bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Offshoring, the Nature of Tasks, and Occupational Stability: Empirical Evidence for Germany
Authors: Baumgarten Daniel 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUsing a large administrative data set of individual employment histories for Germany, this paper studies the relationship between offshoring and the individual risk of leaving the occupation. Moreover, a rich data set on tasks performed in occupations is used to better characterise the sources of worker vulnerability. Both material and service
offshoring are, on average, not associated with an increase in occupational outflow rates. However, this association depends on the nature of tasks performed in the occupation. Higher intensities of interactive and, in particular, non‐routine tasks are associated with a larger decrease (or a smaller increase) in the occupational hazard rate.
Trade Credits and Bank Credits in International Trade: Substitutes or Complements?
Authors: Engemann Martina , Eck Katharina , Schnitzer Monika 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTrade credits are an important financing tool for internationally active firms. This is surprising, as trade credits are generally more expensive than bank credits and thus a costly substitute for bank financing. In this paper, we investigate the relation between trade credits and bank credits for exporting firms. We develop a theoretical model and show that trade credits convey a quality signal which reduces the risk of the transaction and may thus facilitate obtaining additional bank credits. Hence, exporters who are not able to obtain bank credits in the first place use trade credits and bank credits complementarily. Using panel data on large German manufacturing firms, we provide supportive evidence for our theoretical predictions. In general, trade credits and bank credits are substitutes. For financially constrained exporters, the overall substitution effect is attenuated which is consistent with a positive signalling effect.
Hunting For Tularaemia – A Review of Cases in North Carolina
Authors: Rimawi R. H. , Shah K. B. , Chowdhary R. A. , Cook P. P. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryHuman infections with Francisella tularensis can be acquired via numerous routes, including ingestion, inhalation, arthropod bite or direct contact with infected animals. Since 1991, there have been 25 reported cases of tularaemia in North Carolina, most of which were associated with rabbit hunting or cat bites. We present two adults cases of pulmonary and oropharyngeal tularaemia and review the reported cases since 1991–2013. We also present the fifth case of pulmonary empyema. While cavitary pneumonias are primarily treated with drainage, we illustrate a case of cavitary pneumonia associated with tularaemia successfully treated with oral ciprofloxacin after drainage. Tularaemia should be considered in patients with a perplexing radiographic image, animal exposure and lack of response to conventional empiric broad‐spectrum antibiotics. Even in serious cases of pneumonic tularaemia, fluoroquinolones may provide a suitable alternative to aminoglycosides.
Brachytherapy structural shielding calculations using Monte Carlo generated, monoenergetic data
Authors: Zourari K. , Peppa V. , Ballester Facundo , Siebert Frank‐André , Papagiannis P. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose:To provide a method for calculating the transmission of any broad photon beam with a known energy spectrum in the range of 20–1090 keV, through concrete and lead, based on the superposition of corresponding monoenergetic data obtained from Monte Carlo simulation.Methods:MCNP5 was used to calculate broad photon beam transmission data through varying thickness of lead and concrete, for monoenergetic point sources of energy in the range pertinent to brachytherapy (20–1090 keV, in 10 keV intervals). The three parameter empirical model introduced by Archer et al. [“Diagnostic x‐ray shielding design based on an empirical model of photon attenuation,” Health Phys. 44, – (1983)] was used to describe the transmission curve for each of the 216 energy‐material combinations. These three parameters, and hence the transmission curve, for any polyenergetic spectrum can then be obtained by superposition along the lines of Kharrati et al. [“Monte Carlo simulation of x‐ray buildup factors of lead and its applications in shielding of diagnostic x‐ray facilities,” Med. Phys. 34, 1398–1404 (2007)]. A simple program, incorporating a graphical user interface, was developed to facilitate the superposition of monoenergetic data, the graphical and tabular display of broad photon beam transmission curves, and the calculation of material thickness required for a given transmission from these curves.Results:Polyenergetic broad photon beam transmission curves of this work, calculated from the superposition of monoenergetic data, are compared to corresponding results in the literature. A good agreement is observed with results in the literature obtained from Monte Carlo simulations for the photon spectra emitted from bare point sources of various radionuclides. Differences are observed with corresponding results in the literature for x‐ray spectra at various tube potentials, mainly due to the different broad beam conditions or x‐ray spectra assumed.Conclusions:The data of this work allow for the accurate calculation of structural shielding thickness, taking into account the spectral variation with shield thickness, and broad beam conditions, in a realistic geometry. The simplicity of calculations also obviates the need for the use of crude transmission data estimates such as the half and tenth value layer indices. Although this study was primarily designed for brachytherapy, results might also be useful for radiology and nuclear medicine facility design, provided broad beam conditions apply.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii PKAB07 Clinical Strain from India Belonging to Sequence Type 195
