bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The predictive validity of MCAT scores and undergraduate GPA for COMLEX-USA licensure exam performance of students enrolled in osteopathic medical schools
Authors: Royal Kenneth D. , Meyer Christian , Guercio Erik , Speicher Mark , Flamini Joseph , Sandella Jeanne M. , Tsai Tsung-Hsun , Searcy Cynthia A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Context
Osteopathic (Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine [DO]) medical students account for more than 25 % of all medical students in the United States.

Objectives
This study examined the predictive validity of Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) total scores and cumulative undergraduate grade point averages (UGPAs) for performance on the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination of the United States (COMLEX-USA) Level 1 and Level 2-CE (Cognitive Evaluation) licensure examinations administered by the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners (NBOME). Additionally, the study examined the degree to which MCAT total scores and UGPAs provide comparable prediction of student performance by key sociodemographic variables.

Methods
This study involved a collaborative effort between the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM) and the NBOME. Data were examined for 39 accredited DO-granting medical schools in the United States during the 2017 application cycle. Researchers utilized three regression models that included MCAT total scores, cumulative UGPA, and combined MCAT total scores and cumulative UGPA to determine predictive validity. Researchers also examined the comparability of prediction for sociodemographic variables by examining the differences between observed and predicted error for both scores and pass/fail success rates.

Results
Medium to large correlations were discernible between MCAT total scores, UGPA, and COMLEX-USA examination outcomes. For both COMLEX-USA Level 1 and Level 2-CE scores and pass/fail outcomes, MCAT scores alone provided superior predictive value to UGPA alone. However, MCAT scores and UGPA utilized in conjunction provided the best predictive value. When predicting both licensure examination scores and pass/fail outcomes by sociodemographic variables, all three models provided comparable predictive accuracy.

Conclusions
Findings from this comprehensive study of DO-granting medical schools provide evidence for the value-added benefit of taking MCAT scores and UGPA into consideration, particularly when these measures are utilized in conjunction. Further, findings provide evidence indicating that individuals from different sociodemographic backgrounds who enter medical school with similar MCAT scores and UGPA perform similarly on licensure examination outcome measures.
Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) and mesocarnivores in a Mongolian protected area
Authors: Davaasuren Delgerchimeg , Mazzamuto Maria Vittoria , Tranquillo Claudia , Enkhbat Undrakhbayar , Munkhtsog Bayaraa , Bayanmunkh Ulam-Urnukh , Yunden Altanbagana , Dolphin Jeff , Gansukh Sukhchuluun , Koprowski John 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Prey-predator interactions across time and space strongly influence many animal communities. This study unveils the first insights into the ecology of the Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in Mongolia, and specifically in Bogd Khan Mountain Strictly Protected Area. We used by-catch data obtained from camera traps to analyze activity patterns and potential interactions with mammalian predators. Red squirrels exhibited primarily diurnal activity with occasional nocturnal forays, while potential predators like foxes (Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes corsac) and martens (Martes foina, Martes zibellina) displayed cathemeral and nocturnal patterns, respectively. The diurnal Pallas’s cat (Otocolobus manul) showed the greatest activity overlap with squirrels. Suggesting predator avoidance behavior potentially mediated by olfactory cues, squirrel activity was negatively impacted by marten presence, which was in turn potentially affected by human disturbance. We highlight the need for further investigations, particularly regarding the dietary composition of Pallas’s cats in forested habitats and the broader ecological implications of human disturbance on predator–prey dynamics within this crucial conservation area.
Using an Innovative Model to Improve Performance of the Infant Hip Examination
Authors: Joshi Neha S. , Zven Sidney , Graziose Brian , Manno Grace , Manwaring Lauren , Ahuja Arshiya , Tyrrell Hollyce , Zafar Nagma , Weissbrod Elizabeth , Lopreiato Joseph O. , Loyal Jaspreet 
Published: July 2024

OBJECTIVES
Determine if a new teaching bundle targeting developmental dysplasia of the hip screening improved interns’ examination skills across multiple pediatric residency programs.

METHODS
This multicenter prospective cohort study included interns across 6 pediatric residency sites within the Academic Pediatric Association’s Better Outcomes through Research for Newborns Network in 2022. Participants underwent a baseline hip examination assessment on models using a checklist derived from textbook descriptions of Galeazzi, Ortolani, and Barlow maneuvers before receiving a teaching bundle. Repeat testing occurred after instruction. Data were analyzed using t-test for continuous and χ2 test for categorical variables. Semistructured focus groups provided qualitative feedback regarding the teaching bundle.

