bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Technique for Measuring Protein Turnover in the Gut, Liver and Kidneys of Lean and Obese Mice with [3H]Glutamic Acid
Authors: Miller B. G. , Grimble R. F. , Taylor T. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. We have measured the incorporation of an intraperitoneal injection of [3H]glutamate into the protein of the gut, liver and kidney of lean and obese siblings of the genetically obese mouse.
2. Recycling of the 3H was minimized by using glutamate labelled at the C-2 position. Loss of label from the amino acid pool by transamination and deamination was rapid, with a half-life of 4 h.
3. In tissue protein the amino acid showing the highest 3H radioactivity was glutamate.
4. The half-lives for protein synthesis and catabolism were calculated from the decay curves of both specific and total radioactivity of [3H]glutamate in tissue protein. No significant differences were found between kidney, liver and gut in lean and obese mice.
Effect of Chenodeoxycholic Acid on Serum and Biliary Lipids in Patients with Hyperlipoproteinaemia
Authors: Angelin B. , Einarsson K. , Leijd Barbro 
Published: August 2015

1. In order to study the effects of chenodeoxycholic acid on serum and biliary lipids in hyperlipoproteinaemia, chenodeoxycholic acid was administered to seven type IIa, eight type IIb and eight type IV patients in a daily dose of 750 mg (1·9 mmol) for 3 months.
2. The serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were determined at 4-week intervals: cholesterol remained unchanged whereas triglycerides decreased 15–20%.
3. In 17 patients, biliary lipids were studied. The proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid in the bile increased to about 70%; lithocholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid increased significantly.
4. Bile saturation with cholesterol decreased and correlated negatively with the proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid in biliary bile acids but positively with serum triglycerides.
5. It is concluded that chenodeoxycholic acid treatment in hyperlipoproteinaemia is associated with a parallel fall in serum triglycerides and biliary cholesterol and thus may prove to be a useful adjunct in hypolipidaemic treatment.
Renal Prostaglandins in Renal Hypertensive Dogs
Authors: Dighe K. K. , Smith G. W. , Ungar A. , Whelpdale P. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hypertension produced in two-kidney Goldblatt dogs was accompanied by a transient fluid retention, reaching a maximum 4 days after clamping.
2. Prostaglandin E and F concentrations in venous blood from the intact kidney also rose transiently, showing a maximum by the fifth day.
3. The rise in prostaglandin release from the intact kidney may be related to the fluid retention.
Effect of Arterial Pressure and Inheritance on the Sodium Excretory Capacity of Normal Young Men
Authors: Wiggins R. C. , Basar I. , Slater J. D. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. In normal young adult sons of normotensive parents the rate of renal sodium excretion is highly correlated with mean arterial pressure after a large intravenous isotonic fluid load. The correlation appeared to strengthen with time and was improved when the rate of sodium excretion was corrected for variations in the rate of glomerular filtration.
2. There was no such correlation in normal, age-matched sons of hypertensive parents.
3. In eight of the 20 normotensive sons of hypertensive parents studied, the rate of renal sodium excretion per unit of mean arterial pressure was significantly higher than in the sons of normotensive parents.
4. Because the sons of hypertensive parents are much more likely to become hypertensive than those of normotensive parents, we suggest that an abnormality of renal sodium handling precedes the development of demonstrable hypertension.
Lysosomal Enzymes in Human Urine: Evidence for Polymorphonuclear Leucocyte Proteinase Involvement in the Pathogenesis of Human Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Sanders E. , Coles G. A. , Davies M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Lysosomal proteinase activity was assayed in human cadaver kidney, urine, granules from polymorphonuclear leucocytes of normal persons, and urine samples from 154 patients with renal disease.
2. Granules from polymorphonuclear leucocytes showed proteinase activity at acid and neutral pH, whereas cadaver kidney showed proteinase activity at acid pH only.
3. The urine from 13 patients with glomerulonephritis showed proteinase activity at both acid and neutral pH as well as increased amounts of antigenic glomerular basement membrane fragments. The properties of the urinary proteinases suggested that they had originated in polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
4. Only the urine samples containing these proteinases were capable of degrading isolated human glomerular basement membrane in vitro.
5. Clinical recovery, where it occurred, was accompanied by the disappearance of urinary proteinase activity, and reduction in glomerular basement membrane antigen excretion.
