bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corsaires vs pirates ou la formation d’un partenariat
public-privé pour l’établissement d’un
dispositif permanent face à la menace pirate
Authors: Lara Valentin 
Published: July 2015

De toutes les menaces pesant sur la sûreté maritime, la piraterie est certainement celle qui a le plus fait parler d’elle ces dernières années. À la suite d’une série d’attaques inouïes de par leur niveau de violence, la communauté internationale dépêcha en 2008 une flotte militaire au large des côtes somaliennes afin d’y restaurer l’ordre et la sécurité. Toutefois, face aux coûts importants engendrés par un tel dispositif, une certaine doctrine n’a pas hésité à soutenir un recours accru au secteur privé dans le cadre de la lutte contre la piraterie. Pour ce faire, la question de la résurgence des lettres de marque, qui permettaient autrefois la guerre de course, fut notamment abordée. Cette tentative d’employer le système corsaire d’antan dans le contexte des enjeux maritimes du XXIe siècle n’est pas sans poser des questions sur la compatibilité d’un tel dispositif avec le droit international moderne. Bien loin d’écarter la pertinence d’un recours accru au secteur privé, l’auteur met toutefois l’accent sur la nécessité d’établir un système durable au sein duquel les entreprises pourront participer aux interventions navales présentes et futures. Après avoir établi les conditions d’usage des lettres de marque par les États, l’auteur suggère fortement la formation d’un partenariat entre le secteur public et le secteur privé, dont les modalités devront écarter tous risques inhérents au recours à des sociétés militaires privées.
De la compassion dans la consommation : le bannissement de la commercialisation des produits dérivés du phoque en sol européen et la défense de moralité publique à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce
Authors: Plouffe-Malette Kristine 
Published: July 2015

Les différends commerciaux qui font valoir une défense de moralité publique n’ont occupé et n’occupent encore à ce jour que peu de place au sein des groupes spéciaux et de l’Organe d’appel de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). Cette défense, véhiculée sous la forme d’une exception, n’a été soumise qu’à trois reprises aux « juges » de l’OMC, soit dans les affaires États-Unis – Jeux, Chine – Publications et produits audiovisuels et CE – Produits dérivés du phoque. La doctrine a depuis formulé plusieurs hypothèses qui consistent en autant de typologies des mesures dites de moralité publique. Le dernier différend en la matière, opposant le Canada et la Norvège à l’Union européenne, a permis d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur cette exception en proposant un nouveau test de moralité. Celui-ci est formulé en deux étapes : (1) la détermination de la préoccupation des citoyens et (2) la qualification de moralité publique de la préoccupation des citoyens. L’énoncé comme la mise en oeuvre de ce test commandent que l’on s’y attarde afin d’en mesurer les effets et d’en comprendre les subtilités. Il sera principalement démontré que le Groupe spécial, confirmé sur ce point par l’Organe d’appel, semble s’écarter des précédents enseignements en matière de moralité publique en exigeant une justification de nature internationale de la préoccupation citoyenne, laquelle doit également être soutenue par une preuve de nature nationale, pour se voir reconnaître au titre d’exception commerciale de moralité publique.
La prohibition en droit français des conventions de procréation et de gestation pour le compte d’autrui : analyse critique à partir de quelques observations du droit québécois
Authors: Ouedraogo Richard 
Published: July 2015

Au début du mois d’août 2014, le monde a
été témoin d’un effroyable fait divers
australo-thaïlandais, mettant en lumière les pires
dérives de l’internationalisation des fameux
« contrats de mère porteuse ». En effet,
l’abandon par un couple « commanditaire »
d’un enfant trisomique à sa mère porteuse a
suscité une grande émotion; il a aussi mis en
évidence la nécessité, en Occident comme partout
ailleurs, de mener un débat de fond pour évoluer vers des
législations plus responsables en matière de filiation,
qui respectent la dignité et l’intérêt de
l’enfant. C’est dans ce contexte que le présent
article se propose de remonter aux origines de la prohibition par le
droit français des contrats de mère porteuse, pour mettre
en évidence les fondements et les conséquences pratiques
pour les tribunaux. En procédant à une analyse
comparée des récentes réponses apportées
par les juges français et québécois à cette
problématique de l’encadrement des contrats de mère
porteuse, l’on tentera de proposer quelques pistes de
réflexion pour contribuer au débat en cours aussi bien en
France qu’au Québec.
Mental Health and Health-Related Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis Caregivers in Mexico
Authors: Leibach Gillian G. , Stern Marilyn , Arelis Adriana Aguayo , Islas Miguel Angel Macias , Barajas Brenda Viridiana Rábago 
Published: July 2015

