bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Raman spectroscopic study of diamond and disordered sp3‐carbon in the coesite‐bearing Straumen Eclogite Pod, Norway
Authors: SMITH D. C. , GODARD G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractRaman spectral point analysis and Raman mapping have been applied to study the nature of carbon‐bearing microinclusions C3‐1 and C5‐1 within zircon in phengite–kyanite–coesite eclogite sample 62a from the Straumen Eclogite Pod in the Western Gneiss Region (WGR), S.W. Norway. Graphitic carbon is always present with a degree of structural disorder comparable to that found in other ultra high pressure metamorphic (UHPM) terranes; it is compatible with an origin by a partial retrogression of the coexisting diamond due to depressurization by exhumation. Hematite coexists with diamond in C3‐1. In both microinclusions, the Raman wavenumber position of the diamond peak varies from point to point, from the ideal value of 1332 cm−1, frequently down to ∼1328 cm−1 and sometimes down to ∼1322 cm−1 in C3‐1. The bandwidth also increases proportionally. Some spectra reveal doublets with peaks at ∼1328 and ∼1322 cm−1 and even a triplet. These Raman data are discussed in terms of one or other kind of structural disorder of sp3‐carbon, for example metamictization, overtemperature or overpressure, nitrogen impurities and especially stacking disorder, that is, with the possible existence or coexistence of 3C, 2nH and/or 3mR polytypes in a mixture in the same monocrystal. The question of a metamorphic or a contamination origin of the diamond and the disordered sp3‐carbon in slide 62a is evaluated; numerous arguments favour the UHPM origin. These new data contribute to the ongoing debate on the various petrological and geodynamical models (including possible deviatoric stress) for the creation of diamond in UHPM rocks in general. This new locality of diamond at Straumen, the fourth in the WGR but the first in the southwestern part of the UHPM area of the WGR, provides a minimum pressure estimate for UHP metamorphism of ∼3.5 GPa. Taken together with other published P–T estimates, 3.75 ± 0.75 GPa covers all of the estimates of the minimum pressure for coesite‐, diamond‐ or orthopyroxene‐bearing eclogite types in the WGR.
Pressure‐ and stress‐induced fabric transition in olivine from peridotites in the Western Gneiss Region (Norway): implications for mantle seismic anisotropy
Authors: WANG Q. , XIA Q.‐K. , O’REILLY S. Y. , GRIFFIN W. L. , BEYER E. E. , BRUECKNER H. K. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe effects of pressure, water and differential stress on the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of olivine were investigated by an integrated study on 13 peridotite samples from four areas in the Western Gneiss Region (WGR) of the Norwegian Caledonides. The highly depleted dunites are mantle residues after Archean melt extraction, while the garnet peridotites were formed by refertilization of the dunites via melt percolation in the Proterozoic. These orogenic peridotites were tectonically emplaced into Proterozoic gneisses and metasedimentary rocks of the WGR and were recrystallized under high‐pressure (HP) to ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) conditions when the Baltic Shield was subducted beneath Laurentia during the 420–400 Ma Scandian orogeny. The CPOs of olivine, enstatite and diopside were measured using the electron backscatter diffraction technique. The weakly deformed garnet wehrlites and dunites from the HP central WGR (the Gurskøy, Almklovdalen and Tafjord areas) show the A‐type olivine fabric defined by the [100] axis subparallel to the stretching lineation and the (010) plane subparallel to the foliation, which may be a relict fabric formed at high temperature and low strain rate in the mantle wedge prior to subduction. The [001](010) fabric (B‐type) is observed in strongly sheared HP garnet peridotites and dunites from the Almklovdalen and Tafjord areas, suggesting the dominant activation of [001](010) slip system at high stress and high strain rate. Recrystallized fine olivine grains may develop a fabric different from porphyroclasts and record a gradual fabric transition. The olivine CPO in garnet lherzolites from Otrøy in the northernmost WGR is characterized by the concentration of [001] axes parallel to the stretching lineation and [100] axes normal to the foliation, indicating a prevailing [001](100) slip (C‐type fabric) at P–T conditions of >6 GPa and 850–950 °C. Despite very different deformation microstructures, Fourier transform infrared analysis reveals very low water contents (<13 ppm H2O by the Paterson calibration) in olivine for both coarse porphyroclasts and recrystallized small grains, which is consistent with the high‐degree partial melting of the peridotites during the Archean. Therefore, a combination of UHP and low temperature plays a more important role than water in promoting the C‐type olivine fabric in a dry, cold and deeply subducted continental slab. With increasing subduction depths, the C‐type olivine fabric will predominate over the A‐type fabric and make the maximum P‐wave velocity and shear wave splitting of peridotites normal to the foliation. However, the stress‐induced fabric transition in olivine from the A‐type to the B‐type may be localized in shear zones and not distinguishable in seismic anisotropy observations.
