bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Legal Concept of Money
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This is the first book of recent times to focus on the question of how money should be defined from both a legal and an economic perspective. As new electronic payment mechanisms proliferate, this question of definition is likely to become an important issue in global legal, commercial, economic, macroprudential and fiscal policymaking. The book re-examines ‘money’ in this context by identifying the role it plays in various transactions and to what extent, for example, cryptocurrencies and ‘quasi-money’ are interchangeable with, analogous to, or different from traditional monetary systems. Beginning with a summary of the legal nature of money, the book explains the distinction between money and payment obligations, as well as providing an overview of the fundamental characteristics of money. It analyses how the law identifies money by pinpointing characteristics of particular transactions such as sale of goods transactions, including the position where the exchange of goods is for ‘e-currency’. Other situations or transactions examined would include the recovery of stolen money, claims for non-delivery of money, and how obligations to pay operate. The book also considers the role of money in the banking system, exploring how various currencies can be used as claims on financial institutions, examining whether the systemic stability of the industry is threatened by non-traditional currency forms. Finally, the book addresses, and seeks to develop a conceptual framework for how alternative currencies might work in place of money as a medium for saving.
Fit and Proper Assessments within the Single Supervisory Mechanism
Authors: Busch Danny , Teubner Annick 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A fit and proper management body and fit and proper key function holders are key drivers of good governance. The banks are primarily responsible for ensuring this, while the assessment by the European Central Bank and national competent authorities have the aim to ensure that banks comply with the requirements regarding robust governance arrangements and the suitability requirements. Over the past years convergence of fit and proper assessments within the SSM has been achieved on the one hand through harmonization of the rules laid down in Capital Requirements Directive IV (CRD IV) and the European Banking Authority (EBA) guidelines on suitability, and on the other hand through consistent application of these rules. Nevertheless, there is still a wide variety of national practices regarding fit and proper assessments, due to the fact that there are limits to convergence in this area. With every step towards more harmonization and consistency, the existing national variations will become more obvious and underline the need for more harmonization.
Berlin in Cincinnati — Scenes from the End of the ‘Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums’
Authors: Steilen Felix 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A vital centre of Jewish higher learning, the Berlin ‘Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums’ (1872–1942) is part of a larger story about the persecution and subsequent flight of the intelligentsia in Europe. This article will look at the final phase of this institution of Reform Judaism through the lens of Cincinnati’s Hebrew Union College, based on hitherto unpublished sources from the American Jewish Archives. The end of the Hochschule, comprising its last years and immediate afterlife, will be rendered through notable encounters involving former professors and students. Rather than providing a concluded account of this wide and fractured subject, the aim here will be a perspectivation of individual historical experience through a series of notable scenes. These range from (I) a period of precarious blossoming to (II) mounting constraints in the 1930s, (III) dreams of escape and stability, and (IV) the question of mere survival. A short reflection on this exceptional and strangely forgotten institution stands in lieu of a conclusion.
Felix Rosenberg—Student, Writer, Traveller
Authors: Falksohn Howard , Norpoth Anna 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The letters written by Felix Rosenberg (1865–1923) to his family, which were donated to the Wiener Holocaust Library in 2011, describe an assimilated German-Jewish student’s youth and young adulthood in the German Empire. Three of these letters are presented here for the first time in translation, along with contextualizing information about Rosenberg, his letters, and the circumstances in which they were written. Although by no means a well-known historical figure, Rosenberg’s exceptional powers of observation and narration allow us to witness his life and times with extraordinary clarity. Through their important insights into nineteenth-century political circumstances, society, and German-Jewish life, the letters in this collection represent a significant contribution to social history and add a remarkable young person’s perspective to established accounts of the time. Archivist Howard Falksohn provides an introduction detailing the historical circumstances of Jewish life in the German Empire, as well as information on the Rosenberg family and the Rosenberg collection’s history. Anna Norpoth, the transcriber and translator of the letters, shows through a close reading of various letters how Rosenberg introduces us to late nineteenth-century cultural experiences, travel adventures, and university life, whilst also taking his first steps into adulthood. Three of Felix Rosenberg’s letters from 1883 and 1888, translated and annotated by Anna Norpoth, form the final section of this piece.
