bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell loss from human, canine and guinea-pig gastric mucosa measured by DNA radioimmunoassay
Authors: Hurst B. C. , Rees W. D. W. , Garner A. 
Published: August 2015

1. A DNA radioimmunoassay, sensitive in the range 25–1000 ng, has been developed to measure gastric mucosal cell loss. Validity of the assay was based on antibody specificity, absence of interference from gastric contents, parallel tracer displacement by dilutions of gastric and standard DNA, and crossover with colorimetric assay.
2. With this assay, gastric DNA shedding was examined in two animal species and man. In the guinea-pig stomach, DNA loss was 20–100 pg/h and in the canine Pavlov pouch, 260–580pg/h. In the canine Pavlov pouch stimulation of acid secretion by histamine and exposure to exogenous acid increased DNA output. In the normal human stomach DNA loss was 544 k 175 pg/h and in duodenal ulcer patients, 649 k 225 pg/li.
3. DNA radioimmunoassay provides a sensitive and reproducible measure of cell exfoliation from the stomach and may be a useful tool for studying aspects of gastric mucosal defence.
Plasma Clearance, Tissue Distribution and Catabolism of Cationized Albumins with Increasing Isoelectric Points in the Rat
Authors: Bergmann P. , Kacenelenbogen R. , Vizet A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The infusion of cationic substances produces acute renal failure and proteinuria, and an experimental disease very similar to disseminated coagulopathy. The purpose of this work was to investigate further, in the rat, the plasma disappearance rate, the tissue distribution and the catabolism of albumins with modified isoelectric points.
2. Human serum albumin was cationized with hexanediamine and labelled with 125I or 131I.
3. During 10–180 min after their intravenous injection into the rat, these modified 125I-labelled albumins were cleared from the plasma at a rate which increased with their isoelectric point.
4. At 1 and 3 h after the injection of highly cationic proteins (isoelectric point higher than 9.5) the tissue protein bound 125I concentration was greatest (∼3.5% of the injected activity/g) in the spleen and liver. A significant amount of the basic proteins was found in the kidney and in the lung (0.75–1% /g). Their concentration was much lower in other tissues.
5. The whole body radioactivity was significantly lower 24 h after the injection of 131I-labelled cationized albumins than after similarly labelled native albumin. However, expressed as a percentage of the retention at 24 h, the body radioactivity at later times was higher for cationic than for native albumin.
6. We conclude that cationized albumins are cleared from the plasma, mainly by the reticuloendothelial system, at a rate directly related to their isoelectric point. The cationized albumins are catabolized very rapidly initially, but a fraction of the injected protein remains in the body for a longer time than native albumin.
The Biliary Excretion of Sulphated and Non-Sulphated Bile Acids and Bilirubin in Patients with External Bile Drainage
Authors: Dooley James S. , Bartholomew Carl , Summerfield John A. , Billing Barbara H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The biliary excretion of total bilirubin and bile acids, and the fate of tracer doses of radioactive sulphated and non-sulphated bile acids, were studied in patients with percutaneous transhepatic bile drainage.
2. Non-sulphated bile acids were excreted in bile early after biliary decompression, and the serum total 3α-hydroxy bile acid concentrations fell rapidly to normal. Biliary bilirubin excretion was both less than and delayed compared with that of bile acids, and the serum bilirubin concentration fell more slowly.
3. The serum disappearance of [3H]chenodeoxycholate-3-sulphate was slower than that of [14C]glycocholate in all patients with bile drainage, the difference being more marked in the jaundiced patients.
4. The radioactive sulphated bile acids were recovered predominantly in the urine of the jaundiced patients. In contrast [14C]glycocholate was excreted almost exclusively in bile. In an anicteric patient, radioactive sulphated bile acid disappeared from the serum more quickly, and biliary recovery exceeded that in the urine.
5. The studies demonstrate the differences in handling of total bilirubin, and sulphated and non-sulphated bile acids in man after the relief of bile duct obstruction. The biliary excretion of radioactive labelled sulphated bile acids is low for at least 1 week after biliary drainage, but later becomes the predominant route for excretion in the anicteric patient.
Nocturnal Foot Blood Flow in Patients with Arterial Insufficiency
Authors: Jelnes R. , Tønnesen K. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Twenty-four hour continuous recording of xenon (133Xe) wash-out from the forefoot was performed on patients with normal circulations (n = 10) and on patients with different degrees of arterial insufficiency (n = 36).
