bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transformation by Extracellular DNA Produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Muto Yumiko , Goto Sachiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMost Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are capable of producing extracellular DNA. Very closely linked chromosomal markers (leu+ and trp+) were co‐transferred to P. aeruginosa PAO1819 (leu9001, trp9008) by the extracellular DNA produced by P. aeruginosa strains IFO3445 and PAO1 at a frequency of 10‐7 to 10‐8. Treatment of the extracellular DNA with DNase, heating at 95 C or sonication completely destroyed its transforming ability. The R plasmid in the extracellular DNA produced by P. aeruginosa IFO3445 (RP4) or PAO2142 (RLb679) could be transferred to Escherichia coli ML4901 or P. aeruginosa PAO1819. The resultant transformants showed identical resistance patterns in the respective donors, and the sizes of the DNAs of RLb679 and RP4 isolated from the transformants were the same as those in the respective donors. These results demonstrate that the extracellular DNA contains both chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA, and that it exhibits transforming ability. This implies that transformation by the extracellular DNA produced by P. aeruginosa may occur in nature and this seems to be of clinical importance in view of the spread of R plasmids among pathogens.
Purification and Characterization of Heat‐Labile Toxin from Bordetella bronchiseptica
Authors: Endoh Masahiko , Amitani Makoto , Nakase Yasukiyo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe heat‐labile toxin (HLT) of Bordetella bronchiseptica was purified successively from sonic extracts of phase I organisms grown in Stainer‐Scholte medium, by partition in hydrophobic interaction, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, gel filtration through Sepharose 4B and 6B, isoelectric precipitation and isoelectric focusing. The purified HLT was homogeneous by disc Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the gel diffusion‐test, and free of detectable hemagglutinin and endotoxin activity. A 386‐fold purification over the crude extract was obtained at a yield of about 28%, and a minimum dose of 0.9 ng was dermonecrotizing with a lesion 5 mm in diameter in guinea pigs and induced splenoatrophy. The mouse LD50 was 200 ng (intraperitoneal) or 70 ng (intravenous). The HLT was found to be a simple protein with an isoelectric point of pi 6.9. It has a molecular weight of 102,000 estimated by Sepharose 6B gel filtration and was found to consist of two different types of polypeptide by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, their molecular weights being 30,000 and 20,000. Amino acid analysis showed 15 common amino acid residues, and methionine, cysteine and tryptophan were undetectable. The HLT crystallized by methylpentanediol showed a block form. The HLT was inactivated at 56 C when heated for 10 min, and at above pH 9 and below pH 4.
Degranulation and Histamine Release from Murine Mast Cells Sensitized with Dengue Virus‐Immune Sera
Authors: Sanchez Luis Fernando , Hotta Hak , Hotta Susumu , Homma Morio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMice were immunized with dengue type 2 virus (DEN 2) under a schedule favoring the production of IgE antibody. The antibody obtained could sensitize peritoneal resident mast cells both in vitro and in vivo so that the sensitized cells were degranulated and released histamine on challenge with the DEN 2 antigen. It was also demonstrated that the antibody was cytophilic and heat‐labile. The above observations suggest that the present experimental system can be used to detect anti‐DEN 2 IgE antibody in mice.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Split‐Product Trivalent A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B Influenza Vaccines
Authors: Ochiai Hiroshi , Shibata Mitsuo , Kamimura Katsura , Niwayama Seihachiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe reactogenicity and immunogenicity of Tween‐ether split trivalent A(H1N1), A (H3N2), and B influenza vaccine in primary school children aged seven to 12 years, and the persistence of antibodies following two doses of vaccine were studied during 1980–1984. Adverse reactions were infrequent, and, even when reported, were chiefly local ones, mild in nature and of short duration. Most of the reactions were less frequent after the second dose than after the first dose. Most of the systemic reactions occurred during the intervaccination period with almost equal frequency, indicating that careful consideration is required to judge whether they were induced by vaccination or not. This vaccine had induced adequate hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody because the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the vaccinees were two‐to eightfold higher than those of the nonvaccinees to any of the vaccine antigens following two doses of vaccine. In general, the responses to A(H3N2) virus were the best among the vaccine antigens through the four vaccination seasons, but there was a tendency to show a poorer response to the same type (or subtype) of virus antigen as the causative one during a protracted epidemic. The antibodies induced by either vaccination or natural infection were shown to persist for less than a year, supporting the recommendation for annual vaccination.
