bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More cells, bigger cells or simply reorganization? Alternative mechanisms leading to changed internode architecture under contrasting stress regimes
Authors: Huber Heidrun , de Brouwer Jan , von Wettberg Eric J. , During Heinjo J. , Anten Niels P. R. 
Published: September 2013

Summary

Shading and mechanical stress (MS) modulate plant architecture by inducing different developmental pathways. Shading results in increased stem elongation, often reducing whole‐plant mechanical stability, while MS inhibits elongation, with a concomitant increase in stability.

Here, we examined how these organ‐level responses are related to patterns and processes at the cellular level by exposing Impatiens capensis to shading and MS.

Shading led to the production of narrower cells along the vertical axis. By contrast, MS led to the production of fewer, smaller and broader cells. These responses to treatments were largely in line with genetic differences found among plants from open and closed canopy sites. Shading‐ and MS‐induced plastic responses in cellular characteristics were negatively correlated: genotypes that were more responsive to shading were less responsive to MS and vice versa. This negative correlation, however, did not scale to mechanical and architectural traits.

Our data show how environmental conditions elicit distinctly different associations between characteristics at the cellular level, plant morphology and biomechanics. The evolution of optimal response to different environmental cues may be limited by negative correlations of stress‐induced responses at the cellular level.
In Darwinian evolution, feedback from natural selection leads to biased mutations
Authors: Caporale Lynn Helena , Doyle John 
Published: September 2013

Natural selection provides feedback through which information about the environment and its recurring challenges is captured, inherited, and accumulated within genomes in the form of variations that contribute to survival. The variation upon which natural selection acts is generally described as “random.” Yet evidence has been mounting for decades, from such phenomena as mutation hotspots, horizontal gene transfer, and highly mutable repetitive sequences, that variation is far from the simplifying idealization of random processes aswhite(uniform in space and time and independent of the environment or context). This paper focuses on what is known about the generation and control of mutational variation, emphasizing that it is not uniform across the genome or in time, not unstructured with respect to survival, and is neither memoryless nor independent of the (also far from white) environment. We suggest that, as opposed to frequentist methods, Bayesian analysis could capture the evolution of nonuniform probabilities of distinct classes of mutation, and argue not only that the locations, styles, and timing of real mutations are not correctly modeled as generated by a white noise random process, but that such a process would be inconsistent with evolutionary theory.
Clinical Experience of Subcutaneous and Transvenous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Children and Teenagers
Authors: PETTIT STEPHEN J. , MCLEAN ANDREW , COLQUHOUN IAN , CONNELLY DEREK , MCLEOD KAREN 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundSubcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S‐ICD) systems have no components in contact with the heart and may avoid complications such as lead fracture, venous obstruction, or endocarditis that occur with transvenous leads. Concerns have been raised regarding inappropriate shocks and pocket erosion with S‐ICD systems. We have compared the performance of S‐ICD and transvenous ICD systems in children and teenagers.MethodsWe studied consecutive patients <20 years of age who received an ICD over a 4‐year period in two Scottish centers. Baseline characteristics, complications, and ICD therapy were recorded. The primary outcome measure was survival. The secondary outcome measure was survival‐free from inappropriate ICD therapy or system revision.ResultsNine S‐ICD were implanted in nine patients. Eight transvenous ICD were implanted in six patients; two were redo procedures. Baseline characteristics were well matched. Median duration of follow‐up was lower for S‐ICD (20 months) than for transvenous ICD (36 months, P = 0.0262). Survival was 100% in both groups. Survival free of inappropriate therapy or system revision was 89% for S‐ICD and 25% for transvenous ICD systems (log‐rank test, P = 0.0237). No S‐ICD were extracted, but three transvenous ICD were extracted due to infection (n = 1) and lead failure (n = 2).ConclusionsIn real‐world use in children and teenagers, S‐ICD may offer similar survival benefit to transvenous ICD, with a lower incidence of complications requiring reoperation. In the absence of randomized trials, S‐ICD should be compared prospectively with transvenous ICD in large multicenter registries with comparable periods of follow‐up.
