bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionic Liquids in Gas Separation Membranes
Authors: Bara Jason E. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as a versatile class of materials for building novel gas separation membranes that can be composed of liquids, polymers, and polymer‐liquid composites. Extremely low volatilities and tunable structures are the two essential features of the IL platform that have driven the growth of research in these unique materials for gas separations. Most of the work to date on ILs in gas separation membranes has focused on the separation of carbon dioxide from methane (CO
2
/CH
4
, natural gas sweetening) and carbon dioxide from nitrogen (CO
2
/N
2
, postcombustion CO
2
capture). While the majority of IL‐based membranes operate via the solution‐diffusion mechanism, facilitated transport has also been examined. The inclusion of reactive groups (e.g., silver salts) within ILs has opened additional applications such as olefin/paraffin separations. This article focuses on the history of IL development for gas separations, and the different ways in which ILs have been applied in membranes: as supported liquids, polymeric ILs, and composite materials. Relative performances of these different approaches are discussed, with an emphasis on understanding the underlying physicochemical properties of ILs and IL‐containing materials as a means of developing meaningful models that can be used to rationally design IL‐containing membranes with improved performances. Additionally, the general state of the art is assessed with respect to the progress made over the past decade and recommendations for future work are provided.
Carbon Membranes
Authors: Ismail Ahmad Fauzi , Salleh Wan Norharyati Wan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCarbon membranes are considered a relatively new addition to the mainstream of membrane material research. The significant number of publications in recent years shows the tremendous growth and development efforts in this research field. Carbon membranes can be fabricated by heat treatment from various types of polymeric precursor membranes such as polyimides and derivatives, polyacrylonitrile, phenolic resin, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA), polyetherimide (PEI), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyphthalazinone ether sulfone ketone (PPESK). Carbon membranes can be divided into two categories, namely, supported and unsupported. The typical characterization methods used for carbon membranes can be classified into membrane performance evaluation and physical characterization. Physical characterization includes thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), adsorption and sorption experiments, and elemental analysis. A further explanation of each process parameter to obtain carbon membranes of highest quality is provided. In addition, the performances of various types of carbon membranes developed by previous researchers for different gas separation applications are also summarized. Furthermore, the potential applications and future directions of carbon membranes in gas separation processes are identified in this review. Other potential processes for carbon membranes including pervaporation, water treatment, and membrane reactor are also emphasized. Although significant research has been conducted since the development of carbon membranes, the need to extensively improve the gas permeation properties of these membranes still remains important if it is to become a viable membrane material for industrial applications.
Membrane Electrolysis
Authors: Millet Pierre 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Ion‐conducting membrane materials are used in electrolysis cells for the double purpose of carrying electric charges between electrodes and separating the products formed at each electrode. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of main electrolysis technologies and to describe the main characteristics of membrane materials used in such processes. Following a brief introduction, a summary of the fundamental aspects of electrochemistry is presented in Section 2. Main membrane electrolysis processes are described in Section 3 and main membrane materials (chemical composition and ion transport properties) are presented in Section 4. In Section 5, different emerging membrane technologies are described and some emerging materials are presented.
Effect of Linker Length and Composition on Heterobivalent Ligand‐Mediated Receptor Cross‐Talk between the A1 Adenosine and β2 Adrenergic Receptors
Authors: Barlow Nicholas , Baker Stephen P. , Scammells Peter J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHeterobivalent ligands that possess pharmacophores designed to interact with both the A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) and the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) were prepared. More specifically, these ligands contain an adenosine moiety that is linked via its N6‐position to the amino group of the saligenin‐substituted ethanolamine moiety present in the well‐known β2AR agonist, salbutamol. The affinities of these ligands were determined at both receptors and found to vary with linker length and composition. With all compounds, affinity and functional potencies were found to have selectivity for the A1AR over the β2AR. In all cases, cAMP accumulation (a β2AR‐mediated response) was mainly observed when the A1AR was blocked or its function decreased by pertussis toxin or chronic agonist treatment. This suggests that heterobivalent compounds for receptors that mediate opposite responses might be useful for elucidating the mechanisms of receptor cross‐talk and how this interaction, in terms of responsiveness, may change under pathophysiological conditions.
