bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjektivně vnímaná zdatnost učitelů v kontextu jejich profesního vzdělávání: zjištění a výzvy z šetření TALIS 2013
Authors: Kašparová Vendula , Potužníková Eva , Janík Tomáš 
Published: September 2015

Článek prezentuje a diskutuje vybrané výsledky Mezinárodního šetření o vyučování a učení TALIS 2013 (Teaching and Learning International Survey). Nejprve představuje důvody vzniku a vývoj šetření TALIS a stručně pojednává o teoretických východiscích se zaměřením na problematiku profesního vzdělávání a subjektivně vnímané zdatnosti učitelů. Ve výsledkové části prezentuje zjištění TALIS 2013 týkající se subjektivně vnímané zdatnosti a interpretuje je v kontextu zjištění týkajících se profesního vzdělávání a podmínek práce učitelů ve školách. Výsledky ukazují, že učitelé v ČR vnímají svoji zdatnost jako nižší než učitelé v jiných zemích. Navzdory tomu se méně než v mezinárodním průměru vzdělávají v oblastech, v nichž se cítí nejméně zdatní a zároveň v těchto oblastech ani necítí vyšší potřebu se vzdělávat. V souladu s mezinárodním průměrem hodnotí velká většina učitelů v ČR dopady profesního vzdělávání pozitivně, a to napříč tematickými oblastmi, a je se svým výkonem ve škole spokojena. Oproti mezinárodnímu průměru se učitelé v ČR více zapojují do různých forem vzájemné podpory a spolupráce ve školách. Nadprůměrný podíl jich však vyjádřil pocit, že je učitelské povolání nevýhodné a ve společnosti nevážené. Ve světle šetření TALIS se jeví jako vhodné využít potenciál příznivého školního klimatu k užšímu propojení mezi hodnocením práce učitelů a jejich dalším profesním rozvojem a k cílenějšímu zaměření profesního rozvoje učitelů na aktivity, které by mohly posílit jejich (subjektivně vnímanou) zdatnost.
Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança: em debate o labor infantojuvenil (1978 - 1989)
Authors: Arend Silvia Maria Fávero 
Published: September 2015

Este artigo tem por objetivo descrever e analisar como se processou o debate acerca das relações de trabalho no campo da infância, adolescência e juventude durante a construção da Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança pelos países membros da Organização das Nações Unidas e Organizações Não Governamentais entre 1978 e 1989. Busca-se, também, apresentar informações sobre a presença do discurso jurídico desta normativa internacional na legislação brasileira para as crianças, adolescentes e jovens instituída no Brasil no ano de 1990. Palavras-chave: História; Infância; Juventude; Direitos; Relações de Trabalho.
Um acervo como ponto de partida
Authors: Delgado Luisa Carvalho 
Published: September 2015

Abrir velhos baús de memórias significa, muitas vezes, um reencontro com a própria vida. Os papéis amarelados pelo tempo guardam segredos, emoções, sonhos, expectativas, projetos, costumes e práticas (CUNHA, 2009). Nessa perspectiva, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar de que forma se realizou o encontro com o arquivo pessoal de Astrogildes Delgado de Carvalho, educadora que atuou nas décadas de 1930 a 1980, no Rio de Janeiro. Sua ação influenciou a prática da educação infantil e a formação de educadoras dos centros de atendimento ao pré-escolar (Capes), juntamente com a Organização Mundial para a Educação Pré-escolar/Brasil/Rio de Janeiro (Omep/BR/RJ). Além disso, tem-se como objetivo perceber de que maneira esse encontro possibilitou a realização da pesquisa biográfica sobre a educadora. Palavras-chave: Coleções Particulares; Educação de Crianças;Carvalho, Astrogildes Delgado de - Biografia.
