bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Human Rights Violations in West Africa
Authors: Fonjong Lotsmart 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this article I argue that the worsening human rights situation of West Africa in the early 1990s was largely the creation of the structural adjustment policies (SAP) of the IMF/World Bank. The austerity measures implemented through SAP plunged the region into hardship, forcing the population to demand better living conditions through public demonstrations and protests. Attempts by the West African states to contain protesters led to further human rights abuses. The implementation of a common liberalization policy across board without taking into account the specificities of each country was counterproductive. In fact, some of the excesses recorded could have been avoided if SAPs had been country specific and human rights-based.
Paramilitarism and State-Terrorism in Mexico as a Case Study of Shrinking Functions of the Neoliberal State
Authors: Chew Sánchez Martha I. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAlthough the drug wars in Mexico have been headline news, state violence has historically played an important role in repressing the struggle of labor, peasants and popular movements. The drug war has resulted in an expansion of the army and federal police, which has caused more corruption, social instability and growing amounts of human rights violations. Consequently, the neo-liberal project of disenfranchisement and dislocation has accelerated with the violence.
Reflections on the Status and Direction of Psychology: An External Historical Perspective
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Whenever one reads internal histories of psychology what is covered is the establishment of a lab by Wundt in 1879 as the initiating act and then the breakaway movements of the 20th Century are discussed: Behaviorism, Gestalt Theory, Psychoanalysis, and most recently the Cognitive revival. However, Aron Gurwitsch described a perspective noted by Cassirer and first developed by Malebranche, which dates the founding of psychology at the same time as that of physics in the 17th Century. This external perspective shows the dependency of psychology upon the concepts, methods and procedures of physics and the natural sciences in general up until the present time. Gurwitsch argues that this approach has blocked the growth of psychology and has assured its status as a minor science. He argued that the everyday Lifeworld achievements of subjectivity are the true subject matter of psychology and that a phenomenological approach to subjectivity could give psychology the authenticity it has been forever seeking but never finding as a naturalistic science. Some clarifying thoughts concerning this phenomenologically grounded psychology are offered, especially the role of desire. The assumption of an external perspective toward the history of psychology fostered the insights about psychology’s scientific role.
Rhythmic Movement
Authors: Barbarić Damir 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article attempts a critical interpretation of Klee’s basic thoughts on the source and essence of art, based primarily on his diary entries and his lectures at the Bauhaus. The starting point of the interpretation is Klee’s fundamentally dynamic assumption of the primacy of becoming and movement vis-à-vis static being. Each work of art, for Klee, is essentially movement, although as organized and structured by rhythm. The source of the rhythmic movement he recognizes as chaos, which he defines as the most elemental fact, which precedes the difference of being and becoming, of rest and movement, and with which the artist in each of its creative acts must first identify. The elemental presence of chaos is the point, not an abstract and dead mathematical one, but one that is alive and moving, to which the force, tension, and impulse for movement essentially belongs. Every work of authentic art is the representation of the primal opposition of chaos and order, symbolized at first by the opposites of point and line. In the further development of this opposition, the multiple dimensions of contrast between straight and curved, vertical and horizontal, light and darkness as well as the various colors in their practically endless gradations coalesce within the work of art into a tension-wrought yet harmonically balanced arrangement.
Introduction to ‘The Change in the Original Plan for Marx’s Capital and Its Causes’
Authors: Kuhn Rick 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn his essay, Henryk Grossman made a powerful case for the continued relevance of Marxist economics. He argued thatCapitalis a fundamentally coherent whole, structured by Marx’s method of moving systematically from more abstract to more concrete levels of analysis. Despite considerable subsequent debate and research, Grossman’s account remains the outstanding contribution to our understanding of this aspect of Marx’s principal work.
