bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of homogenisation pressures on physicochemical changes in different layers of ultra‐high temperature whole milk during storage
Authors: Lu Chun , Wang Guorong , Li Yan , Zhang Liebing 
Published: May 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of homogenisation pressures (10, 20, and 30 MPa) on the physicochemical changes in top, middle and bottom layers of ultra‐high temperature whole milk stored at 25 °C for 6 months. Fat separation, fat globule sizes, fat and protein contents, viscosity, free amino acids content and pH were analysed at an interval of 15 days. Results showed that higher homogenisation pressure retarded the differentiations of milk fat globule sizes, fat and protein contents and viscosity in different milk layers, but did not affect the final fat separation, proteolysis and pH.
Black Esophagus: Acute Esophageal Necrosis in Fatal Haloperidol Intoxication
Authors: Hejna Petr , Ublová Michaela , Voříšek Viktor 
Published: May 2013

AbstractHerein, we present a case of 53‐year‐old psychotic woman with acute esophageal necrosis (black esophagus), who was found lying on the floor in the living room of her flat. Pillboxes of antipsychotic drugs were located in the bin. External examination of the body was unremarkable. On internal examination, we found acute esophageal necrosis. Histologically, there was complete epithelial necrosis with focal involvement of muscularis mucosae, dense infiltrate of leukocytes, and ulcerations without any viable cells. There was no evidence of underlying organic diseases or trauma. Toxicological analysis revealed a fatal blood level of antipsychotics (haloperidol, zotepine, and chlorprothixene). Death of the deceased was attributed to fatal intoxication with three various types of antipsychotics. As far we know, this is the first described association between so‐called black esophagus and fatal blood level of neuroleptics.
Systematic Toxicological Analysis Revealing a Rare Case of Captan Ingestion
Authors: Gottzein Anne K. , Musshoff Frank , Madea Burkhard 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article presents a case of suicide by intoxication with various pharmaceuticals, particularly anticonvulsants, combined with the fungicide captan. A cause of death could not be ascertained at autopsy. However, systematic toxicological analysis (STA) including a screening via solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) for (semi) volatile organic compounds revealed results suggesting a possible cause of death. The effects of captan on the human organism, its metabolism, and distribution will be discussed. Macroscopically, the cause of death was unascertained. STA revealed clonazepam, citalopram, and its metabolites, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, lacosamide, clonazepam, captan, and its metabolite tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI). For the first time, it was detected in human viscera. A quantification of THPI was performed to obtain distribution in the organs. The significance of a complete STA must be emphasized. The presence of THPI would have been missed without previous detection of captan. Consequently, this fatality would not have been investigated satisfactorily.
Demography is destiny: An agenda for geriatric emergency medicine in Australasia
Authors: Arendts Glenn , Lowthian Judy 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe present paper presents an agenda for geriatric emergency medicine research, education and policy development. Herein we will argue:
Population ageing is the definitive health policy challenge in Australasia, and the greatest stressor for emergency medicine posed by population ageing is the disproportionate contribution of older people to hospital occupancy.
ED practices and models of care may on occasions contribute to rather than reduce high hospital occupancy in older people, benefitting neither individual patients nor the community at large.
Geriatric emergency medicine priorities can be conceptualised using a simple framework, and this process will facilitate a research and policy focus on how to achieve equivalent or improved care for older people with less hospital occupancy.
