bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Molecular Dynamics Simulation of High Strain-rate Deformation in Nanocrystalline Silicon Carbide
Authors: Mo Yifei , Szlufarska Izabela 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMulti-million atom molecular dynamics simulations of tensile testing have been performed on nc-SiC. Reduction of grain size promotes simultaneous enhancement of ductility, toughness, and strength. Simulations show that the nc-SiC fails by intergranular fracture preceded by atomic level necking. Atomic diffusion can prevent premature cavitation and failure, and therefore it sets an upper limit on high strain-rate deformations of ceramics. We report a non-diffusional mechanism for suppressing premature cavitation, which is based on unconstrained plastic flow at grain boundaries. In addition, based on the composite's rule of mixture, we estimate Young's modulus of random high-angle grain boundaries in nc-SiC to be about 130 GPa. The effect of temperature and strain rate on mechanical properties is studied.
Эффективный контракт в образовании. По данным статистики и Мониторинга экономики образования
Authors: Schugal Nikolay , Ugolnova Liudmila 
Published: July 2015

Материал подготовлен по данным Института институциональных исследований НИУ ВШЭ и Центра статистики и мониторинга образования Института статистических исследований и экономики знаний НИУ ВШЭУгольнова Людмила Евгеньевна — заместитель начальника отдела по работе с данными Института институциональных исследований НИУ ВШЭ. Эл. адрес: lugolnova@hse.ru Шугаль Николай Борисович — заместитель директора Центра статистики и мониторинга образования Института статистических исследований и экономики знаний НИУ ВШЭ. Эл. адрес: nschugal@hse.ru На основе статистических показателей и данных опросов педагогов и руководителей образовательных учреждений рассматривается эффективность существующего контракта в образовании. Представлена информация об уровне и динамике изменения зарплаты педагогического персонала в образовательных учреждениях разного уровня в сравнении со средней зарплатой по экономике.Исследуются трудовые стратегии и ожидания педагогов разных уровней образовательной системы. Выделены наиболее популярные у педагогов виды подработки, определен размер разрыва между реальным заработком и уровнем зарплаты, необходимым для сосредоточения на основной деятельности. Анализ оценки педагогами размера своего заработка по отношению к уровню зарплаты в аналогичных учреждениях показал, что переход в другое учебное заведение не увеличит их доход. Оценка педагогами уровня своей зарплаты в сравнении с уровнем в организациях других сфер экономики свидетельствует о том, что существующий контракт в образовании не обеспечивает конкурентоспособность положения педагога на рынке труда, при этом отмечается слабое желание педагогов сменить сферу деятельности.Представлены данные об оценке руководителями образовательных учреждений профессионального уровня преподавательского состава, выявлены критерии, на основании которых педагоги оцениваются при приеме на работу и распределении стимулирующих выплат. Определены размер стимулирующих выплат и наиболее распространенные виды доплаты.Установлено, что существующий размер заработка педагогов не соответствует в достаточной степени уровню, при котором руководитель образовательного учреждения может рассчитывать на полную отдачу педагога, а потребители образовательных услуг — на их высокое качество.
Причины и механизмы речевых сбоев на письме (на материале учебно-научных текстов носителей русского языка)
Authors: Akhapkina Yana 
Published: July 2015

