bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of Active Galactic Nuclei feedback in the formation of the brightest cluster galaxies
Authors: Martizzi Davide , Teyssier Romain , Moore Ben 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe formation of the brightest cluster galaxies (BCG) is a challenge for galaxy formation theory. We performed high resolution cosmological hydrodynamical simulations with the AMR code RAMSES to study the properties of the BCG which forms at the center of a Virgo–like cluster. We compare the results of 2 galaxy formation scenarios, one in which only supernovae feedback is included, and one in which also AGN feedback is considered. Properties of the simulated BCG which are comparable with those of observed massive elliptical galaxies and BCGs cannot be obtained if AGN feedback is not considered. The stellar-to-halo mass ratio in simulations without AGN feedback appears too large when compared to observations, while it is compatible the observationally determined values when AGN feedback is included. The kinematical and structural properties of the BCG are extremely different in the two models. When we do not include AGN feedback, the BCG is quickly rotating, with high Sérsic index, a clear mass excess in the center and a very large stellar mass fraction. When AGN feedback is considered, the BCG is slowly rotating, with a significantly cored surface density profile and low stellar mass fraction.
Future prospects in observational galaxy evolution: towards increased resolution
Authors: Glazebrook Karl 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFuture prospects in observational galaxy evolution are reviewed from a personal perspective. New insights will especially come from high-redshift integral field kinematic data and similar low-redshift observations in very large and definitive surveys. We will start to systematically probe the mass structures of galaxies and their haloes via lensing from new imaging surveys and upcoming near-IR spectroscopic surveys will finally obtain large numbers of rest frame optical spectra at high-redshift routinely. ALMA will be an important new ingredient, spatially resolving the molecular gas fuelling the high star-formation rates seen in the early Universe.
Quantum internet using code division multiple access
Authors: Zhang Jing , Liu Yu-xi , Özdemir Şahin Kaya , Wu Re-Bing , Gao Feifei , Wang Xiang-Bin , Yang Lan , Nori Franco 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA crucial open problem inS large-scale quantum networks is how to efficiently transmit quantum data among many pairs of users via a common data-transmission medium. We propose a solution by developing a quantum code division multiple access (q-CDMA) approach in which quantum information is chaotically encoded to spread its spectral content and then decoded via chaos synchronization to separate different sender-receiver pairs. In comparison to other existing approaches, such as frequency division multiple access (FDMA), the proposed q-CDMA can greatly increase the information rates per channel used, especially for very noisy quantum channels.
Magnetoelectric sensor with miniature universal tunable bias magnetic circuit
Authors: Shi Zhan , Tong Yongshuai , Deng Shuwen , Xue Hao , Yang Shuiyuan , Lu Yong , Wang Cuiping , Liu Xingjun 
Published: July 2013

This paper presents a miniature alternating magnetic field sensor made from magnetoelectric (ME) laminated materials with a universal tunable bias magnetic circuit. By adjusting the width of the bypass passage in the bias magnetic circuit, the magnetic flux in the ME materials could be tuned and make the ME sensor work under the optimal bias magnetic field. In our design, the sensor's dimension is as small as 8 mm along the detecting direction. Due to the excellent linearity when measuring low frequency alternating magnetic fields of 50 Hz, this miniature sensor is ideally suited for power line current measurement.
Crystal structure of a GroEL-ADP complex in the relaxed allosteric state at 2.7 Å resolution
Authors: Fei Xue , Yang Dong , LaRonde-LeBlanc Nicole , Lorimer George H. 
Published: July 2013

