bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex‐dependent responses of perch to changes in water clarity and temperature
Authors: Estlander Satu , Nurminen Leena , Mrkvička Tomáš , Olin Mikko , Rask Martti , Lehtonen Hannu 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRising temperatures and decreasing water transparency of lakes have strong wide ranging effects on fish. Fish responses to various changes in the environment are usually species‐dependent, but responses may also vary within species. In general, large individuals are considered to be more sensitive to environmental variation due to higher energy demand, than smaller individuals. Similarly, large individuals require more food to maintain bodily functions and are thus more sensitive to resource and food scarcity. These size‐specific responses to environmental gradients are also sex‐dependent in species that exhibit sexual size dimorphism (SSD). We studied in enclosures with short‐term experiments how rising temperatures and decreasing water transparency regulate the feeding rates of female and male European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). To explore experimental results, we calculated perch SSD in nine lakes with varying environmental conditions using previously collected field data. The results of the experiments revealed that the combined effect of water transparency and temperature on the feeding rate of fish is gender‐dependent: feeding rate of females decreased more than that of males. The experimental results were also supported by field data that revealed a negative relation between water transparency and the magnitude of SSD in perch. Our results suggest that rising temperatures and decreasing water transparency may potentially decrease fish size in a sex‐dependent manner. As female size is one of the main demographic traits determining the reproductive success of a fish population, changing environments may have unexpected and far‐reaching consequences on fish population dynamics.
In vivo two‐photon imaging of structural dynamics in the spinal dorsal horn in an inflammatory pain model
Authors: Matsumura Shinji , Taniguchi Wataru , Nishida Kazuhiko , Nakatsuka Terumasa , Ito Seiji 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTwo‐photon microscopy imaging has recently been applied to the brain to clarify functional and structural synaptic plasticity in adult neural circuits. Whereas the pain system in the spinal cord is phylogenetically primitive and easily exhibits behavioral changes such as hyperalgesia in response to inflammation, the structural dynamics of dendrites has not been analysed in the spinal cord mainly due to tissue movements associated with breathing and heart beats. Here we present experimental procedures to prepare the spinal cord sufficiently to follow morphological changes of neuronal processes in vivo by using two‐photon microscopy and transgenic mice expressing fluorescent protein specific to the nervous system. Structural changes such as the formation of spine‐like structures and swelling of dendrites were observed in the spinal dorsal horn within 30 min after the multiple‐site injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (a chemical irritant) to a leg, and these changes continued for 5 h. Both AMPA and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonists, and gabapentin, a presynaptic Ca2+ channel blocker, completely suppressed the inflammation‐induced structural changes in the dendrites in the spinal dorsal horn. The present study first demonstrated by in vivo two‐photon microscopy imaging that structural synaptic plasticity occurred in the spinal dorsal horn immediately after the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant and may be involved in inflammatory pain. Furthermore, acute inflammation‐associated structural changes in the spinal dorsal horn were shown to be mediated by glutamate receptor activation.
Density of insect‐pollinated grassland plants decreases with increasing surrounding land‐use intensity
Authors: Clough Yann , Ekroos Johan , Báldi András , Batáry Péter , Bommarco Riccardo , Gross Nicolas , Holzschuh Andrea , Hopfenmüller Sebastian , Knop Eva , Kuussaari Mikko , Lindborg Regina , Marini Lorenzo , Öckinger Erik , Potts Simon G , Pöyry Juha , Roberts Stuart PM , Steffan‐Dewenter Ingolf , Smith Henrik G 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPollinator declines have raised concerns about the persistence of plant species that depend on insect pollination, in particular by bees, for their reproduction. The impact of pollinator declines remains unknown for species‐rich plant communities found in temperate seminatural grasslands. We investigated effects of land‐use intensity in the surrounding landscape on the distribution of plant traits related to insect pollination in 239 European seminatural grasslands. Increasing arable land use in the surrounding landscape consistently reduced the density of plants depending on bee and insect pollination. Similarly, the relative abundance of bee‐pollination‐dependent plants increased with higher proportions of non‐arable agricultural land (e.g. permanent grassland). This was paralleled by an overall increase in bee abundance and diversity. By isolating the impact of the surrounding landscape from effects of local habitat quality, we show for the first time that grassland plants dependent on insect pollination are particularly susceptible to increasing land‐use intensity in the landscape.
