bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential copper toxicity in Amazon tree species explained by seed germination and initial seedling growth
Authors: de Castro Ana Caroline de Jesus , de Carvalho Josiane Celerino , Schimpl Flávia Camila , Rodrigues Joelma Keith , de Souza Antônia Vitória Ferreira , Fernandes Andreia Varmes , Araújo Wagner Luíz , de Carvalho Gonçalves José Francisco 
Published: July 2024

Context A combination of industrial activities, agricultural practices, and poor urban planning has led to soil and plant contamination throughout the world. Heavy metal stress responses in plants have been demonstrated in various studies, but it remains unclear how heavy metals affect tree germination and initial establishment. Aims With a focus on species selection for phytoremediation programs in areas with copper (Cu) soil contamination, we aimed to evaluate seed germination, initial growth, and carbohydrate and protein metabolism of seedlings of Hymenaea courbaril, Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum, and Hevea brasiliensis subjected to normal and high (500 mg kg−1) concentrations of Cu. We hypothesised that there are differences in the Cu effects and plant responses on germination, initial growth, and the metabolism of seedlings from different Amazon tree species. Methods The germination experiment was conducted with seeds of the tree forest species in the absence or presence of Cu. After germination-parameter analyses, biometric variables, soluble sugars, starch, and proteins were measured. Key results In the presence of Cu, the germination traits, and morphological variables of H. brasiliensis were changed, whereas Cu did not strongly affect the other species. All species showed a high metabolic adjustment capacity, with little impact on the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen-related compounds in seeds. Overall, it was therefore possible to verify that S. pulcherrimum and H. courbaril were able to tolerate Cu because of their good performance in the germination stage and maintenance of essential metabolites, whereas H. brasiliensis was more sensitive to the presence of this heavy metal. Conclusions Our results provided insights into the ability of tree species to cope with Cu stress and the hypothesis has been confirmed to interspecific differential tolerance. Implications Amazonian tree species show valuable potential for improving phytoremediation programs with a focus on soil contamination by Cu.
Three-dimensional measurements based on multivariate gray code phase encoding
Authors: Yan Fei , Gao Ze , Tian Ye , Wen Jie , Liu Jia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To address the problems of low efficiency, large error and high bit error rate in the phase unwrapping of high-frequency fringes by the traditional time-phase unwrapping method, in this paper we propose a phase coding method that quantizes the multivariate gray code in the phase domain. Instead of embedding the stepped phase into a sinusoidal pattern, we embed the multivariate gray code pattern into a sinusoidal pattern, which reduces the gray levels in the phase coding pattern to a larger extent and widens the longitudinal phase width between each step in the coding pattern. After the camera captures the deformed coding pattern, the deformed multivariate gray code is dequantified by the phase difference and the gray level, and the high-quality high-frequency ladder code word is obtained by decoding the quantized multivariate gray code. In addition, the step code word is superimposed with the binary wrapped phase and then filtered to obtain a correction code word for correcting the phase error. Through simulations and experiments, we comprehensively compare the proposed method with various classical phase unwrapping methods. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in terms of the decoding error, the measurement effect, and the projection pattern.
Adaptive spectrum amplitude modulation method for rolling bearing fault frequency determination
Authors: Tu Zhaoyu , Luo Zeyu , Li Menghui , Wang Jun , Yang Zhi-Xin , Wang Xianbo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Signal preprocessing and feature extraction are decisive factors in determining the frequency of bearing faults. The presence of noise interference in the status signal of rolling bearings often hampers accurate fault detection. Although there are various methods for preprocessing vibration signals in rolling bearings, they need further improvement in terms of enhancing fault feature expression and localizing fault frequency bands. This limitation significantly hinders the accuracy of fault frequency determination. In order to enhance the representation of fault information on the frequency spectrum, this study proposes a combined approach that incorporates sparse stacked autoencoder (SSAE), wavelet packet decomposition (WPD), and adaptive spectrum amplitude modulation (ASAM). The resulting method is referred to as SSAE-WPD-ASAM. Firstly, the bearing vibration signal