bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drag Forces on Large Cylinders
Authors: Turcotte Benoit , Millar Robert G. , Hassan Marwan A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIntroducing large woody debris into streams is a common practice in restoration projects. Beyond the complexity of flow patterns and sediment movements in streams where woody debris are found or placed, it seems that our understanding of the basic hydraulics of large roughness elements in small channels remains limited. Underestimating the drag force affecting large roughness elements can compromise the success of stream restoration projects. Results from a simple experimental setting confirm that drag force estimates based on approaches developed for small cylinders are not valid when applied to large cylinders. Indeed, the classic drag force equation that uses an empirical drag coefficient is found to significantly underestimate measured drag forces, even when corrected for the ‘blockage ratio’. In contrast, application of specific momentum can yield good estimates of the drag force. A dimensionless depth is defined in a 1D context as a function of the flow depth, critical flow depth and cylinder diameter. A cylinder is considered to be ‘large’ when this dimensionless depth is smaller than 2. In this instance, a relationship is established to estimate the upstream flow depth and the drag force acting on the cylinder. This research bridges the small roughness element theory widely recognized in hydraulic engineering with the theory applicable to large, flow controlling structures such as weirs. From a practical perspective, this research can be used to assist in the design of engineered large woody debris structures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Professor Tetsuo Nozoe and Taiwan
Authors: Lo Tung‐Bin 
Published: January 2015

Note from the Editor:From the earliest moments in the planning of the publication of the Nozoe Autograph Books, I had hoped to obtain an essay written by someone who had known and both studied under and performed research with Tetsuo Nozoe from his days in Formosa, then Taiwan. But that was a faint hope, as Nozoe left Taiwan for Sendai in early May 1948, more than 66 years ago! Anyone who would have been with Nozoe in Taiwan would be 90 years old! For months, I put out many “feelers” and then, quite unexpectedly, I heard from Professor Tien‐Yau Luh, NTU Chair Professor in the Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University. He wrote,“In the beginning, I was wondering if your letter was actually addressed to me or my colleagues who bear the last name LIU. Nevertheless, I did make an introductory remark before the Nozoe award lecture held in Taipei last July/August at the ISNA meeting. Concerning the short essay on Professor Nozoe in Taiwan, I have contacted a retired professor who worked in Nozoe's laboratory at the Taihoku and NTU in the 1940s for help. He kindly agreed to orally describe the “history” of the period, and I shall be happy to edit it, to form an essay for your project.”A miracle! And with Professor Luh's assistance, we now present a very special essay by Professor Tung‐Bin Lo that meets—even exceeds—our hopes. At every stage of the design and production of the Nozoe Autograph Books project, we have readily received the assistance, support and contributions of enthusiastic scientists and friends of Tetsuo Nozoe from around the world. With this issue of The Chemical Record, the 15th consecutive issue of the journal, the publication of every page of the Nozoe Autograph Books—all 1179 pages—is completed. Together with 19 specially invited essays, including Professor Lo's that follows, we have produced a wonderful, historically important collection that is now archivally safe.And we have a surprise! As described in more detail in another essay accompanying this issue written by Brian Johnson and myself, there will be a 16th segment of the Nozoe Autograph Books. We shall be collecting autographs for a volume to be given to Tohoku University in honor of Professor Nozoe and to celebrate his and his friends' achievements in science. I hope you will join us and sign the book, just as Professors Luh and Lo have joined us in making this project ever more robust and unique. —Jeffrey I. Seeman Guest Editor University of Richmond Richmond, Virginia 23173, USA E‐mail: jseeman@richmond.edu
Severe left diaphragmatic hernia limits size of fetal left heart more than does right diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Byrne F. A. , Keller R. L. , Meadows J. , Miniati D. , Brook M. M. , Silverman N. H. , Moon‐Grady A. J. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo assess whether severity of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) correlates with the degree of left heart hypoplasia and left ventricle (LV) output, and to determine if factors leading to abnormal fetal hemodynamics, such as compression and reduced LV preload, contribute to left heart hypoplasia.MethodsThis was a retrospective cross‐sectional study of fetuses at 16–37 weeks' gestation that were diagnosed with CDH between 2000 and 2010. Lung‐to‐head ratio (LHR), liver position and side of the hernia were determined from stored ultrasound images. CDH severity was dichotomized based on LHR and liver position. The dimensions of mitral (MV) and aortic (AV) valves and LV were measured, and right and left ventricular outputs were recorded.ResultsIn total, 188 fetuses with CDH were included in the study, 171 with left CDH and 17 with right CDH. Fetuses with severe left CDH had a smaller MV (Z = –2.24 ± 1.3 vs –1.33 ± 1.08), AV (Z = –1.39 ± 1.21 vs –0.51 ± 1.05) and LV volume (Z = −4.23 ± −2.71 vs −2.08 ± 3.15) and had lower LV output (26 ± 10% vs 32 ± 10%) than those with mild CDH. MV and AV in fetuses with right CDH (MV, Z = –0.83 ± 1.19 and AV, Z = –0.71 ± 1.07) were larger than those in fetuses with left CDH, but LV outputs were similarly diminished, regardless of hernia side. Severe dextroposition and abnormal liver position were associated independently with smaller left heart, while LHR was not.ConclusionThe severity of left heart hypoplasia correlates with the severity of CDH. Altered fetal hemodynamics, leading to decreased LV output, occurs in both right‐ and left‐sided CDH, but the additional compressive effect on the left heart is seen only when the hernia is left‐sided. Improved knowledge of the physiology of this disease may lead to advances in therapy and better risk assessment for use in counseling affected families. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Damping of edgewise vibration in wind turbine blades by means of circular liquid dampers
Authors: Basu Biswajit , Zhang Zili , Nielsen Søren R. K. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper proposes a new type of passive vibration control damper for controlling edgewise vibrations of wind turbine blades. The damper is a variant of the liquid column damper and is termed as a circular liquid column damper (CLCD). Rotating wind turbine blades generally experience a large centrifugal acceleration. This centrifugal acceleration makes the use of this kind of oscillatory liquid damper feasible with a small mass ratio to effectively suppress edgewise vibrations. A reduced 2‐DOF non‐linear model is used for tuning the CLCD attached to a rotating wind turbine blade, ignoring the coupling between the blade and the tower. The performance of the damper is evaluated under various rotational speeds of the rotor. A special case in which the rotational speed is so small that the gravity dominates the motion of the liquid is also investigated. Further, the legitimacy of the decoupled optimization is verified by incorporating the optimized damper into a more sophisticated 13‐DOF aeroelastic wind turbine model with due consideration to the coupled blade‐tower‐drivetrain vibrations of the wind turbine as well as a pitch controller. The numerical results from the illustrations on a 5 and a 10MW wind turbine machine indicate that the CLCD at an optimal tuning can effectively suppress the dynamic response of wind turbine blades. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quadratic programming
Authors: Turlach Berwin A. , Wright Stephen J. 
Published: January 2015

Optimization problems in which a quadratic objective function is optimized subject to linear constraints on the parameters are known asquadratic programming problems(QPs). This focus article reviews algorithms for convexQPs(in which the objective is a convex function) and provides pointers to various online resources aboutQPs.WIREs Comput Stat2015, 7:153–159. doi: 10.1002/wics.1344This article is categorized under:Algorithms and Computational Methods > Quadratic and Nonlinear Programming
Demography of plains zebras (Equus quagga) under heavy predation
Authors: Grange Sophie , Barnier Florian , Duncan Patrick , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Valeix Marion , Ncube Hlengisizwe , Périquet Stéphanie , Fritz Hervé 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn natural ecosystems, ungulate densities show strong temporal variations. The ecological processes driving these fluctuations are complex: food limitation and predation are both important and can interact. Survival rates are central to this debate, but data are sparse for tropical ecosystems. Here, we estimate age‐ and sex‐specific survival rates for plains zebra in Hwange National Park, a nutrient‐poor savanna with a high predator–prey ratio. We estimated survival from a detailed Capture‐Mark‐Recapture (CMR) monitoring based on 248 individual life histories, for the first time in an African grazer. We controlled for variations in detection probabilities among adult females, which resulted from their social structure. As expected, annual survival was low during the first year (0.441); increased in yearlings (0.560) and peaked at 0.795 and 0.847 in adult males and females respectively. The survival of adult females was lower during the dry season, which probably resulted from higher predation due to predictable movements of zebras to waterholes. Survival at all ages was low compared to ungulates without predators. The demographic model we constructed showed a declining trend (λ = 0.94), which was consistent with the data from road counts ( = 0.92). Life Table Response Experiment (LTRE) analyses using the Serengeti and Kruger populations as references showed that the main cause of this declining trend in the Hwange population was low survival in yearling and adult females; low foal survival also contributed. In this ecosystem, predation is likely to be the main ecological process causing low survival, and therefore a decline in the zebra population.