Post‐glucose load changes of plasma key metabolite and insulin concentrations during pregnancy and lactation in ewes with different susceptibility to pregnancy toxaemia
Authors: Duehlmeier R. , Fluegge I. , Schwert B. , Ganter M. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryInsulin resistance during late gestation may act as a predisposing factor of ovine pregnancy toxaemia (OPT). To evaluate the insulin action on energy metabolism in ewes with different susceptibilities to OPT, intravenous glucose tolerance tests (1 mmol glucose/kg body weight) were performed in 5.6 ± 0.7 year old, slightly underfed German Blackheaded Mutton ewes [high‐risk (HR) ewes] and 2.5 year old, overnourished Finnish Landrace ewes [low‐risk (LR) ewes] during mid and late pregnancy, during early lactation and during the dry period. Plasma samples were analysed for glucose, insulin, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β‐hydroxybutyrate (β‐HB). The glucose elimination rate and the glucose‐stimulated first‐phase insulin secretion were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the HR, in relation to the LR group combining the data of all gestational stages. The basal rate of lipolysis was significantly increased in the HR ewes during late pregnancy, but the NEFA clearance after the glucose load was similar in both groups during all reproductive stages. Plasma β‐HB concentrations decreased only in the LR ewes after the glucose load during late pregnancy. Results indicate an insulin resistance in the HR ewes regarding the glucose utilization and the ketone body formation during late pregnancy. The insulin resistance in the HR ewes may represent one predisposing factor responsible for the susceptibility to OPT. Further scientific work is necessary to elucidate whether this insulin resistance was due to breed, age or nutritional state.
Mechanisms and functional consequences of liver failure substantially differ between endotoxaemia and faecal peritonitis in rats
Authors: Recknagel Peter , Gonnert Falk A. , Halilbasic Emina , Gajda Mieczyslaw , Jbeily Nayla , Lupp Amelie , Rubio Ignacio , Claus Ralf A. , Kortgen Andreas , Trauner Michael , Singer Mervyn , Bauer Michael 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundMany of the concepts describing molecular mechanisms of sepsis‐induced liver failure are derived from endotoxin models. However, the biological significance of such models is questionable as the complexity of clinical sepsis and associated organ failure is only partially replicated.AimsComparison of cytokine response, leucocyte recruitment, oxidative stress and markers of hepatic organ dysfunction in rat models of endotoxaemia or peritoneal contamination and infection (PCI).MethodsEndotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis were induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or stool suspension, respectively.ResultsBoth insults produced clinical and laboratory signs of multiple organ dysfunction, including hepatic excretory dysfunction. However, TNF alpha, oxidative stress responses and the degree of cell death were significantly higher in endotoxaemia compared to PCI (e.g. serum TNF levels (pg/ml) at 1.5 h post‐insult: sham 5 ± 1.4, LPS 1 mg/kg bw 2176.92 ± 373.78, sepsis below detection limit; P P < 0.05). Cholestasis was significantly more pronounced in polymicrobial sepsis whereas serum bilirubin in endotoxaemic animals did not differ from sham‐operated controls (plasma levels of bilirubin (μmol/L) at 15 h after the insult: sham 7.1 ± 0.6, LPS 30 mg/kg 9.1 ± 0.6, sepsis 15.2 ± 1.3).ConclusionsPolymicrobial sepsis produces profound hepatocellular dysfunction in the absence of traditional cytokine‐mediated mechanisms of cellular injury. This questions the central role of cytokines and the ensuing oxidative stress as key molecular events in mediating liver dysfunction.
