bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of movement and seed dispersal by three lemur species
Authors: Razafindratsima Onja H. , Jones Thomas A. , Dunham Amy E. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe combined data on gut‐passage times, feeding, and movement to explore the patterns of seed dispersal by Eulemur rubriventer, Eulemur rufrifrons, and Varecia variegata editorum lemurs in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. These lemur species deposited less than half of their consumed seeds >100 m away from conspecific trees (40–50%). Long‐distance dispersal (>500 m) was rare and average dispersal distances were short relative to those reported of similar‐sized haplorrhine primates. The three lemur species showed no significant differences in mean seed‐dispersal distances. However, they differed in the shape of their frequency distributions of seed‐dispersal distances as a result of differences in how they moved through their habitats. The short distances of seed dispersal we observed and the depauperate frugivorous fauna in Madagascar suggest seed‐dispersal may be more limited than in other tropical forests with important implications for plant‐community dynamics, biodiversity maintenance, and restoration efforts in Madagascar. Am. J. Primatol. 76:84–96, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reading Group Rehabilitation for Patients with Psychosis: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Volpe Umberto , Torre Fabiana , De Santis Valeria , Perris Francesco , Catapano Francesco 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveGroup reading activities are often reported to be helpful in a variety of psychiatric conditions. However, data on the effects of structured reading rehabilitation activities, in both hospital and community settings for patients with psychosis, are still scarce. Our aim was to investigate the effects on clinical status, disability, psychosocial functioning and cognitive functioning of a structured group reading activity, in a sample of hospitalized patients with psychosis.MethodsWe enrolled 41 consecutive patients with psychosis and randomly assigned them to a structured group reading programme. For all included patients, we psychometrically evaluated clinical symptomatology, psychosocial functioning and disability, as well as cognitive functioning. All evaluations were repeated at a 6‐month follow‐up. Repeated‐measure multiple analyses of variance were used to test the effect of the group reading activities on the clinical, psychosocial and cognitive measures.ResultsWe found that, after 6 months from discharge, structured group reading activities induced a statistically significant improvement of cognitive (p < 0.007) and psychosocial (p < 0.008) functioning in patients with psychosis and reduced their disability (p < 0.005), with respect to the control group. Furthermore, such programmes are easy to implement and were perceived as extremely ‘interesting’ and ‘useful’ by patients with psychosis.ConclusionsRehabilitation programmes focusing on group reading activities should be regarded as a valid psychosocial rehabilitation tool for psychotic patients with severe mental disability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

A structured group reading programme induced a significant symptomatological cognitive and psychosocial amelioration in hospitalized patients with psychosis.
The improvement was sustained also at the 6‐month follow‐up, with respect to the control group.
Structured group reading activities are perceived, by severely ill psychiatric patients, as highly useful, interesting and pleasant, while they are relatively easy to implement.
Shape and Size Tunable Synthesis of Coordination Polymer Mn2W(CN)8·xH2O Microcrystals through a Simple Solution Chemical Route
Authors: Zhu Guoxing , Xiao Yunyun , Shen Xiaoping , Zhang Qingjing , Yuan Aihua 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBy using a simple solution chemistry approach with polyvinyprrolidone (PVP) as a capping agent, Mn2W(CN)8·xH2O microcrystals with unique morphologies including rice‐like, rod, octahedron, square platelet, and hollow‐core square platelet have been successfully synthesized. The influence of experimental parameters such as reaction temperature, feed ratio of Mn2+ to PVP, reaction time, and reactant concentration on the morphology and size of Mn2W(CN)8·xH2O microcrystals were systematically investigated. The reaction temperature proved to be a key factor for morphological evolution of the products. It was found that 20, 55, and 85 °C were key points of morphological transformation. A possible growth mechanism of the Mn2W(CN)8·xH2O microcrystals is proposed.
