bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of N2O addition on the properties of ZnO thin films grown using high-temperature H2O generated by catalytic reaction
Authors: Yamaguchi Naoya , Nagatomi Eichi , Kato Takahiro , Ohishi Koichiro , Tamayama Yasuhiro , Yasui Kanji 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe effects of N2O gas addition on the properties of zinc oxide films grown on a-plane (11-20) sapphire (a-Al2O3) substrates were investigated, using a chemical vapor deposition method based on the reaction between dimethylzinc and high-energy H2O produced by a Pt-catalyzed H2-O2 reaction. By employing an optimal N2O gas pressure, both the film crystallinity and crystal orientation were improved. Subsequent to treatment with N2O, the electron mobility of films at room temperature increased from 207 to 234 cm2/Vs while the electron concentration decreased at low temperatures. In addition, the photoluminescence peak intensity of the nearband-edge emission was increased.
Active Noise Control with a Single Nonlinear Control Filter for a Vibrating Plate with Multiple Actuators
Authors: Mazur Krzysztof , Pawełczyk Marek 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Vibrating plates can be used in Active Noise Control (ANC) applications as active barriers or as secondary sources replacing classical loudspeakers. The system with vibrating plates, especially when nonlinear MFC actuators are used, is nonlinear. The nonlinearity in the system reduces performance of classical feedforward ANC with linear control filters systems, because they cannot cope with harmonics generated by the nonlinearity. The performance of the ANC system can be improved by using nonlinear control filters, such as Artificial Neural Networks or Volterra filters. However, when multiple actuators are mounted on a single plate, which is a common practice to provide effective control of more vibration modes, each actuator should be driven by a dedicated nonlinear control filter. This significantly increases computational complexity of the control algorithm, because adaptation of nonlinear control filters is much more computationally demanding than adaptation of linear FIR filters. This paper presents an ANC system with multiple actuators, which are driven with a single nonlinear filter. To avoid destructive interference of vibrations generated by different actuators the control signal is filtered by appropriate separate linear filters. The control system is experimentally verified and obtained results are reported.
Technical Note. Influence of Material Used for the Regenerator on the Properties of a Thermoacoustic Heat Pump
Authors: Kruk Bartłomiej 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Research in termoacoustics began with the observation of the heat transfer between gas and solids. Using this interaction the intense sound wave could be applied to create engines and heat pumps. The most important part of thermoacoustic devices is a regenerator, where press of conversion of sound energy into thermal or vice versa takes place. In a heat pump the acoustic wave produces the temperature difference at the two ends of the regenerator. The aim of the paper is to find the influence of the material used for the construction of a regenerator on the properties of a thermoacoustic heat pump. Modern technologies allow us to create new materials with physical properties necessary to increase the temperature gradient on the heat exchangers. The aim of this paper is to create a regenerator which strongly improves the efficiency of the heat pump.
Decreasing the thresholds for electroporation by sensitizing cells with local cationic anesthetics and substances that decrease the surface negative electric charge
Authors: Grys Maciej , Madeja Zbigniew , Korohoda Włodzimierz 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe recently described method of cell electroporation by flow of cell suspension through localized direct current electric fields (dcEFs) was applied to identify non-toxic substances that could sensitize cells to external electric fields. We found that local cationic anesthetics such as procaine, lidocaine and tetracaine greatly facilitated the electroporation of AT2 rat prostate carcinoma cells and human skin fibroblasts (HSF). This manifested as a 50% reduction in the strength of the electric field required to induce cell death by irreversible electroporation or to introduce fluorescent dyes such as calcein, carboxyfluorescein or Lucifer yellow into the cells. A similar decrease in the electric field thresholds for irreversible and reversible cell electroporation was observed when the cells were exposed to the electric field in the presence of the non-toxic cationic dyes 9-aminoacridine (9-AAA) or toluidine blue. Identifying non-toxic, reversibly acting cell sensitizers may facilitate cancer tissue ablation and help introduce therapeutic or diagnostic substances into the cells and tissues.
Kinetic analysis of cellulose pyrolysis: a short review
Authors: Şerbănescu Cristina 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSince the 1950s, cellulose pyrolysis has been the subject of intense study, with kinetic analyses forming a major part of these studies. They represent useful tools for a better understanding of the physicochemical process and for the proper design of industrial pyrolysis units. Until recently, the methods most frequently used in these analyses were based on model-fitting, i.e. the fitting of the experimental data to a number of mathematical models. Nowadays, other methods, so-called “model-free” methods, are considered to be more suited. These are based on the principle that, at constant conversion, the reaction rate depends only on temperature. In its first part, this short review presents the particularities and drawbacks of the traditional model-fitting models. Subsequently, several main contributions in this field are listed and discussed. Finally, the more suited “model-free” (isoconversional) methods are explained and several main studies presented, as well as a comparison of this method with the model-fitting ones.
The influence of triggers geometry upon the stiffness of cylindrical thin walled tubes
Authors: Soica Adrian , Radu Gheorghe 
Published: January 2014

