bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of weight change and progression to overweight and obesity differ in men and women: implications for research and interventions
Authors: Kimokoti Ruth W , Newby PK , Gona Philimon , Zhu Lei , McKeon-O'Malley Catherine , Pablo Guzman J , D'Agostino Ralph B , Millen Barbara E 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate long-term patterns of weight change and progression to overweight and obesity during adulthood.DesignProspective study. Changes in mean BMI, waist circumference (WC) and weight were assessed over a mean 26-year follow-up (1971–1975 to 1998–2001). Mean BMI (95 % CI) and mean WC (95 % CI) of men and women in BMI and age groups were computed. Mean weight change in BMI and age categories was compared using analysis of covariance.SettingFramingham Heart Study Offspring/Spouse Nutrition Study.SubjectsMen and women (n2394) aged 20–63 years.ResultsDuring follow-up, increases in BMI (men: 2·2 kg/m2; women: 3·7 kg/m2) and WC (men: 5·7 cm; women: 15·1 cm) were larger in women than men. BMI gains were greatest in younger adults (20–39 years) and smallest in obese older adults (50–69 years). The prevalence of obesity doubled in men (to 33·2 %) and tripled in women (to 26·6 %). Among normal-weight individuals, abdominal obesity developed in women only. The prevalence of abdominal obesity increased 1·8-fold in men (to 53·0 %) and 2·4-fold in women (to 71·2 %). Weight gain was greatest in the youngest adults (20–29 years), particularly women. Gains continued into the fifth decade among men and then declined in the sixth decade; in women gains continued into the sixth decade.ConclusionsPatterns of weight change and progression to obesity during adulthood differ in men and women. Preventive intervention strategies for overweight and obesity need to consider age- and sex-specific patterns of changes in anthropometric measures.
CULTURAL AND MORAL CLASS BOUNDARIES IN A NORDIC CONTEXT
Authors: Skjøtt-Larsen Jakob 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT
One of the major contributions of Pierre Bourdieu in Distinction was to illuminate the function of cultural consumption as a marker of status in 1960s' France. Since then, there has been an ongoing debate as to whether these findings are applicable in other national contexts, and not least whether other forms of symbolic boundary-drawing might be more relevant. Based on a survey conducted in the Danish municipality of Aalborg in 2004 and by using multiple correspondence analysis, I am able to show that both cultural consumption and politico-moral stances serve as markers of class positions. By introducing a range of qualitative semi-structured interviews, I argue that politico-moral boundaries are at least as important as cultural boundaries, and that both are used to establish symbolic boundaries between social positions, divided by the same principles as those found by Bourdieu in Distinction; that is, by the volume and the composition of economic and cultural capital. One of the distinctions cutting across both the cultural and the politico-moral modes of drawing boundaries is a divide between what I have termed a global and a local mode of orientation. Finally, antipathies towards cultural elites are expressed through aversions against state subsidisation of highbrow culture.
Fouling organisms on the rebars and protection by antifouling paint
Authors: Cagda Kandemir Elif , Alyuruk Hakan , Cavas Levent 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop protective coatings containing antifouling compound for steel rebars.Design/methodology/approachIn the present study, corrosion and settlement of micro and macro‐fouling organisms on coated and uncoated rebars were investigated. Two different types of coatings were applied: only primer for prevention of corrosion; and rosin‐based antifouling paint after application of primer.FindingsAccording to results, the surfaces of the rebars coated by antifouling paints were remarkably cleaner than were those of uncoated and primer‐coated steels. Micro and macro‐organisms that settled on the rebars were identified after 90 days of seawater immersion in Izmir, Turkey.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to scientific literature by providing a protection method based on the use of antifouling coatings for steel rebars used in marine environments (e.g. bridge piers). It was concluded that steel rebars can be coated with antifouling paints before they are used for concrete constructions.
