bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic piezoelectric stimulation enhances osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells
Authors: Ribeiro Clarisse , Pärssinen Jenita , Sencadas Vítor , Correia Vítor , Miettinen S. , Hytönen Vesa P. , Lanceros‐Méndez Senentxu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis work reports on the influence of the substrate polarization of electroactive β‐poly(vinylidene fluoride) (β‐PVDF) on human adipose stem cells (hASCs) differentiation under static and dynamic conditions. hASCs were cultured on different β‐PVDF surfaces (non‐poled and “poled −”) adsorbed with fibronectin and osteogenic differentiation was determined using a quantitative alkaline phosphatase assay. “Poled −” β‐PVDF samples promote higher osteogenic differentiation, which is even higher under dynamic conditions. It is thus demonstrated that electroactive membranes can provide the necessary electromechanical stimuli for the differentiation of specific cells and therefore will support the design of suitable tissue engineering strategies, such as bone tissue engineering. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2172–2175, 2015.
Mechanical properties of the hyomandibula in four shark species
Authors: Balaban Jordan P. , Summers Adam P. , Wilga Cheryl A. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTSharks have cartilaginous elements that support the jaws and are subjected to variable loads. The aim of this study was to understand how these elements, the hyomandibulae, respond to compressive loads, and to describe the structural level mechanical properties of mineralized cartilage. Mechanical stiffness and effective Poisson's ratio of the hyomandibular cartilage were measured in four species of sharks (white‐spotted bamboo, Chiloscyllium plagiosum; spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias; sandbar, Carcharhinus plumbeus; and dusky smoothhound, Mustelus canis). The former two are suction feeders, while the latter two are bite feeders. The hyomandibulae of suction feeders were expected to be stiffer because of the increased loads on their hyomandibulae. Bamboo sharks, as the strongest suction feeders, have the stiffest hyomandibula with a stiffness of 106.12 MPa. The stiffness of spiny dogfish, sandbar sharks, and dusky smoothhounds were 41.58, 58.00, and 49.62 MPa, respectively. The proportion of the minerals found in the cross‐section of the hyomandibula determines the elements stiffness. Effective Poisson's ratio was measured at low axial strains and was highly variable ranging from 2.3 × 10−5 to 4.3 × 10−1. This implies that the behavior of the hyomandibulae under load will be very different in different species. Furthermore, this wide range of values for the ratio has potential implications for modeling techniques, such as finite element modeling, which use Poisson's ratio as a fundamental input. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 1–9, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SECURITY FOR ALL, DEVELOPMENT FOR SOME? THE INCORPORATION OF SECURITY IN UK'S DEVELOPMENT POLICY
Authors: McConnon Eamonn 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper builds on existing research on the merging of development and security following 9/11. Whilst much of the current literature focuses on the development policy of the US, this paper examines the UK. Investigating arguments that the UK's coordination of security and development policy is concerned with security at home rather than in the developing world, the policy discourse of UK's Department for International Development (DfID), Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence is examined through its major policy documents for the period from the late 1990s to 2011. Two levels of analysis are used: a content analysis and a discourse analysis. In addition, this research draws on interviews with key informants within the DfID. This paper argues that since 9/11 and the War on Terror, the UK has increasingly coordinated its foreign policy, development and security actors. As a result, the DfID has given progressively greater attention to issues of national security in its policy. This action is justified through a series of claims of common interest between actors across government and between the interests of developing countries and the UK. This merging of interests opens up space for development to be focused on ensuring UK's national security. Whilst drawing on a paradigm of broader security, this instead reverses the principal of human security where national security is now a development problem. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WHO WANTS TO GIVE FOREVER? GIVING MEANING TO SUSTAINABILITY IN DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Taylor Ben 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper argues strongly in favour of a re‐examination of the term ‘sustainability’ in international development research, policy and practice. It demonstrates that the term is understood pluralistically, being both environmental and economic. Within economic interpretations, this paper identifies three clear understandings of ‘sustainability’, which effect programme design and, ultimately, their impact on poverty significantly. The paper argues that the ramifications of this definition go far beyond semantics and have a significant impact on the development outcomes realised by programmes that incorporate the term. Having evaluated these conceptions, the paper argues for sustainability in development as being interventions that alter the causes of poverty so that the process through which change occurs is improved in an adaptive and permanent way,a permanent increase in adaptability. Evidence is drawn from a review of the literature and policy documentation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloud responses in the AMIP simulations of CMIP5 models in the southeastern Pacific marine subsidence region
Authors: Rapp Anita D. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe sensitivity of regimes dominated by low clouds has been identified as the largest contributor to uncertainties in tropical cloud feedback estimates in climate models. The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project simulations of the low cloud response to sea surface temperature (SST) are compared with satellite observations in the southeastern Pacific subsidence region. The model ensemble annual average cloud fraction is only about 10% lower than Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations; however, many models compensate by overestimating the cloud liquid water path (LWP), especially in areas typically associated with shallow cumulus. Analysis of the monthly distribution also shows that models have considerable difficulty in simulating the annual cycle in the cloud radiative effect (CRE), cloud fraction, and LWP likely due in part to underestimation of the strength of lower tropospheric stability and the depth of the boundary layer. The interannual sensitivity of CRE to SST agrees with observations in about half of the models, with the other half generally underestimating the cloud radiative forcing sensitivity. Model‐observational differences are driven by the varying interannual responses in cloud fraction and LWP. Most models, including those that capture the mean interannual sensitivity of CRE to SST, have lower sensitivity in cloud fraction that is compensated by oversensitivity in the cloud LWP, especially in areas of more frequent shallow cumulus. Results presented here also highlight the possibility of using the vertical gradient of moist static energy (MSE) to test the fidelity of a model's representation of clouds and cloud sensitivity. Models that reproduce the observed distribution of cloud fraction with the lower tropospheric MSE gradient not only show better regional distribution and annual cycle in clouds and radiative forcing, but also demonstrate cloud and radiative sensitivities to SST that are more well correlated with the observed cloud sensitivities.
