bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pitfalls of ignoring behaviour when quantifying habitat selection
Authors: Roever C. L. , Beyer H. L. , Chase M. J. , van Aarde R. J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimHabitat selection is a behavioural mechanism by which animals attempt to maximize their inclusive fitness while balancing competing demands, such as finding food and rearing offspring while avoiding predation, in a heterogeneous and changing environment. Different habitat characteristics may be associated with each of these demands, implying that habitat selection varies depending on the behavioural motivations of the animal. Here, we investigate behaviour‐specific habitat selection in African elephants and discuss its implications for distribution modelling and conservation.LocationNorthern Botswana, Africa, case study.MethodsWe use Bayesian state‐space models to characterize location time series data of elephants into two behavioural states (encamped and exploratory). We then develop habitat selection models for each behavioural state and contrast them to models based on data pooled among behaviours.ResultsSpatial predictions of habitat use were often markedly different among the models. Behaviour‐specific and pooled habitat selection models differed in model structure, the magnitude of model coefficients and the form of the selection curve (linear or quadratic). Selection was typically strongest in the behaviour‐specific models, although this varied according to behavioural state and habitat covariate.Main conclusionsIgnoring behavioural states often had important consequences for quantifying habitat selection. Quantifying selection irrespective of behaviour (among all behaviours) can obscure important species–habitat relationships, thereby risking weak or incorrect inferences. Behaviour‐specific habitat selection provides greater insight into the process of habitat selection and can improve predictive habitat selection estimates. As some behaviours are more relevant to specific conservation objectives than others, focusing on behaviour‐specific selection could improve how habitats are prioritized for conservation or management.
Individual Exploration, Sensemaking, and Innovation: A Design for the Discovery of Novel Information
Authors: Jenkin Tracy A. , Chan Yolande E. , Skillicorn David B. , Rogers Keith W. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTDiscovering novel information can result in the generation of potentially valuable new ideas and can therefore be beneficial to organizations interested in innovation. To be useful, novel information must have a particular relationship to existing organizational knowledge. It must be far enough away to qualify as novel, but it must be close enough that it can be understood and exploited. Therefore, a key challenge for novel‐information discovery (NID) is to find concepts that have such relationships to a given starting point or focal concept of interest. Despite the potential benefits, organizations face a number of challenges when discovering novel information on the Web: locating it, understanding its relevance, and making sense of it given the constraints and biases of existing mental models. In this article, we develop an understanding of the challenges of NID and how a tool can support individuals in locating and translating novel information into novel ideas. Using a design science approach, we develop a design theory for NID. A prototype is developed and evaluated. Our findings show that an NID tool performs better than other Web search tools such as Google in terms of the perceived levels of novel information provided and radicalness of the ideas generated.
Analyzing the Integration of WiMAX and Wi‐Fi Services: Bandwidth Sharing and Channel Collaboration
Authors: Li Yung‐Ming , Jhang‐Li Jhih‐Hua 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTSeveral emerging studies have focused on the pricing issue of bandwidth sharing between Wi‐Fi and WiMAX networks; however, most either concentrate on the design of collaborated protocols or figure out the issue without the overall consideration of consumer preferences and contract design. In this study, we explore a wireless service market in which there are two wireless service providers operating Wi‐Fi and WiMAX. One of the research dimensions given in this study is whether wireless service providers implement bandwidth sharing, while the other is whether they make decisions individually or jointly. By involving consumer preferences and a wholesale price contract in the present model, we find that bandwidth sharing would benefit a WiMAX service provider, yet a Wi‐Fi service provider would make no significant savings under a wholesale price contract. In addition, the profit of a WiMAX service provider may increase with Wi‐Fi coverage when bandwidth sharing has been implemented but decrease with Wi‐Fi coverage when both wireless services operate without bandwidth sharing. Furthermore, the WiMAX service provider allocates more capacity when the average usage rate increases, but lowers the expenditure of capacity when the average usage rate is too high.
