bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geodetic vertical velocities affected by recent rapid changes in polar motion
Authors: King Matt A. , Watson Christopher S. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Secular motion of Earth's rotation pole results in large-scale secular deformation of Earth. Here, we investigate the magnitude of the deformation that has resulted from the rapid motion of the rotation pole to the east since ∼2005. We show that geodetic (GNSS, DORIS, VLBI and SLR) estimates of vertical velocity since ∼2005 have been biased by up to ±0.38 mm yr–1 relative to the longer-term deformation pattern. The largest signals occur within regions that include the U.S. Pacific Coast, Europe and South Pacific islands where geodetic measurements provide essential measurements of tide-gauge vertical movement and important constraints on models of glacial isostatic adjustment. Consequently, geodetic vertical velocities based on recent data should not be interpreted as being identical to centennial or longer term vertical land movement. Since 2010 the effect is further amplified by the overprediction of the IERS polar motion model relative to the ongoing secular change in pole position—during this time geodetic vertical velocities based on the IERS pole tide model are not just biased relative to the long-term rates but also from actual post-2010 Earth deformation. For geophysical or reference frame studies seeking geodetic vertical velocities that are representative of decadal timescales, where interannual variation is considered noise, the correction for this non-linear effect is straightforward, requiring an elastic computation using a reference rate of polar motion that is linear over the timescales of interest.
Isolated Facial Vein Thrombophlebitis: A Variant of Lemierre Syndrome
Authors: Karnov Kirstine K.S. , Lilja-Fischer Jacob , Randrup Thomas Skov 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Lemierre syndrome is a rare complication of acute tonsillitis. It is caused by the anaerobic bacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum and is characterized by bacteremia and septic thrombosis of the internal jugular vein. Dissemination of septic emboli may occur. The diagnosis can be difficult since different organs can be involved. We discuss a case of Lemierre syndrome in a 35-year-old woman with isolated thrombophlebitis of the facial vein and fusobacteria growth in blood culture. This case emphasizes the need for awareness of the condition.
The opposition effect of the asteroid 4 Vesta
Authors: Hasegawa Sunao , Miyasaka Seidai , Tokimasa Noritaka , Sogame Akito , Ibrahimov Mansur A. , Yoshida Fumi , Ozaki Shinobu , Abe Masanao , Ishiguro Masateru , Kuroda Daisuke 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe present the results of photometric observations carried out with four small telescopes of the asteroid 4 Vesta in the B, RC, and z ′ bands at a minimum phase angle of 0$_{.}^{\circ}$1. The magnitudes, reduced to unit distance and zero phase angle, were MB(1, 1, 0) = 3.83 ± 0.01, $M_{R_{\rm C}}$(1, 1, 0) = 2.67 ± 0.01, and $M_{z^{\,\prime }}(1, 1, 0) = 3.03\,\pm \,0.01\:$mag. The absolute magnitude obtained from the IAU H − G function is ∼ 0.1 mag darker than the magnitude at a phase angle of 0° determined from the Shevchenko function and Hapke models with the coherent backscattering effect term. Our photometric measurements allowed us to derive geometric albedos of 0.35 in the B band, 0.41 in the RC band, and 0.31 in the z′ bands by using the Hapke model with the coherent backscattering effect term. Using the Hapke model, the porosity of the optically active regolith on Vesta was estimated to be ρ = 0.4–0.7, yielding a bulk density of 0.9–2.0 × 103 kg m−3. It is evident that the opposition effect for Vesta makes a contribution not only to the shadow-hiding effect, but also the coherent backscattering effect that appears from ∼ 1°. The amplitude of the coherent backscatter opposition effect for Vesta increases with a brightening of reflectance. By comparison with other solar system bodies, we suggest that multiple-scattering on an optically active scale may contribute to the amplitude of the coherent backscatter opposition effect (BC0).
SpeciesGeoCoder: Fast categorisation of species occurrences for analyses of biodiversity, biogeography, ecology and evolution
