bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Microwave‐assisted Headspace Solid‐phase Microextraction for Rapid Determination of Synthetic Polycyclic and Nitro‐aromatic Musks in Fish Samples
Authors: Wu Ming‐Wei , Yeh Pei‐Chun , Chen Hsin‐Chang , Liu Li‐Lian , Ding Wang‐Hsien 
Published: June 2013

AbstractRapid solvent‐free microwave‐assisted headspace solid‐phase microextraction (MA‐HS‐SPME) coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was developed to determine synthetic polycyclic and nitro‐aromatic musks in fish samples. Four commonly used synthetic musks, galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK) were employed in the method development and validation. The parameters (microwave irradiation time, irradiation power, amount of water addition, pH value and addition of NaCl) affecting the extraction efficiency of analytes from fish slurry were systematically investigated and optimized. The best extraction conditions were achieved when the fish sample 2‐g mixed with 4‐mL methanol and 15‐mL deionized water (containing 4 g of NaCl, pH 2.0 in a 40‐mL sample‐vial) was microwave irradiated at 80 watt for 5 min. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.4 to 1.2 ng/g in 2‐g of wet tissue. The precision for these analytes, as indicated by relative standard deviations, were less than 9% for both intra‐ and inter‐day analysis. Accuracy, expressed as the mean extraction recovery, was between 80 to 92%. A standard addition method was used to quantitate these four synthetic musks, and the total concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 23.1 ng/g in various fish samples.
Conjugate observations of flow diversion in the magnetotail and auroral arc extension in the ionosphere
Authors: Yao Z. H. , Angelopoulos V. , Pu Z. Y. , Fu S. Y. , Kubyshkina M. , Liu J. , Chu X. N. , Nishimura T. , Cao X. , Du A. M. , Yue C. , Shi Q. Q. , Wei Y. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe present a case study of a plasma flow diversion event in the inner magnetosphere to illustrate the effects of near‐Earth pressure evolution, field‐aligned current (FAC) generation, and associated auroral evolution during conjugate observations from THEMIS satellites and All‐Sky Imagers (ASIs) on 29 January 2008. At ~0831 UT, an earthward flow at THC, at X ~ 18 Re, was observed which was likely to be associated with an auroral streamer observed at the ASI station FSMI. Near‐Earth satellites THD and THE, separated in the Y‐direction by ~1 Re, and magnetically mapping onto the preexisting aurora arc, also observed the earthward flow but with a small Alfvén transit time of ~20 s between the magnetotail and the ionosphere. As the earthward flow arrived at THD and THE, the aurora arc near the footprints of THD and THE brightened. A duskward pressure gradient developed between THD and THE in the equatorial magnetotail, corresponding to an upward FAC and consistent with the auroral brightening. At ~0834 UT, an eastward diversion of the flow was observed first at THE and later at THD, further to the East. At the head of that flow, pressure variations, coherent between THE and THD, were observed to propagate Eastward at ~400 km/s, consistent with an eastward auroral expansion near the footprints of THE and THD. Concurrent perturbations of the By component of the magnetic field signify eastward motion of a FAC pair at the two spacecraft locations. We interpret the pressure variations as the generator of the observed FAC that feeds the arc and its eastward expansion.
A multidecadal study of cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer
Authors: Massie S. T. , Khosravi R. , Gille J. C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractChanges in the distributions of cirrus in the upper troposphere centered at 100 hPa in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) during the last 27 years (1985–2012) are quantified based upon an analysis of five independent data sets. Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II, Halogen Occultation Experiment, Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer, High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder, and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization data are used to determine cirrus frequency‐of‐occurrence geospatial distributions in the TTL in multiple year segments during 1985–2012. Full width at half maximum (FWHM) tropical widths of cirrus zonal averages of occurrence frequency centered at 100 hPa are calculated for each experiment. The FWHMs have a 2σ trend of 0.28 ± 1.5° decade−1. This statistically insignificant trend is similar to those calculated by Davis and Rosenlof (2012) based upon analyses of reanalysis tropopause height and tropopause latitudinal gradients near 100 hPa.
