bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trust path: a distributed model of search paths of trust in a peer‐to‐peer system
Authors: Moalla Samir , Rahmouni Maher 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTrust management is not an easy task in a peer‐to‐peer system because a peer is not able to know all the other peers in the system, and therefore, it is not obvious to exchange documents safely. Accordingly, an efficient model of trust management is necessary to manage the trust between peers in order to, quickly and efficiently, make the difference between potentially malicious and benevolent peers before downloading a document. Several approaches have been developed to calculate the indirect trust value. These approaches are based on sequential search of trust paths. In this paper and in order to optimize the research response time of trust paths, we propose a new distributed model called Trust_Path to search all trust paths between two peers that have no direct knowledge. This search is performed by propagation, in a distributed manner, to all known peers. The experiments realized on a network of 16 servers, on which we have set up virtual machines, show that the response time of search of trust paths with the parallel execution using Trust_Path model is much faster than sequential execution and that its acceleration increases according to the number of nodes. The simulation results show that our model can be applied to a large‐scale environment.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental periods of steel eccentrically braced frames
Authors: Kuşy𝚤lmaz Ahmet , Topkaya Cem 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThis paper describes formulation of a hand method that can be used to estimate the computed fundamental periods of vibration of building structures in general and steel eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) in particular. The developed method uses the Rayleigh's method as a basis and utilizes the roof drift ratio (RDR) under seismic forces as a parameter. To obtain RDR, more than 4000 EBFs were designed by considering the seismic hazard, number of stories, braced bay width and link length to bay width ratio as prime variables. A model was developed to estimate RDR, which depends on the rigid plastic deformation mechanism for a typical EBF. The method was verified using design data produced as a part of this work as well as data published in literature. The verifications indicate that the proposed formulation is capable of providing acceptable estimates of the computed period. When compared with existing empirical period–height relationships, the proposed formulation offers closer estimates with reduced scatter. The method was further refined to derive new period–height relationships for two different seismicity regions. The accuracy of the relationship for high seismic regions was verified using measured periods of EBF buildings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using transfer path analysis to assess the influence of bearings on structural vibrations of a wind turbine gearbox
Authors: Vanhollebeke F. , Peeters J. , Vandepitte D. , Desmet W. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNoise and vibration issues can be dealt with using several approaches. Using the source–transfer path–receiver approach, a vibration issue could be solved by attenuating the source, modifying the transfer path or by influencing the receiver. Applying this approach on a wind turbine gearbox would respectively correspond with lowering the gear excitation levels, modifying the gearbox housing or by trying to isolate the gearbox from the rest of the wind turbine.This paper uses a combination of multi‐body modelling and typical transfer path analysis (TPA) to investigate the impact of bearings on the total transfer path and the resulting vibration levels. Structural vibrations are calculated using a flexible multi‐body model of a three‐stage wind turbine gearbox. Because the high‐speed mesh is often the main source of vibrations, focus is put on the four bearings of this gear stage. The TPA method using structural vibration simulation results shows which bearing position is responsible for transmitting the highest excitation levels from the gears to the gearbox housing structure.Influences of bearing stiffness values and bearing damping values on the resulting vibration levels are investigated by means of a parameter sensitivity study and are confirmed with the results from the TPA. Because both the TPA and the parameter sensitivity analysis revealed a big influence on radial stiffness for a certain bearing, this was investigated in more detail and showed the big importance of correct axial bearing position.The main conclusions of this paper are that the total vibration behaviour of a wind turbine gearbox can be altered significantly by changing both bearing properties such as stiffness, damping and position, and bearing support stiffness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signaling networks in palate development
Authors: Lane Jamie , Kaartinen Vesa 
Published: March 2014

Palatogenesis, the formation of the palate, is a dynamic process regulated by a complex series of context‐dependent morphogenetic signaling events. Many genes involved in palatogenesis have been discovered through the use of genetically manipulated mouse models as well as from human genetic studies, but the roles of these genes and their products in signaling networks regulating palatogenesis are still poorly known. In this review, we give a brief overview on palatogenesis and introduce key signaling cascades leading to formation of the intact palate. Moreover, we review conceptual differences between pathway biology and network biology and discuss how some of the recent technological advances in conjunction with mouse genetic models have contributed to our understanding of signaling networks regulating palate growth and fusion.This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Determinants of prevalence and intensity of infection with malaria parasites in the Blue Tit
Authors: Podmokła Edyta , Dubiec Anna , Drobniak Szymon M. , Arct Aneta , Gustafsson Lars , Cichoń Mariusz 
Published: March 2014

AbstractParasite species are usually specialists utilising specific host species, but parasite assemblages may differ substantially even between populations of the same species and show seasonal and annual fluctuations. Host characteristics such as individual age and sex may also affect parasite species composition and abundance. Here, we report the occurrence of malaria parasites in the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) inhabiting Gotland (Sweden) across 5 years. Using PCR-based techniques, we found eight cytochrome b lineages belonging to genus Plasmodium (pTURUD1, pBT7, pSGS1, pSW2, pGRW11) and Haemoproteus (hPARUS1, hPHSIB1, hWW2) with the overall prevalence of 65 %. The Plasmodium infections predominated (prevalence of 49.5 %), whereas Haemoproteus infection rate was much lower (prevalence of 16.5 %). We showed significant differences in infection status between study years and age classes when all parasite lineages were analysed together or the two most common lineages were analysed separately. Overall, older birds showed higher prevalence. A significant interaction between year and genus effect significantly explained variation in infection intensity. This interaction stems from a significant yearly variation of the infection intensity with Plasmodium, while such an effect is not present for Haemoproteus infections. More importantly, the intensity of infection with Haemoproteus was significantly higher than with Plasmodium in 3 out of the 4 study years with data.
Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Lipase from Tunisian Euphorbia peplus Latex
Authors: Lazreg Aref Houda , Mosbah Habib , Fekih Abdelwaheb , Kenani Abdelraouf 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLipases from vegetable sources have been the focus of intense and growing research. The use of enzymes from plants has the advantage of employing industrial waste products. The lipase activity of Euphorbia peplus L. (Euphorbiaceae) was investigated for the first time. The Euphorbia peplus latex lipase (EpLL) was purified after ammonium sulfate fractionation and anion exchange chromatography on a DEAE‐Cellulose column leading to 12.57‐fold purification. The EpLL displayed a probable molecular weight of about 40 kDa. The lipase activity was optimum at a temperature of 40 °C and pH 8, the specific activities of EpLL were found to be 249 ± 12.45 and 161.4 ± 8.07 U/mg when tributyrin (TC4) and olive oil were used as substrate respectively. The enzyme retained 80 % of its activity when incubated for 1 h at 50 °C. The EpLL was strongly destabilised by divalent metal ions (Fe2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+). Lipase was slightly stimulated by Triton X‐100 and Tween‐80, while strongly inhibited by sodium dodecyl sulfate. A good stability of the enzyme in the presence of organic solvents was reveled suggesting its industrial utility.
Cigarette smoking in obsessive-compulsive disorder and unaffected parents of OCD patients
Authors: Abramovitch Amitai , Pizzagalli Diego A. , Geller Daniel A. , Reuman Lillian , Wilhelm Sabine 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackground:Cigarette smoking is more prevalent among individuals with psychiatric disorders than the general population. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be an intriguing exception, although no recent study has investigated this hypothesis in OCD patients. Moreover, it is unknown whether reduced smoking rates are present in unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients.Methods:We assessed smoking prevalence in adults with OCD and unaffected parents of youth with OCD (PYOCD). To this end, 113 adults with OCD completed online questionnaires assessing symptom severity and smoking status. Smoking status was obtained from an independent sample of 210 PYOCD assessed for psychiatric diagnoses.Results:Smoking prevalence rates in adults with OCD (13.3%;n= 15) and PYOCD (9.5%;n= 20) samples were significantly lower than those found in representative samples of the general population (19–24%, allP< .001) and Axis I disorders (36–64%; allP< .001). There were no smokers in the adult OCD subset without clinically significant depressive symptoms (n= 54).Conclusion:Low prevalence of smoking in OCD may be familial and unique among psychiatric disorders, and might represent a possible state-independent OCD marker. Hypotheses concerning the uncharacteristically low prevalence rates are discussed with relation to OCD phenomenology and pathophysiology.
Impact of primary negative symptoms on functional outcomes in schizophrenia
Authors: Fervaha G. , Foussias G. , Agid O. , Remington G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveNegative symptoms are known to undermine functional outcomes in people with schizophrenia; however, most studies have not accounted for whether these symptoms were primary or secondary to other psychopathological factors. The present study examined the impact of primary negative symptoms on functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia.MethodThe sample included 1427 patients with schizophrenia who completed the baseline visit in the CATIE study. Symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Calgary Depression Scale, extrapyramidal side effects with the Simpson-Angus scale, and functional status with the Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale.ResultsNegative symptoms were significantly and inversely related to each domain of functioning examined. These relationships remained after statistically controlling for the influence of potential sources of secondary negative symptoms. In addition, the relationships between negative symptoms and specific domains of functioning remained in patients who had mild/absent positive, depressive, anxiety and extrapyramidal symptoms. Negative symptoms were associated with functional outcomes even in antipsychotic-free patients.ConclusionsPrimary negative symptoms significantly contribute to the functional impairment seen in people with schizophrenia. A better understanding of the etiology and pathobiology of these symptoms is required to guide the search for effective therapeutics that promote functional recovery.