Changes in the Collagen of Synovial Membrane in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Effect of d-Penicillamine
Authors: Lovell C. R. , Nicholls A. C. , Jayson M. I. V. , Bailey A. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Normal synovial membrane contains approximately equal proportions of two genetically distinct forms of collagen, types I and III. The proportion of these two collagens is unchanged in rheumatoid synovium but in addition a small amount of basement membrane collagen is present. Tissue culture of rheumatoid synovium confirms the synthesis of both type I and III collagens.
2. In young normal synovium both type I and type III collagens are stabilized by a reducible keto cross-link, which is replaced in adult tissue by an as yet unknown non-reducible cross-link. During the proliferation of the collagen in adult rheumatoid synovium a high proportion of the keto cross-link is present. This cross-link is not susceptible to cleavage by d-penicillamine, nor does the drug have any effect on the rate of synthesis in vitro. The mode of action of d-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis does not appear to involve a direct effect on the synovial membrane collagen.
Renal Vasoconstriction in Glycerol-Induced Acute Renal Failure. Studies in the Isolated Perfused Rat Kidney
Authors: Hofbauer K. G. , Bauereiss K. , Konrads A. , Gross F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Acute renal failure was produced in rats by the intramuscular injection of glycerol (6.1 mol/l, 10 ml/kg). Either 2 or 4–6 h later the right kidney was isolated and perfused for 1 h with an electrolyte solution containing a gelatin preparation (Haemaccel, 35 g/l) at pressures between 90 and 100 mmHg in a single-pass system.
2. In kidneys taken from rats with acute renal failure renal vascular resistance was markedly increased immediately after the start of the perfusion as compared with control kidneys taken from untreated rats. During the following 30 min of perfusion the resistance progressively decreased and, at 1 h of perfusion, was similar to that in control kidneys or only moderately elevated.
3. Despite the reduction of renal vascular resistance glomerular filtration rate was still markedly impaired after 1 h of perfusion and fractional reabsorption of sodium and water as well as the secretion of p-aminohippurate were diminished. Renal venous renin concentration and renin release were lower in kidneys taken from rats with acute renal failure than in the control experiments.
4. These results suggest that the increase in renal vascular resistance and the stimulation of renin release after injection of glycerol in vivo are the consequence of extra-rather than intra-renal mechanisms.
Analytical Subcellular Fractionation of Jejunal Biopsy Specimens: Enzyme Activities, Organelle Pathology and Response to Corticosteroids in Patients with Non-Responsive Coeliac Disease
Authors: Peters T.J. , Jones P.E. , Jenkins W.J. , Wells Gill 
Published: August 2015

1. Jejunal biopsies from five patients with non-responsive coeliac disease have been subjected to analytical subcellular fractionation and enzymic microassay in order to compare the organelle pathology of this group with untreated but gluten-sensitive patients.
2. Compared with the gluten-sensitive group these non-responsive patients showed marked reduction of the endoplasmic reticulum enzymes, normal activities of lysosomal enzymes and slightly less severely reduced brush border activities.
3. It is suggested that the present biochemical studies in combination with previous clinical reports and measurements of DNA and protein synthesis by cultured mucosal biopsies delineate non-responsive coeliac disease as a distinct entity.
4. The patients were treated with oral prednisolone (20 mg daily) for between 5 and 9 weeks and the properties of the jejunal biopsies restudied.
5. Although morphologically there was only a partial restoration of the villus architecture the enzymic alterations and organelle abnormalities returned essentially to normal values.
Vasopressin Effects on Plasma Renin Activity in Male and Female Rats
Authors: Henderson I. W. , Balment R. J. , Oliver J. Ann 
Published: August 2015

1. The influence of gonadal and pituitary factors on the plasma renin response to exogenous vasopressin was examined in anaesthetized rats.
2. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in Brattleboro rats (with and without hypothalamic diabetes insipidus) and Long-Evans male and female rats, before and after single intravenous injection of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or saline.
3. Control saline injections did not change PRA. ADH reduced PRA in male, but increased PRA in female rats. Rats with diabetes insipidus displayed the greatest changes and were used in subsequent experiments. Extrarenal renin activity (nephrectomized rats) gave qualitatively similar responses to ADH. Plasma renin concentration, which was also measured with PRA in intact and nephrectomized male and female rats with diabetes insipidus, increased in the females and decreased in the males after ADH.
