bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Growth and Plaquing of Rabies Virus in Static Chick Embryo Cell Culture
Authors: Serine Noriyoshi , Yoshino Kamesaburo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe 7‐day egg passage line of HEP Flury strain of rabies virus was inoculated to primary chick embryo (CE) cells prepared in different ways to compare efficiencies of viral growth and plaquing. Special care to minimize cellular damage due to trypsin at the step of monodispersion and sowing a comparatively large number of cells for monolayer preparation were required for rabies plaquing, whereas such cares were not necessary for plaquing of vesicular stomatitis virus. Plaque number and size were increased by incorporation of a high concentration of thymidine into cell growth medium. Various other means to produce a static state of CE cells were tested, and a maximal plaquing efficiency was obtained when dishes receiving a massive number of dispersed cells in MEM plus 1% calf serum were incubated at 37 C for 1 day without any buffering for monolayer preparation and postinfection incubation was done at 32 C in a CO2‐incubator. Bottle cultures of CE cells prepared in a similar manner, when infected with HEP Flury virus, yielded a markedly higher titer of virus than CE cells prepared by our previous standard method.
Viral DNA Synthesis In Vitro with the Inclusions Isolated from Adenovirus 12‐Infected Cells
Authors: Ariga Hiroyoshi , Shimojo Hiroto , Yamaguchi Kazuyoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA fraction defined as the inclusions was isolated by banding in CsCl gradients from nuclei of adenovirus 12‐infected KB cells. When examined by electron microscopy, the isolated inclusions were relatively homogeneous, finely granular materials of moderate electron density, possibly representing the disintegrated type II or IV inclusions. The conditions of endogenous DNA synthesis in vitro with the inclusions were determined. The product of DNA synthesis in vitro with the inclusions was mainly viral and scarcely cellular, as revealed by DNA‐DNA hybridization and methylated albumin kieselgur column chromatography. However, viral DNA synthesized in vitro was smaller (18 S, 22 S) than viral DNA in virions (31 S, 34 S) in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients. Effects of various treatment of the inclusions on the DNA‐synthesizing activity showed that phospholipase C inhibited the activity efficiently. The in vitro DNA synthesis was stimulated by addition of the cytoplasmic extract from adenovirus 12‐infected cells and not that from unifected cells. The analysis of the composition of the inclusions showed that the inclusions contained DNA, protein, phospholipid and a small amount of RNA and carbohydrate.
Properties of Virus Isolated from an Epidemic of Hand‐Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease in 1973 in the City of Matsue
Authors: Gobara Fumiko , Itagaki Asao , Ito Yoshihiro , Saito Koichi , Katsumoto Tetsuo , Kimura Genki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe virus strains isolated from clinical cases in an epidemic of hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease in Matsue in 1973 were characterized and its properties were compared with those of the Coxsackievirus group A type 16 (CA 16) prototype strain. The virus isolated in 1973 was similar to CA16 prototype virus with respect to morphology in electron microscopy, resistance to ether and capability to replicate in medium containing fluorodeoxyuridine. Cross neutralization tests using guinea‐pig and horse antisera revealed that there was little or no detectable common antigen between the two viruses. The two viruses also differed in heat stability of virion infectivity: the 1973‐viruses were much more resistant to heat than the prototype virus. Under one‐step growth conditions in Vero cell cultures, growth rate and virus yield of the 1973‐viruses were lower than those of CA16, but this property was independent of incubation temperatures, pH of culture medium and other culture conditions. Several other differences in property between the 2 strains are also described. It is concluded that the epidemic in 1973 was caused by a virus whose properties differed greatly from those of the CA16 prototype.
Speculation and C2 Toxin Production by Clostridium botulinum Type C Strains Producing No C1 Toxin
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Serikawa Toshihiko , Yamakawa Kiyotaka , Nishida Shoki , Kozaki Shunji , Sakaguchi Genji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAll of the 8 strains that were previously assumed to be nontoxigenic Clostridium botulinum type C were re‐examined for their toxigenicity and were demonstrated by trypsinization of the culture filtrates to produce C2 toxin under improved cultural conditions. One per cent glucose added to trypticase peptone medium enhanced C2 toxin production. The larger the spore population, the higher the C2 toxicity and when spore population was smaller than a level of 104/ml, no C2 toxicity was demonstrated. The C2 toxin was produced only during sporulation and not during vegetative growth.