Correspondence between large‐scale ictal and interictal epileptic networks revealed by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and electroencephalography (EEG)–functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Authors: Tousseyn Simon , Dupont Patrick , Goffin Karolien , Sunaert Stefan , Van Paesschen Wim 
Published: January 2015

SummaryObjectiveEpilepsy is increasingly recognized as a network disorder, but the spatial relationship between ictal and interictal networks is still largely unexplored. In this work, we compared hemodynamic changes related to seizures and interictal spikes on a whole brain scale.MethodsTwenty‐eight patients with refractory focal epilepsy (14 temporal and 14 extratemporal lobe) underwent both subtraction ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) coregistered to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (SISCOM) and spike‐related electroencephalography (EEG–functional MRI (fMRI). SISCOM visualized relative perfusion changes during seizures, whereas EEG‐fMRI mapped blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) changes related to spikes. Similarity between statistical maps of both modalities was analyzed per patient using the following two measures: (1) correlation between unthresholded statistical maps (Pearson's correlation coefficient) and (2) overlap between thresholded images (Dice coefficient). Overlap was evaluated at a regional level, for hyperperfusions and activations and for hypoperfusions and deactivations separately, using different thresholds. Nonparametric permutation tests were applied to assess statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05).ResultsWe found significant and positive correlations between hemodynamic changes related to seizures and spikes in 27 (96%) of 28 cases (median correlation coefficient 0.29 [range −0.12 to 0.62]). In 20 (71%) of 28 cases, spatial overlap between hyperperfusion on SISCOM and activation on EEG‐fMRI was significantly larger than expected by chance. Congruent changes were not restricted to the territory of the presumed epileptogenic zone, but could be seen at distant sites (e.g., cerebellum and basal ganglia). Overlap between ictal hypoperfusion and interictal deactivation was statistically significant in 22 (79%) of 28 patients. Despite the high rate of congruence, discrepancies were observed for both modalities.SignificanceWe conclude that hemodynamic changes related to seizures and spikes varied spatially with the same sign and within a common network. Overlap was present in regions nearby and distant from discharge origin.
Terminology of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Authors: Brigo Francesco , Igwe Stanley C. , Ausserer Harald , Nardone Raffaele , Tezzon Frediano , Bongiovanni Luigi Giuseppe , Tinazzi Michele , Trinka Eugen 
Published: January 2015

SummarySeveral different terms have been used to describe “psychogenic nonepileptic seizures” (PNES) in the literature. In this study, we evaluated the most common English terms used to describe PNES on Google and in PubMed using multiple search terms (https://www.google.com and http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed). The information prevalence of the five terms most frequently used to refer to PNES in PubMed were: psychogenic non(‐)epileptic seizure(s), followed by pseudo(‐)seizure(s), non(‐)epileptic seizure(s), psychogenic seizure(s), and non(‐)epileptic event(s). The five most frequently adopted terms to describe PNES in Google were: psychogenic non(‐)epileptic seizure(s), followed by non(‐)epileptic event(s), psychogenic attack(s), non(‐)epileptic attack(s), and psychogenic non(‐)epileptic attack(s). The broad spectrum of synonyms used to refer to PNES in the medical literature reflects a lack of internationally accepted, uniform terminology for PNES. In addition to “seizure(s),” lay people use the word “attack(s)” to describe PNES. Although considered obsolete, some terms, e.g., pseudoseizure(s), are still used in the recent medical literature. Adopting a uniform terminology to describe PNES could facilitate communication between epileptologists, physicians without specific expertise in epilepsy, and patients.
