bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for urolithiasis in dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts: 95 cases (1999–2013)
Authors: G. Caporali Evelyn H. , Phillips Heidi , Underwood Lucy , Selmic Laura E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Objective—To identify risk factors for urolithiasis in dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSSs) and to determine whether portoazygos shunts were associated with increased risk of urolithiasis at the initial evaluation for EHPSS.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—Dogs (n = 95) with EHPSSs confirmed via CT angiography or surgery.
Procedures—Medical records from 1999 to 2013 were reviewed. Variables of interest included signalment, previous medical management, and results of urinalysis, urolith analyses, and diagnostic imaging. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses for assessment of risk factors for urolithiasis at the time of initial EHPSS evaluation were performed.
Results—The dogs’ median age was 0.9 years (range, 0.2 to 12.6 years). Among the 95 dogs, 27 (28.4%) and 68 (71.6%) had portoazygos and portocaval shunts, respectively. Urinalysis was performed for 79 (83.2%) dogs, 29 (36.7%) of which had crystalluria (mainly ammonium urate and struvite crystals). Uroliths were present in 34 of 95 (35.8%) dogs; 16 of 17 uroliths analyzed were composed of ammonium urate. Portoazygos shunts were not associated with significantly increased odds of urolithiasis at the time of the initial evaluation for EHPSS. However, the odds of urolithiasis was significantly increased for male dogs, older dogs, and dogs that received previous medical treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs with EHPSS, shunt morphology was not associated with increased odds of urolithiasis at the initial evaluation. Male dogs, older dogs, and dogs having received medical management for EHPSS prior to initial evaluation should be considered at increased risk for development of urolithiasis.
La recherche en psychologie clinique
Authors: Fernandez Lydia , Pedinielli Jean-Louis 
Published: February 2015

La psychologie clinique désigne à la fois un domaine (celui de la psychopathologie) et une méthode (clinique) qui s’insère dans une activité pratique visant la reconnaissance et la nomination de certains états, aptitudes, comportements dans le but de proposer une thérapeutique, une mesure d’ordre social ou éducatif ou une forme de conseil permettant une aide, une modification positive de l’individu. Les domaines d’intervention se composent de multiples champs qui ne se limitent ni aux sujets atteints de troubles mentaux ni à la stricte référence à la dimension individuelle. L’évolution de la discipline a entraîné l’apparition de nouvelles pratiques, de nouveaux lieux, de nouveaux objets : aide aux mourants, handicap, marginalité, souffrance sociale..., institutions non psychiatriques (crèche, hôpital général, prison...), moments du développement normal (nourrisson, adolescent, sujet âgé...). Quatre types de recherche existent : la recherche en clinique ; la recherche clinique ; la recherche-action et la recherche évaluative. Les méthodes et les techniques sont : l’observation clinique, l’entretien clinique, les tests et les échelles et les questionnaires.
Approche clinique en soins infirmiers psychiatriques : étude de cas d'une pratique avancée
Authors: Goudreau Johanne , Poirier Marie-Josée , de Montigny Francine 
Published: February 2015

La majorité des personnes atteintes de maladies mentales sévères et persistantes reçoit maintenant des soins psychiatriques dans le cadre des services de soins ambulatoires. Ces soins sont de plus en plus dispensés par des équipes multidisciplinaires dont des infirmières font partie. Comment ces infirmières exercent-elles leur rôle et leurs fonctions dans ces milieux de soins ? L’élaboration d’une étude de cas à partir de la pratique clinique d’une infirmière a permis de répondre à cette question. Les résultats de cette étude de cas suggèrent que la pratique de ces infirmières correspond à une définition reconnue de la pratique avancée en soins infirmiers.
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages in Croatia: an analysis of writing competence at level C1
Authors: Spajić Marija , Vrhovac Yvonne 
Published: February 2015