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Comparison Study of Children Aged 0–4 and 5–9 Years
Authors: AN HYO SOON , CHOI EUN YOUNG , KWON BO SANG , KIM GI BEOM , BAE EUN JUNG , NOH CHUNG IL , CHOI JUNG YUN 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundThe safety and effectiveness of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in young children was investigated.MethodsNinety‐five children who underwent RFCA procedures were stratified according to age (group 1, 0–4 years, n = 24; group 2, 5–9 years, n = 71) and were evaluated retrospectively.ResultsAmong the 95 patients, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia was 78.9%, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia was 10.5%, and ectopic atrial tachycardia was 8.4%. The acute success rate of RFCA was 97.9% and the recurrence rate was 11.6%. RFCA was performed for different main reasons in each group, including drug‐resistant tachycardia (37.5% in group 1 vs 7% in group 2; P = 0.001) and symptomatic tachycardia (4.2% in group 1 vs 57.7% in group 2; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in success rate, recurrence rate, and procedure and fluoroscopy duration between the two groups. The acute success rates did not differ significantly between patients with a single accessory pathway (AP) and those with multiple APs; however, failure or recurrence was more common in the patients with multiple APs (38.5% vs 11.5%; P = 0.01). The multiple APs were found frequently on the right side (P = 0.005). Septal dyskinesia with left ventricular dysfunction in Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome and tachycardia‐induced cardiomyopathy improved after RFCA.ConclusionsRFCA was found to be effective and safe for SVT in young children.
Efficacy and Safety of Cryoablation of Parahissian Accessory Pathways in Children: A Single Institution Study
Authors: YILDIRIM IŞIL , KARAGÖZ TEVFIK , ERTUĞRUL İLKER , KARAGÖZ AYŞE HEVES , ÖZER SEMA 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundCatheter cryoablation of supraventricular tachycardias involving the perinodal regions is considered to be a safer alternative compared to radiofrequency ablation. Limited information is available for efficacy, midterm outcomes, and complications regarding the ablation of parahissian accessory pathways (APs) in pediatric patients.MethodsA retrospective review of all pediatric patients who underwent cryoablation for treatment of a parahissian AP was performed.ResultsTwenty‐five patients (median age 13 years and weight 45.6 kg) underwent cryoablation of a parahissian AP. Median number of cryolesions applied was four (range: 3–6). Initial procedural success was achieved in 23 patients (23/25, 92%). Transient third‐degree atrioventricular (AV) block was noted in two patients. There was no permanent AV block. Transient right bundle branch block (RBBB) was observed in one patient and permanent RBBB occurred in two patients. Of the patients successfully ablated with cryo, there was only one recurrence (1/23, 4.3%) over a follow‐up of 17.5 months (range 6–34 months).ConclusionCryoablation of parahissian APs is both safe and effective with a low risk of recurrence in pediatric patients.
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Electric and Magnetic Fields of 400 kV Power Lines
Authors: KORPINEN LEENA , KUISTI HARRI , ELOVAARA JARMO , VIRTANEN VESA 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundImplantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy has increased in Western countries. The aim of the study was to investigate the function of ICDs using a human‐shaped phantom in electric and magnetic fields of 400 kV power lines.MethodsThe phantom was used in the following manner: isolated from the ground, earthed from a foot, or earthed from a hand.ResultsWe performed 37 ICD tests using 10 different ICD devices. When the electric fields varied from 6.8 kV/m to 7.5 kV/m (humidity 70.5%) and the magnetic field was 2.0 μT, one of the ICDs tested recorded 258 ventricular beats/min when a simulated heart signal was applied to ICD electrodes. When the exposure was 5.1 kV/m, the same ICD had a similar disturbance; however, in a 0.9 kV/m field, it worked correctly.ConclusionsConsequently, no effect on ICDs functioning was observed up to 0.9 kV/m, while anomalous behavior in some conditions was observed when levels exceeded 5.1 kV/m; ICD malfunctioning seems possible within 11.5 m from 400 kV power lines or in conditions inducing exposures exceeding 5 kV/m. Further development of this research field is needed.
