bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Th17 family: flexibility follows function
Authors: Basu Rajatava , Hatton Robin D. , Weaver Casey T. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryDiscovery of the T‐helper 17 (Th17) subset heralded a major shift in T‐cell biology and immune regulation. In addition to defining a new arm of the adaptive immune response, studies of the Th17 pathway have led to a greater appreciation of the developmental flexibility, or plasticity, that is a feature of T‐cell developmental programs. Since the initial finding that differentiation of Th17 cells is promoted by transforming growth factor‐β (TGFβ), it became clear that Th17 cell development overlapped that of induced regulatory T (iTreg) cells. Subsequent findings established that Th17 cells are also unusually flexible in their late developmental programming, demonstrating substantial overlap with conventional Th1 cells through mechanisms that are just beginning to be understood but would appear to have important implications for immunoregulation at homeostasis and in immune‐mediated diseases. Herein we examine the developmental and functional features of Th17 cells in relation to iTreg cells, Th1 cells, and Th22 cells, as a basis for understanding the contributions of this pathway to host defense, immune homeostasis, and immune‐mediated disease.
Helper T‐cell identity and evolution of differential transcriptomes and epigenomes
Authors: Vahedi Golnaz , C. Poholek Amanda , Hand Timothy W. , Laurence Arian , Kanno Yuka , O'Shea John J. , Hirahara Kiyoshi 
Published: February 2013

SummaryCD4+ T cells are critical for the elimination of an immense array of microbial pathogens. Among the ways they accomplish this task is to generate progeny with specialized, characteristic patterns of gene expression. From this perspective, helper cells can be viewed as pluripotent precursors that adopt distinct cell fates. Although there are aspects of helper cell differentiation that can be modeled as a classic cell fate commitment, CD4+ T cells also maintain considerable flexibility in their transcriptional program. This makes sense in terms of host defense, but raises the question of how these remarkable cells balance both these requirements, a high degree of specific gene expression and the capacity for plasticity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of CD4+ T‐cell specification, focusing on how genomic perspectives have influenced our views of these processes. The relative contributions of sensors of the cytokine milieu, especially the signal transducer and activator of transcription family transcription factors, ‘master regulators’, and other transcription factors are considered as they relate to the helper cell transcriptome and epigenome.
CD4+ T‐cell subsets in intestinal inflammation
Authors: Shale Matthew , Schiering Chris , Powrie Fiona 
Published: February 2013

SummaryIntestinal CD4+ T cells are essential mediators of immune homeostasis and inflammation. Multiple subsets of CD4+ T cells have been described in the intestine, which represents an important site for the generation and regulation of cells involved in immune responses both within and outside of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent advances have furthered our understanding of the biology of such cells in the intestine. Appreciation of the functional roles for effector and regulatory populations in health and disease has revealed potential translational targets for the treatment of intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Furthermore, the role of dietary and microbiota‐derived factors in shaping the intestinal CD4+ T‐cell compartment is becoming increasingly understood. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the multifaceted roles of CD4+ T cells in intestinal immunity.
Aquatic dermatology: encounters with the denizens of the deep (and not so deep) – a review. Part II: the vertebrates, single‐celled organisms, and aquatic biotoxins
Authors: Ottuso Patrick 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNumerous aquatic vertebrate species are known to cause cutaneous injury. While many of the injuries occur in regions that harbor such organisms, with the ability of people to travel long distances in short periods of time, these injuries may be seen worldwide. Also, with the increasing tendency of people to keep home aquariums, these injuries may occur anywhere. The majority of such injuries are minor and most go unreported. Some, however may be associated with morbidity and loss of life. Along with such injuries comes the potential for infection by bacteria, algae, or fungi. Some of these organisms are ubiquitous, others are specific to the aquatic environment. Toxins may be transferred from the offending organisms into the wound. Interestingly, some of these same toxins may be beneficial to treating some disease states in man.
