bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Off‐line Arc transcription in active ensembles during fear memory retrieval
Authors: Yamasaki Yoshiko , Hashikawa Koichi , Matsuki Norio , Nomura Hiroshi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNeural activity and de novo protein synthesis during a rest period following memory retrieval in the amygdala is necessary for stabilization of reactivated fear memory. Arc/Arg3.1 (Arc) expression is regulated by neural activity and is a critical protein for memory reconsolidation. However, it remains unclear whether memory retrieval alters Arc transcription during subsequent rest. In this study, the populations of mouse lateral amygdala neurons that transcribe Arc during memory retrieval and at rest were detected using Arc cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization (Arc catFISH). Results demonstrated that memory retrieval alters the composition of neuronal populations, which activate Arc transcription during subsequent rest. Approximately 50% of neurons that transcribe Arc at subsequent rest, transcribed Arc during memory retrieval, whereas only approximately 10% of neurons that transcribed Arc during a rest period prior to memory retrieval transcribe Arc during memory retrieval. In contrast, re‐exposure to the chamber induced less preferential Arc transcription in latent inhibited mice that received shocks but recalled less conditioned fear. Taken together, these findings indicate that neuronal subpopulations activated during fear memory retrieval preferentially transcribe Arc during subsequent rest in the lateral amygdala. This preferential Arc transcription may contribute to memory reconsolidation.
GABA and glutamate receptors have different effects on excitability and are differentially regulated by calcium in spider mechanosensory neurons
Authors: Torkkeli Päivi H. , Meisner Shannon , Pfeiffer Keram , French Andrew S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractGABA and glutamate receptors belonging to the ligand‐gated chloride‐channel family are primary targets of insecticides and antiparasitics, so their molecular structure, pharmacology and biophysical properties have attracted significant attention. However, little is known about the physiological roles of these channels or how they regulate neuronal excitability and animal behavior. Mechanosensory neurons of VS‐3 slit sensilla in the patella of the tropical wandering spider, Cupiennius salei, react to the GABAA‐receptor agonists, GABA and muscimol, with depolarization and an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] and, during random noise stimulation, with a mixed inhibitory–excitatory response. We established that the GABAA‐receptors in all VS‐3 neurons are identical, but there are at least two types of glutamate receptors and some neurons do not respond to glutamate at all. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies against Drosophila inhibitory glutamate receptor (GluCls) α‐subunit suggests that in addition to VS‐3 neurons, these receptors may also be present in the efferent neurons surrounding the sensory neurons. Most VS‐3 neurons were inhibited but not depolarized by glutamate during random stimulation, but some depolarized and had a similar excitatory–inhibitory response to glutamate as to muscimol. The membrane‐permeable Ca2+‐chelator BAPTA‐AM abolished muscimol effects but potentiated glutamate effects, indicating that GABA and glutamate receptors are differentially modulated by Ca2+, leading to diverse regulation of neuronal excitability. We hypothesize that this could be achieved by different Ca2+‐triggered phosphorylation processes at each receptor type. These findings are important for understanding the significance of Ca2+‐mediated regulation of transmitter receptor molecules and its role in controlling excitability.
Single application of high‐intensity focused ultrasound as a first‐line therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: 5‐year outcomes
Authors: Pfeiffer Dietrich , Berger Jürgen , Gross Andreas J. 
Published: August 2012

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?High‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy has been proposed for the treatment of localized prostate cancer (PCa) for all risk levels of tumour recurrence.The study adds data on the efficacy of a single HIFU application in the treatment of PCa with different risks of recurrence. Durable cancer control was achieved in 81.7% of patients with low‐risk disease, with rates of efficacy declining in intermediate‐ and high‐risk tumours. The data suggest that the principal domain for minimal invasive HIFU should be low‐risk disease.OBJECTIVE
To report cancer control results after a single application of high‐intensity focused ultrasonography (HIFU) in patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa), stratified by tumour recurrence risk according to D'Amico risk classification.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
In a retrospective single‐centre study, we analysed the outcomes of patients with localized PCa who were treated with curative intent between December 2002 and October 2006 using an Ablatherm HIFU device (EDAP‐TMS, France).
Transurethral resection of the prostate or adenomectomy were performed before HIFU to downsize large prostate glands.
Oncological failure was determined by the occurrence of biochemical relapse, positive biopsy and/or metastasis. Biochemical relapse was defined as a PSA nadir +1.2 ng/mL (Stuttgart definition), or as a rise in PSA level to ≥0.5 ng/mL if PSA doubling time was ≤6 months. Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed for survival estimates.
RESULTS
A total of 191 consecutive patients were included in the study. The median (range) patient age was 69.7 (51–82) years, and 38, 34 and 28% of these patients were in the low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk groups, respectively.
