bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Pressurized Extraction Processes for Oil Recovery from Wild Almond (Amygdalus scoparia)
Authors: Balvardi Mohammad , Mendiola Jose A. , Castro‐Gómez Pilar , Fontecha Javier , Rezaei Karamatollah , Ibáñez Elena 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWild almond Amygdalus scoparia is a very fruitful tree that is spread over an extensive region of Iran. Considering its high quality oil, the development of clean extraction processes based on the use of compressed fluids is encouraged. In this study, the main factors involved in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of wild almond have been optimized by using two different experimental designs and considering the oil extraction yield as a response variable; effects of time, temperature, pressure, and use of co‐solvents were studied for SFE while effects of time, temperature and type of solvent were evaluated for PLE. Results showed that the maximum oil yield using supercritical carbon dioxide was 42 %, obtained under the following conditions: extraction temperature, 40 °C; extraction pressure, 40 MPa; and 10 % ethanol as co‐solvent. The optimum extraction yield for PLE was 55 %, which was achieved using ethanol as solvent at 150 °C for 20 min. Lipidomic analysis revealed that the amount of oleic acid in the oil extracted by SFE was higher than those obtained by using other classical procedures. In addition, triacylglycerols constituted more than 98 % of the extracted oils.
Assessment of Interval PLS (iPLS) Calibration for the Determination of Peroxide Value in Edible Oils
Authors: Meng Xianghe , Ye Qin , Nie Xiaohua , Pan Qiuyue , Jiang Lianzhou 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPartial least squares (PLS) is a commonly used (and sometimes misused) chemometric technique for calibrating Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and allows the analysis of a variety of quality parameters associated with edible oils. Peroxide value (PV) is a typical parameter of interest; however, developing a robust, optimal, and reliable calibration method can be a daunting task. This paper examines and compares the use of interval PLS as a tool to develop a PLS PV calibration method for a single‐bounce attenuated total reflectance accessory relative to full spectrum PLS and experienced PLS, making use of correlation, variance, and pure component spectra. Using mixtures of fresh and oxidized oil covering a PV range of 1–20 meq/kg, backward interval PLS could systematically produce quality calibrations without the need to resort to experienced PLS. The experienced PLS requires a degree of spectral knowledge as well as diligent and tedious spectral examination, including largely unstructured iterative calibrations and cross‐validations to improve calibration performance. The backward interval PLS is also better than the full spectrum PLS in terms of model performance. In addition, the general model developed could account for the errors caused by oil types.
Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia and thyroid disorders among patients with abnormal uterine bleeding
Authors: Abdel Hamid Amr M.S. , Borg Tamer F. , Madkour Wael A.I. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia and thyroid disorders among patients with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) compared with matched controls.MethodsIn 2013–2014, an observational study of women with AUB (group A) and women with regular menstruation (group B) was undertaken at one center in Egypt and one in the United Arab Emirates. Eligible women were aged 20–35 years and were not obese. Participants underwent clinical examinations, vaginal ultrasonography, office hysteroscopy (in selected cases), and measurement of hormone levels.ResultsHyperprolactinemia was present in 17 (16.2%) of 105 patients in group A and 4 (3.2%) of 125 patients in group B (P = 0.009). In group A, a high thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) level was observed in 8 (7.6%) patients and low levels of free triiodothyronine/thyroxine were found in 5 (4.8%) patients, compared with 2 (1.6%) patients and 1 (0.8%) patient in group B (P = 0.012 and P = 0.008, respectively). Polymenorrhea was the most frequent presentation of AUB (n = 60 [57.1%]). Five (29.4%) patients with hyperprolactinemia had galactorrhea. In group A, 8 (47.1%) patients with a high TSH had hyperprolactinemia, whereas 1 (1.1%) patient with a high TSH had a normal prolactin value (P = 0.008).ConclusionScreening by evaluating prolactin and thyroid hormone levels is recommended for all patients with AUB, even in the absence of galactorrhea.