bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent changes in total column ozone based on the SBUV Version 8.6 Merged Ozone Data Set
Authors: Frith S. M. , Kramarova N. A. , Stolarski R. S. , McPeters R. D. , Bhartia P. K. , Labow G. J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) Merged Ozone Data Set (MOD) provides the longest available satellite‐based time series of profile and total ozone from a single instrument type. The data span a 44 year period from 1970 to 2013 (except a 5 year gap in the 1970s). Data from nine independent SBUV‐type instruments are included in the record, one of which is still operating. Although modifications in instrument design were made in the evolution from the Nimbus‐4 Backscattered Ultraviolet instrument to the modern SBUV(/2) model, the basic principles of the measurement technique and retrieval algorithm remain the same, lending consistency to this record compared to those based on measurements using different instrument types. Nevertheless, each instrument has specific characteristics, and known anomalies must be incorporated in the MOD uncertainty estimates. In this study we describe the latest version of the MOD data set based on SBUV data processed using the Version 8.6 algorithm. We assess the measurement consistency across instruments and use this information to assign a drift uncertainty to the MOD. We then fit a multiple regression model to the MOD time series alternately using Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine (EESC) or linear trend fits over varying time series segments to analyze trends. Regression results indicate a statistically significant positive trend in total ozone outside the tropics based on the EESC proxy fit to the full record, but a linear trend fit to the last 13 years of data does not yield a statistically significant ozone increase.
InSAR measurements of compaction and subsidence in the Ganges‐Brahmaputra Delta, Bangladesh
Authors: Higgins Stephanie A. , Overeem Irina , Steckler Michael S. , Syvitski James P. M. , Seeber Leonardo , Akhter S. Humayun 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMany of the world′s largest river deltas are sinking due to sediment loading, compaction, and tectonics but also recently because of groundwater extraction, hydrocarbon extraction, and reduced aggradation. Little is known, however, about the full spatial variability of subsidence rates in complex delta systems. This study reconstructs subsidence rates in the eastern portion of the Ganges‐Brahmaputra Delta (GBD), Bangladesh, covering more than 10,000 km2 at a high spatial resolution of 100 m. The map was produced using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) covering the period 2007 to 2011. Eighteen Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased‐Array L‐band SAR scenes were used to generate 30 interferograms calibrated with GPS. Interferograms were stacked to yield average subsidence rates over the study period. Small Baseline Subset‐InSAR was then applied to validate the results against an additional GPS record from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Land subsidence of 0 to > 10 mm/yr is seen in Dhaka, with variability likely related to local variations in shallow subsurface sediment properties. Outside of the city, rates vary from 0 to > 18 mm/yr, with the lowest rates appearing primarily in Pleistocene Madhupur Clay and the highest rates in Holocene organic‐rich muds. Results demonstrate that subsidence in this delta is primarily controlled by local stratigraphy, with rates varying by more than an order of magnitude depending on lithology. The ability of L‐band InSAR to differentiate between stratigraphic units in this humid, vegetated subtropical river delta demonstrates the power of interferometry as a tool for studying the subsurface in deltaic environments.
SuFEx‐Based Synthesis of Polysulfates
Authors: Dong Jiajia , Sharpless K. Barry , Kwisnek Luke , Oakdale James S. , Fokin Valery V. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHigh‐molecular‐weight polysulfates are readily formed from aromatic bis(silyl ethers) and bis(fluorosulfates) in the presence of a base catalyst. The reaction is fast and proceeds well under neat conditions or in solvents, such as dimethyl formamide or N‐methylpyrrolidone, to provide the desired polymers in nearly quantitative yield. These polymers are more resistant to chemical degradation than their polycarbonate analogues and exhibit excellent mechanical, optical, and oxygen‐barrier properties.
