bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adipose Genes Down-Regulated During Experimental Endotoxemia Are Also Suppressed in Obesity
Authors: Shah Rachana , Hinkle Christine C. , Haris Lalarukh , Shah Rhia , Mehta Nehal N. , Putt Mary E. , Reilly Muredach P. 
Published: November 2012

Context:
Adipose inflammation is a crucial link between obesity and its metabolic complications. Human experimental endotoxemia is a controlled model for the study of inflammatory cardiometabolic responses in vivo.

Objective:
We hypothesized that adipose genes down-regulated during endotoxemia would approximate changes observed with obesity-related inflammation and reveal novel candidates in cardiometabolic disease.

Design, Subjects, and Intervention:
Healthy volunteers (n = 14) underwent a 3 ng/kg endotoxin challenge; adipose biopsies were taken at 0, 4, 12, and 24 h for mRNA microarray. A priority list of highly down-regulated and biologically relevant genes was validated by RT-PCR in an independent sample of adipose from healthy subjects (n = 7) undergoing a subclinical 0.6 ng/kg endotoxemia protocol. Expression of validated genes was screened in adipose of lean and severely obese individuals (n = 11 per group), and cellular source was probed in cultured adipocytes and macrophages.

Results:
Endotoxemia (3 ng/kg) suppressed expression of 353 genes (to &lt;67% of baseline; P &lt; 1 × 10−5) of which 68 candidates were prioritized for validation. In low-dose (0.6 ng/kg) endotoxin validation, 22 (32%) of these 68 genes were confirmed. Functional classification revealed that many of these genes are involved in cell development and differentiation. Of validated genes, 59% (13 of 22) were down-regulated more than 1.5-fold in primary human adipocytes after treatment with endotoxin. In human macrophages, 59% (13 of 22) were up-regulated during differentiation to inflammatory M1 macrophages whereas 64% (14 of 22) were down-regulated during transition to homeostatic M2 macrophages. Finally, in obese vs. lean adipose, 91% (20 of 22) tended to have reduced expression (χ2 = 10.72, P &lt; 0.01) with 50% (11 of 22) reaching P &lt; 0.05 (χ2 = 9.28, P &lt; 0.01).

