bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal stress and affective disorders in a population birth cohort
Authors: Kleinhaus Karine , Harlap Susan , Perrin Mary , Manor Orly , Margalit‐Calderon Ronit , Opler Mark , Friedlander Yehiel , Malaspina Dolores 
Published: November 2012

Kleinhaus K, Harlap S, Perrin M, Manor O, Margalit‐Calderon R, Opler M, Friedlander Y, Malaspina D. Prenatal stress and affective disorders in a population birth cohort.  Bipolar Disord 2012: 00: 000–000. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Objectives:  Pregnant women exposed to an acute traumatic event are thought to produce offspring with an increased incidence of affective disorders. It is not known whether there are specific times in pregnancy which confer increased vulnerability, or if psychosocial stress alone can increase the incidence of affective disorders in offspring. We examined the relationship of the timing of an acute psychosocial threat during pregnancy to the incidence of affective disorders in offspring using data from a large birth cohort.Methods:  Using data on 90079 offspring born in Jerusalem in 1964–1976 and linked to Israel’s psychiatric registry, we constructed proportional hazards models to evaluate the link between gestational age during the Arab–Israeli war of June 1967 and incidence of mood disorders.Results:  Those in their first trimester of fetal development during the war were more likely to be admitted to hospitals for any mood disorders [relative risk (RR) = 3.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.68–5.39, p = 0.0002]; for bipolar disorder the risk was doubled (RR = 2.44, 95% CI: 0.996–5.99, p = 0.054) and for all ‘other’ mood disorders the risk was tripled (RR = 3.61, 95% CI: 1.68–7.80, p = 0.001). Mood disorders were also increased in offspring whose mothers had been in the third month of pregnancy in June of 1967 (RR = 5.54, 95% CI: 2.73–11.24, p < 0.0001).Conclusions:  A time‐limited exposure to a severe threat during early gestation may be associated with an increased incidence of affective disorders in offspring. The third month of fetal development was a moment of special vulnerability.
Students working with multiple conflicting documents on a scientific issue: Relations between epistemic cognition while reading and sourcing and argumentation in essays
Authors: Bråten Ivar , Ferguson Leila E. , Strømsø Helge I. , Anmarkrud Øistein 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundThere is burgeoning research within educational psychology on both epistemic cognition and multiple‐documents literacy, as well as on relationships between the two constructs.AimTo examine relationships between epistemic cognition concerning the justification of knowledge claims and sourcing and argumentation skills.SampleParticipants were 51 Norwegian undergraduates.MethodThree dimensions of justification were identified in think‐aloud protocols based on students' reading of six documents presenting conflicting claims on the controversial scientific issue of cell phone radiation and health risks: justification by authority, personal justification and justification by multiple sources. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the unique predictability of these dimensions for essay performance after removing variance associated with prior knowledge about the topic of the documents.ResultsAfter controlling for topic knowledge, justification by multiple sources uniquely predicted students' sourcing and argumentation in essays that they wrote after reading the documents, with students trying to justify knowledge claims by corroborating across several sources of information more likely to include explicit source citations, link sources and contents, and display better, more integrated argumentation in their essays.ConclusionFindings are considered in the light of a theoretical framework for multiple‐documents literacy adapted to the domain of science, and both theoretical and educational implications are discussed.
Phylogeny of the sabertoothed felids (Carnivora: Felidae: Machairodontinae)
Authors: Christiansen Per 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn recent years, advances in our understanding of feline relationships have cast light on their evolutionary history. In contrast, there have been no phylogenetic analyses on machairodont felids, making it difficult to develop an evolutionary hypothesis based on the recent surge of studies on their craniomandibular morphology and functional anatomy. In this paper, I provide the first phylogenetic hypothesis of machairodont relationships based on 50 craniomandibular and dental characters from a wide range of sabercats spanning more 11 Myr. Exact searches produced 19 most‐parsimonious trees, and a strict consensus was well resolved. The Machairodontinae comprise a number of basal taxa (Promegantereon, Machairodus, Nimravides, Dinofelis, Metailurus) and a well‐supported clade of primarily Plio‐Pleistocene taxa (Megantereon, Smilodon, Amphimachairodus, Homotherium, Xenosmilus) for which the name Eumachairodontia taxon novum is proposed. Previous phenetic grouping of machairodont taxa into three distinct groups, the Smilodontini, Homotherini and Metailurini, was not supported by cladistic parsimony analysis, and forcing monophyly of these groups was significantly incompatible with character distribution. Machairodonts as a clade are not characterized by saberteeth, i.e. hypertrophied, blade‐like upper canines, but by small lower canines, as well as small M1; and large P3 parastyle. True saberteeth arose later and are a synapomorphy of the Eumachairodontia.