Strongly Blue Luminescent Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes with an Electron‐Rich Ancillary Ligand: Evaluation of Their Optoelectronic and Electrochemiluminescence Properties
Authors: Ladouceur Sébastien , Swanick Kalen N. , Gallagher‐Duval Shawn , Ding Zhifeng , Zysman‐Colman Eli 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTwo strongly blue luminescent cationic heteroleptic iridium complexes 1b and 2b bearing a 4,4′‐bis(dimethylamino)‐2,2′‐bipyridine (dmabpy) ancillary ligand and either 1‐benzyl‐4‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole (dFphtl) or 2‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)‐5‐methylpyridine (dFMeppyH), respectively, have been synthesized and fully characterized. In comparison with other analogues, the interplay of the triazole unit with the dmabpy unit and methylation of the pyridine ring are discussed with respect to the photophysical, electrochemical, and electrochemiluminescent (ECL) properties of the complexes. The two complexes, 1b and 2b, are blue emitters with λmax = 495 and 494 nm, respectively. The nature of the excited states was established by various photophysical and photochemical experiments as well as DFT calculations. Both complexes emit from a ligand‐centered state, however, the emission of 1b possesses significant charge‐transfer character, which is absent in 2b. The presence of the methyl group on the cyclometalating ligand leads only to a modest increase in the radiative rate constant, kr, but otherwise does not appreciably influence the optoelectronic properties of the complex compared with the non‐methylated analogue. In contrast, the efficacy of the ECL emission when scanning to 2.50 V is strongly influenced by the presence of the methyl group. ECL emission is also enhanced in complexes bearing dmabpy ancillary ligands compared with those containing dtBubpy ligands. The two complexes exhibit similar electrochemical behavior. Incorporation of the dmabpy ligand shifts both the oxidation and reduction cathodically. The combination of the dmabpy and dFphtl groups increases the redox potential difference and thus the HOMO–LUMO gap but the emission is not further blueshifted. Thus, the structural modification of the cyclometalating ligand, although only modestly tuning the emission energy, modulates the nature of the excited state and the efficiency of the ECL process.
Identification of unrecognized tundra fire events on the north slope of Alaska
Authors: Jones Benjamin M. , Breen Amy L. , Gaglioti Benjamin V. , Mann Daniel H. , Rocha Adrian V. , Grosse Guido , Arp Christopher D. , Kunz Michael L. , Walker Donald A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCharacteristics of the natural fire regime are poorly resolved in the Arctic, even though fire may play an important role cycling carbon stored in tundra vegetation and soils to the atmosphere. In the course of studying vegetation and permafrost‐terrain characteristics along a chronosequence of tundra burn sites from AD 1977, 1993, and 2007 on the North Slope of Alaska, we discovered two large, previously unrecognized tundra fires. The Meade River fire burned an estimated 500 km2 and the Ketik River fire burned an estimated 1200 km2. Based on radiocarbon dating of charred twigs, analysis of historic aerial photography, and regional climate proxy data, these fires likely occurred between AD 1880 and 1920. Together, these events double the estimated burn area on the North Slope of Alaska over the last ~100 to 130 years. Assessment of vegetation succession along the century‐scale chronosequence of tundra fire disturbances demonstrates for the first time on the North Slope of Alaska that tundra fires can facilitate the invasion of tundra by shrubs. Degradation of ice‐rich permafrost was also evident at the fire sites and likely aided in the presumed changes of the tundra vegetation postfire. Other previously unrecognized tundra fire events likely exist in Alaska and other Arctic regions and identification of these sites is important for better understanding disturbance regimes and carbon cycling in Arctic tundra.
Virtual Screening of Anti‐Mycobacterial Plant Compounds
Authors: Saadat Fatemeh , Sardari Soroush , Maleki Bahram 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDeaths from tuberculosis have long gripped people and threatened human health. The need for new drug compounds are critically sensed by medical scientists and practitioners due to the emergence of new strains and the slow rate of discovering novel medicines for this disease. Since plants are a rich source of diverse drug compounds, they are among the best choices to achieve new ones. The study of all plants or their compounds is an almost impossible scenario; hence bio/cheminformatics methodology can be used to reduce time and cost spent in drug discovery. For this purpose, we made several databases of anti‐mycobacterial plant compounds and further found filter criteria which were able to describe more predicted bioactive compounds by the established algorithm. Also, we present the survey of the developed resource by using bio/cheminformatics tools. The presence of several anti‐mycobacterial compounds in the predicted algorithm and introduction of new active compounds represent the high potential of this method. In addition, the general profile of such bioactive molecules is pinpointed using molecular descriptors and cheminformatics approach.
Alzheimer mit Hybridmolekülen in die Zange nehmen
Authors: Decker Michael , Wehle Sarah 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBislang lässt sich die Alzheimer‐Demenz nur symptomatisch und das auch mehr schlecht als recht behandeln. Einem neuen Ansatz gegen komplexe Erkrankungen folgen Hybridmoleküle: Sie verbinden in einer Struktur unterschiedliche Wirkstoffmoleküle und adressieren so gleichzeitig verschiedene biologische Prozesse.
