bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MAST CELLS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FAT TRANSPORT
Authors: Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W. , Robinson D. S. 
Published: December 2014

Chylomicron fat in the blood of rats in excess of the maximum physiological level produced no morphological changes in the mesenteric mast cells. The repeated intravenous injection of protamine sulphate, a heparin antagonist, during alimentary lipæmia did not result in changes in the mesenteric mast cells. As traced in autoradiographs after labelling by 35S, the rate of mobilization of sulphated substance from the mast cells was not increased by repeated maximal alimentary lipæmia, or by repeated starvation, continued for up to 5 weeks.Thus by the methods used no connection could be shown between mast cell heparin and the clearing of chylomicron fat from the blood. This may only mean that the methods were unsuitable or insufficiently delicate for the purpose.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF TRIIODOTHYRO‐ACETIC ACID AND 1‐TRIIODOTHYRONINE ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF CIRCULATING HUMAN LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Bisset Sheenah K. , Alexander W. D. 
Published: December 2014

The effect of intravenous injections of the thyroid hormones, triiodothyroacetic acid and 1‐triiodothyronine, on the rate of oxygen uptake of leucocytes from two myxœdematous patients was studied.The first patient was given an intravenous injection of 5 mg. TRIAC. At 30 min., the rate of oxygen consumption of the patient's leucocytes had increased significantly. The basal metabolic rate of the patient increased more slowly. Twelve days later, a blank injection was given. This produced no stimulation of oxygen consumption.The second myxœdematous patient was given an injection of 5 mg. TRIAC and 7 days later an injection of 2 mg. l‐triiodothyronine. Both compounds had a rapid effect on the rate of oxygen uptake of the patient's leucocytes, the basal metabolic rate of the patient increasing more slowly.
THE METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATE AND VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS IN THE MARSUPIAL, SETONIX BRACHYURUS
Authors: Barker Jennifer M. 
Published: December 2014

Quokkas have digestive and metabolic affinities with ruminants, whom they resemble in that their “normal” blood sugar levels are lower than those of non‐ruminants. Also, as in sheep, intravenous insulin has a greater and more prolonged effect on the blood sugar than in non‐ruminants. Injected glucose may possibly be cleared from the blood faster than in ruminants.In other respects, quokkas resemble more closely non‐ruminants. Thus, compared with ruminants, fasting lowers the blood sugar more rapidly and extensively; blood volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels are generally lower, except during feeding; injected VFA is cleared more quickly from the blood; injections of sodium propionate have a smaller effect on blood sugar; arterio‐venous differences of VFA are smaller and of glucose greater. A previous report that blood VFA levels in quokkas were similar to those in ruminants was due to the effect of ethanol in the anæsthetic used. Ethanol causes a rapid increase in blood VFA levels in quokkas, rabbits and man.
HEPATIC PROTEIN LOCATED BY THE OXIDIZED TANNIN‐AZO METHOD
Authors: Dixon Kendal C. 
Published: December 2014

The oxidized tannin‐azo (OTA) method was used to study the location of tannophilic protein in hepatic cells. In this method tannic acid was first attached to the tissue proteins and then oxidized with periodic acid; the oxidized tannin, which was firmly bound to the cellular proteins, was subsequently converted to a highly coloured azo dye by coupling with diazotized o‐dianisidine.Preliminary deamination with nitrous acid markedly diminished the capacity of hepatic cells to stain with OTA; this indicates that ‐NH3 groups in the tissue proteins are the principal loci revealed by the OTA method.Sections of liver, after tanning and oxidation, were also treated with 6‐amino‐3‐dimethylaminophenol; this technique produced intense colouration of the hepatic cells probably owing to the formation of an oxazine dye. The colouration of oxidized tannin by 6‐amino‐3‐dimethylaminophenol confirms the view that bound tannin is oxidized by periodic acid to a 1–2‐quinone.
THE ABSORPTION OF FAT IN SHEEP AND LAMBS
Authors: Heath T. J. , Morris Bede 
Published: December 2014

