bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skipjack roe protein hydrolysate combined with tannic acid increases the stability of fish oil upon microencapsulation
Authors: Intarasirisawat Rossawan , Benjakul Soottawat , Vissessanguan Wonnop , Maqsood Sajid , Osako Kazufumi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMicroencapsulation of fish oil was achieved by spray drying the micro‐emulsion, in which skipjack roe protein hydrolysate (SRPH: degree of hydrolysis, 5%) was used as the wall material in the absence or presence of tannic acid (TA) or oxidized tannic acid (OTA). Microcapsule using SRPH had a lower encapsulation efficiency (EE) than those having sodium caseinate‐whey protein concentrate (Ca‐WPC) as the wall materials (p < 0.05). The incorporation of TA or OTA in combination with SRPH yielded spherical encapsulated fish oil with higher EE but lower particle size (p < 0.05) than achieved with SRPH alone. Furthermore, the addition of TA retarded lipid oxidation of microcapsule more effectively as indicated by lower peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value during storage at 30°C for 4 weeks, compared with those using only SRPH (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, OTA in conjunction with SRPH yielded the higher EE than TA. Therefore, SRPH could serve as an alternative wall material for microencapsulation of fish oil, especially with the aid of TA or OTA.Practical application: SRPH having 5% DH in the presence of TA as wall materials could be alternatively used to encapsulate fish oil. The use of SRPH‐TA could improve EE and oxidative stability of the obtained fish oil microcapsule. The fish oil microcapsule prepared using SRPH and TA could be incorporated in food products for increasing nutritive value. Additionally, the utilization of skipjack roe, which is a by‐product of the tuna canning industry, can be maximized.Scanning electron micrographs of fish oil microencapsules prepared using different wall materials. SRPH: Skipjack roe protein hydrolysate, TA: Tannic acid, OTA: Oxidized tannic acid, Ca‐WPC: Sodium caseinate‐whey protein concentrate. Magnification at 3,000×.
Functional monoesters of jojoba oil can be produced by enzymatic interesterification: Reaction analysis and structural characterization
Authors: Lei Qiong , Li Tianhu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLong‐chain monounsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters (LMFAEE) and fatty alcohol acetates (LMFAA) are important functional compounds in industry, and new sources are needed. In this study, jojoba oil was interesterified with ethyl acetate (EA) for the combined production of LMFAEE and LMFAA. Lipozyme RM IM and Novozym 435 were employed as the biocatalyst and their efficiencies were compared. Aliquot removal and subsequent 1H NMR analysis were used to monitor reaction progress and determine the interesterification yield (IY, %). Optimization of this reaction was conducted for both lipases with respect to four experimental parameters: temperature, EA content, immobilized lipase load, and reaction time. The highest IY in the presence of Novozym 435 was 97%, which was achieved after 9 hours of reaction at 37°C with 75 wt% EA and 5.00 wt% lipase load at 300 rpm, whereas the IY was 76% in the case of Lipozyme RM IM. The interesterified product was purified by preparative TLC and characterized by 1H NMR, FT‐IR and GC‐MS, indicating the main components are ethyl cis‐11‐eicosenoate (44%), cis‐11‐eicosenyl acetate (25%) and cis‐13‐docosenyl acetate (22%). Novozym 435 exhibited excellent operational stability over 17 interesterification cycles with ca. 12% IY decrease.Practical applications: Conversion of the rare LMF‐acid/alcohol source from jojoba oil to LMFAEE and LMFAA was realized in a one step interesterification reaction. The obtained jojobyl LMFAEE and LMFAA, in mixture or purified form, can serve as functional ingredients in various upmarket products, such as functional lipids, fragrances, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and lubricants. Cis‐11‐eicosenyl acetate and cis‐13‐docosenyl acetate are also important insect pheromones in biological study. Additionally, the lipase reuse can help reduce cost significantly, making jojoba oil more economically attractive for industrial application.Jojoba oil was converted to long‐chain monounsaturated fatty acid ethyl ester (LMFAEE) and fatty alcohol acetate (LMFAA) via enzymatic interesterification with ethyl acetate. The resulting jojobyl LMFAEE and LMFAA have great potential for various upmarket applications in both industry and academia (e.g., fragrance, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and insect pheromone).
A Primer on Needs Assessment: More Than 40 Years of Research and Practice
Authors: Altschuld James W. , Watkins Ryan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis chapter consists of an overview of needs assessment's rich history, definitions, models, tools, and techniques. These closely align its theory, research, and practice to several associated fields—most notably strategic planning and evaluation. The highlights of the content include a comparison to—and differentiation from—evaluation, a brief timeline of the recent history of the field, the notable emergence of hybrid assessment and asset/capacity building approaches, some discussion of opposition to needs assessment, and a description of two prominent models that guide what assessors do. The summary captures the dynamic nature of the enterprise and how it is evolving.
