bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Architectural properties of the neuromuscular compartments in selected forearm skeletal muscles
Authors: Liu An‐Tang , Liu Ben‐Li , Lu Li‐Xuan , Chen Gang , Yu Da‐Zhi , Zhu Lie , Guo Rong , Dang Rui‐Shan , Jiang Hua 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe purposes f this study were to (i) explore the possibility of splitting the selected forearm muscles into separate compartments in human subjects; (ii) quantify the architectural properties of each neuromuscular compartment; and (iii) discuss the implication of these properties in split tendon transfer procedures. Twenty upper limbs from 10 fresh human cadavers were used in this study. Ten limbs of five cadavers were used for intramuscular nerve study by modified Sihler's staining technique, which confirmed the neuromuscular compartments. The other 10 limbs were included for architectural analysis of neuromuscular compartments. The architectural features of the compartments including muscle weight, muscle length, fiber length, pennation angle, and sarcomere length were determined. Physiological cross‐sectional area and fiber length/muscle length ratio were calculated. Five of the selected forearm muscles were ideal candidates for splitting, including flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radials, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris and pronator teres. The humeral head of pronator teres contained the longest fiber length (6.23 ± 0.31 cm), and the radial compartment of extensor carpi ulnaris contained the shortest (2.90 ± 0.28 cm). The ulnar compartment of flexor carpi ulnaris had the largest physiological cross‐sectional area (5.17 ± 0.59 cm2), and the ulnar head of pronator teres had the smallest (0.67 ± 0.06 cm2). Fiber length/muscle length ratios of the neuromuscular compartments were relatively low (average 0.27 ± 0.09, range 0.18–0.39) except for the ulnar head of pronator teres, which had the highest one (0.72 ± 0.05). Using modified Sihler's technique, this research demonstrated that each compartment of these selected forearm muscles has its own neurovascular supply after being split along its central tendon. Data of the architectural properties of each neuromuscular compartment provide insight into the ‘design’ of their functional capability. In addition to improving our understanding of muscle anatomy and function, elucidation of forearm neuromuscular compartments architecture may ultimately provide information useful for selection of muscle subdivisions used in tendon transfer.
The design of compassionate care
Authors: Crawford Paul , Brown Brian , Kvangarsnes Marit , Gilbert Paul 
Published: May 2014

Aims and objectivesTo investigate the tension between individual and organisational responses to contemporary demands for compassionate interactions in health care.BackgroundHealth care is often said to need more compassion among its practitioners. However, this represents a rather simplistic view of the issue, situating the problem with individual practitioners rather than focusing on the overall design of care and healthcare organisations, which have often adopted a production‐line approach.DesignThis is a position paper informed by a narrative literature review.MethodsA search of the PubMed, Science Direct and CINAHL databases for the terms compassion, care and design was conducted in the research literature published from 2000 through to mid‐2013.ResultsThere is a relatively large literature on compassion in health care, where authors discuss the value of imbuing a variety of aspects of health services with compassion including nurses, other practitioners and, ultimately, among patients. This contrasts with the rather limited attention that compassionate practice has received in healthcare curricula and the lack of attention to how compassion is informed by organisational structures and processes. We discuss how making the clinic more welcoming for patients and promoting bidirectional compassion and compassion formation in nursing education can be part of an overall approach to the design of compassionate care.ConclusionsWe discuss a number of ways in which compassion can be enhanced through training, educational and organisational design, through exploiting the potential of brief opportunities for communication and through initiatives involving patients and service users, as well as practitioners and service leaders.Relevance to clinical practiceThe development of contemporary healthcare systems could usefully address the overall design of compassionate care rather than blame individual practitioners for a lack of compassion.
Psychosocial safety climate moderating the effects of daily job demands and recovery on fatigue and work engagement
Authors: Garrick Adam , Mak Anita S. , Cathcart Stuart , Winwood Peter C. , Bakker Arnold B. , Lushington Kurt 
Published: May 2014

This study examined the role of schools' psychosocial safety climate (PSC) in teachers' psychological outcomes. We proposed that PSC would moderate the effects of teachers' daily job demands on their fatigue and work engagement, and also the effects of teachers' daily recovery on fatigue and engagement. Sixty‐one Australian school teachers completed a diary that was repeated three times over the course of approximately 8 months. Each diary ran for five consecutive days, measuring daily self‐reports of job demands, recovery, fatigue, and engagement (N = 915 data points), while perceived PSC was measured once per diary. Multilevel analyses indicated that PSC moderated the relationships between job demands and fatigue, as well as job demands and engagement. This suggests that perceived PSC could act as a buffer against deleterious impacts of daily job demands. PSC also moderated the relationships between recovery and fatigue, and recovery and engagement. This indicates that higher levels of perceived PSC in schools could amplify the benefits of daily recovery for teachers. PSC also exerted a main effect on both fatigue and engagement. These results offer insight into the mechanisms by which PSC may act as a buffer to protect worker mental health, and highlight the importance for school management to promote PSC within their organization.Practitioner points
Psychosocial safety climate in organizations may buffer workers from the negative psychological outcomes associated with job demands.
