bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Quaternary Transformation of Older Inherited Mountain Landscapes
Authors: Starkel Leszek 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe Quaternary transformation of the inherited mountain relief was controlled by three factors: cyclic climatic changes, resistance of the substratum and neotectonic uplift. Cyclic climatic fluctuations in the majority of European mountains were reflected in the alternation of interglacial and cold stages, the former characterized by a dominance of forest and chemical weathering, the latter by permafrost, solifluction, wind activity and, at higher elevations, by glacier advances. The transitional phases played an important role as periods of re-establishment of water circulation and transfer of regolith and sediment, formed during the previous cold or interglacial stage. The rates of degradation of inherited planation surfaces and slopes depend on bedrock resistance. In the case of less resistant flysch deposits, degradation during a single (last) cold stage reached 10 metres. Therefore, the higher planation levels may have been either better preserved on more resistant bedrock or even emphasized by cryoplanation processes. The lowest piedmont developed on less resistant beds was lowered to 50 m. In the young mountains, the Quaternary uplift may have played an additional role. In the case of uplift reaching or exceeding several hundred metres, the former fluvial forms were shifted to the cryonival or even nival (glacial) vertical zone where they became entirely transformed.
Changes of the Morphology of the Ropa River — Upstream and Downstream of the Klimkowka Water Reservoir
Authors: Wiejaczka Łukasz , Kiszka Krzysztof , Bochenek Witold 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe paper outlines changes in the channel morphology of the Ropa riverbed over the last six years, taking into account the role of large floods and the Klimkówka water reservoir in shaping the morphology of the riverbed. The analysis was based on annual geodetic measurements of the Ropa riverbed conducted between 2009-2014. The research was carried out in four cross profiles of the riverbed located upstream (1 profile) and downstream (3 profiles) of the reservoir. In order to recognise the direction and scale of morphology changes of the riverbed, additional analyses of water levels in the Ropa River was performed in the analysed multiannual period. The conducted analysis led to the conclusion that floods with extremely large discharges are the key factor causing the deepening of the riverbed downstream from the reservoir. It can be up to about 70 cm deep during a single event. The reservoir is just one additional factor of many which shape the direction and scale of changes to the riverbed. A significant role in modifying the riverbed morphology upstream from the reservoir is played by river control works, which diminish the effects of sediment accumulation occurring on this section.
Citizenship Challenges in Myanmar’s Democratic Transition: Case Study of the Rohingya-Muslim
Authors: Suaedy Ahmad , Hafiz Muhammad 
Published: April 2015

As a part of the Myanmar transition to democracy, which began after the election in 2010, the census on March-April 2014 refused to count the Rohingya ethnic group. This was symbolic of the Myanmar government’s rejection of Rohingya people as citizens. The paradox is that democracy necessitates a guarantee of fundamental freedoms and recognition of all group identities. Through in depth interviews with a number of Rohingya political and social leaders at the end of March 2014, in Yangon, this research details the Rohingya struggle to secure their rights in the political process. A number of documents both from the Rohingya and from the Myanmar government justify why and how the process of exclusion and discrimination occurs. This research will conclude with a discussion of the challenges and recommended steps for the future to accommodate the Rohingya as Myanmar citizens, and of the need for international and regional support.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v22i1.1387
Influencia de microhábitats en el desempeño de especies herbáceas en áreas de bosque maduro y secundario en la región semiárida de Brasil
Authors: Ramos de Andrade Juliana , Andrade da Silva Kleber , Fraga dos Santos Josiene Maria , Melo dos Santos Danielle , Pereira Guerra Thiago , De Lima Araújo Elcida 
Published: April 2015