Experimental Pulmonary Cavity Formation by Mycobacterial Components and Synthetic Adjuvants
Authors: Yamamura Yoshihiro , Maeda Hideo , Ogawa Yasaka , Hashimoto Taikichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn investigation was undertaken to determine the components of mycobacteria responsible for pulmonary cavity formation in tuberculosis. Rabbits received an intrapulmonary injection through the chest wall, of mycobacterial protein, II‐p, mixed with either mycobacterial lipids, synthetic adjuvants or Nocardia cell wall skeleton as adjuvant. Six weeks later, they were killed and the lung lesions were examined. Cavities and necrosis were produced by the injection of II‐p mixed with cord factor, Nocardia cell wall skeleton or N‐acetylmuramyl dipeptide conjugated with long‐chain branched fatty acids. Cavities were not produced by either the injection of II‐p together with phospholipid, N‐acetylmuramyl dipeptide (MDP), MDP‐derivatives having no long‐chain branched fatty acid, or by the injection of individual components of the mixtures. The results suggest that in tuberculosis a mycobacterial component with a long‐chain branched fatty acid such as mycolic acid plays an important role in pulmonary cavity formation by enhancing the antigenicity of mycobacterial protein and helping it induce cell‐mediated immunity at the site of the lesion. Passive transfer with sera from rabbits highly sensitized with tubercle bacilli failed to enhance cavity formation in the recipient animals.
Enhanced Interleukin 1 Production by Alveolar Macrophages and Increase in Ia‐Positive Lung Cells in Silica‐Exposed Rats
Authors: Oghiso Yoichi , Kubota Yoshihisa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractInhalation exposure to silica dust enhanced interleukin 1 (IL‐1) production by alveolar macrophages (AM), which is attributable to an increase in Ia‐positive lung cells. While the proportion of Ia‐positive cells in lavaged bronchoalveolar cells (BAC) was much lower (0–3%) in unexposed control rats, about a third of the rats that inhaled silica showed higher proportions (8.0–18.5%); these were designated “Ia‐high” exposed animals. The number of total cells, Ia‐positive cells and lymphocytes in BAC was significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.001, and P<0.001, respectively) in these “Ia‐high” exposed animals, compared to the control animals. Adherent AM populations obtained from BAC preparations also contained significantly higher (P<0.001) proportions of Ia‐positive cells in the “Ia‐high” exposed animals. When these adherent AM cultures were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, IL‐1 activity of the culture supernatants was enhanced and was significantly higher (P<0.001) in the “Ia‐high” exposed rats, compared to the control animals. These results indicate that silica‐exposure can induce populational changes in lung cells and also activation of AM associated with the increase in Ia‐positive cells.
Effects of Disodium Ethane‐1‐Hydroxy‐1,1‐Diphosphonate (EHDP) on Interleukin 1 Production by Macrophages
Authors: Aida Yoshitomi , Toda Yoshiko , Shimakoshi Yoshikazu , Yamada Kuniko , Aono Masao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effects of disodium ethane‐1‐hydroxy‐1,1‐diphosphonate (EHDP) on the in vitro functions of guinea pig macrophages were studied. A high dose (1 mg/ml) of EHDP inhibited interleukin 1 (IL 1) production by oil‐induced peritoneal macrophages stimulated with muramyl dipeptide (MDP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol myristic acetate (PMA), heat‐aggregated IgG2 or calcium ionophore A23187. On the other hand, low doses (<0.125 mg/ml) of EHDP augmented the MDP induced IL 1 production by macrophages. This biphasic effect was also observed when macrophages were exposed to EHDP at 37 C for 24 hr and then stimulated with IL 1 inducers. Superoxide anion generation induced by formyl peptide or PMA was not affected by preincubation of the macrophages with doses of EHDP up to 1 mg/ml. Adherence and spreading of macrophages was inhibited by EHDP in a dose dependent manner without affecting cell viability. These results demonstrated that EHDP acted on macrophages directly and modulated IL 1 production in vitro.
Structure of a Defective Provirus of Bovine Leukemia Virus
Authors: Ogawa Yasuki , Sagata Noriyuki , Tsuzuku‐Kawamura Junko , Koyama Hiroyuki , Onuma Misao , Izawa Hisao , Ikawa Yoji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDefective proviruses of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in the genomes of infected cells were investigated by using Southern blotting hybridization analysis with various portions of a cloned BLV DNA as probes. When nine independent tumors of enzootic bovine leukosis with a single proviral copy per cell were examined, a single defective provirus of BLV was found in one tumor and also in a bovine B cell line derived from this tumor. Hybridization analysis of this defective provirus revealed that it underwent deletion between the pol and env genes and contained no major deletion in the other regions.