Effects of isotretinoin on serum vitamin E levels in patients with acne
Authors: Aktürk Aysun Şikar , Güzel Savaş , Bulca Songül , Demirsoy Evren Odyakmaz , Bayramgürler Dilek , Bilen Nilgün , Kıran Rebiay 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAnecdotal reports suggest that using retinoids with vitamin E leads to improvements of some side effects due to isotretinoin. However, vitamin E blood levels have not been reported previously in patients with acne treated with isotretinoin. We aimed to investigate the serum vitamin E levels before and after isotretinoin therapy in patients with acne. A total of 70 patients treated with isotretinoin for acne in our dermatology department were included in this study. The serum vitamin E levels were measured as baseline before isotretinoin treatment. All patients received 0.6–0.8 mg/kg/d isotretinoin. The treatment was finished within 5–7 months while ensuring that the cumulative dose was 120 mg/kg. Serum vitamin E levels were measured again in the last month of treatment. The mean serum vitamin E levels before and after treatment were compared. Forty‐six patients completed the study. It was detected that the mean serum vitamin E level was 20.22 mg/dl before isotretinoin treatment. In the last month of treatment, the mean serum vitamin E level was 16.24 mg/dl. Serum vitamin E levels decreased in all patients except three. The mean serum vitamin E level after treatment was statistically decreased in comparison with the mean serum vitamin E level before treatment. Our results showed that vitamin E levels decreased during isotretinoin treatment. We considered that some of the side effects due to isotretinoin treatment might be related to this, and supplementation vitamin E may be useful during isotretinoin treatment.
Follicular cutaneous larva migrans: a report of three cases and review of the literature
Authors: Veraldi Stefano , Persico Maria Chiara , Francia Claudia , Nazzaro Gianluca , Gianotti Raffaele 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundHookworm‐related cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is characterized clinically by erythematous and slightly raised tracks, located especially on the feet. These tracks may be single or multiple, linear or serpiginous, more or less ramified and intertwined. The length is variable (up to many cm); the width ranges from 1 mm to 4 mm. Tracks are often accompanied by severe pruritus.MethodsThree adult Caucasian patients recently returned from trips to Malaysia and Thailand, presented with follicular CLM. The disease was characterized clinically by follicular, erythematous, small papules that were sometimes topped with vesicles or pustules, located on the buttocks. Pruritus was severe.ResultsHistopathological examinations revealed a perifollicular infiltrate predominantly consisting of lymphocytes and eosinophils. All patients were successfully treated with oral albendazole (400 mg/day for seven days). In the first patient, two courses were necessary.ConclusionsDermatologists should be aware of the existence of this rare and atypical, although emerging, clinical presentation of hookworm‐related CLM.
De la Taille's Mysterium Fidei: Eucharistic Sacrifice and Nouvelle
Théologie
Authors: Matthiesen Michon M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Maurice de la Taille's Mysterium Fidei (1921)
was, as one of its reviewers remarked, a veritable ‘theological event’, both
in terms of its methodology and its overturning of post-Tridentine theology
on eucharistic sacrifice. De la Taille's work has been long overlooked in
the history of theology in the early twentieth century. The paper
demonstrates that de la Taille's work on the Eucharist proves an early
example of nouvelle théologie and a catalyst for the the liturgical
movement. Conciliar and pre-Conciliar documents presuppose his
Mysterium Fidei. Through the retrieval of a
patristic and medieval teaching about sacrificial oblation, de la Taille
disperses the web of immolationist theories about the sacrifice of the Mass
that had dominated baroque and early modern theology.
