bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrahepatic cholestasis in common chronic liver diseases
Authors: Jüngst Christoph , Berg Thomas , Cheng Jun , Green Richard M. , Jia Jidong , Mason Andrew L. , Lammert Frank 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveCholestasis represents the consequence of impaired bile formation and decrease in bile flow, generally classified as extra‐ and intrahepatic. Cholestasis is the pivotal hallmark of the so‐called primary cholestatic liver diseases but may also emerge in other forms of chronic liver injury. The aim now was to summarise the current state of knowledge on intrahepatic cholestasis related to chronic liver diseases.MethodsFor this overview on intrahepatic cholestasis in chronic liver disorders other than the ‘classic’ cholestatic liver diseases, selected references were retrieved by literature search in MEDLINE and textbooks were reviewed. All articles were selected that discussed pathophysiological and clinical aspects of intrahepatic cholestasis in the context of alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections as well as drug‐induced and granulomatous liver diseases. Titles referring to primary biliary cirrhosis and sclerosing cholangitis were excluded.Results and conclusionsDependent on the aetiology, intrahepatic cholestasis is present at variable frequencies and in different disease stages in chronic liver diseases. Cholestasis secondary to chronic liver injury may denote a severe disease course and development of end‐stage liver disease or specific disease variants. These findings indicate that ‘secondary intrahepatic cholestasis’ (SIC) can occur in the natural course of chronic liver diseases other than the primary cholestatic diseases, in particular in the setting of advanced disease progression.
Predicting teamwork results from social network analysis
Authors: Crespo Pedro Terras , Antunes Cláudia 
Published: June 2013

AbstractModelling students' behaviours has reached a status that can only be overcome by improving the ability of predicting the results on teamwork. Indeed, teamwork is an important piece on the learning process, but understanding their mechanisms and predicting the results achieved is far from being solved by traditional classifiers. In this paper, we address the problem of predicting teamwork results, and propose a recommender system that suggests new teams, in the context of a given curricular unit. Any student, who is looking for a team, may use the system; in particular, he may ask for the best team to join, either considering all available colleagues or just the set of his previous teammates. Our system makes use of social network analysis and classification methods as the algorithmic core of the decision‐making process. System evaluation is presented through a set of experimental results, which report the performance of social network analysis and classification algorithms over real datasets.
Fatigue crack growth characteristics of inertia friction welded Ti17 alloy
Authors: Ji Y. , Wu S. , Yu G. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTFatigue crack growth rates (FCGR) of the inertia friction welded Ti17 alloy joint was studied at room temperature (RT) and 400 °C at a stress ratio of 0.1. Microstructural analysis and mechanical tests were also carried out. The results show that at RT, FCGR of weld metal with recrystallisation microstructure was higher compared with the base metal and the thermo‐mechanically affected zone. At 400 °C, however, the difference of the FCGR became insignificant. Fractographic observation showed that the failure of the base metal was dominated by slip band in transgranular mode at both RT and 400 °C, whereas crack in weld metal grew in intergranular mode at RT but in transgranular mode at 400 °C. The combined effects of lower yield strength and bigger yield‐ultimate tensile strength difference may be responsible for the higher fatigue crack growth (FCG) resistance of inertia friction welded Ti17 alloy at elevated temperature.
Fatal embrace: trading in hospitality on the frontiers of South and Central Asia
Authors: MARSDEN MAGNUS 
Published: June 2013

This paper explores the contested yet critical importance of hospitality to the everyday lives of Afghan traders in Afghanistan and the Central Asian Republic of Tajikistan. Ethnographically, it focuses on the ways in which these people's relationship to the norms and values of hospitality are often highly reflective and shot through with irony, irreverence, and wit. Theoretically, it aims to move beyond anthropological approaches to the study of morality that document tensions between calculation and ethics in everyday life to a position that reflects the co‐implication of these facets of morality.RésuméLe présent article explore l'importance, contestée mais centrale, de l'hospitalité dans la vie quotidienne des marchands afghans en Afghanistan et au Tadjikistan voisin. Du point de vue ethnographique, il se concentre sur la manière dont la relation de ces marchands avec les normes et valeurs de l'hospitalité est souvent fortement réflexive et teintée d'ironie, d'irrévérence et d'humour. Sur le plan théorique, il cherche à dépasser les approches anthropologiques de l'étude de la moralité qui rendent compte des tensions entre calcul et éthique dans la vie quotidienne pour mettre en lumière l'implication conjointe de ces aspects de la moralité.
