bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent alcohol use: a reflection of national drinking patterns and policy?
Authors: Bendtsen Pernille , Damsgaard Mogens Trab , Huckle Taisia , Casswell Sally , Kuntsche Emmanuel , Arnold Petra , de Looze Margreet E. , Hofmann Felix , Hublet Anne , Simons‐Morton Bruce , ter Bogt Tom , Holstein Bjørn E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimsTo analyse how adolescent drunkenness and frequency of drinking were associated with adult drinking patterns and alcohol control policies.Design, Setting and ParticipantsCross‐sectional survey data on 13‐ and 15‐year‐olds in 37 countries who participated in the Health Behaviour in School‐Aged Children (HBSC) Study in 2010 (n = 144 788) were linked to national‐level indicators on alcohol control policies and adult drinking patterns.MeasurementsOutcome measures were self‐reported weekly drinking and life‐time drunkenness (drunk once or more). Data were analysed using multi‐level logistic regression models.FindingsIn the mutually adjusted models, adolescent drunkenness was associated significantly with high adult alcohol consumption [odds ratio (OR) = 3.15 among boys, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.13–4.64, OR girls = 2.44, CI = 1.57–3.80] and risky drinking patterns in the adult population (OR boys = 2.02, CI = 1.33–3.05, OR girls = 1.61, CI = 1.18–2.18). The level of abstainers in the adult population was also associated significantly with girls' drunkenness; a 10% increase in the number of abstainers in a country reduced the odds of drunkenness with 21% (OR = 0.79, CI = 0.68–0.90). Weekly drinking was associated significantly with weak restrictions on availability (OR boys = 2.82, CI = 1.74–4.54, OR girls = 2.00, CI = 1.15–3.46) and advertising (OR boys = 1.56, CI = 1.02–2.40, OR girls = 1.79, CI = 1.10–2.94).ConclusionsComparing data cross‐nationally, high levels of adult alcohol consumption and limited alcohol control policies are associated with high levels of alcohol use among adolescents.
Colour difference of subcutaneous fat and palmar fat pad in open carpal tunnel release
Authors: Ling Ferraby , Paul Eldho , Furzer Russell 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundCarpal tunnel syndrome is the most common compression neuropathy of the extremity. The most frequent occurring post‐operative complication of open carpal tunnel release is the incomplete release of the transverse carpal ligament. A constant pad of palmar fat pad has been found to provide a reliable indicator of the distal extent of the surgical decompression of the transverse carpal ligament. We investigated the colour difference between subcutaneous fat and palmar fat pad.MethodsThis is a prospective case series of 15 patients undergoing open carpal tunnel release. Digital images of the patients' subcutaneous and palmar fat were taken. The colour of each type of fat was described in a device independent, objective manner using the CIELab colour space. The colour difference was measured using ΔE, the Euclidean distance between the CIELab coordinates of the colours. Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used to compare colour character differences between subcutaneous and palmar fat. The colour difference, ΔE, was assessed and reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsThere is a visually detectable colour difference between subcutaneous and palmar fat. The minimum ΔE was 4.45. The mean ΔE was 13.03 (95% CI 9.79–16.27). The palmar fat pad is more yellow than the subcutaneous fat (P = 0.002).ConclusionsOur findings can assist in the identification of the palmar fat pad to ensure safer and a complete release of the transverse carpal ligament in carpal tunnel release.
Valnoctamide, a non‐teratogenic amide derivative of valproic acid, inhibits arachidonic acid activationin vitroby recombinant acyl‐CoA synthetase‐4
Authors: Modi Hiren R , Basselin Mireille , Rapoport Stanley I 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveValproic acid (VPA), a mood stabilizer used for treating bipolar disorder (BD), uncompetitively inhibits acylation of arachidonic acid (AA) by recombinant AA‐selective acyl‐CoA synthetase 4 (Acsl4) at an enzyme inhibition constant (Ki) of 25 mM. Inhibition may account for VPA's ability to reduce AA turnover in brain phospholipids of unanesthetized rats and to be therapeutic in BD. However, VPA is teratogenic. We tested whether valnoctamide (VCD), a non‐teratogenic amide derivative of a VPA chiral isomer, which had antimanic potency in a phase III BD trial, also inhibits recombinant Acsl4.MethodsRat Acsl4‐flag protein was expressed inEscherichia coli. We used Michaelis–Menten kinetics to characterize and quantify the ability of VCD to inhibit conversion of AA to AA‐CoA by recombinant Acsl4in vitro.ResultsAcsl4‐mediated activation of AA to AA‐CoA by Acsl4 was inhibited uncompetitively by VCD, with aKiof 6.38 mM.ConclusionsVCD's ability to uncompetitively inhibit AA activation to AA‐CoA by Acsl4, at a lowerKithan VPA, suggests that, like VPA, VCD may reduce AA turnover in rat brain phospholipids. If so, VCD and other non‐teratogenic Acsl4 inhibitors might be considered further for treating BD.
Region‐specific dysregulation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β and β‐catenin in the postmortem brains of subjects with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Authors: Pandey Ghanshyam N , Rizavi Hooriyah S , Tripathi Madhulika , Ren Xinguo 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesThere is both direct and indirect evidence suggesting abnormalities of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3β and β‐catenin, two important components of the Wingless‐type (Wnt) signaling pathway, in the pathophysiology of bipolar illness and possibly schizophrenia (SZ). In order to further clarify the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BP) and SZ, we studied GSK‐3β and β‐catenin in the postmortem brains of subjects with these disorders.MethodsWe determined the protein expression of GSK‐3β, phosphorylated form at serine 9 position (pGSK‐3‐ser‐9), and β‐catenin using the western blot technique, and mRNA using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), cingulate gyrus (CG), and temporal cortex (TEMP) obtained from 19 subjects with BP, 20 subjects with SZ, and 20 normal control (NC) subjects.ResultsWe found that the protein expression of GSK‐3β, pGSK‐3β‐ser‐9, and β‐catenin was significantly decreased in the DLPFC and TEMP, but not in the CG, of subjects with BP compared with NC subjects. The mRNA expression of GSK‐3β and β‐catenin was significantly decreased in the DLPFC and TEMP, but not in the CG, of subjects with BP compared with NC subjects. There were no significant differences in the protein or mRNA expression of GSK‐3β, pGSK‐3β‐ser‐9, or β‐catenin between subjects with SZ and NC subjects in any of the brain areas studied.ConclusionsThese studies show region‐specific abnormalities of both protein and mRNA expression of GSK‐3β and β‐catenin in postmortem brains of subjects with BP but not subjects with SZ. Thus, abnormalities of the Wnt signaling pathway may be associated with the pathophysiology of bipolar illness.
The growth of larval cod and haddock in the Irish Sea: a model with temperature, prey size and turbulence forcing
Authors: Pitois Sophie G. , Armstrong Mike 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe applied a physiological individual‐based model for the foraging and growth of cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae, using observed temperature and prey fields data from the Irish Sea, collected during the 2006 spawning season. We used the model to estimate larval growth and survival and explore the different productivities of the cod and haddock stocks encountered in the Irish Sea. The larvae of both species showed similar responses to changes in environmental conditions (temperature, wind, prey availability, daylight hours) and better survival was predicted in the western Irish Sea, covering the spawning ground for haddock and about half of that for cod. Larval growth was predicted to be mostly prey‐limited, but exploration of stock recruitment data suggests that other factors are important to ensure successful recruitment. We suggest that the presence of a cyclonic gyre in the western Irish Sea, influencing the retention and/or dispersal of larvae from their spawning grounds, and the increasing abundance of clupeids adding predatory pressure on the eggs and larvae; both may play a key role. These two processes deserve more attention if we want to understand the mechanisms behind the recruitment of cod and haddock in the Irish Sea. For the ecosystem‐based management approach, there is a need to achieve a greater understanding of the interactions between species on the scale a fish stock is managed, and to work toward integrated fisheries management in particular when considering the effects of advection from spawning grounds and prey–predator reversal on the recovery of depleted stocks.
Benign glandular downgrowth in gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms: a potential mimic of composite tumour
Authors: Ramineni Maheshwari , Taggart Melissa W , Rashid Asif , Abraham Susan C 
Published: July 2014

