bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le château d'Arsur : forteresse côtière pentagonale du type concentrique du milieu du XIII ème siècle
Authors: Roll Israël , Arubas Benjamin 
Published: June 2013

Die Burg von Arsuf : fünfeckige Küstenfestung des konzentrischen Typs aus der Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts, von Israël Roll und Benjamin Arubas
Die Kreuzfahrerfestung ist das bedeutendste architektonische Ensemble, das auf dem archäologischen Gelande von Apollonia/Arsuf entdeckt wurde, das etwa 15 km nördlich von Tel Aviv auf einer Klippe über dem Mittelmeer über einem natürlichen Hafen liegt. Es ist eine komplexe, konzentrische Anlage, die aus vielfältigen Elementen besteht und aur mehreren Ebenen angelegt ist.
Ihre Befestigung bestand aus einem gestarrelten Verteidigungssystem, das von außen nach innen geht. Ihre erste Verteidigung wurde von einem breiten und tiefen Graben gebildet, der die äußere Befestigung umgab und schützte ; diese wiederum schützte die Hauptbefestigung, die die Innenraume umgab. Der Gesamtplan der Bauten, die innerhalb des Grabens lagen, war fünfeckig, ein Faktor, der Einfluss aur die Form des Innenhofes und des Donjons hatte. Der Donjon war selbst als solcher kein befestigtes Element, sondern überragte das Ganze und war so ein Bestandteil des Befestigungssystems. Das Tor in der Hauptmauer bestand aus einem gepflasterten Durchgang, der mit Installationen zum Verschließen versehen war und von zwei mehrgeschossigen, halbrunden Türmen flankiert wurde. Dieses Tor gehört zu einem Typ von Berestigungswerken, die zur Zeit der Kreuzzüge in Israël kein zweites Mal zu finden sind. In Frankreich und England hingegen waren Tore dieses Typs sehr verbreitet. Der Höhepunkt dieses Torverteidigungssystems ist in Europa im 13. Jahrhundert zu finden. Man kann daraus schliefien, dass das Tor wie auch die Festung von Arsuf insgesamt nicht nur eine Lebensweise und ein Verteidigungskonzept widerspiegeln, sondern vor allem eine Vorstellung von der westlichen Welt.
Toothbrush: A Favorable Media for Bacterial Growth
Authors: Kulkarni Varun 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
In this era of stem cell transplantation, tissue engineering and piezosurgery, it is important to consider the toothbrush as a source of potential pathogens. As toothbrush plays an important everyday role for personal oral hygiene and effective plaque removal. Oral cavity incubates diversity of microorganisms; therefore it is not surprising that some of these microorganisms were transferred to toothbrush during use. Presence of nutrients, epithelial debris and oral secretions make the toothbrush a favorable media for numerous bacterial growths.

Aim
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial flora predominantly present in toothbrushes.

Materials and methods
Samples of 150 different used toothbrushes from healthy population were taken randomly for microbial analysis. Samples of toothbrushes were put in Robertson cooked meat (RCM) media for both aerobic and anaerobic microbial recognition. Inoculation was done on blood agar and MacConkey's agar plate and culture plates were incubated for 24 hours.

Results
Fifty-four samples showed facultative anaerobes growth, i.e. Streptococcus mutans, Alpha-hemolytic streptococci, coagulase negative Staphylococci (CONS) and diphtheroids. Sixty-six samples showed polymicrobial etiology and 30 showed purely anaerobic bacteria, i.e. Bacteroides, Lactobacilli.

Conclusion
Toothbrush is thus considered a potential biohazard for reintroduction of microorganisms in the oral cavity. New oral hygiene devices like Dental Air Force home dental cleaning system will emerge as true alternative for toothbrush.

