bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D‐mapping of phosphocreatine concentration in the human calf muscle at 7 T: Comparison to 3 T
Authors: Parasoglou Prodromos , Xia Ding , Chang Gregory , Regatte Ravinder R. 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThe development and implementation of a spectrally selective 3D‐Turbo Spin Echo sequence for quantitative mapping of phosphocreatine (PCr) concentration in different muscles of the lower leg of healthy volunteers both at 3 T and 7 T.MethodsNine healthy volunteers were recruited, all of whom where scanned at 3 T and 7 T. Three dimensional PCr concentration maps were obtained after images were corrected for B1 inhomogeneities, T1 relaxation weighting, and partial volume of fatty tissue in the muscles. Two volunteers performed plantar flexions inside the magnet, and the oxidative capacity of their muscles was estimated.ResultsThree dimensional PCr concentration maps were obtained, with full muscle coverage and nominal voxel size of 0.52 mL at both fields. At 7 T a 2.7‐fold increase of signal‐to‐noise ratio was achieved compared to 3 T.ConclusionImaging 31P metabolites at 7 T allowed for significant increase in signal to noise ratio compared to imaging at 3 T, while quantification of the PCr concentration remained unaffected. The importance of such an increase in signal‐to‐noise ratio is 2‐fold, first higher resolution images with reduced partial volume effects can be acquired, and second multiple measurements such as dynamic imaging of PCr post‐exercise, 31P magnetization transfer, or other 1H measurements, can be acquired in a single imaging session. Magn Reson Med 70:1619–1625, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compressed sensing reconstruction improves sensitivity of variable density spiral fMRI
Authors: Holland D. J. , Liu C. , Song X. , Mazerolle E. L. , Stevens M. T. , Sederman A. J. , Gladden L. F. , D'Arcy R. C. N. , Bowen C. V. , Beyea S. D. 
Published: February 2013

PurposeFunctional MRI (fMRI) techniques that can provide excellent blood oxygen level dependent contrast, rapid whole brain imaging, and minimal spatial distortion are in demand. This study explored whether fMRI sensitivity can be improved through the use of compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction of variable density spiral fMRI.MethodsThree different CS‐reconstructed 1‐shot variable density spirals were explored (corresponding to 28%, 35%, and 46% under‐sampling), and compared with conventional 1‐shot and 2‐shot Archimedean spirals acquired using matched echo time and volume repetition time. fMRI maps were reconstructed with or without CS MRI and sensitivity was compared using identically matched voxels.ResultsThe results demonstrated that an l1‐norm based CS reconstruction only led to an increase in functional contrast when applied to 28% under‐sampled data. A whole brain t‐contrast map revealed that 2‐shot uniformly sampled spiral and 28% under‐sampled spiral data reconstructed with CS yield equivalent sensitivity, even with matched echo time and volume repetition timeConclusionVD spiral exhibits a useful operating range, in the region of 25–30% under‐sampling, for which CS reconstruction can be used to increase the sensitivity of fMRI to brain activity. Using CS, VD acquisitions achieve the same sensitivity as 2‐shot Archimedean acquisitions, but require only a single shot. Magn Reson Med 70:1634–1643, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of an inverse analysis framework for extracting dynamic soil behavior and pore pressure response from downhole array measurements
Authors: Groholski David R. , Hashash Youssef M. A. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYObservations from earthquakes over the past several decades have highlighted the importance of local site conditions on propagated ground motions. Downhole arrays are deployed to measure motions at the ground surface and within the soil profile, and also to record the pore pressure response within the soft soil profiles during excitation. The degradation of soil stiffness as excess pore pressures are generated during earthquake events has also been observed. An inverse analysis framework is developed and demonstrated to directly extract soil material behavior including pore water pressure (PWP) generation from downhole array measurements that can then be readily used in 1D nonlinear site response analysis. The self‐learning simulations (SelfSim) inverse analysis framework, previously developed for total stress site response analysis, is extended to extract PWP generation behavior of the soil in addition to cyclic response during ground shaking. A Neural Network based constitutive model is introduced to represent PWP generation during cyclic loading. A new analysis scheme is introduced that can use data from co‐located piezometer and accelerometer sensors. The successful performance of the proposed framework is demonstrated using four synthetic vertical array recordings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When are observed failures more informative than observed survivals?
