bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Borrelia
Authors: Wang Guiqing , Schwartz Ira 
Published: August 2015

Bor.re'li.a. N.L. fem. n.Borrelianamed after Amedée Borrel (1867–1936).Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Spirochaetaceae / BorreliaHelical cells are 0.2–0.5 mm by 3–30 mm, composed of 3–10 loose coils. The cells are surrounded by a surface layer, an outer membrane, periplasmic flagella, and a protoplasmic cylinder (Figure 1). Typically, 15–20 periplasmic flagella (which also have been termedendoflagella, axial fibrils, or periplasmic fibrils) originate at each end of the cell and wind about the protoplasmic cylinder to overlap in the middle of the cell. The protoplasmic cylinder consists of a peptidoglycan layer and an inner membrane which encloses the internal components of the cells.The cells are actively motilewith frequent reversal of the direction of translational movement. Gram‐stain‐negative. Stain well with Giemsa stain. Species which have been grownin vitroaremicroaerophilic. Nutritional requirements forin vitrogrowth are complex.Arthropod‐borne pathogensof man, other mammals, and birds. Thecausative agents of tick‐borne Lyme disease and relapsing fever and louse‐borne relapsing fever in man.DNA G+C content(mol%): 27–32.Type species:Borrelia anserina(Sakharoff 1891) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1925, 435AL.
Thermanaerovibrio
Authors: Zavarzina Daria G. 
Published: August 2015

Therm.an.ae.ro.vib'ri.o. Gr. adj.thermoshot; Gr. pref.annot; Gr. n.aerair; N.L. masc. n.vibriothat vibrates; N.L. masc. n.Thermanaerovibrioa thermophilic vibrating anaerobe.Synergistetes / Synergistia / Incertae Sedis / Incertae Sedis / ThermanaerovibrioCells are curved rods. Cell wallhasGram‐negativestructure.Motileby means oflateral flagella located on the concave sideof the cells. Nonsporeforming. Obligate anaerobe. Neutrophilic.Thermophilic. Chemo‐organotrophic; grows fermentatively with some amino acids, organic acids, and carbohydrates as substrates, orlithoheterotrophicallywith molecularhydrogenandelemental sulfur.DNA G+C content(mol%): 54.5–56.5 (Tm).Type species:Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans(Guangsheng, Plugge, Roelofsen, Houwen and Stams 1992) Baena, Fardeau, Woo, Ollivier, Labat and Patel 1999b, 973VP(Selenomonas acidaminovoransGuangsheng, Plugge, Roelofsen, Houwen and Stams 1992, 174).
Anaerobaculum
Authors: Patel Bharat K. C. , Hugenholtz Philip 
Published: August 2015

An.ae.ro.ba'cu.lum. Gr. pref.annot; Gr. n.aerair; L. neut. n.baculumsmall stick; N.L. neut. n.Anaerobaculumrod which grows in the absence of air.Synergistetes / Incertae Sedis / Incertae Sedis / Incertae Sedis / AnaerobaculumStraight to slightly curved rods. Occur singly or in pairs. Moderately thermophilic, chemorganotrophic anaerobes. May be motile by a single polar flagellum. In complex media, cells may or may not grow with sheathlike material that extends past the cell poles. Endospores have not been observed. Cells stain Gram‐negative. Ferment organic acids, protein extracts, and a limited range of carbohydrates. Sulfur, thiosulfate, and cystine are reduced to hydrogen sulfide. Sulfate, sulfite, and nitrate are not reduced. Isolated from production waters of a petroleum reservoir and an anaerobic lagoon treating wool‐scouring wastewater.DNA G+C content(mol%): 44–51.5.Type species:Anaerobaculum thermoterrenumRees, Patel, Grassia and Sheehy 1997, 153VP.
