bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical tests on clustered global earthquake synthetic data sets
Authors: Daub Eric G. , Trugman Daniel T. , Johnson Paul A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe study the ability of statistical tests to identify nonrandom features of earthquake catalogs, with a focus on the global earthquake record since 1900. We construct four types of synthetic data sets containing varying strengths of clustering, with each data set containing on average 10,000 events over 100 years with magnitudes above M = 6. We apply a suite of statistical tests to each synthetic realization in order to evaluate the ability of each test to identify the sequences of events as nonrandom. Our results show that detection ability is dependent on the quantity of data, the nature of the type of clustering, and the specific signal used in the statistical test. Data sets that exhibit a stronger variation in the seismicity rate are generally easier to identify as nonrandom for a given background rate. We also show that we can address this problem in a Bayesian framework, with the clustered data sets as prior distributions. Using this new Bayesian approach, we can place quantitative bounds on the range of possible clustering strengths that are consistent with the global earthquake data. At M = 7, we can estimate 99th percentile confidence bounds on the number of triggered events, with an upper bound of 20% of the catalog for global aftershock sequences, with a stronger upper bound on the fraction of triggered events of 10% for long‐term event clusters. At M = 8, the bounds are less strict due to the reduced number of events. However, our analysis shows that other types of clustering could be present in the data that we are unable to detect. Our results aid in the interpretation of the results of statistical tests on earthquake catalogs, both worldwide and regionally.
Acceleration of ions to suprathermal energies by turbulence in the plasmoid‐like magnetic structures
Authors: Grigorenko E. E. , Malykhin A. Yu. , Kronberg E. A. , Malova Kh. V. , Daly P. W. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe study energetic spectra of H+, He+, and O+ ion fluxes in the energy range ≥130 keV measured by Cluster/Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors (RAPID) instruments during 37 intervals of the tailward bulk flow propagation in the near‐Earth tail (at X ≤ −19 RE). In all events from our database, the plasmoid‐like magnetic structures with the superimposed low‐frequency magnetic and electric field fluctuations were observed along with the tailward bulk flows. The plasmoid‐like structures were associated with the enhancements of energetic ion fluxes and the hardening of energy spectra of H+ and He+ ion components in 80% of events and of O+ ion component in 64% of events. The hardening of energy spectra was more pronounced for heavy ions than for protons. The analysis of the magnetic structures and power spectral density (PSD) of the magnetic and electric field fluctuations from our database revealed the following factors favorable for the ion energization: (1) the spatial scale of a plasmoid should exceed the thermal gyroradius of a given ion component in the neutral plane inside the plasmoid; (2) the PSD of the magnetic fluctuations near the gyrofrequency of a particular ion component should exceed ~ 50.0 nT2/Hz for oxygen ions; while the energization of helium ions and protons takes place for much lower values of the PSD. The kinetic analysis of ion dynamics in the plasmoid‐like magnetic configuration similar to the observed one with the superimposed turbulence confirms the importance of ion resonant interactions with the low‐frequency electromagnetic fluctuations for ion energization inside plasmoids.
Revisiting STEREO interplanetary and interstellar dust flux and mass estimates
Authors: Malaspina David M. , O'Brien Leela E. , Thayer Frederick , Sternovsky Zoltan , Collette Andrew 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTwo recent events have motivated a second look at estimates for the flux and mass of approximately micron‐radius interplanetary and interstellar dust observed by the twin STEREO spacecraft. First, the signals interpreted as nanometer dust impacts on STEREO‐A have nearly ceased, even though STEREO‐B continues to observe these signals unabated. Second, a recent laboratory dust accelerator experimental campaign has quantified the charge release associated with hypervelocity dust impacts on materials specific to STEREO. The first event enables an investigation of the extent to which nanometer dust signals influence estimates of micron‐radius dust flux. The second event allows an evaluation of how impact charge release values specific to STEREO materials influence dust mass estimates. Revised estimates based on these considerations yield higher fluxes and similar masses for micron‐radius interplanetary dust compared to prior studies, as well as lower fluxes and higher masses for interstellar micron‐radius dust compared to prior studies. The revised flux and mass estimates reported here differ by less than a factor of 4 from those reported in previous work, demonstrating that STEREO‐derived estimates for the flux and mass of micron‐radius dust are largely robust to spacecraft material charge yields and the disappearance of nanometer dust signals.
