bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of a biobank: Bridging the gap in translational cancer medicine
Authors: Vora Tushar , Thacker Nirav 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe prevalence of people affected by cancer has been steadily increasing. More and more people are being offered the chance of increased longevity. This has been possible due to advances not only in medicines and techniques but also because of the gain in understanding of cancer biology through Translational Cancer Medicine. A significant step towards obtaining this success was the establishment of successful biobanking practise. In this review we discuss about the importance of a Biobank and the various impacts that a biobank can have not only in the field of cancer but also on many other aspects. Later we discuss a method of quantitative evaluation of these impacts of a biobank.
Immunomodulated anterior chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced tongue cancer: An Institutional experience
Authors: Chhatui Bappaditya , Roy Sanjoy , Maji Tapas , Lahiri Debarshi , Biswas Jaydip ,   Devleena
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Context: Sequential induction chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (PF) along with interferon-alpha2b and concurrent chemoradiation offers superior loco-regional control for locally advanced carcinoma of oral tongue. Aims: The study was designed to evaluate the beneficial role of induction PF chemotherapy and interferon-alpha2b followed by chemoradiation over definitive chemoradiation only for patients with locally advanced carcinoma of oral tongue. Settings and Design: Phase II randomized, prospective, open-labeled, single-institutional study. Methods and Material: Fifty patients were randomized into 2 arms. Arm A patients were treated with induction chemotherapy with PF regimen for 3 cycles and interferon alpha 2b, 3MU biweekly for 6 such followed by chemoradiation with cisplatin 30 mg/ m 2 / week and external radiotherapy. Arm B patients received chemoradiation only, in the same dose schedule as in Arm A. Statistical analysis used: Chi-square test was done to find out the statistical correlation between the two arms. For plotting the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for the two arms, Kaplan-Meier method was used. Results: The loco-regional response rate of patients treated with interferon containing induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation was superior to concurrent chemoradiation only. However the toxicities and treatment interruption were more in patients treated with induction chemotherapy. Conclusions: In locally advanced carcinoma of oral tongue, induction chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (PF) along with interferon alpha 2b followed by concurrent chemoradiation may produce superior loco-regional control with manageable toxicities that needs to be validated by more randomized trials with adequate number of patients.
Resurgence of the Endogeneity-Backed Instrumental Variable Methods
Authors: Qin Duo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates the nature of the IV method for tackling endogeneity. By tracing the rise and fall of the method in macroeconometrics and its subsequent revival in microeconometrics, it pins the method down to an implicit model respecification device— breaking the circular causality of simultaneous relations by redefining it as an asymmetric one conditioning on a non-optimal conditional expectation of the assumed endogenous explanatory variable, thus rejecting that variable as a valid conditional variable. The revealed nature explains why the IV route is popular for models where endogeneity is superfluous whereas measurement errors are of the key concern.
De offshore vennootschap
Authors: van Koningsveld T.J. 
Published: February 2015

Offshore companies: the perfect concealing instrument for money launderers?
Offshore companies play a substantial role in the laundering of dirty money, especially in bigger cases. This article reflects on the definition of offshore companies and analyses several cases of money laundering through these often complicated financial business structures. The lack of knowledge on offshore money laundering practices hampers criminal investigation worldwide. Improving the registration of cases and sharing knowledge internationally would help to develop better prevention measures and to detect money laundering through offshore companies. The author also provides a list of risk indicators signalizing possible abuse of offshore companies.
Wat
doen daders met hun geld?
Authors: Kruisbergen E.W. , Kleemans E.R. , Kouwenberg R.F. 
Published: February 2015

What do offenders do with their money? Results from the Dutch Organised Crime Monitor
In this article the authors use empirical data from the Dutch Organised Crime Monitor to give empirical insight into the investments of organised crime offenders in legal economy. Using a dataset of 1,196 individual investments, they look into what kind of assets offenders purchase and where these assets are located. The authors use the empirical results to assess the tenability of different theoretical perspectives and assumptions that are present in the literature on money laundering and organised crime: the standard economic approach, the criminal infiltration approach and the social opportunity structure. The results of this study show that offenders predominantly invest in their home country and that their investments consist of tangible, familiar assets such as residences and other real estate and companies from well-known sectors. Investments such as bonds as well as stocks in companies in which offenders are not personally involved, were only found in a small number of cases. To put it differently: offenders usually stay close to home with their investments. Based on these results, the concept of social opportunity structure seems to be best suited to understand offenders’ investment choices.
Belust op misdaadgeld: de werkelijkheid van voordeelsontneming
Authors: van Duyne P.C. , Kristen F.G.H. , de Zanger W.S. 
Published: February 2015

