bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An energetic orphan in an endocrine tissue: A revised perspective of the function of estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha in bone and cartilage
Authors: Bonnelye Edith , Aubin Jane E 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha (ERRα) is an orphan nuclear receptor with sequence homology to the estrogen receptors, ERα/β, but it does not bind estrogen. ERRα not only plays a functional role in osteoblasts but also in osteoclasts and chondrocytes. In addition, the ERRs, including ERRα, can be activated by coactivators such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (PGC1α and β) and are implicated in adipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative stress defense, suggesting that ERRα—through its activity in bone resorption and adipogenesis—may regulate the insulin and leptin pathways and contribute to aging-related changes in bone and cartilage. In this review, we discuss data on ERRα and its cellular and molecular modes of action, which have broad implications for considering the potential role of this orphan receptor in cartilage and bone endocrine function, on whole-organism physiology, and in the bone aging process. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Cinacalcet as adjunctive therapy for hereditary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D–resistant rickets
Authors: Srivastava Tarak , Alon Uri S 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Secondary hyperparathyroidism from inadequate calcium absorption in the gut, is the underlying pathophysiology for rachitic changes in hereditary vitamin D–resistant rickets (HVDRR). We describe a novel use of Cinacalcet to treat a child with HVDRR in whom conventional modes of therapy had to be discontinued. Cinacalcet therapy with high-dose oral calcium effectively normalized the metabolic abnormalities and bone condition. The relative ease of administration of the calcimimetic as a once- or twice-daily oral preparation, compared with traditional intravenous calcium administration, should encourage its move to the frontline of treatment of the disorder. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Anaerobic treatment of fortified municipal wastewater in temperate climates
Authors: Lester John , Jefferson Bruce , Eusebi Anna‐Laura , McAdam Ewan , Cartmell Elise 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDFortification utilizes pre‐hydrolysed sludge to increase organic sewage strength for support of anaerobic development. Significantly, enhancing organic strength also permits organic loading rate to be de‐coupled from hydraulic retention time, enabling greater contact times for temperate, municipal wastewater. This study therefore describes the application of fortification to facilitate anaerobic treatment of crude wastewater in temperate climates.RESULTSFortification with primary sludge significantly increased methane (CH4) from 0.021 m3CH4 m‐3 for crude wastewater to 0.095 m3CH4 m‐3. This increased yield demonstrates that fortification enables methane yields equivalent to conventional full‐flow anaerobic treatment through only partial treatment of wastewater (up to 50%) which lowers both capital and operational costs. Total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and soluble COD removals of 89% and 5 % were recorded following fortified crude wastewater treatment, permitting a similar effluent COD profile to treated crude wastewater. Pre‐hydrolysis of the fortified wastewater maximized methane production to 0.156 m3CH4 m‐3. Furthermore, a similar yield was reported for wastewater fortified with pre‐hydrolysed waste activated sludge, providing new opportunities for on‐site treatment with concomitant benefits in sludge reduction and enhanced energy production. Solids breakthrough occurred with pre‐hydrolysed fortification and reduced effluent quality; it is postulated that optimizing pre‐treatment and upflow velocity will improve effluent quality to that attained with standard fortification. However, fortification also reduced losses of dissolved methane in the effluent stream.CONCLUSIONSWith a reduction in aeration requirements and potential savings in primary treatment and sludge treatment, fortification represents a major advance upon current practice. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Well Wrapped Eggs: Effects of Egg Shell Structure on Heat Resistance and Hatchling Mass in the Invasive Land Snail Cornu aspersum