AimsWe have observed glandular downgrowth in some gastric neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), in which nonneoplastic appearing gastric glands are admixed with submucosal neuroendocrine nests, that could potentially be confused with composite tumours.Methods and resultsWe reviewed 68 gastric NETs with at least submucosal invasion, and evaluated associations between glandular downgrowth, clinical parameters (age, gender, NET setting) and tumour characteristics (size, depth of invasion, grade). Controls included 45 duodenal NETs. Glandular downgrowth was present in 28 (41%) gastric NETs but only 2 (4.4%) duodenal NETs (P < 0.0001). It was not related to age, gender, hypergastrinemia (downgrowth present in 43% of NETs arising in autoimmune gastritis, 41% of Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, 36% of sporadic NETs), tumour size, depth of invasion, or grade. Glandular downgrowth was confined to the submucosa even though 12 (18%) gastric NETs invaded muscularis propria. Submucosal gastric glands (pyloric type in 79%, intestinal in 50%, fundic in 29%) showed metaplastic changes similar to overlying mucosa, were usually mitotically inactive (64% of cases lacked mitotic figures), were geographically restricted to the NET, and never metastasized.ConclusionsOur findings support the frequent occurrence and nonneoplastic nature of glandular downgrowth in gastric NETs, which should not be mistaken for composite tumours.
Prophylactic antibiotic regimen and dental implant failure: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Chrcanovic B. R. , Albrektsson T. , Wennerberg A. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe aim of this meta‐analysis was to investigate whether there are any positive effects of prophylactic antibiotic regimen on implant failure rates and post‐operative infection when performing dental implant treatment in healthy individuals. An electronic search without time or language restrictions was undertaken in March 2014. Eligibility criteria included clinical human studies, either randomised or not. The search strategy resulted in 14 publications. The I2 statistic was used to express the percentage of the total variation across studies due to heterogeneity. The inverse variance method was used with a fixed‐ or random‐effects model, depending on the heterogeneity. The estimates of relative effect were expressed in risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval. Six studies were judged to be at high risk of bias, whereas one study was considered at moderate risk, and six studies were considered at low risk of bias. The test for overall effect showed that the difference between the procedures (use versus non‐use of antibiotics) significantly affected the implant failure rates (P = 0·0002), with a RR of 0·55 (95% CI 0·41–0·75). The number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one patient having an implant failure was 50 (95% CI 33–100). There were no apparent significant effects of prophylactic antibiotics on the occurrence of post‐operative infections in healthy patients receiving implants (P = 0·520). A sensitivity analysis did not reveal difference when studies judged as having high risk of bias were not considered. The results have to be interpreted with caution due to the presence of several confounding factors in the included studies.
Retrospective review of dog bite injuries in children presenting to a South Australian tertiary children's hospital emergency department
Authors: Chiam Su C , Solanki Nicholas S , Lodge Michelle , Higgins Malcolm , Sparnon Anthony L 
Published: July 2014