Eager for crime money: The reality of asset recovery
Dutch policy makers, as elsewhere, have a strong belief in the effectiveness of asset recovery legislation. There are high expectations concerning the amounts of crime money to be collected, and the collection thereof would enable theauthorities to tackle serious, organized crime and fill the treasury. However, the results of the authors’ empirical research into the actual execution of ‘recovery orders’ show a different image. The majority of asset recovery cases concerns cases with low payment obligations (under € 5,000), indicating that mainly ‘smaller fishes’ are targeted. In general, the collection of crime money proves to be a difficult endeavour. Large amounts are not collected and there are long execution times. Policy makers who publicly announce high expectations, and who budget the expected incomes from asset recovery, do not practice evidence-based policy making and give leeway to false hopes which then require new (legislative) measures.
Marked Variability in Reported Minimal Residual Disease Lower Level of Detection of 4 Hematolymphoid Neoplasms: A Survey of Participants in the College of American Pathologists Flow Cytometry Proficiency Testing Program
Authors: Keeney Michael , Halley Jaimie G. , Rhoads Daniel D. , Ansari M. Qasim , Kussick Steven J. , Karlon William J. , Mehta Kumudini U. , Dorfman David M. , Linden Michael A. 
Published: February 2015

Context
Flow cytometry is often applied to minimal residual disease (MRD) testing in hematolymphoid neoplasia. Because flow-based MRD tests are developed in the laboratory, testing methodologies and lower levels of detection (LODs) are laboratory dependent.

Objectives
To broadly survey flow cytometry laboratories about MRD testing in laboratories, if performed, including indications and reported LODs.

Design
Voluntary supplemental questions were sent to the 549 laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists (CAP) FL3-A Survey (Flow Cytometry—Immunophenotypic Characterization of Leukemia/Lymphoma) in the spring of 2014.

Results
A total of 500 laboratories (91%) responded to the supplemental questions as part of the FL3-A Survey by April 2014; of those 500 laboratories, 167 (33%) currently perform MRD for lymphoblastic leukemia, 118 (24%) for myeloid leukemia, 99 (20%) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and 91 (18%) for plasma cell myeloma. Other indications include non-Hodgkin lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, neuroblastoma, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Most responding laboratories that perform MRD for lymphoblastic leukemia reported an LOD of 0.01%. For myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and plasma cell myeloma, most laboratories indicated an LOD of 0.1%. Less than 3% (15 of 500) of laboratories reported LODs of 0.001% for one or more MRD assays performed.

