bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Maghemite/Silica Nanocomposites: Advanced Materials for Aqueous Room‐Temperature Catalysis
Authors: Ojeda Manuel , Pineda Antonio , Romero Antonio A. , Barrón Vidal , Luque Rafael 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA simple, environmentally friendly, and highly reproducible protocol has been developed for the mechanochemical preparation of advanced nanocatalytic materials in a one‐pot process. The materials proved to have unprecedented activities in aqueous Suzuki couplings at room temperature, paving the way for a new generation of highly active and stable advanced nanocatalysts.
A wavelet‐based expert system for digital subscriber line topology identification
Authors: Lima V.D. , Klautau A. , Costa J. , Ericson K. , Fertner A. , Sales C. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThis work proposes a new method for automatically identifying topologies of lines with one or more sections in a telephone network. The method is based on the examination of both impulse response and time‐domain reflectometry trace of a line under test. They are analyzed using a method based on the wavelet transform that identifies and extracts features that contain information about the line topology. Those features are interpreted by an expert system composed of three sequential modules that estimate, respectively, the type of line makeup (serial or bridge tap), the lengths of the line sections, and the corresponding cable type, which are the parameters that completely identify the topology according to the assumed model. A thorough comparison with two state‐of‐the‐art methods is also presented using several twisted‐pair copper cables. The results show that the proposed method provides good accuracy with respect to topology identification at low computational cost. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal resource allocation for heterogeneous traffic in multipath networks
Authors: Li Shiyong , Sun Wei , Hua Changchun 
Published: April 2014

SummaryMultipath networks allow each source to send packets from it to its destination over multiple paths, which increases the available bandwidth and throughput for source‐destination pairs. Recently, a variety of flow control schemes have been presented for multipath networks to achieve optimal resource allocation. Unfortunately, much of the investigation focused on elastic traffic with controllable packet injection rates. Networks have witnessed an increase in real‐time traffic (voice and video), which are inelastic. We consider resource allocation for heterogeneous traffic in multipath networks and formulate an optimization problem, which is intrinsically difficult nonconvex. In order to address the aforementioned issue and obtain the optimum, we approximate an equivalent problem of the original optimization problem to a strictly convex problem and present a primal‐dual resource allocation algorithm for the approximation problem, which converges to an optimal solution satisfying the Karush‐Kuhn‐Tucker conditions of the original problem. We evaluate its convergence performance through theoretical analysis and illustrate it with numerical examples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T cells generated in the absence of a thoracic thymus fail to establish homeostasis
Authors: Smolarchuk Christa , Zhu Lin Fu , Chan William F. N. , Anderson Colin C. 
Published: April 2014

Cervical thymus mimics the thoracic thymus in supporting T‐cell development and exists in a subset of mice and humans. Importantly, it remains unknown whether the cervical thymus can generate T cells that are self‐tolerant in the complete absence of signals from the thoracic thymus. Using a fetal liver reconstitution model in thoracic thymectomized RAG−/− mice, we found that T cells could be generated without contribution from the thoracic thymus. However, these mice had decreased T cells, increased proportions of effector memory T cells and Treg phenotype cells, increased serum IgG1/2b, and increased frequency of T cells expressing IFN‐γ, IL‐17 or IL‐10. Half of the mice that received a thoracic thymectomy and fetal liver cells, unlike sham surgery controls, developed substantial morbidity with age. Disease was associated with lymphopenia‐driven activation rather than inherent defects in the cervical thymus, as both thoracic and cervical thymocytes could generate disease in lymphopenic recipients. Administration of the homeostatic cytokine IL‐7 caused a rapid, transient increase in T‐cell numbers and reduced the time to disease onset. Together the data suggests that the cervical thymus can function in the complete absence of the thoracic thymus; however, the T cells generated do not establish homeostasis.
