bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schijn bedriegt of juist niet? De introductie van de ‘schijnzelfstandige’ en de cao-exceptie
Authors: Kreijger Paul 
Published: February 2015

Schijn bedriegt of juist niet? De introductie van de ‘schijnzelfstandige’ en de cao-exceptie
De beantwoording door het Hof van Justitie van de vraag of het FNV KIEM mededingingsrechtelijk vrijstaat om cao-afspraken ook voor zelfstandigen te maken, is door FNV KIEM met enig enthousiasme ontvangen; het Haagse Gerechtshof wiens vragen door het Hof van Justitie zijn beantwoord zal echter nog het nodige afwegingswerk moeten verzetten om tot een finale uitspraak te komen. Zeker nu het Hof van Justitie de belangrijkste vraag niet beantwoordt en ten aanzien van de vraag wanneer een zelfstandige een ‘onderneming’ in mededingingsrechtelijke zin is, de nodige onduidelijkheid laat bestaan. De kritische lijn die destijds door de NMa is ingezet staat vooralsnog fier overeind.
Remote sensing measurements of the CO2 mixing ratio in the planetary boundary layer using cloud slicing with airborne lidar
Authors: Ramanathan Anand K. , Mao Jianping , Abshire James B. , Allan Graham R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe have measured the CO2 volume mixing ratio (VMR) within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) using cloud slicing with an airborne pulsed integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar from flight altitudes of up to 13 km. During a flight over Iowa in summer 2011, simultaneous measurement of the optical range and CO2 absorption to clouds and the ground were made using time‐resolved detection of pulse echoes from each scattering surface. We determined the CO2 absorption in the PBL by differencing the two lidar‐measured absorption line shapes, one to a broken shallow cumulus cloud layer located at the top of the PBL and the other to the ground. Solving for the CO2 VMR in the PBL and that of the free troposphere, we measured a ≈15 ppm (4%) drawdown in the PBL. Both CO2 VMRs were within ≈3 ppm of in situ CO2 profile measurements. We have also demonstrated cloud slicing using scatter from thin, diffuse cirrus clouds and cumulus clouds, which allowed solving for the CO2 VMR for three vertical layers. The technique and retrieval algorithm are applicable to a space‐based lidar instrument as well as to lidar IPDA measurements of other trace gases. Thus, lidar cloud slicing also offers promise toward space‐based remote sensing of vertical trace gas profiles in the atmosphere using a variety of clouds.
Optical properties of selected components of mineral dust aerosol processed with organic acids and humic material
Authors: Alexander Jennifer M. , Grassian V. H. , Young M. A. , Kleiber P. D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractVisible light scattering phase function and linear polarization profiles of mineral dust components processed with organic acids and humic material are measured, and results are compared to T‐matrix simulations of the scattering properties. Processed samples include quartz mixed with humic material, and calcite reacted with acetic and oxalic acids. Clear differences in light scattering properties are observed for all three processed samples when compared to the unprocessed dust or organic salt products. Results for quartz processed with humic acid sodium salt (NaHA) indicate the presence of both internally mixed quartz‐NaHA particles and externally mixed NaHA aerosol. Simulations of light scattering suggest that the processed quartz particles become more moderate in shape due to the formation of a coating of humic material over the mineral core. Experimental results for calcite reacted with acetic acid are consistent with an external mixture of calcite and the reaction product, calcium acetate. Modeling of the light scattering properties does not require any significant change to the calcite particle shape distribution although morphology changes cannot be ruled out by our data. It is expected that calcite reacted with oxalic acid will produce internally mixed particles of calcite and calcium oxalate due to the low solubility of the product salt. However, simulations of the scattering for the calcite‐oxalic acid system result in rather poor fits to the data when compared to the other samples. The poor fit provides a less accurate picture of the impact of processing in the calcite‐oxalic acid system.
