bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugar Composition of Lipopolysaccharides of Family Vibrionaceae
Authors: Hisatsune Kazuhito , Kondo Seiichi , Igughi Takehiro , Machida Masaaki , Asou Shinobu , Inaguma Makoto , Yamamoto Fumihiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA comparative study was carried out on the sugar composition of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from representative strains of members of the family Vibrionaceae including all of the constituting genera, i.e., Vibrio, Aeromonas, Photobacterium, Plesiomonas, and Lucibacterium. More than 100 strains were examined. It was found that, with the exception of Vibrio parahaemolyticus 06, 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctonate (KDO), known generally as a component sugar in the core region of usual gram‐negative bacterial LPS, is virtually absent from LPS of the Vibrionaceae strains so far examined. Furthermore, mannose was also lacking in LPS of Vibrionaceae strains with the exception of only one strain, A. anaerogenes (ATCC 15467). Instead, some KDO‐like substances were found in LPS from Vibrio (“Beneckea”) nereida (ATCC 25917) and Plesiomonas shigelloides including the type strain (ATCC 14029), the same as those found in LPS from V. parahaemolyticus O7 and O12, and three strains of V. alginolyticus. These substances were strongly positive in the periodate‐thiobarbituric acid test, yielding a color with maximum absorption at 549 nm. The spectra were identical to that of KDO, whereas substances differed from KDO at least in behavior in high‐voltage paper electrophoresis and thin‐layer chromatography.A particularly interesting feature from the chemotaxonomical point of view was found in the sugar composition of LPS isolated from V. cholerae. Fructose was present exclusively in LPS of V. cholerae (both O1 and non‐O1 groups and classical and eltor biotypes) with the exception of one strain of Photobacterium phosphoreum (NCMB 844). In addition, a pair of rarely occurring amino sugars, perosamine and quinovosamine, was found in LPS from O1 group V. cholerae regardless of either the biotype (classical or eltor) or the serotype (Inaba or Ogawa), whereas this pair was not present in non‐O1 group V. cholerae (the so‐called NAG vibrios). This feature was confirmed with LPS from more than 30 additional strains of O1 group V. cholerae isolated from patients.The virtual absence of KDO in LPS of the family Vibrionaceae was demonstrated for the first time in this study. These results are compatible with the interpretation that the absence of KDO in LPS can be used as one of the taxonomical characteristics of Vibrionaceae in addition to (G+C) content, DNA (or RNA) homology, and numerical analysis data.
An Epidemiological Study of Serratia marcescens Infections by Bacteriocin Typing
Authors: Nasu Masaru , Goto Jun , Goto Ikuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBacteriocin sensitivity typing according to the method of Traub (Appl. Microbiol. 1971. 21: 837–840) was carried out on 226 clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens obtained from inpatients at Nagasaki University Hospital during the period from January 1976 to December 1978. The isolates were divided into 16 different bacteriocin types, mainly 26, 4, and 9. The distribution of the types suggests that Serratia marcescens infections may be caused by cross infection. Reproducibility of bacteriocin typing and the relationship between serotypes (O‐antigen) and bacteriocin types are discussed in regard to the application of this method to the study of nosocomial infections.
Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity to Hen Egg‐White Lysozyme: I. The Surface Phenotypes of Suppressor T Cells Induced by Intravenous Injection of Lysozyme‐Modified Spleen Cells, and Their Moleculor Interactions
Authors: Okuda Kenji , Ishii Norihisa , Ikezawa Zenroh , Takahashi Toyozoh , Arai Katsuji , Tadokoro Ichiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSuppressor T cells (Ts) induced by lysozyme‐modified syngeneic lymphocytes were characterized. Hen egg‐white lysozyme (HEL)‐specific delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) was suppressed when HEL‐induced Ts were transferred into naive mice. These HEL‐induced Ts had surface markers of both Thy‐1 antigen, and I‐J gene products. The suppression of HEL‐specific DTH was greatly increased, when these Ts had been enriched with HEL‐coated petri dishes.Isolated anti‐HEL antibodies from BIO.BR or A/Sn mice were inoculated into rabbits to induce anti‐cross‐reactive idiotype (CRI) antibodies. The rabbit antisera were extensively absorbed with normal B10.BR or A/Sn immunoglobulins (Igs) and MOPC 104E ascites Igs to render them idiotype (Id) specific. Using these anti‐CRI antibodies, we observed that these Ts possessed Id receptors on their cell surface. Results of both fluorescence techniques and cytotoxicity tests revealed that about 10% of the enriched T cells containing these Ts were Id positive. Moreover, these enriched T cells were substantially killed by anti‐I‐J antiserum plus complement. However, this killing was completely blocked by HEL antigen. These results suggest that both Id receptors and I‐J gene products might be forming the same molecular complexes or might coexist in the vicinity of the molecule.
