bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of viral blips and duration of therapy initiated in primary infection in maintaining viral control after stopping cART
Authors: Fidler Sarah , Olson Ashley , Fox Julie , Phillips Andrew , Morrison Charles , Thornhill John , Bucher Heiner , Muga Roberto , Porter Kholoud 
Published: November 2014

IntroductionAfter achieving undetectable HIV‐RNA on cART, on cessation, HIV‐RNA rebounds to pre‐treatment values for the majority due to the presence of an inaccessible viral reservoir. There is some evidence that cART during primary HIV infection (PHI) limits the reservoir size, optimizing the chance of maintaining viral control off cART. Data are required to predict possible viral controllers for treatment interruption following cART. This analysis aims to investigate the effect of cART duration and the rate of viral blips while on cART initiated in PHI, and other factors on maintaining viral control for those stopping cART.Material and MethodsUsing CASCADE data on HIV seroconverters, we characterized virologic blip (viral suppression on cART followed by a single HIV‐RNA above a blip threshold and a subsequent measure below the threshold without cART change) rates for those starting cART within six months of seroconversion (SC). Using Cox models, we examined the effect of the following factors on time to virologic rebound (HIV‐RNA>1000) after cART stop: cART duration, severity/rate of blips on cART, time from SC to cART start, cART class, SC year, SC age, CD4 at cART start/stop, sex and HIV risk group.ResultsThe 660 individuals initiating cART in PHI were mostly male (91%), seroconverting between 1995 and 2012, with a median (IQR) age of 34 (29, 41) years mostly infected through sex between men (73%). Median cART duration was 14.8 (7.0, 31.7) months initiated at a median 1.9 (0.5, 3.9) months post SC. 13 (11, 16), 9 (7, 11), 6 (5, 9) and 7 (6, 10)% of individuals experienced blips >50, 100, 200 and 400 copies/mL, respectively. Of those who experienced blips, most (77–90%, depending on blip threshold) experienced just one. Among 250 individuals with undetectable HIV‐RNA at cART stop, median time to rebound was 1.6 (0.30, 5.8) months. Time on cART was the only factor independently associated with control after stopping, HR for rebound=0.91 (0.86, 0.98) per extra six months spent on cART, HR for ever blipping >400 copies/mL while on cART=0.88 (0.40, 1.93).ConclusionsBlips occur in about 10% of individuals who initiate cART in PHI, most of who experience only one blip, but was not predictive of subsequent virologic rebound. Increasing time spent on cART initiated in PHI could increase time of virological suppression after cART stop.
Effect of hyperbilirubinaemia on neurocognitive, renal, bone and cardiovascular markers in HIV infection treated with boosted protease inhibitors
Authors: Barber Tristan J , Moyle Graeme , Hill Andrew , Jagjit Singh Gurmit , Boffito Marta , Nelson Mark 
Published: November 2014

IntroductionUse of some protease inhibitors (PI) is associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (HBR), due to inhibition of UGT1A1. As observed in Gilbert's syndrome, HBR may have antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects. Inflammation may be relevant to neurocognitive (NC) impairment, cardiovascular, renal and bone co‐morbidities in HIV infection. This study aimed to analyse correlations between antiretroviral associated HBR and NC impairment as well as renal, bone and cardiovascular parameters.Material and MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 101 HIV‐1‐infected individuals stable (>6 months) on antiretroviral regimens including tenofovir/emtricitabine or abacavir/lamivudine plus a ritonavir‐boosted PI. Patients with >grade 2 HBR were compared to patients with normal bilirubin on NC data collected using CogState. An overall composite score was calculated for each subject. Two‐tail P‐values were calculated using the Mann‐Whitney U test. We measured the following parameters in all participants: Bone – Calcaneal Stiffness Index (CSI), blood bone markers, calculated FRAX score; CV – vascular endothelial function markers (iCAM, vCAM), lipid fractions and sub fractions (Total, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, ApoB), Carotid Intimal Thickness (CIT), Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), glucose and insulin for calculation of HOMA‐IR, IL‐6, d‐dimer, uric acid, and hsCRP; Renal – urea and electrolytes (U&E), urinary protein/creatinine ratio (uPCR), urinary retinal binding protein (RBP)/creatinine ratio.ResultsForty‐three participants had normal bilirubin (NBR) levels and 35 had high bilirubin (HBR; >2.5 times upper limit); the remaining 23 patients had intermediate bilirubin levels or violated the protocol. The mean age of participants was 48 years; 93% were male and 84% Caucasian. Mostly no significant differences were seen in any of the markers when comparing the NBR and HBR groups. Two component tests of the CogState were seen to be different – visual learning and memory (OCL) and working memory (ONB) (Table 1).VCAM1 and FRAX scores were noted to be different between the two groups, but the latter had a worse outcome in the HBR group.ConclusionsThe numbers seen here were not felt to be large enough to draw clear conclusions around clinical significance. In the context of overall cognitive screening, the individual test differences were also not felt to be clinically significant. Clearly there are some early signs here of differences that may be worth investigating further in a larger, prospective study.
