bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of High-concentration contrast material and low-voltage CT on contrast for multiphasic CT of the upper abdomen: comparison using the simulation with virtual monochromatic imaging obtained by fast-switch kVp dual-energy CT
Authors: Sakane Makoto , Kim Tonsok , Hori Masatoshi , Onishi Hiromitsu , Nakamoto Atsushi , Tsuboyama Takahiro , Tatsumi Mitsuaki , Tomiyama Noriyuki 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high-concentration contrast material and low-voltage CT simulated by virtual monochromatic (VM) imaging on contrast enhancement at multiphasic CT of the upper abdomen.

Methods
This study included 72 patients who underwent CT during early arterial (EAP), late arterial and portal venous phases after 300-mgI/ml (Group A; 34 patients) or 350-mg/ml (Group B; 38 patients) contrast-material injection at the same volumetric rate (0.067 mL/sec/kg). VM images were generated at 50 and 65 keV. Contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of aorta, portal vein, and liver parenchyma were calculated and statistically compared.

Results
Mean CNRs for 50-keV VM images were significantly higher than 65-keV VM images of each organ at any phases (p < 0.05), except for hepatic parenchyma in EAP. Aortic CNRs in EAP on 65- and 50-keV images of Group B were significantly higher than Group A (p <0.05, respectively). Aortic CNR on 50-keV images of Group A and on 65-keV images of Group B were 11% and 21% higher than 65-keV images of Group A, respectively.

Conclusions
Low-voltage CT simulated by VM image improved contrast enhancement through any phases, while high-concentration contrast material increased only arterial contrast in EAP more effectively.
Network analysis identifies protein clusters of functional importance in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Stevens Adam , Meyer Stefan , Hanson Daniel , Clayton Peter , Donn Rachelle 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Our objective was to utilise network analysis to identify protein clusters of greatest potential functional relevance in the pathogenesis of oligoarticular and rheumatoid factor negative (RF-ve) polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods
JIA genetic association data were used to build an interactome network model in BioGRID 3.2.99. The top 10% of this protein:protein JIA Interactome was used to generate a minimal essential network (MEN). Reactome FI Cytoscape 2.83 Plugin and the Disease Association Protein-Protein Link Evaluator (Dapple) algorithm were used to assess the functionality of the biological pathways within the MEN and to statistically rank the proteins. JIA gene expression data were integrated with the MEN and clusters of functionally important proteins derived using MCODE.

Results
A JIA interactome of 2,479 proteins was built from 348 JIA associated genes. The MEN, representing the most functionally related components of the network, comprised of seven clusters, with distinct functional characteristics. Four gene expression datasets from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), neutrophils and synovial fluid monocytes, were mapped onto the MEN and a list of genes enriched for functional significance identified. This analysis revealed the genes of greatest potential functional importance to be PTPN2 and STAT1 for oligoarticular JIA and KSR1 for RF-ve polyarticular JIA. Clusters of 23 and 14 related proteins were derived for oligoarticular and RF-ve polyarticular JIA respectively.

Conclusions
This first report of the application of network biology to JIA, integrating genetic association findings and gene expression data, has prioritised protein clusters for functional validation and identified new pathways for targeted pharmacological intervention.
Cities with camera-equipped taxicabs experience reduced taxicab driver homicide rates: United States, 1996–2010
Authors: Chaumont Menéndez Cammie , Amandus Harlan , Damadi Parisa , Wu Nan , Konda Srinivas , Hendricks Scott 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Background
Driving a taxicab remains one of the most dangerous occupations in the United States, with leading homicide rates. Although safety equipment designed to reduce robberies exists, it is not clear what effect it has on reducing taxicab driver homicides.

