bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Households, Families, and Social Reproduction
Authors: Razavi Shahrashoub 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article discusses social reproduction in terms of the household and family. It explains some of the terminology that is needed to understand the key debates and then shifts to the political economy of social reproduction and the relationship between capitalism and patriarchy. The article also discusses family policies that are considered to be central to their objectives and in a number of contexts. An empirical analysis of family—along with glimpses from families in East Asia, Western Europe, and Southern Africa—is also presented.
Gender, Care, and Welfare
Authors: Sainsbury Diane 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article takes a look at care, which is a highly centered and contested concept, and focuses on industrialized countries that have established welfare states. The first section presents a definition of care along with several conceptions of care. The second section focuses on the care dimension of welfare states and the different policy responses. The third section explains these policy responses, specifically on gender relations, the politics of care, and the economics of care. The article ends with a discussion of care in the European Union, international globalizations, and global migrations.
Organizing around Gender Identities
Authors: Kretschmer Kelsy , Meyer David S. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article studies gender movements. The discussion focuses on social movements and not entirely on feminism or women’s movements, looking at the ways that gendered identities help shape movements, along with the ways that movements function in gendered environments. Next, it identifies and differentiates antifeminist, nonfeminist, and feminist movements, before studying the role of gender in each. The article also lists a wide range of movements, from racist contestations to labor and peace movements, and considers the participation of women in antifeminist movements.
The Comparative Study of Women’s Movements
Authors: Beckwith Karen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article serves as a comparative study of women’s movements. It begins with a review of the definitions of women’s movements in recent scholarship and then turns to a study of the differences among women in movements, women’s movements, and feminist movements. The next section discusses the various approaches to women’s activism in and support for political movements, along with the question of what it means to study women’s movements in comparative perspective. Finally, the article examines the analytical leverage gained from a comparative analysis of women’s movements in terms of understandings of gender, politics, and intersection.
Women’s Policy Agencies and State Feminism
Authors: McBride Dorothy E. , Mazur Amy G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article uses the work of feminist researchers to describe the trend of women’s policy agencies and forwards several primary questions, issues, findings, and emerging research agendas. It presents an outline of the growth and spread of agencies during the twentieth century and addresses three assumptions central to the study of agencies and state feminism. The article concludes with a section on the methods, framework, research results, and theory of state feminism in Western postindustrial democracies. The discussion also references the work of the Research Network on Gender Politics and the State, whose results challenge the agencies’ effectiveness.
Policy Outputs
Authors: Blofield Merike , Haas Liesl 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article discusses policy outputs on gender equality. First it reviews literature that tries to categorize the policies promoting or reducing gender equality and then takes a look at the different stages of the policy process, where it introduces women’s reproductive capacities, the work–family nexus, and violence against women. The article also takes a look at the efforts of scholars to make the larger dynamics of gender equality more visible and discusses the variation present in the different stages of policy outputs.
Security, Conflict, and Militarization
Authors: Hansen Lene 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article investigates how “security” is imbued with gender and tries to provide an account of the core academic and political dynamics that arise when “gender” and “security” are combined. It begins with a section on the political ambiguities and dynamics that surround “security” and explains how combining gender and security summons some of the dichotomies of political life. This is followed by a discussion on the primary ways that gender and security have been linked in policy and academic discourse. The article then studies the claim that women are more peaceful than men and notes that, if this claim is true, it would imply that placing more women in positions of political power would produce a more secure world. It ends with a discussion of the ways gender can become a “referent object” for security, the concepts of masculinity and militarism, and the contribution of feminist security studies to security studies.
The Italian Economy Seen from Abroad
Authors: De Cecco Marcello 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSince it became a united country, Italy has been looked at with keen eyes by foreign economists, economic historians, and policy makers. They wanted to see whether it would be possible for the economy of a country, that had in the seventeenth and eighteenth century regressed to the role of agricultural raw material exporter after having been the premier site of European industry, trade and especially, finance, in the middle ages and the Renaissance, to redress itself and join the industrial revolution, making good use of its population and territory, which gave it the potential to be among the great powers of Europe. In this paper, several instances of this scrutiny are considered, focusing on foreign observers who concerned themselves with the Italian economy at different stages of its development. An attempt is made to see what influence their opinions had on Italian economic debate and Italian policy making.
Human Capital
Authors: Bertola Giuseppe , Sestito Paolo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe chapter reviews the evolution of educational institutions and outcomes over the 150 years since Italy's unification and discusses their interaction with national and regional growth patterns. Initial educational conditions across regions contributed to differentiate the early industrial take off in the late nineteenth century. Conversely, formal education does not appear to have played a major role in the post-war economic boom. The slowdown of Italy's economy since the 1990s may in part reflect interactions between the country's traditionally low human capital intensity and its new comparative advantage patterns. It may also be due in part to the deterioration of Italy's educational system's organization since the 1970s.
