bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In‐Home HIV Testing and Nevirapine Dosing by Traditional Birth Attendants in Rural Zambia: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Brennan Alana T. , Thea Donald M. , Semrau Katherine , Goggin Caitlin , Scott Nancy , Pilingana Portipher , Botha Belinda , Mazimba Arthur , Hamomba Leoda , Seidenberg Phil 
Published: October 2013

IntroductionAccess to lifesaving prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT) services is problematic in rural Zambia. The simplest intervention used in Zambia has been 2‐dose nevirapine (NVP) administration in the peripartum period, a regimen of 1 NVP tablet to the mother at the onset of labor and 1 dose in the form of syrup to the newborn within 4 to 72 hours after birth. This 2‐dose regimen has been shown to reduce MTCT by nearly 50%. We set out to demonstrate that in‐home HIV testing and NVP dosing by traditional birth attendants (TBAs) is feasible and acceptable by women in rural Zambia.MethodsThis was a pilot program using TBAs to perform rapid saliva‐based HIV testing and administer single‐dose NVP in tablet form to the mother at the onset of labor and syrup to the infant after birth.ResultsA total of 280 pregnant women were consented and enrolled into the program, of whom 124 (44.3%) gave birth at home with the assistance of a trained TBA. Of those, 16 (12.9%) were known to be HIV positive, and 101 of the remaining 108 (93.5%) accepted a rapid HIV test. All these women tested HIV negative. In the subset of 16 mothers who were HIV positive, 13 (81.3%) took single‐dose NVP administered by a TBA between 1 and 24 hours prior to birth and 100% of exposed newborns (16 of 16) received NVP syrup within 72 hours after birth, 80% of whom were dosed in the first 24 hours of life.DiscussionWith the substantial shortage of human resources in public health care throughout sub‐Saharan Africa, it is extremely valuable to utilize lay health care workers to help extended services beyond the level of the facility. Given the high uptake of PMTCT services we believe that TBAs with proper training and support can successfully provide country‐approved PMTCT.
Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening as a patient safety initiative: using patients’ experiences to improve the quality of screening practices
Authors: Currie Kay , Knussen Christina , Price Lesley , Reilly Jacqui 
Published: October 2013

