bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doppler Radar Analysis of Triple Eyewalls in Typhoon Usagi (2013)
Authors: Zhao Kun , Lin Qing , Lee Wen-Chau , Qiang Sun Y. , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Strong tropical cyclones often undergo eyewall replacement cycles that are accompanied by concentric eyewalls and/or rapid intensity changes while the secondary eyewall contracts radially inward and eventually replaces the inner eyewall. To the best of our knowledge, the only documented partial/incomplete tertiary eyewall has been mostly inferred from two-dimensional satellite images or one-dimensional aircraft flight-level measurements that can be regarded as indirect and tangential. This study presents the first high spatial and temporal resolution Doppler radar observations of a tertiary eyewall formation event in Typhoon Usagi (2013) over a 14-h time period before it makes landfall. The primary (tangential) and secondary (radial) circulations of Usagi deduced from the Ground-Based Velocity Track Display (GBVTD) methodology clearly portrayed three distinct axisymmetric maxima of radar reflectivity, tangential wind, vertical velocity, and vertical vorticity. Usagi’s central pressure steadily deepened during the contraction of the secondary and tertiary eyewalls until the tertiary eyewall hit the coast of southeast China, which erminated the intensification of the storm.
Concentration, Size Distribution, and Formation of Trimethylaminium and Dimethylaminium Ions in Atmospheric Particles over Marginal Seas of China*
Authors: Hu Qingjing , Yu Peiran , Zhu Yujiao , Li Kai , Gao Huiwang , Yao Xiaohong 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In this paper, the concentration, the size distribution, and the formation of dimethylaminium (DMA+) and trimethylaminium (TMA+) ions in atmospheric particles were studied during a cruise campaign over the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea of China in May 2012. The concentrations of DMA+ and TMA+ in particles smaller than 11 µm were 4.4 ± 3.7 and 7.2 ± 7.1 nmol m−3, respectively. The two ions had a good correlation (R2 = 0.86), and both had a moderately good correlation with chlorophyll a fluorescence (R2 = 0.66–0.67). The observed concentrations were from one to three orders of magnitude larger than the concentrations reported in other marine atmospheres. They were also much larger than the values observed at a coastal site neighboring the Yellow Sea in May–June 2013. The high concentrations of DMA+ and TMA+ observed in the marine atmosphere were probably associated with local biogenic activity instead of the long-range transport of these species from adjacent continents. The calculated mole ratios of (DMA+ + TMA+) to in different-sized particles over the seas indicated that (DMA+ + TMA+) most likely played an important role in neutralizing acidic species in particles less than 0.43 µm but not in particles of other sizes. Size distributions of DMA+ and TMA+ in the marine and coastal atmospheres were analyzed in terms of the respective contribution of gas–particle partitioning, cloud/fog processing of TMA+ and DMA+, bioaerosols, and sea-salt aerosols to the observed concentrations of the two ions over the seas.
Projected Changes in the Annual Cycle of High-Intensity Precipitation Events over West Africa for the Late Twenty-First Century*
Authors: Sylla Mouhamadou Bamba , Giorgi Filippo , Pal Jeremy S. , Gibba Peter , Kebe Ibourahima , Nikiema Michel 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In this study, the response of the annual cycle of high-intensity daily precipitation events over West Africa to anthropogenic greenhouse gas for the late twenty-first century is investigated using an ensemble of high-resolution regional climate model experiments. For the present day, the RCM ensemble substantially improves the simulation of the annual cycle for various precipitation statistics compared to the driving Earth system models. The late-twenty-first-century projected changes in mean precipitation exhibit a delay of the monsoon season, consistent with previous studies. In addition, these projections indicate a prevailing decrease in frequency but increase in intensity of very wet events, particularly in the premonsoon and early mature monsoon stages, more pronounced over the Sahel and in RCP8.5 than the Gulf of Guinea and in RCP4.5. This is due to the presence of stronger moisture convergence in the boundary layer that sustains intense precipitation once convection is initiated. The premonsoon season experiences the largest changes in daily precipitation statistics, particularly toward an increased risk of drought associated with a decrease in mean precipitation and frequency of wet days and an increased risk of flood associated with very wet events. Both of these features can produce significant stresses on important sectors such as agriculture and water resources at a time of the year (e.g., the monsoon onset) where such stresses can have stronger impacts. The results thus point toward the importance of analyzing changes of precipitation characteristics as a function of the regional seasonal and subseasonal cycles of rainfall.
Estimating Planetary Boundary Layer Heights from NOAA Profiler Network Wind Profiler Data
Authors: Molod A. , Salmun H. , Dempsey M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn algorithm was developed to estimate planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights from hourly archived wind profiler data from the NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) sites located throughout the central United States. Unlike previous studies, the present algorithm has been applied to a long record of publicly available wind profiler signal backscatter data. Under clear-sky conditions, summertime averaged hourly time series of PBL heights compare well with Richardson number–based estimates at the few NPN stations with hourly temperature measurements. Comparisons with estimates based on clear-sky reanalysis show that the wind profiler (WP) PBL heights are lower by approximately 250–500 m. The geographical distribution of daily maximum PBL heights corresponds well with the expected distribution based on patterns of surface temperature and soil moisture. Wind profiler PBL heights were also estimated under mostly cloudy-sky conditions, and are generally comparable to the Richardson number–based PBL heights and higher than the reanalysis PBL heights. WP PBL heights have a smaller clear–cloudy condition difference than either of the other two. The algorithm presented here is shown to provide a reliable summertime climatology of daytime hourly PBL heights throughout the central United States.
Empirical Localization Functions for Ensemble Kalman Filter Data Assimilation in Regions with and without Precipitation
Authors: Lei Lili , Anderson Jeffrey L. , Romine Glen S. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
For ensemble-based data assimilation, localization is used to limit the impact of observations on physically distant state variables to reduce spurious error correlations caused by limited ensemble size. Traditionally, the localization value applied is spatially homogeneous. Yet there are potentially larger errors and different covariance length scales in precipitation systems, and that may justify the use of different localization functions for precipitating and nonprecipitating regions. Here this is examined using empirical localization functions (ELFs). Using output from an ensemble observing system simulation experiment (OSSE), ELFs provide estimates of horizontal and vertical localization for different observation types in regions with and without precipitation. For temperature and u- and υ-wind observations, the ELFs for precipitating regions are shown to have smaller horizontal localization scales than for nonprecipitating regions. However, the ELFs for precipitating regions generally have larger vertical localization scales than for nonprecipitating regions. The ELFs are smoothed and then applied in three additional OSSEs. Spatially homogeneous ELFs are found to improve performance relative to a commonly used localization function with compact support. When different ELFs are applied in precipitating and nonprecipitating regions, performance is further improved, but varying ELFs by observation type was not found to be as important. Imbalance in initial states caused by use of different localization functions is diagnosed by the domain-averaged surface pressure tendency. Forecasts from analyses with ELFs have smaller surface pressure tendencies than the standard localization, indicating improved initial balance with ELFs.
Childhood predictors of lifetime suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury in depressed adults
Authors: Johnstone Jeanette M , Carter Janet D , Luty Suzanne E , Mulder Roger T , Frampton Christopher M , Joyce Peter R 
Published: May 2015

