bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sonochemistry: What Potential for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Platform Chemicals?
Authors: Chatel Gregory , De Oliveira Vigier Karine , Jérôme François 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis Review focuses on the use of ultrasound to produce chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. However, the question about the potential of sonochemistry for valorization/conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into added‐value chemicals is rather conceptual. Until now, this technology has been mainly used for the production of low‐value chemicals such as biodiesel or as simple method for pretreatment or extraction. According to preliminary studies reported in literature, access to added‐value chemicals can be easily and sometimes solely obtained by the use of ultrasound. The design of sonochemical parameters offers many opportunities to develop new eco‐friendly and efficient processes. The goal of this Review is to understand why the use of ultrasound is focused rather on pretreatment or extraction of lignocellulosic biomass rather than on the production of chemicals and to understand, through the reported examples, which directions need to be followed to favor strategies based on ultrasound‐assisted production of chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. We believe that ultrasound‐assisted processes represent an innovative approach and will create a growing interest in academia but also in the industry in the near future. Based on the examples reported in the literature, we critically discuss how sonochemistry could offer new strategies and give rise to new results in lignocellulosic biomass valorization.
Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. (Spanish moss) water storage and leachate characteristics from two maritime oak forest settings
Authors: Van Stan John T. , Stubbins Aron , Bittar Thais , Reichard James S. , Wright Kasey A. , Jenkins Robert B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAlong subtropical and tropical coastlines, Tillandsia usneoides L. (Spanish moss) can heavily cover tree crowns, altering the volume, timing and chemical composition of rainwater reaching soils as throughfall. It is well‐established that throughfall amount, dissolved ion and dissolved organic matter (DOM) enrichment, as well as the chemical character of DOM, can influence a host of ecological processes – e.g. litter decomposition and fine root patterns. However, no study known to the authors has holistically examined the water storage capacity, dissolved ions and DOM derived from T. usneoides. This study examined 60 T. usneoides samples from two maritime live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) forest settings for water absorbency, maximum water storage capacity, dissolved solutes (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F−, Cl−, NO3−, PO43−, SO42−, dissolved organic carbon, total dissolved nitrogen) and DOM optical properties using ultraviolet‐visible and fluorescence spectrophotometry. Thirty samples were collected from each study site: downtown Savannah (SAV) and St. Catherine's Island (SCI), GA, USA. Results show that T. usneoides coverage can increase canopy water storage more markedly (up to 3 mm) than most other epiphyte communities, tree leaf forms or bark structures previously studied. Ion wash off/leaching was greater for N species from SAV samples; yet, base cation macronutrients (Mg2+, Ca2+) and sea salts (Na+, Cl−) were more enriched from SCI samples. Spectrophotometry revealed that T. usneoides leachates contained DOM with low‐specific UV absorbance at 254 nm per unit carbon (SUVA254) and high percentage of protein‐like fluorescent material compared with literature values for other throughfall and vegetation leachates. In other natural waters, these optical characteristics indicate highly biolabile DOM, suggesting that T. usneoides DOM may also be highly biolabile (i.e. highly relevant to soil microbial functions, like mineralization). Cluster analysis linked fluorescent DOM (FDOM) to ion concentrations of primarily anthropogenic source (F−, SO42−). Correlation analyses including both sites' data indicated that log‐transformed FDOM intensities indirectly relate (p < 0.01, r = −0.5) – and enrichment of major sea salt ions directly relate (Na+: p < 0.000001, r = 0.83; Cl−: p < 0.000001, r = 0.80) – to T. usneoides maximum water absorbency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tropos Amino Alcohol Mediated Enantioselective Aryl Transfer Reactions to Aromatic Aldehydes
Authors: Pisani Laura , Bochicchio Carmela , Superchi Stefano , Scafato Patrizia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe preparation of new chiral amino alcohols that possess a flexible biphenylazepine moiety and can work as tropos catalysts, is presented. In these compounds, the sign of the induced axial chirality depends on the nature of stereogenic centers near the flexible fragment and can determine the stereochemical outcome in asymmetric reactions mediated by them. The efficiency of these new ligands has been explored in the asymmetric addition of arylzinc species prepared in situ to aromatic aldehydes. Among them, amino alcohol (1R,2S)‐4 gave the best results and afforded optically active diarymethanols, which are precursors of well‐known chiral drugs, in high yields and with enantioselectivity up to 96 %.
