bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical‐hydraulic relationships observed for unconsolidated sediments in the presence of a cobble framework
Authors: Slater Lee , Barrash Warren , Montrey Jeanette , Binley Andrew 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMechanistic models now exist to predict hydraulic conductivity (K) from the spectral‐induced polarization (SIP) response of granular media. We examined the predictions of such a model on unconsolidated coarse fluvial sediments and compared them to those obtained with a modified Kozeny‐Carman (KC) model. Samples were retrieved from the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS), located on a gravel bar adjacent to the Boise River, Idaho. A sample holder (0.102 m diameter and 0.12 m in length) was designed to include the cobble framework in reconstituted samples representing the primary stratigraphic units defined based on porosity variation at this site. SIP (0.001–1000 Hz) and K (from Darcy tests) measurements were recorded for 12 samples, with SIP measurements made as a function of pore fluid conductivity (3–300 mS/m), grain size distribution (GSD), and total porosity. K prediction with the KC model was improved after discounting of the cobble framework and multiplying by the tortuosity resulting from matrix “capillaries” around the cobbles, resulting in estimates within a factor of 5 of the measurements. K prediction with a mechanistic SIP model based on Stern layer polarization (SLP model) that requires an estimate of the GSD also required discounting for the cobble framework to obtain estimates within 0.5 orders of magnitude of the measurements. Similarly, the SLP model overpredicts the measured imaginary conductivity (
) unless the cobble framework is discounted, which then results in estimates of
within a factor of 2 of the measurements. This can be explained by the fact that the cobbles polarize at frequencies well below the minimum measurement frequency (0.001 Hz). The SLP model for K prediction parameterized in terms of the formation factor and imaginary conductivity performed well for the 10 samples with a cobble framework without modification as the imaginary conductivity directly senses the matrix grain size characteristics, whereas the formation factor captures the porosity reduction and tortuosity resulting from the presence of the cobble framework (capillary tortuosity). Our findings suggest that the estimation of contrasts in K in coarse sediments may be achievable through measurements of electrical properties after appropriate consideration of the cobble fraction.
Decameter thick remnant glacial ice deposits on Mars
Authors: Conway Susan J. , Balme Matthew R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractOn Mars, a smooth, draping unit—the “latitude‐dependant mantle” (LDM), believed to comprise meter thick layers of dust and ice—extends from the midlatitudes to the poles, covering at least 23% of the surface. We show that the LDM can be 30 m deep on pole‐facing crater walls, and by measuring the erosional and depositional volumes of small gullies that incise these LDM deposits, we show that it must contain between 46% and 95% ice by volume. Extrapolating to a global scale, these deposits account for ~104 km3 of near‐surface ice, doubling previous LDM volume estimates. Thick LDM deposits can be emplaced during the many orbital variation‐driven climate excursions that occurred during the Amazonian period. We suggest that LDM deposits are similar to ice sheets composed of massive ice with a surface lag.
The impact of lithologic heterogeneity and focused fluid flow upon gas hydrate distribution in marine sediments
Authors: Chatterjee Sayantan , Bhatnagar Gaurav , Dugan Brandon , Dickens Gerald R. , Chapman Walter G. , Hirasaki George J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGas hydrate and free gas accumulation in heterogeneous marine sediment is simulated using a two‐dimensional (2‐D) numerical model that accounts for mass transfer over geological timescales. The model extends a previously documented one‐dimensional (1‐D) model such that lateral variations in permeability (k) become important. Various simulations quantitatively demonstrate how focused fluid flow through high‐permeability zones affects local hydrate accumulation and saturation. Simulations that approximate a vertical fracture network isolated in a lower permeability shale (kfracture >> kshale) show that focused fluid flow through the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) produces higher saturations of gas hydrate (25–70%) and free gas (30–60%) within the fracture network compared to surrounding shale. Simulations with a dipping, high‐permeability sand layer also result in elevated saturations of gas hydrate (60%) and free gas (40%) within the sand because of focused fluid flow through the GHSZ. Increased fluid flux, a deep methane source, or both together increase the effect of flow focusing upon hydrate and free gas distribution and enhance hydrate and free gas concentrations along the high‐permeability zones. Permeability anisotropy, with a vertical to horizontal permeability ratio on the order of 10−2, enhances transport of methane‐charged fluid to high‐permeability conduits. As a result, gas hydrate concentrations are enhanced within these high‐permeability zones. The dip angle of these high‐permeability structures affects hydrate distribution because the vertical component of fluid flux dominates focusing effects. Hydrate and free gas saturations can be characterized by a local Peclet number (localized, vertical, focused, and advective flux relative to diffusion) relative to the methane solubility gradient, somewhat analogous to such characterization in 1‐D systems. Even in lithologically complex systems, local hydrate and free gas saturations might be characterized by basic parameters (local flux and diffusivity).
