bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of nonpenetrating titanium clips for dural closure during spinal surgery to prevent postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage
Authors: Ito Kiyoshi , Aoyama Tatsuro , Horiuchi Tetsuyoshi , Hongo Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2015

OBJECT
The nonpenetrating titanium clip has been successfully used in peripheral arterial bypass surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the leakage pressures and patterns of nonpenetrating titanium clips using a simple model that mimicked spinal surgery. In addition, the authors describe their surgical experience with these clips and the follow-up results in 31 consecutive patients.

METHODS
The authors compared nonpenetrating titanium clips and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) sutures in relation to the water pressure that could be tolerated by sutured ePTFE sheets, and the leakage pressure patterns were determined. The changes in leakage pressures at 5 minutes, 30 minutes, and 12 hours were examined when the clips and sutures were used in combination with the mesh-and-glue technique in an in vitro study. Thirty-one patients underwent spinal intradural procedures using nonpenetrating titanium clips to suture the dura maters using the meshand-glue technique, involving fibrin glue and polyglycolic acid-fibrin sheets.

RESULTS
A significant difference was apparent between the ePTFE suture group and the nonpenetrating titanium clip group, with the latter showing a leakage pressure that could be sustained and was 1508% higher than that of the former (p = 0.001). In relation to leakage patterns, the nonpenetrating titanium clips did not make any suture holes in the ePTFE sheet and fluid leakage occurred between the clips, whereas fluid leakage was associated with the pressure elevation that occurred at the suture holes made by the ePTFE sutures. Of the 31 patients who underwent spinal intradural procedures using nonpenetrating titanium clips, 1 (3.2%) experienced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage postoperatively. No other complications—for example, allergic reactions, adhesions, or infections—were encountered.

CONCLUSIONS
The interrupted placement of nonpenetrating titanium clips enables dural closure without creating any holes. These clips facilitate improvements in the initial leakage pressure and reduce postoperative CSF leakage following spinal surgery. The authors conclude that it is very beneficial to suture the spinal dura mater using nonpenetrating titanium clips given the anatomical characteristics of the spinal dura mater and the fact that the clips do not create suture holes.
Odontoid process inclination in normal adults and in an adult population with Chiari malformation Type I
Authors: Besachio David A. , Khaleel Ziyad , Shah Lubdha M. 
Published: August 2015

OBJECT
Posterior odontoid process inclination has been demonstrated as a factor associated with Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) in the pediatric population; however, no studies to date have examined this measurement in the adult CM-I population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate craniocervical junction (CCJ) measurements in adult CM-I versus a control group.

METHODS
The odontoid retroflexion, odontoid retroversion, odontoid height, posterior basion to C-2 line measured to the dural margin (pB-C2 line), posterior basion to C-2 line measured to the dorsal odontoid cortical margin (pB-C2* line), and clivus-canal angle measurements were retrospectively analyzed in adult patients with CM-I using MRI. These measurements were compared with normative values established from CT scans of the cervical spine in adults without CM-I.

RESULTS
A statistically significant difference was found between 55 adults with CM-I and 150 sex-matched controls (125 used for analysis) in the mean clivus-canal angle and the mean pB-C2 line.

CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that there are sex-specific differences with respect to measurements at the CCJ between men and women, with women showing a more posteriorly inclined odontoid process. There were also differences between the CM-I and control groups: a more acute clivus-canal angle was associated with CM-I in the adult population. These CCJ findings could have an influence on presurgical planning.
Avalanche character and fatalities in the high mountains of Asia
Authors: McClung D.M. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract.With the exception of northern India, there are few, if any, consistent data records relating to avalanche activity in the high mountains of Asia. However, records do exist of avalanche fatalities in the region, contained in mountaineering expedition reports. In this paper, I review and analyze statistics of avalanche fatalities (both snow and ice) in the high mountains of Asia (Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir, Hindu Kush, Tien Shan, Dazu Shan) from 1895 to 2014. The data are stratified according to accident cause, geographical region (Nepal-Tibet (Xizang), Pakistan, India, China, Central Asia), mountain range, personnel (hired or expedition members) and terrain. The character of the accidents is compared with data from North America and Europe. The data show that the important risk components are the temporal and spatial exposure probabilities. It is shown that human actions and decisions govern the pattern of fatal avalanches in the high mountains of Asia.
Loss of First Permanent Molar Teeth in Patients Attending in OPDs of Selected Dental Hospitals in Dhaka City
Authors: Sumi Munira Jinat , Barua Jony , Jan Chowdhury Moin , Imtiaz Khondker Saif , Ahmed Ishraque , Ahmed Shahrear Tanvir 
Published: August 2015

