bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of symptoms of delirium across various motoric subtypes
Authors: Grover Sandeep , Sharma Akhilesh , Aggarwal Munish , Mattoo Surendra K. , Chakrabarti Subho , Malhotra Savita , Avasthi Ajit , Kulhara Parmanand , Basu Debasish 
Published: December 2013

AimThe aim of this study was to determine the correlation between delirium motor subtypes and other symptoms of delirium.MethodsThree hundred and twenty‐one (n = 321) consecutive patients referred to consultation‐liaison psychiatry services were evaluated on Delirium Rating scale‐Revised‐98 version and amended Delirium Motor Symptom Scale.ResultsHalf of the patients had hyperactive subtype (n = 161; 50.15%) delirium. One‐quarter of the study sample met the criteria for mixed subtype (n = 79; 24.61%), about one‐fifth of the study sample met the criteria for hypoactive delirium subtype (n = 64; 19.93%), and only very few patients (n = 17; 5.29%) did not meet the required criteria for any of these three subtypes and were categorized as ‘no subtype’. When the hyperactive and hypoactive subtypes were compared, significant differences were seen in the prevalence of perceptual disturbances, delusions, lability of affect, thought process abnormality, motor agitation and motor retardation. All the symptoms were more common in the hyperactive subtype except for thought process abnormality and motor retardation. Compared to hyperactive subtype, the mixed subtype had significantly higher prevalence of thought process abnormality and motor retardation. Significant differences emerged with regard to perceptual disturbances, delusions, lability of affect and motor agitation when comparing the patients with mixed subtype with those with hypoactive subtype. All these symptoms were found to be more common in the mixed subtype. No significant differences emerged for the cognitive symptoms as assessed on Delirium Rating scale‐Revised‐98 across the different motoric subtypes.ConclusionDifferent motoric subtypes of delirium differ on non‐cognitive symptoms.
Association analysis of the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase /methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genes and cognition in late‐onset depression
Authors: Wang Xiaoquan , Wang Zusen , Wu Yanfeng , Yuan Yonggui , Hou Zhenghua , Hou Gang 
Published: December 2013

AimsIncreasing evidence suggests that the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) gene might be associated with cognition in patients with mental disorders and healthy people. The metabolic pathways of COMT and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) are closely interconnected. In this study, we aimed to examine whether the COMT‐MTHFR genotype interacted with cognitive function in late‐onset depression (LOD) patients and COMT Val/Val homozygous individuals who also carried the MTHFR T allele and had poor neuropsychological test performance.MethodsNinety‐seven unrelated LOD patients who met DSM‐IV criteria for major depressive disorder were recruited for the study and 103 normal controls were recruited from the local community. All of these patients and 44 normal controls completed a series of neuropsychological tests. Patients and normal controls were genotyped for COMT (rs4680) and MTHFR (rs1801133) variants using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the frequencies of the single alleles and genotypes of two polymorphisms between LOD patients and normal controls. No main effects of COMT or MTHFR genotype on any neuropsychological test performance were observed. There was a significant interactive effect of COMT Val158Met and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test independent of diagnosis (P < 0.05). After controlling for covariates, the subjects with COMT Met/ Met and MTHFR C/C genotype had better Symbol Digit Modalities Test performance.ConclusionsThe results suggest no major effect of COMT or MTHFR on cognitive function alone. However, an interaction of COMT Val158Met and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms may be associated with cognitive function. Further studies in a large sample are needed to replicate the genetic role in the LOD patients.
Effect of L‐theanine on sensorimotor gating in healthy human subjects
Authors: Ota Miho , Wakabayashi Chisato , Matsuo Junko , Kinoshita Yukiko , Hori Hiroaki , Hattori Kotaro , Sasayama Daimei , Teraishi Toshiya , Obu Satoko , Ozawa Hayato , Kunugi Hiroshi 
Published: December 2013

