bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MicroRNA profiling analysis throughout tomato fruit development and ripening reveals potential regulatory role of RIN on microRNAs accumulation
Authors: Gao Chao , Ju Zheng , Cao Dongyan , Zhai Baiqiang , Qin Guozheng , Zhu Hongliang , Fu Daqi , Luo Yunbo , Zhu Benzhong 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe development and ripening of tomato fruit are complex processes involving many gene regulatory pathways at the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional level. Ripening inhibitor (RIN) is a vital transcription factor, which targets numerous ripening‐related genes at the transcriptional level during tomato fruit ripening. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short noncoding RNAs that play important roles in post‐transcriptional gene regulation. To elucidate the potential regulatory relationship between rin and miRNAs during fruit development and ripening, we identified known miRNAs and profiled their expression in wild‐type tomato and rin mutant using a deep sequencing approach combined with quantitative RT‐PCR. A total of 33 known miRNA families were identified, of which 14 miRNA families were differently accumulated. Subsequent promoter analysis showed that possible RIN‐binding motifs (CArG‐box) tended to occur frequently in the promoter regions of partial differently expressed miRNAs. In addition, ethylene may participate in the regulation of miRNAs accumulation during tomato fruit ripening. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed the direct binding of RIN to the promoter of MIR172a. Collectively, these results showed a close correlation between miRNA expression and RIN as well as ethylene, which further elucidated the regulatory roles of miRNAs during fruit development and ripening and enriched the regulatory network of RIN in tomato fruit.
Clinicopathologic Evaluation of Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome: Overcoming the Challenges of Diagnosing a Rare Genodermatosis
Authors: Bryan Zachary T. , Missall Tricia A. , Stieren Stacy , Siegfried Elaine , Burkemper Nicole M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe report the case of a 2‐year‐old boy from a family with limited financial resources who presented with cutaneous abnormalities, a history of congenital heart defect, and a presumptive diagnosis of Noonan syndrome. Genetic testing had been deferred because of a lack of funds. Skin findings were characteristic of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, including keratosis pilaris, ichthyosis, sparse eyebrows, and multiple nevi. A biopsy of a perifollicular thick papule with background hyperpigmentation was obtained to further characterize the cutaneous findings. Clinical evaluation allowed rapid, cost‐effective, specific diagnosis in this patient with a RASopathy‐spectrum genetic disorder who did not have access to genetic testing. This time‐honored clinical approach is adequate for providing information important for prognosis, follow‐up, and counseling. We will also discuss available resources for genetic testing and specialized care for patients with RASopathies.
Tetracosane on the cuticle of the parasitic butterfly Phengaris (Maculinea) nausithous triggers the first contact in the adoption process by Myrmica rubra foragers
Authors: Solazzo Gaetano , Seidelmann Karsten , Moritz Robin F. A. , Settele Josef 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPhengaris (Maculinea) butterflies are social parasites of Myrmica ant colonies. Larvae of the parasite are adopted by the ant workers into the colonies. Apparently, chemical signals are used by Phengaris nausithous Bergsträsser larvae to mimic those of the host brood to be recognized by the ants. In the present study, chemical extracts of ant brood and butterfly larvae using four different solvents are tested in behavioural choice assays in search of compounds involved in the adoption process. Tetracosane is the main shared compound in all brood extracts of Myrmica rubra L. and in all larvae of P. nausithous. The attractiveness of tetracosane for M. rubra workers is confirmed by testing synthetic tetracosane in behavioural choice assays, suggesting that the adoption ritual may be initiated by tetracosane.
Involvement of FgMad2 and FgBub1 in regulating fungal development and carbendazim resistance in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Zhang L. G. , Zhang Y. , Li B. C. , Jia X. J. , Chen C. J. , Zhou M. G. 
