bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature Effects on the Viscosity of Blood and the Aorta Distension from a Hibernator, Erinaceus Europaeus L
Authors: Kirkebö Arne 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHedgehog blood at all temperatures showed higher apparent viscosity than most other mammals and exhibited pseudoplastic characters at low rates of shear. In contrast, serum never showed shear rate dependence. Red cells in serum or Ringer's solution had less shear rate dependence than did blood corpuscles suspended in plasma. The apparent viscosity of a sample doubled when the temperature fell from 34° to 6° C. The change in viscosity found in different blood samples withdrawn at 6°, 20° and 34° C during arousal from hibernation, was greater than the reduction found in one sample over the same temperature range. The cross‐section of the aorta increased with falling temperatures from 34° to 6° C, but the elastic properties of the vessel remained relatively unchanged. A deviation from Hooke's law is evident, but it was not great within the normal homeostatic pressure range. Distension with increasing pressure was a little larger for vessels from non‐hibernating than for hibernating animals. The hindrance of the aorta in the hibernating state was increased by a factor of 1.9 compared to the value of the non‐hibernating state. If there hypothetically was no distension with falling temperature, the increase in hindrance would be about 2.5.
Cardiovascular Investigations on Hedgehogs during Arousal from the Hibernating State
Authors: Kirkebö Arne 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHaemodynamical changes were followed in hedgehogs during arousal from the hibernating state. The temperature in the anterior part of the body increased prior to the temperature in the posterior part. Cardiac output—measured with implanted electromagnetic probes—rose faster than the heart rate in early arousal, but slower in the later phases. Arterial pressures reached maxima at a temperature of 20—30° C in the neck. The decrease in peripheral resistance was greatest in the first part of arousal and was largely due to the fall in blood viscosity with temperature. There is usually no further decrease in hindrance above 15—20° C. The dilation of posterior vessels were compensated by constrictions in regions already warmed. Due to the fall in viscosity of blood with temperature, warmer organs are more easily circulated than colder portions. This and other autoregulatory effects of a physical nature are discussed.
The Excitability of Frog's Isolated Muscle Spindles during Repetitive Stretches
Authors: Jahn Samia Al Azharia 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn trains of stretches lasting 1 sec the minimum interval for response to all stretches (deformation: 1—2 times threshold stretch (T), rise time: 2 and 5 msec) was about twice the shortest interval for responses to a pair of stretches. When the trains lasted 3—6 sec and the stretches had the critical size only a few failed to evoke a response. The stretch which evoked a response to every stimulus of a train increased linearly with frequency (6—70/sec). At high frequencies, when adaptation had occurred, the rate of afferent discharges varied little with frequency, the discharge rate being about half the highest obtainable and increasing linearly with the size of the stretch. Spontaneous intrafusal contractions facilitated the response to a train of stretches too small to evoke a response to every stimulus. The facilitation lasted as long as the contraction of an intrafusal muscle fibre. After a train of stretches (3 sec in duration) spontaneous afferent firing ceased. The silent period increased linearly with the number of afferent discharges independent of the frequncy of strtches (35—70/sec) and of the size of the stretch (1.5—2.5 × T). The intervals between the spontaneous afferent discharges were prolonged for several seconds after a train.
Histochemical Demonstration of Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Some Epithelia Noted for Active Transport
Authors: Hansson Holger P. J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn improved histochemical method for demonstration of carbonic anhydrase has been applied to a number of epithelia engaged in electrolyte transport.Heavy staining was found close to or in the following regions:
Intercellular spaces bordered with folded epithelial membranes (unpigmented epithelium of rabbit ciliary processes, straight segment of human eccrine sweat gland duct, rabbit gall‐bladder and villi of rat duodenum).
Basal membrane infoldings (rat proximal and distal tubules, pigmented epithelium of rabbit ciliary processes).
Intracellular canaliculi (parietal cells of rat stomach).
Brush border of rat proximal tubule.
Certain nuclei, but only in fixed sections and of dubious specificity. Moderate to weak staining was seen in several other places in the epithelial layers.
