bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic and Ecological Viability of Pastoralism in Loitokitok District, Southern Kenya
Authors: Seno Simon K. Ole , Tome Salaton 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Pastoralism is experiencing a renewal of interest by those searching for livelihood strategies that are compatible with wildlife conservation and sustainable development. However, in the Amboseli ecosystem in southern Kenya, pastoralism is threatened by sedentarization, environmental degradation, changing weather patterns, labour constraints as children embrace education and an increase in conflict with other land uses. These factors may in turn necessitate drastic changes in policies that shape access to land and land use. This study assessed the current trends in pastoralist lifestyles, as well as the economic and environmental viability of pastoralism in the light of these changes. Overall the study found that the pastoralists' ability to adapt and cope has been severely compromised by the current changes which restrict their ability to move with their herds to follow scarce resources. However, due to various ecological and socio-cultural reasons, there still remains a chance to make pastoralism viable.
The Dawn of Uhuru? Implications of Constitutional Recognition of Communal Land Rights in Pastoral Areas of Kenya
Authors: Odote Collins 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Despite large portions of land being communally owned in Kenya for centuries, the legal and policy framework on land tenure has, since 1954, focused on private ownership as the best way of managing land. This article assesses the impact that this dominant approach has had on pastoral land uses. Based on the case study of the Northern Rangelands Trust, a registered trust that provides a framework for community involvement in conservation and other livelihood options in the arid and semi-arid parts of northern Kenya, the article looks at the innovations that communities have made to provide legal support for communal land practices. The article argues that the recent land-policy changes heralded by the 2010 Constitution promise greater recognition and support for pastoralism but that, on their own, they are insufficient.
A Society in Motion: The Tuareg from the Pre-Colonial Era to Today
Authors: Alesbury Andrew 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The Tuareg of the West African Sahara and Sahel have lived for centuries in an environment that has promoted lifestyles adapted to a sparsely populated, arid and harsh climate. Fostering their own variations on nomadism and developing unique societal institutions, the Tuareg forged their societal base through the cultivation of specific livelihoods particular to their environments. However, the arrival of colonial elements in the Tuareg homeland beginning in the late 1800s and the events that have unfolded since have obliged Tuareg lifestyles to adapt to radically different circumstances. This article explores when and in what ways such transformations have occurred and what impacts they have had on Tuareg livelihoods. By focusing on the prevailing means the Tuareg have employed in securing livelihoods before and after the advent of colonialism, the creation of independent states, the devastating droughts of the 1970s and 1980s and the recurrence of rebellions since the 1960s (including the presently unresolved one in Mali), this article endeavours to elucidate the transformation of Tuareg livelihoods over the past century and a half, revealing which practices have faded and which have endured.
Réflexion Sur L'évolution De La Mobilité Des Pasteurs Nomades Au Tchad: Sédentarisation Ou Transhumance?
Authors: Aubague Serge , Grimaud Patrice 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Chad stretches, longitudinally, between two distinct ecological poles. Historically, transhumant herders have profited from this diversity that enabled them to gain complementary advantages at different times of the year. Public policies aimed at diversifying production in each of these zones are impacting on this large-scale system, breaking down specialization and increasing competition. On the other hand, the newly promoted 'agro-pastoral' model is not proving a viable option. A new orientation in development policies is needed to reduce the risk of conflict among producers now depending on the same resources. There is a need to deconstruct the negative image of 'contemplative pastoralism' and identify the real responsibilities in these conflicts. Policy makers need new tools for recognizing the high economic value of pastoral production. More efforts should be directed to slow down the pace of transhumance to the south at the approach of the dry season, while securing the journey to the north at the beginning of the wet season. This short report proposes new ways of managing livestock mobility to achieve these goals.