Published: December 2014

Resistance to carbendazim of Fusarium graminearum is conferred by point mutation in the β2‐tubulin gene that plays an important role in spindle assembly. The spindle assembly checkpoint is a cellular surveillance system that is critical for maintaining genomic stability. Predicted protein Mad2‐ and Bub1‐encoding genes in F. graminearum (FgMad2 and FgBub1) were isolated and characterized. There was no difference in FgMad2 and FgBub1 expression levels between carbendazim‐sensitive and ‐resistant strains; however, after carbendazim treatment FgMad2 expression increased while FgBub1 expression stayed the same. Both the FgMad2 and FgBub1 deletion mutants became more sensitive to carbendazim. The FgMad2 deletion mutants grew more slowly, produced fewer conidia and both hyphae and conidia were malformed. Conversely, deletion of FgBub1 had no effect on fungal development other than a reduction in conidia production. FgMad2 deletion mutants exhibited a severe decrease in perithecia production and pathogenicity along with a down‐regulation of trichothecene production, whereas FgBub1 deletion mutants exhibited only a slight reduction in perithecia production and was accompanied by a twofold increase in trichothecene production. Overall, the results indicate that both FgMad2 and FgBub1 are involved in carbendazim resistance and trichothecene biosynthesis, and FgMad2 plays an important role in fungal development in F. graminearum.
Brooding rumination and cardiovascular reactivity to a laboratory‐based interpersonal stressor
Authors: Woody Mary L. , Burkhouse Katie L. , Birk Samantha L. , Gibb Brandon E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThere is a well‐known link between stress and depression, but diathesis‐stress models suggest that not all individuals are equally susceptible to stress. The current study examined if brooding rumination, a known risk factor for depression, influences cardiovascular reactivity to a laboratory‐based interpersonal stressor. Sixty‐five women watched a baseline video and were exposed to an interpersonal stressor while high frequency heart rate variability (HRV) was collected. We found that women who endorsed higher levels of brooding rumination exhibited greater HRV withdrawal from baseline to stressor, an effect that was maintained when we controlled for levels of depression. This physiological vulnerability, when combined with high levels of stress, may be one mechanism underlying how brooding rumination increases depression risk.
A Split-and-Merge Bayesian Variable Selection Approach for Ultrahigh Dimensional Regression
Authors: Song Qifan , Liang Faming 
Published: December 2014

SummaryWe propose a Bayesian variable selection approach for ultrahigh dimensional linear regression based on the strategy of split and merge. The approach proposed consists of two stages: split the ultrahigh dimensional data set into a number of lower dimensional subsets and select relevant variables from each of the subsets, and aggregate the variables selected from each subset and then select relevant variables from the aggregated data set. Since the approach proposed has an embarrassingly parallel structure, it can be easily implemented in a parallel architecture and applied to big data problems with millions or more of explanatory variables. Under mild conditions, we show that the approach proposed is consistent, i.e. the true explanatory variables can be correctly identified by the approach as the sample size becomes large. Extensive comparisons of the approach proposed have been made with penalized likelihood approaches, such as the lasso, elastic net, sure independence screening and iterative sure independence screening. The numerical results show that the approach proposed generally outperforms penalized likelihood approaches: the models selected by the approach tend to be more sparse and closer to the true model.
Statistics of Heteroscedastic Extremes
Authors: Einmahl John H. J. , Haan Laurens , Zhou Chen 
Published: December 2014

SummaryWe extend classical extreme value theory to non-identically distributed observations. When the tails of the distribution are proportional much of extreme value statistics remains valid. The proportionality function for the tails can be estimated non-parametrically along with the (common) extreme value index. For a positive extreme value index, joint asymptotic normality of both estimators is shown; they are asymptotically independent. We also establish asymptotic normality of a forecasted high quantile and develop tests for the proportionality function and for the validity of the model. We show through simulations the good performance of the procedures and also present an application to stock market returns. A main tool is the weak convergence of a weighted sequential tail empirical process.
Trajectories of Internalizing Symptoms From Early Childhood to Adolescence: Associations With Temperament and Parenting
Authors: Davis Stephanie , Votruba‐Drzal Elizabeth , Silk Jennifer S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDespite the great number of children affected by anxiety and depression, developmental trajectories of internalizing disorders are not well understood. The current study applied a group‐based modeling approach to examine the interplay between the temperamental trait of negative emotionality and parenting on internalizing symptoms from early childhood to adolescence. Using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N=881), analyses revealed that a four‐group model best characterized trajectories of internalizing symptoms from the age of 4.5 to the age of 15. Interestingly, children with high negative emotionality were more likely to belong to groups with elevated levels of internalizing symptoms if their mothers exhibited high warmth/sensitivity. Our findings add to the understanding of developmental pathways of internalizing problems from early childhood to adolescence by suggesting that certain combinations of temperament and parenting may increase youth's propensity to develop internalizing problems.
