bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenyliodine Bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) as an Excellent Promoter of 2‐Deoxy‐2‐phthalimido‐1‐thioglycosides in the Presence of Triflic Acid in Glycosylation Reactions
Authors: Kajimoto Tetsuya , Morimoto Koji , Ogawa Ryosuke , Dohi Toshifumi , Kita Yasuyuki 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA combination of phenyliodine bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid was found to be an effective activator for the glycosylation reaction, of which the glycosyl donor was p‐(octyloxy)phenyl 3,4,6‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐phthalimido‐1‐thio‐D‐glucopyranoside or p‐(octyloxy)phenyl 3,4,6‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐phthalimido‐1‐thio‐D‐galactopyranoside. The reaction proceeded with good yields when naturally occurring and derived alkanols, such as cholestanol, (–)‐menthol, 1‐ and 2‐adamantanols and nor‐kauranol, were employed as acceptor substrates. Interestingly, the glycosylation reaction of sterically hindered terpenoid alcohols, such as (–)‐ and (+)‐borneols and (+)‐fenchyl alcohol, with p‐(octyloxy)phenyl 3,4,6‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐phthalimido‐1‐thio‐D‐glucopyranoside afforded the desired β‐glycoside in quantitative yield. Moreover, the present reaction was useful to synthesize disaccharides of which the non‐reducing end was composed of a D‐glucosamine or D‐galactosamine unit.
Childhood adversities and adult‐onset chronic pain: Results from the World Mental Health Survey, Japan
Authors: Stickley A. , Koyanagi A. , Kawakami N. ,   WHO World Mental Health Japan Survey Group
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundChildhood adversities (CAs) have been associated with adult‐onset chronic pain. However, to date, most single country studies on this association have been undertaken in Western countries. This study examined the association in Japan where information is scarce.MethodsData were drawn from the World Mental Health Survey Japan, a population‐based cross‐sectional survey undertaken in 11 areas of Japan in 2002–2006. We analyzed data from adults aged ≥20 years who provided information on CAs occurring before age 18 years and chronic pain (n = 1740). Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the risk for different forms of adult‐onset chronic pain (arthritis/rheumatism, neck/back pain, headache and any pain) as a function of the presence of 11 different types of CA and the number of CAs.ResultsIn the adjusted models, significant associations were observed between: physical abuse and neck/back pain (HR 2.55) and any pain (HR 1.88); sexual abuse and any pain (HR 2.84). Significant dose‐dependent relationships were also observed between a greater number of CAs and some adult‐onset chronic pain conditions (neck/back and any pain).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that in Japan, some forms of CA may be associated with certain types of adult‐onset chronic pain, in particular neck/back pain.
Food for Thought: Ego‐dystonicity and Fear of Self in Eating Disorders
Authors: Purcell Lalonde Magali , O'Connor Kieron , Aardema Frederick , Coelho Jennifer S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDegree of ego‐dystonicity in obsessions is clinically relevant to the conceptualization and treatment of eating disorders (EDs). Obsessive–compulsive disorder research has suggested that the transformation of intrusive thoughts into obsessions is linked to the degree to which intrusive thoughts threaten core perceptions of the self. This study aims to explore the relationship between the ego‐dystonic nature of obsessions in ED patients and a fear of self, the link between ED symptom severity and ego‐dystonicity in obsessions, and differences between non‐clinical and individuals with EDs in the presence of ego‐dystonic thoughts and a fear of self. Ego‐dystonicity (Ego‐dystonicity Questionnaire (EDQ)) and feared self (Fear of Self Questionnaire (FSQ)) degrees were measured in a clinical sample (n = 57 with EDs) and a non‐clinical sample (n = 45). EDQ and FSQ scores were highly correlated in both samples. EDQ scores were not significantly correlated to ED symptom severity with the exception of the EDQ Irrationality subscale, which was strongly related to compulsion severity. Participants with an ED had significantly higher EDQ and FSQ scores compared with controls. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
UAS‐based remote sensing of fluvial change following an extreme flood event
