bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Temperature Changes on in vitro Slow Wave Activity in the Equine Ileum
Authors: Fintl C. , Hudson N.P.H. , Handel I. , Pearson G.T. 
Published: September 2013

AimsTo evaluate the effect of temperature changes on in vitro slow wave activity of the equine ileum using intracellular recording techniques.MethodsA section of ileum was collected immediately following euthanasia from 9 normal horses euthanased for clinical reasons unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal tissue samples were cut into 1 mm thick sections, pinned out on a Sylgard plate and superfused with warmed, oxygenated Krebs solution. Intracellular recordings of membrane potential were made from smooth muscle cells using glass microelectrodes. All experiments were performed in the presence of a calcium channel blocker to ensure stable impalements. The temperature of the tissue bath was altered during the course of the experiment at a range of 27–41°C. All data were recorded and stored using a computer interfaced acquisition system. A software package was used to analyse the resting potentials, the amplitude, frequency and duration of slow waves.ResultsIn all 9 horses slow wave frequency appeared to be approximately linearly related to the temperature over the range studied increasing by 0.5 cycles/min for each 1 degree increase in temperature (P<0.01). The initial slow wave frequency resumed when the temperature was returned to 37°C. The recovery time appeared to be directly related to the duration for which the temperature had been changed.ConclusionsSlow wave frequency in the equine ileum is highly temperature sensitive.Practical significanceAs post operative ileus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the horse, the negative effect of lower temperatures on slow wave activity should be considered. During colic surgery close attention should be paid to minimising extra‐abdominal gut exposure time and keeping the temperature of the intestinal and abdominal lavage fluids at body temperature.Ethical animal researchPost mortem samples obtained with the consent of the owners. Sources of funding: The Norwegian Agricultural Agreement Research Fund, Norsk Rikstoto and the Research Council of Norway as part of the Norwegian/Swedish research collaboration. Competing interests: None.
Equine Herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) in the Environment: How Long Will It Stay Infective?
Authors: Saklou N.T. , Burgess B. , Morley P.W. , Goehring L.S. 
Published: September 2013

IntroductionEquine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) is a highly contagious agent for horses, able to cause outbreaks of respiratory disease, myelopathy and/or abortion. Horizontal transmission is directly through nasopharyngeal droplet transmission or, indirectly, through fomite transmission. Once in the environment viral maintenance of infectivity will depend on a variety of factors associated with viral envelope integrity. Adsorptive and surface tension forces, temperature fluctuations and UV‐light exposure have been shown to affect envelope integrity in other herpesviridae.AimsWe hypothesised that viral survival will be different if placed on various surfaces or materials, and if placed in different environmental conditions.MethodsAn EHV‐1 suspension was placed on surfaces or materials: plastic, fabric, leather and stall bedding materials: shavings and straw. Materials were placed in different environments: constant 4°C, ‘barn’ and ‘outdoor environment’. Samples of each material and environment were collected at time points 0, 3, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h followed by viral titration and quantitative PCR analysis. Statistical analysis used generalised linear models with random‐effects mixed models controlling for repeated measures. Statistical significance was assumed when P<0.05.ResultsResults showed significant differences upon contact (t = 0) of the viral suspension with materials, most noticeable with shavings and leather. Most materials and in environmental conditions other than 4°C showed a rapid decrease in viral survival, especially during the first 3 h. While results show significant reduction on some surfaces and materials over others, it is important to realise that viral maintenance of infectivity was still significant under simulated ‘barn conditions’ following the 3 h time point.Conclusions and practical significanceThese results emphasise the importance of the prudent use of biosecurity protocols when mitigating an EHV‐1 outbreak.Ethical animal researchNot applicable. Sources of funding: 1) Student was funded from an internal grant (DVM student grant) at CSU. 2) CSU Equine Neurology Research Fund. Competing interests: None.
Pharmacokinetics of Pergolide Mesylate in Horses
Authors: Rendle D.I. , Hughes K.J. , Doran G. , Edwards S. 
Published: September 2013

