bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical evidence that the uninjured adjacent L4 nerve plays a significant role in the development of peripheral neuropathic pain after L5 spinal nerve ligation in rats
Authors: Shehab Safa , Anwer Mehwish , Galani Divya , Abdulkarim Afaf , Al‐Nuaimi Khuloud , Al‐Baloushi Abdullah , Tariq Saeed , Nagelkerke Nico , Ljubisavljevic Milos 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTRats develop hyperalgesia and allodynia in the hind paw after L5 spinal nerve ligation. Phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) was used as a pain marker to investigate the potential role of adjacent uninjured L4 nerve in the development of heat hyperalgesia after L5 nerve injury. Left L5 nerve was ligated and sectioned in rats. Three days later, rats were randomly assigned to five groups; each had both hind paws immersed in water at different temperatures (no heat, 37, 42, 47, and 52°C) under sevoflurane anesthesia for 2 minutes. Five minutes after stimulation the rats were sacrificed and sections of L3–L6 spinal segments were stained immunocytochemically with pERK antibody. pERK immunoreactivity, which is not detectable in the normal spinal cord, was discernible in neurons (not glia) of the superficial dorsal horn after noxious heat stimuli. pERK‐positive neurons clearly overlapped in laminae I–II with normal unmyelinated and thin myelinated afferents labeled with calcitonin gene‐related peptide and isolectin B4, and injured unmyelinated afferents labeled with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. There was a linear increase in pERK immunoreactivity on both sides with an increase in temperature. Importantly, the number of positive pERK neurons was significantly higher in the ipsilateral side of L4 spinal segment, which receives innervation from uninjured L4 nerve, compared with the contralateral control side, which receives both uninjured L4 and L5 spinal nerves. The data demonstrate that the uninjured L4 nerve plays an important role in the development of heat hyperalgesia at the spinal cord level after L5 nerve injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1731–1747, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of the Metal Work Function on the Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 Layers on Metals
Authors: Freitag Janna , Bahnemann Detlef W. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) layers on different metal plates are investigated. The metal–semiconductor interface can be described as a Schottky contact, and is part of a depletion layer for the majority carriers in the semiconductor. Many researchers have demonstrated an increase in the photocatalytic activity, due to the formation of a metal–semiconductor contact that are obtained by deposition of small metal islands on the semiconductor. Nevertheless, the influence of a Schottky contact remains uncertain, sparking much interest in this field. The immobilization of nanoparticulate TiO2 layers by dip‐coating on different metal substrates results in the formation of a Schottky contact. The recombination rate of photoinduced electron–hole pairs decreases at this interface provided that the thickness of the thin TiO2 layer has a similar magnitude to the depletion layer. The degradation of dichloroacetic acid in aqueous solution and of acetaldehyde in a gas mixture is investigated to obtain information concerning the influence of the metal work function of the back contact on the efficiency of the photocatalytic process.
Nanocomposite Semi‐Solid Redox Ionic Liquid Electrolytes with Enhanced Charge‐Transport Capabilities for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Rutkowska Iwona A. , Marszalek Magdalena , Orlowska Justyna , Ozimek Weronika , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Kulesza Pawel J. , Grätzel Michael 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe ability of Pt nanostructures to induce the splitting of the II bond in iodine (triiodide) molecules is explored here to enhance electron transfer in the iodine/iodide redox couple. Following the dispersal of Pt nanoparticles at 2 % (weight) level, charge transport was accelerated in triiodide/iodide‐containing 1,3‐dialkylimidazolium room‐temperature ionic liquid. If both Pt nanoparticles and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes were introduced into the ionic‐liquid‐based system, a solid‐type (nonfluid) electrolyte was obtained. By using solid‐state voltammetric (both sandwich‐type and microelectrode‐based) methodology, the apparent diffusion coefficients for charge transport increased to approximately 1×10−6 cm2 s−1 upon the incorporation of the carbon‐nanotube‐supported iodine‐modified Pt nanostructures. A dye‐sensitized solar cell comprising TiO2 covered with a heteroleptic RuII‐type sensitizer (dye) and the semisolid triiodide/iodide ionic liquid electrolyte admixed with carbon‐nanotube‐supported Pt nanostructures yielded somewhat higher power conversion efficiencies (up to 7.9 % under standard reporting conditions) than those of the analogous Pt‐free system.