Quality‐of‐life outcomes of initiating treatment with standard and newer antiepileptic drugs in adults with new‐onset epilepsy: Findings from the SANAD trial
Authors: Jacoby Ann , Sudell Maria , Tudur Smith Catrin , Crossley Joanne , Marson Anthony G. , Baker Gus A. ,   the SANAD Study Group
Published: January 2015

SummaryObjectiveTo compare quality‐of‐life (QoL) outcomes over 2 years following initiation of treatment with a standard or newer antiepileptic drug (AED) in adults with new‐onset epilepsy. To examine the impact of seizure remission and failure of initial treatment on QoL outcomes measured over 2 years.MethodsWe conducted a pragmatic, randomized, unblinded, multicenter, parallel‐group clinical trial (the Standard and New Antiepileptic Drugs [SANAD] trial) comparing clinical and cost effectiveness of initiating treatment with carbamazepine versus lamotrigine, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine and topiramate, and valproate versus lamotrigine and topiramate. QoL data were collected by mail at baseline, 3 months, and at 1 and 2 years using validated measures. These data were analyzed using longitudinal data models. Continuous QoL measures, time to 12‐month remission and time to treatment withdrawal were explored using joint models.ResultsBaseline questionnaires were returned by 1,575 adults; 1,439 returned the 3‐month questionnaire, 1,274 returned the 1‐year questionnaire, and 1,121 returned the 2‐year questionnaire. There were few statistically significant differences between drugs over 2 years in QoL outcomes. Significant association was identified between QoL scores over the 2‐year time frame and the risk of experiencing a 12‐month remission or treatment withdrawal over that period.SignificanceThe choice of initial treatment had no significant effect on QoL by 2‐year follow‐up. However, overall QoL was reduced with continued seizures, adverse events, and failure of the initial treatment.
Suppressing limbic seizures by stimulating medial dorsal thalamic nucleus: Factors for efficacy
Authors: Zhang De Xing , Bertram Edward H. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryObjectiveThe optimal sites and stimulation protocols for brain stimulation in epilepsy have not been found. Clinical trials, which have shown modest benefit in seizure reduction, have involved patients with poorly localized intractable focal epilepsy and stimulation sites without clear relations to specific underlying seizure circuits. The medial dorsal thalamic nucleus is a key node in limbic seizure circuits, and we wished to know what stimulation parameters might control seizures in a kindling model of limbic epilepsy.MethodsIn urethane‐anesthetized rats, we induced limbic seizures by stimulation of the piriform cortex or CA3 of the hippocampus while recording in the entorhinal cortex or CA1 of the contralateral hippocampus to determine the effect of specific stimulation parameters on seizure duration.ResultsStimulation consistently suppressed seizure duration from baseline by over 80% (p < 0.001), frequently completely preventing the seizures. Position of the thalamic electrode, stimulus intensity and frequency had a significant influence, with higher stimulus intensities (40 V vs. 20 V) and frequencies (20 Hz vs. 7 Hz) significantly suppressing seizures. The most effective position was the lateral dorsal area of the medial dorsal nucleus (MD), which corresponded to the region of axon entry. Stimulation in the MD center was not effective. An anterior‐posterior relationship of the stimulating electrode pair was effective, whereas a medial lateral orientation was not. Successful stimulation suppressed the evoked responses in the entorhinal cortex or CA1.SignificancePosition and orientation of the stimulating electrode has to be precise, which suggests that the placement of the electrodes must be tailored to the individual's own seizure circuit. The data also indicate that successful deep brain stimulation induces a fundamental change in system physiology, which could be a marker to guide the development of stimulation parameters for each patient.
