bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immediate loading of post‐extractive single‐tooth implants: a 1‐year prospective study
Authors: Cristalli Maria Paola , Marini Roberta , La Monaca Gerardo , Sepe Claudio , Tonoli Federica , Annibali Susanna 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this prospective clinical trial was to assess clinical, radiological, and esthetic outcomes of immediate‐loaded post‐extractive implants after 1 year of follow‐up.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐four consecutive patients (15 females and nine males) with a mean age of 47.27 years (range 35–65) requiring single‐tooth extraction in the maxillary or mandibular anterior or premolar areas were enrolled. Twenty‐fiveNobelActive®implants (NobelBiocare,Göteborg,Sweden) were placed and loaded immediately after tooth extraction. The definitive prosthetic restoration was delivered 6 months later. Clinical parameters, marginal bone loss, as well as, pink and white esthetic scores (PESandWES) were evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 months after implant placement.ResultsAfter 12‐month follow‐up period, a success rate of 91.67% was reported: Two of the 25 initially placed implants were lost after 4 weeks due to lack of osseointegration. The mean marginal bone loss after 1‐year follow‐up was 0.383 (SD ± 0.749) at mesial site and 0.278 (SD ± 0.595) at distal site. No statistically significant changes in the full‐mouth plaque score (FMPS) and in the full‐mouth bleeding score (FMBS) were observed from baseline to 12 months. The mean totalPES/WESwas 17.13 ± 1.91 (range: 13–20). None of 23 implants had an overall score <12 (threshold of clinical acceptability).ConclusionWithin the limitations of the present study, when careful patient selection and strict clinical protocol are observed, the immediate placement and loading of a singleNobelActive™implant in a fresh extraction socket may be considered a valuable and predictable option in terms of implant success as well as hard and soft tissues stability.
Contemporary methods of body composition measurement
Authors: Fosbøl Marie Ø. , Zerahn Bo 
Published: April 2014

SummaryReliable and valid body composition assessment is important in both clinical and research settings. A multitude of methods and techniques for body composition measurement exist, all with inherent problems, whether in measurement methodology or in the assumptions upon which they are based. This review is focused on currently applied methods for in vivo measurement of body composition, including densitometry, bioimpedance analysis, dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance techniques and anthropometry. Multicompartment models including quantification of trace elements by in vivo neutron activation analysis, which are regarded as gold standard methods, are also summarized. The choice of a specific method or combination of methods for a particular study depends on various considerations including accuracy, precision, subject acceptability, convenience, cost and radiation exposure. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed with these considerations in mind.
DDIT3 overexpression increases odontoblastic potential of human dental pulp cells
Authors: Wu Y. , Sun H. , Song F. , Fu D. , Wang J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectivesHuman dental pulp cells (HDPCs) with multi‐potential differentiational capacity can undergo odontoblastic differentiation when stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines. However, factors linking proinflammatory stimuli and their odontoblastic differentiation have, as yet, not been completely understood. As an apoptotic transcription factor, DDIT3 plays a crucial role in the inflammatory reaction and in osteogenic differentiation. Thus, we hypothesized that DDIT3 may participate in odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs.Materials and methodsImmunofluorescent staining was used to detect expression of DDIT3 in HDPCs and effects of TNFα, on its nuclear accumulation. HDPCs that overexpressed DDIT3 were developed and their proliferation and odontoblastic differentiation abilities were examined. qRT‐PCR was employed to detect mineralization‐related genes, including ALP, runt‐related transcription factor‐2 (Runx2), osterix (OSX), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1) and osteocalcin (OCN). Western blot analysis was performed to detect expression of DSPP protein.ResultsDDIT3 was expressed in HDPCs. TNFα treatment enhanced mRNA expression as well as nuclear accumulation of DDIT3 (slightly). DDIT3 overexpression reduced HDPC proliferation, however, it increased their calcium nodule formation and expression of OSX, DSPP, DMP1 and OCN.ConclusionsDDIT3 may be a factor that links proinflammatory stimuli and differentiation of HDPCs.
