bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micro‐CT evaluation of calcium hydroxide removal through passive ultrasonic irrigation associated with or without an additional instrument
Authors: Silva L. J. M. , Pessoa O. F. , Teixeira M. B. G. , Gouveia C. H. , Braga R. R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo use computerized microtomography (micro‐CT) to evaluate the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), with or without an additional file (F5), in removing calcium hydroxide medication.MethodologyThe root canals of single‐rooted human teeth were prepared with a ProTaper® F4 file (Dentsply Maillefer) and filled with calcium hydroxide/propylene glycol 400 paste. After 30 days of storage under 100% humidity, the teeth were divided into four groups (n = 8) according to the removal technique: passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) only, additional file only (file F5), PUI + additional file and master apical file only (F4, control). The specimens were scanned (SkyScan 1174, resolution: 14.36 μm) after chemomechanical preparation, 30 days after the application of Ca(OH)2 paste and following its removal. The percentage of medicament remaining was calculated in terms of total canal volume and medicament volume after storage, based on microtomographic images. Data were analysed using three‐way anova/Tukey's test or Kruskal–Wallis/Student–Newman–Keuls test (alpha: 5%).ResultsThe use of PUI resulted in lower Ca(OH)2 residue volumes (3.7%) compared to when PUI was not used (6.4%; P < 0.001). The use of the additional file did not significantly influence the percentage of remaining Ca(OH)2. The percentage of Ca(OH)2 residue was greater in the apical region (6.4%) than in the cervical region (3.8%; P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe use of PUI resulted in more effective Ca(OH)2 paste removal relative to the control regardless of the use of the additional file. The apical region had the highest residue volumes in all techniques.
European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Steiner Thorsten , Salman Rustam Al-Shahi , Beer Ronnie , Christensen Hanne , Cordonnier Charlotte , Csiba Laszlo , Forsting Michael , Harnof Sagi , Klijn Catharina J. M. , Krieger Derk , Mendelow A. David , Molina Carlos , Montaner Joan , Overgaard Karsten , Petersson Jesper , Roine Risto O. , Schmutzhard Erich , Schwerdtfeger Karsten , Stapf Christian , Tatlisumak Turgut , Thomas Brenda M. , Toni Danilo , Unterberg Andreas , Wagner Markus 
Published: August 2014

Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounted for 9% to 27% of all strokes worldwide in the last decade, with high early case fatality and poor functional outcome. In view of recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the management of ICH, the European Stroke Organisation (ESO) has updated its evidence-based guidelines for the management of ICH. Method A multidisciplinary writing committee of 24 researchers from 11 European countries identified 20 questions relating to ICH management and created recommendations based on the evidence in RCTs using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results We found moderate- to high-quality evidence to support strong recommendations for managing patients with acute ICH on an acute stroke unit, avoiding hemostatic therapy for acute ICH not associated with antithrombotic drug use, avoiding graduated compression stockings, using intermittent pneumatic compression in immobile patients, and using blood pressure lowering for secondary prevention. We found moderate-quality evidence to support weak recommendations for intensive lowering of systolic blood pressure to <140 mmHg within six-hours of ICH onset, early surgery for patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score 9–12, and avoidance of corticosteroids. Conclusion These guidelines inform the management of ICH based on evidence for the effects of treatments in RCTs. Outcome after ICH remains poor, prioritizing further RCTs of interventions to improve outcome.
Extreme Value Theory and Statistics of Univariate Extremes: A Review
Authors: Gomes M. Ivette , Guillou Armelle 
Published: August 2014