2. During day hours the calculated subcutaneous blood flow in the forefoot was on average the same in patients with normal circulations and in patients with different degrees of arterial insufficiency (mean: 2.0 ± 0.8 ml min−1 100 g−1).
3. During sleep the blood flow nearly doubled in patients with normal circulations; no systematic change was seen in patients with intermittent claudication. In patients with severe ischaemia, i.e. having rest pain, the blood flow decreased by approximately 50%.
4. The changes in local blood flow may be due to changes in local sympathetic tone and to changes in local perfusion pressure.
Short-Term Studies on the Use of Glycerol as An Osmotic Agent in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
Authors: Heaton A. , Ward M. K. , Johnston D. G. , Nicholson D. V. , Alberti K. G. M. M. , Kerr D. N. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The use of glycerol as an osmotic agent in two different concentrations (92 mmol/l and 272 mmol/l) in peritoneal dialysis fluid was investigated over 3 days in six patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and compared with two concentrations of glucose (76 mmol/l and 215 mmol/l) in the same patients.
2. The calorific value of the absorbed osmotic agent was lower, by 19% with isotonic and 22% with hypertonic solutions, when glycerol was used in place of glucose. However, glycerol provided significantly lower total ultrafiltration than glucose at each concentration, despite a higher initial osmotic pressure of the glycerol-based solutions. Thus, the higher concentration of glycerol required to provide equal ultrafiltration may offset any calorific advantage.
3. Equilibration of creatinine and urea was slower and creatinine clearance lower with glycerol. Solutions containing glycerol were initially less acid (pH 6.5) than those containing glucose (pH 5.1).
4. Blood glycerol levels, which were in the physiological range with glucose as the osmotic agent, reached a peak 80-fold greater at 4.3 ± 0.8 mmol/l during dialysis with fluid containing glycerol at 272 mmol/l and eightfold higher at 0.42 ± 0.09 mmol/l with glycerol at 92 mmol/l. There was no evidence of haemolysis or other toxic effect despite these levels.
5. The rise in blood glucose and insulin noted during the use of glucose-based solutions was not found with glycerol. Circulating levels of lactate, pyruvate, alanine, non-esterified fatty acids and the ketone bodies were similar with the two agents.
6. Although these short-term studies have shown no conclusive advantage of glycerol over glucose, long-term effects of glycerol, particularly on circulating lipid levels, will determine its future role as an osmotic agent in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Supersensitivity of Benzodiazepine Receptors in Hepatic Encephalopathy Due to Fulminant Hepatic Failure in the Rat: Reversal by a Benzodiazepine Antagonist
Authors: Baraldi M. , Zeneroli M. L. , Ventura E. , Penne A. , Pinelli G. , Ricci P. , Santi M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Benzodiazepine receptors were studied in rats with hepatic encephalopathy due to fulminant hepatic failure induced by galactosamine. [3H]-Diazepam binding studies on brain synaptic membranes of rats with mild and severe encephalopathy show a significant increase in the number of receptors in both stages of coma.
2. [3H]Diazepam binding to synaptic membrane preparations from rats in the mild or severe stage of encephalopathy hyper-responded to the stimulatory effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) applied in vitro at doses which for control rat preparations were in a subthreshold range. The effect of GABA was shown to be specific, since it was blocked by bicuculline methiodide. The sensitivity of benzodiazepine receptors in hepatic encephalopathy to nanomolar concentrations of GABA, which induced a significant increase in their affinity, seems to indicate a functional supersensitivity of benzodiazepine receptors in vivo in both mild and severe stages of encephalopathy.
3. The phenomena described may be attributed to a partial degeneration of nerve terminals in hepatic encephalopathy, leading to a supersensitivity of benzodiazepine receptors, which parallels the previously described denervation supersensitivity of GABA receptors present in this animal model of fulminant hepatic failure. These findings may account for the brain hypersensitivity to sedatives administered to patients with liver diseases.
