bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Egoism and/or Altruism
Authors: Jetton Merlin 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Ayn Rand's use of “selfishness” and “altruism” was polarizing and contrary to common usage. With the help of Venn diagrams, this essay compares and even reconciles the divergent meanings of egoism and altruism. It cites Rand's usage of “traditional egoism,” a term she used in correspondence but in none of her books or periodicals. This term helps to understand Rand's meaning of egoism. It also comments on earlier essays in this periodical about egoism.
BeneathThe DIM Hypothesis:
Authors: Bissell Roger E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDismissing criticisms that Leonard Peikoff's book, The DIM Hypothesis, is unscientific, deterministic, or rationalistic, this essay focuses on problems with the logical framework of Peikoff's study of Western culture. In particular, Peikoff has conflated two different kinds of rationalists and empiricists and has completely overlooked combinations of the Platonist and so-called “Kantian” modes. As a result, his three pure integration “modes” actually produce not just two “mixtures” but a total of six. Furthermore, without absolving Kant of very serious philosophical errors, the author marshals evidence that the real culprit responsible for the culturally disastrous “Disintegration” mode was one of Kant's predecessors.
« Murine, pour vos yeux » : arguments publicitaires, représentations et public cible dans les annonces des magazines au Québec, 1925-1950
Authors: Sills Myriam 
Published: December 2013

Cet article remonte aux premières années du phénomène de la publicité de masse et se penche sur le sexe du public cible et les arguments de vente dans les publicités pour Murine publiées dans les magazines au Québec entre 1925 et 1950. L’analyse des annonces des gouttes pour les yeux Murine a révélé que les femmes étaient les principales cibles dans les années 1920, ces gouttes étant présentées comme un produit de beauté « féminin ». Le discours et les arguments publicitaires changent cependant au fil des deux décennies suivantes, modifiant les fonctions du produit qui demeure pourtant le même dans ses composantes. Les publicitaires adressent alors leur message à un public cible plus vaste, autant masculin que féminin, ce qui concorde bien avec leurs aspirations marchandes, particulièrement dans le contexte de la crise économique et de la guerre.
Les barrières à l’innovation organisationnelle : Le cas du Lean Management
Authors: Dubouloz Sandra 
Published: December 2013

L’objectif de cette recherche est d’identifier les barrières à l’Innovation Organisationnelle (IO) en distinguant les phases de son processus d’adoption. Six études de cas d’entreprises industrielles françaises ayant adopté le Lean Management nous permettent de recueillir une perception multi-acteurs des barrières et de les hiérarchiser. Nos résultats montrent notamment que les barrières internes et celles relatives aux attributs de l’IO devancent celles relatives aux coûts de l’innovation et à son financement qui priment généralement pour les innovations technologiques. Nous montrons aussi que ces barrières, loin d’être insurmontables, peuvent jouer un rôle de « stimulant managérial ».
Identification of Black Spots Based on Reliability Approach
Authors: Ghaffari Ahmadreza , Kashani Ali Tavakoli , Moghimidarzi Sayedbahman 
Published: December 2013

Identifying crash “black-spots”, “hot-spots” or “high-risk” locations is one of the most important and prevalent concerns in traffic safety and various methods have been devised and presented for solving this issue until now. In this paper, a new method based on the reliability analysis is presented to identify black-spots. Reliability analysis has an ordered framework to consider the probabilistic nature of engineering problems, so crashes with their probabilistic na -ture can be applied. In this study, the application of this new method was compared with the commonly implemented Frequency and Empirical Bayesian methods using simulated data. The results indicated that the traditional methods can lead to an inconsistent prediction due to their inconsider -ation of the variance of the number of crashes in each site and their dependence on the mean of the data.
Solution Algorithm for a New Bi-Level Discrete Network Design Problem
Authors: Chen Qun , Chen Haibo 
Published: December 2013

