bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High rate (~7 nm/s), atmospheric pressure deposition of ZnO front electrode for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin‐film solar cells with efficiency beyond 15%
Authors: Illiberi Andrea , Grob Frank , Frijters Corne , Poodt Paul , Ramachandra Ram , Winands Hans , Simor Marcel , Bolt Pieter Jan 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTUndoped zinc oxide (ZnO) films have been grown on a moving glass substrate by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition at atmospheric pressure. High deposition rates of ~7 nm/s are achieved at low temperature (200 °C) for a substrate speed from 20 to 60 mm/min. ZnO films are highly transparent in the visible range (90%). By a short (~minute) post‐deposition exposure to near‐ultraviolet light, a very low resistivity value of 1.6·10−3 Ω  cm for undoped ZnO is achieved, which is independent on the film thickness in the range from 180 to 1200 nm. The photo‐enhanced conductivity is stable in time at room temperature when ZnO is coated by an Al2O3 barrier film, deposited by the industrially scalable spatial atomic layer deposition technique. ZnO and Al2O3 films have been used as front electrode and barrier, respectively, in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells. An average efficiency of 15.4 ± 0.2% (15 cells) is obtained that is similar to the efficiency of CIGS reference cells in which sputtered ZnO:Al is used as electrode. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of unsymmetrical benzonitrile‐containing polyimides: Viscosity‐lowering effect and dielectric properties
Authors: Wang David H. , Riley John K. , Fillery Scott P. , Durstock Michael F. , Vaia Richard A. , Tan Loon‐Seng 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTA new unsymmetrical diamine, 2‐(3‐aminophenoxy)‐6‐(4‐aminophenoxy)benzonitrile (3,4‐APBN), is synthesized via two consecutive SNAr reactions and the temperature‐dependent reactivity of the fluorides in 2,6‐difluorobenzonitrile, whose first SNAr reaction occurs at 70 °C and second, at 100 °C, allowing timing control of reaction sequence and circumventing the transetherification side reaction. Thus, a series of polyimides (PIs) is prepared from the polymerization of 3,4‐APBN with five common dianhydrides (6FDA, DSDA, OPDA, BTDA, and PMDA). For comparison, a second series is also prepared from two symmetrical diamines ([2,6‐bis(3‐aminophenoxy)benzonitrile (3,3‐APBN) and 2,6‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzonitrile (4,4‐APBN)] and 6FDA or PMDA. The processability of the poly(amic acids) (PAAs), for the first series is greatly improved since their solution viscosities are much lower than PAAs based on symmetrical diamines. Besides having high glass‐transition temperatures (249–332 °C), and thermal stability [5% weight loss in the range of 505–542 °C (air) and 512–546 °C (nitrogen)], these PIs form tough, transparent and flexible films that have a tensile‐strength range of 82.1–121.3 MPa, elongations‐at‐break of 5.33–9.81%, and tensile moduli of 2.11–2.97 GPa. Their film dielectric constants are 3.08–3.62 at 10 kHz, moderately higher than that (2.92) of analogous PI (CP2) without nitrile groups. Overall, we found that the reduction of structural symmetry in repeat units can improve the polymer processibility as well as increasing their dielectric constants. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 4998–5011
Polymerization kinetics of phosphonic acids and esters using an iodonium initiator
Authors: Besse Vincent , Le Pluart Loïc , Cook Wayne D. , Pham Thi‐Nhàn , Madec Pierre‐Jean 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPhosphonic acids are known to be useful monomers in dental restorative materials because of their good potential to provide enhanced adhesion to hydroxyapatite and their high hydrolytic stability. In this study, the photopolymerization of phosphonic acid‐based monomer via the camphorquinone (CQ)/ethyl‐4‐(dimethylaminobenzoate) (EDAB) photoredox system is compared with a ternary system composed of iodonium hexafluorophosphate and CQ/EDAB. Photocalorimetry shows that the ternary system does not provide a significant acceleration of the polymerization with either acrylamide or methacrylate phosphonic acids. The complexation of the iodonium by the phosphonic moiety of the acidic monomers leads to a lowered iodonium reactivity and reduced polarizability of the medium and as a consequence limits the rate enhancement effect normally observed by phosphonic acids on the polymerization rate. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 5046–5055
