bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of preparative and analytical methods of the hop bitter acid oxide fraction and chemical properties of its components
Authors: Taniguchi Yoshimasa , Matsukura Yasuko , Taniguchi Harumi , Koizumi Hideki , Katayama Mikio 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The bitter acids in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and beer, such as α-, β-, and iso-α-acids, are known to affect beer quality and display various physiological effects. However, these compounds readily oxidize, and the effect of the oxides on the properties of beer or their potential health benefits are not well understood. In this study, we developed a simple preparative method for the bitter acid oxide fraction derived from hops and designated the constituents as matured hop bitter acids (MHBA). HPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS and MS2 revealed that MHBA are primarily composed of α-acid-derived oxides, which possess a common β-tricarbonyl moiety in their structures similar to α-, β-, and iso-α-acids. We also developed a quantitative analytical method of whole MHBA by HPLC, which showed high precision and reproducibility. Using our newly developed method, the concentration of whole MHBA in several commercial beers was evaluated. Our results will promote the study of bitter acid oxides.
Orally administrated dipeptide Ser-Tyr efficiently stimulates noradrenergic turnover in the mouse brain
Authors: Ichinose Takashi , Moriyasu Kazuki , Nakahata Akane , Tanaka Mitsuru , Matsui Toshiro , Furuya Shigeki 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In this study, we examined the effect of orally administrated dipeptides containing Tyr (Y) on the metabolism of catecholamines in mouse brains. We found that among eight synthetic dipeptides whose sequences are present frequently in soy proteins, Ser-Tyr (SY), Ile-Tyr, and Tyr-Pro had the highest apparent permeability coefficients in monolayers of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. When administrated orally, SY markedly increased tyrosine content in the cerebral cortex compared to the vehicle control, Ile-Tyr, Tyr-Pro, and Y alone. The oral administration of SY more effectively increased 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol, the principal metabolite of noradrenaline, in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus than did Ile-Tyr, Tyr-Pro, or Y alone. Central noradrenergic turnover was also markedly stimulated by SY administration. These in vivo observations strongly suggest that SY is more potent in boosting central catecholamine transmission, particularly the noradrenergic system, than Y alone or other dipeptides that include Y.
Measurement of resistant starch content in cooked rice and analysis of gelatinization and retrogradation characteristics
Authors: Nakayoshi Yuuki , Nakamura Sumiko , Kameo Yoji , Shiiba Daisuke , Katsuragi Yoshihisa , Ohtsubo Ken’ichi 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Digestion-resistant starch (RS) has many physiologic functions. The RS content is measured by enzymatically degrading flour samples according to the method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Experiments have been performed with wheat, corn, and other grains, but there are no data for cooked rice grains in the form ingested by humans. Thus, we investigated a method to measure RS that is suitable for cooked rice grains using rice cultivars that are reported to differentially increase postprandial blood glucose in humans. Using a method for cooking individual rice grains and optimized enzyme reaction conditions, we established an RS measurement method. We also found that the amylopectin crystal condition affects the RS content measured using our method.
Efficacy of Varying Doses of Channel Catfish Pituitary Extract on Spawning Performance of Pinfish and Pigfish
Authors: Broach Jason S , Ohs Cortney L , DiMaggio Matthew A , Green Christopher C , Yant D Roger 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides and Pigfish Orthopristis chrysoptera are commonly used as marine baitfish in the southeastern United States. Hormone efficacy studies for spawning induction have been conducted with both species, but spawning aids derived from piscine pituitary extracts have yet to be evaluated. Pituitary extract from Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus (CCPE) was chosen to determine its efficacy on spawning induction. The CCPE was dissolved in a saline solution and then injected into female broodfish at 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg. The treated females were then paired with conspecific males receiving half the corresponding female dose. Ovaprim served as a positive control at a dose of 0.5 mL/kg for female broodfish and 0.25 mL/kg for males. A single pair of broodfish was randomly stocked according to treatment into separate 1,600-L tanks within recirculating systems. Broodfish were monitored daily over 72 h after injection for spawning occurrences, and qualitative characteristics including egg and larval morphometrics and viability were quantified. Channel Catfish pituitary extract failed to induce spawning in Pinfish among all dosages administered. All CCPE dosages induced at least one spawn in Pigfish. No significant differences were detected in spawning frequency among treatments although the 10- and 20-mg/kg CCPE dosages and the Ovaprim control each induced ≥50% of Pigfish females to spawn compared with only 16.7% of females treated with the 5- and 40-mg/kg dosages. Floating eggs from Pigfish females in the 10-mg/kg CCPE treatment were significantly larger than eggs produced using either the 20-mg/kg CCPE or Ovaprim treatment. Hatching success, larval survival to first feeding, larval length at hatch and first feeding, and oil droplet diameter of recently hatched Pigfish larvae were significantly greater for those larvae from the Ovaprim treatment than for those from the 10- and 20-mg/kg CCPE treatments. Data from these experiments demonstrate the potential use of CCPE to induce spawning in Pigfish, a popular marine baitfish species.
