bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Key aspects of scientific competence for citizenship: A Delphi study of the expert community in Spain
Authors: Blanco‐López Ángel , España‐Ramos Enrique , González‐García Francisco José , Franco‐Mariscal Antonio Joaquín 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRecent decades have seen an increasing emphasis on linking the content and aims of science teaching to what the average citizen requires in order to participate effectively in contemporary society, one that is heavily dependent on science and technology. However, despite attempts to define what a scientific education for citizenship should ideally involve, a comprehensive set of key aspects has yet to be clearly established. With this in mind, the present study sought to determine empirically the extent of any consensus in Spain regarding the principal aspects of scientific competence that citizens should possess in order to function adequately in everyday life. This was done by means of a three‐stage Delphi process involving 31 participants drawn from among leading and acknowledged Spanish scholar‐scientists and engineers, researchers and private sector scientists, philosophers of science, science educators, and science communicators. The outcome of this process was a set of five aspects for which there was both consensus and stability. Several of these aspects were also found to be interrelated. There was a tendency for higher ratings to be given to aspects related to attitudes and/or values than to those referring to knowledge. It was in relation to the latter, along with other aspects concerning the nature of science, that discrepancies were observed among the different professional groups surveyed. Comparison of the present results with the content of previous reports indicates that in recent decades the ability to think critically and skills related to the interpretation of information have been considered to be important aspects for citizens to acquire as part of their scientific education. It is argued that the five key aspects identified in this study should be considered jointly in the context of school science education, since they are interrelated skills that citizens will require when tackling important issues and making decisions in various spheres of their life (personal, social, professional, etc.). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52:164–198, 2015.
Dynamic framing in the communication of scientific research: Texts and interactions
Authors: Davis Pryce R. , Russ Rosemary S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe fields of science education and science communication share the overarching goal of helping non‐experts and non‐members of the professional science community develop knowledge of the content and processes of scientific research. However, the specific audiences, methods, and aims employed in the two fields have evolved quite differently and as a result, the two fields rarely share findings and theory. Despite this lack of crosstalk, one theoretical construct—framing—has shown substantial analytic power for researchers in both fields. Specifically, both fields have productively made use of the fact that when people approach situations or texts in the world, they do so with a sense of “what is going on here” that guides their actions and sense‐making in that situation. In this article, we examine the dynamics of how interactions between scientists, reporters, members of the general public, and various texts give rise to in‐the‐moment frames that shape each actors interpretation of scientific research. In doing so we couple science communication literature's focus on framings within and across texts with science education's focus on dynamic framing in interactions. We present a case study that follows a single piece of scientific research from scientist to reporter to the general public. Through semi‐structured clinical interviews, video‐based observation, and qualitative content analysis, we demonstrate that changes in science knowledge as it moves along the pathways of science communication are the aggregate result of dynamic moment‐to‐moment framings dispersed over people and interactions. The complexity and nuance of the story presented here have implications for how each field—science communication and science education—conceptualizes the process by which the public comes to knowledge of science. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52:221–252, 2015.
Using Professional Learning Communities to Bolster Comprehension Instruction
Authors: Dougherty Stahl Katherine A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHigh‐level comprehension instruction is the focus of the Common Core State Standards in English Language Arts. However, it has been a challenge for states to provide the professional development (PD) needed to support teachers’ implementation of the CCSS. Professional learning communities (PLC) are a means of providing school‐embedded PD to meet these needs. This article provides suggestions for using The Reading Teacher's Research into Practice columns as a springboard for implementing a PLC model of PD. First, the structure of PLC sessions is reviewed. This is followed by a description of the key ideas, suggested readings, and PLC tasks for enhancing comprehension instruction within each of three elementary grade level bands.
