bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment by Hormone Receptor and HER2 Status
Authors: Chen Lu , Li Christopher I. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Background: African American and Hispanic women are more likely to be diagnosed with aggressive forms of breast cancer. Disparities within each subtype of breast cancer have not been well documented.
Methods: Using data from 18 SEER cancer registries, we identified 102,064 women aged 20 years or older, diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in 2010–2011, and with known stage, hormone receptor (HR), and HER2 status. Associations between race/ethnicity and cancer stage and receipt of guideline-concordant treatment were evaluated according to HR/HER2 status.
Results: Overall, African American and Hispanic women were 30% to 60% more likely to be diagnosed with stage II–IV breast cancer compared with non-Hispanic whites. African American women had 40% to 70% higher risks of stage IV breast cancer across all four subtypes. American Indian/Alaska Native women had a 3.9-fold higher risk of stage IV triple-negative breast cancer. African American and Hispanic whites were 30% to 40% more likely to receive non–guideline-concordant treatment for breast cancer overall and across subtypes.
Conclusions: Women in several racial/ethnic groups are more likely to be diagnosed with more advanced stage breast cancer. African American and American Indian/Alaska Native women in particular had the highest risk of being diagnosed with stage IV triple-negative breast cancer. African American and Hispanic women were also consistently at higher risk of not receiving guideline-concordant treatment across subtypes.
Impact: These findings provide important characterization of which subtypes of breast cancer racial/ethnic disparities in stage and treatment persist. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(11); 1666–72. ©2015 AACR.
Molecular Pathways: New Signaling Considerations When Targeting Cytoskeletal Balance to Reduce Tumor Growth
Authors: Chakrabarti Kristi R. , Hessler Lindsay , Bhandary Lekhana , Martin Stuart S. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The dynamic balance between microtubule extension and actin contraction regulates mammalian cell shape, division, and motility, which has made the cytoskeleton an attractive and very successful target for cancer drugs. Numerous compounds in clinical use to reduce tumor growth cause microtubule breakdown (vinca alkaloids, colchicine-site, and halichondrins) or hyperstabilization of microtubules (taxanes and epothilones). However, both of these strategies indiscriminately alter the assembly and dynamics of all microtubules, which causes significant dose-limiting toxicities on normal tissues. Emerging data are revealing that posttranslational modifications of tubulin (detyrosination, acetylation) or microtubule-associated proteins (Tau, Aurora kinase) may allow for more specific targeting of microtubule subsets, thereby avoiding the broad disruption of all microtubule polymerization. Developing approaches to reduce tumor cell migration and invasion focus on disrupting actin regulation by the kinases SRC and ROCK. Because the dynamic balance between microtubule extension and actin contraction also regulates cell fate decisions and stem cell characteristics, disrupting this cytoskeletal balance could yield unexpected effects beyond tumor growth. This review will examine recent data demonstrating that cytoskeletal cancer drugs affect wound-healing responses, microtentacle-dependent reattachment efficiency, and stem cell characteristics in ways that could affect the metastatic potential of tumor cells, both beneficially and detrimentally. Clin Cancer Res; 21(23); 5209–14. ©2015 AACR.
Association of Variants in Candidate Genes with Lipid Profiles in Women with Early Breast Cancer on Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy
Authors: Santa-Maria Cesar A. , Blackford Amanda , Nguyen Anne T. , Skaar Todd C. , Philips Santosh , Oesterreich Steffi , Rae James M. , Desta Zeruesenay , Robarge Jason , Henry Norah Lynn , Storniolo Anna M. , Hayes Daniel F. , Blumenthal Roger S. , Ouyang Pamela , Post Wendy S. , Flockhart David A. , Stearns Vered 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Aromatase inhibitors can exert unfavorable effects on lipid profiles; however, previous studies have reported inconsistent results. We describe the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in candidate genes with lipid profiles in women treated with adjuvant aromatase inhibitors.
Experimental Design: We conducted a prospective observational study to test the associations between SNPs in candidate genes in estrogen signaling and aromatase inhibitor metabolism pathways with fasting lipid profiles during the first 3 months of aromatase inhibitor therapy in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer randomized to adjuvant letrozole or exemestane. We performed genetic association analysis and multivariable linear regressions using dominant, recessive, and additive models.
Results: A total of 303 women had complete genetic and lipid data and were evaluable for analysis. In letrozole-treated patients, SNPs in CYP19A1, including rs4646, rs10046, rs700518, rs749292, rs2289106, rs3759811, and rs4775936 were significantly associated with decreases in triglycerides by 20.2 mg/dL and 39.3 mg/dL (P &lt; 0.00053), respectively, and with variable changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) from decreases by 4.2 mg/dL to increases by 9.8 mg/dL (P &lt; 0.00053).
Conclusions: Variants in CYP19A1 are associated with decreases in triglycerides and variable changes in HDL-C in postmenopausal women on adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. Future studies are needed to validate these findings, and to identify breast cancer survivors who are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease with aromatase inhibitor therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 22(6); 1395–402. ©2015 AACR.
Homologous Recombination Deficiency: Exploiting the Fundamental Vulnerability of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Konstantinopoulos Panagiotis A. , Ceccaldi Raphael , Shapiro Geoffrey I. , D'Andrea Alan D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractApproximately 50% of epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) exhibit defective DNA repair via homologous recombination (HR) due to genetic and epigenetic alterations of HR pathway genes. Defective HR is an important therapeutic target in EOC as exemplified by the efficacy of platinum analogues in this disease, as well as the advent of PARP inhibitors, which exhibit synthetic lethality when applied to HR-deficient cells. Here, we describe the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of HR-deficient EOCs, discuss current and emerging approaches for targeting these tumors, and present challenges associated with these approaches, focusing on development and overcoming resistance.Significance: Defective DNA repair via HR is a pivotal vulnerability of EOC, particularly of the high-grade serous histologic subtype. Targeting defective HR offers the unique opportunity of exploiting molecular differences between tumor and normal cells, thereby inducing cancer-specific synthetic lethality; the promise and challenges of these approaches in ovarian cancer are discussed in this review. Cancer Discov; 5(11); 1137–54. ©2015 AACR.
Validation of the 9-Point and 24-Point Hematoma Expansion Prediction Scores and Derivation of the PREDICT A/B Scores
Authors: Huynh Thien J. , Aviv Richard I. , Dowlatshahi Dar , Gladstone David J. , Laupacis Andreas , Kiss Alex , Hill Michael D. , Molina Carlos A. , Rodriguez-Luna David , Dzialowski Imanuel , Silva Yolanda , Kobayashi Adam , Lum Cheemun , Boulanger Jean-Martin , Gubitz Gord , Bhatia Rohit , Padma Vasantha , Roy Jayanta , Kase Carlos S. , Symons Sean P. , Demchuk Andrew M. 
Published: October 2015

