bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AFTER 1848: THE EUROPEAN REVOLUTION IN GOVERNMENT
Authors: Clark Christopher 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper revisits the question of the impact of the 1848 revolutions on governance and administration across the European states. Few historians would contend that the immediate post-revolutionary years saw a ‘return’ to pre-1848 conditions, but the transitions of the 1850s are usually presented as episodes within a narrative that is deemed to be specific to the respective nation-state. This paper argues that the 1850s saw a profound transformation in political and administrative practices across the continent, encompassing the emergence of new centrist political coalitions with a distinctively post-revolutionary mode of politics characterised by a technocratic vision of progress, the absorption into government of civil-society-based bodies of expertise, and changes in public information management. In short, it proposes that we need to move beyond the restrictive interpretation implied by the tenacious rubric ‘decade of reaction’ towards recognising that the 1850s were – after the Napoleonic period – the second high-water-mark in nineteenth-century political and administrative innovation across the continent. The paper argues, moreover, that these transitions took place on an authentically European basis and that they only come fully into focus when we survey the spectrum of governmental experiences across the European states. The paper closes with some reflections on the broader implications of this reappraisal for our understanding of European history in the middle and later decades of the nineteenth century.
A comparison of clinical outcomes between healthcare-associated infections due to community-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusstrains and healthcare-associated methicillin-resistantS. aureusstrains
Authors: EELLS S. J. , McKINNELL J. A. , WANG A. A. , GREEN N. L. , WHANG D. , O'HARA P. , BROWN M. L. , MILLER L. G. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYThere are limited data examining whether outcomes of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are worse when caused by community-associated (CA) strains compared to HA strains. We reviewed all patients’ charts at our institution from 1999 to 2009 that had MRSA first isolated only after 72 h of hospitalization (n = 724). Of these, 384 patients had a MRSA-HAI according to CDC criteria. Treatment failure was similar in those infected with a phenotypically CA-MRSA strain compared to a phenotypically HA-MRSA strain (23%vs. 15%,P = 0·10) as was 30-day mortality (16%vs. 19%,P = 0·57). Independent risk factors associated with (P < 0·05) treatment failure were higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, higher APACHE II score, and no anti-MRSA treatment. These factors were also associated with 30-day mortality, as were female gender, older age, MRSA bloodstream infection, MRSA pneumonia, and HIV. Our findings suggest that clinical and host factors, not MRSA strain type, predict treatment failure and death in hospitalized patients with MRSA-HAIs.
Simulation of the effect of maize porridge fortified with grain amaranth or micronutrient powder containing NaFeEDTA on iron intake and status in Kenyan children
Authors: Macharia-Mutie Catherine W , Omusundi Agnes M , Mwai John M , Mwangi Alice M , Brouwer Inge D 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectiveSimulating the probable impact of grain amaranth and highly absorbable, low-Fe micronutrient powder (MNP) on Fe status in a potential target population is an essential step in choosing and developing an appropriate actual intervention.DesignWe simulated the potential effect of fortifying maize porridge with grain amaranth or MNP on the prevalence of inadequate Fe intake and Fe deficiency using data from two cross-sectional surveys. In the first survey (2008), dietary intake data were collected by two 24 h recalls (n197). Biochemical data (n70) were collected in the second survey (2010). A simulation with daily consumption for 80 d of non-fortified maize porridge (60 g of maize flour), amaranth-enriched porridge (80 g of grain amaranth–maize flour, 70:30 ratio) or maize porridge fortified with MNP (2·5 mg Fe as NaFeEDTA) was done.SettingMwingi District, Kenya.SubjectsPre-school children aged 12–23 months.ResultsPrevalence of anaemia, Fe deficiency and Fe-deficiency anaemia was 49 %, 46 % and 24 %, respectively. Consumption of non-fortified, amaranth-enriched and MNP-fortified maize porridge was estimated to provide a median daily Fe intake of 8·6 mg, 17·5 mg and 11·1 mg, respectively. The prevalence of inadequate Fe intake was reduced to 35 % in the amaranth-enriched porridge group and 45 % in the MNP-fortified porridge group, while ferritin concentration was increased in both (by 1·82 (95 % CI 1·42, 2·34) μg/l and 1·80 (95 % CI 1·40, 2·31) μg/l, respectively;P< 0·005) compared with the non-fortified maize porridge group, resulting in a decreased prevalence of Fe deficiency (27 %) in the two fortification groups.ConclusionsAddition of grain amaranth or low-Fe MNP to maize-based porridge has potential to improve Fe intake and status in pre-school children.