Pesquisas em história, violência e política no Chile Uma conversa com o Prof. Igor Alexis Goicovic Donoso
Authors: Silva Juliana Miranda da , Iuskow Cristina 
Published: September 2015

Durante o II Seminário de História do Tempo Presente, realizamos a entrevista que segue no LABGEF/LEH com o Prof. Dr. Igor Alexis Goicovic Donoso, na qual pudemos conhecer sua trajetória como pesquisador e aspectos das atuais pesquisas realizadas no Chile e em parceria com pesquisadores latino americanos. Igor Alexis Goicovic Donoso é Doutor em História pela Universidad de Murcia, España (2005), professor titular na Universidad de Santiago de Chile na linha de História Política, com ênfase em História da violência política. Atualmente também é Diretor do Departamento de História na referida universidade. Publicou recentemente o livro Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (Ediciones Escaparate, Concepción, 2012). Entrevista concedida em: 16/10/2014
Contemporary issues on the epidemiology and antiretroviral adherence of HIV‐infected adolescents in sub‐Saharan Africa: a narrative review
Authors: Adejumo Olurotimi A , Malee Kathleen M , Ryscavage Patrick , Hunter Scott J , Taiwo Babafemi O 
Published: September 2015

IntroductionAdolescents are a unique and sometimes neglected group in the planning of healthcare services. This is the case in many parts of sub‐Saharan Africa, where more than eight out of ten of the world's HIV‐infected adolescents live. Although the last decade has seen a reduction in AIDS‐related mortality worldwide, largely due to improved access to effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), AIDS remains a significant contributor to adolescent mortality in sub‐Saharan Africa. Although inadequate access to ART in parts of the subcontinent may be implicated, research among youth with HIV elsewhere in the world suggests that suboptimal adherence to ART may play a significant role. In this article, we summarize the epidemiology of HIV among sub‐Saharan African adolescents and review their adherence to ART, emphasizing the unique challenges and factors associated with adherence behaviour.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive search of online databases for articles, relevant abstracts, and conference reports from meetings held between 2010 and 2014. Our search terms included “adherence,” “compliance,” “antiretroviral use” and “antiretroviral adherence,” in combination with “adolescents,” “youth,” “HIV,” “Africa,” “interventions” and the MeSH term “Africa South of the Sahara.” Of 19,537 articles and abstracts identified, 215 met inclusion criteria, and 148 were reviewed.DiscussionAdolescents comprise a substantial portion of the population in many sub‐Saharan African countries. They are at particular risk of HIV and may experience worse outcomes. Although demonstrated to have unique challenges, there is a dearth of comprehensive health services for adolescents, especially for those with HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa. ART adherence is poorer among older adolescents than other age groups, and psychosocial, socio‐economic, individual, and treatment‐related factors influence adherence behaviour among adolescents in this region. With the exception of a few examples based on affective, cognitive, and behavioural strategies, most adherence interventions have been targeted at adults with HIV.ConclusionsAlthough higher levels of ART adherence have been reported in sub‐Saharan Africa than in other well‐resourced settings, adolescents in the region may have poorer adherence patterns. There is substantial need for interventions to improve adherence in this unique population.
A hybrid‐3D hillslope hydrological model for use in Earth system models
Authors: Hazenberg P. , Fang Y. , Broxton P. , Gochis D. , Niu G.‐Y. , Pelletier J. D. , Troch P. A. , Zeng X. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHillslope‐scale rainfall‐runoff processes leading to a fast catchment response are not explicitly included in land surface models (LSMs) for use in earth system models (ESMs) due to computational constraints. This study presents a hybrid‐3D hillslope hydrological model (h3D) that couples a 1‐D vertical soil column model with a lateral pseudo‐2D saturated zone and overland flow model for use in ESMs. By representing vertical and lateral responses separately at different spatial resolutions, h3D is computationally efficient. The h3D model was first tested for three different hillslope planforms (uniform, convergent and divergent). We then compared h3D (with single and multiple soil columns) with a complex physically based 3‐D model and a simple 1‐D soil moisture model coupled with an unconfined aquifer (as typically used in LSMs). It is found that simulations obtained by the simple 1‐D model vary considerably from the complex 3‐D model and are not able to represent hillslope‐scale variations in the lateral flow response. In contrast, the single soil column h3D model shows a much better performance and saves computational time by 2‐3 orders of magnitude compared with the complex 3‐D model. When multiple vertical soil columns are implemented, the resulting hydrological responses (soil moisture, water table depth, and base flow along the hillslope) from h3D are nearly identical to those predicted by the complex 3‐D model, but still saves computational time. As such, the computational efficiency of the h3D model provides a valuable and promising approach to incorporating hillslope‐scale hydrological processes into continental and global‐scale ESMs.
