bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimates of Oil Entering the Marine Environment in the Past Decade: Gesamp Working Group 32 Project
Authors: Nauke Manfred , Wells Peter , Johnston Paul , Meyer Trygve , Etkin Dagmar Schmidt , Koefoed Jens , Campbell John , Grey Catherine J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Protection (GESAMP) Working Group on Estimates of Oil Entering the Marine Environment: Sea Based Activities (Working Group 32), began meeting at International Maritime Organization (IMO) headquarters in London in November 1997 to discuss a new approach to evaluating all available data sources on the input of oil into the marine environment from sea-based activities. The group will collect and analyze data on oil inputs over the last decade from shipping (tankers and other vessels), offshore and coastal exploration and production, pipelines, atmospheric emissions from sea-based activities, coastal refineries and storage facilities, oil reception facilities, materials disposed of at sea, and natural seepage.
The group, sponsored by the United Nations (UN), IMO, UN Environment Program, Food and Agriculture Organization, UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization, and International Atomic Energy Agency, will compare its oil input estimate model to estimates made by GESAMP in previous decades to determine if there have been significant reductions in oil input in order to evaluate the efficacy of IMO conventions and other pollution reduction efforts in the past decade. The group will consider the amounts of oil entering the sea through operational and accidental spillage in relation to the quantities of oil transported by ship and through pipelines, and in relation to offshore and coastal oil production. The group will also consider temporal and spatial variability in oil inputs, as well as evaluate the accuracy of input estimates. These results will be presented in the poster presentation
San Jorge Oil Spill: An Experience from Uruguay
Authors: Nodar Miguel Alberto , Martino Maria del Rosario 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This poster presentation refers to the response actions to an oil spill that took place in front of the Maldonado coast line, near Punta del Este, the principal tourist resort in Uruguay, South America. The spill was caused by the collision of the tanker San Jorge against a rocky formation that did not appear on the nautical charts.
This tanker, of Panamanian flag, was transporting 60,000 tons of Cañadon Seco crude oil from Comodoro Rivadavia (Argentina) to San Sebastian (Brazil). The collision caused initially a spill that was controlled with dispersants, but 2 days later adverse meteorological conditions drove the spill toward the coast, impacting an extension of 25 km. Floating booms were deployed before at the entrance of a creek and a lagoon, both of them of high ecological sensitivity, so it only remained to prepare cleanup actions at the beaches. These response actions had to be very quick because the spill occurred in the middle of the summer, with Punta del Este full of tourists. The actions were successful, and in 2 weeks the beaches were kept almost completely clean.
Protocols for Sample Design and Implementation—Collecting Ephemeral Data During Emergency Response for Natural Resource Damage Assessments
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Zengel Scott A. , Payne James R. , Helton Douglas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the emergency phase of an oil or hazardous material spill, natural resource managers and trustees must quickly develop and implement study plans to collect ephemeral data on the extent and degree of contamination and the potential biological injury resulting from the spill. Manuals and guidelines have been developed by various groups, yet these documents have proven to be too difficult to use during the chaotic, early days of a spill emergency. To provide better guidance, a series of brief (two-page) protocol summaries have been prepared for the types of sampling activities likely to be conducted during the emergency phase of spill, supporting both response and natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) objectives. Protocols have been prepared for collection of samples of the source oil(s), water samples, intertidal sediments, subtidal sediments, and shellfish tissues for chemical and histopathological analysis. Protocols are also being prepared for procedures to measure salt marsh injury, visual estimates of abundance and percent cover in quadrats, and quantitative measurements of infaunal abundance.
Nissos Amorgos Oil Spill Experience
Authors: Masciangioli Panfilo , Febres German , Viale-Rigo María Elena 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The behavior of the Bachaquero crude oil spilled by tanker Nissos Amorgos, when it grounded in the Gulf of Venezuela, was studied through modelling its fate using the SIMAP model (Applied Science Associates, Inc.). The purpose of the simulations was to improve the cleanup activities, and to help in evaluating the environmental impact.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/U.S. Coast Guard Peer Exchange Program1
Authors: Babb Jeffrey C. , Cekus Glenn 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Nationwide, the U.S. Coast Guard (CG) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are both tasked with the implementation of several environmental and safety statutes (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liabilities Act [CERCLA], Oil Pollution Act of 1990 [OPA 90], Clean Water Act [CWA], international Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships [MARPOL], etc.). They share important leadership roles on the National Response Team (NRT), Regional Response Team (RRT) and several other response planning bodies. Often EPA On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) and CG OSC representatives work together in oil and chemical response operations and on various planning and exercise committees. However, the joint efforts of both organizations are often impacted by a mutual lack of understanding of each other's authorities, policies, procedures, internal structures, and leadership roles. Even the response zones for CG and EPA are often based on factors other than geography and often may not be well understood.