Insights into the formation of rock varnish in prevailing dusty regions
Authors: Aulinas M. , Garcia‐Valles M. , Fernandez‐Turiel J. L. , Gimeno D. , Saavedra J. , Gisbert G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe characteristics of rock varnish from the Campo de Piedra Pomez (CPP, Andes Argentina) provides new insights into the development of rock varnish under severe dusty conditions. The CPP varnish has been analysed using SEM‐EDAX and Raman techniques. The rock coating is tens of microns in thickness and under the microscope shows a micro to cryptocrystalline appearance and a general granular texture. Silica (quartz, cristobalite and amorphous silica) is the main phase forming these coverings followed by Al, K and Na compounds. Minor Fe oxides and Mn oxides are the source for the orange (Fe) and brown (Fe and Mn) hues of the coating.The results obtained for the CPP coating show that desert varnish developed under dusty circumstances does not have the appearance of typical rock varnish. Textural characteristics include high crystallinity and granular arrangement of the components. Moreover the absence of typical microlaminations is related to the presence of aeolian mineral grains which inhibit their development. The main mechanism of formation of rock varnish under such environmental circumstances is the direct incorporation of aeolian mineral grains into the varnish. However, other physicochemical processes are also required to explain the formation of varnish components such as amorphous silica or iron oxides phases.Although the development of the desert varnish may act as a protector of the underlying pyroclastic rock, the extreme and persistent windy conditions in the CPP field are high enough to weather and erode not only the rock coating but also the original ignimbrite.As other warm desert sites on Earth, the CPP area can also be considered as possible terrestrial analogue to Mars. Some environmental attributes might be similar to those expected on the Martian surface and thus, textural similarities between the CPP varnish and the rock varnish‐like coating of Mars are likely. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts involved in the fermentation of amabere amaruranu, a Kenyan fermented milk
Authors: Nyambane Bitutu , Thari William M. , Wangoh John , Njage Patrick M. K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIndigenous fermented milk products contain microbiota composed of technologically important species and strains which are gradually getting lost with new technologies. We investigated the microbial diversity in amabere amaruranu, a traditionally fermented milk product from Kenya. Sixteen samples of the product from different containers were obtained. One hundred and twenty isolates of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and 67 strains of yeasts were identified using API 50 CH and API 20 C AUX identification kits, respectively. The average pH of all the traditional fermented samples was 4.00 ± 0.93. Lactobacilli, yeasts, and molds as well as Enterobacteriaceae counts from the plastic containers were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those from gourd. Enterobacteriaceae were below 1.00 ± 1.11 log10 cfu/mL in products from the gourds and 2.17 ± 1.92 log10 cfu/mL from the plastic containers. The LAB species were identified as Streptococcus thermophilus (25%), Lactobacillus plantarum (20%), and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (20%). The predominant yeasts were Saccharomyces cerevisiae (25%), Trichosporum mucoides (15%), Candida famata (10%), and Candida albicans (10%). The type of vessel used for fermentation had no significant influence on the type of isolated and identified species. The diverse mixture of LAB and yeasts microflora forms a potential consortium for further product innovation in amabere amaruranu and other fermented milk products.
COMPARATIVE PREDICTION OF SUCCESS AND SATISFACTION IN HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULA
Authors: French John W. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTComparative Prediction Project. As a project intended to investigate the possibility of comparative prediction in school and college by means of pure‐factor tests, this investigation started out with three factor studies to complete the establishment of factors in areas thought to be important in academic work (RB‐53‐16, RB‐55‐22, RB‐54‐7). A ground‐laying bulletin discussed other comparative and differential prediction batteries, statistical methodology, and the presentation of results to counselors (RB‐55‐4). At the college level, a preliminary experiment was carried out with West Point cadets to select the most appropriate tests (RB‐51‐12, RB‐55‐6 or French, 1955) and a principal validity study involved tryout of the battery against major‐field grades at eight colleges (RB‐59‐10, RB‐59‐15 or French, 1961b, RB‐61‐7). At the high‐school level, a preliminary experiment was carried out with New Jersey vocational schools (RB‐56‐1). A memorandum has been issued on evaluation and presentation of results for the college and high‐school levels (RM‐61‐13). The present bulletin is the complete technical report on the high‐school study.High‐School Study. A battery, consisting of 13 “pure‐factor” aptitude tests, 7 information (interest?) scores, and 10 personality factor scales, was given to beginning tenth graders in 49 Massachusetts high schools. The scores were validated against grades in the various academic and trade courses given during the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth grades. They were also validated against satisfaction with chosen curriculum. Multiple validities were computed to show the effectiveness of the tests for absolute prediction; those for academic subjects ranged from .34 for boys in social science through .60 for girls in English; those for trade courses ranged from .26 for auto repair through .71 for home economics. Validities for satisfaction were all very low. Estimated validities of predicted differences between course grades had a median of .31 for academic boys, .40 for academic girls, and .50 for trade courses. Corrections of these values for shrinkage and for the short length of the experimental tests are considered in the Appendix. It is concluded that these corrections can be ignored. The results forecast that a test battery of this kind by itself would have only moderate value for differential and comparative prediction in practice, but, when used in conjunction with school grades and other information, it would make a substantial contribution. Better differential prediction obtained in the college‐level study was recognized to have been brought about by the use of self‐report interest scales. These could be used equally well at the high‐school level.
