bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greek Law under the Romans
Authors: Kantor Georgy 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis chapter deals with the impact of Roman legal institutions and political realities of Roman dominance on legal institutions in the Greek world, and with developments of Greek law within the imperial framework from the fall of Corinth to its last traces in late imperial legislation. It addresses in particular the specific characteristics of sources for Greek law in the Roman period, conflicts of jurisdiction between Greek poleis and imperial authorities, the law of personal status in the new imperial context and new developments in the law of property and obligation. The concluding sections deals with the demise of Greek law in late antiquity and its afterlife in late imperial legislation.
Concussion and the College Athlete
Authors: Comper Paul , Hutchison Mike 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Concussion is a common and serious injury among college/university level athletes. Similar to professional athletes, a central theme for most college level athletes is to be able to quickly but safely return to play following concussion. However, unlike professional athletes who earn their living playing sports, most college level athletes will move into other careers or professions once their playing career ends. College athletes therefore have a dual role, with academics and “returning to learn” being a component equally important as return to play in the concussion recovery process. This article describes some of the issues in developing and implementing a university concussion program, as well as issues and common difficulties facing college level athletes as they encounter the acute physical, neuropsychological, and psychosocial challenges related to concussive injuries.
Acquired Muscle Weakness in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Farhan Hassan , Moreno-Duarte Ingrid , Latronico Nicola , Zafonte Ross , Eikermann Matthias 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAbstract
Muscle weakness is common in the surgical intensive care unit (ICU). Low muscle mass at ICU admission is a significant predictor of adverse outcomes. The consequences of ICU-acquired muscle weakness depend on the underlying mechanism. Temporary drug-induced weakness when properly managed may not affect outcome. Severe perioperative acquired weakness that is associated with adverse outcomes (prolonged mechanical ventilation, increases in ICU length of stay, and mortality) occurs with persistent (time frame: days) activation of protein degradation pathways, decreases in the drive to the skeletal muscle, and impaired muscular homeostasis. ICU-acquired muscle weakness can be prevented by early treatment of the underlying disease, goal-directed therapy, restrictive use of immobilizing medications, optimal nutrition, activating ventilatory modes, early rehabilitation, and preventive drug therapy. In this article, the authors review the nosology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of ICU-acquired weakness in surgical ICU patients.
Muscle weakness is a common complication in the surgical intensive care unit. This complication is preventable. Early identification with the appropriate diagnostic methods and employment of preventative strategies can improve perioperative patient outcomes.
A Modification of the Dunn Osteotomy With Preservation of the Ligamentum Teres
Authors: Bali Navi , Harrison James , Laugharne Edward , Bache C. Edward 
Published: October 2015

Background:
We aimed to determine if a modified Dunn osteotomy could be safely performed without surgical dislocation and consequent preservation of the ligamentum teres.

Methods:
All patients undergoing a modified Dunn osteotomy for a slipped capital femoral epiphysis over an 8-year period were included in this study, and all had a severe slip with an open physis.

Results:
The modified Dunn procedure was performed on 34 hips in 34 patients. The mean age was 13.1 years (range, 11 to 16 y) with a mean follow-up time of 54 months (range, 15 to 102 mo). All slips were severe (grade 3) with a mean slip angle of 73.2 degrees (range, 60 to 90 degrees). Nineteen slips were stable and 15 were unstable. Of the unstable slips, the average time from initial presentation to the emergency department until surgery was 9.4 days (range, 2 to 42 d). Excluding 1 patient who developed complete collapse of the femoral head (NAHS 56), the average Nonarthritic Hip score was 98 (range, 93.7 to 100). Four (11.8%) patients developed avascular necrosis of the femoral head, of which 3 were unstable slips.

