bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dominant patterns of US warm season precipitation variability in a fine resolution observational record, with focus on the southwest
Authors: Ciancarelli Brittany , Castro Christopher L. , Woodhouse Connie , Dominguez Francina , Chang Hsin‐I , Carrillo Carlos , Griffin Daniel 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSpatial patterns of interannual variability in US precipitation and their forcing mechanisms are very different between the cool and warm seasons, as determined by the recent observational record. In this work, the dominant continental scale patterns of warm season precipitation variability, in the form of the standardized precipitation index (SPI), are related to their large‐scale atmospheric teleconnection forcing patterns. To account for intraseasonal differences in atmospheric teleconnection patterns, the 2‐month SPI is considered for the separate periods of early, June–July (JJ), and late, August–September (AS), periods, as well as the 6‐month SPI for the cool season (November–April). Rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis and canonical correlation analysis are applied to determine the dominant spatial modes of SPI, their relationship to large‐scale teleconnection patterns, and their possible forcing mechanisms, as seen in anomalies of 500‐mb geopotential height, sea surface temperature (SST), and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). Two dominant quasi‐stationary Rossby wavetrain teleconnections appear to govern US warm season precipitation variability: (1) a mode that reflects the well‐known out‐of‐phase relationship in summer precipitation between the central United States and southwest, which is related to Pacific SST forcing in early summer and Indian monsoon convection in later summer, and (2) Two phases of the Circumglobal Teleconnection pattern that are more related to precipitation variability in the south central and eastern United States The southwest United States region relating to the variability of the North American Monsoon is considered within the continental scale variability patterns associated with the warm season. This work is a subset of a larger project to determine if tree‐ring records from the southwest United States are reliable proxies for extending the warm season climate record. It also provides a benchmark for assessing how US warm season climate patterns may be assessed in regional climate models used for seasonal forecast or climate change projection purposes.
Projected changes in European extreme precipitation indices on the basis of global and regional climate model ensembles
Authors: Lehtonen Ilari , Ruosteenoja Kimmo , Jylhä Kirsti 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTAs both global (GCM) and regional (RCM) climate models have their own advantages, the most comprehensive picture of changes in precipitation and their uncertainty ranges can be achieved by comparing the results of both model categories. Here we have evaluated seasonal changes in indices representing excess or scarcity of precipitation in Europe on the basis of simulations performed with ten GCMs with a reasonably high spatial resolution and, for comparison, with five RCMs driven by one and the same GCM. We found no fundamental differences between the GCMs and RCMs in the projected tendency towards a more extreme precipitation climate, characterized by increases both in indices representing wet conditions and also dry conditions. Most evidently in the Northern European summer and Southern European winter, the differences in the responses of the various indices between the present sets of GCMs and RCMs could be explained by the dissimilar changes in seasonal mean precipitation. The scatter among the projected changes was in general much smaller for the RCM than for the GCM simulations. The projections of individual RCMs mainly fall within the interval determined by the GCM projections. This indicates that the GCM ensemble yielded more comprehensive estimates for the uncertainty ranges in the extreme precipitation indices.
The Elements of Leadership in a Global Environment
Authors: Bishop William H. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBy facilitating connections among nations, organizations, and individuals, technology has accelerated the pace of globalization. To be effective in such an environment, leaders must do more than pay lip service to the general concept of diversity. They must first realize that diversity manifests itself in multiple ways. Then they must harness the power of the differences they uncover by addressing those nuances when developing strategies to enhance their competitive advantage. To do so, leaders must carefully develop sociotechnical systems that effectively merge the strengths of ever‐evolving technology with those of an increasingly diverse workforce—all while fulfilling their local responsibilities without losing their global perspective. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increasing both CoCrMo‐alloy particle size and surface irregularity induces increased macrophage inflammasome activation in vitro potentially through lysosomal destabilization mechanisms
Authors: Caicedo Marco S. , Samelko Lauryn , McAllister Kyron , Jacobs Joshua J. , Hallab Nadim J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractRecent investigations indicate that innate immune “danger‐signaling” pathways mediate metal implant debris induced‐inflammatory responses, for example, NALP3 inflammasome. How the physical characteristics of particles (size, shape, and chemical composition) affect this inflammatory reactivity remains controversial. We examined the role of Cobalt–Chromium–Molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy particle shape and size on human macrophage phagocytosis, lysosomal destabilization, and inflammasome activation. Round/smooth versus irregularly shaped/rough CoCrMo‐alloy particles of ∼1 and 6–7 µm diameter were investigated for differential lysosomal damage and inflammasome activation in human monocytes/macrophages. While spherical/smooth 1 µm CoCrMo‐alloy particles did not