The Matter of Capital, Christopher Nealon, Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 2011; The Zukofsky Era: Modernity, Margins, and the Avant-Garde, Ruth Jennison, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012
Authors: Niven Alex 
Published: February 2014

AbstractInThe Matter of Capital, Christopher Nealon offers a distinctive revisionary account of American poetry written in the wake of the ideological retreats of Ezra Pound and W.H. Auden around the time of the Second World War. Nealon argues that American verse of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries was profoundly influenced by an unfolding context of capitalist development and crisis, in ways that have not been fully accounted for in orthodox accounts of recent literary history. Ruth Jennison’sThe Zukofsky Era: Modernity, Margins, and the Avant-Gardeseeks similarly to highlight the centrality of leftist critiques of capitalism in modern American poetry. Her focus is the Objectivist group of poets, in particular Louis Zukofsky, a Jewish-American Marxist often regarded as the major successor to Pound in the interwar years. Jennison applies the theory of ‘combined and uneven development’ to the 1930s work of Zukofsky and his circle.
The American Civil War: A Reply to Critics
Authors: Ashworth John 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This essay replies to critics of my earlier piece in Historical Materialism (Volume 19, Issue 4, 2011) which looked at the origins of the American Civil War. The essay re-emphasises the importance of the shift to wage labour in the North, it re-asserts the need to incorporate slave resistance as a key factor in any causal account of the sectional conflict, and it argues that the ultimate northern victory in that conflict should be seen as constituting a ‘bourgeois revolution’. It engages specifically with the criticisms and some of the alternative interpretations offered by Charles Post, Eric Foner and Neil Davidson.
Lukács on Science: A New Act in the Tragedy
Authors: Burkett Paul 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The rejection of the ‘dialectics of nature’ has long been thought of as the most fundamental factor distinguishing Western Marxism from official Soviet-style Marxism. Yet, in Tailism and the Dialectic, Georg Lukács – perhaps the most influential figure in Western Marxism – strongly endorses the existence of an objective dialectic in nature. A close examination of Lukács’s main writings on science shows, however, that he still in effect denied the possibility of applying dialectical method to nature. This paradox is bound up with a dualistic conception of natural and social science with distinctly adverse implications for the development of an ecological Marxism.
E-Dan
Authors: Ackerman Susan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Scholars have long documented the ways in which the Bible’s descriptions of Solomon’s temple, as well as the biblical descriptions of the temple’s environs, evoke the Genesis 2–3 account of the Garden of Eden. In this paper, I suggest that Israelite tradition likewise understood Edenic imagery to manifest itself at other sanctuary sites, preeminently the sacred precinct at Tel Dan that is known to us both from textual accounts and archaeological remains. More specifically, Edenic imagery is evoked at Tel Dan by the site’s topography and by certain archaeological data, as well as in a surprisingly wide-ranging corpus of biblical, deuterocanonical, and pseudepigraphical texts.
The Shaʿtiqatu Narrative from the Ugaritic Story about the Healing of King Kirta
Authors: Lewis Theodore J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
A comprehensive and detailed study of the Shaʿtiqatu Narrative found in KTU 1.16.5.10–1.16.6.14 including philological and epigraphic analysis. The present article presents the groundwork for a counterpart article exploring the identity and function of the Ugaritic figure known as Shaʿtiqatu who plays a key role in the healing of King Kirta.1
Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment
Authors: Erskine Noel Leo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article argues that Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment represents a breakthrough of grace as it re-enacts, for Jamaica as a nation, the divine miracle and humility of the incarnation: God speaking to Jamaicans in their own language, Patwa, just as Jesus Christ chose to be with a peasant family, Joseph and Mary. Jamaicans have always prayed and worshipped in Patwa, intuitively believing that God understands Patwa; yet, the translation of the New Testament into Patwa suggests that, as well as listening to and understanding God’s children when they speak to God in Patwa, God also speaks Patwa, not as a foreigner but as one who embraces and understands the nuances of Jamaican language and culture. The article looks at the formation of Jamaican Patwa in the nexus between Africa and Europe and questions in what ways Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment may serve as a source of liberation. Questions raised in the article include whether the translation of the New Testament in Patwa will reverse notions, among Jamaicans, of an inherent superiority of the English language; whether it is possible that Jamaicans will now begin to understand that no language or culture is excluded from being the bearer of Scripture or divine truth, and that no language or culture has an exclusive access to divine truth. The article also considers what this translation into the language of the masses of Jamaicans teaches concerning the nature of God and the missio Dei.