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Therapy in Parkinson Disease: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wagle Shukla Aparna , Shuster Jonathan J. , Chung Jae Woo , Vaillancourt David E. , Patten Carolynn , Ostrem Jill , Okun Michael S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveSeveral studies have reported repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) therapy as an effective treatment for the control of motor symptoms in Parkinson disease. The objective of the study is to quantify the overall efficacy of this treatment.TypesSystematic review and meta‐analysis.Literature surveyWe reviewed the literature on clinical rTMS trials in Parkinson disease since the technique was introduced in 1980. We used the following databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and CINAHL.MethodologyPatients and setting: Patients with Parkinson disease who were participating in prospective clinical trials that included an active arm and a control arm and change in motor scores on Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale as the primary outcome. We pooled data from 21 studies that met these criteria. We then analyzed separately the effects of low‐ and high‐frequency rTMS on clinical motor improvements.SynthesisThe overall pooled mean difference between treatment and control groups in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score was significant (4.0 points, 95% confidence interval, 1.5, 6.7; P = .005). rTMS therapy was effective when low‐frequency stimulation (≤1 Hz) was used with a pooled mean difference of 3.3 points (95% confidence interval 1.6, 5.0; P = .005). There was a trend for significance when high‐frequency stimulation (≥5 Hz) studies were evaluated with a pooled mean difference of 3.9 points (95% confidence interval, −0.7, 8.5; P = .08). rTMS therapy demonstrated benefits at short‐term follow‐up (immediately after a treatment protocol) with a pooled mean difference of 3.4 points (95% confidence interval, 0.3, 6.6; P = .03) as well as at long‐term follow‐up (average follow‐up 6 weeks) with mean difference of 4.1 points (95% confidence interval, −0.15, 8.4; P = .05). There were insufficient data to statistically analyze the effects of rTMS when we specifically examined bradykinesia, gait, and levodopa‐induced dyskinesia using quantitative methods.ConclusionrTMS therapy in patients with Parkinson disease results in mild‐to‐moderate motor improvements and has the potential to be used as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of Parkinson disease. Future large, sample studies should be designed to isolate the specific clinical features of Parkinson disease that respond well to rTMS therapy.
Differentiation and Dysfunction: An Exploration of Post-Legislative Guidance Practices in 14 EU Agencies
Authors: VAUGHAN Steven 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper offers up a map of self-authored post-legislative guidance practice among the EU’s decentralised agencies. It shows that the use of guidance by EU agencies is widespread and significant, but not pervasive in that 14 of the EU’s 33 agencies currently engage in guidance-making. Where guidance is produced, it varies significantly between and within agencies as regards volume and length. These documents are hard to find, they are called a miscellany of different things, and there seems to have sprung up, ad hoc, a hierarchy of guidance that is both interesting and lacking in clarity. The question as to whether such guidance binds those to whom it has been addressed has been fudged, with agencies and courts engaging in exercises of tautology and misdirection to avoid the appearance of anything that looks like binding norm-making by the EU’s agencies. Consultation and participation in the making of guidance seems lackadaisical. This map suggests a level of differentiation that is so ill-thought out, and so ad hoc, so lacking in foresight and oversight, as to be dysfunctional. At the same time, the lack of engagement by the EU courts with these norms suggests that the site of opportunity for a way forward in this area lies other than with the judiciary.