AimsPergolide mesylate is the treatment of choice for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) and veterinary preparations are now licensed for this use in a number of countries. Pharmacokinetic properties of the drug have not been established completely in horses and current dosing recommendations are based upon clinical experience. This study aimed to establish the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug following intravenous administration.MethodsEight healthy Thoroughbred or Standardbred geldings were administered 0.02 mg/kg bwt pergolide mesylate via an intravenous jugular catheter. Blood samples were collected over a period of 48 h from a catheter in the contralateral jugular vein for determination of plasma pergolide concentrations. Pergolide concentrations in plasma were determined using a high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay. Maximum concentration of pergolide was determined directly from the data. Other pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each horse by use of noncompartmental analysis with a commercial software program. Area under the curve was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. The terminal elimination rate constant and terminal half‐life were calculated by means of log‐linear regression. Initial volume of distribution, mean residence time, and clearance were calculated using standard noncompartmental formulae.ResultsSee Table .
Results

Mean (± s.d.)

Maximum concentration (Cmax)
14.90 ± 5.02

Terminal elimination rate constant (λ) (h−1)
0.14 ± 0.06

Terminal half‐life (h)
5.80 ± 2.26

Area under the curve 0‐∞ (ng*h/ml)
18.63 ± 7.30

Mean residence time (h)
6.30 ± 2.43

Clearance (ml/h/kg bwt)
964.30 ± 460.95

Initial volume of distribution (l/kg bwt)
1.13 ± 0.39

ConclusionsVolume of distribution and half‐life for pergolide in horses are shorter than reported previously. There is no rationale for administering a loading dose of pergolide mesylate; however, based on its pharmacokinetic properties twice daily dosing with pergolide mesylate may be more appropriate than once daily dosing.Ethical animal researchApproved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee, Charles Sturt University. Sources of funding: Internal funding. Competing interests: Although not used in the current study, David Rendle has acted as a paid speaker and consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim, manufacturers of Prascend: the licensed form of pergolide in Europe and the USA.
Radiographic localization and isometry of the origin and insertion of the canine cranial cruciate ligament
Authors: Reichert Erin E. , Kunkel Kevin A. R. , Suber Jonathan T. , Basinger R. Randy , Gerard Patrick D. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo radiographically define the anatomic origin and insertion of the cranial cruciate ligament translated to the lateral radiographic projection of the stifle (CrCL‐Lo and CrCL‐Li, respectively), to correlate these landmarks for identification of the CrCL‐Lo intraoperatively, and to compare the isometry of the CrCL‐Lo to the lateral fabella.Study DesignExperimental study.Sample PopulationPelvic limbs (n = 12) from dogs weighing 13–26 kg.MethodsA radiographic quadrant method was used to localize the CrCL‐Lo. Mediolateral radiographic projections of each stifle were taken through a range of motion. Maximum percent change in length between each tibial marker and femoral marker during range of motion determined isometry.ResultsThe CrCL‐Lo is located at the caudal 33% and distal 50% of the lateral femoral condyle using Blumensaat's line or a line from the origin of the long digital extensor (LDE) to the lateral fabella, with no significant difference (P = .766) between the 2 reference lines. The CrCL‐Li is located at the proximal 20% of the tibial plateau. No significant difference (P < .05) in isometry was found between the CrCL‐Lo and lateral fabella.ConclusionThe CrCL‐Lo is located at the caudal 1/3 and distal ½ of the lateral femoral condyle. The CrCL‐Lo and lateral fabella are not significantly different in isometry when used as a proximal anchor point in extracapsular stifle stabilization.
Barriers to successful implementation of technology integration in educational settings: a case study