4. The administration in vivo of a benzodiazepine antagonist, 2-phenylpyrazolo [4,3-c]-quinolin-3(5H)-one, counteracted the hypersensitivity of benzodiazepine receptors in the mild stage of encephalopathy. In fact, electrophysiological studies with visually evoked potential recordings in rats in the mild stage of encephalopathy 30-60 min after the administration of the drug showed a recovery of the wave pattern, and this electrophysiological finding was substantiated by the demonstration that both the number and the affinity of benzodiazepine receptors were strongly reduced.
The effect of Low-Dose Dopamine Infusion on Anterior Pituitary Hormone Secretion in Normal Female Subjects
Authors: Connell J. M. C. , Ball S. G. , Inglis G. C. , Beastall G. H. , Davies D. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of low-dose dopamine infusion on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in a group of seven healthy female subjects is reported. Subjects were infused with NaCl solution (154 mmol/l) (control) or dopamine (0.01 and 0.1 μg min−1 kg−1 for 120 min at each rate) on separate days in the early follicular phase of consecutive menstrual cycles.
2. Serum prolactin decreased during infusion of dopamine at 0.01 μg min−1 kg−1 but a similar fall was found in the control group.
3. When the rate of dopamine infusion was increased to 0.1 μg min−1 kg−1 a further substantial decrease in prolactin concentration occurred, whereas prolactin in the control group showed no change. At the end of the period of dopamine infusion at 0.1 μg min−1 kg−1 serum prolactin remained significantly (P&lt;0.025) lower than in the control group (85 ± 12 vs 180 ± 21 m-units/l).
4. No change in thyrotrophin (TSH), growth hormone (GH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) was seen during either rate of dopamine infusion compared with control.
5. While dopamine infusion at 0.1 μg min−1 kg−1 caused significant inhibition of prolactin secretion in normal female subjects, other pituitary hormone secretion was not affected: it is suggested that under the conditions of this study dopamine in hypophysial portal blood is not of primary importance in the control of basal TSH, GH and LH release.
The rate of Purine Synthesis de nova in Blood Mononuclear Cells in vitro from Patients with Familial Hyperuricaemic Nephropathy
Authors: Macdermot Kay D. , Allsop Jennifer , Watts R. W. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. We have measured the rate of purine synthesis de novo in blood mononuclear cells in vitro and the activities of the purine salvage enzymes [hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; EC 2.4.2.8), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT; EC 2.4.2.7)] and ribosephosphate pyrophosphokinase (PP-ribose-P synthetase;EC 2.7.6.1)] and the concentration of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) in the erythrocytes of affected family members.
2. These subjects belong to families where hyperuricaemia and renal failure occur together early in life, and the genetic transmission follows an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. We term this syndrome, familial hyperuricaemic nephropathy.
3. No significant differences were detected in either the rates of purine synthesis de novo in vitro between the index patients and the control subjects with respect to the enzyme activities or the PP-ribose-P concentrations. Two groups of controls were used, healthy individuals and patients with a comparable degree of renal failure due to non-immune complex renal disease.
4. Mononuclear cells from patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (congenital HPRT deficiency) showed the expected acceleration of purine synthesis de novo in vitro.
5. The accelerated purine synthesis de novo in vitro associated with phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation was detectable by the method used.
6. We conclude that familial hyperuricaemic nephropathy is not due to a metabolic lesion which causes accelerated purine synthesis de novo. This suggests that the primary abnormality may be a failure of the renal tubular net excretion of urate.
Cardiac Output, Oxygen Consumption and Renal Blood Flow in Essential Hypertension
Authors: London G. M. , Safar M. E. , Bouthier J. L. , Gitelman R. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Cardiac output, oxygen consumption, total blood volume and mean circulatory transit time were investigated at rest in men with sustained essential hypertension in comparison with normal subjects of the same age and sex.
2. In normal subjects and in patients with hypertension, oxygen consumption was positively correlated to cardiac output. In hypertensives, the slope of the curve was significantly shallower with an increase in arteriovenous oxygen difference.
3. Oxygen consumption in both populations was negatively correlated with mean circulatory transit time but not with total blood volume.
4. In normal subjects, mean circulatory transit time and arteriovenous oxygen difference were positively correlated. The correlation was not significant in hypertensive patients.
5. The study suggests important abnormalities in the transport and cost of energy in erythrocytes of patients with sustained essential hypertension.
