bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wässrige Selbstorganisation von rein hydrophilen Blockcopolymeren hin zu Riesenvesikeln
Authors: Brosnan Sarah M. , Schlaad Helmut , Antonietti Markus 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDie Selbststrukturierung von Makromolekülen ist ein grundlegender Prozess des Lebens; historisch wurden diese Vorbilder durch die Entwicklung amphiphiler Polymere nachgebildet, deren Strukturbildung durch den hydrophoben Effekt getrieben wird. Hier zeigen wir, dass auch rein hydrophile Systeme leicht zur Selbstorganisation gebracht werden können. Dazu synthetisierten wir doppelt hydrophile Blockcopolymere aus Polysacchariden und Poly(ethylenoxid) oder Poly(sarcosin) mit hoher Molmasse durch Oximchemie. Diese hydrophilen Stoffe können sich einfach zu polymeren Vesikeln im Nanometer‐ (<500 nm) oder Mikrometerbereich (>5 μm) organisieren, in Abhängigkeit von der Polymerkonzentration und der relativen Zusammensetzung. Wegen der rein hydrophilen Natur dieser Polymere erwarten wir äußerst wasserdurchlässige Mikrokompartimente, die sich gut als Modelle für Zellen eignen sollten.
Direkter Leistungsvergleich eines bioinspirierten synthetischen Ni‐Katalysators und einer [NiFe]‐Hydrogenase, beide kovalent an eine Elektrode gebunden
Authors: Rodriguez‐Maciá Patricia , Dutta Arnab , Lubitz Wolfgang , Shaw Wendy J. , Rüdiger Olaf 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDas aktive Zentrum von Hydrogenasen inspiriert die Entwicklung molekularer Katalysatoren zur Wasserstoffumsetzung. Ein direkter Vergleich zwischen diesen Katalysatoren und dem Enzym war jedoch bisher nicht möglich, weil verschiedene Techniken zur Bewertung der Katalysatoreigenschaften verwendet wurden. Dies macht es schwierig zu beurteilen, inwieweit die synthetisierten Katalysatoren in ihrer Leistung an das Enzym heranreichen. Hier vergleichen wir die katalytischen Eigenschaften von Ni[(PCy2NGly2)2]+2 mit denen der [NiFe]‐Hydrogenase aus Desulfovibrio vulgaris. Beide wurden auf funktionalisierten Elektroden unter identischen Bedingungen immobilisiert. Das Enzym zeigt bei pH 7 eine höhere Aktivität, geringere Überspannung und eine bessere Stabilität, während bei niedrigem pH‐Wert der molekulare Katalysator das Enzym in jeder Hinsicht übertrifft. Dieser erste direkte Vergleich gibt Auskunft über die Vor‐ und Nachteile der beiden Systeme und Hinweise auf eine mögliche Verwendung bioinspirierter Komplexe in Brennstoffzellen.
Direct Comparison of the Performance of a Bio‐inspired Synthetic Nickel Catalyst and a [NiFe]‐Hydrogenase, Both Covalently Attached to Electrodes
Authors: Rodriguez‐Maciá Patricia , Dutta Arnab , Lubitz Wolfgang , Shaw Wendy J. , Rüdiger Olaf 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe active site of hydrogenases has been a source of inspiration for the development of molecular catalysts. However, direct comparisons between molecular catalysts and enzymes have not been possible because different techniques are used to evaluate both types of catalysts, minimizing our ability to determine how far we have come in mimicking the enzymatic performance. The catalytic properties of the [Ni(PCy2NGly2)2]2+ complex with the [NiFe]‐hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris immobilized on a functionalized electrode were compared under identical conditions. At pH 7, the enzyme shows higher activity and lower overpotential with better stability, while at low pH, the molecular catalyst outperforms the enzyme in all respects. This is the first direct comparison of enzymes and molecular complexes, enabling a unique understanding of the benefits and detriments of both systems, and advancing our understanding of the utilization of these bio‐inspired complexes in fuel cells.