Crystal structures of starch binding domain from Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase in complex with isomaltooligosaccharide: Insights into polysaccharide binding mechanism of CBM21 family
Authors: Chu Chen‐Hsi , Li Kun‐Mou , Lin Shih‐Wei , Chang Margaret Dah‐Tsyr , Jiang Ting‐Ying , Sun Yuh‐Ju 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTGlucoamylases are responsible for hydrolysis of starch and polysaccharides to yield β‐d‐glucose. Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase (RoGA) is composed of an N‐terminal starch binding domain (SBD) and a C‐terminal catalytic domain connected by an O‐glycosylated linker. Two carbohydrate binding sites in RoSBD have been identified, site I is created by three highly conserved aromatic residues, Trp47, Tyr83, and Tyr94, and site II is built up by Tyr32 and Phe58. Here, the two crystal structures of RoSBD in complex with only α‐(1,6)‐linked isomaltotriose (RoSBD‐isoG3) and isomaltotetraose (RoSBD‐isoG4) have been determined at 1.2 and 1.3 Å, respectively. Interestingly, site II binding is observed in both complexes, while site I binding is only found in the RoSBD‐isoG4 complex. Hence, site II acts as the recognition binding site for carbohydrate and site I accommodates site II to bind isoG4. Site I participates in sugar binding only when the number of glucosyl units of oligosaccharides is more than three. Taken together, two carbohydrate binding sites in RoSBD cooperate to reinforce binding mode of glucoamylase with polysaccharides as well as the starch. Proteins 2014; 82:1079–1085. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effective silicon surface passivation by atomic layer deposited Al2O3/TiO2 stacks
Authors: Suh Dongchul , Weber Klaus 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this work atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 and TiO2 has been used to obtain dielectric stacks for passivation of silicon surfaces. Our experiments on n‐ and p‐type silicon wafers deposited by thin Al2O3/TiO2 stacks show that a considerably improved passivation is obtained compared to the Al2O3 single layer. For Al2O3 films thinner than 20 nm the emitter saturation current density decreases with increasing TiO2 thickness. Especially the passivation of ultrathin (∼5 nm) Al2O3 is very effectively enhanced by TiO2 due to a decreased interface defect density as well as an increased fixed negative charge in the stacks. Hence, the thin Al2O3/TiO2 stacks developed in this work can be used as a passivation coating for Si‐based solar cells. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impact of the Reconstruction Method on Delayed Gastric Emptying After Pylorus‐Preserving Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Prospective Randomized Study
Authors: Tamandl Dietmar , Sahora Klaus , Prucker Johannes , Schmid Rainer , Holst Jens‐Juul , Miholic Johannes , Goetzinger Peter , Gnant Michael 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundDelayed gastric emptying (DGE) is of considerable concern in patients undergoing pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD). Prolonged hospital stay, increased cost, and decreased quality of life add on to interventions needed to treat DGE. This study was conducted to determine if performing duodenojejunostomy via the antecolic rather than the retrocolic route improved incidence of DGE.MethodsPatients undergoing PPPD between April 2007 and November 2009 were randomized for either antecolic or retrocolic reconstruction of the duodenojejunostomy. DGE was then assessed by clinical criteria on postoperative day (POD) 10. A paracetamol absorption test was also administered with a liquid meal, and serial plasma levels of intestinal peptides were measured.ResultsOverall, 64 patients were amenable for analysis: 36 in the antecolic group and 28 in the retrocolic group. The incidences of DGE on POD 10 were 17.6 and 23.1 % (antecolic vs. retrocolic, respectively) (p = 0.628). The two groups did not differ in regard to their median (interquartile range) postoperative hospital length of stay [13.0 (10.0–17.5) vs. 12.5 (11.0–17.0) days; p = 0.446], time to regular diet [5 (5–7) vs. 5 (4–6) days; p = 0.353], or morbidity (52.9 vs. 50.0 %; p = 0.777). The median length of nasogastric tube decompression was similar in the two groups [4 (3–7) vs. 3 (3–5) days; p = 0.600]. Levels of paracetamol and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 were markedly decreased in patients with DGE.ConclusionsAntecolic reconstruction after PPPD does not improve the occurrence/the incidence of DGE and is similar to retrocolic reconstruction with regard to secondary outcome parameters.
