bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential Environmental Effects of Expanding Lake Jökulsárlón in Response to Melting of Breiðamerkurjökull, Iceland
Authors: Canas Daniel , Chan Winnie May , Chiu Austen , Jung-Ritchie Logan , Leung Matthew , Pillay Logesh , Waltham Brenda 
Published: November 2015

Glacial retreat has been well documented in several studies on the Vatnajökull ice cap. Breiðamerkurjökull, an outlet glacier from Vatnajökull, has been actively retreating since the end of the Little Ice Age in the mid-nineteenth century. There is a strong correlation between the increasing rate of glacial melt resulting from rising global temperatures and the expansion of proglacial lakes. Jökulsárlón, a proglacial lake associated with Breiðamerkurjökull, has grown significantly, from 14.6 km2 to 25.4 km2, between 1999 and 2014, as illustrated in a series of Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 images. Climate models predict that global temperatures will continue rising, which will impact the rate of glacial melt and subsequent expansion of proglacial lakes. These trends, as seen around the Breiðamerkurjökull-Jökulsárlón area, may result in serious environmental complications for the Icelandic population in the future. For that reason, it is important to monitor this phenomenon and take precautions where necessary. Jökulsárlón will also serve as a modern analogue for future studies on understanding the relationship between outlet glaciers and proglacial lakes' responses to climatic change.
Professional and Veterinary Competencies: Addressing Human Relations and the Human–Animal Bond in Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Adams Cindy L. , Conlon Peter D. , Long Kendra C. 
Published: November 2015

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and degree of coverage of human relations and the human– animal bond in veterinary curricula across North America. The attitudes and opinions of a cohort of veterinary students and alumni about human relations skills and human–animal bond training in the veterinary program was also investigated. Method – Twenty veterinary schools across North America were contacted and data were collected regarding their coverage of human relations and the human–animal bond in the curriculum. A survey was developed to measure attitudes and opinions about this type of training. The survey was disseminated to students in years 1 to 4 and alumni from the Ontario Veterinary College (OVC). Data were analyzed descriptively. Results – Based on availability of contact people, 20 schools in North America were contacted, and all participated in the study. Each of the veterinary schools surveyed has incorporated strategies for teaching human relations skills through required courses, electives, guest speakers, and/or community service programs. The overall participation rate for OVC students was 53%. Ninetynine percent of all students surveyed agreed that their ability to deal with people using effective human relations skills was a concern, and all students said they would like to receive more training in this area. There was a 41% participation rate for OVC alumni. Fifty-five percent of alumni said they had learned enough in the veterinary program to employ effective human relations skills in practice, yet 65% felt they had not received enough instruction in addressing the human–animal bond specifically. Conclusions – It is apparent that veterinary schools recognize the need to prepare entry-level practitioners to deal with the human–animal bond and with human relations. It is also evident that students and practitioners value receiving information of this nature in the curriculum and desire further training. Specific learning objectives for veterinary curricula have been outlined based on findings from this study.
Does immunotherapy increase the rate of radiation necrosis after radiosurgical treatment of brain metastases?
Authors: Colaco Rovel J. , Martin Pierre , Kluger Harriet M. , Yu James B. , Chiang Veronica L. 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
Radiation necrosis (RN), or its imaging equivalent, treatment-related imaging changes (TRIC), is an inflammatory reaction to high-dose radiation in the brain. The authors sought to investigate the hypothesis that immunotherapy increases the risk of developing RN/TRIC after stereotactic Gamma Knife (GK) radiosurgery for brain metastases.

METHODS
A total of 180 patients who underwent GK surgery for brain metastases between 2006 and 2012 were studied. The systemic therapy they received was classified as cytotoxic chemotherapy (CT), targeted therapy (TT), or immunotherapy (IT). The timing of systemic therapy in relation to GK treatment was also recorded. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds of developing RN according to type of systemic therapy received.

