bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A CMOS front-end circuit for capacitive sensors with zero adjustment
Authors: Sun Fangxia , Tang Shoulong 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A front-end circuit with measurement zero adjustment was designed using 180nm CMOS technology for capacitive sensors. A series-switched capacitor composed of capacitor under test and MOSFETs is controlled by a clock signal to convert capacitance to current. The minimum output current at fixed capacitance can be adjusted by applying different voltage to realize zero adjustment. The test shows that the output current has a monotonic linear relationship with the measured capacitance, with capacitance detection range reaches 50pF-3000pF and an output current range of 0.59mA-22.2mA. The maximum span of multiple measurements was lower than 8.37uA. The stable time is less than 23ms and sensitivity is 19.8uA/pF. This circuit is suitable for long-distance and wide-range capacitance detections.
Fitness-based growth of directed networks with hierarchy
Authors: Rodgers Niall , Tiňo Peter , Johnson Samuel 
Published: August 2024

AbstractGrowing attention has been brought to the fact that many real directed networks exhibit hierarchy and directionality as measured through techniques like trophic analysis and non-normality. We propose a simple growing network model where the probability of connecting to a node is defined by a preferential attachment mechanism based on degree and the difference in fitness between nodes. In particular, we show how mechanisms such as degree-based preferential attachment and node fitness interactions can lead to the emergence of the spectrum of hierarchy and directionality observed in real networks. In this work, we study various features of this model relating to network hierarchy, as measured by trophic analysis. This includes (I) how preferential attachment can lead to network hierarchy, (II) how scale-free degree distributions and network hierarchy can coexist, (III) the correlation between node fitness and trophic level, (IV) how the fitness parameters can predict trophic incoherence and how the trophic level difference distribution compares to the fitness difference distribution, (V) the relationship between trophic level and degree imbalance and the unique role of nodes at the ends of the fitness hierarchy and (VI) how fitness interactions and degree-based preferential attachment can interplay to generate networks of varying coherence and degree distribution. We also provide an example of the intuition this work enables in the analysis of a real historical network. This work provides insight into simple mechanisms which can give rise to hierarchy in directed networks and quantifies the usefulness and limitations of using trophic analysis as an analysis tool for real networks.
Transforming the bootstrap: using transformers to compute scattering amplitudes in planar

N

=
4

super Yang–Mills theory
Authors: Cai Tianji , Merz Garrett W , Charton François , Nolte Niklas , Wilhelm Matthias , Cranmer Kyle , Dixon Lance J 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We pursue the use of deep learning methods to improve state-of-the-art computations in theoretical high-energy physics. Planar

N

=
4

Super Yang–Mills theory is a close cousin to the theory that describes Higgs boson production at the Large Hadron Collider; its scattering amplitudes are large mathematical expressions containing integer coefficients. In this paper, we apply transformers to predict these coefficients. The problem can be formulated in a language-like representation amenable to standard cross-entropy training objectives. We design two related experiments and show that the model achieves high accuracy (

>

98
%

)