Serotype‐Dependent Inhibition of Glucan Synthesis and Cell Adherence of Streptococcus mutans by Antibody against Glucosyltransferase of Serotype e S. mutans
Authors: Hamada Shigeyuki , Tai Stella , Slade Hutton D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA crude glucosyltransferase (GTase) preparation was obtained from the culture supernatant of Streptococcus mutans strain MT703 (serotype e) by 50% ammonium sulphate precipitation. Antiserum specific against the GTase was prepared by immunizing rabbits intramuscularly with the GTase in Freund incomplete adjuvant, followed by GTase without adjuvant intravenously. Gamma globulin fractions of the antiserum and normal serum were partially purified by 1/3 saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation. The antibody strongly inhibited the GTase activity (>90%) of type c, e and f S. mutans, whereas the GTase of types a, d and g was not affected by the antibody. The GTase from type b S. mutans was slightly inhibited. The adherence of viable cells of type c, e, and f S. mutans to a glass surface due to synthesis of glucan by the cell‐associated GTase was also significantly inhibited by the antibody to the enzyme. These results suggest that type c, e, and f and types a, d, and g S. mutans can be separated into two major groups in terms of the immunological relationship of GTase.
Bacteriocinogeny and Antibiotic Resistance of Naturally Occurring Strains of Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Katayama Ario , Ishikawa Etsuko , Arai Toshihiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe studied bacteriocinogenies and antibiotic resistances of naturally occurring strains of Streptococcus mutans isolated from different sources. It was found that naturally occurring strains from humans and rats were distinguished by their bacteriocin susceptibilities and production. We had a few incidences of tetracycline resistant strains only among those isolated from rats. It is quite interesting that none of the resistant strains we collected produced bacteriocins.
Investigation on an Intracellular Hemolytic Agent of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Lipid Fraction of Dried Cells
Authors: Iida Atsushi , Takagi Mitsuzo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe dried cells of two strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were fractionated by extracting first with water and then with organic solvents. The hemolytic activity of the fractions was determined, and some of them were assayed for their effect in mice. The hemolytic agent present in the water‐insoluble fraction was extractable in organic solvents such as 70% aqueous ethanol, chloroform–methanol–water (1:2:0.8) and acetone. The extracts showed no toxic effect in mice after intraperitoneal inoculation. No hemolytic activity was observed in the remaining cell residue, which bore the toxicity.
Effects of Age and Starvation on the Gastrointestinal Microflora and the Heat Resistance of Fecal Bacteria in Rats
Authors: Morishita Yoshiyuki , Miyaki Komei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe microflora of the gastrointestinal tract in rats 1 day to 100 weeks old, of the cecal contents and wall in starved rats, and of heat‐treated feces of normal rats was determined by cultural examination. Streptococci, staphylococci, lactobacilli, actinobacilli, and coliforms colonized the tract during the 1st week of life. Bacteroidaceae, veillonellae, catenabacteria (composed of eubacteria and anaerobic lactobacilli), clostridia, bifidobacteria, anaerobic gram‐positive cocci, fusiform bacteria, curved rods, and spirochetes appeared when the rats were 2 to 4 weeks old. Yeasts were slower in colonizing the tract than any other organism. Dramatic changes occurred in the microflora of rats 2 to 4 weeks of age. There was a time lag between the changes in enterococcal and coliform populations. The enterococcal population was depressed over a period from 2 to 6 weeks of age. Bifidobacteria showed a larger population at 4 to 9 weeks than at any other age. The microflora of the stomach was the same as that of the small intestine, with some exceptions. It differed markedly from that of the cecum. The ratio of total aerobic count to anaerobic count gradually increased in the stomach, but decreased in the cecum, with advance in age. The microorganisms distributed in the tract could be divided roughly into 3 types. The population of each organism, except spirochetes, in the cecal wall was approximately 1/1,000 of that in the cecal contents. One of the 2 types of spirochetes was found only in the cecal wall and in a high incidence, forming a large population. In rats starved for 48 hr, coliforms, Proteus spp., anaerobic gram‐positive cocci, Clostridia, and some bacteroidaceae showed an increase in population in the cecum, but lactobacilli, veillonellae, and spirochetes decreased. The major organisms cultured from the heat‐treated feces were fusiform and curved bacteria, some members of Bacillus, minor anaerobic cocci, and straight rods.