Conclusions:
A modified Dunn osteotomy with preservation of the ligamentum teres allows an excellent restoration of the anatomic alignment of the femoral head and neck. Rates of AVN are not increased compared with other techniques of subcapital osteotomy but this complication cannot be eliminated particularly in patients with unstable slips.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Time-kill curve analysis and pharmacodynamic functions forin vitroevaluation of antimicrobials againstNeisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Foerster Sunniva , Unemo Magnus , Hathaway Lucy J. , Low Nicola , Althaus Christian L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the Gram-negative bacteriumNeisseria gonorrhoeae. Resistance to first-line empirical monotherapy has emerged, so robust methods are needed to appropriately evaluate the activity of existing and novel antimicrobials against the bacterium. Pharmacodynamic functions, which describe the relationship between the concentration of antimicrobials and the bacterial net growth rate, provide more detailed information than the MIC only. In this study, a novel standardizedin vitrotime-kill curve assay was developed. The assay was validated using five World Health OrganizationN. gonorrhoeaereference strains and various concentrations of ciprofloxacin, and then the activity of nine antimicrobials with different target mechanisms were examined against a highly susceptible clinical wild type isolate (cultured in 1964). From the time-kill curves, the bacterial net growth rates at each antimicrobial concentration were estimated. Finally, a pharmacodynamic function was fitted to the data, resulting in four parameters that describe the pharmacodynamic properties of each antimicrobial. Ciprofloxacin resistance determinants shifted the pharmacodynamic MIC (zMIC) and attenuated the bactericidal effect at antimicrobial concentrations above the zMIC. Ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin and gentamicin had the strongest bactericidal effect during the first six hours of the assay. Only tetracycline and chloramphenicol showed a purely bacteriostatic effect. The pharmacodynamic functions differed between antimicrobials, showing that the effect of the drugs at concentrations below and above the MIC vary widely. In conclusion,N. gonorrhoeaetime-kill curve experiments analyzed with pharmacodynamic functions have potential forin vitroevaluation of new and existing antimicrobials and dosing strategies to treat gonorrhea.
TP53copy number expansion is associated with the evolution of increased body size and an enhanced DNA damage response in elephants
Authors: Sulak Michael , Fong Lindsey , Mika Katelyn , Chigurupati Sravanthi , Yon Lisa , Mongan Nigel P. , Emes Richard D. , Lynch Vincent J. 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYA major constraint on the evolution of large body sizes in animals is an increased risk of developing cancer. There is no correlation, however, between body size and cancer risk. This lack of correlation is often referred to as ‘Peto’s Paradox’. Here we show that the elephant genome encodes 20 copies of the tumor suppressor geneTP53and that the increase inTP53copy number occurred coincident with the evolution of large body sizes, the evolution of extreme sensitivity to genotoxic stress, and a hyperactive TP53 signaling pathway in the elephant (Proboscidean) lineage. Furthermore we show that several of theTP53retrogenes (TP53RTGs) are transcribed and likely translated. WhileTP53RTGsdo not appear to directly function as transcription factors, they do contribute to the enhanced sensitivity of elephant cells to DNA damage and the induction of apoptosis by regulating activity of the TP53 signaling pathway. These results suggest that an increase in the copy number ofTP53may have played a direct role in the evolution of very large body sizes and the resolution of Peto’s paradox in Proboscideans.
University-industry knowledge exchange
Authors: Striukova Ludmila , Rayna Thierry 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of what Open Innovation means within university context. Focus is also put on the role universities believe they should play in Open Innovation, as well as the changes that might have arisen as a consequence of universities’ greater awareness of this concept.Design/methodology/approach– The research methodology used is an exploratory study based on in-depth semi-structured interviews of Pro-Vice-Chancellors (or equivalent level) of a variety of British universities. The study was designed around five main research themes: discourse, change, strategy, management, Open Innovation success.Findings– In addition to the traditional teaching, research and knowledge transfer roles of university, this study has uncovered a new role of universities: trusted intermediary (or “Open Innovation Hub”). Another key finding of this study is that it highlights the diversity that prevails in the UK with regard to Open Innovation.Research limitations/implications– The number of the interviews conducted for this study is probably not large enough to allow a solid generalisation. Data saturation, however, was achieved in this study. The insight provided by this study is particularly significant as interviewees were amongst the highest-ranking executives in their respective universities. Hence the views reported in this study are what “drives” Open Innovation policies in the universities that participated in this study.Practical implications– This new role of a trusted intermediary played by universities is very likely to change the existing Open Innovation landscape and re-shape policies.Social implications– The changing role of universities within Open Innovation context may potentially change the respective role of other stakeholders in the Open Innovation ecosystem.Originality/value– This is the first study aimed at investigating how British universities understand Open Innovation and what opportunities and challenges they associate with this process.
A markerless human-manipulators interface using multi-sensors
Authors: Zhang Ping , Liu Xin , Du Guanglong , Liang Bin , Wang Xueqian 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a markerless human–manipulators interface which maps the position and orientation of human end-effector (EE, the center of the palm) to those of robot EE so that the robot could copy the movement of the operator hand.

Design/methodology/approach
– The tracking system of this human–manipulators interface comprises five Leap Motions (LMs) which not only makes up the narrow workspace drawback of one LM but also provides redundancies to improve the data precision. However, because of the native noises and tracking errors of the LMs, the measurement errors increase over time. To address this problem, two filter tools are integrated to obtain the relatively accurate estimation of the human EE, that is, Particle Filter for position estimation and Kalman Filter for orientation estimation. Because the operator has inherent perceptive limitations, the motions of the manipulator may be out of sync with the hand motions, so that it is hard to complete with the high performance manipulation. Therefore, in this paper, an over-damping method is adopted to improve reliability and accuracy.