Substorm‐induced energetic electron precipitation: Impact on atmospheric chemistry
Authors: Seppälä A. , Clilverd M. A. , Beharrell M. J. , Rodger C. J. , Verronen P. T. , Andersson M. E. , Newnham D. A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMagnetospheric substorms drive energetic electron precipitation into the Earth's atmosphere. We use the output from a substorm model to describe electron precipitation forcing of the atmosphere during an active substorm period in April–May 2007. We provide the first estimate of substorm impact on the neutral composition of the polar middle atmosphere. Model simulations show that the enhanced ionization from a series of substorms leads to an estimated ozone loss of 5–50% in the mesospheric column depending on season. This is similar in scale to small to medium solar proton events (SPEs). This effect on polar ozone balance is potentially more important on long time scales (months to years) than the impulsive but sporadic (few SPE/year versus three to four substorms/day) effect of SPEs. Our results suggest that substorms should be considered an important source of energetic particle precipitation into the atmosphere and included in high‐top chemistry‐climate models.
Precise relative locations for earthquakes in the northeast Pacific region
Authors: Cleveland K. Michael , VanDeMark Thomas F. , Ammon Charles J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDouble‐difference methods applied to cross‐correlation measured Rayleigh wave time shifts are an effective tool to improve epicentroid locations and relative origin time shifts in remote regions. We apply these methods to seismicity offshore of southwestern Canada and the U.S. Pacific Northwest, occurring along the boundaries of the Pacific and Juan de Fuca (including the Explorer Plate and Gorda Block) Plates. The Blanco, Mendocino, Revere‐Dellwood, Nootka, and Sovanco fracture zones host the majority of this seismicity, largely consisting of strike‐slip earthquakes. The Explorer, Juan de Fuca, and Gorda spreading ridges join these fracture zones and host normal faulting earthquakes. Our results show that at least the moderate‐magnitude activity clusters along fault strike, supporting suggestions of large variations in seismic coupling along oceanic transform faults. Our improved relative locations corroborate earlier interpretations of the internal deformation in the Explorer and Gorda Plates. North of the Explorer Plate, improved locations support models that propose northern extension of the Revere‐Dellwood fault. Relocations also support interpretations that favor multiple parallel active faults along the Blanco Transform Fault Zone. Seismicity of the western half of the Blanco appears more scattered and less collinear than the eastern half, possibly related to fault maturity. We use azimuthal variations in the Rayleigh wave cross‐correlation amplitude to detect and model rupture directivity for a moderate size earthquake along the eastern Blanco Fault. The observations constrain the seismogenic zone geometry and suggest a relatively narrow seismogenic zone width of 2 to 4 km.
The Slichter mode of the Earth: Revisit with optimal stacking and autoregressive methods on full superconducting gravimeter data set
Authors: Ding Hao , Chao Benjamin F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Slichter mode is the triplet oscillational mode of the 3‐D translation of the Earth's solid inner core; despite much effort it has so far eluded observation. Here we revisit the search by applying new data processing methods upon the latest set of available superconducting gravimeter (SG) data. The new methods are the AR‐z spectrum that is sensitive in detecting weak harmonic signals, and the OSE data stacking scheme proven to be effective in identifying seismic normal mode singlets. The SG data consist of 19 records from 14 worldwide stations spanning up to 15 years. We arrive at three candidate sets of frequencies for the Slichter triplet that satisfy the theoretical splitting rule, namely (3.952, 4.432, 4.908) cpd, (5.136/5.032/5.020, 5.592, 6.040) cpd, and (5.704, 6.208, 6.748) cpd, of which the first set is regarded to be the more likely. A series of synthetic experiments shows that the Slichter triplet signals with RMS received amplitude of ~0.3 nGal (10−11m/s2) can be detected to the extent of the present combination of data and methodology.
