bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les origines ludiques de la notion de monnaie
Authors: Wendling Thierry 
Published: June 2015

Dans cet article, je rappelle que les théories actuelles font l'impasse sur le rôle essentiel de l'argent dans beaucoup de jeux contemporains pour rendre compte de l'origine de la monnaie. À côté des explications plus économistes comme celle du troc, les regards anthropologiques sur les premiers usages monétaires se focalisent en effet sur le paiement de la fiancée, la dette, les échanges cérémoniels, les sacrifices… mais ne disent mot des paris ou des récompenses qui accompagnent les jeux. De nombreux exemples tant ethnographiques qu'historiques (du wampum nord-amérindien aux jeux homériques) montrent pourtant une association étroite entre les premiers instruments monétaires et les pratiques ludiques. Un double obstacle semble avoir jusqu'aujourd'hui occulté ce constat : la monnaie serait une chose trop sérieuse pour y déceler des origines ludiques, le jeu serait dénaturé dès lors qu'il est attaché à l'argent. Or poser la question des origines ludiques de la monnaie fait revenir aux propos fondateurs de Mauss qui affirmait non seulement la nature (pré)monétaire des cuivres de Colombie britannique mais aussi le caractère ludique du potlatch ! En conclusion, j'invite à intégrer cette dimension ludique dans la réflexion sur les origines de la monnaie (sans affirmer pour autant que la monnaie n'aurait qu'une origine ludique, ce qui serait absurde).
Evaluation of a Vacuum Technique to Estimate Abundance of Waste Barley
Authors: Hanna Everett E. , Schummer Michael L. , Petrie Scott A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Reliable estimates of seasonal waste-grain abundance are needed for wildlife conservation and management because these resources influence carrying capacity, behavior, and movement of birds. We tested efficacy and precision of a vacuum-sampling device for collecting waste barley Hordeum vulgare at Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada, 2011 and 2012. We used a Stihl BG 65E blower-vac to sample barley following methodology developed to sample moist-soil seeds. We collected samples by vacuum sampling (n = 51) and hand-picking (n = 51) in three randomly selected cut barley fields to estimate the proportion collected by vacuum sampling. We also collected experimental samples (n = 72) to estimate percent recovery using predetermined densities of dyed barley. Because our results were more variable and our percent recovery was less than published values, we acquired the blower-vac unit (BG 85) used in the moist-soil seed study to test for an equipment effect by repeating our experiments in 2012. We tested for equipment effects on percent recovery using generalized linear mixed-effect models with our observational and experimental data sets while controlling for spatial autocorrelation. Our analysis suggested that equipment type did not account for differences in percent recovery. Hand-picking yielded more precise estimates of waste barley density (x¯ = 97.1%, SD = 7.67%, n = 60) as compared with the blower-vacs under natural conditions (BG 65E: x¯ = 19.2%, SD = 96.0%, n = 27; BG 85: x¯ = 27.0%, SD = 40.37%, n = 24). Although the technique was not effective here for waste barley, we suggest that further research into small cereal grain applications is warranted.
Activated NKT Cells Can Condition Different Splenic Dendritic Cell Subsets To Respond More Effectively to TLR Engagement and Enhance Cross-Priming
Authors: Osmond Taryn L. , Farrand Kathryn J. , Painter Gavin F. , Ruedl Christiane , Petersen Troels R. , Hermans Ian F. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The function of dendritic cells (DCs) can be modulated through multiple signals, including recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, as well as signals provided by rapidly activated leukocytes in the local environment, such as innate-like T cells. In this article, we addressed the possibility that the roles of different murine DC subsets in cross-priming CD8+ T cells can change with the nature and timing of activatory stimuli. We show that CD8α+ DCs play a critical role in cross-priming CD8+ T cell responses to circulating proteins that enter the spleen in close temporal association with ligands for TLRs and/or compounds that activate NKT cells. However, if NKT cells are activated first, then CD8α− DCs become conditioned to respond more vigorously to TLR ligation, and if triggered directly, these cells can also contribute to priming of CD8+ T cell responses. In fact, the initial activation of NKT cells can condition multiple DC subsets to respond more effectively to TLR ligation, with plasmacytoid DCs making more IFN-α and both CD8α+ and CD8α− DCs manufacturing more IL-12. These results suggest that different DC subsets can contribute to T cell priming if provided appropriately phased activatory stimuli, an observation that could be factored into the design of more effective vaccines.