Isolation of Micro- and Macro-Droplet Fractions from Needle Biopsy Specimens of Human Liver and Determination of the Subcellular Distribution of the Accumulating Liver Lipids in Alcoholic Fatty Liver
Authors: Cairns S. R. , Peters T. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Needle biopsy specimens of liver were obtained from six control subjects with histologically normal liver and 11 chronic alcoholics with fatty liver.
2. Micro- and macro-lipid droplet fractions were isolated by differential flotation. These fractions, together with the sedimenting membranes, were assayed for cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, phospholipid, free fatty acids and triglyceride.
3. Electron microscopy demonstrated marked differences in the range of lipid droplet sizes in the two fractions and biochemical analysis suggested that the microdroplet lipid corresponded to pre-very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles.
4. Studies on biopsies from patients with alcoholic fatty liver showed a 2–3-fold increase in triglyceride in both lipid droplet fractions but most of the accumulating triglyceride was sedimentable and membrane-bound.
5. Needle biopsy specimens from two patients with alcoholic fatty liver were fractionated with a vertical pocket re-orientating rotor. The principal organelles were separated and the subcellular distribution of triglyceride, phospholipid and free cholesterol determined. Triglyceride showed a bimodal distribution to a particulate fraction tentatively located to Golgi particles and to droplet-lipid remaining in the sample layer.
Dependence of Urinary Prostaglandin E2 Excretion on Urinary Volume Rather than Solute Handling or Segmental Nephron Function in Man
Authors: Kaojarern Sming , Chennavasin Polavat , Burdette Ann , Campbell William B. , Brater D. Craig 
Published: August 2015

1. Eight normal subjects underwent water loading alone and water loading plus 40 mg of frusemide IV, fluid intake ad libitum alone and fluid intake ad libitum plus frusemide, plus each of the preceding after pretreatment with indomethacin.
2. After frusemide administration, increases in urinary sodium excretion paralleled increases in urinary volume, and urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) excretion correlated closely with sodium excretion (y = 1.03x −0.28; r = 0.940; P&lt;.0001).
3. In the absence of the diuretic, urinary volume varied over a wide range with little change in sodium excretion. Again, urinary PGE2 excretion correlated with urinary sodium excretion (y = 0.12x + 0.05; r = 0.789; P&lt;.002). However, the correlation differed markedly from that observed in the studies with frusemide.
4. Expressing urinary PGE2 excretion as a function of urinary volume for all of the studies resulted in a highly significant correlation (y = 10.7x −0.70; r = 0.975; P&lt;.0001).
5. Multiple and stepwise regression analyses assessing the correlation of urinary PGE2 excretion with urinary flow rate and with indices of function of various nephron segments indicate that the correlation with urinary PGE2 could be predominantly accounted for by urinary volume.
6. We conclude that in the condition of this study in man, urinary PGE2 excretion is a correlate of urinary volume.
Two Different Types of Inactive Renin in Human Plasma: Molecular and Kinetic Properties
Authors: Imamura Yoichi , Hiwada Kunio , Kokubu Tatsuo 
Published: August 2015

1. We separated inactive renin in human plasma into two types, adsorbed and non-adsorbed, by chromatography on a concanavalin A-Sepharose column. About 75% of fresh plasma inactive renin was adsorbed to the column, and the rest passed through it. Non-adsorbed and adsorbed inactive renins were partially purified.
2. Non-adsorbed inactive renin had a molecular weight of 48000 and an isoelectric point of 5.44. Adsorbed inactive renin had a molecular weight of 46000 and isoelectric points of 5.56 and 5.80.
3. After activation with trypsin, both activated inactive renins were similar with respect to molecular weight (45000), thermostability, Km value (0.56 μmol/l) and pH profile. But pI values of both activated inactive renins differed.
4. These results indicate that there exist in human plasma two different types of inactive renin which differ in carbohydrate composition.
Biliary Inter-Relationship between Phospholipid, Bilirubin and Taurocholate in the Anaesthetized Rat
Authors: García-Marín J. J. , Esteller A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The interference between biliary phospholipid and bilirubin secretion was investigated in rats with bile fistulae, under conditions of normal and maximal bilirubin secretion. The enterohepatic circulation of bile salts was interrupted and the animals received infusions of sodium taurocholate, a micelle-forming physiological bile salt.