Significance
Chaperonins GroEL and GroES facilitate the folding of diverse substrate proteins driven by ATP hydrolysis. GroEL subunits cycle through a series of allosteric states in a concerted manner, enabling work to be performed on substrate proteins. Removing two salt bridges that ordinarily break during the allosteric transitions of the WT permitted the structure of GroEL in the relaxed R state to be solved. Whereas the equatorial and intermediate domains display almost perfect sevenfold symmetry, the apical domains display remarkable asymmetry. Freed of intersubunit contacts, each subunit adopts a different conformation, suggesting a flexibility that permits interaction with diverse substrate proteins.
Epidemiology of Coeliac Disease and Comorbidity in Norwegian Children
Authors: Størdal Ketil , Bakken Inger Johanne , Surén Pål , Stene Lars C. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of clinically diagnosed coeliac disease in children ages 0 to 12 years in Norway, including regional variation and coexisting type 1 diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, and Down syndrome.Methods:The Norwegian Patient Register (NPR) contains individual‐level hospital data from 2008 onward. Small‐bowel biopsies for establishing the coeliac disease diagnosis are only performed at public hospitals reporting to the NPR. Data on all hospital contacts during 2008–2011 when a diagnosis of coeliac disease was registered were retrieved from the NPR for patients born between 1999 and 2011, allowing estimation of the proportion registered with coeliac disease at ages 0 to 12 years in a cohort study.Results:A total of 3006 individuals (58.2% girls) were recorded as having coeliac disease among 797,360 children, corresponding to a proportion of 3.8/1000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.7–3.9/1000) children, 4.5 (CI 4.3–4.7) among girls and 3.1 (CI 2.9–3.3/1000) among boys (P < 0.001). The proportion increased with age up to approximately 6 years and was 5.0/1000 (CI 4.5–5.6) at the age of 12 years, and was slightly higher in the south/west (3.9/1000) as compared to the middle/north (3.5/1000) regions of Norway (P = 0.013). A total of 214 of 3006 (7.1%) patients with coeliac disease were registered with coexisting conditions: type 1 diabetes mellitus (n = 142, 4.7%), Down syndrome (n = 47, 1.6%), or thyroid disease (n = 41, 1.4%).Conclusions:In this first nationwide study of clinically diagnosed coeliac disease in Norwegian children, we found a high occurrence, comparable with that in Sweden. Comorbidity was common, but routine screening of high‐risk groups contributed to a limited number of cases.
The importance of landscape and spatial structure for hymenopteran‐based food webs in an agro‐ecosystem
Authors: Fabian Yvonne , Sandau Nadine , Bruggisser Odile T. , Aebi Alex , Kehrli Patrik , Rohr Rudolf P. , Naisbit Russell E. , Bersier Louis‐Félix 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Understanding the environmental factors that structure biodiversity and food webs among communities is central to assess and mitigate the impact of landscape changes.

Wildflower strips are ecological compensation areas established in farmland to increase pollination services and biological control of crop pests and to conserve insect diversity. They are arranged in networks in order to favour high species richness and abundance of the fauna.

We describe results from experimental wildflower strips in a fragmented agricultural landscape, comparing the importance of landscape, of spatial arrangement and of vegetation on the diversity and abundance of trap‐nesting bees, wasps and their enemies, and the structure of their food webs.

The proportion of forest cover close to the wildflower strips and the landscape heterogeneity stood out as the most influential landscape elements, resulting in a more complex trap‐nest community with higher abundance and richness of hosts, and with more links between species in the food webs and a higher diversity of interactions. We disentangled the underlying mechanisms for variation in these quantitative food web metrics.

We conclude that in order to increase the diversity and abundance of pollinators and biological control agents and to favour a potentially stable community of cavity‐nesting hymenoptera in wildflower strips, more investment is needed in the conservation and establishment of forest habitats within agro‐ecosystems, as a reservoir of beneficial insect populations.
Assessing resilience and state‐transition models with historical records of cheatgrass Bromus tectorum invasion in North American sagebrush‐steppe
Authors: Bagchi Sumanta , Briske David D. , Bestelmeyer Brandon T. , Ben Wu X. 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Resilience‐based approaches are increasingly being called upon to inform ecosystem management, particularly in arid and semi‐arid regions. This requires management frameworks that can assess ecosystem dynamics, both within and between alternative states, at relevant time scales.

