bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of ellagic acid on some haematological, immunological and antioxidant parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Mişe Yonar S. , Yonar M. E. , Yöntürk Y. , Pala A. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryIn this study, effect of ellagic acid on some haematological, immunological and antioxidant parameters in the blood and various tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined. Four groups of rainbow trout were fed experimental diets containing either no ellagic acid (control) or supplemented with ellagic acid at 50 mg/kg diet (EA‐50), 100 mg/kg diet (EA‐100) or 150 mg/kg diet (EA‐150) for 21 days. Samples of the blood and tissue (liver, kidney and spleen) were collected at the end of the experiment and analysed for their haematological profile (the red blood cell count, the haemoglobin concentration and the haematocrit level), immune response (the white blood cell count, the oxidative radical production (NBT activity), the total plasma protein and total immunoglobulin level) and oxidant/antioxidant status (the malondialdehyde level, the superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity as well as the reduced glutathione concentration). The findings of this study demonstrated that ellagic acid had a positive effect on the haematological parameters, the immune response and the antioxidant enzyme activities of the fish.
Oral Iron for Patients Receiving Dialysis: What is the Evidence?
Authors: Hodson Elisabeth M. , Craig Jonathan C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis review aims to summarize the available evidence of the effectiveness of oral iron in patients receiving dialysis. Four small randomized controlled trials (105 evaluated patients) compared oral iron supplements with placebo or no treatment; hemoglobin and ferritin levels did not differ significantly between groups at the end of the studies, while transferrin saturation levels fell in the placebo group in two studies. One trial (46 evaluated patients), comparing different ferrous iron preparations, found that hemoglobin levels and iron indices were maintained, but not increased. Another trial (54 evaluated patients) compared heme iron polypeptide with ferrous sulfate; hemoglobin and transferrin saturation levels remained stable with both agents, but ferritin levels fell with heme iron polypeptide, but not ferrous sulfate. Two observational studies found that iron supplements can maintain hemoglobin and iron indices. Oral iron supplements were poorly tolerated. These sparse data suggest that oral iron is of little or no benefit in raising hemoglobin and iron indices in patients receiving dialysis. Further data are required to determine if oral iron can maintain adequate iron indices following iron replenishment using intravenous iron supplements.
Physiological Differences Between Sprint- and Distance-Specialized Cross-Country Skiers
Authors: Losnegard Thomas , Hallén Jostein 
Published: January 2014

