bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altered cytological parameters in buccal cells from individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: François Maxime , Leifert Wayne , Hecker Jane , Faunt Jeffrey , Martins Ralph , Thomas Philip , Fenech Michael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may be reflective of the early stages of more pronounced neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is a need for a minimally invasive and inexpensive diagnostic to identify those who exhibit cellular pathology indicative of MCI and AD risk so that they can be prioritized for primary preventative measures. The hypothesis was that a minimally invasive approach using cytological markers in isolated buccal mucosa cells can be used to identify individuals of both MCI and AD. An automated buccal cell assay was developed using laser scanning cytometry (LSC) to measure buccal cell type ratios, nuclear DNA content and shape, and neutral lipid content of buccal cells from clinically diagnosed AD (n = 13) and MCI (n = 13) patients prior to treatment compared to age‐ and gender‐matched controls (n = 26). DNA content was significantly higher in all cell types in both MCI (P < 0.01) and AD (P < 0.05) compared with controls mainly due to an increase in >2N nuclei. Abnormal nuclear shape (circularity) was significantly increased in transitional cells in MCI (P < 0.001) and AD (P < 0.01) when compared to controls. In contrast, neutral lipid content (as measured by Oil red O “ORO” staining) of buccal cells was significantly lower in the MCI group (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. The ratio of DNA content/ORO in buccal basal cells for both MCI and AD was significantly higher compared to the control group, with ratios for MCI being approximately 2.8‐fold greater (P < 0.01) and AD approximately 2.3‐fold greater (P < 0.05) than the control group. Furthermore, there was a strong negative correlation between buccal cell DNA content and ORO content in the AD group (r2 = 0.75, P < 0.0001) but not in MCI or controls. The changes in the buccal cell cytome observed in this study could prove useful as potential biomarkers in identifying individuals with an increased risk of developing MCI and eventually AD. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Revising traditional theory on the link between plant body size and fitness under competition: evidence from old‐field vegetation
Authors: Tracey Amanda J. , Aarssen Lonnie W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe selection consequences of competition in plants have been traditionally interpreted based on a “size‐advantage” hypothesis – that is, under intense crowding/competition from neighbors, natural selection generally favors capacity for a relatively large plant body size. However, this conflicts with abundant data, showing that resident species body size distributions are usually strongly right‐skewed at virtually all scales within vegetation. Using surveys within sample plots and a neighbor‐removal experiment, we tested: (1) whether resident species that have a larger maximum potential body size (MAX) generally have more successful local individual recruitment, and thus greater local abundance/density (as predicted by the traditional size‐advantage hypothesis); and (2) whether there is a general between‐species trade‐off relationship between MAX and capacity to produce offspring when body size is severely suppressed by crowding/competition – that is, whether resident species with a larger MAX generally also need to reach a larger minimum reproductive threshold size (MIN) before they can reproduce at all. The results showed that MIN had a positive relationship with MAX across resident species, and local density – as well as local density of just reproductive individuals – was generally greater for species with smaller MIN (and hence smaller MAX). In addition, the cleared neighborhoods of larger target species (which had relatively large MIN) generally had – in the following growing season – a lower ratio of conspecific recruitment within these neighborhoods relative to recruitment of other (i.e., smaller) species (which had generally smaller MIN). These data are consistent with an alternative hypothesis based on a ‘reproductive‐economy‐advantage’ – that is, superior fitness under competition in plants generally requires not larger potential body size, but rather superior capacity to recruit offspring that are in turn capable of producing grand‐offspring – and hence transmitting genes to future generations – despite intense and persistent (cross‐generational) crowding/competition from near neighbors. Selection for the latter is expected to favor relatively small minimum reproductive threshold size and hence – as a tradeoff – relatively small (not large) potential body size.
