bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Damage evolution in wood: synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SRμCT) as a complementary tool for interpreting acoustic emission (AE) behavior
Authors: Baensch Franziska , Zauner Michaela , Sanabria Sergio J. , Sause Markus G.R. , Pinzer Bernd R. , Brunner Andreas J. , Stampanoni Marco , Niemz Peter 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Tensile tests of miniature spruce wood specimens have been performed to investigate the damage evolution in wood at the microscopic scale. For this purpose, the samples were stepwise tensile loaded in the longitudinal (L) and radial (R) directions and the damage evolution was monitored in real-time by acoustic emission (AE) and synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SRμCT). This combination is of outstanding benefit as SRμCT monitoring provides an insight on the crack evolution and the final fracture at microscopic scale, whereas AE permits the detection of the associated accumulation and interaction of single damage events on all length scales with high time resolution. A significant drawback of the AE testing of wood has been overcome by means of calibrating the AE amplitudes with the underlying crack length development. Thus, a setup-dependent and wood species-dependent calibration value was estimated, which associates 1 μm2 crack area generating of 0.0038 mV in the detected AE amplitude. Furthermore, for both L and R specimens, AE signals were classified into two clusters by using a frequency-based approach of unsupervised pattern recognition. The shares of AE signals of both clusters correlate with the ratio of the relative crack area of the interwall and transwall cracks gained from the fractographic analysis of SRμCT scans.
The Effects of Carbon Content on the Microstructure and 650°C Tensile Properties of Incoloy 901 Superalloy
Authors: Dodangeh S. , Shahri F. , Abbasi S. M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The microstructure and tensile properties of Incoloy 901 superalloy with various contents of carbon (0.02–0.09 wt%) were studied and a proper amount of carbon was determined to achieve good tensile properties at 650°C. The alloys were produced by vacuum induction melting and electro-slag refining (VIM+ESR) process and then they were hot rolled. After heat treatment, microstructures and 650°C tensile properties of specimens were investigated. Phase analysis with X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that Incoloy 901 contained Metallic carbides (MC)-type carbide enriched with Ti and Mo. With increasing carbon content from 0.02 to 0.09 wt%, carbide area fraction increased from 0.73% to 1.2%. Also, increasing of carbon content gave rise to higher amounts of carbide sizes. Using XRD patterns, the lattice parameters of γ and γ′ phases were determined and the results showed that, with increase of carbon content, the lattice parameters of γ and γ′ phases decreased and the mismatch between them increased from 0.119% for alloy containing 0.02 wt% to 0.167% for alloy containing 0.09 wt% C. The maximum strength of the alloy was obtained at 0.05 wt% carbon and ductility decreased slightly with increasing carbon.
Business Valuation Inspired by the Austrian School
Authors: Olbrich Michael , Quill Tobias , J. Rapp David 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe significant failure rates observed in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) indicate structural deficiencies in business transactions. This paper identifies serious weaknesses in common valuation methods that play a key role in poor transaction practice. Common valuation methods are in particular discounted cash flow (DCF) methods. DCF methods are usually based on neo-classical theories that assume the existence of a perfect and complete capital market. As will be demonstrated, the underlying theoretical patchwork is contradictory and lacks utility. Therefore, utilizing DCF methods to value a business and deduce economic decisions from such a valuation is decision-making built on sand. Following a normative-deductive methodology, this paper seeks an alternative theoretical concept to build a business valuation theory on solid ground. Such an alternative is found in the Austrian School of thought. The resulting valuation concept, subjective business valuation theory, is based on the theory of marginal utility proposed by Gossen, which was rediscovered and refined by the scholars of the early Austrian School. Contrary to highly restrictive neo-classical valuation, subjective business valuation approaches reality and is therefore well-suited for practical implementation.
Many-Valued Logic and Zadeh’s Fuzzy Sets: A Stone Representation Theorem for Interval-Valued Łukasiewicz–Moisil Algebras
Authors: Amroune Abdelaziz , Zedam Lemnaouar , Davvaz Bijan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe aim of this article is to develop a representation theory of interval-valued Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebras; the concept of interval fuzzy sets involves the role that the notion of field of sets plays for the representation of Boolean algebras. This theory provides both a semantic interpretation of a Łukasiewicz interval-valued logic and a logical basis for the interval fuzzy sets theory.
