bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Gillet Valérie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The conclusion wraps up the study of each temple and proposes an overview of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyar kingdom between the 9th and the 11th centuries. The little kingdom was divided into two quarters, the big Paḻuvūr, a devadāna where the little kings resided, and the small Paḻuvūr, which was a brahmadeya. Each quarter had its temples, patronized by various communities. This study revealed the significant role played by merchants and little kings in the AIM, administered by a specific set of Seven Brahmins; the ambiguous status of the PIM, where a little king constructs a shrine; a village temple, the Tiruvālantuṟai Mahādeva temple, administered by the Sabhā, deeply rooted in the local devotion; and a small shrine built in stone by the little kings next to it, perhaps contributing to the glory of their lineage.
‘Why Are We Waging Jihad?’
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the authors’ translation of Lashkar-e-Tayyaba’s foundational document ‘Hum Kyon Jihad Kar Rahen Hain’ (‘Why Are We Waging Jihad?’) by Bin Mohammad, which lays out the parameters of the organization’s commitment to violence and to domestic tranquillity within Pakistan. Written in a Socratic style, the narrator answers a quester’s queries, by recounting events in the Quran, Sunnat, and Hadees, as well as historical and contemporary events. The pamphlet addresses so-called pious Muslims who refute the necessity of waging jihad. Bin Muhammad identifies who should be the object of jihad outside of Pakistan and why. He argues that if an individual is kalima-go (i.e. has uttered the affirmation that there is no god but Allah and Muhammad are his prophets), they should not be killed, but should be rehabilitated through dawah. This puts the organization in direct opposition to the Deobandi groups and Islamic State which practise takfir.
‘In Defence of Jihad’ by Ubaidurrahman Muhammadi
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter features the authors’ translation of the 1998 treatise, Difa-i-Jihad (‘In Defence of Jihad’) by Ubaidurrahman Muhammadi. This book also contains a publisher’s note from the then-editor of Dar-ul-Andlus, Muhammad Saifullah Khalid, as well as a foreword by Hafiz Saeed himself. Saeed’s imprimatur upon this volume is extremely important because it demonstrates his linkages to LeT’s violent mission even though he and Pakistani authorities deny these connections. This volume resembles Hum Kyon Jihad Kar Rahen Hain in that it is generally structured around questions posed by an anonymous inquirer and the answers to those questions are ventriloquized through a posited, learned mujahid. While there is considerable overlap between the texts, they both have distinct foci. Hum Kyon Jihad Kar Rahen Hain ultimately advances an argument that a good Muslim should abjure violence within Pakistan against anyone who recognizes the ultimate sovereignty of Allah and instead should wage jihad on Pakistan’s external enemies. The reason for this is straightforward: when Pakistanis stop fighting their external enemies, they will turn their guns upon Pakistan and Pakistanis. This text specifically focuses upon jihad, who must wage it, under what circumstances and for what reasons, while also maintaining the argument that any problem within Pakistan should be handled through education and proselytization (dawah), tasks which LeT under its various guises have long undertaken.
‘The Mujahid’s Call’ by Naveed Qamar
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter features the author’s translation of Naveed Qamar’s 2001 pamphlet titled Mujahid ki Azaan (‘The Mujahid’s Call’). Qamar is the former spokesperson for the student wing of Markaz-ud-Dawah-wal-Irshad Pakistan, which were published in Zarb-e-Tayyaba. The various essays in this pamphlet inveigh upon numerous issues in the Pakistani education system which have served collectively to lead Muslims astray. This pamphlet targets college students who are attending secular schools, and their parents. ‘The Mujahid’s Call’ draws a direct link between a student, who might be ostracized for a sanctimonious attitude, and the persecution Muhammad had to deal with in Mecca, according to the traditional accounts. This pamphlet directly addresses college students who are attending secular schools, and their parents. Whereas many of the organization’s publications are proselytization tools, this pamphlet assumes that the consumer of the text is a committed proselytizer himself. This allows the author to dispense with efforts at conversion and instead exposits how the aspiring jihadi acolyte should organize his daily life.
Fighter Biographies
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter features translations of an illustrative sample of so-called shaheed biographies, or accounts of the lives of those fighters who died in the service of Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (LeT) from the organization’s varied periodicals. Until 2007, the organization published these biographies in various print sources which were available in LeT’s bookstores and other stores which sold their publications. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the organization has discontinued publishing these sources because it has learned that scholars are using them as sources and because such biographies make it difficult for the Pakistani state to argue that the organization does not engage in jihad. This chapter furnishes translations from several such sources with an intent to provide variation across time (from the early 1990s to 2007) and across source type while also seeking to provide examples of biographies that exhibit an array of fighter motivations as well as motivations in the families who support them.
