bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not Just Color: Whiteness, Nation, and Status in Latin America
Authors: Telles Edward , Flores René 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
In this study we use statistical analysis of nationally representative surveys from the 2010 AmericasBarometer to examine how color, nationality, and several individual characteristics are related to white identification in 17 Latin American countries. Unlike the common treatment of racial identification as a fixed and self-evident determinant of social status or behavior, we treat it as a flexible social outcome. We find that though white identification is largely shaped by skin color, it is also shaped by national context, social status, and age.
We discover that white identification is more common among persons of a brown skin color in Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, and Costa Rica than in the rest of Latin America, where such persons would generally identify as mestizo. This suggests that the whitening ideologies of these four countries have made whiteness a more capacious category. We find that younger Latin Americans are less likely to identify as white compared to their older conationals, suggesting a changing valorization of whiteness. Furthermore, college-educated persons are less likely to identify as white than their lower-educated counterparts, challenging ideas that “money whitens.” Findings for age and education may reflect a recent shift to multiculturalism. In addition, we find that white identification is predicted to change in response to the survey interviewer’s color, suggesting that choices about racial identification are relational.
The work of historians has been critical to understanding our findings for the contemporary period, and we suggest ways that sociological work like ours might inform historical work on race and ethnicity.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Dithienostiboles
Authors: Ohshita Joji , Fujita Risa , Tanaka Daiki , Ooyama Yousuke , Kobayashi Norifumi , Higashimura Hideyuki , Yamamoto Yohsuke 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Dithienostiboles having a stibole ring fused with a bithiophene system were prepared by the reactions of β,β′-dilithiobithiophene derivatives with aryldichlorostibines. Their optical properties were examined with respect to the UV absorption and emission spectra. DFT calculations on a model were also carried out to understand the electronic states.
Effect of Surface Modification with Layered Double Hydroxide on Reduction of Nitrate to Nitrogen over BaLa4Ti4O15 Photocatalyst
Authors: Adachi Mariko , Kudo Akihiko 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
BaLa4Ti4O15 photocatalyst, one of the most active UV light responsive photocatalyst for water splitting, was modified with MgAl–LDH (layered double hydroxide) of an anion adsorbent to improve photocatalytic activity for reduction of nitrate to nitrogen. The activity of the Ni/BaLa4Ti4O15 photocatalyst was significantly improved by this surface modification with MgAl–LDH deposited by homogeneous precipitation using urea hydrolysis.
Electrochemical Deposition of Silver on Gold Electrodes in the Presence of Halogen Ions
Authors: Hamasaki Yuki , Nakashima Naotoshi , Niidome Yasuro 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Electrochemical reactions of silver in the presence of chloride and bromide ions were examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance measurements. In the presence of chloride ions, repeated CV cycles caused AgCl to deposit on the electrode. In contrast, reduction of silver ions in the presence of bromide ions to form metallic silver was very slow, and AgBr was not deposited on the gold electrode.
One-step Synthesis of Conducting Polymer–Palladium Nanocomposite Fibers by Aqueous Chemical Oxidative Polymerization
Authors: Hamasaki Hiroyuki , Kanadani Hodaka , Nakamura Yoshinobu , Fujii Syuji 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Aqueous chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole using PdCl2 oxidant was conducted in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in order to synthesize polypyrrole–palladium (PPy–Pd) nanocomposite in one step. Interestingly, the PPy–Pd nanocomposite was synthesized with fibrous morphology. Transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed that Pd and PPy components formed composite in nanometer dimensions.
Adequação do ponto de corte do Ensaio Imunoenzimático para Leishmaniose Visceral à imunofluorescência indireta
Authors: Medeiros Alexander Amaral 
Published: July 2013

Introdução: A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) está presente na maioria dos países tropicais e subtropicais. Estima-se que milhares de cães infectados são assintomáticos, mas constituem uma fonte de infecção para o vetor, fazendo-se necessário o emprego de testes sorológicos para a detecção da doença. Entretanto, a Imunofluorescência Indireta (IFI), considerada padrão ouro, só confirma cerca de 10% das mostras classificadas como reagente pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (EIE) utilizado para triagem. Objetivo: observar a correspondência entre o teste de triagem e o confirmatório para LVC e realizar possíveis ajustes no ponto de corte do teste de triagem, otimizando recursos doslaboratórios. Métodos: Foram analisadas 1.336 amostras de sangue dessecado em papel de filtro, utilizando os kits de EIE e IFI distribuídos pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, seguindo as instruções do fabricante. O ponto de cortedo EIE foi calculado por uma curva ROC, tendo IFI como padrão. Resultados: Utilizando o ponto de corte do fabricante, o EIE classificou como reagentes 886 das 1.336 amostras (66,3%). Entretanto, apenas 142 (10%) foram confirmadas por IFI. Após a aplicação do ponto de corte proposto, 507 (38%) amostras submetidas à EIE apresentaram-se como reagentes. O teste apresentou sensibilidade de 98,59%, especificidade de 69,01% e precisão de 72,16%. Conclusão: A grande quantidade de amostras soro reagentes por EIE não confirmadas por IFI pode apresentar um custo extra aos laboratórios. A modificação do ponto de corte do teste de triagem pode ser uma boa estratégia para a diminuição dos custos de operação dos laboratórios públicos do País.
O Portador de transtorno esquizofrênico na Atenção Básica: caminhos e descaminhos na busca do cuidado
Authors: Almeida Gilson Holanda 
Published: July 2013