Angioedema without urticaria in childhood
Authors: Ertoy Karagol Hacer I. , Yilmaz Ozlem , Bakirtas Arzu , Topal Erdem , Demirsoy Mehmet S. , Turktas Ipek 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundThere has been no separate study investigating angioedema without urticaria (Aw/oU) exclusively in children so far. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency, clinical presentation, etiology, management and follow‐up of Aw/oU in children.MethodsThis is a prospective study that included all consecutive patients with a history of Aw/oU referred to our clinic between January 2011 and May 2012. A standard diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm was applied to all patients.ResultsThe frequency of Aw/oU was found to be 1.6% during the study period. An etiological factor could be found in only 45 patients (49%). The causes of Aw/oU were infection (21%), allergy (14%), thyroid autoimmunity (TA)‐related (8%) and nonsteroid anti‐inflammatory drug hypersensitivity (6%), and idiopathic angioedema (51%). There was no hereditary type I, II or acquired type of angioedema or rare syndromes associated with Aw/oU. The median follow‐up was 16 months (range: 12–30 months). Antihistamine prophylaxis was initiated at therapeutic doses in 20 patients with frequently recurrent angioedema due to idiopathic and euthyroid TA‐related Aw/oU for 3 months. These patients responded to antihistamine prophylaxis for 3 months. Four patients relapsed after cessation of prophylaxis at the end of 3 months. Antihistamine prophylaxis was prolonged to 6 months in three patients and to 9 months in one patient.ConclusionsAngioedema without urticaria in children is a rare condition and no etiology can be identified in half of them. Antihistamine treatment alone is sufficient, and prognosis is good in recurrent non hereditary cases in a short‐term follow‐up period.
Structural changes in the bronchial mucosa of young children at risk of developing asthma
Authors: Berankova Katarina , Uhlik Jiri , Honkova Lenka , Pohunek Petr 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundBronchial asthma often starts in early childhood. Clinical manifestation of the disease is likely due to inflammatory processes in the airways initiated by various stimuli. Developed remodelling is regularly observed in the bronchial mucosa of adult asthmatics but we still lack information about its onset and latter development with the natural course of the disease. In this study, we analysed histological findings in bronchial biopsies obtained from very young children (under 4 yr of age). We hypothesized that initial undetectable changes in the airway epithelium of children predisposed to asthma may be one of the first mechanisms leading to morphological changes in the bronchial mucosa.MethodsWe measured the thickness of the basement membrane using a light microscope and analysed the presence of its three basic structural glycoproteins: laminin, tenascin and collagen IV, using immunohistochemical techniques. We compared these findings in children predisposed to asthma according to the selected clinical criteria of the Asthma Predictive Index and in a control group of children.ResultsWe found a significant difference in the thickness of the basement membrane between the two groups. We also found a difference in the subepithelial deposition of laminin and collagen IV in the basement membrane but no difference in the deposition of tenascin.ConclusionsWe conclude that initial changes leading to further remodelling may start at a very early age even before clinical manifestation of the disease.
Exploring Philosophical Implications of Quantum Decoherence
Authors: Crull Elise M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractQuantum decoherence is receiving a great deal of attention today not only in theoretical and experimental physics but also in branches of science as diverse as molecular biology, biochemistry, and even neuropsychology. It is no surprise that it is also beginning to appear in various philosophical debates concerning the fundamental structure of the world. The purpose of this article is primarily to acquaint non‐specialists with quantum decoherence and clarify related concepts, and secondly to sketch its possible implications – independent of particular interpretations of quantum mechanics – for broader philosophical debates. For example, decoherence shows that any method of parsing nature into levels or parts cannot be in principle but instead derives from our perception of the world as classical, a perception that is itself sustained by the process of decoherence.