AbstractToday’s automobile manufacturers are increasingly using lightweight materials to reduce weight; these include plastics, composites, aluminium, magnesium alloys, and also new types of high strength steels. Many of these materials have limited strength or ductility, therefore in many cases the rupture being serious consequences during crashes, underscore Picketta et al. in their studies.Automotive structures must deform plastically in a short period of time, a few milliseconds, to absorb the crash energy in a controllable manner. It must be light and enable economically mass-production [1].FE models rapidly gained acceptance among engineers. Many other factors facilitated the development of vehicle models by shell finite elements since most of the geometry of the structural surfaces was already on computer graphic files.Kee Poong Kim and Hoon Huh emphasize that the crashworthiness of each vehicle part needs to be evaluated at the initial stage of design for good performance of an assembled vehicle. As the dynamic behaviour of structural members is different from the static one, the crashworthiness of the vehicle structures has to be assessed by impact analysis.The paper analyzes the influence of trigger geometry upon the compression of thin-walled cylindrical tubes. Simulations performed on a simple model showed the dependence between triggers area and deformation times as well as the maximum deformations obtained for various speeds at which the simulations ware carried out. Likewise, the geometry of trigger leads to different results.
The effects of population density on the breeding performance of mountain hareLepus timidus
Authors: Knipe Annabel , Fowler Paul A. , Ramsay Scot , Haydon Daniel T. , McNeilly Alan S. , Thirgood Simon , Newey Scott 
Published: January 2014

Feedback between population density and demographic parameters often plays a determining role in population dynamics, and it is particularly important in managing exploited or harvested populations. The mountain hareLepus timidusis a traditional game species, which is hunted in Scotland for sport and population control. However, information about how population parameters respond to changes in population density is lacking. To assess how reproduction and juvenile recruitment change in response to population density, we sampled 189 hares (88 females and 101 males) from 10 independent private hunting estates. We found a significant negative correlation between population density and the proportion of juveniles recruited into the breeding population, along with a significant interaction between population density and sex, which revealed that the proportion of juvenile females recruited decreases more rapidly with population density compared to the proportion of male juveniles. However, we found no evidence of density‐dependent fecundity. Our results suggest density‐dependent compensation in this species, acting on recruitment, not fecundity, with rates of juvenile recruitment differing between the sexes. We conclude that the significant correlation between population density and juvenile recruitment may provide harvested populations with the potential for compensatory juvenile recruitment, although harvesting rates need to be accurately estimated to avoid the risk of overharvesting.
Pine martenMartes martesand red foxVulpes vulpessign indices in Scottish forests: population change and reliability of field identification of scats
Authors: Baines David , Aebischer Nicholas , Macleod Allan , Woods John 
Published: January 2014

