bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disulfiram Implantation for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Clinical Experiences from the Plastic Surgeon's Point of View
Authors: Sezgin Billur , Sibar Serhat , Bulam Hakan , Findikcioglu Kemal , Tuncer Serhan , Dogan Bilge 
Published: September 2014

Background Disulfiram implantation is a widely used treatment alternative for alcohol abuse, yet reports on the surgical aspect of disulfiram implantation with respect to patient and drug-related treatment efficacy and wound complications are very limited. We present our clinical experiences with disulfiram implantation and discuss the surgical outcomes obtained with different anatomical planes for implantation.
Methods Medical records of all patients referred to our clinic from the psychiatry department between 2007 and 2013 for disulfiram implantation were retrospectively analyzed. Implantation was carried out using 10 sterile Disulfiram tablets (WZF Polfa S.A.), each tablet containing 100 mg of disulfiram. The procedure was carried out by implanting the tablets randomly in either a subcutaneous or an intramuscular plane. The location and the plane of implantation and the complications were recorded for each patient and compared to determine the differences in the outcomes.
Results A total of 32 implantation procedures were evaluated for this study. Twenty-five implants were placed in the intramuscular plane (78.2%), while seven implants were placed subcutaneously (21.8%). Exposure was encountered in three of the seven subcutaneous implants (42.9%), while no exposure was seen with the intramuscular implants. Incomplete absorption of the tablets was encountered in one patient with a previous subcutaneous implant who presented 1 year later for re-implantation as part of the continuation of therapy.
Conclusions To overcome the issue of treatment continuation in the case of disulfiram therapy, which may be ceased due to frequently encountered wound complications, we believe that implantation in the subscapular intramuscular plane allows both uneventful healing and an out-of-reach implant location.
Travel time classification of extreme solar events: Two families and an outlier
Authors: Freed A. J. , Russell C. T. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractExtreme solar events are of great interest because of the extensive damage that could be experienced by technological systems such as electrical transformers during such periods. In studying geophysical phenomena, it is helpful to have a quantitative measure of event strength so that similar events can be intercompared. Such a measure also allows the calculation of the occurrence rates of events with varying strength. We use historical fast travel time solar events to develop a measure of strength based on the Sun‐Earth trip time. We find that these fast events can be grouped into two distinct families with one even faster outlier. That outlier is not the Carrington event of 1859 but the extremely intense solar particle event of August 1972.
Current reduction in a pseudo‐breakup event: THEMIS observations
Authors: Yao Z. H. , Pu Z. Y. , Owen C. J. , Fu S. Y. , Chu X. N. , Liu J. , Angelopoulos V. , Rae I. J. , Yue C. , Zhou X.‐Z. , Zong Q.‐G. , Cao X. , Shi Q. Q. , Forsyth C. , Du A. M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPseudo‐breakup events are thought to be generated by the same physical processes as substorms. This paper reports on the cross‐tail current reduction in an isolated pseudo‐breakup observed by three of the THEMIS probes (THEMIS A (THA), THEMIS D (THD), and THEMIS E (THE)) on 22 March 2010. During this pseudo‐breakup, several localized auroral intensifications were seen by ground‐based observatories. Using the unique spatial configuration of the three THEMIS probes, we have estimated the inertial and diamagnetic currents in the near‐Earth plasma sheet associated with flow braking and diversion. We found the diamagnetic current to be the major contributor to the current reduction in this pseudo‐breakup event. During flow braking, the plasma pressure was reinforced, and a weak electrojet and an auroral intensification appeared. After flow braking/diversion, the electrojet was enhanced, and a new auroral intensification was seen. The peak current intensity of the electrojet estimated from ground‐based magnetometers, ~0.7 × 105 A, was about 1 order of magnitude lower than that in a typical substorm. We suggest that this pseudo‐breakup event involved two dynamical processes: a current‐reduction associated with plasma compression ahead of the earthward flow and a current‐disruption related to the flow braking/diversion. Both processes are closely connected to the fundamental interaction between fast flows, the near‐Earth ambient plasma, and the magnetic field.
Seismo‐ionospheric coupling appearing as equatorial electron density enhancements observed via DEMETER electron density measurements
Authors: Ryu K. , Lee E. , Chae J. S. , Parrot M. , Pulinets S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe report the processes and results of statistical analysis on the ionospheric electron density data measured by the Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) satellite over a period of 6 years (2005–2010), in order to investigate the correlation between seismic activity and equatorial plasma density variations. To simplify the analysis, three equatorial regions with frequent earthquakes were selected and then one‐dimensional time series analysis between the daily seismic activity indices and the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) intensity indices, which represent relative equatorial electron density increase, were performed for each region. The statistically significant values of the lagged cross‐correlation function, particularly in the region with minimal effects of longitudinal asymmetry, indicate that some of the very large earthquakes with M > 5.0 in the low‐latitude region can accompany observable precursory and concurrent EIA enhancements, even though the seismic activity is not the most significant driver of the equatorial ionospheric evolution. The physical mechanisms of the seismo‐ionospheric coupling is consistent with our observation, and the possibility of earthquake prediction using the EIA intensity variation is discussed.