Switchable Bifunctional Stimuli‐Triggered Poly‐N‐Isopropylacrylamide/DNA Hydrogels
Authors: Guo Weiwei , Lu Chun‐Hua , Qi Xiu‐Juan , Orbach Ron , Fadeev Michael , Yang Huang‐Hao , Willner Itamar 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDNA‐tethered poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide copolymer chains, pNIPAM, that include nucleic acid tethers have been synthesized. They are capable of inducing pH‐stimulated crosslinking of the chains by i‐motif structures or to be bridged by Ag+ ions to form duplexes. The solutions of pNIPAM chains undergo crosslinking at pH 5.2 or in the presence of Ag+ ions to form hydrogels. The hydrogels reveal switchable hydrogel‐to‐solution transitions by the reversible crosslinking of the chains at pH 5.2 and the separation of the crosslinking units at pH 7.5, or by the Ag+ ion‐stimulated crosslinking of the chains and the reverse dissolution of the hydrogel by the cysteamine‐induced elimination of the Ag+ ions. The DNA‐crosslinked hydrogels are thermosensitive and undergo reversible temperature‐controlled hydrogel‐to‐solid transitions. The solid pNIPAM matrices are protected against the OH− or cysteamine‐stimulated dissociation to the respective polymer solutions.
Core–Shell Hollow Microspheres of Magnetic Iron Oxide@Amorphous Calcium Phosphate: Synthesis Using Adenosine 5′‐Triphosphate and Application in pH‐Responsive Drug Delivery
Authors: Lu Bing‐Qiang , Zhu Ying‐Jie , Chen Feng , Qi Chao , Zhao Xin‐Yu , Zhao Jing 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDrug nanocarriers with magnetic targeting and pH‐responsive drug‐release behavior are promising for applications in controlled drug delivery. Magnetic iron oxides show excellent magnetism, but their application in drug delivery is limited by low drug‐loading capacity and poor control over drug release. Herein, core–shell hollow microspheres of magnetic iron oxide@amorphous calcium phosphate (MIO@ACP) were prepared and investigated as magnetic, pH‐responsive drug nanocarriers. Hollow microspheres of magnetic iron oxide (HMIOs) were prepared by etching solid MIO microspheres in hydrochloric acid/ethanol solution. After loading a drug into the HMIOs, the drug‐loaded HMIOs were coated with a protective layer of ACP by using adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) disodium salt (Na2ATP) as stabilizer, and drug‐loaded core–shell hollow microspheres of MIO@ACP (HMIOs/drug/ACP) were obtained. The as‐prepared HMIOs/drug/ACP drug‐delivery system exhibits superparamagnetism and pH‐responsive drug‐release behavior. In a medium with pH 7.4, drug release was slow, but it was significantly accelerated at pH 4.5 due to dissolution of the ACP shell. Docetaxel‐loaded core–shell hollow microspheres of MIO@ACP exhibited high anticancer activity.
Optimal Control of Switching Times in Switched Stochastic Systems
Authors: Liu Xiaomei , Zhang Kanjian , Li Shengtao , Fei Shumin , Wei Haikun 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we solve an optimal control problem for switched stochastic systems using calculus of variations, where the objective is to minimize a cost functional defined on the state and the switching times are the sole control variables. In particular, we focus on the problem in which a pre‐specified sequence of active subsystems is given. For one switching time case, the derivative of the cost functional with respect to the switching time is derived, which has an especially simple form and can be directly used in gradient descent algorithms to locate the optimal switching instant. Then, we propose an approach to deal with the problem with multi‐switching times case. Finally, two numerical examples are given, highlighting the viability and advantages of the proposed methodology.
Long‐term use of metformin and colorectal cancer risk in type II diabetics: a population‐based case–control study
Authors: Cardel Majken , Jensen Sara M. , Pottegård Anton , Jørgensen Trine L. , Hallas Jesper 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn vitro and animal studies indicate that metformin prevents colorectal cancer (CRC). Epidemiological studies, however, have been equivocal. We undertook this study to assess whether metformin prevents CRC in individuals with type II diabetes. We performed a nested case–control study restricted to Danish citizens with type II diabetes. Data were collected from four Danish nationwide registries. Cases were type II diabetics with a primary CRC between 2000 and 2009, and controls were sampled among subjects with type II diabetes. Long‐term exposure to metformin was defined by the redeeming of prescriptions for a cumulative dose of 2000 g within 5 years prior to the index date. To control for potential confounders, we used unconditional logistic regression. We generated adjusted odds ratios (OR) for the association between metformin and CRC and performed subanalyses for selected subgroups and for the dose–response relation. We identified 2088 cases and 9060 controls during the study period. The association between long‐term metformin use and CRC gave an adjusted OR at 0.83 (95% CI 0.68–1.00). A protective effect on CRC with long‐term use of metformin was only evident for women (OR 0.66 vs. 0.99 for men). There was a significant dose–response association of metformin use >250 defined daily dose (DDD) and for the duration of metformin use >1 year. We found an indication of a protective effect of long‐term metformin use against CRC in type II diabetics, although this effect was only seen in women.