Mycoplasma
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , May Meghan , Bradbury Janet M. , Balish Mitchell F. , Calcutt Michael J. , Glass John I. , Tasker Séverine , Messick Joanne B. , Johansson Karl‐Erik , Neimark Harold 
Published: August 2015

My.co.plas'ma. Gr. masc. n.mycesa fungus; Gr. neut. n.plasmasomething formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n.Mycoplasmafungus form.Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Mycoplasmatales / Mycoplasmataceae / MycoplasmaPleomorphiccells, 300–800 nm in diameter, varying in shape from spherical, ovoid or flask‐shaped, or twisted rods, to slender branched filaments ranging in length from 50 to 500 nm.Cells lack a cell walland are bounded by a single plasma membrane. Gram‐stain‐negative due to the absence of a cell wall. Some have a complex internal cytoskeleton. Some have a specifictip structurethat mediates attachment to host cells or other surfaces.Usually nonmotile, but gliding motility has been demonstrated in some species.Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Optimum growth at 37°C is common, but permissive growth temperatures range from 20 to 45°C.Chemo‐organotrophic, usually using either sugars or arginine as the major energy source.Require cholesterolor related sterols for growth. Colonies are usually less than 1 mm in diameter. The typical colony has afried‐egg appearance. Thegenome sizeof species examined ranges from580 kbp to about 1350 kbp. The codon UGA encodes tryptophan in all species examined.Commensals or pathogensin a wide range of vertebrate hosts.DNA G+C content(mol%): 23–40.Type species:Mycoplasma mycoides(Borrel, Dujardin‐Beaumetz, Jeantet and Jouan 1910) Freundt 1955, 73 (Asterococcus mycoidesBorrel, Dujardin‐Beaumetz, Jeantet and Jouan 1910, 179).
Haemobartonella
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , Tasker Séverine , Messick Joanne B. , Neimark Harold 
Published: August 2015

Ha.e.mo.bar.to.nel'la. Gr. n.
haima
(L. transliteration
haema
) blood; N.L. fem. n.
Bartonella
a bacterial genus; N.L. fem. n.
Haemobartonella
the blood (‐inhabiting)
Bartonella
.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Mycoplasmatales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family II / Haemobartonella
Cells adherent to host erythrocyte surfaces are coccoid and about 350 nm in diameter, but may occur as chains or deform to appear rod‐ or ring‐shaped in stained blood smears.

Type species
:
Haemobartonella muris
(Mayer 1921) Tyzzer and Weinman 1939
AL
(
Bartonella muris
Mayer 1921, 151;
Bartonella muris ratti
Regendanz and Kikuth 1928, 1578;
Haemobartonella muris
Tyzzer and Weinman 1939, 143).
Thermotoga
Authors: Huber Robert , Stetter Karl O. 
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.to' ga. Gr. fem. n.thermeheat; L. fem. n.togaRoman outer garment; M.L. fem. n.Thermotogathe hot outer garment.Thermotogae / Thermotogae / Thermotogales / Thermotogaceae / ThermotogaRod‐shapedcells, occurring singly and in pairs, about 1.5–11 × 0.5–1 µm. The rods are surrounded by a typical,sheath‐like outer structure(“toga”), ballooning over the ends (0.6 × 3.5–14 µm). Resting stages are not known.Gram negative. Motile by flagellation.Obligately anaerobic. Thermophilic or hyperthermophilic, optimum growth temperature: 66–80°C. Optimal pH: 6.5–7.5.Heterotrophic growth. Acetate, CO2, and H2are metabolites from glucose fermentation. Thiosulfate is reduced to H2S. Molecular hydrogen inhibits growth. Sensitive to inhibitors of cell‐wall, protein, and nucleic acid biosynthesis.The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 39.6–50.Type species:Thermotoga maritimaStetter and Huber 1986, 575 (Effective publication: Stetter and HuberinHuber, Lang‐worthy, König, Thomm, Woese, Sleytr and Stetter 1986, 332.)
