bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiative cooling of solar absorbers using a visibly transparent photonic crystal thermal blackbody
Authors: Zhu Linxiao , Raman Aaswath P. , Fan Shanhui 
Published: September 2015

Significance
The coldness of the universe is an enormous but strikingly underexploited thermodynamic resource. Its direct utilization on Earth therefore represents an important frontier for renewable energy research. In many applications, including solar cells and outdoor structures, the absorption of sunlight is intrinsic either from operational or aesthetic considerations, but the resulting heating by sunlight is undesirable. Here we experimentally demonstrate a thermal photonic scheme that can cool these structures by thermal radiation to outer space, while preserving the structures’ solar absorption. Our work shows, for the first time to our knowledge, that radiative cooling can be used in combination with the utilization of sunlight, and opens new possibilities for using the coldness of the universe to improve the performance of terrestrial energy systems.
Mistranslation drives the evolution of robustness in TEM-1 β-lactamase
Authors: Bratulic Sinisa , Gerber Florian , Wagner Andreas 
Published: September 2015

Significance
Translation is a fundamental biochemical process in which ribosomes use an mRNA’s nucleotide sequence as a template to synthesize a protein with a specific amino acid sequence. Errors in this process are deleterious because they can alter a protein’s structure. Yet such errors are surprisingly frequent. Here we ask whether and how evolution can affect the ability of proteins to cope with these errors. In principle, evolution could reduce the rate of such errors, or it could leave this rate unchanged but reduce the damaging effects of errors. We find that populations of proteins evolving in the laboratory pursue the second route, increasing their robustness to translation errors. Evolution may preferentially mitigate damage to a biological system than reduce the source of this damage.
Thermodynamics of protein destabilization in live cells
Authors: Danielsson Jens , Mu Xin , Lang Lisa , Wang Huabing , Binolfi Andres , Theillet François-Xavier , Bekei Beata , Logan Derek T. , Selenko Philipp , Wennerström Håkan , Oliveberg Mikael 
Published: September 2015

Significance
A key question in structural biology is how protein properties mapped out under simplified conditions in vitro transfer to the complex environment in live cells. The answer, it appears, varies. Defying predictions from steric crowding effects, experimental data have shown that cells in some cases stabilize and in other cases destabilize the native protein structures. In this study, we reconcile these seemingly conflicting results by showing that the in-cell effect on protein thermodynamics is sequence specific: The outcome depends both on the individual target protein and on its detailed host-cell environment.
Lightweight Raman spectroscope using time-correlated photon-counting detection
Authors: Meng Zhaokai , Petrov Georgi I. , Cheng Shuna , Jo Javier A. , Lehmann Kevin K. , Yakovlev Vladislav V. , Scully Marlan O. 
Published: September 2015

Significance
Raman spectroscopy is an important tool in understanding chemical components of various materials. However, the excessive weight and energy consumption of a conventional CCD-based spectrometer forbids its applications in space-based instruments, including unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAVs) and Mars/Moon rovers. In this article, we present a lightweight and energy-efficient hyperspectral Raman measurement system. This technique allows UAVs and space vehicles to carry Raman spectrometers without consuming excessive energy.
An inducible mouse model for microvillus inclusion disease reveals a role for myosin Vb in apical and basolateral trafficking
Authors: Schneeberger Kerstin , Vogel Georg F. , Teunissen Hans , van Ommen Domenique D. , Begthel Harry , El Bouazzaoui Layla , van Vugt Anke H. M. , Beekman Jeffrey M. , Klumperman Judith , Müller Thomas , Janecke Andreas , Gerner Patrick , Huber Lukas A. , Hess Michael W. , Clevers Hans , van Es Johan H. , Nieuwenhuis Edward E. S. , Middendorp Sabine 
Published: September 2015

Significance
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a rare intestinal enteropathy resulting in severe diarrhoea in neonates. Here, we have generated an intestine-specific knockout mouse model for Myosin Vb, the gene causing MVID in the majority of human patients. Our mouse model completely recapitulates the intestinal human MVID phenotype, including severe diarrhoea, loss of microvilli, occurrence of microvillus inclusions, and subapical secretory granules in villus enterocytes. In addition, we identify a newly identified role of Myo5b in trafficking of basolateral proteins, in the apical localization of the brush border membrane fusion protein syntaxin 3 (STX3), and in early differentiation of enterocytes. Our data indicate a role of MYO5B in regulating polarity of epithelial cells and have important implications for future treatment options for MVID patients.
Fatigue-free, superstretchable, transparent, and biocompatible metal electrodes
Authors: Guo Chuan Fei , Liu Qihan , Wang Guohui , Wang Yecheng , Shi Zhengzheng , Suo Zhigang , Chu Ching-Wu , Ren Zhifeng 
Published: September 2015

