bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine transporter levels relate to cognition in Lewy body diseases: an 11C altropane positron emission tomography study
Authors: Marquie Marta , Locascio Joseph J , Rentz Dorene M , Becker J Alex , Hedden Trey , Johnson Keith A , Growdon John H , Gomperts Stephen N 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Introduction
The biological basis of cognitive impairment in parkinsonian diseases is believed to be multifactorial. We investigated the contribution of dopamine deficiency to cognition in Parkinson disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) with dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging.

Methods
We acquired 11C altropane PET, magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive testing in 19 nondemented subjects with PD, 10 DLB and 17 healthy control subjects (HCS). We analyzed DAT concentration in putamen, caudate, anterior cingulate (AC), orbitofrontal and prefrontal regions, using the Standardized Uptake Volume Ratio with partial volume correction, and we related DAT concentration and global cortical thickness to neuropsychological performance.

Results
DAT concentration in putamen and in caudate were similar in PD and DLB groups and significantly lower than in HCS. Reduced caudate DAT concentration was associated with worse Clinical Dementia Rating Scale-sum of boxes (CDR-SB) scores and visuospatial skills in DLB but not in PD or HCS groups. Adjusting for putamen DAT concentration, as a measure of severity of motor disease, caudate DAT concentration was lower in DLB than in PD. Higher AC DAT concentration was associated with lower putamen DAT concentration in DLB and with higher putamen DAT concentration in PD. Higher AC DAT concentration in DLB correlated with greater impairment in semantic memory and language.

Conclusions
Caudate and AC dopamine dysfunction contribute in opposing directions to cognitive impairment in DLB.
Clinical, Biologic, and Prognostic Differences on the Basis of Primary Tumor Site in Neuroblastoma: A Report From the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Project
Authors: Vo Kieuhoa T. , Matthay Katherine K. , Neuhaus John , London Wendy B. , Hero Barbara , Ambros Peter F. , Nakagawara Akira , Miniati Doug , Wheeler Kate , Pearson Andrew D.J. , Cohn Susan L. , DuBois Steven G. 
Published: August 2014

Purpose Neuroblastoma (NB) is a heterogeneous tumor arising from sympathetic tissues. The impact of primary tumor site in influencing the heterogeneity of NB remains unclear. Patients and Methods Children younger than age 21 years diagnosed with NB or ganglioneuroblastoma between 1990 and 2002 and with known primary site were identified from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group database. Data were compared between sites with respect to clinical and biologic features, as well as event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Among 8,369 children, 47% had adrenal tumors. All evaluated clinical and biologic variables differed statistically between primary sites. The features that were > 10% discrepant between sites were stage 4 disease, MYCN amplification, elevated ferritin, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, and segmental chromosomal aberrations, all of which were more frequent in adrenal versus nonadrenal tumors (P < .001). Adrenal tumors were more likely than nonadrenal tumors (adjusted odds ratio, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.67 to 2.63; P < .001) and thoracic tumors were less likely than nonthoracic tumors (adjusted odds ratio, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.39; P < .001) to have MYCN amplification after controlling for age, stage, and histologic grade. EFS and OS differed significantly according to the primary site (P < .001 for both comparisons). After controlling for age, MYCN status, and stage, patients with adrenal tumors had higher risk for events (hazard ratio, 1.13 compared with nonadrenal tumors; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.23; P = .008), and patients with thoracic tumors had lower risk for events (HR, 0.79 compared with nonthoracic; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.92; P = .003). Conclusion Clinical and biologic features show important differences by NB primary site, with adrenal and thoracic sites associated with inferior and superior survival, respectively. Future studies will need to investigate the biologic origin of these differences.
Care Study: A critical event in tracheostomy care
Authors: Clarke Lyndsay 
Published: August 2014

