bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fuel Oil in the Southwest With a Bibliography of Fuel Oil Generally
Authors: Phillips William B. 
Published: June 2014

This paper was prepared at the request of Capt. A. F. Lucas, Chair man ofthe Institute's Committee on Petroleum and Gas, as a preliminary discussion ofthe fuel oils which are used in the Southwest, giving their composition, uses, prices, etc. Should it afterward be found desirable, these observations may beextended over a larger area. In this connection, I suggest that samples of allkinds of fuel oils, including various tars, from all over the country, becollected and sent to some testing laboratory for examination. We would be gladto extend the facilities of the laboratory of the Bureau of Economic Geologyand Technology, at the University of Texas, for this purpose, and to do thework free of all expenses. After such examinations are made and the resultsclassified and studied, it would be possible to suggest specifications underwhich fuel oils should be purchased, and to arrive at some conclusionsrespecting the uniformity of such specifications, with due allowance forclimatic and other more or less local conditions. While such specifications donot now depart from a common standard anything like as much as specificationsfor illuminating oils do, yet there are discrepancies which should not exist.Some of these discrepancies are of lessening importance, due to the pronouncedtendency to distill every crude oil that can be distilled with profit, and tosend residues into the market for fuel oil. Residues from the refineries are ofa more uniform chemical composition and physical nature than many of the crudeoils that go direct into the fuel market.
The lower flash-point oils are disappearing from the fuel trade and in place ofthem we are getting oils that do not flash below 220? F., nor burn under 320?F. In the Southwest, it has not been long since we had fuel oils that flashedas low as 110? F, and the average flash point over a considerable period was151? F. Now we are using oil that flashes at about 30? lower than the formerburning point, which was 258? F. In other words, the flash point has risen, onthe average, 100?; and the burning point about 75?.
AIME 048–47
Cementing Oil and Gas Wells
Authors: Knapp I.N. 
Published: June 2014

Foreword
I herewith present some notes on the use of Portland cement to cement in thecasing, and for plugging, to exclude water from oil and gas, wells, and the methods employed. I have used my best efforts to make each step of theoperation of cementing wells perfectly clear. The information is the result of actual experience and observation. The illustrations are from original drawingsmade especially for this paper.

Portland Cement
It is not necessary to discuss here the manufacture of cement. Anyestablished brand of the slower setting Portland cements may be purchased withthe confidence that it will harden, if properly used, and exclude water fromand plug wells efficiently.
Setting.- By the setting of cement is meant its initial change from a soft orplastic mortar to a friable solid. After the cement has become thoroughly set it is still very weak and can be readily pulverized in thefingers. Setting is thought to be effected by the crystallizing out of the silicate and the aluminate of lime, which are soluble in water in theiranhydrous form. After dissolving in the water they pass to the hydrated state, in which they are insoluble, and hence are precipitated in acrystal line form.
Ordinarily neat Portland cement mortar remains perfectly plastic for from 1 to 1 1/2 hr. after mixing with water at about 70 degrees F. A highertemperature accelerates and a lower retards setting.
Hardening.-This is due to a continual crystallization of salts fromsolution, and to further chemical and physical changes which develop slowly, but which continue for long periods of time.
Testing.-It is no more necessary for an operator to go into the scientifictesting of cement to be used in a well than to so test the pipe used. He must depend for the quality of each on the tests and reliabilityof the manufacturer. Cement or pipe may be damaged in shipment so as to be unfit for use and such damaged material can easily be avoided by proper inspection.
A practical test of cement can be made in advance of its use for thispurpose by filling a common galvanized-iron bucket one-third full of water and stirring in neat cement until the mixture is as stiff as it can bemade and still be fluid enough to pour or pump. Then fill several tin cans (oldfruit cans will do) with the mixture and at once immerse these samples inwater. Take out one sample in 24 hr. and examine for set and hardness, anotherin 48 hr., and so on daily for a week. Thus a fair idea of how a given cementwill act in use may be formed.
AIME 048–51
Oil in Southern Tamaulipas, Mexico
Authors: Ordonez Ezequiel 
Published: June 2014