Psychosocial safety climate in organizations may boost the psychological benefits that workers gain from achieving good daily recovery outside of work.
Corpus Callosal Abnormalities in Dogs
Authors: Gonçalves R. , Volk H. , Smith P.M. , Penderis J. , Garosi L. , MacKillop E. , de Stefani A. , Cherubini G. , McConnell J.F. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundCorpus callosal abnormalities (CCA) in dogs have been only sporadically reported and are poorly characterized.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo describe the clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of dogs with CCA.AnimalsFifteen client‐owned dogs.MethodsRetrospective study. Records of the contributing institutions were reviewed to identify dogs diagnosed with malformations affecting the corpus callosum (CC); cases in which the CCA was thought to be secondary were excluded.ResultsThe most represented breeds were Staffordshire Bull Terriers (5/15) and Miniature Schnauzers (3/15; n = 3, 20%) and the mean age at time of presentation of 19 months (range 3–81 months). The clinical signs most commonly reported were adipsia/hypodipsia with associated hypernatremia (12/15), tremors (6/15), and seizures (6/15). Review of the MR images revealed that 10 dogs had absence of the rostral CC and hypoplasia of the caudal portion, 4 dogs had a diffusely hypoplastic and dysplastic CC, and 1 dog had a diffusely hypoplastic CC. In 14 cases, there was abnormal cortical development with fusion of the ventral frontal lobes and part of the diencephalon, indicating lobar holoprosencephaly.Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePrevious literature has mainly associated CCA with adipsia and only 12 of 15 dogs in the current series demonstrated this abnormality. There are different degrees of the malformation but in 10 dogs the rostral portion of the CC is most severely affected. Fourteen dogs have simultaneous fusion of the midline structures rostral to the CC; this region has several structures involved in thirst regulation and might explain this derangement.
Peroxisomes contribute to biosynthesis of extracellular glycolipids in fungi
Authors: Freitag Johannes , Ast Julia , Linne Uwe , Stehlik Thorsten , Martorana Domenica , Bölker Michael , Sandrock Björn 
Published: May 2014

SummaryMany microorganisms secrete surface‐active glycolipids. The basidiomycetous fungus Ustilago maydis produces two different classes of glycolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL) and ustilagic acids (UAs). Here we report that biosynthesis of MELs is partially localized in peroxisomes and coupled to peroxisomal fatty acid degradation. The acyltransferases, Mac1 and Mac2, which acylate mannosylerythritol with fatty acids of different length, contain a type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS1). We demonstrate that Mac1 and Mac2 are targeted to peroxisomes, while other enzymes involved in MEL production reside in different compartments. Mis‐targeting of Mac1 and Mac2 to the cytosol did not block MEL synthesis but promoted production of MEL species with altered acylation pattern. This is in contrast to peroxisome deficient mutants that produced MELs similar to the wild type. We could show that cytosolic targeting of Mac1 and Mac2 reduces the amount of UA presumably due to competition for overlapping substrates. Interestingly, hydroxylated fatty acids characteristic for UAs appear in MELs corroborating cross‐talk between both biosynthesis pathways. Therefore, peroxisomal localization of MEL biosynthesis is not only prerequisite for generation of the natural spectrum of MELs, but also facilitates simultaneous assembly of different glycolipids in a single cell.
Nutrient adequacy and imbalance among young children aged 1–3 years in the UK
Authors: Gibson S. , Sidnell A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractToddlers and young children in the second and third years of life (12–35 months) may be nutritionally vulnerable, especially if they eat a limited range of foods or consume a diet that is energy rich but nutrient poor. We compared dietary intakes among children aged 18–35 months from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2011) and children aged 12–18 months from the Diet and Nutrition Survey of Infants and Young Children (2011) with UK Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) to assess potential nutrient excess or inadequacy. Multiple criteria were used [reference nutrient intake (RNI), estimated average requirements (EAR) and lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI)], and where the LRNI or EAR were unavailable they were estimated as 75% of the EAR or RNI, respectively. Compared to current recommendations, there appear to be significant shortfalls in intakes of vitamin D in young children in the UK, and supplementation, although recommended by government, is not addressing the problem because take‐up is low (9–11%). Vitamin D intakes (including supplements) averaged only 55% of the RNI among children aged 12–18 months and 33% of the RNI for those aged 18–35 months, while 64% and 87% of the younger and older group, respectively, had intakes below the LRNI (estimated). Endogenous synthesis of vitamin D may be insufficient to fulfil requirements, especially in winter. Iron intakes are also suboptimal among some groups. Based on the EAR cut‐point method, the estimated population prevalence of dietary inadequacy for children aged 18–35 months was 91% for vitamin D and 31% for iron. Zinc, vitamin A and iodine had estimated levels of dietary inadequacy ranging from 5% to 19%. Mean energy intakes were below the 1991 DRV for energy but above the most recent DRV issued in 2011, while protein intakes in both surveys were in excess of the RNI. Further work is warranted to identify dietary patterns associated with low micronutrient intakes and status, and to assess the best strategies for ensuring adequacy, especially among vulnerable groups. Parents and healthcare professionals should be informed as to how to minimise the risks of both nutrient deficiency and excessive energy intakes for the young children in their care. Government can facilitate provision of appropriate advice via the healthcare system and encourage provision of appropriate foods and supplements via enabling legislation. The food industry also has a role in the responsible provision of fortified foods and drinks that can address nutrient inadequacy.
