bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drive-by damage detection methodology for high-speed railway bridges using sparse autoencoders
Authors: de Souza Edson Florentino , Bragança Cássio , Ribeiro Diogo , Bittencourt Túlio Nogueira , Carvalho Hermes 
Published: August 2024

AbstractHigh-speed railway bridges are essential components of any railway transportation system that should keep adequate levels of serviceability and safety. In this context, drive-by methodologies have emerged as a feasible and cost-effective monitoring solution for detecting damage on railway bridges while minimizing train operation interruptions. Moreover, integrating advanced sensor technologies and machine learning algorithms has significantly enhanced structural health monitoring (SHM) for bridges. Despite being increasingly used in traditional SHM applications, studies using autoencoders within drive-by methodologies are rare, especially in the railway field. This study presents a novel approach for drive-by damage detection in HSR bridges. The methodology relies on acceleration records collected from multiple bridge crossings by an operational train equipped with onboard sensors. Log-Mel spectrogram features derived from the acceleration records are used together with sparse autoencoders for computing statistical distribution-based damage indexes. Numerical simulations were performed on a 3D vehicle–track–bridge interaction system model implemented in Matlab to evaluate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach, considering several damage scenarios, vehicle speeds, and environmental and operational variations, such as multiple track irregularities and varying measurement noise. The results show that the proposed approach can successfully detect damages, as well as characterize their severity, especially for very early-stage damages. This demonstrates the high potential of applying Mel-frequency damage-sensitive features associated with machine learning algorithms in the drive-by condition assessment of high-speed railway bridges.
Additively manufactured resin transfer molding (RTM) plastic tooling for producing composite T-joint structures
Authors: Aldhahri Khalid S. , Klosterman Donald A. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractResin transfer molding (RTM) is a manufacturing process used to produce high-quality composite parts that offer exceptionally high strength-to-weight ratios, superb stiffness, and excellent resistance to corrosion and fatigue. These composites are typically composed of carbon or glass fibers infused with a liquid thermosetting resin that hardens during a high-temperature cure cycle. A matched metal mold is usually required to produce RTM products. The mold cavity is shaped to the desired geometry of the finished composite part, and channels or gates allow the resin to flow into it. In cavity mold design, there are numerous challenges related to resin injection gates, vents, and the direction of resin flow. The challenges include considerations for filling time and the flow dynamics of the materials. These issues often require costly iterations to perfect the cavity design for a given part. This study focuses on the use of additive manufacturing (AM) in developing and fabricating plastic prototype molds that can be used to produce a limited number of finished composite parts, such as T-joints. These joints usually suffer from weaknesses in the deltoid regions, where the web and flanges meet. Accordingly, the influence of using different deltoid filler materials on the mechanical performance of T-joints was investigated experimentally under tensile loading to ensure the reliability and durability of the fabricated parts. The main goal is to present innovative and economical approaches, allowing for rapid and low-cost iteration of composite designs and solving the problem of deltoid regions using appropriate filling materials.
A secured deep learning based smart home automation system
Authors: Sanjay Chitukula , Jahnavi Konda , Karanth Shyam 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWith the expansion of modern technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT), the concept of smart homes has gained tremendous popularity with a view to making people’s lives easier by ensuring a secured environment. Several home automation systems have been developed to report suspicious activities by capturing the movements of residents. However, these systems are associated with challenges such as weak security, lack of interoperability and integration with IoT devices, timely reporting of suspicious movements, etc. Therefore, the given paper proposes a novel smart home automation framework for controlling home appliances by integrating with sensors, IoT devices, and microcontrollers, which would in turn monitor the movements and send notifications about suspicious movements on the resident’s smartphone. The proposed framework makes use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for motion detection and classification based on pre-processing of images. The images related to the movements of residents are captured by a spy camera installed in the system. It helps in identification of outsiders based on differentiation of motion patterns. The performance of the framework is compared with existing deep learning models used in recent studies based on evaluation metrics such as accuracy (%), precision (%), recall (%), and f-1 measure (%). The results show that the proposed framework attains the highest accuracy (98.67%), thereby surpassing the existing deep learning models used in smart home automation systems.
Wellbeing in stroke and aphasia (WISA): protocol for a feasibility study setting up an accessible service offering psychological therapy to people with post-stroke aphasia
Authors: Northcott Sarah , Baker Caroline , Thomas Shirley , Iddon Joanne , James Kirsty , Hilari Katerina 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background and aim
Following a stroke, around a quarter of people will have aphasia, a language disability. Aphasia can have a devastating long-term impact on a person’s psychological wellbeing, yet their language difficulties make it challenging to access mental health care. The Wellbeing In Stroke and Aphasia (WISA) study aims to evaluate the feasibility of setting up an accessible psychological service for people with aphasia.