Authors: Ebrahimi Nader , Soofi Ehsan S. , Soyer Refik 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA framework involving independent competing risks permits observing failures due to a specific cause and failures due to a competing cause, which constitute survival times from the cause of primary interest. Is observing more failures more informative than observing survivals? Intuitively, due to the definitiveness of failures, the answer seems to be the former. However, it has been shown before that this intuition holds when estimating the mean but not the failure rate of the exponential model with a gamma prior distribution for the failure rate. In this article, we address this question at a more general level. We show that for a certain class of distributions failures can be more informative than survivals for prediction of life length and vice versa for some others. We also show that for a large class of lifetime models, failure is less informative than survival for estimating the proportional hazards parameter with gamma, Jeffreys, and uniform priors. We further show that, for this class of lifetime models, on average, failure is more informative than survival for parameter estimation and for prediction. These results imply that the inferential purpose and properties of the lifetime distribution are germane for conducting life tests. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013
UTRly malignant: mRNA stability and the invasive phenotype in breast cancer
Authors: Le Quesne John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlterations in gene expression are central to the malignant phenotype. In this issue, Al‐Ahmadi et al elegantly demonstrate that one key mechanism that determines invasiness in breast cancer is likely to be dysregulation of mRNA stability. This is achieved by altered expression of the proteins TTP and HuR, which bind 3′ untranslated region (UTR) elements in cancer‐related genes. The authors link this to the expression of a miRNA, miR‐29a, and show that anti‐miR‐29a treatment can reverse the invasive phenotype in vitro. This further highlights the important roles of mRNA UTRs in malignant transformation, and the importance of investigating post‐transcriptional disease mechanisms. Such mechanisms have the potential to provide novel therapeutic targets, as well as being vital to further our understanding of cancer biology. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate–Associated Macroglossia in a Critically Ill Patient
Authors: Igneri Lauren A. , Czosnowski Quinn A. , Whitman Craig B. 
Published: February 2013

Allergic hypersensitivity reactions are a rare adverse effect of corticosteroids. Previous reports have identified patients who developed symptoms of urticaria, dyspnea, hypotension, bronchospasm, and angioedema occurring within minutes to an hour after corticosteroid administration. A 35‐year‐old woman is described who developed an atypical reaction of isolated macroglossia after receiving intravenous methylprednisolone sodium succinate for myasthenic crisis. Macroglossia was identified on day 2 of therapy and worsened through day 5. On day 5, she was transitioned to prednisone 50 mg daily administered by feeding tube. Tongue swelling improved by day 7 and on day 10, the patient was extubated. The patient required reintubation due to stridor, but received a tracheostomy and was weaned off mechanical ventilation by day 15. The reaction was not confirmed with skin‐prick tests, intradermal tests, or a drug rechallenge; however, she had previously received and tolerated all other drugs administered during this time. Due to the timing of administration and onset of symptoms, we feel this adverse drug reaction was likely due to administration of methylprednisolone. Applying the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale to this case, a score of six was obtained, indicating a probable association between the administration of methylprednisolone and the development of macroglossia. As intravenous corticosteroids are often used in the treatment of allergic reactions, they may be overlooked as a cause of macroglossia and other allergic reactions; therefore, practitioners need to be aware of the possibility of this adverse effect secondary to corticosteroid administration. In the event of methylprednisolone sodium succinate–induced macroglossia, alternative nonesterified corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone or prednisone, should be considered if continuation of therapy is required.
Noise characteristics of InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes
Authors: Wörl Andreas , Kleinow Philipp , Rehm Robert , Schmitz Johannes , Walther Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA sophisticated noise measurement setup employing a switching unit to measure statistically relevant numbers of InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes has been developed. The noise current resolution limit of 20 fA Hz‐1/2 enables the characterization of focal plane array‐sized InAs/GaSb superlattice homojunction photodiodes for the long‐wavelength infrared at 77 K. To resolve midwavelength infrared photodiodes a junction area of about (400 µm)2 is required. Without switching unit and by using a dedicated low noise amplifier, noise currents down to 2 fA Hz‐1/2 can be achieved, allowing the noise characterization of mid‐wavelength photodiodes with smaller junction areas. With this setup long‐wavelength and mid‐wavelength InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes, with generation‐recombination limited dark current behavior, are investigated at 77 K. The measured diode noise follows the theoretically predicted shot noise level within the white noise part of the spectra. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recent changes in U.S. connection design practice
Authors: Carter Charles J. , Duncan Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe 2010 AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 360‐10) forms the basis for the 14th edition of the AISC Steel Construction Manual. Both publications reflect changes in connection design requirements and practices. This paper summarizes the most relevant changes in connection design requirements and practices made in these latest versions of these documents.
