bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Source Time Function Complexity on Stress-Drop Estimates
Authors: Neely James S. , Park Sunyoung , Baltay Annemarie 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
Earthquake stress drop—a key parameter for describing the energetics of earthquake rupture—can be estimated in several different, but theoretically equivalent, ways. However, independent estimates for the same earthquakes sometimes differ significantly. We find that earthquake source complexity plays a significant role in why theoretically (for simple rupture models) equivalent methods produce different estimates. We apply time- and frequency-domain methods to estimate stress drops for real earthquakes in the SCARDEC (Seismic source ChAracteristics Retrieved from DEConvolving teleseismic body waves, Vallée and Douet, 2016) source time function (STF) database and analyze how rupture complexity drives stress-drop estimate discrepancies. Specifically, we identify two complexity metrics—Brune relative energy (BRE) and spectral decay—that parameterize an earthquake’s complexity relative to the standard Brune model and strongly correlate with the estimate discrepancies. We find that the observed systematic magnitude–stress-drop trends may reflect underlying changes in STF complexity, not necessarily trends in actual stress drop. Both the decay and BRE parameters vary systematically with magnitude, but whether this magnitude–complexity relationship is real remains unresolved.
Ground-Shaking Intensity Prediction for Onsite Earthquake Early Warning Using Deep Learning
Authors: Jiang Mei-Yu , Chen Da-Yi , Chin Tai-Lin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Damage caused by an earthquake is highly correlated with the shaking intensity in an area. Therefore, it is beneficial to know the shaking intensity of a certain area in advance so that proper preparations and responses can be made. This article proposes a deep learning approach to predict the onsite intensity of ground shaking for a certain location at the very beginning of an earthquake, namely ground-shaking intensity prediction (GSIP). GSIP learns the features hidden in the acceleration waveform and frequency spectrum during a short initial window after the P-wave arrival. It then predicts the intensity level of the ground shaking based on the extracted features. Traditional methods determine parameters or thresholds by experience, but it is very difficult to select appropriate thresholds, and this may need careful calibration. In contrast, GSIP determines the appropriate parameters from the waveform to predict intensity levels without the need for calibration. The waveforms used for model training and validation were collected from 1991 to 2020 data from Taiwan, 2004 to 2020 data from Japan, and 2005 to 2020 data from Italy. The results show that GSIP can achieve more than 85% accuracy at predicting the intensity level, with a tolerance of one level of intensity, as well as high accuracy and recall. Recent events that occurred in Taiwan in 2021 and 2022 were used to evaluate GSIP, and the results confirm its ability to accurately predict intensity levels in different areas. In addition, GSIP is undergoing testing on the earthquake monitoring system in the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan and has effectively provided real-time early warning for earthquakes.
A Steep Slab at the Yap Trench Resulted from Subducting Oceanic Plateaus
Authors: Zhu Gaohua , Yang Hongfeng , Gao Xiang , Dong Dongdong , Fan Jianke , Zhang Guangxu , Li Cuilin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Interaction of oceanic plateaus with trenches plays a vital role in subduction activities and tectonic evolutions. The Yap trench is a rare case of an oceanic plateau subduction system. However, the knowledge of the impacts of plateau-trench interaction on subduction activity is still insufficient, due to a lack of seismological observations. Using ocean-bottom seismometer data near the Yap trench from April 2016 to May 2017, we conduct seismicity analyses in the Yap subduction zone by utilizing a machine-learning algorithm and matched-filter detections. The pattern of seismicity in the Yap trench exhibits characteristics similar to typical active subduction zones. The seismicity delineates a steep subducting slab, which may have resulted from the blocking of the buoyant Caroline Plateau. The majority of earthquakes are shallower than 80 km in the event-detectable area in the Yap trench, much shallower than the potential slab depth of 350 km from the previous seismic tomography images.
Majority of Ruptures in Large Continental Strike-Slip Earthquakes Are Unilateral: Permissive Evidence for Hybrid Brittle-to-Dynamic Ruptures
Authors: Bird Peter , Stein Ross S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Finite-element models of neotectonics require transform faults to rupture seismically even where preseismic shear stresses are low, presumably by dynamic-weakening mechanisms. A long-standing objection is that, if a rupture initiated at an asperity with high static friction stresses, which then transitioned to low dynamic-weakening stresses, local stress drop would be near total and on the order of 80 MPa, which is 4×–40× greater than observed. But the 5 Mw ≥ 7.8 transform earthquakes since 2000 initially ruptured on the branch faults of small net slip (Stein and Bird, 2024). If the slip initiates on a branch fault with different slip physics and no dynamic weakening, this solves the stress-drop problem. We propose that most large shallow earthquakes are hybrid ruptures, which begin on branch faults of small slip with high shear stresses, and then continue propagating on a connected dynamically weakened fault of large slip, even where shear stresses are low. One prediction of this model is that most large shallow ruptures should be unilateral. We test this prediction against the 100 largest (m ≥ 6.49) shallow continental strike-slip earthquakes 1977–2022, using information from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor and International Seismological Centre catalogs. The differences in time and location between the epicenter and the epicentroid define a horizontal “migration” velocity vector for the evolving centroid of each rupture. Early aftershock locations are summarized by a five-parameter elliptical model. Using the geometric relations between these (and mapped traces of active faults) and guided by a symmetrical decision table, we classified 55 ruptures as apparently unilateral, 30 as bilateral, and 15 as ambiguous. Our finding that a majority (55%–70%) of these ruptures are unilateral permits the interpretation that a majority of ruptures are hybrids, both in terms of geometry (branch fault to transform) and in terms of the physics of their fault slip.
Youth Perspectives on the Flint Water Crisis and Its Health Effects
Authors: Woolford Susan J. , Carrera Jennifer S. , Key Kent , Evans Luther , Lewis E. Yvonne , Bailey Sarah , Robinson Dewaun , McKay Athena , Calhoun Karen 
Published: August 2024

