bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical Food Consumption and the City
Authors: Pottinger Laura 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWhilst conceptualisations of ethical or alternative food emphasise places of production, spaces of urban ethical consumption are comparatively under‐theorised. I address this gap by considering ethical consumption in cities alongside ethical consumption of urban space. Attending to the spatiality of ethics in urban food, I examine how ethical consumption practices inflect city identities and how urban spaces shape ideas about being ethical, political or alternative. I draw on three themes: reconnection, ‘place‐frames’ and landscapes of production/consumption, referring to several contemporary urban food initiatives. These include formally accredited ethical places (Fairtrade and ‘Slow’ cities) and creative engagements with urban infrastructure.
Engaging Publics: Biodiversity Data Collection and the Geographies of Citizen Science
Authors: Toogood Mark 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article addresses issues surrounding the role of public participation in expert‐driven biodiversity monitoring and research, reviewing a range of cross‐disciplinary insights and critiques that are important for recent debate in environmental geographies. The paper identifies normative, instrumental and substantive motivations dimensions of such initiatives and examines the tensions within these. A key focus concerns the ‘win–win’ model of public participation in scientific research (PPSR); claims of multiple benefits from PPSR, such as increased knowledge of biodiversity issues and of participants’ local environments; claims that doing PPSR is a form of ‘social learning’; and suggestions that engagement in science will change attitudes and environmental behaviour. The ‘win–win’ model is found to veil important issues about the politics of knowledge. These include the framing of citizenship in ‘citizen’ science, the production of certain kinds of scientific subjects within PPSR, the framing of relationships between professional and non‐professional parties, assumptions about the role of ‘data’ in the rational evidenced‐based process and anxieties amongst professional scientists around relations between data quality and the breadth of participation. Whilst the affective engagement with subject and the non‐human world in PPSR is rich and diverse and the expert, non‐expert boundary a mutable one (particularly in natural history), there is increasing contention that the win–win model for PPSR only works if we overlook aspects of these knowledge politics.
Empires of Waste and the Food Security Meme
Authors: Cloke Jon 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThrough a brief review of the literature in which the concept of food security has developed since the first use of the term in 1974, this paper suggests that the ‘food security’ appearing extensively in governmental, official and academic analysis is a social construct that acts to conceal the reality of corporate food production mechanisms dominating global food systems. Since the date of the first World Food Summit in Rome in 1996, representations of both food security and insecurity have increasingly become a meme, a vehicle for conveying and performing a set of socio‐cultural beliefs relating to a neoliberal view of global food production that excludes the biopolitics of corporate, systemic global food production. The analysis focuses particularly on a range of forms of waste produced by global food systems, to suggest that in a world over‐producing food of which over a third is wasted and in which waste has become a mechanism for profit, no presentation of food security that fails to take into account this systemic reality can produce valid or effective policy. The food security meme that has evolved over nearly 40 years portrays at best a partial analysis, which as a consequence continues to proffer a range of market‐based solutions, ignoring issues of dominance and control. In considering the memetic representation of food security, the paper also examines briefly the biopolitics presented by corporate systems of dominance and control in global food production, as well as the systems of waste (vastogenic systems) that they produce. In conclusion, the development of what are effectively empires of waste has fuelled an urgent need for a radical re‐think of food security issues, based on proposals for food regime and food systems analysis that have begun to emerge in the literature.
Water Scarcity: Moving Beyond Indexes to Innovative Institutions
Authors: Jarvis W. Todd 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWater scarcity is a media darling often times described as a trigger of conflict in arid regions, a by‐product of human influences ranging from desertification to climate change, or a combination of natural‐ and human‐induced changes in the water cycle. A multitude of indexes have been developed over the past 20 years to define water scarcity to map the “problem” and guide international donor investment. Few indexes include groundwater within the metrics of “scarcity.” Institutional communication contributes to the recognition of local or regional water scarcity. However, evaluations that neglect groundwater resources may incorrectly define conditions as scarce. In cases where there is a perception of scarcity, the incorporation of groundwater and related storage in aquifers, political willpower, new policy tools, and niche diplomacy often results in a revised status, either reducing or even eliminating the moniker locally. Imaginative conceptualization and innovative uses of aquifers are increasingly used to overcome water scarcity.
Translational Ecology for Hydrogeology
Authors: Schlesinger William H. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTranslational ecology—a special discipline aimed to improve the accessibility of science to policy makers—will help hydrogeologists contribute to the solution of pressing environmental problems. Patterned after translational medicine, translational ecology is a partnership to ensure that the right science gets done in a timely fashion, so that it can be communicated to those who need it.
When Can Inverted Water Tables Occur Beneath Streams?
