bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Injection nerve palsy
Authors: Kakati Arindhom , Bhat Dhananjaya , Devi Bhagavathula Indira , Shukla Dhaval 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Objective: To study the clinical profile and outcome of surgery for injection nerve palsies. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients with INP who were treated at our institute during May 2000 to May 2009. Clinical, electroneuromyography (ENMG), and operative findings were noted. Intraoperative nerve action potential monitoring was not used in any case. Outcome of patients who were followed was reviewed. Results: INP comprised 92 (11%) of 837 nerve injury patients. Seventy one patients were children less than 16 years. The nerves involved were sciatic in 80 patients, radial in 8, and others in four. Fifty seven patients had power, grade 0/5. ENMG studies revealed absent compound muscle action potential in 64 and absent sensory nerve action potential in 67 patients. Thirty nine (42.3%) of 92 patients underwent surgery. The mean duration since injury in these patients was 5.2 months (3 months to 11 months). All underwent neurolysis. Only 18 patients who underwent surgery had a follow up of more than 3 months. Ten (55.5%) patients had good or fair outcome after surgery. Except for grade of motor deficit prior to surgery, none of the variables were found to significantly affect the outcome. Conclusion: The outcome of INP is generally good and many patients recover spontaneously. The outcome of surgery is dependent on preoperative motor power.
Initial management of traumatic brain injury in the rural setting
Authors: Honeybul Stephen , Woods Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTHealthcare workers in the rural setting face unique problems when dealing with head injured patients however the basic principle of medical management are the same in any situation. The key initial elements remain aggressive early resuscitation followed by a comprehensive assessment of conscious level and either early consultation or transfer to a neurosurgical facility. What has improved considerably over recent years is the understanding of the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury and as such some of the medical management strategies have changed. A basic understanding of some of these concepts is useful in the clinical setting and serves to emphasis the importance of effective early medical management. Thereafter consideration must be given to which patients require radiological investigations and possible discussion with or transfer to a neurosurgical facility.
Wernicke’s encephalopathy and central pontine myelinolysis in hyperemesis gravidarum
Authors: Sutamnartpong Panee , Muengtaweepongsa Sombat , Kulkantrakorn Kongkiat 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTA pregnant woman, who had been suffering from hyperemesis gravidarum, presented with alteration of consciousness, ocular nystagmus and ataxia. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brain showed typical findings of Wernicke’s encephalopathy and central pontine myelinolysis. The clinical features responded dramatically to thiamine supplementation.
Limb‑shaking transient ischemic attack
Authors: Das Abhijit , Baheti Neeraj N 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTLimb shaking Transient Ischemic Attack is a rare manifestation of carotid‑occlusive disease. The symptoms usually present with seizure like activity and often misdiagnosed as focal seizures. Only on careful history the important clinical clues‑which may help in differentiating from seizure‑are revealed: Lack of Jacksonian march or aura; precipitation by maneuvers that lead to carotid compression. We present the case of an elderly gentleman with recurrent limb shaking transient ischemic attacks that was initially diagnosed as a case of epilepsy. His symptoms responded to optimization of blood pressure. The case report highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis as the treatment of the associated carotid artery occlusion may not only abolish the attacks but also reduce the risk of future stroke.
Approaches to Gender and Sexuality in Media History
Authors: Soderlund Gretchen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter surveys scholarship that lies at the intersection of media history, gender history, and the history of sexuality. Work that cuts across these three areas serves as a necessary corrective to the masculine bias found within conventional media histories. However, much of the scholarship surveyed focuses narrowly on “women” as a biological category, ignoring the critical role commercial and social‐movement media have played in producing, reinforcing, and challenging historical understandings of gender and sexuality. Much work remains to be done in this important field. In particular, there is a paucity of works within media history that consider the cultural production of gender, race, and sexuality in relation to one another and within fields of power.