USCG Marine Safety Office (MSO) Chicago and EPA Region V are bridging this gap in understanding by sponsoring a Peer Exchange Program. Representatives from each agency are spending up to a week with the other agency for hands-on training and education. The program was initiated in April 1996 and has produced excellent results. As a result, joint CGIEPA responses run more smoothly, mutual understanding and accessibility are enhanced, and overall public health and welfare and the environment are better protected.
Spill Management Teams and Legal Implications of Controlling a Response
Authors: Waldron Jonathan K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The evolution of Spill Management Teams (SMTs) has revolutionized how spill response efforts are conducted. The SMT is often contracted out by the responsible party and relied on to spearhead an effective and efficient response. The importance of SMTs was not envisioned by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. There are detailed planning requirements applicable to the responsible party, Oil Spill Removal Organizations, and Qualified Individual, but few requirements apply to the SMT, the entity that generally takes over and controls the response. This paper will analyze the planning standards applicable to SMTs and compare the roles, duties, and responsibilities of the SMT as compared to the responsible party and other stake-holders. The legal exposures of SMTs in controlling a response effort will be explored, and the practical recommendations and guidelines that follow will be provided to assist stakeholders and SMTs in understanding and minimizing the potential legal liabilities associated with SMTs providing critical spill management services.
Planning Oil Spill Response Tactics for Offshore Production Islands
Authors: Bronson Michael , Chappie Thomas , Dietrick Larry , Hocking Ronald , McHale James 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In anticipation of the Beaufort Sea's first two offshore production islands, Alaska's North Slope oil producers recently expanded their oil spill recovery tactical plans and equipment. To seek regulatory approval for offshore oil production, industry responders joined agency regulators and made plans to clean up as much as 225,000 barrels of oil from potential blowouts over 15 days. Response technicians are configuring new and existing skimmers, vessels, and barges on the North Slope to implement those planning standards. This paper outlines the oil spill tactical plans and equipment that Alaska's North Slope oil industry recently assembled in seeking regulatory approval for the first offshore production islands in the Arctic. The operators of North America's largest oil fields are beginning the first production from oil wells separated from roads and most spill response vessels. For example, the new Badami production pad lies on the Arctic coast more than 25 miles from the Prudhoe Bay facilities, across river courses and roadless tundra. Eight miles of ice-infested sea will separate the proposed Northstar and Liberty production islands from response vessel berths. The new fields regularly experience waves, cold, and ice invasions that constrain oil recovery efforts. Yet regulatory approval to begin oil production requires that the industry have plans and equipment to clean up all the oil that may enter open water, even from the largest spills, within 72 hours.
The Minerals Management Service Cutting-Edge Oil Spill Response Research
Authors: Mullin Joseph V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Minerals Management Service (MMS), is the principal U.S. government agency funding offshore oil spill response research. The MMS, a bureau of the Department of the Interior, maintains a comprehensive Oil Spill Response Research program in support of oil spill prevention and response. Through funding provided by MMS, scientists and engineers from the public and private sectors worldwide are working to address outstanding gaps in information and technology concerning the cleanup of oil spills. Joint research projects with Environment Canada (EC) continue to focus on determining the physical and chemical properties of crude oil, the fate and behavior of spilled oil, remote sensing and mapping of oil slicks, chemical treating agents including dispersants, and innovative shoreline cleanup strategies. In joint projects with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), MMS continues to assess the capabilities of in situ burning as an oil spill response tool. Also discussed is OHMSETT, the national Oil Spill Response Test Facility. OHMSETT is the only facility in the world where government agencies, universities, and private companies can conduct full-scale oil spill response equipment testing, research, and training with oil under controlled conditions.
Monitoring Oil Concentration In The Field
Authors: Lambert Patrick , Fieldhouse B. , Fingas Mervin F. , Goldthorp Mike 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The performance of three field kits was compared using prepared diesel fuel-in-sand samples and environmental field samples. The field kits were the EnviroGard Petroleum Fuels in Soil Test kit (EnviroGard, Millipore Canada, Mississauga, Ontario), PetroFlag Hydrocarbon Test Kit for Soil (Dexsil, Hamden, Connecticut), and a modified version of the method for oil and grease and petroleum hydrocarbons solvent extraction with infrared (IR) analysis (Buck Scientific, East Norwalk, Connecticut). The EnviroGard kit was affected by the sample matrix and was not capable of detecting the petroleum concentration. The Petroflag kit tended to generate results higher than the accepted concentration. The IR method was the most sensitive and produced values similar to the accepted concentration data.
