bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Anthracnose of Alocasia macrorrhiza Caused by Colletotrichum karstii in Guangdong, China
Authors: He Y. , Shu C. , Chen J. , Zhou E. 
Published: November 2013

Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott. (Araceae), native to South America, is a common, herbaceous perennial ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical areas (1). A severe leaf spot disease was observed on this plant in several places on the campus of authors' university in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, in April 2013. Initial symptoms were water-soaked, dark green leaf spots. These small spots gradually expanded to 6- to 11-mm circular lesions. They were grayish-white in color with a yellow halo and many small, black, concentric dots were observed on them. Microscopic examination revealed that these small dots were acervuli, which were 100 to 300 μm in diameter, developing beneath the epidermis and becoming erumpent with age. By using routine tissue-isolation method and single-spore purification technique, four single-conidial isolates were obtained from each of four diseased leaves. These isolates formed a grayish-white colony with numerous pink spore masses on PDA at 28°C. Their mycelial radial growth rate was about 4.5 mm per day. Conidia were single-celled, hyaline, and cylindrical with an obtuse apex and protruding base; they were 12.7 to 14.2 × 4.8 to 5.9 μm in size. Conidial appressoria were irregular in shape, sepia to dark brown, solitary, and 6.9 to 8.5 × 4.6 to 5.9 μm. These morphological characteristics were consistent with the description of Colletotrichum karstii (2). The sequences of beta-tubulin gene (TUB2) and partial actin gene (ACT) of a representative isolate CAM1 were obtained by PCR amplification with primers BT2a/BT2b and ACT512F/ACT783R, respectively. These sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers of KF444947 and KF460435. BLAST searches showed a 99% homology with the TUB2 and ACT sequences of C. karstii (JX625209, KC843559). Therefore, the fungus isolated from A. macrorrhiza was identified as C. karstii by morphological and molecular characteristics. Pathogenicity tests were performed on 30-day-old plants of A. macrorrhiza grown in plastic pots (0.8 L) by spraying 15 ml conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia ml–1) of this fungus onto each plant. The control plants were sprayed only with sterile distilled water. These plants then were placed in an intelligent artificial climate incubator with 12-h photoperiod and 100% relative humidity at 24 ± 1°C. Three replicates, each with five plants, were included in a test, and the test was repeated twice. Seven days after inoculation, the inoculated plants showed necrotic lesions on leaves similar to those observed on the campus, but no symptoms were observed on any non-inoculated controls. The same fungus C. karstii was re-isolated from the infected leaves. Although C. karstii is a well-known anthracnose pathogen on some plants belonging to family Orchidaceae (2), this is the first report of the same pathogen causing anthracnose on A. macrorrhiza in Guangdong, China. References: (1) S. Li et al. PLoS ONE 8(6):e66016, 2013. (2) Y. Yang et al. Cryptogr. Mycol. 32:229, 2011.
Generational Dimensions of Neoliberal and Post‐Fordist Restructuring: The Changing Characteristics of Young Adults and Growing Income Inequality in Montreal and Vancouver
Authors: Moos Markus 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThere is growing concern over income inequality and its generational dimensions. Post‐Fordist and neoliberal restructuring have reshaped urban labour markets, resulting in growing inequalities that disproportionately afflict younger workers. This article empirically analyses the transition as experienced in Montreal and Vancouver, two Canadian cities that have undergone restructuring in different ways. The study of young adults' changing incomes reveals growing intra‐ and inter‐cohort inequality, and an increasing intergenerational income gap in both cities. Income inequality is greater in Vancouver, with its more pronounced post‐Fordist labour force composition and neoliberalized governance context. Known factors such as occupation and gender affect the earnings structure, but educational attainment has increased the most in terms of its effect on incomes. Inequalities among young adults are expected to magnify in the future due to unevenness in educational attainment. Urban research ought to pay close attention to the role of education in structuring inequalities, and the ways the impact of restructuring is unevenly distributed across generations.
Reinterpreting the Meaning of the ‘Singapore Model’: State Capitalism and Urban Planning
Authors: Shatkin Gavin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFor city planners and policymakers in many parts of the world, Singapore has come to embody a model of efficient and growth‐oriented urban development. Yet there has been very little research that goes beyond descriptive assessments of urban design and urban policy and understands the political economy that has produced the current system of planning in Singapore. This article explores the role of land acquisition and land management in Singapore's urban development. It argues that Singapore is best understood as a model of urban planning under state capitalism. Drawing largely on academic studies, reports of Singapore government agencies and government‐linked corporations, and interviews the article analyzes the mechanisms through which the Singaporean state has used direct involvement in the commercial real‐estate market as a powerful tool to gain access to revenue, achieve urban redevelopment objectives and exert powerful influence over the Singaporean society and economy. Through the commercial exploitation of state landholdings and through stakes in state‐owned and private enterprises, the Singaporean state has harnessed urban development to an agenda of political hegemony, nation building and economic development within a framework of globalization.
Overview of: “The Effects of Local Immigration Enforcement on Crime and Disorder: A Case Study of Prince William County, Virginia”
Authors: Koper Christopher S. , Guterbock Thomas M. , Woods Daniel J. , Taylor Bruce , Carter Timothy J. 
Published: November 2013