Conclusions
There is major heterogeneity in the reported LODs of MRD testing performed by laboratories subscribing to the CAP FL3-A Survey. To address that heterogeneity, changes to the Flow Cytometry Checklist for the CAP Laboratory Accreditation Program are suggested that will include new requirements that each laboratory (1) document how an MRD assay's LOD is measured, and (2) include the LOD or lower limit of enumeration for flow-based MRD assays in the final diagnostic report.
Quantifying the effects of mixing and residual circulation on trends of stratospheric mean age of air
Authors: Ploeger F. , Abalos M. , Birner T. , Konopka P. , Legras B. , Müller R. , Riese M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIt is an outstanding issue to what degree trends in stratospheric mean age of air reflect changes in the (slow) residual circulation and how they are affected by (fast) eddy mixing. We present a method to quantify the effects of mixing and residual circulation on mean age trends, based on simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) driven by ERA‐Interim reanalysis and on the integrated tracer continuity equation. During 1990–2013, mean age decreases throughout most of the stratosphere, qualitatively consistent with results based on climate model simulations. During 2002–2012, age changes show a clear hemispheric asymmetry in agreement with satellite observations. We find that changes in the residual circulation transit time cannot explain the mean age trends, and including the integrated effect of mixing is crucial. Above about 550 K (about 22 km), trends in the mixing effect on mean age appear to be coupled to residual circulation changes.
Asymmetric Kelvin‐Helmholtz propagation at Saturn's dayside magnetopause
Authors: Ma X. , Stauffer B. , Delamere P. A. , Otto A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAt Saturn's magnetopause, the shear flows are maximized (minimized) in the prenoon (postnoon) sector due to the rapid planetary rotation and the corotating magnetodisc. As such, the prenoon sector is expected to be more Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) unstable than the postnoon sector; however, in situ Cassini data analyses showed that the evidence of KH activity favors the postnoon sector. In this study, we use a two‐dimensional MHD simulation to demonstrate that fast‐growing KH modes strongly deform and diffuse the boundary layer on a time scale of a few minutes in the prenoon sector. Therefore, the KH observational signature is difficult to identify by spacecraft in the diffused boundary layer. KH vortices originating in the subsolar region (roughly from 10 to 14 local times) are transported to the postnoon sector and the wavelength is enlarged due to the gradient of shear flow, which is a plausible reason why KH events are more often observed in the postnoon sector. The prediction of the local boundary normal direction distribution as a function of spacecraft inward/outward crossing in the postnoon sector suggested by our simulation is qualitatively consistent with Cassini in situ observational results. We also discuss the impact of this dawn‐dusk asymmetric Kelvin‐Helmholtz evolution on magnetic reconnection at Saturn's magnetopause boundary.
Novel analysis of a sudden ionospheric disturbance using Schumann resonance measurements
Authors: Dyrda Michał , Kulak Andrzej , Mlynarczyk Janusz , Ostrowski Michał 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA spherical cavity between Earth and the lower ionosphere forms a global resonator for Extremely Low Frequency electromagnetic waves. Constant thunderstorm activity leads to the formation of a resonance field in the cavity, known as the Schumann resonance. Solar flare generated Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances (SID) modify the ionosphere affecting the ground‐based radio communication systems. They are also expected to modify radiowave propagation in the cavity. In this paper, the Schumann Resonance spectral decomposition method is used for the first time to study the cavity resonance frequencies during the SID accompanying a strong X2.1 solar flare. We analyzed rapid changes in the frequencies and Q factors of the first five resonance modes using a 5 min timescale. The observed frequency shifts were compared to the ionizing solar flare fluxes in the UV, X‐ray, and high‐energy γ rays.
Magnetospheric signatures of ionospheric density cavities observed by Cluster
Authors: Russell A. J. B. , Karlsson T. , Wright A. N. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe present Cluster measurements of large amplitude electric fields correlated with intense downward field‐aligned currents, observed during a nightside crossing of the auroral zone. The data are reproduced by a simple model of magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling which, under different conditions, can also produce a divergent electric field signature in the downward current region, or correlation between the electric and perturbed magnetic fields. We conclude that strong electric field associated with intense downward field‐aligned current, such as this observation, is a signature of ionospheric plasma depletion caused by the downward current. It is also shown that the electric field in the downward current region correlates with downward current density if a background field is present, e.g., due to magnetospheric convection.
The influence of the Amundsen Sea Low on the winds in the Ross Sea and surroundings: Insights from a synoptic climatology
Authors: Coggins Jack H. J. , McDonald Adrian J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) is an area of climatologically low atmospheric pressure situated over the Southern Ocean. The depth and location of this feature have significant effects on winds, temperature, moisture transport, and sea ice in its vicinity. In this article, we quantify the modulating effect of this feature on winds over the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf. We examine composites of surface winds sampled according to extrema in ASL depth, longitude, and latitude. We employ the output of a previously developed synoptic climatology to identify the explanatory synoptic‐scale forcings. In autumn, winter, and spring (AWS) we find that the impact of the depth of the ASL is smaller than that of its location. The ASL moves eastward when it is deep, thereby reducing its influence on Ross Sea winds. When the ASL is northward, we find strongly enhanced southerly flows over the Ross Sea and Ice Shelf, forced by greater cyclonic activity in the north of the Ross Sea. In summer, we find increased cyclonic flow coinciding with a deeper ASL, despite the ASL being located in the Bellingshausen Sea at this time. The responses to the ASL longitude and latitude are profoundly different to those in AWS, suggesting that relationships are strongly dependent on the varying seasonal location of the low. We examine two metrics of the ASL depth and identify that the absolute mean sea level pressure (MSLP) has a more widespread response than that of the relative MSLP.
Rossby waves, extreme fronts, and wildfires in southeastern Australia
