bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes self‐management programmes in older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sherifali D. , Bai J.‐W. , Kenny M. , Warren R. , Ali M. U. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimThe evidence for self‐management programmes in older adults varies in methodological approaches, and disease criteria. Using predetermined methodological criteria, we evaluated the effect of diabetes‐specific self‐management programme interventions in older adults.MethodsThe EMBASE, MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched from January 1980 to November 2013, as were reference lists from systematic reviews, meta‐analyses and clinical practice guidelines. A total of 13 trials met the selection criteria, which included 4517 older adult participants; 2361 participants randomized to a diabetes self‐management programme and 2156 to usual care.ResultsThe pooled effect on HbA1c was a reduction of –2 mmol/mol (–0.2%; 95% CI –0.3 to –0.1); tailored interventions [–3 mmol/mol (–0.2%; 95% CI –0.4 to –0.1)] or programmes with a psychological emphasis [–3 mmol/mol (–0.2; 95% CI –0.4 to –0.1)] were most effective. A pooled treatment effect on total cholesterol was a 5.81 mg/dl reduction (95% CI –10.33 to –1.29) and non‐significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.ConclusionsDiabetes self‐management programmes for older adults demonstrate a small reduction in HbA1c, lipids and blood pressure. These findings may be of greater clinical relevance when offered in conjunction with other therapies.
Microneedle applications in improving skin appearance
Authors: McCrudden Maelíosa T.C. , McAlister Emma , Courtenay Aaron J. , González‐Vázquez Patricia , Raj Singh Thakur Raghu , Donnelly Ryan F. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMicroneedles (MNs) are micron‐sized, minimally invasive devices that breach the outermost layer of the skin, thestratum corneum(SC),creating transient, aqueous pores in the skin and facilitating the transport of therapeutic molecules into the epidermis. Following many years of extensive research in the area ofMN‐mediated trans‐ and intra‐dermal drug delivery,MNs are now being exploited in the cosmeceutical industry as a means of disrupting skin cell architecture, inducing elastin and collagen expression and deposition. They are also being used as vehicles to deliver cosmeceutic molecules across the skin, in addition to their use in combinatorial treatments with topical agents or light sources. This review explores the chronology of microneedling methodologies, which has led to the emergence ofMNdevices, now extensively used in cosmeceutical applications. Recent developments in therapeutic molecule and peptide delivery to the skinviaMNplatforms are addressed and some commercially availableMNdevices are described. Important safety and regulatory considerations relating toMNusage are addressed, as are studies relating to public perception ofMN, as these will undoubtedly influence the acceptance ofMNproducts as they progress towards commercialisation.
Strong impact of nitrogen loading on submerged macrophytes and algae: a long‐term mesocosm experiment in a shallow Chinese lake
Authors: Olsen Saara , Chan Fengyi , Li Wei , Zhao Suting , Søndergaard Martin , Jeppesen Erik 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Excess loading of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) triggers a shift in the trophic structure of shallow lakes from a clear‐water, macrophyte‐dominated state to an algal‐dominated turbid state. However, the role of N in the shift is debated, and experimental evidence is, with a few exceptions, based on short‐term studies (days to a few months).

We studied the effect of N loading on macrophytes (dominated by Potamogeton lucens and Cabomba caroliniana), periphyton, filamentous algae and phytoplankton in mesocosms over 10 months (starting in October) in subtropical China (Wuhan). There were three N treatments: controls (CN) without nitrogen addition (mean TN = 1.9 mg L−1), low nitrogen (LN) addition (mean TN = 3.5 mg L−1) and high nitrogen (HN) addition (mean TN = 5.5 mg L−1). Total phosphorus (TP) concentration in the water column remained moderate (0.05–0.07 mg L−1) during the experiment in all treatments.

Macrophyte abundance declined in the LN and HN treatments in the first 6 months, but not in controls, followed by a partial recovery in the LN treatments. They disappeared completely in the HN treatments the following summer. Periphyton (biofilm on plastic) and phytoplankton biomass remained unaffected during the first 6 months but increased over the summer by two or three times, compared with controls, in low and high nitrogen treatments, respectively. By contrast, the abundance of filamentous algae increased over winter but declined during the summer with no obvious relationship to the N treatments. There was no difference in the TN or nitrate concentrations or soluble protein, soluble sugar and Chl‐a content of P. lucens leaves and stems with increasing N load.