The aim of the article is to present the results of a research conducted with advanced (C1 level) learners of French as a foreign language in Croatia, in which their writing competence was studied according to the CEFR descriptors. Our hypothesis was that reaching level C1 demanded that a considerable amount of effort be invested in the development of learners’ writing and pragmatic skills. In the evaluation of these skills, characteristics of culture-specific learning contexts are to be taken into account. To test our hypothesis, we used a structured questionnaire and interviews with teachers. The results of our research are presented in the conclusion.
„Be on the right track“ – phraseodidactic approaches in teaching German as a foreign language
Authors: Arh Urška Valenčič 
Published: February 2015

Phraseological units are common linguistic elements, which have seen an upturn in phraseological research as well as in phraseodidactics of foreign language. Phraseo­logy is used to expand the students’ vocabulary and to enhance their communicative competence. Phraseodidactics deals with the treatment of phraseological vocabulary in language teaching practice and in course books. Its scope ranges from identifying phraseological units to developing students’ phraseological competence in their mother tongue and/or foreign languages.The article deals with some aspects of the acquisition of phraseological competence in German as a foreign language. Special attention is given to the place phraseological units occupyin the coursebook and workbook for teaching German as a foreign language studio d – Die Mittelstufe B2. The focus is not only on the frequency of phraseological units, but on the didactic approach employed in dealing with such units as elements which should be systematically taken into consideration in teaching German as a foreign language. The article also discusses the importance of careful integration of phraseology into the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages as an important part of students’ lexical competence at all levels from A1 to C2.
Contrastive analysis as a didactic tool: acquisition problems of the Spanish article in Slovene learners
Authors: Santiago Alonso Gemma 
Published: February 2015

The aim of the paper is to present a semantically based approach to the teaching of the Spanish article usage from the point of view of contrastive analysis, taking into account the role of plurilingualism and the development of the learner’s linguistic awareness, as envisaged by the CEFR. Dealing with the development of the linguistic awareness of the Slovene learners with regard to the acquisition of the Spanish article, we try to explain the uses of the Spanish article and the linguistic (or extralinguistic) mechanisms employed by the Slovene language to express definiteness on the basis of examples from Julio Cortazar's short story Las babas del diablo and its Slovene translation by Vesna Velkovrh Bukilica. Also, the most problematic uses of the article with which Slovene learners may have problems –because of significant differences between Slovene and Spanish in the areas of grammar concerned – have been classified according to the different levels suggested in CEFR and in Plan Curricular of Instituto Cervantes. The final purpose of the study is to show the pedagogic implications of the use of contrastive analysis in language learning, especially in dealing with complex grammatical issues such as the acquisition of the Spanish article by Slovene learners.
Challenges of the introduction of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages at foreign-language universities in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Viet anh 
Published: February 2015

In today’s globalized world, it seems necessary, or even indispensable for the teaching/learning of foreign languages to be based on international standards proposed by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFRL). The present article deals with issues of integration of the CEFRL in the Vietnamese context by analyzing the results of a study of training programs at six universities specializing in foreign languages, which are based in three regions of the country (Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam). Despite some positive changes and the dynamism characteristic of the approach, a mechanical and rigid introduction of CEFRL in foreign-language universities in Vietnam has actually caused several problems. These include (1) the inconsistency between the levels established by the CEFRL and the organization of teaching/learning; (2) the risk of teaching/learning becoming too “utilitarian” and too function-oriented and (3) excessive attention given to the evaluation and assessment of linguistic knowledge and of performance level rather than on the ability to use various resources as well as to long-term process of competence development. The study results show some possible ways for the development of a referential frame for learning/teaching French in Vietnam.
Teaching Chinese in heterogeneous classrooms: strategies and practices
Authors: Zhang Fernandez Rong 
Published: February 2015

