bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the
AJA
Research Forum on Intervention and Rehabilitation Strategies for Adults and Older Adults
Authors: Paglialonga Alessia , Grandori Ferdinando 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
To give an overview of the third in a series of research forums emerged from the second International Conference on Adult Hearing Screening (AHS 2012), which was held in Cernobbio (Lake Como, Italy) in June 2012. The first two research forums, published in the previous and current issues of this journal, included several key contributions from the AHS meeting in 2 major topic areas, “Hearing Screening in Adults and Older Adults” (Vol. 22, June 2013) and “Aging and Hearing: Mechanisms and Effects” (this issue). In the 7 articles showcased in this Research Forum on “Intervention and Rehabilitation Strategies for Adults and Older Adults,” the authors provide a multifaceted view on recent advancements in intervention strategies for adults with hearing loss, with ample emphasis on auditory training; discuss the research challenges that need to be tackled in this field; and explore new ways to take into account the individual needs and obtain a deeper understanding of the peculiar attributes of hearing in older adults.
Tinnitus and Normal Hearing: A Study on Contralateral Acoustic Reflex
Authors: da Cruz Fernandes Luciene , Momensohn-Santos Teresa Maria , Carvalho Josiane Silva Martins , Carvalho Fernando Luís de Queiroz 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference of the contralateral acoustic reflex (AR) threshold between adult subjects with hearing within clinically normal limits, with and without tinnitus.

Method
The study sample in this exploratory, descriptive, and comparative study comprised 40 female subjects who were evaluated: 20 had tinnitus and 20 formed the control group. The contralateral AR threshold was evaluated at the frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz.

Results

Elevated or absent AR thresholds were found only in subjects with complaints of tinnitus. At all frequencies and in either ear, the median AR threshold was higher in the group that complained of tinnitus (100.0 dB; range = 95.0–100.0 dB) compared with the control group (90.0 dB; range = 86.3–95.0 dB;
p
< .01). There was a statistically significant difference (
p
< .05) in the group with tinnitus, in each of the frequencies studied and in both the right and left ear.

Conclusion
The results suggest that evaluation of the efferent system, through AR, could be an important tool for the differential diagnosis of tinnitus in patients whose hearing was within clinically normal limits.
Better Together: Reduced Compliance After Sequential Versus Simultaneous Bilateral Hearing Aids Fitting
Authors: Lavie Limor , Banai Karen , Attias Joseph , Karni Avi 
Published: February 2014

