bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safe children community: does it work? A comparison of child injury data in the district of Deutschlandsberg documents evidence
Authors: Peter Spitzer , Gudula Brandmayr , Sabine Distl 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn 2007 Grosse schuetzen Kleine/Safe Kids Austria introduced a broad Safe Children Community Programme in the district of Deutschlandsberg (comprises 39 communities with 60.000 inhabitants, 9.500 children aged 14 and under). At this time 2.219 child injuries occurred annually in this region. This number corresponds with an injury rate of 248 per 1.000 children per year.Aims/Objectives/PurposeThe aim was to find a framework to evaluate the effect of a safe community work focused on child safety and to implement the key factors in a systematically work process.MethodsChildren who sustain an injury in the district of Deutschlandsberg are mostly treated in the local hospital or by the general practitioner. Severe cases are referred to the Children's Trauma centre in the capital city of Graz. By collecting and analysing all data available from these sources 95% of all injuries which required medical treatment could be covered in the study. The same data analysis has been done in a control district of the same size and distribution of population in order to show evidence after the intervention period.Results/OutcomeAfter 5 years of intervention the preventative work shows substantial effects that relate to a multi-level prevention programme. The number of injuries to children dropped by 16% related to absolute cases. The injury rate declined by 7%.Significance/Contribution to the FieldWith the Safe Children Community project Grosse schuetzen Kleine/Safe Kids Austria wanted to supply evidence that the Indicators for Safe Children Communities make a difference when followed accordingly. Accompanying the programme with a comprehensive data surveillance in the intervention and the non-intervention district helped to bring this evidence forward.It is very important to involve a hospital in safe community work for evaluating and documenting the success of such a project.
Occupational ATV-related injuries in Washington State's agricultural industry, 2004–2008
Authors: Jim Helmkamp , Dave Bonauto , Cody Spann , Mary Aitken 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAll-terrain vehicles (ATV) are used in many work applications and are associated with work-related injury and deaths.ObjectiveTo describe injuries and WC costs among agriculture workers hurt using ATVs at work.MethodsWashington (WA) State Workers’ Compensation (WC) State Fund data (2004–2008) were used to identify suspected ATV injury claims; medical records were reviewed for work-related ATV injury. Emphasis was on Crop Production-CP, Animal Production-AP, and Support Activities for Agriculture and Forestry-SA workers.Results251 claims were identified with 55% from workers in CP (109), AP (18) or SA (13). Total indemnity ($675 782) and medical ($651 496) costs represented 70% of total compensable costs incurred. Fractures were the most common (49%) injury (median medical cost ∼$5700). Nearly 37% (18) of claims identified overturn/rollover, followed by caught in/struck by ATV at 27% (13). Highest median indemnity costs were for workers who slipped/fell ($11 217) from the ATV. Highest median medical costs were to workers caught in/struck by the ATV ($10 081); this injury had the highest median number of loss days (217). The 5-year injury rate among CP/ AP workers was 57/ 100 000 FTEs.ConclusionsThis study is the first to describe injuries to agriculture workers using ATVs at work. Types of injuries events were similar to patterns for ATV recreational use.
Suicide ideation among medical students: a cross sectional study from South India
Authors: Jain A , Jain R , Menezes RG , Subba SH , Kotian MS , Nagesh KR 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundSuicide ideation is a neglected issue in our society. Information on suicidal ideation is lacking in India.ObjectivesThis study was conducted to study the prevalence of suicide ideation and its associated risk factors among medical students at Mangalore, India.MethodsThis pilot study was conducted on medical students by using a self-administered questionnaire. Data was collected from second year students on baseline characteristics, habits, thought of suicide ideation, and thought of life as burden. The collected data was analysed using SPSS V.11.5. χ2test was used to determine the risk factors and their significance was reported at p<0.05.ResultsOut of 305 students who filled questionnaire completely (response rate 87%), 119 (39%) were males and 186 (61%) were females. Around 8.3% (n=25) admitted alcohol consumption, 4.3% (n=13) were smokers, 3% (n=9) admitted to having tried/done substance abuse. More than half (172; 56.39%) were dissatisfied with academic performance (p=0.002), 34 (55.7%) students had broken up with their close friends (p=0.009), and 20 (6.56%) felt neglected by the parents/family. One fifth of respondents (61; 20%) had reported suicide ideation, 24 (7.9%) have given serious thought to committing suicide, 28 students (9.5%) consider their life as a burden.SignificanceDissatisfaction in academics, neglect by the family, and break up with close friends had significant association with suicide ideation. These issues can be tackled by counselling. The awareness generated could be helpful in avoiding suicide. Also, quantification of the problem is the first step in prevention.