<p>The conditions for plant establishment in mature forest are different from those found in disturbed areas. In dry environments, the herbaceous cover is the most important in the recolonization of deforested areas. It can, therefore, act as an ideal biological group for assessing how changes in habitat heterogeneity affect the resilience of dry forests. The aim of this research was to evaluate whether natural regeneration of the herbaceous stratum differed between areas of mature and secondary forest of Caatinga and to describe this process. The study took place in the Brazilian semiarid region during the rainy season 2011 (January to August), where fifty 1m² plots were set up, 25 allocated to the microhabitat established as “between canopies” and 25 to the microhabitat “under the canopy”. The herbaceous species selected for the study were <em>Delilia biflora</em> (Asteraceae), <em>Gomphrena vaga</em> (Amaranthaceae) and <em>Pseudabutilon spicatum</em> (Malvaceae), abundant species occurring in both areas. All individuals from the selected populations were counted, marked with sequential numbers, and the height of the stem was measured. Differences between areas, and in size and survival between microhabitats, were found only for the first two species. Fruit production was higher in the mature forest for the three species. The study concluded that: 1. The effect of the microhabitats “between canopies” and “under the canopy” in mature and secondary forest areas depends on the species considered; 2. Populations sensitive to light intensity differ in number of individuals, height and fruit production; and 3. The resilience of anthropogenic areas in semiarid environments can be characterized by the presence of spatial heterogeneity with regard to the emergence and survival of herbaceous seedlings, suggesting that the regeneration of disturbed areas may occur in patches. </p>
Analysis of radionuclide migration with consideration of spatial and temporal change of migration parameters due to uplift and denudation
Authors: Shimada Taro , Takeda Seiji , Mukai Masayuki , Munakata Masahiro , Tanaka Tadao 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIntegrated safety assessment methodology that analyzes radionuclide migration reflecting the spatial and temporal changes of disposal systems was developed for a geological disposal site with uplift and denudation, and then some case analyses for an assumed site were carried out. The combination of uniform uplift and denudation has the largest effect on the radionuclide migration because the ground water flow velocity increases with decreasing depth from the ground surface. In the case without denudation, tilted uplift has more effect than uniform uplift because flow velocity in tilted uplift increases with increasing hydraulic gradient. The long-term change of the geological structures including the uplift and denudation, the hydraulic conditions, and the recharge and outlet of the ground water around a candidate site should be carefully investigated to determine the appropriate the place, depth and layout of the repository.
Preparation and Evaluation of Bimetallic Au Nano-Catalyst with Aerobic Oxidation of 1-Phenylethanol
Authors: Nishimura Shun , Takahashi Takamasa , Yakita Yusuke , Ebitani Kohki 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTContributions of electronic (or ligand) and geometric (or ensemble) effects on the AuM bimetallic nano-catalyst were elucidated by using a simple aerobic oxidation of 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone on the basis of difference in the ionization energy values (Ei) between Au and M elements. The poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)-protected Au60M40 bimetallic NPs (M = Ag, Cu, Pd, Pt and Ir) were prepared with a polyol reduction method, and stabilized onto the solid base hydrotalcite support affording the Au60M40-PVP/HT catalysts. The yields for acetophenone were observed as the following order; Au60Pd40-PVP/HT (>99%) >> Au60Ag40-PVP/HT (17.4%) > Au60Cu40-PVP/HT (13.8%) > Au60Pt40-PVP/HT (7.1%) > Au60Ir40-PVP/HT (5.5%), at 343 K for 6 h. Differences in the Ei between Au and M (EiAu-EiM) indicted that the yields over the Ag, Cu, Pt, and Ir incorporated Au catalysts were well-understood on the ligand effects theory, though geometric factors such as differences in nanostructure around Au atom in Au60M40 NPs on HT should be further considered as other contributed factors. The significant activity on Au60Pd40-PVP/HT was studied in terms of the electron density of Pd atoms. It was observed that the Pd 4d density was varied by the amount of Au loading. According to these observations combined with our previous studies, we suggest that the advantages in AuPd bimetallic catalyst are not only in the ligand effect serving negatively-charged Au but also the ensemble effect of neighbor Pd, and they synergistically contribute to the novel activity for aerobic alcohol oxidation over AuPd catalyst.
