bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HVPE growth of thick Al0.45Ga0.55N layers on trench patterned sapphire substrates
Authors: Hagedorn Sylvia , Richter Eberhard , Zeimer Ute , Weyers Markus 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this work results on the influence of the total pressure, V/III ratio and substrate miscut direction on the growth of Al0.45Ga0.55N on trench patterned sapphire by hydride vapour phase epitaxy are presented. It was found that for trenches running along the [11‐20]sapphire direction a substrate miscut towards m‐plane is favourable to obtain a coalesced c‐plane oriented AlGaN layer. With an optimized total pressure and V/III ratio coalesced flat c‐oriented AlGaN layers of up to 40 µm thickness were grown. The layers show transparency for wavelengths above 280 nm. An abrupt change in the luminescence spectra from band edge dominated to yellow luminescence dominated emission was found at the change over from uncoalesced to coalesced regions. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Data assimilation in the laboratory using a rotating annulus experiment
Authors: Young R. M. B. , Read P. L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe thermally driven rotating annulus is a laboratory experiment important for the study of the dynamics of planetary atmospheres under controllable and reproducible conditions. We use the analysis correction method to assimilate laboratory data into an annulus model. We analyze the 2S and 3AV regular flow regimes between rotation rates of 0.75 and 0.875 rad s−1 and the 3SV chaotic flow regime between rotation rates of 2.2 and 3.1 rad s−1. Our assimilated observations are irregularly distributed, which is more meteorologically realistic than gridded observations as used in recent applications of data assimilation to laboratory measurements. We demonstrate that data assimilation can be used successfully and accurately in this context. We examine a number of specific assimilation scenarios: a wave‐number transition between two regimes, information propagation from data‐rich to data‐poor regions, the response of the assimilation to a strong disturbance to the flow, and a vortex‐shedding instability phenomenon at high rotation rate. At the highest rotation rates we calculated the barotropic E‐vectors using unobserved variables such as temperature and the vertical structure of the velocity field that are only available via the assimilation. These showed that the mean flow is weakened by the action of eddies, going some way towards explaining why vortices are shed at the very highest rotation rates but not at lower rotation. Rossby‐wave stability theory suggests that the underlying instability leading to vortex shedding may be baroclinic in character.
Impact of soil moisture and convectively generated waves on the initiation of a West African mesoscale convective system
Authors: Birch C. E. , Parker D. J. , O'Leary A. , Marsham J. H. , Taylor C. M. , Harris P. P. , Lister G. M. S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA mesoscale convective system (MCS) case study was observed over northeast Mali as part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) on 31 July 2006. Observations of this case suggest that the soil‐moisture heterogeneity and atmospheric gravity waves emitted from a ‘parent’ MCS were important trigger mechanisms for this system. This study uses high‐resolution Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) simulations to assess the importance of the synoptic circulation, land‐surface and gravity waves in the initiation and development of the MCS. During the early afternoon shallow convection developed over a region of dry soil within a synoptic‐scale convergence zone, which was caused by the confluence of the southerly monsoon flow with winds associated with the circulation around the Saharan heat low. Two pronounced waves were emitted from a nearby ‘parent’ storm and propagated towards the convergence zone. When the second wave reached the location of the shallow convection, deep convection was immediately initiated. Further convective cells developed later in the afternoon over dry soil, many adjacent to strong soil moisture gradients; these aggregated with the main storm, which later developed into the case study MCS. A comparison of model simulations with/without the soil‐moisture heterogeneity and gravity waves shows that the synoptic‐scale circulation and convergence zones, specified by the atmospheric analysis, were the most important factors for the successful simulation of the MCS. If the location of the initiation of the system is to be forecast accurately, the land‐surface, that is, the soil moisture, must be represented adequately. In order to reproduce the timing of the secondary initiation of convection correctly the model must be able to capture gravity waves that are emitted by existing systems.
