bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geotechnical Challenges in the Caspian Sea
Authors: Hill Andy , Prakash Anant , Hampson Kevin , Gray Thomas , Rushton David , Mackenzie Brian , Puzrin Alexander 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Challenges face the geotechnical engineer in the ACG Field in the Caspian Sea, from data acquisition, through soil characterization, to foundation design and installation. This paper seeks to address some of these challenges and describes some case examples from the authors' experiences, particularly in the treatment of geohazards and their threat to foundation integrity.
Limited guidance exists within industry codes and standards to address the interaction of geohazards with jackets and with subsea infrastructure. As such, quantified risk assessment becomes complex. This paper suggests some solutions to these problems, borne out of more than 20 years' operating experience in the Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) and the need to consider development in some of the more geohazardous areas.
Unusual methods of geotechnical data acquisition are presented along with tools and novel analytical techniques specific to the needs of Caspian soils. Finally, the paper presents some approaches to quantify the impact of geohazards, including the influence of unusual soil conditions as they present themselves today.
Improving Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Progression to Project-specific Risk Assessment
Authors: Greene W.S. , Bitar G.E 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
During Risk Assessment of project–specific procedures, the Designer, Operator and Client should scrutinize the original vessel Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and associated mitigations to ensure they include analysis of integrated vessel and equipment systems; and that the FMEA are still applicable and / or sufficient.
FMEA usually occurs, as the vessel and/or mission equipment design nears completion. Typically, the Designer and the Operator collaborate to produce the FMEA. On the other hand, Risk Assessments for a specific project typically occur at two key times: when a Client and Operator consider the suitability of a vessel for a given project and then, in detail, once the vessel mission procedures have been prepared.
The Risk Assessment of mission procedures provides the opportunity to align the Designer, Operator and Client with regard to the fit–for–purpose nature of the vessel and Mission Specific Equipment (MSE) or the Client's mission. The alignment extends to understanding the Designer's load development choices and the implication on capability / capacity assessment.
The paper uses examples of incidents and discusses concepts to make the case for rigor in FMEA and project–specific Risk Assessments. The examples provide the rationale for greater emphasis on whether the mitigations developed during FMEA are adequate for specific offshore construction operations.
Risk Assessment, tied to both mission procedures and the mitigations from FMEA, is critical for the improved performance and reliability of the offshore vessel mission.
Rotary Rock Coring and Drilling Data Parameters from a Seafloor-based Drilling Technology - a Case Study
Authors: Smith Robert , Nguyen Hoang , Payor Steve 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
A seafloor based drilling technology offers a stable drilling platform where precision in the acquisition of real-time drilling parameters can enhance geological site characterization, this paper discusses how these drilling parameters (Drill Bit Weight, Penetration Rate, Water Pressure, Rotary Torque and Rotary Speed) obtained from the Portable Remotely Operated Drill (PROD) can be used to plan drilling in real time and supplement field test results.
PROD's location on the seafloor, independent of vessel movement and sea state, allows for a relatively short drill string (compared to a conventional drillship). This means more accurate measurements of drilling parameters can be taken. The drilling parameters are also logged with millimeter accuracy with respect to Drill Bit Depth. Raw drilling data is recorded with a second time interval and subsequently processed and filtered to create a unidirectional data set. The data shows a distinct relationship between several drilling parameters and observed geology.
A bimodal distribution of sedimentary units (excluding limestone) is apparent on the crossplots Penetration Rate against Rotary Torque and Rotary Speed. This corresponds to gear changes occurring when loose sediments clog up the drill bit and reveals that softer sediments (Silt and Clay) require more energy to drill than lithified rocks (Limestone). As the majority of coreloss occurs in highly weathered or non-lithified sediments, real time analysis of drilling parameters can be used to monitor drilling and maximize core recovery. Subsequently, these parameters can aid in cross formation correlation and estimation of mechanical characteristics in the absence of core samples and in-situ testing data. This paper introduces an advanced seafloor-based drilling technology and its capability to complement conventional in-situ testing and sampling data with real-time drilling parameters for marine site characterization.
