bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing manufacturing paradigms in downstream processing and the role of alternative bioseparation technologies
Authors: Tran Richard , Lacki Karol , Davidson Andrew , Sharma Bhumika , Titchener‐Hooker Nigel 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study ascertains the degree to which bioseparation techniques, considered as alternatives to packed bed chromatography, have been adopted for large‐scale biomanufacturing. Such information will be useful to process engineers interested in investigating the potential of these technologies.RESULTSThe results are based on three international industrial surveys distributed to individuals in biomanufacturing in 2006, 2009 and 2012. It yields significant insight to the trends downstream and provides information on which alternative technologies are the most widely adopted as well as those that are the subject of most investigation. The reasons for why particular alternatives have been disregarded for use at scale provide indications of the perceived limitations of these technologies.Details on overall trends in the biopharmaceutical industry, including the types of bioproducts in development and manufacture, the number and size of chromatography steps in downstream processing trains as well as opinions on where the future challenges in biomanufacturing lie are given.CONCLUSIONSThe results from the surveys provide insight into how attitudes towards the adoption of alternative purification techniques have changed. There has been an increase in the level of interest and subsequent adoption of alternative technologies encompassing an increasingly wide range of different techniques. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel natural and biomimetic ligands to enhance selectivity of membrane processes for solute‐solute separations: beyond nature's logistic legacy
Authors: Vanneste Johan , Peumans Willy J. , Van Damme Els J.M. , Darvishmanesh Siavash , Bernaerts Kristel , Geuns Jan M. C. , Van der Bruggen Bart 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe integration of natural or biomimetic ligands in membrane processes was explored, focusing on simplicity and originality, with an eye to increasing the often moderate selectivity. Due to their simple structure, selection and manufacturing procedure, aptamers could dramatically increase the cost effectiveness of ligand‐based membrane processes. Proteins are distinctly more complex than aptamers, but many excel in organizing selective transmembrane transport. The channel geometry of aquaporins was also found to be tailored for high fluxes by minimizing vortex formation. Incorporation of bacterial porins could tremendously increase the performance of nanofiltration membranes by increasing the rejection of apolar often more toxic compounds. Sugar‐selective porins on the other hand, could be used to manufacture the first chemical‐free membrane adsorber. Ultimately, bacterial strains could be selected, through multiple evolution cycles, which express porins tailored to recognize specific molecules. Lectins are definitely better suited than porins for high resolution carbohydrate purification. Lectins could be used to effectively separate different sugar isomers in one bind and elution step. The potential of Concanavalin A for the purification of the natural sweetener stevioside was explored. A discrimination factor in dissociation constant of a factor 6 and 23 was obtained in silico relative to glucose and mannose respectively. Finally, a new method was discussed from the field of drug design that can determine the selectivity in silico, independent of other competing ligands or targets. The intrinsic selectivity ratio seems to solve an age‐old problem and another possible impediment to swift industrial application of ligand‐based membrane processes. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Migrated Essure permanent birth control device: Sonographic findings
Authors: Khati Nadia Juliet , Gorodenker Joseph , Brindle Kathleen Ann 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTWe report a case of a migrated Essure permanent birth control device. The correct diagnosis was made on conventional two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional pelvic sonography 7 years after placement of the device when the patient presented with persistent right‐sided pain. The 3‐month post placement hysterosalpingogram had shown an appropriately occluded right fallopian tube but had overlooked the abnormal position of the right Essure device, which was too proximal and extending slightly in the uterine cavity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:223–226, 2014
Effects of reinforcer magnitude on reinforced behavioral variability
Authors: Doughty Adam H. , Giorno Kenneth G. , Miller Hannah L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEight pigeons were exposed to a two‐component multiple schedule. In each component, four‐peck sequences across left and right keys were reinforced according to a variability threshold contingency. In one condition, only infrequently occurring response sequences were reinforced in each component, thereby generating highly variable sequences. In a separate condition, when the variability threshold contingency was lenient in each component, sequences were much less variable. In each condition, reinforcer magnitude was manipulated across components, and the larger reinforcer magnitude produced less variability than the smaller reinforcer magnitude. These results suggest that larger reinforcers hinder the reinforcement of behavioral variability. The results are interpretable in terms of the larger reinforcer inducing a greater level of behavioral repetition, particularly as the time to reinforcement was approached. This effect may have implications for reinforcing behavioral variability in humans.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator‐mRNA delivery: a novel alternative for cystic fibrosis gene therapy
