bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BURNING AGENTS FOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP
Authors: Freiberger Arnold , Byers John M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The accidental spillage of oil into surface waters continues to pose a pollution hazard as tankers and cargoes increase in size. Burning of oil slicks offers an attractive means of eliminating spilled oil, however, the heavier crudes and fuel oils require the addition of burning agents to assist in ignition and in sustaining combustion. The advantages of burning oil slicks are set forth, and currently available commercial burning agents are listed. Results of laboratory and field tests of a variety of burning agents are given, and several incidents where burning was used in an actual oil spill are reported. Current and future development in this area is described.
OIL SPILL DISPERSANTS – CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK
Authors: Canevari Gerard P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The use of chemical dispersants for the handling of oil spills has had a brief but highly turbulent history. Despite extensive laboratory data and field application experience, their role in oil spill cleanup is still controversial.
This paper reviews some of this past history as background in order to derive the pros and cons regarding their use. Opinions vary from an extreme of no use whatsoever to an acceptance of this as the only practical technique to combat an oil spill under rough sea conditions.
Improvements in the formulation of dispersants during the past several years are reviewed. These innovations involve modifications to improve effectiveness, application techniques and toxicological properties. A brief outline of the mechanism of dispersing is presented to permit a better understanding of these formulation modifications and the manner in which said changes influence dispersant properties.
The future outlook for dispersants, based on current and anticipated research in this field, is also discussed. This research involves biological as well as operational aspects of dispersants.
DISPERSANT USE vs WATER QUALITY
Authors: Dewling Richard T. , Dorrler J. Stephen , Pence George D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As environmentalists, we must constantly be aware of, and recognize the potential pollution problems that might result from an oil spill cleanup approach or system. Based on biodegradability and ultimate oxygen demand data developed by the Edison Water Quality Laboratory as well as others, it would appear that more than knowledge of toxicity and emulsion efficiency should guide our decisions regarding the use of chemical dispersants for oil spill cleanup.
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DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY TEST PROCEDURES FOR MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON
Authors: Strand J.A. , Templeton W.L. , Lichatowich J.A. , Apts C. W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recommended bioassay procedures are presented that can be routinely applied to evaluate the relative toxicity of oil, chemical dispersants, and oil-dispersant mixtures to 1) naturally occurring populations of phytoplankton, and 2) representative marine phytoplankters grown in pure culture. The methods presented, in general, represent 1) application of techniques routinely employed in the measurement of marine primary productivity, and 2) application of the Inhibitory Toxicity Test, a tentative method devised by the American Society for Testing and Materials to evaluate acute toxicity of industrial wastes to diatoms.
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TOXICITY OF SOIL DISPERSING AGENTS DETERMINED IN A CIRCULATING AQUARIUM SYSTEM
Authors: Engel Robert H. , Neat Marilynn J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The toxicity of two non-ionic oil-dispersing agents was determined on a number of marine species: the edible mussel Mytilis edulis, winter flounder, soft shell clam, mummichog, Atlantic silversides and fourth stage lobster larvae.
The bioassay system used consisted of a series of storage reservoirs and exposure tanks with a total volume of 112 liters. Water movement was provided by a series of marine aquarium pumps which circulated water at a rate of 4 liters/min. Additional aeration was not required for the mummichog, mussel or fourth stage lobster larvae.
At 20°C, TL 50's calculated from 24 to 96 hours fell between 30 and 75 mg/1, with no significant difference in toxicity between the two dispersants. At 5°C, toxicity in the mummichog was significantly lower; this may be explained by the accompanying higher oxygen levels.
The advantages of the circulating aquarium system in relation to the static and continuous-flow bioassay systems are discussed.
A STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OLEOPHILIC BELT “OIL SCRUBBER”
Authors: Oxenham J.P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Analyses and experimentation have indicated that the maximum recovery rate of an oleophilic belt oil recovery system is generally limited by the rate at which oil may be transferred to the belt surface and interior. The rate of absorption of oil by an oleophilic belt increases with increasing specific surface and permeability of the belt material increasing slick depth, decreasing oil viscosity, and decreasing interfacial tension between the oil and belt material. In operations with high viscosity oils and high belt speeds significant quantities of oil may be withdrawn on the belt's outer surface. The oil scrubber's performance is not detrimentally affected by the presence of waves, nor by the presence of solid materials, emulsions, or “rag” in limited quantities. The stability of the belt is a primary concern for operations in the presence of transverse currents.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TEST PROCEDURES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EFFICIENCY IN BEACH CLEANING
Authors: Jeffery P. G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A bewildering variety of materials has been suggested for the removal of spilt oil from beaches, rocks and shore-line structures. These vary considerably in composition, toxicity, efficiency and cost. Early laboratory test procedures developed in 1961, were concerned only with efficiency in cleaning and were demonstrably non-reproducible. Since that date considerable efforts have been made to refine the procedures in use, and to introduce new tests closely allied to the beach cleaning process.