Findings
Taxicab driver homicide crime reports for 1996 through 2010 were collected from 20 of the largest cities (>200,000) in the United States: 7 cities with cameras installed in cabs, 6 cities with partitions installed, and 7 cities with neither cameras nor partitions. Poisson regression modeling using generalized estimating equations provided city taxicab driver homicide rates while accounting for serial correlation and clustering of data within cities. Two separate models were constructed to compare (1) cities with cameras installed in taxicabs versus cities with neither cameras nor partitions and (2) cities with partitions installed in taxicabs versus cities with neither cameras nor partitions. Cities with cameras installed in cabs experienced a significant reduction in homicides after cameras were installed (adjRR = 0.11, CL 0.06-0.24) and compared to cities with neither cameras nor partitions (adjRR = 0.32, CL 0.15-0.67). Cities with partitions installed in taxicabs experienced a reduction in homicides (adjRR = 0.78, CL 0.41-1.47) compared to cities with neither cameras nor partitions, but it was not statistically significant.

Conclusions
The findings suggest cameras installed in taxicabs are highly effective in reducing homicides among taxicab drivers. Although not statistically significant, the findings suggest partitions installed in taxicabs may be effective.
A reduction in Npas4 expression results in delayed neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Klaric Thomas S , Thomas Paul Q , Dottori Mirella , Leong Wai Khay , Koblar Simon A , Lewis Martin D 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Npas4 is a calcium-dependent transcription factor expressed within neurons of the brain where it regulates the expression of several genes that are important for neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. It is known that in the adult brain Npas4 plays an important role in several key aspects of neurobiology including inhibitory synapse formation, neuroprotection and memory, yet very little is known about the role of Npas4 during neurodevelopment. The aim of this study was to examine the expression and function of Npas4 during nervous system development by using a combination of in vivo experiments in the developing mouse embryo and neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) as an in vitro model of the early stages of embryogenesis.

Methods
Two different neural differentiation paradigms were used to investigate Npas4 expression during neurodevelopment in vitro; adherent monolayer differentiation of mouse ESCs in N2B27 medium and Noggin-induced differentiation of human ESCs. This work was complemented by direct analysis of Npas4 expression in the mouse embryo. The function of Npas4 in the context of neurodevelopment was investigated using loss-of-function experiments in vitro. We created several mouse ESC lines in which Npas4 expression was reduced during neural differentiation through RNA interference and we then analyzed the ability of these Npas4 knockdown mouse ESCs lines to undergo neural differentiation.

Results
We found that while Npas4 is not expressed in undifferentiated ESCs, it becomes transiently up-regulated during neural differentiation of both mouse and human ESCs at a stage of differentiation that is characterized by proliferation of neural progenitor cells. This was corroborated by analysis of Npas4 expression in the mouse embryo where the Npas4 transcript was detected specifically in the developing forebrain beginning at embryonic day 9.5. Finally, knockdown of Npas4 expression in mouse ESCs undergoing neural differentiation affected their ability to differentiate appropriately, resulting in delayed neural differentiation.

Conclusions
Here we provide the first evidence that Npas4 is expressed during embryonic development and that it may have a developmental role that is unrelated to its function in the adult brain.
Inversion-based detection of bed boundaries for petrophysical evaluation with well logs: Applications to carbonate and organic-shale formations
Authors: Heidari Zoya , Torres-Verdín Carlos 
Published: May 2014

