bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The electoral consequences of two great crises
Authors: Lindvall Johannes 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWho benefits from deep economic crises: the left, the right or neither? On the basis of evidence from elections in 1929–1933 and 2008–2013 in all states that were democracies in both periods, it is argued in this article that the electoral consequences of the Great Depression and the Great Recession were surprisingly similar: in both periods, right‐wing parties were at first more successful than left‐wing parties, although this effect only lasted for a few years. The manner in which a crisis develops over time should be taken into account when examining the effects of deep economic downturns on the electoral fortunes of the left and the right.
Clinical Benefit of the Change of Dialysate Calcium Concentration From 3.0 to 2.75 mEq/L
Authors: Sakai Yukinao , Otsuka Tomoyuki , Ohno Dai , Murasawa Tsuneo , Sakai Saori , Tsuruoka Shuichi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBecause active vitamin D preparations and calcimimetics have been widely used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism, maintenance of acceptable serum calcium and phosphate levels is important. A 2.75 mEq/L dialysate calcium product, which may bring the calcium balance closer to 0, has recently been launched, and we had an opportunity to examine its possible benefits. We performed a 6‐month retrospective review after switching from 3.0 mEq/L to 2.75 mEq/L calcium dialysate in 85 outpatients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. We evaluated blood biochemical parameters, including predialysis and postdialysis serum calcium and phosphate levels, predialysis intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels; dialysis dose (Kt/V); and doses of concomitant active vitamin D preparations, calcimimetics, phosphate binder, and erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents. Postdialysis calcium levels were significantly lower and predialysis corrected calcium levels significantly decreased. The change in calcium levels before and after dialysis was smaller after switching of the dialysate than before. iPTH levels significantly increased 1 month after switching of the dialysate. No remarkable changes were observed in phosphate levels or Kt/V. The dose of alfacalcidol, one of the concomitant drugs, somewhat increased, and no remarkable changes in dosage were observed for other concomitant drugs. These results were favorable in terms of calcium balance. However, there may be limitations in interpreting the results, but the resultant calcium levels suggest that switching to 2.75 mEq/L calcium dialysate may improve the control of calcium levels. In addition, it is hoped that the treatment choice of secondary hyperparathyroidism is extended.
Increased plasma levels of the methylglyoxal in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes 初诊2型糖尿病患者血浆甲基乙二醛水平升高
Authors: Kong Xiang , Ma Ming‐zhe , Huang Kai , Qin Li , Zhang Hong‐mei , Yang Zhen , Li Xiao‐yong , Su Qing 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundMethylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive‐dicarbonyl that is thought to contribute to the development of diabetes either as a precursor for advanced glycation end products or as a direct toxin. The present study was designed to determine plasma MG level in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to evaluate the relationship between MG and other parameters, such as oxidative stress and metabolic indices.MethodsMethylglyoxal was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometry in plasma from 48 subjects with newly diagnosed T2DM. The relationship between two variables was analyzed using Spearman's correlation analysis. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis was used to assess the association of plasma MG and other parameters.ResultsPlasma MG level in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM (65.2 ± 19.2 ng/mL) were significantly higher than that in control individuals (40.1 ± 11.1 ng/mL, P < 0.05). The plasma level of MG was positively correlated with the glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, r = 0.670, P < 0.01) and malondialdehyde (MDA, r = 0.694, P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that both HbA1c and MDA are significant independent determinants of plasma MG level.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that increased plasma MG level is associated with the elevation of HbA1c and MDA in newly diagnosed T2DM patients.
Glucagon‐like peptide 1‐potentiated insulin secretion and proliferation of pancreatic β‐cells GLP‐1促进胰岛素分泌和胰岛β细胞增殖的机制
Authors: Ma Xiaosong , Guan Youfei , Hua Xianxin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is the primary incretin hormone secreted from the intestine upon uptake of food to stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β‐cells. GLP‐1 exerts its effects by binding to its G‐protein coupled receptors and subsequently activating adenylate cyclase, leading to generation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP stimulates insulin secretion via activation of its effectors PKA and Epac2 in pancreatic β‐cells. In addition to its insulinotropic effects, GLP‐1 also preserves pancreatic β‐cell mass by stimulating β‐cell proliferation. Unlike the action of sulphonylureas in lowering blood glucose levels, action of GLP‐1 is affected by and interplays with glucose levels. Due to such advantages, GLP‐1‐based therapeutics have been rapidly developed and used clinically for treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, molecular mechanisms underlying how GLP‐1 potentiates diminished glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and β‐cell proliferation under diabetic conditions are not well understood. Here, we review the actions of GLP‐1 in regulation of insulin secretion and pancreatic β‐cell proliferation.