A Microplate Method for Isolation of Viruses from Infants and Children with Acute Respiratory Infections
Authors: Numazaki Yoshio , Oshima Takeko , Ohmi Akira , Tanaka Akira , Oizumi Yoshihumi , Komatsu Shigeo , Takagi Tokuro , Karahashi Minoru , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBetween December 1984 and December 1986, a microplate technique was adopted for isolation of viruses from infants and children with acute respiratory infections. By using two kinds of tissue culture microplates, i.e., the HHVM plate, containing human embryonic fibroblast (HEF), HEp‐2, Vero and MDCK cells, and the MK plate which contains secondary monkey kidney cells, 1,080 field viruses were isolated from 1,061 (24.9%) out of 4,254 throat swabs. Of these 1,080 isolates, 1,003 (92.9%) were recovered in the HHVM plates and the remaining 77 (7.1%) in the MK plates. With the HHVM plate, influenza A and B viruses were cultivated in MDCK, RS virus in HEp‐2, parainfluenza and mumps viruses in Vero, adenoviruses in both HEF and HEp‐2, polioviruses in HEF, HEp‐2 and Vero, coxsackie B viruses in both HEp‐2 and Vero, rhino and echo viruses in HEF, herpes simplex virus in both HEF and HEp‐2, and cytomegalovirus in HEF, although MK were more sensitive than Vero to parainfluenza and coxsackie B viruses. There was no difference in the rate of isolation of viruses between the microplate and ordinary tube methods. Cross contamination in the microplates was negligible for routine work.
Distribution of the Antibody to Influenza C Virus in Dogs and Pigs in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Ohwada Kazuo , Kitame Fumio , Sugawara Kanetsu , Nishimura Hidekazu , Homma Morio , Nakamura Kiyoto 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe distribution of the antibody to influenza C virus in the dogs and pigs in Yamagata prefecture, Japan was investigated by using three different serological methods: hemagglutination‐inhibition (HI), radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP), and immunoblotting. The antibody against influenza C virus glycoprotein (gp88) was detected in 5 out of 112 sera collected from mongrel dogs, three by RIP test and two by any of the three methods, suggesting that the virus can cause natural infection in dogs. Significant levels of HI activity were found in 58 out of 269 sera collected from domestic pigs, but none of them showed positive reaction in the more sensitive method, RIP, which suggests that the inhibitors against the hemagglutination by influenza C virus rather than the antibody to gp88 are responsible for the observed HI activity. It appears, therefore, that at least in the Yamagata area, pigs do not play significant roles in the spread of influenza C virus in humans.
Differential Expression of the Major Histocompatibility Antigen Complex (MHC) on a Series of Burkitt's Lymphoma Lines
Authors: Yokochi Takashi , Inoue Yoshiko , Iwata Hitoshi , Miyadai Toshiaki , Kimura Yoshinobu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe compared the expressions of class I and class II major histocompatibility antigen complex (MHC) on the surface of Jijoye and P3HR‐1 cells of Burkitt's lymphoma sublines. Jijoye cells had a large amount of class I and class II MHC antigens, whereas these antigens were less expressed on P3HR‐1 cells. On a subline of P3HR‐1 K cells the expression of class I antigen markedly diminished and class II antigen was undetectable. On the other hand, Jijoye, P3HR‐1, and P3HR‐1 K cell lines were confirmed to be Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) nonproducer, low producer, and high producer, respectively. The chemical activation of EBV genome by treating P3HR‐1 cells with 12‐O‐tetradecanyl phorbol‐13 acetate (TPA) and n‐butyrate resulted in inhibition of the expression of class I and II antigens, while the addition of retinoic acid, an inhibitor of virus replication, blocked the decrease in the MHC antigen expression. These findings suggested that there might be an inverse correlation between the virus production and the expression of class I and II MHC antigens.
Purification and Characterization of Vibrio vulnificus Protease
Authors: Miyoshi Noriko , Shimizu Chie , Miyoshi Shin‐Ichi , Shinoda Sumio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA protease was purified from a strain of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from the blood of a septicemic human. The vibrio was cultured in bacto peptone‐yeast extract medium, and the protease was purified by a purification procedure including ultrafiltration of the culture supernatant with an Amicon YM 5 membrane, diethylaminoethyl‐Sephacel column chromatography, Sephacryl S‐200 column chromatography and fast protein liquid chromatography on Mono Q column. The protease preparation revealed homogeneity on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and about 30,000‐fold purification was achieved, with a yield of about 30%. The isoelectric point of the purified V. vulnificus protease was about 5.80 and its molecular weight was ca. 45,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH of the protease activity was 8.0. The V. vulnificus protease was inhibited by a metalloprotease inhibitor and zinc ion and/or ferrous ion were essential for its enzyme activity. No cysteine residue was detected in the V. vulnificus protease. The protease had caseinolytic, elastolytic and collagenolytic activities.
