bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'Europe et la nouvelle politique des Etats-Unis envers la Chine
Authors: Reisky de Dubnic Vladimir 
Published: April 2013

Le lien géopolitique objectif entre la Chine et l'Europe est fondé sur le fait que l'une et l'autre sont les voisines d'une Union Soviétique en expansion. Ce lien a pris de la réalité quand la Chine est devenue une puissance nucléaire et quand la diplomatie des Etats-Unis l'eut introduite en force dans le système international. La nouvelle politique chinoise des Etats-Unis implique un rôle plus modeste des deux super-puissances ce dont l'Europe ne peut que bénéficier.
L'adhésion de l'Europe à cette nouvelle politique des Etats-Unis se fonde sur divers facteurs : 1) l'intérêt d'un nouvel équilibre mondial des forces ; 2) l'aspiration à jouer le rôle de « troisième force » ; 3) des considérations de sécurité ; 4) des sentiments « revanchistes » en Europe de l'Est ; 5) l'espoir d'un renforcement de la paix. Les facteurs négatifs sont centrés sur des considérations idéologiques, le désir de préserver la paix pendant la période de transition du système bi-polaire à un système international multi-polaire et les critiques adressées aux Etats-Unis pour n'avoir pas consulté auparavant leurs alliés.
La nouvelle politique des Etats-Unis envers la Chine renforce la situation internationale de ce pays, ce qui, en retour, transforme la position stratégique de PU.R.S.S. Que Moscou soit obligé de redéfinir sa stratégie globale à la suite du rapprochement sino-américain est d'un intérêt vital pour les pays est-européens. Bien que la Chine ne puisse contribuer directement à une odification du statu-quo en Europe, elle est la seule grande puissance dont la politique avouée est de contribuer à mettre fin à la suprématie soviétique en Europe de l'Est. L'Europe occidentale craint une détente entre les Etats-Unis et l'U.R.S.S., éventuellement assurée à ses dépens ; mais une détente sino-américaine est de l'intérêt de l'Europe, car elle peut entraîner un nouvel équilibre mondial des forces où l'Europe pourra jouer un rôle de troisième force, à condition que son processus d'intégration s'accélère.
Train to Pyongyang: Imagination, Utopia, and Korean Unification
Authors: Collins Samuel Gerald 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThis essay is motivated by the seeming contradiction that Korean unification is sought after by most Koreans yet speculations about the social and cultural changes it might bring are almost absent. This may be because Korean unification denotes a series of differences contrasted to the present—because it is a potent “master symbol” with one foot in utopian speculation and the other in policy studies. In this essay, I outline some of the complexities, starting with an examination of illustrations of unification in textbooks for the tensions and contradictions they introduce. I then turn to fiction and film, sketching not only what some South Koreans hope (or fear) will happen after unification with the North but, indeed, the limits of their imagination regarding what the future will hold for South Korea. In the end, I concur with Grinker that representations of unification are “utopian,” but I object to the association of “utopia” with a socially engineered straitjacket. On the contrary, the utopias projected here suggest stepping off a precipice into worlds unknown, futures defined by their radical difference from today. The end of the essay locates these more imaginative dimensions of Korean unification in the “hope” of Ernst Bloch.
One‐Dimensional CdS Nanostructures: A Promising Candidate for Optoelectronics
Authors: Li Huiqiao , Wang Xi , Xu Junqi , Zhang Qi , Bando Yoshio , Golberg Dmitri , Ma Ying , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAs a promising candidate for optoelectronics, one‐dimensional CdS nanostructures have drawn great scientific and technical interest due to their interesting fundamental properties and possibilities of utilization in novel promising optoelectronical devices with augmented performance and functionalities. This progress report highlights a selection of important topics pertinent to optoelectronical applications of one‐dimensional CdS nanostructures over the last five years. This article begins with the description of rational design and controlled synthesis of CdS nanostructure arrays, alloyed nanostructucures and kinked nanowire superstructures, and then focuses on the optoelectronical properties, and applications including cathodoluminescence, lasers, light‐emitting diodes, waveguides, field emitters, logic circuits, memory devices, photodetectors, gas sensors, photovoltaics and photoelectrochemistry. Finally, the general challenges and the potential future directions of this exciting area of research are highlighted.
