bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Li5OCl3 and Li3OCl: Two Remarkably Different Lithium Oxide Chlorides
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf , Blaschkowski Björn , Schleid Thomas 
Published: August 2012

AbstractYellow to red, transparent single crystals of the lithium oxide chloride Li5OCl3 were obtained as main product from a solid‐state reaction between Li3N and oxygen‐contaminated lithium (covered by a Li[OH] crust) with YbCl3 and carbon in silica‐jacketed, arc‐welded niobium ampoules originally designed to yield Yb[CN2]. Li5OCl3 adopts the crystal structure of Cs3CoCl5 (≡ Cs3Cl[CoCl4]) according to Cl3Li[OLi4] with the tetragonal space group I4/mcm (no. 140) and the cell parameters a = 685.28(3) pm and c = 1093.23(5) pm for Z = 4. Hence, it contains isolated [OLi4]2+ tetrahedra in a LiCl matrix it thus can be compared with other alkali‐ and alkaline‐earth metal oxide chlorides. Its unconventional color might be due to the fact that small parts of O2– are substituted with isoelectronic imide anions ([NH]2–). Additionally cubic perovskite‐type Li3OCl with corner‐sharing [OLi6]4+ octahedra according to $\rm^{3}_{\infty}${[OLi6/2]Cl} could be obtained during attempts to synthesize Li5OCl3 from Li2O and LiCl as colorless powder and its lattice parameter for the space group Pm$\rm^{3}_{\infty}$m (no. 221) was determined to a = 390.70(4) pm (Z = 1) by means of X‐ray powder diffraction.
ScPdZn and ScPtZn with YAlGe Type Structure – Group‐Subgroup Relation and 45Sc Solid State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Mishra Trinath , Heying Birgit , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Matar Samir F. , Deters Heinz , Eckert Hellmut , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe intermetallic compounds ScPdZn and ScPtZn were prepared from the elements by high‐frequency melting in sealed tantalum ampoules. Both structures were refined from single crystal X‐ray diffractometer data: YAlGe type, Cmcm, a = 429.53(8), b = 907.7(1), c = 527.86(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0375, 231 F2 values, for ScPdZn and a = 425.3(1), b = 918.4(2), c = 523.3(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0399, 213 F2 values for ScPtZn with 14 variables per refinement. The structures are orthorhombically distorted variants of the AlB2 type. The scandium and palladium (platinum atoms) build up ordered networks Sc3Pd3 and Sc3Pt3 (boron networks) which are slightly shifted with respect to each other. These networks are penetrated by chains of zinc atoms (262 pm in ScPtZn) which correspond to the aluminum positions, i.e. Zn(ScPd) and Zn(ScPt). The corresponding group‐subgroup scheme and the differences in chemical bonding with respect to other AlB2‐derived REPdZn and REPtZn compounds are discussed. 45Sc solid state NMR spectra confirm the single crystallographic scandium sites. From electronic band structure calculations the two compounds are found metallic with free electron like behavior at the Fermi level. A larger cohesive energy for ScPtZn suggests a more strongly bonded intermetallic than ScPdZn. Electron localization and overlap population analyses identify the largest bonding for scandium with the transition metal (Pd, Pt).
Hydrodynamic forces on steady and oscillating porous particles
Authors: Ollila Santtu T. T. , Ala-Nissila Tapio , Denniston Colin 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe derive new analytical results for the hydrodynamic force exerted on a sinusoidally oscillating porous shell and a sphere of uniform density in the Stokes limit. The coupling between the spherical particle and the solvent is done using the Debye–Bueche–Brinkman (DBB) model, i.e. by a frictional force proportional to the local velocity difference between the permeable particle and the solvent. We compare our analytical results and existing dynamic theories to lattice–Boltzmann simulations of the full Navier–Stokes equations for the oscillating porous particle. We find our analytical results to agree with simulations over a broad range of porosities and frequencies.