The maize brown midrib4 (bm4) gene encodes a functional folylpolyglutamate synthase
Authors: Li Li , Hill‐Skinner Sarah , Liu Sanzhen , Beuchle Danielle , Tang Ho Man , Yeh Cheng‐Ting , Nettleton Dan , Schnable Patrick S. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryMutations in the brown midrib4 (bm4) gene affect the accumulation and composition of lignin in maize. Fine‐mapping analysis of bm4 narrowed the candidate region to an approximately 105 kb interval on chromosome 9 containing six genes. Only one of these six genes, GRMZM2G393334, showed decreased expression in mutants. At least four of 10 Mu‐induced bm4 mutant alleles contain a Mu insertion in the GRMZM2G393334 gene. Based on these results, we concluded that GRMZM2G393334 is the bm4 gene. GRMZM2G393334 encodes a putative folylpolyglutamate synthase (FPGS), which functions in one‐carbon (C1) metabolism to polyglutamylate substrates of folate‐dependent enzymes. Yeast complementation experiments demonstrated that expression of the maize bm4 gene in FPGS‐deficient met7 yeast is able to rescue the yeast mutant phenotype, thus demonstrating that bm4 encodes a functional FPGS. Consistent with earlier studies, bm4 mutants exhibit a modest decrease in lignin concentration and an overall increase in the S:G lignin ratio relative to wild‐type. Orthologs of bm4 include at least one paralogous gene in maize and various homologs in other grasses and dicots. Discovery of the gene underlying the bm4 maize phenotype illustrates a role for FPGS in lignin biosynthesis.
A blinded, randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of oclacitinib and ciclosporin for the control of atopic dermatitis in client‐owned dogs
Authors: Little Peter R. , King Vickie L. , Davis Kylie R. , Cosgrove Sallie B. , Stegemann Michael R. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundCiclosporin is approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in dogs and has been shown to be safe and effective. Placebo‐controlled studies suggest that oclacitinib is a safe and effective alternative therapy.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of oclacitinib, in comparison to ciclosporin, for the control of AD in a blinded, randomized clinical trial, incorporating a noninferiority test at day 28.AnimalsA total of 226 client‐owned dogs with a history of AD from eight sites were enrolled.MethodsEnrolled animals were randomized to receive oral oclacitinib (0.4–0.6 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days, then once daily) or oral ciclosporin (3.2–6.6 mg/kg once daily) for 12 weeks. Owners assessed pruritus using an enhanced visual analog scale (VAS), and veterinarians assessed dermatitis using the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)‐02.ResultsOn days 1, 2, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 84, the percentage reduction from baseline for owner‐assessed pruritus changed from 25.6 to 61.0% in the oclacitinib group compared with 6.5 to 61.5% in the ciclosporin group; differences were significant at all time points up to day 28. On day 56, ciclosporin‐treated dogs showed a similar decrease in pruritus to oclacitinib‐treated dogs. On day 14, the percentage reduction from baseline CADESI‐02 was significantly greater in the oclacitinib group (58.7%) than in the ciclosporin group (43.0%). Three times as many adverse events attributed to gastrointestinal signs were reported in the ciclosporin group compared with the oclacitinib group.Conclusions and clinical importanceIn this study of treatment for canine AD, oclacitinib had a faster onset of action and a lower frequency of gastrointestinal side effects compared with ciclosporin.