Authors: Nicolai Annegret , Vernon Philippe , Lenz Roman , Le Lannic Joseph , Briand Valérie , Charrier Maryvonne 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn ectotherms, the temperature changes that accompany climate shifts, microhabitat changes, and species range extensions can have profound effects on the performance of organisms. The aim of this laboratory study on the terrestrial invasive gastropod Cornu aspersum was to investigate the effect of dietary calcium source on egg shell structure and heat resistance of eggs in two populations from different climatic regions of France (Western Atlantic and Mediterranean). To date no literature is known about heat stress in calcified ectothermic eggs while exposed to heat peaks using fluctuating thermal regimes and optimal humidity. In snails from the Mediterranean population fed exclusively with CaCO3 from limestone we found the thinnest egg shells and the smallest hatchlings. Limestone represents the most accessible calcium source for snails, but is, however, responsible for thinner and more mineralized egg shells (higher ash content). Hence thicker egg shells result from a low mineralized mucopolysaccharide–glycoprotein matrix that could play a nutritional role for hatchlings. Exposed to heat peaks, eggs in both populations had lower incubation time variability at the detriment of hatching rate. This study highlights the need for functional studies in this invasive species to understand the effects on population dynamics of interacting biotic and abiotic environmental factors under climate and anthropic habitat changes. J. Exp. Zool. 319A:63–73, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bioengineered Chimeric Spider Silk‐Uranium Binding Proteins
Authors: Krishnaji Sreevidhya Tarakkad , Kaplan David L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHeavy metals constitute a source of environmental pollution. Here, novel functional hybrid biomaterials for specific interactions with heavy metals are designed by bioengineering consensus sequence repeats from spider silk of Nephila clavipes with repeats of a uranium peptide recognition motif from a mutated 33‐residue of calmodulin protein from Paramecium tetraurelia. The self‐assembly features of the silk to control nanoscale organic/inorganic material interfaces provides new biomaterials for uranium recovery. With subsequent enzymatic digestion of the silk to concentrate the sequestered metals, options can be envisaged to use these new chimeric protein systems in environmental engineering, including to remediate environments contaminated by uranium. magnified image
Long‐term outcomes of surgical therapies for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Rodriguez‐Oroz Maria C. , Moro Elena , Krack Paul 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe surgical lesion of different brain structures has been used as a treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) for several decades. More recently, the favored therapeutic approach has involved the administration of levodopa and the use of DBS. These two major therapeutic advances have greatly modified both the clinical condition of patients and the history of the disease. With the introduction of L‐dopa in 1967, patients could regain mobility, because their akinesia, tremor, and rigidity were greatly improved, with consequent significant improvement in quality of life and increased life expectancy. However, after the so‐called “honeymoon” period in which the disease seemed to be controlled, motor fluctuations and L‐dopa‐induced dyskinesias mitigated the initial enthusiasm. In the 1990s, unilateral pallidotomy and DBS of the globus palllidus internus and STN reduced these motor fluctuations and dyskinesias remarkably, thereby inaugurating a new era in the surgical treatment of PD. Short‐ and medium‐term follow‐up studies of patients who underwent surgery have documented sustained, significant motor benefits. However, given the progressive nature of PD and the purely symptomatic effects of pallidotomy and DBS, the long‐term clinical evolution of these surgical patients currently seems to be associated with a new PD phenotype, mainly characterized by axial motor problems and cognitive impairment. Here, we analyze the long‐term clinical outcomes of surgical PD patients with at least 5‐year follow‐up, focusing on the long‐term motor symptoms that were initially responsive to surgery. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
On enhanced descent algorithms for solving frictional multicontact problems: application to the discrete element method
Authors: Dumont S. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYIn this article, various numerical methods to solve multicontact problems within the nonsmooth discrete element method are presented. The techniques considered to solve the frictional unilateral conditions are based both on the bipotential theory introduced by G. de Saxcé and the augmented Lagrangian theory introduced by P. Alart. Following the ideas of Z.‐Q. Feng a new Newton method is developed to improve these classical algorithms, and numerical experiments are presented to show that these methods are faster than the previous ones, provide results with a better quality, and are less sensitive to the numerical parameters. Moreover, a stopping criterion that ensures a good mechanical property of the solution is provided. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability Analysis of Decoupled Solution Strategies for Coupled Multi‐field Problems – A General Framework
