bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypertelorism
Authors: Sharma Ramesh K. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe term orbital hypertelorism (ORH) implies “widely apart orbits.” This may also be associated with the abnormal vertical orientation of the orbits (dystopia). This deformity may be unilateral or bilateral, symmetric or asymmetric and may be present in a variety of craniofacial conditions. The treatment is primarily carried out for aesthetic reasons. The timing of treatment is dictated by the underlying condition and the type of procedure envisaged. The mainstay of treatment consists of moving the orbits medially to near normal position. This is accomplished by either an orbital translocation or facial bipartition technique. The choice of procedure is governed by the shape of the maxillary arch and associated occlusal conditions. We must differentiate between the telecanthus (also called pseudo-hypertelorism) and a true ORH as the management differs in these two conditions. The ORH involves extensive intracranial and extracranial operation whereas the telecanthus correction is relatively simpler surgery. The article will discuss the aetiology, classification, presentation, treatment options, timing of surgery and the choice of surgical procedures. Illustrative case reports with long-term results will be used to explain the management of these patients.
Derivation of a Hele–Shaw type system from a cell model with active motion
Authors: Perthame Benoît , Quirós Fernando , Tang Min , Vauchelet Nicolas 
Published: December 2014

We formulate a Hele–Shaw type free boundary problem for a tumor growing under the combined effects of pressure forces, cell multiplication and active motion, the latter being the novelty of the present paper. This new ingredient is considered here as a standard diffusion process. The free boundary model is derived from a description at the cell level using the asymptotic of a stiff pressure limit.
Compared to the case when active motion is neglected, the pressure satisfies the same complementarity Hele-Shaw type formula. However, the cell density is smoother (Lipschitz continuous), while there is a deep change in the free boundary velocity, which is no longer given by the gradient of the pressure, because a region, with limited population but diffusing with long range, can prepare the tumor invasion.
User-Centered Design and Usability Testing of an Innovative Health-Related Quality of Life Module
Authors: Jordan M. , Quitoriano J. , Ciro C.A. , Mold J.W. , Nagykaldi Z. J. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryObjectives: Various computerized health risk appraisals (HRAs) are available, but few of them assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a goal-directed framework. This study describes the user-centered development and usability testing of an innovative HRQoL module that extends a validated HRA tool in primary care settings.Methods: Systematic user-centered design, usability testing, and qualitative methods were used to develop the HRQoL module in primary care practices. Twenty two patients and 5 clinicians participated in two rounds of interactive technology think-out-loud sessions (TOLs) and semi-structured interviews (SSIs) to iteratively develop a four-step, computerized process that collects information on patient goals for meaningful life activities and current level of disability and presents a personalized and prioritized list of preventive recommendations linked to online resources.Results: Analysis of TOLs and SSIs generated 5 categories and 11 sub-categories related to facilitators and barriers to usability and human-technology interaction. The categories included: Understanding the Purpose, Usability, Perceived Value, Literacy, and Participant Motivation. Some categories were inter-connected. The technology was continually and iteratively improved between sessions until saturation of positive feedback was achieved in 4 categories (addressing motivation will require more research). Usability of all screen units of the module was improved substantially. Clinician feedback emphasized the importance of the module’s ability to translate the patient-centered HRQoL Report into actionable items for clinicians to facilitate shared decision-making. Complete integration of the HRQoL module into the existing HRA will require further development and testing.Conclusions: Systematic application of user-centered design and human factors principles in technology development and testing may significantly improve the usability and clinical value of health information systems. This more sophisticated approach helped us translate complex clinical concepts, goal-setting steps, and decision-support processes into an accepted and value-added technology.Citation: Nagykaldi ZJ; Jordan M; Quitoriano J; Ciro CA; Mold JW. User-centered design and usability testing of an innovative health-related quality of life module. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 958–970http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-08-RA-0067
Consistent Estimation in Pseudo Panels in the Presence of Selection Bias
Authors: Rodríiuez Jhon James Mora , Muro Juan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In the presence of selection bias the traditional estimators for pseudo panel data models are inconsistent. This paper discusses a method to achieve consistency in static linear pseudo panels in the presence of selection bias and a testing procedure for sample selection bias. The authors’ approach uses a bias correction term proportional to the inverse Mills ratio with argument equal to the “normit” of a consistent estimation of the conditional probability of being observed given cohort membership. Monte Carlo analysis shows the test does not reject the null for fixed T at a 5% significance level in finite samples. As a “side effect” the authors utilize the enlarged pseudo panel to provide a GMM consistent estimation of the pseudo panel parameters under rejection of the null and apply the procedure to estimate the rate of return to education in Colombia.
Glacial isostatic adjustment in the static gravity field of Fennoscandia
Authors: Root B. C. , van der Wal W. , Novák P. , Ebbing J. , Vermeersen L. L. A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn the central part of Fennoscandia, the crust is currently rising, because of the delayed response of the viscous mantle to melting of the Late Pleistocene ice sheet. This process, called Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA), causes a negative anomaly in the present‐day static gravity field as isostatic equilibrium has not been reached yet. Several studies have tried to use this anomaly as a constraint on models of GIA, but the uncertainty in crustal and upper mantle structures has not been fully taken into account. Therefore, our aim is to revisit this using improved crustal models and compensation techniques. We find that in contrast with other studies, the effect of crustal anomalies on the gravity field cannot be effectively removed, because of uncertainties in the crustal and upper mantle density models. Our second aim is to estimate the effects on geophysical models, which assume isostatic equilibrium, after correcting the observed gravity field with numerical models for GIA. We show that correcting for GIA in geophysical modelling can give changes of several kilometer in the thickness of structural layers of modeled lithosphere, which is a small but significant correction. Correcting the gravity field for GIA prior to assuming isostatic equilibrium and inferring density anomalies might be relevant in other areas with ongoing postglacial rebound such as North America and the polar regions.
On the Number of Ancestral Human Species
Authors: Curnoe Darren 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