Mitigation of atmospheric phase delays in InSAR data, with application to the eastern California shear zone
Authors: Tymofyeyeva Ekaterina , Fialko Yuri 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe present a method for estimating radar phase delays due to propagation through the troposphere and the ionosphere based on the averaging of redundant interferograms that share a common scene. Estimated atmospheric contributions can then be subtracted from the radar interferograms to improve measurements of surface deformation. Inversions using synthetic data demonstrate that this procedure can considerably reduce scatter in the time series of the line‐of‐sight displacements. We demonstrate the feasibility of this method by comparing the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series derived from ERS‐1/2 and Envisat data to continuous Global Positioning System data from eastern California. We also present results from several sites in the eastern California shear zone where anomalous deformation has been reported by previous studies, including the Blackwater fault, the Hunter Mountain fault, and the Coso geothermal plant.
Investigating the recent apparent hiatus in surface temperature increases: 1. Construction of two 30‐member Earth System Model ensembles
Authors: Outten Stephen , Thorne Peter , Bethke Ingo , Seland Øyvind 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, along with numerous studies since, has suggested that the apparent global warming hiatus results from some combination of natural variability and changes to external forcings. Herein the external forcings for greenhouse gases (GHGs), long‐lived trace gases, volcanic and tropospheric aerosols, and solar irradiance have been replaced in the Norwegian Earth System Model using recent observational estimates. The potential impact of these alternative forcings, and by residual the internally generated variability, is examined through two 30‐member ensembles covering the period 1980 to 2012. The Reference ensemble uses the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 historical forcings extended with the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario, while the Sensitivity ensemble uses the alternative forcings. Over the hiatus period defined herein as 1998–2012, all of the forcings show some change between the Sensitivity and Reference experiments and have a combined net forcing change of −0.03 W m−2. The GHG forcing is 0.012 W m−2 higher in the Sensitivity forcings. The alternative solar forcing differs from the Reference forcing by −0.08 W m−2, the same as the alternative volcanic forcing that was based on the latest estimates from NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Anthropogenic aerosol emissions were replaced using the EU‐EclipseV4a data set and produce a mean forcing change of 0.11 W m−2 over the period. Part 1 details the creation of the two 30‐member ensembles and their characterization for parameters of particular relevance to the explanation of the hiatus. A detailed investigation of the two resulting ensembles global surface temperature behavior is given in Part 2, along with comparisons to observational data sets.
Pedobacter
Authors: Margesin Rosa , Shivaji Sisinthy 
Published: July 2015

Pe.do.bac'ter. Gr. neut. n.pedonsoil; N.L. masc. n.bacterrod; N.L. masc. n.Pedobacterrod from soil.Bacteroidetes / Sphingobacteriia / Sphingobacteriales / Sphingobacteriaceae / PedobacterRod‐shapedcells, 0.5–0.9×0.8–3.2 µm.Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores are not formed. Nonmotile (Pedobacter africanus,Pedobacter caeni,Pedobacter roseus,Pedobacter suwonensis,Pedobacter piscium,Pedobacter himalayensis) or motile by gliding (Pedobacter heparinus,Pedobacter cryoconitis,Pedobacter saltans).Aerobic. Isolates grow at 5°C; maximum temperature for growth is 25°C (Pedobacter cryoconitis,Pedobacter himalyensis) or 30°C;Pedobacter saltansandPedobacter suwonensisgrow at 37°C. Colonies on solid media are round (diameter, 0.5–4 mm), convex with entire margins, pale white or pigmented (yellow to pink), sometimes mucoid/slimy (Pedobacter caeni,Pedobacter cryoconitis,Pedobacter himalayensis,Pedobacter suwonensis).Catalase‐,oxidase‐,and phosphatase‐positive;esculin hydrolysis positive.Nitrate reductase‐ and urease‐negative. H2S is not produced from thiosulfate; indole is not produced from tryptophan. Chemoorganotrophic with oxidative type of metabolism. Glucose is not fermented.D‐Glucose,D‐lactose,D‐maltose,D‐mannose,L‐melibiose,N‐acetylglucosamine, salicin, sucrose, and trehalose are used as sole carbon sources. Adipate, caprate, citrate, citric acid,D‐arabitol,L‐arabitol,D‐fucose, lysine,D‐lyxose, malate,D‐tagatose, dulcitol, inositol, 5‐ketogluconate, phenylacetate, andL‐sorbose are not utilized as sole carbon sources. Acid is not produced fromD‐adonitol andL‐rhamnose. Major fatty acids are C15:0iso 2‐OH/C16:1ω7c, C15:0iso, and C17:0iso 3‐OH. All the species are phylogenetically closely related to one another at the 16S rRNA gene level (>95%) exceptPedobacter saltans, which shows >10% difference.DNA G+C content(mol%): 36–45.Type species:Pedobacter heparinus(Payza and Korn 1956) Steyn, Segers, Vancanneyt, Sandra, Kersters and Joubert 1998, 175VP; (Flavobacterium heparinumPayza and Korn 1956, 854;Cytophaga heparinaChristensen 1980, 474;Sphingobacterium heparinumTakeuchi and Yokota 1992, 465–482).