Influence of cadmium and mycorrhizal fungi on the fatty acid profile of flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds
Authors: Kaplan Matthew E , Simmons Ellen R , Hawkins Jack C , Ruane Lauren G , Carney Jeffrey M 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe soil environment can affect not only the quantity of crops produced but also their nutritional quality. We examined the combined effects of below‐ground cadmium (0, 5, and 15 ppm) and mycorrhizal fungi (presence and absence) on the concentration of five major fatty acids within flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum).RESULTSPlants grown with mycorrhizal fungi produced seeds that contained higher concentrations of unsaturated (18:1, 18:2 and 18:3), but not saturated (16:0 and 18:0) fatty acids. The effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds were most pronounced when plant roots were exposed to 15 ppm Cd (i.e. the concentrations of 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 increased by 169%, 370% and 150%, respectively).CONCLUSIONSThe pronounced effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids at 15 ppm Cd may have been due to the presence of elevated levels of Cd within seeds. Our results suggest that, once the concentration of cadmium within seeds reaches a certain threshold, this heavy metal may improve the efficiency of enzymes that convert saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Contemporary assessment of the prevalence of smell and taste problems in adults
Authors: Bhattacharyya Neil , Kepnes Lynn J. 
Published: November 2014

Objectives/HypothesisDetermine the prevalence of smell disturbance and taste disturbance and associated factors in adults.Study DesignCross‐sectional analysis of nationwide household health survey.MethodsData from the taste and smell disorders component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011 to 2012 were examined. The prevalence of self‐reported problems with taste and/or smell among adults and the associated symptom frequency, related healthcare provider interactions, and symptoms/etiologies (e.g., persistent cold/flu, dry mouth, or head injury, etc.) were determined. Associations between sex and age with smell and taste disturbances as well as the relationship between smell and taste disturbances were determined.ResultsAmong 142.5 ± 12.6 million adult Americans (raw N = 3,594), there were an estimated 15.1 ± 2.1 million individuals (10.6% ± 1.0%) with self‐reported smell disturbance in the prior 12 months. Sex was not associated with the prevalence of self‐reported smell disturbance (P = 0.146), but increasing age was associated with an increasing prevalence of smell disturbance (odds ratio [OR] 1.147; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.003–1.312). An estimated 7.5 ± 0.6 million individuals (5.3% ± 0.3%) reporting a problem with taste in the prior 12 months. Sex was not associated with the prevalence of taste disturbance (P = 0.947) but increasing age was (OR 1.202; 1.037–1.395). Among 19.4 ± 2.2 million reporting smell and/or taste abnormality, 20.2% ± 2.3% discussed this with a healthcare provider and 5.8% ± 1.4% felt it interfered with their daily life.ConclusionA significant number of adult Americans report problems with smell disturbance and taste disturbance. Further work to identify patients whose smell or taste disturbance can be helped is warranted.Level of Evidence2b. Laryngoscope, 125:1102–1106, 2015
Stakeholder Perceptions of Landscape Changes in the Mediterranean Mountains of the North‐Eastern Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Vila Subirós Josep , Rodríguez‐Carreras Roser , Varga Diego , Ribas Anna , Úbeda Xavier , Asperó Francesc , Llausàs Albert , Outeiro Luís 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTo preserve agroforest landscapes, it is essential to understand the complex factors that have shaped them. Biophysical and socio‐economic factors need to be considered, and we must leverage the ever‐increasing human capacity to model landscapes and predict their responses to agricultural intensification and land abandonment. This paper presents the main conclusions of a study on stakeholder perceptions of landscape changes in two protected Mediterranean mountain areas in the Iberian Peninsula: Alta Garrotxa and Gavarres. First, we present the changes in land use and land covers that have occurred over the past half‐century. Then, we used in‐depth interviews to determine the social perceptions and assessments of the landscape changes. We identified two coexisting but opposing viewpoints based on anthropocentric and ecocentric interpretations. The results reveal the complexity and diversity of stakeholder assessments of current management models and illustrated the lack of consensus on land management priorities. Therefore, it is necessary to promote participative methods and incorporate environmental service assessment as key elements in the decision‐making processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monolithic silicon‐micromachined free‐space optical interferometers onchip
