bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vascular plant abundance and diversity in an alpine heath under observed and simulated global change
Authors: Alatalo Juha M. , Little Chelsea J. , Jägerbrand Annika K. , Molau Ulf 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGlobal change is predicted to cause shifts in species distributions and biodiversity in arctic tundra. We applied factorial warming and nutrient manipulation to a nutrient and species poor alpine/arctic heath community for seven years. Vascular plant abundance in control plots increased by 31%. There were also notable changes in cover in the nutrient and combined nutrient and warming treatments, with deciduous and evergreen shrubs declining, grasses overgrowing these plots. Sedge abundance initially increased significantly with nutrient amendment and then declined, going below initial values in the combined nutrient and warming treatment. Nutrient addition resulted in a change in dominance hierarchy from deciduous shrubs to grasses. We found significant declines in vascular plant diversity and evenness in the warming treatment and a decline in diversity in the combined warming and nutrient addition treatment, while nutrient addition caused a decline in species richness. The results give some experimental support that species poor plant communities with low diversity may be more vulnerable to loss of species diversity than communities with higher initial diversity. The projected increase in nutrient deposition and warming may therefore have negative impacts on ecosystem processes, functioning and services due to loss of species diversity in an already impoverished environment.
Spindelzellige Weichgewebstumoren des Para- u. Retropharyngealraums: 5 Patienten, Literaturübersicht
Authors: Prera N. , Zorob M. , Heinz J. , Uhlig I. , Maier W. 
Published: May 2015

