bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing the role of preBötzinger Complex somatostatin neurons in respiratory and vocal behaviors
Authors: Tupal Srinivasan , Rieger Michael A. , Ling Guang‐Yi , Park Thomas J. , Dougherty Joseph D. , Goodchild Ann K. , Gray Paul A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIdentifying neurons essential for the generation of breathing and related behaviors such as vocalisation is an important question for human health. The targeted loss of preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) glutamatergic neurons, including those that express high levels of somatostatin protein (SST neurons), eliminates normal breathing in adult rats. Whether preBötC SST neurons represent a functionally specialised population is unknown. We tested the effects on respiratory and vocal behaviors of eliminating SST neuron glutamate release by Cre‐Lox‐mediated genetic ablation of the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGlut2). We found the targeted loss of VGlut2 in SST neurons had no effect on viability in vivo, or on respiratory period or responses to neurokinin 1 or μ‐opioid receptor agonists in vitro. We then compared medullary SST peptide expression in mice with that of two species that share extreme respiratory environments but produce either high or low frequency vocalisations. In the Mexican free‐tailed bat, SST peptide‐expressing neurons extended beyond the preBötC to the caudal pole of the VII motor nucleus. In the naked mole‐rat, however, SST‐positive neurons were absent from the ventrolateral medulla. We then analysed isolation vocalisations from SST‐Cre;VGlut2F/F mice and found a significant prolongation of the pauses between syllables during vocalisation but no change in vocalisation number. These data suggest that glutamate release from preBötC SST neurons is not essential for breathing but play a species‐ and behavior‐dependent role in modulating respiratory networks. They further suggest that the neural network generating respiration is capable of extensive plasticity given sufficient time.
The vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: a systematic review of prevalence studies
Authors: van Erp W. S. , Lavrijsen J. C. M. , van de Laar F. A. , Vos P. E. , Laureys S. , Koopmans R. T. C. M. 
Published: July 2014

One of the worst outcomes of acquired brain injury is the vegetative state, recently renamed ‘unresponsive wakefulness syndrome’ (VS/UWS). A patient in VS/UWS shows reflexive behaviour such as spontaneous eye opening and breathing, but no signs of awareness of the self or the environment. We performed a systematic review of VS/UWS prevalence studies and assessed their reliability. Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched in April 2013 for cross‐sectional point or period prevalence studies explicitly stating the prevalence of VS/UWS due to acute causes within the general population. We additionally checked bibliographies and consulted experts in the field to obtain ‘grey data’ like government reports. Relevant publications underwent quality assessment and data‐extraction. We retrieved 1032 papers out of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. Prevalence figures varied from 0.2 to 6.1 VS/UWS patients per 100 000 members of the population. However, the publications’ methodological quality differed substantially, in particular with regards to inclusion criteria and diagnosis verification. The reliability of VS/UWS prevalence figures is poor. Methodological flaws in available prevalence studies, the fact that 5/14 of the studies predate the identification of the minimally conscious state (MCS) as a distinct entity in 2002, and insufficient verification of included cases may lead to both overestimation and underestimation of the actual number of patients in VS/UWS.
Effect of thrombus size on recanalization by bridging intravenous thrombolysis
Authors: Behrens L. , Möhlenbruch M. , Stampfl S. , Ringleb P. A. , Hametner C. , Kellert L. , Pham M. , Herweh C. , Bendszus M. , Rohde S. 
Published: July 2014

Background and purposeThrombus length has been reported as an important predictor of successful recanalization by intravenous thrombolysis but its influence on bridging thrombolysis has not been investigated yet. The effect of thrombus length on recanalization rates evaluated by catheter angiography early after intravenous bridging thrombolysis was analyzed.MethodsNinety‐six consecutive patients with acute cerebral artery occlusion were included. Occlusion site and thrombus length on initial computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography were related to recanalization after intravenous bridging thrombolysis on the initial series of catheter angiography.ResultsEleven of 96 patients (11.5%) showed successful recanalization (TICI 2a, 2b or 3) after intravenous bridging thrombolysis. Mean thrombus length in these patients was 10.8 mm as opposed to 15.6 mm in patients without successful recanalization. No thrombus longer than 16 mm showed complete recanalization. Binary logistic regression demonstrated a significant influence of thrombus length on probability of recanalization (odds ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.65–0.95; P = 0.014).ConclusionsThrombus length is a significant predictor of recanalization rates after bridging thrombolysis. Overall recanalization rate within the time frame until interventional treatment is started was 11.5% after bridging thrombolysis.
