bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF BRONCHIAL VASCULAR SYSTEM PERFUSION ON THE PULMONARY VASCULAR RESISTANCE (PVR) IN ISOLATED LUNG LOBES OF THE DOG
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Waaler B. A. 
Published: December 2014

Previous experiments with isolated perfused lungs have been criticized on the grounds that the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) obtained has been far above the upper limit for that of a normal resting animal. In the experiments described here the PVR of lungs perfused through the pulmonary circulation alone was within normal limits. Additional perfusion of the bronchial circulation increased the PVR but not beyond the normal range.Evidence is presented which suggests that handling of the lungs before perfusion is started gives rise to a pulmonary vasoconstrictor substance derived directly or indirectly from the bronchial circulatory system but not from the pulmonary circulation. Liberation of small amounts of this vasoconstrictor substance may be responsible also for the higher PVR values observed in nonhandled lungs in which the bronchial circulation is perfused.
THE ELIMINATION OF MOUSE AND BOVINE GLOBULINS FROM THE CIRCULATION OF NEWBORN AND ADULT MICE
Authors: Pace M. Geraldine , Dresser D. W. 
Published: December 2014

The rate of elimination of 131I labelled serum proteins from the circulation of mice has been calculated from estimations of radioactivity in the whole body and in samples of serum. In adult mice heterologous globulins are eliminated faster than homologous globulins, but in suckling mice no clear interpretation could be made of the results. It has also been shown that any one protein is eliminated faster by outbred mice than by CBA mice; this is certainly so in adults and possibly also in suckling mice.Estimations of the half‐lives of l31I labelled proteins in suckling mice by counts of the radioactivity of the whole body, have been found to be inaccurate. This method gives longer half‐lives than counts of radioactivity of serum. This difference decreases with age so that in 3‐month‐old adult mice the half‐lives obtained by the two methods do not differ significantly. The unreliability of counts of the whole body may be due to the recirculation of the iodine label. A large amount of non‐protein‐bound radioactivity has been demonstrated in the gut and gut contents of sucklings, the amount of free label falling with increasing age. Counts of serum of sucklings show a slight decrease in the rate of elimination of 131I labelled bovine gamma globulin with increasing age, although it has not been possible to determine if this is a real difference in the rate of elimination of the protein, or is an artefact due to a small amount of reincorporation of 131I into the serum proteins of suckling mice.
TWO TYPES OF CORONARY VASOMOTOR REFLEXES
Authors: Szentiványia M. , Juhász‐Nagy A. 
Published: December 2014

There are two receptor zones in the area of the coronary system. The reflex elicitable from the coronary sinus by stretching its wall serves to set blood pressure to a new level, whereas the coronary depressor reflex is similar in its properties to the simple depressor reflexes and as such serves to maintain blood pressure at a given level. The receptors of the latter reflex are located elsewhere in the left coronary bed, but not in the coronary sinus.The coronary sinus reflex is characterized by its all‐or‐nothing nature: wall‐stretching over the threshold does not further modify the reaction.In contrast with this, the size of the coronary depressor response is proportionate to the increase of pressure.Another feature in which coronary sinus reflex differs from the coronary depressor reflex is its trigger‐like function; i.e. the reaction, once elicited, may persist even after the stimulus applied is no longer active.In spite of the differences in their properties, the two reflexes form a functional unit, insofar as the coronary depressor reflex is capable of modulating the effect of the coronary sinus reflex.On the basis of the experimental evidence, one branch of the left thoracic vagus may be assumed to play a specific role in the elicitation of these reflexes.
THE GROWTH AND MITOSIS OF HUMAN SMALL LYMPHOCYTES AFTER INCUBATION WITH A PHYTOHÆMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Marshall W. H. , Roberts K. B. 
Published: December 2014

Suspensions of human peripheral blood lymphocytes have been obtained by centrifuging blood in which the red cells were agglutinated with a phytohæmagglutinin (PHA). After 2 and 3 days culture, these suspensions frequently contained numerous large dividing cells. It is thought that it is the small lymphocyte which grows during the period of culture into a cell capable of dividing since on occasion greater than 98 per cent of the cells in the original suspension were small lymphocytes.The changed lymphocytes are pyroninophilic. Electron micrographs of these cells show no extensive endoplasmic reticulum.
THE EFFECT OF DIVERTING BILE AND PANCREATIC JUICE ON THE INHIBITION OF GASTRIC MOTILITY BY DUODENAL STIMULI IN THE UNANÆSTHETIZED RAT
Authors: Morgan R. G. H. 
Published: December 2014