The range and abundance of the pine martenMartes martesand red foxVulpes vulpesare considered to have increased in the Scottish Highlands in recent decades. In 2009, we resurveyed 11 forests surveyed for predators in 1995, together with an additional five forests. Our survey techniques followed those used in 1995. In all, we used DNA analysis to identify 414 mammal scats, representing 30% of the scats collected and identified in the field as being from either fox or marten. Of these, 77% of scats had been identified correctly by two field observers, with no difference between the individual observers. However, of the scats incorrectly identified, there was a bias towards identifying marten scats as fox scats. We used DNA confirmation to obtain correction formulae for scats identified in the field as fox or martens. The corrected marten sign index had increased 3.9‐fold since 1995 and the fox sign index had increased 2.2‐fold in the 11 forests surveyed in both years.
The effect of annealing temperature on the corrosion behavior of silver alloyed 2205 duplex stainless steel
Authors: Lin Dong-Yih , Liu Yu-Feng , Chen Chun-Hung , Chen Yi-Chun , Huang Wei-Ping , Yang Sheng-Min , Wang Huei-Sen 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Silver-containing 2205 duplex stainless steel is used as an anti-bacterial material in the food industry and hospitals. 2205 duplex stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance, high strength, and superior workability due to it having austenite (γ) and ferrite (δ). In this work, a quantitative analysis was carried out to estimate the effect of annealing temperature on the phase transformation of 0.1 wt.% Ag alloyed 2205 duplex stainless steel. Results show that the sigma (σ) phase was precipitated at the δ/γ interface and that the grain size increased with increasing heating temperature. The maximum volume fraction of σ phase was observed at 875 °C. The effects of the heat treatment induced constituent phases on the corrosion behavior of silver alloyed 2205 duplex stainless steel were also evaluated by means of electrochemical measurements.
Microstructure and residual stresses of laser remelted surfaces of a hot work tool steel
Authors: Preußner Johannes , Oeser Sabine , Pfeiffer Wulf , Temmler André , Willenborg Edgar 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper deals with a systematic metallurgical analysis of laser remelted surfaces on the hot work tool steel 1.2343 (AISI: H11). There are novel techniques using laser remelting for polishing surfaces using a constant laser beam power or for structuring surfaces using a modulated laser power. Basic properties, e. g. residual stresses, retained austenite, micro-stresses, microstructure, chemical composition and micro-hardness of the remelted near-surface layers are analyzed for different sets of procedural parameters such as laser power, laser beam diameter and number of repetitions. A carbon depleted area was found close to the remelted zone. The surface residual stresses tend from tensile to compressive and the content of retained austenite is lower when increasing both laser beam diameter and laser power. The formation of surface residual stresses is explained by a combination of shrinkage stresses and transformation stresses. The residual stresses tend from tensile to compressive with increasing number of repetitions, which can be explained by a preheating effect. A linear correlation between the measured surface hardness and the peak half width acquired by X-ray diffraction was found.
Hemorrhagic complications of ventriculostomy: incidence and predictors in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Sussman Eric S. , Kellner Christopher P. , Nelson Eric , McDowell Michael M. , Bruce Samuel S. , Bruce Rachel A. , Zhuang Zong , Connolly E. Sander 
Published: January 2014

Object
Ventriculostomy—the placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD)—is a common procedure performed in patients with acute neurological injury. Although generally considered a low-risk intervention, recent studies have cited higher rates of hemorrhagic complications than those previously reported. The authors sought to determine the rate of postventriculostomy hemorrhage in a cohort of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and to identify predictors of hemorrhagic complications of EVD placement.

Methods
Patients with ICH who underwent EVD placement and had both pre- and postprocedural imaging available for analysis were included in this study. Relevant data were prospectively collected for each patient who satisfied inclusion criteria. Variables with a p < 0.20 on univariate analyses were included in a stepwise logistic regression model to identify predictors of postventriculostomy hemorrhage.

Results
Sixty-nine patients were eligible for this analysis. Postventriculostomy hemorrhage occurred in 31.9% of patients. Among all patients with intraparenchymal hemorrhage, the mean hemorrhage volume was 0.66 ± 1.06 cm3. Stratified according to ventricular catheter diameter, patients treated with smaller-diameter catheters had a significantly greater mean hemorrhage volume than patients treated with larger-diameter catheters (0.84 ± 1.2 cm3 vs 0.14 ± 0.12 cm3, p = 0.049). Postventriculostomy hemorrhage was clinically significant in only 1 patient (1.4%). Overall, postventriculostomy hemorrhage was not associated with functional outcome or mortality at either discharge or 90 days. In the multivariate model, an age > 75 years was the only independent predictor of EVD-associated hemorrhage.

Conclusions
Advanced age is predictive of EVD-related hemorrhage in patients with ICH. While postventriculostomy hemorrhage is common, it appears to be of minor clinical significance in the majority of patients.
Valoraciones del profesorado del área de Fresno (California Central) sobre la influencia de la tecnología móvil en el aprendizaje de sus estudiantes
Authors: Navaridas Fermín , Santiago Raúl , Tourón Javier 
Published: January 2014