Petrophysical interpretation of well logs acquired in organic shales and carbonates is challenging because of the presence of thin beds and spatially complex lithology; conventional interpretation techniques often fail in such cases. Recently introduced methods for thin-bed interpretation enable corrections for shoulder-bed effects on well logs but remain sensitive to incorrectly picked bed boundaries. We introduce a new inversion-based method to detect bed boundaries and to estimate petrophysical and compositional properties of multilayer formations from conventional well logs in the presence of thin beds, complex lithology/fluids, and kerogen. Bed boundaries and bed properties are updated in two serial inversion loops. Numerical simulation of well logs within both inversion loops explicitly takes into account differences in the volume of investigation of all well logs involved in the estimation, thereby enabling corrections for shoulder-bed effects. The successful application of the new interpretation method is documented with synthetic cases and field data acquired in thinly bedded carbonates and in the Haynesville shale-gas formation. Estimates of petrophysical/compositional properties obtained with the new interpretation method were compared to those obtained with (1) nonlinear inversion of well logs with inaccurate bed boundaries, (2) depth-by-depth inversion of well logs, and (3) core/x-ray diffraction measurements. Results indicated that the new method improves the estimation of porosity of thin beds by more than 200% in the carbonate field example and by more than 40% in the shale-gas example, compared to depth-by-depth interpretation results obtained with commercial software. This improvement in the assessment of petrophysical/compositional properties reduces uncertainty in hydrocarbon reserves and aids in the selection of hydraulic fracture locations in organic shale.
Modular forms of half-integral weights on SL(2, ℤ)
Authors: Yang Yifan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we prove that, for an integer r with (r, 6) = 1 and 0 < r < 24 and a nonnegative even integer s, the setis isomorphic toas Hecke modules under the Shimura correspondence. Here Ms(1) denotes the space of modular forms of weight is the space of newforms of weight 2k on Γ0 (6) that are eigenfunctions with eigenvalues €2 and €3 for Atkin-Lehner involutions W2 and W3, respectively, and the notation ⊕(12/.) means the twist by the quadratic character (12/-). There is also an analogous result for the cases (r, 6) = 3.
Synthesis of Conjugated Oligonucleotide in Solution Phase Using Alkyl-chain-soluble Support
Authors: Shoji Takao , Kim Shokaku , Chiba Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Conjugated oligonucleotides attract interest from various areas such as medicine and nanotechnology. Common synthetic methods, however, rely on heterogeneous coupling strategies that often give low yield. This report describes a new synthetic strategy for conjugated oligonucleotides using an alkyl-chain-soluble support, which allows high-yielding conjugation with various reporter molecules in homogeneous environment. Furthermore, we demonstrated efficient biconjugation due to successive introduction of thiol and amine into one linker.
The evolution and future of carbonate precipitation in marine invertebrates: Witnessing extinction or documenting resilience in the Anthropocene?
Authors: Drake Jeana L. , Mass Tali , Falkowski Paul G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMorphological and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the ability to precipitate carbonates evolved several times in marine invertebrates in the past 600 million years. Over the past decade, there has been a profusion of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses of calcifying representatives from three metazoan phyla: Cnidaria, Echinodermata, and Mollusca. Based on this information, we compared proteins intimately associated with precipitated calcium carbonate in these three phyla. Specifically, we used a cluster analysis and gene ontology approach to compare ∼1500 proteins, from over 100 studies, extracted from calcium carbonates in stony corals, in bivalve and gastropod mollusks, and in adult and larval sea urchins to identify common motifs and differences. Our analysis suggests that there are few sequence similarities across all three phyla, supporting the independent evolution of biomineralization. However, there are core sets of conserved motifs in all three phyla we examined. These motifs include acidic proteins that appear to be responsible for the nucleation reaction as well as inhibition; structural and adhesion proteins that determine spatial patterning; and signaling proteins that modify enzymatic activities. Based on this analysis and the fossil record, we propose that biomineralization is an extremely robust and highly controlled process in metazoans that can withstand extremes in pH predicted for the coming century, similar to their persistence through the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (∼55 Mya).