Aims and objectivesTo explore the patient experience and acceptability of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening of inpatient admissions to acute hospital settings.BackgroundPrevention of healthcare‐associated infections such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major patient safety concern internationally. Screening of patients for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonisation is becoming a routine aspect of hospital admission; however, evidence of the patient experience and acceptability of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening is limited.DesignA mixed‐methods study set in six acute care hospitals in three Scottish regions.MethodsData collection involved postdischarge self‐report survey of patients who had been screened (n = 54) and qualitative patient interviews (n = 10). Theoretical constructs derived from the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour used in analysis.ResultsFindings indicated that methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening was broadly acceptable to patients. The experience of screening did not appear to be problematic; responses demonstrate that screening provided reassurance and generated confidence that health organisations were tackling healthcare‐associated infections. Patients were less positive regarding the provision of information, the possibility of refusing a screen and the consequences of a positive test result. Furthermore, there were indications that patients wanted to be told the results of the screen and strong support for screening of hospital staff.ConclusionsAnalysis of constructs from our theoretical frameworks provides evidence that attitudes were largely positive; responses indicate a belief in the beneficial impact of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening for patients and the wider community. However, it is important that health professionals continually assess the patient experience of ‘routine’ aspects of health care such as MRSA screening.Relevance to clinical practiceThe findings from this study suggest that while methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening is generally acceptable to patients as a regular patient safety initiative, to enhance the quality of the patient experience, clinicians should consider the timing, content and effectiveness of information provision.
AFLPandRAPDCharacterization ofPhaeoacremonium aleophilumAssociated withVitis viniferaDecline in Spain
Authors: Martín Laura , Sáenz de Miera Luis E. , Martín María Teresa 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe genetic diversity amongSpanish isolates of the fungusPhaeoacremonium aleophilum,one of the major causes of grapevine decline, was determined using random amplified polymorphicDNA(RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques. UsingRAPD, a large genetic variation was observed among 36Pm. aleophilumsingle‐spore cultures, with 76 (82.6%) polymorphic bands generated by 12RAPDprimers. A neighbour‐joining dendrogram showing theRAPDpatterns of diversity revealed four groups of haplotypes. The Bayesian and principal components clustering analysis revealed three groups of haplotypes. When more than one isolate ofPm. aleophilumwas obtained from a single vine, different haplotypes were found. Seventeen single‐spore isolates were used forAFLPanalysis. Five primer combinations produced 358 scorable markers, of which 309 (86.3%) were polymorphic. The analysis based on genetic distance as well as clustering analysis confirmed three main groups largely in agreement with those returned by theRAPDresults. TheMantel correlation between theRAPDandAFLPdistance matrices ranged fromR = 0.5931 toR = 0.6294. The high level of haplotype diversity among theRAPDandAFLPmarkers suggests that sexual reproduction and genetic recombination may occur betweenPm. aleophilumhaplotypes in Spain. TheAFLPapproach revealed a greater number of polymorphic markers. A relationship between the genetic profile of the infecting isolate ofPm. aleophilumand the age or decline symptoms of the grapevines may exist.
Comparison of hydrophobic properties of thoracic duct lymph chylomicrons from rats given different fats or oils by gavage
Authors: Kaya K. , Işıkgil Ö. , Güldür T. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryLipoprotein aggregation is generated by hydrophobic nature of lipoproteins that is known to be one of the causes of atherosclerosis. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) has been extensively studied in this respect but not chylomicrons. There is strong evidence that post‐prandial triacylglycerol‐rich lipoproteins are atherogenic. Because biophysical properties of lipoproteins are largely determined by their lipid compositions, hydrophobic nature of thoracic lymph duct chylomicrons obtained from rats given different fats or oils by gavage was investigated by vortexing‐induced aggregation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Contrary to LDL, vortexing did not cause aggregation in chylomicrons. Vortexing of fish oil and butter chylomicrons resulted in more prominent reduction in absorbances compared with chylomicrons from other sources that might indicate less micelle stability. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography of fish oil, palm oil and olive oil chylomicrons yielded three fractions, whereas that of sunflower, margarine and butter chylomicrons gave rise to two fractions. These results suggest that surface hydrophobicity of chylomicrons might be heterogenous. Our results also demonstrate that fish oil chylomicrons have less hydrophobicity and lower stability against vortexing compared with chylomicrons from other sources. Considering beneficial effects of fish oil in cardiovascular health, less hydrophobicity together with lower stability might provide an additional atherogeneicity index for lipoproteins.
Prevailing sea surface temperatures inhibit summer reproduction of the kelp Laminaria digitata at Helgoland (North Sea)
Authors: Bartsch Inka , Vogt Johanna , Pehlke Constanze , Hanelt Dieter 
Published: October 2013

The impact of abiotic factors on kelp sporophyte reproduction has rarely been investigated. Laminaria digitata (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux is one of the few summer fertile Laminaria species worldwide and reproduction is subjected to relatively high water temperatures. We investigated the impact of prevailing summer temperatures (~18°C in August) on the induction of sporangia, meiospore release, and germination at the island of Helgoland (North Sea). At Helgoland, fertile sporophytes are found between April and December with a maximum in late summer. While released meiospore numbers were constant between June and October, germination rates decreased significantly in summer. Short‐term exposure of mature sori to 17°C–22°C induced a significantly higher meiospore release indicating enhancement of sporulation by elevated temperatures. Induction of sporangia on vegetative blade disks was not possible at 20°C, and fertility was only 20% at 18°C–19°C, but it was 100% in cool temperatures of 1°C–10°C. It was shown for the first time in a kelp species that “sporogenesis” is the life‐cycle process with the narrowest temperature window compared to growth or survival of the sporophyte or reproduction, growth, and survival of the gametophyte. We incorporated several parameters (induction time, fertile area, and relative fertility) into a “Reproductive efficiency index.” This indicates that sporogenesis of L. digitata is a cold‐adapted process with an optimum at (5)–10°C. The results show that the population at Helgoland is at its reproduction limit despite the existence of other geographically more southerly located populations.
Comparison of treatment effects of guided tissue regeneration on infrabony lesions between animal and human studies: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yen C‐C. , Tu Y‐K. , Chen T‐H. , Lu H‐K. 
Published: October 2013