The value of multiple data set calibration versus model complexity for improving the performance of hydrological models in mountain catchments
Authors: Finger David , Vis Marc , Huss Matthias , Seibert Jan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe assessment of snow, glacier, and rainfall runoff contribution to discharge in mountain streams is of major importance for an adequate water resource management. Such contributions can be estimated via hydrological models, provided that the modeling adequately accounts for snow and glacier melt, as well as rainfall runoff. We present a multiple data set calibration approach to estimate runoff composition using hydrological models with three levels of complexity. For this purpose, the code of the conceptual runoff model HBV‐light was enhanced to allow calibration and validation of simulations against glacier mass balances, satellite‐derived snow cover area and measured discharge. Three levels of complexity of the model were applied to glacierized catchments in Switzerland, ranging from 39 to 103 km2. The results indicate that all three observational data sets are reproduced adequately by the model, allowing an accurate estimation of the runoff composition in the three mountain streams. However, calibration against only runoff leads to unrealistic snow and glacier melt rates. Based on these results, we recommend using all three observational data sets in order to constrain model parameters and compute snow, glacier, and rain contributions. Finally, based on the comparison of model performance of different complexities, we postulate that the availability and use of different data sets to calibrate hydrological models might be more important than model complexity to achieve realistic estimations of runoff composition.
The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations
Authors: Yu Hongbin , Chin Mian , Yuan Tianle , Bian Huisheng , Remer Lorraine A. , Prospero Joseph M. , Omar Ali , Winker David , Yang Yuekui , Zhang Yan , Zhang Zhibo , Zhao Chun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe productivity of the Amazon rainforest is constrained by the availability of nutrients, in particular phosphorus (P). Deposition of long‐range transported African dust is recognized as a potentially important but poorly quantified source of phosphorus. This study provides a first multiyear satellite‐based estimate of dust deposition into the Amazon Basin using three‐dimensional (3‐D) aerosol measurements over 2007–2013 from the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). The 7 year average of dust deposition into the Amazon Basin is estimated to be 28 (8–48) Tg a−1 or 29 (8–50) kg ha−1 a−1. The dust deposition shows significant interannual variation that is negatively correlated with the prior‐year rainfall in the Sahel. The CALIOP‐based multiyear mean estimate of dust deposition matches better with estimates from in situ measurements and model simulations than a previous satellite‐based estimate does. The closer agreement benefits from a more realistic geographic definition of the Amazon Basin and inclusion of meridional dust transport calculation in addition to the 3‐D nature of CALIOP aerosol measurements. The imported dust could provide about 0.022 (0.006–0.037) Tg P of phosphorus per year, equivalent to 23 (7–39) g P ha−1 a−1 to fertilize the Amazon rainforest. This out‐of‐basin phosphorus input is comparable to the hydrological loss of phosphorus from the basin, suggesting an important role of African dust in preventing phosphorus depletion on timescales of decades to centuries.
Limits to future expansion of surface‐melt‐enhanced ice flow into the interior of western Greenland
Authors: Poinar Kristin , Joughin Ian , Das Sarah B. , Behn Mark D. , Lenaerts Jan T. M. , van den Broeke Michiel R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMoulins are important conduits for surface meltwater to reach the bed of the Greenland Ice Sheet. It has been proposed that in a warming climate, newly formed moulins associated with the inland migration of supraglacial lakes could introduce surface melt to new regions of the bed, introducing or enhancing sliding there. By examining surface strain rates, we found that the upper limit to where crevasses, and therefore moulins, are likely to form is ~1600 m. This is also roughly the elevation above which lakes do not drain completely. Thus, meltwater above this elevation will largely flow tens of kilometers through surface streams into existing moulins downstream. Furthermore, results from a thermal ice sheet model indicate that the ~1600 m crevassing limit is well below the wet‐frozen basal transition (~2000 m). Together, these data sets suggest that new supraglacial lakes will have a limited effect on the inland expansion of melt‐induced seasonal acceleration.
Momentum transfer from solar wind to interplanetary field enhancements inferred from magnetic field draping signatures
Authors: Lai H. R. , Russell C. T. , Jia Y. D. , Wei H. Y. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCharacterized by a cusp‐shaped enhancement in the magnetic field strength, the magnetic structure in the solar wind, called an interplanetary field enhancement (IFE), has been investigated since its discovery. To understand its three‐dimensional magnetic field geometry, we study an IFE detected by five spacecraft simultaneously. Field lines are seen draping around in the upstream region and rotating in the ambient convection electric field direction in the downstream region. Earlier studies suggest that IFEs are created when the solar wind accelerates newly formed dust clouds. Both signatures found in our study support this hypothesis: the field line draping is caused by dust‐solar wind momentum exchange, while the field line rotation is a typical signature of dusty plasma pickup. The force that exchanges the momentum is approximately 106 N. This study illustrates the nature of the interaction between two flowing plasmas of very different mass‐to‐charge ratio.
Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative C−H Amination: Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]‐N‐Heterocycles from N‐Heteroaryl Enaminones
Authors: Reddy K. Ranjith , Reddy A. Siva , Shankar Ravi , Kant Rajni , Das Parthasarathi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA copper(I)‐catalyzed oxidative C−N bond cross‐coupling reactions for the construction of imidazole‐containing nitrogen bridgehead heterocycles have been developed under ligand‐ and base‐free conditions. The open‐air reaction conditions were general and successfully applied in the synthesis of heterocycles, such as substituted imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines, imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines, and imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazines.
Sinonasal and skull base pleomorphic adenoma: a case series and literature review
Authors: Kuan Edward C. , Diaz Miguel Fernando Palma , Chiu Alexander G. , Bergsneider Marvin , Wang Marilene B. , Suh Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundPleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign neoplasm of the major salivary glands. PA of the paranasal sinuses and skull base is an extremely rare pathologic entity. We report 3 cases of sinonasal and skull‐base PA (including locoregionally advanced parotid disease) and review other cases in the literature, with special attention to clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management.MethodsRetrospective review of patients with PA of the sinuses and skull base treated at 2 tertiary academic medical centers between January 1, 1993 and July 1, 2014. The MEDLINE database was additionally searched for all case series or reports of sinonasal or skull‐base PA.ResultsA total of 32 articles were identified for review. In combination with the authors’ cases, a total of 39 patients were found to have sinonasal and/or skull‐base PA. The most common primary sites were the nasal septum and lateral nasal wall. Endoscopic resection was employed in 66% of cases, which achieved oncologic control in more than 80% of cases at a mean follow‐up of 2 years.ConclusionPA of the sinonasal tract and skull base is a rare, benign tumor that often may be surgically accessible through an endonasal, endoscopic approach. Recurrent disease may behave more aggressively than PA found in the major salivary glands. Accurate tumor sampling is essential for surgical planning, because malignant transformation does occur. In certain cases of unresectable tumors, endoscopic debulking may improve patient symptoms and quality of life.
Heart rate variability and the risk of Parkinson disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study
Authors: Alonso Alvaro , Huang Xuemei , Mosley Thomas H. , Heiss Gerardo , Chen Honglei 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveAutonomic dysfunction frequently occurs in the context of Parkinson disease (PD) and may precede onset of motor symptoms. Limited data exist on the prospective association of heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of autonomic function, with PD risk.MethodsWe included 12,162 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, a community‐based cohort, without a diagnosis of PD at baseline (1987–1989) and with available HRV data (mean age = 54 years, 57% women). A 2‐minute electrocardiogram was used to measure HRV. Incident PD was identified through 2008 from multiple sources, and adjudicated. Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of PD by quartiles of HRV measurements.ResultsDuring a mean follow‐up of 18 years, we identified 78 incident PD cases. Lower values of the root mean square of successive differences in normal‐to‐normal R‐R intervals (rMSSD) and standard deviation of normal‐to‐normal R‐R intervals (SDNN), markers of parasympathetic activity and total variability, respectively, were associated with higher PD risk during follow‐up. In multivariate models, the HR (95% CI) of PD in the bottom quartiles of rMSSD and SDNN compared to the top quartiles were 2.1 (1.0–4.3) and 2.9 (1.4–6.1), respectively. Other measures of cardiac autonomic function, including mean R‐R interval and frequency‐domain measurements, were not associated with PD risk.InterpretationIn this prospective cohort, decreased HRV was associated with an increased risk of PD. Assessment of cardiac autonomic function may help identify individuals at risk for PD. Ann Neurol 2015;77:877–883
Dynamic mechanical properties of very thin adhesive joints
Authors: Krogh Ludovic , Schawe Jürgen E. K. , Possart Wulff 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe effective mechanical properties of a polyurethane adhesive (oligoetherdiol, ‐triol, MDI) in gold joints (bond line thickness, dP = 35–550 µm) are studied in the linear deformation range by dynamic mechanical analysis in shear mode. These properties depend on dP: thin ones possess a higher dynamic glass transition temperature and show a narrower glass transition than the thick ones. The storage modulus rises with decreasing dP for the rubbery plateau. The results attest mechanical interphases in the polyurethane with increased crosslink density and reduced cooperative mobility than in bulk. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42058.
