bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gödel Completeness Theorem for Uncountable Languages
Authors: Schlöder Julian J. , Koepke Peter 
Published: February 2013

Summary
This article is the second in a series of two Mizar articles constituting a formal proof of the Gödel Completeness theorem [15] for uncountably large languages. We follow the proof given in [16]. The present article contains the techniques required to expand a theory such that the expanded theory contains witnesses and is negation faithful. Then the completeness theorem follows immediately.
The Properties of Sets of Temporal Logic Subformulas
Authors: Giero Mariusz 
Published: February 2013

Summary
This is a second preliminary article to prove the completeness theorem of an extension of basic propositional temporal logic. We base it on the proof of completeness for basic propositional temporal logic given in [17]. We introduce two modified definitions of a subformula. In the former one we treat until-formula as indivisible. In the latter one, we extend the set of subformulas of until-formulas by a special disjunctive formula. This is needed to construct a temporal model. We also define an ordered positive-negative pair of finite sequences of formulas (PNP). PNPs represent states of a temporal model.
Cultivation of Chinese Silvergrass (Miscanthus Sinensis Anderss.) On the East Slovak Lowland as a Potential Source of Raw Material for Energy Purposes
Authors: Porvaz Pavol , Tóth Štefan , Marcin Andrej 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A field trial with Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. was performed in Vysoká nad Uhom (average yearly temperature: 9.0°C, yearly precipitation: 584 mm) on Haplic fluvisol (WRB 2006) during 2006-2009. The average dry matter (DM) yield of the above- ground phytomass was 25.63 t/ha/year (excluding establish- ment year when yield was 4.81 t/ha) and had an increasing trend according to production years (14.13, 26.14 and 36.63 t/ha). We achieved in developing a trial stand in the third year of production when the field coverage of 10 thousand rhizomes being planted per hectare was over 80%; however, it can be used as a denser spacing for the earlier performance of stand with full production capability, which means plantation of 12-13 thousand plants per hectare. The average lower heating value of the organic sample of phytomass, as received (LHV) was 15.56 MJ/kg, and according to the trial years were 15.09; 15.80; 15.70; and 15.80 MJ/kg. The amount of total energy value of the produced phytomass per unit area (energy yield) was 1,284.989 GJ/ha, and 72.583, 223.254, 410.398, 578.754 GJ/ha, respectively, in the trial years. The energy yield was exclusively affected (r = 0.999), and the caloric value (LHV) was affected by phytomass yield (r = 0.739). Obtained emission characteristics and the concentration of selected volatiles, and remaining ash, ash content 3.46%, total water 10.65%, carbon 42.49%, hydrogen 5.20%, total sulphur 0.12%, nitrogen 0.55%, silicone 1.17% and chlorine 0.16% have supported the environmentally friendly introduction of Chinese silvergrass, as the energy crop is desirable for the targeted agroecological conditions of Slovakia.
Immobilization of Cadmium from Contaminated Sediment Using Cardboard Mill Sludge
Authors: Prica Miljana , Dalmacija Milena , Dalmacija Bozo , Pesic Vesna , Krcmar Dejan , Becelic Milena , Milosevic Rastko 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Sludge from cardboard mill is most commonly landfilled, but it could also be recycled on-site into production or reused in some other way. In this study the use of sludge from cardboard mill as stabilizing agent in the stabilization treatment of cadmium polluted sediment was examined. The effectiveness of treatment and long-term leaching behavior of cadmium was evaluated by determining the cumulative percentage of cadmium leached, diffusion coefficients (De) and by applying different leaching tests (semi-dynamic test, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, waste extraction test). In order to simulate the “worst case” leaching conditions, the semi-dynamic leaching test was modified using 0.014 M acetic acid (pH = 3.25) and humic acids solution (20 mg l-1 TOC) as leachants instead of deionized water. A diffusion-based model was used to elucidate the controlling leaching mechanisms. Applied treatment was effective in immobilizing cadmium irrespective of high availability in the untreated sample. The controlling leaching mechanism appeared to be diffusion, which indicates that a slow leaching of cadmium could be expected when the cardboard mill sludge as stabilization agent is applied.
Evaluation of antidiabetic activity in Corallocarpus epigaeus rhizomes
Authors: Gnananath Kattamanchi , Reddy Kontham Ramakanth , Kumar Gudur Pavan , Krishna Bheemanapally , Reddy Karka Srinivas , Kumar Avvari Sanjeeva 
Published: February 2013