Authors: Sabry Yasser M. , Khalil Diaa , Bourouina Tarik 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe integration of microactuators within a silicon photonic chip gave rise to the field of optical micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) that was originally driven by the telecommunication market. Following the latter's bubble collapse in the beginning of the third millennium, new directions of research with considerable momentum appeared focusing on the realization and applications of miniaturized instrumentation in biology, chemistry, physics and materials science. At the heart of these applications light interferometry is a key optical phenomenon, in which miniaturized scanning interferometers are the manipulating optical devices. Monolithic free‐space optical interferometers realized on a silicon chip take advantage of the recent progress in the microfabrication technology that is enabling accurate control of the etching depth, the aspect ratio, the verticality and the curvature of the etched surfaces. The fabrication technology, the library of micro‐optical and mechanical components, the realized architectures and their characterization are described in detail in this review, followed by a discussion of the foreseen challenges.
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The Unusual Mechanical Evolution of Biodegradable Double Hydrogen Bonding Strengthened Hydrogels in Response to pH Change
Authors: Wang Pengyan , Zhang Yinyu , Cheng Lu , Liu Wenguang 
Published: November 2014

Conventionally, biodegradable hydrogels end up with quick disintegration and consequently fail to bear external loading after degradation. Here, a biocleavable high‐strength hydrogel prepared by copolymerization of 2‐vinyl‐4,6‐diamino‐1,3,5‐triazine (alkali active H‐bonding monomer), 3‐acrylamidophenylboronic acid (acid active H‐bonding monomer), oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, and crosslinker N,N′‐bis(acryloyl)cystamine is reported. The hydrogel is shown to be degraded after the disulfide bonds in the chemical crosslinkers are broken down in a reducible medium. Remarkably, the degraded hydrogel evolves into supramolecular network, which is strengthened by diaminotriazine–diaminotriazine and phenylboronic acid–phenylboronic acid dual H‐bonded physical crosslinks despite the loss of chemical crosslinking. It is demonstrated that over a broad pH range, the degraded hydrogels are able to retain macroscopic integrity and withstand high external loading due to the existence of at least one kind of hydrogen bonding crosslinking. This biodegradable double hydrogen bonding strengthened hydrogel may push forward the research on a new type of high‐strength hydrogels.
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Clinical spectrum of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Weintraub Daniel , David Anthony S. , Evans Andrew H. , Grant Jon E. , Stacy Mark 
Published: November 2014

AbstractImpulse control disorders (ICDs), including compulsive gambling, buying, sexual behavior, and eating, are a serious and increasingly recognized psychiatric complication in Parkinson's disease (PD). Other impulsive‐compulsive behaviors (ICBs) have been described in PD, including punding (stereotyped, repetitive, purposeless behaviors) and dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS; compulsive PD medication overuse). ICDs have been most closely related to the use of dopamine agonists (DAs), perhaps more so at higher doses; in contrast, DDS is primarily associated with shorter‐acting, higher‐potency dopaminergic medications, such as apomorphine and levodopa. Possible risk factors for ICDs include male sex, younger age and younger age at PD onset, a pre‐PD history of ICDs, and a personal or family history of substance abuse, bipolar disorder, or gambling problems. Given the paucity of treatment options and potentially serious consequences, it is critical for PD patients to be monitored closely for development of ICDs as part of routine clinical care. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
The phenotypic spectrum of progressive supranuclear palsy: A retrospective multicenter study of 100 definite cases
Authors: Respondek Gesine , Stamelou Maria , Kurz Carolin , Ferguson Leslie W. , Rajput Alexander , Chiu Wan Zheng , van Swieten John C. , Troakes Claire , al Sarraj Safa , Gelpi Ellen , Gaig Carles , Tolosa Eduardo , Oertel Wolfgang H. , Giese Armin , Roeber Sigrun , Arzberger Thomas , Wagenpfeil Stefan , Höglinger Günter U. ,   for the Movement Disorder Society—endorsed PSP Study Group
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe phenotypic variability of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) may account for its frequent misdiagnosis, in particular in early stages of the disease. However, large multicenter studies to define the frequency and natural history of PSP phenotypes are missing. In a cohort of 100 autopsy‐confirmed patients we studied the phenotypic spectrum of PSP by retrospective chart review. Patients were derived from five brain banks with expertise in neurodegenerative disorders with referrals from multiple academic hospitals. The clinical characteristics of the 100 cases showed remarkable heterogeneity. Most strikingly, only 24% of cases presented as Richardson's Syndrome (RS), and more than half of the cases either showed overlapping features of several predescribed phenotypes, or features not fitting proposed classification criteria for PSP phenotypes. Classification of patients according to predominant clinical features in the first 2 years of the disease course allowed a more comprehensive description of the phenotypic spectrum. These predominance types differed significantly with regard to survival time and frequency of cognitive deficits. In summary, the phenotypic spectrum of PSP may be broader and more variable than previously described in single‐center studies. Thus, too strict clinical criteria defining distinct phenotypes may not reflect this variability. A more pragmatic clinical approach using predominance types could potentially be more helpful in the early recognition of and for making prognostic predictions for these patients. Given the limitations arising from the retrospective nature of this analysis, a systematic validation in a prospective cohort study is imperative. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Connecting Classical QSAR and LERE Analyses Using Modern Molecular Calculations, LERE‐QSAR (VI): Hydrolysis of Substituted Hippuric Acid Phenyl Esters by Trypsin
Authors: Mashima Akira , Kurahashi Masahiro , Sasahara Katsunori , Yoshida Tatsusada , Chuman Hiroshi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe reaction mechanism of trypsin was studied by applying DFT and ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations to complexes of trypsin with a congeneric series of eight para‐substituted hippuric acid phenyl esters, for which a previous quantitative structureactivity relationship (QSAR) study revealed nice linearity of Hammett substitution constant σ− with logarithmic values of the MichaelisMenten and catalytic rate constants. Based on the LERE procedure, we performed QSAR analyses on each elementary reaction step during the acylation process. The present calculations showed that the rate‐determining step during the acylation process is the transition state (TS) between the enzymesubstrate complex (ES) and tetrahedral intermediate (TET), and that the proton transfer occurs from Ser195 to His57, not between His57 and Asp102. The LERE‐QSAR analysis statistically suggested that the variation of overall free‐energy changes leading to formation of TS is governed mostly by that of activation energies required to form TS from ES. In spite of a very limited number of congeneric ligands in the current work, it is critically essential to clarify and verify physicochemical meanings of a typical QSAR/Chemoinformatics parameter, Hammett σ− based on quantum chemical calculations on the proteinligand kinetics; how Hammett σ− behaves in terms of proteinligand interaction energies.
Adaptive h‐refinement for reduced‐order models
Authors: Carlberg Kevin 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThis work presents a method to adaptively refine reduced‐order models a posteriori without requiring additional full‐order‐model solves. The technique is analogous to mesh‐adaptive h‐refinement: it enriches the reduced‐basis space online by ‘splitting’ a given basis vector into several vectors with disjoint support. The splitting scheme is defined by a tree structure constructed offline via recursive k‐means clustering of the state variables using snapshot data. The method identifies the vectors to split online using a dual‐weighted‐residual approach that aims to reduce error in an output quantity of interest. The resulting method generates a hierarchy of subspaces online without requiring large‐scale operations or full‐order‐model solves. Further, it enables the reduced‐order model to satisfy any prescribed error tolerance regardless of its original fidelity, as a completely refined reduced‐order model is mathematically equivalent to the original full‐order model. Experiments on a parameterized inviscid Burgers equation highlight the ability of the method to capture phenomena (e.g., moving shocks) not contained in the span of the original reduced basis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age Estimation by Tympanic Bone Development in Foetal and Infant Skeletons
Authors: García‐Mancuso R. , Inda A. M. , Salceda S. A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article analyses age‐related changes in the development of the temporal bone in a sample of foetal and infant skeletons to contribute to the estimation of age by means of this skeletal element in bioarchaeological and forensic contexts. The sample was selected from a contemporary documented skeletal collection and is constituted by the temporal bones of individuals of both sexes (n = 37) with ages from 23 weeks of gestation up to 11 postnatal months. Different states of fusion of the tympanic ring and development of the tympanic plate were scored separately, and intra‐observer consistency was evaluated. Both documented chronological age and skeletal estimated age were examined in relation to successive stages of fusion and development in the pre‐ and postnatal periods. It was found that the state of fusion of the tympanic ring is especially useful in the discrimination of foetal and postnatal individuals, whereas the development of the tympanic plate is helpful in the differentiation of individuals from and below 3 postnatal months. Even though a certain degree of overlap between successive stages was observed, the fusion of the tympanic ring and the development of the tympanic plate constitute good indicators of age in foetal and infant skeletons. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.