Background and ObjectiveFor ethical reasons it is becoming increasingly more difficult to obtain, from clinical studies, histological data on infrabony defects treated with guided tissue regeneration (GTR) techniques. The aim of this systematic review was to find the value of extrapolating animal data on treatment of periodontal infrabony lesions, using GTR only or GTR + bone grafts, to human clinical results.Material and MethodsSearches of the PubMed and Cochrane databases were combined with hand searching of articles published from 1 January 1969 to 1 August 2012. The search included any type of barrier membrane, with or without grafted materials, used to treat periodontal infrabony lesions. All studies with histological or re‐entry methodology outcome parameters that evaluated bone‐filling and/or new‐cementum‐formation ratios from a defect depth were collected. When comparing animal and human outcomes, a meta‐analysis was used to evaluate the bone‐filling ratio, but only a descriptive analysis of the histological studies was performed.ResultsIn total, 22 studies were selected for the meta‐analysis. In the GTR + bone graft groups the weighted‐average bone‐filling ratios were 52% (95% CI: 18–85%) in animals and 57% (95% CI: 30–83%) in humans, which were not statistically significantly different (p = 0.825). Similar results were found in the GTR‐only groups, in which the weighted‐average bone‐filling ratios were 54% (95% CI: 37–72%) in animals and 59% (95% CI: 42–77%) in humans (p = 0.703). New‐cementum formation of GTR only and GTR + bone grafts showed comparable ratio outcomes, and both were superior to the control group in animals only (p = 0.042).ConclusionAlthough quality assessments differed between animal and human studies, our analysis indicated that animal models and human results showed similar bone‐filling ratios in infrabony defects treated with GTR only or with GTR + bone grafting.
Self-Assessment of Genital Anatomy and Sexual Function Within a Belgian, Dutch-Speaking Female Population: A Validation Study
Authors: Bronselaer Guy , Callens Nina , De Sutter Petra , De Cuypere Griet , T'Sjoen Guy , Cools Martine , Hoebeke Piet 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Data on self-perceived genital anatomy and sensitivity should be part of the long-term follow-up of genitoplasty procedures. However, no normative data, based on a large sample, exist to date.

Aims
Validation of the Self-Assessment of Genital Anatomy and Sexual Function, Female version (SAGAS-F) questionnaire within a Belgian, Dutch-speaking female population.

Methods
Seven hundred forty-nine women with no history of genital surgery (aged 18–69 years, median 25 years) completed an Internet-based survey of whom 21 women underwent a gynecological examination as to correlate self-reported genital sensitivity assessed in an experimental setting.

Main Outcome Measures
The SAGAS-F enables women to rate the sexual pleasure, discomfort, intensity of orgasm, and effort required for achieving orgasm in specified areas around the clitoris and within the vagina, as well as genital appearance. The latter was similarly evaluated by an experienced gynecologist, and women were asked to functionally rate the anatomical areas pointed out with a vaginal swab.

Results
Sexual pleasure and orgasm were strongest, and effort to attain orgasm and discomfort was lowest when stimulating the clitoris and sides of the clitoris (P &lt; 0.05). Vaginal sensitivity increased with increasing vaginal depth, but overall orgasmic sensitivity was lower as compared with the clitoris. Functional scores on the SAGAS-F and during gynecological examination corresponded highly on most anatomical areas (P &lt; 0.05). Gynecologist's ratings corresponded highly with the women's ratings for vaginal size (90%) but not for clitoral size (48%).

