bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refurbishment of tunnels on the autobahn and main road network – Experience and requirements in the view of the road operator / Sanierung von Tunnelanlagen des Autobahnen‐ und Schnellstraßennetzes – Erfahrungen und Anforderungen aus der Sicht des Straßenbetreibers
Authors: Rattei Günter , Lorber Wilhelm 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe ASFINAG operates an extensive network of about 2,175 km of important roads in Austria. The oldest routes date from the 1940s, and the average age of the roads is about 30 years. The ASFINAG also operates about 150 tunnel systems with a total length of about 350 km of tunnel, with 17 single‐bore tunnels still carrying 2‐way traffic. The lifetime of the structures is indeed relatively high but changed requirements for road safety and new standards for the fitting out of tunnels can make refurbishment or upgrading of the tunnels necessary. Since the tragic events of the Tauern Tunnel fire in 1999, about 4 billion Euros have been invested in the safety of tunnels, with a further approx. 1.4 billion planned for the next few years. The safety technology in all tunnels on Trans‐European (TEN) routes have to be upgraded by the end of 2019. From the point of view of operation, long lifetime and maintenance freedom are the most important factors, in order not to impair road safety and not to unnecessarily affect the availability for road users (customers). The road tunnel safety law (STSG) requires additional measures of constructional, electrical, ventilation and control technology for the upgrading of road safety.Die ASFINAG betreibt in Österreich ein rund 2.175 km umfassendes Netz mit hochrangigen Straßen. Die ältesten Strecken stammen aus den frühen 1940er‐Jahren; das mittlere Streckenalter beträgt rund 30 Jahre. Die ASFINAG betreibt ca. 150 Tunnelanlagen mit insgesamt ca. 350 km Röhrenlänge, wobei derzeit noch 17 einröhrige Tunnel mit Gegenverkehr existieren. Zwar ist die Lebensdauer von konstruktiven Ingenieurbauwerken relativ hoch, allerdings können geänderte Anforderungen an die Verkehrssicherheit und neue Standards zur Ausrüstung der Tunnelanlagen eine Sanierung bzw. Nachrüstung erforderlich machen. Seit den tragischen Ereignissen um den Tauerntunnelbrand 1999 wurden ca. 4 Mrd. € in die Sicherheit von Tunneln investiert; in den nächsten Jahren sind Investitionen von ca. 1,4 Mrd. € vorgesehen. Bis Anfang 2019 sind alle Tunnel auf transeuropäischen Routen (TEN‐Strecken) sicherheitstechnisch aufzurüsten. Aus betrieblicher Sicht stehen Langlebigkeit und Wartungsfreiheit von Strecken im Vordergrund, um einerseits die Verkehrssicherheit nicht zu gefährden und andererseits die Verfügbarkeit für den Nutzer (Kunden) nicht unnötig zu beeinträchtigen. Für die Erhöhung der Verkehrssicherheit sind entsprechend dem Straßentunnelsicherheitsgesetz (STSG) bauliche, elektro‐, lüftungs‐, und steuerungstechnische Maßnahmen notwendig.
Tunnelling for the third section of the Stadtbahn line U12 in Stuttgart / Der Vortrieb für den dritten Teilabschnitt der Stadtbahnline U12 in Stuttgart
Authors: Gradnik Richard , Kicherer Manfred , Zwick Markus 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUnder contract to SSB, the urban rail operator in Stuttgart, Alfred Kunz Untertagebau München has been working on the Waltraud Tunnel since February 2014, which is the key structure in the extension of the U12 in the third section from Hallschlag to the Aubrücke bridge. This tunnel, with a length of 200 m, is mostly being constructed in fill material. The greatest challenge will be to tunnel beneath a 150 year old railway embankment with less than one diameter cover under continued operation.In order to minimise settlement and to reduce risk for the client, it is planned to drive the tunnel with two side headings. Alternatively to the tendered concept of a side heading drive, an optimisation of construction operations was investigated as part of the detailed design, which differed from the tendered tunnelling concept in investigating full face excavation for comparison with the tender variant.Im Auftrag der Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen AG errichtet Alfred Kunz Untertagebau München ab Februar 2014 den Waltraudtunnel, der das Herz der Erweiterung der U12 im dritten Teilabschnitt vom Hallschlag zur Aubrücke ist. Dieser Tunnel mit einer Länge von 200 m wird großteils in Auffüllungsmaterial errichtet. Als Höhepunkt wird ein ca. 150 Jahre alter Bahndamm mit weniger als einem Durchmesser Überlagerung unter laufendem Betrieb durchfahren.Zur Setzungsminimierung und zur Minimierung der Risiken für den Auftraggeber ist es geplant, den Tunnel mit doppelten Ulmenstollen aufzufahren. Alternativ zum ausgeschriebenen Konzept eines Ulmenstollenvortriebs wird im Zuge der Ausführungsplanung eine baubetriebliche Optimierung untersucht, die abweichend vom ausgeschriebenen Vortriebskonzept die Durchörterung im Vollausbruch untersucht und mit der ausgeschriebenen Variante vergleicht.
