bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased tumor distribution and expression of histidine‐rich plasmid polyplexes
Authors: Leng Qixin , Chou Szu‐Ting , Scaria Puthupparampil V. , Woodle Martin C. , Mixson A. James 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundSelecting nonviral carriers for in vivo gene delivery is often dependent on determining the optimal carriers from transfection assays in vitro. The rationale behind this in vitro strategy is to cast a net sufficiently wide to identify the few effective carriers of plasmids for in vivo studies. Nevertheless, many effective in vivo carriers may be overlooked by this strategy because of the marked differences between in vitro and in vivo assays.MethodsAfter solid‐phase synthesis of linear and branched histidine/lysine (HK) peptides, the two peptide carriers were compared for their ability to transfect MDA‐MB‐435 tumor cells in vitro and then in vivo.ResultsBy contrast to their transfection activity in vitro, the linear H2K carrier of plasmids was far more effective in vivo compared to the branch H2K4b. Surprisingly, negatively‐charged polyplexes formed by the linear H2K peptide gave higher transfection in vivo than did those with a positive surface charge. To examine the distribution of plasmid expression within the tumor from H2K polyplexes, we found widespread expression by immunohistochemical staining. With a fluorescent tdTomato expressing‐plasmid, we confirmed a pervasive distribution and gene expression within the tumor mediated by the H2K polyplex.ConclusionsAlthough mechanisms underlying the efficiency of gene expression are probably multifactorial, unpacking of the H2K polyplex within the tumor appears to have a significant role. Further development of these H2K polyplexes represents an attractive approach for plasmid‐based therapies of cancer. © 2014 The Authors. The Journal of Gene Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrastructure of spermatozoa of orsolobidae (Haplogynae, Araneae) with implications on the evolution of sperm transfer forms in Dysderoidea
Authors: Lipke Elisabeth , Ramírez Martín J. , Michalik Peter 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTCover illustration. Haplogynae are highly diverse group of spiders with respect to the primary male genital system and sperm characteristics. Within this group, different sperm transfer forms evolved, i.e., individually transferred sperm (cleistospermia), sperm conjugates (primary and secondary sperm conjugates). In this issue of the Journal of Morphology, Lipke et al. (pp. 1238–1257 10.1002/jmor.20298) study the evolution of sperm transfer forms in Orsolobidae by using histology, TEM and X‐ray microscopy. The cover image shows a 3D‐reconstruction of a sperm conjugate of Tasmanoonops alipes comprising two spermatozoa that are arranged opposed to each other.
Glucose and glycerol concentrations and their tracer enrichment measurements using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Bornø Andreas , Foged Lene , van Hall Gerrit 
Published: October 2014

The present study describes a new liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for high‐throughput quantification of glucose and glycerol in human plasma using stable isotopically labeled internal standards and is suitable for simultaneous measurements of glucose and glycerol enrichments in connection to in vivo metabolic studies investigating glucose turnover and lipolytic rate. Moreover, in order to keep up with this new fast analysis, simple derivatization procedures have been developed.Prior to analysis, glucose and glycerol were derivatized using benzoyl chloride in order to form benzoylated derivatives via new simplified fast procedures. For glucose, two internal standards were evaluated, [U‐13C6]glucose and [U‐13C6, D7]glucose, and for glycerol, [U‐13C3, D8]glycerol was used. The method was validated by means of calibration curves, quality control samples, and plasma samples spiked with [6,6‐D2]glucose, [U‐13C6]glucose, and [1,1,2,3,3‐D5]glycerol in order to test accuracy, precision, and recovery of the method. Moreover, post preparative and freeze‐thaw sample stability were tested.The correlation of calibration curves for the glucose concentration were r2 = 0.9998 for [U‐13C6]glucose and r2 = 0.9996 for [U‐13C6, D7]glucose, and r2 = 0.9995 for the glycerol concentration. Interday accuracy for glucose using [U‐13C6]glucose and glycerol determined in spiked plasma were respectively 103.5% and 106.0%, and the coefficients of variation were 2.0% and 9.7%, respectively. After derivatization, plasma samples were stable for at least 14 days.In conclusion, we have developed and validated a novel, accurate, and sensitive high‐throughput liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of glucose and glycerol concentrations and enrichment of infused tracers most commonly used in human metabolic kinetic studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Projected changes in extreme precipitation characteristics for Central Eastern Germany (21st century, model‐based analysis)
