bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Sweating meteorites”—Water‐soluble salts and temperature variation in ordinary chondrites and soil from the hot desert of Oman
Authors: Zurfluh Florian J. , Hofmann Beda A. , Gnos Edwin , Eggenberger Urs 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe common appearance of hygroscopic brine (“sweating”) on ordinary chondrites (OCs) from Oman during storage under room conditions initiated a study on the role of water‐soluble salts on the weathering of OCs. Analyses of leachates from OCs and soils, combined with petrography of alteration features and a 11‐month record of in situ meteorite and soil temperatures, are used to evaluate the role of salts in OC weathering. Main soluble ions in soils are Ca2+, SO42−, HCO3−, Na+, and Cl−, while OC leachates are dominated by Mg2+ (from meteoritic olivine), Ca2+ (from soil), Cl− (from soil), SO42− (from meteoritic troilite and soil), and iron (meteoritic). “Sweating meteorites” mainly contain Mg2+ and Cl−. The median Na/Cl mass ratio of leachates changes from 0.65 in soils to 0.07 in meteorites, indicating the precipitation of a Na‐rich phase or loss of an efflorescent Na‐salt. The total concentrations of water‐soluble ions in bulk OCs ranges from 600 to 9000 μg g−1 (median 2500 μg g−1) as compared to 187–14140 μg g−1 in soils (median 1148 μg g−1). Soil salts dissolved by rain water are soaked up by meteorites by capillary forces. Daily heating (up to 66.3 °C) and cooling of the meteorites cause a pumping effect, resulting in a strong concentration of soluble ions in meteorites over time. The concentrations of water‐soluble ions in meteorites, which are complex mixtures of ions from the soil and from oxidation and hydrolysis of meteoritic material, depend on the degree of weathering and are highest at W3. Input of soil contaminants generally dominates over the ions mobilized from meteorites. Silicate hydrolysis preferentially affects olivine and is enhanced by sulfide oxidation, producing local acidic conditions as evidenced by jarosite. Plagioclase weathering is negligible. After completion of troilite oxidation, the rate of chemical weathering slows down with continuing Ca‐sulfate contamination.
Crystallization temperature determination of Itokawa particles by plagioclase thermometry with X‐ray diffraction data obtained by a high‐resolution synchrotron Gandolfi camera
Authors: Tanaka Masahiko , Nakamura Tomoki , Noguchi Takaaki , Nakato Aiko , Ishida Hatsumi , Yada Toru , Shirai Kei , Fujimura Akio , Ishibashi Yukihiro , Abe Masanao , Okada Tatsuaki , Ueno Munetaka , Mukai Toshifumi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe crystallization temperatures of Itokawa surface particles recovered by the space probe Hayabusa were estimated by a plagioclase geothermometer using sodic plagioclase triclinicity. The Δ131‐index required for the thermometer, which is the difference in X‐ray diffraction peak positions between the 131 and 11 reflections of plagioclase, was obtained by a high‐resolution synchrotron Gandolfi camera developed for the third generation synchrotron radiation beamline, BL15XU at SPring‐8. Crystallization temperatures were successfully determined from the Δ131‐indices for four particles. The observed plagioclase crystallization temperatures were in a range from 655 to 660 °C. The temperatures indicate crystallization temperatures of plagioclases in the process of prograde metamorphism before the peak metamorphic stage.
Cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei differs between bloodstream and tsetse trypomastigote forms: implications for microtubule‐based morphogenesis and mutant analysis
Authors: Wheeler Richard J. , Scheumann Nicole , Wickstead Bill , Gull Keith , Vaughan Sue 
Published: October 2013

SummaryTrypanosomes use a microtubule‐focused mechanism for cell morphogenesis and cytokinesis. We used scanning electron and video microscopy of living cells to provide the first detailed description of cell morphogenesis and cytokinesis in the early‐branching eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei. We outline four distinct stages of cytokinesis and show that an asymmetric division fold bisects the two daughter cells, with a cytoplasmic bridge‐like structure connecting the two daughters immediately prior to abscission. Using detection of tyrosinated α‐tubulin as a marker for new or growing microtubules and expression of XMAP215, a plus end binding protein, as a marker for microtubule plus ends we demonstrate spatial asymmetry in the underlying microtubule cytoskeleton throughout the cell division cycle. This leads to inheritance of different microtubule cytoskeletal patterns and demonstrates the major role of microtubules in achieving cytokinesis. RNA interference techniques have led to a large set of mutants, often with variations in phenotype between procyclic and bloodstream life cycle forms. Here, we show morphogenetic differences between these two life cycle forms of this parasite during new flagellum growth and cytokinesis. These discoveries are important tools to explain differences between bloodstream and procyclic form RNAi phenotypes involving organelle mis‐positioning during cell division and cytokinesis defects.