Mitogenic Effect of the Mannans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Mouse Spleen Lymphocytes
Authors: Mikami Takeshi , Nagase Toshihiko , Matsumoto Tatsuji , Suzuki Masuko , Suzuki Shigeo , Kumano Nobuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe DNA synthetic activities of mannans isolated from two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were examined in vitro using spleen cells obtained from normal or nude BALB/c strain mice. A highly branched mannan isolated from the S. cerevisiae wild type strain induced a greater increase in mitogenic activity than those displayed by the mannan of the S. cerevisiae X2180–1A‐5 mutant strain which possessed fewer branching moieties. Acid‐hydrolyzed wild type strain mannan with two‐thirds of the molecular weight of the parent intact mannan showed weak mitogenicity.Increases in the DNA synthetic activities of nude and normal spleen cells were almost the same as that of wild type strain mannan, while nylon wool column‐passed spleen cells obtained from both normal and nude mice did not show mitogenicity with this mannan. The results indicated that the mitogenic activity was responsible for the highly branched structure of the wild type strain mannan, and that this mannan is a B‐cell mitogen.
Effect of Clindamycin on Cytotoxin Production by Clostridium difficile
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Mikawa Masato , Tanabe Naomi , Yamakawa Kiyotaka , Nishida Shoki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA total of 80 strains of Clostridium difficile, 33 toxigenic and 11 nontoxigenic clindamycin (CLDM)‐sensitive (MIC less than 12.5 μg/ml), and 23 toxigenic and 13 nontoxigenic CLDM‐resistant (MIC 200 to 6,400 μg/ml) were tested for cytotoxin production in the presence of CLDM. None of the 24 nontoxigenic strains produced cytotoxin regardless of the presence of CLDM and only six out of the 56 toxigenic strains showed 16‐ to 64‐fold higher levels of cytotoxic activity in the presence of CLDM at the concentrations of 1/2 to 1/32 of the MIC than in the absence of CLDM; all of the six strains were CLDM sensitive. Further studies revealed that addition of CLDM to the culture caused enhanced cytotoxin synthesis, and that the maximum production of cytotoxin was obtained when CLDM was added to the medium at the time of inoculation or of the ensuing early logarithmic phase. Also, the influence of other antibiotics on the effect of CLDM was examined. Addition of metronidazole, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, cephaloridine, or penicillin, which induced cytotoxin to medium containing CLDM did not increase the effect of CLDM any further. Addition of CLDM to medium containing tetracycline, which inhibited cytotoxin production, induced cytotoxin production but not fully.
Interferon Production Potentials of Various Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Authors: Matsuyama Masako , Sairenji Takeshi , Yonemura Kensuke , Hinuma Yorio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA number of human lymphoblastoid cells were examined concerning their ability to produce spontaneously liberated and virus‐induced interferon (IFN). It was found that, in addition to B cells, various T and nonT‐nonB lymphoblastoid cells responded well to Sendai virus infection to form IFN, the characterization of which has been recently reported (20). One B lymphoblastoid cell line from an infectious mononucleosis (IM) patient produced a large amount of IFN‐α and might become an alternative source of IFN production.Among 68 cell lines examined, 35 cell lines liberated 10 U/ml or more of IFN spontaneously in culture fluid. The presence of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) genome or its activation appears to have no correlation with the spontaneous liberation of IFN. Spontaneously produced IFN from three cell lines was characterized as IFN‐α. Comparatively higher amounts of IFN were produced in cells from IM patients than those from Burkitt's lymphoma cases or healthy adults. Spontaneously produced IFN was detected more easily in cells transformed by EBV alone than in those transformed by EBV and a tumor promoter, TPA.