Does long‐distance pollen dispersal preclude inbreeding in tropical trees? Fragmentation genetics of Dysoxylum malabaricum in an agro‐forest landscape
Authors: Ismail S. A. , Ghazoul J. , Ravikanth G. , Uma Shaanker R. , Kushalappa C. G. , Kettle C. J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTropical trees often display long‐distance pollen dispersal, even in highly fragmented landscapes. Understanding how patterns of spatial isolation influence pollen dispersal and interact with background patterns of fine‐scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) is critical for evaluating the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation. In the endangered tropical timber tree Dysoxylum malabaricum (Meliaceae), we apply eleven microsatellite markers with paternity and parentage analysis to directly estimate historic gene flow and contemporary pollen dispersal across a large area (216 km2) in a highly fragmented agro‐forest landscape. A comparison of genetic diversity and genetic structure in adult and juvenile life stages indicates an increase in differentiation and FSGS over time. Paternity analysis and parentage analysis demonstrate high genetic connectivity across the landscape by pollen dispersal. A comparison between mother trees in forest patches with low and high densities of adult trees shows that the frequency of short‐distance mating increases, as does average kinship among mates in low‐density stands. This indicates that there are potentially negative genetic consequences of low population density associated with forest fragmentation. Single isolated trees, in contrast, frequently receive heterogeneous pollen from distances exceeding 5 km. We discuss the processes leading to the observed patterns of pollen dispersal and the implications of this for conservation management of D. malabaricum and tropical trees more generally.
No inbreeding depression but increased sexual investment in highly inbred ant colonies
Authors: Kureck Ilka M. , Jongepier Evelien , Nicolai Beate , Foitzik Susanne 
Published: October 2012

AbstractInbreeding can lead to the expression of deleterious recessive alleles and to a subsequent fitness reduction. In Hymenoptera, deleterious alleles are purged in haploid males moderating inbreeding costs. However, in these haplodiploid species, inbreeding can result in the production of sterile diploid males. We investigated the effects of inbreeding on the individual and colony level in field colonies of the highly inbred ant Hypoponera opacior. In this species, outbreeding winged sexuals and nest‐mating wingless sexuals mate during two separate reproductive periods. We show that regular sib‐matings lead to high levels of homozygosity and the occasional production of diploid males, which sporadically sire triploid offspring. On the individual level, inbreeding was associated with an increased body size in workers. On the colony level, we found no evidence for inbreeding depression as productivity was unaffected by the level of homozygosity. Instead, inbred colonies altered their allocation strategies by investing more resources into sexuals than into workers. This shift towards sexual production was due to an increased investment in both males and queens, which was particularly pronounced in the dispersive generation. The absence of inbreeding depression combined with increased reproductive investment, especially in outbreeding sexuals, suggests that these ants have evolved active strategies to regulate the extent and effects of frequent inbreeding.
Evidence against Barium in the Mushroom Trogia venenata as a Cause of Sudden Unexpected Deaths in Yunnan, China
Authors: Zhang Ying , Li Yanchun , Wu Gang , Feng Bang , Yoell Shanze , Yu Zefen , Zhang Keqin , Xu Jianping 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

This study examined barium concentrations in the mushroom
Trogia venenata
, the leading culprit for sudden unexpected deaths in Yunnan, southwest China. We found that barium concentrations in
T. venenata
from Yunnan were low and comparable to other foods, inconsistent with barium concentrations in this mushroom as a significant contributor to these deaths.