Pulse‐Chase Analysis for Studying Protein Synthesis and Maturation
Authors: Fritzsche Susanne , Springer Sebastian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPulse‐chase analysis is a well‐established and highly adaptable tool for studying the life cycle of endogenous proteins, including their synthesis, folding, subunit assembly, intracellular transport, post‐translational processing, and degradation. This unit describes the performance and analysis of a radiolabel pulse‐chase experiment for following the folding and cell surface trafficking of a trimeric murine MHC class I glycoprotein. In particular, the unit focuses on the precise timing of pulse‐chase experiments to evaluate early/short‐time events in protein maturation in both suspended and strictly adherent cell lines. The advantages and limitations of radiolabel pulse‐chase experiments are discussed, and a comprehensive section for troubleshooting is provided. Further, ways to quantitatively represent pulse‐chase results are described, and feasible interpretations on protein maturation are suggested. The protocols can be adapted to investigate a variety of proteins that may mature in very different ways. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic Manipulation of Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Jacobs Anna C. , Thompson Mitchell G. , Gebhardt Michael , Corey Brendan W. , Yildirim Suleyman , Shuman Howard A. , Zurawski Daniel V. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram‐negative nosocomial pathogen of clinical importance. A lack of genetic tools has hindered the research of this organism in the past; however, recently, various methods have been designed, modified, and optimized to facilitate the genetic manipulation of A. baumannii. This unit describes some of the recent genetic advances and new recombinant tools developed for this pathogen, including standard transformation and conjugation techniques specifically developed for the bacteria. As the need to understand the basic biology of A. baumannii increases with the prospect of developing new therapeutics, the use of the basic genetic methods herein can provide the critical first step to identify genes required for infection. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantitative Analysis of HSV Gene Expression during Lytic Infection
Authors: Turner Anne‐Marie W. , Arbuckle Jesse H. , Kristie Thomas M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHerpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a human pathogen that establishes latency and undergoes periodic reactivation, resulting in chronic recurrent lytic infection. HSV lytic infection is characterized by an organized cascade of three gene classes; however, successful transcription and expression of the first, the immediate early class, is critical to the overall success of viral infection. This initial event of lytic infection is also highly dependent on host cell factors. This unit uses RNA interference and small molecule inhibitors to examine the role of host and viral proteins in HSV lytic infection. Methods detailing isolation of viral and host RNA and genomic DNA followed by quantitative real‐time PCR allow characterization of impacts on viral transcription and replication, respectively. Western blots can be used to confirm quantitative PCR results. This combination of protocols represents a starting point for researchers interested in virus‐host interactions during HSV lytic infection. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of HSV Viral Reactivation in Explants of Sensory Neurons
Authors: Arbuckle Jesse H. , Turner Anne‐Marie W. , Kristie Thomas M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAs with all Herpesviruses, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has both a lytic replication phase and a latency‐reactivation cycle. During lytic replication, there is an ordered cascade of viral gene expression that leads to the synthesis of infectious viral progeny. In contrast, latency is characterized by the lack of significant lytic gene expression and the absence of infectious virus. Reactivation from latency is characterized by the re‐entry of the virus into the lytic replication cycle and the production of recurrent disease. This unit describes the establishment of the mouse sensory neuron model of HSV‐1 latency‐reactivation as a useful in vivo system for the analysis of mechanisms involved in latency and reactivation. Assays including the determination of viral yields, immunohistochemical/immunofluorescent detection of viral antigens, and mRNA quantitation are used in experiments designed to investigate the network of cellular and viral proteins regulating HSV‐1 lytic infection, latency, and reactivation. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simple vs complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstructions: etiology, management and outcomes
