bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wood Degradation after Windthrow in a Northern Environment
Authors: Ruel Jean-Claude , Achim Alexis , Herrera Raul Espinoza , Cloutier Alain , Brossier Benoît 
Published: October 2013

Severe windthrows often require salvage operations that can lead to increased costs. Given these extra costs, it is of paramount importance to make sure that wood degradation does not become so advanced that significant value loss is incurred. The rate at which wood deteriorates is a function of many factors, including species and climate.
The study was conducted in a northern area affected by two partial windthrows. Logs from the damaged area were collected for two species, balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and black spruce (Picea mariana). Logs were classified into one of three degradation classes based on visual assessments. A sample of logs from standing trees was also collected. In total, 167 logs were sampled. Each log was sawn and one piece of lumber was selected from each to determine the bending strength and stiffness and the visual grade.
The time since tree death, as determined from dendrochronology, ranged from 1 to 31 years. The visual grade of the lumber was not affected after 1 year but severe downgrades were observed after 4 years. Moisture content decreased rapidly for both species during the first year and continued to decrease until 4 years after mortality. No clear decrease in bending stiffness was identified even though such a tendency was noticed for older black spruce windthrows. Bending strength became variable after 4 years for balsam fir and was reduced after 4 years for black spruce. Windthrows older than 7 years will produce low visual grade timber of reduced bending strength and possibly of lower bending stiffness.
Increased Yield in Sawmills by Applying Alternate Rotation and Lateral Positioning
Authors: Lundahl Carl G. , Grönlund Anders 
Published: October 2013

Modern sawmills are increasingly like process industries, running continuously with very large volumes flowing through the process every second. This fact makes it vital for every company to utilize its equipment and raw material as effectively as possible to maximize yield and value. The objective of this simulated breakdown study was to analyze the potential to increase volume yield in Swedish sawmills. While the commonly used horns-down position performs well on an average basis, the results show that the optimal rotation position for an individual log is most often found at another position.
Results from extended simulations show that the average volume yield can be increased further by applying the optimal combination of rotation and parallel positioning in cant and deal saw. An increase in average volume yield by 4.5 percentage points (8.6%) would enable a typical Swedish sawmill to produce a further 17,300 m3 of boards per year and thereby increase potential annual income by US$3.7 million per year. This optimization concept requires a preevaluation of every log in order to define the optimal combination of settings.
Some of these procedures must be performed online within a split second to accommodate production speed demands. Modern technology such as industrial x-ray in combination with traceability methods, multivariate models, breakdown simulation software, and high-performance computers enables evaluation and optimization of every log online at full production speed. Sawing machines will need development in order to be able to perform optimization online without loss of production capacity.
ROMI-3.1 Least-Cost Lumber Grade Mix Solver Using Open Source Statistical Software
Authors: Buck Rebecca A. , Buehlmann Urs , Thomas R. Edward 
Published: October 2013

The least-cost lumber grade mix solution has been a topic of interest to both industry and academia for many years due to its potential to help wood processing operations reduce costs. A least-cost lumber grade mix solver is a rough mill decision support system that describes the lumber grade or grade mix needed to minimize raw material or total production cost (raw materials plus processing cost). Because raw material costs in typical rough mills comprise 40 to 70 percent of total rough mill manufacturing expenses, the least-cost lumber grade mix problem, as it is referred to, is important.
An existing second-order polynomial least-cost lumber grade mix model integrated into the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service's rough mill simulator, ROMI-3.0, which uses SAS 8.2 for statistical calculations, was used for the research described in this article. For this existing model, the USDA Forest Service purchased a SAS server license to allow free use of the software to least-cost lumber grade mix users via the Internet. Several issues around this rather involved setup necessitated the search for an alternative, local solution for the statistical computations. The open source statistical package R 2.7.2 was tested to see if it is an equivalent replacement for SAS 8.2. Comparisons of the SAS-based and a newly developed R-based least-cost lumber grade mix solver indicate no statistically significant difference between the two decision support systems. Therefore, the new R-based least-cost lumber grade mix solver was incorporated into ROMI-3.0. Thus, rough mill operators now have a new version of ROMI-3.0 with the integrated least-cost lumber grade mix solver at their disposal that does not require their computers to communicate with an outside server.
Long-Term Performance of Engineered Wood Flooring with Oriented Strand Board Substrate
Authors: Bouffard Jean-François , Blanchet Pierre , Barbuta Costel 
Published: October 2013

