bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do richness and rarity hotspots really matter for orchid conservation in light of anticipated habitat loss?
Authors: Crain Benjamin J. , Tremblay Raymond L. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of this analysis was to identify strategies that will maximize efficiency and effectiveness in conservation planning. As many orchids are threatened with extinction for various reasons, our primary objective was to combine hotspots analyses with stochastic extinction modelling to highlight possible conservation priorities for Lepanthes spp. (Orchidaceae) based on patterns of richness, rarity and threat. Our subsequent objective was to identify potential conservation surrogates and variables that are the best predictors of extinction probabilities. The ultimate goal was to determine which factors should be emphasized in conservation planning to prevent species extinctions.LocationLatin America; the Caribbean.MethodsWe used herbarium records and ArcGIS to map the distribution of Lepanthes spp. and to identify hotspots of richness and rarity. We forecasted extinction patterns with Koopowitz's stochastic extinction model and calculated extinction probabilities in each country. We used a randomForest regression model in R to assess the importance of richness, rarity and threat for explaining extinction probabilities.ResultsHotspots of Lepanthes richness and rarity occurred in north‐western South America and southern Central America and largely overlapped with each other. The highest extinction probabilities occurred in northern Central America, Haiti and Ecuador, and generally, hotspots of richness and rarity did not correspond with patterns of threat. Habitat loss was the most important variable for explaining extinction probabilities, followed by measures of rarity.Main conclusionsConservation efforts will be most efficient in richness and rarity hotspots, and because they overlap, rarity hotspots could act as surrogates for protecting overall Lepanthes diversity. Hotspots rarely occurred in the most threatened areas, and therefore, conservation efforts are more urgent in non‐hotspot areas. Conservation efforts will be most effective if they combine ex situ strategies in locations with high habitat conversion rates with reservation strategies in rarity and richness hotspots, particularly where they overlap.
Spatio‐temporal marine conservation planning to support high‐latitude coral range expansion under climate change
Authors: Makino Azusa , Yamano Hiroya , Beger Maria , Klein Carissa J. , Yara Yumiko , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimIncreasing sea‐surface temperatures (SST) have resulted in poleward range expansions of scleractinian corals and declines in their core ranges. These changes may provide management opportunities for the long‐term persistence of corals, but spatial prioritization rarely considers and anticipates these changes. We developed a spatio‐temporal conservation plan that accommodates future coral range expansions based on projections of futureSST. Our spatial planning approach is particularly useful in places with limited information about species distributions. Our aims were to (1) identify areas that consistently remain important for conservation through time and (2) determine the differences between priorities for conservation that account for potential coral range expansions and those that ignore them.LocationJapan.MethodsWe developed spatial planning approaches using predicted coral habitat distributions for current conditions, the near future and the distant future. Using theMarxan conservation planning software, we designed conservation plans for scenarios that incorporated different types of spatial and temporal connections. Spatial connections are physical connections between adjacent and nearby areas, whereas temporal connections connect planning areas throughout time.ResultsWe found that protecting areas important for current and future coral habitat distributions is possible by prioritizing places that are consistently important through time. A spatially and temporally cohesive plan was accomplished with only a 14% increase in the overall reserve system costs, compared with reserve systems ignoring future coral habitat distributions. The attributes of priority areas (e.g. locations, outside boundary length and size) were substantially different when we varied the types of connections.Main conclusionsThis study demonstrated that areas with highest conservation priority now will not necessarily be optimal when planning for future change, such as coral range expansions. Furthermore, we showed that incorporating spatio‐temporal connections into spatial prioritization achieves objectives of simultaneously conserving corals in the current climate and facilitating their expansions asSSTrises.