Authors: Schwarzak Susann , Hänsel Stephanie , Matschullat Jörg 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTChanges in frequency, duration and/or intensity of extreme precipitation events, such as heavy precipitation or drought, profoundly impact both society and the natural environment. Regional climate models are valuable tools to assess any future progress of such events, and to complement the development of regional and local adaptation and mitigation strategies – here for the model region Dresden within the REGKLAM project. Multi‐model approaches may alleviate some of the problems related to uncertainties of projected changes.The bandwidth of future climate conditions in Central Eastern Germany has been estimated, using 12 regional climate projections in daily resolution as simulated within the EU‐project ENSEMBLES (emission scenario A1B). Validation of the model runs against an observation data set displayed significant difficulties of the models to describe the regional precipitation characteristics. Shortcomings are particularly obvious in realistically simulating dry period characteristics, likely due to an overestimation of precipitation totals. Most models agree in the projection of more frequent and longer‐lasting drought events during summer, while wet phase frequency and persistence is projected to increase in winter. Extreme precipitation events (99th percentile) are likely to increase by the end of the 21st century in most seasons – even in summer, despite projected decreasing average precipitation.The suggested display of all individual model results allows comparing the characteristics and the trend behaviour of the individual regional climate projections. This supports selecting the suitable model(s) for specific impact modelling demands.
Multi‐dataset comparison of gridded observed temperature and precipitation extremes over China
Authors: Yin Hong , Donat Markus G. , Alexander Lisa V. , Sun Ying 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTFive gridded datasets containing measures of temperature and precipitation extremes over the past five decades over China are compared. Time series, spatial averages and trends in China's coldest and warmest days and nights and wettest days are estimated from these datasets that vary in their station network density, interpolation procedures and the order in which extremes are calculated. We find that country‐wide trends in temperature extremes are coherent irrespective of dataset choice although actual values are generally smaller in the dataset in which indices are calculated from daily interpolated grids rather than from station points. There are also some regional differences in trends especially over regions with sparse data networks, e.g. the Tibetan Plateau. Averaged across China, trends calculated over the period 1961–2009 vary from a minimum of 0.13 °C decade−1(hottest day) to 0.65 °C decade−1(coldest night). The coldest day and night have tended to warm faster than the warmest day and night. Trends in precipitation extremes are much less coherent spatially and can be positive or negative depending on the choice of dataset. The length of station record chosen is also vital to eliminate spurious trends. The results have important implications for detection and attribution and model evaluation studies.
A critical evaluation of film thickness‐derived pressure–viscosity coefficients
Authors: Bair Scott 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA single parameter, the pressure–viscosity coefficient, α, quantifies the pressure dependence of the viscosity of the liquid in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). Most published values of α have not been obtained from measurements of viscosity as a function of pressure. Rather, these effective pressure–viscosity coefficients have been derived from the measurement of the EHL film thickness, a more difficult procedure. In this article, five well‐characterized liquids that should be Newtonian in the EHL inlet are identified for which film‐derived coefficients have been reported. These coefficients are compared with coefficients derived from published viscosity correlations and new viscosity measurements. The film‐derived coefficients are found to not be an accurate representation of the piezoviscous response. The procedure of deriving a pressure–viscosity coefficient from a film thickness measurement does not offer an alternative to the simpler and easier viscometer measurement. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Curaua Fibers/Epoxy Laminates with Improved Mechanical Properties: Effects of Fiber Treatment Conditions
Authors: Cardoso Paulo H. M. , Bastian Fernando L. , Thiré Rossana M. S. M. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe use of lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcement in polymer composites has increased worldwide recently. Vegetal fibers have low cost and they are commonly available in Brazil. The curaua fibers in particular are of great importance for the development of the Amazon region. The mechanical behavior of the composites reinforced with fibers depends on the effectiveness of the transfer of the applied load by the matrix to the fibers, which is determined by the magnitude of the interfacial bonding between fiber/matrix phases. In this paper, curaua fibers were treated with 0.25–2% (w/v) NaOH solution under tensile loading to improve fiber‐matrix adhesion in curaua fibers/epoxy laminates. Composites with 40 vol.% curaua fibers were obtained. Maximum improvement in the composite properties was observed for those containing curaua fibers treated with 0.5% NaOH under tensile loading. Composites with good bending properties were obtained by using a simple, low cost and environmental friendly method for curaua treatment. This method employed low concentration of chemical solutions, which are neutralized during the process, and no need of heating.
