bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LOWER LIMB INJURY IN GAELIC FOOTBALL AND HURLING
Authors: O'Malley E , Murphy J , Gissane C , Blake C 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundGaelic football (GF) and hurling (H) are multi-directional, high velocity, contact sports. Elevated physical demands are thought to cause an increased rate of injury in the lower limb.ObjectiveTo examine the incidence and describe lower limb injury in both Gaelic Football and hurling (2008–2011).DesignFour-year prospective epidemiological study.Setting25 Gaelic football teams and 21 hurling teams who compete at inter-county level participated. All data were anonymous. Ethical approval was received by the University College Dublin Human Research Ethics Committee.ParticipantsAdult male Gaelic football (n=841) and hurling (n=696) players were included.InterventionsInjury definitions comply with international best practice guidelines and consensus statements.Main outcome measurementsLower Limb injury (LLI) characteristics, exposure information and player demographics were collected via an online platform. Injury rates are expressed as number of injuries per 1000 hours. Severity is expressed as days lost from sport. Percentages were calculated from available totals.ResultsThere were a total of 654 football and 560 hurling LLIs recorded. Match-play LLIs had a higher incidence in both codes (GF:29.8/1000 hrs, H:37.6/1000 hrs) than training LLIs (GF:2.4/1000 hrs, H:2.1/1000 hrs). LLIs caused a median of 16 days timeloss from Gaelic football and 14 days timeloss from hurling. When broken down by body-region, the thigh was the most commonly injured area (GF:42.0%, H:32.1%) followed by knee (GF:16.1%, H:19.3%). Hamstring injury was most prevalent (GF:29.1%; H:23.6%). Hamstring injuries caused a median of 20 days timeloss from football, 21 days lost in hurling. Muscle was the most commonly injured tissue (GF:51.2%, H:46.4%). The most common mechanism of LLI was sprinting (GF:32.1%, H:34.1%).ConclusionsThis study provides new specific lower limb injury epidemiological information and is the first step towards injury prevention in two sports native to Ireland.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF INJURY IN BRITISH CYCLING: 2011–2013
Authors: Palmer-Green D , Burt P , Jaques R , Hunter G 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundPrevention of injury in elite sport can have not only athlete health benefits but also potential positive performance gains. As the first step towards prevention, valid injury surveillance data is needed.ObjectiveProvide injury epidemiology information on the British Cycling squad (road/track endurance; track sprint; MTB; BMX).DesignLongitudinal prospective surveillance study, recording injury data. Definitions for injury, time-loss and performance-restriction were used to identify the rate and severity of athlete injuries.SettingBritish Cycling National training centre, including domestic and international training/competition venues during the 2011/12–2012/13 seasons.Participants61 (16 female; 45 male) National team athletes.InterventionsStandardised report forms for injuries completed by medical staff.Main outcome measureInjury rate, severity and causes.ResultsThere were 95 injuries each lasting 16 days, equating 35% of the squad sustaining at least one injury per season. Training injuries were more prevalent (n=77; 30%vs.n=18; 11%), but competition injuries more severe (27dvs. 14d). The majority of competition injuries (83%) resulted in time-loss and training injuries (75%) in performance-restriction. Injury prevalence and severity was highest for the BMX squad and lowest for the endurance squad. Injuries to the lumbar spine (29%), knee (18%) and shoulder/clavicle (14%) were most common, with 17, 9, and 23 days lost per injury, respectively. Overuse (gradual/sudden onset: 58%) and recurrent (35%) were the most common causes of injury, with contact – static object (32d) most severe. Weight training related lumbar spine injuries in the sprint squad and road cycling related shoulder/clavicle and knee injuries in the endurance squad caused the greatest burden in terms of total days lost.ConclusionsPrevention initiatives targeting common and severe injuries may be beneficial in reducing the number of athlete days lost to training/competition.
