bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attracting Long‐Term Investors Through Integrated Thinking and Reporting: A Clinical Study of a Biopharmaceutical Company
Authors: Knauer Andrew , Serafeim George 
Published: October 2015

Faced with a large percentage of investors that chase short‐term returns, companies could benefit by attracting investors with longer‐term horizons and incentives that are more consistent with the long‐term strategy of the company. The managers of most companies take their investor base as a “given” that cannot be changed through their actions or words. Using the case of Shire, a biopharmaceutical company with a strong commitment to the goals of improving the safety of its products and the reliability of its supply chain, the authors of this article suggest that companies have the ability and the means to change their investor base in ways that are consistent with their strategy.One of the most promising ways of attracting such investors is integrated reporting, which provides companies with a means of credibly communicating the commitment of its top leadership to diffusing integrated thinking across the organization and to building strong relationships with important external stakeholders. In the case of Shire, both a commitment to integrated thinking and the adoption of integrated reporting appear to have helped the company attract longer‐term investors, which in turn has strengthened management's confidence to carry out its strategy of stakeholder engagement and investment.
Corporate Risk Management under Information Asymmetry
Authors: Choi Jongmoo Jay , Mao Connie X. , Upadhyay Arun D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the financial and operational hedging activities of US pharmaceutical and biotech firms that are subject to a high level of information asymmetry stemming from R&D investments during 2001–2006. We find evidence in support of the information asymmetry hypothesis à la Froot, Scharfstein and Stein (1993) that hedging helps mitigate the under‐investment problem. Specifically, we find that the use of financial derivatives is associated with greater firm value and that the value enhancement is larger for firms subject to greater information asymmetry and better growth opportunities. There is a synergy between financial hedging and operational hedging where the latter is used to counter product development risk. The results are robust with respect to alternative performance measures, industry‐specific growth measures, and the endogeneity problem. Our work is differentiated from existing studies that examined commodity‐based industries without addressing information asymmetry.
Pneumococcal Carriage and Vaccine Coverage in Retirement Community Residents
Authors: Becker‐Dreps Sylvia , Kistler Christine E. , Ward Kimberly , Killeya‐Jones Ley A. , Better Olga Maria , Weber David J. , Zimmerman Sheryl , Nicholson Bradly P. , Woods Chris W. , Sloane Philip 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate pneumococcal immunization in older adults living in retirement communities and to measure nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae to better assess the potential for herd protection from the 13‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV‐13) in these settings.DesignCross‐sectional observational study of adults aged 65 and older living in retirement communities to determine coverage with 23‐valent pneumococcal vaccine (PPSV‐23), coverage with PCV‐13 in immuncompromised individuals according to 2012 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines, and nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae.SettingTwo retirement communities in North Carolina.ParticipantsOlder adults recruited between December 2013 and April 2014 (N = 21, 64.8% female, mean age 81.4).MeasurementsA survey was used to assess chronic illnesses, immunization history, and potential risk factors for pneumococcal carriage; a chart review was used to confirm immunization history and abstract chronic conditions; and a nasopharyngeal swab was collected and cultured for S. pneumoniae.ResultsEighty‐seven percent of participants reported receiving PPSV‐23 since age 65. Of the 16.2% of participants with an immunocompromising condition, only one had received PCV‐13. Nasopharyngeal carriage with S. pneumoniae was detected in 1.9% (95% confidence interval = 0.0–3.8%) of participants.ConclusionIn this select sample, PPSV‐23 coverage was high, but adherence to the ACIP recommendation for PCV‐13 in immunocompromised groups was low. Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae was present, although infrequent, suggesting that immunization with PCV‐13 could provide an individual benefit and a small degree of herd protection.
Making Residency Work Hour Rules Work
Authors: Cohen I. Glenn , Czeisler Charles A. , Landrigan Christopher P. 
Published: October 2015

Over the past decade, a series of studies have found that physicians-in-training who work extended shifts (>16 hours) are at increased risk of experiencing motor vehicle crashes, needlestick injuries, and medical errors. In response to public concerns and a request from Congress, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) conducted an inquiry into the issue and concluded in 2009 that resident physicians should not work for more than 16 consecutive hours without sleep. They further recommended that the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Joint Commission work with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) to ensure effective enforcement of new work hour standards.The IOM's concerns with enforcement stem from well-documented non-compliance with the ACGME's 2003 work hour rules, and the ACGME's history of non-enforcement. In a nationwide cohort study, 84% of interns were found to violate the ACGME's 2003 standards in the year following their introduction.
If Sugar is Addictive… What Does it Mean for the Law?
Authors: Gearhardt Ashley , Roberts Michael , Ashe Marice 
Published: October 2015