The great activity with which the oil resources of the northern Cantons ofthe State of Veracruz have been developed has largely resulted from the greatsuccess obtained by the important explorations carried out since 1902 in theEbano district in the North, and several years later near Tuxpam, in the South.It must not be thought that these successes were quickly obtained, since thepreliminary studies by good experts, the acquisition of what were thought to bethe most promising coast lands, the extensive clearing thereof, and finally thenumber of unsuccessful drillings at great depth, signified an original outlayof some tens of millions of dollars before finding commercial oil.
The discovery of oil in industrial quantities at Cerro de la Pez, Ebanodistrict, and the famous Dos Bocas gusher some years later, which was burned, once and for all made famous the Veracruz coast, where today is concentratedthe Mexican output of mineral oil. In 1917, this production was nearly61,000,000 bbl. It is well known that this output represents only a fraction ofwhat the wells in actual production can furnish, because with adequate means oftransportation and storage, the present extraction could be somewhat over300,000,000 bbl. a year.
These enormous potential oil resources of the Veracruz coast proceed from arelatively small number of wells, scattered over a few oil fields, separatedfrom each other by large unexplored areas, wherein may be found other favorablefields which, in time, will undoubtedly become just as great centers of oilproduction.
Experts who know our Gulf Coast believe that lands with commercial oilresources lie not only between the Panuco and Tuxpan Rivers, but thatindications are that the oil zone of Mexico, with more or less interruption, takes in the coast zone from Northern Tamaulipas to the foot of the SierraMadre of Chiapas, and the banks of the Usumacinta River. This generalization isnot merely the outcome of optimism, but is the result of the persistency withwhich one finds, throughout this Gulf Coast, the most usual characteristicsupon which we depend for recognizing oil-bearing lands.
AIME 061–48
Cement Plugging for Exclusion of Bottom Water in the Augusta Field, Kansas
Authors: Shidel H.R. 
Published: June 2014

This paper summarizes the results obtained from the preliminary cementing of wells in an effort to cut off the bottom water. The object of this work was two-fold:To prevent the oil sand from becoming flooded.To plug off bottom water, thereby preserving the individual well and reclaiming production.
Valuable suggestions and help have been given by the following named: Messrs. Kyle and La Velle, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines; Magnolia Petroleum Co.; Freed Oil and Gas Co. The cementing work was carried out under the personal supervision of L. J. Snyder.
In an unpublished paper on the "Water Problem in the Augusta Field," S. K. Clark reaches the following conclusions:That the great amount of water present is bottom water, occurring in the Varner sand, the main producing or the 2500-ft. horizon.That the only striking connection between structure and water is in the area of the marked fault on the Ralston, E. C. Varner, and F. Varner leases in sections 8, 9, 16 and 17.That the oil occurs in porous streaks, generally separated by fine-grained, well cemented sand, which is barren. Possibly two or three such pay streaks may be found. That under a pay, fine-grained sand occurs, which is presumably barren at the time of drilling, but soon reveals water.
The writer takes partial exception to the last point, because well defined shale, slate, lime, or hard sand breaks have been encountered in a great many cases, separating the pay streaks under which water is often found. This is not an invariable occurrence, as cases have been noted when the oil has been followed immediately by water in the same stratum.
In an effort to overcome the water menace, the following methods of plugging were tried:Plugging with wood, lead, and limit plugs.Plugging with sand pumpings.
AIME 061–53
Petroleum Industry of Trinidad
Authors: Macready George A. 
Published: June 2014

