bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legislation Impacting Audiology and the Provision of Audiological Services: A Review of Legislation Across the United States
Authors: Messersmith Jessica J. , Lockie Jill , Jorgensen Lindsey , Vaith Shana Bauer , Falk Elizabeth 
Published: March 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this review was to investigate the legislation about the provision of audiology services. Specifically, the goal of the review was to investigate the similarities and differences in legislation regarding the identification of, and audiology services provided to, children with hearing loss.MethodA systematic review was conducted to collect state-specific legislation regarding the audiology licensure requirements, requirements about the identification and management of children with hearing loss, and insurance coverage regulations. Compiled data were analyzed for similarities and differences between state regulations and legislature.ResultsAll states require audiologists to hold licensure; however, many differences exist between the requirements of acquiring and maintaining the license. Some states regulate the identification and management of children with hearing loss, whereas others do not. Additionally, states differ in their regulation of services provided to children with hearing loss, who can provide these services, and what is covered by insurance.ConclusionIt is critical for audiologists to understand the requirements of their state in the provision of audiology services. Specifically, it is important for audiologists to understand how the laws may impact the services they provide to children with hearing loss.
Identifying and designing chemicals with minimal acute aquatic toxicity
Authors: Kostal Jakub , Voutchkova-Kostal Adelina , Anastas Paul T. , Zimmerman Julie Beth 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Two of the rigorous disciplines that have emerged over the last 20 y to empower sustainability science are industrial ecology and green chemistry. Robust assessment tools of industrial ecology identify the greatest opportunities to mitigate human health and environmental impacts resulting from human activity. Green chemistry designs and develops chemicals, materials, and processes that, throughout the life cycle, minimize hazard and maximize efficiency. This process often entails synthesizing new molecules while maintaining function and minimizing adverse outcomes, particularly toxicity. There is an urgent need to develop accurate and economical screening tools that predict potential toxicity and inform the design of safer alternatives. A computational approach is presented for the rational design of molecules for reduced acute aquatic toxicity.
Tuning the threshold voltage of carbon nanotube transistors by n-type molecular doping for robust and flexible complementary circuits
Authors: Wang Huiliang , Wei Peng , Li Yaoxuan , Han Jeff , Lee Hye Ryoung , Naab Benjamin D. , Liu Nan , Wang Chenggong , Adijanto Eric , Tee Benjamin C.-K. , Morishita Satoshi , Li Qiaochu , Gao Yongli , Cui Yi , Bao Zhenan 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Highly noise-resistant logic gates are needed for large-scale circuits. This was challenging previously with carbon nanotube circuits due to the lack of control of the threshold voltages of nanotube transistors. We demonstrate the use of dopants to tune the charge carrier density of carbon nanotubes films and hence precisely control the threshold voltages of carbon nanotube transistors. This doping method is highly versatile and can be applied through inkjet printing. With this technique, we demonstrate highly noise-resistant and low power consumption carbon nanotube logic gates on a flexible substrate. This work places carbon nanotubes in a highly competitive position for large-scale solution-processed flexible circuits.
Multidimensional spectroscopy of photoreactivity
Authors: Ruetzel Stefan , Diekmann Meike , Nuernberger Patrick , Walter Christof , Engels Bernd , Brixner Tobias 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Many chemical reactions typically involve ultrafast reaction steps and are highly complex. Thus, one requires special methods to observe the associated atomic movements in real time. Though conventional femtosecond spectroscopy techniques are in principle capable of providing the necessary temporal resolution, they often suffer from the fact that they cannot isolate the overlapping spectral signatures of reactants, intermediates, and products. Here we demonstrate that this issue is unraveled using 2D and 3D electronic spectroscopy that directly visualizes the photochemical connectivity between photoreactive molecular species. Hence, this approach not only provides an intuitive and direct picture for which reactants can be turned into which products, but also exposes the reactive molecular modes connecting them with unprecedented perspicuity.
