bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roughness effects on the Reynolds stress budgets in near-wall turbulence
Authors: Yuan Junlin , Piomelli Ugo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe physics of the roughness sublayer are studied by direct numerical simulations (DNS) of an open-channel flow with sandgrain roughness. A double-averaging (DA) approach is used to separate the spatial variations of the time-averaged quantities and the turbulent fluctuations. The spatial inhomogeneity of velocity and Reynolds stresses results in an additional production term for the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) – the ‘wake production’; it is the excess wake kinetic energy (WKE), generated from the work of mean flow against the form drag, that is not directly dissipated into heat, but instead converted into turbulence. The wake production promotes wall-normal turbulent fluctuations and increases the pressure work, which ultimately leads to more homogeneous turbulence in the roughness sublayer, and to the increase of Reynolds shear stress and the drag on the rough wall. In the fully rough regime, roughness directly affects the generation of the wall-normal fluctuations, while in the transitionally rough regime, the region affected by roughness is separated from the region of intense generation of these fluctuations. The budget of the WKE and the connection between the wake and the turbulence suggest strong interactions between the roughness sublayer and the outer layer that are insensitive to the variation of the outer-layer conditions. Furthermore, the present results may have implications for the relationship between the roughness geometry and the flow dynamics in the region directly affected by roughness.
Expert Opinion and Bordeaux Wine Prices: An Attempt to Correct Biases in Subjective Judgments
Authors: Cardebat Jean-Marie , Figuet Jean-Marc , Paroissien Emmanuel 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to assess the role of expert opinion on the pricing of Bordeaux wines. To this end, we compile an original dataset including (1) retail prices, (2) scores attributed to wines from France, Spain, and the United States by nine experts from 2000 to 2010, and (3) the meteorological conditions under which the grapes were produced. With this dataset, we aim to determine the presence of bias rooted in the subjectivity of the experts. We assume that the expert wine scores have two main components: (1) an objective one that is driven by the fundamentals of wine production (the quality of soil, producers' skills, and climate conditions) and (2) a subjective one that is determined by the individual opinion of the experts. We use control function techniques to compare the respective impacts of these two factors and find that prices are influenced more deeply by the fundamental quality of the wine than they are by the judge's subjectivity. Furthermore, we notice the great impact of “highest ratings” on pricing, which we interpret as a “marketing effect”: the most favorable score is likely to be the most publicized, which influences the price of the respective wine. (JEL Classifications: C21, D89, L15)
Look at the gato! Code-switching in speech to toddlers
Authors: BAIL AMELIE , MORINI GIOVANNA , NEWMAN ROCHELLE S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe examined code-switching (CS) in the speech of twenty-four bilingual caregivers when speaking with their 18- to 24-month-old children. All parents CS at least once in a short play session, and some code-switched quite often (over 1/3 of utterances). This CS included both inter-sentential and intra-sentential switches, suggesting that at least some children are frequently exposed to mixed-language sentences. However, we found no evidence that this exposure to CS had any detrimental effect on children's word learning: children's overall vocabulary size did not relate to parental inter-sentential CS behavior, and was positively related to within-sentence CS. Parents often repeated words across their two languages, but this did not appear to increase the likelihood of children having translation equivalents in their vocabulary. In short, parents appear to CS fairly often to young children, even within sentences, but there is no evidence that this delays child lexical acquisition.
A systematic review of prescribing criteria to evaluate appropriateness of medications in frail older people
Authors: Poudel A , Peel NM , Mitchell C , Nissen LM , Hubbard RE 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThis study systematically reviews the published literature regarding inappropriate prescribing in frail individuals aged at least 65 years. Twenty-five of 466 identified studies met the inclusion criteria. All papers measured some surrogate indicators of frailty, such as performance-based tests, cognitive function and functional dependency. Beers criteria were used in 20 studies (74%) to evaluate inappropriate medication use and 36% (9/25) studies used more than one criterion. The prevalence of inappropriate medications ranged widely from 11 to 92%. Only a few studies reported the relationship between potentially inappropriate medication use and surrogate measures of frailty. These diverse findings indicate the need for a standardized measure for assessing appropriateness of medication in frail older individuals. Prescribing tools should address both medication and patient-related factors such as life expectancy and functional status to minimize inappropriate prescribing in frail individuals.