Investigation of Uranium Tris(imido) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reduction Chemistry of [U(NDIPP)3(thf)3]
Authors: Anderson Nickolas H. , Yin Haolin , Kiernicki John J. , Fanwick Phillip E. , Schelter Eric J. , Bart Suzanne C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAddition of KC8 to trivalent [UI3(thf)4] in the presence of three equivalents of 2,6‐diisopropylphenylazide (N3DIPP) results in the formation of the hexavalent uranium tris(imido) complex [U(NDIPP)3(thf)3] (1) through a facile, single‐step synthesis. The X‐ray crystal structure shows an octahedral complex that adopts a facial orientation of the imido substituents. This structural trend is maintained during the single‐electron reduction of 1 to form dimeric [U(NDIPP)3{K(Et2O)}]2 (2). Variable‐temperature/field magnetization studies of 2 show two independent UV 5f 1 centers, with no antiferromagnetic coupling present. Characterization of these complexes was accomplished using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, variable‐temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy, as well as IR and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopic studies.
A New Perspective on Li–SO2 Batteries for Rechargeable Systems
Authors: Lim Hee‐Dae , Park Hyeokjun , Kim Hyungsub , Kim Jinsoo , Lee Byungju , Bae Youngjoon , Gwon Hyeokjo , Kang Kisuk 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPrimary Li–SO2 batteries offer a high energy density in a wide operating temperature range with exceptionally long shelf life and have thus been frequently used in military and aerospace applications. Although these batteries have never been demonstrated as a rechargeable system, herein, we show that the reversible formation of Li2S2O4, the major discharge product of Li–SO2 battery, is possible with a remarkably smaller charging polarization than that of a Li–O2 battery without the use of catalysts. The rechargeable Li–SO2 battery can deliver approximately 5400 mAh g−1 at 3.1 V, which is slightly higher than the performance of a Li–O2 battery. In addition, the Li–SO2 battery can be operated with the aid of a redox mediator, exhibiting an overall polarization of less than 0.3 V, which results in one of the highest energy efficiencies achieved for Li–gas battery systems.
Effect of soil environment on the photo‐degradation of polyethylene films
Authors: Gauthier Emilie , Nikolić Melissa , Truss Rowan , Laycock Bronwyn , Halley Peter 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTOutdoor weathering field trials performed with oxo‐degradable polyethylene (PE) thin films were conducted across temperate, grassland, and subtropical sites around Australia. It was found that a site factor, that was apparently independent of total solar dose and temperature, significantly impacted the rate and extent of photo‐oxidation. Controlled laboratory‐based accelerated aging trials of both PE film with no prodegradant and oxo‐degradable PE films (containing iron stearate) revealed that the rate and extent of PE photo‐oxidation did not correlate with temperature under the film or UV exposure, but was soil dependent. Under accelerated photo‐oxidative conditions, the time to reach embrittlement for a PE film aged over the soil from the temperate site (OM 8.4) was half (24.5 days) the time taken when aged over air (48 days). Further investigation revealed that humic acids and fulvic acids within soil organic matter may contribute to an increased rate of PE photo‐oxidation, possibly through the formation of volatile reactive oxygen species that may form under photo‐oxidative conditions. The presence of water also had a significant impact on the rate of photo‐oxidation. Overall, the impact of soil on PE photo‐oxidation was found to be complex and likely dependent at least in part on soil components that varied between different soil types, consequently influencing their photo‐chemistry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42558.
Solution styrene polymerizations performed with multifunctional initiators
Authors: Mermier Nicolas R. J.‐D. , Castor Carlos A. , Pinto José Carlos 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the performance of multifunctional initiators frequently used in the literature and in the industry for the production of polystyrene (PS). Polymerizations of styrene in ethylbenzene were conducted in batch at high temperatures (120°C) until conversions around 70%, as frequent in industrial sites. Polymerizations were conducted in glass test ampoules with different concentrations and types of initiators, parameterized in terms of the active oxygen concentration. The results showed that when used at similar active oxygen concentrations, the use of the tetrafunctional initiator tetrakis(tertbutylperoxy carbonate) can allow for the production of polymer resins with significant higher average molar masses with similar polymerization rates, which can be very useful at plant site for the modification of polymer grades. Besides, the results show that the decomposition of one peroxide group of the analyzed multifunctional initiators does not affect the rates of decomposition of the remaining ones significantly, as reaction proceeds as initiated by a monofunctional initiator. Finally, although described in previous styrene polymerization studies, the use of the trifunctional initiator 3,6,9‐triethyl 3,6,9‐trimethyl‐1,4,7 triperoxonane is difficult to justify in commercial units, given its very high half‐life time. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42609.
