bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Fcγ receptors to human respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis and the impairment of T‐cell activation by dendritic cells
Authors: Gómez Roberto S. , Ramirez Bruno A. , Céspedes Pablo F. , Cautivo Kelly M. , Riquelme Sebastián A. , Prado Carolina E. , González Pablo A. , Kalergis Alexis M. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryHuman respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of infant hospitalization related to respiratory disease. Infection with hRSV produces abundant infiltration of immune cells into the airways, which combined with an exacerbated pro‐inflammatory immune response can lead to significant damage to the lungs. Human RSV re‐infection is extremely frequent, suggesting that this virus may have evolved molecular mechanisms that interfere with host adaptive immunity. Infection with hRSV can be reduced by administering a humanized neutralizing antibody against the virus fusion protein in high‐risk infants. Although neutralizing antibodies against hRSV effectively block the infection of airway epithelial cells, here we show that both, bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) and lung DCs undergo infection with IgG‐coated virus (hRSV‐IC), albeit abortive. Yet, this is enough to negatively modulate DC function. We observed that such a process is mediated by Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed on the surface of DCs. Remarkably, we also observed that in the absence of hRSV‐specific antibodies FcγRIII knockout mice displayed significantly less cellular infiltration in the lungs after hRSV infection, compared with wild‐type mice, suggesting a potentially harmful, IgG‐independent role for this receptor in hRSV disease. Our findings support the notion that FcγRs can contribute significantly to the modulation of DC function by hRSV and hRSV‐IC. Further, we provide evidence for an involvement of FcγRIII in the development of hRSV pathogenesis.
Fiscal Competition and Growth When Capital Is Imperfectly Mobile*
Authors: Becker Daniel , Rauscher Michael 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIs tax competition good for economic growth? We address this question using a simple model of endogenous growth. Governments in a system of many small jurisdictions benevolently maximize the welfare of immobile residents. Quadratic (de‐)installation costs limit the mobility of capital. We look at optimal taxation and long‐run growth, and we analyse the effects of cost parameter variations on taxation and growth. A race to the bottom in capital tax rates is only one possibility; the relationship between capital mobility and capital tax rates is not monotonic. Growth and capital mobility are unambiguously positively related.
Information and College Access: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment*
Authors: Oreopoulos Philip , Dunn Ryan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHigh‐school students from disadvantaged high schools in Toronto were invited to take two surveys, about three weeks apart. Half of the students taking the first survey were also shown a three‐minute video about the benefits of post‐secondary education (PSE) and were invited to try out a financial‐aid calculator. Most students’ perceived returns to PSE were high, even among those not expecting to continue. Those exposed to the video, especially those initially unsure about their own educational attainment, reported significantly higher expected returns and lower concerns about costs, and expressed a greater likelihood of PSE attainment.
Effects of temperature on Renibacterium salmoninarum infection and transmission potential in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)
Authors: Purcell M K , McKibben C L , Pearman‐Gillman S , Elliott D G , Winton J R 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRenibacterium salmoninarum is a significant pathogen of salmonids and the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD). Water temperature affects the replication rate of pathogens and the function of the fish immune system to influence the progression of disease. In addition, rapid shifts in temperature may serve as stressors that reduce host resistance. This study evaluated the effect of shifts in water temperature on established R. salmoninarum infections. We challenged Chinook salmon with R. salmoninarum at 12 °C for 2 weeks and then divided the fish into three temperature groups (8, 12 and 15 °C). Fish in the 8 °C group had significantly higher R. salmoninarum‐specific mortality, kidney R. salmoninarum loads and bacterial shedding rates relative to the fish held at 12 or 15 °C. There was a trend towards suppressed bacterial load and shedding in the 15 °C group, but the results were not significant. Bacterial load was a significant predictor of shedding for the 8 and 12 °C groups but not for the 15 °C group. Overall, our results showed little effect of temperature stress on the progress of infection, but do support the conclusion that cooler water temperatures contribute to infection progression and increased transmission potential in Chinook salmon infected with R. salmoninarum.
Characterising repetitive behaviours in young boys with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Oakes A. , Thurman A. J. , McDuffie A. , Bullard L. M. , Hagerman R. J. , Abbeduto L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundRepetitive behaviours are frequently observed in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). The present study examined the profile, inter‐correlations and predictive correlates of repetitive behaviours in boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS), the leading inherited cause of ID. Specific child characteristics examined as predictors included anxiety, nonverbal cognition and autism social–affective symptomatology.MethodParticipants were 39 boys with FXS (aged 6–10 years). Repetitive behaviours were measured using the Repetitive Behavior Scale – Revised (RBS‐R) – a 43‐item caregiver‐report measure normed on individuals with ID.ResultsRestricted Interests and Sensory Motor behaviours were reported as most problematic for this sample of boys, whereas Self‐injurious behaviours were less problematic. All subscales of the RBS‐R were significantly inter‐correlated. Nonverbal IQ was negatively related, whereas anxiety and social affective symptoms of autism spectrum disorder were positively related, to scores for Restricted Interests. Anxiety was also positively related to scores for Compulsive behaviours and Ritualistic Sameness behaviours.ConclusionsThis study provides a preliminary description of repetitive behaviours in boys with FXS, which may form the groundwork for future research.