Shyness–Boldness, but not Exploration, Predicts Glucocorticoid Stress Response in Richardson's Ground Squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii)
Authors: Clary Dawson , Skyner Lindsay J. , Ryan Calen P. , Gardiner Laura E. , Anderson W. Gary , Hare James F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe relationship between stress and personality has often been studied using captive animals in a laboratory context, yet less often in wild populations. Wild populations, however, may reveal aspects of the personality–stress relationship that laboratory‐based studies cannot. Here, we assessed the personality and stress hormone response of adult females within a free‐living population of Richardson's ground squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii). Personality was assessed by quantifying individual responses to a novel object, and physiological stress was measured from faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. Principal component and principal component regression analyses were performed to determine whether the behavioural and endocrine measures were related. Based on these analyses, shyness–boldness was found to best predict glucocorticoid levels, in that individuals expressing the greatest vigilance in response to the novel object also had the highest measured concentrations of faecal glucocorticoids. Exploration, however, was independent of measured glucocorticoid levels, consistent with a multidimensional interpretation of non‐human animal personality.
When EU Citizens become Foreigners
Authors: Kostakopoulou Dora 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAlthough EU citizenship has matured as an institution, a combination of hope and caution ought to accompany the tale of its evolution. Contradictory processes of inclusion and greater equalisation coexist with exclusionary logics. These would have to be taken into account, and be addressed, by assessments of its present state and its future evolution. A focus on three key manifestations of state sovereignty, namely, the erasure of citizenship status, expulsion and the disappearance of individuals owing to extraordinary rendition, sheds light onto the edges of EU citizenship and the undesirable effects of untrammelled state power on the lives of individuals. Probing into the moments when EU citizens are treated as aliens or foreigners, and the troublesome ambiguities, tensions and limitations surrounding them, reveals the gaps in the protection of EU citizens and the constraints that stand in the way of change in the institutional scheme of things.
Characterisation of the faecal metabolome and microbiome of Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Proudman C. J. , Hunter J. O. , Darby A. C. , Escalona E. E. , Batty C. , Turner C. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyThe intestinal bacterial community of the horse is a key determinant of intestinal and whole body health. Understanding the bacterial community structure and function is an important foundation for studies of intestinal health and disease.ObjectivesTo describe the faecal bacterial community and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the faecal metabolome of healthy Thoroughbred racehorses and to characterise responses to dietary supplementation with amylase‐rich malt extract.Study designIntervention study.MethodsFaecal samples were collected noninvasively before and 6 weeks after supplementation in 8 privately owned Thoroughbred racehorses in active race training. Faecal metabolome was characterised using thermal desorption‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (TD‐GC‐MS), with spectral analysis performed using AMDIS and compared against the NIST database. Taxonomic description of the faecal microbiota was achieved using error‐corrected 454 pyrosequencing data from 16S rRNA gene amplicons.ResultsThe faecal metabolome of our study population was dominated by organic acids, alcohols and ketones. We identified 81 different VOCs only 28 of which were present in >50% of samples indicating functional diversity. Faecal VOC profiles differed between first and second sampling point, some VOCs being significantly reduced post supplementation, consistent with a marked response to dietary amylase‐rich malt extract. Faecal microbiota was characterised as highly diverse; samples demonstrated verifiable diversity in the range 1200–3000 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) per individual. The methods used also describe high levels of infrequent, low abundance OTUs. Faecal microbial community structure was found to be different following dietary supplementation. Differences in several low abundance bacterial taxa were detected and also some evidence of interhorse variation in response.ConclusionsThe volatile faecal metabolome of Thoroughbred racehorses is dominated by organic acids, alcohols and ketones; this study demonstrates that dietary supplementation with amylase‐rich malt extract may significantly alter the profile of VOCs. The faecal microbiome is highly diverse, dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Small but significant changes in microbial community structure were detected following dietary supplementation. This study describes the faecal metabolome and microbiome of healthy Thoroughbred racehorses against which future studies of disease and dietary intervention can be benchmarked.