RESULTS
The median follow-up time was 11.7 months. Of 180 patients, 39 (21.7%) developed RN/TRIC. RN/TRIC rates were 37.5% (12 of 32) in patients who received IT alone, 16.9% (14 of 83) in those who received CT only, and 25.0% (5 of 20) in those who received TT only. Median overall survival was significantly longer in patients who developed RN/TRIC (23.7 vs 9.9 months, respectively). The RN/TRIC rate was increased significantly in patients who received IT alone (OR 2.40 [95% CI 1.06–5.44]; p = 0.03), whereas receipt of any CT was associated with a lower risk of RN/TRIC (OR 0.38 [95% CI 0.18–0.78]; p = 0.01). The timing of development of RN/TRIC was not different between patients who received IT and those who received CT.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients who receive IT alone may have an increased rate of RN/TRIC compared with those who receive CT or TT alone after stereotactic radiosurgery, whereas receiving any CT may in fact be protective against RN/TRIC. As the use of immunotherapies increases, the rate of RN/TRIC may be expected to increase compared with rates in the chemotherapy era.
Hippocampal and cerebellar atrophy in patients with Cushing’s disease
Authors: Burkhardt Till , Lüdecke Daniel , Spies Lothar , Wittmann Linus , Westphal Manfred , Flitsch Jörg 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
Cushing’s disease (CD) may cause atrophy of different regions of the human brain, mostly affecting the hippocampus and the cerebellum. This study evaluates the use of 3-T MRI of newly diagnosed patients with CD to detect atrophic degeneration with voxel-based volumetry.

METHODS
Subjects with newly diagnosed, untreated CD were included and underwent 3-T MRI. Images were analyzed using a voxelwise statistical test to detect reduction of brain parenchyma. In addition, an atlas-based volumetric study for regions likely to be affected by CD was performed.

RESULTS
Nineteen patients with a mean disease duration of 24 months were included. Tumor markers included adre-nocorticotropic hormone (median 17.5 pmol/L), cortisol (949.4 nmol/L), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (5.4 μmol/L). The following values are expressed as the mean ± SD. The voxelwise statistical test revealed clusters of significantly reduced gray matter in the hippocampus and cerebellum, with volumes of 2.90 ± 0.26 ml (right hippocampus), 2.89 ± 0.28 ml (left hippocampus), 41.95 ± 4.67 ml (right cerebellar hemisphere), and 42.11 ± 4.59 ml (left cerebellar hemisphere). Healthy control volunteers showed volumes of 3.22 ± 0.25 ml for the right hippocampus, 3.23 ± 0.25 ml for the left hippocampus, 50.87 ± 4.23 ml for the right cerebellar hemisphere, and 50.42 ± 3.97 ml for the left cerebellar hemisphere.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with untreated CD show significant reduction of gray matter in the cerebellum and hippocampus. These changes can be analyzed and objectified with the quantitative voxel-based method described in this study.
Role of apolipoprotein E polymorphism as a prognostic marker in traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease: a critical review
Authors: Maiti Tanmoy Kumar , Konar Subhas , Bir Shyamal , Kalakoti Piyush , Bollam Papireddy , Nanda Anil 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
The difference in course and outcome of several neurodegenerative conditions and traumatic injuries of the nervous system points toward a possible role of genetic and environmental factors as prognostic markers. Apolipoprotein E (Apo-E), a key player in lipid metabolism, is recognized as one of the most powerful genetic risk factors for dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, the current understanding of APOE polymorphism in various neurological disorders is discussed.

METHODS
The English literature was searched for various studies describing the role of APOE polymorphism as a prognostic marker in neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic brain injury. The wide ethnic distribution of APOE polymorphism was discussed, and the recent meta-analyses of role of APOE polymorphism in multiple diseases were analyzed and summarized in tabular form.

RESULTS
Results from the review of literature revealed that the distribution of APOE is varied in different ethnic populations. APOE polymorphism plays a significant role in pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, particularly in Alzheimer’s disease. APOE ε4 is considered a marker for poor prognosis in various diseases, but APOE ε2 rather than APOE ε4 has been associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related bleeding and sporadic Parkinson’s disease. The role of APOE polymorphism in various neurological diseases has not been conclusively elucidated.