Enhanced expression of genes involved in initial xylose metabolism and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in the improved xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae through evolutionary engineering
Authors: Zha Jian , Shen Minghua , Hu Menglong , Song Hao , Yuan Yingjin 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Fermentation of xylose in lignocellulosic hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been achieved through heterologous expression of the xylose reductase (XR)–xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) pathway. However, the fermentation efficiency is far from the requirement for industrial application due to high yield of the byproduct xylitol, low ethanol yield, and low xylose consumption rate. Through evolutionary engineering, an improved xylose-utilizing strain SyBE005 was obtained with 78.3 % lower xylitol production and a 2.6-fold higher specific ethanol production rate than those of the parent strain SyBE004, which expressed an engineered NADP+-preferring XDH. The transcriptional differences between SyBE005 and SyBE004 were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. Genes including XYL1, XYL2, and XKS1 in the initial xylose metabolic pathway showed the highest up-regulation in SyBE005. The increased expression of XYL1 and XYL2 correlated with enhanced enzymatic activities of XR and XDH. In addition, the expression level of ZWF1 in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway increased significantly in SyBE005, indicating an elevated demand for NADPH from XR. Genes involved in the TCA cycle (LAT1, CIT1, CIT2, KGD1, KGD, SDH2) and gluconeogenesis (ICL1, PYC1) were also up-regulated in SyBE005. Genomic analysis revealed that point mutations in transcriptional regulators CYC8 and PHD1 might be responsible for the altered expression. In addition, a mutation (Y89S) in ZWF1 was identified which might improve NADPH production in SyBE005. Our results suggest that increasing the expression of XYL1, XYL2, XKS1, and enhancing NADPH supply are promising strategies to improve xylose fermentation in recombinant S. cerevisiae.
Modeling the operational capabilities for customized and commoditized services
Authors: Coltman Tim , Devinney Timothy M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAccording to the extant service operations management literature, substantial gains can be achieved for providers that are adept at aligning internal operational capabilities with customer needs. However, the most influential models in the field attempt to explain this alignment without regard to the core resource allocation choices relating operational capabilities to different service offerings. To further our understanding of service operations alignment, we apply a unique combination of experimental scenarios and discrete choice modeling to measure the role of managers in orchestrating operational capabilities. Using the third‐party logistics tender review and bid preparation process as an empirical setting, we reveal the resource allocation choices that managers make between six distinctive operational capabilities (customer engagement, cross‐functional coordination, creative solutions, operations improvement, IT infrastructure and professional delivery) and show the subtle ways in which these capabilities interact as the service context moves from one based on commoditization to one based on customization.
Pregnant smokers’ perceptions of specialist smoking cessation services
Authors: Butterworth Sarah J. , Sparkes Elizabeth , Trout Alison , Brown Katherine 
Published: October 2013

Introduction:Women who continue to smoke during pregnancy are at risk of smoking-related diseases, maternity complications and expose the foetus to risks of perinatal mortality and morbidity. The number of women smoking at the time of delivery is estimated at 13.5% in England and 15.8% in the West Midlands. However, the prevalence can be elevated in certain areas, such as north Solihull.Aims:This research consults past, current and non-users of specialist smoking cessation services and reports pregnant women's views of smoking cessation delivery and potential service developments.Methods:Focus groups were conducted with 19 participants with experience of prenatal smoking.Findings:Data was analysed using thematic analysis. The main themes included: (1) improving access to clear, sensitive information on smoking and pregnancy; (2) perceptions of existing services; (3) improving current services: the right delivery and the right person; and (4) encouraging participation of pregnant smokers.Conclusions:In this area, pregnant smokers wanted easily-accessible, empathetic, non-judgemental and flexible support more than incentives or rewards to quit smoking. They also stated a preference for group cessation support as they believed that peer support would be advantageous.