4. Castration, 24 h before study, abolished the ADH-induced fall in PRA, and testosterone implanted before castration did not restore the response. Cyproterone acetate reversed the ADH effect in males, so that PRA then rose after ADH. Hypophysectomized male rats, with depressed basal plasma renin activities, also showed a reduced PRA after ADH.
5. Ovariectomy had little effect on the ADH-induced renin release and the response was similar at oestrus, metoestrus and dioestrus. In hypophysectomized female rats ADH reduced PRA; a male pattern of response was seen in hypophysectomized female rats.
6. In both sexes PRA responses to ADH were blunted but not abolished by β-adrenergic blockade (propranolol). α-Adrenergic blockade (phenoxybenzamine) had little influence on the male response but in females the typical increase disappeared so that ADH reduced PRA.
7. It is concluded that pituitary hormones, including gonadotrophins and gonadal factors as well as adrenal sex steroids, appear to affect significantly the interplay between antidiuretic hormone and the renin—angiotensin system.
The Respiratory Response to Inhaled Carbon Dioxide in Man after 3 Hours Exposure to 3% Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Prowse K. , Duvivier C. , Peslin R. , Sadoul P. 
Published: August 2015

1. The respiratory response to inhaled 3% and 6% CO2 was measured in 10 normal subjects after a 3 h acclimatization period to 3% CO2 in an environmental chamber. Control studies were carried out after a 3 h period of breathing air in the chamber.
2. At the end of the acclimatization period studies were carried out during 20 min periods breathing 3% CO2, 6% CO2 and air.
3. At 2-min intervals during the studies measurements were made of tidal volume (Vt), breathing frequency (fR), minute ventilation (V̇e), viscous pulmonary rate of work (Ẇp) and total viscous rate of work across the lungs and apparatus (Ẇt). Blood gas tensions were measured at the end of this period.
4. After acclimatization to 3% CO2 there was a significant shift in the response curves V̇e/Pa,co2 and Ẇt/Pa,co2 such that subjects showed higher Pa,co2 values for given values of V̇e or Ẇt. There was no significant change in the slope of the response curves.
5. No correlation was found between the slope of the response curve after the control period breathing air and the degree of shift of the response curve.
6. There was no difference in respiratory pattern or in pulmonary resistance.
7. Similar results were found in two subjects studied after 24 h acclimatization to 3% CO2 but one subject also showed a significant change in the slope of the V̇e/Pa,co2 curve.
Age-Dependent Difference of Kidney Response to Temporary Ischaemia in the Rat
Authors: Kuneš J. , Čapek K. , Stejskal J. , JelíNek J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The response to 60 min ischaemia was studied in male uninephrectomized 30-, 60-and 90-day-old rats in regard to changes of renal cytochrome oxidase activity and the effect on systemic arterial blood pressure. Mortality due to renal failure, changes in plasma urea concentration and in kidney morphology were used as indicators of the renal response.
2. Mortality was lowest in 30-day-old animals (13%) and highest in 60-day-old animals (77%). Renal cytochrome oxidase activity increased by 44% during the same period. The mortality decreased to 34% between the ages of 60 and 90 days without change in renal content of cytochrome oxidase; survival time after renal ischaemia was prolonged from 2 to 4 days.
3. Fifty days after renal ischaemia plasma urea concentration correlated positively with kidney weight. Both variables were increased in rats exposed to ischaemia at the ages of 60 and 90 days. The kidneys of these rats exhibited lesions. No relation was found between the degree of renal damage and blood pressure.
4. It is concluded that (a) the kidney of immature rats is more resistant to temporary ischaemia due to immaturity of renal oxidative metabolism, (b) the ability to survive ischaemic renal damage in less-resistant mature rats increases with age and (c) the postischaemic impairment of renal function does not influence systemic arterial blood pressure.
Hepatic Elimination of Renin in Man
Authors: Hesse B. , Andersen Ellen Damgaard , Ring-Larsen H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hepatic elimination of renin was measured in 10 well-compensated cardiac patients with normal liver function during a control period and during a period of reduced hepatic plasma flow, induced by physical exercise (seven patients) or intravenous infusion of lysine vasopressin (three patients).