CONCLUSIONS
Apo-E is a biomarker for various neurological and systemic diseases. Therefore, while analyzing the role of APOE polymorphism in neurological diseases, the interpretation should be done after adjusting all the confounding factors. A continuous quest to look for associations with various neurological diseases and wide knowledge of available literature are required to improve the understanding of the role of APOE polymorphism in these conditions and identify potential therapeutic targets.
Seven-Tesla MRI and neuroimaging biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Ali Rohaid , Goubran Maged , Choudhri Omar , Zeineh Michael M. 
Published: November 2015

The goal of this paper was to review the effectiveness of using 7-T MRI to study neuroimaging biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The authors reviewed the literature for articles published to date on the use of 7-T MRI to study AD. Thus far, there are 3 neuroimaging biomarkers for AD that have been studied using 7-T MRI in AD tissue: 1) neuroanatomical atrophy; 2) molecular characterization of hypointensities; and 3) microinfarcts.
Seven-Tesla MRI has had mixed results when used to study the 3 aforementioned neuroimaging biomarkers for AD.
First, in the detection of neuroanatomical atrophy, 7-T MRI has exciting potential. Historically, noninvasive imaging of neuroanatomical atrophy during AD has been limited by suboptimal resolution. However, now there is compelling evidence that the high resolution of 7-T MRI may help overcome this hurdle. Second, in detecting the characterization of hypointensities, 7-T MRI has had varied success. PET scans will most likely continue to lead in the noninvasive imaging of amyloid plaques; however, there is emerging evidence that 7-T MRI can accurately detect iron deposits within activated microglia, which may help shed light on the role of the immune system in AD pathogenesis. Finally, in the detection of microinfarcts, 7-T MRI may also play a promising role, which may help further elucidate the relationship between cerebrovascular health and AD progression.
Percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) of prostate cancer: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) findings
Authors: Niessen C. , Jung E.M. , Beyer L. , Pregler B. , Dollinger M. , Haimerl M. , Scheer F. , Stroszczynski C. , Wiggermann P. 
Published: November 2015

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) after irreversible electroporation (IRE) of prostatic cancer tissue to assess the ablation status by depicting microvascularisation in the ablation area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of CEUS of 13 patients (mean age: 61.4 ± 7.5 years) with histologically confirmed prostatic cancer who underwent percutaneous IRE. In the course of clinical routine, the tumor lesions were documented before, immediately after, and 1 day after the ablationusing color-coded transabdominal and transrectal CEUS. The obtained image data (DICOM loops and images) were subsequently evaluated by 2 experienced radiologists and assessed with regard to micro vascularisation by means of a 5-point scale. RESULTS: CEUS images showed significantly reduced microcirculation of the lesions (mean 0.9 ± 0.6 cm (0.5–1.5 cm) after IRE. Microcirculation was reduced from 2.15 ± 0.56 prior to ablation to 0.65 ± 0.63 ( p <  0.001) immediately after the ablation and to 0.27 ± 0.44 one day after IRE ( p <  0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed rapid and significant reduction of the microcirculation in the ablation area afterpercutaneous IRE of prostatic cancer tissue.
The interaction of human macrophage subsets with silicone as a biomaterial
Authors: Vijaya Bhaskar Thanga Bhuvanesh , Ma Nan , Lendlein Andreas , Roch Toralf 
Published: November 2015