on both tasks. Our work shows that transformers can be applied successfully to problems in theoretical physics that require exact solutions.
Redemption, 1880–1900
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into the history of Redemption, which is the aftermath of Reconstruction. It explains that at some point between the political demise of Reconstruction and the Great War, the experience of African Americans in the United States sunk to its lowest point, worse in some ways than during slavery times. Moreover, the Fuller Court consistently struck down federal and state efforts to secure Blacks’ rights. The chapter provides an overview of the ratification of Jim Crow following several cases, such as the Plessy v. Ferguson case. It explores the themes of reconciliation, reunion, white supremacy, and emancipation that emerged from the haze of historical memory after the war.
The Nadir and the Blue Hour, 1900–1920
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains that the blue hour for African Americans came in the years between the Nadir and the 1920s. The Thirteenth Amendment’s ban on involuntary servitude signaled an approaching turnaround in the Court’s thinking. In the decade of the Nadir, the Supreme Court closed the federal courts to African Americans struggling against the disfranchisement inaugurated by the Mississippi Plan. The chapter cites that peonage cases were the first sign that the edifice of Jim Crow was not as sturdy as its supporters thought. The peonage cases began invoking the protections of the Reconstruction Amendments and treated African Americans as rights-bearing citizens.
Tipping Points to Transitions: PEA and NEA (Principles 2 and 3)
Authors: Boyatzis Richard E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses the Positive Emotional Attractor (PEA) and Negative Emotional Attractor (NEA), which are tipping points to transitions in sustained, desired change consisting of three axes. The PEA invites openness to new ideas and is energizing and restorative. The NEA act as brakes, slowing or stopping awareness, and is draining and deflating.
One axis is stress (SNS) to renewal (PNS). Another is the DMNto TPN. The third is positive to negative emotions. Together, the PEA enables openness to new ideas, emotions, better immune system functioning, neurogenesis, better cognitive functioning, vagal tone and flourishing. The NEA enables analysis, solving problems, making decisions and focusing attention. These two states suppress each other. Unless the PEA is reinforced over time, a deterioration will cause a tipping point into the NEA state. Emotional and social contagion via swarming play a major role in spreading PEA or NEA in social movements and human collectives.
Sustained, desired change in humans and human systems is most often discontinuous and nonlinear, and is better described as a power curve. Power curves are ubiquitous among humans because one’s actions are connected, not independent. In addition, humans will also seek to defend and protect themselves and their tribes. In addition, people want to be included and typically seek social approval. Lastly, humans will attempt to reduce uncertainty. Emotional and social contagion affects actions in dyads, teams, organizations, communities, and countries in a similar way.
Resonant Relationships Are the Context for Change (Principle 7)
Authors: Boyatzis Richard E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 focuses on resonant relationships. Relationships are the context for sustained, desired change. They are the agar agar in the petri dish of life. Resonant relationships are different in that they permeate and modify experiences in each of the other phases along the process of sustained, desired change. Resonant relationships have three qualities: shared vision, shared compassion, and shared energy. Through shared mindfulness, one can achieve a degree of centeredness and joy through playfulness. With a shared vision in the relationship, people can act independently within their own situation but still move together. Shared compassion is caring for others in need and for others who wish to grow, learn, and change. The degree of shared energy in a relationship is probably a more direct measure of the emotional contagion and being in tune with each other than any other quality of resonant relationships.
Mediastinal mayhem: the challenges of incidental thoracic arteriovenous malformations—a case report
Authors: Tram Louise , Freeman Phillip , Leusink Robert Johannes 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) within the mediastinum are rare vascular anomalies. With the increasing number of coronary angiographies being performed, the number of incidentally found cases is rising. This presents challenges in terms of determining the appropriate treatment strategy.

Case summary
We present the case of a 79-year-old man with aortic stenosis, experiencing functional dyspnoea and fatigue. Echocardiography showed a bicuspid aortic valve, and while left heart catheterization confirmed no significant coronary stenosis, it revealed a tortuous vessel originating from the circumflex artery (Cx), assumed to be heading toward the pulmonary circulation. The patient was scheduled for a surgical replacement of the aortic valve (SAVR). During the SAVR, the tortuous vessel was revealed to be a large, complex AVM located in the mediastinum. This increased both the duration of the surgery and the use of cardioplegia. Further, bleeding occurred per-operatively. Post-operatively, the patient developed tachy-brady syndrome and was treated with a pacemaker before discharge.

