bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should we stop prescribing metoclopramide as a prokinetic drug in critically ill patients?
Authors: van der Meer Y Gert , Venhuizen Willem A , Heyland Daren K , van Zanten Arthur RH 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRegulatory agencies in North America and Europe recently re-evaluated the safety of metoclopramide. This re-evaluation resulted in recommendations and restrictions in order to minimise the risk of neurological and other adverse reactions associated with the use of metoclopramide. In the ICU, off-label prescription of metoclopramide is common. We have reviewed the evidence for safety, effectiveness and dosing of metoclopramide in critically ill patients. Furthermore, tachyphylaxis is addressed and alternatives are summarised. Finally, recommendations are presented not to abandon use of metoclopramide in ICU patients, because metoclopramide is considered effective in enhancing gastric emptying and facilitating early enteral nutrition.
Enhancer alterations in cancer: a source for a cell identity crisis
Authors: Kron Ken J , Bailey Swneke D , Lupien Mathieu 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEnhancers are selectively utilized to orchestrate gene expression programs that first govern pluripotency and then proceed to highly specialized programs required for the process of cellular differentiation. Whereas gene-proximal promoters are typically active across numerous cell types, distal enhancer activation is cell-type-specific and central to cell fate determination, thereby accounting for cell identity. Recent studies have highlighted the diversity of enhancer usage, cataloguing millions of such elements in the human genome. The disruption of enhancer activity, through genetic or epigenetic alterations, can impact cell-type-specific functions, resulting in a wide range of pathologies. In cancer, these alterations can promote a `cell identity crisis, in which enhancers associated with oncogenes and multipotentiality are activated, while those promoting cell fate commitment are inactivated. Overall, these alterations favor an undifferentiated cellular phenotype. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the role of enhancers in normal cell function, and discuss how genetic and epigenetic changes in enhancer elements potentiate oncogenesis. In addition, we discuss how understanding the mechanisms regulating enhancer activity can inform therapeutic opportunities in cancer cells and highlight key challenges that remain in understanding enhancer biology as it relates to oncology.
The Effect of Electronic Commerce on Geographic Purchasing Patterns and Price Dispersion
Authors: Overby Eric , Forman Chris 
Published: September 2014

The “law of one price” states that if prices for the same or highly similar goods vary across geographic locations by more than the cost of transport, then traders will shift supply and demand to exploit the price differences. However, several frictions prevent traders from doing this, including lack of information about prices and difficulty trading across locations. Electronic commerce has the potential to reduce these frictions by increasing price visibility and lowering transaction costs. We analyze this by studying how the diffusion of an electronic channel affected geographic trading patterns and price dispersion in the wholesale used vehicle market from 2003 to 2008. We find that buyers used the channel to shift their demand geographically to exploit price differences, which reduced geographic price dispersion. We find that the electronic channel also influenced how sellers distributed supply, but we find little evidence that this led to reduced geographic price dispersion. This paper was accepted by Lorin Hitt, information systems.
Kebijakan Perubahan Kurikulum 2013 dalam Menyongsong Indonesia Emas Tahun 2045
Authors: Machali Imam 
Published: September 2014

