bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding associations among family support, friend support, and psychological distress
Authors: HORWITZ BRIANA N. , REYNOLDS CHANDRA A. , CHARLES SUSAN T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEmotional support from family and friends is associated with lower psychological distress. This study examined whether genetic and environmental influences explain associations among family support, friend support, and psychological distress. Data were drawn from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study and included 947 pairs of monozygotic (MZ), same‐sex dizygotic (DZ), and opposite‐sex DZ twins. Results showed that a genetic factor explains the relation between friend support and psychological distress, independent of family support. Alternatively, a nonshared environmental factor accounts for an association between family support, friend support, and psychological distress. Thus, heritable factors shape a distinct relation between friend support and psychological distress, but unique experiences contribute to a link between family support, friend support, and psychological distress.
Welfare Attitudes of Singaporeans – Ambiguity in Shifting Socio‐political Dynamics
Authors: Ng Irene Y. H. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article presents findings from a survey of 440 Singaporeans on their attitudes towards welfare and welfare recipients. Attitudes were generally favourable, but sentiments towards higher taxes to help the poor were ambivalent. Controlled for demographic characteristics, ‘poverty sympathizers’ and affiliates of opposition political parties held the most liberal views, but were not more willing to pay higher taxes. Instead, poor respondents on the one hand and highly educated respondents on the other hand were more willing to pay higher taxes. Knowledge accumulation and beliefs about causes of poverty were strong predictors of attitudes. Effects of personal values and self‐interest were less evident. Couched against the backdrop of an economy that has experienced rapid transformation and one of the widest income inequality in the developed world, the article discusses the critical juncture of social response and policy choices that Singapore finds itself.
On a filtration of for an abelian variety
Authors: Gazaki Evangelia 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLet $A$ be an abelian variety defined over a field $k$. In this paper we define a descending filtration $\{F^{r}\}_{r\geqslant 0}$ of the group $\mathit{CH}_{0}(A)$ and prove that the successive quotients $F^{r}/F^{r+1}\otimes \mathbb{Z}[1/r!]$ are isomorphic to the group $(K(k;A,\dots ,A)/Sym)\otimes \mathbb{Z}[1/r!]$, where $K(k;A,\dots ,A)$ is the Somekawa $K$-group attached to $r$-copies of the abelian variety $A$. In the special case when $k$ is a finite extension of $\mathbb{Q}_{p}$ and $A$ has split multiplicative reduction, we compute the kernel of the map $\mathit{CH}_{0}(A)\otimes \mathbb{Z}[\frac{1}{2}]\rightarrow \text{Hom}(Br(A),\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})\otimes \mathbb{Z}[\frac{1}{2}]$, induced by the pairing $\mathit{CH}_{0}(A)\times Br(A)\rightarrow \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$.
‘Unstirred layers’ in frog skin
Authors: Dainty J. , House C. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. Estimates of the magnitudes of the unstirred regions associated with isolated frog skin in sulphate Ringer's solution have been made under different stirring conditions.2. The method of investigation was an analysis of the time course of the p.d. transients which occurred when external sodium concentration and internal potassium concentration changes were made in the bathing solution.3. Making an arbitrary but reasonable assumption about the diffusional coefficient of Na2SO4 in the outer unstirred region, the magnitudes of the outer unstirred layers were found to lie within the ranges 40‐60 μ, 30‐50 μ and 30‐40 μ under stirring conditions of 120, 300 and 500 rev/min, respectively.4. Making an arbitrary but reasonable assumption about the diffusion coefficient of K2SO4 in the inner unstirred region, the magnitudes of the inner unstirred layers were found to lie within the ranges 150‐230 μ, 120‐200 μ and 100‐170 μ under stirring conditions of 120, 300 and 500 rev/min, respectively.
The representation of some visceral afferents in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum
Authors: Newman P. P. , Paul D. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. Evoked single unit discharges have been recorded from the right side of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum following distension of the gall‐bladder, mechanical stimulation of abdominal viscera and electrical stimulation of the right splanchnic nerve.2. The majority of the evoked units were located in the posterior part of the culmen, lateral to the paravermian vein. Unit depths ranged from 0·2 to 5·0 mm below the pial surface.3. Units responding to distension of the gall‐bladder or mechanical stimulation of the viscera were not affected by other peripheral stimuli.4. Responses to gall‐bladder stimulation were either excitatory or inhibitory. Responses to mechanical stimulation of the viscera were mainly inhibitory.5. Units evoked by electrical stimulation of the right splanchnic nerve fell into two groups: (1) high threshold. The majority of units responded to activation of the Aδ group of splanchnic afferents with a latency of 20‐25 msec, and a high probability that the unit would respond to successive stimuli over long periods of time. (2) Low threshold. Some units were evoked by excitation of the Aβ group of splanchnic afferents only. They had a shorter latency and a lower probability of response, which was not increased by exciting Aδ fibres.6. It is suggested that the two groups of splanchnic afferent fibres project to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum as two separate functional systems.
