bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RHPN2 Drives Mesenchymal Transformation in Malignant Glioma by Triggering RhoA Activation
Authors: Danussi Carla , Akavia Uri David , Niola Francesco , Jovic Andreja , Lasorella Anna , Pe'er Dana , Iavarone Antonio 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Mesenchymal transformation is a hallmark of aggressive glioblastoma (GBM). Here, we report the development of an unbiased method for computational integration of copy number variation, expression, and mutation data from large datasets. Using this method, we identified rhophilin 2 (RHPN2) as a central genetic determinant of the mesenchymal phenotype of human GBM. Notably, amplification of the human RHPN2 gene on chromosome 19 correlates with a dramatic decrease in the survival of patients with glioma. Ectopic expression of RHPN2 in neural stem cells and astrocytes triggered the expression of mesenchymal genes and promoted an invasive phenotype without impacting cell proliferation. Mechanistically, these effects were implemented through RHPN2-mediated activation of RhoA, a master regulator of cell migration and invasion. Our results define RHPN2 amplification as a central genetic determinant of a highly aggressive phenotype that directs the worst clinical outcomes in patients with GBM. Cancer Res; 73(16); 5140–50. ©2013 AACR.
Targeting Epigenetics for Cancer Prevention By Dietary Cancer Preventive Compounds—The Case of miRNA
Authors: Kong Ah-Ng Tony , Zhang Chengyue , Su Zheng-Yuan 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
In cancer, genetic mutations have long been considered to be the only driver of neoplasia. However, there is increasing evidence that epigenetic alterations could also play a major role in carcinogenesis and cancer. A number of experimental and epidemiologic studies have shown that many classes of dietary phytochemicals possess cancer-preventive and epigenetic-modifying properties. The report by Derry and colleagues in this issue of the journal shows that grape seed extract (GSE) prevents azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon colitis via epigenetic microRNA (miRNA) regulation. Although the precise mechanism underlying the control of miRNA expression is not well understood currently, epigenetic changes could play a major role. This report, along with increasing evidence showing the impact of dietary phytochemicals on epigenetic activities, offers new perspectives on miRNA and epigenetic regulation in cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res; 6(7); 622–4. ©2013 AACR.
A New Fuzzy Logic Hydrometeor Classification Scheme Applied to the French X-, C-, and S-Band Polarimetric Radars
Authors: Al-Sakka Hassan , Boumahmoud Abdel-Amin , Fradon Béatrice , Frasier Stephen J. , Tabary Pierre 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA new fuzzy logic hydrometeor classification algorithm is proposed that takes into account data-based membership functions, measurement conditions, and three-dimensional temperature information provided by a high-resolution nonhydrostatic numerical weather prediction model [the Application of Research to Operations at Mesoscale model (AROME)]. The formulation of the algorithm is unique for X-, C-, and S-band radars and employs wavelength-adapted bivariate membership functions for (ZH, ZDR), (ZH, KDP), and (ZH, ρHV) that were established by using real data collected by the French polarimetric radars and T-matrix simulations. The distortion of membership functions caused by deteriorating measurement conditions (e.g., precipitation-induced attenuation, signal-to-clutter ratio, signal-to-noise ratio, partial beam blocking, and distance) is documented empirically and subsequently parameterized in the algorithm. The result is an increase in the amount of overlapping between the membership functions of the different hydrometeor types. The relative difference between the probability function values of the first and second choice of the hydrometeor classification algorithm is analyzed as a measure of the quality of identification. Semiobjective scores are calculated using an expert-built validation dataset to assess the respective improvements brought by using “richer” temperature information and by using more realistic membership functions. These scores show a significant improvement in the detection of wet snow.