Authors: Ali Mohammad Javed , Kamal Saurabh , Gupta Adit , Ali Mohammad Hasnat , Naik Milind N. 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to report the comparative clinical profiles and outcomes of simple and complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO).MethodsThe study was a retrospective chart review of all patients presenting with CNLDO from a single surgeon's (M.J.A.) database. All patients underwent irrigation and probing under nasal endoscopic guidance. A detailed lacrimal system evaluation was performed, intraoperative findings including nasal endoscopy were documented, and etiologies of complex CNLDO were noted. Outcome measures were comparative profiles, and anatomical success and functional success of the interventions. Statistical analyses were performed using the Shapiro‐Wilk test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test.ResultsNinety‐five eyes of 81 patients with simple CNLDO and 100 eyes of 83 patients with complex CNLDO were compared. The mean age at presentation was 17.6 months in simple CNLDO and 45.6 months in complex cases (p < 0.001). Epiphora and discharge were the most common symptoms; 89.4% among simple cases and 92% in the complex group. The most common causes of complex CNLDO were bony obstructions (23%), craniofacial syndromes (12%), and buried probe (10%). At a mean follow‐up of 5.85 months for simple CNLDO and 4.68 months for complex CNLDO, anatomical success and functional success was noted in 97.8% and 94.7%, respectively, in simple CNLDO, and in 58% and 51%, respectively, in complex CNDLO (p < 0.001).ConclusionBony obstruction, craniofacial syndrome, and buried probe were the most common reasons for a complex CNLDO, noted commonly in older children, with irrigation and probing having much poorer outcomes when compared with simpler obstructions.
Rhodium(III)/Copper(II)‐Promoted trans‐Selective Heteroaryl Acyloxylation of Alkynes: Stereodefined Access to trans‐Enol Esters
Authors: Pham Manh V. , Cramer Nicolai 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEnol esters are versatile synthetic building blocks which can be elaborated by a wide variety of transformations. The classical synthesis by O‐selective enolate acylation often hampers control of the E/Z selectivity with highly substituted substrates. A rhodium(III)/copper(II)‐mediated process is reported to provide tetrasubstituted enol esters in a trans‐selective fashion. Overall, the reaction consists of a heteroaryl acyloxylation of alkynes. The process is initiated by a rhodium(III)‐catalyzed C2‐selective activation of electron‐rich heteroarenes, such as benzofuran, furan, and thiophene. Upon addition across an alkyne, a transmetalation to copper(II) enables reductive CO bond formation. The transformation allows the three‐component couplings of heteroarenes, alkynes, and carboxylic acids. Application of the method in the functionalization of bioactive furocoumarin natural products is also described.
Die Abteibrücke in Berlin
Authors: Braun Michael 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIm äußersten Nordwesten des Berliner Stadtbezirks Treptow gibt es im begrenzenden Spreelauf eine idyllische kleine Insel, die ausschließlich dem Amüsement der Berliner und der Touristen dient. Zur Insel führt eine Bogenbrücke, die eine Einmaligkeit in Deutschland darstellt. Errichtet in dem seinerzeit vollkommen neuen Verfahren des Gusseisenbetonverbundes nach dem Prinzip des Österreichers FRIEDRICH VON EMPERGER ist die Brücke trotz der langen Dauernutzung von nahezu 100 Jahren heute nach umfangreicher Sanierung in einem hervorragenden Zustand.The Abtei Bridge in BerlinIn the outer northwest of Berlin there is an idyllic island inside the Spree river, that serves the Berliners and tourists for pleasure. A bridge leads to that island which is unique in Germany. Built by the entirely new Emperger system this building is in spite of long lasting use of about 100 years in a very good condition.