Strength and aerobic training in overweight
females in Gdansk, Poland
Authors: Sawczyn Stanisław , Mishchenko Viktor , Moska Waldemar , Sawczyn Michał , Jagiełło Marina , Kuehne Tatiana , Kostrzewa-Nowak Dorota , Nowak Robert , Cięszczyk Paweł 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
W e compared the effects of 16-week-training on
rest metabolic rate, aerobic power, and body fat, and the
post-exercise effects upon rest oxygen uptake and respiratory
exchange ratio in overweight middle-aged females.
Twenty nine overweight women (BMI 29.9 ± 1.2 kg*m-²)
participated in training (3 days a week). The subjects
were divided onto groups of aerobic (AT) and strength
(ST) training. The results showed that the total body mass
decrease and VO2 max increase did not differ in both
groups. Decrease in waist circumference after 16 weeks
was higher in the ST group. In the ST group fat-free mass
increased during the first 8 weeks. Rest metabolic rate was
increased significantly at 16th week compared to initial
value in ST group only. Significant increase in post-exercise
resting VO2 and respiratory exchange ratio at 12
and 36 h was observed after the strength training session
only. Increase in rest metabolic rate and post-exercise rest
energy expenditure occurred after strength training but
not after aerobic training despite the similar increase in
aerobic power. The effect of 8-16 weeks of strength training
on body mass decrease was higher in comparison to
aerobic training.
Effects of Circumferential Casing Grooves on the Performance of a Transonic Axial Compressor
Authors: Choi Minsuk 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe casing groove is a highly effective method for improving the stall margin with the least detrimental effect on the peak efficiency in an axial compressor. In this work, a single casing groove with different heights and positions was numerically tested to evaluate effects of each geometric parameter on the stall margin in a transonic compressor. Validation between the simulation and experiment was conducted with a smooth casing as a reference case, and the computed and experimental results were compared in terms of performance curves, downstream flow properties and Mach number contours. Subsequently, the performance curves for each test case with a single casing groove were obtained from the numerical results and compared with each other to determine the appropriate position and height of the groove for increasing the stall margin. A casing groove installed near the leading edge was found to be effective for expanding the stable operating range in a transonic compressor, giving about 3% point improvement in the stall margin at the cost of a small drop in efficiency at the design point. An attempt was also made to understand the underlying mechanism of the casing groove based on the analysis of the numerical flow data.
Neue Synthesen mit Magnesiumhydrid Teil 2: Wege zu neuen komplexen Hydriden und zum Aluminiumwasserstoff / New Syntheses with M agnesium Hydride Part 2: Pathways to New Complex Hydrides and A luminium Hydride
Authors: Knott Wilfried 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The reaction between autocatalytically prepared magnesium hydride (Tego® Magnan) and aluminium halides in ethers generates a new class of reducing agents, i.e. magnesium aluminium hydridohalides. By choosing dioxane-1,4 as solvent a route to an aluminium hydride dioxane complex is opened. The new reducing agents show outstanding selectivity especially in the field of organosilico-nes, combined with a maximum of safety in their application.
The Structure of Two Fengycins from Bacillus subtilis S499
Authors: Schneider Jochen , Taraz Kambiz , Budzikiewicz Herbert , Deleu Magali , Thonart Philippe , Jacques Philippe 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The structures of the two fengycins, lipopeptides from Bacillus subtilis, were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical degradation. They show a close structural relationship to the plipastatins from Bacillus cereus differing only in the stereochemistry of the Tyr residues.