Background and Purpose—
Nine- and 24-point prediction scores have recently been published to predict hematoma expansion (HE) in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. We sought to validate these scores and perform an independent analysis of HE predictors.

Methods—
We retrospectively studied 301 primary or anticoagulation-associated intracerebral hemorrhage patients presenting <6 hours post ictus prospectively enrolled in the Predicting Hematoma Growth and Outcome in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Using Contrast Bolus Computed Tomography (PREDICT) study. Patients underwent baseline computed tomography angiography and 24-hour noncontrast computed tomography follow-up for HE analysis. Discrimination and calibration of the 9- and 24-point scores was assessed. Independent predictors of HE were identified using multivariable regression and incorporated into the PREDICT A/B scores, which were then compared with existing scores.

Results—

The 9- and 24-point HE scores demonstrated acceptable discrimination for HE>6 mL or 33% and >6 mL, respectively (area under the curve of 0.706 and 0.755, respectively). The 24-point score demonstrated appropriate calibration in the PREDICT cohort (χ
2
statistic, 11.5;
P
=0.175), whereas the 9-point score demonstrated poor calibration (χ
2
statistic, 34.3;
P
<0.001). Independent HE predictors included spot sign number, time from onset, warfarin use or international normalized ratio >1.5, Glasgow Coma Scale, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and were included in PREDICT A/B scores. PREDICT A showed improved discrimination compared with both existing scores, whereas performance of PREDICT B varied by definition of expansion.