A compact, closed‐form solution for the optimum, ideal wind turbine
Authors: Peters David A. , Modarres Ramin 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTThe classical momentum solution for the optimum induced‐flow distribution of a wind turbine in the presence of wake swirl can be found in many textbooks. This standard derivation consists of two momentum balances (one for axial momentum and one for angular momentum), which are combined into a formula for power coefficient in terms of induction factors. Numerical procedures then give the proper induction factors for the optimum inflow distribution at any radial station; and this, in turn, gives the best possible power coefficient for an ideal wind turbine.The present development offers a more straightforward derivation of the optimum turbine. The final formulas give the identical conditions for the ideal wind turbine as do the classical solutions—but with several important differences in the derivation and in the form of the results. First, only one momentum balance is required (the other being redundant). Second, the solution is provided in a compact, closed form for both the induction factors and the minimum power—rather than in terms of a numerical process. Third, the solution eliminates the singularities that are present in current published solutions. Fourth, this new approach also makes possible a closed‐form solution for the optimum chord distribution in the presence of wake rotation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current state and recent advances in biopharmaceutical production in Escherichia coli, yeasts and mammalian cells
Authors: Berlec Aleš , Štrukelj Borut 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Almost all of the 200 or so approved biopharmaceuticals have been produced in one of three host systems: the bacterium Escherichia coli, yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris) and mammalian cells. We describe the most widely used methods for the expression of recombinant proteins in the cytoplasm or periplasm of E. coli, as well as strategies for secreting the product to the growth medium. Recombinant expression in E. coli influences the cell physiology and triggers a stress response, which has to be considered in process development. Increased expression of a functional protein can be achieved by optimizing the gene, plasmid, host cell, and fermentation process. Relevant properties of two yeast expression systems, S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris, are summarized. Optimization of expression in S. cerevisiae has focused mainly on increasing the secretion, which is otherwise limiting. P. pastoris was recently approved as a host for biopharmaceutical production for the first time. It enables high-level protein production and secretion. Additionally, genetic engineering has resulted in its ability to produce recombinant proteins with humanized glycosylation patterns. Several mammalian cell lines of either rodent or human origin are also used in biopharmaceutical production. Optimization of their expression has focused on clonal selection, interference with epigenetic factors and genetic engineering. Systemic optimization approaches are applied to all cell expression systems. They feature parallel high-throughput techniques, such as DNA microarray, next-generation sequencing and proteomics, and enable simultaneous monitoring of multiple parameters. Systemic approaches, together with technological advances such as disposable bioreactors and microbioreactors, are expected to lead to increased quality and quantity of biopharmaceuticals, as well as to reduced product development times.
Two Spectrophotometric Methods for the Assay of Benzalkonium Chloride in Bandage Samples
Authors: Ma Weixing , Ma Xiaodong , Sha Ou , Liu Yinghong 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTwo rapid, direct, extraction‐free spectrophotometric procedures were developed for the determination of benzalkonium chloride. The procedures were based on the formation of mixed dye‐surfactant aggregates between eosine Y and benzalkonium chloride (Method A), or between eosine B and benzalkonium chloride (Method B) in Clark‐Lubs medium by measuring the increase in absorbance at 556 and 550 nm, respectively. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5–12 and 0.5–12 μg mL−1 for benzalkonium chloride with good precision and accuracy, whose limits of detection were 0.1 μg mL−1 at 556 nm for Method A and 0.2 μg mL−1 at 550 nm for Method B, respectively. The proposed procedures were successfully applied to the assay of benzalkonium chloride in bandages. The analytical results of the real samples were in good agreement with those by HPLC.
A randomised study on the effectiveness of therapist-ledv. self-help parental intervention for treating childhood obesity
Authors: Hystad Hilde Tang , Steinsbekk Silje , Ødegård Rønnaug , Wichstrøm Lars , Gudbrandsen Oddrun Anita 
Published: February 2013

A strategy is needed on how to treat the growing number of obese children with the limited resources available. We compared the long-term (24 months) effectiveness of therapist-led groups (TLG)v. self-help groups (SHG) for parents on changes in children's adiposity and dietary intake. The study included ninety-nine children (forty-eight girls) who were referred to obesity treatment (7–12 years, BMIz-scores ≥ 2, attendance of at least one parent). Parents (ninety-one mothers, fifty-four fathers) were randomised to TLG aimed at increasing parents' competence to accomplish lifestyle changes (n47), or SHG (n52), both with fifteen sessions. All children participated in children's groups, and all families attended individual counselling by a clinical dietitian and physiotherapist. Percentage of body fat (BF) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, BMIz-score was calculated by international reference values and dietary intake was calculated from 4 d estimated food records at baseline and after 6 and 24 months. No significant between-group differences were detected in the children's changes in adiposity or dietary intake after 6 and 24 months. BF, BMIz-scores and energy intake were significantly decreased after 6 months (P< 0·05) in both intervention groups, and this persisted throughout 24 months without compromising the diet macronutrient composition. In conclusion, the TLG and SHG intervention groups appear to be equally effective in improving long-term adiposity and dietary intake in obese children. Further research should be performed to clarify whether the SHG should be preferred to parental group treatment for similar children with obesity.