A Glutathione Derivative with Chelating and in vitro Neuroprotective Activities: Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties, and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Cacciatore Ivana , Cornacchia Catia , Fornasari Erika , Baldassarre Leonardo , Pinnen Francesco , Sozio Piera , Di Stefano Antonio , Marinelli Lisa , Dean Annalisa , Fulle Stefania , Di Filippo Ester Sara , La Rovere Rita Maria Laura , Patruno Antonia , Ferrone Alessio , Di Marco Valerio 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMetal‐ion dysregulation and oxidative stress have been linked to the progressive neurological decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Herein we report the synthesis and chelating, antioxidant, and in vitro neuroprotective activities of a novel derivative of glutathione, GS(HQ)H, endowed with an 8‐hydroxyquinoline group as a metal‐chelating moiety. In vitro results showed that GS(HQ)H may be stable enough to be absorbed unmodified and arrive intact to the blood–brain barrier, that it may be able to remove CuII and ZnII from the Aβ peptide without causing any copper or zinc depletion in vivo, and that it protects SHSY‐5Y human neuroblastoma cells against H2O2‐ and 6‐OHDA‐induced damage. Together, these findings suggest that GS(HQ)H could be a potential neuroprotective agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in which a lack of metal homeostasis has been reported as a key factor.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Imidazopyridine–Oxindole Conjugates as Microtubule‐Targeting Agents
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Reddy Vangala Santhosh , Karnewar Santosh , Chourasiya Sumit S. , Shaik Anver Basha , Kumar G. Bharath , Kishor Chandan , Reddy M. Kashi , Narasimha Rao M. P. , Nagabhushana Ananthamurthy , Ramakrishna Kallaganti V. S. , Addlagatta Anthony , Kotamraju Srigiridhar 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA library of imidazopyridine–oxindole conjugates was synthesised and investigated for anticancer activity against various human cancer cell lines. Some of the tested compounds, such as 10 a, 10 e, 10 f, and 10 k, exhibited promising antiproliferative activity with GI50 values ranging from 0.17 to 9.31 μM. Flow cytometric analysis showed that MCF‐7 cells treated by these compounds arrested in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle in a concentration‐dependent manner. More particularly, compound 10 f displayed a remarkable inhibitory effect on tubulin polymerisation. All the compounds depolarised mitochondrial membrane potential and caused apoptosis. These results are further supported by the decreased phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473. Studies on embryonic development revealed that the lead compounds 10 f and 10 k caused delay in the development of zebra fish embryos. Docking of compound 10 f with tubulin protein suggested that the imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine moiety occupies the colchicine binding site of tubulin.
Effect of carbonation process on the passivating products of zinc in Ca(OH)2 saturated solution
Authors: Roventi G. , Bellezze T. , Barbaresi E. , Fratesi R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe effect of carbonation process on the passivating layer of zinc in Ca(OH)2 saturated solution was studied. The investigation was performed by means of corrosion potential, corrosion current density, and impedance measurements. To analyze the changes in the passivating layer, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized. The results obtained indicate that the layer of calcium hydroxyzincate (Ca[Zn(OH)3]2 · 2H2O) (CHZ), which determines the passivity state of zinc both in Ca(OH)2 saturated solution and in concrete, is destroyed by the carbonation process, in agreement with previous results obtained for galvanized steel embedded in concrete. X‐ray diffractometry and Raman spectroscopy showed that CHZ reaction with CO2 leads to the formation of Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 (hydrozincite) and CaCO3 (calcite). SEM observation confirms the deep transformation in the passivating layer caused by carbonation. Corrosion potential and corrosion current density measurements show that zinc maintains its passive state also after carbonation. However, impedance measurements indicate that hydrozincite has lower passivating properties than calcium hydroxyzincate in the carbonated solution.