Three-Dimensional Structural Characterization of Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Venu Lalith B. Suragani , Shim Eunkyoung , Anantharamaiah Nagendra , Pourdeyhimi Behnam 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNonwoven materials are found in a gamut of critical applications. This is partly due to the fact that these structures can be produced at high speed and engineered to deliver unique functionality at low cost. The behavior of these materials is highly dependent on alignment of fibers within the structure. The ability to characterize and also to control the structure is important, but very challenging due to the complex nature of the structures. Thus, to date, focus has been placed mainly on two-dimensional analysis techniques for describing the behavior of nonwovens. This article demonstrates the utility of three-dimensional (3D) digital volumetric imaging technique for visualizing and characterizing a complex 3D class of nonwoven structures produced by hydroentanglement.
The impact of rain on ice nuclei populations at a forested site in Colorado
Authors: Prenni A. J. , Tobo Y. , Garcia E. , DeMott P. J. , Huffman J. A. , McCluskey C. S. , Kreidenweis S. M. , Prenni J. E. , Pöhlker C. , Pöschl U. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIt has long been known that precipitation can impact atmospheric aerosol, altering number concentrations and size‐dependent composition. Such effects result from competing mechanisms: precipitation can remove particles through wet deposition, or precipitation can lead to the emission of particles through mechanical ejection, biological processes, or re‐suspension from associated wind gusts. These particles can feed back into the hydrologic cycle by serving as cloud nuclei. In this study, we investigated how precipitation at a forested site impacted the concentration and composition of ice nuclei (IN). We show that ground level IN concentrations were enhanced during rain events, with concentrations increasing by up to a factor of 40 during rain. We also show that a fraction of these IN were biological, with some of the IN identified using DNA sequencing. As these particles get entrained into the outflow of the storm, they may ultimately reach cloud levels, impacting precipitation of subsequent storms.
Does Children's Age Impact the Division of Housework?
Authors: Zabel Cordula , Heintz-Martin Valerie K. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
In this study, we investigate couples' division of household tasks by the age of the youngest child, comparing France, eastern Germany, and western Germany. For our analyses, we draw on Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) data. As expected, our findings are that the division of housework is less egalitarian for couples with preschool age children than for childless couples, and these differences are greatest in western Germany. However, we had also expected the division of housework to be more egalitarian again for couples with older children, among whom maternal employment rates are higher than among those with younger children. Our findings confirmed this expectation for western Germany. Surprisingly though, we found that in both eastern Germany and France, the division of housework was actually continuously less egalitarian the older couples' children. An explanation may be that the traditionalizing impact of parenthood unfolds slowly with parenthood duration as couples increasingly yield to societal expectations regarding parental roles. In western Germany, where women reduce their employment most significantly when becoming mothers, employment status effects appear to dominate any other trends associated with the age of the youngest child.
Formation of core–shell micro/nano particles through pulsed-laser deposition in liquid
Authors: Jo Young Kyong , Wen Sy-Bor 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A new methodology for generating core–shell micro/nanoparticle (CSPs) based on laser ablation in liquid is developed. This new method showed no observable restriction for generating core and shell materials of different combinations. However, to form a high-quality shell with the new method, the adhesion energy between the core and the shell material should be as high as possible. The obtained thickness and smoothness of the shell are also affected by amount of ablation time and the applied laser energy. Based on the test, smoother (i.e. with less condensed island growth) and thicker shell can be achieved with longer ablation time and lower ablation energy. The developed new methodology can be directly extended to the generation of multiple layered core–shell micro/nanoparticles with different configurations through introducing more ablation targets in the liquid.
