bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective Review of Pilot Outcomes from an Out-patient Tobacco Treatment Programme Within Cardiology Services
Authors: Khara Milan , Okoli Chizimuzo T.C. 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Due to the challenging nature of tobacco addiction, individuals with cardiac conditions often continue to smoke at high rates (up to 62%), even after experiencing life-threatening events.Aims: This study examines pilot outcomes of a longitudinal Smoking Cessation Clinic (SCC) within cardiology services.Methods: This study is based on a retrospective review of the charts of 117 participants of the SCC (between September 2010 and May 2012). The main outcome of interest is self-reported 7-day point-prevalence of smoking abstinence verified by expired CO level. A secondary outcome was smoking reduction, defined as consuming 50% (or lower) than the baseline number cigarettes in the past week.Results: Thirty-five per cent of participants achieved smoking cessation, whereas 42.1% reduced their cigarette consumption. In multivariate regression analyses, salient predictors of smoking cessation included being male and a greater length of visiting the smoking cessation clinic.Conclusions: Providing evidence-based approaches to tobacco treatment within cardiology services is feasible and well received by patients with cardiac and other co-morbidity. The modest outcomes from this pilot study support the need for tobacco treatment in hospital cardiology settings. Such interventions may aid in reducing the disproportionate burden of tobacco-related disease among smokers with medical co-morbidity.
Provenance of Paleocene–Eocene red beds from NE Iraq: constraints from framework petrography
Authors: HASSAN MUATASAM MAHMOOD , JONES BRIAN G. , BUCKMAN SOLOMON , AL-JUBORY ALI ISMAEL , AL GAHTANI FAHAD MUBARAK 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe red-bed deposits in northern Iraq are situated in an active foreland basin adjacent to the Zagros Orogenic Belt, bound to the north by the Iranian plate thrust over the edge of the Arabian plate. The red-bed successions are composed of alternating red and brown silty mudstones, purplish red calcareous siltstone, fine- to coarse-grained pebbly sandstone and conglomerate. The red beds in the current study can be divided into four parts showing a trend of upward coarsening with fine-grained deposits at the top. A detailed petrographic study was carried out on the sandstone units. The clastic rocks consist mainly of calcite cemented litharenite with rock fragments (volcanic, metamorphic and sedimentary), quartz and minor feldspar. The petrographic components reflect the tectonic system in the source area, laterally ranging from a mixed orogenic and magmatic arc in Mawat–Chwarta area to recycled orogenic material rich in sedimentary rock fragments in the Qandel area. The Cretaceous–Palaeogene foreland basin of northern Iraq formed to the southwest of the Zagros Suture Zone and the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone of western Iran. During Palaeogene time deposition of the red beds was caused by renewed shortening in the thrust sheets overlying the Arabian margin with uplift of radiolarites (Qulqula Formation), resulting in an influx of radiolarian debris in addition to continuing ophiolitic detritus. Mixed sources, including metamorphic, volcanic and sedimentary terranes, were present during deposition of the upper part of the red beds.
The “Peer-Effect” in Counterterrorist Policies
Authors: Neumayer Eric , Plümper Thomas , Epifanio Mariaelisa 
Published: January 2014

AbstractExisting accounts posit that defensively oriented counterterrorist policies create negative externalities and result in regulatory competition that induces governments to increasingly tighten their policies. We argue that rather than causing an unconditional global “race to the top,” spatial dependence in counterterrorist policies is limited to within groups of countries exposed to a similar level of threat from international terrorism. Countries strongly differ in their propensity to become the target of an international terror attack. Governments can safely ignore counterterrorist policies enacted by countries outside their “peer group,” but they must pay attention to measures undertaken by their peers. We test several predictions derived from our theory in an empirical analysis of counterterrorist regulations in twenty Western developed-country democracies over the period 2001 to 2008.
Promises or Policies? An Experimental Analysis of International Agreements and Audience Reactions
Authors: Chaudoin Stephen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA key assumption of audience costs theories of crisis bargaining and international cooperation is that audience members have strong preferences for consistency between their leader's commitments and actual policy choices. However, audiences also have strong preferences over the policy choices themselves, regardless of their consistency with past commitments. I conducted a randomized survey experiment to evaluate the magnitude of consistency and policy effects in the context of international agreements over trade policy. Respondents with expressed policy preferences, whether supporting or opposing free trade, have muted reactions to learning that their leader has broken an agreement. Only respondents with no opinion on trade policy are affected by learning that their leader's policy is inconsistent with prior commitments. This suggests that constituents' underlying preferences limit the degree to which audience costs influence policymakers' calculations.