2. Hepatic renin elimination rate (hepatic plasma flow × arterial-hepatic vein difference of plasma renin activity) was found to be linearly correlated with arterial plasma renin activity (r = 0.986, P < 0.001).
3. When hepatic plasma flow fell by 45% the hepatic extraction ratio of renin (arterial-hepatic vein plasma renin activity difference/arterial plasma renin activity) increased by 75%. Hepatic renin clearance (hepatic plasma flow × extraction ratio) remained constant.
4. The results indicate that changes in the hepatic elimination rate of renin do not contribute to changes in plasma renin activity during these events.
Tracing the Fate of Oxygen Consumed during Phagocytosis by Human Neutrophils with 15O2
Authors: Segal A. W. , Clark J. , Allison A. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. The metabolism of oxygen by phagocytosing neutrophils was traced by using 15O2.
2. The isotope did not exchange with the incubation medium or cells to an appreciable extent and unmetabolized oxygen was readily eluted by gassing the cell suspension.
3. The polarographic measurements of oxygen consumption closely paralleled the recovery of metabolized 15O2.
4. Almost all the metabolized 15O2 was converted into water, both in the presence and absence of KCN, supporting the concept that the oxygen consumed by neutrophils is converted into H2O2. It is unlikely that an appreciable proportion of this oxygen is incorporated into the organic composition of the cell or of the ingested microorganism.
Haemodynamic Variables during Repeated Exercise in Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: Schrijen F. , Ježek V. 
Published: August 2015

1. Pulmonary and systemic haemodynamics during repeated exercise were studied in 28 patients with chronic lung disease of various etiology, 16 of whom suffered from chronic bronchitis. They performed a moderate exercise repeated after a 20 min rest period. Ventilatory variables, blood gas tensions, cardiac output and vascular pressures (right ventricular end-diastolic, pulmonary arterial, wedge and systemic arterial) were measured at rest, during exercise and again at rest and during the same exercise.
2. Ventilation and blood gas tensions were similar during the two rest and exercise periods; there was, however, a slightly significant difference in oxygen consumption and hydrogen ion concentration between the first and the second exercise period. Pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures were lower during the second rest and exercise, right ventricular filling pressure was lower at rest, and systemic arterial pressure during the second exercise. Cardiac output and pulmonary vascular resistance were unchanged.
3. Changes in systemic arterial pressure were significantly different in a group of patients with arterial oxygen desaturation or perfusion defects, compared with those patients without such impairment.
Propranolol and the Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia in Normal Man
Authors: Patrick J. M. , Tutty Janice , Pearson S. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect on respiration of a single dose of propranolol has been studied in normal subjects.
2. The degree of β-adrenoreceptor blockade was assessed in terms of the impaired heart-rate response to progressive exercise and the plasma propranolol concentration.
3. No effect of propranolol was demonstrated on either the ventilatory response to rebreathing CO2 in hyperoxia, or the response to progressive isocapnic hypoxia. Simple indices of maximal expiratory flow (FEV1.0% and PEFR) were also unchanged.
4. The absence of any effect of propranolol on the chemical control of breathing in man is discussed in relation to the conflicting literature.
The Effect of Established β-Adrenoreceptor-Blocking Therapy on the Release of Cytosolic and Lysosomal Enzymes after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Man
Authors: Welman Elizabeth , Fox K. M. , Selwyn A. P. , Carroll Brenda J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Serial venous blood samples were obtained from 45 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Ten of these patients were receiving β-adrenoreceptor-blocking drugs at the time of onset of chest pain and continued on these drugs during their stay in the coronary care unit. The activities of creatine kinase and its MB-isoenzyme (CK-MB) were assayed in the plasma. A lysosomal enzyme, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, was also assayed.
2. In the 35 untreated patients it was found that creatine kinase activity was maximal at a mean time of 21.3 ± 1.3 h after the onset of chest pain, whereas in the patients receiving β-adrenoreceptor-blocking drugs peak activity of the enzyme occurred at 24.4 ± 0.7 h.
3. Peak CK-MB activity was also delayed from 18.1 ± 1.6 h in the control group to 22.4 ± 1.2 h in the treated patients.
4. The lysosomal enzyme showed a similar pattern of changes to that of CK-MB. Maximum activity in plasma occurred at 18.0 ± 1.0 h after the onset of chest pain in the control group of patients. In the treated patients peak lysosomal enzyme activity was not found until 24.2 ± 1.2 h.
