bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A custom magnetoencephalography device reveals brain connectivity and high reading/decoding ability in children with autism
Authors: Kikuchi Mitsuru , Yoshimura Yuko , Shitamichi Kiyomi , Ueno Sanae , Hirosawa Tetsu , Munesue Toshio , Ono Yasuki , Tsubokawa Tsunehisa , Haruta Yasuhiro , Oi Manabu , Niida Yo , Remijn Gerard B. , Takahashi Tsutomu , Suzuki Michio , Higashida Haruhiro , Minabe Yoshio 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA subset of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) performs more proficiently on certain visual tasks than may be predicted by their general cognitive performances. However, in younger children with ASD (aged 5 to 7), preserved ability in these tasks and the neurophysiological correlates of their ability are not well documented. In the present study, we used a custom child-sized magnetoencephalography system and demonstrated that preserved ability in the visual reasoning task was associated with rightward lateralisation of the neurophysiological connectivity between the parietal and temporal regions in children with ASD. In addition, we demonstrated that higher reading/decoding ability was also associated with the same lateralisation in children with ASD. These neurophysiological correlates of visual tasks are considerably different from those that are observed in typically developing children. These findings indicate that children with ASD have inherently different neural pathways that contribute to their relatively preserved ability in visual tasks.
Prosecuting and Punishing Parricide Offenders
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses issues related to charging and prosecuting parricide offenders. It includes a discussion on juvenile parricide offenders who were sentenced to death when that was legally permissible in the United States. Portraits of these cases differ dramatically from the prototypical severely abused youth and provide clear examples of adult parricide offenders who appeared dangerously antisocial. Life without parole (LWOP) is also addressed, and an example of an abused child sentenced to a mandatory LWOP sentence prior to the Supreme Court's decision in Miller v. Alabama is presented.
The Lives of Others: Social Rationality in Animals
Authors: Stevens Jeffrey R. , King Andrew J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhy do animals attend to the lives of others? Social situations have provided important pressures in the evolution of behavior. In fact, some have argued that the complexities of social life require sophisticated mental abilities such that individuals of highly social species will evolve intelligent ways to cope with this complexity. The chapter explores three key components critical for social decision making. First, although the social milieu might be complex and ever changing, the use of simple decision mechanisms such as heuristics or “rules of thumb” may allow animals to navigate this complexity. Simple rules can provide good responses to complex problems. Reasonable decision mechanisms cannot be developed without considering the requisite cognitive capacities needed to implement these mechanisms. For example, investigating these cognitive capacities has been useful in reassessing the decision mechanisms used in cooperative situations. Finally, the animal literature is particularly useful for testing questions of ecological rationality—where decision rules are adapted to the structure of the physical and social environment—because different species have evolved in different environments. Each species' environment may uniquely shape its decision processes, and the social environment is a particularly important selective force on decision making. In summary, decision mechanisms, cognitive capacities, and the environment of a species must be investigated to understand properly its decisions. This perspective integrates the evolutionary and cognitive study of decision making to explore how animals navigate the complexities of their social worlds.
Alternative Histories in African American Scrapbooks
Authors: Garvey Ellen Gruber 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how African Americans wrote histories unavailable in books by making scrapbooks of clippings from both the black and the white press. Scrapbook histories were weapons, and communal knowledge. In massive compilations—dozens or even hundreds of volumes, in some cases—black people asserted ownership of news and culture and passed along critical, oppositional reading of newspapers. The chapter draws on the work of more than a dozen nineteenth- and early twentieth-century African American men and women who made scrapbooks, with special attention to three African American men who created ambitious, monumental scrapbook collections that exemplify these four projects. The oldest, Joseph W. H. Cathcart (1823 or 1827–1895), a Philadelphia janitor, created his collection of more than one hundred massive pasted volumes starting in the 1850s. His friend William H. Dorsey (1837–1923) of Philadelphia made nearly four hundred scrapbooks between the 1870s and about 1903. In a later generation, L. S. Alexander Gumby (1885–1961), a gay black collector and salon host of the Harlem Renaissance, created more than a hundred elaborate scrapbooks, mainly in the 1920s.