Testing the consistency of wildlife data types before combining them: the case of camera traps and telemetry
Authors: Popescu Viorel D. , de Valpine Perry , Sweitzer Rick A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWildlife data gathered by different monitoring techniques are often combined to estimate animal density. However, methods to check whether different types of data provide consistent information (i.e., can information from one data type be used to predict responses in the other?) before combining them are lacking. We used generalized linear models and generalized linear mixed‐effects models to relate camera trap probabilities for marked animals to independent space use from telemetry relocations using 2 years of data for fishers (Pekania pennanti) as a case study. We evaluated (1) camera trap efficacy by estimating how camera detection probabilities are related to nearby telemetry relocations and (2) whether home range utilization density estimated from telemetry data adequately predicts camera detection probabilities, which would indicate consistency of the two data types. The number of telemetry relocations within 250 and 500 m from camera traps predicted detection probability well. For the same number of relocations, females were more likely to be detected during the first year. During the second year, all fishers were more likely to be detected during the fall/winter season. Models predicting camera detection probability and photo counts solely from telemetry utilization density had the best or nearly best Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), suggesting that telemetry and camera traps provide consistent information on space use. Given the same utilization density, males were more likely to be photo‐captured due to larger home ranges and higher movement rates. Although methods that combine data types (spatially explicit capture–recapture) make simple assumptions about home range shapes, it is reasonable to conclude that in our case, camera trap data do reflect space use in a manner consistent with telemetry data. However, differences between the 2 years of data suggest that camera efficacy is not fully consistent across ecological conditions and make the case for integrating other sources of space‐use data.
Ammonium and Phosphate Quantification in Wastewater by Using a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue
Authors: Campos Inmaculada , Sangrador Ana , Bataller Román , Aguado Daniel , Barat Ramón , Soto Juan , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAmmonia (NH4N) and orthophosphate (PO4P) quantification in wastewater treatment plants is important due to their implication in the eutrophication process. A voltammetric electronic tongue as a tool for the prediction of ammonia and orthophosphate concentrations from influent and effluent wastewater is proposed herein. An electrochemical study of the response of the ammonium and orthophosphate ions was performed in order to design a suitable waveform for each electrode. Partial Least Squares analysis was used to obtain a correlation between the data from the tongue and the concentrations of ammonia and orthophosphate measured in the laboratory showing good predictive power.
Issues and challenges with oil toxicity data and implications for their use in decision making: A quantitative review
Authors: Bejarano Adriana C. , Clark James R. , Coelho Gina M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Aquatic toxicity considerations are part of the net environmental benefit analysis and approval decision process on the use of dispersants in the event of an offshore oil spill. Substantial information is available on the acute toxicity of physically and chemically dispersed oil to a diverse subset of aquatic species generated under controlled laboratory conditions. However, most information has been generated following standard laboratory practices, which do not realistically represent oil spill conditions in the field. The goal of the present quantitative review is to evaluate the use of standard toxicity testing data to help inform decisions regarding dispersant use, recognizing some key issues with current practices, specifically, reporting toxicity metrics (nominal vs measured), exposure duration (standard durations vs short-term exposures), and exposure concentrations (constant vs spiked). Analytical chemistry data also were used to demonstrate the role of oil loading on acute toxicity and the influence of dispersants on chemical partitioning. The analyses presented here strongly suggest that decisions should be made, at a minimum, based on measured aqueous exposure concentrations and, ideally, using data from short-term exposure durations under spiked exposure concentrations. Available data sets are used to demonstrate how species sensitivity distribution curves can provide useful insights to the decision-making process on dispersant use. Finally, recommendations are provided, including the adoption of oil spill–appropriate toxicity testing practices. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:732–742. © 2014 SETAC
Synthetic estrogen directly affects fish biomass and may indirectly disrupt aquatic food webs
Authors: Hallgren Per , Nicolle Alice , Hansson Lars-Anders , Brönmark Christer , Nikoleris Lina , Hyder Murtaza , Persson Anders 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are known to alter the fitness of individual organisms via changes in growth, behavior, and reproduction. It is largely unknown, however, whether these effects cascade through the food web and indirectly affect other, less sensitive organisms. The authors present results from a mesocosm experiment whereby the effects of the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) were quantified in pelagic communities. Treatment with EE2 at a concentration of 28 ng/L had no large effects on the pelagic communities composed only of phytoplankton and zooplankton. In communities where planktivorous roach (Rutilus rutilus) were also present, however, EE2 caused a significant reduction in fish biomass. Moreover, zooplankton biomass was higher in the EE2 treatments, suggesting that zooplankton may have been released from fish predation. Hence, the direct effect of EE2 on roach may have cascaded down the food web to produce positive indirect effects on zooplankton. This result was supported in complementary foraging experiments with roach, showing reduced foraging performance after exposure to EE2. Despite the observed negative effect of EE2 on roach and the positive indirect effect on zooplankton, these effects did not cascade to phytoplankton, possibly because only copepods, but not cladocerans—the major grazers in these systems—were released from fish predation. The authors conclude that the known reproductive impairment in fish by EE2 in combination with the disturbed foraging performance observed in the present study may be a disadvantage to fish that may result in increasing abundance or biomass of prey such as zooplankton. Hence, EE2 may have consequences for both the structure and function of freshwater communities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:930–936. © 2014 SETAC