Performance Loss of a Pt‐Based Implantable Glucose Fuel Cell in Simulated Tissue and Cerebrospinal Fluids
Authors: Köhler Christian , Frei Maxi , Zengerle Roland , Kerzenmacher Sven 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe present an electrode‐resolved analysis of the performance of platinum‐based abiotically catalyzed glucose fuel cells in realistically simulated tissue fluid (STF) and cerebrospinal fluid (SCF). The presence of amino acids and small organic molecules at physiological concentration leads to a drastic breakdown in fuel cell voltage, resulting in a maximum lifetime of 19 h in STF or 37 h in SCF. The performance loss mainly originates from catalyst poisoning at the anode, which causes 92 % or 80 % of the overall fuel cell voltage loss in STF or SCF, respectively. The results underline the necessity to further investigate and improve catalyst poisoning at the anode under realistic body conditions in order to improve the lifetime of platinum‐based implantable glucose fuel cells.
Fettsäuren geben Signal für Rückzug von Entzündung
Authors: Feil Sylvia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUm eine Entzündung zu beenden, muss der Körper sie aktiv auflösen. Die Rückkehr zur Homöostase führen Lipide herbei, die aus Omega‐3‐Fettsäuren hervorgehen. Der Biosyntheseweg des Botenstoffs Protektin D1 ist bekannt, nun wird eine sehr effektive stereoselektive Synthese in acht Stufen vorgestellt.
Donor–Acceptor 1,4‐Fluorenylene Chromophores: Photophysics, Electrochemistry, and Synthesis through a Route for Asymmetric Chromophore Preparation
Authors: Laughlin Brynna J. , Burdette Mary K. , Powell Chadwick R. , Levy Benjamin E. , Tennyson Andrew G. , Smith Rhett C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFourteen chromophores of the form 1‐(4‐X‐styryl)‐4‐(4‐nitrostyryl)benzene or 1‐(4‐X‐styryl)‐4‐(4‐nitrostyryl)fluorene have been synthesized with X = CF3, Cl, I, H, CH3, OCH3, or OCH(CH3)3. An innovative synthetic route was developed in the course of this work wherein phosphonium‐phosphonate ester bifunctional precursors were employed. By exploiting steric considerations and the difference in acidity of protons in the position alpha to the phosphonium and phosphonate ester, target asymmetric chromophores were assembled in a straightforward fashion with high selectivity. The photophysical characteristics of the chromophores are described, including notable solvatochromism revealed by measuring photophysical properties in acetonitrile, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, and toluene. Electrochemical analysis by cyclic voltammetry, along with DFT calculations (B3LYP‐6‐31G*) were employed to reveal the HOMO and LUMO distributions and energies, thus providing further understanding of the properties of these materials and the similarities/differences between phenylene‐centered and fluorenylene‐centered chromophores.
First Example of the Intermolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Hydroxyacrylates: Synthesis of All‐Carbon α‐Aryl Quaternary Aldehydes
Authors: Asad Sharif A. , Ulicki Joseph , Shevyrev Maria , Uddin Nazim , Alberch Eduardo , Hossain M. Mahmun 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA set of acyclic all‐carbon α‐aryl quaternary aldehydes was synthesized by intermolecular palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (Pd‐AAA). Hydroxyacrylates were used as unprecedented nucleophilic counterparts instead of widely used ketone substrates. This produced a very rare all‐carbon quaternary aldehyde. Chiral ligand (R,R)‐L3 was found to be optimal in this Pd‐AAA reaction and provided good to excellent yields (75–99 %) and enantioselectivities (75–94 %) with a range of analogs.