Public beliefs and knowledge about risk and protective factors for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Roberts J. Scott , McLaughlin Sara J. , Connell Cathleen M 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to assess public beliefs and knowledge about risk and protective factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsA brief survey module was added to the Health and Retirement Study, a longstanding national panel study of the U.S. population over the age of 50.ResultsRespondents were 1641 adults (mean age = 64.4 years, 53.6% female, 81.7% White). Most (60.1%) indicated interest in learning their AD risk, with 29.4% expressing active worry. Many failed to recognize that medications to prevent AD are not available (39.1%) or that having an affected first‐degree relative is associated with increased disease risk (32%). Many respondents believed that various actions (e.g., mental activity, eating a healthy diet) would be effective in reducing AD risk.ConclusionOlder and middle‐aged adults are interested in their AD risk status and believe that steps can be taken to reduce disease risk. Tailored education efforts are needed to address potential misconceptions about risk and protective factors.
Formal Rules in Institutional Transitions: An Examination Based on the Meiji Restoration and the Xinhai Revolution
Authors: AOKI Masahiko 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper focuses on the roles of formal rules (laws) in institutional emergence, sustenance, crisis, and transition based on an examination of the Meiji Restoration and the Xinhai Revolution. It describes how formal rules in the polities of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan were enforced, supplemented, or modified by the strategic interactions among the ruler, the intermediate organizations, and the peasantry. It then discusses how the strategic complementarities between the ruler and the intermediate organizations were transformed into strategic rivalries in response to changes in the economic and foreign environments, resulting in the demise of dynastic rule in each country. The post-transition constitutional design was affected by the ways in which the strategic reconfigurations had led to the demise of the dynastic rulers. This historical narrative suggests that formal rules per se do not necessarily create institutions in the sense of an integral pattern and process of social behaviour and ideas. A formal rule can function as a substantive form of an institutional process if, and only if, it mediates between a recursive state of strategic interactions among agents and individual belief formation in order to sustain the social order.
TIME CONSTRAINTS AND PRAGMATIC ENCROACHMENT ON KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Shin Joseph 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCiting some recent experimental findings, I argue for the surprising claim that in some cases the less time you have the more you know. More specifically, I present some evidence to suggest that our ordinary knowledge ascriptions are sometimes sensitive to facts about an epistemic subject's truth-irrelevant time constraints such that less (time) is more (knowledge). If knowledge ascriptions are sensitive in this manner, then this is some evidence of pragmatic encroachment. Along the way, I consider comments made by Jonathan Schaffer (2006) and Jennifer Nagel (2008, 2010) to construe a purist contextualist and a strict invariantist explanation of the data respectively, before giving reasons to resist them in favor of an account that indicates pragmatic encroachment. If successful, this may suggest a new way to argue for the controversial thesis that there is pragmatic encroachment on knowledge.
Nutrigenetics of carotenoid metabolism in the chicken: a polymorphism at the β,β-carotene 15,15'-mono-oxygenase 1 (BCMO1) locus affects the response to dietary β-carotene
Authors: Jlali Maamer , Graulet Benoit , Chauveau-Duriot Béatrice , Godet Estelle , Praud Christophe , Nunes Carlos Simões , Le Bihan-Duval Elisabeth , Berri Cécile , Duclos Michel J. 
Published: March 2014

The enzyme β,β-carotene-15,15′-mono-oxygenase 1 (BCMO1) is responsible for the symmetrical cleavage of β-carotene into retinal. We identified a polymorphism in the promoter of theBCMO1gene, inducing differences inBCMO1mRNA levels (high in adenines (AA) and low in guanines (GG)) and colour in chicken breast muscle. The present study was designed to test whether this polymorphism could affect the response to dietary β-carotene. Dietary β-carotene supplementation did not change the effects of the genotypes on breast muscle properties:BCMO1mRNA levels were lower and xanthophyll contents higher in GG than in AA chickens. Lower vitamin E levels in the plasma and duodenum, plasma cholesterol levels and body weight were also observed in GG than in AA chickens. In both genotypes, dietary β-carotene increased vitamin A storage in the liver; however, it reduced numerous parameters such asSCARB1(scavenger receptor class B type I) in the duodenum,BCMO1in the liver, vitamin E levels in the plasma and tissues, xanthophyll contents in the pectoralis major muscle and carcass adiposity. However, several diet × genotype interactions were observed. In the GG genotype, dietary β-carotene increasedISX(intestine-specific homeobox) and decreasedBCMO1mRNA levels in the duodenum, decreased xanthophyll concentrations in the duodenum, liver and plasma, and decreased colour index and HDL-cholesterol concentration in the plasma. Retinol accumulation following dietary β-carotene supplementation was observed in the duodenum of AA chickens only. Therefore, the negative feedback control on β-carotene conversion throughISXappears as functional in the duodenum of GG but not of AA chickens. This could result in a higher availability of β-carotene in the duodenum of GG chickens, reducing the uptake of xanthophylls, liposoluble vitamins and cholesterol.