We analysed long‐term vegetation records from two representative sites in the North American sagebrush‐steppe ecosystem, spanning nine decades, to determine if empirical patterns were consistent with resilience theory, and to determine if cheatgrass Bromus tectorum invasion led to thresholds as currently envisioned by expert‐based state‐and‐transition models (STM). These data span the entire history of cheatgrass invasion at these sites and provide a unique opportunity to assess the impacts of biotic invasion on ecosystem resilience.

We used univariate and multivariate statistical tools to identify unique plant communities and document the magnitude, frequency and directionality of community transitions through time. Community transitions were characterized by 37–47% dissimilarity in species composition, they were not evenly distributed through time, their frequency was not correlated with precipitation, and they could not be readily attributed to fire or grazing. Instead, at both sites, the majority of community transitions occurred within an 8–10 year period of increasing cheatgrass density, became infrequent after cheatgrass density peaked, and thereafter transition frequency declined.

Greater cheatgrass density, replacement of native species and indication of asymmetry in community transitions suggest that thresholds may have been exceeded in response to cheatgrass invasion at one site (more arid), but not at the other site (less arid). Asymmetry in the direction of community transitions also identified communities that were ‘at‐risk’ of cheatgrass invasion, as well as potential restoration pathways for recovery of pre‐invasion states.

Synthesis and applications. These results illustrate the complexities associated with threshold identification, and indicate that criteria describing the frequency, magnitude, directionality and temporal scale of community transitions may provide greater insight into resilience theory and its application for ecosystem management. These criteria are likely to vary across biogeographic regions that are susceptible to cheatgrass invasion, and necessitate more in‐depth assessments of thresholds and alternative states, than currently available.
Performance of transient elastography (TE) and factors associated with discordance in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Mahadeva Sanjiv , Mahfudz Anis Shafina , Vijayanathan Anushya , Goh Khean‐Lee , Kulenthran Arumugam , Cheah Phaik‐Leng 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of transient elastography (TE) and factors associated with discordance between TE and liver histology in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).MethodsThe accuracy of TE was assessed and compared with the aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index (APRI) in patients with histologically proven NAFLD. Factors associated with discordance between liver histology and TE were analyzed.ResultsAltogether 131 patients with a mean age of 49.9 years, including 69 men and 62 women, with NAFLD underwent liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by TE. Among all patients, 120 (91.6%) had a successful LSM with an interquartile to median ratio of 0.15. The accuracy of TE in detecting ≥F3 and F4 fibrosis, assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, were 0.77 and 0.95, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the optimal LSM cut‐off values for detecting ≥F3 fibrosis (sensitivity 70.4% and specificity 66.6%) and F4 (sensitivity 87.5% and specificity 89.3%) were modest, but better than those of APRI. Discordance between TE and histology for fibrosis grading was observed in 22.5% of patients, but it could not be explained by body mass index, alanine aminotransferase level, the length of the biopsied specimens or the grade of steatosis.ConclusionTE plays an important role in the detection of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with NAFLD and its accuracy does not appear to be influenced by components of the disease.
Geohazards Induced by the Lushan Ms7.0 Earthquake in Sichuan Province, Southwest China: Typical Examples, Types and Distributional Characteristics
Authors: Yongshuang ZHANG , Shuwen DONG , Chuntang HOU , Changbao GUO , Xin YAO , Bin LI , Jianjun DU , Jiagui ZHANG 
Published: July 2013

Abstract:Geohazards induced by the Lushan Ms 7.0 earthquake on April 20, 2013 mainly have four types: collapse, landslide, slope debris flow, and sand‐soil liquefaction. These geohazards mainly occurred near the epicenter, on steep slopes or below cliffs in high mountain and deep valley areas, and at or near fault ends. They have no obvious relationships to active faults, but their relationships to the weathering degree and structures of rock and rock mass are obvious. Compared with the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake on May 12, 2008, the Lushan earthquake is relatively little in the impact force and the throwing amount. All of these should be related to the magnitude of this earthquake, not very large but not very little. This character of the Lushan earthquake would make some processes uncompleted so as to bring about some concealed geohazards. Finally, in order to deal with challenges presented by such conceal geohazards, some brief recommendations are put forward.
A New Nodosaurid Ankylosaur from the Chaochuan Formation of Dongyang, Zhejiang Province, China
Authors: Rongjun CHEN , Wenjie ZHENG , AZUMA Yoichi , SHIBATA Masateru , Tianliang LOU , Qiang JIN , Xingsheng JIN 
Published: July 2013

