bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A “Solid Injection Method” to Reduce Postoperative Complications in Autologous Fat Grafting for Breast Augmentation
Authors: Chiu Cheng-Hung 
Published: November 2015

Introduction: Over the last decades, there has been an increasing interest in breast augmentation using autologous fat transplantation for reconstructive and cosmetic purposes. However, autologous fat graft to the breast is not a simple procedure and should be performed only by well-trained and skilled surgeons. The rate of postoperative complications is reported in the literature to be 10–16.7%. To reduce complications in autologous fat graft to the breast, the author developed a solid injection method to increase the contact area of the grafted fat and the recipient tissue. Materials and Methods: From May 2010 to February 2012, we performed autologous fat grafting for 281 patients. After exclusion of the patients with inadequate follow-up time (<6 months) or who were lost to follow-up, 190 patients were enrolled in this study. The enrolled patients were randomly divided into group A, in which structural fat grafting was done by the method described by Coleman, and group B, in which the solid injection method was administered. For the solid injection method, the operator used his nondominant hand to compress the breast to increase the contact area with the injected fat when performing the fat graft injection. At the end of the fat injection, the breasts were still soft, and there was no pressure leakage from the entries. The data between the 2 groups was analyzed using a two-sample t test, and the complication rates were analyzed using a chi-square test. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 21 to 57 years (mean = 34 years). The volume of fat harvested was 776 mL to 5050 mL (mean = 1593 mL), and the volume of fat grafted to each breast was 120 to 310 mL (mean = 246 mL). There were 56 patients enrolled in group A and 134 patients enrolled in group B. All patients were followed up from 7 to 28 months, with an average of 15.1 months postoperatively. The differences of patient data in both groups were statistically insignificant. Postoperative complication rates were 14.2% in group A and 2.2% in group B, the difference of which is statistically significant (P = .001). Conclusions: The solid injection method can reduce postoperative complications in autologous fat grafting. There were 4 principles to be followed in this method: Principle I, the fat should be injected only into an area with “solid” feedback while processing the injection; Principle II, the fat should never be injected into an empty area; Principle III, the breasts should be soft at the end of injection; and Principle IV, there should be no/minimal pressure leakage from the entries after the injection.
Predetermined Energy Delivery as an Endpoint for Radiofrequency Skin Tightening
Authors: Lack Edward B. 
Published: November 2015

Introduction: Clinicians have been advised to perform radiofrequency (RF) skin tightening by observing subjective parameters such as the number of passes or superficial edema or tissue elevation to determine endpoints in treatment. Common to these techniques is the difficulty in reproducing the endpoint and the lack of consistency both during treatment and with subsequent treatments. This study was initiated to investigate whether total delivered energy to a given cosmetic unit is a reliable parameter for reproducing treatments in the same individual and whether it could be used as a parameter to predict results. Materials and Methods: Five patients who desired skin tightening of cosmetic units involving the face and body were treated with a novel RF delivery device in which the endpoint of treatment was predetermined at a given energy level measured in kilojoules. At the end of 5 treatments, a comparison of treatment endpoints and patient self-evaluation, as well as evaluation of photographic results by a nontreating physician were correlated. Results: Using a preselected delivery of total energy per cosmetic unit, 5 patients received a total of 5 treatment sessions each. When clinical results did not meet expectations, the total energy levels were increased at the next treatment session. All patients reported relative comfort during the treatments. No topical or regional anesthesia was used. Patient satisfaction was reported at 80%. Patients evaluated their own outcomes at slightly less than 50% improvement, and a nontreating physician evaluated outcome based on clinical photography at 50%. Conclusions: A system of quantitation for the delivery of RF to promote skin tightening is presented. Predetermined energy delivery is a reproducible variable with which to compare subsequent treatments as well as a method for adjusting RF delivery in subsequent treatment sessions in an attempt to produce optimal results. Patient impressions as well as evaluation by a nontreating physician were recorded and found to be in agreement concerning the efficacy of treatment.