Snowbands over the English Channel and Irish Sea during cold‐air outbreaks
Authors: Norris Jesse , Vaughan Geraint , Schultz David M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPersistent northerly‐to‐easterly cold‐air outbreaks affected the UK during the winters of 2009–10 and 2010–11, with the resulting convection frequently organizing into snowbands over the English Channel and Irish Sea. Sounding data and composite radar reflectivity images from the Met Office Nimrod precipitation radar network reveal that these bands formed along the major axis of each body of water (or sea) when the boundary‐layer flow was roughly parallel to each of those axes (along‐channel). For both seas, a band was present the majority of times that the 850 hPa flow was along‐channel. Of these times of along‐channel flow, the 850 hPa wind speed and surface‐to‐850 hPa temperature difference were significantly greater when bands were present than when they were not. For the English Channel only, the land–sea temperature difference was also significantly greater when bands were present than when they were not. In a real‐data Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) control simulation of a typical band over the English Channel, a trough develops over the water and offshore air streams from either side converge along it. In the absence of surface fluxes, the trough, convergence and organized precipitation fail to develop altogether. Orography and roughness‐length variations are less important in band development, affecting only the location and morphology.
Exact relations between the electron density and external potential for systems of interacting and noninteracting electrons
Authors: Ryabinkin Ilya G. , Staroverov Viktor N. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe differential virial theorem (DVT) is an explicit relation between the electron density ρ(r), the external potential, kinetic energy density tensor, and (for interacting electrons) the pair function. The time‐dependent generalization of this relation also involves the paramagnetic current density. We present a detailed unified derivation of all known variants of the DVT starting from a modified equation of motion for the current density. To emphasize the practical significance of the theorem for noninteracting electrons, we cast it in a form best suited for recovering the Kohn–Sham effective potential vs(r) from a given electron density. The resulting expression contains only ρ(r), vs(r), kinetic energy density, and a new orbital‐dependent ingredient containing only occupied Kohn–Sham orbitals. Other possible applications of the theorem are also briefly discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multi‐equilibrium property of metabolic networks: MMN module
Authors: Guo Jin , Zhang Ji‐Feng , Zhao Yanlong 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYThis paper studies the multi‐equilibrium property of the multiple substrates and multiple products with no inhibition (MMN) module. On the basis of the topological structure, a model for such module is established in the form of a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. It is shown that the injectivity of the MMN module is equivalent to the nonsingularity of Jacobian matrix of its rate function, and a necessary and sufficient condition for the injectivity is obtained by using the Hadamard product. For non‐injective MMN module, a sufficient condition for existence of multiple positive equilibria is provided by introducing the concept of input‐matrix. For a type of commonly encountered MMN module— ‐MMN module—a structure‐oriented criterion for judging its injectivity is given. For ‐MMN modules with some special structure, it is shown that there does not exist multiply equilibria and the equilibrium (if exists) is asymptotically stable. Examples and simulations are given to illustrate the results obtained. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lighting‐invariant Visual Teach and Repeat Using Appearance‐based Lidar
Authors: McManus Colin , Furgale Paul , Stenning Braden , Barfoot Timothy D. 