Strategic Scrapbooks
Authors: Garvey Ellen Gruber 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter shows that scrapbooks kept by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Dunbar Nelson, and less-well-known suffragists such as Lillie Devereux Blake, Caroline Healey Dall, and Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, constitute a complex conversation about women's participation in the public realm. Scrapbooks both documented that participation and experimented with ways to present it to varied audiences; they were a training ground for impression management. Like other speakers, writers, and actors, women who wrote and spoke in public kept clipping books to document their talks and track their publications. Even the fact itself that suffragists looked to the press for personal history marks an extraordinary assertion of selfhood for women and a claim to act in the public arena. They passed along their understanding that the press was not a simple record, but a set of voices and conversations to be read critically.
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Processing of Biological Motion
Authors: Thornton Ian M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhile the visual perception of biological motion is traditionally thought to rely on top-down or stimulus-driven processes that operate locally over space and time, this chapter reviews evidence that, at least under some conditions, top-down processing also drives the perception of human movement. Evidence in support of top-down processing includes the fact that observers’ percepts of point-light displays of human movement are exceptionally robust across an unusually wide range of experimental manipulations, that the perception of biological motion is attention dependent, and that numerous brain regions appear to contribute to the perception of biological motion. The top-down processing system may have evolved as a means of overcoming the many limitations associated with bottom-up processing of biological motion.
Seeing You Through Me
Authors: Reed Catherine L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe visual perception of the human body, whether static or in motion, appears to depend upon the observer’s own bodily representations, as well as on motor and kinesthetic mechanisms. For example, the actions that an observer performs impact that observer’s visual perception of other people’s bodies. This chapter reviews extensive evidence supporting the hypothesis that the interface of visual-motor processes between the observer and observed others depends upon both innate and learned mechanisms.
Shape-Independent Processing of Biological Motion
Authors: Troje Nikolaus F. , Chang Dorita H. F. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter reviews evidence from numerous studies of inversion effects and preattentive processing that converge in suggesting that the visual system exploits its sensitivity to gravity-defined dynamics to detect the ballistic movements typical of limbed terrestrial animals in locomotion. It is proposed that a local visual filter may be sufficient to detect the gravity-defined dynamics of the most important types of animate motion. This local motion processing mechanism is thought to reflect both innate and learned component processes.
It's Not Over
Authors: Rohit  
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhy is the world economy in such turmoil? This is a question which has implications not just for the economics discipline but also the lives of millions of working people across the world. That it has continued for so long with barely any signs of abating has created a void in economic theory in general and policy in particular. Another aspect of this crisis is its increasing spread which has practically taken over the entire first world with some early signs of spreading into the so-called emerging economies as well. Explanations of the present crisis have primarily focussed on financial deregulation in the US economy. However, this book argues that while deregulation definitely aided it, it cannot be the basis for the crisis. First, it is akin to arguing that a lax anti-crime law can explain the incidence of crime itself. Second, and more importantly, with regulation not just the downturn but even the boom would have been tempered. Instead of concentrating on the financial side alone, this work attempts to bring the real economy into focus by using a heterodox framework which challenges the current dominant thinking in the discipline. It examines, theoretically and empirically, whether increased income and wealth inequalities and business concentration contributed to the instability in the US economy. The answer to this question lies at the heart of understanding the present economic crisis that has engulfed the world economy.
Weakened Workers and Resurgent Capital
Authors: Rohit  
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter attempts to look at some statistical evidence to buttress the points made in the theoretical model of the first chapter. In particular, it is shown, through some descriptive statistics that the strength of the working class in the US has gone down significantly in the era of globalisation. It shows that real wages have not kept the pace (they have either remained stagnant or declined) with the increase in labour productivity, which is a clear break from the post-WW II experience where they moved in tandem. At the same time, there has been an increase in business concentration as a result of unprecedented merger waves in the 1980s and 1990s in the US. Contrary to the common perception that globalisation increased competition for the US corporations; this chapter presents evidence that these mergers and acquisitions more than compensated for that.
Morphophonological polarity
Authors: De Lacy Paul 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
‘Morpho-phonological polarity’ describes a situation where a morphological contrast is productively expressed by switching the value of a segmental or prosodic feature in the stem. This chapter argues that the most cited case of morpho-phonological polarity — the Dholuo plural — is in fact a complex case of morphologically-induced mutation. Cases from other languages are also discussed, including length, vowel quality, and tone exchange. Theoretical devices needed to express morpho-phonological polarity are reviewed. Morpho-phonological polarity is contrasted with both purely phonological and purely morphological polarity.