Conclusions—
The 9- and 24-point expansion scores demonstrate acceptable discrimination in an independent multicenter cohort; however, calibration was suboptimal for the 9-point score. The PREDICT A score showed improved discrimination for HE prediction but requires independent validation.
Methodological Factors in Determining Risk of Dementia After Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke
Authors: Pendlebury Sarah T. , Klaus Stephen P. , Thomson Ross J. , Mehta Ziyah , Wharton Rose M. , Rothwell Peter M. ,   for the Oxford Vascular Study
Published: October 2015

Background and Purpose—
Cognitive assessment is recommended after stroke but there are few data on the applicability of short cognitive tests to the full spectrum of patients. We therefore determined the rates, causes, and associates of untestability in a population-based study of all transient ischemic attack (TIA) and stroke.

Methods—
Patients with TIA or stroke prospectively recruited (2002–2007) into the Oxford Vascular Study had ≥1 short cognitive test (mini-mental state examination, telephone interview of cognitive status, Montreal cognitive assessment, and abbreviated mental test score) at baseline and on follow-up to 5 years.

Results—

Among 1097 consecutive assessed survivors (mean: age/SD, 74.8/12.1 years; 378 TIA), numbers testable with a short cognitive test at baseline, 1, 6, 12, and 60 months were 835/1097 (76%), 778/947 (82%), 756/857 (88%), 692/792 (87%), and 472/567 (83%). Eighty-eight percent (331/378) of assessed patients with TIA were testable at baseline compared with only 46% (133/290) of major stroke (
P
<0.001). Untestability was also associated with older age, premorbid dependency, death on follow-up, and with both pre- and postevent dementia (all
P
<0.01). Untestability (and problems with testing) were commonly caused by acute stroke effects at baseline (153/262 [58%]: dysphasia/anarthria/hemiparesis=84 [32%], drowsiness=58 [22%], and acute confusion=11 [4%]), whereas sensory deficits caused relatively more problems with testing at later time points (24/63 [38%] at 5 years).

Conclusions—
Substantial numbers of patients with TIA and stroke are untestable with short cognitive tests. Future studies should report data on untestable patients and those with problems with testing in whom the likelihood of dementia is high.
Early Magnesium Treatment After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Dorhout Mees Sanne M. , Algra Ale , Wong George K.C. , Poon Wai S. , Bradford Celia M. , Saver Jeffrey L. , Starkman Sidney , Rinkel Gabriel J.E. , van den Bergh Walter M. ,   Collaborators, van Kooten F. , Dirven C.M. , van Gijn J. , Vermeulen M. , Boet R. , Chan M.T.V. , Gin T. , Ng S.C.P. , Zee B.C.Y. , Al-Shahi Salman R. , Boiten J. , Kuijsten H. , Lavados P.M. , van Oostenbrugge R.J. , Vandertop W.P. , Finfer S. , O’Connor A. , Yarad E. , Firth R. , McCallister R. , Harrington T. , Steinfort B. , Faulder K. , Assaad N. , Morgan M. , Eckstein M. , Stratton S.J. , Pratt F.D. , Hamilton S. , Conwit R. , Liebeskind D.S. , Sung G , Kramer I. , Moreau G. , Goldweber R. , Sanossian N. 
Published: October 2015

Background and Purpose—
Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is an important cause of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Trials of magnesium treatment starting <4 days after symptom onset found no effect on poor outcome or DCI in SAH. Earlier installment of treatment might be more effective, but individual trials had not enough power for such a subanalysis. We performed an individual patient data meta-analysis to study whether magnesium is effective when given within different time frames within 24 hours after the SAH.

Methods—
Patients were divided into categories according to the delay between symptom onset and start of the study medication: <6, 6 to 12, 12 to 24, and >24 hours. We calculated adjusted risk ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals for magnesium versus placebo treatment for poor outcome and DCI.

