bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FAMA ON BUBBLES
Authors: Engsted Tom 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWhile Eugene Fama has repeatedly expressed his discontent with the notion of an “irrational bubble,” he has never publicly expressed his opinion on “rational bubbles.” On empirical grounds Fama rejects bubbles by referring to the lack of reliable evidence that price declines are predictable. However, this argument cannot be used to rule out rational bubbles because such bubbles do not necessarily imply return predictability, and return predictability of the kind documented by Fama does not rule out rational bubbles. On data samples that include the 1990s, there is evidence of an explosive component in stock market valuation ratios, consistent with a rational bubble.
The Little Six Personality Dimensions From Early Childhood to Early Adulthood: Mean‐Level Age and Gender Differences in Parents' Reports
Authors: Soto Christopher J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe present research pursues three major goals. First, we develop scales to measure the Little Six youth personality dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, and Activity. Second, we examine mean‐level age and gender differences in the Little Six from early childhood into early adulthood. Third, we examine the development of more specific nuance traits. We analyze parent reports, made using the common‐language California Child Q‐Set (CCQ), for a cross‐sectional sample of 16,000 target children ranging from 3 to 20 years old. We construct CCQ–Little Six scales that reliably measure each Little Six dimension. Using these scales, we find (a) curvilinear, U‐shaped age trends for Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness, with declines followed by subsequent inclines; (b) monotonic, negative age trends for Extraversion and Activity; (c) higher levels of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness among girls than boys, as well as higher levels of Activity among boys than girls; and (d) gender‐specific age trends for Neuroticism, with girls scoring higher than boys by mid‐adolescence. Finally, we find that several nuance traits show distinctive developmental trends that differ from their superordinate Little Six dimension. These results highlight childhood and adolescence as key periods of personality development.
Short‐wavelength enrichment of polychromatic light enhances human melatonin suppression potency
Authors: Brainard George C. , Hanifin John P. , Warfield Benjamin , Stone Marielle K. , James Mary E. , Ayers Melissa , Kubey Alan , Byrne Brenda , Rollag Mark 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe basic goal of this research is to determine the best combination of light wavelengths for use as a lighting countermeasure for circadian and sleep disruption during space exploration, as well as for individuals living on Earth. Action spectra employing monochromatic light and selected monochromatic wavelength comparisons have shown that short‐wavelength visible light in the blue‐appearing portion of the spectrum is most potent for neuroendocrine, circadian, and neurobehavioral regulation. The studies presented here tested the hypothesis that broad spectrum, polychromatic fluorescent light enriched in the short‐wavelength portion of the visible spectrum is more potent for pineal melatonin suppression in healthy men and women. A total of 24 subjects were tested across three separate experiments. Each experiment used a within‐subjects study design that tested eight volunteers to establish the full‐range fluence–response relationship between corneal light irradiance and nocturnal plasma melatonin suppression. Each experiment tested one of the three types of fluorescent lamps that differed in their relative emission of light in the short‐wavelength end of the visible spectrum between 400 and 500 nm. A hazard analysis, based on national and international eye safety criteria, determined that all light exposures used in this study were safe. Each fluence–response curve demonstrated that increasing corneal irradiances of light evoked progressively increasing suppression of nocturnal melatonin. Comparison of these fluence–response curves supports the hypothesis that polychromatic fluorescent light is more potent for melatonin regulation when enriched in the short‐wavelength spectrum.