X-band EMI shielding mechanisms and shielding effectiveness of high structure carbon black/polypropylene composites
Authors: Al-Saleh Mohammed H , Sundararaj Uttandaraman 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) and EMI shielding mechanisms of high structure carbon black (HS-CB)/polypropylene (PP) composites in the X-band frequency range were studied. Composite plates with three different thicknesses and five different electrical conductivities were studied. The reflection loss and absorption loss of the composites were quantified based on the electromagnetic radiation power balance. The results showed that for HS-CB/PP composites, absorption loss contribution to the overall attenuation is more than the contribution of the reflection loss. The ability of the theoretical model to predict the EMI shielding by reflection and absorption was found to be a function of the shielding plate thickness and conductivity.
Epidemiology of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici-Ug99 in the Rift Valley “Flyway” from Uganda-Kenya to Yemen
Authors: Nagarajan Subrahmaniam , Kogel Hans J. , Zadoks Jan C. 
Published: December 2012

Dispersal of a new virulence of Puccinia graminis tritici (Pgt)-Ug99 from Uganda-Kenya to Yemen, over >1000 km, happened in four years. Geo-agro-ecology of wheat cultivation and the epidemiology of Pgt indicate that the Rift Valley is a natural conduit “flyway.” The widely prevalent “green bridges” favor survival and spread of Pgt. This part of the Rift Valley is one single epidemiological zone, and the annual Pgt build-up is from the endogenous inoculum. Accepted for publication 18 October 2012. Published 14 November 2012.
Anti‐TNF, Infliximab, and Adalimumab Can Be Effective in Eosinophilic Bowel Disease
Authors: Turner Dan , Wolters Victorien M. , Russell Richard K. , Shakhnovich Valentina , Muise Aleixo M. , Ledder Oren , Ngan Bo , Friesen Craig 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTBackground:Eosinophilic enterocolitis (EEC) is an emerging distinct inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology. There are no published data on the effect of infliximab (IFX) or adalimumab (ADA) for the treatment of refractory cases.Methods:A report of all pediatric cases with EEC treated with anti‐tumor necrosis factor, identified after an open international call.Results:We describe here the first 8 children with refractory EEC who were treated with IFX (75% boys; mean age at diagnosis 8.6 ± 4.03 [range 1.6–14 years]; mean age at IFX treatment 11.7 ± 4.4 [range 4.2–16 years]). Allergic and infectious causes of EEC were excluded in all cases. Rapid and complete clinical remission was documented in 6 (75%) children following the induction infusions: 3 (38%) with endoscopic remission, 2 (25%) with endoscopic improvement, and 1 unknown. Four of the 6 responders had secondary loss of response and were switched to ADA, 3 of whom with sustained remission using high doses. Overall, the 6 responders were followed for a median of 7 years (range 4–12; interquartile range 6.4–8.8 years) without evidence of developing Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis. The only case with macroscopic findings on endoscopy was a primary nonresponder.Conclusions:IFX and ADA may be effective in cases of refractory idiopathic EEC; however, because this is an uncontrolled report, further prospective studies are warranted.
