bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Past, present, and future in hippocampal formation and memory research
Authors: Muñoz‐López Mónica 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTOver 100 years of research on the hippocampal formation has led us understand the consequences of lesions in humans, the functional networks, anatomical pathways, neuronal types and their local circuitry, receptors, molecules, intracellular cascades, and some of the physiological mechanisms underlying long‐term spatial and episodic memory. In addition, complex computational models allow us to formulate sophisticated hypotheses; many of them testable with techniques recently developed unthinkable in the past. Although the neurobiology of the cognitive map is starting to be revealed today, we still face a future with many unresolved questions. The aim of this commentary is twofold. First is to point out some of the critical findings in hippocampal formation research and new challenges. Second, to briefly summarize what the anatomy of memory can tell us about how highly processed sensory information from distant cortical areas communicate with different subareas of the entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus, and hippocampal subfields to integrate and consolidate unique episodic memory traces. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Relation of Baseline Skills to Psychotherapy Outcome Across Diverse Psychotherapies
Authors: Gibbons Mary Beth Connolly , Thompson Sarah M. , Mack Rachel A. , Lee Jacqueline K. , Crits‐Christoph Paul 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveWe explored whether patients with varied levels of baseline deficits in compensatory skills and self‐understanding had different outcomes across cognitive and dynamic therapies.MethodThe assessment battery was administered at intake and termination (N = 97; 66% female, 81% Caucasian). We conducted regression analyses predicting symptom change from baseline levels of self‐understanding and compensatory skills. We also evaluated the interaction between baseline skill levels and treatment condition in the prediction of psychotherapy outcome.ResultsThere was a significant interaction between treatment group and baseline compensatory skills in the prediction of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) symptom change, F(1,76) = 4.59, p = .035. Baseline deficits in compensatory skills were significantly related to symptom change for patients who received cognitive treatment, ηρ = .40, p = .037, while baseline levels of self‐understanding were not significantly predictive of treatment outcome in either condition. Baseline skill variables did not predict symptom change as measured by the HAMA.ConclusionsThe findings support a capitalization model of cognitive therapy, whereby patients with relative strengths in compensatory skills at baseline have better treatment outcomes.
Pediatric drug development programs for type 2 diabetes: A review
Authors: Christensen Michael L. , Franklin Brandi E. , Momper Jeremiah D. , Reed Michael D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractConsiderable progress has been made in pediatric drug development. Despite these gains there remain certain therapeutic areas where a high percentage of drugs approved for use in adults do not gain approval for use in children. Lack of sufficient US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved labeling correlates with diminished therapeutic efficacy and increased risk for adverse drug reactions. Despite the increasing prevalence and important clinical challenge with pediatric type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), only 1 drug (metformin) of the first 4 T2DM drugs to complete testing in children gained FDA approval. This analysis reviews 4 pediatric drug development programs for orally administered antidiabetic agents that have undergone FDA review and discusses factors influencing failure to meet specified end points for approval. Recommendations to guide future study are also provided.