Neuer Ansatz zur Bestimmung des elektrischen Betonwiderstands bei vorhandener Bewehrung
Authors: Reichling Kenji , Asgharzadeh Amir , Raupach Michael 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDie zuverlässige Bestimmung des elektrischen Widerstands von Beton, der mit verschiedenen dauerhaftigkeitsrelevanten Parametern korreliert, stellt sich am Bauwerk derzeit als große Herausforderung dar. Hierbei kommt üblicherweise das WENNER‐Verfahren zum Einsatz, das aber aufgrund der Heterogenität von Stahlbeton, z. B. infolge Bewehrung und Feuchteunterschieden, zu Fehlinterpretationen führen kann.Um der Heterogenität Rechnung zu tragen, wird ein neues Messverfahren angewendet, um die Verteilung des elektrischen Betonwiderstands im Beton zu ermitteln. Hierzu kommt die in der Geophysik entwickelte elektrische Widerstandstomografie zum Einsatz. Um zuverlässige Ergebnisse zu erzielen, muss das Verfahren an die Gegebenheiten von Stahlbeton angepasst werden. Zudem wird u. a. die bekannte WENNER‐Elektrodenkonfiguration mit der Dipol‐Dipol‐Konfiguration verglichen und die Anwendbarkeit des Verfahrens an Stahlbetonprüfkörpern untersucht. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass das Verfahren an Stahlbeton anwendbar ist, wenn die Lage der Bewehrung und Randeffekte an der Betonoberfläche berücksichtigt werden.Novel approach for determining the electrical resistivity of reinforced concreteThe electrical resistivity of concrete correlates with different durability related parameters. Due to the heterogeneity of reinforced concrete a reliable determination of the concrete resistivity at a structure is a challenging objective. The application of a WENNER probe in the area of reinforcement bars or moisture gradients can lead to misinterpretations.In order to counteract the influence of heterogeneities the Electrical Resistivity Tomography, developed in geophysics, is applied to determine the distribution of the electrical resistivity in concrete elements. The method is adapted to the demands of reinforced concrete structures. The studies focus on a comparison between the WENNER electrode configuration, already known in civil engineering, and the dipole‐dipole electrode configuration and highlight the applicability for reinforced concrete elements. The results show that the method is applicable on reinforced concrete if the position of the reinforcement as well as boundary effects are considered within the evaluation.
Flachdecken in Elementbauweise mit Gitterträgern
Authors: Furche Johannes , Bauermeister Ulrich 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFlachdecken werden wirtschaftlich aus vorgefertigten Stahlbetonplatten und einer aufbetonierten Ortbetonschicht hergestellt. Das Tragverhalten dieser Elementdecken mit Gitterträgern ist ähnlich dem von Ortbetondecken. Bei der Bemessung und Konstruktion von Elementdecken sind jedoch einige Besonderheiten zu beachten. Der Eurocode 2 mit zugehörigem nationalem Anhang [1] enthält Regelungen hierzu. Als Durchstanz‐ und Verbundbewehrung kommen jedoch Bewehrungssysteme zur Anwendung, welche auf der Grundlage von nationalen oder europäischen Zulassungen bemessen werden. Die erforderlichen Nachweise im Durchstanzbereich von Flachdecken werden für unterschiedliche Systeme zusammengestellt und erläutert.Flat Slabs built as Semi‐Precast Slabs with Lattice Girders. Advice to application according to Eurocode 2Flat slabs are economically made of precast slabs with insitu topping. The load bearing behaviour of these semi‐precast slabs with lattice girders is similar to in situ concrete slabs. Eurocode 2 together with the German annex [1] gives advice for that. The used punching shear reinforcement and composite reinforcement have to be designed according to national or European technical approvals. The necessary proofs in case of flat slabs are consolidated and explained.
