bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implant therapy: 40 years of experience
Authors: Quirynen Marc , Herrera David , Teughels Wim , Sanz Mariano 
Published: August 2014

AbstractImplant placement has become a well‐established and highly successful therapy in the rehabilitation of partially and fully edentulous patients. The ‘original’ treatment protocol, which aimed to demonstrate implant ‘biocompatibility’ and the achievement of osseointegration, has evolved over the past 40 years into a broader treatment approach in which the esthetic and patient‐related objectives have become the main focus. This volume of Periodontology 2000 summarizes, via narrative reviews, the advantages and disadvantages of this evolution in implantology and offers recommendations on where and when to apply the new therapeutic protocols, without jeopardizing the outcome for the patient. It also discusses current treatments of the most common implant‐associated complications. Many of the implant innovations and new therapeutic protocols are supported by evidence‐based knowledge and have provided clear benefits for both the patient and the clinician.
Correcting for the bias caused by exposure measurement error in epidemiological studies
Authors: Fahey Michael T. , Forbes Andrew B. , Hodge Alison M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAn important goal of many epidemiological studies is to estimate the magnitude of association between an exposure and an outcome. Exposure measurement error causes bias in such estimates of association and can be substantial. In this article, we describe the problem of exposure measurement error and its effects. We show how a simple hand calculation, in conjunction with validation study data and a calibration equation, can be used to correct estimates for the bias caused by exposure measurement error. Correcting estimates of association for measurement error helps researchers appropriately assess effect size.
Level of adherence to the GOLD strategy document for management of patients admitted to hospital with an acute exacerbation of COPD
Authors: Tang Clarice Y. , Taylor Nicholas F. , McDonald Christine F. , Blackstock Felicity C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) strategy document has been available since 2001. Little is known about level of adherence to the GOLD document among hospital‐based health professionals assessing and managing inpatients admitted with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the level of adherence among health professionals to GOLD.MethodsA retrospective audit of medical histories was completed on a random sample of 240 patients admitted to hospital with a primary diagnosis of AECOPD within a calendar year. The audit evaluated adherence to GOLD recommendations on appropriateness of hospital and intensive care unit admissions as well as pharmacological and non‐pharmacological management.ResultsHigh levels of adherence to indications for hospital admissions (97%), indications for intensive care unit admissions (100%) and prescription of bronchodilators (100%) were observed. However, antibiotics (45%) and oxygen therapy (68%) were over‐prescribed. Adherence to non‐pharmacological management was poor in areas such as smoking cessation (25%) and pulmonary rehabilitation referrals (16%). Patients admitted under the care of the respiratory team were more likely (odds ratio = 2.6, 95% confidence interval: 1.3–5.4) to be referred to pulmonary rehabilitation than patients admitted under the general medicine team.ConclusionsHealth professionals in the respiratory team had better adherence to GOLD as compared to health professionals in other teams. Nonetheless, pharmacological interventions were both appropriately prescribed and also over‐prescribed, whereas non‐pharmacological interventions were used rarely, suggesting a need for practice review in these areas.
Non‐eosinophilic Airway Hyper‐reactivity in Mice, Induced by IFN‐γ Producing CD4+ and CD8+ Lung T cells, is Responsive to Steroid Treatment
Authors: Stein J. , Maxeiner J. H. , Montermann E. , Höhn Y. , Raker V. , Taube C. , Sudowe S. , Reske‐Kunz A. B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNon‐eosinophilic asthma is characterized by infiltration of neutrophils into the lung and variable responsiveness to glucocorticoids. The pathophysiological mechanisms have not been characterized in detail. Here, we present an experimental asthma model in mice associated with non‐eosinophilic airway inflammation and airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR). For this, BALB/c mice were sensitized by biolistic DNA immunization with a plasmid encoding the model antigen β‐galactosidase (pFascin‐βGal mice). For comparison, eosinophilic airway inflammation was induced by subcutaneous injection of βGal protein (βGal mice). Intranasal challenge of mice in both groups induced AHR to a comparable extent as well as recruitment of inflammatory cells into the airways. In contrast to βGal mice, which exhibited extensive eosinophilic infiltration in the lung, goblet cell hyperplasia and polarization of CD4+ T cells into Th2 and Th17 cells, pFascin‐βGal mice showed considerable neutrophilia, but no goblet cell hyperplasia and a predominance of Th1 and Tc1 cells in the airways. Depletion studies in pFascin‐βGal mice revealed that CD4+ and CD8+ cells cooperated to induce maximum inflammation, but that neutrophilic infiltration was not a prerequisite for AHR induction. Treatment of pFascin‐βGal mice with dexamethasone before intranasal challenge did not affect neutrophilic infiltration, but significantly reduced AHR, infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes as well as content of IFN‐γ in the bronchoalveolar fluid. Our results suggest that non‐eosinophilic asthma associated predominantly with Th1/Tc1 cells is susceptible to glucocorticoid treatment. pFascin‐βGal mice might represent a mouse model to study pathophysiological mechanisms proceeding in the subgroup of asthmatics with non‐eosinophilic asthma that respond to inhaled steroids.
Frequency and clinical outcomes of ESKAPE bacteremia in solid organ transplantation and the risk factors for mortality
Authors: Ye Q.F. , Zhao J. , Wan Q.Q. , Qiao B.B. , Zhou J.D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlthough bacteremias caused by the 6 ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) have recently been highlighted as a serious complication in solid organ transplant (SOT), more information is urgently needed. We sought to investigate the frequency and clinical outcomes of ESKAPE bacteremia in SOT and determine the risk factors for mortality.MethodsA retrospective analysis of bacteremia after SOT was reviewed. Risk factors for mortality caused by ESKAPE bacteremia were identified.ResultsEighty‐four episodes of bacteremia were caused by ESKAPE strains. Of these strains, 41 were caused by resistant ESKAPE (rESKAPE) organisms. The only factor for bacteremia‐related mortality independently associated with ESKAPE was septic shock (odds ratio [OR] = 21.017, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.038–87.682, P < 0.001). The factors for bacteremia‐related mortality independently associated with rESKAPE bacteremia were septic shock (OR = 16.558, 95% CI = 6.620–104.668, P = 0.003) and age ≥40 years (OR = 7.521, 95% CI = 1.196–47.292, P = 0.031).ConclusionsTo improve the outcomes of transplantation, more effective therapeutic treatments are of paramount importance when older SOT recipients with bacteremia due to ESKAPE/rESKAPE organisms present with septic shock.
Prevalence and correlates of treatment failure among Kenyan children hospitalised with severe community‐acquired pneumonia: a prospective study of the clinical effectiveness of WHO pneumonia case management guidelines
Authors: Agweyu Ambrose , Kibore Minnie , Digolo Lina , Kosgei Caroline , Maina Virginia , Mugane Samson , Muma Sarah , Wachira John , Waiyego Mary , Maleche‐Obimbo Elizabeth 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the extent and pattern of treatment failure (TF) among children hospitalised with community‐acquired pneumonia at a large tertiary hospital in Kenya.MethodsWe followed up children aged 2–59 months with WHO‐defined severe pneumonia (SP) and very severe pneumonia (VSP) for up to 5 days for TF using two definitions: (i) documentation of pre‐defined clinical signs resulting in change of treatment (ii) primary clinician's decision to change treatment with or without documentation of the same pre‐defined clinical signs.ResultsWe enrolled 385 children. The risk of TF varied between 1.8% (95% CI 0.4–5.1) and 12.4% (95% CI 7.9–18.4) for SP and 21.4% (95% CI 15.9–27) and 39.3% (95% CI 32.5–46.4) for VSP depending on the definition applied. Higher rates were associated with early changes in therapy by clinician in the absence of an obvious clinical rationale. Non‐adherence to treatment guidelines was observed for 70/169 (41.4%) and 67/201 (33.3%) of children with SP and VSP, respectively. Among children with SP, adherence to treatment guidelines was associated with the presence of wheeze on initial assessment (P = 0.02), while clinician non‐adherence to guideline‐recommended treatments for VSP tended to occur in children with altered consciousness (P < 0.001). Using propensity score matching to account for imbalance in the distribution of baseline clinical characteristics among children with VSP revealed no difference in TF between those treated with the guideline‐recommended regimen vs. more costly broad‐spectrum alternatives [risk difference 0.37 (95% CI −0.84 to 0.51)].ConclusionBefore revising current pneumonia case management guidelines, standardised definitions of TF and appropriate studies of treatment effectiveness of alternative regimens are required.
Explaining Person Identification: An Inquiry Into the Tracking of Human Agents
Authors: Bullot Nicolas J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTo introduce the issue of the tracking and identification of human agents, I examine the ability of an agent (“a tracker”) to track a human person (“a target”) and distinguish this target from other individuals: The ability to perform person identification. First, I discuss influential mechanistic models of the perceptual recognition of human faces and people (the face‐recognition program). Such models propose detailed hypotheses about the parts and activities of the mental mechanisms that control the perceptual recognition of persons. However, models based on perceptual recognition are incomplete theories of person identification because they do not explain several identification behaviors that are fundamental to human social interactions (e.g., identifying unobservable persons and imposters). Furthermore, recognition‐based models tend to appeal to the controversial concept of the “identity” of a person without explaining what determines personal identity and persistence. To overcome these limitations, I propose to integrate the face‐recognition program into a broader causal‐historical theory of identification. The causal‐historical theory of identification complements models focused on perceptual recognition because it can account for the types of non‐perceptual identification overlooked by the face‐recognition program. Moreover, it can decompose the identification behaviors into tracking processes that succeed or fail to be sensitive to causal characteristics of a target. I illustrate these advantages with a discussion of the difference between the tracking of a person understood as either a causally continuous biological organism (organism‐based tracking) or a psychologically continuous mind (psychological tracking). Finally, I argue that the causal‐historical theory provides a theoretical framework for investigating the tracking of relations between a target and its contextual and historical attributes, such as a target's possessions.
Progression of plasma D‐dimer concentration and coagulopathies during hospitalization in horses with colic
Authors: Cesarini Carla , Monreal Luis , Armengou Lara , Delgado M. Ángeles , Ríos José , Jose‐Cunilleras Eduard 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the progression of plasma D‐dimer concentrations and coagulation status in horses with different types of colic.DesignProspective clinical observational study performed between March 2004 and September 2008.SettingVeterinary university teaching hospital.AnimalsHorses admitted and treated for colic and hospitalized for >48 hours were considered. Animals were classified by diagnosis into medical obstructive conditions (MO), surgical obstructive conditions (SO), inflammatory conditions, and ischemic lesions (IS).InterventionsThree blood samples were obtained from each horse (admission, at 24–48 h [or after surgery] and upon discharge). For each sample, plasma D‐dimer concentration, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, antithrombin activity, and the presence of subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulation were determined.Measurements and Main ResultsWhen median plasma D‐dimer concentration values at admission and after 24–48 hours were compared, they were different but stable in horses with MO (1.29–1.95 nmol/L) and inflammatory conditions (5.70–6.69 nmol/L). However, 10‐fold and 5‐fold increases were observed, respectively, in SO (2.08 to 16.38 nmol/L) and IS (3.08 to 15.91 nmol/L) in the postoperative period. By 24–48 hours, the percentage of horses with coagulopathy increased in most groups (MO, 43 to 58%; SO, 50 to 96%, IS, 53 to 90%). By the time of discharge, 87% of horses with SO problems and 89% of horses with IS still had some form of coagulopathy documented.ConclusionsThroughout hospitalization, horses with MO problems had less severe coagulopathy and lower plasmatic D‐dimer concentrations compared to other groups of horses. On admission, most horses with inflammatory conditions presented with coagulopathy. At 24–48 hours of hospitalization and following surgery, the hemostatic profile can differ markedly when compared to admission values.
Prevalence and risk factors for isolation of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus in dogs with keratitis
Authors: LoPinto Alexander J. , Mohammed Hussni O. , Ledbetter Eric C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) isolation in dogs with naturally acquired bacterial keratitis.ProceduresAll Staphylococcus spp. isolated from corneal samples of dogs with keratitis during a 2‐year period were evaluated for methicillin resistance by bacteriologic methods. Each MRS isolate was subjected to in vitro susceptibility testing for systemic and ocular antimicrobials. Nasal swabs for culture were collected from all dogs with MRS corneal isolation to evaluate for nasal carrier status. Potential risk factors for MRS isolation were investigated by medical record review and administration of an epidemiological survey to dog owners. Collected information characterizing animal, client, and environmental variables was analyzed for association with MRS isolation.ResultsSeventy‐one Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from seventy individual dogs with keratitis during the study period. Seventeen of the Staphylococcus isolates (23.9%) were methicillin resistant. The MRS isolates included Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 10), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 6), and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1). The MRS corneal isolates displayed extensive antimicrobial resistance. Four dogs (23.5%) with MRS corneal isolates had positive nasal cultures for MRS. Client occupation was significantly (P = 0.01) associated with MRS isolation, and dogs belonging to owners employed in veterinary or human healthcare fields were four times more likely to have MRS keratitis than dogs owned by clients with different professions. There were no significant associations between the other evaluated animal, client, and environmental factors.ConclusionsMethicillin resistance is relatively common in Staphylococcus isolates from dogs with corneal infections, particularly among dogs belonging to healthcare workers.
High incidence of spontaneous cataracts in aging laboratory rabbits of an inbred strain
Authors: Peng Xuwen , Roshwalb Sara , Cooper Timothy K. , Zimmerman Heather , Christensen Neil D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the occurrence of spontaneous cataracts in a breeding colony of the inbred EIII/JC strain of New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculi) and the congenic strain of EIII/JC‐HLA‐A2.1transgenic rabbits.ProcedureA retrospective study was conducted by collecting and analyzing data from clinical records for individual rabbits filed between January 2011 and October 2013.ResultsThirteen cases (eight females and five males) of cataract were identified in a group of 51 EIII/JC inbred rabbits with a morbidity of 25.5%. The median age of the rabbits identified with unilateral or bilateral cataracts was 43 months in contrast to the median age of 23 months of the entire group of 51 rabbits. Additionally, seven cases (five females and two males) of cataracts were identified in a group of 21 EIII/JC‐HLA‐A2.1 transgenic rabbits. The EIII/JC‐HLA‐A2.1 transgenic rabbits showed similar morbidity (33.3%) and median age (41 months) for the development of cataracts as the EIII/JC rabbits. In both groups, none of the rabbits younger than 37 months developed cataracts while 13 (93%) of 14 EIII/JC rabbits aged 37–49 months and seven (63.6%) of 11 EIII/JC‐HLA‐A2.1 transgenic rabbits aged 37–43 months developed cataracts. In contrast, none of 78 outbred rabbits with a median age of 26 months (10–67 months) developed cataracts.ConclusionResults of this study indicate that the occurrence and high incidence of spontaneous cataracts in this inbred strain (EIII/JC) of rabbits were strictly age related and consistently transmitted through inbreeding.
Characteristic performance evaluation of a photon counting Si strip detector for low dose spectral breast CT imaging
Authors: Cho Hyo‐Min , Barber William C. , Ding Huanjun , Iwanczyk Jan S. , Molloi Sabee 
Published: August 2014

Purpose:The possible clinical applications which can be performed using a newly developed detector depend on the detectorˈs characteristic performance in a number of metrics including the dynamic range, resolution, uniformity, and stability. The authors have evaluated a prototype energy resolved fast photon counting x‐ray detector based on a silicon (Si) strip sensor used in an edge‐on geometry with an application specific integrated circuit to record the number of x‐rays and their energies at high flux and fast frame rates. The investigated detector was integrated with a dedicated breast spectral computed tomography (CT) system to make use of the detectorˈs high spatial and energy resolution and low noise performance under conditions suitable for clinical breast imaging. The aim of this article is to investigate the intrinsic characteristics of the detector, in terms of maximum output count rate, spatial and energy resolution, and noise performance of the imaging system.Methods:The maximum output count rate was obtained with a 50 W x‐ray tube with a maximum continuous output of 50 kVp at 1.0 mA. A109Cd source, with a characteristic x‐ray peak at 22 keV from Ag, was used to measure the energy resolution of the detector. The axial plane modulation transfer function (MTF) was measured using a 67 μm diameter tungsten wire. The two‐dimensional (2D) noise power spectrum (NPS) was measured using flat field images and noise equivalent quanta (NEQ) were calculated using the MTF and NPS results. The image quality parameters were studied as a function of various radiation doses and reconstruction filters. The one‐dimensional (1D) NPS was used to investigate the effect of electronic noise elimination by varying the minimum energy threshold.Results:A maximum output count rate of 100 million counts per second per square millimeter (cps/mm2) has been obtained (1 million cps per 100 × 100 μm pixel). The electrical noise floor was less than 4 keV. The energy resolution measured with the 22 keV photons from a 109Cd source was less than 9%. A reduction of image noise was shown in all the spatial frequencies in 1D NPS as a result of the elimination of the electronic noise. The spatial resolution was measured just above 5 line pairs per mm (lp/mm) where 10% of MTF corresponded to 5.4 mm−1. The 2D NPS and NEQ shows a low noise floor and a linear dependence on dose. The reconstruction filter choice affected both of the MTF and NPS results, but had a weak effect on the NEQ.Conclusions:The prototype energy resolved photon counting Si strip detector can offer superior imaging performance for dedicated breast CT as compared to a conventional energy‐integrating detector due to its high output count rate, high spatial and energy resolution, and low noise characteristics, which are essential characteristics for spectral breast CT imaging.
Technical Note: A method for improving the calibration reproducibility of an ionization chamber detector array
Authors: Goodall Simon , Morgan Steve 
Published: August 2014

Purpose:This paper describes an extension to a wide field calibration method implemented on a commercial detector array in order to improve the reproducibility of the calibration procedure.Methods:Following the standard array calibration procedure, two additional 10 × 10 cm exposures were acquired for each array axis with the detector array shifted by ±10 cm in the transverse or axial axes, or by ±10 cm in the positive or negative diagonal axes. These exposures were compared with a final baseline 10 × 10 cm exposure captured with the detector repositioned at the isocenter. The measurements were used to calculate a linear off‐axis correction gradient which was then applied to the stored calibration factors.Results:The mean coefficient of variation between five repeat calibrations was reduced from 4.17% to 0.48% and the maximum percentage error in individual calibration factors was reduced from 6.46% to 0.77%.Conclusions:The reproducibility of the calibration factors of an ionization chamber array was increased by capturing a baseline exposure and two further off‐axis readings per calibration axis.
Mutational Analysis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Dihydropteroate Synthase and Dihydrofolate Reductase Genes in HIV-Infected Patients in China
Authors: Deng Xilong , Zhuo Li , Lan Yun , Dai Zhaoxia , Chen Wan-shan , Cai Weiping , Kovacs Joseph A. , Ma Liang , Tang Xiaoping 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

We investigated
Pneumocystis jirovecii
dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genes for mutations in 25 Chinese HIV-infected patients with
P. jirovecii
pneumonia. We identified DHPS mutations in 3 (12%) patients and DHFR mutations in 1 (4%) patient. The prevalence of DHPS and DHFR mutations in China remains low, as it does in other developing countries.
Two Cases of Bacteriemia Caused by Nontoxigenic, Non-O1, Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Isolates in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: Lan Nguyen Phu Huong , Nga Tran Vu Thieu , Yen Nguyen Thi Thu , Dung Le Thi , Tuyen Ha Thanh , Campbell James I. , Whitehorn Jamie , Thwaites Guy , Chau Nguyen Van Vinh , Baker Stephen 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

The toxigenic bacterium
Vibrio cholerae
belonging to the O1 and O139 serogroups is commonly associated with epidemic diarrhea in tropical settings; other diseases caused by this environmental pathogen are seldom identified. Here we report two unassociated cases of nonfatal, nontoxigenic
V. cholerae
non-O1, non-O139 bacteremia in patients with comorbidities in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, that occurred within a 4-week period.