Purpose:Sprint- (≤1.8 km) and distance-skiing (≥15 km) performance rely heavily on aerobic capacity. However, in sprint skiing, due to the ~20% higher speed, anaerobic capacity contributes significantly. This study aimed to identify the possible anthropometric and physiological differences between elite male sprint and distance skiers.Methods:Six sprint and 7 distance international-level cross-country skiers completed testing using the V2 skating technique on a roller-ski treadmill. Measurements included submaximal O2 cost (5°, 3 m/s) and a 1000-m time trial (6°, >3.25 m/s) to assess VO2peak and accumulated oxygen (ΣO2) deficit.Results:The groups displayed similar O2 cost during the submaximal load. The sprint skiers had a higher ΣO2 deficit (79.0 ± 11.3 vs 65.7 ± 7.5 mL/kg, P = .03, ES = 1.27) and VO2peak in absolute values (6.6 ± 0.5 vs 6.0 ± 0.5 L/min, P = .04, ES =1.23), while VO2peak relative to body mass was lower than in the distance skiers (76.4 ± 4.4 vs 83.0 ± 3.2 mL · kg−1 · min−1, P = .009, ES = 1.59). The sprint skiers were heavier than the distance skiers (86.6 ± 6.1 vs 71.8 ± 7.2 kg, P = .002, ES = 2.07), taller (186 ± 5 vs 178 ± 7 cm, P = .04, ES = 1.25), and had a higher body-mass index (24.9 ± 0.8 vs 22.5 ± 1.3 kg/m2, P = .003, ES = 2.05).Conclusion:The elite male sprint skiers showed different anthropometric and physiological qualities than the distance skiers, with these differences being directly related to body mass.
Identification of Past and Recent Parvovirus B19 Infection in Immunocompetent Individuals by Quantitative PCR and Enzyme Immunoassays: a Dual-Laboratory Study
Authors: Maple Peter A. C. , Hedman Lea , Dhanilall Pravesh , Kantola Kalle , Nurmi Visa , Söderlund-Venermo Maria , Brown Kevin E. , Hedman Klaus 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a member of the family
Parvoviridae
, genus
Erythrovirus
. B19V-specific IgG and IgM react differently against conformational and linear epitopes of VP1 and VP2 antigens, leading to the development of IgG avidity and epitope type specificity (ETS) enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for distinguishing past from recent infection. Additionally, B19V viral load determination (by quantitative PCR [qPCR]) is increasingly used in the staging of B19V infection. In this study, the utility of these methods is compared. A panel of 78 sera was jointly tested by the Virus Reference Department (VRD), London, United Kingdom, and the Haartman Institute (HI), Helsinki, Finland, using a number of EIAs, e.g., B19V-specific IgG and IgM, IgG avidity, and ETS EIAs. At VRD, the sera were also tested by a B19V viral load PCR (qPCR). By consensus analysis, 43 (55.1%) sera represented past infection, 28 (35.9%) sera represented recent infection, and 7 (9.0%) sera were indeterminate. Both VRD B19V qPCR and HI B19V VP2 IgM EIA gave the highest agreement with consensus interpretation for past or recent infection, with an overall agreement of 99% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92 to 100) and positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% (95% CI, 87 to 100). Nine sera designated as representing past infection by consensus analysis were B19V IgM positive by a commercial VRD B19V IgM EIA and B19V IgM negative by a new HI in-house B19V VP2 IgM EIA. A new VRD B19V IgG avidity EIA showed good (>95%) agreement (excluding equivocal results) with consensus interpretations for past or recent infection. Correct discrimination of past from recent B19V infection was achieved through application of qPCR or by appropriate selection of EIAs.
Real-Time PCR Threshold Cycle Cutoffs Help To Identify Agents Causing Acute Childhood Diarrhea in Zanzibar
Authors: Elfving Kristina , Andersson Maria , Msellem Mwinyi I. , Welinder-Olsson Christina , Petzold Max , Björkman Anders , Trollfors Birger , Mårtensson Andreas , Lindh Magnus 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Molecular assays might improve the identification of causes of acute diarrheal disease but might lead to more frequent detection of asymptomatic infections. In the present study, real-time PCR targeting 14 pathogens was applied to rectal swabs from 330 children aged 2 to 59 months in Zanzibar, including 165 patients with acute diarrhea and 165 asymptomatic control subjects. At least one pathogen was detected for 94% of the patients and 84% of the controls, with higher rates among patients for norovirus genogroup II (20% versus 2.4%;
P
< 0.0001), rotavirus (10% versus 1.8%;
P
= 0.003), and
Cryptosporidium
(30% versus 11%;
P
< 0.0001). Detection rates did not differ significantly for enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC)-
estA
(33% versus 24%), ETEC-
eltB
(44% versus 46%),
Shigella
(35% versus 33%), and
Campylobacter
(35% versus 33%), but for these agents threshold cycle (

C
T

) values were lower (pathogen loads were higher) in sick children than in controls. In a multivariate analysis,

C
T

values for norovirus genogroup II, rotavirus,
Cryptosporidium
, ETEC-
estA
, and
Shigella
were independently associated with diarrhea. We conclude that this real-time PCR allows convenient detection of essentially all diarrheagenic agents and provides