Results—
We included 5 trials totaling 1981 patients; 83 patients started treatment <6 hours. For poor outcome, the adjusted risk ratios of magnesium treatment for start <6 hours were 1.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.83–2.51); for 6 to 12 hours 1.03 (0.65–1.63), for 12 to 24 hours 0.84 (0.65–1.09), and for >24 hours 1.06 (0.87–1.31), and for DCI, <6 hours 1.76 (0.68–4.58), for 6 to 12 hours 2.09 (0.99–4.39), for 12 to 24 hours 0.80 (0.56–1.16), and for >24 hours 1.08 (0.88–1.32).

Conclusions—
This meta-analysis suggests no beneficial effect of magnesium treatment on poor outcome or DCI when started early after SAH onset. Although the number of patients was small and a beneficial effect cannot be definitively excluded, we found no justification for a new trial with early magnesium treatment after SAH.
Introduction to Special Issue
Authors: Faris Jaimey Hamilton 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This introduction charts the emergence of the term Capitalist Realism at the intersection of the international postwar art movements of Pop, Fluxus, Nouveau Réalisme, happenings, and Anti-Art. It relates the independent coinage of Capitalist Realism by artists Gerhard Richter, Konrad Lueg, Sigmar Polke, and Manfred Kuttner in Germany in May 1963 with that of artist Akasegawa Genpei Japan in February 1964 and argues that they were both part of a broader interest in developing new strategies of artistic realism during the Cold War. The artists' sly and ironic appropriations of consumer objects and advertisements sought to capture the operations of capitalism, not only as an economy, but as an ideology that materially and systemically reproduces itself within everyday life. Relating the Cold War moment to the development of capitalism after the fall of the communist bloc, the introduction ends by addressing the strategic applicability of Capitalist Realist modes to contemporary art in the neoliberal era.
Aspects of the life span and phenology of the invasive freshwater shrimp Atyaephyra desmarestii (Millet, 1831) at the northeastern edge of its range (Upper Rhine)
Authors: Schoolmann Gerhard , Nitsche Frank , Arndt Hartmut 
Published: October 2015

Quantitative aspects of the life cycle of the freshwater shrimpAtyaephyra desmarestiiwere used to investigate its life span at the edge of its distribution area in Central Europe (Upper Rhine) for a period of three years. We estimated the proportion of the population surviving a second hibernation period. The appearance of ovigerous females in late spring was followed by a strong decline in the number of adults, the appearance of a high percentage of juveniles in late summer (0.58 ind./m2), and their subsequent disappearance from the shore in winter. A small semivoltine cohort survived a second winter. The average life span was 12-15 (max. 29) months under laboratory conditions. In molecular studies (COX I), the Upper Rhine and Southern France populations clustered within the North Africa/West-Central Europe species clade. Due to its low productivity, this invasive species is unlikely to cause management problems.
The Role of Standing Waves in Driving Persistent Anomalies of Upward Wave Activity Flux
Authors: Watt-Meyer Oliver , Kushner Paul J. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Northern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex strength variability is known to be largely driven by persistent anomalies in upward wave activity flux. It has also been shown that attenuation and amplification of the stationary wave is the primary way in which wave activity flux varies. This study determines the structure of the wave anomalies that interfere with the climatological wave and drive this variability. Using a recently developed spectral decomposition it is shown that fixed-node standing waves are the primary drivers of the “linear interference” phenomenon. This is particularly true for the low-frequency component of the upward wave activity flux. The linear part of the flux is shown to be more persistent than the total flux and has significant tropospheric standing wave precursors that lead changes in the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex. Evidence is presented that current-generation high-top climate models are able to credibly simulate this variability in wave activity fluxes and the connection to polar vortex strength. Finally, the precursors to displacement and split sudden stratospheric warmings are examined. Displacement events are found to be preceded by about 25 days of anomalously high upward wave activity flux forced by standing waves amplifying the climatology. Split events have more short-lived wave activity flux precursors, which are dominated by the nonlinear part of the flux.
The Role of the Selection Problem and Non-Gaussianity in Attribution of Single Events to Climate Change
Authors: Christiansen Bo 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
In attempts to attribute a single event—such as an observed heat wave or flooding—to climate change, the probability distributions of the quantity under consideration for current and preindustrial conditions are compared to determine a possible changed occurrence rate. These distributions are typically calculated from large ensembles produced by climate models and require large computational resources. In this study, a simple alternative surrogate method together with analytical considerations will be used as a test bed to inform about methodological issues connected to the selection problem and deviations from Gaussianity that should be considered before comprehensive climate models are invoked.
The author will mainly study the influence of the selection problem, which in this context means that when an event has been observed it is not obvious how the probability distributions should be defined. Should similar events be looked for in the immediate neighborhood of the observation or in an extended area? It is shown that this choice will have serious consequences for the distributions of the events and the attribution to climate change.
The author also demonstrates that deviations from Gaussianity can have a large influence on the conclusions and that it is important that the ensembles adequately represent the features that contribute to the extreme events under consideration. In particular, it is shown that the fractional attributable risk has very different behavior for heavy-tailed distributions than for Gaussian distributions. In the example considered with the surrogate method—European heat waves—important features also include the seasonal variation in skewness.
Enhanced Methodologies to Enumerate Persons Experiencing Homelessness in a Large Urban Area
Authors: Troisi Catherine L. , D’Andrea Ritalinda , Grier Gary , Williams Stephen 
Published: October 2015