Autobiographical Elaboration and the DRM Illusion: Investigating the Content and Process of Lure Activations
Authors: Bays Rebecca Brooke , Foley Mary Ann 
Published: August 2015

SummaryWe proposed an autobiographical elaboration to Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) materials to explore the content (Experiments 1 and 2) and processes giving form (Experiment 3) to lure activations. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants generated plausible hypothetical events or memories of past events cued by DRM items. Results suggested increased lure recognition following memory generation. Lures experienced implicitly within memories were more susceptible to false recognition, and content analysis further suggested increased temporal details and self‐referential remarks within memory descriptions. In Experiment 3, we manipulated encoding processes giving rise to lures in memory descriptions by manipulating imagery instructions. Results suggested increased lure recognition following guided imagery, particularly for lures experienced explicitly. Our results suggest that lure activations are affected by the nature of the associated content as well as processes mediating their explicit experience during encoding and test. Our findings have implications for debates about best practices of guided imagery techniques. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereotype Threat Impairs Older Adult Driving
Authors: Lambert Ann E. , Watson Jason M. , Stefanucci Jeanine K. , Ward Nathan , Bakdash Jonathan Z. , Strayer David L. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryStereotypes can harm human performance, especially when activated in individuals with diminished working memory capacity (WMC). Performance implications for the stereotype of poor driving in older adults were investigated. Using a sample of older adults, WMC (the ability to maintain task goals and ignore distractions) and driving performance [brake reaction time (RT), following distance, and crashes] were assessed, the latter using a high‐fidelity simulator. Elderly participants under stereotype threat with reduced WMC exhibited slower brake RTs and longer following distances compared with a control condition that was not threatened. This driving profile was characteristic of cognitive distraction. Stereotype threat has clear consequences for human performance in a common real‐world task—driving—that is critical to public safety. Furthermore, these findings suggest caution in how the media and public policy communicate information about older adult driving.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Cross‐linked Superfine Alginate‐Based Nanofibers: Fabrication, Characterization, and Their Use in the Adsorption of Cationic and Anionic Dyes
Authors: GHANI MOZHDEH , REZAEI BABAK , GHARE AGHAJI ALIAKBAR , ARAMI MOKHTAR 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, fabrication, characterization, and adsorption properties of alginate (Alg)‐based nanofibrous membrane were investigated for two categories of anionic (AR14) and cationic (BB41) dyes. Three optimization steps were performed to achieve the membrane enjoying desirable morphology, highest Alg content, and lowest possible nanofiber diameter. Consequently, Alg/poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers with the 80:20 ratio and mean diameter of 93 nm were produced. A novel method was applied as spraying the cross‐linking solution to diminish the solubility of the nanofibers in aqueous environments. The effect of solution pH, contact time, membrane dosage, and dye concentration on the adsorption performance was evaluated. The results showed that the produced membrane has an obvious pH dependency in which the maximum adsorption capacity at the solution pH of 1 and 9 were 93% and 71% for AR14 and BB41, respectively. The present work revealed that the Alg‐based nanofibrous membranes have a great potential to remove both anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.
Genetic structure of theKuwaiti population revealed by paternal lineages
Authors: Triki‐Fendri Soumaya , Sánchez‐Diz Paula , Rey‐González Danel , Alfadhli Suad , Ayadi Imen , Ben Marzoug Riadh , Carracedo Ángel , Rebai Ahmed 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveWe analyzed the Y‐chromosome haplogroup diversity in the Kuwaiti population to gain a more complete overview of its genetic landscape.MethodA sample of 117 males from the Kuwaiti population was studied through the analysis of 22 Y‐SNPs. The results were then interpreted in conjunction with those of other populations from the Middle East, South Asia, North and East Africa, and East Europe.ResultsThe analyzed markers allowed the discrimination of 19 different haplogroups with a diversity of 0.7713. J‐M304 was the most frequent haplogroup in the Kuwaiti population (55.5%) followed by E‐M96 (18%). They revealed a genetic homogeneity between the Kuwaiti population and those of the Middle East (FST = 6.1%,P‐value < 0.0001), although a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances was found (r = 0.41,P‐value = 0.009). Moreover, the nonsignificant pairwiseFSTgenetic distances between the Kuwait population on the one hand and the Arabs of Iran and those of Sudan on the other, corroborate the hypothesis of bidirectional gene flow between Arabia and both Iran and Sudan.ConclusionOverall, we have revealed that the Kuwaiti population has experienced significant gene flow from neighboring populations like Saudi Arabia, Iran, and East Africa. Therefore, we have confirmed that the population of Kuwait is genetically coextensive with those of the Middle East. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:203–212, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The mandibles of castrated male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): The effects of orchidectomy on bone and teeth