C
T

values that may be critical for the interpretation of results for pathogens with similar detection rates in patients and controls. The results indicate that the assessment of pathogen loads may improve the identification of agents causing gastroenteritis in children.
Unconventional Sequence Requirement for Viral Late Gene Core Promoters of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68
Authors: Wong-Ho Elaine , Wu Ting-Ting , Davis Zoe H. , Zhang Bingqing , Huang Jian , Gong Hao , Deng Hongyu , Liu Fenyong , Glaunsinger Britt , Sun Ren 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Infection with the human gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is associated with several cancers. During lytic replication of herpesviruses, viral genes are expressed in an ordered cascade. However, the mechanism by which late gene expression is regulated has not been well characterized in gammaherpesviruses. In this study, we have investigated the
cis
element that mediates late gene expression during
de novo
lytic infection with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68). A reporter system was established and used to assess the activity of viral late gene promoters upon infection with MHV-68. It was found that the viral origin of lytic replication,
orilyt
, must be on the reporter plasmid to support activation of the late gene promoter. Furthermore, the DNA sequence required for the activation of late gene promoters was mapped to a core element containing a distinct TATT box and its neighboring sequences. The critical nucleotides of the TATT box region were determined by systematic mutagenesis in the reporter system, and the significance of these nucleotides was confirmed in the context of the viral genome. In addition, EBV and KSHV late gene core promoters could be activated by MHV-68 lytic replication, indicating that the mechanisms controlling late gene expression are conserved among gammaherpesviruses. Therefore, our results on MHV-68 establish a solid foundation for mechanistic studies of late gene regulation.
Virulence Factor NSs of Rift Valley Fever Virus Recruits the F-Box Protein FBXO3 To Degrade Subunit p62 of General Transcription Factor TFIIH
Authors: Kainulainen Markus , Habjan Matthias , Hubel Philipp , Busch Laura , Lau Simone , Colinge Jacques , Superti-Furga Giulio , Pichlmair Andreas , Weber Friedemann 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

The nonstructural protein NSs is the main virulence factor of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; family
Bunyaviridae
, genus
Phlebovirus
), a serious pathogen of livestock and humans in Africa. RVFV NSs blocks transcriptional upregulation of antiviral type I interferons (IFN) and destroys the general transcription factor TFIIH subunit p62 via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Here, we identified a subunit of E3 ubiquitin ligases, F-box protein FBXO3, as a host cell interactor of NSs. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of FBXO3 rescued p62 protein levels in RVFV-infected cells and elevated IFN transcription by 1 order of magnitude. NSs interacts with the full-length FBXO3 protein as well as with a truncated isoform that lacks the C-terminal acidic and poly(R)-rich domains. These isoforms are present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NSs exclusively removes the nuclear pool of full-length FBXO3, likely due to consumption during the degradation process. F-box proteins form the variable substrate recognition subunit of the so-called SCF ubiquitin ligases, which also contain the constant components Skp1, cullin 1 (or cullin 7), and Rbx1. siRNA knockdown of Skp1 also protected p62 from degradation, suggesting involvement in NSs action. However, knockdown of cullin 1, cullin 7, or Rbx1 could not rescue p62 degradation by NSs. Our data show that the enzymatic removal of p62 via the host cell factor FBXO3 is a major mechanism of IFN suppression by RVFV.

IMPORTANCE
Rift Valley fever virus is a serious emerging pathogen of animals and humans. Its main virulence factor, NSs, enables unhindered virus replication by suppressing the antiviral innate immune system. We identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXO3 as a novel host cell interactor of NSs. NSs recruits FBXO3 to destroy the general host cell transcription factor TFIIH-p62, resulting in suppression of the transcriptional upregulation of innate immunity.
HIV DNA Subspecies Persist in both Activated and Resting Memory CD4
+
T Cells during Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Murray John M. , Zaunders John J. , McBride Kristin L. , Xu Yin , Bailey Michelle , Suzuki Kazuo , Cooper David A. , Emery Sean , Kelleher Anthony D. , Koelsch Kersten K. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

