bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the ultimate limit state design proof for laterally loaded piles
Authors: Thieken Klaus , Achmus Martin , Schmoor Kirill Alexander 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAccording to Eurocode 7, the geotechnical ultimate limit state (ULS) design proof can be provided by either a GEO‐2 or a GEO‐3 design equation. In offshore engineering applications a GEO‐3 proof is usually carried out in the design of laterally loaded piles. In Germany a GEO‐2 proof is required according to DIN 1054; this standard also describes a special procedure on how to do this. This paper compares the results of the different approaches. The p‐y method, usually used for calculating the pile load‐bearing behaviour, is validated with respect to German regulations (e.g. with DIN 4085 regarding ultimate bedding stresses). In general it was found that the p‐y method can be used in ULS design. It is further shown that the special ULS design procedure described in DIN 1054 can yield erroneous results (i.e. depending on system parameters and loading type, admissible loads may be either too small or too large). The GEO‐3 proof generally produces reasonable results, but here the actual level of safety depends on the soil parameters. This paper recommends a new and simple design procedure, which is a GEO‐2 proof but also gives correct admissible pile head loads in all cases considered and allows for the consideration of soils with strength degradation.Zum Tragfähigkeitsnachweis für horizontal belastete Pfähle. Gemäß Eurocode 7 kann der Tragfähigkeitsnachweis (ULS) sowohl im Grenzzustand GEO‐2 als auch im Grenzzustand GEO‐3 geführt werden. Im Bereich der Offshore Anwendungen ist international der Nachweis für horizontal belastete Pfähle im Grenzzustand GEO‐3 üblich. In Deutschland ist dagegen gemäß der DIN 1054 ein Nachweis im Grenzzustand GEO‐2 vorgeschrieben, dessen spezielle Vorgehensweise zur Durchführung ebenfalls in dieser Norm dargelegt ist. Im folgenden Artikel werden die Ergebnisse dieser beiden Nachweisverfahren miteinander verglichen. Die p‐y Methode, welche üblicherweise zur Ermittlung des Lastverschiebungsverhaltens eingesetzt wird, wird unter Berücksichtigung der deutschen Regularien validiert (d.h. der maximale Bettungswiderstand wird den Ergebnissen der DIN 4085 gegenübergestellt). Hierbei kann die p‐y Methode grundsätzlich als geeignet für den Tragfähigkeitsnachweis identifiziert werden. Weiterhin kann gezeigt werden, dass die in der DIN 1054 beschriebene spezielle Vorgehensweise des Nachweises zu fehlerhaften Ergebnissen führen kann (d.h. in Abhängigkeit der Systemparameter und der Belastungsart können die zulässigen Belastungen sowohl zu klein als auch zu groß sein). Der Nachweis GEO‐3 gibt grundsätzlich plausible Ergebnisse, allerdings hängt das tatsächliche Sicherheitsniveau von den Bodenparametern ab. Der Artikel empfiehlt einen neuen und einfachen Bemessungsansatz im Grenzzustand GEO‐2, der für sämtliche Randbedingungen korrekte zulässige Pfahlkopfbelastungen ergibt. Der Ansatz erlaubt zudem auch die Berücksichtigung von Böden mit Entfestigung.
A proinvasive role for the Ca2+‐activated K+ channel KCa3.1 in malignant glioma
Authors: Turner Kathryn L. , Honasoge Avinash , Robert Stephanie M. , McFerrin Michael M. , Sontheimer Harald 
Published: March 2014

Main Points

Using the NCI database, we found that upregulation of KCa3.1 correlates with poor prognosis in patients.
Pharmacological inhibition or genetic knockdown of KCa3.1 decreases glioma migration, as investigated in vitro and in situ in multiple glioma cell types, including patient‐derived xenograft‐propagated tumors.
Glioma invasion is also attenuated by shRNA knockdown of KCa3.1 in tumor cells implanted in mice in vivo.