Conclusions:
Exploration of down-regulated mRNA in adipose during human endotoxemia revealed suppression of genes involved in cell development and differentiation. A majority of candidates were also suppressed in endogenous human obesity, suggesting a potential pathophysiological role in human obesity-related adipose inflammation.
Conformational Effects of Adsorbed Polymer on the Swelling Behavior of Engineered Clay Minerals
Authors: Kim Sungho , Motyka Michael A. , Palomino Angelica M. , Podraza Nikolas J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe conformational behavior of polymers in clay-polymer nanocomposites (CPN) is not fully understood because of the many factors involved. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the conformational behavior of a polymer at the micro- and meso-scales in order to predict the behavior of tunable CPN. The study used a pH-responsive polymer, polyacrylamide, which has time-dependent hydrolysis response properties, to examine micro-scale conformational behavior of the polymer adsorbed on representative clay-mineral surfaces, SiO2 and Al2O3. A nanocomposite and a microcomposite were used to link meso-scale CPN behavior to micro-scale polymer conformation. The conformational behavior was characterized using in situ, real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry. The contracted coil conformation of polyacrylamide was observed at pH = 3, while extended conformation was observed at pH = 11.5 on both SiO2 and Al2O3 surfaces. At pH = 11.5, the polymer conformation changed from expanded coil to extended conformation over time. The polymer conformation changed more rapidly with the Al2O3 surface due to mineral dissolution at pH = 3 and 11.5. Swelling tests were conducted as functions of pH and time to link the micro-scale phenomena to meso-scale CPN behavior. The results indicated that the swelling potential of CPN corresponded to the conformation of adsorbed polyacrylamide, which varied with pH and time. The swelling potential of CPN was maximized at pH = 11.5 and decreased with decreasing pH, corresponding to the observed micro-scale conformational behavior.
Variational Bayes Procedure for Effective Classification of Tumor Type with Microarray Gene Expression Data
Authors: Hayashi Takeshi 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Recently, microarrays that can simultaneously measure the expression levels of thousands of genes have become a valuable tool for classifying tumors. For such classification, where the sample size is usually much smaller than the number of genes, it is essential to construct properly sparse models for accurately predicting tumor types to avoid over-fitting. Bayesian shrinkage estimation is considered a suitable method for providing such sparse models, effectively shrinking estimates of the effects for many irrelevant genes to zero while maintaining those of a small number of relevant genes at significant magnitudes. However, Bayesian analysis usually requires time-consuming computational techniques such as computationally intensive MCMC iterations. This paper describes a computationally effective method of Bayesian shrinkage regression (BSR) incorporating multiple hierarchical structures for constructing a classification model for tumor types using microarray gene expression data. We use a variational approximation method which provides simple approximations of posterior distributions of parameters to reduce computational burden in the Bayesian estimation. This computationally efficient BSR procedure yields a properly sparse model for accurately and rapidly classifying tumor samples. The accuracy of tumor classification is shown to be at least equivalent to that of other methods such as support vector machine and partial least squares using simulated and actual gene expression data sets.
Incorporating Genomic Annotation into a Hidden Markov Model for DNA Methylation Tiling Array Data
Authors: Olbricht Gayla R. , Craig Bruce A. , Doerge Rebecca W. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays an important role in many biological processes. To better understand this epigenetic mechanism, genome-wide investigations of DNA methylation can be conducted via tiling array technology. In such DNA methylation profiling studies, statistical methods are employed to estimate the DNA methylation status of each probe represented on the tiling array. Although many of the current methods account for the inherent dependency between neighboring probes, they do not effectively utilize the wealth of information available in genomic annotation databases. Since previous studies indicate that DNA methylation patterns of some organisms differ by genomic element (e.g., gene, intergenic region), such genomic annotation information may be useful in predicting DNA methylation status. In this work, a novel statistical model is proposed within the hidden Markov model framework to incorporate genomic annotation information in the prediction of DNA methylation status. The advantages of incorporating genomic annotation via the proposed method are investigated through a simulation study and real data applications.
Episodic HIV Risk Behavior Can Greatly Amplify HIV Prevalence and the Fraction of Transmissions from Acute HIV Infection
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Zhong Lin , Romero-Severson Ethan , Alam Shah Jamal , Henry Christopher J. , Volz Erik M. , Koopman James S. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A deterministic compartmental model was explored that relaxed the unrealistic assumption in most HIV transmission models that behaviors of individuals are constant over time. A simple model was formulated to better explain the effects observed. Individuals had a high and a low contact rate and went back and forth between them. This episodic risk behavior interacted with the short period of high transmissibility during acute HIV infection to cause dramatic increases in prevalence as the differences between high and low contact rates increased and as the duration of high risk better matched the duration of acute HIV infection. These same changes caused a considerable increase in the fraction of all transmissions that occurred during acute infection. These strong changes occurred despite a constant total number of contacts and a constant total transmission potential from acute infection. Two phenomena played a strong role in generating these effects. First, people were infected more often during their high contact rate phase and they remained with high contact rates during the highly contagious acute infection stage. Second, when individuals with previously low contact rates moved into an episodic high-risk period, they were more likely to be susceptible and thus provided more high contact rate susceptible individuals who could get infected. These phenomena make test and treat control strategies less effective and could cause some behavioral interventions to increase transmission. Signature effects on genetic patterns between HIV strains could make it possible to determine whether these episodic risk effects are acting in a population.
加拿大大学生汉语语音成功习得策略—兼论语言习得关键期假说
Authors: 何, 丽芳 
Published: November 2012