Research SummaryThis study evaluates a local immigration enforcement policy implemented in Prince William County, Virginia, in 2008. In addition to joining the federal 287(g) program, the County adopted a policy that initially required officers to check the immigration status of people they detained, but the policy was later amended to require immigration checks only for arrestees. Using a pre–post, quasi‐experimental design, we examined the policy's impacts on crime reports and calls for service in Prince William County and compared the County's crime trends with those of nearby localities. We also analyzed postpolicy trends in arrests of illegal immigrants, survey reports of crime victimization and reporting among County residents, and survey reports of police views on crime and disorder in the County. Although the policy did not affect most forms of crime in Prince William County (including robberies, property crimes, drug offenses, disorderly behaviors, and drunk driving violations), aggravated assaults declined 27% after the announcement of the original policy in July 2007. However, this initial version of the policy also seemed to harm police relations with the immigrant community, among other problems.Policy ImplicationsAs part of the wider debate on illegal immigration in the United States, local police are becoming more heavily involved in immigration enforcement in part as a result of a growing number of state laws and local ordinances directing police to engage in these efforts. The impacts of local immigration enforcement efforts have received very little study to date. Consistent with research on immigration and crime generally, this study suggests that public concern regarding crime by illegal immigrants is perhaps overstated and that expanded local immigration enforcement efforts will have limited impacts on crime. More aggressive immigration enforcement policies may reduce some types of crime, but they also may harm police relations with immigrant communities and impose other costs on local police. Further policy experimentation and research may help local communities to develop balanced approaches that focus on criminal violators and target specific crime problems in immigrant communities without the potentially negative consequences of more widespread crackdowns on illegal immigration.
Market Collaboration: Finance, Culture, and Ethnography after Neoliberalism
Authors: Riles Annelise 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn the wake of the disasters of March 2011, financial regulators and financial‐risk management experts in Japan expressed little hope that much could be done nor did they take great interest in defining possible policy interventions. This curious response to regulatory crisis coincided with a new fascination with culturalist explanations of financial markets, on the one hand, and a resort to what I term “data politics”—a politics of intensified data collection—on the other. In this article, I analyze these developments as being exemplary of a new regulatory moment characterized by a loss of faith in both free market regulation and state‐led planning, as well as in expert tools. I consider what might be the contribution of the anthropology of financial markets and ultimately argue for what I term a “collaborative economy” as a way to retool both financial and anthropological expertise.概要 2011年3月の震災を受けて、日本の金融規制当局や金融リスク管理の専門家は、打つ手は限られているという見方を示し、政策的介入の可能性の提案についても、あまり強い関心を示さなかった。規制における危機に対するこうした興味深い反応は、一方では金融市場に関する文化的理解に対する新たな関心の高まりと、もう一方では本稿で「データ政治 (data politics)」と呼ぶ、集中的なデータ収集をめぐる政治への流れと、重なる側面がある。こうした展開は、規制の新しい形の典型例であり、その背景には、自由市場における規制や国家主導の政策に対する失望感や、専門家の技術に対する諦めがある。本稿は、金融市場に関する文化人類学的研究がもたらす貢献について考察し、本稿で「共同経済 (collaborative economy)」と呼ぶ新しい経済の形を通して、金融および文化人類学の双方における専門知識の再編を提唱する。[「大きすぎてつぶせない」、リスク、債権、金融、コラボレーション、日本]
Preterm birth does not increase the risk of traumatic dental injuries or unintentional injuries
Authors: Brogårdh‐Roth Susanne , Matsson Lars 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) and unintentional injuries (UIs) in Swedish children from 0 to 12 years of age, comparing those who were born preterm with matched full‐term controls. The associations between TDI and UI and medical health problems or socio‐demographic characteristics were also studied.MethodsThis cross‐sectional, case–control study used dental record reviews and interviews to obtain TDI data on 187 matched pairs aged from 0 to 6 (Sample I) and a structured questionnaire to study TDI and UI among 82 matched pairs aged from 0 to 12 (Sample II).ResultsReports of TDI in the primary teeth and permanent teeth from 0 to 12 years of age were significantly more common in the control than preterm born children (p = 0.032). No significant differences were seen in the 0–6 age group. When it came to UI, there were no statistical significant differences between the preterm and control groups and no correlations between TDI and UI and medical health problems or socio‐demographic characteristics.ConclusionThe study indicates that preterm children are no more exposed to TDI or UI than matched full‐term controls. In fact, the control group parents reported significantly higher prevalence of TDI in the primary and permanent teeth.
Efficient logistic regression designs under an imperfect population identifier
Authors: Albert Paul S. , Liu Aiyi , Nansel Tonja 
Published: November 2013