STAT3 interrupts ATR-Chk1 signaling to allow oncovirus-mediated cell proliferation
Authors: Koganti Siva , Hui-Yuen Joyce , McAllister Shane , Gardner Benjamin , Grasser Friedrich , Palendira Umaimainthan , Tangye Stuart G. , Freeman Alexandra F. , Bhaduri-McIntosh Sumita 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceDNA replication is error-prone. Mechanisms to recognize errors in DNA lead to arrest of cell proliferation at various checkpoints to allow for repair. Suppression of these mechanisms is necessary for recovery from these checkpoints and continuation of cell division. We show that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a protein overactive in many human cancers, can abnormally evade recognition of DNA errors and damage leading to bypass of a critical cell-cycle checkpoint and uncontrolled cell proliferation. While relevant to understanding cancer development and prevention, this will also bring fresh insights into the role of STAT3 in the central biology of cell proliferation, particularly since STAT3 is necessary for critical processes including embryonic development and immunity.
Raman measurements of phase transitions in dense solid hydrogen and deuterium to 325 GPa
Authors: Zha Chang-sheng , Cohen R. E. , Mao Ho-kwang , Hemley Russell J. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Understanding the behavior of hydrogen under pressure has been a major challenge in modern physics since the early days of quantum mechanics. This paper reports new spectroscopic measurements showing that hydrogen and deuterium transform to complex molecular-based structures to pressures of at least 325 GPa (3.25 megabars). These phases are based on distorted graphene sheets of hydrogen molecules, a major surprise in our understanding of this fundamental system at very high densities. The results provide constraints for theoretical calculations of structures, phase transitions, and electronic properties, including the transition to the predicted metallic state of the solid at 300 K.
Combination of Erythropoietin and Sildenafil Can Effectively Attenuate Hypoxia‐Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Mice
Authors: Samillan Victor , Haider Thomas , Vogel Johannes , Leuenberger Caroline , Brock Matthias , Schwarzwald Colin , Gassmann Max , Østergaard Louise 
Published: March 2014

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an incurable disease that often leads to right ventricular hypertrophy and right heart failure. This study investigated single versus combined therapy with sildenafil and erythropoietin on hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. Mice were randomized into 5 groups and exposed to either hypoxia (10% oxygen) or normoxia for a total of 5 weeks. Hypoxic mice were treated with saline solution, erythropoietin (500 IU/kg 3 times weekly), sildenafil (10 mg/kg daily), or a combination of the two drugs for the last 2 weeks of hypoxic exposure. We measured right ventricular pressures using right heart catheterization, and the ventilatory response to hypoxia was recorded via whole‐body plethysmography. Histological analyses were performed to elucidate changes in pulmonary morphology and appearance of right heart hypertrophy. Plasma levels of cardiotrophin‐1 and atrial natriuretic peptide were quantified. Treatment with either erythropoietin or sildenafil alone lowered the hypoxia‐induced increase of pulmonary pressure and reduced pulmonary edema formation, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Notably, the combination of the two drugs had the most prominent effect. Changes in cardiotrophin‐1 and atrial natriuretic protein levels confirmed these observations. The combination treatment with erythropoietin and sildenafil demonstrated an attenuation of the development of hypoxia‐induced PH in mice that was superior to that observed for either drug when given alone.
Transition from Prostacyclin Analogue Infusion to Oral Therapy in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A 5‐Year follow‐up
Authors: Escolar Esteban , Pineda Andrés M. , Correal Barbara , Ahmed Tahir 
Published: March 2014

Transition from prostacyclin analogue infusion to oral therapy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is possible with acceptable short‐ and midterm results. However, there is a paucity of data on long‐term outcomes after successful transition. Using a predefined protocol, transition to oral therapy was attempted in 22 patients with clinically stable PAH. Clinical and hemodynamic data were retrospectively collected at baseline as well as during and after transition. Parameters for successful versus nonsuccessful transition were also evaluated. All patients had severe PAH at baseline and showed clinical and hemodynamic improvement with prostacyclin analogue infusion. Initial oral agents used for transition were bosentan (63.6%), sildenafil (31.8%), and tadalafil (4.5%). Combination therapy was used in 68% of the patients. Successful transition was achieved in 11 patients (50%) with a mean transition duration of 16 months. After successful transition, clinical and hemodynamic parameters remained stable at midterm (mean, 18 months) and long‐term (mean, 60 months) follow‐up. Compared with the successful transition group, patients who experienced failure were older, had a higher frequency of idiopathic PAH, and had worse hemodynamic parameters during treatment with prostacyclin analogue alone, as well as during the transition period. In conclusion, successful transition from prostacyclin analogue infusion to oral therapy can be achieved in a significant proportion of patients with clinically stable PAH. After an initial successful transition, patients were able to maintain clinical and hemodynamic stability at the mid‐ and long‐term follow‐up.
