bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehension of degree modifiers by pre-school children: What does it mean to be ‘a bit cold’?
Authors: Tribushinina Elena 
Published: July 2014

Abstract Although even young infants were shown to have some understanding of (adjectival) scalarity, studies of children’s spontaneous speech suggest that the acquisition of scalar semantics may not yet be completed by the time children enter primary school. In the present study, this hypothesis is tested by investigating the comprehension of diminishers (‘a bit’) and consequential degree modifiers (‘too’) modifying relative adjectives (long, warm) in a group of 5-year-old Dutch-speaking children. Based on earlier production studies, it is hypothesized that by age 6 children are adult-like in their comprehension of ‘too’ and not yet target-like in the comprehension of ‘a bit’ modifying relative adjectives. The results of the comprehension experiment demonstrate that some children have already acquired the semantics of both ‘too’ and ‘a bit’, whereas others still have trouble understanding combinations of relative adjectives with each of these degree adverbs. Furthermore, poor comprehenders need more time to process sentences with ‘a bit’ compared to the same sentences with ‘too’, presumably revealing a greater conceptual complexity of diminishers. These findings are consistent with the idea that the acquisition of scalarity has a protracted time course
Entropy generation in silicon thin film: Influence of film thickness on entropy generation rate
Authors: Ali Haider , Yilbas Bekir S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Thermodynamic irreversibility in thin silicon film is considered and entropy
generation in the film is predicted. The Boltzmann equation is incorporated
to formulate the phonon transport in the film due to temperature disturbance
across the film edges. Frequency-dependent and frequency-independent phonon
transport are introduced to compare the entropy predictions due to both
cases. The study is extended to include the effect of the film thickness on
the entropy generation in the film. A numerical code is developed using the
discrete ordinate method and the predictions are validated with the data
presented in our previous study. It is found that entropy generation is
higher in the close region of the high temperature film edge.
As the film thickness increases towards the cold temperature of the film edge, entropy generation rate becomes gradual. Entropy generation due to the frequency-independent case is
higher than that corresponding to the frequency-dependent case. This
behavior is attributed to the ballistic phonons, which do not contribute to
the film resistance; therefore, they do not contribute to entropy generation
in the film.
Study on crystallization performance of polyethylene terephthalate/polybutylene terephthalate alloys
Authors: Wang Rui-yuan , Chen Xiao-dong , Xu Qun-jie , Wang Yin-jie , Zhang Qiang 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a kind of high performance engineering plastic. However, the application of pure PET is subject to limitation because of its slow crystallization rate. In order to overcome this difficulty, thermoplastic resins are often added into PET matrix by a compounding technique. Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) possesses many advantages such as a high degree of crystallinity and rapid molding, thus, is very suitable to adjust the crystallization behaviors of PET. In this work, the crystallization behaviors of PET/PBT alloys were studied by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermal platform polarizing microscope. The obtained results indicate that the content of PBT could tune the melting and crystallization behaviors of the alloy. The parameters of non-isothermal crystallization of the alloys for blends were analyzed by the Jeziorny and Kissinger methods. The non-isothermal crystallization process for PET, PBT and PET/PBT alloys fit the Jeziorny model well at the early stage, but there is a certain small deviation at the later stage, indicating that the nucleation mechanism of PET/PBT alloy is complicated. In addition, the crystallization rate accelerates with an increase in cooling rate. The alloys show the best crystallization performance when the content of PBT is 10 wt%, and their crystallization activation energy reaches up to -201.78 kJ/mol.
HPLC Method for Determination of Th, U and Pu in Irradiated (Th,Pu)O2 using Mandelic Acid as an Eluent
Authors: Kumar Pranaw , Paul Sumana , Jaison Perumpillil George , Telmore Vijay Madhukar , Alamelu Devanathan , Aggarwal Suresh Kumar 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Studies for chromatographic separation of Th, U(VI) and Pu(IV) were carried out using mandelic acid as an eluent. The different
chromatographic conditions like concentration of mandelic acid, pH of the mobile phase, presence of MeOH and effect of ion interaction
reagent (IIR) were studied. The method was optimized for the separation of Th, U(VI) and Pu(IV). At pH < 3.5 of mobile phase, Pu(IV)
was more retained compared to U(VI) whereas at pH > 3.5, reverse trend was observed. The optimized parameters were employed for the
separation and determination of Th, U(VI) and Pu(IV) in a dissolved solution of irradiated (Th, Pu)O2. Sample treatment was
optimized to minimize loss of Pu and Th during chromatographic determination. Studies were carried out using two IIRs to understand the
anomalous chromatographic behavior of Pu(IV). Retention behavior of different oxidation states of Pu viz. Pu(III), Pu(IV) and
Pu(VI) was also studied in mandelic acid.
Spatio‐temporally precise activation of engineered receptor tyrosine kinases by light
Authors: Grusch Michael , Schelch Karin , Riedler Robert , Reichhart Eva , Differ Christopher , Berger Walter , Inglés‐Prieto Álvaro , Janovjak Harald 
Published: July 2014

AbstractReceptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that sense growth factors and hormones and regulate a variety of cell behaviours in health and disease. Contactless activation of RTKs with spatial and temporal precision is currently not feasible. Here, we generated RTKs that are insensitive to endogenous ligands but can be selectively activated by low‐intensity blue light. We screened light‐oxygen‐voltage (LOV)‐sensing domains for their ability to activate RTKs by light‐activated dimerization. Incorporation of LOV domains found in aureochrome photoreceptors of stramenopiles resulted in robust activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and rearranged during transfection (RET). In human cancer and endothelial cells, light induced cellular signalling with spatial and temporal precision. Furthermore, light faithfully mimicked complex mitogenic and morphogenic cell behaviour induced by growth factors. RTKs under optical control (Opto‐RTKs) provide a powerful optogenetic approach to actuate cellular signals and manipulate cell behaviour.
Measuring error rates in genomic perturbation screens: gold standards for human functional genomics
Authors: Hart Traver , Brown Kevin R , Sircoulomb Fabrice , Rottapel Robert , Moffat Jason 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTechnological advancement has opened the door to systematic genetics in mammalian cells. Genome‐scale loss‐of‐function screens can assay fitness defects induced by partial gene knockdown, using RNA interference, or complete gene knockout, using new CRISPR techniques. These screens can reveal the basic blueprint required for cellular proliferation. Moreover, comparing healthy to cancerous tissue can uncover genes that are essential only in the tumor; these genes are targets for the development of specific anticancer therapies. Unfortunately, progress in this field has been hampered by off‐target effects of perturbation reagents and poorly quantified error rates in large‐scale screens. To improve the quality of information derived from these screens, and to provide a framework for understanding the capabilities and limitations of CRISPR technology, we derive gold‐standard reference sets of essential and nonessential genes, and provide a Bayesian classifier of gene essentiality that outperforms current methods on both RNAi and CRISPR screens. Our results indicate that CRISPR technology is more sensitive than RNAi and that both techniques have nontrivial false discovery rates that can be mitigated by rigorous analytical methods.
‘By Force of Participation and Conjunction in Him’: John Jewel and Richard Hooker on Union with Christ
Authors: Gazal André A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
The author of a Christian Letter cited a passage from John Jewel’s A Reply to Harding’s Answer in which the first major apologist of the Elizabethan Settlement spoke of the role of faith and the sacraments in union with Christ. Andrew Willet, the likely author of this work, quoted it against Richard Hooker in order to show how the latter contravened the sacramental theology of the national Church as interpreted by Jewel as one of the foremost expositors of its doctrine. Jewel, however, in his Reply to Harding’s Answer, enumerates four means of the Christian’s union with Christ: the Incarnation, faith, baptism, and the Eucharist-a fact overlooked in A Christian Letter by its author in his endeavor to impeach Hooker’s orthodoxy. Proceeding from the observation that both Jewel and Hooker believed that the locus of Christian salvation is union with Christ, this essay compares the two divines’ respective views of this union by examining the manner in which they understand the role of each of these means forming and maintaining this union. On the basis of this comparison, the essay argues that A Christian Letter misrepresented Jewel’s position and that Hooker’s view of union with Christ was essentially the same as the late bishop of Salisbury’s, notwithstanding some differences in detail and emphases. The article concludes with the opinion that Hooker represents continuity of a particular soteriological emphasis in the Elizabethan Church that can possibly be traced back to Jewel as a representative of the Reformed tradition stressing this doctrine.
The Influence of the Renaissance on Richard Hooker
Authors: Grislis Egil 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Like many writers after the Renaissance, Hooker was influenced by a number of classical and Neo-Platonic texts, especially by Cicero, Seneca, Hermes Trimegistus, and Pseudo-Dionysius. Hooker’s regular allusions to these thinkers help illuminate his own work but also his place within the broader European context and the history of ideas. This paper addresses in turn the reception of Cicero and Seneca in the early Church through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Hooker’s use of Ciceronian and Senecan ideas, and finally Hooker’s use of Neo-Platonic texts attributed to Hermes Trismegistus and Dionysius the Areopagite. Hooker will be shown to distinguish himself as a sophisticated and learned interpreter who balances distinctive motifs such as Scripture and tradition, faith, reason, experience, and ecclesiology with a complex appeal to pagan and Christian sources and ideas.