Behavioral momentum and accumulation of mass in multiple schedules
Authors: Craig Andrew R. , Cunningham Paul J. , Shahan Timothy A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBehavioral momentum theory suggests that the relation between a discriminative‐stimulus situation and reinforcers obtained in that context (i.e., the Pavlovian stimulus–reinforcer relation) governs persistence of operant behavior. Within the theory, a mass‐like aspect of behavior has been shown to be a power function of predisruption reinforcement rates. Previous investigations of resistance to change in multiple schedules, however, have been restricted to examining response persistence following protracted periods of stability in reinforcer rates within a discriminative situation. Thus, it is unclear how long a stimulus–reinforcer relation must be in effect prior to disruption in order to affect resistance to change. The present experiment examined resistance to change of pigeon's key pecking following baseline conditions where reinforcer rates that were correlated with discriminative‐stimulus situations changed. Across conditions, one multiple‐schedule component arranged either relatively higher rates or lower rates of variable‐interval food delivery, while the other component arranged the opposite rate. These schedules alternated between multiple‐schedule components across blocks of sessions such that reinforcer rates in the components were held constant for 20, 5, 3, 2, or 1 session(s) between alternations. Resistance to extinction was higher in the component that most recently was associated with higher rates of food delivery in all conditions except when schedules alternated daily or every other day. These data suggest that resistance to change in multiple schedules is related to recently experienced reinforcer rates but only when multiple‐schedule components are associated with specific reinforcer rates for several sessions.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of anchovy fine powder at high and ambient pressure, and characterization of the hydrolyzates
Authors: Kim Namsoo , Son So‐Hee , Maeng Jin‐Soo , Cho Yong‐Jin , Kim Chong‐Tai 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDAt specific conditions of high pressure, the stability and activity of some enzymes are reportedly known to increase. The aim of this study was to apply pressure‐tolerant proteases to hydrolyzing anchovy fine powder (AFP) and to determine product characteristics of the resultant hydrolyzates.RESULTSAnchovy fine powder enzyme hydrolyzates (AFPEHs) were produced at 300 MPa and ambient pressure using combinations of Flavourzyme 500MG, Alcalase 2.4L, Marugoto E and Protamex. When the same protease combination was used for hydrolysis, the contents of total soluble solids, total water‐soluble nitrogen and trichloroacetic acid‐soluble nitrogen in the AFPEHs produced at 300 MPa were conspicuously higher than those in the AFPEHs produced at ambient pressure. This result and electrophoretic characteristics indicated that the high‐pressure process of this study accelerates protein hydrolysis compared with the ambient‐pressure counterpart. Most peptides in the hydrolyzates obtained at 300 MPa had molecular masses less than 5 kDa. Functionality, sensory characteristics and the content of total free amino acids of selected hydrolyzates were also determined.CONCLUSIONThe high‐pressure hydrolytic process utilizing pressure‐tolerant proteases was found to be an efficient method for producing protein hydrolyzates with good product characteristics. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of irrigation regime on anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Syrah grapes under semiarid conditions
Authors: Kyraleou Maria , Koundouras Stefanos , Kallithraka Stamatina , Theodorou Nikolaos , Proxenia Niki , Kotseridis Yorgos 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDIrrigation management is a powerful technique to control grape and wine colour. However, water deficit effects on anthocyanins are often contrasting, depending on the severity of water restriction. In addition, the effect of irrigation on the antiradical capacity of grapes has not been extensively studied. In this work the effect of water availability on anthocyanin profile and content as well as the antioxidant activity of Syrah grapes was investigated in an irrigation trial under semiarid climate conditions.RESULTSThree irrigation treatments were applied in a 15‐year‐old Vitis vinifera cv. Syrah vineyard, starting at berry set through harvest of 2011 and 2012: full irrigation (FI) at 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), deficit irrigation (DI) at 50% of ETc and non‐irrigated (NI). NI grapes were characterized by increased individual anthocyanin content. However, differences among irrigation treatments were significant only around 18–24 days after veraison, when anthocyanin accumulation was maximum. The antioxidant activity of the skin extracts was not affected by irrigation.CONCLUSIONIrrigation proved to be an effective technique to control anthocyanin content in Syrah grapes under semiarid conditions. However, anthocyanin accumulation pattern should be considered by winemakers to appropriately select harvest time for improved wine colour. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Equine‐Assisted Therapy for Anxiety and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms
Authors: Earles Julie L. , Vernon Laura L. , Yetz Jeanne P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe tested the efficacy of the Equine Partnering Naturally© approach to equine‐assisted therapy for treating anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Participants were 16 volunteers who had experienced a Criterion A traumatic event, such as a rape or serious accident, and had current PTSD symptoms above 31 on the PTSD Checklist (PCL‐S; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993). Participants engaged in tasks with horses for 6 weekly 2‐hour sessions. Immediately following the final session, participants reported significantly reduced posttraumatic stress symptoms, d = 1.21, less severe emotional responses to trauma, d = 0.60, less generalized anxiety, d = 1.01, and fewer symptoms of depression, d = 0.54. As well, participants significantly increased mindfulness strategies, d = 1.28, and decreased alcohol use, d = 0.58. There was no significant effect of the treatment on physical health, proactive coping, self‐efficacy, social support, or life satisfaction. Thus, we found evidence that the Equine Partnering Naturally© approach to equine‐assisted therapy may be an effective treatment for anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Future research should include larger groups, random assignment, and longer term follow‐up.
