bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implicit Political Attitudes
Authors: Cassino Dan , Lodge Milton , Taber Charles S. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter reviews recent work on implicit political attitudes, detailing how, when, and why unconscious processes impact the explicit expression of political beliefs, attitudes, and preferences. The authors begin by discussing thresholds of awareness, defining implicit attitudes and how the circumstances under which they reach conscious awareness. The ubiquity of unconscious effects in everyday life is considered, and two research paradigms for measuring implicit attitudes are discussed. The resulting dual-process model, in which influences can be either conscious or subconscious, allows us to understand how sensory input works its way through the mind to influence attitudes and behaviors in ways that are rarely evident to the individual. These influences often include factors that the individual would never consider as being important, but nevertheless hold enormous power over effortful decision-making.
Conditions for Political Accountability in a High-Choice Media Environment
Authors: Prior Markus 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Communication technology has increased availability of public affairs information, but many citizens ignore it. How do greater availability and less widespread consumption of news affect political accountability? Not all citizens have to follow the news for media coverage to improve accountability. Under some conditions, higher levels of news exposure and political knowledge in a relatively small subset of the population could strengthen accountability, even when other citizens follow the news less than in the past. For this to work, news junkies must effectively represent the interests of those who are tuning out. If news junkies have different interests than the rest of the population, their efforts to monitor officials and raise concerns may lead to less representative government and lower accountability. As a result of more media choice, the task of holding elected officials accountable rests increasingly on a small segment of the population.
Digital Media and Perceptions of Source Credibility in Political Communication
Authors: Flanagin Andrew , Metzger Miriam J. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The rich research heritage on source credibility is fundamentally linked to processes of political communication and the provision of political information. Networked digital technologies, however, have recently complicated the assessment of source credibility by modifying people’s ability to determine source expertise and trustworthiness, which are the foundations upon which credibility evaluations have traditionally rested. This chapter explores source credibility in online contexts by examining the credibility of digital versus traditional channels, the nature of political information conveyed by social media, and the dynamics of political information online. In addition, this chapter considers related research concerns, including the link between credibility and selective exposure, the potential for group polarization, and the role of social media in seeking and delivering credible political information. These concerns suggest challenges and opportunities as information consumers navigate the contemporary information environment in search of the knowledge to make them informed members of a politically engaged citizenry.
Journalism and the Public-Service Model
Authors: Coleman Stephen 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Amongst the loftiest of journalism’s grand claims has been the ideal of “public service,” a term suggesting the antithesis of self-serving mendacity or mean-spirited motivation. To characterize oneself as a public servant is to profess a certain kind of civic virtue: an intention to act for all rather than some. This chapter addresses the question: What does it mean for journalists to provide a public service? The chapter considers the claims of journalists to be providers of a public service and the conditions that allow or inhibit the realization of such a high-minded aspiration. Further discussion explores the grounds upon which journalists have claimed to serve the public and concludes by offering a normative framework for public-service journalism within the contemporary media ecology.
Contours of Outline Shapes Derived from Everyday Objects
Authors: Wagemans Johan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Computational theories of shape perception predicted that shape information is concentrated along the contour, primarily at locations where curvature takes on special values (maxima, minima, and inflection points). Psychophysical studies inspired by the computational theories explored how humans encode shape and how they identify and segment outlines of everyday objects. These studies found that shape information was distributed along the contour as predicted. But the local neighborhoods and global configurations in which the curvature singularities were embedded also played an important role. This work revealed highly flexible interaction of local and global processes that change as visual processing unfolds over time. The results provide benchmarks for computational models of shape-based object encoding.
Coherence Intervals of Large-Scale Brain Activity and Perceptual Organization
Authors: van Leeuwen Cees , Nikolaev Andrey R. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Large-scale brain networks constitute the highest level of integration in the visual processing hierarchy. Patterns of correlated activity in these networks reflect the functional topography of communicating areas. The authors studied the dynamics of coherent spontaneous and evoked brain activity using human scalp-recorded electroencephalograms (EEG). In the spontaneous activity, the dynamics of coherent intervals is characterized by chaotic itinerancy that provides the brain with flexibility of response to varieties of stimuli. In the evoked activity, duration of the coherent intervals is associated with the amount of visual pattern information in a stimulus. The authors propose that the coherent intervals reflect open temporal windows of communication in which information transfers within the brain. At the level of large-scale brain networks, the opened window may facilitate cooperation of various visual functions and result in perceptual organization.
Perceptual Multistability in Figure–Ground Organization
Authors: Wagemans Johan , Kogo Naoki 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this chapter, some essential characteristics of perceptual multistability in figure–ground organization are reviewed, including competition for border ownership, how ownership is settled at the global, configural level, how it is influenced by top-down feedback, and how it changes dynamically over time as a result of adaptation and recovery from adaptation. A computational model is described that explains these properties of human perceptual organization.
Neuroimaging in Sport Concussion
Authors: Bigler Erin D. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Neuroimaging is an integral part of clinical assessment, management, and research involving concussion. Typically, in sports concussion, conventional neuroimaging studies are unrevealing, likely reflecting the rapid homeostatic return of baseline neural functioning in most concussions. However, a number of advanced neuroimaging methods hold great promise in furthering the study and identification of subtle neuropathological changes associated with concussion, which are reviewed here.
Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 Antagonist, AM251, Attenuates Mechanical Allodynia and Thermal Hyperalgesia after Burn Injury
Authors: Ueda Masashi , Iwasaki Hajime , Wang Shuxing , Murata Eri , Poon K. Y. Trudy , Mao Jianren , Martyn J. A. Jeevendra 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background:
Burn injury causes nociceptive behaviors, and inflammation-related pathologic pain can lead to glial cell activation. This study tested the hypothesis that burn injury activates glial cells, and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) antagonist, AM251, will decrease burn pain.

