bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Immature Pediatric Appendicular Skeleton
Authors: Nguyen Jie C. , Caine Dennis 
Published: July 2024

AbstractGrowth and maturation occur in a predictable pattern throughout the body and within each individual bone. In the appendicular skeleton, endochondral ossification predominates in long bones and growth plates. The ends of these long bones are sites of relative weakness in the immature skeleton and prone to injury from acute insult and overuse. We present the normal histoanatomy and physiology of the growth plate complex, highlighting the unique contribution of each component and shared similarities between primary and secondary complexes. Components of the growth plate complex include the physis proper, subjacent vascularity within the growth cartilage, and the ossification front. The second section describes imaging considerations and features of normal and abnormal growth. Finally, we review the Salter-Harris classification for acute fractures and offer examples of characteristic overuse injury patterns involving the epiphyseal (proximal humerus and distal radius), apophyseal (medial epicondyle and tibial tubercle), and secondary growth plate complexes (medial femoral condyle and capitellar osteochondritis dissecans). This article provides a foundation and basic framework to better understand and anticipate potential complications and growth disturbances and to ensure optimal follow-up and early intervention when treatment can be less invasive.
Imaging Assessment of the Pediatric Elbow: Developmental Variants and Common Pathologies
Authors: Gendler Liya , Alizai Hamza , Zoga Adam C. , Nguyen Jie C. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe pediatric elbow is a complex joint that undergoes rapid growth and development. The normal anatomy of the elbow varies depending on the age of the patient, which can be challenging for imaging interpretation. This article reviews developmental variants and common pathologies of the pediatric elbow, with a focus on their radiologic features. Normal anatomy and development of the pediatric elbow are discussed, including the six ossification centers and elbow alignment. Congenital anomalies such as longitudinal deficiencies of the upper extremity are reviewed. Some common injuries that affect the elbow, such as supracondylar fracture, lateral condyle fracture, medial epicondyle avulsion, and radial head dislocation are also described.
Sex-Related Differences in the Severity of Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome: A Single-Center, Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Anderson Victoria A. , Anbalagan Saminathan , Favara Michael T. , Stark Daniela , Carola David , Solarin Kolawole O. , Adeniyi-Jones Susan , Aghai Zubair H. 
Published: July 2024

Objective Factors associated with the development and expression of Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS) are poorly understood. There are conflicting data on the role of infant sex in NOWS. Some studies have suggested that infant sex predicts NOWS severity and adverse outcomes, with male infants being more vulnerable. This study aimed to analyze if infant sex is associated with the severity of NOWS among those who require pharmacologic treatment.
Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of term and late-preterm infants (≥35 weeks gestation) exposed to in utero opioids, born between September 2006 and August 2022, and required pharmacologic treatment for NOWS. Maternal and infant demographics were collected. Indicators of the severity of NOWS (duration of medical treatment (DOT), duration of hospitalization, maximum dose of opioid treatment, and use of secondary medications) were compared between male and female infants. Standard statistical tests and regression analysis were used to establish the differences in outcomes after accounting for confounders and baseline differences.
Results Out of the 1,074 infants included in the study, 47.9% were female, and 52.1% were male. There was no significant difference in demographic and baseline clinical characteristics between groups except for anthropometry (birth weight, head circumference, and length) and Apgar score at 5 minutes. The median DOT (25 days [14, 39] vs. 23 days [13, 39], p = 0.57), length of hospital stay (31.5 days [20, 44] vs. 28 days [20, 44], p = 0.35), treatment with phenobarbital (24.7 vs. 26.3%, p = 0.56), and clonidine (3.9 vs. 3.8%, p = 0.9) were similar in both groups. The differences remained nonsignificant after adjusting for birth anthropometric measurements, gestational age, 5-minute Apgar score, small for gestational age status, and maternal exposure to benzodiazepines.
Conclusion In this cohort of neonates, sex-related differences were not identified to influence the severity of NOWS among those who required pharmacological treatment.
Key Points
The politics of descriptive inference: contested concepts in conflict data
Authors: Broache M. P. , Yu Agnes 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDescriptive research is sometimes understood as simply compiling and presenting objective facts, or ‘telling it like it is.’ We challenge this understanding, arguing that description involves a series of subjective, value-laden decisions that may reflect, reinforce, or alternatively undermine, existing narratives and power structures; accordingly, description is fundamentally, and unavoidably, political. We illustrate this argument with respect to descriptive research on violence against civilians by comparing how three descriptive research outputs—the Uppsala Conflict Data Program’s One-Sided Violence, the Political Instability Task Force’s Genocide and Politicide, and the Targeted Mass Killings datasets—define contested concepts relating to the distinction between combatants and civilians, identification of state actors, and intent. We demonstrate how differences in these definitions manifest in different descriptive inferences about violence in Burundi in 1993, and we discuss how an understanding of description as political relates to researchers’ responsibilities as compilers and users of descriptive data.
Prototype development of a three-stage, high-precision, low-jitter, wide-range digital delay generator fully utilizing on-chip resources
Authors: Liu Jinxin , Deng Peipei , Liu Juan , Wang Ying 
Published: July 2024

