bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the global warming effects of wood fuels and fossil fuels taking albedo into account
Authors: Holtsmark Bjart 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTraditionally, wood fuels, like other bioenergy sources, have been considered carbon neutral because the amount of CO2 released can be offset by CO2 sequestration due to the regrowth of the biomass. Thus, until recently, most studies assigned a global warming potential (GWP) of zero to CO2 generated by the combustion of biomass (biogenic CO2). Moreover, emissions of biogenic CO2 are usually not included in carbon tax and emissions trading schemes. However, there is now increasing awareness of the inadequacy of this way of treating bioenergy, especially bioenergy from boreal forests. Holtsmark (2014) recently quantified the GWP of biogenic CO2 from slow‐growing forests (GWPbio), finding it to be significantly higher than the GWP of fossil CO2 when a 100 year time horizon was applied. Hence, the climate impact seems to be even higher for the combustion of slow‐growing biomass than for the combustion of fossil carbon in a 100 year timeframe. The present study extends the analysis of Holtsmark (2014) in three ways. First, it includes the cooling effects of increased surface reflectivity after harvest (albedo). Second, it includes a comparison with the potential warming impact of fossil fuels, taking the CO2 emissions per unit of energy produced into account. Third, the study links the literature estimating GWPbio and the literature dealing with the carbon debt, and model simulations estimating the payback time of the carbon debt are presented. The conclusion is that, also after these extensions of the analysis, bioenergy from slow‐growing forests usually has a larger climate impact in a 100 year timeframe than fossil oil and gas. Whether bioenergy performs better or worse than coal depends on a number of conditions.
Sedative load and salivary secretion and xerostomia in community‐dwelling older people
Authors: Tiisanoja Antti , Syrjälä Anna‐Maija , Komulainen Kaija , Hartikainen Sirpa , Taipale Heidi , Knuuttila Matti , Ylöstalo Pekka 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveThe aim was to investigate how sedative load and the total number of drugs used are related to hyposalivation and xerostomia among 75‐year‐old or older dentate, non‐smoking, community‐dwelling people.Materials and MethodsThe study population consisted of 152 older people from the Oral Health GeMS study. The data were collected by interviews and clinical examinations during 2004–2005. Sedative load, which measures the cumulative effect of taking multiple drugs with sedative properties, was calculated using the Sedative Load Model.ResultsThe results showed that participants with a sedative load of either 1–2 or ≥3 had an increased likelihood of having low stimulated salivary flow (<0.7 ml/min; OR: 2.4; CI: 0.6–8.6 and OR: 11; CI: 2.2–59; respectively) and low unstimulated salivary flow (<0.1 ml/min; OR: 2.7, CI: 1.0–7.4 and OR: 4.5, CI: 1.0–20, respectively) compared with participants without a sedative load. Participants with a sedative load ≥3 had an increased likelihood of having xerostomia (OR: 2.5, CI: 0.5–12) compared with participants without a sedative load. The results showed that the association between the total number of drugs and hyposalivation was weaker than the association between sedative load and hyposalivation.ConclusionSedative load is strongly related to hyposalivation and to a lesser extent with xerostomia. The adverse effects of drugs on saliva secretion are specifically related to drugs with sedative properties.
Home death is associated with frequency of physician home medical care visits: A questionnaire survey on communications in home medical care settings
Authors: Kimura Takuma , Imanaga Teruhiko , Matsuzaki Makoto , Akahoshi Tohru 
Published: April 2014

AimTo investigate the factors related to communications in home medical care settings, and the association between such factors and a patient's place of death.MethodsA questionnaire survey of 295 families of patients who had previously received home medical care was carried out in June and July 2011. The response rate was 83.8% (n = 227). Following the exclusion of families where the patient was still alive, or where the place of death was unknown, 143 questionnaires were available for analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify significant associations between possible factors related to communication and occurrence of home death.ResultsHome death was observed in 66.4% (n = 95) of the families analyzed. Home death was significantly associated with the frequency of doctor home‐visits per week (OR 2.835, 95% CI 1.436–5.597, P = 0.003). There was no statistically significant association between home death and any of the other variables included: malignant tumors as primary disease, independence in daily activity, duration of home medical care, duration of doctor's visits, experience of doctor–patient communication without family, doctor–family communication without the patient or explanation from the doctor on the phone, existence of home‐visit nursing services, existence of family's anxieties and/or questions, age of primary caregiver(s) and sex of primary caregiver(s).ConclusionThe frequency of doctor home‐visits was the only factor identified that was positively associated with the occurrence of home death in home medical care settings. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 465–471.