Fructose 1,6‐bisphosphatase deficiency: clinical, biochemical and genetic features in French patients
Authors: Lebigot Elise , Brassier Anaïs , Zater Mokhtar , Imanci Dilek , Feillet François , Thérond Patrice , de Lonlay Pascale , Boutron Audrey 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase (FBPase) deficiency is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation of the fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase gene(FBP1). Disease is mainly revealed by hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis, both symptoms being characteristic for an enzymatic block in the last steps of the gluconeogenesis. Twelve patients with FBPase deficiency were diagnosed in France in the 2001‐2013 period, using a diagnostic system based on a single blood sample which allows simultaneous enzyme activity measurement on mononuclear white blood cells and molecular analysis. Sequencing of exons and intron–exon junctions of FBP1 gene was completed in unsolved cases by a gene dosage assay developed for each exon. For most patients, first metabolic decompensation occurred before two years of age with a similar sequence: the triggering factors were fever, fasting, or decrease of food intake. However, diagnosis was made late at a mean age of 3 years, as mitochondrial defects or glycogen storage diseases were firstly suspected. Enzyme activity in leukocytes was dramatically decreased (<10 %). Twelve different mutations were identified in 22 alleles among them seven were novels: one missense mutation c.472C > T, one point deletion c.48del, one point duplication c.865dupA, one deletion‐insertion, and two splice mutations (c.427‐1del and c.825 + 1G > A). We described the first intragenic deletion in FBP1 (g.97,364,754_97,382,011del) in homozygous state. Our report also confirms that this very rare disease is misdiagnosed, as other energetic defects are firstly suspected.
Differential inhibition of PDKs by phenylbutyrate and enhancement of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity by combination with dichloroacetate
Authors: Ferriero Rosa , Iannuzzi Clara , Manco Giuseppe , Brunetti‐Pierri Nicola 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) is a key enzyme in metabolism linking glycolysis to tricarboxylic acid cycle and its activity is tightly regulated by phosphorylation catalyzed by four pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) isoforms. PDKs are pharmacological targets for several human diseases including cancer, diabetes, obesity, heart failure, and inherited PDHC deficiency. We investigated the inhibitory activity of phenylbutyrate toward PDKs and found that PDK isoforms 1‐to‐3 are inhibited whereas PDK4 is unaffected. Moreover, docking studies revealed putative binding sites of phenylbutyrate on PDK2 and 3 that are located on different sites compared to dichloroacetate (DCA), a previously known PDK inhibitor. Based on these findings, we showed both in cells and in mice that phenylbutyrate combined to DCA results in greater increase of PDHC activity compared to each drug alone. These results suggest that therapeutic efficacy can be enhanced by combination of drugs increasing PDHC enzyme activity.