Recent Y chromosome divergence despite ancient origin of dioecy in poplars (Populus)
Authors: Geraldes A. , Hefer C. A. , Capron A. , Kolosova N. , Martinez‐Nuñez F. , Soolanayakanahally R. Y. , Stanton B. , Guy R. D. , Mansfield S. D. , Douglas C. J. , Cronk Q. C. B. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAll species of the genus Populus (poplar, aspen) are dioecious, suggesting an ancient origin of this trait. Despite some empirical counter examples, theory suggests that nonrecombining sex‐linked regions should quickly spread, eventually becoming heteromorphic chromosomes. In contrast, we show using whole‐genome scans that the sex‐associated region in Populus trichocarpa is small and much younger than the age of the genus. This indicates that sex determination is highly labile in poplar, consistent with recent evidence of ‘turnover’ of sex‐determination regions in animals. We performed whole‐genome resequencing of 52 P. trichocarpa (black cottonwood) and 34 Populus balsamifera (balsam poplar) individuals of known sex. Genomewide association studies in these unstructured populations identified 650 SNPs significantly associated with sex. We estimate the size of the sex‐linked region to be ~100 kbp. All SNPs significantly associated with sex were in strong linkage disequilibrium despite the fact that they were mapped to six different chromosomes (plus 3 unmapped scaffolds) in version 2.2 of the reference genome. We show that this is likely due to genome misassembly. The segregation pattern of sex‐associated SNPs revealed this to be an XY sex‐determining system. Estimated divergence times of X and Y haplotype sequences (6–7 Ma) are much more recent than the divergence of P. trichocarpa (poplar) and Populus tremuloides (aspen). Consistent with this, in P. tremuloides, we found no XY haplotype divergence within the P. trichocarpa sex‐determining region. These two species therefore have a different genomic architecture of sex, suggestive of at least one turnover event in the recent past.
Fitness trade‐offs explain low levels of persister cells in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Stepanyan Kristine , Wenseleers Tom , Duéñez‐Guzmán Edgar A. , Muratori Frédéric , Van den Bergh Bram , Verstraeten Natalie , De Meester Luc , Verstrepen Kevin J. , Fauvart Maarten , Michiels Jan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMicrobial populations often contain a fraction of slow‐growing persister cells that withstand antibiotics and other stress factors. Current theoretical models predict that persistence levels should reflect a stable state in which the survival advantage of persisters under adverse conditions is balanced with the direct growth cost impaired under favourable growth conditions, caused by the nonreplication of persister cells. Based on this direct growth cost alone, however, it remains challenging to explain the observed low levels of persistence (<<1%) seen in the populations of many species. Here, we present data from the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa that can explain this discrepancy by revealing various previously unknown costs of persistence. In particular, we show that in the absence of antibiotic stress, increased persistence is traded off against a lengthened lag phase as well as a reduced survival ability during stationary phase. We argue that these pleiotropic costs contribute to the very low proportions of persister cells observed among natural P. aeruginosa isolates (3 × 10−8–3 × 10−4) and that they can explain why strains with higher proportions of persister cells lose out very quickly in competition assays under favourable growth conditions, despite a negligible difference in maximal growth rate. We discuss how incorporating these trade‐offs could lead to models that can better explain the evolution of persistence in nature and facilitate the rational design of alternative therapeutic strategies for treating infectious diseases.
Phylogeny to function: PE/PPE protein evolution and impact on Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenicity
Authors: Fishbein S. , van Wyk N. , Warren R. M. , Sampson S. L. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe pe/ppe genes represent one of the most intriguing aspects of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome. These genes are especially abundant in pathogenic mycobacteria, with more than 160 members in M. tuberculosis. Despite being discovered over 15 years ago, their function remains unclear, although various lines of evidence implicate selected family members in mycobacterial virulence. In this review, we use PE/PPE phylogeny as a framework within which we examine the diversity and putative functions of these proteins. We report on the evolution and diversity of the respective gene families, as well as the implications thereof for function and host immune recognition. We summarize recent findings on pe/ppe gene regulation, also placing this in the context of PE/PPE phylogeny. We collate data from several large proteomics datasets, providing an overview of PE/PPE localization, and discuss the implications this may have for host responses. Assessment of the current knowledge of PE/PPE diversity suggests that these proteins are not variable antigens as has been so widely speculated; however, they do clearly play important roles in virulence. Viewing the growing body of pe/ppe literature through the lens of phylogeny reveals trends in features and function that may be associated with the evolution of mycobacterial pathogenicity.
