bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Tourism: A Case Study on Salt Spring Island
Authors: OuYang Huixuan , Liu Sixin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOver the past few decades, tourism has become one of the mainstay industries for many communities. Salt Spring Island, an island the south of Vancouver Island, is no exception to the benefits of tourism. Sustainable tourism is a necessary and useful pattern to Salt Spring Island. Under this perspective, there are some challenges that exist on Salt Spring Island regarding the tourism industry. Seasonality and inconvenient transportation are the major challenges, for seasonality will cause unstable revenue and under-or unemployment issues, which will affect residents’ quality of life; the inconvenient transportation will not only influence the locals’ daily life, but also reduce tourists’ interest in travelling. The paper contains three sections: the challenges that exist on Salt Spring Island tourism industries, the measures are using on Salt Spring Island, and innovative approaches from outside the region to help Salt Spring Island to improve its tourism development and sustainability. Despite the local people’s efforts to come up with solutions to the issues, these solutions cannot solve the problems because these solutions do not address the root of the problems. Therefore, the authors suggest three innovations to solve these two problems, including building greenways and automatic rental bicycle system, creating a theme for events, and developing wellness tourism.
“Adaptive Expectations” of Milton Friedman and Monetarists and Phillips Curve; And the Comparison of them with Other Macroeconomic Schools
Authors: Birol Özlen Hiç 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe focus of this article is the “adaptive expectations hypothesis” of Milton Friedman and his analysis of short-run and long-run Phillips Curve. In order to analyze these contributions of M. Friedman more clearly, discussions about the Phillips Curve and different views about this issue according to various macroeconomic schools and information about the evolution of the Phillips Curve Analysis are given. In this sense, apart from Milton Friedman and Monetarists, Phillips Curve was analyzed in a successive order compatible with the history of discussion within Keynes and Keynesian economics, New Keynesian Economics and New Classical School operating with “rational expectations hypothesis”.
Distribution of buried hydrothermal alteration deduced from high‐resolution magnetic surveys in Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Bouligand Claire , Glen Jonathan M.G. , Blakely Richard J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractYellowstone National Park (YNP) displays numerous and extensive hydrothermal features. Although hydrothermal alteration in YNP has been extensively studied, the volume, geometry, and type of rock alteration at depth remain poorly constrained. In this study, we use high‐resolution airborne and ground magnetic surveys and measurements of remanent and induced magnetization of field and drill core samples to provide constraints on the geometry of hydrothermal alteration within the subsurface of three thermal areas in YNP (Firehole River, Smoke Jumper Hot Springs, and Norris Geyser Basin). We observe that hydrothermal zones from both liquid‐ and vapor‐dominated systems coincide with magnetic lows observed in aeromagnetic surveys and with a decrease of the amplitude of short‐wavelength anomalies seen in ground magnetic surveys. This suggests a strong demagnetization of both the shallow and deep substratum within these areas associated with the removal of magnetic minerals by hydrothermal alteration processes. Such demagnetization is confirmed by measurements of rock samples from hydrothermal areas which display significantly decreased total magnetization. A pronounced negative anomaly is observed over the Lone Star Geyser and suggests a significant demagnetization of the substratum associated with areas displaying large‐scale fluid flow. The ground and airborne magnetic surveys are used to evaluate the distribution of magnetization in the subsurface. This study shows that significant demagnetization occurs over a thickness of at least a few hundred meters in hydrothermal areas at YNP and that the maximum degree or maximum thickness of demagnetization correlates closely with the location of hydrothermal activity and mapped alteration.
Reduktive Aminierung ohne externe Wasserstoffquelle
Authors: Chusov Denis , List Benjamin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDie reduktive Aminierung ohne Wasserstoffquelle wurde entwickelt. Kohlenmonoxid wirkt hierbei als Reduktionsmittel. Die Reaktion läuft mit einer Vielzahl von Carbonylverbindungen und Aminen mit niedrigen Katalysatorladungen effektiv ab und ist mechanistisch interessant, da kein molekularer Wasserstoff beteiligt ist.