Early growth and obesity risk – What should health professionals be advising?
Authors: Papadopoulou E. , Stanner S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObesity rates in the UK have been continuously increasing among adults and children and have been attributed to nutritional and lifestyle practices that promote a positive shift in energy balance. Over the last few decades, a growing body of evidence suggests that the origins of obesity start at the earliest stages of human development and specifically pre‐conception, in utero and during early infancy. Maternal nutritional status and early life feeding have been identified as ‘critical windows’ for obesity risk. Pre‐conception and pregnancy overweight and obesity, as well as fetal exposure to diabetes and hyperglycaemia, have been associated with high birthweight, which, in turn, has been reported to have a direct link with obesity risk later in life. A number of studies have also demonstrated low birthweight to be associated with increased risk of obesity and suggested that low‐birthweight term infants who demonstrate early ‘catch‐up’ growth have a tendency to become obese adults. Low birthweight has been associated with pre‐conception underweight and inadequate in utero nutrition.Although the links between early growth and later obesity risk implicate maternal pre‐natal nutrition, it has been suggested that nutrition during early infancy also affects later body composition. Breastfeeding has been associated with a reduced prevalence of obesity, although the evidence is still inconsistent and somewhat limited. Recent advances in the ability to manipulate infant formula composition by reducing its protein content and bringing its composition closer to that of breastmilk could potentially help prevent the rapid weight gain observed in formula‐fed infants. Early introduction of complementary foods has also been associated with increased obesity risk later in life.Unfortunately to date, the majority of evidence on the developmental origins of obesity comes from observational studies, making their interpretation difficult and providing an uncertain basis for practice. However, a number of modifiable risk factors in the pre‐natal and early post‐natal periods of human development have been identified, as well as vulnerable subgroups within the population to these risk factors, which may guide health professionals when advising women regarding lifestyle strategies to reduce the risk of obesity for their offspring and for future generations.
Discrepancies between couples' perceptions of family functioning in child‐rearingJapanese families
Authors: Honda Junko , Hohashi Naohiro 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study examined discrepancies in couples' family functioning scores on theJapanese version of theFeethamFamilyFunctioningSurvey, which evaluates both internal and external family functioning, and the relationship of family demographic characteristics to such discrepancies. Participants were 313 husband and wife pairs with child(ren) attending nursery school. The discrepancies were significantly related to: the presence of a family member living with a disease/illness; the number of children; mean age of the children; and annual household income. A possible factor that may explain the discrepancies was question design, that is, use of “you” or “your,” and the inclusion of questions concerning intrafamily issues. The findings indicated that family‐related perceptions by each individual family member may differ. Nurses should therefore be aware that information from just one family member will not necessarily represent the family's actual situation.
Functional body composition and related aspects in research on obesity and cachexia: report on the 12th Stock Conference held on 6 and 7 September 2013 in Hamburg, Germany
Authors: Müller M. J. , Baracos V. , Bosy‐Westphal A. , Dulloo A. G. , Eckel J. , Fearon K. C. H. , Hall K. D. , Pietrobelli A. , Sørensen T. I. A. , Speakman J. , Trayhurn P. , Visser M. , Heymsfield S. B. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe 12th Stock Conference addressed body composition and related functions in two extreme situations, obesity and cancer cachexia. The concept of ‘functional body composition’ integrates body components into regulatory systems relating the mass of organs and tissues to corresponding in vivo functions and metabolic processes. This concept adds to an understanding of organ/tissue mass and function in the context of metabolic adaptations to weight change and disease. During weight gain and loss, there are associated changes in individual body components while the relationships between organ and tissue mass are fixed. Thus an understanding of body weight regulation involves an examination of the relationships between organs and tissues rather than individual organ and tissue masses only. The between organ/tissue mass relationships are associated with and explained by crosstalks between organs and tissues mediated by cytokines, hormones and metabolites that are coupled with changes in body weight, composition and function as observed in obesity and cancer cachexia. In addition to established roles in intermediary metabolism, cell function and inflammation, organ‐tissue crosstalk mediators are determinants of body composition and its change with weight gain and loss. The 12th Stock Conference supported Michael Stocks' concept of gaining new insights by integrating research ideas from obesity and cancer cachexia. The conference presentations provide an in‐depth understanding of body composition and metabolism.
