bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimum Pumping Energy of Tree-Shaped Water Supply Networks for Probabilistic Demands in Built Environment
Authors: Wong L. T. , Mui K. W. , Cheung C. T. 
Published: October 2013

Minimization of pumping energy is a major concern for designing sustainable water supply in buildings. Modular designs of tree-shaped water supply piping system, such as 2 by N array include water cisterns of water closet in public toilets, washbasin taps in schools are commonly found in building complexes. Potable water demands in water systems serving built environment are unsteady, random and intermittent. However, the existing statistical Hunter-based probabilistic approaches to pipe sizing, however, do not consider the minimization of pumping energy for water distribution through proper selection of pipe radii.
This paper demonstrates a pipe sizing method with probabilistic demands for optimizing pipe friction energy loss constrained by the fixed pipeline volume. A mathematical model for pumping energy optimization in infinite tree-shape water supply piping networks for probabilistic demands is proposed. Compared with the Hunter’s based probabilistic approach in sizing an 8-section tree-shape water supply network for demand of probabilities 0.1 and 0.2, the proposed method offers reduction potentials of pipe friction energy loss of 12% and 43% respectively. With piping systems of pipe radius ratios, the optimal tree-shape networks are also determined.
Friction Characteristics in Light Weight Design Focusing Bolted Joints
Authors: Kopfer H. , Friedrich C. , De Agostinis M. , Croccolo D. 
Published: October 2013

Today more and more light weight structures are used for moved components in automotive, aviation and general industry. Often assemblies of these structures are realized by friction-based connections. Therefore precise information about the friction coefficients are necessary, because in light weight design no simple approximation of the loading capacity with significant over-dimensioning is possible. Furthermore, the short-time tribology of mechanical contacts plays an important role during tightening of bolted joints, especially when using light metals and coated surfaces.
Still today, the tightening method of torque controlled screw assembly is the most used. For this tightening method the friction coefficients have to be well-known for an efficient design of the bolted joint. Up to now analytical calculations do not consider any local deviation of friction behavior in component systems, only average values are taken. This is the reason why in modern engineering processes extended friction laws are necessary. A suitable formulation should take contact pressure and sliding velocity into account.
Based on this, the contribution shows experimental examples for main uncertainties of frictional behavior during tightening with different material combinations (results from assembly test stand).
F1 in Schools: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Smith Warren F. , Myers Michael , Dansie Brenton 
Published: October 2013

The Australian Government and industry groups have been discussing the projected “skills shortage” for a number of years. This concern for the future is mirrored in many countries including the USA and the UK where the risk is not having sufficient skilled people to realise the projects being proposed. Growing tertiary qualified practicing engineers takes time and commitment but without the excitement of the possibility of such a career being seeded in the youth of the world, school leavers won’t be attracted to engineering in sufficient numbers.
In response, one successful model for exciting school children about engineering and science careers is the international F1inSchools Technology Challenge which was created in the UK in 2002 and implemented in Australia in 2003. It is now run in over 300 Australian Schools and 33 countries. In the Australian context, the program is managed and promoted by the Reengineering Australia Foundation. It is supported and fostered through a range of regional hubs, individual schools and some exceptional teachers. Presented in this paper are some perspectives drawn particularly from the Australian experience with the program over 10 years — which by any measure has been outstanding.
The F1inSchools model has been designed specifically through its association with Formula One racing to attract the intrinsic interests of students. It is based on the fundamentals of action learning. Role models and industry involvement are utilised as motivation modifiers in students from Years 5 to 12. While immersing children in project based learning, the program explicitly encourages them to engage with practicing mentors taking them on a journey outside their normal classroom experience. In this program, students have the opportunity to use the design and analysis tools that are implemented in high technology industries. Their experience is one of reaching into industry and creative exploration rather than industry reaching down to them to play in a constrained and artificial school based environment.
Anecdotally F1inSchools has been very successful in positively influencing career choices. With the aim of objectively assessing the impact of the program, doctoral research has been completed. Some key findings from this work are summarized and reported in this paper. The children involved truly become excited as they utilise a vehicle for integration of learning outcomes across a range of educational disciplines with a creative design focus. This enthusiasm flows to reflective thought and informed action in their career choice. As a result of F1inSchools, students are electing to follow engineering pathways and they will shape tomorrow’s world.
Investigation of a MEMS-Based Boiler and Free Piston Expander for Energy Harvesting
Authors: Champagne C. , Weiss L. 
Published: October 2013