How to cite this article
Saini R, Kulkarni V. Toothbrush: A Favorable Media for Bacterial Growth. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(1):27-28.
Canines on a Fast Track: Canine Distalization by Dentoalveolar Distraction Osteogenesis
Authors: Bhardwaj Amit , Belludi Anup , Virang Bhavna , Padmawar Sagar , Virang Parag 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT
Conventional techniques for biological tooth movement is routinely achieved at a slow rate and in high anchorage cases where individual canine retraction is indicated lasts for 6 to 8 months, followed by retraction of the incisors. Hence, the overall treatment time taken is about 18 to 24 months. Rapid canine distalization through dentoalveolar distraction (DAD) technique can be achieved within 2 to 3 weeks with this technique. This clinically efficient method significantly reduces the overall treatment time without causing any serious discomfort or damage to the patient. In this technique osteotomies surrounding the canines are made to achieve rapid movement of the canines within the dentoalveolar segment, in compliance with distraction osteogenesis principles.

How to cite this article
Virang B, Belludi A, Bhardwaj A, Padmawar S, Virang P. Canines on a Fast Track: Canine Distalization by Dentoalveolar Distraction Osteogenesis. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(1):44-49.
Systematic Review of Interventions to Promote Social–Emotional Development in Young Children With or at Risk for Disability
Authors: Case-Smith Jane 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This systematic review synthesized the research on interventions used by occupational therapy practitioners to promote social–emotional development in young children (birth–5 yr) with or at risk for disabilities. After a comprehensive search of the research literature, 23 studies were reviewed and then synthesized into five themes: (1) touch-based interventions to enhance calming and parent–infant bonding, (2) relationship-based interventions to promote positive caregiver–child interactions, (3) joint attention interventions, (4) naturalistic preschool interventions to promote peer-to-peer engagement, and (5) instruction-based interventions to teach children appropriate social behaviors. The interventions for infants primarily involved coaching parents in specific strategies to promote positive interactions; interventions for preschool-age children typically involved encouraging peer support, instructing children, and applying naturalistic behavioral techniques to develop higher-level social competence. The studies demonstrated low to moderate positive effects for interventions used by occupational therapy practitioners to improve social–emotional development across ages, diagnoses, and settings.
Method for the Systematic Reviews on Occupational Therapy and Early Intervention and Early Childhood Services
Authors: Arbesman Marian , Lieberman Deborah , Berlanstein Debra R. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Systematic reviews of literature relevant to early intervention and early childhood services are important to the practice of occupational therapy. We describe the five questions that served as the focus for the systematic reviews of the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions in early intervention and early childhood services. We include the background for the reviews; the process followed for each question, including search terms and search strategy; the databases searched; and the methods used to summarize and critically appraise the literature. The final number of articles included in each systematic review; a summary of the themes of the results; the strengths and limitations of the findings; and implications for practice, education, and research are presented.
Rasch Analysis of the Mental Health Recovery Measure
Authors: Chang Yen-Ching , Ailey Sarah H. , Heller Tamar , Chen Ming-De 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Consumer-oriented recovery among people with mental illness has been discussed for more than two decades, but few reliable and valid recovery measurements are currently available. This study used Rasch methods to assess the Mental Health Recovery Measure (MHRM). Participants were 156 adults with mental illness who lived in the community. After the Rasch analyses, the MHRM was modified to a 26-item measure with a 4-point Likert scale. Unidimensionality was confirmed for the revised MHRM, and it also showed proper rating scale functioning and high reliability. The revised MHRM is sufficient to assess only those in the initial and middle stages of recovery. More high-recovery-level items are needed to assess people in a high-recovery stage. Occupational therapists can use the revised MHRM in future quantitative studies and program evaluation.
Uma crítica à memética de Susan Blackmore
Authors: Leal Toledo Gustavo 
Published: June 2013

