bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tropical to extratropical: Marine environmental changes associated with Superstorm Sandy prior to its landfall
Authors: Zambon Joseph B. , He Ruoying , Warner John C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSuperstorm Sandy was a massive storm that impacted the U.S. East Coast on 22–31 October 2012, generating large waves, record storm surges, and major damage. The Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Wave‐Sediment Transport modeling system was applied to hindcast this storm. Sensitivity experiments with increasing complexity of air‐sea‐wave coupling were used to depict characteristics of this immense storm as it underwent tropical to extratropical transition. Regardless of coupling complexity, model‐simulated tracks were all similar to the observations, suggesting the storm track was largely determined by large‐scale synoptic atmospheric circulation, rather than by local processes resolved through model coupling. Analyses of the sea surface temperature, ocean heat content, and upper atmospheric shear parameters showed that as a result of the extratropical transition and despite the storm encountering much cooler shelf water, its intensity and strength were not significantly impacted. Ocean coupling was not as important as originally thought for Sandy.
Inventory of H2O in the ancient Martian regolith from Northwest Africa 7034: The important role of Fe oxides
Authors: Muttik Nele , McCubbin Francis M. , Keller Lindsay P. , Santos Alison R. , McCutcheon Whitney A. , Provencio Paula P. , Rahman Zia , Shearer Charles K. , Boyce Jeremy W. , Agee Carl B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWater‐rich Martian regolith breccia Northwest Africa (NWA) 7034 was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy to determine the inventory and phase distribution of H2O (used herein to refer to both molecular H2O and OH− structural components in hydrous minerals). Hydrous Fe oxide phases (hydromaghemite and an unidentified nanocrystalline Fe‐bearing oxide phase observed with hydromaghemite) and phyllosilicates (saponite) were identified as the primary mineralogic hosts for H2O with a minor contribution from Cl‐rich apatite. Based on mass balance calculations and modal abundances of minerals constrained by powder X‐ray diffraction and petrography, we can account for the entire 6000 ppm H2O measured in bulk rock analyses of NWA 7034. This H2O is distributed evenly between hydrous Fe‐rich oxides and phyllosilicates, indicating that Fe oxides could be as important as phyllosilicates for H2O storage in Martian surface material.
Low‐velocity zones along the San Jacinto Fault, Southern California, from body waves recorded in dense linear arrays
Authors: Yang Hongfeng , Li Zefeng , Peng Zhigang , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Vernon Frank 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe derive high‐resolution information on low‐velocity fault zone (FZ) structures along the San Jacinto Fault Zone (SJFZ), Southern California, using waveforms of local earthquakes that are recorded at multiple linear cross‐fault arrays. We observe clear across‐fault delays of direct P and S waves, indicating damage zones at different segments of the SJFZ. We then compute synthetic traveltimes and waveforms using generalized ray theory and perform forward modeling to constrain the FZ parameters. At the southern section near the trifurcation area, the low‐velocity zone (LVZ) of the Clark branch has a width of ~200 m, 30–45% reduction in Vp, and ~50% reduction in Vs. From array data across the Anza seismic gap, we find a LVZ with ~200 m width and ~50% reduction in both Vp and Vs, nearly as prominent as that on the southern section. We only find prominent LVZs beneath three out of the five arrays, indicating along‐strike variations of the fault damage. FZ‐reflected phases are considerably less clear than those observed above the rupture zone of the 1992 Landers earthquake shortly after the event. This may reflect partially healed LVZs with less sharp boundaries at the SJFZ, given the relatively long lapse time from the last large surface‐rupturing event. Alternatively, the lack of observed FZ‐reflected phases could be partially due to the relatively small aperture of the arrays. Nevertheless, the clear signatures of damage zones at Anza and other locations indicate very slow healing process, at least in the top few kilometers of the crust.