AKT/GSK3β‐Dependent Autophagy Contributes to the Neuroprotection of Limb Remote Ischemic Postconditioning in the Transient Cerebral Ischemic Rat Model
Authors: Qi Zhi‐Feng , Luo Yu‐Min , Liu Xiang‐Rong , Wang Rong‐Liang , Zhao Hai‐Ping , Yan Feng , Song Zhao‐Jing , Luo Mei , Ji Xun‐Ming 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBackgroundLimb remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC) has been recognized as an applicable strategy in protecting against cerebral ischemic injury. However, the time window for application of limb RIPostC and the mechanisms behind RIPostC are still unclear.AimsIn this study, we investigated the protective efficacy and the role of autophagy in limb RIPostC using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model.ResultsLimb RIPostC applied in the early phase of reperfusion reduced infarct size and improved neurological function. Autophagy levels in penumbral tissues were elevated in neurons of limb RIPostC rats, with an increase in the phosphorylation of AKT and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). Blocking the AKT/GSK3β pathway via the AKT inhibitor LY294002 prior to limb RIPostC suppressed the RIPostC‐induced autophagy and resulted in the activation of caspase‐3 in RIPostC rats, suggesting a critical role for AKT/GSK3β‐dependent autophagy in reducing cell death after cerebral ischemia.ConclusionsThese results aid optimization of the time window for RIPostC use and offer novel insight into, and a better understanding of, the protective mechanism of autophagy in limb RIPostC.
Young nasopharyngeal cancer patients with radiotherapy and chemotherapy are most prone to ischaemic risk of stroke: a national database, controlled cohort study
Authors: Chu C.‐N. , Chen P.‐C. , Bai L.‐Y. , Muo C.‐H. , Sung F.‐C. , Chen S.‐W. 
Published: November 2012

ObjectivesThis population‐based cohort study investigated the ischaemic stroke risk of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) by treatment.DesignControlled cohort study.SettingBased on claims data of National Health Research Insurance Database in years 1996–2010.ParticipantsA total of 4615 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma newly diagnosed in 2000–2003 were divided into three subgroups: patients received radiotherapy only, patients received both radiotherapy/chemotherapy and patients received neither radiotherapy nor chemotherapy (non‐radio/chemotherapy). They were compared with 36 919 reference persons without stroke and cancer, frequency matched with demographic characteristics.Main outcome measuresStudy subjects were followed up until 2010 to measure ischaemic stroke incidences. Risks associated with treatment and comorbidity were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis incorporated with the competing risk of deaths.ResultsIschaemic stroke incidence rates were ≈2‐fold higher in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with radiotherapy, radiotherapy/chemotherapy and non‐radio/chemotherapy than in references (13.8, 12.8 and 12.6 versus 6.07 per 1000 person‐years, respectively). The risk was much higher for 20‐ to 39‐year‐old nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with radiotherapy/chemotherapy [hazard ratio (HR) 14.7, 95% confidence interval 9.24–23.4]. Hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and alcoholism also enhanced the risk with hazard ratios ranging from 2.4 to 9.3. The overall adjusted ischaemic stroke risk was higher in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with the two types of treatment than those without, but not significant.ConclusionsPatients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma are at an elevated risk of ischaemic stroke, without significant difference among treatment modalities. The relative risk is more prominent in younger patients. Comorbidity may enhance the risk.