Country Profiles: A Summary of Oil Spill Response Arrangements and Resources Worldwide
Authors: Wadsworth Tim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To assist shipowners comply with their requirements under the international conventions, International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF) has produced a series of Country Profiles. These documents are intended to provide a greater overall understanding of oil spill response and state of preparedness nationally, and to promote co-operation between shipowners and the various government and private bodies involved in such matters. The Profiles, available to all via the Internet (at www.itopf.com/country_profiles), cover approximately 160 maritime nations and allow users to obtain a quick snapshot of national response arrangements.
Temporary Response System for Viscous Oil By Fishery Technique
Authors: Saito Masaki , Ouchl Joji 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Generally it takes at least several hours (a few weeks if unlucky) for the vessels, instruments, and responders to arrive at the polluted area. Until that happens, there are no means for preventing the oil spreading except “self-defense” by neighboring people such as fishermen, volunteers, and staff of the local government. After spreading out along the shoreline, they should keep their own local shoreline clean from oil landing while the professional response in the central area is operated. temporary response instruments are necessary for such initial response and self-defense; otherwise, amateur responders have little more than their hands for products to use for the oil spill response. This paper describes that the fishery net system with bark is one of the effective instruments for such a purpose, especially for recovering the viscous oil.
Two-Level Oil Recovery Protection System Used At Pechora River Basin
Authors: Kurchenko Alexander 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The development of oil production in Timan-Pechora oil and gas basin substantially added to the increase of the environmental pollution risk, especially pollution due to the oil products. The main impact to the environment was caused by Vosei-Golovnye pipeline break (Russia, Komi Republic) in 1994, where large areas were covered with oil. In order to prevent oil spill of Pechora River, a two-level protection system was designed and constructed in 1995 by PRIRODA specialists. The first level of protection consists of containment devises at creeks in oil production placed at possible oil penetration on creeks. The second level of protection is situated at Kolva River and consists of up to eight specialized vessels, with approximately 1,700 meters of booms; the moorage has been constructed with oil pipeline for the recovered oil to the oil treatment facility. The system is operated by qualified specialists. Three years of experience to operate multilevel protection system in Pechora basin showed a high level of efficiency which assists in prevention of negative impact of oil pipeline breaks at the environment.
Orimulsion®-400, the Next Generation: Environmental Fate, Effects, and Recovery
Authors: Tavel Nelson Garcia , Johnson Isabel C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Orimulsion “First Generation,” commonly known as Orimulsion®-100, is a commercial boiler fuel presently used at power plants worldwide (e.g., Canada, Denmark, Japan, Italy, Lithuania, and China). This fuel is manufactured by PDVSA-BITOR (PDVSA, Petroleos de Venezuela South America) from the vast bitumen reserves of the Orinoco Belt, Venezuela. Orimulsion® is a liquid fossil fuel made up of 70% bitumen, and 30% water. Orimulsion®-400 is part of the “New Generation” of Orimulsion-type fuels being developed by PDVSA-BITOR; this formulation includes modifications which enhance the fuel's combustion and transport, while continuing to improve its environmental and economic benefits.
The characteristics of Orimulsion® fuels are conducive to the conversion to this fuel in any kind of boiler designed to burn Fuel Oil No. 6 or coal. The introduction of this fuel alternative for utility repowering will have a significant impact on power generation worldwide.
The environmental fate and effects of Orimulsion®-400 has been studied by several groups of scientists (e.g., Battelle, 1998; Bjornstead et al., 1998; Environment Canada, 1998; Esclapés et al., 7997, 1998; Johnson et al., 1998a), and this paper is an overview of these studies. This presentation includes: chemical and physical properties of the fuel; behavior of bitumen particles in freshwater and seawater; environmental toxicity studies using Orimulsion®-400 and its new surfactant package; and spill prevention and cleanup methods.
Control of Oil Spills In Fast-Water Currents—A Technology Assessment1
Authors: Coe Thomas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A technology assessment was conducted to quantify the oil spill threat in fast waters, and then identify promising equipment and strategies for those threat scenarios. Recommendations are made to pursue methods, equipment, and training that show the most promise to improve response capabilities in currents from 1 to 6 knots.
Containment and removal of oil spilled in rivers and coastal tidal regions where currents exceed 0.7 knots is difficult because many skimmers and conventional booming methods are not effective in fast currents. The oil will generally entrain and follow the water path under the boom or skimmer for faster currents unless it is tricked by a device for deflection, containment, or recovery. This can be accomplished using specialized equipment and strategies; however, properly trained response personnel are essential. The benefits and liabilities of high speed skimmers and specialized boom systems that use a number of techniques are summarized.