Self‐Assembled Supramolecular Channels: Toward Biomimetic Materials for Directional Translocation
Authors: Legrand Yves‐Marie , Barboiu Mihail 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis Personal Account summarizes the recent developments in the development of self‐assembled supramolecular channels and their dimensional extension towards up‐scaled self‐organized materials. This Personal Account begins with a short, non‐exhaustive description of artificial supramolecular channel systems that are involved in water‐, proton‐, and ion‐transport processes through bilayer membranes. Then, these “all‐made” artificial systems will be described as a source of inspiration, by presenting several breakthroughs over the last few years in the field of biomimetic supramolecular channel systems. Their inclusion in artificial polymeric/hybrid matrixes, which results in the formation of biomimetic artificial materials for directional translocation through channeling pathways, will be described in the last part of the Personal Account, with an emphasis on all of the efforts that are necessary to maintain their channel‐transporting function within bilayer membranes under up‐scaled operating conditions.
Molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal synaptic plasticity: systems biology meets computational neuroscience in the wilds of synaptic plasticity
Authors: Blackwell Kim T. , Jedrzejewska‐Szmek Joanna 
Published: September 2013

Interactions among signaling pathways that are activated by transmembrane receptors produce complex networks and emergent dynamical behaviors that are implicated in synaptic plasticity. Temporal dynamics and spatial aspects are critical determinants of cell responses such as synaptic plasticity, although the mapping between spatiotemporal activity pattern and direction of synaptic plasticity is not completely understood. Computational modeling of neuronal signaling pathways has significantly contributed to understanding signaling pathways underlying synaptic plasticity. Spatial models of signaling pathways in hippocampal neurons have revealed mechanisms underlying the spatial distribution of extracellular signal‐related kinase (ERK) activation in hippocampal neurons. Other spatial models have demonstrated that the major role of anchoring proteins in striatal and hippocampal synaptic plasticity is to place molecules near their activators. Simulations of yet other models have revealed that the spatial distribution of synaptic plasticity may differ for potentiation versus depression. In general, the most significant advances have been made by interactive modeling and experiments; thus, an interdisciplinary approach should be applied to investigate critical issues in neuronal signaling pathways. These issues include identifying which transmembrane receptors are key for activating ERK in neurons, and the crucial targets of kinases that produce long‐lasting synaptic plasticity. Although the number of computer programs for computationally efficient simulation of large reaction–diffusion networks is increasing, parameter estimation and sensitivity analysis in these spatial models remain more difficult than in single compartment models. Advances in live cell imaging coupled with further software development will continue to accelerate the development of spatial models of synaptic plasticity. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2013, 5:717–731. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1240This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Identification of phospholipase activity inRhinella arenarumsperm extract capable of inducing oocyte activation
Authors: Bonilla Federico , Minahk Carlos , Ajmat María Teresa , Toranzo Graciela Sánchez , Bühler Marta Inés 
Published: September 2013

SummaryEgg activation, which includes cortical granule exocytosis, resumption and completion of meiosis and pronuclear formation culminates in the first mitotic cleavage. However, the mechanism through which the fertilizing sperm induces this phenomenon is still controversial. We investigated the effect of the microinjection of homologous sperm soluble fractions obtained by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) from reacted sperm (without acrosome) and non-reacted sperm on the activation ofRhinella arenarumoocytes maturedin vitro. The FPLC-purified sperm fraction obtained from reacted or non-reacted sperm is able to induce oocyte activation when it is microinjected. This fraction has a 24 kDa protein and showed phospholipase C (PLC) activityin vitro, which was inhibited by D-609 but not by n-butanol or neomycin, suggesting that it is a PLC that is specific for phosphatidylcholine (PC-PLC). The assays conducted using inhibitors of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs) indicate that the fraction with biological activity would act mainly through the cADPr (cyclic ADP ribose) pathway. Moreover, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition blocks the activation produced by the same fraction. Immunocytochemical studies indicate that this PC-PLC can be found throughout the sperm head.
Who are the owners of the firm: shareholders, employees or no one?
Authors: CHASSAGNON VIRGILE , HOLLANDTS XAVIER 
Published: September 2013

Abstract:The issue of firm ownership is an ongoing debate. For several decades, contractarian theory has undoubtedly shaped the academic debate in both law and economics. Proponents of this approach suggest that shareholders can legitimately be considered the owners of a firm because they hold shares. This approach, though attractive, is legally incorrect. Legal scholars have noted that a corporation cannot legally belong to shareholders or other stakeholders; no one owns the firm (and a corporation). The question of firm ownership masks the following crucial issue: Who should govern the firm? In this article, after returning to the theoretical debate on firm ownership and explaining why a firm cannot be owned, we shall analyze power as the core of firm governance. This approach is a potentially relevant and accurate way to address the problems of specific human investment, collective creation and productive (consummate) cooperation in modern firms.
