bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dionysios I
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDionysios I (430–367bce) was the son of Hermokritos, tyrant of Syracuse, and son‐in‐law of Hermokrates. He came to power in 406/5 asstrategos autokratorin the war against Carthage that was threatening Syracuse. The main evidence is provided by Diodorus of Sicily books 13–15, reflecting both a pro‐Dionysios (PhilistosFGrH556, Dionysios' official historian) and an anti‐Dionysios (TimaeusFGrH566) perspective.
Epidamnos/Dyrrhachion
Authors: Antonetti Claudia , Matijašić Ivan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Epidamnos/Dyrrhachion is a harbor city on the Illyrian coast founded by Corcyra in 626/5
BCE
(Euseb.
Chron
. 97b Helm) with the participation of Corinth (the founder, Oikistes, was the Corinthian Phalios, a descendant of Herakles (Hercules)) and other Dorians (Thuc. 1.24.1–2; Skymn. 435–6).
Kleomenes I of Sparta
Authors: Stewart Daniel R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractKleomenes I (reigned ca. 520–490bce), Agiad king of Sparta, had one of the most influential reigns of any Spartan king, not only presiding over the rise of Spartan hegemony in the Peloponnese but also inadvertently laying the foundations for what would become Athenian democracy.
Phormion
Authors: Tuci Paolo A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPhormion was an Athenian general (d. ca. 428bce), son of Asopios (Thuc. 1.64.2) or Asopichos (Paus. 1.23.10), of the deme of Paiania. He was general (strategos) in 440/39, 439/8 (?), 436/5 (?), and from 432/1 to 429/8.
Acta Martyrum
Authors: Dehandschutter Boudewijn 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The
Acta Martyrum
are documents that figure prominently among the abundant evidence of persecutions of Christians in Antiquity (including pagan evidence as well as Christian sources such as church histories, homilies, and panegyrics) because of their historical value as direct contemporaneous information (
acta sincera
). Chronologically these texts deal with events situated from the middle of the second century
ce
onwards, concentrating on the time of Decius, who is considered to have been the first ruler to have “systematically” persecuted Christians (about 250
ce
), as well as in the period of the “great persecution” inaugurated about 303
ce
by Diocletian.
Adoptionism
Authors: Lavender Earl 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAdoptionism is a term used by later historians to identify various forms of teachings in the early centuries of Christianity that suggested that Jesus was a mere human being, who, because of his righteous life, was at some point “adopted” as God's son. Closely associated with “dynamic monarchianism,” it was an attempt to explain the relationship of the human and divine natures of Jesus Christ in an understandable way.
Aristides
Authors: Kannaday Wayne C. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Aristides (ca. early second century
ce
) is reported by Eusebius (
Hist. eccl
. 4.3.2–3) to have been an Athenian philosopher who became devoted to the Christian faith and who, along with Quadratus, addressed to the emperor Hadrian apologetic works defending Christianity.
Creeds, Christian
Authors: Löhr Winrich 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAfter 300cecreeds assumed a growing role for the self‐definition of Christianity as a religious tradition. Like the lists enumerating the books of the Christian Bible, or the growing body of disciplinary canons generated by various councils, they formed part of a general trend toward a more explicit and more precise formulation of Christian norms in Late Antiquity.
Diatessaron
Authors: Johnson Scott Fitzgerald 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Diatessaron is a bold and painstaking harmonization of the four Gospels into one narrative (διά τεσσάρων = “through four”) prepared by Tatian (ca.120–173), an “Assyrian” student of Justin Martyr at Rome (Oratio ad Graecos42.10–11).
Hippolytus of Rome
Authors: Brent Allen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWhat relationship does the statue of the seated figure, putatively of Hippolytus, at the entrance to the Vatican Library, and the titles inscribed on its plinth, have to the writer, a catalogue of whose works appears in Eusebius of Caesarea (Hist. eccl. 6.22), which is extended further by Jerome (De Viris Illustribus61)?
Montanism
Authors: Trevett Christine 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe term “Montanism” derives from the name of its founder Montanus and describes a Christian movement of prophesying and reform which began in second centuryceRoman Phrygia. Its earliest Catholic critics called it pseudo‐prophecy, and one anonymous source said that Montanus was a recent convert to Christianity (EusebiusHist. eccl. 5.16.7) (seeEusebius of Caesarea). It goes beyond the evidence to suggest it owed much to Phrygian paganism, though later anti‐Montanist writers said that Montanus was a former priest of Apollo (DidymusTrin. 3.41.3) or a devotee of the cult of Cybele (JeromeEpist. 41.4,to Marcella: “an emasculated man”).
