bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of the understorey light environment by two Amazonian treelets
Authors: Terborgh John , Mathews Jeffrey 
Published: July 2002

Primary tropical forests comprise a mosaic of mature, gap and building phase patches, resulting in great spatial variation in the distribution of foliage. Light may consequently penetrate into the forest interior over a wide range of angles. It thus seems possible that understorey tree species might be adapted for distinct understorey light conditions. At the Cocha Cashu Biological Station in Madre de Dios, Peru, there are two understorey treelets distinguished by contrasting crown architectures. One, Neea chlorantha (Nyctaginaceae), possesses a much-branched superstructure and displays a smoothly contoured shell of drooping elliptical leaves. The other, Rinorea viridifolia (Violaceae), displays planar arrays of horizontally-oriented obovate leaves held on whorls of stiffly radiating horizontal branches.With the aid of hemispherical photography and the program CANOPY, the light environment at large within a 2.25-ha permanent tree plot, and above and below the crowns of Neea and Rinorea treelets, was investigated. Available light (measured as uncorrected indirect site factor (ISFU) in CANOPY) at control points showed a log-linear increase with height from 2.1 to 14.2 m. The relative amount of lateral illumination also increased with height. Photographs were taken just above and below the crowns of 50 Neea and 50 Rinorea treelets. Neea crowns were more effective at intercepting light from overhead sources, whereas Rinorea crowns were more effective at intercepting light from lateral sources. Adult Neea and Rinorea treelets occurred at locations in the forest where they were exposed to differing angular distributions of incident light, suggesting that the two species were engaged in a form of resource partitioning, a conclusion that is in conflict with the non-equilibrium model of tropical forest tree species diversity. It is suggested that tropical tree species diversity is, at least in part, a product of adaptive specialization to a spatially heterogeneous light environment.
The marriage of female foundlings in nineteenth-century Italy
Authors: KERTZER DAVID I. , SIGLE WENDY 
Published: July 2002

The large-scale abandonment of infants in the European past has
attracted a great deal of scholarly attention in recent years. Its staggering
dimensions in many countries of Europe, as recently as the nineteenth
century, have prompted some uncomfortable rethinking about family life
and parent–child (and especially mother–child) relations in
the past.
Studies of abandonment have contributed to our understanding not only
of gender ideology and gender relations, but also of the roles played by
state and Church in regulating sexuality and family life.Yet research on abandoned children to date has had a limited focus.
The great bulk of the literature looks at the process of abandonment itself,
the terrifyingly high mortality of the foundlings in infancy, and the
process by which foundling homes placed their wards in rural foster
homes. Perhaps because of the notoriously high mortality of the
abandoned babies – though also no doubt due to the greater difficulty
of
generating suitable data from the archives – little attention has
been paid
to those foundlings who survived childhood. Typical is the admission
found in the major study of foundling homes in Portugal: ‘The fate
of the
few foundlings who reached adulthood is unknown.’Yet through the nineteenth century – which provides our focus
here –
large numbers of foundlings did reach adulthood, and a variety of public
authorities were very much concerned about just what kinds of adults they
became. Even in determining the placement of infants with wetnurses,
foundling home authorities considered the long-term implications for
their future as adults. The widespread aversion to placing abandoned
infants with wetnurses in the cities was linked to both a belief that the
city
was corrupt and was likely to produce less wholesome adults than a rural
upbringing and to a concern that concentrating a large number of
propertyless, family-less foundlings in the city might well create an adult
population that would pose a threat to public order.
Remediation methods for white phosphorus contamination in a coastal salt marsh
Authors: WALSH MICHAEL R. , WALSH MARIANNE E. , COLLINS CHARLES M. 