Role of endothelin‐1/endothelin receptor signaling in fibrosis and calcification in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
Authors: Motegi Sei‐ichiro , Okada Etsuko , Uchiyama Akihiko , Yamada Kazuya , Ogino Sachiko , Yokoyama Yoko , Takeuchi Yuko , Monma Fumiko , Suzuki Tamio , Ishikawa Osamu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is characterized by systemic fibrosis and abnormal calcification in patients with severe renal dysfunction. It is considered that gadolinium (Gd)‐containing contrast agents used for magnetic resonance imaging trigger the development of NSF. However, the causative role of Gd and the mechanism of Gd‐induced fibrosis and calcification in NSF are unknown. Recently, it has been known that endothelin‐1 (ET‐1)/ET receptor (ETR) signalling regulates fibrosis and calcification. The objective was to elucidate the role of ET‐1/ETR signalling in Gd‐induced fibrosis and calcification in NSF. First, we demonstrated that Gd enhanced proliferation and calcification of human adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in vitro. Next, we examined the expression of ET‐1 and ETR‐A in hMSC using proliferation or calcification assay. ET‐1 and ETR‐A expression in hMSC treated with Gd were elevated. ET‐1/ETR signalling inhibitor, bosentan, inhibited Gd‐induced proliferation and calcification of hMSC. In addition, bosentan inhibited Gd‐induced phosphorylation of ERK and Akt in hMSC. Plasma ET‐1 levels of the patients were significantly higher than these of normal individuals and systemic sclerosis patients. In immunofluorescence staining, the expression of ETR‐A in fibroblasts in dermal fibrosis lesion of NSF was increased. We conclude that Gd induces proliferation and calcification of hMSC via enhancement of ET‐1/ETR signalling. Our results contribute to understand the pathogenesis of NSF.
Meaning of relative gene expression in multilayered cultures of epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Malaisse Jérémy , Hermant Maryse , Hayez Aurélie , Poumay Yves , Lambert de Rouvroit Catherine 
Published: July 2014

AbstractReconstructed human epidermis (RHE) has become an in vitro model of choice for studying cell and tissue functions. Analysis of gene expression over the course of reconstruction must take into account the heterogeneous differentiation states of keratinocytes reconstituting the typical epidermal layers. In monolayer cultures, relative mRNA expression levels of differentiation markers are usually expressed as a ratio versus a classical reference gene (also named house‐keeping gene) tested to be expressed equally in certain experimental conditions. Applied to complex tissues in which the cell number increases over time together with differentiation, calculation of relative gene expression does not take enough into account a crucial phenomenon: epidermal morphogenesis results in progressive restriction of differentiation markers, such as involucrin, to a specific layer, or in the delayed onset of mRNA expression of filaggrin or TMEM45A for instance following stratification. Our study illustrates that comparing the relative expression level of mRNAs to that of a basal layer‐specific gene (e.g. ITGA6) better illustrates the contribution of specific differentiation markers to the process of epidermal morphogenesis.