Consensus on domains, formation objectives and contents in cariology for undergraduate dental students in Colombia
Authors: Martignon S. , Marín L. M. , Pitts N. , Jácome‐Liévano S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo achieve a consensus for an undergraduate cariology teaching curriculum between Colombian dental schools in line with the 2015 Global Alliance for a Cavity‐Free Future goal: ‘90% of dental schools adopting the current caries paradigm’.Materials and methodsFirst phase: Four‐regional 2‐day workshops were conducted with 4 representative teachers (cariology, clinics, basic‐science, public health and specialisations) from each of the 24‐ACFO schools (Colombian Dental Schools Association) as follows: Presentations: ‐Main Colombian cariology teaching barriers, ‐Caries and public health current paradigms; ‐Schools' cariology teaching descriptions; ‐European Cariology Curriculum. Five main‐domain subgroup discussions: (i) the knowledge base; (ii) risk assessment, diagnosis and synthesis; (iii) decision‐making, preventive non‐surgical therapy; (iv) decision‐making, surgical therapy; and (v) evidence‐based cariology in clinical and public health practice, to adapt domains, objectives and contents to Colombian curriculum, public health and national health system needs. These 4‐regional plus 24‐school consensuses sent 1 month afterwards were adapted into a preliminary document. 2nd‐phase: 10 peer review by national faculty in cariology, and 10 curriculum, basic sciences, research, clinical management and public health experts. School participants and deans reviewed the draft document and suggestions were discussed and adapted into a final consensus document officially presented to the academic community at the ACFO National‐Research‐Meeting (September, 2012).Results24 schools and 92 teachers participated. The Colombian Cariology Curriculum was agreed by 23 schools. It positioned public health into one domain. A general focus on social determination was included, and more relevance was given to fluorosis than erosion.ConclusionsA consensus on cariology teaching for undergraduate dental students was achieved in Colombia and work to promote its adoption has commenced.
Effects of local negative feedbacks on the evolution of species within metacommunities
Authors: Loeuille Nicolas , Leibold Mathew A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLocal negative feedbacks occur when the occupation of a site by a species decreases the subsequent fitness of related individuals compared to potential competitors. Such negative feedbacks can enhance diversity by changing the spatial structure of the environment. The conditions, however, involve dispersive, environmental and evolutionary processes in complex interactive ways. We introduce a model that accounts for four mechanisms: colonisation‐competition‐extinction ecological dynamics, evolutionary dynamics, local negative feedbacks and environmental averaging. Three qualitatively distinct dynamics are possible, one dominated by specialists, another dominated by generalists and an intermediate situation exhibiting taxon cycles. We discuss how metacommunity diversity, macro‐ecological patterns and environmental patterning are linked to the three qualitative dynamics. The model provides classical shapes for morph‐abundance distributions, or diversity‐area relationships. Diversity can be high when specialists dominate or when taxon cycles happen. Finally, local negative feedbacks often yield fine‐grain environments for taxon cycle dynamics and coarse‐grain environments when generalists dominate.
Spontaneous electroencephalographic changes in a castration model as an indicator of nociception: A comparison between donkeys and ponies
Authors: Grint N. J. , Johnson C. B. , Clutton R. E. , Whay H. R. , Murrell J. C. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyDonkeys are believed to be less demonstrative of pain than ponies. Research into comparative sensory processing between these species is required to elucidate these behavioural differences.ObjectivesTo compare changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded during castration between donkeys and ponies.Study designProspective clinical study.MethodsSix ponies and 6 donkeys were castrated under halothane anaesthesia after acepromazine premedication and thiopental anaesthetic induction. Markers were inserted into the EEG recording at the time of skin incision (skin) and emasculation (emasc) for both testicles (T1 and T2) during a closed castration. Raw EEG data were analysed and the EEG variables median frequency (F50), total power (Ptot) and spectral edge frequency (F95) derived using standard techniques. Baseline values of F50, Ptot and F95 for each animal were used to calculate the percentage change from baseline at T1skin, T2skin, T1emasc and T2emasc.ResultsDecreased F50 values relative to baseline were observed in 4 ponies and 2 donkeys across all castration time points. In the remaining animals, the F50 value increased compared with baseline. Both donkey and pony groups showed an overall decrease in Ptot values compared with baseline at T1skin, but the magnitude of the decrease was significantly less (P = 0.004) in ponies than in donkeys. Donkeys demonstrated an overall greater increase (P = 0.05) in F95 values at T1skin relative to baseline compared with ponies.ConclusionsElectroencephalographic responses to the noxious stimulus of castration were noted in both donkeys and ponies. Donkeys demonstrated a greater change in Ptot in response to castration than ponies; thus, donkeys appear to demonstrate a cerebral cortical response to a noxious stimulus that is similar to or greater than that in ponies, suggesting that their subtle behavioural expression of pain is not due to a difference in cortical processing of noxious sensory stimuli.