Preparation of a hydrophobically enhanced antifouling isotactic polypropylene/silicone dioxide flat‐sheet membrane via thermally induced phase separation for vacuum membrane distillation
Authors: Tang Na , Han Huaiyuan , Yuan Lina , Zhang Lei , Wang Xuekui , Cheng Penggao 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIsotactic polypropylene (iPP) hydrophobic flat‐sheet membranes were fabricated for use in vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) through a thermally induced phase‐separation process with dispersing hydrophobically modified SiO2 nanoparticles in the casting solution to achieve a higher hydrophobicity and to sustain a stable flux in VMD. The contact angle (CA) measurements indicated that the incorporation of nano‐SiO2 into a casting solution mixture containing 20 wt % iPP had a 20.9% higher CA relative to that of SiO2‐free membranes. The addition of nano‐SiO2 also induced morphological changes in the membrane structure, including changes in the pore size distribution, porosity, and suppression of macrovoids. The pore size distribution of the iPP–SiO2 membranes became narrower compared with that of the SiO2‐free membranes, and the porosity also improved from 35.45 to 59.75% with SiO2 addition. The average pore size and maximum pore size of the iPP–SiO2 membranes both decreased. The ability of the membranes to concentrate an astragalus aqueous solution (a type of traditional Chinese medicine) with VMD was investigated. The surface hydrophobicity and antifouling performance of the iPP–SiO2 membranes improved with nano‐SiO2 addition to the membrane casting solution. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42615.
Curvature Radius Measurements From the Ulnar Trochlear Notch in Large Dogs
Authors: Alves‐Pimenta Sofia , Ginja Mário Manuel , Colaço Jorge , Fernandes Armando Manuel , Melo‐Pinto Pedro , Colaço Bruno 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTAssessing the ulnar trochlear notch (UTN) radiographic anatomy has been considered important, but difficult, in the diagnosis of elbow dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate UTN curvature of natural elbows in radiographs, using a methodology applied to disarticulated joints. The methodology was implemented and validated using dedicatedsoftwarecreated by the authors. Mediolateral extended (MLE) and mediolateral flexed (MLF) elbow views were used from 20 joints from canine cadavers that were over 20 kg. After arranging the bones to avoid radiographic overlapping of the bones, an additional mediolateral radioulnar (MLRU) view was made. Curvature radius measurements from the central ridge of the UTN of each elbow were acquired in the MLRU view, using thesoftware. The measurements were repeated in a second session, to determine repeatability. Then similar UTN measurements were taken from the MLE and MLF views, to determine reproducibility. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for repeatability and reproducibility of measurements were above 0.98 (95% confidence interval limits >0.75). The 95% limits of agreement (LA) for repeatability were −2.98 to 3.19 mm. The 95% LA for reproducibility between MLRU and MLE views were −4.32 to 3.75 mm. The 95% LA for reproducibility between MLRU and MLF views were −5.02 to 4.07 mm. The methodology andsoftwareare determined to be both precise and suitable to evaluate the UTN in MLE and MLF elbow views of large breed dogs, for anatomical and clinical purposes. In the future it would be useful to characterize normal and dysplastic UTN of different dog breeds. Anat Rec, 298:1748–1753, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Obsidian distribution from a Lapita cemetery sheds light on its value to past societies
Authors: Constantine Anne , Reepmeyer Christian , Bedford Stuart , Spriggs Matthew , Ravn Mads 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe Teouma site on Efate Island in Vanuatu is unique in the Pacific, as it enables us to analyse an archaeological assemblage in relation to discrete activity areas of burial and settlement at the time of initial settlement of the archipelago. Geochemical sourcing of obsidian in combination with a basic technological analysis help us to understand whether differences exist between burial zones and settlement middens.The results show that the distribution of obsidian was not directly associated with individual burials and does not unambiguously correlate with specific activity areas, thus questioning the hypothesis that obsidian transportation was linked to the increase in individual status. It is argued that the evidence adds further weight to those models that interpret the function of obsidian as being associated with past social transactions or relationships, rather than having any enduring or intrinsic value as a wealth‐enhancing commodity.
