bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutional Change in American Religion
Authors: Clevenger Casey , Cadge Wendy 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay provides an overview of demographic and organizational changes in American religion since 1965. We focus on religious beliefs and practices, congregational life, special purpose groups, religion outside of religious organizations, and transnational and global aspects of religion. American religious institutions are increasingly diverse, reflecting the growing ethnic, linguistic, and religious pluralism of the United States. Recent immigrants to the United States are more Catholic, more Orthodox, and less Christian than adult Americans overall, and they have joined existing congregations in addition to forming their own religious organizations. A substantial number of Americans now consider themselves spiritual, but not religious, and many do not identify with organized religion at all. American Christianity itself is more politically polarized than in the past, and individuals who are religiously active across traditions tend to be more politically and socially conservative than others with tensions evident around contemporary social issues such as abortion and homosexuality. Existing religious organizations and secular organizations such as hospitals, universities, and prisons have responded to demographic and religious changes by offering new or changed services and physical spaces to meet religious and spiritual needs. We encourage future scholars to address institutional changes in American religion by considering diverse people and traditions, asking questions about religion in religious and nonreligious organizations, and situating studies of the United States in their broader global contexts.
The Institutional Logics Perspective
Authors: Thornton Patricia H. , Ocasio William , Lounsbury Michael 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay discusses a new approach to institutional analysis—the institutional logics perspective (ILP). This perspective is a meta‐theory useful for integrating and augmenting a variety of social science theories to better understand the effects of cultural institutions on individuals, organizations, and societies. We describe the history of the development of the ILP, define its core concepts and mechanisms, and review and discuss foundational and cutting‐edge research. Prior overviews emphasize the mechanisms, variety of substantive contexts, and the cross‐level effects. We take a different approach by organizing the literature review by institutional orders. This meta‐analysis reveals a pattern of institutional change—the weakening of the professions and the spread of the market logic in many domains. We discuss implications of this finding and suggest future research.
Institutions and the Economy
Authors: Gershenson Carl , Dobbin Frank 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSociology, political science, and economics have undergone parallel revolutions since the late 1970s, following on the heels of the behavioral revolution of the 1950s and 1960s. Four distinct institutional paradigms have emerged: sociological institutionalism, rational choice institutionalism in political science, historical institutionalism in the same discipline, and new institutional economics. Sociologists argue that economic institutions—which encompass paradigms, conventions, rules, and regulations—shape modern behavior. National institutional differences produce stable patterns of economic behavior within countries, but institutions themselves change over time. Four recent trends in sociology are reviewed: studies of the global spread of regulatory institutions; studies of the use of economic theories to support policy design and economic conventions; studies of market actors as social movements promoting economic change; and studies of the moral and cultural underpinnings of the economy.
Intersectionality and the Development of Self and Identity
Authors: Azmitia Margarita , Thomas Virginia 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Intersectionality is a key theoretical, empirical, and applied construct in the social sciences and the humanities. In this essay, we review the origins of the construct and the foundational theory and research that served to cement its importance in these fields. We then present a brief overview of how intersectionality guides current theory, research, and social policy in education, feminist studies, politics, psychology, and sociology, concluding with a discussion of the key issues that need to be addressed for this construct to deliver in its promise to strengthen theory, research, and practice in the social sciences.
Intervention and Regime Change
Authors: Owen John M. , Herbert Roger G. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRegime promotion constitutes a distinct category of foreign intervention that includes any effort by an intervening state or coalition to create, preserve, or alter political institutions or governments within a target state. Although a common tool of statecraft, regime promotion has received relatively little scholarly attention. We discuss foundational and cutting‐edge research that addresses three questions: Whatcausesstates or governments to try to change or preserve domestic institutions of other sovereign states? Whatmodesor tools of statecraft do they employ? What are theconsequencesfor the intervening power, the target state, or the international system? We conclude with six recommendations for advancing regime promotion research: (i) expand research beyond its United States and great‐power focus to consider how regional actors and small states employ regime promotion; (ii) conduct comparative studies of forcible regime promotions with non‐forcible and covert means; (iii) isolate the fundamental motivations—domestic and/or systemic—that propel states to attempt regime promotion despite significant costs and risks; (iv) examine further the role of regime‐type in regime promotion; (v) increase research into the consequences of regime promotion by emphasizing long‐term efficacy as well as the comparative success of non‐democratic interveners and democracy promoters; and (vi) focus additional attention on the relation of regime promotion to international hegemony or hierarchy.