Bed roughness beneath the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Rippin David M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe roughness of the bed beneath ice streams exerts an important control on their dynamics. Here the first in-depth analysis of roughness beneath the Greenland ice sheet is presented. Much of the interior is underlain by a smooth bed, while the margins are much rougher; this is particularly pronounced in the east where more mountainous topography dominates and fast-flow features are laterally constrained in deep narrow valleys. In contrast, fast flow in the west is much less laterally constrained and areas of high roughness are less extensive and pronounced. It is proposed that there is a major geological control on the distribution of bed variability since a significant thrust-fault coincides approximately with the boundary between rough terrain in the east and the smooth central region. Furthermore there is an abrupt change in roughness approximately coinciding with the crossing of this fault line. This suggests a limiting factor on the extent of fast flow in the east, which is lacking in the west. The size of many glaciers draining Greenland makes their local bed conditions difficult to determine with great confidence. However, the much larger Petermann Glacier lies in a deep trough characterized by a smooth bed that extends some distance into the ice sheet. The smooth bed may be due to deformable marine sediments which facilitate faster flow, although smoothing could also result from ice dynamics and subglacial erosion. That the smooth bed of Petermann Glacier extends some considerable distance raises concerns about the possible stability of this feature, and perhaps others in Greenland too.
Characterization of Human Antiviral Adaptive Immune Responses during Hepatotropic Virus Infection in HLA-Transgenic Human Immune System Mice
Authors: Billerbeck Eva , Horwitz Joshua A. , Labitt Rachael N. , Donovan Bridget M. , Vega Kevin , Budell William C. , Koo Gloria C. , Rice Charles M. , Ploss Alexander 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Humanized mice have emerged as a promising model to study human immunity in vivo. Although they are susceptible to many pathogens exhibiting an almost exclusive human tropism, human immune responses to infection remain functionally impaired. It has recently been demonstrated that the expression of HLA molecules improves human immunity to lymphotropic virus infections in humanized mice. However, little is known about the extent of functional human immune responses in nonlymphoid tissues, such as in the liver, and the role of HLA expression in this context. Therefore, we analyzed human antiviral immunity in humanized mice during a hepatotropic adenovirus infection. We compared immune responses of conventional humanized NOD SCID IL-2Rγ–deficient (NSG) mice to those of a novel NOD SCID IL-2Rγ–deficient strain transgenic for both HLA-A*0201 and a chimeric HLA-DR*0101 molecule. Using a firefly luciferase–expressing adenovirus and in vivo bioluminescence imaging, we demonstrate a human T cell–dependent partial clearance of adenovirus-infected cells from the liver of HLA-transgenic humanized mice. This correlated with liver infiltration and activation of T cells, as well as the detection of Ag-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. When infected with a hepatitis C virus NS3–expressing adenovirus, HLA-transgenic humanized mice mounted an HLA-A*0201–restricted hepatitis C virus NS3-specific CD8+ T cell response. In conclusion, our study provides evidence for the generation of partial functional antiviral immune responses against a hepatotropic pathogen in humanized HLA-transgenic mice. The adenovirus reporter system used in our study may serve as simple in vivo method to evaluate future strategies for improving human intrahepatic immune responses in humanized mice.
Linezolid Decreases Susceptibility to Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia Postinfluenza Infection in Mice Through its Effects on IFN-γ
Authors: Breslow-Deckman Jessica M. , Mattingly Cynthia M. , Birket Susan E. , Hoskins Samantha N. , Ho Tam N. , Garvy Beth A. , Feola David J. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Influenza infection predisposes patients to secondary bacterial pneumonia that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality. Although this association is well documented, the mechanisms that govern this synergism are poorly understood. A window of hyporesponsiveness following influenza infection has been associated with a substantial increase in local and systemic IFN-γ concentrations. Recent data suggest that the oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid decreases IFN-γ and TNF-α production in vitro from stimulated PBMCs. We therefore sought to determine whether linezolid would reverse immune hyporesponsiveness after influenza infection in mice through its effects on IFN-γ. In vivo dose-response studies demonstrated that oral linezolid administration sufficiently decreased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels of IFN-γ at day 7 postinfluenza infection in a dose-dependent manner. The drug also decreased morbidity as measured by weight loss compared with vehicle-treated controls. When mice were challenged intranasally with Streptococcus pneumoniae 7 d postinfection with influenza, linezolid pretreatment led to decreased IFN-γ and TNF-α production, decreased weight loss, and lower bacterial burdens at 24 h postbacterial infection in comparison with vehicle-treated controls. To determine whether these effects were due to suppression of IFN-γ, linezolid-treated animals were given intranasal instillations of rIFN-γ before challenge with S. pneumoniae. This partially reversed the protective effects observed in the linezolid-treated mice, suggesting that the modulatory effects of linezolid are mediated partially by its ability to blunt IFN-γ production. These results suggest that IFN-γ, and potentially TNF-α, may be useful drug targets for prophylaxis against secondary bacterial pneumonia following influenza infection.
Incorporating Patient- and Family-Centered Care Into Resident Education: Approaches, Benefits, and Challenges
Authors: Philibert Ingrid , Patow Carl , Cichon Jim 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Purpose
A design conference with participants from accredited programs and institutions was used to explore how the principles of patient- and family-centered care (PFCC) can be implemented in settings where residents learn and participate in care, as well as identify barriers to PFCC and simple strategies for overcoming them.

