bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metformin, but Not Rosiglitazone, Attenuates the Increasing Plasma Levels of a New Cardiovascular Marker, Fibulin-1, in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Skov Vibe , Cangemi Claudia , Gram Jeppe , Christensen Mette M. , Grodum Ellen , Sørensen Ditte , Argraves W. Scott , Henriksen Jan E. , Rasmussen Lars M. 
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE
The extracellular matrix protein fibulin-1 is upregulated in the arterial wall in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and circulates in increased concentrations in diabetes. Metformin is an antidiabetic drug with beneficial cardiovascular disease effects in diabetes. We hypothesized that metformin would influence the increased level of plasma fibulin-1 in diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
After a 4-week run-in period, 371 eligible patients with T2D were randomized to treatment groups in a factorial design including insulin alone (control), +metformin, +rosiglitazone, or +both metformin and rosiglitazone. Plasma fibulin-1 was analyzed at the beginning of the study and after 18 and 24 months.

RESULTS
Plasma fibulin-1 increased in all groups throughout the 2-year period; however, the increase was strongly attenuated among patients treated with metformin. A highly significant difference was observed when the mean change in plasma fibulin-1 was compared between metformin- and non–metformin-treated individuals both at 18 and 24 months of treatment, but rosiglitazone had no effect. Metformin and rosiglitazone alone reduced the HbA1c levels to comparable levels and in combination even further.

CONCLUSIONS
Metformin attenuates the increase in plasma fibulin-1 concentrations in T2D, independently of glycemic effects. Changes in fibulin-1 may reflect an important element in diabetic arteriopathy that can be influenced by metformin.
Low Prevalence of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Patients With Type 1 Diabetes in a European Mediterranean Population
Authors: Aguilera Eva , Serra-Planas Enric , Granada M. Luisa , Alonso Núria , Pellitero Silvia , Pizarro Eduarda , Reverter Jordi Lluís , Salinas Isabel , Soldevila Berta , Mauricio Dídac , Puig-Domingo Manel 
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the presence of early carotid and coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients with type 1 diabetes with no history of ischemic heart disease.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
One hundred and fifty patients with type 1 diabetes (58% males; 38.6 ± 8.1 years, 20.4 ± 8.1 years of evolution; HbA1c 8.1 ± 2.3%; 52% nonsmokers; 26% retinopathy; 9% microalbuminuria) and 50 nondiabetic control subjects age and sex matched were studied. Carotid ultrasonography to determine common carotid artery intima-media thickness (c-IMT) and the presence of atheroma plaques and cardiac computed tomography for calcium analysis and quantification (coronary artery calcium score [CACS]) were performed.

RESULTS
Most patients with type 1 diabetes and control subjects displayed a CACS of 0 (82 vs. 92%). Patients with type 1 diabetes with CACS ≥1 were older and had higher HbA1c (44.5 ± 5.1 vs. 36.7 ± 8.1 years [P &lt; 0.001] and 8.5 ± 1.1 vs. 7.8 ± 1.0% [P &lt; 0.003], respectively) and longer evolution of diabetes (25.4 ± 9.2 vs. 19.3 ± 7.4 years, P &lt; 0.005) and mean c-IMT (0.67 ± 0.18 vs. 0.53 ± 0.11 mm, P &lt; 0.001) compared with patients with CACS of 0. Smoking (P &lt; 0.02), nephropathy (P &lt; 0.05), retinopathy (P &lt; 0.05), and male sex (P &lt; 0.03) were significantly and positively associated with CACS ≥1. Mean c-IMT was significantly higher in patients with type 1 diabetes (0.55 ± 0.14 vs. 0.48 ± 0.14 mm, P &lt; 0.01), and 11% of them presented atheroma plaques (8% of control subjects). Multivariant logistic regression analysis showed that c-IMT was related to CACS (β = 6.87, P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
A small percentage of patients with type 1 diabetes showed data suggestive of subclinical atherosclerosis. Universal screening of coronary disease in this population is not justified. Carotid ultrasonography may be useful for screening in the subset of patients with cardiovascular risk factors and long disease evolution.
Gut retention time in captive brown bears Ursus arctos
Authors: Elfström Marcus , St⊘en Ole‐Gunnar , Zedrosser Andreas , Warrington Ian , Swenson Jon E. 
Published: October 2013

