bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causal Effects of Single-Sex Schools on College Entrance Exams and College Attendance: Random Assignment in Seoul High Schools
Authors: Park Hyunjoon , Behrman Jere R. , Choi Jaesung 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Despite the voluminous literature on the potentials of single-sex schools, there is no consensus on the effects of single-sex schools because of student selection of school types. We exploit a unique feature of schooling in Seoul—the random assignment of students into single-sex versus coeducational high schools—to assess causal effects of single-sex schools on college entrance exam scores and college attendance. Our validation of the random assignment shows comparable socioeconomic backgrounds and prior academic achievement of students attending single-sex schools and coeducational schools, which increases the credibility of our causal estimates of single-sex school effects. The three-level hierarchical model shows that attending all-boys schools or all-girls schools, rather than coeducational schools, is significantly associated with higher average scores on Korean and English test scores. Applying the school district fixed-effects models, we find that single-sex schools produce a higher percentage of graduates who attended four-year colleges and a lower percentage of graduates who attended two-year junior colleges than do coeducational schools. The positive effects of single-sex schools remain substantial, even after we take into account various school-level variables, such as teacher quality, the student-teacher ratio, the proportion of students receiving lunch support, and whether the schools are public or private.
Gender and the Neighborhood Location of Mixed-Race Couples
Authors: Wright Richard , Holloway Steven , Ellis Mark 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Gender asymmetry in mixed-race heterosexual partnerships and marriages is common. For instance, black men marry or partner with white women at a far higher rate than white men marry or partner with black women. This article asks if such gender asymmetries relate to the racial character of the neighborhoods in which households headed by mixed-race couples live. Gendered power imbalances within households generally play into decisions about where to live or where to move (i.e., men typically benefit more than women), and we find the same in mixed-race couple arrangements and residential attainment. Gender interacts with race to produce a measurable race-by-gender effect. Specifically, we report a positive relationship between the percentage white in a neighborhood and the presence of households headed by mixed-race couples with a white male partner. The opposite holds for households headed by white-blacks and white-Latinos if the female partner is white; they are drawn to predominantly nonwhite neighborhoods. The results have implications for investigations of residential location attainment, neighborhood segregation analysis, and mixed-race studies.
A Sibling Death in the Family: Common and Consequential
Authors: Fletcher Jason , Mailick Marsha , Song Jieun , Wolfe Barbara 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Although a large literature analyzes the determinants of child mortality and suggests policy and medical interventions aimed at its reduction, there is little existing analysis illuminating the consequences of child mortality for other family members. In particular, there is little evidence exploring the consequences of experiencing the death of a sibling on one’s own development and transition to adulthood. This article examines the prevalence and consequences of experiencing a sibling death during one’s childhood using two U.S. data sets. We show that even in a rich developed country, these experiences are quite common, affecting between 5 % and 8 % of the children with one or more siblings in our two data sets. We then show that these experiences are associated with important reductions in years of schooling as well as a broad range of adult socioeconomic outcomes. Our findings also suggest that sisters are far more affected than brothers and that the cause of death is an important factor in sibling effects. Overall, our findings point to important previously unexamined consequences of child mortality, adding to the societal costs associated with childhood mortality as well as suggesting additional benefits from policy and medical innovations aimed at curbing both such deaths and subsequent effects on family members.
Selective versus comparative processing
Authors: Kardes Frank R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSimonson et al. (forthcoming) propose a new theory of comparison selection that explains which particular alternatives will be considered in a wide variety of judgment and choice tasks. Comparison selection depends on the latitude of acceptance, comparison fluency, and the interaction between these factors. Importantly, these factors integrate a wide variety of seemingly unrelated variables, and the theory is useful for generating novel hypotheses. However, because comparative processing occurs relatively infrequently, it is important to take a step back and specify the conditions under which comparative processing is likely to occur. Comparative processing is likely only when the motivation and the opportunity to process information carefully are high, when consumers lack knowledge about distributional standards, or when stimulus‐based judgment is likely. The two types of processes have different antecedents, consequences, and implications for debiasing.