Special Immigration Appeals Commission
Authors: Tam Robin , Hays William 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 provides a detailed examination of the work of the Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC). It begins with an examination of its history and establishment as a response to the seminal judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in Chahal v United Kingdom. The authors highlight the need for a specialist forum that was capable of combining protection of individual human rights and fundamental freedoms with the need to safeguard sensitive national security material. This is followed by a description of the constitution and key features of SIAC. The authors consider the Closed material procedure used in SIAC (which became a model for that introduced more generally in civil proceedings by the Justice and Security Act 2013) before examining the jurisdiction of SIAC in detail. The authors then provide a detailed and valuable analysis of procedure in SIAC, considering such matters as how to start proceedings, bail applications, directions, the Open/Closed evidential divide, communications with special advocates, reverse Closed procedures, the hearing, and the determination. Finally, they describe the framework for onward appeals and challenges.
Civil Claims
Authors: Ventham Charlotte , Wolfe Georgina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 17 aims to signpost the main types of civil claim commonly encountered by, and of relevance to, practitioners in the national security field. After an introduction to the topic in section A, section B considers the commonly pleaded causes of action in tort: false imprisonment, misfeasance in public office, conspiracy to injure, negligence, and assault and battery. It also addresses the more modern, statutory tort of harassment under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 and its potentially limited relevance in the national security field. It concludes by considering defences to these actions. Section C provides an overview of limitation. Section D discusses issues of applicable law, often arising in claims against the UK government for alleged complicity in unlawful conduct by foreign states, for example, unlawful detention, rendition, and/or mistreatment overseas. Section E covers private law claims for damages arising from alleged European Convention on Human Rights breaches. Section F contains a summary of the types of damages that may be awarded in the claims discussed in the chapter. It also considers the new provisions of the National Security Act 2023 requiring a court on application by the Crown to consider reducing a damages award to reflect a claimant’s related terrorist activities; and empowering a court to freeze and ultimately order the forfeiture of damages at risk of being used to fund terrorism. Finally, section G deals with practical difficulties in conducting private law claims in the national security context, from pleading through to final judgment or settlement.
State Threat Activity
Authors: Ward Robert 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 19 examines the new offence provisions in Part 1 of the National Security Act 2023. It begins by examining the previous law contained in the Official Secrets Acts 1911-39 and why this had become unfit for modern conditions. The author then considers the Part 1 offences, starting with the ‘foreign power condition’ and then looking at the offences of obtaining or disclosing protected information (s. 1), obtaining or disclosing trade secrets (s. 2), assisting a foreign intelligence service (s. 3), entering etc prohibited places (ss 4, 5), sabotage (s. 12), foreign interference (s. 13), foreign interference in elections (s. 16) and preparatory conduct (s. 19). The author then considers aggravation of sentence where an ‘ordinary’ crime is committed for or on behalf of a foreign power; powers of investigation; offences by bodies corporate; extra-territoriality; consents to prosecutions, and the power of the courts to exclude the public from proceedings for a Part 1 offence where necessary in the interests of national security. The chapter also gives an overview of the new regime for registering foreign activity arrangements and political influence activity.
Official Secrets—Unauthorised Disclosure
Authors: Ward Robert 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 20 deals with the offences in the Official Secrets Act 1989 relating to the unauthorised disclosure of information that is sensitive for reasons of national security. The chapter begins by considering the background to the Act and recent proposals for reform. The author then proceeds to consider the principal offences established by the Act and their specific requirements. The chapter examines in detail the concept of authorised disclosures before reviewing the approach to proof of damage and the issue of ‘neither confirm nor deny’ (NCND). It then discusses the mental element of the offences before going on to consider the offences relating to safeguarding of information. Further topics considered in the chapter include the territorial extent of the offences, consent to prosecute, the difficult issues raised by access to legal advice, and the topic of public interest disclosures. The defences of necessity and duress of circumstances are considered before the chapter concludes by reviewing matters relating to sentence.
Employment and National Security
Authors: Bryant Keith , Green Mark 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 24 is one of two chapters in Part VI dealing with national security and employment law. It focuses on national security issues as they arise in the context of Employment Tribunal (ET) proceedings. The chapter begins with an overview of the different ways in which employment disputes may result in litigation. It then introduces the key legislation in the employment field and particular procedural issues to which it gives rise, as well as examining the special procedural provision which is made in the Employment Tribunal Rules for national security cases. The authors examine in detail the practicalities of making and responding to national security claims. This includes difficulties in securing representation; the use of special advocates; Closed matters; powers to make special arrangements for hearings such as cyphering, screening, and restricted reporting; the Open/Closed divide; and the interaction with other jurisdictions (the High Court, County Court, Security Vetting Appeals Panel, and Investigatory Powers Tribunal).