Polarity and constraints on paradigmatic distinctness
Authors: Wunderlich Dieter 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Polarity, a type of syncretism, is decomposed into diagonal syncretism (one feature marked, the other feature unmarked, i.e. +F,-G and -F,+G expressed by the same form) and full reversal (two features either both marked or both unmarked). Diagontal syncretism is found in various inflectional systems and can be regarded as a phenomenon of second order natural classes, defined in markedness degrees. In contrast, full reversal should not exist because it would be hard to learn that a certain form expresses either –F,-G or +F,+G. However, several authors claimed the existence of morphological polarity (full reversal). The more detailed investigation reveals the possibility of inflectional class polarity (the exponents of +F vs. –F in one class of items are reversed in another class of items), either for semantic reasons: a certain affix might negate inherent number, or for phonological reasons: an ablaut vowel should be distinct from the underlying vowel. Polarity is also possible as the last resort for expressing contrast in a degenerate paradigm (Old French declension).
Contextual allomorphy
Authors: Bonet Eulàlia , Harbour Daniel 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter characterises the empirical and theoretical bounds of the concept of allomorphy. We demonstrate how allomorphy may be distinguished from phonological, morphological and syntactic sources of variation, and we attempt to highlight the core concerns that a full theory of allomorphy should address. These include the types of elements (for instance, roots versus affixes) that may enter into allomorphic relationships, how far conditioners of allomorphy may be from loci of allomorphy, when and how competition between allomorphs is resolved, and whether grammars impose upper bounds on numbers of allomorphs.
Templatic and subtractive truncation
Authors: Alber Birgit , Arndt-Lappe Sabine 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses processes of templatic and subtractive truncation as forms of morphological exponence. Even though there exists a substantial body of research especially on the formal analysis of truncatory processes, patterns of truncation have played a rather marginal role in morphological theory. The chapter proposes that there is clear evidence that both templatic and subtractive truncation are genuine and regular morphological processes. For templatic truncation we argue that the irregularity claim is untenable for a large number of attested processes. The chapter proposes a form-based typology and an optimality-theoretic approach to account for the this typology. For subtractive truncation, we summarise recent developments in optimality-theoretic phonological theory, which suggest that no subtractive formalism is needed to account for the pertinent phenomena. With respect to the meaning of templatic truncation, the chapter argues that the available evidence suggests that truncations are diminutives, which can be accommodated in recent morphological theories of diminutivisation.
1 The Commission’s General Powers of Enforcement
Authors: Andersen Stine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides a general introduction to the general EU infringement procedure and discusses the political conditions underpinning it. It proceeds as follows. First, it outlines Article 88 the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and then discusses the in practice important tradition of friendly settlements according to Article 258 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Commission can employ its general enforcement powers as a tool to pursue policy objectives more broadly. The penultimate section examines the political conditions underpinning the general infringement procedure's modus operandi. It is argued that the relatively weak powers of the Commission and the drawn-out procedure reflects member state governments' call for flexibility in the implementation phase and hence in the enforcement phase. At the same time, the weaker powers of the Commission are offset by its wide margin of discretion. The Commission shall exercise this discretion with political tact. Its task is to ensure the delicate balance between supervising compliance, on the one hand, and sustaining diplomatic relations with the individual member states, on the other. Both dimensions are important per se and for the EU policy process more widely. The Commission is thus handling a complex, semi-political, semi-legal task. This is reflected in the notion of effectiveness discussed in the final section.
General number and the structure of DP
Authors: Paul Ileana 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter addresses the issue of general number: nominal forms that are underspecified for number. Drawing on data from Malagasy and a range of other languages, it is shown that general number does not correlate with other semantic properties of DPs, such as narrow scope. Thus there is no one-to-one mapping between morphosyntactic form and meaning.
Cultural Integration in Sweden
Authors: Nekby Lena 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The cultural integration of immigrants and natives in Sweden is analysed in this study using nine measures of culture: within region gender gaps in education, marriage to a foreign born, marriage to a co-national, young marriage, cohabitation, divorce, partner age gaps, female employment, and female education. Results indicate that a process of cultural integration between immigrants and natives is occurring as initial differences between first-generation immigrants and natives on all cultural indicators are, with few exceptions, smaller or non-existent for second-generation immigrants. The relatively few deviations from this pattern found for some immigrant groups, concerning primarily marriage and cohabitation, are contingent on the selected sample of second-generation immigrants with parents from the same country of origin. When estimation includes the majority of second-generation immigrants with mixed backgrounds, a process of cultural integration is found for all groups and all measures.