Aiml‐Theanine (N‐ethyl‐l‐glutamine) is an amino acid uniquely found in green tea. Growing evidence has suggested the possible effects of l‐theanine on cognition. Previously, we found that l‐theanine attenuates MK‐801‐induced deficit in prepulse inhibition (PPI) in mice. In this study, we examined the effect of l‐theanine in increasing the PPI in healthy humans.MethodsThe subjects were 14 healthy adults who underwent PPI testing as a measure of sensorimotor gating 90 min after an oral intake of l‐theanine (0, 200, 400, or 600 mg). PPI tests were done by examiners who were blind to the dose.ResultsThe administration of 200 mg of l‐theanine and that of 400 mg, but not 600 mg, significantly increased the % PPI compared to the baseline (0 mg). There was no significant relation between the dose of l‐theanine and the startle magnitude or the habituation of startle response. The plasma concentrations of l‐theanine correlated with the dose of l‐theanine.ConclusionThe observed effect with 200–400 mg of l‐theanine on PPI suggested that l‐theanine at a particular dose range increases sensorimotor gating in humans.
Rush Rhees on Wittgenstein and “What Language Is”
Authors: Knott Hugh A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractRush Rhees identified the question of “what language is” as central to Wittgenstein's philosophy, but believed he failed to follow up adequately the connections between the reality of discourse and our reality as persons. Integral to this is Rhees's elaboration of the distinction between such investigations into language and approaches to philosophy restricted to elucidating “the grammars of particular expressions.” The failure to fully acknowledge Rhees's contribution to the understanding of these issues has vitiated recent New Wittgensteinian discussion of both Wittgenstein and Rhees.
Novel Porphyrazine Derivatives show Promise for Photodynamic Therapy despite Restrictions in Hydrophilicity
Authors: Horne Tamarisk K. , Cronjé Marianne J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractComplexing of ligands to photosensitizers (Ps) has gained popularity by enhancing solubility, cell‐surface recognition and tissue specificity for applications in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and fluorescence‐based diagnostics. Here we report on nine carbohydrate‐functionalized porphyrazine (Pz‐galactopyranose/methyl‐ribose) derivatives bearing either H2, Zn(II) or Ni(II) cores for potential use in PDT. Derivatives proved soluble only in organic solvents; dichloromethane (DCM) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Derivatives were subsequently solubilized using DCM‐based PEG‐DSPE5000‐PBS encapsulation for biological studies due to THF cytotoxicity. Absorption spectra analyses viewed no correlation between core ion, carbohydrate type and peripheral position though encapsulation efficiency (%EE) followed a general order of Zn(II) (60–92%) > H2 (5–34%) > Ni(II) (4–21%). As such, phototoxicity of Zn(II)Pz derivatives were far superior to H2Pz and Ni(II)Pz counterparts following 631.4 nm excitation of MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. Variation was attributed to persistent aggregation and low %EE when regarding the absorption properties recorded. It is therefore believed that revision of the encapsulation method for H2Pz and Ni(II)Pz derivatives would render improved phototoxicity. Zn(II)Pz derivatives show promise as agents for PDT of cancer.
Novel Photodynamic Effect of a Psoralen‐Conjugated Oligonucleotide for the Discrimination of the Methylation of Cytosine in DNA
Authors: Yamayoshi Asako , Matsuyama Yohei , Kushida Mikihiko , Kobori Akio , Murakami Akira 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDNA methylation and demethylation significantly affect the deactivation and activation processes of gene expression significantly. In particular, C‐5‐methylation of cytosine in the CpG islands is important for the epigenetic modification in genes, which plays a key role in regulating gene expression. The determination of the location and frequency of DNA methylation is important for the elucidation of the mechanisms of cell differentiation and carcinogenesis. Here we designed a psoralen‐conjugated oligonucleotide (PS‐oligo) for the discrimination of 5‐methylcytosine (5‐mC) in DNA. The cross‐linking behavior of psoralen derivatives with pyrimidine bases, such as thymine, uracil and cytosine has been well discussed, but there are no reports which have examined whether cross‐linking efficiency of psoralen with cytosine would be changed with or without C‐5 methylation. We found that the cross‐linking efficiency of PS‐oligo with target‐DNA containing 5‐mC was greatly increased compared to the case of target‐DNA without 5‐mC, approximately seven‐fold higher. Here we report a new aspect of the photocross‐linking behavior of psoralen with 5‐mC that is applicable to a simple, sequence‐specific and quantitative analysis for the discrimination of 5‐mC in DNA, which can be applicable to study the epigenetic behavior of gene expressions.
Photobiological Interactions of Blue Light and Photosynthetic Photon Flux: Effects of Monochromatic and Broad‐Spectrum Light Sources
Authors: Cope Kevin R. , Snowden M. Chase , Bugbee Bruce 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPhotosynthesis (Pn) and photomorphogenesis (Pm) are affected by light quality, light intensity and photoperiod. Although blue light (BL) is necessary for normal development, it is less efficient in driving Pn than other wavelengths of photosynthetically active radiation. The effects of BL on Pm are highly species dependent. Here we report the interacting effects of BL and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) on growth and development of lettuce, radish and pepper. We used light‐emitting diode (LED) arrays to provide BL fractions from 11% to 28% under broad‐spectrum white LEDs, and from 0.3% to 92% under monochromatic LEDs. All treatments were replicated three times at each of two PPFs (200 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1). Other than light quality, environmental conditions were uniformly maintained across chambers. Regardless of PPF, BL was necessary to prevent shade‐avoidance responses in radish and lettuce. For lettuce and radish, increasing BL reduced stem length, and for both species, there were significant interactions of BL with PPF for leaf expansion. Increasing BL reduced petiole length in radish and flower number in pepper. BL minimally affected pepper growth and other developmental parameters. Pepper seedlings were more photobiologically sensitive than older plants. Surprisingly, there were few interactions between monochromatic and broad‐spectrum light sources.
Not only in trauma patients: hospital‐wide implementation of a massive transfusion protocol
Authors: Baumann Kreuziger L. M. , Morton C. T. , Subramanian A. T. , Anderson C. P. , Dries D. J. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYObjectivesTo review outcomes of massive transfusion protocol (MTP) activation and determine the impact of MTP implementation on blood bank use.BackgroundMTP has been established to rapidly provide plasma and packed red blood cells in ratios approaching 1 : 1. Due to availability, MTP has been utilised in non‐traumatic haemorrhage despite evidence of benefit in this population. Our hospital‐wide implementation of MTP was reviewed for propriety, outcomes and effect on blood bank resources.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of patients receiving transfusion after MTP activation from October 2009 to 2011. Underlying medical conditions and baseline medication use were determined. In‐hospital and 24‐h mortality were compared with evaluation for confounding by Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) score and duration of MTP activation. Blood product use before and after MTP implementation was reviewed.ResultsMTP activation occurred in 62 trauma and 63 non‐trauma patients. Non‐trauma patients were older, had more underlying medical conditions and higher APACHE scores compared with trauma patients; 24‐h mortality was higher in trauma compared with non‐trauma patients (27·4 vs 11·1%, P = 0·02). There was no significant difference of in‐hospital mortality. Transfusion ratio did not differ between trauma and non‐trauma patients and was not associated with mortality even when MTP activation duration and APACHE score were considered. Hospital‐wide blood product use did not change with MTP implementation.ConclusionsMTP may be successfully used in trauma and non‐trauma settings without significantly impacting overall blood product utilisation. Inclusion of non‐trauma patients into prospective studies of resuscitation with blood products is warranted to ensure benefit in these patients.
Neomycin and pentagalloyl glucose enhanced cross-linking for elastin and glycosaminoglycans preservation in bioprosthetic heart valves
Authors: Tripi Daniel R , Vyavahare Naren R 
Published: December 2013

