bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging features of subcentimeter hypointense nodules on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR imaging that progress to hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Jang Kyung Mi , Kim Seong Hyun , Kim Young Kon , Choi Dongil 
Published: May 2014

Background: With the advent of 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), many subcentimeter hepatic nodules have been frequently detected in patients with chronic liver disease, and the prediction of subcentimeter nodules that progress to hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is important. Purpose: To reveal the imaging features of subcentimeter hypointense nodules on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR images in patients with chronic liver disease that may be related with progression to hypervascular HCC. Material and Methods: This study included 109 patients with 135 subcentimeter hypointense nodules (103 hepatocellular carcinomas [HCCs] and 32 benign nodules) on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase. For each subcentimeter nodule, the following imaging features were analyzed: (i) hyperintensity on T2-weighted (T2W) image or DWI; (ii) arterial hypervascularization; and (iii) hypointensity on a portal or late phase. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of those imaging features for predicting subcentimeter nodules that progressed to hypervascular HCC were evaluated. Volume doubling time (VDT) of subcentimeter nodules that progressed to hypervascular HCC was compared to that of growing benign nodules. Results: Arterial hypervascularization with washout yielded the highest specificity (90.6%) and PPV (95.4%) for prediction of subcentimeter nodules that progressed to hypervascular HCC. Combining hyperintensity on T2W image or DWI and arterial hypervascularization with washout did not raise the specificity (90.6%) for prediction of subcentimeter nodules that progressed to hypervascular HCC. Mean VDT (112.2 ± 106.3 days) of subcentimeter nodules that progressed to hypervascular HCC during follow-up was significantly shorter than those of benign subcentimeter nodules (1258 ± 766.5 days, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Arterial hypervascularization with washout in subcentimeter hypointense nodules on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase in patients with chronic liver disease is strongly related with progression to hypervascular HCC.
Clopidogrel as prophylactic treatment for migraine: A pilot randomised, controlled study
Authors: Chambers John B , Seed Paul T , Ridsdale Leone 
Published: May 2014

Introduction Anecdotal reports suggest that clopidogrel may prevent migraine attacks. We undertook a pilot randomised trial. Method We randomised consecutive migraineurs with four to 15 headache days per 28-day month to receive clopidogrel 75 mg or placebo daily for three months. Headache was primarily assessed with a headache diary. Results There were no statistically significant treatment effects. The number of headache days fell by 1.9 on clopidogrel and 1.6 on placebo (adjusted difference 0.02, CI −2.07 to 2.12). Headache severity rose by 0.14 points (out of 10) on clopidogrel, and fell by 0.63 on placebo; treatment effect 0.7 points (CI −0.11 to 1.57). The main treatment effect did not depend on the presence or absence of migraine with aura at baseline, a patent foramen ovale (PFO) or atrial septal aneurysm. Discussion The evidence is inconclusive, but a multicentre trial would be feasible recruiting from primary care.
Supporting participation in physical education at school in youth with type 1 diabetes
Authors: MacMillan Freya , Kirk Alison , Mutrie Nanette , Moola Fiona , Robertson Kenneth 
Published: May 2014

It is not clear how best to support youth with type 1 diabetes to participate in physical education (PE) at school. The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of facilitators and barriers to PE in youth with type 1 diabetes and to determine how schools can help these individuals to be physically active. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with youth with type 1 diabetes aged 7–9 ( n = 8) and 12–14 ( n = 8) years with type 1 diabetes, their parents ( n = 16), diabetes professionals ( n = 9) and schoolteachers ( n = 37). Data were thematically analysed. Four main themes were identified relating to support needs of youth with diabetes in school in general and specifically in PE lessons: (1) differences between primary and secondary schools; (2) areas requiring address in all schools; (3) what teachers can do to help accommodate youth with type 1 diabetes; and (4) what schools can do to help accommodate youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes support varied across schools. Primary schools in particular could improve communication between schools and primary specialist PE teachers regarding youth with type 1 diabetes to aid participation in PE. Diabetes knowledge was limited among all teachers. Participants felt that diabetes could be used as an excuse to sit out of PE and that teachers’ fears could facilitate this. Improved and consistent diabetes management training and guidance on the responsibilities of teachers is necessary. Better communication between schools, teachers, parents, youth with type 1 diabetes and diabetes professionals is also required. The findings have helped produce suggestions for practice and research on how to improve support for youth with type 1 diabetes in schools in general and specifically in PE lessons.
