bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nathalie Zaltzman, lectrice de Janine Altounian Trauma et traduction
Authors: Benhaïm David 
Published: August 2012

Dans son article, « L’impact des mots », Nathalie Zaltzman, tout en soulignant la contribution inestimable pour la psychanalyse de l’ouvrage de Janine Altounian, L’écriture de Freud , lui adresse une série de critiques. Elle insiste particulièrement sur la différence entre le modèle de la perte pour la traduction et celui du reste pour l’interprétation. Cependant la lecture serrée de cet article laisse voir que Nathalie Zaltzman n’est attentive qu’à un certain aspect de la traduction. Sa critique s’appuie sur la notion de traduction linguistique tout en ignorant celle de traduction métaphorique qui est à l’œuvre dans l’analyse du trauma. Cette distinction capitale trouve son fondement dans l’œuvre de Freud, de Bion et d’Aulagnier. Sa prise en considération change la façon de comprendre les rapports entre la traduction et l’interprétation et permet d’envisager la première comme un élément essentiel du travail analytique.
L'extimité de l'étranger
Authors: Stitou Rajaa 
Published: August 2012

D’un point de vue psychanalytique, l’extimité de l’étranger concerne chaque sujet dans son rapport à l’énigme qui est en lui et hors de lui. C’est ce qui fait le ressort des processus de subjectivation et des modes d’altérité. Or qu’en est-il de la manière d’entretenir le rapport à l’Autre et au tout Autre dans l’actualité de la civilisation ? C’est à partir d’une approche psychanalytique et anthropologique, s’appuyant sur la pratique clinique et les mutations du lien social, qu’est questionné le rapport à l’étranger, rapport qui peut conduire à la créativité mais aussi à la ruine, lorsqu’il ne parvient pas à ouvrir sur l’altérité et qu’il est reporté sur l’autre, le dissemblable, l’hétérogène dans un souci forcené de cliver un dedans et un dehors, de fétichiser la différence.
Combining Field Data With Computer Simulations to Determine a Representative Reach for Brook Trout Assessment
Authors: Sweka John A. , Wagner Tyler , Detar Jason , Kristine David 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Fisheries biologists often use backpack electrofishing to sample stream fish. A common goal of sampling is to estimate density and/or biomass to make inferences about the status and trends of fish populations. One challenge when estimating population size is determining an appropriate site or reach length to sample. In this study, we empirically determined the required length of stream that needs to be sampled, assuming the study design is one site per stream, in order to achieve a desired level of accuracy for brook trout density and biomass estimates in Pennsylvania headwater streams. Long sample reaches (600 m) were chosen on seven first to third order streams and these sites were broken into twelve 50-m subreaches. Each subreach was sampled by removal electrofishing techniques until either five electrofishing passes were completed or no brook trout were captured. The total density and biomass of brook trout over all 50-m subreaches was considered the “true” density and biomass for the entire reach. We then performed computer simulations in which various numbers of 50-m subreaches were randomly selected and catches from each subreach were summed within the first three electrofishing passes to simulate removal sampling of site lengths ranging from 50 to 550 m. Population estimates were made using a removal estimator and density and biomass were calculated using various stratification schemes based on fish age and size. Estimates of density and biomass were then compared to the true values to assess the possible range in bias of estimates for a given reach length. Results from our simulations suggest a 200- to 250-m-long or a 400- to 450-m-long stream reach or site is needed to estimate brook trout density and biomass within 50% and 25%, respectively, of the true density and biomass. This information and our methodology will be valuable to fisheries managers in developing standardized protocols for assessing trout populations in small streams.
On the Necessity of Pairs and Triplets for the Equivalence between Rationality Axioms
Authors: He Junnan 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the axiomatic foundation of the revealed preference theory. Many well-known results in the literature rest upon the ability to choose over budget sets that contain only 2 or 3 elements. This paper shows that for any given choice function, many of the famous consistency requirements, such as those proposed by Arrow, Sen, Samuelson etc., are equivalent if every bundle of goods is chosen from some budget sets, and the domain of the choice function satisfies some set of theoretical properties.