Highly transparent and flexible field electron emitters based on hybrid carbon nanostructure
Authors: Ghosh Debasish , Ghosh Pradip , Noda Takuto , Hayashi Yasuhiko , Tanemura Masaki 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe demonstrate a unique strategy to fabricate highly transparent and flexible field electron emitters (FEEs) based on combined carbon nanostructures, i.e., conical nanocarbon structures (CNCSs) and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The combined structure was prepared by spray coating of 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) dispersed SWNTs onto neon ion (Ne+) irradiation induced CNCSs on nafion substrate. The field emission (FE) property of SWCNTs on both flat nafion and CNCSs surfaces increased with increasing the SWCNTs amount. The best FE result was attained for the highest amount of SWCNTs on the CNCSs substrate. This kind of collective structures is found to be effective emitters on transparent and flexible ion‐irradiated nafion substrate. Moreover, the combined carbon nanostructures showed improved transparency and emission performance compared to the individual nanostructures. The FE properties of 0.5 ml SWCNTs solution on CNCSs surfaces were equal to those of 1.5 ml SWCNTs solution on flat nafion surface. The hybrid structure based emitters (CNCSs and SWCNTs) produced by this method are lower‐cost cathode materials than hybrid structures of SWCNTs and flat nafion. Thus the combined nanostructures of SWCNTs/CNCSs might have huge prospects for the fabrication of efficient transparent and flexible FEEs and their broad application in next‐generation portable display devices. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Genetic Polymorphisms in the APOA1 Gene and their Relationship with Serum HDL Cholesterol Levels
Authors: Bandarian Fatemeh , Hedayati Mehdi , Daneshpour Maryam Sadat , Naseri Mohsen , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: September 2013

AbstractLow high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) is a known risk factor of coronary artery disease. Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) is the most abundant component of HDL‐C. This study aimed at identifying sequence variations (rare and common) in the APOA1 gene and its association with serum HDL‐C levels. This study was conducted from April 2012 to February 2013 on 79 Tehranians (participants of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) with extremely low HDL‐C (within the 5th percentile) and 63 individuals with extremely high HDL‐C (within the 95th percentile) levels. After DNA amplification by PCR, DNA sequencing of all three exons and 700 bps of promoter region of the APOA1 gene was performed. Sequence results were analyzed and interpreted using the appropriate software and variants were identified. After sequencing 42 common and rare variants were identified, 11 of which were known variants and the others had been unreported so far. Of the exonic variants, 11 were missense, 6 were synonymous and 1 was nonsense. There was a significant association between serum HDL‐C and variant of rs2070665 as well as variants Chr.11:116707788, Chr.11:116708059, Chr.11:116708036, Chr.11:116707729, rs201148448, Chr.11:116707018, Chr.11:116707801, Chr.11:116708530, Chr.11:116708088, rs121912724 and Chr.11:116706966 (p < 0.001). Variants Chr.11:116707018, rs121912724 and 2070665 were independent predictors of the HDL‐C level (p < 0.001). SNP Chr.11:116707018 was the strongest predictor of the HDL‐C level (OR 7.527, p < 0.001). This study identified 42 variants in APOA1 gene, 31 of which were new variants. Three variants of rs2070665, rs121912724 and Chr.11:116707018 could predict the HDL‐C level independently. Variant rs2070665 was protective against low‐HDL‐C levels while variants rs121912724 and Chr.11:116707018 were risk factors for that in our population.
The Effect of Capacity, Rotational Speed and Storage on Crystallization and Rheological Properties of Puff Pastry Butter
Authors: Rønholt S. , Kirkensgaard J. J. K. , Høyer K. F. , Mortensen K. , Knudsen J. C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn the margarine and butter industry, sustainable and more efficient refrigerants, such as CO2, are introduced to industrial scraped surface heat exchangers, allowing an increased capacity compared to conventional use of NH3. The effect of such changes in capacity and a varied rotational speed was studied in relation to the structural behavior of puff pastry butter during 4 weeks of isothermal storage at 20 °C. The physical properties of the fat crystal network were studied in detail at several length scales by combining X‐ray diffraction with differential scanning calorimetry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, LR‐NMR and rheology. Our data shows that a high capacity combined with high rotational speed decreases the brittleness of puff pastry butter after 7 days of storage. This effect is, however, diminished after 28 days of storage. Likewise, changes in capacity and rotational speed are shown to induce no microstructural and polymorphic differences after 28 days of storage. However, the degree of work softening is related to the manufacturing conditions: a high capacity and a high rotational speed increase the ability of the puff pastry butter to resist structural breakdown during working. With this being the only observed difference; a wide operational window exists on an industrial level to produce puff pastry butter with similar structural behavior.