The Dark Energy Survey Supernova Program: slow supernovae show cosmological time dilation out to z ~ 1.
Authors: White R M T , Davis T M , Lewis G F , Brout D , Galbany L , Glazebrook K , Hinton S R , Lee J , Lidman C , Möller A , Sako M , Scolnic D , Smith M , Sullivan M , Sánchez B O , Shah P , Vincenzi M , Wiseman P , Abbott T M C , Aguena M , Allam S , Andrade-Oliveira F , Asorey J , Bacon D , Bocquet S , Brooks D , Buckley-Geer E , Burke D L , Rosell A Carnero , Carollo D , Carretero J , da Costa L N , Pereira M E S , De Vicente J , Desai S , Diehl H T , Everett S , Ferrero I , Flaugher B , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Giannini G , Gruendl R A , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , James D J , Kessler R , Kuehn K , Lahav O , Lee S , Lima M , Marshall J L , Mena-Fernández J , Miquel R , Myles J , Nichol R C , Ogando R L C , Palmese A , Pieres A , Malagón A A Plazas , Romer A K , Sanchez E , Cid D Sanchez , Schubnell M , Suchyta E , Tarle G , Tucker B E , Walker A R , Weaverdyck N ,   (DES Collaboration)
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
We present a precise measurement of cosmological time dilation using the light curves of 1504 Type Ia supernovae from the Dark Energy Survey spanning a redshift range $0.1\lesssim z\lesssim 1.2$. We find that the width of supernova light curves is proportional to $(1+z)$, as expected for time dilation due to the expansion of the Universe. Assuming Type Ia supernovae light curves are emitted with a consistent duration $\Delta t_{\rm em}$, and parametrizing the observed duration as $\Delta t_{\rm obs}=\Delta t_{\rm em}(1+z)^b$, we fit for the form of time dilation using two methods. First, we find that a power of $b \approx 1$ minimizes the flux scatter in stacked subsamples of light curves across different redshifts. Secondly, we fit each target supernova to a stacked light curve (stacking all supernovae with observed bandpasses matching that of the target light curve) and find $b=1.003\pm 0.005$ (stat) $\pm \, 0.010$ (sys). Thanks to the large number of supernovae and large redshift-range of the sample, this analysis gives the most precise measurement of cosmological time dilation to date, ruling out any non-time-dilating cosmological models at very high significance.
Structural basis for difunctional mechanism of m-AMSA against African swine fever virus pP1192R
Authors: Liu Ruili , Sun Junqing , Li Lian-Feng , Cheng Yingxian , Li Meilin , Fu Lifeng , Li Su , Peng Guorui , Wang Yanjin , Liu Sheng , Qu Xiao , Ran Jiaqi , Li Xiaomei , Pang Erqi , Qiu Hua-Ji , Wang Yanli , Qi Jianxun , Wang Han , Gao George Fu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) type II topoisomerase (Topo II), pP1192R, is the only known Topo II expressed by mammalian viruses and is essential for ASFV replication in the host cytoplasm. Herein, we report the structures of pP1192R in various enzymatic stages using both X-ray crystallography and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Our data structurally define the pP1192R-modulated DNA topology changes. By presenting the A2+-like metal ion at the pre-cleavage site, the pP1192R–DNA–m-AMSA complex structure provides support for the classical two-metal mechanism in Topo II-mediated DNA cleavage and a better explanation for nucleophile formation. The unique inhibitor selectivity of pP1192R and the difunctional mechanism of pP1192R inhibition by m-AMSA highlight the specificity of viral Topo II in the poison binding site. Altogether, this study provides the information applicable to the development of a pP1192R-targeting anti-ASFV strategy.