Efficacy, safety and regulatory status of SGLT2 inhibitors: focus on canagliflozin
Authors: Haas B , Eckstein N , Pfeifer V , Mayer P , Hass M D S 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPrevalence of diabetes mellitus is inc6reasing, with a burden of 382 million patients worldwide at present (more than the entire US population). The International Diabetes Federation anticipates an increase up to 592 million patients by 2035. Another major problem arises from the fact that just 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at target glycaemic control with currently available medications. Therefore, a clear need for new therapies that aim to optimize glycaemic control becomes evident. Renal sodium-linked glucose transporter 2 inhibitors are new antidiabetic drugs with an insulin-independent mechanism of action. They pose one remarkable advantage compared with already established antidiabetics: increasing urinary glucose excretion without inducing hypoglycaemia, thereby promoting body weight reduction due to loss of ~300 kcal per day. This review focuses on canagliflozin, which was the first successful compound of this class to be approved by both the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency in 2013. Clinical trials showed promising results: enhancing glycaemic control was paralleled by reducing body weight and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Nevertheless, some safety concerns remain, such as genital mycotic infections, urinary tract infections and cardiovascular risks in vulnerable patients, which will be closely monitored in several post-authorization safety studies.
Effect of supersaturation on hillock of directional Growth of KDP crystals
Authors: Liu Fa-Fu , Yu Guang-Wei , Zhang Li-Song , Li Liang , Wang Bo , Gan Xiao-Yu , Ren Hong-Kai , Zhou Hai-Liang , Zhu Li-Li , Ji Shao-Hua , Xu Ming-Xia , Liu Bao-An , Xu Xin-Guang , Gu Qing-Tian , Sun Xun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractKDP single crystals were grown in aqueous solution by using “point seeds” with a defined crystallographic direction of 59° to the Z axis. When hillock slopes on the (100) face of KDP crystals were measured within the supersaturation (σ) range of 0 < σ ≤ 0.06, the slope of hillocks with hollow cores depended nonlinearly on supersaturation. Below σ = 0.02, the hillock slope depended on supersaturation, but when σ was ≥ 0.02, the hillock slope increased more gradually and was less dependent on supersaturation. Hollow funnel-shaped growth dislocation on the (100) face of KDP crystals was observed at σ = 0.04, characterized by large holes with micro-steps and step bunching inside, the formation of which were analyzed. The result verified that the reversed growth appears to occur within hollow channels found on growth hillocks.
E. colipopulations in unpredictably fluctuating environments evolve to face novel stresses through enhanced efflux activity
Authors: Karve Shraddha Madhav , Daniel Sachit , Chavhan Yashraj Deepak , Anand Abhishek , Kharola Somendra Singh , Dey Sutirth 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThere is considerable understanding about how laboratory populations respond to predictable (constant or deteriorating-environment) selection for single environmental variables like temperature or pH. However, such insights may not apply when selection environments comprise multiple variables that fluctuate unpredictably, as is common in nature. To address this issue, we grew replicate laboratory populations ofE. coliin nutrient broth whose pH and concentrations of salt (NaCl) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were randomly changed daily. After ∼170 generations, the fitness of the selected populations had not increased in any of the three selection environments. However, these selected populations had significantly greater fitness in four novel environments which have no known fitness-correlation with tolerance to pH, NaCl or H2O2. Interestingly, contrary to expectations, hypermutators did not evolve. Instead, the selected populations evolved an increased ability for energy dependent efflux activity that might enable them to throw out toxins, including antibiotics, from the cell at a faster rate. This provides an alternate mechanism for how evolvability can evolve in bacteria and potentially lead to broad spectrum antibiotic resistance, even in the absence of prior antibiotic exposure. Given that environmental variability is increasing in nature, this might have serious consequences for public-health.
A concept of walking robot for humanitarian demining
Authors: Doroftei Ioan , Baudoin Yvan 
Published: November 2014

