The density of the inner cell mass is a new indicator of the quality of a human blastocyst: a valid supplement to the Gardner scoring system
Authors: Huang Bo , Li Zhou , Ren Xinling , Bai Jian , Yue Jing , Dong Xiyuan , Yang Liu , Ma Bingxin , Wang Jinzhong , Zhou Wenjing , Wang Xuefeng , Guo Yaxian , Si Keyi , Shi Zhenzhi , Jin Lei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
Can the density of the inner cell mass (ICM) be a new indicator of the quality of the human blastocyst?

SUMMARY ANSWER
The densification index (DI) developed in this study can quantify ICM density and provide positive guidance for ploidy, pregnancy, and live birth.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
In evaluating the quality of ICM, reproductive care clinics still use size indicators without further evaluation. The main disadvantage of this current method is that the evaluation of blastocyst ICM is relatively rough and cannot meet the needs of clinical embryologists, especially when multiple blastocysts have the same ICM score, which makes them difficult to evaluate further.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
This observational study included data from 2272 blastocysts in 1991 frozen–thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles between January 2018 to November 2021 and 1105 blastocysts in 430 preimplantation genetic testing cycles between January 2019 and February 2023.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
FET, ICSI, blastocyst culture, trophectoderm biopsy, time-lapse (TL) monitoring, and next-generation sequencing were performed. After preliminary sample size selection, the 11 focal plane images captured by the TL system were normalized and the spatial frequency was used to construct the DI of the ICM.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
This study successfully constructed a quantitative indicator DI that can reflect the degree of ICM density in terms of fusion and texture features. The higher the DI value, the better the density of the blastocyst ICM, and the higher the chances that the blastocyst was euploid (P &lt; 0.001) and that pregnancy (P &lt; 0.001) and live birth (P = 0.005) were reached. In blastocysts with ICM graded B and blastocysts graded 4BB, DI was also positively associated with ploidy, pregnancy, and live birth (P &lt; 0.05). ROC analysis showed that combining the Gardner scoring system with DI can more effectively predict pregnancy and live births, when compared to using the Gardner scoring system alone.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Accurate calculation of the DI value places high demands on image quality, requiring manual selection of the clearest focal plane and exposure control. Images with the ICM not completely within the field of view cannot be used. The association between the density of ICM and chromosomal mosaicism was not evaluated. The associations between the density of ICM and different assisted reproductive technologies and different culture conditions in embryo laboratories were also not evaluated. Prospective studies are needed to further investigate the impact of ICM density on clinical outcomes.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
ICM density assessment is a new direction in blastocyst assessment. This study explores new ways of assessing blastocyst ICM density and develops quantitative indicators and a corresponding qualitative evaluation scheme for ICM density. The DI of the blastocyst ICM developed in this study is easy to calculate and requires only TL equipment and image processing, providing positive guidance for clinical outcomes. The qualitative evaluation scheme of ICM density can assist embryologists without TL equipment to manually evaluate ICM density. ICM density is a simple indicator that can be used in practice and is a good complement to the blastocyst scoring systems currently used in most centers.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This work was supported by the National Key Research & Development Program of China (2021YFC2700603). The authors report no financial or commercial conflicts of interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.