The History of the Book
Authors: Zboray Ronald J. , Zboray Mary Saracino 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSince most media historians have yet to engage fully the history of the book (HOB), this essay provides a critical introduction to the approach. It discusses the approach's problematical object of study and characterizes its current practice as a postmodern performance of liberal “cultural poetics” rejecting grand narratives, whether the radical history of capitalism's emergence or the conservative history of ideas. We explain HOB's dynamics in terms of its emergence in the 1980s, which coincided with that of the history of the American book (HOAB). Both HOB and, particularly, HOAB were part of a “cultural turn” deployed by displaced intellectual historians against the New Social History (NSH), associated with quantitative or even systematic inquiry present in other national HOB traditions, especially in France'sAnnalesSchool. Adopting the cultural history spirit of that tradition while replacing its research techniques with almost exclusively qualitative interpretation, HOAB also occluded a range of North American antecedents in journalism and literary studies, including bibliography, but in a way that put the latter to the service of cultural ends. As the new millennium approached, the HOB landscape shifted with the rise of reader‐and‐reception studies that reset the approach's course from books themselves to what books meant to specific end‐users as evidenced in their literary practices. The essay concludes with an overview of approaches to print production (especially publishing and authorship), distribution, and consumption, in light of HOB's move from a producer to a reader orientation, as well as indications of – and recommendations for – the future direction of the approach.
Journalism History
Authors: Kaplan Richard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNewspapers emerged in colonial British North America in the early 1700s. By the time the first muskets were fired in the American revolt against King George III in 1775, a powerful new cultural imagining of the press's central role in the public debates of citizens and the functioning of modern democracy defined journalism. Newspapers were seen as essential to liberty, spreading information and opinion among “free‐born citizens.” Indeed, across three centuries this notion of the press's service to a broad deliberating public has permanently informed and justified the press's public mission, its political rhetoric, and its claims to special authority in the contentions of the democratic public sphere. From partisan journals to independent, professional dailies, from small struggling print shops to giant media conglomerates, from a few pages of cotton rag to today's electronic websites, a public ethic of service to democracy has informed the North American press's proudest moments and rationalized its worst practices.
“Quickening Urgency”
Authors: Rantanen Terhi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter argues that the history of wire services cannot only be written in a national context. In order to gain a fuller understanding of the origins of wire services and telegraph and submarine cables in any country, we need to include their relationships with their counterparts in other countries. Wire services, by their very nature, were interwoven with one another through the technology they used and across national boundaries. The chapter explores the early stages of development of the telegraph and wire services in the United States and Europe that led to monopolies that were all interconnected: the New York Associated Press's monopoly on the domestic news market, Western Union's hegemony on the US market, the European news cartel's monopoly on the world's news market, and the cable monopoly over the Atlantic submarine cable.
Moving Images
Authors: Wasson Haidee 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter surveys the ways in which the history of film exhibition has been conceptualized and elaborated by film historians, with special attention paid to the possibilities of an expanded current historiographical approach that includes small film technologies, in particular, portable film projectors. Like theatrical exhibition, the portable projector exemplifies the nineteenth‐century marriage of mechanical movement, chemistry, and projected light. Yet, the portable projector is a distinct iteration of these technological foundations, leaving behind the theatrical armature of the movie house and emulating more the other small, audiovisual technologies that together reshaped cultural life in the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries. Charting a neglected area of film and media history, this chapter considers the dynamics of portability for a history of seeing movies, concluding with some larger research questions posed as directions for future work.
Advertising and Consumer Culture
Authors: Stole Inger L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter argues that the proliferation of advertising has been key to the creation and expansion of a modern consumer society. It explores literature on the growth of advertising with an emphasis on developments in the early part of the twentieth century. Using an institutional approach, it discusses the impact of advertising on discourses surrounding the emerging culture of consumption. Throughout the twentieth century, advertising and the consumer society it commanded were challenged, testing the political powers of marketing forces and their supporting institutions in both the cultural and political arenas. Commercial forces won most of these battles but were unable to eliminate a general uneasiness with commercialization.
The New World Information and Communication Order
Authors: Nordenstreng Kaarle 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay recounts the history of the movement for a new world information and communication order (NWICO) as it emerged in international arenas and particularly in UNESCO. An expression of the global movement for decolonization spearheaded by the Non‐Aligned Movement, NWICO encountered strong opposition from Reagan's United States and Thatcher's Great Britain, and failed to achieve its immediate goals. It had a formative impact on the field of international communication research, and, although it has yielded to topics such as media globalization, its concerns continue to echo in the field.