Non-linear relationships in clinical research
Authors: Chesnaye Nicholas C , van Diepen Merel , Dekker Friedo , Zoccali Carmine , Jager Kitty J , Stel Vianda S 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
True linear relationships are rare in clinical data. Despite this, linearity is often assumed during analyses, leading to potentially biased estimates and inaccurate conclusions. In this introductory paper, we aim to first describe—in a non-mathematical manner—how to identify non-linear relationships. Various methods are then discussed that can be applied to deal with non-linearity, including transformations, polynomials, splines and generalized additive models, along with their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we illustrate the use of these methods with a practical example from nephrology, providing guidance on how to report the results from non-linear relationships.
Institutional ‘gaming’ involving staff turnover during recent research evaluation exercises by UK Russell Group universities
Authors: Harris Richard , Mate-Sanchez-Val Mariluz , Marín Manuel Ruiz 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
There is limited evidence on the extent to which UK universities institutionally ‘game’ the system with respect to periodic research assessment exercises (i.e. RAE/REF), that is, the hiring (and leaving) of staff before the cut-off census date to enhance institutional returns. Population panel data from the Higher Educational Statistical Agency (HESA) for 2004/05–2019/20 are used to consider the extent to which the numbers of ‘starters’, ‘movers’, and ‘exits’ specifically responded to the RAE/REF cycle. Confining the analysis to full professors, a random effects (RE) multinomial logit model was estimated that shows, after taking account of the importance of other covariates, strong evidence of a 2008 and (in particular) 2014 cycle, but no evidence of any upturn in overall hires (or declines in exiting) in the period preceding the 2021 REF census date. Institutional ‘gaming’ therefore seems to have been absent during the most recent REF.
Reevaluating the role of platinum-based chemotherapy in the evolving treatment landscape for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Tian , Tan Alan , Shah Amishi Y , Iyer Gopa , Morris Valerie , Michaud Sébastien , Sridhar Srikala S 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy has been the standard first-line (1L) treatment for advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) for decades, based on the proven efficacy and established safety profiles of cisplatin- and carboplatin-based regimens. With the emergence of novel regimens, it is important to reevaluate and contextualize the role of 1L platinum-based chemotherapy. Platinum-based chemotherapy followed by avelumab 1L maintenance in patients without disease progression following platinum-based chemotherapy was established as a standard 1L regimen based on the JAVELIN Bladder 100 phase III trial. More recently, the EV-302 phase III trial showed the superiority of 1L enfortumab vedotin (EV) + pembrolizumab versus platinum-based chemotherapy, and the Checkmate 901 phase III trial showed the superiority of 1L nivolumab + cisplatin/gemcitabine versus cisplatin/gemcitabine alone. These 2 regimens have now been included as standard 1L options in treatment guidelines for advanced UC. EV + pembrolizumab is now the preferred 1L treatment, and in locations where EV + pembrolizumab is not available or individual patients are not considered suitable, recommended options are platinum-based chemotherapy followed by avelumab maintenance or nivolumab + cisplatin-based chemotherapy. In this review, we discuss current treatment options for advanced UC recommended in guidelines, practical considerations with platinum-based chemotherapy, the role of avelumab 1L maintenance, recent phase III trials of EV + pembrolizumab and nivolumab + cisplatin/gemcitabine, safety profiles of recommended 1L treatments, and second-line treatment options.