Intervention and colonial-modernity: decolonising the Italy/Ethiopia conflict through Psalms 68:31
Authors: SHILLIAM ROBBIE 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this article I utilise the editors' conceptual frame of sovereignty/intervention/transnational social forces to argue that the relationship that ensues between these phenomena has to be understood in colonial-modern – rather than modern – terms. I thereby argue that intervention is a distinctive technology of colonial-modern rule, specifically, one that erects and polices the difference between sovereign and quasi-sovereign entities via a standard of civilisation. Additionally, I argue that transnational social forces struggle – cognitively, socially, and politically – over the upholding or refuting of this standard; and in this struggle, some might even defend particular sovereign entities against colonial interventions. I demonstrate my argument by explicating the global colonial context of the Italy/Ethiopia conflict in 1935–6, the nadir of the interwar crisis. I ‘decolonise’ received interpretations of the conflict through the heuristic of two differing catechisms of Psalms 68:31 proffered at the time: one, invoking a civilising mission of Africans; the other, invoking a project of self-liberation by Africans.
Determinants of child malnutrition in rural and urban Ecuadorian highlands
Authors: Ortiz Johana , Van Camp John , Wijaya Sylviana , Donoso Silvana , Huybregts Lieven 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo identify and compare the sociodemographic determinants of stunting, wasting and overweight among infants of urban and rural areas in the Ecuadorian highlands.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingNabon (rural) and Cuenca (urban) cantons, Azuay Province, Ecuador.SubjectsA total of 703 children aged 0–24 months and their caregivers (227 rural and 476 urban) recruited during the period from June to September 2008.ResultsStunting prevalence was significantly higher in the rural area (37·4 %v. 17·7 %;P< 0·001) while wasting (7·1 %) and overweight (17·1 %) prevalence were more similar between areas. Determinants of stunting for the pooled sample were male gender (OR = 1·43; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·92;P= 0·02), preterm delivery (OR = 1·65; 95 % CI 1·14, 2·38;P= 0·008), child's age (OR = 1·04; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·07;P= 0·011), maternal education (OR = 0·95; 95 % CI 0·92, 0·99;P= 0·025) and facility-based delivery (OR = 0·57; 95 % CI 0·45, 0·74;P< 0·001). The latter was also a determinant of overweight (OR = 0·39; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·62;P< 0·001). Rural determinants of stunting were maternal height (OR = 0·004; 95 % CI 0·00004, 0·39;P= 0·018), diarrhoea prevalence (OR = 2·18; 95 % CI 1·13, 4·21;P= 0·02), socio-economic status (OR = 0·79; 95 % CI 0·64, 0·98;P= 0·030) and child's age (OR = 1·07; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·11;P= 0·005). Urban determinants were: maternal BMI for stunting (OR = 0·91; 95 % CI 0·84, 0·99;P= 0·027), cough prevalence (OR = 0·57; 95 % CI 0·34, 0·96;P= 0·036) and facility-based delivery (OR = 0·25; 95 % CI 0·09, 0·73;P= 0·011) for overweight, and hygiene for wasting (OR = 0·57; 95 % CI 0·36, 0·89;P= 0·013).ConclusionsInfant malnutrition was associated with different sociodemographic determinants between urban and rural areas in the Ecuadorian highlands, a finding which contributes to prioritize the determinants to be assessed in nutritional interventions.
THE PARTIAL-ISOMETRIC CROSSED PRODUCTS BY SEMIGROUPS OF ENDOMORPHISMS AS FULL CORNERS
Authors: ADJI SRIWULAN , ZAHMATKESH SAEID 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSuppose that ${\Gamma }^{+ } $ is the positive cone of a totally ordered abelian group $\Gamma $, and $(A, {\Gamma }^{+ } , \alpha )$ is a system consisting of a ${C}^{\ast } $-algebra $A$, an action $\alpha $ of ${\Gamma }^{+ } $ by extendible endomorphisms of $A$. We prove that the partial-isometric crossed product $A\hspace{0.167em} { \mathop{\times }\nolimits}_{\alpha }^{\mathrm{piso} } \hspace{0.167em} {\Gamma }^{+ } $ is a full corner in the subalgebra of $\L ({\ell }^{2} ({\Gamma }^{+ } , A))$, and that if $\alpha $ is an action by automorphisms of $A$, then it is the isometric crossed product $({B}_{{\Gamma }^{+ } } \otimes A)\hspace{0.167em} {\mathop{\times }\nolimits }^{\mathrm{iso} } \hspace{0.167em} {\Gamma }^{+ } $, which is therefore a full corner in the usual crossed product of system by a group of automorphisms. We use these realizations to identify the ideal of $A\hspace{0.167em} { \mathop{\times }\nolimits}_{\alpha }^{\mathrm{piso} } \hspace{0.167em} {\Gamma }^{+ } $ such that the quotient is the isometric crossed product $A\hspace{0.167em} { \mathop{\times }\nolimits}_{\alpha }^{\mathrm{iso} } \hspace{0.167em} {\Gamma }^{+ } $.