Teeth loss, especially first permanent molar teeth loss is the ultimate barometer of failure or success in dentistry and dental health programs. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 patients attending in outpatient department of selected dental hospitals in Dhaka city to find out the loss of first permanent molar teeth among them. Regarding age (34.8%) of the respondents were below 25 years followed by 25.5% between 25  35 years (mean age 33.16 ± 14.10 years). In case of educational status (31%) completed primary education followed by 16.2% were graduates and 33.3% were illiterates. Majority (59.5%) of the respondents had monthly family income below 5000 BDT (mean income 6802.39 ± 6630. 39 BDT). Among the respondents, 33.8% knew brushing technique and 79.5% of them brushed once in a day. Majority (68.5%) of them used tooth paste for brushing and tooth brush was used by 67.1% of the respondents. In case of first permanent molar tooth missing, 50% missed lower left, 19.6% lower right, 17.4% upper left and 13% upper right. Among the respondents, 86% teeth loss was due to caries followed by periodontal disease (12.4%) and orthodontic reason (5.2%). Among the respondents who lost tooth, 55.7% were below 15 years followed by 15 - 30 years (34.3%) and above 30 years (10%). Regarding oral hygiene status, 19% had satisfactory and 81% had unsatisfactory oral hygiene. So it can be concluded that loss of permanent first molars can be avoided if good preventive measures are used before these teeth erupt and are continued after they have erupted in addition to maintaining proper oral hygiene. Further large scale study regarding this topic is recommended.Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research and Education Vol.5(2) 2015: 40-43
Management of Dental Health Problem of Diabetic Patients Attending in Selected Private Dental Clinic in Dhaka City
Authors: Abrar Ali , Chowdhury Kamrun Nahar , Rahman Md Mahafuzur , Rauf Bushra Marzan , Asad Abul Kalam Mohammad , Zahura Mst Kaniz Fatema Tuz , Islam Md Shirajul 
Published: August 2015

Aim: The rising cases of dental problems among diabetic patients have raised health concerns among dentists worldwide. The oral complications of prime concern are gum disease, dental caries, dry mouth, oral soft tissue damage, and pain in the face and mouth. This descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted among the diabetic patients for their management of dental problems attending in selected dental clinic in Dhaka city from January to June 2012. 44% of the patients were in between 41to 50 years age group.Methods: Data were collected with a pretested semi structured questionnaire and check list was filled in after oral examination.Results: Among the patients 84% were Muslims and 16%. were Hindu. All the patients were married. 58% of the patients had monthly income TK. 25000-40000. Among the patients, 48% had (4-5) family members. Type of family was single for 82% of the patients. Main food was rice for 78% of the patients. 50% of the patients had habit of tobacco use. Tobacco smokers were 88%. Among the patients, calculus and gingivitis was in grade I for 54% and the condition of periodontitis was in grade I for 46%. The condition of oral thrush was in 0 grade for 66% of the patients. Most of the patients 1 tooth was affected by dental caries. There was no dry mouth in 80% of the patients, whereas no burning mouth syndrome was in 82% of the patients; 64% of the respondents visited dentists. The reason for visiting dentists, most of them visited for sensitivity. All the patients brushed teeth everyday. 66% of the patients brushed teeth once a day. Among the patients 66% cleaned teeth before breakfast and 52% took 3-4 minutes. Among the patients, 90% used tooth brush and 88% used tooth paste for cleaning the teeth. 84% of them did not floss and the rest 62.5% flossed teeth once a day, 62% got information about type of diabetes, among them 62.5% informed about non insulin dependent type of diabetes. Among the patients, 60% got information about usual oral hygiene, 75.9% got information about usual oral hygiene from doctors.Conclusion: Proper patient management requires close interaction between the dentist and the physician. Working with diabetic patients can be challenging and rewarding when open communications are established and thorough patient education is attained.Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research and Education Vol.5(2) 2015: 55-58
Impact of Momordica charantia (karela) on serum aspartate aminotransferase level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
Authors: Mohal S , Mondal DK , Chowdhury PK , Biswas H , Khanom A , Shamim KM 
Published: August 2015