Gaschromatography of Constitutive Fatty Acids in Mycobacterium leprae
Authors: Kusaka Takashi , Izumi Shinzo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA constitutive saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid pattern of Mycobacterium leprae, isolated from the liver of a nine‐banded armadillo with experimental leprosy, was analyzed gaschromatographically and compared with that of cultured M. lepraemurium, M. avium, M. bovis, strain BCG and M. smegmatis. In comparing the fatty acid pattern thus obtained and the known structure of mycolic acids in these mycobacteria, an experiential rule that each species of mycobacteria has a relatively high content of normal (straight‐chained) saturated fatty acid having two more carbons than those of the α‐branch in this species' mycolic acids, coincided well for all mycobacteria tested. In particular, M. leprae was found to contain a relatively high content of behenic acid (n‐C22:0) and the carbon‐number of the α‐branch in this species' mycolic acids is 20 as we previously reported. These data suggested the possibility of simple detection of M. leprae by gaschromatography, and results sustaining this possibility were obtained.
Characterization of Small Plaque Mutants of Mouse Hepatitis Virus, JHM Strain
Authors: Makino Shinji , Taguchi Fumihiro , Hayami Masanori , Fujiwara Kosaku 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo small plaque mutants designated as 1a and 2c were isolated from DBT cells persistently infected with the JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus. Unlike the wild type JHM, these two mutant viruses grew more slowly with no prominent cell fusion. The buoyant densities of the mutants were slightly lower and 2c was revealed to have fewer peplomers than JHM by electron microscopy. The purified JHM contained five polypeptides with molecular weights (M.W.) of 260,000, 105,000 (GP105), 65,000, 60,000 (P60), and 23,000 (GP23). In addition to two polypeptides, P60 and GP23, which were common to JHM and the mutants, 1a was found to contain three other specific polypeptides with M.W. of 180,000 (GP160), 110,000, and 95,000 (GP95), while 2c had GP180, GP105, GP95, and one with a M.W. of 175,000. All of these polypeptides were shown to be glycosylated except for P60. After bromelain treatment, all these viruses lost the peplomers and contained P60 and another new 18,000 dalton polypeptide.
Drug Resistance and R Plasmids in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Broilers
Authors: Kanai Hisashi , Hashimoto Hajime , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn 1978, 1,021 Escherichia coli strains were isolated from 105 field broilers (F) and 1,058 strains from 106 broilers in a zootechnical experiment station (Z), and their drug‐resistance patterns and the presence of conjugative R plasmids were compared. The resistance markers examined were tetracycline (TC), chloramphenicol (CM), streptomycin (SM), sulfonamides (SA), kanamycin (KM), and ampicillin (APC). The populations of individuals that excreted resistant strains were 100% in F and 58% in Z. Frequencies of isolation of drug‐resistant strains among the total isolates were 93% in F and 36% in Z, indicating that the resistant strains are a rather high proportion of the intestinal flora in F but are slightly less prevalent in Z. The resistance pattern to (TC.SM.SA.KM) was seen at the highest frequency in both groups. Conjugative R plasmids were demonstrated more frequently in field broilers (F). The results reflect the wide use of antibiotics in the livestock industry, resulting in the appearance of drug‐resistant strains mostly due to the presence of R plasmids.
