bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting CD137 Enhances Vaccine-Elicited Anti–Respiratory Syncytial Virus CD8+ T Cell Responses in Aged Mice
Authors: Lee Sujin , Mittler Robert S. , Moore Martin L. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in children and the elderly. No vaccines for RSV are in use. Because of immunosenescence, the immunologic requirements for a successful RSV vaccine in the elderly might differ from a RSV vaccine for young children. Using an aged mouse model of RSV pathogenesis, we found that aged mice had impaired Ag-specific CD8+ T cell responses and delayed RSV clearance compared with young mice. To study vaccine-elicited RSV-specific CD8+ T cells in aged mice, we used a peptide vaccine approach. TriVax is a commixture of a peptide representing immunodominant RSV CD8+ T cell epitope M282–90, a TLR agonist (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid), and a costimulatory anti-CD40 Ab. TriVax vaccination generated robust, polyfunctional, and protective CD8+ T cell responses in young BALB/c mice, but not in 18-mo-old (aged) BALB/c mice. We hypothesized that treatment of aged mice with agonistic anti-CD137 (41BB) mAb will partially restore T cell responses and TriVax efficacy in aged mice. We immunized 18-mo-old BALB/c mice twice with TriVax + anti-41BB mAb or TriVax + isotype control Ab. Coadministration of anti-41BB mAb with TriVax enhanced RSV-specific CD8+ T cell responses and TriVax efficacy in challenge experiments. Triggering the 41BB costimulatory pathway may be a strategy for enhancing T cell responses to vaccines in the elderly.
IL-6–Mediated Induction of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Is Modulated by JAK-Dependent IL-10 Expression in Macrophages
Authors: Kothari Poonam , Pestana Roberto , Mesraoua Rim , Elchaki Rim , Khan K. M. Faisal , Dannenberg Andrew J. , Falcone Domenick J. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The mechanisms by which IL-6 contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer are not fully understood. We previously reported that cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2)–dependent PGE2 synthesis regulates macrophage matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression, an endopeptidase that participates in diverse pathologic processes. In these studies, we determined whether IL-6 regulates the Cox-2→PGE2→MMP-9 pathway in murine macrophages. IL-6 coinduced Cox-2 and microsomal PGE synthase-1, and inhibited the expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, leading to increased levels of PGE2. In addition, IL-6 induced MMP-9 expression, suggesting that the observed proteinase expression was regulated by the synthesis of PGE2. However, inhibition of PGE2 synthesis partially suppressed IL-6–mediated induction of MMP-9. In the canonical model of IL-6–induced signaling, JAK activation triggers STAT and MAPKerk1/2-signaling pathways. Therefore, the ability of structurally diverse JAK inhibitors to block IL-6–induced MMP-9 expression was examined. Inhibition of JAK blocked IL-6–induced phosphorylation of STAT3, but failed to block the phosphorylation of MAPKerk1/2, and unexpectedly enhanced MMP-9 expression. In contrast, MEK-1 inhibition blocked IL-6–induced phosphorylation of MAPKerk1/2 and MMP-9 expression without affecting the phosphorylation of STAT3. Thus, IL-6–induced MMP-9 expression is dependent on the activation of MAPKerk1/2 and is restrained by a JAK-dependent gene product. Using pharmacologic and genetic approaches, we identified JAK-dependent induction of IL-10 as a potent feedback mechanism controlling IL-6–induced MMP-9 expression. Together, these data reveal that IL-6 induces MMP-9 expression in macrophages via Cox-2–dependent and –independent mechanisms, and identifies a potential mechanism linking IL-6 to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer.
Cutting Edge: Expression of FcγRIIB Tempers Memory CD8 T Cell Function In Vivo
Authors: Starbeck-Miller Gabriel R. , Badovinac Vladimir P. , Barber Daniel L. , Harty John T. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
During reinfection, high-affinity IgG Abs form complexes with both soluble Ag and Ag displayed on the surface of infected cells. These interactions regulate cellular activation of both innate cells and B cells, which express specific combinations of activating FcγRs (FcγRI, FcγRIII, FcγRIV) and/or the inhibitory FcγR (FcγRIIB). Direct proof for functional expression of FcγR by Ag-specific CD8 T cells is lacking. In this article, we show that the majority of memory CD8 T cells generated by bacterial or viral infection express only FcγRIIB, and that FcγRIIB could be detected on previously activated human CD8 T cells. Of note, FcγR stimulation during in vivo Ag challenge not only inhibited the cytotoxicity of memory CD8 T cells against peptide-loaded or virus-infected targets, but FcγRIIB blockade during homologous virus challenge enhanced the secondary CD8 T cell response. Thus, memory CD8 T cells intrinsically express a functional FcγRIIB, permitting Ag–Ab complexes to regulate secondary CD8 T cell responses.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Kidneys: Influence of b-Value and Number of Encoding Directions on Image Quality and Diffusion Tensor Parameters
Authors: Chuck Natalie C. , Steidle Günther , Blume Iris , Fischer Michael A. , Nanz Daniel , Boss Andreas 
Published: November 2013

Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate to which degree investment of acquisition time in more encoding directions leads to better image quality (IQ) and what influence the number of encoding directions and the choice of b-values have on renal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters.