O livro The Meme Machine, de Susan Blackmore, foi considerado por Dawkins como aquele que leva a memética mais longe. Nesse livro, Blackmore apresenta várias análises meméticas de variados fenômenos,, além disso, procura resolver algumas das questões mais fundamentais da área e apresentar algumas das definições mais utilizadas de conceitos centrais da memética. Por mais importante que seja tal livro, Blackmore comete o erro de ignorar as pesquisas que poderiam fundamentar suas análises e, desse modo, acaba criando narrativas interessantes, mas sem embasamento empírico.
Stalking the Materials Genome: A Data‐Driven Approach to the Virtual Design of Nanostructured Polymers
Authors: Breneman Curt M. , Brinson L. Catherine , Schadler Linda S. , Natarajan Bharath , Krein Michael , Wu Ke , Morkowchuk Lisa , Li Yang , Deng Hua , Xu Hongyi 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAccelerated insertion of nanocomposites into advanced applications is predicated on the ability to perform a priori property predictions on the resulting materials. In this paper, a paradigm for the virtual design of spherical nanoparticle‐filled polymers is demonstrated. A key component of this “Materials Genomics” approach is the development and use of Materials Quantitative Structure‐Property Relationship (MQSPR) models trained on atomic‐level features of nanofiller and polymer constituents and used to predict the polar and dispersive components of their surface energies. Surface energy differences are then correlated with the nanofiller dispersion morphology and filler/matrix interface properties and integrated into a numerical analysis approach that allows the prediction of thermomechanical properties of the spherical nanofilled polymer composites. Systematic experimental studies of silica nanoparticles modified with three different surface chemistries in polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and poly(2‐vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) are used to validate the models. While demonstrated here as effective for the prediction of meso‐scale morphologies and macro‐scale properties under quasi‐equilibrium processing conditions, the protocol has far ranging implications for Virtual Design.
The impact of neo‐osteogenesis on disease control in chronic rhinosinusitis after primary surgery
Authors: Sacks Peta‐Lee , Snidvongs Kornkiat , Rom Darren , Earls Peter , Sacks Raymond , Harvey Richard J. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundOsteitic bone is a feature of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), potentially playing a role in pathogenesis. Although seen after previous endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), it is also a de novo feature in patients without prior interventions. In these patients, osteitis is associated with high tissue and serum eosinophilia. However, the impact of osteitis on prognosis is unclear. This study investigates the clinical and endoscopic outcomes between patients with and without osteitis after primary ESS.MethodsA prospective study of a cohort of previously unoperated patients with CRS undergoing ESS was performed. The sinuses were scored radiologically for osteitis using the Global Osteitis Score (GOS) and Kennedy Osteitis Score (KOS) preoperatively and were also scored dichotomously for the presence or absence of osteitis. Disease‐specific quality of life (22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcomes Test [SNOT‐22]), nasal symptom score (NSS), endoscopic score (Lund‐Kennedy), and clinical outcomes—including oral steroid use, frequency of nasal steroid irrigation, and infective exacerbations—were collected at baseline and 1 year postsurgery. The presence and extent of osteitis was assessed relative to clinical outcome.ResultsFifty‐three patients were included (41.5% female, age 47.4 ± 13.8 years), 42.9% of which had radiologic osteitis. There was no significant association between the presence or severity of osteitis at the time of surgery and SNOT‐22, NSS, or endoscopy scores at 12 months postsurgery. However, the presence of osteitis was associated with the need for a course of oral steroid postsurgery (odds ratio [OR]=4.17; p = 0.026). High tissue eosinophilia could not predict this alone (p = 0.55). There was no significant relationship between osteitis and the frequency of steroid irrigations or infective exacerbations.ConclusionOsteitis in CRS is associated with the degree of eosinophilia and as a independent process it was associated with the need for a course of systemic corticosteroid over a 12‐month period, but did it not affect overall disease control.
Three‐dimensional mapping by CryoSat‐2 of subglacial lake volume changes
Authors: McMillan Malcolm , Corr Hugh , Shepherd Andrew , Ridout Andrew , Laxon Seymour , Cullen Robert 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe analyze data acquired by the CryoSat‐2 interferometric radar altimeter and demonstrate its novel capability to track topographic features on the Antarctic Ice Sheet. We map the perimeter and depth of a 260 km2 surface depression above an Antarctic subglacial lake (SGL) and, in combination with Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite laser altimetry, chart decadal changes in SGL volume. During 2007–2008, between 4.9 and 6.4 km3 of water drained from the SGL, and peak discharge exceeded 160 m3 s−1. The flood was twice as large as any previously recorded and equivalent to ~ 10% of the meltwater generated annually beneath the ice sheet. The ice surface has since uplifted at a rate of 5.6 ± 2.8 m yr−1. Our study demonstrates the ability of CryoSat‐2 to provide detailed maps of ice sheet topography, its potential to accurately measure SGL drainage events, and the contribution it can make to understanding water flow beneath Antarctica.