Fracture Imaging Using Microseismic Signals to Predict Frac Performance and Active Producing Volumes
Authors: Sicking Charles , Vermilye Jan , Lacazette Alfred 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Computing fracture image volumes before the frac treatment, during frac treatment, and during production provides a new approach to managing hydraulic fractured reservoir. Computing the producing volume at regular intervals over time allows for better decisions on the designs of the frac treatments for future wells and for the determination of where to do infill drilling. The installation of shallow buried grids over the reservoir provides for efficient data recording for the monitoring of frac treatments and for compution of producing volumes. A byproduct of the fracture imaging method is the ability to store the first instance of activation for each segment of each fracture. This allows detailed analysis of how the rocks are fractured.
The Fracture Imaging method uses depth imaging applied to Long Duration Signals (LDS) and focuses that signal to the location of origin in the rocks. This focused signal is integrated to produce the depth volume required for computation of a detailed fracture image volume. Applying this method to the time interval before the frac pumping allows for the prediction of the frac performance before the treatment. Applying the method to the time interval during the frac treatment provides a good measure of the activated fracture volume caused by the treatment. Applying this method to a time interval recorded while the well is producing provides a measure of the active volume while producing. Use of passive recordings from a buried grid and the facture imaging method provides for the prediction of the frac performance before the treatment, for the measurement of the fractures activated during treatment, and for the mapping of the actively producing volume.
Safety Case Versus SEMS, Are They Really All That Different?
Authors: Israni Kumar (Chris) , Butts Dennis , Bompelly Radhika 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Although the safety case is becoming fairly popular throughout the world, there are also regulatory requirements in regions other than the US for a similar safety case regime. This process of developing and maintaining a safety case model, is not be considered as a mere regulatory item but rather a safety based value proposition for the corporation. This essentially is a "cradle to grave" safety management system for the corporation.
In recent years, there have been several waves of discussions in the US to adopt the safety case model. Just like any new potential ordinance awaiting its buy-in from the industry, this has also been a case of differing opinions from the various industrial verticals.
However, getting back to the drawing board and taking a look at compliance towards any specific model, the industrial authorities need to take a step back and review the components of a safety case. Doing so will reveal that the majority of these requirements have been already met by the corporation on account of their compliance models – SEMS or PSM compliance or by way of due diligence. Looking at process safety as a moral responsibility of the corporation that extends for the life of the facility, it is clear that the majority of the requirements of the UK type of safety case model have been already met by US corporations.
This paper will compare and contrast the similarities and differences between the safety case model and the SEMS model. Both of these models are performance based, with variations falling into categories of who sanctions and/or enforces the respective models. The big success in the solution to this model puzzle is determining how effective the implementation of either in the field, and adheres to a proactive approach.
Gulfstar - Conceiving a Standard FPS Design for Deepwater
Authors: Davidson Nathan A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
"Design one, build many." That is the oft tried, but seldom achieved, industry goal behind Williams’ Gulfstar FPS, a Classic Spar hull form with a traditional GoM three-level topsides. Williams set out to design the Gulfstar FPS as a flexible production handling hub for deepwater producers that would provide a re-usable core design which could be combined with plug and play options to adapt that design for specific developments. This overall goal of developing a re-usable design was soundly achieved but, in keeping with the industry's historical struggle to design "standard" platforms, the list of things to be done differently next time in the design and delivery is still substantial.
With Serial # 1 installed and producing, the paper describes some notable lessons learned, particularly related to standardization, as well as the challenges of expanding Gulfstar's capabilities to service the special requirements of the Lower Tertiary developments that will become commonplace in the years ahead.
In addition to describing the key characteristics of this design that enable it to be considered and used as a "standard," this paper addresses some broader field development questions such as, ‘Why a Spar?,’ and ‘Why a Classic Spar?’
The information and results presented in this paper are applicable to engineers and planners of deepwater developments when evaluating floating systems, particularly designs that have the potential and/or the goal to become a "standard" and applicable to be re-used to a significant degree.