The heterogeneous nature of the Chinese classroom is a reality in the teaching of Chinese in France, both in secondary and higher education. This heterogeneity is due to several reasons: different levels of language knowledge, different origins and backgrounds of the students, different teaching/learning objectives, different cultural and family background, and social factors. Our research has been conducted in a final-year LIE college class (langue inter-établissement;) in a French secondary school. In our study, the following questions have been posed: How to best adapt the teaching of Chinese to fit the needs of all students? Would differentiated instruction be a solution? What would be the best strategies and practices, in view of the CEFR requirements related to teaching content, to tasks and to assessment? Taking into account a detailed analysis of the class in question in terms of the type of students, the differences in their knowledge of language, and their learning goals, , we adopt the theory of differentiated instruction – its main ideas strategies, its overall methodology and practical techniques to address the difficulties ensuing from classroom heterogeneity. The differentiation is implemented at the level of content, task selection, course structure and evaluation. Are there any limitations to differentiated instruction? Strong discrepancies in the levels of students’ knowledge is potentially a problem, and differences in their work pace as well as the teachers’ increased workload can also present difficulties. New ways of organizing language classes such as grouping students on the basis of their various language skills could help solve these issues.
Food and Drink in Antiquity Readings from the Graeco-Roman World A Sourcebook
Authors: Donahue John F. 
Published: February 2015

Amid growing interest in food and drink as an academic discipline in recent years, this volume is the first to provide insight into eating and drinking by focusing on what the ancients themselves actually had to say about this important topic.
A thorough and varied sourcebook, it is structured thematically and is a unique asset to any course on food and foodways. The chronological scope of the material extends from Greece of the 8th century BCE to the Late Roman Empire of the 4th century CE. Each chapter consists of an introduction along with a concluding bibliography of suggested readings. The excerpts themselves, rendered in clear and readable English that remains faithful to the original Latin or Greek, are set in their proper social and historical context, with the author of each passage fully identified.
An unparalleled compilation of essential source material for Classics courses and with a wide range of evidence, drawing upon literary, inscriptional, legal and religious testimony, Food and Drink in Antiquity will also be particularly well suited to the interdisciplinary focus of modern food studies.
Exploring Henri Meschonnic’s Poetics of Translating
Authors: Kadiu Silvia 
Published: February 2015