Use of Microcannula Closed Syringe System for Safe and Effective Lipoaspiration and Small Volume Autologous Fat Grafting
Authors: Alexander Robert W. 
Published: November 2015

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to provide background on methods of acquiring autologous adipose tissue as a tissue graft and a source of adult progenitor cells for use in cosmetic plastic surgery; to discuss the background and mechanisms of action of closed syringe vacuum lipoaspiration, with emphasis on accessing adipose tissues for use in aesthetic, structural reconstruction and regenerative applications; and to explain a proven protocol for acquiring high-quality autologous fat grafts with use of closed syringe, disposable, microcannula systems. Materials and Methods: An explanation is provided for the components of and the advantages of using the super Luer-lock and microcannulas system with standard Luer syringes. Equipment selection is described, and a sequential explanation is presented for conducting minimally traumatic lipoaspiration in small volumes, including use of blunt injection cannulas to reduce risk of embolism. Results: Thousands of autologous fat grafts have been used in cosmetic surgery and have proven safe and efficacious for use as part of lipoaspiration techniques for large and small structural fat-grafting procedures. The importance and advantages of gently harvesting the adipose tissue complex has become very clear in the past 5 years. A closed syringe system offers a minimally invasive, gentle system to mobilize subdermal fat tissues in a suspension form. Resulting total nuclear counts suggest that this approach achieves higher yields than use of applied vacuum systems that are always on and use a constant mechanical pump. Conclusions: Use of disposable closed syringe lipoaspiration systems featuring disposable microcannulas offers a safe and effective means of harvesting small volumes (<100 mL) of nonmanipulated adipose tissues and accompanying progenitor cells within the adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction. This article presents a practical step-by-step protocol for acquiring high-quality autologous fat grafts.
Five and a Half Years' Experience with the Avelar Lipoabdominoplasty Procedure: Analysis of Complication Rates
Authors: Lopez Quita 
Published: November 2015

Introduction: The Avelar lipoabdominoplasty procedure has been described in the literature as a safe procedure with fewer complications than traditional abdominoplasty because of limited upper abdominal dissection, which spares the superior neurovascular bundles along with the lymphatics. In the author's published article in 2008, 80 patient charts were evaluated retrospectively, and the complication rates were compared with other studies presented in the literature. The purpose of this study is to compare the complication rates of the first 2 years to the subsequent 31/2 years since the procedure was adopted. The Avelar mini-lipoabdominoplasty procedures were also reviewed, and the complication rates were compared with those of the full Avelar procedures. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed of records of patients who underwent a full or mini-Avelar lipoadominoplasty procedure from July 1, 2007 to December 31, 2010. Results: A total of 89 patient charts were reviewed. There were 73 full lipoabdominoplasty and 16 mini-lipoabdominoplasty procedures performed by the author. The mean age of the patients was 42 years; 46% had general anesthesia and 54% had conscious sedation. In the 89 patients who underwent both types of procedures, there was 1 case of skin necrosis (1.1% incidence compared with a 3.7% incidence the first 2 years), 4 seromas (4.5% incidence compared with 12.5% incidence in the original study), and no deep venous thromboses or hematomas. For the full lipoabdominoplasty procedures, the skin necrosis rate was 1.4% compared with 3.9% in the 2008 study, and the seroma rate was 5.5% compared with 13.0%. There were 9 small skin dehiscences (10% incidence), and there were 4 postoperative infections (4.5% incidence). The mini-lipoabdominoplasties had none of these complications. Conclusions: The complication rates have decreased in the subsequent 31/2 years compared with the first 2 years. This is probably due to increased surgeon experience, not operating on smokers in the second part of the study, and using the Erchonia EML (Erchonia Medical Inc, Mesa, Ariz) on all patients pre- and postoperatively. The rates were lower than those reported for traditional abdominoplasties. There were none of the above complications for the mini-abdominoplasties using the Avelar technique.
