bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controversies of Diffusion Weighted Imaging in the Diagnosis of Brain Death
Authors: Luchtmann Michael , Bernarding Johannes , Beuing Oliver , Kohl Jana , Bondar Imre , Skalej Martin , Firsching Raimund 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTImaging techniques as confirmatory tests may add safety to the diagnosis of brain death, but are partly not accepted either because they are too invasive, such as conventional arterial angiography, or because there is still lack of evidence of its reliability, such as magnetic resonance angiography. In this study the reliability of diffusion weighted imaging for the diagnosis of brain death was evaluated according in terms of its sensitivity and specificity. The apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) of 18 brain dead patients were registered from 14 distinct brain areas. The mean ADC values of the brain dead patients were compared with normal controls of physiological ADC values of unaffected brain tissue. Despite a highly significant decrease of the mean ADC value in 16 patients, two patients showed mean ADC values that were within normal physiological range. An explanation may be the pseudonormalization of ADC values seen in stroke patients that depends on the time of the onset of the brain damage.We conclude, diffusion‐weighted imaging may provide additional information on damage of the brain tissue but is not a practicable confirmatory test for the reliable diagnosis of brain death.
Workplace fairness versus unfairness: Examining the differential salience of facets of organizational justice
Authors: Cojuharenco Irina , Patient David 
Published: June 2013

In three studies, we show that employees bring to mind different facets of justice when focusing on workplace fairness versus unfairness. In Study 1, descriptions of recalled fair versus recalled unfair events are shown to be less multifaceted, more likely to include distributive justice, and less likely to include interactional justice. In Study 2, when asked to assess event fairness versus unfairness, participants posed fewer questions relating to interactional justice in relation to fair events. In Study 3, the results of a scenario experiment show that the relationship between unfairness/fairness and the salience of justice facets is mediated by the construal of work in more abstract terms in relation to fairness. We discuss the implications of our findings for organizational justice research and for organizations managing employee perceptions of fairness.Practitioner points

Employees pay attention to different aspects of workplace experience when they focus on fairness versus unfairness.
When employees consider fairness, they focus on workplace outcomes, whereas when they consider unfairness, they are more likely to also consider communication and interpersonal treatment.
Employees tend to examine work experiences in terms of specific, concrete details when focusing on unfairness, but not when focusing on fairness.
Randomized Clinical Trial of Implant‐Supported Ceramic–Ceramic and Metal–Ceramic Fixed Dental Prostheses: Preliminary Results
Authors: Esquivel‐Upshaw Josephine F. , Clark Arthur E. , Shuster Jonathan J. , Anusavice Kenneth J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the survival rates over time of implant‐supported ceramic–ceramic and metal–ceramic prostheses as a function of core‐veneer thickness ratio, gingival connector embrasure design, and connector height.Materials and MethodsAn IRB‐approved, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted as a single‐blind pilot study involving 55 patients missing three teeth in either one or two posterior areas. These patients (34 women; 21 men; age range 52–75 years) were recruited for the study to receive a three‐unit implant‐supported fixed dental prosthesis (FDP). Two implants were placed for each of the 72 FDPs in the study. The implants (Osseospeed, Astra Tech), which were made of titanium, were grit blasted. A gold‐shaded, custom‐milled titanium abutment (Atlantis, Astra Tech), was secured to each implant body. Each of the 72 FDPs in 55 patients were randomly assigned based on one of the following options: (1) A. Material: ceramic–ceramic (Yttria‐stabilized zirconia core, pressable fluorapatite glass‐ceramic, IPS e.max ZirCAD, and ZirPress, Ivoclar Vivadent) B. metal–ceramic (palladium‐based noble alloy, Capricorn, Ivoclar Vivadent, with press‐on leucite‐reinforced glass‐ceramic veneer, IPS InLine POM, Ivoclar Vivadent); (2) occlusal veneer thickness (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm); (3) curvature of gingival embrasure (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mm diameter); and (4) connector height (3, 4, and 5 mm). FDPs were fabricated and cemented with dual‐cure resin cement (RelyX, Universal Cement, 3M ESPE). Patients were recalled at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. FDPs were examined for cracks, fracture, and general surface quality.ResultsRecall exams of 72 prostheses revealed 10 chipping fractures. No fractures occurred within the connector or embrasure areas. Two‐sided Fisher's exact tests showed no significant correlation between fractures and type of material system (p = 0.51), veneer thickness (p = 0.75), radius of curvature of gingival embrasure (p = 0.68), and connector height (p = 0.91).ConclusionsAlthough there were no significant associations between connector height, curvature of gingival embrasure, core/veneer thickness ratio, and material system and the survival probability of implant‐supported FDPs with zirconia as a core material, the small number of fractures precludes a definitive conclusion on the dominant controlling factor.
Quantitative Analysis of Transcripts of the Open Reading Frames of Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus Genome By One‐multiplex RT‐PCR: Evidence for a High Transcript Level of Suppressor Gene in Sink Leaves
Authors: ElSayed Abdelaleim Ismail , Komor Ewald 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe transcript levels of four genome parts of the Sugarcane yellow leaf virus representing the different open reading frames were determined in sink leaves, source leaves and mature internodes of two SCYLV‐susceptible and one SCYLV‐resistant Hawaiian sugarcane cultivar. Amplification products were resolved by capillary gel electrophoresis and detected by fluorescence spectrophotometry. Sink leaves had higher transcript levels of ORF0‐1, which codes for a suppressor protein, than source leaves and internodes. The transcript levels for ORF3‐4, which code for capsid protein and movement protein, were significantly lower in source leaves in two of the three cultivars than in sink leaves and internodes. The differences between the cultivars could not be related to SCYLV resistance, however. We propose the transcription of the viral open reading frames, especially of the gene for the suppressor protein, is modulated in the plant.
Chemical and structural defensive external strategies in six sabellid worms (Annelida)
Authors: Giangrande Adriana , Licciano Margherita , Schirosi Roberto , Musco Luigi , Stabili Loredana 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn the marine environment, sessile invertebrates have developed an impressive array of mechanisms to avoid predation, bacterial exploitation, and epibiotic overgrowth. In the present study we investigated several defensive strategies adopted by six sabellids: the hard bottom species Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791), Branchiomma luctuosum Grube, 1869, Branchiomma bairdi (McIntosh, 1885), and Sabellastarte spectabilis (Grube, 1878), and the soft bottom species Myxicola infundibulum (Renier, 1804), and Megalomma lanigera (Grube, 1846), which have different morphological characteristics and geographical distribution. We examined and compared some defensive features such as branchial crown toughness, tube structure and strength, amount of released mucus, and antibacterial lysozyme‐activity in the mucus. The investigated species utilize a combination of defence and deterrence strategies that seems to be related to the colonized habitat. Tube strength was, higher in the hard bottom species compared with the soft bottom ones, where the tubes are generally buried and protected within the sediment. Branchial crown appeared stronger and resistant in hard bottom species, except for S. spallanzanii, which is the species showing the strongest tube. Sabella spallanzanii, M. infundibulum and S. spectabilis secreted high amount of mucus with high lysozyme‐like activity. By contrast, B. luctuosum, B. bairdi, and M. lanigera produced low amounts of mucus exerting lower antibacterial activity.
Uncoupling of reactive oxygen species accumulation and defence signalling in the metal hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens
Authors: Fones Helen N. , Eyles Chris J. , Bennett Mark H. , Smith J. Andrew C. , Preston Gail M. 
Published: June 2013