Trinidad, British West Indies, is an island near the north coast of SouthAmerica, situated between latitudes 10? and 11? N., and opposite the numerousoutlets of the Orinoco River Delta. It is separated from Venezuela by the Gulfof Paria (salt water) and straits over 5 mi. (8 km.) wide. The area of theisland is approximately 1750 sq. mi. (453,250 hectares) and the population isapproximately 400,000. The climate is tropical with an annual rainfall of from45 to 60 in. (114 to 152 cm.).
The oil fields consist of several units, or fields, located in the southernhalf of the island. Approximately 90 per cent. of the total production has beenyielded by fields situated within 7 mi. (11.3 km.) of the famous asphalt lakeand on the southwest peninsula.
The most important producing fields, or units, are the following, which areshown on the accompanying map:
Brighton, or Pitch Lake Field, operated by the Trinidad Lake Petroleum Co., Ltd., is situated beside the famous Pitch Lake; it even encroaches on thelake.
Vessigny Field, operated by the Trinidad Lake Petroleum Co., Ltd., is situated2 mi. (3.2 km.) south of Pitch Lake.
Lot One Field, operated by the Petroleum Development Co., Ltd., the UnitedBritish Oilfields of Trinidad, Ltd., and Stollmeyer, Ltd., is situated 3 mi.south of Pitch Lake upon Lot One of Morne l'Enfer Forest Reserve and adjoiningproperties.
Parry Lands Field, operated by the United British Oilfields of Trinidad, Ltd., and the Petroleum Development Co., Ltd., is situated 3? mi. south of Pitch Lakeon Lot Three of Morne l'Enfer Forest Reserve and adjoining properties.
Point Fortin Field, operated by the United British Oilfields of Trinidad, Ltd., is situated at Point Fortin, 6 mi. southwest of Pitch Lake.
Fyzabad Field, operated by Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., is situated several milessouthwest of Fyzabad Village and 6 mi. south-southeast of Pitch Lake.
Barracpore Field, operated by Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., is situated severalmiles south of San Fernando and 15 mi. (24.14 km.) east of Pitch Lake.
AIME 065–10
Drilling and Production Technique in the Baku Oil Fields
Authors: Knapp Arthur 
Published: June 2014

No oil territory in the world has been so rich in large producing wells, ina comparatively small area, as the Baku field. Particularly is this true of theBibi Eibat field, which formerly produced millions of ?poods? of ?gusher,? oras it is called in Russia, ?fountain? oil. The Bibi Eibat and Balachany fieldshave been exhausted of gas and ruined by water, but, the Surachany andBenegadi fields are still fountain territories and many outlying districts thathave only been prospected produce rich fountains.
The method of controlling fountains, or gushers, is the result of growth, alongwith the Russian system of drilling, where large diameters and riveted casinghave been in vogue. The screw casing is seldom used except to exclude water.Formerly the method of finishing wells and the condition of the casing at thetop of the well would not permit the use of gates, manifolds, and connectionsas is standard elsewhere.
The life of the flowing wells is very short, particularly those 10 in. (25 cm.)or more in diameter, which produce large quantities of sand and often flow forbut a few days and are then a complete loss. More than 1,000,000 poods in 24hr. have been claimed in several instances, but in no case was the flow formore than a few days.
The oil sands of this district are free uncemented sands and vary in thicknessfrom paper thin to a maximum of 10 ft. (3 m.). The sands are interlaid withstrata of soft clay. In spite of this, the practice has been to drill into suchsands and produce from the open hole without screen or liners. Sometimes thecasing is set below the oil sand but in this case holes from 2? to 3 in. indiameter are drilled opposite the oil sand, which would not have the effect ofa screen.
Fig. 1 is an outline of the fountain shield ready for the control of afountain. It is composed of an inner and an outer covering made from roughboards. The framework is made of rough round poles. When a light flow isexpected, only the inner lining is built; and when the fountain comes inunexpectedly, it is often possible to build only the outer cover. The bridge isfor the purpose of renewing the blocks as they become worn by the flow. Thelower block, as here shown, is made of hardwood and is bolted to the crossbeamswith brass bolts. The grain end is toward the flow. The upper block, as shownhere, is made of cast steel and is also bolted to the cross beam with brassbolts.
AIME 065–42
Efficiency in Use of Oil as Fuel
Authors: Best W.N. 
Published: June 2014