A new discrete network design problem (DNDP) was pro-posed in this paper, where the variables can be a series of integers rather than just 0-1. The new DNDP can determine both capacity improvement grades of reconstruction roads and locations and capacity grades of newly added roads, and thus complies with the practical projects where road capacity can only be some discrete levels corresponding to the number of lanes of roads. This paper designed a solution algorithm combining branch-and-bound with Hooke-Jeeves algorithm, where feasible integer solutions are recorded in searching the process of Hooke-Jeeves algorithm, lend -ing itself to determine the upper bound of the upper-level problem. The thresholds for branch cutting and ending were set for earlier convergence. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Observations of linear dependence between sulfate and nitrate in atmospheric particles
Authors: Kong Lingdong , Yang Yiwei , Zhang Shuanqin , Zhao Xi , Du Huanhuan , Fu Hongbo , Zhang Shicheng , Cheng Tiantao , Yang Xin , Chen Jianmin , Wu Dui , Shen Jiandong , Hong Shengmao , Jiao Li 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHourly measurements of water‐soluble inorganic ionic species in ambient atmospheric particles were conducted at Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Guangzhou sampling sites in China during the period of 2009–2011. The relation between sulfate and nitrate in particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) was examined based on these measurements. Results showed that the mass fraction of sulfate was strongly negatively correlated with that of nitrate in atmospheric particles on most of the sampling days, especially when sulfate and nitrate made up the vast majority of the total soluble anions and cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) made a small contribution to the total water‐soluble ions, revealing that the formation mechanisms of sulfate and nitrate in the atmosphere are highly correlated, and there exists a significant negative correlation trend between sulfate and nitrate mass fractions in the atmospheric particles. We found that local meteorological conditions presented opposite influences on the mass fractions of sulfate and nitrate. Further analysis indicated that the two mass fractions were modulated by the neutralizing level of atmospheric aerosols, and the negative correlation could be found in acidic atmospheric particles. Strong negative correlation was usually observed on clear days, hazy days, foggy days, and respirable particulate air pollution days, whereas poor negative correlation was often observed during cloud, rain, snow, dust storm, and suspended dust events. The results can help to better understand the formation mechanisms of atmospheric sulfate and nitrate during air pollution episodes and to better explain field results of atmospheric chemistry concerning sulfate and nitrate.
Saturation Transfer Difference NMR for Fragment Screening
Authors: Begley Darren W. , Moen Spencer O. , Pierce Phillip G. , Zartler Edward R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractFragment screening by saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance (STD‐NMR) is a robust method for identifying small molecule binders and is well suited to a broad set of biological targets. STD‐NMR is exquisitely sensitive for detecting weakly binding compounds (a common characteristic of fragments), which is a crucial step in finding promising compounds for a fragment‐based drug discovery campaign. This protocol describes the development of a library suitable for STD‐NMR fragment screening, as well as preparation of protein samples, optimization of experimental conditions, and procedures for data collection and analysis. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 5:251‐268 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chemiluminescent Nitrogen Detection (CLND) to Measure Kinetic Aqueous Solubility
Authors: Kestranek Aimee , Chervenak Andrew , Longenberger Justin , Placko Steven 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSolubility is the dose‐limiting property for in vitro studies, and therefore is a critical physicochemical property to measure in drug discovery. Solubility data can be used to guide lead optimization, troubleshoot erratic bioassay results, and identify potential downstream liabilities such as insufficient solubility for bioassays or oral bioavailability. Typically, early in vitro studies are performed using library compounds prepared as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) stock solutions, resulting in in vitro test solutions containing DMSO at low concentration (<5% v/v). Since DMSO can affect the apparent solubility, it is desirable to obtain solubility data under conditions mimicking the in vitro study. Kinetic solubility (from DMSO stock solutions) is often preferred over thermodynamic solubility (from dry powder) in early drug discovery. The protocols in this article describe a general procedure for assessing kinetic aqueous solubility of early drug discovery compounds using a miniaturized shake flask method with chemiluminescent nitrogen detection (CLND). Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 5:269‐280 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of the Pluramycins 2: Total Synthesis and Structure Assignment of Saptomycin B