Material and Methods:
Eight healthy volunteers (32.3 y ± 5.1 y) consented to an examination in a 1.5T whole-body MR scanner. Coronal DTI data sets of the kidneys were acquired with systematic variation of b-values (50, 150, 300, 500, and 700 s/mm2) and number of diffusion-encoding directions (6, 15, and 32) using a respiratory-triggered echo-planar sequence (TR/TE 1500 ms/67 ms, matrix size 128 × 128). Additionally, two data sets with more than two b-values were acquired (0, 150, and 300 s/mm2 and all six b-values). Parametrical maps were calculated on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Image quality was determined with a reader score.

Results:
Best IQ was visually assessed for images acquired with 15 and 32 encoding directions, whereas images acquired with six directions had significantly lower IQ ratings. Image quality, fractional anisotropy, and mean diffusivity only varied insignificantly for b-values between 300 and 500 s/mm2. In the renal medulla fractional anisotropy (FA) values between 0.43 and 0.46 and mean diffusivity (MD) values between 1.8-2.1 × 10-3 mm2/s were observed. In the renal cortex, the corresponding ranges were 0.24-0.25 (FA) and 2.2-2.8 × 10-3 mm2/s (MD). Including b-values below 300 s/mm2, notably higher MD values were observed, while FA remained constant. Susceptibility artifacts were more prominent in FA maps than in MD maps.

Conclusion:
In DTI of the kidneys at 1.5T, the best compromise between acquisition time and resulting image quality seems the application of 15 encoding directions with b-values between 300 and 500 s/mm2. Including lower b-values allows for assessment of fast diffusing spin components.
A Time Splitting Space Spectral Element Method for the Cahn-Hilliard Equation
Authors: Chen Lizhen , Xu Chuanju 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe propose and analyse a class of fully discrete schemes for the Cahn-Hilliard equation with Neumann boundary conditions. The schemes combine large-time step splitting methods in time and spectral element methods in space. We are particularly interested in analysing a class of methods that split the original Cahn-Hilliard equation into lower order equations. These lower order equations are simpler and less computationally expensive to treat. For the first-order splitting scheme, the stability and convergence properties are investigated based on an energy method. It is proven that both semi-discrete and fully discrete solutions satisfy the energy dissipation and mass conservation properties hidden in the associated continuous problem. A rigorous error estimate, together with numerical confirmation, is provided. Although not yet rigorously proven, higher-order schemes are also constructed and tested by a series of numerical examples. Finally, the proposed schemes are applied to the phase field simulation in a complex domain, and some interesting simulation results are obtained.
The Solidarity Movement in Poland: Its History and Meaning in Collective Memory
Authors: Kubow Magdalena 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Contemporary Poland continues to struggle with its economic and sociopolitical adjustments post-1989, with communist-era monuments and architecture in its history’s peripheral view. The heritage reclaimed by Poles through the Solidarity movement is reflected in the symbols used to battle communism from the 1950s to the 1980s. Symbols of hope, freedom, and solidarity expressed through religious icons, roses, and the crowned Polish Eagle remain an integral aspect of social collective memory and culture for Poles. In addressing whether Solidarity was primarily a grassroots movement of workers who were motivated by unfair wages and starvation, or an intellectual movement defined by a need to reassert Poland’s identity by dismembering communist rule, the historian is presented with the fair and complex reality that the movement was from its inception an intimate combination of both influences. With the thirty-third anniversary of the initiation of the official Solidarity movement in 2013, memory not only correlates with a usable history but also acts as a continuing force motivating Poles to strive for greater independence from their oppressive recent past.
A Talk with Janusz Wróbel
Authors: Grondelski John 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Dr. Janusz Wróbel, the author of a new book, Polonia chicagowska w dobie "Solidarności" 1980-89 (Łódź: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2012; HB, 495 pp., ISBN 9788363695057) served from 1975 to 1994 in the Institute of History of Łódź, where he obtained his doctorate in 1983. His doctoral dissertation on migrations of peoples in the Łódź region during World War II received an award from the Ministry of National Education. Since 2001, he has worked in the Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. His research dealing with Poles who found themselves outside Poland during World War II.
Transformations de l’acte alimentaire chez les Innus et rapports identitaires
Authors: Roy Bernard , Labarthe Jenni , Petitpas Judith 
Published: November 2013