Attitudes towards and practice of helmet use among commercial motorcyclists in Dar Es Salaam region, Tanzania
Authors: Mwakapasa E , Outwater A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe non-use of helmets is a specific factor leading to head injuries resulting from motorcycle crashes.PurposeThe study's purpose was to explore the commercial motorcyclists' attitude and their practices of helmet wearing.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in urban and peri-urban areas of Dar es Salaam region in May, 2011 at 40 randomly selected commercial motorcycle parking points. A total of 273 commercial motorcyclists participated. Face-to-face interviews were performed using a standard questionnaire while observations were conducted using adapted WHO checklist. Data was analysed using SPSS V.16.0.ResultsThe majority of respondents (81.3%) reported that they wear helmets; few of them (32.4%) wearing a helmet consistently. Predictors of helmet use were having a positive attitude, towards helmet use for passengers (p=0.005), protective ability of helmets against head injury (p=0.003), wearing of helmets during the night (p=0.001) and the necessity of wearing helmets even by experienced riders (p=0.000).Commercial motorcyclists who had primary education were more likely to wear helmets than those who had no formal education (AOR 6.146; 95% CI 1.345 to 28.097). No significant difference in helmet wearing between urban and peri-urban areas (p=0.109). Observations showed that 52.7% were observed wearing helmets and 91.8% of them had no passenger's helmet.SignificanceDespite a generally positive attitude towards helmet use, most commercial motorcyclists do not wear helmet consistently. This highlights the need for exploring the factors behind inconsistent helmet use.
Augmentation of Therapeutic Responses in Melanoma by Inhibition of IRAK-1,-4
Authors: Srivastava Ratika , Geng Degui , Liu Yingjia , Zheng Liqin , Li Zhaoyang , Joseph Mary Ann , McKenna Colleen , Bansal Navneeta , Ochoa Augusto , Davila Eduardo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractToll-like receptors (TLR) are expressed by a variety of cancers, including melanoma, but their functional contributions in cancer cells are uncertain. To approach this question, we evaluated the effects of stimulating or inhibiting the TLR/IL-1 receptor-associated kinases IRAK-1 and IRAK-4 in melanoma cells where their functions are largely unexplored. TLRs and TLR-related proteins were variably expressed in melanoma cell lines, with 42% expressing activated phospho-IRAK-1 constitutively and 85% expressing high levels of phospho-IRAK-4 in the absence of TLR stimulation. Immunohistochemical evaluation of melanoma tumor biopsies (n = 242) revealed two distinct patient populations, one that expressed p-IRAK-4 levels similar to normal skin (55%) and one with significantly higher levels than normal skin (45%). Levels of p-IRAK-4 levels did not correlate with clinical stage, gender, or age, but attenuated IRAK-1,-4 signaling with pharmacologic inhibitors or siRNA-enhanced cell death in vitro in combination with vinblastine. Moreover, in a xenograft mouse model of melanoma, the combined pharmacologic treatment delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival compared with subjects receiving single agent therapy. We propose p-IRAK-4 as a novel inflammation and prosurvival marker in melanoma with the potential to serve as a therapeutic target to enhance chemotherapeutic responses. Cancer Res; 72(23); 6209–16. ©2012 AACR.