Evaluation of Salvia officinalis L. (sage) leaves on morphine‐induced memory impairment in adult male rats
Authors: Gomar Ali , Hosseini Abdolkarim , Mirazi Naser 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundSalvia officinalis L. (sage) is a herbal medicine that is reported to have a wide range of biological activities, including anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.ObjectiveTo examine the effect of a hydroethanolic extract of S. officinalis (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, via intraperitoneal injection) on morphine‐induced memory impairment in rats.MethodsSixty‐four rats were divided into eight equal groups: normal saline, morphine (5 mg/kg), S. officinalis extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), or morphine (5 mg/kg) plus S. officinalis extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg). Rats were placed into a two‐way shuttle box, comprising an illuminated and dark compartment, 45 min after treatment (training phase). Rats received an electric shock whenever they entered the dark compartment. Twenty‐four hours later (retention phase), and 30 min after treatment, the rats were placed in the box again, and the latency of entering the dark compartment [step‐through latency (STL)] and the total time in the dark compartment (TDC) were recorded.ResultsThe STL in the morphine‐treated group was lower than the saline control (P<0.001). Treatment of the animals with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of S. officinalis extract before the training phase increased the STL and decreased the TDC (P<0.05, P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). Administration of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of the extract in morphine‐treated animals before the retention phase also increased the STL and decreased the TDC when compared with the morphine‐treated group (P<0.01 and P<0.001).ConclusionsThe results reveal that S. officinalis extract attenuates morphine‐induced memory impairment.
Fracture mechanics based assessment of the fatigue strength: approach for the determination of the initial crack size
Authors: Zerbst U. , Madia M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn a number of previous papers, the authors have proposed a model for fracture mechanics based prediction of the S‐N characteristics of metallic components with large microstructural defects. Here, an extension to materials that do not show large defects onto the fracture surfaces is provided. In such cases, an approach based on a so‐called cyclic R‐curve analysis is proposed for the determination of the initial flaw size, which has to be used in the calculation of fatigue crack propagation. The principle is explained and demonstrated by a first application to a welded joint.
Assessing the distribution of sedimentary C40 carotenoids through time
Authors: French K. L. , Rocher D. , Zumberge J. E. , Summons R. E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA comprehensive marine biomarker record of green and purple sulfur bacteria (GSB and PSB, respectively) is required to test whether anoxygenic photosynthesis represented a greater fraction of marine primary productivity during the Precambrian than the Phanerozoic, as current models of ocean redox evolution suggest. For this purpose, we analyzed marine rock extracts and oils from the Proterozoic to the Paleogene for C40 diagenetic products of carotenoid pigments using new analytical methods. Gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry provides a new perspective on the temporal distributions of carotenoid biomarkers for phototrophic sulfur bacteria, specifically okenane, chlorobactane, and paleorenieratane. According to conventional paleoredox interpretations, this revised stratigraphic distribution of the GSB and PSB biomarkers implies that the shallow sunlit surface ocean (<24 m) became sulfidic more frequently in the geologic past than was previously thought. We reexamine whether there is evidence supporting a planktonic source of GSB and PSB pigments in marine systems or whether additional factors are required to explain the marine phototrophic sulfur bacteria record. To date, planktonic GSB and PSB and their pigments have been identified in restricted basins and lakes, but they have yet to be detected in the unrestricted, transiently sulfidic, marine systems. Based on modern observations, additional environmental factors, including basin restriction, microbial mats, or sediment transport, may be required to fully explain GSB and PSB carotenoids in the geologic record.