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) rates are increasing in Latin America, and caregiving for an individual with MS is associated with poorer mental and physical health outcomes. No existing research has examined the relation between mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in MS caregivers in Latin America.Methods: The present study examined the association between mental health (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and HRQOL (36-item Short Form Health Status Survey) in 81 Mexican MS caregivers.Results: A canonical correlation analysis uncovered a large, significant overall association between mental health and HRQOL, with 52.7% of the variance shared between the two sets of constructs. When individual canonical loadings were examined in this analysis, the most substantial pattern that emerged was between depression and general health. Four regressions controlling for demographic variables found that HRQOL uniquely accounted for 19.0% of the variance in caregiver anxiety, 32.5% in depression, 13.5% in satisfaction with life, and 14.3% in self-esteem.Conclusions: These findings demonstrated a strong association between HRQOL and mental health, which points to directions for future studies on interventions for MS caregivers, particularly in Mexican and other Latino populations.
Development of a Bilingual MS-Specific Health Classification System
Authors: Kuspinar Ayse , Bouchard Vanessa , Moriello Carolina , Mayo Nancy E. 
Published: July 2015

Objective: The global aim of this study was to contribute to the development of the Preference-Based Multiple Sclerosis Index (PBMSI). The specific objective of this foundational work was to qualitatively review the items selected for inclusion in the PBMSI using expert and patient feedback.Methods: Cognitive interviews were conducted with patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in English and French. The verbal probing method was used to conduct the interviews. For each PBMSI item, the interviewer probed for specific information on what types of difficulty participants had with the item and the basis for their response for each item. Furthermore, respondents were asked to provide information on the clarity of the item, the meaning of the item, the appropriateness of the response options, and the recall period. All interviews were recorded using a digital voice recorder and were transcribed onto a computer.Results: The mean age of the 22 respondents was 52 years, and 82% were women. Mean time since diagnosis was 12 years, and the highest level of education completed was university or college for 86% of the sample. Modifications were made to each item in terms of recall period, instructions, and phrasing.Conclusions: Patient and expert feedback allowed us to clarify items, simplify language, and make items more uniform in terms of their instructions and response options. This qualitative review process will increase accuracy of reporting and reduce measurement error for the PBMSI.
Antiretroviral pre‐exposure prophylaxis implementation in the United States: a work in progress
Authors: Mayer Kenneth H , Hosek Sybil , Cohen Stephanie , Liu Albert , Pickett Jim , Warren Mitchell , Krakower Douglas , Grant Robert 
Published: July 2015

IntroductionAfter the initial approval of the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate‐emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2012 for anti‐HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), uptake was initially limited, but more recent community surveys and expert opinion suggest wider acceptance in some key populations.DiscussionDemonstration projects are underway to determine the best practices in the United States to identify at‐risk individuals in primary care and sexually transmitted disease clinics who could benefit from PrEP. Studies of PrEP in combination with behavioural interventions are being evaluated. Studies to evaluate the use of PrEP by HIV‐uninfected women in HIV‐discordant couples interested in safe conception are also getting underway. The optimal deployment of PrEP as part of a comprehensive national HIV/AIDS strategy in the United States has been limited by lack of knowledge among some at‐risk people and by some medical providers indicating that they do not feel sufficiently knowledgeable and comfortable in prescribing PrEP. Studies are underway to determine how to assist busy clinicians to determine which of their patients could benefit from PrEP. Although most federal health insurance programmes will cover most of the costs associated with PrEP, underinsured patients in states that have not enacted health reform face additional challenges in paying for PrEP medication and appropriate clinical monitoring.ConclusionsPrEP implementation in the United States is a work in progress, with increasing awareness and uptake among some individuals in key populations.
Aripiprazole long-acting injectable (ABILIFY MAINTENA) for treatment of schizophrenia
Authors: Saklad Stephen R. , Kreys Tiffany-Jade , Phan Stephanie 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Patients with schizophrenia often relapse as a result of medication nonadherence.

