bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fracture resistance of cementum-extended composite fillings in severely damaged deciduous incisors: An in vitro study
Authors: Seraj Bahman , Ehsani Sara , Taravati Shirin , Ghadimi Sara , Fatemi Mostafa , Safa Sahar 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of this study was to comparatively assess the fracture resistance of the cementum-extended and conventional composite fillings with or without intracanal composite posts in severely damaged deciduous incisors. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was performed on 60 extracted deciduous maxillary incisors that were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1: Composite filling (CF); Group 2: Composite filling with composite posts (CF + CP); Group 3: Composite filling extended 0.5 mm to cementum (ceCF); Group 4: Composite filling extended 0.5 mm to cementum with composite posts (ceCF + CP). The fracture resistance was assessed by exerting a progressively increasing load with a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min in a Universal Testing Machine. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed by SPSS-18 using one-way analysis of variance at ⍱ < 0.05. Results: The mean fracture resistance (MFR) values of the experimental groups were 410.57 ± 139.44 N, 564.44 ± 92.63 N, 507.5 ± 76.37 N and 601.08 ± 96.04 N. A significant difference was found between the MFR of Groups 1 and 2, Groups 1 and 4 and Groups 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: A superior outcome was achieved by intracanal composite posts in both conventional and cementum-extended composite fillings.
Effect of sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid on the surface roughness of acrylic resin polymerized by heated water for short and long cycles
Authors: Sczepanski Felipe , Sczepanski Claudia Roberta Brunnquell , Berger Sandrine Bittencourt , Consani Rafael Leonardo Xediek , Gonini-Júnior Alcides , Guiraldo Ricardo Danil 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the surface roughness of acrylic resin submitted to chemical disinfection via 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) or 1% peracetic acid (C2H4O3). Materials and Methods: The disc-shaped resin specimens (30 mm diameter ×4 mm height) were polymerized by heated water using two cycles (short cycle: 1 h at 74°C and 30 min at 100°C; conventional long cycle: 9 h at 74°C). The release of substances by these specimens in water solution was also quantified. Specimens were fabricated, divided into four groups (n = 10) depending on the polymerization time and disinfectant. After polishing, the specimens were stored in distilled deionized water. Specimens were immersed in 1% NaClO or 1% C2H4O3 for 30 min, and then were immersed in distilled deionized water for 20 min. The release of C2H4O3 and NaClO was measured via visual colorimetric analysis. Roughness was measured before and after disinfection. Roughness data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: There was no interaction between polymerization time and disinfectant in influencing the average surface roughness (Ra, P = 0.957). Considering these factors independently, there were significant differences between short and conventional long cycles (P = 0.012), but no significant difference between the disinfectants hypochlorite and C2H4O3 (P = 0.366). Visual colorimetric analysis did not detect release of substances. Conclusion: It was concluded that there was the difference in surface roughness between short and conventional long cycles, and disinfection at acrylic resins polymerized by heated water using a short cycle modified the properties of roughness.
Reductions in urinary collection frequency for assessment of reproductive hormones provide physiologically representative exposure and mean concentrations when compared with daily collection
Authors: Allaway Heather C.M. , Williams Nancy I. , Mallinson Rebecca J. , Koehler Karsten , De Souza Mary Jane 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo determine if reducing the frequency of urinary sample collection from daily to 5, 3, or 2 days per week during a menstrual cycle or 28‐day amenorrheic monitoring period provide accurate representations of the reproductive hormone metabolites estrone‐1‐glucuronide (E1G) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) exposure and mean concentrations.MethodsExercising women presenting with eumenorrhea or exercise‐associated menstrual disturbances collected daily urine samples for the assessment of E1G and PdG concentrations. After enzyme immunoassay analysis of the daily samples, E1G and PdG data were systematically removed from each menstrual cycle or amenorrheic monitoring period to mimic three reduced collection frequencies, representing 5, 3, and 2 days per week. Exposure and mean concentration were calculated for both hormones and all four urinary collection frequencies.ResultsE1G and PdG exposure and mean cycle concentrations derived from reduced collection frequencies were not different from daily collection (P > 0.05), independent of whether menstrual cycles and monitoring periods were analyzed together or separately. Bland‐Altman analysis indicated acceptable agreement between each reduced collection frequency and daily collection.ConclusionsCompared with daily urinary collection, a reduced collection frequency of 5, 3, or 2 days each week provides accurate E1G and PdG profiles of collection periods of various lengths and types of menstrual function. Reduction of urinary sample collection frequency may enable researchers to reduce participant burden and costs, increase compliance, and study a wider range of study populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:358–371, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supramolecular Assembly through Interactions between Molecular Dipoles and Alkali Metal Ions
Authors: Shimizu Tomoko K. , Jung Jaehoon , Imada Hiroshi , Kim Yousoo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEstablishing a way to fabricate well‐ordered molecular structures is a necessary step toward advancement in organic optoelectronic devices. Here, we propose to use interactions between electric dipoles of molecules and alkali metal ions to form a well‐developed homogeneous monolayer of diarylethene molecules on the Cu(111) surface with the aid of NaCl co‐deposition. Scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculation results indicate that the formation of a row‐type structure occurs as a result of interactions between the Na+ ions and the diarylethene molecular dipoles, drastically changing the adsorption configuration from that without Na+.