Lidocaine for Status Epilepticus in Pediatrics
Authors: Zeiler Frederick A. , Zeiler Kaitlin J. , Teitelbaum Jeanne , Gillman Lawrence M. , West Michael , Kazina Colin J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundOur goal was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the use of intravenous lidocaine in pediatrics for status epilepticus (SE) and refractory status epilepticus (RSE) to determine its impact on seizure control.MethodsAll articles from MEDLINE, BIOSIS, EMBASE, Global Health, HealthStar, Scopus, Cochrane Library, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (inception to November 2014), and gray literature were searched. The strength of evidence was adjudicated using both the Oxford and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodologies by two independent reviewers.ResultsOverall, 20 original studies were identified, with 19 manuscripts and one meeting abstract. Two hundred and thirty-five pediatric patients were treated for 252 episodes of SE/RSE. Patients had varying numbers of antiepileptic drugs (two to eight) on board before lidocaine therapy. During 20 of the 252 (7.9%) episodes of SE/RSE, phenytoin was on board. The dose regimen of lidocaine varied, with some using bolus dosing alone; others used a combination of bolus and infusion therapy. Overall, 60.0% of seizures responded to lidocaine, with complete cessation and greater than 50% reduction seen in 57.6% and 12.3%, respectively. Patient outcomes were sparingly reported.ConclusionsThere currently exists Oxford level 2b, Grading of Recommendations Assessment Developement, and Evaluation C evidence to support the consideration of lidocaine for SE and RSE in the pediatric population. Further prospective studies of lidocaine administration in this setting are warranted.
Normality in Pisot numeration systems
Authors: SCHEERER ADRIAN-MARIA 
Published: August 2015

Copeland and Erdös [Note on normal numbers. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.)52 (1946), 857–860] showed that the concatenation of primes when written in base 10 yields a real number that is normal to base 10. We generalize this result to Pisot number bases in which all integers have finite expansion.
Influence of cellulase addition to dairy goat diets on digestion and fermentation, milk production and fatty acid content
Authors: ROJO R. , KHOLIF A. E. , SALEM A. Z. M. , ELGHANDOUR M. M. Y. , ODONGO N. E. , MONTES DE OCA R. , RIVERO N. , ALONSO M. U. 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARYTwenty four French Alpine goats (39 ± 2·0 kg) were individually housed in a completely randomized design and fed a basal diet containing 146 g crude protein and 356 g neutral detergent fibre (NDF)/kg in the absence (control – CTRL) or presence (CELL) of 2 ml of cellulase/kg dry matter intake (DMI) for 70 days, which included a 10-day adaptation period. The feed was offered three times daily at 07·00, 13·00 and 19·00 h, but the single daily dose of cellulase was only fed at 07·00 h. Goats were hand-milked daily; milk production recorded and samples taken for compositional analysis. During the last 5 days of the experimental period, goats from each group were individually housed in stainless steel metabolic cages to enable separate and total collection of faeces and urine for nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation determinations. Goats fed CELL had greater DMI and greater digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter and NDF than CTRL goats. CELL goats had greater ruminal pH, concentration of acetic acid and concentration of propionic acid than CTRL goats. However, the concentration of ruminal butyric was lower in CELL goats compared with CTRL goats. CELL goats had greater milk yield, energy corrected milk, milk energy content, milk energy output and milk density than CTRL goats and the milk content for total solids, fat, protein and lactose were also greater for CELL goats than for the CTRL goats. The milk of CELL goats had greater palmitoleic acid, cis-10-heptadecanoic acid content and mono-saturated acids than the milk of CTRL goats and lower linoleic acid, linolenic acid contents and saturated fatty acids than the milk of CTRL goats. These results suggest that addition of 2 ml cellulase/kg DM of feed in the diet of lactating French Alpine goats elevated their milk production and improved its composition probably due to improved feed utilization.
Identifying a key host in an acanthocephalan-amphipod system
Authors: BAUER ALEXANDRE , RIGAUD THIERRY 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARYTrophically transmitted parasites may use multiple intermediate hosts, some of which may be ‘key-hosts’, i.e. contributing significantly more to the completion of the parasite life cycle, while others may be ‘sink hosts’ with a poor contribution to parasite transmission. Gammarus fossarum and Gammarus roeseli are sympatric crustaceans used as intermediate hosts by the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis. Gammarus roeseli suffers higher field prevalence and is less sensitive to parasite behavioural manipulation and to predation by definitive hosts. However, no data are available on between-host differences in susceptibility to P. laevis infection, making it difficult to untangle the relative contributions of these hosts to parasite transmission. Based on results from estimates of prevalence in gammarids exposed or protected from predation and laboratory infections, G. fossarum specimens were found to be more susceptible to P. laevis infection. As it is more susceptible to both parasite infection and manipulation, G. fossarum is therefore a key host for P. laevis transmission.