Methods
The service will be open to people with post-stroke aphasia (n = 30) who live in the UK, are able to access the service either in the university clinic or via telehealth and are not currently receiving therapy from a mental health professional. Participants will be offered up to 8 therapy sessions over 6 months, either one-to-one, with family, or in a group. The intervention is Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), a brief psychological therapy, delivered by speech and language therapists with training in SFBT under the supervision of a stroke-specialist clinical psychologist. As part of this service, a protocol for addressing mental health care has been developed. Feasibility will be assessed by monitoring referral rates, therapy received, discharge processes, resource capability, costs, challenges, and adverse events. Patient-reported outcome measures collected pre and post intervention will assess mental wellbeing, mood, participation, and satisfaction with therapy and the service. A purposive sample will take part in in-depth interviews following therapy.

Discussion
Given the high levels of psychological distress in this client group, there is a need to investigate innovative ways to provide accessible and acceptable psychological support.
Fuzzy disturbance observer-based fuzzy swing suppression control of a ‘mooring-heavy lift crane-cargo’ coupled system
Authors: Wang Hongdu , Yang Wenying , Yang Xiaolong , Wang Junrong , Shi Chenchen 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn this paper, an adaptive fuzzy disturbance observer (FDO)-based control is proposed for the swing suppression of the mooring-heavy lift crane (HLC)-cargo system in the presence of a wave disturbance. First, the dynamic model of the HLC system is determined by employing the Lagrangian method, and the wave force is modeled as an exosystem with unknown terms based on the Jonswap spectrum. Then, based on the HLC model and the wave force exosystem, an FDO is established to determine the wave disturbances, and a fuzzy approximator is developed to estimate the unknown terms. A novel disturbance estimation error observer is first developed to facilitate the parameter adaptive updating law. Subsequently, by augmenting the HLC system and disturbance estimation error system, an FDO-based fuzzy antiswing control method is proposed in terms of the linear matrix inequality technique to suppress the swing. The closed-loop system stability is examined by using the Lyapunov method. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by numerical simulation.
Reconsidering the “Southern Veto”: The Two-Thirds Rule at Democratic National Conventions, 1832–1936
Authors: Heersink Boris 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBeginning from 1832, the Democratic Party required a two-thirds majority at national conventions for the nomination of presidential candidates. Despite assessments that this “two-thirds rule” produced excessively long and disruptive nomination battles and low-quality presidential candidates, the rule survived until 1936. The rule's longevity is generally attributed to it functioning as a “Southern veto”: while the Democratic Party performed strongest electorally in the South in this period, the region's representation at conventions was small in comparison. By setting the bar for presidential nominations high, the South was given the ability to block unacceptable candidates. However, while the “Southern veto” argument is pervasive, there are little data and few concrete examples of Southern delegates blocking Democratic nominations through the two-thirds rule. In this paper, I reassess the two-thirds rule's history and appliance and show that Southern states barely had enough votes to block nominations and generally would need to vote against a candidate at a rate of nearly 90 percent to do so. As a result, the South almost never vetoed candidates: in only one case (Martin Van Buren in 1844) was Southern opposition pivotal in preventing a candidate with majority support from winning the nomination. Additionally, the two-thirds rule was generally accepted by broad majorities in the party (both Southern and non-Southern) and, while Southerners were among the defenders of the rule, representatives of the region were also among those opposing it. These findings suggest that the two-thirds rule rarely functioned as a Southern veto—not because the South had no power in the Democratic Party but because the necessity of maintaining intraparty consensus applied regardless of the existence of the two-thirds rule.
