bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lattice Boltzmann method for the fractional sub‐diffusion equation
Authors: Zhang Jianying , Yan Guangwu 
Published: August 2015

SummaryA lattice Boltzmann model for the fractional sub‐diffusion equation is presented. By using the Chapman–Enskog expansion and the multiscale time expansion, several higher‐order moments of equilibrium distribution functions and a series of partial differential equations in different time scales are obtained. Furthermore, the modified partial differential equation of the fractional sub‐diffusion equation with the second‐order truncation error is obtained. In the numerical simulations, comparisons between numerical results of the lattice Boltzmann models and exact solutions are given. The numerical results agree well with the classical ones. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Did the Millennium Development Goals Change Trends in Child Mortality?
Authors: French Declan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThere has been little assessment of the role the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have had in progressing international development. There has been a 41% reduction in the under‐five mortality rate worldwide from 1990 to 2011 and an acceleration in the rate of reduction since 2000. This paper explores why this has occurred, and results for all developing countries indicate that it is not due to more healthcare or public health interventions but is driven by a coincidental burst of economic growth. Although the MDGs are considered to have played an important part in securing progress against poverty, hunger and disease, there is very little evidence to back this viewpoint up. A thorough analysis of the successes and failures of the MDGs is therefore necessary before embarking on a new round of global goals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glial alterations from early to late stages in a model of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence of autophagy involvement in Aβ internalization
Authors: Pomilio Carlos , Pavia Patricio , Gorojod Roxana Mayra , Vinuesa Angeles , Alaimo Agustina , Galvan Veronica , Kotler Monica Lidia , Beauquis Juan , Saravia Flavia 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease without effective therapy. Brain amyloid deposits are classical histopathological hallmarks that generate an inflammatory reaction affecting neuronal and glial function. The identification of early cell responses and of brain areas involved could help to design new successful treatments. Hence, we studied early alterations of hippocampal glia and their progression during the neuropathology in PDAPP‐J20 transgenic mice, AD model, at 3, 9, and 15 months (m) of age. At 3 m, before deposits formation, microglial Iba1+ cells from transgenic mice already exhibited signs of activation and larger soma size in the hilus, alterations appearing later on stratum radiatum. Iba1 immunohistochemistry revealed increased cell density and immunoreactive area in PDAPP mice from 9 m onward selectively in the hilus, in coincidence with prominent amyloid Congo red + deposition. At pre‐plaque stages, GFAP+ astroglia showed density alterations while, at an advanced age, the presence of deposits was associated with important glial volume changes and apparently being intimately involved in amyloid degradation. Astrocytes around plaques were strongly labeled for LC3 until 15 m in Tg mice, suggestive of increased autophagic flux. Moreover, β‐Amyloid fibrils internalization by astrocytes in in vitro conditions was dependent on autophagy. Co‐localization of Iba1 with ubiquitin or p62 was exclusively found in microglia contacting deposits from 9 m onward, suggesting torpid autophagy. Our work characterizes glial changes at early stages of the disease in PDAPP‐J20 mice, focusing on the hilus as an especially susceptible hippocampal subfield, and provides evidence that glial autophagy could play a role in amyloid processing at advanced stages. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contribution of Lumbar Spine BMD to Fracture Risk in Individuals With T-Score Discordance
Authors: Alarkawi Dunia , Bliuc Dana , Nguyen Tuan V , Eisman John A , Center Jacqueline R 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