Description and outcome evaluation of Jigsaw: an emergent Irish mental health early intervention programme for young people
Authors: O’Keeffe L. , O’Reilly A. , O’Brien G. , Buckley R. , Illback R. 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesJigsaw is an early intervention mental health service developed by Headstrong which provides support to young people, aged 12–25 years, in 10 communities across Ireland. This study aimed to profile young people who availed of Jigsaw, in one calendar year, and to provide evidence that Jigsaw’s model facilitates the reduction of psychological distress.MethodsParticipants were 2420 young people who received support, directly or indirectly, from Jigsaw. Demographic details, including age, gender, presenting issues and referral pathways, captured on the Jigsaw Data System were described and psychological distress was assessed using the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (CORE) questionnaires.ResultsA gender balance was almost observed and the majority of participants were between 15 and 17 years old. The most common presenting issue was anxiety and the most common referral sources were self, parent, general practitioner, school and Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS). Participants reported high levels of psychological distress pre-intervention and levels were significantly lower post intervention.ConclusionsAlthough a lack of control group limits interpretation of the study findings, this study provides emerging evidence that Jigsaw is an accessible and effective service which plays a key role in the continuum of mental health care for young people in Ireland.
Linear stability analysis of a premixed flame with transverse shear
Authors: Lu Xiaoyi , Pantano Carlos 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOne-dimensional planar premixed flames propagating in a uniform flow are susceptible to hydrodynamic instabilities known (generically) as Darrieus–Landau instabilities. Here, we extend that hydrodynamic linear stability analysis to include a lateral shear. This generalization is a situation of interest for laminar and turbulent flames when they travel into a region of shear (such as a jet or shear layer). It is shown that the problem can be formulated and solved analytically and a dispersion relation can be determined. The solution depends on a shear parameter in addition to the wavenumber, thermal expansion ratio, and Markstein lengths. The study of the dispersion relation shows that perturbations have two types of behaviour as wavenumber increases. First, for small shear, we recover the Darrieus–Landau results except for a region at small wavenumbers, large wavelengths, that is stable. Initially, increasing shear has a stabilizing effect. But, for sufficiently high shear, the flame becomes unstable again and its most unstable wavelength can be much smaller than the Markstein length of the zero-shear flame. Finally, the stabilizing effect of low shear can make flames with negative Markstein numbers stable within a band of wavenumbers.
The geology of the Amstel river in Amsterdam (Netherlands): Man versus nature
Authors: de Gans W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Amstel river is located in the peat-covered coastal plain of the Netherlands and gives Amsterdam its name (Amstel dam). It is a small secondary branch of the repeatedly bifurcating Rhine delta system. Historically, the Amstel debouched into the peat-fringed former Oer-IJ estuary, which was connected to the North Sea, but after the closure of this inlet the estuary was transformed into an inland sea (IJ) due to erosion of the adjacent peat. The Amstel river was active between 3000 BP and 1122 AD after which time the supply water from the Rhine was stopped due to the construction of a dam far upstream near Wijk bij Duurstede. On the basis of borehole data from various sources, four cross-sections were constructed in the Amstel branch to study the unknown lithology and lithostratigraphy of the Amstel sediments in the Amsterdam area. The deposits show the Amstel was a low-energy river which carried mainly clay. The cross-sections reveal that the Amstel in its downstream part was flanked by two lithologically identical layers of overbank clay, intercalated by a peat layer. The lowermost overbank clay was deposited from 3000 BP to about 1000 AD. The intercalated peat layer is estimated to have developed between the 11th and 12th centuries AD, indicating a decreased sediment supply in the Amstel, and rise of water level in the downstream river caused by Zuiderzee influences such as storms and tide. The uppermost overbank clay was deposited during major storm surges such as those documented in 1164 and 1170 AD, and was derived from the brackish Zuiderzee; it has been traced upstream along the Amstel for over 10 km. Near the mouth of the Amstel channel in the Oer-IJ estuary its bottom has been scoured by estuarine processes to a lower level. On the basis of archaeological and geological data it is argued that the Amstel channel of medieval Amsterdam had a water depth of about 6 m before the construction of a dam in the 13th century. Soil scientists, historical geographers and historians have argued that the Amstel once consisted of two separate rivers: a northern Oer-IJ connected channel draining from the Amsterdam Stopera to the north, and a southern peat draining channel draining from the Amsterdam-Watergraafsmeer to the south. The relatively straight stretch of the present-day Amstel now positioned within the urban area has been hypothesised to be man-made between the 11th and 13th centuries AD. In this paper, on the basis of geological arguments such as channel depths, overbank clays, peat composition and other characteristics, it is concluded that the Amstel had a natural channel in the Amsterdam area.
