bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association between Earnings and Returns: A Comparative Study between the Chinese and US S tock Markets
Authors: Vincent Y. S. Chen , Ho Yew Kee 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This study examines the earnings-return relation in the Chinese and US stock markets. We first examine whether the value relevance of earnings in the US stock market for the period 1968 to 1986 in Easton and Harris (1991) holds for the period 1998 to 2011. We find that the value relevance of earnings levels decreased significantly in the 1998-2011 period. We then examine the earnings-return relation between the Chinese and US stock markets in the 1998-2011 period. We find that the explanatory power of earnings levels differs between these two markets. Specifically, in the US market, the earnings level variable has a lower relative explanatory power than the earnings change variable and the earnings level variable has very limited incremental explanatory power in the presence of the earnings change variable. However, in the Chinese market, earnings levels and earnings changes have similar relative and incremental explanatory power. The disparity in the relevance of earnings levels between the two markets may be attributable to differences in institutional factors and firm characteristics.
Aggregate Accounting Earnings and Security Returns: China Evidence and the Replication of US Results
Authors: Du Zongxue , Tang Feng , Zhang William S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper examines the earnings-return association over long return intervals. The research design is built upon one important accounting intuition: as earnings are aggregated over longer intervals, the effect of earnings measurement error and the time lag between earnings recognition and market reaction slowly dwindles. Therefore, over time, we should observe an improving association between (aggregate) earnings and stock return. In this study, we first replicate the results of Easton, Harris, and Ohlson (1992) for the same period of 1968-1986 and find very similar results under refined correlation metrics. Second, we expand coverage to test US data from 1962 to 2011 and find that their prediction holds for the past 50 years in the US market. Third, our post-1992 China and US data generate the same pattern of rising earnings-return correlation as the return interval expands, despite China’s immature stock market. Further comparison indicates that the earnings-return correlation in China is lower than that in the US market in the same period of 1992-2011. Finally, to make our results comparable to the original ones in Easton, Harris, and Ohlson (1992), we also report the 1992-2011 results under the original metrics, such as R2 and concordant pair percentage; we still reach the same conclusions. Overall, the empirical results support Easton, Harris, and Ohlson’s theory in both the US market and the emerging China market, extending the external validity of their theory to the international capital market.
The oceanic anthropogenic CO2 sink: Storage, air‐sea fluxes, and transports over the industrial era
Authors: DeVries Tim 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study presents a new estimate of the oceanic anthropogenic CO2(Cant) sink over the industrial era (1780 to present), from assimilation of potential temperature, salinity, radiocarbon, and CFC‐11 observations in a global steady state ocean circulation inverse model (OCIM). This study differs from previous data‐based estimates of the oceanic Cant sink in that dynamical constraints on ocean circulation are accounted for, and the ocean circulation is explicitly modeled, allowing the calculation of oceanic Cant storage, air‐sea fluxes, and transports in a consistent manner. The resulting uncertainty of the OCIM‐estimated Cant uptake, transport, and storage is significantly smaller than the comparable uncertainty from purely data‐based or model‐based estimates. The OCIM‐estimated oceanic Cant storage is 160–166 PgC in 2012, and the oceanic Cant uptake rate averaged over the period 2000–2010 is 2.6 PgC yr−1 or about 30% of current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This result implies a residual (primarily terrestrial) Cant sink of about 1.6 PgC yr−1 for the same period. The Southern Ocean is the primary conduit for Cant entering the ocean, taking up about 1.1 PgC yr−1 in 2012, which represents about 40% of the contemporary oceanic Cant uptake. It is suggested that the most significant source of remaining uncertainty in the oceanic Cant sink is due to potential variability in the ocean circulation over the industrial era.
The impact of vertical measurement depth on the information content of soil moisture times series data
Authors: Qiu Jianxiu , Crow Wade T. , Nearing Grey S. , Mo Xingguo , Liu Suxia 
Published: June 2014