Alteration of the Alkaloid Profile in Genetically Modified Tobacco Reveals a Role of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase in Nicotine N-Demethylation
Authors: Hung Chiu-Yueh , Fan Longjiang , Kittur Farooqahmed S. , Sun Kehan , Qiu Jie , Tang She , Holliday Bronwyn M. , Xiao Bingguang , Burkey Kent O. , Bush Lowell P. , Conkling Mark A. , Roje Sanja , Xie Jiahua 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme of the tetrahydrofolate (THF)-mediated one-carbon (C1) metabolic network. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of 5,10-methylene-THF to 5-methyl-THF. The latter donates its methyl group to homocysteine, forming methionine, which is then used for the synthesis of S-adenosyl-methionine, a universal methyl donor for numerous methylation reactions, to produce primary and secondary metabolites. Here, we demonstrate that manipulating tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) MTHFR gene (NtMTHFR1) expression dramatically alters the alkaloid profile in transgenic tobacco plants by negatively regulating the expression of a secondary metabolic pathway nicotine N-demethylase gene, CYP82E4. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and alkaloid analyses revealed that reducing NtMTHFR expression by RNA interference dramatically induced CYP82E4 expression, resulting in higher nicotine-to-nornicotine conversion rates. Conversely, overexpressing NtMTHFR1 suppressed CYP82E4 expression, leading to lower nicotine-to-nornicotine conversion rates. However, the reduced expression of NtMTHFR did not affect the methionine and S-adenosyl-methionine levels in the knockdown lines. Our finding reveals a new regulatory role of NtMTHFR1 in nicotine N-demethylation and suggests that the negative regulation of CYP82E4 expression may serve to recruit methyl groups from nicotine into the C1 pool under C1-deficient conditions.
Experience with the use of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of lupus erythematosus
Authors: Momose Yoko , Arai Satoru , Eto Hikaru , Kishimoto Mitsumasa , Okada Masato 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is generally used to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Western countries. However, chloroquine retinopathy became a problem in Japan, and chloroquine has never been used since then. Even now HCQ remains non‐approved. Therefore, the Japanese Hydroxychloroquine Study Group has been organized, and activities have started to have HCQ approved within Japan. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of HCQ against the skin manifestations of lupus erythematosus. There were seven patients, all female, and they consisted of four patients with SLE (skin lesion type: discoid lupus erythematosus [DLE] in three, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus in one and lupus erythematosus profundus in one), two patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (both DLE), and one patient with a combination of SLE and dermatomyositis. HCQ was effective in three patients and ineffective in the two patients. We could not judge the efficacy of HCQ in the other two patients. There were no adverse effects in any of the patients. Efficacy was exhibited against telangiectasia and erythema. HCQ is also an effective and safe treatment for Japanese patients, and it is hoped that it will be approved for use in Japan very soon.
Hospital Use of Agency‐Employed Supplemental Nurses and Patient Mortality and Failure to Rescue
Authors: Aiken Linda H. , Shang Jingjing , Xue Ying , Sloane Douglas M. 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveTo determine the association between the use of agency‐employed supplemental registered nurses (SRNs) to staff hospitals and patient mortality and failure to rescue (FTR).Data SourcesPrimary survey data from 40,356 registered nurses in 665 hospitals in four states in 2006 were linked with American Hospital Association and inpatient mortality data from state agencies for approximately 1.3 million patients.Study DesignLogistic regression models were used to examine the association between SRN use and 30‐day in‐hospital mortality and FTR, controlling for patient and hospital characteristics, nurse staffing, the proportion of nurses with bachelor's degrees, and quality of the work environment.Principal FindingsBefore controlling for multiple nurse characteristics of hospitals, higher proportions of agency‐employed SRNs in hospitals appeared to be associated with higher mortality (OR = 1.06) and FTR (OR = 1.05). Hospitals with higher proportions of SRNs have poorer work environments, however, and the significant relationships between SRNs and mortality outcomes were rendered insignificant when work environments were taken into account.ConclusionsHigher use of SRNs does not appear to have deleterious consequences for patient mortality and may alleviate nurse staffing problems that could produce higher mortality.