Epigenetic regulation of the Igf2/H19 gene cluster
Authors: Nordin M. , Bergman D. , Halje M. , Engström W. , Ward A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIgf2 (insulin‐like growth factor 2) and H19 genes are imprinted in mammals; they are expressed unevenly from the two parental alleles. Igf2 is a growth factor expressed in most normal tissues, solely from the paternal allele. H19 gene is transcribed (but not translated to a protein) from the maternal allele. Igf2 protein is a growth factor particularly important during pregnancy, where it promotes both foetal and placental growth and also nutrient transfer from mother to offspring via the placenta. This article reviews epigenetic regulation of the Igf2/H19 gene‐cluster that leads to parent‐specific expression, with current models including parental allele‐specific DNA methylation and chromatin modifications, DNA‐binding of insulator proteins (CTCFs) and three‐dimensional partitioning of DNA in the nucleus. It is emphasized that key genomic features are conserved among mammals and have been functionally tested in mouse. ‘The enhancer competition model’, ‘the boundary model’ and ‘the chromatin‐loop model’ are three models based on differential methylation as the epigenetic mark responsible for the imprinted expression pattern. Pathways are discussed that can account for allelic methylation differences; there is a recent study that contradicts the previously accepted fact that biallelic expression is accompanied with loss of differential methylation pattern.
Area 4 has layer IV in adult primates
Authors: García‐Cabezas Miguel Ángel , Barbas Helen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThere are opposing views about the status of layer IV in the primary motor cortex (area 4). Cajal described a layer IV in area 4 of adult humans. In contrast, Brodmann found layer IV in developmental but not in adult primates and called area 4 ‘agranular’. We addressed this issue in rhesus monkeys using the neural marker SMI‐32, which labels neurons in lower layer III and upper layer V, but not in layer IV. SMI‐32 delineated a central unlabeled cortical stripe in area 4 that corresponds to layer IV, which was populated with small interneurons also found in layer IV in ‘granular’ areas (such as area 46). We distinguished layer IV interneurons from projection neurons in the layers above and below using cellular criteria. The commonly used term ‘agranular’ for area 4 is also used for the phylogenetically ancient limbic cortices, confusing areas that differ markedly in laminar structure. This issue pertains to the systematic variation in the architecture across cortices, traced from limbic cortices through areas with increasingly more elaborate laminar structure. The principle of systematic variation can be used to predict laminar patterns of connections across cortical systems. This principle places area 4 and agranular anterior cingulate cortices at opposite poles of the graded laminar differentiation of motor cortices. The status of layer IV in area 4 thus pertains to core organisational features of the cortex, its connections and evolution.
Forecasting Natural Aquifer Discharge Using a Numerical Model and Convolution
Authors: Boggs Kevin G. , Johnson Gary S. , Van Kirk Rob , Fairley Jerry P. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIf the nature of groundwater sources and sinks can be determined or predicted, the data can be used to forecast natural aquifer discharge. We present a procedure to forecast the relative contribution of individual aquifer sources and sinks to natural aquifer discharge. Using these individual aquifer recharge components, along with observed aquifer heads for each January, we generate a 1‐year, monthly spring discharge forecast for the upcoming year with an existing numerical model and convolution. The results indicate that a forecast of natural aquifer discharge can be developed using only the dominant aquifer recharge sources combined with the effects of aquifer heads (initial conditions) at the time the forecast is generated. We also estimate how our forecast will perform in the future using a jackknife procedure, which indicates that the future performance of the forecast is good (Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.81). We develop a forecast and demonstrate important features of the procedure by presenting an application to the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer in southern Idaho.