Pilot Study: Introducing a Quality Assurance Process for a Team-Centered Approach Involving Nonphysician Providers in Radiology
Authors: Kielar Ania Z. , Ritchie Heather , McInnes Matthew D. , O'Sullivan Joseph 
Published: January 2015

Purpose The objective of this study was to introduce 3 new quality initiatives in radiology that engage various members of the department including radiologists, residents, technologists, and booking clerks. These pilot programs provide work-related learning opportunities in semiautomated, easy-to-use, email-based, standardized forms that are used to identify cases where imaging could have been performed in a more optimal way (either due to technical reasons or a different protocol could have been chosen). In the case of the Kudos quality initiative program (QUIP), this is used to provide positive feedback to an individual in the department for a job well done. Methods Since inception in January 2012 to September 2013, we reviewed Technical QUIPs, protocols under questions (PUQ), and Kudos QUIPs. These were collated through receipt of standardized emails for each category. Results A total of 62 Kudos QUIPs, 8 Technical QUIPs, and 58 PUQs were received in the abdominal and pelvic imaging division since inception. Conclusions Though still a relatively new pilot programs, PUQs and Technical QUIPs have afforded technologists and booking clerks opportunities to become engaged in improving patient care as well as learning from their own performance gaps. Future standardization of received data for each modality still needs to be established as well as an action plan to implement long-term changes.
Frequency of Nonthromboembolic Imaging Abnormalities in Pregnant Women Referred for Computed Tomography Pulmonary Arteriography
Authors: Moriarty John M. , Bolster Ferdia , O'Connor Clare , Fitzpatrick Patricia , Lawler Leo P. , Kavanagh Eoin C. , MacMahon Peter J. , Murray John G. 
Published: January 2015

Purpose The study sought to determine the frequency of nonthromboembolic imaging abnormalities in pregnant women referred for computed tomography pulmonary arteriography (CTPA). Materials and Methods CTPA studies on 100 consecutive pregnant women performed over a 5-year period were reviewed independently by 2 radiologists, with conflicts resolved by consensus. Age range was 18-43 years (mean 28 years). The presence or absence of pulmonary embolism and of nonthromboembolic imaging abnormalities was recorded. These were graded as A if the abnormalities were thought to provide potential alternative explanations for acute symptoms, B if findings were incidental that required clinical or radiologic follow-up, and C if the findings did not require further action. Results Pulmonary embolism was seen in 5 women. In 2 of these additional findings of consolidation and infarction were seen. Ninety-five women did not have pulmonary embolism. Eleven women (12%) had grade A abnormalities; 6 cases of consolidation, 2 cases of lobar collapse, and 3 cases of heart failure with pleural effusions. One woman had a grade B abnormality due to the presence of pulmonary nodules. Ten women had incidental grade C abnormalities. Conclusion Pulmonary embolism occurs in 5% of pregnant women referred for CTPA. In pregnant women without embolism on CTPA, potential alternative causes for patient symptoms are seen on CT in 12% of cases.
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) as An Early Predictor of Poststroke Dysphagia
Authors: Jeyaseelan Rebecca D. , Vargo Mary M. , Chae John 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundDespite the availability of multiple comprehensive screening methods to detect dysphagia during acute stroke care, consensus is lacking as to the best practice. Our previous study demonstrated favorable sensitivity of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) compared with a bedside 3‐sip test. However, the FIM is challenging to administer during acute stroke care. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is administered routinely in the emergency department.ObjectiveTo evaluate the utility of the NIHSS as a predictor of clinically relevant poststroke dysphagia compared with FIM data in the same cohort.DesignRetrospective analysis.SettingAcademic medical center.PatientsIndividuals with acute stroke who were admitted for acute care and later transferred to acute rehabilitation within the same institution.MethodsClinically relevant dysphagia was defined as aspiration on modified barium swallow or laryngeal penetration on modified barium swallow requiring diet change, or aspiration pneumonia. NIHSS and FIM scores were compiled for all patients.Main Outcome MeasurementsSensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for NIHSS and FIM. Sensitivity and specificity of different values of NIHSS and FIM were analyzed via receiver operator characteristic curves.ResultsOf 290 patients admitted to acute stroke rehabilitation, 88 (30%) manifested clinically relevant dysphagia during their rehabilitation stay. Sensitivity analyses suggested cut‐off values for the NIHSS and the FIM of >9 and <55, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the NIHSS were 75%, 62%, 46%, and 85%, respectively. For the FIM, these parameters were 80%, 72%, 55%, and 92%, respectively.ConclusionsThe NIHSS >9 and FIM <55 are moderately predictive of clinically relevant dysphagia. Although the NIHSS clinical test characteristics are not as favorable as the FIM, NIHSS appears to be more sensitive than some other reported methods such as a 3‐sip water test. Further study into development of paradigms that incorporate NIHSS into initial assessment of dysphagia risk may be appropriate.
