bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La place du droit à la protection de la santé au regard du droit constitutionnel français
Authors: Byk Christian 
Published: March 2015

Cet article porte sur la notion d’État de droit dans le cadre d’un nouvel ordre international. La notion de droit consacre en quelque sorte sa prédominance générique au sein de l’Europe et tout particulièrement depuis la division physique et idéologique de ce continent. Le droit à la santé soulève quelques questions dans les pays où ce domaine est complètement envahi par les lois et un contexte économique ingrat. Le droit de la santé a été reconnu par la Constitution française en 1946 et désormais on voudrait qu’il soit reconnu comme une obligation par l’État et non seulement comme un simple idéal à réaliser. La Constitution de 1946, au sujet du droit de la santé a pris force constitutionnelle seulement depuis la décision rendue par le Conseil constitutionnel du 16 juillet 1971.
D’abord, il faut voir quelle place aura le droit de la santé dans les paramètres constitutionnels en analysant les bases de la Constitution française en parallèle au droit à la protection de la santé, ainsi que le rôle et la place qu’a joués l’histoire dans la reconnaissance de ce droit. En effet, la Révolution de 1789 a affirmé les droits politiques mais a négligé considérablement les droits sociaux. Ce n’est qu’à l’arrivée de la Constitution du 4 novembre 1848 qu’il y eut un certain élargissement et que les droits sociaux ont eu une poussée fulgurante dans la sphère judiciaire.
De plus, la question fondamentale sur le droit universel de la personne humaine sera fort importante dans la dénonciation du droit à la santé; plus précisément le caractère récent de la reconnaissance constitutionnelle du droit à la protection de la santé. Il est certes important de prendre en compte ce droit puisqu’il est reconnu et retenu dans le cadre du droit international des droits de l’homme.
Alors que le droit à la santé peut être considéré comme un droit autonome et que dans les autres cas il n’est que le corollaire d’un autre droit constitutionnel, il faudra se pencher sur la nature juridique de la protection constitutionnelle de la santé pour en connaître ses tenants et aboutissants.
Finalement, il faudra voir quelle sera la portée de la protection de la santé et la protection du corps humain, soit le principe de la dignité de la personne humaine. Nous constaterons que le Conseil constitutionnel a su mener progressivement le droit à la protection de la santé sur le chemin d’une reconnaissance effective notamment en reconnaissant le caractère essentiel du droit de la santé dans la société et ce, en passant par la notion de dignité humaine.
L’investissement responsable par les comités de retraite
Authors: Cloutier Alexandre 
Published: March 2015

Les caisses de retraite sont des joueurs importants de l’économie canadienne. À titre d’exemple, la caisse de retraite des enseignants de l’Ontario, la plus importante au Canada, possède plus de 70 milliards d’actifs (2000). Au Québec, 44 milliards de dollars appartiennent aux régimes de retraite privés sous la surveillance de la Régie des Rentes du Québec.
Une des plus grandes craintes des comités de retraite en matière d’investissement responsable concerne la légalité de ces investissements. En effet, certains croient qu’un comité de retraite exerçant l’investissement responsable viole ses responsabilités de fiduciaire. L’objet de cette étude est de déterminer dans quel cadre légal les comités de retraites au Québec peuvent exercer le placement responsable. Pour ce faire, l’auteur dresse les obligations de fiduciaire prescrit par la Loi sur les régimes complémentaires de retraite et le Code civil du Québec.
L’auteur présente les obligations juridiques des comités de retraite lorsque ceux-ci souhaitent se constituter un portefeuille boursier dont les sociétés choisies pour le placement respectent certains critères éthiques tels que des critères sociaux ou environnementaux. L’auteur étend également son analyse à la légalité de l’exercice des droits de vote dans une perspective sociale ou environnementale par les comités de retraite. Ce faisant, l’auteur est amené à explorer différentes juridictions tels que les provinces de common law du Canada, les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni.
Aspects juridiques du régime seigneurial en Nouvelle-France
Authors: Niort Jean-François 
Published: March 2015

Si l’on a abondamment traité du régime seigneurial canadien et souligné son importance, rares sont les études juridiques d’ensemble qui lui ont été consacrées. L’entreprise est difficile, notamment parce qu’elle se heurte à la notion de féodalité, susceptible de plusieurs acceptions. Si, en ce sens, le régime seigneurial en Nouvelle-France ne relève guère de la féodalité politique, qui est disparue en Métropole à l’époque de la colonisation, il s’inscrit dans la féodalité au sens d’organisation socio-économique instaurant des rapports de domination de cette nature entre le seigneur et les habitants. Or, ces rapports s’expriment juridiquement, essentiellement à travers la Coutume de Paris, applicable en Nouvelle-France, bien que complétée par une législation royale et locale spécifique. Il s’agit plus précisément des « droits seigneuriaux », et parmi ceux-ci les droits dits « utiles » (détenant une valeur économique). Ces droits seigneuriaux peuvent être distingués en fonction de leur nature plutôt « privée » (seigneurie foncière) ou « publique » (seigneurie banale), correspondant aux deux « facettes » de la seigneurie complète, l’aspect « public » étant le plus révélateur de la dimension fiscale du régime seigneurial, puisque les droits en relevant n’ont pas de fondement contractuel.