Needs Assessments in the Private Sector
Authors: Wedman John 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWhile needs assessments are clearly embedded in education and social programs, assessments are also a long‐standing tradition in business and industry. A needs assessment is conducted to enhance organizational development and improve individual and group performance. This chapter includes a short history of needs assessment in the private sector context and brief examples of its use in identifying solutions that will improve performance and business results. Wedman's Performance Pyramid is used as the framework for examining selected examples. The chapter closes with discussions of how to “sell” the needs assessment and performance improvement process, and how needs assessment and evaluation are linked.
Needs Assessments to Determine Training Requirements
Authors: Lepicki Traci , Boggs Adrienne 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis chapter gives the reader a close look at what a workforce development needs assessment might entail, as well as the twists and turns that are inevitably encountered in almost any assessment of this type. The authors describe a case example in the context of direct service providers (home healthcare personnel, nursing assistants, and so forth) and a complex needs assessment project in this area that employed a three‐phase model of needs assessment. They note that the phases, which seem distinct on paper, blur and overlap in practice so that rigid adherence to them must be tempered by what the real world imposes on the situation. In the last part of the chapter the role and stance of those collecting and analyzing needs data are examined, as well as lessons learned from having to make various adjustments to the assessment process as it moves forward.
Needs Assessment and Asset/Capacity Building: A Promising Development in Practice
Authors: Altschuld James W. , Hung Hsin‐Ling (Sonya) , Lee Yi‐Fang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFrom time to time there have been sharp and barbed criticisms of needs assessment—for example, starting from a deficit perspective (a potentially negative view based on problems and issues) as opposed to an asset‐based perspective (a more positive view based on strengths and resources). In the last 10–15 years, this has led to a hybrid model of asset/capacity building and needs assessment that is increasingly noticeable in community improvement, public safety, health, and other similar projects. Needs assessment and asset/capacity building are compared and contrasted in this chapter as a premise for synthesizing the new hybrid approach. The steps necessary for making the hybrid come to life are explained in some detail, as well as a few methods that might be used in implementing it. Two current examples of hybrid studies are analyzed, followed by implications of and issues inherent in following this new course of action.
IOFI guidelines for the isolation of flavouring substances by simultaneous distillation‐extraction
Authors: Cachet T. , Brevard H. , Cantergiani E. , Chaintreau A. , Demyttenaere J. , French L. , Gassenmeier K. , Joulain D. , Koenig T. , Leijs H. , Liddle P. , Loesing G. , Marchant M. , Saito K. , Scanlan F. , Schippa C. , Scotti A. , Sekiya F. , Sherlock A. , Smith T. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTSimultaneous distillation‐extraction (SDE) combines, in a single step, hydro‐distillation of volatiles from a sample with continuous solvent extraction of the solutes dissolved in the aqueous distillate. The solvent extract containing the isolated flavour volatiles can be subsequently analysed by gas chromatography. The technique is applicable to compounds possessing a wide range of volatility, but it is suitable neither for compounds of low volatility (e.g. vanillin), nor for highly volatile materials (e.g. methanethiol). The present guidelines concern the isolation of flavouring substances by simultaneous distillation‐extraction (SDE), based on the experience of the authors in laboratories of the flavour industry. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for late dysphagia after (chemo)radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: A systematic methodological review
Authors: Jiang Nan , Zhang Li‐Juan , Li Li‐Ya , Zhao Yue , Eisele David W. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe purpose of this systematic review was to identify the risk factors for late dysphagia in patients with head and neck cancer after (chemo)radiotherapy.MethodsThe review was performed using search strategies, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase databases. The effects of studies were combined with the study quality score using a best‐evidence synthesis model.ResultsTwenty observational studies were evaluated. According to the best‐evidence synthesis criteria, there were 2 strong‐evidence risk factors for late dysphagia, including the use of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and the presence of hypopharyngeal carcinoma. We also identified 8 moderate‐evidence, 17 limited‐evidence, and 1 conflicting‐evidence risk factors.ConclusionAlthough there is no conclusive evidence for dysphagia in patients with head and neck cancer after (chemo)radiotherapy, these data provide evidence to guide clinicians in patients who will have late dysphagia and to choose an optimal prophylactic strategy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 792–800, 2016