Authors: Tamminga Aaron D. , Eaton Brett C. , Hugenholtz Chris H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe effects of large floods on river morphology are variable and poorly understood. In this study, we apply multi‐temporal datasets collected with small unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) to analyze three‐dimensional morphodynamic changes associated with an extreme flood event that occurred from 19 to 23 June 2013 on the Elbow River, Alberta. We documented reach‐scale spatial patterns of erosion and deposition using high‐resolution (4–5 cm/pixel) orthoimagery and digital elevation models (DEMs) produced from photogrammetry. Significant bank erosion and channel widening occurred, with an average elevation change of −0.24 m. The channel pattern was reorganized and overall elevation variation increased as the channel adjusted to full mobilization of most of the bed surface sediments. To test the extent to which geomorphic changes can be predicted from initial conditions, we compared shear stresses from a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model of peak discharge to critical shear stresses for bed surface sediment sizes. We found no relation between modeled normalized shear stresses and patterns of scour and fill, confirming the complex nature of sediment mobilization and flux in high‐magnitude events. However, comparing modeled peak flows through the pre‐ and post‐flood topography showed that the flood resulted in an adjustment that contributes to overall stability, with lower percentages of bed area below thresholds for full mobility in the post‐flood geomorphic configuration. Overall, this work highlights the potential of UAS‐based remote sensing for measuring three‐dimensional changes in fluvial settings and provides a detailed analysis of potential relationships between flood forces and geomorphic change. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of waste water discharge on the plant communities and size structure of Wadi El‐Shees, Al‐Jabal Al‐Akhdar, Libya
Authors: Shaltout Kamal , Fawzy Manal , Galal Tarek , Awad Mohamed , El‐Barasi Yacoub , Saeed Baset 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe present study assesses the impact of waste water discharge on the plant communities and size structure of the common woody species in Wadi El‐Shees, Al‐Jabal Al‐Akhdar, Libya. Thirty stands were selected along two adjacent tributaries (polluted and un‐polluted) in Wadi El‐Shees. Sixty‐five species belonging to 60 genera and 34 families were recorded, predominated with therophytes and mono‐regional taxa and only one endemic species (Arbutus pavarii). The application of TWINSPAN on the data set, led to the recognition of 4 vegetation groups, two represented each of the polluted and un‐polluted regions. Soils of the polluted area have significant higher values of organic matter, salinity, chloride and iron. Ten common woody perennials were selected for estimating the variation in their size structure in the polluted and un‐polluted tributaries. These species include one shrublet, two shrubs and 7 trees. It was found that the density and volume of all species except A. pavarii and Sarcopoterium spinosum were higher in the polluted than the un‐polluted area. Four size distributions were recognized: inverse J‐shaped, bell‐shaped, positive and negative skewed distributions. It was concluded that pollution had significant impact on the plant density and sizes structure of the common woody plants in Wadi El‐Shees. Such study may help in managing and conserving plant diversity in Northern Libya. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zum Einfluss der Teilsättigung auf den Plattendruckversuch
Authors: Milatz Marius , Grabe Jürgen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIm Erdbau werden zur Verdichtungsprüfung verschiedene Versuche eingesetzt, die dazu dienen, den anstehenden Untergrund oder das bereits vorbereitete Planum hinsichtlich der Verdichtung und der Steifigkeit zu beurteilen. Als Beispiel sei der statische Lastplattendruckversuch genannt, mit dem schnell und einfach durch punktuelle Messungen in situ auf die Steifigkeit des Unterbaus geschlossen werden kann. Die aus dem Versuch abgeleiteten Verformungsmoduln für Erst‐ und Wiederbelastung des Bodens gehen in die Bemessung von Fahrbahnen oder Rollfeldern von Flughäfen ein. Ein großer Einfluss auf die Versuchsergebnisse, der in der Praxis und auch im bestehenden Normenwerk kaum beachtet wird, ergibt sich aus einer Teilsättigung des Bodens, die in situ oft dem Regelfall entspricht. Aufgrund von Kapillareffekten können die Versuchsergebnisse des Plattendruckversuchs stark beeinflusst sein, was zur Fehleinschätzung der Verformungsmoduln Ev1 und Ev2 führen kann. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags wird der Einfluss von Sättigungsgrad und Saugspannung auf die Verdichtungsprüfung des Bodens mit dem Plattendruckversuch diskutiert. Dafür werden die Ergebnisse von Lastplattenversuchen im Modellmaßstab an einem teilgesättigten Sand vorgestellt.On the influence of partial saturation on the plate load test. Different soil tests for compaction control are used in earthworks in order to assess the compaction degree and the loading stiffness of the subsoil or the prepared planum. An example is the static plate load test, which allows to derive quickly and easily the subsoil stiffness from punctual measurements. The obtained stiffness modules for first loading and reloading of the subsoil are used for the design of pavements of roads and air fields. A large influence, widely disregarded in practice and also by design codes, appears with unsaturated soils, which represent the regular case in the field. Due to capillary effects the results of the plate load test can be strongly influenced, which may lead to misinterpretation of the stiffness modules Ev1 and Ev2. In this contribution the impact of degree of saturation and soil suction on compaction control with the plate load test will be discussed. For this purpose, results of model plate load tests on an unsaturated sand at a model scale will be presented.