Objective: Adverse childhood experiences are well-recognized risk factors for a variety of mental health issues, including depression, suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury. However, less is known about whether childhood adversity, in the form of low parental care, overprotection and abuse, is associated with suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-injury within a sample of depressed adults. Method: The sample of outpatients ( n = 372) was drawn from two randomized depression trials. Childhood adversity variables, depression severity, age of first depressive episode (major depression episode onset), lifetime suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-injury were recorded at baseline. The association between variables and outcome measures was examined using partial correlations, univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. Results: Low maternal care was significantly associated with suicide attempt; low paternal care was associated with non-suicidal self-injury; overprotection was not associated with either outcome. Other risk factors for suicide attempt were major depression episode onset and baseline depression severity. Major depression episode onset was also a risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury. Abuse, regardless of how it was measured, was not significantly associated with either behaviour after adjusting for its correlations with low maternal or paternal care. Conclusion: In this sample of depressed adults, the quality of ongoing, intra-familial relationships, as measured by levels of parental care, had a greater impact on suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-injury than abuse. As the findings were not a priori hypotheses, they require replication. Although the cross-sectional study design limits causal determination, the findings suggest different childhood risk factors for suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-injury and underscore the impact of low parental care on these two behaviours. These findings signal to clinicians the importance of asking specifically about suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury, as well as levels of parental care in childhood. When endorsed, low parental care may be considered an important factor in contextualizing a patient’s depression and potential risk for suicide and non-suicidal self-injury.
Book Review: Kathinka Sinha-Kerkhoff, Colonising Plants in Bihar (1760–1950): Tobacco Betwixt Indigo and Sugarcane and Prakash Kumar, Indigo Plantations and Science in Colonial India
Authors: Chakravarty-Kaul Minoti 
Published: May 2015