Air-Stable Nanopowders of Mixed Reactive Metals as Fuel Additives
Authors: Weismiller Michael R. , Huba Zachary J. , Maling Emily L. , Epshteyn Albert , Williams Bradley A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTNano-sized metallic powders have advantages as fuels including faster, more complete combustion than micron-sized metal powder particles; however, the unpassivated nanoparticles of some metals of interest, such as Al, are pyrophoric and highly reactive, making them difficult to handle. Additionally, metal-hydrides are of great potential interest for a significant gravimetric energy increase without a penalty in the volumetric energy content, as the inclusion of hydrogen in the metallic matrix does not significantly decrease overall density of the material. Reactive metal amorphous powders produced by the sonochemical decomposition and dehydrogenation of an in situ-produced mixed borohydride-tetrahydroaluminate of titanium and containing hydrogen are examined in the current work and show exceptional air-stability and higher energy content than nano-Al. An aerosolized powder burner is used to investigate the combustion behavior of these powders mixed with gaseous fuels to quantify the energy density and reaction rate as compared to commercial aluminum powders in an effort to benchmark the performance of the sonochemically generated amorphous Ti-Al-B powder fuels.
Improving the stability of tonal track circuits under fluctuations of ballast resistance
Authors: Honcharov K. V. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose.The purpose of investigation is the development of method for improving the stability of tonal track circuits that takes into account the actual insulation resistance (ballast resistance) of rail line.Methodology. To achieve the research purpose it was proposed to automatically determine the insulation resistance of rail line, and depending on this value to adjust the output voltage of track generator. Ballast resistance is determined by the value of input resistance the rail line, which at high frequencies practically is equal to the wave impedance. To implement the proposed method it is necessary to connect to the track circuit additional high-frequency generators, high-frequency filters, unit for finding the ballast resistance and adjusting the output voltage of track generator. Findings. As a result of research it was found that at low values (less than 2 Ohms*km) the change of ballast resistance causes significant change of voltage at the track receiver input, which may cause malfunction of the track circuit. Increasing the length of rail line leads to the reducing of its input resistance, raising the measuring frequency causes increasing the input resistance. In both cases, the input resistance tends to the value of the wave impedance. The measuring frequency should be chosen taking into account the length of rail line and the upper limit of ballast resistance, the value 5 Ohms*km can be taken as that limit. At higher values of ballast resistance its changes insignificantly influence the input voltage of track receiver. In this case, the adaptive adjustment of voltage at the track generator output is not performed. Originality. The method for measuring the insulation resistance of rail line has been improved that allows one to determine the ballast resistance automatically. The dependence between measuring frequency, length of rail line and ballast resistance have been determined. Practical value. The proposed method allows one to improve the reliability of tonal track circuits, to provide their stable operation under fluctuations of ballast resistance due to determination of the actual insulation resistance of rail line and the adaptation of track circuits to the actual conditions of their operation.
Maize and Weed Growth under Multispecies Competition
Authors: Yousefi Ali Reza , Karimmojeni Hassan , Mashhadi Hamid Rahimian , Amini Rouhollah 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTMultispecies competition effects of Xanthium strumarium L. and Datura stramonium L. have not been characterized in maize (Zea mays L.). Such information would be useful in developing an integrated approach to managing these two problematic weeds. Field experiments were conducted during 2 yr to evaluate multiple weed species interference of X. strumarium and D. stramonium at the total densities of 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 plants m−2 (alone, and all possible combinations of the two weeds) with maize. Crop yield was associated with the density of D. stramonium and X. strumarium and decreased severely with increasing weed density. The maximum maize yield loss (63%) occurred when 12 X. strumarium and 4 D. Stramonium plants m−2 were allowed to compete with the crop. The total weed density (expressed in X. strumarium equivalent density) required to cause a 5% maize yield loss was about 0.50 and 0.56 plants m−2 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Total canopy leaf area index and crop yield were reduced more strongly by competition with X. strumarium than with D. stramonium. Averaged over multispecies populations, X. strumarium contributed 84 and 67% of the total weed biomass in the first and second years, respectively. Owing to the high competitive ability and biomass production of X. strumarium in mixed crop and weed communities, it should be given a greater priority for control than D. stramonium in maize.