A New Zonation Algorithm with Parameter Estimation Using Hydraulic Head and Subsidence Observations
Authors: Zhang Meijing , Burbey Thomas J. , Nunes Vitor Dos Santos , Borggaard Jeff 
Published: April 2014

AbstractParameter estimation codes such as UCODE_2005 are becoming well‐known tools in groundwater modeling investigations. These programs estimate important parameter values such as transmissivity (T) and aquifer storage values (Sa) from known observations of hydraulic head, flow, or other physical quantities. One drawback inherent in these codes is that the parameter zones must be specified by the user. However, such knowledge is often unknown even if a detailed hydrogeological description is available. To overcome this deficiency, we present a discrete adjoint algorithm for identifying suitable zonations from hydraulic head and subsidence measurements, which are highly sensitive to both elastic (Sske) and inelastic (Sskv) skeletal specific storage coefficients. With the advent of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), distributed spatial and temporal subsidence measurements can be obtained. A synthetic conceptual model containing seven transmissivity zones, one aquifer storage zone and three interbed zones for elastic and inelastic storage coefficients were developed to simulate drawdown and subsidence in an aquifer interbedded with clay that exhibits delayed drainage. Simulated delayed land subsidence and groundwater head data are assumed to be the observed measurements, to which the discrete adjoint algorithm is called to create approximate spatial zonations of T, Sske, and Sskv. UCODE‐2005 is then used to obtain the final optimal parameter values. Calibration results indicate that the estimated zonations calculated from the discrete adjoint algorithm closely approximate the true parameter zonations. This automation algorithm reduces the bias established by the initial distribution of zones and provides a robust parameter zonation distribution.
In‐Situ Sonication for Enhanced Recovery of Aquifer Microbial Communities
Authors: Ugolini Fabio , Henneberger Ruth , Bürgmann Helmut , Zeyer Josef , Schroth Martin H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSampling methods for characterization of microbial communities in aquifers should target both suspended and attached microorganisms (biofilms). We investigated the effectiveness and reproducibility of low‐frequency (200 Hz) sonication pulses on improving extraction efficiency and quality of microorganisms from a petroleum‐contaminated aquifer in Studen (Switzerland). Sonication pulses at different power levels (0.65, 0.9, and 1.1 kW) were applied to three different groundwater monitoring wells. Groundwater samples extracted after each pulse were compared with background groundwater samples for cell and adenosine tri‐phosphate concentration. Turbidity values were obtained to assess the release of sediment fines and associated microorganisms. The bacterial community in extracted groundwater samples was analyzed by terminal‐restriction‐fragment‐length polymorphism and compared with communities obtained from background groundwater samples and from sediment cores. Sonication enhanced the extraction efficiency up to 13‐fold, with most of the biomass being associated with the sediment fines extracted with groundwater. Consecutive pulses at constant power were decreasingly effective, while pulses with higher power yielded the best results both in terms of extraction efficiency and quality. Our results indicate that low‐frequency sonication may be a viable and cost‐effective tool to improve the extraction of microorganisms from aquifers, taking advantage of existing groundwater monitoring wells.
Effect of Biodentine and Bioaggregate on odontoblastic differentiation via mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway in human dental pulp cells
Authors: Jung J.‐Y. , Woo S.‐M. , Lee B.‐N. , Koh J.‐T. , Nör J. E. , Hwang Y.‐C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo compare the mineralization inductive capacity of Biodentine and Bioaggregate with Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and to investigate possible signaling pathways of mineralization in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs).MethodologyViability of HDPCs in response to Biodentine, Bioaggregate, and MTA was measured using 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide. To investigate their potential to induce odontoblast differentiation, expression of dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentine matrix protein1 (DMP1) mRNA level was evaluated by RT‐PCR. For the mineralized nodule assay, Alizarin red staining was performed. To determine the role of MAPK signaling in the odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs, activated MAPKs were investigated by Western blot and the effect of MAPK inhibitor was examined by Alizarin red S staining. The results were statistically analysed using one‐way anova and the Bonferroni test.ResultsThe effects of MTA, Biodentine, and Bioaggregate on cell viability were similar. Biodentine and Bioaggregate enhanced DSPP and DMP1 mRNA expression compared to the control group, but to the same extent as MTA (P < 0.05). MTA, Biodentine, and Bioaggregate increased the area of calcified nodules compared to the control (P < 0.01). MTA, Biodentine, and Bioaggregate increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK). MAPK inhibitors attenuated mineralized nodule formation, which was increased by MTA, Biodentine, and Bioaggregate, respectively (P < 0.01).ConclusionBiodentine and Bioaggregate stimulated odontoblastic differentiation and mineralization nodule formation by activating the MAPK pathway as did MTA. This suggests that the new materials could be useful for regenerative endodontic procedures.