Labor Market Instability, Labor Market Entry, and Early Career Development
Authors: Gebel Michael 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Many young people experience episodes of unemployment and precarious employment such as insecure temporary jobs and skill‐inadequate jobs during their school‐to‐work transition period. This essay summarizes key theoretical ideas and main previous empirical findings on the determinants and career consequences of having such a nonoptimal start into the working life. Then, this essay highlights cutting‐edge research that has advanced our knowledge by providing more detailed insights into the individual‐level career dynamics as well as the macro‐level institutional and structural determinants of cross‐country differences. This article concludes with a discussion of five key issues for future research. First, there is need for a better understanding of the institutional and structural influences on the career consequences of having a nonoptimal labor market entry. Second, the experiences during the economic crisis of 2008/2009 and its aftermath ask for a better understanding of why some countries performed better than other countries in protecting youths from that severe crisis. Third, a more detailed analysis of different forms of nonemployment and precarious employment is required in order to account for the strong variation of labor market experiences of youths. Fourth, to fully assess not only the risks but also the chances of taking up temporary jobs and skill‐inadequate jobs at labor market entry, we have to complement the standard “upward comparison” to regular employment with a “downward comparison” to the alternative of nonemployment. Finally, this entry calls for an interdisciplinary and integrative approach analysing not only the work career consequences of bad labor market starts but also the social, economic, psychological, health, and familial consequences.
Language and Thought
Authors: Goldin‐Meadow Susan 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The notion that the language we speak impacts the thoughts we think is known as the Whorfian hypothesis. This hypothesis is typically tested by, first, describing two languages that differ systematically on a lexical or grammatical dimension and, second, comparing speakers of the two languages on a cognitive skill that might be expected to depend on that dimension. Whether or not we find support for the Whorfian hypothesis depends on how we define language, how we define thought, and what we take as evidence for “impact.” Another, more recent way of testing the hypothesis is to explore patterns of thought in human and nonhuman primates who do not have language––rather than compare cognition in speakers of language 1 versus language 2, we can compare cognition in individuals who have language versus those who do not. We can also explore whether language is special in the impact it has on thought by asking whether other conventional symbol systems shape cognition (e.g., does mental abacus affect thinking beyond numerical calculation? does map reading affect thinking about space more broadly?). If it turns out that the effect language has on thought is special, we need to determine which aspects of language make it special (e.g., do we need to explicitly recognize our behaviors as communicative in order for them to have an effect? do the gestures we produce when we talk shape the way we think?). There is much yet to learn about if, when, and how language shapes thought.
Latinos and the Color Line
Authors: Rodríguez Clara E. , López Nancy , Argeros Grigoris 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay reviews the issues and current literature on how “race,” skin color, and/or phenotype operate as stratifying agents among Latinos in the United States. We review the trends and emerging issues in this area with regard to health, housing and segregation, and socioeconomic status (SES), including education and criminal justice. We do so in the context of the Census Bureau's release of its 2010 Alternative Questionnaire Experiment (AQE) study. This 5‐year study focuses on how to best ask the race question. One of the key findings of the study was that including “Hispanic/Latinos” as a race in the combined questionnaire format did not reduce the number of people identifying as Hispanic/Latino; however, it did reduce the number of Hispanics/Latinos reporting detailed information on specific national origin. The AQE also recommended further testing of the combined question format. The only time that a Hispanic origin group was included in the Census as a racial category was in 1930 when “Mexican” was included as a race. If the Census recommends the inclusion of Hispanic as a race, it would mark a significant departure from the 1997 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) guidelines and the Census' current policy of thinking of Latinos as an ethnic group, composed of many races, to a racial group similar to Whites, Blacks, or Asians in the United States. We also examine works that assess the importance of collecting data on race and ethnicity as analytically distinct concepts.
Longitudinal Data Analysis
Authors: Little Todd D. , Deboeck Pascal , Wu Wei 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In this essay we review some of the emerging trends in modeling repeated measures data. Three general forms of longitudinal models are discussed: panel model designs, growth curve models, and intensive within‐person assessments. Each section discusses design elements that should be considered when using each of these types of longitudinal models, and introduces some emerging trends. In the section on panel designs, continuous time models and planned missing data models are introduced; these ideas will revolutionize the modeling and collection of panel data. In the section on growth curve models, the necessity of separately evaluating mean and covariance model fit is discussed. This section also introduces methods being used to carefully consider the time of measurements in temporal designs. Finally, the budding analysis of intensive within individual observations is considered, including recent work from mathematics that limits the generalizability of interindividual studies to individual outcomes.