Text, Translation, and the End of the Unified Press
Authors: Grier David Alan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFew industries were as thoroughly transformed by computerization as the newspaper business. Computer composition and computer typesetting restructured the basic organization of the newspaper, refactored control, and encouraged the flourishing newspaper chains of the 1970s and early 1980s. However, electronic distribution radically changed the relationship between advertiser and publisher, and thereby started a decline of the traditional regional paper. As publishers adopted computer systems to manage the flow of information, they generally saw the new technology not as something that would expand the scale or scope of their work but as tools that would translate information from one form into another.
Propaganda Studies
Authors: Collins Sue 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe interim between World War I (1914–1918) and the onset of World War II (1941–1945) illustrates the discursive struggle over evolving conceptions of propaganda. Propaganda meant different things to different observers, but for the most part, everyone agreed that its conditions were worth debating, and most people believed that, left unchecked, it posed some kind of threat to democracy. In intellectual, political, and social senses, propaganda became the subject of protracted study and deliberation concerning how best to understand its various incarnations in relation to democratic capitalism. Discourses generating stringent critiques of propaganda's dangers to democracy gradually shifted toward a new focus on mass persuasion and social influence informed by scientific behavioralism and quantitative methodology in relation to media effects. As the field of communication took hold, propaganda's political significance was overshadowed by more apolitical projects, such as public opinion and marketing research, which contributed to the distinction between political propaganda and social influence and the eventual subsumption of propaganda to mass persuasion.
The Rise and Fall of the Limited Effects Model
Authors: Simonson Peter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter revisits the history of the so‐called “limited effects model” of mass communication, associated with Paul Lazarsfeld and Columbia University's Bureau of Applied Social Research. It argues that the model was in part a rhetorical invention of its critics in the 1970s and 1980s, when critical and cultural approaches to media studies were gaining widespread traction and a new generation of objectivist social scientists were carving out alternatives to inherited understandings. Pivoting from that moment of invention, it returns to Columbia research of the 1940s and 1950s, traces the rise and alternate understandings of the model, and contextualizes it in relation to competing approaches to media at Columbia frequently occluded in collective memories of the field.
The Slippery Slopes of “Soft Power”
Authors: Burston Jonathan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe nexus conjoining sites within American entertainment, media, and communications industries to the US military has been called many names. This chapter deploys the phrase “military industrial media complex” (MIM‐plex) to describe this burgeoning political–economic formation, and it argues that, despite existing work, larger questions on the MIM‐plex remain unasked and unanswered about how studies of media production might matter to other disciplines, to the wider world, and to the field of international relations (IR) in particular. Using the Hollywood–army think tank – the Institute for Creative Technologies – as an example of how media studies and IR might communicate, this chapter also suggests that participants in such a dialogue pay careful attention to the influence of dominant masculinist discourses inside both IR and media studies. These discourses often posit “hard” working concepts against “soft” ones – an increasingly questionable practice that has often diluted both the significance of entertainment and the role of entertainment labor inside discussions of media power.
Television‐Set Production in the Era of Digital TV
Authors: Castañeda Mari 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the transcultural political economy of television‐set production as the US and other countries made the transition to the digital television platform. The complexity of technical standards for digital television, the proliferation of free‐trade policies, and the globalization of production have reconstituted the context of consumer electronics manufacturing and thus have deeply impacted the making and consumption of TV sets. The chapter will focus on the emerging “Silicon Border” along the US–Mexico divide and on the ways in which labor, trade, and new technologies continue to intersect with the material conditions of race, gender, and immigration in the digital era.
Whither the Professional Book Publisher in an Era of Distribution on Demand
Authors: Miller Laura J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines changing organizational, economic, and cultural practices of book production by analyzing the breakdown of several once firm distinctions in the book industry: between production and distribution; between professional publishing and self‐publishing; and between amateur and commercial authorship. The development of online storefronts that sell physical books, electronic devices that make it possible to read digital books, and a focus on content as intellectual property that can be detached from form have made it easier than in the past to bypass professional publishers and their traditional roles as gatekeepers, editors, and coordinators of the book production process. The result has been a huge increase in self‐publishing, a phenomenon facilitated by for‐profit companies that provide a mechanism for distributing these books. The argument is made that the growth of self‐publishing reinforces a shift in power relations within the book industry, from publishers to distributors, and helps to make authorship into a recreational choice that can be purchased.