Comparative biogeography of echinoids, bivalves and gastropods from the Southern Ocean
Authors: Pierrat Benjamin , Saucède Thomas , Brayard Arnaud , David Bruno 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimBiogeographical patterns within three classes, the Echinoidea, Bivalvia and Gastropoda, were investigated in Antarctic, sub‐Antarctic and cold‐temperate areas based on species occurrence data. Faunal similarities among regions were analysed to: (1) test the robustness of the biogeographical patterns previously identified in bivalves and gastropods; (2) compare them with the biogeographical patterns identified for echinoids; and (3) evaluate the reliability of the biogeographical provinces previously proposed, depending on the taxa and taxonomic levels analysed.LocationThe Southern Ocean, sub‐Antarctic islands and cold‐temperate areas south of 45° S latitude at depths of < 1000 m.MethodsTaxonomic similarities among 14 bioregions were analysed using a non‐hierarchical clustering method, the bootstrapped spanning network (BSN) procedure. Taxonomic similarities were analysed within the three classes at species and genus levels.ResultsThe previously identified large‐scale biogeographical entities are clarified. Echinoid and bivalve faunas are structured mainly according to three faunal provinces: (1) New Zealand, (2) southern South America and sub‐Antarctic islands, and (3) Antarctica. Gastropod faunas group into five provinces: (1) New Zealand, (2) southern South America, (3) east sub‐Antarctic islands, (4) West Antarctica, and (5) East Antarctica. Strong faunal relationships between bioregions perfectly match the flows of the Antarctic Circumpolar and Antarctic Coastal currents. Moreover, the legacy of the climatic and palaeoceanographic history of Antarctica is revealed by trans‐Antarctic faunal affinities, thereby strongly supporting hypotheses of past marine seaways that would have connected both the Amundsen–Bellingshausen area to the Weddell Sea and the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea.Main conclusionsA significant advantage of the BSN procedure lies in the possibility of identifying both biogeographical groupings and transitional areas; that is, both strong connections and groupings between bioregions. The method has also proved to be efficient for identifying potential faunal exchange pathways and dispersal routes, both present and past, by fitting networks to oceanographic and palaeogeographical maps.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 5 is an essential mediator of ischemic brain infarction
Authors: Wang Lang , Lu Yanyun , Guan Hongjing , Jiang Dingsheng , Guan Yu , Zhang Xin , Nakano Hiroyasu , Zhou Yan , Zhang Yan , Yang Li , Li Hongliang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 5 (TRAF5) is an adaptor protein of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily and the interleukin‐1 receptor/Toll‐like receptor superfamily and plays important roles in regulating multiple signaling pathways. This study was conducted to investigate the role of TRAF5 in the context of brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery was performed on TRAF5 knockout mice (KO), neuron‐specific TRAF5 transgene (TG), and the appropriate controls. Compared with the WT mice, the TRAF5 KO mice showed lower infarct volumes and better outcomes in the neurological tests. A low neuronal apoptosis level, an attenuated blood‐brain barrier (BBB) disruption and an inhibited inflammatory response were exhibited in TRAF5 KO mice. TRAF5 TG mice exhibited an opposite phenotype. Moreover, the Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway was enhanced in the ischemic brains of the TRAF5 KO mice. These results provide the first demonstration that TRAF5 is a critical mediator of I/R injury in an experimental stroke model. The Akt /FoxO1 signaling pathway probably plays an important role in the biological function of TRAF5 in this model.
The isolectin IB4 binds RET receptor tyrosine kinase in microglia
Authors: Boscia Francesca , Esposito Carla Lucia , Casamassa Antonella , de Franciscis Vittorio , Annunziato Lucio , Cerchia Laura 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRet receptor tyrosine kinase is the signaling component of the receptor complex for the family ligands of the glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Ret is involved in the development of enteric nervous system, of sympathetic, parasympathetic, motor and sensory neurons, and it is necessary for the post‐natal maintenance of dopaminergic neurons. Ret expression has been as well demonstrated on microglia and several evidence indicate that GDNF regulates not only neuronal survival and maturation but also certain functions of microglia in the brain. Here, we demonstrated that the plant lectin Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin I, isolectin B4 (IB4), commonly used as a microglial marker in the brain, binds to the glycosylated extracellular domain of Ret on the surface of living NIH3T3 fibroblasts cells stably transfected with Ret as well as in adult rat brain as revealed by immunoblotting. Furthermore, confocal immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated a clear overlap in staining between pRet and IB4 in primary microglia cultures as well as in adult rat sections obtained from control or post‐ischemic brain after permanent middle artery occlusion (pMCAO). Interestingly, IB4 staining identified activated or ameboid Ret‐expressing microglia under ischemic conditions. Collectively, our data indicate Ret receptor as one of the IB4‐reactive glycoconjugate accounting for the IB4 stain in microglia under physiological and ischemic conditions.