Channel Morphological Characteristics and Morphodynamic Processes of Large Braided Rivers in Response to Climate‐Driven Water and Sediment Flux Change in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: He Yucong , Li Zhiwei , Xia Junqiang , Deng Shanshan , Zhou Yinjun 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWith rising air temperature and precipitation, water and sediment fluxes in the Source Region of the Yangtze River (SRYR) have increased since 2000s. Nonetheless, the response of braided river morphology to climate‐driven water and sediment flux change is still unknown. Water bodies of 9 large braided rivers from 1990 to 2020 were extracted based on Google Earth Engine platform, and impacts of climate change on morphological indices and morphodynamic processes were quantified. A new segmentation method is presented to more precisely extract braided river water body when the branch width is less than an image pixel size. The warming and wetting trend led to vegetation cover increase. With the increase of water flux, the water area of each braided reach has increased in both flood and non‐flood season. The 3–5 years mean annual erosion and accretion intensity (newly proposed in this study) of the channel shows three different trends of increasing, weakening, and unchanged over time. These three trends can be classified into three patterns in response to climate‐change driven water and sediment flux change in the SRYR as follows: sediment increase constrained pattern (weakening or unchanged), sediment increase dominated pattern (increasing), and water increase dominated pattern (increasing or unchanged). In summary, the braided rivers in the SRYR showing consistent increasing of water area, general expansion of active channel, and increasing of erosion and accretion intensity for some of the rivers, with the climate‐driven increasing water and sediment flux.
A Learning‐Based Multiscale Model for Reactive Flow in Porous Media
Authors: Karimi Mina , Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWe study solute‐laden flow through permeable geological formations with a focus on surface reactions that lead to changes in flow and formation. As the fluid flows through the permeable medium, it reacts with the medium, thereby changing the morphology and properties of the medium; this in turn, affects the flow conditions and chemistry. These phenomena occur at various lengths and time scales and make the problem extremely complex. Multiscale modeling addresses this complexity by dividing the problem into those at individual scales, and systematically passing information from one scale to another. However, accurate implementation of these multiscale methods is still prohibitively expensive. We present a methodology to overcome this challenge that is computationally efficient and quantitatively accurate. We introduce a surrogate for the solution operator of the lower scale problem in the form of a recurrent neural operator, train it using one‐time off‐line data generated by repeated solutions of the lower scale problem, and then use this surrogate in application‐scale calculations. The result is the accuracy of concurrent multiscale methods, at a cost comparable to those of classical models. We study various examples, and show the efficacy of this method in understanding the evolution of the morphology, properties and flow conditions over time in geological formations.
Future Climate Change in the Thermosphere Under Varying Solar Activity Conditions
