bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High efficacy of white spot syndrome virus replication in tissues of freshwater rice‐field crab, Paratelphusa hydrodomous (Herbst)
Authors: Sundar Raj N , Nathiga Nambi K S , Abdul Majeed S , Taju G , Vimal S , Farook M A , Sahul Hameed A S 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAn attempt was made to determine the replication efficiency of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) of shrimp in different organs of freshwater rice‐field crab, Paratelphusa hydrodomous (Herbst), using bioassay, PCR, RT‐PCR, ELISA, Western blot and real‐time PCR analyses, and also to use this crab instead of penaeid shrimp for the large‐scale production of WSSV. This crab was found to be highly susceptible to WSSV by intramuscular injection. PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed the systemic WSSV infection in freshwater crab. The RT‐PCR analysis revealed the expression of VP28 gene in different organs of infected crab. The indirect ELISA was used to quantify the VP28 protein in different organs of crab. It was found that there was a high concentration of VP28 protein in gill tissue, muscle, haemolymph and heart tissue. The copy number of WSSV in different organs of infected crab was quantified by real‐time PCR, and the results revealed a steady increase in copy number in different organs of infected crab during the course of infection. The viral inoculum prepared from different organs of infected crab caused significant mortality in tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). The results revealed that this crab can be used as an alternate host for WSSV replication and production.
Short‐term incubation of equine laminar veins with cortisol and insulin alters contractilityin vitro: possible implications for the pathogenesis of equine laminitis
Authors: Keen J. A. , McGorum B. C. , Hillier C. , Nally J. E. 
Published: September 2012

This study investigated the effects of cortisol and insulin, hormones that affect both glycaemic status and vascular function, on thein vitrocontractility of isolated healthy equine small laminar veins. Small veins (150–500 μm) draining the digital laminae from healthy horses or ponies were investigated by wire myography. Concentration response curves were constructed for noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (PE), endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in the presence of either cortisol (10−6 m) or insulin (1000 μIU/mL). Cortisol significantly increased the maximum contractility of laminar veins to the vasoconstrictorsNAand 5‐HTbut decreased the maximal contraction toET‐1. Insulin decreased the contractility of vessels toPEandET‐1. It is possible that short‐term cortisol excess could enhance venoconstrictor responses to 5‐HTandNAin laminar veinsin vivo, thereby predisposing to laminitis. Additionally, a reduction in the ability of insulin to counteract alpha‐adrenoreceptor andET‐1‐mediated contraction, likely to occur in subjects with insulin resistance, may further exacerbate venoconstriction in animals prone to laminitis. These mechanisms may also predispose horses with disorders such as equine Cushing's disease and equine metabolic syndrome to laminitis.
The benefits of interpopulation hybridization diminish with increasing divergence of small populations
Authors: Pekkala N. , E. Knott K. , Kotiaho J. S. , Nissinen K. , Puurtinen M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractInterpopulation hybridization can increase the viability of small populations suffering from inbreeding and genetic drift, but it can also result in outbreeding depression. The outcome of hybridization can depend on various factors, including the level of genetic divergence between the populations, and the number of source populations. Furthermore, the effects of hybridization can change between generations following the hybridization. We studied the effects of population divergence (low vs. high level of divergence) and the number of source populations (two vs. four source populations) on the viability of hybrid populations using experimental Drosophila littoralis populations. Population viability was measured for seven generations after hybridization as proportion of populations facing extinction and as per capita offspring production. Hybrid populations established at the low level of population divergence were more viable than the inbred source populations and had higher offspring production than the large control population. The positive effects of hybridization lasted for the seven generations. In contrast, at the high level of divergence, the viability of the hybrid populations was not significantly different from the inbred source populations, and offspring production in the hybrid populations was lower than in the large control population. The number of source populations did not have a significant effect at either low or high level of population divergence. The study shows that the benefits of interpopulation hybridization may decrease with increasing divergence of the populations, even when the populations share identical environmental conditions. We discuss the possible genetic mechanisms explaining the results and address the implications for conservation of populations.
Virus adaptation to quantitative plant resistance: erosion or breakdown?