RESULTS
We enrolled 117 of 155 interns across 6 sites (76%) for participation in the teaching bundle. Only 2% of participants (n = 2) identified a positive Galeazzi sign at baseline, whereas 88% (n = 103, P &lt; .001) did so on the postinstructional assessment. Although 27% of participants (n = 32) correctly identified a positive Barlow sign at baseline, 69% (n = 81, P &lt; .001) did so on the postinstructional assessment. The ability to correctly detect a positive Ortolani sign increased from 22% (n = 26) to 92% (n = 108, P &lt; .001). Fifteen interns participated in the semistructured focus groups, with resultant themes reinforcing the limited experience of the infant hip examination before this intervention and the positive impact of the teaching bundle.

CONCLUSIONS
Most participants in this study did not have strong infant hip examination skills at entry into residency. A standardized teaching bundle significantly improved skills in examination technique and identifying abnormalities.
Land Distribution	in German and Mennonite Colonies During the NEP Period. Expectations and Reality
Authors: Khodchenko O.E. 
Published: July 2024

The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between the Soviet authorities and the German, as well as Mennonite communities, regarding land issues during the NEP period. It is based on the analysis of the official reports, memoirs and documents. The author studies the complex relationships between the central government, the regional level of authorities (provincial and district) and Mennonites. The land distribution in Mennonite colonies, as well as the cause and-effects of the process are analyzed. In the whirlwind of the internal and foreign political processes, the newly created Soviet state found itself on the edge of socio- economic conflicts. In order to solve urgent economic issues and curb mob violence, a number of economic reforms were adopted, which are known in history as the New Economic Policy. Most of the projects of the Soviet government were based on communist ideology at the initial stage. Those advanced farms’ lands, which used to belong to the Mennonites and Germans, were redistributed. Unemployed / recent employed people who had received some land, were not skilled and did not have a knack for agriculture. Therefore, they gradually abandoned their lands. That strategy undermined the land system and, as a result, became another pushing motivation for emigration and agricultural problems in the countryside. As a result of the Bolshevik government’s land program, the Mennonite community became embroiled in complex multilevel problems: a) intra- community land tensions caused by demographic processes and the resettlement of fellow refugees from starving regions of Soviet Russia to the colonies; b) conflicts with the population of neighboring villages and poor peasant committees, which often forced the issue of redistribution of Mennonite lands in their favor; c) failure of provincial and district executive committees to enforce resolutions of the supreme power to settle the land issue of the Mennonite community; d) ineffectiveness of the national minority committee; e) the perception by some Mennonites of new communist ideas – social equality. These reasons became important pushing factors for а large-scale wave of emigration of this ethno- confessional group to North America.
Uprising	in Kukavka, August 1918: course of	events
Authors: Malynovsky B.V. 
Published: July 2024

The article is devoted to a major anti-government armed uprising in the Podolsk province of the Ukrainian State in August 1918. The aim of the research is to determine the number of the participants in the uprising and to restore its course. The organizers of the uprising were former functionaries of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. Their goals included the removal of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky from power, the restoration of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, and the expulsion of the troops of the Central Powers from Ukraine. The rebels sought to conduct land socialization, begun by the leadership of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and canceled by the hetman. They also intended to destroy all major landowners and hetman officials who came into their hands. The uprising began on August 14 in the village of Kukavka, Mogilev district. Part of the pre-formed battle groups united into a large detachment. Coming out of Kukavka, the rebels moved towards Mogilev- Podilsky, but then changed their original plan and rejected the assault of the county center. Subsequently, the rebel army raided the territory of Mogilev, Yampol and Bratslav districts, absorbing the rest of the previously prepared battle groups. The actions of the rebels were reduced to a number of clashes with the Austro- Hungarian units and several cruel reprisals against the hetman’s officials and employees of the landowners’ households. The total number of participants in the uprising, obviously, ranged from two to three thousand people. The rebels failed to provoke a mass anti-government movement because the population of the villages did not support them. Having been defeated several times by the Austro-Hungarian troops, the rebel army returned to the Kukavka region. On August 25, it was finally defeated in a battle near the village of Rovno. By the end of the month, the last small groups of rebels had been eliminated. After the suppression of the uprising, its participants were subjected to severe repression.
Medieval city	of France and Germany: the Сritical Vision of Professor L. M. Berkut
Authors: Nalivaiko A.O. 
Published: July 2024