Henri Meschonnic (1932–2009) is a relatively unknown figure in the Anglophone world. A French poet, linguist, and translator, he has authored several texts about translation, only one of which has been translated into English: Ethics and Politics of Translating (2011). Dr Marko Pajević’s exploration of Henri Meschonnic’s philosophy of language, given as a part of the UCL Translation in History lecture series on 23 October 2014, provided an informative introduction to the translation theory of this controversial French thinker. The present review describes the main aspects of Meschonnic’s poetics addressed by Dr Pajević during his lecture.
Ring‐Expanding Carbonylation of Epoxides
Authors: Kramer John W. , Rowley John M. , Coates Geoffrey W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This review summarizes the field of metal‐catalyzed ring‐expanding carbonylation of epoxides. Specifically, epoxide carbonylation to ‐, ‐, and ‐lactones is reviewed, in addition to epoxide carbonylation to succinic anhydrides, 1,3‐oxazinane‐2,4‐diones and 1,3‐oxathiolan‐2‐ones. For each reaction, the mechanism of catalysis and control of stereochemistry are discussed and the scope and limitations of the catalysts are considered. Experimental conditions and procedures are also presented. In addition, non‐carbonylative routes preparing similar products are compared.
The Tishchenko Reaction
Authors: Koskinen Ari M. P. , Kataja Antti O. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAldehydes may be dimerized to symmetric esters via the Tishchenko reaction. This process is traditionally catalyzed by aluminum alkoxides, but a wide variety of different metal catalysts has been explored and implemented, ranging from simple alkali metal compounds to actinoid complexes. The mechanistic key step is a hydride transfer from a hemiacetal intermediate to an aldehyde, both participants being coordinated to the metal catalyst in the transition state. Recent research on the Tishchenko reaction has especially focused on the controlled synthesis of unsymmetrical esters.In the aldol‐Tishchenko variant, an aldol reaction takes place first between two aldehydes, or a ketone and an aldehyde. In the subsequent Tishchenko step, another aldehyde molecule coordinates to the aldol product, forming a hemiacetal intermediate. An intramolecular hydrogen transfer from the hemiacetal to the carbonyl group takes place, giving a 1,3‐diol monoester product. With ‐hydroxy ketone substrates, the reaction is highly diastereoselective towards 1,3‐anti‐diols due to a highly organized six‐membered transition state promoted by coordination of a metal catalyst to both the hemiacetal and carbonyl groups. Thus, recent research has strongly focused on the development of direct catalytic asymmetric aldol‐Tishchenko reactions.The Evans‐Tishchenko reaction is a further variant of the aldol‐Tishchenko reaction, being used to reduce preformed ‐hydroxy ketones toanti‐1,3‐diols under relatively mild conditions. This method is applied to various total syntheses of natural products. Samarium iodide is commonly used as the catalyst, and nearly any aldehyde is suitable as the reducing agent. The reaction has also been exploited in a reverse fashion to oxidize complex aldehydes to carboxylic acids using a simple sacrificial ‐hydroxy ketone as the oxidant.This review covers the literature from the discovery of the Tishchenko reaction in 1887 up to early 2014. Different catalyst systems for both Tishchenko and aldol‐Tishchenko reactions are discussed and compared in the “Scope and Limitations” section, and the state of the art in substrate complexity for the reaction is presented in the “Tabular Survey”.
Online Games, Community Aspects of
Authors: Clark Joshua , Leavitt Alex , Williams Dimitri 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe study of online gaming communities focuses on the relationships formed between players through participation in online games. Research into gaming communities sees games as a fundamentally social arena. The exact form of this sociability varies depending on the nature of the people involved and the technical constraints imposed by the game. However, a common pattern has emerged across research. Specifically, interaction often begins through team formation, as players form groups in order to tackle the challenges presented by the game world. Both forming and working within a team require communication, which is provided through text and voice chat as well as nonverbal means. Repeated interactions provide the basis for trust, which is critical in the formation of social capital, which in turn generates positive social outcomes for players.
Content Regulation
Authors: Flew Terry 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis entry discusses the origins and history of media content regulation, the reasons for content regulations, and their application to different media platforms. It discusses online content regulations and the concerns that have motivated such policies with particular reference to debates about internet filtering. It is noted that, as there is growing convergence of media content, platforms, devices, and services, the debates can be expected to shift from free speech and censorship on the internet and the social protection of internet users, to wider issues of media policy reform that include cultural policy and industry development in the digital economy.
Glutathione trapping of reactive drug metabolites produced by biomimetic metalloporphyrin catalysts
Authors: Lassila Toni , Mattila Sampo , Turpeinen Miia , Tolonen Ari 
Published: February 2015