SummaryStatistical issues arising in modelling univariate extremes of a random sample have been successfully used in the most diverse fields, such as biometrics, finance, insurance and risk theory. Statistics of univariate extremes (SUE), the subject to be dealt with in this review paper, has recently faced a huge development, partially because rare events can have catastrophic consequences for human activities, through their impact on the natural and constructed environments. In the last decades, there has been a shift from the area of parametric SUE, based on probabilistic asymptotic results in extreme value theory, towards semi‐parametric approaches. After a brief reference to Gumbel's block methodology and more recent improvements in the parametric framework, we present an overview of the developments on the estimation of parameters of extreme events and on the testing of extreme value conditions under a semi‐parametric framework. We further discuss a few challenging topics in the area of SUE. © 2014 The Authors. International Statistical Review © 2014 International Statistical Institute
Australian Paediatric Rheumatology Group standards of care for the management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Munro Jane , Murray Kevin , Boros Christina , Chaitow Jeffrey , Allen Roger C , Akikusa Jonathan , Adib Navid , Piper Susan E , Singh‐Grewal Davinder ,   Australian Paediatric Rheumatology Group
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis standards document outlines accepted standards of management for children, adolescents and young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in Australia. This document acknowledges that the chronic inflammatory arthritis conditions (JIA) in childhood are different diseases from inflammatory arthritis in adults and that specific expertise is required in the care of children with arthritis.
Ginsenoside Rh1 induces mouse osteoblast growth and differentiation through the bone morphogenetic protein 2/runt-related gene 2 signalling pathway
Authors: Siddiqi Muhammad Hanif , Siddiqi Muhammad Zubair , Ahn Sungeun , Kim Yeon-Ju , Yang Deok Chun 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the stimulative and pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rh1 (hereinafter referred to as: Rh1) on differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast and its possible mechanism of action on the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/Runt-related gene 2 (Runx2) signalling pathways using mouse preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell line as in-vitro model.

Methods
An in-vitro stimulative activity of Rh1 was assessed by analyzing alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), type-I collagen (Coll-I) synthesis, mineralization and glutathione content. Its antioxidant activity was measured by evaluating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the presence of antimycin A (AMA), one of the mitochondrial dysfunction factors. The level of BMP-2/Runx2 signal-regulated osteoblast-specific proteins such as osteocalcin (OCN), Coll-I and ALP were detected using Western blot analysis.

Key findings
Rh1 was capable to stimulate cell growth, ALP activity, Coll-I synthesis, mineralization and glutathione content in the MC3T3-E1 cells. BMP-2 and Runx2 expression were also increased by Rh1 concentration dependently. Additionally, Rh1 also showed inhibitory action on the level of ROS production enhanced by AMA in MC3T3-E1 cells. Rh1 could increase the expression level of BMP-2/Runx2 signal-regulated osteogenic markers such as ALP, Coll-I and OCN.

Conclusions
Rh1, a protopanaxatriol type's active ingredients of Panax ginseng Meyer, possesses osteoblast differentiation, osteogenic stimulatory and anti-oxidative activity.
Species integrity in trees
Authors: Ortiz‐Barrientos Daniel , Baack Eric J. 
Published: August 2014