Authors: Kitamura Kei , Maezawa Yoshihiko , Ando Yoshio , Kusumi Takenori , Matsumoto Takashi , Suzuki Keisuke 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA concise, highly convergent total synthesis of saptomycin B, a member of the pluramycin class of antitumor antibiotics, is reported. The target compound was assembled from four building blocks (a tricyclic platform, two sugars, and an alkynal) in 15% yield through 10 synthetic operations. The key steps included the regioselective installation of two amino sugars (L‐vancosamine and D‐angolosamine) on the tricycle and the efficient construction of the tetracyclic skeleton by an aldol reaction followed by formation of the pyranone. The unknown configuration at C14 was assigned as R.
Two‐in‐One: Inherent Anhydrous and Water‐Assisted High Proton Conduction in a 3D Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Nagarkar Sanjog S. , Unni Sreekuttan M. , Sharma Amitosh , Kurungot Sreekumar , Ghosh Sujit K. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe development of solid‐state proton‐conducting materials with high conductivity that operate under both anhydrous and humidified conditions is currently of great interest in fuel‐cell technology. A 3D metal–organic framework (MOF) with acid–base pairs in its coordination space that efficiently conducts protons under both anhydrous and humid conditions has now been developed. The anhydrous proton conductivity for this MOF is among the highest values that have been reported for MOF materials, whereas its water‐assisted proton conductivity is comparable to that of the organic polymer Nafion, which is currently used for practical applications. Unlike other MOFs, which conduct protons either under anhydrous or humid conditions, this compound should represent a considerable advance in the development of efficient solid‐state proton‐conducting materials that work under both anhydrous and humid conditions.
Through‐Bond/Through‐Space Anion Relay Chemistry Exploiting Vinylepoxides as Bifunctional Linchpins
Authors: Chen Ming Z. , Gutierrez Osvaldo , Smith Amos B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe development of new bifunctional linchpins that permit the union of diverse building blocks is essential for the synthetic utility of anion relay chemistry (ARC). The design, synthesis, and validation of three vinylepoxide linchpins for through‐bond/through‐space ARC are now reported. For negative charge migration, this class of bifunctional linchpins employs initial through‐bond ARC by an SN2′ reaction, followed by through‐space ARC exploiting a 1,4‐Brook rearrangement. The trans‐disubstituted vinylepoxide linchpin yields a mixture of E/Z isomers, whereas the cis‐disubstituted and the trans‐trisubstituted vinylepoxide linchpins proceed to deliver three‐component adducts with excellent E selectivity.
Climate change multi‐model projections for temperature extremes in Portugal
Authors: Andrade C. , Fraga H. , Santos J. A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractClimate change projections for spatial‐temporal distributions of temperatures in Portugal are analysed using a 13‐member ensemble of regional climate model simulations (A1B scenario for 2041–2070). Bias corrections are carried out using an observational gridded dataset (E‐OBS) and equally‐weighted ensemble statistics are discussed. Clear shifts toward higher future seasonal mean temperatures, in central tendency and also in both tails of the distributions, are found (2–4 °C), particularly for summer and autumn maximum temperatures. Furthermore, frequencies of occurrence of daily extremes are projected to increase, particularly in summer maximum temperatures over inland Portugal. Wintertime changes are weaker than in other seasons.
Prospective assessment of the influence of pancreatic cancer resection on exocrine pancreatic function
Authors: Sikkens E C M , Cahen D L , de Wit J , Looman C W N , van Eijck C , Bruno M J 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
Exocrine insufficiency frequently develops in patients with pancreatic cancer owing to tumour ingrowth and pancreatic duct obstruction. Surgery might restore this function by removing the primary disease and restoring duct patency, but it may also have the opposite effect, as a result of resection of functional parenchyma and anatomical changes. This study evaluated the course of pancreatic function, before and after pancreatic resection.