Significance
Fatigue is a deadly disease for metals. Fatigue often happens under cyclic loading even if the strain level is low. However, a stretchable transparent electrode, which can be made of metal and is a key element in stretchable electronics, needs high stability at large strains. Here we show that Au nanomesh on a slippery substrate is fatigue-free when cyclically stretched to large strains (>100%). Moreover, cells can grow on the Au nanomesh. A metal mesh that conducts electricity, is biocompatible, and is completely free of fatigue will be an ideal electrode not only for flexible electronics, but also for implantable electronics.
Lnx2 ubiquitin ligase is essential for exocrine cell differentiation in the early zebrafish pancreas
Authors: Won Minho , Ro Hyunju , Dawid Igor B. 
Published: September 2015

Significance
Pancreas differentiation is of interest as an example of organogenesis and for its medical implications. We report here that regulation of protein stability is a player in the differentiation of certain cell lineages in the early zebrafish pancreas. The related E3 ubiquitin ligases Ligand of Numb protein-X (Lnx)2a and Lnx2b affect differentiation of exocrine cells, apparently by destabilizing Numb in exocrine progenitor cells. Numb is an inhibitor of Notch, a key regulator of pancreatic development. We suggest that Lnx2a/b destabilize Numb to derepress Notch, allowing precursors to proliferate and support subsequent differentiation. This study also highlights the fact that detailed analysis of morpholino versus mutant phenotypes may be required for a full understanding of their relationship.
Deployment of Paired Push Nets from Jet-Propelled Kayaks to Sample Ichthyoplankton
Authors: Acre Matthew R. , Grabowski Timothy B. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Accessing and effectively sampling the off-channel habitats that are considered crucial for early life stages of freshwater fishes constitute a difficult challenge when common ichthyoplankton survey methods, such as push nets, are used. We describe a new method of deploying push nets from jet-propelled kayaks to enable the sampling of previously inaccessible off-channel habitats. The described rig is also functional in more open and accessible habitats, such as the main channel of rivers or reservoirs. Although further evaluation is necessary to ensure that results are comparable across studies, the described push-net system offers a statistically rigorous methodology that generates replicate samples from a wide range of freshwater habitats that were previously inaccessible to this gear type.
Received January 26, 2015; accepted June 29, 2015
Stock-Specific Size and Timing at Ocean Entry of Columbia River Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead: Implications for Early Ocean Growth
Authors: Weitkamp Laurie A. , Teel David J. , Liermann Martin , Hinton Susan A. , Van Doornik Donald M. , Bentley Paul J. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Juvenile salmon transitioning from freshwater to marine environments experience high variation in growth and survival, yet the specific causes of this variation are poorly understood. Size at and timing of ocean entry may contribute to this variation because they influence both the availability of prey and vulnerability to predators. To explore this issue, we used stock assignments based on genetic stock identification and internal tags to document the stock-specific size and timing of juvenile hatchery and presumed wild Columbia River Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss at ocean entry during 2007–2011. We found that juvenile salmon and steelhead had consistent stock-specific capture dates, with lower-river stocks typically having earlier timing than those originating farther upstream. Mean size also varied among stocks and was related to hatchery practices. Hatchery yearling Chinook Salmon and steelhead were consistently larger than wild fish from the same stocks, although timing in the estuary was similar. In contrast, hatchery subyearling Chinook Salmon were of similar size to wild fish but entered the ocean up to a month earlier. We evaluated the potential importance of these traits on early marine growth by estimating stock-specific growth rates for Chinook Salmon caught in estuarine and ocean habitats. Growth rates were related to relative ocean entry timing, with lower growth rates for stocks that had only recently arrived in marine waters. Our results demonstrate that stocks within a single basin can differ in their size and timing of ocean entry, life history traits that contribute to early marine growth and potentially to the survival of juvenile salmon. Our results also highlight the necessity of considering stock-specific variation in life history traits to understand salmon ecology and survival across the entire life cycle.
Received January 16, 2015; accepted April 28, 2015
Disentangling via Tensor Products and Ordered Supports
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMore involved types of disentanglings are considered in this chapter. We discuss the situation where the Banach space X can be written as a direct sum X=Y⊕Z, for some Banach spaces Y and Z, and each of the operators Ai can be decomposed as Ai=Bi⊕Ci, for i=1,…,n. A second type of disentangling discussed is that of a function which is symmetric in several of its variables. Next, consideration is given to the disentangling of certain analytic (i.e. holomorphic) functions which can be written as tensor products of analytic functions of one variable. Also discussed is the effect on the disentangling process of the use of time-ordering measures with ordered supports. The results obtained in this part of Chapter 3 play a role throughout the remainder of the book. Finally, the disentangling of so-called exponential factors is addressed; we track the occurrence of a particular operator in the time-ordered products that constitute the disentangling.
Extraction of Multilinear Factors and Iterative Disentangling