For the clade containing humans and other bipedal apes (or ‘hominins’), species diversity and the tempo and mode of macroevolution remain major controversies. The present contribution considers these issues within a broad framework provided by living Catarrhines and employing molecular clocks for species branching times. The fossil record is shown to likely dramatically under sample species diversity for the hominin clade while at the same time substantially underestimating species longevity. Finally, the tempo of speciation is found to be much shorter in hominins than typically seen in Catarrhines suggesting the human clade may be characterised by a large number of rapidly evolving and relatively short‐lived species.

Key Concepts:

The clade containing humans (Tribe Hominini: vernacular ‘hominins’) possesses a large and diverse fossil record.

All hominins except one (
Homo sapiens
) are now extinct, a paradox when compared to most primate groups.

A proper understanding of hominin macroevolution requires a stable taxonomic framework founded in a reliable estimate of taxonomically relevant diversity.

Hominin systematics is polarised into phenetic and cladistic schools of thought, each recognising starkly different levels of taxic diversity.

Central to the historical practice of systematics has been the comparative method wherein evolutionary insights are provided by phylogenetic context.

Hominins belong to the Parvorder Catarrhini, making Old World monkeys and apes phylogenetically appropriate analogues for testing scenarios about diversity and macroevolution.

Molecular data for living and increasingly extinct primate species may be employed to test the question of diversity and to examine broad macroevolutionary trends.

Molecular datasets avoid many of the biases and major gaps in the fossil record as well as providing an independent dataset to test existing scenarios.

Primates are a charismatic mammal with an abundance of genetic data available for testing hominin macroevolution.

Comparative investigations employing Catarrhine molecular data offer the potential to resolve conflicting hominin systematic and macroevolutionary hypotheses.
Patients' Considerations in the Decision‐Making Process of Initiating Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Authors: Nota Ingrid , Drossaert Constance H. C. , Taal Erik , van de Laar Mart A. F. J. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveTo explore what considerations patients have when deciding about disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and what information patients need to participate in the decision‐making process.MethodsIn‐depth face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 32 patients with inflammatory arthritis who recently consulted their rheumatologist and discussed initiating DMARDs.ResultsBeliefs in the necessity of DMARDs, either for relief of symptoms or prevention of future joint damage, were reasons to initiate DMARDs. Furthermore, trust in the rheumatologist and the health care system was important in this respect. Patients expressed many concerns about initiating DMARDS. These related to the perceived aggressive and harmful nature of DMARDs, potential (or unknown) side effects, influence on fertility and pregnancy, combination with other medicines, time to benefit, and manner of administration. Participants also worried about the future regarding long‐term medication use and drug dependency, and if a medicine proved to be ineffective, about the risks of future treatments and running out of options. To decrease uncertainty, participants wanted to be informed about multiple treatment options, both current and future. They not only wanted clinical information but also information on how the medications could affect their daily lives.ConclusionHealth education should inform patients about multiple treatment options, for the present as well as for the future. It should enable patients to compare treatments with regard to both clinical aspects as well as possible consequences for their daily lives.
Development of a prompt model for predicting neurological outcomes in patients with return of spontaneous circulation from out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Kumagai Kazumi , Oda Yasutaka , Oshima Chiyomi , Kaneko Tadashi , Kaneda Kotaro , Kawamura Yoshikatsu , Ogino Yasuaki , Yamashita Susumu , Ichihara Kiyoshi , Maekawa Tsuyoshi , Tsuruta Ryosuke 
Published: December 2014

