bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It is the economy, stupid! Projecting the fate of fish populations using ecological–economic modeling
Authors: Quaas Martin F. , Reusch Thorsten B. H. , Schmidt Jörn O. , Tahvonen Olli , Voss Rudi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFour marine fish species are among the most important on the world market: cod, salmon, tuna, and sea bass. While the supply of North American and European markets for two of these species – Atlantic salmon and European sea bass – mainly comes from fish farming, Atlantic cod and tunas are mainly caught from wild stocks. We address the question what will be the status of these wild stocks in the midterm future, in the year 2048, to be specific. Whereas the effects of climate change and ecological driving forces on fish stocks have already gained much attention, our prime interest is in studying the effects of changing economic drivers, as well as the impact of variable management effectiveness. Using a process‐based ecological–economic multispecies optimization model, we assess the future stock status under different scenarios of change. We simulate (i) technological progress in fishing, (ii) increasing demand for fish, and (iii) increasing supply of farmed fish, as well as the interplay of these driving forces under different scenarios of (limited) fishery management effectiveness. We find that economic change has a substantial effect on fish populations. Increasing aquaculture production can dampen the fishing pressure on wild stocks, but this effect is likely to be overwhelmed by increasing demand and technological progress, both increasing fishing pressure. The only solution to avoid collapse of the majority of stocks is institutional change to improve management effectiveness significantly above the current state. We conclude that full recognition of economic drivers of change will be needed to successfully develop an integrated ecosystem management and to sustain the wild fish stocks until 2048 and beyond.
Phylogenetic patterns in the geographic distributions of birds support the tropical conservatism hypothesis
Authors: Duchêne David A. , Cardillo Marcel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimRecent research suggests that the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) in birds is unlikely to result from faster diversification in the tropics. This puts the focus on other mechanisms, such as dispersal, as the primary drivers for the LDG. We aim to distinguish two prominent models, tropical conservatism (TCH) and out of the tropics (OTM), which make distinct predictions about dispersal across latitudes and the phylogenetic clustering of assemblages in temperate regions.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe used geographic and phylogenetic data for more than 9000 bird species to reconstruct the ancestral latitudinal zone for each node in each of 100 bird phylogenetic estimates. We used methods that consider discrete latitudinal zones, as well as those that consider latitudinal position as a continuous variable. We then estimated the frequency of ancestor–descendant dispersal within and across latitudinal zones. We also quantified phylogenetic clustering in latitudinal zones separately for bird assemblages within the Old World and the New World.ResultsLatitudinal distributions are relatively conserved: 60–96% of nodes had the same inferred latitude as their immediate ancestral node. We find that dispersal events out of the tropics were less frequent (4–5%) than dispersal events into the tropics (15–21%), the opposite of what would be expected under the OTM. Nodes with inferred temperate distributions are generally younger than the Eocene–Oligocene Climate Transition, as expected under the TCH. Phylogenetic clustering shows no regular patterns of association with latitude, and is likely to be largely driven by radiations within a few large forested biomes.Main conclusionsOur results provide support for the expectations of the TCH, but are less consistent with those of the OTM. Both the deeper origins of tropical clades and the comparatively recent but infrequent dispersal events into temperate regions appear to play a role in generating the strong disparity in tropical and temperate species richness in birds.
Male Syrian Hamsters Experimentally Infected with Helicobacter spp. of the H. bilis Cluster Develop MALT‐Associated Gastrointestinal Lymphomas
Authors: Woods Stephanie E. , Ek Courtney , Shen Zeli , Feng Yan , Ge Zhongming , Muthupalani Sureshkumar , Whary Mark T. , Fox James G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundAged hamsters naturally infected with novel Helicobacter spp. classified in the H. bilis cluster develop hepatobiliary lesions and typhlocolitis.MethodsTo determine whether enterohepatic H. spp. contribute to disease, Helicobacter‐free hamsters were experimentally infected with H. spp. after suppression of intestinal bacteria by tetracycline treatment of dams and pups. After antibiotic withdrawal, weanlings were gavaged with four H. bilis‐like Helicobacter spp. isolated from hamsters or H. bilis ATCC 43879 isolated from human feces and compared to controls (n = 7 per group).ResultsHelicobacter bilis 43879‐dosed hamsters were necropsied at 33 weeks postinfection (WPI) due to the lack of detectable infection by fecal PCR; at necropsy, 5 of 7 were weakly PCR positive but lacked intestinal lesions. The remaining hamsters were maintained for ~95 WPI; chronic H. spp. infection in hamsters (6/7) was confirmed by PCR, bacterial culture, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and ELISA. Hamsters had mild‐to‐moderate typhlitis, and three of the male H. spp.‐infected hamsters developed small intestinal lymphoma, in contrast to one control. Of the three lymphomas in H. spp.‐infected hamsters, one was a focal ileal mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B‐cell lymphoma, while the other two were multicentric small intestinal large B‐cell lymphomas involving both the MALT and extra‐MALT mucosal sites with lymphoepithelial lesions. The lymphoma in the control hamster was a diffuse small intestinal lymphoma with a mixed population of T and B cells.ConclusionsResults suggest persistent H. spp. infection may augment risk for gastrointestinal MALT origin lymphomas. This model is consistent with H. pylori/heilmannii‐associated MALT lymphoma in humans and could be further utilized to investigate the mechanisms of intestinal lymphoma development.