Spatiotemporal phase unwrapping for real‐time phase‐contrast flow MRI
Authors: Untenberger Markus , Hüllebrand Markus , Tautz Lennart , Joseph Arun A. , Voit Dirk , Merboldt K. Dietmar , Frahm Jens 
Published: October 2014

PurposeTo develop and evaluate a practical phase unwrapping method for real‐time phase‐contrast flow MRI using temporal and spatial continuity.MethodsReal‐time phase‐contrast MRI of through‐plane flow was performed using highly undersampled radial FLASH with phase‐sensitive reconstructions by regularized nonlinear inversion. Experiments involved flow in a phantom and the human aorta (10 healthy subjects) with and without phase wrapping for velocity encodings of 100 cm·s−1 and 200 cm·s−1. Phase unwrapping was performed for each individual cardiac cycle and restricted to a region of interest automatically propagated to all time frames. The algorithm exploited temporal continuity in forward and backward direction for all pixels with a “continuous” representation of blood throughout the entire cardiac cycle (inner vessel lumen). Phase inconsistencies were corrected by a comparison with values from direct spatial neighbors. The latter approach was also applied to pixels exhibiting a discontinuous signal intensity time course due to movement‐induced spatial displacements (peripheral vessel zone).ResultsPhantom and human flow MRI data were successfully unwrapped. When halving the velocity encoding, the velocity‐to‐noise ratio (VNR) increased by a factor of two.ConclusionThe proposed phase unwrapping method for real‐time flow MRI allows for measurements with reduced velocity encoding and increased VNR. Magn Reson Med 74:964–970, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intelligente Kamera für schnelle Zeilenbildauswertung
Authors: Beising Michael 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie Smart Camera von EVT ermöglicht es, Bildauswertungen von Zeilensensoren in Hochgeschwindigkeit, in einem kompakten Kameragehäuse zu realisieren. Die Kamera basiert auf dem Xilinx Zynq FPGA/Prozessor SoC (System on Chip Design), das zwei ARM Prozessoren mit 48 000 Logic‐Gattern auf einem Chip vereint. Da das gesamte System um den Xilinx SoC aufgebaut ist, konnten die Maße der Smart Camera sehr kompakt gehalten werden, die betragen gerade mal 64 × 47 × 29 mm. Dank der energieeffizienten ARM‐Technologie beträgt die maximale Leistungsaufnahme vier Watt. Dadurch lässt sich die Kamera komplett passiv über das Gehäuse kühlen (Abb. 1).
