bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current Legal Issues in Intellectual Property Rights and Protection for Crop Plants
Authors: Jondle Robert J. , Hill Krista K. , Sanny Tony 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTNumerous intellectual property protection options are available for plants and plant‐based inventions both in the United States and abroad, including utility and plant patents, plant variety rights, plant breeders' rights, trade secrets, contract law, and trademarks. Careful planning and consideration of these options is critical to obtaining and maintaining optimum intellectual property protection. Recent court cases concerning patent law, as well as other current intellectual property topics such as genetically modified organism labeling and protection for essentially derived varieties, lend additional guidance to consideration of these important intellectual property options.
Adding Genetically Distant Individuals to Training Populations Reduces Genomic Prediction Accuracy in Barley
Authors: Lorenz Aaron J. , Smith Kevin P. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTOne of the most important factors affecting genomic prediction accuracy appears to be training population (TP) composition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of genomic relationship on genomic prediction accuracy and determine if adding increasingly unrelated individuals to a TP can reduce prediction accuracy. To accomplish this, a population of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines from the University of Minnesota (lines denoted as MN) and North Dakota State University (lines denoted as ND) breeding programs were used for model training. Predictions were validated using two independent sets of progenies derived from MN × MN crosses and ND × ND crosses. Predictive ability sharply decreased with decreasing relationship between the TP and validation population (VP). More importantly, it was observed that adding increasingly unrelated individuals to the TP can actually reduce predictive ability compared with smaller TPs consisting of highly related individuals only. Reported results are possibly conditional on the relatively low marker density (342 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) used. Nevertheless, these findings suggest plant breeding programs desiring to use genomic selection could benefit from focusing on good phenotyping of smaller TPs closely related to the selection candidates rather than developing large and diverse TPs.
Condensed Tannin Accumulation during Seed Coat Development in Five Common Bean Genotypes
Authors: Elsadr Hanny T. , Marles M.A. Susan , Caldas Gina V. , Blair Matthew W. , Bett Kirstin E. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTCondensed tannins (CT) are important determinants of the colorful seed coats characteristic of many dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) market classes. These compounds are also important for plant development and human nutrition. Understanding the dynamics of CT accumulation during seed development and the genetic basis of this trait will contribute to the development of more nutritionally beneficial bean cultivars. Differences in patterns of CT accumulation were evaluated in the seed coats of five dry bean genotypes, which had contrasting final CT concentrations. Seed coats were assayed in developing pods taken from 6 d after flowering (DAF) onward to maturity. Condensed tannins were already present at 6 DAF in all genotypes, regardless of their final concentration. Concentrations leveled off and stabilized earlier in low CT genotypes than in those genotypes that ultimately had moderate to high concentrations. In contrast, genotypes that contained moderate to high final CT concentrations accumulated CT throughout seed coat development. Our results indicate that seed coat CT concentration in the seeds harvested during the period from 12 to 18 DAF can serve to accurately predict final CT ranking of seeds.
Location Effects and Their Implications in Breeding for Sugarcane Yield and Quality in the Midlands Region in South Africa
Authors: Zhou Marvellous M. , Gwata Eastonce T. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe genotype × environment interaction (G×E) influences the values of genetic gains attained by plant breeding programs when breeding materials are evaluated in diverse agro‐ecological areas. This study was designed to evaluate a broad spectrum of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) genotypes for G×E and determine the yield and quality differences in the Midlands sugarcane production region of South Africa. Three of the testing locations consisted of a humic soil type, whereas the remainder was under sandy soils. Data collected from the plant and first and second ratoon crops in randomized complete block trials with three replications were analyzed. The significant (P < 0.001) cane yield and quality [estimable recoverable crystal (ERC) per cane, dry matter (DM) per cane, fiber per cane] differences at locations and the significant (P < 0.01) genotype × location interaction (GL) effects supported the need to continue developing varieties that are specifically adapted for humic and sandy soils. The sandy soil locations were more diverse in their sand, clay, and organic matter content than humic soil locations. The cane yield of genotypes was significantly (P < 0.001) higher and the ERC per cane was significantly lower at locations with humic soils than sandy soils. Therefore, there is merit in breeding for high sucrose content in the humic soil breeding program and focusing on high biomass accumulation in the sandy soils program to increase overall sugar yield.
