bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation status of chimpanzeesPan troglodytes verusand other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey
Authors: Tweh Clement G. , Lormie Menladi M. , Kouakou Célestin Y. , Hillers Annika , Kühl Hjalmar S. , Junker Jessica 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLiberia has the largest blocks of continuous forest in West Africa, providing habitat for numerous wildlife species. However, there is a lack of empirical data about the status of Liberia's wildlife populations. During 2010–2012 we conducted the first nationwide survey in Liberia along c. 320 km of systematically located transect lines to estimate the abundance of chimpanzeesPan troglodytes verus, the diversity of large mammals and the nature and degree of anthropogenic threats. With > 7,000 chimpanzees, Liberia is home to the second largest population of West African chimpanzees and is therefore a priority for conservation of the species. Compared to the fragmented populations in other range countries the Liberian population is potentially one of the most viable. Our study revealed that the majority of chimpanzees and some of the most species-diverse mammal communities in Liberia exist outside protected areas. High hunting rates and plans for large-scale exploitation of natural resources necessitate rapid implementation of effective strategies to ensure the protection of one of West Africa's last strongholds for chimpanzees and other rare and threatened mammal species. We provide a country-wide baseline dataset that may serve as a platform for Liberian wildlife authorities, policy-makers and international conservation agencies to make informed decisions about the location and delineation of proposed protected areas, to identify conservation gaps and to devise a conservation action plan to conserve Liberia's wildlife resources.
Subversive Geography in Tacitus'Germania
Authors: Tan Zoë M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGeography is a fundamental element of ancient ethnography, yet the account of the environment in Tacitus'Germaniais notably sparse. Standard elements of geographic description are absent, or are presented in restricted (and subversive) ways. This paper examines the presentation and structuring of Germanic spaces against a backdrop of contrasting contemporary geographic writings, and considers the implications of Tacitus' rejection of geographic norms.
Investigating the origins of contemporary basics on the drum kit: an exploration of the role of the hi-hat in Anglo-American popular musics from 1960 until 1974
Authors: Fleet Paul , Winter Jonathon 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe hi-hat is an instrument within the kit that is often the driving force of numerous grooves, and how the playing of this instrument developed across the period 1960–1974 in Anglo-American popular musics is a useful guide when considering how the drum kit has in turn defined certain genres and styles. This paper will study a selection of grooves that use the hi-hat as a discriminating factor which will help trace the origin of certain basics within straight rhythms. The first iterations of these grooves are traced and analysed to uncover the origin of particular patterns that have since become accepted and well used within popular musics. This date period is a particularly rich seam of popular music history in this respect, beginning with the earliest recorded examples of particular hi-hat techniques and leading to what could be considered a period where these techniques became commonplace.
Spatial scaling of protected area influences on human demography and livelihoods in Botswana
Authors: GUPTA A. CLARE 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYA growing body of ‘people and parks’ literature examines the interactions between protected areas (PAs) and people who live around them. This study of Chobe National Park (Botswana), which has one of the largest concentrations of wildlife in Africa, highlights a PA's influence beyond its buffer zone and provides a more detailed understanding of the complex dynamics within a PA buffer. Overall net population growth in the areas adjacent to Chobe National Park (hereafter referred to as the ‘buffer’ area) does not preclude outmigration from certain Park buffer areas where declining agricultural opportunities have pushed working-age residents in search of work to urban areas around and beyond the Park. At the same time, skilled workers have moved to some of these rural Park buffer villages to take advantage of new civil service positions. The PA also influences long-time rural dwellers’ social and economic exchanges with urban kin and exacerbates dependence relations, placing economic strain upon urban migrants. In this way, the economic and social effects of PAs are neither uniform across their borders nor limited to those borders. These outcomes have important implications for biodiversity conservation in rural areas as they suggest that population growth may not be an accurate proxy for threats to biodiversity, if new and long-term residents come to rely on less resource-intensive livelihood practices.