Cost‐effectiveness of insulin degludec compared with insulin glargine for patients with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin – from the UK health care cost perspective
Authors: Evans M. , Wolden M. , Gundgaard J. , Chubb B. , Christensen T. 
Published: December 2013

AimsThe aim of this analysis was to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of insulin degludec (IDeg) versus insulin glargine (IGlar) in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who are considered appropriate for treatment with a basal insulin analogue, using a short‐term economic model.MethodsMeta‐analysis data from three phase III clinical studies were used to populate a simple and transparent short‐term model. The costs and effects of treatment with IDeg versus IGlar were calculated over a 12‐month period. The analysis was conducted from the perspective of the UK National Health Service. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the degree of uncertainty surrounding the results.ResultsIDeg is a cost‐effective treatment option versus IGlar in patients with T2DM using basal insulin. Base case incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were estimated at £15 795 per quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY) and £13 078 per QALY, which are below commonly accepted thresholds for cost‐effectiveness. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that hypoglycaemia event rates had an important effect on the results. With higher event rates for non‐severe hypoglycaemia IDeg was less costly and more effective than IGlar (dominant). Conversely, using lower event rates for severe hypoglycaemia generated higher ICERs. Using hypoglycaemia rates from a subgroup of patients who experienced ≥1 hypoglycaemic event per year IDeg was highly cost‐effective versus IGlar; with estimated ICERS of £4887 and £2625 per QALY.ConclusionsThis short‐term modelling approach allows the economic evaluation of newer insulin analogues when advanced long‐term modelling based on HbA1c differences is inappropriate. For patients with T2DM who are considered appropriate for treatment with a basal insulin analogue, IDeg is a cost‐effective treatment option compared with IGlar and offers additional benefits to subgroups of patients, such as those suffering from recurrent hypoglycaemia.
Septal Curvature Is Marker of Hemodynamic, Anatomical, and Electromechanical Ventricular Interdependence in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Haddad Francois , Guihaire Julien , Skhiri Mehdi , Denault Andre Y. , Mercier Olaf , Al‐Halabi Shadi , Vrtovec Bojan , Fadel Elie , Zamanian Roham T. , Schnittger Ingela 
Published: December 2013

AimsThe objective of this study was to determine the factors independently associated with septal curvature in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).MethodsEighty‐five consecutive patients with PAH who had an echocardiogram and a right heart catheterization within 24 hours of each others were included in the study. Septal curvature was assessed at the mid‐papillary level using the eccentricity index (EI). Marked early systolic septal anterior motion was defined as a change in EI > 0.2 between end‐diastole and early systole. Inter‐ventricular mechanical delay was calculated as the percent time difference between right ventricular (RV) to left ventricular (LV) end‐ejection time normalized for the RR interval.ResultsAverage age was 45 ± 11 years and the majority of patients were women (75%). Mean right atrial pressure was 11 ± 7 mmHg, mean PAP was 52 ± 13 mmHg, relative RV area 1.8 ± 0.9, and RV fractional area change 24 ± 8%. End‐diastolic EI was 1.6 ± 0.4 and systolic EI was 2.5 ± 0.8. On multivariate analysis relative pulmonary pressure, relative RV area, and inter‐ventricular mechanical delay were independently associated with systolic EI (R2 = 0.72, P < 0.001). Independent determinants of diastolic EI included relative RV area and mean PAP (R2 = 0.69, P < 0.001). A systolic EI >1.08 differentiated patients with PAH from healthy controls with an AUC = 0.99. Patients with early systolic septal anterior motion (44% of subjects) had lower exercise capacity, more extensive ventricular remodeling, and worst ventricular function.ConclusionSeptal curvature is a useful marker of structural, hemodynamic, and electromechanical ventricular interdependence in PAH.