Knowing animals' gut retention time (GRT) for important food items is critical when using non‐invasive studies based on faecal remains, e.g. when analysing nutritive quality of food, or relating diet or behaviour to movements. We analysed GRT in six captive brown bears Ursus arctos, after feeding on either berries (a mixture of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus and lingonberry V. vitis‐idaea) or animal carcasses (either reindeer Rangifer tarandus, European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, domestic pig Sus scrofa domestica, cattle Bos taurus or horse Equus ferus caballus). Median GRT50% (i.e. when 50% of all faeces containing experimental food had been defecated) was 5 hours and 47 minutes (1st and 3rd quartiles = 4 hours and 36 minutes and 7 hours and 3 minutes; N = 20) after feeding on berries and 14 hours and 30 minutes (1st and 3rd quartiles = 10 hours and 9 minutes and 16 hours and 57 minutes; N = 20) after feeding on carcasses. Median GRTmin (i.e. first defecation comprised of experimental food) was 3 hours and 5 minutes (1st and 3rd quartiles = 1 hour and 51 minutes and 4 hours and 12 minutes; N = 21) for berries and 8 hours and 2 minutes (1st and 3rd quartiles = 6 hours and 14 minutes and 10 hours and 44 minutes; N = 20) for carcasses. Median GRTmax (i.e. last defecation comprised of experimental food) was 15 hours and 27 minutes (1st and 3rd quartiles = 11 hours and 36 minutes and 17 hours and 16 minutes; N = 21) for berries and 16 hours and 16 minutes (1st and 3rd quartiles = 12 hours and 11 minutes and 17 hours and 27 minutes; N = 20) for carcasses. A carcass diet had 6 hours and 26 minutes ± 1 hour and 56 minutes (SE) longer GRT50% than a berry diet (N = 39), despite low variation in food intake. Activity level, feeding time (midday/midnight), sex, age (subadult/adult), ingested amounts of food, prior food remains processed by the gut (i.e. cumulative faeces weight) and defecation rate did not influence the GRT50%. Our reported GRT estimates are reliable values to be used within research and management to relate diet based on faecal remains to habitat use for common and important food items used by Scandinavian brown bears.
Dispersal behaviour of a polygynous carnivore: do cougars Puma concolor follow source‐sink predictions?
Authors: Stoner David C. , Wolfe Michael L. , Mecham Clint , Mecham McLain B. , Durham Susan L. , Choate David M. 
Published: October 2013

The source‐sink model of population dynamics predicts that density drives emigration of subordinate animals to habitats offering lower competition for resources. Several authors have suggested use of this model as a potential framework for conservation of exploited carnivores when precise enumeration is unfeasible. Dispersal is a critical behavioural mechanism for management based on this model, yet there is a lack of knowledge on the habitat and social conditions that motivate carnivore emigration and settlement. The cougar Puma concolor is a widely distributed and heavily exploited carnivore, indigenous to the western hemisphere. We evaluated patterns in cougar dispersal behaviour from two sites in Utah, differing in terms of management and the level of natural and anthropogenic habitat fragmentation. We used our results to evaluate three predictions with respect to cougar dispersal behaviour: 1) natal population density and maternal reproductive status prompt emigration, 2) movement of dispersing cougars is shaped by habitat configuration and permeability, and 3) dispersers preferentially settle in areas of high habitat quality and low conspecific density. We documented the emigration of 62 individuals and measured movement variables, including sex and site‐specific frequency, distance, seasonality, direction and the habitat quality and harvest rates characterizing areas where immigrants settled. Although males and females exhibited pronounced differences in dispersal frequency, we found few differences in distance traveled, season of departure and direction moved. Dispersal occurred most frequently during spring, coinciding with the estrus pulse. Natural and anthropogenic obstacles modified landscape permeability, and therefore dispersal distances were shorter in fragmented habitats than in contiguous ones. Relative to males, females dispersed into habitats of lower productivity with higher mean annual harvest rates. Patterns in male settlement suggested habitat selection based on mating opportunities, whereas female settlement was predicated on avoiding conspecifics. Cougars in this Great Basin ecosystem largely conformed to source‐sink predictions. Results can be used to parameterize source‐sink models based on animal behaviour and landscape permeability to conserve exploited carnivores, under conditions of population expansion or recolonization of habitats where Allee effects are a limiting factor.
Factors neurosurgery candidates use when choosing a residency program
Authors: Marasa Lauren H. , Pittman Thomas A. 
Published: October 2013