Introdução: Há três décadas iniciou-se a implementação de políticas visando a desconstrução de um modelo de atenção em saúde mental centrado no hospital e que permitisse gradativamente à Atenção Básica romper a dicotomia entre ações de saúde coletiva e atenção individual. Permanece campo de interesse avaliar o trabalho das equipes da Estratégia da Saúde da Família na Atenção Básica focado nas demandas dos doentes mentais graves e de seus familiares. Objetivos: Configurar histórias da doença de portadores de esquizofrenia e seu percurso na busca do atendimento na Atenção Básica. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo realizado em três Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Fortaleza-Ceará que haviam passado pelo Matriciamento, com dados coletados em visitas domiciliares com portadores de esquizofrenia utilizando-se entrevistas em profundidade para configurar histórias de vida. Resultados: Os achados refletem a desorganização e incomunicabilidade de instâncias prestadoras de serviços de saúde, a demora na identificação dos casos emergentes, a falta de agenda nos atendimentos, ausência de individualização do sujeito e necessidade de maior preparo dos profissionais no desafio de tratar portadores de esquizofrenia na Atenção Básica. Conclusão: As práticas de Saúde Mental, numa perspectiva mais compreensiva, ainda estão à espera de uma inserção mais nítida e operante dentro da Atenção Básica.
Differences of the Daily Flight Activity Rhythm in two Neotropical Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
Authors: Gouw Monique Sian , Gimenes Miriam 
Published: July 2013

Stingless bees are mainly tropical and subtropical, eusocial bees and perform activities that are both internal and external to the nest. This study aims to investigate and compare the daily flight activities of Melipona scutellaris Latreille and Frieseomelitta doederleini (Friese). The daily flight activities of the two Meliponini species was regular for both initial and final activities and for preferential time of activity throughout the months, which may indicate the presence of a biological rhythm synchronized by the daily light-dark cycle. Temperature, light intensity and relative humidity probably influenced the rhythms of activity during the day, in a way that may act as a modulator of bee rhythms. M. scutellaris was the larger and darker bees and showed earlier activities and in lower temperatures when compared to F. doederleini, which were smaller bees.
Cell division in Azadinium spinosum (Dinophyceae)
Authors: Tillmann Urban , Elbrächter Malte 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Azadinium spinosum is a planktonic dinoflagellate, and a source of azaspiracids, a group of lipophilic toxins of human health concern. Little is known about the biology of this genus, and its phylogenetic position within the Dinophyceae is not yet fully resolved. Here, we present detailed observations regarding its vegetative cell division. As a first sign of cell division, the round interphase nucleus enlarges and becomes elongate in a slightly oblique orientation. The nucleus then divides along its longitudinal axis. Cytokinesis of A. spinosum occurs in motile cells and is of the desmoschisis type, i.e., the parental theca is shared between the two sister cells. Divided cells completely separate before the thecal plates are fully replaced. The anterosinistral daughter cell keeps the parent cell’s apex, including the apical pore complex and all the apical and epithecal intercalary plates, whereas the posterodextral daughter cell keeps, among others, both antapical plates. In general, the course of the fission line follows the plate overlap pattern and is, with a few exceptions, similar to other species of the Gonyaulacales. A literature survey shows that both desmoschisis and eleuteroschisis have been described for Gonyaulacales and Peridiniales, which suggests that mode of division may not be a good ordinal criterion for classification.
Does the physician density affect suicide rates among adolescents and young adults?
Authors: Sher Leo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHigher physician-per-population ratio may improve access to medical care, decrease waiting times, increase the opportunity for contact between the patient and physician, and has been associated with earlier stage of diagnosis and better prognosis in patients with some medical conditions. It appears that an increase in the physician density generally improves the quality of healthcare and should prevent suicides. However, several research reports suggest that of those people who committed suicide, many saw a physician shortly before their suicide completion. Besides, studies show that many physicians do not have adequate training in suicide evaluation techniques and treatment approaches to suicidal patients, especially young people. Therefore, we hypothesized that the physician density does not affect suicide rates among adolescents and young adults. Correlations were computed to examine relationships between suicide rates in 15–24-year-old and 25–34-year-old males and females and the physician density in European countries. Countries were also divided into two groups, according to the median split of the physician density. Suicide rates among 15–24-year-old and 25–34-year-old males and females in these two groups were compared using the t-test. We found no relationships between suicide rates and the physician density. The results of our study suggest that either physicians do not take an appropriate care of suicidal patients, or suicide is not preventable, or both. The results of this study should be treated with caution because many confounding variables are not taken into account.
Resveratrol for prenatal-stress-induced oxidative damage in growing brain and its consequences on survival of neurons
Authors: Madhyastha Sampath , Sahu Sudhanshu Sekhar , Rao Gayathri 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background: Prenatal-stress-induced neuronal damage in offspring is multifactorial, including oxidative damage in the developing brain. Resveratrol is known to exert its neuroprotective potentials by upregulating several antioxidant systems. Hence, the study was undertaken to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol against prenatal-stress-induced hippocampal damage and oxidative damage in neonate rat brains.