A co-operative exercise, undertaken in conjunction with the maljor oil companies of the United Kingdom demonstrated the degree of agreement between laboratories that could be expected from such standardized test procedures. Recent developments in this field at Warren Spring Laboratory, and the procedure at present used for the assessment of these materials for beach cleaning in the United Kingdom are described.
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF OIL SPILL CONTROL DEVICES1
Authors: Marks Wilbur , Geiss Gunther R. , Hirshman Julius 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the first phases of a program aimed at providing a means for evaluation of existing oil containment devices (booms, barriers, etc) and for improving basic design through variation of geometric and physical parameters. A mathematical/computer model is derived that describes the behavior (forces and motions) of a spill-control device in given environmental conditions of wind, current, and waves, and specified deployment configuration. The results of evaluating 14 booms in terms of probability of mechanical (structural) and spill-control failure are discussed in general terms as are the results of model-tank tests aimed at obtaining data for comparative evaluation of booms and for validating and improving the analytical model A more definitive statement of results awaits the completion of at-sea experiments and data analysis which are presently being carried out.
STUDY OF EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR REMOVING OR DISPERSING OIL FROM OPEN WATERS
Authors: Henager C.H. , Walkup P.C. , Blacklaw J.R. , Smith J.D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A cost effectiveness analysis was performed for equipment, materials and techniques applicable to the removal or dispersal of spilled oil from U.S. Navy oilers and gasoline tankers on open waters. Effectiveness parameters included oil product types (JP-5, Distillate Fule, Navy Special and Bunker C), a range of spill locations (3 and 12 miles from shore) and varying spill sizes (2,700 gal, 270,000 gal, and 6,750,000 gal). Criteria for evaluation of systems under the above parameter situations, formulated for presently available equipment and materials, included: completeness of oil removal; rate of removal; hazard and pollution; use in limited access areas; sensitivity to expected environmental factors; sensitivity to temperature extremes; toxicity to marine life; and system availability. Cost effectiveness was determined using the 3 spill sizes and checked for spill frequency sensitivity, The three most cost effective systems for the range of spill sizes were found to be burning, dispersing, and mechanical skimming. Considering system applicability to avrious products and the requirements of rate of removal for massive spills, the most practical universal system with a favorable cost effectiveness ratio was found to be dispersing. This is followed by dispersing plus a containment boom. Burning agents applied directly to the spill were judged to be the third best system based on its favorable cost effectiveness but limited applicability to oil types and permissible burning circumstances.
SOURCES AND BIODEGRADATION OF CARCINOGENIC HYDROCARBONS
Authors: ZoBell Claude E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Carcinogenic hydrocarbons (CHC) are widely distributed in air, soil, marine mud, water, oils (vegetable as well as mineral), and other materials. Most organisms appear to contain little or no CHC, but from 1 to more than 1,000 µg/kg has been detected in certain plants and animals. A major source of CHC is the combustion or pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials, including fossil fuels, organic refuse, forest fires, etc. Airborne, liquid, or solid pollutants tend to find their way into soil, streams, lakes, and the sea. Pertinent to the problem of oil spills is the quantity of CHC contributed by such spills as compared with that from aerial transport, terrestrial drainage, biosynthesis of CHC, and other sources.
Evidence is presented for the synthesis of carcinogenic hydrocarbons by various species of bacteria, algae, and higher plants. Although some may be retained by their tissues, a good many animals metabolize various carcinogenic hydrocarbons and excrete the oxidation products. In most aquatic environments as well as in moist aerobic soil, bacteria bring about the degradation of CHC.
EFEECTS OF EXPOSURE TO OIL ON MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS FROM DIFFERENT LOCALITIES
Authors: Kanter Robert , Straughan Dale , Jessee William N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The results of the first two of a series of experiments in a study to determine if organisms exposed to natural oil seepage have a higher tolerance to a spill of similar crude oil than organisms that have not been exposed to natural oil seepage are presented. My tilus californianus from different localities along the California Coast were exposed to varying crude oil concentrations in the laboratory. The data shows a higher tolerance to oil in M. californianus from a natural oil seep area than in M. californianus from non-oil seep areas. There is also a different tolerance to oil between M. californianus from different non-oil seep areas.