Authors: Saranathan Rajagopalan , Tomar Archana , Sudhakar Pagal , Arunkumar K. P. , Prashanth K. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter baumannii
has emerged as one of the most common nosocomial pathogens and is considered to be a significant threat to public health worldwide. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant clinical strain of
A. baumannii
PKAB07 isolated from a wound infection in India during 2011 to 2012.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Naphthalene Degrader
Herbaspirillum
sp. Strain RV1423
Authors: Jauregui Ruy , Rodelas Belén , Geffers Robert , Boon Nico , Pieper Dietmar H. , Vilchez-Vargas Ramiro 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Herbaspirillum
sp. strain RV1423 was isolated from a site contaminated with alkanes and aromatic compounds and harbors the complete pathway for naphthalene degradation. The new features found in RV1423 increase considerably the versatility and the catabolic potential of a genus of bacteria previously considered mainly to be diazotrophic endophytes to plants.
Developing a strategic research framework for Sport and Exercise Medicine
Authors: Holtzhausen Louis J , van Zyl Gert J , Nel Marietjie M 
Published: March 2014

Background/aimSport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) is a young, fast growing discipline. The need to broaden its evidence base has been established. The aim of the study was to compile a research-based strategic framework for the development of a sustainable research programme in SEM at a South African university.MethodsA literature review, internal document analysis, semistructured interviews with role players within the university and a Delphi process utilising a panel of international and national experts in research and SEM, were applied. Results were analysed and categorised regarding foundational aspects and operational components to create a sustainable research programme in SEM.ResultsThe foundational level of the framework consists of points of departure, premises and resources. Points of departure regarding SEM, the university, management, research and sustainability were identified. The premises for the research programme are relevance, currency, flexibility, implementability and a scientific base. Internal, institutional and external resources required by the programme were identified. The operational level was developed according to the W.K. Kellogg programme logic model. It consists of academic and management inputs; a central hub of activities which drives the programme; desired financial, human and academic outputs, and long-term qualitative and quantitative outcomes. The third level represents a sustainable research programme which is constantly monitored and reviewed.ConclusionsThe strategic framework provides guidelines for the development and sustainable management of an SEM research programme. It will make a substantial contribution to the research, further development, and ultimately the status of SEM in South Africa.
An educational approach to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury (AKI): report of a quality improvement project
Authors: Xu Gang , Baines Richard , Westacott Rachel , Selby Nick , Carr Susan 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of a quality improvement project that used a multifaceted educational intervention on how to improve clinician's knowledge, confidence and awareness of acute kidney injury (AKI).Setting2 large acute teaching hospitals in England, serving a combined population of over 1.5 million people.ParticipantsAll secondary care clinicians working in the clinical areas were targeted, with a specific focus on clinicians working in acute admission areas.InterventionsA multifaceted educational intervention consisting of traditional didactic lectures, case-based teaching in small groups and an interactive web-based learning resource.Outcome measuresWe assessed clinicians’ knowledge of AKI and their self-reported clinical behaviour using an interactive questionnaire before and after the educational intervention. Secondary outcome measures included clinical audit of patient notes before and after the intervention.Results26% of clinicians reported that they were aware of local AKI guidelines in the preintervention questionnaire compared to 64% in the follow-up questionnaire (χ²=60.2, p<0.001). There was an improvement in the number of clinicians reporting satisfactory practice when diagnosing AKI, 50% vs 68% (χ²=12.1, p<0.001) and investigating patients with AKI, 48% vs 64% (χ²=9.5, p=0.002). Clinical audit makers showed a trend towards better clinical practice.ConclusionsThis quality improvement project utilising a multifaceted educational intervention improved awareness of AKI as demonstrated by changes in the clinician's self-reported management of patients with AKI. Elements of the project have been sustained beyond the project period, and demonstrate the power of quality improvement projects to help initiate changes in practice. Our findings are limited by confounding factors and highlight the need to carry out formal randomised studies to determine the impact of educational initiatives in the clinical setting.