From California sequoia, to Australian eucalyptus, to the outstanding diversity of Amazonian forests, trees are fundamental to many processes in ecology and evolution. Trees define the communities that they inhabit, are host to a multiplicity of other organisms and can determine the ecological dynamics of other plants and animals. Trees are also at the heart of major patterns of biodiversity such as the latitudinal gradient of species diversity and thus are important systems for studying the origin of new plant species. Although the role of trees in community assembly and ecological succession is partially understood, the origin of tree diversity remains largely opaque. For instance, the relative importance of differing habitats and phenologies as barriers to hybridization between closely related species is still largely uncharacterized in trees. Consequently, we know very little about the origin of trees species and their integrity. Similarly, studies on the interplay between speciation and tree community assembly are in their infancy and so are studies on how processes like forest maturation modifies the context in which reproductive isolation evolves. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Lindtke et al. (2014) and Lagache et al. (2014) overcome some traditional difficulties in studying mating systems and sexual isolation in the iconic oaks and poplars, providing novel insights about the integrity of tree species and on how ecology leads to variation in selection on reproductive isolation over time and space.
Genetic basis of continuous variation in the levels and modular inheritance of pigmentation in cichlid fishes
Authors: Albertson R. Craig , Powder Kara E. , Hu Yinan , Coyle Kaitlin P. , Roberts Reade B. , Parsons Kevin J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractVariation in pigmentation type and levels is a hallmark of myriad evolutionary radiations, and biologists have long been fascinated by the factors that promote and maintain variation in coloration across populations. Here, we provide insights into the genetic basis of complex and continuous patterns of colour variation in cichlid fishes, which offer a vast diversity of pigmentation patterns that have evolved in response to both natural and sexual selection. Specifically, we crossed two divergent cichlid species to generate an F2 mapping population that exhibited extensive variation in pigmentation levels and patterns. Our experimental design is robust in that it combines traditional quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis with population genomics, which has allowed us to move efficiently from QTL interval to candidate gene. In total, we detected 41 QTL and 13 epistatic interactions that underlie melanocyte‐ and xanthophore‐based coloration across the fins and flanks of these fishes. We also identified 2 QTL and 1 interaction for variation in the magnitude of integration among these colour traits. This finding in particular is notable as there are marked differences both within and between species with respect to the complexity of pigmentation patterns. While certain individuals are characterized by more uniform ‘integrated’ colour patterns, others exhibit many more degrees of freedom with respect to the distribution of colour ‘modules’ across the fins and flank. Our data reveal, for the first time, a genetic basis for this difference. Finally, we implicate pax3a as a mediator of continuous variation in the levels of xanthophore‐based colour along the cichlid flank.
An Electrical Plasma Surgery Tool for Device Replacement—Retrospective Evaluation of Complications and Economic Evaluation of Costs and Resource Use
Authors: KYPTA ALEXANDER , BLESSBERGER HERMANN , SALEH KARIM , HÖNIG SIMON , KAMMLER JÜRGEN , NEESER KURT , STEINWENDER CLEMENS 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundDevice replacements bear many potential risks for patients. Electrocautery should be used cautiously because of heating of the cautery tip which may lead to insulation melting. The PEAK PlasmaBlade™ (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) uses a novel technology to cut tissue. The objective of this study was to evaluate if this instrument is less destructive and can decrease complications and shorten procedure times.Methods and ResultsTwo groups were compared: in group 1, surgery was done with scissors and conventional electrocautery, whereas the PEAK PlasmaBlade™ was used in group 2. Procedure time and complication rates were retrospectively investigated. Group 1 comprised 509 patients, while group 2 consisted of 102 patients. Procedure time in group 2 was significantly shorter with 28.4 ± 8.9 minutes than in group 1 with 47.5 ± 24.5 minutes (P < 0.001). The hospital stay was also reduced (2.1 ± 2.2 days versus 3.1 ± 2.4 days, P < 0.001). One major complication occurred in only 2.4% (two patients) of group 2 and in 6.9% (35 patients) of group 1. There were no damaged leads in group 2 compared to 5.7% in group 1 (P = 0.008). Cost analyses showed that the use of The PEAK PlasmaBlade™ instead of conventional electrocautery resulted in cost savings of €120/patient.ConclusionDevice replacement is associated with a notable complication risk. Our investigation showed that a new device for generator replacement resulted in significantly reduced procedure time and length of hospital stay while completely avoiding lead damage, which translated into considerable cost savings in a real world setting.
Sufentanil Sublingual Tablet System vs. Intravenous Patient‐Controlled Analgesia with Morphine for Postoperative Pain Control: A Randomized, Active‐Comparator Trial
Authors: Melson Timothy I. , Boyer David L. , Minkowitz Harold S. , Turan Alparslan , Chiang Yu‐Kun , Evashenk Mark A. , Palmer Pamela P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundProblems with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (IV PCA) are well known, including invasive route of delivery and pump programming errors. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate patient satisfaction with a novel sublingual sufentanil PCA system (sufentanil sublingual tablet system 15 mcg with a 20‐minute lockout interval; SSTS) to IV PCA morphine sulfate 1 mg with a 6‐minute lockout interval (IV PCA MS) for the management of acute postoperative pain.MethodsThis was a randomized, open‐label, 48‐hour non‐inferiority study with optional extension to 72 hours at 26 U.S. sites enrolling patients scheduled for elective major open abdominal or orthopedic (hip or knee replacement) surgery. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients who responded “good” or “excellent” (collectively “success”) at the 48‐hour timepoint on the Patient Global Assessment of method of pain control (PGA48).ResultsA total of 357 patients received study drug and 78.5% vs. 65.6% of patients achieved PGA48 “success” for SSTS vs. IV PCA MS, respectively, demonstrating non‐inferiority (P < 0.001 using the one‐side Z‐test against the non‐inferiority margin) as well as statistical superiority for treatment effect (P = 0.007). Patients using SSTS reported more rapid onset of analgesia and patient and nurse ease of care and satisfaction scores were higher than IV PCA MS. Adverse events were similar between the 2 groups; however, SSTS had fewer patients experiencing oxygen desaturations below 95% compared to IV PCA MS (P = 0.028).ConclusionsSufentanil sublingual tablet system is a promising new analgesic technology that may address some of the concerns with IV PCA.
Identification and characterisation of peptide binding motifs of six autoimmune disease‐associated human leukocyte antigen‐class I molecules including HLA‐B*39:06
Authors: Eichmann M. , de Ru A. , van Veelen P. A. , Peakman M. , Kronenberg‐Versteeg D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractResearch on CD8 T cell‐mediated inflammatory diseases requires a better understanding of target epitopes and the constraints placed upon these by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I binding restrictions, especially those that relate to predisposing alleles. We used linear trap quadrupole fourier transform (LTQ‐FT) tandem mass spectrometry to identify naturally processed and presented peptides eluted from the MHC‐negative myeloid leukaemia cell line K562 transfected with specific MHC class I genes. We provide information on the peptidome of HLA‐B*39:06, which is associated with the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes, and extend the analysis to include a further five human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles (HLA‐A*02:01/‐A*11:01/‐A*24:02/‐B*18:01/‐B*38:01) studied under identical experimental conditions. We identified a total of 3095 individual peptides with a mascot score ≥40 (HLA‐A*02:01 = 569 peptides, ‐A*11:01 = 904, A*24:02 = 257, ‐B*18:01 = 615, ‐B*38:01 = 453, ‐B*39:06 = 297). Peptides had a preferential length of nine amino acids and originated mainly from cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins. Eluted peptides revealed a strong binding motif with binding anchor positions at position 2 (P2) and the C‐terminus (PΩ). Peptides eluted from HLA‐A*02:01 showed a P2 preference for leucine (62% of total peptides have Leu at P2) and PΩ preference for valine (49%). Similar data are provided for HLA‐A*11:01 (P2:Thr, 29%; PΩ:Lys, 49%), ‐A*24:02 (P2:Tyr, 78%; PΩ:Phe, 41%), ‐B*18:01 (P2:Glu, 77%; PΩ:Tyr, 32%), ‐B*38:01 (P2:His, 51%; PΩ:Leu, 45%) and ‐B*39:06 (P2:Arg/His, 24%; PΩ:Ala, 64%). This work thus gives an overview of the naturally processed and presented repertoire of several common and autoimmune disease‐related HLA alleles, which may be useful in studying autoreactive CD8 T cell responses and the role of HLA in disease susceptibility.
Effect of Ranirestat, a New Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, on Diabetic Retinopathy in SDT Rats
Authors: Toyoda Fumihiko , Tanaka Yoshiaki , Ota Ayumi , Shimmura Machiko , Kinoshita Nozomi , Takano Hiroko , Matsumoto Takafumi , Tsuji Junichi , Kakehashi Akihiro 
Published: August 2014