Theorizing Social Justice Ambiguities in an Era of Neoliberalism: The Case of Postapartheid South Africa
Authors: Subreenduth Sharon 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn this essay, Sharon Subreenduth explores how social justice policies have both global–local and historical dynamics and maintains that, as a result, dominant Western models of social justice limit engagement with alternative modes of understanding social justice in non‐Western locations. She uses the South African experience as a case study for examining the complexities of social justice policy in the context of the decolonizing efforts that undergird national policy in South Africa as it simultaneously negotiates neoliberal globalizing dynamics. The essay specifically analyzes the neoliberal concept of choice and how it figures within the discourse and practice of race and education within society. Moving beyond binaries, Subreenduth highlights the murky areas of social justice and articulates what they tell us about meta‐analysis, narrative, resistance, complicities, infiltration, and the neoliberal il/logic of local–global histories.
Mature human odontoblasts express virus‐recognizing toll‐like receptors
Authors: Pääkkönen V. , Rusanen P. , Hagström J. , Tjäderhane L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo study the expression of toll‐like receptors (TLR) ‐3, ‐7, ‐8 and ‐9 as well as interferon receptors alpha and gamma (IFNAR1/IFNAR2 and IFNGR1/IFNGR2), which play important roles in the defence against viruses.MethodologyDNA microarray and quantitative PCR analyses of TLR3, ‐7, ‐8 and ‐9 as well as IFNAR1/IFNAR2 and IFNGR1/IFNGR2 genes in mature native human odontoblasts and pulp were performed. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm TLR8 protein in odontoblasts of healthy and carious human teeth.ResultsTLR3, ‐7, ‐8 and ‐9 mRNAs were detected both in odontoblasts and in pulp, but TLR8 expression level was higher in the odontoblasts. IFNAR and IFNGR expression was observed in both tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of healthy teeth revealed positive TLR8 staining in the pre‐dentine and the dentine but varying staining patterns in the different portions of tooth. Lighter TLR8 staining was observed in dentine of mildly carious teeth. In teeth with carious lesions extending into the mid‐dentine, only very weak staining was detected.ConclusionsThe finding of these virus‐recognition‐related genes in odontoblasts strengthens the view that odontoblasts participate in the immune response of the dentine–pulp complex.
Deteriorating patients managed with end‐of‐life care following Medical Emergency Team calls
Authors: Orosz J. , Bailey M. , Bohensky M. , Gold M. , Zalstein S. , Pilcher D. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo describe the characteristics of patients whose end‐of‐life care was initiated in response to a Medical Emergency Team (MET) call and to develop a predictive score to aid prospective identification of these patients.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of all MET calls in a tertiary teaching hospital between April 2010 and March 2011. All inpatients attended by the hospital MET. The main outcome measures were patient demographics, admission features and comorbidities in active and palliative patients, timing, frequency, physiology, and interventions in active and palliative MET calls.ResultsOne thousand, five hundred and sixty‐seven MET calls were called for 1073 patients. Sixty (5.6%) patients had at least one MET call resulting in initiation of end‐of‐life care. Palliative MET call patients compared with active patients were older (76.4 vs 65.9 years; P < 0.0001), had a shorter hospital stay (7.5 vs 12 days; P = 0.0002), had increased in‐hospital mortality (73.3% vs 13.5%; P < 0.001), had higher Charlson comorbidity scores (3.1 vs 2.1; P = 0.0002) and were more likely to receive multiple MET calls (1.95/patient vs 1.43/patient; P = 0.011). Patient physiological parameters were worse at palliative MET calls. Prior history of malignancy, hemiplegia and peripheral vascular disease, and increasing age were independently associated with initiation of end‐of‐life care and were used to derive a 13‐point predictive score. Patients with a score of 7 or more had a 20% chance of having a palliative MET call.ConclusionProspective identification of patients requiring palliative care may be possible prior to MET involvement. This may allow more timely and appropriate end‐of‐life discussions.