Effect of acute kidney injury on mortality and hospital stay in patient with severe acute pancreatitis
Authors: Zhou Jiaojiao , Li Yi , Tang Yi , Liu Fang , Yu Shaobin , Zhang Ling , Zeng Xiaoxi , Zhao Yuliang , Fu Ping 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimSevere acute pancreatitis (SAP) is believed to be a major risk factor leading to acute kidney injury (AKI) among critically ill patients, but little is known about SAP‐induced AKI. We study the incidence of AKI defined by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria and the risk factors associated with outcomes among SAP‐induced AKI patients.MethodWe conducted a multicenter retrospective study of critically ill SAP‐induced AKI patients during the period August 2009 to June 2013. Data on enrolled patients were retrieved from electronic records. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were performed.ResultsAmong a total of 414 SAP patients admitted to intensive care units(ICU), 287 (69.3%) developed AKI during their ICU stay, with 16.7%, 18.4%, and 34.3% classified as AKI stage I,II, and III, respectively. SAP‐induced AKI patients experienced a significantly higher ICU mortality than those without AKI. The risk factors associated with ICU mortality among SAP‐induced AKI patients included ACS (odds ratio (OR) 10.58), RRT (OR 3.31), sepsis (OR 2.46), CTSI (OR 3.01), APACHE II score (OR 1.82), AKI III (OR 1.38), ICU‐length‐of‐stay (OR 1.04), and multi‐organ failure.ConclusionsThe paper represents the first attempt to investigate the etiology and epidemiology of AKI following SAP under the AKIN criteria among critically ill patients. Several independent risk factors were found to be associated with ICU mortality for AKI patients. The findings may pinpoint crucial therapeutic measures for preventing AKI among a vulnerable population and for more effective management of SAP‐induced AKI to improve the quality of intensive care.
Blue‐light dependent reactive oxygen species formation by Arabidopsis cryptochrome may define a novel evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism
Authors: Consentino Laurent , Lambert Stefan , Martino Carlos , Jourdan Nathalie , Bouchet Pierre‐Etienne , Witczak Jacques , Castello Pablo , El‐Esawi Mohamed , Corbineau Francoise , d'Harlingue Alain , Ahmad Margaret 
Published: February 2015

Summary

Cryptochromes are widespread blue‐light absorbing flavoproteins with important signaling roles. In plants they mediate de‐etiolation, developmental and stress responses resulting from interaction with downstream signaling partners such as transcription factors and components of the proteasome. Recently, it has been shown that Arabidopsis cry1 activation by blue light also results in direct enzymatic conversion of molecular oxygen (O2) to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro. Here we explored whether direct enzymatic synthesis of ROS by Arabidopsis cry1 can play a physiological role in vivo.

ROS formation resulting from cry1 expression was measured by fluorescence assay in insect cell cultures and in Arabidopsis protoplasts from cryptochrome mutant seedlings. Cell death was determined by colorimetric assay.

We found that ROS formation results from cry1 activation and induces cell death in insect cell cultures. In plant protoplasts, cryptochrome activation results in rapid increase in ROS formation and cell death.

We conclude that ROS formation by cryptochromes may indeed be of physiological relevance and could represent a novel paradigm for cryptochrome signaling.
Contribution of B‐1a cells to systemic lupus erythematosus in the NZM2410 mouse model
Authors: Xu Zhiwei , Morel Laurence 
Published: February 2015

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of complex etiology in which B cells play a central role. An expanded number of B‐1a cells have been consistently associated with murine lupus, and more recently with human SLE. We have identified Cdkn2c, a gene that controls cell cycle progression, as a key regulator of B‐1a cell numbers and have associated Cdkn2c deficiency with autoimmune pathology, including the production of autoantibodies and the skewing of CD4+ T cells toward inflammatory effector functions. We review the genetic studies that have led to these findings, as well as the possible mechanisms by which B‐1a cell expansion and Cdkn2c deficiency are related to SLE pathogenesis.