Facile Chemoenzymatic Strategies for the Synthesis and Utilization of S‐Adenosyl‐L‐Methionine Analogues
Authors: Singh Shanteri , Zhang Jianjun , Huber Tyler D. , Sunkara Manjula , Hurley Katherine , Goff Randal D. , Wang Guojun , Zhang Wen , Liu Chunming , Rohr Jürgen , Van Lanen Steven G. , Morris Andrew J. , Thorson Jon S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA chemoenzymatic platform for the synthesis of S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (SAM) analogues compatible with downstream SAM‐utilizing enzymes is reported. Forty‐four non‐native S/Se‐alkylated Met analogues were synthesized and applied to probing the substrate specificity of five diverse methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs). Human MAT II was among the most permissive of the MATs analyzed and enabled the chemoenzymatic synthesis of 29 non‐native SAM analogues. As a proof of concept for the feasibility of natural product “alkylrandomization”, a small set of differentially‐alkylated indolocarbazole analogues was generated by using a coupled hMAT2–RebM system (RebM is the sugar C4′‐O‐methyltransferase that is involved in rebeccamycin biosynthesis). The ability to couple SAM synthesis and utilization in a single vessel circumvents issues associated with the rapid decomposition of SAM analogues and thereby opens the door for the further interrogation of a wide range of SAM utilizing enzymes.
The Role of Ligand‐Field States in the Ultrafast Photophysical Cycle of the Prototypical Iron(II) Spin‐Crossover Compound [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2
Authors: Marino Andrea , Chakraborty Pradip , Servol Marina , Lorenc Maciej , Collet Eric , Hauser Andreas 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLight‐induced excited spin‐state trapping (LIESST) in iron(II) spin‐crossover compounds, that is, the light‐induced population of the high‐spin (S=2) state below the thermal transition temperature, was discovered thirty years ago. For irradiation into metal–ligand charge transfer (MLCT) bands of the low‐spin (S=0) species the acknowledged sequence takes the system from the initially excited 1MLCT to the high‐spin state via the 3MLCT state within ca. 150 fs, thereby bypassing low‐lying ligand‐field (LF) states. Nevertheless, these play a role, as borne out by the observation of LIESST and reverse‐LIESST on irradiation directly into the LF bands for systems with only high‐energy MLCT states. Herein we elucidate the ultrafast reverse‐LIESST pathway by identifying the lowest energy S=1 LF state as an intermediate state with a lifetime of 39 ps for the light‐induced high‐spin to low‐spin conversion on irradiation into the spin‐allowed LF transition of the high‐spin species in the NIR.
Hexafluoroantimonic Acid Catalysis: Formal [3+2+2] Cycloaddition of Aziridines with Two Alkynes
Authors: Zhou Ming‐Bo , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA practical method for the synthesis of azepine derivatives, a typical seven‐membered heterocyclic ring system, was developed and involves the use of hexafluoroantimonic acid to catalyze a formal [3+2+2] cycloaddition of aziridines with two alkynes. This method was applicable to two of the same or different terminal alkynes for the [3+2+2] cycloaddition with unactivated aziridines, and furnished the corresponding azepine derivatives in good yields with good levels of chemo‐ and regioselectivity. The mechanism was also discussed according to the results of the in situ HRMS and 1H NMR analysis.
Functionalized polysiloxane coatings on hot‐rolled and high‐strength Fe 430 B steel: Analysis of mechanical response and resistance to chemicals
Authors: Barletta Massimiliano , Vesco Silvia , Rubino Gianluca , Puopolo Michela , Venettacci Simone 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTHybrid organic‐inorganic coatings can be extremely beneficial to improve the performance of steel substrates as their outstanding adhesion strength, scratch resistance, and chemical endurance. However, the design and manufacture of the appropriate coating systems on the different metal alloys can be troublesome. Defective coatings can cause the deterioration of their performance, especially the resistance to aggressive chemicals. In this work, the deposition of functionalized methyl phenyl polysiloxane resins on hot rolled and high strength Fe 430 B steel substrates with and without an intermediate layer of a hybrid organic‐inorganic grafting polymer (vinyltriethoxysilane) is comparatively evaluated. Visual appearance, scratch and wear resistance of the coatings as well as their attitude to act as chemical proof barriers are investigated. Proper functionalization of methyl phenyl polysiloxane resins with hydroxyl and alkoxy groups can lead to coatings that are well adhered to the underlying substrates, thus exploiting all the performance they were designed for. In this case, the use of an organo‐silane interlayer can further increment the final properties of the overall coating systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40624.