Book Reviews
Authors: Rhoades Tiffany , Reeve Charles , McCutcheon Erin L. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
MUSEUMS AND COMMUNITIES: CURATORS, COLLECTIONS AND COLLABORATION, VIV GOLDING AND WAYNE MODEST (EDS) New York: Bloomsbury (2013), 288 pp., Paperback, ISBN 978-0-85785-131-4, US$34.95
BAD BOY: MY LIFE ON AND OFF THE CANVAS, ERIC FISCHL AND MICHAEL STONE New York: Crown Publishers (2012), 368 pp., Hardcover, ISBN: 978-0-770-43557-8, US$31.00
MAKING ART GLOBAL (PART 1): THE THIRD HAVANA BIENNIAL 1989, RACHEL WEISS (ED.) London: Afterall Books (2011), 256 pp., Paperback, ISBN: 978-1-84638-081-5, £14.95
The Grounds for Museological Experiments: Developing the Colonial Museum Project in British Nigeria
Authors: Hellman Amanda H. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In 1943 Kenneth C. Murray conducted a survey of antiquities in British Nigeria, leading to the founding of the Department of Antiquities, which wrote antiquities legislation, regulated archaeological excavations, and established all of the museums in the country. Looking to British institutions, such as the British and the Pitt Rivers Museums, Nigeria’s institutions and display practices reveal the way in which the colonial government intended to use the museum to unite a diverse population and create the modern colonial African subject. This article examines the processes by which European museum standards were translated to colonial-era African museums and how early Nigerian museums were both an extension of and departure from the way British museums were used for social and political purposes.
Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) Parasitism on Eggs of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Eribidae) Compared With Its Natural Host Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Bueno Regiane Cristina Oliveira De Freitas , Bueno Adeney De Freitas , Xavier Maria Fernanda Da Costa , Carvalho Marina Mouzinho 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The capacity of Telenomus remus to parasitize eggs of Anticarsia gemmatalis, compared with its natural host, Spodoptera frugiperda, was evaluated under different temperatures. The parasitoid T. remus was reared at 25 ± 1°C for a single generation on both hosts. After reaching the adult stage, they were allowed to parasitize both hosts to study parasitoid biology and parasitism capacity at temperatures between 19°C and 37 ± 1°C. Egg-to-adult developmental time was similar on both hosts. The number of A. gemmatalis eggs parasitized was lower than that of S. frugiperda eggs at all temperatures. Parental female longevity of parasitoids was greater on A. gemmatalis eggs. This indicated a smaller metabolic expense during parasitism, acommonfeature observed on nonpreferable hosts. In general, sex ratio was little affected by temperature or hosts. When parental T. remus were reared on A. gemmatalis before the experiment, base temperature (Tb) and the thermal constant (K) were 9.53°C and 209.57 DD on eggs of A. gemmatalis and 9.68°C and 197.79 DD on eggs of S. frugiperda, respectively. When parental T. remus were reared on S. frugiperda eggs, Tb and K were 10.12°C and 188.46 DD and 9.69°C and 190.24 DD for the evaluated host eggs of A. gemmatalis and S. frugiperda, respectively. Therefore, T. remus develops in eggs of A. gemmatalis. This can be beneficial for its use in field crops where outbreaks of both Spodoptera spp. and A. gemmatalis occur. However, A. gemmatalis is a less favorable host for the parasitoid development.
Pseudostenosagola, A New Genus from New Zealand (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae: Faronitae)
Authors: Park J-S , Carlton C E 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
A new genus and three new species of New Zealand endemic pselaphine staphylinid beetles belonging to the supertribe Faronitae are described as follows: Pseudostenosagola Park and Carlton, gen. nov.; Pseudostenosagola coromandelensis Park and Carlton, sp. nov.; Pseudostenosagola wellingtonensis Park and Carlton, sp. nov.; and Pseudostenosagola solodovnikovi Park and Carlton, sp. nov. In total, 30 specimens were available for study. Illustrations of habitus and major diagnostic characters, distributional maps, and an identification key of all species are provided.
Discordance in Hormone Receptor Status Among Primary, Metastatic, and Second Primary Breast Cancers: Biological Difference or Misclassification?
Authors: Sighoko Dominique , Liu Juxin , Hou Ningqi , Gustafson Paul , Huo Dezheng 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Introduction.
Discordance in hormone receptor status has been observed between two breast tumors of the same patients; however, the degree of heterogeneity is debatable with regard to whether it reflects true biological difference or the limited accuracy of receptor assays.