Normalcy of food intake in patients with head and neck cancer supported by combined dietary counseling and swallowing therapy: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: van den Berg Manon G. A. , Kalf Johanna G. , Hendriks Jan C. M. , Takes Robert P. , van Herpen Carla M. L. , Wanten Geert J. A. , Drenth Joost P. H. , Kaanders Johannes H. A. M. , Merkx Matthias A. W. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundDysphagia resulting in altered food intake is common among patients with head and neck cancer. This randomized trial investigated the effect of combined individual dietary counseling with individualized swallowing therapy (intervention) compared to individual dietary counseling (control) on normalcy of food intake (NFI).MethodsPatients with stage II to IV head and neck cancer treated with postoperative (chemo)radiation were randomly assigned to this study. NFI, dysphagia severity, social eating, and nutritional status were measured at the start of treatment and in weeks 6, 10, 18, and 30.ResultsOne hundred twenty patients, 60 in each group, were recruited. No overall estimated difference was detected for NFI, dysphagia severity, social eating, or nutritional status. At week 10, the intervention group slightly improved dysphagia recovery 0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.1–1.1). This difference diminished by week 30.ConclusionAdding individualized swallowing therapy to individual dietary counseling did not improve NFI but slightly accelerate swallowing recovery. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E198–E206, 2016
An Assessment for Hydraulically Efficient Design of Uniformly Sloping Submain Lines
Authors: Yildirim Gürol 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDetermining the actual pressure head profiles along the submain lines with a uniform slope is very important for proper hydraulic design of water distribution systems. In practice, there are three general pressure head profiles (Type I, Type II, and Type III) along submain lines depending on different uniform line slope situations. Of all types of pressure profiles, the Type IIb profile is considered the optimal (or ideal) pressure profile which can produce the minimum pressure head difference for a given pipe length. This profile occurs when the total energy loss by friction is just balanced by the total energy gain due to uniform downslope. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis based on the energy–gradient ratio (EGR) approach to identify the optimal (or ideal) pressure profile (Type IIb), to achieve the minimal point of the relative maximum pressure variation, ΦH, which can be defined as the ratio of the maximum allowable pressure head difference (∆Hmax) to the total friction drop (hf(L)). This minimal point is regarded as 'the most efficient pressure profile' or 'ideal hydraulic design' in the existing literature. For this purpose, an illustrative figure (Figure 4) was developed to compare values of the relative maximum pressure variation versus the dimensionless EGR (KS = S0/Sf) for all types of pressure profiles. In this figure, the present ϕH curve versus KS values allows the design engineer to make a decision for the best alternative for selecting the KS value, where for a given pipe slope (S0) the KS value can be selected to meet the minimum pressure variation [KS =1, (ϕH)min =0.36] or the range of pressure variation as close to the minimum point as possible. The present design technique may provide a useful decision support tool for achieving a good design solution among hydraulically possible alternatives with minimal pressure head difference, and results in a higher level of water application uniformity along the multi‐outlet pipeline system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Nooks to Hook Reluctant Readers
Authors: Dierking Rebecca 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article presents the findings of a two‐year qualitative study of electronic reading device use with high school sophomores, most of whom self‐identified as reluctant or struggling readers. Electronic readers were used primarily in one weekly fifty‐minute class period, during silent sustained reading, wherein students chose freely their texts. The author‐researcher identifies five qualities of using electronic readers that appeared to help keep students engaged with reading: convenience, novelty, escape, privacy, and flow.
Web‐Mediated Knowledge Synthesis for Educators
Authors: DeSchryver Michael 
Published: December 2014

AbstractUbiquitous and instant access to information on the Web is challenging what constitutes 21st century literacies. This article explores the notion of Web‐mediated knowledge synthesis, an approach to integrating Web‐based learning that may result in generative synthesis of ideas. This article describes the skills and strategies that may support learning in this way, including: (1) divergent keyword search phrases; (2) synthesis for meaning; (3) in‐the‐moment insights; (4) repurposing; (5) reinforcement; and, (6) note‐taking. Several suggestions for how to begin scaffolding these processes are also provided, based on examples from in‐service teachers during a master's level educational technology course.
Who's Using the Language? Supporting Middle School Students With Content Area Academic Language
Authors: Townsend Dianna 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis mixed‐methods study examines middle school students’ academic language development in the context of a year‐long professional development project titled, Developing Content Area Academic Language (DCAAL). The purpose of DCAAL was to partner middle school teachers (n = 8) with a team of university researchers to explore how to integrate academic language support into content area lessons. Research questions and data sources examine both teachers’ practice and student gains. Students (n = 303) made significant gains in their academic language knowledge. Furthermore, students who had more than one teacher participating in the project made greater gains, suggesting that students’ gains could be attributed at least in part to the professional development. We share research findings as well as specific strategies and approaches that were developed in the context of DCAAL.