Methods
Long-acting injectable antipsychotics have been developed to improve medication adherence rates in this patient population.

Results
Aripiprazole long-acting injection (LAI), branded Abilify Maintena®, received Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of schizophrenia in February of 2013. Aripiprazole LAI is the fourth intramuscular second-generation antipsychotic indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia.

Discussion
This manuscript reviews important clinical information regarding its use as well as efficacy and tolerability data.
Kinetic simulations of secondary reconnection in the reconnection jet
Authors: Huang S. Y. , Zhou M. , Yuan Z. G. , Fu H. S. , He J. S. , Sahraoui F. , Aunai N. , Deng X. H. , Fu S. , Pang Y. , Wang D. D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMagnetic reconnection, as one important energy dissipation process in plasmas, has been extensively studied in the past several decades. Magnetic reconnection occurring in the downstream of a primary X line is referred to as secondary reconnection. In this paper, we used kinetic simulations to investigate the secondary reconnection in detail. We found that secondary reconnection is reversed by the compression caused by the outflowing jet originating from the primary reconnection site, which results in the erosion of the magnetic island between the two X lines within ~3 ωci−1. We show the observational signatures expected in electromagnetic fields and plasma measurements in the Earth's magnetotail, associated with this mechanism. These simulation results could be applied to interpret the signatures associated with the evolution of earthward magnetic islands in the Earth's magnetotail.
Asymmetric electrostatic environment around spacecraft in weakly streaming plasmas
Authors: Miyake Y. , Nishimura Y. , Kasaba Y. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe double‐probe electric field measurements in drifting plasmas are subject to spurious effects caused by asymmetric electrostatic structure near scientific spacecraft. Some in situ observations just outside the plasmasphere detected spurious electric fields due to such environmental asymmetry even in subsonic ion flows across the magnetic field line. We have performed three‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations, which allow us to include long and extremely thin wire booms as well as a spacecraft chassis, and investigated an electrostatic environment that accounts for the observations. The present simulations reveal that even subsonic ion flows can produce an appreciable potential difference between the upstream and downstream sides of the spacecraft, and the potential difference would be detected as a spurious field of a few mV/m. The necessary condition for the spurious field is a relatively high (a few tens of V) spacecraft potential, and also the spacecraft potential hump needs to be expanded by thin wire booms biased at the spacecraft potential. The analysis also reveals that the presence of a heavy ion flow and a field‐aligned ion upflow can further enhance the spurious field up to 5 mV/m.
Dynamics of an assembly of rigid ice floes
Authors: Rabatel Matthias , Labbé Stéphane , Weiss Jérôme 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we present a model describing the dynamics of a population of ice floes with arbitrary shapes and sizes, which are exposed to atmospheric and oceanic skin drag. The granular model presented is based on simplified momentum equations for ice floe motion between collisions and on the resolution of linear complementarity problems to deal with ice floe collisions. Between collisions, the motion of an individual ice floe satisfies the linear and angular momentum conservation equations, with classical formula applied to account for atmospheric and oceanic skin drag. To deal with collisions, before they lead to interpenetration, we included a linear complementarity problem based on the Signorini condition and Coulombs law. The nature of the contact is described through a constant coefficient of friction μ, as well as a coefficient of restitution
describing the loss of kinetic energy during the collision. In the present version of our model, this coefficient is fixed. The model was validated using data obtained from the motion of interacting artificial wood floes in a test basin. The results of simulations comprising few hundreds of ice floes of various shapes and sizes, exposed to different forcing scenarios, and under different configurations, are also discussed. They show that the progressive clustering of ice floes as the result of kinetic energy dissipation during collisions is well captured, and suggest a collisional regimes of floe dispersion at small scales, different from a large‐scale regime essentially driven by wind forcing.
Separating the influence of projected changes in air temperature and wind on patterns of sea level change and ocean heat content
