bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tectonic interactions between India and Arabia since the Jurassic reconstructed from marine geophysics, ophiolite geology, and seismic tomography
Authors: Gaina Carmen , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Spakman Wim 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGondwana breakup since the Jurassic and the northward motion of India toward Eurasia were associated with formation of ocean basins and ophiolite obduction between and onto the Indian and Arabian margins. Here we reconcile marine geophysical data from preserved oceanic basins with the age and location of ophiolites in NW India and SE Arabia and seismic tomography of the mantle below the NW Indian Ocean. The North Somali and proto‐Owen basins formed due to 160–133 Ma N‐S extension between India and Somalia. Subsequent convergence destroyed part of this crust, simultaneous with the uplift of the Masirah ophiolites. Most of the preserved crust in the Owen Basin may have formed between 84 and 74 Ma, whereas the Mascarene and the Amirante basins accommodated motion between India and Madagascar/East Africa between 85 and circa 60 Ma and 75 and circa 66 Ma, respectively. Between circa 84 and 45 Ma, oblique Arabia‐India convergence culminated in ophiolite obduction onto SE Arabia and NW India and formed the Carlsberg slab in the lower mantle below the NW Indian Ocean. The NNE‐SSW oriented slab may explain the anomalous bathymetry in the NW Indian Ocean and may be considered a paleolongitudinal constraint for absolute plate motion. NW India‐Asia collision occurred at circa 20 Ma deforming the Sulaiman ranges or at 30 Ma if the Hindu Kush slab north of the Afghan block reflects intra‐Asian subduction. Our study highlights that the NW India ophiolites have no relationship with India‐Asia motion or collision but result from relative India‐Africa/Arabia motions instead.
Environmental conditions impacting juvenile Chinook salmon growth off central California: An ecosystem model analysis
Authors: Fiechter J. , Huff D. D. , Martin B. T. , Jackson D. W. , Edwards C. A. , Rose K. A. , Curchitser E. N. , Hedstrom K. S. , Lindley S. T. , Wells B. K. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA fully coupled ecosystem model is used to identify the effects of environmental conditions and upwelling variability on growth of juvenile Chinook salmon in central California coastal waters. The ecosystem model framework consists of an ocean circulation submodel, a biogeochemical submodel, and an individual‐based submodel for salmon. Simulation results indicate that years favorable for juvenile salmon growth off central California are characterized by particularly intense early season upwelling (i.e., March through May), leading to enhanced krill concentrations during summer near the location of ocean entry (i.e., Gulf of the Farallones). Seasonally averaged growth rates in the model are generally consistent with observed values and suggest that juvenile salmon emigrating later in the season (i.e., late May and June) achieve higher weight gains during their first 90 days of ocean residency.
Heat content variability in the North Atlantic Ocean in ocean reanalyses
Authors: Häkkinen Sirpa , Rhines Peter B. , Worthen Denise L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWarming of the North Atlantic Ocean from the 1950s to 2012 is analyzed on neutral density surfaces and vertical levels in the upper 2000 m. Three reanalyses and two observational data sets are compared. The net gain of 5 × 1022 J in the upper 2000 m is roughly 30% of the global ocean warming over this period. Upper ocean heat content (OHC) is dominated in most regions by heat transport convergence without widespread changes in the potential temperature/salinity relation. The heat convergence is associated with sinking of midthermocline isopycnals, with maximum sinking occurring at potential densities σ0 = 26.4−27.3, which contain subtropical mode waters. Water masses lighter than σ0 = 27.3 accumulate heat by increasing their volume, while heavier waters lose heat by decreasing their volume. Spatially, the OHC trend is nonuniform: the low latitudes, 0–30°N are warming steadily while large multidecadal variability occurs at latitudes 30–65°N.
Limited impact of escaping photoelectrons on the terrestrial polar wind flux in the polar cap
Authors: Kitamura N. , Seki K. , Nishimura Y. , McFadden J. P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA statistical analysis using a long‐term (over one solar cycle) photoelectron data set obtained by the Fast Auroral SnapshoT satellite demonstrates that photoelectron outflows has little impact on the polar wind ion flux. This result implies that it is the source region of H+ ions in the topside ionosphere and not the photoelectron flux that controls the terrestrial polar wind flux. The polar wind ion flux, estimated from electron outflow does not change with increasing net photoelectron production due to increasing solar activity. The magnitude of a self‐created field‐aligned potential drop is likely determined so as to equilibrate electron fluxes with ion fluxes regulated by a net production rate of H+ ions. The result suggests that the polar wind H+ ion flux from magnetized terrestrial planets, including Earth‐like exoplanets, can be estimated once the composition and temperature of its atmosphere, which determine the net ion production rate, are known.
