bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraction bradycardia: a pilot case-crossover study
Authors: Rashad Ashkan , Smeets Ralf , Rana Madiha , Bohluli Behnam 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Purpose
Significant vasovagal reaction is one of the untoward events in the course of simple extractions. The present study then aimed to record the patients’ heart rate during the extraction procedure.

Materials and methods
Informed consents were obtained in advance. Patients were placed in the dental chair and their heart rate was measured before /and prior to the anesthetic injection, during, and after dental extraction on a pulse oxymeter device. Data were analyzed using paired t-test.

Results
Sixty one patients were included. The mean heart rates of these patients prior, during, and after extraction were 88, 86 and 81, respectively. Two by two comparisons showed a significant decrease in the mean heart rate during extraction compared to the baseline and also after extraction compared to both before and during extraction (p < 0.05 for all three).

Conclusions
Despite the presence of sufficient local anesthesia and performing the extraction with the least trauma, a significant decrease in heart rate is evident.
Prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence among Estonian postmenopausal women
Authors: Kirss Fred , Lang Katrin , Toompere Karolin , Veerus Piret 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Aims
To estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and to assess its risk factors among postmenopausal Estonian women.

Methods
In 2004, 1363 women participating in the Estonian Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Trial were asked at the closure visit to the trial physician about symptoms of UI. The type of incontinence was assessed with the help of a questionnaire, based on recommendations from the working group set up by the Finnish Gynaecological Association. Frequency characteristics were analysed by descriptive statistics. Risk factors were examined using logistic regression.

Results
Mean age of study women was 53.3 years (min = 48, max = 67; SD 4.0). The prevalence of UI was 18.12% (95% CI: 16.07 - 20.17). Stress incontinence was diagnosed in 78.83% (95% CI: 73.32 - 84.33) and urge or mixed incontinence in 21.17% (95% CI: 15.67 - 26.68) of women who reported incontinence. Prevalence of UI slightly increased with age. Women who used hormone therapy (HT) (OR 1.67; 95% CI: 1.17 - 2.39), had had hysterectomy (1.73, 95% CI: 1.06 - 2.83), and those with secondary education (OR 1.87, 95% CI: 1.23 - 2.82) or basic education (OR 3.29, 95% CI: 1.80 - 6.02) had a higher risk for UI. Parity, having a BMI over 30 kg/m2, being a smoker or a former smoker, having diabetes and being physically or sexually active, tended to increase the risk of UI.

Conclusions
About one in five postmenopausal women in Estonia reported to have UI. Risk factors linked with UI, its prevalence in other age groups and the impact of UI on quality of life deserve more research.

Trial registration
Number: ISRCTN35338757
A hierarchical approach for speech-instrumental-song classification
Authors: Ghosal Arijit , Chakraborty Rudrasis , Dhara Bibhas Chandra , Saha Sanjoy Kumar 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Audio classification acts as the fundamental step for lots of applications like content based audio retrieval and audio indexing. In this work, we have presented a novel scheme for classifying audio signal into three categories namely, speech, music without voice (instrumental) and music with voice (song). A hierarchical approach has been adopted to classify the signals. At the first stage, signals are categorized as speech and music using audio texture derived from simple features like ZCR and STE. Proposed audio texture captures contextual information and summarizes the frame level features. At the second stage, music is further classified as instrumental/song based on Mel frequency cepstral co-efficient (MFCC). A classifier based on Random Sample and Consensus (RANSAC), capable of handling wide variety of data has been utilized. Experimental result indicates the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Advantages of one step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) whole node assay in sentinel lymph node (SLN) analysis in breast cancer
Authors: Santaballa Ana , De La Cueva Helena , Salvador Carmen , García-Martínez Ana M , Guarín María J , Lorente David , Palomar Laura , Aznar Ismael , Dobón Fernando , Bello Pilar 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study is to present our first results of sentinel node analysis (SLN) by one step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) in routine clinical practice in our centre and compare them with the results of classic histopathological analysis in a historical cohort from our same institution.