MoeH5: a natural glycorandomizer from the moenomycin biosynthetic pathway
Authors: Ostash Bohdan , Campbell Jennifer , Luzhetskyy Andriy , Walker Suzanne 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe biosynthesis of the phosphoglycolipid antibiotic moenomycin A attracts the attention of researchers hoping to develop new moenomycin‐based antibiotics against multidrug resistant Gram‐positive infections. There is detailed understanding of most steps of this biosynthetic pathway in Streptomyces ghanaensis (ATCC14672), except for the ultimate stage, where a single pentasaccharide intermediate is converted into a set of unusually modified final products. Here we report that only one gene, moeH5, encoding a homologue of the glutamine amidotransferase (GAT) enzyme superfamily, is responsible for the observed diversity of terminally decorated moenomycins. Genetic and biochemical evidence support the idea that MoeH5 is a novel member of the GAT superfamily, whose homologues are involved in the synthesis of various secondary metabolites as well as K and O antigens of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Our results provide insights into the mechanism of MoeH5 and its counterparts, and give us a new tool for the diversification of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics.
The REL3‐mediated TAS3 ta‐siRNA pathway integrates auxin and ethylene signaling to regulate nodulation in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Li Xiaolin , Lei Mingjuan , Yan Zhongyuan , Wang Qi , Chen Aimin , Sun Jie , Luo Da , Wang Yanzhang 
Published: October 2013

Summary

The ta‐siRNA pathway is required for lateral organ development, including leaf patterning, flower differentiation and lateral root growth. Legumes can develop novel lateral root organs – nodules – resulting from symbiotic interactions with rhizobia. However, ta‐siRNA regulation in nodule formation remains unknown. To explore ta‐siRNA regulation in nodule formation, we investigated the roles of REL3, a key component of TAS3 ta‐siRNA biogenesis, during nodulation in Lotus japonicus.

We characterized the symbiotic phenotypes of the TAS3 ta‐siRNA defective rel3 mutant, and analyzed the responses of the rel3 mutant to auxin and ethylene in order to gain insight into TAS3 ta‐siRNA regulation of nodulation.

The rel3 mutant produced fewer pink nitrogen‐fixing nodules, with substantially decreased infection frequency and nodule initiation. Moreover, the rel3 mutant was more resistant than wild‐type to 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) in root growth, and exhibited insensitivity to auxins but greater sensitivity to auxin transport inhibitors during nodulation. Furthermore, the rel3 mutant has enhanced root‐specific ethylene sensitivity and altered responses to ethylene during nodulation; the low‐nodulating phenotype of the rel3 mutant can be restored by ethylene synthesis inhibitor L‐α‐(2‐aminoethoxyvinyl)‐glycine (AVG) or action inhibitor Ag+.

The REL3‐mediated TAS3 ta‐siRNA pathway regulates nodulation by integrating ethylene and auxin signaling.
Brown adipose tissue as an anti‐obesity tissue in humans
Authors: Chechi K. , Nedergaard J. , Richard D. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryDuring the 11th Stock Conference held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, world‐leading experts came together to present and discuss recent developments made in the field of brown adipose tissue biology. Owing to the vast capacity of brown adipose tissue for burning food energy in the process of thermogenesis, and due to demonstrations of its presence in adult humans, there is tremendous interest in targeting brown adipose tissue as an anti‐obesity tissue in humans. However, the future of such therapeutic approaches relies on our understanding of the origin, development, recruitment, activation and regulation of brown adipose tissue in humans. As reviewed here, the 11th Stock Conference was organized around these themes to discuss the recent progress made in each aspect, to identify gaps in our current understanding and to further provide a common groundwork that could support collaborative efforts aimed at a future therapy for obesity, based on brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.