Effects of heat treatment parameters on microstructural changes and corrosion behavior of Al 7075 Alclad alloy
Authors: Askari‐paykani M. , Meratian M. , Shayan M. , Raeissi K. 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the microstructural changes and stress corrosion cracking behavior via two‐stage stressing u‐bent tests for T6 and T73 tempers of Al 7075 Alclad alloy.Design/methodology/approachStudy was made of the effects of heat treatment; two‐stage stressing u‐bent, metallography, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed.FindingsThe results showed that the T6 heat treatment formed some very fine transgranular and coarse intergranular precipitates containing two compositions of (Fe/Cu/Si‐rich) and (Mg/Si‐rich) phases. The T73 treatment also precipitated some fine transgranular precipitates and coarse intermetallics with a (Fe/Cu‐rich) composition. In T6‐treated samples, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) occurred after 155 days due to the high susceptibility of the grain boundaries. In T73‐treated samples, the SCC did not occur even after 210 days. The dissolution of the Alclad layer in the corrosive media increased pH values and left the sample in the passivation region, protecting the sample from further corrosion attack.Originality/valueBased on microstructural and SCC resistance properties obtained by heat treatments, the T73 heat treatment with a tempering temperature of 107°C for seven hours as the first step and 170°C for 19 hours as the second step can be recommended for Al 7075 Alclad sheets.
Corrosion pit growth on austenitic stainless steels in chloride containing solution: a quantitative approach
Authors: González‐Sánchez J. , Dzib‐Pérez L. , Garcia‐Ochoa E. , Canto G. , Sosa‐Baz M. 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to quantitatively assess the pit growth rate on AISI 304L and AISI 316 austenitic stainless steels in natural seawater and 3.5 wt.% NaCl solutions through electrochemical measurements during the potentiostatic growth of pits.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative characterisation was carried out based on chronoamperometric measurements. The volume of dissolved metal per pit was calculated from the charge registered and Faraday's law, considering both, hemispherical and semi‐elliptical pit shapes and the density of the steels. Empirical growth laws for maximum pit depth as a function of polarisation time were obtained and compared with pits volumetric profile obtained from optical microscopy analysis and mechanical removal of material on both steels.FindingsElectrochemical‐based calculations of localised metal dissolution per pit present acceptable fit with the real volume of dissolved metal on hemispherical pits.Originality/valueThe paper presents the quantitative relationship of the corrosion pit growth rate of stainless steels in chloride containing solution determined by chronoamperometry (electrochemical technique) through the Faraday law's, with the mechanical removal of material (pit profile) through the density of metal.
Evaluation of corrosion protection of carbon steel by anticorrosive paints
Authors: Emira Hassan S. , Shakour Alia A. , Abd El Rehim Sayed S. , Saleh Inas A. , El‐Hashemy Mohammed A. 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe paper aims to evaluate the anti‐corrosion performance of inorganic pigments included in paint systems based on plasticized‐chlorinated rubber for carbon steel in different environmental conditions.Design/methodology/approachPaint systems based on chlorinated rubber and inorganic pigments such as zinc chromate, zinc phosphate, red iron oxide and treated iron industry waste powder were prepared. Immersion in 3.5 percent salt solution, as well as outdoor exposure tests, were performed and the paint physico‐mechanical properties were tested to evaluate the paints' anti corrosive performance.FindingsThe concentration and the type of pigments included in the prepared paint systems control their anticorrosive performance.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates how pigment consisting of treated iron industry waste powder could be used in anticorrosion paints for carbon steel.
Performance management system effectiveness in Australian local government
Authors: Baird Kevin , Schoch Herbert , Chen Qi (James) 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the association between three organizational factors (the use of multi‐dimensional performance measures, link to rewards, and training) and three organizational culture dimensions (innovation, outcome orientation, and teamwork) with the effectiveness of performance management systems (PMSs).Design/methodology/approachData were collected by survey questionnaire from a random sample of 450 Australian local governments.FindingsThe performance management systems of Australian local councils are only moderately effective in relation to performance related outcomes, and less effective in relation to the achievement of staff related outcomes. The results indicate a significant relationship between the use of multidimensional performance measures, link of performance to rewards, training and two organizational culture factors (team work/respect for people and outcome orientation) with the effectiveness of PMSs. Different factors were found to influence the effectiveness of PMSs for large and small sized councils.Practical implicationsThe findings imply that there is a need for the managers of local government councils to improve the effectiveness of their PMS.Originality/valueThe study provides an initial empirical examination of the effectiveness of performance management systems and the influential factors in the Australian local government context. The study assists local government managers in effectively managing their employees and operations.