Adorno and the Frankfurt School
Authors: Oberle Eric 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Surveying the history of “Frankfurt school” critical theory in relation to the life and work of Theodor W. Adorno, this chapter focuses on Adorno’s theory of social non-identity and argues for the insights that this Hegelianism granted for theories of empirical science and problems of scientific method. Paying special attention to the intellectual exchanges between Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Jürgen Habermas surrounding the 1961 positivism dispute, it argues that the recent “ethical turn” in critical theory illuminates why Adorno believed that a negative Hegelianism rooted in interdisciplinary empirical analysis must stand at the center of Frankfurt critical theory. These arguments about interdisciplinary research’s ability to diagnose social irrationality were central to forming and sustaining the institute throughout its history, important to the critique of science in western Germany, and definitional to the post–World War II concept of the public sphere. They remain relevant to discussions of disciplinary knowledge and public rationality today. Considering Adorno’s idea of the non-identical in relation to his critiques of Erich Fromm’s ego-psychology and of Talcott Parsons’ theory of social action helps clarify what was at stake in the positivism dispute and what is at stake in critical theory’s present interests in ethics and its relation to theories of rationalization and social conflict.
Electrophysiological Investigations of Sentence Processing in Tamil
Authors: Muralikrishnan R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews a series of electrophysiological studies conducted on the online processing of Tamil sentences. The only such studies to date on this Dravidian language, these experiments address two broad themes, namely, (a) the processing of animacy information of the subject and object arguments and the relationship between the arguments based on their animacy alone, prior to the availability of verb information, and (b) the processing of dative-subject constructions involving stative verbs. Results suggest that features at the syntax–semantics interface such as animacy are cross-linguistically important for sentence processing, and that dative nominals that play a more subject-like role are processed differently from dative indirect objects in Tamil.
The Seven Years’ War in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires
Authors: Flannery Kristie Patricia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Although Spain and Portugal were late entrants to the Seven Years’ War, the conflict had a transformative impact on these European monarchies and their empires. Focusing on four world regions where Spain and Portugal claimed sovereignty—the Iberian Peninsula, the Rio de la Plata in South America, the Caribbean island of Cuba, and Luzon in the Philippines—this chapter centers on the men who were mobilized to fight. It examines who joined the armed forces in these theatres, highlighting the critical roles played by enslaved and free Afrodescendant and Indigenous fighters beyond Europe. Moreover, it analyzes the factors that motivated diverse men to go into battle, and those that led soldiers and communities to resist their monarch’s requests that they go to war. The Seven Years’ War brought about significant reforms that addressed weaknesses in colonial economies and societies, strengthening the Iberian empires and paving the way for further imperial expansion.
The Seven Years’ War in West Africa
Authors: Røge Pernille 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Seven Years’ War in West Africa was a minor sideshow in a globe-spanning military conflict. Only French and British forces fought in Africa, confining their armed battle to the French-ruled island of Saint-Louis at the mouth of the Senegal River and Gorée Island, both of which the British occupied in 1758–1759. This chapter explores the immediate and long-term impacts of this conflict on the French and British colonial empires and African and Eurafrican communities in Senegambia. It discusses British ambitions to capture the European trade in gum arabic and to destroy France’s transatlantic slave trade. It also examines French and British aspirations to turn African land into new sites of cash crop production. The chapter contends that although Africa rarely gains attention in studies of the history of the Seven Years’ War, it was the pivot around which the battle for the future of European empires turned.
Africans, Slavery, and the Slave Trade
Authors: Bollettino Maria Alessandra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Seven Years’ War offered opportunities for some African-descended people to engage in imperial warfare and earn recognition and perquisites, or to abscond from or engage in their own wars against their owners. But for most people of African descent, the war years exacerbated the privation, violence, and dislocation that already characterized their lives. Postwar territorial acquisitions, liberalizations of the slave trade, and military reforms that undermined the rights of Black soldiers led to an unprecedented expansion of the slave trade and plantation slavery in the British, French, and Spanish Atlantic, and the reconfiguration of racial regimes in the Caribbean in particular. While they lost ground in the Americas, in Senegambia free Africans succeeded in manipulating the British conquest to serve their economic and political interests. Moreover, the territorial and racial reconfigurations born of the global conflict laid the groundwork for an upsurge of abolitionism in its wake.