Authors: Montarry J. , Cartier E. , Jacquemond M. , Palloix A. , Moury B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAdaptation of populations to new environments is frequently costly due to trade‐offs between life history traits, and consequently, parasites are expected to be locally adapted to sympatric hosts. Also, during adaptation to the host, an increase in parasite fitness could have direct consequences on its aggressiveness (i.e. the quantity of damages caused to the host by the virus). These two phenomena have been observed in the context of pathogen adaptation to host's qualitative and monogenic resistances. However, the ability of pathogens to adapt to quantitative polygenic plant resistances and the consequences of these potential adaptations on other pathogen life history traits remain to be evaluated. Potato virus Y and two pepper genotypes (one susceptible and one with quantitative resistance) were used, and experimental evolutions showed that adaptation to a quantitative resistance was possible and resulted in resistance breakdown. This adaptation was associated to a fitness cost on the susceptible cultivar, but had no consequence either in terms of aggressiveness, which could be explained by a high tolerance level, or in terms of aphid transmission efficiency. We concluded that quantitative resistances are not necessarily durable but management strategies mixing susceptible and resistant cultivars in space and/or in time should be useful to preserve their efficiency.
Pulmonary embolism and the use of vena cava filters after major trauma
Authors: Batty Lachlan M. , Lyon Stuart M. , Dowrick Adam S. , Bailey Michael , Mahar Patrick D. , Liew Susan M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundMajor trauma patients are at significant risk of developing pulmonary embolism (PE). We aimed to (i) analyse the current incidence and timing of PE after injury; (ii) identify risk factors that predispose major trauma patients to the occurrence of PE; and (iii) describe the use of vena cava filters (VCFs) following major trauma.MethodsProspectively collected data from The Alfred Hospital's Trauma Registry were used to identify all major trauma patients admitted over a 7‐year period. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with the occurrence of PE. A similar model was developed to identify factors associated with the use of VCFs inserted at the discretion of the treating clinician.Results A total of 6344 major trauma patients were treated during this period, with 73.2% male, mean age of 44.2, 90.2% with a blunt mechanism of injury and mean injury severity score of 24.3. Prophylactic VCFs were inserted in 511 patients (8.1%), with a mean time to insertion of 3.6 days after injury. There were 45 PE, 2 of which were fatal. The mean time to PE was 12 days post‐injury. Three variables were independently associated with the occurrence of PE: the absence of a VCF; number of injuries to the lower limb; and central venous catheterization.ConclusionThe PE rate was 0.71%. Lower limb injuries and central venous catheterization are independently associated with a higher risk of PE after major trauma and VCFs are associated with a reduced risk.
Enhanced random skin flap survival by sustained delivery of fibroblast growth factor 2 in rats
Authors: Park Hyoung Joon , Lee Seahyoung , Kang Kyo Hwa , Heo Chan Yeong , Kim Ji Hoon , Yang Hee Seok , Kim Byung‐Soo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundSkin flap survival is a major challenge in reconstructive plastic surgery. Here, we examined the effect of sustained delivery of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) using heparin‐conjugated fibrin (HCF) on skin flap survival in rats.MethodsRats with a skin flap received either phosphate‐buffered saline/FGF2 or HCF/FGF2 in the recipient bed. For the no‐treatment group, a random skin flap was sutured on the back without any treatment. Seven days after surgery, angiogenesis in the skin flap was evaluated by using Visitrak system and conventional healing quality scoring method. The efficacy of HCF/FGF2 in skin flap survival was evaluated by comparing the results from different groups.ResultsThe necrotic area of the skin flap significantly decreased in the HCF/FGF2 group as compared with the other groups.ConclusionThe sustained delivery of FGF2 using HCF has a therapeutic potential to improve skin flap survival.