Tectonics from fluvial topography using formal linear inversion: Theory and applications to the Inyo Mountains, California
Authors: Goren L. , Fox Matthew , Willett Sean D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTectonic activity generates topography, and the variability of tectonic forcing is responsible for topographic patterns and variability of relief in fluvial landscapes. Despite this basic relation, the inverse problem, by which features of the topography are used for inferring tectonic uplift rates, has proven challenging. Here we develop formal linear inversion schemes to infer a record of the rate of relative uplift as a function of space and time from the long profiles of rivers. The relative uplift rate is the difference between the rates of rock uplift and of the base level change. The inversion schemes are based on a closed‐form analytic solution to the transient linear stream power model, and to increase model resolution they make use of the multiplicity of information made available by multiple rivers and their tributaries. The distribution of the fluvial response time to tectonic perturbations is a key component of the inversion scheme, as this determines which tectonic events are preserved in the topography. We develop two inversion parameterizations that differ in their assumptions about the tectonic forcing: space‐invariant and time‐space variability with an assumed spatial distribution. The inversion schemes are applied to the Inyo Mountains, an uplifted block along the western boundary of the Basin and Range Province in California. Inversion results indicate that the range has been experiencing an acceleration of the relative uplift in the past ∼2‐3 Ma. We use the inversion results to constrain the paleotopography and paleo‐erosion rate along the range and to recover the throw rate history along the fault that bounds the Inyo range.
Large‐scale character of an atmosphere in rotating radiative‐convective equilibrium
Authors: Shi Xiaoming , Bretherton Christopher S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA rotating radiative‐convective equilibrium on a sphere is reached using a global atmospheric model with prescribed globally uniform sea surface temperature and no insolation. In such an equilibrium state, multiple tropical cyclone‐like vortices coexist in the extratropics, moving slowly poleward and westward. Many vortices have a lifetime longer than 2 months and travel from the tropics to the polar regions. The typical spacing of simulated tropical cyclone‐like vortices is comparable to the deformation radius, while the production of available potential energy is at a scale slightly smaller than those vortices. It is hypothesized that the growth of tropical cyclone‐like vortices is driven by the self‐aggregation of convection, while baroclinic instability destabilizes any vortices that grow significantly larger than the deformation radius. A weak Hadley circulation dominates in the deep tropics, and an eastward propagating wave number 1 Kelvin‐like mode having a period of 30–40 days develops at the equator. The weak Hadley circulation is found to emerge from an initially quiescent atmosphere due to poleward momentum transport by the vortices.
Gold‐Catalyzed Benzannulations
Authors: S. Takale Balaram , Bao Ming , Yamamoto Yoshinori 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGold catalysts possess not only sigma‐Lewis acidic property but also pi‐electrophilic (i.e., soft and carbophilic) nature which in turn activates alkynes for nucleophilic addition. By the use of this characteristic property of gold catalysts, construction of polyaromatic framework, which is commonly present in natural products or optoelectronic materials, is easily accessed by benzannulation strategy. For example, benzannulation of ortho‐alkynylbenzaldehydes with alkynes occurs in the presence of gold catalysts to produce naphthyl ketones. The reaction proceeds through a benzopyrylium intermediate, which is formed via pi‐activation of the ortho‐alkynyl group by gold catalysts followed by attack of oxygen of the carbonyl group to the electron deficient alkyne, and subsequent [4+2] cycloaddition between the resulting intermediate and external alkynes. Not only the intermolecular benzannulation but also intramolecular benzannulation takes place easily. This chapter describes almost all recent results on benzannulation using gold and related catalysts along with our findings on this topic. Together with fundamental methodologies of benzannulation using gold catalysts, application of those methods to the synthesis of natural products and heterocycles is mentioned
A Solution‐Processed Small‐Molecule Diketopyrrolopyrrole Dimer for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Niu Zhixiao , Wang Xue , Huang Jianhua , Tang Ailing , Sun Yuxi , Zhan Chuanlang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn easily‐accessible, solution‐processed diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dimer, namely BDT(TDPP)2, with benzodithiophene (BDT)‐thiophene (T) as the conjugated bridge unit was synthesized. The UV/vis absorption spectrum of the DPP dimer is broad and covers 350–740 nm, and the HOMO and LUMO energies are estimated to be −5.21 eV and −3.54 eV, respectively, by electrochemistry tests, which match well with the energy levels of [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM). Solution‐processed, small‐molecule solar cells were prepared with BDT(TDPP)2 as the donor material and PC71BM as the acceptor material. With chloroform used as the processing solvent, the high boiling‐point solvent 1,8‐diiodooctane (DIO) was used as the co‐solvent. Through screening the donor/acceptor ratios (1:1) and the DIO content (0.2 % (v/v)), the best device afforded a power conversion efficiency of 3.90 %, with a short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 9.85 mA cm−2, an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.71 V, and an fill factor of 0.57.