Maternal and institutional characteristics associated with the administration of prophylactic antibiotics for caesarean section: a secondary analysis of the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health
Authors: Morisaki N , Ganchimeg T , Ota E , Vogel JP , Souza JP , Mori R , Gülmezoglu AM ,   on behalf of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo illustrate the variability in the use of antibiotic prophylaxis for caesarean section, and its effect on the prevention of postoperative infections.DesignSecondary analysis of a cross‐sectional study.SettingTwenty‐nine countries participating in the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health.PopulationThree hundred and fifty‐nine health facilities with the capacity to perform caesarean section.MethodsDescriptive analysis and effect estimates using multilevel logistic regression.Main outcome measuresCoverage of antibiotic prophylaxis for caesarean section.ResultsA total of 89 121 caesarean sections were performed in 332 of the 359 facilities included in the survey; 87% under prophylactic antibiotic coverage. Thirty five facilities provided 0–49% coverage and 77 facilities provided 50‐89% coverage. Institutional coverage of prophylactic antibiotics varied greatly within most countries, and was related to guideline use and the practice of clinical audits, but not to the size, location of the institution or development index of the country. Mothers with complications, such as HIV infection, anaemia, or pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia, were more likely to receive antibiotic prophylaxis. At the same time, mothers undergoing caesarean birth prior to labour and those with indication for scheduled deliveries were also more likely to receive antibiotic prophylaxis, despite their lower risk of infection, compared with mothers undergoing emergency caesarean section.ConclusionsCoverage of antibiotic prophylaxis for caesarean birth may be related to the perception of the importance of guidelines and clinical audits in the facility. There may also be a tendency to use antibiotics when caesarean section has been scheduled and antibiotic prophylaxis is already included in the routine clinical protocol. This study may act as a signal to re‐evaluate institutional practices as a way to identify areas where improvement is possible.
Education and severe maternal outcomes in developing countries: a multicountry cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Tunçalp Ö , Souza JP , Hindin MJ , Santos CA , Oliveira TH , Vogel JP , Togoobaatar G , Ha DQ , Say L , Gülmezoglu AM ,   on behalf of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between education and severe maternal outcomes among women delivering in healthcare facilities.DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingTwenty‐nine countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.PopulationPregnant women admitted to 359 facilities during a period of 2–4 months of data collection between 2010 and 2011.MethodsData were obtained from hospital records. Stratification was based on the Human Development Index (HDI) values of the participating countries. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between maternal morbidity and education, categorised in quartiles based on the years of formal education by country. Coverage of key interventions was assessed.Main outcome measuresSevere maternal outcomes (near misses and death).ResultsA significant association between low education and severe maternal outcomes (adjusted odds ratio, aOR, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 1.46–2.95), maternal near miss (aOR 1.80; 95% CI 1.25–2.57), and maternal death (aOR 5.62; 95% CI 3.45–9.16) was observed. This relationship persisted in countries with medium HDIs (aOR 2.36; 95% CI 1.33–4.17) and low HDIs (aOR 2.65; 95% CI 1.54–2.57). Less educated women also had increased odds of presenting to the hospital in a severe condition (i.e. with organ dysfunction on arrival or within 24 hours: aOR 2.06; 95% CI 1.36–3.10). The probability that a woman received magnesium sulphate for eclampsia or had a caesarean section significantly increased as education level increased (P < 0.05).ConclusionsWomen with lower levels of education are at greater risk for severe maternal outcomes, even after adjustment for key confounding factors. This is particularly true for women in countries that have poorer markers of social and economic development.