This article is intended to express the basis of policy changes in curriculum 2013, the elements of changes, and the implications of changes in the 2013 curriculum learning system. The results show that the policy of the 2013 curriculum change is based on internal and external challenges that are faced by some Indonesianpeople in order to prepare for thier future generation that are much more productive, creative, innovative and affective. Curriculum policy in 2013 is intended to fulfill some existing shortcomings that are in the previous curriculum. Curriculum 2013 is compiled to develope and to strengthen attitudes, knowledge, and skills in a balanced way.The change of policy in 2013regarding the four elements of curriculum changes are on Competency Standards (SKL),Content Standard (SI), Standard Process, and Assessment Standards. Furthermore, the learning system of curriculum policy changes in 2013 makes the impact on four issues, they arethe learning models of thematic-integrated, scientific approach, active strategies,and authentic assessment. Artikel ini dimaksudkan untuk mengungkap dasar kebijakan perubahan kurikulum 2013, elemen-elemen perubahan, dan implikasi perubahan kurikulum 2013 dalam sistem pembelajaran. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan perubahan kurikulum 2013 didasarkan pada tantangan internal dan eksternal yang dihadapi oleh bangsa Indonesia dalam rangka menyiapkan generasi yang produktif,kreatif, inovatif dan afektif. Kebijakan kurikulum 2013 dimaksudkan untukmenyempurnakan berbagai kekurangan yang ada pada kurikulum sebelumnya.Kurikulum 2013 disusun dengan mengembangkan dan memperkuat sikap,pengetahuan, dan keterampilan secara berimbang. Perubahan kebijakan 2013menyangkut empat elemen perubahan kurikulum yaitu pada Standar Kompetensi Lulusan (SKL), Standar Isi (SI), Standar Proses, dan Standar Penilaian. Sistem pembelajaran perubahan kebijakan kurikulum 2013 berdampak pada empat hal,yaitu model pembelajaran berupa tematik-integratif, pendekatan saintifik, strategi aktif, dan penilaian autentik.
Paradigma Baru Madrasah dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Kurikulum 2013
Authors: Prastowo Andi 
Published: September 2014

Policy implementation is a process applying of decision of policy which usually early with compilation of program, project of till to activities for resolving a problem of becoming policy agenda. Ministry of Religion Republic Of Indonesia also have plan for the implementation of policy of Curriculum 2013 in all ladder of madrasah, including one of them at ladder of madrasah ibtidaiyah, start year 2014. This implementation have of implication to change various education aspect in madrasah like Standard Process, Standard Content, Standard Interest Grad, Standard Assessment, and also at Textbook Iesson. This paradigm becomes someone reference or institution in taking decision and policy to act.Implementasi kebijakan adalah suatu proses penerapan keputusan kebijakan yang biasanya diawali dengan penyusunan program, proyek hingga ke kegiatan-kegiatan untuk pemecahan suatu masalah yang menjadi agenda kebijakan. Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia juga berencana untuk mengimplementasikan kebijakan Kurikulum 2013 di semua jenjang madrasah, termasuk salah satunya pada jenjang Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, mulai tahun 2014. Implementasi ini berimplikasi pada perubahan berbagai aspek pendidikan di madrasah seperti Standar Proses, Standar Isi, Standar Kompetensi Lulusan, Standar Penilaian, maupun pada Buku Teks Pelajaran.Paradigma ini menjadi acuan seseorang atau institusi dalam mengambil kebijakan dan keputusan untuk bertindak.
Comparison between two complexes on a singular space
Authors: Ludwig Ursula 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this article we generalise the Witten deformation for stratified spaces and a class of Morse functions which we call radial Morse functions. In the first part of the article we perform the Witten deformation on the complex of

