bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbiology
Authors: Karavadra Babu , Haines Richard A. , Sule Medha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on single best answer questions that test knowledge on the microbiology that is relevant for the MRCOG part 1 examination. An understanding of the principles that underpin medical microbiology is important. An understanding of the common infections that can impact the pregnancy mother and her unborn baby is vital to ensure the patient is referred to the most appropriate healthcare practitioner. Within the context of gynaecology, sexually transmitted infections are not uncommon and therefore a thorough understanding of this is essential. In clinical practice, knowledge of medical microbiology is often applied within the context of interpreting investigations.
General Surgery Board Review
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Comprehensive Surgical In-Service and Board Review compiles all the principles and clinically relevant facts of general surgery, serving as a primary reference for residents during their training. It provides a fundamental understanding of surgical specialties, the opportunity for improved clinical performance, and an avenue for residents to reach their potential on yearly in-service training exams and the national board exam. The author consistently performed in the 99th percentile on in-service exams every year, and achieved one of the highest national board exam certification scores. Introductory chapters span cellular and tissue mechanics to microorganisms and antimicrobials; hematology; anesthesia and perioperative care. The majority of the text is organ-system based, progressing through diagnosis and treatment of the alimentary tract and solid organ adjuncts. Additional areas are dedicated to critical care, trauma, and pediatrics. High yield facts in neurosurgery, orthopedics, thoracic, vascular, urology and gynecology are also included.
Colon
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The anatomy and physiology of the colon as an organ of transport and fluid absorption is reviewed. Diagnostic tests, with a focus on colonoscopy and polyp management, follows. The next section is dedicated to colon adenocarcinoma, medical and surgical management including details of the various types of colectomy and proctectomy, as well as qualifications for transanal excision, metastasectomy, and adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy. Commonly tested familial syndromes are described. The latter portion of the chapter is about benign colon disease including diverticulitis, ulcerative and Crohn’s colitis, and ischemic and infectious colitis. Key points in diagnosing and managing colonic bleeding and obstruction are highlighted, as well as commonly tested complications of stomas. A portion of the chapter is focused on benign and malignant appendiceal pathology.
Biliary Tract
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The anatomy of the biliary tree and composition of bile and gallstones are reviewed. The physiology of bile excretion and its regulation are discussed. Diagnosis and management of calculous and acalculous cholecystitis are described in detail. The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and cholecystostomy tubes are summarized. The pathophysiology of gallbladder adenocarcinoma and its treatment algorithm is outlined. The chapter then moves on to biliary duct pathology: choledocholithiasis, infection, injury, stricture, and choledochal cysts. This section closes with a discussion of cholangiocarcinoma, biliary cirrhosis, and sclerosing cholangitis.
Hernia
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews all types of abdominal wall, inguinal, and pelvic floor hernias. The anatomy, myofascial layers, neural, and vascular considerations are described specific to each hernia. Indications for emergent and elective operation vary by hernia type. Open and laparoscopic techniques are described, as well as the myriad of complications. Indications and contraindications for component separation and mesh placement are summarized. The chapter closes with a synopsis of parastomal hernias and their management, as well as a list of commonly tested abdominal wall and peritoneal lining pathology.
Pediatrics
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A review of the essentials of pediatric surgery for any general surgeon embarking on a clinical rotation or their general board examination. It starts with volume principles and fluid management of the pediatric patient. Pathology is then reviewed by organ-system, including neck masses, airway and parenchymal respiratory malformations, diaphragmatic and torso envelope abnormalities, common hepatic disorders, common non-neural pediatric tumors, and a summary of each major alimentary tract aberrancy and emergency. The chapter ends with commonly tested miscellaneous malformations.
Vascular
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter spans all of vascular surgery, from the pathophysiology of plaque to steno-occlusive disease across all surgically accessible vascular territories—carotid, upper limb, thoracic and abdominal aorta, mesenteric, visceral, and lower extremities. Diagnostic workup and an array of treatment options are described to guide the surgeon clinically as well as in a testing situation. There are sections dedicated specifically to aneurysmal disease, aortic dissection, hemodialysis access, endovascular repair, acute limb ischemia, and principles of amputation. All manner of venous and lymphatic disease are reviewed as well. The chapter closes with acute and chronic mesenteric ischemia and other miscellaneous, commonly tested, arterial pathology.
The impact of acute kidney damage in the community
Authors: Diaz Javier , Lidon Laura , Sauri Inma , Fernandez Antonio , Grau Maria , Gorriz Jose L , Forner Maria J , Redon Josep 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Background and hypothesis
The aim was to assess incidence of acute kidney disease and disorders (AKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) episodes and their impact on progression of renal dysfunction and risk of all-cause mortality in the community.