Prescription drug misuse among young adults: Looking across youth cultures
Authors: Kelly Brian C. , Wells Brooke E. , LeClair Amy , Tracy Daniel , Parsons Jeffrey T. , Golub Sarit A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIntroduction and AimsYouth cultures play a key role in the social organisation of drug trends among young people; the current prescription drug misuse trend is no different. The authors evaluated whether patterns of prescription drug misuse differed across several youth cultures.Design and MethodsUsing field survey methods and time–space sampling during 2011, the authors assessed the patterns and prevalence of prescription drug misuse among young adults who are socially active in various urban youth cultures (n = 1781).ResultsThe prevalence of lifetime prescription drug misuse is highest within indie rock scenes (52.5%), electronic dance music scenes (52.1%), lesbian parties (53.8%) and alt scenes (50.9%). Prescription drug misuse was lowest among young adults in hip‐hop scenes (25.0%). These findings were upheld in logistic regression analyses that accounted for demographic differences across youth cultures: indie rock scenes (adjusted odds ratio = 2.11), electronic dance music scenes (adjusted odds ratio = 2.20), lesbian parties (adjusted odds ratio = 2.30) and alt scenes (adjusted odds ratio = 2.65) all reported statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher odds of misuse than college bar scenes. Recent prescription drug misuse mirrored patterns for lifetime misuse.Discussion and ConclusionsThe differing prevalence of prescription drug misuse across distinct youth cultures suggests that the trend has not diffused equally among young people. The differing prevalence across youth cultures indicates that the most efficacious strategies for youth intervention may be targeted approaches that account for the subculturally rooted differences in attitudes and social norms.
Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin as a monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese patients with inadequate glycaemic control: a phase II multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Kaku K. , Inoue S. , Matsuoka O. , Kiyosue A. , Azuma H. , Hayashi N. , Tokudome T. , Langkilde A. M. , Parikh S. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimDapagliflozin is a selective sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor under development as a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study assessed the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin monotherapy in Japanese T2DM patients with inadequate glycaemic control.MethodsPatients (n = 279) were randomized to receive dapagliflozin (1, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/day) or placebo once daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at week 12. Secondary endpoints included change from baseline in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and proportion of patients achieving HbA1c <7.0% at week 12.ResultsSignificant reductions in HbA1c were seen with all dapagliflozin doses (−0.11 to −0.44%) versus placebo (+0.37%). Reductions were also observed in FPG with dapagliflozin (−0.87 to −1.77 mmol/l [−15.61 to −31.94 mg/dl]) versus placebo (+0.62 mmol/l [+11.17 mg/dl]). No significant difference in the proportion of patients achieving HbA1c levels <7.0% was noted with dapagliflozin versus placebo. Adverse events (AEs) were more frequent with dapagliflozin (40.7–53.8%) versus placebo (38.9%) and were mostly mild/moderate in intensity. Three hypoglycaemic events were reported (1 each with placebo, dapagliflozin 2.5 mg and 10 mg). The frequency of signs and symptoms suggestive of urinary tract or genital infections was 0–3.8 and 0–1.8% respectively with dapagliflozin and 1.9 and 0% with placebo. No AEs of pyelonephritis were observed.ConclusionsCompared with placebo, dapagliflozin significantly reduced hyperglycaemia over 12 weeks with a low risk of hypoglycaemia in Japanese T2DM patients with inadequate glycaemic control.
Distributed auditory sensory input within the mouse olfactory cortex
Authors: Varga Adrienn G. , Wesson Daniel W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe mammalian olfactory cortex is commonly considered critical for odor information processing and perception. It is becoming increasingly apparent, however, that the olfactory cortex receives input from multiple sensory channels. Previous work from our group demonstrated the presence of auditory sensory convergence within one olfactory cortical structure, the olfactory tubercle (OT). Interestingly, anatomical evidence for auditory input into the neighboring olfactory piriform cortex (PCX) posits the possibility that auditory sensory input is a distributed property of the olfactory cortex. To address this question, we performed in vivo extracellular recordings from the OT and PCX of anesthetized mice and measured modulations in unit firing in the presence of tones. In support for auditory sensory input being a distributed feature of the olfactory cortex, we found that 29% of units sampled within the PCX display tone‐evoked responses. This population compares with that found within the OT using the same stimuli (37%). While overall tone‐evoked response magnitudes were comparable between the two structures, tone signal : noise was significantly greater within the OT than in the PCX. No effect of tone frequency (1–55 kHz) was found within either structure, with most units being narrowly tuned to a single frequency. These results suggest that a major portion of odor‐evoked output from the olfactory bulb (i.e. that entering the OT and PCX) is subject to auditory sensory input in a manner that may modulate odor information processing, odor‐guided behaviors and perception.