AbstractUsing a decade of ground‐based soil moisture observations acquired from the United States Department of Agriculture's Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN), we calculate the mutual information (MI) content between multiple soil moisture variables and near‐future vegetation condition to examine the existence of emergent drought information in vertically integrated (surface to 60 cm) soil moisture observations (θ0–60 [cm]) not present in either superficial soil moisture observations (θ5 [cm]) or a simple low‐pass transformation of θ5. Results suggest that while θ0–60 is indeed more valuable than θ5 for predicting near‐future vegetation anomalies, the enhanced information content in θ0–60 soil moisture can be effectively duplicated by the low‐pass transformation of θ5. This implies that, for drought monitoring applications, the shallow vertical penetration depth of microwave‐based θ5 retrievals does not represent as large a practical limitation as commonly perceived.
Protein Targeting
Authors: Weisz Ora A 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Protein sorting is the process by which cellular proteins, both newly synthesised and recycling, are directed to the appropriate intracellular compartments in which they will perform their function. This process relies upon the targeting signals that are found within each protein. These specific signals can be integrally encoded within the polypeptide sequence or require post‐translational modification of the protein. Targeting signals direct the interaction of proteins with a multitude of accessory factors to ensure the correct delivery of proteins to their appropriate destinations within each cell. Many proteins have multiple targeting signals that are interpreted hierarchically in cellular compartments. Changes in the expression of either the targeting signals or their recognition factors alter the targeting of proteins in different cell types or in response to physiological cues.

Key Concepts:

Protein targeting signals can be encoded within the polypeptide chain or can be post‐translational modifications or patches.

Targeting signals are recognised by cellular factors that direct proteins to their proper site of function.

Many proteins have multiple targeting signals.

The relative strength of targeting signals can change based on post‐translational modifications such as phosphorylation or accessibility to recognition factors at different locations within cells.