Precipitation hydrometeor type relative to the mesoscale airflow in mature oceanic deep convection of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Barnes Hannah C. , Houze Robert A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractComposite analysis of mature near‐equatorial oceanic mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) during the active stage of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) shows where different hydrometeor types occur relative to convective updraft and stratiform midlevel inflow layers. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) S‐PolKa radar observed these MCSs during the Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation/Atmospheric Radiation Measurement‐MJO Investigation Experiment (DYNAMO/AMIE). NCAR's particle identification algorithm (PID) is applied to S‐PolKa's polarimetric data to identify the dominant hydrometeor type in each radar sample volume. Combining S‐PolKa's Doppler velocity data with the PID demonstrates that hydrometeors have a systematic relationship to the airflow within mature MCSs. In the convective region, moderate rain occurs within the updraft core; the heaviest rain occurs just downwind of the core; wet aggregates occur immediately below the melting layer; narrow zones containing graupel/rimed aggregates occur just downstream of the updraft core at midlevels; dry aggregates dominate above the melting level; and smaller ice particles occur along the edges of the convective zone. In the stratiform region, rain intensity decreases toward the anvil; melting aggregates occur in horizontally extensive but vertically thin regions at the melting layer; intermittent pockets of graupel/rimed aggregates occur atop the melting layer; dry aggregates and small ice particles occur sequentially above the melting level; and horizontally oriented ice crystals occur between −10°C and −20°C in turbulent air above the descending midlevel inflow, suggesting enhanced depositional growth of dendrites. The organization of hydrometeors within the midlevel inflow layer is insensitive to the presence or absence of a leading convective line.
Phenotypes of AKT3 deletion: A case report and literature review
Authors: Gai Dayu , Haan Eric , Scholar Matthew , Nicholl Jillian , Yu Sui 
Published: November 2014

AKT3 (v‐akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3) is located at chromosome 1q44 and encodes a 479 amino acid protein, a member of the protein kinase B (PKB) family. This gene is frequently involved in 1q44 deletion syndrome in patients with microcephaly, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic features. Phenotype and genotype studies of patients with 1q44 deletion syndrome have suggested that deletion of the AKT3 gene is responsible for the microcephaly in these patients. However, the phenotype of pure AKT3 deletion has not been studied.We report on a 1q44 deletion involving only AKT3 in a boy and his father. The boy has microcephaly, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, developmental delay, and minor dysmorphic features. His father does not have microcephaly and is of normal intelligence. We also analyzed the available information on the phenotypes of 13 individuals carrying a pure AKT3 gene deletion identified through literature review and database search. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a paternally inherited pure AKT3 deletion with full clinical description. This is also the first report to suggest that (1) AKT3 deletion is associated with microcephaly and intellectual disability with incomplete penetrance; (2) a pure AKT3 deletion is likely to be inherited in contrast to the larger 1q44 deletions, which are mostly de novo and (3) there seems to be no consistent or characteristic dysmorphism associated with pure AKT3 deletion. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Öl/Wasser‐Trennung mit selektiven superabweisenden/superbenetzbaren Oberflächenmaterialien
Authors: Chu Zonglin , Feng Yujun , Seeger Stefan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDie Abtrennung von Öl aus Öl/Wasser‐Gemischen ist wegen der zunehmenden weltweiten Umweltverschmutzung eine wichtige Aufgabe. Die Trennung von Öl und Wasser mit selektiv adsorbierenden Materialien ist ein relativ junges, aber vielversprechendes Forschungsgebiet. Wegen ihrer selektiven extrem benetzenden oder abweisenden Eigenschaften gegenüber Wasser und Öl wurden so genannte superhydrophobe/superoleophile (SHBOI‐) und in Wasser superoleophobe (UWSOB‐)Oberflächen für die Trennung von Öl/Wasser‐Mischungen und Emulsionen entwickelt. In diesem Aufsatz führen wir in die Öl/Wasser‐Trennung ein, beschreiben im Anschluss wichtige Prinzipien für geeignete Materialien mit selektiver Öl/Wasser‐Adsorption, präsentieren die neuesten Entwicklungen im Bereich der superabweisenden/superbenetzbaren Materialien einschließlich ihres Designs, Herstellung und Modellaufbauten und diskutieren den aktuellen Stand sowie zu lösende Probleme und zukünftige Aufgaben.