Management of cochlear implant device extrusion: case series and literature review
Authors: Geraghty M , Fagan P , Moisidis E 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIntroduction and aims:Cochlear implants have enabled an improved quality of life for many patients with deafness. Implant extrusion and skin flap necrosis are the most common complications associated with implant use. We report our management of patients presenting with complications as a result of cochlear implant insertion. The goal of surgery was to achieve a stable, healed wound for use as a cochlear device implantation site.Methods and results:We describe a series of patients presenting with skin flap necrosis and/or extrusion of their cochlear implant. The reconstructive options employed are discussed.Conclusion:Surgeons should be aware of the reconstructive options available in such circumstances, and should choose appropriate management depending on the clinical situation, in order to optimise the functional result for the patient.
Contact endoscopy as a novel technique in the detection and diagnosis of oral cavity and oropharyngeal mucosal lesions in the head and neck
Authors: Dowthwaite S , Szeto C , Wehrli B , Daley T , Whelan F , Franklin J , Nichols A , Yoo J , Fung K 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjective:We aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of contact endoscopy in evaluating oral and oropharyngeal mucosal lesions.Methods:Between January 2010 and December 2011, 34 patients with lesions of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa were enrolled in the study. Comparison between initial contact endoscopy results and ‘gold standard’ tissue biopsy was undertaken.Results:Nine patients had histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma, 2 had carcinoma in situ, 3 had dysplastic lesions and 20 patients had various benign lesions. Contact endoscopy demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 89 and 100 per cent respectively in the evaluation of malignant lesions. Benign lesions were correctly categorised in 50 per cent of cases (10/20). The video images from contact endoscopy could not be interpreted in six cases.Conclusions:Contact endoscopy demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity in the imaging of malignant lesions with reduced reliability in the evaluation of benign lesions. Significant shortcomings also exist in the design of current technology that we believe represent a significant barrier to the reliable collection of useful video data.
Clinical features of drug abuse that reflect genetic risk
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Ohlsson H. , Sundquist K. , Sundquist J. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundDrug abuse (DA) is a clinically heterogeneous syndrome. Can we, in a large epidemiological sample, identify clinical features of DA cases that index genetic risk?MethodUsing registration in medical, legal or pharmacy records, we identified four kinds of relative pairs (n = 935 854) starting with a proband with DA: monozygotic co-twins; full siblings; half-siblings; and cousins. Using linear hazard regression, we examined the interaction between three clinical features of DA in the proband and risk for DA in these four relative pairs, ordered by degree of genetic relationship.ResultsIncreased risk for DA in relatives was robustly predicted by early age at first registration, total number of registrations, and ascertainment in the criminal versus the medical or pharmacy registry. In multivariate models, all three of these variables remained significant and in aggregate strongly predicted DA risk in relatives. The risk for DA in siblings of DA probands in the highest decile of genetic risk predicted by our three indices was more than twice as great as that predicted in siblings of probands in the lowest decile of risk.ConclusionsIn an epidemiological sample, genetic risk for DA can be substantially indexed by simple clinical and historical variables.
Tracing the emergence of a community of practice: Beyond presupposition in sociolinguistic research
Authors: King Brian W. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study examines the language-driven aspects of the formation of a classroom-based community of practice (CoP), placing emphasis on ways in which researchers can verify the status of observed practices. Discourse analysis is reinforced by such an evidence-based understanding of the social milieu of a research site. When determining whether an aggregate of people is functioning as a CoP, however, the nature of the measuring stick is a vital question. When institutional forces have brought a group of participants together, how can an observer verify empirically the dynamic development of mutual engagement, joint enterprise, and shared repertoire? In a sample case study, representative features outlined by Wenger (1998:130–31) are identified, and their emergence traced, via analysis of ethnographic fieldnotes and audio recordings. These features provide evidence of the development of localised practices (i.e. ways of doing grounded in this community) as distinct from more widely recognisable practices. Identifying the difference increases the likelihood that results of discourse analysis can be useful to educators. (Community of practice, discourse analysis, nexus of practices, warranting)*
Degraded conditions: Confounds in the study of decision making
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: January 2014

AbstractI raise a consideration complementary to those raised in the target article. Many of the most widely cited studies on decision making involve introspection in degraded conditions, namely, conditions in which agents have no reason for the decisions they reach. But the fact that confabulation occurs in degraded conditions does not impugn the reliability of introspection in non-degraded conditions, that is, in cases in which a subject actually does make a choice for a reason.
