bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Initial Encounter to the Semiotic Approach and Radical Inquiry of Charles Sanders Peirce
Authors: Carreira Jeff 
Published: May 2014

Charles Sanders Peirce is quite possibly the greatest philosophical genius the United States has ever produced. His thinking was radical and unconventional and illuminated profound novelty in the form of bold and at times wildly speculative ideas. The arbiter of history has shown his thinking to be well ahead of its time. Peirce has numerous scientific advances to his credit and his ideas both anticipated and helped create the ground for the physics of both Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. In addition, he and his friend and colleague William James were the two most central figures responsible for the creation of the philosophy of Pragmatism. This paper is a personal exploration of an encounter with Peirce's approach to inquiry and illustrates how his willingness to courageously follow any line of questioning to its ultimate end led him to breakthrough insights that are still at the forefront of American philosophy today.
Abstract
A Rhematic Analysis of Instincts
Authors: Massecar Aaron 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In the first part of this paper I argue that the majority of the interpretations of Peirce's understanding of instinct have come through the 1898 lecture where Peirce says that instinct and reason should remain distinct, a statement that is accepted at face value by many Peirce scholars. However, there is a more comprehensive way of understanding this division and it hangs on the interpretation of instinct. I intend to test this distinction of reason and instinct against Peirce's other writings, By the end of the first part of this paper, the traditional definition of instinct will have been freed up. In the second part I show how there is a deeper understanding of instinct that helps to explain how we can be so right in our guesses about nature. Our ability to be right so much of the time can be accounted for by looking at what Peirce means by " rheme", one of his semiotic categories formed by his theory of inquiry.
Language of Cinema and Semiotic Modelling
Authors: Päirn Katre 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The founder of semiotics of cinema, Christian Metz set as the aim of his project to go to the bottom of the metaphor of language that had been used widely for describing cinema in film theory, yet without taking into account the knowledge about language that had accumulated in linguistics. Thus the goal of early semiotics of cinema was to go beyond figural analogy and bring together the two domains of knowledge; knowledge about cinema and knowledge about language. The development of metaphor of language of cinema into semiotic model of language of cinema sheds light to semiotic modelling as methodological tool. Firstly the metaphor of language of cinema itself- either pre-theoretical or theoretical-can be seen as an attempt to make sense of novel phenomena through analogy with something already familiar. This stage resulted in ontological theories of language of cinema. Refining this rough analogy into the object of study meant acknowledging the difference between cinema as experienced and cinema as object of knowledge, arriving thereby at methodological theories of cinema that use semiotic modelling as a means for constructing the object of study.
How adolescents learn about risk perception and behavior in regards to alcohol use in light of social learning theory: a qualitative study in Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Trujillo Elena María , Suárez Daniel Enrique , Lema Mariana , Londoño Alicia 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Background: In Colombia, the use of alcohol is one of the main risky behaviors carried out by adolescents, given that alcohol is the principal drug of abuse in this age group. Understanding how adolescents learn about risk and behavior is important in developing effective prevention programs. The Theory of Social learning underlines the importance of social interaction in the learning process. It suggests that learning can occur in three ways: a live model in which a person is enacting the desired behavior, verbal instruction when the desired behavior is described, and symbolic learning in which modeling occurs by influence of the media. This study explores these three forms of learning in the perception of risk and behavior related to the use of alcohol in a group of students between 12 and 14 years of age in Bogotá, Colombia.
Materials and methods: This is a qualitative research study, which is part of a larger study exploring the social representations of risk and alcohol use in adolescents and their communities. The sample group included 160 students from two middle schools (7th and 8th graders) in Bogotá, Colombia. Six sessions of participant observation, 12 semi-structured interviews, and 12 focus group discussions were conducted for data collection. Data were analyzed using the Atlas ti software (V7.0) (ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH, London, UK), and categories of analysis were developed using a framework analysis approach.
Results: Adolescents can identify several risks related to the use of alcohol, which for the most part, appear to have been learned through verbal instruction. However, this risk recognition does not appear to correlate with their behavior. Parental modeling and messages conveyed by the media represent two other significant sources of learning that are constantly contradicting the messages relayed through verbal instruction and correlate to a greater extent with adolescent behavior.
Conclusion: The three different forms of learning described by Social Learning Theory play a significant role in the construction of risk perception and behavior in adolescents. This underlines the necessity of consciously evaluating how examples set by adults as well as the ideas expressed by the media influence adolescents’ attitudes and behavior, ensuring that these do not directly contradict and ultimately obliterate the messages we are constantly trying to convey to this age group.
Effects of Microwave and Ultrasonic-Assisted Aging on the Synthesis of H-ZSM-5 Nanozeolite and Its Catalytic Performance in Methanol Dehydration
Authors: Abbasian Saeid , Taghizadeh Majid 
Published: May 2014