Leukocyte deformability is a novel biomarker to reflect sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulation
Authors: Morikawa Miki , Inoue Yoshiaki , Sumi Yuka , Kuroda Yoko , Tanaka Hiroshi 
Published: June 2014

AimSepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy is associated with a high mortality rate. The function and deformability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes change in patients with sepsis. The goal of this study was to characterize the changes in polymorphonuclear leukocyte deformability in patients with sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and to evaluate the relationship between the severity of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and the deformability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.MethodsThirty‐five patients with sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy at our department were enrolled in this study. These patients were diagnosed with severe sepsis and an acute disseminated intravascular coagulopathy score ≥ 4. Blood samples were obtained from these patients on days 1, 3, and 7. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte deformability was measured with a microchannel flow analyzer, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte activity, represented as CD11b, was measured by flow cytometry. In contrast, 14 patients who fulfilled with sepsis criteria but without complicated disseminated intravascular coagulopathy were also entered in this study.ResultsIn patients with sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, there was a significant correlation between their Japanese Association for Acute Medicine disseminated intravascular coagulopathy score and polymorphonuclear leukocyte deformability, and CD11b expression. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes became more stiffened and CD11b expression was higher in patients with sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy compared to patients without the condition.ConclusionPolymorphonuclear leukocyte deformability correlated with the severity of sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and the response to treatment.
A 71‐year‐old female with giant goiter associated with tracheomalacia
Authors: Azuma Kazunari , Oda Jun , Oda Kaori , Homma Hiroshi , Azuma Hikohiro , Uchida Kotaro , Matsuoka Yuji , Kobayashi Tomoko , Yukioka Tetsuo 
Published: June 2014

CaseA 71‐year‐old woman was admitted to the Emergency Department with severe dyspnea followed by unconsciousness. She had a history of hyperthyroidism and her anterior neck was markedly swollen. After ventilation was started, she soon became conscious with the improvement of oxygenation. Computed tomography findings indicated giant goiter surrounding the trachea. Later, we carried out a thyroidectomy for the giant goiter (800 g), and tracheostomy. Bronchoscopy carried out at the end of surgery showed a deformed tracheal wall on breathing. During inspiration, the collapsed wall of the trachea occluded the airway, although the tracheal wall recovered to normal during expiration. We diagnosed this case as acquired tracheomalacia and a tracheal stent graft made of silicon was inserted immediately after bronchoscopy.OutcomeAfter stent graft insertion, the patient was transferred to another hospital.ConclusionEmergency physicians should be aware of the causes of tracheomalacia in order to safely carry out treatment, particularly in the case of patients with giant goiter.