La haute prévalence du diabète de type 2 (DT2) chez les Innus est indissociable des transformations de l’acte alimentaire émergées dans leurs communautés depuis le milieu du XXe siècle. Dans cet article, nous proposons que ces transformations s’inscrivent dans une trame identitaire collective, façonnée dans le contexte de la globalisation et de l’exclusion au travers de rapports sociaux prévalant au sein des communautés innues. Ces transformations ont permis l’inclusion dans la trame identitaire de nouveaux aliments originalement associés à la culture dominante mais qui, rapidement, sont devenus des éléments de la culture locale. Dans cet article nous situons d’abord l’émergence des transformations de l’alimentation des Innus dans des rapports politiques et socioéconomiques du milieu du XXe siècle pour mieux saisir certaines règles d’inclusion et d’exclusion qui caractérisent leur acte alimentaire contemporain. L’évolution de leurs codes alimentaires comme marqueurs de l’« identité innue » est ensuite discutée. Pour conclure, nous suggérons que les transformations de l’acte alimentaire des Innus reflètent, au niveau microsociétal, l’évolution plus globale des dynamiques sociopolitiques entre Autochtones et non-Autochtones et le durcissement des discours identitaires en réaction à l’exclusion sociale.
Autism: Metabolism, Mitochondria, and the Microbiome
Authors: Macfabe Derrick 
Published: November 2013

New approaches are needed to examine the diverse symptoms and comorbidities of the growing family of neurodevelopmental disorders known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD originally was thought to be a static, inheritable neurodevelopmental disorder, and our understanding of it is undergoing a major shift. It is emerging as a dynamic system of metabolic and immune anomalies involving many organ systems, including the brain, and environmental exposure. The initial detailed observation and inquiry of patients with ASD and related conditions and the histories of their care-givers and families have been invaluable. How gastrointestinal (GI) factors are related to ASD is not yet clear. Nevertheless, many patients with ASD have a history of previous antibiotic exposure or hospitalization, GI symptoms, abnormal food cravings, and unique intestinal bacterial populations, which have been proposed to relate to variable symptom severity. In addition to traditional scientific inquiry, detailed clinical observation and recording of exacerbations, remissions, and comorbidities are needed. This article reviews the role that enteric short-chain fatty acids, particularly propionic (also called propanoic) acid, produced from ASD-associated GI bacteria, may play in the etiology of some forms of ASD. Human populations that are partial metabolizers of propionic acid are more common than previously thought. The results from pre-clinical laboratory studies show that propionic acid-treated rats display ASD-like repetitive, perseverative, and antisocial behaviors and seizure. Neurochemical changes, consistent and predictive with findings in ASD patients, including neuroinflammation, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutathione depletion, and altered phospholipid/acylcarnitine profiles, have been observed. Propionic acid has bioactive effects on (1) neurotransmitter systems, (2) intracellular acidification and calcium release, (3) fatty acid metabolism, (4) gap junction gating, (5) immune function, and (6) alteration of gene expression that warrant further exploration. Traditional scientific experimentation is needed to verify the hypothesis that enteric short-chain fatty acids may be a potential environmental trigger in some forms of ASD. Novel collaborative developments in systems biology, particularly examining the role of the micro-biome and its effects on host metabolism, immune and mitochondrial function, and gene expression, hold great promise in ASD.
Problem‐Solving Strategies
Authors: Nezu Arthur M. , Nezu Christine Maguth 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProblem‐solving therapy is a cognitive behavioral intervention, based on a biopsychosocial, diathesis–stress model of psychopathology, that involves training individuals in a series of skills geared to enhance their ability to cope effectively with a variety of life stressors thought to engender negative health and mental health outcomes. Problem‐solving therapy incorporates various training exercises, activities, and lessons that help clients overcome the following major obstacles to effective coping: cognitive overload, emotional dysregulation, negative thinking, low motivation, and ineffective problem‐solving strategies. Several meta‐analyses support its efficacy as an evidenced‐based intervention to treat a wide variety of clinical problems and patient populations, particularly depression. Research has also documented its flexibility in terms of differing implementation venues, including individual, couples, and group approaches, as well as over the telephone and Internet.
Attentional Bias Modification
Authors: Amir Nader , Conley Sara 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCognitive models of emotional disorders suggest that an information processing bias toward disorder‐relevant information plays a role in the etiology and maintenance of these disorders. For example, these models propose that biased attention toward disorder‐specific material may exacerbate anxiety and depression. More relevant to the goals of cognitive behavioral therapy, recent research suggests that changing attentional bias may result in the reduction of symptoms of emotional disorders. Converging evidence from multiple laboratories using related but distinct methodologies indicates that attention modification procedures may have clinical utility for cognitive behavioral therapists. Although promising, questions remain regarding the basic mechanisms involved in attention training as well as the best method for incorporating attention training into clinical practice.
Habit Reversal
Authors: Twohig Michael P. , Bluett Ellen J. , Morrison Kate L. , Woidneck Michelle R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHabit reversal is a relatively simple behavior modification procedure used to help regulate repetitive behaviors such as oral digital habits, trichotillomania and skin picking, temporomandibular disorders, tic disorders, and stuttering. This chapter reviews the development of habit reversal and the likely mechanisms through which it works, and provides a cursory review of the major studies supporting its effectiveness. A general description of its clinical implementation is provided.
Chronic Pain
Authors: Morley Stephen J. , Vlaeyen Johan W. S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe treatment of chronic pain is a significant problem for all health services. Pain is regarded as chronic when it has persisted for longer than 6 months. In clinical settings patients may have suffered for many years. This chapter outlines the various influences on the current practice of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain. There is evidence that when considered as a class of treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy is effective. However, there is considerable room for the development of more effective treatments. The complexity of chronic pain has led to rather general formulations of the problem of living with pain, and as a result many of the treatments are multicomponent, general, and rather imprecise. By way of illustration this chapter outlines the fear‐avoidance model and its application as a prototype for developing more effective treatments for problems generated by the experience of persistent pain.
Hypochondriasis
Authors: Asmundson Gordon J. G. , Peluso Daniel L. , Thibodeau Michel A. , Taylor Steven 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHealth anxiety—anxiety that occurs when perceived bodily sensations or changes are interpreted as symptoms of a serious disease—is a ubiquitous experience. In cases where health anxiety is characterized by disease conviction and maladaptive coping that impinges on functional ability, a diagnosis of hypochondriasis may be warranted. The purposes of this chapter are (a) to define health anxiety, (b) to outline the classification of hypochondriasis and related diagnoses, (c) to provide details pertaining to epidemiology, course, and prognosis, (d) to describe factors implicated in the etiology and maintenance of hypochondriasis, and (e) to provide an overview of assessment and treatment options and innovations. Issues pertinent to the forthcomingDSM‐5are also considered throughout.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Chalder Trudie 
Published: November 2013