Improving Operation Safety of Multi Zone Single Trip Gravel Pack : Holistic Approach to Minimize Well Control Risk in Mahakam
Authors: Muryanto B. , Lavoix F. , Labeyrie C. , Wijaya R. , Ji Y. , Roane T. , Hustache H. , Ayusta P. , Albertson E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMulti Zone Single Trip Gravel Pack (MZ-STGP) system has been the main solution for developing shallow reservoirs in the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. Despite providing cost effective solutions, the system poses safety challenges related to well control. These challenges (i.e long non-shearable period (NSP), heavy completion fluids losses, severe cross flow and trapped gas) must be overcome in design and operational stages. Robust operating procedures and new equipment have been developed to assure safe and efficient operation.Three main steps of completion (perforation, concentric completion make up and service tool manipulation) were identified as critical and may generate a major well control situation. The completion design phase shall address the issue by carefully targeting appropriate reservoir characteristics, selecting perforation length and total gross net pay. Specific procedures for perforating and making up and manipulating service tools were generated and continuously improved. The continuous improvement process was able to avoid classic challenges such as heavy completion fluid losses after perforating long heterogeneous reservoirs or heavy losses following reservoir stimulation.Specific tools and equipment such as screens with closing sleeves were designed and deployed to assure the whole process was undertaken safely. One of the important innovations was first worldwide use of a dropping table system to handle multiple concentric pipes. This was developed for two different systems through careful engineering design. It allows securing the well in less than 30 seconds.To date, more than 200 wells have been safely completed without any major well control issue. Most importantly, the robust safety approach did not hinder operational performance as very low Non­Productive Time (NPT) has been maintained since 2008.
Ultimately Reliable Pyrotechnic Systems
Authors: Scott John H. , Hinkel Todd 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Objectives/Scope: This paper presents the methods by which NASA has designed, built, tested, and certified pyrotechnic devices for high reliability operation in extreme environments and illustrates the potential applications in the oil and gas industry. Methods, Procedures, Process NASA’s extremely successful application of pyrotechnics is built upon documented procedures and test methods that have been maintained and developed since the Apollo Program. Standards are managed and rigorously enforced for performance margins, redundancy, lot sampling, and personnel safety. The pyrotechnics utilized in spacecraft include such devices as small initiators and detonators with the power of a shotgun shell, detonating cord systems for explosive energy transfer across many feet, precision linear shaped charges for breaking structural membranes, and booster charges to actuate valves and pistons. Results, Observations, Conclusions NASA’s pyrotechnics program is one of the more successful in the history of Human Spaceflight. No pyrotechnic device developed in accordance with NASA’s Human Spaceflight standards has ever failed in flight use. NASA’s pyrotechnic initiators work reliably in temperatures as low as -420 °F. Each of the 135 Space Shuttle flights fired 102 of these initiators, some setting off multiple pyrotechnic devices, with never a failure. The recent landing on Mars of the Opportunity rover fired 174 of NASA’s pyrotechnic initiators to complete the famous "7 minutes of terror." Even after traveling through extreme radiation and thermal environments on the way to Mars, every one of them worked. These initiators have fired on the surface of Titan. Novel/Additive Information NASA’s design controls, procedures, and processes produce the most reliable pyrotechnics in the world. Application of pyrotechnics designed and procured in this manner could enable the energy industry’s emergency equipment, such as shutoff valves and deepsea blowout preventers, to be left in place for years in extreme environments and still be relied upon to function when needed, thus greatly enhancing safety and operational availability.
New Findings in Drilling and Wells using Big Data Analytics
Authors: Johnston J. , Guichard A. 
Published: April 2015

In the current cost-saving and high-tech environment, this paper aims at demonstrating that significant business value can be derived from advanced information technology. The objective was indeed to identify and reduce risk in the Drilling and Wells domains using iterative, multi-disciplinary Big Data analytics and workflows. Examples of operational risk identified in this project include low borehole quality, poor wellbore stability, and stuck pipe.
Subject-matter expertise and advanced analytical capabilities were assembled to mine and analyze large amounts of different data types across drilling parameters, petrophysics and well logs, and geological formation tops for a released data set of approximately 350 oil and gas wells in the UK North Sea. The data set contained information about a large geographical area, which conventional analysis techniques would find difficult, if not impossible, to handle and analyze in its entirety.
Results of this study showed that iterative Big Data “discovery workflows” uncover hidden patterns and unknown correlations in the data and unexpected correlations across the data set are exhibited. It also confirmed the possibility to improve Drilling models using business analytics. In addition the correlations found allow predictive statistics to be computed. Finally advanced visualization capabilities provided an aid to interpret, understand, and make recommendations for Drilling plan and operations.
This novel approach uncovered that patterns and correlations can be detected across a disparate data set, where data types are not traditionally linked, by integrating a large variety and complexity of data in one analytical environment. Furthermore the multi-domain analyses run during the study were all performed ‘on-the-fly’, without preconception or business requirements. As a final point Big Data Analytics can also be used as a Quality Control tool and will certainly be leveraged for further multi-variate analysis in Oil and Gas.
