bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Baseball-to-Helmet Impacts in Major League Baseball
Authors: Athiviraham Aravind , Bartsch Adam , Mageswaran Prasath , Benzel Edward C. , Perse Brian , Jones Morgan H. , Schickendantz Mark 
Published: October 2012

Background: In Major League Baseball (MLB), helmet hit-by-pitch (H-HBP) incidents are a leading cause of concussion. However, not all H-HBPs result in diagnosed concussion. Purpose: This study was designed to (1) quantify batter concussion risk as a function of H-HBP pitch velocity, time duration batter spent on the ground post–H-HBP, first responder assessment time duration, and number of days missed post–H-HBP and (2) estimate H-HBP impact locations on the helmet with respect to current National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) helmet test standards and correlate impact locations with concussion diagnosis. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A retrospective case-control study of 18 MLB players with H-HBP incidents in the 2009 and 2010 seasons was undertaken. A database was compiled via quantitative and qualitative analysis using video coverage obtained from MLB. Quantitative factors included batter concussion diagnosis, pitch velocity, number of days missed post–H-HBP, time duration batter spent on the ground post–H-HBP, and first responder assessment time duration. The H-HBP impact location was among several qualitative factors developed via video analysis of each H-HBP from 4 raters. Results: In our study, 9 players (50%) were diagnosed with concussion. Concussion diagnoses were more frequent for posterior versus anterior impacts. The majority of H-HBP impact locations were different from those in the current NOCSAE standard tests. First responders took an average of approximately 65 seconds (time to reach batter plus assessment time) to decide on batter removal/return to play. The 25% logistic regression concussion risk threshold for pitch velocity and days missed was 86.2 mph and 1.3 days, respectively. The number of days missed after H-HBP showed a significant correlation ( P = .02) among concussed and nonconcussed batters. Conclusion: In professional baseball H-HBP incidents, first responders should (1) be aware of pitch velocity in excess of 86 mph and (2) be provided ample time when assessing batters’ removal/return to play. Clinical Relevance: First responders should not rely solely on visual indicators such as batter reaction, holding head, or amount of time spent on the ground after H-HBP when assessing batters for concussion. Batting helmets in the MLB should maximize protection and mitigate impact dosage for H-HBP impact locations and velocity in addition to NOCSAE standard test locations and velocities.
Prevalence of Abnormal Hip Findings in Asymptomatic Participants
Authors: Register Brad , Pennock Andrew T. , Ho Charles P. , Strickland Colin D. , Lawand Ashur , Philippon Marc J. 
Published: October 2012

Background: The prevalence of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in an asymptomatic population has yet to be determined. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess a cohort of asymptomatic people to determine the prevalence of hip lesions. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Forty-five volunteers with no history of hip pain, symptoms, injury, or surgery were recruited for enrollment in this institutional review board–approved study. The subjects underwent a unilateral MRI scan with a Siemens 3.0-tesla scanner. The extremity side evaluated by MRI was alternated. All MRI scans were reviewed by 3 fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists. The scans were mixed randomly with 19 scans from symptomatic patients to blind the radiologists to the possibility of patient symptoms. An abnormal finding was considered positive when 2 of 3 radiologists agreed on its presence. Results: The average age of volunteers was 37.8 years (range, 15-66 y); 60% were men. Labral tears were identified in 69% of hips, chondral defects in 24%, ligamentum teres tears in 2.2%, labral/paralabral cysts in 13%, acetabular bone edema in 11%, fibrocystic changes of the head/neck junction in 22%, rim fractures in 11%, subchondral cysts in 16%, and osseous bumps in 20%. Participants older than 35 years were 13.7 times (95% CI, 2.4-80 times) more likely to have a chondral defect and 16.7 times (95% CI, 1.8-158 times) more likely to have a subchondral cyst compared with participants 35 or younger. No other joint lesions were associated with age. Male subjects were 8.5 times (95% CI, 1.2-56 times) more likely to have an osseous bump than female subjects. No other joint lesions were associated with sex. Conclusion: Magnetic resonance images of asymptomatic participants revealed abnormalities in 73% of hips, with labral tears being identified in 69% of the joints. A strong correlation was seen between participant age and early markers of cartilage degeneration such as cartilage defects and subchondral cysts.
Intraoperative Determinants of Rotator Cuff Repair Integrity
Authors: Wu Xiao L. , Briggs Lisa , Murrell George A.C. 
Published: October 2012