Thiazolylidene‐Catalyzed Cleavage of Methyl Oleate‐Derived α‐Hydroxy Ketone to the Corresponding Free Aldehydes
Authors: Deruer Elsa , Duguet Nicolas , Lemaire Marc 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe thiazolylidene‐catalyzed cleavage of the α‐hydroxy ketone derived from methyl oleate gave the corresponding aldehydes under nonoxidative conditions through a retro‐benzoin process. The aldehydes produced are in equilibrium with their corresponding acyloins. To illustrate the synthetic utility of this protocol, the aldehydes were recovered by distillation.
Effects of prenatal factors and temperament on infant cortisol regulation in low‐income Mexican American families
Authors: Luecken Linda J. , MacKinnon David P. , Jewell Shannon L. , Crnic Keith A. , Gonzales Nancy A. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTPrenatal psychosocial exposures can significantly affect infant health and development. Infants with higher temperamental negativity are theorized to be more susceptible to environmental exposures. We evaluated the interaction of prenatal maternal exposures and infant temperamental negativity to predict infant cortisol response to mildly challenging mother‐infant interaction tasks. Participants included 322 Mexican American mother‐infant dyads (mother age 18–42; 82% Spanish‐speaking; modal family income $10,000–$15,000). Mothers reported depressive symptoms and social support prenatally and infant temperamental negativity at 6 weeks postpartum. Salivary cortisol was collected from infants before and after mother‐infant interaction tasks at 12 weeks. Higher prenatal maternal depressive symptoms and lower social support predicted higher cortisol among infants with higher temperamental negativity. Higher infant temperamental negativity predicted an increase in maternal distress and a decrease in social support from prenatal to 12 weeks postpartum. Interactive influences of maternal social‐contextual factors and infant temperament may influence the development of infant neurobiological regulation and promote or strain maternal and infant adaptation over time. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 961–973, 2015.
Context influences the interplay of endocrine axes across the day
Authors: Dismukes Andrew R. , Shirtcliff Elizabeth A. , Hanson Jamie L. , Pollak Seth D. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe current investigation examined stressors upon the coupling of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axes. Emphasis is placed on the moderating role of context and time. One hundred and eighteen adolescent males and females provided up to 32 diurnal saliva samples across a visit to a research lab. This visit constituted a day‐long stress through which the impact on HPA–HPG axis coupling could be assessed. We tested four models of HPA–HPG axis coupling across the lab day. Sex and stress hormones operated synchronously (β = .404, p < .001), and the coupling of sex and stress hormones was moderated by the stress of the lab day (β = .010, p = .05). This pattern of co‐elevation did not appear to be moderated by the distal experience of early life adversity. Findings suggest that the notion of “stress” must disentangle proximal and distal challenges, each of which appears to impact neurobiological processes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 731–741, 2015.
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Authors: Londhe Vedang A. , Tomi Tomoko , Nguyen Tam T. , Lopez Benjamin , Smith Jeffrey B. 