SummaryMotivated by actual study designs, this article considers efficient logistic regression designs where the population is identified with a binary test that is subject to diagnostic error. We consider the case where the imperfect test is obtained on all participants, while the gold standard test is measured on a small chosen subsample. Under maximum‐likelihood estimation, we evaluate the optimal design in terms of sample selection as well as verification. We show that there may be substantial efficiency gains by choosing a small percentage of individuals who test negative on the imperfect test for inclusion in the sample (e.g., verifying 90% test‐positive cases). We also show that a two‐stage design may be a good practical alternative to a fixed design in some situations. Under optimal and nearly optimal designs, we compare maximum‐likelihood and semi‐parametric efficient estimators under correct and misspecified models with simulations. The methodology is illustrated with an analysis from a diabetes behavioral intervention trial.
The role of off‐licence outlets in binge drinking: a survey of drinking practices last Saturday night among young adults in Australia
Authors: McKetin Rebecca , Livingston Michael , Chalmers Jenny , Bright David 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIntroduction and Aims.To examine where young adults purchase their alcohol on Saturday nights and how this relates to binge drinking.Design and Methods.This study used an online survey of a non‐probability‐based quota sample of 2013 Australians aged 18–30 years who had consumed alcohol in the past year. Participants who purchased alcohol from off‐licence outlets the Saturday night before answering the survey were compared with participants who purchased only from on‐licence outlets with regard to how much they drank (binge drinking was defined as five or more drinks), how much they spent on alcohol, where they drank, their risk of an alcohol use disorder and other demographic factors.Results.Of participants who drank the previous Saturday night (n = 1106), 46% bought alcohol only from off‐licence outlets (e.g. bottle shops), 19% bought from both off‐licence and on‐licence outlets (e.g. clubs, bars), and 23% bought only from on‐licence outlets. Participants who bought alcohol from off‐licence outlets were equally likely to binge‐drink as participants who bought only from on‐licence outlets (B = −0.02, P = 0.912), but they drank more cheaply and usually drank at home. Participants who bought alcohol from both off‐licence and on‐licence outlets were more likely to binge‐drink (B = 1.39, P < 0.001), drank both at home and in public places, were at higher risk of an alcohol use disorder and were more likely to have used stimulants the previous Saturday night.Discussion and Conclusions.Off‐licence outlets were a major source of alcohol in this sample of young Australian adults, many of whom binge‐drank in private homes. [McKetin R, Livingston M, Chalmers C, Bright D. The role of off‐licence outlets in binge drinking: a survey of drinking practices last Saturday night among young adults in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:51–58]
Patient‐centred tobacco management
Authors: Gould Gillian S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPatient‐centred tobacco management approaches tobacco smoking as a chronic disease and can be offered to all smokers irrespective of their attitude to quitting. Maintaining a long‐term relationship with smokers enables the adoption of flexible solutions and shared goals. It is argued that patient‐centred tobacco management potentially heightens the chances of eventual abstinence for smokers who are unable, or not yet ready to quit. [Gould, GS. Patient‐centred tobacco management. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:93–98]
System‐centred tobacco management: From ‘whole‐person’ to ‘whole‐system’ change
Authors: Bonevski Billie 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPatient‐centred tobacco management is a pragmatic approach for helping smokers achieve their goals in terms of either cessation or harm reduction. However, the success of the approach is dependent on clinicians embracing and delivering it as intended. There are a number of structural and systemic organisational barriers which are limiting clinician‐delivered patient‐centred tobacco dependence. In response, ‘whole system’ approaches which help support clinicians in the delivery of patient‐centred tobacco management are required. Health system changes to support clinicians and facilitate the delivery of patient‐centred tobacco management are worth further investigation, particularly in settings where tobacco smoking rates are high. [Bonevski B. System‐centred tobacco management: From ‘whole‐person’ to ‘whole‐system’ change. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:99–101]
From oxycodone to heroin: Two cases of transitioning opioid use in young Australians
Authors: Dertadian George C. , Maher Lisa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe non‐medical use of pharmaceutical opioids is associated with a range of negative health consequences, including the development of dependence, emergency room presentations and overdose deaths.Design and MethodsDrawing on life history data from a broader qualitative study of the non‐medical use of painkillers, this brief report presents two cases of transitions from recreational or non‐medical pharmaceutical opioid use to intravenous heroin use by young adults in Australia.ResultsAlthough our study was not designed to assess whether recreational oxycodone use is causally linked to transitions to intravenous use, polyopioid use places individuals at high risk for progression to heroin and injecting. Our first case, Jake, used a range of analgesics before he transitioned to intravenous use, and the first drug he injected was methadone. Our second case, Emma, engaged in a broad spectrum of polydrug use, involving a range of opioid preparations, as well as benzodiazepines, cannabis and alcohol. Both cases transitioned from oral to intravenous pharmaceutical opioids use and subsequent intravenous heroin use.Discussion and ConclusionsThese cases represent the first documented reports of transitions from the non‐medical or recreational use of oxycodone to intravenous heroin use in Australia. As such, they represent an important starting point for the examination of pharmaceutical opioids as a pathway to injecting drug use among young Australians and highlight the need for further research designed to identify pharmaceutical opioids users at risk of transitions to injecting and to develop interventions designed to prevent or delay these transitions. [Dertadian G, Maher L. From oxycodone to heroin: Two cases of transitioning opioid use in young Australians. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:102–104]