Plywood is widely used as a substrate in engineered wood flooring (EWF) construction. While the Canadian EWF industry largely relies on Baltic birch plywood (BBP), the development of an alternative substrate is clearly desirable.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term performance of EWF made with an oriented strand board (OSB) substrate designed to deliver a higher than normal internal bond. Three-layer OSB panels were made from a mixture of 90 percent aspen (Populus tremuloides) and 10 percent paper birch (Betula papyrifera). Three adhesive configurations were used in the manufacture of specialty OSB panels: 100 percent liquid phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin, a mixture of 60 percent liquid PF resin and 40 percent powder PF resin, and 100 percent polydiphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) resin. The performance of these three specialty OSB products was studied. Five types of substrate were used in the manufacture of EWF: BBP, sheathing OSB, and the three specialty OSBs. A polyurethane adhesive was selected to bond the surface layers to the substrates. The result of this experimental study indicated no significant difference between the long-term performance of the OSB substrate made with pMDI resin and that of the BBP substrate.
Seasonal Impacts of Bark Loss on Simulated Payloads, Bark Delivery, and Transport Costs for Freshly Harvested Logs
Authors: Murphy Glen E. , Pilkerton Stephen J. 
Published: October 2013

Quantification of seasonal bark loss for two Oregon commercial tree species, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), was conducted at monthly intervals beginning in late October to early November 2009 and finishing in August 2010. All assessments were carried out on harvesting operations that were using mechanized processor heads with chains over rubber feed wheels. A total of 450 stems were assessed.
There was a substantial (up to five times) increase in areal bark loss, expressed as a percentage of log surface area, during late spring and early summer compared with the loss in winter. Areal bark loss appeared to be species dependent, with Douglas-fir incurring more than twice as much bark loss as ponderosa pine.
Seasonal differences in postharvesting bark volume and weight were determined by accounting for bark thickness and bark density. In winter, bark could be expected to account for 3 to 4 percent more of a stem's weight than in late spring to early summer. There were considerable differences between species in the contribution of bark to total weight, but not in the percent drop in weight between seasons.
It is shown that the seasonal changes in bark loss could be expected to lead to changes in solid wood truck payloads, transport costs, bark, and available energy (from bark) delivered to mills.
Evaluation of the Energy Balance for the Production of Briquettes from Biomass
Authors: Arrieche Rafael , Saloni Daniel , van Dyk Herman , Lemaster Richard L. 
Published: October 2013

Wood densification consists of processing wood by-products such as sawdust and chips into uniformly sized particles that are compressed into wood-based fuel products (pellets and briquettes). The main advantages are related to handling improvements of residual wood and energy generation opportunities when compared with wood chips from other forms of wood residues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy balance for production of briquettes from wood residues.
This research involved determining the energy consumption required to perform the main manufacturing operations to produce wood briquettes: size reduction, drying, and densification of wood. The amount of energy that can be obtained from the combustion of wood briquettes was also measured. The effects of several factors such as wood species, material dimensions, and raw material moisture content on the energy requirements for manufacturing briquettes were studied.
Four densification strategies were evaluated from an energy consumption standpoint: single size reduction (shredding) of dry lumber and wood chip densification; single size reduction (shredding) of wet lumber, drying, and wood chip densification; double size reduction (shredding and hammermilling) of dry lumber and wood particle densification; and primary size reduction (shredding) of wet lumber, wood chip drying, secondary size reduction of wood chips, and wood particle densification. At most 8 percent of total energy available from combustion of briquettes is required to produce briquettes. Moreover, drying wet wood residues consumes about 80 percent of the energy used in producing the briquettes.
This study shows that manufacturing briquettes from wood residues is feasible from an energy consumption perspective.
Preliminary Experiments on the Manufacture of Hollow Core Composite Panels
Authors: Sam-Brew Solace , Semple Kate , Smith Gregory D. 
Published: October 2013

Structural honeycomb panels consist of a lightweight, often paper, honeycomb column core between two thin, stiff face sheets, which results in a very light structure with high strength and stiffness. These panels have long been used in the shipping and aerospace industries and for furniture components in Europe. The wider adoption of honeycomb panels by Canadian furniture manufacturers is hampered by a lack of experience and technical data on their manufacture, properties, and performance. This study attempts to address this missing information with a series of experiments to test the influence of Kraft paper honeycomb type, orientation, cell wall height, and face sheet type on sandwich strength properties (flexural, shear rigidity, and panel deflection).
Failure of sandwich panels occurs by buckling of the honeycomb cell walls under the load point; panel load-bearing capacity is significantly improved by the use of stiff face sheets such as plywood. The strongest and stiffest panels are made with small honeycomb cells (16 mm). The extra cost and bulk associated with using paper-laminated pre-expanded honeycomb is not matched by increased bending strength and is therefore unnecessary. Bending strength is significantly enhanced by aligning the honeycomb so that the nodes and ribbon direction are perpendicular to the long axis (loading direction) of the panel due to the ability of the core to flex and conform to the curvature of the face sheets under load. The results from this study offer insights that furniture manufacturers may use to fabricate and potentially improve the properties of honeycomb sandwich panels.
Supplemental Treatments for Timber Bridge Components
Authors: Barnes H. M. , Amburgey T. L. , Sanders M. G. , Lindsey G. B. 
Published: October 2013