Two Active Forms of Valyl‐tRNA Synthetase from Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Ohyama Kunio , Kaneko Ichiro , Yamakawa Toshio , Ohkuma Seiichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo enzymatically active forms, E‐I and E‐II, of valyl‐tRNA synthetase [EC 6.1.1.9] from cells at various stages in the life cycle of Bacillus subtilis 168 LTT, germinated cells, vegetative cells (t−0.5), sporulating cells (t0, t1, t3, and t4), forespores and mature spores, were analyzed by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The E‐II activity was detected in the main fraction of valyl‐tRNA synthetase during the life cycle of B. subtilis 168 LTT. The high activity of E‐II at t0 decreased rapidly in the stationary and sporulating phases. On the other hand, the E‐I activity increased in the early sporulating stage and was about twofold higher at t3 than at t0. After t3, this activity also decreased rapidly and was not detected in forespores and mature spores. The relative amount of E‐I at t0 was 3.4% of the total valyl‐tRNA synthetase activity eluted from the hydroxyapatite column, 12.9% at t1 and 29.2% at t3, but it was less than 10% at t4 and in germinated cells. The alteration in E‐I and E‐II activities was also observed in cells of B. subtilis NIG 1121 (spo+), W23 and 168W, but not in any asporogenous mutant strain studied. These results show that the alteration in the valyl‐tRNA synthetase activity appears only during the early stages of sporulation and is closely related to the sporulation of B. subtilis.
Mode of Protection of Mice against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection by Propionibacterium
Authors: Ohashi Masami , Amagai Takashi , Ushijima Tsutomu , Imanishi Jiro , Kishida Tsunataro , Ozaki Yoshikatsu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe compared various strains of Propionibacterium with regard to protection of young adult mice against lethal infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2). Propionibacterium acnes, P. granulosum, and P. avidum were protective, while P. acidi‐propionici and P. lymphophilum were ineffective. The protective effect proved to be in the cell wall fraction. Attempts were made to elucidate possible mechanisms of the protection using both effective and ineffective strains. The results strongly suggest that induction of interferon rather than activation of macrophages and natural killer cells by Propionibacterium pretreatment plays a crucial role, directly or indirectly, in protection against infection by herpes simplex virus. Propionibacterium only moderately protected newborn mice against HSV‐2 infection.
New β‐Lactamase‐Resistant Cephem Treatment of Guinea Pigs Infected with Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Toro Julio , Sawatari Katsuhiko , Kanda Tetsuro , Saito Atsushi , Hara Kohei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe in vivo antimicrobial effect of seven new β‐lactamase‐resistant cephems (cefotaxime, latamoxef, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotiam, cefbuperazone, and MT‐141) on Legionella pneumophila (strain 81–066, serogroup IV) in guinea pigs was compared with that of erythromycin. As the minimal LD100 within one week was about 4.0 × 109 CFU/ml by intraperitoneal injection of the strain, the animals were inoculated with 2.0 ml of twofold dilutions of a suspension of this bacterium. The animals developed purulent peritonitis and systemic involvement demonstrated by the development of periangitis, pneumonia and pleuritis in the lungs. Three different doses of antibiotics were administered intraperitoneally immediately after the rectal temperature reached more than 40 C. Erythromycin had a significant therapeutic effect but none of the new cephems tested death of the infected guinea pigs.
Purification and Characterization of β‐Glucuronidase Inhibitor from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Kiyotani Katsuhiro , Tasaka Hiromichi , Matsuo Yoshiyasu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFactors inhibitory to β‐glucuronidase were found in the culture filtrate and in a bacillary extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv grown for 6 weeks on Sauton medium. The inhibitors were purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, treatment with n‐butanol and streptomycin, and chromatography on DEAE‐Sepharose CL‐6B. Two inhibitors were obtained from the culture filtrate. The molecular weights were estimated to be 25,500 and 15,500 by gel filtration on a Sephadex G‐75 column. Three inhibitors were purified from the bacillary extract, two of which were similar to those from the culture filtrate. The molecular weight of the third inhibitor was 21,000. However, the molecular weight of all the denatured inhibitors was 8,600 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.The inhibitors contained extremely high amounts of glutamic and aspartic acids and had a highly acidic isoelectric point of pH 2.5. The inhibitors acted noncompetitively against β‐glucuronidase of guinea pig origin at an optimal pH 4.5. β‐Glucuronidases from human peripheral leukocytes and beef liver were partially sensitive to the inhibitors; all the other enzymes tested for sensitivity were unaffected by the inhibitors.