The latent HIV reservoir is a major impediment to curing HIV infection. The contribution of CD4
+
T cell activation status to the establishment and maintenance of the latent reservoir was investigated by enumerating viral DNA components in a cohort of 12 individuals commencing antiretroviral therapy (ART) containing raltegravir, an integrase inhibitor. Prior to ART, the levels of total HIV DNA were similar across HLA-DR
+
and HLA-DR
−
(HLA-DR
±
) CD38
±
memory CD4
+
T cell phenotypes; episomal two-long terminal repeat (2-LTR) HIV DNA levels were higher in resting (HLA-DR
−
CD38
−
) cells, and this phenotype exhibited a significantly higher ratio of 2-LTR to integrated HIV DNA (
P
= 0.002). After 1 year of ART, there were no significant differences across each of the memory phenotypes of any HIV DNA component. The decay dynamics of integrated HIV DNA were slow within each subset, and integrated HIV DNA in the resting HLA-DR
−
CD38
−
subset per mm
3
of peripheral blood exhibited no significant decay (half-life of 25 years). Episomal 2-LTR HIV DNA decayed relative to integrated HIV DNA in resting cells with a half-life of 134 days. Surprisingly, from week 12 on, the decay rates of both total and episomal HIV DNA were lower in activated CD38
+
cells. By weeks 24 and 52, HIV RNA levels in plasma were most significantly correlated with the numbers of resting cells containing integrated HIV DNA. On the other hand, total HIV DNA levels in all subsets were significantly correlated with the numbers of HLA-DR
+
CD38
−
cells containing integrated HIV DNA. These results provide insights into the interrelatedness of cell activation and reservoir maintenance, with implications for the design of therapeutic strategies targeting HIV persistence.

IMPORTANCE
It is generally believed that HIV is not cleared by extensive antiretroviral therapy (ART) due to the difficulty in eradicating the latent reservoir in resting CD4
+
T cells. New therapies that attempt to activate this reservoir so that immune or viral cytopathic mechanisms can remove those infected cells are currently being investigated. However, results obtained in this research indicate that activation, at least on some level, already occurs within this reservoir. Furthermore, we are the first to describe the dynamics of different HIV DNA species in resting and activated memory CD4+ T cell subsets that point to the role different levels of activation play in maintaining the HIV reservoir.
Manuscript studies in the twentieth century: Kurt Weitzmann reconsidered
Authors: Dolezal Mary-Lyon 
Published: January 2014

Even when dealing with the remote past, the historian cannot be entirely objective. And in an account of his own experiences and reactions the personal factor becomes so important that it has to be extrapolated by a deliberate effort on the part of the reader.Erwin PanofskyAs we approach the end of the twentieth century, it is an appropriate time to consider the evolution of art-historical scholarship during this century; recent publications on this topic indicate its current interest. In particular, the discipline of manuscript studies, which has been flourishing and changing in its methodology over the last two decades, deserves re-evaluation and assessment. Rumination on the past is a fundamental process in our attempts to define new approaches and necessary to the positioning of our own approaches in relationship to what preceded them, especially methodologies that had conspicuous impact on the history of the discipline.
Evidence from Rome for the image of Christ on the Chalke gate in Constantinople
Authors: Haldon John , Ward-Perkins Bryan 
Published: January 2014