A series of joint treatments on southern pine, red oak, and yellow-poplar were evaluated. These included treatments applied in holes that were subsequently capped, treatments applied to bolt holes and/or bolts, treatments applied to felt pads located between wooden members, and treatments applied directly to the surfaces of the joints. Water-soluble diffusible systems applied in holes adjacent to joints generally performed more poorly than expected because of the lack of rainfall during the exposure period. The notable exception was a copper-borate paste applied directly to the joint area. Application of a solvent-borne copper naphthenate with or without a water repellent to felt pads was also very effective. Water repellent alone and fumigant treatments gave unsatisfactory performance over the long term.
To simulate hazards encountered by piling, kiln-dried untreated southern pine pole stubs that received various supplemental treatments were placed in the field for 41 months. Upon groundline evaluation of these test specimens, it was noted that seven preservatives or combinations of preservatives looked very favorable. The following treatments yielded sound stubs with no evidence of decay or insect attack: (1) copper-borate paste applied to the surface at and below groundline; (2) copper-borate paste applied to the surface at and below groundline plus boron rods inserted into holes near groundline; (3) copper-borate paste applied to the surface at and below groundline plus fumigant inserted into holes near groundline; (4) pentachlorophenol grease applied to the surface at and below groundline; (5) fluoride paste applied to the surface at and below groundline; (6) fluoride paste applied to the surface at and below groundline plus boron rods inserted into holes near groundline; and (7) fluoride paste applied to the surface at and below groundline plus fumigant inserted into holes near groundline.
Commercialization Potential of Viscoelastic Thermal Compressed Wood: Insights from the US Forest Products Industry
Authors: Macias Natalie , Knowles Chris , Kamke Fred , Kutnar Andreja 
Published: October 2013