Development of a Polar Stratospheric Cloud Model within the Community Earth System Model using constraints on Type I PSCs from the 2010–2011 Arctic winter
Authors: Zhu Yunqian , Toon Owen B. , Lambert Alyn , Kinnison Douglas E. , Brakebusch Matthias , Bardeen Charles G. , Mills Michael J. , English Jason M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPolar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are critical elements of Arctic and Antarctic ozone depletion. We establish a PSC microphysics model using coupled chemistry, climate, and microphysics models driven by specific dynamics. We explore the microphysical formation and evolution of STS (Supercooled Ternary Solution) and NAT (Nitric Acid Trihydrate). Characteristics of STS particles dominated by thermodynamics compare well with observations. For example, the mass of STS is close to the thermodynamic equilibrium assumption when the particle surface area is >4 µm2/cm3. We derive a new nucleation rate equation for NAT based on observed denitrification in the 2010–2011 Arctic winter. The homogeneous nucleation scheme leads to supermicron NAT particles as observed. We also find that as the number density of NAT particles increases, the denitrification also increases. Simulations of the PSC lidar backscatter, denitrification, and gas phase species are generally within error bars of the observations. However, the simulations are very sensitive to temperature, which limits our ability to fully constrain some parameters (e.g., denitrification, ozone amount) based on observations.
Preparation of Bis‐GMA‐Free Dental Restorative Composites with Dendritic Macromer (G‐IEMA)
Authors: Yu Biao , Liu Fang , He Jingwei , He Yingcong , Lin Zhengmei 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTTo reduce human exposure risk to bisphenol A derivatives, a new 2,2‐bis[p‐(2’‐hydroxy‐3’‐methacryloxypropoxy) phenylene]propane (Bis‐GMA) free dental composites material GEC‐66% was prepared using a dendritic macromer (G‐IEMA) as one component of resin matrix. Properties of GEC‐66%, such as double bond conversion (DC), polymerization shrinkage, water sorption (WS) and solubility, flexural strength (FS) and modulus, and cytotoxicity on human dental pulp cells were evaluated. The commercial Bis‐GMA contained restorative material 3M ESPS FiltekTM Z250 was used as a control. The results showed that GEC‐66% had higher DC and WS, comparable shrinkage and solubility, and less cytotoxicity, when compared with Z250. Though FS of GEC‐66% was lower than that of Z250, it still met the ISO requirement for polymer‐based restorative materials. All of these proved that GEC‐66% had potential to be used in clinic.
Photooxidative Amidation of Aldehydes with Amines Catalyzed by Rose Bengal
Authors: Leung Franco King‐Chi , Cui Jian‐Fang , Hui Tze‐Wai , Kung Karen Ka‐Yan , Wong Man‐Kin 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAn efficient method for photooxidative amidation of aldehydes with secondary amines has been developed. With the use of a readily available photocatalyst rose bengal, tertiary amides (with examples of oligosaccharides and endoperoxide artemisinin) were obtained in good yields with high chemoselectivity and functional‐group compatibility under mild reaction conditions.
Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Sulfonyl‐Substituted Vinyl Arenes: Hydrazones Provide the Cross‐Coupling Partner and Nucleophile Components
Authors: Wu Xin‐Xing , Chen Si , Chen Wen‐Long , Wang Li‐Jing , Gao Pin , Xu Peng‐Fei , Liang Yong‐Min 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA practical and efficient approach for the synthesis of various sulfonyl‐substituted vinyl arenes is reported. In the process, hydrazones provide coupling partners for the Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling with aryl halides and sulfinate salts as nucleophiles, which realizes minimal waste and excellent atom economy.