Changes in the radioactive cesium concentrations of grasslands during the first year after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in east Japan
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshito , Shibuya Takeshi , Hirano Kiyoshi , Shindo Kazumasa , Mashiyama Hideto , Fujisawa Tamotsu , Nakamura Michinaga , Tozawa Yoshiro , Miyaji Hirotake , Nakao Seiji , Togamura Yasuko 
Published: February 2014

AbstractRadioactive cesium (Cs) concentration of vegetation and soil was monitored in grasslands in seven farms located at a distance ranging from 90 to 180 km from the Fukushima nuclear power plant during seven months following the reactor meltdown in March 2011. The monitored sites included six sown meadows used to produce hay or silage, three sown pastures and one native pasture used for cattle grazing. The radioactive Cs concentrations of the soil ranged from 264–1593 Bq kg−1 dry matter (DM). The radioactive Cs concentrations in vegetation (aboveground parts of dominant grasses) were high with values ranging from 639–19 823 Bq kg−1 DM for the meadows, 949–7161 Bq kg−1 DM for the sown pastures and 5088–358 549 Bq kg−1 DM for the native pasture. Although the radioactive Cs concentrations tended to decrease over time in most grasslands, there was no clear decreasing trend for grassland soils low in exchangeable potassium concentration and clay content. The transfer of radioactive Cs from soil to herbage tended to be lower in soils with higher exchangeable potassium concentration and clay content. Detailed measurements in one meadow showed highest radioactive Cs concentration in surface litter, followed by standing dead and live plant material. Approximately, 71, 21 and 7% of radioactive Cs in the meadows were present in the soil, litter and standing dead material, respectively. Further regular monitoring of radioactive Cs concentration in grasslands in the affected areas surrounding the nuclear power plant is required to amend the existing guidelines regarding livestock feeding.
A Correction on Coastal Heads for Groundwater Flow Models
Authors: Lu Chunhui , Werner Adrian D. , Simmons Craig T. , Luo Jian 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe introduce a simple correction to coastal heads for constant‐density groundwater flow models that contain a coastal boundary, based on previous analytical solutions for interface flow. The results demonstrate that accurate discharge to the sea in confined aquifers can be obtained by direct application of Darcy's law (for constant‐density flow) if the coastal heads are corrected to ((α + 1)/α)hs − B/2α, in which hs is the mean sea level above the aquifer base, B is the aquifer thickness, and α is the density factor. For unconfined aquifers, the coastal head should be assigned the value . The accuracy of using these corrections is demonstrated by consistency between constant‐density Darcy's solution and variable‐density flow numerical simulations. The errors introduced by adopting two previous approaches (i.e., no correction and using the equivalent fresh water head at the middle position of the aquifer to represent the hydraulic head at the coastal boundary) are evaluated. Sensitivity analysis shows that errors in discharge to the sea could be larger than 100% for typical coastal aquifer parameter ranges. The location of observation wells relative to the toe is a key factor controlling the estimation error, as it determines the relative aquifer length of constant‐density flow relative to variable‐density flow. The coastal head correction method introduced in this study facilitates the rapid and accurate estimation of the fresh water flux from a given hydraulic head measurement and allows for an improved representation of the coastal boundary condition in regional constant‐density groundwater flow models.