提要本文以笔者所任教的加拿大大学生为研究对象，首先对超过语言习得“关键期”的学习者能够获得母语一样的语音进行验证，然后探讨成年学习者学习汉语语音的成功学习策略。本文的研究证实，成年人若使用适当的学习策略，就能够成功获得标准的现代汉语语音。成功的学习者都有较强的学习动机和主动学习的意识，而学习策略则是学生主动学习的一个工具。同样的课堂教学及教材教法，不同学习者理解、记忆直至获得目的语语音所采用的学习计划安排，及使用的途径方法等有所不同，甚至有明显的差别。在不同的场合情景下选择使用相应的学习策略，能够调动学生的组织能力和自我监控意识，让学生使用已有的知识解决学习中的新问题，通过与同学老师或汉语为母语者的互动，提高语音水平，进而帮助学生完成学习任务实现学习目标。
Strategies for post-grant reviews and other proceedings for challenging an issued patent
Authors: Garsson Ross Spencer , Pham Chinh H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn the past, there have been other means for challenging a patent (or prospective patent) at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). These included preissuance submissions of prior art and ex parte reexaminations, which continue to be available. With the enactment of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA) on September 16, 2011, additional means have been provided to entities so that they now have a greater set of potential procedures to challenge and neutralize patents – procedures that are both more economical and will take less time to resolve. Under the AIA, there are two new procedures for challenging a patent after issuance, namely, post-grant review (PGR) and inter partes review (IPR). This article provides an overview of these procedures, including their advantages and disadvantages, so that nanotech-related companies can decide which strategy may best fit them for particular patent invalidity challenges.
Finite and infinite support in nominal algebra and logic: nominal completeness theorems for free
Authors: Gabbay Murdoch J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBy operations on models we show how to relate completeness with respect to permissive-nominal models to completeness with respect to nominal models with finite support. Models with finite support are a special case of permissive-nominal models, so the construction hinges on generating from an instance of the latter, some instance of the former in which sufficiently many inequalities are preserved between elements. We do this using an infinite generalisation of nominal atoms-abstraction.The results are of interest in their own right, but also, we factor the mathematics so as to maximise the chances that it could be used off-the-shelf for other nominal reasoning systems too. Models with infinite support can be easier to work with, so it is useful to have a semi-automatic theorem to transfer results from classes of infinitely-supported nominal models to the more restricted class of models with finite support.In conclusion, we consider different permissive-nominal syntaxes and nominal models and discuss how they relate to the results proved here.
Longidorus profundorum Hooper, 1965 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Lišková M. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The species Longidorus profundorum Hooper, 1965 was for the first time recorded in the territory of Slovakia. It was observed in the rhizosphere of Fraxineto-Quercetum forest of riverine plain along Moravia River in south-western part of country, close to boundary with Austria. Morphometrics of females, males and four juvenile stages, morfological and molecular characteristic of Slovakian specimens are presented.
