bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly reliable passivation layer for a-InGaZnO thin-film transistors fabricated using polysilsesquioxane
Authors: Bermundo Juan Paolo , Ishikawa Yasuaki , Yamazaki Haruka , Nonaka Toshiaki , Uraoka Yukiharu 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTPolysilsesquioxane passivation layers were used to passivate bottom gate a-InGaZnO (a-IGZO) thin film transistors (TFT). The a-IGZO TFTs passivated with polysilsesquioxane showed highly stable behavior during positive bias stress, negative bias stress, and negative bias illumination stress. A voltage threshold shift of up to 0.1 V, less than -0.1 V and -2.3 V for positive bias stress, negative bias stress, and negative bias illumination stress, respectively. We also report the effect of reactive ion etching (RIE) on the electrical characteristics of a-InGaZnO (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFT) passivated with the polysilsesquioxane-based passivation layers. We show how post-annealing treatment using two different atmosphere conditions: under O2 ambient and combination of N2 and O2 ambient (20% O2), can be performed to recover the initial characteristics. Furthermore, we present a highly stable novel polysilsesquioxane photosensitive passivation material that can be used to completely circumvent the reactive ion etching effects.
Clinical Outcomes of Using Lasers for Peri‐Implantitis Surface Detoxification: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Mailoa James , Lin Guo‐Hao , Chan Hsun‐Liang , MacEachern Mark , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: January 2014

The aim of this systematic review is to compare the clinical outcomes of lasers with other commonly applied detoxification methods for treating peri‐implantitis. An electronic search of four databases and a hand search of peer‐reviewed journals for relevant articles were conducted. Comparative human clinical trials and case series with ≥6 months of follow‐up in ≥10 patients with peri‐implantitis treated with lasers were included. Additionally, animal studies applying lasers for treating peri‐implantitis were also included. The included studies had to report probing depth (PD) reduction after the therapy.Results: Seven human prospective clinical trials and two animal studies were included. In four and three human studies, lasers were accompanied with surgical and non‐surgical treatments, respectively. The meta‐analyses showed an overall weighted mean difference of 0.00 mm (95% confidence interval = −0.18 to 0.19 mm) PD reduction between the laser and conventional treatment groups (P = 0.98) for non‐surgical intervention. In animal studies, laser‐treated rough‐surface implants had a higher percentage of bone‐to‐implant contact than smooth‐surface implants. In a short‐term follow‐up, lasers resulted in similar PD reduction when compared with conventional implant surface decontamination methods.
Investor Horizon and CEO Horizon Incentives
Authors: Cadman Brian , Sunder Jayanthi 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT:
We examine the relation between shareholder investment horizon and chief executive officer (CEO) horizon incentives derived from compensation contracts. We find that influential incumbent shareholders provide managers with short-horizon incentives to maximize current firm value when these shareholders plan to sell their stock. Specifically, we use the initial public offering (IPO) setting in which venture capitalists (VCs) represent short-horizon, controlling investors with strong selling incentives after the IPO. We predict and find that VCs' short-term incentives influence CEO's annual horizon incentives following the IPO. At the same time, institutional monitoring limits the influence of VCs on annual, short-horizon incentives. To preempt this disciplining by market participants, VCs grant equity prior to the IPO that correspond with their short-horizons and result in shorter portfolio horizon incentives for the CEO after the IPO. We also document a positive relation between long-run abnormal stock returns and horizon incentives, consistent with horizon incentives influencing management actions.
Data Availability: All data are publicly available from the sources indicated in the paper.