Procedural sedation and analgesia for reduction of distal forearm fractures in the paediatric emergency department: A clinical survey
Authors: Schofield Scott , Schutz Jacquie , Babl Franz E ,   Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT)
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveDistal forearm fractures frequently require reduction in children. We set out to survey how such fractures are currently reduced at Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) sites.MethodsA survey was completed by paediatric emergency physicians at PREDICT sites. Survey questions covered departmental guidelines and resources and individual practice, agents used and limitations of fracture management using case vignettes.ResultsOne hundred eleven of 145 (77%) possible surveys were returned. All 12 PREDICT sites have guidelines for the use of nitrous oxide and 11 of 12 for ketamine. Guidelines for other agents are less common and highly variable. The most frequently used procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) agents were ketamine (27%), nitrous oxide alone (19%) or in combination with intranasal fentanyl (18%) and Bier's block (11%). Most respondents indicated tolerance without reduction in fractures with angulation less than 20° (59%) and 10° (71%) in a 5‐ and 10‐year‐old patient, respectively. Most physicians (74%) would reduce up to a 25° angulated fracture in the ED with more displaced fractures being referred to theatre. The 44% of respondents listed the lack of an image intensifier in the ED as a limitation in their ability to reduce fractures.ConclusionPaediatric distal forearm fractures are commonly reduced in the surveyed EDs, most commonly under ketamine or nitrous oxide. Areas of improvement include better defined cut‐offs for fracture reduction and for referral to theatre, improved differential efficacy of PSA agents, standardised guidelines for PSA and introduction of image intensifiers into more EDs.
Bacterial communities associated with Microcystis colonies differ from free‐living communities living in the same ecosystem
Authors: Parveen Bushra , Ravet Viviane , Djediat Chakib , Mary Isabelle , Quiblier Catherine , Debroas Didier , Humbert Jean‐François 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe search for a better understanding of why cyanobacteria often dominate phytoplankton communities in eutrophic freshwater ecosystems has led to a growing interest in the interactions between cyanobacteria and bacteria. Against this background, we studied the location of bacteria within Microcystis colonies, and compared the structural and phylogenetic diversity of Microcystis‐attached and free‐living bacterial communities living in the same French lake, the Villerest reservoir. Using transmission electron microscopy, we show that most of the bacteria inside the colonies were located close to detrital materials that probably resulted from lysis of Microcystis cells. The 16S rRNA sequencing approach revealed a clear distinction between the attached and free‐living communities at the levels of both their general structure and their operational taxonomic unit (OTU) composition. In particular, Microcystis colonies appeared to be depleted of Actinobacteria, but conversely enriched in Gammaproteobacteria, in particular when the bloom was declining. At the OTU level, a clear distinction was also found between attached and free‐living bacteria, and new clades were identified among our sequences. All these findings suggest that Microcystis colonies constitute a distinct habitat for bacteria living in freshwater ecosystems, and that direct and indirect interactions (cell lysis, nutrient recycling, etc.) may occur between them inside these colonies.
CHRNA5‐A3‐B4 genetic variants alter nicotine intake and interact with tobacco use to influence body weight in Alaska Native tobacco users
Authors: Zhu Andy Z. X. , Renner Caroline C. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Benowitz Neal L. , Tyndale Rachel F. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackground and aimsGene variants in CHRNA5‐A3‐B4, which encode for the α5, α3 and β4 nicotinic receptor subunits, are associated with altered smoking behaviors in European Americans. Little is known about CHRNA5‐A3‐B4 and its association with smoking behaviors and weight in Alaska Native people, which is a population with high prevalence but low levels of tobacco consumption, extensive smokeless tobacco use and high rates of obesity. We investigated CHRNA5‐A3‐B4 haplotype structure and its association with nicotine intake and obesity in Alaska Native people.Design, setting and participantsA cross‐sectional study of 400 Alaska Native individuals, including 290 tobacco users.MeasurementsCHRNA5‐A3‐B4 genotype, body weight and tobacco consumption biomarkers such as plasma cotinine and urinary total nicotine equivalents (TNE).FindingsAlaska Native people have a distinct CHRNA5‐A3‐B4 haplotype structure compared with European/African Americans. In 290 Alaska Native tobacco users the ‘G’ allele of rs578776, which tagged a 30kb haplotype in CHRNA5‐A3‐B4, was prevalent (16%) and associated significantly with nicotine intake (20% higher plasma cotinine, P < 0.001, 16% higher TNE, P = 0.076), while rs16969968 was not associated with nicotine intake. Rs578776 acted in combination with CYP2A6, the main nicotine‐metabolizing enzyme, to increase nicotine intake by 1.8‐fold compared with the low‐risk group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, rs2869950, a single nucleotide polymorphism 5′ to CHRNB4, was associated significantly with increased body mass index (P < 0.01) in the tobacco users even after controlling for differences in nicotine intake (P < 0.01).ConclusionsGenetic variants in CHRNA5‐A3‐B4 alter nicotine intake and body mass index in a population of Alaska Native people, who have a distinct haplotype structure, smoking behaviors and prevalence of obesity.