Ахапкина Яна Эмильевна — кандидат филологических наук, старший научный сотрудник Лингвистической лаборатории по корпусным технологиям НИУ ВШЭ. Эл. адрес: yana.akhapkina@gmail.com Анализируются долгосрочные и ситуативные причины возникновения отклонений от речевого стандарта в письменной речи носителя языка, создающего учебно-научный текст.Доказывается, что трудности в написании научного текста связаны не только с изменением при переходе из средней школы в высшее учебное заведение предъявляемых к тексту требований, но и со степенью владения навыком осознанного чтения. Утверждается, что истоки незаинтересованного (имитационного) чтения и письма в студенчестве коренятся в школьном и дошкольном детстве. Выделяются стадии формирования языковой личности, рассматриваются факторы, влияющие на становление и развитие читательских компетенций на каждом из этапов, и основные причины, блокирующие интерес к чтению.Подчеркивается значение для формирования навыка осознанного чтения, в частности, сбалансированности художественной и научно-познавательной литературы, а также соразмерность продолжительности и частоты активного чтения и пассивного восприятия аудио- и видеотекстов. Обсуждается зависимость мотивации к осознанному чтению и уровня понимания прочитанного от выбора текста и его самостоятельности.Выделяются признаки учебного текста в представлении школьника и студента, основные из которых — соответствие методическому шаблону, терминологическая избыточность и нагромождение сложных синтаксических конструкций. Описываются основные тенденции, характерные для студенческого круга чтения, а также читательского опыта и опыта письма.Выявляются механизмы типичных аграмматизмов, предлагаются классификация частотных ошибок и некоторые приемы возможного расширения стимульного материала, предполагающие постепенную коррекцию навыков академического письма.
A cena da leitura nas memórias de infância
Authors: Ávila Myriam 
Published: July 2015

<p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>Em suas memórias de infância, os escritores quase sempre inserem uma ou mais cenas contendo sinais, freqüentemente em forma de um livro específico, que pressagiariam sua futura carreira literária, muitas vezes em contraste com um cenário de grande pobreza material e intelectual, ou de discriminação e desvalorização da criança. Esse recurso chega a constituir quase um <em>topos </em>na escrita memorialística e foi estudado por Sylvia Molloy, no memorialismo latino-americano, sob a denominação de “a cena da leitura”. Textos tão distantes quanto os de Tolstói e Oswald de Andrade podem ser explorados desse ponto de vista, suscitando questões sobre filiação intelectual.</p> <p>In their memoirs of childhood, writers often insert one or more scenes that bring out pressages, generally under the sign of a specific book, of their future literary career, frequently against a background of great material and intelectual want, in which the child is overlooked and discriminated. This resource can be said to constitute a <em>topos </em>in the genre and has been investigated by Sylvia Molloy concerning Latin American autobiographic writing, under the concept of “the scene of reading”. Authors as far apart as Oswald de Andrade and Tolstoi can be examined from this perspective, giving rise to reflections on intelectual affiliation.</p>
Geologia da área sudoeste da Folha Airi, Bacia do Jatobá, NE do Brasil
Authors: Cabral Flávia Araújo de Arruda , Neumann Virgínio Henrique 
Published: July 2015

A região mapeada está inserida na Bacia do Jatobá, localizada na porção centro-sul do estado de Pernambuco, possuindo uma área de 250 km2 com as dimensões de 25 km e 10 km de comprimento e largura, respectivamente. A Bacia de Jatobá representa a extremidade setentrional do Sistema Rifte Recôncavo-Tucano-Jatobá cuja origem está relacionada à extensão crustal que fragmentou o Supercontinente Gondwana, dando origem ao Oceano Atlântico (Eoaptiano). A área está inserida entre o Domínio Pernambuco-Alagoas da Província Borborema, onde ocorre um embasamento Paleoproterozoico, referente às unidades Complexo Belém de São Francisco e Suíte Granítica. O preenchimento da Bacia do Jatobá, na área mapeada neste trabalho, compreende unidades da Fase Rifte da Bacia de idade Mesozoica, são elas: Formação Candeias (folhelhos e argilitos intercalados com níveis carbonáticos), Grupo Ilhas (arenitos médios a grossos, às vezes, com níveis conglomeráticos) e Formação São Sebastião (arenitos finos a grossos). Além dos Depósitos Colúvio-Eluviais de idade Cenozoica. Estão apresentados os resultados obtidos através da revisão bibliográfica, dados de campo e estudos petrográficos. Eventos tectônicos que influenciaram o embasamento adjacente da bacia produziram estruturas de interesse nas formações sedimentares estudadas, tais como: fraturas tardias e bandas de deformação. Fósseis de ostracodes foram encontrados na Formação Candeias. Recursos minerais, na área, são representados por extensos depósitos de areias encontrados em toda a porção da área de estudo.
Bolivia: nuevo sistema electoral presidencial y coordinación política de los partidos
Authors: Torrico Mario 
Published: July 2015

