bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low incubation investment in the burrow‐nesting Crab PloverDromas ardeolapermits extended foraging on a tidal food resource
Authors: De Marchi Giuseppe , Chiozzi Giorgio , Dell'Omo Giacomo , Fasola Mauro 
Published: September 2014

We usedGPSdata‐loggers, video‐recordings and dummy eggs to assess whether foraging needs may force the low incubation attentiveness (< 55%) of the Crab PloverDromas ardeola, a crab‐eating wader of the Indian Ocean that nests colonially in burrows. The tidal cycle was the major determinant of the time budget and some foraging trips were more distant from the colony than previously known (up to 26 km away and lasting up to 45 h). The longest trips were mostly made by off‐duty parents, but on‐duty parents also frequently left the nest unattended while foraging for 1–7 h. However, the time spent at the colony area (47%) and the time spent roosting on the foraging grounds (16%) would have allowed almost continuous incubation, as in other species with shared incubation. Therefore, the low incubation attentiveness is not explained by the need for long foraging trips but is largely dependent on a high intermittent rhythm of incubation with many short recesses (5.8 ± 2.6 recesses/h) that were not spent foraging but just outside the burrow or thermoregulating at the seashore. As a result, the eggs were warmed on average only 1.7 °C above burrow temperature, slightly more during high tide periods and when burrow temperature was lower between 20:00 and 10:00 h, only partly counteracting the temperature fluctuations of the incubation chamber. These results suggest that low incubation attentiveness is due to the favourable thermal conditions provided by safe nesting burrows and by the hot tropical breeding season, a combination that allows simultaneous foraging by parents and the exploitation of distant foraging grounds. Why Crab Plovers engage in many short recesses from incubation still remains to be clarified but the need to thermoregulate at the seashore and to watch for predators may play a role.
On Families of Distributions with Shape Parameters
Authors: Jones M. C. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryUnivariate continuous distributions are one of the fundamental components on which statistical modelling, ancient and modern, frequentist and Bayesian, multi‐dimensional and complex, is based. In this article, I review and compare some of the main general techniques for providing families of typically unimodal distributions on with one or two, or possibly even three, shape parameters, controlling skewness and/or tailweight, in addition to their all‐important location and scale parameters. One important and useful family is comprised of the ‘skew‐symmetric’ distributions brought to prominence by Azzalini. As these are covered in considerable detail elsewhere in the literature, I focus more on their complements and competitors. Principal among these are distributions formed by transforming random variables, by what I call ‘transformation of scale’—including two‐piece distributions—and by probability integral transformation of non‐uniform random variables. I also treat briefly the issues of multi‐variate extension, of distributions on subsets of and of distributions on the circle. The review and comparison is not comprehensive, necessarily being selective and therefore somewhat personal. © 2014 The Authors. International Statistical Review © 2014 International Statistical Institute
An integrative review of ethnic and cultural variation in socialization and children's self‐regulation
Authors: LeCuyer Elizabeth A. , Zhang Yi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo examine the evidence for cross‐cultural variation in socialization and children's normative self‐regulation, based on a contextual‐developmental perspective.BackgroundNurses and healthcare workers in multi‐cultural societies must understand diversity in socializing influences (including parenting) and in children's behaviour. A contextual‐developmental perspective implies that normative cultural and ethnic values will influence socializing processes and behaviour, which in turn will influence children's self‐regulation.DesignIntegrative review.Data sourcesStudies were located using five major search engines from 1990–2011. Domains of a contextual‐developmental perspective and a comprehensive definition of self‐regulation assisted the generation of search terms.Review methodsSelected studies compared at least two ethnic or cultural groups and addressed contextual‐developmental domains: (1) culturally specific social values, beliefs, or attitudes; (2) socializing behaviours; and (3) children's normative self‐regulation.ResultsEleven studies about children's self‐regulation were found to have data consistent with a contextual‐developmental perspective. Studies used descriptive correlational or comparative designs with primarily convenience sampling; eight confirmed stated hypotheses, three were exploratory. Findings across studies evidenced coherent patterns of sociocultural influence on children's attention, compliance, delay of gratification, effortful control and executive function.ConclusionA contextual‐developmental perspective provided a useful perspective to examine normative differences in values, socializing behaviours and children's self‐regulation. This perspective and these findings are expected to guide future research, to assist nurses and healthcare providers to understand diversity in parenting and children's behaviour.
Rising incidence of early‐onset colorectal cancer in Australia over two decades: Report and review
Authors: Young Joanne P , Win Aung Ko , Rosty Christophe , Flight Ingrid , Roder David , Young Graeme P , Frank Oliver , Suthers Graeme K , Hewett Peter J , Ruszkiewicz Andrew , Hauben Ehud , Adelstein Barbara‐Ann , Parry Susan , Townsend Amanda , Hardingham Jennifer E , Price Timothy J 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe average age at diagnosis for colorectal cancer (CRC) in Australia is 69, and the age‐specific incidence rises rapidly after age 50 years. The incidence has stabilized or is declining in older age groups in Australia during recent decades, possibly related to the increased uptake of screening and high‐risk surveillance. In the same time frame, a rising incidence of CRC in younger adults has been well‐documented in the United States. This rise in incidence in the young has not been reported from other countries that share long‐term exposure to westernised urban lifestyles. Using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, we examined trends in national incidence rates for CRC under age 50 years and observed that rates in people under age 40 years have been rising for the last two decades. We further performed a review of the literature regarding CRC in young adults to outline the extent of current understanding, explore potential risk factors such as obesity, alcohol, and sedentary lifestyles, and to identify the questions remaining to be addressed. Although absolute numbers might not justify a population screening approach, the dispersal of young adults with CRC across the primary health‐care system decreases probability of their recognition. Patient and physician awareness, aided by stool and emerging blood‐screening tests and risk profiling tools, have the potential to aid in identification of those young adults who would most benefit from a colonoscopy through early detection of CRCs or by removal of advanced polyps.
Labor Embodied in Trade
Authors: Simas Moana , Wood Richard , Hertwich Edgar 
Published: September 2014

