bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National trends of incidence, treatment, and hospital charges of isolated C-2 fractures in three different age groups
Authors: Kukreja Sunil , Kalakoti Piyush , Murray Richard , Nixon Menarvia , Missios Symeon , Guthikonda Bharat , Nanda Anil 
Published: April 2015

OBJECT
Incidence of C-2 fracture is increasing in elderly patients. Patient age also influences decision making in the management of these fractures. There are very limited data on the national trends of incidence, treatment interventions, and resource utilization in patients in different age groups with isolated C-2 fractures. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence, treatment, complications, length of stay, and hospital charges of isolated C-2 fracture in patients in 3 different age groups by using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. methods The data were obtained from NIS from 2002 to 2011. Data on patients with closed fractures of C-2 without spinal cord injury were extracted using ICD-9-CM diagnosis code 805.02. Patients with isolated C-2 fractures were identified by excluding patients with other associated injuries. The cohort was divided into 3 age groups: < 65 years, 65–80 years, and > 80 years. Incidence, treatment characteristics, inpatient/postoperative complications, and hospital charges (mean and total annual charges) were compared between the 3 age groups.

RESULTS
A total of 10,336 patients with isolated C-2 fractures were identified. The majority of the patients were in the very elderly age group (> 80 years; 42.3%) followed by 29.7% in the 65- to 80-year age group and 28% in < 65-year age group. From 2002 to 2011, the incidence of hospitalization significantly increased in the 65- to 80-year and > 80-year age groups (p < 0.001). However, the incidence did not change substantially in the < 65-year age group (p = 0.287). Overall, 21% of the patients were treated surgically, and 12.2% of the patients underwent nonoperative interventions (halo and spinal traction). The rate of nonoperative interventions significantly decreased over time in all age groups (p < 0.001). Regardless of treatment given, patients in older age groups had a greater risk of inpatient/postoperative complications, nonroutine discharges, and longer hospitalization. The mean hospital charges were significantly higher in older age groups (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of hospitalization for isolated C-2 fractures is progressively increasing in older age groups. Simultaneously, there has been a steadily decreasing trend in the preference for nonoperative interventions. Due to more complicated hospital stay, longer hospitalizations, and higher rates of nonroutine discharges, the patients in older age groups seem to have a higher propensity for greater health care resource utilization.
Minimally invasive approach for small ventrally located intradural lesions of the craniovertebral junction
Authors: Eicker Sven O. , Mende Klaus Christian , Dührsen Lasse , Schmidt Nils Ole 
Published: April 2015

OBJECT
The surgical management of lesions ventral to the neuraxis at the level of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) and upper cervical spine is challenging. Here, the authors describe a minimally invasive dorsal approach for small ventrally located intradural lesions at the CVJ as an alternative for the more extensive classic transoral approach or variants of suboccipital approaches.

METHODS
Between 2012 and 2014, 6 symptomatic patients with a small lesion of the ventral aspect at the CVJ level were treated using a minimally invasive dorsal approach at the University Medical Center in Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany. The anatomical distance between the posterior atlantooccipital membrane and the posterior atlantoaxial ligament, as determined by CT images, was assessed in the treated patients and in 100 untreated persons.

RESULTS
The authors treated 6 patients (mean age 54.7 years) who had a clinical presentation of mild neurological symptoms that disappeared after resection. Minimally invasive surgical dorsal access was achieved by using tubular systems and using the natural space between the occiput (C-0) and C-1, and in 1 case between C-1 and C-2, without having to remove bony structures. The postoperative course in each of the 6 patients was uneventful. The neuropatho-logical findings confirmed a meningotheliomatous meningioma (WHO Grade I) in 5 cases and an extramedullary cavernous hemangioma in 1 case. MRI confirmed complete resection of all the lesions. The atlantooccipital distances ranged from 3 to 17 mm (mean 8.98 mm) in the supine neutral position, and the atlantoaxial distances ranged from 5 to 17 mm (mean 10.56 mm). There were no significant differences between women and men (atlantooccipital p = 0.14; atlantoaxial p = 0.72).

CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study demonstrate that the minimally invasive dorsal approach using the space between C-0 and C-1 or C-1 and C-2 provides direct and sufficient exposure for the safe surgical resection of small ventrally located intradural lesions at the CVJ level while reducing the necessity for musculoskeletal preparation to a minimum.
Proposition d’un cadre conceptuel pour l’intégration des dispositions du Grenelle de l’environnement dans le système de pilotage de la performance
Authors: Rasolofo-Distler Fana , Distler Frédéric 
Published: April 2015

L’objectif de cet article consiste à proposer un cadre conceptuel pour analyser l’intégration des dispositions du Grenelle de l’environnement dans le système de pilotage de la performance des entreprises. Pour expliciter notre approche, nous avons pris comme terrain de recherche le secteur de l’immobilier. En partant des niveaux macro/méso/micro d’acteurs agissant dans cette dynamique d’intégration, nous mobilisons deux théories des organisations : la théorie néo-institutionnelle et la théorie de la traduction. L’article aboutit à la schématisation du cadre conceptuel proposé.
La réponse des acteurs basques aux défis du tourisme de demain : un management novateur et une marque territoriale
Authors: Férérol Marie-Ève 
Published: April 2015

Au Pays Basque français, le secteur du tourisme représente une source d’emplois notable : 8 292 en 2011, soit 6 % des emplois totaux. Cependant, et malgré la bonne santé que l’activité peut afficher (+ 10 % de chiffre d’affaires en cinq ans), le tourisme basque présente certains handicaps, très ennuyeux dans un contexte de concurrence accrue entre destinations et face à des consommateurs de plus en plus versatiles. Pour répondre aux défis actuels et surtout aux défis du tourisme de demain, le Pays Basque français puise dans ses traditions pour initier une nouvelle dynamique. « L’une des modalités du passage du temps réside, pour un lieu touristique donné, dans le changement de son propre système local d ’ acteurs, de pratiques, de normes, de valeurs, etc. » (Equipe MIT, 2001, p. 271). La dynamique basque s’inscrit dans le développement soutenable du territoire et se traduit d’une part par la clustérisation des acteurs du tourisme (fait encore rare en France, cf. les écrits de Nathalie Fabry, 2009 et 2012) et d’autre part par la création d’une marque territoriale. Quels ont été les principes fondateurs de ces deux projets et en quoi peut-on les rapprocher des valeurs du développement durable ? Quels bénéfices en matière de développement local les acteurs en attendent-ils ? Telles sont les questions auxquelles notre article tentera de répondre.
Réforme liturgique et unité ecclésiale : l’expérience de Common Worship dans l’Église d’Angleterre
Authors: Tinteroff Natacha-Ingrid 
Published: April 2015

Contrairement aux idées parfois communément admises sur le continent européen, l’histoire liturgique de l’église d’Angleterre ne s’est pas déroulée sans heurts. Depuis la Réforme, l’unité de la Church of England a été forgée par la tradition de la prière commune telle qu’elle fut exprimée dans le Book of Common Prayer de 1662. L’inadaptation des liturgies de cet ouvrage au contexte du xx e siècle a nécessité une réforme liturgique majeure concrétisée en 2000 sous le nom de Common Worship . Si cette évolution a été contestée comme mettant à mort la conception classique de la prière commune, il s’avère que la réforme opérée a permis de restaurer une unité ecclésiale en perdition.
Le burn-out : une maladie du don ?
Authors: Ide Pascal 
Published: April 2015

Le burn-out (BO) touche aujourd’hui un pourcentage impressionnant de la population active en Occident et bon nombre de prêtres, religieux et agents pastoraux. Après avoir brossé une brève histoire de sa découverte, puis l’avoir décrit (syndrome regroupant l’épuisement émotionnel, la dépersonnalisation et la réduction de l’accomplissement personnel), ce premier article propose une grille de lecture inédite pour expliquer autant l’origine que la nature du BO : dans le contexte d’une société du trop-plein, il serait une pathologie du don de soi. Pour le montrer, il élabore un modèle de l’amour-don rythmé en trois temps : la réception, l’appropriation et la donation. Un second article l’appliquera à la pastorale des prêtres qui, pour être l’un des secteurs le plus concernés, est encore souvent l’un des plus oubliés.
Against Manichaeism : The Politics of Forms of Life and the Possibilities of Critique
Authors: Celikates Robin 
Published: April 2015