Controversies surrounding critical illness‐related corticosteroid insufficiency in animals
Authors: Creedon Jamie M. Burkitt 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the controversies surrounding critical illness‐related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) and the use of hydrocortisone in critically ill patients, and to present published diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in companion veterinary species.EtiologyCritical illness‐related corticosteroid insufficiency may be due to hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, alterations in cortisol‐plasma protein binding, target cell enzymatic changes, changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function, or a combination of these or other factors present during critical illness.DiagnosisAppropriate tests to diagnose CIRCI are unknown. The diagnosis in people is currently based on response to treatment with hydrocortisone. There is currently no consensus on appropriate diagnostic feature(s) in veterinary species.TherapyLow‐dose hydrocortisone is the treatment of choice for patients with CIRCI.PrognosisIf the patient survives the critical illness, prognosis for resolution of CIRCI and hydrocortisone dependence is very good.
PULMONARY VASOMOTOR FIBRES IN THE CERVICAL VAGOSYMPATHETIC NERVE OF THE DOG
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Hebb Catherine 
Published: December 2014

In perfused lung preparations under conditions which exclude passive effects due to bronchomotor responses:1. Electrical stimulation of the separated cervical vagus or cervical sympathetic gives rise to pulmonary vasomotor responses. The vagosympathetic contains preganglionic fibres, some of which have their cell stations in the middle cervical ganglion. Others are postganglionic.2. Electrical stimulation or the application of nicotine to the superior cervical ganglion or the nodose ganglion causes pulmonary vasomotor responses.3. In atropinized perfused preparations the response to cervical vagosympathetic stimulation is predominantly pulmonary vasopressor, in non‐atropinized preparations predominantly vasodepressor.
EXPERIMENTS CONCERNING THE RENAL CLEARANCES OF SOME FRUCTOSANS IN THE DOG
Authors: Beattie J. , Bell D. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. In continuance of previous work, experiments have been carried out on the renal clearance in the female dog of certain fructosans, namely (a) irisin isolated from Iris pseudacorus, and (b) and (c) the high molecular weight levans synthesised respectively by exocellular enzyme systems of Ps. prunicola and B. subtilis.2. From the pattern of the renal clearances over a period of up to three hours, it seems clear that while irisin and Ps. prunicola levan may be, by present standards, chemically homogeneous, they are, in fact, physically heterogeneous, i.e. each consists of an assembly of similarly constituted polymers.3. While intravenous administration of low molecular weight grass levan and irisin is unaccompanied by vasomotor and respiratory disturbances, the higher molecular weight bacterial levans, despite vigorous measures to remove any traces of alkali‐hydrolysable material (e.g. protein), induced such disturbances. B. subtilis levan produced more intense responses than did Ps. prunicola levan.4. Ps. prunicola levan is presumed to be a “very large molecule”. Its extremely low clearance by the kidney indicates that the components of the assembly of molecules in the material pass through the renal glomerular membrane only with great difficulty and are not hydrolysed to any appreciable extent within the animal body.5. B. subtilis levan, which from chemical evidence can be considered to be a polymer of similar chemical units to those comprising Ps. prunicola levan, behaved in a markedly different manner. The high clearance values were not those to be expected from a high molecular weight fructosan. The discovery of considerable quantities of D‐fructose in the urine after injection with this levan indicated that the dog is able to hydrolyse this levan at a rapid rate. The rate of liberation of fructose was so rapid that it exceeded the rate of utilisation in the tissues and/or absorbtion of fructose by the kidney. D‐fructose was identified by (a) paper chromatography, and (b) the formation of the methylphenyl osazone and its acetyl derivative.
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN HEAT‐ADAPTED ANIMALS
Authors: Beattie J. , Chambers R. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. Heat adaptation of albino rats to an environmental temperature of 29·5° C. requires a period of not less than 28 days.2. Complete adaptation is indicated when animals within a small weight range (180–260 g.) show a mean heat production which has a standard deviation of less than 3 per cent of the mean value.3. A slight seasonal change occurs relatively suddenly at the end of May, when the heat production level falls by about 5 per cent. The change to the winter level has not been determined with certainty but may occur in mid‐August.4. The “winter” level of heat production lies between 690 and 712 Cal./sq. m./24 hrs. and the “summer” level between 657 and 679 Cal./sq. m./24 hrs.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON OVIPOSITION IN THE FOWL
Authors: Sykes A. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. Six out of nine hens were able to lay their eggs after spinal transections, but the process took much longer than normal.2. Ovulation was almost completely inhibited in the spinal birds.3. Observations at laparotomy show that during oviposition the uterus is not everted as claimed by Wickmann, but that the egg passes from the uterus into the vagina and from there is laid by peristaltic action of the vaginal muscles.4. The observations suggest that the abdominal muscles are used in normal laying.