Findings
– A series of human–manipulators interaction experiments were carried out to verify the proposed system. Compared with the markerless and contactless methods(Kofman et al., 2007; Du and Zhang, 2015), the method described in this study is more accurate and efficient.

Originality/value
– The proposed method would not hinder most natural human limb motion and allows the operator to concentrate on his/her own task, making it perform high-precision manipulations efficiently.
How to win the attention of top executives
Authors: Luo Biao , Wang Qiong , Lu Yuan , Liang Liang 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine how subsidiary managers gain attention from top executives at headquarters for their desired issue in order to initiate a bottom-up change. Specifically, it focuses on relationships among a change issue’s characteristics, environmental threats and top executives’ attention.Design/methodology/approach– An empirical test of hypotheses by a hierarchical regression approach has been applied to analyse the data collected through a survey of 81 headquarters-subsidiary dyads in China.Findings– There are three main findings, including first, the headquarters’ attention is positively related to the organizational benefits of an issue; second, there exist inverted U-shaped curves between an issue’s legitimacy or novelty and the headquarters’ attention; and third, the headquarters’ attention to an issue is also moderated by environmental threats.Originality/value– The present study has noted that the headquarters’ attention to the issue varies not only according to the issue’s distinctive characteristics but also to their perception of environmental threats. It contributes to the advancement of organizational change theory by focusing on the empirical examination of an issue-selling process which is a key component part in a bottom-up change.
Modeling the cultural dynamics of resistance and facilitation
Authors: Latta Gail F. 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to clarify the role of organizational culture in governing the dynamics of resistance and facilitation of change by explicating the operational mechanisms underlying the Model of Organizational Change in Cultural Context (OC3 Model).Design/methodology/approach– A conceptual definition of facilitation is introduced that parallels the psychosocial construction of resistance, while departing from traditional views that cast these constructs as polar opposites. Within the context of the OC3 Model, a multifaceted perspective on organizational change is advanced in which facilitation takes place alongside of, rather than in the absence of, resistance.Findings– Two sources of resistance and facilitation are delineated, both stemming from the degree of cultural alignment of the content (strategic initiatives) and process (implementation strategies) elements of strategic change. The dynamic interplay of these independent sources of resistance and facilitation is explored within the context of the OC3 Model where the consequences of cultural alignment or misalignment are considered with respect to change implementation and linked to established theory and empirical evidence. Four interaction effects emerge from this analysis: augmentation, undermining, prevailing and immunity. A visual model illuminating the countervailing effects of facilitation on resistance is provided, along with illustrative examples derived from multiple ethnographic field studies.Practical implications– Theoretical and practical implications of these interaction effects for advancing scholarship and leading organizational change are explored.Originality/value– Articulating this theoretical extension of the OC3 Model provides a valuable corrective to extant theories of change that afford equal importance to all culturally embedded sources of resistance and fail to account for the counter balancing effects of facilitation.
Effects of seal predation on a modelled marine fish community and consequences for a commercial fishery
Authors: Houle Jennifer E. , de Castro Francisco , Cronin Michelle A. , Farnsworth Keith D. , Gosch Martha , Reid David G. 
Published: October 2015

Summary

We constructed a size‐ and trait‐based dynamic marine community model of the Celtic Sea/Biologically Sensitive Area, including grey seals Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius 1791) and harbour seals Phoca vitulina vitulina (Linnaeus 1758) to examine potential resource conflict between seals and commercial trawl fisheries. The model incorporates seal diet preference, population size and commercial fishery catch, with survey data to quantify ecological interactions between seals and fisheries.

Total annual consumption by seals was an order of magnitude less than the catch of the modelled trawl fishery. Increasing fishing pressure reduced fish spawning stock biomass (SSB) much more than a proportionally equivalent increase in seal predation. For most fish species, quadrupling seal predation showed little effect on the predicted fishery catch.

These results arise from relatively low seal abundance and partial niche partitioning. The fishery harvested a wider range of fish lengths and species than seals consumed. The fish community was dominated by small fish lengths and seals predated on these more than suggested by their calculated diet preference.

Seal predation disproportionately affected several fish species not targeted by the fishery, but seal predation did not significantly affect the SSB of any of the species that constitute 90% of the total landings of the fishery.