Fall frequency and risk factors in patients with Parkinson's disease in Belgrade, Serbia: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Gazibara Tatjana , Pekmezovic Tatjana , Kisic Tepavcevic Darija , Tomic Aleksandra , Stankovic Iva , Kostic Vladimir S , Svetel Marina 
Published: April 2014

AimThe aim of the present study was to estimate fall frequency as well as demographic and clinical factors related to falling in a cohort of Serbian patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodThe cross‐sectional study comprised 300 consecutive patients recruited at the Neurology Clinic in Belgrade, Serbia, from August 2011 to December 2012. Data were acquired though detailed interviews, while a history of falling referred to the period of 6 months before testing. After a interview related to the circumstances of the last fall sustained by PD patients, the participants were evaluated with the Mini‐Mental State Examination, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, the Hoehn and Yahr scale, the Falls Efficacy Scale and the Self‐Assessment Disability Scale, New Freezing of Gait questionnaire for frequency and impact of freezing, and the Hamilton Depression and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.ResultsA total of 60% of individuals reported a fall in the 6‐month period before testing. Multivariate regression showed that patients with PD who had a Self‐Assessment Disability Scale score of ≥56 and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale total score of ≥69 were 2.04 and 3.32 times more likely to fall, respectively (95% CI 1.10–3.79, P = 0.023 for Self‐Assessment Disability Scale and 95% CI 1.83–6.00, P = 0.001 for Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale). In contrast, a decrease of risk for falling by 57% was observed among those who practiced regular physical activity before the onset of PD (95% CI 0.23–0.80, P = 0.008).ConclusionThere is a strong relationship between falling and self‐perceived disability, whereas previous physical exercise had a protective effect. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 472–480.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T gene mutation and hyperhomocysteinemia in Budd–Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Qi Xingshun , Yang Zhiping , De Stefano Valerio , Fan Daiming 
Published: April 2014

AimA systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted to explore the role of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T gene mutation and hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) and portal vein thrombosis (PVT).MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and ScienceDirect databases were searched. Eligible studies should compare the prevalence of the MTHFR C677T mutation or hyperhomocysteinemia or the homocysteine levels between BCS or non‐cirrhotic PVT patients and healthy controls or between cirrhotic patients with and without PVT. A pooled odds ratio or weighted mean difference with 95% confidence interval was calculated.ResultsOf the 484 articles retrieved, 20 were included. BCS and non‐cirrhotic PVT patients had a higher prevalence of homozygous MTHFR mutation than healthy controls. The difference was statistically significant in BCS patients, but not in non‐cirrhotic PVT patients. BCS and non‐cirrhotic PVT patients had a significantly higher prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia and homocysteine level than healthy controls. Cirrhotic patients with PVT had a significantly higher prevalence of homozygous MTHFR mutation than those without PVT. However, the association between homocysteine level and PVT in cirrhotic patients was inconsistent among three studies.ConclusionHomozygous MTHFR mutation and hyperhomocysteinemia may be associated with the occurrence of BCS and non‐cirrhotic PVT. In addition, homozygous MTHFR mutation may increase the risk of PVT in cirrhotic patients. However, the current evidence failed to support the association of hyperhomocysteinemia with PVT in cirrhotic patients.
Are parents of children hospitalized with severe community‐acquired pneumonia more satisfied with care when physicians allow them to share decisions on the antibiotic route?