Abstract:Dongyangopelta yangyanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Chaochuan Formation (Albian – Cenomanian) of Dongyang, Zhejiang Province, China is characterized: the convex anterior surface of the first presacral rod centrum strongly inflates laterally and slightly curves posteriorly; the fused pelvic shield composes of larger pebble‐shaped bosses, defined by smaller tubercles or flat stretches of bone; most osteoderms are heavily roughened with notches and grooves for dermal attachment along the edge; domed triradiate osteoderm is present; sigmoid curvature of the dorsal surface of the ilium is present; the preacetabular process curves lateroventrally at the anterior end and has a shallow groove in the edge of the lateral and anterior ends and strong lateromedial expansion of the distal femur. The femoral head is well separated from the greater trochanter, indicating that Dongyangopelta is a nodosaurid ankylosaur, the second from southeast China. Phylogenetic analysis also positions this taxon in the Nodosauridae clade. Dongyangopelta differs from Zhejiangosaurus in the characters of presacral rod, ilium, and femur. Dongyangopelta represents the first ankylosaur outside North America and Europe that definitively possesses a pelvic shield with fused armor.
Fault‐Growth Pattern of the South Margin Normal Fault of the Yuguang Basin in Northwest Beijing and its Influencing Factors
Authors: Lin WANG , Qinjian TIAN , Dewen LI , Xiaoliang ZHANG 
Published: July 2013

Abstract:Based on high‐resolution remote sensing image interpretation, digital elevation model 3‐D analysis, field geologic field investigation, trenching engineering, and ground‐penetrating radar, synthetic research on the evolution of the Yuguang Basin South Margin Fault (YBSMF) in northwest Beijing was carried out. We found that the propagation and growth of faults most often occurred often at two locations: the fault overlapping zone and the uneven or rough fault segment. Through detailed observation and analysis of all cropouts of faults along the YBSMF from zone a to zone i, we identified three major factors that dominate or affect fault propagation and growth. First, the irregularity of fault geometry determine the propagation and growth of the fault, and therefore, the faults always propagate and grow at such irregular fault segments. The fault finally cuts off and eliminates its irregularity, making the fault geometry and fault plane smoother than before, which contributes to the slipping movement of the half‐graben block in the basin. Second, the scale of the irregularity of the fault geometry affects the result of fault propagation and growth, that is, the degree of the cutting off of fault irregularity. The degree of cutting off decreases as irregularity scale increases. Third, the maximum possible slip displacement of the fault segment influences the duration of fault propagation and growth. The duration at the central segments with a large slip displacement is longer than that at the end segments with a smaller slippage value.
Retention of participants in medication‐assisted programs in low‐ and middle‐income countries: an international systematic review
Authors: Feelemyer Jonathan , Des Jarlais Don , Arasteh Kamyar , Abdul‐Quader Abu S. , Hagan Holly 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackground and aimsMedication‐assisted treatment (MAT) is a key component in overdose prevention, reducing illicit opiate use and risk of blood‐borne virus infection. By retaining participants in MAT programs for longer periods of time, more noticeable and permanent changes in drug use, risk behavior and quality of life can be achieved. Many studies have documented retention in MAT programs in high‐income countries, using a 50% average 12‐month follow‐up retention rate as a marker for a successful MAT program. This study contributes to a systematic understanding of how successful programs have been in retaining participants in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) over time.MethodsUsing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature search to identify MAT program studies that documented changes in retention over time for participants in buprenorphine and methadone programs in LMIC. Retention was measured for participants by length of follow‐up, type of MAT and treatment dosage.ResultsThere were 58 MAT program studies, with 27 047 participants eligible for inclusion in the review. Overall average retention after 12 months was 54.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 46.2, 63.7%]. Overall average retention was moderately good for both buprenorphine (48.3%, 95% CI = 22.1, 74.6%) and methadone (56.6%, 95% CI = 45.9%, 67.3%) after 12 months of treatment. Among programs using methadone there was no statistically significant difference in average retention by dosage level, and the 10 highest and lowest dosage programs obtained similar average retention levels after 12 months.ConclusionMedication‐assisted treatment programs in low‐ and middle‐income countries achieve an average 50% retention rate after 12 months, with wide variation across programs but little difference between those using buprenorphine versus methadone.
Identification of large selective sweeps associated with major genes in cattle
Authors: Druet T. , Pérez‐Pardal L. , Charlier C. , Gautier M. 
Published: July 2013