AbstractChronic fatigue syndrome is characterized by severe fatigue and is associated with profound disability. Cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy are the treatments for which there is most evidence. Results from a large randomized controlled trial found that both cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy were superior to adaptive pacing therapy. About 20% of people recover and it is important clinically to share this optimistic message with patients. Evidence suggests that people's perceptions are important in mediating change in fatigue and physical functioning for both cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy.
Insomnia
Authors: Harvey Allison G. , Asarnow Lauren D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractInsomnia is a prevalent public health problem affecting large segments of the population on an occasional, recurrent, or chronic basis. Persistent insomnia is associated with significant impairments in daytime functioning, reduced quality of life, and increased health care costs. This chapter reviews several theories of insomnia and sleep, including Borbely's two process theory, the three‐P model (which emphasizes predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors), the behavioral model, the cognitive model, hyperarousal models, the neurocognitive model, several hybrid models, and the role of environmental factors. Diagnosis, assessment, and case formulation are discussed, with a focus on development (children and teens have a different sleep need relative to adults) and the presence of comorbidity. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is highlighted. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is an effective and well‐accepted treatment for insomnia. The pros and cons of taking a cognitive behavioral therapy approach to the treatment of insomnia are contrasted with a pharmacologic approach to treatment. Finally, a brief overview of other sleep disorders is included; namely, circadian rhythm disorders, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, and periodic limb movement disorder. Exogenous factors such as social rhythms, which may have a powerful impact on sleep, are also highlighted.
Women's Sexual Difficulties
Authors: Brotto Lori A. , Yule Morag A. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The treatment of sexual difficulties has traveled down a long and winding road. This chapter briefly examines some of the major approaches used. Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy dominated the field of sex therapy for many decades. There was a rapid pendulum shift with the pioneering work of Masters and Johnson, who presented a new model of the human sexual response cycle and a corresponding theory of sexual dysfunctions. This chapter presents the influential approach of Masters and Johnson, and also modern developments in treating women with sexual difficulties.
The Paraphilias
Authors: Marshall W. L. , Marshall L. E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis chapter outlines the nature of the paraphilias and the problems attendant upon the various diagnoses. These issues are described separately for the offense‐related and nonoffending paraphilias, and an overall evaluation is made of the diagnostic reliability of these disorders. Assessments are described including the strategies for the development of a case formulation and a Therapist Rating Scale is suggested as a way to evaluate treatment progress. Treatment approaches for each of the disorders are described along with reports of meta‐analytic appraisals of treatment outcome. The final main section provides details of a “strength‐based” approach to treatment accompanied by long‐term outcome evaluations of 535 treated men over 5.4‐year and 8.4‐year follow‐ups. Finally, brief conclusions are offered with recommendations for the widespread adoption of strength‐based approaches to treatment.