bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TheCenozoic biogeographical evolution of woody angiosperms inferred from fossil distributions
Authors: Xing Yaowu , Gandolfo Maria A. , Linder H. Peter 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimWe test whether the modern regionalization of the angiosperm flora is the result ofCenozoic barriers to dispersal.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe used a database ofCenozoic woody angiosperm fossils to build a matrix of family and genus occurrence at 11 continents/regions for five time periods of theCenozoic, thus defining 55 floras. We used ordinations and cluster analyses to infer the relationships among these floras. We tested for the effects of time, land connections and dispersal barriers on the similarities between these woody angiosperm floras.ResultsFor all time periods of theCenozoic the world's woody angiosperm floras were grouped into three large clusters: a very compactNorthernHemisphere cluster (NorthAmerica,Europe, temperateAsia andPalaeogene southChina), a somewhat less compactPalaeotropical cluster (Africa,India,SoutheastAsia andNeogene southChina) and a rather diffuseGondwanan cluster (Antarctica,Australia,NewZealand, temperateSouthAmerica and theNeotropics). The primary clustering is evidently geographical, and reflects the barriers formed by theTethys and the southern Atlantic–southernIndian oceans. There is evidence that the more recent Gondwanan floras are more divergent than the older floras, possibly due to long isolation by oceans and multiple extinction events, whereas the similarities amongNorthernHemisphere floras increased during theNeogene.Main conclusionsThe modern regionalization is mainly the result of dispersal barriers that existed at diverse times in theCenozoic, resulting in several woody angiosperm floras that evolved in parallel. Climatic change and dispersal also played important roles in shaping biogeographical patterns ofCenozoic woody angiosperms.
Expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sen Subhalakshmi , Carnelio Sunitha 
Published: September 2015

AimsTo study the expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by immunohistochemistry and investigate its association with various clinicopathological parameters, including patient survival.Methods and resultsThis cross‐sectional study was carried out on 60 histologically confirmed cases of OSCC. EpCAM expression was evaluated by the indirect streptavidin–biotin method and was then assessed semiquantitatively in terms of staining proportion, staining intensity and total staining. The immunoprofile of EpCAM was correlated with clinicopathological parameters such as gender, habit, tumour size, site, regional lymph node and distant metastasis, clinical stage, histological grade, local tumour recurrence and patient survival. EpCAM expression was found to be absent in normal oral mucosa. However, positive staining was seen in 51 of 60 OSCC cases and EpCAM overexpression in 11 specimens. Overexpression of EpCAM was associated significantly with tumour size, histological grade, local recurrence of tumour and patient survival.ConclusionsEpCAM serves as a potential biomarker of prognostic significance that could be used to identify patients at high risk and to predict patient survival. Moreover, EpCAM antigen represents an attractive target for immunotherapeutic approaches in a subgroup of patients with EpCAM‐positive OSCC.
Problems and pitfalls in grading of bone marrow fibrosis, collagen deposition and osteosclerosis – a consensus‐based study
Authors: Kvasnicka Hans Michael , Beham‐Schmid Christine , Bob Roshanak , Dirnhofer Stephan , Hussein Kais , Kreipe Hans , Kremer Marcus , Schmitt‐Graeff Annette , Schwarz Stephan , Thiele Juergen , Werner Martin , Stein Harald 
Published: September 2015

AimsIn the era of potentially disease‐modifying agents such as Janus kinase inhibitors, accurate grading and differentiation of bone marrow (BM) fibrosis has become more relevant to assess staging of disease and therapeutic effects. However, different fibrosis grading models have been used in the past without uniformity, including the proposal by the World Health Organization. Current scoring systems are based only on reticulin fibrosis. Therefore, additional assessment of collagen and the grade of osteosclerosis appear to be essential to discriminate all components of the complex BM fibrous matrix.Methods and resultsWe evaluated problems and pitfalls regarding staining techniques and the interpretation of reticulin fibrosis on a total of 352 samples. Furthermore, we propose a minor modification of the current grading and separate scoring for collagen deposition and osteosclerosis. Reproducibility of gradings was tested among 11 haematopathologists in a blinded assessment. Overall, the inter‐rater reliability of all three grading systems ranged between 0.898 and 0.926.ConclusionsA standardized assessment of BM fibrosis with differentiation between reticulin, collagen and osteosclerosis is recommended to evaluate the various components of the fibrous matrix which may be delinked after therapy. In this regard, quality of staining and application of laboratory standards enable a highly reproducible scoring.
