bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occupational Therapy Interventions for Adults With Stroke
Authors: Nilsen Dawn , Gillen Glen , Arbesman Marian , Lieberman Deborah 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEvidence Connection articles provide a clinical application of systematic reviews developed in conjunction with the American Occupational Therapy Association's (AOTA's) Evidence-Based Practice project. The clinical condition discussed in this inaugural Evidence Connection article is adults with stroke. Findings from the systematic reviews on this topic were published in the January/February 2015 issue of the American Journal of Occupational Therapy and in AOTA’s Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Adults With Stroke (Wolf & Nilsen, 2015). Each article in this series will summarize the evidence from the published reviews on a given topic and presents an application of the evidence to a related clinical case. Evidence Connection articles illustrate how the research evidence from the reviews can be used to inform and guide clinical decision making.
Political Risk Guarantees and Capital Flows: The Role of Bilateral Investment Treaties
Authors: Mina Wasseem 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In this paper the author empirically examines whether the influence of bilateral investment treaties’ political risk guarantees extends to other types of capital flows – FDI, private debt, public debt and portfolio equity. The paper uses panel data on middle and low income countries during the period 1984–2011 and adopts LSDV estimation methodology to account for heterogeneity arising from unobserved country, region, and time effects. The paper finds that ratified BITs with OECD countries increase FDI flows and reduce private debt flows. They also tilt the composition of capital flows in favor of FDI. The novelty of the paper stems from its extension of the examination BITs influence beyond FDI and the distinction between private and public debt flows. The paper contributes to the FDI and capital flows literatures.
Shear in the zonal drifts of 3 m irregularities inside spread F plumes observed over Sanya
Authors: Li Guozhu , Ning Baiqi , Liu Libo , Abdu M. A. , Wan Weixing , Hu Lianhuan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIncoherent scatter radars near magnetic equator regularly measured a vertical shear in zonal drifts of the evening background plasma, with westward drifts below the equatorial F region peak and eastward drifts above. We report here observations of a clear shear structure in the zonal drifts of 3 m irregularities inside spread F (SF) backscatter plumes measured with a 47.5 MHz coherent scatter radar operated at a low‐latitude site Sanya (18.4°N, 109.6°E; dip latitude 12.8°N). The radar interferometry analysis on the zonal drifts of the 3 m irregularities yields results consistent with that estimated from the irregularity echo Doppler velocity measurements with multiple beams. It is shown that the SF 3 m irregularities move westward at the lowest altitudes, while at higher altitudes in the same SF plume structure, the 3 m irregularities drift eastward. One interesting point is that the vertical shear of zonal drifts was centered at ~300 km altitude over Sanya, which maps to an apex altitude of ~650 km at magnetic equator and is thus apparently higher than the apex altitudes 250–450 km where the zonal velocity shear has usually been observed. Analysis of the observations suggests that while the possibility of local generation of the shear flow of the irregularities can exist, the possibility of a plasma vortex appearing at relative high altitudes causing the zonal drift shear of F region 3 m irregularities measured over Sanya cannot be totally ruled out.
Arctic Freshwater Synthesis: Summary of key emerging issues
Authors: Prowse T. , Bring A. , Mård J. , Carmack E. , Holland M. , Instanes A. , Vihma T. , Wrona F. J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn response to a joint request from the World Climate Research Program's Climate and Cryosphere Project, the International Arctic Science Committee, and the Arctic Council's Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program an updated scientific assessment has been conducted of the Arctic Freshwater System, entitled the Arctic Freshwater Synthesis (AFS). The major reason behind the joint request was an increasing concern that changes to the Arctic Freshwater System have produced, and could produce even greater, changes to biogeophysical and socioeconomic systems of special importance to northern residents and also produce extra‐Arctic climatic effects that will have global consequences. The AFS was structured around six key thematic areas: atmosphere, oceans, terrestrial hydrology, terrestrial ecology, resources, and modeling, the review of each coauthored by an international group of scientists and published as separate articles in this special section of Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. This AFS summary article reviews key issues that emerged during the conduct of the synthesis, especially those that are cross‐thematic in nature, and identifies future research required to address such issues.