The absorption of fat has been studied in adult sheep and in young lambs with chronic lymphatic fistulæ. When maize oil or olive oil was injected into the gut, the rate of lymph flow decreased during the next hour. The flow rate increased subsequently as fat absorption proceeded and two peaks of both flow rate and fat concentration occurred in adult sheep at 3–5 hr. and 5‐8 hr. following the injection of the fat. In lambs, the lymph flow increased to a peak between 2 and 3 hr. while the peak concentration of fat in the lymph occurred between 5 and 8 hr. In adult sheep, the increase in the concentration of total esterified fatty acids was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of phospholipids in the lymph. In lambs, the concentration of total esterified fatty acids was significantly correlated with both the concentration of phospholipids and free fatty acids in the lymph during fat absorption.When 14C tripalmitin was injected into the abomasum or duodenum of lambs, most of the absorbed radioactivity was recovered in the intestinal lymph. In adult sheep significantly less of the labelled fat which was absorbed appeared in the lymph. When the fat was given into the rumen, absorption was slow and took place over a period of several days.More than 90 per cent of radioactivity in the lipids of the intestinal lymph was in the form of neutral glycerides. Small amounts of activity appeared in the lymph phospholipids (0–5·9 per cent) and in the lymph non‐esterified fatty acids (0·6–4·5 per cent). The significance of the lymphatic system in the transport of absorbed fat in sheep is discussed.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE SUPPRESSION OF SKELETAL LESIONS IN RATS PRODUCED BY β‐AMINOPROPIONITRILE
Authors: Bell G. H. , Khogali A. , Sharma D. N. 
Published: December 2014

Newly weaned male albino rats were given by gavage graded doses of β‐aminopropionitrile for 4 weeks either alone or with one of the thyroid hormones viz. L‐thyroxine, D‐thyroxine, L‐triiodothyronine and D‐triiodothyronine. Some rats were given the thyroid hormones alone to see whether these hormones produced any change in the physical properties of the bones. It was found that:1. β‐aminopropionitrile (BAPN) produced a significant fall in the breaking stress and stiffness of the bones of young growing rats. The value for strain at the elastic limit was not affected.2. The thyroid hormones did not produce any significant change in the physical properties of the femora of normal rats.3. Thyroxine was quite a good antagonist against BAPN. At the lower doses of the nitrile it completely prevented the lesions and, at the higher doses of BAPN, it modified greatly the toxic actions of the nitrile. L‐thyroxine and D‐thyroxine were equally effective in their action against BAPN. L‐triiodothyronine and D‐triiodothyronine were equally potent in inhibiting the lesions of 50 mg. BAPN.4. It is suggested that the action of the thyroid hormones in antagonizing BAPN is unlikely to be due to the general metabolic effects of the hormones.
THE EFFECTS OF SINGLE DOSES OF DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE (DOCA) AND CORTISONE ON THE VASCULAR RESPONSE OF FEMALE RATS TO POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
Authors: Honoré L. H. 
Published: December 2014

The effects of single doses of DOCA or cortisone, with or without the addition of stilbœstrol, on the vascular responses of anæsthetized female rats to vasopressin and oxytocin were studied.DOCA reduced the sensitivity to the pressor action of vasopressin in all animals. An initial fall in blood pressure always preceded the rise. After DOCA the majority of animals responded to oxytocin with a small fall and then a rise in blood pressure. Cortisone increased the reactivity to vasopressin in all diœstrous females; during œstrus (natural or stilbœstrol‐induced) cortisone like DOCA reduced the sensitivity to vasopressin. The rise in pressure was, except, in the diœstrous females, preceded by a sharp fall. Most of the cortisonetreated animals responded to oxytocin by a rise usually preceded by a fall in blood pressure. In three females the blood pressure was unchanged after oxytocin, and in a few it fell with no subsequent rise. Animals showing a diphasic response to vasopressin and a pure depressor or a diphasic response to oxytocin were given dihydroergotamine (DHE) and atropine to see how far the responses depended on autonomic nervous activity. With few exceptions after DHE the depressor phase of the response was abolished and the pressor phase regularly potentiated. The main exceptions were cortisone‐treated œstrous rats and three of the six females treated with cortisone and stilbœstrol; in these DHE enhanced the depressor phase of the response to vasopressin and oxytocin, and atropine given later caused a further enhancement. The results are discussed in relation to the activity of the autonomic nervous system.
THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF DIVERSION OF BILE TO THE ILEUM OR TO THE URINARY BLADDER ON FAT ABSORPTION AND GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY IN THE RAT
Authors: Morgan R. G. H. , Simmonds W. J. 
Published: December 2014