The Interpretability of Features in Second Language Acquisition: Evidence from Null and Postverbal Subjects in L2 English
Authors: Prentza Alexandra , Tsimpli Ianthi-Maria 
Published: February 2014

We examine the microparameters of null and postverbal subjects in the Greek L1/English L2 interlanguage, exploring the role of interpretability in interlanguage representations. Our results suggest that while uninterpretable features are inaccessible in L2 acquisition, interpretable features are available and play a compensatory role. Although the abstract L1 properties of subject-verb agreement seem to transfer to the L2 representation, the effects appear scattered and transfer is not direct. We thus suggest that Greek-learner L2 English grammar exhibits non-random optionality in the properties of null and postverbal subjects, regulated by parameter-resetting (feature re-valuation) which is, however, neither the L1 (Greek) nor the target L2 (English) option.
Lamps from a Sanctuary of Eleusinian Goddesses – “Beregovoï-4”
Authors: Zavoïkin Alexeï , Zhuravlev Denis 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe sanctuary known as Beregovoï-4 is situated on the Taman Peninsula (Kerch Strait between the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea), 5 km north-west of the ancientpolisof Patraios.The large amount of terracotta figurines and other sacral objects, in conjunction with the absence of any groups of buildings, testifies clearly to the fact that this archaeological site was a sanctuary. The contexts of the finds are extremely significant – there are simple altars –escharae– made from stones and mud bricks, burnt places, sometimes covered with sea grass and containing numerous pits filled with charcoal and ash, situated in the north-west corner of the site.All the lamps originated from the upper level, which can be dated to a period from the 4thto the first quarter of the 1stcentury BC. There is a complete absence of lamps in the earliest levels of this sanctuary (late-6thto the first half of the 5thcentury BC).Most lamps have several tiers (ranging from 2 to 6/7) and several nozzles. They were never used for lighting (the nozzles very often do not even have holes connecting them to the oil reservoir). Small pieces predominate among the several hundred fragments of these lamps found at the sanctuary. Their state of preservation makes it clear that they must have been broken deliberately during rituals (most probably at the end of the latter). Almost complete lamps (broken into large pieces) were found in the upper level, in the turf.Highly significant for our purposes is the fact that multi-nozzle lamps of a similar shape have been recorded at the sanctuary on Mount Maïskaya situated not far from Phanagoria – the largestpolisof the Asiatic Bosporus. A remarkable parallel for our lamps originated from the sanctuary of Demeter at Selinunt in Sicily, where many types of multi-nozzle lamps were found. Dozens of other parallels originated from the territory of Sicily, Italy and Greece, where broken multi-nozzle lamps, often without any traces of burning, have been found at sanctuaries of Demeter and Persephone.
Autour de Ġāyat al-ḥakīm (Le but du sage) (Compte rendu critique des actes du colloque Images et magie)
Authors: Coulon Jean-Charles 
Published: February 2014

Résumé
Les 11 et 12 mai 2007 eut lieu un colloque sur le « Picatrix entre Orient et Occident ». Le thème central du colloque concernait un traité de magie, la Ġāyat al-ḥakīm (Le but du sage), attribué à al-Maǧrīṭī et traduit en latin au xiiie siècle sous le titre de Picatrix. Si les actes de ce colloque viennent combler un certain manque historiographique autour de l’histoire de la magie en Islam, ils soulèvent également de nombreuses questions. La vocation universalisante des approches des chercheurs en Occident médiéval chrétien semble inégale entre un évident souci de rigueur historique pour l’Occident, moins développé pour l’Orient. La difficulté de ces textes médiévaux de nature protéiforme rend en outre leur étude particulièrement difficile et certaines conclusions, de fait, méritent d’être nuancées ou interrogées.