The contributions of apoplastic, symplastic and gas phase pathways for water transport outside the bundle sheath in leaves
Authors: BUCKLEY THOMAS N. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWater movement from the xylem to stomata is poorly understood. There is still no consensus about whether apoplastic or symplastic pathways are more important, and recent work suggests vapour diffusion may also play a role. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportions of hydraulic conductance outside the bundle sheath contributed by apoplastic, symplastic and gas phase pathways, using a novel analytical framework based on measurable anatomical and biophysical parameters. The calculations presented here suggest that apoplastic pathways provide the majority of conductance outside the bundle sheath under most conditions, whereas symplastic pathways contribute only a small proportion. The contributions of apoplastic and gas phase pathways vary depending on several critical but poorly known or highly variable parameters namely, the effective Poiseuille radius for apoplastic bulk flow, the thickness of cell walls and vertical temperature gradients within the leaf. The gas phase conductance should increase strongly as the leaf centre becomes warmer than the epidermis – providing up to 44% of vertical water transport for a temperature gradient of 0.2 K. These results may help to explain how leaf water transport is influenced by light absorption, temperature and differences in leaf anatomy among species.
Resequencing and association analysis of OXTR with autism spectrum disorder in a Japanese population
Authors: Egawa Jun , Watanabe Yuichiro , Shibuya Masako , Endo Taro , Sugimoto Atsunori , Igeta Hirofumi , Nunokawa Ayako , Inoue Emiko , Someya Toshiyuki 
Published: May 2014

AimsThe oxytocin receptor (OXTR) is implicated in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A recent study found a rare non‐synonymous OXTR gene variation, rs35062132 (R376G), associated with ASD in a Japanese population. In order to investigate the association between rare non‐synonymous OXTR variations and ASD, we resequenced OXTR and performed association analysis with ASD in a Japanese population.MethodsWe resequenced the OXTR coding region in 213 ASD patients. Rare non‐synonymous OXTR variations detected by resequencing were genotyped in 213 patients and 667 controls.ResultsWe detected three rare non‐synonymous variations: rs35062132 (R376G/C), rs151257822 (G334D), and g.8809426G>T (R150S). However, there was no significant association between these rare non‐synonymous variations and ASD.ConclusionsOur present study does not support the contribution of rare non‐synonymous OXTR variations to ASD susceptibility in the Japanese population.
Recent advances in Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Morimoto Akira , Oh Yukiko , Shioda Yoko , Kudo Kazuko , Imamura Toshihiko 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of the pathogenesis and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). The pathogenesis of LCH remains obscure and the optimal treatment for LCH has not been established, although incremental progress has been made. Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are known to play a role in LCH, which suggests that LCH is an immune disorder. However, the oncogenic BRAF mutation is also detected in more than half of LCH patients, which suggests that LCH is a neoplastic disorder. Remaining major issues in the treatment of LCH are how to rescue patients who have risk‐organ involvement but do not respond to first‐line therapy, the optimal treatment for the orphan disease of multifocal adult LCH, and how to reduce and treat central nervous system‐related consequences, such as central diabetes insipidus and neurodegeneration. More research is needed to better understand the pathogenesis of this disease and to resolve the treatment issues.
My Family Medical History and Me: Feasibility Results of a Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Intervention
Authors: Imes Christopher C. , Lewis Frances M. , Austin Melissa A. , Dougherty Cynthia M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveEvaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a behaviorally focused intervention designed to increase perceived cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in young adults with a family history (FH) of CVD/CHD.Design and SampleSingle group, pre‐post‐test design. Fifteen, mostly female (n = 13, 86.7%), White, young adults (mean age 20.8 years) with a minimum of a high school education with a FH of CVD/CHD.MeasuresFeasibility examined the recruitment strategy, study procedures, appropriateness and quality of the study instruments, and problems that occurred during delivery of the intervention. Acceptability examined participants’ engagement in the in person sessions and at home exercises and their feedback about the intervention.InterventionTwo, in person sessions provided personalized, tailored messages about 10‐year and lifetime CHD risk based on risk factors, FH from a three‐generation pedigree, lipid levels, blood pressure, and smoking status, and brief counseling about how to engage in a healthy lifestyle to decrease CVD/CHD risk.ResultsThe intervention was feasible and acceptable. Participants requested more information on healthy food choices, including which foods to avoid and which exercises most improve cardiovascular health.ConclusionsAlthough requiring refinement, the intervention has potential public health implications and deserves further testing.