Initial investigations of a small-scale Free Piston Expander (FPE) are presented. In final form, the FPE will be a MEMS-based device capable of operation from low temperature waste heat sources. In this present study, a millimeter scale device is constructed and tested to yield insight into critical operational parameters.
Different constructions and operating conditions are considered as are the effects on basic piston motion and performance. These include piston length and mass. In addition, different sealing and lubricating fluids are considered. Construction of this testbed device is via concentric copper tubing, allowing an effective baseline study of these determining parameters.
Results show that, while thick lubricants seal well in a static test, piston motion is decreased in a dynamic test indicating leakages. By contrast, reduced viscosity lubricants dont seal as well in a static test, but yield increased piston motion in dynamic testing. This indicates effective sealing. The trends established by the study of varying viscosity lubricants hold true for pistons of increasing mass and length as well. A mixture of isopropanol and water performed well in these tests, and represented a low viscosity sealing fluid. Compared to conditions where no lubricant was used, maximum velocity was increased up to 50%. These results indicate that a thin, wetting fluid will be the best lubricant for the FPE, due to increased sealing and performance when in dynamic operation.
Propagation of Guided Waves in Pressure Vessel and its Application for Damage Detection
Authors: Sun Xuewei , Li Fucai , Wang Jinfu , Meng Guang , Zhou Limin 
Published: October 2013

Pressure vessel is a kind of special equipment with explosion and leakage dangerous. Therefore, structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques for pressure vessel should ensure the safe operation of this kind of equipments and is becoming more crucial in petroleum, chemical, and relative industries. Guided wave-based structural health monitoring technique can be an appropriate method for real-time and online non-destructive damage monitoring technique. In recent years, applications of guided wave-based structural health monitoring techniques are mainly limited in simple structures, such as plates and tubes. Relatively few research papers focused on the application of this technique in large and complex structures like pressure vessels.
Propagation characteristics of guided waves in pressure vessel are investigated in this study. Dispersion curves calculated by using numerical methods for longitudinal, circumferential, and torsional modes are presented. On the basis of comprehensive analysis of the guided waves dispersion and experimental waveforms, the parameters of the excitation wave are therefore optimized. In order to overcome the difficulties to identify the damage characteristics of signal, the layout scheme of sensor network is designed and optimized in this paper to simplify the waveform.
Furthermore, both finite element analysis (FEA) and experiment methods are employed to investigate the propagation of elastic guided waves in a standard pressure vessel.
Sodium Nickel Chloride Battery Design and Testing
Authors: Frutschy Kris , Chatwin Troy , Mao Leng , Smith Chris R. , Bull Roger 
Published: October 2013

The main subsystems in a GE Durathon™ sodium nickel chloride battery are cells, Battery Management System (BMS), and packaging (see Figure 1). This cell chemistry requires an internal operating temperature of about 300°C, which provides unique challenges for battery thermal insulation and cooling. Electrical insulation between the cells and enclosures is another challenge, because traditional polymer-based insulations cannot operate at this elevated temperature range. Similarly, mechanical support structures must be high-temperature capable and also provide adequate protection to the cells and BMS during abusive loading conditions.
This paper covers the basic battery design, thermal management, and the testing that has been conducted to ensure reliable and safe performance. Reliability testing includes battery mechanical shock and vibration plus accelerated life tests on specific components such as the heater.
The Effect of the Sulcus Morphology on the Transduction of Impacts to the Brain
Authors: Saboori Parisa , Sadegh Ali 
Published: October 2013

The human head, being a vulnerable body region, is most frequently involved in traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and life threatening injuries. Accurate modeling of the variability of the brain morphology is a fundamental problem in investigating TBI. Improved computational/mathematical structural models of the brain are needed to help investigators to have a better understanding of the phenomena of different traumatic brain injuries such as concussion. The human brain is the most complex region of the body. There is a very thin membrane known as a pia mater that covers all the surface of the brain. The pia mater follows all the fissure of the brain and covers all the surface of the sulci and gyri. Sulcus is referred to any furrow in the brain. Statistically there are about 72 main sulci in the human brain. Previous FE studies of TBI have ignored sulcus morphology in their modeling and thus, their results could be unreliable.
In this paper, the effect of the brain sulcus structure on mechanotransduction of impacts to the brain has been investigated. This was accomplished by using series of parametric studies and comparing the results with the model without sulci. The results of this study reveal that the brain’s strain is reduced in the present of sulcus and gyrus structures. We have hypothesized that the presence of sulcus increases the surface area of the brain thereby decreases the normal and shear strain in the brain. That is, the presence of sulcus and gyrus reduce the transduction of the external load and impacts to the white and gray matters of the brain and thereby reduces the risk of TBI. Ignoring sulci in any FE modeling and analysis of the brain may lead to unreliable results.
CoNNECT: Data Analytics for Energy Efficient Communities
Authors: Omitaomu O. A. , Bhaduri B. L. , Maness C. S. , Kodysh J. B. , Noranzyk A. M. 
Published: October 2013