The Mode of Entry of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 into Vero Cells
Authors: Koyama A. Hajime , Uchida Takahiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe mode of entry of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) into Vero cells was investigated quantitatively with biological techniques. The entry of virus occurred rapidly when the virus‐adsorbed cells were incubated at 37 C. The kinetics of virus entry was found to be similar to that of the process of uncoating, indicating that the uncoating of HSV‐1 occurs simultaneously with the entry of virus into the cell. Experiments with ammonium chloride revealed that acidity in endosomes is not necessary for the entry or uncoating of HSV‐1, in contrast with the cases of enveloped RNA viruses. In addition, endocytosis of the virus seems to be one of the processes of entry for HSV‐1. However, the kinetics of endocytosis showed that the cell‐bound virus is endocytosed gradually and suggested that the endocytosis of HSV‐1 does not lead the virus to an uncoating process. These results are most consistent with a mechanism of entry for HSV‐1 involving fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane of the host cell.
Incidence and Some Characteristics of Fimbriae FY and 31A of Escherichia coli Isolates from Calves with Diarrhea in Japan
Authors: Shimizu Mikio , Sakano Tetsuya , Yamamoto Junya , Kitajima Katsuyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEscherichia coli isolates from calves with diarrhea (1 day to 8 weeks old, 140 individuals) were surveyed for the three immunologically distinct fimbrial adhesins FY, 31A, and K99. Of a total of 1,370 strains isolated, 96 (7.0%), 34 (2.5%), 75 (5.5%), and 13 (0.9%) were identified as FY+, 31A+, FY+·31A+, and K99+, respectively. The K99+ strains also manifested heat‐stable enterotoxin production (ST+), while FY+, 31A+, and FY+·31A+ strains were ST‐. Expression of FY and 31A was repressed at lower temperatures or poor aeration. The FY+ and 31A+ E. coli showed mannose‐resistant hemagglutinating activity with bovine erythrocytes. Electron microscopy revealed that FY is a gently curled fimbria with a mean diameter of 4.2 nm, and 31A is a fimbria with a mean diameter of 5.1 nm. The molecular mass of protein subunits was found to be approximately 20 kilodaltons (Kd) and 19 Kd for FY and 31A, respectively. Lethal diarrhea of neonatal calves was induced by challenge with the combination of a K99+·ST+ E. coli strain and either a 31A+ E. coli strain or a 31A+ E. coli strain plus an FY+ E. coli strain under the experimental conditions in which lethal diarrhea was not induced by challenge with a K99+·ST+ E. coli strain alone.
Cross‐Reactive Antibodies to Mycoplasmas Found in Human Sera by the Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Authors: Sasaki Tsuguo , Bonissol Christiane , Stoiljkovic Bob 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAntibodies against Mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients' sera with M. pneumoniae infection were measured by the complement fixation (CF) test and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Many patients' sera cross‐reacted with heterologous mycoplasmal ELISA antigens such as M. hominis, M. hyorhinis, M. orale, M. pulmonis and M. salivarium. The sera with high CF (CF≥40) titers gave significantly higher ELISA values to M. hyorhinis (P<0.001) and M. pulmonis (P<0.001), which are not parasitic for humans, than those with low CF (CF<20) titer. Human normal immunoglobulin G (human normal IgG) containing 98% or more IgG, prepared from pooled plasma of at least 500 normal human donors, showed ELISA reactions with all mycoplasmal strains used. The nonspecific adsorption of human normal IgG on the surface of plate wells and on medium components which might contaminate mycoplasmal ELISA antigens could be disregarded. These results suggest that cross‐reactive antibodies to mycoplasmas exist in human sera, and they affect the results of ELISA for serodiagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection.