Challenges in mental health nursing: working in institutional or community settings?
Authors: Farmakas A. , Papastavrou E. , Siskou O. , Karayiannis G. , Theodorou M. 
Published: February 2013

Accessible summary
The work environment is an important factor for the delivery of safe and quality care and the retention of healthcare professionals.
Mental health nurses working in institutions perceive professional environment more negatively when compared with those working in the community.
Perceptions of work motivation, leadership and autonomy are lower when nurses work in psychiatric institutions.
More research to investigate the reasons why these weaknesses appear in the working environment is needed.
AbstractProfessional environments likely affect patient safety, quality of care provided, and nurses' satisfaction and retention. The aim of this study was to explore mental health nurses' perceptions of their professional practice environment and examine differences in perceptions between nurses working at institutions and those practising in community care. The methodology used was descriptive and comparative. The sample consisted of 248 mental health nurses working within the public sector (76% response rate) drawn from a psychiatric hospital (n = 163) and community settings (n = 85). We administered the Revised Professional Practice Environment (RPPE) questionnaire. Comparisons of the two groups were made using eight subscales of the RPPE. The results indicated that mental health nurses' ratings of their practice environment were slightly positive (M = 2.69; range = 1–4). Nurses working in a psychiatric hospital perceived the professional practice environment more negatively (M = 2.66) than their colleagues in community care (M = 2.73). A t‐test comparison revealed statistically significant differences between the two groups within subcategories of work motivation (P = 0.04) and leadership and autonomy (P = 0.03). Nurses working in the community gave higher ratings in comparison with their colleagues working in institutional settings. In conclusions, an in‐depth analysis of differences in practice environments is required to define causes of these differences and how they might influence nurses' abilities to provide quality care.
Attentional control is partially impaired in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Tulek Baykal , Atalay Nart Bedin , Kanat Fikret , Suerdem Mecit 
Published: February 2013

SummaryObstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with executive cognitive impairment. An important question is whether impairment in executive functioning in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is independent of dysfunction in attention. Attentional control is a subcomponent of executive functioning that is mediated by frontal lobe processing. In the current study, we investigated whether attentional control is deficient in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Attentional control processes were investigated through conflict adaptation and conflict frequency paradigms. These neuropsychological paradigms were assessed by using the Simon, Flanker and Stroop tasks. We additionally analysed post‐error slowing data within these tasks. Error processing is another index of cognitive control that is mediated by frontal lobe functioning. Our sample consisted of 14 healthy adults and 24 patients with untreated moderate–severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Results indicated that attentional control is partially dysfunctional among patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Attentional control processes were deficient when focal attention (Flanker task) processes were involved, but were intact when observed using the Simon and Stroop tasks. A non‐significant trend in post‐error slowing data suggested that error processing, assessed with the Flanker task, was diminished among patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. These results support the view that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome leads to some amount of frontal lobe dysfunction, and that attentional control and error processing might be particularly affected by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Did the alien calycophoran Muggiaea atlantica outcompete its native congeneric M. kochi in the marine lakes of Mljet Island (Croatia)?