Fracture risk estimates are usually based on femoral neck (FN) BMD. It is unclear how to address T-score discordance, where lumbar spine (LS) T-score is lower than FN T-score. The objective of this work was to examine the impact of LS BMD on fracture risk, in individuals with lower LS T-score than FN T-score. Participants aged 60+ years from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study with LS and FN BMD measured at first visit, and were followed from 1989 to 2014. Five-hundred and seventy-three (573) of 2270 women and 131 of 1373 men had lower LS than FN T-score by ≥0.6 standard deviation (SD) (low-LS group based on least significant change). In low-LS women, each 1 SD lower LS T-score than FN was associated with a 30% increase in fracture risk (hazard ratio [HR] 1.30; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.45). For low-LS men there was a 20% nonsignificant increase in fracture risk for each 1 SD lower LS than FN T-score (HR 1.20; 95% CI, 0.10 to 1.67). Low-LS women had greater absolute fracture risks than the rest of the women. This increased risk was more apparent for lower levels of FN T-score and in older age groups. At an FN T-score of –2, low-LS women had a 3%, 10%, and 23% higher 5-year absolute fracture risk than non-low LS women in the 60 to 69 year, 70 to 79 year, and 80+ years age-groups, respectively. Furthermore, an osteoporotic LS T-score increased 5-year absolute fracture risk for women with normal or osteopenic FN T-score by 10% to 13%. Men in the low-LS group had very few fractures; therefore, a meaningful analyses of fracture risk could not be conducted. This study shows the significant contribution of lower LS BMD to fracture risk over and above FN BMD in women. A LS BMD lower than FN BMD should be incorporated into fracture risk calculators at least for women in older age-groups. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Impact of cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus when coadministered with voriconazole
Authors: Imamura Chiyo K. , Furihata Kenichi , Okamoto Shinichiro , Tanigawara Yusuke 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics when coadministered with voriconazole. Eighteen healthy volunteers, including 6 individuals in each CYP2C19 genotype (extensive metabolizers [EMs], intermediate metabolizers [IMs], and poor metabolizers [PMs]), received a single oral dose of 3 mg tacrolimus alone or in combination with 200 mg voriconazole twice daily at steady state. When tacrolimus was coadministered with voriconazole, a significant increase in area under its concentration‐time curve (AUC0‐24) was observed for all genotypes. AUC0‐12 of voriconazole in IMs and PMs were significantly higher than that in EMs (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). Consequently, AUC0‐24 of tacrolimus in combination with voriconazole in IMs and PMs were also significantly higher than that in EMs (P < .05). These results demonstrate that CYP2C19 genotypes influenced the exposure of tacrolimus when coadministered with voriconazole, although tacrolimus is mainly metabolized by CYP3A.
Stress and strain distribution in demineralized enamel: A micro‐CT based finite element study
Authors: Neves Aline Almeida , Coutinho Eduardo , Alves Haimon Diniz Lopes , de Assis Joaquim Teixeira 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTPhysiological oral mechanical forces may play a role on the progression of enamel carious lesions to cavitation. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe, by 3D finite element analysis, stress, and strain patterns in sound and carious enamel after a simulated occlusal load. Micro‐CT based models were created and meshed with tetrahedral elements (based on an extracted third molar), namely: a sound (ST) and a carious tooth (CT). For the CT, enamel material properties were assigned according to the micro‐CT gray values. Below the threshold corresponding to the enamel lesion (2.5 g/cm3) lower and isotropic elastic modulus was assigned (E = 18 GPa against E1 = 80 GPa, E2 = E3 = 20 GPa for sound enamel). Both models were imported into a FE solver where boundary conditions were assigned and a pressure load (500 MPa) was applied at the occlusal surface. A linear static analysis was performed, considering anisotropy in sound enamel. ST showed a more efficient transfer of maximum principal stress from enamel to the dentin layer, while for the CT, enamel layer was subjected to higher and concentrated loads. Maximum principal strain distributions were seen at the carious enamel surface, especially at the central fossa, correlating to the enamel cavity seen at the original micro‐CT model. It is possible to conclude that demineralized enamel compromises appropriate stress transfer from enamel to dentin, contributing to the odds of fracture and cavitation. Enamel fracture over a dentin lesion may happen as one of the normal pathways to caries progression and may act as a confounding factor during clinical diagnostic decisions. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:865–872, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computerized histomorphometric study of the splenic collagen polymorphism: A control‐tissue for polarization microscopy