Emotional fronto‐cingulate cortex activation and brain derived neurotrophic factor polymorphism in premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Authors: Comasco Erika , Hahn Andreas , Ganger Sebastian , Gingnell Malin , Bannbers Elin , Oreland Lars , Wikström Johan , Epperson C. Neill , Lanzenberger Rupert , Sundström‐Poromaa Inger 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPremenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the prototypical sex‐specific disorder in which symptom onset and offset require a particular hormonal milieu and for which there is moderate heritability. The present study investigated brain emotion processing in PMDD and healthy controls, as well as functional polymorphisms in two candidate genes for PMDD, the serotonin transporter (5‐HTT) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The 5‐HTT linked polymorphic region (5‐HTTLPR) and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms were genotyped in 31 patients with PMDD and 31 healthy controls. A subset of 16 patients and 15 controls participated in two functional magnetic resonance imaging‐sessions performing an emotion processing task; once in the mid‐follicular, and once in the late luteal phase which corresponds with maximum severity of mood symptoms. Genotypes were not directly associated with PMDD. A main effect of group was found in the whole brain analysis, with patients having lower activation of the pre‐genual anterior cingulate and ventro‐medial prefrontal cortex, independent of menstrual cycle phase. Post‐hoc functional ROI analyses in the fronto‐cingulate cluster showed no effect of 5‐HTTLPR genotype but a genotype‐by‐group‐by‐phase interaction effect of BDNF Val66Met. Women with PMDD who were carriers of the Met‐allele had lower fronto‐cingulate cortex activation in the luteal phase compared to Met‐allele carrying controls. The results provide suggestive evidence of impaired emotion‐induced fronto‐cingulate cortex activation in PMDD patients. Although limited by a small sample, the potential influence of BDNF Val66Met in PMDD is in line with preclinical findings. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4450–4458, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Network connectivity abnormality profile supports a categorical‐dimensional hybrid model of ADHD
Authors: Elton Amanda , Alcauter Sarael , Gao Wei 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, but there is no consensus regarding whether ADHD exists on the extreme end of a continuum of normal behavior or represents a discrete disorder. In this study, we sought to characterize both the categorical and dimensional variations in network functional connectivity in order to identify neural connectivity mechanisms of ADHD. Functional connectivity analyses of resting‐state fMRI data from 155 children with ADHD and 145 typically developing children (TDC) defined the dorsal attention network (DA), default mode network (DM), salience processing network (SAL) and executive control network (CON). Regional alterations in connectivity associated with categorical diagnoses and dimensional symptom measures (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) as well as their interaction were systematically characterized. Dimensional relationships between symptom severity measures and functional connectivity that did not differ between TDC and children with ADHD were observed for each network, supporting a dimensional characterization of ADHD. However, categorical differences in functional connectivity magnitude between TDC and children with ADHD were detected after accounting for dimensional relationships, indicating the existence of categorical mechanisms independent of dimensional effects. Additionally, differential dimensional relationships for TDC versus ADHD children demonstrated categorical differences in brain–behavior relationships. The patterns of network functional organization associated with categorical versus dimensional measures of ADHD accentuate the complexity of this disorder and support a dual characterization of ADHD etiology featuring both dimensional and categorical mechanisms. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4531–4543, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimating the Benefits of Public Health Policies that Reduce Harmful Consumption
Authors: Ashley Elizabeth M. , Nardinelli Clark , Lavaty Rosemarie A. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryFor products such as tobacco and junk food, where policy interventions are often designed to decrease consumption, affected consumers gain utility from improvements in lifetime health and longevity but also lose utility associated with the activity of consuming the product. In the case of anti‐smoking policies, even though published estimates of gross health and longevity benefits are up to 900 times higher than the net consumer benefits suggested by a more direct willingness‐to‐pay estimation approach, there is little recognition in the cost‐benefit and cost‐effectiveness literature that gross estimates will overstate intrapersonal welfare improvements when utility losses are not netted out. This paper presents a general framework for analyzing policies that are designed to reduce inefficiently high consumption and provides a rule of thumb for the relationship between net and gross consumer welfare effects: where there exists a plausible estimate of the tax that would allow consumers to fully internalize health costs, the ratio of the tax to the per‐unit long‐term cost can provide an upper bound on the ratio of net to gross benefits. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate‐based herbicides on the freshwater environment