Methods:
Anesthetized rats received 0.75-cm2 third-degree burn on dorsal hind paw. Vehicle or AM251 30 μg intrathecally (older rats, n = 6 per group) or, either vehicle, 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally (younger rats, n = 6 per group), started immediate postburn, was administered for 7 days. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were tested on ventral paw for 14 days. Microglial and astroglial activity was assessed by immunocytochemistry.

Results:
Allodynia, observed on burn side from day 1 to 14, was significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated by intrathecal and intraperitoneal AM251 (1 mg/kg) starting from 3 to 14 days. Hyperalgesia, observed from day 3 to 12, was completely (P < 0.05) reversed by intrathecal and intraperitoneal AM251 (1 mg/kg). AM251 0.1 mg/kg had no effect. Microglial activity (n = 3 per time point) increased (P < 0.05) 18.5 ± 7.5 and 12.3 ± 1.6 (mean ± SD) fold at 7 and 14 days, respectively. Astroglial activity (n = 4 per time point) increased 2.9 ± 0.3 fold at day 7 only. Glial activities were unaltered by AM251.

Conclusions:
AM251 inhibited nociceptive behaviors after burn even beyond 7-day period of administration. Although many studies have documented the utility of CB1R agonists, this study indicates that endogenous cannabinoids may have an unexpected pronociceptive effect during development of burn pain, explaining why CB1R antagonist, AM251, improves nociceptive behaviors. The decreased nociception with AM251 without altering glial activity indicates that AM251 acts further downstream of activated glial cells.
Equipotent Subanesthetic Concentrations of Sevoflurane and Xenon Preventing Cold-stimulated Vocalization of Neonatal Rats
Authors: Gill Hannah , Thoresen Marianne , Bishop Sarah , Smit Elisa , Liu Xun , Walloe Lars , Dingley John 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background:
The effects of inhaled anesthetics on the developing brain are studied using neonatal rodents exposed to fractions of minimum alveolar concentration (to avoid cardiorespiratory compromise). However, these fractions cannot be assumed to be equipotent. Xenon’s anesthetic and neuroprotective properties warrant investigation in these models. Therefore, equipotent, subanesthetic concentrations of inhaled anesthetics are needed.

Methods:
Forty-eight Wistar rats (Charles River Laboratories, Kent, United Kingdom) on postnatal day 9 were randomized to eight concentrations of inhaled anesthetics: isoflurane, sevoflurane, or xenon. Exposure was closely monitored in individual metal-based chambers resting on a 35°C mat to maintain normothermia. A 25°C mat was used to stimulate vocalization and a sound recording made (1 min, 1 to 100 kHz). Rectal temperature or partial pressure of carbon dioxide and pH of mixed arteriovenous blood were measured immediately after the exposure. Concentration–response models were constructed using logistic regression (dependent variable: vocalization and explanatory variable: concentration). The effects of all other explanatory variables were assessed by inserting them individually into the model.

Results:
The effective inhaled concentrations preventing cold-stimulated vocalization in 50 and 95% of neonatal rats (EiC50 and EiC95) on postnatal day 9 were 0.46 and 0.89% sevoflurane and 20.15 and 34.81% xenon, respectively. The effect on the EiC50 of all other explanatory variables, including duration, was minimal. Stability of EiC50 isoflurane was not achieved over three durations (40, 80, and 120 min exposure). Partial pressure of carbon dioxide and pH in mixed arteriovenous blood appeared normal.