Authors: Brown M. K. , Lewis H. G. , Kavanagh A. J. , Cnossen I. , Elvidge S. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIncreasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are increasing radiative cooling in the upper atmosphere, leading to thermospheric contraction and decreased neutral mass densities at fixed altitudes. Previous studies of the historic neutral density trend have shown a dependence upon solar activity, with larger F10.7 values resulting in lower neutral density reductions. To investigate the impact on the future thermosphere, the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with ionosphere and thermosphere extension has been used to simulate the thermosphere under increasing carbon dioxide concentrations and varying solar activity conditions. These neutral density reductions have then been mapped onto the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The neutral density reductions can also be used as a scaling factor, allowing commonly used empirical models to account for CO2 trends. Under the “best case” SSP1‐2.6 scenario, neutral densities reductions at 400 km altitude peak (when CO2 = 474 ppm) at a reduction of 13%–30% (under high and low solar activity respectively) compared to the year 2000. Higher CO2 concentrations lead to greater density reductions, with the largest modeled concentration of 890 ppm resulting in a 50%–77% reduction at 400 km, under high and low solar activity respectively.
Altered lipid metabolism promoting cardiac fibrosis is mediated by CD34+ cell-derived FABP4+ fibroblasts
Authors: Du Luping , Wang Xuyang , Guo Yan , Tao Tingting , Wu Hong , Xu Xiaodong , Zhang Bohuan , Chen Ting , Xu Qingbo , Guo Xiaogang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractHyperlipidemia and hypertension might play a role in cardiac fibrosis, in which a heterogeneous population of fibroblasts seems important. However, it is unknown whether CD34+ progenitor cells are involved in the pathogenesis of heart fibrosis. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of CD34+ cell differentiation in cardiac fibrosis during hyperlipidemia. Through the analysis of transcriptomes from 50,870 single cells extracted from mouse hearts and 76,851 single cells from human hearts, we have effectively demonstrated the evolving cellular landscape throughout cardiac fibrosis. Disturbances in lipid metabolism can accelerate the development of fibrosis. Through the integration of bone marrow transplantation models and lineage tracing, our study showed that hyperlipidemia can expedite the differentiation of non-bone marrow-derived CD34+ cells into fibroblasts, particularly FABP4+ fibroblasts, in response to angiotensin II. Interestingly, the partial depletion of CD34+ cells led to a notable reduction in triglycerides in the heart, mitigated fibrosis, and improved cardiac function. Furthermore, immunostaining of human heart tissue revealed colocalization of CD34+ cells and fibroblasts. Mechanistically, our investigation of single-cell RNA sequencing data through pseudotime analysis combined with in vitro cellular studies revealed the crucial role of the PPARγ/Akt/Gsk3β pathway in orchestrating the differentiation of CD34+ cells into FABP4+ fibroblasts. Through our study, we generated valuable insights into the cellular landscape of CD34+ cell-derived cells in the hypertrophic heart with hyperlipidemia, indicating that the differentiation of non-bone marrow-derived CD34+ cells into FABP4+ fibroblasts during this process accelerates lipid accumulation and promotes heart failure via the PPARγ/Akt/Gsk3β pathway.
Prenatal diagnosis of tracheo-oesophageal fistula/oesophageal atresia: is MRI helpful?
Authors: Wilson Louise , Whitby Elspeth H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background
Oesophageal atresia (OA) with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) affects 2.75 per 10,000 births within the UK. It is most frequently suspected on antenatal imaging when the stomach is absent or appears small. Studies have shown fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has greater diagnostic accuracy than ultrasound; however, there remains uncertainty over what size constitutes a small stomach and how frequently this correlates with a diagnosis of TOF/OA.