Methods
This prospective cohort study included patients with tumours in the pancreatic region requiring pancreatic resection in a tertiary referral centre between March 2010 and August 2012. Starting before surgery, exocrine function was determined monthly by measuring faecal elastase 1 levels (normal value over 0·200 µg per g faeces). Endocrine function, steatorrhoea-related symptoms and bodyweight were also evaluated before and after surgery. Subjects were followed from diagnosis until 6 months after surgery, or until death.

Results
Twenty-nine patients were included, 12 with pancreatic cancer, 14 with ampullary carcinoma and three with bile duct carcinoma (median tumour size 2·6 cm). Twenty-six patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and three distal pancreatectomy. Thirteen patients had exocrine insufficiency at preoperative diagnosis. After a median follow-up of 6 months, this had increased to 24 patients. Diabetes was present in seven patients at diagnosis, and developed in one additional patient within 1 month after surgery.

Conclusion
Most patients with tumours in the pancreatic region requiring pancreatic resection either had exocrine insufficiency at diagnosis or became exocrine-insufficient soon after surgical resection.
Effect of downregulation of ZEB1 on vimentin expression, tumour migration and tumourigenicity of melanoma B16F10 cells and CSCs
Authors: Dou Jun , He Xiangfeng , Liu Yurong , Wang Yaqian , Zhao Fengshu , Wang Xiaoying , Chen Dengyu , Shi Fangfang , Wang Jing 
Published: December 2013

AbstractZinc‐finger E‐box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) is a master regulator of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and has been implicated in primary epithelial cancer biological processes, such as invasion and metastasis. However, the role of ZEB1 in progression of melanoma and cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains obscure. In this study, the recombinant plasmids of t3 shRNAs targeting mouse ZEB1 were constructed and transfected into melanoma B16F10 cells. The stable transfected cells were selected and the characteristics of ZEB1 downregulated B16F10 cells was assessed. The tumourigenicity of CD44+CD133+CSCs isolated from B16F10 cells stably transfected with the ZEB1‐shRNA2 recombinant was also assessed. ZEB1‐shRNAs B16F10 showed a lower expression of ZEB1 and vimentin, weaker migration, invasiveness, colony forming, and proliferation, and a lower tumourigenicity than the control cells. The tumourigenicity of the ZEB1‐shRNA2 CD44+CD133+CSCs was also inhibited. In conclusion, ZEB1‐shRNA2‐mediated downregulation of ZEB1 expression in B16F10 cells and CSCs is involved in the inhibition of the EMT process. ZEB1 may be a potential target in melanoma targeted.
Phase Transitions, Prominent Dielectric Anomalies, and Negative Thermal Expansion in Three High Thermally Stable Ammonium Magnesium–Formate Frameworks
Authors: Shang Ran , Xu Guan‐Cheng , Wang Zhe‐Ming , Gao Song 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe present three Mg–formate frameworks, incorporating three different ammoniums: [NH4][Mg(HCOO)3] (1), [CH3CH2NH3][Mg(HCOO)3] (2) and [NH3(CH2)4NH3][Mg2(HCOO)6] (3). They display structural phase transitions accompanied by prominent dielectric anomalies and anisotropic and negative thermal expansion. The temperature‐dependent structures, covering the whole temperature region in which the phase transitions occur, reveal detailed structural changes, and structure–property relationships are established. Compound 1 is a chiral Mg–formate framework with the NH4+ cations located in the channels. Above 255 K, the NH4+ cation vibrates quickly between two positions of shallow energy minima. Below 255 K, the cations undergo two steps of freezing of their vibrations, caused by the different inner profiles of the channels, producing non‐compensated antipolarization. These lead to significant negative thermal expansion and a relaxor‐like dielectric response. In perovskite 2, the orthorhombic phase below 374 K possesses ordered CH3CH2NH3+ cations in the cubic cavities of the Mg–formate framework. Above 374 K, the structure becomes trigonal, with trigonally disordered cations, and above 426 K, another phase transition occurs and the cation changes to a two‐fold disordered state. The two transitions are accompanied by prominent dielectric anomalies and negative and positive thermal expansion, contributing to the large regulation of the framework coupled the order–disorder transition of CH3CH2NH3+. For niccolite 3, the gradually enhanced flipping movement of the middle ethylene of [NH3(CH2)4NH3]2+ in the elongated framework cavity finally leads to the phase transition with a critical temperature of 412 K, and the trigonally disordered cations and relevant framework change, providing the basis for the very strong dielectric dispersion, high dielectric constant (comparable to inorganic oxides), and large negative thermal expansion. The spontaneous polarizations for the low‐temperature polar phases are 1.15, 3.43 and 1.51 μC cm−2 for 1, 2 and 3, respectively, as estimated by the shifts of the cations related to the anionic frameworks. Thermal and variable‐temperature powder X‐ray diffraction studies confirm the phase transitions, and the materials are all found to be thermally stable up to 470 K.
Diethyl Fluoronitromethylphosphonate: Synthesis and Application in Nucleophilic Fluoroalkyl Additions
Authors: Opekar Stanislav , Pohl Radek , Beran Pavel , Rulíšek Lubomír , Beier Petr 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDiethyl fluoronitromethylphosphonate (3), a previously unknown compound, was synthesized by electrophilic fluorination of diethyl nitromethylphosphonate with Selectfluor. Base‐induced decomposition of 3 was studied by NMR spectroscopy, which identified diethyl fluorophosphate and fluoronitromethane as the main decomposition products. CH acidities [pKa values in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)] of 3, 1‐fluoro‐1‐phenylsulfonylmethanephosphonate (1; McCarthy’s reagent), tetraethyl fluoromethylenebisphosphonate (2), and some nonfluorinated phosphonates were computed, and a good correlation between calculated and experimental pKa values was found. The calculated CH acidities increased in the sequence 2<1<3. Diethyl fluoronitromethylphosphonate (3) was applied in the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction with aldehydes and trifluoromethyl ketones to provide new 1‐fluoro‐1‐nitroalkenes with good to high stereoselectivities. Alkylation of 3 was successful only with iodomethane, however, conjugate additions of 3 to Michael acceptors such as α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds, sulfones, and nitro compounds allowed access to variously modified diethyl 1‐fluoro‐1‐nitrophosphonates.
Towards Selective Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase Isoforms: What Has Been Achieved, Where We Are and What Will Be Next
Authors: Thaler Florian , Mercurio Ciro 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHistone deacetylases (HDACs) are widely studied targets for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Up to now, over twenty HDAC inhibitors have entered clinical studies and two of them have already reached the market, namely the hydroxamic acid derivative SAHA (vorinostat, Zolinza) and the cyclic depsipeptide FK228 (romidepsin, Istodax) that have been approved for the treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). A common aspect of the first HDAC inhibitors is the absence of any particular selectivity towards specific isozymes. Some of molecules resulted to be “pan”‐HDAC inhibitors, while others are class I selective. In the meantime, the knowledge of HDAC biology has continuously progressed. Key advances in the structural biology of various isozymes, reliable molecular homology models as well as suitable biological assays have provided new tools for drug discovery activities. This Minireview aims at surveying these recent developments as well as the design, synthesis and biological characterization of isoform‐selective derivatives.
Association between bone mineral density and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta‐analysis of cross‐sectional studies
Authors: Pan Hong , Wu Naping , Yang Tao , He Wei 
Published: December 2013