Antibodies Against Gangliosides in Patients With Dementia
Authors: Hatzifilippou E. , Koutsouraki E. , Costa V. G. , Baloyannis S. J. 
Published: May 2014

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that gangliosides act as important mediators in both de- and remyelination. The scope of the present research was to investigate the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies against GM1, GD1b, and GQ1b gangliosides in the sera of patients with dementia and the possible connection with clinical parameters of the disease. Method: This research topic demonstrates the investigation of 103 patients with dementia and 60 healthy individuals using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of 3 antiganglioside antibodies in their sera. Results: The authors report a positive connection between IgM anti-GM1 and the age ( P = .005) and the severity of dementia ( P = .005). Most of the patients who revealed increased IgM anti-GD1b levels had Alzheimer’s disease (AD; P = .002). Conclusion: This study indicates that elevated IgM anti-GM1 may be connected with the neurodegeneration in older patients with severe dementia and that AD may also be associated with increased IgM anti-GD1b levels.
Differential Diagnosis of Degenerative Dementias Using Basic Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: Jiménez-Huete Adolfo , Riva Elena , Toledano Rafael , Campo Pablo , Esteban Jesús , Barrio Antonio Del , Franch Oriol 
Published: May 2014

Background: The validity of neuropsychological tests for the differential diagnosis of degenerative dementias may depend on the clinical context. We constructed a series of logistic models taking into account this factor. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the demographic and neuropsychological data of 301 patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD), frontotemporal degeneration (FTLD), or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Nine models were constructed taking into account the diagnostic question (eg, AD vs DLB) and subpopulation (incident vs prevalent). Results: The AD versus DLB model for all patients, including memory recovery and phonological fluency, was highly accurate (area under the curve = 0.919, sensitivity = 90%, and specificity = 80%). The results were comparable in incident and prevalent cases. The FTLD versus AD and DLB versus FTLD models were both inaccurate. Conclusion: The models constructed from basic neuropsychological variables allowed an accurate differential diagnosis of AD versus DLB but not of FTLD versus AD or DLB.
Genetic and environmental influences in Dupuytren’s disease: A study of 30,330 Danish twin pairs
Authors: Larsen S. , Krogsgaard D. G. , Larsen L. Aagaard , Iachina M. , Skytthe A. , Frederiksen H. 
Published: May 2014

We aimed to assess the relative contribution of genes and environment in the aetiology of Dupuytren’s disease by studying Danish twins born between 1870 and 2000. Twins with a diagnosis ( n = 365) and the subgroup who also had an operation ( n = 259) after 1977 were identified through linkage with a nationwide hospital registry among 30,330 monozygotic and same-sexed dizygotic twin pairs. Since monozygotic twins share all their genes and dizygotic twins share on average half of their genetic material, greater phenotypic similarity is expected in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins if a genetic component is involved. The number of concordant male twin pairs with Dupuytren’s disease was 17 and 7 (monozygotic and dizygotic pairs, respectively), compared with 60 and 174 discordant monozygotic and dizygotic pairs, yielding probandwise concordance rates of 0.37 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26 to 0.50) and 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.14), respectively. The heritability of Dupuytren’s disease was approximately 80%. We conclude that genetic factors play a major role in the development of Dupuytren’s disease. Level of evidence: 3
Beyond the Brain
Authors: Míguez-Burbano María José , Espinoza Luis , Bueno Diego , Vargas Mayra , Trainor Allison B. , Quiros Clery , Lewis John E. , Asthana Deshratn 
Published: May 2014

Objective: Given the emerging data suggesting the key role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the immune system, we assessed longitudinally whether BDNF depletions induced by hazardous alcohol use (HAU) would impact a response to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods: In a prospective single-site cohort, virological and immunological responses to ART in 200 hazardous and 200 nonhazardous users were obtained, along with plasma BDNF levels. Results: Hazardous drinkers were more likely to have BDNF levels <4000 pg/mL (odds ratio [OR] = 1.6, P = .01). Participants with BDNF <4000 pg/mL were less likely to have CD4 counts of more than 500 cells/mm3 ( P = .02) and to achieve viral suppression over the follow-up period (OR = 1.5, P = .03). Multivariate analysis confirmed the significant role of HAU and low BDNF in predicting viroimmune responses. Conclusion: Hazardous alcohol use was associated with BDNF alterations, which in turn were linked to a limited response to ART in terms of viral suppression and CD4 count improvements.