Influence of Counterions on the Interaction of Pyridinium Salts with Model Membranes
Authors: Sarapuk Janusz , Kleszczyńska Halina , Pernak Juliusz , Kalewska Joanna , Różycka-Roszak Bożenna 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The interaction of pyridinium salts (PS) with red blood cells and planar lipid membranes was studied. The aim of the work was to find whether certain cationic surfactant counterion influence its possible biological activity. The counterions studied were Cl- , Br-, I-, ClO4
-, BF4- and NO3
-. The model membranes used were erythrocyte and planar lipid membranes (BLM). At high concentration the salts caused 100% erythrocyte hemolysis (C 100) or broke BLMs (CC). Both parameters describe mechanical properties of model membranes. It was found that the efficiency of the surfactant to destabilize model membranes depended to some degree on its counterion. In both, erythrocyte and BLM experiments, the highest efficiency was observed for Br-, the lowest for NO3
-. The influence of all other anions on surfactant efficiency changed between these two extremities; that of chloride and perchlorate ions was similar. Some differences were found in the case o f BF4
- ion. Its influence on hemolytic possibilities of PS was significant while BLM destruction required relatively high concentration of this anion. Apparently, the influence of various anions on the destructive action of PS on the model membrane used may be attributed to different mobilities and radii of hydrated ions and hence, to different possibilities of particular anions to modify the surface potential of model membranes. This can lead to a differentiated interaction of PS with modi­fied bilayers. Moreover, the effect of anions on the water structure must be taken into ac­count. It is important whether the anions can be classified as water ordering kosmotropes that hold the first hydration shell tightly or water disordering chaotropes that hold water molecules in that shell loosely.
Molecular Characterization and Taxonomic Affinities of Species of the White Rot Fungus Ganoderma
Authors: Sokoł Slawomir , Kaldorf Michael , Bothe Hermann 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The systematic affinities of Ganoderma have largely been resolved in the extensive publications of Moncalvo and coworkers (Moncalvo et al., 1995a, b; Hseu et al., 1996). The present communication adds further sequences of the ITS1 region of Ganoderma isolates from Po­ land and corrects some of the classifications of Ganoderma species. The sequence data indicate that G. australe and G. adspersum are different species. Both morphological and molecular data are in accord with an interspecific separation of G. pfeifferi and G. resinaceum. The ITS1 region is particularly suited for the taxonomic segregation of Ganoderma by molecular methods.
Salt and Drought Stress Differentially Affect the Accumulation of Extracellular Proteins in Barley
Authors: Ramanjulu Sunkar , Kaiser Werner , Dietz Karl-Josef 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) was grown for eight days in the presence of a range of salt concentrations or subjected to repeated cycles of wilting and rehydration. Changes in apoplastic protein content, protein pattern, enzymic activities and ion composition were in­ vestigated under salinity and drought. The protein content of intercellular washing fluid (IWF) increased 2.5-to 3.0-fold when the NaCl concentration in the growth medium was increased from 0 to 100 mᴍ. The elevated protein content was the result of a general increase in most polypeptides and a pronounced increase in the abundance of specific polypeptides of apparent molecular masses of 15, 21, 22, 26, 36, 40 and 62 kDa. Conversely, the IWF protein content decreased during wilting similar as after application of colchicin, cytochalasin B or cycloheximide suggesting that inihibition of protein synthesis or vesicle transport may be the cause for the decrease in apoplastic protein content and enzyme activities in dehydrating plant tissue. The changes in apoplastic protein content were accompanied by stress-specific alterations in activities of apoplastic enzymes. The greater apoplastic protein content was the consequence of stimulated protein synthesis in the presence of NaCl, as evidenced by increased incorporation of [35S]-methionine into IWF protein. The results demonstrate that the leaf apoplast is a compartment which sensitively and differentially responds to drought and salinity with consequences for plant growth.
In Vivo and in Vitro Studies on the Regulatory Link between 3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase and Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase in Rat Liver
Authors: Boll Meinrad , Weber Lutz W. D. , Plana Juliana , Stampfl Andreas 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCoA reductase; EC 1.1.1.34), rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.17), key enzyme of the neutral bile acid synthesis pathway, were measured in the microsomal fraction of rat liver and in rat liver cells to investigate the coordinate regulation of the two pathways.
Both enzyme activities exhibited the same diurnal rhythm and responded in a coordinate fashion to fasting or bile acid-feeding (decrease) and to cholestyramine-feeding (increase). Cholesterol-feeding decreased the activity of HMGCoA reductase, increased that of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, and concomitantly increased free cholesterol in microsomes.