Authors: Bangel‐Ruland Nadine , Tomczak Katja , Fernández Fernández Elena , Leier Geraldine , Leciejewski Barbara , Rudolph Carsten , Rosenecker Joseph , Weber Wolf‐Michael 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) is the most frequent lethal genetic disease in the Caucasian population. CF is caused by a defective gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP‐ and ATP‐dependent Cl– channel and central regulatory protein in epithelia. CFTR influences the fluid composition of the mucus in the respiratory tract. The most common mutation inducing CF, ΔF508, impairs CFTR processing within the cell and thus prevents functional CFTR expression in the apical membrane. The present study aimed to investigate the functional restoration of CFTR in human CF airway epithelia after transfection with optimized wild‐type (wt)CFTR‐mRNA.MethodsWe used primary cultured human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells and the human bronchial epithelial cell line CFBE41o– that stably expresses ΔF508‐CFTR and carried out transepithelial Ussing chamber measurements after transfection with optimized wtCFTR‐mRNA. We confirmed the data obtained using immunofluorescence and protein biochemical approaches.ResultsTransfection of the CFBE41o– cells with wtCFTR‐mRNA restored cAMP‐induced CFTR currents similar to the values seen in control cells (16HBE14o–). Using immunofluorescence approaches, we demonstrated that a considerable amount of CFTR is located at the apical surface in the CF cells after transfection. Western blot analyses of wtCFTR‐mRNA transfected CFBE41o– cells confirmed these findings. Furthermore, we demonstrated physiological relevance by using primary cultured HNE cells and showed an almost two‐fold increase in the cAMP‐stimulated CFTR current after transfection.ConclusionsFrom these data, we conclude that CFTR‐mRNA transfection could comprise a novel alternative for gene therapy to restore impaired CFTR function. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nighttime ionosphere caused by meteoroid ablation and solar wind electron‐proton‐hydrogen impact on Mars: MEX observation and modeling
Authors: Haider S. A. , Pandya B. M. , Molina‐Cuberos G. J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe report that radio science (RS) experiment onboard Mars Express (MEX) has observed three plasma layers in the nighttime ionosphere of Mars at altitudes ~80–100 km, ~120 km, and ~160 km, which are reproduced by model calculation due to impact of meteoroid, solar wind proton, and electron, respectively. The densities of 21 ions (Mg+, Fe+, Si+, MgO+, MgCO2+, MgO2+, MgN2+, FeO+, FeO2+, FeN2+, FeCO2+, SiO+, SiCO2+, SiN2+, SiO2+, CO2+, N2+, O+, O2+, CO+, and NO+) have been computed between altitude 50 km and 200 km. The model shows that all atmospheric ions (CO2+, N2+, O+, CO+, O2+, and NO+) are produced above 100 km due to solar wind electron and proton impact ionizations. The metallic ions are formed between 50 km and 100 km due to ablation of micrometeoroids. It is found that mass ~3.0 × 10−4 g of incoming meteoroid is sufficient for meteor ablation and its characteristic flux ~4.0 × 10−15 cm−2s−1 could produce the nighttime metallic layer observed by MEX. The calculated electron densities are also compared with the occultation measurements made by Mars 4/5 in the nighttime ionosphere of Mars.
Empirically modeled global distribution of magnetospheric chorus amplitude using an artificial neural network
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Chan , Shprits Yuri , Lee Jaejin , Hwang Junga 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAccurate knowledge of the global distribution of magnetospheric chorus waves is essential for radiation belt modeling because it provides a direct link to understanding radiation belt losses and acceleration processes. In this paper, we report on newly developed models of the global distribution of chorus amplitudes based on in situ measurements of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind parameters as well as geomagnetic indices using an artificial neural network technique. We find that solar wind speed and IMFBZare the most influential parameters that affect the evolution of the magnetospheric chorus. The variations of chorus amplitudes in the outer (L≥ 7) and in the inner (5 ≤L< 7) regions, respectively, are well correlated with the variations of solar wind speed and IMFBZ. In addition, the solar wind parameter‐based chorus model generally results in a slightly higher correlation between measured and modeled chorus amplitudes than any other models including geomagnetic indices AE,Kp, andDst. The developed model shows that the chorus is amplified near the prenoon sector during the geomagnetically disturbed conditions. With increasing southward IMFBZthe location of peak chorus amplitude moves from the prenoon sector to the midnight sector, which is due to the enhanced electron injection near midnight. We also present a comparison of diffusive transport simulations for radiation belt electrons interacting with two newly developed chorus models, solar wind parameter‐based and geomagnetic index‐based chorus models. The comparison between two models shows that the modeling outside the plasmapause can affect the dynamic even inside the plasmasphere because the populations outside the plasmapause can act as seed population to radiation belt particles inside the plasmapause. One weakness of our chorus modeling is that it is trained during the early phase of solar cycle 24 where very few strong storms occurred. Therefore, our model might not be valid in reproducing the chorus activity under extremely disturbed conditions, which should be updated in the future once chorus measurements for such conditions become available.