Sugar consumption has long been linked with a host of chronic health problems, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. To reduce Americans’ intake, many have called for taxing sugary products or limiting access in certain environments like schools and workplaces. These sometimes controversial calls for new public policy to curb consumption may soon be eclipsed by newly emerging links between sugar and addiction.Attaching the label “addictive” to a substance like sugar, which is necessary for human life, challenges widely held beliefs about addiction. But the extraordinary increase in sugar consumption during the past century, with related tripling of chronic diseases like obesity and diabetes, means our common understandings may be outdated.Part I of this paper will define “addiction” — especially as it relates to what was once a naturally occurring food nutrient and now is a highly concentrated food additive — and present evidence of the addictive potential of sugar.
Expectant Fathers, Abortion, and Embryos
Authors: Purvis Dara E. 
Published: October 2015

Today, multiple legal theories of parenthood interact to encompass all sorts of families. Adults and children bound through adoption, step-parenting, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) demand familial recognition through some combination of biology, functionality, technology, and intent.In the context of children born through ART, many scholars have proposed a more robust use of intent as a rule for identifying legal parents. When used to identify parents, intent asks who planned to become the parent of a child, and is often helpful when multiple adults simultaneously agreed to bring a child into the world. For example, in the case of surrogacy, as many as five adults — two intended parents, a gestational surrogate, and both a sperm and egg donor — could all contribute to bringing a single child into the world. Not only does intent provide a practical answer to such modern parentage dilemmas, but it recognizes the often-minimized emotional investment of men who wish to be fathers.
Recent Trends in Out‐of‐Hospital Births in the United States
Authors: MacDorman Marian F. , Declercq Eugene , Mathews T.J. 
Published: October 2015

IntroductionAlthough out‐of‐hospital births are still relatively rare in the United States, it is important to monitor trends in these births, as they can affect patterns of facility usage, clinician training, and resource allocation, as well as health care costs. Trends and characteristics of home and birth center births are analyzed to more completely profile contemporary out‐of‐hospital births in the United States.MethodsNational birth certificate data were used to examine a recent increase in out‐of‐hospital births.ResultsAfter a gradual decline from 1990 to 2004, the number of out‐of‐hospital births increased from 35,578 in 2004 to 47,028 in 2010. In 2010, 1 in 85 US infants (1.18%) was born outside a hospital; about two‐thirds of these were born at home, and most of the rest were born in birth centers. The proportion of home births increased by 41%, from 0.56% in 2004 to 0.79% in 2010, with 10% of that increase occurring in the last year. The proportion of birth center births increased by 43%, from 0.23% in 2004 to 0.33% in 2010, with 14% of the increase in the last year. About 90% of the total increase in out‐of hospital births from 2004 to 2010 was a result of increases among non‐Hispanic white women, and 1 in 57 births to non‐Hispanic white women (1.75%) in 2010 was an out‐of‐hospital birth. Most home and birth center births were attended by midwives.DiscussionHome and birth center births in the United States are increasing, and the rate of out‐of‐hospital births is now at the highest level since 1978. There has been a decline in the risk profile of out‐of‐hospital births, with a smaller proportion of out‐of‐hospital births in 2010 than in 2004 occurring to adolescents and unmarried women and fewer preterm, low‐birth‐weight, and multiple births.
Local Midwives Finish Last: Findings From a Demographic and Work Environment Survey Among Auxiliary Midwives in Mali
Authors: Warren Nicole E , Doumbia Seydou , Winch Peter E 
Published: October 2015

QuestionWhat is the demographic profile and work environment for auxiliary midwives in Mali?AimDescribe the demographics and work environment for auxiliary midwives in Mali.MethodsWe used a mixed‐methods, embedded design. Survey data were analyzed using one and 2‐sample t‐tests and multiple linear regression. Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis. One hundred and twelve midwives participated in the survey, and 32 in interviews.BackgroundIn Mali's context of high maternal mortality, auxiliary midwives attend more births than all other formally trained health care workers combined. Yet, there are almost no data on their actual work environment or implications of their social situations at their work. If we understood these factors, we could more effectively recruit, train, and support these critical health workers.ResultsAnalysis is ongoing. Preliminary results suggest median midwife age range of 41 to 45 years with mean 6.4 years of education. Almost all are married with children. Half are from the village where they serve and 86% are in rural villages. With respect to supplies, 65% had working blood pressure cuff, 41% a thermometer, half had easy access to water, and 68% had access to reliable lighting. Supplies that were significantly less available to rural midwives were adequate light, water, and partograms. Most midwives work with a colleague, about half with a nurse. Forty‐one percent had not been paid regularly in the last 3 months. Two‐thirds used mobile phones for work; many reported the phones decreased referral time. Rural midwives who work in the village where they are from (vs having been sent to a rural area from the city) faced challenges: they were 2.5 times less likely to have equipment, to have been paid regularly, or be as well educated. Midwives described a variety of caring and disrespectful behaviors toward women. Qualiative data supported survey data.DiscussionMidwives in rural Mali work in challenging environments with few resources. The picture is particularly bleak for rural midwives who are from the village where they serve. In order to support and retain these critical health care workers, strategies must recognize the difference in social status of certain midwives.
Family Planning Perspectives of Couples Affected by Sexual and Gender‐based Violence in Post‐conflict Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Warren Nicole E. , Glass Nancy , Ramazani Paul 
Published: October 2015