Robust neuro‐adaptive cooperative control of multi‐agent port‐controlled Hamiltonian systems
Authors: El‐Ferik Sami , Qureshi Aminuddin , Lewis Frank L. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThis paper presents the distributed cooperative tracking control of the multi‐agent port‐controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) systems that are networked through a directed graph. Controller is made robust against the parametric uncertainties using neural networks. Dynamics of the the proposed novel neural network tuning law is driven by both the position and the velocity errors owing to the information preserving filtering of the Hamiltonian gradient. In addition, the PCH structure of the closed‐loop system is preserved and the controller achieves the
disturbance attenuation objective. Simulations are performed on a group of robotic manipulators to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium‐Catalysed Direct Arylation using Free‐Amine‐Substituted Polyfluoroanilines with Inhibition of Amination‐Type Reaction
Authors: Takfaoui Abdelilah , Touzani Rachid , Soulé Jean‐François , Dixneuf Pierre H. , Doucet Henri 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe palladium‐catalysed C−C bond formation via direct arylation of free‐amine‐substituted polyfluoroaniline derivatives proceeds in moderate to high yields with a variety of aryl bromides. The nature of the base was found to be crucial to promote the direct arylation with inhibition of the amination reaction.
Isolation and Characterization of a Bismuth(II) Radical
Authors: Schwamm Ryan J. , Harmer Jeffrey R. , Lein Matthias , Fitchett Christopher M. , Granville Simon , Coles Martyn P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMore than 80 years after Paneth’s report of dimethyl bismuth, the first monomeric BiIIradical that is stable in the solid state has been isolated and characterized. Reduction of the diamidobismuth(III) chloride Bi(NONAr)Cl (NONAr=[O(SiMe2NAr)2]2−; Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) with magnesium affords the BiIIradical.Bi(NONAr). X‐ray crystallographic measurements are consistent with a two‐coordinate bismuth in the +2 oxidation state with no short intermolecular contacts, and solid‐state SQUID magnetic measurements indicate a paramagnetic compound with a single unpaired electron. EPR and density functional calculations show a metal‐centered radical with >90 % spin density in a p‐type orbital on bismuth.
Modular Synthesis of Multisubstituted Furans through Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Condensation of Alkynylbenziodoxoles, Carboxylic Acids, and Imines
Authors: Wu Junliang , Yoshikai Naohiko 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMild and regiocontrolled synthesis of a multisubstituted furan is achieved through Pd(OAc)2‐catalyzed room‐temperature condensation of an alkynylbenziodoxole, a carboxylic acid, and an enolizable ketimine, which contribute to C1, CO, and C2 fragments, respectively, to the furan skeleton. The reaction tolerates a broad range of functional groups in each of the reaction components, and enables highly modular and flexible synthesis of variously substituted furans. The reaction is particularly effective for the rapid generation of tri‐ and tetraarylfurans and furan‐containing oligoarylenes without relying on conventional cross‐coupling chemistry.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarbonylative Dehydration for the Synthesis of α‐Vinyl Carbonyl Compounds and Total Synthesis of (−)‐Aspewentins A, B, and C
Authors: Liu Yiyang , Virgil Scott C. , Grubbs Robert H. , Stoltz Brian M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe direct α‐vinylation of carbonyl compounds to form a quaternary stereocenter is a challenging transformation. It was discovered that δ‐oxocarboxylic acids can serve as masked vinyl compounds and be unveiled by palladium‐catalyzed decarbonylative dehydration. The carboxylic acids are readily available through enantioselective acrylate addition or asymmetric allylic alkylation. A variety of α‐vinyl quaternary carbonyl compounds are obtained in good yields, and an application in the first enantioselective total synthesis of (−)‐aspewentins A, B, and C is demonstrated.