Induction and Inhibition of Pinocytosis in Amoeba Proteus
Authors: Josefsson Jan‐Owe 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPinocytosis induced by different cations was studied by phase contrast in Amoeba proteus. Monovalent cations were more effective inducers the smaller the hydrated size of the ion (Cs>K>Na>Li). Divalent cations were less active inducers than monovalent ions and among the divalent ions tested calcium was unable to induce measurable pinocytosis. Tris+ possessed properties as an inducer similar to sodium although the intensity of Tris‐induced pinocytosis was greater. The sensitivity to the inducing cation decreased in proportion to the concentrations of calcium and hydrogen ions in the medium. Addition of a calcium chelating agent to the inducer decreased the maximum number of channels observed. Among the divalent cations present in the culture solution only calcium could restore the pinocytosis intensity to normal. The receptors in the cell membrane upon which inducing ions act are proposed to be negatively charged groups, the ionization of which varies with pH. Their availability to inducers is diminished when the calcium concentration of the medium is increased. A minimal calcium concentration is, however, required for a normal function of the channel forming system. The differene in activity between potassium and sodium in the induction of pinocytosis might be a factor controlling the intracellular content of these ions in the amoeba. The outward diffusion of potassium from the cell might explain the phenomenon of “spontaneous” pinocytosis.
Structures Essential for the Effect of Cholecystokinin on the Guinea Pig Small Intestine in vitro
Authors: Hedner Pavo , Rorsman Gunne 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe stimulating effect of cholecystokinin on the small intestine was investigated by different registration techniques in the guinea pig ileum in vitro. The effect of cholecystokinin was blocked by atropine, morphine and tetrodotoxin but not by hexamethonium or pretreatment with reserpine. Cholecystokinin was still effective after desensitization to 5‐hydroxytryptamine. After a propagated contraction in the circular muscle layer induced by an increased intraluminal volume or by 5‐hydroxytryptamine there was a refractory period for 20—60 sec which could not be registered when the corresponding response was induced by cholecystokinin. It is concluded that the stimulating effect of cholecystokinin on the two muscle layers of the guinea pig small intestine is mediated via a cholinergic neural pathway without cholinergic synapses. The mechanism of action is still unknown but does not seem to consist in a release of 5‐hydroxytryptamine.
Static Elasticity of Isolated Muscle Spindles of the Frog and Tension Development of Their Intrafusal Muscle Fibres
Authors: Jahn Samia Al Azharia 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAt small degrees of stretch the equatorial region of the isolated muscle spindle of the frog had a two to four times greater compliance than the polar regions, the static “modulus” of elasticity in the equatorial region being 5.9 ± 1.1 × 106 dynes/cm2 and in the polar region 7.6 ± 1.1 × 107 dynes/cm2. After the intrafusal muscle fibres had been crushed the compliance of the equatorial and of the polar regions increased two to three times. The time course of the spontaneous contractions of intrafusal muscle fibres was similar to that of extrafusal muscle fibres. The twitch tension of single intrafusal fibres was 0.7–1.3 mg, of the intrafusal muscle bundle 2–4 mg and the tetanic tension of the intrafusal muscle bundle was 11–15 mg (17–20° C). Referred to the cross‐sectional area the maximum tetanic tension was the same as in extrafusal muscle fibres (3.4–3.9 kg/cm2).
5‐Hydroxytryptamine Release from Enterochromaffin Granules in vitro
Authors: Penttilä A. , Saris N.‐E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract5‐Hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) release in vitro from cow and pig enterochromaffin granule preparations was studied. An accelerated 5‐HT release from the granule fraction was caused by: elevation of temperature, freezing and thawing, dilution, increase of the pH of the incubation medium, addition of chlorpromazine, imipramine, mepyramine, segontin®, tyramine, trypsin, hydrocortisone and cortisone. In various isotonic salt and buffer solutions the amine release was faster than that in isotonic sucrose solution. A slight 5‐HT release was induced by Ca++ ions, Titriplex III®, Titriplex IV® and histamine, and an almost complete release by CuCl2, distilled water and all the detergents studied. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (in 0.15 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.9) and MgCl2 (in 0.3 M sucrose solutions, pH 6.9) were the only chemicals that retarded amine release. The following chemicals had no effect: ACTH, thyroxine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dihydroxyphenylalanine, tryptophan, indoleacetic acid, 3‐hydroxytyramine, acetylcholine or butyrylcholine with eserine, and guanethidine.The release of 5‐HT from enterochromaffin granules resembles in some ways amine release from platelets, mast cells or granules carrying norepinephrine but differs in others. The special features of the enterochromaffin granules are discussed.