Glutaraldehyde cross-linked bioprosthetic heart valves fail within 12–15 years of implantation due to limited durability. Glutaraldehyde does not adequately stabilize extracellular matrix components such as glycosaminoglycans and elastin, and loss of these components could be a major cause of degeneration of valve after implantation. We have shown earlier that neomycin-based cross-linking stabilizes glycosaminoglycans in the tissue but fails to stabilize elastin component. Here, we report a new treatment where neomycin and pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) were incorporated into glutaraldehyde cross-linking neomycin-PGG-Glutaraldehyde (NPG) to stabilize both glycosaminoglycans and elastin in porcine aortic valves. In vitro studies demonstrated a marked increase in extracellular matrix stability against enzymatic degradation after cross-linking and 10 month storage in NPG group when compared to glutaraldehyde controls. Tensile properties showed increased lower elastic modulus in both radial and circumferential directions in NPG group as compared to glutaraldehyde, probably due to increased elastin stabilization with no changes in upper elastic modulus and extensibility. The enhanced extracellular matrix stability was further maintained in NPG-treated tissues after rat subdermal implantation for three weeks. NPG group also showed reduced calcification when compared to glutaraldehyde controls. We conclude that NPG cross-linking would be an excellent alternative to glutaraldehyde cross-linking of bioprosthetic heart valves to improve its durability.
Impact of calreticulin mutations on clinical and hematological phenotype and outcome in essential thrombocythemia
Authors: Rotunno Giada , Mannarelli Carmela , Guglielmelli Paola , Pacilli Annalisa , Pancrazzi Alessandro , Pieri Lisa , Fanelli Tiziana , Bosi Alberto , Vannucchi Alessandro M. 
Published: December 2013