Introduction: Homelessness is a public health problem, and persons experiencing homelessness are a vulnerable population. Estimates of the number of persons experiencing homelessness inform funding allocations and services planning and directly determine the ability of a community to intervene effectively in homelessness. The point-in-time (PIT) count presents a logistical problem in large urban areas, particularly those covering a vast geographical area. Materials and Methods: Working together, academia, local government, and community organizations improved the methodology for the count. Specific enhancements include use of incident command system (ICS), increased number of staging areas/teams, specialized outreach and Special Weapons and Tactics teams, and day-after surveying to collect demographic information. Results: This collaboration and enhanced methodology resulted in a more accurate estimate of the number of persons experiencing homelessness and allowed comparison of findings for 4 years. While initial results showed an increase due to improved counting, the number of persons experiencing homelessness counted for the subsequent years showed significant decrease during the same time period as a “housing first” campaign was implemented. The collaboration also built capacity in each sector: The health department used ICS as a training opportunity; the academics enhanced their community health efforts; the service sector was taught and implemented more rigorous quantitative methods; and the community was exposed to public health as a pragmatic and effective discipline. Practical Implications: Improvements made to increase the reliability of the PIT count can be adapted for use in other jurisdictions, leading to improved counts and better evaluation of progress in ending homelessness.
Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence in HIV-positive women engaged in transactional sex in Mombasa, Kenya
Authors: Wilson Kate S , Deya Ruth , Masese Linnet , Simoni Jane M , Stoep Ann Vander , Shafi Juma , Jaoko Walter , Hughes James P , McClelland R Scott 
Published: October 2015

Summary We evaluated the prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the past year by a regular male partner in HIV-positive female sex workers (FSWs) in Mombasa, Kenya. This cross-sectional study included HIV-positive women ≥18 years old who reported engagement in transactional sex at the time of enrolment in the parent cohort. We asked 13 questions adapted from the World Health Organization survey on violence against women about physical, sexual, or emotional violence in the past year by the current or most recent emotional partner (index partner). We used standardised instruments to assess socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics as possible correlates of IPV. Associations between IPV and these correlates were evaluated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Overall, 286/357 women (80.4%) had an index partner, and 52/357 (14.6%, 95% confidence interval 10.9%–18.2%) reported IPV by that partner in the past year. In multivariate analysis, women with severe alcohol problems (adjusted odds ratio 4.39, 1.16–16.61) and those experiencing controlling behaviours by the index partner (adjusted odds ratio 4.98, 2.31–10.74) were significantly more likely to report recent IPV. Recent IPV was common in HIV-positive FSWs. Interventions targeting risk factors for IPV, including alcohol problems and partner controlling behaviours, could help to reduce recurrent violence and negative health outcomes in this key population.