Comparative performance of biomarkers of alcohol consumption in a population sample of working‐aged men in Russia: the Izhevsk Family Study
Authors: McDonald Helen , Borinskya Svetlana , Kiryanov Nikolay , Gil Artyom , Helander Anders , Leon David A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimsTo assess the performance of a range of biomarkers of alcohol consumption in a heavy‐drinking population of working‐aged Russian men.DesignCross‐sectional study of men originally sampled at random from a population register.SettingIzhevsk, a Russian city with a population of 650 000 people.ParticipantsA total of 1023 men aged 27–59 years living in Izhevsk who took part in a health check examination in 2008–2009.MeasurementsSelf‐reported alcohol consumption, hazardous drinking behaviours, socio‐economic position, anthropometric measurements plus blood levels of alcohol biomarkers [carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (CDT, gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and mean cell volume of erythrocytes (MCV)] and hepatitis B and C status.FindingsIn the year before interview there was a high prevalence of high‐risk alcohol consumption indicated by consumption of non‐beverage alcohols (5%), problem drinking behaviours (4.4%) and alcohol consumption exceeding an average 40 g per day (12.6%). All biomarkers were associated strongly with total beverage alcohol consumption even after adjustment for confounders. CDT performed best as an alcohol biomarker, with a sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 71% for detecting an average consumption of more than 40 g per day versus less. For all biomarkers sensitivity was considerably lower than specificity. Hazardous drinking patterns per se were not well detected by any of the biomarkers, all with sensitivity below 60%.ConclusionsIn a Russian population with high levels of alcohol consumption, carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (CDT) might be the most sensitive and specific biomarker for detecting ethanol consumption above 40 g/day. A biomarker reflecting hazardous drinking patterns has yet to be established.
Drinking motives moderate the impact of pre‐drinking on heavy drinking on a given evening and related adverse consequences—an event‐level study
Authors: Kuntsche Emmanuel , Labhart Florian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimsTo test whether (i) drinking motives predict the frequency of pre‐drinking (i.e. alcohol consumption before going out); (ii) drinking motives predict HDGE (heavy drinking on a given evening: 4+ for women, 5+ for men) and related adverse consequences (hangover, injuries, blackouts, etc.), even when pre‐drinking is accounted for, and (iii) drinking motives moderate the impact of pre‐drinking on HDGE and consequences.DesignUsing the internet‐based cellphone‐optimized assessment technique (ICAT), participants completed a series of cellphone questionnaires every Thursday, Friday and Saturday evening over 5 weeks.SettingFrench‐speaking Switzerland.ParticipantsA total of 183 young adults [53% female, mean age (standard deviation) = 23.1 (3.1)] who completed 7828 questionnaires on 1441 evenings.MeasurementsDrinking motives assessed at baseline, alcohol consumption assessed at 8 p.m., 9 p.m., 10 p.m., 11 p.m. and midnight and consequences assessed at 11 a.m. the next day.FindingsGender‐separate multi‐level models revealed that pre‐drinking predicted HDGE (men: B = 2.17, P < 0.001; women: B = 2.12, P < 0.001) and alcohol‐related consequences (men: B = 0.24, P < 0.01; women: B = 0.29, P < 0.001). Enhancement motives were found to predict HDGE (B = 0.48, P < 0.05) and related consequences (B = 0.09, P < 0.05) among men, while among women coping motives had the same effect (HDGE: B = 0.73, P < 0.001; consequences: B = 0.13, P < 0.01). With the exception of conformity motives among women (B = 0.54, P < 0.05), however, no drinking motive dimension predicted the frequency of pre‐drinking, while coping and conformity motives moderated the impact of pre‐drinking on HDGE (men, conformity: B = −1.57, P < 0.05) and its consequences (men, coping: B = −0.46, P < 0.01; women, coping: B = 0.76, P < 0.05).ConclusionsAmong young adults in Switzerland, heavy weekend drinking and the related consequences seem to result from the combination of pre‐drinking, level of negative reinforcement drinking for women and positive reinforcement drinking for men.