‘Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is!’: Effects of Streaks on Confidence and Betting in a Binary Choice Task
Authors: Studer Bettina , Limbrick‐Oldfield Eve H. , Clark Luke 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHuman choice under uncertainty is influenced by erroneous beliefs about randomness. In simple binary choice tasks, such as red/black predictions in roulette, long outcome runs (e.g. red, red, red) typically increase the tendency to predict the other outcome (i.e. black), an effect labeled the “gambler's fallacy.” In these settings, participants may also attend to streaks in their predictive performance. Winning and losing streaks are thought to affect decision confidence, although prior work indicates conflicting directions. Over three laboratory experiments involving red/black predictions in a sequential roulette task, we sought to identify the effects of outcome runs and winning/losing streaks upon color predictions, decision confidence and betting behavior. Experiments 1 (n = 40) and 3 (n = 40) obtained trial‐by‐trial confidence ratings, with a win/no win payoff and a no loss/loss payoff, respectively. Experiment 2 (n = 39) obtained a trial‐by‐trial bet amount on an equivalent scale. In each experiment, the gambler's fallacy was observed on choice behavior after color runs and, in experiment 2, on betting behavior after color runs. Feedback streaks exerted no reliable influence on confidence ratings, in either payoff condition. Betting behavior, on the other hand, increased as a function of losing streaks. The increase in betting on losing streaks is interpreted as a manifestation of loss chasing; these data help clarify the psychological mechanisms underlying loss chasing and caution against the use of betting measures (“post‐decision wagering”) as a straightforward index of decision confidence. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Two Pairs of C‐8 − C‐9′ Linked Neolignan Enantiomers
Authors: Bao Jing‐Mei , Cheng Zhong‐Bin , Zhang Jun‐Sheng , Zhu Jian‐Yong , Tang Gui‐Hua , Gan Li‐She , Yin Sheng 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTTwo pairs of new neolignan enantiomers, (±)‐torreyayunan A (1a/1b) and (±)‐torreyayunan B (2a/2b), featuring a rare C‐8 − C‐9′ linked skeleton, were isolated from leaves and twigs of Torreya yunnanensis. Their absolute configuration involving two chiral centers was determined by combined spectral and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation. This is the first report of the absolute configuration of this group of neolignans. Chirality 26:825–828, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dose‐response studies with benazepril in mild to moderate hypertension
Authors: Gomez Hector J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe dose‐response curve for benazepril, a new angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, has been established from a systematic series of controlled clinical studies in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. The studies included a dose‐ranging study, four dose‐response studies (placebo‐controlled or crossover), and four titration trials. The dose‐response studies involved 803 patients and evaluated doses from 2 to 80 mg. Analysis of the data revealed the existence of a dose‐response relationship over the dosage range of 10 to 80 mg given once daily. Efficacy of once‐daily administration was shown by the persistence of significant blood pressure reduction over the 24‐h dosing interval. In addition, the net trough‐to‐peak ratio (an indicator of net antihypertensive effect at the end of the dosing interval) was generally greater than 50%. The dose‐determination studies with benazepril were conducted according to a well‐designed strategy in which parameters were carefully defined. Based on these trials, the initial dosage for benazepril appears to be 10 mg once daily. Additional response may be observed at dosages up to 80 mg once daily.
Cardioprotective potential of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors
Authors: Gavras Irene , Gavras Haralambos 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAntihypertensive drugs have various effects, both positive and negative, on metabolic and hemodynamic risk factors for coronary artery disease. Cardioprotective effects of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have recently been described. The benefits of ACE inhibition include not only a reduction in blood pressure but also improved insulin responsiveness, prevention of potassium loss, diminished myocardial oxygen demand, suppression of catecholamines, and interaction with bradykinin and prostaglandins. These benefits result in improved perfusion of vital organs, diminished cardiac work, and protection of coronary vessels, evident in improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, elevation of the anginal threshold in ischemic heart disease, and decreased morbidity and mortality in congestive heart failure.