Experiences with the OECD 308 transformation test: A human pharmaceutical perspective
Authors: Ericson Jon F , Smith Richard Murray , Roberts Gary , Hannah Bob , Hoeger Birgit , Ryan Jim 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 308 water–sediment transformation test has been routinely conducted in Phase II Tier A testing of the environmental risk assessment (ERA) for all human pharmaceutical marketing authorization applications in Europe, since finalization of Environmental Medicines Agency (EMA) ERA guidance in June 2006. In addition to the “Ready Biodegradation” test, it is the only transformation test for the aquatic/sediment compartment that supports the classification of the drug substance for its potential persistence in the environment and characterizes the fate of the test material in a water–sediment environment. Presented is an overview of 31 OECD 308 studies conducted by 4 companies with a focus on how pharmaceuticals behave in these water–sediment systems. The geometric mean (gm) parent total system half-life for the 31 pharmaceuticals was 30 days with 10th/90th percentile (10/90%ile) of 14.0/121.6 d respectively, with cationic substances having a half-life approximately 2 times that of neutral and anionic substances. The formation of nonextractable residues (NER) was considerable, with gm (10/90%ile) of 38% (20.5/81.4) of the applied radioactivity: cationic substances 50.8% (27.7/87.6), neutral substances 31.9% (15.3/52.3), and anionic substances 16.7% (9.5/30.6). In general, cationic substances had fewer transformation products and more unchanged parent remaining at day 100 of the study. A review of whether a simplified 1-point analysis could reasonably estimate the parent total system half-life showed that the total amount of parent remaining in the water and sediment extracts at day 100 followed first-order kinetics and that the theoretical half-life and the measured total system half-life values agreed to within a factor of 1.68. Recommendations from this 4-company collaboration addressed: 1) the need to develop a more relevant water–sediment transformation test reflecting the conditions of the discharge scenario more representative of human pharmaceuticals, 2) potential use of a 1-point estimate of parent total system half-life in the EMA ERA screening phase of testing, 3) the need for a more consistent and transparent interpretation of the results from the transformation study; consistent use of terminology such as dissipation, transformation, depletion, and degradation in describing their respective processes in the ERA, 4) use of the parent total system dissipation half-life in hazard classification schemes and in revising predicted environmental concentration in ERA, and 5) further research into cationic pharmaceuticals to assess whether their classification as such serves as a structural alert to high levels of NER; and whether this results in reduced bioavailability of those residues. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;X:000–000. © 2013 SETAC Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:114–124. © 2013 SETAC
Relations Between Hopelessness, Depressive Symptoms and Suicidality: Mediation by Reasons for Living
Authors: Bagge Courtney L. , Lamis Dorian A. , Nadorff Michael , Osman Augustine 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveThe present study examined whether reasons for living (RFL) would partially account for the associations between traditional risk factors (depressive symptoms, hopelessness) and suicidal ideation and attempts.MethodData were collected from 1,075 undergraduate college students who completed a battery of online assessments.ResultsResults from a series of simultaneous mediational models indicated that the relations between risk factors and current suicidal ideation were partially mediated by total RFL (and Coping Beliefs and Self‐Evaluation subscales). Further, total RFL (and the Coping Beliefs subscale) fully mediated the relation between hopelessness and past‐year suicide attempt, and partially mediated the depressive symptoms‐suicide attempt relation.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the importance of assessing for the presence of these suicide risk and protective factors. Implications for the improved identification and treatment of young adults at risk for suicide are discussed.
CONSTRAINTS ON SUBDUCTION GEODYNAMICS FROM SEISMIC ANISOTROPY