Authors: Xie Yueqing , Cook Peter G. , Brunner Philip , Irvine Dylan J. , Simmons Craig T. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDecline in regional water tables (RWT) can cause losing streams to disconnect from underlying aquifers. When this occurs, an inverted water table (IWT) will develop beneath the stream, and an unsaturated zone will be present between the IWT and the RWT. The IWT marks the base of the saturated zone beneath the stream. Although a few prior studies have suggested the likelihood of an IWT without a clogging layer, most of them have assumed that a low‐permeability streambed is required to reduce infiltration from surface water to groundwater, and that the IWT only occurs at the bottom of the low‐permeability layer. In this study, we use numerical simulations to show that the development of an IWT beneath an unclogged stream is theoretically possible under steady‐state conditions. For a stream width of 1 m above a homogeneous and isotropic sand aquifer with a 47 m deep RWT (measured in an observation point 20 m away from the center of the stream), an IWT will occur provided that the stream depth is less than a critical value of 4.1 m. This critical stream depth is the maximum water depth in the stream to maintain the occurrence of an IWT. The critical stream depth decreases with stream width. For a stream width of 6 m, the critical stream depth is only 1 mm. Thus while theoretically possible, an IWT is unlikely to occur at steady state without a clogging layer, unless a stream is very narrow or shallow and the RWT is very deep.
Historical Perspectives on Child Sexual Abuse, Part 2
Authors: Smaal Yorick 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe second part of this article explores some of the topics of inquiry that have preoccupied scholars of child sexual abuse. It begins with feminist considerations of incest and the age of consent before providing a brief historiographical overview of the concept of moral panic as it pertains to offenders and, to a lesser degree, the sexuality of young people. A significant focus is childhood sexuality, including scholarly treatment of juvenile delinquency, and paedophilia, and homosexuality, as well as assumptions underpinning concepts of harm. It concludes by addressing history's potential to inform public debate, including the deliberations of commissions and inquiries before reflecting on the methods, approaches and problems in the field.
Carolingian Catalonia: The Spanish March and the Franks, c.750–c.1050
Authors: Chandler Cullen J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCatalonia is an autonomous community within modern Spain with a distinct history. In the Middle Ages the region became a key component of the Crown of Aragon, and it has attracted a great deal of scholarly attention for its wealth, power, and ‘feudal revolution’. Most historians recognize but do not emphasize the earlier history of the later principality, with roots in the Carolingian period. This article draws attention to the conclusions reached by historians who have built our understanding of Catalonia's early medieval history. The nucleus of the later Catalonia was the Carolingian Spanish March, established as the Franks conquered the territory in the period around 800 CE. The Spanish March functioned as an integral province of the Carolingian Empire, and its leaders, both Franks and locals, played important roles in the dynamics of monarchy in the ninth century. In the tenth century, as Carolingian royal power faded, the locally based leaders of the Spanish March had to find their own ways through trying times. By the beginning of the 11th century, the Carolingian legacy remained intact, even as Frankish royal authority was a thing of the past.
A Crisis of Masculinity? Re‐writing the History of Shell‐shock and Gender in First World War Britain
Authors: Loughran Tracey 
Published: September 2013

AbstractShell‐shock is a powerful symbol of the devastating effects of the First World War on men. Until recently, scholars of gender and trauma tended to follow the lines established by Elaine Showalter's interpretation of shell‐shock as a crisis of masculinity. However, over the past decade, historians have investigated different aspects of war trauma and have placed it in different social and cultural contexts. This essay examines recent histories of masculinity and male war experience and discussions of female war trauma and military nursing. It argues that historically and historiographically, shell‐shock has been defined as a masculine illness, and this constitutes a ‘blind spot’ in historical discourse. Historians must explicitly articulate and justify their definitions of war trauma, incorporate the possibility of female trauma into their histories and move beyond gender to explore the multiple contexts within which contemporaries understood trauma.
Pan‐Africanism and the Politics of History
Authors: Onyebuchi Eze Michael 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAfrica is not a country! It is neither a homogenous socio‐cultural group nor a unanimous ethno‐political sovereign. How then could we speak of Pan‐Africanism without generating an ambiguous vernacular mode of identity formation deeply rooted in questionable intellectual claims grounded in politics of history? To make sense of our discourse, therefore, is to localize it within the context of its emergence. These context(s) are the Trans‐Atlantic era and colonial historicity with their associative epochs of subjective domination and shared responses of African peoples to this condition. Among other things, colonialism thrived through a denial of historical culture to non‐Western people(s) with a false promise of “civilizing” the barbarian – a strategy that evacuates all possibility of human enterprise. In Africa and in the African Diaspora, the “uncivilized” is also a non‐historical being of no consequence; an imposed misrecognition that enabled his/her objectification and domination. Pan‐Africanism emerged as a restorative agency in this struggle for freedom and dignity by offering a new pose of repudiation grounded in historical unity of the African experience.