A Bayesian Approach to Upscaling and Downscaling of Aircraft Measurements of Ice Particle Counts and Size Distributions
Authors: Jameson A. R. , Heymsfield A. J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis study addresses the issue of how to upscale cloud-sized in situ measurements of ice to yield realistic simulations of ice clouds for a variety of modeling studies. Aircraft measurements of ice particle counts along a 79-km zigzag path were collected in a Costa Rican cloud formed in the upper-level outflow from convection. These are then used to explore the applicability of Bayesian statistics to the problems of upscaling and downscaling. Using the 10-m particle counts, the analyses using Bayesian statistics provide estimates of the probability distribution function of all possiblemeanvalues corresponding to these counts. The statistical method of copulas is used to produce an extensive ensemble of estimates of these mean values, which are then combined to derive the probability density function (pdf) of mean values at 1-km resolution. These are found to compare very well to the observed 1-km particle counts when spatial correlation is included. The profiles of the observed and simulated mean counts along the flight path show similar features and have very similar statistical characteristics. However, because the observed and the simulated counts are both the results of stochastic processes, there is no way to upscale exactly to the observed profile. Each simulation is a unique realization of the stochastic processes, as are the observations themselves. These different realizations over all the different sizes can then be used to upscale particle size distributions over large areas.
North American Tropical Cyclone Landfall and SST: A Statistical Model Study
Authors: Hall Timothy , Yonekura Emmi 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
A statistical–stochastic model of the complete life cycle of North Atlantic (NA) tropical cyclones (TCs) is used to examine the relationship between climate and landfall rates along the North American Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. The model draws on archived data of TCs throughout the North Atlantic to estimate landfall rates at high geographic resolution as a function of the ENSO state and one of two different measures of sea surface temperature (SST): 1) SST averaged over the NA subtropics and the hurricane season and 2) this SST relative to the seasonal global subtropical mean SST (termed relSST). Here, the authors focus on SST by holding ENSO to a neutral state. Jackknife uncertainty tests are employed to test the significance of SST and relSST landfall relationships. There are more TC and major hurricane landfalls overall in warm years than cold, using either SST or relSST, primarily due to a basinwide increase in the number of storms. The signal along the coast, however, is complex. Some regions have large and significant sensitivity (e.g., an approximate doubling of annual major hurricane landfall probability on Texas from −2 to +2 standard deviations in relSST), while other regions have no significant sensitivity (e.g., the U.S. mid-Atlantic and Northeast coasts). This geographic structure is due to both shifts in the regions of primary TC genesis and shifts in TC propagation.
Tropical Cyclones and Drought Amelioration in the Gulf and Southeastern Coastal United States
Authors: Maxwell Justin T. , Ortegren Jason T. , Knapp Paul A. , Soulé Peter T. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Precipitation from land-falling tropical cyclones (TCs) has a significant hydroclimatic influence in the southeastern United States, particularly during drought years. The frequency with which TCs ended drought conditions was examined for southeastern coastal states from Texas to North Carolina during 1895–2011. The region was divided into the Gulf Coast states (GCS) and the southeastern Atlantic coast states (ACS). The spatiotemporal patterns of tropical cyclone drought busters (TCDBs) were analyzed. Larger-scale ocean–atmosphere influences on TCDBs were examined using chi-squared analysis. The ACS experienced TCDBs more frequently and farther inland compared to the GCS. The number of TCDBs has significantly increased with time in the ACS. TCDBs numbers in the GCS did not exhibit significant increases, but the area alleviated of drought conditions increased significantly in the last 117 years. The dominant larger-scale ocean–atmosphere forcing of TCDBs was a combination of a warm Atlantic Ocean [positive Atlantic multidecadal oscillation index (AMO+)] and weak westerlies [negative North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAO−)]. AMO+ leads to an increase in the number of TCs throughout the North Atlantic basin, and NAO− increases the likelihood of TC landfall by controlling the steering of TCs toward the southeastern United States.