RATIONALEMetalloporphyrins can be useful in the production of drug metabolites, as they enable easier production of oxidative metabolites usually produced by the cytochrome P450 enzymes. Our aim was to test metalloporphyrin‐based biomimetic oxidation (BMO) methods for production and S‐glutathione trapping of reactive drug metabolites in addition to phase I metabolites.METHODSClozapine, ticlopidine and citalopram were selected as model compounds. These were incubated with the BMO assay and the incubations were analyzed with high‐resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Additionally, incubations with human liver S9 fraction were performed to compare the results with the BMO assay.RESULTSSix glutathione conjugates were identified for clozapine from the S9 incubation, while the BMO assay produced four of these. Four out of the five phase I metabolites produced by S9 were detected using the BMO assay. For ticlopidine, four glutathione conjugates were detected from the S9 incubation, but none of these were observed using the BMO assay. Eight of the nine phase I metabolites produced by S9 incubation were detected in the BMO assay. As expected, no glutathione conjugates were detected for citalopram, and the same three phase I metabolites were detected in both S9 and BMO incubations.CONLUSIONSDifferences in formation of GSH‐trapped reactive metabolites by BMO assay between clozapine and ticlopidine are probably due to different reactive intermediates and reaction mechanisms. The reactive intermediate of clozapine, the nitrenium ion was generated, but the reactive intermediates of ticlopidine, S‐oxide and epoxide, were not detected from the incubations. However, the results show that for selected cases the use of biomimetic assays can be used to produce high amounts of S‐glutathione conjugates identical to those from liver subfraction incubations, on a scale that is relevant for purification and subsequent identification by NMR spectroscopy; which is often difficult using incubations with liver subfractions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of cough reflex sensitivity by diphenhydramine during acute viral respiratory tract infection
Authors: Dicpinigaitis Peter V. , Dhar Sean , Johnson Amber , Gayle Yvonne , Brew John , Caparros-Wanderley Wilson 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Background: Currently available over-the-counter cough remedies historically have been criticized for lack of scientific evidence supporting their efficacy. Although the first-generation antihistamine diphenhydramine is classified as an antitussive by the United States Food and Drug Administration, to the authors’ knowledge it has never been shown to inhibit cough reflex sensitivity in subjects with pathological cough. Objective: To evaluate the effect of diphenhydramine on cough reflex sensitivity. Setting: Montefiore Medical Center, an academic medical center in New York City. Methods: Twenty two subjects with acute viral upper respiratory tract infection (common cold) underwent cough reflex sensitivity measurement employing capsaicin challenge on 3 separate days, 2 h after ingesting single doses of study drug (to coincide with peak blood concentrations), administered in randomized, double-blind manner: a multicomponent syrup containing diphenhydramine (25 mg), phenylephrine (10 mg), in a natural cocoa formulation; dextromethorphan (30 mg) syrup; and, placebo syrup. The standard endpoint of cough challenge was used: concentration of capsaicin inducing ≥5 coughs (C5). Main outcome measure: Effect on cough reflex sensitivity (C5). Results: A significant difference (p = 0.0024) was established among groups, with pairwise analysis revealing a significant increase in mean log C5 (0.4 ± 0.55 (SD); p < 0.01) for the diphenhydramine-containing medication versus placebo, but not for dextromethorphan versus placebo. Conclusions: Our results provide the initial evidence of the ability of diphenhydramine to inhibit cough reflex sensitivity in subjects with acute pathological cough. Timing of cough reflex sensitivity measurement may not have allowed demonstration of maximal antitussive effect of dextromethorphan.
Population genetic structure and distribution patterns of sexual and asexual gecko species in the Ogasawara Islands
Authors: Murakami Yuki , Sugawara Hirotaka , Takahashi Hiroo , Hayashi Fumio 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAsexual reproduction lacks genetic diversity but is predicted to be advantageous for dispersal and for increasing abundance relative to sexual reproduction. The oceanic Ogasawara Islands are inhabited by two gecko species, the asexual (parthenogenetic) all‐female Lepidodactylus lugubris and the sexually reproductive Hemidactylus frenatus. This situation offers a unique opportunity to examine the relationships among sexuality and the abundance, distribution, and genetic diversity of the two species. A total of 445 geckos were collected across nine islands, and the population genetic structure of both species was estimated using microsatellite markers. Lepidodactylus lugubris was collected on all nine islands and consisted of two widely distributed clones: one diploid and the other triploid. In contrast, H. frenatus was limited to four islands and exhibited variation in population genetic structure among islands, with some bottleneck effects. Successful dispersal may be more frequent in L. lugubris than in H. frenatus; therefore, the asexual reproductive strategy of L. lugubris appears to have contributed to its dispersal success and increased abundance among the small oceanic islands. However, the absence of H. frenatus on islands not inhabited by humans may be partially explained by their different microhabitat preferences, as H. frenatus collection sites were relatively more confined to artificial substrates in towns and along roadways compared to L. lugubris. Moreover, the colonization histories of these two geckos have not yet been assessed; therefore, further study is needed to confirm the effects of sexuality on the population dynamics of these species.