The effect of some anticholinesterases on the response of the taenia to sympathetic nerve stimulation
Authors: Ng K. K. F. 
Published: December 2014

1. A preparation of the taenia from the caecum of the guinea‐pig has been used. Acetylcholine caused contraction and noradrenaline caused relaxation. When the perivascular nerves running to the taenia were stimulated, at low frequencies there was sometimes contraction and sometimes relaxation. At high frequencies there was always relaxation. In the presence of hyoscine there was relaxation at all frequencies, the relaxation increasing as the frequency rose up to 20/sec. The relaxation was not affected by the presence of hexamethonium, but was blocked by bretylium.2. When stimulation was applied in the presence of hyoscine, the addition of physostigmine, Mipafox or Dyflos increased the relaxation to stimulation of low frequency, the increase becoming smaller as the frequency rose. At high frequencies Mipafox decreased the relaxation.
The relation between mechanical displacements applied to a cat's pad and the resultant impulse patterns
Authors: Fuller D. R. G. , Gray J. A. B. 
Published: December 2014

1. A way of determining an approximation to the distribution of impulses resulting from certain mechanical stimuli to a cat's pad is described. In essence this consists of calculating the results from a model of the way in which the impulses are set up.2. The results of these calculations have been compared with results of experiments of a type different from those on which the calculations were based. Total numbers of impulses have been found by measuring mass action potential areas under appropriate conditions. The ranges of absolute numbers of impulses are similar for both calculated and direct results. The curves relating changes of number to changes of stimulus strength are similar in the two cases as are the effects of changing the position of the stimulus. Similar comparisons using two pulses at different times and distances apart have also been made. The over‐all time distribution has been checked by reconstructing mass action potentials from the calculations and comparing these with those observed.3. The calculations were carried out with values which were chosen in advance and which were based on previous experimental evidence; the results were in reasonable agreement with the experimental checks. It is therefore concluded that the results are a sufficiently good approximation to the neural responses of cats' pads to this type of stimulation to justify applying them in answering the questions posed in the Introduction.
Intracellular autogenetic effects of muscular contraction on extensor motoneurones. The silent period
Authors: Granit R. , Kellerth J.-O. , Szumski A. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Intracellular records have been taken from cat motoneurones belonging to gastrocnemius and soleus or to popliteal synergists during contractions of gastrocnemius and soleus, acting separately or jointly. Such contractions were elicited by brief tetani or single shocks to the peripheral end of the cut ventral roots L7 or S1.2. Hyperpolarization of the motoneurone accompanies rise of tension in contraction. The amount of it increases when at constant extension the contraction of the muscle is increased by increasing stimulus strength, as well as when it is increased by augmenting extension at constant stimulus strength. It is therefore tension‐sensitive.3. The duration of the hyperpolarization induced in this manner reflects the duration of the contraction itself, being considerably longer in the slow soleus than in the faster gastrocnemius. It is often preceded by a brief wavelet of depolarization ascribed to the so‐called back‐response.4. Early in relaxation there occurs a transient ‘hump’ of membrane depolarization. This corresponds to the moment characterized by phasic bursts from the spindle primaries. The ‘hump’ terminates hyperpolarization.5. When the cell is stimulated by injected current to maintained repetitive firing, the ‘silent period’ in contraction begins with the phase of hyperpolarization and ends with the hump of depolarization as described above.6. Later during relaxation, delayed inhibition, may or may not follow often accompanied by hyperpolarizing activation noise and sometimes also visible as an extension of the silent period of a firing cell. There is, however, no marked hyperpolarization of the motoneurone in delayed inhibition.7. In the Discussion the events described above are related to previous studies employing monosynaptic testing or electromyography for the analysis of the variations of excitability caused in extensor motoneurones by autogenetic contractions as well as to known properties of stretch receptors.