AimEarly prediction of the neurological outcomes of patients with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest is important to select the optimal clinical management. We hypothesized that clinical data recorded at the site of cardiopulmonary resuscitation would be clinically useful.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included patients with return of spontaneous circulation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation who were admitted to our university hospital between January 2000 and November 2013 or two affiliated hospitals between January 2006 and November 2013. Clinical parameters recorded on arrival included age (A), arterial blood pH (B), time from cardiopulmonary resuscitation to return of spontaneous circulation (C), pupil diameter (D), and initial rhythm (E). Glasgow Outcome Scale was recorded at 6 months and a favorable neurological outcome was defined as a score of 4–5 on the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to derive a formula to predict neurological outcomes based on basic clinical parameters.ResultsThe regression equation was derived using a teaching dataset (total, n = 477; favourable outcome, n = 55): EP = 1/(1 + e−x), where EP is the estimated probability of having a favorable outcome, and x = (−0.023 × A) + (3.296 × B) − (0.070 × C) − (1.006 × D) + (2.426 × E) − 19.489. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 80%, 92%, and 90%, respectively, for the validation dataset (total, n = 201; favourable outcome, n = 25).ConclusionThe 6‐month neurological outcomes can be predicted in patients resuscitated from out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest using clinical parameters that can be easily recorded at the site of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Targeted Antithrombotic Protein Micelles
Authors: Kim Wookhyun , Haller Carolyn , Dai Erbin , Wang Xiowei , Hagemeyer Christoph E. , Liu David R. , Peter Karlheinz , Chaikof Elliot L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractActivated platelets provide a promising target for imaging inflammatory and thrombotic events along with site‐specific delivery of a variety of therapeutic agents. Multifunctional protein micelles bearing targeting and therapeutic proteins were now obtained by one‐pot transpeptidation using an evolved sortase A. Conjugation to the corona of a single‐chain antibody (scFv), which binds to the ligand‐induced binding site (LIBS) of activated GPIIb/IIIa receptors, enabled the efficient detection of thrombi. The inhibition of thrombus formation was subsequently accomplished by incorporating the catalytically active domain of thrombomodulin (TM) onto the micelle corona for the local generation of activated protein C, which inhibits the formation of thrombin. An effective strategy has been developed for the preparation of protein micelles that can be targeted to sites of activated platelets with broad potential for treatment of acute thrombotic events.
Elementary Steps of Iron Catalysis: Exploring the Links between Iron Alkyl and Iron Olefin Complexes for their Relevance in CH Activation and CC Bond Formation
Authors: Casitas Alicia , Krause Helga , Goddard Richard , Fürstner Alois 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe alkylation of complexes 2 and 7 with Grignard reagents containing β‐hydrogen atoms is a process of considerable relevance for the understanding of C–H activation as well as C–C bond formation mediated by low‐valent iron species. Specifically, reaction of 2 with EtMgBr under an ethylene atmosphere affords the bis‐ethylene complex 1 which is an active precatalyst for prototype [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions and a valuable probe for mechanistic studies. This aspect is illustrated by its conversion into the bis‐alkyne complex 6 as an unprecedented representation of a cycloaddition catalyst loaded with two substrates molecules. On the other hand, alkylation of 2 with 1 equivalent of cyclohexylmagnesium bromide furnished the unique iron alkyl species 11 with a 14‐electron count, which has no less than four β‐H atoms but is nevertheless stable at low temperature against β‐hydride elimination. In contrast, the exhaustive alkylation of 1 with cyclohexylmagnesium bromide triggers two consecutive C–H activation reactions mediated by a single iron center. The resulting complex has a diene dihydride character in solution (15), whereas its structure in the solid state is more consistent with an η3‐allyl iron hydride rendition featuring an additional agostic interaction (14). Finally, the preparation of the cyclopentadienyl iron complex 25 illustrates how an iron‐mediated C–H activation cascade can be coaxed to induce a stereoselective CC bond formation. The structures of all relevant new iron complexes in the solid state are presented.
Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition of Vinyl Aziridines and α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Xu Chao‐Fan , Zheng Bao‐Hui , Suo Jia‐Jia , Ding Chang‐Hua , Hou Xue‐Long 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of vinylaziridines with α,β‐unsaturated ketones, wherein the alkenes have a single activator, is realized in high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity, thus affording 3,4‐disubstituted pyrrolidines in high yields with excellent ee values. The introduction of a methyl group at C1 of the vinyl group the vinylaziridines greatly improves the stereochemistry of the reaction. A plausible transition state is proposed.