Authors: Zinatbakhsh Seyedmohammad , Markert Bernd , Ehlers Wolfgang 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA coupled partial differential equation (PDE) system, stemming from the mathematical modelling of a coupled phenomenon, is usually solved numerically following a monolithic or a decoupled solution method. In spite of the potential unconditional stability offered by monolithic solvers, their usage for solving complex problems sometimes proves cumbersome. This has motivated the development of various partitioned and staggered solution strategies, generally known as decoupled solution schemes. To this end, the problem is broken down into several isolated yet communicating sub‐problems that are independently advanced in time, possibly by different integrators. Nevertheless, using a decoupled solver introduces additional errors to the system and, therefore, may jeopardise the stability of the solution [1]. Consequently, to scrutinise the stability of the solution scheme becomes a pertinent step in proposing decoupled solution strategies. Here, we endeavour to present a practical stability analysis algorithm, which can readily be used to reveal the stability condition of numerical solvers. To illustrate its capabilities, the algorithm is then utilised for the stability analysis of solution schemes applied to multi variate coupled PDE systems resulting from the mathematical modelling of surface‐ and volume‐coupled multi‐field problems. (© 2012 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carbon‐dioxide storage and phase transitions: towards an understanding of crack development in the cap‐rock layer
Authors: Häberle Kai , Ehlers Wolfgang 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSupercritical CO2can be injected into deep saline aquifers to reduce the amount of CO2in the atmosphere and thus, lessen the impact on the global warming. Qualified reservoirs should be in a sufficient depth to guarantee the thermodynamical environment for the supercritical state of CO2and should be confined by an impermeable cap‐rock layer. It is crucial to guarantee the safety of the storage site. Therefore, deformation processes and crack development of the rock matrix and the cap‐rock layer, which might be induced by the high pressure injection of CO2, must be investigated. If cracks occur, CO2could migrate into shallower regions, where the temperature and pressure cannot support the supercritical condition of the CO2anymore. Thus, it is important to describe the phase transition process between supercritical, liquid and gaseous CO2. The Theory of Porous Media (TPM), see e. g. [1], provides a useful continuum‐mechanical basis to describe real natural systems in a thermodynamically consistent way. Hence, the TPM is applied to model multiphasic flow of CO2and water and to include elasto‐plastic solid deformations of the porous matrix. The Peng‐Robinson equation, e. g. [2], is implemented as a cubic equation of state to describe the phase behaviour of CO2. However, the two‐phase region cannot be represented by a continuously differentiable function such as the Peng‐Robinson equation and thus, the Antoine equation provides additional information of the vapourisation curve. The Extended Finite‐Element Method (XFEM) will be used to account for the discontinuities arising from crack development due to solid deformations [3]. Herein, special attention has to be paid to the matrix‐fracture interaction of the fluid phases. Numerical examples are performed to investigate the injection of CO2into a saline aquifer. These are computed with the FE program PANDAS, which allows for solutions of strongly coupled multiphasic problems in deformable porous media. (© 2012 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
XFEM‐modelling of stationary magnetic and coupled magneto‐mechanical boundary value problems
Authors: Goldmann Joseph , Spieler Christian , Kästner Markus , Ulbricht Volker 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTo analyse a composite material with magnetically switchable stiffness properties, the coupling between the magnetic and the mechanical field has to be considered. Here the mechanical as well as the magnetic problem are computed using the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM). After a brief introduction of the framework, some results are presented focusing on the ability to calculate correct loads and displacements as well as on convergence rates. (© 2012 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hot‐wire measurement in turbulent flow behind a parallel‐line heat source
Authors: Antos Pavel , Uruba Vaclav 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAn interaction of the free turbulent shear flow and the steady temperature field, which develops to the homogeneity, was studied. The temperature field was generated by parallel thin heated wires. The isotropic grid turbulence is supposed. Heated wire generates large cross temperature gradients and development of the temperature field was investigated experimentally. (© 2012 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multipoint Aerodynamical Shape Optimization of Flying Configurations with Spanwise Movable Leading Edge Flaps, in Supersonic Flow