Authors: Alves Antoine , Gritsch Kerstin , Sirieix Camille , Drevon‐Gaillot Elodie , Bayon Yves , Clermont Gaëlle , Boutrand Jean‐Pierre , Grosgogeat Brigitte 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTPrevious articles have pointed out the presence of type III collagen within the extracellular structure of the parenchymatous organs. This study aimed to quantitatively characterize the collagen polymorphism at the capsule and parenchymal trabeculae of the largest lymphoid organ of the body i.e., the spleen, in mouse, rat, and rabbit models. Following a Picrosirius Red‐Polarization procedure and computer assisted image analysis of paraffin sections, the results showed (1) a predominant and significantly higher amount of type III collagen in the trabeculae area compared to the capsule area in the three species, (2) no statistical difference among the three species concerning the parenchymal collagen polymorphism or the type I/type III collagen ratio, (3) a heterogeneous type I/type III collagen ratio varying from 0.86 (mouse) to 6.62 (rabbit) in the fibromuscular capsule region. A qualitative analysis corroborated these histomorphometric results. In conclusion, the spleen may be used as (1) a control tissue to qualitatively visualize type I and III collagen under polarization microscopy and to validate the quality of PSR staining (2) an aid to accurately calibrate the angle of polarization before quantitative measurements of type I and type III collagen. Among the studied species, the rabbit spleen appeared to be the most appropriate control tissue as it showed the highest amount of type I collagen in the capsule and a similarly high amount of type III collagen in the parenchymal trabeculae. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:900–907, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Authenticity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) geographical origin based on analysis of C, N, O and S stable isotope ratios: a preliminary case report in Korea, China and Philippine
Authors: Chung Ill‐Min , Kim Jae‐Kwang , Prabakaran Mayakrishnan , Yang Jin‐Hee , Kim Seung‐Hyun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the third largest food crop, relatively fewer studies have been reported on rice geographical origin based on light element isotope ratios in comparison with other foods such as wine, beef, juice, oil and milk. Therefore this study tries to discriminate the geographical origin of the same rice cultivars grown in different Asian countries using the analysis of C, N, O and S stable isotope ratios and chemometrics.RESULTSThe δ15NAIR, δ18OVSMOW and δ34SVCDT values of brown rice were more markedly influenced by geographical origin than was the δ13CVPDB value. In particular, the combination of δ18OVSMOW and δ34SVCDT more efficiently discriminated rice geographical origin than did the remaining combinations. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear discrimination between different rice geographical origins but not between rice genotypes. In particular, the first components of PCA discriminated rice cultivated in the Philippines from rice cultivated in China and Korea.CONCLUSIONThe present findings suggest that analysis of the light element isotope composition combined with chemometrics can be potentially applicable to discriminate rice geographical origin and also may provide a valuable insight into the control of improper or fraudulent labeling regarding the geographical origin of rice worldwide. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
An assessment of feeding jejunostomy tube placement at the time of resection for gastric adenocarcinoma: A seven‐institution analysis of 837 patients from the U.S. gastric cancer collaborative
Authors: Dann Gregory C. , Squires Malcolm H. , Postlewait Lauren M. , Kooby David A. , Poultsides George A. , Weber Sharon M. , Bloomston Mark , Fields Ryan C. , Pawlik Timothy M. , Votanopoulos Konstantinos I. , Schmidt Carl R. , Ejaz Aslam , Acher Alexandra W. , Worhunsky David J. , Saunders Neil , Levine Edward A. , Jin Linda X. , Cho Clifford S. , Winslow Emily R. , Russell Maria C. , Cardona Kenneth , Staley Charles A. , Maithel Shishir K. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundJejunostomy feeding tubes (J‐tubes) are often placed during resection for gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). Their effect on postoperative complications and receipt of adjuvant therapy is unclear.MethodsPatients who underwent curative‐intent resection of GAC at seven institutions of the U.S. Gastric Cancer Collaborative from 2000 to 2012 were identified. The associations of J‐tubes with postoperative complications and receipt of adjuvant therapy were determined.ResultsOf 837 patients, 265 (32%) received a J‐tube. Patients receiving J‐tubes demonstrated greater incidence of preoperative weight loss, lower BMI, greater extent of resection, and more advanced TNM stage. J‐tube placement was associated with increased infectious complications (36% vs. 19%; P < 0.001), including surgical‐site (14% vs. 6%; P < 0.001) and deep intra‐abdominal (11% vs. 4%; P < 0.001) infections. On multivariate analysis, J‐tubes remained independently associated with increased risk of infectious complications (all: HR = 1.93; P = 0.001; surgical‐site: HR = 2.85; P = 0.001; deep intra‐abdominal: HR = 2.13; P = 0.04). J‐tubes were not associated with increased receipt of adjuvant therapy (HR = 0.82; P = 0.34). Subset analyses of patients undergoing total and subtotal gastrectomy similarly demonstrated an association of J‐tubes with increased risk of infectious outcomes and no association with increased receipt of adjuvant therapy.ConclusionsJ‐tube placement after resection of gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with increased postoperative infectious outcomes and is not associated with increased receipt of adjuvant therapy. Selective use of J‐tubes is recommended. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:195–202. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rain Use Efficiency, Primary Production and Rainfall Relationships in Desert Rangelands of Tunisia