Les formes de vie sont souvent entendues comme étant « données », et donc protégées de la critique et de la réflexivité. Dans cet article, l’auteur montre d’abord pourquoi cette approche problématique vient d’une lecture partiale de Wittgenstein, puis montre que cette même approche nourrit la conception de la sociologie critique de Bourdieu. En s’appuyant sur une sociologie pragmatique de la critique, l’auteur s’oppose à de telles conceptions « manichéennes » qui opposent l’« intérieur », caractérisée par l’immersion non-réflexive, et l’« extérieur », lieu de la perspective de l’observateur-théoricien. Il insiste au contraire sur le caractère fondamentalement hétérogène, réflexif et conflictuel des formes de vie. Ainsi peut émerger une conception bien plus large des possibilités de la critique, ainsi qu’une compréhension alternative (non-conventionnaliste et non-conservatrice) de la politique des formes de vie.
Public Debt Adjustment in a Simple Model of Stochastic Endogenous Growth
Authors: Menuet Maxime , Villieu Patrick 
Published: April 2015

Dans cet article, nous proposons un modèle prototype de croissance endogène stochastique pour étudier les canaux de transmission à travers lesquels la dette publique peut affecter le sentier de croissance potentielle et détériorer la productivité globale des facteurs. Dans un contexte de croissance endogène, les chocs transitoires et la manière dont l’économie s’y adapte, exercent un effet permanent (hysteresis). Nous envisageons ici deux stratégies d’ajustement des finances publiques en réponse à une augmentation de la dette publique causée par un choc technologique néfaste : une stratégie gradualiste ou une thérapie de choc. Notre modèle fait apparaître un arbitrage intertemporel entre ces deux stratégies, la première étant plus favorable à court terme, et la seconde à long terme. De surcroît, l’effet des chocs technologiques est fortement amplifié par le mode d’ajustement de la dette publique, mécanisme que nous qualifions « d’accélérateur de dette publique ».
De l’invisibilité des dispositifs numériques à la légitimation de la communication en entreprise
Authors: Andonova Yanita 
Published: April 2015

Comment concilier l’incontournable tâche de fournisseur d’outils dans laquelle est cantonnée la communication interne ( ci ) et la quête de reconnaissance à laquelle aspire la fonction ? Cette contribution étudie la tension qui existe entre la demande de légitimité de celle-ci et la mise en invisibilité des dispositifs. Cette dernière renvoie à la problématique de l’usage social, qui peut être analysée à travers trois processus : l’idéalisation de la technique dans les discours, la banalisation des tic dans les pratiques professionnelles et enfin leur légitimation, qui s’appuie sur la justification et l’utilité de leur présence dans les ateliers de production et les bureaux. Le modèle interprétatif de l’enchevêtrement, présenté ici, propose d’analyser comment les outils numériques quittent la sphère des objets techniques énigmatiques pour devenir pour l’utilisateur des dispositifs invisibles. Ceci suscite des paradoxes et enferme la fonction ci dans un cercle vicieux.
Mesures et évaluation de la communication interne : quelles pratiques et quels enjeux ?
Authors: Lépine Valérie 
Published: April 2015

