bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MODELING IMPACTS OF RESPONSE METHOD AND CAPABILITY ON OIL SPILL COSTS AND DAMAGES FOR WASHINGTON STATE SPILL SCENARIOS
Authors: Etkin Dagmar Schmidt , McCay Deborah French , Rowe Jill , Pilkey-Jarvis Linda 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The issues and results of modeling major crude oil spill scenarios in outer coast and sound locations in the state of Washington, USA, to determine relative costs and impacts are explored. Oil spill trajectory and fate and effects modeling were coupled with modeling of response operation strategies (conventional mechanical containment and recovery operations; dispersant application with concurrent mechanical containment and recovery; and in-situ burning with concurrent mechanical containment and recovery) to estimate oil spill response costs and socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The complex issues in modeling the impact of response capability and timing of initial response operations were also examined, comparing the US Coast Guard (USCG) federal response capability standards, proposed Washington State standards, and potential theoretical higher response capability standards.
Results of initial modeling showed little difference in costs and impacts between on-water response options and capability levels, with the exception of being significantly lower than the “no response” option, in which only protective shoreline response, but no on-water removal, were employed. The extremely high level of theoretical oil recovery (50 to 70%) that occurred in the modeling was adjusted in a second analysis to account for increasing inefficiencies in recovery capability with time, demonstrating that oil recovery under Washington State's earlier and more aggressive response standard was three times as high as under the federal response standard. Greater differences in costs and impacts were then realized. Increasing on-water oil removal through more efficient oil slick surveillance, training in strategic response, and more timely response can all contribute to reducing spill impacts and costs.
LONG-TERM WILDLIFE OPERATIONS: ADAPTATIONS TO TRADITIONAL INCIDENT COMMAND (OR ICS) STRUCTURE. A CASE STUDY OF THE SS JACOB LUCKENBACH.*
Authors: Addassi Yvonne Najah , Jennings Kathleen , Ziccardi Michael , Yamamoto Julie , Hampton Steve 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
From 2001–2002, oiled birds were found along 220 miles of California's central coastline, with more than 2,000 birds recovered and transported for care. No significant slicks or other obvious sources of oil were observed. Response activities were coordinated to address a prolonged wildlife event, rather than proceeding as a typical short-term oil spill response. This event was part of a long pattern of repeat “mystery” oil spills in this region that puzzled investigators for 10 years, most believing the oil resulted from illegal dumping; but when the 2001/2002 event extended well beyond the winter season, investigators looked deeper. After an extensive investigation by state and federal agencies, the sunken vessel, SS Jacob Luckenbach was identified. A six month, $19 million, multi-agency response operation was undertaken by the U.S. Coast Guard with operations concluding October 2002.
To address the 11-month wildlife response for the 2001/2002 season, the Incident Command Structure was modified to address the unique needs of this event, including: activation and deactivation criteria for beach searches; weather prediction for oil release and animal stranding patterns; hybridization of field team functions; changing response priorities for key species; and long-term staffing, communication and coordination among the multiple agencies. Spill-specific policies and protocols were established, and information was made available to remote personnel through a website. On-going staff debriefs were conducted and adjustments implemented. Based on lessons learned, California's Wildlife Operations Plan is being revised and an electronic data collection system is being implemented to streamline animal tracking.
Although most response organizations are structured to respond to “batch” spills, with hundreds of aging sunken vessels along the California coast alone and as the continuous release from the TV Prestige demonstrated, organizational modifications may be necessary to adequately prepare for and respond to the more unusual, but potentially growing risk of long-term, intermittent releases in the off-shore environment.