Authors: Wang Qian , Kessler Matthew J. , Kensler Terry B. , Dechow Paul C. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the long‐term effects of orchidectomy and low testosterone on the craniofaciodental development and maintenance of skeletal and oral health in rhesus macaques.Materials and MethodsMandibles of four castrated and intact age‐matched male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from Cayo Santiago were compared for mandibular morphology and teeth, abnormalities, pathology, and cortical bone thickness and density using a digital sliding caliper and analysis of three‐dimensional X‐ray images.ResultsAlthough all four castrates were generally comparable to intact males in overall mandible and teeth size, there were some significant differences. In the castrates, (1) the distance between the two rami was narrower than in intact males leading to a relatively narrower and longer face; (2) both the mandibular body and ramus had thinner cortical bone leading to less total bone mass; and (3) the canines and molar teeth were slender with lower and less robust tooth cusps. In addition, the alveolar bone of two geriatric castrates was greatly receded with signs of periodontitis more severe than in intact aged males. Old castrates also had severe temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis.DiscussionThe findings suggest the importance of testosterone in craniofaciodental development, and maintenance of skeletal and oral health in male macaques. These results suggest that dental health professionals might want to include in their medical history questionnaires whether or not male patients have taken hormone (testosterone) replacement therapy. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:31–51, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Males matter: Increased home range size is associated with the number of resident males after controlling for ecological factors in wildAssamese macaques
Authors: Richter Christin , Heesen Marlies , Nenadić Oleg , Ostner Julia , Schülke Oliver 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesThere is increasing evidence of male resource defense during intergroup encounters in non‐human primates. Only few studies showed a reproductive benefit of having more males in a group, and evidence only comes from territorial species, or from species with relatively small male group sizes where males are less prone to suffer from collective action problems. We investigated the effect of male group size on home range size and female reproductive success in a non‐territorial species with male dispersal and large male group sizes.MethodsWe studied one wild group of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) by following them almost daily (June 2006–September 2012) and collected spatial, behavioral, climate and spatiotemporal data on food plants.ResultsAmong ecological factors, decreasing rainfall and a statistical interaction between food abundance and distribution were positively related to home range size. After controlling for ecological predictors, we found that male group size but not overall group size had a significant positive effect on full and core home range size. A simple correlation analysis suggests that such an increase in home range area, presumably increasing access to food resources, can be associated with increased female fecundity measured as the proportion or the number of females conceiving in a given year.DiscussionWithin the limitations of this study, the results suggest that male resource defense could be a strategy benefitting both sexes if male reproductive skew was low and many males benefited from increased female fertility. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:52–62, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patterns of activity adaptation in humeral trabecular bone in Neolithic humans and present‐day people
Authors: Scherf Heike , Wahl Joachim , Hublin Jean‐Jacques , Harvati Katerina 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe annual turnover rate of trabecular bone by far exceeds that of cortical bone and, therefore, is very sensitive to its daily loading regime. Here we test the hypothesis that the study of the trabecular bone architecture of the human humerus is able to differentiate between different habitual manual activities.Materials and MethodsFor this purpose, we compared the trabecular architecture of the humeral head in a Neolithic population to that of a sample of contemporary Europeans using micro‐computed tomography (microCT). We defined in each specimen a spherical volume of interest with a diameter of 57.5 ± 2.5% of the maximal diameter of the humeral head to metrically analyze the bulk of humeral head trabecular architecture. We subsequently quantified the trabecular architectures in the VOIs, measuring seven standard 3D‐morphometric parameters, and used univariate and multivariate statistical analyses for comparisons within and between populations.ResultsUnivariate statistical analysis showed significant differences in a combination of 3D‐morphometric parameters. A principal components analysis of the 3D‐morphometrics of the trabecular architectures separated the Neolithic from the contemporary samples on the basis of differences in their gross trabecular architecture, including differences in the bone volume fraction (BV/TV), the number of trabeculae per unit length (Tb N), and the distance between trabeculae (Tb Sp).DiscussionWe interpret the significant differences found in the humeral trabecular bone of the Neolithic and the contemporary group as likely reflecting the distinct manual working routines. The trabecular bone configuration in the Neolithic sample shows presumably functional signatures of prehistoric subsistence techniques and activity levels. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:106–115, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The neuronal component of gray matter damage in multiple sclerosis: A [11C]flumazenil positron emission tomography study