Phylogenetic analysis of HpnP reveals the origin of 2‐methylhopanoid production in Alphaproteobacteria
Authors: Ricci J. N. , Michel A. J. , Newman D. K. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHopanoids are bacterial steroid‐like lipids that can be preserved in the rock record on billion‐year timescales. 2‐Methylhopanoids are of particular interest to geobiologists because methylation is one of the few chemical modifications that remain after diagenesis and catagenesis. 2‐Methylhopanes, the molecular fossils of 2‐methylhopanoids, are episodically enriched in the rock record, but we do not have a robust interpretation for their abundance patterns. Here, we exploit the evolutionary record found in molecular sequences from extant organisms to reconstruct the biosynthetic history of 2‐methylhopanoids using the C‐2 hopanoid methylase, HpnP. Based on HpnP phylogenetic analysis, we find that 2‐methylhopanoids originated in a subset of the Alphaproteobacteria. This conclusion is statistically robust and reproducible in multiple trials varying the outgroup, trimming stringency, and ingroup dataset used to infer the evolution of this protein family. The capacity for 2‐methylhopanoid production was likely horizontally transferred from the Alphaproteobacteria into the Cyanobacteria after the Cyanobacteria's major divergences. Together, these results suggest that the ancestral function of 2‐methylhopanoids was not related to oxygenic photosynthesis but instead to a trait already present in the Alphaproteobacteria. Moreover, given that early 2‐methylhopane deposits could have been made solely by Alphaproteobacteria before the acquisition of hpnP by Cyanobacteria, and that the Alphaproteobacteria are thought to be ancestrally aerobic, we infer that 2‐methylhopanoids likely arose after the oxygenation of the atmosphere. This finding is consistent with the geologic record—the oldest syngenetic 2‐methylhopanes occur after the rise of oxygen, in middle Proterozoic strata of the Barney Creek Formation.
Odor tracking in sharks is reduced under future ocean acidification conditions
Authors: Dixson Danielle L. , Jennings Ashley R. , Atema Jelle , Munday Philip L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRecent studies show that ocean acidification impairs sensory functions and alters the behavior of teleost fishes. If sharks and other elasmobranchs are similarly affected, this could have significant consequences for marine ecosystems globally. Here, we show that projected future CO2 levels impair odor tracking behavior of the smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis). Adult M. canis were held for 5 days in a current‐day control (405 ± 26 μatm) and mid (741 ± 22 μatm) or high CO2 (1064 ± 17 μatm) treatments consistent with the projections for the year 2100 on a ‘business as usual’ scenario. Both control and mid CO2‐treated individuals maintained normal odor tracking behavior, whereas high CO2‐treated sharks significantly avoided the odor cues indicative of food. Control sharks spent >60% of their time in the water stream containing the food stimulus, but this value fell below 15% in high CO2‐treated sharks. In addition, sharks treated under mid and high CO2 conditions reduced attack behavior compared to the control individuals. Our findings show that shark feeding could be affected by changes in seawater chemistry projected for the end of this century. Understanding the effects of ocean acidification on critical behaviors, such as prey tracking in large predators, can help determine the potential impacts of future ocean acidification on ecosystem function.
Presence of and correction for interviewer error on an instrument assessing cognitive function of older adults
Authors: Malhotra Rahul , Haaland Benjamin A , Chei Choy‐Lye , Chan Angelique , Malhotra Chetna , Matchar David B 
Published: January 2015

AimTo determine the extent of interviewer error on the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), the association between interviewer‐level variables and SPMSQ score, compare the prevalence of SPMSQ cognitive status categories before and after correction for interviewer error, and identify SPMSQ items prone to interviewer error.MethodsData of 4542 older adults from a national survey in Singapore were utilized. Multilevel models, which adjusted for respondent‐level variables known to be associated with cognitive status, were utilized to determine the intraclass correlation on the SPMSQ, association of interviewer‐level variables (age, ethnicity, education and number of interviews carried out) with SPMSQ and identify SPMSQ items prone to interviewer error.ResultsThe intraclass correlation, after adjusting for respondent‐level variables, was 0.265. Interviewer educational status was associated with SPMSQ score. Correction for interviewer error resulted in an “improvement” in cognitive status of a substantial proportion of those initially classified as moderately or severely impaired. Two of the SPMSQ items, “Please count backward from 20 by 3” and “When were you born?” were particularly prone to interviewer error.ConclusionsInvestigators using the SPMSQ, and potentially, other instruments, for assessing cognitive function in surveys of older adults and using face‐to‐face interviews for data collection should be cognizant of the sensitivity of such instruments to interviewer error. Intensive training of interviewers to standardize instrument administration as well as assessment for interviewer error and its correction, using appropriate statistical models, such as multilevel models, is warranted. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 372–380.