Methods
407 patients (total study population) with early breast cancer and no clinical nodal involvement underwent SLN biopsy in our institution. The SLN was analysed by OSNA in 164 biopsies. OSNA results were compared with the conventional histopathology study of 244 patients who had undergone SLN biopsy previously. The characteristics of the patients in both groups were evaluated and a comparison was made of the rate of metastases detected by both methods and of the surgical procedures needed in each group. We also investigated the state of non-sentinel lymph nodes if micrometastases where found in SLN.

Results
SLN biopsy result was considered as positive in 45 patients (28%) in the OSNA group and in 58 in the historical group (24%). There was no difference in the rate of macrometastases (16,5% for OSNA, 20% for HE) but we found differences in the rate of micrometastases (11% for OSNA and 3,6% for HE p = 0.0007). Axillary lymphadenectomy (ALND) was performed in 43/45 cases in the OSNA group and in 51/58 of the historical group. In all patients diagnosed by OSNA, ALND was performed during the initial surgical procedure. In the historical cohort ALND was performed during the initial surgical procedure in 41 patients and in a second surgical procedure in 10 patients. Patients from both groups with micrometastases in the SLN had no metastases in other nodes when the ALND was performed.

Conclusions
OSNA analysis allows the detection of SLN metastases as precisely as conventional pathology with an increased detection of micrometastases. The OSNA method can reduce the need of a deferred lymphadenectomy.
Quantifying energy intake in Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) using the heat increment of feeding
Authors: Whitlock R. E. , Walli A. , Cermeño P. , Rodriguez L. E. , Farwell C. , Block B. A. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYUsing implanted archival tags, we examined the effects of meal caloric value, food type (sardine or squid) and ambient temperature on the magnitude and duration of the heat increment of feeding in three captive juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna. The objective of our study was to develop a model that can be used to estimate energy intake in wild fish of similar body mass. Both the magnitude and duration of the heat increment of feeding (measured by visceral warming) showed a strong positive correlation with the caloric value of the ingested meal. Controlling for meal caloric value, the extent of visceral warming was significantly greater at lower ambient temperature. The extent of visceral warming was also significantly higher for squid meals compared with sardine meals. By using a hierarchical Bayesian model to analyze our data and treating individuals as random effects, we demonstrate how increases in visceral temperature can be used to estimate the energy intake of wild Pacific bluefin tuna of similar body mass to the individuals used in our study.
Nasal sound production in echolocating delphinids (Tursiops truncatus and Pseudorca crassidens) is dynamic, but unilateral: clicking on the right side and whistling on the left side
Authors: Madsen Peter T. , Lammers Marc , Wisniewska Danuta , Beedholm Kristian 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARY
Toothed whales produce sound in their nasal complex by pneumatic actuation of phonic lip pairs within the blowhole. It has been hypothesized that dual actuation of the phonic lip pairs can generate two pulses that merge to form a single echolocation click with a higher source level, broader bandwidth and larger potential for beam steering than if produced by a single pair of phonic lips. Here, we test that hypothesis by measuring the sound production of five echolocating delphinids using hydrophones around the animals and imbedded in on-animal suction cups. We show that the studied animals click with their right pair of phonic lips and whistle with their left pair. We demonstrate that, with just a single pair of phonic lips, they can change the click energy levels over five orders of magnitude, change the click centroid frequencies over more than two octaves, and modulate the sound radiation from the melon for beam steering. We conclude that all of the click dynamics ascribed to dual actuation of two phonic lip pairs can be achieved with actuation of just the right pair of phonic lips, and we propose that the large dynamic range of source outputs is achieved by highly controlled modulation of the pneumatic driving pressure, the tension of the phonic lip labia and the conformation of the fatty melon and associated air sacs.
副连兼类虚词的语法化顺序和习得顺序—以“不过”和“只是”为例
Authors: 高 顺全 
Published: October 2013