Knee Dislocations
Authors: Schenck Robert C. , Richter Dustin L. , Wascher Daniel C. 
Published: May 2014

Background: Traumatic knee dislocation is becoming more prevalent because of improved recognition and increased exposure to high-energy trauma, but long-term results are lacking. Purpose: To present 2 cases with minimum 20-year follow-up and a review of the literature to illustrate some of the fundamental principles in the management of the dislocated knee. Study Design: Review and case reports. Methods: Two patients with knee dislocations who underwent multiligamentous knee reconstruction were reviewed, with a minimum 20-year follow-up. These patients were brought back for a clinical evaluation using both subjective and objective measures. Subjective measures include the following scales: Lysholm, Tegner activity, visual analog scale (VAS), Short Form–36 (SF-36), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and a psychosocial questionnaire. Objective measures included ligamentous examination, radiographic evaluation (including Telos stress radiographs), and physical therapy assessment of function and stability. Results: The mean follow-up was 22 years. One patient had a vascular injury requiring repair prior to ligament reconstruction. The average assessment scores were as follows: SF-36 physical health, 52; SF-36 mental health, 59; Lysholm, 92; IKDC, 86.5; VAS involved, 10.5 mm; and VAS uninvolved, 2.5 mm. Both patients had excellent stability and were functioning at high levels of activity for their age (eg, hiking, skydiving). Both patients had radiographic signs of arthritis, which lowered 1 subject’s IKDC score to “C.” Conclusion: Knee dislocations have rare long-term excellent results, and most intermediate-term studies show fair to good functional results. By following fundamental principles in the management of a dislocated knee, patients can be given the opportunity to function at high levels. Hopefully, continued advances in the evaluation and treatment of knee dislocations will improve the long-term outcomes for these patients in the future.
Clay mineralogy and shale instability: an alternative conceptual analysis
Authors: Wilson M. J . , Wilson L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe instability of shales in drilled formations leads to serious operational problems with major economic consequences for petroleum exploration and production. It is generally agreed that the nature of the clay minerals in shale formations is a primary causative factor leading to their instability, although the exact mechanism involved is more debateable. Currently, the principal cause of shale instability is considered to be volume expansion following the osmotic swelling of Nasmectite. However, illitic and kaolinitic shales may also be unstable, so that interlayer expansion cannot therefore be considered as a universal causative mechanism of shale instability. This review considers alternative scenarios of shale instability where the major clay minerals are smectite, illite, mixed-layer illite-smectite (I/S) and kaolinite respectively. The influence of interacting factors that relate to shale clay mineralogy such as texture, structure and fabric are discussed, as are the pore size distribution and the nature of water in clays and shales and how these change with increasing depth of burial. It is found from the literature that the thickness of the diffuse double layer (DDL) of the aqueous solutions associated with the charged external surfaces of clay minerals is probably of the same order or even thicker than the sizes of a significant proportion of the pores found in shales. In these circumstances, overlap of the DDLs associated with exposed outer surfaces of clay minerals on opposing sides of micropores (<2 nm in diameter) and mesopores (2–50 nm in diameter) in a lithostatically compressed shale would bring about electrostatic repulsion and lead to increased pore/ hydration pressure in smectitic, illitic and even kaolinitic shales. This pressure would be inhibited by the use of more concentrated K-based fluids which effectively shrink the thickness of the DDL towards the clay mineral surfaces in the pore walls. The use of soluble polymers would also encapsulate these clay mineral surfaces and so inhibit their hydration. In this scenario, the locus of action with respect to shale instability and its inhibition is moved from the interlamellar space of the smectitic clays to the charged external surfaces of the various clay minerals bounding the walls of the shale pores.