Key Points
CALR mutations occur in half of JAK2 and MPL wt patients with ET and associate with some distinctive phenotypic traits. Patients with ET harboring CALR mutations are at significantly lower risk of thrombosis compared with JAK2- and MPL-mutated patients.
Identification of reproducible gene expression signatures in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Lu Tzu-Pin , Chuang Eric Y , Chen James J 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to improving treatment procedures, but the average five-year overall survival rates are still less than 20%. Many biomarkers have been identified for predicting survival; challenges arise, however, in translating the findings into clinical practice due to their inconsistency and irreproducibility. In this study, we proposed an approach by identifying predictive genes through pathways.

Results
The microarrays from Shedden et al. were used as the training set, and the log-rank test was performed to select potential signature genes. We focused on 24 cancer-related pathways from 4 biological databases. A scoring scheme was developed by the Cox hazard regression model, and patients were divided into two groups based on the medians. Subsequently, their predictability and generalizability were evaluated by the 2-fold cross-validation and a resampling test in 4 independent datasets, respectively. A set of 16 genes related to apoptosis execution was demonstrated to have good predictability as well as generalizability in more than 700 lung adenocarcinoma patients and was reproducible in 4 independent datasets. This signature set was shown to have superior performances compared to 6 other published signatures. Furthermore, the corresponding risk scores derived from the set were found to associate with the efficacy of the anti-cancer drug ZD-6474 targeting EGFR.

Conclusions
In summary, we presented a new approach to identify reproducible survival predictors for lung adenocarcinoma, and the identified genes may serve as both prognostic and predictive biomarkers in the future.
Proteomic changes in the base of chrysanthemum cuttings during adventitious root formation
Authors: Liu Ruixia , Chen Sumei , Jiang Jiafu , Zhu Lu , Zheng Chen , Han Shuang , Gu Jing , Sun Jing , Li Huiyun , Wang Haibin , Song Aiping , Chen Fadi 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
A lack of competence to form adventitious roots by cuttings of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is an obstacle for the rapid fixation of elite genotypes. We performed a proteomic analysis of cutting bases of chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Jinba’ during adventitious root formation (ARF) in order to identify rooting ability associated protein and/or to get further insight into the molecular mechanisms controlling adventitious rooting.

Results
The protein profiles during ARF were analyzed by comparing the 2-DE gels between 0-day-old (just severed from the stock plant) and 5-day-old cutting bases of chrysanthemum. A total of 69 differentially accumulated protein spots (two-fold change; t-test: 95% significance) were excised and analyzed using MALDI-TOF/TOF, among which 42 protein spots (assigned as 24 types of proteins and 7 unknown proteins) were confidently identified using the NCBI database. The results demonstrated that 19% proteins were related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism, 16% to photosynthesis, 10% to protein fate, 7% to plant defense, 6% to cell structure, 7% to hormone related, 3% to nitrate metabolism, 3% to lipid metabolism, 3% to ascorbate biosynthesis and 3% to RNA binding, 23% were unknown proteins. Twenty types of differentially accumulated proteins including ACC oxidase (CmACO) were further analyzed at the transcription level, most of which were in accordance with the results of 2-DE. Moreover, the protein abundance changes of CmACO are supported by western blot experiments. Ethylene evolution was higher during the ARF compared with day 0 after cutting, while silver nitrate, an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis, pretreatment delayed the ARF. It suggested that ACC oxidase plays an important role in ARF of chrysanthemum.