Sodium‐glucose interactions in the goldfish intestine
Authors: Smith M. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. Everted sacs of goldfish intestine transfer glucose and water to their serosal surfaces and the total transfer is greater in the anterior intestine than in the intestinal bulb or rectum.2. Transmural potentials, with the serosa positive to the mucosa, were recorded from all parts of the goldfish intestine but were highest in the anterior intestine and the rectum. In both these areas the total potential was dependent partly upon the presence of glucose.3. Reducing the concentration of sodium bathing the mucosa of the anterior intestine reduced the glucose‐evoked potential in a non‐linear way. The steady‐state potentials, with or without glucose, first increased and later decreased as the sodium concentration was further reduced.4. Reducing the concentration of glucose bathing the mucosa from 27 to 5 m
M slightly increased the glucose‐evoked potential. Further reduction of the glucose concentration caused the glucose‐evoked potential to fall.5. Phlorrhizin inhibited the glucose‐evoked potential. The degree of inhibition was proportional to the log concentration of phlorrhizin over the range 2 × 10−7‐6 × 10−5
M. The steady‐state potential with glucose present was lower than when glucose was absent at phlorrhizin concentrations, 6 × 10−6‐6 × 10−5
M.6. The glucose‐evoked potential increased rapidly over the temperature range 5‐15° C and more slowly from 15 to 30° C. The steady‐state potentials also increased with temperature, the rate of increase being greater when glucose was present. Below 15° C the glucose‐independent potential was higher and above 15° C lower than the steady‐state potential recorded with glucose present.7. These findings are discussed in terms of sodium—glucose interaction taking place at the luminal side of the mucosal cell, on the outside of the mucosal cell membrane.
On the relation between ATP splitting and secretion in the adrenal chromaffin cell: extrusion of ATP (unhydrolysed) during release of catecholamines
Authors: Douglas W. W. , Poisner A. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. Cats’ adrenal glands were acutely denervated and perfused, in situ, with Locke's solution.2. When the medullary secretogogue Ba (2‐10 m
M) was added to the perfusion medium, large amounts of AMP and traces of ATP were found in the venous effluent from the adrenal gland along with the catecholamines. In this respect Ba mimicked the physiological secretogogue, acetylcholine.3. Control perfusions with known concentrations of ATP showed that under such conditions ATP was rapidly broken down within the adrenal vasculature.4. When such intravascular hydrolysis of ATP was suppressed by perfusing with a Ca‐free, Mg‐free Locke's solution containing 1–2 m
M EDTA, catecholamine secretion induced by Ba was accompanied by the discharge of large amounts of ATP but relatively little AMP.5. The ATP that accompanied catecholamine secretion in such circumstances is assumed to derive from the ‘heavy’ nucleotide‐rich chromaffin granules and it is concluded that the mechanism for catecholamine secretion does not depend on hydrolysis of the ATP within these granules.6. The release of ATP (unhydrolysed) supports the hypothesis that the chromaffin granules discharge their contents at the cell surface by the process of ‘reverse pinocytosis’.
Pulsatile and myelin‐forming activities of Schwann cells in vitro
Authors: Ernyei Susi , Young M. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. Sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia from young mice and new‐born rats were cultured in vitro. The activity of the outgrowing Schwann cells was studied with time‐lapse photography.2. Schwann cells exhibited a pulsatile activity with a contraction rate varying from 1 to 12 min. The occurrence of pulsations depended on the mode of attachment of cells to their surroundings.3. Fibres of various materials were introduced into the cultures in an attempt to simulate conditions obtaining in vivo. Schwann cells attached themselves to these fibres and rotated about them depositing myelin. Polarized light and histochemical studies showed that myelin was formed as early as four days in vitro.4. The possible significance of the behaviour of Schwann cells in vitro is discussed.
The origin of the post‐tetanic hyperpolarization of mammalian motor nerve terminals
Authors: Gage P. W. , Hubbard J. I. 
Published: December 2014

1. Motor nerve terminals in magnesium‐poisoned rat hemidiaphragm‐phrenic nerve preparations in vitro were stimulated with short depolarizing pulses of approximately threshold strength and the evoked antidromic responses recorded from the phrenic nerve. The percentage of these 1/sec or 0·5/sec stimuli to which there was no antidromic response was used as a quantitative measure of the terminal excitability. After standard tetanic stimulation (1000 impulses at 100/sec) the excitability of the terminals was depressed for an average duration of 60‐70 sec, during most of which time no antidromic responses to stimuli of pretetanic intensity were recorded. There was no significant interaction between stimuli to the terminals at rates of 1 or 0·5/sec.2. Potassium‐free solutions at first increased, then decreased, the post‐tetanic depression of excitability. Raising [K]o threefold (15 m
M) abolished the post‐tetanic depression and often converted it to an exaltation of excitability.3. Polarizing currents were applied to the terminals with a second electrode. Depolarizing currents increased, while hyperpolarizing currents decreased, the post‐tetanic depression of excitability.4. In solutions with 70% of the normal NaCl content replaced by sucrose, the post‐tetanic depression of excitability was reversibly prolonged.5. In the presence of 7·7 × 10−6
M digoxin or 0·42 m
M ouabain there was a small reversible reduction of post‐tetanic excitability.6. After exposure to solutions containing no glucose or to solutions containing 3‐5 m
M sodium azide the excitability of the terminals was not altered by the tetanus. After washing with the control solution, post‐tetanic depression of excitability returned. Antimycin‐A (1·8 × 10−6
M) had little or no effect upon post‐tetanic excitability.7. It was concluded that the post‐tetanic depression of excitability reflected hyperpolarization of the terminals and that this hyperpolarization was caused by a shift of the membrane potential towards the potassium equilibrium potential because of an increase in potassium permeability.