Time history of the Martian dynamo from crater magnetic field analysis
Authors: Lillis Robert J. , Robbins Stuart , Manga Michael , Halekas Jasper S. , Frey Herbert V. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractLarge impacts simultaneously reset both the surface age and the magnetization of the entire depth of crust over areas comparable to the final size of the resulting craters. These properties make large impact craters (>300 km in diameter) ideal “magnetic markers” for constraining the history of the Martian core dynamo. However, the relationship between crustal magnetization and magnetic field measured in orbit is nonunique, making the measured magnetic field signature of an impact crater only a proxy for the magnetization (or lack thereof) below. Using Monte Carlo Fourier domain modeling of subsurface magnetization, we calculate probability distributions of the magnetic field signatures of partially and completely demagnetized craters. We compare these distributions to measured magnetic field signatures of 41 old impact craters on Mars larger than 300 km in diameter and calculate probabilities of their magnetization state. We compare these probabilities to cratering densities and absolute model ages and in this manner arrive at a robust time history of Martian large‐crater magnetization and hence of the Martian dynamo. We conclude that the most likely scenario was a Mars dynamo active when the oldest detectable basins formed, ceasing before the Hellas and Utopia impacts, between 4.0 and 4.1 Ga (in model age) and not thereafter restarting. The Mars atmosphere was thereafter exposed directly to erosion by the solar wind, significantly altering the path of climate evolution. Further improvements to the history of the Martian dynamo will require better crater age estimates and lower altitude magnetic field data.
Extremal Graphs for Homomorphisms II
Authors: Cutler Jonathan , Radcliffe A.J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractExtremal problems for graph homomorphisms have recently become a topic of much research. Let denote the number of homomorphisms from G to H. A natural set of problems arises when we fix an image graph H and determine which graph(s) G on n vertices and m edges maximize . We prove that if H is loop‐threshold, then, for every n and m, there is a threshold graph G with n vertices and m edges that maximizes . Similarly, we show that loop‐quasi‐threshold image graphs have quasi‐threshold extremal graphs. In the case , the path on three vertices in which every vertex in looped, the authors [5] determined a set of five graphs, one of which must be extremal for . Also in this article, using similar techniques, we determine a set of extremal graphs for “the fox,” a graph formed by deleting the loop on one of the end‐vertices of . The fox is the unique connected loop‐threshold image graph on at most three vertices for which the extremal problem was not previously solved.
Osteology of the prowfish, Zaprora silenus (Cottiformes: Zoarcoidei: Zaproridae)
Authors: Hilton Eric J. , Stevenson Duane E. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe prowfish, Zaprora silenus, is the sole member of the family Zaproridae. It is a large, relatively elongate species with a robust head and body, and it feeds primarily on jellyfishes. Although the larvae and juveniles are pelagic, the adults are demersal, and the species is widely distributed from Southern California around the Pacific Rim to Hokkaido, Japan. The stichaeid affinities of this species have long been recognized, and the family is currently placed, along with the Stichaeidae, in the Zoarcoidei. Previous anatomical studies of Zaprora have been based on relatively few specimens from a limited geographic range and have not included cleared and stained (c&s) specimens. Here, we provide a complete description of the osteology of the prowfish, based on a large series of specimens representing a broad ontogenetic range, including a series of c&s specimens. Our results contradict the findings of previous authors in the structure of the pharyngeal teeth, presence of the pelvic girdle, and the placement of the first dorsal pterygiophore. However, we concur with the findings of previous morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, which indicate that the prowfish is probably most closely related to at least some members of the Stichaeidae. J. Morphol. 274:1143–1163, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of climate change on rainfall in Northwestern Bangladesh using multi‐GCM ensembles
Authors: Kumar Dipak , Arya D. S. , Murumkar A. R. , Rahman M. M. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTTeesta River basin, located in the northwest of Bangladesh, is more vulnerable to floods if compared to other parts of the country. In this context, daily rainfall data of ten raingauge stations located in the catchment of the Jamuneswari River, part of the Teesta River basin, were analysed to study the impact of climate change on rainfall. Length of wet and dry series and mean monthly rainfalls along with their variances were used for validating Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS‐WG). The analysis was carried out for A1B, A2 and B1 emission scenarios using 15 Global Climate Models GCMs simulations for the periods 2011–2030 centred at 2020, 2046–2065 centred at 2055 and 2080–2099 centred at 2090. The analysis of the data shows that the uncertainty in the prediction increases with the timescale. It was also found that the variability in the predictions is smaller in annual values followed by seasonal. Ensemble of seasonal analysis shows that most of the GCM are in agreement for changes in monsoon season. The LARS‐WG has reasonable skill to downscale the point rainfall data and the results obtained so are useful to analyse the impact of climate change on the hydrology of the basin.