SummaryA few studies have investigated the relationship between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and bone mineral density (BMD) values. This meta‐analysis was performed to explore differences between T1DM and healthy individuals in BMD values measured at five bone sites.We searched the database of PubMed for cross‐sectional studies about the association of T1DM and BMD, and a meta‐analysis was conducted.The results suggested significant association between T1DM and decreased BMD values of total body. The pooled mean differences (MDs) were −0.06 [95% confidence interval (CI): −0.11, −0.01] for all people. As for the association between T1DM and spine BMD values, the pooled MDs were −0.04 (95% CI: −0.07, −0.01) for males and −0.03 (95% CI: −0.06, 0.00) for females <20 years old. As for femur BMD values, the pooled MDs were −0.06 (95% CI: −0.13, 0.00) for all people, −0.03 (95% CI: −0.06, −0.01) for females and −0.04(95% CI: −0.05, −0.02) for males. As for hip BMD values, the pooled MDs were −0.06 (95% CI: −0.08, −0.04) for females. As for forearm BMD values, the pooled MDs were −0.01 (95% CI: −0.02, 0.00) for females.The results of this meta‐analysis suggest the overall association between T1DM and reduced BMD values. Notably, the influence of T1DM on BMD seems to depend on gender or patient's age. Reduced BMD values may occur early after T1DM diagnosis. Future clinical and basic research studies are needed to further understand the mechanisms of decreased BMD values in T1DM patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.