bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urea Hydrolysis for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx: Comparison of Liquid‐ and Gas Phase Decomposition
Authors: Peitz Daniel , Bernhard Andreas M. , Mehring Max , Elsener Martin , Kröcher Oliver 
Published: January 2013

AbstractZur Reduzierung der Stickoxid‐Konzentration in Autoabgasen wird meist die selektive katalytische Reduktion mit Ammoniak verwendet. Um jedoch das Mitführen von Ammoniak in Kraftfahrzeugen zu vermeiden, wird auf Harnstoff als NH3‐Vorläufer zurückgegriffen. Zur kontrollierten Harnstoffzersetzung bereits vor dem Eindüsen in den Abgasstrang bietet sich der Einsatz eines separaten Reaktors an. Die Harnstoffzersetzung zu Ammoniak in der Flüssigphase unter Druck in einem beheizten Reaktor wurde mit der Zersetzung in der Gasphase verglichen. Hierbei wurden in der Flüssigphase weit höhere Umsatzraten pro Reaktorvolumen erreicht. Katalysatoren, die in der Gasphase eine hohe Aktivität zeigten, hatten nur einen kleinen Einfluss auf die Flüssigphasenzersetzung.
Removal of Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds in the Sequencing Batch Reactor of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Cheng Hsin‐Han , Hsieh Chu‐Chin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a field investigation of aromatic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs) emissions from a sequence batch reactor (SBR) with powdered activated carbon (PAC) to treat the wastewater in a large petroleum refinery plant. AVOC with high Henry's constant preferred to transfer from liquid‐phase into air‐phase so that might cause the emission and odor problem. During SBR operation, AVOC concentrations and distributions in wastewater, sludge and off‐gas were analyzed. The total AVOC removal from wastewater was >99% under the kinetic parameters of SBR operated. Batch experiments were carried out in the laboratory to obtain the adsorptive characteristic of AVOC onto PAC, but the results showed that bio‐degradation was the main removal mechanism (85%). Nevertheless, off‐gas emission (<1%) and AVOC in the sludge (<0.1%) remained a stable level. Oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) was correlated to the logarithm of the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in a linear relationship so that ORP profile could indirectly reflect the DO and biomass concentrations. Since the influent AVOC concentration was varied and difficultly to measure, ORP could be used as real‐time parameter for optimizing SBR operation. The results provided useful information for future evaluation of AVOC emissions from wastewater treatment plants.
Pesticide Health Risk Mapping and Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters in Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment
Authors: Akbar Tahir Ali , Akbar Raza Ali 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe extensive use of pesticides for increasing the agricultural production is affecting the quality of groundwater. The objectives of this article are to (i) develop pesticide relative leaching ranks for well sites, (ii) develop maps for human health risks due to pesticide applications, and (iii) identify the most significant parameters in pesticide simulations for groundwater vulnerability assessment. The methods include (i) development of acifluorfen relative leaching ranks for 25 well sites using ArcPRZM‐3, (ii) development of health risk maps using model simulated maximum dissolved bentazon concentrations on the basis of USA drinking water quality guidelines, (iii) sensitivity analysis for 14 ArcPRZM‐3 input parameters using the Plackett–Burman method. ArcPRZM‐3 is a user‐friendly system for spatial modeling of pesticide leaching from surface to groundwater. Thirteen acifluorfen relative leaching potential ranks were developed in which the pesticide leaching decrease from 1 to 13. The model predicted ranks for well 34 and well 9 were 2nd and 3rd, respectively, and acifluorfen was detected in both wells during the physical monitoring. The percentages of high health risks in the agricultural areas were 48.38 and 72.72% for Randolph and Independence Counties, respectively. The most significant parameters were thickness of horizon compartment, runoff curve number of antecedent moisture condition II for cropping, soil bulk density, and total application of pesticide. The irrigation, soil permeability, and numerical dispersion could impact the pesticide leaching in soils toward groundwater. The ArcPRZM‐3 system could be efficiently applied for spatial modeling and mapping of pesticide concentrations for groundwater vulnerability assessment on a large scale.