Outcomes of pediatric glioblastoma treated with adjuvant chemoradiation with temozolomide and correlation with prognostic factors
Authors: Mallick Supriya , Gandhi Ajeet Kumar , Joshi Nikhil P. , Kumar Anupam , Puri Tarun , Sharma Daya Nand , Haresh Kunhi Parambath , Gupta Subhash , Julka Pramod Kumar , Rath Goura Kisor , Sarkar Chitra 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Background: Pediatric glioblastoma (pGBM) patients are underrepresented in major trials for this disease. We aimed to explore the outcome of pGBM patients treated with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ). Materials and Methods: 23 patients of pGBM treated from 2004 to 2010 were included in this retrospective analysis. Adjuvant therapy included conformal radiation 60 gray at 2 gray/fraction daily over 6 weeks with concurrent TMZ 75 mg/m 2 followed by six cycles of adjuvant TMZ 150-200 mg/m 2 (day 1-5) every 4 weeks. Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival (OS) were determined. Univariate analysis with log-rank test was used to determine the impact of prognostic variables on survival. Results: Median age at presentation was 11.5 years (range: 7-19 years) and M:F ratio was 15:8. All patients underwent maximal safe surgical resection; 13 gross total resection and 10 sub-total resection. At a median follow-up of 18 months (range: 2.1-126 months), the estimated median OS was 41.9 months. The estimated median OS for patients receiving only concurrent TMZ was 8 months while that for patients receiving concurrent and adjuvant TMZ was 41.9 months (P = 0.081). Estimated median OS for patients who did not complete six cycles of adjuvant TMZ was 9.5 months versus not reached for those who completed at least six cycles (P = 0.0005). Other prognostic factors did not correlate with survival. Conclusions: Our study shows the benefit of TMZ for pGBM patients. Both concurrent and adjuvant TMZ seem to be important for superior OS in this group of patients.
Transforming growth factor-β1 and TGF-β2 act synergistically in the fibrotic pathway in oral submucous fibrosis: An immunohistochemical observation
Authors: Kamath Venkatesh Viswanath , Krishnamurthy Shruti , Satelur Krishnanand P. , Rajkumar Komali 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Background and objectives: Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF) is a potentially malignant oral disorder which leads to fibrosis of the oral mucosa and has a high rate of malignant transformation. The consumption of various forms of areca nut is causatively linked to the condition. The constituents of areca nut activate several pro-fibrotic cytokines, chiefly transforming growth factor-β1, β2, which leads to an increased deposition and decreased degradation of extracellular matrix and collagen. TGF-β1, β2 probably represent the major pathway in the deposition of collagen fibres in this condition. The present study aims to identify and correlate the expressions of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 immunohistochemically on paraffin sections of various stages of OSF. A comparison was also made between normal oral mucosa and scar tissue and OSF to judge the mode, extent and type of expression of TGF β1, β2. Methods: The expression of TGF-β1 antibody (8A11, NovusBio, USA) and TGF-β2 antibody (TB21, NovusBio, USA) was detected immunohistochemically on paraffin sections of 58 and 70 cases of OSF respectively, 10 cases of normal oral mucosal tissue and 4 cases of scar tissue. A mapping of the positivity of the two cytokines was done using JenOptik camera and ProReg image analysis software. The results were statistically analysed using one way ANOVA and students "t" test. Results: Expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 was more in OSF as compared with normal oral mucosa, scar/keloid tissue showing highest values. Positivity for both the markers was seen in epithelium, around the blood vessels, in areas of inflammatory infiltrate, fibroblasts and in muscles. TGF-β1 expression was higher and more intense than that of TGF-β2 in all the cases. TGF-β2 was restricted in its expression to submucosal area with minimal involvement of the epithelium and the deeper muscle tissue. Conclusion: TGF-β1 is the most prominent cytokine in the fibrotic pathway and TGF-β2 plays a contributory role.