Methods
Community of 1 863 731 aged &gt;23 years with at least two serum creatinine measurements. eGFR was calculated using the chronic kidney disease (CKD)-EPI formula. CKD, AKD and AKI were defined according to the harmonized KDIGO criteria (Lameire 2021). The sCr values and Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-stage (RIFLE) scale was used to classify episodes. Progression of renal dysfunction and mortality were evaluated.

Results
A total of 56 850 episodes of AKD in 47 972 patients over 4.8 years were identified. AKD incidence of AKD was 3.51 and 12.56/1000 patients/year in non-CKD and CKD, respectively. One AKD episode was observed in 87.3% patients, two in 9.3%, and three or more in 3.4%. A second episode was less common in patients without CKD (10.3%) compared to those with CKD (18.4%). Among patients without CKD a total of 43.8% progressed to CKD, and those with previous CKD 63.1% had eGFR decline of &gt;50%. The risk of progression to CKD was higher in women, older, overweight-obesity, and heart failure, as was the risk of eGFR decline &gt;50% in CKD patients, although the number of AKD episodes was also a risk factor. AKI episodes were observed in 5646 patients with or without CKD. Of these, 12.7% progressed to CKD and of those with pre-existing CKD, 43.2% had an eGFR decline of &gt;20%. In the total population, mortality within 3 months of detection of AKD episode occurred in 7% patients, and was even higher in patients with AKI at 30.1%.

Conclusion
Acute elevations in serum creatinine in the community may pose a health risk and contribute to the development of CKD. Identification of therapeutic targets and provision of appropriate follow-up for those who survive an episode is warranted.
Treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer using localized trans-arterial micro perfusion of gemcitabine: combined analysis of RR1 and RR2
Authors: Hatoum Hassan , Rosemurgy Alexander , Bastidas J Augusto , Zervos Emmanuel , Muscarella Peter , Edil Barish H , Cynamon Jacob , Johnson D Thor , Thomas Christopher , Swinson Bradley M , Nordgren Aaron , Vitulli Paul , Nutting Charles , Gipson Matthew , Tsobanoudis Alex , Agah Ramtin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) comprises 40% of pancreatic cancer diagnoses and has a relatively poor prognosis. Trans-arterial micro perfusion (TAMP)-mediated chemotherapy delivery to the primary tumor is a novel approach worthy of investigation. The RR1 (dose escalation) and RR2 (observational) studies examined the safety and preliminary efficacy of TAMP-delivered gemcitabine for LAPC.

Patients and Methods
RR1 and RR2 data were pooled. Both studies enrolled patients with LAPC with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma. Participant data, including age, sex, race, stage, previous treatments, toxicity, disease progression, and death, were collected. Median number of cycles and average treatment dosage were calculated. Overall survival (OS) was determined for the whole group and separately for patients who received and did not receive previous treatments. Aims of the analysis were to assess procedure safety, OS, and evaluate factors associated with OS.