El presente artículo analiza los incentivos de los sistemas electorales presidenciales en Bolivia. El sistema que estuvo vigente hasta 2005 impulsó la formación de coaliciones de gobierno con el fin de otorgar al Ejecutivo mayoría en el Congreso. Dichas coaliciones fueron perdiendo la confianza del electorado, el cual desde inicios de los noventa buscó opciones políticas alternativas a los partidos más importantes, dando origen a una insatisfacción social con la democracia que desembocaría en la renuncia de Sánchez de Lozada y, posteriormente, el triunfo de Evo Morales. El nuevo sistema electoral para elegir presidente, contenido en la Constitución aprobada en 2009, incrementa las probabilidades de que el Ejecutivo electo no cuente con mayoría legislativa, escenario que en el pasado ha provocado crisis política y la anticipación de elecciones. En un contexto actual más favorable caracterizado por una mayor satisfacción con la democracia y con los partidos, el reto de éstos es tomar decisiones incluyentes, algo inédito en la política boliviana.Abstract This article analyzes the incentives generated by presidential electoral systems in Bolivia. The system that was in place until 2005 led to the formation of coalition governments that aimed at giving the Executive the majority in Congress. However, these coalitions gradually lost the electorate confidence, and citizens sought alternative political options to major parties from the early nineties on, giving rise to a social dissatisfaction with democracy. This, in turn, led to the resignation of Sánchez de Lozada and, later, to the triumph of Evo Morales. The new electoral system for electing the president, included in the 2009 Constitution, increases the likelihood that the elected government does not have a majority in Congress. Similar situations in the past led to political crisis and anticipation of elections. In a more favorable context characterized by greater satisfaction with democracy and their parties, the challenge is to take decisions inclusively, something unprecedented in Bolivian politics.
The earliest ostracods from the Ordovician of the Prague Basin, Czech Republic
Authors: Lajblová Karolína , Kraft Petr 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The earliest ostracods from the Bohemian Massif (Central European Variscides) have been recorded from the Middle Ordovician of the Prague Basin (Barrandian area), in the upper Klabava Formation, and became an abundant component of fossil assemblages in the overlying Šarka Formation. Both early ostracod associations consist of eight species in total, representing mainly eridostracans, palaeocopids, and binodicopids. The revision, description, or redescription of all species and their distribution in the basin is provided. Their diversification patterns and palaeogeographical relationships to ostracod assemblages from other regions are discussed.
Alteration of mélange-hosted chromitites from Korydallos, Pindos ophiolite complex, Greece: evidence for modification by a residual high-T post-magmatic fluid
Authors: Kapsiotis Argyrios N. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The peridotites from the area of Korydallos, in the Pindos ophiolitic massif, crop out as deformed slices of a rather dismembered sub-oceanic, lithospheric mantle section and are tectonically enclosed within the Avdella melange. The most sizeable block is a chromitite-bearing serpentinite showing a mesh texture. Accessory, subhedral to euhedral Cr-spinels in the serpentinite display Cr# [Cr/(Cr + Al)] values that range from 0.36 to 0.42 and Mg# [Mg/(Mg+ Fe2+ )] values that vary between 0.57 and 0.62, whereas the TiO2 content may be up to 0.47 wt.%. The serpentinite fragment is characterized by low abundances of magmaphile elements (Al2 O3 : 0.66 wt.%, CaO: 0.12 wt.%, Na2 O: 0.08 wt.%, TiO2 : 0.007 wt.%, Sc: 4 ppm) and enrichment in compatible elements (Cr: 2780 ppm and Ni: 2110 ppm). Overall data are in accordance with derivation of the serpentinite exotic block from a dunite that was formed in the mantle region underneath a back-arc basin before tectonic incorporation in the Korydallos melange.
Two compositionally different chromitite pods are recognized in the studied serpentinite fragment, a Cr-rich chromitite and a high-Al chromitite, which have been ascribed to crystallization from a single, progressively differentiating MORB/IAT melt. Although both pods are fully serpentinized only the Al-rich one shows signs of limited Cr-spinel replacement by an opaque spinel phase and clinochlore across grain boundaries and fractures. Modification of the ore-making Cr-spinel is uneven among the Al-rich chromitite specimens. Textural features such as olivine replacement by clinochlore and clinochlore disruption by serpentine indicate that Cr-spinel alteration is not apparently related to serpentinization. From the unaltered Cr-spinel cores to their reworked boundaries the Al2 O3 and MgO abundances decrease, being mainly compensated by FeOt and Cr2 O3 increases. Such compositional variations are suggestive of restricted ferrian chromite (and minor magnetite) substitution for Cr-spinel during a short-lived but relatively intense, low amphibolite facies metamorphic episode (temperature: 400-700 °C). The presence of tremolite and clinochlore in the interstitial groundmass of the high-Al chromitite and their absence from the Cr-rich chromitite matrix imply that after chromitite formation a small volume of a high temperature, post-magmatic fluid reacted with Cr-spinel, triggering its alteration.
Long-term results of endoscopic third ventriculostomy: an outcome analysis
Authors: Vulcu Sonja , Eickele Leonie , Cinalli Giuseppe , Wagner Wolfgang , Oertel Joachim 
Published: July 2015

