bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional brain responses associated with drinking water during thirst and after its satiation
Authors: Saker Pascal , Farrell Michael J. , Adib Faiz R. M. , Egan Gary F. , McKinley Michael J. , Denton Derek A. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Drinking water in response to thirst following fluid loss is a pleasant experience, whereas drinking water after thirst has been satiated is unpleasant. The pleasantness of drinking when thirsty is associated with activation in the anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal region. The unpleasantness and aversion of overdrinking is associated with activations in the midcingulate cortex, insula, amygdala, and periaqueductal grey. Activations in the putamen and cerebellum, and also in the motor cortex, possibly reflect volitional effort to conduct compliant drinking in the face of mechanisms inhibiting intake. These regions may contribute to the termination of drinking. Overdrinking with hyponatraemia and cerebral edema can occur in schizophrenia, reflecting that this brain disorder can derange physiological mechanisms regulating water balance.
Chapter 2. There’s something in the air
Authors: Dalton Pamela 
Published: March 2014

Although often underrated in importance, the human sense of smell has both evolutionary and contemporary significance: our ability to perceive odors provides information that allows us to evaluate and guide our responses to our environments. For example, the rich aromas wafting from a bakery encourage us to linger and savor them, whereas the smell of rotting garbage impels us to move away. No account of the role of smell in our lives would be complete, however, without an acknowledgment that people vary in their perception of and response to ambient odors in their environment. Some of this variability can be attributed to inter-individual variation in sensitivity. However, an important source of differences in response to ambient, environmental odors may also stem from cognitive factors, such as an individual’s beliefs and expectations about the consequences of exposure to an odor.	This essay will provide an overview of the multiple factors-including expectations, suggestion and physiological reactions- that influence individual and community responses to environmental odors. Recognizing the interaction between the sensory and the psychological responses to odors is of significant value when trying to remediate community reactions to odors from these sources. The perception of health risks from short- or long-term exposures to environmental odors is of escalating concern to the general public and research indicates that such concerns can amplify the vigilance and attention paid to even low-level, neutral, background odors. Our research also suggests that interventions that reduce ambient pollutants, but which do not eliminate all odors may not remediate the concerns and anxieties of occupants. The historical basis for such beliefs and their consequences will provide a framework for discussing the contemporary responses to environmental odors.
A new pair of glasses
Authors: Shlesinger Miriam , Almog Ruth 
Published: March 2014

Ever since 1989, students in some secondary schools in Israel have had the option of participating in the two-year Translation Skills Program, focused on written translation from English (L2) into Hebrew (L1), with particular emphasis on developing their meta-linguistic awareness while enriching their command of the two languages. Classes are taught by English teachers, who are first required to participate in a two-semester (112-hour) teacher training course focusing on translation skills, methods of teaching translation and the meta-linguistic insights one may glean from the process of translation. Throughout both courses – the one administered to the teachers and the one they then teach to the secondary school students – the point is made that the course is neither a foreign language (English) class, as such, nor a program for training full-fledged translators. Rather, it is a self-contained module aimed at enhancing students’ grasp of inter-linguistic similarities and differences and exploring relations between language and culture. The paper reports on a study of the direct and indirect effects of the program on fourteen novices’ development of meta-­linguistic awareness. The study is based on both qualitative and quantitative data, including questionnaires, interviews and test results collected over the year during which the program was administered, and points out the advantages of introducing the translation skills program as an elective enrichment course at secondary school level and to its potential contribution to language-related skills in general.
Emergence of the tone system in the Sanjiazi dialect of Manchu
Authors: Wang Haibo 
Published: March 2014

In Sanjiazi Manchu, the pitch of unaccented syllables can be predicted, but accented syllables show four different kinds of pitch (high, low, rising and falling) which cannot be predicted. Therefore, four tonemes will be set up for the pitches of the accented syllables.	The emergence of the low tone is very likely to have been caused by accent shift, which made unaccented syllables with a non-high pitch acquire accent without changing their pitch. The accent shift is likely to have been caused by two factors: (i) the difference in sonority between the formerly accented syllable and the currently accented syllable, or (ii) the fusion of the two syllables.
Snippa – a new word for girls’ genitals in Swedish
Authors: Milles Karin 
Published: March 2014