Electro‐Fenton Treatment of Photographic Processing Wastewater
Authors: Bensalah Nasr , Bedoui Ahmed , Chellam Shankararaman , Abdel‐Wahab Ahmed 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this work, the treatment of photographic processing wastewaters (PPW) by electro‐Fenton process has been investigated. The Influence of operating conditions on kinetics and efficiency of electro‐Fenton process has been evaluated using carbon felt cathode and platinium (Pt) or boron‐doped diamond (BDD) anode. The results of electro‐Fenton treatment of PPW have shown that nearly complete removal of total phenols was obtained for all combinations with pseudo‐first rate constants of 0.07, 0.012, and 0.018/min for carbon felt/Pt, carbon felt/BDD and Pt/BDD cathode/anode combinations, respectively. The combination of carbon felt cathode with BDD anode achieved the highest total organic carbon (TOC) removal of 90%, while it did not exeed 40% for carbon felt/Pt combination. Increasing current intensity and Fe2+ dose enhances the efficiency of electro‐Fenton process. However, increasing pH decreases TOC removal during the treatment of PPW by electro‐Fenton process. The highest efficiency of electro‐Fenton process using BDD anode can be explained by the contribution of direct and indirect oxidation routes in the degradation mechanism of organics including (i) oxidation via hydroxyl radicals generated from the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 and from water discharge on BDD anode, (ii) direct oxidation of certain organic compounds on BDD anode, and (iii) mediated oxidation with inorganic oxidants electrogenerated from anodic oxidation of supporting salts.
The biomechanics of the human tongue
Authors: Kajee Yaseen , Pelteret J‐P. V. , Reddy B. D. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYThe human tongue is composed mainly of skeletal muscle tissue and has a complex architecture. Its anatomy is characterised by interweaving yet distinct muscle groups. It is a significant contributor to the phenomenon of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. A realistic model of the tongue and computational simulations are important in areas such as linguistics and speech therapy. The aim of this work is to report on the construction of a geometric and constitutive model of the human tongue and to demonstrate its use in computational simulations for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome research. The geometry of the tongue and each muscle group of the tongue, including muscle fibre orientations, are captured from the Visible Human Project dataset. The fully linear muscle model is based on the Hill three‐element model that represents the constituent parts of muscle fibres. The mechanics of the model are limited to quasi‐static, small‐strain, linear‐elastic behaviour. The main focus of this work is on the material directionality and muscle activation. The transversely isotropic behaviour of the muscle tissue is accounted for, as well as the influence of muscle activation. The behaviour of the model is illustrated in a number of benchmark tests and for the case of a subject in the supine position. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Fluorescent Tubulin Binders
Authors: Riva Elena , Mattarella Martin , Borrelli Stella , Christodoulou Michael S. , Cartelli Daniele , Main Marcus , Faulkner Stephen , Sykes Daniel , Cappelletti Graziella , Snaith John S. , Passarella Daniele 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThiocolchicine, taxol and cephalomannine have been used as building blocks for the preparation of four different fluorescent compounds designed to image the tubulin/microtubule network in cells. Thiocolchicine gave the best results and, in particular, the compound derived from conjugation with fluorescein minimally inhibits tubulin polymerization, is cell permeable and binds microtubules. Thus, it meets some of the demanding requirements for a new fluorescent dye that can secure a direct assay to evidence the tubulin/microtubules network in cells.