Methods: Pregnant rats were subjected to restraint stress during early or late gestational period. Another set of rats received resveratrol during the entire gestational period along with early or late gestational stress. The study parameters included several antioxidant studies directly from rat brain homogenate on the 40th postnatal day and hippocampal neuronal assay on the 21st postnatal day.

Results: Early as well as late gestational stress resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and advanced oxidation protein products and decrease in total antioxidant activity and nitric oxide levels in rat brain homogenate. The neurons of the dentate gyrus were severely affected in early and late gestational stress, and only the neurons of the CA3 region were adversely affected in late gestational stress. Administration of resveratrol reversed the prenatal-stress-induced oxidative damage and neurons of dentate gyrus but not the CA3 hippocampal neurons.

Conclusions: These results show the neuroprotective abilities of resveratrol against prenatal-stress-induced oxidative damage in neonatal rat brain.
Revision of the hydroidPlumalinaHall, 1858 in the Silurian and Devonian of New York
Authors: Muscente A. D. , Allmon Warren D. 
Published: July 2013

The feather-shapedPlumalinaHall, 1858 is revised on the basis of new and reexamined specimens from New York. Previously described from Givetian through Famennian deposits, a single compression ofP. teneran. sp. from the Rochester Shale extends the range into the Wenlock, and provides new information regardingPlumalina's biology. We assess the utility of morphologic characters in diagnoses of taxa, and present the first quantitative analysis of fossil hydroids to distinguishP. brevisn. sp. (Frasnian) from other Devonian species.Plumalinahas been compared to plants, graptolites, and octocorals. Some interpretations have proposed affinities among hydrozoans based on colony form and the presence of putative polyp bases. Our analysis shows that, like extant thecate hydrozoans,Plumalinahad a delicate, chitinous hydrocaulus with weakly articulated hydrocladia. An assemblage of in situ specimens, steeply inclined relative to the bedding plane in an Ithaca Formation (Frasnian Stage) turbidite, indicates that Devonian species produced sessile, erect colonies attached to a hard substrate, comparable to extant hydroids that feed in currents. Morphometric comparisons between putativePlumalinapolyp bases and polyp bases of modern analogues reveal similarities to hydroids in the superfamily Plumularioidea McCrady, 1859.Plumalinais the most abundant fossil hydroid so far reported, and is pertinent to interpretations of the hydrozoan record.
The “Path” Not Taken: Exploring Structural Differences in Mapped- Versus Shortest-Network-Path School Travel Routes
Authors: Buliung Ron N. , Larsen Kristian , Faulkner Guy E. J. , Stone Michelle R. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives. School route measurement often involves estimating the shortest network path. We challenged the relatively uncritical adoption of this method in school travel research and tested the route discordance hypothesis that several types of difference exist between shortest network paths and reported school routes. Methods. We constructed the mapped and shortest path through network routes for a sample of 759 children aged 9 to 13 years in grades 5 and 6 (boys = 45%, girls = 54%, unreported gender = 1%), in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. We used Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to compare reported with shortest-path route measures including distance, route directness, intersection crossings, and route overlap. Measurement difference was explored by mode and location. Results. We found statistical evidence of route discordance for walkers and children who were driven and detected it more often for inner suburban cases. Evidence of route discordance varied by mode and school location. Conclusions. We found statistically significant differences for route structure and built environment variables measured along reported and geographic information systems–based shortest-path school routes. Uncertainty produced by the shortest-path approach challenges its conceptual and empirical validity in school travel research.
Reducing Risk Behaviors Linked to Noncommunicable Diseases in Mongolia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Aira Toivgoo , Wang Wei , Riedel Marion , Witte Susan S. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives. We tested the efficacy of a 6-session, evidence-based health promotion intervention aimed at reducing noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk behaviors.Methods. Two hundred male and female factory workers in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia were randomly assigned to groups receiving either the health promotion intervention or a time-matched financial literacy control intervention.Results. The health promotion intervention increased daily fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity, increased readiness for NCD risk behavior reduction and health promotion knowledge, and reduced the number of daily alcoholic drinks and diabetes symptoms 3 months after the intervention.Conclusions. The findings support the efficacy of the intervention to reduce risk behaviors associated with NCDs. Dissemination of the intervention may improve productivity, reduce costs of health services, and better the quality of life for Mongolians.
Supplementing Menu Labeling With Calorie Recommendations to Test for Facilitation Effects
Authors: Downs Julie S. , Wisdom Jessica , Wansink Brian , Loewenstein George 
Published: July 2013