Proximal Luminal Volume and Fluid Reabsorption in the Rat Kidney1
Authors: Baines Andrew D. , Gottschalk Carl W. , Leyssac Paul P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe relationship between proximal luminal volume and proximal salt and water reabsorption was studied in 21 non‐diuretic anesthetized male rats. Luminal diameters were measured in enlarged photographs of the surface of the capsulated kidney. Proximal reabsorption rates were estimated from Cin, which changed spontaneously in the range 0.4–1.6 ml/min g kidney weight (k.w.). Cin was further reduced in eight rats by compression of the renal artery. The mean proximal luminal diameter was 18.7 μ without compression of the renal artery and 19.6 μ during compression. There was no consistent relationship between estimated proximal reabsorption rate and proximal luminal diameter. It is concluded that proximal tubular volume was not the prime determinant of proximal salt and water reabsorption rate in rats under the conditions of these experiments.
Proximal Tubular Function in Rats with Low Inulin Clearance1
Authors: Gottschalk Carl W. , Leyssac Paul P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractProximal tubular salt and water reabsorption were studied in relation to the inulin clearance (Cin) in anesthetized rats maintained on a standard diet with and without partial clamping of the renal artery and in rats on a sodium deficient diet. The rate of proximal reabsorption, determined as the reciprocal of the occlusion time (OT), was linearly related to Cin above clearance values of 0.7 ml/min g kidney weight (k.w.). Below this value, proximal reabsorption rate reached a fixed minimum corresponding to an OT of 25–26 sec. Late proximal fluid to plasma inulin ratios averaged 3.0 at Cin greater than 0.65 ml/min g k.w. and 5.1 when Cin was 0.55 ml/min or less. This significant difference in fractional reabsorption was predicted from the OT measurements. Factors leading to a decrease in caliber of the proximal tubular lumen following retrograde microinjection of the distal convolution of the same nephron were also studied. When seen, proximal collapse appeared to be due to leakage of tubular fluid at a previous proximal puncture site and did not occur when procedures were taken to minimize leakage.
Intra‐ and Extraoral Prostheses Retained by Zygoma Implants Following Resection of the Upper Lip and Nose
Authors: Gonçalves Letícia Machado , Gonçalves Thais Marques Simek Vega , Rodrigues Antônio Henrique Corrêa , Lanza Marcos Dias , Nascimento Paulo Roberto Gomes do , Girundi Francisco Mauro da Silva 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUpper lip cancers are infrequent lesions, being aggressive unless diagnosed and treated early. After the surgical resection, maxillofacial defects require special care in rehabilitation. This article describes the maxillofacial rehabilitation of an edentulous patient diagnosed with upper lip squamous cell carcinoma. The treatment consisted of a large amount of upper lip and nose tissue resection, followed by chemoradiotherapy. After the first surgical healing, zygoma implants were inserted in a two‐step procedure. The maxillary and nasal prostheses were installed and fixed by a titanium framework. After 6 years follow‐up, no recurrences were observed, and the patient did not develop metastases. Tissues around implants were in good health, and the prostheses remained well‐fitted. The use of implant‐retained prostheses improved the quality of life, and the patient was extremely satisfied with the final result. The implant‐retained prostheses are well accepted by the patient, improving comfort and safety during function while recovering her esthetic apperance.