Evolution and Accuracy of Surface Humidity Reports*
Authors: Ingleby Bruce , Moore David , Sloan Chris , Dunn Robert 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Until recently surface humidity was predominantly measured using psychrometers (wet- and dry-bulb thermometers). In some countries, often in conjunction with increased automation, the measurement technique has changed—usually to capacitive sensors. The scale of the change in instrumentation and the error characteristics of the operational instruments have not been well documented. This paper provides an overview of these operational instruments and their error characteristics, intended to be useful for climate and forecast users of the data. It also includes detailed results from comparisons of psychrometers and capacitive sensors with a chilled mirror reference instrument at a site in the United Kingdom under (near) operational conditions. The psychrometers performed well near saturation but underread at lower humidities; any large errors tended to be positive because of insufficient water supply to the wet bulb. New capacitive sensors perform well but they usually drift to higher values during deployment (except in arid climates); they perform best at lower humidities and need regular adjustment and recalibration. The natural variation of relative humidity and the differences between instruments are larger in daytime than at night. Changes in the U.K. synoptic network are described in order to put the intercomparisons into context. The instruments used in selected other countries are surveyed. There is a need for better documentation and real-time exchange of metadata on the instruments used and any changes. Capacitive sensors are also used on some radiosondes and aircraft; relevant studies are briefly reviewed and some parallels with surface usage are drawn.
GSI 3DVar-Based Ensemble–Variational Hybrid Data Assimilation for NCEP Global Forecast System: Single-Resolution Experiments
Authors: Wang Xuguang , Parrish David , Kleist Daryl , Whitaker Jeffrey 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
An ensemble Kalman filter–variational hybrid data assimilation system based on the gridpoint statistical interpolation (GSI) three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVar) system was developed. The performance of the system was investigated using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System model. Experiments covered a 6-week Northern Hemisphere winter period. Both the control and ensemble forecasts were run at the same, reduced resolution. Operational conventional and satellite observations along with an 80-member ensemble were used. Various configurations of the system including one- or two-way couplings, with zero or nonzero weights on the static covariance, were intercompared and compared with the GSI 3DVar system. It was found that the hybrid system produced more skillful forecasts than the GSI 3DVar system. The inclusion of a static component in the background-error covariance and recentering the analysis ensemble around the variational analysis did not improve the forecast skill beyond the one-way coupled system with zero weights on the static covariance. The one-way coupled system with zero static covariances produced more skillful wind forecasts averaged over the globe than the EnKF at the 1–5-day lead times and more skillful temperature forecasts than the EnKF at the 5-day lead time. Sensitivity tests indicated that the difference may be due to the use of the tangent linear normal mode constraint in the variational system. For the first outer loop, the hybrid system showed a slightly slower (faster) convergence rate at early (later) iterations than the GSI 3DVar system. For the second outer loop, the hybrid system showed a faster convergence.
Nettuno: Analysis of a Wind and Wave Forecast System for the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Bertotti Luciana , Cavaleri Luigi , Loffredo Layla , Torrisi Lucio 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Nettuno is a wind and wave forecast system for the Mediterranean Sea. It has been operational since 2009 producing twice-daily high-resolution forecasts for the next 72 h. The authors have carried out a detailed analysis of the results, both in space and time, using scatterometer and altimeter data from four different satellites. The findings suggest that there are appreciable differences in the measurements from the different instruments. Within the overall positive results, there is also evidence of differences in Nettuno performance for the various subbasins. The related geographical distributions in Nettuno performance are consistent with the various satellite instruments used in the comparisons. The extensive system of buoys around Italy is used to highlight the difficulties involved in a correct modeling of wave heights in Italy's coastal areas.
The NIOSH Lifting Equation and Low-Back Pain, Part 2
Authors: Garg Arun , Kapellusch Jay M. , Hegmann Kurt T. , Moore J. Steven , Boda Sruthi , Bhoyar Parag , Thiese Matthew S. , Merryweather Andrew , Deckow-Schaefer Gwen , Bloswick Donald , Malloy Elizabeth J. 
