bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating relative sensitivity of SWAT‐simulated nitrogen discharge to projected climate and land cover changes for two watersheds in North Carolina, USA
Authors: Gabriel Mark , Knightes Christopher , Cooter Ellen , Dennis Robin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe investigated how projected changes in land cover and climate affected simulated nitrate (NO3−) and organic nitrogen discharge for two watersheds within the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina, USA, for years 2010–2070. We applied the Soil and Water Assessment Tool watershed model to predict nitrogen discharge using (1) atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (2) land cover change predicted by the Integrated Climate and Land Use Change project and (3) precipitation and temperature simulated by two statistically downscaled and bias‐corrected Global Circulation Models. We determined the sensitivity of simulated nitrogen discharge to separate changes in each treatment [(1) CO2, (2) land cover and (3) precipitation and temperature (PT)] by comparing each treatment to a reference condition. Results showed that nitrogen discharges were most sensitive to changes in PT over the 60‐year simulation. Nitrogen discharges had similar sensitivities to the CO2 and land cover treatments, which were only one‐tenth the influence of the PT treatment. Under the CO2 treatment, nitrogen discharges increased with increasing ambient CO2. NO3− discharge decreased with increased urbanization; however, organic nitrogen had a varied response. Under the PT treatment, there was high spatial variability in nitrogen discharges. In a single year, certain sub‐basins showed an 80% increase in nitrogen discharge relative to reference, while others showed a 400% decrease. With nitrogen discharge showing high sensitivity to PT change, we suggest that more emphasis should be placed on investigating impacts of PT on nutrient transport in the Neuse River Basin. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Groundwater Recharge and Capillary Rise in Irrigated Areas of the Upper Yellow River Basin Assessed by an Agro‐Hydrological Model
Authors: Xu Xu , Sun Chen , Qu Zhongyi , Huang Quanzhong , Ramos Tiago B. , Huang Guanhua 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGroundwater recharge and capillary rise are key factors in water balance and management studies carried out in irrigated areas with shallow groundwater tables. In this study, the mathematical model SWAP‐EPIC was applied to analyse the processes of groundwater recharge and capillary rise in the Hetao Irrigation District of the upper Yellow River basin. The model was calibrated and validated using non‐weighing lysimeter data collected in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Simulations of soil water content, groundwater depth, leaf area index and yield fitted well with observations. The calibrated model was further used to analyse the response changes of groundwater recharge and capillary rise under different groundwater depth scenarios. Results indicated that capillary rise rate increased as crop roots developed, averaging 2.3 mm d−1during the mid‐stage while groundwater was set at 100 cm depth. Groundwater contribution to crop growth was significant when the depth of the groundwater table was less than 150 cm, but was irrelevant for depths over 200 cm. Despite similar amounts of water being applied in each irrigation event, groundwater recharge varied significantly, resulting in recharge coefficients that varied from zero to 0.59. The amount of rainfall occurring previous to an irrigation event, lower evapotranspiration rates and shallower groundwater table depths resulted in higher antecedent soil moistures during an irrigation event and subsequently more effective groundwater recharge. The analysis of groundwater recharge and capillary rise processes will be useful in increasing field irrigation efficiency, improving the accuracy of groundwater modelling by reducing uncertainties, and making relevant management decisions in Hetao. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic characterization of oxyresveratrol as a tyrosinase substrate