Discussion
Due to the rarity of incidental AVMs in the middle/posterior mediastinum, no standard treatment protocol is available. This leaves clinicians and surgeons to manage the disease on a case-by-case basis, often with limited experience to guide their decisions. This patient case underscores the challenge of determining whether patients should be offered transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) or surgery. Furthermore, it highlights the intricate challenges that can arise when dealing with thoracic AVMs during cardiac procedures, emphasizing the importance of pre-operative awareness and tailored surgical approaches based on multidisciplinary discussions.
Accumulation of Large Lineage-Specific Repeats Coincides with Sequence Acceleration and Structural Rearrangement in Plantago Plastomes
Authors: Wang Jie , Kan Shenglong , Kong Jiali , Nie Liyun , Fan Weishu , Ren Yonglin , Reeve Wayne , Mower Jeffrey P , Wu Zhiqiang 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Repeats can mediate rearrangements and recombination in plant mitochondrial genomes and plastid genomes. While repeat accumulations are linked to heightened evolutionary rates and complex structures in specific lineages, debates persist regarding the extent of their influence on sequence and structural evolution. In this study, 75 Plantago plastomes were analyzed to investigate the relationships between repeats, nucleotide substitution rates, and structural variations. Extensive repeat accumulations were associated with significant rearrangements and inversions in the large inverted repeats (IRs), suggesting that repeats contribute to rearrangement hotspots. Repeats caused infrequent recombination that potentially led to substoichiometric shifting, supported by long-read sequencing. Repeats were implicated in elevating evolutionary rates by facilitating localized hypermutation, likely through DNA damage and repair processes. This study also observed a decrease in nucleotide substitution rates for loci translocating into IRs, supporting the role of biased gene conversion in maintaining lower substitution rates. Combined with known parallel changes in mitogenomes, it is proposed that potential dysfunction in nuclear-encoded genes associated with DNA replication, recombination, and repair may drive the evolution of Plantago organellar genomes. These findings contribute to understanding how repeats impact organellar evolution and stability, particularly in rapidly evolving plant lineages.
The heterogeneous response of real estate prices during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Heiniger Sandro , Koeniger Winfried , Lechner Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We estimate the transmission of the pandemic shock in 2020 to the residential and commercial real estate market by causal machine learning, using granular data for Germany. We exploit differences in the incidence of Covid infections and short-time work at the municipal level for the identification of epidemiological and economic effects of the pandemic. We find that (i) a larger incidence of Covid infections temporarily reduced rents for retail real estate; (ii) a larger incidence of short-time work temporarily reduced rents of office real estate; (iii) the pandemic increased prices, particularly in the top price segment of commercial real estate.
Buyer’s notice of non-conformity
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 39’s underlying basic principle of the buyer’s duty to give notice of any lack of conformity. Additionally, the principle is maintained in the CISG. Any lack of conformity that the buyer has established upon a proper examination of the goods must be notified to the seller. The notice must indicate the intention to object and exactly specify the nature of the lack of conformity. The chapter notes the consequences of failing to give any or proper notice to the seller at the designated time limit. However, Article 39 is non-mandatory so parties may agree that the duty to give notice of lack of conformity does not apply at all.
Early or excess delivery
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the basic concept of Article 52 which gives the buyer the right to reject the goods in case of early or excess delivery. The provision intends to prevent buyers from incurring additional costs as a result and to protect them from onerous circumstances brought about by early or excess delivery. The chapter states the importance of following the date fixed in the contract between the seller and the buyer. It also emphasizes that the buyer should not be burdened with the costs and inconveniences involved (e.g. storage of goods) in the event of premature delivery. Nonetheless, the chapter explains that Article 52 is inapplicable if a definite delivery date has not been fixed. Furthermore, it looks at the consequences of accepting the early delivery. The chapter also points out that if a seller delivers a larger quantity than agreed in the contract, he commits a breach of contract. The delivery of goods of greater value than the goods owed under the contract also represents a non-conformity with the contract.
Suspension of performance
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 71, which governs the case in which a party may suspend its performance because, in all probability, the other party will not perform a substantial part of its obligations. The provision states the principle that a party should not be obliged to perform if it is foreseeable that it will not receive what is owed to it. It distinguishes between the right to suspend performance before performance is due and the seller’s right to prevent the handing over of the goods where they have already been dispatched. The discussion highlights the right of suspension as an important self-help remedy, protecting the creditor from knowingly exposing itself to the risk of not receiving anything in return for what it has performed.
Parties’ release from obligations; restriction
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights Article 81, which bears the same wording as its predecessor, Article 78 ULIS. For clarification purposes, Article 81 was added that any provision of the contract for the settlement of disputes would not be affected by an avoidance of the contract. It also mentions the addition of any other provision of the contract governing the rights and obligations of the parties consequent upon the avoidance of the contract, which will not be affected by an avoidance of the contract to avoid ambiguities. The chapter covers the suggestion for the addition in Article, which was made at the Vienna Conference to part with the term ‘avoidance’ and to replace it with ‘discharge by breach.’ It clarifies that ‘avoidance’ would arouse connotations with the English legal terms ‘avoid’ and ‘avoidable’, which refer to the validity of a contract rather than to the reaction to a fundamental breach of contract.
Relationship with other international agreements
