bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the microbiology and antibiotic treatment among diabetic and nondiabetic patients hospitalized for cellulitis or cutaneous abscess
Authors: Jenkins Timothy C. , Knepper Bryan C. , Jason Moore S. , Saveli Carla C. , Pawlowski Sean W. , Perlman Daniel M. , McCollister Bruce D. , Burman William J. 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUNDAmong diabetics, complicated skin infections may involve gram‐negative pathogens; however, the microbiology of cellulitis and cutaneous abscess is not well established.OBJECTIVETo compare the microbiology and prescribing patterns between diabetics and nondiabetics hospitalized for cellulitis or abscess.DESIGNSecondary analysis of 2 published retrospective cohorts.SETTING/PATIENTSAdults hospitalized for cellulitis or abscess, excluding infected ulcers or deep tissue infections, at 7 academic and community facilities.METHODSMicrobiological findings and antibiotic use were compared among diabetics and nondiabetics. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with exposure to broad gram‐negative therapy, defined as receipt of at least 2 calendar days of β‐lactamase inhibitors, second‐ to fifth‐generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, tigecycline, aminoglycosides, or colistin.RESULTSOf 770 total patients with cellulitis or abscess, 167 (22%) had diabetes mellitus. Among the 38% of cases with a positive culture, an aerobic gram‐positive organism was isolated in 90% of diabetics and 92% of nondiabetics (P = 0.59); aerobic gram‐negative organisms were isolated in 7% and 12%, respectively (P = 0.28). Overall, diabetics were more likely than nondiabetics to be exposed to broad gram‐negative therapy (54% vs 44% of cases, P = 0.02). By logistic regression, diabetes mellitus was independently associated with exposure to broad gram‐negative therapy (odds ratio: 1.66, 95% confidence interval: 1.15‐2.40).CONCLUSIONIn cases of cellulitis or abscess associated with a positive culture, gram‐negative pathogens were not more common among diabetics compared with nondiabetics. However, diabetics were overall more likely to be exposed to broad gram‐negative therapy suggesting this prescribing practice may not be not warranted. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:788–794. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Enhancing crop yield with the use of N‐based fertilizers co‐applied with plant hormones or growth regulators
Authors: Zaman Mohammad , Kurepin Leonid V , Catto Warwick , Pharis Richard P 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCrop yield, vegetative or reproductive, depends on access to an adequate supply of essential mineral nutrients. At the same time, a crop plant's growth and development, and thus yield, also depend on in situ production of plant hormones. Thus optimizing mineral nutrition and providing supplemental hormones are two mechanisms for gaining appreciable yield increases. Optimizing the mineral nutrient supply is a common and accepted agricultural practice, but the co‐application of nitrogen‐based fertilizers with plant hormones or plant growth regulators is relatively uncommon. Our review discusses possible uses of plant hormones (gibberellins, auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene) and specific growth regulators (glycine betaine and polyamines) to enhance and optimize crop yield when co‐applied with nitrogen‐based fertilizers. We conclude that use of growth‐active gibberellins, together with a nitrogen‐based fertilizer, can result in appreciable and significant additive increases in shoot dry biomass of crops, including forage crops growing under low‐temperature conditions. There may also be a potential for use of an auxin or cytokinin, together with a nitrogen‐based fertilizer, for obtaining additive increases in dry shoot biomass and/or reproductive yield. Further research, though, is needed to determine the potential of co‐application of nitrogen‐based fertilizers with abscisic acid, ethylene and other growth regulators. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of ionic compositions in nasal irrigations on human olfactory thresholds
Authors: Lam Kent , Conley David B. , Liu Kevin , Kern Robert C. , Tan Bruce K. , Richter Claus‐Peter 
Published: September 2014

