bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil Pollution Control On The Buffalo River
Authors: Frank Ronald L. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc. is performing research and development for the City of Buffalo, to formulate practical techniques for controlling river oil pollution. The program is supported in part by a grant from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
Summarizing progress to date, the paper discusses the two main systems developed: the upper river system (surface oil booms) and the lower river system (underwater air barrier). The basic design of the air barrier is discussed, along with the results of laboratory and field testing. The sampling and analysis phase is summarized, in addition to oil retrieval and the use of surface chemical displacing compounds.
Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of Oil-Dispersing Chemicals
Authors: Murphy T.A. , McCarthy L.T. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A procedure for evaluating the effectiveness of oil-dispersing chemicals has been developed. Using the apparatus originally designed for the Navy specification for solvent-emulsifiers, test conditions were adapted to correspond more closely to typical environmental conditions. Test conditions having the greatest effect on dispersant performance included: type of oil, composition of salt water solution, degree of agitation of chemical/oil mixture, and the degree of contact between chemical and oil prior to agitation. Results from this modified procedure, the Simulated Environmental Tank (SET) Test, correspond well with results from simple field tests. Field tests have limited precision and reproducibility. This lack of a reliable index of field performance with which to compare laboratory results hinders refinement of standard test procedures. The SET Test, which produces results corresponding favorably with field performance, to the extent field performance can be determined, and which simulates typical environmental conditions, is proposed as a meaningful interim solution to this problem of dispersant evaluation.
Evaluation Of Dispersants
Authors: Beynon L.R. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Chemical agents for treating oil pollution have been described variously as “detergents,” “dispersants,” “emulsifying agents,” “solvent emulsifiers,” and so on. In this paper, however, the word “dispersant” will be used to cover all such materials.
The basic way in which dispersants work is that they change the interfacial properties of oil and water, enabling an oil layer to be broken up by agitation into very small droplets which may be readily dispersed in the body of the sea. The ways in which dispersants are applied, and the available techniques for supplying agitation to the treated oil, differ greatly depending on whether or not the oil has come ashore. Very often, too, dispersants, which are effective in dealing with floating oil, are completely useless for cleaning beaches, although the reverse is seldom if ever true. There is a need, therefore, for separate methods of assessing the efficiencies of dispersants in combating oil at sea and on shore.
It is also necessary to know the effect of dispersant treatment on marine life, so that in alleviating the evil of oil pollution one does not cause unnecessary damage to marine flora and fauna. It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss toxicity testing of dispersants. This subject has been covered by Dr. R. G. J. Shelton of the Shellfish Laboratory of the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Rather, it is my purpose to describe what has been done by the Institute of Petroleum (IP) Working Party on “Detergents and their Application” to derive meaningful rules for determining which dispersants should be used for cleaning up oil pollution in various circumstances.
Study Of Equipment And Methods For Removing Oil From Harbor Waters
Authors: Walkup P.C. , Polentz L.M. , Smith J.D. , Peterson P. L. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A cost effectiveness analysis was performed for equipment, materials, and techniques for the removal of spilled petroleum products from the surface of port and harbor waters used by U. S. Naval craft. Effectiveness criteria, formulated for present methods and presently available equipment and materials, included speed of application, completeness of removal, ease of operation, effect on marine life, operating continuity, and availability. Parameters for the effectiveness study were based on the petroleum products now in use or those planned for future use and a detailed review of the geographic, hydrographic, physical, and environmental characteristics of ports used by the U. S. Navy. The two most cost-effective systems for broad application were found to be mechanical recovery of spilled material by surface suction devices, supplemented by mechanical containment, and the application of chemical dispersants by pier-or vessel-mounted high pressure spray equipment.
New Methods For Combatting Oil Slicks
Authors: Meijs F.H. , Jongbloed L.J. Schmit , Tadema H.J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A new device has been developed which incorporates the principle of continuous operation for high capacity by means of a floating and circulating absorbent belt. By continuous squeezing of this belt, the oil is separated and the belt can be used over and over again. The apparatus has been shown to operate satisfactorily under practical conditions on inland waters.
Oil slicks at sea can be sunk by means of sand that has been rendered oil-wet by the addition of special wetting agents. This can be accomplished in one fast operation by using a sea-going hopper dredger which first gathers the sand from the sea bottom and stores it still wet in its hoppers. At the site of the oil slick, after fluidisation of the sand with water and a small amount of chemical, the sand/water slurry is sprayed over the floating oil.