Authors: Nastase Adriana 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe multipoint aerodynamical shape optimization of a flying configuration (FC) is realized by morphing. Spanwise movable leading edge flaps are used. It leads to two enlarged variational problems, with free boundaries. The own developed iterative optimum‐optimorum theory, which searches the global optimized shape inside an elitary class of flying configurations (FCs) and new hybrid solutions for the compressible full Navier‐Stokes PDEs, are used. (© 2012 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Design parameters for nanowire‐planar tandem solar cells
Authors: Foster Andrew P. , Wilson Luke R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA modified form of detailed balance theory is applied to a tandem semiconductor solar cell formed from a vertical nanowire array on a planar substrate. The concept of an effective packing fraction is introduced to account for the light trapping properties of the nanowire array. Our model provides important design criteria for the nanowire‐planar system, including the requirement for optimum performance of a lower energy nanowire bandgap than in an ideal all‐planar tandem cell. Using realistic design parameters for a III–V nanowire‐silicon bottom cell system we predict an efficiency enhancement of 22–27% relative to a planar silicon cell.
Intermolecular interactions, thermodynamic properties, crystal structure, and detonation performance of HMX/NTO cocrystal explosive
Authors: Lin He , Zhu Shun‐Guan , Zhang Lin , Peng Xin‐Hua , Chen Peng‐Yuan , Li Hong‐Zhen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that the design of cocrystal explosives is one of the most promising approaches to decrease the sensitivity and maintain the detonation performance of existing explosives. As is well‐known, octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) is a high energy density material (HEDM). But the application of HMX is limited, due to its high sensitivity. Thus, an insensitive explosive 5‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one (NTO) is proposed as a cocrystal former (CCF) to cocrystallize with HMX in the present work. The binding energies, heat of formations (HOFs), thermodynamic properties, atoms in molecules, and natural bond orbital analysis of four HMX/NTO complexes have been calculated using density functional theory methods, including meta‐hybrid functional (M062X) and dispersion‐corrected density functionals (B97D, ωB97XD). In addition, the crystal structure of HMX/NTO cocrystal has been investigated using Monte Carlo simulation and first principles methods. The HMX/NTO cocrystal is most likely to crystallize in triclinic crystal system with P1space group, and corresponding cell parameters areZ= 2,a= 9.06 Å,b= 8.19 Å,c= 10.27 Å, α = 81.94°, β = 98.42°, γ = 82.03°, and ρ = 1.92 g/cm3. The detonation velocity and detonation pressure of HMX/NTO cocrystal are 8.73 km/s and 35.14 GPa, respectively, a little lower than those of HMX. Finally, bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of the weakest trigger bond in HMX/NTO complexes are calculated. The results show that HMX/NTO complexes are thermally stable and meet the thermal requirement of HEDMs (BDE > 120 kJ/mol). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Household and Living Arrangement Projections at the Subnational Level: An Extended Cohort-Component Approach
Authors: Zeng Yi , Land Kenneth C. , Wang Zhenglian , Gu Danan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article presents the core methodological ideas and empirical assessments of an extended cohort-component approach (known as the “ProFamy model”), and applications to simultaneously project household composition, living arrangements, and population sizes–gender structures at the subnational level in the United States. Comparisons of projections from 1990 to 2000 using this approach with census counts in 2000 for each of the 50 states and Washington, DC show that 68.0 %, 17.0 %, 11.2 %, and 3.8 % of the absolute percentage errors are &lt;3.0 %, 3.0 % to 4.99 %, 5.0 % to 9.99 %, and ≥10.0 %, respectively. Another analysis compares average forecast errors between the extended cohort-component approach and the still widely used classic headship-rate method, by projecting number-of-bedrooms–specific housing demands from 1990 to 2000 and then comparing those projections with census counts in 2000 for each of the 50 states and Washington, DC. The results demonstrate that, compared with the extended cohort-component approach, the headship-rate method produces substantially more serious forecast errors because it cannot project households by size while the extended cohort-component approach projects detailed household sizes. We also present illustrative household and living arrangement projections for the five decades from 2000 to 2050, with medium-, small-, and large-family scenarios for each of the 50 states; Washington, DC; six counties of southern California; and the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area. Among many interesting numerical outcomes of household and living arrangement projections with medium, low, and high bounds, the aging of American households over the next few decades across all states/areas is particularly striking. Finally, the limitations of the present study and potential future lines of research are discussed.