Asthma Patient Education: Partnership in Care
Authors: Brown Randall 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundAsthma education is a necessary and critical component of asthma management.MethodsA review of the most‐to‐date global and national (US) guidelines and standards provides the basis for this concise asthma education primer.ResultsEffective asthma education that yields enhanced long‐term health outcomes is accomplished by the proper patient‐specific knowledge and behavior change tools. Communication technique (quality) as well as asthma education content (quantity) should receive recurrent assessment by all healthcare team members.ConclusionAsthma education delivery can be easily planned for and routinely delivered, keeping the shared goals of patient and healthcare team in mind.
Asthma: definitions and pathophysiology
Authors: Mims James W. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundAsthma is a common condition due to chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. Chronic lower airway inflammation is known to be more common in individuals that also have inflammatory disorders of the upper airway. The scientific understanding of asthma continues to improve and it is important for providers who treat upper or lower airway inflammation to be familiar with asthma's definition and pathophysiology.MethodsArticles were selected based on literature reviews through PubMed and personal knowledge of the author. The search selection was not standardized.ResultsAsthma is a heterogenic condition that is underdiagnosed and undertreated despite that the skills needed to diagnose it are readily attainable and effective treatments are available. Providers need a working understanding of asthma in order to be proficient at managing their patients with chronic nasal or sinus inflammation. This article provides a primer focusing on the current conception asthma in terms of definition, possible etiologies, inflammatory profile, pathophysiology, subtypes, and overlapping conditions.ConclusionAsthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder arising from not fully understood heterogenic gene‐environment interactions. It features variable airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Clinically, asthmatics exhibit recurrent episodes of wheeze, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
Iridium‐katalysierte ortho‐Arylierung von Benzoesäuren mit Aryldiazoniumsalzen
Authors: Huang Liangbin , Hackenberger Dagmar , Gooßen Lukas J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBenzoesäuren reagieren in Anwesenheit katalytischer Mengen [{IrCp*Cl2}2] und Ag2CO3 mit Aryldiazoniumsalzen unter milden Bedingungen, mit Li2CO3 als Base und Aceton als Lösungsmittel, zu den entsprechenden Diaryl‐2‐carboxylaten. Diese C‐H‐Arylierung ist auf ein breites Spektrum von extrem elektronenarmen bis hin zu elektronenreichen Substraten anwendbar. Die dirigierende Carbonsäuregruppe ist breit verfügbar und kann im Anschluss an die Reaktion rückstandslos entfernt oder für weitere Funktionalisierungen genutzt werden. Durch den Einsatz von Diazoniumsalzen, die selbst in Gegenwart von Iodsubstituenten gekuppelt werden können, wird eine Orthogonalität zu klassischen Kreuzkupplungen mit Arylhalogeniden erreicht.
Impact of drilling fluid rheology and wellbore pressure on rock cuttings removal performance: numerical investigation
Authors: Gamwo Isaac K. , Kabir Mohd A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDrilling fluids exhibits non‐Newtonian behavior that is generally described in the literature by two rheological models: Power Law and Herschel–Bulkley models. We have used Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase flow model to evaluate the drilling fluid flow patterns and filter cake formation patterns for both models for ultra‐deep drilling conditions. Simulated drilling fluid flow patterns clearly show that the Herschel–Bulkley model exhibits fewer vortices around the drilling pipe, indicating better rock cuttings removal performance. In addition to mud rheology, we have analyzed the pressure drop variation with the filter cake formation on the wellbore during ultra‐deep drilling process. We have shown that filter cake thickness at the wall linearly increases with differential pressure between the well and formation. This implies that the differential pressure needs to be optimized. Very thin filter cake may lead to excessive fluid seepage into the permeable subterranean vertical zone resulting in a loss of fluid circulation and hence in a loss of rock cuttings removal. Yet, very thick filter cake reduces the effective diameter of the hole, which may lead to a poor rock cuttings removal performance and stuck pipe. The mathematical model presented here needs to be experimentally validated when filter cake thickness data in deep drilling conditions become available. The model could be useful to provide drilling engineers insight on the filter cake formation and drilling fluid flow pattern and give guidelines to optimize the filter cake as field experimental data are scarce. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (−)‐Kravanhin B
Authors: Zhong Zhuliang , Ma Donghui , Zhao Gaoyuan , Li Huilin , Xu Dengyu , Xie Xingang , She Xuegong 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe first asymmetric total synthesis of kravanhin B has been accomplished with a linear reaction sequence of 13 steps starting from (R)‐(−)‐carvone. The synthesis features an intramolecular aldol cyclization to construct the desired cis‐fused decalin skeleton and an acid‐catalyzed dehydration and olefin isomerization to install the γ‐butenolide ring.