Authors: Batistić Mirna , Lučić Davor , Carić Marina , Garić Rade , Licandro Priscilla , Jasprica Nenad 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe calycophoran siphonophore Muggiaea atlantica was recorded for the first time in the marine lakes of Mljet Island (South Adriatic) in 2001. The presence of M. atlantica in such semi‐enclosed environments provided a unique opportunity to describe its life cycle based on in situ observations of the annual variability of its asexual nectophore stage, sexual eudoxid stage (produces gonophores) and calyconula larvae. Muggiaea atlantica was present the whole year in the Malo jezero (Small Lake, SL), where it was actively reproducing between May and September 2001, with a maximum density of gonophores in May (141 gonophores m−3) and nectophores and larvae in June (37 nectophores m−3 and 80 larvae m−3). Higher temperatures below the thermocline (average 14.5–15.6 °C), and the availability of prey (e.g. small copepods, chaetognaths and bivalve larvae) were the main environmental factors related to successful reproduction of M. atlantica in SL. In the Veliko jezero (Great Lake, GL) nectophores and gonophores of M. atlantica were found in low numbers, mainly in the upper 20 m, between September and November 2001 and no larvae were recorded. In 2001, Muggiaea kochi, the sole calycophoran siphonophore previously reported in the GL, was not recorded in the Mljet lakes. We hypothesize that the cold (<13 °C) conditions over winter of 2000/2001 were not suitable for the warm‐temperate M. kochi and may have favoured its cold‐temperate congener, M. atlantica, which has progressively colonized the southern Adriatic since the mid‐1990s.
Seasonal patterns in the abundance of Ectopleura crocea (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) on a shipwreck in the Northern Adriatic
Authors: Di Camillo Cristina Gioia , Giordano Giuseppe , Bo Marzia , Betti Federico , Mori Mario , Puce Stefania , Bavestrello Giorgio 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEctopleura crocea is an Anthomedusan hydroid, frequently recorded and abundant on artificial substrates. Here we examine whether the abundance of this species varies seasonally on a shipwreck in the Northern Adriatic at a depth of 10–12 m. Individuals were first found in late autumn when temperatures had dropped below 15 °C, forming scattered colonies composed of a few, small hydranths bearing immature gonophores. Substratum cover and density increased throughout late winter and spring, reaching a peak in April. At temperatures of about 19 °C, colonies were no longer present in June and remained absent throughout the summer. The polyp gut contents comprised mostly crustaceans.
A redescription of the post‐larval physonect siphonophore stage known as Mica micula Margulis 1982, from Antarctica, with notes on its distribution and identity
Authors: Grossmann Mary M. , Lindsay Dhugal J. , Fuentes Verónica 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe samples obtained during the 2008 Collaborative East‐Antarctic MARine Census (CEAMARC) campaign in the Southern Ocean on the TR/V Umitaka Maru contained many specimens of the physonect post‐larval stage known as Mica micula, in varying stages of development, allowing us to complement the existing descriptions. M. micula appears to be endemic to the Southern Ocean, and its possible position in the family Pyrostephidae, in particular the species Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni, is discussed. For the first time, the definitive nectophores were observed, but they were still too underdeveloped to be assigned conclusively to any known physonect species.
Cell migration during growth and morphogenesis in thecate hydroids
Authors: Kosevich Igor A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTissues of cnidarian polyps have no permanent cell composition. During growth and development of the organism different types of the cells continually migrate from the places of their proliferation towards the location of their final functioning. Here we studied the role and mode of cell migration during development of the shoot internode in the colonial hydroid Gonothyraea loveni (Thecata, Campanulariidae). The internode formation starts with emergence of a new growing tip and ends by differentiation of a hydranth. We experimentally placed a ligature proximal to the growing tip to prevent tissue and cell migration towards the tip. A normal‐shaped and viable hydranth was formed. However, the ‘experimental hydranths’ had problems opening the hydrotheca and lacked nematocytes. During the life of the ‘experimental hydranths’ no nematocytes appeared in their tentacles. When the ligature was removed, numerous nematoblasts and morular gland cells migrated towards the ‘experimental hydranth’ from the proximal part of the shoot coenosarc. Within a short time, the nematocytes appeared in the tentacles and the gland cells occupied the gastric region of the hydranth. This suggests that a subset of the cells migrate into the hydranth, during or after the final steps of its differentiation, from the proximal region of the shoot or from the stolon coenosarc. Our results also confirm the absence of cell proliferation in the hydranths of the thecate hydroid.