Background: Rotator cuff repair has a relatively high (20%-90%) chance of retears. Patients with an intact rotator cuff 6 months after surgery have better subjective and objective outcomes at 6 months and 2 years after rotator cuff repair than those who do not have an intact repair. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine if, and if so which, intraoperative factors predict an intact repair 6 months after rotator cuff repair. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The study consisted of a cohort of 500 consecutive patients who had an arthroscopic rotator cuff repair performed by a single surgeon and an ultrasound evaluation using standard protocols of the repair 6 months after surgery. Exclusion criteria included previous fracture or shoulder surgery, incomplete or partial rotator cuff repair, and concomitant arthroplasty. Rotator cuff tear size was measured intraoperatively and mapped. The quality of the tendon, tendon mobility, and repair quality were assessed and ranked based on predetermined scales (1-4) and recorded on a specifically designed form. Logistic regression analysis was performed, with cuff integrity at 6-month follow-up as the dependent variable and tear/repair factors as the independent variables. Results: The overall postoperative retear rate was 19% at 6 months. The best predictor of rotator cuff integrity was preoperative tear size (correlation coefficient, r = 0.33; P < .001). Patients with small (≤2 cm2) rotator cuff tears were least likely to have retears (retear rate, 10%). As the tear size increased, the retear rate increased in a linear fashion: ≤2 cm2 (10%), 2 to 4 cm2 (16%), 4 to 6 cm2 (31%), 6 to 8 cm2 (50%), and >8 cm2 (57%). Other surgeon-ranked intraoperative assessments did correlate with retears, but the correlations were relatively weak: repair quality ( r = −0.17; P < .001), tendon mobility ( r = −0.15; P < .001), and tendon quality ( r = −0.14; P < .01). Regression analysis showed that the retear rate at 6-month follow-up was best predicted from the preoperative tear size and the surgeon-ranked repair quality: chance of retear = 0.38 + (0.02 × tear size in cm2) – (0.08 × repair quality). Tendon quality and tendon mobility did not contribute significantly to this prediction. Conclusion: Tear size was the best intraoperative predictor of repair integrity after rotator cuff repair, with tears less than 2 cm2 twice as likely to heal than tears greater than 6 cm2.
Matrix-Assisted Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation for Cartilage Regeneration in Osteoarthritic Knees
Authors: Filardo Giuseppe , Vannini Francesca , Marcacci Maurilio , Andriolo Luca , Ferruzzi Alberto , Giannini Sandro , Kon Elizaveta 
Published: October 2012