is decomposed by wavelet packet according to the scale and frequency band of the signal. On this basis, the signal reconstruction is realized based on the wavelet packet coefficient and energy distribution in different frequency bands. Secondly, for the whole life cycle signal, the reconstructed signal is self-encoded by sparse stacked autoencoder to achieve dimensionality reduction of the reconstructed signal. Then, the spare reconstructed signal is subjected to ASAM. Finally, through envelope demodulation, peak detection of fault frequency and empirical fault frequency comparison, the specific fault types of rolling bearings are determined. The proposed method is verified by theoretical simulation and three groups of practical experiments. The results show that the proposed method has a significant improvement in diagnostic efficiency and accuracy compared with traditional diagnostic methods.
Sub-macroscopic inclusion classification in bearing steels based on LFCN and ultrasonic testing
Authors: Zhang Ningqing , Chen Xiong , Wang Yizhen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
With the improvements in science and technology, the demand for advanced steel with excellent performance has gradually increased. Therefore, the evaluation of steel internal cleanliness is an important indicator for the evaluation of material quality. Sub-macroscopic inclusions, which size from 50 μm to 400 μm and cannot be detected under the domestic and international bearing steel testing standard, are bound to seriously affect the quality, stability and service life of bearing steel. Hence, research into inclusion control technology has gradually attracted attention in academia and the industrial manufacturing field. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end long short-term memory fully convolutional network classification model, and verify its effectiveness on a large-scale sub-macroscopic inclusion signal data set collected by ultrasonic experiments. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first in this field that has acquired such a large amount of experimental sub-macroscopic signal data and that has solved the classification task using a fully convolutional network. In particular, our framework can accurately detect the features of sub-macroscopic inclusions, which meets the urgent need of the metallurgical industry. The accuracy rate of the proposed model is 88.97%, which is a state-of-the-art experimental result among other strong time-series classifiers.
3D reconstruction with single-frame two-step phase-shift method based on orthogonal composite fringe pattern projection
Authors: Wang Zimeng , Zhang BingWei , Jiang Kaiyong , Lin Junyi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In order to realize single-frame three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, a single-frame two-step phase-shift method based on orthogonal composite pattern projection is proposed to solve the problem that the traditional N-step phase-shift profilometry needs multiple projections for 3D reconstruction. The orthogonal composite pattern uses only two carrier channels to reduce the spectrum overlapping influence on the demodulation accuracy of carrier and modulated fringes. A two-dimensional variational mode decomposition method is adopted to remove the background DC component of the sinusoidal fringe to overcome the mode overlap problem by controlling the size of the bandwidth. Thus, the two-step phase-shift method is applied to calculate the phases for 3D reconstruction. The experimental results show that, compared with the typical Fourier transform profilometry method, 3-step composite method and 2 + 1 composite method, the 3D reconstruction accuracy of the proposed method is improved by 49.1%,31.4% and 23.2% respectively according to mean absolute error, and by 73.0%, 58.4% and 56.8% respectively according to mean squared error as the evaluation index. Finally, the dynamic 3D reconstruction experiment demonstrates the good adaptability of dynamic 3D reconstruction.
Investigation of operational settings, environmental conditions, and faults on the gas turbine performance
Authors: Ahsan Shazaib , Lemma Tamiru Alemu , Hashmi Muhammad Baqir , Liang Xihui 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Gas turbine engines are complex mechanical marvels widely employed in diverse applications such as marine vessels, aircraft, power generation, and pumping facilities. However, their intricate nature renders them susceptible to numerous operational faults, significantly compromising their performance and leading to excessive emissions, consequently incurring stringent penalties from environmental regulatory bodies. Moreover, the deterioration of gas turbine performance is exacerbated by variations in working conditions based on operational settings and environmental conditions. Past studies have focused on certain working conditions that limit effectiveness in real-world applications where operational settings and environmental conditions vary during operations. The