PurposeAt present, more than 100 million undetonated landmines left over from wars remain buried worldwide. These mines kill or injure approximately 3,000 individuals each year (80 persons per day), most of them civilians. They represent a particularly acute problem in developing countries and nations already economically hard hit by war. The problem of unexploded mines has become a serious international issue, with many people striving to find a solution. The purpose of this paper is to examine the requirements of the robotic systems for humanitarian demining purposes. It will discuss a hexapod walking robot developed at the Royal Military Academy of Brussels in collaboration with the Free University of Brussels, Belgium, in the framework of the Humanitarian Demining Project (HUDEM).Design/methodology/approachConsiderations for the design of the walking robot according to the humanitarian demining requirements are discussed in detail.FindingsA successful walking robot design for demining purposes must consider functional requirements relevant to this difficult application. The principal requirements are mentioned in this paper.Originality/valueThis paper is the result of the research of the HUDEM project team and it is of value to engineers and researchers developing robotic systems for humanitarian demining purposes.
Complete coverage path planning of mobile robots for humanitarian demining
Authors: Đakulovic Marija , Petrovic Ivan 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a path planning algorithm for a non‐circular shaped mobile robot to autonomously navigate in an unknown area for humanitarian demining. For that purpose the path planning problem comes down to planning a path from some starting location to a final location in an area so that the robot covers all the reachable positions in the area while following the planned path.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed algorithm uses occupancy grid map representation of the area. Every free cell in the grid map represents a node in the graph being searched to find the complete coverage path. The complete coverage path is followed by the dynamic window algorithm, which includes robot's kinematic and dynamic constraints.FindingsThe proposed algorithm finds the complete coverage path in the graph accounting for the dimensions of the mobile robot, where non‐circular shaped robots can be easily included. The algorithms are implemented under the ROS (robot operating system) and tested in the stage 3D simulator for mobile robots with a randomly generated simulation map of an unknown area.Research limitations/implicationsSome parts of the area close to obstacles are hard to cover due to complex non‐circular shaped robot and non‐perfect path following. The future work should include better path following algorithm.Practical implicationsThe proposed algorithm has shown itself as effective and could meet the working demands of humanitarian demining.Originality/valueThe algorithm proposed in the paper enables complete coverage path planning of non‐circular shaped robots in unknown areas.
Designing parallel manipulators: from specifications to a real prototype
Authors: Hernández Alfonso , Altuzarra Oscar , Salgado Oscar , Pinto Charles , Petuya Víctor 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a step‐by‐step methodology for the design of parallel kinematic machines (PKMs), from the initial stages of the conceptual definition of a new machine to an optimum design fulfilling the complete set of design requirements.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology includes consideration of the kinematic, static and dynamic features required for the manipulator, which must all be assessed in complete industrial design. It is applied to a 4‐degrees‐of‐freedom (DOF) Schönflies motion generator for pick & place operations by way of example.FindingsThe authors specify the key stages of a detailed design procedure for parallel manipulators.Originality/valueThere are many publications on the development of specific robots and parallel manipulators based on their particular characteristics. However, it is relatively rare to find a paper on the general procedure with a step‐by‐step methodology applicable to any parallel manipulator.
Challenges for young management scholars in Iberia and Latin America
Authors: Vieira da Cunha João 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to offer the author's view about some of the challenges young Iberoamerican scholars face in order to build a successful research record.Design/methodology/approachThis is an individual account of some of the most common barriers Iberoamerican scholars face when starting their academic career.FindingsThe paper presents some of the difficulties encountered by young scholars, such as motivation, lack of feedback, teaching load, and lack of resources and addresses these challenges in an almost intimate fashion.Originality/valueThe paper uses an idiosyncratic approach to the practical career obstacles faced by a young scholar outside the mainstream academic environment.
Predominant strategies of legitimacy in environmental and social disclosures
Authors: Beuren Ilse Maria , Lucia Boff Marines 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify which of Lindblom's strategies of organizational legitimacy predominate in environmental and social disclosures in administration reports of publicly traded family companies under Brazilian shareholder control during the period 1997‐2006.Design/methodology/approachDescriptive research from a universe of 500 large companies from the ranking made in Exame magazine – “best and biggest”, 2006 edition. From these, 21 publicly traded family companies under Brazilian shareholder control were identified, but the longitudinal study was made with the 16 that published their administration reports in the last ten years. The sentence was considered as the unit of analysis, with application of the content analysis technique to messages contained in the administration reports that were related to environmental and social disclosures.FindingsResearch results show that the companies researched used the four strategies of organizational legitimacy proposed by Lindblom, either together or separately.Research limitations/implicationsThe second and third strategies predominated in the environmental and social disclosures from administration reports made from 1997 to 2006.Originality/valueThe value of the study is in its advancement of research made in the UK by Gray et al., Parsa and Kouhy, and in Brazil by Silva.
Earthquake risk in urban street network: an example from region 6 of Tehran, Iran
Authors: Shieh Esmaeil , Habibi Kyoumars , Torabi Kamal , E. Masoumi Houshmand 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– Zone 6 of Tehran, with a populations of 220,000 people (3.6 per cent of the city population) and 20 km2 area (3 per cent of the city area), is one of the main municipal zones of Tehran. Major land-uses, like ministries, embassies, universities, general hospitals and medical centers, big financial firms, and so on, manifest the high importance of this region on a local and national scale. Thus, it is necessary to pay close attention to issues concerning crisis management in this area.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this paper, by using indexes such as access to medical centers, street inclusion, building and population density, land-use, peak ground acceleration and building quality, vulnerability degree of street networks in zone 6 against the earthquake is calculated through overlaying maps and data in combination with inversion hierarchical weight process method and geographic information systems.