The Impact of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on IPOs in Global Capital Markets
Authors: Hong Hyun A. , Hung Mingyi , Lobo Gerald J. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT:
This study examines the impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on IPO underpricing and the relative amount of IPO capital raised in foreign markets. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find a decrease in IPO underpricing and an increase in the relative proceeds from foreign markets following mandatory IFRS adoption. We also find that mandatory IFRS adoption has a greater impact on IPO underpricing and relative foreign proceeds for firms in countries with a larger number of accounting changes, and this relation is more pronounced among firms in countries with stronger implementation credibility. In addition, we find that the decrease in underpricing associated with mandatory IFRS adoption holds for both domestic IPOs and global IPOs, and this effect is more pronounced for global IPOs than for domestic IPOs. Overall, our study contributes to the literature by documenting the impact of changes in financial accounting standards on IPO underpricing and capital market globalization.
Evaluating Proposed Remedies for Credit Rating Agency Failures
Authors: Jollineau S. Jane , Tanlu Lloyd J. , Winn Amanda 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT:
Regulators and the financial press have criticized credit rating agencies (CRAs) for exacerbating the financial crisis by providing overly optimistic debt ratings. Allegedly, CRAs departed from their quantitative models in order to please security issuers with higher credit ratings. In response, the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 required the Securities and Exchange Commission to conduct a study on alternative models for compensating CRAs. We conduct an experiment exploring how the credit ratings of M.B.A. students, who assume the role of credit rating analysts, are affected by two proposals for reform: (1) changing who pays the CRAs, and (2) requiring analysts to justify departures from a quantitative model. We find that credit ratings are highest when the borrower pays CRAs for ratings and a justification requirement is not in place. Implementing either proposed reform independently reduces credit ratings, but credit ratings are not further reduced when both reforms are implemented together.
Data Availability: Data are available from the authors upon request.
Evaluation of blood cardiac troponin I concentrations obtained with a cage-side analyzer to differentiate cats with cardiac and noncardiac causes of dyspnea
Authors: Wells Scott M. , Shofer Frances S. , Walters Patricia C. , Stamoulis Mark E. , Cole Steven G. , Sleeper Meg M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether measurement of blood cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations with a cage-side analyzer could be used to differentiate cardiac from noncardiac causes of dyspnea in cats.
Design—Prospective, multicenter study.
Animals—44 client-owned cats with dyspnea and 37 healthy staff-owned cats.
Procedures—Affected cats were examined because of dyspnea; treatment was administered in accordance with the attending clinician's discretion. Cats were judged to have a cardiac or noncardiac cause of dyspnea on the basis of results of physical examination, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography. Blood cTnI concentrations were determined with a cage-side analyzer on samples collected within 12 hours after admission of affected cats. Concentrations for healthy cats were obtained for comparison.
Results—5 enrolled cats were excluded from the study because of concurrent cardiac and respiratory disease. Of the remaining 39 cats with dyspnea, 25 had a cardiac cause and 14 had a noncardiac cause. The 25 cats with a cardiac cause of dyspnea had a significantly higher blood cTnI concentration than did the 37 healthy cats or the 14 cats with a noncardiac cause of dyspnea.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Measurement of cTnI concentrations with a cage-side assay in emergency settings may be useful for differentiating cardiac from noncardiac causes of dyspnea in cats.
Evaluation of application of a carpal brace as a treatment for carpal ligament instability in dogs: 14 cases (2008–2011)
Authors: Tomlinson Julia E. , Manfredi Jane M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether carpal brace application is a viable treatment for dogs with unilateral carpal ligament instability.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—14 client-owned athletic dogs.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs treated with a brace for unilateral carpal valgus or varus instability between August 2008 and August 2011. Treatment included passive motion and isometric strengthening exercises during brace application.
Results—Of the 14 dogs, 11 were considered to have returned to normal function; 11 of 12 dogs returned to agility competition. Carpal measurements before treatment indicated the affected limb had significantly greater valgus measurements (median, 30°; range, 30° to 35°), significantly greater varus measurements (median, 15°; range, 15° to 25°), and significantly less flexion (median, 37.5°; range, 30° to 45°), compared with results for the contralateral carpus. Long-term monitoring revealed no differences in measurements between affected and contralateral limbs. Valgus measurements of the affected carpus at brace removal (median, 15°; range, 15° to 20°) and at the end of long-term monitoring (median, 15°; range, 15° to 20°) were significantly lower than measurements before treatment (median, 30°; range, 30° to 35°). Dogs had significantly lower lameness scores (assessed on a scale of 0 to 5) at brace removal (median, 0; range, 0) and at the end of monitoring (median, 0; range, 0 to 2), compared with scores before treatment (median, 3; range, 1 to 3).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Application of a carpal brace resulted in improved stability and resolution or reduction in lameness in dogs with carpal ligament instability.