Postpartum haemorrhage management, risks, and maternal outcomes: findings from the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health
Authors: Sheldon WR , Blum J , Vogel JP , Souza JP , Gülmezoglu AM , Winikoff B ,   on behalf of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical practices, risks, and maternal outcomes associated with postpartum haemorrhage (PPH).DesignSecondary analysis of cross‐sectional data.SettingA total of 352 health facilities in 28 countries.SampleA total of 274 985 women giving birth between 1 May 2010 and 31 December 2011.MethodsWe used multivariate logistic regression to examine factors associated with PPH among all births, and the Pearson chi‐square test to examine correlates of severe maternal outcomes (SMOs) among women with PPH. All analyses adjust for facility‐ and country‐level clustering.Main outcome measuresPPH, SMOs, and clinical practices for the management of PPH.ResultsOf all the women included in the analysis, 95.3% received uterotonic prophylaxis and the reported rate of PPH was 1.2%. Factors significantly associated with PPH diagnosis included age, parity, gestational age, induction of labour, caesarean section, and geographic region. Among those with PPH, 92.7% received uterotonics for treatment, and 17.2% had an SMO. There were significant differences in the incidence of SMOs by age, parity, gestational age, anaemia, education, receipt of uterotonics for prophylaxis or treatment, referral from another facility, and Human Development Index (HDI) group. The rates of death were highest in countries with low or medium HDIs. ConclusionsAmong women with PPH, disparities in the incidence of severe maternal outcomes persist, even among facilities that report capacity to provide all essential emergency obstetric interventions. This highlights the need for better information about the role of institutional capacity, including quality of care, in PPH‐related morbidity and mortality.
The Relationship between Meteorological Conditions and Homicide, Suicide, Rage, and Psychiatric Hospitalization
Authors: Talaei Ali , Hedjazi Arya , Rezaei Ardani Amir , Fayyazi Bordbar Mohammad Reza , Talaei Andisheh 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study focuses on the relationship between the incidence of homicide, rage, suicide, and psychiatric hospitalization as violent behaviors with temperature, humidity, and air pressure as specific meteorological variables in the city of Mashhad, in the northeast of Iran. The data were obtained from Iran Meteorological Organization, official registry of Legal Medicine Organization and the local psychiatric hospital, March 2009 to Feb 2010 daily and were analyzed with SPSS‐14 using Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and post hoc analysis tests. The rates of rage and psychiatric admission had a significant relationship with the daily mean air temperature, minimum relative humidity, maximum relative humidity, minimum daily pressure, and maximum daily air pressure (p < 0.0001). There was no significant correlation between homicide and suicide rates with any meteorological variables (p > 0.05). We concluded that, the possibility of nonfatal violence and psychiatric hospitalization would increase in hot and arid weather with low air pressure.