Making Sense of Control: Change and Consequences
Authors: Lachman Margie E. , Agrigoroaei Stefan , Rickenbach Elizabeth H. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The concept of control in the social and behavioral sciences derives mainly from theories of motivation. Early work on control was largely descriptive, with an emphasis on individual differences in perceived control. This essay first reviews the foundational research on the development of control beliefs and their relationship to achievement and health outcomes. Next, the article summarizes more recent cutting‐edge research, which has examined trajectories of longitudinal change and the processes and mechanisms that link control beliefs with outcomes. Studies have shown that control beliefs can be a resilience factor that buffers the effects of stress and moderates social class differences in health and longevity. Suggestions for future research directions include a focus on short‐term, within‐person variability and intraindividual change processes, cultural variations in control beliefs, and the antecedents of control. The article concludes by considering some of the possible limits of a high sense of control as well as interventions to optimize control, and the policy implications of control beliefs. Future research will benefit from a biopsychosocial approach in order to understand how control beliefs develop and get under the skin to affect health and well‐being.
Mechanisms of Fear Reduction
Authors: Lancaster Cynthia L. , Monfils Marie‐H. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractOver the past century, numerous theories have been advanced toward a unified account of fear reduction and have achieved various degrees of empirical support. Here, we first provide a brief overview of the basic models that account for fear acquisition, then we provide a review of several of the most prominent theories of fear reduction, and finally, we describe important cutting‐edge directions for future research.
Mediation in International Conflicts
Authors: Beardsley Kyle , Danneman Nathan 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Scholars of international conflict mediation have made strides in the last two decades in understanding when mediation occurs and when it is successful. The rationalist framework has allowed theorists to sharpen and expand on early insights, and research using quantitative methods continues to be an important part of the field. Gaining a sense of when disputants might use mediation disingenuously and expanding the scope and comparability of data sets on mediation will push both the study and practice of mediation onto useful new ground.
Memory Gaps and Memory Errors
Authors: Neuschatz Jeffrey S. , Wetmore Stacy A. , Gronlund Scott D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMemory is a reconstructive process, relying on pre‐existing shared knowledge to help us comprehend and interpret what we experience. A reliance on prior knowledge is a vital aid to communication and comprehension, but, as a consequence, results in the modification of some details in an event, the addition of other details, or even the fabrication of entire new events. We review classic research that first demonstrated the phenomenon of reconstructive memory and the capability of prior knowledge to influence what people remember. We next discuss cutting‐edge research involving memory gaps and memory errors, including autobiographical memories, distinguishing true from false memories, memory conformity, and potential adaptive reasons for memory errors. Finally, we point to directions for the future research.
Mental Models
Authors: Byrne Ruth M. J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPeople construct small‐scale models of reality to understand the world and descriptions of it. Their iconic mental representations capture structural aspects of the elements simulated. They think about alternative possibilities that are consistent with assertions that contain logical connectives such as “if” and “or,” quantifiers such as “all” or “some,” and relational terms such as “in front of” or “before.” They reason and make decisions by combining mental models, and they search for counterexamples to their conclusions. People construct mental models when they make deductive inferences and when they make inferences about probability and risk, as well as when they form concepts, solve problems, make moral judgments, or create alternatives to reality in their counterfactual thoughts.
Micro‐Cultures
Authors: Fine Gary Alan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlthough understanding the dynamics of culture through the examination of large‐scale social systems is important, culture is embedded in smaller systems as well. The exploration of micro‐cultures—also termed small group cultures or idiocultures—helps us to recognize that culture is cemented through the interaction of individuals with long‐term, ongoing relationships. Structure alone does not create social order, but requires a set of stable collective interpretations. But just as we examine how culture is organized through societies or institutions, we should see the role of culture in smaller units, including families, clubs, workgroups, and other gatherings. As a result, culture and meaning‐building emerges within group life and is spread through networks. Seeing culture as resulting from interaction emphasizes the role of talk and action as guarantors of social order and as building collective understanding. By focusing on micro‐cultures, social scientists emphasize the importance of the middle level of analysis between the self and structure: what has been termed the meso‐level of analysis. Micro‐cultures recognize that groups produce a self‐reflexive basis for the interaction order. Ultimately, social actors act in concert, producing shared lines of action and creating a tiny public that can then permit individuals to fit into larger social systems, including creating citizens within nation‐states.