Characterization and modeling of video popularity
Authors: Li J. , Ma S. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYPopularity of videos is a key factor for the design and management of a streaming media system. In this paper, three factors representing clients’ access to a media system are investigated to characterize popularity. One of the factors is the commonly used access frequency. Numerical studies on one of the workloads from a video‐on‐demand system in the University of Science and Technology of China are also given. The results show that the commonly used Zipf‐like model is not suitable to characterize popularity distribution. However, the stretched exponential model is better, and the shape of the stretched exponential distribution of popularity is related to the characterization of popularity and the duration of workload. The rank correlation between the access frequency and the other two factors is further studied. It is concluded that the rank of video popularity and the ability of each characterization to distinguish video popularity are different, which implies that the combinative use of different characterizations can increase the distinction of video popularity.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient and flexible password authenticated key agreement for Voice over Internet Protocol Session Initiation Protocol using smart card
Authors: Zhang Liping , Tang Shanyu , Cai Zhihua 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYProviding a suitable key agreement protocol for session initiation protocol is crucial to protecting the communication among the users over the open channel. This paper presents an efficient and flexible password authenticated key agreement protocol for session initiation protocol associated with Voice over Internet Protocol. The proposed protocol has many unique properties, such as session key agreement, mutual authentication, password updating function and the server not needing to maintain a password or verification table, and so on. In addition, our protocol is secure against the replay attack, the impersonation attack, the stolen‐verifier attack, the man‐in‐the‐middle attack, the Denning–Sacco attack, and the offline dictionary attack with or without the smart card. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two Mononuclear Iron(II) Spin‐Crossover Complexes with a N4O2 Coordination Sphere
Authors: Zhang Li , Xu Guan‐Cheng , Wang Zhe‐Ming , Gao Song 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTwo mononuclear spin‐crossover compounds Fe(L1)2 (1) and Fe(L2)2 (2) {HL1 = 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐N′‐[1‐(pyridine‐2‐yl)butylidene]benzohydrazide, HL2 = 2‐hydroxy‐N′‐[1‐(pyridine‐2‐yl)butylidene]benzohydrazide} were successfully synthesized. The magnetic measurements of the compounds revealed different thermal magnetic behavior. Compound 1 undergoes a gradual complete thermal spin crossover (SCO) with T1/2↑/↓ = 243/240 K and a hysteresis loop of 3 K. Compound 2 shows a gradual incomplete SCO during the measurable temperature region with T1/2 ≈ 330 K. Through the comparison of the magnetic and structural results for 1 and 2 with previously reported related compounds, the alkyl substitutions of the ligand were considered to affect the ligand‐field strength and hydrogen‐bonding interactions. In addition, photomagnetism results showed an 87 % photoconversion and 36 K of T(LIESST) (LIESST = light‐induced excited spin‐state trapping) for compound 1. The results enrich the knowledge on how to control the spin‐crossover behavior in the new system.
Cationic and Neutral (Ar‐BIAN)Copper(I) Complexes Containing Phosphane and Arsane Ancillary Ligands: Synthesis, Molecular Structure and Catalytic Behaviour in Cycloaddition Reactions of Azides and Alkynes
Authors: Li Lidong , Lopes Patrícia S. , Figueira Cláudia A. , Gomes Clara S. B. , Duarte M. Teresa , Rosa Vitor , Fliedel Christophe , Avilés Teresa , Gomes Pedro T. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA series of new cationic and neutral (Ar‐BIAN)copper(I) complexes [in which Ar‐BIAN = bis(aryl)acenaphthenequinonediimine] was synthesised and characterised by elemental analysis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The cationic complexes of the general formula [Cu(Ar‐BIAN)L2]BF4 [L2 = (PPh3)2 (1), dppe (2), dppf (3), (AsPh3)2 (4); Ar = 4‐iPrC6H4 (a), 4‐MeOC6H4 (b), 4‐NO2C6H4 (c), 2‐iPrC6H4 (d), Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2 (dppe), (Ph2PC5H4)2Fe (dppf)] were synthesised by reaction of [Cu(EPh3)4]BF4 (E = P or As) and equimolar amounts of Ar‐BIAN ligands, or by reaction of equimolar amounts of [Cu(NCMe)4]BF4, 4‐iPrC6H4‐BIAN (a) and diphosphanes dppe or dppf, in dichloromethane, whereas the neutral complexes of the types [CuX(Ar‐BIAN)(EPh3)] [X = Cl, E = P (5); X = I, E = P (6); X = Cl, E = As (9)] and [{CuX(Ar‐BIAN)}2] [X = Cl (7), I (8); Ar = a, b, c, d, 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2 (e), 2,6‐iPr2C6H3 (f)] were prepared by reaction of CuCl or CuI with equimolar amounts of Ar‐BIAN and EPh3 (E = P, As or Sb) in acetonitrile under reflux conditions. The type of ancillary ligand EPh3 and the aryl substituents on Ar‐BIAN play crucial roles in determining the formation of cationic or neutral copper(I) complexes. No copper(I) complexes containing coordinated SbPh3 were isolated; all the corresponding attempts led to dimeric complexes 7 or 8. Most of the complexes crystallised easily. Their study by X‐ray diffraction revealed distorted‐tetrahedral geometries around the copper(I) centres, which are quite influenced by the various aryl substituents on Ar‐BIAN and the ancillary ligands EPh3. All complexes 1–9 except cationic dppf derivative 3a are active catalysts for cycloaddition reactions of alkynes and azides, and also show good tolerance towards functionalised substituents of alkynes and azides. Among them, the PPh3‐coordinated complexes 1, 5 and 6 afforded the highest catalytic activities [turnover frequency = 26.9–45.7 h–1].