Désormais bien installée dans les organisations la communication interne ( ci ) fait l’objet d’évaluations multiples : les mesures d’efficacité ainsi que les outils de reporting tendent à se généraliser. En référence au cadre théorique proposé par Thévenot (2006) et à sa conceptualisation des « régimes d’engagement » , cette contribution montre que les pratiques de mesure et d’évaluation s’inscrivent dans des stratégies de légitimation des professionnels de la ci en réponse à des normes conventionnelles. Elle développe l’hypothèse que l’évaluation de la ci ainsi que celle des praticiens relèvent, de façon distincte, de processus de reconnaissance et contribuent à la formation de l’identité professionnelle des communicants internes.
Epitope-Specific CD8+ T Cell Kinetics Rather than Viral Variability Determine the Timing of Immune Escape in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Martyushev Alexey P. , Petravic Janka , Grimm Andrew J. , Alinejad-Rokny Hamid , Gooneratne Shayarana L. , Reece Jeanette C. , Cromer Deborah , Kent Stephen J. , Davenport Miles P. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
CD8+ T cells are important for the control of chronic HIV infection. However, the virus rapidly acquires “escape mutations” that reduce CD8+ T cell recognition and viral control. The timing of when immune escape occurs at a given epitope varies widely among patients and also among different epitopes within a patient. The strength of the CD8+ T cell response, as well as mutation rates, patterns of particular amino acids undergoing escape, and growth rates of escape mutants, may affect when escape occurs. In this study, we analyze the epitope-specific CD8+ T cells in 25 SIV-infected pigtail macaques responding to three SIV epitopes. Two epitopes showed a variable escape pattern and one had a highly monomorphic escape pattern. Despite very different patterns, immune escape occurs with a similar delay of on average 18 d after the epitope-specific CD8+ T cells reach 0.5% of total CD8+ T cells. We find that the most delayed escape occurs in one of the highly variable epitopes, and that this is associated with a delay in the epitope-specific CD8+ T cells responding to this epitope. When we analyzed the kinetics of immune escape, we found that multiple escape mutants emerge simultaneously during the escape, implying that a diverse population of potential escape mutants is present during immune selection. Our results suggest that the conservation or variability of an epitope does not appear to affect the timing of immune escape in SIV. Instead, timing of escape is largely determined by the kinetics of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells.
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Is a Positive Regulator of TGF-β–Induced Prostaglandin Production in Human Follicular Dendritic Cell–like Cells
Authors: Cho Whajung , Kim Youngmi , Kim Jini , Park Seongji , Park Deokbum , Kim Byung-Chul , Jeoung Dooil , Kim Young-Myeong , Choe Jongseon 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
PGs are emerging as important immune modulators. Since our report on the expression of PG synthases in human follicular dendritic cells, we investigated the potential immunoregulatory function of PGs and their production mechanisms. In this study, we explored the intracellular signaling molecules mediating TGF-β–induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 augmentation in follicular dendritic cell–like cells. TGF-β triggered phosphorylation of Smad3 and ERK, which were essential for the increase in COX-2 protein. Interestingly, depletion of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) resulted in an almost complete inhibition of Smad3 phosphorylation and COX-2 induction. Nuclear translocation of Smad3 was inhibited in SOCS1-depleted cells. SOCS1 knockdown also downregulated TGF-β–stimulated Snail expression and its binding to the Cox-2 promoter. In contrast, overexpression of SOCS1 gave rise to a significant increase in Snail and COX-2 proteins. SOCS1 was reported to be a negative regulator of cytokine signaling by various investigators. However, our current data suggest that SOCS1 promotes TGF-β–induced COX-2 expression and PG production by facilitating Smad3 phosphorylation and Snail binding to the Cox-2 promoter. The complete understanding of the biological function of SOCS1 might be obtained via extensive studies with diverse cell types.
Impaired Dendritic Cell Function in a Spontaneous Autoimmune Polyneuropathy
Authors: Quan Songhua , Kim Hye-Jung , Dukala Danuta , Sheng Jian Rong , Soliven Betty 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Spontaneous autoimmune polyneuropathy (SAP) in B7-2 knockout NOD mice mimics the progressive form of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, and is mediated by myelin protein zero (P0)–reactive Th1 cells. In this study, we focused on the effect of B7-2 deletion on the function of dendritic cells (DCs) within the context of SAP. We found that development of SAP was associated with a preponderance or increase of CD11b+ DCs in peripheral lymph nodes and sciatic nerves. B7-2 deletion led to altered immunophenotypic properties that differ between CD11b+ DCs and CD8α+ DCs. Both DC subsets from B7-2 knockout NOD mice exhibited impaired capacity to capture fluorophore-labeled myelin P0, but diminished Ag-presenting function was observed only in CD11b+ DCs. Clinical assessment, electrophysiologic studies, and splenocyte proliferation studies revealed that absence of B7-2 on DCs was sufficient to cause impaired ability to induce tolerance to P0, which could be overcome by preconditioning with IL-10. Tolerance induction by Ag-pulsed wild-type NOD DCs was dependent on IL-10 and was associated with increased CD4+ regulatory T cells, whereas tolerance induction by IL-10–conditioned B7-2–deficient DCs was associated with increased percentages of both regulatory T cells and B10 cells in the spleen. We conclude that B7-2 deletion has an impact on the distribution of DC subsets in lymphoid organs and alters the expression of costimulatory molecules, but functional consequences are not uniform across DC subsets. Defective tolerance induction in the absence of B7-2 can be restored by preconditioning of DCs with IL-10.