“EXTREME” COLD WEATHER OIL SPILL RESPONSE TECHNIQUES & STRATEGIES – ICE & SNOW ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Oskins Carl J. , Bradley Dee 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The logistics of cleaning up spilled oil in cold weather differ from those involved in cleaning up a warm water oil spill. The cleanup is complicated by climatic conditions, the presence of various forms of ice, and the changes that take place in the oil itself in response to cold temperatures. The physical constraints on the cleanup of an extreme cold weather oil spill include the fact that during winter months, it's often too cold to work and daylight becomes a premium. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 states that when designing a Facility Response Plan, it should be based on a Worst Case Oil Spill in the Most Adverse Weather Conditions. In many parts of the country, Extreme Cold Weather qualifies as the most adverse condition. Almost every aspect of spill response is affected by extreme temperatures. The equipment changes as does the PPE worn by responders. Ice can contain and entrain oil that is spilled and may work both for and against recovery. Utilizing techniques such as ice slotting can aid immensely in recovery operations, but the safety of responders must always remain paramount.
ON THE OIL-MINERAL AGGREGATION PROCESS: A PROMISING RESPONSE TECHNOLOGY IN ICE-INFESTED WATERS
Authors: Cloutier Danielle , Gharbi Samir , Boulé Michel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil-mineral aggregation (OMA) process refers to oil droplets and fine sediments interaction leading to the formation of small aggregates. Previous studies have highlighted the significance of oil-mineral aggregate formation on the persistence of oil and the feasibility of its use for the development of spill countermeasures. However, the efficiency of the OMA process in ice-infested waters is not well known. Some preliminary laboratory works have reported promising results regarding the aggregation process in the presence of ice. In the light of these results, the Canadian Coast Guard has conducted a research program that aims to elaborate clean-up measures using the OMA process in ice-infested waters. The oceanographic parameters likely to affect the efficiency of the OMA process were reviewed with respect to the oceanographic conditions prevailing in the Saint-Lawrence River during winter. These results suggested that the low turbidity values and water turbulence prevailing during icing periods are likely to be important parameters influencing oil dispersion efficiency by the OMA process. Clean-up measures which would overcome these limiting effects, based on laboratory and field tests would be developed. This paper presents a literature review on the international expertise related to oil-ice-sediment interactions. The efficiency of the OMA process and the feasibility of using OMA as an oil spill countermeasure strategy in ice-infested waters is discussed herein. The main objectives of the experimental protocol designed for the development of clean-up measures aimed at enhancing oil dispersion in ice-infested waters by the OMA process are presented.
NOAA HABITAT RECOVERY MODELS USING CELLULAR AUTOMATA TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Beegle-Krause CJ , Fonseca Mark , Shigenaka Gary 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Models that predict characteristics of habitat recovery following disturbance are useful tools for ecological risk assessment as well as natural resource damage assessment. NOAA is evaluating the suitability of cellular automata as a single modeling framework for simulating several habitat types (seagrass, coral, rocky intertidal and marsh). The primary challenge is creating rules that reflect biological relationships and complexity. The desire for biological realism in the model is balanced by the need for simplicity in the defined relationships. Once the rules are defined, cellular automata models are straightforward to construct and modify during development.
The cellular automata technique divides a domain into discrete cells with a finite number of states. For habitat models dominated or characterized by a single species (e.g. seagrass, coral or marsh), the cells are defined with two states: empty and occupied. For the multiple species models (e.g. rocky intertidal), the cells are either empty (bare rock) or occupied by one of four biological covers: Fucus, barnacles, mussels, or “other” (e.g., coralline algae or red algal turf). Probabilistic rules are generated for cell transitions from one state (or dominant species) to another. In cases where there is not spatial influence, the model can be collapsed into a simple spreadsheet calculation.
Though some ecosystems recover in timescales shorter than decades, some of these ecosystems recover over time periods longer than a human lifespan. Thus simulation modeling is the only feasible means to provide reasonable guidance for their final recovery. Within this modeling system, the user can create an initial distribution of species, and then choose either to run the simulation from the initial beach, or to selectively empty cells to create a specific type of disturbance before running the simulation. The goal for this work is to both intuitively (graphically) (1) display tradeoffs from the use of different cleanup and restoration techniques and (2) to provide a defensible and quantitative recovery forecast for computing monetary damages against responsible parties.