Improved structural characterization of the Earth's crust at the German Continental Deep Drilling Site using advanced seismic imaging techniques
Authors: Hloušek F. , Hellwig O. , Buske S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper describes the principles of three novel seismic imaging techniques and their application to two deep seismic reflection data sets from the vicinity of the German Continental Deep Drilling Site (KTB). These imaging techniques are based on Kirchhoff prestack depth migration and use an inherent restriction of the migration operator to focus the wavefield to its actual reflection point. For Fresnel volume migration, the emergent angle at the receivers is estimated and then used to propagate the wavefield back into the subsurface along which the Fresnel volume is determined. The migration operator is restricted to this volume, thereby focusing the image to the part of the isochrone which physically contributes to the reflection. For coherency migration, the coherency of the wavefield at neighboring traces is calculated and used as a weighting factor within the migration integral, leading to a comparable focusing to the reflection point. For coherency‐based Fresnel volume migration, both approaches are combined, resulting in an even more focused seismic image with significantly increased image quality. We applied these methods to two seismic data sets from the area around the KTB: a survey with standard split‐spread geometry (KTB8502) and a sparse data set with a small number of source points in combination with short receiver lines (INSTRUCT93). The focusing approaches yield major improvements in the final images for both data sets. Incoherent noise and migration artifacts are reduced and the visibility of crustal structures is strongly enhanced, allowing for an improved geologic and tectonic characterization.
Capillarity and wetting of carbon dioxide and brine during drainage in Berea sandstone at reservoir conditions
Authors: Al‐Menhali Ali , Niu Ben , Krevor Samuel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe wettability of CO2‐brine‐rock systems will have a major impact on the management of carbon sequestration in subsurface geological formations. Recent contact angle measurement studies have reported sensitivity in wetting behavior of this system to pressure, temperature, and brine salinity. We report observations of the impact of reservoir conditions on the capillary pressure characteristic curve and relative permeability of a single Berea sandstone during drainage—CO2 displacing brine—through effects on the wetting state. Eight reservoir condition drainage capillary pressure characteristic curves were measured using CO2 and brine in a single fired Berea sandstone at pressures (5–20 MPa), temperatures (25–50°C), and ionic strengths (0–5 mol kg−1 NaCl). A ninth measurement using a N2‐water system provided a benchmark for capillarity with a strongly water wet system. The capillary pressure curves from each of the tests were found to be similar to the N2‐water curve when scaled by the interfacial tension. Reservoir conditions were not found to have a significant impact on the capillary strength of the CO2‐brine system during drainage through a variation in the wetting state. Two steady‐state relative permeability measurements with CO2 and brine and one with N2 and brine similarly show little variation between conditions, consistent with the observation that the CO2‐brine‐sandstone system is water wetting and multiphase flow properties invariant across a wide range of reservoir conditions.
L‐Moments
Authors: Hosking J. R. M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCertain linear combinations of the order statistics of a random sample contain information about the location, dispersion, and shape of the distribution from which the sample was drawn.L‐moments are the expected values of these linear combinations, multiplied for numerical convenience by scalar constants.L‐moments are analogous to ordinary moments but have several advantages. ForL‐moments of a probability distribution to exist, we require only that the distribution have finite mean; no higher‐order moments need exist. A distribution is uniquely defined by itsL‐moments, whereas it is possible for two different distributions to have the same ordinary moments. Although moment ratios can be arbitrarily large, sample moment ratios have algebraic bounds; sampleL‐moment ratios can take any values that the corresponding population quantities can. Asymptotic approximations to sampling distributions are better forL‐moments than for ordinary moments.L‐moments are less sensitive than ordinary moments to outlying data values.L‐moments provide a tool of wide‐ranging practical utility. Computation of the first few sampleL‐moments andL‐moment ratios of a data set provides a useful summary of the location, dispersion, and shape of the distribution from which the sample was drawn. TheL‐moment ratios provide numerical measures of the shape of a distribution and can be used to obtain reasonably efficient estimates of parameters when a distribution is fitted to the data.L‐moments provide much more reliable inferences than do the ordinary moments. Software facilitating the use ofL‐moments is available in R and Fortran.