Variable Cascade Control Structure for Tubular Reactors
Authors: Urrea‐García Galo R. , Reséndiz‐Camacho Sergio , Álvarez‐Ramírez José , Luna‐Solano Guadalupe 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe application of a variable control structure for tubular reactors, based on multiple temperature measurements, is explored. The proposed structure allows the controller to adapt to temperature error variations along the tubular reactor. Controllers can be designed from simple input‐output first‐order dynamical models obtained from step responses and are coupled with a dynamic law for assigning a variable weight to conventional feedback cascade control loops. The simulation results show that the variable structure based on linear proportional‐integral controllers enhances the performance and robustness properties of conventional cascade schemes for controlling the outlet reactor concentration. Major advantages are shown in the face of a variety of concentration and temperature feed disturbances.
Generalized Pinch Analysis Scheme Using MATLAB
Authors: Tewari Kshitij , Agrawal Sumit , Kumar Arya Raj 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn pinch analysis, the calculations needed for determining pinch temperatures and minimum utility requirements are simple and can be done manually in case of a small number of streams. However, in real‐scale industrial problems, the calculation can become tedious and very much time‐consuming. A generalized low‐cost and user‐friendly scheme for pinch design using MATLAB is proposed. This scheme is tested for several problems for accuracy and robustness to determine hot pinch temperature, cold pinch temperature, minimum cooling load, and minimum heating load using the temperature interval method. The solutions developed by the proposed scheme are mirror images of solutions found by applying a rigorous procedure.
Influence of the Sparger Type and Added Alcohol on the Gas Holdup of an External‐Loop Airlift Reactor
Authors: Kojić Predrag S. , Tokić Milenko S. , Šijački Ivana M. , Lukić Nataša Lj. , Petrović Dragan Lj. , Jovičević Dragica Z. , Popović Svetlana S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe influences of alcohol adding and three different gas spargers (single orifice, perforated plate, and sinter plate) on the gas holdup in an external‐loop airlift reactor were studied. The experimental results show that the gas holdup can be increased by mutual influence of both the alcohol adding and the sparger type. The presence of small amounts of normal aliphatic alcohols caused an increase of the gas holdup compared to the air‐water system, due to their coalescence‐inhibiting nature. The sinter plate was the most efficient sparger, followed by the perforated plate and the single orifice. A proposed artificial neural network (ANN) has the potential to predict gas holdup values in airlift reactors for various alcohols and types of gas spargers.
Green Diesel from Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Process Design Study
Authors: Hilbers Tim J. , Sprakel Lisette M. J. , van den Enk Leon B. J. , Zaalberg Bart , van den Berg Henk , van der Ham Louis G. J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA systematic approach was applied to study the process of hydrotreating vegetable oils. During the three phases of conceptual, detailed, and final design, unit operations were designed and sized. Modeling of the process was performed with UniSim Design®. Producing green diesel and jet fuel from vegetable oils was found to be technically possible via a flexible process of hydrotreatment. The resulting mass and energy balances indicated high carbon atom and energy yield. An economic evaluation proved that the operational expenses mainly depend on the cost of raw materials. Currently, the margin between crude palm oil and the retail diesel price is too low to operate an economically viable process. However, production and utilization of biofuels is required by international regulations.