This method was shown to have practical potential by large-scale tests with a dredger. Both from an economic and an operational point of view, this seems to be the only potentially viable way of attacking really large oil spills whilst still on the sea.
United Kingdom Ministry Of Technology Work On Oil Pollution
Authors: Smith J. Wardley 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The work of the various research laboratories of the Ministry of Technology in the field of oil pollution is described. It includes the removal of oil from beaches and from the sea, the burning of oil in tanks and the use of booms in sheltered waters.
In 1960, there were a number of fairly large-scale oil pollution incidents off the south coast of England. As a result, an approach was made to the Minister for Science to carry out work to find out the best method of removing oil pollution from beaches. This work, which was soon extended to the problem of dealing with oil while still on the sea, was carried out by the Warren Spring Laboratory, now part of the Ministry of Technology. Other Ministry laboratories were later drawn in for other aspects of the problem. The work is still going on.
This paper will describe firstly the treatment of oil on the beaches; secondly, methods of dealing with oil on the sea; thirdly, the burning of oil in tanks; fourthly, the use of booms to protect particular sites; and, lastly, other means of preventing oil from reaching the surface of the sea.
Pollution Control At A Major Oil Spill
Authors: Gaines T.H. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The eruption of crude oil from the ocean floor five and one-half miles offshore from Santa Barbara, California on January 28, 1969, created a substantial task of pollution control and property cleanup. In spite of all difficulties encountered, the beaches, harbors, houses, boats and shoreline have been restored, and in some cases, exceed their original beauty and cleanliness. The cleanup has been costly and time-consuming. More than $4,500,000 has been spent in the prevention of pollution and restoration of property and the environment.
Fluid Dynamics Of Floating Oil Containment By Mechanical Barriers In The Presence Of Water Currents
Authors: Wicks Moye 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Experiments on oil containment by mechanical barriers have led to identification of the important physical phenomena controlling the extent of an oil slick and have illustrated flow conditions leading to failure of the barrier.
A mathematical model has been developed to generalize the experimental results. Three regions in the oil layer are identified.a gravity wave region near the upstream end of the slick, which leads to oil droplet formation if water flows faster than a certain critical speed,a boundary layer region where drag of the flowing water causes gradual thickening of the oil, anda skirt region where the flowing water causes oil droplets still present to be swept under the barrier.
Another mechanism of failure is discussed whereby oil could escape under the boom by a kind of draining action.
Example calculations and design charts are presented which may be useful in deciding whether stationary mechanical barriers would work at all in given cases, and in selecting the proper depth of skirt and length of boom required in those cases where mechanical barriers are feasible. Where stationary barriers are not feasible, the results can be used to establish minimum boom drift velocity to prevent oil from escaping.
DEVELOPMENT OF TANK VESSEL OVERFILL ALARM INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Leonard Donald J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
At the API-FWPCA joint conference on prevention and control of oil spills held in New York in 1969, it was reported that two-thirds of the oil spill incidents each year occurred in port and harbor areas and were generated during routine petroleum transfer operations. Based on our investigations, the spills are generally the result of personnel errors and only rarely due to equipment failure.
This paper describes the concept, development and initial trials of a number of devices made for Shell and used to prevent spills due to tank overfilling during tank vessel loading. The instruments are inserted into the tanks through tank-top ullage holes. They sound an alarm when product reaches a level where a spill is imminent, alerting crewmen and allowing them to take corrective action.
Complete instrument specifications are given as they were presented to companies working with Shell on the device development.
The evaluation, shipping company and U.S. Coast Guard involvement and support, field testing of prototypes and factors affecting Shell's device choice are described.
Apparent favorable initial device reception by the users, ship crewmen and dock personnel (bearing largely on instrument effectiveness) is described.
A second phase effort is described which will accumulate these alarms and provide an automatic link to shore facilities to shut down pumps or close valves upon receipt of an overfill alarm.
USE OF A GRAVITY TYPE OIL SEPARATOR FOR TANKER OPERATIONS
Authors: Lockwood W. H. , Norris R. O. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The need to control the oil content in ballast and tank cleaning discharges to meet increasingly stringent seawater pollution standards has led to the development of a gravity type separator capable of handling up to 300 tons/hour of oily ballast water. When properly handled these separators enable the tanker operator to clean tanks and process oily ballast with an oil content of up to 100% without fear of contamination of the seas. This continuous and automatic operation is unaffected by normal movements. The recovered oil is available for burning as fuel aboard ship, “load-on-top” or disposal ashore.