Published: December 2012

Visual Teach and Repeat (VT&R) is an effective method to enable a vehicle to repeat any previously driven route using just a visual sensor and without a global positioning system. However, one of the major challenges in recognizing previously visited locations is lighting change, as this can drastically alter the appearance of the scene. In an effort to achieve lighting invariance, this paper details the design of a VT&R system that uses a laser scanner as the primary sensor. Unlike a traditional scan‐matching approach, we apply appearance‐based computer vision techniques to laser intensity images for motion estimation, providing us the benefit of lighting invariance. Field tests were conducted in an outdoor, planetary analogue environment, over an entire diurnal cycle, repeating a 1.1 km route more than 10 times with an autonomy rate of 99.7% by distance. We describe, in detail, our experimental setup and results, as well as how we address the various off‐nominal scenarios related to feature‐poor environments, hardware failures, and estimation drift. An analysis on motion distortion and a comparison with a stereo‐based system is also presented. We show that even without motion compensation, our system is robust enough to repeat long‐range routes accurately and reliably. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural evaluation and strengthening of tall buildings: expected value and coefficient of variation of limit state capacity
Authors: Quadri Nicolino G. Delli , Kumabe Colin , Kashefi Ifa , Brugger Larry , Carpenter Lauren D. , Brandow Gregg E. , Hart Gary C. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYThis paper presents a discussion of the critical issues identified by the Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council Evaluation and Strengthening committee work as it relates to the structural engineers determination of design capacity for a limit state. The capacity design incorporates professional experience (judgment) in a transparent way. It also discusses the peer reviewer and building officials' responsibility in evaluating the structural engineers' establishment of values for the expected value and the coefficient of variation of all random variables in the capacity equation for a selected limit state. The focus is on tall buildings in the Los Angeles region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What sign language creation teaches us about language
Authors: Brentari Diane , Coppola Marie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHow do languages emerge? What are the necessary ingredients and circumstances that permit new languages to form? Various researchers within the disciplines of primatology, anthropology, psychology, and linguistics have offered different answers to this question depending on their perspective. Language acquisition, language evolution, primate communication, and the study of spoken varieties of pidgin and creoles address these issues, but in this article we describe a relatively new and important area that contributes to our understanding of language creation and emergence. Three types of communication systems that use the hands and body to communicate will be the focus of this article: gesture, homesign systems, and sign languages. The focus of this article is to explain why mapping the path from gesture to homesign to sign language has become an important research topic for understanding language emergence, not only for the field of sign languages, but also for language in general.WIREs Cogn Sci2013, 4:201–211. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1212This article is categorized under:Psychology > Language
The evolution of vision
Authors: Gehring Walter J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this review, the evolution of vision is retraced from its putative origins in cyanobacteria to humans. Circadian oscillatory clocks, phototropism, and phototaxis require the capability to detect light. Photosensory proteins allow us to reconstruct molecular phylogenetic trees. The evolution of animal eyes leading from an ancestral prototype to highly complex image forming eyes can be deciphered on the basis of evolutionary developmental genetic experiments and comparative genomics. As all bilaterian animals share the same master control gene, Pax6, and the same retinal and pigment cell determination genes, we conclude that the different eye‐types originated monophyletically and subsequently diversified by divergent, parallel, or convergent evolution. WIREs Dev Biol 2014, 3:1–40. doi: 10.1002/wdev.96This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics
Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species
Ferrocenecarboselenoic Acid: Synthesis and Some Reactions
Authors: Takahashi Toshinori , Niyomura Osamu , Kato Shinzi , Ebihara Masahiro 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe first ferrocenecarboselenoic acid was synthesized and characterized. The existence of tautomeric equilibrium between the selenol (FcCOSeH) and selenoxo forms (FcCSeOH) in polar solvents was proven by 1H‐, 13C‐ and 77Se‐NMR spectra. The selenoxo form exists predominantly in a polar solvent at low temperature below –70 °C. Treatment of this acid with lithium, sodium, and potassium hydrides and with rubidium and cesium fluorides gave the corresponding alkali metal ferrocenecarboselenoates in quantitative yields. Treatment with 4‐methylphenyl isocyanate at room temperature led to ferrocenoyl 4‐methylphenylcarbamoyl selenide FcCOSeC(O)NHC6H4Me‐4 in high yield. A similar reaction with phenyl isothiocyanate formed a mixture of FcCOSeC(S)NHPh and FcCOSeC(SH)=NPh in moderate to good yield. The carboselenoic acid readily reacted with piperidine to give piperidinium ferrocenecarboselenoate in good yield. Air oxidation of this selenoic acid afforded diferrocenoyl selenide as a major product along with diferrocenoyl diselenide. The structures of the selenide (FcCO)2Se and diselenide (FcCOSe)2 were examined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis.