Activation of autophagic pathways is related to growth inhibition and senescence in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Choi So Ra , Chung Bo Young , Kim Seong Who , Kim Chang Deok , Yun Woo Jin , Lee Mi Woo , Choi Jee Ho , Chang Sung Eun 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a very common resectable cancer; however, cutaneousSCCis highly resistant to chemotherapy if metastasis develops. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) has been suggested as a marker of advanced or metastatic cutaneousSCC. Autophagy is one of the most important mechanisms in cancer biology and commonly induced byin vitroserum starvation. To investigate the role of autophagy activation in cutaneousSCC, we activated autophagic pathways by serum starvation inSCC13 andATF3‐overexpressingSCC13 (ATF3‐SCC13) cell lines.ATF3‐SCC13 cells demonstrated high proliferative capacity and low p53 and autophagy levels in comparison with controlSCC13 cells under basal conditions. Intriguingly, autophagic stimulation via serum starvation resulted in growth inhibition and senescence in both cells, whileATF3‐SCC13 cells further demonstrated growth inhibition and senescence. Apoptosis was not significantly induced by autophagy activation. Taken together, autophagy activation may be a promising antitumor approach for advanced cutaneousSCC.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: key promoter of rosacea pathogenesis
Authors: Melnik Bodo C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRecent scientific interest in the pathogenesis of rosacea focuses on abnormally high facial skin levels of cathelicidin and the trypsin‐like serine protease kallikrein 5 (KLK5) that cleaves the cathelicidin precursor protein into the bioactive fragment LL‐37, which exerts crucial proinflammatory, angiogenic and antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, increased expression of toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been identified in rosacea skin supporting the participation of the innate immune system. Notably, TLRs are expressed on sensory neurons and increase neuronal excitability linking TLR signalling to the transmission of neuroinflammatory responses. It is the intention of this viewpoint to present a unifying concept that links all known clinical trigger factors of rosacea such as UV irradiation, heat, skin irritants and special foods to one converging point: enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress via upregulation of transcription factor ATF4 increases TLR2 expression, resulting in enhanced production of cathelicidin and KLK5 mediating downstream proinflammatory, angiogenic and antimicrobial signalling. The presented concept identifies rosacea trigger factors as environmental stressors that enhance the skin's ER stress response. Exaggerated cutaneous ER stress that stimulates the TLR2‐driven inflammatory response may involve sebocytes, keratinocytes, monocyte‐macrophages and sensory cutaneous neurons. Finally, all antirosacea drugs are proposed to attenuate the ER stress signalling cascade at some point. Overstimulated ER stress signalling may have evolutionarily evolved as a compensatory mechanism to balance impaired vitamin D‐driven LL‐37‐mediated antimicrobial defenses due to lower exposure of UV‐B irradiation of the northern Celtic population.
Advocating for America's Military Children: Considering the Impact of Parental Combat Deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Lemmon Keith , Stafford Elisabeth 
Published: July 2014

Military dependent children and adolescents have faced remarkable adversity during the last 12 years of war. Although we know most military children and families are resilient, research addressing military child and family strengths and challenges in peace and war has shown that military youth fared better than their civilian counterparts in areas such as self‐regulation, academic performance, and emotional well‐being. However, many of these studies occurred prior to current combat activities of the past 10‐plus years with families experiencing repeated military parental deployments to war. It is important for family court professionals to understand that being resilient does not mean that these important families are invulnerable. In this article, the journey of a military family is described through the eyes of its teenage son, Ben.
Key Points for the Family Court Community
The story of a significantly affected military family
The effect of relationship restructuring in military families (separation, divorce, changed family members)
Unique military child and adolescent culture
Advocacy efforts on behalf military children
Relevance of the issues to family court professionals
What can Family Courts Learn from Veterans Treatment Courts?
Authors: Clark Sean , McGuire James , Blue‐Howells Jessica 
Published: July 2014

While there is considerable awareness of servicemembers and veterans in contact with the criminal justice system, it is unclear to what extent they, and their readjustment issues, have surfaced in family courts across the country. Veterans Treatment Courts (VTCs) routinely encounter veteran defendants' family issues that could be addressed in a family court. This article provides administrative data from the Veterans Health Administration Veterans Justice Outreach program, which serves veterans in VTCs, that describe the court‐involved veteran and his/her family circumstances, as well as other social and clinical characteristics. It concludes with a discussion of the possible implications of these data in a family court context and suggestions for how family court judges use this and related information regarding U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs health care and benefits to improve their practice with veterans.