Separators of this type have been in use on three 70,000 DWT ships, for periods of one to three years. On typical voyages a ship of this size can recover enough slop oil to provide one day or more of bunkers if the ship is equipped to burn the recovered oil. The ship's crew is trained to carry out analysis of the oil to determine if the oil can be burned onboard immediately following separation or must be treated to drop out salt and/or water prior to burning. Several typical ballast voyages using the separator will be discussed. The overboard discharge of water from the separator is analyzed to assure compliance with current pollution regulations and a means to shunt the overboard discharge into a holding tank is employed if the oil content is too high. Limitations and possible improvements of this type of separator will also be presented.
IDENTIFICATION OF OIL LEAKS AND SPILLS
Authors: Kreider R.E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Development of a tentative method of comparison of unknown petroleum leaks and spills with known sources is reported. Methods of sampling and preparation of a residue, free of water and solids, equivalent to a 24-hour weathered sample are described. The principal method of analysis is high-resolution temperature programmed gas chromatography. Additional analyses considered are sulfur, nitrogen, nickel, vanadium and infrared. Analyses of samples by 10 cooperating laboratories are reported.
BALLAST WATER TREATMENT: A MAJOR UNDERTAKING
Authors: Scribner Jonathan W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Port Valdez is an important fishery resource area located at the proposed terminus of a 48 inch diameter, 800 mile, crude oil pipeline system. This terminus facility will provide for the transfer of crude oil to large oil tankers for shipment to the “lower 48” and will also provide for the treatment of oily ballast water from incoming vessels. The degree of treatment required by State and Federal agencies will limit the treated effluent water to 10 mg/1 total oil content. This is considered to be as stringent a requirement as exists for a similar facility anywhere in the world and was imposed upon the industry to ensure maximum protection of marine life. The treatment facility will consist of primary gravity separation, secondary dissolved-air flotation with the addition of chemicals and an outfall/diffuser system terminating in Port Valdez at a depth greater than 100 feet.
PUGET SOUND FISHERIES AND OIL POLLUTION – A Status Report
Authors: Clark Robert C. , Finley John S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Greater Puget Sound Basin is one of the largest oil handling areas on the West Coast of North America. Due to the increased local need for petroleum products and to the proposed influx of Alaskan North Slope crude oil in the near future, this area will undoubtedly experience even greater petroleum transportation and processing activities. In terms of living resources of economic value—fish, shellfish, waterfowl and aquatic animals—Puget Sound is one of the most productive estuaries on the Pacific Coast. There is increasing evidence that the extensive sport, commercial and aquacultural fisheries resources are threatened by pollution resulting from oil spilled in the transport, handling, and use of petroleum.
This paper presents a stauts report of what is being done in the Pacific Northwest by the petroleum industry, state government and federal agencies to protect the environment prior to the anticipated expansion of the petroleum industry. Research activities which will provide additional information for minimizing the impact of oil pollution on an already pollution-stressed environment are also discussed.
OIL SPILL TREATMENT WITH COMPOSTED DOMESTIC REFUSE
Authors: Vaux Walter G. , Weeks Stephen A. , Walukas Donald J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Floating crude oil can be absorbed and recovered with compost made from domestic refuse. Experiments showed that compost floats on water without wetting until it encounters oil, then absorbs oil at 3.4 ml crude/gram compost (19 barrels/ton).
Oil-saturated compost forms cohesive masses which are easily retrieved from water. Floating masses of oily compost burn vigorously and leave a coke-like residue which sinks. Oily compost can be sunk; underwater it breaks into small suspended particles which disperse and degrade.
Ocean tests off San Diego demonstrated that very thin and thick (1.5 mm) films can be treated and removed quickly.
This method can be applied to (i) absorption and recovery, (ii) absorption and sinking, (iii) absorption and ignoring. Treated oil when left afloat is non-adhesive and will not stain vessels or wildlife, compost will aid decomposition of the sequestered oil which washes ashore. Retrieved oily compost may be burned at sea or on shore.
Economic studies show the use of compost to be competitive. Compost is inexpensive, continuously available, stable, easily transported and distributed at sea.
INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF A VORTEX FLOW TO SEPARATE OIL FROM AN OIL-WATER MIXTURE
Authors: Mensing Arthur E. , Stoeffler Richard C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The use of a continuous-flow vortex separator as a component of an oil spill clean-up system was investigated. Tangential injection of the oil-water mixture into the vortex tube produces buoyant forces which accelerate the lighter oil to the vortex axis. The cleansed water and the core containing the oil are exhausted through exit ports in opposite end walls of the vortex tube. The cleansed water would be returned to the sea and the core flow containing the oil would be stored.