Effects of almond and pistachio consumption on gut microbiota composition in a randomised cross-over human feeding study
Authors: Ukhanova Maria , Wang Xiaoyu , Baer David J. , Novotny Janet A. , Fredborg Marlene , Mai Volker 
Published: March 2014

The modification of microbiota composition to a ‘beneficial’ one is a promising approach for improving intestinal as well as overall health. Natural fibres and phytochemicals that reach the proximal colon, such as those present in various nuts, provide substrates for the maintenance of healthy and diverse microbiota. The effects of increased consumption of specific nuts, which are rich in fibre as well as various phytonutrients, on human gut microbiota composition have not been investigated to date. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of almond and pistachio consumption on human gut microbiota composition. We characterised microbiota in faecal samples collected from volunteers in two separate randomised, controlled, cross-over feeding studies (n18 for the almond feeding study andn16 for the pistachio feeding study) with 0, 1·5 or 3 servings/d of the respective nuts for 18 d. Gut microbiota composition was analysed using a 16S rRNA-based approach for bacteria and an internal transcribed spacer region sequencing approach for fungi. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis of 528 028 sequence reads, retained after removing low-quality and short-length reads, revealed various operational taxonomic units that appeared to be affected by nut consumption. The effect of pistachio consumption on gut microbiota composition was much stronger than that of almond consumption and included an increase in the number of potentially beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria. Although the numbers of bifidobacteria were not affected by the consumption of either nut, pistachio consumption appeared to decrease the number of lactic acid bacteria (P< 0·05). Increasing the consumption of almonds or pistachios appears to be an effective means of modifying gut microbiota composition.
Tomographic Heating Holder forIn SituTEM: Study of Pt/C and PtPd/Al2O3Catalysts as a Function of Temperature
Authors: Gontard Lionel C. , Dunin-Borkowski Rafal E. , Fernández Asunción , Ozkaya Dogan , Kasama Takeshi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA tomographic heating holder for transmission electron microscopy that can be used to study supported catalysts at temperatures of up to ~1,500°C is described. The specimen is placed in direct thermal contact with a tungsten filament that is oriented perpendicular to the axis of the holder without using a support film, allowing tomographic image acquisition at high specimen tilt angles with minimum optical shadowing. We use the holder to illustrate the evolution of the active phases of Pt nanoparticles on carbon black and PtPd nanoparticles onγ-alumina with temperature. Particle size distributions and changes in active surface area are quantified from tilt series of images acquired after subjecting the specimens to increasing temperatures. The porosity of the alumina support and the sintering mechanisms of the catalysts are shown to depend on distance from the heating filament.
BIASED RANDOM WALKS, PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND UPDATE SCHEMES
Authors: HYWOOD JACK D. , LANDMAN KERRY A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThere is much interest within the mathematical biology and statistical physics community in converting stochastic agent-based models for random walkers into a partial differential equation description for the average agent density. Here a collection of noninteracting biased random walkers on a one-dimensional lattice is considered. The usual master equation approach requires that two continuum limits, involving three parameters, namely step length, time step and the random walk bias, approach zero in a specific way. We are interested in the case where the two limits are not consistent. New results are obtained using a Fokker–Planck equation and the results are highly dependent on the simulation update schemes. The theoretical results are confirmed with examples. These findings provide insight into the importance of updating schemes to an accurate macroscopic description of stochastic local movement rules in agent-based models when the lattice spacing represents a physical object such as cell diameter.
Erratum: Evidence for successional development in Antarctic hypolithic bacterial communities
Authors: Makhalanyane Thulani P , Valverde Angel , Birkeland Nils-Kåre , Cary Stephen C , Tuffin I Marla , Cowan Don A 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Correction to: The ISME Journal (2013) 7, 2080–2090; doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.94; published online 13 June 2013 Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed that one of the co-authors’ (Prof M Tuffin) is incorrectly affiliated to the following address: Department of Genetics, Centrefor Microbial Ecology and Genomics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.