Updates from Gastrointestinal ASCO 2015
Authors: Dawood Shaheenah 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis year at ASCO GI we saw important data presented that has continued to shape the way we treat GI malignancies. Several important questions were addressed. Can we avoid surgery among patients with rectal tumors? Data from a provocative retrospective study indicated that certain subgroups of patients might not need surgery thereby preserving the rectum without compromising survival outcome. What is the role of ramicurumab among patients with advanced colorectal cancers? Data from the phase III RAISE trial revealed that the addition of ramicurumab to second line therapy significantly improved median overall survival. What is the role of immunotherapy in GI malignancies? Interesting results from the KEYNOTE-012 trial was presented that looked at the efficacy of pembriluzumab among patients with advanced gastric cancer with the investigators reporting interesting results of an objective response rate of 22.1% and a 6 months progression free survival of 24%. In this review we will briefly present these and other important highlights of the ASCO GI meeting.
On Non-Archimedean Curves Omitting
Few Components and their Arithmetic Analogues
Authors: Levin Aaron , Tzu-Yueh Wang Julie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLet k be an algebraically closed field completewith respect to a non-Archimedean absolute value of arbitrary characteristic. Let D1 , … , Dn be effective nef divisors intersecting transversally in an n-dimensional nonsingular projective variety X. We study the degeneracy of non-Archimedean analytic maps from k into under various geometric conditions. When X is a rational ruled surface and D1 and D2 are ample, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition such that there is no non-Archimedean analytic map from k into . Using the dictionary between non-Archimedean Nevanlinna theory and Diophantine approximation that originated in earlier work with T. T. H. An, we also study arithmetic analogues of these problems, establishing results on integral points on these varieties over ℤ or the ring of integers of an imaginary quadratic field.
Itinerari geològic, mineralògic i miner per les comarques de l´Alt Urgell i del Pallars Sobirà: des de la Palanca de Noves a la Guardia d´Ares, Taús, Baen, Useu i al Pont de Bresca
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim 
Published: June 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 14 de juliol de 2014[1]. La totalitat del recorregut d´aquest itinerari, discorrerà íntegrament entre els afloraments dels materials paleozoics (en bona part del Devonià, del Silurià i de l´Ordovicià; i també del Carbonífer i del Permià) i dels mesozoics (que en bona part pertanyen al Triàsic) del Sistema Pirinenc. Aquests afloraments es situen dintre del Mantell de Bóixols (situat al Sud del recorregut) i del Mantell de la Zona de les Nogueres (situat als sectors septentrionals del recorregut). És a dir, en tos dos casos, dintre dels geogràficament anomenats Prepirineus Per d´altra banda, la totalitat del recorregut també discorrerà íntegrament per dues comarques de les que constitueixen l´antiga Regió de la Seu d´Urgell – Tremp; concretament per la de L´Alt Urgell, per on començarà i per del Pallars Sobirà, per on finalitzarà. [1] Aquest itinerari és una modificació del recorregut de l´itinerari: ITINERARI GEOLÒGIC, MINERALÒGIC I MINER PER LES COMARQUES DE L´ALT URGELL I DEL PALLARS SOBIRÀ: DES DE LA PALANCA DE NOVES A LA GUARDIA D´ARES I AL PONT DE BRESCA I AL CONGOST DE COLLEGATS / 19B D´OCTUBRE DEL 2013
<b>Educação Superior: universidade e o projeto de formação cidadã</b>
Authors: Morosini Marília Costa , Fernandes Cleoni Maria Barboza 
Published: June 2015

Este texto é resultante de reuniões de estudo e de pesquisa no Centro de Estudos de Educação Superior – CEES e de diferentes produções nos grupos de pesquisa das autoras e se propõe a fazer uma discussão sobre a Educação Superior, universidade, a sociedade e a democratização das práticas sociais, compreendendo que é necessário mirar para processos de internacionalização do campo da Educação e, especialmente neste texto, do campo da Pedagogia Universitária. Contextualiza a temática na crise da modernidade, sinalizando implicações para o compromisso ético-político da universidade, da formação pedagógica de professores e sinaliza para condicionantes socioeconômicos, políticos e culturais.Palavras-chave: Educação Superior, Pedagogia Universitária, compromisso social; CEES.