Evaluating cost and resource use associated with pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart disease: Empiric estimates and sources of variation
Authors: Reeder Matthew R. , Kim Jaewhan , Nance Amy , Krikov Sergey , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Randall Harper , Botto Lorenzo D. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundNewborn screening for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) using pulse oximetry is being implemented in the United States and internationally; however, few data are available on the associated in‐hospital costs and use of resources.MethodsTime and motion study in well‐baby nurseries at two large urban hospitals in Utah using different approaches to pulse oximetry screening. Two observers recorded the time for each screening step together with provider and equipment characteristics. Structured questionnaire provided additional information on labor and equipment costs.ResultsFifty‐three CCHD screens were observed. At site A (n = 22), screening was mostly done by medical assistants (95%) using disposable probes (100%); at site B (n = 31), screening was mostly performed by certified nursing assistants (90%) using reusable probes (90%). Considering only first screens (n = 53), the median screen time was 8.6 min (range: 3.2–23.2), with no significant difference between sites. The overall cost ($ in 2014) of screening per baby was $24.52 at site A and $2.60 at site B. Nearly all the variation in cost (90%) was due to the cost of disposable probes; labor costs were similar between sites.ConclusionCCHD screening by means of pulse oximetry is reasonably fast for most babies, leading to relative small labor costs with little variation by provider type. The main driver of costs is equipment: in a high throughput setting, reusable probes are currently associated with considerable cost saving compared with disposable probes. As programs expand to universal screening, improved and cheaper technologies could lead to considerable economies of scale. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:962–971, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coupling recombinase‐mediated cassette exchange with somatic hypermutation for antibody affinity maturation in CHO cells
Authors: Chen Chuan , Li Nan , Zhao Yun , Hang Haiying 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTHeterologous expression of activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID) can induce somatic hypermutation (SHM) for genes of interest in various cells, and several research groups (including ours) have successfully improved antibody affinity in mammalian or chicken cells using AID‐induced SHM. These affinity maturation systems are time‐consuming and inefficient. In this study, we developed an antibody affinity maturation platform in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by coupling recombinase‐mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) with SHM. Stable CHO cell clones containing a single copy puromycin resistance gene (PuroR) expression cassette flanked by recombination target sequences (FRT and loxP) being able to highly express a gene of interest placed in the cassette were developed. The PuroR gene was replaced with an antibody gene by RMCE, and the antibody was displayed on the cell surface. Cells displaying antibodies on their membrane were transfected with the AID gene, and mutations of the antibody gene were accumulated by AID‐mediated hypermutation during cell proliferation followed by flow cytometric cell sorting for cells bearing antibody mutants with improved affinity. Affinity improvements were detected after only one round of cell sorting and proliferation, mutant clones with 15‐fold affinity improvement were isolated within five rounds of maturation (within 2 months). CHO cells are fast growing, stress‐resistant and produce antibody with glycosylations suitable for therapy. Our antibody‐evolution platform based on CHO cells makes antibody‐affinity maturation more efficient and is especially convenient for therapeutic antibody affinity improvement. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 39–51. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of C8‐N‐Arylamine‐Modified 2′‐Deoxyguanosine‐5′‐Triphosphates and Their Effects on Primer Extension by DNA Polymerases
Authors: Höfler Katharina , Sarac Ivo , Meier Chris 
Published: July 2015