Immigration et structure par âge de la population du Canada : quelles relations ?
Authors: Caron Malenfant Éric , Dion Patrice , Lebel André , Grenier Dominic 
Published: August 2012

Prenant le relais des études qui se sont intéressées au lien entre immigration et vieillissement démographique, cet article vise à isoler, au sein des données canadiennes existantes, les divers aspects de la mécanique démographique qui sous-tendent cette relation : structure par âge de la population immigrante à l’arrivée, vieillissement des immigrants au Canada, fait qu’ils donnent naissance à des enfants au Canada, différences entre immigrants et non-immigrants à l’égard de la fécondité, de la mortalité et de l’émigration. À cette fin, les auteurs ont développé des scénarios de projection qu’ils ont intégrés au modèle de projection par microsimulation Demosim, puis ont analysé au moyen de ceux-ci des indicateurs projetés de la structure par âge de la population, et ce, pour la période de 2006 à 2106. Exploitant la richesse du contenu de ce modèle et son potentiel analytique, ils montrent que les spécificités démographiques des populations immigrantes du Canada affectent bel et bien la structure par âge de la population dans son ensemble, mais par le biais d’effets, les uns vieillissants et les autres rajeunissants, qui se compensent en grande partie.
Le langage comme calcul dans le Big Typescript
Authors: Engelmann Mauro , Prado Neto Bento 
Published: August 2012

Dans cet article, j’essaie de montrer que l’idée du langage comme calcul structure la philosophie de Wittgenstein dans le Big Typescript. Pour ce faire, je commence par mettre en relief les différences entre la conception du langage comme calcul dans le Tractatus, et sa reformulation dans le Big Typescript ; j’explique ensuite comment l’idée de l’autonomie de la grammaire est à la base de la conception de la « grammaire » ou du langage comme calcul. J’espère pouvoir montrer ainsi l’unité de la philosophie de Wittgenstein aux alentours de 1932-1933. Il doit en ressortir que sa philosophie à l’époque du Big Typescript présente un intérêt en elle-même, quoiqu’il ne s’agisse pas encore de la philosophie des Recherches philosophiques.
La economía en el siglo XXI: una perspectiva desde La Araucanía
Authors: Clark Tim 
Published: August 2012

La ola reciente de ampliación histórica del sistema mundial organizador llamado el capitalismo nos brinda la ocasión de reflexionar sobre su realidad y acerca de cómo estudiamos las interacciones entre el capitalismo y las diversas culturas del mundo. Este trabajo nos acerca al tema por medio de una exploración de la fuente principal de nuestro entendimiento de tales procesos: la economía académica. La economía académica ha jugado un papel importante en la historia contemporánea, respaldando e impulsando el sistema capitalista y el modo de pensar que lo sustenta. No obstante su preeminencia en las ciencias sociales, la economía académica ha tenido pocos avances en cuanto al entendimiento del funcionamiento de las economías reales, capitalistas y no-capitalistas. En este artículo se argumentará que esta incapacidad de explicar los fenómenos económicos radica en las raíces profundas del campo académico, en el logocentrismo y en el planteamiento metafísico de la ciencia clásica occidental. Tanto su supremacía en las ciencias sociales como sus deficiencias y rol político, exigen que comprendamos las contradicciones lógicas de la economía académica, no sólo para formular una crítica, sino para elaborar métodos alternativos de apropiar y alcanzar procesos socioeconómicos que evitan los mismos errores y debilidades. Este artículo pretenderá esbozar la relación que se puede generar entre el logocentrismo, la ciencia clásica y la economía académica, destacando sus errores de fondo y repercusiones sociopolíticas, y planteando una metodología alternativa para el estudio de economías humanas en el contexto de la sociedad pluricultural.