Object
Many factors affect an applicant's decision when selecting a residency program. While some issues are likely important to all applicants, others may be specific to, or weighed differently by, those applying to certain specialties. In an effort to better understand how applicants to neurosurgery programs make decisions about relative rank, the authors created a survey to identify the program characteristics thought most important by applicants.

Methods
An electronic survey was created and posted to the neurosurgery residency coordinator's forum. Coordinators throughout the country were asked to send the survey link to students who were scheduled to begin as first-year residents in July of 2012. A paper copy of the survey was also distributed at the Society of Neurological Surgeons intern boot camp in Atlanta, Georgia, in July of 2012.

Results
One hundred ninety-six students obtained a neurosurgical postgraduate year 1 position in the 2011–2012 match; 40 survey responses were received (response rate 20.4%). The factors cited as being most important in selecting a residency were the residents currently in the program, team camaraderie, and the number of operative cases performed. The interview day, specifically the opportunity to talk to the residents, was also thought to be important, as was the knowledge that the applicant would likely be ranked by the program.

Conclusions
Applicants for neurosurgical training choose a program for reasons similar to those given by applicants to other specialties. Neurosurgery applicants seem marginally more interested in an emphasis on academics and research and slightly less concerned with a program's location, but overall, the differences appear minimal. The interview process is very important, and contact by a representative after the interview also seems significant in applicants' decision making. By recognizing what applicants think is important in choosing a residency, programs can more effectively recruit residents and more efficiently use faculty time and department resources.
Endovascular correction of an infantile intracranial venous outflow obstruction
Authors: Soltanolkotabi Maryam , Rahimi Shahram , Hurley Michael C. , Bowman Robin M. , Russell Eric J. , Ansari Sameer A. , Shaibani Ali 
Published: October 2013

The authors report on the case of a 7-year-old boy who presented with a reduced level of activity, macrocephaly, prominent scalp veins, and decreased left-sided visual acuity. Imaging workup demonstrated generalized cerebral volume loss, bilateral chronic subdural hematomas, absent left sigmoid sinus, hypoplastic left transverse sinus, and severe focal weblike stenosis of the right sigmoid sinus. Right sigmoid sinus angioplasty and stent insertion was performed, with an immediate reduction in the transduced intracranial venous pressure gradient across the stenosis (from 22 to 3 mm Hg). Postprocedural diminution of prominent scalp and forehead veins and spinal venous collateral vessels was followed by a progressive improvement in visual acuity and physical activity over a 1-year follow-up period, supporting the efficacy of angioplasty and stent insertion in intracranial venous outflow obstruction.
There are multiple potential causes of intracranial venous hypertension in children. Development of dural sinus stenosis in infancy may be one such cause, mimicking the clinical presentation of other causes such as vein of Galen malformations. This condition can be ameliorated by early endovascular revascularization.
Impact of posterior cerebral artery involvement on long-term clinical and social outcome of pediatric moyamoya disease
Authors: Funaki Takeshi , Takahashi Jun C. , Takagi Yasushi , Yoshida Kazumichi , Araki Yoshio , Kikuchi Takayuki , Kataoka Hiroharu , Iihara Koji , Miyamoto Susumu 
Published: October 2013

Object
In the study of pediatric moyamoya disease, information on long-term social outcomes and risk factors for unfavorable social outcomes remains insufficient. The authors analyzed the long-term results of surgical revascularization for pediatric patients with moyamoya disease to determine whether the involvement of a stenoocclusive lesion in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), relatively common in pediatric moyamoya disease, represents an underlying predictor for unfavorable social outcomes.