Macrophyte populations are partially resilient to abrupt increases in N loading at moderate TP concentrations, but, after prolonged exposure, a complete collapse occurs. Our results further indicate that macrophyte loss is exacerbated by shading by filamentous algae during the winter, and by phytoplankton and periphyton in the summer, while there was no indication of direct N toxicity.
Ecologically and geologically relevant isotope signatures of C, N, and S: okenone producing purple sulfur bacteria part I
Authors: Smith D. A. , Steele A. , Bowden R. , Fogel M. L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPurple sulfur bacteria (PSB) are known to couple the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling in euxinic environments. This is the first study with multiple strains and species of okenone‐producing PSB to examine the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) metabolisms and isotopic signatures in controlled laboratory conditions, investigating what isotopic fractionations might be recorded in modern environments and the geologic record. PSB play an integral role in the ecology of euxinic environments and produce the unique molecular fossil okenane, derived from the diagenetic alteration of the carotenoid pigment okenone. Cultures of Marichromatium purpuratum 1591 (Mpurp1591) were observed to have carbon isotope fractionations (13εbiomass – CO2), via RuBisCO, ranging from −16.1 to −23.2‰ during exponential and stationary phases of growth. Cultures of Thiocapsa marina 5653 (Tmar5653) and Mpurp1591 had a nitrogen isotope fractionation (15εbiomass – NH4) of −15‰, via glutamate dehydrogenase, measured and recorded for the first time in PSB. The δ34SVCDT values and amount of stored elemental sulfur for Mpurp1591 cells grown autotrophically and photoheterotrophically were dependent upon their carbon metabolic pathways. We show that PSB may contribute to the isotopic enrichments observed in modern and ancient anoxic basins. In a photoheterotrophic culture of Mpurp1591 that switched to autotrophy once the organic substrate was consumed, there were bulk biomass δ13C values that span a broader range than recorded across the Late Devonian, Permian–Triassic, Triassic–Jurassic, and OAE2 mass extinction boundaries. This finding stresses the complexities in interpreting and assigning δ13C values to bulk organic matter preserved in the geologic record.
Evolutionary responses to climate change in parasitic systems
Authors: Chaianunporn Thotsapol , Hovestadt Thomas 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSpecies may respond to climate change in many ecological and evolutionary ways. In this simulation study, we focus on the concurrent evolution of three traits in response to climate change, namely dispersal probability, temperature tolerance (or niche width), and temperature preference (optimal habitat). More specifically, we consider evolutionary responses in host species involved in different types of interaction, that is parasitism or commensalism, and for low or high costs of a temperature tolerance–fertility trade‐off (cost of generalization). We find that host species potentially evolve all three traits simultaneously in response to increasing temperature but that the evolutionary response interacts and may be compensatory depending on the conditions. The evolutionary adjustment of temperature preference is slower in the parasitism than in commensalism scenario. Parasitism, in turn, selects for higher temperature tolerance and increased dispersal. High costs for temperature tolerance (i.e. generalization) restrict evolution of tolerance and thus lead to a faster response in temperature preference than that observed under low costs. These results emphasize the possible role of biotic interactions and the importance of ‘multidimensional’ evolutionary responses to climate change.
Microbial diversity and stability during primary cultivation and subcultivation processes of Tibetan kefir
Authors: Gao Wei , Zhang Lanwei , Feng Zhen , Liu Hui , Shigwedha Nditange , Han Xue , Yi Huaxi , Liu Wenli , Zhang Shuang 
Published: April 2015

SummaryIn this study, we have investigated the microbial diversity and stability in the Tibetan kefir during the primary cultivation and subcultivation processes via a combination of culture‐independent and culture‐dependent methods. According to the culture‐independent methods, the profiles of PCR‐DGGE (polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) indicated that nine microbial species were predominant at different cultivation stages; seventy four isolates of seven predominant species were obtained and identified via the culture‐dependent methods. PCR‐DGGE further confirmed that Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lactobacillus kefiri, Lactobacillus paracasei, Streptococcus thermophilus, Kazachstania unispora and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were the most dominant species in the Tibetan kefir during the process of primary cultivation, among which Lb. kefiri, Lb. paracasei and K. unispora showed relative strong stability during both the processes of primary cultivation and subcultivation. These findings suggested that some isolates of the three species possessed the potentiality of being used in the development of direct vat set (DVS) starters for the production of Tibetan kefir and the related products.