Utilisant ce cadre de référence, on présentera les droits seigneuriaux en Nouvelle-France, en cherchant à souligner leurs spécificités vis-à-vis de leur modèle juridique d’origine. On étudiera donc successivement les droits seigneuriaux attachés à la seigneurie « foncière » (cens et rentes, « lods et ventes » ), puis ceux relevant de la seigneurie « banale » (droits de justice, de banalité, de pêche et de chasse), avant d’évoquer les droits « conventionnels » (droits de corvée, de retrait, ainsi que les servitudes et les réserves).
On proposera finalement une réflexion sur la possibilité d’une synthèse générale du régime seigneurial canadien.
Difficult decisions: Migration from Small Island Developing States under climate change
Authors: Kelman Ilan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe impacts of climate change on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are leading to discussions regarding decision‐making about the potential need to migrate. Despite the situation being well‐documented, with many SIDS aiming to raise the topic to prominence and to take action for themselves, limited support and interest has been forthcoming from external sources. This paper presents, analyzes, and critiques a decision‐making flowchart to support actions for SIDS dealing with climate change‐linked migration. The flowchart contributes to identifying the pertinent topics to consider and the potential support needed to implement decision‐making.The flowchart has significant limitations and there are topics which it cannot resolve. On‐the‐ground considerations include who decides, finances, implements, monitors, and enforces each decision. Additionally, views within communities differ, hence mechanisms are needed for dealing with differences, while issues to address include moral and legal blame for any climate change‐linked migration, the ultimate goal of the decision‐making process, the wider role of migration in SIDS communities and the right to judge decision‐making and decisions. The conclusions summarize the paper, emphasizing the importance of considering contexts beyond climate change and multiple SIDS voices.
Discovery of suprathermal Fe+ in Saturn's magnetosphere
Authors: Christon S. P. , Hamilton D. C. , Plane J. M. C. , Mitchell D. G. , DiFabio R. D. , Krimigis S. M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMeasurements in Saturn's equatorial magnetosphere from mid‐2004 through 2013 made by Cassini's charge‐energy‐mass ion spectrometer indicate the presence of a rare, suprathermal (83–167 keV/e) ion species at Saturn with mass ~56 amu that is likely Fe+. The abundance of Fe+ is only ~10−4 relative to that of W+ (O+, OH+, H2O+, and H3O+), the water group ions which dominate Saturn's suprathermal and thermal ions along with H+ and H2+. The radial variation of the Fe+ partial number density (PND) is distinctly different from that of W+ and most ions that comprise Saturn's suprathermal ion populations which, unlike thermal energy plasma ions, typically have a prominent PND peak at ~8–9 Rs (1 Saturn radius, Rs = 60,268 km). In contrast, the Fe+ PND decreases more or less exponentially from ~4 to ~20 Rs, our study's inner and outer limits. Fe+ may originate from metal layers produced by meteoric ablation near Saturn's mesosphere‐ionosphere boundary and/or possibly impacted interplanetary dust particles or the Saturn system's dark material in the main rings.
Local and remote wind stress forcing of the seasonal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) transport at 26.5°N
Authors: Yang Jiayan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe transport of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) varies considerably on the seasonal time scale at 26.5°N, according to observations made at the RAPID‐MOCHA array. Previous studies indicate that the local wind stress at 26.5°N, especially a large wind stress curl at the African coast, is the leading contributor to this seasonal variability. The purpose of the present study is to examine whether nonlocal wind stress forcing, i.e., remote forcing from latitudes away from 26.5°N, affects the seasonal AMOC variability at the RAPID‐MOCHA array. Our tool is a two‐layer and wind‐driven model with a realistic topography and an observation‐derived wind stress. The seasonal cycle of the modeled AMOC transport agrees well with RAPID‐MOCHA observations while the amplitude is in the lower end of the observational range. In contrast to previous studies, the seasonal AMOC variability at 26.5°N is not primarily forced by the wind stress curl at the eastern boundary, but is a result of a basin‐wide adjustment of ocean circulation to seasonal changes in wind stress. Both the amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycle at 26.5°N are strongly influenced by wind stress forcing from other latitudes, especially from the subpolar North Atlantic. The seasonal variability of the AMOC transport at 26.5°N is due to the seasonal redistribution of the water mass volume and is driven by both local and remote wind stress. Barotropic processes make significant contributions to the seasonal AMOC variability through topography‐gyre interactions.
