bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Errors that Lead to Inappropriate Antimicrobial Use
Authors: Filice Gregory A. , Drekonja Dimitri M. , Thurn Joseph R. , Hamann Galen M. , Masoud Bobbie T. , Johnson James R. 
Published: May 2015

OBJECTIVEWe found previously that inappropriate inpatient antimicrobial use was often attributable to erroneous diagnoses. Here, we detail diagnostic errors and their relationship to inappropriate antimicrobial courses.DESIGNRetrospective cohort studySETTINGVeterans Affairs hospitalPATIENTSA cohort of 500 randomly selected inpatients with an antimicrobial courseMETHODSBlinded reviewers judged the accuracy of the initial provider diagnosis for the condition that led to an antimicrobial course and whether the course was appropriate.RESULTSThe diagnoses were correct in 291 cases (58%), incorrect in 156 cases (31%), and of indeterminate accuracy in 22 cases (4%). In the remaining 31 cases (6%), the diagnosis was a sign or symptom rather than a syndrome or disease. The odds ratio of a correct diagnosis was 4.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2–8.5) if the index condition was related to the reason for admission. When the diagnosis was correct, 181 of 292 courses (62%) were appropriate, compared with only 10 of 208 (5%) when the diagnosis was incorrect or indeterminate or when providers were treating a sign or symptom rather than a syndrome or disease (P<.001). Among the 309 cases in which antimicrobial courses were not appropriate, reasons varied by diagnostic accuracy; in 81 of 111 cases (73%) with a correct diagnosis, incorrect antimicrobial(s) were selected; in 166 of 198 other cases (84%), antimicrobial therapy was not indicated.CONCLUSIONSDiagnostic accuracy is important for optimal inpatient antimicrobial use. Antimicrobial stewardship strategies should help providers avoid diagnostic errors and know when antimicrobial therapy can be withheld safely.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(8):949–956
Flow of a Hydromagnetic Viscous Fluid between Parallel Disks with Slip
Authors: Khan N. , Sajid M. , Mahmood T. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe present paper is devoted to the investigation of steady MHD axi-symmetric flow between two infinite stretching disks with slip effects. Our attention lies in obtaining the similarity solutions of the governing partial differential equations. The transformed boundary value problem is solved analytically for a series solution using homotopy analysis method. The convergence of the obtained solution is established and fluid velocity and pressure are analyzed for various set of parameter values. The obtained results are valid for both moderate and large values of Reynolds number.
A One-Continuum Approach for Mutual Interaction of Fluids and Structures
Authors: Farahbakhsh I. , Ghassemi H. , Sabetghadam F. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTA new simulation method for solving fluid-structure two-way coupling problems has been developed. All the basic equations are numerically solved on a fixed Cartesian grid using a finite difference scheme. A new definition of velocity-vorticity formulation aids us to introduce an immersed boundary method that does not require a force term to impose the no-slip condition on the solid boundaries. The proposed method is easy to implement and apply for two-way fluid-structure interaction problems. The dynamics of a falling and rising circular cylinder in a quiescent fluid as well as the motion of a circular cylinder in a lid-driven cavity are considered to evaluate the capabilities of the presented method.