Human fetal ductal plate revisited. I. ductal plate expresses NCAM, KIT, MET, PDGFRA, and neuroendocrine antigens (NSE, chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56)
Authors: Terada Tadashi 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTBackground: The molecular mechanisms of ductal plate (DP) development and differentiation (DD) in human fetal livers (HFLs) are unclear. Materials and Methods: The author immunohistochemically investigated expressions of NCAM, KIT, KIT, PDGFRA, and neuroendocrine antigens in 32 HFLs. Results: The processes of human intrahepatic bile duct (IBD) DD could be categorized into four stages: DP, remodeling DP, remodeled DP, and mature IBD. NCAM was always expressed in DP and remodeling DP, but not in remodeled DP and mature IBD. The biliary elements were positive for cytokeratin (CK)7, 8, 18, and 19. The hepatoblasts were positive for CK8 and CD18, but negative for CK7 and CK19; however, periportal hepatoblasts showed biliary‐type CKs (CK7 and CK19). NCAM was always expressed in DP and remodeling DP, but not in remodeled DP and mature IBD. KIT was occasionally (12/32 cases) expressed in DP and remodeling DP, but not in remodeled DP and mature IBD. NCAM expression was also seen in some hepatoblasts and hematopoietic cells and neurons. KIT was also expressed in some hepatoblasts, hematopoietic cells, and mast cells. MET and PDGFRA were strongly expressed in DP, remodeling DP, remodeled DP, and mature IBD. MET and PDGFRA were also strongly expressed in hepatoblasts and hematopoietic cells. MET and PDGFRA were not expressed in portal mesenchyme, portal veins, sinusoids, and hepatic veins. DP showed immunoreactive chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), and CD56. Expressions of chromogranin and CD56 were infrequently seen in remodeling DP. No expressions of these four neuroendocrine antigens were seen in remodeled DP and mature IBD. The nerve fibers were consistently positive for chromogranin, synaptophysin, NSE, and CD56 in the portal mesenchyme in the stages of remodeling DP, remodeled DP, and mature IBDs. Conclusions: The data suggest that NCAM, KIT/stem cell factor‐signaling, NSE, hepatocyte growth factor/MET signaling, PDGFα/PDGFRA signaling, chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56 play important roles in DD of biliary cells of HFL. They also suggest that the DP cells having neuroendocrine molecules give rise to hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:814–824, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifying the drivers of liking by investigating the reasons for (dis)liking using CATA in cross‐cultural context: a case study on barbecue sauce
Authors: Choi Ji‐Hye , Gwak Mi‐Jin , Chung Seo‐Jin , Kim Kwang‐Ok , O'Mahony Michael , Ishii Rie , Bae Ye‐Won 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe present study cross‐culturally investigated the drivers of liking for traditional and ethnic chicken marinades using descriptive analysis and consumer taste tests incorporating the check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) method. Seventy‐three Koreans and 86 US consumers participated. The tested sauces comprised three tomato‐based sauces, a teriyaki‐based sauce and a Korean spicy seasoning‐based sauce. Chicken breasts were marinated with each of the five barbecue sauces, grilled and served for evaluation. Descriptive analysis and consumer taste tests were conducted. Consumers rated the acceptance on a hedonic scale and checked the reasons for (dis)liking by the CATA method for each sauce. A general linear model, multiple factor analysis and chi‐square analysis were conducted using the data.RESULTSThe results showed that the preference orders of the samples between Koreans and US consumers were strikingly similar to each other. However, the reasons for (dis)liking the samples differed cross‐culturally. The drivers of liking of two sauces sharing relatively similar sensory profiles but differing significantly in hedonic ratings were effectively delineated by reasons of (dis)liking CATA results.CONCLUSIONReasons for (dis)liking CATA proved to be a powerful supporting method to understand the internal drivers of liking which can be overlooked by generic descriptive analysis. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Biomechanical changes from long‐term freezer storage and cellular reduction of tracheal scaffoldings
Authors: Jones Matthew C. , Rueggeberg Frederick A. , Cunningham Aaron J. , Faircloth Hunter A. , Jana Tanima , Mettenburg Donald , Waller Jennifer L. , Postma Gregory N. , Weinberger Paul M. 