A newly recognized autosomal recessive syndrome affecting neurologic function and vision
Authors: Salih Mustafa A. , Tzschach Andreas , Oystreck Darren T. , Hassan Hamdy H. , AlDrees Abdulmajeed , Elmalik Salah A. , El Khashab Heba Y. , Wienker Thomas F. , Abu‐Amero Khaled K. , Bosley Thomas M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractGenetic factors represent an important etiologic group in the causation of intellectual disability. We describe a Saudi Arabian family with closley related parents in which four of six children were affected by a congenital cognitive disturbance. The four individuals (aged 18, 16, 13, and 2 years when last examined) had motor and cognitive delay with seizures in early childhood, and three of the four (sparing only the youngest child) had progressive, severe cognitive decline with spasticity. Two affected children had ocular malformations, and the three older children had progressive visual loss. The youngest had normal globes with good functional vision when last examined but exhibited the oculodigital sign, which may signify a subclinical visual deficit. A potentially deleterious nucleotide change (c.1A>G; p.Met1Val) in the C12orf57 gene was homozygous in all affected individuals, heterozygous in the parents, and absent in an unaffected sibling and >350 normal individuals. This gene has no known function. This family manifests a autosomal recessive syndrome with some phenotypic variability that includes abnormal development of brain and eyes, delayed cognitive and motor milestones, seizures, and a severe cognitive and visual decline that is associated with a homozygous variant in a newly identified gene. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI: A predominantly cardiac phenotype associated with homozygosity for p.R152W mutation in the ARSB gene
Authors: Jurecka Agnieszka , Zakharova Ekaterina , Cimbalistiene Loreta , Gusina Nina , Kulpanovich Anna , Golda Adam , Opoka‐Winiarska Violetta , Piotrowska Ewa , Voskoboeva Elena , Tylki‐Szymańska Anna 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) is a rare lysosomal, autosomal recessive storage disorder caused by deficient activity of N‐acetylgalactosamine‐4‐sulfatase (ARSB). Approximately, 140 ARSB gene mutations have been identified; however, most are private mutations making genotype–phenotype correlation for most MPS VI patients difficult. The aim of this study was to describe the natural clinical course in patients homozygous for the p.R152W mutation from eight unrelated families. From our database of 70 patients with MPS VI, we selected 10 patients homozygous for the p.R152W mutant allele (median age 27.5 years, range 18–38 years). We performed a cross‐sectional observational study characterizing the onset and prevalence of clinical manifestations. First signs of the disease, such as cardiac valve disease, slightly decreased joint range of motion and mild growth retardation, were observed in mid‐adolescent years (median 15 years). Within the disease course, the most common clinical feature in all the patients was progressive heart disease of predominantly valve origin leading to symptoms of heart failure. Other typical MPS VI features were subtle and not present in all the patients. Delays up to 23 years (median 8.5 years) intervened between symptom onset and disease diagnosis. Patients homozygous for the p.R152W mutation present a cardiac variant of MPS VI characterized by progressive cardiac valve disease leading to serious cardiac complications including abrupt death due to cardiac failure. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scaling of Haversian canal surface area to secondary osteon bone volume in ribs and limb bones
Authors: Skedros John G. , Knight Alex N. , Clark Gunnar C. , Crowder Christian M. , Dominguez Victoria M. , Qiu Shijing , Mulhern Dawn M. , Donahue Seth W. , Busse Björn , Hulsey Brannon I. , Zedda Marco , Sorenson Scott M. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTStudies of secondary osteons in ribs have provided a great deal of what is known about remodeling dynamics. Compared with limb bones, ribs are metabolically more active and sensitive to hormonal changes, and receive frequent low‐strain loading. Optimization for calcium exchange in rib osteons might be achieved without incurring a significant reduction in safety factor by disproportionally increasing central canal size with increased osteon size (positive allometry). By contrast, greater mechanical loads on limb bones might favor reducing deleterious consequences of intracortical porosity by decreasing osteon canal size with increased osteon size (negative allometry). Evidence of this