Objectives/HypothesisNasal irrigations are commonly employed to promote nasal hygiene in the treatment of various sinonasal conditions. Few studies have evaluated how the ionic composition of irrigation solutions affects olfactory performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the dose responsiveness of human olfactory thresholds for each of the following ions: potassium, sodium, and calcium.Study DesignProspective translational study.MethodsIrrigation solutions with variable potassium, sodium, and calcium were tested in 25 healthy human participants. Six potassium concentrations (range, 2–10 mM), six sodium concentrations (range, 73.7–113.7 mM), and three calcium concentrations (range, 0.44–0.64 mM) were used. Before and immediately following irrigations, olfactory thresholds were determined using the Sniffin' Sticks test. Differences in olfactory threshold scores before and after irrigations were compared to assess the effect of ionic composition on olfactory sensitivity.ResultsPhysiologic concentrations of potassium, sodium, and calcium at 5.7, 89.5, and 0.54 mM, respectively, did not significantly change olfactory thresholds. Variations in both potassium and sodium concentrations demonstrated statistically significant dose‐dependent elevations in olfactory thresholds (P < .05). Only the calcium concentration that was lower than the physiologic level led to significant elevations in olfactory thresholds.ConclusionsDifferent potassium and sodium concentrations in irrigation solutions provide distinctive dose‐dependent shifts in olfactory thresholds. Calcium concentrations also elevate olfactory thresholds, but calcium plays a less significant role than potassium and sodium in modulating olfactory thresholds. These results highlight the importance of the intranasal ionic microenvironment in olfactory physiology and suggest that optimal ionic concentrations in irrigation solutions exist to preserve olfactory function.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 125:E50–E56, 2015
A low‐dose regimen of cisplatin before high‐dose cisplatin potentiates ototoxicity
Authors: Harrison Ryan T. , DeBacker J. Riley , Bielefeld Eric C. 
Published: September 2014

Objectives/HypothesisCochlear preconditioning with low doses of kanamycin or noise can reduce susceptibility to noise‐ and ototoxic drug‐induced hearing loss. The current study was undertaken to investigate whether a preconditioning regimen of low‐dose cisplatin would alter susceptibility to ototoxicity induced by a single large dose of cisplatin.Study DesignIn vivo study using an animal model.MethodsTwenty‐six Fischer 344/NHsd rats were used in the study. The low‐dose regimen consisted of cisplatin (2 or 3 mg/kg) given every 2 weeks by intraperitoneal injection. Control animals received injections of saline on the same schedule as the cisplatin injections. Four injections were done in total. Following the preconditioning interval, seven of the animals were sacrificed for hair cell analyses. The remaining 19 animals were exposed to 12 mg/kg cisplatin by intraperitoneal infusion to induce cochlear injury. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were measured 3 days after cisplatin, and the cochleae from the 19 animals were harvested and analyzed.ResultsStatistical analyses revealed no threshold shifts, but mild outer hair cell losses, after the low‐dose regimen. ABR threshold shifts in the rats exposed to the 12 mg/kg cisplatin dose were significantly higher at day 3 in the animals that underwent preconditioning with low‐dose cisplatin. Outer hair cell losses were also greater in the preconditioned animals.ConclusionsPreconditioning with low‐dose cisplatin, using the protocol applied in the current experiment, created potentiation of cisplatin ototoxicity, rather than protection from it. There are numerous possible explanations for this effect that should be considered.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 125:E78–E83, 2015
Waveguide sub‐wavelength structures: a review of principles and applications
Authors: Halir Robert , Bock Przemek J. , Cheben Pavel , Ortega‐Moñux Alejandro , Alonso‐Ramos Carlos , Schmid Jens H. , Lapointe Jean , Xu Dan‐Xia , Wangüemert‐Pérez J. Gonzalo , Molina‐Fernández Íñigo , Janz Siegfried 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPeriodic structures with a sub‐wavelength pitch have been known since Hertz conducted his first experiments on the polarization of electromagnetic waves. While the use of these structures in waveguide optics was proposed in the 1990s, it has been with the more recent developments of silicon photonics and high‐precision lithography techniques that sub‐wavelength structures have found widespread application in the field of photonics. This review first provides an introduction to the physics of sub‐wavelength structures. An overview of the applications of sub‐wavelength structures is then given including: anti‐reflective coatings, polarization rotators, high‐efficiency fiber–chip couplers, spectrometers, high‐reflectivity mirrors, athermal waveguides, multimode interference couplers, and dispersion engineered, ultra‐broadband waveguide couplers among others. Particular attention is paid to providing insight into the design strategies for these devices. The concluding remarks provide an outlook on the future development of sub‐wavelength structures and their impact in photonics.
