bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of the X-ray spectral variation of 1H 0707−495 with a variable double partial covering model
Authors: Mizumoto Misaki , Ebisawa Ken , Sameshima Hiroaki 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy 1H 0707−495 is known to exhibit significant X-ray spectral variations. Its X-ray energy spectrum is characterized by a strong soft excess emission, an extremely deep iron K-edge structure at ∼ 7 keV, and a putative iron L-line/edge feature at ∼ 1 keV. We have found that the energy spectrum of 1H 0707−495 in 0.5–10 keV is successfully explained by a “variable double partial covering model” where the original continuum spectrum, which is composed of a soft multi-color disk blackbody component and a hard power-law component, is partially covered by two ionized absorption layers with different ionization states and the same partial covering fraction. The lower-ionized and thicker absorption layer primarily explains the iron K-edge feature, and the higher-ionized and thinner absorption layer explains the L-edge feature. We have discovered that the observed significant intensity/spectral variation within ∼ 1 d is mostly explained by varying only the partial covering fraction. In our model, the intrinsic luminosity and spectral shape are hardly variable within ∼ 1 d, while some intrinsic variability above 3 keV is recognized. This is consistent with the picture that the multi-color disk blackbody spectrum is almost invariable on this timescale, and the hard power-law component is more variable. We propose that the observed spectral variation of 1H 0707−495 is caused by three physically independent variations with different timescales; (1) intrinsic luminosity variation over days, (2) variation of partial covering fraction on a timescale of hours, and (3) small intrinsic hard component variation above 3 keV on a timescale of hours or less.
Obesity and Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children
Authors: Phatak Uma P. , Pashankar Dinesh S. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTObesity in children has become a global pandemic during the last decade. Recent studies have reported an association between obesity and functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. In addition, obesity is also becoming increasingly recognized at diagnosis of organic GI diseases such as celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease. An awareness of all possible complications and associations of obesity by the practicing physician is crucial to provide comprehensive care to obese children. This article reviews the present data on the association between obesity and various common GI disorders. The possible mechanisms and the clinical significance of this association are also discussed.
Conserved units of co-expression in bacterial genomes: an evolutionary insight into gene regulation
Authors: Junier Ivan , Rivoire Olivier 
Published: December 2014

AbstractGenome-wide measurements of transcriptional activity in bacteria indicate that the transcription of successive genes is strongly correlated beyond the scale of operons. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly characterized and a systematic method for identifying local groups of co-transcribed genes is lacking. Here, we identify supra-operonic segments of consecutive genes by comparing gene proximity in thousands of bacterial genomes. Structurally, the segments are contained within micro-domains delineated by known nucleoid-associated proteins, and they contain operons with specific relative orientations. Functionally, the operons within a same segment are highly co-transcribed, even in the absence of regulatory factors at their promoter regions. Hence, operons with no common regulatory factor can be co-regulated if they share a regulatory factor at the level of segments. To rationalize these findings, we put forward the hypothesis supported by RNA-seq data that facilitated co-transcription, the feedback of transcription into itself involving only DNA and RNA-polymerases, may represent both an evolutionary primitive and a functionally primary mode of gene regulation.
Association between psoriasis and leisure‐time physical activity: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Do Young Kyung , Lakhani Naheed , Malhotra Rahul , Halstater Brian , Theng Colin , Østbye Truls 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDespite evidence that physical activity can reduce the cardiometabolic risk of patients with psoriasis, these patients may engage in less physical activity than those without psoriasis. The aim of this study was to examine the association of the extent of psoriatic skin lesions with the likelihood of participating in leisure‐time moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and metabolic equivalent task (MET)‐minutes of MVPA amongst those who participated. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a population‐based survey among US adults. A total of 6549 persons aged 20–59 years responded to the 2003–2006 NHANES dermatology questionnaires, which asked about participation in leisure‐time MVPA and MET‐minutes of MVPA amongst those who participated. Compared with individuals without psoriasis, those with psoriasis were less likely to have engaged in leisure MVPA in the past 30 days, although this association was not statistically significant. Amongst those who participated in leisure‐time MVPA, MET‐minutes of leisure‐time MVPA were lower on average for patients currently having few to extensive cutaneous lesions (but not for those currently having little or no psoriatic patches), relative to individuals never diagnosed with psoriasis by approximately 30%. Clinicians should encourage patients with psoriasis, especially those with more severe disease, to be more physically active; they should help identify and address possible psychological and physical barriers to their patients' physical activity.
Geophysical signatures of uranium mineralization and its subsurface validation at Beldih, Purulia District, West Bengal, India: a case study
Authors: Mandal Animesh , Mohanty W.K. , Sharma S.P. , Biswas Arkoprovo , Sen Joydip , Bhatt A. K. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe Beldih open cast mine of the South Purulia Shear Zone in Eastern India is well known for apatite deposits associated with Nb–rare‐earth‐element–uranium mineralization within steeply dipping, altered ferruginous kaolinite and quartz–magnetite–apatite rocks with E–W strikes at the contact of altered mafic–ultramafic and granite/quartzite rocks. A detailed geophysical study using gravity, magnetic, and gradient resistivity profiling surveys has been carried out over ∼1 km2 area surrounding the Beldih mine to investigate further the dip, depth, lateral extension, and associated geophysical signatures of the uranium mineralization in the environs of South Purulia Shear Zone. The high‐to‐low transition zone on the northern part and high‐to‐low anomaly patches on the southeastern and southwestern parts of the Bouguer, reduced‐to‐pole magnetic, and trend‐surface‐separated residual gravity–magnetic anomaly maps indicate the possibility of highly altered zone(s) on the northern, southeastern, and southwestern parts of the Beldih mine. The gradient resistivity survey on either side of the mine has also revealed the correlation of low‐resistivity anomalies with low‐gravity and moderately high magnetic anomalies. In particular, the anomalies and modeled subsurface features along profile P6 perfectly match with subsurface geology and uranium mineralization at depth. Two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional residual gravity models along P6 depict the presence of highly altered vertical sheet of low‐density material up to a depth of ∼200 m. The drilling results along the same profile confirm the continuation of uranium mineralization zone for the low‐density material. This not only validates the findings of the gravity model but also establishes the geophysical signatures for uranium mineralization as low‐gravity, moderate‐to‐high magnetic, and low‐resistivity values in this region. This study enhances the scope of further integrated geophysical investigations along the South Purulia Shear Zone to delineate suitable target areas for uranium exploration.
How much is new information worth? Evaluating the financial benefit of resolving management uncertainty
Authors: Maxwell Sean L. , Rhodes Jonathan R. , Runge Michael C. , Possingham Hugh P. , Ng Chooi Fei , McDonald‐Madden Eve 
Published: December 2014