Infracommunity dynamics of chiggers (Trombiculidae) parasitic on a rodent
Authors: BARNARD KARLIEN , KRASNOV BORIS R. , GOFF LEE , MATTHEE SONJA 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARYWe studied the structure of chigger mite (Trombiculidae) communities parasitic on a South African rodent, Rhabdomys pumilio. We aimed to determine whether: (a) different chigger species differ in preferences for certain body areas of a host and (b) chigger assemblages among body areas of the same host individual, are structured and if so, whether the structure of these assemblages is aggregative or segregative. Rhabdomys pumilio is parasitized by seven chigger species belonging to six genera. The three most abundant species (Leptotrombidium sp. nr. muridium, Schoutedenichia sp. and Neoschoengastia sp. A) displayed a non-random distribution across the host body, with the two most abundant species (L. sp. nr. muridium and Schoutedenichia sp.) significantly associated with the tail area. In addition, whenever non-randomness of chigger co-occurrence in the same body area was recorded, it indicated positive but not negative co-occurrences of different species. This might be due to similarity of chigger species in resource needs and strategies to avoid host defence efforts.
Explaining risk for suicidal ideation in adolescent offspring of mothers with depression
Authors: Hammerton G. , Zammit S. , Thapar A. , Collishaw S. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundIt is well-established that offspring of depressed mothers are at increased risk for suicidal ideation. However, pathways involved in the transmission of risk for suicidal ideation from depressed mothers to offspring are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of potential mediators of this association, including maternal suicide attempt, offspring psychiatric disorder and the parent–child relationship.MethodData were utilized from a population-based birth cohort (ALSPAC). Three distinct classes of maternal depression symptoms across the first 11 years of the child's life had already been identified (minimal, moderate, chronic-severe). Offspring suicidal ideation was assessed at age 16 years. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling.ResultsThere was evidence for increased risk of suicidal ideation in offspring of mothers with chronic-severe depression symptoms compared to offspring of mothers with minimal symptoms (odds ratio 3.04, 95% confidence interval 2.19–4.21). The majority of this association was explained through maternal suicide attempt and offspring psychiatric disorder. There was also evidence for an independent indirect effect via the parent–child relationship in middle childhood. There was no longer evidence of a direct effect of maternal depression on offspring suicidal ideation after accounting for all three mediators. The pattern of results was similar when examining mechanisms for maternal moderate depression symptoms.ConclusionsFindings highlight that suicide prevention efforts in offspring of depressed mothers should be particularly targeted at both offspring with a psychiatric disorder and offspring whose mothers have made a suicide attempt. Interventions aimed at improving the parent–child relationship may also be beneficial.
State pension contributions and fiscal stress
Authors: SPLINTER DAVID 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFiscal stress pressures state legislators to either raise taxes or cut spending, but public pensions provide a vehicle to postpone tax increases and maintain current spending. I estimate that states cut their pension contributions at seven times the rate of other spending in response to fiscal stress. The cumulative impact of state undercontributions due to fiscal stress explains about 4% of mid-2008 actuarial underfunding. States not paying actuarially required contributions for reasons other than fiscal stress explains an additional quarter of underfunding. As investment returns explain little underfunding, much underfunding appears due to insufficient employee and actuarially required government contributions to keep up with growing pension liabilities.