Augmentation cystoplasty: Urodynamic and metabolic outcomes at 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Cheng Kwun‐Chung , Kan Chi‐Fai , Chu Peggy Sau‐Kwan , Man Chi‐Wai , Wong Bill Tak‐Hing , Ho Lap‐Yin , Au Wing‐Hang 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo review the urodynamic outcomes, renal function and metabolic complications after augmentation cystoplasty with at least 10 years of follow‐up.MethodsAugmentation cystoplasty performed in two tertiary referral centers from 1995 to 2004 were reviewed. Ten years or more postoperative course was studied by review of the clinical notes, urodynamic reports and laboratory results.ResultsA total of 40 patients were included in this study. The mean age at surgery was 43 years, and 47.5% of patients were female. Median follow up was 13 years. Bladder capacity significantly increased from 283 ± 151 to 492 ± 123 mL (P < 0.01), with a percentage change of +130%. The compliance of the bladder was increased by 87%, and detrusor overactivity decreased by 54.2%. There were no significant changes in preoperative and postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (68.3 mL/min vs 76.6 mL/min, P = 0.798). Three patients (7.5%) had more than one episode of symptomatic urinary tract infection per year.ConclusionThe present study confirms the effectiveness of augmentation cystoplasty in increasing bladder capacity, improving bladder compliance and reducing detrusor overactivity. The preservation of renal function and low metabolic complication rate provide solid evidence for carrying out this time‐honored procedure in patients with neurogenic or non‐neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
Asset Pricing with Garbage
Authors: SAVOV ALEXI 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTA new measure of consumption, garbage, is more volatile and more correlated with stocks than the canonical measure, National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) consumption expenditure. A garbage‐based consumption capital asset pricing model matches the U.S. equity premium with relative risk aversion of 17 versus 81 and evades the joint equity premium‐risk‐free rate puzzle. These results carry through to European data. In a cross‐section of size, value, and industry portfolios, garbage growth is priced and drives out NIPA expenditure growth.
The Decision to Privatize: Finance and Politics
Authors: DINC I. SERDAR , GUPTA NANDINI 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTWe investigate the influence of political and financial factors on the decision to privatize government‐owned firms. The results show that profitable firms and firms with a lower wage bill are likely to be privatized early. We find that the government delays privatization in regions where the governing party faces more competition from opposition parties. The results also suggest that political patronage is important as no firm located in the home state of the minister in charge is ever privatized. Using political variables as an instrument for the privatization decision, we find that privatization has a positive impact on firm performance.
Why Do Mutual Fund Advisory Contracts Change? Performance, Growth, and Spillover Effects
Authors: WARNER JEROLD B. , WU JOANNA SHUANG 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTWe examine changes in equity mutual funds' investment advisory contracts. We find substantial advisory compensation rate changes in both directions, with typical percentage fee shifts exceeding one‐fourth. Rate increases are associated with superior past market‐adjusted performance, whereas rate decreases reflect economies of scale associated with growth, and are not associated with extreme poor performance. There are within‐family spillover effects. Superior (e.g., star) performance for individual funds is associated with rate increases for a family's other funds. Rate reductions post‐2004 by family funds involved in market timing scandals do not have large industry spillover effects.
Style‐Related Comovement: Fundamentals or Labels?
Authors: BOYER BRIAN H. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTI find that economically meaningless index labels cause stock returns to covary in excess of fundamentals. S&P/Barra follow a simple mechanical procedure to define their Value and Growth indices. In doing so, they reclassify some stocks from Value to Growth even after their book‐to‐market ratios have risen, and vice versa. Such stocks begin to covary more with the index they join and less with the index they leave. Backdated constituent data from Barra reveal no such label‐related shifts in comovement during the 10 years prior to the actual introduction of the indices in 1992.
