bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Pseudomonas sp. and Bio-Resources in Controlling Alternaria Leaf Spot Disease of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
Authors: Jayasri Puli , Simon Sobita , Pujari Kavita , Maheswari Babburi Sai , Veronica Prajwala 
Published: August 2024

This study was conducted during the Kharif season 2022-2023 at the Central Research farm, Department of Plant Pathology, SHUATS, Allahabad, U.P to conclude the Application of Pseudomonas sp. and Bio-Resources in Controlling Alternaria leaf spot disease of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Seedling treatment with bioagent viz., Pseudomonas sp. at 0.25% and bio-resources applied as a foliar spray viz., Neem extract + Clove extract (5 + 5%), Neem oil + Clove oil(5+5%), Neem extract (10%), Clove extract(10%), Neem oil(0.2%), Clove oil(0.2%) and Bavistin(0.1%, treated check) for their effectiveness to manage Alternaria leaf spot of brinjal caused by Alternaria alternata. All the treatments were significantly reduced the severity of the disease and increased growth parameters. Among all the treatments Pseudomonas sp. + Neem extract + Clove extract (32.37%) was most effective followed by Pseudomonas sp. + Neem oil + Clove oil (34.39%) were significantly superior over other treatments in reducing the leaf spot infection of brinjal. The highest cost benefit ratio was obtained in the treatment Pseudomonas sp. + Neem extract + Clove extract (1:6.72). While other treatments also showed significant eff/efficacy to check the disease intensity (PDI) and yield over control in the field condition.
A GPS velocity field for Fennoscandia and a consistent comparison to glacial isostatic adjustment models
Authors: Kierulf Halfdan Pascal , Steffen Holger , Simpson Matthew James Ross , Lidberg Martin , Wu Patrick , Wang Hansheng 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn Fennoscandia, the process of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) drives ongoing crustal deformation. Crustal velocities from GPS observations have proved to be a useful tool in constraining GIA models. However, reference frame uncertainties, plate tectonics, intraplate deformations as well as other geophysical processes contaminate the results. Former studies have shown that different International Terrestrial Reference Frames have large discrepancies, especially in the vertical component, which hamper geophysical interpretation. We present new velocity estimates for the Fennoscandian and North European GPS network. Our GPS velocity field is directly realized in a GIA reference frame. Using this method (named the GIA frame approach) we are able to constrain GIA models with minimal influence of errors in the reference frame or biasing signals from plate tectonics. The drawbacks are more degrees of freedom that might mask real but unmodeled signals. Monte Carlo tests suggest that our approach is robust at the 97% level in terms of correctly separating different models of ice history but, depending on deformation patterns, the identified Earth model may be slightly biased in up to 39% of cases. We compare our results to different one‐ and three‐dimensional GIA models employing different global ice‐load histories. The GIA models generally provide good fit to the data but there are still significant discrepancies in some areas. We suggest that these differences are mainly related to inaccuracies in the ice models and/or lateral inhomogeneities in the Earth structure under Fennoscandia. Thus, GIA models still need to be improved, but the GIA frame approach provides a base for further improvements.
High manganese concentrations in rocks at Gale crater, Mars
Authors: Lanza Nina L. , Fischer Woodward W. , Wiens Roger C. , Grotzinger John , Ollila Ann M. , Cousin Agnes , Anderson Ryan B. , Clark Benton C. , Gellert Ralf , Mangold Nicolas , Maurice Sylvestre , Le Mouélic Stéphane , Nachon Marion , Schmidt Mariek , Berger Jeffrey , Clegg Samuel M. , Forni Olivier , Hardgrove Craig , Melikechi Noureddine , Newsom Horton E. , Sautter Violaine 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe surface of Mars has long been considered a relatively oxidizing environment, an idea supported by the abundance of ferric iron phases observed there. However, compared to iron, manganese is sensitive only to high redox potential oxidants, and when concentrated in rocks, it provides a more specific redox indicator of aqueous environments. Observations from the ChemCam instrument on the Curiosity rover indicate abundances of manganese in and on some rock targets that are 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than previously observed on Mars, suggesting the presence of an as‐yet unidentified manganese‐rich phase. These results show that the Martian surface has at some point in time hosted much more highly oxidizing conditions than has previously been recognized.