Two 2D Metal‐Organic Networks based on s‐Block Metal Nodes (Li+ and Mg2+) and Rigid Imidazole/Carboxylate ­Functionalized Linkers
Authors: Liu Rui‐Bin , Zhu Jiang , Dai Yue , Yang Jing‐Si , Ni Jun , Zhang Jian‐Jun , Tong Bo , Meng Chang‐Gong 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe assembly reactions between a rigid imidazole/carboxylate functionalized ligand, 2‐(5, 7‐dioxopyrrolo[3, 4‐f]benzimidazole‐6‐yl)benzoic acid (H22‐DPBB) and Mg2+(Li+) ions led to the formation of two 2D layered compounds, [Mg(H2‐DPBB)2(DMF)2] (1) and [Li(H2‐DPBB)(DMF)] (2) (DMF = N,N‐dimethylformamide). Single crystal structural analyses show that compound 1 has a 2D (4, 4)‐net structure based on 4‐connected mononuclear Mg2+ nodes and HDPBB spacers. Compound 2 also has a 2D (4, 4)‐net structure but based on dinuclear {Li2} nodes and HDPBB spacers. Interesting hydrogen bond and π–π interactions are observed in the structures. Additionally, the IR spectra and thermal behaviors of 1 and 2 are presented.
A Nickel(II) Metallamacrocycle Complex with Antiferromagnetic Properties
Authors: Chen Gong‐Jun , Wang Zhi‐Gang , Yang Yong‐Sheng , Tian Jin‐Lei , Yan Shi‐Ping 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA hexanuclear metallamacrocycle complex [Ni(iPr3tacn)(dca)(PF6)]6 (1) was obtained by using the tridentate ligand 1, 4, 7‐triisopropyl‐1, 4, 7‐triazacyclononane (iPr3tacn) and the flexible ligand dicyanamide (dca). The complex was characterized by X‐ray crystallography and magnetic measurements. Complex 1 contains hexacyclic rings adopting chair conformation, which can be described as metallamacrocycle. Variable‐temperature magnetic measurements reveal antiferromagnetic interactions across the single end‐to‐end dca bridges in compound 1.
Successful Implementation of Policies Addressing Lateral Violence
Authors: Coursey Joy H. , Rodriguez Ricardo E. , Dieckmann Loraine S. , Austin Paul N. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLateral violence is a problem in nursing despite policies addressing the issue, which suggests that implementation of these policies may be ineffective. We used an evidence‐based approach to locate and appraise evidence about effectively implementing lateral violence policies. Our search strategy emphasized preappraised evidence, and we found 12 sources that met our inclusion criteria. Most evidence was from low‐level sources, which is not surprising due to the subjective and sensitive nature of this topic. The evidence did not indicate that there is consistent, effective implementation of lateral violence policies. The appraised evidence suggests the importance of collaboratively prepared implementation strategies. Administrator involvement and relationships with staff members and the presence of a commitment to positive behavior change before lateral violence incidents occur are factors that can lead to successful implementation of lateral violence policies.
Preventing Perioperative Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Authors: Bouyer‐Ferullo Sharon 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPeripheral nerve injuries are largely preventable injuries that can result from incorrect patient positioning during surgery. Patients who are diabetic, are extremely thin or obese, use tobacco, or undergo surgery lasting more than four hours are at increased risk for developing these injuries. When peripheral nerve injuries occur, patients may experience numbness, burning, or tingling and may have difficulty getting out of bed, walking, gripping objects, or raising their arms. These symptoms can interrupt activities of daily living and impede recovery. Signs and symptoms of peripheral nerve injury may appear within 24 to 48 hours of surgery or may take as long as a week to appear. Careful attention to body alignment and proper padding of bony prominences when positioning patients for surgery is necessary to prevent peripheral nerve injury. The use of a preoperative assessment tool to identify at‐risk patients, collaboration between physical therapy and OR staff members regarding patient positioning, and neurophysiological monitoring can help prevent peripheral nerve injuries.