Potential Barrier of (Zn,Nb)SnO2‐Films Induced by Microwave Thermal Diffusion of Cr3+ for Low‐Voltage Varistor
Authors: Lustosa Glauco M. M. M. , da Costa João Paulo de Campos , Perazolli Leinig A. , Stojanovic Biljana D. , Zaghete Maria Aparecida 
Published: September 2015

The effect of Cr3+ on the electrical properties of SnO2‐based films deposited by electrophoresis on Si/Pt substrate was considered. The films were sintered in a microwave oven at 1000°C/40 min and then the surface was modified with deposition of Cr3+ ions by electrophoresis. The diffusion of Cr3+ contributes to the modification of the potential barrier formed on the grain boundary improving the electrical properties due to electron acceptor species adsorption on the grain boundary. The influence on the properties of grain boundary was verified by I versus V characterization in as a function of temperature. The films showed nonlinear coefficient over 9, potential barrier height over 0.5 eV and resistivity greater than 107 Ω·cm. 4 samples were prepared at same conditions and presented similar electrical behavior, showing the efficiency of technique on reproducibility to varistor properties control. Thereby the nonlinear coefficient increases while decreasing the conductivity of the system is noticed.
Mineralogy and Microstructure of Hydrated Phases During the Pozzolanic Reaction in the Sanitary Ware Waste/Ca(OH)2 System
Authors: Medina César , Sáez del Bosque Isabel F. , Asensio Eloy , Frías Moisés , Sánchez de Rojas M. Isabel 
Published: September 2015

Despite technological improvements in its production process, the sanitary ware industry inevitably generates a certain volume of discards, products whose quality is not up to standard. The present paper is the first to scientifically explore clay‐based sanitary ware waste (SW) with a view to its valorization as an addition in the design of new, more environmentally friendly cements. The focus is on characterization of the waste and its pozzolanicity, as well as the structural and microstructural changes taking place in the pozzolan/Ca(OH)2 system in the first 90 d of reaction. The findings show that pozzolanicity in clay‐based waste is comparable to the activity observed in silica fume (SF) and higher than that found in other clay‐based materials and fly ash (FA). The microstructural study of the clay‐based waste/Ca(OH)2 system, in turn, reveals that the proportion of C–S–H gels rises with hydration time. These gels are characterized by long mean chain lengths (MCL) and low Ca/Si ratios. The intrinsic characteristics of this thermally activated clay‐based waste qualify it as a type Q pozzolans as defined in the European cement standards, making it apt for use in the manufacture of CEM II, IV, and V cements.
First‐time stroke survivors and caregivers’ perceptions of being engaged in rehabilitation
Authors: Chen Langduo , Xiao Lily Dongxia , De Bellis Anita 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo explore community‐dwelling first‐time stroke survivors and family caregivers’ perceptions of being engaged in stroke rehabilitation.BackgroundStroke is recognized as a worldwide common healthcare problem and the leading cause of adult disability. An holistic approach to rehabilitation can only be achieved by engaging stroke survivors and caregivers in all stages of recovery and by providing ongoing coordinated rehabilitation programmes.DesignAn interpretive study design was applied to the study.MethodIn‐depth semi‐structured interviews with 22 community‐dwelling first‐time stroke survivors and caregivers were conducted in 2013. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and analysed using a thematic analysis.FindingsFour major themes were identified. First, participants demonstrated low health literacy in stroke and their needs to learn about the disease and rehabilitation were usually ignored in busy clinical settings prior to discharge from hospital. Second, there was a lack of communication and continuity of treatment when the stroke survivors were transferred from one institution to another. Third, challenged with fragmented post‐discharge rehabilitation services, the participants perceived that nurse‐led coordination of rehabilitation was desirable. Fourth, participants perceived ongoing changing of rehabilitation goals in different stages of recovery. They expected to be engaged in ongoing rehabilitation planning and programmes.ConclusionThe findings of this study challenge service providers to realize a true partnership with stroke survivors and caregivers by working with them as one team that is led by nurses. Making the necessary changes requires mutual effort at both the systemic and individual levels with rehabilitation nurse‐led coordination of rehabilitation programmes.