TEN YEARS OF REALTIME, NEAR-SURFACE CURRENT OBSERVATIONS SUPPORTING OIL SPILL RESPONSE1
Authors: Martin Robert D. , Guinasso Norman L. , Lee Linwood L. , Walpert John N. , Bender Leslie C. , Hetland Robert D. , Baum Steven K. , Howard Mathew K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Trajectory modeling is one of the few tools that allow spill managers to get ahead of an oil spill. To that end, the Texas General Land Office is committed to maintaining and improving the Texas Automated Buoy System (TABS) and its associated modeling efforts to ensure a reliable source of accurate, up-to-date information on currents along the Texas coast. As the nation embarks on the development of an Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), TABS will be an active participant as a foundational regional component to the national backbone of ocean observations. The lessons-learned from TABS’ ten years of spill response operations will provide a valuable roadmap for the operators of new ocean observing systems to ensure that they understand and meet the unique needs of the oil spill response community. This paper describes the circumstances which led to the creation of TABS; the unique, spill response-driven philosophy behind the development and operation of the system; lessons-learned and the resulting modifications to the system; examples of TABS’ service; new TABS forecasting models and real time analysis tools; and the future direction of TABS in the context of a national Integrated Ocean Observing System.
OIL SPILL PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT IN THE NIGER DELTA
Authors: Nwilo P.C. , Badejo O.T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The coastal area of the Niger Delta is the home to oil explorations and exploitations in Nigeria. Oil spill incidents are common along the Nigeria. The main sources of oil spill on the Niger Delta are: vandalisation of the oil pipelines by the local inhabitants; ageing of the pipelines; oil blow outs from the flow stations; cleaning of oil tankers on the high sea and disposal of used oil into the drains by the road side mechanics. By far the most serious source of oil spill is through the vandalisation of pipelines either as a result of civil disaffection with the political process or as a criminal activity.
To reduce the rate of oil incidents along the Nigerian Coast particularly as a result of vandalisation, the Federal Government through an act of the National Assembly created the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC). Part of the responsibilities of the commission is to develop a master plan for the development of the Niger Delta, provide infrastructure and create an enabling environment for industrialisation and employment. There are also several other laws dealing with issues related to oil pollution in the environment. Also, standards for the development of the environmental sensitivity index maps for the coast of Nigeria have been developed by the Environmental Systems Research institute (ESRI). These standards are to be used by all the oil companies to prepare ESI maps for their areas of operations in Nigeria. Furthermore, apart from the mechanical and chemical oil spill cleaning methods that have been used in managing oil spill problems, oil spill models have on several occasions being used to manage oil spills on the Nigerian Coast.
A number of Federal and state agencies deal with the problems of oil spill in Nigeria. The agencies include: the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), the Federal Ministry of Environment, the State Ministries of Environment and the National Maritime Authority. There is also the “Clean Nigeria Associates” which is an umbrella through which the Oil companies tackle major oil spills.
There is a need to create serious awareness among the populace on the implications of oil spill incidents on the environment. Governments must assist the rural communities in claiming their rights on oil spills and ensure that digital ESI maps are readily available for managing oil spill maps. Government should have strict rules for local oil tankers that would ply our coastal and inland waters as a result of the new cabotage law that is just being passed into law in the country.
LOS DERRAMES DE PETRÓLEO EN ECOSISTEMAS TROPICALES – IMPACTOS, CONSECUENCIAS Y PREVENCIÓN. LA EXPERIENCIA DE COLOMBIA1
Authors: Miranda Darío , Restrepo Ricardo 
Published: January 2013

RESUMEN
Colombia, uno de los paises con la mayor diversidad biológica del planeta, ha sufrido en los Ultimos años cientos de ataques terroristas que han producido el derrame de miles de barriles de petróleo crudo y otros productos hidrocarburos. Solamente en un oleoducto, más de 1,000 ataques han causado en 19 años de operatión el derrame de cerca de tres millones de barriles de petróleo. Esta cifra equivale a más de 10 veces la cantidad de petróleo derramado por el Exxon Valdez en Alaska en 1989, el cual es considerado uno de los más grandes desastres ecologicos de los Ultimos tiempos.