Partial Purification, Physicochemical Characterization and Biological Function of a Rosette‐Decreasing Factor (RDF) Extracted from Guinea Pig Thymus
Authors: Mabuchi Ayako , Kanamori Sachio , Yokomuro Kozo , Kimura Yoshitami 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA factor that decreases rosette formation between guinea pig T‐cells and rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) was extracted from the thymus of the guinea pig.The active factor could be extracted from the spleen as well as the thymus, but not from the liver or kidney. The active factor of the thymic extract was found in the precipitates produced by 80% saturated ammonium sulfate and it was separated from the water‐soluble fraction of the precipitates. The molecular weight of the partially purified substance was estimated to range between 10,000 and 30,000 by filtration through a diaflow membrane.From the studies on physicochemical characterization, it might be a heat‐resistant basic peptide probably bound to a ribonucleotide moiety. This factor reduced rosette formation between RRBC and guinea pig T‐cells, but did not reduce erythrocyte‐antibody‐complement rosette formation.This factor also inhibited mitogen (concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin‐P)‐induced DNA synthesis of guinea pig lymphocytes and antigen‐induced DNA synthesis of sensitized guinea pig lymphocytes.
Characterization of Multi‐Layered Membrane Generated by Rabies Virus
Authors: Tanabe Kiyokatsu , Matsumoto Seiichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractElectron microscopy revealed multi‐layered membranes within the cytoplasmic inclusion (accumulation of nucleocapsids) produced by rabies virus. When infected BHK cells were maintained at 31 C, an enhancement in production of these membranes occurred in approximately 60% of inclusion‐containing cells. Multi‐layered membranes were composed of an alternate array of two different layers; an electron‐dense, thin membrane and a less dense layer which was thicker. SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immune electron microscopy of isolated multi‐layered membrane preparations demonstrated that the structures contained viral G and M2 polypeptides. Our observations suggest that these membranous structures are not a degenerative product of rabies virus infection but rather are related to the replication of viral envelope constituents, although they represent themselves to be an abortive form of viral assembly.
Heterogeneous RNA of the Prague Strain of Rous Sarcoma Virus Caused by Undiluted Passages
Authors: Nasu Masao , Yutsudo Masuo , Toyoshima Kumao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe size of genomic RNA in PR‐RSV A passaged in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) or quail embryo fibroblasts (QEF) was determined by gel electrophoresis. The results showed that 3 undiluted passages resulted in heterogeneity of RNA. The heterogeneity of the smaller incomplete RNAs in the virus stock was decreased by diluted passage or cloning, but RNA of the b subunit size and a subunit RNA of complete genome size were relatively stable.These heterogeneous RNAs were characterized by hybridization analysis. The RNAs from 4 peaks hybridized with both cDNAtotal and cDNAsrc to appreciable extents, indicating that they were derived from viral RNA and that at least some of them contained the src sequence.This finding and the failure to isolate a td mutant from the undiluted‐passaged virus stock or from some subclones that had a and b subunits of RNA indicate that the td virus was only a minor constituent of the incomplete virus population caused by undiluted passages.Some viruses with incomplete RNA in the virus stock could produce foci with the aid of td B77 or RAV‐60. The emergence of rd viruses by undiluted passages was indicated.
“Tween Egg Medium” for Isolating Mycobacteria from Sputum Specimens
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Toyama Haruo , Fukaya Yuji 
Published: November 2013

Abstract‘Tween egg medium,’ in which Tween 80 was used as a carbon source, showed a higher rate of positive cultures than Ogawa egg medium in isolation of mycobacteria from sputum specimens.