The present experimental study was conducted to investigate whether Momordica charantia (karela) has got any impact on serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level in the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Sixty healthy young Long Evans rats of male sex weighing 150 to 280 gm aged between 10 to 12 weeks were used in this study. The rats were divided into 4 equal groups depending on their different sorts of dietary feedings and drug treatment. Serum AST level was estimated in all rats up to day 51 from the day of streptozotocin/ vehicle injection. The mean ± SD of final serum AST level as percentage of corresponding initial level (value on 51st day to the value on 7th day) was 95.1 ± 13.4 u/L in healthy rats, 110.0 ± 7.6 u/L in the untreated diabetic rats, 39.4 ± 10.1 u/L in the insulin-treated diabetic rats and 109.5 ± 23.8 u/L in the karela-treated diabetic rats. The AST percentage change value of diabetic rats on 51st day corresponding to the initial on 7th day was significantly higher than that healthy rats (p < 0.01). The value in the insulin-treated diabetic rats was significantly lower than that of the untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.001) and the karela-treated diabetic rats (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the values of the untreated diabetic rats and the karela-treated diabetic rats (p > 0.05). Karela showed a tendency of acting against hyperglycemic effects of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus and also acting against high serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level in streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus. However, further investigations are recommended for establishing karela as a safe and useful effective anti-hyperglycemic agent as well as an agent acting against the rise in serum AST level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.Mediscope Vol. 2, No. 1: 2015, Pages 18-21
Data on Inequality and the Inequality of Data: The Last Two Centuries
Authors: Drwenski Matt 
Published: August 2015

This paper attempts a number of tasks that will further the study of world-historical human inequality, by arguing for a comprehensive understanding of inequality and by informally comparing and aggregating multiple datasets. The paper briefly surveys and critiques the existing corpus of inequality data, noting areas of overlap, opportunities for harmonization of data, and the coverage of the historical information. The inclusion of micro-level data from historical scholarship that is not in communication with the social scientific studies is essential to further the field. The paper concludes with a regional and global narrative of human inequality over the last two centuries.
Humanely Killed?
Authors: Johnson Jeff 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Humanely Killed? Jeff Johnson St. Catherine University, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Standard philosophical approaches to the issue of eating animals who are thought to have been humanely killed typically turn on decisions around the issue of moral status or on weighing benefits and harms of killing. Rather than pursuing these lines of inquiry, I bring out circumstances that have gotten lost in thinking we can take moral cover under the idea that farmed animals are killed humanely. In thinking about whether farmed animals have been killed humanely, we are asked to focus on the whether the deaths of these animals are painful. But much more is involved when we attend to other cases in which animals are thought to have been killed humanely. In view of these discrepancies, I argue that it is much more difficult than we might suppose to take moral cover under the idea that farmed animals can be killed humanely.
Are Nonhuman Animals Persons? A Process Theistic Response
Authors: Dombrowski Daniel A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In this article I defend the claim that nonhuman animals can be persons. In this regard I rely on the thought of neoclassical or process theists like Alfred North Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne. Their moderate stance regarding personhood is in contrast to the influential classical theistic view, which denies personhood status to nonhuman animals.
Lucretius’s Venus and Epicurean Compassion toward Nondomesticated Animals
Authors: Lazo Robert Patrick Stone 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Lucretius believed that the gods were wholly perfect and self-sufficient, not vengeful and requiring appeasement. He believed contemplation of the gods allowed one to reach a similar state, as it clarified what was important for a successful human life. This article intends to examine how this theology affects Lucretius’s view of nonhuman-human interaction. It will reach the conclusion that Lucretian Epicureanism contains within it a deep appreciation of the value of life and so prohibits unnecessary disturbance to the lives of others, including nonhuman animals.
Peter Singer, Emmanuel Levinas, Christian Agape, and the Spiritual Heart of Animal Liberation
Authors: Greenway William 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article affirms Peter Singer’s calls for universal benevolence and for animal liberation. Singer, however, is unable to provide grounds for his ethics and is unable to answer the question, “why act morally?” I suggest Jewish philosopher Emmanuel Levinas unfolds an essentially Christian notion of agape that unveils a reasonable moral ground for ethics that answers the question, “why act morally?” A Levinasian ethic also forecloses some of Singer’s more notorious conclusions and better articulates and legitimates the moral dynamics and ethical contentions that made Singer’s “Famine, Affluence, and Morality” and Animal Liberation so influential.
Ameliorating Nonhuman Animals’ Lives: Erin McKenna’s Pets, People, and Pragmatism
Authors: Palop Lidia de Tienda 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This review article discusses Erin McKenna’s pragmatist theory concerning the ethical treatment of companion animals, which she lays out in Pets, People and Pragmatism. McKenna develops a middle-ground view between the two opposite positions that frame the current debate on companion animals, focussing on the relationship between human and nonhuman animal beings. I suggest that the question of whether the domestication of nonhuman animals is not only a natural process, but also a desirable one, still remains unclear.
Vaikas ir viešoji erdvė. Tėvų nuostatos XX–XXI a.
Authors: Daraškevičienė Audronė 
Published: August 2015