In the article the author makes an attempt to analyze the most common theories of the emergence of a medieval city and the concept by the medievalist Leonid Berkut devoted to this issue. It is shown the his critical vision regarding the historical process of the causes and evolution of a medieval city. X–XI centuries became a turning period in the history of Western Europe. There were significant changes in the development of agriculture, crafts and trade, feudal affairs were completely formed. In addition to these important social phenomena, another significant process began in the development of feudal Europe: along with ancient cities, new medieval cities began to emerge as a concentration of crafts and trade, an administrative- legal and religious center. The medieval city became an essential factor of social development then. How and where, why, under what conditions did the new cities arise? Today there are more than a dozen theories of the origin of the medieval city: Romanistic, patrimonial, market, burg, guild, mark, merchant and their varieties. Each of these theories is debatable. Leonid Nikolaevich Berkut (1879–1940) Ukrainian medieval historian studying the Medieval ages a lecture in Kyiv, Warsaw, Don universities, educator, doctor of historical sciences, professor. He devoted his monographs to the topic: "History of French Cities in the Middle Ages", "The Fate of French Cities in the Middle Ages", "Imperial Privileges and City Rights of the XII century in Germany", "History of German Cities in the Middle Ages”. In his works, the scientist also touched upon the issue of the phenomenon of the emergence of a medieval city. For L.Berkut, the the formation and development of a medieval city in the Western Europe could not be the same (не зрозуміло). The development of the cities depended on many different reasons: the degree of division of labor in agriculture and crafts, trade routes, international relations, cultural and religious institutions (monasteries, bishops’ chairs), the development of law, strategic considerations in the construction of fortresses, the degree of interest of the feudal lord in the growth of cities. Also, one cannot ignore the reasons of the political development of medieval countries: the centralization or decentralization of supreme power. L. Berkut was not only a thorough researcher presented the Western urban schools on the development of a medieval city, but also an active participant in the scientific debates that unfolded on this issue in Ukrainian and Russian historiography of the 20th century.
Selonsertib in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors: Heerspink Hiddo J.L. , Perkovic Vlado , Tuttle Katherine R. , Pergola Pablo E. , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Patel Uptal D. , Ishida Julie H. , Kuo Albert , Chen Fang , Kustra Robert , Petrovic Vladimir , Rossing Peter , Kashihara Naoki , Chertow Glenn M. 
Published: July 2024

Key Points

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2b study, we compared the effects of selonsertib with placebo on eGFR decline in people with type 2 diabetes and CKD.Patients taking selonsertib had slower eGFR decline but were more likely to reach a composite kidney outcome and report AKI.A larger trial with longer-term follow-up would more precisely assess the relative benefits and risks of selonsertib in this setting.

Background
Selonsertib is an apoptosis signal–regulating kinase 1 inhibitor that reduces inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis. The MOSAIC study evaluated whether selonsertib attenuated kidney function decline in patients with diabetic kidney disease.

Methods
We conducted a phase 2b study in adults with type 2 diabetes and eGFR 20 to <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 with urine albumin-creatinine ratio 150–5000 mg/g on maximum tolerated dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. To account for an acute selonsertib-related decrease in serum creatinine–based eGFR (eGFRcr), patients entered a 4-week selonsertib run-in period to establish treatment-specific baseline eGFRcr. Patients were randomized 1:1 to selonsertib 18 mg or matching placebo once daily. We followed all participants up until the last randomized participant completed 48 weeks of follow-up. The primary efficacy outcome was the difference in eGFRcr slopes from treatment-specific baselines to week 84, evaluated at a prespecified two-sided P = 0.30. We also evaluated kidney clinical events (eGFRcr ≥40% decline from pre–run-in baseline, kidney failure, or death due to kidney disease) and adverse events.

Results
In total, 310 patients were randomized (selonsertib n=154, placebo n=156; 68% male, mean age 65 years, mean baseline eGFRcr 35 ml/min per 1.73 m2). Mean difference between selonsertib and placebo eGFRcr slopes at week 84 was 1.20 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year (95% confidence interval, −0.41 to 2.81; P = 0.14). Kidney clinical events occurred in 17% (26/154) of patients randomized to selonsertib and 12% (19/156) of those randomized to placebo (difference 4.7%; 95% confidence interval, −6.3% to 15.9%). The most common investigator-reported adverse event was AKI (selonsertib 11.0/100 and placebo 5.9/100 patient-years).

Conclusions
Selonsertib attenuated the decline in eGFRcr over up to 84 weeks; however, it resulted in a numerically higher number of patients reaching a kidney clinical event and a numerically higher rate of investigator-reported AKI.

Clinical Trial registry name and registration number:
Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Selonsertib in Participants With Moderate to Advanced Diabetic Kidney Disease (MOSAIC), NCT04026165.
El tratamiento de las colocaciones en la lexicografía española y alemana: estudio contrastivo
Authors: Ferrando Verónica 
Published: July 2024

A commonplace when talking about the treatment of collocations in lexicographical works seems to be the lack of systematic and clear criteria when it comes to collecting this type of phraseological units. However, it should be noted that, in recent years, the landscape has become somewhat more encouraging, at least in the field of school dictionaries, where –following the line of the English teaching lexicography, more advanced in this aspect– the first steps are being taken to treat collocations more explicitly, systematically, and differentiated. In this paper we will look at the procedures that use some of the Spanish and German learner’s dictionaries and propose other forms of inclusion. After analyzing this aspect, we will inspect the main dictionaries specializing in the phenomenon of the lexical combinatory relationships existing for Spanish and German. We’ll cover both the works on paper and online dictionaries. Our ultimate goal is to compare the evolution of combinatorial lexicography in Spanish and German language and point future developments.
Presentación
Authors: Editorial Consejo 
Published: July 2024