Unconscious influences on decision making in blindsight
Authors: Brogaard Berit , Marlow Kristian , Rice Kevin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNewell & Shanks (N&S) argue that an explanation for blindsight need not appeal to unconscious brain processes, citing research indicating that the condition merely reflects degraded visual experience. We reply that other evidence suggests blindsighters' predictive behavior under forced choice reflects cognitive access to low-level visual information that does not correlate with visual consciousness. Therefore, while we grant that visual consciousness may be required for full visual experience, we argue that it may not be needed for decision making and judgment.
Unconscious influences on decision making: Neuroimaging and neuroevolutionary perspectives
Authors: Brooks Samantha J. , Stein Dan J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNewell and Shanks provide a useful critique on unconscious decision making. However, they do not consider an important set of functional brain imaging studies of unconscious processes. Here we review briefly the relevant brain imaging and psychobiological literature and its implications for understanding unconscious decision making.
Unconscious influencesof, not juston, decision making
Authors: Coppin Géraldine 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis commentary focuses on the bidirectional links between unconscious influences and decision making. In particular, it examines the extent to which awareness is (not) necessary to the impact of decisions on psychological processes such as preferences. This analysis might help researchers to gain an extended perspective of Newell & Shanks' (N&S's) concerns regarding the role of unconscious influences in theories of decision making.
Do implicit evaluations reflect unconscious attitudes?
Authors: Hahn Adam , Gawronski Bertram 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe extend Newell & Shanks' (N&S's) arguments to the question of whether implicit evaluations reflect unconscious attitudes. We argue that correspondence to explicit evaluations fails to meet the criteria of relevance and sensitivity. When awareness is measured adequately and in line with N&S's criteria, there is compelling evidence that people are consciously aware of their implicit evaluations.
But what if the default is defaulting?
Authors: Hassin Ran R. , Milyavsky Maxim 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe critically consider the default view of consciousness and decision making, and we explore the implications of this view to the authors' argument. We therefore call for rigorous collection of data regarding the role of consciousness in decisions. We also propose that the section on subliminal effects significantly underestimates existing data and succinctly review relevant findings.
Is the unconscious, if it exists, a superior decision maker?
Authors: Huizenga Hilde M. , van Duijvenvoorde Anna C. K. , van Ravenzwaaij Don , Wetzels Ruud , Jansen Brenda R. J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNewell & Shanks (N&S) show that there is no convincing evidence that processes assumed to be unconscious and superior are indeed unconscious. We take their argument one step further by showing that there is also no convincing evidence that these processes are superior. We review alternative paradigms that may provide more convincing tests of the superiority of (presumed) unconscious processes.
Self-insight research as (double) model recovery
Authors: Rakow Tim 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSelf-insight assessment compares outcomes from two model-recovery exercises: a statistical exercise to infer a judge's (implicit) policy and an elicitation exercise whereby the judge describes his or her (explicit) policy. When these policies are mismatched, limited self-insight is not necessarily implied: Shortcomings in either exercise could be implicated, whereby Newell & Shanks' (N&S's)relevanceorsensitivitycriteria for assessing awareness may not be met. Appropriate self-insight assessment requires that both exercises allow the original processes to be captured.
The problem of the null in the verification of unconscious cognition
Authors: Uhlmann Eric Luis 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNewell & Shanks (N&S) argue that when awareness measures are more reliable and valid, greater evidence of awareness of supposedly unconscious influences is revealed. A related issue is that unconsciousness is typically the null hypothesis that evidence of awareness will not emerge. As it is difficult to conclude the null, it is also difficult to conclude a lack of conscious awareness.
The Notion of Consent in Part One of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility
Authors: FARHANG CLIFF 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFor over three decades, it has been the International Law Commission's position that the circumstance of consent involves something other than the consent which, through the rule pacta sunt servanda, imparts objective force to international agreements. During the tenure of the second Special Rapporteur on the law of state responsibility, Roberto Ago, the Commission adopted the view that the former suspends the international obligations which are incumbent on states whereas the latter functions to create, modify, or extinguish the rules whence such obligations stem forth. However, as the result of the study carried out by its last Special Rapporteur, James Crawford, the Commission has now come to distinguish between the circumstance of consent defined as a justification for non-performance of subsisting obligations, and consent defined as a requirement for the application of obligations. In this contribution, it is argued that both analyses are problematic. The former gives succour to a mistaken view of the sources of international law. The latter is based on a misunderstanding of the primary-rule–secondary-rule terminology; it justifies itself by referring to an ill-conceived definition of the notion of peremptory norms, and no less importantly undermines the purposefully cumbersome mechanism envisaged in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties for suspension of multilateral treaties as between certain of the contracting parties only.