Rupert Brooke, Charles Sorley, Isaac Rosenberg, and Wilfred Owen
Authors: Hardwick Lorna , Harrison Stephen , Vandiver Elizabeth 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This book examines how, when, and why four First World War poets engaged with Greek and Roman antiquity. Rupert Brooke, Wilfred Owen, Isaac Rosenberg, and Charles Sorley all died in the war. They came from diverse social, educational, and cultural backgrounds but for each of the writers engagement with classical material was decisive in shaping their war poetry. The world views and cultural hinterlands of Brooke and Sorley were framed by the Greek and Latin texts they had studied at school, whereas for Owen, who struggled with Latin, classical texts were a part of his aspirational literary imagination. Rosenberg’s education was limited but he encountered some Greek and Roman literature through translations, and through mediations in English literature. The various ways in which the poets engaged with classical literature are analysed in the commentaries, which are designed to be accessible to classicists and to users from other subject areas. The extensive range of connections made by the poets and by subsequent readers is explained in the Introduction to the volume. The commentaries illuminate relationships between the poems and attitudes to the war at the time, in the immediate post-war years, and subsequently. They also probe how individual poems reveal various facets of the poetry of unease, the poetry of survival, and the poetics of war and ecology. Links to the online Oxford Classical Receptions Commentaries will enable readers to follow up their special interests. This volume differs from the shorter volume Greek and Roman Antiquity in First World War Poetry; Making Connections in that it covers the whole output of the four poets, and not just their war poems.
Rupert Brooke
Authors: Harrison Stephen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the poetry of Rupert Brooke (1887–1915), one of the best-known English poets of the First World War, from the perspective of classical reception. It shows that his celebrated 1914 sonnet ‘The Soldier’ draws on imagery and topics from Homer, Greek tragedy, and Greek epigram. These are all texts he would have known from his elite classical education at Rugby School and the University of Cambridge. It also looks at the Homeric connection of his last fragments written on the voyage to Gallipoli in early 1915, which he, like others of his education, imagined as a reprise of the Homeric Trojan War. It further analyses classical elements in Brooke’s most famous pre-war poem, ‘The Old Vicarage, Grantchester’, as a comparison and contrast, as well as in his other earlier poems, including an unrecognized partial version of a Horace ode.
Isaac Rosenberg
Authors: Hardwick Lorna 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Rosenberg was killed in France in 1918. The poems he wrote during the war were his major achievement. The context and commentaries discuss the interaction in their subject matter, diction, and forms between his life experiences and his embedded sensitivity to the poetry of the Hebrew Bible and to scenes and motifs in classical texts, mainly Homer and Aeschylus, which he encountered in translations. The son of poor Jewish immigrants, his cultural heritage was supplemented by a limited school education and by his study of art (at the Slade) and English literature (at Birbeck College). The extant paramaterial he sent back from France includes drawings and letters that record physical and mental suffering and anti-Semitism. Rosenberg thought that poets should be ‘perverse’ and the subject matter and aesthetic of his work frequently subvert cultural and ethical expectations. The poems themselves are not poems of overt protest against the war. They focus on images and episodes that resonate with those in ancient texts but which are also transformed materially and imaginatively by the effects of war on the contemporary environment. Unease, premonitions of disaster, and relief at temporary survival are threaded through Rosenberg’s poems, which deploy techniques of affinity, ghosting, and improvisation rather than depending on intertextuality with the classical material. They create ‘thick’ classical receptions, a deep and sometimes subterranean engagement with war poetry focusing on images and reflections. The commentaries explain the stretched taxonomy this entails, discussing a variety of critical approaches, including associations with ecocriticism and catastrophe literature.
The Introduction of Symmetry in an Introduction
Authors: Sengupta Anwesha 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, I closely examine the stutikhaṇḍ or the prologue section of Padmāvat, a popular sixteenth-century Avadhī Sufi narrative composed by the Sufi poet Malik Muḥammad Jāysī. Prologues of Avadhī Sufi premākhyans are rich in references to the immediate literary and historical context of the composer. However, it is often overlooked as formulaic and considered non-essential to the rest of the narrative. The equivocal manner in which new information is weaved into this section using prevailing literary tropes warrants a closer look at the arrangement of stanzas and the tropes within it. I argue that structurally and thematically the verses in the prologue of Padmāvat are arranged in such a way that a clear pattern of symmetry can be discerned. By plotting the repetition of tropes within the verses, I trace the intricate manner in which this pattern appears in the prologue and discusses its possible significance.