Authors: Laferrière T. , Hamel C. , Searson M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractRepresenting issues discussed at the EduSummIT 2011 relative to essential conditions and barriers to successful technology integration, this article presents a systemic analysis of barriers that needed to be overcome for an information technology initiative (Remote Networked School project) to be successfully implemented. The analysis was conducted from an activity theory framework. Barriers were conceptualized as tensions that pulled constituents of an activity system or activity systems in opposite directions at four distinct levels of contradiction. Chains of tensions–pivotal actions that led to the overcoming of barriers were identified. Twelve exemplars illustrate how roles, policies and routines were transformed for necessary conditions to be in place in small remote schools. As emphasized by our application of activity theory, these conditions, which parallel the essential conditions formulated by the International Society for Technology in Education, can never be taken for granted by the educational agents of a specific setting. In the case presented, activity theory explains that the overcoming of barriers is an ongoing exercise as some tensions get resolved, reappear or give way to new ones.
Eligibility Determination for Intravenous Thrombolysis Based on Radiology Interpretation Report of the Head CT Scan in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Hassan Ameer E. , Majidi Shahram , Janjua Nazli A. , Chaudhry Saqib A. , Tekle Wondwossen G. , Grigoryan Mikayel , Qureshi Adnan I. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVETo evaluate the variability of determining eligibility for intravenous thrombolysis (IV t‐PA) by a stroke team interpretation of computed tomographic (CT) scan of the head versus review of the radiology interpretation (presented in final report) in patients with acute ischemic stroke.METHODSWe compiled a database of all IV t‐PA‐treated ischemic stroke patients at our academic institution based on the stroke team's CT scan interpretation. The CT scan reports of 171 patients were reviewed by an independent board‐certified vascular neurologist who was blinded to clinical information except that all patients were being considered for IV t‐PA to determine their eligibility for thrombolysis. The reviewer's responses were then compared with the treating team's decision to identify discrepancies, and the impact of the discrepant decisions on clinical outcome including 24‐hour National Institute of Health stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and discharge modified Rankin scale (mRS), symptomatic hemorrhage (sICH), and asymptomatic hemorrhage (aICH). We compared the outcomes of patients who received IV t‐PA despite cautionary neuroradiologist interpretation and placebo‐treated patients from NINDS t‐PA study.RESULTSThe independent reviewer decided to treat with IV t‐PA 123 patients (72%) after reviewing the radiology reports. The rate of NIHSS score improvement (52.0% vs. 62.5%, P = .22) was not different between patients in whom IV t‐PA should or should not have been used based on radiology reports. Favorable clinical outcome defined by mRS of 0‐2 at discharge (50.4% vs. 47.9%, P = .77) and in‐hospital mortality (15.6% vs. 12.5%, P = .61) were similar between the 2 groups. Favorable outcome (discharge or day 7‐10 mRS 0‐2) was significantly higher in patients who received t‐PA compared with placebo‐treated patients (48% vs. 28%, P = .006).CONCLUSIONOur study demonstrates that administering IV t‐PA to patients based on the stroke team's interpretation of the CT scan versus review of the radiology interpretation does not lead to significant differences in clinical outcome, aICH, or sICH.
Is 3 the new 1: perspectives on virology, natural history and treatment for hepatitis C genotype 3