Albert Collis is an 80-year-old man who was admitted to the intensive care unit with an episode of acute pancreatitis, 6 weeks before a critical incident in his tracheostomy care. His pancreatitis was managed medically, with part of this treatment involving mechanical ventilation. Although the pancreatitis responded well to treatment, Albert developed a chest infection and proved difficult to wean from the ventilator. A tracheostomy was therefore performed 2 weeks after admission, both for Albert's comfort and to facilitate the weaning process. Albert's muscles had wasted considerably during his admission and his respiratory muscles were very weak. In the 4 weeks following his tracheostomy he had progressed slowly from pressure control mode to synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation and pressure support, to pressure support only. He then went on to a continuous positive airway pressure circuit, and for the 2 days before the incident had been on a T-piece with a thermovent humidifier with 28% oxygen. Despite copious loose yellow secretions, which Albert was now managing to cough clear of the tube himself, his oxygen saturations ranged constantly between 96% and 98%. As a result of his strong cough, Albert was only occasionally suctioned and was encouraged to clear his own secretions with the aid of nurses, physiotherapists and tissues! Albert's main problem at this time was boredom and irritability, which caused him to remove the T-piece from his tracheostomy tube frequently; when he was breathing on air alone his oxygen saturation was only 89-90%. The importance of both the oxygen and humidification was explained to Albert and the T-piece was replaced as often as he allowed. At approximately 8.30 am on the third morning of being on the T-piece, Albert's oxygen saturation level dropped to 85% from 96%. His T-piece was still in position and the supply was connected. The oxygen saturation probe site was checked and was shown to be reading correctly. Air entry on auscultation was quiet in all areas, but was present. As a temporary measure, the inspired level of oxygen was increased to 40%, but had no effect. A decision was therefore made to hand-ventilate Albert with the aid of a re-breathing bag and 100% oxygen. Sterile saline 3 ml was instilled into his tracheostomy tube and suctioned. On suctioning, the lumen of the tube was found to be very narrow, and difficulty was experienced in passing the suction catheter. Further hand-ventilation, saline and suctioning produced thick yellow secretions and the lumen of the tube cleared sufficiently to enable the suction catheter to be passed easily. Albert's oxygen saturations were now 99% on 100% oxygen and he was placed back on the thermovent and T-piece with 28% oxygen. His saturations returned to their baseline level of 96% and remained at this level. Auscultation revealed good air entry to all areas of the lungs.
Care of a woman with Down's syndrome using the Neuman Systems Model
Authors: Owens Melissa 
Published: August 2014

Care study Alice Bird is a 26-year-old women with Down's syndrome and a severe learning disability. Following a long illness, Alice's father passed away just before my involvement with the family. Alice now lives at home with her mother, aged 70, and an older sister, Janice, aged 34, who has a mild learning disability and is also being treated for mental health problems. Two other brothers live nearby and are in regular contact with the family. My initial contact with this family followed a request for help in planning long-term care for Alice in the event of the mother's death. Mrs Bird, having recently lost her husband, realised that her daughter would almost certainly live longer than her and wanted to feel that appropriate plans had been made.
Care Study: Acute renal failure due to drug-induced rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Davies Annette 
Published: August 2014

Care study David, a 25-year-old man who had been an intermittent, intravenous drug abuser since he was 15 years old, was found unconscious by his girlfriend 12-16 hours after he had injected an overdose of heroin. He was admitted to the casualty department with a swollen and blistered left arm that he had compressed in his unconscious state. His abnormal blood chemistry, in particular the rise in creatine kinase, combined with his history, led to an initial diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis due to a heroin overdose.
A holistic approach to pressure sore management
Authors: Oke Sheran , Davies Sandra 
Published: August 2014

Care study Olu is a 19-year-old African boy who was referred to the Tissue Viability Unit after returning from a visit to his family in Nigeria. During his vacation he experienced altered and reduced sensation in his legs. Investigations revealed a tumour, which resulted in him becoming paraplegic from T5 level on his spinal cord. Olu did not receive any form of rehabilitation or preparation for the dramatic change in his lifestyle. The main issues upon presentation in the clinic were: • An 18-month-old grade 3 sacral pressure sore, which resulted from sitting in an inappropriate wheelchair with a car seat cushion. Olu had never seen his sore and had no understanding of the concepts involved. • Loss of bladder and bowel control which was managed with an indwelling catheter and disposable nappies.
Stress incontinence: treatment using pelvic floor re-education
Authors: Unsworth John 
Published: August 2014

Care study Mary Tiverton, a 66-year-oid woman, referred herself to our local continence promotion clinic in November 1993, complaining of incontinence. Although she had suffered from leakage during exertion since going through the menopause 18 years ago, the problem was becoming increasingly troublesome, At the time of her first visit to the clinic she had a chest infection, and the extra coughing was making her incontinence worse. Over a 5-month period, Mary underwent a programme of pelvic floor re-education, consisting of a normal pelvic floor exercise programme and a programme of resisted exercises using pelvic floor weights. At her final appointment, Mary had good pelvic floor muscle tone and no symptoms of stress incontinence, even on exertion.
Care study: Palliative nursing care of a man with terminal cancer
Authors: Hanson Elizabeth J , Cullihall Katherine 
Published: August 2014