Authors: Reeder Michael J. , Spengler Thomas , Musgrave Ruth 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe most catastrophic fires in recent history in southern Australia have been associated with extreme cold fronts. Here an extreme cold front is defined as one for which the maximum temperature at 2 m is at least 17°C lower on the day following the front. An anticyclone, which precedes the cold front, directs very dry northerlies or northwesterlies from the interior of the continent across the region. The passage of the cold front is followed by strong southerlies or southwesterlies. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ERA‐Interim Reanalyses show that this regional synoptic pattern common to all strong cold fronts, and hence severe fire conditions, is a consequence of propagating Rossby waves, which grow to large amplitude and eventually irreversibly overturn. The process of overturning produces the low‐level anticyclone and dry conditions over southern Australia, while simultaneously producing an upper level trough and often precipitation in northeastern Australia.
Sources of Material Data
Authors: Kaufman J. G. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
To identify useful sources of materials data, it is important to have clearly in mind at the outset (a) the intended use of data, (b) the type of data required, and (c) the quality of data required. These three factors are key in narrowing a search and improving its efficiency of a search for property data. Therefore, as an introduction to the identification of some specific potentially useful sources of materials data, this chapter discusses those three factors in some detail and describes the options available in types of data sources. The chapter also discusses two fundamental types of materials databases: textual data and numeric data. The two factors affecting data quality and reliability include (a) the manner in which the data were obtained and (b) the statistical reliability of the data presented. The chapter also discusses the variety of platforms available for databases today.
An Introduction to the Finite‐Element Method
Authors: Zohdi Tarek I. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter provides a concise review of basic field equations in solid mechanics and then illustrates how the finite‐element method (FEM) can be employed to solve them. To motivate the use of the FEM, the author derives the classical equations of mechanical equilibrium. The central feature of the FEM is to reduce the field equations in a physically sound and systematic manner to an assembly of discrete subdomains, or “elements.” The fundamental mechanism that produces forces in elastic deformation is the stretching of atomic bonds. The chapter presents the classical theory of isotropic elastic material responses for three‐dimensional states of stress and strain. It discusses relationships between the stress and strain, so‐called material laws or constitutive relations for geometrically linear problems (infinitesimal deformations). The chapter describes Hilbertian Sobolev spaces and global/local transformations, and outlines differential properties of shape functions.
Failure Analysis of Plastics
Authors: Shah Vishu 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The fundamental problem concerning the failures of parts made out of plastics materials is a lack of understanding of the difference between the nature of relatively newpolymeric materials and traditional materials. Part failure is generally related to one of four key factors: material selection, design, process, and service conditions. Most stresses imposed on plastic products in service can be grouped under thermal, chemical, physical, biological, mechanical, and electrical. The first step in analyzing any type of failure is to determine the cause of the failure. Before proceeding with elaborate tests, some basic information regarding the product must be gathered. Ten basic methods are employed to analyze product failure: visual examination, identification analysis, stress analysis, heat reversion technique, microtoming (microstructural analysis), mechanical testing, thermal analysis, nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques, fractography and simulation testing. By zeroing in on the type of failure, one can easily select the appropriate method of failure analysis.
Acoustics
Authors: Blotter Jonathan D. , Sommerfeldt Scott D. , Gee Kent L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAcoustics is a very broad field of science that covers the generation, reduction, control, transmission, and reception aspects of sound. This chapter discusses three fundamental measures of sound. These are sound power, sound intensity, and sound pressure. In the field of acoustics, the decibel (dB), which is one‐tenth of a bel, is almost exclusively used. The first weighting filter to be discussed is called A weighting and usually carries the associated symbol dBA or dB(A). The chapter summarizes the fundamental theoretical developments of acoustics in a fluid. When a wave propagating in a medium encounters a change in the impedance presented to the wave, reflection and transmission of the wave occur. The chapter outlines some general concepts associated with the use of passive noise control for reducing unwanted noise and explains concepts associated with active noise control. Finally, hearing loss, community and environmental noise, and sound quality analysis, are presented.
Design Optimization: An Overview
Authors: Ravi Ravindran A. , Reklaitis G. V. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of optimization theory and its application to problems arising in engineering. In the most general terms, optimization theory is a body of mathematical results and numerical methods for finding and identifying the best candidate from a collection of alternatives without having to enumerate and evaluate explicitly all possible alternatives. An overview was given of the elements and methods comprising design optimization methodology. The key element in the overall process of design optimization was seen to be the engineering model of the system constructed for this purpose. The assumptions and formulation details of the model govern the quality and relevance of the optimal design obtained. The chapter also gives a structural classification of optimization problems and a broad brush review of the main families of optimization methods. Clearly this review can only hope to serve as entry point to this broad field.
Life‐Cycle Design
Authors: Clarke Abigail , Gershenson John K. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis chapter outlines the principles that characterize the goals of design for the life cycle (DfLC) as well as the methods that provide the means to achieve these goals and the tools that support life‐cycle‐compatible design decisions. A few illustrative implementations of DfLC are shown to highlight the achievement of these goals. The chief motivation for DfLC is to foresee environmental effects and mitigate them through product design. Many standards, certifications, and ecolabels have been put in place to encourage product design improvements and affect consumer buying habits. The purpose of DfLC is to create products that positively affect the environment, thus decreasing ecological damage. Life‐cycle design—that is, product life‐cycle design—is at the very heart of the development of the product life cycle. However, it is clear that the future holds new and important challenges to the current state of DfLC.