influence of these working conditions on the performance of gas turbines also needs to be assessed, as they can lead to different fault patterns resulting in unplanned maintenance, unnecessary maintenance costs, unsafe conditions and stringent penalties. This study uses the gas turbine simulation program to simulate a high-bypass turbofan engine inspired by Pratt & Whitney PW-4056, analysing the combined effects of operational settings and environmental conditions on engine performance while also incorporating simulations of common gas turbine faults like fouling and erosion in various locations and severities along the gas path. The model’s accuracy is confirmed by low mean absolute percentage errors of 0.004% of thrust at the cycle reference point and 0.15% and 0.28% at 2 km and 7 km altitudes, respectively, demonstrating the model’s robustness across varying operational scenarios. In conclusion, this research highlights the significant effects of operational settings and environmental factors on gas turbine performance, particularly impacting specific fuel consumption and thrust. The study reveals that operational settings and environmental factors significantly impact fuel consumption and thrust. Specifically, compressor fouling and low-pressure turbine erosion increase nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by 4.5% and 11.1%, while fouling of nozzle guide vanes and high-pressure turbine erosion raise unburned hydrocarbon by 10.0% and 20.2%, and carbon monoxide (CO) by 3.2% and 5.2%, respectively, compared to a healthy engine. These insights highlight the importance of component-specific degradation in influencing gas turbine performance and emissions.
Monte Carlo dosimetric analyses on the use of 90Y-IsoPet intratumoral therapy in canine subjects
Authors: Bobić Mislav , Huesa-Berral Carlos , Terry Jack F , Kunz Louis , Schuemann Jan , Fisher Darrell R , Maitz Charles A , Bertolet Alejandro 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective. To investigate different dosimetric aspects of 90Y-IsoPet™ intratumoral therapy in canine soft tissue sarcomas, model the spatial spread of the gel post-injection, evaluate absorbed dose to clinical target volumes, and assess dose distributions and treatment efficacy. Approach. Six canine cases treated with 90Y-IsoPet™ for soft tissue sarcoma at the Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri are analyzed in this retrospective study. The dogs received intratumoral IsoPet™ injections, following a grid pattern to achieve a near-uniform dose distribution in the clinical target volume. Two dosimetry methods were performed retrospectively using the Monte Carlo toolkit OpenTOPAS: imaging-based dosimetry obtained from post-injection PET/CT scans, and stylized phantom-based dosimetry modeled from the planned injection points to the gross tumor volume. For the latter, a Gaussian parameter with variable sigma was introduced to reflect the spatial spread of IsoPet™. The two methods were compared using dose-volume histograms (DVHs) and dose homogeneity, allowing an approximation of the closest sigma for the spatial spread of the gel post-injection. In addition, we compared Monte Carlo-based dosimetry with voxel S-value (VSV)-based dosimetry to investigate the dosimetric differences. Main results. Imaging-based dosimetry showed differences between Monte Carlo and VSV calculations in tumor high-density areas with higher self-absorption. Stylized phantom-based dosimetry indicated a more homogeneous target dose with increasing sigma. The sigma approximation of the 90Y-IsoPet™ post-injection gel spread resulted in a median sigma of approximately 0.44 mm across all cases to reproduce the dose heterogeneity observed in Monte Carlo calculations. Significance. The results indicate that dose modeling based on planned injection points can serve as a first-order approximation for the delivered dose in 90Y-IsoPet™ therapy for canine soft tissue sarcomas. The dosimetry evaluation highlights the non-uniformity of absorbed doses despite the gel spread, emphasizing the importance of considering tumor dose heterogeneity in treatment evaluation. Our findings suggest that using Monte Carlo for dose calculation seems more suitable for this type of tumor where high-density areas might play an important role in dosimetry.
Evaluating impact damage on carbon fiber-reinforced polymer plates utilizing zero-group-velocity Lamb waves