Subduction initiation in the Neo‐Tethys: constraints from counterclockwise P–T paths in amphibolite rocks of the Nagaland Ophiolite Complex, India
Authors: Bhowmik S. K. , Ao A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHigh‐P metamorphic rocks that are formed at the onset of oceanic subduction usually record a single cycle of subduction and exhumation along counterclockwise (CCW) P–T paths. Conceptual and thermo‐mechanical models, however, predict multiple burial–exhumation cycles, but direct observations of these from natural rocks are rare. In this study, we provide a new insight into this complexity of subduction channel dynamics from a fragment of Middle‐Late Jurassic Neo‐Tethys in the Nagaland Ophiolite Complex, northeastern India. Based on integrated textural, mineral compositional, metamorphic reaction history and geothermobarometric studies of a medium‐grade amphibolite tectonic unit within a serpentinite mélange, we establish two overprinting metamorphic cycles (M1–M2). These cycles with CCW P–T trajectories are part of a single tectonothermal event. We relate the M1 metamorphic sequence to prograde burial and heating through greenschist and epidote blueschist facies to peak metamorphism, transitional between amphibolite and hornblende‐eclogite facies at 13.8 ± 2.6 kbar, 625 ± 45 °C (error 2σ values) and subsequent cooling and partial exhumation to greenschist facies. The M2 metamorphic cycle reflects epidote blueschist facies prograde re‐burial of the partially exhumed M1 cycle rocks to peak metamorphism at 14.4 ± 2 kbar, 540 ± 35 °C and their final exhumation to greenschist facies along a relatively cooler exhumation path. We interpret the M1 metamorphism as the first evidence for initiation of subduction of the Neo‐Tethys from the eastern segment of the Indus‐Tsangpo suture zone. Reburial and final exhumation during M2 are explained in terms of material transport in a large‐scale convective circulation system in the subduction channel as the latter evolves from a warm nascent to a cold and more mature stage of subduction. This Neo‐Tethys example suggests that multiple burial and exhumation cycles involving the first subducted oceanic crust may be more common than presently known.
RNAi‐mediated downregulation of oral cancer overexpressed 1 (ORAOV1) inhibits vascular endothelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation
Authors: Zhao Xin , Liu Dongjuan , Wang Lili , Wu Ruiqing , Zeng Xin , Dan Hongxia , Ji Ning , Jiang Lu , Zhou Yu , Chen Qianming 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the top ten tumors threatening human health. Oral cancer overexpressed 1 (ORAOV1) identified within chromosomal region 11q13, one of the most frequently amplified regions in OSCC, has been suggested as a novel candidate oncogene in OSCC, regulating cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the role of ORAOV1 in OSCC‐induced angiogenesis in vitro.MethodsEA.hy926 human endothelial cells were co‐cultured with OSCC cells (HSC‐3 and SCC‐25) transfected with ORAOV1‐specific shRNA to downregulate ORAOV1 expression, and analyzed for proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation by specific assays.ResultsEA.hy926 endothelial cells co‐cultured with ORAOV1‐deficient OSCC cells exhibited significantly lower proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as the activity in tube formation compared to that in the control cells.ConclusionsOur results show, for the first time, that ORAOV1 expressed by OSCC cells promotes tube formation by endothelial cells, indicating its involvement in OSCC angiogenesis. Considering the importance of neovascularization in tumor development and metastasis, these findings suggest that targeting ORAOV1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy against OSCC.