Associations between objectively assessed and self-reported sedentary time with mental health in adults: an analysis of data from the Health Survey for England
Authors: Hamer Mark , Coombs Ngaire , Stamatakis Emmanuel 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveThere is increasing interest in the association between sedentary behaviour and mental health, although most studies have relied solely on self-reported measures, thus making results prone to various biases. The aim was to compare associations between objectively assessed and self-reported sedentary time with mental health in adults.SettingCommunity dwelling population sample drawn from the 2008 Health Survey for England.Participants11 658 (self-report analysis) and 1947 (objective data) men and women.Primary outcomeThe 12-item General Health Questionnaire was administered to assess psychological distress. Sedentary and physical activity (exposure) was objectively measured using accelerometers (Actigraph GT1M) worn around the waist during waking hours for seven consecutive days.ResultsThe highest tertile of objective sedentary time was associated with higher risk of psychological distress (multivariate adjusted OR=1.74, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.83), as was the highest tertile of self-reported total sitting time (OR=1.34, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.56). Self-reported, but not objective, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was associated with lower risk of psychological distress. Only objective light-intensity activity was associated with lower risk of psychological distress.ConclusionsSedentary time is associated with adverse mental health.
ON THE GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM THE CORE AND RADIO LOBES OF THE RADIO GALAXY CENTAURUS A
Authors: SAHAKYAN NAREK , RIEGER FRANK M. , AHARONIAN FELIX , YANG RUIZHI , DE ONA-WILHELMI EMMA 
Published: March 2014

We summarize recent results based on an analysis of Fermi-LAT data for the lobes and the core of the nearby radio galaxy Centaurus A (Cen A). In the case of the core, high-energy (HE; > 100 MeV) γ-rays up to 50 GeV have been detected with a detection significance of about 44σ. The average gamma-ray spectrum of the core reveals interesting evidence for a possible deviation from a simple power-law. A likelihood analysis with a broken power-law model shows that the photon index becomes substantially harder above Eb ≃ 4 GeV, changing from Γ1 = 2.74 ± 0.03 below to Γ2 = 2.09 ± 0.20 above. It seems possible that this hardening marks the contribution of an additional high-energy component beyond the common synchrotron-self Compton jet emission. In the case of the lobes, the high-energy gamma-ray emission extends up to 6 GeV, with a significance of more than 10 and 20 σ for the north and the south lobe, respectively. Based on a detailed spatial analysis and comparison with the associated radio lobes, a substantial extension of the HE γ-ray emission beyond the WMAP radio image for the northern lobe of Cen A is found. We provide a short discussion of the lobe's spectral energy distribution (SED) in the context of hadronic and time-dependent leptonic scenarios.
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE BINARIES AT HIGH ENERGIES
Authors: ROMERO GUSTAVO E. , PÉREZ DANIELA , VILA GABRIELA S. 