Programming effects of high-carbohydrate feeding of larvae on adult glucose metabolism in zebrafish,Danio rerio
Authors: Fang Liu , Liang Xu-Fang , Zhou Yi , Guo Xiao-Ze , He Yan , Yi Ti-Lin , Liu Li-Wei , Yuan Xiao-Chen , Tao Ya-Xiong 
Published: October 2013

The aim of the present study was to determine the potential long-term metabolic effects of early nutritional programming on carbohydrate utilisation in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). High-carbohydrate diets were fed to fish during four ontogenetic stages: from the first-feeding stage to the end of the yolk-sac larval stage; from the first-feeding stage to 2 d after yolk-sac exhaustion; after yolk-sac exhaustion for 3 or 5 d. The carbohydrate stimuli significantly increased the body weight of the first-feeding groups in the short term. The expression of genes was differentially regulated by the early dietary intervention. The high-carbohydrate diets resulted in decreased plasma glucose levels in the adult fish. The mRNA levels and enzyme activities of glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, α-amylase and sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 1 were up-regulated in the first-feeding groups. There was no significant change in the mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) in any experimental group, and the activity of G6Pase enzyme in the FF-5 (first feeding to 2 d after yolk-sac exhaustion) group was significantly different from that of the other groups. The expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene in all the groups was significantly decreased. In the examined early programming range, growth performance was not affected. Taken together, data reported herein indicate that the period ranging from the polyculture to the external feeding stage is an important window for potential modification of the long-term physiological functions. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that it is possible to permanently modify carbohydrate digestion, transport and metabolism of adult zebrafish through early nutritional programming.
Ends of the Universal: The League of Nations and Chinese Fascism on the Eve of World War II
Authors: CLINTON MAGGIE 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFascist Italy's 1935 invasion of Ethiopia and the League of Nations’ handling of the crisis resonated strongly in Nationalist China, where it recalled the League's failure to thwart Japan's claims to Manchuria in 1931. As these two crises unfolded, the League became a nexus around which Nationalist Party debates about the position of colonized and semi-colonized countries within the extant world order crystallized. Party adherents reflected on China's and Ethiopia's positions as independent nation states with limited territorial integrity or juridical autonomy, and assessed this situation in light of their respective League memberships. While party liberals continued to view the League as a flawed but worthwhile experiment in global governance, newly-emerged fascist activists within the party denounced it as an instrument for curtailing the sovereignty of weak nations. From these conflicting views of the League, it can be discerned how Nationalist disunity was partially grounded in disagreements over the nature and ideal structure of the global order, and how Chinese fascists agitated to escape from modern structures of imperialist domination while reiterating the latter's racial and civilizational exclusions.
In the Shadow of the Welfare State: The Role of Payday Lending in Poverty Survival in Australia
Authors: MARSTON GREG , SHEVELLAR LYNDA 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA defining characteristic of contemporary welfare governance in many western countries has been a reduced role for governments in direct provision of welfare, including housing, education, health and income support. One of the unintended consequences of devolutionary trends in social welfare is the development of a ‘shadow welfare state’ (Fairbanks, 2009; Gottschalk, 2000), which is a term used to describe the complex partnerships between state-based social protection, voluntarism and marketised forms of welfare. Coupled with this development, conditional workfare schemes in countries such as the United States, Canada, the UK and Australia are pushing more people into informal and semi-formal means of poverty survival (Karger, 2005). These transformations are actively reshaping welfare subjectivities and the role of the state in urban governance. Like other countries such as the US, Canada and the UK, the fringe lending sector in Australia has experienced considerable growth over the last decade. Large numbers of people on low incomes in Australia are turning to non-mainstream financial services, such as payday lenders, for the provision of credit to make ends meet. In this paper, we argue that the use of fringe lenders by people on low incomes reveals important theoretical and practical insights into the relationship between the mixed economy of welfare and the mixed economy of credit in poverty survival.
Antissa
Authors: Lamb W. 