Pantaenus
Authors: van den Hoek Annewies 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Pantaenus has been a figure with a low historical profile and a high speculative aura. The sparse information about him comes mainly from Clement of Alexandria; Origen; Alexander of Jerusalem; Pamphilus (
see
Pamphilus of Caesarea); Eusebius (
see
Eusebius of Caesarea); Anastasius of Sinai; and Maximus the Confessor.
Pistis Sophia
Authors: Plese Zlatko 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA late compilation of Christian Gnostic teaching (third to fourth centuriesCE),Pistis Sophiais the title assigned to the content of a fifth‐century Coptic codex named after its first owner, A. Askew (Codex Askewianus),acquired by the British Museum in 1785 (Ms. Add. 5114).
Theodotians
Authors: Gamble Harry 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Named for one Theodotus, described as a “leather merchant” or “shoemaker,” the Theodotians were a group in the Roman church of the late second and early third centuries, which is characterized in the sources chiefly by its advocacy of an adoptionistic christology (or a “dynamic monarchian” theology) that regarded Jesus as human, not divine (Eusebius
Hist. eccl
. 5.28; Hippolytus
Haer
. 6.23–4, 10.19; Epiphanius
Adv. Haers
. 54; Novatian
De trin
. 30).
Socrates of Constantinople
Authors: Williams Megan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSocrates' work in seven books continues that of Eusebius Of Caesarea, from Constantine to Theodosius II (312–438). Completed before 446, probably in 439 (Urbainczyk 1997: 20; Maraval 2004–7: 10), it is our only source for him. A native of Constantinople, born about 380–90, he draws particular attention to that city (SocratesHist. eccl. 5.24.9; Urbainczyk 1997: 15; Maraval 2004–7: 9). He was pro bably not a lawyer or official, despite the titlescholastikosin some early manu scripts (Urba inczykseeNovatian), and is often seen as one of them (Urbainczyk 1997: 26–9; cf. Maraval 2004–7: 11–13).
Amber
Authors: Swift Ellen 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Amber is the fossilized resin of trees, and is found on beaches where it is washed up by the tide. It was much prized in antiquity, and traded over long distances, the principal source being the Baltic coast. Its origins were much debated, and a variety of origin myths exist, though Aristotle knew it was “hardened resin.” In Ovid's re‐telling, amber crystallized from the tears of the mother and sister of Phaeton, son of Helios, when they were turned into poplar trees following his tragic death (Palavestra and Krstić 2006: 21).
Prediction of Radiographic Damage in Early Arthritis by Sonographic Erosions and Power Doppler Signal: A Longitudinal Observational Study
Authors: Funck‐Brentano Thomas , Gandjbakhch Frédérique , Etchepare Fabien , Jousse‐Joulin Sandrine , Miquel Anne , Cyteval Catherine , Lukas Cédric , Tobón Gabriel J. , Saraux Alain , Boumier Patrick , Goupille Philippe , Bourgeois Pierre , Fautrel Bruno 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveTo assess the ability of ultrasonography (US) to predict radiographic damage in early arthritis.MethodsESPOIR is a multicentric cohort of early arthritis (i.e., ≥2 swollen joints between 6 weeks and 6 months). US synovitis in B mode, power Doppler (PD) mode, and erosions were searched on the second through the fifth metacarpophalangeal and fifth metatarsophalangeal joints according to Outcome Measures in Rheumatology definitions. Structural radiographic progression was assessed using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde erosion score (SHS) at baseline and 1 and 2 years. Predictive factors of erosive arthritis at 2 years and rapid radiographic progression (RRP) at 1 year (defined by change of SHS ≥5) were searched.ResultsA total of 127 patients were included, with a mean ± SD Disease Activity Score in 28 joints of 5.1 ± 1.3; 37.6% were anti–citrullinated protein antibody positive and 27.6% had typical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) erosions on radiographs. At 2 years, 42 patients (39.2%) had typical RA erosions. US erosions predicted radiographic evidence of erosive arthritis (odds ratio [OR] 1.44, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04–1.98). PD synovitis score was predictive of RRP at 1 year (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.04–1.42). US erosions and PD synovitis scores were associated with change of SHS on linear regression. Of the 1,184 analyzed joints, 105 (8.9%) had radiographic erosion at 1 year. At the joint level, baseline US erosions were predictive of the presence of radiographic erosions at 1 year (P < 0.001). The same trend was observed in the joints without radiographic erosions at baseline (P = 0.052).ConclusionUS is useful to evaluate the potential severity of early arthritis: US erosions and PD‐positive synovitis have prognostic value to predict future radiographic damage.