Enhancement of the Seebeck Coefficient in Stacked Bi2Se3 Nanoplates by Energy Filtering
Authors: Xu Haiming , Chen Gang , Jin Rencheng , Chen Dahong , Wang Yu , Pei Jian , Yan Chunshuang , Zhang Yongqiang , Qiu Zhuangzhuang 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this work, Bi2Se3 stacking nanoplates composed of three (or five) thin nanosheets have been successfully fabricated in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) and by applying sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as surfactant. The microstructure and morphology of the obtained products were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, selected‐area electron diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. We found that the power factor can be tuned by energy filtering. The maximum power factor of 179 μW m–1 K–2 can be obtained for the sample (CMC‐3) by using CMC3 (viscosity, 300–800 mPa s) as surfactant at 544 K, which is about 14 % higher than that of the sample prepared with no CMC as surfactant.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Platinum(II) Acetylides with Multibranched Donor–Acceptor Structures
Authors: Xie Puhui , Wang Lingyu , Huang Zhaohui , Guo Fengqi , Jin Qiu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSix conjugated platinum(II) acetylides with multibranched donor‐acceptor structures (1–6) were synthesized. The absorption maxima of triazine‐centered complexes 1–3 are red‐shifted by 36–43 nm compared with those of triphenylamine‐centered complexes 4–6. The luminescence spectra of 4–6 in air‐saturated chloroform showed one fluorescence peak and one phosphorescence peak. However, only one fluorescence peak was detected for 1–3 in air‐saturated chloroform. The transient absorption spectra of the compounds indicate the effective intersystem crossing from S1 to T1. The nonlinear optical properties of 1–6 in N,N‐dimethylformamide were studied using open Z‐scan method. The results indicate that complexes 1 and 6 exhibit good nonlinear optical performance. The ratios of the effective nonlinear absorption cross section to ground‐state absorption cross section σeff/σ0 of complexes 1–6 are in the range of 4–22.
Anchor‐Functionalized Push‐Pull‐Substituted Bis(tridentate) Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Chromophores: Photostability and Evaluation as Photosensitizers
Authors: Breivogel Aaron , Wooh Sanghyuk , Dietrich Jan , Kim Tea Yon , Kang Yong Soo , Char Kookheon , Heinze Katja 
Published: April 2014

AbstractStable push‐pull substituted heteroleptic bis(tridentate) ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes with COOH or 2,2′‐bipyridine anchor groups have been prepared and characterized by 1H, 13C and 15N NMR 1D and 2D spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, high‐resolution ESI mass spectrometry, electrochemistry, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy, and density functional calculations. The complexes feature a pronounced electronic directionality and high absorption wavelengths up to λmax = 544 nm extending to 720 nm as a result of favorable push‐pull substitutions. A remarkable photostability in the presence of water and coordinating ions (I–) was discovered for the tridentate complexes when compared with the standard ruthenium sensitizer N719 and tris(bidentate) [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2, which are highly photolabile under the same conditions (photodissociation/photosubstitution). The complexes were studied as photosensitizers in dye‐sensitized solar cells. The incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency follows the absorption spectra into the NIR region. However, the high positive charge of the complexes (2+) favors the recombination of the injected electrons with I3– of the redox electrolyte, which is evidenced by high dark currents and short electron recombination lifetimes, leading to low cell performances compared with cells with the negatively charged N719 dye.
Vesicle formed by N′‐dodecyl‐N,N‐dimethylacetamidine and tuned by CO2 and alkali
Authors: Zheng Zhibo , Qiao Weihong , Xiong Chongqiao 
Published: April 2014

By dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it is shown that spherical vesicles are formed spontaneously in the mixed systems consisting of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and N′‐dodecyl‐N,N‐dimethylacetamidinium bicarbonate (DAB). These vesicles can be successfully tuned by alkali, but not CO2‐switch due to the unsuitable pKa of DAB. In SDBS/DAB system, alkalinity increase can substantially expand the vesicle size in DAB‐rich zone, but same effect is indistinguishable in SDBS‐rich zone. Only DAB solution can also form vesicles when the solution pH is close to the pKa of DAB.Practical applications: The vesicles can be spontaneously formed by mixing DAB and SDBS aqueous solution at various concentrations and mole fractions. These vesicles can expand gradually as the solution pH increases. They can be used as pH‐response vesicles for application in drug‐delivery, size‐selective release, biochemical reactions, and so on.Mixing SDBS and DAB aqueous solution can spontaneously form vesicles at various concentration and mole fraction. The vesicles cannot be tuned by CO2/Ar stimuli. The pH increase by adding NaOH can expand the vesicle size in DAB‐rich zone, but the same effect is indistinguishable in SDBS‐rich zone.