RISK FACTORS FOR BODY REGION SPECIFIC INJURIES IN SKIERS AND SNOWBOARDERS
Authors: Romanow NTR , Pfister K , Rowe BH , Emery CA , Meeuwisse WH , Nettel-Aguirre A , Goulet C , Russell K , McRae A , Lang E , Hagel BE 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundLittle is known about risk factors (e.g., wrist guards, binding adjustment, equipment ownership) for body region specific skiing/snowboarding injuries.ObjectiveIdentify risk factors for body region specific injuries and severe injuries in skiers/snowboarders.DesignCase-control study using emergency department (ED) interviews, ski patrol Accident Report Forms (ARF), and ski area interviews. Severe injury cases presented to the ED. Non-severe injury cases presented to the ski patrol. Controls were uninjured skiers/snowboarders.SettingAn urban ski area and 2 EDs in Alberta, Canada.ParticipantsInjured skiers/snowboarders who saw the ski patrol (n=552) or went to one of the study EDs (n=192). Controls were interviewed at the ski area (n=914).Risk factor assessmentRisk factor data were collected by interview and from ARFs. Injury outcomes were determined from the ED chart or ARF.Main outcome measurementsBody region categories were: lower extremities, upper extremities, trunk, and head/neck. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for each body region by case group. Intrinsic risk factors (age, sex, activity, ability) will be included in the models.ResultsPreliminary results for non-severe cases indicate that the odds of injury for all body regions were lower for those 12+ years old compared with younger participants (OR range 0.07; 95% CI 0.04–0.11 to 0.42; 95% CI 0.24–0.73) and higher for beginners (OR range 1.79; 95% CI 1.01–3.15 to 4.97; 95% CI 2.97–8.32). Overcast weather reduced the odds of any injury (OR range 0.06; 95% CI 0.02–0.18 to 0.44; 95% CI 0.2–0.98), as did increased run difficulty (OR range 0.06; 95% CI 0.02–0.17 to 0.19; 95% CI 0.0–0.54). Skiers had lower odds of upper body injury (ARF OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.2–0.38 & ED OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.21–0.51) compared with snowboarders.ConclusionsThese results will inform the development of an injury prevention program for skiers/snowboarders targeting modifiable risk factors.
AMENORRHEA IN ELITE ATHLETICS ATHLETES: PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATIONS TO ATHLETICS INJURY
Authors: Rost M , Jacobsson J , Dahlström Ö , Hammar M , Timpka T 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundKnowledge is lacking about the associations between sport injuries and components of the female athlete triad.ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of amenorrhea in elite female athletics athletes and if athletes with history of amenorrhea are at higher injury risk than athletes with regular menstrual cycles or on combined oral contraceptives.DesignCohort study during a period of 52 weeks.SettingSwedish female youth and adult elite athletics athletes.ParticipantsAthletes ranked in the national top-10 in each event were invited to take part in a 52-week surveillance study. Among the female athletes that consented to participate (n=161), 149 (92%) completed a baseline gynecological survey.Risk factor assessmentAmenorrhea, event group, previous injury, training volume and intensity (measured by the TLRI), and interactions with age.Main outcome measurementsTime to first injury causing full or partial time loss from athletics.Results37 (25%) athletes reported having history of amenorrhea. More runners reported amenorrhea (P=.017; Cramer's V=0.19) than athletes in the throwing and jumping event groups; this difference in amenorrhea prevalence was distributed to adult runners only (P=.016; Cramer's V=0.26). Additionally, there was a tendency for that runners with a lower BMI had a prevalence of amenorrhea (P=.062). Sixty-six percent of the athletes sustained an injury during the study period. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses did not show statistical associations between amenorrhea and athletics injury.ConclusionsSwedish female athletics athletes reported a high prevalence of amenorrhea compared to the normal population. Athletes with extended exposure to participation in running events with high demands on aerobic performance sufferred more extensively from amenorrhea. No associations with injury incidence could be established, but this finding needs to be confirmed in studies with larger sample size. Further studies of amenorrhea and its health implications among female athletes are warranted.
EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH CAPACITY IN THE LOWER LIMBS AND SPEED PERFORMANCE IN YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS
Authors: Sannicandro I , Piccinno A , Cofano G , Lupelli N , Rosa RA 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe explosive strength capacity of each limb influences acceleration capacity in soccer players.ObjectiveTo investigate whether a relationship exists between the individual strength capacities of the lower limbs and performances in sprinting in a straight line and with a change of direction(CoD) in young soccer players.DesignCorrelational research.SettingYouth sport.Participants205 young soccer players (11.3±0.2 yrs, 180.1±2.6 cm, 78.5±2.2 kg).InterventionsAll subjects performed the Hop test (HT), the Triple hop test (THT) and the Side hop test (SHT) (testing strength capacity); the 5m and 10m sprint test, the Foran test, and the 10×5m shuttle sprint test (tests to assess sprinting capacity in a straight line and with CoD) were executed using a photocell.Main outcome measurementsThe correlation between the results of the three strength tests and sprinting performance was assessed.ResultsThe results are summarised in tables 1–2.Table 1.Correlation coefficients between performances in tests of lower limb strength using the HT/THT and performances in sprinting in a straight line (#P<.0005).5 m10 mHTRight−0.35#−0.31#HTLeft−0.36#−0.34#THTRight−0.37#−0.33#THTLeft−0.44#−0.40#Table 2.Correlation coefficients between performances in tests of lower limb strength using the SHT and sprinting performance with a CoD.Foran10x5SHTright−0.26#−0.21**SHTLeft−0.15*−0.12*P<.05,**P<.01#P<.0005.ConclusionsThe results show that the athletes with high values of lower limb strength as assessed using the HT obtain significantly better performances in a straight line sprinting. However, the correlation coefficients indicate that the strength of the relationship is only moderate: 0.35 to 0.44 for performances in the HTvssprinting in a straight line; and 0.12 to 0.26 for performances in the SHTvssprinting with a CoD.
THE IMPACT OF CONCUSSION ON CARDIAC AUTONOMIC FUNCTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF EVIDENCE FOR RECOVERY AND PREVENTION
Authors: Blake T , McKay C , Meeuwisse WH , Emery C 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundConcussions can negatively impact cognitive, behavioural, and physiological function. The current standard of care does not account for the physiological impact of concussion. Cardiac autonomic function (CAF) is responsive to changes in physical and cognitive exertion in healthy populations. The influence of concussion on CAF is not well understood.ObjectiveTo evaluate the evidence regarding the effect of concussion on cardiac autonomic function.DesignSystematic Review.SettingDatabases [Medline, SportDiscus, HealthSTAR, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, PubMed and ProQuest, Web of Science and Google Scholar] were systematically searched using keywords and MeSH terms.SampleInclusion criteria: original research, available in English, included participants with concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and had a comparison group. Studies of humans (greater than 6 years old) and animals were included. Ten articles were identified for critical appraisal (six cohort studies, four cross-sectional).Independent variableDiagnosis of a concussion or mTBI.Main outcome measurementsHeart rate (HR) and/or heart rate variability (HRV). Critical appraisal was conducted using the Downs and Black criteria.ResultsThere is conflicting evidence regarding CAF at rest following concussion/mTBI. There is evidence of elevated HR and reduced HRV with low intensity, steady-state exercise up to 10 days following concussion. No significant difference in HRV was found during isometric handgrip testing following concussion. The validity of current literature is limited by small sample sizes, lack of female or pediatric participants, varying methodologies and lack of follow-up. No studies evaluating CAF during cognitive exertion following concussion were found.ConclusionsThere is evidence to suggest that CAF is altered during physical activity following concussion. The limitations in available literature highlight the need further research. Understanding the effect of concussion on CAF will contribute to the development of more comprehensive concussion management and prevention strategies.
DIFFERENCES IN THE MUSCLE ONSET TIMING BETWEEN LANDING POSTURES DECIDED BEFORE AND DURING JUMP-LANDING
Authors: Sasaki R , Yukio U , Eri F 
Published: March 2014

BackgraoundJump-landing is a well-studied movement that causes sports injuries.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to clarify the differences in the onset timing of the muscles during jump-landing among landing postures decided before and during landing.DesignExperimental study.SettingYouth sports.Participants8 healthy female college students volunteered.InterventionsJump-landing was performed from a 40 cm height box with both legs or a single leg. The landing posture was decided before or during landing. The onset timing of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), semmembranosus (SM) and biceps femoris (BF) was determined using the electromyography (EMG). The onset timing of muscle was identified as the first point that exceeded the mean baseline +3SD of the EMG amplitude. The baseline was set as the EMG amplitude at 100 ms after toe-off from the box. The landing duration was normalized in 100%.Main outcome measurementsA deley of the onset timing of muscles may be risk factor of injury during jump-landing when the landing posture is decided late.ResultsThe onset timing for both legs where the posture was decided before landing was 83.8±15.5%, 82.2±13.4%, 76.8±10.1%, 77.6±6.6% for the VM, VL, SM, BF, respectively; no significant defferences were noted among the muscles. During single-leg landing, values were 74.3±19.1%, 73.4±15.6%, 71.2±11.9%, 72.4±6.9%, respectively; the values significantly deffered for the VM and VL between movements with both legs and single leg (P<.05). No significant differences between cases where the landing posture was decided before and during landing.ConclusionsThe onset timing of muscles did not significantly differ according to the time at which the landing posture was decided. However, muscle activities were only assessed during successful trials, and a significant difference may be noted if failed trials are included.