Results
The median age of the 43 patients enrolled in RR1 and RR2 was 72 years (range, 51-88 years). Median OS for the 35 eligible patients with stage III disease was 12.6 months (95% CI, 2.1-54.2 months). Previous chemoradiation was associated with significantly longer OS [27.1 months (95% CI, 8.4-40.6 months)] compared to previous systemic chemotherapy [14.6 months (95% CI, 6.4-54.2 months)] or no prior treatment [7.0 months (95% CI, 2.1-35.4 months)] (P &lt; .001). The most common adverse events were GI related (abdominal pain, emesis, and vomiting); the most common grade 3 toxicity was sepsis.

Conclusion
Study results indicate that TAMP-mediated gemcitabine delivery in patients with LAPC is potentially safe, feasible, and provides potential clinical benefits.

Clinical Trial Registration
NCT02237157 (RR1) and NCT02591082 (RR2).
Intellectual Journeys towards Emotions: A Conversation among Feminist Scholars
Authors: Barua Rukmini , Lämmert Stephanie , Sarıoğlu Esra , Wambach Julia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This Viewpoint contribution considers the recent turn to emotion and affect in the humanities and the social sciences. We present here a conversation between four scholars of gender, Ute Frevert, Chitra Joshi, Lynn M. Thomas and Valerie Walkerdine, reflecting on their personal intellectual trajectories. In their discussion, they examine how, when and why they began to explore the analytical potential of feelings and emotions in their scholarly work. The turn to emotions was motivated by a search for more nuanced perspectives on social hierarchies, and subjectivity and agency. Through their respective expertise on western Europe, India, East and Southern Africa and Britain, the four scholars address the global connections between studies of gender and the increasing import of emotions as an analytical lens.
Against a global conception of mathematical hinges
Authors: Fairhurst Jordi , Pérez-Escobar José Antonio , Sarikaya Deniz 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Epistemologists have developed a diverse group of theories, known as hinge epistemology, about our epistemic practices that resort to and expand on Wittgenstein's concept of ‘hinges’ in On Certainty. Within hinge epistemology there is a debate over the epistemic status of hinges. Some hold that hinges are non-epistemic (neither known, justified, nor warranted), while others contend that they are epistemic. Philosophers on both sides of the debate have often connected this discussion to Wittgenstein's later views on mathematics. Others have directly questioned whether there are mathematical hinges, and if so, these would be axioms. Here, we give a hinge epistemology account for mathematical practices based on their contextual dynamics. We argue that 1) there are indeed mathematical hinges (and they are not axioms necessarily), and 2) a given mathematical entity can be used contextually as an epistemic hinge, a non-epistemic hinge, or a non-hinge. We sustain our arguments exegetically and empirically.
Social Protections and Climate Migration: Service Navigation among Puerto Ricans Displaced by Hurricane Maria
Authors: Hodges James C , García Maria F , Schwartz Seth J , Vaughn Michael G , Maldonado-Molina Mildred M , Bates Melissa , Calderón Ivonne , Brown Eric C , Rodríguez José , Salas-Wright Christopher P 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
As climate change continues to displace greater numbers of people, transnational ties are important sources of social protection for climate migrants. Migrants assemble unique configurations of formal and informal social protections depending on the resources available within their sending and receiving communities. However, the specific constellations of social protections that climate migrants use following disaster and displacement remain underexamined. Authors conducted semistructured interviews with Puerto Ricans who migrated in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria (N = 41) and used qualitative content analysis to trace the assemblages of formal and informal social protections used to navigate the resettlement process. Results suggest that informal support from migrants’ transnational ties was instrumental in successfully making use of formal sources of support, including federal emergency relief programs, to leave the island and resettle on the U.S. mainland. This reliance on informal social protections often strained participants’ informal networks and raised questions of equity for people internally displaced by climate change. These findings highlight the need for a more equitable and effective linkage of climate migrants with public resources.
5Ecocriticism