Purpose. To evaluate the effect of ranirestat, a new aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI), on diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats.Methods. The animals were divided into six groups, normal Sprague-Dawley rats(n=8), untreated SDT rats(n=9), ranirestat-treated SDT rats (0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg/day,n=7, 8, and 6, resp.), and epalrestat-treated SDT rats (100 mg/kg/day,n=7). Treated rats received oral ranirestat or epalrestat once daily for 40 weeks after the onset of diabetes. After the eyes were enucleated, the retinal thickness and the area of stained glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were measured.Results. The retinas in the untreated group were significantly thicker than those in the normal and ranirestat-treated (0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg/day) groups. The immunostained area of GFAP in the untreated group was significantly larger than that in the normal and ranirestat-treated (1.0 and 10 mg/kg/day) groups. There were no significant differences between the untreated group and epalrestat-treated group in the retinal thickness and the area of stained GFAP.Conclusion. Ranirestat reduced the retinal thickness and the area of stained GFAP in SDT rats and might suppress DR and have a neuroprotective effect on diabetic retinas.
SubcloneSeeker: a computational framework for reconstructing tumor clone structure for cancer variant interpretation and prioritization
Authors: Qiao Yi , Quinlan Aaron R , Jazaeri Amir A , Verhaak Roeland GW , Wheeler David A , Marth Gabor T 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMany tumors are composed of genetically divergent cell subpopulations. We report SubcloneSeeker, a package capable of exhaustive identification of subclone structures and evolutionary histories with bulk somatic variant allele frequency measurements from tumor biopsies. We present a statistical framework to elucidate whether specific sets of mutations are present within the same subclones, and the order in which they occur. We demonstrate how subclone reconstruction provides crucial information about tumorigenesis and relapse mechanisms; guides functional study by variant prioritization, and has the potential as a rational basis for informed therapeutic strategies for the patient. SubcloneSeeker is available at: https://github.com/yiq/SubcloneSeeker.
Das Problem der Schönheit in Dantes Commedia
Authors: Huss Bernhard 
Published: August 2014