Chemistry of fracture‐filling raised ridges in Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater: Window into past aqueous activity and habitability on Mars
Authors: Léveillé Richard J. , Bridges John , Wiens Roger C. , Mangold Nicolas , Cousin Agnes , Lanza Nina , Forni Olivier , Ollila Ann , Grotzinger John , Clegg Samuel , Siebach Kirsten , Berger Gilles , Clark Ben , Fabre Cécile , Anderson Ryan , Gasnault Olivier , Blaney Diana , Deflores Lauren , Leshin Laurie , Maurice Sylvestre , Newsom Horton 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe ChemCam instrument package on the Curiosity rover was used to characterize distinctive raised ridges in the Sheepbed mudstone, Yellowknife Bay formation, Gale Crater. The multilayered, fracture‐filling ridges are more resistant to erosion than the Sheepbed mudstone rock in which they occur. The bulk average composition of the raised ridges is enriched in MgO by 1.2–1.7 times (average of 8.3–11.4 wt %; single‐shot maximum of 17.0 wt %) over that of the mudstone. Al2O3 is anticorrelated with MgO, while Li is somewhat enriched where MgO is highest. Some ridges show a variation in composition with different layers on a submillimeter scale. In particular, the McGrath target shows similar high‐MgO resistant outer layers and a low‐MgO, less resistant inner layer. This is consistent with the interpretation that the raised ridges are isopachous fracture‐filling cements with a stratigraphy that likely reveals changes in fluid composition or depositional conditions over time. Overall, the average composition of the raised ridges is close to that of a Mg‐ and Fe‐rich smectite, or saponite, which may also be the main clay mineral constituent of the host mudstone. These analyses provide evidence of diagenesis and aqueous activity in the early postdepositional history of the Yellowknife Bay formation, consistent with a low salinity to brackish fluid at near‐neutral or slightly alkaline pH. The fluids that circulated through the fractures likely interacted with the Sheepbed mudstone and (or) other stratigraphically adjacent rock units of basaltic composition and leached Mg from them preferentially.
Critical Theory
Authors: Macdonald Bradley J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCritical theory is traditionally the term given to the social, political, and cultural theories associated with members of the Institute for Social Research, an interdisciplinary think tank that was established in Frankfurt in the early twentieth century. Collectively known as the “Frankfurt School,” the Institute included such significant first‐generation theorists and scholars as Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse, and is currently associated with such important second‐generation theorists as Jürgen Habermas and the current generation of Alex Honneth, Seyla Benhabib, and Nancy Fraser. Indeed, while the first generation of the Frankfurt School has continued to inspire important theoretical analyses of our political world, the critical theory associated with Habermas and others has become a major voice in the contemporary political theory, helping to generate important research associated with deliberative democracy and the politics of recognition in a wide variety of domains and issue‐areas within the social sciences. As may be expected, while there is a shared sense of what each of these theorists means by critical theory, there are also substantive differences between the ways they conceived and articulated this discourse.
Enlightenment, The
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The transatlantic Enlightenment, spanning the period roughly from 1680 to the commencement of the nineteenth century, must be regarded as one of the most crucial in the entire history of political thought. It was decisive especially with regard to six key innovations. These were: first, the recasting of the idea of sovereignty as something vested not in any monarch, ruler, or institution, or even in any laws, but rather in the people as a whole; second, the emergence of basic human rights (in the plural) as the moral foundation of all political legitimacy and essential link between social theory and politics; third, the emergence of representative democracy as the most legitimate, authentic, and potentially the characteristic form of modern western political thought; fourth, the uncoupling of churches and theology from political authority and eradication of ecclesiastical authority as a valid component of constitutions and the legislative process; fifth, comprehensive toleration allied to full freedom of thought, expression, and the press; and sixth, the notion closely linked to the novel conceptions of sovereignty and the “rights of man,” that the unity of all mankind and pursuit of “perpetual peace” are universal concerns linked to representative democracy and the pursuit of human well‐being and the supreme goals of all political sovereignty. The last was closely connected to the powerful upsurge of anticolonial theory in the eighteenth century.