Diversification of clearwing butterflies with the rise of the Andes
Authors: De‐Silva Donna Lisa , Elias Marianne , Willmott Keith , Mallet James , Day Julia J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimDespite the greatest butterfly diversity on Earth occurring in the Neotropical Andes and Amazonia, there is still keen debate about the origins of this exceptional biota. A densely sampled calibrated phylogeny for a widespread butterfly subtribe, Oleriina (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini) was used to estimate the origin, colonization history and diversification of this species‐rich group.LocationNeotropics.MethodsAncestral elevation and biogeographical ranges were reconstructed using data generated from detailed range maps and applying the dispersal‐extinction‐cladogenesis model using stratified palaeogeographical time slice matrices. The pattern of diversification through time was examined by comparing constant and variable rate models. We also tested the hypothesis that a change in elevation is associated with speciation.ResultsThe Oleriina likely originated in the Andes in the Early to Middle Miocene and rapidly diversified to include four genera all of which also originated in the Andes. These clades, together with four species groups, experienced varying spatial and temporal patterns of diversification. An overall early burst and decreasing diversification rate is identified, and this pattern is reflected for most subclades.Main conclusionsChanges in the palaeogeological landscape, particularly the prolonged uplift of the Andes, had a profound impact on the diversification of the subtribe. The Oleriina mostly remained within the Andes and vicariant speciation resulted in some instances. Dynamic dispersal occurred with the disappearance of geological barriers such as the Acre System and the subtribe exploited newly available habitats. Our results confirm the role of the Andean uplift in the evolution of Neotropical biodiversity.
The Morphology, Ultrastructure and SSU rRNA Gene Sequence of a New Freshwater Flagellate, Neobodo borokensis n. sp. (Kinetoplastea, Excavata)
Authors: Tikhonenkov Denis V. , Janouškovec Jan , Keeling Patrick J. , Mylnikov Alexander P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA small free‐living freshwater bacteriotrophic flagellate Neobodo borokensis n. sp. was investigated by electron microscopy and analysis of its SSU ribosomal RNA gene. This protist has paraxonemal rods of typical bodonid structure in the flagella, mastigonemes on the proximal part of the posterior flagellum, two nearly parallel basal bodies, a compact kinetoplast, and discoid mitochondrial cristae. The flagellar pocket is supported by three microtubular roots (R1, R2 and R3) originating from the kinetosome. The cytopharynx is supported by the root R2, a microtubular prism, cytopharynx associated additional microtubules (CMT) and cytostome associated microtubules (FAS) bands. Symbiotic bacteria and small glycosomes were found in the cytoplasm. Cysts have not been found. The flagellate prefers freshwater habitats, but tolerates salinity up to 3–4‰. The overall morphological and ultrastructural features confirm that N. borokensis represents a new species of the genus Neobodo. Phylogenetic analysis of SSU rRNA genes is congruent with the ultrastructure and strongly supports the close relationship of N. borokensis to Neobodo saliens, N. designis, Actuariola, and a misidentified sequence of “Bodo curvifilus” within the class Kinetoplastea.
