bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of the interconversion of gamma‐butyrolactone (GBL) to gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Munshi Tasnim , Brewster Victoria. L. , Edwards Howell G. M. , Hargreaves Michael D. , Jilani Shelina. K. , Scowen Ian J 
Published: December 2012

Gamma‐hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a drug‐of‐abuse that has recently become associated with drug‐facilitated sexual assault, known as date rape. For this reason the drug is commonly found ‘spiked’ in alcoholic beverages. When GHB is in solution it may undergo conversion into the corresponding lactone, Gamma‐butyrolactone (GBL). Studies have been carried out to determine the detection limits of GHB and GBL in various solutions by Raman spectroscopy and to monitor the interconversion of GHB and GBL in solution with different pH conditions and temperature.In this study, a portable Raman spectrometer was used to study the interconversion of GHB and GBL in water and ethanol solutions as a function of pH, time, and temperature. The aim of this was to determine the optimum pH range for conversion in order to relate this to the pH ranges that the drug is likely to be subjected to, first in spiked beverages and secondly after ingestion in the digestive system. The aim was also to identify a timescale for this conversion in relation to possible scenarios, for example if GHB takes a number of hours to convert to GBL, it is likely for the beverage to be ingested before esterification can take place. GHB and GBL were then spiked into a selection of beverages of known pH in order to study the stability of GHB and GBL in real systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of population genetic structure of the British roe deer by natural and anthropogenic processes (Capreolus capreolus)
Authors: Baker Karis H. , Rus Hoelzel A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHuman influence typically impacts on natural populations of conservation interest. These interactions are varied and sometimes complex, and may be negative and unintended or associated with conservation and management strategy. Understanding the details of how these interactions influence and are influenced by natural evolutionary processes is essential to the development of effective conservation strategies. In this study, we investigate a species in Britain that has experienced both negative impact through overhunting in historical times and management efforts through culls and translocations. At the same time, there are regional populations that have been less affected by human influence. We use mtDNA and nuclear microsatellite DNA markers to investigate patterns of connectivity and diversity and find multiple insular populations in Britain that probably evolved within the Holocene (when the habitat was free of ice). We identify three concurrent processes. First, surviving indigenous populations show highly provincial patterns of philopatry, maintaining and generating population structure on a small geographic scale. Second, founder populations into habitat extirpated of native populations have expanded, but remained largely insular. Third, introductions into established populations generate some admixture. We discuss the implications for the evolution of diversity of the integration of natural processes with anthropogenic influences on population size and distribution.
Biological invasions: a field synopsis, systematic review, and database of the literature
Authors: Lowry Edward , Rollinson Emily J. , Laybourn Adam J. , Scott Tracy E. , Aiello‐Lammens Matthew E. , Gray Sarah M. , Mickley James , Gurevitch Jessica 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSpecies introductions of anthropogenic origins are a major aspect of rapid ecological change globally. Research on biological invasions has generated a large literature on many different aspects of this phenomenon. Here, we describe and categorize some aspects of this literature, to better understand what has been studied and what we know, mapping well‐studied areas and important gaps. To do so, we employ the techniques of systematic reviewing widely adopted in other scientific disciplines, to further the use of approaches in reviewing the literature that are as scientific, repeatable, and transparent as those employed in a primary study. We identified 2398 relevant studies in a field synopsis of the biological invasions literature. A majority of these studies (58%) were concerned with hypotheses for causes of biological invasions, while studies on impacts of invasions were the next most common (32% of the publications). We examined 1537 papers in greater detail in a systematic review. Superior competitive abilities of invaders, environmental disturbance, and invaded community species richness were the most common hypotheses examined. Most studies examined only a single hypothesis. Almost half of the papers were field observational studies. Studies of terrestrial invasions dominate the literature, with most of these concerning plant invasions. The focus of the literature overall is uneven, with important gaps in areas of theoretical and practical importance.
Benzannulated Cycloheptanones from Binaphthyl Platforms
Authors: Pieters Grégory , Sbargoud Kamal , Bridoux Alexandre , Gaucher Anne , Marque Sylvain , Bourdreux Flavien , Marrot Jérôme , Flot David , Wantz Guillaume , Dautel Olivier , Prim Damien 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPreparations of benzannulated cycloheptanones starting from unique binaphthyl molecular platforms are described. Binaphthyl acetic acids proved suitable percursors for fused cycloheptanone architectures. Seven‐membered rings embedded in binaphthyl units were selectively generated by use of Eaton's reagent. Isomeric helical architectures arising from electrophilic cyclisation processes at second reaction sites in the precursors could also be obtained under different acidic conditions. Unambiguous discrimination between isomeric geometries was provided by multiple quantum NMR sequences. DFT calculations were performed and gave evidence of different behaviour of the substrates towards intramolecular electrophilic substitution. The theoretical approach confirmed the experimental results, agreeing completely with X‐ray data.