Straipsnyje įvairiais aspektais analizuojamas vaiko (iki 3 metų) dalyvavimas viešajame gyvenime XX–XXI a. Lietuvoje. Pagal tėvų su vaikais dalyvavimą viešojoje erdvėje aiškinamasi: koks vaiko amžius laikytas (laikomas) tinkamu pradėti lankytis viešumoje; analizuojami įsitikinimai, lėmę skirtingas nuostatas dėl vaikų dalyvavimo viešajame gyvenime; bandoma atskleisti vaiko priežiūros aplinkybes, visuomenės vertybes, bendruomeninio gyvenimo niuansus, turėjusius įtakos šių nuostatų kaitai. Daroma išvada, kad XXI a. pirmaisiais dešimtmečiais, palyginti su ankstesniuoju laikotarpiu, akivaizdus besiformuojantis naujas mažo vaiko dalyvavimo viešojoje erdvėje modelis.
Birkeland current effects on high‐latitude ground magnetic field perturbations
Authors: Laundal K. M. , Haaland S. E. , Lehtinen N. , Gjerloev J. W. , Østgaard N. , Tenfjord P. , Reistad J. P. , Snekvik K. , Milan S. E. , Ohtani S. , Anderson B. J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMagnetic perturbations on ground at high latitudes are directly associated only with the divergence‐free component of the height‐integrated horizontal ionospheric current, J⊥,df. Here we show how J⊥,df can be expressed as the total horizontal current J⊥ minus its curl‐free component, the latter being completely determined by the global Birkeland current pattern. Thus, in regions where J⊥=0, the global Birkeland current distribution alone determines the local magnetic perturbation. We show with observations from ground and space that in the polar cap, the ground magnetic field perturbations tend to align with the Birkeland current contribution in darkness but not in sunlight. We also show that in sunlight, the magnetic perturbations are typically such that the equivalent overhead current is antiparallel to the convection, indicating that the Hall current system dominates. Thus, the ground magnetic field in the polar cap relates to different current systems in sunlight and in darkness.
First joint in situ and global observations of the medium‐energy oxygen and hydrogen in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Valek P. W. , Goldstein J. , Jahn J.‐M. , McComas D. J. , Spence H. E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe present the first simultaneous observations of the in situ ions and global Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) images of the composition‐separated, medium‐energy (~1–50 keV) particle populations of the inner magnetosphere. The ENA emissions are mapped into L shell/magnetic local time space based on the exospheric density along the line of sight (LOS). The ENA measurement can then be scaled to determine an average ion flux along a given LOS. The in situ ion flux tends to be larger than the scaled ENAs at the same local time. This indicates that the ion population is more concentrated in the Van Allen Probes orbital plane than distributed along the Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers LOS. For the large storm of 14 November 2012, we observe that the concentration of O (in situ ions and ENAs) increases during the storm's main phase with a relatively larger increase than H. The ratio of the O+/H+ can be measured both from the in situ observations and from the ENA images. During the main phase, this O+/H+ increase is initially seen near midnight, but when the storm reaches its peak value the O+/H+ ratio increases across all local times, with the largest at dusk and dawn.
Geographical and diurnal features of amine‐enhanced boundary layer nucleation