Summary

The metal hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens is protected from disease by the accumulation of high concentrations of metals in its aerial tissues, which are toxic to many pathogens. As these metals can lead to the production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS), metal hyperaccumulator plants have developed highly effective ROS tolerance mechanisms, which might quench ROS‐based signals. We therefore investigated whether metal accumulation alters defence signalling via ROS in this plant.

We studied the effect of zinc (Zn) accumulation by N. caerulescens on pathogen‐induced ROS production, salicylic acid accumulation and downstream defence responses, such as callose deposition and pathogenesis‐related (PR) gene expression, to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola.

The accumulation of Zn caused increased superoxide production in N. caerulescens, but inoculation with P. syringae did not elicit the defensive oxidative burst typical of most plants. Defences dependent on signalling through ROS (callose and PR gene expression) were also modified or absent in N. caerulescens, whereas salicylic acid production in response to infection was retained.

These observations suggest that metal hyperaccumulation is incompatible with defence signalling through ROS and that, as metal hyperaccumulation became effective as a form of elemental defence, normal defence responses became progressively uncoupled from ROS signalling in N. caerulescens.
Corticotomy‐assisted orthodontics: a review of surgical technique with case report
Authors: Patel N. , Waring D. , Saksena A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThere has been a significant increase in the number of adult patients requesting orthodontic treatment. Demands of these patients have also changed; patients are often only requesting aesthetic correction in the shortest possible time. The development of corticotomy‐assisted orthodontics (CAO) has offered potential solutions to many limitations in the management of these patients. A corticotomy is defined as a surgical procedure where only the cortical plate is cut, perforated or modified. CAO claims to have several advantages including reduced treatment time, increased traction of impacted teeth and added post‐orthodontic stability. This article highlights the potential of corticotomy procedures in improving orthodontic outcomes and includes a case report.
Treatment of Lymphangioma Circumscriptum Using Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser Ablation
Authors: Shumaker Peter R. , Dela Rosa Kristina M. , Krakowski Andrew 
Published: June 2013