This paper introduces the design and implementation of a prototype Digital Delay Generator (DDG) characterized by high precision, low jitter, and a wide delay range, fully realized within a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The DDG’s architecture is based on an innovative combination of an embedded time-to-digital converter (TDC) and Multi-stage Time Interpolation (MTI) delay logic. The paper explores the factors influencing delay jitter during external trigger mode and carefully selects the optimal design approach for each element. The embedded TDC, which undergoes automatic calibration, accurately measures the time difference between the arrival of an external trigger and the FPGA’s internal clock signal. When paired with the MTI delay logic, this allows for highly precise control over delay durations. A key aspect of this design is its sole dependence on the FPGA’s built-in resources, ensuring simplicity in implementation and adaptability to various applications. Evaluation of the prototype has shown promising results, demonstrating a delay resolution as fine as 20 ps and maintaining a low jitter of 105 ps peak-to-peak (20 ps rms) when operated in the externally triggered mode.
Deformation theory and nonlinear dynamic behavior of PVC gel actuators
Authors: Du Zhuoao , Luo Bin , Chen Zhigang , Zhu Meiyu , Zhu Kejun , Wang Yanjie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel generates complex nonlinear vibration behavior under an alternating current voltage excitation, which has potential application as a dynamic electromechanical actuator. However, there are few studies on the deformation theory of PVC gel actuators, especially the dynamic nonlinear response theory. In this paper, a complex dynamic model is established according to the electrodeformation mechanism of PVC film, and the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the actuator is numerically studied by a differential equation. The effects of applied voltage amplitude, voltage frequency, dibutyl adipate content, mechanical tension, and bias voltage on the dynamic properties of PVC film were analyzed under the condition of equal biaxial tension. The variation of amplitude and the generation and disappearance of the beat frequency during vibration are analyzed by using time-domain characteristics. The degree of PVC actuator nonlinearity as well as vibration stability and periodicity is also reflected based on the phase path and Poincare map. Finally, the law of influence of external condition parameters on the dynamic response of the PVC actuator is obtained.
Evolution and persistence of SiO emission in nanosecond laser ablation plumes
Authors: Shaik A K , Phillips M C , Harilal S S 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Analyzing laser-produced plasmas in a controlled oxygen-containing environment provides insight into the formation and evolution of molecular species through gas-phase oxidation. This study explores the role of ambient pressure and oxygen availability in forming SiO molecular species in laser ablation plumes. The self-emission emanating during the reactive ablation of Si targets was characterized by optical emission spectroscopy and optical time-of-flight techniques. Our results showed that the SiO species formation was greatly influenced by both the ambient pressure and oxygen availability. The intensity and the persistence of SiO emission bands are lower at higher oxygen concentrations, indicating they are depopulated by the formation of more complex silicon oxides. The oxygen partial pressure effects on plume chemistry showed that SiO formation is favored even with a minimal oxygen concentration in the environment.
Conflux of spin Nernst and spin Hall effect in ZnCu2SnSe4 Topological Insulator
Authors: Sharma Shivam , De Sarkar Abir 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A comprehensive exploration of the intriguing phenomena known as the spin Nernst effect (SNE) and the spin Hall effect (SHE) within the context of nonmagnetic strong topological insulator

ZnCu
2

SnSe
4

, has been carried out employing first-principles calculations. Our theoretical calculations unveil significantly large intrinsic spin Nernst conductivity (SNC) and spin Hall conductivity (SHC) in the bulk topological insulator

ZnCu
2

SnSe
4

. Delving deeper into the intricacies of our findings, we elucidate how the inverted band order in the topological materials drastically influences the spin Berry curvature, consequently exerting a profound impact on SHC and SNC. Detailed analyses reveal that the contribution from the bulk to the generation of pure spin current in a topological insulator is comparable to that of a surface. This underscores the potential role of topological insulators in the development of spin-switching devices. We present compelling evidence that