Deposition of CdS, CdS/ZnSe and CdS/ZnSe/ZnS shells around CdSeTe alloyed core quantum dots: effects on optical properties
Authors: Adegoke Oluwasesan , Nyokong Tebello , Forbes Patricia B. C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this work, we synthesized water‐soluble L‐cysteine‐capped alloyed CdSeTe core quantum dots (QDs) and investigated the structural and optical properties of deposition of each of CdS, CdS/ZnSe and CdS/ZnSe/ZnS shell layers. Photophysical results showed that the overcoating of a CdS shell around the alloyed CdSeTe core [quantum yield (QY) = 8.4%] resulted in effective confinement of the radiative exciton with an improved QY value of 93.5%. Subsequent deposition of a ZnSe shell around the CdSeTe/CdS surface decreased the QY value to 24.7%, but an increase in the QY value of up to 49.5% was observed when a ZnS shell was overcoated around the CdSeTe/CdS/ZnSe surface. QDs with shell layers showed improved stability relative to the core. Data obtained from time‐resolved fluorescence measurements provided useful insight into variations in the photophysical properties of the QDs upon the formation of each shell layer. Our study suggests that the formation of CdSeTe/CdS core/shell QDs meets the requirements of quality QDs in terms of high photoluminescence QY and stability, hence further deposition of additional shells are not necessary in improving the optical properties of the core/shell QDs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic investigation of alloyed quantum dot‐based FRET to cresyl violet dye
Authors: Kotresh M. G. , Adarsh K. S. , Shivkumar M. A. , Mulimani B. G. , Savadatti M. I. , Inamdar S. R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractQuantum dots (QDs), bright luminescent semiconductor nanoparticles, have found numerous applications ranging from optoelectronics to bioimaging. Here, we present a systematic investigation of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from hydrophilic ternary alloyed quantum dots (CdSeS/ZnS) to cresyl violet dye with a view to explore the effect of composition of QD donors on FRET efficiency. Fluorescence emission of QD is controlled by varying the composition of QD without altering the particle size. The results show that quantum yield of the QDs increases with increase in the emission wavelength. The FRET parameters such as spectral overlap J(λ), Förster distance R0, intermolecular distance (r) , rate of energy transfer kT (r), and transfer efficiency (E) are determined by employing both steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Additionally, dynamic quenching is noticed to occur in the present FRET system. Stern–Volmer (KD) and bimolecular quenching constants (kq) are determined from the Stern–Volmer plot. It is observed that the transfer efficiency follows a linear dependence on the spectral overlap and the quantum yield of the donor as predicted by the Förster theory upon changing the composition of the QD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amination of ω‐Functionalized Aliphatic Primary Alcohols by a Biocatalytic Oxidation–Transamination Cascade
Authors: Pickl Mathias , Fuchs Michael , Glueck Silvia M. , Faber Kurt 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAmination of non‐activated aliphatic fatty alcohols to the corresponding primary amines was achieved through a five‐enzyme cascade reaction by coupling a long‐chain alcohol oxidase from Aspergillus fumigatus (LCAO_Af) with a ω‐transaminase from Chromobacterium violaceum (ω‐TA_Cv). The alcohol was oxidized at the expense of molecular oxygen to yield the corresponding aldehyde, which was subsequently aminated by the PLP‐dependent ω‐TA to yield the final primary amine product. The overall cascade was optimized with respect to pH, O2 pressure, substrate concentration, decomposition of H2O2 (derived from alcohol oxidation), NADH regeneration, and biocatalyst ratio. The substrate scope of this concept was investigated under optimized conditions by using terminally functionalized C4–C11 fatty primary alcohols bearing halogen, alkyne, amino, hydroxy, thiol, and nitrile groups.