PurposeTo determine the effects of sequential versus simultaneous bilateral hearing aids fitting on client compliance.MethodThirty-six older adults with hearing impairment participated in this study. Twelve were fitted with bilateral hearing aids simultaneously. The remaining participants were fitted sequentially: One hearing aid (to the left or to the right ear) was used initially; one month later, the other ear was also fitted with a hearing aid for bilateral use. Self-reports on usefulness and compliance were elicited after the first and second months of hearing aid use. In addition, the number of hours the hearing aids were used was extracted from the data loggings of each device.ResultsSimultaneous fitting resulted in high levels of compliance and consistent usage throughout the study period. Sequential fitting resulted in abrupt reduction in compliance and hours of use once the second hearing aid was added, both in the clinical scoring and in the data loggings.ConclusionsSimultaneous fitting of bilateral hearing aids results in better compliance compared to sequential fitting. The addition of a second hearing aid after a relatively short period of monaural use may lead to inconsistent use of both hearing aids.
Response times from ensembles of accumulators
Authors: Zandbelt Bram , Purcell Braden A. , Palmeri Thomas J. , Logan Gordon D. , Schall Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
The delay of responding to stimuli, known as response time (RT), is randomly variable. Psychologists explain this variability through models in which RT is dictated by the termination of a single random accumulation process. Neurophysiologists explain this variability through the dynamics of neurons sampled from very large networks. This paper explains how these radically different scales of explanation can both be correct.
Multiple seismic reflectors in Earth’s lowermost mantle
Authors: Shang Xuefeng , Shim Sang-Heon , de Hoop Maarten , van der Hilst Robert 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceDeep in the Earth’s interior, the region just above the core–mantle boundary exerts control on mantle convection and heat loss from the core. It has long been thought that the so-called D″ region is separated from a more uniform mantle above by a single interface, often attributed to a phase transition in Mg perovskite. Systematic deep-mantle exploration with massive seismic waveforms now yields evidence for multiple reflectors up to at least 600 km above the core–mantle boundary. Some of the newly discovered interfaces can be explained by postperovskite transitions in differentiated oceanic slab materials, transported from Earth’s surface through deep subduction and convection. The lowermost mantle appears more complex than hitherto thought, and this complexity is not confined to the canonical D″ region.
Polyclonal type II natural killer T cells require PLZF and SAP for their development and contribute to CpG-mediated antitumor response
Authors: Zhao Jie , Weng Xiufang , Bagchi Sreya , Wang Chyung-Ru 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Type I and type II natural killer T (NKT) cells are unique T-cell types with potent immunomodulatory functions. Because of lack of markers available to track type II NKT cells, this subset has not been as extensively studied as type I NKT cells. In this study we used a unique mouse model as a tool to decipher the developmental requirements, antigen specificity, and functional potential of type II NKT cells. We found that even though type I and type II NKT cells exhibited similar developmental needs, they were functionally distinct. In addition, we demonstrated a means of harnessing the therapeutic potential of these cells in cancer immunity by transforming their tumor-suppressive functions into a protective response.
Global analysis of cell cycle gene expression of the legume symbiontSinorhizobium meliloti
Authors: De Nisco Nicole J. , Abo Ryan P. , Wu C. Max , Penterman Jon , Walker Graham C. 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceThe bacteriumSinorhizobium melilotiestablishes an agriculturally and ecologically important nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with leguminous plants. During symbiosis, the bacterial cells undergo drastic cellular differentiation and alter their cell cycle regulation such that they become highly polyploid. Cell cycle research has been limited inS. melilotibecause there has been no method to generate synchronous cell populations. Here we describe a robust method to synchronizeS. melilotiand present a global analysis ofS. meliloticell cycle gene expression. The results of this study suggest that theS. meliloticell cycle transcriptional regulatory network, especially the regulon of the master regulator CtrA, has adapted specifically to fit its lifestyle both within the soil and its legume host.
Design and application of cotranscriptional non-enzymatic RNA circuits and signal transducers
Authors: Bhadra Sanchita , Ellington Andrew D. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Nucleic acid circuits are finding increasing real-life applications in diagnostics and synthetic biology. Although DNA has been the main operator in most nucleic acid circuits, transcriptionally produced RNA circuits could provide powerful alternatives for reagent production and their use in cells. Towards these goals, we have implemented a particular nucleic acid circuit, catalytic hairpin assembly, using RNA for both information storage and processing. Our results demonstrated that the design principles developed for DNA circuits could be readily translated to engineering RNA circuits that operated with similar kinetics and sensitivities of detection. Not only could purified RNA hairpins perform amplification reactions but RNA hairpins transcribed in vitro also mediated amplification, even without purification. Moreover, we could read the results of the non-enzymatic amplification reactions using a fluorescent RNA aptamer ‘Spinach’ that was engineered to undergo sequence-specific conformational changes. These advances were applied to the end-point and real-time detection of the isothermal strand displacement amplification reaction that produces single-stranded DNAs as part of its amplification cycle. We were also able to readily engineer gate structures with RNA similar to those that have previously formed the basis of DNA circuit computations. Taken together, these results validate an entirely new chemistry for the implementation of nucleic acid circuits.
Aristotle's Philosophical Life and Writings
Authors: Shields Christopher 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDespite a paucity of contemporary information about Aristotle's life and affairs, our ancient sources are only too happy to supply missing details and additional colour, much of it centred on his relationship with his teacher, Plato. Aristotle left Athens at around the time of Plato's death, for Assos, on the northwest coast of present-day Turkey, where he carried on his philosophical activity, augmented by intensive marine biological research. He returned to Athens for his second and final stay in 335. Once there, Aristotle established his own school in the Lyceum. This second period of residency in Athens was an astonishingly productive one for Aristotle. His works range widely across an astonishing number of fields, from aesthetic theory and argumentation theory to epistemology, ethics, logic, metaphysics, music, medicine, meteorology, pedagogy, philosophy of science, theology, and zoology. All these areas Aristotle pursued with genuine, unselfconscious zeal, under a general rubric of his own invention.
Aristotle in the Arabic Commentary Tradition