Pseudocyst of the Auricle
Authors: HOFFMANN THOMAS J. , RICHARDSON TIM F. , JACOBS RANDY J. , TORRES ABEL 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND. Pseudocyst of the auricle is a benign swelling of the ear characterized by collection of fluid within an unlined intracartilaginous cavity. The etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder remain unknown. Various forms of management have been described in several case reports and small series.OBJECTIVE. Description of a surgical procedure for successful management of pseudocyst of the auricle.METHODS. Case report of a patient who declined nonsurgical treatment options following failed management with aspiration.RESULTS. The described procedure resulted in cure of the pseudocyst with good cosmetic outcome.CONCLUSION. Pseudocyst of the auricle can be successfully managed by surgical excision of the anterior wall of the cyst.
Autologous Collagen?
Authors: COLEMAN WILLIAM P. , LAWRENCE NAOMI , SHERMAN RICHARD N. , REED RICHARD J. , PINSKI KEVIN S. 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND. Soft tissue augmentation with processed fat has been used clinically for several years. This material has been termed “autologous collagen” since it was presumed it was composed primarily of collagen and fibrous tissue from lipocyte cell walls.OBJECTIVE. To examine the histologic behavior of dermis implanted with processed fat.METHOD. Volunteers were injected with processed fat intradermally in the post auricular area and these sites were biopsied at one week, one month, and three months.RESULTS. Early biopsies revealed no intact adiopocytes but a significant inflammatory infiltrate. Subsequently biopsies revealed replacement of the inflammatory reaction with cellular fibrosis and expansion of the dermis.CONCLUSION. Intradermal injection of processed fat results in deposition of fibrous material and collagen due to the response of the recipient site. The material itself contains very little collagen. J Dermatology Surg Oncol 1993:19:1032‐1040.
Two New Retractors for Hair Replacement Surgery
Authors: BRANDY DOMINIC A. 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND. Two new retractors that facilitate scalp reduction and scalp‐lifting surgery are introduced.OBJECTIVE. To improve the accuracy, visibility and speed of alopecia reducing procedures.METHODS. These retractors were developed through trial and error in cooperation with the Robbins Instrument Corporation.RESULTS. The suction retractor has been found to clear the field, elevate the scalp flap, and put the skin on stretch simultaneously. The serrated hook retractor has been found to greatly improve visibility for the cauterization of bleeders. The hook and serrated surface of this retractor prevents intraoperative slippage.CONCLUSION. The two new retractors introduced in this article have been found to improve greatly the accuracy, visibility, and speed of alopecia reducing procedures.
The New Life Market
Authors: Blake David , Cairns Andrew , Coughlan Guy , Dowd Kevin , MacMinn Richard 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe huge economic significance of longevity risk for corporations, governments, and individuals has begun to be recognized and quantified. By virtue of its size and prevalence, longevity risk is the most significant life‐related risk exposure in financial terms and poses a potential threat to the whole system of retirement income provision. This article reviews the birth and development of the Life Market, the new market related to the transfer of longevity and mortality risks. We note that the emergence of a traded market in longevity‐linked capital market instruments could act as a catalyst to help facilitate the development of annuity markets both in the developed and the developing world and protect the long‐term viability of retirement income provision globally.
Will the Sarb always Succeed in Fighting Inflation with Contractionary Policy?