Protest Leadership and State Boundaries: Protest Diffusion in Contemporary China
Authors: Zhang Wu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHow does protest spread in contemporary China? This paper analyses one case of cross-firm protest and two cases of cross-village protest in order to demonstrate a mechanism for protest diffusion, a topic rarely studied in the existing literature. It argues that central policies, protest leadership and a connective structure that links protest leaders and followers enable people with shared economic interests to protest together. Protests emerged when protest leaders, who were trained politically by the state and enjoyed moral standing in a small community, started popularizing policy documents among followers. Protest diffusion occurred when representatives from each participating unit coordinated with one another and coalesced around the core leaders, who decided tactics for the entire protest. The protestors, however, did not form coalitions across different administrative boundaries. Thus, protest leaders did play a decisive role in the spreading of a protest. However, the state also moulded and restricted the scale of the diffusion.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Characteristic Secondary Fluorescence in Electron Probe Microanalysis of Homogeneous Samples Using the Splitting Technique
Authors: Petaccia Mauricio , Segui Silvina , Castellano Gustavo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractElectron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is based on the comparison of characteristic intensities induced by monoenergetic electrons. When the electron beam ionizes inner atomic shells and these ionizations cause the emission of characteristic X-rays, secondary fluorescence can occur, originating from ionizations induced by X-ray photons produced by the primary electron interactions. As detectors are unable to distinguish the origin of these characteristic X-rays, Monte Carlo simulation of radiation transport becomes a determinant tool in the study of this fluorescence enhancement. In this work, characteristic secondary fluorescence enhancement in EPMA has been studied by using the splitting routines offered by PENELOPE 2008 as a variance reduction alternative. This approach is controlled by a single parameter NSPLIT, which represents the desired number of X-ray photon replicas. The dependence of the uncertainties associated with secondary intensities on NSPLIT was studied as a function of the accelerating voltage and the sample composition in a simple binary alloy in which this effect becomes relevant. The achieved efficiencies for the simulated secondary intensities bear a remarkable improvement when increasing the NSPLIT parameter; although in most cases an NSPLIT value of 100 is sufficient, some less likely enhancements may require stronger splitting in order to increase the efficiency associated with the simulation of secondary intensities.
Rise to modern levels of ocean oxygenation coincided with the Cambrian radiation of animals
Authors: Chen Xi , Ling Hong-Fei , Vance Derek , Shields-Zhou Graham A. , Zhu Maoyan , Poulton Simon W. , Och Lawrence M. , Jiang Shao-Yong , Li Da , Cremonese Lorenzo , Archer Corey 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe early diversification of animals (∼630 Ma), and their development into both motile and macroscopic forms (∼575–565 Ma), has been linked to stepwise increases in the oxygenation of Earth’s surface environment. However, establishing such a linkage between oxygen and evolution for the later Cambrian ‘explosion' (540–520 Ma) of new, energy-sapping body plans and behaviours has proved more elusive. Here we present new molybdenum isotope data, which demonstrate that the areal extent of oxygenated bottom waters increased in step with the early Cambrian bioradiation of animals and eukaryotic phytoplankton. Modern-like oxygen levels characterized the ocean at ∼521 Ma for the first time in Earth history. This marks the first establishment of a key environmental factor in modern-like ecosystems, where animals benefit from, and also contribute to, the ‘homeostasis’ of marine redox conditions.
Commingling effect of gynoid and android fat patterns on cardiometabolic dysregulation in normal weight American adults
Authors: Okosun I S , Seale J P , Lyn R 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Aim:
To determine the independent and commingling effect of android and gynoid percent fat (measured using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) on cardiometabolic dysregulation in normal weight American adults.

Methods:
The 2005–2006 data (n=1802) from the United States National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES) were used in this study. Associations of android percent fat, gynoid percent fat and their joint occurrence with risks of cardiometabolic risk factors were estimated using prevalence odds ratios from logistic regression analyses.

Results:
Android-gynoid percent fat ratio was more highly correlated with cardiometabolic dysregulation than android percent fat, gynoid percent fat or body mass index. Commingling of android and gynoid adiposities was associated with much greater odds of cardiometabolic risk factors than either android or gynoid adiposities. Commingling of android and gynoid adiposities was associated with 1.75 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.42–2.93), 1.48 (95% CI=1.32–1.91), 1.61 (95% CI=1.50–1.89), 3.56 (95% CI=2.91–4.11) and 1.86 (95% CI=1.49–1.96) increased odds of elevated glucose, elevated blood pressure, elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, elevated triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, respectively.

Conclusions:
Normal weight subjects who present with both android and gynoid adiposities should be advised of the associated health risks. Both android and gynoid fat accumulations should be considered in developing public health strategies for reducing cardiometabolic disease risk in normal weight subjects.