AbstractC8‐N‐arylamine adducts of 2′‐deoxyguanosine (2′‐dG) play an important role in the induction of the chemical carcinogenesis caused by aromatic amines. C8‐N‐acetyl‐N‐arylamine dG adducts that differ in their substitution pattern in the aniline moiety were converted by cycloSal technology into the corresponding C8‐N‐acetyl‐N‐arylamine‐2′‐deoxyguanosine‐5′‐triphosphates and C8‐NH‐arylamine‐2′‐deoxyguanosine‐5′‐triphosphates. Their conformation preference has been investigated by NOE spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The substrate properties of the C8‐dG adducts were studied in primer‐extension assays by using Klenow fragment exo− of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and human DNA polymerase β. It was shown that the incorporation was independent of the substitution pattern in the aryl moiety and the N‐acetyl group. Although the triphosphates were poor substrates for the human polymerases, they were incorporated twice before the termination of the elongation process occurred; this might demonstrate the importance of C8‐N‐arylamine‐2′‐deoxyguanosine‐5′‐triphosphates in chemical carcinogenesis.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection inhibits TLR4 signaling via up‐regulation of miR‐26b
Authors: Liu Shuang , Gao Li , Wang Xia , Xing Yan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illnesses in infants worldwide. TLR4 signal pathway plays a critical role in regulating immune response against RSV infection. However, the activation of TLR4 in RSV infection is still unclear. In present study, the expression levels of miR‐26b and TLR4 mRNA were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of children with or without RSV infected bronchiolitis. The expression levels of TLR4 and its downstream genes IFNβ and CCL5 were also quantified in PBMCs infected with RSVΔG or RSV A2 in vitro. The results showed that children with RSV infection had higher miR‐26b level and lower TLR4 mRNA level in PBMCs. miR‐26b was predicted to target TLR4. In vitro, miR‐26b mimic markedly down‐regulated TLR4 mRNA/protein expression and IFNβ/CCL5 concentrations while miR‐26b inhibitor up‐regulated these levels. This study reveals that RSV infection inhibits TLR4 signaling via up‐regulation of miR‐26b, which provides a potential therapeutic target for preventing and treating RSV infection.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Phenanthridine/Benzoxazine‐Fused Quinazolinones by Intramolecular CH Bond Activation
Authors: Gupta Puneet K. , Yadav Nisha , Jaiswal Subodh , Asad Mohd. , Kant Ruchir , Hajela Kanchan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA highly efficient synthesis of phenanthridine/benzoxazine‐fused quinazolinones by ligand‐free palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular CH bond activation under mild conditions has been developed. The CC coupling provides the corresponding N‐fused polycyclic heterocycles in good to excellent yields and with wide functional group tolerance.
Synthesis of Nature‐Inspired Medium‐Sized Fused Heterocycles from Amino Acids
Authors: Ventosa‐Andrés Pilar , La‐Venia Agustina , Ripoll Carlos Alfonso Barea , Hradilová Ludmila , Krchňák Viktor 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHerein, we describe the synthesis of molecular scaffolds consisting of medium‐sized fused heterocycles using amino acids, which are some of the most useful building blocks used by nature as well as chemists to create structural diversity. The acyclic precursors were assembled by using traditional Merrifield solid‐phase peptide synthesis, and cyclization was carried out through acid‐mediated tandem endocyclic N‐acyliminium ion formation, followed by nucleophilic addition with internal nucleophiles. The synthesis of molecular scaffolds consisting of seven‐, eight‐, and nine‐membered rings proceeded with full stereocontrol of the newly generated stereogenic center in most cases.
Callipeltosides A, B and C: Total Syntheses and Structural Confirmation
Authors: Frost James R. , Pearson Colin M. , Snaddon Thomas N. , Booth Richard A. , Turner Richard M. , Gold Johan , Shaw David M. , Gaunt Matthew J. , Ley Steven V. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSince their isolation almost 20 years ago, the callipeltosides have been of long standing interest to the synthetic community owing to their unique structural features and inherent biological activity. Herein we present our full research effort that has led to the synthesis of these molecules. Key aspects of our final strategy include 1) synthesis of the C1–C9 pyran core (5) using an AuCl3‐catalysed cyclisation; 2) formation of C10–C22 vinyl iodide (55) by sequential bidirectional Stille reactions and 3) diastereoselective union of these advanced fragments by means of an alkenylzinc addition (d.r.=91:9 at C9). The common callipeltoside aglycon (4) was completed in a further five steps. Following this, all three sugar fragments were appended to provide the entire callipeltoside family. In addition to this, D‐configured callipeltose B was synthesised and appended to the callipeltoside aglycon. The 1H NMR spectrum of this molecule was found to be significantly different to the natural isolate, further supporting our assignment of callipeltoside B (2).