Published: June 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the revised NIOSH lifting equation (RNLE) and risk of seeking care for low-back pain (SC-LBP). Background: The RNLE is commonly used to quantify low-back physical stressors from lifting/lowering of loads in workplaces. There is no prospective study on relationship between RNLE and SC-LBP. Method: A cohort of 258 incident-eligible workers from 30 diverse facilities was followed for up to 4.5 years. Job physical exposures were individually measured. Worker demographics, medical history, psychosocial factors, hobbies, and current low-back pain were obtained at baseline. The cohort was followed monthly to ascertain SC-LBP and quarterly to determine changes in physical exposure. Associations between SC-LBP and both the peak lifting index (PLI) and peak composite lifting index (PCLI) were tested in multivariate models using proportional hazards regression. Results: SC-LBP lifetime prevalence at baseline was 31.9%, and there were 24 incident cases during follow-up. Factors predicting SC-LBP included job physical exposure (PLI and PCLI), history of low-back pain, age, female gender, and lower body mass index. In adjusted models, risk (hazard ratio [HR]) increased per unit increase in PLI and PCLI ( p = .03 and .02, and maximum HR = 23.0 and 21.9, respectively). Whereas PCLI suggested a continuous increase in risk with an increase in PCLI, the PLI showed elevated, though somewhat reduced, risk at higher exposures (HR = 14.9 at PLI = 6). Conclusion: Job physical stressors are associated with increased risk of SC-LBP. Data suggest that both the PLI and PCLI are useful metrics for estimating exposure to job physical stressors.
Putting Prostitutes in Their Place
Authors: Smith Christen A. 
Published: June 2013

In 2007 five upper-middle-class white youths savagely beat domestic worker Sirlei Dias de Carvalho Pinto at a bus stop in the Tijuca neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro. According to one assailant’s confession, they had attacked her because they thought she was a prostitute. A cross reading of this event and a blackface performance about black women on Brazilian national television in 2008 suggests that in Brazil the dehumanization of the black female body in the popular imagination scripts black women as “prostitutes,” justifying and motivating violence. The attack on Carvalho was a disciplining moment that simultaneously reflected and marked her body as black and female. Black femaleness is marked as outside the social contract and, by extension, outside the moral order. Performative epistemologies of race/gender/sexuality in the popular imagination created the conditions necessary for this violence to occur. En 2007 cinco jóvenes blancos de clase media alta golpearon salvajemente a la trabajadora doméstica negra Sirlei Dias de Carvalho Pinto en una parada de bus en el barrio de Tijuca en Río de Janeiro. Según la confesión de uno de los asaltantes, la habían atacado porque pensaron que era prostituta. Una lectura cruzada sobre este acontecimiento más una actuación de cara pintada de negro acerca de mujeres brasileñas en un programa televisiva nacional de Brasil en 2008 plantea que en dicho país la deshumanización del cuerpo femenino negro cataloga a mujeres negras como “prostitutas” en la imaginación popular, justificando e incentivando violencia. El ataque contra Carvalho fue un momento de castigo que reflejó y marcó simultáneamente su cuerpo como negro y femenino. La femineidad negra está señalada como fuera del contrato social y, por extensión, fuera del orden moral. Las epistemologías teatrales sobre raza/género/sexualidad crearon en la imaginación popular las condiciones necesarias para que ocurriera esta violencia.