The oncogenic role of the cochaperone Sgt1
Authors: Ogi H , Sakuraba Y , Kitagawa R , Xiao L , Shen C , Cynthia M A , Ohta S , Arnold M A , Ramirez N , Houghton P J , Kitagawa K 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSgt1/Sugt1, a cochaperone of Hsp90, is involved in several cellular activities including Cullin E3 ubiqutin ligase activity. The high level of Sgt1 expression in colorectal and gastric tumors suggests that Sgt1 is involved in tumorigenesis. Here, we report that Sgt1 is overexpressed in colon, breast and lung tumor tissues and in Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts. We also found that Sgt1 heterozygous knockout resulted in suppressed Hras-mediated transformation in vitro and tumor formation in p53−/− mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and significantly increased survival of p53−/− mice. Moreover, depletion of Sgt1 inhibited the growth of Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cells and destabilized EWS-FLI1 and PAX3-FOXO1 oncogenic fusion proteins, respectively, which are required for cellular growth. Our results suggest that Sgt1 contributes to cancer development by stabilizing oncoproteins and that Sgt1 is a potential therapeutic target.
Unraveling novel TF-miRNA regulatory crosstalk in metastasis of Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Authors: Samantarrai Devyani , Sahu Mousumi , Roy Jyoti , Mohanty Bedanta Ballav , Singh Garima , Bhushan Chandra , Mallick Bibekanand 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCancer metastasis is a disease of extreme clinical relevance, as it is responsible for more than 90% of cancer-associated mortality. The molecular mechanism and critical regulators involved in this complex multi-stage process of metastasis is poorly deciphered in soft tissue sarcomas (STS), a heterogeneous group of rare tumors with high metastatic potential. Therefore, we aimed at identifying miRNA and transcription factor (TF) regulatory networks and paths in STS metastasis. We integrated mRNA and miRNA expression profiles with curated regulations (TF→gene, TF→miRNA, miRNA→gene) from different databases and constructed a potentially active regulatory sub-network in STS metastasis. From functional and topological analysis, we found nine novel regulators of Notch signaling sub-network which are conjectured to play critical role in metastasis of STS. This illustrated that the sub-network is promising for identification of critical regulators. Further analysis deploying our developed tool ‘RiNAcyc’ and computing coverage ratio of known STS associated genes and miRNAs identified a 15 node active path. This potential path highlights the crucial role of BMP2, hsa-miR-24, AP2 and MYC as the up-stream regulators of the path and hsa-miR-215 and TYMS as potential indicator of chemotherapeutic benefit in STS metastasis.
In vitro properties of designed antimicrobial peptides that exhibit potent antipneumococcal activity and produces synergism in combination with penicillin
Authors: Le Cheng-Foh , Yusof Mohd Yasim Mohd , Hassan Hamimah , Sekaran Shamala Devi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a promising class of novel antimicrobial agents owing to their potent antimicrobial activity. In this study, two lead peptides from unrelated classes of AMPs were systematically hybridized into a series of five hybrid peptides (DM1- DM5) with conserved N- and C-termini. This approach allows sequence bridging of two highly dissimilar AMPs and enables sequence-activity relationship be detailed down to single amino acid level. Presence of specific amino acids and physicochemical properties were used to describe the antipneumococcal activity of these hybrids. Results obtained suggested that cell wall and/or membrane targeting could be the principal mechanism exerted by the hybrids leading to microbial cell killing. Moreover, the pneumocidal rate was greater than penicillin (PEN). Combination treatment with both DMs and PEN produced synergism. The hybrids were also broad spectrum against multiple common clinical bacteria. Sequence analysis showed that presence of specific residues has a major role in affecting the antimicrobial and cell toxicity of the hybrids than physicochemical properties. Future studies should continue to investigate the mechanisms of actions, in vivo therapeutic potential and improve rational peptide design based on the current strategy.