A New Algorithm to Design Minimal Multi‐Functional Observers for Linear Systems
Authors: Mohajerpoor Reza , Abdi Hamid , Nahavandi Saeid 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDesigning minimum possible order (minimal) observers for multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) linear systems have always been an interesting subject. In this paper, a new methodology to design minimal multi‐functional observers for linear time invariant (LTI) systems is proposed. The approach is applicable, and it also helps in regulating the convergence rate of the observed functions. It is assumed that the system is functional observable or functional detectable, which is less conservative than assuming the observability or detectability of the system. To satisfy the minimality of the observer, a recursive algorithm is provided that increases the order of the observer by appending the minimum required auxiliary functions to the desired functions that are going to be estimated. The algorithm increases the number of functions such that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a functional observer are satisfied. Moreover, a new methodology to solve the observer design interconnected equations is elaborated. Our new algorithm has advantages with regard to the other available methods in designing minimal order functional observers. Specifically, it is compared with the most common schemes, which are transformation based. Using numerical examples it is shown that under special circumstances, the conventional methods have some drawbacks. The problem partly lies in the lack of sufficient numerical degrees of freedom proposed by the conventional methods. It is shown that our proposed algorithm can resolve this issue. A recursive algorithm is also proposed to summarize the observer design procedure. Several numerical examples and simulation results illustrate the efficacy, superiority and different aspects of the theoretical findings.
Der Bau des Westkreuzes im Zuge des sechsspurigen Ausbaus der A40
Authors: Grollmann Sascha 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAls zentrale Hauptverkehrsader des Ruhrgebiets nimmt die A40 neben dem überregionalen Verkehr und dem Transitverkehr auch den Individualverkehr zwischen den Ruhrgebietsstädten sowie den dortigen innerörtlichen Verkehr auf. Dabei stößt das Autobahnnetz im Bereich Bochum mit bis zu 100 000 Fahrzeugen pro Tag bereits seit Längerem an seine Belastungsgrenzen. Mit dem Ausbau der A40 von vier auf sechs Spuren und dem direkten Anschluss an den Donezk‐Ring (A448) im Bereich Bochum‐Stahlhausen sowie dem Umbau der Wattenscheider Straße sollen die Kapazitäten zur Aufnahme der enormen Verkehrsströme in diesem Abschnitt erweitert werden. Um die angespannte Verkehrssituation nicht noch weiter zu belasten, hat der Aus‐ und Umbau unter Aufrechterhaltung des Verkehrs zu erfolgen. Nicht nur dieser Umstand, sondern auch die beengten Platzverhältnisse im Ruhrgebiet machen diese Maßnahme zu einer technischen sowie logistischen Herausforderung.The construction of the Westkreuz during the extension of the A40 to six lanesAs a central traffic artery of the Ruhr Area, the A40 carries not just traffic beyond the region and transit transports, but also personal vehicles travelling between the Ruhr Area cities, as well as the inner‐city traffic. The motorway network in the Bochum area has been at its upper limit with up to 100,000 vehicles daily for a long time. The widening of the A40 from four to six lanes and the direct connection to the Donezk ring (A448) in the Bochum‐Stahlhausen area as well as the conversion of the Wattenscheider Straße are to increase the capacity for allowing enormous traffic to flow in this section. In order to not impact the tense traffic situation even more, the conversion and widening has to be carried out without obstructing the traffic. In addition to these circumstances, the tight space conditions in the Ruhr Area turn this measure into a technical and logistical challenge.