Migrant Networks
Authors: Garip Filiz , Asad Asad L. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Migrant networks—webs of social ties between individuals in origin and migrants in destination—are a key determinant of the magnitude and direction of migration flows, as well as migrants' adaptation outcomes. The increasing emphasis on migrant networks represents a new approach to migration research, which, until the late 1980s, had been dominated by economic or political explanations of migration. This entry summarizes findings on migrant networks from relevant areas of research in anthropology, sociology, demography, and economics; identifies the promising lines of inquiry recently undertaken; and points to key issues for future research, such as understanding how migrant networks impact migration behavior and migrants' experiences. Such research into the specific mechanisms of social transmission will need to engage with the ongoing discussions on network effects and their identification in the social science literature at large, which will require the interdisciplinary collaboration of researchers.
Migration and Globalization
Authors: Peters Margaret E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractScholarship on globalization since the 1970s has focused on the increasing integration of world markets for goods, services, and capital. International migration, by comparison, has received relatively little attention. As recent scholarship has shown, the absence of migration from studies on globalization has made our understanding of other aspects of globalization incomplete. Immigration policy interacts with trade and capital policy. All three policies affect firms' production strategies and their support for openness in the other policy areas. Migration, trade, and capital flows also interact. For instance, increased migration can increase trade and investment as well as help states maintain fixed exchange rates. This entry discusses these effects in greater detail and discusses paths for future research.
Misinformation and How to Correct It
Authors: Cook John , Ecker Ullrich , Lewandowsky Stephan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe increasing prevalence of misinformation in society may adversely affect democratic decision making, which depends on a well‐informed public. False information can originate from a number of sources including rumors, literary fiction, mainstream media, corporate‐vested interests, governments, and nongovernmental organizations. The rise of the Internet and user‐driven content has provided a venue for quick and broad dissemination of information, not all of which is accurate. Consequently, a large body of research spanning a number of disciplines has sought to understand misinformation and determine which interventions are most effective in reducing its influence. This essay summarizes research into misinformation, bringing together studies from psychology, political science, education, and computer science.Cognitive psychology investigates why individuals struggle with correcting misinformation and inaccurate beliefs, and why myths are so difficult to dislodge. Two important findings involve (i) various “backfire effects,” which arise when refutations ironically reinforce misconceptions, and (ii) the role of worldviews in accentuating the persistence of misinformation. Computer scientists simulate the spread of misinformation through social networks and develop algorithms to automatically detect or neutralize myths. We draw together various research threads to provide guidelines on how to effectively refute misconceptions without risking backfire effects.
Models of Nonlinear Growth
Authors: Coulombe Patrick , Selig James P. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Models for nonlinear growth are not new, but have not been widely applied in the social and behavioral sciences. In this essay, we describe the fundamental issues relevant to choosing and using a nonlinear growth model. We discuss how researchers can go about choosing a model and then focus on the application of two specific nonlinear models: the fractional polynomial model and the piecewise model. We highlight recent work in reparameterization that allows researchers to choose models with parameters tailored specifically to research questions. We also review recent work on the topic of growth rates in nonlinear models that will allow researchers to obtain richer information from the application of nonlinear models. We conclude by pointing out some of the unresolved issues in the use of nonlinear growth models.
Models of Revealed Preference
Authors: Adams Abi , Crawford Ian 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRevealed preference theory is concerned with what we can learn about the process by which economic agents make decisions using simply the features of the world that we observe: choices. Different economic models place different restrictions on these choices. The revealed preference literature derives these restrictions and then puts them to use. Research effort has recently been extended far beyond the axiomatic characterization of neoclassical models of choice to consider data‐consistency and preference‐recoverability for a wide class of models. This essay places these recent developments in context, giving a brief introduction to the revealed preference approach before elaborating on recent research that has dramatically extended the domain and ambition of the discipline. We address the widening of the scope of revealed preference theory to new classes of models, which have introduced novel techniques, and challenges, to the discipline, before charting emerging trends within the areas of identification and power, which have arisen as revealed preference has emerged as an empirical method.