Authors: Ryan John Charles 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Over the last two decades, the Anthropocene and its calamitous signatures of climate upheaval, species loss, and biocultural fragmentation has garnered dedicated attention from ecocritics, ecologists, and the public. As the culmination of a fifteen-year scientific process, however, in early 2024, the International Union of Geological Sciences, or IUGS, rejected the Anthropocene as a unit of geological time in favour of a view of the Anthropocene as a temporally transgressive event. Prominent within the year’s work are trajectories in empirical ecocriticism, ecocritical ageing studies, intermedial ecocriticism, and blue ecocriticism, all of which place emphasis on agency, narrativity, and temporality. As the example of the blue humanities reveals, explored in this essay’s conclusion, intersections between ecocriticism and emerging areas of the environmental humanities continue to generate novel directions. The expansion of interdisciplinary research engaging ecocritics, social scientists, ecologists, and geoscientists is a potential outcome of the IUGS decision. As ecocriticism evolves in the era of the Anthropocene as an event, concerns of more-than-human agency, expression, and creativity will likely attract greater focus.
In addition to presenting a broad overview of publications, each of the sections below hones in on one specific work. This review of ecocritical publications in 2023 comprises six sections: 1. Introduction: The Anthropocene from Epoch to Event, which contextualizes the IUGS’s refusal to ratify the Anthropocene as an official geochronological designation; 2. Ecocritical Directions: Towards More-than-Human Agencies, which focuses on the special issue of the journal Anthropocenes, ‘Life Out of Place’; 3. Empirical Ecocriticism: Appraising Environmental Narratives, which considers the landmark edited collection Empirical Ecocriticism; 4. Ecocritical Ageing Studies: Rethinking Narratives of Decline, which turns to the edited collection Aging Studies and Ecocriticism; 5. Intermedial Ecocriticism: Diversifying Anthropocene Narratives, evaluating Jørgen Bruhn and Niklas Salmose’s monograph Intermedial Ecocriticism; and 6. Conclusion: Ecocritical Agency and the Environmental Humanities, which reflects on developments in the blue humanities.
1Affect Theory
Authors: Warren Jack 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This review concerns the interconnections between the theory and practice of affect, where both are understood as a spiral dance that is intimate and entangled, troubled and tense. Specifically, it will review the year’s work in affect theory through the bind of practice and theory and consider how practices have attempted to record feelings, as well as whether such recording is at all possible. This idea is drawn from Gregory J. Seigworth and Carolyn Pedwell’s introduction to The Affect Theory Reader 2. The two get into the sticky, intractable, reverberating, grasping, rhythmic, and touchy-feely capacities of affects that render them, as Jasbir K. Puar puts it, ‘a site of bodily creative discombobulation and resistance’ (‘Prognosis Time’ [2009], p. 161). But Seigworth and Pedwell hold: ‘Of course this is easy to assert in theory but much harder to pull off in practice’ (p. 10). Much of The Affect Theory Reader 2 calls attention to how theory and practice co-constitute each other rather than oppose one another. This co-constitution can be messy and troubling, but, as Seigworth and Pedwell contend, such ‘ambiguities, overdeterminations, clots, tensions, and stuckness’ are the ‘initiating condition’ (p. 15) of affect theory. To lean into uncertainty, muddle through entanglements, trace the intractable, attend to the sensory, and attune to the excesses of bodies are all practices of affect theory. To quote Seigworth and Pedwell once more: ‘When something sticks, practice begins to turn to saturation—or maybe almost nothing sticks, then it is all on the fade—or sometimes, you are left half-suspended and middling through’ (p. 16). This review, then, considers works with specific apparatuses that reveal, relay, transmit, or determine the conditions of affect. These are the apparatuses that make the stickiness of affect apparent. The review is divided into three sections, each naming a distinct apparatus: 1. Autotheory; 2. Archives; 3. Laboratories. All the works in this review concern these three apparatuses or are scaffolded by them in their contact with affect. The concluding section, 4. Final Thoughts, considers how these works, whether congruous in their position on the recording of feelings or not, showcase the entanglement of theory and practice and demonstrate that affects in practice are as shimmering as affects in theory.
Readmission Rates After Expedited Postpartum Discharge
Authors: Walia Anjali , Friedman Alexander M. , Sobhani Nasim C. , Wen Timothy 
Published: July 2024

OBJECTIVE:
To characterize national trends in expedited postpartum discharge and, secondarily, to identify predictors of expedited postpartum discharge and assess whether expedited postpartum discharge was associated with postpartum readmissions within 60 days of delivery hospitalization discharge.