Functional Codominant Marker for Selecting the Fw Gene Conferring Resistance to Fusarium Wilt Race 1 in Pea
Authors: Jain Shalu , Weeden Norman F. , Kumar Ajay , Chittem Kishore , McPhee Kevin 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTFusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop) is a major soil‐borne pathogen and the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of pea (Pisum sativum L.), resulting in significant yield losses. Resistant cultivars have become the most effective method for controlling this fungal disease. The gene controlling resistance to F. oxysporum race 1 in pea, Fw, is located on linkage group (LG) III and widely used in breeding programs. Although this locus is routinely used for developing resistant cultivars, a robust codominant DNA marker for selection of the Fw gene is not currently available. We developed a breeder‐friendly functional codominant cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker, THO, which can be used in pea breeding programs for selection of resistance to F. oxysporum race 1. Using this marker, we were able to select pea lines with 96 to 98% accuracy in mapping populations and 94% accuracy in advanced pea breeding lines. This marker, in combination with other gene based markers (AnMtL6, Mt5_56, and PRX1TRAP13) developed from conserved sequences of closely related legume species, lays the foundation for candidate gene identification through comparative mapping.
Maximum Attainable Wheat Yield and Resource‐Use Efficiency in the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Lollato Romulo P. , Edwards Jeffrey T. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTMaximum reported grain yields for hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the southern Great Plains range from 6 to 8 Mg ha–1 and are significantly lower than yields achieved in other regions of the world. The lack of empirical data for wheat under nonlimiting conditions in this region, however, suggests that maximum reported grain yields for the region might not represent maximum attainable yields. Our objective was to perform the agronomic characterization of wheat grown under nonlimiting conditions across the southern Great Plains. Four dryland and two irrigated fields were sown to ‘Iba’ winter wheat in the 2012–2013 growing season and repeated during 2013–2014 in central Oklahoma. Fields were intensively managed for fertility for maximum yield and freedom from weeds, insects, and disease. Aboveground dry matter at maturity ranged from 9.95 to 20.5 Mg ha–1, but harvest index (HI) did not surpass 0.41 and grain yields ranged from 3.06 to 7.68 Mg ha–1. The highest yield was achieved under irrigated conditions in 2013–2014, but one dryland site produced 7.11 Mg ha–1 grain in 2012–2013. Maximum radiation‐use efficiency (RUE) ranged from 0.8 to 1.9 g MJ–1 and water‐use efficiency (WUE) from 7.8 to 12.6 kg ha–1 mm–1. The wheat characteristics measured in this study were near or above maximum values reported in the literature for the region, and our data provide empirical evidence to support maximum attainable wheat yields of 7.68 Mg ha–1 when wheat is grown under nonlimiting conditions in the southern Great Plains.
Seasonal Herbage Accumulation and Nutritive Value of Irrigated ‘Tifton 85’, Jiggs, and Vaquero Bermudagrasses in Response to Harvest Frequency
Authors: Silva Valdson J. , Pedreira Carlos G.S. , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Carvalho Marcos S.S. , Tonato Felipe , Basto Débora C. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTGrasses within the Cynodon genus are widely used perennial forages, and ‘Tifton 85’ (Cynodon spp.) is one of the most popular commercial cultivars. Jiggs and Vaquero are new C. dactylon (L.) Pers. grasses, but there is little information comparing their performance with Tifton 85 under tropical conditions. The objectives were to describe and explain variation in seasonal herbage accumulation (HA) and nutritive value of irrigated Tifton 85, Jiggs, and Vaquero bermudagrasses in response to harvest frequency (14, 28, and 42 d). The trial was performed for 2 yr in Piracicaba, Brazil, on a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox soil. In the warm season, total HA of Jiggs was similar to Tifton 85, and both were more productive than Vaquero. Under the 42‐d frequency, Jiggs had greater annual HA than the other grasses (28.5 vs. 23.7 and 20.1 Mg ha−1, for Tifton 85 and Vaquero, respectively), but when harvested every 28 d, Tifton 85 and Jiggs HA were similar (18.5 Mg ha−1). For the 42‐d harvest interval in the cool season, Jiggs had the greatest HA (10.2 Mg ha−1). Less frequent harvests in both seasons resulted in greater HA. Tifton 85 had a greater proportion of leaves than Jiggs and greater in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) than the other grasses in the warm season. Considering these responses, harvest frequency of Jiggs and Tifton 85 should be ∼28 d in the warm season, while that of Vaquero should be ∼42 d. No single harvest management will be appropriate for all Cynodon grasses.