Determining the Most Influential Sensory Attributes of Nuttiness in Soymilk: A Trial with Korean Consumers using Model Soymilk Systems
Authors: Hwang So‐Hee , Hong Jae‐Hee 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to identify individual sensory drivers of nuttiness using a controlled soymilk model system. The samples were prepared by adding various tastants to a soymilk base to elicit perception of nuttiness. Sensory profiles of the samples were evaluated using descriptive analysis with trained panelists and check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) tests using consumers. The perceptions of nuttiness by 110 consumers were assessed, and the sensory drivers of nuttiness were determined by multivariate correlations between sensory profiles and consumer nuttiness ratings. Overall, sucrose, salt, peanut flavoring and solid content increased perceptions of nuttiness significantly. Consumers were segmented into 3 clusters based on shared drivers of nuttiness: a cluster associating nuttiness primarily with saltiness (n = 47), a cluster emphasizing high solid content and peanut flavor (n = 26), and another cluster emphasizing sweetness (n = 37). CATA results suggested that rich, tasty and natural were consumer terms highly associated with nuttiness.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study provides a clearer understanding of which sensory characteristics are most influential in the perception of nuttiness in soymilk, and how the sensory drivers of nuttiness vary across consumer groups. Descriptors from the consumers’ perspectives, which were obtained by CATA, can complement our understanding of consumers’ perceptions and verbalization of nuttiness. The result of the present study should help researchers to uncover latent sensory elements that underlie multidimensional sensory attributes. Our findings can benefit the food industry by assisting researchers and sensory professionals in interpreting inconsistent consumer responses regarding nuttiness, and lead to the development of products with more consumer‐oriented sensory profiles.
Treatment Patterns and Patient Reported Outcomes in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients with Overactive Bladder Symptoms
Authors: PARK Yong Hyun , KIM Tae Hyo , LEE Seung Wook , CHUNG Byung Ha , CHO Jin Seon , LEE Ji Youl 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesWe aimed to examine the treatment patterns, and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms.MethodsSeven hundred and forty seven patients were included in this prospective observational study. The primary endpoint was to describe the medical treatment patterns for BPH patients with OAB symptoms. The secondary endpoint was to determine the PROs of these patients. Clinical outcome was assessed using International prostate symptom score (IPSS), and PROs were measured using BPH‐Related QoL Questionnaire Korea 1 (BPH QoL K1) and Euroqol‐5 Dimension (EQ‐5D).ResultsWhen starting the study, 391 patients (52.3%) received α‐blocker monotherapy, whereas 356 (47.7%) received combination therapy with anticholinergics. Of the 369 patients who completed the 6‐month treatment, 139 patients (37.7%) still received α‐blocker monotherapy, 122 (33.1%) still received combination therapy with anticholinergics, and 108 (29.3%) received subsequent anticholinergics in addition to α‐blocker. When the patients were stratified, storage subscore was higher (9.5 vs. 8.8, P = 0.034) and voiding subscore (9.7 vs. 11.6, P = 0.001) was lower in patients with anticholinergics than those without it. Although all treatment groups reported a significant improvement from baseline, no significant between‐group differences in changes in IPSS, EQ‐5D and BPH QoL K1 was found.ConclusionsAbout one‐third of patients received α‐blocker monotherapy, one‐third received combination therapy with anticholinergics, and another one‐third received subsequent anticholinergics in addition to α‐blocker. Storage subscore was higher in patients with anticholinergics than those without it, but vice‐versa for voiding subscore. Similar improvement on clinical outcomes and PROs was observed in all treatment groups.
Burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal
Authors: Khwakhali Ushana Shrestha , Denning David W. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThere are few reports of serious fungal infections in Nepal though the pathogenic and allergenic fungi including Aspergillus species are common in the atmosphere. Herein, we estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal. All published papers reporting fungal infection rates from Nepal were identified. When few data existed, we used specific populations at risk and fungal infection frequencies in those populations to estimate national incidence or prevalence. Of the 27.3 M population, about 1.87% was estimated to suffer from serious fungal infections annually. We estimated the incidence of fungal keratitis at 73 per 100 000 annually. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is common with 215 765 cases, contributing to 1119 cases of invasive aspergillosis annually. Of 381 822 adult asthma cases, we estimated 9546 patients (range 2673–13 364) develop allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and 12 600 have severe asthma with fungal sensitisation. Based on 26 219 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, the annual incidence of new chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) cases was estimated at 1678 with a 5 year period prevalence of 5289, 80% of CPA cases. Of 22 994 HIV patients with CD4 counts <350 not on antiretrovirals, Pneumocystis pneumonia was estimated at 990 cases annually. Cases of oral and oesophageal candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients were estimated at 10 347 and 2950, respectively. There is a significant burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal. Epidemiological studies are necessary to validate these estimates.
Burden of serious fungal infections in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Denning David W. , Gugnani Harish C. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe information on the prevalence of fungal infections in the Caribbean region including Trinidad and Tobago (population 1 339 000 million) is scanty. Tinea capitis is common in children, being predominant in those of African descent, with no definitive estimate. Asthma is also common affecting 77 000–139 000 adults with an estimated 1927–3491 affected by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and 2544–4608 with severe asthma and fungal sensitisation (SAFS). An estimated 23 763 women have ≥4 attacks of vaginal candidiasis annually. Among the estimated 14 000 HIV‐infected patients, 750 cases of oesophageal candidiasis, 400 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and 50 cases of cryptococcal meningitis are anticipated. Histoplasma capsulatum is endemic in the islands with a 49% skin positivity rate in those <60 years old. Three cases of cutaneous histoplasmosis in AIDS patients have been reported. Three cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis were reported among German biologists following exposure to bats in a cave in Trinidad. Using a low mean international incidence figure for candidaemia of 5/100 000, 67 cases of candidaemia are estimated. The burden of fungal infections in Trinidad and Tobago is considerable and requires appropriate diagnostic and clinical expertise.