International(ized) Constitutions and Peacebuilding
Authors: HAY EMILY 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article concerns the concept and practice of international(ized) constitutions, which have become characteristic of situations where there is deep international involvement in peacebuilding efforts. The process and nature of internationalized constitutions challenge traditional ideas about sovereignty, self-determination, and constitutions. While they reinforce the importance of constitutional documents themselves as an indicator of sovereignty, internationalized constitutions simultaneously legitimize a high degree of external influence in the creation and even implementation of that document. This article argues that internationalized constitutions are not inherently legitimate or illegitimate, but have the potential to be either in any given situation. Internationalized constitutions in Iraq and Kosovo are used as case studies to investigate how the dilemmas of internationalized constitutions have played out in two recent scenarios.
The Prosecutor's Obligation to Investigate Incriminating and Exonerating Circumstances Equally: Illusion or Reality?
Authors: BUISMAN CAROLINE 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article examines whether the ICC Prosecutor has complied with its statutory obligation under Article 54(1)(a) of the Rome Statute to investigate incriminating and exonerating circumstances equally. By way of a number of striking examples of deficient investigations, it demonstrates that the ICC Prosecutor has so far failed to comply with this obligation. As a matter of competence and diligence, the Prosecutor is expected to conduct thorough investigations: this requires a critical assessment of each case and the supporting evidential material. An examination of the pending ICC cases shows that the Prosecutor has not met this expectation. The investigations conducted in all of these cases have been incomplete as far as both incriminating and exonerating circumstances are concerned. This article, however, also suggests that the defence is in a better position to search for exonerating evidence than the Prosecutor, and questions whether Article 54(1)(a) can be applied effectively under any conditions.
‘As You Set out for Ithaka’: Practical, Epistemological, Ethical, and Existential Questions about Socio-Legal Empirical Research in Conflict
Authors: NOUWEN SARAH M. H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis is the story behind another story. Inspired by the anthropological practice of reflexivity, it traces some practical, epistemological, ethical, and existential questions behind a book based on empirical socio-legal research into international criminal law in situations of conflict. The challenges involved in such research are at times impossible to overcome. Indeed, the challenges may be such that the researcher will never be able to answer her original question fully and confidently. However, challenges can be findings in themselves. They may reveal insights into the role of law in a society, the limitations of vocabularies, the overexposure of international criminal law, and inequalities in global knowledge production. Rather than merely obstructing research into a topical issue, challenges may shift the researcher's attention to other, more fundamental, questions. Nonetheless, understanding challenges as findings does not resolve the existential problem of the researcher's possible complicity in maintaining the very challenges that she analyses and perhaps ambitiously tries to overcome.
MARINE BIOLOGICAL REPORT IN THENUḪBAT AL-DAHR FĪ ʿAǦĀʾIB AL-BARR WA-AL-BAḤR
Authors: Provençal Philippe 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe aim of this article is to present a medieval Arabic report regarding six animals from the Gulf of Aden, to provide a zoological identification of five of the animals in question, which may be identified, and to comment on the biological data provided by the report in the light of both contemporary and modern zoological knowledge and, thus, to evaluate the scientific standard of the report.
Changes to Memory Structures in Children Treated for Posterior Fossa Tumors
Authors: Riggs Lily , Bouffet Eric , Laughlin Suzanne , Laperriere Normand , Liu Fang , Skocic Jovanka , Scantlebury Nadia , Wang Frank , Schoenhoff Nicholas J. , Strother Douglas , Hukin Juliette , Fryer Christopher , McConnell Dina , Mabbott Donald J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractChildren treated for medulloblastoma (MB) exhibit long-term impairments in declarative memory, but the pathophysiology underlying this is unclear. Previous studies report declines in global white matter volume, but have failed to link this to declines in memory performance. We examined the effects of treatment on measures ofglobalbrain structure (i.e., total white and gray matter volume) andspecificmemory structures (i.e., hippocampus and uncinate fasciculus). We used volumetric MRI and diffusion tensor imaging in pediatric survivors of MB and one survivor of astrocytoma treated with cranial-spinal radiation (n= 20), and healthy controls (n= 13). Compared to controls, the survivor group exhibited reduced white matter volume, damage to the uncinate fasciculus, and a smaller right hippocampus. Critically, reduced hippocampal volume was not related to differences in brain volume, suggesting that the hippocampus may be especially vulnerable to treatment effects. A subset of the survivors (n= 10) also underwent memory testing using the Children's Memory Scale (CMS). Performance on the general index of the CMS was significantly correlated with measures of hippocampal volume and uncinate fasciculus. The examination of treatment effects on specific brain regions provides a better understanding of long-term cognitive outcome in children with brain tumors, particularly medulloblastoma. (JINS, 2014,1, 1–13)