Fat absorption, stomach emptying and intestinal motility were studied in rats in which the bile had been diverted to the terminal ileum or to the urinary bladder 7–10 days previously. Diversion of bile to the ileum should interfere little with the enterohepatic circulation and thus allow a normal blood and tissue level of bile salts. Diversion to the bladder should produce a total bile fistula.In both experimental groups, fat recovery from the gut lumen after 48 hr. starvation was greater than in the controls. Diversion of bile to the bladder markedly depressed the absorption of a test meal containing coconut oil over a 3‐hr. test period. Diversion to the ileum, however, had no such effect. These results are consistent with an important intracellular, rather than intraluminal, role of bile salts.Stomach emptying and movement of a marker substance through the small intestine were normal in the group with bile diverted to the ileum. Stomach emptying was more rapid than normal and movement through the small intestine was delayed in the group with bile diverted to the bladder. Probably the effects on absorption of fat and gut motility are not interdependent.
SOME EFFECTS OF DENERVATING AND TRANSPLANTING MAMMARY GLANDS
Authors: Linzell J. L. 
Published: December 2014

Techniques are described for transplanting whole mammary glands of goats either in two stages onto the side or in one stage to the neck. In the two‐stage technique the major blood vessels were cut as well as the nerves at the first operation.The milk yield of four glands transplanted in one stage during lactation was 80‐118 per cent of the control gland left in the normal site in the 6 weeks after moving. The milk was of normal composition and no significant changes in milk distribution or pressure in the gland before milking was detected after moving. Such glands were capable of normal growth and function during the subsequent pregnancy and lactation.The milk yield of two glands transplanted to the necks of other animals as homografts was 80 per cent of the previous level in the first 24 hr., but rapidly fell to zero in 8 days on a female and within 2 days on a castrated male. This may be an early sign of the homograft reaction.Glands transplanted in two or more stages in virgin or non‐lactating animals showed no immediate loss of tissue but grew less well than the control glands in the normal site and yielded less milk, particularly when the moving was done before puberty. The lesser amount of mammary tissue formed was of normal histological appearance and secreted normal milk but there was a compensatory hypertrophy of the control gland.Section of the mammary nerves to one gland had little or no effect on its subsequent growth and function in guinea‐pigs.In Saanen goats bearing only denervated glands (i.e. one or two transplanted) where normal milk ejection was not observed, the total yield of milk was little affected. The normal milk‐ejection reflex was only of importance in aiding complete emptying of the glands, when they were very full. This is believed to be due to the large storage capacity of the glands in these animals, and the effectiveness of massage in emptying the glands in some animals.Saanen goats used in this work with transplanted or sympathectomized glands, or with one gland removed, suffered more reproductive disease (sterility, abortion, mastitis and excessive relaxation of the uterus and pelvic ligaments at parturition) than other similar goats in the same herd at the same time.
CHOLINE ACETYLASE IN NORMAL AND DENERVATED SALIVARY GLANDS
Authors: Nordenfelt Ivar 
Published: December 2014

Choline acetylase activity was demonstrated in the normally innervated salivary glands of the cat and rabbit. The submaxillary glands were found to have an activity about double that of the parotids, while the enzyme activity of rabbit glands was found to be more than three times that of the corresponding glands in the cat.Chronic preganglionic parasympathetic denervation of the submaxillary gland of the cat and rabbit reduced the concentration and total choline acetylase activity in each gland. The total activity per gland fell to almost half of that of the contralateral gland. Partial postganglionic denervation of the cat's submaxillary diminished the activity in the whole gland to about 15 per cent of the contralateral control gland.An even greater reduction of enzyme was produced in the parotid gland of the two species by postganglionic denervation but some measurable activity usually remained for several weeks after the operation.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RÔLE OF THE CORONARY CONSTRICTOR FIBRES. I. THE EFFECT OF THE CORONARY VASOMOTORS ON THE SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: SzentiváNyi M. , Jijhász‐Nagy A. 
Published: December 2014