Published: October 2013

The excavations at Antissa took place between May 29 and July 3. The most important area was that of the apsidal buildings, AC, but further exploration was carried out in the tombs south and south-east of the Acropolis, and tests were made on the promontory and the coast east of the promontory.The working party consisted of myself, Miss Six and Mr. J. K. Brock for the duration of the dig, together with Mr. R. Cook for the last fortnight. Mr. Brock was in charge of the excavation of AC, and many of his notes and conclusions are incorporated in this report. Mr. Paraskevaïdes, Ephor of Antiquities, was present for four of the five weeks, and gave us invaluable help in archaeological and business matters. We would like to take this opportunity of expressing our gratitude to Professor Oikonomos for the many facilities provided for us at the National Museum.
An Archaeological Survey of the Classical Antiquities of the Island of Chios Carried out between the Months of March and July 1938
Authors: Hunt D. W. S. 
Published: October 2013

Although Chios and its antiquities have been visited and described by many travellers from the earliest times, it is only recently that any serious archaeological investigations have been carried out in the island, and up to the present only two sites have been thoroughly excavated. Dr. Kourouniotis, who carried out the first excavation on Chios, gives a list, in ἈρΧ. Δελτ. I, p. 64, of the more important references to the island up to the time of that article, and for a complete list the reader is referred to the Bibliography of Chios by Dr. Philip Argenti (Oxford, Clarendon Press).Since Dr. Kourouniotis wrote there have been several articles published in various periodicals, almost all on the epigraphy of Chios, and his list should now be supplemented by the following: Plassart and Picard, BCH XXXVII 193; A. Reinach, REG XXII pp. 193–4; Rehm, Gnomon II p. 124; Evangelides Ἀpχ· Δελτ. IX παράρτημα p. 51; Αρχ· Δελτ. XI παράρτημα 23 (and cf. Keil, Jahreshefte XIV p. 54); Arch. Anz. XLV p. 144; Peek, Ἀρχ. Ἐφ.
A Bronze Age Cemetery at Lápithos
Authors: Myres John L. 
Published: October 2013

As the excavation at Lampousa was coming to its close, news came that tombs of the Bronze Age had been found about a mile further west, in a field bounded by the coast; and leave was at once obtained to examine the site. During most of this excavation, Mr. Leonard Buxton was in charge, and this summary of results is collected from his tomb-plans and field notes, as war-service and other duties thereafter prevented him from preparing a formal report. All the objects from these tombs were sent to the Cyprus Museum, repaired by that skilful veteran, Loizo of Dali, and registered by Mr. Markides.The same nearly level and fairly recent deposit of sandy limestone and calcareous sand as forms the acropolis at Akheiropoiétos, here forms the foreshore, with a low ragged cliff about 10 feet above sea-level, and a level surface of sandy soil for about a quarter of a mile inland, till it is smothered by sandy hill-wash, full of springs, and mostly planted with olives.
The Inscriptions of South-East Chios, II
Authors: Forrest W. G. 
Published: October 2013

The column drums of the temple at Phanai and the blocks and mouldings of Emporio have attracted a number of occasional scribblings; some of these are cut, many are scratched or punched in rows of single or multiple dots, for others the surface of the stone has only been ‘slightly stunned’. Most are memorial and need no general comment after Rehm's treatment of the Μνήσθη formula. Those that are complete are all of Rehm's ‘motherland’ type and the rest should no doubt be restored on the same pattern.In general they are of little interest and less importance; indeed the main thing we should like to know about them is their date since in several cases the text has run on from block to block (nos 25, 28 (a), (b), and (c), and 29 (a)) and was therefore inscribed while the blocks were still in their original position. At the moment we have a terminus ante quem in the sixth century A.D. for the destruction of most of the pagan buildings on the site when the basilica church, in which most of the surviving fragments have been found, was built.
An Attic Bowl
Authors: Dunbabin T. J. 
Published: October 2013

In Plate 17 and Figs. 1–2 I publish a bowl formerly in the possession of Humfry Payne, which passed to me from Mrs. Payne. It was bought in Athens and was, I believe, found in Attica.The shape is common in Attica in the late seventh and early sixth centuries, not elsewhere, unless perhaps in Boeotia. That this vase is Attic is made certain by the clay, which is a warm brown with a tendency to red. The surface is well polished. The paint is good, rather lustrous, and brown where used thinly. The applied red is exactly that of many Attic vases of the period.