Published: June 2015

Background: Lung maturation can be disrupted through pro‐inflammatory processes including intra‐uterine amniotic infection, mechanical ventilation, or oxidative stress. Lincr, originally identified as a gene induced in the lung by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is also expressed in the developing lung. The Lung‐inducible Neuralized‐related C3HC4 RING domain (LINCR) protein is structurally related to Drosophila Neuralized, a regulator of the developmentally important Notch signaling pathway. LINCR is expressed in alveolar epithelial type II cells in the mature lung, and its expression is markedly increased by LPS and inflammatory cytokines. To test the hypothesis that targeted overexpression of LINCR in lung epithelium would interfere with normal lung development, we generated double transgenic mice that conditionally overexpress LINCR in lung epithelium under the control of doxycycline.Results: Single transgenic controls and double transgenic mice not treated with doxycycline were unaffected, but double transgenic mice exposed to doxycycline starting at embryonic day 6 developed markedly hypoplastic lungs with decreased numbers of alveoli and large cysts lined with a proximalized and poorly differentiated epithelium expressing Hairy/Enhancer of Split 1, an effector of Notch signaling. The phenotype was similar to that caused by overexpression of activated Notch1 in lung epithelium.Conclusions: LINCR may exert its effects on distal lung development in this model through activation of the Notch signaling pathway. Developmental Dynamics 244:827–838, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Miniaturized Enzymatic Biosensor via Biofunctionalization of the Insulator of Nanoelectrode Ensembles
Authors: Habtamu Henok B. , Ugo Paolo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAn innovative second generation enzymatic microbiosensor was developed exploiting the properties of nanoelectrode ensembles (NEEs) prepared by electroless gold deposition in track‐etched polycarbonate (PC) membranes. As a case study, a miniaturized glucose biosensor was developed and characterized. The micro‐NEE glucose biosensor was obtained by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOx) on the nonconductive PC component of the NEE, while the Au nanoelectrodes were used exclusively as transducers. (Ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium cation (FA+) was used as the redox mediator. The immobilization of GOx on the PC did not affect the electrochemical performances of the NEE nor the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The proposed biosensor showed outstanding analytical performances with a detection limit of 36 µM. The nanostructured biosensor was miniaturized down to a micro‐NEE with overall radius of 400 µm, without any degradation of the analytical performances.
Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence of Luminol on Indium Tin Oxide Modified with Dendrimer‐Encapsulated Au Nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Soon Bo , Kwon Jihye , Kim Joohoon 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEnhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of luminol was reported with the use of dendrimer‐encapsulated Au nanoparticle (Au DEN)‐modified ITOs in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which was applied for sensitive ECL‐based electroanalysis of hydrogen peroxide. The enhanced ECL of luminol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide was attributed to facile electrochemical oxidation of luminol/hydrogen peroxide on the Au DEN‐modified ITOs at potentials as low as ∼0.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Spooling ECL spectroscopy measurements indicated that the enhanced ECL emission of luminol/hydrogen peroxide system on the Au DEN‐modified ITOs originated from excited 3‐aminophthalate as same as that obtained on bare ITOs. Stability of Au DENs on ITO surfaces was also addressed and found to be closely related with the presence of chloride ions in electrolyte solutions.
Over 2 Years of Outdoor Operational and Storage Stability of ITO‐Free, Fully Roll‐to‐Roll Fabricated Polymer Solar Cell Modules
Authors: Angmo Dechan , Krebs Frederik C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe report on the stability of large‐area (100 cm2), low‐cost, indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO)‐free modules over two years (>17 500 h) under outdoor operational conditions in Denmark and under indoor storage condition by following ISOS‐O‐3 and ISOS‐D‐2 protocols. Irrespective of the testing regimes (storage and outdoor), all modules maintain the maximum power point (MPP) above T80 (the duration over which a solar cell retains above 80 % of its initial MPP) over two years using a simple low‐cost packaging barrier with a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 0.04 g m−2 day−1, an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of 0.01 cm3 m−2 bar−1 day−1, and a UV cut‐off at 390 nm. Unlike previous studies, localized degradation through edges and contact points in the modules are not overwhelming even after more than two years; therefore, the differences in degradation under long‐term outdoor and storage conditions could be probed. The results suggest that oxygen permeation may be mainly responsible for degradation under outdoor conditions, whereas WVTR has a larger bearing under storage conditions.