Learning-related representational changes reveal dissociable integration and separation signatures in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
Authors: Schlichting Margaret L. , Mumford Jeanette A. , Preston Alison R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe episodic memory system enables accurate retrieval while maintaining flexibility by representing both specific episodes and generalizations across events. Although theories suggest that the hippocampus (HPC) is dedicated to represent specific episodes while the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) generalizes, other accounts posit that HPC can also integrate related memories. Here we use high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans to examine how representations of memory elements change to either differentiate or generalize across related events. We show that while posterior HPC and anterior MPFC maintain distinct memories for individual events, anterior HPC and posterior MPFC integrate across memories. Integration is particularly likely for established memories versus those encoded simultaneously, highlighting the greater impact of prior knowledge on new encoding. We also show dissociable coding signatures in ventrolateral PFC, a region previously implicated in interference resolution. These data highlight how memory elements are represented to simultaneously promote generalization across memories and protect from interference.
Anderson attractors in active arrays
Authors: Laptyeva Tetyana V. , Tikhomirov Andrey A. , Kanakov Oleg I. , Ivanchenko Mikhail V. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn dissipationless linear media, spatial disorder induces Anderson localization of matter, light and sound waves. The addition of nonlinearity causes interaction between the eigenmodes, which results in a slow wave diffusion. We go beyond the dissipationless limit of Anderson arrays and consider nonlinear disordered systems that are subjected to the dissipative losses and energy pumping. We show that the Anderson modes of the disordered Ginsburg-Landau lattice possess specific excitation thresholds with respect to the pumping strength. When pumping is increased above the threshold for the band-edge modes, the lattice dynamics yields an attractor in the form of a stable multi-peak pattern. The Anderson attractor is the result of a joint action by the pumping-induced mode excitation, nonlinearity-induced mode interactions and dissipative stabilization. The regimes of Anderson attractors can be potentially realized with polariton condensates lattices, active waveguide or cavity-QED arrays.
Intrinsic Nature of Stochastic Domain Wall Pinning Phenomena in Magnetic Nanowire Devices
Authors: Hayward T. J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFinite temperature micromagnetic simulations are used to probe stochastic domain wall pinning behaviours in magnetic nanowire devices. By exploring field-induced propagation both below and above the Walker breakdown field it is shown that all experimentally observed phenomena can be comprehensively explained by the influence of thermal perturbations on the domain walls’ magnetisation dynamics. Nanowires with finite edge roughness are also investigated and these demonstrate how this additional form of disorder couples with thermal perturbations to significantly enhance stochasticity. Cumulatively, these results indicate that stochastic pinning is an intrinsic feature of DW behaviour at finite temperatures and would not be suppressed even in hypothetical systems where initial DW states and experimental parameters were perfectly defined.
A Study of Phytolith-occluded Carbon Stock in Monopodial Bamboo in China
Authors: Yang Jie , Wu Jiasen , Jiang Peikun , Xu Qiufang , Zhao Peiping , He Shanqiong 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBamboo plants have been proven to be rich in phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) and play an important role in reducing atmospheric concentrations of CO2. The object of this paper was to obtain more accurate methods for estimation of PhytOC stock in monopodial bamboo because previous studies may have underestimated it. Eight monopodial bamboo species, widely distributed across China, were selected and sampled for this study in their own typical distribution areas. There were differences (P < 0.05) both in phytolith content (Phytolith/dry biomass) across leaves, branches and culm and in PhytOC content (PhytOC/dry biomass) across leaves and branches between species, with a trend of leaf > branch > culm. The average PhytOC stored in aboveground biomass and PhytOC production flux contributed by aboveground biomass varied substantially and they were 3.28 and 1.57 times corresponding dates in leaves, with the highest in Phyllostachys glauca McClure and lowest in Indocalamus tessellatus (Munro) Keng f. It can be concluded that it could be more accurate to estimate PhytOC stock or PhytOC production flux by basing on whole aboveground biomass rather than on leaf or leaf litter only. The whole biomass should be collected for more estimation of bamboo PhytOC sequestration capacity in the future.