Size‐tailored synthesis and luminescent properties of three‐dimensional BaMoO4, BaMoO4:Eu3+ micron‐octahedrons and micron‐flowers via sonochemical route
Authors: Zhang Junjun , Li Linlin , Zi Wenwen , Zou Lianchun , Gan Shucai , Ji Guijuan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAlmost monodisperse three‐dimensional (3D) BaMoO4, BaMoO4:Eu3+ micron‐octahedrons and micron‐flowers were successfully prepared via a large‐scale and facile sonochemical route without using any catalysts or templates. X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy dispersion X‐ray (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were employed to characterize the as‐obtained products. It was found that size modulation could be easily realized by changing the concentrations of reactants and the pH value of precursors. The formation mechanism for micron‐octahedrons and micron‐flowers was proposed on the basis of time‐dependent experiments. Using excitation wavelengths of 396 or 466 nm for BaMoO4:Eu3+ phosphors, an intense emission line at 614 nm was observed. These phosphors might be promising components with possible application in the fields of near UV‐ and blue‐excited white light‐emitting diodes. Simultaneously, this novel and efficient pathway could open new opportunities for further investigating the properties of molybdate materials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulfur as a Selectivity Modifier in a Highly Active Rh/Fe2O3/ZrO2 Catalyst for Water–Gas Shift
Authors: Hakeem Abrar A. , Rajendran Jaikishen , Kapteijn Freek , Makkee Michiel 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe presence of small amounts of sulfur (<500 ppm) on a Rh/Fe2O3/ZrO2 catalyst improves its water–gas shift (WGS) selectivity and stability under typical industrial conditions. Rh/Fe2O3/ZrO2 is a highly active WGS catalyst, but it produces small amounts of methane as a side product. The formation of methane is due to the presence of rhodium in the catalyst. Sulfur selectively poisons the site(s) responsible for methane formation. The improved selectivity and prolonged stability of the catalyst is maintained as long as sulfur is present.
Shape‐Persistent and Adaptive Multivalency: Rigid Transgeden (TGD) and Flexible PAMAM Dendrimers for Heparin Binding
Authors: Bromfield Stephen M. , Posocco Paola , Fermeglia Maurizio , Tolosa Juan , Herreros‐López Ana , Pricl Sabrina , Rodríguez‐López Julián , Smith David K. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study investigates transgeden (TGD) dendrimers (polyamidoamine (PAMAM)‐type dendrimers modified with rigid polyphenylenevinylene (PPV) cores) and compares their heparin‐binding ability with commercially available PAMAM dendrimers. Although the peripheral ligands are near‐identical between the two dendrimer families, their heparin binding is very different. At low generation (G1), TGD outperforms PAMAM, but at higher generation (G2 and G3), the PAMAMs are better. Heparin binding also depends strongly on the dendrimer/heparin ratio. We explain these effects using multiscale modelling. TGD dendrimers exhibit “shape‐persistent multivalency”; the rigidity means that small clusters of surface amines are locally well optimised for target binding, but it prevents the overall nanoscale structure from rearranging to maximise its contacts with a single heparin chain. Conversely, PAMAM dendrimers exhibit “adaptive multivalency”; the flexibility means individual surface ligands are not so well optimised locally to bind heparin chains, but the nanostructure can adapt more easily and maximise its binding contacts. As such, this study exemplifies important new paradigms in multivalent biomolecular recognition.
Cytotoxicity of Exfoliated Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides (MoS2, WS2, and WSe2) is Lower Than That of Graphene and its Analogues
Authors: Teo Wei Zhe , Chng Elaine Lay Khim , Sofer Zdeněk , Pumera Martin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractStudies involving transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been around for many decades and in recent years, many were focused on using TMDs to synthesize inorganic analogues of carbon nanotubes, fullerene, as well as graphene and its derivatives with the ultimate aim of employing these materials into consumer products. In view of this rising trend, we investigated the cytotoxicity of three common exfoliated TMDs (exTMDs), namely MoS2, WS2, and WSe2, and compared their toxicological effects with graphene oxides and halogenated graphenes to find out whether these inorganic analogues of graphenes and derivatives would show improved biocompatibility. Based on the cell viability assessments using methylthiazolyldiphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and water‐soluble tetrazolium salt (WST‐8) assays on human lung carcinoma epithelial cells (A549) following a 24 h exposure to varying concentrations of the three exTMDs, it was concluded that MoS2 and WS2 nanosheets induced very low cytotoxicity to A549 cells, even at high concentrations. On the other hand, WSe2 exhibited dose‐dependent toxicological effects on A549 cells, reducing cell viability to 31.8 % at the maximum concentration of 400 μg mL−1; the higher cytotoxicity displayed by WSe2 might be linked to the identity of the chalcogen. In comparison with graphene oxides and halogenated graphenes, MoS2 and WS2 were much less hazardous, whereas WSe2 showed similar degree of cytotoxicity. Future in‐depth studies should be built upon this first work on the in vitro cytotoxicity of MoS2 and WS2 to ensure that they do not pose acute toxicity. Lastly, nanomaterial‐induced interference control experiments revealed that exTMDs were capable of reacting with MTT assay viability markers in the absence of cells, but not with WST‐8 assay. This suggests that the MTT assay is not suitable for measuring the cytotoxicity of exTMDs because inflated results will be obtained, giving false impressions that the materials are less toxic.