Tenax extraction as a simple approach to improve environmental risk assessments
Authors: Harwood Amanda D. , Nutile Samuel A. , Landrum Peter F. , Lydy Michael J. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

It is well documented that using exhaustive chemical extractions is not an effective means of assessing exposure of hydrophobic organic compounds in sediments and that bioavailability-based techniques are an improvement over traditional methods. One technique that has shown special promise as a method for assessing the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds in sediment is the use of Tenax-extractable concentrations. A 6-h or 24-h single-point Tenax-extractable concentration correlates to both bioaccumulation and toxicity. This method has demonstrated effectiveness for several hydrophobic organic compounds in various organisms under both field and laboratory conditions. In addition, a Tenax bioaccumulation model was developed for multiple compounds relating 24-h Tenax-extractable concentrations to oligochaete tissue concentrations exposed in both the laboratory and field. This model has demonstrated predictive capacity for additional compounds and species. Use of Tenax-extractable concentrations to estimate exposure is rapid, simple, straightforward, and relatively inexpensive, as well as accurate. Therefore, this method would be an invaluable tool if implemented in risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1445–1453. © 2015 SETAC
Climate change and eastern Africa: a review of impact on major crops
Authors: Adhikari Umesh , Nejadhashemi A. Pouyan , Woznicki Sean A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGlobal warming has become one of the major challenges in maintaining global food security. This paper reviews the impacts of climate change on fourteen strategic crops for eight sub‐Saharan Africa countries. Climate change is projected to increase median temperature by 1.4–5.5°C and median precipitation by −2% to 20% by the end of the 21st century. However, large levels of uncertainty exist with temporal and spatial variability of rainfall events. The impact of climate change on crop yields in the region is largely negative. Among the grain crops, wheat is reported as the most vulnerable crop, for which up to 72% of the current yield is projected to decline. For other grain crops, such as maize, rice and soybean, up to 45% yield reductions are expected by the end of this century. Two grain crops, millet and sorghum, are more resilient to climate change for which projected impacts on crop yields are <20%. Root crops, such as sweet potato, potato and cassava are projected to be less affected than the grain crops with changes to crop yields ranging from about −15% to 10%. For the two major export crops, tea and coffee, up to 40% yield loss is expected due to the reduction in suitable areas caused by temperature increase. Similar loss of suitable areas is also expected for banana and sugarcane production, however, this reduction is due to rainfall variability in lowland areas. Other crops such as cotton and sugarcane are projected to be more susceptible to precipitation variation that will vary significantly in the region. In order to mitigate the long‐term impacts of climate change on agricultural sectors, the development of small‐scale irrigation systems and water harvesting structures seems promising, however, affordability of such measures remains a key issue.
Development of Selective Electroless‐Deposited Electrode in Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin‐Layer Solar Cell
Authors: Kim Areum , Park Hyunjin , Choi Eunmi , Cui Yinhua , Lee Seon Jea , Pyo Sung Gyu 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we describe selective deposition of a major electrode and a protection electrode in a heterojunction with intrinsic thin‐layer (HIT) type solar cell. Sn and Ni were used for the protection electrode to prevent the oxidation of Cu, which was used for the main electrode. SEM and TEM were used to analyze the microstructural evolution and changes in the interface as a result of each electroless deposition. Finally, the performance of our solar cell created via electroless deposition was evaluated. We determined the photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) to be 16.4 %, the fill factor (FF) to be 72.2 %, the open circuit voltage (Voc) to be 681 mV, and the short circuit current (Jsc) to be 33.0 mA/cm2. These output values match the performance of an Ag screen‐printed solar cell and demonstrate the possibility of commercializing an inexpensive HIT solar cell with high efficiency.
Classifying CT/MR findings in patients with suspicion of hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison of liver imaging reporting and data system and criteria‐free Likert scale reporting models
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Dong , Zhu Fei‐Peng , Xu Xun , Wang Qing , Wu Chen‐Jiang , Liu Xi‐Sheng , Shi Hai‐Bin 
Published: June 2015

PurposeTo compare the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) and a criteria‐free Likert scale (LS) reporting models for classifying computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MR) findings of suspicious hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Materials and MethodsImaging data of 281 hepatic nodules in 203 patients were retrospectively included. Imaging characteristics including diameter, arterial hyperenhancement, washout, and capsule were reviewed independently by two groups of readers using LI‐RADS and LS (range, score 1–5). LS is primarily based on the overall impression of image findings without using fixed criteria. Interreader agreement (IRA), intraclass agreement (ICA), and diagnostic performance were determined by Fleiss, Cohen's kappa (κ), and logistic regression, respectively.ResultsThere were 167 contrast‐enhanced CT (CECT) versus 114 MR data. Overall, IRA was moderate (κ = 0.47, 0.52); IRA was moderate‐to‐good for arterial hyperenhancement, washout, and capsule (κ = 0.56‐0.69); excellent for diameter and tumor embolus (κ = 0.99). Overall, ICA between LI‐RADS and LS was moderate (κ = 0.44‐0.50); ICA was good for scores 1–2 (κ = 0.71–0.90), moderate for scores 3 and 5 (κ = 0.41–0.52), but very poor for score 4 (κ = 0.11–0.19). LI‐RADS produced significantly lower accuracy (78.6% vs. 87.2%) and sensitivity (72.1% vs. 92.8%), higher specificity (97.3% vs. 71.2%) and positive likelihood ratio (+LR: 26.32 vs. 3.23) in diagnosis of HCC. CECT produced relatively low IRA, ICA, and diagnostic ability against MR.ConclusionThere were substantial variations in liver observations between LI‐RADS and LS. Further study is needed to investigate ICA between CECT and MR.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:373–383.