QuestionHow did the conflict in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) impact family planning perspectives among survivors of sexual violence and their partners?AimExamine access, knowledge, and utilization of family planning as well as attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that support and/or prevent family planning services among female survivors of sexual and gender‐based violence (SGBV) in rural DRC.BackgroundIn DRC, one‐third of women want to space their births. However, in conflict‐ridden eastern DRC contraceptive use is as low as 3%. This enormous, unmet need for family planning services strains already vulnerable families when economic resources are scarce and stability is tenuous. Developing effective programs to address unmet family planning need is critical for efforts to rebuild health, economic, and social supports in the DRC. At present, there is no information on how family planning within relationships is impacted by the health and social complexities of SGBV.MethodsMixed‐methods design using 31 surveys, 31 interviews, and 8 focus groups with a sample of 70 (36 men; 35 women) community members including 11 couples. Data were collected in April and July of 2012 and analyzed using quantitative description and thematic analysis.ResultsAnalysis is ongoing. Preliminary analyses suggest poor understanding, availability, and use of family planning methods, and strong themes about the impact of poverty on desired family size and the influence of male power and intimate partner violence on family planning.DiscussionFindings suggest the war's violence continues in couples today, negatively impacting access to and use of family planning. Efforts to improve women's negotiation skills with respect to family planning and dispel myths related to certain methods are critical features of any program to improve family planning use.
Life Course Patterns and Risky Health Behaviors in Incarcerated Women
Authors: Harris Nena Rashed , Sandelowski Margarete 
Published: October 2015

Purpose/AimThe purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine the life course patterns associated with risky health behaviors in a sample of 15 incarcerated women who participated in the Life Histories of Women in Prison, 1986–1987 study.Research QuestionsThe research questions that guided this study included: What types of life events comprised these women's lives and how did women respond to these events? In what risky behaviors had they engaged? Are there distinguishable combinations of events, their timing, and women's responses to these events that were associated with their risky health behaviors?Significance/BackgroundIncarcerated women have long been recognized as living troubled and chaotic lives. Because they have been identified as a high‐risk population with similarities to women with HIV, understanding the life patterns of incarcerated women might shed light on the factors playing a role in women's involvement in HIV‐related risky behaviors. The Life Course Theory and the concept of cumulative advantage and disadvantage guided the identification of pathways to risk behaviors associated with HIV and other threats to physical and psychosocial well‐being.MethodsQualitative person‐centered analyses of data from questionnaires and life history interviews were conducted to examine the distinctive variations in women's lives and involved the identification of life events and risky health behaviors across the lifespan. Limitations included inability to clarify women's responses and inability to determine causal relationships.FindingsAll women described life events characteristic of cumulative disadvantage that began in childhood. Women who described serial/overlapping disadvantage tended to become involved in risky health behaviors during pre‐ or early adolescence. Those reporting isolated disadvantage were more likely to delay involvement in risky health behaviors until later in adolescence or adulthood.DiscussionThe findings indicate the need for early, trauma‐informed interventions that incorporate women's unique experiences with and responses to physical, emotional, and psychological trauma. Such interventions might help to minimize women's involvement in risky health behaviors and improve health outcomes for women with chaotic lives. Replication of this study in other samples of women with chaotic lives will strengthen the evidence to inform the development of effective interventions.
Entorhinal Cortex Thickness across the Human Lifespan
Authors: Hasan Khader M. , Mwangi Benson , Cao Bo , Keser Zafer , Tustison Nicholas J. , Kochunov Peter , Frye Richard E. , Savatic Mirjana , Soares Jair 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEHuman entorhinal cortex (ERC) connects the temporal neocortex with hippocampus and is essential for memory retrieval and navigation. Markedly, there have been only few quantitative MRI works on the ERC geometric measurements in pediatric and adult healthy subjects across the lifespan. Here, we sought to fill this gap in knowledge by quantifying the ERC thickness in a very large cohort of subjects spanning 9 decades of life.METHODSUsing magnetic resonance imaging data from multiple centers (IXI, MMRR, NKI, OASIS combined with the NIH‐Child Dev database and locally recruited healthy subjects), we analyzed the lifespan trajectory of ERC thickness in 1,660 healthy controls ranging from 2 to 94 years of age.RESULTSThe ERC thickness increased with age, reached a peak at about 44 years, and then decreased with age. ERC thickness is hemispherically rightward‐asymmetric with no gender differences. Mean ERC thickness was found to vary between 2.943 ± .438 mm and 3.525 ± .355 mm across different age populations. Also, more pronounced loss of the ERC thickness in healthy aging men was noticeable.DISCUSSIONOur report with high spatial resolution brain MRI data from 1,660 healthy controls provided important clues about ERC thickness across lifespan. We believe that our report will pave the way for the future studies investigating distinct neural pathologies related with cognitive dysfunctions.
Predictions From Early Adolescent Emotional Repair Abilities to Functioning in Future Relationships
Authors: Hessel Elenda T. , Loeb Emily L. , Szwedo David E. , Allen Joseph P. 
Published: October 2015