Catalyst Activation, Deactivation, and Degradation in Palladium‐Mediated Negishi Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Böck Katharina , Feil Julia E. , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Koszinowski Konrad 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPd‐mediated Negishi cross‐coupling reactions were studied by a combination of kinetic measurements, electrospray‐ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, 31P NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The kinetic measurements point to a rate‐determining oxidative addition. Surprisingly, this step seems to involve not only the Pd catalyst and the aryl halide substrate, but also the organozinc reagent. In this context, the ESI‐mass spectrometric observation of heterobimetallic Pd–Zn complexes [L2PdZnR]+ (L=S‐PHOS, R=Bu, Ph, Bn) is particularly revealing. The inferred presence of these and related neutral complexes with a direct Pd–Zn interaction in solution explains how the organozinc reagent can modulate the reactivity of the Pd catalyst. Previous theoretical calculations by González‐Pérez et al. (Organometallics­ 2012, 31, 2053) suggest that the complexation by the organozinc reagent lowers the activity of the Pd catalyst. Presumably, a similar effect also causes the rate decrease observed upon addition of ZnBr2. In contrast, added LiBr apparently counteracts the formation of Pd–Zn complexes and restores the high activity of the Pd catalyst. At longer reaction times, deactivation processes due to degradation of the S‐PHOS ligand and aggregation of the Pd catalyst come into play, thus further contributing to the appreciable complexity of the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Superhalogens as Building Blocks of Halogen‐Free Electrolytes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Giri Santanab , Behera Swayamprabha , Jena Puru 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn the search for halogen‐free electrolytes, the electronic structure of current electrolytes is studied via DFT‐based first‐principles calculations of the ground state geometries and total energies of anionic BF4‐, PF6‐, AsF6‐, FePO4‐, ClO4‐, N(SO2F)2‐, and N(SO2F3)2‐.
ChemInform Abstract: Ca2Mn2O5 as Oxygen‐Deficient Perovskite Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction.
Authors: Kim Jaemin , Yin Xi , Tsao Kai‐Chieh , Fang Shaohua , Yang Hong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPhase‐pure O‐deficient Ca2Mn2O5 as an electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media is prepared under mild conditions via reductive annealing (350 °C, 5% H2/Ar) of CaMnO3 which is derived by sol‐gel processing of a HNO3 solution of CaCO3, Mn(NO3)2, and citric acid (80 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound Assisted Nucleophilic Cyclization of Tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile: An Efficient Way to Fluorine‐Containing Heterocycles.
Authors: Wang Liang , Chen Ting , Chen Sheng‐Chun , Chen Qun , He Ming‐Yang 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe reaction of various bis‐nucleophiles with tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (I) is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Functionalized β‐Amino Sulfides/β‐Amino Selenides via Ring Opening of Cyclic Sulfamidates.
Authors: Venkateswarlu Cheerladinne , Datta Bandita , Chandrasekaran Srinivasan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn—situ formed thiolate ions from rongalite react in a highly stereospecific manner at the C—O bond yielding enantiopure products in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Bio—Chemo and Bio—Bio Tandem Oxidation Reactions for Amide and Carboxylic Acid Synthesis.
Authors: Bechi Beatrice , Herter Susanne , McKenna Shane , Riley Christopher , Leimkuehler Silke , Turner Nicholas J. , Carnell Andrew J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThree water‐based one‐pot cascades to convert aryl alcohols to acids and amides, respectively, and cyclic amines to lactams are realized.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Light‐Mediated Reductive Dehalogenations and Cyclizations Utilizing Platinum Nanoparticles on Titania (PtNP@TiO2).
Authors: McTiernan Christopher D. , Pitre Spencer P. , Ismaili Hossein , Scaiano Juan C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA highly reductive photoredox system based on heterogeneous platinum nanoparticles on titania as catalyst is described to allow hydrodehalogenation of iodoarenes, hydrodehalogenation and cyclization of a variety of allyl and propargyl tethered iodoethyl compounds, and the cyclization of bisenones of type (XVII).
ChemInform Abstract: Exceedingly Fast Copper(II)‐Promoted ortho C—H Trifluoromethylation of Arenes Using TMSCF3.
Authors: Shang Ming , Sun Shang‐Zheng , Wang Hong‐Li , Laforteza Brian N. , Dai Hui‐Xiong , Yu Jin‐Quan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFor the first time, a copper‐catalyzed oxidative process is reported to allow the regioselective ortho C‐H trifluoromethylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic carboxylic acids having a N‐phenyloxazoline substituent.