Response of Cultivated and Wild Barley Germplasm to Drought Stress at Different Developmental Stages
Authors: Barati Mohammad , Majidi Mohammad Mahdi , Mirlohi Aghafakhr , Pirnajmodini Fateme , Sharif‐Moghaddam Negar 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTLittle is known about response of root‐related traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare; hereafter, Hvu) and its wild relative H. vulgare L. subsp. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell. (hereafter, Hsp) to drought stress. Three separate experiments were conducted to assess these traits at germination, vegetative, and reproductive stages. Drought stress significantly reduced germination percentage and rate, primary root number, and shoot and root length of seedlings. Using pot experiment, drought stress reduced shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) at vegetative stage but the ratio of RDW/SDW (RSR) increased under this condition. At reproductive stage, SDW, plant height, number of fertile tiller, and relative water content decreased under drought stress, but root length, root volume, RDW, and RSR increased as the intensity of drought increased. For most of the traits the genotype × moisture environment interaction was significant. The effect of drought stress on genotypes was highly dependent to developmental stages and the intensity of water limitation. The wild barley genotypes had more drought tolerance than the cultivated ones. The results of vegetative and reproductive stages poorly matched with the ones from seed germination stage. Two wild barley genotypes from Iran were tolerant to drought stress at both vegetative and reproductive stages and may be used for genetic studies and possible breeding of barley for root‐related traits.
Development and validation of Stability Indicating HPLC method for determination of Ellagic and Gallic acid in Jambul seed
Authors: Damle Mrinalini , Dalavi Nilam 
Published: September 2015

Ellagic and Gallic acid are main phytoconstituents of S.cumini seeds. These are the phenolic compounds. An approach for the stress degradation was successfully applied for the development of stability indicating HPLC method for the determination of Ellagic and Gallic acid. Sample was resolved on a Hypersil C18 (250*4.6 mm particle size 5?) column. The mobile phase consisted of 1% OPA and ACN and in the ratio of 70:30 v/v which was sonicated to degas and delivered at a flow rate of 1ml/min at ambient temperature. The retention time of Ellagic acid and Gallic acid was 3.1±0.05 & 4.1±0.05 minutes. Studies were performed using an HPLC system equipped with a UV detector; the response was monitored at 271nm. The method is specific to Ellagic and Gallic acid; it is able to resolve the peak from ethanolic extract of s.cumini seeds and formulation. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 8-24 ?g/ml (r2=0.997, 0.998 resp). The limit of detection for Ellagic acid and Gallic acid was found to be 0.25?g/ml, 0.15?g/ml resp. and the quantification limit was about 0.75?g/m, 0.49?g/ml. The accuracy of the method was established based on the recovery studies. The markers were subjected to acid, base, neutral hydrolysis, oxidation, thermal degradation and photolysis. The method was successfully validated according to ICH guidelines Q2 (R1).Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 434-438
Prevalence of Demodectic Mange in Canines of Kathmandu Valley having Skin Disorder and Its Associated Risk Factors
Authors: Shrestha Denusha , Thapa Balaram , Rawal Gaurav , Dhakal Santosh , Sharma Bishwas 
Published: September 2015