In standard Swedish there has been no neutral, colloquial word for the female
genitalia. This problem attracted considerable attention in the 1990s.
Different words were proposed, with the word snippa soon emerging as the most popular alternative. The word now seems to be one of the most common words to denote girls’ genitals and is included in dictionaries and children’s books. This article uses various methodological approaches within the framework of language planning theory to make a critical analysis and evaluation of the reform.	Three primary explanations are given for the success of the reform: first, the time and place of the reform were favourable – Sweden at the end of the 20th century was one of the world’s most gender-equal countries; second, the strategies adopted by agents of the change gave the initiative momentum; and third, on a formal level, the word is in line with the cultural understanding of gender. This calls into questions whether the word snippa contributes to the struggle for gender equality.	The article ends with a discussion of what this language planning project can tell us about the function of feminist language planning in the ongoing work to end patriarchy in Sweden and around the world.
Chapter 3. The multiple symbolism of 3 May in Poland after the fall of
communism
Authors: Hałas Elżbieta 
Published: March 2014

The chapter shows the complex symbolism associated with 3 May, wherein secular and religious elements interact. In 3 May, two holidays coincide: the state National Holiday of May Third and the church Feast of Our Lady, Queen of Poland. The National Holiday of May Third commemorates the anniversary of proclaiming the 3 May Constitution in 1791. This event is considered a cornerstone of Polish political symbolism, on which the entire construction of modern Polish national and state identity is founded.	The analysis, done from a symbolic constructionist perspective, focuses on discursive symbolism and its use in symbolic politics after the fall of communism in Poland. Rhetorical categories such as genres and topoi, as well as Kenneth Burke’s dramatistic pentad are employed. In terms of Burke’s dramatistic pentad, it is pointed out that president Lech Wałęsa focused on the acting “agent,” with the nation as a collective subject; in President Aleksander Kwaśniewski’s rhetoric, the “act” became central, whereas in President Kaczyński’s rhetoric, the “purpose” moved to the foreground. The chapter presents how Polish presidents and church dignitaries used discursive symbolism to shape state and national identity. It shows the complex interaction of civic, national, and religious identities in the context of Poland’s most important holiday.
Sharing community interpreting corpora
Authors: Angermeyer Philipp , Meyer Bernd , Schmidt Thomas 
Published: March 2014

This article presents results of a project which looks into new ways of publishing and sharing community interpreting corpora. Section 2 introduces CoPilot, a pilot database containing material from two corpora of interpreted doctor-­patient communications and one corpus of interpreted court proceedings. Section 3 discusses the technical challenges involved in making such corpora from different sources available in a common environment. In Section 4, we sketch some of the properties such an environment should have in order to be usable and useful for the community. Section 5, finally, uses the annotation of the language of an utterance and the annotation of translation status as two examples illustrating the benefits and problems involved in annotating community interpreting corpora across language and corpus boundaries.
Noun phrase structure and movement
Authors: Wood Johanna L. , Vikner Sten 
Published: March 2014

We investigate the etymologically related words so and such (English); så and sådan (Danish); and so and solch (German). Similarities and differences that have to be accounted for cross-linguistically are i.	position (pre- or post- indefinite article), ii.	agreement morphology (in Danish and German), and iii.	semantics (whether an AdjP or a DP/NP is modified). English and Danish so/så may only modify an AdjP, while German so may also modify the DP/NP. English such may only modify the DP/NP (Bolinger 1972, Wood 2002) and may only precede the indefinite article. Danish and German allow inflected sådan/solch to follow the article. We discuss two possible syntactic derivations, predicate raising (e.g. Corver 1998, Bennis, Corver & den Dikken 1998) and XP movement from an attributive adjective position within the nominal (e.g. Matushansky 2002). The analysis links up with the morphological agreement facts of predicate and of attributive adjectives in Danish and German (Vikner 2001).
Chapter 8. Blackjack!
Authors: Emonds Joseph E. 
Published: March 2014

Adjectives in many Indo-European languages morphologically agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number and case (if the language’s nouns can differ in case). These agreeing items seem to undermine several otherwise broad generalizations about morphology, word order and phrasal stress. Mysteriously, agreement in Germanic languages is limited to pre-nominal attributes, while all adjectives agree in Romance and Slavic languages.	This essay proposes to analyze adjectival agreement in terms of a “Derived Nominal Hypothesis,” which assigns agreeing adjectives a word-internal nominal structure whose head is the agreement suffix itself. Consequently, these “adjectives” are actually Nouns (by Lieber’s Right Hand Head Rule), and so qualify as unexceptional heads of NPs. This supports Abney’s controversial conjecture for pre-nominal attributive adjectives (that they are heads of NPs). The Derived Nominal Hypothesis additionally succeeds in making several traditional observations on the behavior of agreeing adjectives fully compatible with current explanatory grammatical theory. It also accounts for many previously puzzling morphological properties of agreement and its syntactic distribution in those languages on which the study primarily focuses, namely Dutch, German, Latin and Czech. To a lesser extent, the essay touches on English adjectival word order and on common properties of Spanish and Latin agreement.
Chapter 3. The quest for a third space
Authors: Kraus Wolfgang 
Published: March 2014

While a narrative approach to the construction of identity opens up quite “naturally” to the question of who I am in time, i.e. to a temporal order, it is inclined to neglect the question of who I am part of, i.e. of belonging. This essay argues that the adherence to a plurality of social worlds provides the teller with options of self-positioning in his or her self-narratives. Even within the confinement of a limited story world a whole variety of self-positions is regularly evoked. Social exclusion, on the other hand, can be described in positioning theory as the experience of other positioning, of being positioned by dominant others. Other positioning endangers the possibility of narrating oneself as an agent in one’s own self-stories and consequently obstructs the process of identity construction. This raises the question how individuals manage to maintain the dynamics of self-positioning in self stories, which are largely shaped by the experience of social exclusion. To answer this question, Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopias as used by Kevin Hetherington is discussed as the conceptualization of a – real – social world, which is related to the dominant social order in an ambivalent way. Heterotopias offer the experience of a third space, beyond the binary logics of an “either-or” or “in-out” and thus allow for the development of self-positions beyond these oppositions. Two empirical examples of heterotopic self-positioning are presented. The characteristics of these narratives are discussed.
GOssTo: a stand-alone application and a web tool for calculating semantic similarities on the Gene Ontology
Authors: Caniza Horacio , Romero Alfonso E. , Heron Samuel , Yang Haixuan , Devoto Alessandra , Frasca Marco , Mesiti Marco , Valentini Giorgio , Paccanaro Alberto 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Summary: We present GOssTo, the Gene Ontology semantic similarity Tool, a user-friendly software system for calculating semantic similarities between gene products according to the Gene Ontology. GOssTo is bundled with six semantic similarity measures, including both term- and graph-based measures, and has extension capabilities to allow the user to add new similarities. Importantly, for any measure, GOssTo can also calculate the Random Walk Contribution that has been shown to greatly improve the accuracy of similarity measures. GOssTo is very fast, easy to use, and it allows the calculation of similarities on a genomic scale in a few minutes on a regular desktop machine.
Contact : alberto@cs.rhul.ac.uk
Availability: GOssTo is available both as a stand-alone application running on GNU/Linux, Windows and MacOS from www.paccanarolab.org/gossto and as a web application from www.paccanarolab.org/gosstoweb . The stand-alone application features a simple and concise command line interface for easy integration into high-throughput data processing pipelines.
Economic Trends from 2003 to 2010 for Perioperative Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Udeh Belinda L. , Dalton Jarrod E. , Hata J. Steven , Udeh Chiedozie I. , Sessler Daniel I. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background:
Perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) is a major surgical complication that is costly and causes much morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis and treatment of PMIs have evolved over time. Many treatments are expensive but may reduce ancillary expenses including the duration of hospital stay. The time-dependent economic impact of novel treatments for PMI remains unexplored. The authors thus evaluated absolute and incremental costs of PMI over time and discharge patterns.

Methods:
Approximately 31 million inpatient discharges were analyzed between 2003 and 2010 from the California State Inpatient Database. PMI was defined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Propensity matching generated 21,637 pairs of comparable patients. Quantile regression modeled incremental charges as the response variable and year of discharge as the main predictor. Time trends of incremental charges adjusted to 2012 dollars, mortality, and discharge destination was evaluated.

Results:
Median incremental charges decreased annually by $1,940 (95% CI, $620 to $3,250); P < 0.001. Compared with non-PMI patients, the median length of stay of patients who experienced PMI decreased significantly over time: yearly decrease was 0.16 (0.10 to 0.23) days; P < 0.001. No mortality differences were seen; but over time, PMI patients were increasingly likely to be transferred to another facility.

Conclusions:
Reduced incremental cost and unchanged mortality may reflect improving efficiency in the standard management of PMI. An increasing fraction of discharges to skilled nursing facilities seems likely a result from hospitals striving to reduce readmissions. It remains unclear whether this trend represents a transfer of cost and risk or improves patient care.
Emulsified Isoflurane Enhances Thermal Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1 Channel Activation–mediated Sensory/Nociceptive Blockade by QX-314
Authors: Zhou Cheng , Liang Peng , Liu Jin , Zhang Wensheng , Liao Daqing , Chen Yanfang , Chen Xiangdong , Li Tao 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background:
QX-314 produces nociceptive blockade, facilitated by permeation through transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channels. TRPV1 channel can be activated by noxious heat and sensitized by volatile anesthetics. The authors hypothesized that emulsified isoflurane (EI) could enhance thermal TRPV1 channel activation–mediated sensory/nociceptive blockade by QX-314.

Methods:
Rats were perineurally injected with QX-314 (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd. Shanghai, China) alone or QX-314 combined with EI, followed by heat exposure on the injection site. The tail-flick and tail-clamping tests were used to assess sensory and nociceptive blockade, respectively; a sciatic nerve block model was used to assess motor and sensory blockade. Effects of EI on thermal activation of TRPV1 channels were evaluated on rat dorsal root ganglia neurons by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings.

Results:
Heat exposure enhanced sensory/nociceptive blockade by QX-314 in rat tails, but not motor blockade in sciatic nerve block model. QX-314 alone or QX-314 + 42°C produced no nociceptive blockade. QX-314 + 48°C produced 100% nociceptive blockade with duration of 12.5 ± 2.0 h (mean ± SEM). By adding 2% EI, QX-314 + 42°C produced 80% nociceptive blockade with duration of 8.1 ± 1.9 h, which was similar to the effect of QX-314 + 46°C (7.7 ± 1.1 h; P = 0.781). The enhancement of heat on sensory/nociceptive blockade of QX-314 was prevented by TRPV1 channel antagonist. The temperature thresholds of TRPV1 channel activation on dorsal root ganglia neurons were significantly reduced by EI.

Conclusions:
Thermal activation of TRPV1 channels enhanced long-lasting sensory/nociceptive blockade by QX-314 without affecting motor blockade. The addition of EI reduced temperature thresholds for inducing long-lasting sensory/nociceptive blockade due to QX-314.
Monoubiquitination of Histone 2B at the Disease Resistance Gene Locus Regulates Its Expression and Impacts Immune Responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zou Baohong , Yang Dong-Lei , Shi Zhenying , Dong Hansong , Hua Jian 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Disease resistance (R) genes are key components in plant immunity. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) E3 ubiquitin ligase genes HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION1 (HUB1) and HUB2 regulate the expression of R genes SUPPRESSOR OF npr1-1, CONSTITUTIVE1 (SNC1) and RESISTANCE TO PERONOSPORA PARASITICA4. An increase of SNC1 expression induces constitutive immune responses in the bonzai1 (bon1) mutant, and the loss of HUB1 or HUB2 function reduces SNC1 up-regulation and suppresses the bon1 autoimmune phenotypes. HUB1 and HUB2 mediate histone 2B (H2B) monoubiquitination directly at the SNC1 R gene locus to regulate its expression. In addition, SNC1 and HUB1 transcripts are moderately up-regulated by pathogen infection, and H2B monoubiquitination at SNC1 is enhanced by pathogen infection. Together, this study indicates that H2B monoubiquitination at the R gene locus regulates its expression and that this histone modification at the R gene locus has an impact on immune responses in plants.
Accumulation ofN-Acetylglucosamine Oligomers in the Plant Cell Wall Affects Plant Architecture in a Dose-Dependent and Conditional Manner
Authors: Vanholme Bartel , Vanholme Ruben , Turumtay Halbay , Goeminne Geert , Cesarino Igor , Goubet Florence , Morreel Kris , Rencoret Jorge , Bulone Vincent , Hooijmaijers Cortwa , De Rycke Riet , Gheysen Godelieve , Ralph John , De Block Marc , Meulewaeter Frank , Boerjan Wout 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTo study the effect of short N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) oligosaccharides on the physiology of plants, N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINYLTRANSFERASE (NodC) of Azorhizobium caulinodans was expressed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The corresponding enzyme catalyzes the polymerization of GlcNAc and, accordingly, β-1,4-GlcNAc oligomers accumulated in the plant. A phenotype characterized by difficulties in developing an inflorescence stem was visible when plants were grown for several weeks under short-day conditions before transfer to long-day conditions. In addition, a positive correlation between the oligomer concentration and the penetrance of the phenotype was demonstrated. Although NodC overexpression lines produced less cell wall compared with wild-type plants under nonpermissive conditions, no indications were found for changes in the amount of the major cell wall polymers. The effect on the cell wall was reflected at the transcriptome level. In addition to genes encoding cell wall-modifying enzymes, a whole set of genes encoding membrane-coupled receptor-like kinases were differentially expressed upon GlcNAc accumulation, many of which encoded proteins with an extracellular Domain of Unknown Function26. Although stress-related genes were also differentially expressed, the observed response differed from that of a classical chitin response. This is in line with the fact that the produced chitin oligomers were too small to activate the chitin receptor-mediated signal cascade. Based on our observations, we propose a model in which the oligosaccharides modify the architecture of the cell wall by acting as competitors in carbohydrate-carbohydrate or carbohydrate-protein interactions, thereby affecting noncovalent interactions in the cell wall or at the interface between the cell wall and the plasma membrane.