The impact of acute kidney injury in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Johnson Faye , Phillips Dafydd , Talabani Bnar , Wonnacott Alexa , Meran Soma , Phillips Aled O 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundLittle data exist on outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in diabetes. We describe short‐term recovery of renal function, patient mortality and progressive renal dysfunction following AKI in diabetic patients.MethodsUsing the diagnosis of either diabetes or no diabetes as the defining variable, AKI episodes were identified from records of a clinical biochemistry department serving a population of 560 000. Patient co‐morbidity and mortality were collated from electronic patient records. Outcomes were compared with a non‐diabetic cohort with AKI.ResultsAcute kidney injury was identified in 101 diabetic and 392 non‐diabetic patients. Patients with diabetes had less severe AKI, compared with the non‐diabetic cohort (AKI stage 1 76% vs 55%, P = 0.0006). Overall acute mortality, and mortality adjusted for co‐morbidity, was comparable in the diabetic and non‐diabetic groups. Recovery to baseline renal function was greater in diabetic patients (87% vs 63% P = 0.001), and the proportion of patients developing progressive chronic kidney disease was lower in the (14%) compared with the non‐diabetic cohort (48%, P < 0.00001).ConclusionsAlthough acute mortality is comparable following an AKI episode in diabetic patients compared with that associated with AKI in a non‐diabetic cohort, for those surviving the acute episode, its impact on renal function is significantly less than in a non‐diabetic group.
The ROP2‐RIC7 pathway negatively regulates light‐induced stomatal opening by inhibiting exocyst subunit Exo70B1 in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hong Daewoong , Jeon Byeong Wook , Kim Soo Young , Hwang Jae‐Ung , Lee Youngsook 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Stomata are the tiny valves on the plant surface that mediate gas exchange between the plant and its environment. Stomatal opening needs to be tightly regulated to facilitate CO2 uptake and prevent excess water loss. Plant Rho‐type (ROP) GTPase 2 (ROP2) is a molecular component of the system that negatively regulates light‐induced stomatal opening. Previously, ROP‐interactive Cdc42‐ and Rac‐interactive binding motif‐containing protein 7 (RIC7) was suggested to function downstream of ROP2. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown.

To understand the mechanism by which RIC7 regulates light‐induced stomatal opening, we analyzed the stomatal responses of ric7 mutant Arabidopsis plants and identified the target protein of RIC7 using a yeast two‐hybrid screen.

Light‐induced stomatal opening was promoted by ric7 knockout, whereas it was inhibited by RIC7 overexpression, indicating that RIC7 negatively regulates stomatal opening in Arabidopsis. RIC7 interacted with exocyst subunit Exo70 family protein B1 (Exo70B1), a component of the vesicle trafficking machinery. RIC7 and Exo70B1 localized to the plasma membrane region under light or constitutively active ROP2 conditions. The knockout mutant of Exo70B1 and ric7/exo70b1 exhibited retarded light‐induced stomatal opening.

Our results suggest that ROP2 and RIC7 suppress excess stomatal opening by inhibiting Exo70B1, which most likely participates in the vesicle trafficking required for light‐induced stomatal opening.
Multiple paths to similar germination behavior in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Burghardt Liana T. , Edwards Brianne R. , Donohue Kathleen 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Germination timing influences plant fitness, and its sensitivity to temperature may cause it to change as climate shifts. These changes are likely to be complex because temperatures that occur during seed maturation and temperatures that occur post‐dispersal interact to define germination timing.

We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to determine how flowering time (which defines seed‐maturation temperature) and post‐dispersal temperature influence germination and the expression of genetic variation for germination.

Germination responses to temperature (germination envelopes) changed as seeds aged, or after‐ripened, and these germination trajectories depended on seed‐maturation temperature and genotype. Different combinations of genotype, seed‐maturation temperature, and after‐ripening produced similar germination envelopes. Likewise, different genotypes and seed‐maturation temperatures combined to produce similar germination trajectories. Differences between genotypes were most likely to be observed at high and low germination temperatures.

The germination behavior of some genotypes responds weakly to maternal temperature but others are highly plastic. We hypothesize that weak dormancy induction could synchronize germination of seeds dispersed at different times. By contrast, we hypothesize that strongly responsive genotypes may spread offspring germination over several possible germination windows. Considering germination responses to temperature is important for predicting phenology expression and evolution in future climates.