bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structuring Sense: Volume III: Taking Form
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis book is volume III of a trilogy which explores the difference between words however defined and structures however constructed. The trilogy sets out to demonstrate that the explanation of linguistic competence should be shifted from lexical entries to syntactic structure, from the memorizing of listed information to the manipulation of grammatical rules. Its reformulation of how grammar and listed items interact has profound implications for linguistic, philosophical, and psychological theories about the human mind and language. The book departs from both constructional approaches to syntax and the long generative tradition that uses the word as the nucleus around which the syntax grows. It argues that the hierarchical, abstract structures of language are universal, not language specific, and that language variation emerges from the morphological and phonological properties of grammatical functors, or more specifically, inflection. This volume applies this approach to the construction of complex words. The book develops a new model of word formation, arguing that the basic building blocks of language are on the one hand rigid semantic and syntactic functions, and on the other hand, roots, which in themselves are but packets of phonological information, and are devoid of both meaning and grammatical properties of any kind. Within such a model, syntactic category, syntactic selection and argument structure are all mediated through syntactic structures projected from rigid functions, or alternatively, constructed through general combinatorial principles of syntax, such as Chomsky's Merge. The meaning of ‘words’, in turn, does not involve the existence of lexemes, but rather the matching of a well-defined and phonologically articulated syntactic domain with conceptual Content, itself outside the domain of language as such. In a departure from most current models of syntax but in line with many philosophical traditions, then, the Exo-Skeletal model partitions ‘meaning’ into formal functions, on the one hand, and Content, on the other hand. While the former are read off syntactico-semantic structures as is usually assumed, Content is crucially read off syntactico-phonological structures.
Taking Root
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides evidence for roots as phonological units devoid of Content. Borrowing a chapter from Aronoff, (1976), evidence for the pure phonological nature of roots is based on English bound roots as well as from Semitic consonantal roots. Additional evidence comes from phonological selection by roots. The claim that roots select arguments, as is claimed at times, is directly challenged. Additional evidence for the absence of Content for roots comes from a careful investigation of coercion, and specifically, from the presence of coercion for Contentful, fully categorized items, as e.g. in ‘there is much dog on the floor’ vs. its absence within non-compositional words (e.g. ‘flaky’). More concretely, it is argued that if Content is assigned to roots, the contrast is inexplicable. If, however, Content is assigned to constituents larger than the root, and specifically, e.g. to [Ndog] in the context of ‘the’, and to ‘flaky’ as a whole, rather than to ‘flake’, an account is possible, insofar as whatever Content is assigned to the constituent ‘dog’ is in conceptual conflict with the semantics of ‘much’. The inevitable conclusion, however, is that the root ‘π√flake’ in itself cannot have Content or a similar conflict would emerge. The chapter includes a general discussion on phonological relatedness and puts forth the strong claim that accounting for phonological relatedness is the primary task of any morphological system, and that any morphosyntactic system that fails to capture such relatedness it not, in actuality, accounting for the relevant subject matter.
Trying Communism through International Criminal Law? The Experiences of the Hungarian Historical Justice Trials
Authors: Tamás Hoffmann 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter analyses the Hungarian historical trials which sought to address the mass atrocities committed against civilians during the communist regime. It shows that the Hungarian judiciary was unable to apply international criminal law to the events of the 1956 revolution. The main lesson learned from the trials, aside from the need to reform the legal education of judges, is that international criminal law cannot be a substitute for the ultimately political project of confronting past wrongs and trying to achieve national reconciliation.
Introduction
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter sets out the objectives and contents of the book as a whole. Despite increased economic growth in many African countries, high rates of rural poverty continue, associated with low productivity in smallholder staple crops with very low fertilizer use. Higher than average fertilizer use in some countries is associated with large-scale agricultural input subsidy programmes. These are being adopted by a number of countries, but are controversial and new approaches have been the subject of limited study. Malawi’s experience with a large-scale programme since 2005 offers insights into the benefits and difficulties of such programmes. The book therefore aims to develop understanding of new forms of agricultural input subsidy programmes, to derive insights into this from Malawi’s experience, and to promote more informed debate on these issues. The chapter concludes with an outline of the book’s contents and of the data and analytical methods on which it draws.