Synthesis and evaluation of the thermal properties of biosourced poly(ether)ureas and copoly(ether)ureas from 1,4:3,6‐dianhydrohexitols
Authors: Medimagh Raouf , Smaidia Maissa Meddeb , Bennour Haythem , Chatti Saber 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA new series of poly(ether)ureas were prepared by solution polyaddition of three diamines based on 1,4:3,6‐dianhydrohexitols with three types of diisocyanate. The corresponding poly(ether)ureas were obtained with high yields. They were characterized by various analytical techniques (NMR, TGA and differential thermal analysis, DSC). NMR spectroscopy allowed us to confirm structure type and to optimize reaction conditions and DSC proved the high thermal properties of the products obtained (Tg and Tm in the range 126 − 158 °C and 235 − 330 °C respectively). Then, copoly(ether)ureas partially based on commercial diamines were synthesized in order to reduce polymer cost and tune their thermal behaviour. The reactivity of both diamines was evaluated by their incorporation in the polymer by means of NMR spectra. Then their thermal properties were compared with fully commercial diamine based polyureas by DSC studies. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermodynamic study of the ternary system gallium‐arsenic‐bismuth
Authors: Elayech N. , Fitouri H. , Essouda Y. , Rebey A. , El Jani B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBinary thermodynamic data, successfully used for phase diagram calculations of binary system Ga‐As, Ga‐Bi and As‐Bi were used for prediction of phase equilibria in ternary Ga‐As‐Bi system. The parameters for the thermodynamic models of the constituent binary systems and those for the Ga‐As‐Bi system are optimized in this study using data on phase equilibria and data on the different alloys available in the literature and calculated in the present work. The implications of the phase data for solution epitaxy are discussed. The liquidus surface and isothermal section were calculated. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In vivo isotopically labeled atherosclerotic aorta plaques in ApoE KO mice and molecular profiling by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging
Authors: Castro‐Perez Jose , Hatcher Nathan , Kofi Karikari Nana , Wang Sheng‐Ping , Mendoza Vivienne , Shion Henry , Millar Alan , Shockcor John , Towers Mark , McLaren David , Shah Vinit , Previs Stephen , Akinsanya Karen , Cleary Michele , Roddy Thomas P. , Johns Douglas G. 
Published: October 2014

RATIONALEThe ability to quantify rates of formation, regression and/or remodeling of atherosclerotic plaque should facilitate a better understanding of the pathogenesis and management of cardiovascular disease. In the current study, we coupled a stable isotope labeled tracer protocol with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) to examine spatial and temporal lipid dynamics in atherosclerotic plaque.METHODSTo promote plaque formation in the aorta region, ApoE KO mice were fed a high cholesterol diet (0.15% cholesterol) and orally dosed with (2,2,3,4,4,6‐d6)‐cholesterol over several weeks. Tissue sections of ~10 µm thickness were analyzed by MALDI‐MSI using matrix deposition by either chemical sublimation or acoustic droplet ejection.RESULTSMALDI‐MSI yielded distinct spatial distribution information for a variety of lipid classes including specific lysophosphatidylcholines typically associated with atherosclerosis‐related tissue damage such as phospholipase 2 (Lp‐PLA2) that mediate chemotactic responses to inflammation (e.g. LPC 16:0, LPC 18:0 and LPC 18:1) as well as free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters that contribute to atheroma formation. MALDI mass spectra acquired from aorta tissue sections clearly distinguished non‐esterified and esterified versions of (2,2,3,4,4,6‐d6)‐cholesterol within aortic plaque regions and showed distinct spatial accumulation of the cholesterol tracer.CONCLUSIONSThe ability to couple stable isotope based protocols with MALDI‐MSI enables a novel strategy to characterize the effects of therapeutic treatments on atherosclerotic plaque formation, regression and potential remodeling of the complex lipid components with high chemical specificity and spatiotemporal information. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silver dopants for targeted and untargeted direct analysis of unsaturated lipids via infrared matrix‐assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR‐MALDESI)
Authors: Meier Florian , Garrard Kenneth P. , Muddiman David C. 