Highly Ordered Mesoporous Few‐Layer Graphene Frameworks Enabled by Fe3O4 Nanocrystal Superlattices
Authors: Jiao Yucong , Han Dandan , Liu Limin , Ji Li , Guo Guannan , Hu Jianhua , Yang Dong , Dong Angang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWhile great progress has been achieved in the synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbons in the past decade, it still remains a challenge to prepare highly graphitic frameworks with ordered mesoporosity and high surface area. Reported herein is a simple synthetic methodology, based on the conversion of self‐assembled superlattices of Fe3O4 nanocrystals, to fabricate highly ordered mesoporous graphene frameworks (MGFs) with ultrathin pore walls consisting of three to six stacking graphene layers. The MGFs possess face‐centered‐cubic symmetry with interconnected mesoporosity, tunable pore width, and high surface area. Because of their unique architectures and superior structural durability, the MGFs exhibit excellent cycling stability and rate performance when used as anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries, thus retaining a specific capacity of 520 mAh g−1 at a current density of 300 mA g−1 after 400 cycles.
Next‐Generation Sequencing as Input for Chemometrics in Differential Sensing Routines
Authors: Goodwin Sara , Gade Alexandra M. , Byrom Michelle , Herrera Baine , Spears Camille , Anslyn Eric V. , Ellington Andrew D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDifferential sensing (DS) methods traditionally use spatially arrayed receptors and optical signals to create score plots from multivariate data which classify individual analytes or complex mixtures. Herein, a new approach is described, in which nucleic acid sequences and sequence counts are used as the multivariate data without the necessity of a spatial array. To demonstrate this approach to DS, previously selected aptamers, identified from the literature, were used as semi‐specific receptors, Next‐Gen DNA sequencing was used to generate data, and cell line differentiation was the test‐bed application. The study of a principal component analysis loading plot revealed cross‐reactivity between the aptamers. The technique generates high‐dimensionality score plots, and should be applicable to any mixture of complex and subtly different analytes for which nucleic acid‐based receptors exist.
Effect of processing conditions on the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in polyacrylonitrile solutions
Authors: Yan Xuejia , Dong Hongming , Liu Yaodong , Newcomb Bradley A. , Chae Han Gi , Kumar Satish , Xiao Zhiwei , Liu Tao 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTAs a result of van der Waal's interactions, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) tend to assemble into bundle/rope structures. It is essential to de‐bundle and exfoliate CNTs in polymer solutions in order to utilize their reinforcement potential as far as possible. In this study, a variety of different processing conditions were used to prepare polyacrylonitrile/CNTs composite solutions. The CNT bundle diameter, length, and macro‐scale dispersion homogeneity in those solutions were compared. It was observed that the CNT type, solvent type, and polymer concentration were important factors to determine the CNT bundle sizes in the solutions. The results are expected to be beneficial to obtain well‐dispersed polymer/CNT nanocomposites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42177.
Manipulation of Shell Morphology of Silicate Spheres from Structural Evolution in a Purely Inorganic System
Authors: Ji Qingmin , Ishihara Shinsuke , Terentyeva Tatyana G. , Deguchi Kenzo , Ohki Shinobu , Tansho Masataka , Shimizu Tadashi , Hill Jonathan P. , Ariga Katsuhiko 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe have investigated the structural transformation of solid silica spheres into various more complex spherical structures including flower‐like, thick or thin nanosheet‐shelled and porous shelled spheres. In the absence of organic additives, sodium salts contained in this inorganic reaction system apparently direct the silica dissolution and regrowth of dissolved silicate at the nanometer‐scale, leading to the formation of a nanosheet network rather than solid aggregates. Subsequent removal of the salts by simple water washing results in voids in the siloxane network and a significant availability of surface silanol groups so that the resulting nanosheets and spheres composed of them possess large surface areas, pore volumes, and morphological flexibility, which can be varied by an applied stimulus. The results represent a rare example of the transformation of a simple silicate structure into a much more complex spherical structure involving a purely inorganic reaction system.
In Situ Formation of Efficient Cobalt‐Based Water Oxidation Catalysts from Co2+‐Containing Tungstate and Molybdate Solutions
Authors: Zhang Biaobiao , Wu Xiujuan , Li Fei , Yu Fengshou , Wang Yong , Sun Licheng 
Published: April 2015

AbstractReplacing rare and expensive noble‐metal catalysts with inexpensive and earth‐abundant ones is of great importance to split water either electrochemically or photoelectrochemically. In this study, two amorphous cobalt oxide catalysts (Co−W film and Co−Mo film) with high activity for electrocatalytic water oxidation were prepared by fast, simple electrodeposition from aqueous solutions of Na2WO4 and Na2MoO4 containing Co2+. In solutions of Na2WO4 and Na2MoO4, sustained anodic current densities up to 1.45 and 0.95 mA cm−2 were obtained for Co−W film at 1.87 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and Co−Mo film on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates at 1.85 V versus RHE. For the Co−W film, a much higher current density of 4.5 mA cm−2 was acquired by using a stainless‐steel mesh as the electrode substrate. Significantly, in long‐term electrolysis for 13 h, the Co−W film exhibited improved stability in cobalt‐free buffer solution in comparison with the previously reported Co−Pi film.