Quantitative relationship between body weight gain in adulthood and incident type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Kodama S. , Horikawa C. , Fujihara K. , Yoshizawa S. , Yachi Y. , Tanaka S. , Ohara N. , Matsunaga S. , Yamada T. , Hanyu O. , Sone H. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThis meta‐analysis quantified the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) preceded by body weight (BW) gain in the general population. Systematic literature searches retrieved 15 eligible studies. The BW gain was divided into early weight‐gain, which was defined as BW gain from early adulthood (18–24 years of age) to cohort entry (≥25 years of age), and late weight‐gain, which was defined as BW gain from cohort entry. The pooled relative risk (RR; 95% confidence interval [CI]) of T2DM for an increment of BW gain standardized into a 5‐kg m−2 increment in the body mass index (BMI) was 3.07 (2.49–2.79) for early weight‐gain and 2.12 (1.74–2.58) for late weight‐gain. When limiting analysis to studies that concurrently examined T2DM risk for current BMI (defined in both groups as BMI at cohort entry), a larger magnitude of T2DM risk was revealed for early weight‐gain compared with current BMI (RR [95% CI], 3.38 [2.20–5.18] vs. 2.39 [1.58–3.62]), while there was little difference between late weight‐gain (RR [95% CI], 2.21 [1.91–2.56]) and current BMI (RR [95% CI], 2.47 [1.97–3.30]). The meta‐analysis suggested that BW gain was a quantifiable predictor of T2DM, as well as current obesity in adults. Particularly, BW gain in early rather than middle‐to‐late adulthood played an important role in developing T2DM.
Changes in Follow‐Up ECG and Signal‐Averaged ECG in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Authors: BAE MYUNG HWAN , KIM JAE HEE , JANG SE YONG , PARK SUN HEE , LEE JANG HOON , YANG DONG HEON , PARK HUN SIK , CHO YONGKEUN , CHAE SHUNG CHULL 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundElectrocardiogram (ECG) and signal‐averaged ECG (SAECG) are important as diagnostic tools in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). The aim of this study was to investigate changes in follow‐up ECGs and SAECGs in patients with ARVC.MethodsWe collected 185 follow‐up ECGs from 38 patients and 35 follow‐up SAECGs from 18 patients during a mean follow‐up period of 64 ± 36 months.ResultsOn baseline ECG and SAECG, epsilon waves, T‐wave inversion (TWI), and terminal activation delay (TAD) of QRS ≥55 ms in right precordial leads, and late potentials (LPs) were observed in six (16%), 11 (29%), 13 (34%), and 23 (68%) patients, respectively. During the follow‐up period, 15 (39%) patients had 18 changes in ECG and/or SAECG features included in modified Task Force Criteria (TFC) of ARVC. Two patients developed new epsilon waves, and another two patients had dynamic epsilon waves. Newly developed TAD of QRS ≥55 ms was observed in two patients and disappeared in one patient. Eight patients, seven with and one without TWI in V1–V3 or beyond, showed dynamic changes. LP developed in three patients. One patient with dynamic change of TWI and another patient with dynamic change of epsilon wave and TAD of QRS ≥55 ms could not satisfy the modified TFC during follow‐up.ConclusionsFollow‐up ECGs and SAECGs showed changes in 39% of patients with ARVC. Larger studies with a longer follow‐up period are needed to investigate the clinical implications of changes in follow‐up ECG and SAECG.
Impact of Wait times on Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy Outcomes
Authors: Kumar Krishna , Rizvi Syed , Nguyen Rita , Abbas Mariam , Bishop Sharon , Murthy Vignesh 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectivePresently, the long‐term success rate of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) ranges from 47% to 74%. SCS efficacy is inversely proportional to the passage of time between development of chronic pain syndrome and time of implantation. To improve outcomes, implantation should be performed early. This study identifies sources of delay and offers suggestions for improvement.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 437 SCS patients examines delays to accessing SCS at various points in the referral stream, from initial diagnosis, family physician, and various specialist treatments, to implantation. Analysis of variance evaluated the effect of age, sex, treating specialty, and their interactions on implantation delay. A multiple linear regression model was developed to assess factors contributing to implantation delay.ResultsFrom time of onset of chronic pain to implantation, patients endured a delay of 65.4 ± 2.04 months. Initial physician contact occurred at a mean of 3.4 ± 0.12 months after development of pain syndrome. Family physicians managed cases for 11.9 ± 0.45 months and various specialists for an additional 39.8 ± 1.22 months. Neurosurgeons were quickest to refer to an implant physician (average wait‐time 32.28 ± 2.64 months), while orthopedic surgeons and nonimplanting anesthesiologists took the longest, contributing to wait times of 51.60 ± 5.04 months and 58.08 ± 5.76 months, respectively. Once the decision for implantation was made, the implanting physician required 3.31 ± 0.09 months to organize the procedure. A gradual decline in wait times was observed from 1980 to present.ConclusionTo improve SCS success rates, physicians involved in the treatment for chronic pain should refer these cases early to an implant physician once failure of medical management becomes apparent.