Maritime Law and Neutrality in the Seven Years’ War
Authors: Müller Leos 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Seven Years’ War at sea, perhaps more than any other earlier great power war, was a trade war. The British navy and privateers targeted French colonial goods from the West Indies to harm French overseas trade. The French answered by employing neutral flags to carry on colonial trade. The neutral Dutch, Danes, Spaniards, and Swedes took over much French colonial trade in order to mitigate the damage done by British actions. The conditions of neutral trade were outlined in the early modern version of the international law of the sea: maritime powers acknowledged the freedom of the sea and neutral rights to trade and sail in agreement with bilateral commercial treaties. The British circumvented the rights of neutral trade with the Rule of the War 1756 and the Doctrine of Continuous Voyage. Nevertheless, neutral trade continued, mainly because the employment of neutral flags moderated wartime damage on global trade.
Commemoration and Memory
Authors: Füssel Marian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Cultures of memory are central to the ways the meaning of the Seven Years’ War changed, what it meant to people, and what it means to us today. In the culture of remembrance, the Seven Years’ War is still a war of generals, battles, and sieges. An enduring cult of individual war heroes and theatres began immediately after the war and certain places of remembrance, actors, and scenes established themselves as iconic. Their political charge, as well as the influence of a globally interwoven war, underwent significant change. After World War II the “hot” zone of identity politics shifted from Europe to the postcolonial theatres outside Europe. The global war became nationally divided during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and returned to historiography as a global event in Imperial History at the beginning of the twentieth century and in Global History at the beginning of twenty-first century.
Science and Technology during the Seven Years’ War
Authors: Van Damme Stéphane 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The history of science has traditionally stayed away from conflicts, preferring a more institutional or disciplinary approach. The history of the Seven Years’ War was reduced in this context to the story of scientific cooperation to observe the transit of Venus between 1761 and 1769. This chapter attempts to explain this paradoxical situation by re-examining these different developments around this short sequence, and by showing how much the Franco-British world war revealed underlying tensions. Colonial archives reveal tensions that preceded the declaration of hostilities and had long-term consequences on Franco-British cooperation after the war. The scientific relations between France and Great Britain are part of a wider chronological arc but also underline how the context of uncertainty weakens joint undertakings as much as it stimulates competition at the borders of empires. The chapter adopts a trans-imperial history of science approach to highlight these dynamics in the production of science.
Climate, Environment, and Crisis in Eighteenth-Century India
Authors: Damodaran Vinita 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Seven Years’ War was a global conflict fought on an enormous scale. In India, in the first half of the eighteenth century, British and French trading companies involved in intense competition and supported by national armed forces were in undeclared conflict for decades before hostilities became subsumed into the wider confrontation between British, French, and allied forces. Environmental factors influencing the course of the conflict have rarely been studied, and this chapter uses a selection of diaries and British and French East India Company records to address this. These records are analyzed to assess claims by scholars whose work seeks to integrate climate history and political history, pointing to climate anomalies in this period as a driver of conflict and disruption. This study finds that while such anomalies played an important role, human agency, through individual and institutional action, was key in transforming weather phenomena into a humanitarian disaster.
The Mughal Empire
Authors: Kaicker Abhishek 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Although the events of the Seven Years’ War were set in motion by the global conflict between continental powers waged in part through their East India Companies, their outcomes in the Indian subcontinent were shaped by the longer and deeper pattern of conflict and cooperation between the Mughal empire and European traders in the Indian Ocean. The rise to power of the English East India Company in the aftermath of the battles of Palashi and Baksar was enabled by the collapse of the Mughal empire and the unstable politics of the province of Bengal in the first half of the eighteenth century. While the Company played no direct role in the dissolution of Mughal rule, the deeper history of conflict between them prepared agents of the Company to pursue political and military objectives beyond the ambit of the war itself.
The East India Companies and the Seven Years’ War
Authors: Agmon Danna , Stern Philip J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Early modern European expansion in the Indian Ocean World was primarily the work of trading companies. Over the course of the eighteenth century, two such institutions—the English East India Company and the French Compagnie des Indes—sought to expand their commercial, political, diplomatic, and urban footprint in India. It was those Companies’ aggressive and long-standing efforts to embed themselves in South Asian politics and commerce that created the space and the means for European war to enter South Asia in the first place. The war wrought massive transformations in India’s political, territorial, and commercial landscape, while realigning the Companies’ relationships with Indian rulers and their own European states alike. Still, even in this massively reconfigured arena, European empire in India remained a Company affair, as some of the Companies’ bureaucratic, jurisdictional, and urban structures remained firmly in place to structure both the unfolding of the war and its aftermath.