Extended gene expression by medium exchange and repeated transient transfection for recombinant protein production enhancement
Authors: Cervera Laura , Gutiérrez‐Granados Sonia , Berrow Nicholas Simon , Segura Maria Mercedes , Gòdia Francesc 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTProduction of recombinant products in mammalian cell cultures can be achieved by stable gene expression (SGE) or transient gene expression (TGE). The former is based on the integration of a plasmid DNA into the host cell genome allowing continuous gene expression. The latter is based on episomal plasmid DNA expression. Conventional TGE is limited to a short production period of usually about 96 h, therefore limiting productivity. A novel gene expression approach termed extended gene expression (EGE) is explored in this study. The aim of EGE is to prolong the production period by the combination of medium exchange and repeated transfection of cell cultures with plasmid DNA to improve overall protein production. The benefit of this methodology was evaluated for the production of three model recombinant products: intracellular GFP, secreted GFP, and a Gag‐GFP virus‐like particles (VLPs). Productions were carried out in HEK 293 cell suspension cultures grown in animal‐derived component free media using polyethylenimine (PEI) as transfection reagent. Transfections were repeated throughout the production process using different plasmid DNA concentrations, intervals of time, and culture feeding conditions in order to identify the best approach to achieve sustained high‐level gene expression. Using this novel EGE strategy, the production period was prolonged between 192 and 240 h with a 4–12‐fold increase in production levels, depending on the product type considered. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 934–946. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enzymatic degradation of lignin‐carbohydrate complexes (LCCs): Model studies using a fungal glucuronoyl esterase from Cerrena unicolor
Authors: d'Errico Clotilde , Jørgensen Jonas O. , Krogh Kristian B. R. M. , Spodsberg Nikolaj , Madsen Robert , Monrad Rune Nygaard 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTLignin‐carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) are believed to influence the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic plant material preventing optimal utilization of biomass in e.g. forestry, feed and biofuel applications. The recently emerged carbohydrate esterase (CE) 15 family of glucuronoyl esterases (GEs) has been proposed to degrade ester LCC bonds between glucuronic acids in xylans and lignin alcohols thereby potentially improving delignification of lignocellulosic biomass when applied in conjunction with other cellulases, hemicellulases and oxidoreductases. Herein, we report the synthesis of four new GE model substrates comprising α‐ and ɣ‐arylalkyl esters representative of the lignin part of naturally occurring ester LCCs as well as the cloning and purification of a novel GE from Cerrena unicolor (CuGE). Together with a known GE from Schizophyllum commune (ScGE), CuGE was biochemically characterized by means of Michaelis–Menten kinetics with respect to substrate specificity using the synthesized compounds. For both enzymes, a strong preference for 4‐O‐methyl glucuronoyl esters rather than unsubstituted glucuronoyl esters was observed. Moreover, we found that α‐arylalkyl esters of methyl α‐D‐glucuronic acid are more easily cleaved by GEs than their corresponding ɣ‐arylalkyl esters. Furthermore, our results suggest a preference of CuGE for glucuronoyl esters of bulky alcohols supporting the suggested biological action of GEs on LCCs. The synthesis of relevant GE model substrates presented here may provide a valuable tool for the screening, selection and development of industrially relevant GEs for delignification of biomass. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 914–922. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrochemical Study of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) in Acetonitrile
Authors: Lee Jazreen H. Q. , Yue Yanni , Ganguly Rakesh , Webster Richard D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCyclic voltammetry (CV) and controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) experiments revealed that at a Pt electrode, pyridoxine undergoes a one‐electron chemically irreversible oxidation at approximately 0.50 V versus Fc/Fc+, likely generating a dimeric product. Fouling of the electrode surface could be detected with repeated scans during CV and during preparative scale CPE oxidation experiments. These adsorption effects were overcome by performing bulk oxidation of pyridoxine with NOSbF6 as a chemical oxidant. At Pt electrodes, a cathodic wave associated with the reduction of pyridoxine was detected at approximately −1.60 V versus Fc/Fc+. The reduction process appeared to be chemically reversible on the shorter timeframe of CV, but not under the prolonged timescale of CPE. The reduction of pyridoxine involves a direct discharge of pyridoxine at the Pt surface, generating an oxide anion, which upon treatment with iodomethane yields N‐methylated pyridoxine rather than its O‐methylated analogue.
Rechargeable Seawater Battery and Its Electrochemical Mechanism
Authors: Kim Jae‐Kwang , Lee Eungje , Kim Hyojin , Johnson Christopher , Cho Jaephil , Kim Youngsik 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHerein, we explore the electrochemical mechanism of a novel rechargeable seawater battery system that uses seawater as the cathode material. Sodium is harvested from seawater while charging the battery, and the harvested sodium is discharged with oxygen dissolved in the seawater, functioning as oxidants to produce electricity. The seawater provides both anode (Na metal) and cathode (O2) materials for the proposed battery. Based on the discharge voltage (∼2.9 V) with participation of O2 and the charge voltage (∼4.1 V) with Cl2 evolution during the first cycle, a voltage efficiency of about 73 % is obtained. If the seawater battery is constructed using hard carbon as the anode and a Na super ion conductor as the solid electrolyte, a strong cycle performance of 84 % is observed after 40 cycles.
