bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oncology Drug Discovery: Planning a Turnaround
Authors: Toniatti Carlo , Jones Philip , Graham Hilary , Pagliara Bruno , Draetta Giulio 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We have made remarkable progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of cancer. This improved understanding has resulted in increasingly effective targeted therapies that are better tolerated than conventional cytotoxic agents and even curative in some patients. Unfortunately, the success rate of drug approval has been limited, and therapeutic improvements have been marginal, with too few exceptions. In this article, we review the current approach to oncology drug discovery and development, identify areas in need of improvement, and propose strategies to improve patient outcomes. We also suggest future directions that may improve the quality of preclinical and early clinical drug evaluation, which could lead to higher approval rates of anticancer drugs. Cancer Discov; 4(4); 397–404. ©2014 AACR.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Levels Do Not Predict Changes in Carotid Arterial Stiffness
Authors: Gepner Adam D. , Colangelo Laura A. , Blondon Marc , Korcarz Claudia E. , de Boer Ian H. , Kestenbaum Bryan , Siscovick David S. , Kaufman Joel D. , Liu Kiang , Stein James H. 
Published: April 2014

Objective—
To evaluate the impact of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) on longitudinal changes in arterial stiffness.

Approach and Results—

Distensibility coefficient and Young’s elastic modulus of the right common carotid artery were evaluated at baseline and after a mean (SD) of 9.4 (0.5) years in 2580 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations were evaluated using multivariable linear regression and analysis of covariance. At baseline, participants were 60.1 (9.4) years old (54% female; 26% black, 20% Hispanic, 14% Chinese). Mean annualized 25(OH)D was <20 ng/dL in 816 participants, and PTH was >65 pg/dL in 285 participants. In cross-sectional analyses, low 25(OH)D (<20 ng/mL) was not associated with stiffer arteries after adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk factors (
P
>0.4). PTH >65 pg/mL was associated with stiffer arteries after adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk factors, other than systolic blood pressure (distensibility coefficient: β=−2.4×10
−4
mm Hg
−1
,
P
=0.003; Young’s elastic modulus: β=166 mm Hg,
P
=0.01); however, after adjustment for systolic blood pressure, these associations no longer were statistically significant. Longitudinal arterial stiffening was associated with older age (
P
<0.0001), higher systolic blood pressure (
P
<0.008), and use of antihypertensive medications (
P
<0.006), but not with 25(OH)D or PTH (both
P
>0.1).

Conclusions—
Carotid arterial stiffness is not associated with low 25(OH)D concentrations. Cross-sectional associations between arterial stiffness and high PTH were attenuated by systolic blood pressure. After nearly a decade of follow-up, neither baseline PTH nor 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with progression of carotid arterial stiffness.
Noninvasive Evaluation of Coronary Collateral Arterial Flow by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography
Authors: Choi Jin-Ho , Kim Eun Kyoung , Kim Sung Mok , Song Young Bin , Hahn Joo-Yong , Choi Seung Hyuk , Gwon Hyeon-Cheol , Lee Sang Hoon , Choe Yeon Hyeon , Oh Jae K. 
Published: April 2014

Background—
Coronary collateral flow is an alternative source of myocardial perfusion in patients with totally occluded coronary arteries. Clinical evaluation of collateral flow has been limited by the need of invasive measurements. We investigated whether noninvasive coronary computed tomographic angiography can evaluate the angiographic extent of coronary collateral flow.

Methods and Results—

We enrolled 325 coronary computed tomographic angiography cases with angiographically confirmed chronic total occlusion (median age, 63 years; men 83%). Transluminal attenuation gradient (TAG), which reflects the kinetics of contrast media in coronary artery, of an entire artery as well as of a distal vessel was assessed to evaluate the flow in entire vessel and distal vessel. TAGs were validated against visually assessed angiographic collateral connection and Rentrop grading. TAG of an entire artery increased consistently according to the angiographic extent of collateral flow (
P
<0.001). Well-developed collaterals, defined by highest collateral connection and Rentrop grades (n=103), could be predicted by TAG of an entire artery (cutoff, ≥−7.6 Hounsfield units/10 mm;
c
-statistics, 0.72; sensitivity, 65%; specificity, 73%; positive predictive value, 52%; negative predictive value, 82%). TAG of a distal vessel could discriminate the antegrade (n=143) and retrograde (n=182) flows in distal artery (cutoff, 0.0 Hounsfield unit/10 mm;
c
-statistics, 0.88; sensitivity, 78%; specificity, 85%; positive predictive value, 87%; negative predictive value, 75%).

