bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stimulus‐Sensitive Polymeric Nanoparticles and Their Applications as Drug and Gene Carriers
Authors: Li Yi , Gao Guang Hui , Lee Doo Sung 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPolymeric nanoparticles are promising candidates as drug and gene carriers. Among polymeric nanoparticles, those that are responsive to internal or external stimuli are of greater interest because they allow more efficient delivery of therapeutics to pathological regions. Stimulus‐sensitive polymeric nanoparticles have been fabricated based on numerous nanostructures, including micelles, vesicles, crosslinked nanoparticles, and hybrid nanoparticles. The changes in chemical or physical properties of polymeric nanoparticles that occur in response to single, dual, or multiple stimuli endow these nanoparticles with the ability to retain cargoes during circulation, target the pathological region, and release their cargoes after cell internalization. This Review focuses on the most recent developments in the preparation of stimulus‐sensitive polymeric nanoparticles and their applications in drug and gene delivery.
Genomic ancestry of rural African‐derived populations from Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Kimura Lilian , Ribeiro‐Rodrigues Elzemar Martins , De Mello Auricchio Maria Teresa Balester , Vicente João Pedro , Batista Santos Sidney Emanuel , Mingroni‐Netto Regina Célia 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectives:xMany Africans were brought to Brazil as slaves. The runaway or abandoned slaves founded isolated communities named quilombos. There are many quilombo remnants in Vale do Ribeira region in the southern part of São Paulo State. The aim of our study was to contribute to understanding the origins of these populations, through admixture studies.Methods:We genotyped 307 unrelated DNA samples obtained from ten quilombo populations from Vale do Ribeira region, using a panel of 48 INDEL polymorphisms. We estimated genetic differentiation between populations (FST) and genomic ancestry from these populations. Our data were compared to a similar study performed in quilombo remnants from the Brazilian Amazon region.Results:Population admixture estimates showed high degree of miscegenation in the quilombo remnants from Vale do Ribeira (average admixture estimates at 39.7% of African, 39.0% of European and 21.3% of Amerindian contribution). The proportions of ancestral genes varied greatly among individuals, ranging from 7.3 to 69.5%, 12.9 to 68.3%, and 7.3 to 58.5% (African, European, and Amerindian, respectively). Genetic differentiation between these populations was low (all FST values <5%), indicating gene flow between them. Both groups of quilombos, from Vale do Ribeira and Amazon, presented similar patterns of admixture.Conclusions:INDEL markers were useful to evidence the triple interbreeding among African, European, and Amerindian in the formation of quilombo populations. The low FST values suggested gene flow among quilombos from Vale do Ribeira. Our data highlight the important role of Amerindians in the formation of quilombo populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrapopulation variation in macro tooth wear patterns—a case study from Igloolik, Canada
Authors: Clement Anna F. , Hillson Simon W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe pattern of human tooth wear—the way it varies between teeth in the mouth—is crucial to our understanding of important questions in archeology and paleoanthropology, such as the contrasts in diet and behavior between Neanderthals and early modern humans in Europe and Asia, or with the adoption of agriculture in the Americas. Little is known, however, about the way in which wear patterns develop with increasing age or the way in which they differ between males and females. One explanation is that few living people show the high rates of tooth wear seen worldwide throughout the preindustrial archaeological record. The study described here investigates the macroscopic pattern of tooth wear in a unique group of known age and sex dental casts from living Canadian Inuit from Igloolik. The results show that the Igloolik people possessed a pattern of extremely heavy anterior tooth wear, relative to the first molar and the other posterior teeth, which is attributed to the use of the anterior teeth in cultural practices as well as the extreme and marginal environments in which they lived. Heavy anterior tooth wear was established at an early age and maintained throughout life; statistically significant differences were found between the wear patterns of males and females and are explained in terms of sexual division of labor within the community. This study highlights the need to understand both intra‐ and interpopulation variation in tooth wear patterns when interpreting patterns in past human groups. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Joseph S. Weiner and the foundation of post‐WW II human biology in the United Kingdom