Differences in monocarboxylic acid transporter type 1 expression in rumen epithelium of newborn calves due to age and milk or milk replacer feeding
Authors: Flaga J. , Górka P. , Zabielski R. , Kowalski Z. M. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to investigate whether besides age and solid feed intake, monocarboxylic acid transporter type 1 (MCT1) expression in the rumen epithelium of calves is affected by liquid feed type [whole milk (WM) or milk replacer (MR)]. Thirty bull calves at the mean age of 5 days were randomly allocated to five experimental groups (six calves/group). Six calves were slaughtered immediately after allocation to the trial (5 days of life), eighteen calves were fed MR and slaughtered at week intervals (on 12, 19, 26 days of life respectively), and six calves were fed WM and slaughtered at the 26 days of life. MCT1 protein abundance and the MCT1 mRNA level were investigated in the dorsal and ventral sack of the rumen. Solid feed intake and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration in the rumen fluid increased linearly with calves' age. The amount of the MCT1 protein and mRNA in the dorsal sac of rumen as well as the amount of MCT1 protein in the cranial ventral sac of rumen also increased linearly with calves' age. Calves fed WM had greater solid feed intake in the last week of the study as compared to calves fed MR, but SCFA concentration in the rumen fluid was not different. MCT1 mRNA expression in the cranial dorsal sac of rumen and protein MCT1 expression in both dorsal and ventral cranial sack of the rumen were higher in calves fed WM as compared to calves fed MR. This study confirmed age‐dependent changes of MCT1 expression in the rumen epithelium of newborn calves and showed that its expression might be affected by liquid feed type.
Clinical recommendations of Cochrane reviews in pediatric gastroenterology: Systematic analysis
Authors: Goda Yvonne , Sauer Harald , Schöndorf Dominik , Hennes Pia , Gortner Ludwig , Gräber Stefan , Meyer Sascha 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundSystematic and up‐to‐date Cochrane reviews in pediatrics in general and in pediatric gastroenterology in particular are important tools in disseminating the best available evidence to the medical community, thus providing the physician at the bedside with invaluable information and recommendations with regard to specific clinical questions.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted, including all Cochrane reviews published by the Cochrane Review Group in the field of pediatric gastroenterology between 1993 and 2012, with regard to the percentage of reviews that concluded that a certain intervention provided a benefit, percentage of reviews that concluded that a certain intervention should not be performed, and percentage of studies that concluded that the current level of evidence was inconclusive.ResultsIn total, 86 reviews in the field of pediatric gastroenterology were included. The majority of reviews assessed pharmacological interventions (46/86); other important fields included prevention (15/86) and nutrition (9/86). A total of 33/86 reviews issued definite recommendations (positive, 19/86; negative, 14/86). The remaining 53/86 reviews were either inconclusive (24/86) or only of limited conclusiveness (29/86). The percentage of inconclusive reviews increased from 9% (1998–2002) to 19% (2003–2007; P < 0.05) to finally 24% (2008–2012) (P < 0.05). The three most common reasons for the need for further research were heterogeneity of studies (26/86), small number of patients (18/86), and insufficient data (16/86).ConclusionsFurther high‐quality research is necessary to increase the proportion of reviews with clear recommendations. Funding and research agencies are key to selecting the most appropriate research programs.
Rethinking Long Memory and Structural Breaks in the Forward Premium
Authors: Li Xiao‐Ming 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper documents new results that the ability of structural breaks to explain away non‐stationary long memory in the forward premium weakens considerably with higher‐frequency data. For daily data, removing structural breaks does not make non‐stationary long memory stationary, contrary to the evidence for monthly data reported in the recent literature. Simulating data on a daily basis, we show that using monthly data tends to overstate the importance of structural breaks, and obfuscate the true nature of persistence, in the forward premium. Our results thus corroborate earlier findings that long memory bears primary responsibility for the forward premium anomaly.
Candida vascular complication in a liver transplant recipient due to yeast contamination of preservation solution
Authors: Levesque E. , Suet G. , Merle J.C. , Compagnon P. , Amathieu R. , Feray C. , Botterel F. , Foulet F. , Azoulay D. , Dhonneur G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractInfections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation. One possible cause of infection is preservation fluid contamination. Donor‐derived pathogens, such as Candida albicans, have occasionally produced life‐threatening complications in organ recipients, already described in renal transplantation. In the present case, we report the loss of a liver graft secondary to vascular complications because of C. albicans found in the preservation fluid. Our case report raises the question of implementing procedures, similar to those in renal transplantation, including early antifungal treatment and repeated radiological monitoring for the prevention and detection of vascular complications.