Background: Young patients with osteoarthritic knees are a challenging population because of a combination of high functional demands and limited indication for joint replacement. Purpose: To analyze the potential of the cartilage regenerative approach by documenting the results and failures of matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) at midterm follow-up. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Forty-four patients affected by cartilage lesions in osteoarthritic knees underwent MACT as a salvage procedure. The mean age at surgery was 42 years (range, 20-58 years), and the average defect size was 4 cm2 (range, 1.5-9 cm2). Patients were prospectively evaluated with the subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), EuroQol visual analog scale (EQ-VAS), and Tegner scores preoperatively; at 1, 2, and 5 years; and at a final assessment at 9 years’ mean follow-up. Adverse events and failures were also reported. Results: A statistically significant improvement was observed in all scores from the initial evaluation to the final follow-up. The mean ± standard deviation IKDC subjective score improved from 38.0 ± 15.8 to 67.0 ± 18.3 at 2 years ( P < .0005), with a subsequent decrease to 57.8 ± 20.6 at the final follow-up ( P = .012). The same trend was confirmed by the EQ-VAS score. The activity level revealed by the Tegner score improved at all follow-ups but without achieving the preinjury level. The analysis of the influencing factors showed the importance of the meniscus condition, revealing a significantly inferior outcome in knees with previous or combined partial meniscectomy procedures. During the study period, 12 patients had failed results, producing a cumulative failure rate of 27.3%. At the last evaluation, half of the patients considered their condition not better than before the treatment, and 39% would not repeat the treatment considering the results obtained. Conclusion: Despite a statistically significant improvement, the clinical outcome was poor. A higher improvement could be obtained in patients who had not undergone previous or combined meniscectomies, but this was limited over time. The failure rate was also high, regardless of the degree of osteoarthritis. Tissue-engineered cartilage implantation is questionable for this indication, and the limits of this scaffold-based procedure have to be considered if it is used as a salvage procedure for young patients affected by knee osteoarthritis.
Occupational exposure profile of Pb, Mn, and Cd in nonferrous Brazilian sanitary alloy foundries
Authors: Peixe Tiago Severo , Nascimento Elizabeth de Souza , Silva Carlos Sérgio , Bussacos Marco Antonio 
Published: October 2012

In addition to the primary components of alloys, approximately 5% of the formulation may contain other metals, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic, manganese (Mn), iron, phosphorus, and nickel. Workers in the foundries are exposed to several compounds; therefore, it is important to assess the levels of injury that may reflect an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effect caused by these compounds. The mean values of the environmental evaluation of the facilities range from 16.65 to 40.31 µg m−3 for Pb, 0.99 to 1.73 µg m−3 for Cd, and 0.91 to 1.70 µg m−3 for Mn. The mean values of the metal concentrations for furnace, mold, melting, and automatic melting activities range from 15.37 to 19.26 µg m−3 for Pb, 7.07 to 9.14 µg m−3 for Cd, and 8.83 to 16.00 µg m−3 for Mn. Biological samples were divided into two groups: control ( n = 38) and exposed ( n = 45). The obtained data are3.41 ± 3.40 and 14.89 ± 7.82 µg dL−1 for Pb, 0.90 ± 0.80 and 1.91 ± 1.90 µg g−1 creatinine for Cd, and 0.51 ± 0.40 and 3.17 ± 1.93 µg g−1 creatinine for Mn. Statistical analysis showed significant differences ( p < 0.05). Positive linear correlations were established between metal concentrations in the air and the biological matrixes: Pb ( r = 0.68; p < 0.001), Cd ( r = 0.81; p = 0.17), and Mn ( r = 0.12; p < 0.03). Regression analysis showed that professional activities can interfere with element exposure profiles in occupational settings. The analysis in the event of exposure to metals in these companies allowed investigating whether the simultaneous exposure leads to biological damage even if the levels of the compounds are within the exposure limits that are considered to be safe.
Expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in rat lungs following an intratracheal instillation of micron-sized nickel oxide nanoparticle agglomerates
Authors: Morimoto Yasuo , Hirohashi Masami , Ogami Akira , Oyabu Takako , Myojo Toshihiko , Hashiba Masayoshi , Mizuguchi Yohei , Kambara Tatsunori , Lee Byeong Woo , Kuroda Etsushi , Tanaka Isamu 
Published: October 2012