Authors: Little Michael A. , Collins Kenneth J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBoth the United States and the United Kingdom experienced a transformation in the science of physical anthropology from the period before World War II until the post‐war period. In the United States, Sherwood L. Washburn is credited with being a leading figure in this transformation. In the United Kingdom, two individuals were instrumental in bringing about a similar change in the profession. These were Joseph S. Weiner at the University of Oxford and Nigel Barnicot at the University of London, with Weiner playing the principal role as leader in what Washburn called the “New Physical Anthropology,” that is, the application of evolutionary theory, the de‐emphasis on race classification, and the application of the scientific method and experimental approaches to problem solving. Weiner's contributions to physical anthropology were broad‐based—climatic and work physiology, paleoanthropology, and human variation—in what became known as human biology in the U.K. and human adaptability internationally. This biographical essay provides evidence for the significant influence of J.S. Weiner on the post‐war development of human biology (biological or physical anthropology) inthe U.K. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ground reaction forces and center of mass mechanics of bipedal capuchin monkeys: Implications for the evolution of human bipedalism
Authors: Demes Brigitte , O'Neill Matthew C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTufted capuchin monkeys are known to use both quadrupedalism and bipedalism in their natural environments. Although previous studies have investigated limb kinematics and metabolic costs, their ground reaction forces (GRFs) and center of mass (CoM) mechanics during two and four‐legged locomotion are unknown. Here, we determine the hind limb GRFs and CoM energy, work, and power during bipedalism and quadrupedalism over a range of speeds and gaits to investigate the effect of differential limb number on locomotor performance. Our results indicate that capuchin monkeys use a “grounded run” during bipedalism (0.83–1.43 ms−1) and primarily ambling and galloping gaits during quadrupedalism (0.91–6.0 ms−1). CoM energy recoveries are quite low during bipedalism (2–17%), and in general higher during quadrupedalism (4–72%). Consistent with this, hind limb vertical GRFs as well as CoM work, power, and collisional losses are higher in bipedalism than quadrupedalism. The positive CoM work is 2.04 ± 0.40 Jkg−1 m−1 (bipedalism) and 0.70 ± 0.29 Jkg−1 m−1 (quadrupedalism), which is within the range of published values for two and four‐legged terrestrial animals. The results of this study confirm that facultative bipedalism in capuchins and other nonhuman primates need not be restricted to a pendulum‐like walking gait, but rather can include running, albeit without an aerial phase. Based on these results and similar studies of other facultative bipeds, we suggest that important transitions in the evolution of hominin locomotor performance were the emergences of an obligate, pendulum‐like walking gait and a bouncy running gait that included a whole‐body aerial phase. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical note: A novel geometric morphometric approach to the study of long bone shape variation
Authors: Frelat Mélanie A. , Katina Stanislav , Weber Gerhard W. , Bookstein Fred L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractProcrustes‐based geometric morphometrics (GM) is most often applied to problems of craniofacial shape variation. Here, we demonstrate a novel application of GM to the analysis of whole postcranial elements in a study of 77 hominoid tibiae. We focus on two novel methodological improvements to standard GM approaches: 1) landmark configurations of tibiae including 15 epiphyseal landmarks and 483 semilandmarks along articular surfaces and muscle insertions along the tibial shaft and 2) an artificial affine transformation that sets moments along the shaft equal to the sum of the moments estimated in the other two anatomical directions. Diagrams of the principal components of tibial shapes support most differences between human and non‐human primates reported previously. The artificial affine transformation proposed here results in an improved clustering of the great apes that may prove useful in future discriminant or clustering studies. Since the shape variations observed may be related to different locomotor behaviors, posture, or activity patterns, we suggest that this method be used in functional analyses of tibiae or other long bones in modern populations or fossil specimens. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Victims and survivors: Stable isotopes used to identify migrants from the Great Irish Famine to 19th century London
Authors: Beaumont Julia , Geber Jonny , Powers Natasha , Wilson Andrew , Lee‐Thorp Julia , Montgomery Janet 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHistorical evidence documents mass migration from Ireland to London during the period of the Great Irish Famine of 1845–52. The rural Irish were reliant on a restricted diet based on potatoes but maize, a C4 plant, was imported from the United States of America in 1846–47 to mitigate against Famine. In London, Irish migrants joined a population with a more varied diet. To investigate and characterize their diet, carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were obtained from bone collagen of 119 and hair keratin of six individuals from Lukin Street cemetery, Tower Hamlets (1843–54), and bone collagen of 20 individuals from the cemetery at Kilkenny Union Workhouse in Ireland (1847–51). A comparison of the results with other contemporaneous English populations suggests that Londoners may have elevated δ15N compared with their contemporaries in other cities. In comparison, the Irish group have lower δ15N. Hair analysis combined with bone collagen allows the reconstruction of perimortem dietary changes. Three children aged 5–15 years from Kilkenny have bone collagen δ13C values that indicate consumption of maize (C4). As maize was only imported into Ireland in quantity from late 1846 and 1847, these results demonstrate relatively rapid bone collagen turnover in children and highlight the importance of age‐related bone turnover rates, and the impact the age of the individual can have on studies of short‐term dietary change or recent migration. Stable light isotope data in this study are consistent with the epigraphic and documentary evidence for the presence of migrants within the London cemetery. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief Report: Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in VKORC1 are risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus in Asians