Nuclear targeting of dystroglycan promotes the expression of androgen regulated transcription factors in prostate cancer
Authors: Mathew G. , Mitchell A. , Down J. M. , Jacobs L. A. , Hamdy F. C. , Eaton C. , Rosario D. J. , Cross S. S. , Winder S. J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDystroglycan is frequently lost in adenocarcinoma, but the mechanisms and consequences are poorly understood. We report an analysis of β-dystroglycan in prostate cancer in human tissue samples and in LNCaP cells in vitro. There is progressive loss of β-dystroglycan immunoreactivity from basal and lateral surfaces of prostate epithelia which correlates significantly with increasing Gleason grade. In about half of matched bone metastases there is significant dystroglycan re-expression. In tumour tissue and in LNCaP cells there is also a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent translocation of β-dystroglycan to the nucleus. Analysis of gene expression data by microarray, reveals that nuclear targeting of β-dystroglycan in LNCaP cells alters the transcription of relatively few genes, the most unregulated being the transcription factor ETV1. These data suggest that proteolysis, tyrosine phosphorylation and translocation of dystroglycan to the nucleus resulting in altered gene transcription could be important mechanisms in the progression of prostate cancer.
Medium-term Outcomes of Cemented Prostheses and Cementless Modular Prostheses in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Wang Long , Lei Pengfei , Xie Jie , Li Kanghua , Dai Zixun , Hu Yihe 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThere is an increasing trend towards cementless modular femoral prostheses for revision hip replacement surgery, especially in patients with severe proximal femoral bone defects. However, for minor femoral bone defects, the benefit of cementless modular is not clear. We designed a retrospective cross-sectional study to compare outcomes of the two femoral implant designs. There were no significant differences in terms of visual analog pain scores, Harris hip scores, femoral bone restoration, stem subsidence, leg length correction, or overall complication rate. Three femoral reoperations (11%) occurred in the cemented group and two (9%) in the cementless modular group. One femoral stem re-revised (4%) in the cemented group due to recurrent deep infection. Five-year survival for femoral reoperation was 88.2% for patients with the cemented implant and 91.3% for cementless group. Both groups had good clinical and radiological outcomes for femoral revision in patients with minor femoral bone defects during medium-term follow-up.
Bottom-Up Catalytic Approach towards Nitrogen-Enriched Mesoporous Carbons/Sulfur Composites for Superior Li-S Cathodes
Authors: Sun Fugen , Wang Jitong , Chen Huichao , Qiao Wenming , Ling Licheng , Long Donghui 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe demonstrate a sustainable and efficient approach to produce high performance sulfur/carbon composite cathodes via a bottom-up catalytic approach. The selective oxidation of H2S by a nitrogen-enriched mesoporous carbon catalyst can produce elemental sulfur as a by-product which in-situ deposit onto the carbon framework. Due to the metal-free catalytic characteristic and high catalytic selectivity, the resulting sulfur/carbon composites have almost no impurities that thus can be used as cathode materials with compromising battery performance. The layer-by-layer sulfur deposition allows atomic sulfur binding strongly with carbon framework, providing efficient immobilization of sulfur. The nitrogen atoms doped on the carbon framework can increase the surface interactions with polysulfides, leading to the improvement in the trapping of polysulfides. Thus, the composites exhibit a reversible capacity of 939 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 C and an excellent rate capability of 527 mAh g−1 at 5 C after 70 cycles.