This paper is not intended as a scientific discussion of the combustion ofoil but is written from the standpoint of an operator who has the experienceand qualifications necessary to guide others in producing the most economicalresults in the use of liquid fuels. Oil, in this paper, usually means petroleumor its products but incidental reference is made to other liquid and gaseousfuels, so that the term may be considered as referring to all liquid andgaseous hydrocarbons in comparison with solid fuels, as coal and wood. However, only a few of the principal factors in the use of oil as a fuel can begiven.
The present, and prospective, high price of coal is causing users of fuel torenew inquiry as to the merits of other forms of fuel for industrial purposes.Crude oil (petroleum) is proving to be one of the world's most valuable mineralresources. The recent discovery that oil underlies a considerable area of theUnited States, Mexico, and other parts of the world to a greater extent thanwas formerly believed and the large production of some of the wells in theseareas shows the probable quantity of fuel oil that may now be available.Through the energy of Lord Cowdrey, who was one of the pioneers of the oilindustry in Mexico, oil has been discovered in England; some prominentgeologists believe that it may be found in quantity in Great Britain.
For years, oil has been known to be of great value in the manufacture ofmetals. It has proved incomparable in forge shops, steel foundries, heat-treating furnaces, and wherever accuracy of temperatures is essential, orwhere a maximum output is desired as well as quality of metal. In some types ofequipment, the output produced with oil as fuel is double that obtained withcoal and at a reduction of 50 per cent. in the cost of the fuel. For example, in drop-forging plants, the metal is always waiting for the man when oil isused as fuel, whereas with coal, the man must wait for the metal to becomesufficiently heated.
It has only been since January, 1919, that the oil supply could be relied onfor boiler service, owing to the war conditions and the inability to get oiltankers for the delivery of the oil from Mexico to Atlantic ports; but now aconstant supply is assured, and many manufacturers are installing it in theirpower plants.
AIME 065–48
A Possible Origin of Oil
Authors: Rae Colin C. 
Published: June 2014

The absence of paraffin and other oil hydrocarbons in the soil although theyare concentrated in extensive deposits in some localities, the commondistribution of plant remains through many formations that are not productivefor oil, and many other factors, seem to indicate the existence of anintermediate organic compound between the complex plant compounds and thepetroleum hydrocarbons; and much evidence points to the humus acids orassociated organic compounds, which are probably collected by surface watersand concentrated in certain areas by means of precipitation by electrolytes, which would be contained in sea water or possibly in various inland seas orlakes.

Present-Day Evidence
There are many present-day evidences of the association of petroleum withhumus acids. Binney, in 1912, made observations without explanations on thepeat mosses of Down Holland, England, where he found petroleum being formed bydecomposition in the presence of an infiltration of sea water. The analysis ofa typical peat will show its relationship to the humus acids underconsideration.
J. D. Haseman and others have noted the association of asphalt andhydrocarbons with the swampy, boggy areas, particularly adjacent to thesea.
Many of the rivers carry much humus acid in solution, and some tropicalrivers carry in the aggregate millions of tons of humus each year. The amountof humus is a variable factor, depending on climatic conditions, and on thesalts and alkalies present in the water, also on the density andtemperature.
AIME 068–81
The Electrical Dehydration of Cut Oil
Authors: Mahone F.D. 
Published: June 2014