Authors: Rosati Paola , Di Salvo Viviana , Crudo Stefania , D'Amico Roberto , Carlino Cecilia , Marchili Maria Rosaria , Gonfiantini Michaela , Di Ciommo Vincenzo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractContext and objectiveDespite convincing evidence that oral and injected amoxicillin have equal efficacy in children with severe community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospitalized children often receive injected antibiotics. To investigate whether shared decision‐making (choosing the antibiotic route) influences parental satisfaction.Design, setting and participantsIn a one‐year questionnaire‐based study, we enrolled consecutive children hospitalized for CAP. At admission, all children's parents received a leaflet on CAP. Parents arriving during the daytime were assigned to a shared group and could choose the antibiotic route, those admitted at other times were assigned to an unshared group for whom physicians chose the antibiotic route. Shared group parents answered anonymous questionnaire investigating why they chose a specific route. Parents in both groups answered another anonymous questionnaire at discharge assessing perceived satisfaction with care.Main outcome measureParents' satisfaction with perceived medical information as assessed by data from a questionnaire.ResultsOf the 95 children enrolled, more children's parents were assigned to the unshared than the shared group (77 vs. 18). Of the 18 children's parents in the shared group, 14 chose the oral antibiotic route mainly to avoid painful injections. Doctors explanations were considered better in the shared than in the unshared group (P = 0.02).Discussion and conclusionsThe larger number of children's parents assigned to the unshared group reflects paediatricians' reluctance to offer shared‐decision making. Well‐informed parents prefer oral antibiotic therapy for children with severe CAP. Allowing parents choose the antibiotic route respects parents' wishes, reduces children's pain and improves satisfaction.
Scanning electron microscopy of superficial defects in Twisted files and Reciproc nickel–titanium files after use in extracted molars
Authors: Caballero H. , Rivera F. , Salas H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the usage and superficial defects in size 25, 0.08 taper Twisted files (TF) and R25 Reciproc files after root canal instrumentation.MethodologyOne hundred and twenty mandibular molars with root canal curvature, ranging from 15° to 30° and a 4–5 mm radius, were randomly divided into two groups according to single‐file instrumentation: size 25, 0.08 taper TF or R25 files. A total of fifteen files per group were evaluated before and after three, six, nine and 12 uses. The instruments were fixed in custom‐made holders and photographed using scanning electron microscopy at ×260 to ×1200 magnifications. The presence of superficial defects (plastic deformation, microcracks, fracture, craters, disruption of the cutting edges and blunt edges) was scored from the pre‐ and post‐usage photographs. Chi‐squared test was used to analyse differences after usages in both groups individually. Two‐way anova was used to analyse differences between both instruments. The level of significance for all analyses was 5%.ResultsSuperficial defects were observed after the instrumentation of six root canals in the TF group and after the instrumentation of nine root canals in the R25 group. Plastic deformation and disruption of cutting edges were the prevalent defects observed in the TF group, and craters and blunt edges were observed in R25 files. The presence of defects was significantly increased with successive usages in both groups (P < 0.05), but TF had more superficial defects than R25 files (P < 0.001). Dentine debris was observed on all instruments. No instruments fractured.ConclusionsInstrumentation was possible for six root canals with TF files and nine root canals with R25 files before the presence of superficial defects appeared. Differences in the prevalence and development of superficial defects were observed between the TF and R25 files.