L
2

${{\mathrm{L}}^{2}}$

-forms on a (general) stratified space. A local Spectral Gap Theorem for the model Witten Laplacian near critical points of the Morse function is proved for general stratified spaces. The global Spectral Gap Theorem for the Witten Laplacian can be generalised to spaces with isolated singularities as well as to Witt spaces. In the second part of the article we give, in the case of isolated singularities, a geometric interpretation of the complex of eigenforms of the Witten Laplacian to small eigenvalues. For this, we have to establish first an analogue of the Morse–Thom–Smale complex.
The Precipitation Behavior of Secondary γ′ Phase in Superalloy FGH96 During Aging Treatment
Authors: Liu Hengsan , Zhang Lin , He Xinbo , Qu Xuanhui , Zhang Guoqing 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMicrostructural evolution of secondary γ′ precipitates in superalloy FGH96 under various aging treatments after 1200 °C solution treatment was investigated. The results indicate that particle size of secondary γ′ precipitates increases from about 73 μm to about 587 μm with the increasing of aging temperature in the range of 850–1120 °C, and the shape of secondary γ′ precipitates changes from spherical to cuboidal, and to butterfly-like with the increase of aging temperature. In case of the aging temperature of 1120 °C, the γ′ precipitates change into butterfly-like and the size is the largest. When the aging temperature reached 1140 °C, the γ′ precipitates are refined.
First record of Histiotus laephotis (Thomas, 1916) from Chile and new distributional information for Histiotus montanus (Phillipi and Landbeck, 1861) (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
Authors: Ossa Gonzalo , Bonacic Cristian , Barquez Rubén M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe report new distributional records for
Taming Tyrannosaurus rex: English use in the research and publication practices of humanities scholars in Sweden
Authors: Kuteeva Maria , McGrath Lisa 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe investigate the current position of English in the language ecology of Swedish academia, with a special focus on the humanities. Semi-structured interviews with 15 informants from the fields of Anthropology, General Linguistics and History were carried out to explore how non-native speakers of English experience using academic English in their research. In contrast to other recent findings, our study shows that while some differences along disciplinary lines emerged, on the whole, English does not pose a significant challenge for scholars when writing for publication. Furthermore, our informants do not perceive themselves to be disadvantaged by their non-native status. The study casts some doubt on Swales’ well-known dinosaur metaphor; while English does indeed dominate in the sphere of international publication in terms of production, multilingual research practices are evident within the research and publication process.
University language policies and language choice among Ph.D. graduates in Estonia: The (unbalanced) interplay between English and Estonian
Authors: Soler-Carbonell Josep 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe role of English as a global language and its consequences for the internationalization of higher education are matters that have increasingly drawn the attention of researchers from different fields of language and communication. In this paper, an overview of the situation in Estonia is presented. The Estonian context has not previously been analyzed along these lines. The author suggests looking at Ph.D. dissertations as a site of tension between the need to effectively incorporate English as an academic language and the need to maintain Estonian as the national language. The article views this question in the context of some relevant language policy documents and other macro indicators. It then focuses on the number of Ph.D. dissertations defended at four main public universities in the last few years and the languages they have been written in. It appears that, although the language policy documents seem to correctly capture this tension between English and Estonian, the language most commonly used when writing dissertations is overwhelmingly English, with only the humanities providing some counterbalance to that trend. The current situation is different from that of past decades, when English was absent from Estonia’s scientific production and Estonian was significantly employed in that context, alongside Russian. In the discussion section, some lines for further inquiry are presented, together with a proposal for integrating complexity theory in such analyses.
Damping capacity of the Al matrix composite reinforced with SiC particle and TiNi fiber
Authors: Hu Jie , Wu Gaohui , Zhang Qiang , Gou Huasong 
Published: September 2014