2. Sodium taurocholate infusion (0.19 μmol min−1 100 g−1 body weight) induced an increase in bile flow and phospholipid secretion, while basal bilirubin secretion was not increased.
3. Bilirubin infusion (0.26 μmol min−1 100 g−1 body weight) induced a decrease in basal and taurocholate-stimulated phospholipid secretion. Biliary mixed micelle formation was presumably altered during bilirubin infusion, although bile taurocholate concentration, taurocholate secretion rate and bile flow were not modified.
4. When sodium taurocholate was infused during bilirubin-decreased phospholipid secretion, this secretion was restored but maximal biliary bilirubin secretion was not increased.
5. These results provide circumstantial evidence for the hypothesis that mixed micelle formation is not an important determinant of maximal bilirubin transport into bile.
Hypophosphataemic Osteomalacia and Myopathy: Studies with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Smith R. , Newman R. J. , Radda G. K. , Stokes M. , Young A. 
Published: August 2015

1. A patient with familial adult-onset hypophosphataemia, whose myopathy was closely related to the plasma phosphate concentration, was investigated by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P n.m.r.) in vivo of the right flexor digitorum superficialis muscle.
2. During hypophosphataemia induced by stopping oral phosphate a significant reduction in measured muscle strength occurred, but the ratios of the intramyocellular levels of phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) remained unchanged at rest. During exercise these levels changed, as did the intramyocellular pH, but they did not differ from the pattern previously recorded in normal subjects.
3. In four adults with inherited infantile-onset hypophosphataemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets, VDRR) without myopathy, the n.m.r. measurements were normal at rest and during exercise.
4. In one patient with inherited hyperphosphataemia (tumoral calcinosis) the resting PCr: Pi ratio was significantly reduced.
Calmodulin Reduces Ouabain-Sensitive Atpase of Cardiac Sarcolemmal Membranes: High Reduction in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Cirillo M. , David-Dufilho M. , Devynck M. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Calmodulin and calcium effects on cardiac ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity were studied in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in their normotensive control Wistar—Kyoto rats (WKY).
2. Cardiac sarcolemmal membranes from SHR showed significantly higher ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity than membranes from WKY rats. This activity was unaffected by calmodulin or calcium alone.
3. However, when both calmodulin and calcium were added, ouabain-sensitive activity was significantly reduced without changes in the total ATPase activity.
4. The calcium-dependent calmodulin effect was dose-dependent and greater in SHR than in WKY membranes.
5. An altered interaction between the calcium-calmodulin system and sodium handling by the plasma membrane in SHR may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Intestinal Absorption of Calcium in Greyhounds: The Response to Intermittent and Continuous Administration of Human Synthetic Parathyroid Hormone Fragment 1–34 (Hpth 1–34)
Authors: Podbesek R. D. , Mawer E. B. , Zanelli G. D. , Parsons J. A. , Reeve J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Long-term studies of gastrointestinal radio-calcium absorption were undertaken in adult greyhounds before and during two treatment regimes with human parathyroid hormone fragment 1–34 (hPTH 1–34). The results were correlated with plasma vitamin D metabolite levels and kinetic indices related to the balance of fluxes of calcium between plasma and the rapidly exchangeable calcium pools of bone.
2. Compared with adult man, results obtained before treatment started showed lower indices of gastrointestinal calcium absorption and considerably higher concentrations of 24-hydroxycalcidiol in the dogs.
3. Daily injections of hPTH 1–34 at 1.7 μg day−1 kg−1 significantly increased indices of radiocalcium absorption and plasma calcitriol concentrations, while only causing transient calcaemic responses. The individual magnitudes of the calcaemic response correlated positively with indices of radiocalcium retention in the exchangeable pools of bone which in turn correlated positively with ‘late-phase’ absorption of radiocalcium from the gut.
4. Subcutaneous infusions of hPTH 1–34 at 0.5 μg day−1 kg−1 to the same dogs were just insufficient to cause hypercalcaemia, but increased plasma calcitriol concentrations. Indices of radiocalcium absorption were not increased.
5. Continuous parathyroid hormone (PTH) infusion is now known to substantially down-regulate renal PTH receptor density, whereas recovery after a brief exposure to PTH occurs within 24 h. It is possible that the differences in response of the gut to the two regimes may in part be related to their differing effects on some PTH receptors.