Very little information is available regarding the demographics of the demodicosis in canines of Kathmandu valley and in Nepal as a whole. In this study, we determined the prevalence of the demodicosis and its associated risk factors from 110 canines of Kathmandu valley including both sheltered and free-roaming. The skin scrapping collected was dissolved in 10% KOH for the microscopic diagnosis of the mites. The overall prevalence of demodectic mange was found to be 29.1%. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between the prevalence rate among puppy (49.0%), adult (6.9%) and senior (33.33%). Whereas, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the prevalence rate among female (22.9%) and male (36.7%). Similarly, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the prevalence rate among short hair (40.7%), medium (25.67%) and long hair (28.5%). The association between the prevalence rate among good health status (10.7%) and poor health status (55.5%) is significant (p<0.05). Similarly, there was significant difference (p<0.05) between the prevalence rate among the free-roaming (48.9%) and the owned dogs (13.1%). At last, there was no significant association (p>0.05) between the prevalence rate among the pure breed (27.7%), cross (25.9%) and mongrel (37.5%). This study shows that demodectic mange is somewhat serious skin infection in canines of Kathmandu valley. The high significant association of age, health status and management with its prevalence suggests that the disease is more common in dogs which are left uncared and whose immune system is disturbed. Whereas, sex, breed and type of the hair of the dog did not have such significant relation with its prevalence. As demodicosis is a huge problem in street dogs, concerned organizations and authorities should develop proper planning for street dog management and their health care. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 459-463
A Metagenomics Analysis on B-Carotene Synthesis in Neurospora Crassa
Authors: Gedela Ravi , Makke Naga Sai Babu , Karra Dinesh 
Published: September 2015

We have studied insilico on evolutionary uniqueness of phytoene synthase, which is one of the regulatory enzymes of ?-carotene synthesis in Neurospora crassa. This study reveals multiple sequence alignments showed high sequences with similarity within a species of bacteria, fungi and higher plants. This results designate interestingly between species of bacteria-fungi, fungi-plant, and among the species of bacteria-fungi-plant, showed tremendously less sequence with similarity, except bacteria-plant (high sequence with similarity) respectively. In Phylogenetics tree analysis showed within species of bacteria, fungi and plant 91%, 92% and 99% homology. Whereas in between species of bacteria-fungi, bacteria-plant, fungi-plant, and among the species bacteria-fungi-plant showed 99%, 96%, 100%, and 91%-99% homology respectively. N. crassa phytoene synthase enzyme encode (Isoprenoid Biosynthesis enzymes, Class 1) protein size 610aa, Cyanobacteria phytoene encode (Isoprenoid Biosynthesis enzymes, Class 1) protein size 310aa, and Oryza sativa Indica phytoene synthase 1 (chloroplast), (Isoprenoid Biosynthesis enzymes, Class 1) encode protein size 421aa (e- value 0.0, 0.0 and 0.0; identity 100%, 100% and 100%; Max.score:1238, 644 and 870) respectively. We studied insilico on basis of an evolutionary Endosymbiotic theory; a bacterium is the ancestors to eukaryotes. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 490-503
Management of Mustard Aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Kafle K. 