AimTo describe the characteristics, circumstances and consequences of dog bite injuries in children in order to inform the discourse concerning preventative approaches.MethodA retrospective review of children presenting to the emergency department (ED) of the Women's and Children's Hospital (WCH) in South Australia between the years 2009 and 2011 was performed.ResultsA total of 277 children presented to the WCH with dog bite injuries between 2009 and 2011. Of those, 141(51.0%) were referred for admission. Injury rates were highest in those aged 0–4, declining thereafter with age. In the 0–4 year age group, 89.5% of children presented after being bitten by a familiar dog with 92.5% occurring at home. The head/neck region constituted the most common location for injuries. We found that 67.5% of dog bite injuries were provoked and occurred between the child and a familiar dog (78.0%). Dogs from the bull terrier group (20.0%) and Jack Russell Terriers (11.0%) were the two most documented breeds. Almost half of the children presenting during the specified timeframe required at least one operation under a general anaesthetic. Two children were referred to a psychologist for management of post‐traumatic stress.ConclusionDog bite injuries are common in children and often require admission for inpatient care. This presents as a significant public health burden. For this reason, prevention initiatives need to be implemented on an ongoing basis.
Increased levels of UCHL1 are a compensatory response to disrupted ubiquitin homeostasis in spinal muscular atrophy and do not represent a viable therapeutic target
Authors: Powis Rachael A. , Mutsaers Chantal A. , Wishart Thomas. M. , Hunter Gillian , Wirth Brunhilde , Gillingwater Thomas H. 
Published: July 2014