Conclusions:
The authors report equipotent subanesthetic concentrations of sevoflurane and xenon in neonatal rats with preserved cardiopulmonary function. This may be useful in designing neonatal rodent models of anesthesia.
Extracellular Histones Play an Inflammatory Role in Acid Aspiration-induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Zhang Yanlin , Wen Zongmei , Guan Li , Jiang Ping , Gu Tao , Zhao Jinyuan , Lv Xin , Wen Tao 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background:
Systemic inflammation is a key feature in acid aspiration-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but the factors that trigger inflammation are unclear. The authors hypothesize that extracellular histones, a newly identified inflammatory mediator, play important roles in the pathogenesis of ARDS.

Methods:
The authors used a hydrochloric acid aspiration-induced ARDS model to investigate whether extracellular histones are pathogenic and whether targeting histones are protective. Exogenous histones and antihistone antibody were administered to mice. Heparin can bind to histones, so the authors studied whether heparin could protect from ARDS using cell and mouse models. Furthermore, the authors analyzed whether extracellular histones are clinically involved in ARDS patients caused by gastric aspiration.

Results:
Extracellular histones in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of acid-treated mice were significantly higher (1.832 ± 0.698) at 3 h after injury than in sham-treated group (0.63 ± 0.153; P = 0.0252, n = 5 per group). Elevated histones may originate from damaged lung cells and neutrophil infiltration. Exogenous histones aggravated lung injury, whereas antihistone antibody markedly attenuated the intensity of ARDS. Notably, heparin provided a similar protective effect against ARDS. Analysis of plasma from ARDS patients (n = 21) showed elevated histones were significantly correlated with the degree of ARDS and were higher in nonsurvivors (2.723 ± 0.2933, n = 7) than in survivors (1.725 ± 0.1787, P = 0.006, n = 14).