New Route to Access an Acyl‐Functionalized Phosphasilene and a Four‐Membered Si‐P‐C‐O Heterocycle
Authors: Breit Nora C. , Szilvási Tibor , Inoue Shigeyoshi 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn acyl‐functionalized phosphasilene, LSi(COtBu)P(SiMe3) (L=PhC(NtBu)2) was synthesized on a new route by the addition of tBuCOCl to the phosphinosilylene LSiP(SiMe3)2 and subsequent Me3SiCl elimination. DFT studies elucidated its molecular structure, the influence of the acyl group on UV/Vis transitions, and revealed the mechanism. The intermediate LSi(COtBu)ClP(SiMe3)2, with a five‐coordinate silicon center, was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray analysis. On the other hand, phosphasilene LSi(SiMe3)P(SiMe3) reacted with tBuCOCl by a [2+2] cycloaddition of the silicon–phosphorus double bond and the carbon–oxygen double bond in addition to Me3SiCl elimination, thereby affording the novel, fully characterized compound LSi(SiMe3)[PC(tBu)O] bearing a Si‐P‐C‐O heterocycle with a phosphorus–carbon double bond. DFT studies suggest that two mechanisms occur simultaneously.
ChemInform Abstract: High Pressure Synthesis of the Cation‐Ordered Perovskite 3C1:2—Ba3NaRu2O9.
Authors: Arevalo‐Lopez Angel M. , Senn Mark S. , Skedd Lauren , Attfield J. Paul 
Published: June 2014

Abstract3C1:2‐Ba3NaRu2O9 is obtained by pressurized sintering of 6H‐Ba3NaRu2O9 in a two‐stage Walker‐type press (900 °C, 9 GPa).
ChemInform Abstract: Two Crown‐Ether‐Coordinated Caesium Halogen Salts.
Authors: van Well Natalija , Klein Christian , Ritter Franz , Assmus Wolf , Krellner Cornelius , Bolte Michael 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSingle crystals of [Cs2Br2(18‐crown‐6)2 (H2O)2]·2H2O (I) are grown from an aqueous solution of CsBr and 18‐crown‐6 in a 1:1 molar ratio.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoluminescence of Titanium‐Doped Zinc Spinel Blue‐Emitting Nanophosphors.
Authors: Tsai Mu‐Tsun , Chang Yee‐Shin , Chou You‐Hsin , Tsai Kai‐Min 
Published: June 2014

AbstractZnAl2O4:Ti (0—6.0% Ti relative to Al) nanopowders are prepared by a sol—gel method using Zn(NO3)2, Al(O‐iPr)3, and Ti(O‐iPr)4 as starting materials (annealing at 1000 °C for 2 h in air).
ChemInform Abstract: New Co—Pd—Zn γ‐Brasses with Dilute Ferrimagnetism and Co2Zn11 Revisited: Establishing the Synergism Between Theory and Experiment.
Authors: Xie Weiwei , Miller Gordon J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe electronic (DOS) structure of Co2Zn11 shows two distinct pseudogaps near the Fermi level, one at 292 valence electrons per unit cell and the other at 302‐304 valence electrons per unit cell.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Investigation of Sodium Reactivity with Nanostructured Co3O4 for Sodium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Rahman Md Mokhlesur , Glushenkov Alexey M. , Ramireddy Thrinathreddy , Chen Ying 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDense agglomerates of nanocrystalline Co3O4 are obtained from a mixture of CoCl2, LiNO3, LiOH, and H2O2 in a molar ratio of 1:10:2:5 (air, 300 °C, 3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of LiMn2O4 Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries.
Authors: Lv Xiawu , Chen Shulin , Chen Cheng , Liu Lihu , Liu Fan , Qiu Guohong 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe title cathode materials are hydrothermally prepared from aqueous mixtures of KMnO4, aniline, and LiOH (autoclave, 120—180 °C, 24 h).