Mesoscale eddy variability in the southern extension of the East Madagascar Current: Seasonal cycle, energy conversion terms, and eddy mean properties
Authors: Halo Issufo , Penven Pierrick , Backeberg Björn , Ansorge Isabelle , Shillington Frank , Roman Raymond 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this study, we used more than 17 years of satellite altimetry observations and output from an ocean model to investigate the mesoscale eddy variability and forcing mechanisms to the south of Madagascar. Analysis of energy conversion terms in the model has shown seasonality on eddy formation, both by barotropic and baroclinic instabilities: maximum in winter (JJA) and minimum in summer (DJF). The eddies were mainly formed in the upper ocean (0–300 m) and at intermediate depths (800–2000 m) by barotropic and baroclinic instabilities, respectively. The former dominated in the southeastern margin of Madagascar, and the latter to the southwest, where the South‐East Madagascar Current (SEMC) separates from the continental shelf. Seasonality of the eddy formation appeared linked with the seasonal intensification of the SEMC. The energy conversion terms indicated that the eddies have a significant contribution to the large‐scale circulation, but not being persistent throughout the year, occurring mainly during the fall season (MAM). Eddy demography from altimetry and model provided information on eddy preferential sites for birth, annual occurrence (6–13 per year), eddy mean diameter (124–178 km), mean amplitude (9–28 cm), life‐time (90–183 days), and maximum traveling distances (325–1052 km). Eddies formed to the southwest of Madagascar exhibited distinct characteristics from those formed in the southeast. Nevertheless, all eddies were highly nonlinear, suggesting that they are potential vectors of connectivity between Madagascar and Africa. This may have a significant impact on the ecology of this region.
Mean sea level variability in the North Sea: Processes and implications
Authors: Dangendorf Sönke , Calafat Francisco M. , Arns Arne , Wahl Thomas , Haigh Ivan D. , Jensen Jürgen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMean sea level (MSL) variations across a range of time scales are examined for the North Sea under the consideration of different forcing factors since the late 19th century. We use multiple linear regression models, which are validated for the second half of the 20th century against the output of a tide+surge model, to determine the barotropic response of the ocean to fluctuations in atmospheric forcing. We find that local atmospheric forcing mainly initiates MSL variability on time scales up to a few years, with the inverted barometric effect dominating the variability along the UK and Norwegian coastlines and wind controlling the MSL variability in the south from Belgium up to Denmark. On decadal time scales, MSL variability mainly reflects steric changes, which are largely forced remotely. A spatial correlation analysis of altimetry observations and gridded steric heights suggests evidence for a coherent signal extending from the Norwegian shelf down to the Canary Islands. This fits with the theory of longshore wind forcing along the eastern boundary of the North Atlantic causing coastally trapped waves to propagate over thousands of kilometers along the continental slope. Implications of these findings are assessed with statistical Monte‐Carlo experiments. It is demonstrated that the removal of known variability increases the signal to noise ratio with the result that: (i) linear trends can be estimated more accurately; (ii) possible accelerations (as expected, e.g., due to anthropogenic climate change) can be detected much earlier. Such information is of crucial importance for anticipatory coastal management, engineering, and planning.
Climatological monthly heat and freshwater flux estimates on a global scale from Argo
Authors: Giglio Donata , Roemmich Dean 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe global pattern of climatological monthly heat and freshwater fluxes at the ocean surface is estimated using Argo temperature and salinity profile data for the period 2004–2013. Temperature or salinity changes are calculated in a volume of water above an isopycnal that is below the mixed layer and not subject to mixed‐layer entrainment. Horizontal advection components from geostrophic velocity and from Ekman transport, based on wind stress, are also included. The climatological monthly heat or freshwater flux at the ocean surface is estimated as the sum of advective and time tendency contributions. The air‐sea flux estimates from Argo are described in global maps and basin‐wide integrals, in comparison to atmospheric reanalysis data and to air‐sea flux products based on observations. This ocean‐based estimate of surface fluxes is consistent with property variations in the subsurface ocean and indicates greater amplitude for the climatological monthly heat flux values in the subtropics compared to other products. Similarly, the combination of Argo freshwater flux and reanalysis evaporation, suggests greater amplitude for climatological monthly precipitation in the tropics.