The Effects of Accounting Standard Precision, Auditor Task Expertise, and Judgment Frameworks on Audit Firm Litigation Exposure
Authors: Grenier Jonathan H. , Pomeroy Bradley , Stern Matthew T. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRecent research suggests that adopting imprecise accounting standards elevates audit firm litigation exposure and could undermine auditor objectivity if audit firms respond by herding to industry norms. This paper reports the results of two experiments that demonstrate how audit firms can effectively mitigate the elevated litigation exposure without herding to industry norms by staffing engagements with recognized technical experts, using judgment frameworks and automated decision aids, and providing persuasive evidence of adherence to auditing standards. We find that judgment frameworks are particularly well‐suited for defending judgments under imprecise standards, and represent a cost‐effective alternative to using technical experts. However, our results also indicate that judgment frameworks may provide a safe harbor for relatively low‐quality judgments when those frameworks are used under precise standards. We discuss implications for audit firms, courts, and regulators that currently conduct or evaluate audits within and across jurisdictions where the precision of accounting standards varies considerably.
Hierarchical modelling of population growth rate from individual capture–recapture data
Authors: Tenan Simone , Pradel Roger , Tavecchia Giacomo , Igual José M. , Sanz‐Aguilar Ana , Genovart Meritxell , Oro Daniel 
Published: April 2014

Summary

Estimating rates of population change is essential to achieving theoretical and applied goals in population ecology, and the Pradel (1996, Biometrics, 52: 703.) temporal symmetry method permits direct estimation and modelling of the growth rate of open populations, using capture–recapture data from marked animals.

We present a Bayesian formulation of the Pradel approach that permits a hierarchical modelling of the biological and sampling processes. Two parametrizations for the temporal symmetry likelihood are presented and implemented into a general purpose software in BUGS language.

We first consider a set of simulated scenarios to evaluate performance of a Bayesian variable selection approach to test the temporal linear trend on survival and seniority probability, population growth rate and detectability. We then provide an example application on individual detection information of three species of burrowing nesting seabirds, whose populations cannot be directly counted. For each species, we assess the strength of evidence for temporal random variation and the temporal linear trend on survival probability, population growth rate and detectability.

The Bayesian formulation provides more flexibility, by easily allowing the extension of the original fixed time effects structure to random time effects, an option that is still impractical in a frequentist framework.
Plant virus ecology and epidemiology: historical perspectives, recent progress and future prospects
Authors: Jones R.A.C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAfter clarifying the relationship between the closely related concepts of ecology and epidemiology as they are used in plant virology, this article provides a historical perspective on the subject before discussing recent progress and future prospects. Ecology focuses on virus populations interacting with host populations within a variable environment, while epidemiology focuses on the complex association between virus and host plant, and factors that influence spread. The evolution and growth of plant virus ecology and epidemiology since its inception to the present day, and the major milestones in its development, are illustrated by examples from influential historical reviews published in the Annals of Applied Biology over the last 100 years. Original research papers published in the journal are used to illustrate important ecological and epidemiological principles and new developments in both fields. Both areas are multifaceted with many factors influencing host plants, and virus and vector behaviour. The highly diverse scenarios that arise from this process influence the virus population and the spatiotemporal dynamics of virus distribution and spread. The review then describes exciting progress in research in the areas of molecular epidemiology and ecology, and understanding virus–vector interactions. Application of new molecular techniques has greatly accelerated the rate of progress in understanding virus populations and the way changes in these populations influence epidemics. Viruses cause direct and plant‐mediated indirect effects on insect vectors by modifying their life cycles, fitness and behaviour, and one of the most fascinating recent fields of research concerns plant‐mediated indirect virus manipulation of insect vector behaviour that encourages virus spread. Next, the review describes the current state of knowledge about spread of plant viruses at the critical agro‐ecological interface between managed and natural vegetation. There is an urgent need to understand how viruses move in both directions between the two and be able to anticipate these kinds of events. To obtain an understanding of, and ability to foresee, such events will require a major research effort into the future. The review finishes by discussing the implications of climate change and rapid technological innovation for the types of research needed to avoid virus threats to future world food supplies and plant biodiversity. There has been lamentably little focus on research to determine the magnitude of the threat from diseases caused in diverse plant virus pathosystems under different climate change scenarios. Increasing technological innovation offers many opportunities to help ensure this situation is addressed, and provide plant virus ecology and epidemiology with a very exciting future.