Silicones are widely used as biomaterials for medical devices such as extracorporeal equipments. However, there is often conflicting evidence about their supposed cell- and histocompatibility. Macrophages could mediate silicone-induced adverse responses such as foreign body reaction and fibrous encapsulation. The polarization behaviour of macrophages could determine the clinical outcome after implantation of biomaterials. Induction of classically activated macrophages (CAM) may induce and support uncontrolled inflammatory responses and undesired material degradation. In contrast, polarization into alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) is assumed to support healing processes and implant integration. This study compared the interaction of non-polarized macrophages (M0), CAM, and AAM with commercially available tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) and a medical grade silicone-based biomaterial, regarding the secretion of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. Firstly, by using the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test the silicone films were shown to be free of soluble endotoxins, which is the prerequisite to investigate their interaction with primary immune cells. Primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (M0) were polarized into CAM and AAM by addition of suitable differentiation factors. These macrophage subsets were incubated on the materials for 24 hours and their viability and cytokine secretion was assessed. In comparison to TCP, cell adhesion was lower on silicone after 24 hours for all three macrophage subsets. However, compared to TCP, silicone induced higher levels of certain inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines in M0, CAM, and AAM macrophage subsets. Conclusively, it was shown that silicone has the ability to induce a pro-inflammatory state to different magnitudes dependent on the macrophage subsets. This priming of the macrophage phenotype by silicone could explain the incidence of severe foreign body complications observed in vivo.
Quantification of adherent platelets on polymer-based biomaterials. Comparison of colorimetric and microscopic assessment
Authors: Braune S. , Zhou S. , Groth B. , Jung F. 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND: Platelet adhesion to artificial surfaces is one of the most important indicators for the thrombogenicity of implant materials. Currently, a variety of enzyme activity-based colorimetric assays or microscopy-based techniques are commonly in use to assess this characteristic. Studies about how data of colorimetric assays correlate with the image-based quantification of adherent platelets are scarce. To address this question, the present study compared two colorimetric assays (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acid phosphatase (ACP)) with an image-based quantification of the density of platelets adhering on polymer-based biomaterial surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tri-sodium citrated whole blood was collected from apparently healthy subjects and platelet rich plasma (PRP) was prepared according to a standardized protocol. An in vitro static thrombogenicity test was applied to study platelet adhesion from PRP adjusted to 50,000 platelets per μL on three different polymers: medical grade polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), silicone and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). For the direct image-based approach, surface adherent platelets were fixed, fluorescently labelled and microscopically visualized. The image-based determination of platelet densities provided reference values for the comparison with data of the colorimetric assays. Correlation between standard platelet concentrations and ACP/LDH absorbance measurements were analysed to estimate accuracy and association of both parameters. ACP and LDH release from resting and ADP-stimulated platelets was studied to estimate how platelet activation influences colorimetric assay results. RESULTS: The density of adherent platelets ranged from 15,693 ± 2,487 platelets·mm–2 (PTFE) to 423 ± 99 platelets·mm–2 (silicone) and 4,621 ± 1,427 platelets·mm–2 (PET) and differed significantly between the three polymers (ANOVA: p <  0.05). Correlation coefficients between microscopic and colorimetric determination of platelet densities ranged between r = 0.93 (LDH, p <  0.001) and r = 0.94 (ACP, p <  0.001). ACP absorbance measurements of platelet standards with different concentrations corresponded well to an ideal linear regression, while LDH data either deceeded or exceeded the expected values. The LDH release during ADP-induced platelet activation was significantly higher compared to the release of ACP. CONCLUSION: For an adjusted platelet concentration of 50,000 platelets·μL−1, both colorimetric assays (ACP and LDH) allowed a similar accurate quantification of the mean platelet density compared to the microscopic evaluation. Better linearity of the assay standards, less variability of the results and a lower influence of platelet activation on the measurements mark the ACP assay as more suitable for the assessment of material surface adherent platelets compared to the LDH assay, particularly, if near physiological platelet concentrations are applied.
Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of CEUS in children with benign and malignant liver lesions and portal vein anomalies
Authors: Pschierer K. , Grothues D. , Rennert J. , da Silva N. Platz Batista , Schreyer A.G. , Melter M. , Stroszczysnski C. , Jung E.M. 
Published: November 2015