Objective: In our previous study, we reported that the micron-sized nickel oxide nanoparticle agglomerates induced neutrophil infiltration and the gene expression of the cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2αβ in a rat lung. In this study, we examined the expression of the CINCs family in the lung using the same rat model exposed to micron-sized nickel oxide nanoparticle agglomerates. Methods: The count median diameter of nickel oxide nanoparticle agglomerates suspended in saline was 1.34 μm (primary diameter: 8.41 nm). Male Wistar rats received an intratracheal instillation of 1 mg (3.3 mg/kg) of nickel oxide nanoparticles and were dissected at 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the instillation. The negative control group received an instillation of saline. The concentration of CINC-1 in the lung and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), CINC-2αβ in the BALF, and CINC-3 in the lung and the BALF was examined. Results: The concentration of CINC-1 was elevated at 3 days, 3 months, and 6 months in the lung tissue and from 3 days to 6 months in the BALF. The concentration of CINC-2αβ was elevated from 3 days to 3 months in the BALF. The concentration of CINC-3 was also elevated at 3 days, 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months in the lung tissue. Infiltration of neutrophil and alveolar macrophage was observed mainly in the alveoli during the observed time period. Conclusion: These results suggest that CINC-1 to -3 were totally involved in the lung injury caused by micron-sized nickel oxide nanoparticle agglomerates.
Anxiety and depression in Australian chronic hepatitis C outpatients: prevalence and predictors
Authors: Stewart Benjamin , Mikocka-Walus Antonina , Morgan Joanne , Colman Anton , Phelps Megan , Harley Hugh , Andrews Jane 
Published: October 2012

Objective: The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression in Australian chronic hepatitis C (CHC) outpatients. Method: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores at referral and other patient data was analysed for 395 CHC outpatients attending the Royal Adelaide Hospital liver clinic from 2006 to 2010. Results: Results revealed probable prevalence rates of 41% for anxiety and 27% for depression. CHC patients had rates of anxiety and depression 1.2 and 2.4 times higher than community norms, respectively. Younger patients were found to experience increased anxiety, while married patients or those in a de facto relationship experienced decreased anxiety and depression. Conclusion: Regular psychiatric screening, and subsequent referral for mental health treatment, where necessary, is recommended for Australian CHC patients. Younger patients or those lacking social supports may be at increased risk. Research is needed to develop and evaluate psychological interventions.
A nosological review of depressive disorders based on observations in clinical practice, Part 1: terminology and phenomenology
Authors: Restifo Sam 
Published: October 2012

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to describe the problems with the contemporary nosology of ‘depression’ and to discuss the key linguistic and phenomenological aspects that are essential prerequisites for a clinically meaningful typology of depressive disorders. The paper comprises observations and reflections drawn from clinical work. Conclusions: First, the use of the unqualified, stock term ‘depression’ is counterproductive, as are the diagnostic non-entities of ‘major depression’ and ‘dysthymia’. Second, the core psychopathology in melancholic depression is a loss of self-confidence, which helps explain the frequent co-occurrence of ‘anxiety’ with ‘depression’. Third, descriptive, non-technical terms such as ‘demoralisation’ and ‘grief’ are most helpful in formulating non-melancholic forms of depression and thus useful in differential diagnosis.
Teaching Human Factors to Graduate and Undergraduate Computer Science Students
Authors: Pastel Robert , Brown Christopher , Woller-Carter Margo , Kumar Shreya 
Published: October 2012

Human factors (HF) is not a subject traditionally taught in the Computer Science (CS) curriculum. The traditional CS curriculum focuses on the computer (the machine) and the programs for the machine. Because the faculty was not introduced to HF in their education, studying users has no role in their discipline. Undergraduate CS students are more receptive to new ideas and consequently do not define their discipline as rigidly. Nevertheless, they typically chose to study CS because of their interest in the technology and the machines. Another challenge to introducing HF to the CS curriculum is that there is no space in the program for another course. Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is an existing course in most CS curricula that can be leveraged to expose CS undergraduates to HF concepts. The traditional HCI course focused primarily on the technology and implementation of graphical user interfaces. Only recently has design, specifically user centered design, been taught in CS HCI courses. This paper describes combining undergraduate and graduate HCI courses that expose CS students to HF. Students in the undergraduate HCI course design and implements group projects, consisting of smart phone applications (apps), and the graduate students evaluate and test the apps. The challenges of introducing HF to CS students and principles for overcoming them are explained, along with the interactions between the undergraduate and graduate students.
Studying the Novice’s Perception of Visual Vs. Command Line Programming Tools in CS1
Authors: Dillon Edward , Anderson-Herzog Monica , Brown Marcus 
Published: October 2012