Comparison of Iron‐Binding Ability Between Thr70‐NapA and Ser70‐NapA of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Shan Weiran , Kung Hsiang‐fu , Ge Ruiguang 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe neutrophil‐activating protein (NapA) of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), with DNA‐binding and iron seizing properties, is a fundamental virulence factor involved in H. pylori‐related diseases. Compared with Ser70‐NapA strain, Thr70‐NapA strain is more intimately correlated with iron‐deficiency anemia.MethodsTo investigate whether two types of proteins differ in iron‐binding ability, mutated Thr70‐NapA and Ser70‐NapA strains were established. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) method was conducted to measure the binding between the NapA protein and Fe2+. The structural changes of NapA protein were also tested during iron interaction by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and circular dichroism (CD) methods. DNA‐binding assay was performed for evaluate the affinity of both mutated and wild types of NapA with DNA.ResultsMutated Thr70‐NapA had higher iron‐binding ability than wild Ser70‐NapA. The structural stability of Thr70‐NapA was disrupted and became more active along with the rising concentration of Fe2+, whereas no similar association was observed between Ser70‐NapA and Fe2+ level. When the iron/protein molar ratio ranged from 10 to 20, both Ser70‐NapA and Thr70‐NapA displayed weaker DNA‐binding ability.ConclusionsThr70‐NapA has much stronger ability to sequester ferrous ion compared with Ser70‐NapA in H. pylori. In addition, the DNA‐binding property of NapA is dependent upon the Fe2+ concentration.
Arab men who have sex with men in Israel: knowledge, attitudes and sexual practices
Authors: Mor Z , Grayeb E , Beany A 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesArab men who have sex with men (AMSM) are becoming visible in society, and reports of HIV infection and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are emerging. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of AMSM regarding HIV transmission, their attitudes towards condom use and their sexual practices compared with Jewish MSM (JMSM), and to evaluate AMSM–JMSM friendships and sexual encounters.MethodsParticipants in this cross‐sectional study completed questionnaires in Arabic or Hebrew. The outcome variable was unprotected anal sex (UAI) in the previous 6 months with a partner(s) whose HIV status was discordant or unknown. AMSM and JMSM indicated if they had friends or sexual encounters from the other ethnic group.ResultsThe questionnaires were completed by 342 (16.2%) AMSM and 1775 (83.8%) JMSM in 2012. AMSM were more likely to be religious, ‘closeted’ and married than JMSM; their knowledge regarding HIV transmission was inferior and attitudes towards condom use were less favourable. AMSM reported less alcohol and drug use than JMSM, were more likely to be attracted to and have sex with women, and reported a greater number of sexual partners and more UAI. Being AMSM was a predictive variable for UAI in the multivariate model. While 178 AMSM (52.0%) reported that most of their close friends were JMSM, 251 (73.4%) had only/mostly sexual encounters with JMSM. Among JMSM, 41 (2.3%) reported that their close friends were AMSM, and 308 (17.3%) had only/mostly sexual encounters with AMSM.ConclusionsThe knowledge of AMSM regarding HIV transmission and their attitudes towards condom use were less favourable than those of JMSM, and they performed more UAI. AMSM may benefit from targeted interventions, including reconciling their same‐sex attraction in positive terms. Same‐sex attraction and gay identity may provide common ground to strengthen Arab–Jew communication in Israel.
Constructing undesirables: A critical discourse analysis of ‘othering’ within the Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act
Authors: Huot Suzanne , Bobadilla Andrea , Bailliard Antoine , Laliberte Rudman Debbie 
Published: September 2015

AbstractImmigration policy in Canada has recently shifted, reflecting changes in other Western countries. We studied the discursive constructions of forced migrants within Bill C‐31 “Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act” and its associated Backgrounder documents published by the Canadian Government. The documents were analysed using an approach to critical discourse analysis adapted from Bacchi's (2009) methodology and informed by a theoretical framework of “othering”. Particular groups of migrants were represented as posing threats to the economy, the integrity of the refugee system, and national security. The documents offered three solutions: the creation of specific categories of migrants, an emphasis upon efficiency of the system, and expanded powers to the government. The problematization of asylum seekers as posing multiple threats to Canadian society obfuscates governmental responsibilities to this population and reflects common strategies of neoliberal governance.