High Prevalence of
bla
CTX-M-1
/IncI1/ST3 and
bla
CMY-2
/IncI1/ST2 Plasmids in Healthy Urban Dogs in France
Authors: Haenni Marisa , Saras Estelle , Métayer Véronique , Médaille Christine , Madec Jean-Yves 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

In the community, close contacts between humans and dogs may promote the transfer of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase/plasmidic AmpC cephalosporinase (ESBL/pAmpC) genes. Large-scale prevalence studies on ESBL/pAmpC carriage in dogs are rare, and data on ESBL/pAmpC plasmids are even more limited. Here, a considerable rate of 18.5% ESBL/pAmpC carriers was found among 368 unrelated healthy dogs in Paris, France. This prevalence is much higher than the one found in healthy humans in the same city (6%) but close to that recently reported in dogs in China (24.5%). All isolates were identified as
Escherichia coli
, except one
Salmonella enterica
and one
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolate. The sequence type 131 (ST131) clone was rare (2/73 isolates). Interestingly, two plasmids (
bla
CTX-M-1
/IncI1/ST3 and
bla
CMY-2
/IncI1/ST2) were unexpectedly highly predominant, raising the question of their successful spread. Considering that CTX-M-1 was recently found to be equally as abundant as CTX-M-15 in healthy Parisian subjects, the question of dogs being a CTX-M-1 reservoir for humans is open. Such a high prevalence of the
bla
CMY-2
/IncI1/ST2 plasmid may result from the use of cephalexin in veterinary medicine, as previously demonstrated experimentally. In all, our study points out healthy urban dogs as a potential source of ESBL/pAmpC genes that can further disseminate to the human community.
High-Dose Continuous Oxacillin Infusion Results in Achievement of Pharmacokinetics Targets in Critically Ill Patients with Deep Sternal Wound Infections following Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Nesseler Nicolas , Verdier Marie-Clémence , Launey Yoann , Malherbe Alexandre , Dermu Marine , Piau Caroline , Flécher Erwan , Tribut Olivier , Mallédant Yannick , Seguin Philippe 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Knowledge regarding antimicrobial therapy strategies in deep sternal wound infections (DSWI) following cardiac surgery is limited. Therefore, we aimed to determine the steady-state plasma and mediastinal concentrations of oxacillin administered by continuous infusion in critically ill patients with DSWI and to compare these concentrations with the susceptibility of staphylococci recovered. A continuous infusion of oxacillin (150 to 200 mg/kg of body weight/24 h) was administered after a loading dose (50 mg/kg). Plasma and mediastinal concentrations of total and unbound oxacillin were determined 4 h after the loading dose (H4) and then at day 1 (H24) and day 2 (H48). Twelve patients were included. Nine patients exhibited bacteremia, 5 were in septic shock, 8 were positive for
Staphylococcus aureus
, and 4 were positive for coagulase-negative staphylococci. The median MIC (first to third interquartile range) was 0.25 (0.24 to 0.41) mg/liter. Median plasma concentrations of total and unbound oxacillin at H4, H24, and H48 were, respectively, 64.4 (41.4 to 78.5) and 20.4 (12.4 to 30.4) mg/liter, 56.9 (31.4 to 80.6) and 21.7 (6.5 to 27.3) mg/liter, and 57.5 (32.2 to 85.1) and 20 (14.3 to 35.7) mg/liter. The median mediastinal concentrations of total and unbound oxacillin at H4, H24, and H48 were, respectively, 2.3 (0.7 to 25.9) and 0.9 (<0.5 to 15) mg/liter, 29.1 (19.7 to 38.2) and 12.6 (5.9 to 19.8) mg/liter, and 31.6 (14.9 to 42.9) and 17.1 (6.7 to 26.7) mg/liter. High-dose oxacillin delivered by continuous infusion is a valuable strategy to achieve our pharmacokinetic target (4× MIC) at the site of action at H24. But concerns remain in cases of higher MICs, emphasizing the need for clinicians to obtain the MICs for the bacteria and to monitor oxacillin concentrations, especially the unbound forms, at the target site.