The increasing demand for forest products and restricted use of natural forests has resulted in a shortage of high-strength wood fiber. The area covered by plantation forests is steadily rising, but the fiber produced by these forests is often unsuitable for high-strength applications. One attempt to combat this problem is the viscoelastic thermal compression (VTC) process, which can dramatically increase the strength and stiffness of any wood species.
To advance VTC wood from the concept evaluation stage to the development stage, concept testing interviews were conducted with individuals in the forest products industry. Opinions, ideas, and insights were gathered from interviewees concerning potential applications for VTC wood, as well as advantages and barriers to commercialization.
As a whole, interviewees thought the most viable uses for VTC wood were laminated veneer lumber, plywood, concrete forms, transportation components, and flooring. The most frequently mentioned advantages to commercialization included increased mechanical properties and the utilization of a low-value wood species; barriers to commercialization were cost and the forest products industry's resistance to change. Overall, interviewees thought VTC wood would be successful as long as it was not markedly more expensive than similar products.
Determination of Crosscutting Safety Zone for Finger-Jointed Pinus sylvestris Furniture Components
Authors: Fredriksson Magnus , Öhman Micael , Song Haitong 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
A common problem with finger-jointed wooden furniture components is chipping in the finger joints due to fiber deviations around sound knots. To avoid this, a fixed size safety zone between defects and crosscuts is used, but can lead to an excess of material cut away in the crosscutting operation.
To reduce chippings in finger joints while maximizing recovery, an adaptive strategy was developed for setting the safety zone size between sound knots and finger joints in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) furniture components. The strategy was based upon modeling the risk of chipping the finger joint depending on the knot measurement. The model was used in an adaptive strategy in order to minimize the expected loss due to cutting away material around knots, compared with the cost of rejecting components in later stages due to chipped finger joints. Thus, each knot was assigned a unique safety zone. The strategy was tested using computer simulation of the finger-jointing process, and a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to quantify the effect of variations in the input data. The results show that the adaptive strategy improves recovery by at least 3 percent in the process of turning lumber into finger-jointed furniture components. It is very robust toward variations in knot size measurements (e.g., by scanning equipment), but less robust toward variations in crosscutting precision.
Bending Strength and Stiffness of Portuguese Maritime Pine Utility Poles
Authors: Martins Carlos , Dias Alfredo 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The Civil Engineering Department of the University of Coimbra set up a project with the purpose of grading and characterizing Portuguese maritime pine utility poles. To achieve the aim of this project, 64 utility poles that met the requirements of Comité Européen de normalization EN14229 were collected in the central coastal region of Portugal. The utility poles were characterized according to various anatomic and geometric characteristics: the number of knots, the amount of taper, the nominal diameter, and the rate of growth. Each utility pole was also tested in bending. From these tests, the bending strength and modulus of elasticity were determined. The results obtained were in line with previously published results for utility poles from other species. In addition to this, wood samples were collected from each specimen to determine the moisture content and density. The correlation coefficients between the bending strength and modulus of elasticity were determined, as were the coefficients between the bending strength and the anatomic and geometric characteristics. From this analysis, it was concluded that the properties that had a closer correlation with bending strength were those of modulus of elasticity, density, and taper. The correlation coefficient between bending strength and the set of geometric and anatomic characteristics and density was determined by a multiple linear regression, and it was concluded that this set of parameters may be used for nondestructive evaluation of the utility poles.
Effects of Peripheral Planing on Surface Characteristics and Adhesion of a Waterborne Acrylic Coating to Black Spruce Wood
Authors: Cool Julie , Hernández Roger E. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Peripheral planing of black spruce (Picea mariana) wood was optimized for rake angle and feed speed. Both cutting parameters affected surface characteristics at the microscopic and macroscopic level. In turn, the interaction between rake angle and feed speed had a significant impact on surface roughness, disperse component of surface energy, and total surface energy, as well as on initial pull-off adhesion strength of a waterborne coating. Loss in adhesion during the accelerated aging treatment was significantly lower for samples machined with a rake angle of 10°. This rake angle combined with a wavelength (feed per knife) of 1.3 mm yielded coated surfaces with high initial pull-off strength. Therefore, this wavelength could be used to increase production rates without significantly affecting surface quality. In addition, no torn grain was observed for surfaces prepared with a rake angle of 10° regardless of feed speed.
A Laboratory Test of the Leachability and Decay Resistance of Some Synthesized Borate Compounds
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Jiang Mingliang , Ma Xingxia , Jiang Zehui , Fei Benhua 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Quaternary ammonium tetraphenylborates (TPBs) and quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborates were synthesized for the manufacture of leaching-resistant boron wood preservatives. The leachability of these boron compounds and the termite and decay resistance of wood treated with these compounds were evaluated. The boron leaching rate of wood treated with quaternary ammonium TPB formulations ranged from 2.1 to 6.7 percent, while that of quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate formulations ranged from 23.3 to 59.0 percent. Quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborates performed better than quaternary ammonium TPBs in termite resistance and inhibition zone tests. Quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborates could inhibit Gloeophyllum trabeum and Phanerochaete chrysosporium at all concentrations used in the laboratory inhibition zone test. Weight loss of masson pine (Pinus massoniana) sapwood treated with quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate solutions was 1.4 to 2.6 percent (G. trabeum) and 2.5 to 3.8 percent (by Coriolus versicolor) at preservative retentions around 7.0 kg/m3.
Exploring Market Opportunities for American Hardwoods through Chinese International Furniture Supply Trade Shows
Authors: Shi Wenping , Smith Paul M. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Global competition is increasingly impacting business organization and practice, which is forcing US hardwood manufacturers to become more efficient in manufacturing, distribution, and marketing. At the international marketing level, firms must target their promotional mix more effectively and efficiently toward relevant buyers from around the world. International trade shows have long been considered a cost-efficient and quick way to promote exports or gain valuable market information for entry. China is now the world's largest furniture producer and exporter and the leading importer of US hardwoods. As such, it is important to better understand mechanisms for cost-effective participation in this huge hardwood market. This study was conducted to increase awareness of the importance of US–Chinese hardwood trade and knowledge of Chinese international furniture supply trade shows (IFS-TSs). In 2011, US hardwood lumber exports to China totaled US$506 million or two-thirds of the US$775 million worth of all hardwood product exports that year. A total of 27 Chinese IFS-TSs were identified through a two-part process: a review of secondary sources and personal communication with key trade show informants in China. This article also profiles the largest and most influential Chinese IFS-TSs (n = 9) in terms of the number of attendees and exhibitors, and other relevant factors. A better understanding of these trade shows will help US hardwood manufactures make show participation decisions.