Strange Parts: The Metaphysics of Non‐classical Mereologies
Authors: Cotnoir A. J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe dominant theory of parts and wholes – classical extensional mereology – has faced a number of challenges in the recent literature. This article gives a sampling of some of the alleged counterexamples to some of the more controversial principles involving the connections between parthood and identity. Along the way, some of the main revisionary approaches are reviewed. First, counterexamples to extensionality are reviewed. The ‘supplementation’ axioms that generate extensionality are examined more carefully, and a suggested revision is considered. Second, the paper considers an alternative approach that focuses the blame on antisymmetry but allows us to keep natural supplementation axioms. Third, we look at counterexamples to the idempotency of composition and the associated ‘parts just once’ principle. We explore options for developing weaker mereologies that avoid such commitments.
Political Liberalism and Citizenship Education
Authors: Neufeld Blain 
Published: September 2013

AbstractJohn Rawls claims that the kind of citizenship education required by political liberalism demands ‘far less’ than that required by comprehensive liberalism. Many educational and political theorists who have explored the implications of political liberalism for education policy have disputed Rawls's claim. Writing from a comprehensive liberal perspective, Amy Gutmann contends that the justificatory differences between political and comprehensive liberalism generally have no practical significance for citizenship education. Political liberals such as Stephen Macedo and Victoria Costa maintain that political liberalism requires a form of citizenship education that is far more demanding than that suggested by Rawls. Gordon Davis and Blain Neufeld, in contrast, defend Rawls's position. These different views have implications for the content of mandatory citizenship education, understanding of the ‘common school ideal,’ and the scope for educational choice within the framework of political liberalism. However, the differences between Gutmann, Macedo, and Costa, on the one hand, and Davis and Neufeld, on the other, might be attributable, at least in part, to their different foci. Gutmann, Macedo, and Costa focus on non‐ideal theory, specifically the contemporary American context, whereas Davis and Neufeld begin, as does Rawls, within ideal theory, and consider non‐ideal circumstances from that perspective.
Polysomnographic evaluation of non‐invasive ventilation in children with neuromuscular disease
Authors: Falsaperla Raffaele , Wenzel Anette , Pavone Piero , Di Mauro Caterina , Vitaliti Giovanna 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveIn the last 20 years, research efforts have been focused on the use of non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) as a mean of avoiding tracheostomy in patients affected by neuromuscular diseases (NMD). Nocturnal NIV has been a particular focus as sleep is a risk factor for respiratory failure in NMD patients. The objective of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of nocturnal NIV in improving the respiratory function of NMD patients evaluated by polysomnography (PSG) and arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis parameters.MethodsTen children affected by NMD underwent PSG and ABG analysis evaluation at the onset of their respiratory failure and during nocturnal NIV therapy.ResultsWe found a statistically significant improvement of the lowest oxygen desaturation (nadir SaO2), apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) after NIV treatment in all patients. Mean SaO2 also improved, although this result was not statistical significant, while the percentage of episodes of desaturation with a SaO2 <90% and <80% decreased with a statistical significance (P < 0.0001).After NIV, only one patient showed an episode of desaturation lasting more than 5 min (10.6 min length), and we also found an improvement of daytime blood gas parameters with a normalization of these indexes.ConclusionsNIV was effective in improving respiratory parameters at night in patients affected by respiratory muscular weakness, as evaluated by PSG and ABG analysis.
New Predictive Marker for Hemodialysis Vascular Access Dysfunction
Authors: Kim Ji Dae , Bae Jae Ik , Won Je Hwan , Lee Jong Hoon , Oh Chang‐Kwon , Jung Hyuna , Lee Hyun Young 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTo examine the relationship between intra‐access pressures and vascular stenosis, we measured the total (pT) and static (pS) pressures and the severity of stenosis before and after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). The dynamic pressure (△p) and static intra‐access pressure ratios (SIAPR) were calculated. We analyzed the clinical correlation of △p and SIAPR with the severity and location of stenosis, and searched potential predictive factors for the severity of stenosis using multivariate regression. While SIAPR was significantly decreased only in outflow stenosis after PTA (p < 0.0001), △p was significantly increased in both inflow and in outflow stenosis (p < 0.05). SIAPR was negatively correlated with the severity of stenosis only in outflow stenosis (p < 0.0001), and △p was significantly correlated with both inflow and outflow stenosis (p < 0.05). △p was an independent predictor for the severity of stenosis in both inflow and outflow stenosis (p < 0.05). Thus, our study suggests that △p may be more clinically useful than SIAPR not only in detecting access stenosis regardless of its location, but also providing information about the severity of stenosis.