Effect of TLR Agonists on the Differentiation and Function of Human Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
Authors: Wang Jing , Shirota Yuko , Bayik Defne , Shirota Hidekazu , Tross Debra , Gulley James L. , Wood Lauren V. , Berzofsky Jay A. , Klinman Dennis M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Tumors persist by occupying immunosuppressive microenvironments that inhibit the activity of tumoricidal T and NK cells. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (mMDSC) are an important component of this immunosuppressive milieu. We find that the suppressive activity of mMDSC isolated from cancer patients can be reversed by treatment with TLR7/8 agonists, which induce human mMDSC to differentiate into tumoricidal M1-like macrophages. In contrast, agonists targeting TLR1/2 cause mMDSC to mature into immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages. These two populations of macrophage are phenotypically and functionally discrete and differ in gene expression profile. The ability of TLR7/8 agonists to reverse mMDSC-mediated immune suppression suggests that they might be useful adjuncts for tumor immunotherapy.
IL-18 Triggered by the Nlrp3 Inflammasome Induces Host Innate Resistance in a Pulmonary Model of Fungal Infection
Authors: Ketelut-Carneiro Natália , Silva Grace Kelly , Rocha Fernanda Agostini , Milanezi Cristiane Maria , Cavalcanti-Neto Florêncio Figueiredo , Zamboni Dario Simões , Silva João Santana 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Pathogens are sensed by innate immune receptors that initiate an efficient adaptive immune response upon activation. The elements of the innate immune recognition process for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis include TLR-2, TLR-4, and dectin-1. However, there are additional receptors necessary for the host immune responses to P. brasiliensis. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–like receptor (NLRs), which activate inflammasomes, are candidate receptors that deserve renewed investigation. After pathogen infection, the NLRs form large signaling platforms called inflammasomes, which lead to caspase-1 activation and maturation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-18 and IL-1β). In this study, we showed that NLR family pyrin domain–containing 3 (Nlrp3) is required to induce caspase-1 activation and further secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 by P. brasiliensis–infected macrophages. Additionally, potassium efflux and lysosomal acidification induced by the fungus were important steps in the caspase-1 activation mechanism. Notably, Nlrp3 and caspase-1 knockout mice were more susceptible to infection than were the wild-type animals, suggesting that the Nlrp3-dependent inflammasomes contribute to host protection against P. brasiliensis. This protective effect occurred owing to the inflammatory response mediated by IL-18, as shown by an augmented fungus burden in IL-18 knockout mice. Taken together, our results show that the Nlrp3 inflammasome is essential for resistance against P. brasiliensis because it orchestrates robust caspase-1 activation and triggers an IL-18–dependent proinflammatory response.
Defects in Regulatory T Cells Due to CD28 Deficiency Induce a Qualitative Change of Allogeneic Immune Response in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease
Authors: Akieda Yuki , Wakamatsu Ei , Nakamura Tomoe , Ishida Yasuo , Ogawa Shuhei , Abe Ryo 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a frequent complication and resembles autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. Our previous work demonstrated the critical role of CD28 costimulation of donor T cells for GVHD induction. In this study, we investigate the role of CD28 costimulation of host T cells in cGVHD. CD28-intact mice as hosts showed systemic lupus erythematosus–type cGVHD, whereas CD28-deficient mice developed a distinct phenotype of cGVHD, with fibrotic damage in skin and internal organs, resembling systemic sclerosis. This phenotype was due to a lack of signaling through the C-terminal proline-rich motif within host CD28’s cytoplasmic tail, a motif previously shown to be required for development of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and function of conventional T cells. Adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that a defect in host CD4+CD25+ Tregs, but not in conventional T cells, was responsible for disease phenotype. Host Treg deficiency altered the cytokine pattern of donor CD4+ T cells and the Ag specificity of autoantibodies, and these might lead to phenotypic change. Thus, host CD28 signaling controlled the pathogenesis of cGVHD through effects on host Tregs, whose status impacts qualitatively on the allogeneic immune responses.