En este	artículo se presentan los resultados más relevantes de una	investigación en la que se analizan las opiniones del profesorado del	área de Fresno (California Central, EEUU) respecto a los efectos que	tiene el uso de los dispositivos móviles en los procesos de aprendizaje	de los estudiantes. Entre otros objetivos, se ha tratado de reconocer la	influencia del uso de los dispositivos móviles en tres dimensiones	importantes del aprendizaje: la afectivo-emocional (motivación), la	ético-social (habilidades sociales) y la cognitiva (habilidades	cognitivas). Para llevar a cabo el proceso de estudio se adoptó un	enfoque metodológico de carácter descriptivo, considerando la técnica de	encuesta como el procedimiento más adecuado para recoger la opinión del	profesorado de una forma relativamente rápida y precisa. Los resultados	obtenidos ponen de manifiesto un acuerdo bastante generalizado del	profesorado sobre el potencial pedagógico de la tecnología móvil para	mejorar la calidad del aprendizaje. En términos generales, las	conclusiones vienen a corroborar un aumento del interés de los	estudiantes por la tarea, el incremento de la actividad durante el	estudio, un trabajo más colaborativo, así como la mejora de la	creatividad y el proceso de adquisición de información de los	estudiantes
Publication Bias
Authors: Rothstein Hannah R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPublication bias is defined as the problem that results from systematic differences between the results of all the completed studies on a topic and the results of the subset of those studies that are published. The consequences of this problem include the danger that readers and reviewers will reach the wrong conclusion about what the evidence shows, leading at times to the use of unsafe or ineffective treatments. The role of meta‐analysis in highlighting the existence of publication bias is explained, after which a brief summary of the evidence that publication bias exists in the biomedical trials literature is provided. In addition to “classic” publication bias (bias due to selection on the basis of statistical significance), other potential information suppression mechanisms that represent a threat to the validity of research reviews are explained, including language, citation, availability, cost, outcome, and duplication biases. After this, ways of preventing publication bias are introduced, including universal prospective registration of trials, and design of prospective meta‐analyses. The role of thorough information search in reducing the impact of publication bias on meta‐analytic results is explained, and suggestions of what to search are made. The major procedures for assessing publication bias are summarized, including file drawer (failsafeN) analysis, the funnel plot, the Begg and Mazumdar test, the Egger test, and the trim and fill method. Differences in the various procedures' specific hypotheses about the distribution of study results as well as their limitations are noted. Finally, results of surveys of the impact of publication bias on health‐care meta‐analysis are described and their implications discussed.
Sample Size Calculation for Comparing Proportions
Authors: Wang Hansheng , Chow Shein‐Chung 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In practice, the objective of sample size calculation is to select the minimum sample size in such a way that the desired power can be obtained for detection of a clinically meaningful difference at the prespecified significance level. Therefore, the selection of the sample size depends on the magnitude of the clinically meaningful difference, the desired power, the prespecified significance level, and the hypotheses of interest under the study of choice (e.g., a parallel design or a crossover design).
Sample Size Calculation for Comparing Variabilities
Authors: Wang Hansheng , Chow Shein‐Chung 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In clinical research, in addition to comparing mean responses between treatment groups, it is also of interest to compare variabilities of responses between treatment groups. In practice, it is a concern that (1) larger variability may result in a worse safety profile and (2) larger variability may decrease the probability of reproducibility of the observed clinical results. Besides, efficacy and safety assessment are often done based on mean responses by assuming that the associated variabilities are the same, which may not be true in many cases. As a result, comparing variabilities of responses between treatment groups has received much attention lately. In order to achieve a desired statistical power when comparing variabilities of responses between treatment groups, commonly used procedures or formulas, which are derived based on comparing mean responses, cannot be applied directly and are necessarily modified.
Superiority Trial
Authors: Sackett David L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhen busy clinicians encounter a new treatment, they ask themselves two questions. First, is itbetterthan (“superior to”) what they are using now? Second, if is not superior, is itas good aswhat they are using now (“noninferior”) and preferable for some other reason (e.g., fewer side effects or more affordable)? In statistical terms, these clinical questions are “one‐sided.” However, traditional statistical concepts call for two‐sided tests of statistical significance and require rejection of the null hypothesis. A solution to both this incompatibility (between one‐sided clinical reasoning and two‐sided statistical testing) and confusion (about the clinical interpretation of statistically nonsignificant results) is now gaining widespread recognition and application. It is encompassed by the concepts of “superiority” and “noninferiority,” and these inextricable concepts are the subjects of this entry.
UGDPTrial
Authors: Meinert Curtis 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe UGDP (University Group Diabetes Program) was a multicenter, randomized, placebo‐controlled trials aimed at assessing the efficacy of antidiabetic treatments in delaying or preventing the long‐term complications of adult‐onset diabetes (type‐2 diabetes). The trial was in the carly vanguard of trials aimed at assessing efficacy of approved treatments for chronic conditions—phase IV trials in the vernacular of trials. The trial involved two oral agents, tolbutamide and phenformin, and matching placebos and two insulin‐assigned treatment groups (insulin dosage as determined by body surface and insulin dosage as needed to “normalized” blood glucose levels). The trial generated a firestorm of controversy in 1970 with presentation and publication of results suggesting that a widely used oral agent—tolbutamide (Orinase, Upjohn, Kalamazoo now part of Pfizer)—was of no value in reducing the risk of morbiarty or in prolonging life. The FDA used its results to revise the label for the drug to include a special warning concerning the possibility cardiovascular risks associated with the drug, but only after a prolonged battle that raged on for more than a decade—a battle that ultimately ended up in front of the U.S. Supreme Court.