measurably affect macrophage IL‐1β production, irregular 1 µm CoCrMo‐alloy particles induced significant IL‐1β increases over controls. Both round/smooth particles and irregular CoCrMo‐alloy particles that were 6–7 µm in size induced >10‐fold increases in IL‐1β production compared to similarly shaped smaller particles (p < 0.05). Larger irregular particles induced a greater degree of intracellular lysosomal damage and a >3‐fold increase in IL‐1β versus similarly sized round/smooth particles (at an equal dose, particles/cell). CoCrMo‐alloy particle‐size‐induced IL‐1β production was dependent on the lysosomal protease Cathepsin B, further supporting lysosomal destabilization as causative in inflammation. Phagocytosable larger/irregular shaped particles (6 µm) demonstrated the greatest lysosomal destabilization (observed immunofluorescently) and inflammatory reactivity when compared on an equal dose basis (particles/cell) to smaller/spherical 1 µm particles in vitro. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1633–1642, 2013
Anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of stevioside and steviol on colonic epithelial cells
Authors: Boonkaewwan Chaiwat , Burodom Anyanee 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDStevioside is a natural non‐caloric sweetener isolated from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves. We have proposed its effect on attenuation of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) and interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated monocytes. In this study, the anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of stevioside and its metabolite, steviol, on human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco‐2) were evaluated.RESULTSStevioside and steviol, in the doses used in this study, had no cytotoxicity on Caco‐2 cells. Anti‐inflammatory activities of these two compounds were observed by potentially suppressed LPS‐mediated TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6 release. In addition, stevioside and steviol showed immunomodulatory effects on IκBα activation and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) suppression in western blotting.CONCLUSIONStevioside and steviol attenuate LPS‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokine productions by affecting cytokine gene expression via IκBα/NF‐κB signalling pathway. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Can the affected semicircular canal be predicted by the initial provoking position in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?
Authors: Shim Dae Bo , Ko Kyung Min , Kim Ji Hong , Lee Won‐Sang , Song Mee Hyun 
Published: June 2013

Objectives/HypothesisThe study evaluated the relationship between the position that initially provoked vertigo and the affected semicircular canal (SCC) in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), and aimed to predict the side affected by BPPV through history taking regarding the provoking position.Study DesignProspective study at a tertiary hospital.MethodsA total of 521 patients with BPPV involving the posterior or horizontal SCCs performed questionnaires at initial visit asking to choose the initial provoking position among the 10 positions corresponding to one of the three planes (roll, pitch, or yaw). After excluding 45 patients showing signs of simultaneous multiple canal or anterior canal involvement, the frequency of the provoking positions and the correlation between the side of the provoking position and the ear affected by BPPV were analyzed.ResultsThere were 239 patients with posterior SCC BPPV (p‐BPPV) and 237 patients with horizontal SCC BPPV (h‐BPPV). The waking‐up position was the most common provoking position in both types of BPPV. Statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between the side of the provoking position at the onset of vertigo and the affected side by BPPV (P < .01) in patients with p‐BPPV as well as h‐BPPV (geotropic type [Geo]), but not in patients with h‐BPPV (apogeotropic type [Apo]).ConclusionsHistory taking regarding the side of provoking position at the onset of vertigo may help predict the side affected by BPPV in p‐BPPV and h‐BPPV (Geo). When h‐BPPV (Apo) is suspected, further detailed examinations using additional localization methods should be performed.Level of Evidence2b. Laryngoscope, 123:2259–2263, 2013
A posteriori diagnostics of the impact of observations on the AROME‐France convective‐scale data assimilation system
Authors: Brousseau Pierre , Desroziers Gérald , Bouttier François , Chapnik Bernard 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAROME‐France is an operational convective‐scale numerical weather prediction system which uses a 3D‐Var assimilation scheme in order to determine its initial conditions. In addition to conventional and satellite observations, regional high‐resolution observations are assimilated, such as screen‐level observations, total zenith delays from ground‐based GPS stations and radar measurements (radial winds and reflectivities). The impact of the various observation types on AROME‐France analyses is assessed using an a posteriori diagnostic, the reduction of the estimation error variance. This diagnostic, estimated using a randomization technique, allows one to investigate observation impact depending on the control variable field, model levels, date, analysis time, and spatial scales considered. This highlights the importance of screen‐level observations (2 m temperature and relative humidity, 10 m wind) for the lowest layers, of aircraft measurements for temperature and wind field analyses and of radar observations for wind and specific humidity in middle and high troposphere. Only the last mentioned observations appear to be informative regarding the horizontal length‐scale below 200 km, while all observations are mostly informative for length‐scales above 200 km. The results from two diagnostics, namely the variance reduction and the Degrees of Freedom for Signal (DFS), are compared and found to be largely similar. The variance reduction appears to be an interesting diagnostic to improve the understanding of how observations are used.