Drilling processes to explore the rock mass and groundwater conditions in correlation with TBM‐tunnelling / Bohrtechnische Verfahren zur Erkundung der Gebirgs‐ und Bergwasserverhältnisse im Zusammenhang mit TVM‐Vortrieben
Authors: Kogler Kurt , Krenn Harald 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDeep Alpine tunnels are characterised by great lengths and deep overburden and are mostly bored by TBMs. The exploration of rock mass conditions plays an essential role with regard to the technical feasibility, the estimation of advance rates and the safety and cost‐effectiveness of a project. Investigation drilling from the surface is often not possible due to the topographical conditions and the very high cost considering the great depths involved. Most TBMs are therefore designed to permit the exploration of the ground in parallel to continued tunnelling.This paper offers an overview of currently available drilling processes, with hammer drilling with logging of drill data, core drilling with the use of preventers and directional drilling methods. Special attention is paid to the restricted space available at the cutterhead of a TBM and the practicalities of installing machinery. The quality of exploration results under the conditions of TBM operation, which is mainly intended to optimise advance rate, is also considered.Tiefliegende Alpentunnel sind gekennzeichnet von großen Vortriebslängen und hohen Überlagerungen und werden vorwiegend mit TVM's aufgefahren. Die Erkundung der Gebirgsverhältnisse spielt dabei eine wesentliche Rolle im Hinblick auf die technische Machbarkeit, die Einschätzung von Vortriebsleistungen sowie die Sicherheit und die Wirtschaftlichkeit eines Projekts. Erkundungsbohrungen von der Geländeoberfläche sind wegen der topographischen Verhältnisse, aber auch wegen der sehr hohen Kosten aufgrund der großen Überlagerungshöhen oft nicht machbar. Daher werden die meisten TVM‐Vortriebe mit einer parallel zum Vortrieb laufenden Untergrunderkundung konzipiert.Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die aktuellen Bohrverfahren von Hammerschlagbohrungen mit Bohrdatenaufzeichnung über Kernbohrungen mit dem Einsatz von Bohrpreventern bis hin zu gesteuerten Bohrmethoden. Dabei wird speziell auf die Anforderungen der engen Platzverhältnissen im Bereich des Bohrkopfs einer TVM und deren gerätetechnischen Möglichkeiten eingegangen. Darüber hinaus erfolgt eine Betrachtung der Qualität der Erkundungsergebnisse unter den Zwängen eines TVM‐Vortriebs, der in erster Linie auf Vortriebsleistung ausgelegt ist.
Full face versus partial face in NATM tunnelling / Vollausbruch versus Teilausbruch bei der NÖT
Authors: Gamper Christian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn the planning of tunnels to be excavated according to NATM principles, the decision between full face or partial face excavation is of fundamental and decisive importance for the entire tunnel project. The current paper compares tunnel drives with full face and partial face excavation from various angles. In addition, the influential factors that have to be considered in the decision are explained. Also, an explanation as to how decisions are made in the course of the design, tendering and construction phases is presented. The paper is only concerned with NATM tunnelling; other methods like ADECCO or mechanised tunnelling methods are not considered.Bei Vortrieben, die nach der NÖT aufgefahren werden, ist die Entscheidung zwischen Vollausbruch oder Teilausbruch von grundlegender und entscheidender Bedeutung für das gesamte Tunnelbauprojekt. Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht Vortriebe im Vollausbruch und im Teilausbruch aus unterschiedlichen Gesichtspunkten. Zudem wird erörtert, welche Einflussfaktoren bei der Entscheidung berücksichtigt werden sollten und wie die Entscheidungen im Verlauf von Planung, Ausschreibung und Ausführung gefällt werden. Der Beitrag behandelt ausschließlich NÖT‐Vortriebe. Andere Bauverfahren wie ADECCO oder maschinelle Vortriebsmethode werden nicht betrachtet.