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Der Parapharyngealraum (PPR) ist der klinischen Untersuchung aufgrund seiner komplexen Anatomie schlecht zugänglich. Neoplasien in diesem Bereich sind selten, werden spät symptomatisch und im fortgeschrittenen Stadium diagnostiziert. Es werden multiple Entitäten differenziert, wobei maligne mesenchymale Tumore ungewöhnlich sind.
Patienten: Wir schildern charakteristische Verlaufsformen spindelzelliger Weichgewebstumore im PPR anhand von 5 Patienten: 2 Fälle eines Synovialsarkomes (SyS), 2 Fälle eines malignen peripheren Nervenscheidentumors (MPNST) ohne Neurofibromatose, 1 Fall eines Ektomesenchymomes (EM).
Ergebnisse: Bei beiden Patienten mit SyS zeigte sich unter multimodaler Therapie mittels Operation, Chemotherapie und Radiatio eine schnelle Tumorprogredienz und frühe pulmonale Metastasierung. Die beiden Patientinnen mit MPNST waren nach Tumorresektion und in einem der Fälle adjuvanter Radiatio rezidivfrei. Die Patientin mit EM zeigte nach operativer Resektion bisher kein Rezidiv.
Schlussfolgerung: Da maligne mesenchymale Tumore des PPR ungewöhnlich sind und nicht das typische Metastasierungsverhalten epithelialer Neoplasien oder maligner Lymphome aufweisen, kann sich die Diagnosestellung verzögern. Es ist wichtig bei atypischen Raumforderungen im PPR an die Möglichkeit eines Weichgewebstumors zu denken und die diagnostischen Schritte zu veranlassen. Die Bildgebung der Wahl zur Darstellung des PPR ist die MRT, nach Diagnosestellung ist ein an die Entität adaptiertes Staging notwendig. Die histologische Differenzierung mittels Immunhistochemie und Molekulargenetik ist aufwendig, stellt aber eine entscheidende Voraussetzung zur Festlegung der optimalen Therapie dar. Diagnostik und Therapie sollten daher in einem spezialisierten Zentrum erfolgen.
Transcriptome diversity among rice root types during asymbiosis and interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Gutjahr Caroline , Sawers Ruairidh J. H. , Marti Guillaume , Andrés-Hernández Liliana , Yang Shu-Yi , Casieri Leonardo , Angliker Herbert , Oakeley Edward J. , Wolfender Jean-Luc , Abreu-Goodger Cei , Paszkowski Uta 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Plant roots function as an interface between plants and the complex soil environment. Root systems of higher plants consist of different root types (RTs) that maximize their adaptive potential in heterogenous soil for nutrient uptake and anchorage. This study pioneers the molecular examination of individual RTs of adult rice root systems. The global signature of the transcriptional activity of each RT reveals significant quantitative and qualitative differences that predict functional diversity and specialization. Interaction with naturally prevalent beneficial mycorrhizal fungi profoundly modulated the relationship across the RTs such that the crown root transcriptome resembled that of lateral roots. The alteration of secondary cell wall synthesis in colonized roots is consistent with previously reported changes in root system architecture of mycorrhizal plants.
Activity of Antibiotics against Mycobacterium Species Commonly Found in Laboratory Zebrafish
Authors: Chang Carolyn T. , Whipps Christopher M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The Zebrafish Danio rerio is a popular vertebrate model organism used in a wide range of research fields. Importance is placed on Zebrafish health and the maintenance of disease-free laboratory fish so that experimental studies are not inadvertently affected. Mycobacteriosis, a common infection of laboratory Zebrafish, is caused by several Mycobacterium species. Little is known regarding the potential of antibiotic treatment for Zebrafish mycobacteriosis; however, treatment of infected Zebrafish may be appropriate to maintain valuable strains. Here, we investigated, in vitro, the antibiotic susceptibility of both rapid- and slow-growing isolates of Mycobacterium species from laboratory Zebrafish. Antibiotic testing was carried out using a commercially available 96-well microtiter plate format. Results indicated that some but not all antibiotics tested were effective at inhibiting mycobacterial growth and that susceptibility varied among species and strains. Tigecycline, tobramycin, clarithromycin, and amikacin were most effective at broad inhibition of rapid-growing mycobacteria; whereas, amikacin, clarithromycin, and rifampin were effective at inhibiting all slow-growing M. marinum strains tested. Results support the potential for targeted antibiotic treatment of Zebrafish infected with mycobacteria, but additional testing should be carried out in vivo.
Received October 1, 2014; accepted January 4, 2015
Lack of evidence for elevated CO2-induced bottom-up effects on marine copepods: a dinoflagellate–calanoid prey–predator pair
Authors: Isari Stamatina , Zervoudaki Soultana , Peters Janna , Papantoniou Georgia , Pelejero Carles , Saiz Enric 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRising levels of atmospheric CO2 are responsible for a change in the carbonate chemistry of seawater with associated pH drops (acidification) projected to reach 0.4 units from 1950 to 2100. We investigated possible indirect effects of seawater acidification on the feeding, fecundity, and hatching success of the calanoid copepod Acartia grani, mediated by potential CO2-induced changes in the nutritional characteristics of their prey. We used as prey the autotrophic dinoflagellate Heterocapsa sp., cultured at three distinct pH levels (control: 8.17, medium: 7.96, and low: 7.75) by bubbling pure CO2 via a computer automated system. Acartia grani adults collected from a laboratory culture were acclimatized for 3 d at food suspensions of Heterocapsa from each pH treatment (ca. 500 cells ml−1; 300 μg C l−1). Feeding and egg production rates of the preconditioned females did not differ significantly among the three Heterocapsa diets. Egg hatching success, monitored once per day for the 72 h, did not reveal significant difference among treatments. These results are in agreement with the lack of difference in the cellular stoichiometry (C : N, C : P, and N : P ratios) and fatty acid concentration and composition encountered between the three tested Heterocapsa treatments. Our findings disagree with those of other studies using distinct types of prey, suggesting that this kind of indirect influence of acidification on copepods may be largely associated with interspecific differences among prey items with regard to their sensitivity to elevated CO2 levels.
Ellipsis and Information Structure
Authors: Winkler Susanne 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter surveys elliptical phenomena and their interrelatedness to central information-structural notions. The term ellipsis most generally refers to the omission of linguistic material, structure, and/or sound. The ellipsis site is crucially connected to the notion of givenness of the unpronounced or deleted string. The remnants of the ellipsis site, which occur to the left or right of the omitted material, are frequently connected to the notion of contrastive topic and focus. The core question of modern linguistic theory is how syntactic and information-structural theories interact in accounting for the licensing of the different types of elliptical phenomena. The discussion shows that information structure and discourse factors influence the form and the interpretation of ellipsis.
The Stop-Only-While-Shocking algorithm reduces hands-off time by 17% during cardiopulmonary resuscitation – a simulation study
Authors: Koch Hansen Lars , Mohammed Anna , Pedersen Magnus , Folkestad Lars , Brodersen Jacob , Hey Thomas , Lyhne Christensen Nicolaj , Carter-Storch Rasmus , Bendix Kristoffer , Hansen Morten R. , Brabrand Mikkel 
Published: May 2015

Introduction
Reducing hands-off time during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is believed to increase survival after cardiac arrests because of the sustaining of organ perfusion. The aim of our study was to investigate whether charging the defibrillator before rhythm analyses and shock delivery significantly reduced hands-off time compared with the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) 2010 CPR guideline algorithm in full-scale cardiac arrest scenarios.

Methods
The study was designed as a full-scale cardiac arrest simulation study including administration of drugs. Participants were randomized into using the Stop-Only-While-Shocking (SOWS) algorithm or the ERC2010 algorithm. In SOWS, chest compressions were only interrupted for a post-charging rhythm analysis and immediate shock delivery. A Resusci Anne HLR-D manikin and a LIFEPACK 20 defibrillator were used. The manikin recorded time and chest compressions.