Cirrhosis and microvascular invasion predict outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Barreto Savio G. , Brooke‐Smith Mark , Dolan Paul , Wilson Thomas G. , Padbury Robert T. A. , Chen John W. C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundLiver resection (LR) and liver transplantation (LT) are two modalities offering potential for cure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the long‐term survival of patients with HCC treated with LT and LR and to analyse variables influencing these outcomes.MethodsPatients referred to the South Australian Liver Transplant Unit and Hepatopancreatobiliary Unit at Flinders Medical Centre from January 1992 to September 2009 with a diagnosis of HCC who underwent LT or LR were included in the study. Histopathological parameters analysed included size, number and grade of tumour, microscopic vascular invasion and presence or absence of cirrhosis in remnant liver.ResultsEighty‐five patients with a median age of 58 years (range 26–85 years) underwent LT or LR. Median follow‐up was 40 months in both groups. Overall, 5‐year actuarial survival for all patients with HCC in both groups was 55%. LR patients were significantly older (P < 0.001) than LT patients. Their tumours were larger (P < 001) and more often solitary (P < 0.001) compared with the LT group. In multivariate analysis, age >60 (P < 0.02), histopathological evidence of vascular invasion (P < 0.02) and presence of cirrhosis (P < 0.02) were associated with a significantly reduced survival. Patients without vascular invasion and cirrhosis had an actuarial 5‐year survival >70%.ConclusionsOur study indicates that LT (within University of California, San Francisco criteria) and LR can lead to acceptable long‐term survival outcomes in patients with HCC. Microscopic vascular invasion and cirrhosis were the most significant prognostic factors impacting on survival.
Functional response to total hip arthroplasty in patients with hip dysplasia
Authors: Boyle Matthew J. , Singleton Neal , Frampton Christopher M. A. , Muir Dawson 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundWhile recent studies have shown patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) to achieve comparable post‐operative outcomes to patients with primary osteoarthritis (OA), it is unclear whether DDH patients display better or worse preoperative function than the general THA population. We aimed to compare the preoperative function and functional response to THA of DDH patients with OA patients.MethodsThrough a retrospective review of prospectively collected regional joint registry data, we compared the preoperative, 1‐year post‐operative and post‐operative change in disease‐specific (Oxford hip score (OHS), Western Ontario and MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)) and general health (short form 12 physical health (SF‐12 PH), mental health (SF‐12 MH) scores) functional scores of 33 DDH patients and 968 OA patients undergoing primary THA.ResultsThe DDH group displayed substantially worse preoperative function than the OA group (mean OHS 11.2 versus 16.3 (P = 0.001), WOMAC 72.7 versus 60.6 (P < 0.001), SF‐12 PH 27.8 versus 28.9 (P = 0.433), SF‐12 MH 35.5 versus 44.7 (P < 0.001)). Functional response to THA at 1 year was significantly better in the DDH group than the OA group (mean score improvements: OHS 31.1 versus 24.6 (P < 0.001), WOMAC 61.4 versus 47.2 (P < 0.001), SF‐12 PH 22.3 versus 16.5 (P = 0.003), SF‐12 MH 18.4 versus 8.4 (P < 0.001)).ConclusionDespite experiencing significantly worse preoperative function, DDH patients undergoing THA demonstrated superior early functional response to OA patients, with substantially greater improvements observed in all disease‐specific and general health outcome measures.
Usefulness of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in malignancy of pulmonary artery mimicking pulmonary embolism
Authors: Lee Eun Jeong , Moon Seung Hwan , Choi Joon Young , Lee Kyung Soo , Choi Yong Soo , Choe Yearn Seong , Lee Kyung‐Han , Kim Byung‐Tae 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe role of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F‐FDG PET/CT) in evaluating pulmonary artery lesions has not yet been established. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging in differentiating malignant from benign pulmonary artery (PA) lesions.MethodsIn this retrospective study, 18 subjects with 26 low‐attenuated filling defects suspicious for PA malignancy on contrast‐enhanced chest CT were enrolled; all of whom subsequently underwent 18F‐FDG PET/CT. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) for all PA lesions, defined as the 18F‐FDG uptake, was measured. The final diagnosis was then determined by pathological findings, follow‐up chest CT or clinical follow‐up, and compared with the PET imaging.ResultsIn total, 6 PA sarcomas, 5 tumour embolism, and 15 pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) occurred in this cohort. Not only was the SUVmax of the malignant PA lesions (10.2 ± 10.8) was significantly higher than that associated with PTE (1.7 ± 0.3; P < 0.001), no overlap occurred between groups. Conversely, no statistically significant difference in SUVmax occurred between PA sarcomas (12.8 ± 14.7) and tumour embolism (7.0 ± 1.32; P = 1.000).Conclusions 18F‐FDG PET/CT is a useful imaging modality for differentiating malignant from benign PA lesions in patients with inconclusive low‐attenuation filling defects on contrast‐enhanced chest CT.