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe first three sections of this chapter present, in a rigorous way, the concepts and techniques of extracting linear, bilinear and multilinear factors from the disentangling of a given function. The way in which the supports of the time-ordering measures are clustered plays a prominent role in this discussion. The fourth and fifth sections of this chapter discuss the concept of iterative disentangling and some related examples. An appendix to this chapter presents a detailed discussion of the decomposition of disentanglings.
Auxiliary Operations and Disentangling Algebras
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis chapter provides a counterpart, in the context of the more abstract setting of the monograph as a whole, to the noncommutative operations on the disentangling algebras of Wiener functionals introduced in earlier work of the first two authors. More to the point, this chapter first defines families of disentangling algebras and then defines the noncommutative operations +∘ and øtimes as maps on these disentangling algebras. Algebraic properties of these operations are then established and the relations between the disentangling map and these operations are investigated.
Disentangling via Continuous and Discrete Measures
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWhile the version of the operational calculus discussed in earlier chapters makes use of only continuous time-ordering measures (that is, measures which do not change points), in this chapter the disentangling process in the presence of time-ordering measures with nonzero discrete parts is addressed. The disentangling map is defined in this setting and it is shown that its definition in this chapter is consistent with the previous definitions. Some interesting and useful special cases of the general disentangling formulas are then computed. Finally, stability properties are discussed in some detail.
Derivational Derivatives and Feynman’s Operational Calculi
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis chapter develops a differential calculus (or derivational calculus) that can be associated with the disentangled operators that arise from the approach to Feynman’s operational calculus which is used in this volume. The main part of this chapter deals with a first-order infinitesimal calculus for an analytic function of several noncommuting operators. Analogues of Newton’s and Taylor’s formulas of arbitrary orders and with explicit remainder terms are developed for certain types of disentangled operators.
Nest construction behaviour
Authors: Healy S.D. , Morgan K.V. , Bailey I.E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThere is quite a lot of evidence demonstrating that birds will choose the location in which they build their nest and they will even modify nest location choice based on decisions made by conspecifics or heterospecifics. We know considerably less, however, about whether birds learn which materials with which to build or how to manipulate that material into an appropriate structure. This seems surprising, given how important the nest is to most birds’ reproductive success. There is some evidence that birds will learn about materials during their early development and, recently, that they will change their material choice in response to the reproductive outcomes of those choices. This experience-dependence is at odds with the still-predominant view that nest building is genetic. The most likely explanation for this view, however, is that we have so few data, observational or experimental, concerning nest-building decision making.
Functional properties of nests
Authors: Deeming D.C. , Mainwaring M.C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNest building behaviours were traditionally thought to be innate, yet we now know that they involve considerable plasticity. Specifically, the materials used to build nests are changeable within the course of an individual’s lifetime and individuals use those materials that benefit either themselves or their offspring most. At the interspecific level, there is variation in the type and shape of nests built and the number of nests built per breeding season. At the intraspecific level meanwhile, there is variation in the time taken to build nests, the materials used to build them and the size of final nests. Such plasticity often serves to create a suitable microclimate for parents and offspring, but nests are also receptacles for eggs and nestlings. Thus, the design of nests is likely to reflect a trade-off between the requirement for a structural platform for the nest contents and for the creation of suitable micro-environments.
Egg allometry: influences of phylogeny and the altricial–precocial continuum
Authors: Birchard G.F. , Deeming D.C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe inter-relations between egg mass and incubation parameters such as incubation period have been well described in the past. This new synthesis deals with two key elements of allometric analysis of avian reproduction. The first part of this chapter considers the effects of controlling for phylogeny on regression estimates for relationships between egg mass and incubation period, eggshell gas conductance and oxygen consumption. Essentially, unlike the significant effects of order, there is little effect of phylogeny on regression estimates. The second part deals with analyses that consider avian reproduction from a perspective of egg and clutch energy content rather than mass. Developmental maturity at hatching is also considered. The chapter demonstrates using these energetically driven investigations, that egg biologists must answer evolutionary questions through interpretation based upon appropriately scaled metrics. Also, although phylogeny matters, we must be conscious of possible evolutionary convergences, such as developmental maturity, and modify analyses appropriately to account for such effects.
Egg signalling: the use of visual, auditory, and chemical stimuli
Authors: Brulez K. , Pike T.W. , Reynolds S.J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBirds have evolved a number of egg traits capable of transmitting information to a variety of receivers, from incubating parents through to predators and brood parasites. This occurs through visual, auditory and chemical stimuli. Research has primarily focussed on eggshell appearance in terms of base colour and pigmentation. This forms the main section of this chapter but it also considers other components of the eggs that may be acting as signals including size, shape, sound and smell. The chapter discusses how eggs can be used as signals by the reproductive female (and possibly the developing embryo), the nature of signals that eggs convey, and the identities of receivers that process these signals.