Cycling up the epidermis: reconciling 100 years of debate
Authors: Gandarillas Alberto , Freije Ana 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThere is likely general consensus within the skin research community that cell cycle control is critical to epidermal homeostasis and disease. The current predominant model proposes that keratinocytes switch off DNA replication and undergo cell cycle and cell growth arrest as they initiate terminal differentiation. However, this model cannot explain key physiological features of the skin, mainly why squamous differentiation prevails over proliferation in benign hyperproliferative disorders. In recent years, we have proposed an alternative model that involves mitotic slippage and endoreplication. This new model is controversial and has encountered resistance within the field. However, looking back at history, the epidermal cell cycle has been a matter of controversy and debate for around 100 years now. The accumulated data are confusing and contradictory. Our present model can explain and reconcile both old and new paradoxical observations. Here, we explain and discuss the endoreplicative cell cycle, the evidence for and against its existence in human epidermis and the important implications for skin homeostasis and disease. We show that regardless of the strengths or weaknesses of the Endoreplication Model, the existing evidence in support of the Cell Cycle Arrest Model is very weak.
Prediction of enteric methane emissions from cattle
Authors: Moraes Luis E. , Strathe Anders B. , Fadel James G. , Casper David P. , Kebreab Ermias 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAgriculture has a key role in food production worldwide and it is a major component of the gross domestic product of several countries. Livestock production is essential for the generation of high quality protein foods and the delivery of foods in regions where animal products are the main food source. Environmental impacts of livestock production have been examined for decades, but recently emission of methane from enteric fermentation has been targeted as a substantial greenhouse gas source. The quantification of methane emissions from livestock on a global scale relies on prediction models because measurements require specialized equipment and may be expensive. The predictive ability of current methane emission models remains poor. Moreover, the availability of information on livestock production systems has increased substantially over the years enabling the development of more detailed methane prediction models. In this study, we have developed and evaluated prediction models based on a large database of enteric methane emissions from North American dairy and beef cattle. Most probable models of various complexity levels were identified using a Bayesian model selection procedure and were fitted under a hierarchical setting. Energy intake, dietary fiber and lipid proportions, animal body weight and milk fat proportion were identified as key explanatory variables for predicting emissions. Models here developed substantially outperformed models currently used in national greenhouse gas inventories. Additionally, estimates of repeatability of methane emissions were lower than the ones from the literature and multicollinearity diagnostics suggested that prediction models are stable. In this context, we propose various enteric methane prediction models which require different levels of information availability and can be readily implemented in national greenhouse gas inventories of different complexity levels. The utilization of such models may reduce errors associated with prediction of methane and allow a better examination and representation of policies regulating emissions from cattle.
Selective Migration Policy Models and Changing Realities of Implementation
Authors: Koslowski Rey 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSelective migration policies are proliferating worldwide as governments try to attract scientists, highly skilled engineers, medical professionals and information technology professionals. Selective migration policies can be grouped into three ideal‐typical models: the Canadian “human capital” model based on state selection of permanent immigrants using a point system; the Australian “neo‐corporatist” model based on state selection using a point system with extensive business and labour participation; and the market‐oriented, demand‐driven model based primarily on employer selection of migrants, as practised by the US. After providing an overview of each model, the article compares the three models in terms of policy outcomes as measured by various metrics and then explains how Canadian, Australian, and US governments have recently adopted policies from one another and deviated from their respective selective migration policy models.
Policy Implications

Canadian and Australian governments select immigrants using point systems but diverged in 1996 on human capital criteria of higher education and general experience

U.S. employers select economic migrants and majority initially come on temporary visas

More highly‐skilled foreigners go to the U.S. than to Canada, Australia and other countries using point systems combined.

Canadian and Australian governments shifting policies toward the U.S. demand‐driven model, with increasing preference given to employer‐sponsored immigrants and those already working on temporary visas.

Canadian government shifting point system criteria from human capital toward specific occupations and may abandon point system altogether.