Summary

Conservation decision‐makers face a trade‐off between spending limited funds on direct management action, or gaining new information in an attempt to improve management performance in the future. Value‐of‐information analysis can help to resolve this trade‐off by evaluating how much management performance could improve if new information was gained. Value‐of‐information analysis has been used extensively in other disciplines, but there are only a few examples where it has informed conservation planning, none of which have used it to evaluate the financial value of gaining new information.

We address this gap by applying value‐of‐information analysis to the management of a declining koala Phascolarctos cinereus population. Decision‐makers responsible for managing this population face uncertainty about survival and fecundity rates, and how habitat cover affects mortality threats. The value of gaining new information about these uncertainties was calculated using a deterministic matrix model of the koala population to find the expected population growth rate if koala mortality threats were optimally managed under alternative model hypotheses, which represented the uncertainties faced by koala managers.

Gaining new information about survival and fecundity rates and the effect of habitat cover on mortality threats will do little to improve koala management. Across a range of management budgets, no more than 1·7% of the budget should be spent on resolving these uncertainties.

The value of information was low because optimal management decisions were not sensitive to the uncertainties we considered. Decisions were instead driven by a substantial difference in the cost efficiency of management actions. The value of information was up to forty times higher when the cost efficiencies of different koala management actions were similar.

Synthesis and applications. This study evaluates the ecological and financial benefits of gaining new information to inform a conservation problem. We also theoretically demonstrate that the value of reducing uncertainty is highest when it is not clear which management action is the most cost efficient. This study will help expand the use of value‐of‐information analyses in conservation by providing a cost efficiency metric by which to evaluate research or monitoring.
Redesigning the Regulatory Framework for Ambulatory Care Services in New York
Authors: CHOKSHI DAVE A. , RUGGE JOHN , SHAH NIRAV R. 
Published: December 2014