Democratization and Civic Capital
Authors: Guiso Luigi , Pinotti Paolo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter documents a sharp reversal in electoral participation between the North and the South of Italy after the 1912 enfranchisement which extended voting rights from a limited élite to (almost) all adult males. When voting was restricted to the élite, electoral turnout was higher in the South but falls significantly below that in the North after the enfranchisement. This gap has never been bridged over the following century and participation remains lower in the South despite the enrichment of democratic institutions and extension of voting rights to women during the post-war democratic republic. This pattern is consistent with a simple theoretical framework in which individuals' voting in political elections is affected by private benefits and civic duty. Only elites can grab private benefits from participation in politics, and civic culture differs across communities. Extension of voting rights to non-elites results in a significant transfer of power to their political organizations only among populations with a high sense of civic duties. Together with the gap in participation between North and South our findings suggest that democratization can benefit non-elites only when the latter have already a high sense of civic capital and is unlikely to induce norms of civic behavior.
Real Exchange Rates, Trade, and Growth
Authors: Di Nino Virginia , Eichengreen Barry , Sbracia Massimo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhat is the relationship between real exchange rate misalignments and economic growth? And what effect, if any, did undervaluations or overvaluations of the lira/euro have on Italy's growth? This chapter addresses these questions by presenting, first, three main facts: (i) there is a positive relationship between undervaluation and growth; (ii) this relationship is strong for developing countries and weak for advanced countries; (iii) these results tend to hold for both the pre- and the post-World War II period. Building a simple analytical model, we explore channels through which undervaluation may exert a positive effect on real GDP. We assume that productivity is higher in the tradable-goods than in the non-tradable-goods sector, and examine the roles of market structure, scale economies, and wage flexibility in channelling resources from the latter to the former sector, increasing exports and real GDP. We then turn to Italy and verify empirically that, as the theory suggests, undervaluation has positively affected its exports. Undervaluation has been helpful, in particular, to increase the exports of high-productivity sectors, such as most manufacturing industries. Finally, we describe the misalignments of the lira/euro since 1861, analyze their determinants and draw the implications for Italy's economic growth.
Technology, Firm Size, and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Amatori Franco , Bugamelli Matteo , Colli Andrea 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFirms are one of the main characters of any economy and an excellent observatory for monitoring a nation's evolution. The history of Italy's productive system in the last 150 years is divided into three parts, corresponding to a similar number of industrial revolutions. While firms obtained excellent results in the first two, their inability to grow further inhibited the wide use of the Third Industrial Revolution's features, information and communication technologies. This became a serious obstacle for Italy reaching the international economic frontier. There are many causes-political and economic, macro and microeconomic, domestic and international-behind the turnaround in Italy's economic performance, but the key one was firm size. The argument is developed along three steps. First: firm size is positively correlated to innovation, internationalization, adoption of advanced technologies, and ability to face new competitive challenges; larger firms record higher productivity both in levels and growth rates. Second: the distribution of firms in terms of dimensions was adequate until the 1970s, but defective later on. Finally: because firm size is not a given (but an endogenous choice of entrepreneurs), this chapter examines some key entrepreneurs and managers so as to identify the main features of Italian entrepreneurship.
Resource Allocation by the Banking System
Authors: Battilossi Stefano , Gigliobianco Alfredo , Marinelli Giuseppe , Triglia With The Cooperation Of Sandra Natoli and Ivan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn Italy's bank-oriented financial system, bank credit is the most important source of external finance for firms. The allocative efficiency of banks is therefore a critical element underlying the overall performance of the economy. This chapter focuses on credit allocation across industrial sectors with different growth opportunities, as revealed by stock market data. We constructed a unique database which includes annual data on bank credit to different sectors and data on listed firms from 1948 to 2009. We assume that average sectoral price/earnings ratios are a proxy for growth opportunities, and that an efficient allocation of credit takes into account the variation of such opportunities. Our results confirm the hypothesis that, after a good start in the Fifties and Sixties, the following two decades, characterized by an excess of regulation (mixed with robust doses of political interference), saw a decline in the performance of the banking system. We also find evidence that after the financial liberalization of the early Nineties the allocative efficiency (across sectors) of the banking system increased. The present structural difficulties of the Italian economy do not depend, therefore, on the ability of the banks to select the industrial sectors to which to lend money.
