bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation between spin structure oscillations and domain wall velocities
Authors: Bisig André , Stärk Martin , Mawass Mohamad-Assaad , Moutafis Christoforos , Rhensius Jan , Heidler Jakoba , Büttner Felix , Noske Matthias , Weigand Markus , Eisebitt Stefan , Tyliszczak Tolek , Van Waeyenberge Bartel , Stoll Hermann , Schütz Gisela , Kläui Mathias 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMagnetic sensing and logic devices based on the motion of magnetic domain walls rely on the precise and deterministic control of the position and the velocity of individual magnetic domain walls in curved nanowires. Varying domain wall velocities have been predicted to result from intrinsic effects such as oscillating domain wall spin structure transformations and extrinsic pinning due to imperfections. Here we use direct dynamic imaging of the nanoscale spin structure that allows us for the first time to directly check these predictions. We find a new regime of oscillating domain wall motion even below the Walker breakdown correlated with periodic spin structure changes. We show that the extrinsic pinning from imperfections in the nanowire only affects slow domain walls and we identify the magnetostatic energy, which scales with the domain wall velocity, as the energy reservoir for the domain wall to overcome the local pinning potential landscape.
Adaptive behavior of marine cellular clouds
Authors: Koren Ilan , Feingold Graham 
Published: August 2013

AbstractShallow marine clouds appear in two formations - open cells that are weakly reflective and closed cells that are more reflective and hence more effective at cooling the climate system. Lagrangian satellite data analysis reveals that open cells oscillate, forming and disappearing with a periodicity of ~3 hours. In contrast, closed cells maintain rigid structures for periods of more than 10 hours, suggesting that self-organisation breaks the link between the lifetime and the scale of a convective entity. These dynamical states are linked to two theoretical solutions of population dynamics.
Measurement of normalised radar cross‐section of polystyrene foam at 60 GHz
Authors: Kaneko K. , Seki K. , Ihara T. 
Published: August 2013

The backscattering measurement of a rectangular solid volume of polystyrene foam (width: 0.92 m; height: 0.9 m; depth: 1.82 m) carried out at frequencies ranging from 59 to 60 GHz is described with horizontal polarisation for both transmission and reception antennas. The volume fraction of polystyrene in the measured material is about 0.01. The normalised radar cross‐section of the measured polystyrene foam sample is estimated as 2.9 × 10−3(±3 × 10−4) m2/m3 by using the range‐resolved data of the backscattered power arising from inside of the polystyrene foam volume. When using polystyrene foam as a support for radar targets in radar measurements, this result is considered useful for quantitatively estimating the intensity of the unwanted backscattered waves due to the foam.
Low‐noise and high‐gain wideband LNA with gm‐boosting technique
Authors: Li Zhiqun , Chen Liang , Wang Zengqi , Wu Chenjian , Cao Jia , Zhang Meng , Wang Chong , Liu Yang , Wang Zhigong 
Published: August 2013

A broadband low‐noise amplifier (LNA) is proposed. The active gm‐boosting technique is utilised to reduce the common‐gate (CG) LNA noise figure and improve gain. An implemented prototype using 0.13 μm CMOS technology is evaluated using on‐wafer probing. S11 and S22 are below − 10 dB across 0.1–5 GHz. Measurements show a power gain of 18.3 dB with a − 3 dB bandwidth from 100 MHz to 2.1 GHz and an IIP3 of − 7 dBm at 2 GHz. The measured noise figure is better than 2.5 dB below 2.1 GHz, better than 4.5 dB below 5 GHz and at 500 MHz it obtains its minimum value 1.8 dB. The LNA consumes 14 mW from 1.5 V supply and occupies an area of 0.04 mm2.
Design of rectifier with extended operating input power range
Authors: Sun H.C. , Zhong Z. , Guo Y.X. 
Published: August 2013

A novel rectifier with a considerably extended operating input power range is presented for wireless power transmission applications. The rectifier utilises a depletion‐mode to enhance the diode's breakdown voltage while its built‐in voltage is preserved. As a result, in comparison with traditional rectifiers, this proposed rectifier can achieve a high RF‐to‐DC conversion efficiency in a much wider input power range. Measurement results show that a conversion efficiency of more than 50% can be obtained over the input power range from − 13.5 to 16.7 dBm, proving that this rectifier is suitable for the wireless power transmission applications with varying input power levels.
Tuning power spectrum of semiconductor and intracavity‐etalon based modelocked laser via detuning
Authors: Seo D.S. , Leaird D.E. , Weiner A.M. 
Published: August 2013