Coastal vulnerability due to extreme waves at Kalpakkam based on historical tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Nayak Sashikant , Bhaskaran Prasad K. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe study reports the development of a coastal vulnerability index (CVI) based on extreme waves for the Tamil Nadu coast. Region of interest is Kalpakkam, a coastal town located approximately 70 km south of the metropolis Chennai in Tamil Nadu State, India. The CVI computation performed for a coastal stretch of about 250 km that covers ten identified locations, with coastal Kalpakkam as the focal point. The study uses historical records of past cyclone tracks from 1945 to 2009 that had its landfall in Tamil Nadu State. There were 31 best cyclone tracks identified to construct the most probable synthetic/hypothetical track for this region. This synthetic track used to conduct several numerical experiments for cases of medium‐ and fast‐moving cyclones. The extreme waves computed at these locations using a high‐resolution Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model particularly tuned for this region. Seven key parameters finally identified in the computation of CVI. These include maximum significant wave height, maximum probable surge estimated from 50‐year return period, and other geomorphologic characteristics at all ten stations. This is the metric indicator used in the final estimation of CVI. The study signifies that metropolis Chennai and the adjacent region extending up to 57 km northwards is a high‐risk prone zone. The risk level due to extreme waves is low at Kalpakkam.
Comparison of intermittent intratympanic steroid injection and near‐continual transtympanic steroid perfusion as salvage treatments for sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Chou Yi‐Fan , Chen Peir‐Rong , Kuo Ian‐Jiun , Yu Szu‐Hui , Wen Yu‐Hsuan , Wu Hung‐Pin 
Published: June 2013

Objectives/HypothesisThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether near‐continual transtympanic steroid perfusion is more effective than intermittent intratympanic steroid injection as a salvage therapy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.Study DesignCase control study.MethodsWe designed a case‐control study consisting of 60 patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss who did not respond well to systemic steroid therapy. From November 2008 to October 2010, we prospectively enrolled subjects for the transtympanic steroid perfusion therapy. We retrospectively collected data from age‐ and sex‐matched patients who had undergone intratympanic steroid injection between January 2003 and October 2008. The audiological results of the two groups were compared.ResultsThe presalvage pure tone threshold was 65.4 ± 13.5 dB in the transtympanic steroid perfusion group. After the therapy, the hearing threshold was improved by an average of 15.0 ± 9.7 dB, and 53.3% of subjects had improved by 10 dB or more. The speech discrimination score was improved from 12.6% ± 7.0% to 54.4 ± 6.4%. In the intratympanic steroid injection group, the presalvage pure tone threshold was 68.8 ± 16.0 dB. After the therapy, the hearing threshold was improved by an average of 10.7 ± 9.8 dB, and 43.3% of subjects had improved by 10 dB or more. The speech discrimination score was improved from 13.3 ± 6.0% to 46.4 ± 12%. The degree of hearing improvement was significantly greater in the transtympanic group.ConclusionsBoth transtympanic steroid perfusion and intratympanic steroid injection can be used as salvage therapies for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Near‐continual transtympanic steroid perfusions may provide better audiological results.Level of Evidence: 3b. Laryngoscope, 123:2264–2269, 2013
Management of acute blunt and penetrating external laryngeal trauma
Authors: Schaefer Steven D. 