Authors: Töpel Mats , Calió Maria Fernanda , Zizka Alexander , Scharn Ruud , Silvestro Daniele , Antonelli Alexandre 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the patterns and processes underlying the uneven distribution of biodiversity across space and time constitutes a major scientific challenge in evolutionary biology. With rapidly accumulating species occurrence data, there is an increasing need for making the process of coding species into operational units for biogeographic and evolutionary analyses faster, automated, transparent and reproducible. Here we present SpeciesGeoCoder, a free software package written in Python and R, that allows for easy coding of species into user-defined areas. These areas may be of any size and be purely geographical (i.e., polygons) such as political units, conservation areas, biomes, islands, biodiversity hotspots, and areas of endemism, but may also include altitudinal ranges. This flexibility allows scoring species into complex categories, such as those encountered in topographically and ecologically heterogeneous landscapes. In addition, SpeciesGeoCoder can be used to facilitate sorting and cleaning of occurrence data. The various outputs of SpeciesGeoCoder include quantitative biodiversity statistics, global and local distribution maps, and NEXUS files that can be directly used in many phylogeny-based applications for ancestral state reconstruction, investigations on biome evolution, and diversification rate analyses. Our simulations indicate that even datasets containing hundreds of millions of records can be analysed in relatively short time using a regular desktop computer. We exemplify the use of our program through two contrasting examples:i)inferring historical dispersal of birds across the Isthmus of Panama, separating lowlandvs.montane species and optimising the results onto a species-level, dated phylogeny; andii)exploring seasonal variations in the occurrence of 10 GPS-tracked individuals of moose (Alces alces) over one year in northern Sweden. These analyses show that SpeciesGeoCoder allows an easy, flexible and fast categorisation of species distribution data for various analyses in ecology and evolution, with potential use at different spatial, taxonomic and temporal scales.
The genetic ancestry of African, Latino, and European Americans across the United States
Authors: Bryc Katarzyna , Durand Eric Y. , Macpherson J. Michael , Reich David , Mountain Joanna L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractOver the past 500 years, North America has been the site of ongoing mixing of Native Americans, European settlers, and Africans brought largely by the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, shaping the early history of what became the United States. We studied the genetic ancestry of 5,269 self-described African Americans, 8,663 Latinos, and 148,789 European Americans who are 23andMe customers and show that the legacy of these historical interactions is visible in the genetic ancestry of present-day Americans. We document pervasive mixed ancestry and asymmetrical male and female ancestry contributions in all groups studied. We show that regional ancestry differences reflect historical events, such as early Spanish colonization, waves of immigration from many regions of Europe, and forced relocation of Native Americans within the US. This study sheds light on the fine-scale differences in ancestry within and across the United States, and informs our understanding of the relationship between racial and ethnic identities and genetic ancestry.
Corrosion behaviour of X52 steel in the presence of sulphite
Authors: C. Fatah Martin , C. Ismail Mokhtar , Ari-Wahjoedi Bambang 
Published: September 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this work was to study the corrosion behaviour of X52 steel in the presence of sulphite.Design/methodology/approach– The study was conducted in abiotic solutions containing species typical of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) metabolism. Electrochemical techniques, i.e. linear polarization resistance (LPR), potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were used to observe the corrosion kinetics and mechanism of X52 steel in the solution containing sulphite. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the corrosion products.Findings– LPR and EIS results showed that the addition of sulphite ions to the abiotic solutions increased the rate of X52 steel corrosion. The increase of corrosion rate was due to the increase in the cathodic reaction in the presence of sulphite. It was also observed that sulphite thinned the protective FeS film and caused corrosive species to adsorb on the surface, resulting in an increase in corrosion rate.Originality/value– This paper discusses the effects of sulphite on the corrosion behaviour of X52 steel in abiotic solution containing species typically produced by the SRB-type metabolic process. Irrespective of the presence of sulphide, sulphite is produced by SRB during their metabolic process. However, as far as is known, no published papers are available that discuss the effect of the presence of sulphite as one of the metabolic products of SRB.
Corrosion behavior of in situ (TiC-TiB2)p/AZ91 magnesium matrix composites in Harrison solution
Authors: Gobara Mohamed , Shamekh Mohamed 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to study both the mechanical properties and the corrosion behavior of the synthesized in situ (TiC-TiB2) particulates/AZ91 magnesium matrix composite and compare the results with that of the conventional AZ91D alloy.