On the similarity of commercial EPC Gen2 pseudorandom number generators
Authors: Melià‐Seguí Joan , Garcia‐Alfaro Joaquin , Herrera‐Joancomartí Jordi 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTPseudorandom generators are the main security tool in EPC Gen2 systems. Besides its statistical compliance with the standard, no further information is provided on its design, performance or generation scheme. We empirically analysed EPC Gen2 pseudorandom sequences using a novel experimental setup. From our analysis, we obtained evidences that pseudorandom number generators used in different commercial integrated circuits use the same algorithm. This paper presents the results of this analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mobility agent based on activity rate of user and adaptive paging for location management in wireless networks
Authors: Nath Prem , Kumar Chiranjeev 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTIn urban cities, many MUs (mobile users) follow a fixed mobility pattern. Most of the time, these users can be found in a particular registration area (RA) at a certain time period. We say that MUs follow a fixed set of RAs on a daily basis. Therefore, an MU can be located at one of the RA from the set of fixed RAs when a call arrives. In prior schemes, the location update cost is minimized by increasing paging cost. In this paper, we propose a mobility agent (MA) and adaptive paging strategy based on MUs' movement. The MA is a special functional entity in the network, and many RAs are connected to MA as per mobility pattern of an MU. The paging area is selected based on the average speed of MUs. The major features of the proposed scheme are the overall reduced location management cost and less paging time compared with existing scheme. We present analytical modeling and performance evaluation that show that the proposed scheme has less location management cost and less paging time to locate an MU compared with existing scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EXTENSIONS OF HURDLE MODELS FOR OVERDISPERSED COUNT DATA
Authors: Farbmacher Helmut 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTHurdle models are frequently used to model count data. Recent developments in the count data literature make it possible to relax commonly imposed assumptions of these models. On the basis of these findings, two extensions of hurdle models that make popular specifications more flexible are developed. Both extensions nest the models that have been used so far, so they can be tested by appropriate parametric restrictions. An example from health economics illustrates the relevance of both model extensions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualitative estimation of SBR biological nutrient removal performance for wastewater treatment
Authors: Colomer Joan , Wong Alberto , Coma Marta , Puig Sebastià , Colprim Jesus 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe main goal of wastewater treatment is to obtain high quality effluent. This study proposes a methodology to estimate in real‐time the effluent quality in a biological nutrient removal (BNR) sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process.ResultsThis is achieved by: (i) detecting the batch quality; and (ii) predicting the classification of the release according to different effluent characteristics. A principal component analysis (PCA) model is built to discern normal or abnormal behavior of the batch release. An index is given to every phase of the process by means of contribution analysis, and a fault signature (FS) is created. The FS in a classification model is associated with a biological removal quality.ConclusionThe model is applied as a soft‐sensor in real‐time to new batch releases to obtain a qualitative estimate of the effluent. A correct estimation for the qualitative variables, of above 95%, would provide a reliable tool to estimate BNR performances.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Variability of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of two lettuce varieties under Fe deficiency
Authors: Msilini Najoua , Oueslati Samia , Amdouni Thouraya , Chebbi Mohamed , Ksouri Riadh , Lachaâl Mokhtar , Ouerghi Zeineb 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDFe deficiency affects food growth and quality in calcareous soils. In this study, the effect of Fe deficiency on growth parameters, phenolic content and antioxidant capacities of two lettuce shoots varieties (Romaine and Vista) were investigated.RESULTSFresh matter production, pigment (chlorophyll and carotenoid) and Fe2+ content were significantly reduced by Fe deficiency in both varieties. However, restriction of these parameters was particularly pronounced in Romaine variety as compared to Vista. Moreover, Fe deficiency caused decreases in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and guaiacol peroxidase, whereas ascorbate peroxidase and malondialdehyde concentrations were not significantly affected. On the other hand, Fe deficiency in Vista variety induced an increase in polyphenol and flavonoid content as compared to Romaine variety. In addition, total antioxidant capacity and antiradical test against DPPH radical decreased in leaves of Romaine variety after 15 days of treatment.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that the higher polyphenol content in Vista variety supports the involvement of these components in the stability of antioxidant capacities and then in its protection against oxidative damage generated by Fe deficiency in lettuce plants. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Towards high‐siderophore‐content foods: optimisation of coprogen production in submerged cultures of Penicillium nalgiovense