Mechanistic Insight into the Lability of the Benzyloxycarbonyl (Z) Group in N‐Protected Peptides under Mild Basic Conditions
Authors: Tena‐Solsona Marta , Angulo‐Pachón César A. , Escuder Beatriu , Miravet Juan F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn unexpected lability of the benzyloxycarbonyl (Z) protecting group under mild basic conditions at room temperature is explained by a mechanism based on anchimeric assistance. It is found that the vicinal amide group stabilises the tetrahedral intermediate formed after nucleophilic addition of hydroxide to the carbonyl of the Z group. This effect operates in N‐protected tripeptides and tetrapeptides but Z‐protected dipeptides are stable under the same conditions due to blockage of the vicinal amide NH by intramolecular H‐bonding with the terminal carboxylate moiety.
Metal‐Free Meerwein Carboarylation of Alkenes with Anilines: A Straightforward Approach to 3‐Benzyl‐3‐alkyloxindoles
Authors: Tang Shi , Zhou Dong , Wang Ying‐Chun 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA metal‐free, straightforward carboarylation reaction of alkenes with anilines was developed that proceeds through a radical C–H cyclization. In the presence of benzoyl peroxide (5 mol‐%), tert‐butyl nitrite, and an array of anilines, a wide variety of N‐arylacrylamides underwent a tandem Meerwein arylation/C–H cyclization to construct the pharmaceutically important 3‐benzyl‐3‐alkyloxindole scaffold in moderate to good yields.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Approach to 4‐Ethynylpyrimidines via Alkenynones
Authors: Golubev Pavel R. , Pankova Alena S. , Kuznetsov Mikhail A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA practical approach to the synthesis of 4‐ethynylpyrimidines by the condensation of arylamidines with 2‐aryl‐1‐ethoxy‐5‐(trimethylsilyl)pent‐1‐en‐4‐yn‐3‐ones has been developed. As these latter ketones are easily accessible from bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene and arylacetyl chlorides, the regioselective condensation reported herein provides a facile access to both TMS‐protected and unprotected 4‐ethynylpyrimidines in yields of up to 85 %.
Disulfide Formation Strategies in Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Postma Tobias M. , Albericio Fernando 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDisulfide bonds play an important role in both proteins and peptides. They cause conformational constraints and increase the stability of such molecules. In nature, disulfide bonds are very common in animal and plant peptide toxins. These disulfide‐rich peptides typically bind very selectively with high affinities to their targets. Disulfide‐rich peptides are of great importance as potential therapeutics. Robust, convenient, and efficient methods are needed in order to prepare disulfide‐rich peptides to facilitate the drug discovery process. This microreview explores new cysteine protecting groups that replace obsolete protecting groups, reduce racemization, or facilitate regioselective disulfide formation, new disulfide formation strategies to assist in the synthesis of complex disulfide‐rich peptides, and the use of selenocysteine to direct disulfide formation.
Fibrates ameliorate the course of bacterial sepsis by promoting neutrophil recruitment via CXCR2
Authors: Tancevski Ivan , Nairz Manfred , Duwensee Kristina , Auer Kristina , Schroll Andrea , Heim Christiane , Feistritzer Clemens , Hoefer Julia , Gerner Romana R , Moschen Alexander R , Heller Ingrid , Pallweber Petra , Li Xiaorong , Theurl Markus , Demetz Egon , Wolf Anna M , Wolf Dominik , Eller Philipp , Ritsch Andreas , Weiss Guenter 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBacterial sepsis results in high mortality rates, and new therapeutics to control infection are urgently needed. Here, we investigate the therapeutic potential of fibrates in the treatment of bacterial sepsis and examine their effects on innate immunity. Fibrates significantly improved the survival from sepsis in mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium, which was paralleled by markedly increased neutrophil influx to the site of infection resulting in rapid clearance of invading bacteria. As a consequence of fibrate‐mediated early control of infection, the systemic inflammatory response was repressed in fibrate‐treated mice. Mechanistically, we found that fibrates preserve chemotaxis of murine neutrophils by blocking LPS‐induced phosphorylation of ERK. This results in a decrease of G protein‐coupled receptor kinase‐2 expression, thereby inhibiting the LPS‐mediated downregulation of CXCR2, a chemokine receptor critical for neutrophil recruitment. Accordingly, application of a synthetic CXCR2 inhibitor completely abrogated the protective effects of fibrates in septicemia in vivo. Our results unravel a novel function of fibrates in innate immunity and host response to infection and suggest fibrates as a promising adjunct therapy in bacterial sepsis.