Conclusions
Replication of the original pilot study results support the validity of the questionnaire. The SAGAS-F discriminates reasonably well between various genital areas in terms of erotic sensitivity. The clitoris itself appeared to be the most sensitive, consistent with maximum nerve density in this area. Surgery to the clitoris could disrupt neurological pathways and compromise erotic sensation and pleasure.
Contribution of Unmeasured Anions to Acid–Base Disorders and its Association with Altered Demeanor in 264 Calves with Neonatal Diarrhea
Authors: Gomez D.E. , Lofstedt J. , Stämpfli H.R. , Wichtel M. , Muirhead T. , McClure J.T. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundThe quantitative effect of strong electrolytes, unmeasured anions (UAs),pCO2, and plasma protein concentrations in determining plasmapHand bicarbonate (HCO3−) can be demonstrated using the physicochemical approach. Demeanor of calves with diarrhea is associated with acidemia, dehydration, and hyper‐d‐lactatemia.HypothesisUnmeasured anions are a major factor influencing changes in plasmapHandHCO3−of calves with diarrhea andUAs and strongUAs, estimated by anion gap (AG) and strong ion gap (SIG), respectively, are more strongly associated with alteration of demeanor compared to other acid–base variables.AnimalsA total of 264 calves with diarrhea from two data sets (DS1 andDS2).MethodsRetrospective study. Forward stepwise regression was performed to determine the relationship between measuredpHorHCO3−, and physicochemical variables. A two‐way ANOVA was performed to investigate the association between acid–base variables and attitude (bright, obtunded, and stuporous), posture (standing, sternal or lateral recumbency), and strength of suckling reflex (strong, weak, or absent).ResultsIncreased strongUAs estimated bySIGwas the most important contributor to changes in measuredpHandHCO3−(DS1:r266 and 59%,DS2: 39 and 42%,P < .0001).SIGandAGwere correlated to deteriorating calf demeanor for all three clinical scoring categories: attitude, posture, and suckle reflex (P < .0001).Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceElevated concentrations of strongUAs were the primary cause of acidemia and had an important influence on the demeanor of calves with diarrhea. These findings emphasize the importance of the calculation ofUAs when evaluating acid–base abnormalities in calves.
Temporary Contracts, Employment Protection, and Collective Bargaining
Authors: Masui Makoto 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of employment protection in a matching model with endogenous job destruction, collective bargaining, and two types of employment contracts. Using this framework, we show that (i) the impact on job creation and job destruction caused by reducing the firing costs associated with temporary jobs depends on the labour unions' bargaining strength and the gap in firing costs between contracts; (ii) reducing the firing costs associated with permanent jobs unambiguously decreases equilibrium unemployment if labour unions have strong bargaining power; and (iii) the impact caused by the firing costs differs between collective and individual bargaining.
Monophyly of Wolbachia pipientis genomes within Drosophila melanogaster: geographic structuring, titre variation and host effects across five populations
Authors: Early Angela M. , Clark Andrew G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWolbachia pipientis is one of the most widely studied endosymbionts today, yet we know little about its short‐term adaptation and evolution. Here, using a set of 91 inbred Drosophila melanogaster lines from five populations, we explore patterns of diversity and recent evolution in the Wolbachia strain wMel. Within the D. melanogaster lines, we identify six major mitochondrial clades and four wMel clades. Concordant with past studies, the Wolbachia haplotypes contain an overall low level of nucleotide diversity, yet they still display geographic structuring. Using Bayesian analysis informed with demographic estimates of colonization times, we estimate that all extant D. melanogaster mitochondrial haplotypes coalesce to a Wolbachia‐infected ancestor approximately 2200 years ago. Finally, we measure wMel titre within the infected flies and find that titre varies across populations, an effect attributable to host genetic factors. This demonstration of local phenotypic divergence suggests that intraspecific host genetic variation plays a key role in shaping this model symbiotic system.
Structure and secretion of CofJ, a putative colonization factor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Yuen Alex S. W. , Kolappan Subramaniapillai , Ng Dixon , Craig Lisa 
Published: October 2013

SummaryEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) colonize the human gut, causing severe cholera‐like diarrhoea. ETEC utilize a diverse array of pili and fimbriae for host colonization, including the Type IVb pilus CFA/III. The CFA/III pilus machinery is encoded on the cof operon, which is similar in gene sequence and synteny to the tcp operon that encodes another Type IVb pilus, the Vibrio cholerae toxin co‐regulated pilus (TCP). Both pilus operons possess a syntenic gene encoding a protein of unknown function. In V. cholerae, this protein, TcpF, is a critical colonization factor secreted by the TCP apparatus. Here we show that the corresponding ETEC protein, CofJ, is a soluble protein secreted via the CFA/III apparatus. We present a 2.6 Å resolution crystal structure of CofJ, revealing a large β‐sandwich protein that bears no sequence or structural homology to TcpF. CofJ has a cluster of exposed hydrophobic side‐chains at one end and structural homology to the pore‐forming proteins perfringolysin O and α‐haemolysin. CofJ binds to lipid vesicles and epithelial cells, suggesting a role in membrane attachment during ETEC colonization.
Irritable bowel syndrome‐type symptoms in female patients with mild systemic lupus erythematosus: frequency, related factors and quality of life
Authors: García Carrasco M. , Mendoza Pinto C. , López Colombo A. , Méndez Martínez S. , Andari Sawaya R. , Muñoz Guarneros M. , Vázquez De Lara L. , Lescas Hernández M. , Montiel Jarquín A. , Ramos Álvarez G. , Schmulson M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) impairs quality of life (HRQOL), as does systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Both are more common in women and are associated with fibromyalgia (FM). However, the relationship between IBS and SLE and its impact on HRQOL has not been explored. Therefore, we aimed to study the frequency and features likely to influence the presence of IBS‐type symptoms in SLE and their impact on HRQOL.MethodsFemale patients with SLE were studied. The presence of IBS‐type symptoms and bowel habit subtype were established by Rome III criteria and HRQOL was assessed using the SF‐36. Fibromyalgia and depression were assessed using the American College of Rheumatology criteria and CES‐D scale, respectively.Key ResultsA total of 105 consecutive patients (43.62 ± 11.34 years old) were included; 48.6% had IBS‐type symptoms (SLE+IBS) and were classified as IBS‐C: 23.5%, IBS‐D: 37.3%, and IBS‐M: 39.2%. In addition, 23.8% had FM. SLE+IBS vs Non‐IBS SLE patients had higher SLE activity scores (2.55 ± 1.65 vs 1.74 ± 2.19; p = 0.03), were more likely to have FM (33.0% vs 14.8%; p = 0.02) and depression (41.1% vs 25.9%, p = 0.04). Logistic multivariate analysis showed that IBS‐type symptoms were associated with FM (OR = 2.85, 95% CI: 1.11–7.43) and depression (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02–1.13). Finally, SLE+IBS vs Non‐IBS SLE patients had lower SF‐36 scores (49.65 ± 18.57 vs 62.67 ± 18.14; p = 0.02).Conclusions & InferencesIBS‐type symptoms are highly prevalent among women with SLE and are associated with FM and depression. SLE+IBS patients had worse HRQOL vs Non‐IBS SLE, independently of FM status. We suggest that treating IBS symptoms may improve HRQOL in women with SLE.
FISHERY SHARE SYSTEMS, ITQ MARKETS, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF RENTS
Authors: HATCHER AARON 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAlthough, in most commercial fisheries, fishing crews are remunerated under a share system, the implications of share systems for individual transferable quotas markets have received relatively little attention. In this paper, we model the impact of extending crew shares of vessel operating costs to include payments for quota. Allocative efficiency is maintained as long as any share system is adopted consistently across the entire fleet. Making crews bear a share of quota costs, however, simply inflates the quota price: at market equilibrium the vessel owner's profit share is unaffected. Crews lose out if the vessel is leasing quota in, but gain if the vessel owner is a net seller of quota. We also consider the outcome if only net purchasers of quota involve crews in the cost of quota. Here, all vessel owners benefit, while all crews see a reduction in their earnings. These results are illustrated with a simple numerical example.
Curved fossil bee cells as tools for reconstructing the evolutionary history and palaeogeographical distribution of Diphaglossinae (Apoidea, Colletidae)
Authors: Sarzetti Laura C. , Dinghi Pablo A. , Genise Jorge F. , Bedatou Emilio , Verde Mariano 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe new ichnospecies Celliforma curvata is described to include curved fossil bee cells from Argentina, Uruguay and the USA. The upper part of the cell (neck) of the new ichnospecies is curved, and accordingly, it can be attributed to bees of the subfamily Diphaglossinae (Colletidae). The oldest record of C. curvata, from the early Eocene of North America (52–49 Ma), provides a minimum age for the appearance of this subfamily, in accordance with an already proposed calibrated phylogeny. It is also proposed that these fossil cells could be used for future calibrations of molecular clocks. C. curvata indicates that Diphaglossinae had a widespread distribution, from southern Utah to extra‐Andean Patagonia at 42°S. In contrast, extant representatives reach only 38°S in this region. Diphaglossinae were more extended southwards in the past thanks to better environmental conditions in extra‐Andean Patagonia.