Authors: Ren Meng , Meng Xiangdi , Deng Mingxi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper presents an effective method for evaluating the impact damage of composite plates using zero-group-velocity (ZGV) Lamb waves. A finite element (FE) model of the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plate is established to analyze in detail the propagation characteristics of the S1-ZGV Lamb wave mode with a specified propagation direction. The study investigates the changes in the S1-ZGV mode with varying damage levels, characterized by a decrease in elastic moduli. Results indicate that as the damage level increases, the corresponding S1-ZGV frequency and amplitude decrease proportionally. The spectral amplitude (SA) at the initial S1-ZGV frequency exhibits a consistent and significant decrease with increasing damage levels, offering a reliable method for accurately assessing damage in CFRP plates. Additionally, the S1-ZGV mode of the CFRP plate is experimentally excited using the pitch-catch technique with air-coupled ultrasonic transducers to explore the variations in the S1-ZGV mode with different impact damages. Experimental findings show that the SA of the S1-ZGV mode at the initial S1-ZGV frequency decreases monotonically and sensitively with an increasing number of impacts. These experimental results correlate with the FE analysis, validating the effectiveness of accurately evaluating impact damage in CFRP plates based on the SA of S1-ZGV modes.
Active Brownian particle under stochastic orientational resetting
Authors: Baouche Yanis , Franosch Thomas , Meiners Matthias , Kurzthaler Christina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We employ renewal processes to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of an active Brownian particle under stochastic orientational resetting. By computing the experimentally accessible intermediate scattering function (ISF) and reconstructing the full time-dependent distribution of the displacements, we study the interplay of rotational diffusion and resetting. The resetting process introduces a new spatiotemporal regime reflecting the directed motion of agents along the resetting direction at large length scales, which becomes apparent in an imaginary part of the ISF. We further derive analytical expressions for the low-order moments of the displacements and find that the variance displays an effective diffusive regime at long times, which decreases for increasing resetting rates. At intermediate times the dynamics are characterized by a negative skewness as well as a non-zero non-Gaussian parameter.
Cosmic microwave background constraints on extended dark matter objects
Authors: Croon Djuna , Muñoz Sergio Sevillano 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Primordially formed extended dark objects would accrete baryonic matter and impact the ionisation history of the Universe. Insisting on consistency with the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background, we derive constraints on the dark matter fraction for various classes of objects, of different sizes. We introduce a novel scaling technique to speed up numerical calculations and release our calculation framework in the form of a Mathematica notebook. Conservatively, we focus on spherical accretion and collisional ionisation. We find strong constraints limiting the dark matter fraction to subpercent level for objects of up to 104 AU in size.
Precession and split of tilted, geometrically thin accretion disk: an analytical study
Authors: Shen Ye , Chen Bin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
It has been observed that many relativistic jets display a kind of cork-screw-like
precession. Numerical simulations has suggested that such kind of precession may originate from
the precession of the disk. In this work, we introduce an analytical model to describe the
precession and split of a tilted, geometrically thin disk. We consider the Lense-Thirring effect
from the central (primary) black hole (BH) and the gravitational effect from the companion
(secondary) BH far away from the center, both of which could induce the precession of the
accretion disk around the spin axis of central black hole. We propose the splitting conditions
that when the rate of viscous diffusion cannot catch up with the dynamical frequency at a certain
layer of fluid, the disk would split into two parts which precess independently. We presume that
the precessions of the inner and outer disks are in accord with the rotation and precession of
jet, respectively. By matching the frequencies of the disks to the observed frequencies of jet in
the cork-screw-like precession and considering the splitting condition, we are allowed to read
four parameters, the innermost radius (r
in), the outermost radius (r
out) of the
disk, the initial splitting radius (r
sp,0), and the inflow speed magnitude (β), of
the disk. We apply this model to OJ 287. Moreover, considering the inward shrinking of the disks,
we find the time variation of the precession angle of jet. This time variation presents a unique
feature of our model, which could be distinguishable in the future observation.
Assessment of the impact of fuelling puff location on divertor impurity compression and enrichment in STEP
Authors: Osawa R.T. , Newton S.L. , Moulton D. , Henderson S.S. , Badicel V. , Hudoba A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In order to achieve a compatible solution between the divertors and the core, SOLPS-ITER simulations were performed in a Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) connected double-null geometry to investigate the possibility of using deuterium (