Presumed solitary intraocular or conjunctival lymphoma in dogs and cats: 9 cases (1985–2013)
Authors: Wiggans K. Tomo , Skorupski Katherine A. , Reilly Christopher M. , Frazier Sara A. , Dubielzig Richard R. , Maggs David J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine prevalence, reason for evaluation, treatment, and outcome for dogs and cats with presumed solitary ocular lymphoma (PSOL).
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—7 dogs and 2 cats with PSOL.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed. Progression-free survival time (PFST) and overall survival time (OST) were determined.
Results—Animals with intraocular (4 dogs and 1 cat) or conjunctival (3 dogs and 1 cat) lymphoma represented 0.1% and 0.08% of patients with lymphoma evaluated at the hospital during the study period, respectively. Animals with intraocular lymphoma represented 0.19% of all patients with uveitis; animals with conjunctival lymphoma represented 0.16% of all patients with conjunctivitis. Tumors included B-cell (2 intraocular and 1 conjunctival), non–B-cell, non–T-cell (1 intraocular), and T-cell (3 conjunctival) neoplasms; immunophenotype of 2 uveal lymphomas was not determined. Treatments included enucleation (4 intraocular) and chemotherapy (3 intraocular and 2 conjunctival). All dogs with intraocular lymphoma developed neurologic signs. Lymph node metastasis was detected in 2 patients with conjunctival lymphoma. Median PFST and OST were 178 days for all animals with PSOL, dogs with PSOL, and animals with intraocular lymphoma. Median PFST and OST for animals with conjunctival lymphoma were 221 and 549 days, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated PSOL was uncommon, but should be considered a differential diagnosis for animals with uveitis or conjunctivitis. Performance of MRI and cytologic analysis of CSF and regional lymph node aspirate samples may be beneficial for such patients. Prognosis seemed to be better for animals with conjunctival lymphoma than it was for those with intraocular lymphoma.
Transmission Measurements as Tool to Study Phase Transitions of Liquid Mixtures
Authors: Laupheimer Michaela , Stubenrauch Cosima 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe present a quantitative method to determine the phase transition temperatures between one-phase and two-phase regions of multi-component liquid mixtures via temperature-dependent transmission measurements with an UV/Vis spectrometer. The method is based on the fact that multi-phase samples are turbid, while one-phase samples are transparent. We describe the method in detail and discuss the choice of the experimental parameters (wavelength, sample layer thickness), a suitable temperature program as well as the data analysis. We prove the validity of our method by measuring the phase diagrams of two model systems, namely a liquid and a gelled microemulsion. The results are in good agreement with those obtained with the conventional visual method used for phase studies.
Synthesis and Surface Active Properties of Dimeric Gemini Sulfonate Surfactants
Authors: Zhao Jinzhou , Zhou Ming , Wang Xu , Yang Yan 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Dimeric Gemini sulfonate surfactants 1,2-di-(2-oxoypropyl sulfonate-3-alkylether- propoxy) ethane were prepared by the reaction of ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether with long-chain alcohols, followed by sulfonation with 1,3-propane sultone. Ethylene glycol ether was synthesized by the reaction of epichlorohydrin with ethylene glycol. The chemical structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR and elementary analysis. With the increasing length of the carbon chain, the values of their CMC initially decreased. The longer alkyl chain is, the higher melting point is. The Krafft point of Gemini sulfonate surfactants was below 0°C and they had good water solubility. These compounds were superior in surface active properties to general sulfonate surfactants SDS. The efficiency of adsorption at the water/air interface (pC20) of these surfactants was very high. Their foaming properties and wetting ability toward a felt chip, and lime-soap dispersing ability were investigated.