Approach
In September 2009, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) held a conference with 74 participants representing a diverse range of educational settings and a group of expert presenters and facilitators. Small group sessions explored the status of PFCC in teaching settings, barriers that need to be overcome in some settings, simple approaches, and the value of a national program and ACGME support.

Findings
Participants shared information on the state of their PFCC initiatives, as well as barriers to implementing PFCC in the learning environment. These emerged in 6 areas: culture, the physical environment, people, time and other constraints, skills and capabilities, and teaching and assessment, as well as simple strategies to help overcome these barriers. Two Ishikawa (Fishbone) diagrams (one for barriers and one for simple strategies) make it possible to select strategies for overcoming particular barriers.

Conclusions
A group of participants with a diversity of approaches to incorporating PFCC into the learning environment agreed that respectful communication with patients/families needs to be learned, supported, and continuously demanded of residents. In addition, for PFCC to be sustainable, it has to be a fundamental expectation for resident learning and attainment of competence. Participants concurred that improving the environment for patients concurrently improves the environment for learners.
Satisfiers and Hygiene Factors: Residents' Perceptions of Strengths and Limitations of Their Learning Environment
Authors: Philibert Ingrid 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
Efforts are underway to enhance learner input into the accreditation of educational programs, including residencies and fellowships.

Objectives
To aggregate the perspectives of residents and fellows from a cross-section of specialties to highlight common dimensions in learners' perceptions of strengths and opportunities for improvement (OFIs) in their program and to assess whether the ACGME Resident Survey captures areas important to residents' perceptions of their learning environment.

Results
The data set included 206 core and 193 subspecialty programs representing a wide range of specialties and subspecialties. Comments on strengths and OFIs addressed most of the items in the Resident Survey, with items not addressed in the survey also not represented in the ACGME requirements. The findings suggest that some program attributes are mentioned only in their absence (hygiene factors), whereas other dimensions (satisfiers), particularly quality and quantity of residents' interactions with faculty, procedural volume, and variety and didactic offerings, are critical to learners' perceptions of the quality of their learning environment. For some strengths, residents indicated their programs exceeded the ACGME standards, and for areas identified as OFIs, comments suggested programs were in compliance, but the residents desired more. Mentioned in this context were opportunities to perform research, access to board preparation courses and career counseling, and availability of new technology, including new patient care modalities.

Conclusions
The findings allow insight into program attributes important to residents' perceptions of their learning environment. Programs may find the results helpful in suggesting areas for improvement in their learning environment.
The Next Accreditation System: Stakeholder Expectations and Dialogue with the Community
Authors: Philibert Ingrid , Nasca Thomas J. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
In February 2012, in an article in the New England Journal of Medicine,1 the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) provided an initial description and the rationale for the Next Accreditation System (NAS). We follow up with this piece, which reflects on questions about the NAS, as a starting point for a dialogue with the community, and as the first in a series of articles that will describe key attributes of the NAS, offer practical guidance to programs and sponsoring institutions, and solicit stakeholder input. Dialogue with the community will be helpful in answering questions and in allowing the ACGME to clarify and refine certain elements of the NAS. This dialogue needs to be mindful that many details of the NAS are yet to be finalized. In communicating about the NAS, ACGME, thus, must balance a timely response to the community's desire to learn more and the need to have details well established to avoid a need to make changes after details have been released to stakeholders and the public.
Review of Influential Articles in Surgical Education: 2002–2012
Authors: Wohlauer Max V. , George Brian , Lawrence Peter F. , Pugh Carla M. , Van Eaton Erik G. , DaRosa Debra 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
Exploring the trends in surgical education research offers insight into concerns, developments, and questions researchers are exploring that are relevant to teaching and learning in surgical specialties.

Objective
We conducted a review of the surgical education literature published between 2002 and 2012. The purpose was 2-fold: to provide an overview of the most frequently cited articles in the field of surgical education during the last decade and to describe the study designs and themes featured in these articles.

Methods
Articles were identified through Web of Science by using “surgical education” and “English language” as search terms. Using a feature in Web of Science, we tracked the number of citations of any publication. Of the 800 articles produced by the initial search, we initially selected 23 articles with 45 or more citations, and ultimately chose the 20 articles that were most frequently cited for our analysis.