Synthesis, Characterization and Electronic Properties of trans‐[4‐(Alkoxycarbonyl)phenyl]porphyrin‐[RuII(bpy)3]2 Complexes or Boron–Dipyrrin Conjugates as Panchromatic Sensitizers for DSSCs
Authors: Stangel Christina , Ladomenou Kalliopi , Charalambidis Georgios , Panda Manas K. , Lazarides Theodore , Coutsolelos Athanassios G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTwo porphyrin‐based dyes were synthesized that incorporate two additional chromophores to absorb in a wider UV/Vis region. In the first dye, a porphyrin ring is linked through an amide bond to two [Ru(bpy)3]2+ units, forming a symmetric [Ru(bpy)3]‐porphyrin‐[Ru(bpy)3] {Por(COOH)2[Ru(bpy)3]2} system. The second porphyrin is trans substituted through a triple bond to the meso position with two boron dipyrrin (BDP) molecules {Por(COOH)2(BDP)2}. Both porphyrins bear two carboxylic groups capable of binding onto a TiO2 surface, with potential applications in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The title dyes were characterized by means of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, MALDI‐TOF, UV/Vis absorption and emission studies.
Post‐Functionalization of an Anderson‐Type Polyoxomolybdate Using a Metal‐Free Diels–Alder Click Reaction
Authors: Yang Hai‐Kuan , Su Ming‐Ming , Ren Li‐Jun , Tang Jing , Yan Yu‐Kun , Miao Wen‐Ke , Zheng Ping , Wang Wei 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFunctionalization and post‐functionalization of polyoxometalates (POMs) by organic groups or biological moieties can provide versatile platforms for creating novel functional hybrids with synergetic properties. Such materials can easily be envisioned as having many advanced applications in biology and materials science. Nowadays, the organic groups or biological moieties used for conjugation with POMs, can readily become increasingly complicated in terms of structure, size and properties. Accordingly, a major challenge lies in the development of efficient conjugation methods. In this work, we report our application of metal‐free Diels–Alder click reactions under mild conditions to covalently link an Anderson‐type polyoxomolybdate with some organic groups or biological moieties possessing complex structures or different properties. High coupling efficiencies and facile purification methods guarantee > 90 % yields. Clearly, this is an ideal methodology for the synthesis of the post‐functionalized POM hybrids. With this technology now in hand, finding valuable applications for such post‐functionalized POM hybrids will be a highly significant focus of future investigations.