AbstractH-ZSM-5 nanozeolite was hydrothermally synthesized under static conditions. Evaluation of hydrothermal synthesis of ZSM-5 was performed by treating the synthesis mixture using different aging processes, consist of ultrasonic, stirring, and microwave-assisted aging, prior to the conventional hydrothermal treatment. The catalytic performances of selected catalysts were studied for the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME) in a fixed-bed reactor under the same operating conditions (T= 300°C,P= 1 atm, and WHSV = 26 h−1). The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, NH3-TPD and FT-IR techniques. The results showed that ultrasonic and microwave-assisted aging shortened the crystallization time and reduced crystal size of the obtained products without having any considerable effects on their catalytic activities.
Is Drug Use Related to the Choice of Potentially More Harmful Methods in Suicide Attempts?
Authors: Da Silveira Dartiu Xavier , Fidalgo Thiago Marques , Di Pietro Monica , Santos Jair Guilherme , Oliveira Leonardo Q 
Published: May 2014

Objective To identify whether drug abuse is a risk factor for potentially more harmful methods of suicide attempts that could predict suicide completion in the future. Methods: The study involved the assessment of 86 patients who attempted suicide and who were admitted to the emergency ward of a Southwestern Brazilian general hospital. Results: Most patients were women (84.9%), young adults (30.53 ± 10.4 years), and single (61.6%). Recent drug use was reported by 53.5%, and 25.6% reported the use of drugs during the 24-hour period immediately before the suicide attempt. Most patients (75.6%) ingested pills when attempting suicide–-a method considered potentially less harmful. Hanging, jumping, gas inhaling, and wrist cutting accounted for 22.2% of the attempts. Considering dual diagnoses, 54.7% presented with a depressive disorder, 8.1% with a disorder on the impulse control spectrum, and 26.7% reported an associated clinical condition. Recent drug use was predictive of the severity of the suicide attempt, as it was reported by 81% of those who engaged in more harmful attempts and by 46.2% of those who used less harmful methods ( P < 0.01; odds ratio = 4.96; confidence interval: 1.5–16.4). Conclusion: The identified variables associated with the use of potentially more harmful methods in suicide attempts were gender (male), presence of an impulsive control disorder, and recent use of psychoactive drugs.
Management of Post-traumatic Zygomatic Orbital Deformity
Authors: Bhardwaj Yogesh 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Secondary deformities of orbitozygomatic region present a formidable challenge to surgeon in terms of restoration of form and function. Often times the reasons sited in literature for these deformities are inadequate management or misdiagnosis at the time of initial presentation. However all the patients in our series presented late to us on account of difficult terrain and poor means of transport, at the time of initial presentation only. These patients were provided primary first aid at hospitals near the site of injury and were subsequently referred to our only tertiary care center of maxillofacial surgery often weeks after initial trauma. The average time of presentation ranged from four weeks to sixteen weeks in these patients by which time the fractures had already malunited. We carried out refracturing at malunited fracture sites in fractures four to six weeks old and osteotomy techniques in patients presenting later than six weeks after trauma. In this paper we present our experience of twenty three patients presenting over a period of seven years from 2005 to 2012. All the patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically and subsequently underwent ORIF with titanium bone plates and screws after refracture or osteotomy of the zygomatic orbital deformity. Follow up ranging from seven years to twelve months indicated stable surgical results with good functional and surgical outcome.

How to cite this article
Bhardwaj Y. Management of Posttraumatic Zygomatic Orbital Deformity. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(2):81-86.
Management of Severely Displaced Fronto-Zygomatico-Orbital Fracture in a Child
Authors: Shanthanam S , Rai Sachin , Singh Satnam , Gupta Akshat 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
The paper presents a rare case of severely fractured and displaced fronto-zygomatico-orbital fracture in a 4-year-old child. The case was managed with open reduction and internal fixation. The paper highlights the importance of early and multidisciplinary approach to such craniofacial injuries.

How to cite this article
Singh S, Shanthanam S, Gupta A Rai S. Management of Severely Displaced Fronto-Zygomatico-Orbital Fracture in a Child. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014; 48(2):103-104.
Retromolar Intubation in Maxillofacial Trauma Patients
Authors: Bhardwaj Neerja , Rattan Vidya , Arora Suman 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Awareness of availability of retromolar route for intubation amongst anesthetists and surgeons for management of maxillofacial trauma seems to be low. In majority of centers submental route for intubation is a popular technique. The purpose of this article is to increase awareness regarding availability of retromolar route for intubation among the clinicians who take care of patients with maxillofacial trauma.