The Production of Mediated Performance
Authors: Ytreberg Espen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter overviews and discusses scholarly contributions to how media production can be understood as an act of thinking about and planning communicative performances in the media. The core features of large‐scale media production – advanced technology, complex organization, extensive divisions of labor – can be understood in terms of how they enable and shape performances for absent, multiple, and mass audiences. This chapter draws a rough framework of forms and levels of planning performances within media production; it also looks at some concrete examples in the production of news, talk shows, and reality programs. Finally, the relationship between performance, identity, and society is addressed via discussions of the concepts of “discipline” and the “persona.”
Distributed Creativity in Film and Television
Authors: Caldwell John T. , Clarke M. J. , Hill Erin , Vanstrom Eric 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter will examine the systematic ways in which cultures of facilitation and “distributed creation” fuel Hollywood corporate, labor, and creative practices. The study brings together three substantial but largely invisible, ignored, or camouflaged sectors of Hollywood that are fundamentally important in the creation of film/TV screen content, yet have received scant attention from either scholars or critics: assistanting, marketing research rituals, and content development outsourcing. All three areas help constitute the industry's production infrastructure, which can be thought of, alternately, as interpersonal and inter‐organizational networks through which the task of content creation is “distributed,” or as “catalytic” sites of mediation and negotiation that are subsequently erased by above‐the‐line creative executives: these habitually highjack credit for Hollywood's content creation on the basis of professional postures of managerial or personal exceptionalism.
Queer Broadcasts
Authors: Miller Quinn 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter outlines critical tools for examining queer elements of production manifest in comedy texts. Building on the basics of queer theory and scholarship on camp, it reviews a set of methods for queer analysis of production details appearing in quasi‐fictional television programs about the entertainment business. Referencing examples from US series, it employs the terms “insider,” “camp,” and “queer” to demonstrate how scholars can extract historical evidence about the industry from images of television production. The chapter considers the industrial, intertextual, and social dynamics that have contributed to the queer content evident in TV culture by looking at backstage series that represent queer work as an obvious aspect of the media industries as a whole, rather than as something specific to gender and sexual minorities. It argues that we can better understand the creation of queer media by analyzing satirical depictions of the production process.
Youth as Cultural Producers / Cultural Productions of Youth
Authors: Taub‐Pervizpour Lora 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter offers an introduction to the diverse field of youth media production and practice. To do so, it begins with a consideration of the “crisis of voice,” identified by Nick Couldry in his bookWhy Voice Matters: Culture and Politics after Neoliberalism(2010). In relation to this crisis and to the systematic silencing of young adults from low‐income communities and from communities of color, media making is explored as a field of practice within which young people gain access to critical resources for raising their voices. The chapter brings these issues into focus through an ethnographic study of a youth media program for economically and racially diverse adolescents in Allentown, Pennsylvania.
“What'sTVGood For?”
Authors: Lemish Dafna 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the goals of producing quality television programs for children around the world as they pertain to issues of culture and gender in a world of profit‐driven globalized market. It is based on interviews, conducted between 2004 and 2008, with 135 producers from 65 countries. The main themes highlighted are: the tension between the preservation of local cultural identities by television programs and the highly successful Western programs disseminated by globalized networks (such as Nickelodeon, Disney, Cartoon Network); and the crafting of strong, complex, and diverse characters to serve as role models for children and to provide them with a vision for an improved self and a better future. Television, according to the study, is expected to be a safe and relevant space for children.
Changes in the News Representation of Minorities Over the Course of 40 Years of Research
Authors: Avraham Eli 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMuch attention has been given by media researchers to the news representation of minorities over the last four decades. Numerous studies over the years have shown that the coverage of minorities in the news is rife with negative stereotypes and generalizations. This chapter aims to discuss major issues and questions raised by analyzing trends in 40 years of studies of news representation of minorities. These include: What is the image of minorities in the news? Why is the news coverage of marginal groups so biased and which factors explain their coverage patterns? How and why has the image of minorities changed over the years? Which theories and research methods were used in order to analyze the news representation of minorities? And how do the leaders of minority groups and regulators work to change the negative stereotypes and the problematic images of minority groups in the news?