Published: July 2002

With the closure of many military bases worldwide and a closer scrutiny of practices on remaining bases, the environmental impact of the military is now an important consideration in the operation of bases. Many previously-unknown environmental problems related to chemicals are surfacing. White phosphorus, a chemical commonly used as an obscurant, is a chemical previously thought to be innocuous after use. In 1990, however, it was linked to the deaths of thousands of waterfowl at the Eagle River Flats impact area on Ft Richardson near Anchorage, Alaska, USA, and shortly after, a series of remedial investigations was initiated. This paper describes three of the remedial methods currently under investigation, namely enhanced in-situ remediation, pond draining through ditching or pumping, and dredging. These three approaches are best applied in different environments, but they can be used together or in conjunction with other strategies. Their impacts on the environment will vary as well.Experience with these remediation strategies has proven very useful in determining the direction that the clean-up effort at Eagle River Flats (ERF) should take. Dredging, an effective means of removing contaminated sediments for off-site remediation, has been shown to be too slow and expensive at the ERF because unexploded ordnance is present. Enhanced natural remediation is effective under favourable climatological conditions in areas that experience intermittent flooding, but desaturation of the sediments is critical to its effectiveness. Pond draining by blasting a ditch effectively removes waterfowl feeding habitat, but attenuation of the contaminant is inhibited because the ditch increases flooding frequency, and the habitat alteration is permanent. Pond pumping, where feasible, has shown great potential for the desaturating of wide areas of ERF, enabling the natural attenuation mechanism to progress. Further investigation will be necessary to confirm these initial conclusions and determine the overall effectiveness of all three methodologies. Methods developed over the course of this work may be applied to other remediation projects where in-situ volatilization can occur and limited disturbance of wetlands is critical.
Strengths and limitations of molecular subtyping in a community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease
Authors: KOOL J. L. , BUCHHOLZ U. , PETERSON C. , BROWN E. W. , BENSON R. F. , PRUCKLER J. M. , FIELDS B. S. , STURGEON J. , LEHNKERING E. , CORDOVA R. , MASCOLA L. M. , BUTLER J. C. 
Published: July 2002

An epidemiological and microbiological investigation of a cluster of eight cases of
Legionnaires' disease in Los Angeles County in November 1997 yielded conflicting results. The
epidemiological part of the investigation implicated one of several mobile cooling towers used
by a film studio in the centre of the outbreak area. However, water sampled from these cooling
towers contained L. pneumophila serogroup 1 of another subtype than the strain that was
recovered from case-patients in the outbreak. Samples from two cooling towers located
downwind from all of the case-patients contained a Legionella strain that was indistinguishable
from the outbreak strain by four subtyping techniques (AP-PCR, PFGE, MAb, and MLEE). It
is unlikely that these cooling towers were the source of infection for all the case-patients, and
they were not associated with risk of disease in the case-control study. The outbreak strain also
was not distinguishable, by three subtyping techniques (AP-PCR, PFGE, and MAb), from a
L. pneumophila strain that had caused an outbreak in Providence, RI, in 1993. Laboratory
cross-contamination was unlikely because the initial subtyping was done in different
laboratories.In this investigation, microbiology was helpful for distinguishing the outbreak cluster from
unrelated cases of Legionnaires' disease occurring elsewhere. However, multiple subtyping
techniques failed to distinguish environmental sources that were probably not associated with
the outbreak. Persons investigating Legionnaires' disease outbreaks should be aware that
microbiological subtyping does not always identify a source with absolute certainty.
National outbreak of Salmonella senftenberg associated with
infant food
Authors: RUSHDY A. A. , STUART J. M. , WARD L. R. , BRUCE J. , THRELFALL E. J. , PUNIA P. , BAILEY J. R. 
Published: July 2002

Eight cases of Salmonella senftenberg infection
in infants were identified in the first half of 1995
in England, five were indistinguishable S. senftenberg
strains. A case-control study showed an
association between illness and consumption of one brand of baby cereal

(P=0·03). The cereal
manufacturer reported isolating S. senftenberg in June 1994
from an undistributed cereal batch.
Outbreak strains and the cereal strain were all plasmid-free in contrast

to other human isolates
of S. senftenberg in the same period. Changes in the production
process
were implemented to prevent further contamination.Surveillance centres should strengthen the detection and investigation
of outbreaks of
gastrointestinal infection in susceptible groups, especially young
children. In this outbreak, the
study of only five cases led to identification of the vehicle of infection.