Policy Points:
The landscape of ambulatory care services in the United States is rapidly changing on account of payment reform, primary care transformation, and the rise of convenient care options such as retail clinics.
New York State has undertaken a redesign of regulatory policy for ambulatory care rooted in the Triple Aim (better health, higher‐quality care, lower costs)—with a particular emphasis on continuity of care for patients.
Key tenets of the regulatory approach include defining and tracking the taxonomy of ambulatory care services as well as ensuring that convenient care options do not erode continuity of care for patients.
ContextWhile hospitals remain important centers of gravity in the health system, services are increasingly being delivered through ambulatory care. This shift to ambulatory care is giving rise to new delivery structures, such as retail clinics and urgent care centers, as well as reinventing existing ambulatory care capacity, as seen with the patient‐centered medical home model and the movement toward team‐based care. To protect the public's interests, oversight of ambulatory care services must keep pace with these rapid changes. With this purpose, in January 2013 the New York Public Health and Health Planning Council undertook a redesign of the regulatory framework for the state's ambulatory care services. This article describes the principles undergirding the framework as well as the regulatory recommendations themselves.MethodsWe explored and analyzed the regulation of ambulatory care services in New York in accordance with the available gray and peer‐reviewed literature and legislative documents. The deliberations of the Public Health and Health Planning Council informed our review.FindingsThe vision of high‐performing ambulatory care should be rooted in the Triple Aim (better health, higher‐quality care, lower costs), with a particular emphasis on continuity of care for patients. There is a pressing need to better define the taxonomy of ambulatory care services. From the state government's perspective, this clarification requires better reporting from new health care entities (eg, retail clinics), connections with regional and state health information technology hubs, and coordination among state agencies. A uniform nomenclature also would improve consumers’ understanding of rights and responsibilities. Finally, the regulatory mechanisms employed—from mandatory reporting to licensure to regional planning to the certificate of need—should remain flexible and match the degree of consensus regarding the appropriate regulatory path.ConclusionsFew other states have embarked on a wide‐ranging assessment of their regulation of ambulatory care services. By moving toward adopting the regulatory approach described here, New York aims to balance sound oversight with pluralism and innovation in health care delivery.
The Perioperative Surgical Home (PSH): A Comprehensive Review of US and Non‐US Studies Shows Predominantly Positive Quality and Cost Outcomes
Authors: KASH BITA A. , ZHANG YICHEN , CLINE KAYLA M. , MENSER TERRI , MILLER THOMAS R. 
Published: December 2014

Policy Points:
The perioperative surgical home (PSH) is complementary to the patient‐centered medical home (PCMH) and defines methods for improving the patient experience and clinical outcomes, and controlling costs for the care of surgical patients.
The PSH is a physician‐led care delivery model that includes multi‐specialty care teams and cost‐efficient use of resources at all levels through a patient‐centered, continuity of care delivery model with shared decision making.
The PSH emphasizes “prehabilitation” of the patient before surgery, intraoperative optimization, improved return to function through follow‐up, and effective transitions to home or post‐acute care to reduce complications and readmissions.
ContextThe evolving concept of more rigorously coordinated and integrated perioperative management, often referred to as the perioperative surgical home (PSH), parallels the well‐known concept of a patient‐centered medical home (PCMH), as they share a vision of improved clinical outcomes and reductions in cost of care through patient engagement and care coordination. Elements of the PSH and similar surgical care coordination models have been studied in the United States and other countries.MethodsThis comprehensive review of peer‐reviewed literature investigates the history and evolution of PSH and PSH‐like models and summarizes the results of studies of PSH elements in the United States and in other countries. We reviewed more than 250 potentially relevant studies. At the conclusion of the selection process, our search had yielded a total of 152 peer‐reviewed articles published between 1980 and 2013.FindingsThe literature reports consistent and significant positive findings related to PSH initiatives. Both US and non‐US studies stress the role of anesthesiologists in perioperative patient management. The PSH may have the greatest impact on preparing patients for surgery and ensuring their safe and effective transition to home or other postoperative rehabilitation.There appear to be some subtle differences between US and non‐US research on the PSH. The literature in non‐US settings seems to focus strictly on the comparison of outcomes from changing policies or practices, whereas US research seems to be more focused on the discovery of innovative practice models and other less direct changes, for example, information technology, that may be contributing to the evolution toward the PSH model.ConclusionsThe PSH model may have significant implications for policymakers, payers, administrators, clinicians, and patients. The potential for policy‐relevant cost savings and quality improvement is apparent across the perioperative continuum of care, especially for integrated care organizations, bundled payment, and value‐based purchasing.
Factor analysis of metabolic syndrome components and predicting type 2 diabetes: Results of 10‐year follow‐up in a Middle Eastern population
Authors: Ayubi Erfan , Khalili Davood , Delpisheh Ali , Hadaegh Farzad , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe relationship among components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and their association with diabetes is unclear in West Asia. The aim of the present study was to conduct factor analysis of MetS components and the effect these factors have on the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a population‐based cohort study of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS).MethodsThe present study enrolled 1861 men and 2706 women (20–60 years of age), from Tehran (Iran) who were free of diabetes at baseline and followed them for 10 years. A principal component analysis was performed to extract standardized factors from MetS components. Logistic regression was used to detect associations between the extracted factors and the incidence of diabetes. A propensity score was used to correct differential selection bias resulting from loss to follow‐up.ResultsFactor analysis identified three factors (blood pressure, lipids and glycemia). Waist circumference was shared in three all factors. Blood pressure, lipids and glycemia were related to the incidence of diabetes with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 2.23 (1.31–3.78), 1.89 (1.27–3.67), and 7.54 (4.09–13.91), respectively, in men and 2.13 (1.34–3.40), 2.06 (1.35–3.15), and 13.91 (7.29–26.51), respectively, in women for the third versus the first tertile of these standardized factors.ConclusionsCentral adiposity may have a pivotal role in MetS linking other risk factors together. Glycemia had a high impact on the incidence of diabetes, whereas blood pressure and lipid had a similar moderate effect on the incidence of diabetes.
Management of scrotal arteriovenous malformation with transcatheter embolisation coils and percutaneous sclerotherapy under angiographic guidance
Authors: So Wing Lung Alvin , Chaganti Joga , Waugh Richard , Ferguson Richard J 
Published: December 2014