The motility of the gastric antrum was recorded with a saline manometer in normal rats and in rats in which the bile and sometimes also the pancreatic juice had been diverted to the exterior. The inhibitory effects of a variety of substances infused into the duodenum were tested. There was an inhibitory response to 50 per cent glucose, 0·2N HCl or 20 per cent ethanol, which was not altered by diversion of bile or both bile and pancreatic juice. The inhibitory action of triglyceride was lost within one hour of diversion of bile, but could be restored by adding bile salts or Tween 80 to the infused fat. Neither bile salts nor Tween 80 restored the response to triglyceride in the absence of both pancreatic juice and bile. Oleic acid was an active inhibitor of antral motility in all groups, but was more effective when emulsified. Bile salts alone had no effect on gastric motility in the doses used when infused intraduodenally or intravenously.These results suggest that the material causing the inhibition of gastric motility after a fatty meal is not the triglycerides, but the free fatty acids liberated and emulsified under the combined action of bile and pancreatic juice.
INTRACELLULAR MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN THE NORMAL HUMAN BRONCHIAL TREE
Authors: McCarthy Ciaran , Reid Lynne 
Published: December 2014

Mucus‐secreting cells in the human bronchial tree have been studied by histochemical methods, using Alcian blue and periodic acid‐Schiff and also aldehyde Fuchsin (AF) and Alcian blue (AB), in the order of AF/AB and AB/AF and in association with treatment by cetyl‐triethyl‐ammonium‐bromide and methylation‐saponification. By a combination of stains, the acid mucopolysaccharides have been distinguished from the neutral: neuraminic acid has been located by using consecutive sections stained as above, one of which had previously been treated with neuraminidase. Certain deductions about the nature of Alcian blue staining are made.Neutral mucopolysaccharide is mainly confined to the granular cells, acid mucopolysaccharide to distended cells. Some of the latter contain neuraminidase‐susceptible acid mucopolysaccharide, while in others it is only partially susceptible; the remaining acid mucopolysaccharide is likely to be neuraminidase‐resistant neuraminic acid. Surface epithelium, ducts and glands each have a characteristic distribution of the various cell types. The findings suggest a cycle of secretion.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF LEUCOCYTE MIGRATIONS
Authors: de Vargas-Linares Clara E. Roig , Burgos Mario H. 
Published: December 2014

The study of the structure of the vaginal mucosa of the hamster during the sexual cycle reveals, as in other rodents, that during metestrus numerous leucocytes abandon the blood vessels and pass through the vaginal epithelium into the vaginal contents. This migration, which starts a few hours after ovulation, was studied by means of the electron microscope.The leucocytes pass through the endothelial wall of the capillaries, apparently through the intercellular junctions. They cross the lamina propria and the basement membrane of the epithelium without permanent change of either structure. The leucocytes penetrate the intercellular spaces by means of pseudopodia which appear to separate the desmosomes. As soon as the leucocytes occupy the intercellular space, they dilate it appreciably and the microvilli of the epithelial cells disappear over areas of contact with the leucocytes.As the leucocyte draws away towards the vaginal surface, the epithelial cells appear to re‐establish contact between desmosomes and extend microvilli into the intercellular spaces. Two places of accumulation of leucocytes were seen in the lamina propria: one is below the epithelial basement membrane and the other is between the transitional cells near the epithelial surface.
EFFECTS OF ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE ON ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PRODUCED BY ACETYLCHOLINE: WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE MECHANISM OF FIBRILLATION
Authors: Sharma P. L. 
Published: December 2014

The effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline on atrial fibrillation produced by acetylcholine was studied in intact anæsthetized dogs. In addition, some observations were made concerning the mechanism of the fibrillatory activity of acetylcholine. Atrial stimulation at high rates during adrenaline and noradrenaline infusion produced flutter which persisted for several minutes after the stimulation ceased in four out of fourteen experiments. Simultaneous infusion of adrenaline or noradrenaline enhanced the fibrillatory activity of acetylcholine in all experiments.Topical application of acetylcholine or methacholine to a part of the atrium, coupled with brief atrial stimulation at high rate produced fibrillation which was confined to the treated area, elsewhere flutter was recorded. When this treated area was functionally isolated from the body of the right atrium with a clamp, the arrhythmia persisted in the isolated part, while elsewhere sinus rhythm returned. Also, brief atrial stimulation applied to the right atrial appendage, after topical application of methacholine, produced fibrillation which was confined to the isolated area.The mechanism of fibrillation has been discussed. It has been concluded that the cause of fibrillation resides in the atrial myocardium treated with acetylcholine, and not in the nodal tissues. Experimental observations support the concept of re‐entrant excitation as the cause of fibrillation.
THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF THE KIDNEY IN HYDRATED AND DEHYDRATED RATS
Authors: Sabour M. S. , MacDonald Mary K. , Lambie Anne T. , Robson J. S. 
Published: December 2014

Renal tissue from dehydrated rats forming a concentrated urine and from water‐loaded rats forming a very dilute urine has been compared by electron microscopy. The most striking and consistent difference between the two groups is the presence in the hydrated animals of marked thickening and fibrillary changes of the basement membrane of the pars recta of the proximal tubule and the descending limb of the loop of Henle. These changes are largely reversed by dehydration or by the administration of pitressin.It seems likely that this appearance is due to hydration of the basement membrane, which becomes swollen and possibly less permeable to the outward passage of water and to the inward passage of sodium and urea. Such a change in the permeability of the membrane would interfere with the function of the loop as a counter‐current multiplier and would effectively prevent the building up of a medullary osmotic gradient and the formation of a concentrated urine. The reduction in papillary osmolality and the more rapid turnover of sodium within the medulla which is believed to occur in water diuresis could be explained on this view. The hypothesis is also compatible with the idea that vasopressin acts primarily and possibly solely on the collecting ducts.
AFFERENT IMPULSES IN THE PUDENDAL NERVES OF THE CAT
Authors: Todd J. K. 
Published: December 2014

Ingoing impulses from sense organs in the anal and urethral regions of the cat were recorded in single fibres of the sacral dorsal roots.In the anal region rapidly adapting discharges came from sense organs in the peri‐anal skin, in the lining membrane of the anal canal and in the peri‐anal tissues. There were slowly adapting stretch receptors in the external anal sphincter.Rapid distension of the urethra gave rise to rapidly adapting discharges in the ingoing fibres. A steady flow of fluid along the urethra caused a sustained but irregular discharge of low voltage from receptors lying in the substance of the urethra.There are typical muscle spindles in the substance of the external anal sphincter and lamellated end organs in the peri‐anal tissue. Lamellated end organs of varying sizes are in and around the wall of the urethra: the smallest lamellated end organ lies immediately under the epithelium of the lumen of the urethra.
ENDOTHELIAL PERMEABILITY‐THE PASSAGE OF PARTICLES INTO AND OUT OF DIAPHRAGMATIC LYMPHATICS
Authors: Casley-Smith John R. 
Published: December 2014

The passage of particles from the peritoneal cavities of mice into their diaphragmatic lymphatics, and from these vessels into the peri‐lymphatic connective tissues has been studied. The particles used were chylomicra, carbon, lipoproteins, thorium dioxide and ferritin.Particles passed through the endothelial layers via open intercellular junctions, small (50 m, µ) and large (0‐1‐1 µ) vesicles, and directly through the cytoplasm. Quantitative interpretation of the electron micrographs was difficult, but it was possible to observe gross differences between the amounts of the various particles which traversed the endothelium by each of these routes. The routes also varied markedly in their importance. Open junctions were of overwhelming importance for the passage of all the particles from the peritoneal cavity; some of the particles used them relatively very little when they passed out of the lymphatics. The open junctions probably alter in size with the respiratory inovements of the diaphragm. This would permit the lymphatics to act as pumps, with the flaps of endothelium as "inlet valves".The large vesicles were of two kinds. Some contained chylomicra which they seemed to transport rapidly across the cells. Others were probably formed by the coalescence of many small vesicles and the agglutination of their contents. These large vesicles lost little material and remained in the cells for at least 12 weeks (the longest period studied). They grew larger and denser as time went by. The endothelial cells which contained these vesicles appeared eventually to leave the lymphatics and lodge in the connective tissue.
SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF SINGLE UNITS IN THE OPTIC TECTUAI OF THE GOLDFISH
Authors: Jacobson Marcus 
Published: December 2014