A Long Story of Sensitized One‐Electron Photo‐oxidation of Methionine
Authors: Ignasiak Marta Teresa , Marciniak Bronislaw , Houée‐Levin Chantal 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe one‐electron oxidation of methionine residues in peptides and proteins has been studied for more than 20 years thanks to the time‐resolved techniques of pulse radiolysis and flash photolysis. Methionine oxidation causes highly damaging effects associated with aging processes and disease states such as Alzheimer’s or prion disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. In this Minireview, we focus on the photoinduced processes that help in the understanding of the primary processes of methionine residue oxidation. The photosensitizers were mostly derivatives of carboxybenzophenone. The methionine radical cations are stabilized by two‐center three‐electron bonds of various natures. However, despite numerous studies, data about the final product are still missing.
A Bayesian Semiparametric Competing Risk Model with Unobserved Heterogeneity
Authors: Burda Martin , Harding Matthew , Hausman Jerry 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper generalizes existing econometric models for censored competing risks by introducing a new flexible specification based on a piecewise linear baseline hazard, time‐varying regressors, and unobserved individual heterogeneity distributed as an infinite mixture of generalized inverse Gaussian (GIG) densities, nesting the gamma kernel as a special case. A common correlated latent time effect induces dependence among risks. Our model is based on underlying latent exit decisions in continuous time while only a time interval containing the exit time is observed, as is common in economic data. We do not make the simplifying assumption of discretizing exit decisions—our competing risk model setup allows for latent exit times of different risk types to be realized within the same time period. In this setting, we derive a tractable likelihood based on scaled GIG Laplace transforms and their higher‐order derivatives. We apply our approach to analyzing the determinants of unemployment duration with exits to jobs in the same industry or a different industry among unemployment insurance recipients on nationally representative individual‐level survey data from the US Department of Labor. Our approach allows us to conduct a counterfactual policy experiment by changing the replacement rate: we find that the impact of its change on the probability of exit from unemployment is inelastic. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A first pre‐pilot system for the combined treatment of dye pollutants by electrocoagulation/EAOPs
Authors: Thiam Abdoulaye , Zhou Minghua , Brillas Enric , Sirés Ignasi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDBased on promising results obtained at laboratory scale with a two‐step electrochemical treatment of Tartrazine solutions by electrocoagulation (EC) coupled with electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs), this work addresses its scale‐up to degrade 1.85 dm3 of solutions of this dye. Monopolar and bipolar configurations have been compared in EC. The effect of supporting electrolyte, pH, applied current, dye concentration and electrolysis time has been assessed.RESULTSElectrocoagulation with four Fe electrodes was first optimized for the treatment of 278 mg dm−3 Tartrazine solutions. The bipolar series configuration led to enhanced coagulation due to the larger electrode consumption. Solutions with 0.05 mol dm−3 NaCl at pH 6.3 were quickly decolorized with 60% total organic carbon removal, being more convenient than Na2SO4 and NaNO3 electrolytes due to the synergistic action of coagulation and oxidation by active chlorine. Among the EAOPs, carried out with a Ti/IrO2‐RuO2 anode and an air‐diffusion cathode to electrogenerate H2O2, electro‐Fenton (EF) with 0.5 mmol dm−3 Fe2+ was much better than electro‐oxidation owing to the oxidative action of active chlorine and •OH formed in the bulk from Fenton's reaction. Photoelectro‐Fenton (PEF) was even better by the additional photolysis of by‐products under incident UVA photons.CONCLUSIONSThe use of an EC reactor in bipolar configuration for 12.5 min at 1.50 A followed by PEF treatment for 360 min at 1.50–2.00 A ensured mineralization >90%, which encourages further optimization at larger scale for the treatment of a variety of organic pollutants in real wastewaters. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Isolation of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain Z1 and its mechanism of bioleaching copper from waste printed circuit boards
Authors: Nie Hongyan , Yang Chong , Zhu Nengwu , Wu Pingxiao , Zhang Ting , Zhang Yongqing , Xing Yijia 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDWaste printed circuit boards (PCBs) are solid hazardous materials and may pose serious problems to the environment and human health. Bioleaching has been used to recover metal from waste PCBs. This study aims to isolate an effective Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain and investigate its bioleaching mechanism during the process.RESULTSAn A. ferrooxidans strain Z1 with average 0.2307 g L−1 h−1 ferrous ion oxidation rate was isolated from self‐prepared mixed culture of acidophilic bacteria. After 7 days, 96% of the copper was extracted from metal concentrates by A. ferrooxidans at an initial Fe2+ concentration of 12 g L−1. Protons produced by the ionization of sulfuric acid and the hydrolysis Fe3+ played only a slight role in the extraction of copper. Dialysis bag experiments show 81.43% of copper was leached out by bioleaching without dialysis bag compared with 47.90% in the encapsulated bioleaching system.CONCLUSIONAn A. ferrooxidans strain with effective ferrous ion oxidation rate and high copper leaching efficiency was isolated. The extraction of copper was mainly through the indirect oxidation process via ferric ions biogenerated by A. ferrooxidans. Both contact and non‐contact mechanisms led to the dissolution of copper from waste PCBs. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Validation of a generic approach to muscle water T2 determination at 3T in fat‐infiltrated skeletal muscle
Authors: Azzabou Noura , Loureiro de Sousa Paulo , Caldas Ericky , Carlier Pierre G. 