Results
Analysis of the most frequently cited articles published in US journals between the years 2002–2012 identified 7 research themes and presented them in order of frequency with which they appear: use of simulation, issues in student/resident assessment, specialty choice, patient safety, team training, clinical competence assessment, and teaching the clinical sciences, with surgical simulation being the central theme. Researchers primarily used descriptive methods.

Conclusions
Popular themes in surgical education research illuminate the information needs of surgical educators as well as topics of high interest to the surgical community.
The Direct, Indirect, and Intangible Benefits of Graduate Medical Education Programs to Their Sponsoring Institutions and Communities
Authors: Pugno Perry A. , Gillanders William Ross , Kozakowski Stanley M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Declining reimbursement for graduate medical education (GME) as well as increasing hospital competition has placed the cost of GME in the spotlight of institutional administrators. Traditional hospital-generated cost center profit and loss statements fail to accurately reflect the full economic impact of training programs on the institution as well as the larger community. A more complete analysis would take into consideration the direct, indirect, and “intangible” benefits of GME programs. The GME programs usually have a favorable impact on the trainees themselves, the sponsoring institution, the local community, university sponsors and affiliates, and the greater community, and all of these areas need to be considered in the economic analysis. Complete analyses of programs often demonstrate very positive benefits to their sponsoring institutions that would not be recognized on simple cost center profit and loss reports. Studies in the literature that quantify the net economic benefits of GME programs are consistent in their favorable findings.
Out-of-Match Residency Offers: The Possible Extent and Implications of Prematching in Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Wetz Robert V. , Seelig Charles B. , Khoueiry Georges , Weiserbs Kera F. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
When the data from the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) are used to analyze trends in medical students' career preferences, positions offered outside the match are omitted. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the extent and nature of out-of-match residency offers.

Methods
We obtained total resident complements and postgraduate year-1 positions offered in 7 specialties in 2007 and compared these with the 2007 NRMP match data. We compared the percentage of positions offered outside the match to “success” in matching United States medical doctors (USMDs) and to the availability of fellowship positions, using the Spearman rank order test (SROT).

Results
A total of 18 030 postgraduate year-1 positions were offered in 9 specialty areas. Of 15 205 positions offered in the match, 54% were taken by USMDs. The percentage of outside-the-match offers was found to vary by specialty, from 7% in obstetrics-gynecology to 23% in internal medicine, and was inversely correlated with the specialty's “success” in matching USMDs (SROT  =  −0.87). The 3 nonprocedural primary care specialties (internal medicine, family medicine, and pediatrics) accounted for 10 091 (46.2%) of the 21 845 total positions offered in the match, with 4401 (43.6%) offered almost entirely to non-USMDs. Another 2467 positions were offered outside the match, resulting in 6868 positions offered to non-USMDs (55% of all primary care positions). In internal medicine, the percentage of outside-the-match offers was significantly and inversely associated with the availability of intrainstitutional fellowship programs (P &lt; .0001). Prematching of independent applicants was significantly higher in primary care than in procedural-lifestyle programs (P &lt; .0001).

Conclusion
The NRMP's match data do not account for positions filled outside the match, a finding that appears to be significant. In 2007, 1 in 5 positions in primary care was offered outside the match.
Night Float Teaching and Learning: Perceptions of Residents and Faculty
Authors: Bricker Dean A. , Markert Ronald J. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
Most internal medicine residency programs use a night float system to comply with resident duty hour limits. Night float assignments often comprise 7 to 10 weeks of scheduled clinical time during training. Despite this substantial allotment of time to night float, few studies have assessed the adequacy of learning opportunities during these rotations. We designed an exploratory study to assess resident and faculty views about the educational aspects of a typical internal medicine night float system.

Methods
Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine internal medicine residents and attending faculty were asked to complete a 25-item voluntary, anonymous survey. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess perceptions of education during day and night rotations.

Results
The response rate was 52% (85 of 164). Residents rated teaching and learning on day rotations more positively than on night rotations for 17 of 25 (68%) items. Regarding night float, residents rated 14 of 25 items below 3.00; only one item was rated below 3.00 (“…H & P skills observed by attending”) for day rotations. Attending physicians rated day rotations more highly for all 25 survey items. Faculty rated 13 of 25 items below 3.00 for night float and they rated no items below 3.00 for day rotations. Resident and faculty ratings differed significantly for 10 items, with 5 items receiving higher ratings by residents and 5 being rated more positively by faculty.

Conclusion
Despite a substantial allotment of time to night rotations, there appear to be lost teaching and learning opportunities in the current night float system. Modification of the existing format may improve its educational value.