Design/methodology/approach
– Scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the surface morphology and crystalline structure. Mechanical compression tests were used to investigate the mechanical performance according to ASTM E9-89a. The corrosion behavior of the synthesized magnesium alloy was examined using both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques in dilute Harrison solutions.

Findings
– The microstructure of the Mg composite showed a uniform distribution of reinforcing phases. Also, the reinforcing phases were formed without residual intermediate phases. The addition of titanium and boron carbides not only enhanced the mechanical properties of the matrix but also improve its corrosion behavior.

Originality/value
– This is the first time that magnesium matrix composite has been to synthesized with TiC and TiB2 particulates starting from starting from Ti and B carbides powder without adding aluminium using practical and low-cost technique (in situ reactive infiltration technique). This paper studies the corrosion behavior of synthesized Mg matrix in dilute Harrison solution and compares the results with that of conventional AZ91D.
On the development of National Science and Technology Library
Authors: Meng Liansheng 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– This study aims to discuss the creation and development of China’s National Science and Technology Library (NSTL), provide an overview of the information services it provides for sci-tech researchers throughout the People’s Republic of China, and highlight the leading role it plays in fostering scientific innovation in China.

Design/methodology/approach
– The author uses a case study approach based on his own professional experience at the NSTL.

Findings
– The NSTL offers a wide variety of information, reference and document delivery services for sci-tech researchers in China.