Directions for judgment and decision making research based on comparison selection: Reply to Arkes, Johnson, and Kardes
Authors: Simonson Itamar , Bettman James R. , Kramer Thomas , Payne John W. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractOur target article proposed an alternative perspective for studying consumer judgment and decision making, focusing on the types and weights of comparisons consumers select. In this response we consider the major points made by each of the commentators and examine their implications for future work addressing our comparison‐focused approach.
Aggregate Idiosyncratic Volatility
Authors: Bekaert Geert , Hodrick Robert J. , Zhang Xiaoyan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe examine aggregate idiosyncratic volatility in 23 developed equity markets, measured using various methodologies. We find no evidence of upward trends after extending the sample to 2008. Instead, idiosyncratic volatility is well described by a stationary autoregressive process that occasionally switches into a higher-variance regime that has relatively short duration. We also document that idiosyncratic volatility is highly correlated across countries. Most of the time variation in idiosyncratic volatility can be attributed to variation in a growth opportunity proxy, total (U.S.) market volatility, and in most specifications, the variance premium, a business cycle sensitive risk indicator.
Lymnaea neotropica and Lymnaea viatrix, potential intermediate hosts for Fascioloides magna
Authors: Sanabria R. , Mouzet R. , Pankrác J. , Djuikwo Teukeng F.F. , Courtioux B. , Novobilský A. , Höglund J. , Kašný M. , Vignoles P. , Dreyfuss G. , Rondelaud D. , Romero J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractExperimental infections of two South American lymnaeid populations with Fascioloides magna were carried out to determine whether these snails may sustain larval development of this digenean and, if so, to quantify their potential for cercarial production. The reference group was a French population of Galba truncatula infected and raised according to the same protocol. According to the internal transcribed sequence (ITS)-1 segment of their genomic rDNA, these South American populations were identified as Lymnaea neotropica (origin, Argentina) and Lymnaea viatrix var. ventricosa (origin, Uruguay). In the snail groups followed for cercarial shedding, longer prepatent periods and lower numbers of shed cercariae were noted in South American lymnaeids. In other snails dissected at day 65 post-exposure, the redial and cercarial burdens of F. magna found in the bodies of L. neotropica and L. v. ventricosa were significantly lower than those noted in G. truncatula. Compared to the total cercarial production noted in the dissected snails, the percentage of cercariae that exited from snails was 51.3% for G. truncatula, 32.2% for L. neotropica and 46.8% for L. v. ventricosa. The two South American species of snails can thus be considered as potential intermediate hosts of F. magna.
Ultrastructure of the cercomer of the metacestodeMicrosomacanthus paraparvulaRegel, 1994 (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae)
Authors: Pospekhova N.A. , Regel K.V. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractInvestigations were undertaken using light and transmission electron microscopy to clearly delineate the morphology of the cercomer, i.e. the protective envelopes and tail appendage, in cysticercoids ofMicrosomacanthus paraparvula, which develop in the haemocoel of the caddiswormGrensia praeterita(Insecta: Trichoptera). Two protective envelopes, the exocyst and endocyst, were identified. The non-cellular exocyst is found to consist of granular material and of thin, dense membrane-like layers, which are located parallel to each other. The exocyst of the mature metacestode tightly adjoins the outer surface of the endocyst, containing prospective parts (the scolex and the neck), except for the areas at its poles. A long tail appendage is located outside the exocyst. Evidence was found to indicate the existence of active synthetic processes occurring in the tail appendage. Non-cellular exocysts are widely distributed within metacestodes of the families Hymenolepididae and Dilepididae, and, presumably, are formed by means of glandular secretions from the oncosphere, given the early appearance of non-cellular exocysts in ontogeny.