Efficiency Boosting in Technical Grade Sugar Surfactant Based Microemulsions Using Pluronics
Authors: Hoehn Sebastian , Schulreich Christoph , Hellweg Thomas 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The high amount of surfactant needed to formulate a bicontinuous microemulsion is a limiting factor for industrial usage of these systems. Commercially available triblock copolymers can be obtained in high amounts. Here, we show the influence of size and composition of different poly(ethyleneoxide)-poly(propyleneoxide)-poly(ethyleneoxide) triblock copolymer surfactants (Pluronics) on a technical grade sugar surfactant microemulsion. The so-called efficiency boosting can also be realized in such technical grade systems. The resulting efficiency boosting is studied systematically with regard to the impact of the polymer size and the composition of the system.
Study of Surfactant (Benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium Chloride) Effect on Selected Properties of Hydrogels
Authors: Herdová Petra , Vitková Zuzana , Oremusová Jarmila 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper aims to provide analysis of the influences of concentration changes of the surfactant – benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride in hydrogels on their liberation, rheological, association and solubility properties. The hydrogels contained constant amounts of the gel-creating basis (polymer chitosan – 2.5 % w/w), the drug (chlorhexidine dihydrochloride – 0.1 % w/w) and the surfactant, which was used as an enhancer (0.005 – 0.05 % w/w). The highest value of the released drug corresponded to the highest surfactant concentration in the hydrogel. Critical micelle concentration and thermodynamic parameters, molar Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of micellization were calculated. A linear increase of the surfactant amounts in hydrogels caused a non-linear increase of the cloud point. The appearance of the surfactant's associates in hydrogels influenced both their liberation and rheological properties.
Physicochemical Properties of Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants with Hydroxyethyl Groups
Authors: Wang Ruitao , Li Yunling , Li Qiuxiao 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Two cationic quaternary ammonium surfactants with hydroxyethyl groups, dodecyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-dimethylammonium chloride (DHDAC), and dodecyl-di(2-hydroxyethyl)-methylammonium chloride (DHHAC) were synthesized. Their physicochemical properties were investigated systematically by surface tension and conductivity measurements. Various physicochemical parameters were calculated to evaluate the surface activities of these surfactants. The results show that the surface activity increases with increasing the number of hydroxyethyl groups on hydrophilic groups of surfactants. The degrees of counterion binding to micelles of these surfactants were also discussed. The thermodynamic parameters obtained from electric conductivity measurements show that the micelle formation of DHHAC is entropy-driven in the temperature range investigated. However, it is enthalpy-driven for DHDAC.
Removal of Basic Red 5 on Calcined Kaolinite – Characterization and Adsorption Kinetics
Authors: Alam Sultan , Amin Noor-ul , Bangash F. K. , Ali Mohammad 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Indigenous kaolin was collected from Swat district and then activated. The samples were characterized by BET surface area, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS, TGA/DTA, zeta potential and particle size analysis. Adsorption of basic red 5 on each sample was studied by adsorption kinetics at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C. The residual concentration of the dye was determined by using UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The removal of basic red 5 from water solution was studied with respect to dye concentrations and equilibration time. Adsorption kinetics on kaolinite surface were analyzed by using parabolic diffusion, Elovich and Bangham models. Thermodynamic parameters like ΔE#, ΔH# and ΔS# were calculated from the adsorption kinetics data. The results show that the adsorption is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The negative value of entropy shows that the dye molecules take a proper position on the surface.