Effector Vγ9Vδ2 T cells dominate the human fetal γδ T-cell repertoire
Authors: Dimova Tanya , Brouwer Margreet , Gosselin Françoise , Tassignon Joël , Leo Oberdan , Donner Catherine , Marchant Arnaud , Vermijlen David 
Published: January 2015

SignificanceDespite their enormous potential for diversity (in excess of 1015theoretical receptor specificities), the human γδ T-cell repertoire is dominated by a specific subset expressing the T-cell receptor containing the γ-chain variable region 9 and the δ-chain variable region 2 (Vγ9Vδ2) known to react to a set of pathogen-derived small molecules (phosphoantigens). Overrepresentation of this restricted set of γδ T cells in adults has been thought to reflect an antigen-specific selection process resulting from postnatal exposure to pathogens. However, we demonstrate here that restricted Vγ9Vδ2 cells with preprogrammed effector function represent the predominant γδ T-cell subset circulating in human fetal blood. This observation suggests that, despite developing in a sterile environment, the human fetal γδ T cell repertoire is enriched for pathogen-reactive T cells well before pathogen exposure.
Methane emissions from natural gas infrastructure and use in the urban region of Boston, Massachusetts
Authors: McKain Kathryn , Down Adrian , Raciti Steve M. , Budney John , Hutyra Lucy R. , Floerchinger Cody , Herndon Scott C. , Nehrkorn Thomas , Zahniser Mark S. , Jackson Robert B. , Phillips Nathan , Wofsy Steven C. 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Most recent analyses of the environmental impact of natural gas have focused on production, with very sparse information on emissions from distribution and end use. This study quantifies the full seasonal cycle of methane emissions and the fractional contribution of natural gas for the urbanized region centered on Boston. Emissions from natural gas are found to be two to three times larger than predicted by existing inventory methodologies and industry reports. Our findings suggest that natural-gas–consuming regions may be larger sources of methane to the atmosphere than is currently estimated and represent areas of significant resource loss.
Inositol pyrophosphates promote tumor growth and metastasis by antagonizing liver kinase B1
Authors: Rao Feng , Xu Jing , Fu Chenglai , Cha Jiyoung Y. , Gadalla Moataz M. , Xu Risheng , Barrow James C. , Snyder Solomon H. 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Inositol pyrophosphates are messenger molecules incorporating the energetic pyrophosphate bond. Although they have been implicated in diverse biologic processes, their physiologic functions remain enigmatic. We show that the catalytic activity of inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 2 (IP6K2), one of the principal enzymes generating the inositol pyrophosphate IP7 (5-diphosphoinositolpentakisphosphate), mediates cancer cell migration and tumor metastasis both in cell culture and intact mice. In this process, IP6K2 diminishes cell–cell adhesion, enabling cells to invade the intercellular matrix. Drugs that inhibit IP6K2 may be beneficial in cancer therapy.