Co-infections of the cestode Echinococcus vogeli and the nematode Calodium hepaticum in the hystricomorphic rodent Agouti paca from a forest reserve in Acre, Brazil
Authors: Almeida F. , Caldas R. , Corrêa C. , Rodrigues-Silva R. , Siqueira N. , Machado-Silva J.R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe helminth fauna of Agouti paca (Linnaeus, 1766) has seldom been studied. In this paper, we report an unusual mixed infection of Echinococcus vogeli Rausch & Bernstein, 1972 and Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica Bancroft, 1863) in free-ranging paca from a forested region in Acre (Brazil). Gross morphological examination revealed that paca liver contained multiple spherical to subspherical white or translucent lesions, which were isolated or frequently contiguous and partially covered by Glisson's capsule. Microscopic examination revealed unilocular cystic structures that contained abundant brood capsules in which numerous protoscolices budded from the inner surface. The protoscolices possessed rostellar hooks (33–41 μm in length), a morphological characteristic of the blade and calcareous corpuscles that is consistent with the metacestode E. vogeli. The diagnosis of C. hepaticum infection was based on the morphology and morphometry of the egg-shaped ellipsoids with bipolar plugs (44.8 ± 1.9 μm (length) × 24.4 ± 2.0 μm (width)) and liver histopathology. This finding expands the known range of C. hepaticum hosts in South America and, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first case of a mixed infection of E. vogeli and C. hepaticum. Furthermore, our data provide evidence that wild animal meat may be a source of C. hepaticum infection.
How to construct a case of Alzheimer's disease in three languages: case-based reasoning in narrative gerontology
Authors: SCHRAUF ROBERT W. , IRIS MADELYN , NAVARRO ELLEN , SMOTROVA TETYANA 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper explores how people reason about Alzheimer's disease by telling stories about others who have the disease. More specifically, the paper is a cross-linguistic investigation of the narrative and linguistic devices used by African Americans in English, Mexican Americans in Spanish, and refugees/immigrants from the former Soviet Union (to the United States of America) in Russian in their oral productions of such stories. We examine the narratives as instances of case-based reasoning in which lay people (non-medical professionals) distinguish, represent and ‘perform’ symptomatic behaviours and construct a ‘case’ of the disease as a way of probing the difference between the normal and the pathological in conversational contexts. In particular, we examine situations in which stories are accepted and confirmed and situations in which stories are contested and negotiated. Common narrative and discursive devices across the three languages include concatenation, intertextuality, conjunction and conjunctive adverbs, lexical opposition, past progressive tenses, temporal adverbials, reported speech and prosodic cues. The fine-grained analysis of these narrative and discursive devices lays bare the inner-workings of case-based reasoning as a conversational task and suggests specific linguistic tools for intervening in lay narrative reasoning in clinical settings and in public health messaging about Alzheimer's disease.
Geographic distribution and socio-economic determinants of women's nutritional status in Mali households
Authors: Gewa Constance A , Leslie Timothy F , Pawloski Lisa R 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveMali is one of the poorest countries in Africa, with 72 % of its population surviving on less than $US 1·00 per day. Health and demographic indicators are bleak. With few exceptions, studies related to the health of women in Mali have largely been under-represented. In addition, in recent years a new type of malnutrition stemming from weight gain and obesity has been observed throughout Africa. The present study aimed to (i) describe geographic and health variations of women of reproductive age, (ii) describe geographic variations of household salt iodine levels and (iii) investigate potential factors associated with women's anthropometric status and use of adequately iodized salt among households in Mali.DesignDemographic and Health Survey data, multistage-stratified cluster sampling methodology.SettingRural and urban areas of Mali.SubjectsNon-pregnant women (n6015) between the ages of 19 and 44 years.ResultsNineteen per cent of the women were overweight or obese while 11 % were underweight. Seventy-eight per cent of the households utilized adequately iodized salt. Underweight women were more prevalent in southern Mali, while obesity was more frequent in the north-east and within the major urban areas. Households located within the southern parts of Mali were more likely to utilize adequately iodized salt. Education, age, modern contraceptive use, breast-feeding status at time of the survey and household wealth index were significantly associated with the women's BMI or households’ use of adequately iodized salt.ConclusionsThe combined use of statistical and geographic system analysis contributes to improve targeting of interventions among vulnerable populations.