Using Jacobian sensitivities to assess a linearization of the relaxed Arakawa–Schubert convection scheme
Authors: Holdaway D. , Errico R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe inclusion of linearized moist physics can increase the accuracy of 4D‐Var data assimilation and adjoint‐based sensitivity analysis. Moist processes such as convection can exhibit nonlinear behaviour. As a result, representation of these processes in a linear way requires much care; a straightforward linearization may yield a poor approximation to the behaviour of perturbations of interest and could contain numerical instability. Here, an extensive numerical study of the Jacobian of the relaxed Arakawa–Schubert (RAS) convection scheme is shown. A Jacobian based on perturbations at individual model levels can be used to understand the physical behaviour of the RAS scheme, predict how sensitive that behaviour is to the prognostic variables and determine the stability of a linearization of the scheme. The linearity of the scheme is also considered by making structured perturbations, constructed from the principle components of the model variables. Based on the behaviour of the Jacobian operator and the results when using structured perturbations, a suitable method for linearizing the RAS scheme is determined. For deep, strong convection, the structures of the RAS Jacobian are reasonably simple, the rate at which finite‐amplitude estimates of the structures change with respect to input perturbations is small and the eigenmodes of the Jacobian are not prohibitively unstable. For deep convection, an exact linearization is therefore suitable. For shallow convection, the RAS scheme can be more sensitive to the input prognostic variables due to the faster time‐scales and proximity to switches. Linearization of the RAS therefore requires some simplifications to smooth the behaviour for shallow convection. It is noted that the physical understanding of the scheme gained from examining the Jacobian provides a useful tool to the developers of nonlinear physical parametrizations.
An a priori study of the subfilter‐scale conservation equations for the stably stratified atmospheric surface layer
Authors: Ramachandran S. , Wyngaard J. C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe perform an a priori analysis of the subfilter‐scale (SFS) conservation equations for the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Using data from the Horizontal Array Turbulence Studies (HATS) experiment, we build on previous studies by exploring in greater detail the scale dependence of the mean and root‐mean‐square (r.m.s.) values of the production terms in the SFS stress and flux budgets. Our analysis shows production terms that are the dominant generation mechanisms for the SFS stresses and fluxes in conditions of under‐resolved turbulence, also contribute significantly to their fluctuation levels. From the fluctuation levels of the production terms, we infer that fluctuations in terms other than the production terms (i.e. advection, transport and destruction) must be associated with strong auto‐correlations or cross‐correlations (with the production terms) for filter widths much finer than the length‐scale for the most energetic eddies. For filter widths too coarse to resolve the most energetic eddies, we are unable either to confirm or rule out this possibility.The dominant production terms in the SFS stress budgets, upon suitable scaling, exhibit limiting values as we approach the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) limit, i.e. when the turbulence resides entirely at the subfilter scales. The values in the RANS limit agree well with both existing analytical arguments and a previous LES study of the moderately convective ABL. The agreement between a priori and a posteriori statistics suggests consistency between the two methods is achievable in the RANS limit with the appropriate choice of scaling parameters.
Lagrangian overturning and the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Haertel Patrick , Straub Katherine , Fedorov Alexey 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), a planetary‐scale disturbance in zonal winds and equatorial convection that dominates intraseasonal variability in the Tropics, is a challenge to explain and notoriously difficult to simulate with conventional climate models. This study discusses numerical experiments conducted with a novel Lagrangian atmospheric model (LAM) that produce surprisingly robust and realistic MJOs, even at very low resolution. The LAM represents an atmosphere as a collection of conforming air parcels with motions that are predicted using Newtonian mechanics. The model employs a unique convective parametrization, referred to as Lagrangian overturning (LO), in which air parcels exchange vertical positions in convectively unstable regions. A key model parameter for simulating MJOs is the mixing between adjacent ascending and descending parcels, with more frequent and stronger MJOs occurring when greater mixing is prescribed. Sensitivity tests suggest that MJOs simulated with the LAM are not particularly sensitive to model resolution, but their structure and propagation speed do depend on sea‐surface temperatures, large‐scale precipitation patterns and surface fluxes. An important conclusion of this article is that the most fundamental dynamics of the MJO are captured by the LO convective parametrization coupled with large‐scale atmospheric circulations.