Cultural Integration in Switzerland
Authors: Kohler Pierre 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores cultural integration paths of eight migrant groups in Switzerland. It specifically analyses the evolution of objective behaviours and subjective attitudes of migrants from the first to the second generation. In order to deepen the analysis, the cultural integration of migrants is further examined from different perspectives: across cohorts (older vs. younger migrants) and across types of couples (individuals in endogamous vs. mixed couples). First, behaviours are examined by looking at performances of migrants at school. As women play a key role in the transmission of cultural traits and the socialization of the second generation, the focus then turns to their position in the couple and in the labour market. Finally, this chapter looks at migrants’ use of language, their feelings towards Switzerland, as well as their attitudes towards gender, religious, and political issues. Evidence points to overall convergence. The most striking differences across groups pertain to gender-related attitudes and behaviours.
Cultural Integration in the United Kingdom
Authors: Georgiadis Andreas , Manning Alan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter compares a relatively wide range of outcomes for the main ethnic minorities in the UK with the outcomes for white natives. The chapter also compares the outcomes for the foreign and UK born. The indicators we look at are fertility, marriage, and divorce rates, interethnic marriage, spousal age gaps, the gender gap in education, employment rates, national identity, religiosity, and language use. The chapter finds substantial heterogeneity across ethnic minority communities but also evidence that in almost all dimensions and for all groups, the UK-born minorities are closer to white natives than the foreign born.
5 Spatial directionals for robot navigation
Authors: Winterboer Andi , Tenbrink Thora , Moratz Reinhard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPrevious research on spatial projective terms such as to the left (of) and in front (of) typically focuses on static (locative) usages. This chapter addresses the usage of such expressions in dynamic contexts (i.e. as directionals). As part of the general aim of developing a speech interface for allowing intuitive control of a mobile robot in navigation tasks, this chapter describes the implementation of a carefully selected subset of interpretations of directional terms in a robotic system. The system was validated and gradually im­proved by experiments involving spontaneous directional instruc­tions by users who were not informed about the robot’s capabilities.
7 Granularity in taxonomy, time, and space
Authors: Zacks Jeffrey M. , Tversky Barbara 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe objects of language and thought establish the granularity at which cognition operates. Granularity can vary with respect to taxonomic classification, time, and space. One might suppose that basic cognitive operations such as judgments of similarity or mental imagery would be invariant over these changes in scale, but this appears not to be the case. This chapter reviews results from three domains that show how changes in grain lead to changes in the form of cognitive operations. In judgments about object features, small and medium taxonomic scales are heavily depending on an object’s parts, but large taxonomic scales are not. In perceiving events on a small temporal scale people pay close attention to actions on individual objects, but on a larger temporal scale they pay more attention to the particular objects involved. In spatial reasoning about small objects people tend to imagine objects being moved by an external force, but when reasoning about large environments they tend to imagine themselves moving within the environment. Thus, the computational form of cognitive operations appears to depend on the taxonomic, spatial, and temporal scale of the objects of those operations.
9 Granularity, space, and motion‐framed location
Authors: Tutton Mark 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe ways in which different languages encode motion events has been the topic of intense analyses and dissections in recent years, especially with regard to Talmy’s (1991, 2000) verb / satellite-framed typology. This chapter shifts course by moving away from motion event typologies and the encoding of canonical motion events. Instead, it shows that English speakers can conceptualize space in terms of motion events even when they set out to encode locative relationships: this is termed motion-framed location and is lexicalized by spatial–temporal prepositions such as before and after. This chapter uses two interpretations of granularity (understood as level of specificity and scales of space) to explore key semantic and usage differences between the locative prepositions in front of and behind on the one hand, and before and after on the other. The analysis shows that the former locative prepositions encode a finer degree of locative semantic detail than do the spatial–temporal ones, and that the latter are more restricted in terms of the scales of space at which they are used. Before and after require constancy in the Figure / Ground locative relationship, thereby favoring non-manipulable entities which occupy fixed locations in space. In contrast, in front of and behind are used to lexicalize locative relationships at both large and small scales of space, without the same requirement of Figure and Ground locative stability.
Great Expectations: The Materiality of Commensurability in Social Media
Authors: Scott Susan V. , Orlikowski Wanda J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter considers the question of commensuration — the process of comparison according to a common metric — and how it is accomplished on online social media websites. When commensurability is produced through the distributed reviews and ratings of thousands of user-generated postings, and transformed through filtering and weighting algorithms into ratings and rankings, it may be expected that different things will be paid attention to, connected, and compared. The chapter is interested in understanding these differences and the implications of online user-based evaluation mechanisms for how commensurability is organized and achieved.