Sociodemographic factors and risk-taking behaviour during adolescence and obesity among more than 40 000 Danes
Authors: Frederiksen Pernille , Jensen Kirsten E , Kjaer Susanne K 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe prevalence of obesity has increased in the last decades in the Western world. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between risk-taking behaviour in adolescence and adult obesity in men and women. Furthermore, we wished to describe social differences in obesity in Denmark.DesignTwo population-based questionnaire studies (2004–2005 and 2006–2007) were used to collect information on weight and height, sociodemographic factors and factors regarding risk-taking behaviour during adolescence. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.SettingDenmark.SubjectsIndividuals aged 18–45 years (men:n22 827, participation rate 71·0 %; women:n20 870, participation rate 81·4 %).ResultsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity was respectively 37·8 % and 10·6 % in men and 20·1 % and 9·7 % in women. In both sexes, obesity was found to be associated with older age, low level of schooling and living outside the capital centre. In relation to risk-taking behaviour, young age (≤13 years) at first intercourse significantly increased the odds of being obese in adulthood (men: OR = 1·34, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·71; women: OR = 1·66, 95 % CI 1·27, 1·99). In women specifically, young age at start drinking alcohol (≤12 years) was associated with obesity.ConclusionsSociodemographic factors, in particular age, level of schooling and area of residence, are associated with obesity in both men and women. Risk-taking behaviour during adolescence seems to cluster in both obese men and obese women, however most convincingly in women.
The dilemmas of protecting civilians in occupied territory: the precursory example of World War I
Authors: Becker Annette 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAdvances in the law of Geneva and the law of The Hague did not remain a dead letter during the World War I, but this was essentially with regard to the wounded and prisoners of war. Those categories of persons were better protected than civilians by treaty-based humanitarian law, which was still in its infancy. Although the ideal of humanity was realized on a large scale thanks to the efforts of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and myriad other charitable, denominational, or non-denominational organizations, none of the belligerents hesitated to infringe and violate the law whenever they could. The various occupied populations, on the Western and Eastern fronts and in the Balkans, served as their guinea pigs and were their perfect victims.
Zum Zusammenhang von Intelligenz und Urteilsgenauigkeit bei der Beurteilung von Schülerleistungen im Simulierten Klassenraum **Dieser Beitrag wurde von dem geschäftsführenden Herausgeber Oliver Dickhäuser angenommen.
Authors: Kaiser Johanna , Helm Friederike , Retelsdorf Jan , Südkamp Anna , Möller Jens 
Published: October 2012

In Studien zur diagnostischen Kompetenz zeigen sich häufig große Unterschiede in der Fähigkeit von Lehrkräften, Schülerleistungen akkurat einzuschätzen. Als ursächlich für diese Unterschiede werden unter anderem Merkmale der Lehrkräfte angenommen, wie z. B. ihre Berufserfahrung oder ihre Intelligenz. In zwei Studien wurde der Zusammenhang von Intelligenz und Urteilsgenauigkeit untersucht. Es wird angenommen, dass hohe kognitive Grundfähigkeiten mit hoher Urteilsgenauigkeit einhergehen. Die Urteilsgenauigkeit wurde mithilfe des Simulierten Klassenraums erhoben. Der Simulierte Klassenraum ist die Computersimulation einer Unterrichtssituation, in der experimentell manipulierte Leistungen von Schülern durch Probanden beurteilt werden. In Studie 1 mit N = 44 Lehramtsstudierenden zeigte sich ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen deren Intelligenz und Urteilsgenauigkeit. Studie 2 mit N = 133 Lehramtsstudierenden bestätigte diesen Befund.