Methods
Prospectively collected data on 61 consecutive patients with moyamoya disease who had undergone combined bypass surgery were analyzed. Neuroradiological features and other baseline clinical factors were incorporated into univariate and multivariate analyses to determine any association with an unfavorable social outcome, defined as difficulty attending regular school or obtaining regular employment.

Results
Posterior cerebral artery involvement detected by angiography on admission was noted in 22 (36.1%) of the 61 patients. Follow-up data were acquired in 56 patients (91.8%), and the mean follow-up period was 15.8 years. While transient ischemic attacks were eliminated in 52 (92.9%) of these 56 patients after surgery, and late-onset ischemic stroke was observed in only 1 patient during the follow-up period, 10 (17.9%) experienced an unfavorable social outcome. Although younger age at onset, longer duration between onset and surgery, infarction present on preoperative neuroradiological images, and PCA involvement had been identified as risk factors for an unfavorable social outcome in univariate analysis, only infarction present on preoperative images and PCA involvement remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustment.

Conclusions
Posterior cerebral artery involvement can be considered one of the underlying risk factors for unfavorable social outcome and should be studied further to improve social outcome in pediatric moyamoya disease.
Naissance : pourquoi valoriser le corps ?
Authors: Lacroix Xavier 
Published: October 2013

La naissance se joue à l’articulation de la chair et de la parole. Le choix qui consisterait à dissocier volontairement naissance et filiation équivaudrait à exposer délibérément les enfants concernés à un parcours semé d’embûches. Une société en a-t-elle le droit ?
Un projet de paix perpétuelle. Fédéralisme et pacifisme chez Jacques Novicow
Authors: Alleno Kevin 
Published: October 2013

J. Novicow (1849-1912) est un penseur pacifiste et fédéraliste quelque peu oublié. Contempteur virulent du darwinisme social, son œuvre s’attaque à la guerre de manière générale, systématique et rationnelle. Sociologue de formation, sa pensée est très fortement inspirée par Kant, le positivisme comtien et le libéralisme. Identifiant le concept de souveraineté comme le mal principal, il estime que son éradication par l’établissement d’une fédération est l’unique solution pour établir une paix viable. Son pacifisme et son internationalisme l’amènent par ailleurs à un certain rapprochement avec les socialistes.
Lorsque le Quai d'Orsay dictait des articles : la fabrication de l'opinion publique dans l'entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Meltz Renaud 
Published: October 2013

Comment les diplomates français appréhendaient-il la notion d’opinion publique dans l’entre-deux-guerres ? La notion leur était évidemment familière, en pratique, après l’expérience de la guerre, mais ils ne l’ont guère théorisée. S’il est possible de comprendre comment les diplomates se la représentaient grâce à la définition fonctionnelle qui ressort de l’emploi de l’expression « opinion publique », il est frappant de constater qu’il n’existait pas de réflexion sur sa nature et peu d’outils pour l’appréhender. À vrai dire, l’effort de connaître l’opinion domestique, réduit à l’exercice de la revue de presse, mobilisait beaucoup moins d’énergie que la volonté de la modeler. En bonne logique, cet exercice passait par le contrôle de la presse.
Taming the Beast within: Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cell Homeostasis and Function
Authors: Xu Wei , Di Santo James P. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Although substantial parallels have been made between transcription factor regulation of cytokine production by innate lymphoid cell (ILC) and Th cell subsets, we are still learning how ILC subsets are regulated during immune responses. Critical factors that promote ILC development and stimulate their effector functions have been identified, but mechanisms that control their homeostasis and downregulate their cytokine secretion remain poorly understood. In this review, we consider some of the potential positive and negative regulators of ILC homeostasis and function in physiological and pathological conditions.
Corporate Institutions in a Weakened Welfare State: A Rawlsian Perspective
Authors: Blanc Sandrine , Al-Amoudi Ismael 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT:This paper re-examines the import of Rawls’s theory of justice for private sector institutions in the face of the decline of the welfare state. The argument is based on a Rawlsian conception of justice as the establishment of a basic structure of society that guarantees a fair distribution of primary goods. We propose that the decline of the welfare state witnessed in Western countries over the past forty years prompts a reassessment of the boundaries of the basic structure in order to include additional corporate institutions. A discussion centered on the primary good of self-respect, but extensible to power and prerogatives as well as income and wealth, examines how the legislator should intervene in private sector institutions to counterbalance any unfairness that results from the decline of the welfare state.
Decision-making in the public administration: a dialogue of rationalities
Authors: De Carvalho Elisabete 
Published: October 2013