Kathinka Sinha-Kerkhoff, Colonising Plants in Bihar (1760–1950): Tobacco Betwixt Indigo and Sugarcane, Delhi: A Penguin Random House Publication, 2014, pp. 464. Prakash Kumar, Indigo Plantations and Science in Colonial India, Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 334.
Higher, faster, worse? An event-related potentials study of affective picture processing in migraine
Authors: Steppacher Inga , Schindler Sebastian , Kissler Johanna 
Published: May 2015

Background Migraine is a disorder of periodic disabling headache. Facilitated cortical responsivity has been suggested as one predisposing factor. Although the underlying mechanisms of migraine attack onsets are not fully understood, facilitated cortical responsivity has been suggested as one predisposing factor. Here, we investigate if enhanced cortical responsivity is reflected in altered event-related potentials during processing of complex pictures. Method Altogether, 16 migraine patients and 16 healthy volunteers participated in this study. Each patient had a diagnosed migraine and was headache- and medication-free for the study. Participants watched positive, negative and neutral pictures from the international affective picture system. An electroencephalogram was recorded during picture presentation. Afterwards, participants were asked to rate the pictures for valence and arousal. Results Migraine patients showed significantly more negative-going early event-related potential components from 100 ms to 180 ms to all picture categories over occipital regions as well as more positive-going late potentials over central regions. Patients and controls did not differ in valence and arousal ratings for the international-affective picture system. Discussion Patients with migraine seem to react cortically more intensely to all kinds of pictorial stimuli, regardless of emotional content. This facilitated processing may be related to the high cortical responsivity shown in various other event-related potential studies and might contribute to the recurring intense headache attacks.
Spironolactone inhibits the activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger in the aorta of mineralocorticoid-induced hypertensive rats
Authors: Carreño Juan E , Verdugo Fernando J , Contreras Felipe , Montellano Felipe A , Veloso Sebastian , Schalper Kurt A , Sandoval Mauricio , Villanueva Sandra , Marusic Elisa , Irarrazabal Carlos E 
Published: May 2015

Introduction: Aldosterone can induce changes in the expression or activity of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE–1) in vascular smooth muscle cells. We aimed to clarify whether chronic mineralocorticoid receptor activation exerts an effect on the activity of NHE–1 in the aorta of mineralocorticoid-induced hypertensive rats. Methods: Uninephrectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats received subcutaneously 10 mg/week of desoxycorticosterone (DOCA) with or without 20 mg/kg of spironolactone, or vehicle alone ( n = 20). After four weeks of treatment, the animals were sacrificed; the aorta was excised for subsequent studies, including histological analysis, RT-PCR, Western blot, measurement of NHE-1 activity and vascular contractility in the presence or absence of the selective NHE-1 inhibitor ethyl-isopropyl amiloride (EIPA). Results: Chronic DOCA treatment increased the NHE-1 activity, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and aortic wall thickness. All these effects were prevented by co-treatment with Spironolactone ( p < 0.05). Phenylephrine-induced vascular contractility was significantly reduced in the DOCA group when EIPA was added in the media ( p < 0.05). No significant differences in NHE-1 mRNA or protein levels were detected between groups. Conclusions: Chronic DOCA administration induced functional and morphological alterations in the rat aorta that are partially explained by enhanced NHE-1 activity and prevented by spironolactone. However, we did not observe changes in the NHE-1 transcript or protein levels, suggesting that the effect may be due to post-transcriptional modifications induced by mineralocorticoid receptor activation.
Aetiological profile of women presenting with premature ovarian failure to a single tertiary care center in Oman
Authors: Gowri Vaidyanathan , Al Shukri Maryam , Al-Farsi Fatma Abdulaziz , Al-Busaidi Nadya Ahmed , Dennison David , Al Kindi Salam , Daar Shahina , Al Farsi Khalil , Pathare Anil V 
Published: May 2015