Carbon Source and Myc Expression Influence the Antiproliferative Actions of Metformin
Authors: Javeshghani Shiva , Zakikhani Mahvash , Austin Shane , Bazile Miguel , Blouin Marie-José , Topisirovic Ivan , St-Pierre Julie , Pollak Michael N. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Epidemiologic and experimental data have led to increased interest in possible roles of biguanides in cancer prevention and/or treatment. Prior studies suggest that the primary action of metformin is inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in reduced mitochondrial ATP production and activation of AMPK. In vitro, this may lead to AMPK-dependent growth inhibition if AMPK and its effector pathways are intact or to an energetic crisis if these are defective. We now show that the effect of exposure of several transformed cell lines to metformin varies with carbon source: in the presence of glutamine and absence of glucose, a 75% decrease in cellular ATP and an 80% decrease in cell number is typical; in contrast, when glucose is present, metformin exposure leads to increased glycolysis, with only a modest reduction in ATP level and cell number. Overexpression of myc was associated with sensitization to the antiproliferative effects of metformin, consistent with myc involvement in “glutamine addiction”. Our results reveal previously unrecognized factors that influence metformin sensitivity and suggest that metformin-induced increase in glycolysis attenuates the antiproliferative effects of the compound. Cancer Res; 72(23); 6257–67. ©2012 AACR.
Patient Navigation Significantly Reduces Delays in Breast Cancer Diagnosis in the District of Columbia
Authors: Hoffman Heather J. , LaVerda Nancy L. , Young Heather A. , Levine Paul H. , Alexander Lisa M. , Brem Rachel , Caicedo Larisa , Eng-Wong Jennifer , Frederick Wayne , Funderburk William , Huerta Elmer , Swain Sandra , Patierno Steven R. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Background: Patient Navigation (PN) originated in Harlem as an intervention to help poor women overcome access barriers to timely breast cancer treatment. Despite rapid, nationally widespread adoption of PN, empirical evidence on its effectiveness is lacking. In 2005, National Cancer Institute initiated a multicenter PN Research Program (PNRP) to measure PN effectiveness for several cancers. The George Washington Cancer Institute, a project participant, established District of Columbia (DC)-PNRP to determine PN's ability to reduce breast cancer diagnostic time (number of days from abnormal screening to definitive diagnosis).
Methods: A total of 2,601 women (1,047 navigated; 1,554 concurrent records-based nonnavigated) were examined for breast cancer from 2006 to 2010 at 9 hospitals/clinics in DC. Analyses included only women who reached complete diagnostic resolution. Differences in diagnostic time between navigation groups were tested with ANOVA models including categorical demographic and treatment variables. Log transformations normalized diagnostic time. Geometric means were estimated and compared using Tukey–Kramer P value adjustments.
Results: Average—geometric mean [95% confidence interval (CI)]—diagnostic time (days) was significantly shorter for navigated, 25.1 (21.7, 29.0), than nonnavigated women, 42.1 (35.8, 49.6). Subanalyses revealed significantly shorter average diagnostic time for biopsied navigated women, 26.6 (21.8, 32.5) than biopsied nonnavigated women, 57.5 (46.3, 71.5). Among nonbiopsied women, diagnostic time was shorter for navigated, 27.2 (22.8, 32.4), than nonnavigated women, 34.9 (29.2, 41.7), but not statistically significant.
Conclusions: Navigated women, especially those requiring biopsy, reached their diagnostic resolution significantly faster than nonnavigated women.
Impact: Results support previous findings of PN's positive influence on health care. PN should be a reimbursable expense to assure continuation of PN programs. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(10); 1655–63. ©2012 AACR.
Follow-Up and Timeliness After an Abnormal Cancer Screening Among Underserved, Urban Women in a Patient Navigation Program
Authors: Markossian Talar W. , Darnell Julie S. , Calhoun Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Background: We evaluated the efficacy of a Chicago-based cancer patient navigation program developed to increase the proportion of patients reaching diagnostic resolution and reduce the time from abnormal screening test to definitive diagnostic resolution.
Methods: Women with an abnormal breast (n = 352) or cervical (n = 545) cancer screening test were recruited for the quasi-experimental study. Navigation subjects originated from five federally qualified health center sites and one safety net hospital. Records-based concurrent control subjects were selected from 20 sites. Control sites had similar characteristics to the navigated sites in terms of patient volume, racial/ethnic composition, and payor mix. Mixed-effects logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were conducted to compare navigation and control patients reaching diagnostic resolution by 60 days and time to resolution, adjusting for demographic covariates and site.