Parcellation of the human orbitofrontal cortex based on gray matter volume covariance
Authors: Liu Huaigui , Qin Wen , Qi Haotian , Jiang Tianzi , Yu Chunshui 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is an enigmatic brain region that cannot be parcellated reliably using diffusional and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because there is signal dropout that results from an inherent defect in imaging techniques. We hypothesise that the OFC can be reliably parcellated into subregions based on gray matter volume (GMV) covariance patterns that are derived from artefact‐free structural images. A total of 321 healthy young subjects were examined by high‐resolution structural MRI. The OFC was parcellated into subregions‐based GMV covariance patterns; and then sex and laterality differences in GMV covariance pattern of each OFC subregion were compared. The human OFC was parcellated into the anterior (OFCa), medial (OFCm), posterior (OFCp), intermediate (OFCi), and lateral (OFCl) subregions. This parcellation scheme was validated by the same analyses of the left OFC and the bilateral OFCs in male and female subjects. Both visual observation and quantitative comparisons indicated a unique GMV covariance pattern for each OFC subregion. These OFC subregions mainly covaried with the prefrontal and temporal cortices, cingulate cortex and amygdala. In addition, GMV correlations of most OFC subregions were similar across sex and laterality except for significant laterality difference in the OFCl. The right OFCl had stronger GMV correlation with the right inferior frontal cortex. Using high‐resolution structural images, we established a reliable parcellation scheme for the human OFC, which may provide an in vivo guide for subregion‐level studies of this region and improve our understanding of the human OFC at subregional levels. Hum Brain Mapp 36:538–548, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of Perfectionism and Acculturative Stress on Levels of Depression Experienced by East Asian International Students
Authors: Hamamura Toshitaka , Laird Philip G. 
Published: October 2014

This study examined relationships among acculturative stress, grade point average satisfaction, maladaptive perfectionism, and depression in 52 East Asian international students and 126 North American students. Results indicated that a combined effect of perfectionism and acculturative stress accounted for more than 30% of the variance related to depression. Implications include the importance of attending to perfectionism and acculturative stress for improving the overall well‐being of East Asian international students.Este estudio examinó las relaciones entre el estrés aculturativo, la satisfacción con el promedio de calificaciones, el perfeccionismo inadaptado y la depresión en 52 estudiantes internacionales del este asiático y 126 estudiantes norteamericanos. Los resultados indicaron que el efecto combinado del perfeccionismo y el estrés aculturativo representó más del 30% de la varianza relacionada con la depresión. Las implicaciones incluyen la importancia de prestar atención a los niveles de perfeccionismo y estrés aculturativo para mejorar el bienestar general de los estudiantes internacionales del este asiático.