Even when few cases
are reported, epidemiological investigation in conjunction with molecular
typing may lead to
public health action which prevents continuing or future outbreaks.
Infraspecific morphometric variation in Aethomys namaquensis (Rodentia: Muridae) from southern Africa
Authors: Chimimba C. T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Namaqua rock mouse, Aethomys namaquensis (A. Smith, 1834), is a widely distributed species in southern Africa. Analysis of geographic variation among samples of A. namaquensis from southern Africa across a more comprehensive geographical coverage than has hitherto been considered for the species suggests the recognition of four subspecies: A. n. namaquensis (A. Smith, 1834); A. n. lehocla A. Smith, 1836; A. n. alborarius Peters, 1852; and A. n. monticularis Jameson, 1909, which differ both in cranial size and shape. The geographical limits of the proposed subspecies broadly coincide with major phytogeographical zones of southern Africa. This infraspecific taxonomic treatment of southern African A. namaquensis reduces the number of previously recognized subspecies or referred taxa from 16 to four. While the subspecies designations in this study are probably valid in terms of their constitution, their boundaries, however, require further refinement involving other systematic techniques, such as DNA analysis.
Parasite diversity of Norwegian lemmings (Lemmus lemmus)
Authors: Laakkonen Juha , Haukisalmi Voitto , Niemimaa Jukka , Henttonen Heikki 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe parasite diversity of Norwegian lemmings Lemmus lemmus was studied in northern Fennoscandia during a moderate population peak in 1997–98. Our aim was to study the parasites of lemmings in their normal mountainous habitats in anticipation of the next great lemming migration in northern Fennoscandia into the coniferous taiga. The blood parasites (Hepatozoon, Trypanosoma and Bartonella) found, Frenkelia sp., which invades the brain tissue of the host, and the pulmonary fungus Chrysosporium (Emmonsia) sp., have been detected previously in the Norwegian lemming, but an unknown fungus, and oocysts of Eimeria spp. have not been reported from L. lemmus before. The Norwegian lemming was found to have an exceptionally species‐poor helminth fauna. Only one species of cestode (Andrya sp.) occurring in lemmings at the adult stage was found, and the cestodes of carnivores that commonly parasitize voles at the larval stage were totally absent. The distribution and abundance of vectors, and sympatric definitive hosts of parasites are predicted to have a major role in determining the parasites that lemmings will encounter during their mass movements in new habitats. However, it is predicted that parasitism by adult and larval helminths is not markedly affected by the habitat change associated with the mass migration.
Poorly forecast trough disruption shown in water vapour images
Authors: Carroll E B 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA poor forecast of an ex‐tropical depression over the UK is examined. The water vapour imagery presented strongly implied an evolution diverging from the operational NWP forecast; it is suggested that such image sequences can be used to monitor upper level flow evolution for early warning of trough disruption. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Case work during the Summer Study Week on ‘Extra‐tropical Cyclones’
Authors: Hewson T D 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA brief account is given of the case work undertaken as part of the Summer Study Week on ‘Extra‐tropical Cyclones' held in Reading during July 1996. It is shown that different approximate methods of assessing synoptic‐scale vertical velocity can give widely differing results. Computation of the full quasi‐geostrophically forced vertical velocity is recommended as a more informative procedure. Forecasts for the track of an explosively deepening north Atlantic cyclone are compared at different lead times. The comparison encompasses raw model forecasts and model forecasts adjusted by groups of case work participants. The groups achieved a large improvement over a model forecast at the 2–3 day lead time, but only marginal improvements thereafter. It is suggested that improved understanding of development mechanisms would enable the forecaster to appreciate better the range of possible outcomes in cyclogenetic situations. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
How significant is the usual assumption of neutral stability in evapotranspiration estimating models?