The pre-Alpine tectonic history of the Austroalpine continental basement in the Valpelline unit (Western Italian Alps)
Authors: MANZOTTI PAOLA , ZUCALI MICHELE 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe Valpelline unit is a large slice of continental crust constituting the Austroalpine Dent Blanche nappe (NW Italy). The pre-Alpine evolution of this unit holds important clues about the Palaeozoic crustal structure at the northern margin of the Adria continent, about the history of rifting in the Alpine region, and thus about the thermomechanical conditions that preceded the Alpine convergent evolution. Several stages of the deformation history and of partial re-equilibration were identified, combining meso- and micro-structural analyses with thermobarometry. Reconstructed pre-AlpineP–T–t–d paths demonstrate that the Valpelline unit experienced an early stage at pressures between 4.5 and 6.5 kbar followed by migmatite formation. A subsequent stage reached amphibolite to granulite facies conditions. This stage was associated with the development of the most penetrative fabrics affecting all of the Valpelline lithotypes. The pre-Alpine evolution ended with a weak deformation associated with a local mineral-chemical re-equilibration under greenschist facies conditions at ≈ 4 kbar andT< 450°C. A Permo-Mesozoic lithospheric extension is thought to be responsible for asthenosphere upwelling, thereby causing high temperature metamorphism at medium pressure and widespread partial melting, which led to upper crustal magmatic activity.
COUSIN MARRIAGE IN SOUTH-WESTERN ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: DAY CATHY , SMITH MALCOLM 
Published: August 2012

SummaryKnowledge of inbreeding levels in historical times is necessary to estimate the health consequences of past inbreeding, and to contextualize the current public debate about cousin marriage in Britain. This research aims to calculate the level of cousin marriage using the intensive technique of multi-source parish reconstitution and to determine whether village organization, religion and occupational class influenced the level of consanguineous marriage. A wide variety of documentary sources were used to create extensive pedigrees of spouses in over 800 marriages in the 19th century in the rural villages of Stourton and Kilmington. The closed village of Stourton had higher levels of inbreeding than the open village of Kilmington. Catholics had lower rates of 1st cousin marriage but higher rates of 2nd cousin marriage than Protestants. Farmers had higher levels of 1st cousin marriage than labourers. The levels of consanguinity in south-western Wiltshire in the 19th century were related to the economic structure of the villages and the religion and social class of the spouses.
Morita-Baylis-Hillman adduct showsin vitroactivity againstLeishmania (Viannia) braziliensisassociated with a reduction in IL-6 and IL-10 but independent of nitric oxide
Authors: AMORIM F. M. , RODRIGUES Y. K. S. , BARBOSA T. P. , NÉRIS P. L. N. , CALDAS J. P. A. , SOUSA S. C. O. , LEITE J. A. , RODRIGUES-MASCARENHAS S. , VASCONCELLOS M. L. A. A. , OLIVEIRA M. R. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYCurrent treatments for different clinical forms of leishmaniasis are unsatisfactory, highly toxic and associated with increasing failure rates resulting from the emergence of resistant parasites.Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensisis the main aetiological agent of different clinical forms of American tegumentary leishmaniasis, including the mucosal form for which treatment has high failure rates. The aim of this work was to investigate the activity of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman adduct, methyl 2-{2-[hydroxy(2-nitrophenyl)methyl])acryloyloxy} benzoatein vitroagainst isolates ofL. (V.) braziliensisobtained from patients with different clinical manifestations of tegumentary leishmaniasis: localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucosal leishmaniasis and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. The adduct effectively inhibited the growth of promastigotes of the different isolates ofL. (V.) braziliensis(IC50 ⩽ 7·77μg/ml), as well as reduced the infection rate of macrophages infected with these parasites (EC50 ⩽ 1·37μg/ml). It is remarkable to state that the adduct was more effective against intracellular amastigotes (P ⩽ 0·0045). The anti-amastigote activity correlated with an immunomodulatory effect, since the adduct was able to decrease the production of IL-6 and IL-10 by the infected macrophages. However, its effect was independent of nitric oxide production. This work demonstrates the anti-leishmanial activity of methyl 2-{2-[hydroxy(2-nitrophenyl)methyl])acryloyloxy} benzoate and suggests its potential in the treatment of human infections caused byL. (V.) braziliensis.