3USS: a web server for detecting alternative 3′UTRs from RNA-seq experiments
Authors: Le Pera Loredana , Mazzapioda Mariagiovanna , Tramontano Anna 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Summary: Protein-coding genes with multiple alternative polyadenylation sites can generate mRNA 3′UTR sequences of different lengths, thereby causing the loss or gain of regulatory elements, which can affect stability, localization and translation efficiency. 3USS is a web-server developed with the aim of giving experimentalists the possibility to automatically identify alternative 3 ′ UTRs (shorter or longer with respect to a reference transcriptome), an option that is not available in standard RNA-seq data analysis procedures. The tool reports as putative novel the 3 ′ UTRs not annotated in available databases. Furthermore, if data from two related samples are uploaded, common and specific alternative 3 ′ UTRs are identified and reported by the server.
Availability and implementation: 3USS is freely available at http://www.biocomputing.it/3uss_server
Contact: anna.tramontano@uniroma1.it
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Effects of Temperature on the Transmission of West Nile Virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Reisen William K. , Fang Ying , Martinez Vincent M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Culex tarsalis Coquillett females were infected with the NY99 strain of West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) and then incubated under constant temperatures of 10–30°C. At selected time intervals, transmission was attempted using an in vitro capillary tube assay. The median time from imbibing an infectious bloodmeal until infected females transmitted WNV (median extrinsic incubation period, EIP50) was estimated by probit analysis. By regressing the EIP rate (inverse of EIP50) as a function of temperature from 14 to 30°C, the EIP was estimated to require 109 degree-days (DD) and the point of zero virus development (x-intercept) was estimated to be 14.3°C. The resulting degree-day model showed that the NY99 WNV strain responded to temperature differently than a lineage II strain of WNV from South Africa and approximated our previous estimates for St. Louis encephalitis virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, SLEV). The invading NY99 WNV strain therefore required warm temperatures for efficient transmission. The time for completion of the EIP was estimated monthly from temperatures recorded at Coachella Valley, Los Angeles, and Kern County, California, during the 2004 epidemic year and related to the duration of the Cx. tarsalis gonotrophic cycle and measures of WNV activity. Enzootic WNV activity commenced after temperatures increased, the duration of the EIP decreased, and virus potentially was transmitted in two or less gonotrophic cycles. Temperatures in the United States during the epidemic summers of 2002–2004 indicated that WNV dispersal and resulting epicenters were linked closely to above-average summer temperatures.
An Avian Contribution to the Presence of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) and Borrelia burgdorferi on the Sutter Buttes of California
Authors: Wright Stan A. , Lemenager Debbie A. , Tucker James R. , Armijos M. Veronica , Yamamoto Sheryl A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Birds from 45 species were sampled during three spring seasons from an isolated canyon on the Sutter Buttes in California for the presence of subadult stages of Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls, and for infection with Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner. These birds were found to have an infestation prevalence of 45%, a density of 1.7 ticks per bird, and an intensity of 3.8 ticks per infested bird. There was a significant difference in the I. pacificus infestations between canopy and ground-dwelling birds. Birds also demonstrated an overall infection with B. burgdorferi of 6.4% with significant difference between bird species. Amplification and subsequent sequencing of the 23s-5s rRNA intergenic spacer region of the Borrelia genome from one bird, a hermit thrush, Catharus guttatus (Nuttall), showed that the infection in this bird was caused by B. burgdorferi sensu stricto; the first such finding in a bird from the far west. Our results suggest that birds play a role in the distribution and maintenance of I. pacificus, and possibly of B. burgdorferi, at the Sutter Buttes, CA.