Authors: Liu Guangling (Dave) 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe conventional view is that a monetary policy shock has both supply‐side and demand‐side effects, at least in the short run. Barth and Ramey show that the supply‐side effect of a monetary policy shock may be greater than the demand‐side effect. We argue that it is crucial for monetary authorities to understand whether an increase in expected future inflation is due to supply shocks or demand shocks before applying contractionary policy to forestall inflation. We estimate a standard New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with the cost channel of monetary policy for the South African economy to show that whether the South African Reserve Bank should apply contractionary policy to fight inflation depends critically on the nature of the disturbance. If an increase in expected future inflation is mainly due to supply shocks, the South African Reserve Bank should not apply contractionary policy to fight inflation, as this would lead to a persistent increase in inflation and a greater loss in output. Our estimation results also show that with a moderate level of cost‐channel effect and nominal rigidities, a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with the cost channel of monetary policy is able to mimic the price puzzle produced by an estimated vector autoregressive model.
Effect of baby oil on pruritus, sleep quality, and quality of life in hemodialysis patients: Pretest–post‐test model with control groups
Authors: Karadag Ezgi , Kilic Serap Parlar , Karatay Gülnaz , Metin Ozgur 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimTo assess the effect of baby oil on pruritus, sleep quality, and quality of life in hemodialysis (HD) patients.MethodsThis pretest–post‐test model with control groups study was conducted in HD units in two different provinces in eastern Turkey. The study group consisted of a total of 70 patients receiving HD treatment who met the inclusion criteria, 35 being in the intervention group and 35 in the control group. After the patients in both groups were informed about the study, they were administered a questionnaire, the Severity Scale, Visual Analog Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the SF‐36 Quality of Life Scale. Following the administration of baby oil to the patients in the intervention group three times a week for a period of 1 month, the same scales were repeated to explore their pruritic status, sleep quality, and quality of life. The same scales were repeated also for the patients in the control group 1 month later but without administering any baby oil.ResultsWhen the Itch Severity Scale, Visual Analog Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and SF‐36 Quality of Life Physical and Mental Component scores of the patients in the control and intervention groups before and after the intervention were compared, the differences in the change were found to be statistically significant in favor of the intervention group (P < 0.05).ConclusionIt was found in this study that administration of baby oil had positive effects on itching, quality of life, and sleep quality in HD patients who had itching complaints.
Short‐term effects of a suicide education intervention for family caregivers of people who are suicidal
Authors: Sun Fan‐Ko , Chiang Chun‐Ying , Lin Yu‐Hua , Chen Tai‐Been 
Published: June 2013

Aims and objectivesTo evaluate the short‐term effects of a suicide care educational intervention on the family's ability to care, family's caring stress levels and family's attitudes towards attempted suicide.BackgroundResearch has demonstrated that suicide prevention educational programmes are provided mostly for professional staff and not for the family caregivers of people who are suicidal.DesignA experimental design, using two groups and a pre‐ and postintervention survey method, was used.MethodsA randomised controlled study was conducted with 74 family caregivers of people who are suicidal (37 using suicide education and 37 in the control group). The experimental group was provided with a two‐hour suicide care education intervention, and the control group received normal suicide care support. Participants were recruited at a Suicide Prevention Centre and two acute psychiatric hospitals between October 2009–December 2010. Three questionnaires were collected: (1) the Suicidal Caring Ability Scale (2) the Caring Stress Scale and (3) the Suicide Attitudes Scale. Descriptive statistics, independent t‐tests or Mann–Whitney U‐tests were used to analyse the data.ResultsThe results demonstrated that there were statistically significant differences in the Suicidal Caring Ability Scale and the Suicide Attitudes Scale but no statistically significant differences in the Caring Stress Scale. That is, the suicide education programme can promote the ability to care for people who are suicidal and can generate a positive attitude towards people who are suicidal from their caregivers.ConclusionsFamily caregivers of suicidal individuals who attended the psycho‐education programme had an increased caring ability and positive attitudes for their suicidal relatives.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses could use the two‐hour personal suicidal education programme to increase one's ability to care for their relatives who had attempted suicide and promote one's positive attitudes towards attempted suicide.