Published: June 2013

Objectives/HypothesisImprove the care of acute external laryngeal trauma by reviewing controversies and the evolution of treatment.Data SourceInternet‐based search engines, civilian and military databases, and manual search of references from these sources over the past 90 years.Review MethodsUtilizing the above‐mentioned sources, electronic and manual searches of primary topics such as laryngeal trauma or injury, emergency tracheotomy, airway trauma, intubation versus tracheotomy, cricothyrotomy, esophageal trauma, and emergent management of airway injuries in civilian and combat zones. Citations were reviewed, selected reports analyzed, and the most relevant articles referenced.ResultsOptimal treatment of acute laryngeal trauma includes early identification of injuries utilizing a directed history and physical examination. Timely management of the wounded airway is essential. The choice of intubation, tracheotomy, or cricothyrotomy must be individualized. Computed tomography (CT) may assist in differentiating patients who can be observed versus those who require surgical exploration. In selected patients, laryngeal electromyography and stroboscopy may also be useful. Surgery should begin with direct laryngoscopy and rigid esophagoscopy to evaluate the hard and soft tissues of the larynx, and to visualize the pharynx and esophagus. Minor endolaryngeal lacerations and abrasions may be observed, whereas more significant injuries require primary closure via a thyrotomy. Laryngeal skeletal fractures should be reduced and fixated. Endolaryngeal stenting is reversed for massive mucosal trauma, comminuted fractures, and traumatic anterior commissure disruption.ConclusionsAcute external injury to the larynx is both life threatening and a potential long‐term management challenge. Although a rare injury, sufficient experience now exists to recommend specific treatments, and to preserve voice and airway function. Laryngoscope, 124:233–244, 2014
Optical microcavities with tubular geometry: properties and applications
Authors: Wang Jiao , Zhan Tianrong , Huang Gaoshan , Chu Paul K. , Mei Yongfeng 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOptical microcavities with whispering‐gallery modes (WGMs) have large potential and, in particular, those with a tubular geometry have attracted increasing attention due to their special geometry and interesting properties such as trimmed resonant modes, simplicity as fluidic channels, three‐dimensionally (3D) mode confinement, unique evanescent wave, and so on. Optical microcavities with the tubular geometry meet the challenge of assembly of conductive, semiconductive and insulating materials into a tubular geometry, thus spurring multifunctional applications to optofluidic devices, optical microdevices like microlasers, and bio/chemical sensors. Fabrication methods such as the fiber‐drawing method, rolled‐up nanotechnology, electrospin technique, and template‐assistant method have been developed to address the various requirements. These tubular optical microcavities enable researchers to explore and construct novel optical microdevices for a wide range of potential applications. This review describes the tubular optical microcavities from the perspectives of theoretical consideration, optical characterization, and potential applications.
Recombinant Thrombomodulin of Different Domains for Pharmaceutical, Biomedical, and Cell Transplantation Applications
Authors: Wang Lin , Jiang Rui , Sun Xue‐Long 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThrombomodulin (TM) is a membrane glycoprotein mainly expressed by vascular endothelial cells and is involved in many physiological and pathological processes, such as coagulation, inflammation, cancer development, and embryogenesis. Human TM consists of 557 amino acids divided into five distinct domains: N‐terminal lectin‐like domain (designated as TMD1); six epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐like domain (TMD2); Ser/Thr‐rich domain (TMD3); transmembrane domain (TMD4); and cytoplasmic tail domain (TMD5). The different domains are responsible for different biological functions of TM. In the past decades, various domains of TM have been cloned and expressed for TM structural and functional study. Further, recombinant TMs of different domains show promising antithrombotic and anti‐inflammatory activity in both rodents and primates and a recombinant soluble TM has been approved for therapeutic application. This review highlights recombinant TMs of diverse structures and their biological functions, as well as the complex interactions of TM with factors involved in the related biological processes. Particularly, recent advances in exploring recombinant TM of different domains for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and cell transplantation applications are summarized.