Published: March 2014

PurposeTo introduce a novel method for skeletal muscle water T2 determination in fat‐infiltrated tissues, using a tri‐exponential fit of the global muscle signal decay.Materials and MethodsIn all, 48 patients with various neuromuscular diseases were retrospectively selected and their thigh muscles analyzed. Each patient was imaged using a multispin‐echo (MSME) sequence with a 17‐echo train. The transmit field (B1+) inhomogeneities were evaluated using the actual flip angle imaging method toward voxel sorting. Muscle water T2 was quantified using a tri‐exponential signal decay model. The difference between water T2 of voxels within the same muscle but having different fat ratio was analyzed using nonparametric statistical tests. In addition, we evaluated the correlation between fat ratio and T2 values obtained using both a mono‐ and tri‐exponential approach.ResultsThe results showed that muscle water T2 values obtained using a tri‐exponential approach combined with B1+ map‐based voxel sorting were independent of the fat infiltration degree inside the muscle (R2 < 0.03). This was not the case using the mono‐exponential model, which measured different T2s between voxels of the same muscle but with various fat ratio (R2 > 0.67; P < 10e−4).ConclusionThe tri‐exponential model is an accurate tool to monitor muscle tissue disease activity devoid of bias introduced by fat infiltration. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:645–653. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatic fat during fasting and refeeding by MRI fat quantification
Authors: Narayan Sreenath , Flask Chris A. , Kalhan Satish C. , Wilson David L. 
Published: March 2014

PurposeTo explore the sensitivity of high‐field small animal magnetic resonance imaging to dynamic changes in fat content in the liver and to characterize the effect of prandial state on imaging studies of hepatic fat.Materials and MethodsA total of three timepoints were acquired using asymmetric spin‐echo acquisitions for 12 mice with 24‐hour spacing. After the first scan, half of the cohort was placed on a water‐only diet. The second half of the cohort continued to have access to their high‐fat chow. The scans were repeated after 24 hours. All animals were then returned to the high‐fat diet, and the scans were again repeated after 24 hours. Fat fraction maps were computed using previously described methods. Regions of interests were manually drawn in the livers and the patterns of the two groups over time were compared.ResultsFive out of six of the animals in the starved group showed an increase in hepatic fat fraction during the fasting period (average increase 0.54 ± 0.48), which decreased on refeeding. Analysis of variance indicated that the results significantly depended on both the group and the timepoint (P = 0.003).ConclusionFat‐water imaging methods are able to measure hepatic fat changes caused by short‐term dietary perturbations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:347–353.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trends in the daily and extreme temperatures in the Qiantang River basin, China
Authors: Xia Fang , Liu Xingmei , Xu Jianming , Wang Zhonggen , Huang Jingfeng , Brookes Philip C. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTTemporal and spatial changes in the annual and seasonal temperatures in a typical basin of the Qiantang River were analysed based on the time series databases of daily temperatures from 14 meteorological stations. Both the Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test and simple linear regression analyses were employed to detect trends in the mean and extreme temperatures. The temperature changes during the three periods of 1960–1990, 1960–2000 and 1960–2006 were investigated at each meteorological station and over the entire basin as an average. The spatial and temporal changes were characterized by significant warming throughout the region, with the minimum temperature (Tn) increasing the most, particularly after 1990. Various percentiles of extreme temperatures, as well as their corresponding frequencies, were chosen to explore the trends of extreme climate change in this region. Linear regression analyses showed a significant warming trend in cold events both on an annual and seasonal basis, especially in the winter. Conversely, the hot events were dominated by an insignificant warming trend (p > 0.05). When comparing the time series before and after 1990, trend shifts were apparent in both the mean and extreme temperatures, particularly in the spring and winter. In addition to the large‐scale circulation, regional factors may have influenced the observed climate change in the studied region. Climate change has already influenced human society by, for example, increasing the frequency of haze in the study region. We conclude that the warming here is mainly attributed to changes in the minimum temperature.