Medical practitioners' knowledge and self‐reported practices of substitute decision making and implementation of advance care plans
Authors: Cartwright C. , Montgomery J. , Rhee J. , Zwar N. , Banbury A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundAdvance care planning (ACP) provides patients with the ability to make their decisions known about how they would like to be treated if they lose capacity. Medical practitioners have a key role to play in providing information on ACP to their patients. This research explores their knowledge and attitudes to advance care planning and how this affects their practice.AimThe objective of this study is to assess the NSW medical practitioners' knowledge and self‐reported practice of ACP.MethodsA postal survey of a random sample of 650 general practitioners plus 350 medical specialists from specialties most often involved in end‐of‐life decisions was conducted. Respondents' work location post codes were subsequently used to assign respondents to one of the eight NSW Area Health Services. The main outcome measures were medical practitioners' knowledge of and practice pertaining to ACP.ResultsThirty‐four per cent of specialists (n = 110) and 24% of general practitioners (n = 150) responded; the majority of respondents had heard of all ACP options. However, respondents' understanding of the uses and legal requirements of the relevant ACP options vary widely.ConclusionsRespect for patient wishes expressed in advance directives is reassuringly high. The findings suggest significant misunderstanding by medical practitioners of terminologies and systems around substitute decision‐making for incompetent persons. Further education and standardisation of terminologies and systems across different jurisdictions would assist in addressing these issues. Low response rate, relating to only one legal jurisdiction, means results may not be generalisable.
Intramolecular polyspecificity in CD4 T‐cell recognition of Ad‐restricted epitopes of proteoglycan aggrecan
Authors: Falconer Jane , Lowes Katie , Furmanski Anna L. , Dyson Julian , Ng Wan Fai , Robinson John H. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryT‐cell recognition of MHC–peptide complexes shows a high degree of polyspecificity extending to recognition of a large number of structurally unrelated peptides. Examples of polyspecificity reported to date are confined to recognition of epitopes from distinct proteins or synthetic peptide libraries. Here we describe intramolecular polyspecificity of CD4 T cells specific for several epitopes within proteoglycan aggrecan, a structural glycoprotein of cartilage and candidate autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis. T‐cell hybridomas from aggrecan‐immunized mice recognized four structurally unrelated epitopes from the G1 domain of aggrecan, but not other aggrecan epitopes or a variety of other peptide epitopes restricted by the same MHC class II allele. We also showed that the hierarchy of cross‐reactivity broadly correlated with the strength of peptide binding to MHC class II. Similar polyspecificity was observed in responses of lymph node cells from peptide‐immunized mice, suggesting polyspecificity of a significant proportion of the in vivo aggrecan specific T‐cell repertoire. Polyspecific recognition of several epitopes within the same autoantigen may provide a novel mechanism to reach the activation threshold of low‐affinity autoreactive T cells in the initiation of autoimmune diseases.
Mental and physical health‐related functioning mediates between psychological job demands and sickness absence among nurses
Authors: Roelen Corné , van Rhenen Willem , Schaufeli Wilmar , van der Klink Jac , Magerøy Nils , Moen Bente , Bjorvatn Bjørn , Pallesen Ståle 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimsTo investigate whether health‐related functioning mediates the effect of psychological job demands on sickness absence in nurses.BackgroundNurses face high job demands that can have adverse health effects resulting in sickness absence.DesignProspective cohort study with 1‐year follow‐up.MethodsData for 2964 Norwegian nurses were collected in the period 2008–2010. At baseline, psychological job demands were measured with the Demand–Control–Support Questionnaire. Health‐related functioning was assessed by the Mental Composite Score and the Physical Composite Score of the SF‐12 Health Survey (2nd version). Sickness absence (no = 0, yes = 1) was self‐reported at 1‐year follow‐up. Interaction and mediation analyses were conducted stratified by tenure (<1‐year, 1–2 years, 3–6 years, >6 years) as a registered nurse.ResultsA total of 2180 nurses (74%) with complete data were eligible for analysis. A significant three‐way interaction between job demands, control and support was found in newly licensed nurses (tenure <1‐year). Baseline psychological job demands were positively associated with sickness absence at 1‐year follow‐up. This association was substantially weakened when Mental Composite Score and Physical Composite Score were introduced as mediator variables, indicating a partial mediation effect that was particularly pronounced in newly licensed nurses. Psychological job demands did not modify the effect of health‐related functioning on sickness absence.ConclusionBoth mental and physical health‐related functioning mediated between psychological job demands and sickness absence. Nurse managers should pay attention to health‐related functioning, because poor health‐related functioning may predict sickness absence, especially in newly licensed nurses.
