bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geoengineering ist keine Lösung
Authors: Kleidon Axel , Renner Maik 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDer globale Wasserkreislauf transportiert gewaltige Mengen an Energie durch Verdunstung und anschließende Kondensation von der Erdoberfläche in die Atmosphäre. Er baut mit diesem latenten Energiefluss den planetaren Antrieb ab, in dem Sonnenlicht die Erdoberfläche erwärmt und Abstrahlung ins Weltall die Atmosphäre kühlt. Eine Betrachtung der globalen Energiebilanz zusammen mit der thermodynamischen Grenze von Luftbewegung als Wärmekraftmaschine liefert eine einfache Abschätzung, die das Verhalten von weitaus komplexeren Klimamodellen erstaunlich gut wiedergibt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der Wasserkreislauf stärker auf eine Erwärmung durch Solarstrahlung reagiert als auf Änderungen des Treibhauseffekts. Die Konsequenz: Geoengineering kann eine globale Klimaerwärmung mitsamt ihren Folgen für den Wasserkreislauf nicht einfach rückgängig machen, indem es die Solarstrahlung verringert.
Pfeifende Vokale
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Verovnik Ivo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPfeifen und Sprechen haben eines gemeinsam: Die Form des Mundraums ist entscheidend für die spezielle Klangbildung. Die Tonerzeugung beginnt mit der Luftströmung durch die Stimmlippen. Die Frequenz ihrer Schwingung sorgt für die Höhe des Klangs. Vokale werden im Mundraum gebildet, beim Pfeifen bestimmt dieser die Tonhöhe. Die Maultrommel nutzt ebenfalls die Physik des Mundraums aus.
Sehen und Hören verstehen
Authors: Erb Roger , Wilhelm Thomas 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDie App Color Uncovered lässt den Betrachter die Farbwahrnehmung entdecken, indem sie Phänomene interaktiv darstellt und so Anfänger und Kenner gleichermaßen überrascht. Das Gleiche gelingt mit Sound Uncovered bei akustischen Phänomenen, deren Besonderheiten man mit eigenen Ohren erleben kann.
Functional desensitization of the β2 adrenoceptor is not dependent on agonist efficacy
Authors: Rosethorne Elizabeth M. , Bradley Michelle E. , Kent Toby C. , Charlton Steven J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractChronic treatment with β2 adrenoceptor agonists is recommended as a first‐line maintenance therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, a potential consequence of long‐term treatment may be the loss of functional response (tachyphylaxis) over time. In this study, we have investigated the tendency of such agonists, with a range of efficacies, to develop functional desensitization to cAMP responses in primary human bronchial smooth muscle cells following prolonged agonist exposure. The data show that upon repeat exposure, all agonists produced functional desensitization to the same degree and rate. In addition, β2 adrenoceptor internalization and β‐arrestin‐2 recruitment were monitored using β2·eGFP visualization and the PathHunter™ β‐arrestin‐2 assay, respectively. All agonists were capable of causing robust receptor internalization and β‐arrestin‐2 recruitment, the rate of which was influenced by agonist efficacy, as measured in those assays. In summary, although a relationship exists between agonist efficacy and the rate of both receptor internalization and β‐arrestin‐2 recruitment, there is no correlation between agonist efficacy and the rate or extent of functional desensitization.