Celiac Disease Autoimmunity and Hip Fracture Risk: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Heikkilä Katriina , Heliövaara Markku , Impivaara Olli , Kröger Heikki , Knekt Paul , Rissanen Harri , Mäki Markku , Kaukinen Katri 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

The impact of celiac disease autoimmunity on bone health is unclear. We investigated the associations of seropositivity for tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTGA) and endomysial antibodies (EMA) with incident hip fractures using data from a prospective cohort study, Mini-Finland Health Survey. Baseline serum samples, taken in 1978–80, were tested for tTGA and EMA. Incident hip fractures up to the year 2011 were ascertained from a national hospitalization register. Associations between seropositivity and hip fractures were modeled using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, vitamin D, gamma-glutamyl transferase, smoking, and self-rated health. Our analyses were based on 6919 men and women who had no record of celiac disease or hip fracture before the study baseline. A total of 382 individuals had a hip fracture during a median follow-up of 30 years. Compared with the tTGA-negative individuals (n = 6350), tTGA-positive participants (n = 569; with hip fracture, n = 51) had a higher risk of hip fractures (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17, 2.14). The findings were similar for another tTGA test (n 200; with hip fracture, n = 26; HR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.49, 3.34). We found no evidence for an association between EMA positivity and hip fracture risk (HR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.34, 2.47; n = 74; with hip fracture, n = 4). In our prospective population-based study of Finnish adults, seropositivity for tTGA was associated with an increased hip fracture risk. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
HDAC5 Controls MEF2C-Driven Sclerostin Expression in Osteocytes
Authors: Wein Marc N , Spatz Jordan , Nishimori Shigeki , Doench John , Root David , Babij Philip , Nagano Kenichi , Baron Roland , Brooks Daniel , Bouxsein Mary , Pajevic Paola Divieti , Kronenberg Henry M 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Osteocytes secrete paracrine factors that regulate the balance between bone formation and destruction. Among these molecules, sclerostin (encoded by the gene SOST) inhibits osteoblastic bone formation and is an osteoporosis drug target. The molecular mechanisms underlying SOST expression remain largely unexplored. Here, we report that histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) negatively regulates sclerostin levels in osteocytes in vitro and in vivo. HDAC5 shRNA increases, whereas HDAC5 overexpression decreases SOST expression in the novel murine Ocy454 osteocytic cell line. HDAC5 knockout mice show increased levels of SOST mRNA, more sclerostin-positive osteocytes, decreased Wnt activity, low trabecular bone density, and reduced bone formation by osteoblasts. In osteocytes, HDAC5 binds and inhibits the function of MEF2C, a crucial transcription factor for SOST expression. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we have mapped endogenous MEF2C binding in the SOST gene to a distal intergenic enhancer 45 kB downstream from the transcription start site. HDAC5 deficiency increases SOST enhancer MEF2C chromatin association and H3K27 acetylation and decreases recruitment of corepressors NCoR and HDAC3. HDAC5 associates with and regulates the transcriptional activity of this enhancer, suggesting direct regulation of SOST gene expression by HDAC5 in osteocytes. Finally, increased sclerostin production achieved by HDAC5 shRNA is abrogated by simultaneous knockdown of MEF2C, indicating that MEF2C is a major target of HDAC5 in osteocytes. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Quality and safety during the off hours in medicine units: A mixed methods study of front‐line provider perspectives
Authors: Gonzalo Jed D. , Moser Eileen , Lehman Erik , Kuperman Ethan 
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUNDHospital off‐hours care is associated with poor outcomes. Mutual conceptualization among provider groups may facilitate improvement efforts. Provider‐perceived threats to quality are unreported.OBJECTIVESThe objectives of this study were to identify perceived off‐hours quality and safety issues, assess the most significant, and evaluate differences between nurses, and attending and housestaff physicians, and providers with day and night experience.DESIGNProspective, sequential, exploratory mixed‐methods study.MEASURESOpen‐ended descriptions of adverse events/near misses occurring overnight (n = 190) were analyzed using thematic analysis. From these results, a survey was developed to assess perceptions of quality/frequency of each issue (7‐point scale, 7 = the highest rating) and highest‐quality overnight period (7–10 pm, 10 pm−1 am, 1–4 am, 4–7 am).RESULTSPrimary issues related to mismanagement, delivery processes, and communication/coordination. Of 214 surveys, 160 responses (75%) were received. Least‐optimal issues related to “communication” (2.93) and “timeliness/safety” (3.89) of emergency department transfers; most‐optimal issues related to timely lab reporting (4.70). On the 7‐point scale, comparisons among nurses, and attending and housestaff physicians revealed differences in quality of “communication between physicians” (4.29 vs 6.00 vs 5.14) and “communication between consultants–primary providers” (3.46 vs 5.75 vs 4.35, P < 0.001). Comparisons between day–night providers revealed lower ratings from day providers in 12/24 items (P < 0.05), including “communication during emergency department transfers” (4.81 vs 3.86). All groups ranked 4 to 7am lowest in quality.CONCLUSIONSNurses, and attending and housestaff physicians lack a shared mental model of off‐hours care. Several issues, including emergency department transfers and timeliness of consults, were identified by all providers as problematic, meriting further investigation and intervention. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:756–763. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Polyimide polydimethylsiloxane triblock copolymers for thin film composite gas separation membranes