Comparison of early biomarker strategies with the Heart Foundation of Australia/Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand guidelines for risk stratification of emergency department patients with chest pain
Authors: Cullen Louise , Parsonage William A , Greenslade Jaimi , Lamanna Arvin , Hammett Christopher J , Than Martin , Ungerer Jacobus PJ , Chu Kevin , O'Kane Shanen , Brown Anthony FT 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectivesTo compare cardiac risk stratification using a 0 and 2 h point‐of‐care (POC) cardiac troponin (cTn), 0 and 2 h POC multi‐biomarkers against the 0 and 6 h laboratory cTn reference standard.MethodsA prospective observational study of ED patients presenting with chest pain was performed. Patients were risk stratified and treated as per the Heart Foundation of Australia/Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (HF‐A/CS‐ANZ) guidelines using the 0 and 6 h laboratory cTn (T6). Patients were further stratified using a 0 and 2 h POC cTn (T2) plus 0 and 2 h POC multi‐biomarkers (cTn, creatine kinase‐MB, myoglobin) (M2). The T6, T2 and M2 strategies were compared using the 30‐day major adverse cardiac events as the primary outcome.ResultsSeven hundred and four patients (median age 54 years, male 62.1%) were enrolled. Using the T6 reference standard, 2%, 61% and 37% were stratified as low, intermediate and high risk, respectively. The 30‐day event rates were 0%, 3.5% and 28.6%, respectively. The T2 strategy stratified 1.5%, 57% and 41% as low, intermediate and high risk, respectively, with 30‐day event rates of 0%, 4.2% and 24.8%, respectively. The M2 strategy resulted in significantly different risk distribution with 1%, 40% and 59% stratified as low, intermediate and high risk, respectively, with 30‐day event rates of 0%, 3.9% and 18.8%, respectively.ConclusionUsing a 2 h POC cTn‐only biomarker strategy with the HF‐A/CS‐ANZ guidelines accurately identified a population at intermediate risk of 30‐day events in whom further objective testing might be accelerated, allowing subsequent early discharge of the majority of this cohort. Within 2 h of presentation a high risk population could be identified in whom early management, including admission, was required.
A primer for clinical researchers in the emergency department: Part V: How to describe data and basic medical statistics
Authors: Donath Susan , Davidson Andrew , Babl Franz E 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this series we address key topics for clinicians who conduct research as part of their work in the ED. In this section we will address important statistical concepts for clinical researchers and readers of clinical research publications. We use practical clinical examples of how to describe clinical data for presentation and publication, and explain key statistical concepts and tests clinical researchers will likely use for the majority of ED datasets.
Potential of triptolide in reproductive management of the house rat,Rattus rattus
Authors: SINGLA Neena , KAUR Gaganpreet , BABBAR Bhupinder Kaur , SANDHU Bhupinder Singh 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMature and healthy male house rats,Rattus rattus(n= 160) were fed on bait (cracked wheat: powdered sugar, 98:2) containing different concentrations of triptolide (0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0%) for 7 and 14 days in no‐choice and bi‐choice feeding tests in the laboratory. The objective of the study was to record the antifertility affects of triptolide after 30 and 60 days of termination of treatment. Results revealed no significant effect of triptolide treatment on weights of testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate gland of rats. Overall, sperm motility, live sperm count, sperm density and sperm morphology in the cauda epididymal fluid were found to differ significantly (P≤ 0.05) between untreated and treated groups of rats. The major effect of triptolide on sperm morphology was in the form of sperm head tail separation, which was up to 56.0% in rats treated for 14 days in no‐choice and autopsied after 30 days. A significant effect (P≤ 0.05) of triptolide treatment was observed on the histomorphology of the testis, which included a dose‐dependent decrease in diameter of seminiferous tubules, thickness of germinal epithelium and numbers of various spermatogenic cells. Cell associations in the seminiferous epithelial cycle were poorly developed in rats ingesting medium (4.7–5.1 mg/100 g bw) and high doses (6.9–7.2 mg/100 g bw) of triptolide than rats ingesting low doses (1.8–2.3 mg/100 g bw) and untreated rats. The cell stages affected had not recovered fully within the 60 day period following triptolide withdrawal. The present study suggests the potential of triptolide in reproductive management ofRattus rattus.