Prejudices and perceptions: patient acceptance of mobile technology use in health care
Authors: Alexander S. M. , Nerminathan A. , Harrison A. , Phelps M. , Scott K. M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractmHealth is transforming health care, yet few studies have evaluated patient and carer perceptions of the use of smartphones at the patient bedside. In this study, 70 patients and carers answered a short survey on health professionals' use of mobile devices. Half the participants were tolerant of doctors using such devices if it was work‐related; others believed it was a distraction and not beneficial to patient care. Changes in practice and patient education may be needed to enable effective use of mobile devices in health.
System A amino acid transporters regulate glutamine uptake and attenuate antibody‐mediated arthritis
Authors: Raposo Bruno , Vaartjes Daniëlle , Ahlqvist Emma , Nandakumar Kutty‐Selva , Holmdahl Rikard 
Published: September 2015

SummaryProliferation of rapidly dividing bone marrow‐derived cells is strongly dependent on the availability of free glutamine, whose uptake is mediated through different amino acid transporters. The sodium‐coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT) family was previously reported to be associated with the development of collagen‐induced arthritis in mice. Here, we tested the hypothesis whether impairment of SNAT proteins influences immune cell function and in turn alters arthritis development. The 2‐(methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB), a SNAT‐specific substrate, was used to modulate the function of SNAT proteins. We demonstrate that glutamine uptake by murine naive lymphocytes, and consequent cell proliferation, is strongly associated with system A transporters. Physiological impairment of SNAT proteins reduced the antibody‐initiated effector phase of arthritis, mainly by affecting the levels of circulating monocytes and neutrophils. MeAIB was also shown to affect the proliferation of immortalized cells, through trans‐inhibition of SNAT proteins. Based on our observations, we conclude that SNAT proteins regulate the initial stages of lymphocyte activation by regulating glutamine uptake, and that the effector phase of arthritis can be affected by non‐metabolized SNAT substrates. Most probably, metabolically active cells within both the adaptive and the innate immune systems are regulated by SNAT proteins and play a role in modifying arthritis development.
Microwave Dielectric Properties and Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Currents of (1−x)Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–xBaSnO3 Solid Solutions
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zhou Yuanyuan , Yue Zhenxing , Zhang Xiaohua , Li Longtu 
Published: September 2015

Microwave dielectric ceramics of (1−x)Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐xBaSnO3 [(1−x)BMN‐xBS] with high quality factors was synthesized by the solid‐state reaction method. The effects of BaSnO3 additions (x = 0–0.2) on the sinterability, crystal structures, microwave dielectric properties, and microwave dielectric loss mechanisms of BMN were investigated systematically. The degree of 1:2 cation ordering was decreased with increasing Sn content and eventually faded away as x ≥ 0.1, where the low‐temperature relaxations disappeared coincidently through the thermally stimulated depolarization current technique. It was supposed to be the short‐range misplacements of the B‐site cations within the long‐range ordered structure. Meanwhile, the high‐temperature relaxations associated with the in‐grain oxygen vacancies were found in all the title compounds. Though the concentrations of oxygen vacancies of 0.8BMN‐0.2BS were higher than BMN, high Q × f values could also be obtained even in the absence of 1:2 cation ordering. Specifically, the excellent characteristics like εr = 29.02, Q × f = 90 000 GHz and τf = 6.3 ppm/°C were achieved in the specimens of x = 0.2 sintered at 1450°C.
Patients' perceptions of transgressive behaviour in care relationships with nurses: a qualitative study
Authors: Vandecasteele Tina , Debyser Bart , Van Hecke Ann , De Backer Tineke , Beeckman Dimitri , Verhaeghe Sofie 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo gain insight in the onset and meaning of transgressive behaviour in care relationships with nurses, from the perspective of patients.BackgroundAggression and transgressive behaviour in health care have been a focus of research over the last decades. Most studies describe staff experiences on patient aggression. Patient' perspectives on aggression and transgressive behaviour in interactions with nurses are rarely sought.DesignQualitative interview study.MethodsTwenty patients were purposefully sampled from six wards of two general hospitals. Semi‐structured interviews were carried out in 2011. Data were analysed using the constant comparative method influenced by the grounded theory approach.FindingsOn elaborating on what constitutes experiences of transgressive behaviour, patients employ a framework of suppositions towards hospital care and nurse–patient relationships. This framework leads to implicit ideas on how competent professional caregivers will be and on how relationships with nurses will be characterized as normal human interactions. When these anticipated ideas are not met, patients feel obliged to address this discrepancy by adjusting their expectations or behaviour. Patients become more vigilant with regard to care given by nurses; search for own solutions; make excuses for nurses or reprioritize their expectations. Because of this adjustment, perceptions of transgressive behaviour are reinforced, mitigated or put into perspective.ConclusionPatients adjust their behaviour based on what they experience in care relationships with nurses or the hospital care. It is crucial that patients feel free to discuss their assumptions or untoward needs and nurses learn to understand and reflect on those experiences.