Verstärkung historischer Brücken über den Main unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Schiffsanpralls
Authors: Keuser Manfred , Goj Karl , Lenner Roman 
Published: July 2015

AbstractVor dem Hintergrund des Ausbaus der europäischen Wasserstraßen wird ein Anwachsen des Binnenschiffsverkehrs erwartet. Dabei nehmen die Größe der Schiffe und der Anteil von Schiffen mit großem Ladevolumen zu. Während der Transport von Massengütern auf dem Wasserweg einerseits ökologische und ökonomische Vorteile bietet, birgt der anwachsende Schiffsverkehr andererseits auch zusätzliche Risiken in sich, insbesondere für die die Wasserstraßen kreuzenden Brücken. Die Mehrzahl der bestehenden Brücken wurde vor mehr als 30 Jahren gebaut und wurde in der Regel nicht für die horizontalen Anpralllasten nach den aktuellen Regelwerken bemessen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird neben einem Überblick über die theoretischen Grundlagen von Anprall‐Vorgängen auf deren Berechnung mit numerischen Methoden eingegangen. An zwei Beispielen von historischen Brücken über den Main werden die Modellierung und die Vorgehensweise bei der Berechnung vorgestellt und Empfehlungen für die Behandlung vergleichbarer Aufgabenstellungen gegeben.Reinforcement of historic bridges crossing the river Main considering the ship impactA change in the ship traffic volume is expected as a result of upgrading of many European waterways. There is a correlation between an improved waterway passage, an increased ship size and higher frequency of larger ships. On the one hand, the ecological and economic advantages of the upgrading process cannot be disputed, but on the other hand, the changed shipping traffic results in additional risks, especially to bridge substructures. Most of the current bridges were built more than 30 years ago and were generally not dimensioned for horizontal forces expected from a ship impact according to modern codes. This paper provides some information on theoretical background of ship impact analysis and challenges associated with numerical modelling. In particular, it also provides two case studies of historical bridges over river Main. A detailed discussion of provided structural solution is provided along with recommendations.
Metabolite identification of seven active components of Huan‐Nao‐Yi‐Cong‐Fang in rat plasma using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with hybrid ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Minchao , Lu Yanzhen , Liu Jiangang , Li Hao , Wei Yun 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHuan‐Nao‐Yi‐Cong‐Fang (HNYCF) is a potential prescription in treating Alzheimer's disease. Seven constituents [ferulic acid (FA), 2,3,5,4′‐tetrahydroxystilbene‐2‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside (THSG), berberine hydrochloride (BHCl), emodin, ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), ginsenoside Re (Re) and ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1)] have been used as quality chemical markers of HNYCF owing to their biological significance and high contents in crude plant materials. This study explored the metabolites of the seven bioactive components in rat plasma to give useful data for further study of the action mechanism of HNYCF. LC/MS‐IT‐TOF was used to simultaneously characterize the metabolites of the seven components. Using the combination of MetID Solution 1.0 software and accurate mass measurements, the metabolites of HNYCF were reliably characterized. Their structures were elucidated based on the accurate MS2 spectra and comparisons of their changes in accurate molecular masses and fragment ions with those of parent compounds. A total of five parent active compounds (BHCl, emodin, Rg1, Rb1 and Re) and 10 metabolites were found from the rat plasma 2 h after oral administration of HNYCF dosage, of which two metabolites of emodin were observed for the first time. The proposed metabolic pathways of the bioactive components in the rat plasma are helpful for further studies on the pharmacokinetics and real active compound forms of this drug. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy: a case series and review of the literature
Authors: Zamora Carlos A. , Nauen David , Hynecek Robert , Ilica Ahmet T. , Izbudak Izlem , Sair Haris I. , Gujar Sachin K. , Pillai Jay J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundDelayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy (DPHL) is a rare and underrecognized entity where patients manifest a neurological relapse after initial recovery from an acute hypoxic episode. We sought to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a group of patients with DPHL and review the available literature.MethodsRetrospective case series including patients who presented with neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms after recovery from an acute hypoxic episode. The history and clinical presentation were reviewed from the electronic medical records. MRI scans were evaluated from the picture archiving and communication system. We performed a comprehensive review of the English medical literature for prior published cases of DPHL and describe the key imaging findings that have been reported related to this condition.ResultsA total of five patients were identified, including four patients with respiratory failure due to drug overdoses from benzodiazepines, opioids, and/or barbiturates, and one patient who presented after cardiopulmonary arrest due to pulmonary embolism. All patients showed diffuse, extensive, and confluent white matter signal abnormalities including prominent restricted diffusion, extending to the subcortical white matter and respecting the U‐fibers. There was no gyral edema or contrast enhancement. In one case histopathology was available, which highlighted patchy subcortical myelin loss with sparing of U‐fibers and demonstrated prominent macrophage/microglial inflammation with extensive axonal damage. Of the other four patients, two were at their neurological baselines and two had persistent neurological deficits at the time of discharge.ConclusionsThe described constellation of MRI findings is highly suggestive of DPHL in the appropriate clinical setting.