Metrics for comparing and analyzing two colour gamuts
Authors: Deshpande Kiran , Green Phil , Pointer Michael R 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn printing industry, it is often necessary to be able to compare two or more colour gamuts, to determine how similar they are. For example, if a colour image is to be retargeted from one output medium to a different medium, we may wish to know whether the second has a sufficiently similar gamut to make an acceptable reproduction a possibility. The gamut volume alone enables a comparison of the size of the gamut, but not whether the gamuts intersect sufficiently to meet the reproduction aims. This can be achieved by visual comparison of the two gamut volumes in a pseudo‐3D rendering, but it is also useful to have a single‐number value, which enables this comparison to be computed from the gamut boundary description of the two gamuts. CIE TC8‐05 defined metrics for evaluating single colour gamuts and these metrics can be used to make some comparisons between gamuts. However, they do not give information on how well one gamut can match another in terms of both intersection and volume. In this work, a number of metrics are proposed for comparing and analyzing two colour gamuts. The primary metric is the Gamut Comparison Index (GCI), which quantifies the similarity between gamuts. A number of other related metrics are also defined, and several test cases for the metrics are computed. The results indicate that the metrics give a consistent prediction of how well the two gamuts compared. Use of the resulting GCI value should enable users to select the transform or device that best matches the reproduction aim. It should also help vendors and users evaluate the gamuts of their devices against the appropriate standard colour gamuts. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 465–471, 2015
Direct Evaluation of the Electrokinetic Properties of Electrolytes in a Nanochannel using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Pungetmongkol Porpin , Mogi Katsuo , Hatsuki Ryuji , Yamamoto Takatoki 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn electric double layer is the local distribution of ions created at any liquid and solid interface. The thickness of the electric double layer is typically in nanometers, so that it is dominant in the nanoscale. Because the size of the nanospace is the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the electric double layer, the nanospace should be partially/totally filled with an electric double layer. Therefore, the investigation of the electrokinetics inside the electric double layer in nanospaces, such as nanopores and nanochannels, is very important for electrical/electrochemical analysis and for the manipulation of molecules and nanoparticles in nanofluidic systems. Here, electrical impedance spectroscopy was used to comprehensively investigate how the ionic concentration and the volume of the nanospace influenced the electrical properties of various ionic solutions in a nanochannel. The electrokinetic properties and the thickness of the electric double layer in the nanospace were determined to be dependent on the hydration diameter, mobility, and ionic strength of the various ion species. The electric double layer overlaps under particular conditions, such as with sufficiently narrow channels, and the qualitative properties of this were consistent with the Debye‐Hückel‐Onsager equation. These results should be a significant contribution to the improvement of the analysis and manipulation of molecules and particles in nanochannels, which could lead to further development in the application of nanofluidics.
Photocatalyzed ozonation by Ce doped TiO2 catalyst degradation of pesticide Dicamba in water
Authors: Maddila Suresh , Oseghe Ekemena O , Jonnalagadda Sreekanth B 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe photocatalyzed and ozonated degradation of a widely used pesticide, Dicamba, was studied using Ce loaded on titania as photocatalyst under visible light. The work is aimed at reducing environmental pollution by pesticides. Photocatalysts are important because they have many advantages: noncorrosive, environmentally benign and fewer disposal problems. They are also much easier to separate from liquid products and can be designed to give higher activity and longer catalyst lifetimes. This work aims to develop a novel method for degradation and mineralization of pesticides using a heterogeneous photocatalyst.RESULTSCe/TiO2 photocatalysts with metal loadings zero, 0.25, 0.50 and 1% wt% on TiO2 were synthesized using a wet‐impregnation technique and characterized by XRD, UV‐DRS, BET, TEM, SEM‐EDX, FT‐IR and ICP analyses. Photocatalyzed ozonation with 1%Ce/TiO2 yielded 100% degradation and mineralization of Dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid) in 2 h under basic pH conditions. The aggregate of degradation of pesticide and mineralization were monitored by GC‐MS. For 20 mg L−1 Dicamba, 0.1 g L−1 of catalyst was found to be the optimum to generate small chain aliphatic acids and mineralization. Results show that photocatalyzed ozonation of Dicamba with Ce/TiO2 catalyst is a very practical means for its degradation.CONCLUSIONSThe synthesized heterogeneous photocatalyst had high catalytic activity for the degradation of Dicamba pesticide. The catalyst is fully recoverable and reusable multiple times with no loss of activity. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Clinical Features of Patients with Concomitant Parkinson's Disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Pathology
Authors: Rigby Heather B. , Dugger Brittany N. , Hentz Joseph G. , Adler Charles H. , Beach Thomas G. , Shill Holly A. , Driver‐Dunckley Erika , Sabbagh Marwan N. , Sue Lucia I. , Caviness John N. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe pathologic changes of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) have been reported to coexist, but whether PSP pathology modifies the clinical course of those individuals is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether clinical features of pathologically confirmed PD subjects with concomitant PSP pathology differ from those with PD alone. Subjects enrolled in the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders had annual movement and cognitive evaluations from enrollment until death/autopsy. All cases between 1997 and 2014 with a final clinicopathological diagnosis of PD with or without PSP at autopsy were analyzed. Overall, 12 of the 125 cases with pathologically confirmed PD had coexisting PSP pathology (9.6%). Those with PD‐PSP had more‐prominent postural instability, body bradykinesia, difficulty arising from a chair, and falls; asymmetric onset was less common in this group. Downgaze palsy and square wave jerks were infrequent in both groups. Gender, age at death, disease duration, rate of dementia, and presence of rest tremor did not differ between groups. Only 58% of subjects in the PD‐PSP group were correctly given a final diagnosis in life of PD, compared to 91% of those with PD alone. The combination of PD and PSP pathology yields a heterogeneous clinical syndrome that often resembles PD, but may be more symmetric at onset and have more‐prominent postural instability and falls. Our observations suggest that coexisting PSP pathology may be an important factor contributing to the clinical heterogeneity in PD and a potential confounder in diagnosis.