SummaryGlobal production chains carry environmental and socioeconomic impacts embodied in each traded good and service. Even though labor and energy productivities tend to be higher for domestic production in high‐income countries than those in emerging economies, this difference is significantly reduced for consumption, when including imported products to satisfy national demand. The analysis of socioeconomic and environmental aspects embodied in consumption can shed a light on the real level of productivity of an economy, as well as the effects of rising imports and offshoring. This research introduces a consumption‐based metric for productivity, in which we evaluate the loss of productivity of developed nations resulting from imports from less‐developed economies and offshoring of labor‐intensive production. We measure the labor, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions footprints in the European Union's trade with the rest of the world through a multiregional input‐output model. We confirm that the labor footprint of European imports is significantly higher than the one of exports, mainly from low‐skilled, labor‐intensive primary sectors. A high share of labor embodied in exports is commonly associated with low energy productivities in domestic industries. Hence, this reconfirms that the offshoring of production to cheaper and low‐skilled, labor‐abundant countries offsets, or even reverts, energy efficiency gains and climate‐change mitigation actions in developed countries.
ZmGns, a maize class I β‐1,3‐glucanase, is induced by biotic stresses and possesses strong antimicrobial activity
Authors: Xie Yu‐Rong , Raruang Yenjit , Chen Zhi‐Yuan , Brown Robert L. , Cleveland Thomas E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPlant β‐1,3‐glucanases are members of the pathogenesis‐related protein 2 (PR‐2) family, which is one of the 17 PR protein families and plays important roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. One of the differentially expressed proteins (spot 842) identified in a recent proteomic comparison between five pairs of closely related maize (Zea maysL.) lines differing in aflatoxin resistance was further investigated in the present study. Here, the corresponding cDNA was cloned from maize and designated asZmGns.ZmGnsencodes a protein of 338 amino acids containing a potential signal peptide. The expression ofZmGnswas detectible in all tissues studied with the highest level in silks.ZmGnswas significantly induced by biotic stresses including three bacteria and the fungusAspergillus flavus.ZmGnswas also induced by most abiotic stresses tested and growth hormones including salicylic acid.In vivo, ZmGns showed a significant inhibitory activity against the bacterial pathogenPseudomonas syringaepv.tomatoDC3000 and fungal pathogenBotrytis cinereawhen it overexpressed inArabidopsis. Its high level of expression in the silk tissue and its induced expression by phytohormone treatment, as well as by bacterial and fungal infections, suggest it plays a complex role in maize growth, development, and defense.
Population transcriptomics reveals a potentially positive role of expression diversity in adaptation
Authors: Xu Qin , Xing Shilai , Zhu Caiyun , Liu Wei , Fan Yangyang , Wang Qian , Song Zhihong , Yang Wenhui , Luo Fan , Shang Fei , Kang Lifang , Chen Wenli , Yan Juan , Li Jianqiang , Sang Tao 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWhile it is widely accepted that genetic diversity determines the potential of adaptation, the role that gene expression variation plays in adaptation remains poorly known. Here we show that gene expression diversity could have played a positive role in the adaptation of Miscanthus lutarioriparius. RNA‐seq was conducted for 80 individuals of the species, with half planted in the energy crop domestication site and the other half planted in the control site near native habitats. A leaf reference transcriptome consisting of 18,503 high‐quality transcripts was obtained using a pipeline developed for de novo assembling with population RNA‐seq data. The population structure and genetic diversity of M. lutarioriparius were estimated based on 30,609 genic single nucleotide polymorphisms. Population expression (Ep) and expression diversity (Ed) were defined to measure the average level and the magnitude of variation of a gene expression in the population, respectively. It was found that expression diversity increased while genetic diversity decreased after the species was transplanted from the native habitats to the harsh domestication site, especially for genes involved in abiotic stress resistance, histone methylation, and biomass synthesis under water limitation. The increased expression diversity could have enriched phenotypic variation directly subject to selections in the new environment.