Brain tissue properties differentiate between motor and limbic basal ganglia circuits
Authors: Accolla Ettore A. , Dukart Juergen , Helms Gunther , Weiskopf Nikolaus , Kherif Ferath , Lutti Antoine , Chowdhury Rumana , Hetzer Stefan , Haynes John‐Dylan , Kühn Andrea A. , Draganski Bogdan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDespite advances in understanding basic organizational principles of the human basal ganglia, accurate in vivo assessment of their anatomical properties is essential to improve early diagnosis in disorders with corticosubcortical pathology and optimize target planning in deep brain stimulation. Main goal of this study was the detailed topological characterization of limbic, associative, and motor subdivisions of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in relation to corresponding corticosubcortical circuits. To this aim, we used magnetic resonance imaging and investigated independently anatomical connectivity via white matter tracts next to brain tissue properties. On the basis of probabilistic diffusion tractography we identified STN subregions with predominantly motor, associative, and limbic connectivity. We then computed for each of the nonoverlapping STN subregions the covariance between local brain tissue properties and the rest of the brain using high‐resolution maps of magnetization transfer (MT) saturation and longitudinal (R1) and transverse relaxation rate (R2*). The demonstrated spatial distribution pattern of covariance between brain tissue properties linked to myelin (R1 and MT) and iron (R2*) content clearly segregates between motor and limbic basal ganglia circuits. We interpret the demonstrated covariance pattern as evidence for shared tissue properties within a functional circuit, which is closely linked to its function. Our findings open new possibilities for investigation of changes in the established covariance pattern aiming at accurate diagnosis of basal ganglia disorders and prediction of treatment outcome. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5083–5092, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functions of volume‐sensitive and calcium‐activated chloride channels
Authors: Hoffmann Else Kay , Holm Niels Bjerre , Lambert Ian Henry 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe review describes molecular and functional properties of the volume regulated anion channel and Ca2+‐dependent Cl− channels belonging to the anoctamin family with emphasis on physiological importance of these channels in regulation of cell volume, cell migration, cell proliferation, and programmed cell death. Finally, we discuss the role of Cl− channels in various diseases. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(4):257–267, 2014
Production and Consumption
Authors: Jacobs Gloria E. , Castek Jill , Pizzolato Andrew , Reder Stephen , Pendell Kimberly 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this column, the authors discuss emerging research in the field of adult digital literacy acquisition. The authors argue that the field of adult digital literacy acquisition has been under‐researched, especially in relation to multiliteracies and multimodal literacy practices. Data emerging from a large scale mixed methods study of adults engaged with Learner Web, a self‐access online learning system, indicate that opportunities to engage in tutor‐facilitated digital literacy acquisition, among populations that have been historically left out of the digital revolution, have the potential to change lives. Additionally, the research provides insights into the shifts learners undergo as they gain experience and confidence with digital tools, which can help educators develop more robust systems for supporting vulnerable learners who are outside of the traditional educational system.