Published: August 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine structural biomechanical changes in tracheal scaffolds resulting from cellular reduction and storage at −80oC.Study DesignLaboratory‐based study.MethodsForty‐four rabbit tracheal segments were separated into four treatment groups: untreated (group A, control), cellular‐reduced (group B), storage at −80oC followed by cellular reduction (group C), and cellular‐reduced followed by storage at −80oC (group D). Tracheal segments were subjected to uniaxial tension (n = 21) or compression (n = 23) using a universal testing machine to determine sutured tensile yield load and radial compressive strengths at 50% lumen occlusion. Mean differences among groups for tension and compression were compared by analysis of variance with post‐hoc Tukey‐Kramer test.ResultsThe untreated trachea (group A) demonstrated mean yield strength of 5.93 (± 1.65) N and compressive strength of 2.10 (± 0.51) N. Following treatment/storage, the tensile yield strength was not impaired (group B = 6.79 [± 1.58] N, C = 6.21 [± 1.40] N, D = 6.26 [± 1.18]; P > 0.10 each). Following cellular reduction, there was a significant reduction in compressive strength (group B = 0.44 N [± 0.13], P < 0.0001), but no further reduction due to storage (group C = 0.39 N [± 0.10]; P = 0.97 compared to group B).ConclusionThe data suggest cellular reduction leads to loss of compressive strength. Freezing at −80°C (either before, or subsequent to cellular reduction) may be a viable storage method for tracheal grafts.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 125:E16–E22, 2015
Current issues in wind energy meteorology
Authors: Emeis Stefan 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis review discusses some of the current issues in wind energy meteorology from the viewpoint of a meteorologist. The focus is on four major subjects: (1) the wind potential, (2) the influence of major terrain inhomogeneities on this wind potential, (3) diurnal wind variations and (4) the impact of wind turbines and wind parks on the flow. The wind potential is addressed by describing vertical profiles of wind and turbulence, trying to give profile laws that are valid throughout the major part of the atmospheric boundary layer and specifying specific offshore turbulence conditions. Flow over forests and gently sloping hills are presented as two examples for the very broad spectrum of possible terrain inhomogeneities. Diurnal variations of wind speed turn out to be height dependent. A major diurnal variation, the formation of low‐level jets, is discussed in detail. Finally, wakes of single turbines and of entire wind parks are addressed and an analytical model for park efficiency and wake is presented. This review gives only a short overview on the spectrum of issues in wind energy meteorology. A few analytical approaches are presented to explain first‐order effects. Detailed investigations of wind and turbulence conditions usually require the use of non‐linear high‐resolution flow models.
THE IMPACT OF ADULT CIVIC EDUCATION PROGRAMMES IN DEVELOPING DEMOCRACIES
Authors: Finkel Steven E. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYAre individuals in emerging democracies more likely to embrace democratic values, to learn basic knowledge about political processes, and to engage in politics in response to donor‐sponsored civic education programmes? After more than a decade of civic education evaluations, it is a good time to take stock of what we have learned about the impacts of these efforts to strengthen democratic political culture in developing democracies. This article describes four US Agency for International Development‐sponsored evaluations that have been conducted since the late 1990s, summarizes their most important findings, and discusses the lessons learned. I show that civic education can have meaningful and relatively long‐lasting effects in terms of increasing political information, increasing feelings of empowerment, and mobilizing individuals, even in contexts beset by political and ethnic violence. However, these interventions are much less likely to affect ‘deep‐seated’ democratic values such as political tolerance, support, and trust. Moreover, the size of the effects depends critically on how the programmes are designed, the kinds of pedagogical methods employed, and the quality of the trainers. I conclude with a discussion of current developments in the field. © 2014 The Authors. Public Administration and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Balanced double subset difference broadcast encryption scheme
Authors: Wang Shyh‐Yih , Yang Wu‐Chuan , Lin Ying‐Jen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBroadcast encryption is a key‐distribution technique for sending encrypted messages to arbitrary groups of users in public channels. When applied to large systems (e.g., pay‐TV), the existing symmetric‐key‐setting schemes usually exhibit high transmission costs; thus, numerous efforts have been made to enhance the transmission performance. However, tremendous additional computation cost or storage size requirements are often necessary. In this paper, a symmetric‐key‐setting scheme, called balanced double subset difference, and its variant, BDSDλ, are proposed. By enlarging the subset collection of the subset difference scheme with special subsets, called balanced subsets, the proposed schemes retain the excellent computational performance of subset difference and offer the capability of reducing transmission costs with a reasonable storage requirement. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.