AN INTEGRATED PROGRAM FOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP
Authors: BETTS W. E. , FULLER H. I. , JAGGER H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the necessary requirements of an integrated program for dealing with oil spills on water. Such a program necessarily involves a designated administrative organization, sound contingency planning, preselection of equipment and materials to cover a range of techniques, and a recognition of the importance of flexibility so that the proper combination of techniques can be united into the optimum operation to meet the special circumstances of each individual spill.
This philosophy is illustrated by a description of the administrative organization in the United Kingdom at central and local government level, by the contingency planning of one of the major oil companies, and by the different combinations of confinement, removal, and other techniques that have proved appropriate in Europe for water surfaces ranging from streams to seas.
The paper emphasizes that the optimum cleanup operation for the unique conditions of each spill requires preparedness, flexibility and an integration of appropriate techniques.
Development of U. S. Coast Guard Prototype Airborne Oil Surveillance System
Authors: Ketchel R. J. , Edgerton A. T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the past, the U. S. Coast Guard has relied on visual and photographic sightings for detection, monitoring and law enforcement associated with the oil pollution control mission. However effective enforcement of the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, pertaining to the discharge of oil and hazardous substances into the U. S. navigable waters and the contiguous zone, the effective execution of responsibilities assigned by the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, and the assessment of the impact on the marine environment of pollutants introduced by the transportation process requires a supporting surveillance system. To meet this need, the U. S. Coast Guard has contracted with the Aerojet Electrosystems Company, a Division of Aerojet-General Corporation, for the design, development and flight test evaluation of a prototype Airborne Oil Surveillance System. This system as conceived will utilize multispectral sensors to provide for the day / night all-weather airborne detection, mapping and documentation of oil spills at sea. The sensors used in this system will operate from the ultraviolet to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This paper will describe the development of this Airborne Surveillance System including the sensor mix and their relationship to the oil pollution surveillance mission. In addition the operational mission and system performance requirements used to define the system will be briefly considered. This prototype system will be ready for flight test evaluation by early 1974.
Oil Spill-Source Correlation by Gas Chromatography: An Experimental Evaluation of System Performance
Authors: Zafiriou Oliver C. , Myers John , Bourbonniere Richard , Freestone Frank J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A simple gas chromatographic method correlates unknown oils in natural waters with possible source oils. Under the operating procedures involved, unique matches are generally achieved without miscorrelations, even when up to 15 oils of the same type (#2, #4, #6 fuel; crudes, etc.) are possible sources.
Oil samples are quantitatively characterized by ratios of intensities corresponding to their contents of several components of known geochemical variability and resistance to weathering. The effects of weathering, sample types, and added spill control chemicals were determined by “blind” correlation of 35 artificially weathered oils, each with one of 17 possible sources. Oil type and weathering did not seriously influence spill-source matching success. The presence of highly similar source oils was the major performance-limiting factor.
We determined the extent of this limitation, and thereby the probability of successful performance, for collections of oils from Greater New York Harbor products, and from Portland, Maine (crudes: 450 tankers/yr.). The probability that a unique correlation can be reached decreased with increase in the number of oils of the same type which were a priori possible sources and therefore candidates for matching; for the New York Harbor and Portland collections examined success rates were: 1–8 candidate oils, 100 percent; 14 oils, 50 percent; 22 oils, 27 percent.
Identification of Oil Pollutants: A Review of Some Recent Methods
Authors: Gruenfeld Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Some recent studies of methods for identifying weathered oils through chemical fingerprints (passive tagging) are reported. These studies were performed by Esso Research and Engineering Company, Phillips Scientific Corporation, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and Baird Atomic Corporation under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored grants and contracts. A broad range of analytical instruments and techniques were used, e.g., adsorption chromatography, molecular emission and absorption spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, computerized mass spectrometry, et. al. Some of the oil parameters evaluated as potential fingerprint indices are vanadium, nickel, sulfur and nitrogen content, gas chromatographic profile appearance, carbon and sulfur isotope ratios, API gravity, and pour point. Several promising methods for passive tagging oils are suggested by these studies.
Characteristics of Naturally Occurring and Pollutant Hydrocarbons in Marine Sediments
Authors: Tissier M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Hydrocarbons spilled on the sea may, naturally or by sinking agent, settle on the sea bed and pollute marine muds which are the substratum of the benthic fauna and flora. They may be absorbed by these organisms which are the basis of the nutrition for a large part of the aquatic fauna. This hydrocarbon pollutants will enter by this way in the marine food chain and raise the problem of long term toxicity. Therefore it is important to measure the quantity of hydrocarbons in the marine sediments in order to know the level of pollution. We must, however, be able to make the difference between indigenous hydrocarbons and crude-oil derived hydrocarbons. Both contain, n and iso-alkanes, cyclo-alkanes and aromatics, but their quantity, the percentage of each type of compounds and the distribution of some specific molecules are often very particular. A detailed analysis of the chloroform extract of the sediment by chromatography, mass spectrometry and U. V. fluorescence can discriminate between unpolluted and polluted sediments even in the case of low level pollution. The samples which have been analysed, were collected on the French coast of the English channel in Normandie and in the Seine Bay. It has been noted in the unpolluted samples a higher percentage of heavy products (resins and asphaltènes), a more important odd carbon dominance in the n-alkanes distribution than in the polluted ones. The aromatic fraction of the indigenous hydrocarbons is mainly composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons without alkyl chains whereas polluted samples show many types of alkylaromatics.