In an ex vivo setting using primary hepatocytes from animals fed a high cholesterol diet the activity of HMGCoA reductase was initially low and that of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase was elevated. Release of cholesterol into the medium with ongoing incubation caused HMGCoA reductase activity to increase, and that of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase to decline. Incubation of hepatocytes with a cholesterol-containing lipoprotein fraction stimulated the activity of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, but left HMGCoA reductase activity unaffected.
The results confirm the idea of a joint regulation of the two key enzymes of cholesterol metabolism in response to the levels of substrate and metabolites, and support the notion that with respect to bile acid and cholesterol levels, respectively, regulation of HMGCoA reductase activity may be secondary to that of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase. The in vitro studies supply evidence that the effects of cholesterol and bile acid excess or deficiency are direct and do not involve accessory changes of hormone levels or mediators.
Phytochemical Evidence for the Plant Origin of Brazilian Propolis from São Paulo State
Authors: Bankova Vassya , Boudourova-Krasteva Gergana , Sforcin Jose M. , Frete Xavier , Kujumgiev Atanas , Maimoni-Rodella Rita , Popov Simeon 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Propolis and plant secretions from three species, most frequently mentioned as botanical sources of the bee glue in Brazil (Baccharis dracunculifolia, Araucaria angustifolia and Eucalyptus citriodora) have been investigated using GC-MS. Based on chemical evidence, B. dracunculifolia was shown to be the main propolis source in São Paulo state. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of all four materials were also tested, the most active being propolis and Baccharis leaf exudate.
Protective Effect of Quaternary Piperidinium Salts on Lipid Oxidation in the Erythrocyte Membrane
Authors: Kleszczyńska Halina , Oświęcimska Małgorzata , Sarapuk Janusz , Przestalski Stanisław , Witek Stanisław 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A new series of amphiphilic compounds with incorporated antioxidant functional group has been investigated. Piperidinium bromides, differing in the alkyl chain length (8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 carbon atoms in the chain) were synthesised to protect biological and/or model membranes against peroxidation and following negative consequences. Their antioxidant activity was studied with erythrocytes subjected to UV radiation. The salts used inhibited lipid oxidation in the erythrocyte membrane. The degree of this inhibition depended on the alkyl chain length of the bromide used and increased with increasing alkyl chain length. A comparison of the results obtained for piperidinium bromides with those obtained for the widely used antioxidant 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT) revealed that only two shortest alkyl chain salts were less efficient than BHT in protecting erythrocyte membranes. A similar comparison with antioxidant efficiency of flavonoids extracted from Rosa rugosa showed that they protected the membranes studied more weakly than the least effective eight-carbon alkyl chain piperidinium bromide. The three compounds of longest alkyl chains were the most active antioxidants. Their activities did not differ significantly.
Pro-and Antioxidative Properties of Cortical Tissue Preparations from Human Brain Exhibiting NMDA-Receptor Characteristics
Authors: Elstner Matthias , Denke Andrea , Gsell Wieland , Elstner Erich F. , Riederer Peter , Gerlach Manfred 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The effects of cortical tissue preparations (CTP) from human brain on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been investigated with several biochemical model reactions. As indicators for ROS, fragmentation of the methionine derivatives, α-keto-γ-methyl-thiobutyric acid (KMB) or 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), yielding ethene have been used. With these systems we have shown that production of OH-radical-type oxidants by the xanthine oxidase (XOD)-system is strongly stimulated by CTP. This activity is due to intrinsic iron ions since ethene formation from KMB is stimulated by EDTA , inhibited by desferrioxamine (DesferalR) and also visible with heat-denatured CTP. CTP by themselves have no XOD activity.
3-Hydroxykynurenine (3HK) is another possible substrate for XOD but produces H2O2 without XOD-catalysis, whereas allopurinol is not inhibiting. CTP contain measurable NAD(P)H oxidoreductase activity, producing OH-radical-type oxidants at the expense of NADPH and (to a lesser extent) NADH as electron donors , shown as redox-cycling of 2-methyl-5-hydroxy-1.4-naphthoquinone, plumbagin. Ethene formation from KMB is also driven by both morpholinosydnonimine (SIN) or ONOOH. The reaction driven by SIN is stimulated by CTP and inhibited by catalase, SOD and hemoglobin. Since ethene release from KMB driven by ONOOH is inhibited by CTP the mechanisms driving KMB fragmentation are different for SIN and ONOOH.