Intramolecularly Stabilised Group 10 Metal Stannyl and Stannylene Complexes: Multi‐pathway Synthesis and Observation of Platinum‐to‐Tin Alkyl Transfer
Authors: Warsink Stefan , Derrah Eric J. , Boon Cornelis A. , Cabon Yves , de Pater Jeroen J. M. , Lutz Martin , Klein Gebbink Robertus J. M. , Deelman Berth‐Jan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractReaction of [PdClMe(P^N)2] with SnCl2 followed by Cl‐abstraction leads to apparent PdC bond activation, resulting in methylstannylene species trans‐[PdCl{(P^N)2SnClMe}][BF4] (P^N=diaryl phosphino‐N‐heterocycle). In contrast, reaction of Pt analogues with SnCl2 leads to PtCl bond activation, resulting in methylplatinum species trans‐[PtMe{(P^N)2SnCl2}][BF4]. Over time, they isomerise to methylstannylene species, indicating that both kinetic and thermodynamic products can be isolated for Pt, whereas for Pd only methylstannylene complexes are isolated. Oxidative addition of RSnCl3 (R=Me, Bu, Ph) to M0 precursors (M=Pd or Pt) in the presence of P^N ligands results in diphosphinostannylene pincer complexes trans‐[MCl{(P^N)2SnCl(R)}][SnCl4R], which are structurally similar to the products from SnCl2 insertion. This showed that addition of RSnCl3 to M0 results in formal SnCl bond oxidative addition. A probable pathway of activation of the tin reagents and formation of different products is proposed and the relevancy of the findings for Pd and Pt catalysed processes that use SnCl2 as a co‐catalyst is discussed.
Selective and Sensitive Aqueous‐Phase Detection of 2,4,6‐Trinitrophenol (TNP) by an Amine‐Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Joarder Biplab , Desai Aamod V. , Samanta Partha , Mukherjee Soumya , Ghosh Sujit K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHighly selective and sensitive aqueous‐phase detection of nitro explosive 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol (TNP) by a hydrolytically stable 3D luminescent metal–organic framework is reported. The compound senses TNP exclusively even in the presence of other nitro‐compounds, with an unprecedented sensitivity in the MOF regime by means of strategic deployment of its free amine groups. Such an accurate sensing of TNP, widely recognized as a harmful environmental contaminant in water media, establishes this new strategic approach as one of the frontiers to tackle present‐day security and health concerns in a real‐time scenario.
Selective Transformation of Syngas into Gasoline‐Range Hydrocarbons over Mesoporous H‐ZSM‐5‐Supported Cobalt Nanoparticles
Authors: Cheng Kang , Zhang Lei , Kang Jincan , Peng Xiaobo , Zhang Qinghong , Wang Ye 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBifunctional Fischer–Tropsch (FT) catalysts that couple uniform‐sized Co nanoparticles for CO hydrogenation and mesoporous zeolites for hydrocracking/isomerization reactions were found to be promising for the direct production of gasoline‐range (C5–11) hydrocarbons from syngas. The Brønsted acidity results in hydrocracking/isomerization of the heavier hydrocarbons formed on Co nanoparticles, while the mesoporosity contributes to suppressing the formation of lighter (C1–4) hydrocarbons. The selectivity for C5–11 hydrocarbons could reach about 70 % with a ratio of isoparaffins to n‐paraffins of approximately 2.3 over this catalyst, and the former is markedly higher than the maximum value (ca. 45 %) expected from the Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution. By using n‐hexadecane as a model compound, it was clarified that both the acidity and mesoporosity play key roles in controlling the hydrocracking reactions and thus contribute to the improved product selectivity in FT synthesis.