Relationships of benthic amphipod communities with environmental variables in the shallow waters of the Dardanelles
Authors: Suat Ateş A. , Sezgin Murat , Katağan Tuncer , Göksel Özdilek H. , Berber Selçuk , Kolsal Seçil , Bircan Cüneyt 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The structure of the benthic amphipod assemblage and its relationship with soft-bottom characteristics (particle size, organic matter, etc.) of the coastal waters at the depths of 0–5 m at the Dardanelles, including the Turkish Straits System, was studied. A SCUBA diver took benthos and sediment samples seasonally using a quadrate system of 30×30 cm as three transects from the 8 different stations between July 2008 and April 2009. A total of 3007 individuals belonging to 50 species was reported. Among these, Corophium acutum Chevreux, 1908 had the highest dominance value (Di%=22.18) and the lowest dominance value belonged to Dexamine thea Boeck, 1861 (Di%=0.03). The highest positive correlation (rs=0.57, p<0.05) was observed between the gravel content (%) and the abundance (ind. m−2). The highest sand rate (99.59%) in the sediment was found at the Eceabat site. The lowest rate was at the Kepez Harbour station with a value of 73.01%. The highest H′ value (1.53) was recorded at the Eceabat site, and the lowest H′ value (H′=0.95) was recorded at the Gallipoli sampling station.
Magnetoelectric characteristics of cobalt-iron alloy–lead zirconate titanate bilayer planar structures
Authors: Hörner Eduard , Krykanov Ivan M. , Chashin Dmitry V. , Fetisov Yury K. , Fetisov Leonid Y. , Shamonin Mikhail 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe characteristics of both direct and converse magnetoelectric (ME) interactions in bilayer composite structures comprising layers of a commercially available magnetostrictive permendur CoFe alloy and different piezoelectric PZT ceramics are investigated in detail by the method of harmonic field modulation. It is shown that, given the optimum DC magnetic bias field, a high piezomagnetic coefficient in the alloy leads to increased efficiency of ME interactions. The resonant behavior of frequency dependencies of the magnetoelectric voltage is explained by excitation of bending and planar mechanical oscillations in the structures. The results are of interest for developing highly sensitive AC magnetic field sensors and magnetoelectric transducers for energy harvesting from mechanical vibrations.
Properties of Si3N4/SiC composites produced via spark plasma sintering
Authors: Taslicukur Zeynep , Sahin Filiz Cinar , Kuskonmaz Nilgun 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSi3N4 ceramics reinforced with SiC particles were fabricated via spark plasma sintering at 1650°C under 40 MPa pressure. AlN and Y2O3 were used as sintering additives. The purpose of this work was to study the influence of SiC powders on the properties of Si3N4/SiC composites. The microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. It was found that mechanical properties of the composites improved, the α–β transformation and grain growth of β-Si3N4 were inhibited and the equiaxed grain increased due to the increase of SiC(w).
Bone Grafting in Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Riboh Jonathan C. , Garrigues Grant E. 
Published: November 2012