How to cite this article
Arora S, Bhardwaj N, Rattan V. Retromolar Intubation in Maxillofacial Trauma Patients. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(2):109-110.
Prediction of the mechanical response of hydrate‐bearing sands
Authors: Pinkert S. , Grozic J. L. H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn recent years there has been an increasing interest in production of methane gas from hydrate‐bearing sediments, located below the permafrost in arctic regions and offshore within the continental margins. In order to simulate the geomechanical response of the hydrate accumulation during gas production, comprehensive evaluation of the sediments' properties is imperative. This paper presents an analysis of the mechanical properties of methane‐hydrate‐bearing sediments determined through numerical simulation of drained triaxial compression tests on three different sand types. The adjustment of the numerical to the experimental results was performed for the entire stress‐strain curves and therefore enables a good understanding of the material constitutive relations. New constitutive relations are suggested for the hydrate‐related properties. An optimization process was used, finding separately the soil skeleton‐related coefficients and the hydrate‐related coefficients. The values of the obtained coefficients associated with the hydrate were found to have minor deviations from each other, for the three examined sand types. By separating the soil skeleton and the hydrate‐related response, this paper suggests a prediction method for the mechanical response of hydrate‐bearing sands.
From the subtropics to the equator in the Southwest Pacific: Continental material fluxes quantified using neodymium data along modeled thermocline water pathways
Authors: Grenier Mélanie , Jeandel Catherine , Cravatte Sophie 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe southwestern tropical Pacific, part of a major pathway for waters feeding the Equatorial Undercurrent, is a region of important geochemical enrichment through land‐ocean boundary exchange. Here we develop an original method based on the coupling between dynamical modeling and geochemical tracer data to identify regions of enrichment along the water pathways from the subtropics to the equator, and to allow a refined quantification of continental material fluxes. Neodymium data are interpreted with the help of modeled Lagrangian trajectories of an Ocean General Circulation Model. We reveal that upper and lower thermocline waters have different pathways together with different geochemical evolutions. The upper thermocline waters entering the Solomon Sea mainly originate from the central subtropical gyre, enter the Coral Sea in the North Vanuatu Jet and likely receive radiogenic neodymium from the basaltic island margins encountered along their route. The lower thermocline waters entering the Solomon Sea mainly originate from northeast of New Zealand and enter the Coral Sea in the North Caledonian Jet. Depletion of their neodymium content likely occurs when flowing along the Australian and Papua coasts. Downstream from the Solomon Sea, waters flowing along the Papua New Guinea margins near the Sepik river mouth become surprisingly depleted in their neodymium content in the upper thermocline while enriched in the lower thermocline. This coupled approach is proposed as strong support to interpret the origin of the equatorial Pacific natural fertilization through a better understanding of the circulation, important objectives of the international GEOTRACES and SPICE programs, respectively.
Highly conductive iron‐rich (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowüstite and its stability in the Earth's lower mantle
Authors: Ohta K. , Fujino K. , Kuwayama Y. , Kondo T. , Shimizu K. , Ohishi Y. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIt has been repeatedly suggested that an iron‐rich oxide might accumulate on the Earth's core‐mantle boundary by various processes. Recent studies showed that FeO with a rock salt (B1)‐type structure undergoes pressure‐ and temperature‐induced metallization at the Earth's lower mantle conditions. This implies similar metallization or decomposition of the lower mantle phase, (Mg,Fe)O, under high pressure‐temperature conditions. We performed simultaneous X‐ray diffraction and electrical conductivity measurements on (Mg0.20Fe0.80)O and (Mg0.05Fe0.95)O magnesiowüstites up to 140 GPa and 2100 K, and we examined recovered samples by means of an analytical transmission electron microscope. The experiments revealed very high electrical conductivity of the magnesiowüstite samples and their minimal temperature dependence above 85 GPa and 1300 K, yet the samples remained insulators. We also found decomposition of (Mg0.05Fe0.95)O into almost pure FeO and iron‐rich (Mg,Fe)O due to metallization of the FeO component, while such a reaction was not observed in (Mg0.20Fe0.80)O. The observed high electrical conductivity and decomposition of iron‐rich (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowüstite could enhance the heterogeneities in the electrical and thermal conductivity at the Earth's core‐mantle boundary region.
Interview Protocols to Facilitate Human Intelligence Sources' Recollections of Meetings
Authors: Leins Drew A. , Fisher Ronald P. , Pludwinski Leonie , Rivard Jillian , Robertson Belinda 
Published: May 2014