Rapid prototyping of a miniaturized Electrospinning setup for the production of polymer nanofibers
Authors: Vanderfleet Oriana M. , Gabardo Christine M. , Naeem Fahim M. , Moran‐Mirabal Jose M. , Soleymani Leyla 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTFabrication of polymeric micro/nanofibers with controllable size, density, orientation, and composition is required for their translation into functional devices and materials. Electrospinning (ES) is a frequently used fiber fabrication technique, where ES parameters such as the applied electric field strength, architecture of the setup, and solution composition are manipulated to control the fiber properties. Here, we present a bench‐top method for fabricating miniaturized, integrated, and highly tunable ES setups based on shrinkable polymer substrates. We show that using a combination of numerical modeling and controlling different parameters in the ES setup, including the spinneret to collector distance, and spinneret and collector designs, it is possible to tune the density, alignment, and orientation of electrospun fibers. In this way, we have produced 300–600 nm wide poly(ethylene oxide) fibers arranged as nonwoven mats on planar electrodes, aligned fibers on electrode edges, and individual suspended fibers spanning gaps between collector electrodes. The ability to rapidly prototype ES setups should enable us to study the effects of spinneret–collector configurations on fiber morphology, distribution, and conformation and to aid in the development of miniaturized ES setups designed to serve specific applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40629.
Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in arab populations: Genetic analysis of 15 risk loci in a novel case–control sample recruited in Yemen
Authors: Aldhorae Khalid Ahmed , Böhmer Anne C. , Ludwig Kerstin U. , Esmail Ahlam Hibatulla Ali , Al‐Hebshi Nezar Noor , Lippke Bärbel , Gölz Lina , Nöthen Markus M. , Daratsianos Nikolaos , Knapp Michael , Jäger Andreas , Mangold Elisabeth 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundNonsyndromic orofacial clefting (nsOFC) is among the most common of all congenital disorders and has a genetically complex etiology. Based on embryological and epidemiological data, the phenotype can be differentiated into nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) and nonsyndromic cleft palate only, with nsCL/P being the most frequent form. Recent genetic research, predominantly performed in populations from Europe and Asia, has identified numerous genetic susceptibility loci for nsCL/P. As only few data are available concerning genetic susceptibility to nsCL/P in Arab populations, we investigated a newly recruited nsOFC sample from Yemen.MethodsFor each of the 15 currently known nsCL/P risk loci, the top single‐nucleotide polymorphism (plus nine back‐up variants) were genotyped in 242 nsCL/P cases and 420 healthy controls.ResultsSingle‐marker association analysis revealed significant associations for four loci (8q24, 9q22, 10q25, 13q31). The strongest association was for the European high risk locus at 8q24 (Pcorrected = 5.09 × 10−4; heterozygous odds ratio = 1.74 (1.22–2.47), homozygous odds ratio = 2.47 (1.55–3.93). Five additional loci (1q32.2, 3q12, 8q21, 17q22, 20q12) showed nominal significance that did not withstand correction for multiple testing. Although the six remaining loci (1p22, 1p36, 2p21, 3p11, 15q22, 17p13) failed to reach nominal significance, the risk alleles were in the same direction as in the discovery studies.ConclusionThe results suggest that four of the 15 analyzed nsCL/P risk loci which were identified in European and Asian ethnicities significantly confer risk for nsCL/P in Arab populations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:307–313, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of wound drains after thyroid surgery