Atomic force microscopic evaluation of nanostructure alterations of rotary NiTi instruments after immersion in irrigating solutions
Authors: Fayyad D. M. , Mahran A. H. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimTo compare the effect of 5.25% NaOCl or 17% EDTA solutions on the surface topography and roughness of GTX, TF, RaCe and Hero Shaper instruments using atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis.MethodologyFour new files of each brand were subjected to AMF analysis; then each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n = 2) in which instruments were immersed in either 5.25% NaOCl or 17% EDTA solutions for 5 min, thereafter subjected to AFM analysis again. Ra and the RMS values were chosen to investigate the surface features of endodontic files.ResultsBefore immersion in irrigating solution, TF and Hero Shaper instruments had the significantly highest roughness values and RaCe had the significantly lowest values (P ≤ 0.05). After immersion in NaOCl, GTX and RaCe instruments were not significantly different from the new instruments, nor between them. There was a significant increase in Ra and RMS values for TF and Hero Shaper instruments over that of untreated ones and that of GTX and RaCe instruments. No significant increase in surface roughness of the instruments was recorded with EDTA.Conclusion17% EDTA did not significantly affect the surface roughness of the instruments, whilst 5.25% NaOCl increased the surface roughness of TF and Hero Shaper significantly more than that of RaCe and GTX instruments.
HLA and disease: guilt by association
Authors: Howell W. M. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryIt is now over forty years since the first associations between particular HLA antigens and disease susceptibility were described, and the identification of large numbers HLA‐associated diseases parallels our increased understanding of the genetic complexity of the HLA system and its extensive polymorphism. However, surprisingly and frustratingly, clear identification of the underlying mechanisms resulting in a causative role for HLA polymorphism in the molecular immunopathogenesis of individual HLA‐associated diseases remains the exception rather than the rule. This review, while not intended to be a comprehensive catalogue of HLA‐associated diseases, aims to revisit a number of well known and more recently described HLA‐associated diseases as exemplars of our current understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms which may result in genetic disease predisposition. Such mechanisms may act as pointers for further investigations in other HLA‐associated diseases. The clinical utility of specific HLA disease associations in disease diagnosis/exclusion is also considered.
Elephant behaviour in a semi‐arid environment*
Authors: BARNES R. F. W. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryElephants were observed for two dry seasons and the intervening wet season in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. The behaviour of cows was influenced to a greater extent by weather than was the behaviour of bulls. Variations in bulls' ranging behaviour could be explained by the proportion of the bull population that was sexually active at any particular time of year.In the mid dry season, when there was very little food available, bulls moved short distances each day, while cows travelled long distances in search of food for themselves and their dependent offspring. Later in the dry season the benefits of long day ranges were outweighed by increasing juvenile mortality.RésuméDes éléphants ont été observés durant deux saisons sèches et la saison des pluies intermédiaire, au Ruaha N.P. en Tanzanie. Le comportement des femelles est plus influencé par le temps que celui des mâles. Les variations dans le comportement des mâles pourraient être expliquées par la proportion de la population des mâles sexuellement active à chaque moment précis de l'année.Au milieu de la saison sèche, quand il y a peu de nourriture disponible, les mâles parcourent de courtes distances chaque jour alors que les femelles couvrent de longs trajets à la recherche de nourriture pour elles‐mêmes et leur progéniture. Plus tard dans la saison sèche, les bénéfices de longs déplacements sont contrebalancés par l'augmentation de la mortalité juvénile.
Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using PSZ, Processed by Sequential Aqueous Tape Casting and Constrained Sintering
Authors: Aguilar‐Arias Jaime , Hotza Dachamir , Lenormand Pascal , Ansart Florence 
Published: September 2013

A process for obtaining planar anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cells was developed. Aqueous‐based slurries were prepared and sequentially deposited via tape casting to form half cell tapes consisting of the electrolyte, functional, and structural anode. Sintering of the three‐layered tapes was done in two stages: presintering circular samples of 25 mm diameter in free conditions first, and then sintering them using zirconium disks as light loads (90 Pa), to obtain half cells having 20 mm and 3.8 m−1 in diameter and curvature, respectively. Active materials for the electrolyte, anode, and cathode were partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ), Ni and LSM, respectively. Finally, thicknesses of complete cells were 400, 30, 30, and 80 μm for the structural anode, functional anode, electrolyte, and cathode, respectively. The cells were tested in a no‐chamber (direct‐flame) setup evaluating electrochemical performance and shock thermal resistance. Open circuit voltage was 830 mV at 560°C using methanol as fuel in a burner with porous media to modify the shape of the flame. Cells were also strong enough to resist the rapid temperature changes during several no‐chamber tests.