ZnCu
2

SnSe
4

holds immense promise as an optimal candidate for the generation of pure spin currents, achieved through the application of both thermal gradients and electric fields. This, in turn, opens up exciting avenues for its utilization in the realms of spin-caloritronics, spin-orbitronics, and spintronics.
Few-mode optical fiber-based flexible pressure feedback tentacle doped with fluorescence temperature pointer
Authors: Qin Xiangju , Yang Kunshan , Liang Ying , Fan Hailong , Du Xiu , Liang Hu , Xu Yuan , Kong Lingxin , Zhao Dawei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this paper, a flexible fiber pressure feedback whisker is proposed, which consists of a water droplet shaped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer with an embedded balloon shaped few mode fiber. The mechanical sensing performance of the device was analyzed and optimized using a combination of finite element method and beam propagation method (BPM). The built-in cladding corroded few-mode fiber increases pressure sensitivity by more than four times. The collection efficiency of fluorescence signal is improved by cladding corrosion. The PDMS elastomer was doped with upconversion nanoparticles NaYF4:Yb, Er@NaYF4 in order to achieve temperature measurement by fluorescence intensity ratio technology. The combination of fluorescence signal and interference spectrum can not only achieve real-time and accurate pressure detection at different temperatures, but also incorporate fluorescent materials into flexible bionic skin for temperature self-compensation, which has potential application value for the development of bionic fiber micro-nano sensing and control devices.
Dynamic process monitoring based on parallel latent regressive models
Authors: Tong Chudong , Chen Long , Luo Lijia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To comprehensively characterize the underlying time-serial behaviors in a dataset obtained from normal operating conditions, a novel modeling algorithm with the goal of constructing parallel latent regressive models (PLRMs) is proposed for dynamic process monitoring. Instead of exploiting the time-serial variation in a given dataset through covariance or correlation, a directly derived LRM is considered to understand the time-serial behavior inherited from the extracted latent variable. More importantly, the direct derivation of latent regressive relationships is not restricted to just estimating the current from the past. In contrast, a more comprehensive regressive modeling strategy based on multiple LRMs in parallel is considered, with respect to a straightforward argument that a latent variable can be estimated by its time-serial neighbors, including the past and future, within consecutive sampling time steps. Consequently, more comprehensive dynamic behavior can be uncovered from the given dataset. Next, salient performance achieved by the proposed PLRMs-based dynamic process monitoring approach can be expected, as demonstrated through comparisons with counterparts.
Infrared photodetectors based on wide bandgap two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides via efficient two-photon absorption
Authors: Chen Tong , Zheng Zhaoqiang , Li Kunle , Li Yalong , Chen Shanshan , Yang Yibin , Tao Lili , Feng Xing , Zhao Yu 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted considerable attention due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties and ease of integration, making them ideal candidates for high-performance photodetectors. However, the excessive width of the bandgap in some 2D TMDs presents a challenge for achieving infrared photodetection. One approach to broaden the photoresponse wavelength range of TMDs is through the utilization of two-photon absorption (TPA) process. Unfortunately, the inefficiency of TPA hinders its application in infrared photodetection. In this study, we propose the design of two photodetectors utilizing high TPA coefficient materials, specifically ReSe2 and MoS2, to exploit their TPA capability and extend the photoresponse to the near-infrared region at 1550 nm. The ReSe2 photodetector demonstrates an unprecedented responsivity of 43 μA W−1, surpassing that of current single-material TPA photodetectors. Similarly, the MoS2 photodetector achieves a responsivity of 18 μA W−1, comparable to state-of-the-art TPA photodetectors. This research establishes the potential of high TPA coefficient 2D TMDs for infrared photodetection.
Reduced thermal conductivity and enhanced TE performance in CrSb2 via Fe-Bi co-substitution
Authors: Bano Sahiba , Sk Shamim , Aizawa Takashi , Mori Takao 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The efficiency of thermoelectric (TE) technology relies on the performance of TE materials. Substitution with heavy elements is an effective strategy in TE for enhancing phonon scattering without much affecting electrical transport properties. However, selecting suitable dopants to achieve a high TE figure-of-merit (ZT) poses a significant challenge. Thus, in this study, the efficacy of combined (Fe and Bi) co-substitution in CrSb2 is investigated as a promising strategy to enhance ZT by lowering thermal conductivity. A series of co-substituted Cr1−x
Fe
x
BiySb2−y
(x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1 and y = 0.10, 0.15, 0.20,0.25) samples were synthesized via furnace reaction followed by spark plasma sintering technique. Phase analysis and temperature dependence TE transport properties were systematically studied on synthesized samples. Furthermore, to analyze the impact of disorder induced by Bi/Fe substitution, electronic structure calculation was performed using the projector augmented-wave method. Notably, Cr0.75Fe0.25Bi0.15Sb1.85 exhibited a low thermal conductivity of ∼2.5 W m−1 K−1 at 300 K, which reduced to half compared to that of pristine CrSb2 (∼5 W m−1 K−1). This reduction is attributed to the introduction of significant mass fluctuations and point defects along with the presence of Bi at grain boundaries by co-substitution. Consequently, a remarkable 90% enhancement in ZT (∼0.021) at 350 K was achieved for Cr0.75Fe0.25Bi0.15Sb1.85 compared to that of pristine CrSb2 (ZT ∼ 0.012). This study can provide valuable insights into the rational design of effective dopants in other TE materials also.