Psoriasis beyond the skin: an expert group consensus on the management of psoriatic arthritis and common co‐morbidities in patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis
Authors: Strohal R. , Kirby B. , Puig L. ,   the Psoriasis Expert Panel (G. Girolomoni, K. Kragballe, T. Luger, F.O. Nestle, J.C. Prinz, M. Ståhle, N. Yawalkar)
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundPsoriatic arthritis (PsA) and co‐morbidities of psoriasis represent a significant clinical and economic burden for patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis. Often these co‐morbidities may go unrecognized or undertreated. While published data are available on the incidence and impact of some of them, practical guidance for dermatologists on detection and management of these co‐morbidities is lacking.ObjectiveTo prepare expert recommendations to improve the detection and management of common co‐morbidities in patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted on some common co‐morbidities of psoriasis–cardiovascular (CV) diseases (including obesity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia), psychological co‐morbidities (including depression, alcohol abuse and smoking) and PsA–to establish the incidence and impact of each. Data gaps were identified and a Delphi survey was carried out to obtain consensus on the detection and management of each co‐morbidity. The expert panel members for the Delphi survey comprised 10 dermatologists with substantial clinical expertise in managing moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis patients, as well as a cardiologist and a psychologist (see appendix) with an interest in dermatology. Agreement was defined using a Likert scale of 1–7. Consensus regarding agreement for each statement was defined as ≥75% of respondents scoring either 1 (strongly agree) or 2 (agree).ResultsThe expert panel members addressed several topics including screening, intervention, monitoring frequency, and the effects of anti‐psoriatic treatment on each co‐morbidity. Consensus was achieved on 12 statements out of 22 (3 relating to PsA, 4 relating to psychological factors, 5 relating to CV factors). The panel members felt that dermatologists have an important role in screening their psoriasis patients for PsA and in assessing them for psychological and CV co‐morbidities. In most cases, however, patients should be referred for specialist management if other co‐morbidities are detected.ConclusionThis article provides useful and practical guidance for the detection and management of common co‐morbidities in patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis.
Using insect traps to increase weaver ant (Oecophylla longinoda) prey capture
Authors: Lynegaard G. K. , Offenberg J. , Fast T. S. , Axelsen J. A. , Mwatawala M. W. , Rwegasira G. M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWeaver ants (Oecophyllaspp.) are managed in plantations to control insect pests and are sometimes harvested as a protein‐rich food source. In both cases, the amount of insect prey caught by the ants is imperative for returns, as more prey leads to more effective biocontrol and to a higher production of ants. Malaise‐like traps placed in trees may catch flying insects without catching ants, as ants may use pheromone trails to navigate in and out of the traps. Thus, ants may increase their prey intake if they are able to extract insects caught in traps. In a mango plantation in Tanzania, we estimated the amount of insects caught by simple traps (cost per trap = 3.9USD), and whetherOecophylla longinodawas able to collect insects from them. On average, a trap caught 110 insects per month without catching any weaver ants. The number of insects found in traps with ant access was 25% lower than in control traps (ants excluded), showing that ants were able to gather prey from the traps. Ant activity in traps increased over time, showing that prey extraction efficiency may increase as ants customize to the traps. The prey removed from traps by ants constituted 5% of the number of prey items collected byO. longinodaunder natural conditions (without traps), potentially increasing to 14% if ants learn to extract all insects. Thus, prey intake may be increased with 5–14% per 3.9USDinvested in traps. These numbers increased to 38 and 78%, respectively, when light was used to attract insects during night time. Combining ant predation with insect trapping is a new approach potentially building increased returns to ant biocontrol and to ant entomophagy.