Design of Large Diameter Monopiles under Lateral Loads in Normally to Moderately Overconsolidated Clay
Authors: Senanayake Asitha , Rendon Erica , Wang Shin-Tower , Gerkus Hande , Stevens Robert F. , Gilbert Robert B. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to address the applicability of using API RP 2GEO (2011) for the design of wind turbine monopile foundations in normally to moderately overconsolidated clays. The study involved three-dimensional numerical modeling using the finite-element method, one-g laboratory model testing, and analysis of field test results. The following conclusions concerning the use of Matlock (1970) soft clay p-y curves for the design of large-diameter monopile foundations are drawn: Numerical modeling and model-scale testing with rigid piles of different diameters indicate that the form of the Matlock (1970) p-y curves, in which the lateral displacement is normalized by pile diameter and lateral soil resistance is normalized by the ultimate resistance, appropriately captures the effect of pile diameter.Field and model testing indicate that the Matlock (1970) p-y models consistently overestimate the lateral displacements at the pile head when used to analyze laterally loaded piles in normally to moderately overconsolidated clays.An approximate version of the Jeanjean (2009) p-y model, in which the Matlock (1970) p-y curves are scaled by p-multipliers calculated at various depths, generally provides a reasonable match to measured lateral displacements at the pile head when a relatively large strain at one-half the undrained shear strength is assumed, i.e., ?50 = 0.02. This result applies both to small scale model tests in kaolinite and large-scale field tests in high-plasticity clay.Model tests show that cyclic loading causes the stiffness of the lateral pile-soil response to degrade by 20 to 30 percent. The amount of degradation is dependent on the displacement amplitude and the number of cycles. All of the degradation happens within 100 cycles, after which the stiffness is reasonably constant.Model tests show that the ultimate lateral capacity of the pile is not significantly affected by the previous cyclic loading.
Alternative Direct Vertical Access Solutions for Development of Marginal Assets in Deepwater - a DeepStar Study
Authors: Aggarwal R. , Barton D. , Seah R. , Kusinski G. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This paper is based on a DeepStar study undertaken to evaluate innovative deepwater floating platforms and riser systems, with dry tree (DT) or direct vertical access (DVA) capability, for development of marginal fields and benchmarking with proven dry tree platform concepts [1–3]. The spread moored semi-sub shaped and hybrid novel hull designs with top tension risers (TTRs) and quayside integration of topsides overcome key concerns with both TLP and Truss Spar with TTRs and provide cost effective solutions for ultra-deepwater marginal fields.
The designs were developed for three regions (Gulf of Mexico, West of Africa, and Offshore Western Australia) and three water depths (3,000 ft, 6,000 ft, and 8,000 ft) for a common design basis with defined topsides and riser payloads, and specified design constraints. The estimates for novel designs were obtained from eight Concept Owners, and a comparative assessment was performed for 13 designs in three groups for nine combinations of regions and water depths. Coupled analysis was performed for most novel designs for GoM 6,000 and WoA 6,000.
The five field development themes with DT benchmarks, novel hull, novel riser, drilling or process will be described. The key design, global performance, and constructability features of alternative concepts will be discussed. The variability in key estimates for three groups will be identified. The novel hull designs evaluated enable integration of topsides at quayside or by floatover and provide ability to support DTs and long stroke RAM tensioners. For designs evaluated with a modular drilling rig and upto six TTRs, lower CAPEX is estimated.
The ranges of key design data, tensioner stroke, and global performance for each group have distinct variations. The novel riser design considered is Compliant Vertical Access Riser (CVAR), which is an offset riser with no tensioners, thus it enables use of semi-sub design with lesser draft. The development themes with wet trees and a drilling riser reduce the payload on hull.
Technology readiness level (TRL) varies for the novel concepts. The detailed comparative assessment undertaken showed high potential for standardization of hull designs. In ultra-deepwater regions with harsh metocean conditions, several of these novel hull designs provide enabling solutions.
This is the first major effort undertaken with evaluation of 13 alternative design cases with DT or DVA capability. The evaluations done for three regions would also be applicable in many other regions. The documentation of estimates in three groups identifies benefits from novel designs over benchmarks designs in each group, and distinct variations among groups. These results would help in selection of specific concepts for a region for further qualification and project readiness for development of worldwide marginal deepwater and ultra-deepwater fields.