Investigations into the robustness of the peak turn-on current slope method for junction temperature sensing in p-GaN HEMTs
Authors: Lu Weihao , Li Sheng , Ye Ran , Mao Weixiong , Zhang Zikang , Ma Yanfeng , Li Mingfei , Wei Jiaxing , Zhang Long , Ma Jie , Liu Siyang , Sun Weifeng 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this paper, the robustness of a junction temperature sensing method using the peak of the turn-on current slope for enhanced p-GaN high-electron-mobility transistors is investigated in detail. With the help of a repetitive hard-switching test platform, compared to other temperature-sensitive electrical parameters, it is found that the maximum slope of the flowing current at the turn-on transition shows no trend in degradation, regardless of the applied switching stress. This parameter decreases solely with the increase in junction temperature, showing excellent temperature-dependent linearity. Furthermore, the applicability of this method to the detection of junction temperature under different external gate resistances and drain voltages is verified. The sensed junction temperatures are carried over to calculate the thermal resistance, which is also extracted by advanced thermal characterization test equipment as a reference. Therefore, based on the versatility, convenience and accuracy, the peak of the rising drain current slope has been proven to be the preferred alternative in system applications to detect junction temperatures.
Validation of a synthetic fast ion loss detector model for Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: LeViness A. , Lazerson S.A. , Jansen van Vuuren A. , Rueda-Rueda J. , Beurskens M. , Bozhenkov S. , Brunner K.J. , Ford O.P. , Fuchert G. , Garcìa-Muñoz M. , Isobe M. , Killer C. , Knauer J. , Ogawa K. , Pablant N. , Pasch E. , Poloskei P. , Romba T. ,   the W7-X Team
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We present the first validated synthetic diagnostic for fast ion loss detectors (FILDs) in the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. This model has been developed on, and validated against experimental data from, a FILD provided by the National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS-FILD), with potential future applicability to the existing Faraday Cup FILD (FC-FILD) on W7-X as well as the scintillating FILD (S-FILD) currently under development. A workflow combining Monte Carlo codes BEAMS3D and ASCOT5 is used to track fast ions produced by neutral beam injection from the moment of ionization until they are thermalized or lost from the last closed flux surface, and from there to a virtual plane which serves as a projection of the entrance aperture to the FILD. Simulations in ASCOT5 are analyzed via a geometric method to determine the probability of transmission through the FILD aperture and onto the detector as a function of normalized momentum, pitch angle, gyrophase, and position at the virtual plane. This probability is then applied to the simulated ions arriving from the plasma, producing a simulated signal from a computationally tractable number of simulated fast ions. Simulated signals are presented for two W7-X experiments with neutral beam injection and quantitatively compared with experimental measurements from the NIFS-FILD diagnostic. An estimate of the frequency of charge-exchange with neutral particles in the edge is performed, and it is found that this process may have a significant impact on the measured signals.
Religious Music for Godless Ears
Authors: Ridley Aaron 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This essay sets out from two thoughts, one an empirical observation, the other a worry. The observation is that many atheists regard certain pieces of religious music as among the greatest works of art. The worry is that there must be something compromised in the atheists’ experience of such works. Taken together, these thoughts seem to point to the sceptical conclusion that the high regard in which many atheists hold religious works must itself be compromised. Most of the essay is devoted to clarifying the initial worry through the investigation of a series of attempts to avoid the sceptical conclusion, before it is argued that, for at least one sort of atheist, there is, after all, a mode of engagement with great religious music that might afford an experience of it which would underwrite the judgement that the work is, indeed, great.
Additional Women Philosophers of Art
Authors: Stone Alison 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The chapter introduces six further women not included in the book’s main narrative. Maria Callcott provided a history and taxonomy of painting. Mary Merrifield wrote mainly on the technical side of art, but also wrote some philosophical essays, for instance arguing that fashion could become a fine art. Sarah Stickney Ellis argued in The Beautiful in Nature and Art that art beauty must be based on natural beauty. Elizabeth Eastlake’s philosophical writings on art included an evaluation of photography and a highly critical engagement with Ruskin. Clementina Anstruther-Thomson was interested in artworks’ physical effects on us, while Constance Naden argued that beauty was nothing objective but that we have naturally and socially evolved to find certain phenomena beautiful.