Seasonal variability of alongshore winds and sea surface temperature fronts in Eastern Boundary Current Systems
Authors: Wang Yuntao , Castelao Renato M. , Yuan Yeping 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSeven years of satellite observations (2003–2009) are used to describe variability in sea surface temperature (SST) fronts and in the alongshore component of ocean winds, and to investigate their relations in four Eastern Boundary Current Systems (EBCS). The general patterns of SST frontal activity are remarkably similar in all EBCS, with high frontal probabilities along the coast decreasing with distance from the coastline. Results from empirical orthogonal function decompositions reveal that the seasonal evolution of SST fronts and wind stress are significantly correlated, with intensified upwelling favorable winds associated with an increase in frontal probabilities. An offshore migration of the region of high frontal activity is observed during the period of upwelling favorable alongshore wind stress in EBCS. In all regions, the seasonal variability of frontal activity and wind stress is stronger at mid than at low latitudes. The width of the region of high frontal activity is relatively broader in the California and Benguela Current Systems, and narrower in the Canary and Humboldt Current Systems. The width of the band of high frontal activity may be influenced by multiple factors, including wind forcing, flow topography interactions, and mesoscale dynamics. While seasonal variability in frontal activity in the California Current System acts to reinforce or weaken the average pattern, they are substantially different in the Canary Current System, where there is little overlap in the areas characterized by persistent and seasonally varying front activity.
Advection of North Atlantic Deep Water from the Labrador Sea to the southern hemisphere
Authors: Rhein Monika , Kieke Dagmar , Steinfeldt Reiner 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRecently formed Labrador Seawater (LSW) and overflow water from Denmark Strait (DSOW) are main components of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Both exhibit a distinct chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) maximum. Here we use 25 years of CFC observations in the Atlantic to study the main features of the circulation of LSW and DSOW. From the CFC data, the age and fraction of young deep water are inferred. Due to the superior spatial data resolution compared to former attempts, regional differences in the spreading velocity and pathways of young deep water become evident, dependent on the regional circulation. The observed distributions of young LSW and DSOW showed that the DWBC is the fastest pathway to reach the southern hemisphere. The downstream decrease of the fractions of young LSW in the DWBC is slower compared to model studies. From 47°N to 42°N, DWBC transports of young LSW and DSOW decrease by 44% and 49%, respectively. At 26°N, the DWBC transport of young water is still 39% of the LSW formation rate and 44% of the DSOW overflow transport. Interior pathways also exist, especially in the subpolar North Atlantic and in the transition zone between the subpolar and subtropical gyre. Compared to DSOW, the distributions indicate a higher tendency for LSW to follow additional interior pathways. North of 45°N the major part of LSW is younger than 20 years. The general weakening of new LSW formation since the 1990s worked toward a homogenization between the LSW in the western and the eastern subpolar North Atlantic.
Climate and year‐to‐year variability of atmospheric and terrestrial water cycles in the three great Siberian rivers
Authors: Oshima Kazuhiro , Tachibana Yoshihiro , Hiyama Tetsuya 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAmong all the rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean, the Lena, Yenisei, and Ob are the three largest in terms of water discharge (R), and they are a large source of freshwater. We analyzed the R observed at the river mouths and precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P − E) estimated from atmospheric reanalyses. P is a key player in the water cycles of the Siberian rivers, but regional differences of E also affect the long‐term means of R and P − E. Climate fields and terrestrial conditions play some roles for the regional differences of P and E. A decomposition analysis of the moisture flux revealed that moisture transport associated with cyclone activity dominates the climatological features of P − E over the Lena, whereas moisture transport associated with seasonal mean winds dominates the features of P − E over the Ob. Both transport processes affect over the Yenisei. Whereas the moisture transports related to the climatological P − E differs among the rivers, P − E variations are mainly affected by the stationary component of moisture transport for all three Siberian rivers. Although previous studies have shown considerable deviations between P − E and R variations, the year to year variations agree very well with each other when appropriate seasonal time lags are taken into account. Comparison with the results of six atmospheric reanalyses indicated that estimations of P − E with the reanalyses produce values comparable to observed Rs and are therefore an effective way to examine the water cycles of the Siberian rivers.
