bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homogenization of Classification Functions Measurement (HOCFUN): A Method for Measuring the Salience of Emotional Arousal in Thinking
Authors: Tonti Marco , Salvatore Sergio 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The problem of the measurement of emotion is a widely debated one. In this article we propose an instrument, the Homogenization of Classification Functions Measure (HOCFUN), designed for assessing the influence of emotional arousal on a rating task consisting of the evaluation of a sequence of images. The instrument defines an indicator (κ) that measures the degree of homogenization of the ratings given over 2 rating scales (pleasant–unpleasant and relevant– irrelevant). Such a degree of homogenization is interpreted as the effect of emotional arousal on thinking and therefore lends itself to be used as a marker of emotional arousal. A preliminary study of validation was implemented. The association of the κ indicator with 3 additional indicators was analyzed. Consistent with the hypotheses, the κ indicator proved to be associated, even if weakly and nonlinearly, with a marker of the homogenization of classification functions derived from a separate rating task and with 2 indirect indicators of emotional activation: the speed of performance on the HOCFUN task and an indicator of mood intensity. Taken as a whole, such results provide initial evidence supporting the HOCFUN construct validity.
Focusing of upward fluid migration beneath volcanic arcs: Effect of mineral grain size variation in the mantle wedge
Authors: Wada Ikuko , Behn Mark D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe use numerical models to investigate the effects of mineral grain size variation on fluid migration in the mantle wedge at subduction zones and on the location of the volcanic arc. Previous coupled thermal‐grain size evolution (T‐GSE) models predict small grain size (<1 mm) in the corner flow of the mantle wedge, a downdip grain size increase by ∼2 orders of magnitude along the base of the mantle wedge, and finer grain size in the mantle wedge for colder‐slab subduction zones. We integrate these T‐GSE modeling results with a fluid migration model, in which permeability depends on grain size, and fluid flow through a moving mantle matrix is driven by fluid buoyancy and dynamic pressure gradients induced by mantle flow. Our modeling results indicate that fluids introduced along the base of the mantle wedge beneath the fore arc are initially dragged downdip by corner flow due to the small grain size and low permeability immediately above the slab. As grain size increases with depth, permeability increases, resulting in upward fluid migration. Fluids released beneath the arc and the back arc are also initially dragged downdip, but typically are not transported as far laterally before they begin to travel upward. As the fluids rise through the back‐arc mantle wedge, they become deflected toward the trench due to the effect of mantle inflow. The combination of downdip migration in the fore arc and trench‐ward migration in the back arc results in pathways that focus fluids beneath the arc.
Daytime plasma drifts in the equatorial lower ionosphere
Authors: Hui Debrup , Fejer Bela G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe have used extensive radar measurements from the Jicamarca Observatory during low solar flux periods to study the quiet time variability and altitudinal dependence of equatorial daytime vertical and zonal plasma drifts. The daytime vertical drifts are upward and have largest values during September–October. The day‐to‐day variability of these drifts does not change with height between 150 and 600 km, but the bimonthly variability is much larger in the F region than below about 200 km. These drifts vary linearly with height generally increasing in the morning and decreasing in the afternoon. The zonal drifts are westward during the day and have largest values during July–October. The 150 km region zonal drifts have much larger day‐to‐day, but much smaller bimonthly variability than the F region drifts. The daytime zonal drifts strongly increase with height up to about 300 km from March through October, and more weakly at higher altitudes. The December solstice zonal drifts have generally weaker altitudinal dependence, except perhaps below 200 km. Current theoretical and general circulation models do not reproduce the observed altitudinal variation of the daytime equatorial zonal drifts.
Toward an object‐based assessment of high‐resolution forecasts of long‐lived convective precipitation in the central U.S.