D

2

) puff locations as an actuator for divertor argon (Ar) compression/enrichment. It was found that puffing

D

2

from the inner-midplane (IMP)

D

2

puff enhanced Ar compression and enrichment on the high-field-side (HFS) and lowered the required upstream Ar fraction to achieve acceptable target conditions. An interesting link was found between argon compression and the number of stagnation points of the middle-charge-state Ar ions in the HFS SOL,

N

st

; significantly improved compression and enrichment were obtained for

N

st

=
1

(corresponding mostly to the cases with IMP puff) compared to

N

st

=
3

(corresponding mostly to the cases without IMP puff). An intermediate compression and enrichment was obtained when

N

st

=
5

. The change of

N

st

from 3 to 1 (or 5) was achieved by a combination of

D

+

outflow, high collision frequency, and flipped temperature gradients around the IMP. Given a possible drawback of

Γ

D

OMP

+

IMP

, that is a direct effect on the upstream main plasma density and temperature, we propose

Γ

D

PFR

+

IMP

as the best solution, balancing the negative and positive effects of private-flux-region and IMP

D

2

puffs. Further studies will be carried out both experimentally and numerically.
Formation and culture of cell spheroids by using magnetic nanostructures resembling a crown of thorns
Authors: Li Shijiao , Qiu Jingjiang , Guo Zhongwei , Gao Qiulei , Huang Chen-Yu , Hao Yilin , Hu Yifan , Liang Tianshui , Zhai Ming , Zhang Yudong , Nie Bangbang , Chang Wei-Jen , Wang Wen , Xi Rui , Wei Ronghan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In contrast to traditional two-dimensional cell-culture conditions, three-dimensional (3D) cell-culture models closely mimic complex in vivo conditions. However, constructing 3D cell culture models still faces challenges. In this paper, by using micro/nano fabrication method, including lithography, deposition, etching, and lift-off, we designed magnetic nanostructures resembling a crown of thorns. This magnetic crown of thorns (MCT) nanostructure enables the isolation of cells that have endocytosed magnetic particles. To assess the utility of this nanostructure, we used high-flux acquisition of Jurkat cells, an acute-leukemia cell line exhibiting the native phenotype, as an example. The novel structure enabled Jurkat cells to form spheroids within just 30 min by leveraging mild magnetic forces to bring together endocytosed magnetic particles. The size, volume, and arrangement of these spheroids were precisely regulated by the dimensions of the MCT nanostructure and the array configuration. The resulting magnetic cell clusters were uniform in size and reached saturation after 1400 s. Notably, these cell clusters could be easily separated from the MCT nanostructure through enzymatic digestion while maintaining their integrity. These clusters displayed a strong proliferation rate and survival capabilities, lasting for an impressive 96 h. Compared with existing 3D cell-culture models, the approach presented in this study offers the advantage of rapid formation of uniform spheroids that can mimic in vivo microenvironments. These findings underscore the high potential of the MCT in cell-culture models and magnetic tissue enginerring.
Robust and customizable spheroid culture system for regenerative medicine
Authors: Park Kyoung Hwan , Truong Thuy Trang , Park Jae-Hyun , Park Yujin , Kim Hyeok , Hyun Sung-Ae , Shim Hye-Eun , Mallick Sudipta , Park Hun-Jun , Huh Kang Moo , Kang Sun-Woong 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Three-dimensional cell spheroids show promise for the reconstruction of native tissues. Herein, we report a sophisticated, uniform, and highly reproducible spheroid culture system for tissue reconstruction. A mesh-integrated culture system was designed to precisely control the uniformity and reproducibility of spheroid formation. Furthermore, we synthesized hexanoyl glycol chitosan, a material with ultralow cell adhesion properties, to further improve spheroid formation efficiency and biological function. Our results demonstrate improved biological function in various types of cells and ability to generate spheroids with complex structures composed of multiple cell types. In conclusion, our spheroid culture system offers a highly effective and widely applicable approach to generating customized spheroids with desired structural and biological features for a variety of biomedical applications.