Introduction
Authors: Spicer Jason S. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter introduces the book’s central puzzle: Why are co-operative businesses rarer at scale in the United States than in most other rich democracies? After an overview of co-operatives today, the book’s answer to this question is introduced: co-operatives’ initial U.S. development was stymied by two field competitors, the race-based system of ownership of people, and economic liberalism’s system of “wage slavery,” which manifested through investor-owned firms. Only in the United States did co-operative ownership, at a critical early stage in its development, face two such strong and well-entrenched economic competitors. Proponents of these competitors—from Northern business owners to Southern slave owners, and the politicians who supported the interests of both—acted to deprive the co-operative movement of the adherents and resources needed to realize lasting scale. American co-operative advocates have never fully recovered from these challenges. The chapter also summarizes the plan and outline of the book.
The Normativity of the Extraordinary
Authors: Donovan Ryan , Wolf Stacy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Musicals communicate in multiple semiotic languages at once—music and lyrics; speech; blocking and dance; and set, costume, lighting, and sound design. Characters exist on the page and on the stage, portrayed by actors whose bodies and voices carry their own meanings. It is in performance that musicals reveal culturally determined, paradoxical notions of ability, reducing disabled characters to simplistic stereotypes while valorizing the exceptionally able performer, both the abnormality of its most celebrated stars and the hyperability of the triple-threat performers in the ensemble. Disability studies scholar Samuel Yates notes this duality, writing, “An able body is at the center of musical theatre performance yet disabled characters are everywhere in the musical theatre genre.” This essay takes up both parts of Yates’s claims as it examines the ideological work of disability in musicals as well as the requisite freakish, exceptionally able and “talented” body and voice of the performer.
The Enfreakment of the Premature Infant
Authors: Kattwinkel Susan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Appearing just as the showing and naming of extraordinary bodies was being openly challenged by respectability culture, incubator baby shows met the expectations of wonder and enlightenment that had made the traditional freak show so popular while also working to satisfy modernity’s focus on industrialization and conformity-based progress. Although the exhibition of human oddities was waning by 1900 and was frequently decried by social reformers, scientific curiosity in extraordinary bodies cloaked their exploitation in a progressive, educational context that supported the continuation of such exhibits and facilitated the addition of incubator babies to the roster of disabled humans that people of all social classes would pay to see. This chapter examines the ways that incubator shows used and reshaped freak show practices and how their massive popularity helped to repopularize—within Progressive Era boundaries—the exhibition of extraordinary bodies.
The Mortification of Harvey Leach
Authors: Chemers Michael M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the presence of horror and humor as two aesthetic states that are often seen together in many genres and should not only be considered to be diametrically opposed, but, in actuality, deeply imbricated. To do so, the chapter examines this imbrication closely in a particular event that occurred during a nineteenth-century exhibition, the exposure and humiliation of an actor by the name of Harvey Leach. Through a careful analysis of this specific case study, the chapter demonstrates that the experience of horror and humor are processes (or, more often, the same process) that operate within dynamic systems of representation that shape them in strange ways.
Sex Mad
Authors: Watson Keri 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines representations of freakshows, such as the photographs taken at the 1939 Mississippi State Fair by Eudora Welty (1909–2001) and the photographs and paintings made of Coney Island by Reginald Marsh (1898–1954), to explore the ways in which they both embody the anxiety that surrounded disability during the Great Depression and expose the ways in which gendered and abled identities are ultimately performative. Whereas Marsh used his representations of the sideshow to ameliorate his fantasies, reassure his position of privilege, and reinforce notions of whiteness, able-bodiedness, and heteronormativity, Welty found in its spectacle the opportunity to destabilize identity positions and expose the freakishness of everyone.