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn late antiquity, the commentary became the most prominent genre of philosophical writing. Aristotle was the author who received the lion's share of attention, even though the commentators, beginning with Porphyry, were Platonists. Since Aristotle was seen not only as harmonious with Plato, but as more suitable for initial study in philosophy, commentaries for the use of students were naturally more often devoted to his works than to Plato's. The practice of writing commentaries on Aristotle, and the curriculum the commentaries were meant to support, cut across confessional lines. The Arabic tradition of commentary on Aristotle focuses on the earlier parts of the Aristotelian curriculum, with most emphasis on the logical and physical works. Only the greatest commentator of the Arabic tradition, Averroes, commented extensively on the De Anima or the Metaphysics. As in the Greek tradition, confessional divides were no obstacle to continuous and even co-ordinated efforts to understand Aristotle. This is best shown by the group of commentators known as the “Baghdad school.”
The Latin Aristotle
Authors: Pasnau Robert 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThere is some temptation to say that the history of Aristotle in medieval Latin philosophy is just the history of medieval Latin philosophy, but this would be to oversimplify matters. The fountainhead of Christian philosophy, Augustine (354–430 AD), betrays almost no familiarity with Aristotelian thought, and describes in the Confessions how he was underwhelmed by a reading of the Categories at the age of twenty. Boethius (c. 476–c. 526) aspired to translate into Latin and comment upon the whole Aristotelian corpus, and reconcile it with Plato as well, but only a fraction of the project (the logic) was completed. Moreover, even once the influence of Aristotle was felt in its full force—and even more so before then—Platonism remained a strong influence on Latin philosophy. This article discusses the rise of scholastic Aristotelianism and its eventual decline, the history of Aristotelianism in the Latin West, the distinctive character of scholastic Aristotelianism, and disagreements within scholastic Aristotelianism.
Foreground Flatland
Authors: Lanza Joseph 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Elevator music—or the easy—listening instrumental-has been a target of ridicule and suspicion for decades, often because people have accused it of being intrusive and manipulative. As a result, companies have attempted in recent years to replace such traditional programs as “Music by Muzak” with “foreground music” or selections by original artists that are supposed to give an establishment more personality. This chapter argues that this practice has yielded the opposite result: foreground music, when used as an environmental tool, is much more intrusive and manipulative, drowns out individuality, and flattens the public into passive consumers who are expected conform to what many in advertising call “psychographic profiles.”
Music Video’s Second Aesthetic?
Authors: Vernallis Carol 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. MTV’s launch happened thirty years ago. Since then music video has undergone shifts in technologies and platforms, financial booms and busts, and changing levels of audience engagement. While music videos hit a low point at the start of the millennium, they have reemerged as a key driver of popular culture. This resurgence resembles MTV’s first moment: it’s again worth asking what music video can do and where it fits. A variety of styles, genres, and tropes marks both the eighties and today. The traditional definition of music video - a record-company product that puts images to a pop record in order to sell the song — has become too narrow. Instead we might describe music videos as containing heightened sound/image relations we recognize as such. Today's videos can reflect great technical proficiency. But in the eighties an attempt at an audiovisual connection often left a trace of the performers’ and director’s efforts. This gave videos a special charm. Today’s videos, however, may also reflect a full flowering of the genre. Many directors have labored in the industry and weathered its transitions: their experiences inform today’s music videos. This chapter looks at what this thirty-year history might add up to.
Parties in Your Head
Authors: Brophy Philip 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. The sound of nightclubs and club music has transformed spatial scale, frequency range, and volume levels in film soundtracks for the past twenty-five years. Across this period, spatialization is intensified, the soundtrack gets noiser, and characterization favors unbalanced psychological states. Consequently, an aural “Other” becomes progressively encoded and registered. The texture of recorded sound on film becomes affected by non-cinematic aurality, responding to approaches to microphone placement in pop music, and the role that psycho-acoustics play in shaping psychological drama. Discussion ensues to audit the noise inside the addled heads of characters in a selection of films which exemplify this transformative audiovision in cinema: Scorpio Rising, Vinyl, Scarface, Blue Velvet, La Vie Nouvelle, and Irréversible.
Sound Events
Authors: Turim Maureen , Walsh Michael 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. This chapter is a comprehensive survey of sound practices in avant-garde film, video art, and installation art since the 1960s. It addresses a series of artistic approaches to sound: silence, tone and drone, antic and aleatory, multilayering and cacophony, work with voices, legacies of cinematic exhibition, and resonant spaces in galleries and museums. It is broadly chronological, beginning with major figures of the 1960s and ending with artists currently working. The chapter does not deny medium specificity, but moves easily among celluloid film, video formats, and gallery installation. Theoretical perspectives derive from the debate between Deleuze and Badiou on the nature and frequency of “the event,” a restaging of the discussion on the value of experiment and innovation. The chapter is wide-ranging enough to be synoptic, but also provides detailed discussion of works by Larry Gottheim, Abigail Child, Andy Warhol, Christian Marclay, Janet Cardiff, and Bruce High Quality Foundation.
Extending Film Aesthetics
Authors: Donnelly Kevin J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Film remains at the apex of audiovisual culture, providing inspiration and aspiration for other media. Film music and other sounds from the soundtrack have extended film aesthetics beyond the bounds of film into other media and culture. Sound design now can use musical software to enhance sound effects in films and music composers to incorporate sound effect recordings. Soundtrack elements now appear to have an “aesthetic” character. Technology has engendered a spatial sonic arena wherein sonic elements have mixed into a sensual and psychological field. Modern film soundtracks often evince a conceptual or aesthetic unity strikingly similar to musical unity, evident in disc releases unconnected to the cinema. In films sounds on their own work in a different way, implying visuals that we then expect to see or imagine. That sound implies visuals is crucial also to extended soundtracks outside film.
ZigZag
Authors: Perrott Lisa 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Animators and visual music artists have long experimented with technological devices to explore the image–sound relationship, often innovating new ways of composing motion in time and space. For Len Lye this involved pioneering methods of animation and exploring the material qualities of organic materials such as film and metal, creating a substantial body of handmade animations that continue to affect audiences and inspire contemporary practitioners. Lye’s work provided the inspiration and raw materials for the development of Zig Zag, an homage to Lye, which integrated traditional musical instruments with digital media, remixed and projected visual imagery, and improvised theatrical performance. This complex process of remediation is discussed in relation to the extracinematic animation of both Lye’s sculptures and the theatrical performances. Extending the term “animation” is fundamental to understanding the way Zig Zag is a reanimation of the latent material life force embodied in Lye’s resting sculptures.
Organisations' conversations in social media: applying dialogue strategies in times of crises
Authors: Romenti Stefania , Murtarelli Grazia , Valentini Chiara 
Published: February 2014