Managerial ownership‐induced income smoothing and information asymmetry
Authors: Habib Ahsan , Jiang Haiyan 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether managerial ownership‐induced income smoothing accentuates or attenuates an information asymmetry problem. Standard agency theory suggests that managerial ownership may play a significant role in alleviating agency problems between managers and external shareholders that can arise from information asymmetry. According to this view, managerial ownership‐induced income smoothing could convey managerial private information and could, therefore, be considered as informative. However, managerial ownership could also entrench managers with absolute control of firms, and encourage them to engage in earnings manipulation, including earnings smoothing, in order to hide private benefits of control.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses two smoothing measures, and separate total smoothing into its innate and discretionary components. The former is determined by firm fundamentals, whereas discretionary smoothing allows managers the flexibility to use it for either informative or opportunistic reasons. The paper then regresses information asymmetry, as proxied by scaled bid‐ask‐spreads, on the interaction between managerial ownership and both these smoothing components.FindingsThe paper documents that managerial ownership‐induced discretionary smoothing has a positive effect on bid‐ask spreads. This result seems to support the entrenchment view of managerial ownership.Practical implicationsThis study offers insights to policy makers interested in enhancing the effectiveness of the managerial ownership aspect of corporate governance in New Zealand.Originality/valueThis paper uses agency theory to provide a comparative assessment of the efficient versus the entrenchment hypotheses with respect to managerial ownership.
Corporate social responsibility to build strong Brazilian bank brand
Authors: Roberto Scharf Edson , Fernandes Josiane , Diego Kormann Bruno 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the set of corporate social responsibility actions of a Brazilian bank as support to the strengthening of an organizational brand. The specific scope is to discuss the reflections of sustainable actions adopted for the recognition of the organization's brand.Design/methodology/approachA case study, based on Yin, and in‐depth interviews with those responsible for the sustainability department of the studied organization were adopted.FindingsLiterature and the understanding of the organization's executives, when compared to actions adopted by Banco do Brasil, allow the conclusion that the set of corporate social responsibility actions reflects, in its instrumental use, the intention of managing answers to social, economical and environmental demands, and in its conceptual use has helped in strengthening the financial institution's brand.Originality/valueThe paper focuses on the set of corporate social responsibility actions adopted by the largest financial institution in Brazil and its relationship with brand strengthening. It is one of the few studies examining the efforts of corporate social responsibility in a bank's brand.
How banks are supporting local economies facing the current financial crisis
Authors: Condosta Luca 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to understand how Italian banks are supporting their local economies in facing the current financial crisis through corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is the result of research conducted through multiple case studies to identify best practices in the Italian financial sector.FindingsThe research shows that banks are working in the CSR field, not only with a compliance approach, but trying also to support the local economies where they operate.Research limitations/implicationsOnly a limited number of banks were studied and the research relied on banks' web sites and documentation – which may be affected by self‐reporting bias.Practical implicationsThe paper presents an example of how banks can integrate societal need in their daily business, improving the context and by that improving also their reputation.Originality/valueThe paper illustrates that the current financial crisis offers banks the possibility to rethink their societal role and move from a compliance approach to CSR to a more strategic one.
In good and bad times: the interpersonal nature of brand love in service relationships
Authors: Long‐Tolbert Sylvia J. , Gammoh Bashar S. 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address two important gaps in the brand love and consumer‐brand relationships literatures. First, this study aims to investigate several interpersonal antecedents of brand love in a services setting. Second, this study also aims to examine the differential influence of the valence of the service delivery process and the way that brand love develops under qualitatively varied conditions.Design/methodology/approachA between‐subjects experiment that varied the valence of the service delivery process (positive/negative) in a relational context was designed to examine the influence of interpersonal antecedents across service delivery levels on brand love.FindingsThis study provides empirical support for the importance of interpersonal antecedents in driving brand love in service relationships. The results also reveal an asymmetrical pattern of effects between study variables across service delivery levels.Research limitations/implicationsThese findings can help service firms to better understand the role of interpersonal influences in development of emotional bonds with current customers and to develop strategies to nurture brand love under positive and negative circumstances.Originality/valueThis research helps to establish the transferability of interpersonal love into the services domain and brings service employees and the social aspects of exchange into the discussion of brand love. The research findings suggest consumers have the propensity to perceive and respond to service firms asactiveparticipants in relational exchanges and to use their interaction with frontline employees as a basis for developing brand love.