Pure fetal histology subtype was associated with better prognosis of children with hepatoblastoma: A Chinese population‐based study
Authors: Qiao Guo‐liang , Chen Zhen , Wang Chen , Ge Juntao , Zhang Zhen , Li Long , Ren Jun 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground and AimThe aim of this study is to identify the association between histologic types and the prognosis of hepatoblastoma (HB) in a large Asian cohort of a single institution and to explore the interaction of histologic types with other independently risk factors in the process of affecting prognosis of HB.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 176 children with HB (82 female, 94 male) managed in our institution between May 1, 2001 and July 30, 2014. Prognostic factors were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsFor the entire cohort of 176 patients, the overall median survival was 80.4 months(95% CI: 71.6–89.2 months), and the 5‐year event‐free survival and overall survival rates were 54.6 and 66.7%. Descriptive survival statistics and Kaplan–Meier curves suggested that alpha fetoprotein levels, tumor metastases, multifocality, histologic types, and Pre‐Treatment Extent of Disease staging System stage had prognostic significance in this relatively selected cohort. Moreover, after eliminating the impact of the interaction of different classification methods of histologic types, pure fetal histologic (PFH) was an independent prognostic factor of HB (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.752,P = 0.021). Further stratification analysis showed that the impaction of other identified risk factors on the influence of PFH on the prognosis of HB patients was different.ConclusionsWe have confirmed that the HB prognostic factors of HB and PFH was associated with better prognosis of children with HB based on an Asian population. PFH showed different significance in the process of affecting prognosis of HB with the interaction of other independent risk factors.
Nutritional and clinical associations of food cravings in pregnancy
Authors: Hill A. J. , Cairnduff V. , McCance D. R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundCravings in pregnancy are considered to alter dietary intake; however, the nutritional consequences are unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of food cravings in pregnancy, and their contribution, as a potentially modifiable determinant of weight gain and the development of obesity in pregnancy.MethodsHealthy pregnant women were participants in the Belfast cohort of the Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome study (HAPO), a prospective observational study examining maternal glycaemia and pregnancy outcome. Diet was assessed at an average of 29 weeks of gestation using a self‐administered validated food frequency questionnaire over the previous 2 weeks that included questions on food cravings experienced at any time during pregnancy. Clinical measurements collected included, height, weight, blood glucose and neonatal outcomes. Mean daily nutrient intakes were analysed with appropriate software.ResultsFood cravings were reported by 39% (n = 635) of women, with sweet foods, fruit and dairy products most frequently consumed. Those who craved foods had a higher mean (SD) energy intake [9721 (3016) kJ] (P = 0.002) even when under‐reporters were removed [10131 (2875) kJ] (P = 0.008). However, no differences were found in nutrient or food intake between groups when adjusted for energy. Similarly, no differences were observed between groups and glycaemic control, anthropometric measurements or offspring outcome measures.ConclusionsCravings commonly occur in pregnancy and contributed to a small increase in energy intake; however, this did not impact on overall dietary intake, nor was it associated with excessive gestational weight gain, maternal glycaemia or offspring outcome measurements.
The challenges of management: Recent experiences in implementing fisheries co‐management in Lake Victoria, Kenya
Authors: Obiero Kevin O. , Abila Richard O. , Njiru Murithi J. , Raburu Phillip O. , Achieng Alfred O. , Kundu Rodrick , Ogello Erick O. , Munguti Jonathan M. , Lawrence Ted 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study examined the efficacy of community‐level fishery co‐management organizations called Beach Management Units (BMUs) along the Kenyan shores of Lake Victoria. BMUs were established to enhance sustainable Lake Victoria fishery management through increasing the level of community participation to assist in the administration of fisheries rules and regulations by, and for, the fishers. Inefficiencies have emerged, however, inhibiting the effective execution of sustainable fisheries management by the BMUs. Data were collected from 36 BMUs along the Kenyan shores of Lake Victoria. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using SPSS Version 20.0. The results indicated that BMUs are successful at educating fishers and that they are aware of fishing rules and regulations. Nevertheless, high violation rates were also observed, suggesting BMUs have limited impact on fisher decisions to comply with regulations. Data suggest that the failure to comply may be due to lack of adequate financial and equipment resources for monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) operations, making them unable to control illegal fishing in their areas of jurisdiction. Furthermore, financial mechanisms, which would allow BMUs to sustainably fund their administrative and MCS operations, are weak, thereby reducing the BMUs ability to effectively function. The data from this study highlight two activities illustrating significant indices of good performance, namely resolving disputes and receiving visitors. The data also suggest the creation of BMUs has not ensured successful implementation of co‐management of Lake Victoria fisheries. BMUs are successful at activities of a social nature, but have poorly undertaken their core functions related to enforcement and compliance with fishing rules.