Wireless network coding design based on LDPC codes for a multiple‐access relaying system
Authors: Li Jun , Yuan Jinhong , Malaney Robert 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate wireless network coding (WNC) in a multiple‐access relay channel (MARC) with two sources, one relay and one destination. We focus on a MARC with binary‐input additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, where two sources’ signals interfere at both the relay and the destination. Firstly, we derive the achievable rates for the WNC in the MARC over binary‐input AWGN channels. Secondly, considering the strong interference between the two sources, we propose a novel joint WNC and multi‐edge type low‐density party‐check (LDPC) code structure, which we refer to as the WNC–LDPC code. Then, on the basis of our code structure and the iterative receiver at the destination, we optimise the degree distributions of our WNC–LDPC code to approach the achievable sum rate of the MARC by utilising the extrinsic mutual information transfer (EXIT) analysis. In the simulations, we utilise physical‐layer network coding (PNC) as a benchmark for comparison purposes and design an LDPC code for the PNC (i.e. PNC–LDPC), which is used to compare with our WNC–LDPC code. Numerical results show that our WNC–LDPC code offers a much better bit error ratio performance relative to the PNC–LDPC code. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A lattice Boltzmann fictitious domain method for modeling red blood cell deformation and multiple‐cell hydrodynamic interactions in flow
Authors: Shi Xing , Lin Guang , Zou Jianfeng , Fedosov Dmitry A. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYTo model red blood cell (RBC) deformation and multiple‐cell interactions in flow, the recently developed technique derived from the lattice Boltzmann method and the distributed Lagrange multiplier/fictitious domain method is extended to employ the mesoscopic network model for simulations of RBCs in flow. The flow is simulated by the lattice Boltzmann method with an external force, while the network model is used for modeling RBC deformation. The fluid–RBC interactions are enforced by the Lagrange multiplier. To validate parameters of the RBC network model, stretching tests on both coarse and fine meshes are performed and compared with the corresponding experimental data. Furthermore, RBC deformation in pipe and shear flows is simulated, revealing the capacity of the current method for modeling RBC deformation in various flows. Moreover, hydrodynamic interactions between two RBCs are studied in pipe flow. Numerical results illustrate that the leading cell always has a larger flow velocity and deformation, while the following cells move slower and deform less.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory of Mind differences in older patients with early‐onset and late‐onset paranoid schizophrenia
Authors: Smeets‐Janssen M. M. J. , Meesters P. D. , Comijs H. C. , Eikelenboom P. , Smit J. H. , de Haan L. , Beekman A. T. F. , Stek M. L. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTheory of Mind (ToM) is considered an essential element of social cognition. In younger schizophrenia patients, ToM impairments have extensively been demonstrated. It is not clear whether similar impairments can be found in older schizophrenia patients and if these impairments differ between older patients with early‐onset and late‐onset schizophrenia.MethodsTheory of Mind abilities were assessed using the Hinting Task in 15 older patients (age 60 years and older) with early‐onset paranoid schizophrenia, 15 older patients with late‐onset paranoid schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls. ANCOVA was performed to test differences between groups. Analyses were adjusted for level of education. Effect sizes, partial eta squared (ε2), were computed as an indication of the clinical relevance of the findings.ResultsPatients with early‐onset schizophrenia scored significantly lower on the Hinting Task (mean 16.1; SD 4.3) compared with patients with late‐onset schizophrenia (mean 18.6; SD 1.5) and with healthy controls (mean 19.0; SD 1.4). The effect size of this difference was large (ε2 = 0.2).ConclusionsThese results suggest that ToM functioning may be a protective factor modulating the age at onset of psychosis. Further studies into the relationship between social cognition and onset age of psychosis are warranted. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of glioblastoma multiforme using a combination of small interfering RNA targeting epidermal growth factor receptor and β‐catenin
Authors: Wang Kui , Park James O. , Zhang Miqin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundEpidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and β‐catenin are two key mediators of cell signal transduction implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of tumors. There is emerging evidence indicating that they are overexpressed in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and both play significant roles in GBM carcinogenesis. Moreover, down‐regulating EGFR individually only provides limited therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, we aimed to determine the feasibility and efficacy of gene therapy of GBM using combinatorial inhibition of EGFR and β‐catenin in view of the cross‐talk between these two signaling pathways.MethodsThe down‐regulatory effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting EGFR and β‐catenin alone or in combination in human GBM cells U‐87 MG was evaluated by Quantitative RT‐PCR. Cell proliferation in the short‐ and long‐term was investigated by alamar blue and clonogenic assays, respectively. An annexin‐V assay was performed to detect apoptosis caused by siRNA treatment. The effect of downregulating EGFR and β‐catenin on cell cycle progression, cell migration and invasive potential were also examined.ResultsThe siRNA treatment potently reduced gene expression of EGFR and β‐catenin at the mRNA level. Simultaneous inhibition of EGFR and β‐catenin greatly decreased GBM cell proliferation. Although no significant increase in apoptosis was demonstrated, combinatorial siRNA treatment delayed the progression of cell cycle with an increased proportion of cells arrested in the G0/1 phase. Furthermore, EGFR and β‐catenin siRNA in combination significantly inhibited the migratory and invasive ability of GBM cells.ConclusionsSimultaneous inhibition of EGFR and β‐catenin expression could represent an effective therapy for human GBM, and warrants further study in vivo. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.