped with S antigens by anti‐β2m or by anti‐S serum. The S antigens, however, did not cocap with mouse‐immunoglobulins or Thyl. 2 antigens on virus‐infected B or T lymphocytes, respectively.To further elucidate the molecular relationship between S and H‐2 antigens, radio‐iodinated virus‐infected cells were solubilized with Nonidet P40 (NP40) and S antigens were precipitated with anti‐S serum. When the precipitates were analysed with sodium dodecyl sulfate Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two major peaks were seen at positions of molecules of about 45,000 and 12,000 daltons both of which corresponded with molecules which were observed when NP40 extracts of virus‐infected or uninfected cells were precipitated with anti‐H‐2 serum. Sequential immunoprecipitation analysis of infected cell extracts showed that S antigens were coprecipitated with either H‐2K or H‐2D antigens. These results suggest that the S antigens are somehow associated with H‐2K or H‐2D antigens separately.
Purification and Some Properties of Tetanolysin
Authors: Mitsui Noriko , Mitsui Ken'ichiro , Hase Jun'ichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTetanolysin was purified from the culture fluid of a strain of Clostridium tetani by ammonium sulfate fractionation, acetone precipitation and repeated gel filtration. Two hemolysins with different molecular weights were separated by gel filtration, and the smaller one, tetanolysin, was further purified. The purification raised the specific activity of tetanolysin 1,050‐fold to 500 HU/μg of protein. The purified preparation gave a single, relatively broad band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in which the activity was roughly parallel with the protein concentration. However, on sodium dodecylsulfate‐gel electrophoresis it gave two bands with nearly equal amounts of proteins, showing molecular weights of 53,000 and 48,000±3,000. Furthermore, isoelectric focusing revealed four peaks of the activity whose isoelectric pHs were 6.1, 5.6, 5.3, and 6.6 in decreasing order of the activity. These findings suggest that the preparation contains four hemolysins with different pis, which are classifiable into two groups by molecular size. The preparation was completely free of tetanus neurotoxin and proteases. Tetanolysin was more strongly inhibited by cholesterol and more rapidly adsorbed onto erythrocytes than θ‐toxin of Cl. perfringens.
Effect of Oxidizing Agents and Sulfhydryl Group Reagents on Beta Toxin from Clostridium perfringens Type C
Authors: Sakurai Jun , Fujii Yoshio , Matsuura Miho 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurified beta toxin from Clostridium perfringens type C was inactivated by the oxidizing agents o‐iodosobenzoate (OIBA), oxidized glutathione, and ferricyanide, and by the sulfhydryl group reagents 5,5′‐dithio‐bis(2‐nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and N‐ethylmaleimide, iodoacetamide, and iodoacetic acid, causing loss of activity in various degrees depending on the concentration used. The activity of the toxin was not influenced by exposure to 1.0 mM of p‐chloromercuribenzoate. The toxin treated by OIBA or DTNB was reactivated by incubation with 2‐mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol. The data suggest that beta toxin contains thiol groups which are essential for the activity.
Comparison of Liquid and Agar‐Solidified Defined Media Regarding the Physiological Mechanism by which β‐2‐Thienylalanine Inhibits Growth of Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella Cultures
Authors: Brown Kurt J. , Tannock Gerald W. , Elliott Robert B. , Lines David R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGrowth comparisons were made, using Shigella, Escherichia, and Salmonella cultures, in liquid and agar‐solidified defined media containing β‐2‐thienylalanine (β‐2‐t). The comparisons were performed to determine the nature of growth inhibition by β‐2‐t under different physical growth conditions.In a plate assay, with increasing β‐2‐t mixed into the agar, inhibition of Escherichia and Shigella increased. However, Salmonella cultures were not inhibited even at the highest β‐2‐t concentrations used. With β‐2‐t added to liquid cultures, however, dose‐response growth relationships were exhibited by all three genera.The differences occurring in β‐2‐t inhibition between liquid and plate assay conditions were not due to composition of culture plates, time of challenge of cultures with β‐2‐t, availability of oxygen and associated differences in ratios of volume of media to available surface area, selection of mutants in the plate assay, or to extractable substances from the agar.However, when β‐2‐t diffusion into the liquid medium was delayed by using agar plug diffusion cultures, a physiological mechanism was demonstrable which largely protected Salmonella cultures, but not Escherichia and Shigella cultures, from growth inhibition.