AbstractLymphangioma circumscriptum remains a challenging entity to treat given anatomic considerations and a significant tendency for recurrence regardless of the modality selected. Surgical excision offers the greatest potential for definitive management but is often beset by procedural morbidity and suboptimal cosmetic outcomes. A range of palliative options have been reported for the treatment of lymphangioma circumscriptum, with varying degrees of associated efficacy and morbidity. This report describes the novel use of fractional carbon dioxide laser ablation for the treatment of lymphangioma circumscriptum, with promising cosmetic results and durable symptomatic relief.
Linear Morphea and Leg Length Discrepancy: Treatment with a Leg‐Lengthening Procedure
Authors: Handler Marc Z. , Wulkan Adam J. , Stricker Stephen J. , Schachner Lawrence A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA 15‐year‐old Colombian boy with a 10‐year history of linear morphea presented to a pediatric orthopedic clinic with a leg length discrepancy. The morphea had been previously treated with methotrexate, oral and topical steroids, and topical vitamin D, but the lesion persisted, extending down the entire medial aspect of the left leg across the popliteal fossa. The patient had atrophy and growth retardation of the left leg, resulting in lower extremity bone and joint pain and a 3‐cm limb length disparity at maturity. The patient preferred left tibial lengthening to improve the limb length disparity.
Heterogeneity in infection outcome: lessons from a bumblebee‐trypanosome system
Authors: Sadd B. M. , Barribeau S. M. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryInteractions between insect hosts and their parasites are significant because their parasites can also be parasites of humans and of species that we utilize. Host–parasite interactions are complex, even in insects, and there can be heterogeneous outcomes in infection success, load, virulence and transmission, with consequences for the evolution of hosts and their parasites, and also for epidemiology. A comprehension that the triad of host, parasite and environment interact to dictate infection outcome is key for anyone interested in host–parasite research. Studies in model systems used to good effect to characterize insect immunity and infection rarely scrutinize such heterogeneity. Evolutionary ecology studies addressing natural variation offer a window on the causes and consequences of such heterogeneity. A system at the forefront in this area is that of bumblebees and their trypanosome parasite Crithidia. Placing results and interpretations in a broader context we synthesize the plethora of work on bumblebee immunity and parasite interactions. We describe and discuss the sources of heterogeneity that should also be considered in human‐relevant insect–parasite systems, including genotypic variation in both parasites and hosts, the mediating role of the environment, and explore the emerging evidence for microbiota modulating defence against parasites.
Efficacy of increasing donepezil in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease patients who show a diminished response to 5 mg donepezil: a preliminary study
Authors: Yatabe Yusuke , Hashimoto Mamoru , Kaneda Keiichiro , Honda Kazuki , Ogawa Yusuke , Yuuki Seiji , Ikeda Manabu 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundWith the recent approval of several new drugs, pharmacological management of Alzheimer's disease has become more complicated in Japan. The efficacy and safety of increasing the dose of donepezil to 10 mg daily were assessed in an open‐label study of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease who were showing a diminished response to 5 mg daily.MethodsThe subjects included 27 patients with mild to moderate probable Alzheimer's disease whose primary caregivers had confirmed progression of symptoms during treatment with donepezil 5 mg daily. The dose of donepezil was increased to 10 mg daily, and the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale‐cognitive subscale (Japanese version), Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and Zarit caregiver burden interview scores were compared before and after dose escalation. Adverse events were also investigated.ResultsEfficacy was evaluated in 24 patients; three dropped out because of adverse reactions. The Alzheimer's disease assessment scale score showed significant improvement after dose escalation of donepezil (P = 0.006). The total score of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and the Zarit score showed no significant changes. However, the anxiety score of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory showed a significant increase (P = 0.028). Safety assessment revealed that the dropout rate was 11.1% and adverse reactions occurred in 40.7%. Nausea (29.6%) and loss of appetite (22.2%) were common adverse reactions.ConclusionsBecause cognitive function showed improvement after increasing the dose of donepezil, the dosage of this drug should probably be adjusted based on the overall severity of Alzheimer's disease as well as the progression of cognitive dysfunction.
Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in an Alzheimer's disease case successfully treated with natural medicine: association with gonadotropins
Authors: Niitsu Tomihisa , Okamoto Hideki , Iyo Masaomi 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPharmacotherapies for the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia are limited; novel agents for the symptoms are still needed. Herein, we report the case of an 80‐year‐old male patient with Alzheimer's disease whose severe agitation, insomnia and sexual delusions were successfully treated with a traditional natural Japanese (Kampo) medicine, keishi‐ka‐ryukotsu‐borei‐to. We found that administrating keishi‐ka‐ryukotsu‐borei‐to increased his serum luteinizing hormone level, which could be inversely associated with his behavioural and psychological symptoms. This report suggests that keishi‐ka‐ryukotsu‐borei‐to is a possible alternative treatment for the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, especially sexual delusions.
Comparison of the stratum corneum thickness measured in vivo with confocal Raman spectroscopy and confocal reflectance microscopy