Authors: Emri Tamás , Tóth Viktória , Nagy Csilla Terézia , Nagy Gábor , Pócsi Imre , Gyémánt Gyöngyi , Antal Károly , Balla József , Balla György , Román Gyula , Kovács István , Pócsi István 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundFungal siderophores are likely to possess atheroprotective effects in humans, and therefore studies are needed to develop siderophore‐rich food additives or functional foods to increase the siderophore uptake in people prone to cardiovascular diseases. In this study the siderophore contents of mould‐ripened cheeses and meat products were analysed and the coprogen production by Penicillium nalgiovense was characterised.ResultsHigh concentrations of hexadentate fungal siderophores were detected in penicillia‐ripened Camembert‐ and Roquefort‐type cheeses and also in some sausages. In one sausage fermented by P. nalgiovense, the siderophore content was comparable to those found in cheeses. Penicillium nalgiovense produced high concentrations of coprogen in submerged cultures, which were affected predominantly by the available carbon and nitrogen sources under iron starvation. Considerable coprogen yields were still detectable in the presence of iron when the fermentation medium was supplemented with the iron chelator Na2‐EDTA or when P. nalgiovense was co‐cultivated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.ConclusionThese data may be exploitable in the future development of high‐siderophore‐content foods and/or food additives. Nevertheless, the use of P. nalgiovense fermentation broths for these purposes may be limited by the instability of coprogen in fermentation media and by the β‐lactam production by the fungus. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Thulium‐YAG laser sialendoscopy for parotid and submandibular sialolithiasis
Authors: Durbec M. , Dinkel E. , Vigier S. , Disant F. , Marchal F. , Faure F. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of thulium‐YAG laser in sialendoscopic fragmentation of salivary lithiasis.DesignRetrospective, interventional case series.MaterialSixty‐three patients treated by interventional sialendoscopy with thulium‐Yag laser fragmentation between 2003 and 2010 at Edouard Herriot Hospital were included in the study. The laser was used for non‐floating or large lithiasis (>4 mm).MethodsThe sialendoscopic thulium fiber laser was used in a pulsed mode with an average power output of 2–8 W to fragment and facilitate extraction of salivary stones. Several variables were studied: success rate, total number of procedures, total energy per procedure, size and number of salivary stones removed, and complications.ResultsOur series of 63 cases includes 40 cases of parotid lithiasis and 23 cases of submandibular lithiasis. In nine cases, two sessions of laser were performed. Stone size was evaluated pre‐operatively by ultrasound and varied between 2 and 18 mm. Laser fragmentation was possible in every case. Complete extraction of the lithiasis was possible in 51 cases (73.9%) and partial extraction in eight cases (12.6%). Extraction failed in four cases (6.3%). Mean stone size was 5.4 mm (5.7 mm for parotid glands and 5.0 mm for sub‐mandibular glands) and mean energy per procedure was 1,450 J (range: 1,400–1,800 J). Ductal perforations were observed in 12.7% of the cases. 65.1% of patients were free of symptoms with a mean follow‐up of 18 months.ConclusionThulium‐YAG laser appears to be an effective and safe technique in the treatment of salivary lithiasis. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 783–786, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Energy deposition profile in human skin upon irradiation with a 1,342 nm Nd:YAP laser
Authors: Milanič Matija , Majaron Boris 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesNd:YAP laser emitting at 1,342 nm appears promising for nonablative skin rejuvenation treatment, based on favorable absorption properties of water and melanin in this part of the spectrum. A quantitative determination of energy deposition characteristics of Nd:YAP in normal human skin should enable design of a safe and effective treatment protocol for future human studies.Study DesignEnergy deposition profile of a prototype Nd:YAP laser was determined using pulsed photothermal radiometry. This technique involves time‐resolved measurement of mid‐infrared emission from a sample after pulsed laser irradiation. The laser‐induced temperature depth profile is reconstructed from the radiometric transients using a custom optimization algorithm, developed and tested earlier in our group. Measurements were performed on the extremities of four healthy volunteers at low radiant exposure (2.8 J/cm2). For the purpose of comparison, energy deposition characteristics of commercial Nd:YAG and KTP lasers (at 1,064 and 532 nm, respectively), were also determined at the same test sites.ResultsOn average, the Nd:YAP laser deposits 50% of the absorbed energy within the top 0.36 mm of skin and 90% within 0.86 mm, which is significantly shallower than the Nd:YAG laser. The ratio between the dermal versus epidermal heating is more favorable and shows a smaller inter‐ and intra‐patient variance as compared to both Nd:YAG and KTP laser.ConclusionsEnergy deposition characteristics of the 1,342 nm Nd:YAP laser are very suitable for controlled heating of the upper dermis, as required for nonablative skin rejuvenation. The risks of overheating the epidermis or subcutis should be significantly reduced in comparison with the 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser. Lasers Surg. Med. 45: 8–14, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temperature and pH Dual‐Responsive Behavior of Dendritic Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) with a Polyoligomeric Silsesquioxane Core and Poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Shell
Authors: Bai Yu , Yang Liping , Toh Cher Ling , He Chaobin , Lu Xuehong 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNovel temperature and pH dual‐responsive dendritic polyoligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)–poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm)–poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) copolymers are prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization and click reactions. The cloud points (Tc) decrease with decreasing pH from 10.0 to 5.0 due to the weakened inter‐molecular interactions and enhanced intra‐molecular hydrogen bonding, whereas the Tc exhibits a small increase from pH 5.0 to 4.0 because of the better solvation of PHEMA at highly acidic conditions. The above findings are corroborated by the different sizes of aggregates observed by dynamic light scattering. The encapsulation of a fluorescent dye and stimulated release by temperature and pH changes are also demonstrated.