Short‐Term Perioperative All‐Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Yazdanyar Ali , Wasko Mary Chester , Scalzi Lisabeth V. , Kraemer Kevin L. , Ward Michael M. 
Published: December 2012

ObjectivePersons with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, but this excess CVD burden in the perioperative setting is yet to be determined. We aimed to determine the risk of perioperative short‐term all‐cause mortality and CVD events among women with SLE compared to those without SLE.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of pooled hospital discharge data of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998–2002. We abstracted diseases and procedures using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. The principal procedure was categorized into either a low, intermediate, or high risk level. Survey logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders provided estimates for stratum‐specific odds of adverse events in women with SLE relative to those without SLE for each procedure risk level.ResultsAll‐cause mortality was significantly greater among women with SLE having a low‐ (odds ratio [OR] 1.54, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.00–2.37) or a high‐risk principal procedure (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.34–4.75) relative to women without SLE, but did not differ significantly among persons with intermediate‐risk procedures. Women with SLE with a low‐risk procedure were also more likely to experience a composite CVD event relative to women without SLE (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04–1.87).ConclusionWomen with SLE are at an increased risk for short‐term perioperative adverse events. These results highlight a need for greater scrutiny during perioperative evaluation and management of women with SLE.
Similar or Totally Different: The Control of Conjugation Degree through Minor Structural Modifications, and Deep‐Blue Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogens for Non‐Doped OLEDs
Authors: Huang Jing , Sun Ning , Dong Yongqiang , Tang Runli , Lu Ping , Cai Ping , Li Qianqian , Ma Dongge , Qin Jingui , Li Zhen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFour 4,4′‐bis(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)biphenyl (BTPE) derivatives, 4,4′‐bis(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)biphenyl, 2,3′‐bis(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)biphenyl, 2,4′‐bis(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)biphenyl, 3,3′‐bis(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)biphenyl and 3,4′‐bis(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)biphenyl (oTPE‐mTPE, oTPE‐pTPE, mTPE‐mTPE, and mTPE‐pTPE, respectively), are successfully synthesized and their thermal, optical, and electronic properties fully investigated. By merging two simple tetraphenylethene (TPE) units together through different linking positions, the π‐conjugation length is effectively controlled to ensure the deep‐blue emission. Because of the minor but intelligent structural modification, all the four fluorophores exhibit deep‐blue emissions from 435 to 459 nm with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates of, respectively, (0.16, 0.14), (0.15, 0.11), (0.16, 0.14), and (0.16, 0.16), when fabricated as emitters in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). This is completely different from BTPE with sky‐blue emission (0.20, 0.36). Thus, these results may provide a novel and versatile approach for the design of deep‐blue aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) luminogens.
[3+2] Cycloaddition of Propargylamines and α‐Acylketene Dithioacetals: A Synthetic Strategy for Highly Substituted Pyrroles
Authors: Zhao Yu‐Long , Di Chong‐Hui , Liu Si‐Di , Meng Jia , Liu Qun 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA new [3+2] cycloaddition strategy for the direct synthesis of highly substituted pyrroles from the readily available α‐acylketene dithioacetals (or related substrates) and commercially available propargylamines under mild metal‐free conditions has been developed. In this reaction, the acyl group plays a critical role in driving the conjugate addition of propargylamine and further cyclization to give pyrroles. Furthermore, the wide scope was confirmed by the preparation of 1,2,3,4‐tetrasubstituted pyrroles (60–70% yields) via a formal 1,2‐acyl migrating [3+2] cycloaddition pathway with N‐methylprop‐2‐yn‐1‐amine as the secondary amine component.