A report is presented on the tuning of the frequency envelope of a broadband comb source generated from a semiconductor‐based modelocked ring laser with an intracavity high finesse Fabry‐Pérot etalon (FPE). By deliberately adjusting the matching condition between FPE transmission peaks and lasing optical comb frequencies, ∼ 7 nm tuning of more than 200 optical frequency comb lines spaced by 10 GHz is achieved.
Tapping unsustainable groundwater stores for agricultural production in the High Plains Aquifer of Kansas, projections to 2110
Authors: Steward David R. , Bruss Paul J. , Yang Xiaoying , Staggenborg Scott A. , Welch Stephen M. , Apley Michael D. 
Published: August 2013

Significance
Society faces the multifaceted crossroads dilemma of sustainably balancing today’s livelihood with future resource needs. Currently, agriculture is tapping the High Plains Aquifer beyond natural replenishment rates to grow irrigated crops and livestock that augment global food stocks, and science-based information is needed to guide choices. We present new methods to project trends in groundwater pumping and irrigated corn and cattle production. Although production declines are inevitable, scenario analysis substantiates the impacts of increasing near-term water savings, which would extend the usable lifetime of the aquifer, increase net production, and generate a less dramatic production decline.
Learning-induced neural plasticity of speech processing before birth
Authors: Partanen Eino , Kujala Teija , Näätänen Risto , Liitola Auli , Sambeth Anke , Huotilainen Minna 
Published: August 2013

Significance
Learning, the foundation of adaptive and intelligent behavior, is based on changes in neural assemblies and reflected by the modulation of electric brain responses. In infancy, long-term memory traces are formed by auditory learning, improving discrimination skills, in particular those relevant for speech perception and understanding. Here we show direct neural evidence that neural memory traces are formed by auditory learning prior to birth. Our findings indicate that prenatal experiences have a remarkable influence on the brain’s auditory discrimination accuracy, which may support, for example, language acquisition during infancy. Consequently, our results also imply that it might be possible to support early auditory development and potentially compensate for difficulties of genetic nature, such as language impairment or dyslexia.
Comparative genomics boosts target prediction for bacterial small RNAs
Authors: Wright Patrick R. , Richter Andreas S. , Papenfort Kai , Mann Martin , Vogel Jörg , Hess Wolfgang R. , Backofen Rolf , Georg Jens 
Published: August 2013

Significance
This study presents a unique approach (CopraRNA, for Comparative Prediction Algorithm for sRNA Targets) towards reliably predicting the targets of bacterial small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs). These molecules are important regulators of gene expression. Their detailed analysis thus far has been hampered by the lack of reliable algorithms to predict their mRNA targets. CopraRNA integrates phylogenetic information to predict sRNA targets at the genomic scale, reconstructs regulatory networks upon functional enrichment and network analysis, and predicts the sRNA domains for target recognition and interaction. Our results demonstrate that CopraRNA substantially improves the bioinformatic prediction of target genes and opens the field for the application to nonmodel bacteria.
Cone photoreceptor types in zebrafish are generated by symmetric terminal divisions of dedicated precursors
Authors: Suzuki Sachihiro C. , Bleckert Adam , Williams Philip R. , Takechi Masaki , Kawamura Shoji , Wong Rachel O. L. 
Published: August 2013

Significance
Color vision requires multiple types of cone photoreceptors, each with peak sensitivity to a specific wavelength. How different cone types are generated in vivo is not clear. We show that there are precursor cells individually dedicated to producing a single cone type. We tracked cone genesis in vivo in transgenic zebrafish in which red cones and their progenitors express fluorescent protein driven by the thyroid hormone receptor β2 promoter. We discovered that red cones are generated by symmetric terminal divisions of a red-cone precursor. Moreover, UV, blue, and green cones also have their own dedicated precursors. Thyroid hormone receptor β2 expression in cone precursors is required to produce pure red cones, whereas expression after cell division results in cones with mixed opsins.
Arginase regulates red blood cell nitric oxide synthase and export of cardioprotective nitric oxide bioactivity
Authors: Yang Jiangning , Gonon Adrian T. , Sjöquist Per-Ove , Lundberg Jon O. , Pernow John 
Published: August 2013

Significance
Nitric oxide from endothelial cells is important for regulating cardiovascular function. Recent data suggest that red blood cells are a source for nitric oxide. We examined the function of red blood cell nitric oxide and the regulation of its formation by the enzyme arginase. We show that red blood cells contain arginase that inhibits nitric oxide export. The function was tested in a heart model subjected to ischemia. The recovery of heart function after ischemia was improved following inhibition of red blood cell arginase. This effect depended on the specific protein producing nitric oxide. The results demonstrate an important function by red blood cells in regulating heart function during ischemia via nitric oxide production under tight control by arginase.
Structure of the transition state for the binding of c-Myb and KIX highlights an unexpected order for a disordered system
Authors: Giri Rajanish , Morrone Angela , Toto Angelo , Brunori Maurizio , Gianni Stefano 
Published: August 2013