Expression and characterization of hepatitis E virus‐like particles and non‐virus‐like particles from insect cells
Authors: Qi Ying , Fan Jinping , Huang Weijin , Zhao Chenyan , Wang Youchun , Kong Franklin T. , Kong Wei , Jiang Chunlai 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid antigen expressed in insect cell has been proposed as a candidate subunit vaccine for the prevention of hepatitis E. However, the expression and purification of HEV virus‐like particles (VLPs) from insect cells have not been explored. We aimed to optimize the procedure to obtain HEV VLPs. In this study, two conformations of the HEV capsid proteins were expressed in insect cells, VLPs and non‐VLPs, and they were purified separately. The physicochemical properties and the humoral immune responses induced by the two forms were analyzed and compared. We found that HEV VLPs were more immunogenic in mice than HEV non‐VLPs. Therefore, we optimized the conditions that yielded high VLPs expression in insect cell cultures and developed an efficient purification method. The results suggest that the distinction and isolation of VLPs from non‐VLPs are essential to generate a more immunogenic vaccine.
An organic solvent‐stable lipase from a newly isolated Staphylococcus aureus ALA1 strain with potential for use as an industrial biocatalyst
Authors: Ben Bacha Abir , Moubayed Nadine MS , Al‐Assaf Alaa 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this study, a new strain, ALA1, was identified as Staphylococcus aureus by biochemical tests, and its 16S ribosomal DNA sequence was isolated from dromedary milk. ALA1 lipase production was optimized in shake flask experiments and measured with varying pH (3–11), temperature (20–55 °C) and substrate concentrations. The maximum lipase production was recorded at pH 8 and 30 °C for up to 30 H of culture period for the S. aureus ALA1 strain. Among the substrates tested, selected carbon sources, xylose, nitrogen source, yeast extract, and olive oil (1%) were suitable for maximizing lipase production. The effects of surfactants were investigated and showed that Tween 20, Tween 80, and Triton X‐100 prevented lipase production. Interestingly, isolate ALA1 was able to grow in high concentrations of benzene or toluene (up to 50% (v/v)). Moreover, the lipolytic activity of the S. aureus ALA1 lipase was stimulated by diethyl ether, whereas almost 100% of S. aureus ALA1 lipase activity was retained in 25% acetone, acetonitrile, benzene, 2‐propanol, ethanol, methanol, or toluene. Because of its stability in organic solvent, the S. aureus ALA1 lipase was used as a biocatalyst to synthesize high levels of added value molecules. S. aureus ALA1 lipase could be considered as an ideal choice for applications in detergent formulations because of its high stability and compatibility with various surfactants, oxidizing agents, and commercial detergents.
Ergebnisse einer energetischen Sanierung: Abweichung zwischen Energiebedarf und Verbrauch – ist nur der Nutzer Schuld?