Immune activation despite suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with higher risk of viral blips in HIV‐1‐infected individuals
Authors: Zoufaly A , Kiepe JG , Hertling S , Hüfner A , Degen O , Feldt T , Schmiedel S , Kurowski M , van Lunzen J 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesViral blips are thought to represent random biological variations around a steady state of residual HIV viraemia and to lack clinical significance. We aimed to assess the association of immune activation and the occurrence of blips.MethodsHIV‐infected patients from our out‐patient cohort who developed a blip after having been on fully suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for at least 180 days were matched with patients without blips according to duration of complete viral suppression (CVS), age, sex and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stage. Frequencies of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD3+HLA‐DR+, CD4+CD45RA+, CD16+CD56+CD3− and CD19+ cells, as well as C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels and clinical parameters, were included in conditional logistic regression models. Adherence to HAART was assessed by measuring prescribed nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or protease inhibitor (PI) plasma levels in a sample of 57 patients.ResultsEighty‐two patients with viral blip were matched with 82 controls from the same cohort. The mean age was 47.2 years [standard deviation (SD) 12.1 years], 80.5% of patients were male and 42.7% had CDC stage C disease. Viral blips occurred after a median of 14 months [interquartile range (IQR) 8–34 months] of CVS. In the logistic regression, activated CD3+HLA‐DR+ lymphocytes [odds ratio (OR) 1.25 per 100 cells/μL; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.54; P = 0.03] were significantly associated with blips and there was a trend for an association of longer time on HAART with blips (OR 1.31 per year; 95% CI 0.96–1.78; P = 0.09). No between‐group difference regarding subtherapeutic drug levels was found (P = 0.46).ConclusionsThe occurrence of viral blips after suppressive HAART was associated with elevated markers of T‐cell activation. Blips may identify a subset of patients with higher immune activation and increased risk for HIV disease progression.
HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorder in HIV‐infected Koreans: the Korean NeuroAIDS Project
Authors: Ku NS , Lee Y , Ahn JY , Song JE , Kim MH , Kim SB , Jeong SJ , Hong K‐W , Kim E , Han SH , Song JY , Cheong HJ , Song YG , Kim WJ , Kim JM , Smith DM , Choi JY 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesHIV‐associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is an independent predictor of early mortality and is associated with many difficulties in activities of daily living. We sought to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for HAND in HIV‐infected Koreans. In addition, we investigated the performance of screening tools and components of neuropsychological (NP) tests for diagnosing HAND.MethodsHIV‐infected patients were enrolled consecutively from two different urban teaching hospitals in Seoul, South Korea between March 2012 and September 2012. Participants completed a detailed NP assessment of six cognitive domains commonly affected by HIV. The Frascati criteria were used for diagnosing HAND. Four key questions, the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)‐K were also assessed as potential tools for screening for HAND.ResultsAmong the 194 participants, the prevalence of HAND was 26.3%. Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment and minor neurocognitive disorder accounted for 52.9 and 47.1% of the patients with HAND, respectively. In multivariate analysis, haemoglobin (Hb) level ≤ 13 g/dL (P = 0.046) and current use of a protease inhibitor‐based regimen (P = 0.031) were independent risk factors for HAND. The sensitivity and specificity of the IHDS were 72.6 and 60.8%, and those of MoCA‐K were 52.9 and 73.4%, respectively. The IHDS (P < 0.001) and MoCA‐K (P < 0.001) were both useful for screening for HAND. Among NP tests, the sensitivity and specificity of the Grooved Pegboard Test were 90.2 and 72.0%, and those of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were 61.2 and 84.4%, respectively.ConclusionsHAND is a prevalent comorbidity in HIV‐infected Koreans. Active screening and diagnosis with effective tools, such as the IHDS, MoCA‐K and Grooved Pegboard Test, could be used to identify this important complication.