Educational Objectives

As a result of reading this article, physicians should be able to:

1.
Describe options for managing posterior glenoid bone loss in primary anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty.

2.
Describe the indications for and results of bone grafting for glenoid loss in revision anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty.

3.
Describe options for managing superior glenoid bone loss and discuss the role of bony lateralization in primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

4.
Describe the design features of fracture stems and options for bone grafting augmentation in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures.

Shoulder arthroplasty is one of the fastest-growing fields in orthopedic surgery. Deficiency of the glenoid or humeral bone stock is a major challenge that can result from degenerative arthritis, component loosening or extraction, fracture, or malignancy. Approximately 15% of primary reconstructions will require bone grafting, and the rate is higher for revisions. The authors present a systematic review of the current literature focused on the indications for and results of bone grafting techniques. This provides the practicing surgeon with a set of strategies to address bone loss in the primary and revision settings, whether using an anatomic or reverse design.
Posttraumatic Chronic Patellar Dislocation Treated by Distal Femoral Osteotomy and Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Purushothaman Balaji , Agarwal Amit , Dawson Matt 
Published: November 2012

Chronic patellar dislocation is a rare condition where the patella remains dislocated throughout knee range of motion during flexion and extension. In adults, the delayed presentation of this condition is often due to symptoms caused by the onset of severe secondary osteoarthritis. To the authors’ knowledge, all of the cases reported in the literature have been treated by patellofemoral or total knee replacements depending on patient age and the extent of the arthritis.
This article describes a rare case of a 22-year-old woman who sustained a traumatic chronic patellar dislocation for 5 months. Clinical examination revealed a valgus deformity of the left leg secondary to childhood injury and that the patella lay lateral to the lateral femoral condyle throughout flexion and extension. Radiographs of the knee revealed patellar dislocation. Long-leg radiographs of the left leg showed an anatomic tibiofemoral angle of 17° valgus. The anatomical (74°) and mechanical (80°) lateral distal femoral angles were abnormal, whereas the medial proximal tibial angle (87°) was normal, confirming that the valgus deformity was due to the abnormal distal femur. The authors performed a distal femoral osteotomy to correct the valgus deformity. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using a hamstring autograft was performed to stabilize the patella.
The Public and Its Affective Problems
Authors: Clarke Lynn 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Dewey emphasizes the perception of “indirect consequences” of transactions as the basis of responsible public identity and organization. These consequences are external; they appear in the scientifically observable world and are susceptible to technical control. But transactions may have indirect affective consequences that are part of a culturally influenced inner reality, pose obstacles to speech and communication, and fund an irresponsible public identity-cum-organization. Rhetorical theory that builds on Dewey's “public” ignores these consequences at considerable cost. This claim is supported by a social psychoanalytic conception of affects and by an interpretive-analysis of public speech-acts that moved from opposition to the largely unauthorized immigration of Latin Americans to Nashville-Davidson County, Tennessee, to reactionary endorsement and legislative passage of an “English-first” ordinance.
Access to data and reports after completion of a research project
Authors: Nagy Murielle 
Published: November 2012

During research projects, ethical protocols must be followed to ensure protection of the rights and intellectual property of Aboriginal peoples and researchers. In such a context, researchers collect and analyse data, write reports, present their findings at conferences, and publish them. Once the project is completed, what are the researchers’ rights to the data they have collected and the reports they have written? What are their duties? These questions are particularly relevant to those researchers who work with or for Aboriginal organisations. Before signing any contract or research agreement, researchers should make a point of retaining the right to use the data and reports for their own writing and publishing.We are beginning to realise the obvious: a story does not exist as something to be captured but as something to be passed on (Morrow and Schneider 1995: 2).
L’expression lexicale de la peur en inuktitut dans le nord de la Terre de Baffin
Authors: Bordin Guy 
Published: November 2012

Si les émotions liées à la peur sont universelles, les façons de les exprimer et de les catégoriser ne le sont pas. Comment les Inuit en parlent-ils alors? Dans cet article, je me propose de livrer des éléments de réponse en parcourant le lexique de la peur en inuktitut, tel qu’il est attesté dans le nord de la Terre de Baffin, en m’appuyant en grande partie sur des données provenant de la communauté de Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet). J’ai relevé dans cette région neuf bases principales qui permettent d’exprimer la peur, chacune d’elles s’adressant à une composante plus ou moins large, du spécifique au générique, du spectre émotif timérique. Une classification en est proposée.
Isolation of Mouse Lymphocytes from Small Intestine Tissues
Authors: Sheridan Brian S. , Lefrançois Leo 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe isolation of lymphocytes and other hematopoietic‐derived cells from small intestinal tissues has become increasingly relevant to immunology over the last decade. It is also becoming increasingly clear that the impact of local immunity at the mucosal barrier of the intestine has a profound impact on immune responses at distant sites, bringing a new cadre of immunologists to the mucosal frontier. Furthermore, the ability to experimentally manipulate smaller and smaller populations of immune cells has become technologically feasible and in some cases routine. The expanding importance of mucosal immunology coupled with increased technical capabilities requires a standard for experimentally obtaining uniform and consistent cells from the intestinal mucosa. Therefore, it is important to isolate immune cells that are highly viable and minimally manipulated to maximize cellular yields while maintaining acceptable time constraints. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 99:3.19.1‐3.19.11. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Outlines
Authors: Pezo Mauricio , von Ellrichshausen Sofia 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHow should architects hammer out their own personal design approach in relation to a wider cultural identity? Chilean architects Mauricio Pezo and Sofia von Ellrichshausen of Pezo von Ellrichshausen outline how their first years of practice have been dedicated to developing their own specific working methods. Drawing on the physical experience of space, their own evocative thoughts and sensations, they transform the simple natural structures of their local surrounding into idealised forms.