N

‐Carboxylated‐2‐substituted Indoles and 2,3‐Disubstituted‐2,3‐dihydro‐4‐quinolones from 2‐Alkynylbenzamides
Authors: Okamoto Noriko , Takeda Kei , Yanada* Reiko 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

The article describes the synthesis of indole involving Hofmann‐type rearrangement of 2‐alkynylbenzamides using hypervalent iodine reagent PhI(OAc)2 followed by a nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to an isocyanate intermediate, and platinum(II)‐catalyzed 5‐
endo
cyclization of carbamate nitrogen atom toward an alkyne functionality. It also discusses the strategy for the synthesis of quinolone that involves Hofmann‐type rearrangement of 2‐alkynylbenzamides followed by a nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to an isocyanate intermediate, acid‐catalyzed intermolecular [2+2]‐cycloaddition between the carbon‐carbon triple bonds of carbamates and aldehydes, and acid‐catalyzed intramolecular aminocyclization to the α,β‐unsaturated ketones.
Pd‐Catalyzed External‐CO‐Free Carbonylation: Preparation of 2,4,6‐Trichlorophenyl 3,4‐Dihydronaphthalene‐2‐Carboxylate
Authors: Konishi Hideyuki , Ueda Tsuyoshi , Manabe* Kei , Ciesielski Jennifer , Carreira Erick 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Palladium‐catalyzed carbonylation of organic (pseudo)halides has received much attention because of its versatility for the synthesis of carbonyl‐containing compounds. This article discusses the preparation of 2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl 3,4‐dihydronaphthalene‐2‐carboxylate using Pd‐catalyzed external‐CO‐free carbonylation. It also discusses the characterization data of 2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl 3,4‐dihydronaphthalene‐2‐carboxylate.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Direct Amination of Arene C‐H Bonds Using Azides as the Nitrogen Source
Authors: Park Sae Hume , Park Yoonsu , Chang* Sukbok 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

The article reports the practical procedure of the direct
C
‐
H
amination and amidation reaction of arenes using aryl sulfonyl azides as the source of the nitrogen functionality, which releases molecular nitrogen as the single by‐product. This reaction is catalyzed under mild conditions by a cationic rhodium complex [Cp*Rh(III)]2+(
SbF
6
)2 2‐ (Cp*, ?5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) without requiring external oxidants. This procedure offers a very efficient and practical route to aryl amines and amides.
Synthesis of Alkynyliodonium Salts: Preparation of Phenyl(phenylethynyl)iodonium Trifluoroacetate
Authors: Dixon Luke I. , Carroll* Michael A. , Ellames George J. , Gregson Thomas J. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Alkynyliodonium salts are highly versatile reactive intermediates and as such, have been used in a number of cycloaddition reactions including 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions with nitrile‐oxides, diazoketones and azides as well as Diels‐Alder chemistry. This article discusses the preparation procedure of phenyl(phenylethynyl)iodonium trifluoroacetate.