Differences in the expression of targeting signals or recognition factors can result in cell‐type dependent, developmental, or acute changes in protein targeting.
Investigation of Pollution in Rivers and Groundwater by Fluorescence
Authors: Baker Andy , Andersen Martin S. , Marjo Christopher E. , Zainuddin Nur S. , Rutlidge Helen , Graham Peter W. , Henderson Rita K. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Organic molecules that contain conjugated aromatic constituents have the potential to fluoresce. Both natural and anthropogenic organic matters may contain fluorescent molecules, and river and groundwater organic matters can be understood as a complex mixture of fluorescent and non‐fluorescent organic molecules. The investigation of pollution in rivers and groundwaters therefore requires the differentiation of multiple fluorescent molecules from multiple sources. The fluorescence spectra of both natural and pollutant organic matters are increasingly well known. Fluorescent pollutants in rivers and groundwaters are typically identified by high levels of fluorescence in the shortwave ultraviolet spectra associated with high levels of microbiological activity and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from landfill leachates or petroleum products; or the presence of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) from industrial, landfill, or sewerage pollution. These fluorescence signals can be distinguished from natural organic matter fluorescence by analyzing either of the differences in spectral properties, often using multiway analysis such as parallel factor analysis, or the investigation of their sensitivity to microbial or photodegradation. Examples of the investigation of pollution in rivers and groundwaters by fluorescence using both laboratory instrumentation and in situ probes are discussed.
Biometrics—Developments and Potential
Authors: Meuwly Didier , Veldhuis Raymond 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis article describes the use of biometric technology in forensic science, for the development of new methods and tools, improving the current forensic biometric applications, and allowing for the creation of new ones. The article begins with a definition and a summary of the development of this field. It then describes the data and automated biometric modalities of interest in forensic science and the forensic applications embedding biometric technology. On this basis, it describes the solutions and limitations of the current practice regarding the data, the technology, and the inference models. Finally, it proposes research orientations for the improvement of the current forensic biometric applications and suggests some ideas for the development of some new forensic biometric applications.
Ethics: The Prosecutors' Role as Gatekeepers for Scientific Evidence
Authors: Melson Kenneth E. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Lawyers have been blamed for introducing junk science into the courtroom. To combat the proliferation of junk science, the Supreme Court took the responsibility for screening scientific evidence from the lawyers and put it in the hands of judges who now act as gatekeepers for its evidentiary reliability. That does not mean, however, that lawyers are immune from responsibility for presenting valid and reliable scientific evidence. Particularly in criminal cases where the goal is justice, not just winning, prosecutors have a moral responsibility to understand the science and its methodologies before sponsoring expert witnesses. They should be gatekeepers themselves of scientific evidence they propose to use. An appropriate test for the prosecutor as a gatekeeper might be a good faith basis based on personal investigation to believe the scientific evidence is valid and that the methodologies used in testing are conducted properly. To this end, prosecutors must be trained in forensic sciences and professional responsibility associated with the proffer of scientific evidence. The Department of Justice (DOJ) has failed to adequately train its prosecutors in forensic sciences and to provide them with an acceptable level of professional responsibility training. With three major crime laboratories under its purview, Federal Bureau of Investigation (
FBI
), Drug Enforcement Administration (
DEA
), and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (
ATF
), the DOJ must enforce its draft Scientific and Research Integrity Policy required by the Executive Office of the President. The DOJ attorneys are generally ill‐equipped to be the initial gatekeepers of sound scientific evidence used in criminal prosecutions. With the emergence of more complex forensic science, the DOJ, and other prosecution authorities, can wait no longer to clarify the parameters of their responsibilities governing conduct regarding scientific evidence.
Genetics and Epigenetics of Mental Illness: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: O'Day Jennifer A. , Dardashti Laura J. , Delgado Darci M. , Schwartz Eric H. , Broderick Charles L. , Stahl Stephen M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEpigenetics encompasses environmental and experiential processes in gene expression that determine when and whether a gene product is produced. However, there is no known gene for any psychiatric disorder, nor is there ever expected to be one. Genes do not code for psychiatric disorders or psychiatric symptoms, they code for proteins and epigenetic regulators that regulate the efficiency of information processing in brain circuitry. These brain circuits can be visualized utilizing various neuroimaging techniques. Every abnormal symptom has an abnormal circuit associated with it, but not every abnormal circuit has an abnormal symptom associated with it. Currently, psychiatric disorders are categorical collections of symptoms chosen by a committee of experts. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) created by the National Institute of Mental Health, proposes a dimensional approach for classifying psychiatric symptoms and behaviors related to various brain circuits. This diagnostic strategy is an attempt to link symptom domains that cut across multiple psychiatric disorders first to inefficient information processing in specific brain circuits and eventually to genes regulating those circuits. These advances in understanding the role of genetics may help mental health clinicians improve the understanding of mental illness and subsequent treatment outcomes.