Objectives. We examined the effect on food purchases of adding recommended calorie intake per day or per meal to the mandated calorie information posted on chain restaurant menus. Methods. Before and after New York City implemented calorie posting on chain restaurant menus in 2008, we provided daily, per-meal, or no calorie recommendations to randomized subsets of adult lunchtime customers (n = 1121) entering 2 McDonald’s restaurants, in Manhattan and Brooklyn, and collected receipts and survey responses as they exited. In linear and logistic regressions, with adjustment for gender, race, age, and day, we tested for simple differences in calories consumed and interactions between variables. Results. Posting calorie benchmarks had no direct impact, nor did it moderate the impact of calorie labels on food purchases. The recommendation appeared to promote a slight increase in calorie intake, attributable to increased purchases of higher-calorie entrées. Conclusions. These results do not support the introduction of calorie recommendations as a means of enhancing the impact of posted calorie information or reducing the contribution of restaurant dining to the obesity epidemic.
Smokers With Behavioral Health Comorbidity Should Be Designated a Tobacco Use Disparity Group
Authors: Williams Jill M. , Steinberg Marc L. , Griffiths Kim Gesell , Cooperman Nina 
Published: July 2013

Smokers with co-occurring mental illness or substance use disorders are not designated a disparity group or priority population by most national public health and tobacco control groups. These smokers fulfill the criteria commonly used to identify groups that merit special attention: targeted marketing by the tobacco industry, high smoking prevalence rates, heavy economic and health burdens from tobacco, limited access to treatment, and longer durations of smoking with less cessation. A national effort to increase surveillance, research, and treatment is needed. Designating smokers with behavioral health comorbidity a priority group will bring much-needed attention and resources. The disparity in smoking rates among persons with behavioral health issues relative to the general population will worsen over time if their needs remain unaddressed.
Spanish-Language Community-Based Mental Health Treatment Programs, Policy-Required Language-Assistance Programming, and Mental Health Treatment Access Among Spanish-Speaking Clients
Authors: Snowden Lonnie R. , McClellan Sean R. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives. We investigated the extent to which implementing language assistance programming through contracting with community-based organizations improved the accessibility of mental health care under Medi-Cal (California’s Medicaid program) for Spanish-speaking persons with limited English proficiency, and whether it reduced language-based treatment access disparities. Methods. Using a time series nonequivalent control group design, we studied county-level penetration of language assistance programming over 10 years (1997–2006) for Spanish-speaking persons with limited English proficiency covered under Medi-Cal. We used linear regression with county fixed effects to control for ongoing trends and other influences. Results. When county mental health plans contracted with community-based organizations, those implementing language assistance programming increased penetration rates of Spanish-language mental health services under Medi-Cal more than other plans (0.28 percentage points, a 25% increase on average; P < .05). However, the increase was insufficient to significantly reduce language-related disparities. Conclusions. Mental health treatment programs operated by community-based organizations may have moderately improved access after implementing required language assistance programming, but the programming did not reduce entrenched disparities in the accessibility of mental health services.
Lifetime Socioeconomic Inequalities in Physical and Cognitive Aging
Authors: Hurst Louise , Stafford Mai , Cooper Rachel , Hardy Rebecca , Richards Marcus , Kuh Diana 
Published: July 2013

Objectives. We examined the relationship between childhood and adult socioeconomic position (SEP) and objectively assessed, later-life functioning. Methods. We used the Medical Research Council’s National Survey of Health and Development data to examine performance at 60 to 64 years (obtained in 2006–2011) for a representative UK sample. We compared 9 physical and cognitive performance measures (forced expiratory volume, forced vital capacity, handgrip strength, chair rise time, standing balance time, timed get up and go speed, verbal memory score, processing speed, and simple reaction time) over the SEP distribution. Results. Each performance measure was socially graded. Those at the top of the childhood SEP distribution had between 7% and 20% better performance than those at the bottom. Inequalities generally persisted after adjustment for adult SEP. When we combined the 9 performance measures, the relative difference was 66% (95% confidence interval = 53%, 78%). Conclusions. Public health practice should monitor and target inequalities in functional performance, as well as risk of disease and death. Effective strategies will need to affect the social determinants of health in early life to influence inequalities into old age.