Authors: Gamoun Mouldi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDesert rangelands are characterised by low and highly variable rainfall regime, low forage production and high heterogeneity in the distribution of natural resources. This study was carried out in the desert rangelands of Tunisia to evaluate the response of different rangelands to annual rainfall in terms of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and rain use efficiency over a 10‐year period (2003–2012). In general, ANPP values were relatively low (123 kg DM ha−1 y−1) but would tend to increase with increasing annual rainfall for all rangeland types. The highest value of ANPP was observed from Stipagrostis pungens and Hammada shmittiana communities (sandy‐soil) during the wet year 2011. In contrast, rain use efficiency tends to decline with the highest annual rainfall and varies among rangeland types and with an average of 1·9 kg DM ha−1 mm−1 y−1. Rain use efficiency tended to be higher during dry years and lower during wet years and tended to be higher on S. pungens and H. shmittiana (sandy‐soils) and lower on Helianthemum kahiricum (loamy soils). Therefore, understanding how rainfall affects productivity in rangelands is critical for predicting the impact of land degradation on the functioning of these ecosystems. It can be used to explain production decline associated with desertification as well as to assess rangeland conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Star‐Shaped, Biodegradable, and Elastomeric PLLA‐PEG‐POSS Hybrid Membrane With Biomineralization Activity for Guiding Bone Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Xie Meihua , Ge Juan , Lei Bo , Zhang Qian , Chen Xiaofeng , Ma Peter X. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMulti‐armed biodegradable polymers have attracted much attention in biomedical applications, due to their special structure and properties. However, multi‐armed organic‐inorganic hybrids with high mechanical properties and biomineralization activity have not been reported yet. Here, star‐shaped poly‐L‐lactide‐poly (ethylene glycol)‐polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (SPPS) hybrid membranes are fabricated for the first time for guiding bone regeneration applications by a photo‐crosslinking method using inositol as a core. SPPS demonstrates tunable mechanical properties (5.8 ± 0.2∼130 ± 23 MPa in tensile modulus, 30 ± 6%∼144 ± 13% in elongation, beyond 90% recovery), biodegradation, biomineralization activity and good osteoblast biocompatibility. These results suggest that our hybrids membrane may have promising applications in guiding bone regeneration.
Hepatic and visceral adipose tissue 11βHSD1 expressions are markers of body weight loss after bariatric surgery
Authors: Pardina Eva , Baena‐Fustegueras Juan Antonio , Fort José Manuel , Ferrer Roser , Rossell Joana , Esteve Montserrat , Peinado‐Onsurbe Julia , Grasa Mar 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveCortisolemia and 11βHSD1 in liver and adipose tissue are altered in obesity. However, their participation in the development of obesity remains unclear. This study analyzed these parameters in the transition from morbid to type 1 obesity after bariatric surgery.MethodsA group of 34 patients with morbid obesity and 22 nonobese subjects were recruited. Initial hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) basal activity and 11βHSD1 mRNA expression in liver, subcutaneous (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were evaluated. A year after bariatric surgery (weight loss of 48 kg), these parameters were reappraised in plasma, SAT, and liver.ResultsBody weight loss was accompanied by a downshift in basal HPA activity and 11βHSD1 expression in SAT. In patients with morbid obesity, 11βHSD1 expression correlated positively with BMI in VAT and negatively in liver at 6 and 12 months after surgery. In SAT, a correlation was observed with body weight only when patients showed type 1 obesity. Insulin, glucose, and HOMA correlated positively with all the HPA indicators and 11βHSD1 expression in SAT.ConclusionsBody weight loss after bariatric surgery is accompanied by a downshift in basal HPA activity. Hepatic and VAT 11βHSD1 expressions in morbid obesity are predictors of body weight loss.