Significance
A considerable fraction of proteins, although functional, does not display a well-ordered native state, posing the structure–function dogma into question. Although different models have been described, the role of protein disorder is still shrouded in mystery. Here, we investigate the mechanism of recognition between an intrinsically unstructured protein and its partner. Unexpectedly, we found the binding to occur with a very high degree of geometrical precision, suggesting that a potential value of disorder is not, in this case, to be searched in the speeding up of the reaction thanks to an increased capture radius. Given that in the cell disordered polypeptides may be more vulnerable than folded domains, the advantage in being natively unfolded remains a conundrum.
Complement modulates the cutaneous microbiome and inflammatory milieu
Authors: Chehoud Christel , Rafail Stavros , Tyldsley Amanda S. , Seykora John T. , Lambris John D. , Grice Elizabeth A. 
Published: August 2013

SignificanceHealthy skin is colonized by a diversity of microbiota. Little is known regarding how the host immune response influences the skin microbiota. We demonstrate a role for complement, a key component of innate immunity, in host–microbe interactions of the skin. Inhibiting a key component of the complement cascade reduced diversity and altered composition of the skin microbiota, parallel to a reduction in skin inflammatory cell infiltration and downregulation of skin defense and immune gene expression. Further, we find that the commensal skin microbiota regulates the expression of complement genes in the skin. These results suggest an interactive role between complement and the microbial ecosystem of the skin and could have important implications for inflammatory and/or infectious skin disorders.
Overlapping gene coexpression patterns in human medullary thymic epithelial cells generate self-antigen diversity
Authors: Pinto Sheena , Michel Chloé , Schmidt-Glenewinkel Hannah , Harder Nathalie , Rohr Karl , Wild Stefan , Brors Benedikt , Kyewski Bruno 
Published: August 2013

Significance
The ability of the immune system to distinguish self from foreign (“self-tolerance”) is largely established in the thymus, a primary lymphoid organ where T cells develop. Intriguingly, T cells encounter most tissue-specific constituents already in the thymus, thus imposing a broad scope of tolerance before T cells circulate through the body. This preemption of the “immunological self” is afforded by the “promiscuous” expression of numerous tissue-specific antigens in medullary thymic epithelial cells. Here, we identified principles by which promiscuous gene expression at the single-cell level adds up to the full diversity of self-antigens displayed at the population level.
Structural insights into the interaction of IL-33 with its receptors
Authors: Liu Xi , Hammel Michal , He Yanfeng , Tainer John A. , Jeng U-Ser , Zhang Linqi , Wang Shuying , Wang Xinquan 
Published: August 2013

Significance
Interleukin (IL)-33 exerts its biological effects by binding to its specific primary receptor ST2 and the coreceptor IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). Through determining the crystal structure of IL-33 with ST2, we define the molecular basis for their specific recognition and propose that surface-charge complementarity is critical in determining ligand-binding specificity of IL-1 primary receptors. Small-angle X-ray–scattering studies also reveal that ST2 possesses significant interdomain flexibility, which is not present in the coreceptor IL-1RAcP. These molecular features are consistent with their respective roles in ligand binding and signal transduction on cell surface. Small-angle X-ray–scattering results also support and extend a detailed stepwise model for ligand–receptor assembly and activation in the IL-1 family.
Contribution of solar radiation to decadal temperature variability over land
Authors: Wang Kaicun , Dickinson Robert E. 
Published: August 2013

SignificanceGlobal air temperature has become the primary metric for judging global climate change. The variability of global temperature on a decadal timescale is still poorly understood. This paper shows that surface incident solar radiation (Rs) over land globally peaked in the 1930s, substantially decreased from the 1940s to the 1970s, and changed little after that. The cooling effect of this reduction ofRsaccounts in part for the near-constant temperature from the 1930s into the 1970s. Since then, neither the rapid increase in temperature from the 1970s through the 1990s nor the slowdown of warming in the early twenty-first century appear to be significantly related to changes ofRs.
Protoribosome by quantum kernel energy method
Authors: Huang Lulu , Krupkin Miri , Bashan Anat , Yonath Ada , Massa Lou 
Published: August 2013

SignificanceThe ribosome is essential to life as it functions as “the protein factory” that translates the genetic code into proteins. A universally conserved region around its major active site, where the nascent proteins are being created, was identified in all contemporary ribosomes. Thus, it seems to be a remnant of an entity from the prebiotic RNA world, hence called the “protoribosome.” Using quantum mechanics and crystal coordinates of this region, we aimed at answering the question of whether the putative protoribosome has properties essential to function as an evolutionary precursor to the modern ribosome. Our findings show that the necessary conditions that would characterize a practicable protoribosome, namely energetic structural stability and energetically stable attachment to substrates, are well satisfied.
Bidirectional communication between oocytes and ovarian follicular somatic cells is required for meiotic arrest of mammalian oocytes
Authors: Wigglesworth Karen , Lee Kyung-Bon , O’Brien Marilyn J. , Peng Jia , Matzuk Martin M. , Eppig John J. 
Published: August 2013