Silage Collected from Dairy Farms Harbors an Abundance of Listeriaphages with Considerable Host Range and Genome Size Diversity
Authors: Vongkamjan Kitiya , Switt Andrea Moreno , den Bakker Henk C. , Fortes Esther D. , Wiedmann Martin 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTSince the food-borne pathogenListeria monocytogenesis common in dairy farm environments, it is likely that phages infecting this bacterium (“listeriaphages”) are abundant on dairy farms. To better understand the ecology and diversity of listeriaphages on dairy farms and to develop a diverse phage collection for further studies, silage samples collected on two dairy farms were screened forL. monocytogenesand listeriaphages. While only 4.5% of silage samples tested positive forL. monocytogenes, 47.8% of samples were positive for listeriaphages, containing up to >1.5 × 104PFU/g. Host range characterization of the 114 phage isolates obtained, with a reference set of 13L. monocytogenesstrains representing the nine major serotypes and four lineages, revealed considerable host range diversity; phage isolates were classified into nine lysis groups. While one serotype 3c strain was not lysed by any phage isolates, serotype 4 strains were highly susceptible to phages and were lysed by 63.2 to 88.6% of phages tested. Overall, 12.3% of phage isolates showed a narrow host range (lysing 1 to 5 strains), while 28.9% of phages represented broad host range (lysing ≥11 strains). Genome sizes of the phage isolates were estimated to range from approximately 26 to 140 kb. The extensive host range and genomic diversity of phages observed here suggest an important role of phages in the ecology ofL. monocytogeneson dairy farms. In addition, the phage collection developed here has the potential to facilitate further development of phage-based biocontrol strategies (e.g., in silage) and other phage-based tools.
Purification and Characterization of an NAD
+
-Dependent XylB-Like Aryl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Identified in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1
Authors: Uthoff Stefan , Steinbüchel Alexander 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

The gene
xylB
ADP1
from
Acinetobacter baylyi
ADP1 (gene annotation number ACIAD1578), coding for a putative aryl alcohol dehydrogenase, was heterologously expressed in
Escherichia coli
BL21(DE3). The respective aryl alcohol dehydrogenase was purified by fast protein liquid chromatography to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity. The predicted molecular weight of 39,500 per subunit was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. According to the native
M
w
as determined by gel filtration, the enzyme forms dimers and therefore seems to be XylB related. The enzyme showed the highest activity at 40°C. For both the reduction and the oxidation reactions, the pH for optimum activity was 6.5. The enzyme was NADH dependent and able to reduce medium- to long-chain
n
-alkylaldehydes, methyl-branched aldehydes, and aromatic aldehydes, with benzaldehyde yielding the highest activity. The oxidation reaction with the corresponding alcohols showed only 2.2% of the reduction activity, with coniferyl alcohol yielding the highest activity. Maximum activities for the reduction and the oxidation reaction were 104.5 and 2.3 U mg
−1
of protein, respectively. The enzyme activity was affected by low concentrations of Ag
+
and Hg
2+
and high concentrations of Cu
2+
, Zn
2+
, and Fe
2+
. The gene
xylB
ADP1
seems to be expressed constitutively and an involvement in coniferyl alcohol degradation is suggested. However, the enzyme is most probably not involved in the degradation of benzyl alcohol, anisalcohol, salicyl alcohol, vanillyl alcohol, cinnamyl alcohol, or aliphatic and isoprenoid alcohols.
Microscope-Based Imaging Platform for Large-Scale Analysis of Oral Biofilms
Authors: Karygianni L. , Follo M. , Hellwig E. , Burghardt D. , Wolkewitz M. , Anderson A. , Al-Ahmad A. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

A microscopic method for noninvasively monitoring oral biofilms at the macroscale was developed to describe the spatial distribution of biofilms of different bacterial composition on bovine enamel surfaces (BES). For this purpose, oral biofilm was grown
in situ
on BES that were fixed at approximal sites of individual upper jaw acrylic devices worn by a volunteer for 3 or 5 days. Eubacteria,
Streptococcus
spp., and
Fusobacterium nucleatum
were stained using specific fluorescence
in situ
hybridization (FISH) probes. The resulting fluorescence signals were subsequently tested by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and monitored by an automated wide-field microscope-based imaging platform (Scan∧R). Automated image processing and data analysis were conducted by microscope-associated software and followed by statistical evaluation of the results. The full segmentation of biofilm images revealed a random distribution of bacteria across the entire area of the enamel surfaces examined. Significant differences in the composition of the microflora were recorded across individual as well as between different enamel surfaces varying from sparsely colonized (47.26%) after 3 days to almost full surface coverage (84.45%) after 5 days. The enamel plates that were positioned at the back or in the middle of the oral cavity were found to be more suitable for the examination of biofilms up to 3 days old. In conclusion, automated microscopy combined with the use of FISH can enable the efficient visualization and meaningful quantification of bacterial composition over the entire sample surface. Due to the possibility of automation, Scan∧R overcomes the technical limitations of conventional CLSM.