Aligning the honors program with AGU's mission
Authors: Fine Rana A. , Paredes Elizabeth 
Published: August 2012

Over the past 2 years, AGU's Honors and Recognition (H&R) Committee (http://www.agu.org/about/governance/committees_boards/honors‐recog.shtml) has been working to better align the Union medals, awards, and prizes with AGU's new vision, core values, and strategic plan. The changes described below have been approved by the AGU Council.

The H&R Committee reviewed and evaluated its charge to see how it can be aligned to better support AGU's strategic plan (http://www.agu.org/about/strategic_plan.shtml).
The committee formally defined medals, awards, and prizes. Medals are given for a scientific body of work in Earth and space sciences. Awards are related to science, society, and talent pool goals. Prizes are presented jointly by AGU and some other nonprofit, for‐profit, government, and/or nongovernmental entities and involve significant funding.
Modelling the transport of deuterium and tritium neutral particles in a divertor plasma
Authors: Tokar M.Z. , Kotov V. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A fluid model for transport of deuterium and tritium atoms in two-dimensional geometry of a poloidal divertor is elaborated by taking into account the coupling of both isotopes through the processes of cross-charge-exchange. Calculations are performed for the plasma parameters predicted with the code package B2-EIRENE (SOLPS4.3) for the divertor region in ITER. The results demonstrate that the transparency of the scrape-off layer for neutral particles generated by recycling on target plates and recombination of electrons and ions in the plasma volume can be significantly different for deuterium and tritium atoms. This difference has to be taken into account by considering the global particle balances in a reactor. The numerical approach applied for calculations is verified by comparing with an analytical model elaborated for the case of plasma parameters homogeneous in the divertor domain.
Outer divertor of ASDEX Upgrade in low-density L-mode discharges in forward and reversed magnetic field: I. Comparison between measured plasma conditions and SOLPS5.0 code calculations
Authors: Aho-Mantila L. , Wischmeier M. , Müller H.W. , Potzel S. , Coster D.P. , Bonnin X. , Conway G.D. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The scrape-off layer and divertor plasma conditions have been carefully analysed in dedicated ASDEX Upgrade experiments consisting of low-density L-mode discharges, with both forward and reversed toroidal magnetic fields and plasma currents. In the forward field, the outer divertor plasma is in a low-recycling regime with peak target temperature above 25 eV. In the reversed field with similar main plasma parameters, the target temperature is below 15 eV and the density is 5 times as high as in the forward field, indicating a higher recycling regime in the outer divertor. The SOLPS5.0 code package is used to model these divertor plasmas. Specifically, it is tested whether a combination of input assumptions exists that enables matching the code solution to all outer divertor diagnostic measurements, and whether these assumptions are compatible with constraints imposed by measurements outside the outer divertor. In the forward field, a good level of agreement with multiple outer target measurements is found with assumptions that simultaneously match the measured density and temperature profiles at the outer midplane, where the uncertainty in the radial position of the separatrix is ±0.5 cm. Similar approaches made previously for higher recycling regimes have not led to such a good consistency between all modelled and measured outer divertor parameters. In the reversed field with higher recycling in the outer divertor, a solution consistent with the outer target Langmuir probe measurements cannot be obtained, at least not without significantly compromising the match to the upstream profile measurements. Significant mismatches are observed also between the modelled and measured upstream Mach number in the forward field. These discrepancies question the global validity of the plasma solutions, and their origin is not yet clear. In part II (Aho-Mantila L. et al 2012 Nucl. Fusion

52 103007), the analysis of outer divertor conditions is complemented by local impurity migration studies, using the divertor plasma solutions presented in this paper.