Authors: Osterhage Tanja , Calì Davide , Streblow Rita , Müller Dirk 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAuf den Gebäudebereich entfallen in Europa rund 40 % des Endenergieverbrauchs und somit etwa ein Drittel der CO2‐Emissionen. In Deutschland wurden drei Viertel der Bestandsgebäude vor 1979 erstellt, die meisten dieser Gebäude sind gar nicht oder kaum energetisch saniert. Die Sanierungsquote ist momentan sehr gering und liegt bei knapp 1,1 %. Hier setzen die aktuellen politischen Bemühungen an. Zur Bewertung der Effizienz unterschiedlicher energetischer Sanierungsmaßnahmen und in Vorbereitung eines Sanierungsleitfadens wurden im Zuge eines vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie geförderten Forschungsvorhabens drei Wohngebäuderiegel mit 90 Wohneinheiten aus den 1950/60er‐Jahren unterschiedlich saniert. Ein hochauflösendes Monitoring ermöglicht eine detaillierte Analyse und dient zur Überprüfung der Effizienz der eingebauten Technik. Jahresendenergieverbrauchsanalysen lassen deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Sanierungsvarianten und dem berechneten Energiebedarf erkennen.Energy − related renovation with discrepancies between calculated energy demand and observed energy consumption. In Europe, 40 % of the final energy consumption is attributed to the building sector, which contributes to one third of the total European carbon dioxide emissions. Two third of existing buildings in Germany, have been built before 1979, the most of those buildings have not yet been energetically retrofitted. The retrofit rate is 1.1 % per year and political and economic measures are under development, to increase this rate. Three identical buildings, with 90 apartments and built at the end of the 1950ies, have been retrofitted with several layouts within a project financed by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, with the aim to create new guidelines for optimal residential buildings retrofit. The variety of the refurbishments’ layouts, combined with the high time resolution monitoring system, enabled deep analyses of refurbishment technologies under real conditions. The analysis of the monitored data shows big discrepancies in the energy figures: those discrepancies are presented both comparing the observed energy consumption of each retrofit layout with each other and comparing the observed with expected, calculated energy demand.
Absorption and cleavage of enalapril, a carboxyl ester prodrug, in the rat intestine: in vitro, in situ intestinal perfusion and portal vein cannulation models
Authors: Holenarsipur Vinay K. , Gaud Nilesh , Sinha Jaydeep , Sivaprasad Sankara , Bhutani Priyadeep , Subramanian Murali , Singh Sheelendra Pratap , Arla Rambabu , Paruchury Sundeep , Sharma Tarun , Marathe Punit , Mandlekar Sandhya 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn recent years prodrug strategy has been used extensively to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of compounds exhibiting poor bioavailability. Mechanistic understanding of the absorption and the role of intestine and liver in the activation of oral prodrugs is crucial. Enalapril, a carboxyl ester prodrug, is reported to be metabolized by human carboxylesterase‐1 (CES1) but not by carboxylesterase‐2 (CES2) to its active metabolite enalaprilat. Further, it has been reported that the small intestines of both rat and human contain mainly CES2. The objective of this work was to understand whether enalapril remains unchanged as it is absorbed through the intestine into the portal circulation. This was evaluated using different intestinal preparations, an in situ intestinal perfusion experiment and a portal vein cannulated rat model. No turnover of enalapril was seen with commercial rat intestinal S9 and microsomes, but reasonable turnover was observed with freshly prepared rat intestinal and mucosal homogenate and S9. In the intestinal perfusion study, both enalapril and enalaprilat were observed in the mesenteric plasma with the data suggesting 32% hydrolysis of enalapril in the intestine. In the portal vein cannulated rat, about 51% of enalapril absorbed into intestine was converted to enalaprilat. Overall, it was demonstrated that even though enalapril has been shown to be a specific substrate for CES1, it is converted to enalaprilat to a significant extent in the intestine. Such experimental techniques can be applied by other scientific groups who are working on prodrugs to determine the region and extent of activation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of sampling time deviations on the prediction of the area under the curve using regression limited sampling strategies
Authors: Sarem Sarem , Nekka Fahima , Ahmed Iman Saad , Litalien Catherine , Li Jun 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe regression limited sampling strategy approach (R‐LSS), which is based on a small number of blood samples drawn at selected time points, has been used as an alternative method for the estimation of the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC). However, deviations from planned sampling times may affect the performance of R‐LSS, influencing related therapeutic decisions and outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different sampling time deviation (STD) scenarios on the estimation of AUC by the R‐LSS using a simulation approach. Three types of scenarios were considered going from the simplest case of fixed deviations, to random deviations and then to a more realistic case where deviations of mixed nature can occur. In addition, the sensitivity of the R‐LSS to STD in each involved sampling point was evaluated. A significant impact of STD on the performance of R‐LSS was demonstrated. The tolerance of R‐LSS to STD was found to depend not only on the number of sampling points but more importantly on the duration of the sampling process. Sensitivity analysis showed that sampling points at which rapid concentration changes occur were relatively more critical for AUC prediction by R‐LSS. As a practical approach, nomograms were proposed, where the expected predictive performance of R‐LSS was provided as a function of STD information. The investigation of STD impact on the predictive performance of R‐LSS is a critical element and should be routinely performed to guide R‐LSS selection and use. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.