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‘Pseudo‐Dominant’ Inheritance in Friedreich's Ataxia: Clinical and Genetic Study of a Brazilian Family
Authors: Moro Adriana , Martinez Alberto R.M. , Karuta Simone C.V. , Munhoz Renato P. , Moscovich Mariana , Germiniani Francisco M.B. , Arruda Walter O. , Raskin Salmo , Teive Hélio A.G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFriedreich's ataxia (FA) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by progressive gait and limb ataxia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, limb muscular weakness, and areflexia with positive extensor plantar response. Loss of vibratory and position sense, skeletal abnormalities, and dysarthria are common comorbid features. The wide spectrum of disease may lead to a diagnostic challenge, and in such a scenario, the inheritance pattern might be a clue to diagnosis. A rare and peculiar pattern observed in some families is the pseudodominant pattern that is usually characterized by phenotypic variation, which, in turn, could make it even harder to get to a correct diagnosis. This pattern, although seemingly similar to a true dominant pattern of inheritance, should be kept in mind whenever one is evaluating a family with FA. We evaluated a Brazilian family of Italian ancestry with variation of phenotype among affected siblings.
Chlorination of Phosphane Selenides
Authors: Upmann Daniel , Jones Peter G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractChlorination of the phosphane selenide iPrtBu2PSe with PhICl2 leads to the compound iPrtBu2PSe2Cl2, which contains a P–Se–SeCl2 moiety and is formally a phosphane selenide complex of selenium dichloride. Two polymorphs of the product were identified by X‐ray structure analysis. The analogous reaction with tBu3PSe gave an oil, presumably tBu3PSe2Cl2, from which small quantities of tBu3PSe3Cl2 were obtained and characterized by X‐ray structure analysis.
Costs and Cost‐Effectiveness of Pediatric Inguinal Hernia Repair in Uganda
Authors: Eeson Gareth , Birabwa‐Male Doreen , Pennington Mark , Blair Geoffrey K. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundSurgically treatable diseases contribute approximately 11% of disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide yet they remain a neglected public health priority in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Pediatric inguinal hernia is the most common congenital abnormality in newborns and a major cause of morbidity and mortality yet elective repair remains largely unavailable in LMICs. This study is aimed to determine the costs and cost‐effectiveness of pediatric inguinal hernia repair (PIHR) in a low‐resource setting.MethodsMedical costs of consecutive elective PIHRs were recorded prospectively at two centers in Uganda. Decision modeling was used to compare two different treatment scenarios (adoption of PIHR and non‐adoption) from a provider perspective. A Markov model was constructed to estimate health outcomes under each scenario. The robustness of the cost‐effectiveness results in the base case analysis was tested in one‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. The primary outcome of interest was cost per DALY averted by the intervention.ResultsSixty‐nine PIHRs were performed in 65 children (mean age 3.6 years). Mean cost per procedure was $86.68 US (95% CI 83.1–90.2 USD) and averted an average of 5.7 DALYs each. Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio was $12.41 per DALY averted. The probability of cost‐effectiveness was 95% at a cost‐effectiveness threshold of $35 per averted DALY. Results were robust to sensitivity analysis under all considered scenarios.ConclusionElective PIHR is highly cost‐effective for the treatment and prevention of complications of hernia disease even in low‐resource settings. PIHR should be prioritized in LMICs alongside other cost‐effective interventions.
The oxidative molecular regulation mechanism of NOX in children with phenylketonuria
Authors: He Ying‐Zhong , Gu Xue‐Fan , Lu Li‐Hua , Liang Li‐Li 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPhenylketonuria (PKU) is the most frequent inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism. In our previous work, we investigated the role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in a Pahenu2‐BTBR PKU mouse model, and an in vitro cell culture model of PKU. In the current study, we evaluated various oxidative stress parameters, namely total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), glutathione (GSH) and maleic dialdehyde (MDA) in the plasma of 40 PKU children, for further investigating the oxidative molecular regulation mechanism of NOX in PKU. It was observed that T‐AOC and GSH markedly decreased in PKU as compared with the control group (P < 0.01), and seemed to correlate negatively with Phe level. However, there was no statistical difference in MDA level among the three groups. And 8‐isoprostane in the blood samples of PKU2 groups was slightly higher than control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, mRNA levels of subunits of NOX included p47phox and p67phox significantly increased in PKU group (P < 0.01). These results reflected that NOX is the important source of reactive oxygen species and is involved in the oxidative molecular regulation mechanism in PKU, which shows a new perspective toward understanding the biological underpinnings of PKU.