Random student drug testing as a school‐based drug prevention strategy
Authors: DuPont Robert L. , Merlo Lisa J. , Arria Amelia M. , Shea Corinne L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimThis paper describes the goals and current practice of school‐based random student drug testing (RSDT) as part of an overall drug prevention strategy, briefly explores the available literature evaluating its effectiveness and discusses the controversies related to RSDT.MethodThe authors describe the rationale for RSDT programs and the prevalence of RSDT and other drug testing programs in schools. Eight major criticisms and controversies in RSDT are discussed, including those related to acceptance of RSDT, program effectiveness, costs, legality and effects of drug testing on students. The limitations of the current literature are explored.FindingsAlthough there is limited empirical evidence to support or refute the efficacy of RSDT in schools, there remains substantial opposition to such programs, which may contribute to the paucity of empirical studies of RSDT.ConclusionsRigorous long‐term evaluations are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of various versions of RSDT programs to prevent drug use and identify students in need of assistance to become and stay drug‐free.
A phase 1 study to evaluate the effect of dolutegravir on renal function via measurement of iohexol and para‐aminohippurate clearance in healthy subjects
Authors: Koteff Justin , Borland Julie , Chen Shuguang , Song Ivy , Peppercorn Amanda , Koshiba Takaaki , Cannon Courtney , Muster Heather , Piscitelli Stephen C. 
Published: August 2012

AimDolutegravir (DTG; S/GSK1349572) is under clinical development as a once daily, unboosted integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection. The effect of DTG on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and creatinine clearance (CLcr) was evaluated in 34 healthy volunteers.MethodsSubjects received DTG 50 mg (once daily or twice daily) or placebo for 14 days. GFR was measured by iohexol plasma clearance, ERPF was assessed by para‐aminohippurate plasma clearance and CLcr was measured by 24 h urine collection.ResultsAll treatments were generally well tolerated. A modest decrease (10–14%) in CLcr was observed, consistent with clinical study observations. DTG 50 mg once daily and twice daily had no significant effect on GFR or ERPF compared with placebo over 14 days in healthy subjects.ConclusionsThese findings support in vitro data that DTG increases serum creatinine by the benign inhibition of the organic cation transporter 2, which is responsible for tubular secretion of creatinine.
Suppression, subversion and escape: the role of regulatory T cells in cancer progression
Authors: Oleinika K , Nibbs R J , Graham G J , Fraser A R 
Published: August 2012

SummaryRegulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial in mediating immune homeostasis and promoting the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. However, in the context of cancer their role is more complex, and they are thought to contribute to the progress of many tumours. As cancer cells express both self- and tumour-associated antigens, Tregs are key to dampening effector cell responses, and therefore represent one of the main obstacles to effective anti-tumour responses. Suppression mechanisms employed by Tregs are thought to contribute significantly to the failure of current therapies that rely on induction or potentiation of anti-tumour responses. This review will focus on the current evidence supporting the central role of Tregs in establishing tumour-specific tolerance and promoting cancer escape. We outline the mechanisms underlying their suppressive function and discuss the potential routes of Tregs accumulation within the tumour, including enhanced recruitment, in-situ or local proliferation, and de-novo differentiation. In addition, we review some of the cancer treatment strategies that act, at least in part, to eliminate or interfere with the function of Tregs. The role of Tregs is being recognized increasingly in cancer, and controlling the function of these suppressive cells in the tumour microenvironment without compromising peripheral tolerance represents a significant challenge for cancer therapies.
Performance of new signal‐to‐noise ratio estimation for SEM images based on single image noise cross‐correlation
Authors: SIM K.S. , NIA M.E. , TSO C.P. , LIM W.K. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryA new technique for estimation of signal‐to‐noise ratio in scanning electron microscope images is reported. The method is based on the image noise cross‐correlation estimation model recently developed. We derive the basic performance limits on a single image signal‐to‐noise ratio estimation using the Cramer–Rao inequality. The results are compared with those from existing estimation methods including the nearest neighbourhood (the simple method), the first order linear interpolator, and the autoregressive based estimator. The comparisons were made using several tests involving different images within the performance bounds. From the results obtained, the efficiency and accuracy of image noise cross‐correlation estimation technique is considerably better than the other three methods.
The use of supportive observations within an inpatient mental health unit for older people and dilemma of using the Mental Health Act (2007) or the Mental Capacity Act (2005) in England and Wales
Authors: KHAN F. A. , RICE D. , TADROS G. 