Borates: Solid‐State Chemistry
Authors: Huppertz Hubert , Keszler Douglas A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis chapter presents the basic principles of borate crystal chemistry including the electronic structure of the basicBO3andBO4groups. Several typical examples for the combination of these groups to complex crystal structures with an additional view into glass‐forming systems are presented. Next to an introduction into the synthesis of borates, special examples of technologically important borates are described.
Borides: Solid‐State Chemistry
Authors: Fokwa Boniface P. T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBoron forms compounds with most other elements. In addition to numerous binary and ternary compounds with metals—the true borides—boron forms related compounds with carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium. These related compounds are formed by elements more electronegative than boron and cannot therefore be denoted as borides. They display, however, similar properties and structures as borides, and are, therefore, included in this article.Borides are to some extent related to carbides and nitrides. All three groups of compounds are compounds between small nonmetal and larger metal atoms. They are occasionally denoted interstitial compounds, as the small nonmetal atoms often occupy the interstices between the metal atoms in metal‐rich compounds. In boron‐rich compounds, however, boron octahedra or icosahedra form a continuous three‐dimensional network. Most borides are characterized by high melting points, extreme hardness, brittleness, high chemical stability, and high inertness toward reactive metals.The borides are nonmolecular compounds and knowledge of the crystal structure is consequently of very high importance to characterize a boride phase. The structural principles of mainly the binary and ternary borides are described in this article. There are a total number of at least 1000 binary and ternary borides known at present.The chemical bonding in borides has evident contributions from covalent, ionic as well as metallic bonding, which explains some of the unique properties of the borides. As a rule, phases containing a large proportion of boron are semiconductors, whereas those with a lower proportion of boron are metallic conductors. TiB2and MgB2(superconductor below 39 K) are good metallic conductors, whereas MeB6phases are either semiconductors or metallic conductors depending on the metal. Many theoretical calculations are available, in particular of diborides, including the superconductor MgB2.The uses of borides and related compounds are mainly based on their hardness, chemical inertness, and magnetic and electrical properties. A few examples may be mentioned. B4C and cubic BN are used as abrasives, B4C and hexaborides as surface coatings, and CaB6as deoxidation agent in some metallurgical processes. TiB2is used in the production of vaporization boats for aluminum. It is also used in the industrial production process for aluminum owing to its high electrical conductivity and inertness toward liquid aluminum. Nd2Fe14B is, at room temperature, the strongest permanent magnetic material known. Large single crystals of YB66are used for monochromating synchrotron radiation.
Carbon: Fullerenes
Authors: Liu Fupin , Yang Shangfeng 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The discovery of the fullerenes has revolutionalized the chemistry of carbon. For the first time, a molecular form of the element carbon is available that can be manipulated and functionalized by the wide range of techniques available to chemists and materials scientists. In a very short span of time, fullerenes and their derivatives have been found to display many fascinating physical and chemical properties, and the astonishing pace of development in fullerene research is ample testimony to their great potential in diverse fields.
Selenium: Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Midura Wanda H. , Midura Mateusz 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSelenium is the first member of the group 16 elements O, S, Se, Te, and Po that shows some metallic character. The increasing metallic character in the series O, S, Se, Te, Po is reflected also in the lower electronegativity, in the less acid character of the oxides, and in the lower stability of the oxidation number +VI for selenium compared to sulfur. There is a large variety of compounds of SeII, SeIV, and SeVI with the electronegative elements N, O, F, Cl, and Br. Thus, there are several types of compounds containing those elements in one molecule. The review will describe the diverse range of cations, oxo‐ and halo‐compounds that selenium forms and their relative structures as haloselenates, selenates, and oxohaloselenates as well as their analogous compounds containing nitrogen and selenium bonded together. Selenides, where selenium as an anion with −2 oxidation number, are presented very briefly, just to underline their properties and wide applications as photoconductors.
Hydrogenase Models
Authors: Lansing James C. , Manor Brian C. , Rauchfuss Thomas B. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

