bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The HadGEM3‐GC3.1 Contribution to the CMIP6 Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project
Authors: Jones Gareth S. , Andrews Martin B. , Andrews Timothy , Blockley Ed , Ciavarella Andrew , Christidis Nikos , Cotterill Daniel F. , Lott Fraser C. , Ridley Jeff , Stott Peter A. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe UK contribution to the Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP), part of the sixth phase of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), is described. The lower atmosphere and ocean resolution configuration of the latest Hadley Centre global environmental model, HadGEM3‐GC3.1, is used to create simulations driven either with historical changes in anthropogenic well‐mixed greenhouse gases, anthropogenic aerosols, or natural climate factors. Global mean near‐surface air temperatures from the HadGEM3‐GC31‐LL simulations are consistent with CMIP6 model ensembles for the equivalent experiments. While the HadGEM3‐GC31‐LL simulations with anthropogenic and natural forcing factors capture the overall observed warming, the lack of marked simulated warming until the 1990s is diagnosed as due to aerosol cooling mostly offsetting the well‐mixed greenhouse gas warming until then. The model has unusual temperature variability over the Southern Ocean related to occasional deep convection bringing heat to the surface. This is most prominent in the model's aerosol only simulations, which have the curious feature of warming in the high southern latitudes, while the rest of the globe cools, a behavior not seen in other CMIP6 models. This has implications for studies that assume model responses, from different climate drivers, can be linearly combined. While DAMIP was predominantly designed for detection and attribution studies, the experiments are also very valuable for understanding how different climate drivers influence a model, and thus for interpretating the responses of combined anthropogenic and natural driven simulations. We recommend institutions provide model simulations for the high priority DAMIP experiments.
Cenozoic Pulsed Rise and Growth of the Chinese South Tianshan Revealed by Zircon and Apatite Provenance Analyses: Implications for Stepwise Aridification in the Tarim Basin
Authors: Xiang Dunfeng , Zhang Zhiyong , Chew David , Jolivet Marc , Malusà Marco G. , Zack Thomas , Wu Lin , Guo Chao , Wang Nan , Xiao Wenjiao 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCenozoic uplift in the Tianshan played an important role in driving Proto‐Paratethys Sea retreat and Asian aridification. However, most paleoclimate studies have focused on the Pamir‐Tianshan corridor, and frequently overlook the role of the entire Tianshan range in modifying the Central Asian climate during Cenozoic uplift. When and how Cenozoic deformation of Tianshan was initiated and propagated are intensively debated which makes its role in contributing to climate change in Central Asia more ambiguous. To address this issue, this study presents new detrital zircon U‐Pb and detrital apatite U‐Pb and fission track age data from Cenozoic sedimentary successions (54–0 Ma) in the northern margin of the Tarim Basin and integrates these data with published provenance data from adjacent regions. Our results show that deformation/uplift of the Baicheng‐Kuqa Depression and the South Tianshan occurred at ∼41–37 Ma and ∼24 Ma, when topographic growth of South Tianshan began to block the flow of sediment from the north. Continued uplift of the South Tianshan completely blocked fluvial transport from the Central Tianshan‐Yili Block by ∼10 Ma, as shown by the paucity of 380–310 Ma detrital zircons/apatites. Far‐field, north‐directed compressive stress resulting from the India‐Asia collision began to propagate toward the South Tianshan and its foreland during the Late Eocene, and continued to propagate into the South Tianshan and northward at the ∼24 Ma and 10 Ma. Finally, we suggest a two‐stage of aridification in the Tarim Basin which can be linked to two stages (∼24 and 10 Ma) of growth of the Tianshan.
TPTNet: A Data‐Driven Temperature Prediction Model Based on Turbulent Potential Temperature
Authors: Park Jun , Lee Changhoon 
Published: August 2024

AbstractA data‐driven model for predicting the surface temperature using neural networks was proposed to alleviate the computational burden of numerical weather prediction (NWP). Our model, named TPTNet uses only 2 m temperature measured at the weather stations of the South Korean Peninsula as input to predict the local temperature at finite forecast hours. The turbulent fluctuation component of the temperature was extracted from the station measurements by separating the climatology component accounting for the yearly and daily variations. The effect of station altitude was then compensated by introducing a potential temperature. The resulting turbulent potential temperature (TPT) data at irregularly distributed stations were used as input for predicting the TPT at forecast hours through three trained networks based on convolutional neural network, Swin Transformer, and a graph neural network. By comparing the prediction performance of our network with that of persistence and NWP, we found that our model can make predictions comparable to NWP for up to 12 hr.