Background
While the youth of Flint are at risk from the effects of the water crisis, little is known about their perspective of the impact of the water on their health.

Objective
To explore adolescents’ perceptions of living in Flint during the water crisis, its impact on their health, and ways to address the crisis and rebuild trust.

Methods
In summer 2018, four focus groups were conducted with adolescents in Flint (ages 13 to 17 years). Group sessions were conducted by trained facilitators who were Flint residents along with members of the community-academic research team. Group sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were reviewed and themes identified by the research team and youth from the focus groups.

Results
Of the 53 participants, most identified as Black (66%) and male (64%). Participants expressed concern about the impact of the water on their health. They knew people who developed rashes, experienced cognitive changes, and who died, they believed, owing to the water. The crisis also led to psychological consequences for youth. They expressed ongoing mistrust of the water and of institutions that should protect them, as well as concern that exposure may have long-term effects on their health and their children’s health. Despite these concerns, participants expressed resilience and a desire to share that they had the potential to live successful lives.

Conclusion
Youth expressed concern about current and long-term health sequelae of the water crisis. Further work is needed to monitor the consequences of the crisis and to identify resident-informed approaches to mitigate its effects and rebuild trust.
Social Vulnerability May Underlie Racial Disparities in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Outcomes
Authors: Robbins Lindsay Speros , Szychowski Jeff M. , Nassel Ariann , Bansal Ankit , Oben Ayamo G. , Armour Emily K. , Walker Zachary , Rajapreyar Indranee N. , Wingate Martha , Tita Alan T. , Sinkey Rachel G. 
Published: August 2024

Objective
Black patients have disproportionately more cases of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) and more severe disease. To better understand these disparities, we examined the geographic distribution of patients with PPCM by race and evaluated associations between race and social vulnerability. We hypothesized that Black patients with PPCM are more likely than White patients to live in socially vulnerable communities.