Murine MicroRNA‐214 regulates intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM1) gene expression in genital Chlamydia muridarum infection
Authors: Arkatkar Tanvi , Gupta Rishein , Li Weidang , Yu Jieh‐Juen , Wali Shradha , Neal Guentzel M. , Chambers James P. , Christenson Lane K. , Arulanandam Bernard P. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe hallmark of chlamydial infection is the development of upper genital pathology in the form of hydrosalpinx and oviduct and/or tubal dilatation. Although molecular events leading to genital tissue presentation and cellular architectural remodelling are unclear, early‐stage host immune responses are believed to contribute to these long‐term sequelae. Recently, we reported the contribution of selected infection‐associated microRNAs (miRs) in the generation of host immunity at early‐stage infection (day 6 after intravaginal Chlamydia muridarum challenge in C57BL/6 mice). In this report, we describe the contribution of an infection‐associated microRNA, i.e. miR‐214, to host immunity. Chlamydia muridarum infection in the C57BL/6 mouse genital tract significantly down‐regulated miR‐214 while up‐regulating intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) gene expression. These in vivo observations were confirmed by establishing direct regulation of ICAM‐1 by miR‐214 in ex vivo genital cell cultures in the presence of miR‐214 mimic and inhibitor. Because, ICAM‐1 contributes to recruitment of neutrophils following infection, we also demonstrated that alteration of ICAM1 by miR‐214 in interleukin‐17A‐deficient (IL‐17A−/−) mice correlated with reduction of neutrophils infiltrating genital tissue at day 6 after challenge. Additionally, these early‐stage events resulted in significantly decreased genital pathology in IL‐17A−/− mice compared with C57BL/6 mice. This report provides evidence for early‐stage regulation of ICAM1 by microRNAs, resulting in reduction of genital pathology associated with chlamydial infection.
Dwarf males in the epizoic barnacle Octolasmis unguisiformis and their implications for sexual system evolution
Authors: Sawada Kota , Yoshida Ryuta , Yasuda Keiko , Yamaguchi Sachi , Yusa Yoichi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDescriptions of the diversity of sexual systems in animal taxa such as the thoracican barnacles are needed to study the evolution of sexual systems. Androdioecious systems (coexistence of hermaphrodites and males) are particularly important due to their possible role as evolutionary intermediates in transitions between hermaphroditism and dioecy. In this study, we used histology to examine the sexual system of the crab‐epizoic barnacle Octolasmis unguisiformis to determine if dwarf males were present or not; a previous study reported the existence of conspecific‐attached individuals, but did not investigate their sexuality. All conspecific‐attached individuals were dwarf males, irrespective of their attachment site. However, crab‐attached individuals never acted as dwarf males even if they were small and lived together with large individuals. The result emphasizes the importance of attachment to conspecifics, but not to specific sites on conspecifics, in the evolution of dwarf males. Other individuals were hermaphroditic, indicating androdioecy in this species. However, their functional sexuality (that is, whether they actually do act as males) requires further study. The presence of dwarf males in this species supports theoretical predictions that small group size, short‐lived habitats, or spatial limitation favor the evolution of dwarf males.
ON INFANTILE PAPULAR ACRODERMATITIS (GIANOTTI DISEASE) AND INFANTILE PAPULAR‐SIMILVESICULAR ACRODERMATITIS (GIANOTTI SYNDROME)
Authors: Endo Mikio , Mori Hiroko , Morishima Tarafumi 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTSix cases diagnosed as Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome were divided into 2 groups, a group with liver dysfunction and a group with normal liver function, and the other signs and symptoms of the 2 groups were compared with special attention to differences in the cutaneous findings. The eruption in the group with liver dysfunction corresponds to that of Gianotti disease and in the group with normal liver function to that of Gianotti syndrome, which led to the conclusion that the two should be differentiated. The important points of differentiation are summarized as follows:In Gianotti disease there is acute hepatitis and the eruption is monomorphous with multiple disseminated 3–4 mm in diameter, copper red, flat‐topped papules. Gianotti syndrome is without hepatitis, and the eruption consists of irregularly distributed 2–4 mm in diameter, faintly erythematous, hemispherical papules, but is frequently polymorphous, with intermingled vesicle‐like, hemorrhagic, and molluscum contagiosum‐like, papules.
MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITORY FACTOR (MIF) IN GUINEA PIGS AND HUMANS WITH DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Kaneko Fumio 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTWhen lymph node cells from PPD‐sensitive guinea pigs were incubated with PPD for 20–24 hours, they produced a soluble mediator which inhibited the migration of normal guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells (GP‐PEC) out of capillary tubes. Also, human lymphocytes stimulated by antigen produced a soluble mediator which inhibited migration of normal GP‐PEC and peripheral leukocytes.Guinea pig migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was eluted in the 34,000–67,000 molecular weight (MW) region of cultured supernatants. Human MIF was harvested from the 25,000 MW region of cultured supernatants from human lymphocytes fractionated on Sephadex G‐100. Intradermal injection of the MIF into normal guinea pigs provoked reactions characterized by erythema and induration. The histologic response was found to be similar to that induced by antigen injection into sensitized animals. MIF from antigen stimulated lymphocytes may not have species specificity between guinea pig and human, although their molecular weights are different.No correlation was found between delayed skin reactivity induced by antigen in vivo and MIF production in vitro, and it is suggested that a substance inhibitory to MIF activity may be released in the lymphocyte culture.
AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATION OF INTRACYTOPLASMIC DESMOSOMES IN DARIER'S DISEASE
Authors: Arai Harue , Hori Yoshiaki 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIn a typical case of Darier's disease, intracytoplasmic desmosomes, gap junctions and many vesicles were observed in the cytoplasm of epidermal keratinocytes.Intracytoplasmic desmosomes were found in the cytoplasm of the excessively keratinized cells, vacuolated cells and acantholytic cells. They were not associated with tonofilaments as much as with ordinal intercellular desmosome‐tonofilament complexes, and some of them lacked a central strip and looked similar to the denatured intercellular desmosomes in the morphology of the abnormal keratinocytes of Darier's disease.These intracytoplasmic desmosomes were long and undulating and some of the showed a “tennis racket” image (Caputo).Furthermore, some were combined with the gap junction and the intermediate junction, forming a bounded vesicle in the cytoplasm.
SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE AND LIPOPEROXIDE IN PHOTOTOXIC REACTION OF EARTHWORMS
Authors: Sato Shizuo , Ishikura Kazuo 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIt was found that earthworms reacted sensitively and uniformly to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the levels of macroscopy, light microscopy and electron microscopy. In order to learn the probable role of superoxide radical and lipoperoxide on the mechanism of UV‐induced tissue damage, we studied the correlation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipoperoxide, which was expressed as malondialdehyde content, in the UV‐irradiated earthworms.The SOD activity, which was assayed by the inhibitory effect of nitro blue tetrazolium reduction in the xanthine‐xanthine oxidase system, was initially elevated but later decreased gradually. Since this decrease preceded the UV‐induced pathological changes in the earthworm, it was hypothesized that the superoxide radical, the substrate of SOD, may be involved in this system. Lipoperoxide, however, did not increase in the same system.
DERMO‐EPIDERMAL JUNCTION OF NORMAL SKIN
Authors: Kobayasi Takasi 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe dermo‐epidermal junction is a complex structure, composed of semidesmosomes (attachment plaque, cell membrane and junction plate) anchoring filaments, basal lamina, anchoring fibrils and elastic fibrils. A similar structure is seen in other epithelial and endothelial tissues, muscles and nerves. Among them, mucous epithelium is very like the epithelium of skin.As observed under the light microscope, the PAS‐positive basement membrane includes the basal lamina and anchoring fibrils. Elastic fibrils seem to be identical with oxytalan fibers and elastofibrils. Histochemical studies suggest that the junction consists of neutral mucopolysaccharides, collagenous protein, SO4‐groups and lipids. However, no chemical analyses have been done.The normal junction can be separated by physical, chemical or enzymatic methods. Suction is a unique technique for dermo‐epidermal separation. Its formation is studied in embryonic skin, cultivated skin and wound healing. The junction is initiated by an increased density of basal cell membrane and is laid down on the surface of the dermis.The junction binds the epidermis firmly to the corium and controls the passage of material from the dermis to the epidermis or vice versa.