Control and Restructuring
Authors: Grano Thomas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRelying primarily on data from English, Mandarin Chinese, and modern Greek, this book investigates the intimate relationship that control bears to restructuring and to the meanings of the embedding predicates that participate in these structures. It argues that restructuring is cross-linguistically pervasive and that, in virtue of its co-occurrence with some control predicates but not others, it evidences a basic division within the class of complement control structures, the division being keyed to how the semantics of the control predicate interacts with general principles of clausal architecture and of the syntax–semantics interface. In particular, three central claims are advanced: (1) Exhaustive control predicates instantiate functional heads in the inflectional layer of the clause and thereby give rise to monoclausal raising structures, whereas partial control predicates realize lexical heads and thereby give rise to biclausal PRO-control structures. (2) Exhaustive control predicates gain semantic access to their subject by incorporating a variable that is obligatorily bound by the subject when it raises. (3) A predicate restructures by corresponding semantically to an inflectional-layer functional head and thereby realizing that head. But some predicates systematically fail to restructure because they have meanings that would place them above Tense in the structure of the clause, and given that subjects are interpreted no higher than [Spec,TP], restructuring leads to failed variable binding and hence ungrammaticality.
Exhaustive control as functional restructuring
Authors: Grano Thomas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter provides general background on restructuring and the distinction between exhaustive and partial control, and defends the generalization that exhaustive control positively correlates with restructuring. It argues that the best way of making sense of the correlation is via the proposal that exhaustive control predicates realize functional heads that instantiate monoclausal raising structures whereas partial control predicates are lexical and instantiate biclausal PRO-control structures. The proposal is further substantiated with other empirical considerations that track the distinction in the expected way, taken mostly from English but also including data on polarity item licensing in Italian. Following this, the proposal is shown to hold up against various apparent objections, and the chapter concludes by articulating a set of outstanding questions that guide the remainder of the book.
The semantics of restructuring: Verb meaning, variable binding, and clausal architecture
Authors: Grano Thomas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter explores some semantic consequences of the functional restructuring approach to exhaustive control. Functional restructuring implies a raising syntax, but the semantic “control” effects of exhaustive control obtain because exhaustive control predicates contain as part of their meaning a variable that must be bound in the syntax: when the subject raises, it is in a position to obligatorily bind this variable, hence giving the predicate semantic access to the subject. Cinque’s cartographic approach to IP structure is used to articulate a novel generalization about whether a predicate restructures: only control predicates that correspond semantically to heads below Tense admit restructuring. This generalization follows automatically from the variable binding approach to exhaustive control, given the independently motivated constraint that the subject of a sentence can be interpreted no higher than [Spec,TP]: restructuring above Tense fails because it results in a variable that is too high to be bound.
Explaining the mixed properties ofwant
Authors: Grano Thomas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe predicate want and its cross-linguistic kin constitute one of the only counterexamples to the generalization that restructuring predicates disallow partial control. In this chapter, I account for this fact by arguing that want is underlyingly an exhaustive control predicate, but is special in being able to combine with a silent verb HAVE and thereby take on certain properties of partial control predicates. The proposal builds on analyses of intensional transitive verbs as well as recent work on the semantics of (overt) have to arrive at a uniform denotation for (silent) HAVE that admits both nominal and verbal complementation. The proposal is shown to cover a wide range of distributional data regarding the kinds of complements want may take in comparison with other similar predicates.
Control, restructuring, and temporal interpretation
Authors: Grano Thomas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter investigates the temporal properties of controlled infinitival complements in English. It begins with a brief historical survey of the role of infinitival tense in theories of control. Following this, control predicates are sorted according to whether they exhibit exhaustive control or partial control and according to whether they give rise to temporal relations of simultaneity, anteriority, or posteriority with respect to their complements. The facts are shown to be consistent with the view that partial control predicates instantiate biclausal structures (and consequently involve two projections of Tense) whereas exhaustive control predicates instantiate monoclausal structures (and consequently involve just one projection of Tense). The chapter ends with some preliminary remarks on how the analysis can be extended to factive predicates.