Nebulized isotonic saline improves voice production in Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Tanner Kristine , Nissen Shawn L. , Merrill Ray M. , Miner Alison , Channell Ron W. , Miller Karla L. , Elstad Mark , Kendall Katherine A. , Roy Nelson 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveThis study examined the effects of a topical vocal fold hydration treatment on voice production over time.Study DesignProspective, longitudinal, within‐subjects A (baseline), B (treatment), A (withdrawal/reversal), B (treatment) experimental design.MethodsEight individuals with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), an autoimmune disease causing laryngeal dryness, completed an 8‐week A‐B‐A‐B experiment. Participants performed twice‐daily audio recordings of connected speech and sustained vowels and then rated vocal effort, mouth dryness, and throat dryness. Two‐week treatment phases introduced twice‐daily 9‐mL doses of nebulized isotonic saline (0.9% Na+Cl−). Voice handicap and patient‐based measures of SS disease severity were collected before and after each 2‐week phase. Connected speech and sustained vowels were analyzed using the Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID). Acoustic and patient‐based ratings during each baseline and treatment phase were analyzed and compared.ResultsBaseline CSID and patient‐based ratings were in the mild‐to‐moderate range. CSID measures of voice severity improved by approximately 20% with nebulized saline treatment and worsened during treatment withdrawal. Posttreatment CSID values fell within the normal‐to‐mild range. Similar patterns were observed in patient‐based ratings of vocal effort and dryness. CSID values and patient‐based ratings correlated significantly (P < .05).ConclusionNebulized isotonic saline improves voice production based on acoustic and patient‐based ratings of voice severity. Future work should optimize topical vocal fold hydration treatment formulations, dose, and delivery methodologies for various patient populations. This study lays the groundwork for future topical vocal fold hydration treatment development to manage and possibly prevent dehydration‐related voice disorders.Level of Evidence2b. Laryngoscope, 125:2333–2340, 2015
MAKING THE MATCH: SENIOR EXECUTIVES AND MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
Authors: Schaffer Robert H. , Stearn Jonathan M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWhen leaders hire consultants, they often go about it ineffectively, according to Schaffer and Stearn. As specialized consultants, they have written a concise “buyer's guide” to choosing and hiring consultants. The stakes are high for getting it right, and as they note, “the right fit between management consultant and client can drive tremendous mutual benefits.” This means considerable due diligence, asking penetrating questions, and determining whether or not a consultant is the best for your situation, not someone else's. Find out what consultants consider to be “special” and “unique” about their process, and compare that to your values and requirements.
ROOKIE SMARTS: WHY LEARNING BEATS KNOWING IN THE NEW GAME OF WORK
Authors: Wiseman Liz 
Published: March 2015

AbstractVeteran, seasoned leaders are not automatically the best for any given project, Wiseman says. She explains “rookie smarts,” in which a less experienced person outperforms a veteran, getting around the “experience trap.” Wiseman and her research team “studied more than 400 workplace scenarios, comparing how inexperienced versus experienced professionals approach a particular type of work.” The article describes four distinct modes of rookie smarts that her analysis revealed: Backpacker, Hunter‐Gatherer, Firewalker, and Pioneer. “If you are stuck climbing your way up a corporation,” she writes, “it might be time to get off the career ladder and get onto a learning curve.”