The influence of individual clay minerals on formation damage of reservoir sandstones: a critical review with some new insights
Authors: Wilson M. J . , Wilson L. , Patey I . 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe influence of individual clay minerals on formation damage of reservoir sandstones is reviewed, mainly through the mechanism of fine particle dispersion and migration leading to the accumulation and blockage of pore throats and significant reduction of permeability. The minerals discussed belong to the smectite, kaolinite, illite and chlorite groups respectively. These minerals usually occur in an aggregate form in reservoir sandstones and the physicochemical properties of these aggregates are reviewed in order to reach a better understanding of the factors that lead to their dispersion in aqueous pore fluids. Particularly significant properties include the surface charge on both basal and edge faces of the clay minerals and how this varies with pH, external surface area of both swelling and non-swelling clays, porosity and pore size distribution in the micro- and meso-pore size range and overall aggregate morphology. For non-swelling clays, and perhaps even for swelling clays, dispersion is thought to be initiated at the micro- or meso-pore level, where the interaction between the pore solution and the charged clay surfaces exposed on adjacent sides of slit- or wedge-shaped pores brings about expansion of the diffuse double electric layer (DDL) and an increase in hydration pressure. Such expansion occurs only in dilute electrolyte solutions in contrast to the effect of concentrated solutions which would shrink the thickness of the DDL and so inhibit dispersion. Stable dispersions are formed, particularly where the solution pH exceeds the isoelectric pH of the mineral, which is often at alkali pH values, so that both basal face and edge surfaces are negatively charged and the particles repel each other. The osmotic swelling of smectitic clays to a gel-like form, so effectively blocking pores in situ, is often invoked as an explanation of formation damage in reservoir sandstones. Such swelling certainly occurs in dilute aqueous solutions under earth surface conditions but it is uncertain that stable smectitic gels could form at the temperatures and pressures associated with deeply buried reservoir sandstones.
Weathering of volcanic ash in the cryogenic zone of Kamchatka, eastern Russia
Authors: Kuznetsova E. , Motenko R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe nature of the alteration of basaltic, andesitic and rhyolitic glass of Holocene and Pleistocene age and their physical and chemical environments have been investigated in the ash layers within the cryogenic soils associated with the volcanoes in the central depression of Kamchatka. One of the main factors controlling the alteration of the volcanic glass is their initial chemistry with those of andesitic (SiO2 = 53–65 wt.%) and basaltic (SiO2 < 53 wt.%) compositions being characterized by the presence of allophane, whereas volcanic glass of rhyolitic composition (SiO2>65 wt.%) are characterized by opal. Variations in the age of eruption of individual ashes, the amount and nature of the soil water, the depth of the active annual freeze-thawing layer, the thermal conductivity of the weathering soils, do not play a controlling role in the type of weathering products of the ashes but may affect their rates of alteration.
A novel approach to the study of the development of the Chalk’s smectite assemblage
Authors: Hu X. F. , Long D. , Jeans C. V. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDetrital, volcanic and diagenetic origins have been used to explain the smectite clay assemblage that characterizes the Upper Cretaceous Chalk of Europe. To further the understanding of how clays of different origins may have converged to this characteristic clay mineral assemblage a new approach is put forward for their investigation. This is based upon (1) the correlation that exists between the trace element and stable isotope geochemistry of the calcite cements preserved within Chalk brachiopods and the various diagenetic phases of early lithification and cementation recognized in the Chalk, and (2) an understanding of the process of late diagenetic cementation that has caused regional differences in the hardness of the Chalk. It is suggested that each phase of lithification and associated calcite cementation may preserve the different clay assemblages at various stages in their convergence to the characteristic Chalk smectite assemblage.