This review will highlight major advances in the synthesis and study of active site analogs for the [NiFe]‐, [FeFe]‐, and [Fe]‐hydrogenases (H
2
ases). In their biological role, the [NiFe]‐ and [FeFe]‐

H
2

ases utilize a combination of redox and acid–base reactions for the activation and formation of H
2
. Both reactions have been demonstrated in models. Relevant to the [NiFe]‐H
2
ases, models have been developed that form hydrides via the biologically relevant pathways of protonation or activation of H
2
. These hydrides serve as catalysts for the reduction of protons or oxidation of H
2
via mixed‐valence intermediates. These studies suggest that the hydride bridges the two metals unsymmetrically, and the Fe–
H
…
Ni center engages in dihydrogen bonding to protic reagents as an intermediate in the formation and activation of H
2
. For the [FeFe]‐H
2
ases, the most informative models feature both an azadithiolate cofactor, which serves as a proton relay, and a terminal hydride ligand. Diiron species undergo oxidation to mixed‐valence Fe(I)Fe(
II
) cations, several of which are capable of oxidizing H
2
. The Fe(I)Fe(I) species catalyze hydrogen evolution via the formation of iron hydrides. Catalysis is faster when the hydride is a terminal ligand, but also proceeds for isomeric species with a bridging hydride ligand. Models for [Fe]‐H
2
ases feature biomimetic coordination spheres consisting of acyl, thiolate, and 2‐substituted pyridine ligands bound to a redox‐inactive ferrous center.
FromCO2to Chemicals, Materials, and Fuels: The Role of Catalysis
Authors: Aresta Michele , Dibenedetto Angela , Angelini Antonella 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis article summarizes a number of applications of CO2in the synthesis of molecular compounds, materials and fuels. The actual and perspective amount of used CO2is given for 2016 and 2030. Barriers to a full exploitation are discussed and future areas of major interest are highlighted.
Involvement ofSbsBinCa2+‐triggeredS‐layer Assembly
Authors: Madhurantakam Chaithanya , Howorka Stefan , Remaut Han 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSurface layers or S‐layers are monomolecular, paracrystalline surface structures on archaea and bacteria that function as a protective exoskeleton, molecular sieves, and/or as attachment sites for exoenzymes. The intrinsic feature of self‐assembly into isoporous arrays has raised interest in the application of S‐layer proteins in biomolecular nanotechnology. SbsB is a model surface layer protein fromGeobacillus stearothermophilusPV72/p2 and contains seven consecutive immunoglobulin‐like domains that arrange as a discoid ϕ‐shaped monomeric assembly unit. The SbsB S‐layer is an oblique two‐dimensional lattice with unit cell vectorsa = 104 Å andb = 79 Å and a base angle γ = 109°. The assembly‐competent conformation of the protomers comprises domainsII–VIIand is stabilized by four structural Ca2+ions. Interdomain coordination of Ca2+triggers a domain condensation into the looped ϕ‐shaped quaternary structure and results in the prepositioning of key interaction sites for self‐assembly.
The 11‐Heme Cell‐Surface Cytochrome
UndA
of
Shewanella
sp.
HRCR
‐6
Authors: Edwards Marcus J , Shi Liang , Butt Julea N , Richardson David J , Clarke Thomas A 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

UndA is an 11‐heme membrane‐associated cytochrome that is transported to the cell surface via the type
II
secretion pathway. UndA is found within several stains of
Shewanella
where it functions as a terminal reductase that supports cellular respiration in anoxic environments through the reduction of soluble and solid‐phase extracellular electron acceptors such as Fe(
III
) and Mn(
IV
) oxides.
LipidII‐DegradingM‐Class Bacteriocins
Authors: Grinter Rhys , Walker Daniel 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLipidII‐degrading M‐class bacteriocins are protein antibiotics that kill a narrow spectrum of bacterial strains through cleavage of lipidII, thereby leading to an arrest of cell wall synthesis and cell lysis. A number of M‐class bacteriocins have been structurally and functionally characterized, which include colicin M fromEscherichia coli, syringacin M fromPseudomonas syringae, and pyocin M (PaeM) fromP. aeruginosa. In each case, these bacteriocins have been shown to kill bacteria closely related to the producing strain, with selectivity mediated through the presence of a specific outer membrane receptor. Cell killing requires uptake of the bacteriocin into the periplasm where it is able to cleave lipidIIin a metal‐dependent manner. Calcium and magnesium have been shown to support enzymatic activity, and X‐ray crystal structures of syringacin M and PaeM, respectively, show these ions bound at the putative active site. Extensive structural and mutagenesis studies have enabled delineation of the functional domains of the M‐class bacteriocins that mediate receptor binding, translocation across the outer membrane, and cytotoxic activity.