On dogs under morphine‐chloralose narcosis the coronary constrictors are tonically active: after pharmacological or surgical blocking of this tone coronary flow increases, resistance decreases.The augmentation of the general sympathetic tone by clamping of the common carotids increases the coronary resistance. After interruption of the constrictor pathways this increase in the resistance did not occur. The augmented tonic activity of the coronary constrictors or the coronary constriction induced by vasopressin or noradrenaline leads to a reflex fall of the blood pressure. After vagotomy this reflex fall induced by increased tension of the vessel walls fails to occur. From the data presented the conclusion may be drawn that an important physiological rôle of the coronary constrictors is to maintain coronary flow (i.e. O2 consumption) on an optimum level by restraining flow increase under conditions of augmented work load of the heart on the one hand, and to impede by reflex means a too great increase of the coronary perfusion pressure on the other.
THE VOLUMES OF PARS DISTALIS, PARS INTERMEDIA AND INFUNDIBULAR PROCESS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE RAT, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF STALK SECTION
Authors: Adams J. H. , Daniel P. M. , Prichard Marjorie M. L. 
Published: December 2014

The pituitary stalk was transected in rats by a subtemporal approach, and a non‐irritant plate was inserted between its cut ends. The pituitary glands were studied at intervals ranging from 24 hr. to 41 weeks later. The glands were sectioned serially and the volumes of the various lobes, and of the infarct or scar in pars distalis, were measured. A similar study was made of pituitaries of normal rats.The immediate effect of stalk section was a large infarct, which initially occupied from 29 to 78 per cent of pars distalis, but in most rats involved more than half of the lobe. After a few days the infarcted area began to shrink, eventually becoming a narrow sear. As the sear contracted pars distalis became greatly flattened from above down and the cells of the surviving parenchyma became small and undifferentiated. No substantial regeneration of parenchyma occurred, and pars distalis remained much smaller in volume than in normal rats of corresponding sex and body weight. The very small scar seen a few weeks after stalk section gave little idea of the size of the original infarct. After stalk section there was a rapid and marked atrophy of the infundibular process. There was no hypertrophy of pars intermedia.The distribution of the infarcted and surviving areas of pars distalis after stalk section is explained by the two different groups of portal vessels which supply these areas, namely, the long portal vessels from the stalk, which are transected at operation, and the short portal vessels from the infundibular process, in which the circulation remains unimpaired. Variations in size of the initial infaret may be due to anatomical variations in the extent of the territories supplied by the long and short portal vessels respectively.
GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN IN RAT LIVER AT BIRTH
Authors: Dawkins M. J. R. 
Published: December 2014

Glycogen appears in rat liver in large amounts just before term and disappears rapidly in the first 12 hr. after birth.The liver of the fœtus is well equipped for glycogen synthesis since glycogen synthetase activity and glucose‐6‐phosphate concentrations are high. After birth there is no change in glycogen synthetase activity, but glucose‐6‐phosphate levels fall rapidly to low levels.Of the enzymes involved in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose‐6‐phosphate and its subsequent metabolic fate, only one, glucose‐6‐phosphatase shows any marked change in activity after birth. Glucose‐6‐phosphatase activity is very low in fœtal liver and rises rapidly after birth to levels several times higher than in adult liver. It is suggested that the low glycogen levels in rat liver after birth are at least in part due to this great increase in glucose‐6‐phosphatase activity.The results are discussed in relation to the problem of the regulation of blood glucose levels in the newborn animal.
GASTRIC ANTIBODIES STUDIED BY FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY
Authors: Irvine W. J. 
Published: December 2014

Antibody specific for the mucosa of the body of human stomach was detected by the method of complement‐fixation in 62 percent of patients with Addisonian pernicious anæmia, in 20 per cent of patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis, in 25 per cent of patients with spontaneous hypothyroidism, and in 3 per cent of blood donors. Using the technique of fluorescence microscopy the specificity of this gastric antibody has been further defined to a particulate component of parietal cell cytoplasm. It is an auto‐antibody that will react equally well with homologous gastric mucosa provided the mucosa contains a normal concentration of healthy parietal cells. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique is a more sensitive test for parietal cell antibody than the method of complementfixation and the incidence of positive results in Addisonian pernicious anæmia, Hashimoto thyroiditis, spontaneous hypothyroidism and blood donors is correspondingly higher at 78, 25, 32 and 4 per cent respectively. Complementfixing gastric antibody is distinct from antibody to intrinsic factor but the latter does not appear to stain any other cell type in the gastric body mucosa with the fluorescent antibody technique.The relationship between pernicious anæmia, chronic thyroiditis and idiopathic adrenal insufficiency is discussed and it is argued that one of the basic factors in the pathogenesis of these three conditions is a genetically determined defect in immunological tolerance.
THE EFFECTS OF BETAMETHASONE AND FRACTURE ON NITROGEN METABOLISM
Authors: Campbell Rosa M. , Cuthbertson D. P. , Pullar J. D. 
Published: December 2014