Asbestos
Authors: Lemen Richard A. , Dodson Ronald F. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAsbestos are used in various commercial products and occur in association with other minerals that are mined for various commercial applications. The impact of asbestos on the environment and health has been studied extensively. Asbestosis is a type of pneumoconiosis (dust‐induced lung disease) caused by inhalation of asbestos dusts and fibers, either of the amphibole or of the serpentine type. The Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA), enacted as one of the provisions of Title II of TSCA to assess the asbestos hazards. Intratracheal and intrabronchial studies have been conducted to document fibrosis and carcinogenicity in animals. Various regulations and acts established over the years for asbestos exposures and permissible exposure levels have been recommended.
Aliphatic and Alicyclic Amines
Authors: Cavender Finis L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAliphatic and alicyclic amines are nonaromatic amines that have a straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic alkyl moiety attached to the nitrogen atom.Aliphatic amines are highly alkaline and tend to be fat soluble. As such, they have the potential to produce severe irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Corrosive burns as well as marked allergic sensitization may also occur. Volatile amines, which are characterized by boiling points lower than 100°C, are highly irritating and include methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine,n‐propylamine, isopropylamine, diisopropylamine, allylamine,n‐butylamine, isobutylamine,sec‐butylamine,tert‐butylamine, and dimethylbutylamine. Workplace practice must consider these properties in developing strategies to protect workers. Toxicity information in humans continues to be limited. Although great strides in understanding the process of carcinogenicity have been made in recent years, controversies regarding potential aliphatic amine carcinogenicity are far from being resolved. Of considerable interest is the possibility of nitrosamine formation, which is both compound specific and pH dependent.
Aromatic Nitro and Amino Compounds
Authors: Bingham Eula , McGowan William J. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Logically, aromatic nitro and amino compounds should be discussed together because their toxic responses are often similar due to a common metabolic intermediate. Synthetically, amines are generally derived from nitro compounds, but in some cases nitro compounds can be prepared through amines when other methods fail to afford specific compounds. There are good and bad attributes to these types of compounds. Some act as sensitizers and contingent on physical properties may be absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes. They may also cause methemoglobinemia, depending on such factors as the structure and the particular organism. Some members of this class are known as animal and human carcinogens; for humans, the urinary bladder is the most prominent target organ. Nevertheless, these compounds and their derivatives have enlivened our world through their use as dyestuff intermediates or as photographic chemicals, they alleviate pain as components of widely used analgesics, and they cushion or insulate us through their use in flexible and rigid foams. Other important uses include production of pesticides, including herbicides and fungicides, as ingredients in adhesives, paints and coatings, antioxidants, explosives, optical brighteners, rubber ingredients, and as intermediates in many other products.
Halogenated Benzenes
Authors: Leber A. Philip , Bus James S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis group of chemicals is derived through substitutions of chlorine for hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring. The toxicological properties of chlorinated benzenes differ substantially from benzene in that they lack the hematological toxicity and leukemogenic activity that have been associated with benzene. The compounds have an aromatic odor with lower volatilities, higher densities, and lower flammabilities than the parent compound benzene. Some of the settings in which exposures may be encountered are in manufacturing sites, home and public areas where deodorants or disinfectants are present, and in the applications of the materials as fumigants, insecticides, lacquers, paints, and seed disinfection products.Because a substantial number of studies have focused on comparative evaluations of compounds in this chemical group, the results of these investigations are presented below prior to detailed discussions of individual compounds. In addition, a summary of various regulatory classifications of these compounds is provided.