Anaerobic oxidation of methane: an “active” microbial process
Authors: Cui Mengmeng , Ma Anzhou , Qi Hongyan , Zhuang Xuliang , Zhuang Guoqiang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is an important sink of methane that plays a significant role in global warming. AOM was first found to be coupled with sulfate reduction and mediated by anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB). ANME, often forming consortia with SRB, are phylogenetically related to methanogenic archaea. ANME‐1 is even able to produce methane. Subsequently, it has been found that AOM can also be coupled with denitrification. The known microbes responsible for this process are Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera (M. oxyfera) and Candidatus Methanoperedens nitroreducens (M. nitroreducens). Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera belongs to the NC10 bacteria, can catalyze nitrite reduction through an “intra‐aerobic” pathway, and may catalyze AOM through an aerobic methane oxidation pathway. However, M. nitroreducens, which is affiliated with ANME‐2d archaea, may be able to catalyze AOM through the reverse methanogenesis pathway. Moreover, manganese (Mn4+) and iron (Fe3+) can also be used as electron acceptors of AOM. This review summarizes the mechanisms and associated microbes of AOM. It also discusses recent progress in some unclear key issues about AOM, including ANME‐1 in hypersaline environments, the effect of oxygen on M. oxyfera, and the relationship of M. nitroreducens with ANME.
The Dissipation Inequality for Differential‐Algebraic Systems
Authors: Reis Timo , Voigt Matthias 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe discuss the infinite time‐horizon linear‐quadratic optimal control problem for differential‐algebraic equations. In contrast to previous approaches we do not impose any assumptions on the system except for impulse controllability. In particular, we show that the optimal control problem is feasible if and only if a dissipation inequality has a solution. Moreover, we discuss conditions under which the problem has a minimizing (instead of only an infimizing) solution and furthermore, when this minimizing solution is unique. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Controllability of switched DAEs: The single switch case
Authors: Ruppert Markus G.‐M. , Trenn Stephan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe study controllability of switched DAEs and formulate a definition of controllability in the behavioral sense. In order to characterize controllability for switched DAEs we first present new characterizations of controllability of non‐switched DAEs based on the Wong‐sequences. Afterwards a first result concerning the single‐switch case is presented. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Overview and comparison of different variants of the XFEM
Authors: Fries Thomas‐Peter 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDifferent variants of the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) have developed over the last years: The original, shifted, corrected, stable, and intrinsic XFEM. Herein, these variants are compared in terms of convergence rates and conditioning of the resulting systems of equations. Optimal convergence rates are achieved by the corrected, stable, and intrinsic XFEM for general enrichments. The original and shifted XFEM achieve optimal rates for selected enrichments only. In terms of the conditioning, it is found that the stable XFEM can be “optimal” in the sense that the same dependency on the mesh size as for the classical FEM is maintained. However, this finding only holds if one enrichment term is involved. In the presence of several enrichment terms, only the intrinsic XFEM yields well‐conditioned systems of equations. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Topology Optimization of Flexible Multibody Systems Using Equivalent Static Loads and Displacement Fields
Authors: Moghadasi Ali , Held Alexander , Seifried Robert 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTopology optimization techniques are applied in most cases for static applications. However, recently topology optimization procedures for structures under dynamic loads have been the focus of several studies. In this work, a topology optimization scheme for flexible multibody systems using equivalent static loads and displacement fields is investigated. The optimization problem is formulated using a homogenization method, more precisely, the solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) approach. The objective function in the optimization problem is the compliance and the method of moving asymptotes is used as optimizer. The objective function and the sensitivities are computed directly from the displacement field computed in the dynamic simulation. The examples of a 2‐arm manipulator and a slider‐crank mechanism are presented and the results are discussed to verify the improved dynamical behavior through this optimization method. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Model Reduction of Large Scale Finite Element Models
Authors: Volzer Thomas , Eberhard Peter 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe usage of flexible bodies in Multibody simulations (MBS) has widely increased their industrial application. Finite Element (FE) models with up to 10 million degrees of freedom (DOF) and some hundred million nonzero matrix entries are used to describe the flexible bodies. Before such a model can be included into an MBS, the number of DOF must be reduced to an appropriate size. Using modal reduction often the critical issue arises which modes to choose while Component Mode Synthesis based methods often lead to a relatively big size of the resulting model. Alternative methods using Moment Matching and Balanced Truncation can result in a smaller size while still remaining accurate enough.Sometimes these matrices are so huge that they can not even be stored in one computers main memory. The calculation of the necessary orthogonal Krylov subspaces needs an LU factorization which is also very memory intensive. To meet these requirements, distributed computation is used which also shortens the computational time of the reduced process.In this work, an industrial relevant FE model is reduced to a much smaller size using alternative methods. Accuracy is verified by comparing the frequency response in a defined frequency range of the original and the reduced model. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Moon's perigee mass as a missing component of the Earth's precession‐nutation theory
Authors: Kiryan Dmitry , Kiryan George 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this work, the nutation momentum acting upon the Earth from the Moon's perigee mass that has not been taken into account in the Earth's precession‐nutation theory was revealed. This missing momentum exhibits itself in the so‐called “local latitude variation” with the Chandler's period. The results of our work raise the question of updating the Earth's precession‐nutation theory and revising some postulates of the time service, astronomy, geophysics, satellite navigation, etc. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)