Aggressive Fibromatosis Arising after Facial Cosmetic Surgery
Authors: Diepenbrock Ryan M. , Kennedy Brent D. , Orrock Jared M. 
Published: November 2015

Introduction: Fibromatosis is a rare benign neoplasm that infrequently presents in the head and neck. Although it has no metastatic potential, its ability to infiltrate and invade organs and vital structures can lead to significant morbidity and even death. Clinically, fibromatoses manifest as painless, firm, often rapidly growing masses fixed to underlying bone and soft tissue. Although the precise etiology is unknown, genetic mutations or hormonal levels may be a causative factor. Interestingly, trauma and surgical incisions may be associated in up to 25% of cases. Materials and Methods: A 44-year-old woman was treated for submental lipomatosis and platysmal banding via submental liposuction and platysmaplasty. Within the following weeks, a firm, nontender, freely-movable nodule was noted, and biopsy was returned as fibromatosis. Results: Because of the rapid progression and location of the tumor, this neoplasm was classified as aggressive fibromatosis. Our patient required surgical resection with close follow-up. Although reported in the head and neck prior to this case, this is the only case to our knowledge arising clinically after cosmetic surgery. Conclusions: Although the exact etiology is unknown, there is a strong suspicion that either the surgery itself may have been the causative factor enabling the normal reparative fibroblasts to differentiate into tumor cells or a preexisting, but not clinically apparent tumor, may have been stimulated by the procedure. Judicious follow-up and prompt diagnosis led to early treatment, which in turn decreased the potential for severe morbidity.
Breast Reconstruction with or without Human Acellular Dermal Matrices: A Single-Clinic, Review of Esthetic Outcomes and Risk Factors for Complications
Authors: Rosenberg Michael H. , Palaia David A. , Cahan Anthony C. , Arthur Karen S. , DeLuca-Pytell Danielle M. , Bonanno Philip C. 
Published: November 2015

Introduction: Immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy using human acellular dermal matrix (HADM) offers clinical benefits over reconstruction without HADM. However, guidance on HADM use, questions regarding complications, and lack of outcomes and comparison data remain. In this retrospective chart review, clinical outcomes following breast reconstruction with or without HADM and by HADM type are evaluated to address these issues. Materials and Methods: Charts for all patients undergoing breast reconstruction at a single clinic from 2006 to 2011 were collected. Information extracted included baseline patient demographics and disease characteristics, comorbidities, medications, type of HADM in breast reconstruction (FlexHD, AlloDerm, or no HADM), clinical outcomes, and esthetic results. Variables with significant group differences were risk-adjusted in multivariate analyses for postoperative and aesthetic outcomes. Results: A total of 650 patient charts (881 breast reconstructions) were analyzed, with few differences in patient/clinical characteristics between the HADM and no-HADM groups. The most commonly reported clinical complications in all groups were seroma and infections. The AlloDerm group had an increased adjusted risk of complications compared with the no HADM group; the FlexHD group had no significant differences compared with the no-HADM group. Both FlexHD and AlloDerm groups exhibited significantly higher perceived esthetic results compared with the no-HADM group (8.22 and 8.02 vs 6.53, respectively, P < .0001). Conclusions: These results suggest that the enhanced esthetic outcomes with HADM and expanders/implants in breast reconstruction may outweigh the risk of certain surgical complications, especially with FlexHD. Appropriate patient selection based on complication risk factors may further increase the benefit-to-risk ratio for HADM use in breast reconstructions.
Drift region doping effects on characteristics and reliability of high-voltage n-type metal–oxide–semiconductor transistors
Authors: Chen Jone F. , Chang Chun-Po , Liu Yu Ming , Tsai Yan-Lin , Hsu Hao-Tang , Chen Chih-Yuan , Hwang Hann-Ping 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In this study, off-state breakdown voltage (V
BD) and hot-carrier-induced degradation in high-voltage n-type metal–oxide–semiconductor transistors with various BF2 implantation doses in the n− drift region are investigated. Results show that a higher BF2 implantation dose results in a higher V
BD but leads to a greater hot-carrier-induced device degradation. Experimental data and technology computer-aided design simulations suggest that the higher V
BD is due to the suppression of gate-induced drain current. On the other hand, the greater hot-carrier-induced device degradation can be explained by a lower net donor concentration and a different current-flow path, which is closer to the Si–SiO2 interface.