FORMULA SCORING AND VALIDITY
Authors: Lord Frederic M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFormulas are derived for a rather restricted, situation showing the decrement in test validity that might be expected from random guessing and the increment in validity that might be expected from a priori formula scoring. Numerical illustrations are given. The reduction in validity that occurs when formula scoring is abandoned is generally found to be small in terms of the usual correlational scale, but not necessarily small when considered in terms of the reduction in test length that could be achieved with the same sacrifice of validity.
AN INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DROP‐OUT AND TRANSFER BY SCHOLARSHIP APPLICANTS
Authors: Cliff Norman 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTScholarship applicants who dropped out of college or changed from full‐time to part‐time attendance after originally entering on a full‐time basis were contrasted with control students who spent three consecutive years in full‐time attendance at the same institution. The controls were also compared to students who transferred from one college to another of equal or lower cost.The groups were compared on 11 measures of family financial status and socioeconomic level and also on SAT scores. Discriminant functions for discriminating Transfer and Drop‐out groups from the Controls were computed; these were significant only in the comparison of girls who transferred and Controls, but some individual variables showed differences which were significant. The principal difference between Drop‐out boys and Controls was in the finding that the former received less scholarship aid. Drop‐out girls were somewhat lower on all the socioeconomic variables. Transfer boys were different mainly through having lower SAT scores. Transfer girls came from rather high‐income families, received little in the way of scholarship aid, and their families contributed rather large amounts toward their college expenses. These differences are considered worth following up but not conclusive.
AN INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES MODEL FOR MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
Authors: Tucker Ledyard R , Messick Samuel 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA quantitative system is presented to permit the determination of separate multidimensional perceptual spaces for individuals having different viewpoints about stimulus interrelationships. The structure of individual differences in the perception of stimulus relationships is also determined to provide a framework for ascertaining the varieties of consistent individual viewpoints and their relationships with other variables.
AN INVESTIGATION OF SIMILARITIES IN PARENT‐CHILD TEST SCORES FOR EVIDENCE OF HEREDITARY COMPONENTS
Authors: Stafford Richard E. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe general hypothesis of this study states that certain psychological traits which have their scores distributed continuously may actually have an underlying genetic dichotomy which is masked by various other effects. To be more precise, three specific hypotheses state for each variable that: (1) there is a similarity between parents and their children unexplained by similarity between the parents; (2) this similarity may be explained by hereditary components, and (3) these hereditary components are of the discrete or segregated type of inheritance.The population, consisting of 104 fathers and mothers and their teenage sons or daughters, was given eight psychological tests: Symbol Comparison, Word Association, Mental Arithmetic, Pitch Discrimination, Letter Concepts, Spelling, Identical Blocks, and English Vocabulary. Self‐reports of height and weight were also obtained. These data were analyzed both by correlational methods and dichotomic analysis. The latter is a new method designed for this study.Parent‐child correlations have previously been inadequate for investigating the presence of hereditary components in mental tests, because it is impossible to assess the degree to which the correlations are due to environmental effects. However, the transmission of a trait determined by a gene located on the X chromosome results in a unique pattern of family correlation coefficients.
THE STABILITY OF THE SAT‐VERBAL SCORE SCALE
Authors: Stewart E. Elizabeth 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn his 1961 report to the College Board, Wilks recommended that “The College Board should conduct a solid research effort to make an assessment of the extent of drift which may have occurred in the SAT‐Verbal scale since 1941.” In the present study, which is based on a design suggested by Angoff, raw scores on each of four old forms of SAT‐Verbal were placed on the reporting scale for a recent form so that the resulting scaled scores could be compared with the scaled scores derived when the old form was first administered in the College Board Admissions Testing Program. The data on the recent form were collected as part of the December 1963 administration of the Scholastic Aptitude Test; data on the old forms were retrieved from files for the April 1944, January 1948, March 1953, and February 1957 SAT administrations. For each of these forms, the scale derived by equating scores on the old form to scores on the December 1963 form was compared with the scale used for reporting scores on the old form.The results may be summarized as follows:

For both the 1953 form and the 1957 form, the experimentally derived scales and the reporting scales differed by less than five points in the vicinity of the mean. The degree of agreement was good enough to warrant the conclusion that the SAT‐Verbal scale remained highly stable during the period from 1953 through 1963.