Une stèle prismatique du Ve/XIe s. découverte en Corse
Authors: Juvin Carine , Massy Jean-Luc 
Published: February 2014

Résumé
Cette courte note présente une inscription inédite : un fragment de stèle funéraire tunisienne datable du ve/xie s. Le fragment a été découvert dans les eaux du port de Calvi en Corse en 1969. L’épitaphe, le style épigraphique et le décor sont replacés au sein de la production tunisienne et principalement kairouanaise. Ce fragment vient s’ajouter à d’autres stèles musulmanes médiévales découvertes dans le sud de la France, qui témoignent des échanges entre les deux régions de la Méditerranée et des remplois insolites de ces pierres funéraires.
Aspects de l’argumentation élaborée par Taqī l-Dīn Aḥmad b. Taymiyya (m. 728/1328) dans son livre du Rejet de la contradiction entre raison et Écriture (Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql)
Authors: Zouggar Nadjet 
Published: February 2014

Résumé
Le présent article s’intéresse à des aspects de l’argumentation élaborée par le théologien juriste ḥanbalite Taqī l-Dīn Aḥmad b. Taymiyya (m. 728/1328) dans son traité sur le Rejet de la contradiction entre raison et Écriture (Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql), un livre dans lequel l’auteur se donne pour but de réfuter la théorie herméneutique rationaliste enseignée par les plus grandes figures de la théologie spéculative sunnite. Sur les quarante-quatre réponses ou cas (wuǧūh) qui composent l’ouvrage, nous analysons les cinq premiers. Notre objectif est de faire connaître les prémisses de la dialectique élaborée par Ibn Taymiyya dans cet ouvrage majeur.
Caught Between Aspiration and Anxiety, Praise and Exhortation: An Arabic Literary Offering to the Ottoman Sultan Selīm I
Authors: D’hulster Kristof 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article deals with a literary offering presented by Ibn Sulṭān (d. 1544)—a Mamluk Damascene ʿālim who eventually became the Ottoman muftī of Damascus—to Sultan Selīm I that dates back to shortly after the Ottoman conquest of Syria. Entitled al-Jawāhir al-muḍiyyah fī ayyām dawlat al-Turkiyyah, this hitherto unpublished work is here made available in a critical edition introduced by an extended literary analysis. With both inter- and contextual corroboration, my close reading of al-Jawāhir identifies an extended double entendre: while a “benevolent reading” shows praise fostered by the author’s ambitions, a “malevolent reading” reveals exhortation stemming from the author’s anxieties, subtly conveyed through the text’s modes of shifting between topics and interweaving of multiple voices of authority. My close reading thus reveals al-Jawāhir to be as much a specimen of a time-honored genre of elite communication as it is a product of its specific author and his time. By recognizing the personalized message conveyed by the author in turning to the highly conventionalized medium of the literary offering, this article adds to the ongoing reevaluation of other seemingly rigid genres, such as the mirror for princes and qaṣīdah.
Religion and the Formation of an Urban Educational Market: Transnational Reform Processes and Social Inequalities in Christian and Muslim Schooling in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Dilger Hansjörg 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOver the last decade in Tanzania parents’ and students’ quest for a good school has been shaped by the growing presence of religiously motivated schools, especially in urban settings. This paper argues that the diverse social positioning and educational appeal of new Christian and Muslim schools in Dar es Salaam are intimately intertwined with the continued weakening of state education that has been taking place since the mid-1990s to early 2000s as the result of privatization and World Bank educational policies. It also shows that the growing stratification and commodification of the education sector is tightly knitted with histories of inequality and religious difference in colonial and postcolonial Tanzania, as well as with the establishment and diversification of ties between actors and institutions on the East African coast on the one hand, and with those in North America, Europe, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia on the other. Finally, this paper demonstrates how macroeconomic and macrohistorical forces have become condensed in processes of subject formation and the widely varying production of religious spaces in an urban educational market. I argue that the resulting reinscription of religion in the public sphere must be understood not so much as an unintended side-effect of transnational reform processes, but more as part and parcel of multilayered histories of schooling and Christian-Muslim encounters in Tanzania that have also shaped the recent repositioning of the country’s education sector in the global and transnational context.