The relationship between ovulation and the changes in thyroid gland activity that occur during the oestrous cycle in rats, mice and hamsters
Authors: Brown-Grant K. 
Published: December 2014

1. When ovulation is prevented by the injection of pentobarbitone on the day of pro‐oestrus in female rats, the expected increases in thyroid‐serum concentration ratio (T/S ratio) for 131I and in the uptake of 113I by the thyroid on the day of oestrus do not occur.2. Ovulation induced by human chorionic gonadotrophin or ovine luteinizing hormone in rats treated with pentobarbitone at pro‐oestrus is not associated with an increase in T/S ratio or 131I uptake at oestrus.3. These results support the view that it is the neuro‐endocrine changes at the hypothalamic or pituitary level that lead to ovulation rather than changes in the pattern of ovarian steroid secretion before or at ovulation that are responsible for the increased thyroid activity at oestrus in the female rat.4. Experimental evidence of an increase in thyroid activity after ovulation in mice and hamsters also supports this view.
A study of parotid salivation in the horse
Authors: Alexander F. 
Published: December 2014

1. Saliva flowed from the horse's parotid duct only during mastication.2. The surface‐active local anaesthetic administered by mouth inhibited salivary secretion.3. Salivary secretion was stimulated by pilocarpine and inhibited by atropine.4. The volume and composition of saliva secreted in 24 hr from one parotid duct was determined.5. The concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and bicarbonate depended upon the rate of flow. The highest concentrations of these electrolytes were observed during periods of high flow rates.6. Horse parotid saliva contained a high concentration of calcium.7. In the absence of a dietary supplement of sodium bicarbonate, the sodium concentration of the saliva fell after about 21 days. There was an associated increase in the potassium concentration. The addition of a sodium supplement restored the sodium concentration of the saliva within 24 hr.
Effects of arterial hypoxia on the cutaneous circulation of the rabbit
Authors: Chalmers J. P. , Korner P. I. 
Published: December 2014

1. Changes in blood flow of the skin of the rabbit's ear and hind limb have been studied during arterial hypoxia by a calibrated heat conductivity method, together with changes in arterial pressure and aortic blood temperature.2. There is little change in the blood flow of the hind‐limb skin during the early phase of arterial hypoxia, reflecting a balance between the local dilator effects of hypoxia and the increased constrictor activity mediated through the sympathetic nerves as a result of arterial chemoreceptor excitation. During more prolonged arterial hypoxia there is a small gradual dilatation of the vessels of the hind‐limb skin as a result of some diminution in the initial intensity of vasoconstrictor activity.3. There is much more extensive vasodilatation in the ear than in the hind‐limb skin during arterial hypoxia. Vasoconstrictor activity is slight in this region. Comparison of the ear responses to arterial and to primary tissue hypoxia suggests that in the former type of hypoxia stimulation of the arterial chemoreceptors inhibits thermoregulatory vasoconstriction to the ear, whilst in the latter type of hypoxia baroreceptor reflexes maintain or intensify it.
The control of the circulation in skeletal muscle during arterial hypoxia in the rabbit
Authors: Chalmers J. P. , Korner P. I. , White S. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effects of arterial hypoxia on muscle blood flow were examined in normal unanaesthetized rabbits in relation to simultaneously determined changes in cardiac output, arterial pressure and heart rate. Muscle blood flow was estimated from the difference between total limb flow (local thermodilution) and the estimated skin flow (using a calibrated heat conductivity method). The role of the arterial chemoreceptors and baro‐receptors in the control of muscle blood flow was examined and the nature of the sympathetic efferent discharge analysed.2. In mild hypoxia (PO2 > 35 mm Hg) in the rabbit, muscle blood flow did not change, although cardiac output increased. During moderate hypoxia (PO2 30‐35 mm Hg) there was initial vasoconstriction in muscle, followed by a return to control values paralleling the changes in cardiac output. In severe arterial hypoxia (PO2 < 30 mm Hg) the initial vasoconstriction was less marked, and during the ‘steady state’ there was a large vasodilatation and increase in muscle blood flow, at a time when the cardiac output was not elevated.3. The early vasoconstriction in arterial hypoxia is mediated mainly through sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves as a result of strong arterial chemoreceptor stimulation.4. Increased secretion of adrenaline is an important factor in restoring muscle blood flow to control values during moderate arterial hypoxia, and in elevating the muscle blood flow above these values in severe hypoxia. The peripheral dilator (β‐) effects of adrenaline oppose the peripheral constrictor (α‐) effects resulting from increased activation of sympathetic constrictor nerves during arterial hypoxia.