Furthermore CTP contain approx. 4 U catalase activity per mg protein and very weak peroxidase (POD) activity shown as ACC fragmentation yielding ethene in the presence of both H2O2 and KBr or NaCl. Since ACC binds to CTP and both compounds, ACC and KMB are natural products, present in food (ACC) or synthesized from methionine in vivo (KMB), these compounds may represent protecting agents in systems where reactive oxygen species are formed. One might even speculate that the production of ethene at these membrane receptor sites may have biological functions, since ethene is known to possess anaesthetic activities.
Kinetics of Thyroid Hormone Induced Changes in Liver and Skeletal Muscle Enzymes of Clarias batrachus
Authors: Tripathi G. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Kinetics of triiodothyronine (T3) induced changes were studied in cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH), mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of the liver and skeletal muscle of a catfish, Clarias batrachus. The rates of gradual inductions in the activities of all the three metabolic enzymes were faster in skeletal muscle than those of the liver. These time-dependent and tissue-specific inductions may be due to the possible differences in the rates of different enzymic syntheses. The maximum inductions in the activities of cMDH, mMDH and LDH were recorded around 19 hr after T3 treatment. Thereafter, the activities of all the enzymes gradually declined to their half levels within the next 12 hr which reflected the physiological half-life of these metabolic enzymes in the freshwater catfish.
6,9-Dihydroxy-3(15)-caryophyllen-4,8-dione -a New Antibiotic from a Marasmius Species
Authors: Fabian Kerstin , Anke Timm , Sterner Olov 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
6,9-Dihydroxy-3(15)-caryophyllen-4,8-dione (1), a new cytotoxic caryophyllane sesquiterpene, was isolated from fermentations of a tropical Marasmius species. The structure was established by spectroscopic methods. 1 exhibits strong cytotoxic effects on different cell lines, but only weak antimicrobial activities. 1 weakly inhibits the incorporation of leucine and thymidine into proteins and DNA of mammalian cells and interferes with the aggregation of hum an and bovine platelets
Hypoxysordarin, a New Sordarin Derivative from Hypoxylon croceum
Authors: Daferner Michael , Mensch Sarah , Anke Timm , Sterner Olov 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Hypoxysordarin (1), a new sordarin derivative, was isolated from the fermentation broth of the facultative marine Hypoxylon croceum together with a new y-lactone, hypoxylactone (2) and sordarin (3). The structures were determined by spectroscopic m ethods. Sordarin (3) has previously been isolated from the terrestrial Sordaria araneosa (Sordariaceae). Like the parent com pound hypoxysordarin exhibits high antifungal activities due to a specific inhibition of protein biosynthesis
Di-and Triterpenoids from the Liverwort Blepharidophyllum densifolium
Authors: Flegel Michael , Becker Hans 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
22 ent-kaurane and ent-pimarane type diterpenoids, ten of which are new, ent- 19-acetoxykaur- 16-en-15-one, ent-19-oxo-kaur-16-en-15-one, ent-11α-acetoxy-20-oxo-kaur-16-en-15-one, enf-11α-acetoxy-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-20-acid,-11α-acetoxy-7β-hydroxy-kaur-16-en-15-one, ent-11α-acetoxy-19-hydroxy-kaur-16-en- 15-one, ent-19-acetoxy-11α-hydroxy-kaur-16-en-15- one, ent-11α-acetoxy-6β, 19-dihydroxy-kaur-16-en-15-one, ent-11α-acetoxy-19-hydroxykauran- 15-one and em -19-acetoxy-11α-hydroxy-kauran-15-one were isolated from the liverwort Blepharidophyllum densifolium. Furthermore three known triterpenoids cabraleadiol, cabraleadiolacetate and shoreic acid have been found. Their structures were established by NMR spectroscopy