VALIDATING THE 3-STEP RETURN TO PLAY DECISION MAKING MODEL
Authors: Shrier I , Matheson G , Boudier-Reveret M , Steele R 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundA recent return to play decision-making (RTP-DM) model for sport medicine has organized the underlying concepts into 3 steps but has not yet been validated.ObjectiveTo examine the validity of the 3-step RTP-DM model recently proposed.DesignRepeated measures cross-over survey design.SettingWorld-wide.ParticipantsAmerican College of Sports Medicine clinicians involved in RTP-DM.Risk factor assessmentWe provided clinical vignettes of injuries and illnesses in athletes to participants through an online survey. Each vignette included examples of 3 factor types: increasing injury severity, changing risk associated with sport (e.g. different positions), and changing non-injury risk factors (e.g. financial considerations).Main Outcome MeasurementsFor each vignette, participants indicated the level of activity restriction they would recommend (6 options from No Restrictions to No Activity) in accordance with the risk they placed on continued participation. We analyzed the data using multiple regression, adjusting for the correlated participant outcomes, to measure how changes in factors affected individual participants.ResultsThe estimated participation rate for those involved in RTP decisions was 24.7%. As expected, we found that clinicians increase restrictions as injury severity increases. We also found that changing factors related to sport risk, and changing factors that are unrelated to sport risk will affect RTP decisions, although the effect is context-dependent and does not occur equally across all injury severities and clinical cases. The effect was also observed in each subgroup examined that included sex, age, specialty, region of training, academic status, and years of experience making RTP decisions.ConclusionsOur findings that clinicians from a wide variety of backgrounds will change RTP recommendations based on clinical vignettes with changing injury severity, sport risk modifiers and decision modifiers provides evidentiary support for the 3-step model for RTP decision making recently proposed.
NEUROCOGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AT RETURN TO PLAY IN ELITE YOUTH HOCKEY PLAYERS WITH SPORT-RELATED CONCUSSION
Authors: Taylor K , Brooks BL , Schneider KJ , Blake TA , McKay CD , Meeuwisse WH , Barlow KM , Kang J , Emery CA 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundNeurocognitive recovery following sport-related concussion is important for re-injury risk reduction. In elite youth hockey, it is unknown if neurocognitive function returns to baseline values at the time of medical clearance to return to play (RTP).ObjectiveTo determine if ImPACT composite scores have returned to baseline values at the time of medical clearance to RTP.DesignProspective case series.SettingSport Medicine Clinics (Alberta, Canada).ParticipantsConcussed elite male and female youth (13–17 years) ice hockey players (n=68) and healthy controls (n=22) completed ImPACT and SCAT2 testing at baseline and RTP following concussion.Main outcome measurementsTeam therapists/trainers referred concussed players to the study sport medicine physician. The physician determined RTP via symptom resolution and SCAT2 score normalization. Physicians were blinded to ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) composite scores (verbal memory, visual memory, reaction time and visual motor), which were used to evaluate neurocognitive performance.ResultsComparisons between baseline and RTP ImPACT scores were based on reliable change (RC) scores derived from a sample of healthy players tested twice at baseline within 2 weeks (RC scores with 90% CI: verbal memory +/−14; visual memory, +/−15; reaction time, +/−0.1; and visual motor, +/−8). All four ImPACT composite scores were normalized at RTP in 73.5% (95C% CI: 61.5–82.8) of concussed participants and all but one [95.5%; 95% CI:70.39–99.46) controls. In the concussed players, 25.0% (95% CI: 16.0–36.9) had 1 composite score not return to baseline at RTP. One player had three composite scores not return to baseline at RTP.ConclusionsElite hockey players are often cleared for RTP without the benefit of knowing neurocognitive performance on ImPACT. In this cohort, 25% of concussed players who were cleared to return to hockey had 1 composite score that had not yet returned to baseline. These results may have implications for tertiary prevention.