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 83, which re-emphasizes the basic principle that a breach of contract leads to a range of different remedies that co-exist independently from each other. The buyer is not left without rights, even if it cannot claim restitution of the purchase price, or demand substitute delivery, because of Article 82(1). It explores the impossibility of making restitution of the goods in their original state, which does not preclude the buyer from exercising other remedies for breach of contract. The chapter looks at modern unification projects that provide for a palette of remedies from which the party not in breach can choose, even though they have done away with the rule of Article 82. Article 83 does not pose any new principle or rule, it is just a reminder of the fact that a breach of contract may be remedied by a variety of measures.
Introduction to Articles 85–88 CISG: General questions regarding the preservation of the goods
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter talks about Article 85, which lays down that the seller must take steps to preserve the goods until they have been handed over to the buyer. An express provision to this effect was needed in the CISG principally because of the fact that the seller is entitled to the purchase price if the buyer refuses to take over the goods, and this obligation cannot be reduced even if the seller fails to mitigate the loss. It refers to situations in which Article 85 is applicable, wherein the risk has already passed to the buyer. The chapter points out how Article 85 prohibits such situations by obliging the seller to care for the goods in the buyer’s interest. The obligation laid down in Article 85 has partially the same function as the more general duty to mitigate loss where possible.
Reservation by States with harmonized laws regarding the Convention’s inter se applicability
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter cites Article 94, through which the 1980 Sales Convention takes into account that a number of CISG Contracting States share uniform or harmonized laws on matters also governed by the CISG. In order to enable an undisturbed coexistence between the Sales Convention and other harmonized laws that have developed in a regional context, Article 94 authorizes Contracting States to declare a reservation through which the trade between countries sharing such laws is excluded from the CISG’s application. It emphasizes how Article 94 reservations, by contrast, do not affect the continued application of the Sales Convention to contracts with parties from any other State with whom no harmonized law is shared. The chapter mentions the use of Article 94 in the past by the Nordic (Scandinavian) States. Article 94 excluded intra-Nordic trade from the Sales Convention and instead apply their domestic laws as harmonized within the Nordic Council.
Reservation regarding freedom of form
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers Article 96 as unique in its apparent duplification by Article 12, sentence 1 as both provisions address the same issue from a different but otherwise correspond in their content. It recounts how Article 96 had no predecessor in the 1964 Hague Sales Conventions. During the preparatory work for the Vienna Sales Convention, the USSR proposed a provision of this kind as early as 1970 and remained the reservation’s principal sponsor throughout the drafting history. The chapter refers to a draft of Articles 12 and 96 that first appeared in UNCITRAL in 1977 and was then, with some drafting refinements, included into the 1978 New York Draft. At the Vienna Diplomatic Conference, Article 96 was the only among the Convention’s final provisions not to be exclusively discussed in the Second Committee due to its close connection to Articles 11 and 12.
Temporal applicability to sales contracts
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Article 100 that governs the Sales Convention’s temporal scope of application, such as the question to which sales contracts the Convention applies after it has entered into force. Article 100 deals with the temporal applicability of Part II of the Convention and with the same question in respect of the Convention’s Part III. It discusses how Article 100 reflects the principle of non-retroactivity, following a rule of customary international law codified in Article 28 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The chapter mentions that Article 100 is directed at commercial judges and arbitrators, private parties, and their legal advisers. Although Article 100 had predecessors in the 1964 Hague Conventions and the 1974 Limitation Convention, those earlier provisions’ wording was simpler as they did not have to interact with the basic rules on applicability.
Histone variant macroH2A1 regulates synchronous firing of replication origins in the inactive X chromosome
Authors: Arroyo Maria , Casas-Delucchi Corella S , Pabba Maruthi K , Prorok Paulina , Pradhan Sunil K , Rausch Cathia , Lehmkuhl Anne , Maiser Andreas , Buschbeck Marcus , Pasque Vincent , Bernstein Emily , Luck Katja , Cardoso M Cristina 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
MacroH2A has been linked to transcriptional silencing, cell identity, and is a hallmark of the inactive X chromosome (Xi). However, it remains unclear whether macroH2A plays a role in DNA replication. Using knockdown/knockout cells for each macroH2A isoform, we show that macroH2A-containing nucleosomes slow down replication progression rate in the Xi reflecting the higher nucleosome stability. Moreover, macroH2A1, but not macroH2A2, regulates the number of nano replication foci in the Xi, and macroH2A1 downregulation increases DNA loop sizes corresponding to replicons. This relates to macroH2A1 regulating replicative helicase loading during G1 by interacting with it. We mapped this interaction to a phenylalanine in macroH2A1 that is not conserved in macroH2A2 and the C-terminus of Mcm3 helicase subunit. We propose that macroH2A1 enhances the licensing of pre-replication complexes via DNA helicase interaction and loading onto the Xi.
PRONTO-TK: a user-friendly PROtein Neural neTwOrk tool-kit for accessible protein function prediction
Authors: Politano Gianfranco , Benso Alfredo , Rehman Hafeez Ur , Re Angela 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Associating one or more Gene Ontology (GO) terms to a protein means making a statement about a particular functional characteristic of the protein. This association provides scientists with a snapshot of the biological context of the protein activity. This paper introduces PRONTO-TK, a Python-based software toolkit designed to democratize access to Neural-Network based complex protein function prediction workflows. PRONTO-TK is a user-friendly graphical interface (GUI) for empowering researchers, even those with minimal programming experience, to leverage state-of-the-art Deep Learning architectures for protein function annotation using GO terms. We demonstrate PRONTO-TK’s effectiveness on a running example, by showing how its intuitive configuration allows it to easily generate complex analyses while avoiding the complexities of building such a pipeline from scratch.