Originality/value
– The NSTL plays a leading role in the provision and innovation of such services, and as such has a direct and positive impact on the quality of scientific research and innovation in China.
Detection of measles, mumps and rubella viruses by immuno‐colorimetric assay and its application in focus reduction neutralization tests
Authors: Vaidya Sunil R. , Kumbhar Neelakshi S. , Bhide Vandana S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMeasles, mumps and rubella are vaccine‐preventable diseases; however limited epidemiological data are available from low‐income or developing countries. Thus, it is important to investigate the transmission of these viruses in different geographical regions. In this context, a cell culture‐based rapid and reliable immuno‐colorimetric assay (ICA) was established and its utility studied. Twenty‐three measles, six mumps and six rubella virus isolates and three vaccine strains were studied. Detection by ICA was compared with plaque and RT‐PCR assays. In addition, ICA was used to detect viruses in throat swabs (n = 24) collected from patients with suspected measles or mumps. Similarly, ICA was used in a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) and the results compared with those obtained by a commercial IgG enzyme immuno assay. Measles and mumps virus were detected 2 days post‐infection in Vero or Vero‐human signaling lymphocytic activation molecule cells, whereas rubella virus was detected 3 days post‐infection in Vero cells. The blue stained viral foci were visible by the naked eye or through a magnifying glass. In conclusion, ICA was successfully used on 35 virus isolates, three vaccine strains and clinical specimens collected from suspected cases of measles and mumps. Furthermore, an application of ICA in a neutralization test (i.e., FRNT) was documented; this may be useful for sero‐epidemiological, cross‐neutralization and pre/post‐vaccine studies.
First‐ and second‐trimester tests to predict stillbirth in unselected pregnant women: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Conde‐Agudelo A , Bird S , Kennedy SH , Villar J , Papageorghiou AT 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundSeveral biophysical and biochemical tests have been proposed to predict stillbirth but their predictive ability remains unclear.ObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of tests performed during the first and/or second trimester of pregnancy to predict stillbirth in unselected women with singleton, structurally and chromosomally normal fetuses through use of formal methods for systematic reviews and meta‐analytic techniques.Search strategyElectronic databases, bibliographies and conference proceedings.Selection criteriaObservational studies that evaluated the predictive accuracy for stillbirth of tests performed during the first two trimesters of pregnancy.Data collection and analysisTwo reviewers selected studies, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves, pooled sensitivities, specificities and likelihood ratios (LRs) were generated. Data were synthesised separately for stillbirth as a sole category and for specific stillbirth categories.Main resultsSeventy‐one studies, evaluating 16 single and five combined tests, met the inclusion criteria. A uterine artery pulsatility index >90th centile during the second trimester and low levels of pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A) during the first trimester had a moderate to high predictive accuracy for stillbirth related to placental abruption, small‐for‐gestational‐age or pre‐eclampsia (positive and negative LRs from 6.3 to 14.1, and from 0.1 to 0.4, respectively). All biophysical and biochemical tests assessed had a low predictive accuracy for stillbirth as a sole category.ConclusionsCurrently, there is no clinically useful first‐trimester or second‐trimester test to predict stillbirth as a sole category. Uterine artery pulsatility index and maternal serum PAPP‐A levels appeared to be good predictors of stillbirth related to placental dysfunction disorders.
N‐acyl‐homoserine lactones‐producing bacteria protect plants against plant and human pathogens
Authors: Hernández‐Reyes Casandra , Schenk Sebastian T. , Neumann Christina , Kogel Karl‐Heinz , Schikora Adam 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe implementation of beneficial microorganisms for plant protection has a long history. Many rhizobia bacteria are able to influence the immune system of host plants by inducing resistance towards pathogenic microorganisms. In this report, we present a translational approach in which we demonstrate the resistance‐inducing effect of Ensifer meliloti (Sinorhizobium meliloti) on crop plants that have a significant impact on the worldwide economy and on human nutrition. Ensifer meliloti is usually associated with root nodulation in legumes and nitrogen fixation. Here, we suggest that the ability of S. meliloti to induce resistance depends on the production of the quorum‐sensing molecule, oxo‐C14‐HSL. The capacity to enhanced resistance provides a possibility to the use these beneficial bacteria in agriculture. Using the Arabidopsis‐Salmonella model, we also demonstrate that the application of N‐acyl‐homoserine lactones‐producing bacteria could be a successful strategy to prevent plant‐originated infections with human pathogens.
Depreciation in the Canadian Airline Industry
Authors: Bujaki Merridee , Durocher Sylvain 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis case is designed to help students enhance their analytical skills and link accounting policy choices with corporate strategy. Written initially for MBA students and senior analysts attending executive education sessions, it provides participants with 1) industry background for the Canadian airline sector, and 2) historical and selected financial and non‐financial information from the annual reports and initial public offering documents of three players in this industry. Participants are invited to reflect on the theoretical and practical reasons underlying the choice of a depreciation method by airline companies, to find ways to quantitatively compare companies that use different depreciation methods, and to link these policy choices to possible strategic considerations. This case is based on a unique situation prevailing in 2009 where financial information was available for all three airlines which were using different approaches for aircraft depreciation.
Growth hormone signaling is necessary for lifespan extension by dietary methionine
Authors: Brown‐Borg Holly M. , Rakoczy Sharlene G. , Wonderlich Joseph A. , Rojanathammanee Lalida , Kopchick John J. , Armstrong Vanessa , Raasakka Debbie 
Published: September 2014