Two-Dimensional Wavelike Spinel Lithium Titanate for Fast Lithium Storage
Authors: Liu Jiehua , Wei Xiangfeng , Liu Xue-Wei 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSafe fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have huge potential market size on demand according to their shortened charging time for high-power devices. Zero-strain spinel Li4Ti5O12 is one of ideal candidates for safe high-power batteries owing to its good cycling performance, low cost and safety. However, the inherent insulating characteristic of LTO seriously limits its high-rate capability. In this work, we successfully synthesize novel wavelike spinel LTO nanosheets using a facile ‘co-hydrolysis’ method, which is superior to molten-salt approach and traditional solvothermal method in some respects. The unique 2D structures have single-crystal framework with shortened path for Li ion transport. As a result, the N-doped 2D wavelike LTO with 0.6 wt.% of ‘carbon joint’ not only exhibits exciting capacity of ~180 and ~150 mA h g−1 for fast lithium storage at high discharge/charge rates of 1.7 and 8.5 A g−1 (10C and 50C) respectively, but also shows excellent low-temperature performance at −20°C. In addition, the cost may be further decreased due to recycled functional reagents. This novel nanostructured 2D LTO anode material makes it possible to develop safe fast-charging high-power lithium ion batteries.
Strain in a silicon-on-insulator nanostructure revealed by 3D x-ray Bragg ptychography
Authors: Chamard V. , Allain M. , Godard P. , Talneau A. , Patriarche G. , Burghammer M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractProgresses in the design of well-defined electronic band structure and dedicated functionalities rely on the high control of complex architectural device nano-scaled structures. This includes the challenging accurate description of strain fields in crystalline structures, which requires non invasive and three-dimensional (3D) imaging methods. Here, we demonstrate in details how x-ray Bragg ptychography can be used to quantify in 3D a displacement field in a lithographically patterned silicon-on-insulator structure. The image of the crystalline properties, which results from the phase retrieval of a coherent intensity data set, is obtained from a well-controlled optimized process, for which all steps are detailed. These results confirm the promising perspectives of 3D Bragg ptychography for the investigation of complex nano-structured crystals in material science.
Spatial mapping of the biologic effectiveness of scanned particle beams: towards biologically optimized particle therapy
Authors: Guan Fada , Bronk Lawrence , Titt Uwe , Lin Steven H. , Mirkovic Dragan , Kerr Matthew D. , Zhu X. Ronald , Dinh Jeffrey , Sobieski Mary , Stephan Clifford , Peeler Christopher R. , Taleei Reza , Mohan Radhe , Grosshans David R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe physical properties of particles used in radiation therapy, such as protons, have been well characterized and their dose distributions are superior to photon-based treatments. However, proton therapy may also have inherent biologic advantages that have not been capitalized on. Unlike photon beams, the linear energy transfer (LET) and hence biologic effectiveness of particle beams varies along the beam path. Selective placement of areas of high effectiveness could enhance tumor cell kill and simultaneously spare normal tissues. However, previous methods for mapping spatial variations in biologic effectiveness are time-consuming and often yield inconsistent results with large uncertainties. Thus the data needed to accurately model relative biological effectiveness to guide novel treatment planning approaches are limited. We used Monte Carlo modeling and high-content automated clonogenic survival assays to spatially map the biologic effectiveness of scanned proton beams with high accuracy and throughput while minimizing biological uncertainties. We found that the relationship between cell kill, dose and LET, is complex and non-unique. Measured biologic effects were substantially greater than in most previous reports, and non-linear surviving fraction response was observed even for the highest LET values. Extension of this approach could generate data needed to optimize proton therapy plans incorporating variable RBE.
Substantial improvement of perovskite solar cells stability by pinhole-free hole transport layer with doping engineering
Authors: Jung Min-Cherl , Raga Sonia R. , Ono Luis K. , Qi Yabing 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe fabricated perovskite solar cells using a triple-layer of n-type doped, intrinsic and p-type doped 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N′-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) (n-i-p) as hole transport layer (HTL) by vacuum evaporation. The doping concentration for n-type doped spiro-OMeTAD was optimized to adjust the highest occupied molecular orbital of spiro-OMeTAD to match the valence band maximum of perovskite for efficient hole extraction while maintaining a high open circuit voltage. Time-dependent solar cell performance measurements revealed significantly improved air stability for perovskite solar cells with the n-i-p structured spiro-OMeTAD HTL showing sustained efficiencies even after 840 h of air exposure.