Stoicism
Authors: Gibbons Kathleen 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFor the Stoics, the norms which ought to guide human behavior are grounded in the cosmic reason that governs the universe. The Stoics understood the goal of human life as living in agreement with this reason, which they identified as nature itself and as the common law (Cicero,RepublicIII.33,SVFIII.325 (Roman numerals refer to book numbers, while Arabic numerals refer to section numbers); see Long & Sedley 1987–9: §63, §64, and §67). In their various discussions of the sage, they maintained that the only condition needed for the truly happy human life was moral virtue; all other possessions, such as health or wealth, are indifferents. Some of these indifferents may be preferred, and others dispreferred, but ultimately their acquisition is irrelevant to the attainment of the good human life (Long & Sedley 1987–9: §58). In working out their naturalistic moral theory, and in particular the idea of the common law as the ability to reason rightly, the Stoics provided one of the earliest discussions of the role of rules in moral reasoning (Inwood 2005: 99–100). In doing so, they laid the groundwork for subsequent theories of natural law in the western intellectual tradition.
Tragedy and Politics
Authors: Barker Derek W. M. , McIvor David W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOf all the artistic genres, tragedy has attracted the most interest – and contestation – in the history of political thought. Tragedy flourished in fifth‐centurybceAthens, which is commonly regarded as a golden age of enlightenment in the history of western civilization. With its enduring appeal in western culture, many political thinkers have subsequently engaged with tragedy to work through their views on ethics, epistemology, theology, and psychology. As a complex genre that is inherently open to interpretation, however, tragedy has yielded multiple and sometimes contradictory insights. This entry provides a review of tragedy in historical and contemporary political theory. We begin with a brief historical overview. We then focus on selected approaches to tragedy with the most enduring influence in the history of political thought: Plato's critical view of tragedy as an inferior form of political education to philosophy; Aristotle's rehabilitation of tragedy as a fine art; Hegel's ethical theory of tragedy; and Nietzsche's call for a culture of creativity inspired by the Dionysian roots of tragedy. We conclude with a discussion of tragedy and the politics of gender.
The Synergistic Effect of Transition Metal Nitrate in Polypropylene/Magnesium Hydroxide Flame Retarded Composite
Authors: Sheng Yan , Li Pingli , Chen Yinghong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe transition metal lanthanum nitrate is introduced to the surface of magnesium hydroxide (MH) through the incipient wetness impregnation method, and the modified MH particles are compounded with polypropylene (PP) to prepare PP/MH flame retarded (FR) composite. The results show that the introduced lanthanum nitrate shows a remarkably synergistic effect on MH in flame retardancy of PP. Compared with the unmodified MH‐filled PP FR system, the introduction of only 0.2 wt% La ions can remarkably enhance the limiting oxygen index value from 29.6 to 34.2 and the UL‐94 level from failure to V‐0, respectively. The cone calorimeter (CONE) parameter peak heat release rate is also obviously reduced from 187 to 155 kW m−2. The reason for the remarkable improvement in the flame retardancy is that the introduced lanthanum nitrate improves the thermal stability, the char yield, and particularly the quality of the condensed charred layers of the FR PP/MH material significantly. The involved synergistically flame‐retarding mechanism of lanthanum nitrate exists in its excellent catalytic carbonization effect on the PP macromolecular chains.
Minimizing Part Warpage in Injection Molding by Optimizing Wall Thickness Distribution
Authors: Studer Mario , Ehrig Frank 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe warpage of injection‐molded parts is an omnipresent problem in new product development. In this study, a method is developed to reduce the warpage by optimizing the wall thickness distribution of a part. This method is based on an iterative optimization procedure consisting of mold flow analysis, a mesh parameterization tool for geometry manipulation, and an optimization algorithm. Starting with the initial design for the mold cavity, the procedure optimizes the wall thickness distribution at user‐defined area sections within prescribed tolerances. A unit‐square parameterization technique is applied that uses mean‐valued coordinates and a second‐order polynomial thickness distribution. Three different optimization algorithms—an evolutionary algorithm, a surrogate‐based response surface method, and a direct search method—are considered, and the optimization performances of these algorithms are evaluated for a warpage demonstrator and real industrial part. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed procedure and plausibility of the optimized thickness distribution.