The median (range) follow‐up was 52.8 (0.2–79.8) months.
At 5 years, overall and cancer‐specific survival rates were 86.3% and 98.4%, respectively.
Stratified by risk group, negative biopsy rates were 84.2%, 63.6%, and 67.5% (P = 0.032), 5‐year biochemical‐free survival rates were 84.8%, 64.9% and 54.9% (P < 0.01), and 5‐year disease‐free survival rates were 81.7%, 53.2% and 51.2% (P < 0.01), respectively.
CONCLUSION
Single‐session HIFU is recommended as a curative approach in elderly patients with low‐risk PCa. Patients at higher risk of tumour progression should be counselled regarding the likely need for salvage therapy, including repeat HIFU.
Demographic analysis of randomized controlled trials in bladder cancer
Authors: Bachir Bassel G. , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Zlotta Alexandre , Svatek Robert , Black Peter C. , Shah Jay B. , Kassouf Wassim ,   Bladder Cancer Think Tank (Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network),   Canadian Bladder Cancer Network (Bladder Cancer Canada)
Published: August 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Results from well designed randomized controlled trials usually provide the strongest evidence possible in favour of one medical intervention over another. For this reason, it is of paramount importance to conduct such trials in bladder cancer, where randomized trials are lacking, in particular to answer questions that have so far confounded us or to investigate the efficacy of new diagnostic tools or interventions.
This study provides a demographic analysis of randomized controlled trials published in bladder cancer between the years of 1995 and 2010, with only 238 articles identified. Less than one‐third of these reported a statistical power calculation, and only 8% were double‐blinded. With many publications inaccurately labelled as randomized trials, we reveal the scarcity of trials performed over the given time period, even compared with other cancers with similar incidence, and highlight the need for more well designed trials to be conducted.
Objective
To demographically examine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have been conducted in bladder cancer over a predefined time period.
Methods
Various techniques have been described to detect RCTs using different databases.
We searched the MEDLINE database by crossing the heading ‘Urinary bladder neoplasms’ with the MeSHs ‘Clinical trial$.mp. OR clinical trial.pt. OR random:.mp. OR tu.xs.’ between 1995 and 2010.
For the RCTs identified, analysis was performed on each RCT, placing particular emphasis on modality of intervention, cohort size, principal author, region, journal type, disease status, histology, blinding, number of centres involved, performance of a statistical power calculation, accrual status and trial support.
Results
Of 5002 RCT bladder cancer papers retrieved over the given period, only 238 represented actual RCTs after manual appraisal.
More than half of the RCTs investigated medical and surgical therapies (54.2%), and only half had a sample size of >100 patients.
A small percentage of studies were double‐blinded (8.0%), and there was an almost equal distribution of multicentre vs single centre trials (54.6% vs 45.4%).
More studies were conducted in Europe (61.3%) than the rest of the world combined, with urologists principally the lead investigators in the majority (72.3%).
Most studies were conducted on patients with urothelial carcinoma (97.1%), with less than one‐third reporting a statistical power calculation (31.5%).
Conclusions
Only 238 RCTs were published for bladder cancer between 1995 and 2010.
RCTs are under‐utilized in bladder cancer.
More trials need to be designed with larger sample sizes in order to optimize diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with bladder cancer.
The risk of proliferative retinopathy in siblings with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Hietala K. , Forsblom C. , Summanen P. , Groop P.‐H. ,   on behalf of the FinnDiane Study Group
Published: August 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1567–1573 (2012)AbstractAims  The siblings first affected by Type 1 diabetes (probands) within a sibship have been shown to have a lower age at onset of Type 1 diabetes compared with their later‐affected siblings. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether this difference affects the long‐term risk of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Methods  A cohort of 396 siblings with Type 1 diabetes in 188 sibships was drawn from a larger Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study population (4800 patients). Ophthalmic records were obtained for 369/396 (93%) patients. Retinopathy was graded based on fundus photographs and/or repeated ophthalmoscopies.Results  The median age at onset of Type 1 diabetes was 8.4 (interquartile range 4.2–13.3) years in probands and 16.9 (interquartile range 10.2–27.8) years in later‐affected siblings (P < 0.001). Proliferative retinopathy was diagnosed in 115/369 (31%) patients. The cumulative incidence estimates for proliferative retinopathy, accounting for the competing risk of death, were 21% (95% CI 15–27) in probands and 26% (95% CI 19–35) in later‐affected siblings at 20 years of diabetes duration, and the respective 30 years’ incidences were 37% (95% CI 29–45) and 53% (95% CI 40–64), (P = 0.05, Gray’s test). The risk of proliferative retinopathy, adjusted for conventional risk factors, age at onset and sibship size, was higher in later‐affected siblings [hazard ratio 1.75 (95% CI 1.13–2.75), P = 0.01] compared with their probands.Conclusion  The siblings first affected by Type 1 diabetes had a better long‐term prognosis with regards to development of proliferative retinopathy compared with their later‐affected siblings.