Role of the p38 pathway in mineral trioxide aggregate‐induced cell viability and angiogenesis‐related proteins of dental pulp cell in vitro
Authors: Huang S.‐C. , Wu B.‐C. , Kao C.‐T. , Huang T.‐H. , Hung C.‐J. , Shie M.‐Y. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo investigate the influence of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on angiogenesis of primary human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) via the MAPK pathway, in particular p38.MethodologyHuman dental pulp cells were cultured with MTA to angiogenesis, after which cell viability, ion concentration, osmolality, NO secretion, the von Willebrand factor (vWF) and angiopoietin‐1 (Ang‐1) protein expression were examined. PrestoBlue® was used for evaluating the proliferation of hDPCs. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine vWF and Ang‐1 protein secretion in hDPCs cultured on MTA and the control. Cells cultured on the tissue culture plate without the cement were used as the control. The t‐test was used to evaluate the significance of the differences between the mean values.ResultsMineral trioxide aggregate elicited a significant (P < 0.05) increased viability compared with the control (15%, 16% and 13% on days 1, 3 and 5 of cell seeding, respectively). MTA consumed calcium and phosphate ions, and released more Si ions in the medium. MTA significantly (P < 0.05) increased the osmolality of the medium to 313, 328 and 341 mOsm kg−1 after 1, 3 and 5 days, respectively. P38 was activated through phosphorylation, and the phosphorylation kinase was investigated in the cell system after being cultured with MTA. Expression levels for Ang‐1 and vWF in hDPCs on MTA were higher than those of the MTA + p38 inhibitor (SB203580) group (P < 0.05) at all of the time‐points.ConclusionsMineral trioxide aggregate was able to activate the p38 pathway in hDPCs cultured in vitro. Moreover, Si increased the osmolality required to facilitate the angiogenic differentiation of hDPCs via the p38 signalling pathway. When the p38 pathway was blocked by SB203580, the angiogenic‐dependent protein secretion decreased. These findings verify that the p38 pathway plays a key role in regulating the angiogenic behaviour of hDPCs cultured on MTA.
Enrichment of rice noodles with fibre‐rich fractions derived from cassava pulp and pomelo peel
Authors: Wandee Yuree , Uttapap Dudsadee , Puncha‐arnon Santhanee , Puttanlek Chureerat , Rungsardthong Vilai , Wetprasit Nuanchawee 
Published: April 2014

SummaryCassava pulp and pomelo peel were evaluated for their potential as sources of dietary fibre in dried rice noodles. Noodles containing cassava pulp (1–20%) and pomelo peel (1–10%) had significantly higher cooking weight (136–166%) than the control sample (125%). Elongation of noodles containing cassava pulp (61–86%) was significantly higher than that of the control (56%) and noodles containing pomelo peel (29–49%). Total dietary fibre (TDF) content of noodles made from rice flour was 3.0%, and increased to 7.0% and 10.2% after adding 20% of cassava pulp and 10% of pomelo peel, respectively. A combination of cassava pulp and pomelo peel at a total amount of 20% resulted in an obvious increase in cooking weight, whereas tensile stress and elongation of noodles were comparable to those of the control noodle. The highest TDF content obtained was 14.4%.
Comparison of not for resuscitation (NFR) forms across five Victorian health services
Authors: Levinson M. , Mills A. , Hutchinson A. M. , Heriot G. , Stephenson G. , Gellie A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundWithin Australian hospitals, cardiac and respiratory arrests result in a resuscitation attempt unless the patient is documented as not for resuscitation.AimTo examine the consistency of policies and documentation for withholding in‐hospital resuscitation across health services.MethodAn observational, qualitative review of hospital policy and documentation was conducted in June 2013 in three public and two private sector hospitals in metropolitan Melbourne. Not for resuscitation (NFR) forms were evaluated for physical characteristics, content, authorisation and decision‐making. Hospital policies were coded for alerts, definition of futility and burden of treatment and management of discussions and dissent.ResultsThere was a lack of standardisation, with each site using its own unique NFR form and accompanying site‐specific policies. Differences were found in who could authorise the decision, what was included on the form, the role of patients and families, and how discussions were managed and dissent resolved. Futility and burden of treatment were not defined independently. These inconsistencies across sites contribute to a lack of clarity regarding the decision to withhold resuscitation, and have implications for staff employed across multiple hospitals.ConclusionsNFR forms should be reviewed and standardised so as to be clear, uniform and consistent with the legislative framework. We propose a two‐stage process of documentation. Stage 1 facilitates discussion of patient‐specific goals of care and consideration of limitations of treatment. Stage 2 serves to communicate a NFR order. Decisions to withhold resuscitation are inherently complex but could be aided by separating the decision‐making process from the communication of the decision, resulting in improved end‐of‐life care.