An Eco‐friendly Soft Template Synthesis of Mesostructured Silica‐Carbon Nanocomposites for Acid Catalysis
Authors: Zhong Ruyi , Peng Li , de Clippel Filip , Gommes Cedric , Goderis Bart , Ke Xiaoxing , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Jacobs Pierre A. , Sels Bert F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe synthesis of ordered mesoporous silica‐carbon composites was explored by employing TEOS and sucrose as the silica and carbon precursor respectively, and the triblock copolymer F127 as a structure‐directing agent via an evaporation‐induced self‐assembly (EISA) process. It is demonstrated that the synthesis procedures allow for control of the textural properties and final composition of these silica‐carbon nanocomposites via adjustment of the effective SiO2/C weight ratio. Characterization by SAXS, N2 physisorption, HRTEM, TGA, and 13C and 29Si solid‐state MAS NMR show a 2D hexagonal mesostructure with uniform large pore size ranging from 5.2 to 7.6 nm, comprising of separate carbon phases in a continuous silica phase. Ordered mesoporous silica and non‐ordered porous carbon can be obtained by combustion of the pyrolyzed nanocomposites in air or etching with HF solution, respectively. Sulfonic acid groups can be readily introduced to such kind of silica‐carbon nanocomposites by a standard sulfonation procedure with concentrated sulfuric acid. Excellent acid‐catalytic activities and selectivities for the dimerization of styrene to produce 1,3‐diphenyl‐1‐butene and dimerization of α‐methylstyrene to unsaturated dimers were demonstrated with the sulfonated materials.
Precipitation in a Micromixer – From Laboratory to Industrial Scale
Authors: Wolf Aurel , Michele Volker , Schlüter Oliver F.‐K. , Herbstritt Frank , Heck Joachim , Mleczko Leslaw 
Published: September 2015

AbstractContinuous high‐intensity mixing of two fluids for carrying out fast precipitation is an important method for producing nanoparticulate solids for diverse applications, e.g., in fine chemistry, pigment or catalyst preparation. Continuous precipitation with a newly developed micromixer technology, the so‐called valve‐assisted micromixer, allows for stable operation without clogging for several days. Scale‐up to technically relevant scale was achieved without differences in the quality of the precipitate. The technology has been extensively tested for preparation of catalysts for production of carbon nanotubes.
Stagnation Region Heat Transfer of Axisymmetric Impinging Jets on Solid Surfaces
Authors: Modak Mayank , Garg Krati , Sahu Santosh K. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA theoretical model is proposed to evaluate the heat transfer characteristics of axisymmetric impinging fluid jets on the horizontal hot surface in the stagnation region using the energy integral method. A generalized expression involving various modeling parameters such as Nusselt number, nozzle‐to‐plate distance, Prandtl number, Reynolds number, and the modeling parameter k is obtained from the analysis. Present predictions are found to agree well with the test data involving a wide range of coolant type, Reynolds number, and nozzle‐to‐plate distance. In addition, a mechanistic correlation is suggested between the modeling parameter k and flow parameter, i.e., Reynolds number.
Separation of a Biofuel: Recovery of Biobutanol by Salting‐Out and Distillation
Authors: Xie Shaoqu , Qiu Xueqing , Yi Conghua 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe second generation biofuel butanol can be produced by acetone‐butanol‐ethanol (ABE) fermentation, but the separation from the broth is still challenging. Therefore, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate was investigated as salting‐out agent. The ABE fermentation broth was enriched by a prefractionator after being preheated. The enriched ABE solution was salted out by K2HPO4 solutions at different temperatures. The water in the supplemented ABE solution was largely removed by the salting‐out method. The energy requirements for the prefractionator and the butanol column were significantly reduced. The total energy demand for the recovery of acetone, butanol, and ethanol by salting‐out and subsequent distillation was optimized. With the salting‐out process, the entire salting‐out and distillation method turned out to be more energy‐saving than the conventional one.