The energetic costs of incubation
Authors: Nord A. , Williams J.B. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis chapter discusses the energy balance and physiological homeostasis of incubating birds, ranging from taxonomic, geographical and life-history related variation in energy costs of incubation, to thermal considerations for birds on the nest, links between energy expenditure and fitness, and non-energetic costs of incubation. Energy costs of incubation amount to 3.4 times the basal metabolic rate (BMR). This is 15% lower than the cost of chick-rearing (2.9 × BMR) for all birds, but similar to chick-rearing costs in species with female-only incubation. Energy costs are typically higher in challenging conditions, which can impair fitness of parents and offspring. The chapter speculates on the physiological basis for this, and discusses how costs to parents may carry over to also affect nestling performance. The chapter ends by drawing attention to situations where the primary currency for incubation is not energy-based, which we exemplify by discussing the water economy of incubating desert birds.
Applications of incubation science to aviculture and conservation
Authors: Deeming D.C. , Jarrett N.S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractModern conservation in birds is increasingly dependent on an understanding of biology of a diverse range of species. Unfortunately, our understanding of artificial incubation and egg science has in the past been limited to eggs of domestic poultry. However, there has been a realisation that factors such as incubation temperature or rates of egg turning established for poultry are not necessarily applicable to other species, such as passerines. By contrast, controlling weight loss from eggs can be easily achieved. This chapter describes incubators, and the artificial incubation conditions—temperature, humidity, respiratory gases and egg turning—in an attempt to provide an interface between science, conservationists and aviculturists. The factors involved in the practical application of artificial incubation are illustrated by the use of a case study illustrating the practical aspects of conservation of the Madagascar pochard.
The role of citizen science in studies of avian reproduction
Authors: Cooper C.B. , Bailey R.L. , Leech D.I. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAmateur ornithologists, such as birdwatchers, nest monitors, and ringers, have been, and will continue to be, key resources for ornithological research. These so-called citizen scientists significantly advance research by contributing to widely distributed and local projects and museum collections. This chapter reviews studies and discoveries related to avian reproduction that were made possible by citizen scientists. The studies span the use of historic collections of nests and eggs, as well as nest monitoring schemes, with a focus on those by the British Trust for Ornithology and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Volunteer observations have contributed to our understanding of natural history, brood parasitism, nesting phenology, difficult-to-detect phenomena, geographic and temporal patterns in clutch size and productivity, behavioural ecology, breeding distributions, population modelling, frequency of breeding attempts, and post-fledging survival. The chapter concludes with issues related to new frontiers at the intersection of citizen science practice and avian reproduction.
Poisson Kernels and Green’s Representation Formula
Authors: Taheri Ali 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis chapter establishes Green’s representation formula and using it to arrive at Greens functions and Poisson kernels. Presenting explicit examples of Greens functions and Poisson kernels in specific geometries, e.g., an hp-ball and a half-space. It presents an introductory study of the Newtonian potential.
The Hilbert Transform on Lp(T) and Riesz’s Theorem
Authors: Taheri Ali 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis chapter introduces the conjugate or Hilbert transform on the circle and establishes its a.e. existence and Lp boundedness by three different methods. The chapter also includes an application of the latter to norm convergence of Fourier series in Lp via boundedness of Riesz projections.
Morrey and Campanatovs. Hardy and John-Nirenberg Spaces
Authors: Taheri Ali 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis chapter presents an analysis of decay rates of integral means of functions. It also provides an introduction of Morrey and Campanato spaces and their relation to Holder spaces. It also provides an introduction of John-Nirenberg space BMO and real Hardy spaces Hp The Hardy space H1 the div-curl lemma, some Hardy space techniques in PDEs and higher integrability of Jacobians.
Friends and ‘Anti-Fennelists’
Authors: Lee Lois 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the social side of ‘secularity’, demonstrating how non-religious engagements with religion structure social relations in positive and negative ways. It shows how people’s religious, spiritual, non-religious, and secularist knowledge and situated identities become visible when they recall social encounters. Building on the idea of everyday, banal non-religiosity, this chapter demonstrates the ways in which non-religious cultures are shared between people at certain moments and become part of the tacit knowledge that mediates their ongoing relationships. While participating in organized non-religious activity remains relatively marginal in the UK, non-religiosity therefore contributes to the ‘hidden solidarities’ of everyday social relations and friendship. These forms of solidarity are less visible than centralized and institutional ones, as are the cultural forms that mediate them, but they nevertheless structure daily lives.