Previous work had shown that the reaction to physical trauma involves an increase in protein catabolism and a corresponding increase in heat output. In the rat, following fracture of a long bone, the maximum urinary nitrogen excretion and heat output were reached on the 3rd day following injury and declined thereafter. Implantation of 25 mg. cortisone acetate was also shown to induce a similar rise in protein catabolism. In both cases the extra nitrogen excreted was mainly as urea.The effect of 1 mg. of the steroid betamethasone on nitrogen excretion was similar in magnitude to that of fracture as measured over a period of 10 days, but the response to betamethasone was immediate, the maximum effect lasting only 1 day and no increase in heat output was observed to be coupled with the increased excretion of nitrogen.When fracture and 1 mg. betamethasone were applied together the resultant course of increased urinary nitrogen excretion reflected the characteristics of the two separate effects, both in pattern of excretion and in amounts of nitrogen excreted.When the times of the separate maximum effects of fracture and betamethasone were made to coincide, the maximum rise in urinary nitrogen was practically a summation of the separate maxima.
THE EFFECT OF ELECTRlCAL STIMULATION OF THE BULBAR VASOMOTOR CENTRE ON THE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW
Authors: Molnar L. , Szántó J. 
Published: December 2014

In experiments on cats and rabbits the cerebral blood flow could be influenced by electrical stimulation of the bulbar vasomotor centre independent of changes in systemic blood pressure. The cerebral blood flow is not a passive function of systemic blood pressure; the vessels of the brain even take part in the pressor mechanism.Transection of the cervical sympathetic nerve does not change the effect of electrical stimulation of the bulbar vasomotor centre.Changes in cerebral blood flow found in these experiments were not associated with changes in the electrical pattern of the brain. This, as well as the short delay with which changes in blood flow appear, suggest that it is a direct nervous influence that acts on the cerebral vessels.
THE EFFECT OF TRANSECTION OF THE PITUITARY STALK ON THE CYTOLOGY OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE RAT
Authors: Daniel P. M. , Duchen L. W. , Prichard Marjorie M. L. 
Published: December 2014

This paper reports the changes in the cytological structure of the surviving regions of the pituitary gland of the rat after transection of the pituitary stalk, an operation which causes extensive infarction of the anterior lobe of the gland. A barrier placed between the cut ends of the stalk had prevented restoration of vascular and neural connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary. Differential staining methods were used to distinguish the various types of cell in the anterior lobe (pars distalis) by their secretory granules. Within the first 10 days after stalk section there was a marked reduction in the number of cells with differentiated secretory granules.The gonadotrophs lost their granules more rapidly than did the other types of cell and in rats surviving longer than 8 weeks no gonadotrophs could be identified. Thyrotrophs showed a marked loss of secretory granules, but some cells which were identified as modified thyrotrophs were present many months after stalk section. Small numbers of sparsely granulated acidophils were also present at this late stage. These were believed to be prolactin‐secreting cells. The reduction in the numbers of acidophils containing granules, together with the marked retardation of growth, suggested that there had been degranulation and loss of function of those acidophils which produce growth hormone.The changes in these various anterior pituitary cell types were reflected in the cytology of the gonads and the thyroid and also in the growth of the rats. There was marked adrenal atrophy after stalk section but this investigation did not throw light on which type of pituitary cell is related to the control of adrenocortical activity.In pars intermedia mitotic activity was seen during the first week after operation but was not present in the long‐surviving animals, in which this lobe looked normal. The neural lobe became greatly shrunken, and no neurosecretory material was seen in it in the long‐surviving rats.