Emergency department lengths of stay: characteristics favouring a delay to the admission decision as distinct from a delay while awaiting an inpatient bed
Authors: Perimal‐Lewis L. , Ben‐Tovim D. I. , Li J. Y. , Hakendorf P. H. , Thompson C. H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundA prolonged stay for a patient within the emergency department (ED) can adversely affect the outcome of their ensuing hospital admission.AimsTo investigate the characteristics of those eventual general medical hospital inpatients who stay in the ED awaiting a decision to be admitted and then await a bed.MethodsData from Flinders Medical Centre's patient journey database were analysed. The analysis was carried out on 19 476 patients admitted as an emergency under the General Medicine units.ResultsA less urgent Australian Triage Scale category significantly prolonged triage‐to‐admit time but did not affect boarding time. The decision to admit a patient took 29% longer for patients who presented to the ED outside of working hours. However, a decision to admit taken outside working hours meant the boarding time was over 3 h shorter than if the decision had been taken inside working hours. For every additional patient in the ED at the time of presentation, the admission decision was delayed by about half a minute. Every additional patient in the ED at the time of an admission decision increased boarding time by almost 10 min.ConclusionOutside of working hours, patients presenting to ED have longer triage‐to‐admit times while patients for admission have shorter boarding times. ED congestion delays admission decisions only slightly and prolongs patients' boarding times to a greater extent. Strategies to reduce the time patients spend in ED should differ depending on whether a decision to admit the patient has been reached.
Spontaneous pneumothorax; a multicentre retrospective analysis of emergency treatment, complications and outcomes
Authors: Brown S. G. A. , Ball E. L. , Macdonald S. P. J. , Wright C. , McD Taylor D. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundSpontaneous pneumothorax can be managed initially by observation, aspiration or chest drain insertion.AimsTo determine the clinical features of spontaneous pneumothorax in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED), interventions, outcomes and potential risk factors for poor outcomes after treatment.MethodsRetrospective chart review from ED of three major referral and two general hospitals in Australia of presentations with primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) or secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP). Main outcomes were prolonged air leak (>5 days) and pneumothorax recurrence within 1 year.ResultsWe identified 225 people with PSP and 98 with SSP. There were no clinical tension pneumothoraces with hypotension. Hypoxaemia (haemoglobin oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry ≤92%) occurred only in SSP and in older patients (age >50 years) with PSP. Drainage was performed in 150 (67%) PSP and 82 (84%) SSP. Prolonged air leak occurred in 16% (95% confidence interval 10–23%) of PSP and 31% (21–42%) of SSP. Independent risk factors for prolonged drainage were non‐asthma SSP and pneumothorax size >50%. Complications were recorded in 11% (7.5–16%) of those having drains inserted. Recurrences occurred in 5/91 (5%, 1.8–12%) of those treated without drainage versus 40/232 (17%, 13–23%) of those treated by drainage, of which half occurred in the first month after drainage.ConclusionPneumothorax drainage is associated with substantial morbidity including prolonged air leak. As PSP appears to be well tolerated in younger people even with large pneumothoraces, conservative treatment in this subgroup may be a viable option to improve patient outcomes, but this needs to be confirmed in a clinical trial.
Factors associated with paediatric dentists’ perception of dental pain in pre‐schoolers: a mixed‐methods study
Authors: Daher Anelise , Costa Márcia , Costa Luciane R. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundChildren dental pain recognition is pointed as a priority in paediatric dentistry, but little is known about dentists’ perception of pre‐schoolers’ dental pain.AimTo understand paediatric dentists’ viewpoint on dental pain (toothache) in pre‐schoolers and to identify the associated factors.DesignMixed‐methods with two phases: (i) preliminary qualitative study (focus group of paediatric dentists), with responses analysed by content analysis and (ii) quantitative survey (self‐administered questionnaire answered by 223 paediatric dentists), with the main outcome ‘perception’ assessed as ‘feel or not prepared’ to identify a pre‐schooler with dental pain. Triangulation was used to discuss the results of each approach.Results(i) Paediatric dentists can observe dental pain in pre‐schoolers when there are normative signs; this pain is related to the changes in a child's behaviour and in dental planning. (ii) Participants were 40.1 ± 8.4 years old, 17.1 ± 8.3years since graduation, 65.9% did not feel prepared to identify a pre‐schooler with dental pain. This feeling of unpreparedness was associated with younger specialists (P = 0.01) and less time since graduation (P < 0.01). Triangulation showed a convergence of the qualitative and quantitative approaches.ConclusionNoticing dental pain in pre‐schoolers was associated with specialists’ experience and the need for visible signs; dentists do not always feel completely prepared to recognise pain in pre‐schoolers.