Current approaches using genetic distances produce poor estimates of landscape resistance to interindividual dispersal
Authors: Graves Tabitha A. , Beier Paul , Royle J. Andrew 
Published: June 2013

AbstractLandscape resistance reflects how difficult it is for genes to move across an area with particular attributes (e.g. land cover, slope). An increasingly popular approach to estimate resistance uses Mantel and partial Mantel tests or causal modelling to relate observed genetic distances to effective distances under alternative sets of resistance parameters. Relatively few alternative sets of resistance parameters are tested, leading to relatively poor coverage of the parameter space. Although this approach does not explicitly model key stochastic processes of gene flow, including mating, dispersal, drift and inheritance, bias and precision of the resulting resistance parameters have not been assessed. We formally describe the most commonly used model as a set of equations and provide a formal approach for estimating resistance parameters. Our optimization finds the maximum Mantel r when an optimum exists and identifies the same resistance values as current approaches when the alternatives evaluated are near the optimum. Unfortunately, even where an optimum existed, estimates from the most commonly used model were imprecise and were typically much smaller than the simulated true resistance to dispersal. Causal modelling using Mantel significance tests also typically failed to support the true resistance to dispersal values. For a large range of scenarios, current approaches using a simple correlational model between genetic and effective distances do not yield accurate estimates of resistance to dispersal. We suggest that analysts consider the processes important to gene flow for their study species, model those processes explicitly and evaluate the quality of estimates resulting from their model.
Quaternary range and demographic expansion of Liolaemus darwinii (Squamata: Liolaemidae) in the Monte Desert of Central Argentina using Bayesian phylogeography and ecological niche modelling
Authors: Camargo Arley , Werneck Fernanda P. , Morando Mariana , Sites Jack W. , Avila Luciano J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractUntil recently, most phylogeographic approaches have been unable to distinguish between demographic and range expansion processes, making it difficult to test for the possibility of range expansion without population growth and vice versa. In this study, we applied a Bayesian phylogeographic approach to reconstruct both demographic and range expansion in the lizard Liolaemus darwinii of the Monte Desert in Central Argentina, during the Late Quaternary. Based on analysis of 14 anonymous nuclear loci and the cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA gene, we detected signals of demographic expansion starting at ~55 ka based on Bayesian Skyline and Skyride Plots. In contrast, Bayesian relaxed models of spatial diffusion suggested that range expansion occurred only between ~95 and 55 ka, and more recently, diffusion rates were very low during demographic expansion. The possibility of population growth without substantial range expansion could account for the shared patterns of demographic expansion during the Last Glacial Maxima (OIS 2 and 4) in fish, small mammals and other lizards of the Monte Desert. We found substantial variation in diffusion rates over time, and very high rates during the range expansion phase, consistent with a rapidly advancing expansion front towards the southeast shown by palaeo‐distribution models. Furthermore, the estimated diffusion rates are congruent with observed dispersal rates of lizards in field conditions and therefore provide additional confidence to the temporal scale of inferred phylogeographic patterns. Our study highlights how the integration of phylogeography with palaeo‐distribution models can shed light on both demographic and range expansion processes and their potential causes.
Imported Capital Goods and Manufacturing Productivity: Evidence from Botswana's Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Habiyaremye Alexis 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis article examines the effects of imported capital goods on manufacturing productivity growth in Botswana. Despite consistent efforts aimed at diversification, Botswana's economy has remained heavily dependent on diamond exports, and the country's productivity remains a point of concern. The ability to apply foreign technologies to increase productivity and spur diversification is limited by the foreign exchange gap. This study uses an imported input growth model to analyse how the importation of capital goods contributes to enabling productivity growth and export diversification. With a panel of 340 manufacturing firms, the study also analyses the effects of imported capital goods on firm productivity growth and skills development. The results show that imported machines and equipment have increase manufacturing productivity after 1‐2 years following the investment. Additionally, foreign‐owned firms were found to enjoy more productivity growth than their domestic counterparts.