Acetone
Authors: Johanson Gunnar 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAcetone is the simplest example of the ketones. It is a clear, colorless, mobile liquid. Acetone is completely miscible with water and most organic solvents and oils. It therefore serves as an important industrial solvent for cleaning, as a common building block in organic chemistry, and as a precursor to polymers. Well‐known domestic uses of acetone are as the active ingredient in nail polish remover and as paint thinner.Acetone is the most widely used ketone in industry. It is used primarily to synthesize methacrylates, about half of the world's production of acetone is used as a precursor to methyl methacrylate. Other large‐scale chemicals derived from acetone are bisphenol A and methyl isobutyl ketone. Acetone is also used as a process solvent in the manufacture of cellulose acetate yarn, smokeless gun powder, surface coatings, and various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Other solvent uses include paint, ink, resin, and varnish formulations; thinning of fiberglass resin; cleaning of fiberglass tools; and dissolution of two‐part epoxies and superglues before hardening.Acetone is a normal by‐product of mammalian metabolism and is thus found in all tissues, including blood, as well as in urine and breath. The levels vary, depending on nutritional and metabolic conditions, and are increased in obese compared with slim people and in working compared with resting people. Diabetic patients show markedly elevated levels of acetone.Acetone is readily taken up via inhalation if present in ambient air and via the gastrointestinal tract if ingested. Uptake via skin is of minor importance. However, due to its excellent solvent properties, acetone readily removes water from the skin. This impairs the barrier properties and makes the skin more vulnerable to other irritating, sensitizing, or infectious agents.Compared with many other industrial solvents, acetone is of relatively low toxicity. The critical effect, that is, the first effect that appears as the exposure level increases, is mild respiratory tract and eye irritation. At higher exposures, CNS effects such as lightheadedness and headache are observed. In general, signs and symptoms of acetone intoxication, such as vomiting, convulsions, and unconsciousness, are nonspecific. Acetone is rapidly cleared from the body, mainly by metabolism and, to some extent, by excretion via breath and urine, and toxic effects after chronic exposure in general agree with those following acute exposure.Reproductive and developmental effects appear only after much higher doses of acetone than those causing irritation and CNS effects. Genotoxicity is not observedin vitroandin vivo. No carcinogenicity studies are available. Limited data from tumor promotion studies, using acetone as a vehicle or a promoter, suggest that dermally applied acetone is not tumorigenic.
Ketones of Six to Thirteen Carbons
Authors: O'Donoghue John L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractKetones of carbon number 6–13 are important commercial and industrial materials. Their primary use is as solvents in numerous products and industrial applications. Owing to their volatility, environmental regulations have been directed at restricting emissions, particularly to the atmosphere. A number of the ketones discussed in this chapter not only can undergo photochemical transformations that contribute to their abiotic degradation but also may contribute to the formation of smog. Regulations limiting or prohibiting release of materials that may contribute to smog formation are leading to reductions in the use of some of these materials.As for the short‐chain ketones discussed in Chapter 53, the ketones covered in this chapter are of concern mainly due to inhalation and dermal exposure routes. Acute exposure to high vapor concentrations of these materials may result in narcosis; however, such exposures are rare except in cases of accidents.Low levels of exposure to many of these ketones can be expected in the environment and through endogenous exposure because ketones are common substrates for many of the enzymes associated with intermediary metabolism in organisms from bacteria to man.
Monohydric Alcohols: C1to C6
Authors: Bevan C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe present chapter summarizes monohydric aliphatic C1 to C6 alcohols. These alcohols exist as volatile liquids at ambient temperatures, and exposure can occur in both industrial and nonindustrial environments. Generally, few or minor problems have been reported with the use of these alcohols in the workplace where the major routes of exposure are dermal or inhalation. Methanol, ethanol, propanols and butanols are known to cause adverse effects when ingested; however, ingestion is not a major route of occupational exposure. A common property of some of the alcohols is to produce local irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Although central nervous system (CNS) depressants, few alcohols produce neuropathic effects in humans. Abuse of products containing methanol and ethanol has produced some indications of neurotoxicity in humans, but nothing has been reported in an occupational environment. 2‐Hexanol produces neurotoxicity by the oral and intraperitoneal routes in animals, but there is no evidence of such an effect having occurred in the workplace. There is no clear evidence that occupational exposures to alcohols represent a carcinogenic risk to humans. Some of these alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol can enhance the toxic effects of various chemicals, particularly hepatotoxins. This effect is likely due to an inductive effect of the alcohol on microsomal enzymes, particularly the cytochrome P450 system, which may allow a greater metabolic conversion of the hepatotoxin to its toxic metabolite.