INCIDENCE OF ALLERGIC REACTIONS TO COAL TAR DYES IN PATIENTS WITH COSMETIC DERMATITIS
Authors:   MID‐JAPAN CONTACT DERMATITIS RESEARCH GROUP
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTOne hundred sixty‐two patients with cosmetic dermatitis, 64 pigmented and 98 non‐pigmented, have been studied using patch and photopatch tests with 11 coal tar dyes used in cosmetics. Incidence of allergic reactions to the dyes was the following: brilliant lake red R 8.6%, toluidine red 1.9%, lithol red calcium salt 1.9%, permanent orange 1.9%, carbanthrene blue 1.4%, erythrosine aluminum lake 0.7% and the remaining 5 dyes 0.0%. The incidence of allergic reactions to brilliant lake red R was significantly higher than that to the other 10 dyes (α=0.01). Thirteen of the 64 patients with pigmented dermatitis (20.3%) displayed allergic reactions to this dye, in contrast to only one out of 98 patients with nonpigmented dermatitis (1.0%), which is a significant difference at the 0.5% level. Doubtful photoallergic reactions to brilliant lake red R were seen in four patients, but no certain photoallergy to the dye was found. Thus, photoallergic cosmetic dermatitis from brilliant lake red R is presumed to be quite rare. Photopatch testing with the 11 coal tar dyes showed only one positive reaction to toluidine red in one patient.
SPONTANEOUS GANGRENE OF THE SCROTUM AND PENIS (FOURNIER'S GANGRENE)
Authors: Sonoda Akiko , Maekawa Yoshihiro , Arao Tatsuyoshi , Kuwahara Hiroshi 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTTwo Japanese males developed spontaneous gangrene of the scrotum and penis. Antibiotics were given and surgical treatments were performed successfully. The latter consisted of debridement of the wound, local flaps and free skin grafts. We failed to obtain significant bacterial cultures. Histology revealed thrombosed and thickened small vessels in the reticular dermis near the border of the gangrenous scrotal tissue.
A CASE OF POROCARCINOMA
Authors: Mohri Shinobu , Chika Koyata , Saito Itaru , Yagishita Kunio 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTA 64‐year‐old woman had an ulcerated tumor of 5 years' duration on her left foot. Histological examination revealed a eccrine poroma with bowenoid changes at one edge, which had invaded the dermis. We consider this case to be malignant eccrine poroma (porocarcinoma).
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON PIGMENTED MACULES OF PEUTZ‐JEGHERS SYNDROME
Authors: Yamada Kiyoshi , Matsukawa Ataru , Hori Yoshiaki , Kukita Atsushi 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTLight and electron microscopic studies were carried out on pigmented macules on the lips, fingers and toes of the patients with Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome. Our studies indicated basal pigmentation was noticed in the basal cell layer of the epidermis, but no differences were recognized between the lesions and normal skin in either the number of melanocyte or the length of the dendrite of melanocyte in the lips. In fingers and toes, few melanin granules or melanosomes could be found in the basal cells. Numerous dendrites of melanocyte filled with melanin granules or melanosomes were seen in the intercellular spaces of the keratinocytes. The dendrites of melanocytes in the lesions were much longer and more branched than those in the normal skin. However, the population of melanocytes in the both areas was almost identical. Some melanosomes in the dendrites of the upper epidermis seemed to be degraded and exhibited a positive acid phosphatase reaction. We may assume that melanosome transfer from melanocytes or melanosome receptivity of the keratinocytes remarkably decreased in the lesions on the fingers and toes of Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome and then melanosomes had accumulated in the dendrites and some of them are being degraded.
CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY TO VARICELLA‐ZOSTER VIRUS DEMONSTRATED BY LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION IN HERPES ZOSTER
Authors: Hata Seiichiro 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTLymphocyte transformation by varicella‐zoster virus antigen was investigated in 43 blood samples from herpes zoster patients without serious underlying diseases. Lymphocyte responses were low in the early days of the illness and increased in the convalescent stage with wide dispersion. Although the intensity of the skin test and complement fixing antibody became mostly positive on coincident convalescent days, no distinct correlation was observed in the values of these three immunological indexes.