Armigeres subalbatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Prophenoloxidase III Is Required for Mosquito Cuticle Formation: Ultrastructural Study on dsRNA-Knockdown Mosquitoes
Authors: Tsao I. Y. , Christensen B. M. , Chen C. C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
We previously suggested that Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett) prophenoloxidase III (As-pro-PO III) might be associated with morphogenesis of larvae and pupae. Because PO and its activation system are present in the insect cuticle, and cuticle formation is a major event during pupal morphogenesis, we used ultrastructural analysis to examine the effects of As-pro-PO III knockdown on the formation of pupal and adult cuticle. Inoculation of As-pro-PO III dsRNA resulted in the incomplete formation of nascent pupal endocuticle and pharate adult cuticle, i.e., significantly fewer cuticular lamellae were deposited, the helicoidal pattern of chitin microfibrils was disorganized, and numerous electron-lucent spaces were present in the cuticular protein matrix. Similar disruptions were observed in the cuticle of adults derived from As-pro-PO III dsRNA-inoculated pupae. It has long been suggested that the quinines, generated by PO-catalyzed oxidation reactions, function as cross-linking agents; therefore, it seems reasonable to suggest that the loss of As-pro-PO III-mediated protein-protein linkages causes morphological abnormalities in the protein matrix. Our findings suggest that As-pro-PO III plays a role in cuticle formation in mosquitoes, a novel function for phenol-oxidizing enzymes.
Population Genetic Structure of the German Cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae) in Apartment Buildings
Authors: Crissman Jonathan R. , Booth Warren , Santangelo Richard G. , Mukha Dmitry V. , Vargo Edward L. , Schal Coby 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae), is a major residential pest with the potential to vector various pathogens and produce and disseminate household allergens. Understanding population genetic structure and differentiation of this important pest is critical to efforts to eradicate infestations, yet little is known in this regard. Using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers, we investigated patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation within and among 18 apartments from six apartment complexes located in Raleigh, NC. No departure from panmixia was found between rooms within apartments, indicating that active dispersal resulting in gene flow may occur among rooms within apartment units. Alternatively, aggregations within apartments may exist in relative isolation under a metapopulation framework, derived from a recent, common source. Thus, in the event of population control practices leading to incomplete cockroach eradication within an apartment, recolonization of shelters and rooms is likely to occur from a genetically similar aggregation. A pattern of isolation-by-distance across the six apartment complexes indicated that dispersal was more common within complexes than among them, and F statistics suggested greater genetic similarity between apartments in a single building than between separate buildings of an apartment complex. Similarly, neighbor-joining tree and Bayesian clustering analyses were able to cluster only those apartments that were within a single building, indicating higher dispersal with associated gene flow within buildings than between them. The lack of any broader connectivity, as indicated by significant FST and G-tests suggests that human-mediated dispersal of B. germanica between buildings of an apartment complex or between complexes occurs infrequently enough to have negligible effects on gene flow.
Deep Mitochondrial DNA Lineage Divergences Within Alberta Populations of Dermacentor albipictus (Acari: Ixodidae) Do Not Indicate Distinct Species
Authors: Leo Sarah S. T. , Pybus Margo J. , Sperling Felix A. H. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The winter tick Dermacentor albipictus (Packard) has a single-host life cycle that allows it to reach severe infestation levels on ungulates, particularly moose. Genotypic variation within these and related ticks has been a source of taxonomic confusion, although the continuity in their morphology and life history has generally been interpreted as indicating the existence of a single species. To further investigate this variation, we sequenced regions of two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes (COI and 16S rDNA), two nuclear genes (lysozyme and ITS-2), and two bacterial markers from Francisella-like endosymbionts found in these ticks (eubacterial mtDNA 16S rRNA and a homolog of Francisella tularensis [Dorofe’ev] 17-kDa lipoprotein). We sampled 42 D. albipictus individuals from whitetail and mule deer culled from three populations in east-central Alberta, as well as four D. albipictus and two Dermacentor variabilis (Say) from other locations. We then compared DNA sequence variation between the genes and related this to variation in the morphology of spiracle plates. Both mtDNA regions indicated two deeply diverged lineages (mean difference of 7.1% for COI and 4.5% for 16S) that would normally be considered diagnostic of distinct species in DNA barcoding studies. However, very little divergence was revealed by nuclear gene sequences, bacterial endosymbionts, and morphometric analyses, and any variation that did occur in these markers was not congruent with mtDNA divergences. We conclude that the sampled populations in Alberta represent a single species, D. albipictus, and reiterate the importance of integrative approaches in species delimitation.