Space climate implications from substorm frequency
Authors: Newell P. T. , Gjerloev J. W. , Mitchell E. J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe solar wind impacting the Earth varies over a wide range of time scales, driving a corresponding range of geomagnetic activity. Past work has strongly indicated that the rate of merging on the frontside magnetosphere is the most important predictor for magnetospheric activity, especially over a few hours. However, the magnetosphere exhibits variations on other time scales, including UT, seasonal, and solar cycle variations. Much of this geomagnetic variation cannot be reasonably attributed to changes in the solar wind driving—that is, it is not created by the original Russell‐McPherron effect or any generalization thereof. In this paper we examine the solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal effects based upon the frequency of substorm onsets, using a data set of 53,000 substorm onsets. These were identified through the SuperMAG collaboration and span three decades with continuous coverage. Solar cycle variations include a profound minimum in 2009 (448 substorms) and peak in 2003 (3727). The magnitude of this variation (a factor of 8.3) is not explained through variations in estimators of the frontside merging rate (such as dΦMP/dt), even when the more detailed probability distribution functions are examined. Instead, v, or better, n1/2v2 seems to be implicated in the dramatic difference between active and quiet years, even beyond the role of velocity in modulating merging. Moreover, we find that although most substorms are preceded by flux loading (78.5% are above the mean and 83.8% above median solar wind driving), a high solar wind v is almost as important (68.3% above mean, 74.8% above median). This and other evidence suggest that either v or n1/2v2 (but probably not p) plays a strong secondary role in substorm onset. As for the seasonal and diurnal effects, the elliptical nature of the Earth's orbit, which is closest to the Sun in January, leads to a larger solar wind driving (measured by Bs, vBs, or dΦMP/dt) in November, as is confirmed by 22 years of solar wind observations. However, substorms peak in October and March and have a UT dependence best explained by whether a conducting path established by solar illumination exists in at least one hemisphere in the region where substorm onsets typically occur.
Dominance of chemical heating over dynamics in causing a few large mesospheric inversion layer events during January–February 2011
Authors: Ramesh K. , Sridharan S. , Vijaya Bhaskara Rao S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUsing mesospheric temperature information obtained by Rayleigh lidar observations over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) and temperature, chemical constituents, and their exothermic chemical reaction heating rates obtained by Sounding of Atmosphere by Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument onboard Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite over and near to Gadanki location, the dominant role of chemical heating for the occurrence of a few large mesospheric inversion layer (MIL) events during January–February 2011 is demonstrated. The heating rates due to exothermic chemical reactions among atomic oxygen (O), atomic hydrogen (H), molecular oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), and hydroxyl (OH) species are the key factors involved in the MIL formation. As relatively larger (lower) ozone mixing ratios are observed at the top (bottom) of the inversion layers, large heating rate (~ 15 K/day) is found to occur between 80 and 85 km due to the exothermic reaction between atomic hydrogen and ozone H + O3 → OH + O2, which dominates all other important exothermic chemical reactions during these MIL events, and the large volume emission rates of energy of O2 and OH are found to be mostly due to the reaction between H and O3. It is also demonstrated that dynamics plays a negligible role in the formation of these MILs as conditions for the convective and dynamic instability are found to be not satisfied during these MIL events.
Deep structure and tectonics of the northern‐central Apennines as seen by regional‐scale tomography and 3‐D located earthquakes
Authors: Carannante S. , Monachesi G. , Cattaneo M. , Amato A. , Chiarabba C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this study we present new high‐resolution, regional‐scale, Vp and Vp/Vs models of the northern‐central Apennines along with accurate 3‐D locations of a large set of local earthquakes. The main velocity anomalies are consistent with the surface geology in the shallow layers and present evidence for fluids stored within the basement at greater depths beneath the extensional belt. The Adria and Tyrrhenian mantle are defined by positive velocity anomalies below 30 km depth, while a low‐Vp, high‐Vp/Vs region in between indicates the existence of a hydrated wedge. The results yield new constraints on active processes in the Apennines and more generally envisage the evolution of a postcollisional belt. Velocity anomalies and earthquakes are consistent with a complex system of delamination and sinking of the Adria continental lithosphere, with the peeling of the crust identified by intermediate‐depth seismicity. Change of seismicity and structural patterns along the belt indicates that this tectonic process is diachronous and that fluids, released by sunken lithosphere, are stored within the crust, conditioning the occurrence of seismicity and the onset of extension.