Cellulolytic Bacteria in the Foregut of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Samsudin Anjas A. , Wright André-Denis G. , Al Jassim Rafat 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
Foregut digesta from five feral dromedary camels were inoculated into three different enrichment media: cotton thread, filter paper, and neutral detergent fiber. A total of 283 16S rRNA gene sequences were assigned to 33 operational taxonomic units by using 99% species-level identity. LIBSHUFF revealed significant differences in the community composition across all three libraries.
Prevalence, Environmental Loading, and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Isolates from Domestic and Wild Animals along the Central California Coast
Authors: Oates Stori C. , Miller Melissa A. , Hardin Dane , Conrad Patricia A. , Melli Ann , Jessup David A. , Dominik Clare , Roug Annette , Tinker M. Tim , Miller Woutrina A. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThe risk of disease transmission from waterborne protozoa is often dependent on the origin (e.g., domestic animals versus wildlife), overall parasite load in contaminated waterways, and parasite genotype, with infections being linked to runoff or direct deposition of domestic animal and wildlife feces. Fecal samples collected from domestic animals and wildlife along the central California coast were screened to (i) compare the prevalence and associated risk factors for fecal shedding ofCryptosporidiumandGiardiaspecies parasites, (ii) evaluate the relative importance of animal host groups that contribute to pathogen loading in coastal ecosystems, and (iii) characterize zoonotic and host-specific genotypes. Overall, 6% of fecal samples tested during 2007 to 2010 were positive forCryptosporidiumoocysts and 15% were positive forGiardiacysts. Animal host group and age class were significantly associated with detection ofCryptosporidiumandGiardiaparasites in animal feces. Fecal loading analysis revealed that infected beef cattle potentially contribute the greatest parasite load relative to other host groups, followed by wild canids. Beef cattle, however, shed host-specific, minimally zoonoticCryptosporidiumandGiardia duodenalisgenotypes, whereas wild canids shed potentially zoonotic genotypes, includingG. duodenalisassemblages A and B. Given that the parasite genotypes detected in cattle were not zoonotic, the public health risk posed by protozoan parasite shedding in cattle feces may be lower than that posed by other animals, such as wild canids, that routinely shed zoonotic genotypes.
Influence of Temperature on the Physiology and Virulence of the Insect Pathogen Serratia sp. Strain SCBI
Authors: Petersen Lauren M. , Tisa Louis S. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

The physiology of a newly recognized
Serratia
species, termed South African
Caenorhabditis briggsae
Isolate (SCBI), which is both a nematode mutualist and an insect pathogen, was investigated and compared to that of
Serratia marcescens
Db11, a broad-host-range pathogen. The two
Serratia
strains had comparable levels of virulence for
Manduca sexta
and similar cytotoxic activity patterns, but motility and lipase and hemolytic activities differed significantly between them.
Calcium Causes Multimerization of the Large Adhesin LapF and Modulates Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Martínez-Gil Marta , Romero Diego , Kolter Roberto , Espinosa-Urgel Manuel 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

LapF is a large secreted protein involved in microcolony formation and biofilm maturation in
Pseudomonas putida
. Its C-terminal domain shows the characteristics of proteins secreted through a type I secretion system and includes a predicted calcium binding motif. We provide experimental evidence of specific binding of Ca
2+
to the purified C-terminal domain of LapF (CLapF). Calcium promotes the formation of large aggregates, which disappear in the presence of the calcium chelator EGTA. Immunolocalization of LapF also shows the tendency of this protein to accumulate
in vivo
in certain extracellular regions. These findings, along with results showing that calcium influences biofilm formation, lead us to propose a model in which
P. putida
cells interact with each other via LapF in a calcium-dependent manner during the development of biofilms.