Authors: Tapper E. B. , Afdhal N. H. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryAffecting 2–3% of the world's population, hepatitis C is a common viral infection which is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis C genotype 1 is the dominant viral genotype among Western patients. For the last 20 years, in the era of interferon‐based therapy, it was far more difficult to treat relative to genotypes 2 and 3. Accordingly, a significant focus of research was on new antiviral agents for the dominant genotype 1 patient. Now, as promising specific treatments are being introduced for genotype 1, the attention of clinicians and researchers has turned back to the 50–70 million patients infected with a nongenotype 1 hepatitis C. Furthermore, after recent, larger randomized trials, we have realized that genotype 2 is truly interferon sensitive while genotype 3 patients are far less successful with therapy. In this fundamentally altered landscape, genotype 3 is now potentially the most difficult to treat genotype and an area of intense research for new drug development. Herein we review the virology, natural history and the treatment of genotype 3 hepatitis C.
The early impact histories of meteorite parent bodies
Authors: Davison Thomas M. , O'Brien David P. , Ciesla Fred J. , Collins Gareth S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe have developed a statistical framework that uses collisional evolution models, shock physics modeling, and scaling laws to determine the range of plausible collisional histories for individual meteorite parent bodies. It is likely that those parent bodies that were not catastrophically disrupted sustained hundreds of impacts on their surfaces—compacting, heating, and mixing the outer layers; it is highly unlikely that many parent bodies escaped without any impacts processing the outer few kilometers. The first 10–20 Myr were the most important time for impacts, both in terms of the number of impacts and the increase of specific internal energy due to impacts. The model has been applied to evaluate the proposed impact histories of several meteorite parent bodies: up to 10 parent bodies that were not disrupted in the first 100 Myr experienced a vaporizing collision of the type necessary to produce the metal inclusions and chondrules on the CB chondrite parent; around 1–5% of bodies that were catastrophically disrupted after 12 Myr sustained impacts at times that match the heating events recorded on the IAB/winonaite parent body; more than 75% of 100 km radius parent bodies, which survived past 100 Myr without being disrupted, sustained an impact that excavates to the depth required for mixing in the outer layers of the H‐chondrite parent body; and to protect the magnetic field on the CV chondrite parent body, the crust would have had to have been thick (approximately 20 km) to prevent it being punctured by impacts.
Swallowing dysfunction in healthy older people using pharyngeal pressure‐flow analysis
Authors: Omari T. I. , Kritas S. , Cock C. , Besanko L. , Burgstad C. , Thompson A. , Rommel N. , Heddle R. , Fraser R. J. L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundAge‐related loss of swallowing efficiency may occur for multiple reasons. Objective assessment of individual dysfunctions is difficult and may not clearly differentiate these from normal. Pharyngeal pressure‐flow analysis is a novel technique that allows quantification of swallow dysfunction predisposing to aspiration risk based on a swallow risk index (SRI). In this study, we examined the effect of ageing on swallow function.MethodsStudies were performed in 68 healthy subjects aged 20–91 years (mean 59 years; 29 male), asymptomatic for oropharyngeal disease. Swallowing of liquid and viscous boluses was recorded with a pressure‐impedance catheter. Indices of swallow function including the SRI, postswallow residues, upper esophageal sphincter opening and bolus transit time were derived using purpose designed software.Key ResultsSwallow function worsened with increasing age with a significant decline after 80 years. Higher SRI correlated with increasing age (r = 0.257, p < 0.05 for liquids and r = 0.361, p < 0.005 viscous bolus). Subjects over 80 years were overrepresented amongst those with an SRI considered diagnostically relevant (SRI > 15). In addition, upper esophageal sphincter opening was reduced and postswallow residues increased in older subjects.Conclusions & InferencesPharyngeal pressure‐flow analysis reveals multiple functional abnormalities in older individuals. The higher SRI levels seen in asymptomatic elders possibly reflect a loss of functional reserve with ageing. Automated impedance manometry analysis of swallow function may allow the risk of developing disordered swallowing to be quantified numerically.
Obesity prevention and management: Singapore's experience
Authors: Foo L. L. , Vijaya K. , Sloan R. A. , Ling A. 
Published: September 2013