Determination of Hydrocarbon Solubility in Sea Water and the Analysis of Hydrocarbons in Water-Extracts
Authors: Wasik Stanley P. , Brown Robert L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An apparatus is described for measuring the solubility of hydrocarbons in sea water and for analyzing hydrocarbons in water-extracts. The relative concentrations of the hydrocarbons in the gas phase in equilibrium with the water extract were determined by gas chromatography. A known volume of the gas phase was purged out from the apparatus and replaced with helium. The concentration of the hydrocarbons were measured after the second equilibration. The solubility of the hydrocarbon solutes in the sea water extract were determined from the peak area ratios of the solute peaks and the volume of the apparatus.
Complex mixtures of hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions may be analyzed using this apparatus by examining the chromatograms obtained after each flush out. The peaks are identified as to hydrocarbon group (olefinic, aromatic, paraffinic) from the rate that the solute peak area decreases after each flush out. Overlapping peaks may be resolved using this technique. By extrapolating peak areas to zero flush out, the concentration of each solute in the original extract may be obtained. The analysis of a non-lead gasoline in sea water is presented.
Engineering Study of an Oil Gellation Technique to Control Spills from Distressed Tankers
Authors: Goldstein Arnold M. , Koros Robert M. , Tarmy Barry L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Crude oil gellation is a potentially attractive technique for minimizing or preventing the loss of oil from a distressed tanker by converting the liquid oil into a rigid solid. The procedure involves the chemical reaction of two organic liquid gelling agents dissolved in the oil to form a gelant compound which entraps the oil. The resulting gel would float as a coherent mass if it were extruded from a ship or escape as a result of tanker break-up.
This paper presents the results of a program undertaken to demonstrate in situ gellation on a large scale, and to gather engineering design information for this technique. The work was jointly funded in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Engineering design data gathered during this study include the effect of mixing energy, mixing time, gellation time and temperature on gel strength. In addition, rheological properties of the gel were examined to relate gel strength to the maximum fluid static head that may be maintained without flow through a certain hull hole. Details of a gellation test with 500 bbl of South Louisiana crude oil will be discussed. The experimental unit was 7′ × 14′ × 30′ high and represented the region between two transverse frames in a wing compartment of a 21,000 dwt tanker. The design criteria for the mixing equipment required for gellation was validated by tracer mixing studies in both the 500 bbl tank and a one-seventh scale model of the larger unit. This work forms the basis for the further efforts on equipment development, selection and evaluation required before this technique can be used in the field.
Development of a Polyurethane Foam Marine Oil Recovery System
Authors: Oxenham J. P. , Cochran R. A. , Hemphill D. P. , Scott P. R. , Fraser J. P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A system has been developed for recovering spilled oil from water, under a wide variety of environmental conditions and for all types of oils, at rates up to 9,000 gal/hr. This system is based on the use of polyurethane foam, foamed on the job site, as a sorbent for the spilled oil. The foam is recirculated to increase efficiency and to lower unit costs. Equipment needed includes collection booms, an open-mesh chainlink belt for harvesting the oil-soaked sorbent, and a roller-wringer to remove oil and water from the foam. The foam is initially comminuted and distributed onto the water by means of a hay blower (mulcher), and recycled pneumatically or by mechanical conveyor. Recovered oil and water are transported to shore for further treatment prior to disposal. Used foam is disposed of by incineration.
Development and Preliminary Design of a Sorbent Oil Recovery System
Authors: Jr. Eugene R. Miller, 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The development and preliminary design of a sorbent oil recovery system was carried out under contract to the EPA. The system is based on the use of open-cell reticulated polyurethane foam sorbent material. This material may be regenerated for use in a continuous system by mechanical squeezing. The development program included studies of the sorbent performance, the broadcasting system, the harvesting conveyor, the sorbent regenerator and the recovery platform performance. The results of the development program showed that an oil recovery system based on the continuous reuse of the sorbent material is feasible. Based on the data developed, a preliminary design for a 3000 GPH recovery system for protected waters was prepared.