Association between waist‐to‐height ratio and chronic kidney disease in the Taiwanese population
Authors: Li W.‐C. , Chen J.‐Y. , Lee Y.‐Y. , Weng Y.‐M. , Hsiao C.‐T. , Loke S.‐S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundObesity, metabolic syndrome (MS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are all becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Body mass index (BMI) has traditionally been employed to identify overweight or obese individuals, yet multiple studies have yielded conflicting results when BMI was used to evaluate the association between obesity and CKD.AimsThe purpose of this large, population‐based, multicentre study was to evaluate the associations of BMI and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) with CKD.MethodsA retrospective study of 41 600 subjects who had physical examinations from January 2010 to December 2011 was performed. Data such as life style and habits were collected by interviews, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), height, body weight, waist circumference, total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides (TG), fasting blood glucose and creatinine levels were measured. The association of these factors with CKD was analysed by use of SPSS 15.0 software.ResultsThe key findings of this study were that WHtR but not BMI was an independent predictor of CKD. Additionally, SBP was a predictor of CKD in males and females, and TG and TC were independent predictors of CKD in females. Such measures are components of MS, which may also be associated with the development of CKD.ConclusionWHtR appears to be a better measure of central obesity than BMI, and is an easy‐to‐use, noninvasive tool for identifying individuals at risk of developing obesity‐related CKD, and potentially also MS‐related CKD.
Prime–boost bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination with lentivirus‐vectored and DNA‐based vaccines expressing antigens Ag85B and Rv3425 improves protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice
Authors: Xu Ying , Yang Enzhuo , Wang Jianguang , Li Rui , Li Guanghua , Liu Guoyuan , Song Na , Huang Qi , Kong Cong , Wang Honghai 
Published: April 2014

SummaryTo prevent the global spread of tuberculosis (TB), more effective vaccines and vaccination strategies are urgently needed. As a result of the success of bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) in protecting children against miliary and meningeal TB, the majority of individuals will have been vaccinated with BCG; hence, boosting BCG‐primed immunity will probably be a key component of future vaccine strategies. In this study, we compared the ability of DNA‐, protein‐ and lentiviral vector‐based vaccines that express the antigens Ag85B and Rv3425 to boost the effects of BCG in the context of immunity and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in C57BL/6 mice. Our results demonstrated that prime–boost BCG vaccination with a lentiviral vector expressing the antigens Ag85B and Rv3425 significantly enhanced immune responses, including T helper type 1 and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, compared with DNA‐ and protein‐based vaccines. However, lentivirus‐vectored and DNA‐based vaccines greatly improved the protective efficacy of BCG against M. tuberculosis, as indicated by a lack of weight loss and significantly reduced bacterial loads and histological damage in the lung. Our study suggests that the use of lentiviral or DNA vaccines containing the antigens Ag85B and Rv3425 to boost BCG is a good choice for the rational design of an efficient vaccination strategy against TB.
La convention et la recommandation de l'OIT sur les travailleurs domestiques: une ouverture pour la justice sociale
Authors: OELZ Martin 
Published: April 2014

Résumé.Les travailleurs domestiques constituent une main‐d'œuvre largement féminine, dont les droits sociaux ont été négligés depuis toujours. Il devenait d'autant plus urgent d'agir que la demande de services domestiques et à la personne augmente fortement. La convention n° 189 et la recommandation n° 201 établissent des normes minimales pour le travail domestique. L'auteur fait le point sur les textes internationaux applicables avant 2011, puis présente les définitions et le champ d'application des deux instruments, avant d'en venir à leurs dispositions sur le temps de travail, la rémunération, l'environnement de travail, les conditions de vie, la sécurité sociale et à leur mise en application.
La OIT y el derecho de huelga
Authors: BELLACE Janice R. 
Published: April 2014

ResumenEn junio de 2012, el Grupo de los Empleadores de la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo cuestionó el principio, hasta entonces aceptado por todos, de que el derecho de huelga esté protegido en virtud del Convenio sobre la libertad sindical y la protección del derecho de sindicación, 1948 (núm. 87). La autora analiza los textos fundamentales de la OIT, los debates sobre el Convenio y sobre el establecimiento del sistema de control de la Organización y su contexto histórico, demostrando que desde la Conferencia de Paz de París los mandantes de la OIT reconocen un derecho positivo de huelga, indisoluble de la libertad sindical, de la cual es corolario.