Prediction of Genetic Variance in Biparental Maize Populations: Genomewide Marker Effects versus Mean Genetic Variance in Prior Populations
Authors: Lian Lian , Jacobson Amy , Zhong Shengqiang , Bernardo Rex 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTGood methods are lacking for predicting the genetic variance (VG) in biparental populations. Our objective was to determine whether genomewide marker effects and related populations could be used to predict the VG when two parents (A and B) are crossed to form a segregating population. For each of 85 A/B populations, 2 to 23 maize (Zea mays L.) populations with A and B as one of the parents were used as the training population. In the genomewide selection model, the testcross VG in A/B was predicted as the variance among the predicted genotypic values of progeny from a simulated A/B population. In the mean variance model, VG in A/B was predicted as the mean of VG in a series of A/* populations and */B populations, where * denotes a random parent. The correlations between observed and predicted VG were significant (P = 0.05) for both the genomewide selection model (0.18 for yield, 0.49 for moisture, and 0.52 for test weight) and the mean variance model (0.26 for yield, 0.46 for moisture, and 0.50 for test weight). The percentages of bias in estimates of VG were −28 to −60% for the genomewide selection model, but were only −1 to 5% for the mean variance model. Our results indicated that the VG in an A/B population could be predicted as the mean variance among populations with A and B as one of the parents. The mean variance model should be practical in breeding programs because it simply uses phenotypic data from prior, related populations.
Advanced Usage of Inertia Test Stand – Measurement of the Gearbox No-Load Losses
Authors: Achtenová Gabriela , Pakosta Jiří 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In the laboratories of Czech Technical University in Prague a new inertia test stand was designed and realised. Its main purpose is to test the behavior and endurance of the internal shift mechanisms of passenger car gearboxes. In this paper we present further usage of the test stand, which consists of measurement of gearbox losses. The gearbox on the inertia test stand cannot be loaded; therefore the target is the measurement of losses resulting mainly from splash lubrication and some additional gearbox friction (e.g. friction in shaft sealing, bearing losses). The most typical passenger car mechanical five speed gearbox for transversal position of the drivetrain was chosen for this experiment.
On the uncertainty of sea-ice isostasy
Authors: Geiger Cathleen , Wadhams Peter , Müller Hans-Reinhard , Richter-Menge Jacqueline , Samluk Jesse , Deliberty Tracy , Corradina Victoria 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDuring late winter 2007, coincident measurements of sea ice were collected using various sensors at an ice camp in the Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic. Analysis of the archived data provides new insight into sea-ice isostasy and its related R-factor through case studies at three scales using different combinations of snow and ice thickness components. At the smallest scale (<1 m; point scale), isostasy is not expected, so we calculate a residual and define this as Ж (‘zjey’) to describe vertical displacement due to deformation. From 1 to 10 m length scales, we explore traditional isostasy and identify a specific sequence of thickness calculations which minimize freeboard and elevation uncertainty. An effective solution exists when the R-factor is allowed to vary: ranging from 2 to 12, with mean of 5.17, mode of 5.88 and skewed distribution. At regional scales, underwater, airborne and spaceborne platforms are always missing thickness variables from either above or below sea level. For such situations, realistic agreement is found by applying small-scale skewed ranges for the R-factor. These findings encourage a broader isostasy solution as a function of potential energy and length scale. Overall, results add insight to data collection strategies and metadata characteristics of different thickness products.