Agricultural input subsidies: changing theory and practice
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Agricultural input subsidies were a major feature of agricultural development policies in rural economies from the 1960s to 1980s. The theoretical case for agricultural subsidies is based on their promotion of agricultural productivity by making investment in new technologies more attractive to smallholder farmers. If market failures mean that farmers’ private input costs are higher than true social or economic costs then a subsidy can generate a positive overall net economic return. However, there have been concerns related to inefficiency, leakages, and diversion of subsidized inputs. Despite these concerns there is resurgent interest in input subsidies in Africa, with new ‘smart’ input subsidies, particularly for staples, being viewed as one means of achieving food security and pro-poor growth as well as replenishing soil fertility. This chapter develops the theoretical underpinnings of ‘smart’ agricultural input subsidies, their pros and cons, and their roles in agricultural development in low income countries.
Targeting and access to input subsidies
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Targeting of input subsidies is a critical element of the Malawi agricultural subsidy programme, and a highly debated issue. This chapter analyses the experiences of targeting and presents options for improving targeting. The analysis shows that targeting at area level has considerably improved with more equitable allocations consistent with the geographic distribution of poverty. Criteria for household targeting are very broad and the analysis shows that vulnerable households such as the poor- and elderly-headed are less likely than other households to receive fertilizer coupons and they receive less of the subsidized fertilizers. However the use of open meetings in the allocation of coupons tends to favour the poor who also receive more fertilizer compared with non-open allocations of coupons. Although there are gender biases in allocation of coupons, there is no gender bias in the use of subsidized fertilizers on plots controlled by different members of the households.
Inwardness Without Self
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
On the one hand, Buddhism begins with the idea of truth within, the inner enlightenment experience of the Buddha that spawns a civilization; yet, on the other, it denies the notion of the self. What precisely the Buddha meant by ‘no-self’ is contentious. Clearly Buddhism does not agree philosophically with the Hindu traditions, and Buddhism is philosophically diverse even within itself. Yet that being said, the notion of inwardness is important in the tradition and tells us something about the mode of being a person and the mode of spiritual development that Buddhism proclaims. The famous story of Siddhārtha Gautama testifies to the importance of inwardness that lies at the root of the tradition. The chapter examines the truth within in Mahāyāna Buddhism, focusing on meditation practice and mindfulness of mental states.
Service Measurement and Definition
Authors: Battisti Giuliana , Dwivedi Yogesh K. , Kuah Adrian T.H. , Lages Cristiana R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn recent years, there has been significant growth in the contribution of services to the economy of developed nations. However, despite the importance of the service economy, there has been a delay in the collection of data. The challenges relating to the definition and classification of services, alongside the measurement of their performance and innovative effort raise a number of important issues yet to be addressed adequately. This has partly contributed to the delay in the development of public policies aimed at sustaining the growth of services. This chapter aims to shed some light on the conceptualization of services and service performance measurement. The aim is to present some stylized facts and to highlight limitations and advancements in an understanding of the nature of services, the associated statistics and performance measures. In conclusion, ways in which policymakers, academics, and businesses may revisit the basics and rethink policies and strategies are suggested to ensure that the contribution of services to economic competitiveness and more in general to the UK economy are maximized.
Employment in Service and the Service Sector
Authors: Grugulis Irena 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter considers the wide range of occupations in the service sector. It draws on the literature of customer-facing work and argues that this is one form of service sector work but that others also exist, including customer facing, high touch service sector work; ‘traditional’ work; work in the creative industries; knowledge work and public sector service work. While high touch service sector work is distinctive, ‘traditional’ work resembles that located in manufacturing and knowledge work, public sector work and work in the creative industries each have their own distinguishing features. The chapter goes on to consider the nature of (soft and social) service sector skills and draw out the implications of these for work and workers.
Service Systems for Value Co-Creation
Authors: Smith Laura A. , Ng Irene C.L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractService systems for value co-creation are gaining prominence within certain industries such as healthcare (with greater customer empowerment in their treatment), mobile telecommunication and the internet (with user generated content), and education (with self-study courses). Some argue that this is the world we are moving towards, a world in which the customer and their resources are a partner in the processes and practices of the firm (Prahalad and Ramaswamy 2000). As a result, the management of the customer as a co-creator presents itself as a major challenge in the design and management of service systems. Through a review and comparative analysis of three widely published cases considered to be service systems for co-created outcomes, Chapter 11 addresses the question of what challenges this presents. Six challenges of a service system for value co-creation are identified; the determination challenge; measurement challenge; revenue challenge; context challenge; resource challenge; and skills challenge.