Discrete Multicolour Random Mosaics with an Application to Network Extraction
Authors: van Lieshout M.N.M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe introduce a class of random fields that can be understood as discrete versions of multicolour polygonal fields built on regular linear tessellations. We focus first on a subclass of consistent polygonal fields, for which we show Markovianity and solvability by means of a dynamic representation. This representation is used to design new sampling techniques for Gibbsian modifications of such fields, a class which covers lattice‐based random fields. A flux‐based modification is applied to the extraction of the field tracks network from a Synthetic Aperture Radar image of a rural area.
Testing for a Change of the Innovation Distribution in Nonparametric Autoregression: The Sequential Empirical Process Approach
Authors: Selk Leonie , Neumeyer Natalie 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTWe consider a nonparametric autoregression model under conditional heteroscedasticity with the aim to test whether the innovation distribution changes in time. To this end, we develop an asymptotic expansion for the sequential empirical process of nonparametrically estimated innovations (residuals). We suggest a Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic based on the difference of the estimated innovation distributions built from the first ⌊ns⌋and the last n − ⌊ns⌋ residuals, respectively (0 ≤ s ≤ 1). Weak convergence of the underlying stochastic process to a Gaussian process is proved under the null hypothesis of no change point. The result implies that the test is asymptotically distribution‐free. Consistency against fixed alternatives is shown. The small sample performance of the proposed test is investigated in a simulation study and the test is applied to a data example.
Comparison of the Mechanical Behaviour of Standard and Auxetic Foams by X‐ray Computed Tomography and Digital Volume Correlation
Authors: Pierron F. , McDonald S. A. , Hollis D. , Fu J. , Withers P. J. , Alderson A. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe tensile behaviour of standard and auxetic polyurethane foams are contrasted by digital volume correlation of 3D images collected by in situ X‐ray computed tomography (CT). It was found that subset sizes of 32 and 64 voxels for the auxetic and standard foams were optimal for strain resolutions in the order of 0.1%. For the standard foam, good uniformity of strain was observed at low strains giving a tangent Poisson's ratio of 0.5. Some heterogeneity of strain was observed at higher strains, which may be related to the fixtures. The behaviour of the auxetic foam was totally different, with strain being spatially heterogeneous with transverse strains both positive and negative but giving a negative Poisson's ratio on average. This suggests that the unfolding tendency of some groups of cells was higher than others because of the complex frozen starting microstructure. Further different methods of deriving Poisson's ratio gave different results. Besides revealing interesting microstuctural mechanisms of transverse straining, the study also shows digital volume correlation of tomography sequences to be the perfect tool to study complex mechanical behaviour of cellular materials.
An enhanced software tool to support better use of manure nutrients:MANNER‐NPK
Authors: Nicholson F. A. , Bhogal A. , Chadwick D. , Gill E. , Gooday R. D. , Lord E. , Misselbrook T. , Rollett A. J. , Sagoo E. , Smith K. A. , Thorman R. E. , Williams J. R. , Chambers B. J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMANNER‐NPK(MANure Nutrient Evaluation Routine) is a decision support tool for quantifying manure (and other organic material) crop available nutrient supply. The user‐friendly design of an earlier version ofMANNERwas retained, but in response to user and stakeholder feedback, additional functionality was included to underpin new and revised nitrogen (N) transformation/loss modules (covering ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide/di‐nitrogen emissions, and organic N mineralization) and also to estimate manure phosphorus (as P2O5), potassium (as K2O), sulphur (asSO3) and magnesium (as MgO) supply. Notably,MANNER‐NPKprovides N availability estimates for following crops through the mineralization of organic N. Validation of the crop available N supply estimates was undertaken by comparing predicted values with data from more than 200 field experimental measurements. For cattle, pig and poultry manures, there was good agreement (P < 0.001) between predicted and measured fertilizer N replacement values, indicating thatMANNER‐NPKprovides robust estimates of manure crop available N supply and N losses to the wider environment.