Care study Harry, a 60-year-old man, was diagnosed with a left parotid carcinoma and bone metastases. He had a left parotidectomy and node dissection, and a course of radiotherapy to his spine. He was admitted to the palliative care unit 2 months later with nausea and vomiting and lower back pain. He lived with his wife, Shannon, and his son, David (22 years of age), who was a source of emotional and financial stress for both of his parents. Harry also had a daughter, Linda (26 years of age), who worked as a nurse in Texas and with whom he enjoyed a close, loving relationship. On learning that the illness was terminal, Harry and his family were extremely anxious and upset by the relatively rapid progression of the disease. Consequently, primary nursing was employed to ensure continuity in nursing care throughout Harry's stay. His nursing care was organized using the model derived by Roper et al (1980) as this allowed Shannon to help to care for him while ensuring that the primary nurse regularly monitored his progress. In addition, care centred around Harry's usual daily routine, which helped to ease the family's distress. Harry's initial aim was to die at home surrounded by his family and close friends. The second-named author was the primary nurse for Harry and his family during his stay on the palliative care unit.^arry's family granted permission for the publication of this care study which was written to help nursing students and registered nurses with little background in palliative care to learn more about the nature of nursing care provided by an experienced palliative care nurse to a person with terminal cancer and his family.
Clinical and cost effectiveness evaluation of low friction and shear garments
Authors: Smith G. , Ingram A. 
Published: August 2014

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of Parafricta low-friction garments in reducing the incidence and prevalence of pressure ulceration and to evaluate the curative aspects of these products on pre-existing skin breakdown within a hospital setting. Method: Patients with a Waterlow score of ≥15 and who were unable to reposition independently were offered the low-friction undergarments and bootees. A total of 650 patient cases were initially reviewed. Of these, 204 met the criteria for use of the products in the 3 months prior to the start of the evaluation (cohort 1) and 165 patients met the criteria during the period when the garments were used (cohort 2). Data collected included pressure ulcer incidence, location, grading, and outcome of ulcer on discharge. Locally derived costs for length of stay, wound dressings, pressure-redistributing mattresses and additional cost of the low-friction garments were applied to build a cost-effectiveness model. Results: In patients at risk of skin breakdown there was a statistically significant reduction in the number of patients who developed pressure ulcers following use of the low-friction garments in cohort 2 when compared with cohort 1 (16% reduction; p=0.0286). In addition, the number of patients who were ulcer free on admission but who developed ulcers and then improved or completely healed before discharge was also statistically significant (41% increase; p=0.0065) when cohort 2 was compared with cohort 1. Fewer patients admitted with ulcers deteriorated when using the low-friction garments (21% reduction; p=0.0012). The costs, which were calculated by comparing patient throughput for these patients, suggest that the savings associated with preventing skin breakdown outweighed the cost of the products used (base case model indicated a saving of over £63,000 per 100 at risk patients). Conclusion: The results support the conclusion that low-friction garment products have a role to play in the prevention of skin breakdown, and appear to be both clinically effective and cost effective.
Tensile Behavior of Long-term Aged Nickel-base Superalloy
Authors: Xia P. C. , Chen F. W. , Xie K. , Yu J. J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe microstructural change of directionally solidified nickel-base superalloy which was aged at 900 °C for 1500 hours and tensile behavior at different temperatures were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). γ′ phase of the alloy coarsens and rafts in the course of aged treatment. The driving force of rafting is the decrease of interface energy and elastic strain energy. The stress of aged alloy increases slightly with the testing temperature. This arises from a few dislocations shearing the γ′ precipitates. There is a peak stress value at 760 °C, which is attributed to the high strength of the γ′ phase, the homogeneous deformation structure, and dislocation-γ′ precipitate and dislocation–dislocation interactions. The stress then decreases rapidly with increased temperature. The low stress of the γ′ phase and γ′ rafting at high temperature contribute to the drop of alloy strength. The change of elongation is inverse to that of the stress.
Comprehensive Evaluation of the Child With Intellectual Disability or Global Developmental Delays
Authors: Moeschler John B. , Shevell Michael ,   COMMITTEE ON GENETICS, Moeschler John B. , Shevell Michael , Saul Robert A. , Chen Emily , Freedenberg Debra L. , Hamid Rizwan , Jones Marilyn C. , Stoler Joan M. , Tarini Beth Anne 
Published: August 2014