Palladium‐catalyzed 1,4‐Addition of Terminal Alkynes to Conjugated Enones
Authors: Zhou Feng , Chen Liang , Li* Chao‐Jun 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

The development of palladium‐catalyzed CC bond formation reactions has dramatically advanced the “state‐of‐the‐art” of organic synthesis. The well known palladium catalyzed CC bond formation reactions include the Heck reaction, the Stille reaction, the Suzuki reaction, the Trost–Tsuji reaction, and the Sonogashira‐coupling. This article describes the procedure to synthesize various 1,4‐addition products from the terminal alkynes and conjugated enones in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd(OAc)
2
and PMe
3
Cross‐Coupling of Alkenyl/Aryl Carboxylates with Grignard Reagents via Fe‐Catalyzed C‐O Bond Activation
Authors: Li Bi‐Jie , Zhang Xi‐Sha , Shi* Zhang‐Jie , Dhanjee Heemal , Wood John L. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Transition metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions are useful methods to construct
C
‐
C
bonds and have been widely used in organic synthesis. The coupling of carboxylates with Grignard reagents proceeds smoothly with high yield and efficiency under mild conditions. Both cyclic and acyclic alkenyl pivalates give good yields. In the presence of both an alkenyl or aryl ester, the alkenyl pivalate reacted selectively. Aryl pivalates are also capable of reacting, although in a lower yield; however, the reactions of inactivated alkenyl carboxylates such as 1‐cyclohexenyl pivalate have been unsuccessful under these conditions.
Preparation of 5‐Hydroxycyclopentenones Via Conjugate Addition‐Initiated Nazarov Cyclization
Authors: Brooks Joshua L. , Huang Yu‐Wen , Frontier* Alison J. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The Nazarov electrocyclization has become a versatile method for the synthesis of cyclopentenones with a broad range of substitution patterns, with excellent potential as building blocks for complex molecule synthesis. The article describes the synthesis and use of dienyl diketones as substrates in Nazarov cyclizations, initiated by 1,6‐conjugate addition of an amine or malonate nucleophile. A three‐step protocol is employed to prepare the dienyl diketones, and the cyclization produces 5‐hydroxycyclopentenones in high yields.
Synthesis of Arylboronic Pinacol Esters from Corresponding Arylamines
Authors: Qiu Di , Meng He , Jin Liang , Tang Shengbo , Wang Shuai , Mo Fangyang , Zhang Yan , Wang* Jianbo 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The pinacol arylboronates can be accessed by Pd‐catalyzed borylation of arylhalides (Miyaura borylation), or by Ir‐ or Rh‐catalyzed direct borylation via aromatic CH bond activation. The article reports modified reaction conditions, under which the borylation is carried out in MeCN at 80°C without the use of BPO. In most cases, the modified reaction conditions give slightly improved yields.
One‐pot Preparation of (
S
)‐
N
‐[(
S
)‐1‐Hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐1,1‐diphenylpentan‐2‐yl]pyrrolidine‐2‐carboxamide from L‐Proline
Authors: Harnying Wacharee , Duangdee Nongnaphat , Berkessel* Albrecht 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The development of economical and practical one‐pot multistep synthesis is described in this article, in which the reaction product from the initial step is used directly without purification for the next step, thus affording 5 directly from proline. Moreover, the chiral amino alcohol 2, as the coupling partner, can be prepared and used directly without purification from the corresponding amino acid ester 1. For the direct coupling process of proline with 2, the Boc‐protected proline is first generated in situ from proline and Boc2O (1 equiv).8 Successive treatment with ethyl chloroformate and the amino alcohol 2 yields the N‐Boc proline amide 4. Subsequent removal of the Boc‐group using concentrated HCl in MeOH‐CH2Cl2 as a clean, reliable and convenient deprotection method is another key feature of the procedure presented herein
EnantioselectiveRhodium‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Pentenyl Isocyanate and 4‐Ethynylanisole: Preparation and Use of Taddol‐pyrrolidine Phosphoramidite
Authors: Oberg Kevin M. , Martin Timothy J. , Oinen Mark Emil , Dalton Derek M. , Friedman Rebecca Keller , Neely Jamie M. , Rovis* Tomislav 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The procedure in this article describes an improved synthesis of Taddol‐ pyrrolidine phosphoramidite, a chromatography free synthesis of pentenyl isocyanate, and use of these compounds in the enantioselective rhodium‐ catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition of pentenyl isocyanate and 4‐ ethynylanisole.