The biography of Pope Zacharias (741-52) in the Liber Pontificalis gives an account of his building-works and embellishments at the papal Lateran palace. After describing a new dining-room (triclinium) and an oratory and portico of St. Silvester, the account goes on to say:
Fecit autem a fundamentis ante scrinium Lateranensem porticum atque turrem ubi et portas ereas atque cancellos instituit et per figuram Salvatoris ante fores ornavit; et per ascendentes scalas in superioribus super eandem turrem triclinium et cancellos aereos construxit, ubi et orbis terrarum descriptione depinxit atque diversis versiculis ornavit.(He made from their foundations, in front of the offices of the Lateran, a portico and tower, where he set up bronze doors and railings, and adorned it in front of the doors with a figure of our Saviour. [Reached] by stairs going up, in the upper parts over the same tower he built a triclinium and bronze railings, and here painted a representation of the orb of the world and ornamented it with various verses).
Seferis and the novel: a reading of Six Nights on the Acropolis
Authors: Beaton Roderick 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSeferis’s only completed novel makes few concessions to the realist tradition. He was, however, fascinated by the genre and made five attempts to write a novel. Six Nights is a hybrid, transgressive text, which draws on an uncanonical tradition of fiction, from the Odyssey and The Arabian Nights to Gide and Proust. Six Nights can be read as diary-novel, pastiche or parody following Gide, symbolist novel, Bildungsroman, and roman à clef. Close readings under each of these headings reveal the complexity and the experimental nature of Six Nights, and help to situate it within Seferis’ developing oeuvre.
Childhood, mental capacity and conversion to Islam in the Ottoman state
Authors: Ginio Eyal 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this paper I explore the conversions of minors as they were presented in the registrations of the şeriat court (sicil). Two types of records shed light on the conversion process: the summaries of lawsuits and the sporadic registrations of converts’ names. As the mental capacity of a child was regarded as of crucial importance when considering the child’s conversion, the kadi classified the children into three different age-groups. Special attention was given to children of seven to ten years: their conversion was approved after an examination of their mental capacity. We can assume that these cases concealed some forms of pressure as well. The conversion of adolescents should be regarded as part of a wider phenomenon — the conversion of rural migrants to Salonica.
Writing and Redemption in the Hymns of Romanos the Melodist
Authors: Krueger Derek 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe liturgical hymns on the life of Christ composed by the sixth-century Constantinopolitan poet Romanos the Melodist inscribe theologies of literary composition which incorporate writing into the economy of salvation. His dialogues between Jesus and various characters from the gospels habitually insert acts of writing and literary documents into the biblical narrative. Romanos figures Jesus’ death on the cross as an act of self-inscription where Christ signs a ransom for humanity using his body as parchment and his blood as ink. The poet himself signs each of his poems by encrypting some variant of the phrase BY THE HUMBLE ROMANOS into an acrostic that determines the first letter of each stanza. The poet attaches his identity silently to his work, performing the humility he hopes to achieve while assimilating his own writing to Christ’s work of redemption.
Laonikos Chalkokondyles and the rise of the Ottoman Turks
Authors: Harris Jonathan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhile most Christian writers who described the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 regarded the disaster as divine retribution for the sins of its inhabitants, carried out through the agency of the barbaric and infidel Turks, the historical work of Laonikos Chalkokondyles takes a very different approach to the problem. It argues that nations rose or fell partly through luck, but also according the virtue they possessed, so that the Turks, rather than being mere agents, could in fact take the credit for their success. In this approach, Chalkokondyles reflects not classical Greek literature, but a western tradition to be found in Livy and Cicero, a strand of thought that he may have adopted as a result of contacts with Renaissance Italy.
'Don't Have a Library Rate Thrust Upon You': The Libraries Acts Debate in Whitby, 1878
Authors: Webster Jon 
Published: January 2014

This paper examines the doomed attempt to adopt the Libraries Acts in Whitby in I878. Comparatively few detailed accounts of the actual debates through which the ratepayers of Victorian Britain decided whether to adopt the Acts have been published. Whitby's stormy free library debate cut across religious and political affiliations. The deciding factor in the town's decision to reject the adoption of the Acts appears to have been class. Whitby's shrinking and almost exclusively male elite were predominantly in favour of adoption, whereas the majority of Whitby's broader middle classes (including most women) and its working-class ratepayers remained unconvinced. The free library supporters were more organized, comparatively more eloquent and generally more principled. Nevertheless, they were defeated largely over the single issue of the cost of providing something mainly perceived by Whitby's ratepayers as an unnecessary luxury. By examining the people involved, and looking at what they said and did in some detail, this paper on the Libraries Acts debate in Whitby uncovers how a fundamental educational and cultural battle was fought out in the past. It shows how different people in a declining British industrial town saw themselves, and outlines the different things they considered to be important in their society. The debate demonstrates graphically that in a climate of economic and industrial decline, arguments in favour of free public provision of services for the whole community can be decisively rejected by the public.