Introductory Themes
Authors: Mälksoo Lauri 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter lays out the main research questions and methods, as well as raising the questions of comparative international law and the legacy of the Soviet tradition of international law for post-Soviet Russia. It explores the role that legal scholars from Estonia and the Baltic states such as Martens, Bergbohm, and Müllerson have historically played in expressing or examining Russian approaches to international law. The author’s own previous professional involvments in understanding Russian approaches to international law are revealed. Further, it is examined how predominant concepts of law and society—but also of Europe and the West as Russia’s ‘other’—may have influenced the understanding of inetrnational law in Russia. The questions of Russia’s contributions to international law and its scholarship are raised.
Patterns of Post-Soviet Russian State Practice in International Law
Authors: Mälksoo Lauri 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The chapter starts out by analysing Russia’s official self-image regarding international law as expressed in the government’s strategic documents and the leaders’ foreign policy discourse which is overwhelmingly positive and in some ways idiosyncratic. The government’s self-image is partly explained by Russian understanding of international law, which emphasizes different constitutional principles in international law than the West. Next, a critical survey of post-Soviet Russian state practice is made, going through practice in European human rights law, cases of international economic law, and jus ad bellum. It is demonstrated how the understanding of history and theory of international law in Russia helps to understand patterns in post-Soviet state practice as well, and how civilizational factors explain some of Russia’s differences from the West in the context of international law.
Laughing Awry
Authors: Gunderson Erik 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis book offers an overview of key themes in the interpretation of the plays of Plautus. It explores the connections between deception, desire, slavery, genre, and audience. It attempts to offer an account of the mechanisms of Plautus’ humour and the uncomfortable origins of laughter. These dramas do not just play to but also work on the audience. The whole corpus of Plautine plays is examined with longer accounts of selected dramas and choice scenes. An emphasis on methodological and theoretical questions is maintained throughout. Particular attention is paid to the psychic life of humour and its relationship to questions of social power.
Forget Plautus
Authors: Gunderson Erik 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter discusses the strategic forgetting of Plautus and his project by subsequent generations of Roman authors: who profited from the misunderstanding and how? A quick sketch of the canonical Latin literary authors’ negative relationship to Plautus is provided. Paradoxically, the serious aspects of Plautus’ jokes have been erased in the name of establishing ‘serious literature’.
Giving Words
Authors: Gunderson Erik 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter discusses the truths that emerge in the wake of lies on Plautus’ stage. A Latin phrase that one translates as ‘to deceive’ means more literally ‘to give words’. One needs to examine manner in which words are given out and taken up. The longing for truth and fixity allows for fictions to become reality. This ironic ‘truth’ of comic fiction affects the audience of these plays as well.
Object Lessons
Authors: Gunderson Erik 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines the strategic objectification of various social and political discourses within the Plautine universe. The masterful comic individual is able to step back from and manipulate the various elements of daily life that offer themselves as socially sanctioned truths. A tactical relationship to socially constructed categories allows privileged characters to radically challenge and rework the givenness of the given world. Again these issues affect the audience, a collection of warriors who fight and die in the name of subjugation and objectification.
Lepide Ludificatus
Authors: Gunderson Erik 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis is an examination of intersecting circuits of desire within the plays of Plautus. Playing to and with the other’s desire is a means of attaining one’s own desire. Pleasure, charm, wit, and gratification are all always simultaneously in play, but each term has a different meaning for different parties to the drama. Deceptive fantasies of desire and fulfillment enable comedy at a variety of levels, and the audience’s own desire for laughter itself is one of them.
Surplus Enjoyment
Authors: Gunderson Erik 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between surfeit meaning and laughter via a close reading of Plautus’ Pseudolus. The Plautine trickster identifies with the position of his dupe, gives this person what he or she wants, and then gives something more. This contingent and improvised surfeit arises in moments of mirroring: identity yields surplus. This fecund repetition reappears at multiple levels of the text, including the audience’s own relationship to the formulaic, repetitive comedies of authors like Plautus.
The Last Laugh
Authors: Gunderson Erik 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between genre and perspective in Plautus with a special emphasis on his ‘tragicomedy’ Amphituro. Perverse and willful desire both enables and sanctions comedy as a genre. Comedy arises when one complies with and caters to an omnipotent caprice for gratification. But the use and abuse of others is only funny when viewed from a specific perspective. The audience is invited to share that perspective.
Curtain Call
Authors: Gunderson Erik 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines the sad and upsetting qualities of laughter. The comic arises in the proximity of fear, malice, and trauma. A shift of perspective enables one to re-find the broken and painful kernel of comic enjoyment. This chapter opens out to consider a variety of non-Plautine meditations on this theme and includes discussions of a variety of films.