Assessment of predation risk through referential communication in incubating birds
Authors: Suzuki Toshitaka N. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractParents of many bird species produce alarm calls when they approach and deter a nest predator in order to defend their offspring. Alarm calls have been shown to warn nestlings about predatory threats, but parents also face a similar risk of predation when incubating eggs in their nests. Here, I show that incubating female Japanese great tits, Parus minor, assess predation risk by conspecific alarm calls given outside the nest cavity. Tits produce acoustically discrete alarm calls for different nest predators: “jar” calls for snakes and “chicka” calls for other predators such as crows and martens. Playback experiments revealed that incubating females responded to “jar” calls by leaving their nest, whereas they responded to “chicka” calls by looking out of the nest entrance. Since snakes invade the nest cavity, escaping from the nest helps females avoid snake predation. In contrast, “chicka” calls are used for a variety of predator types and therefore, looking out of the nest entrance helps females gather information about the type and location of approaching predators. These results show that incubating females derive information about predator type from different types of alarm calls, providing a novel example of functionally referential communication.
Structures of the metallic and superconducting high pressure phases of solid CS2
Authors: Zarifi Niloofar , Liu Hanyu , Tse John S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFirst principles structural prediction and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations have been performed to examine the structures responsible for the recently reported metallic and superconducting phases of highly compressed CS2. The low pressure experimental molecular crystal structure was found to be metastable and transformed into a disordered structure above 10 GPa. At 60 GPa, the predicted low energy structures show molecular CS2 is separated into C and S dominant regions. A crystalline structure with the P21/m symmetry was found to be most stable from 60 to 120 GPa. The structure is formed from alternate layers of hexagonal C rings and S 2D-square-nets linked by C-S bonds. A non-crystalline structure with similar features structure is also predicted by MD calculations. Electron-phonon coupling calculations show this crystalline phase is superconductive. Contrary to the suggestions made from the experiments, no magnetism was found in all predicted low enthalpy high pressure structures. Moreover, the theoretical results do not support the proposal on the existence of hypervalent 6-coordinated carbon at 120 GPa.
Rapid Reviews: Sisyphos‘ Erlösung? – Eine Bestandsaufnahme
Authors: Mattivi J. , Buchberger B. 
Published: May 2015

Zusammenfassung
Ziel und Methodik: Ziel dieses Beitrags ist eine Bestandsaufnahme zum Thema Rapid Reviews.
Ergebnisse: Die Erstellung von systematischen Übersichtsarbeiten und Health Technology Assessment (HTA) ist zeitaufwändig und kostenintensiv. So dauert es üblicherweise zwischen einem halben und einem Jahr um einen systematischen Review zu verfassen und mindestens ein Jahr, um einen HTA-Bericht fertigzustellen. Diese Zeit ist jedoch aufgrund der Dringlichkeit mancher Fragestellungen oftmals nicht vorhanden. Rapid Reviews sind eine Form von systematischen Übersichtsarbeiten, die mit geringerem Zeitaufwand erstellt werden können und durch methodische Restriktionen gekennzeichnet sind. Diese können unterschiedliche Teile des Reviewprozesses betreffen. Oftmals werden Einschränkungen bei der Recherche und Beschaffung der Literatur gemacht, es können aber auch die Sichtung von Titel und Abstract, Volltextsichtung, Datenextraktion oder Qualitätsbewertung limitiert werden.
Schlussfolgerungen: Durch die Erstellung von Rapid Reviews können Zeit und Kosten gespart werden. In Situationen, die schnelle Entscheidungen erfordern, stellen Rapid Reviews die einzige Möglichkeit für eine fundierte Entscheidungsfindung dar. Die Anfälligkeit für systematische Fehler kann jedoch durch methodische Restriktionen erhöht sein.