Published: August 2012

Accessible summary
With the increase in numbers of people suffering from dementia there is a need for staff at all levels of nursing to be trained in, and to be knowledgeable of, the basics of the MHA 2007, MCA 2005 and DoLS.
Decision‐making processes concerning observation levels on inpatient wards must be a team‐based.
All individuals must be assumed to have mental capacity unless it has been proved otherwise.
There is a need to develop clear and unambiguous observation policies for use on inpatient units.
AbstractIn England and Wales the interface between the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) and Mental Health Act 2007 (MHA) is frequently encountered in mental health practice. In services involving older adults many service users will have cognitive impairment and dementias in some instances with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and assessments regarding their mental capacity to make decisions are frequently required. Service users with these illnesses are admitted to psychiatric wards and occasionally nursed under ‘close observations’ in order to maintain their safety and that of others. The concepts of ‘complete and effective control’ which may be exercised by ward staff in these circumstances, and the resulting ‘loss of autonomy under supervision and control’ must be understood in consideration of whether a ‘deprivation of liberty’ should ensue, particularly when they do not have mental capacity to make decisions about the observations. The observation policy must clearly delineate the different forms of nursing observations possible e.g. close, constant, intermediate, general etc. to avoid confusion among staff members implementing the observation plan. Various dilemmas and management of such dilemmas concerning the use of MCA 2005, MHA 2007 and observation policies has been discussed in this paper. Nursing staff working in both psychiatric and acute hospitals need training in concepts of MCA 2005, MHA 2007 and Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards.
Unconstrained evolution in short introns? – An analysis of genome‐wide polymorphism and divergence data from Drosophila
Authors: Clemente F. , Vogl C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAn unconstrained reference sequence facilitates the detection of selection. In Drosophila, sequence variation in short introns seems to be least influenced by selection and dominated by mutation and drift. Here, we test this with genome‐wide sequences using an African population (Malawi) of D. melanogaster and data from the related outgroup species D. simulans, D. sechellia, D. erecta and D. yakuba. The distribution of mutations deviates from equilibrium, and the content of A and T (AT) nucleotides shows an excess of variance among introns. We explain this by a complex mutational pattern: a shift in mutational bias towards AT, leading to a slight nonequilibrium in base composition and context‐dependent mutation rates, with G or C (GC) sites mutating most frequently in AT‐rich introns. By comparing the corresponding allele frequency spectra of AT‐rich vs. GC‐rich introns, we can rule out the influence of directional selection or biased gene conversion on the mutational pattern. Compared with neutral equilibrium expectations, polymorphism spectra show an excess of low frequency and a paucity of intermediate frequency variants, irrespective of the direction of mutation. Combining the information from different outgroups with the polymorphism data and using a generalized linear model, we find evidence for shared ancestral polymorphism between D. melanogaster and D. simulans, D. sechellia, arguing against a bottleneck in D. melanogaster. Generally, we find that short introns can be used as a neutral reference on a genome‐wide level, if the spatially and temporally varying mutational pattern is accounted for.
U Clips for arteriovenous anastomosis: a pilot, randomized study
Authors: Walker Stuart Robert 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurposeThe objective of this study was to assess a novel, new, nitinol clip for performing arteriovenous anastomoses.MethodsThis was a pilot, randomized, blinded trial. The trial was register with Clinicaltrials.gov identifier – NCT00829153. Thirty‐one patients undergoing autologous arteriovenous fistulas for renal access, where the inflow artery had a lumen diameter of 2 mm or more and the outflow vein had a diameter of 3 mm or more, were included in this study. At the time of operative preparation and exposure of the vessels, the patients were randomized to a conventional anastomosis with 6/0 Prolene or to U Clip anastomosis. The primary outcome measure was three successful dialysis treatments using the fistula.ResultsThe primary outcome was achieved in 8/19 (42%) of the Prolene group and 7/12 (58%) in the U Clip group (P = 0.379 chi‐squared test Pearson uncorrected).ConclusionThis pilot study has shown no advantage to the U Clip anastomotic technique when compared with the traditional continuous Prolene technique.