Las pérdidas de flora y fauna causadas por estos miles de barriles de petróleo derramados sobre la riqueza biológica de Colombia llevan a pensar que los sabotajes son realmente verdaderos ataques contra el futuro de la humanidad. En efecto, Colombia es considerada hoy una de las diez “áreas calientes” del mundo. Es decir, aquellas áreas que teniendo una alta biodiversidad, presentan una gran vulnerabilidad como consecuencia de la interventión humana (Becerra, 1993).
A escala mundial existen muchos estudios relacionados con los efectos de los derrames de hidrocarburos en aguas marinas, pero hay muy poca informatión acerca de sus efectos en aguas continentales tropicales. Se presentan en el artículo las consecuencias ecológicas de los derrames sobre los ecosistemas tropicales, haciendo énfasis en los sensibles ambientes Colombianos.
A pesar de todos los esfuerzos que las autoridades Colombianas han venido realizando para prevenir la ocurrencia de sabotajes, los ataques continúan al igual que los derrames. Considerando que los ataques terroristas probablemente no podrán ser eliminados, la estrategia para mitigar los efectos nocivos de los derrames está basada en preventión, a través de acciones de respuesta estructuradas en Planes de Contingencia, conforme a los lineamientos del Plan Nacional de Contingencia de Colombia. Se muestra un resumen de las estrategias para prevenir la contaminación ambiental planteadas en los Planes de Contingencia existentes.
LPG – PIPELINE RUPTURE AT CASTELLO BRANCO HIGHWAY, BARUERI, STATE OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL. A FOCUS ON RESPONSE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Silva Johnson O. , Sanches Antonio R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The objective of this paper in to summarize the emergency control phase, the community evacuation plan and subsequent plan for restoration and cleanup of the area.
The Castello Branco Highway is located near the municipality of Barueri and connects the city of São Paulo to the country-side.
On June 2001, during a four day public holiday, the citizens of Barueri reported on a large spill of LPG to the PETROBRAS Oil & Gas Terminal. The liquefied gas was spilling from a pipeline after being damaged by a pile driver during civil works being conducted alongside the road. Initial spill response activities by PETROBRAS Civil and Defense consisted of relocating the local population and stopping the road traffic.
The Emergency Response Plan was implemented immediately and the local populace removed from the hot zone to a safe location, in accordance with the Plan. Less than 1 hour after the incident, the water-sampling and inflammability program was initiated and various emergency groups from PETROBRAS Refineries in the São Paulo area were called to control the incident.
The specific behavior of LPG in open streams and confined rain water drainage systems showed that in this kind of emergency, special ventilation equipment combined with tactical and technical knowledge enabled the successful handling of this incident. The LPG leak was effectively controlled within 24 hours.
The coordination and teamwork between the emergency PETROBRAS Group, the Civil Defense Community, Public Fire Fighters and the government, municipal and private contingency organizations, combined with the environmental agency were critical to avoid the ignition of LPG and preserve lives.
INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR RECOVERY OF DIESEL-BASED DRILLING MUD-THE TRICO MARINE CASE STUDY
Authors: Baccigalopi Michael John , Sullivan Kathleen Clare (KC) , Greytok Jeff Gordon , Jensen Dave Allen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On the evening of June 3, 2003 an operational error while circulating mud tanks on the off shore supply vessel Big Horn River resulted in the discharge of 214 barrels of 75 percent diesel-based drilling mud into Redfish Bay at Harbor Island, Texas. The bulk of the drilling mud sank to the bottom of the Aransas Channel with no surface indication as to the extent the product had spread along the channel bottom. Initial response to the release was hampered by severe weather while concern grew over the sensitivity of the surrounding area. Responders were faced with a complex challenge to develop an efficient recovery plan. Divers were utilized to delineate the extent of the underwater contamination and facilitated the cleanup with a unique vacuum truck-air lift system developed on scene.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SURFACE WASHING AGENT EFFECTIVENESS PROTOCOL
Authors: Koran Karen M. , Venosa Albert D. , Vyas Saurabh , Sorial George A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is developing a protocol for testing the effectiveness of surface washing agents (SWAs) in a laboratory setting. The criteria for evaluating SWA effectiveness is based on the amount of crude oil that can be removed from a substrate with a specified amount of test cleaner. For protocol development and testing, acid washed sand was used as the shoreline substrate. Prudhoe Bay Crude, a medium weight EPA/American Petroleum Institute (API) standard reference oil, and three SWAs were tested. Oil was applied to the sand in 2″ x2″ x2″ stainless steel mesh baskets and allowed to weather for a period of time before the SWA was applied. SWA was applied as a neat solution at a product to oil volume ratio of 2:1. The baskets were then submerged in seawater in 1-L beakers and agitated on a rotary shaker table. The effects of testing variables, including substrate hydration, mode of oil application, oil-weathering time, oil-SWA contact time, mixing speed, and mixing time were evaluated. The wash water and sand were extracted separately with DCM and the quantity of oil in the extracts was measured by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The efficiency of the SWA was determined based on the mass of oil released into the wash water relative to the total mass of oil applied.
HOW TO MODEL WATER-IN-OIL EMULSION FORMATION
Authors: Fingas Merv , Fieldhouse Ben 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Water-in-oil mixtures were grouped into four states or classes: stable, mesostable, unstable, and entrained water. Only stable and mesostable states can be characterized as emulsions. These states were established according to lifetime, visual appearance, complex modulus, and differences in viscosity. Water-in-oil emulsions made from crude oils have different classes of stability as a result of the asp haltene and resin contents, as well as differences in the viscosity of the starting oil.
In this paper a new numerical modelling scheme is proposed and is based on empirical data and the corresponding physical knowledge of emulsion formation. The density, viscosity, saturate, asphaltene and resin contents are used to compute a class index which yields either an unstable or entrained water-in-oil state or a meso-stable or stable emulsion. A prediction scheme is given to estimate the water content and viscosity of the resulting water-in-oil state and the time to formation with input of wave-height.
ESTIMATING THE SUCCESS OF TRAJECTORY FORECASTS1
Authors: Lehr William J. , Simecek-Beatty Debra 
Published: January 2013

A common tool in response to oil spills is trajectory forecasting. While the essential equations of oil spill trajectory modeling have not changed in four decades, the assessment of their effectiveness has only recently undergone quantitative analysis. The authors assert that estimating the success of any forecast can be approached in two different ways: (1) operationally, where the measured location of the spill is used to evaluate previous forecasts and improve the trajectory model in future forecasts, and (2) assessing the utility of the forecast, where spill location dependent cleanup decisions are affected by the model results, either favorably or unfavorably.
The challenge of determining operational success often lies in the method of estimating trajectory error in a defensible way that incorporates the uncertainty inherent in the reported slick observations and highlights the flaws in either the intrinsic model parameters or environmental input. The authors discuss the limitations of simply using the distance between the center of masses of the observed and forecasted spill locations. Some alternative supplementary approaches are discussed.
Adoption of a metric for spill modeling error allows the ability to assign anticipated accuracy to the forecast and highlights the input or model parameters most sensitive to forecast improvement. However, it does not measure the increased value of a better forecast to the actual response. To have an impact, spill forecasts must affect spill response decisions by providing additional information, often in the form of conditional probabilities, regarding oil amount and location. The authors review the likelihood that these probabilities would be, or could be, known, given different spill scenarios. If known, these probabilities can be combined with probabilities of success and anticipated rewards for different cleanup scenarios. By handling the problem in a probabilistic manner, trajectory analysis can assist analysts using risk-reward calculations to determine maximum possible gain while minimizing risk. Assessment in improved trajectory prediction would then be translatable into assessment in improved spill response. Whether existing technology is compatible with such an approach to trajectory forecasting and spill response remains an unanswered question.