Authors: Freeman Léorah , Garcia‐Lorenzo Daniel , Bottin Laure , Leroy Claire , Louapre Céline , Bodini Benedetta , Papeix Caroline , Assouad Rana , Granger Benjamin , Tourbah Ayman , Dollé Frédéric , Lubetzki Catherine , Bottlaender Michel , Stankoff Bruno 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveUsing positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]flumazenil ([11C]FMZ), an antagonist of the central benzodiazepine site located within the GABAA receptor, we quantified and mapped neuronal damage in the gray matter (GM) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) at distinct disease stages. We investigated the relationship between neuronal damage and white matter (WM) lesions and evaluated the clinical relevance of this neuronal PET metric.MethodsA cohort of 18 MS patients (9 progressive and 9 relapsing‐remitting) was compared to healthy controls and underwent neurological and cognitive evaluations, high‐resolution dynamic [11C]FMZ PET imaging and brain magnetic resonance imaging. [11C]FMZ binding was estimated using the partial saturation protocol providing voxel‐wise absolute quantification of GABAA receptor concentration. PET data were evaluated using a region of interest (ROI) approach as well as on a vertex‐by‐vertex basis.Results[11C]FMZ binding was significantly decreased in the cortical GM of MS patients, compared to controls (–10%). Cortical mapping of benzodiazepine receptor concentration ([11C]FMZ Bmax) revealed significant intergroup differences in the bilateral parietal cortices and right frontal areas. ROI analyses taking into account GM volume changes showed extensive decrease in [11C]FMZ binding in bilateral parietal, cingulate, and insular cortices as well as in the thalami, amygdalae, and hippocampi. These changes were significant in both progressive and relapsing‐remitting forms of the disease and correlated with WM T2‐weighted lesion load. [11C]FMZ cortical binding correlated with cognitive performance.InterpretationThis pilot study showed that PET with [11C]FMZ could be a promising and sensitive quantitative marker to assess and map the neuronal substrate of GM pathology in MS. Ann Neurol 2015;78:554–567
Development of a conjugated polyaniline incorporated electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) composite membrane electrolyte for high performance dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Elayappan Vijayakumar , Murugadoss Vignesh , Angaiah Subramania , Fei Zhaofu , Dyson Paul J. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTDifferent weight percentage (2, 3, 4, and 5 wt %) of polyaniline (PANI) were incorporated into electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF‐HFP) composite membranes (esCPMs). The regular morphology, molecular structure, crystallinity, porosity, electrolyte uptake, and leakage of the composite membranes were examined. The esCPMs were activated in liquid electrolyte containing 0.5 M LiI, 0.05 M I2, and 0.5 M 4‐tert‐butylpyridine and 0.5 M 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazoliun iodide in acetonitrile to afford electrospun PVdF‐HFP/PANI composite membrane electrolytes (esCPMEs). The influence of different wt % of PANI on the esCPMEs was studied by electrochemical impedance measurements and Tafel polarization studies. The photovoltaic performance of a dye‐sensitized solar cell assembled using 3 wt % PANI incorporated esCPME exhibits a higher power conversion efficiency of 7.20% than that assembled using esPME (η = 6.42%). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42777.
Water swellable rubber composites: An update review from preparation to properties
Authors: Dehbari Nazila , Tang Youhong 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTIn recent years, water swellable rubber composites have been the subject of many scientific and research investigations as well as many industrial programs. Here, we present an updated overview of the developments in the area of water swellable rubber composites with different kinds of fillers, compatibilizers, and cross‐linked agents, in terms of their manufacturing methods, synthesis, chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Several critical issues and suggestions for future work are detailed, underscoring the roles of material scientists and manufacturing engineers in the bright future of this new material through value addition to enhance its usage and fields of application. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42786.
Structures and properties of polycarbonate modified polyether‐polyurethanes prepared by transurethane polycondensation
Authors: Liu Bingling , Tian Hengshui , Zhu Lihu 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTThermoplastic polycarbonate modified polyether‐polyurethane (PEPU) elastomers were prepared by transurethane polycondensation method using poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol of Mn = 2000 and dimethyl‐hexane‐1,6‐dicarbamate as the main raw materials, 1,4‐butanediol as a chain extender and polycarbonate diol (PCDL) as an additive in the presence of dibutyltin oxide as a catalyst. The effect of the PCDL on the PEPUs' structure, intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties, and water resistance were studied. The polycarbonate modified PEPUs showed better mechanical and thermal properties, but lower molecular weight and optical properties than the PEPUs. The PEPUs modified by PCDL1000 exhibited better performance, including mechanical, optical, and thermal properties, than those by PCDL2000. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42804.