Allelic background of LEPRE1 mutations that cause recessive forms of osteogenesis imperfecta in different populations
Authors: Pepin Melanie G. , Schwarze Ulrike , Singh Virendra , Romana Marc , Jones‐LeCointe Altheia , Byers Peter H. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBiallelic mutations in LEPRE1 result in recessively inherited forms of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) that are often lethal in the perinatal period. A mutation (c.1080+1G>T, IVS5+1G>T) in African Americans has a carrier frequency of about 1/240. The mutant allele originated in West Africa in tribes of Ghana and Nigeria where the carrier frequencies are 2% and 5%. By examining 200 samples from an African‐derived population in Tobago and reviewing hospital neonatal death records, we determined that the carrier frequency of c.1080+1G>T was about one in 200 and did not contribute to the neonatal deaths recorded over a 3‐year period of time in Trinidad. In the course of sequence analysis, we found surprisingly high LEPRE1 allelic diversity in the Tobago DNA samples in which there were 11 alleles distinguished by a single basepair variant in or near exon 5. All the alleles found in the Tobago population that were within the sequence analysis region were found in the African American population in the Exome Variant Project. This diversity appeared to reflect the geographic origin of the original population in Tobago. In 44 individuals with biallelic LEPRE1 mutations identified by clinical diagnostic testing, we found the sequence alterations occurred on seven of the 11 variant alleles. All but one of the mutations identified resulted in mRNA or protein instability for the majority of the transcripts from the altered allele. These findings suggest that the milder end of the clinical spectrum could be due to as yet unidentified missense mutations in LEPRE1.
Bile acids and gut peptide secretion after bariatric surgery: A 1‐year prospective randomized pilot trial
Authors: Steinert Robert E. , Peterli Ralph , Keller Sylvia , Meyer‐Gerspach Anne C. , Drewe Jürgen , Peters Thomas , Beglinger Christoph 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveIncreased delivery of bile acid salts (BA) to distal L‐cells and altered TGR5 receptor activation may contribute to the early and substantial increases in gut peptide secretion seen after bariatric surgery. To further elucidate a potential role of BA in the secretion of GLP‐1 and PYY, we analyzed plasma BA concentrations in 14 morbidly obese patients undergoing gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy in a prospective, randomized 1‐year trial.Design and MethodsPatients received a standard test meal and blood was collected before and after eating, prior to, and 1 week, 3 months, and 12 months after surgery.ResultsPre‐surgery, basal BA concentrations were significantly lower in bariatric patients than in healthy controls. One year post‐surgery, bariatric patients expressed variably increased BA concentrations (gastric bypass patients ∼2 fold increase, P ≤ 0.05). However, whereas in both patient groups, marked increases in GLP‐1 and PYY and improved glycemic control was seen already 1 week and 3 months post‐surgery, changes in plasma BA followed a different pattern: basal and postprandial plasma BA concentrations increased much slower, more progressively with significant increases only 1‐year post‐surgery.ConclusionsBased on these findings, BA do not appear to be key mediators of the early increase in GLP‐1 and PYY response in post‐bariatric patients.
Fat cell size and adipokine expression in relation to gender, depot, and metabolic risk factors in morbidly obese adolescents
Authors: Zhang Yiying , Zitsman Jeffrey L. , Hou Jue , Fennoy Ilene , Guo Kaiying , Feinberg Joshua , Leibel Rudolph L. 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo understand the regulation of adipocyte size and adipokine expression in relation to gender, anatomic location, adiposity, and metabolic risk factors in adolescents with morbid obesity.MethodsAdipocyte size and adipokine expression in paired abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and omental (VAT) surgical adipose tissues were related to gender, anatomic location, adiposity, and metabolic risk factors in a group of morbidly obese adolescents.ResultsSignificant depot‐ and/or gender‐related differences in adipocyte size and adipokine expression were detected. Adjusted for body mass index, adipocyte size in both depots was larger in males than in females and was a major predictor of mRNA levels of leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, and adiponectin. Gender, but not adipocyte size, was significantly correlated with proinflammatory cytokine expression. Body mass index and waist circumference were correlated positively with VAT adipocyte size and negatively with SAT adipocyte size. VAT adiponectin and interleukin‐6 expression levels were major predictors of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, independent of gender, adiposity, and insulin sensitivity.ConclusionsAdipose tissue morphology and function in obese adolescents are influenced by gender and anatomic location; the pattern of gender‐ and depot‐related differences in adipocyte size and adipokine expression suggests that adolescent males, relative to the females, are at increased risk for obesity‐related metabolic comorbidities.