Results
Sample size was calculated with an α of 0.05 and 80% power showed that we should test four scenarios with each algorithm. Twenty-nine physicians participated in 11 scenarios. Hands-off time was significantly reduced 17% using the SOWS algorithm compared with ERC2010 [22.1% (SD 2.3) hands-off time vs. 26.6% (SD 4.8); P<0.05].

Conclusion
In full-scale cardiac arrest simulations, a minor change consisting of charging the defibrillator before rhythm check reduces hands-off time by 17% compared with ERC2010 guidelines.
An accurate and fast reliability analysis method for combinational circuits
Authors: Zandevakili Hamed , Mahani Ali , Saneei Mohsen 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– One of the main issues which microelectronics industry encounter is reliability as feature sizes scale down to nano-design level. The purpose of this paper is to provide a probabilistic transfer matrix based to find the accurate and efficient method of finding circuit’s reliability.

Design/methodology/approach
– The proposed method provides a probabilistic description of faulty behavior and is well-suited to reliability and error susceptibility calculations. The proposed method offers accurate circuit reliability calculations in the presence of reconvergent fanout. Furthermore, a binary probability matrix is used to not only resolve signals correlation problem but also improve the accuracy of the obtained reliability in the presence of reconverging signals.

Findings
– The results provide the accuracy and computation time of reliability evaluation for ISCAS85 benchmark schemes. Also, simulations have been conducted on some digital circuits involving LGSynth’91 circuits. Simulation results show that proposed solution is a fast method with less complexity and gives an accurate reliability value in comparison with other methods.

Originality/value
– The proposed method is the only scheme giving the low calculation time with high accuracy compared to other schemes. The library-based method also is able to evaluate the reliability of every scheme independent from its circuit topology. The comparison exhibits that a designer can save its evaluation time in terms of performance and complexity.
Political knowledge, political turbulence and uncertainty in the internationalization process of SMEs
Authors: Hilmersson Mikael , Sandberg Susanne , Pourmand Hilmersson Firouze 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of the study is to examine the political sources of uncertainty in the internationalization process of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approach– The authors theoretically derived a research model embracing three hypotheses. These hypotheses are tested on a sample of 203 on-site interviewed SMEs. Regression analysis is used to test two individual hypotheses and one interaction effect.Findings– The regression analysis reveals that political knowledge possessed by the firm reduces uncertainty in the internationalization process. Political turbulence is shown to increase uncertainty in the internationalization. The interaction shows that political turbulence obliterates the uncertainty reducing effect by political knowledge.Research limitations/implications– The authors identifies two main political sources of uncertainty in the internationalization process of SMEs. For managers and business researchers, it is shown that experiential knowledge is useful under stable conditions. When turbulence increases, however, firms need to develop alternative strategies for uncertainty management.Originality/value– This study is the first to test the uncertainty reducing effects of experiential knowledge in turbulent environments. Thus, by running the interaction between political knowledge and political turbulence, the authors shed new light on the usefulness of previous experiences in the internationalization process.
Disclosure by Indian companies following corporate governance reform
Authors: Abraham Santhosh , Marston Claire , Jones Edward 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate Indian companies’ compliance with the mandatory and voluntary corporate governance disclosure requirements of the Stock Exchange Board of India’s Clause 49.Design/methodology/approach– The authors develop a corporate governance disclosure index and sub-indices based on Clause 49. Annual reports of listed Indian companies are scored according to their disclosures in two periods – pre and post amendments to Clause 49.Findings– Indian companies are highly compliant with corporate governance disclosure requirements of Clause 49. Disclosure increases significantly after amendments to Clause 49 as the penalties for non-compliance increase in severity. Government controlled firms disclose significantly less than privately owned firms.Research limitations/implications– The findings are consistent with bonding theory and the authors note that the presence of an independent regulator (with powers to take action against violators) provides corporate India with additional incentives to comply with corporate governance reform.Practical implications– These findings have important implications for policy makers and regulators as they contribute to the debate on the choice between formal corporate governance regulation versus informal self-regulation. The study also has implications for understanding factors associated with the adoption of disclosure practices in general.Originality/value– This is the first study to examine disclosure compliance in a major developing country pre and post amendments to mandatory corporate governance requirements. Prior evidence indicates a low level of disclosure in India but our results demonstrate an improvement in line with our theoretical predictions that suggests, India is converging towards an Anglo-Saxon model of corporate governance.
PR, clientelism and economics: a comparison of southern Europe and Latin America
Authors: García César 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between clientelist relationships and economics in public relations practice in European Mediterranean countries and Latin America. It considers the cases of Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico.Design/methodology/approach– This paper uses a critical-conceptual method through a re-conceptualization of themes from secondary qualitative analyses of existing qualitative data sets and reviews of published qualitative papers.Findings– The public relations practice in these two regions is similar. The characteristics of the public relations landscape in these countries must be understood in relation to a broader history of clientelism and economics emphasizing government relationships at the expense of other publics, as well as the lack of scale economies. Persuasive models are prevalent, although a number of forces – including integration in supranational organizations, democratization, and globalization – have strengthened the use of symmetrical models.Research limitations/implications– This is not an empirical survey, there is a need of quantitative studies among practitioners and government officials that can measure empirically the nature of their relationships in a number of countries. This essay opens a door for future studies and cross-cultural comparisons about the role that clientelism plays in the PR practice of cultures and countries.Practical implications– The paper offers useful background information, such as the primacy that media relations still have in the public relations practice, for foreign public relations executives, agency heads, and managers of public relations who are directly involved with or managing international public relations campaigns in these countries.Social implications– Clientelism is a cultural concept that translates to the work of organizations and consequently public relations as a form of organizational behavior.Originality/value– This paper brings to the table the importance of the concept of clientelism in the PR practice as well as the existence of a similar PR culture between countries that are on different continents.
The need for post-occupancy evaluation of public apartment buildings in Ghana
Authors: Agyefi-Mensah S. , Post Jouke , van Egmond Emilia , Badu Edward , Mohammadi Masi 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine and show why post-occupancy evaluation (POE) of public apartment buildings in Ghana as a product of design is important.Design/methodology/approach– By design the paper is descriptive. It uses a literature review as a method to summarize, synthesize and show the gaps in the existing knowledge on public apartment buildings in general and Ghana in particular. These arguments are brought together in a conceptual framework for approaching POE studies.Findings– This paper finds that gaps exist in the existing POE research knowledge regarding public apartment buildings in Ghana not only as residential settings but also as designed artifacts intended for use.Research limitations/implications– There is a need for scientific research which focus on the design and use of public apartment buildings in Ghana to provide empirical basis for design, policy and research decision-making.Social implications– This paper shows that occupants’ feedback information is important, as it can benefits government, designers and builders, building regulators and managers, as well as end users.Originality/value– The paper contributes a conceptual framework based on which POE studies can be designed.
Edge effects on plant communities along power line clearings
Authors: Eldegard Katrine , Totland Ørjan , Moe Stein R. 
Published: May 2015