Working Memory and Facial Expression Recognition in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Alonso-Recio Laura , Martín-Plasencia Pilar , Loeches-Alonso Ángela , Serrano-Rodríguez Juan M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFacial expression recognition impairment has been reported in Parkinson’s disease. While some authors have referred to specific emotional disabilities, others view them as secondary to executive deficits frequently described in the disease, such as working memory. The present study aims to analyze the relationship between working memory and facial expression recognition abilities in Parkinson’s disease. We observed 50 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 49 healthy controls by means of an n-back procedure with four types of stimuli: emotional facial expressions, gender, spatial locations, and non-sense syllables. Other executive and visuospatial neuropsychological tests were also administered. Results showed that Parkinson’s disease patients with high levels of disability performed worse than healthy individuals on the emotional facial expression and spatial location tasks. Moreover, spatial location task performance was correlated with executive neuropsychological scores, but emotional facial expression was not. Thus, working memory seems to be altered in Parkinson’s disease, particularly in tasks that involve the appreciation of spatial relationships in stimuli. Additionally, non-executive, facial emotional recognition difficulty seems to be present and related to disease progression. (JINS, 2014,20, 1–10)
Factors associated with alcohol consumption patterns in a Puerto Rican urban cohort
Authors: Andrews-Chavez Johanna Y , Lee Christina S , Houser Robert F , Falcon Luis M , Tucker Katherine L 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveThere is little research on factors associated with alcohol consumption among Puerto Ricans living in the USA; thus the aim of the present study was to examine alcohol intake patterns, and factors associated with drinking categories, in a cohort of Puerto Rican adults in Massachusetts.DesignCross-sectional study. Descriptive and polytomous logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with drinking patterns, stratified by gender.SettingGreater Boston area, MA, USA.SubjectsPuerto Rican adults (n 1292), aged 45–75 years.ResultsEight per cent of men and 39 % of women were lifetime abstainers; 40 % of men and 25 % of women were former drinkers; 31 % of men and 27 % of women were moderate drinkers; and 21 % of men and 8 % of women were heavy drinkers. Thirty-five per cent of participants reported drinking alcohol while taking medications with alcohol contraindications. After multivariable adjustment, young men were less likely than older men to be moderate drinkers. Among women, higher BMI, age, lower income and lower psychological acculturation were associated with abstention; age and lower perceived emotional support were associated with increased likelihood of former drinking; and women without v. with diabetes were more likely to be heavy drinkers.ConclusionsHigh prevalence of chronic disease, heavy drinking and alcohol use while taking medications with alcohol contraindications suggest an urgent need for better screening and interventions tailored to this rapidly growing Hispanic national subgroup. As heavy drinking appears to increase with acculturation for women, public health initiatives are needed to support appropriate alcohol use.
The economic theory of rights
Authors: HOLCOMBE RANDALL G. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract:People have rights to the degree that they are willing to claim them and are able to enforce them, either themselves or through a third-party enforcer. This economic theory of rights is based on the rights people actually do have and are able to exercise, not the rights they should have based on some normative criteria. Natural rights theories and contractual rights theories are examined and found to be ambiguous as to the actual rights they imply. Furthermore, there is no assurance that people will actually be able to exercise any natural rights or agreed-upon rights. People's actual ability to claim and enforce rights is based on the economic and political power they have, which in turn is based on their ability to provide benefits to others in exchange for others respecting the claimed rights, and in some cases being willing to use force to make others respect them.
Regional increases of cortical thickness in untreated, first-episode major depressive disorder
Authors: Qiu L , Lui S , Kuang W , Huang X , Li J , Li J , Zhang J , Chen H , Sweeney J A , Gong Q 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe large majority of structural MRI studies of major depressive disorder (MDD) investigated volumetric changes in chronic medicated patients in whom course of illness and treatment effects may impact anatomic measurements. Further, in few studies, separate measurements of cortical thickness and surface area have been performed that reflect different neurobiological processes regulated by different genetic mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated both cortical thickness and surface area in first-episode, treatment-naïve, mid-life MDD to elucidate the core pathophysiology of this disease and its early impact on the brain. We observed increased cortical thickness in the right hemisphere, including medial orbitofrontal gyrus, pars opercularis, rostral middle frontal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus. Increased thickness of rostral middle frontal gyrus was negatively related with depression severity on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Furthermore, MDD patients showed significantly increased associations in cortical thickness measurements among areas where increased cortical thickness was observed. Analysis of pial area revealed a trend toward increased surface area in the left parahippocampal gyrus in MDD. To permit comparison of our data with those of previous gray matter volume studies, voxel-based morphometry was performed. That analysis revealed significantly increased gray matter volume in left paracentral lobule, left superior frontal gyrus, bilateral cuneus and thalamus which form limbic-cortico–striato–pallido–thalamic loops. These changes in first-episode, treatment-naïve, mid-life MDD patients may reflect an active illness-related cortical change close to illness onset, and thus potentially provide important new insight into the early neurobiology of the disorder.