Study Design
A retrospective cohort study of patients with PPCM defined by the National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute was conducted at a single center from January 2000 to November 2017. The US census tract for each patient was identified, and social vulnerability was assessed using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). Higher SVI values represent a more vulnerable community. SVI and select subcomponents were compared by self-reported race.

Results
Among 90 patients with PPCM (47 White, 43 Black), the ejection fraction at diagnosis was similar between groups, although Black patients were more likely to have an ejection fraction of ≤40% at 6 to 12 months postpartum. Black race was associated with living in areas of greater social vulnerability; mean SVI was significantly higher among Black individuals than among White individuals (.56 versus .33, P=.0003). Black patients lived in areas with more people living in poverty, higher unemployment, and more single-parent households.

Conclusion
Black patients with PPCM were more likely to have persistent left ventricular dysfunction and live in areas of greater social vulnerability. Strategies to achieve equitable social determinants of health are needed to improve health outcomes in Black patients with PPCM.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Emotional Reactions to the Flint Water Crisis among Michigan Women in Communities Outside of Flint
Authors: Dokshina Darya , Roque Sidonie K. , Berry Sydney , Heard-Garris Nia , Malone Anita M. , Bauer Katherine W. , Needham Belinda L. 
Published: August 2024

Objective
To determine whether Black women in Michigan communities outside of Flint were more likely than women in other racial and ethnic groups to report negative emotional reactions to the Flint Water Crisis, an ongoing public health disaster that has been widely attributed to anti-Black structural racism.

Methods
Data were from a 2020 survey of Michigan women aged 18-45 in communities outside of Flint (N=888). We used logistic regression models to examine racial and ethnic differences in the odds of negative emotional reactions to the Flint Water Crisis.

Results
Compared with Black women, White women had lower odds of feeling scared (odds ratio [OR]=0.58; 95% CI, 0.40-0.84), hopeless (OR=0.53; 95% CI, 0.38-0.74), tired (OR=0.45; 95% CI, 0.32-0.64), and numb (OR=0.52; 95% CI, 0.35-0.75) when thinking about the water crisis. There were no differences between Black and Hispanic women, whereas women of other races or ethnicities had lower odds than Black women of feeling numb (OR=0.32; 95% CI, 0.14-0.72).

Conclusions
The Flint Water Crisis was a racialized stressor, with potential implications for mental health inequities among Michigan women who were not directly affected by the crisis.
Associations between Structural Racism, Environmental Burden, and Cancer Rates: An Ecological Study of US Counties
Authors: Robinson-Oghogho Joelle N. , Alcaraz Kassandra I. , Thorpe Roland J. 
Published: August 2024

Objective
In this study, we examined associations between county-level measures of structural racism and county-level cancer incidence and mortality rates between race groups while accounting for factors associated with cancer rates and county-level measures of environmental burden.

Methods
To explore this relationship, we conducted multiple linear regression analyses. Data for these analyses came from an index of county-level structural racism and publicly available data on 2015 to 2019 age-adjusted cancer rates from the US Cancer Statistics Data Visualization Tool, 2019 County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, the Environmental Protection Agency’s 2006 to 2010 Environmental Quality Index, and 2015 to 2019 estimates from the US Census American Community Survey.

Results
County-level structural racism was associated with higher county cancer incidence rates among Black (adjusted incidence rate: 17.4, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 9.3, 25.5) and Asian/Pacific Islander populations (adjusted incidence rate: 9.3, 95% CI: 1.8, 16.9) and higher mortality rates for American Indian/Alaskan Native (adjusted mortality rate [AMR]: 17.4, 95% CI: 4.2, 30.6), Black (AMR: 11.9, 95% CI: 8.9, 14.8), and Asian/Pacific Islander (AMR: 4.7, 95% CI: 1.3, 8.1) populations than White populations.