Key Points for the Family Court Community
The data presented in this article are the first to describe the characteristics and service needs of court‐involved veterans with minor children at a national level.
These data offer family court practitioners a basic understanding of the potential issues presented by veteran families in their courts.
This article identifies existing resources available to address these issues, which practitioners working with veteran families will find useful.
An Alleged Father's Family Medical History: An Introduction to the Nonidentifying Paternal Information Form
Authors: Ross Charisma J. 
Published: July 2014

Today, the number of single mothers, unwed fathers, and unwed mothers is higher than it was twenty years ago. No longer does the common law presumption of legitimacy apply to a large percentage of U.S. families. Studies have shown that, over time, an unmarried father's involvement with his child decreases. If a medical emergency occurs and the father is unable to be contacted or located, the father's health information should be available in his absence. Due to the growing public health concern for children born with genetic birth defects and mental illness, this Note proposes a pilot program to help children have access to necessary medical information in order to address the medical and health needs of children born into the evolving familial structure of unmarried families. The pilot program will require hospitals to ask unmarried fathers to complete a Nonidentifying Paternal Information Form. This form will not establish paternity. The sole purpose of the form is to gather the father's medical and health history for the well‐being of the child.
Key Points for the Family Court Community
Discusses the importance of children knowing their fathers' medical history in order begin potential mitigate inherited illnesses.
Points out a potential resource—the Nonidentifying Paternal Information Form—to assist children, parent and medical personnel in gathering relevant medical information from alleged fathers.
Presents information about genetically inherited illnesses that may potentially affect children.
Discusses resources utilized in semi‐open adoptions to help children know their paternal medical history.
Presents the idea that best opportunity to request medical and health information from an alleged father is immediately after the in‐hospital birth of a child.
Molecular structure and granule morphology of native and heat‐moisture‐treated pinhão starch
Authors: Pinto Vania Z. , Moomand Khalid , Vanier Nathan L. , Colussi Rosana , Villanova Franciene A. , Zavareze Elessandra R. , Lim Loong‐Tak , Dias Alvaro R. G. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryPinhão seed is an unconventional source of starch and the pines grow up in native forests of southern Latin America. In this study, pinhão starch was adjusted at 15, 20 and 25% moisture content and heated to 100, 110 and 120 °C for 1 h. A decrease in λ max (starch/iodine complex) was observed as a result of increase in temperature and moisture content of HMT. The ratio of crystalline to amorphous phase in pinhão starch was determined via Fourier transform infra red by taking 1045/1022 band ratio. A decrease in crystallinity occurred as a result of HMT. Polarised light microscopy indicated a loss of birefringence of starch granules under 120 °C at 25% moisture content. Granule size distribution was further confirmed via scanning electron microscopy which showed the HMT effects. These results increased the understanding on molecular and structural properties of HMT pinhão starch and broadened its food and nonfood industrial applications.
Oxidative stability of purified common Kilka (Clupeonella cultiventris caspia) oil as a function of the bene kernel and hull oils
Authors: Pazhouhanmehr Samaneh , Farhoosh Reza , Esmaeilzadeh Kenari Reza , Sharif Ali 
Published: July 2014

SummaryOxidative stability of the purified common Kilka triacylglycerols (PKO) as affected by 1–8% w/w of bene kernel (BKO) and hull (BHO) oils was studied and compared with that of 100 mg kg−1 of BHT and α‐tocopherol. Lipid oxidation was measured by monitoring peroxide value till the minute 80 (PV80, meq kg−1) and also by determining the oxidative stability index at 60 °C (OSI60, h). In the Rancimat test, the OSI60 of the PKO (1.66 h) was significantly increased by some of the added antioxidants, and the BKO 8% (7.98 h) had the highest antioxidant activity with no significant differences among the BHT, α‐tocopherol and the BHO 8%. Furthermore, an exponential regression curve with a good coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.94) was observed between the changes in the PV80 and OSI60 values of the PKO.