metabolic/mechanical dichotomy between ribs and limb bones was sought by examining relationships between Haversian canal surface area (BS, osteon Haversian canal perimeter, HC.Pm) and bone volume (BV, osteonal wall area, B.Ar) in a broad size range of mature (quiescent) osteons from adult human limb bones and ribs (modern and medieval) and various adult and subadult non‐human limb bones and ribs. Reduced major axis (RMA) and least‐squares (LS) regressions of HC.Pm/B.Ar data show that rib and limb osteons cannot be distinguished by dimensional allometry of these parameters. Although four of the five rib groups showed positive allometry in terms of the RMA slopes, nearly 50% of the adult limb bone groups also showed positive allometry when negative allometry was expected. Consequently, our results fail to provide clear evidence that BS/BV scaling reflects a rib versus limb bone dichotomy whereby calcium exchange might be preferentially enhanced in rib osteons. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:230–244, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief Communication: Beyond the South African cave paradigm—Australopithecus africanus from Plio–Pleistocene paleosol deposits at Taung
Authors: Hopley Philip J. , Herries Andy I.R. , Baker Stephanie Edwards , Kuhn Brian F. , Menter Colin G. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTFollowing the discovery of the “Taung Child” (Australopithecus africanus) in 1924 in the Buxton‐Norlim Limeworks near Taung, the fossil‐bearing deposits associated with the Dart and Hrdlička pinnacles have been interpreted as the mined remnants of cave sediments that formed within the Plio–Pleistocene Thabaseek Tufa: either as a younger cave‐fill or as contemporaneous carapace caves. When combined with the Plio–Pleistocene dolomitic cave deposits from the “Cradle of Humankind,” a rather restricted view emerges that South African early hominins derived from cave deposits, whereas those of east and central Africa are derived from fluvio‐lacustrine and paleosol deposits. We undertook a sedimentological and paleomagnetic analysis of the pink‐colored deposit (PCS) from which the “Taung Child” is purported to have derived and demonstrate that it is a calcrete, a carbonate‐rich pedogenic sediment, which formed on the paleo‐land surface. The deposit extends 100 s of meters laterally beyond the Dart and Hrdlička Pinnacles where it is interbedded with the Thabaseek Tufa, indicating multiple episodes of calcrete development and tufa growth. The presence of in situ rhizoconcretions and insect trace fossils (Celliforma sp. and Coprinisphaera sp.) and the distinctive carbonate microfabric confirm that the pink deposit is a pedogenic calcrete, not a calcified cave sediment. Paleomagnetic and stratigraphic evidence indicates that a second, reversed polarity, fossil‐bearing deposit (YRSS) is a younger fissure‐fill formed within a solutional cavity of the normal polarity tufa and pink calcrete (PCS). These observations have implications for the dating, environment, and taphonomy of the site, and increase the likelihood of future fossil discoveries within the Buxton‐Norlim Limeworks. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:316–324, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A resampling approach and implications for estimating the phalangeal index from unassociated hand bones in fossil primates
Authors: Venkataraman Vivek V. , Rolian Campbell , Gordon Adam D. , Patel Biren A. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTPrimate fossil assemblages often have metacarpals and phalanges from which functional/behavioral interpretations may be inferred. For example, intrinsic hand proportions can indicate hand function and substrate use. But, estimates of intrinsic hand proportions from unassociated hand elements can be imperfect due to digit misattribution. Although isolated metacarpals can be identified to a specific digit, phalanges are difficult to assign to a specific ray. We used a resampling approach to evaluate how estimates of intrinsic hand proportions are affected by such uncertainty. First, the phalangeal index—intermediate phalanx length plus proximal phalanx length divided by metacarpal length—for the third digit was calculated for associated specimens of terrestrial, semiterrestrial, and arboreal taxa. We then used resampling procedures to generate distributions of “composite digits” based on resampled ratios in which phalanges from the second, fourth, and fifth rays, and from different individuals, were chosen randomly. Results confirm that the phalangeal index for associated third digits significantly discriminates groups. We also found that resampled ratios had significantly lower means, indicating that using composite digits is prone to systematic underestimation. Resampled ratios also generated distributions with greater variance around the means that obscured distinctions between groups, although significant differences between the most arboreal and terrestrial taxa are maintained. We conclude that using unassociated phalanges to calculate a phalangeal index is prone to sampling bias. Nevertheless, a resampling approach has the potential to inform estimates of hand proportions for fossil taxa, provided that the comparative sample is constrained to mimic the fossil composition. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:280–289, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of isoniazid concentration in rabbit vertebrae by isotope tracing technique in conjunction with HPLC
Authors: Liu Peng , Fu Zhaozong , Jiang Jianming , Yuan Liang , Lin Zhen 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTMedications compounded with isoniazid (INH) are usually applied to surgical sites at the completion of surgery to locally kill postoperative residual tubercle bacilli. However, the distribution and elimination of INH in the vertebrae in vivo are not known. In this study, isotope tracing was used in conjunction with high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to address this. INH and technetium‐99 m‐labeled INH were applied to the vertebrae of rabbits. After 2 and 6 h, osseous tissues containing INH, as determined by radionuclide imaging, were collected for detection with HPLC. The results showed that INH mainly stayed around the vertebrae 6 h after its application and did not permeate widely into the blood or other organs, except for the kidneys. The standard deviations of INH concentrations in the technetium‐99 m‐INH group were approximately four‐fold smaller than those in the INH group. This method of coupling isotope tracing and HPLC can effectively limit experimental error during sample collection, allowing accurate and reliable identification of the concentration levels of INH in osseous tissues in vivo. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase 1/1b study of lonafarnib and temozolomide in patients with recurrent or temozolomide refractory glioblastoma
Authors: Yust‐Katz Shlomit , Liu Diane , Yuan Ying , Liu Vivien , Kang Sanghee , Groves Morris , Puduvalli Vinay , Levin Victor , Conrad Charles , Colman Howard , Hsu Sigmonid , Yung W. K. Alfred , Gilbert Mark R. 
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUNDLonafarnib is an oral selective farnesyltransferase inhibitor, a class of drugs which have shown activity in preclinical glioma models. Temozolomide (TMZ) is an alkylating agent that is the first‐line chemotherapy for glioblastoma.METHODSThe current study combined the cytotoxic agent TMZ with the cytostatic agent lonafarnib for patients with recurrent glioblastoma to establish a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the combination and its preliminary efficacy. Three dose cohorts of lonafarnib were studied in the phase 1 component of the trial (100 mg twice daily [bid], 150 mg bid, and 200 bid) with dose‐dense schedule of TMZ (150 mg/m2 daily) administered in an alternating weekly schedule. After establishing the MTD of lonafarnib, a subsequent expansion phase 1b was undertaken to evaluate efficacy, primarily measured by 6‐month progression‐free survival (PFS‐6).RESULTSFifteen patients were enrolled into the phase 1 component and 20 patients into the phase 1b component. The MTD of lonafarnib in combination with TMZ was 200 mg bid. Among the patients enrolled into the study, 34 were eligible for 6‐month progression evaluation and 35 patients were evaluable for time‐to‐progression analysis. The PFS‐6 rate was 38% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 22%, 56%) and the median PFS was 3.9 months (95% CI = 2.5, 8.4). The median disease‐specific survival was 13.7 months (95% CI = 8.9, 22.1). Hematologic toxicities, particularly lymphopenia, were the most common grade 3 and 4 adverse events. There were no treatment‐related deaths.CONCLUSIONSThese results demonstrate that TMZ can be safely combined with a farnesyltransferase inhibitor and that this regimen is active, although the current study cannot determine the relative contributions of the 2 agents or the contribution of the novel administration schedule. Cancer 2013;119:2747–2753. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Tobacco use and external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer: Influence on biochemical control and late toxicity
Authors: Solanki Abhishek A. , Liauw Stanley L. 