Background Premature ovarian failure is estimated to affect at least 1%–3% of adult women. There are several aetio-pathogenic factors that may cause premature ovarian failure including iatrogenic causes, genetic, autoimmune, infectious and idiopathic. The aim of this study was to identify the aetiological profile of women with premature ovarian failure presenting to Sultan Qaboos University hospital. Method A retrospective medical record review was conducted from June 2006 to October 2012. All women diagnosed with symptoms and/or laboratory evidence of premature ovarian failure (follicle stimulating hormone ≥40 UI/L and less than 40 years of age) were enrolled in this study. Possible causes of premature ovarian failure were obtained and classified into main aetiological factors. Results There were 90 patients during the study period, of which, 39 (43%) were following chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant. The second most common reason was idiopathic (n = 29; 31%) followed by autoimmune diseases (n = 8; 9%) and genetic disorders (n = 7; 8%). Most chemotherapy cases (69%) were among the young age group, while in the older age group idiopathic was the commonest (48%). Conclusion Compared to the world literature, the most common cause of premature ovarian failure in this study was chemotherapy induced, especially in young girls undergoing bone marrow transplantation. This is due to high prevalence of transplantable hereditary haematological disorders like thalassemia and sickle-cell disease in this part of the world. Current standard of care recommends cryopreservation of ovarian tissue to preserve ovarian function in young girls undergoing bone marrow transplantation for such disorders.
Outcomes in HIV/HBV-Coinfected Patients in the Tenofovir Era Are Greatly Affected by Immune Suppression
Authors: Huang Andrew J. , Núñez Marina 
Published: May 2015

Objectives: HIV-infected patients have higher mortality when coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). With potent highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the use of tenofovir (TDF), outcomes may improve. Our objective was to determine the clinical and virological outcomes of a HIV/HBV-Coinfected cohort at our center since TDF became available. Methods: We retrospectively studied all HIV/HBV-Coinfected adults followed between 2002 and 2012 for ≥3 months. Outcome measurements included HBV DNA suppression, HBV e-antigen (HBeAg) and HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance, cirrhosis diagnosis, development of liver complications, and overall and liver-related mortality. Predicting factors were assessed with log-rank test and logistic regression. Results: Median time to follow-up of the 99 patients included was 5 years. Undetectable HBV DNA and HBsAg loss were achieved by 65% and 18%, respectively. Overall and liver-related mortality rates were 4.58 and 0.91 per 100 person-years, respectively. Most patients died of causes unrelated to the liver. Four patients died from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and one, hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfected, from liver failure. Higher CD4 counts at last follow-up were associated with HBV suppression (odds ratio [OR] 1.004, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.001-1.006, P = .007), HBeAg loss (OR 1.003, 95% CI 1-1.005, P = .02), HBsAg loss (CD4 count >700 cells/mm3, OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.06-13.58, P = .04), and survival (OR .994, 95% CI 0.990-0.997, P < .0001). HCV coinfection was associated with higher overall mortality (OR 7.74, 95% CI 1.47-40.81, P = .02). Conclusion: Mortality was high and most often unrelated to liver disease in this HIV/HBV-Coinfected cohort treated predominantly with TDF-containing HAART. Optimal CD4 counts predicted survival and the achievement of HBV virological end points. Tenofovir prevented liver decompensation but not HCC, which was the predominant cause of liver death.
VAMP-7 links granule exocytosis to actin reorganization during platelet activation
Authors: Koseoglu Secil , Peters Christian G. , Fitch-Tewfik Jennifer L. , Aisiku Omozuanvbo , Danglot Lydia , Galli Thierry , Flaumenhaft Robert 
Published: May 2015