Shell rings of the southeast US
Authors: Russo M. , Heide G. 
Published: January 2015

Shell rings are circular and semi-circular deposits of shell (mostly oyster, Crassostrea virginica), faunal bone, artefacts and soil constructed along the Florida, Georgia and South Carolina coasts of the southeastern United States.Rings in Georgia and South Carolina date to c. 4200–3200 BP and range in size from 1 to 3 m tall and 22 to 83 m across. These little-studied sites have been suggested to be the remains of gaming arenas, astronomical observatories, torture chambers, houses of state, and fish traps. Most archaeologists view the sites as the subsistence remains of egalitarian hunter/fisher encampments. The rings’ generally symmetrical, circular shapes are seen as reflective of the equal status among their societal members wherein no individual or family held a unique or favoured position over another. The general absence of exotic or prestige artefacts, elaborate burials and ceremonial mounds has reinforced the concept that these Late Archaic shell rings reflect rudimentary hunter/fisher cultures. Ironically, shell rings have also been cited as the earliest evidence for the rise of hierarchical social development in North America (Russo 1991; Russo & Saunders 1999). Shell rings have yielded evidence of the earliest permanent year-round occupations, the earliest development of pottery and the earliest examples of large-scale monumental architecture. Consequentially the function of shell rings remains an open question.
Prehistoric burial and ritual, in southwest Ireland
Authors: Collins Tracy , Lynch Linda 
Published: January 2015

Archaeological monitoring of the construction of the N21 road improvements, Co. Kerry, Ireland, in 1999 uncovered four sub-circular features in the townland of Rockfield (FIGURE 1).The central feature revealed itself to be small pit containing a cremation burial. The bones in this shallow pit had been subjected to intense heat, though the boulder clay beneath was unburnt. Radiocarbon (calibrated σ2) dating showed that this cremation dated from 1440–1140 BC, the date being firmly placed in the Irish Bronze Age. The total weight of the cremation was 29 g. The general size of the bone fragments recovered was very small with 72.4% being less than 5 mm in size. This severely limited the osteological analysis. At least some of the fragments, particularly some of the long bone pieces appeared to be human. On the basis of size, the cremation represents at least one adult. The uniform chalky white appearance of the bones recovered indicated that the individual was very well cremated and was probably processed by crushing or pounding of the bones after cremation.
Roman armour and metalworking at Carlisle, Cumbria, England
Authors: McCarthy Mike , Bishop Mike , Richardson Thom 
Published: January 2015

Recent excavations at the Roman fort in Carlisle, Cumbria, have yielded a large number of pieces of articulated Roman armour and other items. This is the most important such find in Britain since the Corbridge hoard was excavated in 1964 (Allason-Jones & Bishop 1988).On the north side of the via principalis adjacent to the headquarters building (principia), the corner of a timber building was uncovered (FIGURE 2). On the floor was a quantity of articulated and disarticulated fragments of predominantly ferrous Roman armour, including as many as three crushed, but complete, laminated arm defences. Although first used by Hellenistic cavalry and referred to in Xenophon’s Art of horsemanship (XI.13-XII.5), and later used by gladiators, this type of armour was adopted by Roman legionaries. It was once thought that armguards (manicae) were very rare and only employed under special circumstances, such as Trajan’s wars in Dacia where they were used to counter the deadly scythe-like falx (Richmond 1982: 49–50). A number of similar finds have been made, as at Newstead (Curle 1911: plate XXIII) and Richborough, Kent (M. Lyne pers. comm.), but they are often isolated and the pieces crushed, making reconstruction difficult and speculative. A graffito from Dura-Europos (FIGURE 1) shows a mounted soldier with a tall helmet and a mail or scale neck-guard, with similar limb and abdominal defences (Robinson 1975: figure 190). The Carlisle assemblage is important for the retrieval of articulated pieces, with associated copper-alloy rivets and leather.