Outcomes of preoperative radiotherapy and resection of retroperitoneal sarcoma
Authors: Alford Simone , Choong Peter , Chander Sarat , Henderson Michael , Powell Gerard , Ngan Samuel 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundPreoperative radiotherapy (RT) is an important component of the management of retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS). We aimed to establish the feasibility of this approach by determining the accuracy of computed tomography (CT)‐guided core biopsy, proportion of patients completing treatment, rates of acute toxicity and surgical complications, and treatment outcomes.MethodsThis is a retrospective review. Consecutive patients presenting between January 1999 and December 2009 with a diagnosis of either primary or recurrent RPS were identified. Those patients suitable for preoperative RT and surgery were included. Exclusions included presence of metastatic disease, age under 18 years and/or paediatric histology, and treatment with palliative intent.ResultsTwenty‐four patients were included, 14 were males. Median age was 61.4 years. Twenty‐three patients had Stage T2b, high‐grade disease. Twenty patients were treated at initial presentation and four at first local recurrence. Five‐year progression‐free survival, overall survival and local recurrence rates were 48.9, 53.7 and 22%, respectively. A malignant diagnosis was confirmed in all patients who underwent CT‐guided core biopsy; a diagnosis of sarcoma was reached in 90%, histological subtype correctly identified in 66%. All patients in the cohort completed preoperative RT. Grade 3 toxicity occurred in 4% of patients (n = 1). Seventy‐five per cent (n = 18) proceeded to radical resection, where complete macroscopic excision was achieved in all cases. There was no perioperative mortality.ConclusionPreoperative RT has low levels of Grades 3 or 4 toxicity, and does not adversely impact surgical management. CT‐guided core biopsy is an accurate means of confirming a diagnosis of RPS prior to definitive treatment.
N w‐Propyl‐l‐arginine (L‐NPA) reduces status epilepticus and early epileptogenic events in a mouse model of epilepsy: behavioural, EEG and immunohistochemical analyses
Authors: Beamer Edward , Otahal Jakub , Sills Graeme J. , Thippeswamy Thimmasettappa 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe investigated the anticonvulsant and neurobiological effects of a highly selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, N w‐propyl‐l‐arginine (L‐NPA), on kainic acid (KA)‐induced status epilepticus (SE) and early epileptogenesis in C57BL/6J mice. SE was induced with 20 mg/kg KA (i.p.) and seizures terminated after 2 h with diazepam (10 mg/kg, i.p). L‐NPA (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle was administered 30 min before KA. Behavioural seizure severity was scored using a modified Racine score and electrographic seizure was recorded using an implantable telemetry device. Neuronal activity, activity‐dependent synaptogenesis and reactive gliosis were quantified immunohistochemically, using c‐Fos, synaptophysin and microglial and astrocytic markers. L‐NPA treatment reduced the severity and duration of convulsive motor seizures, the power of electroencephalogram in the gamma band, and the frequency of epileptiform spikes during SE. It also reduced c‐Fos expression in dentate granule cells at 2 h post‐KA, and reduced the overall rate of epileptiform spiking (by 2‐ to 2.5‐fold) in the first 7 days after KA administration. Furthermore, treatment with L‐NPA suppressed both hippocampal gliosis and activity‐dependent synaptogenesis in the outer and middle molecular layers of the dentate gyrus in the early phase of epileptogenesis (72 h post‐KA). These results suggest that nNOS facilitates seizure generation during SE and may be important for the neurobiological changes associated with the development of chronic epilepsy, especially in the early stages of epileptogenesis. As such, it might represent a novel target for disease modification in epilepsy.