Conditioned enhancement of firing rates and synchrony of hippocampal neurons and firing rates of motor cortical neurons in rats
Authors: Sakurai Yoshio , Takahashi Susumu 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the potential ability of neuronal groups to enhance their activities by conditioning without behaviors. We employed a method of neuronal operant conditioning in which increments in the firing rates and synchrony of closely neighboring neurons in the motor cortex and hippocampus were rewarded in the absence of behaviors. Rats were trained to engage in a free‐operant task in which nose‐poke behaviors were rewarded in session 1, and firing rates and synchrony above preset criteria were rewarded in sessions 2 and 3, respectively. The firing rates of motor cortical and hippocampal neuron groups were found to increase rapidly in session 2 similarly to the nose‐poke behavior in session 1. Placing contingency of reward on firing synchrony resulted in selective enhancement of firing synchrony of only hippocampal neurons in session 3. Control experiments revealed that the enhancement of neuronal firing was not attributable to increments of superstitious behaviors or excitation caused by reward delivery. Analysis of the firing rates and synchrony of individual neurons and neuron pairs in each group revealed that the firing rates and synchrony of some but not all neurons and neuron pairs increased in each group. No enhancement was observed in any neurons and neuron pairs recorded by neighboring electrodes not used for conditioning. These results suggest that neuronal operant conditioning enhances the firing rates and synchrony of only some neurons in small restricted areas. The present findings are expected to contribute to further research into neurorehabilitation and neuroprosthesis.
Bicuculline‐ and neurosteroid‐sensitive tonic chloride current in rat hypoglossal motoneurons and atypical dual effect of SR95531
Authors: Chesnoy‐Marchais Dominique 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHypoglossal motoneurons (HMs) are known to be under ‘permanent’ bicuculline‐sensitive inhibition and to show ‘transient’ synaptic γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A and glycine inhibitory responses. The present paper describes a permanent bicuculline‐sensitive current that should contribute to their tonic inhibition. This current was recorded in brainstem slices superfused without any exogenous agonist and remained detectable with tetrodotoxin. It could also be blocked by the other GABAA antagonists picrotoxin (PTX) and 2‐(3‐carboxypropyl)‐3‐amino‐6‐(4 methoxyphenyl)pyridazinium bromide) (SR95531; gabazine), but persisted in the presence of a specific blocker of α5‐containing GABAA receptors. Addition of 2 μm 4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4‐c]pyridin‐3‐ol hydrochloride (THIP), known to preferentially activate GABAA receptors devoid of a γ‐subunit, induced a sustained anionic current that could be further enhanced by neurosteroids such as allopregnanolone (100 nm). Thus, HMs show a tonic inhibitory current carried by extrasynaptic γ‐free GABAA receptors, highly sensitive to neurosteroids. A second result was obtained by using SR95531 at concentrations sufficiently high to rapidly block the tonic current above the chloride equilibrium potential (ECl). Surprisingly, below ECl, SR95531 (10–40 μm) activated a sustained inward current, associated with a conductance increase, and resistant to bicuculline or PTX (100 μm). Similarly, after blockade of the bicuculline‐sensitive current, SR95531 activated an outward current above ECl. The bicuculline‐resistant anionic current activated by SR95531 could be blocked by a GABAC receptor antagonist. Thus, two types of inhibitory GABA receptors, belonging to the GABAA and GABAC families, are able to show a sustained activity in HMs and provide promising targets for neuroprotection under overexcitatory situations known to easily damage these particularly fragile neurons.