提要文章以“只是”和“不过”两个副连兼类虚词为例讨论从语法化的角度解释和预测习得顺序。首先对它们的语法化顺序进行了描述，并据此构拟出其可能的习得顺序，然后利用中介语语料库对它们的习得情况做了详细的描写。结果发现，“只是”的习得顺序和语法化顺序一致，“不过”的习得顺序与其历时发展顺序不一致，但与其主观性程度顺序一致。“只是”和“不过”可能代表着兼类虚词语法化顺序和习得顺序关系的两种类型。
Finite soluble groups with all n-maximal subgroups 𝔉${\mathfrak {F}}$-subnormal
Authors: Kovaleva Viktoria A. , Skiba Alexander N. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract.
We describe finite soluble groups
in which every n-maximal subgroup is

𝔉

${\mathfrak {F}}$

-subnormal.
The Effect of Soft Pre-Annealing of Differently Stacked Cu-Sn-Zn Precursors on the Quality of Cu2ZnSnSe4 Absorbers
Authors: Arasimowicz Monika , Thevenin Maxime , Dale Phillip J. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTCu2ZnSnSe4 p-type semiconductors currently investigated for use in thin film solar cells can be synthesized by firstly depositing a metallic precursor and secondly annealing the precursor in selenium vapor. Differently stacked Cu-Sn-Zn metallic precursors were characterized after a soft annealing at 350°C under nitrogen atmosphere. For the stack where the Sn and Zn were in direct contact with sufficient Cu to form a stable alloy, a bi-layered structure consisting of Cu-Sn on the bottom and Cu-Zn on the top was formed. Contrarily, when Zn was not in direct contact with Cu, the metals diffused to form a stable alloy and the system segregates horizontally, forming a mixed columnar structure. These two types of precursors were selenized under exactly the same conditions to form kesterite absorbers for solar cell devices. Using this approach the improvement from 0.44% power conversion efficiency for the bi-layered precursor to 4.5% for the mixed precursor was achieved.
Effects of Growth Conditions on Secondary Phases in CZTSe Thin Films Deposited by Co-evaporation
Authors: Bishop Douglas M. , McCandless Brian E. , Mangan Thomas C. , Dobson Kevin , Birkmire Robert 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTHigh temperature multi-source co-evaporation has been the most successful approach to fabricate record efficiency Cu(InGa)Se2 devices, yet many groups have been unable to replicate this success when transferring these methods to the Cu2ZnSnSe4 system. The difficulties stem from the dramatic differences in the thermochemical properties which result in decomposition and loss of volatile species, such as Zn and SnSe, at temperatures needed for growth. In co-evaporation, decomposition and element loss must be managed throughout the entire growth process, from the back contact interface to the final terminating surface of the film. The beginning and ending phases of deposition encompass different kinetic regimes suggesting a phased approach to growth may be helpful. A series of depositions with different effusion profiles were used to demonstrate the effects of decomposition during different stages of growth. Secondary phase detection can be challenging in CZTSe, but a combination of SEM imaging and thin cross-section depth profile by EDS were found to best identify and locate the secondary phases that occur during different phases of growth for co-evaporated Cu2ZnSnSe4 films.Deposition with a uniform incident flux followed by shuttered vacuum cool-down yielded films with a ZnSe phase at the absorber/Mo interface and Cu-rich composition at the surface of the exposed film. Devices from these absorber layers never exceeded conversion efficiencies of 1%. Decomposition at the surface could be prevented by continuing effusion of Se and Sn during the cool-down of the substrate. Resulting films demonstrated more faceted grains as well as significantly improved device performance. Secondary phases that traditionally form at the back contact during the beginning of growth were minimized by decreasing the substrate temperature to 300°C during the initial stages of deposition which reduced the ZnSe formed at the Mo interface. The thermochemical origin of the secondary phases will be discussed and the performance of representative devices will be presented.
Is it Possible to Grow Thin Films of Phase Pure Kesterite Semiconductor? A ZnSe case study