Wavelength selection and symmetry breaking in orbital wave ripples
Authors: Nienhuis Jaap H. , Perron J. Taylor , Kao Justin C. T. , Myrow Paul M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSand ripples formed by waves have a uniform wavelength while at equilibrium and develop defects while adjusting to changes in the flow. These patterns arise from the interaction of the flow with the bed topography, but the specific mechanisms have not been fully explained. We use numerical flow models and laboratory wave tank experiments to explore the origins of these patterns. The wavelength of “orbital” wave ripples (λ) is directly proportional to the oscillating flow's orbital diameter (d), with many experimental and field studies finding λ/d ≈ 0.65. We demonstrate a coupling that selects this ratio: the maximum length of the flow separation zone downstream of a ripple crest equals λ when λ/d ≈ 0.65. We show that this condition maximizes the growth rate of ripples. Ripples adjusting to changed flow conditions develop defects that break the bed's symmetry. When d is shortened sufficiently, two new incipient crests appear in every trough, but only one grows into a full‐sized crest. Experiments have shown that the same side (right or left) wins in every trough. We find that this occurs because incipient secondary crests slow the flow and encourage the growth of crests on the next flank. Experiments have also shown that when d is lengthened, ripple crests become increasingly sinuous and eventually break up. We find that this occurs because crests migrate preferentially toward the nearest adjacent crest, amplifying any initial sinuosity. Our results reveal the mechanisms that form common wave ripple patterns and highlight interactions among unsteady flows, sediment transport, and bed topography.
Sparse approximate inverse preconditioner for multiscale dynamic electromagnetic problems
Authors: Pan Xiao‐Min , Sheng Xin‐Qing 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe inherent difficulties of traditional preconditioning techniques are revealed by numerically analyzing characteristics of method of moments systems with respect to multiscale dynamic electromagnetic applications. Techniques are developed to solve these difficulties for the traditional sparse approximate inverse preconditioner. The proposed techniques include a skeleton‐based filtering strategy aiming to overcome the awkward filtering strategy extensively employed in traditional preconditioners and the strategy to recover the block structure of the inverse matrix. The proposed techniques are investigated by numerical experiments on complex targets.
Investigating raindrop shapes, oscillation modes, and implications for radio wave propagation
Authors: Thurai M. , Bringi V. N. , Manić A. B. , Šekeljić N. J. , Notaroš B. M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStudies of raindrop shapes, oscillation modes, and implications for radio wave propagation are presented. Drop shape measurements in natural rain using 2‐D video disdrometers (2DVDs) are discussed. As a representative exception to vast majority of the cases where the “most probable” shapes conform to the axisymmetric (2,0) oscillation mode, an event with a highly organized line convection embedded within a larger rain system is studied. Measurements using two collocated 2DVD instruments and a C‐band polarimetric radar clearly show the occurrence of mixed‐mode drop oscillations within the line, which in turn is attributed to sustained drop collisions. Moreover, the fraction of asymmetric drops determined from the 2DVD camera data increases with the calculated collision probability when examined as time series. Recent wind‐tunnel experiments of drop collisions are also discussed. They show mixed‐mode oscillations, with (2,1) and (2,2) modes dramatically increasing in oscillation amplitudes, in addition to the (2,0) mode, immediately upon collision. The damping time constant of the perturbation caused by the collision is comparable to the inverse of the collision frequency within the line convection. Scattering calculations using an advanced method of moments numerical technique are performed to accurately and efficiently determine the pertinent parameters of electrically large oscillating raindrops with asymmetric shapes needed for radio wave propagation. The simulations show that the scattering matrix and differential reflectivity of drops are dependent on the particular oscillation modes and different time instants within the oscillation cycle. The technique can be utilized in conjunction with 3‐D reconstruction of drop shapes from 2DVD data.
Channel evolution after dam removal in a poorly sorted sediment mixture: Experiments and numerical model
Authors: Ferrer‐Boix Carles , Martín‐Vide Juan P. , Parker Gary 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDam removal is commonly used for river restoration. However, there are still some uncertainties associated with dam removal, mainly related to the sediment transport rates released downstream from the deposit that had previously filled the impoundment. This research studies the physical response to dam removal in the antecedent deposit by answering the following questions: (a) how does an initial channel excavated into the deposit evolve, and (b) what is the time distribution of the material released during the early stages of the process. These goals are achieved by an experimental campaign using a poorly sorted mixture of sediment in the antecedent deposit. The research shows that for the given conditions of our experiments, the rate at which the sediment is released depends on the height of the removed dam, the water discharge and the maximum potential volume of sediment to be eroded. This investigation provides new insights of the width evolution when the sediment is composed of a poorly sorted mixture. This evolution is linked to the bed degradation rates: channel narrows during a rapid incisional phase, and subsequently widens when bed degradation rates decrease. Channel width changes propagate upstream as a convection‐like perturbation associated with a kinematic wave starting at the location of the antecedent dam. These features are modeled through a new numerical model accounting for mixtures. More specifically, a set of equations has been derived for the variation of bed elevation, channel bottom width, and bed grain‐size distribution, which when solved numerically, describe the observed channel processes.