LRRK2 pathobiology in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Martin Ian , Kim Jungwoo Wren , Dawson Valina L. , Dawson Ted M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMutations in the catalytic Roc‐COR and kinase domains of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 mutations cause PD with age‐related penetrance and clinical features identical to late‐onset sporadic PD. Biochemical studies support an increase in LRRK2 kinase activity and a decrease in GTPase activity for kinase domain and Roc‐COR mutations, respectively. Strong evidence exists that LRRK2 toxicity is kinase dependent leading to extensive efforts to identify selective and brain‐permeable LRRK2 kinase inhibitors for clinical development. Cell and animal models of PD indicate that LRRK2 mutations affect vesicular trafficking, autophagy, protein synthesis, and cytoskeletal function. Although some of these biological functions are affected consistently by most disease‐linked mutations, others are not and it remains currently unclear how mutations that produce variable effects on LRRK2 biochemistry and function all commonly result in the degeneration and death of dopamine neurons. LRRK2 is typically present in Lewy bodies and its toxicity in mammalian models appears to be dependent on the presence of α‐synuclein, which is elevated in human iPS‐derived dopamine neurons from patients harboring LRRK2 mutations. Here, we summarize biochemical and functional studies of LRRK2 and its mutations and focus on aberrant vesicular trafficking and protein synthesis as two leading mechanisms underlying LRRK2‐linked disease.
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LRRK2 mutations are a common cause of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Here, we review evidence describing the effects of these mutations on LRRK2 kinase and GTPase activities as a key driver of LRRK2 toxicity. We also discuss the reported impact of pathogenic mutations on cellular pathways which provide important clues on mechanisms of disease development.
Metabolomic comparison between cells over‐expressing isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutants and the effects of an inhibitor on the metabolism
Authors: Wen He , Cho Hye Rim , Yun Taeho , Kim Hyeonjin , Park Chul‐Kee , Lee Se‐Hoon , Choi Seung Hong , Park Sunghyouk 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe R132H and R172K mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) have neomorphic activity of generating 2‐hydroxyglutarate (2‐HG) which has been implicated in the oncogenesis. Although similarities in structure and enzyme activity for the two isotypic mutations have been suggested, the difference in their cellular localization and biochemical properties suggests differential effects on the metabolic oncogenesis. Using U87 cells transfected with either wild‐type (WT) and mutant (MT) IDH genes, the MT‐IDH1 and MT‐IDH2 cells were compared with NMR‐based metabolomics. When normalized with the respective WT‐IDH cells, the general metabolic shifts of MT‐IDH1 and IDH2 were almost opposite. Subsequent analysis with LC‐MS and metabolic pathway mapping showed that key metabolites in pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle are disproportionately altered in the two mutants, suggesting different activities in the key metabolic pathways. Notably, lactate level was lower in MT‐IDH2 cells which produced more 2‐HG than MT‐IDH1 cells, indicating that the Warburg effects can be overridden by the production of 2‐HG. We also found that the effect of a mutant enzyme inhibitor is mainly reduction of the 2‐HG level rather than general metabolic normalization. Overall, the metabolic alterations in the MT‐IDH1 and 2 can be different and seem to be commensurate with the degree of 2‐HG production.
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The R132H and R172K mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2, respectively, (IDH1 and IDH2) have neomorphic activity of generating 2‐hydroxyglutarate (2‐HG) which has been implicated in oncogenesis. The mutant cell's metabolic shifts from the respective wild type cells were almost opposite, with lactate level being lower in the IDH2 mutant only, implicating an overridden Warburg effect. The metabolic effect of an IDH1 mutant inhibitor was limited to 2‐HG lowering.
Exotic grassland species have stronger priority effects than natives regardless of whether they are cultivated or wild genotypes
Authors: Wilsey Brian J. , Barber Kaitlin , Martin Leanne M. 
Published: September 2014