Authors: Bytheway Janice L. , Kummerow Christian D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractForecast models have seen vast improvements in recent years, via both increased resolutions and the ability to assimilate observational data, particularly that which has been affected by clouds and precipitation. The High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model is an hourly updated, 3 km model designed for forecasting convective precipitation recently deployed for operational use over the U.S. that initializes latent heating profiles as a function of assimilated radar reflectivity. An object‐oriented verification process was developed to validate experimental HRRR convective precipitation forecasts during the 2013 warm season using the NCEP Stage IV multisensor precipitation product. A database of 467 convective precipitation features that were observed during the forecast assimilation period and their corresponding HRRR forecast precipitation features was created. This database was used to evaluate model performance over the entire forecast period, and to relate that performance to model processes, especially those related to precipitation production. Generally, HRRR precipitation is located within 30 km of the observed throughout the forecast period. Validation statistics are best at forecast hour 3, with median biases in mean, maximum, and total rainfall and raining area near 0%. Earlier in the forecast, median biases in the mean and maximum rain rate exceed 30%, with bias values often exceeding 150%. The median bias in areal extent at the beginning of the forecast is near −40%. This low areal bias and POD values <0.6 appear to be related to the model's ability to produce deep convection relative to atmospheric moisture content and concentration of rainfall in convective cores.
Synthesis of Geomagnetically Induced Currents: Commentary and Research
Authors: Knipp Delores J. 
Published: October 2015

Key Points

Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) have been the bane of technology‐dependent societies
The highest concern for GICs is presently associated with regional high‐voltage power grids
This collection brings together a broad group of papers highlighting the societal relevance of GICs
Morphological Changes in Skin Glands During Development inRhinella Arenarum(Anura: Bufonidae)
Authors: Regueira Eleonora , Dávila Camila , Hermida Gladys N. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTAvoiding predation is critical to survival of animals; chemical defenses represent a common strategy among amphibians. In this study, we examined histologically the morphology of skin glands and types of secretions related to chemical skin defense during ontogeny ofRhinella arenarum. Prior to metamorphic climax the epidermis contains typical bufonid giant cells producing a mucous substance supposedly involved in triggering a flight reaction of the tadpole school. An apical layer of alcianophilic mucus covers the epidermis, which could produce the unpleasant taste of bufonid tadpoles. Giant cells disappear by onset of metamorphic climax, when multicellular glands start developing, but the apical mucous layer remains. By the end of climax, neither the granular glands of the dorsum nor the parotoid regions are completely developed. Conversely, by the end of metamorphosis the mucous glands are partially developed and secrete mucus. Adults have at least three types of granular glands, which we designate type A (acidophilic), type B (basophilic) and ventral (mucous). Polymorphic granular glands distribute differently in the body: dorsal granular glands between warts and in the periphery of parotoids contain protein; granular glands of big warts and in the central region of parotoids contain catecholamines, lipids, and glycoconjugates, whereas ventral granular glands produce acidic glycoconjugates. Mucous glands produce both mucus and proteins. Results suggest that in early juveniles the chemical skin defense mechanisms are not functional. Topographical differences in adult skin secretions suggest that granular glands from the big warts in the skin produce similar toxins to the parotoid glands. Anat Rec, 299:141–156, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association Between Initial Oral Therapy and Outcomes in Systemic Sclerosis–Related Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Lammi Matthew R. , Mathai Stephen C. , Saketkoo Lesley Ann , Domsic Robyn T. , Bojanowski Christine , Furst Daniel E. , Steen Virginia D. ,   for the Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcomes in Scleroderma Investigators
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo compare time to clinical worsening (TTCW) based on initial oral therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc)–related PAH.MethodsUsing data from the Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcomes in Scleroderma (PHAROS) registry (a multicenter prospective observational study enrolling SSc patients with incident pulmonary hypertension), we selected patients with group 1 PAH (World Health Organization Clinical Classification system) who received initial therapy (for 6 months) with an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA), a phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, or a combination of these 2 agents (ERA/PDE5 inhibitor). The main outcome was TTCW, defined as the first occurrence of death, PAH‐related hospitalization, lung transplantation, initiation of parenteral prostacyclin treatment, or worsening symptoms.ResultsNinety‐eight patients (24 in the ERA group, 59 in the PDE5 inhibitor group, and 15 in the ERA/PDE5 inhibitor group) were included. No significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the patients were observed. TTCW was significantly worse in patients in the ERA group compared with those in the PDE5 inhibitor group or the ERA/PDE5 inhibitor group. Ten patients (41.6%) in the ERA group died during the 3‐year observation period, compared with 4 patients (6.8%) in the PDE5 inhibitor group and 1 patient (6.7%) in the ERA/PDE5 inhibitor group. Baseline factors that were independently associated with a shorter TTCW were initial treatment with an ERA (hazard ratio [HR] 2.63 [P = 0.009]), lower diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (HR 0.69 per 10% of predicted change [P = 0.04]), and higher pulmonary vascular resistance (HR 1.10 per Wood unit change [P = 0.007]).ConclusionCompared with initial treatment with a PDE5 inhibitor or combination therapy with an ERA and a PDE5 inhibitor, initial therapy with an ERA in patients with SSc‐related PAH was associated with significantly worse TTCW, even after adjustment for commonly accepted prognostic factors. Further study into the optimal initial oral therapy for patients with SSc‐related PAH is needed.