Bellingshausen's first accounts of his Antarctic voyage of 1819–1821
Authors: Bulkeley Rip 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTIn 1949 a reassessment of the Imperial Russian Navy's Antarctic expedition of 1819–1821 was promulgated in the Soviet Union. The contention was that Russian seamen had made the first discovery of the mainland of Antarctica, two or three days before the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula was sighted by a British expedition, under William Smith and Edward Bransfield, sent to take formal possession of the South Shetland Islands. The new Soviet line apparently required that an important passage in a report which Captain Bellingshausen had sent from Australia in 1820 should, as far as possible, be overlooked or downplayed. Nineteenth century editions of the report and its covering letter are translated, the contemporary ice vocabulary in which they were phrased is explained, and the practice of discounting parts of them in the past and continuing to ignore those passages today is discussed.
Is the law of occupation applicable to the invasion phase?
Authors: Zwanenburg Marten , Bothe Michael , Sassòli Marco 
Published: December 2012

The ‘debate’ section of theReviewaims at contributing to the reflection on current ethical, legal, or practical controversies around humanitarian issues.The definition of occupation under international humanitarian law (IHL) is rather vague, and IHL instruments provide no clear standard for determining the beginning of occupation. Derived from the wording of Article 42 of the 1907 Hague Regulations, occupation may be defined as the effective control of a foreign territory by hostile armed forces. It is not always easy to determine when an invasion has become an occupation. This raises the question whether or not the law of occupation could already be applied during the invasion phase. In this regard, two main positions are usually put forward in legal literature. Generally it is held that the provisions of occupation law only apply once the elements underpinning the definition set out in Article 42 of the 1907 Hague Regulations are met. However, the so-called ‘Pictet theory’, as formulated by Jean S. Pictet in the ICRC's Commentary on the Geneva Conventions, proposes that no intermediate phase between invasion and occupation exists and that certain provisions of occupation law already apply during an invasion.The collapse of essential public facilities such as hospitals and water-supply installations, partly due to the large-scale looting and violence that came along with the progress of the coalition forces, in Iraq in 2003 demonstrates that this discussion is not simply a theoretical one. Invading armed forces need clarity as to what rules they need to apply.Three experts in the field of occupation law – Marten Zwanenburg, Michael Bothe, and Marco Sassòli – have agreed to participate in this debate and to defend three approaches.Marten Zwanenburgmaintains that for determining when an invasion turns into an occupation the only test is the one set out in Article 42 of the 1907 Hague Regulations, and therefore rejects the ‘Pictet theory’.Michael Bothe, while also rejecting the ‘Pictet theory’, argues that a possible intermediate situation between invasion and occupation, if there is any at all, would be very short and that, once an invader has gained control over a part of an invaded territory, the law of occupation applies. Finally,Marco Sassòlidefends the ‘Pictet theory’ and argues that, in order to avoid legal vacuums, there is no distinction between an invasion phase and an occupation phase for applying the rules of the Fourth Geneva Convention.The debaters have simplified their complex legal reasoning for the sake of clarity and brevity. Readers of theReviewshould bear in mind that the debaters’ actual legal positions may be more nuanced than they may appear in this debate.