Authors: Böhling A. , Bielfeldt S. , Himmelmann A. , Keskin M. , Wilhelm K.‐P. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundThickness measurement of the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), is essential for in‐vivo measurement of the cutaneous bioavailability of topically applied drugs and cosmetics. Our aim was to compare SC thickness calculated from confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) data with results of SC thickness based on confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) measurements and with literature data, to validate CRS data with CLSM data and vice versa.MethodsSC thickness was measured with two non‐invasive devices, confocal Raman spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, on four different areas of the body: volar forearm, leg, face and palm in 18 healthy adult subjects.ResultsComparable results of SC thickness were obtained with both methods, structure analysis of CLSM images, and computation of Fick's first law on water gradients measured with CRS: 20 μm and 19 μm (volar forearm), 21 μm and 22 μm (lower leg), and 13 μm with both methods (cheek), respectively.DiscussionFor the first time it was possible to accurately determine the thickness of SC with CRS and CLSM and to validate both systems against each other and with results of literature data.ConclusionBoth methods, CRS and CLSM, were found to be suitable to measure SC thickness correctly. Therefore, when using CRS, for example to obtain detailed information about the molecular composition of the skin, it is additionally possible to accurately measure SC thickness with the same device to have an orientation in which skin layer molecules are found.
Conservative Christians and Support for Transracial Adoption as an Alternative to Abortion
Authors: Perry Samuel L. 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveThis study examines whether support for transracial adoption (TRA) among evangelical Protestants and Catholics is uniquely tied to their cultural and political opposition to abortion. Mainline Protestants, persons of other religious faiths, and the religiously unaffiliated are used as comparison groups, and support for same‐sex adoption is used as a comparison issue.MethodData are taken from the 2005 Baylor Religion Survey. I estimate logistic regression models to examine the link between support for TRA and abortion attitudes across all five groups considered, net of relevant sociodemographic and ideological factors.ResultsFor evangelicals and Catholics, opposition to abortion under any circumstance has a positive net effect on their support for TRA. However, opposition to abortion does not predict support for TRA among mainline Protestants, adherents to other religions, or the unaffiliated. Support for same‐sex adoption is a strong predictor of support for TRA across all groups.ConclusionAn interesting paradox is thus observed in that evangelicals and Catholics who support TRA are more socially progressive on most other issues (younger, more racially tolerant, support same‐sex adoption), except in their views toward abortion. On this issue, they are more conservative.
Individual Protest Participation in the United States: Conventional and Unconventional Activism
Authors: DiGrazia Joseph 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesThis study addresses differences in the predictors of participation in different forms of protest activity using nationally representative data. The two types of protest examined, referred to as conventional and unconventional forms of activism, are differentiated by differing levels of risk, demands, and political legitimacy.MethodsThe analysis uses multinominal logistic regression and data from the World Values Survey to assess the effects of a wide range of independent variables on participation in protest.ResultsThe results indicate that participation in conventional forms of protest, activities that are relatively undemanding, socially legitimate, and low risk, tend to follow patterns that are consistent with participation in institutional politics. That is, participants in this form of activism tend to be socially privileged and ideologically moderate. Participants in unconventional protest, those that are highly demanding, socially illegitimate, or carry substantial risks, tend to be more ideologically extreme, socially disadvantaged, and more alienated from the conventional political system.ConclusionsThe findings in this study suggest that the lack of consistency in some existing research on protest participation may be attributable to differences in the predictors of participation associated with different forms of protest. This study indicates that protest participation is not a unitary construct and should not be treated as one in research.
Understanding the Multilevel Foundation of Social Trust in Rural China: Evidence from the China General Social Survey
Authors: Huhe Narisong 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveIn recent years, there has been a fast‐growing body of literature on the sources of social trust. However, empirical studies focusing on non‐Western societies are rare. To fill the gap, this study is intended to explore both the individual and contextual sources of social trust in rural China.MethodsThis study uses hierarchical linear models to analyze the multilevel foundations of social trust based upon a unique two‐level data set from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) conducted nationwide at both the individual and village level in rural China.ResultsThe results indicate that Chinese villagers markedly differentiate between the particularized and generalized forms of trust. While particularized trust is strongly influenced by both personal experiences and subjective orientations, generalized trust is closely associated with one's basic values (i.e., norms of civility). Moreover, both types of trust are very unevenly distributed in rural China, and geographically dispersed villages tend to strongly constrain the development of social trust.ConclusionGiven the complex nature of social trust, these results suggest that more sophisticated studies should be introduced to map how its forms and magnitudes vary across localities.