Alcohol‐related biases in selective attention and action tendency make distinct contributions to dysregulated drinking behaviour
Authors: Sharbanee Jason M. , Stritzke Werner G. K. , Wiers Reinout W. , MacLeod Colin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimsTo assess whether alcohol‐related biases in selective‐attention and action tendency uniquely or concurrently predict the ability to regulate alcohol consumption.Design and participantsTwo groups of undergraduate social drinkers (total n = 55) who differed in their ability to regulate their alcohol consumption completed a novel Selective‐Attention/Action‐Tendency Task (SA/ATT), which assessed separately alcohol‐related biases in selective attention and action tendency.SettingUniversity of Western Australia, Australia.MeasurementDysregulated drinking was operationalized as a self‐reported high level of alcohol consumption on the Alcohol Consumption Questionnaire, and a high desire to reduce consumption on the Brief Readiness to Change Algorithm. Selective attention and action tendency were assessed using the SA/ATT, working memory was assessed using the operation‐span task and participant characteristics were assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES).FindingsResults indicated that (i) there was no significant association between alcohol‐related biases in selective attention and action tendency, r = 0.16, P = 0.274, and (ii) biases towards alcohol, in both selective attention, β = 1.01, odds ratio = 2.74, P = 0.022, and action tendency, β = 1.24, odds ratio = 3.45, P = 0.015, predicted independent variance in dysregulated‐drinker status.ConclusionBiases in selective attention and action tendency appear to be distinct mechanisms that contribute independently to difficulty regulating alcohol consumption. Treatment components that could be combined to target both mechanisms could enhance treatment outcomes for alcohol‐use disorders.
Does an Acute Surgical Model increase the rate of negative appendicectomy or perforated appendicitis?
Authors: Brockman Stephen F. , Scott Steel , Guest Glenn D. , Stupart Douglas A. , Ryan Shannon , Watters David A. K. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIntroductionThe clinical outcomes from suspected appendicitis depend on balancing the rate of negative appendicectomy (NA) with perforated appendicitis (PA). An Acute Surgical Model (ASM) was introduced at Geelong Hospital (GH) in 2011 involving a dedicated emergency general surgery theatre list every business day giving greater access to theatre for general surgeons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ASM at GH on the management of appendicitis, in particular the NA and PA rates.MethodsData for 357 patients undergoing emergency appendicectomy was collected prospectively over 1 year (2011) and compared with a historical control group of 351 patients (2010). The data was analysed for patient demographics, preoperative diagnostic radiology and outcomes including NA and PA rates and complications. The negative appendicectomy rates were compared with contemporary studies.ResultsThere was no difference between the two groups in rates of negative appendicectomy 21% (ASM; 73/357) versus 21% (Control; 73/351) P = 0.98, or perforated appendicitis 17% (ASM; 61/357) versus 13% (Control; 47/351) P = 0.18. The introduction of the ASM corresponded to a significantly lower proportion of emergency appendicectomies overnight (4% [16/357] versus 12% [44/351] P = 0.005). There was no significant difference in the use of preoperative diagnostic radiology or complications. Matched contemporary studies had a NA rate of 26%.ConclusionThe introduction of the ASM at GH has not significantly altered the rate of NA or PA. The NA rate at GH is comparable to other published UK and Australian series.