5‐HT is a potent relaxant in rat superior mesenteric veins
Authors: Watts Stephanie W. , Darios Emma S. , Seitz Bridget M. , Thompson Janice M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSerotonin (5‐HT, 5‐hydroxytryptamine) reduces blood pressure of the conscious rat when administered chronically (1 week). 5‐HT does not directly relax isolated arteries, and microsphere experiments in 5‐HT‐infused rats suggested that 5‐HT increased flow to the splanchnic bed. We hypothesized that 5‐HT increased splanchnic flow because of direct venous relaxation; our focus was thus on the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) as an important vein in splanchnic circulation. Real‐time RT‐PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western analyses supported the predominant expression of the 5‐HT2B and 5‐HT7 receptor in the SMV. The SMV was mounted in tissue baths for measurement of isometric contraction. 5‐HT caused a concentration‐dependent relaxation of the endothelin‐1 (ET‐1)‐contracted vein. The threshold of 5‐HT‐induced venous relaxation was significantly lower than for 5‐HT‐induced venous contraction (~2 vs. 700 nmol/L, respectively). A series of serotonergic agonists established in their use of receptor characterization was tested, and the following rank order of potency found for agonist‐induced relaxation (receptor selectivity): 5‐CT (5‐HT1/5‐HT7)>5‐HT = LP‐44 (5‐HT7)>PNU109291 (5‐HT1D) = BW723C86 (5‐HT2B). 8‐OH‐DPAT (5‐HT1A/7), CP93129 (5‐HT1B), mCPBG (5‐HT3/4), AS19 (5‐HT7) and TCB‐2 (5‐HT2A) did not relax the isolated vein. Consistent with these findings, two different 5‐HT7 receptor antagonists SB 269970 and LY215840 but not the 5‐HT2B receptor antagonist LY272015 nor the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor LNNA abolished 5‐CT‐induced relaxation of the isolated SMV. 5‐CT (1 μg kg−1 min−1, sc) also reduced blood pressure over 7 days. These findings suggest that 5‐HT directly relaxes the SMV primarily through activation of the 5‐HT7 receptor.
Clamshell Incision Versus Left Anterolateral Thoracotomy. Which One is Faster When Performing a Resuscitative Thoracotomy? The Tortoise and the Hare Revisited
Authors: Flaris Alexandros N. , Simms Eric R. , Prat Nicolas , Reynard Floran , Caillot Jean‐Louis , Voiglio Eric J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe clamshell incision (CI) offers a better exposure than the left anterolateral thoracotomy (LAT) as a resuscitative thoracotomy. Most surgeons will have to manage a heart wound only once or twice in their career. The patient’s survival depends on how fast the surgeon can control the heart wound; however, it is unclear which of the two incisions allows for faster control in the hands of inexperienced surgeons. The aim of this study was to compare the time needed to access and control a standardized stab wound to the right ventricle, by inexperienced surgical trainees, by LAT or CI; we hypothesized that the CI does not take longer than the LAT.MethodsSixteen residents were shown a video on how to perform both procedures. They were randomly assigned to control a standardized stab wound of the right ventricle on perfused human cadavers by LAT (n = 8) or CI (n = 8). Access time (skin to maximal exposure), control time (maximal exposure until control of the heart wound) and total time (the sum of access and control times) were recorded.ResultsTotal time was 6.62 min [3.20–8.14] (median [interquartile range]) for LAT and 4.63 min [3.17–6.73] for CI (p = 0.46). Access time was 2.39 min [1.21–2.76] for LAT and 2.33 min [1.58–4.86] for CI (p = 0.34). Control time was 4.16 min [2.32–5.49] for LAT and 1.85 min [1.38–2.23] for CI (p = 0.018).ConclusionsThe time needed from skin incision until cardiac wound control via CI was not longer than via LAT and the easier control of the cardiac wound when using CI was confirmed.
Surgical Care and Health Systems
Authors: Spiegel David A. , Misra Mohit , Bendix Peter , Hagander Lars , Bickler Stephen W. , Saleh C. Omar , Ekeke‐Monono Martin , Baah‐Odoom Dinah , Caldwell Amber , Irons Beryl , Amir Sheik , Taylor Robert , Layne Maya , Hailu Helena , Awais Syed Mohammad , Price Raymond R. , Crockett Sarah , Islam Monir ,   Health Systems Strengthening Working Group of the Global Initiative for Emergency and Essential Surgical Care
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundWhile surgical care impacts a wide variety of diseases and conditions with non‐operative and operative services, both preventive and curative, there has been little discussion concerning how surgery might be integrated within the health system of a low and middle‐income country (LMIC), nor how strengthening surgical services may improve health systems and population health.MethodsWe reviewed reports from several meetings of the working group on health systems strengthening of the Global Initiative for Emergency and Essential Surgical Care, and also performed a review of the literature including the search terms “surgery,” “health system,” “developing country,” “health systems strengthening,” “health information system,” “financing,” “governance,” and “integration.”ResultsThe literature search revealed no reports which focused on the integration of surgical services within a health system or as a component of health system strengthening. A conceptual model of how surgical care might be integrated within a health system is proposed, based on the discussions of our working group, combined with sources from the medical literature, and utilizing the World Health Organization’s conceptual model of a health system.ConclusionsStrengthening the delivery of surgical services in LMICs will require inputs at multiple levels within a health system, and this effort will require the coalescence of committed individuals and organizations, supported by civil society.