A circuit for synchronizing external stimuli and events to the pulse sequence of a clinical magnetic resonance scanner
Authors: Qiu Yujie , Yao Wei , Kwok Wing‐Chi Edmund , Hornak Joseph P. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTInterfacing experiments to a clinical magnetic resonance imaging scanner which require synchronization with an imaging pulse sequence can be challenging unless access to a trigger‐out is available. We present a simple, alternative approach to synchronize an experiment to a scanner using an external trigger to drive the scanner through the peripheral optical pulse rate monitor and cardiac trigger available on most clinical imagers. A trigger circuit and pulse rate monitor interface are described for applying a stimulus in the form of a pulsed voltage to a sample at a specific time in a spin‐echo, echo planar imaging sequence. The apparatus and approach could be used for many other types and numbers of experimental stimuli or events. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 44B: 50–52, 2014
Dendrodendritic synapses in the mouse olfactory bulb external plexiform layer
Authors: Bartel Dianna L. , Rela Lorena , Hsieh Lawrence , Greer Charles A. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTOdor information relayed by olfactory bulb projection neurons, mitral and tufted cells (M/T), is modulated by pairs of reciprocal dendrodendritic synaptic circuits in the external plexiform layer (EPL). Interneurons, which are accounted for largely by granule cells, receive depolarizing input from M/T dendrites and in turn inhibit current spread in M/T dendrites via hyperpolarizing reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses. Because the location of dendrodendritic synapses may significantly affect the cascade of odor information, we assessed synaptic properties and density within sublaminae of the EPL and along the length of M/T secondary dendrites. In electron micrographs the M/T to granule cell synapse appeared to predominate and was equivalent in both the outer and inner EPL. However, the dendrodendritic synapses from granule cell spines onto M/T dendrites were more prevalent in the outer EPL. In contrast, individual gephyrin‐immunoreactive (IR) puncta, a postsynaptic scaffolding protein at inhibitory synapses used here as a proxy for the granule to M/T dendritic synapse was equally distributed throughout the EPL. Of significance to the organization of intrabulbar circuits, gephyrin‐IR synapses are not uniformly distributed along M/T secondary dendrites. Synaptic density, expressed as a function of surface area, increases distal to the cell body. Furthermore, the distributions of gephyrin‐IR puncta are heterogeneous and appear as clusters along the length of the M/T dendrites. Consistent with computational models, our data suggest that temporal coding in M/T cells is achieved by precisely located inhibitory input and that distance from the soma is compensated for by an increase in synaptic density. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1145–1161, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An open‐label clinical trial of the effects of age and gender on the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of the ghrelin receptor agonist anamorelin
Authors: Leese Philip T. , Trang John M. , Blum Robert A. , de Groot Eleanor 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPurposeTo assess the effect of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the ghrelin receptor agonist anamorelin.MethodsThree demographic cohorts of healthy subjects were enrolled in this single‐center, open‐label study. Subjects received a single oral dose (25 mg) of anamorelin HCl. Serial blood samples were collected over 24 hours to assess anamorelin PK and circulating growth hormone (GH) levels. Data were compared with a reference cohort.ResultsAnamorelin was rapidly absorbed in all cohorts; peak concentrations were observed 30–45 minutes and 2–4 hours post‐dose, which declined biexponentially with mean terminal half‐lives of 6–7 hours. An age effect on Cmax and AUC∞ was not apparent; however, mean AUC∞ values were approximately 1.8–1.9‐fold higher in the female cohorts than in the reference male cohort. GH increase was rapid and virtually identical in both sexes, though attenuated in elderly subjects. No clinically significant safety or tolerability findings were observed.ConclusionsWhile PK parameters do suggest higher exposure in females, this effect is considered to be modest given the variability of the 6–8 subjects per cohort. Moreover, no such effect was observed in the pharmacodynamic responses, thus, dose adjustment for age and gender is considered unnecessary.
Two novel low power and very high speed pulse triggered flip‐flops
Authors: Razmdideh Ramin , Saneei Mohsen 
Published: November 2014

SummaryTwo novel low power and high‐speed pulse triggered flip‐flops were presented in this paper. Short circuit current was controlled, and race condition between pull‐up and pull‐down branches was removed, which caused reduction of power consumption. On the other hand, the number of stack transistors in the discharging path was reduced which decreased delay of the flip‐flops. The first proposed flip‐flop reduced the number of transistors and the second proposed flip‐flop used conditional data mapping and removed floating node of the first flip‐flop. Post‐layout simulation result showed that the first proposed flip‐flop reduced 21% of power delay product and the second proposed flip‐flop reduced 16% of power delay product in comparison with other flip‐flops in 50% of data switching activities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.