Methods
A retrospective study of patients referred for fetal MRI due to suspicions of TOF/OA on antenatal ultrasound from 2011 to 2022. We also included patients with a fetal MRI suspecting TOF/OA who had been referred for other reasons. The indication, MRI findings and postnatal outcome were compared to assess diagnostic accuracy. For each case, the size of the stomach bubble was measured on MRI, and stomach volumes in a control group were measured for comparison.

Results
The positive predictive value for USS was 45.5% and 51.7% for fetal MRI. Fetal MRI had a negative predictive value and sensitivity of 100% (p = 0.027). The control group showed a strong positive correlation between stomach size and increasing gestational age (R2 = 0.69, p < 0.001), but this correlation was less positive in the TOF/OA group (R2 = 0.26, p = 0.03), and the stomach volumes in TOF/OA were consistently lower than the control group. The receiver operating characteristic curve illustrates that an absent stomach or unmeasurably small stomach is more diagnostic of TOF/OA as volumes ≤0.06 ml had 90% sensitivity.

Conclusion
Fetal MRI can accurately exclude TOF/OA but only has marginally improved positive predictive value over ultrasound. Research with larger numbers is required to further aid the development of a cut-off value for what can be considered a pathologically small stomach.

Impact

There are several features on imaging that raise the suspicion of TOF/OA.

Fetal MRI has some improved diagnostic accuracy compared with antenatal ultrasound alone; however, it is only marginally better.

Absence of stomach bubble and presence of oesophageal dilatation combined on fetal MRI are more diagnostic of TOF/OA.
Peds1 deficiency in zebrafish results in myeloid cell apoptosis and exacerbated inflammation
Authors: Arroyo Ana B. , Tyrkalska Sylwia D. , Bastida-Martínez Eva , Monera-Girona Antonio J. , Cantón-Sandoval Joaquín , Bernal-Carrión Martín , García-Moreno Diana , Elías-Arnanz Montserrat , Mulero Victoriano 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPlasmalogens are glycerophospholipids with a vinyl ether bond that confers unique properties. Recent identification of the gene encoding PEDS1, the desaturase generating the vinyl ether bond, enables evaluation of the role of plasmalogens in health and disease. Here, we report that Peds1-deficient zebrafish larvae display delayed development, increased basal inflammation, normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell emergence, and cell-autonomous myeloid cell apoptosis. In a sterile acute inflammation model, Peds1-deficient larvae exhibited impaired inflammation resolution and tissue regeneration, increased interleukin-1β and NF-κB expression, and elevated ROS levels at the wound site. Abnormal immune cell recruitment, neutrophil persistence, and fewer but predominantly pro-inflammatory macrophages were observed. Chronic skin inflammation worsened in Peds1-deficient larvae but was mitigated by exogenous plasmalogen, which also alleviated hyper-susceptibility to bacterial infection, as did pharmacological inhibition of caspase-3 and colony-stimulating factor 3-induced myelopoiesis. Overall, our results highlight an important role for plasmalogens in myeloid cell biology and inflammation.
Bithionol eliminates acute myeloid leukaemia stem-like cells by suppressing NF-κB signalling and inducing oxidative stress, leading to apoptosis and ferroptosis
Authors: Dias Ingrid R. S. B. , Costa Rafaela G. A. , Rodrigues Ana Carolina B. da C. , Silva Suellen L. R. , Oliveira Maiara de S. , Soares Milena B. P. , Dias Rosane B. , Valverde Ludmila F. , Gurgel Rocha Clarissa A. , Cairns Lauren V. , Mills Ken I. , Bezerra Daniel P. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAcute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a lethal bone marrow neoplasm caused by genetic alterations in blood cell progenitors. Leukaemic stem cells (LSCs) are responsible for the development of AML, drug resistance and relapse. Bithionol is an old anthelmintic drug with potential antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-Alzheimer, and antitumour properties. In this work, we focused on the anti-AML LSC properties of bithionol. This compound inhibited the viability of both solid and haematological cancer cells, suppressed AML stem-like cells, and inhibited AML growth in NSG mice at a dosage of 50 mg/kg, with tolerable systemic toxicity. Bithionol significantly reduced the levels of phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser529) and phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser536) and nuclear NF-κB p65 translocation in AML cells, indicating that this molecule can suppress NF-κB signalling. DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation, cell shrinkage, phosphatidylserine externalisation, loss of transmembrane mitochondrial potential, caspase-3 activation and PARP-(Asp 214) cleavage were detected in bithionol-treated AML cells, indicating the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, this compound increased mitochondrial superoxide levels, and bithionol-induced cell death was partially prevented by cotreatment with the selective ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1, indicating the induction of ferroptosis. In addition, bithionol synergised with venetoclax in AML cells, indicating the translational potential of bithionol to enhance the effects of venetoclax in patients with AML. Taken together, these data indicate that bithionol is a potential new anti-AML drug.