Connectivity and functional profiling of abnormal brain structures in pedophilia
Authors: Poeppl Timm B. , Eickhoff Simon B. , Fox Peter T. , Laird Angela R. , Rupprecht Rainer , Langguth Berthold , Bzdok Danilo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDespite its 0.5–1% lifetime prevalence in men and its general societal relevance, neuroimaging investigations in pedophilia are scarce. Preliminary findings indicate abnormal brain structure and function. However, no study has yet linked structural alterations in pedophiles to both connectional and functional properties of the aberrant hotspots. The relationship between morphological alterations and brain function in pedophilia as well as their contribution to its psychopathology thus remain unclear. First, we assessed bimodal connectivity of structurally altered candidate regions using meta‐analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) and resting‐state correlations employing openly accessible data. We compared the ensuing connectivity maps to the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) maps of a recent quantitative meta‐analysis of brain activity during processing of sexual stimuli. Second, we functionally characterized the structurally altered regions employing meta‐data of a large‐scale neuroimaging database. Candidate regions were functionally connected to key areas for processing of sexual stimuli. Moreover, we found that the functional role of structurally altered brain regions in pedophilia relates to nonsexual emotional as well as neurocognitive and executive functions, previously reported to be impaired in pedophiles. Our results suggest that structural brain alterations affect neural networks for sexual processing by way of disrupted functional connectivity, which may entail abnormal sexual arousal patterns. The findings moreover indicate that structural alterations account for common affective and neurocognitive impairments in pedophilia. The present multimodal integration of brain structure and function analyses links sexual and nonsexual psychopathology in pedophilia. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2374–2386, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clearcutting upland forest alters transpiration of residual trees in the riparian buffer zone
Authors: Boggs Johnny , Sun Ge , Domec Jean‐Christophe , McNulty Steven , Treasure Emrys 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOur objectives are (1) to compare tree sap flux density (Jsin g cm−2 d−1) and stomatal conductance (Gsin mmol m−2 s−1) across five dominant species, red maple (Acer rubrum), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and oak species (Quercusspp.), (2) to quantity riparian buffer stand transpiration (Esin mm d−1), and (3) to link riparian bufferEsof residual trees to stream discharge. In June 2010, the above species were instrumented with sap flow sensors in a pair (HF1 and HF2) of 12 hectare gauged watersheds. HF1 was clearcut, leaving a 15.2‐m riparian buffer around the stream, and HF2 was the reference. Trees were harvested in the riparian buffer reducing HF1 riparian buffer basal area by 27%. The riparian buffer growing season net radiation increased from 11.9 W m−2preharvest to an average of 24.3 W m−2postharvest. HF1 stream growing season discharge increased dramatically (150%) from the preharvest to postharvest period. HF1 2010 preharvest growing season soil moisture was 22.5%. HF1 postharvest growing season soil moisture was 28.5% in 2011, 26.5% in 2012, and 27.2% in 2013. HF2 canopy cover, energy input, and soil moisture showed little change over the same period. From preharvest to postharvest, mean daily growing seasonJsof trees in HF1 increased in all species. A reduction in HF1 Gswas less evident over the study vapour pressure deficit range in loblolly pine, red maple, and tulip poplar than in oak and sweetgum during the postharvest period. HF1 residual trees in the riparian buffer used 43% more water in growing season postharvest (314 mm) than growing preharvest (220 mm) period. This resulted in an 8% reduction in stream discharge because of an increase in riparian bufferEs. Although clearcutting increased stream discharge, we conclude that the increase in transpiration by the residual trees in the riparian buffer will, at least, partially mitigate the hydrologic effects of forest removal through increased transpiration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ancestral state reconstructions require biological evidence to test evolutionary hypotheses: A case study examining the evolution of reproductive mode in squamate reptiles
