Abstract 3041: Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) interacts with CR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1) in mitochondria to repress oxidative phosphorylation
Authors: Vahedi Shahrooz , Chueh Fu-Yu , Yu Chao-Lan 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The purpose of our study is to determine whether and how lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) may exhibit novel functions in cancer cell mitochondria. Mitochondria are responsible for producing cellular energy via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of glucose and fatty acids. Compared to normal differentiated cells, cancer cells rely more on aerobic glycosis than mitochondrial OXPHOS. This shift in energy metabolism allows more resources to be converted into biomass for cancer cell's uncontrolled growth and proliferation. Numerous mechanisms contribute to altered mitochondrial activity, including phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins. Recent studies showed that cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) also translocate to the mitochondria and regulate mitochondrial functions. It represents an important non-canonical pathway of how PTK modulates mitochondrial activity.
As a Src-family PTK, Lck is essential for T cell activation by transmitting signals downstream of cell surface receptors. Overexpression and aberrant activity of Lck have been reported in both blood malignancies and solid tumors. We showed previously that Lck exhibited additional oncogenic property when translocated to the nucleus (BBRC 417:1058). To explore the possibility that Lck may also translocate to mitochondria, we examined human Jurkat T cell leukemia and its Lck-deficient derivative Jcam cell line. Subcellular fractionation and microscopy both confirmed the presence of Lck in Jurkat mitochondria. Compared to Jcam, Jurkat cells exhibit high levels of mitochondrial protein tyrosine phosphorylation, disrupted mitochondrial morphology, and reduced OXPHOS.
Subsequent mass spectrometry and in situ proximity ligation assay identified CR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1) as a novel Lck-interacting partner in mitochondria. CRIF1 interacts with mitoribosome and Tid1 to facilitate translation and membrane insertion of mitochondrion-encoded proteins, respectively. Compared to Jcam, Jurkat cells express less mitochondrial proteins and show reduced CRIF1-Tid1 interaction. Knocking down CRIF1 in Jcam also results in decreased mitochondrial protein level and mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, CRIF1 is not phosphorylated on tyrosine by Lck, suggesting the presence of other Lck substrates in mitochondria. All together, these results support the role of mitochondrial Lck as a negative regulator of CRIF1 through competitive binding and independent of its kinase activity. Disrupted mitochondrial protein translation and membrane insertion then lead to reduced OXPHOS and abnormal morphology. These findings raise the possibility of targeting mitochondrial Lck to redirect the metabolic shift in cancer cells.
Citation Format: Shahrooz Vahedi, Fu-Yu Chueh, Chao-Lan Yu. Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) interacts with CR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1) in mitochondria to repress oxidative phosphorylation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3041. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3041