A simple key agreement scheme based on chaotic maps for VSAT satellite communications
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Chi 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSecurity is an essential requirement in any data communication system because a cyber criminal might try to break into it at any point by any means possible. A key agreement procedure is a necessary technique to ensure the security of data communication by way of encryption and mutual authentication. This article proposes a simple key agreement scheme on the basis of chaotic maps for VSAT satellite communications. The new scheme keeps the advantages of all chaotic maps‐based public key cryptosystems, providing a secure function of session key agreement. Based on the intractability of chaotic map discrete logarithm problem and chaotic map Diffie–Hellman problem, the security of this new scheme has been proven to be robust enough against all the well‐known cryptographical attacks with perfect forward secrecy provided. In addition, compared with similar schemes that serve the same purposes, the proposed scheme demands a lower computation cost. With all the previous features put together, the proposed scheme is extremely suitable for the use in very small aperture terminal satellite communication environments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weaknesses in a new ultralightweight RFID authentication protocol with permutation—RAPP
Authors: Bagheri Nasour , Safkhani Masoumeh , Peris‐Lopez Pedro , Tapiador Juan E. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTTian et al. proposed a novel ultralightweight RFID mutual authentication protocol [1] that has recently been analyzed in several articles. In this letter, we first propose a desynchronization attack that succeeds with probability almost 1, which improves upon the 0.25 given in a previous analysis by Ahmadian et al. We also show that the bad properties of the proposed permutation function can be exploited to disclose several bits of the tag's secret (rather than just 1 bit as previously shown by Avoine et al.), which increases the power of a traceability attack. Finally, we show how to extend the aforementioned attack to run a full disclosure attack, which requires to eavesdrop less protocol runs than the proposed attack by Wang et al. (i.e., 192 < < 2 30). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and replacement of proton‐contaminated real‐time ACE solar wind measurements
Authors: Machol Janet L. , Reinard Alysha A. , Viereck Rodney A. , Biesecker Douglas A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractReal‐time solar wind speed measurements derived from measurements by the Solar Wind Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) aboard the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite are critical to specifying and forecasting current space weather and its impacts. When solar energetic protons produce high background levels in SWEPAM, the real‐time solar wind speed measurements can be corrupted due to errors in the onboard algorithm. We analyzed 14 years of ACE real‐time solar wind data for the years 1998 through 2011 to determine how to identify the contaminated measurements and what proxy might be substituted for these corrupt data. We find that good criteria for flagging contaminated data are that (1) the measured solar wind speeds are below 305 km s–1, and (2) the >10 MeV ion fluxes measured by the ACE Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS) are above 180 pfu. We also compare several potential proxies for the contaminated solar wind and determine that the best proxy depends on the last valid measured wind speed, vinitial, and the duration of the contamination period. For the first 25 h, the best proxy is simply vinitial. At later times, if vinitial < 400 km s–1, then vinitial continues to be the best proxy, while if vinitial > 400 km s–1, the best proxy is a linear function of the Kp geomagnetic index.
Pricing carbon: the politics of climate policy in Australia
Authors: Crowley Kate 
Published: June 2013

This article provides an overview of the politics of climate policy with a focus on carbon pricing politics under recent Australian Labor governments. It reviews and explains the impact of politics upon climate policy and draws attention to the influence of the fossil fuel lobby. It reviews historical context, including early, failed attempts to set and pursue emissions reduction; the domestic and international recalcitrance of neoliberal leaders; and the recent shift to embrace carbon pricing. It considers the impact of politics upon climate policy outcomes, piecing together political and policy efforts to price carbon, and drawing attention to the agenda setting of the Australian States and Territories, and of Kevin Rudd both as Labor opposition leader and as Prime Minister. It argues that the capacity of industry to thwart effective carbon pricing was only checked by institutional influences once Labor assumed minority government in 2010. In these circumstances, Labor relied upon the Australian Greens, not only to support in part its government in office, but also to pass legislation in the Senate where the Greens hold the balance of power. Under these circumstances, carbon pricing could be negotiated and agreed upon by a Multi‐Party Committee on Climate Change (MPCCC) comprising the government and its parliamentary supporters, including independents and the Greens. Whilst political and economic interests have largely shaped Australia's climate change agendas, it is concluded that policy shifts are nevertheless possible where there is a propitious combination of political, normative, and institutional influences. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:603–613. doi: 10.1002/wcc.239This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior
Policy and Governance > National Climate Change Policy