Orientin improves depression‐like behavior and BDNF in chronic stressed mice
Authors: Liu Yi , Lan Nuo , Ren Jing , Wu Yizhen , Wang Shu‐ting , Huang Xu‐Feng , Yu Yinghua 
Published: March 2015

ScopeOxidative stress is involved in chronic stress‐induced depression and the disruption of neurotransmission and neuroplasticity. Recently, orientin, a phenolic compound abundant in some fruits, millet, and herbs, has been shown to have antioxidant properties. This study investigated the potential antidepressant effects of orientin against chronic stress and its underlying mechanisms.Methods and resultsThe chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model was used to investigate the effects of orientin on behavior and biochemical alterations in mice. After 2 weeks of the CUMS protocol, the mice were treated with orientin (20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, oral gavage) for 3 weeks. Administration of orientin significantly alleviated the CUMS‐induced depression‐like behavior, including sucrose preference reduction, locomotor activity decline, and hypomotility. Orientin treatment attenuated the oxidative stress markers and increased the concentrations of serotonin and norepinephrine in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of CUMS mice. Orientin treatment also increased the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and synapse‐associated proteins (synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95) of CUMS mice.ConclusionOrientin exerts antidepressant‐like effects on CUMS mice, specifically by improving central oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity. Therefore, supplementation with orientin‐enriched food or fruit could be beneficial as a preventive strategy for chronic stress‐induced depression.
Constraint reduction procedures for reduced‐order subsurface flow models based on POD–TPWL
Authors: He J. , Durlofsky L. J. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe properties and numerical performance of reduced‐order models based on trajectory piecewise linearization (TPWL) and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) are assessed. The target application is subsurface flow modeling, although our findings should be applicable to a range of problems. The errors arising at each step in the POD–TPWL procedure are described. The impact of constraint reduction on accuracy and stability is considered in detail. Constraint reduction entails projection of the overdetermined system into a low‐dimensional subspace, in which the system is solvable. Optimality conditions for constraint reduction, in terms of error minimization, are derived. Galerkin and Petrov–Galerkin projections are shown to correspond to optimality in norms that involve weighting with the Jacobian matrix. Two new treatments, inverse projection and weighted inverse projection, are suggested. These methods minimize error in appropriate norms, although they require substantial preprocessing computations. Numerical results are presented for oil reservoir simulation problems. Galerkin projection provides reasonable accuracy for simpler oil–water systems, although it becomes unstable in more challenging cases. Petrov–Galerkin projection is observed to behave stably in all cases considered. Weighted inverse projection also behaves stably, and it provides the highest accuracy. Runtime speedups of 150–400 are achieved using these POD–TPWL models. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatitis B virus pre‐S2 mutant large surface protein inhibits DNA double‐strand break repair and leads to genome instability in hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Hsieh Yi‐Hsuan , Chang Yu‐Ying , Su Ih‐Jen , Yen Chia‐Jui , Liu Yi‐Ru , Liu Ren‐Jei , Hsieh Wen‐Chuan , Tsai Hung‐Wen , Wang Lily Hui‐Ching , Huang Wenya 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAlthough hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been established to cause hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the exact mechanism remains to be clarified. Type II ground glass hepatocytes (GGHs) harbouring the HBV pre‐S2 mutant large surface protein (LHBS) have been recognized as a morphologically distinct hallmark of HCC in the advanced stages of chronic HBV infection. Considering its preneoplastic nature, we hypothesized that type II GGH may exhibit high genomic instability, which is important for the carcinogenic process in chronic HBV carriers. In this study we found that pre‐S2 mutant LHBS directly interacted with importin α1, the key factor that recognizes cargos undergoing nuclear transportation mediated by the importin α/β‐associated nuclear pore complex (NPC). By interacting with importin α1, which inhibits its function as an NPC factor, pre‐S2 mutant LHBS blocked nuclear transport of an essential DNA repair and recombination factor, Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (NBS1), upon DNA damage, thereby delaying the formation of