Authors: Dale Phillip J. , Arasimowicz Monika , Colombara Diego , Crossay Alexandre , Robert Erika , Taylor Aidan A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe kesterite semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS(e)4 is seen as a suitable absorber layer to replace Cu(In,Ga)Se2 in thin film solar cells, if thin film photovoltaics are to be deployed on the terawatt scale. Currently the best devices, and hence the best kesterite absorber layers are grown away from stoichiometry and are zinc rich and copper poor, presumably leading to the formation of ZnS(e). However, it has been shown that secondary phases present in an absorber layer reduce device performance. If growth in Zn rich conditions seems to be mandatory, then any secondary phases formed should be grown on the surface of the absorber layer so that they may be easily removed by etching. Therefore, it is important to know how and why secondary phases form, and if possible, how to segregate them to the surface of the absorber layer.Here we show that ZnSe is formed at the initial stages of absorber formation from annealing metal stacks in selenium vapor. Further we demonstrate that the way the precursor metals are distributed on the substrate leads to different absorber layer performances in full devices. The importance of selenium vapor pressure is highlighted in respect to the order of selenisation of the metals, Zn before Cu. Additionally, the importance of selenium and tin selenide vapor pressure during annealing is reviewed with regard to avoiding a decomposition of the Cu2ZnSnSe4 to ZnSe and Cu2Se phases. Regardless of the atmosphere above the absorber, the reaction of the absorber with molybdenum appears unavoidable without the use of a passivation strategy. Counter-intuitively, it is demonstrated that for our absorber layers grown under Zn-rich conditions, removal of the ZnSe is harmful for device performance.
Ternary Cu3BiY3(Y= S, Se, and Te) for Thin-Film Solar Cells
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Persson Clas 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTVery recently, Cu3BiS3has been suggested as an alternative material for photovoltaic (PV) thin-film technologies. In this work, we analyze the electronic and optical properties of Cu3BiY3with the anion elementsY= S, Se, and Te, employing a first-principles approach within the density function theory. We find that the three Cu3BiY3compounds have indirect band gaps and the gap energies are in the region of 1.2–1.7 eV. The energy dispersions of the lowest conduction bands are small, and therefore the direct gap energies are only ∼0.1 eV larger than the fundamental gap energies. The flat conduction bands are explained by the presence of localized Bip-states in the band gap region. Flat energy dispersion implies a large optical absorption, and the calculations reveal that the absorption coefficient of Cu3BiY3is larger than 105cm−1for photon energies of ∼2.5 eV. The absorption is stronger than other Cu-S based materials like CuInS2and Cu2ZnSnS4. Thereby, Cu3BiY3has the potential to be a suitable material in thin-film PV technologies.
Polarization dependent Raman spectroscopy characterization of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 single crystals
Authors: Dumcenco D. O. , Wang Y. P. , Levcenco S. , Tiong K. K. , Huang Y. S. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe vibrational properties of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) single crystals were studied by polarization-dependent Raman scattering measurements. The CZTS crystals grown by chemical vapor transport technique using iodine trichloride as a transport agent consist of several mirror-like planes. The detailed analysis of the experimental spectra obtained from different planes allows determining the symmetry assignment of the observed Raman-active modes. The wavenumber values of Raman-active modes are compared with the results of recent theoretical calculations. The presented data are useful for examination of CZTS absorber films applied for solar cells to clarify the existence of structural or phase inhomogeneities.
MoO3 back contact for CuInSe2-based thin film solar cells
Authors: Simchi Hamed , McCandless Brian E. , Meng T. , Boyle Jonathan H. , Shafarman William N. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTMoO3 films with a high work function (5.5 eV), high transparency, and a wide bandgap (3.0 - 3.4 eV) are a potential candidate for the primary back contact of Cu(InGa)Se2 thin film solar cells. This may be advantageous to form ohmic contact in superstrate devices where the back contact will be deposited after the Cu(InGa)Se2 layer and MoSe2 layer doesn’t form during Cu(InGa)Se2 deposition. In addition, the MoO3 may be incorporated in a transparent back contact in tandem or bifacial cells. In this study, MoO3 films for use as a back contact for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells were prepared by reactive rf sputtering with O2/(O2+Ar) = 35%. The effect of post processing on the structural properties of the deposited films were investigated using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Annealing resulted in crystallization of the films to the α-MoO3 phases at 400°C. Increasing the oxygen partial pressure had no significant effect on optical transmittance of the films, and bandgaps in the range of 2.6-2.9 eV and 3.1-3.4 eV were obtained for the as deposited and annealed films, respectively. Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells prepared using an as-deposited Mo-MoO3 back contact yielded an efficiency of >14% with VOC = 647 (mV), JSC = 28.4 (mA), and FF. = 78.1%. Cells with ITO-MoO3 back contact showed an efficiency of ∼12% with VOC = 642 (mV), JSC = 26.8 (mA), and FF. = 69.2%. The efficiency of cells with an annealed MoO3 back contact was limited to 4%, showing a blocking diode behavior in the forward bias J-V curve. This may be caused by the presence of a barrier between the valence bands of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and MoO3, due to the higher bandgap of the annealed MoO3 films. SEM cross section studies showed uniform coverage of the as-deposited MoO3 layer and formation of voids for the annealed MoO3 film. Structural orientation of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layer was also altered by the MoO3 film and less-oriented films were observed for either cases.
First-Principles Study on Diffusion of Cd in CuInSe2
Authors: Maeda Tsuyoshi , Wada Takahiro 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the migration energy of Cd atom in CuInSe2 (CIS) with a Cu vacancy by first-principles calculations. The activation energy of Cd migration in CIS and migration pathways are obtained by means of the combination of linear and quadratic synchronous transit (LST/QST) methods and nudged elastic band (NEB) method. The theoretical migration energy of Cd atom in CIS is 0.99 eV. The migration energy of Cd atom (Cd→VCu) in CIS is comparable to that of Cu migration (Cu→VCu) in CIS (1.06 eV). This result indicates that Cd diffusion in CIS easily occurs like Cu diffusion.
Study of optical losses in mechanically stacked dye-sensitized/CdTe tandem solar cells
Authors: Barrioz Vincent , Hodgson Simon , Holliman Peter , Connell Arthur , Kartopu Giray , Clayton Andrew J. , Irvine Stuart J.C. , Monir Shafiul , Davies Matthew L. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn a constant effort to capture effectively more of the spectral range from the sun, multi-junction cells are being investigated. In this context, the marriage of thin film and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) PV technologies may be able to offer greater efficiency whilst maintaining the benefits of each individual technology. DSC devices offer advantages in the nature of both the metal oxide photo-electrode and dye absorption bands, which can be tuned to vary the optical performance of this part of a tandem device, while CdTe cells absorb the majority of light above their band-gap in only a few microns of thickness. The key challenge is to assess the optical losses with the goal of reaching a net gain in photocurrent and consequently increased conversion efficiency. This study reports on the influence of optical losses from various parts of the stacked tandem structure using UV-VIS spectrometry and EQE measurements. A net gain in photocurrent was achieved from a model developed for the DSC/CdTe mechanically stacked tandem structure.
Strengthening the Network of Mentored, Underrepresented Minority Scientists and Leaders to Reduce HIV-Related Health Disparities
Authors: Sutton Madeline Y. , Lanier Yzette A. , Willis Leigh A. , Castellanos Ted , Dominguez Ken , Fitzpatrick Lisa , Miller Kim S. 
Published: October 2013

Objectives. We reviewed data for the Minority HIV/AIDS Research Initiative (MARI), which was established in 2003 to support underrepresented minority scientists performing HIV prevention research in highly affected communities. Methods. MARI was established at the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control as a program of competitively awarded, mentored grants for early career researchers conducting HIV prevention research in highly affected racial/ethnic and sexual minority communities. We have described progress from 2003 to 2013. Results. To date, MARI has mentored 27 scientist leaders using low-cost strategies to enhance the development of effective HIV prevention interventions. These scientists have (1) developed research programs in disproportionately affected communities of color, (2) produced first-authored peer-reviewed scientific and programmatic products (including articles and community-level interventions), and (3) obtained larger, subsequent funding awards for research and programmatic work related to HIV prevention and health disparities work. Conclusions. The MARI program demonstrates how to effectively engage minority scientists to conduct HIV prevention research and reduce racial/ethnic investigator disparities and serves as a model for programs to reduce disparities in other public health areas in which communities of color are disproportionately affected.