Key PointsVAMP-7 functions in platelet granule exocytosis and spreading. VAMP-7 associates with VARP and Arp2/3, thereby linking granule exocytosis and actin reorganization.
Hematite Thin Films with Various Nanoscopic Morphologies Through Control of Self-Assembly Structures
Authors: Liu Jingling , Kim Yong-Tae , Kwon Young-Uk 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Hematite (α-Fe2O3) thin films with various nanostructures were synthesized through self-assembly between iron oxide hydroxide particles, generated by hydrolysis and condensation of Fe(NO3)3 · 6H2O, and a Pluronic triblock copolymer (F127, (EO)106(PO)70(EO)106, EO = ethylene oxide, PO = propylene oxide), followed by calcination. The self-assembly structure can be tuned by introducing water in a controlled manner through the control of the humidity level in the surrounding of the as-cast films during aging stage. For the given Fe(NO3)3 · 6H2O:F127 ratio, there appear to be three different thermodynamically stable self-assembly structures depending on the water content in the film material, which correspond to mesoporous, spherical micellar, and rod-like micellar structures after removal of F127. Coupled with the thermodynamic driving forces, the kinetics of the irreversible reactions of coalescence of iron oxide hydroxide particles into larger ones induce diverse nanostructures of the resultant films. The length scale of so-obtained nanostructures ranges from 6 nm to a few hundred nanometers. In addition to water content, the effects of other experimental parameters such as aging temperature, spin rate during spin coating, type of substrate, and type of iron reagent were investigated.
Natural human knockouts and the era of genotype to phenotype
Authors: Alkuraya Fowzan S 
Published: May 2015

AbstractComplete loss of gene function in humans by naturally occurring biallelic loss-of-function mutations (human knockout) is not a new concept. However, the recent identification of human knockouts along the entire spectrum of health and disease by next-generation sequencing promises to unlock their full potential to accelerate the medical and functional annotation of the human genome.
Safety of biologic and nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy in veterans with rheumatoid arthritis and hepatitis B virus infection: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Burton Mary Jane , Curtis Jeffrey R , Yang Shuo , Chen Lang , Singh Jasvinder A , Mikuls Ted R , Winthrop Kevin L , Baddley John W 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Introduction
We evaluated the safety of current treatment regimens for patients with RA and HBV in a large US cohort.

Methods
We identified biologic and nonbiologic treatment episodes of RA patients using 1997 to 2011 national data from the US Veterans Health Administration. Eligible episodes had evidence of HBV infection (HBV surface antigen, HBV core antibody, HBV e-antibody and/or HBV DNA) and had a baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) <1.5 times the upper limit of laboratory normal within 90 days prior to initiation of a new biologic or nonbiologic DMARD. The main outcome of interest was hepatotoxicity, defined as ALT elevation >100 IU/mL. Results were reported as the cumulative incidence of treatment episodes achieving hepatotoxicity at 3, 6 and 12 months post biologic exposure.

Results
Five hundred sixty-six unique RA patients with HBV contributed 959 treatment episodes. Mean age was 62.1 ± 10.3 years; 91.8% were male. Hepatotoxicity was uncommon, with 26 events identified among 959 episodes (2.7%) within 12 months. Hepatotoxicity was comparable between biologic and nonbiologic DMARDs (2.6% vs. 2.8%, P = 0.87). The median time between HBV screening and starting a new RA drug was 504 days (IQR 144, 1,163). Follow-up HBV testing occurred among 14 hepatotoxicity episodes (53.8%) at a median of 202 days (IQR 82, 716) from the date of ALT elevation. A total of 146 (15.2%) treatment episodes received at least one test for HBV DNA at any point in the observation period.

Conclusions
Among US veterans with RA and HBV the risk of hepatotoxicity is low (2.7%), and comparable between biologic and nonbiologic DMARDS (2.8% vs. 2.6%, P = 0.87). HBV testing associated with DMARD initiation or hepatotoxicity was infrequent.