Concordance between self‐reported and actual hepatitis C virus infection status in a cohort of people who inject drugs
Authors: O'Keefe Daniel , Aitken Campbell , Higgs Peter , Dietze Paul 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIntroduction and Aims.Accurate knowledge of individual hepatitis C virus (HCV) status is an important component of comprehensive health services for people who inject drugs (PWID). In this paper we compare the perceived HCV status of PWID in a longitudinal cohort study with their actual status, as verified by HCV‐RNA testing.Methods.Participants who consented to blood testing at first follow up (352/688) were included. Self‐reported HCV status (positive/negative/don't know), was compared with serology test results for participants.Results.In comparing self‐report with HCV‐RNA results, 274 of 352 participants had valid serology and self‐report results; of these, 220 (80%) accurately reported their HCV status.Discussion and Conclusions.The findings of this study suggest that large proportions of PWID know their true HCV infection status, but the discordant participants represent potential HCV infection risks. Despite the majority of participants displaying concordance, this study reinforces the need for regular blood testing and the giving of accurate, practical and comprehensive HCV result information.
The role of the endocannabinoid system in skeletal muscle and metabolic adaptations to exercise: potential implications for the treatment of obesity
Authors: Heyman E. , Gamelin F.‐X. , Aucouturier J. , Di Marzo V. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe results of recent studies add the endocannabinoid system, and more specifically CB1 receptor signalling, to the complex mechanisms that negatively modulate insulin sensitivity and substrate oxidation in skeletal muscle. CB1 receptors might become overactive in the skeletal muscle during obesity due to increased levels of endocannabinoids. However, quite surprisingly, one of the most studied endocannabinoids, anandamide, when administered in a sufficient dose, was shown to improve muscle glucose uptake and activate some key molecules of insulin signalling and mitochondrial biogenesis. This is probably because anandamide is only a partial agonist at CB1 receptors and interacts with other receptors (PPARγ, TRPV1), which may trigger positive metabolic effects. This putative beneficial role of anandamide is worth considering because increased plasma anandamide levels were recently reported after intense exercise. Whether the endocannabinoid system is involved in the positive exercise effects on mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose fatty acid oxidation remains to be confirmed. Noteworthy, when exercise becomes chronic, a decrease in CB1 receptor expression in obese metabolically deregulated tissues occurs. It is then tempting to hypothesize that physical activity would represent a complementary alternative approach for the clinical management of endocannabinoid system deregulation in obesity, without the side effects occurring with CB1 receptor antagonists.
Temporal Coherence Methods in Real‐Time Rendering
Authors: Scherzer Daniel , Yang Lei , Mattausch Oliver , Nehab Diego , Sander Pedro V. , Wimmer Michael , Eisemann Elmar 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNowadays, there is a strong trend towards rendering to higher‐resolution displays and at high frame rates. This development aims at delivering more detail and better accuracy, but it also comes at a significant cost. Although graphics cards continue to evolve with an ever‐increasing amount of computational power, the speed gain is easily counteracted by increasingly complex and sophisticated shading computations. For real‐time applications, the direct consequence is that image resolution and temporal resolution are often the first candidates to bow to the performance constraints (e.g. although full HD is possible, PS3 and XBox often render at lower resolutions).In order to achieve high‐quality rendering at a lower cost, one can exploit temporal coherence (TC). The underlying observation is that a higher resolution and frame rate do not necessarily imply a much higher workload, but a larger amount of redundancy and a higher potential for amortizing rendering over several frames. In this survey, we investigate methods that make use of this principle and provide practical and theoretical advice on how to exploit TC for performance optimization. These methods not only allow incorporating more computationally intensive shading effects into many existing applications, but also offer exciting opportunities for extending high‐end graphics applications to lower‐spec consumer‐level hardware. To this end, we first introduce the notion and main concepts of TC, including an overview of historical methods. We then describe a general approach, image‐space reprojection, with several implementation algorithms that facilitate reusing shading information across adjacent frames. We also discuss data‐reuse quality and performance related to reprojection techniques. Finally, in the second half of this survey, we demonstrate various applications that exploit TC in real‐time rendering.