Authors: Woods R S R , Woods J F C , Duignan E S , Timon C 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundDrainage after routine thyroid and parathyroid surgery remains controversial. However, there is increasing evidence from a number of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) suggesting no benefit from the use of drains.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was carried out, and RCTs comparing the use of drains versus no drains in patients who underwent thyroid or parathyroid surgery were included. Trials including patients who underwent lateral neck dissection were excluded. Methodological quality was graded and data were extracted by independent reviewers. Risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) was calculated and heterogeneity was assessed.ResultsTwenty-five RCTs were included in the meta-analysis comprising 2939 patients. There was no significant difference between the two groups in rate of reoperation for neck haematoma (RR 1·90, 95 per cent c.i. 0·87 to 4·14), ultrasound-assessed fluid volume on day 1 after surgery (MD 2·30 (95 per cent c.i. –0·73 to 5·34) ml), wound collection requiring intervention (RR 0·64, 0·38 to 1·09) or not (RR 0·93, 0·66 to 1·30), transient voice change (RR 2·33, 0·91 to 5·96) and persistent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (RR 1·67, 0·22 to 12·51). Length of hospital stay was significantly greater in the drain group (MD 1·25 (0·83 to 1·68) days), as were wound infection rates (RR 2·53, 1·23 to 5·21) and pain score measure using a visual analogue scale from 1 to 10 on day 1 after surgery (MD 1·46 (0·67 to 2·26) units).ConclusionThe results indicate that drain use after routine thyroid surgery does not confer a benefit to patients.
Study of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Four Derivatives of Substituted Aryl Hydrazones of 1,8‐Naphthalimide
Authors: Gu Peiyang , Xu Xufeng , Zhou Feng , Zhao Tingting , Ye Gaojie , Liu Gaoyan , Xu Qinghua , Ge Jianfeng , Xu Qingfeng , Lu Jianmei 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFour 1,8‐naphthalimide hydrazone molecules with different electron‐donating groups have been applied in the study of linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. These compounds showed strong green emission in solution. Their NLO properties such as two‐photon absorption (TPA) behavior with femtosecond laser pulses ca. 800 nm and excited‐state absorption (ESA) behavior with nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm were investigated. Compound 4 presented the largest two‐photon cross section (550 GM) among them due to two factors: the conjugated length of compound 4 is the longest and the electron‐donating ability of compound 4 is the strongest. Different from TPA behavior, compound 2 showed the best nonlinear absorption properties at 532 nm and its nonlinear absorption coefficient and third‐order nonlinear optical susceptibilities χ(3) were up to 1.41×10−10 MKS and 4.65×10−12 esu, respectively. Through the modification of the structure, the nonlinear optical properties of these compounds at different wavelengths (532 and 800 nm) were well tuned. The great broad‐band nonlinear optical properties indicate hydrazones are good candidates for organic nonlinear optical absorption materials.
Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, Butyl: Futile But Not for Water, as the Correlation of Structure and Thermodynamic Signature Shows in a Congeneric Series of Thermolysin Inhibitors
Authors: Krimmer Stefan G. , Betz Michael , Heine Andreas , Klebe Gerhard 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWater is ubiquitously present in any biological system and has therefore to be regarded as an additional binding partner in the protein–ligand binding process. Upon complex formation, a new solvent‐exposed surface is generated and water molecules from the first solvation layer will arrange around this newly formed surface. So far, the influence of such water arrangements on the ligand binding properties is unknown. In this study, the binding modes of nine congeneric phosphonamidate‐type inhibitors with systematically varied, size‐increasing hydrophobic P2′ substituents (from methyl to phenylethyl) addressing the hydrophobic, solvent‐exposed S2′ pocket of thermolysin were analyzed by high‐resolution crystal structures and correlated with their thermodynamic binding profiles as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry. Overall, ΔΔG spreads over 7.0 kJ mol−1, ΔΔH varies by 15.8 kJ mol−1, and −TΔΔS by 12.1 kJ mol−1. Throughout the series, these changes correlate remarkably well with the geometric differences of water molecules arranged adjacent to the P2′ substituents. Ligands with medium‐sized P2′ substituents exhibit highest affinities, presumably because of their optimal solvation patterns around these complexes. The addition, removal, or rearrangement of even a single methyl group can result in a strong modulation of the adjacent water network pattern shifting from enthalpy to entropy‐driven binding. In conclusion, the quality of a water network assembled around a protein–ligand complex influences the enthalpy/entropy signature and can even modulate affinity to a surprising extent.