Summary

During community assembly, early arriving exotic species might suppress other species to a greater extent than do native species. Because most exotics were intentionally introduced, we hypothesize there was human selection on regeneration traits during introduction. This could have occurred at the across‐ or within‐species level (e.g. during cultivar development).

We tested these predictions by seeding a single species that was either native, exotic ‘wild‐type’ (from their native range), or exotic ‘cultivated’ using 28 grassland species in a glasshouse experiment. Priority effects were assessed by measuring species’ effect on establishment of species from a seed mix added 21 d later.

Exotic species had higher germination and earlier emergence dates than native species, and differences were found in both ‘wild’ and ‘cultivated’ exotics. Exotic species reduced biomass and species diversity of later arriving species much more than native species, regardless of seed source.

Results indicate that in situations in which priority effects are likely to be strong, effects will be greater when an exotic species arrives first than when a native species arrives first; and this difference is not merely a result of exotic species cultivation, but might be a general native–exotic difference that deserves further study.
THE ‘EXTENDEDNESS’ OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Authors: Kerr Eric , Gelfert Axel 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn recent years, the idea has been gaining ground that our traditional conceptions of knowledge and cognition are unduly limiting, in that they privilege what goes on inside the ‘skin and skull’ (Clark 1997: 82) of an individual reasoner. Instead, it has been argued, knowledge and cognition need to be understood as embodied (involving both mind and body), situated (being dependent on the complex interplay between the individual and its environment), and extended (that is, continuous with, rather than separate from, the world ‘outside’). Whether these various interrelations and dependencies are ‘merely’ causal, or are in a more fundamental sense constitutive of knowledge and cognition, is as much a matter of controversy as the degree to which they pose a challenge to ‘traditional’ conceptions of cognition, knowledge and the mind. In this paper we argue that when the idea of ‘extendedness’ is applied to a core concept in epistemology and the philosophy of science—namely, scientific evidence—things appear to be on a much surer footing. The evidential status of data gathered through extended processes—including its utility as justification or warrant—do not seem to be weakened by virtue of being extended, but instead are often strengthened because of it. Indeed, it is often precisely by virtue of this extendedness that scientific evidence grounds knowledge claims, which individuals may subsequently ascribe to themselves. The functional equivalence between machine‐based gathering, filtering, and processing of data and human interpretation and assessment is the crucial factor in deciding whether evidence has been gathered, rather than the distinction between intra‐ and extracranial processes or individual and social processes (or combinations thereof). To prioritize biological processes here, and to assert the superiority of human cognitive capacities seems both arbitrary and unwarranted with respect to gathering evidence, and ultimately would lead to an unattractive skepticism about many of the methods used in science to gather evidence. In other words, conceiving of scientific evidence as ‘impersonal’ (or at least not necessarily personal) not only better captures the character of evidence‐gathering in practice, but also makes sense of a large amount of evidence‐gathering that ‘personal’ accounts fail to either acknowledge or accurately describe. Whilst we suggest it is likely that all internally‐distributed evidence‐gathering processes are merely contingently internal processes, a significant number of externally‐distributed evidence‐gathering processes are necessarily externally‐distributed. Some evidence can only be gathered by extended epistemic agents.
EMPIRICISM FOR CYBORGS
Authors: Toon Adam 
Published: September 2014

AbstractOne important debate between scientific realists and constructive empiricists concerns whether we observe things using instruments. This paper offers a new perspective on the debate over instruments by looking to recent discussion in philosophy of mind and cognitive science. Realists often speak of instruments as ‘extensions’ to our senses. I ask whether the realist may strengthen her view by drawing on the extended mind thesis. Proponents of the extended mind thesis claim that cognitive processes can sometimes extend beyond our brains and bodies into the environment. I suggest that the extended mind thesis offers a way to make sense of realists’ talk of instruments as extensions to the senses and that it provides the realist with a new argument against the constructive empiricist view of instruments.
COGNITIVE PENETRATION, THE DOWNGRADE PRINCIPLE, AND EXTENDED COGNITION
Authors: Vahid Hamid 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIt has been argued that just as, say, prejudice or wishful thinking can generate ill‐founded beliefs, the same is true of experiences. The idea is that the etiology of cognitively penetrated experiences can downgrade their justificatory force. This view, known as the Downgrade Principle, seems to be compatible with both internalist and externalist conceptions of epistemic justification. An assessment of the credentials of the Downgrade Principle is particularly important in view of the fact that not all cases of cognitive penetration are epistemically malignant. There are good and bad cases of cognitive penetration. I argue that a proper assessment of the Downgrade Principle will have to address two fundamental questions. I identify two general ways of responding to these questions and show why they fail. It will be maintained that an explanationist conception of justification has a better chance of accounting for the distinction between good and bad cases of cognitive penetration. The Downgrade Principle is then discussed in the context of the extended cognition thesis (ECT). In particular, I look at the sensorimotor theory of perception, as a way of broadening the scope of (ECT) to include conscious perceptual experience, that sees senses as ways of exploring the environment mediated by different patterns of sensorimotor contingency. I suggest possible ways in which one could distinguish between good and bad cases of cognitive penetration on such a view compatible with the explanationist view of epistemic justification.