Authors: Saenko Oleg A. , Yang Duo , Gregory Jonathan M. , Spence Paul , Myers Paul G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe present ocean model sensitivity experiments aimed at separating the influence of the projected changes in the “thermal” (near‐surface air temperature) and “wind” (near‐surface winds) forcing on the patterns of sea level and ocean heat content. In the North Atlantic, the distribution of sea level change is more due to the “thermal” forcing, whereas it is more due to the “wind” forcing in the North Pacific; in the Southern Ocean, the “thermal” and “wind” forcing have a comparable influence. In the ocean adjacent to Antarctica the “thermal” forcing leads to an inflow of warmer waters on the continental shelves, which is somewhat attenuated by the “wind” forcing. The structure of the vertically integrated heat uptake is set by different processes at low and high latitudes: at low latitudes it is dominated by the heat transport convergence, whereas at high latitudes it represents a small residual of changes in the surface flux and advection of heat. The structure of the horizontally integrated heat content tendency is set by the increase of downward heat flux by the mean circulation and comparable decrease of upward heat flux by the subgrid‐scale processes; the upward eddy heat flux decreases and increases by almost the same magnitude in response to, respectively, the “thermal” and “wind” forcing. Regionally, the surface heat loss and deep convection weaken in the Labrador Sea, but intensify in the Greenland Sea in the region of sea ice retreat. The enhanced heat flux anomaly in the subpolar Atlantic is mainly caused by the “thermal” forcing.
Architecture and structural evolution of an early Little Ice Age terminal moraine at the surge‐type glacier Múlajökull, Iceland
Authors: Benediktsson Ívar Örn , Schomacker Anders , Johnson Mark D. , Geiger Alessa J. , Ingólfsson Ólafur , Guðmundsdóttir Esther Ruth 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe internal architecture and structural evolution of the Arnarfellsmúlar terminal moraine at Múlajökull, a surge‐type glacier in central Iceland, is described in order to demonstrate submarginal and proglacial glaciotectonic processes during glacier surging, as well as constraining the age of the maximum extent of the glacier. The moraine is 4–7 m high, 50–100 m wide, and composed of a highly deformed sequence of loess, peat, and tephra that is draped by till up to the crest. The internal architecture is dominated by steep, high‐amplitude overturned folds and thrusts in the crest zone but open, low‐amplitude folds on the distal slope. Section balancing suggests a basal detachment (décollement) depth of 1.4 m and a total horizontal shortening of around 59%. This implies that the glacier coupled to the foreland about 70 m up glacier from its terminal position to initiate the formation of the moraine. The structural evolution is polyphase in that the formation commenced with low‐amplitude open folding of the foreland, followed by overfolding and piggyback thrusting. Radiocarbon dating and analysis of tephra layers, along with historical references, indicate that the most likely time of moraine formation was between A.D. 1717 and 1760, which suggests that Múlajökull had its Little Ice Age maximum and most extensive surge earlier than many other surge‐type glaciers in Iceland.
Effects of episodic flooding on the net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a supratidal wetland in the Yellow River Delta
Authors: Han Guangxuan , Chu Xiaojing , Xing Qinghui , Li Dejun , Yu Junbao , Luo Yiqi , Wang Guangmei , Mao Peili , Rafique Rashad 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEpisodic flooding due to intense rainfall events is characteristic in many wetlands, which may modify wetland‐atmosphere exchange of CO2. However, the degree to which episodic flooding affects net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) is poorly documented in supratidal wetlands of coastal zone, where rainfall‐driven episodic flooding often occurs. To address this issue, the ecosystem CO2 fluxes were continuously measured using the eddy covariance technique for 4 years (2010–2013) in a supratidal wetland in the Yellow River Delta. Our results showed that over the growing season, the daily average uptake in the supratidal wetland was −1.4, −1.3, −1.0, and −1.3 g C m−2 d−1 for 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. On the annual scale, the supratidal wetland functioned as a strong sink for atmospheric CO2, with the annual NEE of −223, −164, and −247 g C m−2 yr−1 for 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. The mean diurnal pattern of NEE exhibited a smaller range of variation before episodic flooding than after it. Episodic flooding reduced the average daytime net CO2 uptake and the maximum rates of photosynthesis. In addition, flooding clearly suppressed the nighttime CO2 release from the wetland but increased its temperature sensitivity. Therefore, effects of episodic flooding on the direction and magnitude of NEE should be considered when predicting the ecosystem responses to future climate change in supratidal wetlands.
Virus‐Inspired Mimics Based on Dendritic Lipopeptides for Efficient Tumor‐Specific Infection and Systemic Drug Delivery
Authors: Zhang Zhijun , Zhang Xiao , Xu Xianghui , Li Yunkun , Li Yachao , Zhong Dan , He Yiyan , Gu Zhongwei 
Published: July 2015