Changing Operative Strategy from Abdominoperineal Resection to Sphincter Preservation in T3 Low Rectal Cancer after Downstaging by Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Madbouly Khaled M. , Hussein Ahmed M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study is to assess oncological outcome after changing operative strategy from abdominoperineal resection (APR) to sphincter preservation (SP) in T3 low rectal carcinomas downstaged by neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT).Patients and MethodsThis was a prospective observational study performed at academic medical centers. Patients with T3 rectal carcinoma, (<1 cm from the top of anal sphincter) received long‐course neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Decision before chemoradiation was APR in all patients. Patients who had successful downstaging were included in the study. Low anterior resection (LAR) was performed after 8–11 weeks from completion of nCRT. Follow‐up duration ranged from 4 to 6 years. Salvage surgery was done for local recurrence when possible. The primary endpoint of the study was disease‐free survival. Secondary endpoints were morbidity, mortality, continence, and oncologic results of salvage surgery after recurrence.ResultsLAR with colorectal or coloanal anastomosis were done in 9 and 36 patients, respectively. After a mean follow‐up of 57 months (range 48–70), local recurrences was reported in 4 patients (8.8 %), one of them had also distant metastasis while 2 patients (4.4 %) had only distant metastasis. Disease‐free and overall survival rates were 87 and 89 %, respectively. Three of 4 patients with local recurrence (the fourth had liver metastasis) underwent salvage APR with free safety margins. Follow‐up after salvage surgery for 31, 33, and 37 months revealed no recurrences. Wexner continence score ≤4 was noted in 39 patients; while major incontinence (Wexner score >12) was noted in 2 patients.ConclusionsFor selected patients of T3 low rectal cancer, changing operative strategy from APR to SP after downstaging by nCRT can be done in motivated patients with good sphincter function. Disease‐free survival rates and continence are comparable to patients had APR and to previous publications with decision made before nCRT. With strict follow‐up, early diagnosis of recurrence and salvage surgery with free resection margins can be achieved.
Engineering the supply chain for protein production/secretion in yeasts and mammalian cells
Authors: Klein Tobias , Niklas Jens , Heinzle Elmar 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Metabolic bottlenecks play an increasing role in yeasts and mammalian cells applied for high-performance production of proteins, particularly of pharmaceutical ones that require complex posttranslational modifications. We review the present status and developments focusing on the rational metabolic engineering of such cells to optimize the supply chain for building blocks and energy. Methods comprise selection of beneficial genetic modifications, rational design of media and feeding strategies. Design of better producer cells based on whole genome-wide metabolic network analysis becomes increasingly possible. High-resolution methods of metabolic flux analysis for the complex networks in these compartmented cells are increasingly available. We discuss phenomena that are common to both types of organisms but also those that are different with respect to the supply chain for the production and secretion of pharmaceutical proteins.
Engineering the robustness of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by introducing bifunctional glutathione synthase gene
Authors: Qiu Zhiqi , Deng Zujun , Tan Hongming , Zhou Shining , Cao Lixiang 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Robust, high-yielding Saccharomyces cerevisiae is highly desirable for cost-effective cellulosic ethanol production. In this study, the bifunctional glutathione (GSH) synthetase genes GCSGS at high copy number was integrated into ribosomal DNA of S. cerevisiae by Cre–LoxP system. Threefold higher GSH contents (54.9 μmol/g dry weight) accumulated in the engineered strain BY-G compared to the reference strain. Tolerance of BY-G to H2O2 (3 mM), temperature (40 °C), furfural (10 mM), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF, 10 mM) and 0.5 mM Cd2+ increased compared to reference strain. Twofold higher ethanol concentration was obtained by BY-G in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of corn stover compared to the reference strain. The results showed that intracellular GSH content of S. cerevisiae has an influence on robustness. The strategy is used to engineer S. cerevisiae strains adaptive to a combination of tolerance to inhibitors and raised temperature that may occur in high solid simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic feedstocks.