From Diols to Lactones under Aerobic Conditions using a Laccase/TEMPO Catalytic System in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Díaz‐Rodríguez Alba , Lavandera Iván , Kanbak‐Aksu Seda , Sheldon Roger A. , Gotor Vicente , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAn efficient catalytic system to oxidize quantitatively aliphatic diols using Trametes versicolor laccase and TEMPO has been developed in aqueous medium. Oxidations have occurred in a non‐stereoselective fashion but with complete regio‐ and/or monoselectivity, obtaining lactones with excellent purity after simple extraction. This catalytic system has been demonstrated to be scalable, compatible with the presence of a variety of functionalities, and also allowed the successful enzyme recycling using a laccase‐cross‐linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) preparation.
Do parental perceptions and motivations towards genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis for deafness vary in different cultures?
Authors: Nahar Risha , Puri Ratna D. , Saxena Renu , Verma Ishwar C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSurveys of attitudes of individuals with deafness and their families towards genetic testing or prenatal diagnosis have mostly been carried out in the West. It is expected that the perceptions and attitudes would vary amongst persons of different cultures and economic background. There is little information on the prevailing attitudes for genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis for deafness in developing countries. Therefore, this study evaluates the motivations of Indian people with inherited hearing loss towards such testing. Twenty‐eight families with history of congenital hearing loss (23 hearing parents with child/family member with deafness, 4 couples with both partners having deafness and 1 parent and child with deafness) participated in a semi‐structured survey investigating their interest, attitudes, and intentions for using genetic and prenatal testing for deafness. Participants opinioned that proper management and care of individuals with deafness were handicapped by limited rehabilitation facilities with significant financial and social burden. Nineteen (68%) opted for genetic testing. Twenty‐six (93%) expressed high interest in prenatal diagnosis, while 19 (73%) would consider termination of an affected fetus. Three hearing couples, in whom the causative mutations were identified, opted for prenatal diagnosis. On testing, all the three fetuses were affected and the hearing parents elected to terminate the pregnancies. This study provides an insight into the contrasting perceptions towards hearing disability in India and its influence on the desirability of genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical utility of the X‐chromosome array
Authors: Zarate Yuri A. , Dwivedi Alka , Bartel Frank O. , Bellomo M. Allison , Cathey Sara S. , Champaigne Neena L. , Clarkson L. Kate , DuPont Barbara R. , Everman David B. , Geer Joseph S. , Gordon Barbara C. , Lichty Angie W. , Lyons Michael J. , Rogers R. Curtis , Saul Robert A. , Schroer Richard J. , Skinner Steven A. , Stevenson Roger E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPrevious studies have limited the use of specific X‐chromosome array designed platforms to the evaluation of patients with intellectual disability. In this retrospective analysis, we reviewed the clinical utility of an X‐chromosome array in a variety of scenarios. We divided patients according to the indication for the test into four defined categories: (1) autism spectrum disorders and/or developmental delay and/or intellectual disability (ASDs/DD/ID) with known family history of neurocognitive disorders; (2) ASDs/DD/ID without known family history of neurocognitive disorders; (3) breakpoint definition of an abnormality detected by a different cytogenetic test; and (4) evaluation of suspected or known X‐linked conditions. A total of 59 studies were ordered with 27 copy number variants detected in 25 patients (25/59 = 42%). The findings were deemed pathogenic/likely pathogenic (16/59 = 27%), benign (4/59 = 7%) or uncertain (7/59 = 12%). We place particular emphasis on the utility of this test for the diagnostic evaluation of families affected with X‐linked conditions and how it compares to whole genome arrays in this setting. In conclusion, the X‐chromosome array frequently detects genomic alterations of the X chromosome and it has advantages when evaluating some specific X‐linked conditions. However, careful interpretation and correlation with clinical findings is needed to determine the significance of such changes. When the X‐chromosome array was used to confirm a suspected X‐linked condition, it had a yield of 63% (12/19) and was useful in the evaluation and risk assessment of patients and families. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semiconductor Photocatalysis—Mechanistic and Synthetic Aspects
Authors: Kisch Horst 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPreceding work on photoelectrochemistry at semiconductor single‐crystal electrodes has formed the basis for the tremendous growth in the three last decades in the field of photocatalysis at semiconductor powders. The reason for this is the unique ability of inorganic semiconductor surfaces to photocatalyze concerted reduction and oxidation reactions of a large variety of electron‐donor and ‐acceptor substrates. Whereas great attention was paid to water splitting and the exhaustive aerobic degradation of pollutants, only a small amount of research also explored synthetic aspects. After introducing the basic mechanistic principles, standard experiments for the preparation and characterization of visible light active photocatalysts as well as the investigation of reaction mechanisms are discussed. Novel atom‐economic CC and CN coupling reactions illustrate the relevance of semiconductor photocatalysis for organic synthesis, and demonstrate that the multidisciplinary field combines classical photochemistry with electrochemistry, solid‐state chemistry, and heterogeneous catalysis.