Published: March 2014

An accretion disk around a supermassive black hole may be strongly perturbed by the presence of a secondary black hole. Recent simulations have shown that, under certain conditions, the tidal torques exerted by the secondary black hole may open an annular gap in the disk. In this regime, matter "overflows" across the secondary's orbit to accrete onto the primary and may feed a pair of relativistic jets. In this work we study the radiative properties of a binary system of supermassive black holes, assuming that a relativistic jet is launched from the primary and the migration of the secondary across the disk proceeds in the "overflowing" regime. The modified radiative spectrum of the disk is calculated accounting for strong gravitational effects in the innermost region. The jet emits non-thermal radiation all along the electromagnetic spectrum by interaction of locally accelerated electrons with the jet's magnetic field and internal and external radiation. In particular, we investigate whether the interaction of the relativistic electrons with the photons emitted by the accretion disk induces any signature in the spectral energy distribution of the jet that may reveal the presence of the secondary black hole.
Deformation structures and processes within the continental crust: an introduction
Authors: Llana-Fúnez Sergio , Marcos Alberto , Bastida Fernando 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The collection of research papers in this volume provides an overview of current trends in the study of deformation structures and deformation processes in rocks from the continental crust. The volume has been divided into three sections to reflect the current interest in structures and processes: shear zones and folds; the interactions between magmatism and structure; and the relationship between microstructure and rheology. The range of topics includes the geometry of natural structures from field observations, the detailed analysis of the microstructure of deformed rocks, the timing of deformation by various geochronological techniques, the modelling of deformation processes to constrain the development of structures in rocks, and the use of laboratory experimentation to reproduce deformation fabrics in rocks. The mixture of techniques and methods treated illustrate the broad and multidisciplinary approach to the study of rock deformation in the continental crust.
Coral reefs in the Anthropocene: persistence or the end of the line?
Authors: Hoegh-Guldberg O. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Tropical coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs have provided food, income and resources to humans for millennia. The first interactions that people had with coral reef ecosystems left little signature or impact, most probably due to the restricted access, as well as the challenges and ephemeral technologies that people used to exploit these important ecosystems. As human populations expanded along tropical coastal areas, however, the influence of coastal people on coral reefs grew rapidly. Deforestation and coastal agriculture reduced coastal water quality, with many fringing coral reefs disappearing as impacts grew. Increasing numbers of fishers with increasingly advanced technologies exploited tropical coastal fisheries so that many marine species declined dramatically. These activities have removed some functional groups to the point where ecological transformations away from coral-dominated communities increasingly occurred. Shipping and marine pollution, as well as ocean warming and acidification from the burning of fossil fuels, have added further stress on tropical marine ecosystems. The latter represents a major threat with even small amounts of change potentially driving the ecological extinction of coral reefs and other marine ecosystems. Given inaction on the core drivers of these changes, the future does not look bright for coral reef ecosystems as we move into the critical phase of the Anthropocene Epoch.
A Meta-analysis of Lung Cancer Gene Expression Identifies PTK7 as a Survival Gene in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Chen Ron , Khatri Purvesh , Mazur Pawel K. , Polin Melanie , Zheng Yanyan , Vaka Dedeepya , Hoang Chuong D. , Shrager Joseph , Xu Yue , Vicent Silvestre , Butte Atul J. , Sweet-Cordero E. Alejandro 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide and it continues to lack effective treatment. The increasingly large and diverse public databases of lung cancer gene expression constitute a rich source of candidate oncogenic drivers and therapeutic targets. To define novel targets for lung adenocarcinoma, we conducted a large-scale meta-analysis of genes specifically overexpressed in adenocarcinoma. We identified an 11-gene signature that was overexpressed consistently in adenocarcinoma specimens relative to normal lung tissue. Six genes in this signature were specifically overexpressed in adenocarcinoma relative to other subtypes of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Among these genes was the little studied protein tyrosine kinase PTK7. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that PTK7 is highly expressed in primary adenocarcinoma patient samples. RNA interference–mediated attenuation of PTK7 decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis in a subset of adenocarcinoma cell lines. Further, loss of PTK7 activated the MKK7–JNK stress response pathway and impaired tumor growth in xenotransplantation assays. Our work defines PTK7 as a highly and specifically expressed gene in adenocarcinoma and a potential therapeutic target in this subset of NSCLC. Cancer Res; 74(10); 2892–902. ©2014 AACR.