Polynomial time approximation algorithms for proportionate open‐shop scheduling
Authors: Naderi B. , Zandieh M. , Yazdani M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper deals with the presentation of polynomial time (approximation) algorithms for a variant of open‐shop scheduling, where the processing times are only machine‐dependent. This variant of scheduling is called proportionate scheduling and its applications are used in many real‐world environments. This paper develops three polynomial time algorithms for the problem. First, we present a polynomial time algorithm that solves the problem optimally if , where n and m denote the numbers of jobs and machines, respectively. If, on the other hand, , we develop a polynomial time approximation algorithm with a worst‐case performance ratio of that improves the bound existing for general open‐shops. Next, in the case of , we take into account the problem under consideration as a master problem and convert it into a simpler secondary approximation problem. Furthermore, we formulate both the master and secondary problems, and compare their complexity sizes. We finally present another polynomial time algorithm that provides optimal solution for a special case of the problem where .
The cost‐benefit of using soft silicone multilayered foam dressings to prevent sacral and heel pressure ulcers in trauma and critically ill patients: a within‐trial analysis of the Border Trial
Authors: Santamaria Nick , Liu Wei , Gerdtz Marie , Sage Sarah , McCann Jane , Freeman Amy , Vassiliou Theresa , DeVincentis Stephanie , Ng Ai W , Manias Elizabeth , Knott Jonathan , Liew Danny 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLittle is known about the cost‐benefit of soft silicone foam dressings in pressure ulcer (PU) prevention among critically ill patients in the emergency department (ED) and intensive care unit (ICU). A randomised controlled trial to assess the efficacy of soft silicone foam dressings in preventing sacral and heel PUs was undertaken among 440 critically ill patients in an acute care hospital. Participants were randomly allocated either to an intervention group with prophylactic dressings applied to the sacrum and heels in the ED and changed every 3 days in the ICU or to a control group with standard PU prevention care provided during their ED and ICU stay. The results showed a significant reduction of PU incidence rates in the intervention group (P = 0·001). The intervention cost was estimated to be AU$36·61 per person based on an intention‐to‐treat analysis, but this was offset by lower downstream costs associated with PU treatment (AU$1103·52). Therefore, the average net cost of the intervention was lower than that of the control (AU$70·82 versus AU$144·56). We conclude that the use of soft silicone multilayered foam dressings to prevent sacral and heel PUs among critically ill patients results in cost savings in the acute care hospital.
Revisiting History: The Creation of Provinces and the Politics of Social Policy in a Democratic South Africa
Authors: van Niekerk Robert 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe pre‐democracy negotiations between the African National Congress (ANC) and the National Party (NP) established nine provincial forms of government to replace the four provinces of the apartheid era. The nine provinces contrasted with the historical goal of the ANC to create a ‘democratic, non‐racial and unitary South Africa’. The NP wanted nine new provinces to prevent centralized state power under an ANC government and saw possibilities for winning electoral power in the Western Cape. The ANC conceded following political pressure from the Inkatha Freedom Party, which threatened civil war, and a policy shift after examining the German federal governance system. The article analyzes the history, politics, process and outcomes of the establishment of the nine provinces for social policy delivery in South Africa. It explores the contention that the nine provinces re‐fragmented service delivery (although not on a statutory racial basis) and created a system of fiscal decentralization with serious implications for social policy: weakening bureaucratic capacity, institutional capability and political accountability. The provincial governance mechanisms and fiscal institutions created a particular ‘path dependency’ which, 18 years after democratic, rule still impacts negatively on service delivery and more equitable policy outcomes. This is in part due to the undermining of provincial governance mechanisms and fiscal institutions by a significant minority of corrupt and incompetent provincial civil servants. The corruption of these provincial governance mechanisms and fiscal institutions erodes the egalitarian values aimed at creating a non‐racial, non‐sexist, democratic and unitary South Africa which historically underpinned the policy agenda of the ANC. It also has weakened social citizenship on a geographical and ultimately racial basis given the continuing co‐incidence of race and place in a democratic South Africa.