A snapshot of plasma metabolites in first-episode schizophrenia: a capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry study
Authors: Koike S , Bundo M , Iwamoto K , Suga M , Kuwabara H , Ohashi Y , Shinoda K , Takano Y , Iwashiro N , Satomura Y , Nagai T , Natsubori T , Tada M , Yamasue H , Kasai K 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFew biomarkers have been known that can easily measure clinical conditions in mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. Capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS) is a new method that can measure ionized and low-molecular-weight metabolites. To explore global metabolomic alterations that characterize the onset of schizophrenia and identify biomarkers, we profiled the relative and absolute concentrations of the plasma metabolites from 30 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FESZ, four drug-naïve samples), 38 healthy controls and 15 individuals with autism spectrum disorders using CE-TOFMS. Five metabolites had robust changes (increased creatine and decreased betaine, nonanoic acid, benzoic acid and perillic acid) in two independent sample sets. Altered levels of these metabolites are consistent with well-known hypotheses regarding abnormalities of the homocysteine metabolism, creatine kinase-emia and oxidative stress. Although it should be considered that most patients with FESZ received medication, these metabolites are candidate biomarkers to improve the determination of diagnosis, severity and clinical stages, especially for FESZ.
Cellular aging of skeletal muscle: telomeric and free radical evidence that physical inactivity is responsible and not age
Authors: Venturelli Massimo , Morgan Garrett R. , Donato Anthony J. , Reese Van , Bottura Renato , Tarperi Cantor , Milanese Chiara , Schena Federico , Reggiani Carlo , Naro Fabio , Cawthon Richard M. , Richardson Russell S. 
Published: April 2014

Telomeres play an essential role in maintaining chromosomal integrity in the face of physiological stressors. Although the age-related shortening of TL (telomere length) in highly proliferative tissue is predominantly due to the replication process, the mechanism for telomere shortening in skeletal muscle, which is minimally proliferative, is unclear. By studying TL in both the upper and lower limbs of the young, old-mobile and old-immobile subjects and by virtue of the bipedal nature of human locomotion, which declines with age, it may be possible to elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for cellular aging of skeletal muscle. With this approach, we revealed that TL (~15 kb) in arm skeletal muscle is unaffected by age. In contrast TL fell progressively in the legs across the young (~15 kb), the old mobile (~13 kb) and old immobile (~11 kb) subjects. Interestingly, there was a reciprocal increase in leg muscle free radicals across these groups that was correlated with TL (r=0.7), with no such relationship in the arm (r=0.09). Our results document that chronological age does not affect the cellular aging of skeletal muscle, but reveals that physical inactivity, probably mediated by free radicals, has a profound effect upon this process.
Homeostasis of functional maps in active dendrites emerges in the absence of individual channelostasis
Authors: Rathour Rahul Kumar , Narayanan Rishikesh 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Voltage-gated ion channels and their subcellular localization profiles mediate several continuous maps of neuronal physiological properties and confer astounding computational capabilities on single neurons. How do neurons with complex morphologies maintain these functional maps despite constant turnover of and plasticity in the ion channels that mediate them? We addressed this question through a computational framework spanning channels and measurements from the cell body and dendrites of hippocampal neurons. Our results demonstrate that individual channel properties or their densities need not be maintained at constant levels in achieving overall homeostasis of several coexistent functional maps. We suggest collective channelostasis, where several channels regulate their properties and expression profiles in an uncorrelated manner, as an alternative for accomplishing homeostasis of functional maps.
Granzyme K synergistically potentiates LPS-induced cytokine responses in human monocytes
Authors: Wensink Annette C. , Kemp Vera , Fermie Job , García Laorden M. Isabel , van der Poll Tom , Hack C. Erik , Bovenschen Niels 
Published: April 2014

SignificanceGranzymes are serine proteases released by cytotoxic lymphocytes and induce cell death in virus-infected cells and tumor cells. However, granzymes also exist extracellularly in the blood circulation of patients with autoimmune diseases and infections and may contribute to inflammation. Here, we show that human granzyme K (GrK) binds to Gram-negative bacteria and to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component. Our data indicate that GrK lowers the threshold for monocyte activation by LPS, in that GrK synergistically increases LPS-induced release of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, GrK modulates the innate immune response against LPS and Gram-negative bacteria and may contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases associated with a local or systemic bacterial infection.
Neurobiological basis of head motion in brain imaging
Authors: Zeng Ling-Li , Wang Danhong , Fox Michael D. , Sabuncu Mert , Hu Dewen , Ge Manling , Buckner Randy L. , Liu Hesheng 
Published: April 2014

Significance
This study expands our understanding of head motion in brain imaging. Complementing the common knowledge that motion artifacts can distort brain connectivity measures by causing artifacts, this study identifies a neurobiological trait that is linked to differences in motion. This correlate of head motion consists of reduced distant functional connectivity primarily in the default network areas in individuals with high head motion. Importantly, this correlate is stable within individuals across time. These findings may revise the interpretations of imaging findings in many neurodevelopmental, aging, and neuropsychiatric studies. In addition, differentiating the true disease effects from the correlates of motion tendency as reported here is critical for using connectivity markers in the clinical arena because correlates of motion may reduce specificity of biomarkers.