Authors: Ortiz‐Ruiz Carmen Vanessa , Ballesta de los Santos Manuel , Berna Jose , Fenoll Jose , Garcia‐Ruiz Pedro Antonio , Tudela Jose , Garcia‐Canovas Francisco 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOxyresveratrol is a stilbenoid described as a powerful inhibitor of tyrosinase and proposed as skin‐whitening and anti‐browning agent. However, the enzyme is capable of acting on it, considering it as a substrate, as it has been proved in the case of its analogous resveratrol. Tyrosinase hydroxylates the oxyresveratrol to an o‐diphenol and oxidizes the latter to an o‐quinone, which finally isomerizes to p‐quinone. For these reactions to take place the presence of the Eox (oxy‐tyrosinase) form is necessary. The kinetic analysis of the proposed mechanism has allowed the kinetic characterization of this molecule as a substrate of tyrosinase, affording a catalytic constant of 5.39 ± 0.21 sec−1 and a Michaelis constant of 8.65 ± 0.73 µM. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(11):828–836, 2015
Toward Exact Analytical Wave Function of Helium Atom: Two Techniques for Constructing Homogeneous Functions of Kinetic Energy Operator
Authors: Bing‐Hau He , A. Witek Henryk 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe discuss two general techniques for constructing homogeneous functions c of the kinetic energy operator T for the helium atom in a state of symmetry S. The first technique is based on algebraic identification of the kernel of T in a space spanned by some predetermined set of basis functions. The second technique, analytic in nature, constructs the homogeneous functions of T as formal power series with coefficients deduced from recurrence relations stemming from the requirement Tc=0. Both approaches are capable of producing a great variety of homogeneous functions c with arbitrary homogeneity that can prove useful for constructing the exact ground state wave function for the helium atom.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Boosted‐Elvitegravir in HIV‐Infected Patients
Authors: Custodio Joseph M. , Gordi Toufigh , Zhong Lijie , Ling Kah Hiing J. , Ramanathan Srini 
Published: October 2015

AbstractElvitegravir (EVG) is an HIV strand transfer integrase inhibitor approved for the treatment of HIV infection as a part of antiretroviral regimens containing cobicistat (COBI) or ritonavir (RTV) as a booster. The population pharmacokinetics of EVG in treatment‐naive and ‐experienced HIV patients was determined, and the effects of demographic, biometric, and formulation covariates on EVG pharmacokinetics (PK) were evaluated. Data from 31 clinical studies (25 in healthy subjects, 6 phase 1b to phase 3 in HIV‐1–infected patients) with COBI‐boosted EVG studies (as EVG/co or EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF single‐tablet regimen) or RTV‐boosted EVG studies (EVG/r) were analyzed using NONMEM. The effect of the covariates age, sex, race, health status (healthy volunteers vs HIV patients), weight, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA), creatinine clearance (estimated GFR), and formulation were evaluated. EVG PK, with COBI or RTV, was described by a 2‐compartment model, with first‐order absorption and elimination and an absorption lag time. A statistically significant, but not clinically relevant, effect of BSA on EVG clearance (CL) was observed. Coadministration of atazanavir or lopinavir with EVG/r had an effect on EVG CL consistent with the known interaction with these agents. No other covariate had a meaningful effect on EVG PK. EVG PK was well described in a population PK model with HIV‐infected patients, with low PK variability and no relevant effect of demographic or biometric covariates.
Chromatographic purification of enzymatically synthesized alkyl glucopyranosides
Authors: Heinonen Jari , Niskakoski Henna , Yang Baoru , Kortesniemi Maaria , Sainio Tuomo 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDEnzymatic synthesis and chromatographic purification of ethyl β‐D‐glucopyranoside was investigated. Ethyl β‐D‐glucopyranoside was produced from glucose and ethanol with β‐glucosidase enzyme (EC 3.2.1.21). Cation exchange resins in Ca2+ and Na+ forms were used for the purification of ethyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside.RESULTSGreater than 60% conversion was obtained in the synthesis. The reaction which follows the double displacement mechanism was successfully modelled with a simple kinetic model. Good separation of ethyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside and glucose was obtained with weak acid cation exchange resins in Na+ form. 5.5 wt% crosslinked resin performed slightly better than 8 wt% crosslinked resin. The separation is based on hydrophobic interactions. Presence of ethanol disturbs the separation and should be removed before the