Clay mineral-grain size-calcite cement relationships in the Upper Cretaceous Chalk, UK: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Jeans C. V. , Tosca N. J . , Hu X. F. , Boreham S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe idea is tested that the evolution of the Chalk’s clay mineral assemblage during diagenesis can be deduced by examining the relationships between its clay mineralogy, particle size distribution pattern, and the timing and trace element chemistry of the calcite cement. The preliminary results from five different examples of cementation developed at different stages of diagenesis in chalks with smectite-dominated clay assemblages suggest that this is a promising line of investigation. Soft chalks with minor amount of anoxic series calcite cement poor in Mg, Fe and Mn are associated with neoformed trioctahedral smectite and/or dioctahedral nontronite and talc. Hard ground chalk with extensive anoxic series calcite cement enriched in Mg and relatively high Fe, Mn and Sr are associated with neoformed glauconitesensu lato, berthierine and dioctahedral smectite, possibly enriched in Fe. The chalk associated with large ammonites shows extensive suboxic series calcite cement enriched in Mg, Mn and Fe that show no obvious correlation with its clay mineralogy. Nodular chalks with patchy suboxic series calcite cement enriched in Fe are associated with neoformed dioctahedral smectite, possibly enriched in Al, and berthierine. Regionally hardened chalk with extensive suboxic calcite cement and relatively high trace element contents contain pressure dissolution seams enriched in kaolin and berthierine. Laser-based particle-size distribution patterns suggest that each type of lithification has a typical complex clay mineral population, indicating that subtleties in mineralogy are not being identified and that there could be some control on the size and shape of the clay crystals by the different types of cementation.
Chemostratigraphy and provenance of clays and other non-carbonate minerals in chalks of Campanian age (Upper Cretaceous) from Sussex, southern England
Authors: Wray D. S. , Jeans C. V. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGeochemical analysis of acid-insoluble residues derived from white chalks and marl seams of Campanian age from Sussex, UK, has been undertaken. All display a broadly similar <2 μm mineralogical composition consisting of smectite or smectite-rich illite-smectite with subordinate illite and minor amounts of talc. Plots of K2O/Al2O3 and TiO2/Al2O3 indicate that most marl seams have an acid-insoluble residue composition which is slightly different to that of the over- and underlying white chalk, implying that marl seams are primary sedimentary features not formed through white chalk dissolution. On the basis of a negative Eu anomaly and trace element geochemistry one marl seam, the Old Nore Marl, is considered to be volcanically derived and best classified as a bentonite; it is considered to correlate with the bentonite M1 of the north German
succession.
Evidence of interspersed co-existing CaCO3-III and CaCO3-IIIb structures in polycrystalline CaCO3 at high pressure
Authors: Merlini M. , Crichton W. A. , Chantel J. , Guignard J. , Poli S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNew experimental data are reported on high-pressure polymorphism of CaCO3. The CaCO3-III phase was stabilized using a large-volume press device and high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns were collected from a few mm3 of powder sample. The interpretation of XRPD indicates that CaCO3-III and CaCO3-IIIb structures are present simultaneously and are in similar proportions. The lack of any unindexed peaks demonstrates that these two polymorphs are the only phases in this experiment, indicating that CaCO3-III and CaCO3-IIIb are the structures most likely to occur above 2.5 GPa. Relevant co-axial crystallographic matrix transformations from lower-pressure polymorphs to both CaCO3-III and CaCO3-IIIb are discussed to illustrate a further possible occurrence of co-existing and interspersed stable polymorphs in carbonate systems.