Entwicklungslinien für das Management alpiner Naturgefahren im Klimawandel (Essay)
Authors: Pukall Klaus , Kruse Sylvia 
Published: January 2014

Direction for the management of alpine hazards in times of climate change (essay)
Adapting to climate change means not only having to consider changing climate parameters but also to actively deal with societal change. Natural hazard management must therefore get involved in regional deliberation processes regarding future societal developments and consider these developments during the planning process.
Le logement : une crise durable ?
Authors: Kesteman Nadia 
Published: January 2014

Housing : a long-term crisis ?
France''s current housing crisis appears to be here to stay, and is affecting housing prices and supply. The purpose of this article is to present the generally-accepted causes for this crisis, based on analysis of academic literature on the subject. Several factors contribute to the current situation. On the housing demand side, demographic factors are a structural cause. Population growth and the increasing number of households are creating growing tensions in local housing markets, affecting both sales and rentals. Meanwhile, on the supply side, land, investment and tax policies have had inflationary effects and led to properties being retained without improving the supply of rental properties in the places where there is the greatest need. Finally, personal housing benefits are allowing ever fewer renters to make ends meet.
La réforme du logement : l’opinion des conseils consultatifs à l’épreuve de la réalité politique aux Pays-Bas
Authors: Boelhouwer Peter , Priemus Hugo 
Published: January 2014

Housing reform : advisory board opinions come up against political realities in the Netherlands
This article studies the way in which the world of politics is responding to the urgent need to reform the housing market in the Netherlands -a need acknowledged by more or less everyone -and examines the effectiveness and influence of university research and its recommendations on the political decision-making process. For reasons connected to the operation of the ruling political coalition, the Dutch government almost completely ignores the recommendations made by several advisory bodies, which suggest undertaking a substantial reform of the housing system in the Netherlands. Even though experts and interest groups are unanimous in the view that the existing housing system must be radically reformed, political considerations within the Netherlands'' ruling coalition apparently hold more weight when it comes to housing policy at present. It would therefore appear that, in recent years, researchers and their recommendations have had hardly any influence on the political decision-making process. This article attempts to understand the gulf separating university research from the political decisionmaking process on Dutch housing policy. Housing reform : advisory board opinions come up against political realities in the Netherlands
Ten polymorphic microsatellite primers in the tropical tree caimito, Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae)
Authors: Petersen Jennifer J. , Parker Ingrid M. , Potter Daniel 
Published: January 2014

• Premise of the study: We developed microsatellite primers for the tropical tree Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae) to determine the native range of the species, investigate the origin of cultivated populations, and examine the partitioning of genetic diversity in wild and cultivated populations.• Methods and Results: We developed 10 polymorphic primers from C. cainito genomic DNA libraries enriched for di‐, tri‐, and tetranucleotide repeat motifs. The loci amplified were polymorphic in samples collected from Jamaica and Panama. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 10 and three to 12, while observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.074 to 0.704 and 0.407 to 0.852 in Jamaica and Panama, respectively.• Conclusions: The microsatellite primers will be useful in future population genetic studies as well as those aimed at understanding the geographic origin(s) of wild and cultivated populations.
Introduction. Grand Paris : projet pour une métropole globale
Authors: Bourdeau-Lepage Lise 
Published: January 2014

Depuis environ une dizaine d’année le débat sur le développement et l’aménagement de l’Île-de-France s’incarne autour de l’expression « Grand Paris ». Au-delà des controverses politiques et scientifiques sur l’avenir de la région capitale, trois enjeux majeurs, fortement liés, ont émergé. Il s’agit du développement économique et de la place de Paris dans le monde (Section 2), de la justice socio-spatiale et de la qualité de vie (Section 3) et de la gouvernance (Section 4), autant de clefs pour comprendre les projets et les évolutions en cours en région Île-de-France. L’objectif de ce papier, qui introduit le numéro spécial « Grand Paris », est d’alimenter une réflexion scientifique en explorant chacun de ces enjeux, à partir des principaux faits stylisés et du raisonnement sous-jacent des parties prenantes, tout en soulignant l’apport original des différents articles qui composent ce numéro.