Trypsin Action on the Growth of Sendai Virus in Tissue Culture Cells
Authors: Muramatsu Michiko , Homma Morio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA trypsin‐like protease which is responsible for activation of Sendai virus was found in the chorioallantoic fluid (CAF) of embryonated chicken eggs. Treatment of the inactive form of Sendai virus, grown in LLC‐MK2 cells, with CAF enhanced both hemolytic activity and infectivity for the cells. Soybean trypsin inhibitor restrained the enhancing activity of CAF. These results indicate that CAF contains a trypsin‐like protease which activates the inactive form of Sendai virus.The activation was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, ethyl‐enediaminetetraacetate, antipain, and leupeptin but not by tosyllysylchloromethylketone, suggesting that the activating enzyme in CAF is a protease similar to but not identical with trypsin. The inactive form of the virion was produced in ovo when the seed virus was inoculated along with antipain or leupeptin.In deembryonated chicken eggs in which CAF was substituted for a culture medium, multiple cycle growth occurred, but not when soybean trypsin inhibitor was present. These observations indicate that some activating enzyme, possibly the same one as found in CAF, was secreted from the chorioallantoic membrane.
Transformation of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages and Bone Marrow Cells by Simian Virus 40
Authors: Takayama Hisao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA fraction of cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow cells acquired the ability to divide after infection by simian virus 40 (SV40). Two types of transformed lines were obtained. Most transformants isolated 40–60 days after infection did not display macrophage specific properties such as ingestion of opsonized red blood cells, possession of Fc receptors and complement receptors, and acid phosphatase activity throughout the whole culture phase. Cells of the transformed lines isolated by trypsin selection 2–6 months after infection displayed these properties when the cell density became high and cell growth was arrested. In the cells of the latter type of transformed lines, SV40 T‐antigen was intensely demonstrated by immunofluorescence in the growing phase, but weakly or not at all in the stationary phase. It is suggested that the reversion to the phenotype of the progenitor (expression of macrophage specific functions) depends on the physiological state of the culture; however, it is uncertain whether the development of the macrophage functions is directly related to the SV40 T‐antigen.
Intestinal Microflora and Bile Acids
Authors: Sakai Kosei , Marino Takashi , Kawai Yasuo , Mutai Masahiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe population levels of intestinal microflora and bile acid composition in the digestive tract were examined in rats fed bile acids to determine the relationships between gastrointestinal microflora and the host. The population level of Bacteroides was increased in the ceca of rats fed cholic acid or deoxycholic acid. In the ileum, the concentration of conjugated bile acid in rats fed cholesterol, cholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid or lithocholic acid was higher than that in control rats, and was very low in ceca and feces of all the rats. The concentration of total free bile acid was much higher in the ceca than in the ilea of rats fed hyodeoxycholic acid or lithocholic acid. Cholic acid and deoxycholic acid were found in the ilea, ceca and feces of the cholic acid‐fed rats. In the deoxycholic acid‐fed rats, cholic acid was localized in the ileum. 7‐Ketodeoxycholic acid was also found in the ceca of the cholic acid‐fed rats. 12‐Ketolithocholic acid was found in the feces of rats fed cholic acid or deoxycholic acid. 3‐Ketocholanic acid was found in some samples from the lithocholic acid‐fed rats. Therefore, some kinds of bile acids influence the population levels of gastrointestinal microflora and bile acid composition in the intestine.
Effects of a Bacteriocin from Mycobacterium smegmatis on BALB/3T3 and Simian Virus 40‐Transformed BALB/c Mouse Cells
Authors: Saito Hajime , Watanabe Takashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effects of a bacteriocin from Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 on simian virus 40‐transformed BALB/c mouse cells (mKS‐A TU‐7 cells) and non‐transformed BALB/3T3 cells originating from the BALB/c mouse strain were studied. The percentage of nigrosin‐unstained (viable) cells in the bacteriocin‐treated mKS‐A TU‐7 cells decreased time‐dependently with an increase in the bacteriocin activity. There was a time‐dependent decrease in the bacteriocin activity after treatment with the cell membrane preparation from mKS‐A TU‐7 cells. There was no apparent effect of the bacteriocin on the viability of non‐transformed BALB/3T3 cells. Wheat germ agglutinin blocked the toxic effect of bacteriocin on mKS‐A TU‐7 cells. These results indicate that the higher sensitivity and binding capacity of the tumor cells to the bacteriocin is probably due to the presence of a larger amount of N‐acetyl‐glucosamine or closely related sugar residues with a high affinity for bacteriocin, as compared with normal cells. The bacteriocin produced morphological alterations and inhibition of synthesis of ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid and protein in the transformed but not in the nontransformed cells.