Kyphoplasty Increases Vertebral Height, Decreases Both Pain Score and Opiate Requirements While Improving Functional Status
Authors: Tolba Reda , Bolash Robert B. , Shroll Joshua , Costandi Shrif , Dalton Jarrod E. , Sanghvi Chirag , Mekhail Nagy 
Published: October 2013

AbstractVertebral compression fractures can result from advanced osteoporosis, or less commonly from metastatic or traumatic insults to the vertebral column, and result in disabling pain and decreased functional capacity. Various vertebral augmentation options including kyphoplasty aim at preventing the sequelae of pain and immobility that can develop as the result of the vertebral fractures. The mechanism for pain relief following kyphoplasty is not entirely understood, and the restoration of a portion of the lost vertebral height is a subject of debate. We retrospectively reviewed radiographic imaging, pain relief, analgesic intake and functional outcomes in 67 consecutive patients who underwent single‐ or multilevel kyphoplasty with the primary goal of quantifying the restoration of lost vertebral height. We observed a mean of 45% of the lost vertebral height restored postprocedurally. Secondarily, kyphoplasty was associated with significant decreases in pain scores, daily morphine consumption and improvement in patient‐reported functional measures.
Proportion of mast cells in normal canine hepatic cytologic specimens: comparison of 2 staining methods
Authors: Masserdotti Carlo 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundAlthough the presence of mast cells is considered a normal finding in canine hepatic tissue, the normal proportion of these cells in cytologic specimens from normal livers was not previously established.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine the normal proportion of hepatic mast cells in cytologic specimens from normal canine liver by the use and comparison of the May–Grünwald–Giemsa and the Toluidine Blue staining methods.MethodsThe cytologic specimens obtained from fine‐needle aspirates of livers of 13 healthy dogs were investigated by counting of hepatocytes and mast cells per high‐power field (HPF, x40 objective). The ratio of mast cells/100 hepatocytes was then compared between the 2 staining methods.ResultsA median of 0.17 (range: 0–0.33) mast cells/100 hepatocytes and of 0.47 (range: 0–0.86) mast cells/100 hepatocytes was obtained with May–Grünwald–Giemsa and Toluidine Blue stains, respectively.ConclusionsToluidine Blue stain detects more hepatic mast cells than May–Grunwald–Giemsa in normal canine livers. With both stains, < 1% mast cells were detected in normal canine liver samples.
Utilizing a simple CT dosimetry phantom for the comprehension of the operational characteristics of CT AEC systems
Authors: Tsalafoutas Ioannis A. , Varsamidis Athanasios , Thalassinou Stella , Efstathopoulos Efstathios P. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose:To investigate the utility of the nested polymethylacrylate (PMMA) phantom (which is available in many CT facilities for CTDI measurements), as a tool for the presentation and comparison of the ways that two different CT automatic exposure control (AEC) systems respond to a phantom when various scan parameters and AEC protocols are modified.Methods:By offsetting the two phantomˈs components (the head phantom and the body ring) half‐way along their longitudinal axis, a phantom with three sections of different x‐ray attenuation was created. Scan projection radiographs (SPRs) and helical scans of the three‐section phantom were performed on a Toshiba Aquilion 64 and a Philips Brilliance 64 CT scanners, with different scan parameter selections [scan direction, pitch factor, slice thickness, and reconstruction interval (ST/RI), AEC protocol, and tube potential used for the SPRs]. The dose length product (DLP) values of each scan were recorded and the tube current (mA) values of the reconstructed CT images were plotted against the respective Z‐axis positions on the phantom. Furthermore, measurements of the noise levels at the center of each phantom section were performed to assess the impact of mA modulation on image quality.Results:The mA modulation patterns of the two CT scanners were very dissimilar. The mA variations were more pronounced for Aquilion 64, where changes in any of the aforementioned scan parameters affected both the mA modulations curves and DLP values. However, the noise levels were affected only by changes in pitch, ST/RI, and AEC protocol selections. For Brilliance 64, changes in pitch affected the mA modulation curves but not the DLP values, whereas only AEC protocol and SPR tube potential selection variations affected both the mA modulation curves and DLP values. The noise levels increased for smaller ST/RI, larger weight category AEC protocol, and larger SPR tube potential selection.Conclusions:The nested PMMA dosimetry phantom can be effectively utilized for the comprehension of CT AEC systems performance and the way that different scan conditions affect the mA modulation patterns, DLP values, and image noise. However, in depth analysis of the reasons why these two systems exhibited such different behaviors in response to the same phantom requires further investigation which is beyond the scope of this study.
Complete Genome Sequence of a UL96 Mutant Cytomegalovirus Towne-BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) Isolate Passaged in Fibroblasts To Allow Accumulation of Compensatory Mutations
Authors: Brechtel Teal M. , Tyner Molly , Tandon Ritesh 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Here, we present the complete genome sequence of a cytomegalovirus Towne-BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) isolate that we first genetically engineered to mutate the UL96 gene and then serially passaged in human fibroblasts to allow for the accumulation of compensatory mutations. A total of 17 single-base substitutions were discovered in the passaged genome compared to the reference sequence (KF493877).
Smoking cessation in the first trimester reduces most obstetric risks, but not the risks of major congenital anomalies and admission to neonatal care: a population-based cohort study of 1 164 953 singleton pregnancies in Finland
Authors: Räisänen Sari , Sankilampi Ulla , Gissler Mika , Kramer Michael R , Hakulinen-Viitanen Tuovi , Saari Juho , Heinonen Seppo 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundIn industrialised countries, approximately 5–20% of women smoke during pregnancy. We aim to study the association between smoking during pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes.MethodsA retrospective population–based cohort study using data on all singleton births between 1991 and 2010 (n=1 164 953) derived from the Finnish Medical Birth Register.ResultsOf all the mothers included, 82.3% were non-smokers, 2.6% quit smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy, 12.5% smoked throughout pregnancy and 2.7% had no information on smoking. Continuing smoking after the first trimester of the pregnancy was associated with an increased prevalence of admission to a neonatal intensive care unit, stillbirth, preterm birth (<37 gestational weeks), low birth weight (LBW, <2500 g), small for gestational age (SGA, <−2 SDs) and major congenital anomaly compared with non-smokers. Smoking cessation reduced the risk of prematurity, stillbirth, LBW and SGA close to or at similar levels as those of non-smokers. Tobacco exposure in early pregnancy resulted in a 19% increased prevalence of admission to neonatal intensive care unit and a 22% increased prevalence of major congenital anomaly compared with non-smokers.ConclusionsSmoking cessation appeared to reduce pregnancy risks close to those of non-smoking peers. Exposure to early pregnancy smoking was, however, associated with an increased admission to neonatal intensive care and an increased prevalence of major congenital anomalies.
CONTINUOUS INFRACLAVICULAR BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCKADE: EFFECT ON SURVIVAL OF REPLANTED DIGITS
Authors: Niazi Ahtsham U. , El-Beheiry Hossam , Ramlogan Reva , Graham Brent , von Schroeder Herbert P. , Tumber Paul S. 
Published: October 2013

In replantation surgery, the use of continuous brachial plexus blockade (CBPB) is popular as it improves postoperative analgesia and vascular flow. The aim of our study was to determine whether CBPB may affect the odds of survivability of replanted digit(s). A four-year retrospective chart review was performed and various parameters affecting replant survival were examined. Outcome was recorded as successful if the transplanted digit(s) survived six months after discharge. All the independent variables were forced into a regression model without using a specific variable selection algorithm. The data for 146 patients was obtained from our chart review. The success rate of replanted digits in the patients reviewed was 65.8%. The logistic regression model showed a relation between the number of digits injured and replanted digit(s) survival. Our study showed that CBPB has no effect on the survivability of the replanted digit(s) till six months after hospital discharge.