The Flavonoid Biosynthetic Enzyme Chalcone Isomerase Modulates Terpenoid Production in Glandular Trichomes of Tomato
Authors: Kang Jin-Ho , McRoberts John , Shi Feng , Moreno Javier E. , Jones A. Daniel , Howe Gregg A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Flavonoids and terpenoids are derived from distinct metabolic pathways but nevertheless serve complementary roles in mediating plant interactions with the environment. Here, we show that glandular trichomes of the anthocyanin free (af) mutant of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fail to accumulate both flavonoids and terpenoids. This pleiotropic metabolic deficiency was associated with loss of resistance to native populations of coleopteran herbivores under field conditions. We demonstrate that Af encodes an isoform (SlCHI1) of the flavonoid biosynthetic enzyme chalcone isomerase (CHI), which catalyzes the conversion of naringenin chalcone to naringenin and is strictly required for flavonoid production in multiple tissues of tomato. Expression of the wild-type SlCHI1 gene from its native promoter complemented the anthocyanin deficiency in af. Unexpectedly, the SlCHI1 transgene also complemented the defect in terpenoid production in glandular trichomes. Our results establish a key role for SlCHI1 in flavonoid production in tomato and reveal a link between CHI1 and terpenoid production. Metabolic coordination of the flavonoid and terpenoid pathways may serve to optimize the function of trichome glands in dynamic environments.
Debaryomyces hansenii and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa comprised the yeast core gut microbiota of wild and reared carnivorous salmonids, croaker and yellowtail
Authors: Raggi Patricia , Lopez Paulina , Diaz Angélica , Carrasco Diana , Silva Alfonso , Velez Antonio , Opazo Rafael , Magne Fabien , Navarrete Paola A. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThis is the first study using molecular and culture‐based methods aimed at investigating the composition of the intestinal yeast microbiota of wild and reared carnivorous salmonids, croaker and yellowtail, to characterize their cores and to evaluate the enzymatic activities of the cultivated yeast. Among 103 samples from salmonids, croaker and yellowtail, yeast were detected in 85.4%, with 43 species identified. The core of reared fish was composed of eight species, in contrast to the wild fish core, which consisted of two species: Debaryomyces hansenii and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Despite the smaller diversity of the wild fish core, similar enzymatic profiles were detected for the species from the wild and reared cores. For principal component analysis, samples grouped together independently of host species, domestication status and location. A high proportion of yeast produced aminopeptidases and lipases, which may be explained by the high proportion of protein and lipids in the carnivorous diet. This study reveals the presence of a yeast community in the fish gut that appears to be strongly shaped by a carnivorous diet. Yeast in the gut increases the repertoire of microorganisms interacting with the host intestine, which could influence health and disease.
A simple method for estimating species abundance from occurrence maps
Authors: Yin Deyi , He Fangliang 
Published: January 2014

Summary

The issue of how to estimate species abundance from presence/absence maps has attracted much attention. Several methods have been developed to address this problem. However, those methods either overlook the structure of spatial autocorrelation of species distribution, thus leading to underestimation, or they demand extra information besides presence/absence maps.

This study first developed a new method that takes account of spatial autocorrelation and only requires occurrence maps, without any extra information. This method was further improved by incorporating a correction factor to it. We used an index defined by joint counts of occupied and unoccupied cells to measure spatial autocorrelation and to correct the underestimation of the random placement model.

The performance of our method was compared against four other major methods (random placement model, negative binomial model, Conlisk et al.'s method and Solow & Smith's method) using both simulated and empirical data. The results showed that the performance of our method is comparable with other methods but requires less and readily obtained input data, a property important for real applications.

We suggest this simple, data‐parsimonious method be a useful alternative to the currently available methods for estimating abundance from occurrence.
Burden of Disease Associated with Alcohol Use Disorders in the United States
Authors: Rehm Jürgen , Dawson Deborah , Frick Ulrich , Gmel Gerrit , Roerecke Michael , Shield Kevin D. , Grant Bridget 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundAlcohol use disorders (AUD) have long been considered to be some of the most disabling mental disorders; however, empirical data on the burden of disease associated with AUD have been sparse. The objective of this article is to quantify the burden of disease (in disability‐adjusted life years [DALYs] lost), deaths, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL), and years of life lost due to disability (YLD) associated with AUD for the United States in 2005.MethodsStatistical modeling was based on epidemiological indicators derived from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Formal consistency analyses were applied. Risk relations were taken from recent meta‐analyses and the disability weights from the burden of disease study of the National Institutes of Health. Monte Carlo simulations were used to derive confidence intervals. All analyses were performed by sex and age. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken on key indicators.ResultsIn the United States in 2005, 65,000 deaths, 1,152,000 YLL, 2,443,000 YLD, and 3,595,000 DALYs were associated with AUD. For individuals 18 years of age and older, AUD were associated with 3% of all deaths (5% for men and 1% for women), and 5% of all YLL (7% for men and 2% for women). The majority of the burden of disease associated with AUD stemmed from YLD, which accounted for 68% of DALYs associated with AUD (66% for men and 74% for women). The youngest age group had the largest proportion of DALYs associated with AUD stemming from YLD.ConclusionsUsing data from a large representative survey (checked for consistency) and by combining these data with the best available evidence, we found that AUD were associated with a larger burden of disease than previously estimated. To reduce this disease burden, implementation of prevention interventions and expansion of treatment are necessary.