Purpose– The aim of this paper is to develop and test a theoretical framework, grounded in managerial and organisational theories of dialogue, through which organisations can take decisions in relation to the most appropriate crisis response strategies for handling social media stakeholders.Design/methodology/approach– The theoretical framework is developed through a conceptual analysis of literature on dialogue, social media and crisis communication. The theoretical framework is then tested in eight different international organisations experiencing a crisis. For each case, different web contents, such as organisations' status updates/posts, links, videos published on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, were analysed using a rhetorical research approach.Findings– The analysed organisations apply different online dialogue strategies according to crisis types and in combination with specific crisis response strategies. Most of the organisations investigated carry on those dialogue strategies suitable to develop consensus (concertative), guide conversations on specific topics or issues (framing), find solutions to the crisis collectively (transformative). Concertative strategies were often associated with informative crisis response strategies, framing strategies with denial and justification crisis response strategies and transformative strategies with corrective actions.Research limitations/implications– By using a dialogic perspective in setting up online conversations with their external stakeholders, the paper proposes a theoretical model to explain companies' decisions in carrying on online dialogues during critical situations and thus contribute to the body of knowledge on online crisis communications.Practical implications– The proposed model can support crisis communicators to manage dialogue's aims and dimensions differently by taking into account both contextual and situational conditions.Originality/value– By integrating management studies on dialogue into crisis communication and social media literature, the authors intend to offer an alternative thinking of organisations' decision-making in relation to crisis response strategies and social media stakeholders.
The impact of a career development and mentoring programme on female mental health nurses
Authors: M. Woolnough Helen , Lesley Fielden Sandra 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– Literature has shown that mentoring and career development programmes can assist women and minority groups in pursuit of more senior roles. The Challenging Perceptions 12-month, multi-faceted career development and mentoring programme was specifically designed to aid female mental health participants in their attempts to break the glass ceiling, which can be apparent within senior levels of the UK National Health Service. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a career development and mentoring programme on female mental health nurses' career and personal development compared to a matched comparison group.

Design/methodology/approach
– A longitudinal, qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews conducted with female mental health nurse participants and a matched control group at four time points, six months apart over an 18-month period. Female mental health nurses at F, G, H, I and Nurse Consultant Level who applied to participate in the programme were selected by a panel consisting of members of the project team and subsequently randomly allocated a group. Twenty-seven female mental health nurses experienced the programme and 27 female mental health nurses constituted a comparison group.

Findings
– Experience as programme participant influenced the career and personal development of participants, particularly compared to the matched control group. Career development outcomes included promotion and additional learning/study. Personal development outcomes included increased self-confidence and increased satisfaction with ability to deliver quality patient care.

Originality/value
– Career development and mentoring programmes designed to affect diversity have an important role to play in fostering the career and personal development of nurses in healthcare organisations.