Summary

Power line clearings are edge‐creating disturbances in landscapes world‐wide, but there have been few studies on their bordering vegetation. Our aim was to quantify edge effects on plant communities along such clearings in Norway and to identify factors that influence these edge effects.

We surveyed understorey plant communities on either side of the power line clearing–forest edge at 51 sites, along four parallel transects at each site. Each transect had four plots located, respectively, in the clearing centre, clearing edge, forest edge and forest. We quantified the magnitude of edge effects (MEE) on either side by comparing edges with their corresponding ‘non‐edge’ reference habitats. We also measured differences in species composition across the edge (clearing edge vs. forest edge). Habitat characteristics were sampled at plot and site level and from digital maps.

Differences in species composition were greater between clearing centres and clearing edges than between forests and forest edges. Differences in species composition across the edge increased with edge contrast and forest productivity. Edge effects on species composition into the forest were smallest along north‐facing edges, whereas those in the clearings increased with power line age.

Species richness increased slightly towards the edge in forests but decreased considerably towards the edge in clearings. The direction and MEE on either side differed among functional groups. Edge contrast and edge aspect were the prime factors influencing the MEE into forests, whereas in clearings, these were influenced principally by tree regrowth in the clearings and by forest productivity.

Synthesis and applications. Edge effects on plant communities bordering power line clearings were determined by factors that can be influenced by planners and managers. For existing power lines, management plans should differentiate between the following: (i) clearings through high conservation value forests, where edge effects into the adjacent forest should be limited; (ii) clearings that can act as replacement habitat for cultural landscape species, where maintaining open‐canopy habitats should be prioritized; and (iii) ‘business‐as‐usual’ clearings, where continuing the current practice of cutting every 5–10 years is recommended.
Growth–Inequality Tradeoff in the Design of Tax Structure: Evidence from a Large Panel of Countries
Authors: Liu Yongzheng , Martinez‐Vazquez Jorge 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUsing a structural model and a large panel dataset for 150 developed and developing countries covering the period 1970–2009, the present paper examines the potential tradeoff between economic growth and income inequality in the design of tax structure. We find clear evidence of: (i) a tradeoff between growth and inequality for both direct and indirect taxes; (ii) heterogeneous growth and inequality effects of tax instruments measured by levels and rates (particularly corporate income tax); and (iii) heterogeneous effects of tax instruments on different definitions of inequality (i.e. gross income, net income or expenditure).