Authors: Griffith Oliver W. , Blackburn Daniel G. , Brandley Matthew C. , Van Dyke James U. , Whittington Camilla M. , Thompson Michael B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTo understand evolutionary transformations it is necessary to identify the character states of extinct ancestors. Ancestral character state reconstruction is inherently difficult because it requires an accurate phylogeny, character state data, and a statistical model of transition rates and is fundamentally constrained by missing data such as extinct taxa. We argue that model based ancestral character state reconstruction should be used to generate hypotheses but should not be considered an analytical endpoint. Using the evolution of viviparity and reversals to oviparity in squamates as a case study, we show how anatomical, physiological, and ecological data can be used to evaluate hypotheses about evolutionary transitions. The evolution of squamate viviparity requires changes to the timing of reproductive events and the successive loss of features responsible for building an eggshell. A reversal to oviparity requires that those lost traits re‐evolve. We argue that the re‐evolution of oviparity is inherently more difficult than the reverse. We outline how the inviability of intermediate phenotypes might present physiological barriers to reversals from viviparity to oviparity. Finally, we show that ecological data supports an oviparous ancestral state for squamates and multiple transitions to viviparity. In summary, we conclude that the first squamates were oviparous, that frequent transitions to viviparity have occurred, and that reversals to oviparity in viviparous lineages either have not occurred or are exceedingly rare. As this evidence supports conclusions that differ from previous ancestral state reconstructions, our paper highlights the importance of incorporating biological evidence to evaluate model‐generated hypotheses. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 493–503, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of functional and behavioral changes sensitive to painful disc degeneration
Authors: Lai Alon , Moon Andrew , Purmessur Devina , Skovrlj Branko , Winkelstein Beth A. , Cho Samuel K. , Hecht Andrew C. , Iatridis James C. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe development of an in vivo rodent discogenic pain model can provide insight into mechanisms for painful disc degeneration. Painful disc degeneration in rodents can be inferred by examining responses to external stimuli, observing pain‐related behaviors, and measuring functional performance. This study compared the sensitivity of multiple pain and functional assessment methods to disc disruption for identifying the parameters sensitive to painful disc degeneration in rats. Disc degeneration was induced in rats by annular injury with saline injection. The severity of disc degeneration, pain sensitivity, and functional performance were compared to sham and naïve control rats. Saline injection induced disc degeneration with decreased disc height and MRI signal intensity as well as more fibrous nucleus pulposus, disorganized annular lamellae and decreased proteoglycan. Rats also demonstrated increased painful behaviors including decreased hindpaw mechanical and thermal sensitivities, increased grooming, and altered gait patterns with hindpaw mechanical hyperalgesia and duration of grooming tests being most sensitive. This is the first study to compare sensitivities of different pain assessment methods in an in vivo rat model of disc degeneration. Hindpaw mechanical sensitivity and duration of grooming were the most sensitive parameters to surgically induced degenerative changes and overall results were suggestive of disc degeneration associated pain. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:755–764, 2015.