The Emergence of Transition‐Metal‐Mediated Hydrothiolation of Unsaturated Carbon–Carbon Bonds: A Mechanistic Outlook
Authors: Castarlenas Ricardo , Di Giuseppe Andrea , Pérez‐Torrente Jesús J. , Oro Luis A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe hydrothiolation of unsaturated carbon–carbon bonds is a practical and atom‐economical approach for the incorporation of sulfur into organic frameworks. In recent years, we have witnessed the development of a range of transition‐metal‐based catalytic systems for the control of the regio‐ and stereoselectivity. In this Minireview we highlight the mechanistic background behind this transformation so as to help the design of more specific and active organometallic hydrothiolation catalysts.
Evaluation of the use of fibrin and microcrystalline chitosan membranes as carriers for transforming growth factor beta‐1
Authors: Michalska Marta , Kaplińska Katarzyna , Mirowski Marek , Bodek Andrzej , Bodek Kazimiera H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to describe the mechanical features of homogeneous and layered chitosan (Ch) and fibrin–chitosan (Fb–Ch) membranes as well the kinetics of transforming growth factor beta‐1 (TGF‐β1) release from five types of polymer carriers. Composites in the form of a film containing physiologically clotted fibrin (Fb) and microcrystalline chitosan (MCCh) were prepared and then crosslinked with calcium chloride. The films were characterized by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, mechanical tests (film thickness, maximal tensile force, breaking strength, and elongation at break), and SEM images. The results reveal that Ch film demonstrates higher efficiency in binding TGF‐β1 and, at the same time, is less effective in its release—1.25% of the total amount between 6 h and 14 days. However, the Fb membrane binds TGF‐β1 not as strongly, which leads to more effective release of the compound—25% after 6 h and 28.98% of the total amount after 14 days. The factor TGF‐β1 is released in vitro from Fb–Ch membranes with different kinetics. The most efficient release of TGF‐β1 was observed in the case of the layered Fb–Ch (M4 L) membrane (after 14 days it reached a maximal value of 14.08% of the total amount). The release was lower with increasing Ch concentrations in the film, suggesting a high affinity of TGF‐β1 with the Fb–Ch component. The Fb–Ch membrane with incorporated TGF‐β1 may prove to be a very useful scaffold in the tissue regeneration process. This study demonstrates that Fb and MCCh gels could be used as carrier matrices for the controlled release of bioactive TGF‐β1. It was found that the degree of TGF‐β1 release from the membrane is influenced by the physiochemical and mechanical characteristics of the films and by its affinity to growth factor TGF‐β1. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effects of a coupling agent on the mechanical and thermal properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/nano silicon carbide composites
Authors: Huang Anmin , Su Rongjin , Liu Yanqing 
Published: December 2012

AbstractUltra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/nano silicon carbide (nano‐SiC) composites were prepared by compression molding. The effects of a coupling agent and the content of the filler on the filler dispersion and the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were investigated. The results show that the mechanical properties of the composites first increased and then decreased with increasing SiC content. The macromolecular coupling agent exhibited a much better reinforcing effect than the small‐molecule coupling agent. The tensile strength of the composites with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550), γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH570), and silicone powders reached its maximum value when the silicon carbide (SiC) content was 3%. We found that a web of the UHMWPE/SiC/coupling agent was formed and played a significant role in improving the heat resistance of the composites. In addition, appropriate amounts of SiC could increase the crystallinity of UHMWPE via a process of heterogeneous nucleation. The comprehensive performance of the KH550/silicone/SiC/UHMWPE composites was the best. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013