Impact of Soil Moisture Updates on Temperature Forecasting
Authors: Ha Soyoung , Sun Juanzhen 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe impact of land variables on temperature forecasts in atmospheric cycling is often underestimated or overlooked. This oversight primarily occurs due to the abundance of meteorological measurements available for assimilation and partly because soil states are assumed to be quickly reset by atmospheric forcing, such as precipitation, justifying no spin‐ups or no updates of soil states during cycling. In this study, by updating soil moisture every 6 hr using different analysis data sets for May 2019, considerable discrepancies were found, highlighting large uncertainties in soil moisture analysis. Different soil moisture analyses produced systematically different temperature forecasts, with errors growing over cycles to be comparable to a typical error magnitude of 2‐m temperature observations (∼2°K). This study demonstrates that temperature forecasts are significantly influenced by whether and how soil moisture is updated, not only near the surface but also up to the low‐mid troposphere and throughout the cycles.
Characterizing the Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere Viscous Interaction at Uranus and Neptune
Authors: Donaldson Katelin , Olsen Angela J. , Paty Carol S. , Caggiano Joe 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe solar wind interaction with planetary magnetospheres dictates the mechanism through which energy is transported across planetary systems. The magnetohydrodynamic plasma description suggests that solar wind conditions in the outer solar system encourage the magnetopause boundaries at Uranus and Neptune to be more Kelvin‐Helmholtz unstable, however, no quantitative assessment has been performed. To characterize the viscous solar wind interaction at Uranus and Neptune, we create an analytical model to determine where Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instabilities (KHIs) may form along their magnetopauses by searching for regions where the minimum condition for KHI formation is satisfied. We run the model at solstice and equinox for a range of Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) strengths, and rotation phases. We find minimal seasonal variation for low IMF strengths (B = 0.01 nT), with ∼70% of the magnetopause surface at Uranus and ∼80% at Neptune, enabling KHI formation. For periods of stronger IMF strength (B > 0.3 nT), KHIs were significantly suppressed. While KHIs depend on both the conditions inside the magnetopause boundary and the shocked solar wind IMF strength, we find that the IMF strength is the most significant criterion in determining whether or not KHIs are allowed to form at the magnetopause boundaries.
The Effect of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field Clock Angle and the Latitude Location of the Intense Crustal Magnetic Field on the Ion Escape at Mars: An MHD Simulation Study
Authors: Wang Ming , Guan Zijian , Xie Lianghai , Lu Jianyong , Wei Guanchun , Sui Haoyang , Zhang Jiaqi , Li Jinyu , Zhang Hanxiao , Qu Baohang , Xu Qi , Li Lei 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn this paper, using a three‐dimensional multifluid MHD model, we studied the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle and the latitude position of the intense crustal magnetic field (ICMF) on the escape of ions O+, , and at Mars. The main results are as follows: (a) The IMF clock angle affects the ion escape at Mars. When the ICMF is on the dayside, the ion escape rate reaches a maximum at the IMF clock angles close to 60°–90° and a minimum at the IMF clock angles close to 120°–150°, because the ICMF can change the topology of the magnetic field and affect the interaction between the solar wind and Mars. The difference between the maximum and minimum ion escape rates due to the IMF clock angle can reach over 50%. (b) Compared with the −ESW hemisphere, the escape flux of and in the +ESW hemisphere is more significant. However, O+ generally has a larger escape flux in the −ESW hemisphere. The different results in the ±ESW hemispheres might be due to the larger distribution of the hot oxygen corona, which changes the flow pattern of O+. (c) The latitude location of the ICMF can also affect the ion escape. When the ICMF is on the dayside, as the subsolar point varies from 25°S to 25°N, that is, the intense crustal magnetic field position keeps shifting southward, the ion escape rate shows a gradual increase.
Internally Driven Variability of the Angola Low is the Main Source of Uncertainty for the Future Changes in Southern African Precipitation
Authors: Monerie Paul‐Arthur , Dieppois Bastien , Pohl Benjamin , Crétat Julien 
Published: August 2024

AbstractVariations in southern African precipitation have a major impact on local communities, increasing climate‐related risks and affecting water and food security, as well as natural ecosystems. However, future changes in southern African precipitation are uncertain, with climate models showing a wide range of responses from near‐term projections (2020–2040) to the end of the 21st century (2080–2100). Here, we assess the uncertainty in southern African precipitation change using five Ocean‐Atmosphere General Circulation single model initial‐condition large ensembles (30–50 ensemble members) and four emissions scenarios. We show that the main source of uncertainty in 21st Century projections of southern African precipitation is the internal climate variability. In addition, we find that differences between ensemble members in simulating future changes in the location of the Angola Low explain a large proportion (∼60%) of the uncertainty in precipitation change. Together, the internal variations in the large‐scale circulation over the Pacific Ocean and the Angola Low explain ∼64% of the uncertainty in southern African precipitation change. We suggest that a better understanding of the future evolutions of the southern African precipitation may be achieved by understanding better the model's ability to simulate the Angola Low and its effects on precipitation.
Traveling or Jiggling: Particle Motion Modes and Their Relative Contribution to Bed‐Load Variables
Authors: Rebai Daniel , Radice Alessio , Ballio Francesco 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe motion state of a particle is a crucial aspect of sediment transport problems. In this paper, we conceptualized three states: stillness, “transport”, and “non‐transport”, considering that not all the particle motions contribute significantly to the mean sediment transport rate. Starting from a data set of bed‐load particle tracks obtained from particle tracking velocimetry, we removed the bias from experimental uncertainty and applied one‐dimensional, instantaneous, and non‐parametric criteria for distinguishing the states. We described the kinematics of particles in transport and non‐transport states, presenting some sample trajectories and the distributions of particle velocity and acceleration. While the transport state presents a clear distinction between stream‐wise and transverse particle velocity, the non‐transport state is related to isotropic particle jiggling, and does not significantly contribute to the bed‐load rate. Vice‐versa, the particle motions in the non‐transport state are relevant for other summary indicators of the transport process, such as the mean number of moving particles and mean particle velocity. We discuss how applying the proposed non‐parametric criterion for state separation is beneficial compared to parameter‐dependent alternatives available in the literature. Finally, we provide an outlook on possible applications of our concept for the investigation of other sediment transport processes (incipient motion, solid‐fluid interface, creeping flow).
Assessment of ability of AlphaMissense to identify variants affecting susceptibility to common disease
Authors: Curtis David 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAn important issue in the analysis of rare variant association studies is the ability to annotate nonsynonymous variants in terms of their likely importance as affecting protein function. To address this, AlphaMissense was recently released and was shown to have good performance using benchmarks based on variants causing severe disease and on functional assays. Here, we assess the performance of AlphaMissense across 18 genes which had previously demonstrated association between rare coding variants and hyperlipidaemia, hypertension or type 2 diabetes. The strength of evidence in favour of association, expressed as the signed log p value (SLP), was compared between AlphaMissense and 43 other annotation methods. The results demonstrated marked variability between genes regarding the extent to which nonsynonymous variants contributed to evidence for association and also between the performance of different methods of annotating the nonsynonymous variants. Although AlphaMissense produced the highest SLP on average across genes, it produced the maximum SLP for only 4 genes. For some genes, other methods produced a considerably higher SLP and there were examples of genes where AlphaMissense produced no evidence for association while another method performed well. The marked inconsistency across genes means that it is difficult to decide on an optimal method of analysis of sequence data. The fact that different methods perform well for different genes suggests that if one wished to use sequence data for individual risk prediction then gene-specific annotation methods should be used.
Breast cancer clinical trial participation among diverse patients at a comprehensive cancer center
Authors: Podany Emily L. , Bulsara Shaun , Sanchez Katherine , Otte Kristen , Ellis Matthew J. , Kinik Maryam 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis study was designed to determine the enrollment patterns in breast cancer clinical trials (CCTs) of patients with diverse backgrounds in an equal access setting and to evaluate the factors contributing to low rates of clinical trial accrual in patients of low socioeconomic status (SES). We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of new patients seen at the Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center dating from 5/2015 to 9/2021, which included 3043 patients screened for breast CCTs. We compared the rate of CCT availability, eligibility, and enrollment between two patient populations: Smith Clinic, where most patients are of low SES and uninsured, and Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center (BSLMC) with mostly predominantly insured, higher income patients. We performed logistic regression to evaluate whether differences in age, clinic, race, trial type, and primary language may be underlying the differences in CCT enrollment. More patients were eligible for CCTs at Smith Clinic (53.7% vs 44.7%, p < 0.001). However, Smith Clinic patients were more likely to decline CCT enrollment compared to BSLMC (61.3% declined vs 39.4%, p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, Black patients had a significantly higher rate of CCT refusal overall (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.12–0.56, p < 0.001) and BSLMC only (OR = 0.20, 95% CI 0.060–0.60, p = 0.006). Our data shows that it is likely an oversimplification to assume that equal access will lead to the elimination of CCT disparities. Efforts to diversify CCTs must include consideration of structural and institutional inequities as well as social needs.
Localization and segmentation of atomic columns in supported nanoparticles for fast scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Eliasson Henrik , Erni Rolf 
Published: August 2024

AbstractTo accurately capture the dynamic behavior of small nanoparticles in scanning transmission electron microscopy, high-quality data and advanced data processing is needed. The fast scan rate required to observe structural dynamics inherently leads to very noisy data where machine learning tools are essential for unbiased analysis. In this study, we develop a workflow based on two U-Net architectures to automatically localize and classify atomic columns at particle-support interfaces. The model is trained on non-physical image simulations, achieves sub-pixel localization precision, high classification accuracy, and generalizes well to experimental data. We test our model on both in situ and ex situ experimental time series recorded at 5 frames per second of small Pt nanoparticles supported on CeO2(111). The processed movies show sub-second dynamics of the nanoparticles and reveal site-specific movement patterns of individual atomic columns.
A Global Dataset of Potential Chloride Deposits on Mars as Identified by TGO CaSSIS
Authors: Bickel V. T. , Thomas N. , Pommerol A. , Tornabene L. L. , El-Maarry M. R. , Rangarajan V. G. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractChloride deposits are markers for early Mars’ aqueous past, with important implications for our understanding of the martian climate and habitability. The Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) onboard ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter provides high-resolution color-infrared images, enabling a planet-wide search for (small) potentially chloride-bearing deposits. Here, we use a neural network to map potentially chloride-bearing deposits in CaSSIS images over a significant fraction of the planet. We identify 965 chloride deposit candidates with diameters ranging from <300 to >3000 m, including previously unknown deposits, 136 (~14%) of which are located in the highlands north of the equator, up to ~36°N. Northern chloride candidates tend to be smaller than in the south and are predominantly located in small-scale topographic depressions in low-albedo Noachian and Hesperian highland terranes. Our new dataset augments existing chloride deposit maps, informs current and future imaging campaigns, and enables future modelling work towards a better understanding of the distribution of near-surface water in Mars’ distant past.
A model-free and distribution-free multi-omics integration approach for detecting novel lung adenocarcinoma genes
Authors: Zhao Shaofei , Qi Caleb , Zhao Geran , Wang Yangsheng , Fu Guifang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractDetection of important genes affecting lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is critical to finding effective therapeutic targets for this highly lethal cancer. However, many existing approaches have focused on single outcomes or phenotypic associations, which may not be as thorough as investigating molecular transcript levels within cells. In this article, we apply a novel multivariate rank-distance correlation-based gene selection procedure (MrDcGene) to LUAD multi-omics data downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). MrDcGene provides additional opportunities for detecting novel susceptibility genes as it leverages information from multiple platforms, while efficiently handling challenges such as high dimensionality, low signal-to-noise ratio, unknown distributions, and non-linear structures, etc. Notably, the MrDcGene method is able to detect two different scenarios, i.e., strong association strength with a few gene expressions and weak association strength with several gene expressions. After thoroughly exploring the association between gene expression (GE) and multiple other platforms, including reverse phase protein array (RPPA), miRNA, copy number variation (CNV) and DNA methylation (ME), we detect several novel genes that may play an important role in LUAD (ZNF133, CCDC159, YWHAZ, HNRNPR. ITPR2, PTHLH, and WIPI2). In addition, we quantitatively validate several other susceptibility genes that were reported in the literature using different methods and studies. The accuracy of the MrDcGene approach is theoretically assured and empirically demonstrated by the simulation studies.
An efficient blockchain-based framework for file sharing
Authors: Peng Wanzong , Lu Tongliang , Peng Wenju , Wang Zhongpan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractFile sharing, being the foundation of the Internet, has traditionally relied on a centralized service architecture resulting in significant maintenance costs. Moreover, due to the lack of an effective file management system, instances of sensitive information going out of control and loss of confidentiality in file sharing have occurred frequently. In order to address the difficulty of tamper detection and the lack of supervision in the entire process of file transfer in the current Internet environment, this paper designs a blockchain-based system architecture for secure sharing of electronic documents. An efficient blockchain model is used in our framework, and with the help of distributed storage system and asymmetric encryption technology, file sharing can be controlled, reliable and traceable in the transfer process. Referring to existing consensus mechanisms, e.g., Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), we propose a new consensus for efficient and secure file sharing. Our experimental results show that our framework can maintain a higher throughput than existing schemes
The dominant warming season shifted from winter to spring in the arid region of Northwest China
Authors: Sun Fan , Li Yupeng , Chen Yaning , Fang Gonghuan , Duan Weili , Li Baofu , Li Zhi , Hao Xingming , Yang Yuhai , Zhang Xueqi 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe arid region of Northwest China (ARNC) has experienced a significantly higher warming rate than the global average and exhibits pronounced seasonal asymmetry, which has important implications for the region’s water-dependent systems. To understand the spatiotemporal patterns and driving mechanisms of seasonal asymmetric warming in the ARNC, we investigated seasonal changes in temperature rise and their underlying causes based on station and reanalysis data. We found that the dominant season of temperature increase shifted from winter to spring. The contribution of spring warming to the total temperature increase rose from −5%–7% to 58%–59%, while the contribution of winter warming decreased from 60%–75% to −4%–9%. However, the mechanisms underlying spring warming and winter cooling differ. An increase in solar radiation caused by a decrease in cloud cover (R = −0.64) was the main reason for spring warming, while a strengthening Siberian High primarily drove winter cooling.