Granular computing in mosaicing of images from capsule endoscopy
Authors: Maciura Lukasz , Bazan Jan G. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article introduces methods for modeling compound granules used in algorithms which could successfully construct a mosaic from the images coming from an endoscope capsule. In order to apply the algorithm, combined images must have a common area where the correspondence of points is determined. That allows to determine the transformation parameters to compensate movement of the capsule that occurs between moments when the mosaic images were acquired. The developed algorithm for images from the capsule endoscopy has proved to be faster and comparably accurate as commercial GDB-ICP algorithm.
Excessive Checking Behavior During an Image Comparison Task in Schizophrenia
Authors: Jaafari N. , Chopin N. , Levy C. , Rotgé J.-Y. , Lafay N. , Hammi W. , Rigalleau F. , Millet B. , Krebs M.-O. , Vibert N. ,   for Insight Study Group
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackground:Patients with schizophrenia display significant working memory and executive deficits. In patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), several studies suggest that working memory dysfunction may be one of the causes of compulsive checking behaviors. Hence, this study aimed at assessing whether patients with schizophrenia were impaired on an image comparison task used to measure checking behaviors, and whether the origin and profile of impairment on this task was different between schizophrenia and OCD.Methods:Eye movement recordings were used to assess the checking behavior of 24 patients with schizophrenia and 24 control participants who had to decide whether two images were different or identical. The verbal and visuo-spatial components of participants’ working memory were measured using the reading span and backward location span tests.Results:Compared to controls, patients with schizophrenia had reduced working memory spans and showed excessive checking behavior when comparing the two images. However, the intensity of their checking behavior was not significantly related to their working memory deficits.Conclusions:Several recent studies demonstrated that the excessive checking behaviors displayed by patients with OCD were related to working memory dysfunction. The absence of a relationship between the excessive checking behavior of patients with schizophrenia and their working memory deficits suggests that checking behaviors do not have the same origin in the two disorders.
Evaluating State-Specific Antibiotic Resistance Measures Derived from Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections, National Healthcare Safety Network, 2011
Authors: Soe Minn M. , Edwards Jonathan R. , Sievert Dawn M. , Ricks Philip M. , Magill Shelley S. , Fridkin Scott K. 
Published: January 2015

DISCLOSUREThe findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry.OBJECTIVEDescribe the impact of standardizing state-specific summary measures of antibiotic resistance that inform regional interventions to reduce transmission of resistant pathogens in healthcare settings.DESIGNAnalysis of public health surveillance data.METHODSCentral line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) data from intensive care units (ICUs) of facilities reporting to the National Healthcare Safety Network in 2011 were analyzed. For CLABSI due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-nonsusceptible Klebsiella species, and carbapenem-nonsusceptible Klebsiella species, we computed 3 state-level summary measures of nonsusceptibility: crude percent nonsusceptible, model-based adjusted percent nonsusceptible, and crude infection incidence rate.RESULTSOverall, 1,791 facilities reported CLABSIs from ICU patients. Of 1,618 S. aureus CLABSIs with methicillin-susceptibility test results, 791 (48.9%) were due to MRSA. Of 756 Klebsiella CLABSIs with ESC-susceptibility test results, 209 (27.7%) were due to ESC-nonsusceptible Klebsiella, and among 661 Klebsiella CLABSI with carbapenem susceptibility test results, 70 (10.6%) were due to carbapenem-nonsusceptible Klebsiella. All 3 state-specific measures demonstrated variability in magnitude by state. Adjusted measures, with few exceptions, were not appreciably different from crude values for any phenotypes. When linking values of crude and adjusted percent nonsusceptible by state, a state’s absolute rank shifted slightly for MRSA in 5 instances and only once each for ESC-nonsusceptible and carbapenem-nonsusceptible Klebsiella species. Infection incidence measures correlated strongly with both percent nonsusceptibility measures.CONCLUSIONSCrude state-level summary measures, based on existing NHSN CLABSI data, may suffice to assess geographic variability in antibiotic resistance. As additional variables related to antibiotic resistance become available, risk-adjusted summary measures are preferable.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(1): 54–64
Validation of an Automated Surveillance Approach for Drain-Related Meningitis: A Multicenter Study
Authors: van Mourik Maaike S. M. , Troelstra Annet , Berkelbach van der Sprenkel Jan Willem , van der Jagt-Zwetsloot Marischka C. E. , Nelson Jolande H. , Vos Piet , Arts Mark P. , Dennesen Paul J. W. , Moons Karel G. M. , Bonten Marc J. M. 