DOES RUNNING SHOE MIDSOLE HARDNESS INFLUENCE RUNNING-RELATED INJURIES? RESULTS FROM A DOUBLE BLIND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: Theisen D , Malisoux L , Delattre N , Seil R , Urhausen A 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe shock absorption qualities of running shoes are thought to have an important influence on running-related injuries (RRIs). However, scientific evidence of this relationship is still lacking.ObjectiveTo test if midsole hardness of standard running shoes was related to RRIs.DesignDouble-blind randomized controlled trial.SettingFree-roaming leisure-time distance runners.ParticipantsStudy participants were recruited through newspaper advertisements, posts on specialized internet sites and via mouth-to-ear. They were required to report any running activity, sport practice and injury using a dedicated internet platform. Recorded information was systematically verified, if necessary through direct contacts with the participants.Risk factor assessmentLeisure-time runners were provided with identical running shoes, except for their midsole hardness which was either hard (H; n=113) or soft (S; n=134). They were followed prospectively for 5 months.Main outcome measurementsThe primary outcome measure was exposure volume (hours) to running practice until first-time RRI (Cox proportional hazards regression analyses).ResultsOverall, 12.1 RRIs were recorded per 1000 hours of running. There was a 15% difference between the shoe types regarding midsole stiffness. The type of shoe used for running was not related to RRI (hazard ratio (HR)=0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.57–1.48). Furthermore, no difference was detected regarding RRI patterns (location, severity, etc.). Significant risk factors for RRIs were body mass index (HR=1.13; 95% CI 1.03–1.23), injury in the 12 months preceding the study (HR=1.74; 95% CI 1.04–2.90) and average session intensity (HR=1.40; 95% CI 1.04–1.87). Previous regular running practice (HR=0.42; 95% CI 0.23–0.78) and volume of other sport activities (HR=0.70; 95% CI 0.56–0.88) were significant protective factors.ConclusionsRRI risk was not associated with running shoe midsole hardness in this study.
PSYCHOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS FOR OVERUSE INJURIES IN ELITE ATHLETICS: A COHORT STUDY IN SWEDISH YOUTH AND ADULT ATHLETES
Authors: Timpka T , Jacobsson J , Dahlström Ö , Kowalski J , Bargoria V , Ekberg J , Nilsson S , Renström P 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThere is growing evidence that athletes' psychological characteristics are of importance for understanding overuse injuries in sports.ObjectiveTo examine the importance of psychological factors as risk indicators for sustaining athletics injuries.DesignCohort study with 52 weeks duration.SettingSwedish male and female youth and adult elite athletics athletes.ParticipantsAthletes ranked in the national top 10 in each event were invited to a one-year surveillance study. Among those consenting to participate (n=292), 73% (n=212) completed a psychological survey at baseline.Risk factor assessmentEvent group, previous injury, training volume and intensity (measured by the TLRI), perceived motivational climate (PMCSQ), coping behaviors (Brief Cope), body consciousness and hyperactivity (BCS-ADHD), commitment to exercise (CES), and interactions with gender and age.Main outcome measurementsTime to first injury causing full or partial time loss from athletics.Results199 (68%) athletes reported an injury during the study period. Ninety-six percent of reported injuries were classified as associated with overuse. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses showed that maladaptive coping through self-blame (P=.001; HR 1.37 (95% CI 1.14–1.67)) and hyperactivity (P=.025; HR=1.01 (95% 1.00–1.02)) were associated with increased injury risk. Additionally, male adult athletes with a previous serious injury had an increased risk of injury (P=.043; HR=2.05 (95% CI 1.02–4.07)), while the injury risk was decreased for male(P=.032; HR=0.47 (95% CI 0.23–0.94)) and female (P=.025; HR=0.49 (95% CI 0.26–0.91)) adult athletes without previous injury.ConclusionsThe psychological factors self-blame and hyperactivity earlier linked to non-suicidal self-injury in general populations were together with causal interactions combining previous injury, age and gender found to be related with overuse injury in athletics athletes. Further studies on associations between injury and indicators of depression and stress in elite athletics athletes are warranted.