Solution Synthesis of BiFeO3 Thin Films onto Silicon Substrates with Ferroelectric, Magnetic, and Optical Functionalities
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Lázaro Carmen , Bretos Iñigo , Jiménez Ricardo , Ricote Jesús , Hosiny Hitham El , Pérez‐Mezcua Dulce , Jiménez Rioboó Rafael J. , García‐Hernández Mar , Calzada Maria L. 
Published: September 2013

Single‐BiFeO3 perovskite films onto Pt‐coated silicon substrates have been fabricated by chemical solution deposition using a synthesis strategy based on the use of nonhazardous reagents. Different routes were tested to obtain precursors for the deposition of the films, inferring that bismuth (III) nitrate and iron (III) 2,4‐pentanedionate dissolved in acetic acid and 1,3‐propendiol led to the best solution. Ferroelectric, magnetic, and optical functionalities were demonstrated in these films, obtaining a high ferroelectric polarization at room temperature, ~67 μC × cm−2, a dependence of the magnetization with the film thickness, 0.60 and 2.50 emu × g−1 for the ~215 and ~42‐nm‐thick films, and a direct band gap in the visible range, Eg ~2.82 eV. These results support the interest of solution methods for the fabrication of BiFeO3 thin films onto the silicon substrates required in microelectronic devices.
Transparent ZnS Ceramics by Sintering of High Purity Monodisperse Nanopowders
Authors: Chlique Christophe , Merdrignac‐Conanec Odile , Hakmeh Noha , Zhang Xianghua , Adam Jean‐Luc 
Published: September 2013

We report an efficient way of preparing transparent ZnS ceramics using the hot‐pressing technique. It has been found that the transparency is highly dependent on the purity and the grain size distribution of the starting ZnS powders. Highly pure and monodisperse ZnS powders have been obtained by posttreatment of the precipitated powders in a H2S/N2 flow for 2 h at 600°C. The obtained ZnS ceramics show fully dense and homogeneous microstructure with average grain size of ~1 μm and smooth grain boundaries, leading to an excellent transmission of around 70% in the mid‐ and far‐ IR regions. The preparation technique described in this study is highly reproducible.
The moderating role of emotional competence in suicidal ideation among Chinese university students
Authors: Kwok Sylvia Y.C.L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimsTo explore the relationship among perceived family functioning, emotional competence and suicidal ideation and to examine the moderating role of emotional competence in suicidal ideation.BackgroundPrevious studies have highlighted that poor family relationships and emotional symptoms are significant predictors of suicidal ideation. However, the roles of perceived family functioning and emotional competence in predicting suicidal ideation have not been given adequate attention.DesignA cross‐sectional survey using convenience sampling.MethodA questionnaire was administered to 302 university students from February–April in 2011 in Hong Kong. The means, standard deviations and Cronbach's alphas of the variables were computed. Pearson correlation analyses and hierarchical regression analyses were performed.ResultsHierarchical regression analyses showed that perceived high family functioning and emotional competence were significant negative predictors of suicidal ideation. Further analyses showed that parental concern, parental control and creative use of emotions were significant predictors of suicidal ideation. Emotional competence, specifically creative use of emotions, was found to moderate the relationship between perceived family functioning and suicidal ideation.ConclusionThe findings support the family ecological framework and provide evidence for emotional competence as a resilience factor that buffers low family functioning on suicidal ideation. Suggested measures to decrease suicidal ideation include enhancing parental concern, lessening parental control, developing students' awareness, regulation and management of their own emotions, fostering empathy towards others' emotional expression, enhancing social skills in sharing and influencing others' emotions and increasing the positive use of emotions for the evaluation and generation of new ideas.
Development of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Total Maximum Daily Load Allocation
Authors: Linker Lewis C. , Batiuk Richard A. , Shenk Gary W. , Cerco Carl F. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNutrient load allocations and subsequent reductions in total nitrogen and phosphorus have been applied in the Chesapeake watershed since 1992 to reduce hypoxia and to restore living resources. In 2010, sediment allocations were established to augment nutrient allocations supporting the submerged aquatic vegetation resource. From the initial introduction of nutrient allocations in 1992 to the present, the allocations have become more completely applied to all areas and loads in the watershed and have also become more rigorously assessed and tracked. The latest 2010 application of nutrient and sediment allocations were made as part of the Chesapeake Bay total maximum daily load and covered all six states of the Chesapeake watershed. A quantitative allocation process was developed that applied principles of equity and efficiency in the watershed, while achieving all tidal water quality standards through an assessment of equitable levels of effort in reducing nutrients and sediments. The level of effort was determined through application of two key watershed scenarios: one where no action was taken in nutrient control and one where maximum nutrient control efforts were applied. Once the level of effort was determined for different jurisdictions, the overall load reduction was set watershed‐wide to achieve dissolved oxygen water quality standards. Further adjustments were made to the allocation to achieve the James River chlorophyll‐a standard.