Redox‐Neutral α‐Allylation of Amines by Combining Palladium Catalysis and Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Xuan Jun , Zeng Ting‐Ting , Feng Zhu‐Jia , Deng Qiao‐Hui , Chen Jia‐Rong , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Xiao Wen‐Jing , Alper Howard 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAn unprecedented α‐allylation of amines was achieved by combining palladium catalysis and visible‐light photoredox catalysis. In this dual catalysis process, the catalytic generation of allyl radical from the corresponding π‐allylpalladium intermediate was achieved without additional metal reducing reagents (redox‐neutral). Various allylation products of amines were obtained in high yields through radical cross‐coupling under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the transformation was applied to the formal synthesis of 8‐oxoprotoberberine derivatives which show potential anticancer properties.
Novel temperature‐sensitive and pH‐sensitive polyurethane membranes: preparation and characterization
Authors: Zhou Hu , Yu Bin , Xun Ruiping , Li Ning , Wu Kejian , Sun Hanzhou , Zhou Zhihua 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe polyurethane (PU) membranes with temperature and pH double sensitivities for water permeation were designed and prepared from a two‐step solution polymerization from the crystalline polycaprolactone diols (PCL), 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and pH‐sensitive 2,2‐dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), etc. The structure and properties of PU membranes were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry meter, contact angle tester, mechanical tester, porosity tests, water flux tests, water absorption tests, etc. Results showed that all PU membranes had a similar crystalline melting transition in their soft segments. With increasing DMPA content, or −COOH group content, the mechanical property of PU membranes was decreased, but the surface wettability and porosity of PU membranes were increased, which were expected to improve the water flux and water absorption of PU membranes. When the environment temperature was raised above the temperature of crystal‐melting transition (Tm) of the soft segments, the water fluxes across these PU membranes changed markedly, showing the temperature sensitivity. When pH varied around the dissociation constant (pKa) of DMPA contained in PU(2), PU(3) and PU(4) macromolecules, their water fluxes and water absorption were also obviously changed, showing the pH sensitivity. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Main events occurring in styrene microemulsion polymerization
Authors: López‐Aguilar J. Esteban , Vargas René O. , Escobar‐Toledo Carlos E. , Mendizábal Eduardo , Puig Jorge. E. , López‐Serrano Francisco 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTA previously presented model with four states (conversion, active and inactive particles and micelles) is further tested with conversion versus time experimental data at 50, 60, and 70°C, to recognize the main events occurring in styrene microemulsion polymerization. The S‐shaped conversion–with no overprediction‐ and the bell‐shaped active particles number concentration–evidencing diffusive effects at late stages–versus time data, are well described by the proposed model. It was found that: (i) transfer of monomer and surfactant from micelles to particles occurs, (ii) the capture of radicals by micelles is the only cause of particle nucleation, (iii) the rate coefficient of radical‐entry‐to‐micelles is much smaller than that of exit‐from‐particles, and (iv) no coagulation between particles was detected. The Arrhenius dependency on temperature of the kinetic rate parameters is also reported. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41720.
Deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite on negatively charged polyphosphazene surfaces
Authors: Modzelewski Tomasz , Hotham Ian , Allcock Harry R. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTA number of polyphosphazenes with negatively charged β‐alanine (β‐Ala) and γ‐amino butyric acid (GABA) side groups were synthesized and studied for their ability to initiate the growth of hydroxyapatite (HAp) during exposure to simulated body fluid (SBF). All the polymers were hydrolytically sensitive, with the final hydrolysis rate dependent on the specific active side groups (GABA > β‐Ala). These systems also underwent extensive mineralization, with calcium phosphate deposited across their entire surface during exposure to SBF (up to 115 wt % gain after 4 weeks). This degree of deposition is a major advance over previously reported polyphosphazene systems, which underwent a maximum of 27 wt % gain after immersion in SBF for 4 weeks. The extent of mineralization over the surface was monitored using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). In addition, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the identity of the mineralized material. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41741.