Synthesis and applications. Predation of fish by grey and harbour seals is unlikely to harm commercial trawl fisheries in south‐west Irish waters. This conclusion differs from those of some model‐based studies of other North Atlantic systems, demonstrating the need for ecosystem‐specific evidence in considering such conflicts. In systems with low niche overlap between seals and fisheries, the two are largely decoupled in effect, leaving fishing pressure as the overwhelming determinant of targeted fish stock status.
Passive restoration of subtropical grassland after abandonment of cultivation
Authors: Fensham Rod J. , Butler Don W. , Fairfax Russell J. , Quintin Amy R. , Dwyer John M. 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Passive restoration of grasslands after the abandonment of cultivation may be a viable restoration option where seed sources from remnant grasslands are available, and if the risk of deflected succession is low.

Passive restoration of subtropical grassland in Queensland, Australia was evaluated along a chronosequence of abandoned cultivation (fallow) paddocks. Plant communities in fallow paddocks were compared with nearby remnant grassland.

On average, species richness recovers after 60 years of abandonment and floristic composition shows affinities with nearby remnant grassland (Bray‐Curtis ˜ 0·6). The risk of deflected succession, such as dominance by exotic grasses, has apparently been low in this ecosystem.

Annual grasses and forbs are rapid colonizers of the abandoned fields, and richness of perennial forbs exhibits near‐linear recovery. Perennial grasses are relatively slow to establish but all except two species have statistically insignificant differences in abundance between remnant grassland and fallow fields after 20 years.

The perennial grasses that recover most rapidly in fallow paddocks have disseminules that are adorned with appendages for wind dispersal including the most important dominant grass, Dichanthium sericeum. The perennial grasses that are slowest to recover are probably less effective dispersers.

Synthesis and applications. Passive restoration of grasslands after the abandonment of cultivation can be a viable contribution to grassland conservation where there is an adequate matrix of remnant grasslands in the vicinity of fallows, perennial exotic species do not monopolize fallows and the dominant native grasses are well dispersed.
California's Early Coverage Expansion under the Affordable Care Act: A County‐Level Analysis
Authors: Sommers Benjamin D. , Chua Kao‐Ping , Kenney Genevieve M. , Long Sharon K. , McMorrow Stacey 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo assess the coverage effects of California's 2011 Low‐Income Health Program (LIHP), enacted as an “early expansion” under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and to demonstrate the feasibility of using Census data to measure county‐level coverage changes.Data Sources/Study Setting2008–2012 American Community Survey (ACS). The sample contained California adults ages 19–64 years (n = 237,876) and children 0–18 years (n = 113,159) with incomes below 200 percent of the federal poverty level.Study DesignDifferences‐in‐differences analysis comparing public coverage, private insurance, and the uninsured rate in counties that expanded the LIHP in 2011 versus California counties not expanding during this time. Additional analyses tested for heterogeneous impacts of the LIHP and spillover effects on children.Principal FindingsCompared to nonexpansion counties, public coverage for adults increased by 1.8 percentage points (p = .02) in expanding counties, while the uninsured rate declined by 2.1 percentage points (p = .01). There was no significant change in private coverage. Public coverage gains were largest for Latinos and those with limited English proficiency. The expansion produced a positive spillover effect on children's Medicaid enrollment.ConclusionsCalifornia's 2011 expansion produced significant increases in public coverage for low‐income individuals, particularly Latinos. Substate coverage analyses with the ACS can add valuable detail to future assessments of the ACA.
Distribution and variability of deformed wing virus of honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Haddad Nizar Jamal , Noureddine Adjlane , Al‐Shagour Banan , Loucif‐Ayad Wahida , El‐Niweiri Mogbel A. A. , Anaswah Eman , Hammour Wafaa Abu , El‐Obeid Dany , Imad Albaba , Shebl Mohamed A. , Almaleky Abdulhusien Sehen , Nasher Abdullah , Walid Nagara , Bergigui Mohamed Fouad , Yañez Orlando , de Miranda Joachim R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThree hundred and eleven honeybee samples from 12 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) (Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Yemen, Palestine, and Sudan) were analyzed for the presence of deformed wing virus (DWV). The prevalence of DWV throughout the MENA region was pervasive, but variable. The highest prevalence was found in Lebanon and Syria, with prevalence dropping in Palestine, Jordan, and Egypt before increasing slightly moving westwards to Algeria and Morocco Phylogenetic analysis of a 194 nucleotide section of the DWV Lp gene did not identify any significant phylogenetic resolution among the samples, although the sequences did show consistent regional clustering, including an interesting geographic gradient from Morocco through North Africa to Jordan and Syria. The sequences revealed several clear variability hotspots in the deduced amino acid sequence, which furthermore showed some patterns of regional identity. Furthermore, the sequence variants from the Middle East and North Africa appear more numerous and diverse than those from Europe.