Activation of the Human Complement Cascade by Bacterial Cell Walls, Peptidoglycans, Water‐Soluble Peptidoglycan Components, and Synthetic Muramylpeptides—Studies on Active Components and Structural Requirements
Authors: Kawasaki Akinori , Takada Haruhiko , Kotani Shozo , Inai Shinya , Nagaki Kazuyoshi , Matsumoto Misako , Yokogawa Kanae , Kawata Shigeo , Kusumoto Shoichi , Shiba Tetsuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCell walls isolated from 29 strains of 24 gram‐positive bacterial species, whose peptidoglycans belong to the group A type of Schleifer and Kandler's classification, with one exception (Arthrobacter sp.), were shown to activate the complement cascade in pooled fresh human serum mainly through the alternative pathway and partly through the classical one. The complement‐activating effect of cell walls (5 species) possessing group B type peptidoglycan, except those of Corynebacterium insidiosum, was weaker than that of the walls with group A type peptidoglycan. Preparations of peptidoglycan isolated from cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Lactobacillus plantarum also activated the alternative pathway of the complement cascade, but less effectively than the respective parent cell walls. A water‐soluble “polymer” of peptidoglycan subunits (SEPS), which was prepared from Staphylococcus epidermidis peptidoglycans by treatment with a cross‐bridge degrading endopeptidase, retained most of the complement‐activating ability of the parent cell walls. A peptidoglycan “monomer,” SEPS‐M, which was obtained by hydrolysis of the glycan chain of SEPS with endo‐N‐acetylmuramidase to disaccharide units did not activate complement. In conformity with this finding, neither synthetic N‐acetylmuramyl‐l‐alanyl‐d‐isoglutamine (MDP) nor MDP‐l‐Lys‐d‐Ala activated the complement cascade. Among several lipophilic derivatives of MDP, 6‐O‐(3‐hydroxy‐3‐docosylhexacosanoyl)‐MDP‐l‐Lys‐d‐Ala (BH48‐MDP‐l‐Lys‐d‐Ala) and 6‐O‐(2‐tetradecylhexadecanoyl)‐MDP (B30‐MDP) were shown to activate complement through the alternative as well as the classical pathway and exclusively through the classical pathway, respectively. The finding that a d‐isoasparagine analog of B30‐MDP caused the same effect as the parent molecule strongly suggests that the activation of complement by B30‐MDP is different from that caused by cell wall peptidoglycans and a water‐soluble “polymer” of peptidoglycan subunits.
Isolation of Campylobacter pyloridis from Human Gastric Mucosa and Characterization of the Isolates
Authors: Itoh Takeshi , Yanagawa Yoshitoki , Shingaki Masao , Takahashi Masaki , Kai Akemi , Ohashi Makoto , Hamana Gennichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBiopsy specimens of human gastric mucosa of patients with gastric complaints and subjected to endoscopic examination were cultured microaerobically, and Campylobacter pyloridis was detected in 46 out of 80 cases (57.5%). The organism was found in 13 out of 22 patients with gastritis, 11 out of 16 with gastric ulcer scar, 7 out of 16 with gastric ulcer, 3 out of 9 with gastric polyp, 4 out of 5 with gastric carcinoma, 2 out of 2 with esophagus carcinoma, and 6 out of 9 with other gastric diseases. The isolates were identified as C. pyloridis, demonstrating its characteristic features such as positive for oxidase and catalase, negative for reduction of nitrite and nitrate, positive for urease, no growth at 25 C, growth at 37 C, not tolerant to 1% glycine, and resistant to nalidixic acid. Positive alkaline phosphatase activity was considered as an additional feature characteristic for the strains of C. pyloridis. The major cellular fatty acids were tetradecanoic acid and 19‐carbon‐cyclopropane acid. This pattern is unique among Campylobacter species. The survival of the organism for a longer period than 60 min at pH 2.5 indicates its significant resistance to acidic environment.
Effect of Aculeacin A on Reverting Protoplasts of Candida albicans
Authors: Yamaguchi Hideyo , Hiratani Tamio , Baba Misuzu , Osumi Masako 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProtoplasts of Candida albicans were prepared by digestion with Zymolyase and the effect of aculeacin A, a wall‐active antibiotic, on the synthesis of microfibrillar structures by the protoplasts incubated for 5 hr in an osmotically stabilized medium was studied using several electron microscopical techniques. Chemical analyses of the protoplasts before and after reversion with or without the antibiotic were also performed. Aculeacin A not only inhibited synthesis of microfibrils mainly composed of alkali‐insoluble β‐glucan, but also their assembly to form thicker bundles. The antibiotic appeared to have no effect on other wall components constituting the surface structure of reverting protoplasts. These data confirmed our previous postulation that aculeacin A is a specific and potent inhibitor of β‐glucan synthesis as well as biogenesis of cell walls including β‐glucans in susceptible yeasts.