chromatographic step. Scale‐up of the purification step (bed volume: 0.11 L to 1.9 L) was successfully carried out to produce ethyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside with 99% purity. Performance of the purification process was evaluated with numerical simulations. With respect to ethyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, the separation performance was found to go through a shallow maximum with increasing column loading and flow rate.CONCLUSIONAn efficient chromatographic purification method was developed for enzymatically produced ethyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside. This method could be utilized also in the purification of other enzymatically produced glucopyranosides. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Environmentally benign downstream process for the enzymatic production of 6‐O‐L‐ascorbyl stearate
Authors: Xu Huifen , Tang Luhong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current processes used to produce 6‐O‐L‐ascorbyl stearate are mature but far from environmentally benign. Even in the enzymatic process, a water‐washing step is still indispensable, forming a large amount of waste water. The aim of this study is to improve understanding of the behavior of the reaction mixture formed during enzymatic synthesis of ascorbyl stearate and create a novel product purification method omitting the water‐washing step.RESULTSAdding hot methyl stearate (65°C) will liquefy the solidified mixture composed of 6‐O‐L‐ascorbyl stearate, L‐ascorbic acid and methyl stearate, the filtrate of almost pure methyl stearate could be reused, and the cake gained could be washed and recrystallized from ethyl acetate at 4°C to gain the pure 6‐O‐L‐ascorbyl stearate. The single recovery rate of 6‐O‐L‐ascorbyl stearate is 66.0%, the purity of it is 99.8% detected by LC/MS.CONCLUSIONTaking advantage of the phase behavior and the solubility differences of 6‐O‐L‐ascorbyl stearate, L‐ascorbic acid and methyl stearate in ethyl acetate at different temperatures, it is possible to produce 6‐O‐L‐ascorbyl stearate in an environment‐friendly way. The process developed in this study is easy to scale up and suitable for the synthesis of similar 6‐O‐L‐ascorbyl derivatives of other fatty acids, such as palmitic acid. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Desorption of myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate and phosphate from goethite by different reagents
Authors: Yan Yupeng , Koopal Luuk K. , Liu Fan , Huang Qiaoyun , Feng Xionghan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractInositol phosphates are abundant organic phosphates found widely in the environment. The sorption and desorption of organic phosphate (Po) are important processes in controlling the mobility, bioavailability and fate of phosphorus (P) in soil and sediment. The desorption characteristics of myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) from goethite were studied by pre‐sorption of IHP or Pi followed by desorption by KCl, H2O, and citrate. Batch experiments and in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy were used to investigate the desorption of IHP/Pi. The desorption percentage of IHP/Pi by citrate was much higher than that by H2O/KCl. The desorption of P by citrate was mainly achieved through ligand exchange, and the desorption increased with decreasing pH. Desorption by H2O was slightly greater than that by 0.02 M KCl because the electrostatic repulsion between the P molecules is larger in H2O. Due to the higher affinity of IHP for goethite than that of Pi, the maximum desorption of IHP was lower than that of Pi. Desorption curves (desorption concentration in solution vs. sorption density) of IHP or Pi on goethite by KCl or H2O was well fitted by an exponential equation, while those by citrate were well fitted by a linear equation. The desorption amounts of P in the first cycle account for more than 58% of the total desorption followed by substantial decreases in the second and third cycles. There was a re‐sorption of Pi from solution in the late stage of desorption by KCl and H2O, resulting in a sharp decrease in desorption. Re‐sorption of IHP did not occur, which is probably due to its poor diffusion into goethite. The initial desorption rate of Pi with KCl and H2O decreased with increasing pre‐sorption time, whereas that of IHP was opposite. This study indicates that strong sorption on and weak desorption of IHP from iron (hydr)oxides may explain the accumulation of IHP in soils.