Dutch Disease in Australia: Policy Options for a Three‐Speed Economy
Authors: Corden W. Max 
Published: August 2012

Abstract‘Dutch Disease’ refers to the adverse effects through real exchange rate appreciation that the mining boom can have on various export‐ and import‐competing industries. The distinction is made between the booming sector (mining), the lagging sector (exports not part of the booming sector and import‐competing goods and services) and the non‐tradeable sector. What should the government do to reduce this Dutch ‘disease’? The principal options are: do nothing, piecemeal protectionism, moderate exchange rate effects by running a fiscal surplus, combined with lowering the interest rate, and possibly establishing a sovereign wealth fund. The costs of the latter measures may be considerable.
I Want to Be an Economist: A Rejoinder to Ross Gittins
Authors: Borland Jeff 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article provides a rejoinder to Ross Gittins’ commentary on the potential contributions of psychology and behavioural economics to public policy formation. It includes three main arguments. First, that behavioural economics is not a new approach to doing economics, but instead is best seen as a way of enriching ‘conventional economics’ (using Gittins’ terminology). Second, that behavioural economics is not a panacea. Not all aspects of economic activity need psychology to be understood and behavioural economics has limitations. Third, that the failings of conventional economics are not as severe as Gittins suggests.
Introducing ‘Journeys Home’
Authors: Wooden Mark , Bevitt Andrew , Chigavazira Abraham , Greer Nancy , Johnson Guy , Killackey Eoin , Moschion Julie , Scutella Rosanna , Tseng Yi‐Ping , Watson Nicole 
Published: August 2012

AbstractHomelessness, despite being a major social policy issue in Australia, is an area that is not well served by data. Most sorely lacking is any large‐scale panel study that follows a broad sample of persons with recent experience of homelessness and unstable housing histories. In 2010, the Australian Government set about rectifying this deficiency when it commissioned the Melbourne Institute to undertake a new panel study, now known as ‘Journeys Home’. This study draws its sample from the population of Centrelink income‐support recipients, targeting persons identified in the administrative data as having recent experience of homelessness, as well as others with similar characteristics who may be vulnerable to housing difficulties in the future. This article summarises the design of this new study and reports on fieldwork outcomes from the first two waves of data collection.
The Governance of a Fragile Eurozone
Authors: De Grauwe Paul 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWhen entering a monetary union, member countries change the nature of their sovereign debt in a fundamental way; that is, they cease to have control over the currency in which their debt is issued. As a result, financial markets can force these countries’ sovereigns into defaulting. This makes the monetary union fragile and vulnerable to changing market sentiments. It also makes it possible that self‐fulfilling multiple equilibria arise. I analyse the implications of this fragility for the governance of the Eurozone. I argue that the role of the European Central Bank as a lender of last resort is crucial in reducing the fragility of the Eurozone. In addition, steps towards a budgetary union are key in structurally strengthening the union.
A Decade of Intergenerational Reports: Contributing to Long‐Term Fiscal Sustainability
Authors: Gruen David , Spender Duncan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe Intergenerational Reports have helped lengthen the horizon of public policy analysis in Australia, enabling governments to focus on the longer term implications of policy changes, particularly their fiscal implications. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the reports have examined fiscal sustainability from the Commonwealth's perspective, notwithstanding that fiscal sustainability is also an issue for the states and territories. Additionally, the reports have not incorporated contingent fiscal liabilities, notwithstanding their relevance to fiscal sustainability.
State of the Art Report on Video‐Based Graphics and Video Visualization
Authors: Borgo R. , Chen M. , Daubney B. , Grundy E. , Heidemann G. , Höferlin B. , Höferlin M. , Leitte H. , Weiskopf D. , Xie X. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn recent years, a collection of new techniques which deal with video as input data, emerged in computer graphics and visualization. In this survey, we report the state of the art in video‐based graphics and video visualization. We provide a review of techniques for making photo‐realistic or artistic computer‐generated imagery from videos, as well as methods for creating summary and/or abstract visual representations to reveal important features and events in videos. We provide a new taxonomy to categorize the concepts and techniques in this newly emerged body of knowledge. To support this review, we also give a concise overview of the major advances in automated video analysis, as some techniques in this field (e.g. feature extraction, detection, tracking and so on) have been featured in video‐based modelling and rendering pipelines for graphics and visualization.