SummaryGrowth hormone significantly impacts lifespan in mammals. Mouse longevity is extended when growth hormone (GH) signaling is interrupted but markedly shortened with high‐plasma hormone levels. Methionine metabolism is enhanced in growth hormone deficiency, for example, in the Ames dwarf, but suppressed in GH transgenic mice. Methionine intake affects also lifespan, and thus, GH mutant mice and respective wild‐type littermates were fed 0.16%, 0.43%, or 1.3% methionine to evaluate the interaction between hormone status and methionine. All wild‐type and GH transgenic mice lived longer when fed 0.16% methionine but not when fed higher levels. In contrast, animals without growth hormone signaling due to hormone deficiency or resistance did not respond to altered levels of methionine in terms of lifespan, body weight, or food consumption. Taken together, our results suggest that the presence of growth hormone is necessary to sense dietary methionine changes, thus strongly linking growth and lifespan to amino acid availability.
Kielland's forceps. From controversy to consensus?
Authors: Nash Zachary , Nathan Bassem , Mascarenhas Lawrence 
Published: September 2014

AbstractKielland's rotational forceps are designed to overcome malposition of the fetal head in the second stage of labor. After a decline in their use because of reported adverse outcomes and fear of litigation, recent evidence suggests that they may be safe and effective in trained hands and significantly more successful at achieving operative vaginal delivery than either rotational ventouse or manual rotation. This is important because of the increased short and long‐term morbidity related to cesarean section compared with the reduced morbidity of subsequent pregnancy after operative vaginal delivery. Kielland's forceps are therefore re‐emerging as a useful instrument in the armamentarium of modern obstetrics. Limitations to wider use of Kielland's forceps are the lack of training opportunities as well as that contemporary evidence remains underpowered to detect rare adverse outcomes.
Optimizing delivery of recovery‐oriented online self‐management strategies for bipolar disorder: a review
Authors: Leitan Nuwan D , Michalak Erin E , Berk Lesley , Berk Michael , Murray Greg 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesSelf‐management is emerging as a viable alternative to difficult‐to‐access psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder (BD), and has particular relevance to recovery‐related goals around empowerment and personal meaning. This review examines data and theory on BD self‐management from a recovery‐oriented perspective, with a particular focus on optimizing low‐intensity delivery of self‐management tools via the web.MethodsA critical evaluation of various literatures was undertaken. Literatures on recovery, online platforms, and self‐management in mental health and BD are reviewed.ResultsThe literature suggests that the self‐management approach aligns with the recovery framework. However, studies have identified a number of potential barriers to the utilization of self‐management programs for BD and it has been suggested that utilizing an online environment may be an effective way to surmount many of these barriers.ConclusionsOnline self‐management programs for BD are rapidly developing, and in parallel the recovery perspective is becoming the dominant paradigm for mental health services worldwide, so research is urgently required to assess the efficacy and safety of optimization methods such as professional and/or peer support, tailoring and the development of ‘online communities’.
Exposure therapy for fear of spiders in an adult with learning disabilities: a case report
Authors: Cowdrey Felicity A. , Walz Linda 
Published: September 2014

Accessible summary

Not many researchers have written about therapy for spider fear in people with learning disabilities.

In this study, a woman with learning disabilities completed a questionnaire about the therapy she was having for her fear of spiders.

The results from the questionnaire suggested that the therapy did help the woman's spider fear.

The results should make professionals working with people with learning disabilities think creatively about how therapy for specific fears is done and also the best way to check whether the therapy is helping.

SummaryThe evidence‐base for exposure therapy in people with learning disabilities experiencing specific phobias is sparse. This case study describes the assessment, formulation and treatment of spider phobia in a woman with learning disabilities using an exposure‐based intervention augmented with mindfulness practice and bereavement work. To evaluate the intervention, a self‐report measure of spider phobia was employed and completed during a baseline (A) and intervention (B) phase. Results demonstrate a reduction in self‐reported fear after 11 sessions. This case study illustrates how in some cases modified self‐report measures can be used to evaluate psychological treatments in people with learning disabilities and also highlights the importance of being formulation‐led and creative when designing exposure‐based interventions for specific phobias.