High Performance of a Palladium Phosphinooxazoline Catalyst in the Asymmetric Arylation of Cyclic N‐Sulfonyl Ketimines
Authors: Jiang Chunhui , Lu Yixin , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA cationic palladium complex with a chiral phosphine‐oxazoline ligand (iPr‐phox) showed high catalytic activity and enantioselectivity in the asymmetric addition of arylboronic acids to six‐membered cyclic N‐sulfonyl ketimines to give high yields of the corresponding chiral cyclic sulfamidates with 96–99.9 % ee. The products have tetrasubstituted stereogenic centers with an amino group and a triaryl or alkyldiaryl group as substituents.
Polyamide‐montmorillonite nanocomposites as a drug delivery system: Preparation, release of 1,3,4‐oxa(thia)diazoles, and antimicrobial activity
Authors: Salahuddin Nehal , Elbarbary Ahmed , Allam Nanis G. , Hashim Ayat F. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTNew microbicidal polyamides were prepared by the reaction of 5‐phenyl‐1,3,4,‐oxadiazole‐2‐thiol, 5‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐amine, and 5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)−1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐thiol with ethyl chloroformate followed by polycondensation with polyoxypropylenetriamine (Jeffamine T403). The polyamides were modified to yield amine hydrochloride. The intercalation of polyamides into montmorillonite (MMT) was achieved through an ion exchange process between sodium cations in MMT and amine hydrochloride in the polyamides. The structure of the resulting materials was characterized with elemental analysis, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared‐spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscope. The release behavior of 1,3,4‐oxa(thia)diazoles was investigated in buffered aqueous solution at different pH values (2.3, 5.8, and 7.4). A slow release was recorded from the nanocomposites whereas; the release reaches almost 90% from polyamides. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the polyamides and nanocomposites was studied against Gram‐negative bacteria, Gram‐positive bacteria, Yeast and the filamentous fungi by well diffusion method. The polymers showed good or moderate antimicrobial activities. However, nanocomposites showed no antimicrobial effect. Furthermore, in vivo study showed that nanocomposites had good antimicrobial activity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41177.
Morphometric Examination of the Equine Adult and Foal Lung
Authors: Johnson Laura , Montgomery Julia B. , Philipp Schneider Jan , Townsend Hugh G.G. , Ochs Matthias , Singh Baljit 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTTo understand the mechanisms of airway inflammation associated with equine diseases such asRhodococcus equiinfection, we must identify baseline “normal” structural characteristics of the horse lung. To develop a detailed understanding of the morphology of the horse lung, we adapted and applied stereological methods to the lungs from healthy adult horses (N = 4) and 1‐day (N = 5) and 30‐day (N = 5) old foals. The left lung was fixedin situby intrabronchial instillation of glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde fixative at 25 cm H2O column and sampled using a fractionator design followed by embedding in glycol methacrylate. The lung was characterized into parenchyma and non‐parenchyma, where median parenchymal density was 81.0% in 1‐day‐old foals, 84.4% in 30‐day‐old foals and 93.7% in adult lungs. The median volume density of alveolar airspace per lung was 45.9% in 1‐day‐old, 55.5% in 30‐day and 66.9% in adult horse lungs. The median alveolar surface area increased with age, from 205.3 m2, 258.2 m2, and 629.9 m2in 1‐day‐old foals, 30‐day‐old foals, and adults, respectively. While the median alveolar surface density decreased with age, the mean linear intercept (mean free distance within acinar airspaces) increased with age. Alveolar surface area was greater than endothelial surface area within each lung. The ratio between alveolar and endothelial surface density remains unchanged with age. The median endothelium surface area was 106.2 m2in 1‐day, 147.5 m2in 30‐day, and 430 m2in adult lungs. The data suggest the foal lung is functionally developed and postnatal lung development and remodelling is driven by alveolar expansion paralleled with angiogenesis. Anat Rec, 297:1950–1962, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Constrained H∞ control of urban transportation network