With the reservation that the standard errors of both the operational and the experimentally derived scales for the January 1948 form probably are relatively large, it may be concluded that the SAT‐Verbal score of a candidate tested in 1963 and scoring in the vicinity of 500 might be 20‐35 points higher than the score of a candidate of equal ability who was tested in 1948. Since the scale as it existed in 1953 was maintained through 1963, it may be inferred that the shift in the meaning of the scale took place between 1948 and 1953.
Scores on SAT‐Verbal reported in April 1944 may not have had the same meaning as scores reported in December 1963, but the methodological limitations inherent in the experimental equating of those two forms preclude any reliable quantitative assessment of whatever differences may exist between the scale of the early 1940's and the scale of the early 1960's.
A LADY IN DISTRESS: THE FLAT TIRE EXPERIMENT1
Authors: Bryan James H. , Test Mary Ann 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe effects of observing a helping model upon subsequent offers of help were assessed in a naturalistic setting. Passing motorists were exposed to a contrived situation wherein a girl stood beside an auto which had a flat left rear tire. One half of the passing motorists had previously seen a young male helping a girl in a similar situation (model condition); the remaining motorists were not exposed to such helping behaviors. The presence of a model significantly increased the helping behaviors of motorists.
PLAY BEHAVIOR IN THE YEAR‐OLD INFANT: EARLY SEX DIFFERENCES1
Authors: Goldberg Susan , Lewis Michael 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThirty‐two boys and 32 girls, 13 months old, were observed with their mothers in a standardized free play situation. There were striking sex differences in the infants' behavior toward their mothers and in their play. Earlier observation of the mothers' behavior toward the infants at six months indicates that some of these sex differences were related to the mothers' behavior toward the infants. It was suggested that parents behave differently toward girls and boys, even as infants, reinforcing sex appropriate behavior. This study emphasizes the importance of observing the freely emitted behavior of the very young child.
ON THE PARALLELIZATION OF TRACE LINES FOR A CERTAIN TEST MODEL
Authors: Kristof Walter 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFor a special class of tests a model is presented which, as a distinguishing feature, assumes closure of the set of all item characteristic functions under multiplication and a certain exponentiation. It is shown that essentially unique parallelization of the set of corresponding trace lines is attainable if and only if all item characteristic functions are powers of each other. The required continuous and monotone transformation of the ability continuum is explicitly given. Upon transformation all item characteristic functions assume a unique functional form regardless of their initial form. The model rules out normal ogives as well as logistic functions as possible item characteristic functions after transformation.
EVALUATING DECEPTION IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH1
Authors: Stricker Lawrence J. , Messick Samuel , Jackson Douglas N. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis article reviews studies on the use of deception in psychological research, indicates other directions that such investigations might take, and suggests solutions to the problems posed by this tactic. Deception is widely used, but its efficacy is rarely evaluated. Subjects' suspicion is a useful index of effectiveness, and the only aspect that has been investigated so far. Many subjects may be suspicious of the deceptions in a study. This disbelief can be triggered by the experiment itself, operating in conjunction with the subjects' characteristics. Suspicion can affect the level of experimental performance or interact with it. The problems connected with this methodology may be minimized by improving the design of deception studies, by routinely assessing the effectiveness of the dissimulations, and by modifying data analyses.
THE CARDIAC RESPONSE TO A PERCEPTUAL COGNITIVE TASK IN THE YOUNG CHILD1
Authors: Lewis Michael , Dodd Cornelia 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIt has been argued that an important determinant of the cardiac response is the subject's intended transaction with his environment. The present study was designed to investigate whether cardiac deceleration would accompany the solution of a perceptual discrimination problem, and moreover, whether the degree of cardiac deceleration would be related to the accuracy of the response. Fifty‐one subjects, 44 months of age, were each given 20 trials of a matching figures task. This task required that S match a figure (called standard) to one of four variations (one of which was identical to the standard). ECG was continuously recorded along with the latency and the accuracy of the response. If the first response was incorrect, S was asked to choose again.The results indicated four major findings. (1) There was a significant cardiac deceleration from the time S received the standard until he made his first choice. If the first response was correct, the cardiac rate, within 1‐3 beats, returned to resting level; however, if S was told to guess again, the cardiac rate remained decelerated. (2) Correct responses were associated with significantly greater cardiac deceleration than incorrect responses; however, both accuracy of response and amount of deceleration were correlated, with response time. (3) In general, the degree of cardiac deceleration was significantly correlated with general intellectual function as measured by a standard IQ test. (4) There were important and consistent sex differences in cardiac responsivity.The results of this study suggest that for the very young female child, autonomic responsivity, specifically cardiac deceleration, is directly related to S's efficiency both in terms of her general intellectual functioning and her specific performance–the accuracy of her response.