Published: October 2014

RATIONALEUnsaturated lipids play a crucial role in cellular processes as signaling factors, membrane building blocks or energy storage molecules. However, adequate mass spectrometry imaging of this diverse group of molecules remains challenging. In this study we implemented silver cationization for direct analysis by infrared matrix‐assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR‐MALDESI) to enhance the ion abundances for olefinic lipids and facilitate peak assignment.METHODSTrace amounts of silver nitrate were doped into the electrospray solvent of an IR‐MALDESI imaging source coupled to an Orbitrap mass analyzer. Calcifediol was examined as a model compound to demonstrate the effect of silver dopants on sensitivity and assay robustness. Dried human serum spots were subsequently analyzed to compare Ag‐doped solvents with previously described solvent compositions. Mass differences as well as ion abundance ratio filters were employed to interpret results based on the characteristic isotopic pattern of silver.RESULTSOlefinic lipids were readily observed as silver adducts in IR‐MALDESI analyses. Silver cationization decreased the limit of detection for calcifediol by at least one order of magnitude and was not affected in complex biological matrices. The ion abundance ratio and mass difference of [M + 107Ag+]+ and [M + 109Ag+]+ were successfully applied to facilitate the spectral assignment of silver adducts. Overall, silver cationization increased the analyte coverage in human serum by 43% compared with a standard IR‐MALDESI approach.CONCLUSIONSSilver cationization has been shown to enhance IR‐MALDESI sensitivity and selectivity for unsaturated lipids, even when applied to complex samples. Increased compound coverage, enhanced robustness as well as the developed tools for peak assignment and mapping of isotopic patterns will clearly benefit future mass spectrometry imaging studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The defense in‐depth approach to the protection for browsing users against drive‐by cache attacks
Authors: Lai Yeu‐Pong , Wu Wei‐Feng 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBecause of the evolution of cloud computing techniques, web browsing becomes the main function for persons using computers. Researchers are then devoted to the study of the attack characteristics for delaminating the attacks via Web connections. Because these defense technologies on the server side have great progress, attackers therefore target to the other side, the client side of personal computers. Drive‐by download is the most commonly used method to attack client computers, which exploits software vulnerabilities on the computers to secretly download and install malware. That is used to collect information on the affected computers or take those as hops to the next victims. Because of the protection technology improved and user awareness educated, attackers developed a new variety type of attacks named ‘drive‐by cache’ that has different attack steps and counterfeit file extension from the original ‘drive‐by download’. The changes elude those existed detection methods. This paper proposed a depth defense scheme to detect and prevent this type of attacks via collaboratively many existing solutions in phases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental period of irregular concentrically braced steel frame structures
Authors: Young Kelly , Adeli Hojjat 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents the results of investigation on the fundamental periods of concentrically braced frame (CBF) structures with varying geometric irregularities. A total of 12 CBFs are designed and analyzed. On the basis of the results obtained from vibration theory, equations for the approximate fundamental periods are put forth for CBFs, which take into account vertical and horizontal irregularities. Through statistical comparison, it was found that a three‐variable power model that is able to account for irregularities resulted in a better fit to the Rayleigh data than equations that were dependent on height only. The proposed equations were validated through a comparison of available measured period data for CBFs. These proposed equations will allow design engineers to quickly and to accurately estimate the fundamental period of CBF structures by taking into account irregularities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel discovery algorithms for interference avoidance in smart grid communication networks: a survey
Authors: Wang Teng‐Hui , Chen Hsiao‐Hwa 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSmart grid technology has attracted a lot of attention in the communication and power engineering communities because of its high efficiency and environmental friendly power production and delivery. Smart grid communication networks act as not only a bridge between the end power users and the utility but also a backbone of the entire smart grid system. It is a challenging task to deploy smart grid communication networks because of interference‐intensive environment. The goal of this paper is to explore various issues on deployment of smart grid communication networks. The first half of this paper provides a survey on smart grid communication networks. The background of smart grid communication networks is introduced, and the IEEE 802.15.4g standard for smart utility networks is reviewed. In addition, the issues on network topology and routing protocols of smart utility networks are addressed, followed by the discussions on optimizing gateway deployment. Various methods for addressing coexistence issues in smart grid communication networks are presented. The second half of this paper is to propose a channel discovery algorithm exploiting the inherent CSMA/CA mechanism in the protocols. Because of the use of CSMA/CA mechanism and up‐to‐date channel status table, the proposed algorithm can quickly find an available channel for transmission when interferences occur. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.