Conclusions—
TAG, an intracoronary attenuation-based analysis of coronary computed tomographic angiography, moderately reflected the functional extent and direction of collateral flow.
The Cortex-based Alignment Approach to TMS Coil Positioning
Authors: Duecker Felix , Frost Martin A. , de Graaf Tom A. , Graewe Britta , Jacobs Christianne , Goebel Rainer , Sack Alexander T. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
TMS allows noninvasive manipulation of brain activity in healthy participants and patients. The effectiveness of TMS experiments critically depends on precise TMS coil positioning, which is best for most brain areas when a frameless stereotactic system is used to target activation foci based on individual fMRI data. From a purely scientific perspective, individual fMRI-guided TMS is thus the method of choice to ensure optimal TMS efficiency. Yet, from a more practical perspective, such individual functional data are not always available, and therefore alternative TMS coil positioning approaches are often applied, for example, based on functional group data reported in Talairach coordinates. We here propose a novel method for TMS coil positioning that is based on functional group data, yet only requires individual anatomical data. We used cortex-based alignment (CBA) to transform individual anatomical data to an atlas brain that includes probabilistic group maps of two functional regions (FEF and hMT+/V5). Then, these functional group maps were back-transformed to the individual brain anatomy, preserving functional–anatomical correspondence. As a proof of principle, the resulting CBA-based functional targets in individual brain space were compared with individual FEF and hMT+/V5 hotspots as conventionally localized with individual fMRI data and with targets based on Talairach coordinates as commonly done in TMS research in case only individual anatomical data are available. The CBA-based approach significantly improved localization of functional brain areas compared with traditional Talairach-based targeting. Given the widespread availability of CBA schemes and preexisting functional group data, the proposed procedure is easy to implement and at no additional measurement costs. However, the accuracy of individual fMRI-guided TMS remains unparalleled, and the CBA-based approach should only be the method of choice when individual functional data cannot be obtained or experimental factors argue against it.
The Role of the Right Superior Parietal Lobule in Processing Visual Context for the Establishment of the Egocentric Reference Frame
Authors: Lester Benjamin D. , Dassonville Paul 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Visual cues contribute to the creation of an observer's egocentric reference frame, within which the locations and orientations of objects can be judged. However, these cues can also be misleading. In the rod-and-frame illusion, for example, a large tilted frame distorts the observer's sense of vertical, causing an enclosed rod to appear tilted in the opposite direction. To determine the brain region responsible for processing these spatial cues, we used TMS to suppress neural activity in the superior parietal lobule of healthy observers. Stimulation of the right hemisphere, but not the left, caused a significant reduction in rod-and-frame susceptibility. In contrast, a tilt illusion caused by a mechanism that does not involve a distortion of the observer's egocentric reference frame was unaffected. These results demonstrate that the right superior parietal lobule is actively involved in processing the contextual cues that contribute to our perception of egocentric space.
Dynamics of Alpha Control: Preparatory Suppression of Posterior Alpha Oscillations by Frontal Modulators Revealed with Combined EEG and Event-related Optical Signal
Authors: Mathewson Kyle E. , Beck Diane M. , Ro Tony , Maclin Edward L. , Low Kathy A. , Fabiani Monica , Gratton Gabriele 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We investigated the dynamics of brain processes facilitating conscious experience of external stimuli. Previously, we proposed that alpha (8–12 Hz) oscillations, which fluctuate with both sustained and directed attention, represent a pulsed inhibition of ongoing sensory brain activity. Here we tested the prediction that inhibitory alpha oscillations in visual cortex are modulated by top–down signals from frontoparietal attention networks. We measured modulations in phase-coherent alpha oscillations from superficial frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices using the event-related optical signal (EROS), a measure of neuronal activity affording high spatiotemporal resolution, along with concurrently recorded EEG, while participants performed a visual target detection task. The pretarget alpha oscillations measured with EEG and EROS from posterior areas were larger for subsequently undetected targets, supporting alpha's inhibitory role. Using EROS, we localized brain correlates of these awareness-related alpha oscillations measured at the scalp to the cuneus and precuneus. Crucially, EROS alpha suppression correlated with posterior EEG alpha power across participants. Sorting the EROS data based on EEG alpha power quartiles to investigate alpha modulators revealed that suppression of posterior alpha was preceded by increased activity in regions of the dorsal attention network and decreased activity in regions of the cingulo-opercular network. Cross-correlations revealed the temporal dynamics of activity within these preparatory networks before posterior alpha modulation. The novel combination of EEG and EROS afforded localization of the sources and correlates of alpha oscillations and their temporal relationships, supporting our proposal that top–down control from attention networks modulates both posterior alpha and awareness of visual stimuli.
An Integrated Face–Body Representation in the Fusiform Gyrus but Not the Lateral Occipital Cortex
Authors: Bernstein Michal , Oron Jonathan , Sadeh Boaz , Yovel Galit 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Faces and bodies are processed by distinct category-selective brain areas. Neuroimaging studies have so far presented isolated faces and headless bodies, and therefore little is known on whether and where faces and headless bodies are grouped together to one object, as they appear in the real world. The current study examined whether a face presented above a body are represented as two separate images or as an integrated face–body representation in face and body-selective brain areas by employing a fMRI competition paradigm. This paradigm has been shown to reveal higher fMRI response to sequential than simultaneous presentation of multiple stimuli (i.e., the competition effect), indicating competitive interactions among simultaneously presented multiple stimuli. We therefore hypothesized that if a face above a body is integrated to an image of a person whereas a body above a face is represented as two separate objects, the competition effect will be larger for the latter than the former. Consistent with our hypothesis, our findings reveal a competition effect when a body is presented above a face, but not when a face is presented above a body, suggesting that a body above a face is represented as two separate objects whereas a face above a body is represented as an integrated image of a person. Interestingly, this integration of a face and a body to an image of a person was found in the fusiform, but not the lateral-occipital face and body areas. We conclude that faces and bodies are processed separately at early stages and are integrated to a unified image of a person at mid-level stages of object processing.
Developmental Trajectory of Face Processing Revealed by Integrative Dynamics
Authors: Mišić Bratislav , Mills Travis , Vakorin Vasily A. , Taylor Margot J. , McIntosh Anthony R. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Given their unique connectivity, a primary function of brain networks must be to transfer and integrate information. Therefore, the way in which information is integrated by individual nodes of the network may be an informative aspect of cognitive processing. Here we present a method inspired by telecommunications research that utilizes time–frequency fluctuations of neural activity to infer how information is integrated by individual nodes of the network. We use a queueing theoretical model to interpret empirical data in terms of information processing and integration. In particular, we demonstrate, in participants aged from 6 to 41 years, that the well-known face inversion phenomenon may be explained in terms of information integration. Our model suggests that inverted faces may be associated with shorter and more frequent neural integrative stages, indicating fractured processing and consistent with the notion that inverted faces are perceived by parts. Conversely, our model suggests that upright faces may be associated with a smaller number of sustained episodes of integration, indicating more involved processing, akin to holistic and configural processing. These differences in how upright and inverted faces are processed became more pronounced during development, indicating a gradual specialization for face perception. These effects were robustly expressed in the right fusiform gyrus (all groups), as well as right parahippocampal gyrus (children and adolescents only) and left inferior temporal cortex (adults only).
„O czym nie można mówić, o tym trzeba milczeć”? – obszary językowo tabuizowane w tekstach prasowych z okresu żałoby narodowej po śmierci Józefa Piłsudskiego
Authors: Rogalska Marta 
Published: April 2014

“Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent” – areas tabooed linguistically in press texts during the national days of mourning after Józef Piłsudski’s deathThis article discusses issues concerning press text taboo during the national days of mourning after Józef Piłsudski’s death. The source of the material are texts printed in the daily press dated 13.05-19.05.1935. The article discusses both taboo on the formal plane (euphemisms of death and its various aspects), and taboo on a semantic plane (taboo subjects), as well as relationship between taboo and censorship (individual and institutional/public). Its aim is to collect and to analyse euphemisms connected with mourning in the press discourse in the 1930s, especially euphemisms of lexemes: corpse and death. The article discusses also the rhetorical function of taboo subjects defined in connection with Marshal Piłsudski’s death. „O czym nie można mówić, o tym trzeba milczeć”? – obszary językowo tabuizowane w tekstach prasowych z okresu żałoby narodowej po śmierci Józefa PiłsudskiegoArtykuł omawia zagadnienie tabu w czasie żałoby narodowej po śmierci Józefa Piłsudskiego. Materiał stanowią teksty prasowe drukowane na łamach dzienników (zróżnicowanych światopoglądowo) w dniach 13.05.1935-19.05.1935 r. Omówione zostaje zarówno tabu w planie wyrażania (eufemizmy śmierci i obszarów z nią związanych), jak i tabu w planie treści (tematy tabu), a także relacje między tabu i cenzurą (wewnętrzną i zewnętrzną). Celem artykułu jest zebranie i analiza eufemizmów związanych z żałobą, szczególnie eufemizmów leksemów trup i śmierć, w dyskursie publicystycznym lat 30. XX w. oraz omówienie retorycznych funkcji tematów tabu wyznaczanych w związku ze śmiercią marszałka Piłsudskiego.
Sprawozdanie z konferencji Polyslav XVII (Kijów 11–14 września 2013 roku)
Authors: Jankowiak Mirosław 
Published: April 2014

Report of the conference Polyslav XVII (Kiev, 11–14 September 2013)The paper is a conference report. Young Slavists meet each other every year at the Polyslav conference. The previous meeting took place in Kiev and was organized by the Institute of Philology of the Taras Shevchenko National University in Kiev (Department of the Modern Ukrainian Language). Young linguists from 11 countries presented 68 reports associated with Slavic languages. The reports were related to almost all areas of linguistics. Sprawozdanie z konferencji Polyslav XVII (Kijów 11–14 września 2013 roku)Tekst jest sprawozdaniem z konferencji. Młodzi slawiści co roku spotykają się na konferencji Polyslav. Ostatnia z nich została zorganizowana przez Instytut Filologii Państwowego Uniwersytetu Kijowskiego im. Tarasa Szewczenki (Katedra Współczesnego Języka Ukraińskiego) w Kijowie. Młodzi slawiści z 11 krajów zaprezentowali 68 referatów opisujących języki słowiańskie. Referaty dotyczyły prawie wszystkich dziedzin językoznawstwa.
On the Calculation and Correction of Equitable Threat Score for Model Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts for Small Verification Areas: The Example of Taiwan
Authors: Wang Chung-Chieh 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
As one of the most widely used skill scores for model quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) verification and evaluation, the equitable threat score ETS differs from the threat score TS in that the random hits R are removed from its calculation. In practice, however, when applied to a set of verification points confined to small areas, the random assumption often becomes increasingly questionable or even invalid in larger events. As a result, the random hits are overestimated and the ETS becomes biased and not indicative of model skills. In this paper, such an issue is explored and demonstrated through the example of Taiwan with steep topography from Typhoon Morakot (2009) and mei-yu heavy-rainfall cases. It is found that the ETS is affected more seriously and scaled down by at least about 0.1 compared to the TS whenever the rain area occupies roughly 20% or more of the total verification area (if the random assumption of R is invalid). As such conditions often occur for small areas, it is vital to estimate R as correctly as possible for the ETS to work properly. A simple solution is offered by using all gridpoint values from the entire model domain, rather than just a small subset falling into the verification area, to estimate the random hit rate in the forecast. While the ETS remains unaltered in its definition, the proposed method yields the best estimates of R available by using the largest sample size from the model and subsequently better-behaved ETS values and is, therefore, recommended for all applications of ETS for small verification areas.
The Impact of Climate Change on Meningitis in Northwest Nigeria: An Assessment Using CMIP5 Climate Model Simulations
Authors: Abdussalam Auwal F. , Monaghan Andrew J. , Steinhoff Daniel F. , Dukic Vanja M. , Hayden Mary H. , Hopson Thomas M. , Thornes John E. , Leckebusch Gregor C. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Meningitis remains a major health burden throughout Sahelian Africa, especially in heavily populated northwest Nigeria with an annual incidence rate ranging from 18 to 200 per 100 000 people for 2000–11. Several studies have established that cases exhibit sensitivity to intra- and interannual climate variability, peaking during the hot and dry boreal spring months, raising concern that future climate change may increase the incidence of meningitis in the region. The impact of future climate change on meningitis risk in northwest Nigeria is assessed by forcing an empirical model of meningitis with monthly simulations of seven meteorological variables from an ensemble of 13 statistically downscaled global climate model projections from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Experiment (CMIP5) for representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6, 6.0, and 8.5 scenarios, with the numbers representing the globally averaged top-of-the-atmosphere radiative imbalance (in W m−2) in 2100. The results suggest future temperature increases due to climate change have the potential to significantly increase meningitis cases in both the early (2020–35) and late (2060–75) twenty-first century, and for the seasonal onset of meningitis to begin about a month earlier on average by late century, in October rather than November. Annual incidence may increase by 47% ± 8%, 64% ± 9%, and 99% ± 12% for the RCP 2.6, 6.0, and 8.5 scenarios, respectively, in 2060–75 with respect to 1990–2005. It is noteworthy that these results represent the climatological potential for increased cases due to climate change, as it is assumed that current prevention and treatment strategies will remain similar in the future.
Case report of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in two palliative care patients
Authors: Stockley Amelia J 
Published: April 2014

Background: This case report describes two patients with advanced disease who were found to have exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. There have been no prior case reports of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in patients with advanced malignant disease in the palliative care setting. The instigation of diagnostic tests for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency might be delayed or omitted in light of the plausible explanations for symptoms of gastrointestinal disturbance in patients with progressive life-limiting illness, making clinical vigilance about this condition important, since the identification and treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency could improve quality of life. Case presentation: Both patients were admitted to the hospice with symptoms of gastrointestinal upset and weight loss. Once medications and dietary manipulation had failed to improve symptoms significantly, more detailed investigations resulted in diagnoses of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Case management: Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy was commenced. Case outcome: Improvement in symptoms for both patients facilitated nursing care in the final stages of life. Conclusions: Identification of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and the instigation of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy can, even in the late stages of illness, contribute significantly to symptom control of gastrointestinal disturbance and may allow patients to be cared for in their preferred environment.