Laryngeal adenosquamous carcinoma: A population‐based perspective
Authors: Dubal Pariket M. , Unsal Aykut A. , Echanique Kristen A. , Vazquez Alejandro , Reder Lindsay S. , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson 
Published: October 2015

Objectives/HypothesisAdenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) is a rare entity, with fewer than 100 cases having been reported in the upper aerodigestive tract. Thus, no large samples characterizing its clinical behavior are available in the literature. Investigation of ASC has been further limited by difficulty in establishing histopathologic diagnosis. Our objective was to use a national population‐based resource to evaluate patient demographics, clinical behavior, incidence, and survival for laryngeal adenosquamous carcinoma (LASC).Study DesignRetrospective population‐based analysis.MethodsThe National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to search for patients diagnosed with LASC between 1973 and 2012. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, incidence, and survival trends were analyzed.ResultsOf the 68 identified LASC patients, 79.4% were male and 20.6% were female. The mean age at diagnosis was 66.0 ± 10.8 years. Whites represented 80.9% of patients, but no racial predominance was noted. LASC most commonly affected the glottis (47.1%), followed closely by the supraglottis (42.6%). Most cases were poorly differentiated (59.2%) and presented with stage IV disease (40.7%). Metastasis (M1) was noted in 10.7% of cases. The overall incidence was 0.003/100,000. The 5‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 36.6%, with a median observed survival of 33.6 months.ConclusionsThis study notes that LASC has low overall incidence. It has a predilection for males, but does not demonstrate racial predominance. LASC tends to present with stage IV disease, with distant metastasis noted in approximately one in 10 cases. Overall prognosis is poor, with a median survival under 3 years.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 126:858–863, 2016
Improving the analysis of routine outcome measurement data: what a Bayesian approach can do for you
Authors: de Vries Rivka M. , Meijer Rob R. , van Bruggen Vincent , Morey Richard D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSince recent decades, clinicians offering interventions against mental problems must systematically collect data on how clients change over time. Since these data typically contain measurement error, statistical tests have been developed which should disentangle true changes from random error. These statistical tests can be subdivided into two types: classical tests and Bayesian tests. Over the past, there has been much confusion among analysts regarding the questions that are answered by each of these tests. In this paper we discuss each type of test in detail and explain which questions are, and which are not, answered by each of the types of tests. We then apply a test of each type on an empirical data set and compare the results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Wedge‐shaped slice‐selective adiabatic inversion pulse for controlling temporal width of bolus in pulsed arterial spin labeling
Authors: Guo Jia , Buxton Richard B. , Wong Eric C. 
Published: October 2015

PurposeIn pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) methods, arterial blood is labeled by inverting a slab with uniform thickness, resulting in different temporal widths of boluses in vessels with different flow velocities. This limits the temporal resolution and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) efficiency gains in PASL‐based methods intended for high temporal resolution and SNR efficiency, such as turbo‐ASL and turbo‐QUASAR.Theory and MethodsA novel wedge‐shaped (WS) adiabatic inversion pulse is developed by adding in‐plane gradient pulses to a slice‐selective (SS) adiabatic inversion pulse to linearly modulate the inversion thicknesses at different locations while maintaining the adiabatic properties of the original pulse. A hyperbolic secant (HS)‐based WS inversion pulse was implemented. Its performance was tested in simulations and in phantom and human experiments and compared with an SS HS inversion pulse.ResultsCompared with the SS inversion pulse, the WS inversion pulse was capable of inducing different inversion thicknesses at different locations. It could be adjusted to generate a uniform temporal width of boluses in arteries at locations with different flow velocities.ConclusionThe WS inversion pulse can be used to control the temporal widths of labeled boluses in PASL experiments. This should benefit PASL experiments by maximizing labeling duty cycle and improving temporal resolution and SNR efficiency. Magn Reson Med 76:838–847, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rehabilitation of women with gynaecological cancer: the association between adult attachment, post‐traumatic stress disorder and depression