Validity of the Japanese version of the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) Screening Questionnaire for detecting probable RBD in the general population
Authors: Nomura Takashi , Inoue Yuichi , Kagimura Tatsuo , Kusumi Masayoshi , Nakashima Kenji 
Published: February 2015

AimsIn order to evaluate the validity of the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ) as a screening tool for RBD in a general population setting, we conducted a validation study using residents of a rural community.MethodsWe sent questionnaires that included the RBDSQ to 2631 eligible adult residents in the town of Daisen, Japan.ResultsOf those residents, 1572 participants (59.7%) gave complete answers to the RBDSQ. Among them, 179 participants (11.4%) scored ≥5 points on the questionnaire; an additional 149 participants scoring ≤4 points were randomly selected for further telephone interview. Based on obtained results, nine participants (0.57%) were judged as having probable RBD. Receiver–operator curve analysis revealed that a total score of 6 points on the RBDSQ represented the best cut‐off value for detecting probable RBD (sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 73.0%). Analysis based on the item response theory revealed that items 1, 4, 6‐1, 7, and 8 had lower difficulty than the remaining items, suggesting that these items are more essential in the screening for probable RBD.ConclusionsThe present study revealed that a score of 6 points on the RBDSQ could be used as a cut‐off value for the screening of probable RBD in the general population. Evaluation of the distribution of positive items might be helpful for identifying the intensity of a person's RBD symptoms.
Subcutaneous Panniculitis‐Like T‐Cell Lymphoma in Children: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Hu Zhi Li , Sang Hong , Deng Lin , Li ZongHui 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSubcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is a type of skin lymphoma. Pleomorphic T‐cells infiltrate the subcutaneous tissue and mimic lobular panniculitis. We report a case occurring in a 12‐year‐old Chinese boy who presented with multiple indolent erythematous subcutaneous nodules on both extremities without systemic symptoms. He had a protracted course of multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules for 1 year and underwent biopsy of lesional skin for histology and T‐cell receptor (TCR) gene analysis. Histopathology showed infiltration of medium to large atypical pleomorphic cells involving the subcutis with characteristic rimming of fat spaces. TCR gene rearrangement shows monoclonal rearrangements of the TCR β and γ chains. Immunophenotypic studies showed that CD3, CD4, and CD8 were strongly and diffusely positive in lesional cells and that CD56 was focally positive. In contrast, these cells were negative for CD20, CD30, and CD68. The combined morphology, characteristic histologic features, and positive T‐CR gene rearrangement supported a diagnosis of SPTCL. He is being treated with combination chemotherapy of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone.
A Review and Proposed Approach to the Neutrophilic Dermatoses of Childhood
Authors: Webb Kate , Hlela Carol , Jordaan H. Francois , Suliman Sara , Scriba Thomas , Lipsker Dan , Scott Chris 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNeutrophilic dermatoses (NDs) are inflammatory skin conditions that are not associated with infection. The classification and clinical approach to these conditions in children is poorly described. This review classifies these conditions into five nosological subtypes: Sweet's syndrome, pyoderma gangrenosum, aseptic pustules, neutrophilic urticarial dermatoses, and Marshall's syndrome. In addition, we review the various secondary diseases that need to be excluded in the clinical management of the NDs of childhood, with a focus on the autoinflammatory conditions that the reader may not be familiar with. We propose a practical clinical approach to these disorders.
Orange‐Brown Chromonychia and Kawasaki Disease: A Possible Novel Association?
Authors: Tessarotto Lucia , Rubin Giulia , Bonadies Luca , Valerio Enrico , Cutrone Mario 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA 4‐year‐old girl with clinical and laboratory signs of Kawasaki disease (KD) was hospitalized and given intravenous immunoglobulin plus aspirin therapy, with rapid defervescence and clinical improvement, and was discharged 48 hours after admission. At the time of her follow‐up echocardiography on day 14, orange‐brown pigmentation of the nail beds was noticed and confirmed with dermoscopy. No clear association between KD and orange‐brown chromonychia has been demonstrated, although reports and case series suggest a possible link between these two entities. We suggest that this particular finding might be encompassed in late (subacute) changes of extremities as part of KD diagnostic criteria.