Comparison of Four Subjective Methods for Image Quality Assessment
Authors: Mantiuk Rafał K. , Tomaszewska Anna , Mantiuk Radosław 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTo provide a convincing proof that a new method is better than the state of the art, computer graphics projects are often accompanied by user studies, in which a group of observers rank or rate results of several algorithms. Such user studies, known as subjective image quality assessment experiments, can be very time‐consuming and do not guarantee to produce conclusive results. This paper is intended to help design efficient and rigorous quality assessment experiments and emphasise the key aspects of the results analysis. To promote good standards of data analysis, we review the major methods for data analysis, such as establishing confidence intervals, statistical testing and retrospective power analysis. Two methods of visualising ranking results together with the meaningful information about the statistical and practical significance are explored. Finally, we compare four most prominent subjective quality assessment methods: single‐stimulus, double‐stimulus, forced‐choice pairwise comparison and similarity judgements. We conclude that the forced‐choice pairwise comparison method results in the smallest measurement variance and thus produces the most accurate results. This method is also the most time‐efficient, assuming a moderate number of compared conditions.
Forward stage‐wise ensemble regression algorithm to improve base regressors prediction ability: an empirical study
Authors: Özçift Akın 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAnalysis of scientific data requires accurate regressor algorithms to decrease prediction errors. Lots of machine learning algorithms, that is, neural networks, rule‐based algorithms, regression trees and some kinds of lazy learners, are used to realize this need. In recent years, different ensemble regression strategies were improved to obtain enhanced predictors with lower forecasting errors. Ensemble algorithms combine good models that make errors in different parts of analyzed data. There are mainly two approaches in ensemble regression algorithm generation; boosting and bagging. The aim of this article is to evaluate a boosting‐based ensemble approach, forward stage‐wise additive modelling (FSAM), to improve some widely used base regressors’ prediction ability. We used 10 regression algorithms in four different types to make predictions on 10 diverse data from different scientific areas and we compared the experimental results in terms of correlation coefficient, mean absolute error, and root mean squared error metrics. Furthermore, we made use of scatter plots to demonstrate the effect of ensemble modelling on the prediction accuracies of evaluated algorithms. We empirically obtained that in general FSAM enhances the accuracies of base regressors or it at least maintains the base regressor performance.
Flood forecasting at the Dadu River in China based on ANN
Authors: Feng Li‐Hua 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMappings of the stimuli effects and the input and output estimates of artificial neural networks (ANN) are obtained via combinations of nonlinear functions. This approach offers the advantages of self‐learning, self‐organization, self‐adaptation, and fault tolerance as well as the potential for use in flood forecasting applications. Furthermore, the ANN technology allows the use of multiple variables in both the input and output layers. This capability is very important for flood calculation because the stage, discharge, and other hydrological variables often are functions of many influential variables. Herein, we propose a flood forecasting system with related application, based on ANN. This method offers better performance and efficiency.
Effects of the correlation model, the trend model, and the number of training points on the accuracy ofKriging metamodels
Authors: Acar Erdem 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper explores the effects of the correlation model, the trend model, and the number of training points on the accuracy ofKriging metamodels.Gaussian correlation models are found to be superior to exponential and linear correlation models. No particular trend model is found to be better than the other models. The number of training points used in constructing theKriging metamodels is observed to change the relative performances of the trend and the correlation functions. The leave‐one‐out cross‐validation error is found to become a better surrogate for the actual error, as the number of training points is increased. Finally, the use of an ensemble of metamodels is discussed and it is found that using an ensemble may improve the accuracy.
Sensitive skin: an overview
Authors: Berardesca E. , Farage M. , Maibach H. 
Published: August 2012

SynopsisSensitive skin is a condition of subjective cutaneous hyper‐reactivity to environmental factors. Subjects experiencing this condition report exaggerated reactions when their skin is in contact with cosmetics, soaps and sun screens, and they often report worsening after exposure to dry and cold climate. Although no sign of irritation is commonly detected, itching, burning, stinging and a tight sensation are constantly present. Generally substances that are not commonly considered irritants are involved in this abnormal response.Sensitive skin and subjective irritation are widespread but still far from being completely defined and understood. A correlation between sensitive skin and constitutional anomalies and/or other triggering factors such as occupational skin diseases or chronic exposure to irritants has been hypothesized. Recent findings suggest that higher sensitivity can be due to different mechanisms. Hyper‐reactors may have a thinner stratum corneum with a reduced corneocyte area causing a higher transcutaneous penetration of water‐soluble chemicals. Alterations in vanilloid receptors and changes in neuronal transmission have been described. Monitoring skin parameters such as barrier function, proclivity to irritation, corneocyte size and sensorial transmission can also be useful to identify regional differences in skin sensitivity.