Impact of Interventions Targeting Unhealthy Alcohol Use in Kenya on HIV Transmission and AIDS‐Related Deaths
Authors: Braithwaite R. Scott , Nucifora Kimberly A. , Kessler Jason , Toohey Christopher , Mentor Sherry M. , Uhler Lauren M. , Roberts Mark S. , Bryant Kendall 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundHIV remains a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in Kenya. The effects of behaviors that accompany unhealthy alcohol consumption are a pervasive risk factor for HIV transmission and progression. Our objective was to estimate the portion of HIV infections attributable to unhealthy alcohol use and to evaluate the impact of hypothetical interventions directed at unhealthy alcohol use on HIV infections and deaths.MethodsWe estimated outcomes over a time horizon of 20 years using a computer simulation of the Kenyan population. This computer simulation integrates a compartmental model of HIV transmission with a mechanistic model of HIV progression that was previously validated in sub‐Saharan Africa. Integration of the transmission and progression models allows simultaneous consideration of alcohol's effects on HIV transmission and progression (e.g., lowering antiretroviral adherence may increase transmission risk by elevating viral load, and may simultaneously increase progression by increasing the likelihood of AIDS). The simulation considers important aspects of heterogeneous sexual mixing patterns, including assortativeness of partners by age and activity level, age‐discordant relationships, and high activity subgroups. Outcomes included number of new HIV infections, number of AIDS deaths, and infectivity (number of new infections per infected person per year).ResultsOur model estimated that the effects of behaviors accompanying unhealthy alcohol consumption are responsible for 13.0% of new HIV infections in Kenya. An alcohol intervention with effectiveness similar to that observed in a published randomized controlled trial of a cognitive‐behavioral therapy‐based intervention in Kenya (45% reduction in unhealthy alcohol consumption) could prevent nearly half of these infections, reducing their number by 69,858 and reducing AIDS deaths by 17,824 over 20 years. Estimates were sensitive to assumptions with respect to the magnitude of alcohol's underlying effects on condom use, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and sexually transmitted infection prevalence.ConclusionsA substantial number of new HIV infections in Kenya are attributable to unhealthy alcohol use. An alcohol intervention with the effectiveness observed in a published randomized controlled trial has the potential to reduce infections over 20 years by nearly 5% and avert nearly 18,000 deaths related to HIV.
Alcohol‐Related Interpretation Bias in Alcohol‐Dependent Patients
Authors: Woud Marcella L. , Pawelczak Steffen , Rinck Mike , Lindenmeyer Johannes , Souren Pierre , Wiers Reinout W. , Becker Eni S. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundModels of addictive behaviors postulate that implicit alcohol‐related memory associations and biased interpretation processes contribute to the development and maintenance of alcohol misuse and abuse. The present study examined whether alcohol‐dependent patients (AP) show an alcohol‐related interpretation bias. Second, the relationship between the interpretation bias and levels of harmful drinking was investigated.MethodsThe sample included 125 clinically diagnosed AP and 69 clinically diagnosed control patients (CP) who had either a mood or an anxiety disorder. Participants completed a booklet containing 12 open‐ended ambiguous scenarios. Seven scenarios were alcohol‐relevant, and 5 were emotionally relevant, that is, panic‐ or depression‐relevant. Participants were asked to read each scenario and to generate a continuation. In addition, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and Beck Depression Inventory were administered.ResultsLogistic multivariate multilevel analyses revealed that AP’ probability of generating an alcohol‐related continuation on all 3 scenario types was higher than that of CP. Moreover, alcohol‐related interpretation biases were positively associated with levels of harmful drinking (i.e., AUDIT scores).ConclusionsThese findings are the first to show that AP show an alcohol‐related interpretation bias, which generalizes to other ambiguous emotionally relevant contexts, and therefore advance our understanding of the role of implicit biased alcohol‐related memory associations and interpretation processes.