Conclusion:
Extracellular histones may play a contributory role toward ARDS by promoting tissue damage and systemic inflammation and may become a novel marker reflecting disease activity. Targeting histones by neutralizing antibody or heparin shows potent protective effects, suggesting a potentially therapeutic strategy.
Transition Readiness in Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Whitfield Emily P. , Fredericks Emily M. , Eder Sally J. , Shpeen Benjamin H. , Adler Jeremy 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTObjective:Transition may be associated with poor health outcomes, but limited data exist regarding inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Acquisition of self‐management skills is believed to be important to this process. IBD‐specific checklists of such skills have been developed to aid in transition, but none has been well studied or validated. This study aimed to describe self‐assessment ability to perform tasks on one of these checklists and to explore the relation between patient age and disease duration.Methods:Patients ages 10 to 21 years with IBD were recruited. An iPad survey queried the patients for self‐assessment of ability to perform specific self‐management tasks. Task categories included basic knowledge of IBD, doctor visits, medications and other treatments, and disease management. Associations with age and disease duration were tested with Spearman rank correlation.Results:A total of 67 patients (31 boys) with Crohn disease (n = 40), ulcerative colitis (n = 25), and indeterminate colitis (n = 2) participated in the study. Mean patient age was 15.8 ± 2.5 years, with median disease duration of 5 years (2 months–14 years). The proportion of patients who self‐reported ability to complete a task without help increased with age for most tasks, including “telling others my diagnosis” (ρ = 0.43, P = 0.003), “telling medical staff I do not like or am having trouble following a treatment” (ρ = 0.37, P = 0.003), and “naming my medications” (ρ = 0.28, P = 0.02). No task significantly improved with disease duration.Conclusions:Self‐assessment of ability to perform some key tasks of transition appears to improve with age, but not with disease duration. More important, communication with the medical team did not improve with age, despite being of critical importance to functioning within an adult care model.
Parenteral Nutrition–Associated Liver Injury and Increased GRP94 Expression Prevented by ω‐3 Fish Oil–Based Lipid Emulsion Supplementation
Authors: Zhu Xueping , Xiao Zhihui , Chen Xiaoqian , Li Yanhong , Zhang Xiaomin , Xu Yumin , Feng Xing , Wang Jian 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTObjective:Parenteral nutrition in infants with gastrointestinal disorders can be lifesaving, but it is also associated with parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease. We investigated the effects of incorporating ω‐3 fish oil in a parenteral nutrition mixture on signs of parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease and explored the mechanism involved in this process.Methods:Seven‐day‐old New Zealand rabbits were divided into 3 groups of 8, and for 1 week they were infused via the right jugular vein with standard total parenteral nutrition with soybean oil (TPN‐soy) or TPN with ω‐3 fish oil–based lipid emulsion (TPN‐FO), or naturally nursed with rabbit milk (control). Serum and liver tissues were analyzed for serological indicators and pathology, respectively. Reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the messenger RNA levels of the endoplasmic reticulum stress chaperone protein glucose‐regulated protein 94 (GRP94) in liver tissues and GRP94 protein levels were compared through immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays.Results:TPN‐soy animals had significantly higher serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase and lower serum albumin than the controls (P < 0.01, each) or the TPN‐FO group, which were similar to the controls (P < 0.01 cf. TPN). Damage to liver tissues of the TPN‐FO group was much less than that of the TPN‐soy group. GRP94 messenger RNA and protein levels in liver tissues of TPN‐soy animals were significantly higher than that of the controls or TPN‐FO rabbits, which were similar to the controls.Conclusions:Incorporating ω‐3 fish oil in parenteral nutrition emulsion greatly prevented liver dysfunction and liver tissue damage in week‐old rabbit kits, possibly by preventing endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Synthetic logic circuits using RNA aptamer against T7 RNA polymerase
Authors: Kim Jongmin , Quijano Juan F. , Yeung Enoch , Murray Richard M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRecent advances in nucleic acids engineering introduced several RNA-based regulatory components for synthetic gene circuits, expanding the toolsets to engineer organisms. In this work, we designed genetic circuits implementing an RNA aptamer previously described to have the capability of binding to the T7 RNA polymerase and inhibiting its activityin vitro. Usingin vitrotranscription assays, we first demonstrated the utility of the RNA aptamer in combination with programmable synthetic transcription networks. As a step to quickly assess the feasibility of aptamer functionsin vivo, a cell-free expression system was used as a breadboard to emulate thein vivoconditions ofE. coli. We tested the aptamer and its three sequence variants in the cell-free expression system, verifying the aptamer functionality in the cell-free testbed.In vivoexpression of aptamer and its variants demonstrated control over GFP expression driven by T7 RNA polymerase with different response curves, indicating its ability to serve as building blocks for both logic circuits and transcriptional cascades. This work elucidates the potential of RNA-based regulators for cell programming with improved controllability leveraging the fast production and degradation time scales of RNA molecules.
Cross-population Joint Analysis of eQTLs: Fine Mapping and Functional Annotation
Authors: Wen Xiaoquan , Luca Francesca , Pique-Regi Roger 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMapping expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) has been shown as a powerful tool to uncover the genetic underpinnings of many complex traits at the molecular level. In this paper, we present an integrative analysis approach that leverages eQTL data collected from multiple population groups. In particular, our approach effectively identifies multiple independentcis-eQTL signals that are consistently presented across populations, accounting for heterogeneity in allele frequencies and patterns of linkage disequilibrium. Furthermore, our analysis framework enables integrating high-resolution functional annotations into analysis of eQTLs. We applied our statistical approach to analyze the GEUVADIS data consisting of samples from five population groups. From this analysis, we concluded that i) joint analysis across population groups greatly improves the power of eQTL discovery and the resolution of fine mapping of causal eQTLs; ii) many genes harbor multiple independent eQTLs in theircisregions; iii) genetic variants that disrupt transcription factor binding are significantly enriched in eQTLs (p-value = 4.93 × 10−22).Author SummaryExpression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) are genetic variants associated with gene expression phenotypes. Mapping eQTLs enables us to study the genetic basis of gene expression variation across individuals. In this study, we introduce a statistical framework for analyzing genotype-expression data collected from multiple population groups. We show that our approach is particularly effective in identifying multiple independent eQTL signals that are consistently presented across populations in the proximity of a gene. In addition, our analysis framework allows effective integration of genomic annotations into eQTL analysis, which is helpful in dissecting the functional basis of eQTLs.
The projection of a test genome onto a reference population and applications to humans and archaic hominins
Authors: Yang Melinda A. , Harris Kelley , Slatkin Montgomery 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe introduce a method for comparing a test genome with numerous genomes from a reference population. Sites in the test genome are given a weightwthat depends on the allele frequencyxin the reference population. The projection of the test genome onto the reference population is the average weight for eachx,. The weight is assigned in such a way that if the test genome is a random sample from the reference population,. Using analytic theory, numerical analysis, and simulations, we show how the projection depends on the time of population splitting, the history of admixture and changes in past population size. The projection is sensitive to small amounts of past admixture, the direction of admixture and admixture from a population not sampled (a ghost population). We compute the projection of several human and two archaic genomes onto three reference populations from the 1000 Genomes project, Europeans (CEU), Han Chinese (CHB) and Yoruba (YRI) and discuss the consistency of our analysis with previously published results for European and Yoruba demographic history. Including higher amounts of admixture between Europeans and Yoruba soon after their separation and low amounts of admixture more recently can resolve discrepancies between the projections and demographic inferences from some previous studies.