Mechanisms of muscular electrophysiological and mitochondrial dysfunction following exposure to malathion, an organophosphorus pesticide
Authors: Karami-Mohajeri S , Hadian MR , Fouladdel S , Azizi E , Ghahramani MH , Hosseini R , Abdollahi M 
Published: June 2013

Muscle dysfunction in acute organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is a cause of death in human. The present study was conducted to identify the mechanism of action of OP in terms of muscle mitochondrial dysfunction. Electromyography (EMG) was conducted on rats exposed to the acute oral dose of malathion (400 mg/kg) that could inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity up to 70%. The function of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the rate of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from intact mitochondria were measured. The bioenergetic pathways were studied by measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactate, and glycogen. To identify mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of bax and bcl-2, protein expression of caspase-9, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and DNA damage were measured. The EMG confirmed muscle weakness. The reduction in activity of mitochondrial complexes and muscular glycogen with an elevation of lactate was in association with impairment of cellular respiration. The reduction in mitochondrial proapoptotic stimuli is indicative of autophagic process inducing cytoprotective effects in the early stage of stress. Downregulation of apoptotic signaling may be due to reduction in ATP and ROS, and genotoxic potential of malathion. The maintenance of mitochondrial integrity by means of artificial electron donors and increasing exogenous ATP might prevent toxicity of OPs.
Hindfoot Motion Following STAR Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Brodsky James W. , Coleman Scott C. , Smith Sheryl , Polo Fabian E. , Tenenbaum Shay 
Published: June 2013

Background: One of the rationales for total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is that it may retard the changes of hypermobility and accelerated arthritis in the hindfoot after ankle arthrodesis. Until recently, it has not been possible to quantify or even objectively demonstrate biomechanical findings to substantiate the theory that postsurgical biomechanical changes in the ankle produce changes in the kinematics of the hindfoot. Standard gait analysis has treated the foot as a single biomechanical unit. This study was undertaken to describe the hindfoot motion following Scandinavian Total Ankle Replacement (STAR) TAA by using multisegment foot model gait analysis. Methods: Forty-six patients with a mean age of 66 years underwent a 3D gait analysis following TAR. Mean interval between surgery and gait analysis was 4.9 years (range 2 to 9). The contralateral limb was used as control for each patient. Temporospatial variables and kinematic parameters were studied. Results: Temporospatial results showed statistically significant differences. Stance time on the affected side was 61.1% ± 2.2% of the gait cycle compared to 63.2% ± 2.1% for the unaffected side. Step length was 55.6 cm ± 10 on the affected side compared to 53.9 cm ± 10 for the unaffected side. Kinematics results were statistically significant: Ankle range of motion (ROM) on the arthroplasty side was 16.8 ± 4.5 degrees compared to 23.6 ± 5.0 on the unaffected side. Sagittal plane ROM was 12.7 ± 4.2 degrees on the arthroplasty side and 17.3 ± 3.5 degrees on the unaffected side. Coronal plane ROM was 4.7 ± 2.4 degrees on the arthroplasty side and 7.5 ± 2.4 degrees on the unaffected side. Transverse plane ROM on the arthroplasty side was 4.1 ± 1.5 degrees and 4.9 ± 1.6 on the unaffected side. Conclusion: This study showed that, in addition to previously documented diminution in sagittal plane motion and gait velocity, some of the residual abnormalities of gait following TAR were comprised of differences in hindfoot function. These results relate to the growing recognition of the importance of understanding hindfoot mechanics apart from those of the tibiotalar joint. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative case series.
Natural vibration behaviors of heterogeneous porous materials in micro scale
Authors: Altintas Gokhan 
Published: June 2013

Natural porous materials have a large area of usage, from micromechanical designs to medical applications, due to their geometrical forms and chemical properties. Mechanical properties of porous materials are usually performed after several homogenized applications because of their complex geometric forms. It is known that usage of homogenized details of microarchitecture in macro structural analyses provides savings in terms time and computational effort. However, realistic analyses are performed by including microarchitectural details in models, due to advancing technology and reverse engineering techniques. In this study, modal properties of a porous structure are investigated by taking microstructural details into consideration according to the voxel-based finite element model, and significant modal behavior properties, which cannot be observed in routine modal analyses, are determined. In addition, analyses using the homogenized model of porous structure are performed, and it is seen that the obtained results are not only different numerically but also have different modal behavior from the porous model. Special modes, defined as local modes, which are not seen in homogenized models, are observed in models by using the voxel-based finite element method and analyses are comprehensively performed.