Investigation of AlGaInP heterostructures under gamma‐irradiation in the field of restructuring defect structure
Authors: Gradoboev Alexander , Orlova Ksenia 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe given paper presents the results of studying the resistance of AlGaInP heterostructures with multiple quantum wells to 60Co gamma‐quantum irradiation. The research was completed for light emitting diodes (λ = 630 nm). The irradiation was completed under the passive powering mode without the imposition of the electric field while the level of exposure was characterized by the absorbed dose. It has been established that the emission power reduction has three stages. At the first stage the radiation power reduces due to radiation‐induced transformation of the initial structure defects, at the second stage – due to the introduction of radiation defects, in the extreme case the second stage transforms into the third stage (low electron injection mode). On the boundary between the first and the second stages transient processes are observed – restoration of emission power against its general reduction. The authors identify the heterostructures for which a pronounced effect of small doses is observed – restoration of emission power due to radiation‐induced relaxation of mechanical stresses without formation additional structural defects. The given process precedes the first stage of emission power reduction under gamma quantum irradiation. Besides, the authors identify the heterostructures which demonstrate two additional transient processes at the first stage. The researchers also establish the relations allowing describing the emission power change at the given stages. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An introduction to recurrent nucleotide interactions in RNA
Authors: Sweeney Blake A. , Roy Poorna , Leontis Neocles B. 
Published: October 2014

RNA secondary structure diagrams familiar to molecular biologists summarize at a glance the folding of RNA chains to form Watson–Crick paired double helices. However, they can be misleading: First of all, they imply that the nucleotides in loops and linker segments, which can amount to 35% to 50% of a structured RNA, do not significantly interact with other nucleotides. Secondly, they give the impression that RNA molecules are loosely organized in three‐dimensional (3D) space. In fact, structured RNAs are compactly folded as a result of numerous long‐range, sequence‐specific interactions, many of which involve loop or linker nucleotides. Here, we provide an introduction for students and researchers of RNA on the types, prevalence, and sequence variations of inter‐nucleotide interactions that structure and stabilize RNA 3D motifs and architectures, using Escherichia coli (E. coli) 16S ribosomal RNA as a concrete example. The picture that emerges is that almost all nucleotides in structured RNA molecules, including those in nominally single‐stranded loop or linker regions, form specific interactions that stabilize functional structures or mediate interactions with other molecules. The small number of noninteracting, ‘looped‐out’ nucleotides make it possible for the RNA chain to form sharp turns. Base‐pairing is the most specific interaction in RNA as it involves edge‐to‐edge hydrogen bonding (H‐bonding) of the bases. Non‐Watson–Crick base pairs are a significant fraction (30% or more) of base pairs in structured RNAs. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:17–45. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1258This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry
Introduction: Labour in Transport: Histories from the Global South (Africa, Asia, and Latin America), c.1750 to 1950
Authors: Bellucci Stefano , Corrêa Larissa Rosa , Deutsch Jan-Georg , Joshi Chitra 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis introduction highlights the main subjects and research questions addressed in the articles making up this Special Issue on the labour histories of transport in the Global South. Although historiographical interest in the history of transport labour is growing, scientific knowledge on the subject is still very limited. This is especially true for histories from outside Europe and North America. Important topics and research problems covered here are: (1) transport labour as facilitating the exchange and mobility of goods but also of peoples and ideas – as such transport constitutes a noteworthy element of social history; (2) transport labour as a factor of production which is relevant for industrial and agrarian societies, as well as for market-driven and socialist economies; (3) the extent to which the processes of globalization, imperial expansion, and the emergence of global capitalism owe a debt to transport labour of the global south and its micro-histories.