nuclear foci at the sites of DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs). Pre‐S2 mutant LHBS was also found to block NBS1‐mediated homologous recombination repair and induce multi‐nucleation of cells. In addition, pre‐S2 mutant LHBS transgenic mice showed genomic instability, indicated by increased global gene copy number variations (CNVs), which were significantly higher than those in hepatitis B virus X mice, indicating that pre‐S2 mutant LHBS is the major viral oncoprotein inducing genomic instability in HBV‐infected hepatocytes. Consistently, the human type II GGHs in HCC patients exhibited increased DNA DSBs representing significant genomic instability. In conclusion, type II GGHs harbouring HBV pre‐S2 mutant oncoprotein represent a high‐risk marker for the loss of genome integrity in chronic HBV carriers and explain the complex chromosome changes in HCCs. Mouse array CGH raw data: GEO Accession No. GSE61378 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE61378) Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Thermal Regime, including a Reversed Thermal Offset, of Arid Permafrost Sites with Variations in Vegetation Cover Density, Wudaoliang Basin, Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Lin Z. , Burn C. R. , Niu F. , Luo J. , Liu M. , Yin G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCommonly, permafrost conditions are characterised by one or two temperature profiles within each unit of a study area. Intra‐unit variation is therefore unknown, and the extent to which the data represent unit conditions cannot be estimated. We have collected ground temperatures from 55 boreholes to 5 m depth drilled in four 200 m2 plots next to the Qinghai‐Tibet Railway near the town of Wudaoliang. The sites are in a dry area of active aeolian erosion and straddle an alpine meadow ecotone between well‐ and sparsely vegetated ground cover. The annual mean air temperature at Wudaoliang is currently about ‐4°C. There is pronounced asymmetry in the seasonal distribution of precipitation, with very little falling between October and April, so that there is almost no snow cover in winter. At every site, air and ground surface temperatures were similar in winter, but the ground surface was considerably warmer than the air in summer in the radiation‐rich environment of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. Thawing season n‐factors were between 2 and 3 as a result. Ground conditions in the well‐vegetated meadows were in thermal equilibrium with surface conditions, with the annual mean temperature near the permafrost table (Tps) between ‐1.2 and ‐1.9°C. Within plot spatial variability for Tps, estimated from the standard error of the replicate measurements, was ∼ 0.05°C at each site. Thermal conditions in the eroded, sparsely vegetated area appeared to be transient and warming, with current Tps of ‐0.5°C. The driest site showed a reversed thermal offset in the uppermost active layer. We hypothesise that the reversed offset may occur due to extremely dry conditions in winter, so that at the ground surface, the thermal conductivity is lower in winter than under the moist conditions of summer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urinary proteomic biomarkers to predict cardiovascular events
Authors: Brown Catriona E. , McCarthy Nina S. , Hughes Alun D. , Sever Peter , Stalmach Angelique , Mullen William , Dominiczak Anna F. , Sattar Naveed , Mischak Harald , Thom Simon , Mayet Jamil , Stanton Alice V. , Delles Christian 
Published: March 2015

PurposeWe have previously demonstrated associations between the urinary proteome profile and coronary artery disease (CAD) in cross‐sectional studies. Here, we evaluate the potential of a urinary proteomic panel as a predictor of CAD in the hypertensive atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (HACVD) substudy population of the Anglo‐Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial study.Experimental designThirty‐seven cases with primary CAD endpoint were matched for sex and age to controls who had not reached a CAD endpoint during the study. Spot urine samples were analyzed using CE coupled to Micro‐TOF MS. A previously developed 238‐marker CE‐MS model for diagnosis of CAD (CAD238) was assessed for its predictive potential.ResultsSixty urine samples (32 cases; 28 controls; 88% male, mean age 64 ± 5 years) were analyzed. There was a trend toward healthier values in controls for the CAD model classifier (–0.432 ± 0.326 versus –0.587 ± 0.297, p = 0.170), and the CAD model showed statistical significance on Kaplan–Meier survival analysis p = 0.021. We found 190 individual markers out of 1501 urinary peptides that separated cases and controls (AUC >0.6). Of these, 25 peptides were also components of CAD238.Conclusion and clinical relevanceA urinary proteome panel originally developed in a cross‐sectional study predicts CAD endpoints independent of age and sex in a well‐controlled prospective study.