AimLevels of ubiquitin carboxyl‐terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) are robustly increased in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patient fibroblasts and mouse models. We therefore wanted to establish whether changes in UCHL1 contribute directly to disease pathogenesis, and to assess whether pharmacological inhibition of UCHL1 represents a viable therapeutic option for SMA.MethodsSMA mice and control littermates received a pharmacological UCHL1 inhibitor (LDN‐57444) or DMSO vehicle. Survival and weight were monitored daily, a righting test of motor performance was performed, and motor neurone loss, muscle fibre atrophy and neuromuscular junction pathology were all quantified. Ubiquitin‐like modifier activating enzyme 1 (Uba1) was then pharmacologically inhibited in neurones in vitro to examine the relationship between Uba1 levels and UCHL1 in SMA.ResultsPharmacological inhibition of UCHL1 failed to improve survival, motor symptoms or neuromuscular pathology in SMA mice and actually precipitated the onset of weight loss. LDN‐57444 treatment significantly decreased spinal cord mono‐ubiquitin levels, further exacerbating ubiquitination defects in SMA mice. Pharmacological inhibition of Uba1, levels of which are robustly reduced in SMA, was sufficient to induce accumulation of UCHL1 in primary neuronal cultures.ConclusionPharmacological inhibition of UCHL1 exacerbates rather than ameliorates disease symptoms in a mouse model of SMA. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of UCHL1 is not a viable therapeutic target for SMA. Moreover, increased levels of UCHL1 in SMA likely represent a downstream consequence of decreased Uba1 levels, indicative of an attempted supportive compensatory response to defects in ubiquitin homeostasis caused by low levels of SMN protein.
Gate control: guard cell regulation by microbial stress
Authors: McLachlan Deirdre H. , Kopischke Michaela , Robatzek Silke 
Published: July 2014

SummaryTerrestrial plants rely on stomata, small pores in the leaf surface, for photosynthetic gas exchange and transpiration of water. The stomata, formed by a pair of guard cells, dynamically increase and decrease their volume to control the pore size in response to environmental cues. Stresses can trigger similar or opposing movements: for example, drought induces closure of stomata, whereas many pathogens exploit stomata and cause them to open to facilitate entry into plant tissues. The latter is an active process as stomatal closure is part of the plant's immune response. Stomatal research has contributed much to clarify the signalling pathways of abiotic stress, but guard cell signalling in response to microbes is a relatively new area of research. In this article, we discuss present knowledge of stomatal regulation in response to microbes and highlight common points of convergence, and differences, compared to stomatal regulation by abiotic stresses. We also expand on the mechanisms by which pathogens manipulate these processes to promote disease, for example by delivering effectors to inhibit closure or trigger opening of stomata. The study of pathogen effectors in stomatal manipulation will aid our understanding of guard cell signalling.