Cupric oxide nanoparticles‐enhanced chemiluminescence method for measurement of β‐lactam antibiotics
Authors: Iranifam Mortaza , Khabbaz Kharameh Merhnaz 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA simple, sensitive cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) method was developed for the measurement of β‐lactam antibiotics, including amoxicillin and cefazolin sodium. The method was based on suppression of the CuO NPs–luminol–H2O2 CL reaction by β‐lactam antibiotics. Experimental parameters that influenced the inhibitory effect of the antibiotic drugs on the CL system, such as NaOH (mol/L), luminol (µmol/L), H2O2 (mol/L) and CuO NPs (mg/L) concentrations, were optimized. Calibration graphs were linear and had dynamic ranges of 1.0 × 10–6 to 8.0 × 10–6 mol/L and 3.0 × 10–5 to 5.0 × 10–3 mol/L for amoxicillin and cefazolin sodium, respectively, with corresponding detection limits of 7.9 × 10–7 mol/L and 1.8 × 10–5 mol/L. The relative standard deviations of five replicate measurements of 5.0 × 10–6 amoxicillin and 5 × 10–4 cefazolin sodium were 5.43 and 5.01%, respectively. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM). The developed approach was exploited successfully to measure antibiotics in pharmaceutical preparations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Advances in Near‐Infrared Absorption Nanomaterials as Photoacoustic Contrast Agents for Biomedical Imaging
Authors: Zhang Juchen , Qiao Zengying , Yang Peipei , Pan Jie , Wang Lei , Wang Hao 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPhotoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging whole‐body imaging modality offering high spatial resolution, deep penetration and high contrast in vivo. Signals for PAI are generated from contrast agents, where the laser‐generated optical energy is transferred to acoustic emissions and detected by an ultrasound transducer. A great deal of research over the past ten years has shown that near‐infrared absorption nanomaterials such as organic dye‐based nanoparticals, polymer‐based nanoparticles, carbon‐based nanomaterials and metallic nanomaterials are promising photoacoustic (PA) contrast agents, which can increase the imaging resolution, contrast and depth of detection. Hence, it is an attractive research field to develop new PA contrast agents. Herein, we reviewed this rapidly growing field and described the applications of nanomaterial‐based PA contrast agents for biomedical imaging. Particular focus was given to organic near‐infrared absorbing dyes including cyanine, porphyrin and boron‐dipyrromethene derivatives.
Direct Coupling Reaction of Diaryl Methanol with Ketones or Aldehydes Catalyzed by AlCl3
Authors: Zhu Zhiqiang , Bai Peng , Wang Tiantian , Huang Zhizhen 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA novel coupling reaction of diaryl methanols with ketones or aldehydes has been developed under the catalysis of AlCl3. Various ketones and aldehydes could couple with 9H‐xanthen‐9‐ol smoothly, affording coupling products in 48% –88% yields. A plausible mechanism using AlCl3 to activate both diaryl methanol and ketone or aldehyde is proposed.
Metal‐Free‐Mediated Oxidation Aromatization of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines to Pyridines Using Visible Light and Air
Authors: Wei Xiaojing , Wang Lin , Jia Wenliang , Du Shaofu , Wu Lizhu , Liu Qiang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA metal‐free and environmentally friendly aerobic aromatization photosensitized by organic dye eosin Y bis(tetrabutyl ammonium salt) (TBA‐eosinY) has been developed. With the aid of K2CO3, the aerobic catalytic system converts 1,4‐dihydropyridines to their corresponding pyridine derivatives efficiently under visible light irradiation (λ=450 nm) at room temperature.
Diagnostic value of MIBG cardiac scintigraphy for differential dementia diagnosis
Authors: Slaets Sylvie , Van Acker Frank , Versijpt Jan , Hauth Lothar , Goeman Johan , Martin Jean‐Jacques , De Deyn Peter Paul , Engelborghs Sebastiaan 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveIodine‐123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) cardiac scintigraphy has shown the potential to discriminate dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, these studies did not reflect clinical practice, as patients with ischemic heart disease, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and hyperlipidemia and patients treated with antidepressants like trazodone were excluded.MethodsThis study aimed to evaluate the use of MIBG cardiac scintigraphy to diagnose DLB in clinical practice. Moreover, the potential diagnostic value of MIBG cardiac scintigraphy in patients with clinically ambiguous dementia diagnosis (DLB versus AD) was tested. Eighty‐five patients with a possible clinical diagnosis of DLB entered the study. MIBG uptake was determined by calculating the heart‐to‐mediastinum‐uptake ratio (H/M).ResultsThe average H/M ratio was 1.42 ± 0.35. The number of core features for DLB and the H/M ratio were negatively correlated (p = 0.001; r = −0.360). With an H/M ratio cutoff of 1.68 in 20 patients with clinically ambiguous dementia diagnoses (DLB versus AD) at the moment of MIBG cardiac scintigraphy, 95% (19/20) of the patients were correctly classified as compared with clinical or definite diagnosis at follow‐up, with sensitivity and specificity values for diagnosing DLB of 100% (16/16) and 75% (3/4), respectively. The H/M ratio was influenced only by age (p = 0.046; r = −0.217) and gender (p = 0.024) and not by any other variable studied.ConclusionsThe MIBG cardiac scintigraphy H/M ratio is a possible diagnostic biomarker for DLB in routine clinical practice and might have an added diagnostic value in case of doubt between DLB and AD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.