Tests of laboratory-scale model vortex separators were made using oil-water mixtures having inlet oil-to-total-flow ratios between 0.002 and 0.3 and for a variety of geometric and flow conditions. The tests were made using four types of oil (napthene-base crude, paraffin-base crude, diesel and No. 6 heating fuel) having viscosities between 3 and 4250 cps (measured at 75 F) and specific gravities between 0.83 and 0.97. The results showed that separator performance may be optimized by proper control of the oil exhaust flow. Under optimum conditions, approximately 90 percent of the injected oil was separated and captured, and the captured flow contained approximately 90 percent oil.
Studies were also made to determine the sizes and weights of components for full-scale vortex separators, including the necessary pumps and prime movers.
“DYNAMIC KEEL” OIL CONTAINMENT SYSTEM
Authors: March Frank 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Ocean Systems, Inc., under contract to the U.S. Coast Guard, has developed an oil containment system for use on the high seas. The system is designed to contain oil in 4–5 foot seas in combination with 20 mile per hour winds and 0. 7–1 knot currents in a nominal water depth of 200 feet and up to 30 miles from shore.
The barrier design is based on the use of flexible Polyurethane foam, with a “dynamic keel” that imparts high static and dynamic stability. The barrier consists of a non-water-absorbing foam package that provides buoyancy and a surface barrier, and a water-absorbing foam package that provides a submerged barrier and serves as a “dynamic keel.” The two packages are connected into an integral unit that can be compressed to approximately 20% of the original volume for storage and transportation. The memory or resiliency of the foam material causes the barrier to resume its original shape and size after the packaging restraints are released. It should be noted that no compressors, pumps and other mechanical support equipment are required.
Results of analytical studies and model testing are presented which indicate the effectiveness of the system.
PNEUMATIC BARRIERS FOR OIL CONTAINMENT UNDER WIND, WAVE, AND CURRENT CONDITIONS
Authors: Basco David R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An experimental laboratory study of the pneumatic barrier has recently been completed at Texas ?&M University (sponsored by the U S. Coast Guard). Both the fluid mechanics of air-bubble generated currents and their effectiveness for containing oil under wind, wave, and current loadings were investigated.
The bubble-generated current has been found to provide an effective means of containing oil on water. However, under strong currents (2 knots) or breaking wave conditions, large quantities of air are required and the substantial increase in power requirements which results may prove the system uneconomical for some applications.
Consequently, use of the pneumatic barrier to prevent oil spreading on water is recommended for protected areas with low (below 1.0 knot) currents.
SHOULD FINANCIAL LIMITATIONS UPON LIABILITY BE APPLIED TO OIL SPILL REMOVAL AND DAMAGE
Authors: Hallberg C. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The title of this paper might lead the uninformed to the conclusion that the question is yet to be resolved. To the more knowledgeable it might appear to be a discussion as to the merits of locking the barn long after the horse had been stolen. While several august bodies, including the Congress and the 1969 Brussels International Conference on Marine Pollution Damages have concluded that there should be, at least in certain cases, a financial limitation upon liability for damages resulting from oil spills, the issue is far from dead. The purpose of this paper is to raise the question as to whether financial limitation schemes are the best solution to the problem of cost distribution with regard to damage caused by oil.
PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION THROUGH UNDERSTANDING
Authors: Hammer Paul M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In order to place new emphasis on marine pollution prevention in the complex field of tanker operations, the author developed, and is currently conducting, a Shipboard Pollution Control Indoctrination and Training Program. This program, presented on-board during passage, covers all aspects of ship operations at sea and in port which have pollution potential. Through the use of movies, slides, formal and informal discussion sessions the officers and crew are given a better understanding of the economic, legal and technical factors of marine pollution; good operating practices are reviewed; the ship/terminal relationship is explored; the policies and programs of management are emphasized; personnel are prepared for more effective action should an incident occur; and the overall pollution control posture of the vessel and terminals is evaluated. Meetings with management are held before and after the shipboard session as a result of which comprehensive pollution control programs are instituted or updated based to a great extent upon the feedback from the ships and recommendations of the author.
Based upon experiences with independent, oil company and government contract tanker operators, and government agencies functioning in the field, 1) details of the program and its reception are reviewed, 2) observations are presented relative to conditions and particular problem areas encountered, 3) suggestions for further concerted efforts in the direction of pollution prevention are set forth and, 4) further desirable actions in the direction of education and training are outlined.