Dual‐Pump Support in the Inferior and Superior Vena Cavae of a Patient‐Specific Fontan Physiology
Authors: Throckmorton Amy L. , Lopez‐Isaza Sergio , Moskowitz William 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe implementation of simultaneous mechanical cavopulmonary assistance having blood pumps located in both of the vena cavae is investigated as an approach to treating patients with an ailing Fontan physiology. Identical intravascular blood pumps are employed to model the hemodynamic support of a patient‐specific Fontan. Pressure flow characteristics, energy gain calculations, and blood damage analyses are assessed for each model. The performance of the dual‐support scenario is compared to conditions of mechanical support in the inferior vena cava only and to a nonsupported cavopulmonary circuit. The blood pump in the superior vena cava generates pressures ranging from 1 to 22 mm Hg for flow rates of 1–4 L/min at operating speeds of 1250–2500 rpm. The blood pump in the inferior vena cava produces pressures at levels approximately 20% lower. The blood pumps positively augment the hydraulic energy in the total cavopulmonary connection circuit as a function of flow rate and rotational speed. Scalar stress levels and fluid residence times are at acceptable levels. Damage indices for the dual‐support case, however, are elevated slightly above 3.5%. These results suggest that concurrent, mechanical assistance of the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava in Fontan patients has the potential to be beneficial, but additional studies are needed to further explore this approach.
Nutritional status and nutrition risk screening in hospitalized children in New Zealand
Authors: Moeeni Vesal , Walls Tony , Day Andrew S 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimChildren requiring hospitalization are at risk of malnutrition. This study aimed to define the nutritional status of paediatric inpatients in comparison with healthy children and to compare and contrast the feasibility and validity of three nutritional risk screening (NRS) tools in the hospitalized children.MethodsA total of 162 children admitted to Christchurch Hospital were assessed along with a similar group of healthy children. Their nutritional state was assessed and classified using standard criteria. The NRS tools were applied, and patients were classified into low‐, medium‐ and high‐risk groups. The feasibility and validity of the tools were assessed.ResultsUnder‐nutrition was more frequent in the inpatient group (9.9% vs. 3.7%; p = 0.04), whereas both groups had similar rates of overweight/obesity. NRS tools were able to identify between 81% and 100% of the malnourished patients in the medium‐ to high‐risk groups. Undernourished patients had longer hospital stay than well‐nourished patients.ConclusionHospitalized children have higher rates of under‐nutrition than healthy children in NZ. The three NRS tools were able to identify children at nutritional risk with differing utility. In this setting, STRONGkids was the most reliable tool.
Mechanisms of respiration intensification of rat pancreatic acini upon carbachol‐induced Ca2+ release
Authors: Manko B. O. , Manko V. V. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimAcetylcholine as one of the main secretagogues modulates mitochondrial functions in acinar pancreacytes, presumably due to increase in ATP hydrolysis or Ca2+ transport into mitochondria. The aim of this work was to investigate the mechanisms of carbachol (CCh) action on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of isolated pancreatic acini.MethodsRespiration of intact or permeabilized rat pancreatic acini was studied at 37 °C using a Clark oxygen electrode.ResultsRespiration rate of isolated acini in rest was 0.27 ± 0.01 nmol O2 s−1 10−6 cells. Addition of 10 μM CCh into respiration chamber evoked biphasic stimulation of respiration. Rapid increase of respiration by 20.1% lasted for approx. 1 min, followed by decrease to level by 11.5% higher than control. Addition of 1 μm CCh caused monophasic increase by 11.5%. Preincubation (5 min) with 1 or 10 μm CCh elevated respiration rate by 12.5 or 11.2% respectively. FCCP prevented the effect of CCh. Preincubation with 1 (but not 10) μm CCh increased FCCP‐uncoupled respiration rate. Thapsigargin slightly elevated respiration, but ryanodine did not. Application of 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate or ruthenium red prevented the effects of CCh on respiration, while oligomycin abolished them. Preincubation with 1 μm CCh prior to cell permeabilization increased respiration rate at pyruvate+malate oxidation, but not at succinate oxidation. In contrast, preincubation with 10 μm CCh decreased pyruvate+malate oxidation.ConclusionMedium CCh dose (1 μm) intensifies respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of acinar pancreacytes by feedforward mechanism via Ca2+ transport into mitochondria and activation of Ca2+/ADP‐sensitive mitochondrial dehydrogenases. Prolonged action of high CCh dose (10 μm) might impair mitochondrial functions.