Results: Compared with controls, the breast navigation group had shorter time to diagnostic resolution (aHR = 1.65, CI = 1.20–2.28) and the cervical navigation group had shorter time to diagnostic resolution for those who resolved after 30 days (aHR = 2.31, CI = 1.75–3.06), with no difference before 30 days (aHR = 1.42, CI = 0.83–2.43). Variables significantly associated with longer time to resolution for breast cancer screening abnormalities were being older, never partnered, abnormal mammogram and BI-RADS 3, and being younger and Black for cervical abnormalities.
Conclusions: Patient navigation reduces time from abnormal cancer finding to definitive diagnosis in underserved women.
Impact: Results support efforts to use patient navigation as a strategy to reduce cancer disparities among socioeconomically disadvantaged women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(10); 1691–700. ©2012 AACR.
Examining the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Invasive Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in California
Authors: Steinbrecher Astrid , Fish Kari , Clarke Christina A. , West Dee W. , Gomez Scarlett L. , Cheng Iona 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality rates vary across race/ethnicity. Socioeconomic status (SES) also influences CRC rates; however, these associations might be inconsistent across racial/ethnic groups and tumor subsite. We examined associations between area-level SES and CRC incidence and mortality in a population-based registry study of non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians/Pacific Islanders from California.
Methods: Data on 52,608 incident CRC cases (1998–2002) and 14,515 CRC deaths (1999–2001) aged ≥50 years were obtained from the California Cancer Registry. Based on 2000 U.S. Census data, each cancer case and death was assigned a multidimensional census tract-level SES index. SES-specific quintiles of CRC incidence and mortality rates, incidence rate ratios (IRR) and mortality rate ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Analyses were stratified by anatomical site, including left- versus right-sided tumors, race/ethnicity, and stage of disease.
Results: Overall CRC incidence and SES did not show a clear association, yet patterns of associations varied across tumor subsite and race/ethnicity. Positive associations between SES and CRC incidence were found in Hispanics [SES Q5 v. Q1: IRR = 1.54, CI = 1.39–1.69], irrespective of the subsite. For Whites [SES Q5 v. Q1: IRR = 0.80, CI = 0.77–0.83], and African Americans [SES Q5 v. Q1: IRR = 0.83, CI = 0.70–0.97] inverse associations were observed, predominantly for left-sided tumors. Mortality rates declined with increasing SES in Whites, whereas in Hispanics mortality rates significantly increased with SES.
Conclusions: Our findings show that SES differences in CRC incidence and mortality vary considerably across anatomical subsite and race/ethnicity.
Impact: Studies combining area- and individual-level SES information are warranted. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(10); 1814–22. ©2012 AACR.
Insulin Therapy and Colorectal Adenomas in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Wong Patricia , Weiner Mark G. , Hwang Wei-Ting , Yang Yu-Xiao 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk for colorectal adenomas and cancer because of endogenous hyperinsulinemia. Exogenous insulin therapy has been associated with higher colorectal cancer incidence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between exogenous insulin therapy and adenoma formation, accounting for duration of therapy and location and stage of the adenoma.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes between the ages of 50 and 80 years who completed full colonoscopies. Cases were patients with any adenoma on index colonoscopy. Patients without any adenoma composed the control group. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and associated confidence intervals (CI).Results: Compared with the controls, case patients (n = 196) did not have a significantly increased odds of insulin exposure, when exposure was defined as 12 months or more of insulin use compared with no insulin. However, the odds of insulin exposure among the cases was significantly increased when exposure was defined as 18 months or more (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.5), 24 months or more (OR 1.7, CI 1.1–2.6), and 36 months or more (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.4) of insulin use (test for trend P = 0.05). A similar trend in insulin exposure was seen among type 2 diabetics with advanced adenomas. Adenoma location was not significantly affected by insulin therapy.Conclusions: Chronic insulin therapy is associated with increased risk of colorectal adenomas in patients with type 2 diabetes.Impact: Diabetes patients receiving insulin may need more stringent colon cancer screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(10); 1833–40. ©2012 AACR.
The Communications Revolution and Health Inequalities in the 21st Century: Implications for Cancer Control
Authors: Viswanath K. , Nagler Rebekah H. , Bigman-Galimore Cabral A. , McCauley Michael P. , Jung Minsoo , Ramanadhan Shoba 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The radical and transformative developments in information and communication technologies (ICT) offer unprecedented opportunities to promote cancer control and enhance population and individual health. However, the current context in which these technologies are being deployed—where cancer incidence and mortality and communication are characterized by inequalities among different racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status groups—raises important questions for cancer communication research, policy, and practice. Drawing on illustrative data, this essay characterizes the communications revolution and elucidates its implications for cancer control, with a particular focus on communication inequalities and cancer disparities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(10); 1701–8. ©2012 AACR.