Energy efficiency is the lowest cost option being promoted for achieving a sustainable energy policy. Thus, there have been some innovations to reduce residential and commercial energy usage. There have also been calls to the utility companies to give customers access to timely, useful, and actionable information about their energy use, in order to unleash additional innovations in homes and businesses. Hence, some web-based tools have been developed for the public to access and compare energy usage data. In order to advance on these efforts, we propose a data analytics framework called Citizen Engagement for Energy Efficient Communities (CoNNECT).
On the one hand, CoNNECT will help households to understand (i) the patterns in their energy consumption over time and how those patterns correlate with weather data, (ii) how their monthly consumption compares to other households living in houses of similar size and age within the same geographic areas, and (iii) what other customers are doing to reduce their energy consumption. We hope that the availability of such data and analysis to the public will facilitate energy efficiency efforts in residential buildings. These capabilities formed the public portal of the CoNNECT framework. On the other hand, CoNNECT will help the utility companies to better understand their customers by making available to the utilities additional datasets that they naturally do not have access to, which could help them develop focused services for their customers. These additional capabilities are parts of the utility portal of the CoNNECT framework.
In this paper, we describe the CoNNECT framework, the sources of the data used in its development, the functionalities of both the public and utility portals, and the application of empirical mode decomposition for decomposing usage signals into mode functions with the hope that such mode functions could help in clustering customers into unique groups and in developing guidelines for energy conservation.
Engineering Calculation of Threaded Fastening Systems Considering Deviations in Advanced Design
Authors: Friedrich C. , Hubbertz H. 
Published: October 2013

Lighter product design in combination with demand for performance and power capacities of technical products leads to strongly increased stresses of every loaded machine part. This is valid for bolted joints in particular, as these are highly loaded machine elements.
Today threaded fasteners are mostly dimensioned by using standard guidelines based on linear mechanical behavior, like the guideline VDI2230. In product life time non-linear changes and deviations often take place. This has to be considered, if optimized products with high performance, economy, ecology and quality are developed for market needs.
This contribution shows important aspects of bolted joints in life time. A key parameter is the so called ‘preload history’. With this approach the main risks can be accessed directly. In the following paragraphs examples from light weight design — e.g. with CFRP — are demonstrated as well as methods, tools and actions to avoid failures. Conclusions are drawn for methods and tools regarding an effective and economic design process to generate optimized products with bolted joints in the future.
The Convergence and Algorithm Factors Analysis of Topology Optimization for Crashworthiness Based on Hybrid Cellular Automata
Authors: Guo LianShui , Huang Jun , Zhou Xuan , Tovar Andres 
Published: October 2013

Structural design for crashworthiness is a challenging area of research due to large plastic deformations and complex interactions among diverse components of the vehicle. A notable idea in topology optimization is the hybrid cellular automaton (HCA) method capable of topology synthesis for crashworthiness design. The HCA algorithm was inspired by the structural adaptation of bones to their ever changing mechanical environment. This methodology has been shown to be an effective topology synthesis tool.
The objective of this investigation is to examine the convergence and algorithm factors analysis of topology optimization for crashworthiness based on hybrid cellular automata paradigm. The orthogonal test is also proposed to study the effects of the algorithm factors on the dependent variables of the structure with new optimized topology. To demonstrate the convergence properties influenced by factors of the HCA algorithm in dynamic problems, the HCA framework is developed to a methodology for crashworthiness, which combines transient, non-linear finite-element analysis and local control rules acting on cells, and some simple cantilevered beam examples are utilized.
Structural Micro Processing of Haversian Systems of a Cortical Bovine Femur Using Optical Stereomicroscope and MATLAB
Authors: Hage Ilige S. , Hamade Ramsey F. 
Published: October 2013