Christians in Medieval Shī‘ī Historiography: From Legend to History
Authors: Bertaina David 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Over the course of the early medieval period, Shī‘ī authors collected historical reports of conversations with Christians and included them in their compilations. Beginning as legendary accounts transmitted via oral tradition, the reports and stories of imams were later compiled in “historical” collections as a way to promote the Shī‘ī historiographical tradition. Utilizing motifs from the Qur’an as well as their own interpretive traditions, medieval Shī‘ī writers collected, adapted, and/or composed these encounters in order to connect past leaders with the historical vision of their community. The texts were also a method for shaping Shī‘ī communal identity within the religiously plural society of the early Islamic Middle East. This article uses examples from some dialogues with Christian participants to illustrate these key features. Some texts promoted Shī‘ī historical claims about the imams by producing hagiographical memories of the past for contemporary communities. Other reports utilized polemical strategies of biblical polemics and dialectical reasoning to construct Islamic historiographies of Christianity. It appears that most Shī‘ī historical reports about Christian figures were not interested in contrasting Shī‘ī faith with Christianity, but sought rather to highlight Shī‘ī concepts of prophetic succession, legitimate authority, and authentic community against Sunnī historical views. While this feature appears to be the consensus among the reports, some dialogues may reflect real religious encounters. In sum, the historical reports made use of Christian figures and beliefs as a vehicle for Shī‘ī historical and theological projects in the medieval Middle East.
Tamquam domino proprio: Contesting Ecclesiastical Lordship over Jews in Thirteenth-Century Castile
Authors: Irish Maya Soifer 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Bishoprics and monasteries in many parts of Western Christendom possessed various combinations of jurisdictional and fiscal rights over Jewish communities. Prelates placed high value on their rights as the Jews’ temporal lords for the same reason secular rulers did: having Jews under one’s protection brought substantial benefits. Yet, with the growth of lay institutions—royal as well as communal—many of these prelates found their jurisdictional rights disputed by secular powers eager to wrest control over Jewish communities from the church. Anchoring the argument in two case studies from Northern Spain (Sahagun and Palencia, in Castile), the present study suggests that of far greater concern to local ecclesiastical leadership than any ideological program directed at the Jews was the growing competition for Jewish services and revenues between church authorities, royal governments, and municipal councils.
Ponç Carbonell and the Early Franciscan Reception of the Pugio fidei
Authors: Fidora Alexander 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Ramon Martí’s Pugio fidei (Dagger of Faith, ca. 1280) is beyond any doubt a hallmark in the history of Christian-Jewish polemic. Nonetheless, it has been claimed that the Catalan Dominican had hardly any influence on subsequent authors. This paper draws attention to the Franciscan Ponç Carbonell (ca. 1260-ca. 1337), an eminent Biblicist of the early 14th century, who is one of the first authors to quote the Pugio explicitly. In doing so, the paper also questions the traditional scholarly distinction between Dominican mission on the one hand and Franciscan Hebraism on the other.
The Unanswered Question: Music and Theory of Religion
Authors: Lehrich Christopher I. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSeveral of the great “founding fathers” of theory of religion discerned a deep connection between religion and music, particularly Western “classical” music. Our relatively recent acceptance that “religion” as universal category was an early modern European invention should prompt suspicion that this connection is historically specific. Yet while scholars in many disciplines have recognized the importance of music in Western imagination, modern scholars of religion have largely ignored it. This article surveys three important discussions of music and religion, in Rudolf Otto, Johan Huizinga, and Max Weber, to provide groundwork for rethinking an important, unanswered question. In conclusion, some preliminary remarks are made about reconstituting this question in contemporary theory, using a brief discussion of Igor Stravinsky’sRite of Springto suggest the potential value of treating Western music as a discourse of imagining religion.