Novel Mechanism of Aortic Aneurysm Development in Mice Associated With Smoking and Leukocytes
Authors: Jin Jianping , Arif Batool , Garcia-Fernandez Francisca , Ennis Terri L. , Davis Elaine C. , Thompson Robert W. , Curci John A. 
Published: October 2012

Objective—
The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential mechanisms promoting abdominal aortic aneurysm development with tobacco smoke (TS) exposure.

Methods and Results—
Experiments used the elastase perfusion model of abdominal aortic aneurysms with smoke-free controls. The effect of TS exposure was evaluated in C57/Bl6 mice, after broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibition with doxycycline and in mice deficient in matrix metalloproteinase-9, matrix metalloproteinase-12, Cathepsin-S, and Neutrophil Elastase. Preparations of washed marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood leukocytes were transferred to smoke-free mice from 6-week TS-exposed mice or smoke-free mice. All mice were euthanized 14 days after elastase perfusion, and the percentage of change in aortic diameter (%Δ aortic diameter) was calculated. Electron microscopy of aortic tissue from animals exposed to TS without elastase exposure did not demonstrate any ultrastructural changes. Neither doxycycline nor any specific elastase deficiency was effective at preventing an increase in %Δ aortic diameter in TS-exposed animals. Smoke exposure for 6 weeks increased the %Δ aortic diameter after a smoke-free interval of up to 6 weeks before elastase perfusion. Leukocyte preparations from TS-exposed mice localized to abdominal aortic aneurysms and increased the %Δ aortic diameter in smoke-free mice.

Conclusion—
The effect of TS on the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms is not dependent on the activity of elastolytic enzymes and persists for long periods despite cessation of TS. Alterations in leukocyte response to aortic injury appear to mediate this effect.
Loss of Id3 Increases VCAM-1 Expression, Macrophage Accumulation, and Atherogenesis in
Ldlr
–/–
Mice
Authors: Lipinski Michael J. , Campbell Kirsti A. , Duong Son Q. , Welch Thomas J. , Garmey James C. , Doran Amanda C. , Skaflen Marcus D. , Oldham Stephanie N. , Kelly Kimberly A. , McNamara Coleen A. 
Published: October 2012

Objective—

Inhibitor of differention-3 (Id3) promotes B cells homing to the aorta and atheroprotection in Apoe
−/−
mice. We sought to determine the impact of loss of Id3 in the
Ldlr
−/−
mouse model of diet-induced atherosclerosis and identify novel Id3 targets in the vessel wall.

Methods and Results—

Ex vivo optical imaging confirmed that
Id3
−/−
Ldlr
−/−
mice have significantly fewer aortic B cells than
Id3
+/+
Ldlr
−/−
mice. After 8 and 16 weeks of Western diet,
Id3
−/−
Ldlr
−/−
mice developed significantly more atherosclerosis than
Id3
+/+
Ldlr
−/−
mice, with
Id3
+/−
Ldlr
−/−
mice demonstrating an intermediate phenotype. There were no differences in serum lipid levels between genotypes. Immunostaining demonstrated that aortas from
Id3
−/−
Ldlr
−/−
mice had greater intimal macrophage density and C-C chemokine ligand 20 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression compared with
Id3
+/+
Ldlr
−/−
mice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated increased VCAM-1 mRNA levels in the aortas of
Id3
−/−
Ldlr
−/−
mice. Primary vascular smooth muscle cells from
Id3
−/−
mice expressed greater amounts of VCAM-1 protein compared with control. Gain and loss of function studies in primary vascular smooth muscle cells identified a role for Id3 in repressing VCAM-1 promoter activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated interaction of E12 with the VCAM-1 promoter, which is inhibited by Id3.

Conclusion—
Id3 is an atheroprotective transcription regulator with targets in both B cells and vessel wall cells leading to reduced macrophage accumulation and reduced atherosclerosis formation.