SummarySingapore's obesity prevalence among adult Singapore residents aged 18–69 increased from 6.9% (2004) to 10.8% (2010). Among school‐going children, the prevalence of overweight and severely overweight (body weight > 120% standard weight for height) increased from 1.4% (1976) to 12.7% (2006) for primary 1 students, and 2.2% to 15.9% for primary 6 students. Fundamentally, obesity is a function of excess energy intake (food consumption) and insufficient energy expenditure (physical activity). In 2010, about 40% did not have sufficient physical activity, and about 60% consumed excess energy. For students in the mainstream schools, only a fifth consumed at least two servings of fruits and vegetables every day, and a tenth were physically active for at least 60 min on 5 or more days a week. From a public health perspective, the most powerful levers for influencing population health lie in interventions that make healthy living convenient and an unconscious choice by targeting the social and environmental context. Recognizing this, the Health Promotion Board has in recent years made a strategic shift away from just public education campaigns aimed at individual behaviours, to focus on creating a ground‐up social movement to enable and empower individuals to live out a healthy lifestyle.
A food policy package for healthy diets and the prevention of obesity and diet‐related non‐communicable diseases: the NOURISHING framework
Authors: Hawkes C. , Jewell J. , Allen K. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThis paper presents the NOURISHING framework of food policies to promote healthy diets, and uses the framework to summarize the policy actions taken by the Bellagio meeting countries. NOURISHING was developed by WCRF International to formalize a comprehensive policy package that brings together the key domains of action and policy areas. It aims to provide global level recommendations for a comprehensive response, within which policymakers have the flexibility to select specific policy options suitable for their national/local contexts and target populations. It also aims to provide a framework for reporting, categorizing and monitoring policy actions taken around the world, and for systematically categorizing, updating, interpreting and communicating the evidence for policy to policymakers. In this paper we explain the structure for NOURISHING and the rationale behind it. We also use the framework to report on and categorize the policy actions implemented in the Bellagio countries.
Structural responses to the obesity and non‐communicable diseases epidemic: the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising
Authors: Corvalán C. , Reyes M. , Garmendia M. L. , Uauy R. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryIn 12 July 2012, the Chilean Senate approved the Law of Food Labeling and Advertising, resulting from the joint efforts of a group of health professionals, researchers and legislators who proposed a regulatory framework in support of healthy diets and active living. Its goal was to curb the ongoing epidemic increase of obesity and non‐communicable diseases. Two actions included: (i) improving point of food purchase consumer information by incorporating easy‐to‐understand front‐of‐packages labeling and specific messages addressing critical nutrients, and (ii) decreasing children's exposure to unhealthy foods by restricting marketing, advertising and sales. We summarize the work related to the law's release and discuss the conclusions reached by the various expert committees that were convened by the Ministry of Health to guide the development of the regulatory norms. Throughout the process, the food industry has overtly expressed its disagreement with the regulatory effort. The final content of the regulatory norms is still pending; however there are suggestions that its implementation will be delayed and might be modified based on the industry lobbying actions. These lessons should contribute to show the need of anticipating and addressing potential barriers to obesity‐prevention policy implementation, particularly with respect to the role of the private sector.
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Children with Psoriatic Disease
Authors: Goldminz Ari M. , Buzney Catherine D. , Kim Noori , Au Shiu‐Chung , Levine Danielle E. , Wang Andrew C. , Volf Eva M. , Yaniv Shimrat S. , Kerensky Todd A. , Bhandarkar Manasa , Dumont Nicole M. , Lizzul Paul F. , Loo Daniel S. , Kulig John W. , Brown Mary E. , Lopez‐Benitez Jorge M. , Miller Laurie C. , Gottlieb Alice B. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAdults with psoriasis have a greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but few studies have investigated the prevalence of MetS and other risk factors for CVD in children with psoriasis. In an assessor‐blinded study, 20 children ages 9–17 years with a current or previously documented history of psoriasis involving 5% or more of their body surface area or psoriatic arthritis were compared with a cohort of age‐ and sex‐matched controls with benign nevi, warts, or acne. MetS, our primary endpoint, was defined by the presence of abnormal values in at least three of the following measures: triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), waist circumference, and blood pressure. Secondary endpoints included high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), total cholesterol (TC), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C). Thirty percent (6/20) of children with psoriasis met the criteria for MetS, compared with 5% (1/20) of the control group (p < 0.05). Subjects with psoriasis had higher mean FBG (91.1 mg/dL) than the control group (82.9 mg/dL) (p = 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in the other four components of MetS, BMI, BMI percentile, hs‐CRP, TC, or LDL‐C. The results of this trial demonstrate that children with psoriasis have higher rates of MetS than age‐ and sex‐matched controls. It may therefore be important to evaluate children with psoriasis for components of MetS to prevent future CVD morbidity and mortality.