Influence of Ce/Zr ratio on CO oxidation activity of ceria–zirconia supported Cu catalyst
Authors: Hattori Masatomo , Haneda Masaaki , Ozawa Masakuni 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The influence of Ce/Zr ratios in the cerium-rich region on the dispersibility and reduction property of Cu catalysts supported on ceria–zirconia composite oxides was investigated. In the catalysts, the dispersibility of copper oxide species on ceria–zirconia supports was different depending on Ce/Zr ratio. The particle size of copper oxide species on Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 was smaller than that on Ce0.5Zr0.5O2. CO oxidation activity of 1.0 wt % Cu/Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 was higher than that of 1.0 wt % Cu/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2. Temperature programmed reduction by CO (CO-TPR) measurement revealed that the reducibility of Cu/Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 was higher than that of Cu/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2. The temperature of the first peak in CO-TPR profiles for both catalysts was in good agreement with the temperature at which the conversion of CO reached 50% (T
50). It is suggested that the copper oxide species — ceria–zirconia interaction influences the activation of oxygen at the interface between copper oxide species and ceria–zirconia, resulting in different catalytic performance for CO oxidation.
Quasi‐steady flow in sloping aquifers
Authors: Akylas Evangelos , Gravanis Elias , Koussis Antonis D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMass conservation links the storage S and the outflow Q of an aquifer. A relation between them (an S‐Q relation) provides then a model governing the evolution of these quantities. In this work we construct an analytical quasi‐steady state model which exploits the properties of the exact S‐Q relation associated with steady state solutions of the Boussinesq equation for the sloping aquifer (that is, the Henderson and Wooding [1964] solutions). The model is derived by matching the asymptotic forms of the exact S‐Q relation which arise for small and large values of the Henderson and Wooding parameter λ. These asymptotic forms provide a novel rederivation of well‐known semiempirical S‐Q relations of the form Q
S and Q
S2, and they lead to soluble quasi‐steady state models. The quadratic asymptotic relation turns out to hold for surprisingly low values of λ. This characteristic and its formal properties allow smooth matching with the linear relation at λ=π2/4=2.47. The obtained model holds over the entire parameter space. An important characteristic of the model, stemming from its derivation, is that it involves only the geometric and hydraulic quantities present in the exact Boussinesq equation. The model is tested by best fitting four data sets from experiments simulating aquifer drainage. The derived curves for the drained volume are in excellent agreement with the data. The estimated values for k and n are also in overall very good agreement with their reference values.
The meaning of midlithospheric discontinuities: A case study in the northern U.S. craton
Authors: Hopper Emily , Fischer Karen M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractConverted wave imaging has revealed significant negative velocity gradients, often termed midlithospheric discontinuities, within the thick, high‐velocity mantle beneath cratons. In this study, we investigate the origins and implications of these structures with high‐resolution imaging of mantle discontinuities beneath the Archean Wyoming, Superior and Medicine Hat, and Proterozoic Yavapai and Trans‐Hudson terranes. Sp phases from 872 temporary and permanent broadband stations, including the EarthScope Transportable Array, were migrated into three‐dimensional common conversion point stacks. Four classes of discontinuities were observed. (1) A widespread, near‐flat negative velocity gradient occurs largely at 70–90 km depth beneath both Archean and Proterozoic cratons. This structure is consistent with the top of a frozen‐in layer of volatile‐rich melt. (2) Dipping negative velocity gradients are observed between 85 and 200 km depth. The clearest examples occur at the suture zones between accreted Paleoproterozoic Yavapai arc terranes and the Wyoming and Superior cratons. These interfaces could represent remnant subducting slabs, and together with eclogite in xenoliths, indicate that subduction‐related processes likely contributed to cratonic mantle growth. (3) Sporadic positive velocity gradients exist near the base of the lithospheric mantle, perhaps due to laterally variable compositional layering. (4) In contrast to off‐craton regions, clear Sp phases are typically not seen at lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary depths beneath Archean and Proterozoic terranes, consistent with a purely thermal contrast between cratonic mantle lithosphere and asthenosphere.