AbstractImitating the structure of steel-reinforced concrete, a composite coupling good damping capacity and mechanical property was fabricated by pressure infiltration progress. The aluminum (Al) matrix composite was hybrid reinforced by 20% volume fraction of SiC particle (SiCp) and 20% volume fraction of TiNi fiber (TiNif). The damping capacity of the composite in the temperature range from 30°C to 290°C was studied using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). Due to the B19′→B2reverse martensitic transformation in TiNif, a damping peak showed up in the heating process. Furthermore, both the hysteretic effect of the martensite/variants interfaces in TiNifand the weak bonding interface between SiCpand TiNifwere attributed to the high damping capacity of the composite. After tension deformation, a compressive stress was formed in the composite in the heating process. With the help of compressive stress, the value of the damping peak was much higher than before, since the movement of dislocation in the Al matrix was easier.
Design and automated manufacturing of profiled composite driveshafts
Authors: Gude Maik , Lenz Florian , Gruhl Andreas , Witschel Bernhard , Ulbricht Andreas , Hufenbach Werner 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe high specific strength and stiffness characteristics of composite materials such as carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) allow a significant weight reduction of the structural machine components such as automobile driveshafts. But high material cost and rather low productivity of the established manufacturing processes (e.g., filament winding) often inhibit the use of CFRP components in a high-volume car series. In this paper, a novel composite driveshaft system based on a profiled CFRP tube is presented. This system is designed to be produced by a continuous pultrusion process to achieve a significant reduction of the manufacturing costs. A cost assessment study was conducted to quantify the benefit of the developed continuous manufacturing process. In comparison with the state-of-the-art filament winding process, a cost reduction of 36% for the composite shaft body can be obtained. Moreover, the proposed fiber layup processes – braiding and continuous winding – offer the potential to manipulate the reinforcement architecture to maximize material utilization without reducing the manufacturing efficiency. This potential is investigated and validated by experimental tests. A difference in the load bearing capacity of more than 100% between different reinforcing architectures is shown.
Assessment of sand stabilization potential of a plant-derived biomass
Authors: Perić Dunja , Bartley Paul A. , Davis Lawrence , Uzer Ali Ulvi , Gürer Cahit 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLignin is a coproduct of biofuel and paper industries, which exhibits binding qualities when mixed with water. Lignin is an ideal candidate for a sustainable stabilization of unpaved roads. To this end, an experimental program was devised and carried out to quantify effects of lignin on compaction and early age shear strength behaviors of sand. Samples were prepared by mixing a particular type of coproduct called calcium lignosulfonate (CaL) with sand and water. Based on the extensive analyses of six series of strength tests, it was found that a normalized cohesion increased with an increasing normalized areas ratio. Normalizations were carried out by dividing the cohesion and area ratio by gravimetric CaL content whereby the area ratio was obtained by dividing the portion of the cross-sectional area occupied with lignosulfonate-water (CaL-W) paste by the total cross-sectional area. While the increase in the normalized cohesion eventually leveled out, the cohesion peaked at 6% of CaL. Thus, sand-CaL-water (S-CaL-W) mixes sustained larger shear stresses than dry sand for a range of normal stresses below the limiting normal stress. Consequently, the early age behavior indicates that adding CaL-W to sand is clearly beneficial in the near-surface applications in dry sand.
Voluntary Exile as the Solution to Discord in 1 Clement
Authors: Welborn Larry L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The counsel of voluntary exile offered to the leaders of the faction in the church at Corinth in 1 Clement 54 has long puzzled interpreters who sense that it ill comports with the author’s insistence upon harmony, humility, and love. Aware that the discursive strategy of 1 Clement derives from the genre of political rhetoric, interpreters have adduced parallels to the apostrophe of 1 Clement 54 from the speeches of voluntary exiles in Roman political history. The present essay examines Clement’s rhetorical appeal to the leaders of the faction in the context of the exile literature of the first and second centuries C.E., focusing upon treatises and discourses composed by Musonius, Plutarch, Dio Chrysostom, and Favorinus. By situating 1 Clement 54 within the “discourse of displacement”1 that flourished in the early Empire, the essay demonstrates how Clement utilizes exile to construct a persona that dramatizes a communal consciousness of being resident aliens in the Roman Empire.
Jealousy, Internal Strife, and the Deaths of Peter and Paul: A Reassessment of 1 Clement
Authors: Eastman David L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
One of the great mysteries of early Christian history surrounds the ends of the lives of Peter and Paul. In this article, I will begin by summarizing the traditional view on the apostolic martyrdoms and Oscar Cullmann’s brief argument that internal strife, not imperial paranoia, may have led to the deaths of the apostles. By appealing to the broader literary context of 1 Clement, New Testament texts, Roman historical sources, and the apocryphal acts, I will then expand on and strengthen the thesis that the author of 1 Clement is communicating that internal disputes between Christians provoked imperial attention and eventually led to the deaths of Peter and Paul. The evidence from the text itself points strongly in that direction, although this is certainly a story that authors like Luke and Clement would not want to highlight, for it would directly undermine the desired image of Peter and Paul standing together as symbols of apostolic and ecclesiastical unity in Rome and elsewhere.
The God ‘Human’ and Human Gods. Models of Deification in Irenaeus and the Apocryphon of John
Authors: Litwa M. David 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This article compares two models of early Christian deification. Both models posit the reality of a human God, but in different ways. One model, represented by the Apocryphon of John, posits a transcendent God Human whose divine essence is protologically given to humans made in his/her image. The other model, represented by Irenaeus of Lyon, posits a historical God-human whose incarnation paves the way for humans to participate in the immortality of God. In the first model, human and divine nature exist on a continuum, permitting human-divine union and even identity. In the second, an ontological divide separates humans from God, allowing at most a participation in divine attributes. The comparison takes account of other similarities and differences in these two early Christian visions of deification, allowing for a full appreciation of both their diverse aspects and common core.
A late witness to Valentinian devotion in Egypt?
Authors: Bruyn Theodore S. de 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Among the spells with Christian elements published in Papyri Graecae Magicae is a charitesion or “good luck charm,” Papyrus Wessely Pragensis Graecus no. 1.1 The spell concludes with an acclamation to Jesus Christ that is remarkable for its long series of epithets. These have thus far eluded satisfactory explanation. Several of the epithets recall language used in Valentinian writings to express the relationship between Father and Son in Valentinian protology and soteriology. This paper presents evidence to support reading the acclamation as an expression of Valentinian devotion, and discusses the significance of such an acclamation in a spell that may have been written in the fifth century, taking into account the scribal features of the papyrus.
Staatliches Handeln und Kartellrecht
Authors: Kling Michael , Dally Christoph 
Published: September 2014