Sustained high basal motion of the Greenland ice sheet revealed by borehole deformation
Authors: Ryser Claudia , Lüthi Martin P. , Andrews Lauren C. , Hoffman Matthew J. , Catania Ginny A. , Hawley Robert L. , Neumann Thomas A. , Kristensen Steen S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIce deformation and basal motion characterize the dynamical behavior of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS). We evaluate the contribution of basal motion from ice deformation measurements in boreholes drilled to the bed at two sites in the western marginal zone of the GrIS. We find a sustained high amount of basal motion contribution to surface velocity of 44–73% in winter, and up to 90% in summer. Measured ice deformation rates show an unexpected variation with depth that can be explained with the help of an ice-flow model as a consequence of stress transfer from slippery to sticky areas. This effect necessitates the use of high-order ice-flow models, not only in regions of fast-flowing ice streams but in all temperate-based areas of the GrIS. The agreement between modeled and measured deformation rates confirms that the recommended values of the temperature-dependent flow rate factor A are a good choice for ice-sheet models.
Humanoid Assessing Rehabilitative Exercises
Authors: Delconte G. , Simonov M. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIntroduction: This article is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “New Methodologies for Patients Rehabilitation”.Background: The article presents the approach in which the rehabilitative exercise prepared by healthcare professional is encoded as formal knowledge and used by humanoid robot to assist patients without involving other care actors.Objectives: The main objective is the use of humanoids in rehabilitative care. An example is pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD patients. Another goal is the automated judgment functionality to determine how the rehabilitation exercise matches the pre-programmed correct sequence.Methods: We use the Aldebaran Robotics’ NAO humanoid to set up artificial cognitive application. Pre-programmed NAO induces elderly patient to undertake humanoid-driven rehabilitation exercise, but needs to evaluate the human actions against the correct template. Patient is observed using NAO’s eyes. We use the Microsoft Kinect SDK to extract motion path from the humanoid’s recorded video. We compare human- and humanoid-operated process sequences by using the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and test the prototype.Results: This artificial cognitive software showcases the use of DTW algorithm to enable humanoids to judge in near real-time about the correctness of rehabilitative exercises performed by patients following the robot’s indications.Conclusion: One could enable better sustainable rehabilitative care services in remote residential settings by combining intelligent applications piloting humanoids with the DTW pattern matching algorithm applied at run time to compare humanoid- and human-operated process sequences. In turn, it will lower the need of human care.
Prediction Model for Glucose Metabolism Based on Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Kataoka H. , Nakajima N. , Watabe T. , Fujimoto S. , Okuhara Y. , Hatakeyama Y. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryObjectives: We developed a robust, long-term clinical prediction model to predict conditions leading to early diabetes using laboratory values other than blood glucose and insulin levels. Our model protects against missing data and noise that occur during long-term analysis.Methods: Results of a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were divided into three groups: diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and normal (n = 114, 235, and 325, respectively). For glucose metabolic and lipid metabolic parameters, near 30-day mean values and 10-year integrated values were compared. The relation between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and variations in HbA1c was analyzed in 158 patients. We also constructed a state space model consisting of an observation model (HDL-C and HbA1c) and an internal model (disorders of lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism) and applied this model to 116 cases.Results: The root mean square error between the observed HbA1c and predicted HbA1c was 0.25.Conclusions: In the observation model, HDL-C levels were useful for prediction of increases in HbA1c. Even with numerous missing values over time, as occurs in clinical practice, clinically valid predictions can be made using this state space model.
Development and characterization of EST‐SSR markers for the Solidago virgaurea complex (Asteraceae) in the Japanese archipelago
Authors: Sakaguchi Shota , Ito Motomi 
Published: July 2014