Authors: Adellund Holt K. , Jensen P. T. , Gilså Hansen D. , Elklit A. , Mogensen O. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveWe hypothesised that being diagnosed with gynaecological cancer influences adult attachment and occurrence of depression and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The main aim of the study was to assess changes in the attachment dimensions, PTSD and depression from baseline to 5‐month post‐treatment. Further, we evaluated the association between attachment avoidance/anxiety dimensions and PTSD/depression among women newly diagnosed with ovarian, endometrial, or cervical cancer.MethodsConsecutive Danish‐speaking women aged 20 to 75 years and treated surgically for primary gynaecological cancer were eligible. All patients were offered a rehabilitation programme consisting of two face‐to‐face sessions and two phone calls carried out by a nurse. Patients were asked to complete the Revised Adult Attachment Scale, the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Major Depression Inventory at baseline and at 5‐month follow‐up. In all, 151 women consent to participate in the sessions where 51 fulfilled Revised Adult Attachment Scale questionnaire and contribute with socio‐demographic data.ResultsWe found significant positive changes within the attachment anxiety dimension among women with ovarian cancer, a significant reduction of PTSD among endometrial cancer patients and insignificant changes in depression among all cancer types. The attachment anxiety dimension significantly increased the odds for PTSD and depression.ConclusionsDepression and PTSD were prevalent among ovarian and cervical cancer patients. The adjustment of rehabilitation according to patients' attachment anxiety dimension contains possibilities for indirect impact on PTSD and depression symptoms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of sliding isolators with variable curvature in near‐fault ground motions
Authors: Shaikhzadeh Ali Akbar , Karamoddin Abbas 
Published: October 2015

SummaryRecent studies have revealed that a sliding isolator with variable curvature (SIVC) can mitigate the resonance phenomenon likely to occur in seismic response of a conventional friction pendulum system (FPS) isolator due to its constant isolation frequency. The present study simulates four SIVC isolators and an FPS to find the optimum range of initial isolation period and coefficient of friction and employ them in comparing the effectiveness of SIVC in different peak ground acceleration (PGA) scales of near‐fault earthquakes. Velocity‐dependent coefficient of friction and modified viscoplasticity model have been used to simulate nonlinear friction force of the isolators. Results indicate identical performance of all SIVC isolators in PGA scales up to 0.4 g. When subjected to PGA scales from 0.4 g to 1.0 g, polynomial friction pendulum isolator (PFPI) and variable curvature friction pendulum system (VCFPS) reduce base displacement greatly, while conical friction pendulum isolator (CFPI) and variable frequency pendulum isolator (VFPI) show amplified responses. However, in mitigating structural acceleration, performance of CFPI and VFPI, unlike PFPI and VCFPS, which perform poorly, is excellent. Thus, in a strong near‐fault earthquake, PFPI and VCFPS or CFPI and VFPI can be chosen based on whether reduction of base displacement or super‐structural acceleration is the main concern of designer, respectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: Diagnostic accuracy and prediction of dementia
Authors: Forlenza Orestes V. , Radanovic Marcia , Talib Leda L. , Aprahamian Ivan , Diniz Breno S. , Zetterberg Henrik , Gattaz Wagner F. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionGuidelines for the use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) establish that each laboratory must use internally qualified cutoff values. We determined the concentrations of biomarkers that discriminate cases from controls and combinations that predict the progression to dementia in a Brazilian cohort.MethodsConcentrations of amyloid‐beta peptide (Aβ1–42), total tau (T‐tau), and 181Thr‐phosphorylated‐tau (P‐tau) were determined in CSF samples from 184 older adults (68 mild cognitive impairment, 41 AD, 34 non‐AD cognitive impairment, and 41 controls) by the INNO‐BIA AlzBio3 assay.ResultsCutoff values discriminating AD from controls are as follows: Aβ1–42: 416.0 pg/mL (sensitivity [SE]: 83%, specificity (SP): 70%); T‐tau: 76.7 pg/mL (SE: 82%, SP: 67%); P‐tau: 36.1 pg/mL (SE: 83%, SP: 49%); Aβ1–42/P‐tau <9.53 (SE: 88%, SP: 78%); and Aβ1–42/T‐tau <4.13 (SE: 80%; SP: 80%). Combining values Aβ1–42 <416.5 pg/mL and Aβ1–42/P‐tau <9.5 best predicted the conversion in 2 years (Cox regression: hazard ratio 7.24 [2.09–25.06], P = .002, SE: 74%, Sp: 73%).DiscussionOur findings are in line with most of the available evidence in this field; yet, our cutoff values are different from those derived from other laboratories.