Will kooperieren gelernt sein? Ein Quasi-Experiment im Lehramtsstudium
Authors: Schwartz Katja , Klusmann Uta , Ihme Toni , Möller Jens 
Published: October 2012

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Effekte kooperativer Lehre im Lehramtsstudium und vergleicht in einem quasi-experimentellen 2 x 2-Design kooperative mit individueller Lehre von Lehramtsstudierenden, die sich in ihrem Ausmaß an Studienzeit unterscheiden (Studienanfänger vs. Fortgeschrittene). Die N = 164 Teilnehmenden bereiteten kooperativ oder einzeln ein Referat vor und hielten es anschließend entsprechend kooperativ oder einzeln. In unserer Studie wurden keine Hinweise gefunden, dass kooperative Lehre individueller Lehre generell überlegen ist. Vielmehr wurden die kooperativen Referate der Studienanfänger von den Zuhörenden als weniger motivierend erlebt und schlechter bewertet. Bei den fortgeschrittenen Studierenden zeigten sich keine Unterschiede zwischen individueller und kooperativer Lehre.
A probabilistic estimate of global marine N‐fixation and denitrification
Authors: Eugster Olivier , Gruber Nicolas 
Published: October 2012

We determine the global rates of marine N‐fixation and denitrification and their associated uncertainties by combining marine geochemical and physical data with a new two‐dimensional box model that separates the Atlantic from the IndoPacific basins. The uncertainties are estimated using a probabilistic approach on the basis of a suite of 2500 circulation configurations of this box model. N‐fixation and denitrification are diagnosed in an inverse manner for each of these configurations usingN*, P*, and the stable nitrogen isotope composition of nitrate as data constraints. Our approach yields a median water column denitrification rate of 52 TgN yr−1 (39 to 66 TgN yr−1, 5th to 95th percentile) and a median benthic denitrification rate of 93 TgN yr−1 (68 to 122 TgN yr−1). The resulting benthic‐to‐water column denitrification ratio of 1.8 confirms that the isotopic signature of water column denitrification has a limited influence on the global mean stable isotopic value of nitrate due to the dilution of the waters with a denitrification signal with the remainder of the ocean's nitrate pool. On the basis of two different approaches, we diagnose a global N‐fixation rate of between 94 TgN yr−1 and 175 TgN yr−1, with a best estimate of 131 TgN yr−1 and 134 TgN yr−1, respectively. Most of the N‐fixation occurs in the IndoPacific suggesting a relative close spatial coupling between sources and sinks in the ocean. Our N‐fixation and denitrification estimates plus updated estimates of atmospheric deposition and riverine input yield a pre‐industrial marine N cycle that is balanced to within 3 TgN yr−1 (−38 to 40 TgN yr−1). Our budget implies a median residence time for fixed N of 4,200 yr (3,500 to 5,000 yr).
Intraseasonal variability of the North Brazil Undercurrent forced by remote winds
Authors: Veleda D. , Araujo M. , Zantopp R. , Montagne R. 
Published: October 2012

Intraseasonal signals with periods of 2 to 3 weeks in near‐surface alongshore current measurements are detected from four moorings (K1–K4) deployed from 2000 to 2004 at the 11°S section close to the Brazilian coast as part of the German CLIVAR Tropical Atlantic Variability Project. This section crosses the path of the North Brazil Undercurrent, the most powerful western boundary current in the South Atlantic Ocean. We investigate the origin of this intraseasonal variability of the North Brazil Undercurrent by relating the oceanic oscillation of the alongshore currents to its atmospheric counterpart, the meridional wind stress. On average, the results indicate a well‐defined lagged (10 days) correlation (∼0.6) structure between meridional wind stress and alongshore currents. The oceanic region with the highest cross‐correlations is identified as a relatively narrow band along the Brazilian coast, from 22°–36°S and 40°–50°W, bounded in the north by an eastward change in coastline orientation. The cross‐wavelet transform establishes the common power between the time series of meridional wind stress and alongshore currents, predominantly during austral winter and spring. These signals propagate equatorward with an alongshore speed of 285 ± 63 km day−1, consistent with Coastal Trapped Wave theory.