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed October 2019.
Global developmental delay and intellectual disability are relatively common pediatric conditions. This report describes the recommended clinical genetics diagnostic approach. The report is based on a review of published reports, most consisting of medium to large case series of diagnostic tests used, and the proportion of those that led to a diagnosis in such patients. Chromosome microarray is designated as a first-line test and replaces the standard karyotype and fluorescent in situ hybridization subtelomere tests for the child with intellectual disability of unknown etiology. Fragile X testing remains an important first-line test. The importance of considering testing for inborn errors of metabolism in this population is supported by a recent systematic review of the literature and several case series recently published. The role of brain MRI remains important in certain patients. There is also a discussion of the emerging literature on the use of whole-exome sequencing as a diagnostic test in this population. Finally, the importance of intentional comanagement among families, the medical home, and the clinical genetics specialty clinic is discussed.
Combining Aggregation and Classical Algebraic Multigrid in the CPR-AMG Linear Solver
Authors: Gratton S.. , Jiránek P.. , Vasseur X.. , Hénon P.. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Algebraic multigrid (AMG) represents a class of efficient preconditioners for large and sparse linear systems arising in particular from discretized elliptic partial differential equations. In the context of reservoir simulation, a standard preconditioner for the linear solver is the so-called CPR-AMG in which AMG is applied to an approximated pressure subsystem. In this method, AMG is the bottleneck for scalability because it involves a lot of communications across processors in particular for the setup phase, which constructs the coarse levels according to the coefficients of the Jacobian matrix. The goal of this work is to decrease the overall cost of the CPR-AMG in parallel by combining two different coarsening strategies: the first levels are computed using an aggregation scheme whereas the coarsest levels are treated using a classical point-wise Ruge-Stüben (RS) scheme. AMG preconditioners constructed using classical coarsening schemes are able to achieve good convergence rates of the preconditioned iterative method. The complexities of the multigrid hierarchies can be quite high and thus the classical AMG may be expensive in terms of memory requirements and computational times. Aggregation AMG methods, on the other hand, provide better means of complexity control and consequently the setup time required to construct the preconditioner can be considerably lower. The efficiency of the aggregation AMG methods, however, deteriorates with the increasing problem size although the two-level convergence rates can be very good. To take advantage of both the aggregation and classical AMG, we consider combining both approaches within one hierarchy in order to decrease the setup time of the AMG preconditioner while retaining the convergence properties of the two-level aggregation method.
A Multilevel Preconditioner and Its Shared Memory Implementation for New Generation Reservoir Simulator
Authors: Wang Baohua , Wu Shuhong , Li Qiaoyun , Li Xiaobo , Li Hua , Zhang Chensong , Xu Jinchao 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The mathematical models in reservoir simulation are usually discretized into large linear equations, and solving them needs lots of time. Taking into account the mathematical characteristics of the black oil model, a multilevel preconditioning solution method is designed to deal with the algebraic equations in reservoir numerical simulation. Takes into account some of the properties of pressure, saturation, and implicit well variables in flow model, the multilevel preconditioner is comprised of several different iterative methods, such as algebraic multigrid method, Incomplete LU factorization, Gauss-Seidel iteration with downwind ordering and crosswind blocks and et al. The efficiency and robustness of multilevel preconditioner is proved by a million-cell benchmark problem and a real-world matured reservoir with high heterogeneity, high water-cut, geological faults, and complex well scheduling. The numerical results indicate that the proposed method is not only robust with respect to the heterogeneity, anisotropy, and number of wells but also efficient method that can solve large Jacobian system in reservoir simulation quickly and precisely.
A Multiscale Mortar Method And Two-Stage Preconditioner For Multiphase Flow Using A Global Jacobian Approach
Authors: Ganis Benjamin , Kumar Kundan , Pencheva Gergina , Wheeler Mary F. , Yotov Ivan 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We consider a fully-implicit formulation for two-phase flow in a porous medium with capillarity, gravity, and compressibility in three dimensions. The method is implicit in time and uses the multiscale mortar mixed finite element method for spatial discretization in a non-overlapping domain decomposition context. The interface conditions between subdomains are enforced in terms of Lagrange multiplier variables defined on a mortar space. There are two novelties in our approach: first, we linearize the coupled system of subdomain and mortar variables simultaneously to form a global Jacobian and eliminate variables by taking Schur complements; and second, we adapt a two-stage preconditioning strategy to solve the resulting formulation. The new formulation exploits the local invertibility of mortar block matrices to obtain a system with subdomain variables as unknowns. The two-stage preconditioner uses the Householder transformation to decouple the pressure and saturation variables for each grid block. This allows the elliptic equation for the pressure and hyperbolic equation for the saturation to be solved in a decoupled manner. The algorithm is fully parallel and numerical tests show the low computational costs of eliminating the mortar variables to obtain the final Jacobian matrices. We have demonstrated parallel scalability using our two-stage preconditioner on large-scale heterogeneous two-phase reservoir simulation problems with over 10 million elements and over 1000 processors.