Authors: Kaiser Rachel , Taylor Kimberly E. , Deng Yun , Zhao Jian , Li Yonghong , Nititham Joanne , Chang Monica , Catanese Joseph , Begovich Ann B. , Brown Elizabeth E. , Edberg Jeffrey C. , McGwin Gerald , Alarcón Graciela S. , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Reveille John D. , Vila Luis M. , Petri Michelle , Kimberly Robert P. , Feng Xuebing , Sun Lingyun , Shen Nan , Li Wei , Lu Jian‐Xin , Wakeland Edward K. , Li Quan‐Zhen , Yang Wanling , Lau Yu‐Lung , Liu Fei‐Lan , Chang Deh‐Ming , Yu Chack‐Yung , Song Yeong W. ,   Hwee Siew Howe and the Tan Tock Seng Hospital Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Study Group, Tsao Betty P. , Criswell Lindsey A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe increased risk of thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be partially explained by interrelated genetic pathways for thrombosis and SLE. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether 33 established and novel single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 20 genes involved in hemostasis pathways that have been associated with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the general population are risk factors for SLE among Asian subjects.MethodsPatients in the discovery cohort were enrolled in 1 of 2 North American SLE cohorts. Patients in the replication cohort were enrolled in 1 of 4 Asian or 2 North American cohorts. We first genotyped 263 Asian patients with SLE and 357 healthy Asian control subjects for 33 SNPs in the discovery phase, and then genotyped 5 SNPs in up to an additional 1,496 patients and 993 controls in the replication phase. Patients were compared to controls for bivariate association with minor alleles. Principal components analysis was used to control for intra‐Asian ancestry in the replication cohort.ResultsTwo genetic variants in the gene VKORC1 were highly significant in both the discovery and replication cohorts: rs9934438 (in the discovery cohort, odds ratio [OR] 2.45, P = 2 × 10−9; in the replication cohort, OR 1.54, P = 4 × 10−6) and rs9923231 (in the discovery cohort, OR 2.40, P = 6 × 10−9; in the replication cohort, OR 1.53, P = 5 × 10−6). These associations were significant in the replication cohort after adjustment for intra‐Asian ancestry: for rs9934438, OR 1.34, P = 0.0029; for rs9923231, OR 1.34, P = 0.0032.ConclusionGenetic variants in VKORC1, which are involved in vitamin K reduction and associated with DVT, correlate with SLE development in Asian subjects. These results suggest that there may be intersecting genetic pathways for the development of SLE and thrombosis.
Genome‐wide profiling of bone reveals differentially methylated regions in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis
Authors: Delgado‐Calle Jesús , Fernández Agustín F. , Sainz Jesús , Zarrabeitia María T. , Sañudo Carolina , García‐Renedo Raúl , Pérez‐Núñez María I. , García‐Ibarbia Carmen , Fraga Mario F. , Riancho José A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine genome‐wide methylation profiles of bone from patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA) and those with osteoporotic (OP) hip fractures.MethodsTrabecular bone pieces were obtained from the central part of the femoral head of 27 patients with hip fractures and 26 patients with hip OA. DNA was isolated, and methylation was explored with Illumina methylation arrays. RNA was extracted, pooled, and deep‐sequenced to obtain the whole transcriptome. Differentially methylated regions were identified, and connections between genes with differentially methylated regions were explored by pathway and text‐mining analyses.ResultsAfter quality control, methylation of 23,367 CpG sites (13,463 genes) was analyzed. There was a genome‐wide inverse relationship between methylation and gene expression in both patient groups. Comparison of OP and OA bones revealed 241 CpG sites, located in 228 genes, with significant differences in methylation (false discovery rate <0.05). Of them, 217 were less methylated in OP than in OA. The absolute methylation differences were >5% in 128 CpG sites and >10% in 45 CpG sites. The differentially methylated genes were enriched for association with bone traits in the genome‐wide association study catalog. Pathway analysis and text‐mining analysis with Gene Relationships Across Implicated Loci software revealed enrichment in genes participating in glycoprotein metabolism or cell differentiation, and particularly in the homeobox superfamily of transcription factors.ConclusionGenome‐wide methylation profiling of bone samples revealed differentially methylated regions in OP and OA. These regions were enriched in genes associated with cell differentiation and skeletal embryogenesis, such as those in the homeobox superfamily, suggesting the existence of a developmental component in the predisposition to these disorders.
Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: A randomized, placebo‐phase trial
Authors: Oddis Chester V. , Reed Ann M. , Aggarwal Rohit , Rider Lisa G. , Ascherman Dana P. , Levesque Marc C. , Barohn Richard J. , Feldman Brian M. , Harris‐Love Michael O. , Koontz Diane C. , Fertig Noreen , Kelley Stephanie S. , Pryber Sherrie L. , Miller Frederick W. , Rockette Howard E. ,   and the RIM Study Group
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the safety and efficacy of rituximab in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐phase trial in adult and pediatric myositis patients.MethodsAdults with refractory polymyositis (PM) and adults and children with refractory dermatomyositis (DM) were enrolled. Entry criteria included muscle weakness and ≥2 additional abnormal values on core set measures (CSMs) for adults. Juvenile DM patients required ≥3 abnormal CSMs, with or without muscle weakness. Patients were randomized to receive either rituximab early or rituximab late, and glucocorticoid or immunosuppressive therapy was allowed at study entry. The primary end point compared the time to achieve the International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group preliminary definition of improvement (DOI) between the 2 groups. The secondary end points were the time to achieve ≥20% improvement in muscle strength and the proportions of patients in the early and late rituximab groups achieving the DOI at week 8.ResultsAmong 200 randomized patients (76 with PM, 76 with DM, and 48 with juvenile DM), 195 showed no difference in the time to achieving the DOI between the rituximab late (n = 102) and rituximab early (n = 93) groups (P = 0.74 by log rank test), with a median time to achieving a DOI of 20.2 weeks and 20.0 weeks, respectively. The secondary end points also did not significantly differ between the 2 treatment groups. However, 161 (83%) of the randomized patients met the DOI, and individual CSMs improved in both groups throughout the 44‐week trial.ConclusionAlthough there were no significant differences in the 2 treatment arms for the primary and secondary end points, 83% of adult and juvenile myositis patients with refractory disease met the DOI. The role of B cell–depleting therapies in myositis warrants further study, with consideration for a different trial design.
ADAM‐10 is overexpressed in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue and mediates angiogenesis
Authors: Isozaki Takeo , Rabquer Bradley J. , Ruth Jeffrey H. , Haines G. Kenneth , Koch Alisa E. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the expression of ADAM‐10 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue (ST) and the role it plays in angiogenesis.MethodsADAM‐10 expression was determined using immunohistology, Western blotting, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In order to examine the role of ADAM‐10 in angiogenesis, we performed in vitro Matrigel tube formation and chemotaxis assays using human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) transfected with control or ADAM‐10 small interfering RNA (siRNA). To determine whether ADAM‐10 plays a role in angiogenesis in the context of RA, we performed Matrigel assays using a coculture system of HMVECs and RA synovial fibroblasts.ResultsEndothelial cells and lining cells within RA ST expressed high levels of ADAM‐10 compared with cells within osteoarthritis ST and normal ST. ADAM‐10 expression was significantly elevated at the protein and messenger RNA levels in HMVECs and RA synovial fibroblasts stimulated with proinflammatory mediators compared with unstimulated cells. ADAM‐10 siRNA–treated HMVECs had decreased endothelial cell tube formation and migration compared with control siRNA–treated HMVECs. In addition, ADAM‐10 siRNA–treated HMVECs from the RA synovial fibroblast coculture system had decreased endothelial cell tube formation compared with control siRNA–treated HMVECs.ConclusionThese data show that ADAM‐10 is overexpressed in RA and suggest that ADAM‐10 may play a role in RA angiogenesis. ADAM‐10 may be a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory angiogenic diseases such as RA.
A pilot open‐label phase II trial of rituximab for non‐criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Erkan Doruk , Vega JoAnn , Ramón Glendalee , Kozora Elizabeth , Lockshin Michael D. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of rituximab in antiphospholipid antibody (aPL)–positive patients with non‐criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The secondary objectives were to evaluate the effect of rituximab on the aPL profile and to evaluate the efficacy of rituximab treatment for non‐criteria manifestations of APS.MethodsIn this 12‐month, phase II pilot study, adult aPL‐positive patients with thrombocytopenia, cardiac valve disease, skin ulcer, aPL nephropathy, and/or cognitive dysfunction received 2 doses of rituximab (1,000 mg) on days 1 and 15. Antiphospholipid antibody profiles and clinical outcome measures, which were categorized as complete response, partial response, no response, or recurrence, were analyzed at preset time points.ResultsTwo of 19 patients experienced infusion reactions, resulting in early termination. Twelve serious adverse events and 49 nonserious adverse events were recorded. All patients who had positive results of lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti–β2‐glycoprotein I antibody tests at baseline had positive results at 24 weeks and 52 weeks. The numbers of patients with a complete response, a partial response, no response, and recurrence for the clinical outcome measures at 24 weeks were as follows: for thrombocytopenia, 1, 1, 2, and 0, respectively; for cardiac valve disease, 0, 0, 3, and not analyzed, respectively; for skin ulcer, 3, 1, 0, and 1, respectively; for aPL nephropathy, 0, 1, 0, and 0, respectively; and for cognitive dysfunction, 3, 1, 1, and not analyzed, respectively.ConclusionThe results of this uncontrolled and nonrandomized pilot study suggest that the safety of rituximab in aPL‐positive patients is consistent with the safety profile of rituximab. Despite causing no substantial change in aPL profiles, rituximab may be effective in controlling some but not all non‐criteria manifestations of APS.