A comparison of 2 methods of vaginal cuff closure during robotic hysterectomy
Authors: Neubauer Nikki L. , Schink Peter J. , Pant Alok , Singh Diljeet , Lurain John R. , Schink Julian C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo compare 2 methods of vaginal cuff closure with regard to safety, ease of use, and postoperative outcome.MethodsAll patients undergoing robotic‐assisted total hysterectomy by a gynecologic oncologist from July 1, 2010, to July 1, 2011, at Northwestern Memorial Prentice Women's Hospital were included in a retrospective analysis. Providers used either 2–0 monofilament synthetic absorbable suture to close the vaginal cuff in a running fashion, secured with an absorbable suture clip at the angles and then knotted in the middle, or 2–0 absorbable unidirectional barbed suture with a welded‐loop closure in a running fashion.ResultsA total of 134 patients underwent robotic‐assisted total hysterectomy. The 2–0 tied monofilament closure was used in 58 patients, and the 2–0 barbed knotless closure was used in 76 patients. There were no instances of vaginal cuff dehiscence or vaginal cuff cellulitis. Rates of vaginal spotting and bleeding were comparable between the groups (12.0% spotting in the monofilament suture group vs 13.0% spotting in the barbed suture group). All vaginal cuff bleeding resolved on its own without significant intervention.ConclusionThe use of either a 2–0 welded‐loop unidirectional barbed suture or a 2–0 monofilament absorbable suture to close the vaginal cuff is safe and well tolerated.
Disposable clean delivery kits and prevention of neonatal tetanus in the presence of skilled birth attendants
Authors: Raza Syed A. , Avan Bilal I. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the use of disposable clean delivery kits (CDKs) is effective in reducing neonatal tetanus (NNT) infection, regardless of the skills of birth attendants in resource‐poor settings.MethodsA secondary analysis was conducted on data from a matched case–control study in Karachi, Pakistan, involving 140 NNT cases and 280 controls between 1998 and 2001. Conditional logistic regression was performed to assess the independent effect on NNT of CDKs and skilled birth attendants (SBAs).ResultsAfter adjustment for socioeconomic factors, both CDKs (adjusted matched odds ratio [mOR] 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–3.1) and SBAs (adjusted mOR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.7) were independently associated with NNT. The association with CDKs remained significant when additionally adjusted for SBAs (mOR 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0–3.9; P = 0.05). The population attributable risk for lack of CDK use was 24% in the study setting.ConclusionIn the context of resource‐poor settings in low‐income countries with poor coverage of tetanus toxoid immunization, the use of CDKs seems to be an effective strategy for reducing NNT infection, irrespective of the skill levels of birth attendants. Approximately one‐quarter of NNT cases could be prevented in low‐income populations with the use of CDKs.
Understanding and attitudes of Brazilian men with regard to premenstrual syndrome
Authors: Makuch María Y. , Osis Maria J.D. , de Pádua Karla Simonia , Bahamondes Luis 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the understanding and attitudes of Brazilian men regarding premenstrual syndrome (PMS).MethodsIn a survey‐based study between September 2007 and April 2008, information was collected from men aged 18–40 years who were attending public healthcare services or were university and faculty staff at 5 cities in different geographic regions of Brazil and the Federal District.ResultsIn total, 527 men were interviewed. Of these, 86.3% had heard of PMS, and 34.3% reported that it is a natural part of the menstrual cycle. The most commonly reported characteristics of PMS were emotional symptoms (55.2%), including nervousness or anxiety; irritability, anger, or aggressiveness; and a greater tendency to start arguments and fights. A significant relationship was found between men who had heard of PMS and being aged 20–35 years, having a university degree, being white, and belonging to a higher socioeconomic stratum (P < 0.001). Furthermore, men with a university degree were more likely to know that PMS symptoms occur before menses (P < 0.004).ConclusionMany of the men interviewed were knowledgeable about PMS symptoms; however, this awareness was more common among men of higher socioeconomic strata with more years of schooling.
Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney
Authors: Zheng Shuo , Yuan Hai Chao , Liu Liang Ren , Wei Qiang , Han Ping 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA 44‐year‐old woman who underwent radical nephrectomy due to a left renal mass presented to our clinic. Results of the histopathological examination showed a mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney, a rare benign lesion of the kidney. The epidemiology, histopathological features, imaging features, possible pathogeneses, and treatment alternatives are discussed, and the relevant literature is reviewed. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was free of local recurrence or metastasis until the last follow‐up (12 months).