Effect of Lactobacilli on Urinary Indican Excretion in Gnotobiotic Rats and in Man
Authors: Tohyama Kiyoshi , Kobayashi Yoichi , Kan Tatsuhiko , Yazawa Kazunaga , Terashima Tsuneo , Mutai Masahiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of Lactobacillus species on urinary indican excretion in two types of gnotobiotic rats (GBH‐9 and GB‐5) and in man was studied. L. salivarius, L. plantarum and L. casei colonized in the cecum and colon of both types of rats at levels of 107 to 108 per gram of contents following one‐dose oral administratron and caused a significant reduction in urinary indican excretion, whereas two strains of L. acidophilus which colonized at low levels (104 to 105/g) did not reduce indican excretion. Daily feeding of Lactobacillus concentrates caused a further significant reduction in indican excretion which was corrected by tryptophan intake, even in the case of L. acidophilus. There was a clear relationship between fecal lactobacillus counts and urinary indican. A significant reduction of indican secretion was obtained only when the fecal counts of lactobacilli exceeded 107.4/g in rats.L. casei also had an effect in man, reducing urinary excretion of indican and p‐cresol. Reduction in indican excretion seems to be accompanied by decreasing fecal tryptophanase activity in rats and man. A negative correlation was also obtained between fecal resident lactobacilli and urinary indican in man (r = − 0.532, n = 28, p<0.01). Subjects with lactobacilli at a level of 106/g or more excreted less indican than those harboring the bacteria at levels below 105/g.
Complement Proteins and Macrophages
Authors: Miyama Akio , Kawamoto Yasuko , Ighikawa Hidetaka , Moriyama Takeshi , Okamoto Keinosuke , Takahashi Tetsuomi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA kinetic study of factor B secretion by particle‐ingesting macrophages showed that the ingestion of zymosan but not latex lead to an early suppression of factor B secretion followed by a significant enhancement. This dual response was proportional to the number of ingested zymosans. After a suppressive period of 24–48 hr, the ingested zymosan stimulated the synthesis of factor B. The response of acid phosphatase synthesis to ingested zymosan was the same as that of factor B, while the synthesis of lactic dehydrogenase proceeded without an early suppression. These results suggest that factor B should be considered an enzyme released into the lysosomes of macrophages.
Anticomplement Immunofluorescence for the Titration of Antibody to Varicella‐Zoster Virus
Authors: Shigeta Shiro , Baba Masanori , Ogata Masahiro , Iijima Susumu , Murai Chiaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAnticomplement immunofluorescence (ACIF) was tested for its use for the titration of antibody against varicella‐zoster virus (VZV). ACIF antibody responses of patients with VZV infection were specific for VZV antigen and heterotypic responses to herpes simplex virus type‐1 and cytomegalovirus antigens were not observed. Comparative studies of ACIF, membrane immunofluorescence (MIF) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF), using acetone‐fixed antigen, were carried out with nonimmune sera and convalescent sera of patients who had recovered from varicella, herpes zoster and Rumsey Hunt disease. Nonspecific staining occurred with some nonimmune sera at a 1:4 dilution in the MIF and IF tests, after freezing and thawing of the serum, but not in the ACIF test. The antibody titers in convalescent sera agreed well in these three methods and the highest titer was obtained by MIF. The titers in ACIF and IF were similar but the ACIF antibody decreased earlier than the IF antibody during convalescence. On the other hand there was a discrepancy between the titers of ACIF and those of MIF and IF antibody in the sera of healthy adults, all sera with titers higher than 10 in the MIF and IF tests had titers below 10 in the ACIF test. The average titer of ACIF antibody declined to less than 10 with increasing age (13 to more than 20 years), whereas the MIF antibody increased during the same period of life.