Muramyl Peptides as Possible Endogenous Immunopharmacological Mediators
Authors: Chedid Louis 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSynthetic N‐acetylmuramyl‐L‐alanyl‐d‐isoglutamine, also called MDP for muramyl dipeptide, is a copy of a fragment of bacterial peptidoglycan. Soon after the recognition of MDP as being the minimal subunit responsible for the activity of Freund's complete adjuvant, a great number of derivatives were synthesized. Because of their very low molecular weight it was hoped that they could retain selectively certain of the numerous effects produced by complex bacterial agents. Evidence was gathered showing MDP's direct effect on lymphocytes and on macrophages. The ensuing studies reviewed that MDP and several of its derivatives have marked immunopharmacological and neuropharmacological activities. Thus, besides being adjuvants, they are capable of producing hyperthermia by acting directly on thermoregulation centers or by inducing in vivo and in vitro endogenous pyrogens (EP). More recently, Krueger et al have shown that slow‐wave sleep (SWS) factor was a muramyl peptide of a molecular weight close to 1,000 daltons. They have also shown that MDP and several of its synthetic analogs had a somnogenic activity.It has previously been hypothesized that several of the immunological activities of the muramyl peptides could be due to biological mimicry with endogenous products. Recent observations argue in favor of the presence of an MDP bacterial structure in mammalian mediators which increase slow‐wave sleep and/or produce fever. The implications of these findings will be discussed.
Induction of L‐Phase Variant from Protoplast of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Makino Toshikazu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProtoplasts of Staphylococcus aureus 209P and Cowan 1 were induced by treatment with lysostaphin. These protoplasts were sensitive to detergent, a low concentration of sodium chloride and low temperature.Almost all protoplast cells spread on CLYS agar medium (casein hydrolysate, yeast extract, Na‐lactate, and NaCl) formed typical L‐form colonies. Horse serum (0.25%) and Mg2+ (109 mm) are essential factors for formation of the L‐form colonies of 209P. In the case of Cowan 1, Mg2+ was not required.The active factor(s) in horse serum was heat‐resistant and protein in nature.
Incomplete Growth of Varicella‐Zoster Virus in Human Monocytes
Authors: Baba Masanori , Shigeta Shiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractInfection of human peripheral blood monocytes by varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) was investigated. When freshly isolated monocytes of young adult volunteers were infected with cell‐free VZV and examined by indirect immunofluorescence, specific antigens appeared at 8 hr and the number of antigen‐positive cells reached the maximum between 24 and 48 hr postinfection. The proportion of antigen‐positive cells to total cells was similar to that of the permissive control (HeLa cells), while very few infectious centers (IC) of monocytes were formed in comparison with the infected control cells. Monocytes isolated from infants and old persons formed a larger number of IC than those of young adults. Electron microscopic study of VZV‐infected monocytes from three young adult volunteers demonstrated that the proportion of VZV particle‐positive cells to total cells was similar to that of antigen‐positive cells, and most of the particles seen in the nuclei were low in density and lacked a central core. These results suggest that the growth of VZV in human adult monocytes is incomplete. This restriction of VZV growth by monocytes may play an important role in defense against VZV infection.
Serogrouping of Rhodococcus equi
Authors: Nakazawa Muneo , Kubo Masanori , Sugimoto Chihiro , Isayama Yasuro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe serological relationships among 27 isolates of Rhodococcus equi selected from a total of 1,195 isolates were investigated by cross‐agglutination and absorption tests. The presence of capsular material was demonstrated in all the 27 isolates by electron microscopic observation. Antisera were prepared by employing formalized antigen of each isolate. In the cross‐agglutination test with formalized antigen, 13 antisera reacted with homologous antigens alone, but the remaining 14 antisera reacted not only with homologous antigens but also with one to four heterologous antigens. When these 14 antisera possessing heterologous agglutinins were absorbed with each of the cross‐reacting antigens, 14 specific antisera were obtained. The cross‐agglutination test with these 27 antisera proved the 27 strains examined to be serologically distinct from one another. These strains were designated serogroups 1 to 27. Thus the same number of grouping antisera were prepared.The distribution of each serogroup among the 1,195 isolates and 15 reference strains was investigated by the slide agglutination test. All the strains were found to be groupable. Most of them belonged to serogroups 1 to 4, 7 to 9, 11, 14, and 15. Of the serogroups designated, 4, 16, 2, 12, 21, 1, and 9 were identical with Prescott's serovars 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively.