bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The S.P. Dipmeter
Authors: Doll H.G. 
Published: June 2014

This paper discusses a method and apparatus for determining the dip offormations traversed by a drill hole, by means of electrical measurements inthe hole. The process consists in recording the Spontaneous Potentials presentalong three oriented generatrices in the hole. By comparison of the threecurves thus obtained, after application of a correction factor to compensatefor any deviations of the hole, the dip angle and the dip direction aredetermined. Excellent accuracy is obtained for dip angles over 10?.
Because the method is simple and the apparatus rugged, the measurements arerapid and reliable; consequently, they can be made at all the levels that areof interest at any time after the well has been drilled. Mechanical cores arenot needed to evaluate the dips.
A convenient, time-saving procedure is to perform the dipmeter survey at thetime the electrical log is taken, using for both operations the same cable andtruck.
Actual examples of results obtained in wells of the Gulf Coast area aregiven.

Introduction
The problem of determining the angle and direction of the dip of the stratatraversed by a drill hole has practical interest, and sometimes vitalimportance, which need not be emphasized to the oil industry. The need for thattype of information has existed ever since wells have been drilled. Certainlyit has not subsided, in spite of the numerous inventions and improvements madein other fields of the art of drill-hole exploration. The few examples given inthis paper are but illustrative of this fact.
In the past, methods have been devised, and used, to solve this problem, butgenerally they have met with limited success, possibly because they failed moreor less to answer the requirements of a modern age for fast yet accuratemeasurements. If accurate, the results were obtained at the cost of verytedious and lengthy operations.
The new S. P. dipmeter service offered to the oil industry is the result ofexhaustive research in this particular field. In 1932 a dipmeter andelectromagnetic teleclinometer service was made available. The apparatusemployed then was of a rather delicate and costly construction, and themeasurements had to be made with precautions sometimes difficult to secure onthe rig. Although the information given by the electromagnetic dipmeter waslimited to the direction of the dip, very interesting results were obtained inCalifornia, Trinidad, Venezuela, Rumania and, most notably, in the NetherlandsEast Indies.
T.P. 1547
Caliper Logging
Authors: Parsons C.P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Caliper logging is a practice of measuring the variations in the diameter ofthe open hole in a well. This information is useful for many purposes, amongwhich are: Determining the volumetric capacity of the portion of open hole tobe cemented; the amount of gravel to be used for gravel-packing a well; thesize and location of seat for a packer to be placed in a well; studying theeffects of nitroglycerin shots; studying the effects of acidizing; studying thecause of drill-pipe failures; studying drilling technique; geologicalcorrelations. This is a new practice in oil fields and is eliminatingconsiderable guesswork.

Introduction
Caliper logging of the open hole in oil wells, recently introduced and nowshowing initial results in many sections of the country, is providinginformation that is filling a long-felt need in oil-well cementing and innumerous other oil-field practices. Briefly, it measures the variations indiameter of the open hole in a well. This direct physical measurement of thestratigraphic profile has considerable value for subsurface interpretations bythe geologist, engineer, driller and others charged with the responsibility ofproperly completing and repairing oil and gas wells.
The caliper shown in Fig. I is run into a well in closed position. The fourarms are released when logging is to start. These arms are independent of eachother. As the calipers are pulled upward through the open hole, the arms arelike nimble fingers feeling the changing profile of the hole. This mechanicalaction is in turn converted into an electrical circuit, which is connected to arecording mechanism at the surface. The recording of the diameter of the holeis directly in inches.
T.P. 1474
Water Influx Into a Reservoir and Its Application to the Equation of Volumetric Balance
Authors: Hurst William 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This is a presentation of the diffusivity theory for the calculation of thewater drive on an oil reservoir in which the history of reservoir pressure withtime are the essential parameters for the determination of the rate andcumulative water encroachment into a field. The main body of the paper isessentially the application of the principles underlined here to actual fielddata. It consists of the work plots of the radial-flow case, and includes adiscussion of an illustrated problem for which the water-drive calculations aretreated in conjunction with the volumetric-balance equation. The appendix is amathematical treatment of the linear, radial, and spherical cases of waterinflux into a reservoir.

Introduction
The evaluation of oil reserves and the prediction of pressure behavior withdifferent rates of production are related to the volumetric balance of thefluids entering and leaving the space occupied by the oil and gas originallypresent in the formation; that is to say, important information can be gleanedfrom a volumetric study of the oil, gas, and water produced from a formation asit affects the extent of change in volume of oil zone, the gas cap, and theamount of water influx from the adjoining water sands.
It is not the purpose of this paper to enter into a discussion of theequation of volumetric balance, in which such pertinent information assubsurface sampling and the measurement of reservoir pressures play apredominant part, as this has been discussed in detail by others. However, there is an inherent difficulty that has limited the general application ofthis equation to a study of oil reservoirs; that is, the insufficient knowledgeof the analytics for expressing the water drive on a field as a function ofreservoir pressure. This to a large degree has been overcome and it is thepurpose of this paper to present this theory in such form as to be applicablefor reservoir calculations.
T.P. 1473
Asphaltic Substances in Crude Oils
Authors: Precksho G.W. , DeLisle N.G. , Cottrell C.E. , Katz D.L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Most crude oils contain asphaltic substances that may be naturally orartificially precipitated. In the Greeley field, California, this asphalticbitumen is precipitated during the flow of the oil from the reservoir to thestock tank. The mechanism of such precipitation is not well understood. Thispaper presents the progress that has been made by using the electron microscopeas a new tool and by observing the effects of the streaming potential on theformation of bitumen particles.
Crude oils at atmospheric pressure viewed in the electron microscope in verythin films under a vacuum showed no asphaltic particles. A technique ofpreparing slides of thin films by dilution of the oil with benzene and washingin petroleum ether was used at first, and these observations showed that thesolvents caused the formation of the particles, varying from 0.01 to 0.2 micronin diameter.
The electrical effects of fluids flowing through porous solid were studied, with emphasis on the formation of colloidal particles by the streamingpotential. The streaming potential of crude oil flowing through sand wasmeasured and was shown to be responsible for the formation of bitumenparticles. These results bring out a new phenomenon, which may occur when crudeoil flows through the porous oil reservoir.

1. The Electron Microscope as a New Tool
Asphaltic particles have been precipitated from crude oils by a variety ofmechanisms. Asphalt has been the subject of widespread investigation but, owingto the complexity of the substances being considered, progress has been slow.Investigators working primarily with the asphaltic substances have treated thesubject from the colloidal standpoint and have developed theories that picturethe asphaltic particles as surrounded by adsorbed materials. Thedeasphaltization of lubricating oil by the use of solvents treats the subjectprimarily from the standpoint of liquid-liquid equilibria. A completeunderstanding of asphaltic substances would make possible the following of thematerial from its initial state in the crude oil through precipitationprocesses to the final plastic stage, the most common form of which is used inasphaltic pavements.
T.P. 1514
Joule-Thomson Coefficients for Two Natural Gases
Authors: Sage B.H. , Botkin D.F. , Lacey W.N. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Joule-Thomson coefficients for two natural gases were determined atpressures up to 600 lb. per sq. in. throughout the temperature interval between70? and 310?F. From these primary data and available information relating tothe isobaric heat capacities of the components at infinite volume, the heatcapacities of these gases were computed throughout the abovementioned range ofpressures and temperatures. The enthalpies of the gases were computed as afunction of state and the results compared with values obtained by severalmethods of prediction currently available.

Introduction
Experimentally determined Joule-Thomson coefficients for natural gasesafford a satisfactory means of checking the accuracy of prediction of theirthermodynamic properties from the behavior of the components in the pure stateand in binary mixtures. Relatively small samples of these natural gases wereavailable, together with their analyses, and the Joule- Thomson coeffi cients were investigated at temperatures from 70? to 310?F. throughout as largea range of pressures as the quantities of gas on hand permitted.

Method and Materials
The Joule-Thomson coefficients were determined by measuring the change intemperature resulting from the passage of the gas through a porous thimble witha known pressure difference and under such conditions that the process wassubstantially isenthalpic. The details of the apparatus employed for thispurpose have been described. It is believed that the changes in temperature andpressure were ascertained with an uncertainty of not more than 0.3 per cent.However, as a result of deviations from steady flow, it is probable thatuncertainties as large as 2 per cent may exist in the measured Joule-Thomsoncoefficient.
The gases utilized in this work were taken from high-pressure separators andwere dried prior to use by passage over calcium chloride at pressures in excessof 300 lb. per sq. in. The gases were subjected to the conventionalfractionation and Orsat analyses. The results are recorded in Table I. Thecomposition is typical of gases from such sources, with the possible exceptionof the presence of significant quantities of carbon dioxide in each of thesamples.
T.P. 1504
Sources, Disposition, and Characteristics of the Capital Employed by Thirty Oil Companies during the Nine-year Period 1934-1942
Authors: Pogue Joseph E. , Coqueron Frederick G. 
Published: June 2014

Summary
Prior to 1934, published information covering expenditures by oil companiesfor properties, plant, and equipment and the residual investments in thevarious segments of the petroleum industry was not readily available. Thispaper presents an analysis of the funds invested by a selected group of oilcompanies during the years 1934 through 1942, based on an extensive study ofthe individual records of 30 oil companies.
The sources, disposition, and characteristics of the capital employed bythis group of companies are traced through a series of combined statements andappropriate charts, covering financial and operating data. The analysis ofthese statements not only constitutes a record useful for comparative purposesbut also serves as a basis for a number of broad conclusions, as follows:The petroleum industry generates the capital needed for its expansion almostentirely from its own operations and is therefore a singularly self-containedeconomic unit.The long-term debt contained in the financial structure of the industry issmall relative to the total capital employed, is less than the net workingcapital, and has increased but slightly during the period under review.The capital expenditures of the group of 30 oil companies for 9 yearsamounted to 6.1 billion dollars, 58.3 per cent of which went into crude-oilproducing facilities. The trend of this segment of expenditures has beendownward since 1937. In 1942, expenditures for refining facilities increasedsharply and for marketing facilities declined drastically.The net working capital of the group increased 380 million dollars over theperiod, and the industry is in a favorable position of liquidity. The ratio ofcombined current assets to current liabilities was 3.21 at the close of theperiod.The net income of the group displayed an upward trend for the period butwith rather sharp cyclical fluctuations.In 1942, Government funds entered the industry for the first time insubstantial amounts and were utilized for the provision of war facilitiesneeded for emergency use.
C.N. 133
A Study of the Smackover Limestone Formation and the Reservoir Behavior of Its Oil and Condensate Pools
Authors: Bruce W.A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Studies of reservoir behavior of 12 Smackover limestone oil and condensatepools are presented. Buckner, Midway, McKamie, Magnolia, Mt. Holly, Schuler(Reynolds) and Village are treated in considerable detail and subjected toanalysis with an electrical device for analyzing reservoir behavior. Resultsand comparisons of these analyses are presented.
In addition to these reservoir-behavior studies, an attempt is made to assembletransmissibility and storage data on the Smackover limestone formation fromcores and logs taken in dry holes and producers. This together with thebehavior of individual reservoirs leads to a better understanding of theformation as a porous aquifer.
The ultimate purpose of this type of study is to improve predictions concerningthe future behavior of these pools in such a system. Predictions are presentedfor several pools.

Introduction
In 1937 the Phillips Petroleum Co. drilled its J. D. Reynolds No. 1 to the Smackover limestone formation at Snow Hill, Arkansas. This well found oil inthe porous, permeable, upper part of the Smackover thereafter referred to asthe Reynolds lime. Since then, six oil pools and six condensate pools have beendiscovered in the Reynolds lime, and more than 75 dry holes have explored partsof this formation.
By the first of 1943, 44 million barrels of oil and 83 billion cubic feet ofgas had been withdrawn from the various reservoirs. The original reservesestimated by the Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission were 342 million barrels ofoil and 1200 billion cubic feet of gas.
So far all of the production has been from anticlinal structures, most of whichare asymmetric and have their axes roughly perpendicular to the dip of theformation top. This is indicated in Fig. 1, which shows the pools, dry holesdrilled, and contours on top of the Smackover.
These pools are of particular interest for reservoir-behavior studies becausethe production and drilling has been controlled, and in most cases the recordsof reservoir data are complete. In addition to the excellent production andpressure information available, more than one half of the wells drilled werecored and all of them were electrically logged. All of the pools show evidenceof water drive.
While this paper is in a sense a collection of reservoir-behavior studies forseveral different pools, there has been an attempt to go one step further andto show the importance of the formation as a porous continuum or a singleaquifer in which the withdrawals of fluids from any pool has an. importanteffect on the behavior of all of the pools. An effort will be made to show thatthe water drives of these pools are dependent upon a much larger area of theSmackover limestone than that occupied by the petroleum accumulations.
T.P. 1728
Prediction of Reservoir Behavior from Laboratory Data
Authors: Babson E.C. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In order to explore the possibility of predicting reservoir performance fromlaboratory data, behavior of a hypothetical low-permeability reservoir has beenestimated by applying data and methods currently available in the literature. Amethod of calculating decline in productivity index is discussed, andrecoveries by internal gas drive, external gas drive and water drive areestimated.

Introduction
During the life of a producing oil property an operator is faced with manyperplexing problems. Any attempt to determine proper well spacing, optimum rateof production, or the desirability of pressure maintenance requires theevaluation not only of a host of economic and practical operating factors butalso of the future performance of the reservoir. Although in some caseseconomic or operating considerations may be of primary importance in planning adevelopment or production program, the anticipated effect on ultimate recoveryis more likely to be the decisive factor.
The soundest basis for evaluating reservoir performance is past experience withoil fields, but pertinent data are difficult to obtain or apply underconditions normally encountered in California fields. Many of these fields arecharacterized by thick sections of alternating sands and shales complicated byfaulting and rapidly changing lithologic conditions. Further complications areintroduced by haphazard development and production practices resulting fromcompetitive conditions, changing demand for oil, and insufficient knowledge ofstructural conditions during early development. Even in the rare cases wheredevelopment has been systematic and adequate, production policy has usuallybeen controlled by economic and competitive factors rather than a desire toobtain information for use in future operations. In other words, comparablereservoirs in which development and production practices have beensystematically varied are seldom found.
In the light of these conditions, conclusions based on experiences usually lackthe certainty required for decisions involving large sums of money. Some othermethod of attacking these problems is needed to supplement and orient fieldexperience. Progress in laboratory investigations of the flow of oil, gas, andwater through sands has been so rapid in recent years that these data mayfurnish such a supplementary approach in the near future. In order to explorethis possibility the author has attempted to predict the behavior of one typeof reservoir by applying published data and methods.

Basic Data and Assumptions
Calculations outlined in this paper are dependant upon a detailed knowledge ofthe properties of oil, gas, and water present in the reservoir and the portionof the total pore space originally filled by each.
T.P. 1664
Fingering and Coning of Water and Gas in Homogeneous Oil Sand
Authors: Arthur M.G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper is a theoretical analysis of fingering of water and coning of waterand gas in homogeneous sand. Investigation of this idealized case illustratesthe relative magnitude of the factors involved in actual conditions. The bodyof the report presents equations, example calculations, and charts thatfacilitate solution of such problems. Derivation of the equations introduced inthis paper and a discussion of previously published equations are included inthe appendix.

Introduction
Production of water from oil wells as a result of the pressure gradientsestablished by flow of fluids through oil-producing sands is a commonoccurrence, which influences the cost of oil production, the degree ofdepletion and the efficiency of expulsion of oil from naturally occurringreservoirs. Control of water production and encroachment are important both inprimary and secondary phases of oil-field exploitation in order to produce oiland gas at lowest cost and in order to achieve the greatest ultimate recoveryof the oil in the reservoir. Although many actual oil reservoirs present amultitude of variables that influence fingering and coning of water and gas, aninspection of the relationship and magnitude of the forces involved in the caseof a homogeneous sand may indicate satisfactory methods of controlling waterproduction. Application of equations relating the variables may indicate thegeometric type of drainage that exists in a particular reservoir or in thevicinity of a particular well.
A homogeneous sand body is assumed within the portion of the reservoirinfluenced by the well. Two geometric types of drainage are consideredtheoretically. The first is water fingering into an oil sand that is relativelythin compared with the lateral extent of the sand. This sand may represent theentire oil-producing reservoir or it may represent one interval in an oilreservoir, which is separated from other producing intervals by competentlithologic barriers to flow of fluids. For the condition of completepenetration of a well in such a sand body, it may be assumed that no flowoccurs across bedding planes. A mathematical relation is developed between thelimit of approach of a water finger to the well without being drawn into thewell and the corresponding operating pressure drawdown.
The second condition considered is that of water or gas entry into an oil wellas the result of coning through bedding planes. The theory and graphicalsolution developed by Muskat for the limit of approach of a water or gas coneto a well, without its entry into the well, related to the correspondingmaximum pressure drawdown, is reviewed and amplified. Charts are presented, which facilitate graphical solution of the problem. A method is presented forthe extension of this type of graphical solution to the case where gas andwater coning occurs simultaneously.
T.P. 1723