Bending forces plastically deform growing bacterial cell walls
Authors: Amir Ariel , Babaeipour Farinaz , McIntosh Dustin B. , Nelson David R. , Jun Suckjoon 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Regulation of cell wall growth is a process of fundamental importance in cell biology. In this paper, to our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time that mechanical stress directly influences cell wall synthesis of bacteria. In a series of simple experiments, we elastically and plastically deform cell walls as they grow by applying anisotropic mechanical stresses to bacteria. Using a theory of dislocation-mediated growth, we explain how growth and form of the cell walls are quantitatively related to one another in bacteria.
Furin cleavage of the Moloney murine leukemia virus Env precursor reorganizes the spike structure
Authors: Sjöberg Mathilda , Wu Shang-Rung , Löving Robin , Rantalainen Kimmo , Lindqvist Birgitta , Garoff Henrik 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Viral membrane fusion proteins or spikes, like those of influenza, paramyxo, and retroviruses, mature by furin cleavage in the infected cell into a form that can be activated by receptor binding and/or low pH. Although the cleavage of the precursor releases the fusion peptide at the end of the transmembrane subunit, structural studies have shown that this causes only a local change in spike organization. Here we have studied the effect of furin cleavage on the fusion protein of a γ-retrovirus, the murine leukemia virus, by cryoelectron microscopy. We found that this caused a major reorganization of the spike structure. This might explain the activation of the intersubunit disulfide isomerase, which is unique for the spike of these retroviruses.
Effects of land use on bird populations and pest control services on coffee farms
Authors: Railsback Steven F. , Johnson Matthew D. 
Published: April 2014

Significance
How land use can support both natural and agricultural resources is a key sustainability question. This question is more complicated when nature and agriculture support each other; here, birds consume pest insects, and coffee provides bird habitat. We used a model based on field research to study the effects of agricultural and natural land uses on birds, the pest control services that birds provide, and crop production on Jamaican coffee farms. Our conclusions address whether small forest-like areas are more valuable for pest control than large intact forest, how the size and number of natural patches affect birds and crop production, and whether replacing sun coffee (a monoculture) with more diverse and tree-rich shade coffee increases pest consumption to a degree sufficient to offset the reduced yield.
DNA methylation and evolution of duplicate genes
Authors: Keller Thomas E. , Yi Soojin V. 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Duplicate genes are essential and ongoing sources of genetic material that evolution can act on, yet new duplicates are under constant risk of being inactivated by mutations and subsequently lost. We show that a common heritable epigenetic modifier, DNA methylation, plays an important role in duplicate gene evolution. DNA methylation clearly distinguishes young and old duplicates, and the differences in DNA methylation of duplicate genes are associated with functional differences in expression. Remarkably, for a majority of duplicate gene pairs, a specific duplicate partner is consistently hypo- or hypermethylated across highly divergent tissues. Our results indicate that epigenetic modifications are intimately involved in the regulation and maintenance of duplicate genes.
Distinct phosphatases antagonize the p53 response in different phases of the cell cycle
Authors: Shaltiel Indra A. , Aprelia Melinda , Saurin Adrian T. , Chowdhury Dipanjan , Kops Geert J. P. L. , Voest Emile E. , Medema René H. 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Cell cycle checkpoints coordinate repair of DNA damage with progression through the cell cycle to prevent propagation of DNA mutations and tumor formation. Here, we show that two phosphatases, phosphoprotein phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit (PP4) and WT p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1), are required to promote cell cycle reentry after DNA damage. PP4 is essential for cell cycle reentry in G1, whereas Wip1 is required for reentry in G2, but both act to revert the p53 response. These findings help us understand how overexpression of PP4 and Wip1, frequently observed in human cancers, may translate to a poor response to genotoxic therapies.
Damage to insula abolishes cognitive distortions during simulated gambling
Authors: Clark Luke , Studer Bettina , Bruss Joel , Tranel Daniel , Bechara Antoine 
Published: April 2014

SignificanceGambling games are associated with a distorted psychological processing of random sequences (the gambler’s fallacy) and unrewarded outcomes that fall close to a jackpot (near misses). Problem gamblers appear more susceptible to these effects. Here, we show that these two gambling distortions are disrupted in patients with brain injury affecting the insula compared with patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex or amygdala. In a roulette task (red/black predictions), comparison groups chose either color less after longer runs of that color outcome. On a slot machine task, comparison groups rated higher motivation following near misses relative to full misses. Our results generate a clinical hypothesis that, in disordered gambling, these cognitions may be underpinned by excessive recruitment of insula circuitry.