Zusammenfassung
Die Anwendung der Wettbewerbsregeln der Art. 101 ff. AEUV setzt die Unternehmenseigenschaft der handelnden Einheiten bzw. Einrichtungen voraus. Der funktionale Unternehmensbegriff des Kartellrechts erfasst zwar das wirtschaftliche Handeln staatlicher Einheiten, nicht aber hoheitliches Handeln. Die an sich klare Trennung zwischen Staat und Wirtschaft bereitetet unter kartellrechtlichem Blickwinkel erhebliche Schwierigkeiten, weil in der Lebenswirklichkeit staatliche Maßnahmen und unternehmerische Tätigkeiten durch ein vielfältiges Ineinandergreifen gekennzeichnet sind. Unklar ist insbesondere die Frage, von welchen Kriterien im Einzelnen die Qualifizierung als unternehmerische Tätigkeit oder als Ausübung öffentlicher Gewalt abhängen soll. Die Rechtsprechung des EuGH ist auch insoweit nicht einheitlich und stringent, sondern von verschiedenen sektoralen Besonderheiten und einzelfallbezogenen Überlegungen abhängig.
Marktabgrenzung und Systemmärkte
Authors: Dreher Meinrad , Glöckle Peter 
Published: September 2014

Zusammenfassung
Das Vorliegen komplementärer Produkte stellt vor die Frage, ob und inwiefern die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen den Produkten für eine kartellrechtliche Beurteilung zu berücksichtigen sind. So kann die Nachfrage nach einem (Primär-)Produkt die Nachfrage eines komplementären Sekundärprodukts erfordern, um die Produkte als ein System nutzen zu können. Die Entscheidung für ein System kann daher zur Abhängigkeit von den Herstellern der komplementären Sekundärprodukte führen. Entweder kann das Sekundärprodukt bloßer Teil eines umfassenderen Systemmarkts aus Primär- und Sekundärprodukt sein. Oder es können jeweils eigene relevante Primär- und Sekundärmärkte abzugrenzen sein. Im Ergebnis sollte nach dem Grad der Reaktionsverbundenheit der Nachfrage nach dem Primär- und Sekundärprodukt differenziert werden. Untersucht wird in diesem Zusammenhang eine jüngere Entscheidung des LG Frankfurt/M., das einen Systemmarkt für die Übernahme von Unternehmen abgegrenzt hat. Ein in diesem Zusammenhang vereinbartes Nutzungsverhältnis über Kabelkanalanlagen sei demgegenüber ein unselbstständiger Teil des Markts für Unternehmensübernahmen und kein relevanter Markt für eine Preismissbrauchskontrolle.
Modernisation of State aid block exemptions
Authors: Plank René 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
EU State aid rules were subject to a major parallel overhaul between 2012 and 2014 in the context of „State Aid Modernisation“. With most of the rules recently adopted, the present article aims to shed light on the context and objectives of this reform, in particular the financial crisis, and take stock of the EU policy response in numerous new Council and Commission Regulations, Guidelines and Notices. A central element of the reform and focus of this article are the new State aid block exemption rules adopted on 17 June 2014.