Post‐operative atelectasis – a randomised trial investigating a ventilatory strategy and low oxygen fraction during recovery
Authors: EDMARK L. , AUNER U. , LINDBÄCK J. , ENLUND M. , HEDENSTIERNA G. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundAtelectasis is common during and after general anaesthesia. We hypothesized that a ventilation strategy with a combination of 1) continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) and 2) a reduced end‐expiratory oxygen concentration during recovery would reduce post‐operative atelectasis.MethodsSixty patients were randomized into two groups. During anaesthesia induction, inspiratory oxygen fraction (FIO2) was 1.0, and depending on weight, CPAP 6, 7 or 8 cmH2O was applied in both groups via facemask. During maintenance of anaesthesia, a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was used, and PEEP was 6–8 cmH2O in both groups. Before removal of the LMA, FIO2 was set to 0.3 in the intervention group and 1.0 in the control group. Atelectasis was studied by computed tomography (CT) approximately 14 min post‐operatively.ResultsIn one patient in the group given an FIO2 of 0.3 before removal of the LMA a CT scan could not be performed so the patient was excluded. The area of atelectasis was 5.5, 0–16.9 cm2 (median and range), and 6.8, 0–27.5 cm2 in the groups given FIO2 0.3 or FIO2 1.0 before removal of the LMA, a difference that was not statistically significant (P = 0.48). Post‐hoc analysis showed dependence of atelectasis on smoking (despite all were clinically lung healthy) and American Society of Anesthesiologists class (P = 0.038 and 0.015, respectively).ConclusionInducing anaesthesia with CPAP/PEEP and FIO2 1.0 and deliberately reducing FIO2 during recovery before removal of the LMA did not reduce post‐operative atelectasis compared with FIO2 1.0 before removal of the LMA.
Insect–flower interactions: network structure in organic versus conventional vineyards
Authors: Kehinde T. , Samways M. J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEcosystems are made up of various mutualistic and antagonistic plant and animal interactions. These interactions are subject to various global change phenomena such as land use change and habitat modification. While the effect of environmentally friendly farming practices on the taxonomic diversity of plants and animal species has been reported, it is uncertain whether these schemes provide benefit for species interaction networks. We compared insect–flower interaction networks by analyzing important web structure indices from organic and conventional vineyards and natural vegetation sites in five different localities in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot. Average number of insect–flower interactions was higher in organic vineyards compared with conventional vineyards and natural sites. Abundance of flowering plants contributed significantly to explain the observed difference in number of interactions in the model. Other network indices were similar between the different land use types. Our results support the importance of less intensive farming for promoting biodiversity. Approaches such as organic farming are especially beneficial for important interaction networks that drive the process of maintaining biodiversity. The potential of well‐managed vineyard ecosystems for promoting conservation of ecologically important insect–flower interactions is demonstrated.
Searching for the Optimal Rate of Medically Necessary Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Ye Jiangfeng , Betrán Ana Pilar , Guerrero Vela Miguel , Souza Joäo Paulo , Zhang Jun 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundOver the past three decades, the World Health Organization expert panel proposed cesarean delivery rate of 10–15 percent was used as a doctrine for an optimal rate of cesarean delivery despite the lack of concrete evidence. We set out to compile cesarean delivery rates, socioeconomic indicators, and health outcomes by countries in the last three decades to explore the optimal rates for medically necessary cesarean delivery.MethodsWe selected 19 countries which have readily accessible cesarean delivery and low maternal and infant mortality, including countries in North and West Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. Information on cesarean delivery rate, human development index (HDI), gross domestic products (GDP), maternal, neonatal, and infant mortality rates of each country in the past 30 years was collected from published reports. A two‐level fractional polynomial model was used to model the association between cesarean rate and mortality rates.ResultsMost of the countries have experienced sharp increases in cesarean delivery rates. Once cesarean delivery rate reached 10 percent, with adjustment for HDI and GDP, further increase in cesarean delivery rate had no impact on maternal, neonatal, and infant mortality rates.ConclusionsOur findings corroborate the statement that a population‐level cesarean section rate above 10–15 percent is hardly justified from the medical perspective.
Editorial: e‐Research for education: Applied, methodological and critical perspectives
Authors: Markauskaite Lina , Reimann Peter 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis special issue brings together a set of contributions that represent and explore the state of the art regarding the development and application of digital technology‐enhanced research approaches in educational research—e‐research for education. Over the recent years, digital technologies have enhanced various aspects of scholarly practices, such as data collection and analysis, research collaboration, and publishing. New technology‐enhanced research approaches have been emerging in a number of educational research domains, such as learning analytics, educational data mining, digital ethnography and educational informatics. Although the potential of digital approaches has been generally acknowledged, many overarching conceptual and methodological questions remain unexplored and under‐theorised. This special issue provides a landmark collection that synthesises some important empirical and methodological advances in this research field, including methodologically innovative case studies and critical analyses of overarching epistemological, methodological and practical issues that inevitably will shape future developments of this research field.