A Protease Storm Cleaves a Cell–Cell Adhesion Molecule in Cancer: Multiple Proteases Converge to Regulate PTPmu in Glioma Cells
Authors: Phillips‐Mason Polly J. , Craig Sonya E.L. , Brady‐Kalnay Susann M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCleavage of the cell–cell adhesion molecule, PTPµ, occurs in human glioblastoma multiforme brain tumor tissue and glioma cell lines. PTPµ cleavage is linked to increased cell motility and growth factor independent survival of glioma cells in vitro. Previously, PTPµ was shown to be cleaved by furin in the endoplasmic reticulum to generate membrane associated E‐ (extracellular) and P‐ (phosphatase) subunits, and by ADAMs and the gamma secretase complex at the plasma membrane. We also identified the presence of additional extracellular and intracellular PTPµ fragments in brain tumors. We set out to biochemically analyze PTPµ cleavage in cancer cells. We determined that, in addition to the furin‐processed form of PTPµ, a pool of 200 kDa full‐length PTPµ exists at the plasma membrane that is cleaved directly by ADAM to generate a larger shed form of the PTPµ extracellular segment. Notably, in glioma cells, full‐length PTPµ is also subject to calpain cleavage, which generates novel PTPµ fragments not found in other immortalized cells. We also observed glycosylation and phosphorylation differences in the cancer cells. Our data suggest that an additional serine protease also contributes to PTPµ shedding in glioma cells. We hypothesize that a “protease storm” occurs in cancer cells whereby multiple proteases converge to reduce the presence of cell–cell adhesion molecules at the plasma membrane and to generate protein fragments with unique biological functions. As a consequence, the “protease storm” could promote the migration and invasion of tumor cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1609–1623, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrastructural aspects ofCystoisospora belli(syn.Isospora belli) in continuous cell lines
Authors: Resende Deisy V. , Assis Dnieber C. , Ribeiro Múcio F. Barbosa , Cabrine‐Santos Marlene , Frenkel Jacob K. , Correia Dalmo , Oliveira‐Silva Márcia B. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTCystoisospora belliis an opportunistic protozoan that causes human cystoisosporiasis, an infection characterized by diarrhea, steatorrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss. The lack of animal models susceptible toC. belli, and the difficulty in obtaining clinical samples with fair amounts of oocysts have limited the research pertaining to the basic biology of this parasite. This study aimed to describe the ultrastructure of endogenous stages ofC. belliin Monkey Rhesus Kidney Cells (MK2) and Human Ileocecal Adenocarcinoma cells (HCT‐8). Zoites ofC. belliexhibited typical morphological features of coccidia, which included a trilaminar pellicle, an apical complex formed by a conoid, polar rings, rhoptries, and micronemes, in addition to dense granules and the endoplasmic reticulum. No crystalloid body was observed but various lipid and amylopectin granules were usually present in the cytoplasm of zoites. We observed a tendency of the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell to be located near the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Merozoites were formed by endodyogeny and during replication, the apical complex of the mother cell remained intact. The formation of gametes or oocysts was not observed. The ultrastructural findings ofC. belliare further evidence of its proximity to Sarcocystidae family members and corroborate their reclassification asCystoisosporaspp.Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:472–478, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maternal and Child Ill Health as a Household Health Shock – Case Descriptions from a Vulnerability Perspective in Lao Pdr
Authors: Alvesson Helle M. , Laflamme Lucie , Kanthaphat Bouasavanh , Lindelow Magnus 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHousehold coping strategies during maternal and child health shocks in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) are analysed in this paper. Vulnerability was the consequence of high and immediate medical costs, which forced households to borrow money or sell off assets, and also of poor access to health care as a result of these costs. This, in turn, resulted in income loss and health deterioration. Weaknesses in the health system contributed to vulnerability through low and unstable access to preventive services and limited monitoring of the conditions that threatened the health of women and children. Even when households received timely care, they could face long‐term economic impacts as a consequence of their coping strategies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ochrobactrum anthropi induced retropharyngeal abscess with mediastinal extension complicating airway obstruction: a case report
Authors: Al‐naami Awaji Qasim , Ali Khan Liaqat , Ali Athlawy Yahya , Sun Zhonghua 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRetropharyngeal abscess with involvement of mediastinal abscess represents an uncommon complication of upper respiratory tract infections. We report a case presenting with a large retropharyngeal abscess with airway obstruction as the primary presenting symptom. Contrast‐enhanced CT showed a large retropharyngeal abscess in the neck with extension to the upper and posterior mediastinal spaces. The abscess was surgically excised with 200 cc pus drained from the neck and mediastinal regions. We describe this case to assist physicians in making the difficult diagnosis when confronting a patient with airway obstruction, as early recognition of retropharyngeal abscess permits emergent airway management.