Much crude oil, as produced from the well, carries varying amounts of water, which may be present as free water in globules sufficiently large to settleout, in time, if the fluid is allowed to stand, or as an emulsion formed bymyriads of minute water particles, each surrounded and entrapped by a film ofoil through which it cannot break under the action of gravity alone. Such anemulsified mixture of oil and water is commonly termed "cut oil."
When such an emulsion is subjected, under proper conditions, to theinfluence of a high-potential alternating-current field, the minute waterparticles rupture the enveloping oil films and coalesce into larger waterdroplets this procedure continuing until all the water is freed into drops ofsuch size that they readily settle out. This action has been photographed bythe micro-moving-picture camera; under the microscope, the breaking-up of theemulsion, as described, is seen to be accomplished in a few seconds.
The low power requirements of the process, from records of commercialplants, substantiate the theory that the action is that of a multitude ofelectrical condensers in series, rather than that of a number of conductingpaths. The minute water particles serve as the metallic elements, or plates, ofthe condensers and the separating oil acts as the dielectric. Such surfacecharges as the particles may have are removed, and the intervening oil isbroken, probably electrically by the voltage and mechanically by the attractiveforce between adjacent oppositely electrified particles.
The principle of breaking up an emulsion under the influence of analternating electric field was discovered by F. G. Cottrell and Buckner Speed, through experiments conducted, at the University of California, which resultedin a plant being installed on the property of the Lucile Oil Co. in theCoalinga field, California, early in 1909. This plant was able to reduce 14-percent. emulsion to less than 2-per cent. with commercial success.
AIME 070–58
Separation and Purification of Liquids by Centrifugation, with Special Reference to Petroleum
Authors: Meston A.F. 
Published: June 2014

Centrifugal force has been used for centuries for separating liquids butmachines for doing this are a comparatively recent development. The use ofthese machines is being extended into many industries but this paper isconfined to their use in the oil industry. The centrifugal machine is found atthe well where ?cut oil? is dehydrated for acceptance by pipe lines; and in therefinery and byproduct plant. In fact, wherever finely divided suspendedparticles should be removed from an oil, there is a possible use for acentrifugal machine, if the particles have, or can be made to have, a specificgravity different from that of the oil. Centrifugal machines are also used forcleaning fuel and lubricating oils and dehydrating transformer oils.

Applications and Results
When oil comes from the well mixed with water, it is spoken of as cut oil.Settling often does not remove sufficient water for the oil to be accepted bypipe lines, thus necessitating chemical or other treatment. Centrifuging alone, or following chemical treatment, effectively prepares such oil for pipe lines, as is shown by the following data:
On the Oklahoma lease, the machine was cleaned of solid material once in 12hr. At first, it was thought that chemical treatment was necessary to startseparation and 1 qt. of prepared compound was added to each 100 bbl. of the cutoil before centrifuging.
AIME 070–59
Use of Gas Meters for Determination of Pay Strata in Oil Sands
Authors: Millikan C.V. 
Published: June 2014

When a flowing oil well is being drilled in with cable tools, it isdifficult to determine when an additional streak of pay sand is drilled. Byplacing a gas meter on the gas-release line from the oil and gas separator, anyincrease in volume of gas that comes with oil production is recorded. Inaddition to the better knowledge of sand conditions, these data are a valuableaid in determining the size and depth of shots, plugging off water, andestimating ultimate production. The meter also gives a record of operationwhile the well is drilling in; and if allowed to remain on the well aftercompletion will give information that may lead to a more efficient recovery ofthe oil from the sand.
A vertical cross section of any oil sand will show great variation inporosity and oil content. In some sands, the entire thickness contains oil, thevariation being only the degree of porosity or oil content, but more often thepay streaks are distinctly separated by shells or barren streaks. These paystrata vary in number and may be thin or thick. The total thickness of the sandmay be several tens of feet while the part containing oil may be only 1 or 2ft. thick. The amount of production is not proportional to the thickness of thesand but rather the thickness of the pay streaks.
If the total thickness of the sand or the amount that can be drilled issmall, or if the initial production is small, the depth at which each stratumof pay is encountered can be determined sufficiently accurately for all presenteconomic purposes. However, when drilling through sand of considerablethickness, giving large initial production, especially where conditionsnecessitate that the production go through the same gas trap with that from oneor more wells already producing, it is difficult to determine the depth atwhich the pay strata are encountered even accurately enough to guide theplacing of shots, and small pay streaks are apt not to be recognized atall.