Lentigines in Resolving Psoriatic Plaques: Rarely Reported Sequelae in Pediatric Cases
Authors: LaRosa Caroline L. , Foulke Galen T. , Feigenbaum Dana F. , Cordoro Kelly M. , Zaenglein Andrea L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLentigo formation has been described in adults after the resolution of psoriatic plaques treated with various standard psoriasis treatments. We describe three cases of lentigines developing in areas of resolving psoriatic plaques: two in patients treated with etanercept and one before starting etanercept. A possible pathomechanism is proposed.
Parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease in extremely low‐birthweight infants with intestinal disease
Authors: Hirano Katsuhisa , Kubota Akio , Nakayama Masahiro , Kawahara Hisayoshi , Yoneda Akihiro , Tazuke Yuko , Tani Gakuto , Ishii Tomohiro , Goda Taro , Umeda Satoshi , Hirno Shinya , Shiraishi Jun , Kitajima Hirnoyuki 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with the development of parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease (PNALD) and to examine the clinicopathological relationship of PNALD in extremely low‐birthweight infants (ELBWI).MethodsThe subjects were 13 ELBWI who had received PN because of intestinal perforation or functional ileus between 2000 and 2013. We measured the serum levels of biochemical parameters, including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and direct bilirubin. Liver histopathology was examined in relation to outcome. The subjects were categorized into two groups on liver histopathology: F(+), development of hepatic fibrosis and necrosis with/without cholestasis; and F(−), no hepatic fibrosis.ResultsOf 13 ELBWI, five died of hepatic failure, five died of sepsis, and the other three were alive at the time of the study. Of the five infants who died of hepatic failure, two developed fulminant hepatitis without cholestasis, and the other three developed chronic cholestasis and finally hepatic failure. Postmortem histopathology in F(+) indicated not only massive hepatic necrosis, but also massive hepatic fibrosis. These histopathological findings explained the clinical presentation of portal hypertension. There were significant differences in the fasting period after intestinal disease onset between the two groups.ConclusionThe prolonged fasting with PN is responsible for severe hepatocellular necrosis with fibrosis and consequent lethal portal hypertension.
Effects of Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome Protein Deficiency on IL‐10‐Producing Regulatory B Cells in Humans and Mice
Authors: Du H.‐Q. , Zhang X. , An Y.‐F. , Ding Y. , Zhao X.‐D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is an important regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and is required for immune cell function. WASp deficiency causes a marked reduction in major mature peripheral B cell subsets, particularly marginal zone (MZ) B cells. We hypothesized that WASp deficiency may also lead to a reduction of regulatory B cells (known as B10 cells) belonging to a novel subset of B cells. And in consideration of the key role of B10 cells play in maintaining peripheral tolerance, we conjectured that a deficit of these cells could contribute to the autoimmunity in patients with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS). The effects of WASp deficiency on B10 cells have been reported by only one group, which used an antigen‐induced arthritis model. To add more information, we measured the percentage of B10 cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th1 cells in WASp knockout (WASp KO) mice. We also measured the percentage of B10 cells in patients with WAS by flow cytometry. Importantly, we used the non‐induced autoimmune WASp KO mouse model to investigate the association between B10 cell frequency and the Treg/Th1 balance. We found that the percentage of B10 cells was reduced in both mice (steady state and inflammatory state) and in humans and that the lower B10 population correlated with an imbalance in the Treg/Th1 ratio in old WASp KO mice with autoimmune colitis. These findings suggest that WASp plays a crucial role in B10 cell development and that WASp‐deficient B10 cells may contribute to autoimmunity in WAS.
TAPBPR: a new player in the MHC class I presentation pathway
Authors: Hermann C. , Trowsdale J. , Boyle L. H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn order to provide specificity for T cell responses against pathogens and tumours, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present high‐affinity peptides at the cell surface to T cells. A key player for peptide loading is the MHC class I‐dedicated chaperone tapasin. Recently we discovered a second MHC class I‐dedicated chaperone, the tapasin‐related protein TAPBPR. Here, we review the major steps in the MHC class I pathway and the TAPBPR data. We discuss the potential function of TAPBPR in the MHC class I pathway and the involvement of this previously uncharacterised protein in human health and disease.