THE PASSAGE OF ANTIBODIES INTO THE INTESTINE IN RABBITS
Authors: Mitchison N. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Passage of cells into fluid perfusing the intestinal lumen, passage of antibodies into Thiry loops, and antibodies in extracts of appendix tissue were studied in rabbits.2. With perfusion preparations in which the intestine was handled gently, only small numbers of cells appeared in the perfusion fluid. Ligation of the vascular supply caused large numbers of cells to appear.3. Thiry loop secretion and serum were obtained from rabbits simultaneously immunized actively with one antigen by an intravenous route, and passively against a different antigen. After passive immunization with either homologous or heterologous serum, the ratio of the titre of active to passive antibody in the secretion was similar to the ratio in the serum.4. Different antigens were injected simultaneously into the appendix and the foot. The proportion of antibody against the antigen injected into the appendix was higher in extracts of appendix tissue than in the serum.5. The conclusion is discussed that, if antigen is fixed in the tissues of the gut, antibody passing into the lumen may be formed locally.
A STUDY OF THE VASCULAR ACTIONS OF 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE, TRYPTAMINE, ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE
Authors: Ginzel K. H. , Kottegoda S. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. 5‐Hydroxytryptamine (HT) is a more powerful constrictor of the pulmonary vessels of the dog and the cat and of the vessels of the rabbit's ear than adrenaline or noradrenaline.2. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are more powerful constrictors of the hind leg vessels of the dog and the cat and of the renal vessels of the cat than HT.3. HT is usually between 2 to 50 times as active as tryptamine.4. Lysergic acid diethyl amide (L.S.D.) is a strong antagonist of the constrictor action of HT in both the lung and the leg vessels and has only a weak effect on the actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Ergotamine and tolazoline are relatively ineffective in modifying the vascular actions of HT.5. Since HT is a substrate of amine oxidase, we expected to find that an inhibitor of this enzyme such as paredrine would potentiate the action of HT. This was not observed. However, tryptamine was found to potentiate the action of noradrenaline.6. Desensitization to HT and to tryptamine by themselves was constantly observed.
THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN BARBITURATES ON THE MEAN RIGHT ATRIAL PRESSURE OF SHEEP
Authors: Tyrer J. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. In 18 out of 37 experiments on 23 sheep, the barbiturates studied caused a rise of mean right atrial pressure of 1·0 to 2·5 cm. of saline, when given by slow intravenous injection, in dilute solutions and in doses as used in clinical medicine. In the remaining experiments smaller rises of pressure usually occurred.2. This rise, associated with suppression of random and rhythmic variations of atrial pressure, lasted as long as the level of anæsthesia was maintained.3. When undiluted “Dial” (Ciba) was slowly injected intravenously in doses as used in clinical medicine, the mean right atrial pressure rose rapidly by 10 cm. of saline or more. Such a large rise did not occur if the "Dial" was diluted three times with saline before injection.4. The long‐acting barbitone sodium maintained mean right atrial pressure within a range of 1 cm. of saline for at least 1 hour, without further additions, after adequate anesthesia was obtained. Thus a base‐line could be provided for studying the effects of other drugs.
THE INFLUENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND pH ON THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM OF THE ISOLATED PERFUSED HEART
Authors: Trethewie E. R. , Hodgkinson Margaret M. 
Published: December 2014

1. In the isolated cat's heart an increased CO2 content of the perfusing fluid is associated with heightening of the T wave of the electrocardiogram when the electrolyte composition of the perfusing fluid is kept constant apart from bicarbonate change.2. Under similar conditions a reduced CO2 content is associated with a fall in the T wave potential.3. The coronary flow changes in the same direction with the T wave, but equivalent changes in coronary flow alone do not cause similar changes in the T wave.4. The significance of these findings is discussed.