Quantitative assessment of climate and human impacts on surface water resources in a typical semi‐arid watershed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River from 1985 to 2006
Authors: Hu Zhidan , Wang Lei , Wang Zhongjing , Hong Yang , Zheng Hang 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe surface water resources of a typical semi‐arid watershed (Huangfuchuan) in the middle reaches of the Yellow River have drastically decreased over the past decade, which has affected the governance strategies of the entire Yellow River. The causes of the decrease in surface water are generally attributed to climate fluctuations and human activities. In this study, a distributed biosphere hydrological model the Water and Energy Budget‐based Distributed Hydrological Model (WEB‐DHM) and a Contribution Assessment method were jointly applied to diagnose and quantify climate and human impacts on the streamflow change. Long‐term hydrometeorological trends were analysed first and one major change‐point (in 1998) in the annual streamflow series was identified through the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and the annual precipitation‐streamflow double cumulative curve method. The WEB‐DHM model was calibrated and validated over the baseline period of 1985–1998; the natural streamflow was reconstructed for the impacted period of 1999–2006. Then, the contributions of climate fluctuations and human activities to streamflow change were determined quantitatively by comparing the natural streamflow with the observed value. The mean annual streamflow significantly decreased from 34.05 mm year−1 to 13.72 mm year−1 in the baseline and impacted periods, respectively, showing a reduction of 60%. Climate fluctuations accounted for a decrease in mean annual streamflow of approximately 10.38 mm year−1 (51.03%), whereas human activities (including soil–water conservation measures, artificial water intakes and man‐made water storage infrastructure) caused a decrease of approximately 9.96 mm year−1 (48.97%). These findings are potentially helpful to support the water resources planning and management in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.
Tropical Pacific and Northern Hemisphere influences on the coherence of Pacific Decadal Oscillation reconstructions
Authors: Wise Erika K. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTProxy‐based reconstructions of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) are essential for understanding pre‐instrumental variability in this low‐frequency oscillation. Multiple reconstructions of the PDO exist but demonstrate weak coherence prior to the 20th century. Analyses of atmospheric moisture and pressure patterns in teleconnected tree‐ring sites used for the reconstructions indicate that terrestrial climate impact patterns associated with northern Pacific conditions have been spatially variable over the instrumental period. Tropical Pacific and Northern Hemisphere climate modes influence these surface patterns and are reflected in the PDO reconstructions. Divergence prior to the 20th century calibration period may be due to time‐dependent nonlinearities in the PDO and changes in the influence of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation system over time.
Catechin concentrates of garden tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.): extraction/isolation and evaluation of chemical composition
Authors: Gadkari Pravin Vasantrao , Kadimi Udaya Sankar , Balaraman Manohar 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDSolid–liquid (SLE) and liquid–liquid (LLE) extraction techniques were applied to extract catechins and caffeine from quick mechanically expelled tea leaf juice (QMETLJ) and freeze‐dried (FD)‐QMETLJ of Camellia sinensis L. The concentrates obtained were analyzed for total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity (DPPH• inhibition, FRAP and phosphomolybdenum assay). Catechins were identified and quantified using HPLC.RESULTSOverall, 95% (v/v) ethanol was the best solvent system for extracting total polyphenols (355.26 ± 23.68 to 457.89 ± 28.94 g GAE kg−1 extractable solid yield (ESY)) and antioxidants (DPPH• inhibition, 16.97 ± 0.52 to 20.83 ± 3.11%; FRAP, 4.15 ± 0.32 to 6.38 ± 0.57 mmol TE g−1 ESY; Mo(V) reduction, 2.47 ± 0.19 to 3.84 ± 0.39 mmol AAE g−1 ESY) from FD‐QMETLJ. Similarly, in LLE, ethyl acetate showed the best results for recovering polyphenols (960.52 ± 7.89 g GAE kg−1 ESY) and antioxidants (DPPH• inhibition, 42.39 ± 0.91%; FRAP, 11.39 ± 0.83 mmol TE g−1 ESY; Mo(V) reduction, 6.71 ± 1.14 mmol AAE g−1 ESY) from QMETLJ.CONCLUSIONIt was found that 95% ethanol can be used to increase the total polyphenols and antioxidants in extracts from FD‐QMETLJ, while ethyl acetate can be effectively employed for concentrating catechins from QMETLJ. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Obstructive sleep apnea in patients undergoing endoscopic surgical repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea
Authors: Fleischman Gitanjali M. , Ambrose Emily C. , Rawal Rounak B. , Huang Benjamin Y. , Ebert Charles S. , Rodriguez Kenneth D. , Zanation Adam M. , Senior Brent A. 