Determinants of telemarketer misselling in life insurance services
Authors: Taek Yi Ho , Dubinsky Alan J. , Un Lim Chae 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of the article is to present and test a model regarding important factors that may help reduce unethical behavior (i.e. misselling) of salespeople in the financial services industry.Design/methodology/approachTo test the hypotheses, telemarketers from the life insurance industry in South Korea were surveyed (n=204).FindingsUsing structural equation modeling, the results indicate that: ethics training is positively related to salesperson ethical attitude; ethical climate is positively related to salesperson ethical attitude; selling pressure is unrelated to ethical attitude; competitive intensity is positively related to salesperson ethical attitude; competitive intensity is unrelated to misselling; and misselling is inversely related to salesperson ethical attitude, positively associated with product complexity, and positively related to product variety.Research limitations/implicationsFuture empirical work could: investigate different variables from those utilized in this study; consider inter‐country and gender differences; use alternate sources of data to examine stability of the findings; and employ samples of firms in other industries and other marketing channels. Limitations include a limited number of study variables, use of solely the telemarketing channel for life insurance, a preponderance of female respondents, and potential for socially desirable responses.Practical implicationsManagement should seek to maintain a high ethical attitude among sales agents to help foster a reduction in unethical behavior. Sales personnel should receive extensive ethics training to help enhance their ethical attitude in the job. Salespeople should also seek to establish and maintain long‐term relationships with their customers and to pursue long‐term profitability. Sales managers should seek to educate consumers about the various types of financial products, their respective strengths and weaknesses, and the appropriate conditions under which they should be purchased.Originality/valueThe potential for financial services industry salespeople to behave unethically has received extensive research attention. A key area, though, which has been virtually ignored is antecedents of misselling of financial services. The article seeks to address partially this gap in the literature.
Multiple large ownership structure, audit committee activity and audit fees
Authors: Adelopo Ismail , Jallow Kumba , Scott Peter 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of multiple large ownership structure (MLS) and audit committee activity (ACA) on audit pricing for a sample of UK listed companies.Design/methodology/approachOne way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and cross sectional multiple regression analysis of a sample of UK listed companies showed statistically significant differences in the audit fees, firm size and audit committee activities of these firms when they are categorised based on the number of MLS.FindingsThe study finds a significant negative relationship between audit fees and number of MLS, but a surprising positive relationship with ACA. The findings confirm the beneficial effects of more active institutional investors’ monitoring, but also show that increasing monitoring by audit committees is associated with increase in audit fees.Research limitations/implicationsThe results reported in this research are based on cross sectional data. It is likely that the result may be different if the issue is examined over a relatively longer period.Practical implicationsThe study showed that monitoring intensity of the large shareholders can be captured through their number and not simply through their shareholding. It also confirms the suggestion in previous studies that audit committees’ members protect themselves from depletion in human capital, litigation and reputational risk by buying more audit related services from their auditors.Originality/valueThe study empirically examined the impact of multiple large ownership structure on audit pricing and thereby extends the practical and theoretical understanding on the monitoring roles of large shareholders as well as the audit committees.
FINRA's 2011 enforcement record, priorities, and trends
Authors: Heilizer Deborah G. , Rubin Brian L. , McCormick Andrew M. 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe paper's aim is to describe a recent increase in FINRA enforcement activity and to discuss how broker‐dealers and representatives may want to prepare themselves for FINRA's increasing willingness to sanction members in the wake of the recent financial crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes FINRA's recent enforcement record, including trends over the past several years in disciplinary actions and fines. It also discusses FINRA's top enforcement issues in 2011; advertising, short selling, auction rate securities, and suitability; and recommends increased compliance efforts in light of FINRA's growing aggressiveness.FindingsIt is important that firms and representatives understand how the priorities of this self‐regulatory organization have changed since the financial crisis, fueling this recent growth in FINRA enforcement activity.Originality/valueThe paper offers practical guidance from experienced financial services lawyers.