A single‐column model intercomparison on the stratocumulus representation in present‐day and future climate
Authors: Dal Gesso S. , van der Dussen J. J. , Siebesma A. P. , de Roode S. R. , Boutle I. A. , Kamae Y. , Roehrig R. , Vial J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSix Single‐Column Model (SCM) versions of climate models are evaluated on the basis of their representation of the dependence of the stratocumulus‐topped boundary layer regime on the free tropospheric thermodynamic conditions. The study includes two idealized experiments corresponding to the present‐day and future climate conditions in order to estimate the low‐cloud feedback. Large‐Eddy Simulation (LES) results are used as a benchmark and GCM outputs are included to assess whether the SCM results are representative of their 3‐D counterparts. The SCMs present a variety of dependencies of the cloud regime on the free tropospheric conditions but, at the same time, several common biases. For all the SCMs the stratocumulus‐topped boundary layer is too shallow, too cool, and too moist as compared to the LES results. Moreover, they present a lack of clouds and liquid water and an excess of precipitation. The disagreement among SCMs is even more distinct for the response to a climate perturbation. Even though the overall feedback is positive for all the models, in line with the LES results, the SCMs show a rather noisy behavior, which depends irregularly on the free tropospheric conditions. Finally, the comparison with the host GCM outputs demonstrates that the considered approach is promising but needs to be further generalized for the SCMs to fully capture the behavior of their 3‐D counterparts.
Introducing a probabilistic Budyko framework
Authors: Greve P. , Gudmundsson L. , Orlowsky B. , Seneviratne S. I. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWater availability is of importance for a wide range of ecological, climatological, and socioeconomic applications. Over land, the partitioning of precipitation into evapotranspiration and runoff essentially determines the availability of water. At mean annual catchment scales, the widely used Budyko framework provides a simple, deterministic, first‐order relationship to estimate this partitioning as a function of the prevailing climatic conditions. Here we extend the framework by introducing a method to specify probabilistic estimates of water availability that account for the nonlinearity of the underlying phase space. The new framework allows to evaluate the predictability of water availability that is related to varying catchment characteristics and conditional on the underlying climatic conditions. Corresponding results support the practical experience of low predictability of river runoff in transitional climates.
Measurement Uncertainty: Requirement for Admission of Forensic Science Evidence
Authors: Vosk Ted 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Measurement is one of science's primary tools in the investigation of the physical universe. Forensic measurements are relied upon daily to investigate and prosecute charges spanning from murder to exceeding the speed limit. As powerful a tool as measurement is for the determination of factual truth, though, measured results are often misunderstood and misapplied. Many judges, lawyers and jurors naively believe that a measurement reveals a quantity's true value. Unfortunately, measured results do not reveal a quantity's true value. Absent a clear indication of the inferences supported by a measurement, its results are simply numbers whose meaning is vague. Measurement uncertainty provides a quantitative characterization of the values a measured result permits to be attributed to a quantity. It is a basic tenant of science that measured results can only be properly interpreted when accompanied by their uncertainty. Measurement uncertainty permits factfinders to understand and rationally weigh a result. Absent its uncertainty, the same result may just as easily confuse and mislead those factfinders. Where forensic measurements are relied upon as evidence, they must be accompanied by their uncertainty if verdicts consistent with science are to be reliably obtained.
Custody and Visitation Evaluations
Authors: Bernet William 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Mental health professionals may conduct child custody and visitation evaluations (also called parenting time evaluations) when divorcing parents disagree on the parenting arrangements for their children. This article outlines a systematic approach for conducting a child custody evaluation and the criteria that should be considered in making recommendations to the court. Additional issues are addressed, such as disputes over relocation and grandparent visitation.
Children: As Defendants
Authors: Thompson Christopher , Fischer Christopher 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn response to an increase in juvenile violent crime in the late 1980s, most jurisdictions in the United States adopted a more punitive stance toward juvenile offenders. As a result, juveniles faced increasing sanctions in juvenile court and were transferred to adult criminal court in greater numbers, where they faced serious penalties.Unfortunately, policymakers of that era often failed to consider that certain characteristics of juveniles (e.g., psychosocial/developmental immaturity) may affect their adjudicative competence and culpability. In addition, minors who are likely to become involved in the juvenile justice system have additional characteristics (e.g., higher rates of mental illness and substance abuse, lowerIQs) that might further compromise or affect these domains.Over the past decade, legislators and judicial officers, informed by recent research in adolescent development, began to question the appropriateness of increasingly punitive policies aimed at juvenile offenders. Recent research has helped provide evidence that juveniles with particular characteristics, such as young age and lowIQ, may be at increased risk of having their legal rights violated at numerous points in the adjudicative process, thereby undermining the fundamental fairness of the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems.Other research has shown that adolescents' psychosocial immaturity significantly affects their criminal decision‐making. Neuroimaging has proved a powerful tool in helping elucidate a potential neuroanatomical basis for poor decision‐making in adolescents. Because adolescents are likely somewhat less culpable than adults for similar criminal acts and because most individuals limit their antisocial behavior to adolescence, the wisdom of indiscriminately giving minors (or even young adults) long prison sentences is questionable.