North Central Cancer Treatment Group/Alliance trial N08CA—the use of glutathione for prevention of paclitaxel/carboplatin‐induced peripheral neuropathy: A phase 3 randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Leal Alexis D. , Qin Rui , Atherton Pamela J. , Haluska Paul , Behrens Robert J. , Tiber Charles H. , Watanaboonyakhet Patanit , Weiss Matthias , Adams Paul T. , Dockter Travis J. , Loprinzi Charles L. ,   for the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUNDChemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a significant side effect of taxane and platinum‐based chemotherapy. Several studies have supported the potential benefit of glutathione for the prevention of platinum‐induced CIPN. The current trial was designed to determine whether glutathione would prevent CIPN as a result of carboplatin/paclitaxel therapy.METHODSIn total, 185 patients who received treatment with paclitaxel and carboplatin were accrued between December 4, 2009 and December 19, 2011. Patients were randomized to receive either placebo (n = 91) or 1.5 g/m2glutathione (n = 94) over 15 minutes immediately before chemotherapy. CIPN was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality‐of‐Life (EORTC‐QLQ) 20‐item, CIPN‐specific (CIPN20) sensory subscale and the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 4.0.RESULTSThere were no statistically significant differences between the 2 study arms with regard to: 1) peripheral neurotoxicity, as assessed using both the EORTC‐QLQ‐CIPN20 (P = .21) and the CTCAE scales (P = .449 for grade ≥2 neurotoxicity;P = .039 for time to development of grade ≥2 neuropathy, in favor of the placebo); 2) the degree of paclitaxel acute pain syndrome (P = .30 for patients who received paclitaxel every 3‐4 weeks andP = .002, in favor of the placebo, for patients who received weekly paclitaxel); 3) the time to disease progression (P = .63); or 4) apparent toxicities. Subgroup analyses did not reveal any evidence of benefit in any particular subgroup.CONCLUSIONSThe results from this study do not support the use of glutathione for the prevention of paclitaxel/carboplatin‐induced CIPN.Cancer2014;120:1890–1897. ©2014 American Cancer Society.
Advancements of the UltraScan scientific gateway for open standards‐based cyberinfrastructures
Authors: Memon Shahbaz , Riedel Morris , Janetzko Florian , Demeler Borries , Gorbet Gary , Marru Suresh , Grimshaw Andrew , Gunathilake Lahiru , Singh Raminder , Attig Norbert , Lippert Thomas 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThe UltraScan data analysis application is a software package that is able to take advantage of computational resources in order to support the interpretation of analytical ultracentrifugation experiments. Since 2006, the UltraScan scientific gateway has been used with Web browsers in TeraGrid by scientists studying the solution properties of biological and synthetic molecules. UltraScan supports its users with a scientific gateway in order to leverage the power of supercomputing. In this contribution, we will focus on several advancements of the UltraScan scientific gateway architecture with a standardized job management while retaining its lightweight design and end user interaction experience. This paper also presents insights into a production deployment of UltraScan in Europe. The approach is based on open standards with respect to job management and submissions to the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment in the USA and to similar infrastructures in Europe such as the European Grid Infrastructure or the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE). Our implementation takes advantage of the Apache Airavata framework for scientific gateways that lays the foundation for easy integration into several other scientific gateways. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeted Manipulation of Metal–Organic Frameworks To Direct Sorption Properties
Authors: Schneemann Andreas , Henke Sebastian , Schwedler Inke , Fischer Roland A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks are promising materials for manifold applications. This Minireview highlights approaches for the fine‐tuning of specific sorption properties (e.g. capacity, selectivity, and breathing behavior) of this interesting class of materials. Central aspects covered are the control over the crystal morphology, the targeted tuning of sorption properties by judicious choice of metal centers and linkers, and the preparation of host–guest systems. We want to introduce the reader to these topics on the basis of the manipulation of a handful of outstanding prototypical metal–organic frameworks.