Stress-Induced CXCR4 Promotes Migration and Invasion of Ewing Sarcoma
Authors: Krook Melanie A. , Nicholls Lauren A. , Scannell Christopher A. , Chugh Rashmi , Thomas Dafydd G. , Lawlor Elizabeth R. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone cancer in pediatric patients. Although the primary cause of death in Ewing sarcoma is metastasis, the mechanism underlying tumor spread needs to be elucidated. To this end, the role of the CXCR4/SDF-1a chemokine axis as a mediator of Ewing sarcoma metastasis was investigated. CXCR4 expression status was measured in primary tumor specimens by immunohistochemical staining and in multiple cell lines by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and flow cytometry. Migration and invasion of CXCR4-positive Ewing sarcoma cells toward CXCL12/SDF-1a were also determined. Interestingly, while CXCR4 status was disparate among Ewing sarcoma cells, ranging from absent to high-level expression, its expression was found to be highly dynamic and responsive to changes in the microenvironment. In particular, upregulation of CXCR4 occurred in cells that were subjected to growth factor deprivation, hypoxia, and space constraints. This upregulation of CXCR4 was rapidly reversed upon removal of the offending cellular stress conditions. Functionally, CXCR4-positive cells migrated and invaded toward an SDF-1a gradient and these aggressive properties were impeded by both the CXCR4 small-molecule inhibitor AMD3100, and by knockdown of CXCR4. In addition, CXCR4-dependent migration and invasion were inhibited by small-molecule inhibitors of Cdc42 and Rac1, mechanistically implicating these Rho-GTPases as downstream mediators of the CXCR4-dependent phenotype.
Implications: This study reveals the highly plastic and dynamic nature of CXCR4 expression in Ewing sarcoma and supports a model in which stress-induced upregulation of CXCR4 contributes to tumor metastasis to lung and bone marrow, which express high levels of SDF-1a. Mol Cancer Res; 12(6); 953–64. ©2014 AACR.
Macrophage Inflammatory Markers Are Associated With Subclinical Carotid Artery Disease in Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus or Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Shaked Iftach , Hanna David B. , Gleißner Christian , Marsh Brenda , Plants Jill , Tracy Daniel , Anastos Kathryn , Cohen Mardge , Golub Elizabeth T. , Karim Roksana , Lazar Jason , Prasad Vinayaka , Tien Phyllis C. , Young Mary A. , Landay Alan L. , Kaplan Robert C. , Ley Klaus 
Published: March 2014

Objective—
Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be associated with atherosclerosis and vascular disease. Macrophages are a major component of atherosclerotic plaque, and classically activated (M1) macrophages contribute to plaque instability. Our goal was to identify plasma biomarkers that reflect macrophage inflammation and are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis.

Approach and Results—

We tested whether M1 macrophages produce galectin-3–binding protein in vitro. Then, we measured galectin-3–binding protein and the soluble macrophage biomarkers soluble cluster of differentiation (CD) 163 and soluble CD14 in 264 participants in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. Women were positive for HIV, HCV, both, or neither (66 in each group, matched for age, race/ethnicity, and smoking status). Carotid artery disease was assessed by ultrasound measurement of right distal common carotid artery intima-media thickness, distensibility, and presence of atherosclerotic lesions (intima-media thickness >1.5 mm). Plasma galectin-3–binding protein was higher in HCV+ than HCV− women (
P
<0.01) but did not differ by HIV status. The 3 inflammatory macrophage markers were significantly correlated with each other and negatively correlated with CD4+ counts in HIV-infected women. We defined a macrophage score as 1, 2, or 3 biomarkers elevated above the median. In models adjusted for traditional risk factors, higher macrophage scores were significantly associated with increased atherosclerotic lesions and lower carotid distensibility. Receiver-operator curve analysis of lesions revealed that the markers added predictive value beyond traditional risk factors and C-reactive protein.

Conclusions—
The macrophage inflammatory markers galectin-3–binding protein, soluble CD163, and soluble CD14 are significantly associated with carotid artery disease in the setting of HIV and HCV infection.