OBJECT
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is the procedure of choice in the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus. The excellent clinical and radiological success rates are well known. Nevertheless, very few papers have addressed the very long term outcomes of the procedure in very large series. The authors present a large case series of 113 patients who underwent 126 ETVs, and they highlight the initial postoperative outcome after 3 months and long-term follow-up with an average of 7 years.

METHODS
All patients who underwent ETV at the Department of Neurosurgery, Mainz University Hospital, between 1993 and 1999 were evaluated. Obstructive hydrocephalus was the causative pathology in all cases.

RESULTS
The initial clinical success rate was 82% and decreased slightly to 78% during long-term follow-up. Long-term success was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Overall, ETV failed in 31 patients. These patients underwent a second ETV or shunt treatment. A positive impact on long-term success was seen for age older than 6 months, and for obstruction due to cysts or benign aqueductal stenosis. The complication rate was 9% with 5 intraoperative and 5 postoperative events.

CONCLUSIONS
The high clinical success rate in short-term and long-term follow-up confirms ETV’s status as the gold standard for the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus, especially for distinct pathologies. The patient’s age and underlying pathology may influence the outcome. These factors should be considered carefully preoperatively by the surgeon.
Post-carotid endarterectomy changes in cerebral glucose metabolism on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography associated with postoperative improvement or impairment in cognitive function
Authors: Yoshida Koji , Ogasawara Kuniaki , Saura Hiroaki , Saito Hideo , Kobayashi Masakazu , Yoshida Kenji , Terasaki Kazunori , Fujiwara Shunrou , Ogawa Akira 
Published: July 2015

OBJECT
Cognitive function is often improved or impaired after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for patients with cerebral hemodynamic impairment. Cerebral glucose metabolism measured using positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) correlates with cognitive function in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. The present study aimed to determine whether postoperative changes in cerebral glucose metabolism are associated with cognitive changes after CEA.

METHODS
In patients who were scheduled to undergo CEA for ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis (≥ 70% narrowing), cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to acetazolamide were assessed preoperatively using brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). CBF measurement using SPECT was also performed immediately after CEA. For patients with reduced preoperative CVR to acetazolamide in the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to surgery, cerebral glucose metabolism was assessed using FDG-PET before surgery and 3 months after surgery and was analyzed using 3D stereotactic surface projection. Neuropsychological testing was also performed preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively.