Conceptualisation of the characteristics of advanced practitioners in the medical radiation professions
Authors: Smith Tony , Harris Jillian , Woznitza Nick , Maresse Sharon , Sale Charlotte 
Published: June 2015

AbstractProfessions grapple with defining advanced practice and the characteristics of advanced practitioners. In nursing and allied health, advanced practice has been defined as ‘a state of professional maturity in which the individual demonstrates a level of integrated knowledge, skill and competence that challenges the accepted boundaries of practice and pioneers new developments in health care’. Evolution of advanced practice in Australia has been slower than in the United Kingdom, mainly due to differences in demography, the health system and industrial relations. This article describes a conceptual model of advanced practitioner characteristics in the medical radiation professions, taking into account experiences in other countries and professions. Using the CanMEDS framework, the model includes foundation characteristics of communication, collaboration and professionalism, which are fundamental to advanced clinical practice. Gateway characteristics are: clinical expertise, with high level competency in a particular area of clinical practice; scholarship and teaching, including a masters qualification and knowledge dissemination through educating others; and evidence‐based practice, with judgements made on the basis of research findings, including research by the advanced practitioner. The pinnacle of advanced practice is clinical leadership, where the practitioner has a central role in the health care team, with the capacity to influence decision making and advocate for others, including patients. The proposed conceptual model is robust yet adaptable in defining generic characteristics of advanced practitioners, no matter their clinical specialty. The advanced practice roles that evolve to meet future health service demand must focus on the needs of patients, local populations and communities.
The Impact Of Gelatin Weight Ratio On Hydroxyapatite‐gelatin Composites And Their SBF Behaviour
Authors: Özsağıroğlu Tuğba Başargan , Nasün‐Saygılı Gülhayat 
Published: June 2015

SummaryHydroxyapatite is a bioceramic owing biocompatibility, bioactivity, osteoconductivity, nontoxicity and noninflammatory. With its unique properties, it is found applications in repairing of bone and as coatings for metallic prostheses. Bone consists of hydroxyapatite crystals as the major component of the mineral phase and collagen as the major component of the organic phase. By the inspiration of bone structure, hydroxyapatite‐polymer composites have been drawing attention for years. In this work, hydroxyapatite was participated with gelatin which is similar to collagen. Spray dryer is used as drying medium to investigate the effect of different weight gelatin ratios on powder. Moreover, in‐vitro studies were conducted to investigate their bioactivity on a selected sample. The results showed that these materials may be suitable for bio‐applications.
Preparation and Characterization of P3H:PCBM Blend Nanoparticles and Their Plasmonic Modification
Authors: Ghazy Omayma 
Published: June 2015

SummaryIn this work blends of poly(3‐hexylthiophene (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in nanoparticles were prepared using the miniemulsion method. The two materials were blended in two different methods. The first is latex blending by mixing two dispersions of the two materials. The second is by incorporating both the two materials in each particle of the dispersion (blend nanoparticles). The TEM results showed the spherical morphology of the particles. Their absorption spectrum confirmed that the optical properties of the P3HT and PCBM did not alter by the blending in nanoparticles. The particles were then decorated with silver nanoparticles. The TEM results confirmed the adhesion of the silver nanoparticles to the surface of the blend nanoparticles. In addition the absorption spectrum of the blend nanoparticles was modified by the plasmonic absorption. The approach is useful for the fabrication and optimization of the hetero junction layer (HJL) of organic solar cells.