Processing of optical images of bone has been a topic of considerable interest in the past and continues to be so. Image processing can be used in medicine in order to improve the image visualization to detect diseases, and to compute properties such as area for abnormal cells. Several studies of bone images have been conducted using several methods including segmentation and image enhancement. The aim of this paper is to generate a standalone automated code for segmenting colored optical microscope images in order to show the microstructure of a cortical bone as a multi-phase (here 4 phases) composite: Lamella (matrix), Haversian canals, osteoblast lamella boundaries (freshly generated lamella lining), and lacunae (containing living cells).
For this purpose, we investigate the use of MATLAB, which contains image-processing toolboxes with many analytical capabilities that have been advertised to be useful for many applications including biological systems. In this work, such capabilities are utilized in image processing of the microstructure of bovine cortical bone, which is generally accepted as proxy for human bone. Two specimens of the cortical regions of a bovine femur bones were imaged using Olympus optical microscope. One of the specimens was treated with the Masson’s trichrome staining treatment and the other with the Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) treatment. The images from the microscope were captured using a DP12 camera.
Furthermore, MATLAB results are contrasted against Stream®, a commercially available software package procured along with the Olympus optical microscope. Via color-coding to facilitate the bone microstructure identification, the image analysis results were compared after computing the areas of each of the 4 constituent microstructural phases. Areas of each phase were calculated and comparisons made between the results obtained from the Stream® software and those obtained from MATLAB. The relative error was found to be quite small (<1%), which proves that MATLAB may be an effective software for medical image processing and may be the tool of choice for standalone applications.
Automatic Geometric Recognition of Weld Beads for Supporting Virtual Prototyping and Cost Estimation of Welding
Authors: Raffaeli Roberto , Malatesta Marco , Mandolini Marco , Germani Michele 
Published: October 2013

Welding is widely used in industry for products made of joined sheet metal parts and beams. The virtual prototyping process of welds in standard CAD systems relies on functionalities to manually add weld beads to the assembly models. Weld beads can be in the form of symbolic annotations or 3D solid representations. The size of products in terms of number of parts and required weld beads makes this process cumbersome and time consuming.
This paper presents a method to analyze CAD models of product assemblies in order to automatically identify possible welds among the parts using geometric recognition rules. Adjacent faces are detected and Boolean operators on planar loops are used to identify bead paths. Beads are then split in homogeneous portions based on the topology of the connected parts. The geometrical analysis of the connected parts also allows a bead to be characterized in terms of thickness, type, length and accessibility. Finally, the user is provided with functionalities to edit manufacturing properties or exclude unwanted welds.
The approach is applied at the design stage to rapidly come to the definition of the welds. If integrated with a CAD tool, this can be used as input for an efficient detailing phase. Moreover, the paper presents an application for the cost estimation of the designed welded product. Weld beads are given a realization time, and hence a cost, based on their geometric size and employed welding technology. Some examples from the industry are presented to show benefits in terms of time savings and accuracy of the cost estimation process.
Development of Inner Rotating Core for a Molding Machine With Topology Optimization
Authors: Park Hong Seok , Dahal Prakash 
Published: October 2013

Sulfur polymer concrete (SPC) is relatively new material used to replace Portland cement for making drain pipes currently being manufactured by horizontal spun technology which produces non-homogenous material distribution and low strength pipes. Due to drawbacks of existing machine, there is a necessity to design molding machine with improved technology for assuring homogenous compaction of material. In this research, a new machine is designed where inner rotating core is the main component for mixing, compressing and giving final shape of product. So, it is necessary to optimize this part in terms of topology to ensure robust functionality.
First, the concept of a new molding machine was designed through problem exploration, idea generation, concept evaluation, and design improvement. The alternative was generated in consideration of customer requirements by applying TRIZ principles to overcome drawback of existing machine. One of the concepts was selected using scoring techniques where concepts are presented and compared with varieties of evaluating criteria. Topology optimization with density method has applied to design inner rotating core part for mass reduction and thereby optimum utilization of design space. Suitable engineering model was built based on loads, boundary condition and constraints. Loads are applied on inner core walls during mixing and compressing of sulfur concrete. Objective is focused to minimize the developed topology by maximizing stiffness. Repeated structural analysis is done to obtain the convergence data for optimal design. Optimized finite element topology is generated as CAD model for size optimization. The optimization study provided response charts of different design variables. Sensitivity analysis of the input variables helped in identifying the importance of each design variable and their respective effects on the output model. Different design points are rated on optimization study and best design points are chosen for the final dimension of structure. CATIA, OptiStruct and ANSYS are tools used for concept design, optimization of topology. To the end optimal topology is compared with the initial designed part in terms of weight and displacement. It is concluded that topology optimized model maximizes overall stiffness resulting in better and innovative product design with enhanced performance.