RESULTS
Twenty-two patients with reduced preoperative CVR to acetazolamide successfully underwent FDG-PET studies and neuropsychological testing before and after CEA. Seven, 9, and 6 patients were defined as showing improved, unchanged, and impaired postoperative cognition, respectively, based on the neuropsychological assessments. The cortical area with increased postoperative glucose metabolism was greater in patients with improved postoperative cognition than in those with unchanged (p < 0.001) or impaired (p < 0.001) postoperative cognition. The cortical area with decreased postoperative glucose metabolism was greater in patients with impaired postoperative cognition than in those with improved (p < 0.001) or unchanged (p < 0.001) postoperative cognition. All 7 patients with improved cognition exhibited postoperative hemispheric increases in glucose metabolism, while 5 of the 6 patients with impaired cognition exhibited postoperative hemispheric decreases in glucose metabolism. Brain perfusion SPECT revealed that the latter 6 patients experienced postoperative cerebral hyperperfusion, and 2 of the 6 patients exhibited cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. The cortical area with decreased postoperative glucose metabolism in these 2 patients was greater than that in other patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Postoperative changes in cerebral glucose metabolism, as measured using FDG-PET, are associated with cognitive improvement and impairment after CEA.
Contemporary carotid imaging: from degree of stenosis to plaque vulnerability
Authors: Brinjikji Waleed , Huston John , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Kim Gyeong-Moon , Lerman Amir , Lanzino Giuseppe 
Published: July 2015

Carotid artery stenosis is a well-established risk factor of ischemic stroke, contributing to up to 10%-20% of strokes or transient ischemic attacks. Many clinical trials over the last 20 years have used measurements of carotid artery stenosis as a means to risk stratify patients. However, with improvements in vascular imaging techniques such as CT angiography and MR angiography, ultrasonography, and PET/CT, it is now possible to risk stratify patients, not just on the degree of carotid artery stenosis but also on how vulnerable the plaque is to rupture, resulting in ischemic stroke. These imaging techniques are ushering in an emerging paradigm shift that allows for risk stratifications based on the presence of imaging features such as intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH), plaque ulceration, plaque neovascularity, fibrous cap thickness, and presence of a lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC). It is important for the neurosurgeon to be aware of these new imaging techniques that allow for improved patient risk stratification and outcomes. For example, a patient with a low-grade stenosis but an ulcerated plaque may benefit more from a revascularization procedure than a patient with a stable 70% asymptomatic stenosis with a thick fibrous cap.
This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art advances in carotid plaque imaging. Currently, MRI is the gold standard in carotid plaque imaging, with its high resolution and high sensitivity for identifying IPH, ulceration, LRNC, and inflammation. However, MRI is limited due to time constraints. CT also allows for high-resolution imaging and can accurately detect ulceration and calcification, but cannot reliably differentiate LRNC from IPH. PET/CT is an effective technique to identify active inflammation within the plaque, but it does not allow for assessment of anatomy, ulceration, IPH, or LRNC. Ultrasonography, with the aid of contrast enhancement, is a cost-effective technique to assess plaque morphology and characteristics, but it is limited in sensitivity and specificity for detecting LRNC, plaque hemorrhage, and ulceration compared with MRI.
Also summarized is how these advanced imaging techniques are being used in clinical practice to risk stratify patients with low- and high-grade carotid artery stenosis. For example, identification of IPH on MRI in patients with low-grade carotid artery stenosis is a risk factor for failure of medical therapy, and studies have shown that such patients may fair better with carotid endarterectomy (CEA). MR plaque imaging has also been found to be useful in identifying revascularization candidates who would be better candidates for CEA than carotid artery stenting (CAS), as high intraplaque signal on time of flight imaging is associated with vulnerable plaque and increased rates of adverse events in patients undergoing CAS but not CEA.