Riassunto
Il presente contributo discute il concetto di ›bellezza‹ dantesco nei termini di una problematica del rapporto che intercorre tra ›cielo‹ e ›terra‹ nella Commedia. Dante concepisce la bellezza sullo sfondo di due discorsi contrastanti, uno platonico-emanatistico e l’altro biblico-escatologico. Il primo modello è strutturato secondo una gerarchia verticale, mentre il secondo rappresenta un modello storico che si basa sulla narrazione lineare del peccato originale, della redenzione e della promessa di salvazione. Entrambi determinano differenti classificazioni e concezioni della ›bellezza‹. Tramite una lettura di vari passi della Commedia, e in particolare del VII. canto del Paradiso, verrà analizzato il rapporto intricato dei due modelli, rapporto che è passato più volte inosservato solamente grazie all’intenso lavoro poetico-testuale di Dante
Die Abwägung irdischer und himmlischer Güter – ökonomische Ethik und Seelenökonomie in Dantes Commedia
Authors: Klettke Cornelia 
Published: August 2014

Riassunto
Nel campo di tensione fra le virtù e i vizi degli uomini, l’oro e la moneta svolgono un ruolo affatto ambivalente quali dispositivi il cui valore oscilla tra avaritia e caritas. Nella lingua di Dante, il termine moneta indica altresì la valuta corrente per l’anima purgata. In una simile »economia dell’anima« la moneta, quale simbolo della finanza, descrive metaforicamente l’atto di grazia di una ricchezza dell’anima, per così dire lo scambio della materialità con l’immaterialità. La poetica del denaro in Dante si basa su un raffinato repertorio retorico e concettuale la cui metaforicità suggerisce un’economia dello scambio attraverso l’immagine di preziosi e altre ricchezze terrene, che vengono raffigurate in un senso dapprima del tutto concreto e che, grazie alla permutazione, si trasformano in beatitudini psichico-spirituali. Il sistema dantesco delle pene infernali riflette lo spirito del tempo e la decadenza morale dei contemporanei che si esplica nel loro rapporto peccaminoso col denaro. Sulle orme di Tommaso d’Aquino, Dante considera l’usura un peccato contro la giustizia divina. In generale, la sua critica nei confronti dell’economia monetaria si cristallizza in tre gruppi di peccatori: gli usurai, i simoniaci e i falsari. Essi rappresentano l’oggetto di questo contributo che, inoltre, sarà completato da un confronto tra il ciclo di illustrazioni botticelliane della Commedia e la serie di affreschi realizzata da Giotto nella Cappella degli Scrovegni.
Structure and Significance in Metaphysics
Authors: Graham Andrew J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper discusses recent attempts to defend metaphysics as a worthwhile form of inquiry. According to such views, metaphysics concerns the world’s fundamental structure. I question whether this view can establish that metaphysical disputes are relevant to the rest of our theoretical activities. I take this relevance to be a criterion for whether disputes are worthwhile (or, as I call them, “significant”). I argue that the structure approach is unsatisfactory because appropriately structural disputes need not be worthwhile disputes, and vice versa. So, the structure approach threatens to render metaphysics irrelevant to our broader theorizing, undermining many of its legitimate successes, like the role theorizing about metaphysical modality played in the development of modal logic. Thus these structure-based views provide a poor defense of metaphysics. I then offer an alternative conception of metaphysics as an attempt to understand our most ubiquitous theoretical notions.