Significance
The fertility of mammalian females depends upon the coordinated development of ovarian follicles and the developing eggs, called oocytes, contained within them. It has been known for many years that the somatic cells of follicles arrest the progression of meiosis in the oocyte until both the follicle and the oocyte are fully developed and ready for ovulation and fertilization. Here we show that, although the somatic compartment of ovarian follicles clearly plays an essential role in the maintenance of oocyte meiotic arrest, this function of the somatic cells is regulated by signals from the oocyte itself.
A history of bacterial meningitis from antiquity to modern times.
Authors: Christodoulides M. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

This chapter outlines the history of bacterial meningitis, highlighting prevailing concepts during the period from Hippocrates to the Renaissance, and the major contributions of 18th- and 19th-century scientists (including Swiss and French scientists) toward understanding the signs, symptoms, pathogenesis, and bacterial aetiology of meningitis.
Evidence-based clinical examination of meningitis.
Authors: Curtis S. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

This chapter describes the strength of evidence supporting the use of individual purported clinical features as diagnostic tests for meningitis, as used in the process of weighing an individual patient's risk of having the disease prior to the administration of the more definitive gold standard diagnostic test of cerebrospinal fluid analysis. The evidence is described in both children and adults, and recommendations for further research are given.
Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis.
Authors: Klein M. , Hammerschmidt S. , Koedel U. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

This chapter reviews the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis, illustrating that, in order to infect the central nervous system via the bloodstream, the pathogen has first to colonize and then cross the mucosa of the nasopharynx, survive and proliferate in the bloodstream, pass the blood-brain barrier and/or blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and finally replicate in the subarachnoid space. The cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, matrix metalloproteinases, and other biomolecules involved in the inflammatory process are described. Novel treatment strategies for pneumococcal meningitis are discussed, including the use of non-bacteriolytic antibiotics, antioxidants, and antiinflammatory agents.
Escherichia coli meningitis.
Authors: Kim K. S. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

This chapter reviews the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in Escherichia coli meningitis; the mechanisms of E. coli translocation of the BBB; the relationship between the magnitude of bacteraemia and the development of E. coli meningitis; E. coli binding to and invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs); functional genomics of E. coli; and strategies for preventing E. coli penetration into the brain.
Meningitis in neuroborreliosis.
Authors: Cadavid D. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

This chapter describes the clinical aspects and antibiotic treatment of meningitis associated with Lyme disease and relapsing fever. Pathogen virulence factors, host immune response, and brain tissue damage involved in Borrelia meningitis are also discussed. Findings from mouse models of Borrelia meningitis are summarized.
Moderate Hyperventilation during Intravenous Anesthesia Increases Net Cerebral Lactate Efflux
Authors: Grüne Frank , Kazmaier Stephan , Sonntag Hans , Stolker Robert Jan , Weyland Andreas 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background:
Hyperventilation is known to decrease cerebral blood flow (CBF) and to impair cerebral metabolism, but the threshold in patients undergoing intravenous anesthesia is unknown. The authors hypothesized that reduced CBF associated with moderate hyperventilation might impair cerebral aerobic metabolism in patients undergoing intravenous anesthesia.

Methods:
Thirty male patients scheduled for coronary surgery were included in a prospective, controlled crossover trial. Measurements were performed under fentanyl-midazolam anesthesia in a randomized sequence aiming at partial pressures of carbon dioxide of 30 and 50 mmHg. Endpoints were CBF, blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery, and cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen, glucose, and lactate. Global CBF was measured using a modified Kety–Schmidt technique with argon as inert gas tracer. CBF velocity of the middle cerebral artery was recorded by transcranial Doppler sonography. Data were presented as mean (SD). Two-sided paired t tests and one-way ANOVA for repeated measures were used for statistical analysis.

Results:
Moderate hyperventilation significantly decreased CBF by 60%, blood flow velocity by 41%, cerebral oxygen delivery by 58%, and partial pressure of oxygen of the jugular venous bulb by 45%. Cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen and glucose remained unchanged; however, net cerebral lactate efflux significantly increased from −0.38 (2.18) to −2.41(2.43) µmol min−1 100 g−1.

Conclusions:
Moderate hyperventilation, when compared with moderate hypoventilation, in patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing intravenous anesthesia increased net cerebral lactate efflux and markedly reduced CBF and partial pressure of oxygen of the jugular venous bulb, suggesting partial impairment of cerebral aerobic metabolism at clinically relevant levels of hypocapnia.