Determining appropriate practices for novice programming has been an important research topic for some time. Programming tools and their effect on novices has been one research area. When learning to program, novices can be exposed to either visual or command line tools. The variation of feature sets between both tool schemes could influence how a novice perceives programming. Visual tools tend to possess features that are familiar, assistive, and user-friendly for novices. Command line tools, on the other hand, usually provide basic essential features for programming. Prior studies have shown the effects of programming tools on novices while learning to program. However, most of these studies primarily focus on visual tools. This article explores visual and command line programming and their effect on novices. Our findings show that visual tools could provide a lower learning curve for novices, while command line tools could broaden their understanding of programming.
Product Design and Emotion: Frameworks, Methods, and Case Studies
Authors: McLoone Hugh , Jacobson Melissa , Goonetilleke Ravindra S. , Kleiss James , Liu Yili , McLoone Hugh , Schütte Simon 
Published: October 2012

Successful product design meets or exceeds the emotional needs of users, beyond utility and quality. Likewise, successful product design applies the knowledge of aesthetics, beyond technologies, features, and ease of use. This Discussion Panel will offer three topics by each speaker to the audience: 1) Framework: What framework(s) describe the world of affective or emotional design of products? 2) Method: What design research method(s) are used to measure emotional reactions to designs? 3) Case Study: What product design(s) exemplify the frameworks, methods, and/or otherwise highlight a successful product design? At the end of the session, attendees will have at least five frameworks, five research methods, and five case studies of exemplary products for inspiration in their work and research.
Educating Engineering Undergraduates: Effects of Scaffolding in a Problem-Based Learning Environment
Authors: Mayer Rob , Moeller Brandon , Kaliwata Vince , Zweber Ben , Stone Richard , Frank Matt 
Published: October 2012

This paper presents a study in the methods of problem-based learning (PBL) in the engineering classroom, where students work in small groups to explore specific problems under the guidance of an instructor. PBL has proven to be highly-effective in engineering education, but there is still room to improve. Studies by Schmidt et al. (2007) suggest that the use of “scaffolds,” structures that support the conceptual learning process early-on but are gradually removed later, can greatly help when students first engage in PBL. A total of 19 students participated in the study. A detailed lab handout was designed to act as a hard scaffold for the experimental group while the control group used the current materials. After preparing a full lab report, students were given a post-lab examination. The results of this examination indicate that the scaffold was effective, but they also hint that students enter the lab with incorrect mental models which hinder the learning process. Further study is needed to validate this hypothesis.
The Note-Taker’s Perspective During Usability Testing: A Hands-On Approach to Recognizing What’s Important, What Isn’t
Authors: Davis Kristen , Horst Dick 
Published: October 2012

It is a well-known psychological phenomenon that one’s perceptions are influenced by one’s expectations and biases. This is manifest in behavioral situations ranging from detecting signals in noise to more complex cognitive situations like recounting eyewitness accounts of observed events. Such dynamics also affect our thought processes as we observe usability test participants. Yet the approach to observing user behavior, determining what to look for and what to consider important, seems highly individualized and not often explicated. Even how-to texts on usability testing give relatively little guidance on the process of observing test participants and taking notes on their performance and comments. Consequently, one suspects that some of the variability in usability test results that has plagued the field may be due to a lack of consensus about how to observe user behavior or how to prepare for observation. This alternative format presentation will use collective viewing of video clips from sample usability tests as a stimulant for audience discussion about these issues. We see this as a consensus building exercise, exploring the extent to which the audience can, as a group, agree on what is noteworthy in the clips we present. In doing so we hope to offer some tips and lessons learned that may point towards defining best practices for observing user behavior and comments during usability testing.