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to examine the effect of tobacco use on disease control and late gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicity in men undergoing external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for prostate cancer.METHODSIn total, 633 men with known tobacco history at consultation underwent definitive EBRT between 1988 and 2008. Tobacco use was defined as positive (current or prior) or negative (never). The median EBRT dose was 74 gray (Gy). In univariate analysis, tobacco use and other prognostic factors were compared with disease control and toxicity. Multivariable analysis included tobacco use and the covariates that were associated with outcome on univariate analysis (P < .1).RESULTSThe rate of 5‐year freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF) was 76% for current smokers, 81% for prior smokers, and 87% for never smokers (P < .02). Risk group, the percentage of involved cores, and EBRT dose ≥74 Gy were associated with FFBF (all P < .01). On multivariable analysis, smoking was not associated with FFBF (P = .19). Factors that were associated with late grade ≥2 genitourinary toxicity on univariate analysis included positive tobacco history, intensity‐modulated radiotherapy, and EBRT dose ≥74 Gy (all P < .05). Prior transurethral resection of the prostate (P < .01) and current smoking status (P = .06) were associated with grade ≥3 toxicity. On multivariable analysis, a positive tobacco history was associated with grade ≥2 toxicity (hazard ratio, 1.45; P < .02), and current smoking status was associated with grade ≥3 toxicity (hazard ratio, 3.02; P < .05). Tobacco use was not associated with late gastrointestinal toxicity.CONCLUSIONSIn men who are receiving EBRT for prostate cancer, tobacco use may be associated with higher rates of late grade ≥2 toxicity, and current smokers may have higher rates of late grade ≥3 genitourinary toxicity. Cancer 2013;119:2807–2814. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Pooled analysis of the performance of liquid‐based cytology in population‐based cervical cancer screening studies in China
Authors: Pan Qin‐Jing , Hu Shang‐ying , Zhang Xun , Ci Pu‐wa , Zhang Wen‐hua , Guo Hui‐qin , Cao Jian , Zhao Fang‐hui , Lytwyn, Alice , Qiao You‐lin 
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUNDLiquid‐based cytology (LBC) has been widely used for cervical cancer screening. Despite numerous studies and systematic reviews, to the authors' knowledge few large studies to date have focused on biopsy‐confirmed cervical lesions and controversy remains concerning its diagnostic accuracy. The objective of the current study was to assess LBC for detecting biopsy‐confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer.METHODSA pooled analysis of LBC using data from 13 population‐based, cross‐sectional, cervical cancer screening studies performed in China from 1999 to 2008 was performed. Participants (n = 26,782) received LBC and human papillomavirus testing. Women found to be positive on screening were referred for colposcopy and biopsy. The accuracy of LBC for detecting biopsy‐confirmed CIN of type 2 or worse (CIN2+) as well as CIN type 3 or worse (CIN3+) lesions was analyzed.RESULTSOf 25,830 women included in the analysis, CIN2+ was found in 107 of 2612 with atypical squamous cells (4.1%), 142 of 923 with low‐grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (15.4%), 512 of 784 with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (65.3%), 29 of 30 with squamous cell carcinoma (96.7%), 4 of 27 with atypical glandular cells (14.8%), and 85 of 21,454 with normal cytology results (0.4%). No invasive cancers were found to have atypical squamous cells, atypical glandular cells, or cytologically normal slides. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of LBC for detecting CIN2+ were 81.0%, 95.4%, 38.3%, 99.3 %, and 94.9%, respectively. Although Hybrid Capture 2 was more sensitive than LBC, the specificity, positive predictive value, and overall accuracy of LBC were higher than those of Hybrid Capture2 at 85.2%, 18.6%, and 85.5%, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study indicate that the performance of LBC can effectively predict the risk of existing CIN2+ and may be a good screening tool for cervical cancer prevention in a developing country. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:473‐82. © 2013 American Cancer Society.