Authors: Gurr Paul A. , Scofield Joel M. P. , Kim Jinguk , Fu Qiang , Kentish Sandra E. , Qiao Greg G. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis article demonstrates the successful fabrication of thin‐film‐composite (TFC) membranes containing well‐defined soft‐hard‐soft triblock copolymers. Based on “hard” polyimide (PI) and “soft” polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), these triblock copolymers (PDMS‐b‐PI‐b‐PDMS), were prepared via condensation polymerization, and end‐group allylic functionalization to prepare the polyimide component and subsequent “click” coupling with the soft azido functionalized PDMS component. The selective layer consisted of pure PDMS‐b‐PI‐b‐PDMS copolymers which were cast onto a precast crosslinked‐PDMS gutter layer which in turn was cast onto a porous polyacrylonitrile coated substrate. The TFC membranes' gas transport properties, primarily for the separation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from nitrogen (N2), were determined at 35 °C and at a feed pressure of 2 atm. The TFC membranes showed improvements in gas permselectivity with increasing PDMS weight fraction. These results demonstrate the ability for glassy, hard polymer components to be coated onto otherwise incompatible surfaces of highly permeable soft TFC substrates through covalent coupling. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3372–3382
A minimal model of protein–protein binding affinities
Authors: Janin Joël 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA minimal model of protein–protein binding affinity that takes into account only two structural features of the complex, the size of its interface, and the amplitude of the conformation change between the free and bound subunits, is tested on the 144 complexes of a structure‐affinity benchmark. It yields Kd values that are within two orders of magnitude of the experiment for 67% of the complexes, within three orders for 88%, and fails on 12%, which display either large conformation changes, or a very high or a low affinity. The minimal model lacks the specificity and accuracy needed to make useful affinity predictions, but it should help in assessing the added value of parameters used by more elaborate models, and set a baseline for evaluating their performances.
Nucleic acid induced unfolding of recombinant prion protein globular fragment is pH dependent
Authors: Bera Alakesh , Nandi Pradip K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNucleic acid can catalyze the conversion of α‐helical cellular prion protein to β‐sheet rich Proteinase K resistant prion protein oligomers and amyloid polymers in vitro and in solution. Because unfolding of a protein molecule from its ordered α‐helical structure is considered to be a necessary step for the structural conversion to its β‐sheet rich isoform, we have studied the unfolding of the α‐helical globular 121–231 fragment of mouse recombinant prion protein in the presence of different nucleic acids at neutral and acid pH. Nucleic acids, either single or double stranded, do not have any significant effect on the secondary structure of the protein fragment at neutral pH; however the protein secondary structure is modified by the nucleic acids at pH 5. Nucleic acids do not show any significant effect on the temperature induced unfolding of the globular prion protein domain at neutral pH which, however, undergoes a gross conformational change at pH 5 as evidenced from the lowering of the midpoint of thermal denaturation temperatures, Tm, of the protein. The extent of Tm decrease shows a dependence on the nature of nucleic acid. The interaction of nucleic acid with the nonpolar groups exposed from the protein interior at pH 5 probably contributes substantially to the unfolding process of the protein.
Linking 3D and 2D binding kinetics of membrane proteins by multiscale simulations
Authors: Xie Zhong‐Ru , Chen Jiawen , Wu Yinghao 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMembrane proteins are among the most functionally important proteins in cells. Unlike soluble proteins, they only possess two translational degrees of freedom on cell surfaces, and experience significant constraints on their rotations. As a result, it is currently challenging to characterize the in situ binding of membrane proteins. Using the membrane receptors CD2 and CD58 as a testing system, we developed a multiscale simulation framework to study the differences of protein binding kinetics between 3D and 2D environments. The association and dissociation processes were implemented by a coarse‐grained Monte‐Carlo algorithm, while the dynamic properties of proteins diffusing on lipid bilayer were captured from all‐atom molecular dynamic simulations. Our simulations show that molecular diffusion, linker flexibility and membrane fluctuations are important factors in adjusting binding kinetics. Moreover, by calibrating simulation parameters to the measurements of 3D binding, we derived the 2D binding constant which is quantitatively consistent with the experimental data, indicating that the method is able to capture the difference between 3D and 2D binding environments. Finally, we found that the 2D dissociation between CD2 and CD58 is about 100‐fold slower than the 3D dissociation. In summary, our simulation framework offered a generic approach to study binding mechanisms of membrane proteins.