Occupational Ergonomics: Principles and Applications
Authors: Bhattacharya Amit , Talbott Nancy , Kincl Laurel 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides the basic principles that underlie the field of ergonomics and their application to some of the current issues of importance in the workplace. Sections 2–4 deal with the physiology of muscles; biomechanics; cellular responses to tissue, nerve, and joint injuries as they relate to cumulative trauma disorders; and common types of overuse syndromes. The remaining sections deal with applications of the principles to workplace ergonomic issues and proposed ergonomic regulations.The word “ergonomics” is made up of two Greek words, “ergo” meaning work and “nomas” meaning laws. The field of ergonomics is highly interdisciplinary. It applies principles from engineering, physiology, medicine, and psychology to the understanding of the interaction of humans with their workplace. The interaction of humans with their workplace may consist of identifying the relationship between job physical risk factors and physiological responses. For example, a specific ergonomic problem of paramount importance in the occupational health and safety is the issue of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (WMD). Some of these issues are discussed further in this chapter. The specific areas of application relevant to the field of ergonomics are defined and briefly explained.Activities that involve repetitive stress have effects that are extremely complicated. Adding internal or external forces to the body can, as described, alter bone, joints, ligaments, tendons, nerves, and muscles. Belief that a repetitive motion will result in an isolated nerve injury without affecting surrounding joints, ligaments, muscles, or tendons is likely to inhibit appropriate care and control of exposed individuals. Additional research is needed to further characterize changes that occur, and current approaches to recognizing, managing, and preventing repetitive injuries must address all tissues in the involved area.
Abnormal Pressures: Hyperbaric and Hypobaric
Authors: (Bill) Hamilton (Deceased) R. W. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis chapter deals with the interrelated physiological (or toxicological) effects of altered ambient pressure, the pressure continuum from deep sea to outer space. Pressures may be both higher and lower than the sea‐level pressure to which we are accustomed and in which we have evolved.The chapter first discusses what pressure is, and where and why alternative pressures are encountered by humans. It reviews the occupational, medical, and recreational incentives for forays into both environments, high and low. It points out the role of time in evaluating the effects of pressure exposures and the importance of transitions to and from higher and lower pressures. Next, it covers first the effects of elevated pressures, then the effects of lack of pressure, emphasizing the importance of breathing gases in most alternative pressures. Last, it pays particular attention to the main pressure‐related disorder, decompression sickness, and its treatment.
Biological Rhythms, Shiftwork, and Occupational Health
Authors: Scott Allene J. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract“… and God divided the light from the darkness, and God called the lightday, and the darkness He callednight. And the evening and the morning were the first day” (Genesis 1:4–5, King James Version). So from the beginning, day/night periodicity has been an important environmental influence on life on earth. For diurnal species, like human beings, the sunlight portion of the day is the time for activity and the dark, nighttime for sleeping.Although we are under the influence of environmental rhythms, such as the daylight–night cycle, we are also under the physiological influence of our own internal biological clock. Normally synchronization of biological rhythms with each other and with environmental rhythms (external time cues) maximizes our waking and sleeping performance and promotes overall well‐being. Night work is opposed to the innate drive to sleep at night and work during the daytime and results in an unnatural mismatch of environmental and internal time cues. Shiftworkers are exposed to disruptive effects of schedule‐related time shifts on the normal synchronization of individual biological rhythms with each other as well as with the external time cues.This chapter reviews basic chronobiological principles as they relate to shiftworker safety and health. Studies dealing with the effects of time shifts on sleep, alertness, and performance rhythms are discussed. Research exploring the consequences of shiftwork on physical and mental health is reviewed. Countermeasures for minimizing adverse health and safety effects of sleep deprivation and biological rhythm disruption are presented. Industrial hygiene considerations related to control of worker exposure to potential toxins during extended and rotating shifts are considered. Finally, international and U.S. regulatory policy regarding shiftwork scheduling and special medical provisions for shiftworkers are reviewed.