Alkaline rocks of Meso-Cenozoic volcanosedimentary complex of the West Siberian Plate: petrologic composition
Authors: Medvedev A.Ya. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper is concerned with study of tephriphonolites, rare rocks that have been first found in the pre-Jurassic basement of West Siberia. Based on geological observations of the bedding of different types of volcanics and their geochemical peculiarities, the conclusion about the synchronous occurrence of subalkaline and alkaline volcanism is drawn. This is confirmed by the coexistence of compositionally contrasting volcanics in the borehole section. The hypothesis is put forward that these rocks alternate in the section, as is the case in the Tunguska syneclise of the Siberian Platform. The new data on Sr and Nd isotopy suggest the participation of crustal material in the formation of alkaline rocks. The rift nature of the regional intraplate volcanism is confirmed.
3D mantle structure of Central Asia from Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion
Authors: Kozhevnikov V.M. , Seredkina A.I. , Solovei O.A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe mantle structure in Central Asia was investigated by surface-wave tomography from dispersion of the fundamental mode of the Rayleigh wave group velocities along more than 3200 earthquake–station paths within 40° N to 60° N and 80° E to 132° E. The velocities were processed by the frequency–time analysis at periods from 10 to 250 s to obtain their dispersion curves. Then group velocity maps were computed separately for each period, at different sampling intervals: at every 5 s for the short periods from 10 to 30 s, at 10 s for periods between 30 and 100 s, and at 25 s for the longest periods of 100 to 250 s. Resolution was estimated according to the effective averaging radius (R) and presented likewise in the form of maps. To estimate the depths of the revealed inhomogeneties, locally averaged dispersion curves were calculated using the group velocity maps, with reference to the radius R, and were then inverted to S-wave velocity-depth profiles. The resulting three-dimensional S-wave velocity structure to depths of about 700 km revealed large lateral inhomogeneties through the entire depth range. This pattern may be due to the history of the major tectonic structures, as well as to ongoing processes in the mantle.
Landscape Evolution and Human Settlement in the Iroise Sea (Brittany, France) during the Neolithic and Bronze Age
Authors: Pailler Yvan , Stéphan Pierre ,   with contributions by, Gandois H. , Nicolas C. , Sparfel Y. , Tresset A. , Donnart K. , Dréano Y. , Fichaut B. , Suanez S. , Dupont C. , Audouard L. , Marcoux N. , Mougne C. , Salanova L. , Sellami F. , Dietsch-Sellami M.-F. 
Published: September 2014

The Molène archipelago appears to be particularly rich in Neolithic and Bronze Age remains and an exceptional concentration of megaliths has been brought to light. Several settlements are confirmed by dry-stone structures or by shell middens. These data give precious indications on the occupation chronology of the area. Moreover they allow us, for the first time in Brittany, to reconstruct everyday life during the late Prehistoric period. A prerequisite to this reconstruction was a better understanding of the evolution of the environment during this period, which locally implies a better knowledge of paleogeographic changes related to Holocene sea-level rise as well as on floral and faunal resources.The results obtained through paleogeographic reconstructions show that the archipelago since 4500bcwas already disconnected from the mainland. The megalithic monuments must therefore have been erected and used by islanders present on the archipelago from the middle of the 5th to the 2nd millenniumbc. The distribution of the megalithic tombs reveals landscape occupation strategies which respond to both cultural choices and natural constraints. Throughout the entire period, geographic isolation has continued to increase, although it did not imply strong cultural specificities. Nevertheless, the increasing remoteness of the islands has fostered the search for livelihoods based on the intense exploitation of coastal resources. Despite their focus on the sea, these people did not neglect what inland areas could offer as evidenced by the early agro-pastoral practices in the archipelago.