Effective thermal conductivity of heterogeneous rocks from laboratory experiments and numerical modeling
Authors: Jorand R. , Vogt C. , Marquart G. , Clauser C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractStudying heat transfer processes in sedimentary crustal rocks requires the correct thermal conductivity of the respective rock type. Often a single value is used for a given rock type, obtained from the measurements on homogenous samples. We demonstrate how variations in rock layering and microfractures on the subcentimeter scale may influence thermal conductivity values at much larger scale. We obtain thermal conductivity images from lab measurements on two different, heterogeneous samples performed with an optical thermal conductivity scanner in two directions. We study different spatial averaging methods for parameterizing the structural heterogeneities and the associated variation of thermal conductivity within the samples. For each of these structural simplifications, we set up a numerical model for a numerical heat transfer experiment in order to determine effective thermal conductivity values in two directions. We compare these values and the mean thermal conductivities obtained from different mixing laws and find that, in heterogeneous rocks, effective and mean thermal conductivity may differ substantially. This may cause significant errors in reservoir‐scale simulations of heat transfer with associated severe consequences for estimated heat flow and temperatures.
Modeling the effects of eruptive and seismic activities on flank instability at Mount Etna, Italy
Authors: Bozzano F. , Gaeta M. , Lenti L. , Martino S. , Paciello A. , Palladino D. M. , Sottili G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe identification and evaluation of trigger mechanisms for volcano flank instabilities and/or collapse represent a key issue for risk assessment in densely populated volcanic areas, as well as in long‐distance settings, particularly in case of island or coastal volcanoes. Here we address quantitatively the effects of external (seismic) and inner (magmatic) forcing on the stress‐strain state associated to flank instabilities at Mount Etna (Sicily, southern Italy) by means of a 2‐D finite difference method numerical modeling. Modeled seismic actions include strong near‐field, strong far‐field, and low‐magnitude near‐field earthquakes. Magmatic actions consider the inner pressure changes induced by energetic lava fountains in the summit crater area and subvertical and oblique dike ascent below the summit area. Model results are validated in light of available monitoring data and recent eruptive activity. Numerical results show that the main strain effects are produced by high‐magnitude near‐field earthquakes (expected return time of ~103yrs) and by vertical uprise of a magma dike below the volcano summit area. Maximum displacements in the order of tens of centimeters may involve the summit area, up to some 106m3/m over some kilometers laterally. Stress releases up to 107Pa may affect a limited portion of the magmatic conduit, thus favoring major effusive flank eruptions. Major catastrophic events, such as volcano flank collapse, should not be expected by applying, either individually or combined, the aforementioned actions.
Seismic shear wave reflectivity structure of the mantle beneath northeast China and the northwest Pacific
Authors: Bagley Brian , Courtier Anna M. , Revenaugh Justin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUsing multiple ScS reverberations, we examine the mantle reflectivity structure beneath northeast China and the northwest Pacific. We find several upper mantle discontinuities, including a melt layer with a mean thickness of 64 km atop the 410 km discontinuity, present on both sides of the subducting slab near the Nankai trench. The transition zone contains a split 520 km discontinuity in several paths, and tomographic images show stagnant slabs at this depth. We believe that this may be slab related based on experimental work. A negative reflector is found in one path beneath the northeast China craton at a depth of 598 km. Mid‐mantle reflectors are found in all of our paths and are present throughout a wide depth range (~750–1600 km).
Inversion for absolute deviatoric crustal stress using focal mechanisms and coseismic stress changes: The 2011 M9 Tohoku‐oki, Japan, earthquake
Authors: Yang Yi‐Rong , Johnson Kaj M. , Chuang Ray Y. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe absolute magnitude of stress in the crust and the shear strength of faults are poorly known, yet fundamental quantities, in lithospheric dynamics. While stress magnitude cannot be measured directly, deviatoric stress state can be inferred indirectly from focal mechanism solutions collected before and after an earthquake. We extend a standard stress inversion for normalized stresses to invert for the 3‐D spatial distribution of absolute deviatoric stress and variation of fault strength with depth using focal mechanism solutions and coseismic stress changes produced by large earthquakes. We apply the method to the 2011 M9 Tohoku‐oki, Japan, earthquake. The northern Japan fore‐arc crust between 5 and 15 km depths appears to be weak with fault strength of 40–90 MPa, consistent with a coefficient of friction of 0.2–0.5. The M9 Tohoku‐oki coseismic stress change was large enough, relative to the ambient stress, to rotate the principal stress directions typically ~20° in the upper 20 km of the crust. The data from Japan require a heterogeneous ambient deviatoric stress field with short‐wavelength (~20–50 km) fluctuations in principal stress orientations.