Action potentials evoked by a small light in the visual field were recorded from single units in the optic tectum of the goldfish. The relative spectral sensitivity of these responses was measured by determining the threshold energy of the stimulus light at 22 wavelengths from 341 to 779 mµ.After dark adaptation the spectral sensitivity of "on", "off" and "on‐off" units was the same, with a maximum at about 533 mµ and fitted the absorption spectrum of porphyropsin.After light adaptation some "on" and some "off" units had a spectral sensitivity curve which fitted the absorption spectrum of cyanopsin with a maximum at about 620 mµ. Most units had a narrow photopic spectral sensitivity curve: in some units there was a single maximum, usually in the range 605‐651 mµ. but in some "on‐off" units the maximum sensitivities of "on" and of "off" responses were different. There were three classes of these units: R‐G units (sensitivity maxima at 630‐651 mµ and 497‐517 mµ), R‐B units (maxima 605‐651 mµ and 462 ±14 mµ) and Y‐B units (maxima 552‐605 mµ and 462±14 mµ). The neutral point, at which "on" and "off" responses had the same sensitivity, was at 552‐584 mµ in R‐G units, at 517‐552 mµ in R‐B units and at 497‐517 mµ in Y‐B units.The results indicate that the goldfish has a rod pigment with its absorption maximum at about 533 mµ, and that there are at least two cone pigments with absorption maxima at about 467 mµ and 620 mµ. It is suggested that antagonism between two sets of cones, each set containing one of three pigments with absorption maxima at 467, 533 and 620 mµ could account for the observed sensitivity maxima and neutral points of R‐G, R‐B and Y‐B units.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE ON WATER INTAKE AND PLASMA OSMOLALITY IN DIABETES INSIPIDUS IN THE RAT
Authors: Kennedy G. C. , Haguie P. , Skadhauge Erik 
Published: December 2014

A fall in plasma osmolality accompanied the reduction of urine volume in rats with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus, given hydrochlorothiazide and an otherwise normal diet. The plasma concentration was not reduced with a high sodium intake, although urine volume still fell. Normal rats and hypothalamic obese rats increased their water turnover after hydrochlorothiazide, yet their plasma concentration fell. Moreover the antidiuretic response to vasopressin, which is purely renal, was also accompanied by plasma dilution; although it is self‐evident that rats which drink less are less thirsty, the reduction in thirst after hydrochlorothiazide may not be a direct result of the change in plasma osmolality.As previously shown in patients [Kennedy and Hill, 1963] a high sodium intake increased free water clearance in diabetes insipidus but did not interfere with the reduction of polyuria by hydrochlorothiazide, whereas a high potassium intake reduced free water clearance and prevented any effect of the drug on urine volume.
THE EFFECT OF BILE SALTS ON THE LYMPHATIC ABSORPTION BY THE UNANÆSTHETIZED RAT OF INTRADUODENALLY INFUSED LIPIDS
Authors: Morgan R. G. H. 
Published: December 2014

Emulsified and unemulsified fat was infused intraduodenally at a steady rate in unanaesthetized rats with lymph fistulhe. The output of esterified fat in the lymph reached a steady state which was considered to mirror fat absorption from the lumen. In animals which also had bile fistulae the effect of addition or removal of sodium taurocholate was measured.Unemulsified olive oil or oleic acid and mono‐olein sol was poorly absorbed in the absence of bile. Emulsified olive oil was better, but still incompletely, absorbed. In all these cases the addition of sodium taurocholate increased the absorption to that found in control animals with normal bile flow. Emulsified oleic acid was as well absorbed in bile fistula animals as in controls and the return or removal of taurocholate did not affect the output of esterified fat in the lymph. These results do not support a defect in epithelial re‐esterification of fatty acids in the absence of bile.
BONE MARROW BLOOD VOLUME AND TOTAL RED CELL MASS OF THE GUINEA‐PIG AS DETERMINED BY 59Fe‐ERYTHROCYTE DILUTION AND LIQUID NITROGEN FREEZING
Authors: Osmond D. G. , Everett N. B. 
Published: December 2014