Findings
– This article concludes that buildings alongside the streets with high population and building density, low building quality, far to rescue centers and high level of inclusion represent high rate of vulnerability, compared with other buildings. Also, by moving from north to south of the zone, the vulnerability increases. Likewise, highways and streets with substantial width and low building and population density hold little values of vulnerability. Thus, streets with high level of inclusion, building and population density present further vulnerability.

Originality/value
– It is expected that the results of this paper be used by the urban decision-makers. Due to high vulnerability of most parts of the urban textures of Tehran, similar researches will have importance for preparation for the future possible earthquakes.
The academy-profession nexus in CFA partner programs
Authors: Akimov Alexandr , J. Bianchi Robert , E. Drew Michael 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review one example of academic-industry cooperation, namely, the partnership arrangements between the CFA Institute and universities around the globe. There is a scarcity of literature relating to academic-industry cooperation between the finance discipline and business.

Design/methodology/approach
– Relevant data were hand-collected and a comprehensive analysis of individual CFA partner programs was undertaken, including the geographical distribution of the programs and program characteristics and ranking of partners programs; the motivation for and approaches of universities toward the CFA Institute partnership and program design are identified. The general findings are validated with a detailed analysis of the CFA partner postgraduate programs offered in Australian universities.

Findings
– The research finds that the primary focus of cooperation between the CFA Institute and universities is the adoption of practitioner-relevant academic curriculum in universities, which should assist in setting industry educational standards. The authors observed a great diversity of partner institutions and programs around the globe, their rankings and their approach to cooperation with the CFA Institute thanks to the flexibility of their partnership arrangements. This explains the rapid growth of universities seeking formal cooperation with the CFA Institute. However, this growth has created challenges for the CFA Institute in managing and delivering value in their partnership arrangements.

Research limitations/implications
– Due to data limitations, the research does not provide an empirical analysis of factors driving enrollments in Australian postgraduate finance programs.

Practical implications
– The paper serves as a guide to universities interested in engaging in cooperation with the CFA Institute. This study is also useful for the professional bodies that evaluate various models of cooperation with educational institutions.

Originality/value
– The paper is the first, to the authors' knowledge, to examine the practical aspects of cooperation between universities and a professional body in the finance discipline. Moreover, it is the first to evaluate perceived benefits and problems universities may experience by entering into a popular CFA Institute Partner Program.
Enhancing first year student engagement: collaborative practice in a core business unit
Authors: Fleming Tina , Stanway Alicia 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper, informed by an action research framework, was to evaluate how a collaborative approach between unit facilitators and learning advisors in a first-year core business unit contributes to an environment where students are actively engaged in their learning. Student engagement in their learning is a key priority for university faculties, particularly in first year, as it is a key factor in student performance and persistence in their studies.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using the Australasian Survey of Student Engagement as a benchmark, a mixed-methods approach was adopted using an online survey (n = 171) and focus groups (n = 17).

Findings
– Findings indicate that specific cohorts of students benefit from this collaborative learning model, as it encourages students to actively engage in their learning, provides them with early feedback on their performance, encourages self-reflection and provides transferable skills that form the foundation of their future learning.

Research/implications
– The current study contributes to student engagement literature pertaining to the factors affecting student engagement in higher education.

Originality/value
– The key lesson learnt is that the future success of embedded learning support relies heavily on building strong relationships between academic and professional staff.
Unique benefits of physician leadership – an American perspective
Authors: Angood Peter , Shannon Diane 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to present the argument that effective physician leadership is needed to improve the quality and efficiency of healthcare delivery in the USA and around the world.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper is based on an in-depth literature review, interviews with physician leaders and a study of the competencies required for physicians to successfully lead healthcare organizations.

Findings
– The paper finds that a clear need exists for training to improve specific leadership competencies among physicians, regardless of their career stage or career path.

Research limitations/implications
– Limited research has been conducted on the value of physician leadership and its impact on quality outcomes and patient safety.

Practical implications
– This paper establishes the need for physician leadership in healthcare organizations.

Social implications
– This paper will influence public attitudes within the healthcare sphere on the value that physician leaders can bring to healthcare.

Originality/value
– This paper fulfils a need for more study on the impact that physician leadership brings to quality and patient care, and establishes the need for physician leaders to obtain specific leadership competencies.