Painting and Poetry in Early Modern Spain: The Primacy of VenetianColorein Góngora’sPolyphemusandThe Solitudes*
Authors: Vitagliano Maria A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractLuis de Góngora’sFable of Polyphemus and Galatea(1612) andThe Solitudes(1613) have inspired comparisons to painting ever since they first appeared in manuscript form at the Court of Philip III. Engaging the doctrine ofut pictura poesis, which notes the kinship between painting and poetry, Góngora creates pictorial conceits modeled in color as if using a painter’s palette, and thus his poems read like imaginary art galleries. By way of both plastic and discursive references to the Venetian school, Góngora inserts his poetry into one of the most salient polemics of his time, theparagone tra colore e disegno, the debate over the supremacy of Venetian color versus Florentine draftsmanship. This essay seeks to provide a reading of Góngora’s major poems in light of theparagoneas it played out in seventeenth-century Spain among art theorists and painters such as Francisco Pacheco and Domenico Theotocopoulis (El Greco), and intertwined with related discourses pertaining to artistic progress and innovation, including the link between aesthetics and religious reform.
On the analysis of cheating
Authors: Miller Barry 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCheating, as a psychological mechanism, is common to all, weaving through early family dynamics and evolving sexual identities. When it erupts in our love relationships, confusion, destruction, and de‐integration of existing psychological states occur for all those affected by the cheating. The eruption of cheating can be viewed as a spontaneous response of the individual to disrupt a state of psychological stagnation and regression that may have no conscious path for dissolution. The transgressive actions bring up the possibility of a secret or separated consciousness, potentially breaking into states of existing merger in the established relationship system. This prior state of adaptation may have provided stability and security, while limiting the development of a separated consciousness with its urge toward acknowledgement. These essential, spontaneous elements in cheating can be found in Jung's later description of the psychology of the transference, where illicit impulses are seen at the foundation of the drive for individuation. The familiar psychological complex of the one betrayed is also explored, highlighting the potential for maturation in the one most wounded by the cheating. Clinical material is utilized here to amplify the relationship between cheating and the need for psychological evolution.
Subchronic and Reproductive/Developmental (Screening Level) Toxicity of Complexation Products of Iron Trichloride and Sodium Tartrate (FemTA)
Authors: Lynch Barry , Emmen Harry , van Otterdijk Francois , Lau Annette 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA complexation/reaction product, termed FemTA, of sodium tartrate [D(–)‐ and L(+)‐tartaric acid and mesotartaric acid], sodium hydroxide, and iron trichloride may have use as an anticaking agent in salt preparations. FemTA is composed of about 4% sodium tartrate, approximately 10% mesotartaric acid, approximately 7% chloride, approximately 4% iron, approximately 7% sodium, approximately 0.3% sodium oxalate, and approximately 65% water. FemTA was tested in a 90‐d oral toxicity study, which included a screening level reproductive/developmental toxicity phase, in Harlan Wistar rats. FemTA was administered by oral gavage at 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg body weight/d prior to and during mating, or about 20, 40, or 80 mg of iron/kg body weight/d, such that males received 90/91 d of treatment and females 104 to 109 d. Treatment was associated with inflammatory lesions of the lower GI tract at the mid‐ and high‐dose levels, increased liver and kidney weights, increased serum bile acids and blood urea nitrogen, decreased chloride, and changes to hematological parameters consistent with inflammation. The effects were considered the result of iron overload. There were no effects on reproductive/developmental toxicity parameters. The no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level (NOAEL), based on gastrointestinal tract effects was 500 mg/kg body weight/d. The NOAEL for reproductive/developmental toxicity was 2000 mg/kg body weight/d, the highest dose tested.
How to Object to Radically New Technologies on the Basis of Justice: The Case of Synthetic Biology
Authors: Hunter David 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA recurring objection to the exploration, development and deployment of radical new technologies is based on their implications with regards to social justice. In this article, using synthetic biology as an example, I explore this line of objection and how we ought to think about justice in the context of the development and introduction of radically new technologies. I argue that contrary to popular opinion, justice rarely provides a reason not to investigate, develop and introduce radical new technologies, although it may have significant implications for how they ought to be introduced. In particular I focus on the time dependency of justice objections and argue that often these function by looking only at the implications of the introduction of the technology at the point of introduction, rather than the more important long‐term impact on patterns of distribution and opportunity.