Authors: Bergman T. , Laaksonen A. , Korhonen H. , Malila J. , Dunne E. M. , Mielonen T. , Lehtinen K. E. J. , Kühn T. , Arola A. , Kokkola H. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAmines have recently been found to be an important ingredient in the nucleation and initial growth of atmospheric aerosols; however, global estimates of the spatial and temporal extent of amine‐enhanced nucleation are currently missing. We utilize two recently published laboratory data sets of amine‐sulfuric acid nucleation to evaluate the accuracy of previously published nucleation parameterizations and to produce a new amine‐enhanced new particle formation (NPF) parameterization that better reproduces the laboratory observations at atmospherically relevant sulfuric acid concentrations. We implement and compare the amine‐enhanced NPF parameterizations and a kinetic nucleation parameterization within the global aerosol‐climate model ECHAM‐HAMMOZ and find that the spatial features of amine‐enhanced and kinetic NPF are clearly different. Amine‐enhanced NPF is limited to areas near the source regions of amine due to its short gas phase residence time of 6.9 h, whereas kinetic nucleation (which depends only on sulfuric acid concentration) produces particles more uniformly across the globe due to long‐range transport of SO2. The notably stronger land‐sea contrast in amine‐enhanced nucleation simulations is in line with relatively rare atmospheric observations of NPF over open oceans. However, when the uptake of gas phase amine molecules to aerosol particles is limited according to previously published estimates (0.2% of collisions leading to uptake), the amine‐enhanced NPF parameterization predicts in some regions unrealistically high NPF rates (∼1000 cm−3 s−1) compared to typical observations. Our results indicate that amine‐enhanced nucleation may be an important particle formation mechanism near amine source regions but also highlights the need for more tightly defined constraints on the spatial and temporal distribution of amine emissions, gas‐to‐particle partitioning mechanisms of amines, and condensation and coagulation sinks in global models.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Double Ullmann Reaction: An Approach towards Tetraphenylenes
Authors: Li Xin , Han Jian‐Wei , Wong Henry N. C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed double Ullmann coupling reaction for the preparation of tetraphenylenes has been developed. With this protocol, twelve tetraphenylene derivatives were synthesized from the corresponding 2,2′‐diiodobiaryls directly with the yields ranging from 13–51 %. Insights into the mechanism of these palladium‐catalyzed double coupling reactions are discussed, and the findings are expected to increase the level of understanding of palladium‐catalyzed formation of carbon–carbon bonds within rigid molecular frameworks.
Simultaneous operation for cancer‐related sigmoid colon perforation and abdominal aortic aneurysm of 76 mm in diameter
Authors: Tsutsumi Ryosuke , Hiyoshi Yukiharu , Matsumoto Takuya , Oki Eiji , Morita Masaru , Maehara Yoshihiko 
Published: August 2015

CaseA 92‐year‐old woman was emergently admitted to our hospital for peritonitis caused by sigmoid colon cancer perforation, with a coexistent abdominal aortic aneurysm of 76 mm in diameter.OutcomeA 92‐year‐old woman was admitted to the hospital with a complaint of abdominal pain and fever of 24‐h duration. On physical examination, severe tenderness with muscular defense and a palpable, pulsating mass were detected in the upper abdomen. The patient was diagnosed as having panperitonitis caused by sigmoid colon perforation. Computed tomography also revealed an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm of 76 mm in diameter. We performed endovascular aneurysm repair to prevent aneurysmal rupture in the perioperative period and simultaneously performed intra‐abdominal drainage and Hartmann's operation. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful.ConclusionSimultaneous endovascular aneurysm repair and operation for peritonitis is considered a possible treatment strategy for patients at high risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture.