bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geophysical Investigations on the Viking Period Platform Mound at Aska in Hagebyhöga Parish, Sweden
Authors: Rundkvist Martin , Viberg Andreas 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTAska hamlet in Hagebyhöga parish, Östergötland (Sweden), is famous among Viking scholars for a rich female burial under a low cairn that was excavated in 1920. The main visible archaeological feature of the site is an enormous barrow, but its contents have not been excavated. As the barrow is oval and has an extensive flat top, it has been hypothesized previously that rather than a grave superstructure, this might be an uncommonly large raised foundation for a long house. We occasionally see this type of feature at elite manorial sites from the period ad 400–1100. We have tested this idea at Aska with ground‐penetrating radar, securing the clear and detailed floor plan of a post‐supported hall building almost 50 m long. Its closest known architectural parallel, also sitting on a similar platform, has been excavated at Old Uppsala, the late first millennium ad political and ceremonial centre of the ancient Swedes. At Aska, it appears that we have found another such real‐world correlate of the Beowulf poem's royal mead‐hall Heorot, but in this case located in a smaller and less powerful polity. This all suggests a petty royal status for the owners of the Aska hall, who enjoyed connections with Scandinavia's top political elite. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spontaneous Reduction of Mononuclear High‐Spin Iron(III) Complexes to Mononuclear Low‐Spin Iron(II) Complexes in Aqueous Media and Nuclease Activity via Self‐Activation
Authors: Ghosh Kaushik , Tyagi Nidhi , Kumar Dhara Ashish , Singh Udai P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMononuclear high‐spin [FeIII(Pyimpy)Cl3]⋅2 CH2Cl2 (1⋅2 CH2Cl2) and [FeIII(Me‐Pyimpy)Cl3] (2), as well as low‐spin FeII(Pyimpy)2](ClO4)2 (3) and [FeII(Me‐Pyimpy)2](ClO4)2 (4) complexes of tridentate ligands Pyimpy and Me‐Pyimpy have been synthesized and characterized by analytical techniques, spectral, and X‐ray structural analyses. We observed an important type of conversion and associated spontaneous reduction of mono‐chelated high‐spin FeIII (1⋅2 CH2Cl2 and 2) complexes to low‐spin bis‐chelated FeII complexes 3 and 4, respectively. This process has been explored in detail by UV/Vis, fluorescence, and 1H NMR spectroscopic measurements. The high positive potentials observed in electrochemical studies suggested a better stabilization of FeII centers in 3 and 4. Theoretical studies by density functional theory (DFT) calculations supported an increased stabilization for 3 in polar solvents. Self‐activated nuclease activity of complexes 1⋅2CH2Cl2 and 2 during their spontaneous reduction was examined for the first time and the mechanism of nuclease activity was investigated.
Paracrine signaling mediated at cell–cell contacts
Authors: Roy Sougata , Kornberg Thomas B. 
Published: December 2014

Recent findings in several organ systems show that cytoneme‐mediated signaling transports signaling proteins along cellular extensions and targets cell‐to‐cell exchanges to synaptic contacts. This mechanism of paracrine signaling may be a general one that is used by many (or all) cell types in many (or all) organs. We briefly review these findings in this perspective. We also describe the properties of several signaling systems that have previously been interpreted to support a passive diffusion mechanism of signaling protein dispersion, but can now be understood in the context of the cytoneme mechanism.Also watch the Video Abstract.
Validation of a modified clinical risk score to predict cancer‐specific survival for stage II colon cancer
Authors: Oliphant Raymond , Horgan Paul G. , Morrison David S. , McMillan Donald C. ,   In collaboration with the West of Scotland Colorectal Cancer Managed Clinical Network
Published: December 2014

AbstractMany patients with stage II colon cancer will die of their disease despite curative surgery. Therefore, identification of patients at high risk of poor outcome after surgery for stage II colon cancer is desirable. This study aims to validate a clinical risk score to predict cancer‐specific survival in patients undergoing surgery for stage II colon cancer. Patients undergoing surgery for stage II colon cancer in 16 hospitals in the West of Scotland between 2001 and 2004 were identified from a prospectively maintained regional clinical audit database. Overall and cancer‐specific survival rates up to 5 years were calculated. A total of 871 patients were included. At 5 years, cancer‐specific survival was 81.9% and overall survival was 65.6%. On multivariate analysis, age ≥75 years (hazard ratio (HR) 2.11, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.57–2.85; P<0.001) and emergency presentation (HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.43–2.70; P<0.001) were independently associated with cancer‐specific survival. Age and mode of presentation HRs were added to form a clinical risk score of 0–2. The cancer‐specific survival at 5 years for patients with a cumulative score 0 was 88.7%, 1 was 78.2% and 2 was 65.9%. These results validate a modified simple clinical risk score for patients undergoing surgery for stage II colon cancer. The combination of these two universally documented clinical factors provides a solid foundation for the examination of the impact of additional clinicopathological and treatment factors on overall and cancer‐specific survival.
Tenualexin, Other Phytoalexins and Indole Glucosinolates from Wild Cruciferous Species
Authors: Pedras M. Soledade C. , Yaya Estifanos E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn general, the chemodiversity of phytoalexins, elicited metabolites involved in plant defense mechanisms against microbial pathogens, correlates with the biodiversity of their sources. In this work, the phytoalexins produced by four wild cruciferous species (Brassica tournefortii, Crambe abyssinica (crambe), Diplotaxis tenuifolia (sand rocket), and Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua (wall rocket)) were identified and quantified by HPLC with photodioarray and electrospray mass detectors. In addition, the production of indole glucosinolates, biosynthetic precursors of cruciferous phytoalexins, was evaluated. Tenualexin, (=2‐(1,4‐dimethoxy‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)acetonitrile), the first cruciferous phytoalexin containing two MeO substituents in the indole ring, was isolated from D. tenuisiliqua, synthesized, and evaluated for antifungal activity. The phytoalexins cyclobrassinin and spirobrassinin were detected in B. tournefortii and C. abyssinica, whereas rutalexin and 4‐methoxybrassinin were only found in B. tournefortii. D. tenuifolia, and D. tenuisiliqua produced 2‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)acetonitriles as phytoalexins. Because tenualexin appears to be one of the broad‐range antifungals occurring in crucifers, it is suggested that D. tenuisiliqua may have disease resistance traits important to be incorporated in commercial breeding programs.
Essential‐Oil Composition of the Needles Collected from Natural Populations of Macedonian Pine (Pinus peuceGriseb.) from the Scardo‐Pindic Mountain System
Authors: Nikolić Biljana , Ristić Mihailo , Bojović Srdjan , Matevski Vlado , Krivošej Zoran , Marin Petar D. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe needle‐terpene profiles of two natural Pinus peuce populations from the Scardo‐Pindic mountain system (Mt. Ošljak and Mt. Pelister) were analyzed. Among the 90 detected compounds, 87 were identified. The dominant constituents were α‐pinene (45.5%), germacrene D (11.1%), β‐pinene (10.8%), and camphene (10.3%). The following eight additional components were found to be present in medium‐to‐high amounts (0.5–10%): bornyl acetate (5.0%), β‐phellandrene (3.4%), β‐caryophyllene (2.9%), β‐myrcene (0.9%), germacrene D‐4‐ol (0.9%), tricyclene (0.7%), (E)‐hex‐2‐enal (0.7%), and bicyclogermacrene (0.6%). Although the general needle‐terpene profiles of the populations from Mt. Ošljak and Mt. Pelister were found to be similar to those of the populations from Zeletin, Sjekirica, and Mokra Gora (Dinaric Alps), principle component analysis (PCA) of eight terpenes (α‐pinene, β‐myrcene, α‐terpinolene, bornyl acetate, α‐terpinyl acetate, β‐caryophyllene, trans‐β‐farnesene, and germacrene D) in 139 tree samples suggested a divergence between the two population groups, i.e., the samples from the Scardo‐Pindic mountain system and those from the Dinaric Alps. Genetic analysis of the β‐pinene content demonstrated a partial divergence between the two geographical groups. The profiles of both population groups differed from those published for populations from the Balkan‐Rhodope mountains system (literature results), which were characterized by high contents of bornyl acetate and citronellol (Greek populations) or δ‐car‐3‐ene (Bulgarian populations).
Volatile Compounds of Viola odorata Absolutes: Identification of Odorant Active Markers to Distinguish Plants Originating from France and Egypt
Authors: Saint‐Lary Laure , Roy Céline , Paris Jean‐Philippe , Tournayre Pascal , Berdagué Jean‐Louis , Thomas Olivier P. , Fernandez Xavier 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAbsolutes isolated from Viola odorata leaves, valuable materials for the flavor and fragrance industry, were studied. Violets are mainly cultivated in France and Egypt and extracted locally. The absolutes of the two origins showed different olfactory profiles both in top and heart notes, as evidenced by sensory analysis. The aims of this study were i) to characterize the volatile compounds, ii) to determine the odorant‐active ones, and iii) to identify some markers of the plant origin. Two complementary analytical methods were used for these purposes, i.e., headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) using different fiber coatings followed by GC/MS analysis and gas chromatography – olfactometry/mass spectrometry (GC‐O/MS) applied to violet leaf extracts. From a total of 70 identified compounds, 61 have never been reported so far for this species, 17 compounds were characterized by both techniques (with seven among them known from the literature), 23 compounds were solely identified by HS‐SPME GC/MS (among them only two being already mentioned as components of violet absolutes in the literature), and, finally, 30 compounds were only identified by GC‐O/MS. According to the HS‐SPME GC/MS analyses, ethyl hexanoate and (2E,6Z)‐nona‐2,6‐dienol were specific volatile compounds of the sample with French origin, while (E,E)‐hepta‐2,4‐dienal, hexanoic acid, limonene, tridecane, and eugenol were specific of the samples with Egyptian origin. Additional compounds that were not detected by HS‐SPME GC/MS analysis were revealed by GC‐O analyses, some of them being markers of origin. Pent‐1‐en‐3‐ol, 3‐methylbut‐2‐enal, 2‐methoxy‐3‐(1‐methylethyl)pyrazine, 4‐ethylbenzaldehyde, β‐phenethyl formate, and 2‐methoxy‐3‐(2‐methylpropyl)pyrazine revealed to be odorant markers of the French sample, whereas cis‐rose oxide, trans‐rose oxide, and 3,5,5‐trimethylcyclohex‐2‐enone were odorant markers of the Egyptian samples.
Binding Pockets and Permeation Channels for Dioxygen through Cofactorless 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐methylquinolin‐4‐one 2,4‐Dioxygenase in Association with Its Natural Substrate, 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐methylquinolin‐4(1H)‐one. A Perspective from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Pietra Francesco 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis work describes an investigation of pathways and binging pockets (BPs) for dioxygen (O2) through the cofactorless oxygenase 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylquinolin‐4‐one 2,4‐dioxygenase in complex with its natural substrate, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylquinolin‐4(1H)‐one, in aqueous solution. The investigation tool was random‐acceleration molecular dynamics (RAMD), whereby a tiny, randomly oriented external force is applied to O2 in order to accelerate its movements. In doing that, care was taken that the external force only continues, if O2 moves along a direction for a given period of time, otherwise the force changed direction randomly. Gates for expulsion of O2 from the protein, which can also be taken as gates for O2 uptake, were found throughout almost the whole external surface of the protein, alongside a variety of BPs for O2. The most exploited gates and BPs were not found to correspond to the single gate and BP proposed previously from the examination of the static model from X‐ray diffraction analysis of this system. Therefore, experimental investigations of this system that go beyond the static model are urgently needed.
O‐Methyltransferase Is Shared between the Pentose Phosphate and Shikimate Pathways and Is Essential for Mycosporine‐Like Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413
Authors: Pope Matthew A. , Spence Edward , Seralvo Valentina , Gacesa Ranko , Heidelberger Sibylle , Weston Andrew J. , Dunlap Walter C. , Shick J. Malcolm , Long Paul F. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe parent core structure of mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) is 4‐deoxygadusol, which, in cyanobacteria, is derived from conversion of the pentose phosphate pathway intermediate sedoheptulose 7‐phosphate by the enzymes 2‐epi‐5‐epivaliolone synthase (EVS) and O‐methyltransferase (OMT). Yet, deletion of the EVS gene from Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 was shown to have little effect on MAA production, thus suggesting that its biosynthesis is not exclusive to the pentose phosphate pathway. Herein, we report how, using pathway‐specific inhibitors, we demonstrated unequivocally that MAA biosynthesis occurs also via the shikimate pathway. In addition, complete in‐frame gene deletion of the OMT gene from A. variabilis ATCC 29413 reveals that, although biochemically distinct, the pentose phosphate and shikimate pathways are inextricably linked to MAA biosynthesis in this cyanobacterium. Furthermore, proteomic data reveal that the shikimate pathway is the predominate route for UV‐induced MAA biosynthesis.
Neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cell‐derived exosomes stimulate dendrite‐like outgrowths and modify the differentiation of A375 melanoma cells
Authors: Park Seyeon , Ahn Eun Sook , Kim Yunjoo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe identification of small vesicles released by many cell types as tools of intercellular communication is proposed. Here, we identify SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma‐derived exosomes comprised of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II), Hsp90 and flotillin‐1. Our data also suggest that, when applied extracellularly, exosomes released from neuronal cells stimulate dendrite‐like outgrowth and melanogenesis of A375 melanoma cells through the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAP kinase), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) activation. These results suggest a modification of differentiation of melanocyte by the treatment of neuronal cell exosomes. Since exosomes from neuronal cells have the capacity to affect melanoma cells, they could be generally implicated in intercellular communication between different types of cells.
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells suppressing activation of allogeneic cytokine‐induced killer/natural killer cells either by direct or indirect interaction
Authors: Li Yang , Qu Yu H. , Wu Yan F. , Liu Ling , Lin Xiang H. , Huang Ke , Wei Jing 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were recently found to be associated with some special immunological characteristics, the immunoregulatory effect of MSC was dose‐dependent. Low amount of MSC was associated with mild immunosuppression or even immune activation, while the high amount of that was associated with significant immunosuppressive effect. In this study, by using a transwell system, we explored the effect of MSC on the cell cycle, apoptosis rate and the expression of CD69, an activation marker, on the allogeneic cord blood derived cytokine‐induced killer(CIK)/natural killer(NK) cells. The results showed that either by transwell or mixed cell‐cell co‐culture, the MSC can effect CIK/NK cells on the cell cycle, such as arrested in the G0/G1 phase, diminished the ratio of cells in S, G2/M phase, and increased the apoptosis of them. MSC can also depress the expression of CD69 on these killer cells, as well as increased the ratio of CD4+CD25+CD127low T regulatory (Treg) cells in the CIK/NK cell culture system. We draw conclusions that either by transwell or mixed co‐culture, the MSC can suppress activation of allogeneic CB‐CIK/NK cells in a dose‐dependent manner.
KGF and BMP‐6 intervene in cellular reprogramming and in mesenchymal‐epithelial transition (MET) of 3T3L1 mouse adipose cells
Authors: Reza Abu M. M. T. , Lee Sungjin , Shiwani Supriya , Singh Naresh K. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMesenchymal‐epithelial transition (MET) is an inevitable process for cellular reprogramming. MET could be induced by suppressing epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling and activating an epithelial program within the cells. Aiming at MET, we investigated the potential of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐6 separately for the induction of MET in 3T3L1 mouse adipose cells and to trace the molecular events that probably upregulate during MET induction. KGF successfully induced MET through upregulation of epithelial related genes and transcript expression on 3T3L1 cells. In contrast, BMP‐6 plays completely the reverse role through downregulation of all epithelial related genes and transcript expression. In KGF based treatment, seven genes (K8, K18, EpCAM, K5, K14, SMN1 and α‐SMA) out of a total of eight genes were significantly (P < 0.05/P < 0.01) upregulated. Immunostaining and immunoblotting also revealed significant (P < 0.05/P < 0.01) expression of several epithelial‐specific surface antigens and transcripts. Moreover, Ayoub Shaklar staining (specific to keratin) of KGF treated cells showed formation of keratin (reddish brown color) within cytoplasm of the cells, whereas control and BMP‐6 treated cells did not. Conclusively, KGF was observed to have the potential to enhance MET and these clues could be used in future research into cellular reprogramming and regenerative medicine.
CFD Simulation of the Heat and Mass Transfer Process during Centrifugal Short‐Path Distillation
Authors: Yu Jiang , Chen Lijun , Yuan Xigang , Zeng Aiwu , Ju Ji 
Published: December 2014

AbstractNumerical simulation was carried out for a centrifugal short‐path distillation arrangement using the computational fluid dynamics technology. Both two phases and interfacial transport were taken into account with an attempt to explore the heat and mass transport in the film body and the interface. The model tried to provide a general method to study the short‐path distillation in various situations. The effects of feed flow rates, feed and heating wall temperature controlling the development of the temperature and concentration along the axial and radial direction were investigated. On the basis of the simulation results, detailed characteristics such as distribution of temperature and concentration, heat and mass transfer coefficient throughout the liquid film can be described.
Delivery of Single Nanoparticles from Nanopipettes under Resistive‐Pulse Control
Authors: Wang Yixian , Cai Huijing , Mirkin Michael V. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this communication we show that the resistive‐pulse setup can be employed to control the delivery of single nanoparticles from a nanopipette. The precise pipette positioning for local delivery of nanoparticles can be attained by using it as a scanning ion‐conductance microscopy (SICM) tip. Experimental SICM approach curves fit the developed theory well.
Platinum Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbons as Methanol‐Tolerant Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts
Authors: Guo Xin , Li Li , Zhang Xiaohua , Chen Jinhua 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPlatinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) encapsulated in nitrogen‐doped mesoporous carbons (NMCs) are prepared by direct carbonization of zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8)‐encapsulated Pt NPs, and used as a methanol‐tolerant oxygen reduction electrocatalyst. ZIF‐8 is used as the carbon and nitrogen precursors and as a matrix for Pt NPs. The obtained Pt NP–NMC hybrids are characterized in detail. The results show that the Pt NP–NMC hybrids possess high surface area (1226 m2 g−1), abundant mesopores with narrow pore size distribution (centered at 3.9 nm), nitrogen doping (5.13 at %), and small and well‐dispersed encapsulated Pt NPs (3.7 nm). Furthermore, the prepared Pt NP–NMC catalyst exhibits high electrocatalytic activity, high stability and excellent methanol tolerance in the oxygen reduction reaction.
Structure–Property Relationship of Supramolecular Ferroelectric [H‐66dmbp][Hca] Accompanied by High Polarization, Competing Structural Phases, and Polymorphs
Authors: Kobayashi Kensuke , Horiuchi Sachio , Ishibashi Shoji , Kagawa Fumitaka , Murakami Youichi , Kumai Reiji 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThree polymorphic forms of 6,6′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridinium chloranilate crystals were characterized to understand the origin of polarization properties and the thermal stability of ferroelectricity. According to the temperature‐dependent permittivity, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction, structural phase transitions were found in all polymorphs. Notably, the ferroelectric α‐form crystal, which has the longest hydrogen bond (2.95 Å) among the organic acid/base‐type supramolecular ferroelectrics, transformed from a polar structure (space group, P21) into an anti‐polar structure (space group, P21/c) at 378 K. The non‐ferroelectric β‐ and γ‐form crystals also exhibited structural rearrangements around hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen‐bonded geometry and ferroelectric properties were compared with other supramolecular ferroelectrics. A positive relationship between the phase‐transition temperature (TC) and hydrogen‐bond length (<d>) was observed, and was attributed to the potential barrier height for proton off‐centering or order/disorder phenomena. The optimized spontaneous polarization (Ps) agreed well with the results of the first‐principles calculations, and could be amplified by separating the two equilibrium positions of protons with increasing <d>. These data consistently demonstrated that stretching <d> is a promising way to enhance the polarization performance and thermal stability of hydrogen‐bonded organic ferroelectrics.
Phosphorescent Ruthenium Complexes with a Nitroimidazole Unit that Image Oxygen Fluctuation in Tumor Tissue
Authors: Son Aoi , Kawasaki Atsushi , Hara Daiki , Ito Takeo , Tanabe Kazuhito 
Published: December 2014

AbstractUnderstanding oxygen fluctuation in a cancerous tumor is important for effective treatment, especially during radiotherapy. In this paper, ruthenium complexes bearing a nitroimidazole group are shown to report the oxygen status in tumor tissue directly. The nitroimidazole group was known to be accumulated in hypoxic tumor tissues. On the other hand, the ruthenium complex showed strong phosphorescence around 600 nm. The emission of ruthenium is quenched instantaneously by molecular oxygen due to energy transfer between triplet states of oxygen and ruthenium complex, but the emission is then recovered by the removal of oxygen. Thus, we could observe oxygen fluctuation in tumor tissue in a real‐time manner by monitoring the phosphorescence of the ruthenium complex. The versatility of the probe is demonstrated by monitoring oxygen fluctuation in living cells and tumor tissue planted in mice. The ruthenium complex promptly penetrated plasma membrane and accumulated in cells to emit its oxygen‐dependent phosphorescence. In vivo experiments revealed that the oxygen level in tumor tissue seems to fluctuate at the sub‐minute timescale.