Visceral adiposity in persons with chronic spinal cord injury determined by dual energy X‐Ray absorptiometry
Authors: Cirnigliaro Christopher M. , LaFountaine Michael F. , Dengel Donald R. , Bosch Tyler A. , Emmons Racine R. , Kirshblum Steven C. , Sauer Sue , Asselin Pierre , Spungen Ann M. , Bauman William A. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveTo determine visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume (VATvol) by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) in spinal cord injured (SCI) and able‐bodied (AB) participants and to explore the relationships between VATvol and routine anthropometric measures.MethodsSixty‐three subjects with SCI and 126 healthy male AB controls were stratified as low risk [LR: waist circumference (WC) < 102 cm] and moderate to high risk (MHR: WC ≥ 102 cm) for identification of risk for cardiometabolic disease: AB‐LR, SCI‐LR, AB‐MHR, and SCI‐MHR. Anthropometrics and standard body composition measurements by DXA with analysis to derive VATvol were performed.ResultsComparison of the four subgroups demonstrated the highest subcutaneous adipose tissue volume (SATvol) in the AB‐MHR group (P < 0.01), and the highest VATvol in the SCI‐MHR group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, when compared to the AB group, participants with SCI had a 27% increase in VATvol for every centimeter increase in WC and a 20% increase in VATvol for every unit increase in BMI.ConclusionsBecause cutoff values for the routine surrogate measures of adiposity underestimate visceral adiposity in persons with SCI, the risk of adverse metabolic consequences would also be underestimated, which necessitates adjustment of the these cutoff values or, preferably, to perform its direct measurement.
Patient reporting pain intensity immediately after surgery can be associated with underlying depression in women with breast cancer
Authors: Kim Yoo Seok , Do Hyuigyung , Lee Jong Won , Jeong Jaesim , Shin Yong Wook , Yi Kikyoung , Kim Jisun , Lee Sae Byul , Sohn Guiyun , Yang Nuri , Oh Youngkyung , Kim Leeyoung , Kim Yeonhee , Yu Jong Han , Ko Beom Seok , Kim Hee Jeong , Son Byung Ho , Ahn Sei Hyun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of severe, definite depression symptoms, as measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D), and the association between high CES‐D scores (i.e., ≥25) and sociodemographic and perioperative factors during perioperative period.MethodsAmong 1690 consecutive breast cancer patients who were admitted for definitive breast surgery during the study period, 1499 patients were included in this study. Patients with a past medical history of psychiatric medication or support, a plan for elective surgery due to locoregional recurrence, or any metastatic disease were excluded. The CES‐D score was checked 1 day before definitive surgeries. The sociodemographic data and perioperative data were analyzed.ResultsThe mean CES‐D score was 18.5, with 24.1% (362/1499) and 56.7% (850/1499) having high CES‐D scores of ≥25 and ≥16, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the number of family members with any malignancy (≥2 vs. 0), sedative medication (yes vs. no), and postoperative numeric rating scale scores (persistent, severe pain vs. stably mild pain) were significantly associated factors for severe, definite depression symptoms [CES‐D score of ≥25: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10–2.21, p = 0.013; adjusted OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.00–2.71, p = 0.048; and adjusted OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.15–3.95, p = 0.016, respectively].ConclusionDepression may increase the intensity of postoperative acute pain. Self‐reporting of persistent postoperative pain intensity is potentially useful in detecting hidden depression symptoms in breast cancer patients during the perioperative period. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.