Conclusion
Our findings highlight the detrimental impact of structural racism on cancer outcomes among minoritized populations. Strategies aiming to mitigate cancer disparities must embed processes to recognize and address systems, policies, laws, and norms that create and reproduce patterns of discrimination.
Multilevel Determinants of Long COVID and Potential for Telehealth Intervention
Authors: Jacobs Molly , Ellis Charles , Estores Irene 
Published: August 2024

Background
Post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome, or long COVID, has a variety of symptoms, but little is known about the condition. This study evaluated the association between individual factors, social determinants of health, and the likelihood of long COVID by assessing internet usage as an indicator of viable access to telehealth.

Methods
Data from the 2022 National Health Interview Survey identified adults who (1) reported a previous COVID-19-positive test and/or diagnosis and (2) experienced long COVID. A 2-stage selection model predicted COVID-19 infection in the first stage and long COVID in the second stage. To test the potential use of telehealth, binary dependent variable regression evaluated internet usage among respondents with long COVID.

Results
About 40% (N=10,318) of respondents had tested positive/been diagnosed with COVID-19, but less than 20% of them (N=1797) had long COVID. Although older respondents were less likely to have COVID (odds ratio [OR]=0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.44, 0.53), they were more likely to experience long COVID (OR=1.63; CI=1.37, 1.93). Relative to White individuals, Black individuals were less likely to have COVID (OR=0.78; CI=0.69, 0.89) but significantly more likely (OR=1.21; CI=1.09, 1.64) to experience long COVID. Long COVID was also more likely among low-income earners (first income-to-poverty ratio quartile OR=1.40, CI=1.14, 1.72; second income-to-poverty ratio OR=1.37, CI=1.14, 1.64) and those without a college degree (OR=1.42; CI=1.01, 1.66). There were no statistically significant differences in internet access between racial, geographic, or income groups.

Conclusion
Long COVID is significantly more likely among Black individuals and low-income households than among their counterparts, but with few recourses available, telehealth service delivery could be a feasible intervention mechanism.
Neurologic Complications Following Peripheral Nerve Block in Foot and Ankle Surgery
Authors: Balboni Julia , Kermanshahi Nazanin , Kregling Caroline , Webber Kassidy J. , Tung Wei Shao , Fram Brianna , Gianakos Arianna L. 
Published: August 2024

Background:
It is often challenging to determine the cause of nerve injury following peripheral nerve block (PNB). The etiology can be multifactorial and may be influenced by patient-specific factors, variation in anesthesia practice, and the location of the nerve block. This study examines the incidence of postoperative neurologic complications following the use of PNB in foot and ankle surgery. The primary goal was to identify PNB characteristics associated with neurologic complications.

Methods:
A bibliographic search was conducted from 2012 to 2024. Included studies analyzed neurologic complications following the use of PNB in foot and ankle surgery. Studies that included pediatric or pregnant populations were excluded, along with those that involved orthopedic surgeries other than foot and ankle. The primary outcome was complication rate, which included neurologic complications, defined as sensory or motor nerve dysfunction remaining after the period of expected block effect. Analyzed block characteristics included choice of local anesthetic, use of adjuvant, patient position, and level of sedation during block administration.

Results:
Fifteen studies met criteria for inclusion. Of 6,012 total patients, 794 reported neurologic complications (13.2%). Of these, 2.9% (175 of 6,012) had symptoms that remained unresolved at the last follow-up. Ninety-seven percent of nerve deficits were sensory (770 of 794), 1.8% were motor (14 of 794), and 1.3% were mixed (10 of 794). Popliteal block had a complication rate of 12.2% (400 of 3,273), the highest of any solitary block; of these patients, and 0.3% (11 of 3,273) developed complex regional pain syndrome. Complication rates for bupivacaine and ropivacaine were 8.8% (243 of 2,776) and 24.1% (330 of 1,367), respectively. Comparison of adjuvants yielded complication rates of 24.3% with epinephrine (89 of 367) and 15.5% with corticosteroids (277 of 1,784).