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of the diagnostic findings of MRI, CT and CEUS in children with benign and malignant and portal venous anomalies of the liver. MATERIALS/METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the diagnostic findings of CEUS, MRI and CT scans in 56 children (age 0–17 years) with a total of 60 benign and malignant liver lesions and anomalies of the portal vein/perfusion. All patients underwent CEUS using sulphur hexafluoride microbubbles and a multi-frequency probe (1–5 MHz, 6–9 MHz). Cine-loops were stored up to 3 minutes. MRI was performed in 38 lesions. CT was performed in 8 lesions. RESULTS: Out of the 56 patients 49 liver lesions (48 benign, 1 malignant), 9 anomalies of the portal vein/perfusion and 2 of the biliary system were detected. 16/49 lesions were analyzed histopathologically. Using CEUS, the characterization of the lesions was possible in 45 out of 49 cases. In 32 cases, CEUS provided the exact diagnosis. Only two benign lesions were falsely categorized as malignant. Findings of MRI and CEUS were concordant in 84% of cases ( n = 32/38). CEUS considered 1 benign lesion to be malignant. 2 lesions were not detectable and in 3 lesions no definite diagnosis was established using MRI. Findings of CT and CEUS were concordant in 5 of 8 cases. In 21 lesions CEUS as the only imaging modality was found to be sufficient for diagnostics. CONCLUSION: Despite the restricted indications for using CEUS in children, it offers a high diagnostic detection rate (93%) for characterization of liver lesions and portal vein anomalies.
Risk of fall (RoF) intervention by affecting visual egocenter through gait analysis and yoked prisms
Authors: Padula William V. , Subramanian Prem , Spurling April , Padula William V. , Jenness Jonathan 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND: Following a neurologic event such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and chronic neurological conditions including Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy a shift in the visual midline (egocenter) can directly affect posture, balance and spatial orientation. As a consequence, this increases the risk of fall (RoF) and injury that imposes a major financial burden on the public health system. OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is a statistically significant change in balance with the intervention of yoked prisms to reduce the risk of fall in subjects with neurological impairments. METHODS: Ambulation of thirty-six subjects was evaluated on a pressure sensitive mat before and after intervention with yoked prisms. Changes in gait and balance were analyzed in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) axes during ambulation. RESULTS: T-tests for each measure comparing the difference-of-differences to a zero change at baseline returned statistically significant reductions in both AP ( p <  0.0001; 95% CI: 1.368– 2.976) and ML ( p = 0.0002; 95% CI: 1.472– 4.173) imbalances using specifically directed yoked prisms to correct the visual midline deviation. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that yoked prisms have the potential to provide a cost-effective means to restore the visual midline thereby improving balance, reduce RoF and subsequent injury.
Shifts in diversification rates linked to biogeographic movement into new areas: An example of a recent radiation in the Andes
Authors: Uribe‐Convers Simon , Tank David C. 
Published: November 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Clade‐specific bursts in diversification are often associated with the evolution of key innovations. However, in groups with no obvious morphological innovations, observed upticks in diversification rates have also been attributed to the colonization of a new geographic environment. In this study, we explore the systematics, diversification dynamics, and historical biogeography of the plant clade Rhinantheae in the Orobanchaceae, with a special focus on the Andean clade of the genusBartsia.METHODS:We sampled taxa from across Rhinantheae, including a representative sample of AndeanBartsiaspecies. Using standard phylogenetic methods, we reconstructed evolutionary relationships, inferred divergence times among the clades of Rhinantheae, elucidated their biogeographic history, and investigated diversification dynamics.KEY RESULTS:We confirmed that the South AmericanBartsiaspecies form a highly supported monophyletic group. The median crown age of Rhinantheae was determined to be ca. 30 Myr, and Europe played an important role in the biogeographic history of the lineages. South America was first reconstructed in the biogeographic analyses around 9 Myr ago, and with a median age of 2.59 Myr, this clade shows a significant uptick in diversification.CONCLUSIONS:Increased net diversification of the South American clade corresponds to biogeographic movement into the New World. This movement happened at a time when the Andes were reaching the necessary elevation to host an alpine environment. Although a specific route could not be identified with certainty, we provide plausible hypotheses to how the group colonized the New World.