• Premise of the study: We developed simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for the Solidago virgaurea complex, an ecologically and morphologically diverse species complex in the Japanese archipelago, to elucidate population genetic structure and examine taxonomic boundaries.• Methods and Results: Utilizing the RNA sequencing data obtained by next‐generation sequencing techniques, 15 polymorphic EST‐SSR markers with three to 14 alleles were developed, most of which were transferable to different Solidago species native to Eurasia and North America.• Conclusions: The EST‐SSR markers developed in this study may be useful for elucidating the population structure and taxonomic delimitation of the species complex, as well as for investigating the population genetics and reproductive ecology of Solidago species.
Adipose Depots, Not Disease-related Factors, Account for Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity in Established and Treated Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: AbouAssi Hiba , Tune K. Noelle , Gilmore Brian , Bateman Lori A. , McDaniel Gary , Muehlbauer Michael , Huebner Janet L. , Hoenig Helen M. , Kraus Virginia B. , St. Clair E. William , Kraus William E. , Huffman Kim M. 
Published: July 2014

Objective.In prior reports, individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exhibited increased insulin resistance. However, those studies were limited by either suboptimal assessment methods for insulin sensitivity or a failure to account for important determinants such as adiposity and lack of physical activity. Our objectives were to carefully assess, compare, and determine predictors of skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in RA, accounting for adiposity and physical activity.Methods.Thirty-nine individuals with established (seropositive or erosions) and treated RA and 39 controls matched for age, sex, race, body mass index, and physical activity underwent a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test to determine insulin sensitivity. Inflammation, body composition, and physical activity were assessed with systemic cytokine measurements, computed tomography scans, and accelerometry, respectively. Exclusions were diabetes, cardiovascular disease, medication changes within 3 months, and prednisone use over 5 mg/day. This investigation was powered to detect a clinically significant, moderate effect size for insulin sensitivity difference.Results.Despite elevated systemic inflammation [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α; p < 0.05 for all], persons with RA were not less insulin sensitive [SIgeometric mean (SD): RA 4.0 (2.4) vs control 4.9 (2.1)*10−5min−1/(pmol/l); p = 0.39]. Except for visceral adiposity being slightly greater in controls (p = 0.03), there were no differences in body composition or physical activity. Lower insulin sensitivity was independently associated with increased abdominal and thigh adiposity, but not with cytokines, disease activity, duration, disability, or disease-modifying medication use.Conclusion.In established and treated RA, traditional risk factors, specifically excess adiposity, play more of a role in predicting skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity than do systemic inflammation or other disease-related factors.
Communautarisme en Syrie : lorsque le mythe devient réalité
Authors: Balanche Fabrice 
Published: July 2014