Contents

Summary
1049

I.
Introduction
1049

II.
Stimulus‐induced closure
1050

III.
Pathogen interference with stomatal control
1055

IV.
Membrane dynamics during stomatal responses
1057

V.
Conclusions and outlook
1058

Acknowledgements
1059

References
1059
How does solar ultraviolet‐B radiation improve drought tolerance of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings?
Authors: ROBSON T. MATTHEW , HARTIKAINEN SAARA M. , APHALO PEDRO J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe hypothesized that solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation would protect silver birch seedlings from the detrimental effects of water stress through a coordinated suite of trait responses, including morphological acclimation, improved control of water loss through gas exchange and hydraulic sufficiency. To better understand how this synergetic interaction works, plants were grown in an experiment under nine treatment combinations attenuating ultraviolet‐A and ultraviolet‐B (UVB) from solar radiation together with differential watering to create water‐deficit conditions. In seedlings under water deficit, UV attenuation reduced height growth, leaf production and leaf length compared with seedlings receiving the full spectrum of solar radiation, whereas the growth and morphology of well‐watered seedlings was largely unaffected by UV attenuation. There was an interactive effect of the treatment combination on water relations, which was more apparent as a change in the water potential at which leaves wilted or plants died than through differences in gas exchange. This suggests that changes occur in the cell wall elastic modulus or accumulation of osmolites in cells under UVB. Overall, the strong negative effects of water deficit are partially ameliorated by solar UV radiation, whereas well‐watered silver birch seedlings are slightly disadvantaged by the solar UV radiation they receive.
Competitive Performance by a New Non-Transitions Metal Doped Cathodic Material LiCo0.7Ni0.2Al0.09Mg0.01O2 for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: V. Sethuprakhash , R. Mustapha, , H. R. Shaari, 
Published: July 2014

Lithium cobalt nickel oxide cathodes had been doped with various metals in recent years to obtain a competitive high performance cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Cathodes doped with Al and Mg were synthesized by solid-state reaction method. Structural investigation of this material was done using XRD. Galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry were studied in order to outline the electrical performance of LiCo0.7Ni0.2Al0.09Mg0.01O2, LiCo0.7Ni0.2Al0.06Mg0.04O2 and LiCo0.7Ni0.2Al0.03Mg0.07O2 materials in lithium-ion batteries. Electrical impedance was done on all the materials and it gave decreasing conductivities with increasing temperature. The activation energies had negative values with increased magnesium content of the material. Larger conductivity variation with temperature was seen in the material with the higher magnesium content. Voltammographs of these materials showed good oxidation and reduction loops. Charge/discharge curve for LiCo0.7Ni0.2Al0.09Mg0.01O2 material showed about 96 mAh/g of discharge capacity for the first cycle.
Task‐based detectability in CT image reconstruction by filtered backprojection and penalized likelihood estimation
Authors: Gang Grace J. , Stayman J. Webster , Zbijewski Wojciech , Siewerdsen Jeffrey H. 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:Nonstationarity is an important aspect of imaging performance in CT and cone‐beam CT (CBCT), especially for systems employing iterative reconstruction. This work presents a theoretical framework for both filtered‐backprojection (FBP) and penalized‐likelihood (PL) reconstruction that includes explicit descriptions of nonstationary noise, spatial resolution, and task‐based detectability index. Potential utility of the model was demonstrated in the optimal selection of regularization parameters in PL reconstruction.Methods:Analytical models for local modulation transfer function (MTF) and noise‐power spectrum (NPS) were investigated for both FBP and PL reconstruction, including explicit dependence on the object and spatial location. For FBP, a cascaded systems analysis framework was adapted to account for nonstationarity by separately calculating fluence and system gains for each ray passing through any given voxel. For PL, the point‐spread function and covariance were derived using the implicit function theorem and first‐order Taylor expansion according to Fessler [“ Mean and variance of implicitly defined biased estimators (such as penalized maximum likelihood): Applications to tomography,” IEEE Trans. Image Process. 5(3), – (1996)]. Detectability index was calculated for a variety of simple tasks. The model for PL was used in selecting the regularization strength parameter to optimize task‐based performance, with both a constant and a spatially varying regularization map.Results:Theoretical models of FBP and PL were validated in 2D simulated fan‐beam data and found to yield accurate predictions of local MTF and NPS as a function of the object and the spatial location. The NPS for both FBP and PL exhibit similar anisotropic nature depending on the pathlength (and therefore, the object and spatial location within the object) traversed by each ray, with the PL NPS experiencing greater smoothing along directions with higher noise. The MTF of FBP is isotropic and independent of location to a first order approximation, whereas the MTF of PL is anisotropic in a manner complementary to the NPS. Task‐based detectability demonstrates dependence on the task, object, spatial location, and smoothing parameters. A spatially varying regularization “map” designed from locally optimal regularization can improve overall detectability beyond that achievable with the commonly used constant regularization parameter.Conclusions:Analytical models for task‐based FBP and PL reconstruction are predictive of nonstationary noise and resolution characteristics, providing a valuable framework for understanding and optimizing system performance in CT and CBCT.