Chebyshev orthogonal collocation technique to solve transport phenomena problems with Matlab® and Mathematica
Authors: Binous Housam , Shaikh Abdullah A. , Bellagi Ahmed 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTWe present in this pedagogical paper an alternative numerical method for the resolution of transport phenomena problems encountered in the teaching of the required course on transport phenomena in the graduate chemical engineering curricula. Based on the Chebyshev orthogonal collocation technique implemented in Matlab® and Mathematica©, we show how different rather complicated transport phenomena problems involving partial differential equations and split boundary value problems can now readily be mastered. A description of several sample problems and the resolution methodology is discussed in this paper. The objective of the incorporation of this approach is to develop the numerical skills of the graduate students at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM) and to broaden the extent of transport‐phenomena problems that can be addressed in the course. We noted with satisfaction that the students successfully adopted this numerical technique for the resolution of problems assigned as term projects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:422–431, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21612
Evaluation of a prognostic model for risk of relapse in stage I seminoma surveillance
Authors: Chung Peter , Daugaard Gedske , Tyldesley Scott , Atenafu Eshetu G. , Panzarella Tony , Kollmannsberger Christian , Warde Padraig 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA prognostic model for relapse risk in stage I seminoma managed by surveillance after orchiectomy has been developed but has not been independently validated. Individual data on 685 stage I seminoma surveillance patients managed between 1998 and 2005 at three cancer centers were retrospectively analyzed. Variables including age and pathology of the primary tumor: small vessel invasion, tumor size, and invasion of rete testis were analyzed. Specifically median tumor size and rete testis invasion was tested to evaluate the performance of the published model. Median follow‐up was 3.85 years (0.1–10.29), 88 patients relapsed and 5‐year relapse‐free rate was 85%. In univariate analysis, median tumor size (<3 cm vs. ≥3 cm) was associated with increased risk of relapse but rete testis invasion was not, nor was age and small vessel invasion. In multivariable analysis, tumor size above median (cutpoint of 3 cm) was a predictor for relapse, HR 1.87 (95% CI 1.15, 3.06), whereas rete testis invasion HR 1.36, (95% CI 0.81, 2.28) was not statistically significant. The 3‐year relapse risk based on the primary tumor size alone increased from 9% for 1 cm primary tumor to 26% for 8 cm tumor. A clinically useful, highly discriminating prognostic model remains elusive in stage I seminoma surveillance as we were unable to validate the previously developed model. However, primary tumor size retained prognostic importance and a scale of relapse risk based on the unit increment of tumor size was developed to help guide patients and clinicians in decision making.
Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Excoecaria acertiflia
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Zhuo , Luo Huai‐Rong , Ma Qing‐Yun , Peng Hua , Dai Hao‐Fu , Zhou Jun , Zhao You‐Xing 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSix new compounds, including two diterpenoids excocarinols F and G (1 and 2, resp.), two carotane (daucane) sesquiterpenoids excoecafolinols A and B (3 and 4, resp.), one lignanoid compound, excoecanol A (5), and one simple phenol, excoecanol B (6), together with 17 known compounds, were isolated from the BuOH extract of Excoecaria acerifolia Didr. stems. Their structures were elucidated through the analysis of the spectroscopic data. The AChE‐inhibitory activities of 17 compounds were evaluated and revealed that four of them possessed moderate inhibitory activities against AChE.
Chemical Constituents and Activities of the Essential Oil from Myristica fragrans against Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma serricorne
Authors: Du Shu‐Shan , Yang Kai , Wang Cheng‐Fang , You Chun‐Xue , Geng Zhu‐Feng , Guo Shan‐Shan , Deng Zhi‐Wei , Liu Zhi‐Long 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEssential oil extracted from nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) by hydrodistillation was subjected to GC/MS and GC analysis. A total of 27 constituents were identified, of which eugenol (19.9%), methylisoeugenol (16.8%), methyleugenol (16.7%), sabinene (11.8%), and terpinen‐4‐ol (8.5%) were the major components. The essential oil was tested against Lasioderma serricorne for insecticidal and repellent activity, the LD50 value at the end of 24 h exposure period was 19.3 μg/adult. Six active compounds were isolated by bioassay‐guided fractionation. They were identified as eugenol (1), methyleugenol (2), methylisoeugenol (3), elemicin (4), myristicin (5), and safrole (6). Among these isolates, 4 showed the strongest contact toxicity against L. serricorne adults with an LD50 value of 9.8 μg/adult. Repellency of crude oil and active compounds were also determined. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 were strongly repellent against the cigarette beetle and exhibited the same level of repellency compared with the positive control, DEET. The results indicate that the essential oil of M. fragrans and its active constituents have potential for development as natural insecticides and repellents to control L. serricorne.