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVEManual surveillance of healthcare-associated infections is cumbersome and vulnerable to subjective interpretation. Automated systems are under development to improve efficiency and reliability of surveillance, for example by selecting high-risk patients requiring manual chart review. In this study, we aimed to validate a previously developed multivariable prediction modeling approach for detecting drain-related meningitis (DRM) in neurosurgical patients and to assess its merits compared to conventional methods of automated surveillance.METHODSProspective cohort study in 3 hospitals assessing the accuracy and efficiency of 2 automated surveillance methods for detecting DRM, the multivariable prediction model and a classification algorithm, using manual chart review as the reference standard. All 3 methods of surveillance were performed independently. Patients receiving cerebrospinal fluid drains were included (2012–2013), except children, and patients deceased within 24 hours or with pre-existing meningitis. Data required by automated surveillance methods were extracted from routine care clinical data warehouses.RESULTSIn total, DRM occurred in 37 of 366 external cerebrospinal fluid drainage episodes (12.3/1000 drain days at risk). The multivariable prediction model had good discriminatory power (area under the ROC curve 0.91–1.00 by hospital), had adequate overall calibration, and could identify high-risk patients requiring manual confirmation with 97.3% sensitivity and 52.2% positive predictive value, decreasing the workload for manual surveillance by 81%. The multivariable approach was more efficient than classification algorithms in 2 of 3 hospitals.CONCLUSIONSAutomated surveillance of DRM using a multivariable prediction model in multiple hospitals considerably reduced the burden for manual chart review at near-perfect sensitivity.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(1): 65–75
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Varier Raghu U. , Biltaji Eman , Smith Kenneth J. , Roberts Mark S. , Kyle Jensen M. , LaFleur Joanne , Nelson Richard E. 
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVEClostridium difficile infection (CDI) places a high burden on the US healthcare system. Recurrent CDI (RCDI) occurs frequently. Recently proposed guidelines from the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) and the American Gastroenterology Association (AGA) include fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as a therapeutic option for RCDI. The purpose of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of FMT compared with vancomycin for the treatment of RCDI in adults, specifically following guidelines proposed by the ACG and AGA.DESIGNWe constructed a decision-analytic computer simulation using inputs from the published literature to compare the standard approach using tapered vancomycin to FMT for RCDI from the third-party payer perspective. Our effectiveness measure was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Because simulated patients were followed for 90 days, discounting was not necessary. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.RESULTSBase-case analysis showed that FMT was less costly ($1,669 vs $3,788) and more effective (0.242 QALYs vs 0.235 QALYs) than vancomycin for RCDI. One-way sensitivity analyses showed that FMT was the dominant strategy (both less expensive and more effective) if cure rates for FMT and vancomycin were ≥70% and <91%, respectively, and if the cost of FMT was <$3,206. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis, varying all parameters simultaneously, showed that FMT was the dominant strategy over 10, 000 second-order Monte Carlo simulations.CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that FMT may be a cost-saving intervention in managing RCDI. Implementation of FMT for RCDI may help decrease the economic burden to the healthcare system.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–7