Cyclic Voltammetry of Electrocatalytic Films: Fast Catalysis Regimes
Authors: Costentin Cyrille , Savéant Jean‐Michel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUnderstanding how electrocatalytic films function is of considerable current interest in view of modern energy and analytical challenges. Application of cyclic voltammetry to the analysis of these systems is a worthy alternative to steady‐state techniques in terms of simplicity and rapidity of the current–potential curve recording and the larger extent by which the rate of substrate diffusion may be varied through the rate of potential scanning. The interplay between catalytic reaction, diffusive permeation of the substrate, and diffusion‐like transport of charge is analyzed for fast catalytic reactions as a function of two dimensionless parameters. Procedures for determining the kinetic constants that govern the responses and, particularly, the rate of the catalytic reaction, ensue, based upon on the variations observed when changing scan rate, substrate concentration, and film thickness. These analyses also provide a basis for rational benchmarking of catalysts.
Contemporaneous Dual Catalysis: Aldol Products from Non‐Carbonyl Substrates
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Tracy Jacob S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe aldol reaction represents an important class of atom‐economic carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions vital to modern organic synthesis. Despite the attention this reaction has received, issues related to chemo‐ and regioselectivity as well as reactivity of readily enolizable electrophiles remain. To help overcome these limitations, a new direct approach toward aldol products that does not rely upon carbonyl substrates is described. This approach employs room‐temperature contemporaneous lanthanum/vanadium dual catalysis, whereby a vanadium‐catalyzed 1,3‐transposition of allenols is coupled with a lanthanum‐catalyzed Meinwald rearrangement of epoxides in situ to directly form aldol products.
Efficient Organocatalytic Construction of C4‐Alkyl Substituted Piperidines and Their Application to the Synthesis of (+)‐α‐Skytanthine
Authors: Shiomi Shinya , Sugahara Erika , Ishikawa Hayato 
Published: September 2015

AbstractChiral piperidines which contain an alkyl group at C4 positions are one of the important architectures because it is appeared in several natural products. An efficient protocol for the preparation of C4‐alkyl substituted chiral piperidines using secondary amine catalyzed formal aza [3+3] cycloaddition reaction with aliphatic α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes and thiomalonamate derivatives is reported. In our reaction system, thiomalonamate is an excellent nucleophile and the addition of suitable acid and its amount is an important factor for the acceleration effect in organocatalytic reaction. Furthermore, water and MeOH also have an acceleration effect. These efforts lead to only 0.1 mol % catalyst loading in multigram scale synthesis for suitable reaction time. In addition, the efficient enantioselective total synthesis of (+)‐α‐skytanthine by using our developed reaction as key step was achieved in total 15 % yield. All carbon and nitrogen units were introduced by one step with high enantioselectivity.
Understanding J‐Modulation during Spatial Encoding for Sensitivity‐Optimized Ultrafast NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Gouilleux Boris , Rouger Laetitia , Charrier Benoît , Kuprov Ilya , Akoka Serge , Dumez Jean‐Nicolas , Giraudeau Patrick 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUltrafast (UF) NMR spectroscopy is an approach that yields 2D spectra in a single scan. This methodology has become a powerful analytical tool that is used in a large array of applications. However, UF NMR spectroscopy still suffers from an intrinsic low sensitivity, and from the need to compromise between sensitivity, spectral width, and resolution. In particular, the modulation of signal intensities by the spin–spin J‐coupling interaction (J‐modulation) impacts significantly on the intensities of the spectral peaks. This effect can lead to large sensitivity losses and even to missing spectral peaks, depending on the nature of the spin system. Herein, a general simulation package (Spinach) is used to describe J‐modulation effects in UF experiments. The results from simulations match with experimental data and the results of product operator calculations. Several methods are proposed to optimize the sensitivity in UF COSY spectra. The potential and drawbacks of the different strategies are also discussed. These approaches provide a way to adjust the sensitivity of UF experiments for a large range of applications.