Conclusion:
While most neurologic complications after PNB involve transient paresthesia followed by spontaneous resolution, some patients develop long-lasting symptoms resulting in chronic pain and motor compromise. Implementation of a screening protocol is needed to identify patients at risk of nerve injury who may be poor candidates for regional anesthesia.

Level of Evidence:

Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Do Adductor Tenotomies Prevent Progressive Migration in Children with Cerebral Palsy?
Authors: van Stralen Renée Anne , Roelen Merel Charlotte Rosalie , Buddhdev Pranai , Reijman Max , Eygendaal Denise , Tolk Jaap Johannes 
Published: August 2024

Background:
Up to one-third of children with cerebral palsy (CP) develop migration of the hip, and the risk increases with a higher Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). In progressive hip migration in young children, adductor tenotomy is an accepted treatment option to delay or prevent progressive hip migration. However, there is quite a large variability in reported results. This systematic review aims to determine the effectiveness of a soft-tissue release in the prevention of progressive hip migration in children with CP.

Methods:
This systematic review was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols statements. Our inclusion criteria were studies describing pediatric, skeletally immature patients with CP and a “hip at risk” of progressive hip migration. Exclusion criteria were simultaneous bony reconstructions, case reports, technical notes, published abstracts, or studies with a follow-up under 1 year postoperatively. The primary outcomes were defined as failure rate (progressive hip migration and/or need for bony surgery, as defined by each paper) and change in migration percentage (MP) at final follow-up. As secondary analyses, we evaluated the outcome after specific subtypes of surgeries and assessed whether performing lengthening of iliopsoas, neurectomy of the anterior branch of the obturator nerve, age at the time of surgery, GMFCS level, and postoperative management impact the outcome.

Results:
Our literature search identified 380 titles. Eighty-four articles underwent full-text review, of which 27 met our inclusion/exclusion criteria and were subsequently selected for quantitative analysis. A prevalence meta-analysis was performed including 17 studies (2,213 hips). Mean follow-up ranged from 12 to 148.8 months. The mean preoperative MP was 33.4% (2,740 hips) and 29.9% at follow-up. The overall reported failure rate was 39% (95% confidence interval, 26%-52%). Performing a release of only adductor longus had a failure rate of 87%, whereas more extensive soft-tissue releases showed significantly better results with failure rates ranging from 0 to 44% (p < 0.001). Lengthening of the iliopsoas had no significant impact on failure rate (p = 0.48), nor did performing an obturator neurectomy (p = 0.92).

Conclusion:
The failure rate of adductor tenotomies to prevent progressive hip migration appears to be as high as 39% in studies with a varying follow-up. The failure rates are significantly higher when isolated release of the adductor longus is performed. This systematic review supports clinical decision making in children with CP and early hip migration.

Level of Evidence:

Level IIA. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Waterflood Relative Permeabilities in Composite Cores
Authors: Huppler J. D. 
Published: August 2024

When cores longer than about 3 in. are desired for waterflood testing, it is common to assemble a composite core from a set of short core pieces. Long composite cores reduce the importance of capillary effects such that lower flooding rates can be used. Composite cores are also useful where end effects would invalidate results from tests on individual short cores. The assumptions made in using such a composite core for waterflood testing are that all the core sections:
have nearly identical relative permeability curves,
are homogeneous and isotropic, and
have nearly identical connate water and residual oil values.
It is further assumed that there is good contact between sections and that the flooding rate is high enough to make capillary pressure effects unimportant in all core sections.
When these assumptions are met, we can make several assertions based on analysis of the one-dimensional, two-phase flow equations. The water-saturation distributions throughout a flood are the same in a composite core as in a single homogeneous core having the average properties of the composite, no matter what ordering of core sections is used in the composite. Production histories are also the same for any ordering of core segments. Thus experimental waterflood relative permeability ratios may be quite accurate for any ordering.
The individual-phase relative permeability curves calculated from composite waterflood data may be in error.