Equity and ‘No Fee’ Schools in South Africa: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Sayed Yusuf , Motala Shireen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDespite almost 20 years of democratic governance in South Africa, there is growing evidence that equitable access to quality education remains elusive for the majority of its children. In 2007, the Department of Education declared 40 per cent of schools in the country to be ‘no fee’ schools and, by 2011, 60 per cent of all schools had been designated as such. This article examines the introduction and the effects to date of the no fee schools policy, and assesses the progress of South Africa's undoubtedly pro‐poor education policies towards promoting equality in education and, above all, achieving equity of access to resource allocation. It discusses the main challenges and issues relating to the implementation of the no fee policy at provincial and school levels while also considering the efficacy of existing equitable funding instruments, and concludes with suggestions for how more effective and equitable access to quality education can be realized.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Tomography, and Gross Anatomy of the Canine Tarsus
Authors: Deruddere Kirsten J. , Milne Marjorie E. , Wilson Kane M. , Snelling Sam R. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesTo describe the normal anatomy of the soft tissues of the canine tarsus as identified on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate specific MRI sequences and planes for observing structures of diagnostic interest.Study DesignProspective descriptive study.AnimalsCanine cadavers (n = 3).MethodsA frozen cadaver pelvic limb was used to trial multiple MRI sequences using a 1.5 T superconducting magnet and preferred sequences were selected. Radiographs of 6 canine cadaver pelvic limbs confirmed the tarsi were radiographically normal. A 16‐slice CT scanner was used to obtain 1 mm contiguous slices through the tarsi. T1‐weighted, proton density with fat suppression (PD FS) and T2‐weighted MRI sequences were obtained in the sagittal plane, T1‐weighted, and PD FS sequences in the dorsal plane and PD FS sequences in the transverse plane. The limbs were frozen for one month and sliced into 4–5 mm thick frozen sections. Anatomic sections were photographed and visually correlated to CT and MR images.ResultsMost soft tissue structures were easiest to identify on the transverse MRI sections with cross reference to either the sagittal or dorsal plane. Bony structures were easily identified on all CT, MR, and gross sections.ConclusionsThe anatomy of the canine tarsus can be readily identified on MR imaging.
Photoluminescence Properties of Novel Host‐Sensitized Y6WO12:Dy3+ Phosphors
Authors: Yu Ruijin , Shin Dong Soo , Jang Kiwan , Guo Yue , Noh Hyeon Mi , Moon Byung Kee , Choi Byung Chun , Jeong Jung Hyun , Yi Soung Soo 
Published: April 2014

Novel host‐sensitized Y6WO12:xDy3+ (0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.20) phosphors were synthesized via solid‐state reaction process. X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed the phase formation of Y6WO12:Dy3+ materials. The photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra, concentration effect, thermal‐quenching, and decay properties were investigated. The phosphor could be excited by the UV light region from 300 to 400 nm, and it exhibited blue (478 nm) and yellow (568 nm) emission corresponding to 4F9/2–6H15/2 transitions and 4F9/2–6H13/2 transitions, respectively. The WO6 groups in the host lattices can absorb UV light efficiently, and then transferred the energy to the activator Dy3+ ions, resulting in near white light emission. The optimum dopant concentration of Dy3+ ions in Y6WO12:xDy3+ was around 5 mol% and the critical transfer distance of Dy3+ was calculated as 12 Å. The fluorescence lifetime was also determined in Y6WO12:0.05Dy3+. The temperature dependence of photoluminescence properties was investigated from 300 to 480 K and the prepared Y6WO12:Dy3+ phosphors showed poor thermal‐quenching properties.