Authors: Annett Robert , Habibi Hamid R. , Hontela Alice 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTGlyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine] is a broad spectrum, post emergent herbicide and is among the most widely used agricultural chemicals globally. Initially developed to control the growth of weed species in agriculture, this herbicide also plays an important role in both modern silviculture and domestic weed control. The creation of glyphosate tolerant crop species has significantly increased the demand and use of this herbicide and has also increased the risk of exposure to non‐target species. Commercially available glyphosate‐based herbicides are comprised of multiple, often proprietary, constituents, each with a unique level of toxicity. Surfactants used to increase herbicide efficacy have been identified in some studies as the chemicals responsible for toxicity of glyphosate‐based herbicides to non‐target species, yet they are often difficult to chemically identify. Most glyphosate‐based herbicides are not approved for use in the aquatic environment; however, measurable quantities of the active ingredient and surfactants are detected in surface waters, giving them the potential to alter the physiology of aquatic organisms. Acute toxicity is highly species dependant across all taxa, with toxicity depending on the timing, magnitude, and route of exposure. The toxicity of glyphosate to amphibians has been a major focus of recent research, which has suggested increased sensitivity compared with other vertebrates due to their life history traits and reliance on both the aquatic and terrestrial environments. This review is designed to update previous reviews of glyphosate‐based herbicide toxicity, with a focus on recent studies of the aquatic toxicity of this class of chemicals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and simulation of bone mineral density response from a phase 2 study of ONO‐5334, a new cathepsin K inhibitor, to support dose selection in osteoporosis
Authors: Hasegawa Chihiro , Kastrissios Helen , Monteleone Jonathan , Ohno Tomoya , Umemura Takeo , Ohyama Michiyo , Nagase Shinichi , Small Maria , Deacon Steve , Ogawa Mikio , Ieiri Ichiro 
Published: February 2014

AbstractONO‐5334, a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K, is a potential new treatment for osteoporosis. The objectives of this modeling study were to (1) develop exposure–response (E–R) models to relate ONO‐5334 exposure to bone mineral density (BMD), (2) predict BMD responses to various doses of ONO‐5334 for both immediate release tablet (IRT) and sustained release tablet (SRT) formulations where only BMD response after administration of IRT had been studied to date, (3) inform selection of appropriate formulation/dose using simulation for future clinical trials. A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed to simultaneously analyze data for both IRT and SRT. The exposure metrics at steady state were estimated by post hoc Bayesian prediction using the final population PK model. E–R models were developed using dose‐ranging data with only IRT from postmenopausal females with osteoporosis. Based on the developed model, lumbar spine and total hip BMD after administration of ONO‐5334 SRT as well as IRT were simulated. The simulation results showed that ONO‐5334 SRT should provide comparable BMD responses at a lower dose relative to IRT (a finding consistent with the results from a previous population PK–PD modeling study with bone resorption markers).
Super‐resolution imaging with stochastic single‐molecule localization: Concepts, technical developments, and biological applications
Authors: Oddone Anna , Vilanova Ione Verdeny , Tam Johnny , Lakadamyali Melike 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTLight microscopy has undergone a revolution with the advent of super‐resolution microscopy methods that can surpass the diffraction limit. These methods have generated much enthusiasm, in particular with regards to the new possibilities they offer for biological imaging. The recent years have seen a great advancement both in terms of new technological developments and exciting biological applications. Here, we review some of the important milestones in the field and highlight some recent biological applications. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:502–509, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semi‐analytical computation of a quasi‐static field induced by a 3D eddy current probe scanning a 2D layered conductor with parallel rough interfaces
Authors: Caire F. , Prémel D. , Granet G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper deals with the fast computation of the quasi‐static fields induced in a conductor with a locally perturbed shape along the longitudinal axis and extruded along the transversal one. Besides, the material is composed of several homogeneous layers with parallel faces. The method used here is based on writing Maxwell's equations in a curvilinear system, which leads to a more simple expression of boundary conditions. The validity of this method for the computation of quasi‐static fields induced by an eddy current probe in a conductive half‐space with a rough surface has been proved recently, and we propose here to complete this innovative formalism in order to solve an eddy current non‐destructive testing (ECNDT) configuration with a rough surface conductive medium composed of several homogeneous layers with parallel faces. This extension allows to tackle new ECNDT configurations such as homogeneous media constituted by rough interfaces. Moreover, it provides sufficient solutions for non‐homogeneous conductive parts presenting a depth‐varying (i.e., along the direction of the normal local vector with respect to the surface) material property, which can be approximated by a piecewise constant function by introducing multiple thin homogeneous layers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.