Imaging for assessment of treatment response in hepatocellular carcinoma: Current update
Authors: Hayano Koichi , Lee Sang Ho , Sahani Dushyant V 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMorphologic methods such as the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) are considered as the gold standard for response assessment in the management of cancer. However, with the increasing clinical use of antineoplastic cytostatic agents and locoregional interventional therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), conventional morphologic methods are confronting limitations in response assessment. Thus, there is an increasing interest in new imaging methods for response assessment, which can evaluate tumor biology such as vascular physiology, fibrosis, necrosis, and metabolism. In this review, we discuss various novel imaging methods for response assessment and compare them with the conventional ones in HCC.
Imaging in neuroblastoma: An update
Authors: Kembhavi Seema A , Shah Sneha , Rangarajan Venkatesh , Qureshi Sajid , Popat Palak , Kurkure Purna 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNeuroblastoma is the third common tumor in children. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis, staging, treatment planning, response evaluation and in follow-up of a case of Neuroblastoma. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group task force has recently introduced an imaging-based staging system and laid down guidelines for uniform reporting of imaging studies. This review is an update on imaging in neuroblastoma, with emphasis on these guidelines.
Osmotic myelinolysis: Does extrapontine myelinolysis precede central pontine myelinolysis? Report of two cases and review of literature
Authors: Babanrao Sabale Avinash , Prahladan Anil , Kalidos Kalirajan , Ramachandran Krishnankutty 
Published: April 2015

AbstractOsmotic myelinolysis is an acute, rare, demyelinating process. After the initial description of the condition by Adam and colleagues in 1959, many case series have been published describing the central and extrapontine myelinolysis. Imaging has a definitive role in establishing the diagnosis of osmotic myelinolysis in vivo and diffusion-weighted imaging reveals earliest changes in affected brain parenchyma. We report two cases of patients with proven malignancy who developed extrapontine myelinolysis after treatment for hyponatremia and progressed to central pontine myelinolysis within a week. This was confirmed with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and clinical assessment. This temporal progression of MR features, especially on diffusion-weighted imaging, from extrapontine to central pontine myelinolysis in osmotic injury has not been described in literature to the best of our knowledge. An early MRI of the brain in suspected/high-risk cases of osmotic myelinolysis may show features of extrapontine myelinolysis in the form of restricted diffusion in bilateral basal ganglia and may serve as a guide for predicting progression, prognosticating and deciding further treatment of pontine myelinolysis. We propose that in a significant number of cases, central pontine myelinolysis may be predicted by doing an early MRI of the brain with diffusion-weighted imaging, when extrapontine symptoms start to develop. This can potentially increase the window period and possibilities for therapeutic intervention and may even help in prevention.
Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Cross sectional evaluation of disease spectrum
Authors: Mahajan Mangal S , Moorthy Srikanth , Karumathil Sreekumar P , Rajeshkannan R , Pothera Ramchandran 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAlthough hilar cholangiocarcinoma is relatively rare, it can be diagnosed on imaging by identifying its typical pattern. In most cases, the tumor appears to be centered on the right or left hepatic duct with involvement of the ipsilateral portal vein, atrophy of hepatic lobe on that side, and invasion of adjacent liver parenchyma. Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) are commonly used imaging modalities to assess the longitudinal and horizontal spread of tumor.
Concurrent nonfunctional paraganglioma of the retroperitoneum and urinary bladder: A case report with literature review
Authors: Sherwani Poonam , Anand Rama , Narula Mahender Kaur , Siddiqui Azaz Akhtar , Aggarwal Shilpi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractParagangliomas are the neuroendocrine tumors which arise from the chromaffin cell. Tumors arising from the adrenal medulla are known as pheochromocytomas, while others originating from the extra-adrenal site are known as extra-adrenal paragangliomas. Paraganglioma can be multifocal which can arise synchronously or metachronously. Paragangliomas are less functionally active than the pheochromocytomas; they secrete noradrenaline and rarely dopamine, while adrenal pheochromocytomas secrete adrenaline or nor-adrenaline. Nonfunctional multifocal paragangliomas are very rare. We report a case of a 45-year-old female with multifocal nonfunctional paragangliomas of the retroperitoneum and urinarybladder which were surgically removed, and the diagnosis was confirmed on histopathology.