Polymorphism in Sheared Isotactic Polypropylene Containing Nucleant Particles
Authors: Phillips Andrew William , Bhatia Amita , Zhu Peng‐wei , Edward Graham 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis study explored the combined influence of shear flow and nucleating agents on isotactic polypropylene (iPP) crystallisation. The study showed that oriented α‐iPP crystals were not necessary to form β‐iPP crystals, contrary to the accepted view that the surface of oriented α‐iPP crystals provides nucleation sites for an α‐iPP to β‐iPP growth transition. Instead it was proposed that flow‐induced mesomorphic point‐like nuclei preferentially nucleates β‐iPP. The combined effect of shear flow and nucleant was found to promote γ‐iPP crystals. The surprising γ‐iPP nucleation effect was explained by the high density of flow‐induced and heterogeneous nuclei present at the start of crystallisation. magnified image
Light‐Emitting Electrospun Nanofibers for Nanophotonics and Optoelectronics
Authors: Camposeo Andrea , Persano Luana , Pisignano Dario 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe processing, properties, and applications of electrospun light‐emitting nanofibers are reviewed. The different experimental approaches for electrospinning conjugated polymers and light‐emitting compounds are presented. The characterization of the optoelectronic properties of electrospun conjugated polymer nanofibers evidences intriguing features, such as polarized emission, self‐waveguiding, enhanced energy transfer, and charge transport. The applications of such nanostructured materials include polarized light sources for lab‐on‐chip devices, nanoscale organic light‐emitting diodes and optically pumped lasers, field‐effect transistors, and high‐performance optical sensors. Future challenges and perspectives of electrospun light‐emitting nanofibers are also discussed. magnified image
Non‐monotonicity of Observed Hypervolume in 1‐Greedy S‐Metric Selection
Authors: Judt Leonard , Mersmann Olaf , Naujoks Boris 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThe progression of the dominated hypervolume in the course of the optimization process, with respect to a global reference point, is thought to be monotonically increasing. This intuition is based on the observation that in each iteration, the solution that contributes the least to the dominated hypervolume is eliminated. Derived from results of multiple optimization runs with incorporated reference point adaptation, we show that this does not always hold for two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional objective spaces. For the two‐dimensional case, this is because the two boundary solutions are always retained in the population regardless of their hypervolume contribution. For the three‐dimensional case, we are able to show that the cause of the drop in dominated hypervolume is the continuous adaption of the reference point during selection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic merging of tetrahedral meshes
Authors: Lo S.H. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYA generic algorithm is proposed to merge arbitrary solid tetrahedral meshes automatically into one single valid finite element mesh. The intersection segments in the form of distinct nonoverlapping loops between the boundary surfaces of the given solid objects are determined by the robust neighbor tracing technique. Each intersected triangle on the boundary surface will be triangulated to incorporate the intersection segments onto the boundary surface of the objects. The tetrahedra on the boundary surface associated with the intersected triangular facets are each divided into as many tetrahedra as the number of subtriangles on the triangulated facet. There is a natural partition of the boundary surfaces of the solid objects by the intersection loops into a number of zones. Volumes of intersection can now be identified by collected bounding surfaces from the surface patches of the partition. Whereas mesh compatibility has already been established on the boundary of the solid objects, mesh compatibility has yet to be restored on the bounding surfaces of the regions of intersection. Tetrahedra intersected by the cut surfaces are removed, and new tetrahedra can be generated to fill the volumes bounded by the cut surfaces and the portion of cavity boundary connected to the cut surfaces to restore mesh compatibility at the cut surfaces. Upon restoring compatibility on the bounding surfaces of the regions of intersection, the objects are ready to be merged together as all regions of intersection can be detached freely from the objects. All operations, besides the determination of intersections structurally in the form of loops, are virtually topological, and no parameter and tolerance is needed in the entire merging process. Examples are presented to show the steps and the details of the mesh merging procedure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.