Delayed exercise promotes remodeling in sub‐rupture fatigue damaged tendons
Authors: Bell R. , Boniello M.R. , Gendron N.R. , Flatow E.L. , Andarawis‐Puri N. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTTendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal injury whose treatment is limited by ineffective therapeutic interventions. Previously we have shown that tendons ineffectively repair early sub‐rupture fatigue damage. In contrast, physiological exercise has been shown to promote remodeling of healthy tendons but its utility as a therapeutic to promote repair of fatigue damaged tendons remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the utility of exercise initiated 1 and 14 days after onset of fatigue damage to promote structural repair in fatigue damaged tendons. We hypothesized that exercise initiated 14 days after fatigue loading would promote remodeling as indicated by a decrease in area of collagen matrix damage, increased procollagen I and decorin, while decreasing proteins indicative of tendinopathy. Rats engaged in 6‐week exercise for 30 min/day or 60 min/day starting 1 or 14 days after fatigue loading. Initiating exercise 1‐day after onset of fatigue injury led to exacerbation of matrix damage, particularly at the tendon insertion. Initiating exercise 14 days after onset of fatigue injury led to remodeling of damaged regions in the midsubstance and collagen synthesis at the insertion. Physiological exercise applied after the initial biological response to injury has dampened can potentially promote remodeling of damaged tendons. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:919–925, 2015.
Interactive effects of salinity and iron deficiency on different rice genotypes
Authors: Abbas Ghulam , Saqib Muhammad , Akhtar Javaid , Haq Muhammad Anwar ul 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSalinity adversely affects plant growth, photosynthesis, and availability of nutrients including iron. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is susceptible to soil salinity and highly prone to iron (Fe) deficiency due to lower release of Fe‐chelating compounds under saline conditions. In order to investigate the effects of salinity and low iron supply on growth, photosynthesis, and ionic composition of five rice genotypes (KS‐282, Basmati Pak, Shaheen Basmati, KSK‐434 and 99417), a solution culture experiment was conducted with four treatments (control, 50 mM NaCl, Fe‐deficient, and 50 mM NaCl + Fe‐deficient). Salinity and Fe deficiency reduced shoot and root growth, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, chlorophyll concentration, and stomatal conductance. The reduction in all these parameters was more in the interactive treatment of salinity and low Fe supply. Moreover, a significant increase in shoot and root Na+ with corresponding decrease in K+ and Fe concentrations was also observed in the combined salinity and Fe‐deficiency treatment. Among the tested genotypes, Basmati Pak was the most sensitive genotype both under salt stress and Fe deficiency. The genotype KS‐282 performed better than other genotypes under salinity stress alone, whereas Shaheen Basmati was the best genotype under Fe deficiency in terms of all the studied parameters.
Condensed Mode Cooling for Ethylene Polymerization: Part II. The Effect of Different Condensable Comonomers and Hydrogen on Polymerization Rate
Authors: Alizadeh Arash , Namkajorn Montree , Somsook Ekasith , McKenna Timothy F. L. 
Published: March 2015

A systematic analysis methodology is proposed in order to be able to evaluate the role and the significance of the impact of the physical and chemical phenomena during the gas phase ethylene copolymerization in presence of 1‐pentene and 1‐hexene comonomers in the gas phase composition. In addition, the effect of inert n‐hexane on the instantaneous rate of gas phase ethylene polymerization in the absence and presence of 1‐hexene comonomer and hydrogen is investigated. This, in turn, provides a novel insight on the counter‐effects of the physical and chemical phenomena taking place simultaneously during the gas phase processes for ethylene polymerization in the industrially relevant conditions.
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Preparation of Hybrid Thiol‐Acrylate Emulsion‐Templated Porous Polymers by Interfacial Copolymerization of High Internal Phase Emulsions
Authors: Langford Caitlin R. , Johnson David W. , Cameron Neil R. 
Published: March 2015

Emulsion‐templated highly porous polymers (polyHIPEs), containing distinct regions differing in composition, morphology, and/or properties, are prepared by the simultaneous polymerization of two high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) contained within the same mould. The HIPEs are placed together in the mould and subjected to thiol‐acrylate photopolymerization. The resulting polyHIPE material is found to contain two distinct semicircular regions, reflecting the composition of each HIPE. The original interface between the two emulsions becomes a copolymerized band between 100 and 300 μm wide, which is found to be mechanically robust. The separate polyHIPE layers are distinguished from one another by their differing average void diameter, chemical composition, and extent of contraction upon drying.
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