SummaryTwo experiments tested mnemonics for enhancing memory for family meeting occurrences and details. Experiment 1 tested a set of seven mnemonics to facilitate recollections of family meeting occurrences. Mnemonics helped respondents report 70% more event occurrences than were reported during unaided free recall. Experiment 2 tested (i) a revised set of mnemonics to facilitate recollections of family meeting occurrences and (ii) a version of the cognitive interview to facilitate recollections of event details. Similar to Experiment 1, the revised set of mnemonics helped respondents recall double the number of events recalled during unaided free recall. For event details, when compared with a control interview, the cognitive interview elicited more than twice as many person, conversation, action, and setting details. The mnemonics used in these experiments are relatively easy to modify and implement in intelligence‐gathering interviews with human intelligence sources. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitryl Cyanide, NCNO2
Authors: Rahm Martin , Bélanger‐Chabot Guillaume , Haiges Ralf , Christe Karl O. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe elusive nitryl cyanide, NCNO2, has been synthesized and characterized. It was prepared in good yield, isolated by fractional condensation, characterized by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, and studied by theoretical calculations. Nitryl cyanide holds promise as a high energy density material (HEDM) and might also prove useful as a HEDM building block. The simplicity and inherent stability of nitryl cyanide, together with the known multitude of nitriles in interstellar space, suggest that the compound might also be a potential candidate for observations in atmospheric and interstellar chemistry.
Analysis and pharmacokinetic study of curdione in Rhizoma Curcumae by UPLC/QTOF/MS
Authors: Lv Diya , Cao Yan , Dong Xin , Chen Xiaofei , Lou Ziyang , Chai Yifeng 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTAn ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOF/MS) method was established to determine the chemical components of curcuma rhizomes (Ezhu) and their pharmacokinetics. Chromatographic separation was performed by UPLC using a 1.8 µm column in order to obtain good resolution and increase the sensitivity of analysis. Accurate mass measurement within 5 ppm error for each ion produced in positive mode electrospray ionization and the subsequent QTOF product ions enabled 12 compounds to be identified. Several of the identified components, including β‐elemene, curcumol, germacrone and curdione, are thought to be the biologically active ingredients. Quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis was also carried out by UPLC/QTOF/MS. Using 20(S)‐protopanoxadiol as an internal standard, samples were prepared by protein precipitation with methanol. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Extend‐C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 µm) with acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid)–water (0.1% formic acid) for gradient elution. Curdione calibration plots were linear over the range of 0.1–12.2 µg/mL for curdione in plasma with the lower quantification limit being 6.5 ng/mL, and the recovery from plasma was about 105.2%. The RSD for both intra‐ and inter‐day precision was <9.9%. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry study of nilutamide and its stress degradation products: in silico toxicity prediction of degradation products
Authors: Ramesh Babu A. , Borkar Roshan M. , Raju G. , Raju B. , Srinivas R. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTNilutamide, a nonsteroidal anti‐androgen drug, widely used in the treatment of prostate cancer, was subjected to hydrolytic, photolytic, thermal and oxidative stress conditions as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines Q1A (R2). Nilutamide showed significant degradation under basic hydrolysis and photolytic stress conditions, while it was stable to neutral, acidic and thermal stress conditions. Five degradation products were formed and the chromatographic separation of nilutamide and its degradation products was achieved on a Waters C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% of formic acid in an isocratic elution method. All these degradation products were characterized by LC/MS/MS in negative ion mode, combined with accurate mass measurements. To assign likely structures for the observed degradation products, the fragmentation patterns of the deprotonated drug and its degradation products were compared. The in silico toxicity of the drug and its degradation products was also assessed using TOPKAT software. The carcinogenicity probability of the degradation products, DP‐I–IV, was greater than that of nilutamide. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of HPLC‐UV method for rapid and sensitive analysis of topically applied tetracaine: its comparison with a CZE method
Authors: Al‐Otaibi Faisal , Ghazaly Essam , Johnston Atholl , Perrett David 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTTopically applied tetracaine is a local anaesthetic. A novel HPLC method for the rapid and sensitive analysis of tetracaine was developed and compared with a short end direction capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method. The method was developed and validated for the separation and quantification of tetracaine in skin samples removed by ‘tape‐stripping’. Tetracaine was extracted from tape with 100% methanol, which was then diluted to 50% with water for injection. Tetracaine and the internal standard, procaine, were separated on a reversed‐phase Luna PFP(2), 3 µm, 150 × 4.6 mm column at ambient temperature using isocratic elution with KH2PO4 buffer (pH 2.5) and methanol (35:65, v/v). The flow rate was 1 mL/min, with detection at 312 nm. The limit of quantification for tetracaine was 0.03 µg/mL. Calibration lines were linear with r2 values >0.99. The within‐ and between‐assay imprecision and the percentage of inaccuracy for the QC samples including lower and upper limits of quantitation were <6 and <10%. The absolute mean recovery of tetracaine was >92%. Compared with CZE, the mean percentage error and the absolute mean percentage error were 0.62 and 6.29, respectively. The two methods were compared in a number of pharmacokinetic studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.