Ligand‐inducible dimeric antibody for selecting antibodies against a membrane protein based on mammalian cell proliferation
Authors: Miura Tomohiro , Nagamune Teruyuki , Kawahara Masahiro 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTA method for selecting antibodies against a membrane protein is important for attaining a variety of antibody‐based diagnostics and therapies. In this study, we propose a novel system to select specific antibodies against a membrane protein based on mammalian cell proliferation as a readout. The system employs a chimeric membrane protein in which a target membrane protein of interest is fused to the intracellular signaling domain of a cytokine receptor. The chimeric membrane protein transduces a cell proliferation signal through dimerization when co‐expressed with a specific single‐chain Fv fused with a mutant of FK‐binding protein 12 (scFv‐Fk) that can be conditionally dimerized by a synthetic ligand AP20187. To demonstrate this system, ErbB2 and gp130 were chosen as the target membrane protein and cytokine receptor, respectively. Consequently, co‐expression of the ErbB2/gp130 chimera and ErbB2‐specific scFv‐Fk rendered the cells proliferative in response to AP20187. The system also allowed selection of high‐affinity binders from a mixture composed of dominant low‐affinity binders. This system may be extended to affinity maturation of scFvs by modulating AP20187 concentration in the selection process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1113–1123. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterizing and predicting carboxylic acid reductase activity for diversifying bioaldehyde production
Authors: Moura Matthew , Pertusi Dante , Lenzini Stephen , Bhan Namita , Broadbelt Linda J. , Tyo Keith E.J. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTChemicals with aldehyde moieties are useful in the synthesis of polymerization reagents, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, flavors, and fragrances because of their high reactivity. However, chemical synthesis of aldehydes from carboxylic acids has unfavorable thermodynamics and limited specificity. Enzymatically catalyzed reductive bioaldehyde synthesis is an attractive route that overcomes unfavorable thermodynamics by ATP hydrolysis in ambient, aqueous conditions. Carboxylic acid reductases (Cars) are particularly attractive, as only one enzyme is required. We sought to increase the knowledge base of permitted substrates for four Cars. Additionally, the Lys2 enzyme family was found to be mechanistically the same as Cars and two isozymes were also tested. Our results show that Cars prefer molecules where the carboxylic acid is the only polar/charged group. Using this data and other published data, we develop a support vector classifier (SVC) for predicting Car reactivity and make predictions on all carboxylic acid metabolites in iAF1260 and Model SEED. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 944–952. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production in Pichia pastoris of protein‐based polymers with small heterodimer‐forming blocks
Authors: Domeradzka Natalia E. , Werten Marc W.T. , de Vries Renko , de Wolf Frits A. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTSome combinations of leucine zipper peptides are capable of forming α‐helical heterodimeric coiled coils with very high affinity. These can be used as physical cross‐linkers in the design of protein‐based polymers that form supramolecular structures, for example hydrogels, upon mixing solutions containing the complementary blocks. Such two‐component physical networks are of interest for many applications in biomedicine, pharmaceutics, and diagnostics. This article describes the efficient secretory production of A and B type leucine zipper peptides fused to protein‐based polymers in Pichia pastoris. By adjusting the fermentation conditions, we were able to significantly reduce undesirable proteolytic degradation. The formation of A‐B heterodimers in mixtures of the purified products was confirmed by size exclusion chromatography. Our results demonstrate that protein‐based polymers incorporating functional heterodimer‐forming blocks can be produced with P. pastoris in sufficient quantities for use in future supramolecular self‐assembly studies and in various applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 953–960. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering Rhodosporidium toruloides for increased lipid production
Authors: Zhang Shuyan , Skerker Jeffrey M. , Rutter Charles D. , Maurer Matthew J. , Arkin Adam P. , Rao Christopher V. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTOleaginous yeast are promising organisms for the production of lipid‐based chemicals and fuels from simple sugars. In this work, we explored Rhodosporidium toruloides for the production of lipid‐based products. This oleaginous yeast natively produces lipids at high titers and can grow on glucose and xylose. As a first step, we sequenced the genomes of two strains, IFO0880, and IFO0559, and generated draft assemblies and annotations. We then used this information to engineer two R. toruloides strains for increased lipid production by over‐expressing the native acetyl‐CoA carboxylase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase genes using Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. Our best strain, derived from IFO0880, was able to produce 16.4 ± 1.1 g/L lipid from 70 g/L glucose and 9.5 ± 1.3 g/L lipid from 70 g/L xylose in shake‐flask experiments. This work represents one of the first examples of metabolic engineering in R. toruloides and establishes this yeast as a new platform for production of fatty‐acid derived products. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1056–1066. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular profiles of high‐grade and low‐grade pseudomyxoma peritonei
Authors: Noguchi Rei , Yano Hideaki , Gohda Yoshimasa , Suda Ryuichiro , Igari Toru , Ohta Yasunori , Yamashita Naohide , Yamaguchi Kiyoshi , Terakado Yumi , Ikenoue Tsuneo , Furukawa Yoichi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare disease exhibiting a distinct clinical feature caused by cancerous cells that produce mucinous fluid in the abdominal cavity. PMPs originate most frequently from the appendix and less frequently from the ovary. This disease can range from benign to malignant, and histologically, PMP is classified into two types: disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis (DPAM) representing the milder phenotype, and peritoneal mucinous adenocarcinomas (PMCA) representing the aggressive phenotype. Although histological classification is clinically useful, the pathogenesis of PMP remains largely unknown. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying PMP, we analyzed 18 PMP tumors comprising 10 DPAMs and 8 PMCAs. DNA was extracted from tumor and matched non‐tumorous tissues, and was sequenced using Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Panel containing 50 cancer‐related genes. Analysis of the data identified a total of 35 somatic mutations in 10 genes, and all mutations were judged as pathological mutations. Mutations were frequently identified in KRAS (14/18) and GNAS (8/18). Interestingly, TP53 mutations were found in three of the eight PMCAs, but not in the DPAMs. PIK3CA and AKT1 mutations were also identified in two PMCAs, but not in the DPAMs. These results suggested that KRAS and/or GNAS mutations are common genetic features of PMP, and that mutations in TP53 and/or genes related to the PI3K‐AKT pathway may render malignant properties to PMP. These findings may be useful for the understanding of tumor characteristics, and facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies.
Dynamic Modeling of Filter‐Aid Filtration Including Surface‐ and Depth‐Filtration Effects
Authors: Kuhn Michael , Briesen Heiko 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA new mechanistic model for filter‐aid filtration with incompressible cakes is presented. Surface‐ and depth‐filtration effects are considered based on a continuum mechanics approach. This leads to a moving boundary problem with sharp moving fronts. Proper mathematical and numerical methods for its solution are identified which allow fully transient simulations concerning all process variables and parameters. All relevant physical phenomena known from experimental studies are captured by the model, some of them for the first time. In two case studies, the effects of changing the filter‐aid particle diameter at a discrete time point and continuously varying the amount of filter aid with time are considered. Significant influences on the separation efficiency, the local deposit profile within the filter cake, and the overall pressure drop are found.
Fibril Film Formation of Pseudoenantiomeric Oxymethylenehelicene Oligomers at the Liquid–Solid Interface: Structural Changes, Aggregation, and Discontinuous Heterogeneous Nucleation
Authors: Shigeno Masanori , Sawato Tsukasa , Yamaguchi Masahiko 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOxymethylenehelicene (P)‐ and (M)‐oligomers up to a nonamer were synthesized by a building block method. The oligomers formed dimeric homoaggregates in trifluoromethylbenzene. A mixture of the pseudoenantiomeric (P)‐pentamer and (M)‐hexamer formed a heteroaggregate, which self‐assembled into one‐dimensional fibril films at the liquid–solid interface. Discontinuous heterogeneous nucleation occurred, which involved the formation of particles that were 50 nm in diameter and subsequent fibril growth from these particles. The fibril film was formed on the solid surface and the molecules remained dissociated in solution. The fibril film formation was affected by seeding and the solid surface materials.
Classroom Enters the Courtroom: Stereochemistry of SN1 and SN2 Reactions in Enantiomer Patent Litigations of the Antidepressant Escitalopram
Authors: Michman Elisheva , Agranat Israel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe role of elementary stereochemistry is illustrated in the patent litigations of the blockbuster antidepressant drug escitalopram oxalate. An undergraduate student of organic chemistry would recognize the stereochemical courses of the intramolecular SN2 and SN1 reactions of the single‐enantiomer (S)‐diol intermediate in the synthesis of the blockbuster antidepressant drug escitalopram oxalate: retention of configuration of the chiral carbon atom under basic conditions and racemization under acidic conditions, respectively. He/she, in searching for a stereoselective ring‐closure reaction of the enantiomeric diol, will think of an SN2 reaction in a basic medium. From these points of view, the process claim in the enantiomer patents of escitalopram is obvious/lacks an inventive step. An organic chemistry examination problem based on this scenario is offered. Chirality 28:39–43, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Keine Angst vor Peroxiden
Authors: Brandl Herbert , Täuscher Eric , Weiß Dieter 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMit Peroxiden assoziieren viele Menschen gefährliche, hochexplosive Chemikalien, die mitunter für terroristische Anschläge verwendet werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht, die latente Angst vor einem Gebrauch peroxidhaltiger Produkte zu nehmen. Es wird ein Überblick über Vorkommen in der Natur, industrielle Herstellung, chemische Strukturen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der verschiedenen Peroxid‐Gruppen gegeben. Ein Schwerpunkt ist die Hydroperoxidbildung von Fetten, Ölen, Ethern und bestimmten Kohlenwasserstoffen bei deren Autoxidation an Luft. Effektvolle Chemolumineszenzexperimente von hydroperoxidhaltigen Verbindungen bei deren katalytischen Thermolysen mit fluoreszenzfähigen, organischen Magnesium‐ und oder Zink‐Komplexsalzen werden beschrieben.
Feenfeuer
Authors: Feil Sylvia 
Published: October 2015

AbstractÜber 70 Pilzarten können leuchtende Fruchtkörper oder Mycele ausbilden, das sogenannte Feenfeuer. Die leuchtende Substanz ist dabei Luciferin, ganz gleich, ob in Leuchtkäfern, Quallen oder Pilzen. Allerdings hat das fungale Luciferin keine strukturelle Ähnlichkeit mit den acht anderen bekannten Luciferinen. Russische und japanische Forscher haben nun das Luciferin 3‐Hydroxyhispidin identifiziert, das enzymatisch aus Hispidin bereitgestellt wird [1].