This study examined adolescents' ability to utilize emotional repair—to actively change negative moods to more positive moods—as a predictor of the quality of their developing peer and romantic relationships over time. Utilizing observational data and partners' reports, adolescents (N = 184), their close peers, and their romantic partners were followed from ages 15–19. Adolescents with initially stronger emotional repair abilities were rated as increasingly socially competent over time, and both displayed and experienced increasingly positive interactive behaviors with close peers over time. These adolescents' romantic partners also reported more positive relationships, with enhanced communication, and fewer critical, blaming, or hostile interactions. Implications for the role of emotional repair abilities in the development of successful relationships during adolescence are discussed.
The effects of transportation stress on Japanese quail (Coturnix Coturnix japonica) fed corn‐based diet in comparison with wheat‐based diet supplemented with xylanase and phytase
Authors: Mehraei Hamzekolaei M. H. , Zamani Moghaddam A. K. , Tohidifar S. S. , Dehghani Samani A. , Heydari A. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryHarvesting, handling and transporting quails to the slaughterhouses, other farms and laboratories might covertly reduce their welfare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two major sources of energy in poultry nutrition on reducing transportation stress in Japanese quail (Coturnix Coturnix japonica). Male quails (n = 60) were divided into two groups. The first group was fed corn‐based diet, and the second was fed wheat‐based diet supplemented with xylanase and phytase. At the end of the experiment (day 35), quails were subjected to 80 km of transportation. Immediately on arrival and after 24 h, heterophil counts, lymphocyte counts and H:L ratios were measured. On arrival, H counts were lower, L counts were higher, and H:L ratios were lower for corn‐fed group. After 24 h, wheat‐fed group showed lower increment of H counts, greater increment of L counts and also decrement of H:L ratios rather than corn‐fed group which showed increment of H:L ratios. However, these ratios were still lower in corn‐fed group. Results indicate that corn‐based diets can help Japanese quail to better resist transportation stress, although it seems that feeding wheat‐based diets supplemented with xylanase and phytase could have positive effects for coping better with stress after journeys.
Employee Commitment and Wages in the Private Sector
Authors: Masakure Oliver , Gerhardt Kris 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper evaluates the link between employee affective commitment and wages using a theoretical model predicting that affective commitment and wages can be complements. We estimate simultaneous quantile regressions based on a matched worker–employer sample of private sector workers from the UK's Workplace Employment Relations Survey 2004. Our results suggest that wages increase with increasing levels of affective commitment, consistent with the idea that the two are complements.
Reconceptualizing Reactivity of Think‐Alouds and Eye Tracking: Absence of Evidence Is Not Evidence of Absence
Authors: Godfroid Aline , Spino Le Anne 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study extends previous reactivity research on the cognitive effects of think‐alouds to include eye‐tracking methodology. Unlike previous studies, we supplemented traditional superiority tests with equivalence tests, because only the latter are conceptually appropriate for demonstrating nonreactivity. Advanced learners of English read short English texts embedded with pseudowords in an eye‐tracking (n = 28), think‐aloud (n = 28), or silent control condition (n = 46). Results indicated that neither eye tracking nor thinking aloud affected text comprehension. In terms of vocabulary recognition, thinking aloud had a small, positive effect, and the results for eye tracking were mixed. We discuss challenges and opportunities of equivalence testing and explore ways to improve study quality more generally in second language acquisition research.Open PracticesThis article has been awarded Open Data and Open Materials badges. All data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/9zpaj. All materials are publicly available in the IRIS digital repository at http://www.iris-database.org. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.