Authors: Zhou Huide , Bouyekhf Rachid , EL Moudni Adbellah 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBecause transportation systems involve massive complex human activities, there exist substantial unpredictable uncertainties of the traffic demands. This paper aims at presenting an H∞ control method for transportation network that can enhance the tolerance of the system due to these uncertainties. In particular, the store‐and‐forward approach is applied to model the system into a linear form. Then, a detailed controllability analysis shows that the system is not completely controllable by taking the constraints on the green times into account. This makes difficult to apply directly the H∞ method. To overcome this difficulty, this paper isolates the fully controllable part of the transportation system, and the problem of disturbance attenuation is then solved by means of a convex optimization with linear matrix inequality. Finally, the simulation of a large‐scale hypothetical network is carried out to illustrate the results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Na+ doped Alq3 hybrid materials for organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) devices and flat panel displays
Authors: Bhagat S. A. , Borghate S. V. , Kalyani N. Thejo , Dhoble S. J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPure and Na+‐doped Alq3 complexes were synthesized by a simple precipitation method at room temperature, maintaining a stoichiometric ratio. These complexes were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV/Vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The X‐ray diffractogram exhibits well‐resolved peaks, revealing the crystalline nature of the synthesized complexes, FTIR confirms the molecular structure and the completion of quinoline ring formation in the metal complex. UV/Vis absorption and PL spectra of sodium‐doped Alq3 complexes exhibit high emission intensity in comparison with Alq3 phosphor, proving that when doped in Alq3, Na+ enhances PL emission intensity. The excitation spectra of the synthesized complexes lie in the range 242–457 nm when weak shoulders are also considered. Because the sharp excitation peak falls in the blue region of visible radiation, the complexes can be employed for blue chip excitation. The emission wavelength of all the synthesized complexes lies in the bluish green/green region ranging between 485 and 531 nm. The intensity of the emission wavelength was found to be elevated when Na+ is doped into Alq3. Because both the excitation and emission wavelengths fall in the visible region of electromagnetic radiation, these phosphors can also be employed to improve the power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells by using the solar spectral conversion principle. Thus, the synthesized phosphors can be used as bluish green/green light‐emitting phosphors for organic light‐emitting diodes, flat panel displays, solid‐state lighting technology – a step towards the desire to reduce energy consumption and generate pollution free light. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of a polygenic risk score for dementia in black and white individuals
Authors: Marden Jessica R. , Walter Stefan , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric J. , Kawachi Ichiro , Glymour M. Maria 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether a polygenic risk score for Alzheimer's disease (AD) predicts dementia probability and memory functioning in non‐Hispanic black (NHB) and non‐Hispanic white (NHW) participants from a sample not used in previous genome‐wide association studies.MethodsNon‐Hispanic white and NHB Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants provided genetic information and either a composite memory score (n = 10,401) or a dementia probability score (n = 7690). Dementia probability score was estimated for participants' age 65+ from 2006 to 2010, while memory score was available for participants age 50+. We calculated AD genetic risk scores (AD‐GRS) based on 10 polymorphisms confirmed to predict AD, weighting alleles by beta coefficients reported in AlzGene meta‐analyses. We used pooled logistic regression to estimate the association of the AD‐GRS with dementia probability and generalized linear models to estimate its effect on memory score.ResultsEach 0.10 unit change in the AD‐GRS was associated with larger relative effects on dementia among NHW aged 65+ (OR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.79, 2.74; P < 0.001) than NHB (OR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.77; P = 0.047), although additive effect estimates were similar. Each 0.10 unit change in the AD‐GRS was associated with a −0.07 (95% CI: −0.09, −0.05; P < 0.001) SD difference in memory score among NHW aged 50+, but no significant differences among NHB (β = −0.01; 95% CI: −0.04, 0.01; P = 0.546). [Correction added on 29 July 2014, after first online publication: confidence intervals
have been amended.] The estimated effect of the GRS was significantly smaller among NHB than NHW (P < 0.05) for both outcomes.ConclusionThis analysis provides evidence for differential relative effects of the GRS on dementia probability and memory score among NHW and NHB in a new, national data set.