The blood content and circulating red cell volumes of bone marrow and lymphoid tissues have been determined by means of a 59Fe‐labelled erythrocyte technique coupled with liquid nitrogen freezing in male guinea‐pigs. The marrow blood volume represented 4·90–6·96 per cent of the total marrow volume and showed regional differences which have been partially correlated with marrow cellularity. It has been calculated that the entire bone marrow of the guinea‐pig normally contains 1·7 per cent of the whole body blood volume and 2·0 per cent of the whole body circulating red cell mass. At 3 hr. after the injection of labelled erythrocytes there was evidence of a selective pooling in the spleen and bone marrow of recipient animals.The whole body blood volume was calculated to be 5·91 ml./100 g. body weight and the ratio of body hæmatocrit to cardiac hæmatocrit was 0·846.A comparison of the numbers of circulating erythrocytes in marrow (isotope dilution technique) with total erythrocyte numbers determined in suspensions of disrupted marrow was in accord with the view that the non‐nucleated, non‐reticulated marrow erythrocytes are intravascular.
THE EFFECT OF SEX DIFFERENCES AND GONADECTOMY ON SOME AORTIC ENZYMES OF THE RAT
Authors: Mrhovaá O. , Zemplényi T. 
Published: December 2014

The activity of phosphomonoesterase I and β‐glucuronidase is higher in male than female rat aoræ, while the opposite is true for the activity of 5'‐nucleotidase, lactate dehydrogenase and perhaps also malate dehydrogenase. There is no difference between male and female rat aortæ in the activity of phosphomonoesterase II, group specific carboxylic esterase and glutamate‐oxalacetate transaminase.In agreement with such sex differences, gonadectomy in females resulted in a drop and in males in a rise of aortic 5'‐nucleotidase and malate dehydrogenase activity. In addition, following gonadectomy male aortæ also displayed a tendency to elevated esterase activity and a clear cut rise in phosphomonoesterase activity.The significance of these findings is discussed with particular reference to atherogenesis.
THE EFFECT OF HYPERTHERMIA ON THE SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY CIRCULATION OF THE OX (Bos taurus)
Authors: Whittow G. C. 
Published: December 2014

The cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, heart rate, blood volume, respiratory rate and rectal temperature of the unanæsthetized ox have been measured at environmental temperatures of 150° C. and 400° C. (low humidity) and also during hyperthermia induced by increasing the humidity of the hot environment (400° C.). Derived values for total peripheral resistance, central blood volume and cardiac work were obtained from the measured data.The cardiac output, central blood volume and respiratory rate were significantly higher, while the mean blood pressure and calculated total peripheral resistance were significantly lower, in the hot dry environment than they were at 15° C. These results seemed to be consistent with the hypothesis that a peripheral vasodilatation and an increased venous return occurred in the hot dry environment.The increase in systemic arterial blood pressure during hyperthermia was attributed to the concomitant increase in cardiac output because the total peripheral resistance diminished. The increase in the cardiac output was the result of an increased heart rate. At a rectal temperature of 41.50° C. the stroke volume of the heart was considerably lower than its control value at an environmental temperature of 15° C. The work of the heart was increased during hyperthermia.The increased respiratory activity in hyperthermic animals was associated with a diminution of the mean pulmonary arterial pressure and an increase in the central blood volume.No statistically significant differences in plasma or blood volumes of the animals were recorded between environments of 15° C. and 40° C. (low humidity) and 40° C.(high humidity). The plasma volume tended to diminish during hyperthermia while the blood volume tended to be maintained close to its control value as a result of an increase in the proportion of red cells in the blood.At a rectal temperature of 41.5° C. none of the animals was in a state of circulatory failure, but there was evidence that their cardiovascular systems were severely stressed at this temperature.