SummaryArteriovenous malformations of the scrotum are infrequent and are usually treated by a combination of endovascular embolisation and surgery. We present a case of scrotal arteriovenous malformation treated effectively by a combination of endovascular and direct percutaneous techniques.
New primers for DNA barcoding of digeneans and cestodes (Platyhelminthes)
Authors: Van Steenkiste Niels , Locke Sean A. , Castelin Magalie , Marcogliese David J. , Abbott Cathryn L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDigeneans and cestodes are species‐rich taxa and can seriously impact human health, fisheries, aqua‐ and agriculture, and wildlife conservation and management. DNA barcoding using the COI Folmer region could be applied for species detection and identification, but both ‘universal’ and taxon‐specific COI primers fail to amplify in many flatworm taxa. We found that high levels of nucleotide variation at priming sites made it unrealistic to design primers targeting all flatworms. We developed new degenerate primers that enabled acquisition of the COI barcode region from 100% of specimens tested (n = 46), representing 23 families of digeneans and 6 orders of cestodes. This high success rate represents an improvement over existing methods. Primers and methods provided here are critical pieces towards redressing the current paucity of COI barcodes for these taxa in public databases.
Update on rupatadine in the management of allergic disorders
Authors: Mullol J. , Bousquet J. , Bachert C. , Canonica G. W. , Giménez‐Arnau A. , Kowalski M. L. , Simons F. E. R. , Maurer M. , Ryan D. , Scadding G. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn a review of rupatadine published in 2008, the primary focus was on its role as an antihistamine, with a thorough evaluation of its pharmacology and interaction with histamine H1‐receptors. At the time, however, evidence was already emerging of a broader mechanism of action for rupatadine involving other mediators implicated in the inflammatory cascade. Over the past few years, the role of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) as a potent mediator involved in the hypersensitivity‐type allergic reaction has gained greater recognition. Rupatadine has dual affinity for histamine H1‐receptors and PAF receptors. In view of the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma group's call for oral antihistamines to exhibit additive anti‐allergic/anti‐inflammatory properties, further exploration of rupatadine's anti‐PAF effects was a logical step forward. New studies have demonstrated that rupatadine inhibits PAF effects in nasal airways and produces a greater reduction in nasal symptoms than levocetirizine. A meta‐analysis involving more than 2500 patients has consolidated the clinical evidence for rupatadine in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in adults and children (level of evidence Ia, recommendation A). Other recent advances include observational studies of rupatadine in everyday clinical practice situations and approval of a new formulation (1 mg/ml oral solution) for use in children. In this reappraisal, we revisit some key properties and pivotal clinical studies of rupatadine and examine new clinical data in more detail including studies that measured health‐related quality of life and studies that investigated the efficacy and safety of rupatadine in other indications such as acquired cold urticaria, mosquito bite allergy and mastocytosis.
A Fine Balance: Reconsidering Patient Autonomy in Light of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Craigie Jillian 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is increasingly seen as driving a paradigm shift in mental health law, particularly in relation to the understanding that it requires a shift from substituted to supported decisions. This article identifies two competing moral commitments implied by this shift, both of which appeal to the notion of autonomy. It is argued that because of these commitments the Convention is in tension with more general calls in the medical ethics literature for preserving patient autonomy through support. The competing commitments within the Convention also present a particular challenge in putting the support it requires into practice. A discursive control account of freedom is used to develop some practical guidelines for navigating this new moral territory.