Pharmacogenomics of Cytauxzoon felis Cytochrome
b
: Implications for Atovaquone and Azithromycin Therapy in Domestic Cats with Cytauxzoonosis
Authors: Schreeg Megan E. , Marr Henry S. , Tarigo Jaime , Cohn Leah A. , Levy Michael G. , Birkenheuer Adam J. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT

Cytauxzoon felis
, an emerging virulent protozoan parasite that infects domestic cats, is treated with atovaquone and azithromycin (A&A). Atovaquone targets parasite cytochrome
b
. We characterized the
C. felis
cytochrome
b
gene (
cytb
) in cats with cytauxzoonosis and found a
cytb
genotype that was associated with survival in A&A-treated cats.
Immune Activation and Regulation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Plasmodium fragile-Coinfected Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Trott Kristin A. , Richardson Amy , Hudgens Michael A. , Abel Kristina 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterized by immune activation, while chronic malaria is associated with elevated interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. How these apparently antagonizing forces interact in the coinfected host is poorly understood. Using a rhesus macaque model of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-
Plasmodium fragile
coinfection, we evaluated how innate immune effector cells affect the balance between immune activation and regulation.
In vitro
Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses of peripheral blood myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and monocytes were temporarily associated with acute parasitemic episodes and elevated plasma IL-10 levels. Prolonged infection resulted in a decline of mDC function. Monocytes maintained TLR responsiveness but, in addition to IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, also produced IL-10. Consistent with the role of spleen in the clearance of parasite-infected red blood cells, coinfected animals also had increased splenic IL-10 mRNA levels. The main cellular source of IL-10 in the spleens of coinfected animals, however, was not splenic macrophages but T cells, suggesting an impairment of adaptive immunity. In contrast to those in spleen, IL-10-positive cells in axillary lymph nodes of coinfected animals were predominantly mDC, reminiscent of the immunosuppressive phenotype of peripheral blood mDC. Concurrent with IL-10 induction, however, SIV infection promoted elevated systemic IL-12 levels. The continuously increasing ratio of plasma IL-12 to IL-10 suggested that the overall host response in SIV-
P. fragile
-coinfected animals was shifted toward immune activation versus immune regulation. Therefore, SIV-
P. fragile
coinfection might be characterized by earlier manifestation of immune dysfunction and exhaustion than that of single-pathogen infections. This could translate into increased morbidity in HIV-malaria-coinfected individuals.
MicroRNA Profiling of Sendai Virus-Infected A549 Cells Identifies miR-203 as an Interferon-Inducible Regulator of IFIT1/ISG56
Authors: Buggele William A. , Horvath Curt M. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT
The mammalian type I interferon (IFN) response is a primary barrier for virus infection and is essential for complete innate and adaptive immunity. Both IFN production and IFN-mediated antiviral signaling are the result of differential cellular gene expression, a process that is tightly controlled at transcriptional and translational levels. To determine the potential for microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation of the antiviral response, small-RNA profiling was used to analyze the miRNA content of human A549 cells at steady state and following infection with the Cantell strain of Sendai virus, a potent inducer of IFN and cellular antiviral responses. While the miRNA content of the cells was largely unaltered by infection, specific changes in miRNA abundance were identified during Sendai virus infection. One miRNA, miR-203, was found to accumulate in infected cells and in response to IFN treatment. Results indicate that miR-203 is an IFN-inducible miRNA that can negatively regulate a number of cellular mRNAs, including an IFN-stimulated gene target, IFIT1/ISG56, by destabilizing its mRNA transcript.