Contribution of CDKAL1 rs7756992 and IGF2BP2 rs4402960 polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes, diabetic complications, obesity risk and hypertension in the Tunisian population 在突尼斯人群中，CDKAL1 rs7756992与IGF2BP2 rs4402960的多态性对2型糖尿病、糖尿病并发症、肥胖风险以及高血压的影响
Authors: Lasram Khaled , Ben Halim Nizar , Benrahma Houda , Mediene‐Benchekor Sounnia , Arfa Imen , Hsouna Sana , Kefi Rym , Jamoussi Henda , Ben Ammar Slim , Bahri Sonia , Abid Abdelmajid , Benhamamouch Soraya , Barakat Abdelhamid , Abdelhak Sonia 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe insulin‐like growth factor 2 mRNA‐binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) and the cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit‐associated protein 1‐like 1 (CDKAL1) identified through genome‐wide association (GWA) studies have been shown to be associated with Type 2 diabetes in various ethnic groups. In this study, we investigated the association of the rs7756992 of CDKAL1 and the rs4402960 of IGF2BP2 with Type 2 diabetes, diabetic complications (nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease), obesity and hypertension in a Tunisian population.MethodsA case‐control association study including 200 Type 2 diabetes Tunisian patients (World Health Organization criteria) and 208 controls (age ≥40; fasting plasma glucose <6.1 mmol/L; without first degree family history of diabetes) has been performed. Other parameters such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, overweight/obesity and hypertension have been also collected. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan technology.ResultsA significant association between the rs4402960 and Type 2 diabetes (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.34–2.58, P < 10−4) has been found. Overweight/obese subjects bearing the T‐allele have an increased risk to develop Type 2 diabetes (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.40–3.03, P < 10−4). Furthermore, the rs7756992 was found to be associated with the reduced risk of diabetic nephropathy in patients with diabetes (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.27–0.73, P = 0.001).ConclusionsThe present study confirms that the rs4402960 of IGF2BP2 gene is a strong candidate for Type 2 diabetes susceptibility and overweight/obesity risk in the Tunisian population. Interestingly, our data suggest that the rs7756992 of CDKAL1 gene have a protective effect against diabetic nephropathy.
Alpha‐melanocyte stimulating hormone modulates ethanol self‐administration in posterior ventral tegmental area through melanocortin‐4 receptors
Authors: Shelkar Gajanan P. , Kale Atmaram D. , Singh Uday , Singru Praful S. , Subhedar Nishikant K. , Kokare Dadasaheb M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAlthough the role of alpha‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) in alcohol seeking behaviour in rats has been demonstrated, the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Herein, we test the hypothesis that α‐MSH might have a permissive effect in promoting the reward action of ethanol. Rats were implanted with cannulae targeted at the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA), because the site is sensitive to reinforcing effects of ethanol. These rats were trained to self‐administer ethanol in standard two‐lever (active/inactive) operant chamber test. Each active lever press resulted in self‐administration of 100 nl of ethanol (100–300 mg%) containing solution. Over a period of 7 days, ethanol significantly increased the number of lever presses, which was considered as a measure of reward. Because ethanol at 200 mg% resulted in maximum number of lever presses (∼18–20 lever presses/30‐minute session), the dose was employed in further studies. While prior administration of melanocortin (MC) agonists, α‐MSH or [Nle4,D‐Phe7]‐alpha‐MSH into pVTA, resulted in an 89% increase in lever presses, the response was attenuated following pre‐treatment with MC4 receptors (MC4R) antagonist, HS014. In an immunohistochemical study, the brains of rats that were trained to self‐infuse ethanol showed significantly increased α‐MSH immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens shell, bed nucleus of stria terminalis and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. In the pVTA, α‐MSH fibres were found to run close to the dopamine cells, labelled with tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies. We suggest that α‐MSH‐MC4R system in the pVTA might be a part of the neuroadaptive mechanism underlying ethanol addiction.
The effect of upper limb position on ultrasonographic arterial flow to the ulnar nerve
Authors: Moore A. E. , Muirhead J. C. , Sharples K. , Stringer M. D. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryWe measured the pulsatility indices in the inferior collateral and posterior recurrent ulnar arteries, which supply the ulnar nerve at the elbow, in 38 conscious adults. Compared with a straight 30° abducted arm, elbow flexion to 120° reduced the mean (SD) pulsatility index in the inferior artery and increased the pulsatility index in the posterior artery: from 3.36 (0.86) to 3.04 (0.94), p = 0.001, and from 3.14 (0.81) to 3.64 (1.05), p < 0.0005, respectively. The mean (95% CI) pulsatility index in the inferior artery was unaffected by shoulder abduction to 120°, but it was decreased in the posterior artery in men, from 3.06 (2.76–3.36) to 2.64 (2.34–2.95), but not women, from 3.22 (2.94–3.50) to 3.25 (2.97–3.53), p = 0.01 for men vs women. Researchers should measure arterial pulsatility indices under general anaesthesia and associate them with measures of nerve function.