Conclusions
The proteomic analysis of cutting bases of chrysanthemum allowed us to identify proteins whose expression was related to ARF. We identified auxin-induced protein PCNT115 and ACC oxidase positively or negatively correlated to ARF, respectively. Several other proteins related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism, protein degradation, photosynthetic and cell structure were also correlated to ARF. The induction of protein CmACO provide a strong case for ethylene as the immediate signal for ARF. This strongly suggests that the proteins we have identified will be valuable for further insight into the molecular mechanisms controlling ARF.
Efficiency of a pneumatic device in controlling cuff pressure of polyurethane-cuffed tracheal tubes: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Jaillette Emmanuelle , Zerimech Farid , De Jonckheere Julien , Makris Demosthenes , Balduyck Malika , Durocher Alain , Duhamel Alain , Nseir Saad 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
The primary objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of a pneumatic device in controlling cuff pressure (Pcuff) in patients intubated with polyurethane-cuffed tracheal tubes. Secondary objectives were to determine the impact of continuous control of Pcuff, and cuff shape on microaspiration of gastric contents.

Methods
Prospective randomized controlled study. All patients requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation ≥48 h were eligible. The first 32 patients were intubated with tapered polyurethane-cuffed, and the 32 following patients were intubated with cylindrical polyurethane-cuffed tracheal tubes. Patients randomly received 24 h of continuous control of Pcuff using a pneumatic device (Nosten®), and 24 h of routine care of Pcuff using a manometer. Target Pcuff was 25 cmH2O. Pcuff was continuously recorded, and pepsin was quantitatively measured in all tracheal aspirates during these periods.

Results
The pneumatic device was efficient in controlling Pcuff (med [IQ] 26 [24, 28] vs 22 [20, 28] cmH2O, during continuous control of Pcuff and routine care, respectively; p = 0.017). In addition, percentage of patients with underinflation (31% vs 68%) or overinflation (53% vs 100%) of tracheal cuff, and percentage of time spent with underinflation (0.9 [0, 17] vs 14% [4, 30]) or overinflation (0 [0, 2] vs 32% [9, 54]) were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced during continuous control of Pcuff compared with routine care.
No significant difference was found in microaspiration of gastric content between continuous control of Pcuff compared with routine care, or between patients intubated with tapered compared with cylindrical polyurethane-cuffed tracheal tubes.

Conclusion
The pneumatic device was efficient in controlling Pcuff in critically ill patients intubated with polyurethane-cuffed tracheal tubes.

Trial registration
The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (NCT01351259)
Outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting surgery in Chinese, South Asian and white patients with acute myocardial infarction: administrative data analysis
Authors: Gasevic Danijela , Khan Nadia A , Qian Hong , Karim Shahzad , Simkus Gerald , Quan Hude , Mackay Martha H , O’Neill Blair J , Ayyobi Amir F 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
Little is known on whether there are ethnic differences in outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We compared 30-day and long-term mortality, recurrent AMI, and congestive heart failure in South Asian, Chinese and White patients with AMI who underwent PCI and CABG.

Methods
Hospital administrative data in British Columbia (BC), Canada were linked to the BC Cardiac Registry to identify all patients with AMI who underwent PCI (n = 4729) or CABG (n = 1687) (1999–2003). Ethnicity was determined from validated surname algorithms. Logistic regression for 30-day mortality and Cox proportional-hazards models were adjusted for age, sex, socio-economic status, severity of coronary disease, comorbid conditions, time from AMI to a revascularization procedure and distance to the nearest hospital.

Results
Following PCI, Chinese had higher short-term mortality (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.36, 95% CI: 1.12-5.00; p = 0.02), and South Asians had a higher risk for recurrent AMI (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.08-1.67, p = 0.007) and heart failure (OR 1.81, 95% CI: 1.00-3.29, p = 0.05) compared to White patients. Risk of heart failure was higher in South Asian patients who underwent CABG compared to White patients (OR (95% CI) = 2.06 (0.92-4.61), p = 0.08). There were no significant differences in mortality following CABG between groups.

Conclusions
Chinese and South Asian patients with AMI and PCI or CABG had worse outcomes compared to their White counterparts. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and investigate potential underlying causes.