5. These alterations in the time-course of plasma enzyme changes after acute myocardial infarction are consistent with the suggestion that β-receptor antagonists may delay tissue damage during myocardial ischaemia.
Hypoxanthine—Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase Activity in Blood and Skeletal Muscles of Normal and Dystrophic Mice
Authors: Neerunjun J. S. , Allsop Jennifer , Dubowitz V. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity was measured in erythrocyte haemolysates and quadriceps muscle extracts of normal and dystrophic 129 ReJ and C57 BL/6J mice with [8-14C]hypoxanthine as substrate and 5-phosphorylribose 1-pyrophosphate as a ribose 5-phosphate donor. [8-14C]Inosine monophosphate formed was separated by high-voltage electrophoresis and radioactivity was measured by liquid-scintillation counting.
2. In erythrocyte haemolysates, HGPRT activity was similar in normal and dystrophic C57 BL/6J mice but was significantly higher in dystrophic than in normal 129 ReJ mice. Elevated enzyme activity was observed only in mice that were clinically severely affected.
3. In muscle homogenates, HGPRT activity was significantly higher in dystrophic than in normal animals of both 129 ReJ and C57 BL/6J mice. Enzyme activity was not related to the severity of the disease.
4. It is suggested that changes in erythrocytes are secondary to the dystrophic process and that elevated HGPRT activity in skeletal muscle may be related to abnormal energy metabolism, possibly via the pentose monophosphate shunt.
Brain Catecholamines and Catecholamine-Synthesizing Enzymes in Renovascular Hypertension in the Rat
Authors: Petty Margaret A. , Reid John L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Noradrenaline content of several rat brain stem and hypothalamic nuclei falls transiently at 72 h after initiation of renovascular hypertension (one-kidney Goldblatt model).
2. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity is significantly reduced in posterior, paraventricular and periventricular nuclei of hypothalamus at this time but returns to control value by 7 days.
3. Treatment with hydrallazine, 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally, twice daily or methoxamine, 5 mg/kg, three times daily for 3 days respectively raises and lowers the noradrenaline content of brain nuclei, suggesting that short-term changes in noradrenaline may be secondary to afferent baroreceptor input.
4. At later times after the development of renovascular hypertension (7 and 28 days) activity of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase is increased in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the locus coeruleus.
5. Brain catecholamines may participate both early in the development and later in the maintenance of renovascular hypertension.
Renal Release of Active and Inactive Renin in Essential and Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Derkx F. H. M. , Verhoeven R. P. , Wenting G. J. , in 't Veld A. J. Man , Schalekamp M. A. D. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Active and acid-activable inactive renin were measured in renal venous and arterial plasma of 18 patients with essential hypertension (EHT) and 19 patients with renovascular hypertension (RVHT). In seven patients with EHT and in 11 patients with RVHT measurements were made before and 25–35 min after an intravenous injection of 300 mg of diazoxide.
2. Under basal conditions the renal vein to artery ratios for active and inactive renin in EHT ranged from 0·71 to 1·96 and from 0·68 to 1·44 respectively. In 14 patients with RVHT the renal vein to artery ratio for active renin on the affected side was above the range found in EHT and in six of them the renal vein to artery ratio for inactive renin was also elevated.
3. The diazoxide-induced release of active renin from kidneys, which had a stenotic artery but were not seriously contracted, was associated with a fall of the renal vein to artery ratio for inactive renin to a value below 1·00.
4. The results indicate that changes in the release of active and inactive renin do not always run in parallel. The findings are compatible with the hypothesis that circulating inactive renin can be activated in the kidney.
Renin Secretion by the Human Kidney
Authors: Birkenhäger W. H. , De Leeuw P. W. , Falke H. E. , Van Soest G. A. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. 20 subjects with uncomplicated essential hypertension were studied, 10 of whom were on propranolol treatment. Several blood samples for determination of total and active renin were drawn simultaneously from the renal artery and vein after angiographic studies.
2. In all patients renal blood flow was measured by Hippuran-clearance at the time of blood sampling. Intrarenal blood flow was assessed by xenon-washout.
3. The results indicate that under basal conditions renin is secreted mainly in the active form, although secretion of inactive renin does occur. During propranolol treatment there is a tendency for secretion of active renin to be reduced.