Shallow-draft high-current boom can be used to deflect the oil to shore at steep angles where the currents are slowed by the rising shoreline and conventional skimmers can be effectively used. Promising deflection strategies are listed. Alternate containment and diversion techniques also presented include: pneumatic boom, horizontal air and water jets, plunging water jets, diversion paravanes, and floating paddle wheel.
Operational Parameters for In Situ Burning of Six U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Crude Oils
Authors: McCourt James , Buist Ian , Mullin Joseph V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A laboratory test program was conducted with six crude oils to determine the following parameters with respect to in situ burning:The limits to ignition using gelled-gasoline igniters imposed by evaporation and emulsion-formationThe ability of commercially-available emulsion breakers and alternative fuel igniters to extend the window-of-opportunity for ignition of stable emulsionsThe effects of wave action on the combustion of emulsion slicks,The likelihood of the residues sinking after efficient burns of thick slicks of the crude oils
As well as providing valuable spill-response oriented data, the study has shown that in situ burning may not be an appropriate response option for all oils. Some oils were easily ignited and burned efficiently, even when emulsified to high water contents. One oil could not be ignited even when fresh. The ability of emulsion breakers to promote emulsion ignition and burning was found to be oil-dependent.
Protection of Sensitive Coastal Areas in the United Kingdom: From Torrey Canyon to the New Millenium1
Authors: Perry Robin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The tanker Torrey Canyon grounded in 1967 beginning the era of the major oil spill. The United Kingdom was unprepared for this event. Nevertheless, following the spill, much research was carried out, including methods for the protection of environmental and socio-economic sensitive areas.
However, little was done to produce detailed protection plans for such sites. These can save hours of response time, as boom locations, priorities, layouts, deployment methods, equipment requirements, access and temporary oil storage arrangements will be specified. Yet in the United Kingdom, the Shoreline Response Centre (Command Centre) continued to decide these things after the spill had occurred, which was often too late.
In 1990, a spill from the tanker Rosebay occurred in the English Channel, off the sensitive South Devon coast. Protection plans were non-existent. This gave an impetus to develop coastal protection planning, which the SW Region of the National Rivers Authority (NRA) commenced. In 1995, it was recommended that this should be extended throughout the United Kingdom to a common standard. Unfortunately, various factors delayed commencement of this work, which was jointly carried out in 1998 by the Environment Agency (EA), the successor to the NRA, the Maritime and Coastguard Agency, Marine Pollution Control Unit and the Northern Ireland Environment and Heritage Service. In the meantime, many unsatisfactory plans were produced for the upstream oil industry.
The paper reviews this background and describes the new national coastal protection planning guidelines. It also includes completed examples, describes the testing and validation process and describes future plans.
Optimisation of Oil Spill Dispersant Use
Authors: Lunel Tim , Lewis Alun 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The use of oil spill dispersants can, in some circumstances, be an effective response measure that reduces the overall environmental or economic damage caused by oil spills. In recent years, there have been some developments in dispersant formulation and in situ monitoring techniques which have led to an increase in the potential “time window” for dispersant use and also an increase in the number of oil types where dispersant treatment is considered a possibility. Perhaps more importantly, a more realistic understanding of the capabilities and limitations of oil spill dispersants combined with in situ monitoring methods for assessing the different potential impact of oil spills, has led to more informed decision-making about dispersant use. This paper considers recent technological developments that have been made relating to dispersant use, addresses the issues and identifies areas where further effort is needed.
Dispersants and Demulsifirs: Studies in the Laboratory, Harbor, and Polludrome
Authors: Guyomarch Julien , Kerfourn Olivier , Merlin François-X 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When spilled at sea, many oils are known to form emulsions. These emulsions are often of high-water content and viscosity, poorly dispersible, hard to recover and pump, and likely to remain as a persistent pollutant that may come ashore. To avoid these difficulties, demulsifiers have been used, either to inhibit emulsion formation or to break emulsions that have already been created. CEDRE (Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Experimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux) has studied the efficiency of several demulsifiers on the rate of emulsion formation and on the dispersability of emulsified oils of different types. This study was conducted in three stages. First, a study of the rate and extent of emulsification was conducted in the laboratory. Second, the effect of demulsifiers was studied in floating mesocosms placed in a harbor. The demulsifiers did not succeed in totally preventing emulsion formation, but they inhibited the degree of emulsification of the oils for some time. Third, the dispersability of weathered oils was studied in laboratory using the IFP and WSL test methods and then in the Polludrome, where the effects of different treatment strategies combining demulsifiers and dispersants applications were assessed.