Gel to Liquid‐Crystalline Phase Transitions of Lipids and Membranes Isolated from Escherichia coli Cells
Authors: Kato Kyoko , Bito Yukio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to examine the relationship of the gel to liquid‐crystalline phase transition of lipids to fatty acid composition with membrane lipids and spheroplast membranes isolated from cells of a wild strain and an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli grown under various conditions. These lipids and membranes underwent thermotropic phase transitions at different temperatures depending on the thermal properties of their constituent fatty acids. The lipid phase transition occurred at higher temperatures in biomembranes than in extracted lipids. DSC thermograms of lipids synthesized by bacterial cells which were observed at a temperature scanning rate as slow as 0.3 K min‐1 were characterized by a distinctly plain peak summit. Endothermic peaks given by samples derived from elaidic acid‐enriched cells were relatively narrow and asymmetric. The discrepancy between the transition temperatures measured with extracted lipids and with membraneous fractions, and the shape of the endothermic peaks, are discussed.
Increased Nitroblue Tetrazolium Dye Reduction by Human Neutrophils Stimulated by Interferon In Vitro
Authors: Pak Chin‐Bin , Imanishi Jiro , Kishida Tsunataro , Matsuo Akio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHuman leukocyte interferon enhanced nitroblue tetrazolium dye (NBT) reduction by human neutrophils (PMNs). Increase in NBT reduction paralleled increase in interferon dose. When human leukocyte interferon was heated to 60 C or 80 C for 30 min, both the antiviral activity and the effect on NBT reduction decreased. Human leukocyte interferon neutralized with anti‐human leukocyte interferon serum showed no effect on NBT reduction. A human fibroblast interferon preparation also enhanced NBT reduction. The species dependency of interferon was shown in NBT reduction as well as in antiviral activity.
Effect of Puromycin on Guinea Pig Lymphotoxin Release and Lectin‐Induced Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Sawada Jun‐Ichi , Beppu Masatoshi , Osawa Toshiaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn order to confirm the role of guinea pig lymphotoxin (GLT) in lectin‐induced cellular cytotoxicity (LICC), the effect of puromycin, a potent enhancer of GLT activity, on the LICC to target L · P3 cells induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was investigated under serum‐free conditions.LICC was completely inhibited by puromycin, when it was added at the initiation of LICC culture, because of the inhibition of the release of GLT from the effector lymph node cells. However, LICC was markedly enhanced when puromycin was added several hours after the initiation of LICC culture. The interpretation of these facts is that GLT release can be inhibited by puromycin, but that the GLT already released exerts an enhanced cytotoxic effect on the target cells in the presence of puromycin. Enhancement of the cytotoxicity by the addition of puromycin several hours after the initiation of LICC culture was observed even after the removal of the GLT present in the supernatant, suggesting that the morphologically intact target cells were already affected by GLT in the early stages of LICC culture.
Hydrocephalus in Suckling Rats Infected Intracerebrally with Mouse Hepatitis Virus, MHV‐A59
Authors: Hirano Norio , Goto Naoaki , Ogawa Tetsuo , Ono Katsuhiko , Murakami Toshiaki , Fujiwara Kosaku 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAfter intracerebral inoculation of mouse hepatitis virus, MHV‐A59 strain, into 3‐ to 5‐day‐old Wistar rats, some survivors at 14 days postinoculation (p.i.) were found to lack the cerebral cortex and to have an accumulation of a considerable amount of cerebrospinal fluid. The virus titer in the brain increased exponentially after inoculation, reaching a maximum 4 to 6 days p.i. when immunofluorescence revealed virus‐specific antigen within neurons in the cerebral cortex. A small amount of infectious virus was also detectable 14 days p.i. when the cerebral anomaly was evident. This brain malformation causing hydrocephalus was due to cerebral damage by viral infection.