Herein, multifunctional mimics of viral architectures and infections self‐assembled from tailor‐made dendritic lipopeptides for programmed targeted drug delivery are reported. These viral mimics not only have virus‐like components and nanostructures, but also possess virus‐like infections to solid tumor and tumor cells. Encouragingly, the viral mimics provide the following distinguished features for tumor‐specific systemic delivery: i) stealthy surface to resist protein interactions and prolong circulation time in blood, ii) well‐defined nanostructure for passive targeting to solid tumor site, iii) charge‐tunable shielding for tumor extracellular pH targeting, iv) receptor‐mediated targeting to enhance tumor‐specific uptake, and v) supramolecular lysine‐rich architectures mimicking viral subcellular targeting for efficient endosomal escape and nuclear delivery. This bioinspired design make in vivo tumor suppression by drug‐loaded viral mimics against BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 tumor greatly exceed the positive control group (more than three times). More importantly, viral mimics hold great potentials to reduce side effects and decrease tumor metastasis after systemic administration.
Ligand Effect and Control of E‐ and Z‐Selectivity in the Silver‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 4‐Bromooxazolines
Authors: Wong Valerie H. L. , White Andrew J. P. , Hor T. S. Andy , Hii King Kuok (Mimi) 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe stereospecific intramolecular hydroamination of alkynyl trichloroacetimidates catalyzed by bis(pyridyl)silver(I) complexes to form 1,3‐oxazolines and oxazines has been investigated in greater detail. The rate of the reaction is profoundly influenced by the electronic character of the pyridyl ligand; leading to optimized conditions whereby reactions can be completed at ambient temperature with catalyst loadings as low as 1 mol%, while maintaining stereoselectivity towards the (Z)‐isomer. Further investigations into establishing the role of the ligand, and the synthesis of (E)‐isomer, are also presented.magnified image
An Efficient Protocol for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Decarboxylative Allylic Alkylation Using Low Palladium Concentrations and a Palladium(II) Precatalyst
Authors: Marziale Alexander N. , Duquette Douglas C. , Craig Robert A. , Kim Kelly E. , Liniger Marc , Numajiri Yoshitaka , Stoltz Brian M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEnantioselective catalytic allylic alkylation for the synthesis of 2‐alkyl‐2‐allylcycloalkanones and 3,3‐disubstituted pyrrolidinones, piperidinones and piperazinones has been previously reported by our laboratory. The efficient construction of chiral all‐carbon quaternary centers by allylic alkylation was previously achieved with a catalyst derived in situ from zero‐valent palladium sources and chiral phosphinooxazoline (PHOX) ligands. We now report an improved reaction protocol with broad applicability among different substrate classes in industry‐compatible reaction media using loadings of palladium(II) acetate as low as 0.075 mol% and the readily available chiral PHOX ligands. The novel and highly efficient procedure enables facile scale‐up of the reaction in an economical and sustainable fashion.magnified image