Extraction from DP in Italian Revisited
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe generalization that of all arguments and adjuncts only the subject can be extracted from a DP in Italian (and Romance, more generally) was a puzzle for the theory of the early ‘80s. It can however be seen to follow, today, from Relativized Minimality, the assumption that DPs are phases and the recognition that the escape edge of DPs is an A-, and not an A’-, position.
DE-Infinitives as Complements to Romanian Nouns
Authors: Hill Virginia 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn standard modern Romanian, nouns select either infinitive or subjunctive complements when in object position but only infinitive complements when in subject position. In other Balkan languages, nouns select subjunctive complements in any environment. This paper accounts for the inter- and cross-linguistic contrast in complementation by looking at how syntactic checking applies to the features of infinitive and subjunctive T. The checking operations involve movement, which generates well-formed chains when the non-finite complement is a FinP or MoodP but not when it is a ForceP; the latter configuration fails under Relativized Minimality.
Grammatical Processing
Authors: Siloni Tal 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper provides evidence that Grammar and Parser have access to the same computational tools. The empirical array consists of the so-called Garden Path sentences, which the human parser manages to analyze only after perceptible breakdown and conscious reanalysis (e.g., “After Susan drank the water evaporated”). The paper examines garden path sentences of various patterns and in a variety of languages (English, Hebrew, Hungarian, and Japanese). It is first argued that grammar and parser build structure based on the same principles. Differences in the structure building mechanism follow from the fact that the former builds structure based on internal intentions while the latter is fed with an external string. Licit reanalysis during processing is argued to be movement. Hence, whenever the target of relocation does not c-command the source, movement fails and breakdown is sensed. The distinctions between reanalysis movement and syntactic movement concern copies (traces) and locality constraints. They result from the distinct task movement serves in each case. If the proposal is on the right track, we have independent evidence in favour of the operation Move, assumed by derivational theories.
How the Afterlife Matters
Authors: Frankfurt Harry G. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This comment questions Scheffler’s account of how and why the collective afterlife matters to us. Many things that matter to us, in particular those things whose mattering to us depends on their intrinsic features, might well continue to matter to us even if we believed there was no collective afterlife. And to the extent that the afterlife does matter to us, it is not because it matters to us that humanity has a future, but instead because it matters to us that others are aware of us, whether in the future or present.
Death, Value, and the Afterlife: Responses
Authors: Scheffler Samuel 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter responds to the essays by Harry Frankfurt, Niko Kolodny, Seana Shiffrin, and Susan Wolf that are included in the book. It addresses a range of issues raised in those essays. Among the issues considered are: the plausibility of the afterlife conjecture; the question whether the truth of that conjecture would reveal limits to human egoism; the significance of our divergent reactions to the prospect of humanity’s imminent extinction and the prospect of its eventual extinction; the nature of our conservatism about value; the question whether our concern for the survival of humanity reveals the importance we attach to the things we now value or rather to the activity of valuing itself; the reasonableness of our fear of death; and the question whether death is necessary in order for us to lead value-laden lives.
The role played by Gerhard Adler in the development of analytical psychology internationally and in the UK
Authors: Casement Ann 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Jungian analyst Gerhard Adler left Berlin and re‐settled in London in 1936. He was closely involved with the professionalization of analytical psychology internationally and in the UK, including the formation of the International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP) and The Society of Analytical Psychology (SAP).The tensions that arose within the latter organization led to a split that ended in the formation of the Association of Jungian Analysts (AJA). A further split at AJA resulted in the creation of another organization, the Independent Group of Analytical Psychologists (IGAP). Adler's extensive publications include his role as an editor of Jung's Collected Works and as editor of the C.G. Jung Letters.
Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae in controlling the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on common bean in screenhouse and field experiments
Authors: Bugeme David Mugisho , Knapp Markus , Ekesi Sunday , Chabi‐Olaye Adenirin , Boga Hamadi Iddi , Maniania Nguya Kalemba 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe efficacy of aqueous and emulsifiable formulations of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae isolate ICIPE78 was evaluated on the population density of Tetranychus urticae infesting common bean plants under screenhouse and field conditions. Synthetic acaricide abamectin was included as a check. Bean plants were artificially infested with T. urticae and allowed to multiply. Three treatments were applied in the screenhouse and 1 treatment in field trials. Mite density was recorded 2 d before spraying and weekly postspraying. The number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and the dry weight of seeds per plant were recorded only in the screenhouse trials. In both screenhouse and field trials, fungal formulations applied at the concentration of 108 conidia/mL and the acaricide reduced the population density of mites as compared to the controls. There were significant differences in T. urticae population densities between the treatments at the various post‐spraying sampling dates. In the screenhouse, the mite densities were near zero from 3‐week postspraying in the treated leaves. At 4‐week postspraying, there were no more leaves in the untreated control (T1) and in the control water + Silwet‐L77 (T2). Fungal formulations were as effective as abamectin in reducing mite densities in both screenhouse and field experiments. There were significant differences in the production parameters during the 2 screenhouse trials, with fungal and abamectin treatments generally having the highest yield. Results of this study underline the potential of the M. anisopliae isolate ICIPE78 as an alternative to acaricides for T. urticae management.
Association between erectile dysfunction and echocardiographic variables of ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross‐sectional study 在合并2型糖尿病的高血压患者中勃起功能障碍与心室肥厚以及舒张功能超声心动图变量之间的关系：一项横断面研究
Authors: Severo Mateus Dornelles , Leiria Liana Farias , Ledur Priscila dos Santos , Becker Alexandre Dalpiaz , Aguiar Fernanda Musa , Massierer Daniela , Gus Miguel , Schaan Beatriz D'Agord 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study was conducted among individuals with diabetes and hypertension in order to assess the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) and the association between ED and cardiovascular risk variables such as echocardiographic changes.MethodsWe evaluated 114 men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. ED was assessed by International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5) score. Clinical and laboratory variables were evaluated, including C‐reactive protein (CRP), ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), ankle brachial index (ABI) and transthoracic echocardiography. Comparisons between patients with ED (IIEF‐5 < 22) and without ED (IIEF‐5 ≥ 22) were performed.ResultsPatients were 56.8 ± 5.7 years‐old, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 150.7 ± 19.5 mmHg and 85.4 ± 11.4 mmHg, respectively, and HbA1c was 8.0 ± 1.7%. The majority (74.6%) of patients had ED. Levels of CRP, ABPM values and ABI were similar between men with and without ED. Echocardiography variables related to cardiac chamber diameters, left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function were similar between groups, except there was a slight lower left ventricular ejection fraction in men with ED (64.9 ± 7.3 vs 68.1 ± 3.9%, P = 0.004).ConclusionsIn high cardiovascular risk hypertensive individuals with type 2 diabetes, ED is highly prevalent as expected, but its presence is associated with neither echocardiographic variables, nor other cardiovascular risk factors.
A case series of autoimmune diseases accompanied by incidentally diagnosed monoclonal gammopathy: Is there a link between the two diseases?
Authors: Cho Sun Young , Yang Hyung‐Seok , Jeon You La , You Eunkyoung , Lee Hee Joo , Yoon Hwi‐Joong , Park Tae Sung 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimAlthough the etiology of plasma cell dyscrasia is poorly understood, there is evidence for immune dysregulation or sustained immune stimulation playing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of these diseases, including chronic infection and autoimmune disorders. In this study, we report four autoimmune disease cases where monoclonal gammopathy (MG) was incidentally found during follow‐up.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical charts and laboratory test results in the following four cases: neuromyelitis optica, Kikuchi disease, Sjögren syndrome and ankylosing spondylosis.ResultsThe four patients were older than 55 years and the male‐to‐female ratio was 2 : 2. The autoimmune disease in each case developed differently because two patients had coincidental detection of MG, whereas MG was detected 2 years and 10 years after diagnosis in the other two patients. The amount of M‐components in the blood for two cases was ≤ 1 g/dL. For the other two subjects, M‐components were ≥ 3 g/dL.ConclusionA high prevalence of MG of undetermined significance (MGUS) has been noted in a series of patients with immune disorders, suggesting a possible association with MG. Further studies should focus on determining how MG relates to various clinical information and laboratory parameters, such as disease duration, disease activity and higher sedimentation rate. In the future, we also need to identify which stimuli, such as cytokine types and levels, can induce lymphocyte clonal transformation and the production of monoclonal antibodies.