Bruise susceptibilities of Golden Delicious apples as affected by mechanical impact and fruit properties
Authors: ABEDI GHASEM , AHMADI EBRAHIM 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYIn order to reduce bruising damage to fruits, it is necessary to know the effect of fruit properties on bruise susceptibility. Statistical bruise estimation models were constructed to determine the level of bruising in Golden Delicious apples. The regression models were built based upon peak contact force (PF) and impact energy as the main independent variables, with other parameters including fruit curvature radius, temperature and acoustic stiffness (a measure of texture/firmness of fruit and vegetables). Significant effects of acoustic stiffness, temperature and curvature radius and some interactions on bruising were obtained with determination coefficients of 0·87 and 0·93 for the force and energy models, respectively. It was demonstrated that increasing the temperature and lowering acoustic stiffness reduced bruise damage to the fruit. Golden delicious apples with a low radius of curvature developed more bruise damage compared to large apples when impacts were low, but the opposite was true for high impacts, with less damage for small fruit. No significant differences were observed between the predicted bruise volumes of models that included PF and impact energy at all impact levels.
The type and spatial distribution of past waste at the abandoned Wilkes Station, East Antarctica
Authors: Fryirs Kirstie , Snape Ian , Babicka Nadia 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTLegacy waste is a significant problem in Antarctica. This is particularly the case where waste generated on stations prior to the 1980s was incinerated, placed in landfill sites or disposed of at sea. Although several Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) reports from the 1980s recognise that there are contaminated sites at the abandoned Wilkes Station, there has been no systematic attempt to classify the waste or define the spatial scale of the problem, making development of strategic and systematic clean-up or preservation programmes difficult. This article reports on a project to classify the waste remaining on Clark Peninsula using categories listed in Annex III, Article 2 of the Madrid Protocol (1991). 536 sites with one or more waste items have been identified in nine categories that are based on the degree of waste hazard, recyclability, heritage value and waste management potential. Fuel drums, petroleum hydrocarbons waste and contaminated sediment occur at 38% of the sites. This waste includes around 1020 partially full fuel drums. Heritage items that illustrate expedition life at Wilkes occur at about 10% of the sites. Solid, non-combustible waste, including scrap metal, copper wire and pipe, and steel mechanical parts, occurs at 25% of the sites. Potentially hazardous or harmful waste including electrical batteries, plastics including fuel bladders, food remains, treated timber and containers containing persistent compounds occur at 28% of sites. Although hazardous substances, such as caustic soda, explosives and asbestos, occur at only 9% of the sites, these items represent significant contamination and heath issues for the sites and for visiting explorers. Any future clean-up operations will require more than just the physical removal of waste. Preservation, removal and treatment of various types of waste from Wilkes will be required as part of a multi-year, multi-strategy approach.
When International Criminal Justice Collides with Principles of International Protection: Assessing the Consequences of ICC Witnesses Seeking Asylum, Defendants Being Acquitted, and Convicted Being Released
Authors: VAN WIJK JORIS 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn 2011 three Congolese ICC defence witnesses applied for asylum in the Netherlands. A decision has not yet been made. This article argues that three outcomes of their procedures are most likely: (i) an asylum permit is granted, (ii) a permit is denied, or (iii) the applicants are excluded from refugee protection on the basis of Article 1(f)(a). All scenarios would have serious practical and political consequences for the ICC, the Netherlands, and the DRC. There is a limited, but real, chance that future defence witnesses will also apply for asylum. This mere threat might already seriously hamper future co-operation between the ICC and states parties. More practical and political dilemmas stemming from a lack of harmonization between international criminal law and principles of international protection lie ahead, since a coherent scheme on how to deal with ICC defendants whose case has been rejected in the pre-trial phase, who have been acquitted, or who have served their sentence and cannot be refouled to their country of origin has thus far not been realized. As it stands the international community does not have an answer to this fundamental system error yet.
Major Incidents in Kenya: the Case for Emergency Services Development and Training
Authors: Wachira Benjamin W. , Smith Wayne 
Published: February 2013

AbstractKenya's major incidents profile is dominated by droughts, floods, fires, terrorism, poisoning, collapsed buildings, accidents in the transport sector and disease/epidemics. With no integrated emergency services and a lack of resources, many incidents in Kenya escalate to such an extent that they become major incidents. Lack of specific training of emergency services personnel to respond to major incidents, poor coordination of major incident management activities, and a lack of standard operational procedures and emergency operation plans have all been shown to expose victims to increased morbidity and mortality.This report provides a review of some of the major incidents in Kenya for the period 2000-2012, with the hope of highlighting the importance of developing an integrated and well-trained Ambulance and Fire and Rescue service appropriate for the local health care system.WachiraB, SmithW. Major incidents in Kenya: the case for emergency services development and training. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(2):1-4.