Published: September 2015

An experiment was conducted at IAAS, Lamjung to evaluate the management practices of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) during Rabi season in 2013/14. Field experiment was laid out in a randomized block desigh (RCBD) with four replications and six treatments. The treatments were: i) Verticillilum lecanii @ 5gm/L of water; ii) Derisom (Karinjin) @ 2ml/L of water; iii) Margosom (Azadirachtin) @ 5ml/L of water; iv) Lemon grass oil @ 2ml/L of water; v) Dimethoate (Rogor) @2ml/L of water; and vi) Untreated control. Each plot consisted of 2 m x 2.7 m (5.4 m2) with 360 plants (spacing RR 30 cm x PP 5 cm). Field experiment showed that the highest reduction of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) was achieved in Dimethoate (Rogor 30 EC) followed by Derisom but these two treatments were statistically at par during almost all the spray times. Thus, Derisom (botanical) might be the best option in eco-friendly management of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 537-540
Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Developing Countries
Authors: Nemati Morteza , Raisi Ghasem 
Published: September 2015

Nowadays, improvement in income distribution and poverty eradication and hence low inequality are served as the main objectives of economic and social development strategy even prior than primary tasks of governments. to manifest importance of income distribution, some economists adopt income inequality and income distribution in society as criteria for economic system of the community, although these criteria and measures are theoretical for the economic system and this varies from the perspective of different people, however, it denotes on importance of income distribution among individuals. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of economic growth on income inequality in the selection of low-income developing countries.To this end, using panel data and data for 28 developing countries over the period 1990-2010 the relationship between GDP and the Gini coefficient was examined. The results indicate that as per hypothesis Kuznets in the early stages of growth, income inequality increases and then it declines in later stage.
Ethnic uses and Conservation Practices of Some Plants with Major Medicinal Potential by the Tribal Community in India
Authors: Acharya Chandan Kumar 
Published: September 2015

Ethnic people since ancient times uses medicinal plants for the treatment of primary diseases as the plants constitutes some important active constituents and also they are safe and environmentally friendly. As the modern medical care have high cost, side effects and inaccessible to the poorer section, the use of traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of common ailments has great relevance today. It is evident that “folk” or “tribal medicine man” or the "doctor" of the tribe, who has the knowledge of treating diseases, keeps this knowledge as a closely guarded secret and passes it to the next generation by word of mouth. No written texts on these systems are available and different tribes follow different time tested methods. Bearing on mind about medicinal implications of various medicinal plants and their present ecological status, preservation of these traditional knowledge systems is a great challenge today. Presently the Government of India, realising the value of the country’s vast range of medicinal plants, has embarked on a mission of documenting the traditional knowledge. So the scientific study of traditional medicines, and systematic conservation of the concerned medicinal plants are thus of great importance. Present study highlights ethno-medico-botanical approaches of 5 medicinal plants, their utilization by tribal people of India for health care and comprehensive conservation strategy, which will be helpful to the naturalists, planners, policy makers, scientists related to this field for subsequent monitoring and restoration management purpose.
Effective thermal conductivity of open-pore metal foams as a function of the base material
Authors: Matz Alexander Martin , Mocker Bettina Stefanie , Jost Norbert , Krug Peter 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The effective thermal conductivity of open-pore metal foams in combination with the fluids air and water have been investigated in an extended range in relative density and selection of material. This study is conducted to estimate the influence of the thermal conductivities of the combination “metal foam — fluid” λs and λfl on the effective thermal conductivity λe of the open-pore metal foam. Therefore, open-pore metal foams (ρrel = 12.7 % in average) of different base materials are manufactured by respect of significant differences in the thermal conductivity of their bulk material in a range of 24.80 W × (m × K)−1≤λs≤ 402.13 W × (m × K)−1. These samples are saturated by air and water and the effective thermal conductivities of the corresponding combinations are determined. The thereto used method is a transient one and is based on the theory of inturbide temperature fields. The impact of the fluid type on λe is evaluated and its dependence on λs is identified, resulting in a simple expression for estimating the effective thermal conductivity as a function of λfl, λs and ρrel applicable for air and water.
Test procedure to determine the Paris equation coefficients for crack growth rates exemplified by aluminum alloy 2024-T3
Authors: Savkin Alexey Nikolaevich , Andronik Artem Valerievich , Koraddi Ramesh 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The coefficients of the Paris equation for crack growth rates represent fundamental material properties describing the resistance against crack propagation. Up to now, there is no unified procedure to identify these parameters. The current paper shows an approach for testing and analytical processing of its results which makes it possible to obtain the intermediate region of fatigue crack growth rates on a da/dN-ΔK curve as a result of each test. Also, ways to estimate the crack closure effect on fatigue crack growth and computation of effective ranges of stress intensity factor are shown. The approach was validated by the example of an aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Further development trends for the described method are proposed.