METHODS:
Birth hospitalizations and subsequent 60-day postpartum readmissions were extracted from the 2016–2020 Nationwide Readmissions Database for this retrospective cohort study. Postpartum discharge was categorized as expedited (less than 2 days after vaginal birth or less than 3 days after cesarean birth), routine (2 days after vaginal birth or 3 days after cesarean birth), or prolonged (more than 2 days after vaginal birth or more than 3 days after cesarean birth). Trends in expedited discharge were assessed over the study period with joinpoint regression. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were performed to assess clinical, hospital, and demographic predictors of expedited postpartum discharge. Sixty-day postpartum readmission risk was calculated, and adjusted regression models were performed to evaluate the association between expedited postpartum discharge and readmission.

RESULTS:
Of 17.9 million birth hospitalizations, 32.9% had expedited postpartum discharge. The overall 60-day postpartum readmission rate after delivery hospitalization discharge was 1.7% for all patients, 1.4% for expedited postpartum discharge, 1.6% for routine discharge, and 3.3% for prolonged discharge. Rates of expedited postpartum increased from 29.1% in 2016 to 31.4% in 2019 and to 43.8% in 2020. This trend was not significant (average annual percent change: 9.9%, 95% CI, −1.6% to 23.7%), although rates of expedited discharge were significantly higher in 2020 than in 2016–2019 (P<.01). Younger and older age, chronic comorbid conditions, mental health conditions, and obstetric complications (eg, transfusion, chorioamnionitis or endometritis) were associated with lower likelihood of expedited postpartum discharge. Expedited postpartum discharge was associated with 14% lower adjusted odds of 60-day postpartum readmission compared with routine discharge (adjusted odds ratio 0.86, 95% CI, 0.85–0.88).

CONCLUSION:
Rates of expedited postpartum discharge increased significantly in 2020 compared with 2016–2019 and were not associated with 60-day postpartum readmission. These findings suggest that broader use of expedited postpartum discharge has not resulted in increased risk of postpartum readmissions.
Vascular cognitive impairment: Advances in clinical research and management
Authors: You Tongyao , Wang Yingzhe , Chen Shufen , Dong Qiang , Yu Jintai , Cui Mei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) encompasses a wide spectrum of cognitive disorders, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to vascular dementia. Its diagnosis relies on thorough clinical evaluations and neuroimaging. VCI predominately arises from vascular risk factors (VRFs) and cerebrovascular disease, either independently or in conjunction with neurodegeneration. Growing evidence underscores the prevalence of VRFs, highlighting their potential for early prediction of cognitive impairment and dementia in later life. The precise mechanisms linking vascular pathologies to cognitive deficits remain elusive. Chronic cerebrovascular pathology is the most common neuropathological feature of VCI, often interacting synergistically with neurodegenerative processes. Current research efforts are focused on developing and validating reliable biomarkers to unravel the etiology of vascular brain changes in VCI. The collaborative integration of these biomarkers into clinical practice, alongside routine incorporation into neuropathological assessments, presents a promising strategy for predicting and stratifying VCI. The cornerstone of VCI prevention remains the control of VRFs, which includes multi-domain lifestyle modifications. Identifying appropriate pharmacological approaches is also of paramount importance. In this review, we synthesize recent advancements in the field of VCI, including its definition, determinants of vascular risk, pathophysiology, neuroimaging and fluid-correlated biomarkers, predictive methodologies, and current intervention strategies. Increasingly evident is the notion that more rigorous research for VCI, which arises from a complex interplay of physiological events, is still needed to pave the way for better clinical outcomes and enhanced quality of life for affected individuals.