Plus le conflit se prolonge et plus la population syrienne se replie sur les structures traditionnelles que sont le clan et la communauté. La défense de la communauté et du clan prime sur les idéologies et les revendications politiques. Les minorités confessionnelles (20 % de la population) soutiennent globalement le régime car leur survie est menacée, en particulier la communauté alaouite qui a beaucoup à perdre. L’opposition armée au régime provient des classes populaires arabes sunnites (65 % de la population), quand la bourgeoisie demeure fidèle au régime. Quant aux Kurdes (15 % de la population), ils travaillent à la construction d’une région autonome, préférant un Bachar el Assad affaibli à une domination arabe sunnite forte. Les minorités confessionnelles et les Kurdes ne croient pas aux promesses de l’opposition de garantir leurs droits. Certes, les minorités, comme tous les Syriens, souhaitent des réformes démocratiques en Syrie, mais pas au prix de leur marginalisation, voire de leur élimination.
Femtosecond Laser-Assisted MyoRing Implantation in Postoperative LASIK Ectasia
Authors: Jabbarvand Mahmoud , Hashemian Mohammadnaser , Hashemian Hesam , Bazvand Fatemeh , Khodaparast Mehdi 
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the effect of MyoRing implantations (DIOPTEX GmbH, Linz, Austria) in patients with ectasia after LASIK.

METHODS:
MyoRing implantation was performed in 15 eyes of 14 patients with ectasia after LASIK using a femtosecond laser. Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity, refraction, keratometry, central corneal thickness, corneal biomechanical profile, and corneal aberrometry were evaluated preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.

RESULTS:

Uncorrected distance visual acuity (1.02 ± 0.48 to 0.30 ± 0.18 logMAR), maximum keratometry (50.14 ± 1.82 to 43.80 ± 1.21 diopters), and sphere (−4.4 ± 4.8 to +1.50 ± 0.61 diopters) were significantly improved from preoperative values at 1 month after surgery with no significant change afterward. Corrected distance visual acuity did not improve significantly 1 month after implantation, but between the 1- and 3-month follow-up visits, a significant improvement (0.30 ± 0.1 to 0.17 ± 0.13 logMAR) was observed without any additional improvement thereafter. A nearly significant (
P
= .05) increase in central corneal thickness (439.4 ± 19 to 452.2 ± 20
μ
m) was observed during the 1-month postoperative period. Primary coma, higher-order aberrations, and trefoil showed an insignificant decrease 1 month after surgery and afterward. Spherical aberration significantly increased between the preoperative visit and the first postoperative visit. Corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor showed no significant change between visits.

CONCLUSIONS:
MyoRing is a safe and effective method in patients with ectasia after LASIK. It can improve corrected distance visual acuity and reduce refractive error in these patients.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(7):462–466.]
Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Astigmatic Keratotomy for Postoperative Trabeculectomy-Induced Corneal Astigmatism
Authors: Kankariya Vardhaman P. , Diakonis Vasilios F. , Goldberg Jeffrey L. , Kymionis George D. , Yoo Sonia H. 
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:
To describe a case of postoperative trabeculectomy-induced corneal astigmatism treated with femtosecond laser-assisted astigmatic keratotomy.

METHODS:
After trabeculectomy, the patient demonstrated change in manifest refraction from −0.5 diopters preoperatively to mixed astigmatism of −3.5 + 5.25@100 postoperatively and a decrease in uncorrected distance visual acuity from 20/60 preoperatively to 20/200 at 1 month postoperatively. Because the patient was intolerant to spectacle use, she underwent femtosecond laser-assisted astigmatic keratotomy.

RESULTS:

After astigmatic keratotomy there was improvement in corneal topographic astigmatism from 4.15 to 0.81 diopters with uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/60
−2
and manifest refraction of −0.75 + 1.0@90 at 3 months postoperatively. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications.

CONCLUSIONS:
Femtosecond laser-assisted astigmatic keratotomy may be considered in eyes with postoperative trabeculectomy-induced mixed astigmatism.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(7):502–504.]