Improvement in emotional eating associated with an enhanced body image in obese women: mediation by weight‐management treatments' effects on self‐efficacy to resist emotional cues to eating
Authors: Annesi James J. , Mareno Nicole 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimsTo assess effects of cognitive‐behavioural weight‐loss treatments on self‐efficacy to control emotionally cued eating and whether those changes mediate relationships between body satisfaction and emotional eating.BackgroundEmotional eating is common, especially in women with obesity. A better understanding of relationships of its psychosocial correlates might benefit behavioural weight‐loss treatments.DesignA field‐based, quantitative study incorporated two theoretically derived weight‐loss treatments using repeated measures analyses that employed validated surveys.MethodsWomen with obesity volunteered for a community‐based weight‐loss study and were assigned to either a treatment of a manual plus phone support (n = 47), or in‐person contacts emphasizing self‐regulation (n = 48), over 6 months. Both emphasized physical activity, healthy eating and building self‐efficacy for enabling the health‐behaviour changes. Data were collected between 2013–2014. Multiple regression analyses assessed predictors of self‐efficacy change. Mixed‐model analysis of variances assessed treatment differences in psychosocial changes. Mediation analyses assessed mediation of the relationships between body satisfaction and emotional eating changes.ResultsChanges in Overall mood and Self‐regulation significantly predicted change in Self‐efficacy to control emotionally cued eating. Changes in Body satisfaction, Emotional eating, Mood, Self‐regulating eating and Self‐efficacy were significant overall, and each significantly greater in the in‐person treatment. Self‐efficacy significantly mediated the relationship between changes in Body satisfaction and Emotional eating total (and Emotional eating when depressed or anxious, but not when frustrated/angry).ConclusionResults clarified mediation of the dynamic relationship between body satisfaction and emotional eating, which might enable behavioural weight‐loss treatments to better‐address emotional eating.
Low reproductive isolation and highly variable levels of gene flow reveal limited progress towards speciation between European river and brook lampreys
Authors: Rougemont Q. , Gaigher A. , Lasne E. , Côte J. , Coke M. , Besnard A.‐L. , Launey S. , Evanno G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEcologically based divergent selection is a factor that could drive reproductive isolation even in the presence of gene flow. Population pairs arrayed along a continuum of divergence provide a good opportunity to address this issue. Here, we used a combination of mating trials, experimental crosses and population genetic analyses to investigate the evolution of reproductive isolation between two closely related species of lampreys with distinct life histories. We used microsatellite markers to genotype over 1000 individuals of the migratory parasitic river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) and freshwater‐resident nonparasitic brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri) distributed in 10 sympatric and parapatric population pairs in France. Mating trials, parentage analyses and artificial fertilizations demonstrated a low level of reproductive isolation between species even though size‐assortative mating may contribute to isolation. Most parapatric population pairs were strongly differentiated due to the joint effects of geographic distance and barriers to migration. In contrast, we found variable levels of gene flow between sympatric populations ranging from panmixia to moderate differentiation, which indicates a gradient of divergence with some population pairs that may correspond to alternative morphs or ecotypes of a single species and others that remain partially isolated. Ecologically based divergent selection may explain these variable levels of divergence among sympatric population pairs, but incomplete genome swamping following secondary contact could have also played a role. Overall, this study illustrates how highly differentiated phenotypes can be maintained despite high levels of gene flow that limit the progress towards speciation.
Within‐species variation in long‐term trajectories of growth, fecundity and mortality in the Collembola Folsomia candida
Authors: Mallard F. , Farina M. , Tully T. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSenescence – the progressive deterioration of organisms with age – affects many traits of which survival and reproduction are the most commonly studied. Recent comparative studies have revealed a remarkable amount of variation in the patterns of ageing across the tree of life. This between‐species diversity raises many questions about the evolution of senescence and of the shapes of the life‐history age trajectories. Here, we study how the different components of the shapes of these life‐history age trajectories can vary within a single species to shed light on the possible constraints involved in their evolution. To do so, we closely followed in controlled laboratory conditions, and for more than 450 days, the mortality, body length and fecundity of small cohorts of two clonal lineages of the Collembola Folsomia candida. We studied three components of the adult mortality trajectory: the baseline mortality, onset and speed of senescence. We found that they can differ between strains of a single species in such a way that, remarkably, an increased life expectancy is not synonymous with a delayed senescence: the strain that grows bigger has the longest life expectancy but suffers from a precocious senescence. We observed marked differences between the strains in the asymptotic body length and reproductive investment. More generally, our results highlight the importance of finely describing the long‐term trajectories of several life‐history traits in order to better understand how the patterns of senescence have been shaped by natural selection.