Fischer, Frank et al (2013) Grand challenges in technology enhanced learningSpringer (Berlin) isbn 978‐3‐319‐01666‐5 79 pp £44.99 http://www.springer.com/education+%26+language/learning+%26+instruction/book/978‐3‐319‐01666‐5
Authors: Laborda Jesús García 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe world of education progresses by succeeding in its own challenges. This attractive volume excels in suggesting key issues that will need to be addressed in the next years by researchers, teachers and students. If you think the content of this book may be relevant, I recommend that you buy a copy for your own use.Jesús García Laborda
Sachs, Judyth & Parsell, Mitch ed (2014) Peer review of learning and teaching in higher educationSpringer (Berlin) isbn 978‐94‐007‐7638‐8 219 pp £90 http://www.springer.com/education+%26+language/learning+%26+instruction/book/978‐94‐007‐7638‐8
Authors: Cowan John 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThis clearly written and pertinent text provides a comprehensive, detailed and critical overview of current peer review practice in higher education. Its effective Introduction should enable readers to identify and move quickly to the contributions they are likely to find useful or stimulating—or both! Is the content of this book likely to be relevant to you? If it is, I recommend you buy your own copy.John Cowan
Human DCXR – another ‘moonlighting protein’ involved in sugar metabolism, carbonyl detoxification, cell adhesion and male fertility?
Authors: Ebert Bettina , Kisiela Michael , Maser Edmund 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDicarbonyl/l‐xylulose reductase (DCXR; SDR20C1), a member of the short‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily catalyzes the reduction of α‐dicarbonyl compounds and monosaccharides. Its role in the metabolism of l‐xylulose has been known since 1970, when essential pentosuria was found to be associated with DCXR deficiency. Despite its early discovery, our knowledge about the role of human DCXR in normal physiology and pathophysiology is still incomplete. Sporadic studies have demonstrated aberrant expression in several cancers, but their physiological significance is unknown. In reproductive medicine, where DCXR is commonly referred to as ‘sperm surface protein P34H’, it serves as marker for epididymal sperm maturation and is essential for gamete interaction and successful fertilization. DCXR exhibits a multifunctional nature, both acting as a carbonyl reductase and also performing non‐catalytic functions, possibly resulting from interactions with other proteins. Recent observations associate DCXR with a role in cell adhesion, pointing to a novel function involving tumour progression and possibly metastasis. This review summarizes the current knowledge about human DCXR and its orthologs from mouse and Caenorhabditis elegans (DHS‐21) with an emphasis on its multifunctional characteristics. Due to its close structural relationship with DCXR, carbonyl reductase 2 (Cbr2), a tetrameric enzyme found in several non‐primate species is also discussed. Similar to human DCXR, Cbr2 from golden hamster (P26h) and cow (P25b) is essential for sperm–zona pellucida interaction and fertilization. Because of the apparent similarity of these two proteins and the inconsistent use of alternative names previously, we provide an overview of the systematic classification of DCXR and Cbr2 and a phylogenetic analysis to illustrate their ancestry.
Implant success remains high despite grafting voids in the maxillary sinus
Authors: Tsai Ching‐Yu , Garaicoa‐Pazmino Carlos , Mori Kuniyasu , Benavides Erika , Kaigler Darnell , Kapila Yvonne 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectivesGiven that the nature and presence of voids present within grafted sinuses following maxillary sinus elevation procedures were not known, nor was the contribution of these factors to implant success, the purpose of this study was to investigate these parameters and their relationship to implant success.Materials and MethodsThis study evaluated data from 25 subjects who had a lateral window maxillary sinus augmentation procedure. Cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed at baseline and 4 months after surgery. CBCT images were used to evaluate grafted sites prior to implant placement. Using CBCT images, three examiners independently measured bone‐grafted areas (BG), void areas (V), and percentage of void areas (V%) from six different sections within grafted sites. The six sections were defined as a cross‐sectional (CS) midpoint, CS mesial point, CS distal point, horizontal section (HS) low point, HS midpoint, and HS high point. Implant success was also determined.ResultsThe calculated V% (V/BG) for the CS midpoint, CS mesial point, CS distal point, HS low point, HS midpoint, and HS high point were 5.30 ± 6.67%, 5.79 ± 8.51%, 6.67 ± 7.12%, 2.07 ± 2.56%, 5.30 ± 6.62%, and 4.92 ± 5.17% respectively. Implant success after 6 months of follow‐up approximated 100%.ConclusionsAlthough voids within grafts varied in terms of distribution and size, the V% within the HS low point were significantly smaller compared to those within the CS midpoint and CS distal point, which had the most intra‐subject V%. Thus, more attention should be given to the distal aspect of the sinus when compacting graft materials in the lateral wall sinus augmentation procedure. Implant success was not influenced by the existence of voids as implant success remained high.