Synthesis and Use of a Trifluoromethylated Azomethine Ylide Precursor: Ethyl 1‐Benzyl‐
trans
‐5‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidine‐3‐carboxylate
Authors: Allwood Daniel M. , Browne Duncan L. , Ley* Steven V. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The ylide precursor is prepared in a straightforward fashion in two synthetic steps from bulk, readily available starting materials and also it has been shown to perform well in cycloaddition reactions with a set of dipolarophiles that are typically used in mono‐, di‐ and tri‐substituted alkenes, alkynes and diimides. The CF3 group helps impart useful levels of regio‐ and diastereo‐control, with a clear preference for the least sterically encumbered transition state; leading to the 2,4 anti pyrrolidines and 2,4 substituted 3‐pyrrolines as the major isomers which are generally isolable from the mixture by flash column chromatography.
Synthesis of 4,5‐Disubstituted 2‐aminothiazoles from α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones: Preparation of 5‐Benzyl‐4‐methyl‐2‐aminothiazolium Hydrochloride Salt
Authors: Gómez Antonio Bermejo , Ahlsten Nanna , Platero‐Prats Ana E. , Martín‐Matute* Belén 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This article describes the synthesis of 4,5‐disubstitued 2‐aminothiazolium hydrochloride salts. The method is exemplified in the synthesis of 2‐aminothiazole 3 from a readily available enone. High yields of 5‐benzyl‐4‐methyl‐2‐aminothiazolium hydrochloride are obtained in 3 steps, avoiding difficult or expensive purifications. The key step of this process is the tandem allylic alcohol isomerization/C?Cl bond formation catalyzed by iridium, which is a highly efficient method to synthesize α‐(mono)chloroketones selectively.
Synthesis of 1,3‐Dimethyl‐3‐(
p
‐tolyl)‐1
H
‐pyrrolo[3,2‐
c
]pyridin‐2(3
H
)‐one by Cu(
II
)‐Mediated Direct Oxidative Coupling
Authors: Dey Chandan , Peter Kündig* E. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

The
CuCl
2
‐mediated protocol was extended to the synthesis of 3,3‐disubstituted aza‐oxindoles. Compounds containing the aza‐oxindole structural motif exhibit biological activities such as oral anti‐inflammatory activity, and potent
TrkA
kinase and
JAK
3 kinase inhibition. This article discusses the synthesis of 1,3‐dimethyl‐3‐(p‐tolyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[3, 2‐c]pyridine‐2,(3H)‐one by Cu(II)‐mediated direct oxidative coupling.
Preparation of (
R
)‐4‐Cyclohexyl‐2,3‐butadien‐1‐ol
Authors: Ye Juntao , Ma* Shengming , Wu Mingyao , Ma Dawei 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Allenes have become an important class of compounds for the purposes of organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science, therefore, methods for the efficient synthesis of allenes from easily available starting materials are highly desirable. This article discusses the preparation procedure of (R)‐4‐Cyclohexyl‐2,3‐butadien‐1‐ol
Discussion Addendum for: Formation of γ‐Keto Esters from β‐Keto Esters: Methyl 5,5‐dimethyl‐4‐oxohexanoate
Authors: Bhogadhi Yashoda M. D. , Zercher* Charles K. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Methods for the preparation of donor‐acceptor (push‐pull) cyclopropanes for the purpose of incorporating a single carbon between two carbonyl groups have been developed by a number of research groups. This article describes the works of research groups for the formation of α‐keto esters from α‐keto esters