El número 3 de la Revista Internacional de Lenguas Extranjeras (RILE) presenta estudios centrados en los ámbitos de Español como Lengua Extranjera y de Inglés como Lengua Extranjera, trabajos en los que, como se indica a continuación de manera resumida, se abordan cuestiones de muy diferente índole: fonética y prosodia, conciencia lingüística, diccionarios de aprendizaje electrónicos, competencia gramatical y, por último, creencias implícitas del alumno y corrección de errores.
Las herramientas de consulta en la enseñanza-aprendizaje del inglés: ¿diccionarios monolingües de aprendizaje o diccionarios generales bilingües?
Authors: Ortego Antón M.ª Teresa 
Published: July 2024

English has been the language used to communicate specialised knowledge. Its learning is an essential task in order to get on the globalised world. In addition, specialised vocabulary, which used to be exclusively for experts, is now also of interest to middlebrow language users. In this background, general bilingual dictionaries as well as learner’s dictionaries have become one of the most used electronic tools by language learners. However, we consider that these works offer a partial coverage of specialised vocabulary. Hence, a study about a sample of computing and Internet terms gathered in general bilingual dictionaries and learner’s dictionaries could provide us an accurate diagnosis in order to determine whether our students’ needs are satisfied or not and to improve the design and use of these tools.
Análisis descriptivo de las creencias y actitudes de alumnos no nativos de español ante los errores y las técnicas de corrección en la interacción oral
Authors: Santos Gargallo Isabel , Chaparro Marcelo 
Published: July 2024

This article explores students’ beliefs or implicit theories and their attitudes relating mistakes taking place in oral interaction as well as the correction techniques that teachers use. Deepening in the knowledge of assumptions and beliefs will no doubt help us to understand students’ attitudes in order to address the learning-teaching process appropriately: what, who, when and how to correct. Our aim is to find out students’ range of beliefs regarding mistakes turning out during oral interaction in the L2 classroom; and how those beliefs determine their attitude and behavior facing teachers’ correction techniques. We have carried out a case study, quantitative and pseudo longitudinal type, on students with various native languages and origins. A closed question survey was our data gathering tool. The outcomes reveal students’ attitudes towards errors to be of neutral tone for they consider mistakes as serious but, at the same time, necessary for the learning process. Such findings appear to be toned down in the final conclusions.
desarrollo social en la globalización
Authors: De Negri F. Armando 
Published: July 2024

Trataré de dilucidar un poco la relación, quizás conflictiva, entre el concepto de desarrollo social y el marco de la globalización. Un aspecto clave en este tipo de debate es romper esta difícil y contradictoria percepción de la realidad. Cuando hablamos de los temas de la globalización, de los temas de un desarrollo excluyente, de una producción en escala industrial de la pobreza, de la inequidad, lo hacemos desde un espacio y una distancia que yo diría neutral. Si salimos un poquito aquí del centro y hablamos con la gente que esta ahí en las aceras, tratando de hacer cualquier cosa para ganar un poquito de dinero, tratando de aprovechar las externalidades de este evento , o si vamos a los colectivos, a los barrios y hablamos con la gente , estaríamos dialoganodo con la globalización y su materialidad.
Limitantes de la estrategia de municipios saludables como política pública en Antioquia
Authors: Chávez G. Blanca M. 
Published: July 2024

Objetivo: evaluar el proceso de formulación e implementación de la estrategia de municipios saludables como política pública en Antioquia, Colombia, entre 2001 y 2005. Metodología: la investigación tiene dos componentes, uno cuantitativo y otro cualitativo. En este artículo solo se desarrolla parte del componente cualitativo. Las técnicas utilizadas para este componente fueron las entrevistas semiestructuradas y los grupos focales, que se aplicaron a los funcionarios departamentales y subregionales, así como a los actores locales institucionales y comunitarios involucrados. Resultados: de las categorías analizadas, tres no favorecieron la implementación de la política pública. 1) La imposición de la política pública por parte de la gobernación a los municipios; 2) la inmadurez de las instituciones públicas y de los procesos políticos departamentales y locales; 3) la falta de construcción de la voluntad política. Todos ellos desencadenaron una experiencia poco exitosa de la política pública. Conclusiones: la política pública de Municipios Saludables fue una estrategia del gobierno departamental a la que le faltó debate y negociación con los actores locales, así como construir voluntad política a lo largo del tiempo y estructurar el sistema político-administrativo, para lograr su desarrollo eficaz.