Shock Models
Authors: Griffith William S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractShock models describe time to failure of the device when the device receives shocks over time and is able to withstand a random number of shocks. Various types of stochastic processes can be used to describe the shock processes and various assumptions are placed on the ability of the device to survive shocks. This article provides a survey of the types of results that have been obtained and relate shock models to other models of failure such as cumulative damage models.
Survival Analysis
Authors: Andersen Per K. , Vaeth Michael 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSurvival analysis is a comprehensive set of statistical methods for analysis of data with incomplete observation of the main outcome variable, which is a time to occurrence of some specific event. The terminology reflects that many of the methods have been developed in connection with analysis of medical follow‐up data where patients have been followed from a given date, typically day of treatment or day of diagnosis and until death. Such data are often censored, that is, the survival time is only known to exceed a given value, but other forms of incomplete data may also be encountered. Survival analysis includes nonparametric, semiparametric, and fully parametric models for comparisons of two or several groups and regression models that allow for correction of the influence of concomitant variables. In particular, the Cox proportional hazards regression models has become widely used for analysis of survival data. This model can be extended to include covariables that are updated during follow‐up and a dynamic description of the problem can therefore be developed. Classical survival analysis includes a single event that each individual experiences at most once, but the methodology has been extended to cover much more complicated scenarios including data with several types of events and data with recurrent events. This entry surveys the most important aspects of survival analysis and presents a medical example to illustrate the use of some of the methods.
Default Correlation
Authors: Kapadia Nikunj 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDefaults across firms in the economy are correlated partly because firms are exposed to common risk factors and partly because of frailty or contagion risk. In modeling joint default risk, several approaches have been introduced. In structural models of default risk, joint default risk may be introduced by allowing assets values to be correlated. In reduced form intensity‐based models, default intensities can be allowed to be correlated. These models can also be extended to include a role for frailty and contagion. Finally, the correlation between defaults may be directly modeled via a copula correlation. We describe and discuss these approaches to modeling default correlation.
Markov ChainMonteCarlo, Introduction
Authors: Ausín M. Concepción 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this article, we introduce the basic ideas of Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. We start by briefly commenting on the main ideas of Monte Carlo sampling and then by reviewing the theory of Markov chains, concentrating particularly on the conditions required for the existence of a stationary distribution. We then introduce the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm and show that this generates a Markov chain with a specific stationary distribution. We next introduce some specific ways of implementing the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm, via the independence sampler, the Metropolis sampler, and the Gibbs sampler among others. We also comment on how the convergence of a Markov chain to equilibrium can be assessed in practice and provide an illustrating example. Finally, we review some of the freely available, existing software for implementing MCMC methods.
Disease Trials in Reproductive Diseases
Authors: Johnson Julia V. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHistorically, studies in reproductive medicine have been of limited quality mainly because of the challenging group of subjects, the limited effective study design, and the lack of standards advised for clinical trials. In addition, reproductive medicine has classically received limited funding for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Because of the importance of reproductive health issues, theNIHhas developed programs to increase translational and clinical research. In addition, research has encouraged standards for reproductive research to assure high‐quality clinical trials. This article will review the classic limitations of studies in reproductive medicine, the standards that have improved the quality of research, and it will describeNIHfunded programs to promote knowledge and optimize patient care.
Absolute Risk Reduction
Authors: Newcombe Robert G. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This article reviews confidence interval methods for differences between proportions. In line with well‐known corresponding results for the single proportion, the simplest Wald confidence intervals perform poorly. Several improved methods are described and illustrated using data from two small clinical trials. We also describe a closed‐form method to obtain a confidence interval for a risk difference derived from independent estimates of a baseline risk and a relative risk. Selected methods are readily implemented using Excel resources freely downloadable from the author's website.