Methods.
A Bayesian misclassification correction method was applied to data on hormone receptor status of two primary breast cancers from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database between 1990 and 2010 and to data on primary breast cancer and paired recurrent/metastatic disease assembled from a meta-analysis of the literature published between 1979 and 2014.

Results.
The sensitivity and specificity of the estrogen receptor (ER) assay were estimated to be 0.971 and 0.920, respectively. After correcting for misclassification, the discordance in ER between two primary breast cancers was estimated to be 1.2% for synchronous ipsilateral pairs, 5.0% for synchronous contralateral pairs, 14.6% for metachronous ipsilateral pairs, and 25.0% for metachronous contralateral pairs. Technical misclassification accounted for 53%–83% of the ER discordance between synchronous primary cancers and 11%–25% of the ER discordance between metachronous cancers. The corrected discordance in ER between primary tumors and recurrent or metastatic lesions was 12.4%, and there were more positive-to-negative changes (10.1%) than negative-to-positive changes (2.3%). Similar patterns were observed for progesterone receptor (PR), although the overall discordance in PR was higher.

Conclusion.
A considerable proportion of discordance in hormone receptor status can be attributed to misclassification in receptor assessment, although the accuracy of receptor assays was excellent. Biopsy of recurrent tumors for receptor retesting should be conducted after considering feasibility, cost, and previous ER/PR status.
Guidance for Treasury in Drafting Regulations Interpreting Section 469(g)
Authors: Orbach Kenneth N. , Nash Claire Y. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Section 469 provides generally that losses from passive activities may offset income from passive activities, but cannot be deducted against nonpassive income. Any excess of passive losses over passive income in a taxable year is suspended and carried forward as a passive loss to subsequent years. Under Section 469(g), a taxpayer's suspended passive losses from an activity are freed up when the taxpayer sells his entire interest in the activity to an unrelated person in a fully taxable transaction. However, if the sale is to a related party, then the suspended losses remain suspended (but remain with the taxpayer) until the activity thereafter is sold in a fully taxable transaction to a party unrelated to the taxpayer. In our analysis, we consider legal, conceptual, and practical concerns affecting transactions governed by Section 469(g) and show that Section 469(g) should be interpreted under a hybrid theory for passthrough entities, rather than under a pure aggregate theory or pure entity theory. Through examples, we provide guidance to Treasury in drafting long-overdue regulations interpreting Section 469(g) for Chapter 1 (income tax) and Chapter 2A (Section 1411) purposes. In addition, we recommend that Congress amend Section 469(g)(1)(B) to require that in order to free up a taxpayer's suspended losses, the acquirer in a subsequent sale of the passive activity interest must be unrelated to the seller in that transaction, rather than to the taxpayer.
Patient Age and Dentists' Decisions About Occlusal Caries Treatment Thresholds
Authors: Kakudate N , Sumida F , Matsumoto Y , Yokoyama Y , Gilbert GH , Gordan VV 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYObjectivesThis study was performed to 1) quantify dentists' treatment thresholds for occlusal primary caries; 2) determine if the patient's age affects dentists' decisions to surgically treat these carious lesions; and 3) test the hypothesis that patients', dentists', and practices' characteristics are significantly associated with surgical enamel intervention.MethodsThe study used a cross-sectional design consisting of a questionnaire survey in Japan. This study queried dentists working in outpatient dental practices who were affiliated with the Dental Practice-Based Research Network Japan (JDPBRN), which aims to allow dentists to investigate research questions and share experiences and expertise (n=282). Participants were asked whether they would surgically intervene in a series of cases depicting occlusal caries. Each case included a photograph of an occlusal surface displaying typical characteristics of caries penetration and written descriptions of adult and pediatric patients at high caries risk.ResultsIn a case of a carious lesion within inner enamel, the proportion of dentists who indicated surgical intervention was significantly higher in adult patients (48%) when compared with pediatric patients (34%; p&lt;0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that using a dental explorer for the diagnosis of primary occlusal caries, type of practice, practice busyness, and percentage of patients who self-pay were significantly associated with dentists' decisions to intervene surgically into the inner enamel carious lesion.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that more than one-third of participants chose to intervene surgically into inner enamel carious lesions, and patients' age affects dentists' decisions about when to intervene surgically (clinicaltrials.gov registration number NCT01680848).