Authors: Anadranistakis M , Kerkides P , Liakatas A , Alexandris S , Poulovasilis A 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe significance of the atmospheric stability approach in models for estimating evapotranspiration is studied by considering the errors encountered when simply adopting neutral instead of actual stability conditions. Maize, cotton and wheat crops grown in 10 hectare fields (central Greece) were used to estimate actual and maximum evapotranspiration for both stability considerations, employing a model based on the equations of Shuttleworth & Wallace (1985). The required meteorological data were recorded in each field continuously, whereas the leaf area index and the plant height were measured weekly. Results show that when estimation of cumulative evapotranspiration losses is attempted, the choice of the atmospheric stability approach is of no importance (error ≤ 2), as over‐ and underestimation of evapotranspiration are counterbalanced when stable and unstable situations are (under the climatic conditions of experimentation) successively interchanged during the cultivating period. When, however, daily estimations are required, the actual stability conditions have to be taken into account, as the daily evapotranspiration rate estimated by regarding the atmospheric stability as neutral may deviate from the corresponding ‘actual’ rate by as much as 50 – 80%. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
An assessment of three automatic depression tracking schemes
Authors: Leonard S R , Turner J , Van Der Wal A 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe performance of three automatic depression tracking schemes developed by Terry & Atlas (1996), Murray & Simmonds (1991a) and Konig et al. (1993) when applied over one month are assessed. The schemes respectively identify depressions by (a) locating the innermost closed contour in a PMSL field, (b) finding maxima in the curvature in a bi‐cubic spline fitted to the PMSL data and (c) performing a grid point search to identify a minimum in a PMSL field. The largest number of depressions was found by the Murray and Simmonds scheme, with the Atlas and Terry scheme finding the least. The Murray and Simmonds scheme also found the largest number of tracks, with the other two having comparable numbers of tracks. Two possible explanations for the differences in the number of tracks are considered. Firstly, the case where one or more centres identified by one scheme as corresponding to a single track are not found by the other schemes. Secondly, the case where a single track found by one scheme is split into two or more tracks by the other schemes. All three techniques had a similar latitude of cyclogenesis, although the Atlas and Terry and Konig et al. schemes found more lows at high latitudes as a result of using data on a latitude/longitude grid. The longest mean track length was found with the Konig et al. scheme. A comparison of the PMSL fields with satellite imagery shows that the major NWP centres have trouble producing reliable analyses around the Antarctic because of the lack of data. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Mid‐troposphere variables and their association with daily local precipitation
Authors: Ruiz N E , Vargas W M , Ciappesoni H H 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the meteorological variables directly affecting precipitation in the southern region of South America. Results show the relationships between daily precipitation at Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, and 500 mb dynamic variables (e. g. geopotential heights, relative geostrophic vorticity and its advection, vorticity tendency and zonal and meridional geostrophic wind components) using regional synoptic analyses from the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional of Argentina for 1986. The distribution of significant biserial correlation coefficients reveals the preferred positions for the anomalous wind components which favour the occurrence of rainfall at Ezeiza. In the same way, spatial distributions and temporal lag relations of 500 mb relative vorticity anomalies in relation to precipitation show the positions and relative movement of centres of anomalously cyclonic and anticyclonic vorticity which increase the probability of precipitation at Buenos Aires. Vorticity advection does not yield higher correlations, at least in a daily temporal scale. The geographical distribution of temporal means and standard deviations of geopotential heights and zonal and meridional wind components at the 500 mb level are also shown. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparative Genome Analysis of the Mouse Imprinted GeneImpactand Its Nonimprinted Human HomologIMPACT:Toward the Structural Basis for Species-Specific Imprinting
Authors: Okamura Kohji , Hagiwara-Takeuchi Yuriko , Li Tao , Vu Thanh H. , Hirai Momoki , Hattori Masahira , Sakaki Yoshiyuki , Hoffman Andrew R. , Ito Takashi 
Published: July 2002

MouseImpactis a paternally expressed gene encoding an evolutionarily conserved protein of unknown function. Here we identifiedIMPACT, the human homolog ofImpact, on chromosome 18q11.2–12.1, a region syntenic to the mouseImpactlocus.IMPACTwas expressed biallelically in brain and in various tissues from two informative fetuses and in peripheral blood from an informative adult. To reveal the structural basis for the difference in allelic expression between the two species, we elucidated complete genome sequences for both mouseImpact(∼38 kb) and humanIMPACT(∼30 kb). Sequence comparison revealed that the two genes share a well-conserved exon–intron organization but bear significantly different CpG islands. The mouse island lies in the first intron and contains characteristic tandem repeats. Furthermore, this island serves as a differentially methylated region (DMR) consisting of a hypermethylated maternal allele and an unmethylated paternal allele. Intriguingly, this intronic island is missing from the nonimprinted humanIMPACT, whose sole CpG island spans the first exon, lacks any apparent repeats, and escapes methylation on both chromosomes. These results suggest that the intronic DMR plays a role in the imprinting ofImpact.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank data library under accession nos.AB026264,AF232228, andAF232229.]
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Arabinoxylanase from Wheat Flour
Authors: Cleemput G. , Van Laere K. , Hessing M. , Van Leuven F. , Torrekens S. , Delcour J. A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
An endogenous wheat (Triticum aestivum) flour endoxylanase was purified to homogeneity from a crude wheat flour extract by ammonium sulfate precipitation and cation-exchange chromatography. The 30-kD protein had an isoelectric point of 9.3 or higher. A sequence of 19 amino acids at the NH2 terminus showed 84.2% identity with an internal sequence of the 15-kD grain-softness protein, friabilin. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography and gel-permeation analysis of the hydrolysis products indicated the preferential hydrolysis of highly branched structures by the enzyme; wheat arabinoxylan and rye (Secale cereale) arabinoxylan (high arabinose to xylose ratios) were hydrolyzed more efficiently by this enzyme than oat (Avena sativa) spelt xylan (low arabinose to xylose ratios). The release of the hydrolysis products as a function of time suggested that the endoxylanolytic activity was associated with the release of arabinose units from the polysaccharides, suggesting that the enzyme action is similar to that by endoxylanases from Ceratocystis paradoxa, Aspergillus niger, and Neurospora crassa. Although the enzyme released arabinose from arabinoxylan, it did not hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-α--L-arabinofuranoside. From the above, it follows that the enzyme, called arabinoxylanase, differs from most microbial endoxylanases and from an endoxylanase purified earlier from wheat flour.
The Biosynthesis of Erucic Acid in Developing Embryos ofBrassica rapa1
Authors: Bao Xiaoming , Pollard Mike , Ohlrogge John 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The prevailing hypothesis on the biosynthesis of erucic acid in developing seeds is that oleic acid, produced in the plastid, is activated to oleoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) for malonyl-CoA-dependent elongation to erucic acid in the cytosol. Several in vivo-labeling experiments designed to probe and extend this hypothesis are reported here. To examine whether newly synthesized oleic acid is directly elongated to erucic acid in developing seeds ofBrassica rapa L., embryos were labeled with [14C]acetate, and the ratio of radioactivity of carbon atoms C-5 to C-22 (de novo fatty acid synthesis portion) to carbon atoms C-1 to C-4 (elongated portion) of erucic acid was monitored with time. If newly synthesized 18:1 (oleate) immediately becomes a substrate for elongation to erucic acid, this ratio would be expected to remain constant with incubation time. However, if erucic acid is produced from a pool of preexisting oleic acid, the ratio of14C in the 4 elongation carbons to 14C in the methyl-terminal 18 carbons would be expected to decrease with time. This labeling ratio decreased with time and, therefore, suggests the existence of an intermediate pool of 18:1, which contributes at least part of the oleoyl precursor for the production of erucic acid. The addition of 2-[{3-chloro-5-(trifluromethyl)-2-pyridinyl}oxyphenoxy] propanoic acid, which inhibits the homodimeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase, severely inhibited the synthesis of [14C]erucic acid, indicating that essentially all malonyl-CoA for elongation of 18:1 to erucate was produced by homodimeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Both light and 2-[{3-chloro-5-(trifluromethyl)-2-pyridinyl}oxyphenoxy]-propanoic acid increased the accumulation of [14C]18:1 and the parallel accumulation of [14C]phosphatidylcholine. Taken together, these results show an additional level of complexity in the biosynthesis of erucic acid.