Extended‐release antiepileptic drugs: A comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters relative to original immediate‐release formulations
Authors: Leppik Ilo E. , Hovinga Collin A. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryMany antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have short half‐lives with large fluctuations in peak‐to‐trough plasma concentrations. Consequences of these pharmacokinetic (PK) properties may include adverse events (AEs) and breakthrough seizures, potentially leading to poor adherence. To address these challenges, newer formulations of these AEDs have been developed using unique extended‐release (ER) technologies. These technologies extend the dosing interval such that dosing frequency can be minimized, which may improve patient adherence. Available ER formulations have the potential to minimize the spikes in maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) at steady‐state that often contribute to AEs during treatment with immediate‐release (IR) products. In so doing, tolerability advantages may lead to increased AED effectiveness by improving adherence and allowing higher doses if clinically indicated. Direct PK comparison studies of IR and ER formulations (e.g., carbamazepine, divalproate sodium, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, levetiracetam, and phenytoin) have found that dose‐normalized ER formulations may or may not be bioequivalent to their IR counterparts, but most ER formulations have a lower fluctuation index ([Cmax–Cmin]/Cavg) compared with the IR versions. This results in flatter concentration‐time plots. Not all ER preparations improve the various PK parameters to the same extent, and PK nuances may impact the effectiveness, tolerability, and adherence rates of various ER formulations.
Galanin is a modulator of eccrine sweat gland secretion
Authors: Bovell Douglas L. , Holub Barbara S. , Odusanwo Olutayo , Brodowicz Bernhard , Rauch Isabella , Kofler Barbara , Lang Roland 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe neuropeptide galanin has been ascribed different roles in modulating physiological functions in the skin. The present study examined the function of galanin in eccrine sweat gland physiology. We demonstrated secretion of galanin by sweat glands in vivo by radioimmunoassay of human sweat (20–192 fmol galanin/ml). Furthermore, human sweat glands expressed galanin receptors GalR2 and GalR3. Using chamber short‐circuit current (Isc) measurements showed that application of galanin to human NCL‐SG3 cells led to a significant increase in Isc, which was inhibited by the presence of chloride channel blockers and in chloride‐free Krebs solution. Additionally, application of SNAP 37889, a non‐peptidergic selective antagonist of GalR3, abolished the effect of galanin on Isc. In summary, our results show that galanin can regulate transepithelial chloride ion transport and fluid secretion by stimulating GalR3 in NCL‐SG3 cells and demonstrate a possible important extraneural function of galanin in sweat gland physiology.
The Positive Aspects of Being the Parent of an LGBTQ Child
Authors: Gonzalez Kirsten A. , Rostosky Sharon S. , Odom Robert D. , Riggle Ellen D. B. 
Published: November 2012

Parenting an LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer) identified child presents unique opportunities for growth and development. This study focused on self‐reported perceptions of the positive aspects of being the parent of an LGBTQ child. Participants (N = 142) were mothers (83.8%) and fathers (16.2%) of LGBTQ identified individuals who responded to an open‐ended online survey. Thematic analysis revealed five primary themes: Personal Growth (open mindedness, new perspectives, awareness of discrimination, and compassion), Positive Emotions (pride and unconditional love), Activism, Social Connection, and Closer Relationships (closer to child and family closeness). The practice implications of these findings for supporting parents in envisioning positive relationship outcomes for themselves and their children are highlighted in the discussion.
The need for decision‐support tools for a changing climate: application to inland fisheries management
Authors: Lynch A. J. , Varela‐Acevedo E. , Taylor W. W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractLarge‐scale environmental impacts, such as those of climate change on fisheries, require policy and management action not only at the local level, but at regional, national and international levels. Fisheries biology and ecology, along with social, political and economic considerations, can influence policy design and implementation. Decision‐support tools can integrate these sciences to distil often complex, mechanistic and synergistic processes into a format that the public, policy makers and managers can use when designing strategies to ensure fisheries sustainability in the face of large‐scale environmental perturbations, such as climate change. Harvest management of lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill), in the Laurentian Great Lakes provides an excellent case study to examine the value and utility of a decision‐support tool for inland fisheries management when considering the effects of climate change because this fishery is expected to be impacted by future changes in water temperature, ice cover and wind speed.