The Science of Public Administration has been the stage for a heated debate on thesearch for the management models and organisational designs that best suit asystem which will simultaneously achieve the goals that are set for it and make appropriateuse of the resources at its disposal. The desired end is an instrumental,managerial rationale derived from a theoretical modelling of the decision-makingprocess that is widely adopted in both management and economic fields: the rationaldecision-making model. However, it is not entirely clear that this model matcheswhat actually happens in the reality it seeks to describe and explain. There areother models, born out of studies of an inductive, pragmatic nature, that providedifferent visions of and explanations for decision-making processes, particularlywhen two variables are introduced: the political context; and when decisions concernambiguous problems that tend to be complex. The author synthetically systematisesome of these models, in the hope that considering them may provide valuable assistance in the process of transforming the administrative systemeffectively.
Diagnosing Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II
Authors: Johnson Britt A. , van Diggelen Otto P. , Dajnoki Angela , Bodamer Olaf A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is an X‐linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of iduronate 2‐sulfatase (IDS). Progressive, intralysosomal accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) dermatan and heparan sulfate in almost all tissues leads to multi‐organ involvement in affected males but to virtual absence of symptoms in heterozygote female carriers due to preferential inactivation of the mutant allele. Diagnosis of MPS II in males is based on IDS analysis in leukocytes, fibroblasts, plasma, or dried blood spots (DBS), whereas IDS activities may be within the normal range in heterozygote females. The advent of fluorometric and mass spectrometry methods for enzyme analysis in DBS has simplified the diagnostic approach for MPS II males. Molecular analysis of the IDS gene confirms the diagnosis of MPS II in males and is the only diagnostic test to confirm carrier status in females. This unit provides detailed analytical protocols for measurement of IDS activity in DBS and plasma using a fluorometric assay. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 79:17.14.1‐17.14.9. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Improved Protocols for Illumina Sequencing
Authors: Bronner Iraad F. , Quail Michael A. , Turner Daniel J. , Swerdlow Harold 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this unit, we describe a set of improvements that have been made to the standard Illumina protocols to make the sequencing process more reliable in a high‐throughput environment, reduce amplification bias, narrow the distribution of insert sizes, and reliably obtain high yields of data. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 79:18.2.1‐18.2.42. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High‐resolution inventory of mercury emissions from biomass burning in China for 2000–2010 and a projection for 2020
Authors: Chen Cen , Wang Huanhuan , Zhang Wei , Hu Dan , Chen Long , Wang Xuejun 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBiomass burning is an important contributor of atmospheric mercury emissions. An inventory of mercury emissions from biomass burning with a high resolution and long time span is necessary for mercury transport modeling and emission reduction. In this study, an inventory of mercury emissions from biomass burning in China, with high spatial resolution and decade period (2000–2010), is presented, and the emission in 2020 is projected. Results showed that during 2000–2010, the annual average mercury emission from crop residues burning as fuel in household, crop residues burning as waste in fields, fuelwood burning in households, fuelwood burning for production, forest fires, and grassland fires was 2.30, 0.97, 1.66, 0.49, 0.78, and 0.01 Mg, respectively. The total emission was 6.20 Mg yr−1, lower than the results of previous studies. The majority of mercury species is in the form of Hg0, accounting for 78.9%, followed by Hgp (15.5%) and Hg2+ (5.6%). During 2000–2010, mercury emission from biomass burning decreased from 6.08 Mg in 2000 to 5.12 Mg in 2010. For spatial distribution, the mercury emissions were high in the eastern and central regions of China. Results from scenario analysis showed that mercury emission in 2020 is projected to be 6.18 Mg under the growth condition following the trend in 2005–2010 and 3.00 Mg under the condition of the anticipated new development mode. The results of this inventory study could provide useful information for further assessment of global mercury source attribution and mercury transport modeling.