Published: March 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo examine the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Study DesignRetrospective chart review of patients who underwent surgical repair of encephaloceles and/or CSF rhinorrhea at a tertiary medical center over a 12‐year period.MethodsPertinent demographic, clinical, and surgical data including age, sex, and medical and surgical history were obtained. Patients were classified by etiology of CSF leak into a spontaneous leak group and a nonspontaneous leak group, which included patients with documented trauma, malignancy, or known iatrogenic injury.ResultsWe retrospectively identified 126 patients who underwent repair of encephalocele or CSF rhinorrhea. Of these, 70 (55.5%) were found to have a spontaneous etiology, whereas 56 (44.4%) had a nonspontaneous cause. Patients with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea were more likely than their nonspontaneous counterparts to have a diagnosis of OSA (30.0% vs. 14.3%, P = .0294) and radiographic evidence of an empty sella on magnetic resonance imaging MRI (55.4% vs. 24.3%, P = .0027). Overall, patients in the spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea group were more likely to be female compared to the nonspontaneous group (84.3% vs. 41.1% female, P = .0001).ConclusionsOur study shows that patients with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea are significantly more likely to have a diagnosis of OSA compared to those with nonspontaneous causes of CSF leaks, or to the general population (incidence of 1%–5% in various population studies). Given the known association between OSA and intracranial hypertension (ICH), it may be prudent to screen all patients with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea for symptoms of OSA as well as for ICH, and vice versa.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 124:2645–2650, 2014
Efficacy of high‐intensity focused ultrasonography for noninvasive body sculpting in Chinese patients
Authors: Shek Samantha Y.N. , Yeung Chi K. , Chan Johnny C.Y. , Chan Henry H. L. 
Published: March 2014

Background and ObjectivesHigh‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a noninvasive technology for body contouring. HIFU is focused within the subcutaneous adipose tissue, causing coagulative necrosis and cell death. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a HIFU device for sculpting of the abdomen.Materials and MethodsThe system has a set focal depth of 1.3 cm. Twelve subjects with adipose thickness no less than 2.5 cm who met the screening criteria were recruited. Each subject received one treatment to the abdomen. The total fluence used per site was 150–165 J/cm2 with a mean of 161 J/cm2. The waist circumference at iliac crest and the point of maximum circumference were recorded at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post‐treatment, as well as their weight and BMI. Subjects' rating on comfort level and satisfaction were collected via questionnaires at every follow‐up. Standardized photographs were also taken with the Canfield System® at each visit.ResultsSeven out of 12 subjects were satisfied with the outcome and 9 out of 12 would recommend this treatment to their friends and family. There was statistically significant improvement in the waist circumference measured at both the iliac crest (P‐value 0.013, 0.002, 0.005) and maximum waistline (P‐value 0.003, 0.034, 0.023) at 4, 8, 12 weeks post‐treatment. Spearman's rho for correlation of energy level versus improvement showed that at 12 weeks post‐treatment follow‐up, the improvement significantly correlated with the total fluence per treatment (P‐value 0.041). The higher the total fluence delivered, the larger the decrease in waist circumference.ConclusionsHigh‐intensity focused ultrasound effectively decreases waist circumference in Chinese. The higher the total fluence delivered, the larger the decrease in waist circumference was observed. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:263–269, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.