MHD model results of solar wind interaction with Mars and comparison with MAVEN plasma observations
Authors: Ma Y. J. , Russell C. T. , Fang X. , Dong Y. , Nagy A. F. , Toth G. , Halekas J. S. , Connerney J. E. P. , Espley J. R. , Mahaffy P. R. , Benna M. , McFadden J. P. , Mitchell D. L. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission (MAVEN), launched on 18 November 2013, is now in its primary science phase, orbiting Mars with a 4.5 h period. In this study, we use a time‐dependent MHD model to interpret plasma observations made by MAVEN particle and field instruments. Detailed comparisons between the model and the relevant plasma observations from MAVEN are presented for an entire Mars rotation under relatively quiet solar wind conditions. Through comparison along MAVEN orbits, we find that the time‐dependent multispecies single‐fluid MHD model is able to reproduce the main features of the plasma environment around Mars. Using the model results, we find that photoionization beyond the terminator is the dominant ion source as compared with day‐night transport in maintaining the nightside ionosphere. Model results also show that both the time‐varying solar wind conditions and the continuously rotating crustal field work together to control the ion escape variation with time.
MAVEN insights into oxygen pickup ions at Mars
Authors: Rahmati A. , Larson D. E. , Cravens T. E. , Lillis R. J. , Dunn P. A. , Halekas J. S. , Connerney J. E. , Eparvier F. G. , Thiemann E. M. B. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSince Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)'s arrival at Mars on 21 September 2014, the SEP (Solar Energetic Particle) instrument on board the MAVEN spacecraft has been detecting oxygen pickup ions with energies of a few tens of keV up to ~200 keV. These ions are created in the distant upstream part of the hot atomic oxygen exosphere of Mars, via photoionization, charge exchange with solar wind protons, and electron impact. Once ionized, atomic oxygen ions are picked up by the solar wind and accelerated downstream, reaching energies high enough for SEP to detect them. We model the flux of oxygen pickup ions observed by MAVEN SEP in the undisturbed upstream solar wind and compare our results with SEP's measurements. Model‐data comparisons of SEP fluxes confirm that pickup oxygen associated with the Martian exospheric hot oxygen is indeed responsible for the MAVEN SEP observations.
Ionopause‐like density gradients in the Martian ionosphere: A first look with MAVEN
Authors: Vogt Marissa F. , Withers Paul , Mahaffy Paul R. , Benna Mehdi , Elrod Meredith K. , Halekas Jasper S. , Connerney John E. P. , Espley Jared R. , Mitchell David L. , Mazelle Christian , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFor unmagnetized planets, the top of the ionosphere is often marked by a sharp change in electron density and other plasma properties, called an ionopause. Here we present a statistical study of dayside ionopause‐like density gradients observed in 54% of ion density profiles from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission spacecraft at Mars. Prior studies of the Martian ionopause have lacked simultaneous comprehensive measurements of plasma and magnetic field properties. Therefore, we use MAVEN observations of the electron density, magnetic field, and ion and electron energy spectra to study the factors that influence properties of the ionopause. On average, profiles with an ionopause are accompanied by a higher energy flux of protons at high altitudes and stronger magnetic field at low altitude than profiles without an ionopause. At altitudes above ~300 km, the O+/O2+ ratio is significantly larger for profiles with an ionopause than those without an ionopause. These findings enhance our understanding of this important plasma boundary at Mars.