Analogies and Theories
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Samuelson Larry , Schmeidler David 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The book describes formal models of reasoning that are aimed at capturing the way that economic agents and decision makers in general think about their environment and make predictions based on their past experience. The focus is on analogies (case-based reasoning) and general theories (rule-based reasoning), and on the interaction between them, as well as between them and Bayesian reasoning. A unified approach allows us to study the dynamics of inductive reasoning in terms of the mode of reasoning that is used to generate predictions.
Introduction
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Samuelson Larry , Schmeidler David 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis introductory chapter first sets out the book’s purpose, namely to describe two modes of reasoning used for inductive inference and the interaction between them. The first is case-based, and it refers to prediction by analogies, that is, by the eventualities observed in similar past cases. The second is rule‐based, referring to processes where observations are used to learn which general rules, or theories, are more likely to hold, and should be used for prediction. The chapter then provides the motivation behind the present study, an overview of the subsequent chapters, and directions for future research.
Dynamics of Inductive Inference in a Unified Framework
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Samuelson Larry , Schmeidler David 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter presents a formal model that captures both case‐based and rule‐based reasoning. The model is general enough to describe Bayesian reasoning, which may be viewed as an extreme example of rule‐based reasoning. It suggests conditions under which Bayesian reasoning will give way to other modes of reasoning, and alternative conditions under which the opposite conclusion holds. It discusses how probabilistic reasoning may emerge periodically, with other modes of reasoning used between the regimes of different probabilistic models.
Analogies and Theories
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Samuelson Larry , Schmeidler David 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter first adapts the framework of the model of Gilboa, Samuelson, and Schmeidler (GSS, 2013, Chapter 3) and defines case-based and rule-based reasoning. It then deals with a purely exogenous process, showing that rule-based reasoning is likely to emerge in simple states of the world, but not in all states; followed by a purely endogenous process, showing that rule-based reasoning is more likely to emerge as the asymptotic mode of reasoning than case-based reasoning. The chapter concludes that rule-based reasoning is generally not sufficient to describe the way agents think about the world—neither at the outset nor asymptotically. All other things being equal, an endogenous process is more likely to give rise to convergence to rule-based reasoning than is an exogenous one.
The Predictive Role of Counterfactuals
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Samuelson Larry , Schmeidler David 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter extends a model of belief formation that encompasses counterfactuals. In the context of this model, the chapter asks how counterfactuals can be used for prediction. It develops the model based on the unified model of induction presented in Gilboa, Samuelson, and Schmeidler (2010). It then deals with prediction with the aid of counterfactuals, showing that counterfactuals cannot add anything to a logically omniscient agent's predictive ability. Next, the chapter discusses the extent to which counterfactuals can be valuable in enhancing the prediction of boundedly rational agents.
When Humans Become Migrants
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The treatment of migrants is one of the most challenging issues that human rights, as a political philosophy, faces today. It has increasingly become a contentious issue for many governments and international organizations around the world. This book examines the way in which two institutions tasked with ensuring the protection of human rights—the European Court of Human Rights and Inter-American Court of Human Rights—treat claims lodged by migrants. It combines legal, sociological, and historical analysis to show that the two courts were the product of different backgrounds, which led to differing attitudes towards migrants in their founding texts, and that these differences were reinforced in their developing case law. The book assesses the case law of both courts in detail to argue that they approach migrant cases from fundamentally different perspectives. It asserts that the European Court of Human Rights treats migrants first as aliens, and then, but only as a second step in its reasoning, as human beings. By contrast, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights approaches migrants first as human beings, and secondly as foreigners (if they are). The book argues therefore that the Inter-American Court of Human Rights takes a fundamentally more human rights-driven approach to this issue. The book shows how these trends formed at the courts, and assesses whether their approaches have changed over time. It also assesses in detail the issue of the detention of irregular migrants. Ultimately it analyses whether the divergence in the case law of the two courts is likely to continue, or whether they could potentially adopt a more unified practice.
The Alien in the Social Imagination of the Founding Texts
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Article 16 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) entitles States to restrict the political activities of non-nationals without infringing the provisions of the European Convention which guarantee freedom of expression (Article 10), freedom of association (Article 11), and the prohibition of discrimination (Article 14). Giving States such leeway can only be based on the idea that ‘the alien’ is a human being who does not and should not have the same rights as a citizen. This chapter addresses the question of why the ECHR contains this ‘alien clause’. It suggests that imposition of restrictions on aliens’ activities seems to have been the price to pay for having the protection of the European Convention extended to ‘everyone’ falling under the jurisdiction of a Member State, as proclaimed in Article 1 ECHR. Such an imposition reflected domestic practices which had been put in place in a number of European States since the late nineteenth century.