Authors: Long Maureen D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMuch progress has been made over the past several decades in delineating the structure of subducting slabs, but several key aspects of their dynamics remain poorly constrained. Major unsolved problems in subduction geodynamics include those related to mantle wedge viscosity and rheology, slab hydration and dehydration, mechanical coupling between slabs and the ambient mantle, the geometry of mantle flow above and beneath slabs, and the interactions between slabs and deep discontinuities such as the core‐mantle boundary. Observations of seismic anisotropy can provide relatively direct constraints on mantle dynamics because of the link between deformation and the resulting anisotropy: when mantle rocks are deformed, a preferred orientation of individual mineral crystals or materials such as partial melt often develops, resulting in the directional dependence of seismic wave speeds. Measurements of seismic anisotropy thus represent a powerful tool for probing mantle dynamics in subduction systems. Here I review the observational constraints on seismic anisotropy in subduction zones and discuss how seismic data can place constraints on wedge, slab, and sub‐slab anisotropy. I also discuss constraints from mineral physics investigations and geodynamical modeling studies and how they inform our interpretation of observations. I evaluate different models in light of constraints from seismology, geodynamics, and mineral physics. Finally, I discuss some of the major unsolved problems related to the dynamics of subduction systems and how ongoing and future work on the characterization and interpretation of seismic anisotropy can lead to progress, particularly in frontier areas such as understanding slab dynamics in the deep mantle.
Description of the statistical aspects of a study for advanced colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Wieand Samuel , Cha Stephen 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA screening design was used in a trial that compared a standard regimen to five experimental regimens for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer where the endpoint was survival. The two‐stage design permitted the termination of accrual to experimental regimens that failed to show promise at the first stage. It also allowed for termination of accrual to the standard regimen if an experimental regimen appeared to offer a highly significant improvement over the standard regimen. This paper presents a description of the design and the results of the trial.
The neurobiology of receptive-expressive language interdependence
Authors: Dick Anthony Steven , Andric Michael 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWith a focus on receptive language, we examine the neurobiological evidence for the interdependence of receptive and expressive language processes. While we agree that there is compelling evidence for such interdependence, we suggest that Pickering & Garrod's (P&G's) account would be enhanced by considering more-specific situations in which their model does, and does not, apply.
International Environmental Law in the Anthropocene: Towards a Purposive System of Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Authors: Kim Rakhyun E. , Bosselmann Klaus 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOur point of analytical departure is that the state of the global environment is deteriorating despite the accumulating body of international environmental law. By drawing on the recent Earth system science concept of interlinked planetary boundaries, this article makes a case for a goal-oriented, purposive system of multilateral environmental agreements. The notion of ‘goal’ is used here to mean a single, legally binding, superior norm – agrundnorm– that gives all international regimes and organizations a shared purpose to which their specific objectives must contribute. A bird’s eye view of the international environmental law system reveals how the absence of a unifying goal has created a condition that is conducive to environmental problemshiftingrather than problemsolving. We argue that a clearly agreed goal would provide the legal system with a point of reference for legal reasoning and interpretation, thereby enhancing institutional coherence across Earth’s subsystems. To this end, this article concludes by observing that the protection of the integrity of Earth’s life-support system has emerged as a common denominator among international environmental law instruments. Accordingly, we suggest that this notion is a strong candidate for the overarching goal of international environmental law.
Wound rotor induction generator bearing fault modelling and detection using stator current analysis
Authors: Vilchis‐Rodriguez Damian S. , Djurović Sinisa , Smith Alexander C. 
Published: June 2013

This study investigates wound rotor induction machine bearing fault detection by stator current analysis. The research first establishes an analytic machine model that enables high fidelity simulation of a range of machine bearing defects. The time‐stepped simulation results are then used to examine stator current spectral signatures of typical bearing faults. The calculations indicate that a number of low magnitude fault specific frequency components appear in the current signal as a result of air‐gap variations produced by an incipient bearing fault. However, the considerably low magnitude levels at which these components are exhibited would make the detection of bearing fault using conventional current signature analysis techniques challenging. An alternative technique based on spectral analysis of complex current signals is therefore proposed in order to improve fault detection. The validity of the findings of this work is confirmed by analysis of measured data obtained on a 30 kW commercial machine test rig that can be configured to introduce a range of different bearing fault severities.