A 2-year study on milk quality from three pasture-based dairy systems of contrasting production intensities in Wales
Authors: STERGIADIS S. , LEIFERT C. , SEAL C. J. , EYRE M. D. , LARSEN M. K. , SLOTS T. , NIELSEN J. H. , BUTLER G. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYThere is an increasing interest in pasture-based dairy systems in Europe, mainly because of increasing production costs for intensive dairying. Milk is a matrix of compounds that influence nutritional and manufacturing properties, many dependent on husbandry linked to pasture-based systems (increase in pasture intake, forage : concentrate ratio, clover inclusion in swards/silages and use of alternative dairy breeds). The present study investigated the impact of three grazing-based dairy systems with contrasting feeding intensity or reliance on pasture intakes (conventional high-intensity, low pasture intake [CH], organic medium-intensity, medium pasture intake [OM], conventional low-intensity, high pasture intake [CL]) on milk fatty acid (FA) profiles, protein composition and α-tocopherol and antioxidants concentrations. The proportion of animals of alternative breeds (e.g. Jersey) and crossbred cows in the herd increased with decreasing production intensity (CH < OM < CL). Milk constituents known to be beneficial for human health, such as vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA, antioxidants and caseins, were elevated with decreasing production intensity (CH < OM < CL), while less desirable saturated FA were lower, although not all differences between OM and CL were significant. Omega-3 FA were maximized under OM practices, primarily as a result of higher clover intake. Increases in pasture intake may explain the higher concentrations of desirable FA while increased use of crossbreed cows is likely to be responsible for higher total protein and casein content of milk; a combination of these two factors may explain increased antioxidant levels. The higher concentrations of vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, omega-3 FA, lutein, zeaxanthin, protein and casein in OM and CL milk were found over most sampling months and in both years, reinforcing the higher nutritional quality and manufacturing properties associated with milk from these systems. A switch to pasture-based dairy products would increase the intake of milk's beneficial compounds and reduce consumption of less desirable saturated FA.
Beyond Strict Justice: Hugo Grotius on Punishment and Natural Right(s)
Authors: Geddert Jeremy Seth 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHugo Grotius is often seen as reducing justice to the systematic protection of individual rights. However, this reading struggles to account for the surprisingly robust place he accords to punishment. An offender cannot plausibly claim punishment as a right, and the right to punish gives little direction about how best to carry out punishment. These difficulties point toward Grotius's little-noticed bifurcation of justice into “expletive” and “attributive” categories. While expletive (or “strict”) justice provides a grounding for the right to punish, its subsequent exercise must be governed by attributive justice. This higher justice considers persons and situations; requires imagination and prudential judgment; looks to the future; aims for the common good; acknowledges the importance of virtue; and never claims perfect solutions. Thus, Grotius's supposedly modern understanding of natural rights is best understood within an account of his specifically political thought—one that acknowledges an overarching framework of classical natural Right.
A robust system reliability analysis using partitioning and parallel processing of Markov chain
Authors: Lin Po Ting , Chou Yu-Cheng , Ting Yung , Shyu Shian-Shing , Chen Chang-Kuo 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a robust reliability analysis method for systems of multimodular redundant (MMR) controllers using the method of partitioning and parallel processing of a Markov chain (PPMC). A Markov chain is formulated to represent the N distinct states of the MMR controllers. Such a Markov chain has N2 directed edges, and each edge corresponds to a transition probability between a pair of start and end states. Because N can be easily increased substantially, the system reliability analysis may require large computational resources, such as the central processing unit usage and memory occupation. By the PPMC, a Markov chain's transition probability matrix can be partitioned and reordered, such that the system reliability can be evaluated through only the diagonal submatrices of the transition probability matrix. In addition, calculations regarding the submatrices are independent of each other and thus can be conducted in parallel to assure the efficiency. The simulation results show that, compared with the sequential method applied to an intact Markov chain, the proposed PPMC can improve the performance and produce allowable accuracy for the reliability analysis on large-scale systems of MMR controllers.