SummarySelection for new favorable variants can lead to selective sweeps. However, such sweeps might be rare in the evolution of different species for which polygenic adaptation or selection on standing variation might be more common. Still, strong selective sweeps have been described in domestic species such as chicken lines or dog breeds. The goal of our study was to use a panel of individuals from 12 different cattle breeds genotyped at high density (800K SNPs) to perform a whole‐genome scan for selective sweeps defined as unexpectedly long stretches of reduced heterozygosity. To that end, we developed a hidden Markov model in which one of the hidden states corresponds to regions of reduced heterozygosity. Some unexpectedly long regions were identified. Among those, six contained genes known to affect traits with simple genetic architecture such as coat color or horn development. However, there was little evidence for sweeps associated with genes underlying production traits.
Does the UK Minimum Wage Reduce Employment? A Meta‐Regression Analysis
Authors: de Linde Leonard Megan , Stanley T. D. , Doucouliagos Hristos 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe employment effect from raising the minimum wage has long been studied but remains in dispute. Our meta‐analysis of 236 estimated minimum wage elasticities and 710 partial correlation coefficients from 16 UK studies finds no overall practically significant adverse employment effect. Unlike US studies, there seems to be little, if any, overall reporting bias. Multivariate meta‐regression analysis identifies several research dimensions that are associated with differential employment effects. In particular, the residential home care industry may exhibit a genuinely adverse employment effect.
Computerized assessment of competence‐related abilities in living liver donors: the Adult‐to‐Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study
Authors: Freeman Jason , Emond Jean , Gillespie Brenda W. , Appelbaum Paul S. , Weinrieb Robert , Hill‐Callahan Peg , Gordon Elisa J. , Terrault Norah , Trotter James , Ashworth April , Dew Mary Amanda , Pruett Timothy ,   the A2ALL Study Group
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundDespite its importance, determination of competence to consent to organ donation varies widely based on local standards. We piloted a new tool to aid transplant centers in donor assessment.MethodsWe assessed competence‐related abilities among potential living liver donors (LDs) in the nine‐centerA2ALLstudy. ProspectiveLDs viewed an educational video and were queried to assess Understanding, Appreciation, Reasoning, and ability to express a Final Choice using theMacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research,adapted for computerized administration inLDs(“MacLiver”). Videotaped responses were scored by a clinical neuropsychologist (JF).ResultsNinety‐threeLDs were assessed. Mean (standard deviation; domain maximum) scores were as follows: Understanding: 18.1 (2.6; max = 22), Appreciation: 5.1 (1.0; max = 6), Reasoning: 3.1 (0.8; max = 4), and Final Choice: 3.8 (0.5; max = 4). Scores did not differ by demographics, relationship to the recipient, eligibility to donate, or eventual donation (p > 0.4). Higher education was associated with greater Understanding (p = 0.004) and Reasoning (p = 0.03).ConclusionStandardized, computerized education with independent ratings of responses may (1) alert the clinical staff to potential donors who may not be competent to donate and (2) highlight areas needing further assessment and education, leading to better informed decision making.