From these results it can be understood that plant extract showing its pharmacological action on diabetes between the time intervals of 1-2 hr after its administration. This is exactly what the action that is being observed from the standard Glibenclamide group which also shown its action at its 1-2 hr of administration to the animals. Here the statistically significant action of the higher dose of plant extract can be compared with that of the standard Glibenclamide group. From these results it can be understood that the plant extract is capable of inhibiting the elevation of blood glucose level to the extent of the action that has been shown by the standard Glibenclamide group. Particularly at the time interval of 2-4 hr both the Glibenclamide and plant extract at its high dose group that is 400 mg/kg has been significantly inhibited the elevation of the blood glucose levels in the animals.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i3.13581 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, February 2013, 2(3): 53-56
Contraception for Adolescents
Authors: Yen Sophia , Martin Susanne 
Published: February 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Identify and explain the four currently available methods of emergency contraception.

2.
Discuss the risk and benefits of intrauterine devices as a first-line option for contraception in adolescents.

3.
Review strategies for explaining the most common contraceptive methods to an adolescent.

The US has the highest pregnancy rate of any industrialized nation, approximately twice that of Canada, four times that of France, and eight times that of Japan or Italy.
1
In recent years, the rate has declined, partially due to delayed coitarche (age of onset of vaginal sexual intercourse) but mainly due to greater use of contraception.
2
Per the 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (a national survey of about 15,000 youth in schools), 33% of high school freshmen, 44% of sophomores, 53% of juniors, and 63% of seniors have had vaginal sexual intercourse. To prevent unplanned and unwanted teenage pregnancies, which have negative consequences on a teenager’s health and future, pediatricians must be able to provide birth control or at least know where to refer their patients in need.
Le vécu d’adolescents toxicomanes en traitement présentant des comportements suicidaires
Authors: Ledoux Cinthia , Brunelle Natacha , Bertrand Karine 
Published: February 2013

Les comportements suicidaires ne sont que peu considérés dans le traitement de la toxicomanie chez les adolescents. Les connaissances des particularités liées à leur processus de rétablissement et à leur perception des services reçus sont très limitées, mais elles sont nécessaires afin de leur offrir des services mieux adaptés à leur réalité. Cette étude vise à explorer le vécu et les perceptions quant au processus de rétablissement de jeunes qui présentent des comportements suicidaires lors de leur admission en traitement de la toxicomanie. En vue de mieux comprendre les particularités de leur expérience, un sous-objectif de l’étude est de la mettre en contraste avec celle des adolescents ne rapportant pas de tels comportements. Dans le cadre d’entretiens semi-structurés, 27 jeunes ont été rencontrés six mois après leur admission dans un centre de traitement de la toxicomanie. De ce nombre, huit jeunes ont évoqué avoir eu des comportements suicidaires au cours de leur rétablissement ou en présentaient à leur admission en traitement. Des analyses thématiques ont été réalisées. Les jeunes présentant des comportements suicidaires rapportent davantage l’influence d’une personne modèle sur leur choix de commencer un traitement ou de réduire leur consommation. Ils nomment également avoir vécu des difficultés entravant l’établissement de l’alliance thérapeutique ainsi que des difficultés à rompre les liens avec les pairs consommateurs. Les comportements suicidaires qu’ils décrivent semblent liés à des événements difficiles ou à une détresse psychologique persistante. Ces résultats mettent en évidence des pistes d’intervention afin d’orienter le traitement de la toxicomanie en fonction des besoins des adolescents qui présentent à la fois un problème de toxicomanie et des comportements suicidaires.
Differential Correlations of Digit Ratio (2D:4D) with Aggressive Dominance and Sociable Dominance Are Not Demonstrated: Commentary on van der Meij, Almela, Buunk, Dubbs, and Salvador (2012, Aggressive Behavior, 38(3), 208–212)
Authors: Voracek Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractVan der Meij, Almela, Buunk, Dubbs, and Salvador reported that, among young men (N = 84), a putative biomarker for prenatal androgen exposure (second‐to‐fourth digit ratio; 2D:4D) correlated negatively to self‐reported aggressive dominance, but not to sociable dominance. A critical examination of this allegedly differential effect shows it to be unsupported and unlikely to be replicable. Statistical power of the sample was so low that the nominally significant correlation coefficient with aggressive dominance and the nominally not significant one with sociable dominance actually did not differ significantly from each other. Apart from these data‐analytic and statistical power issues, a number of further substantive comments are raised, including conceptual and study design issues, 2D:4D measurement and reliability issues, and biased presentation (i.e. selective citation) of prior related research evidence. More generally, it is suggested that 2D:4D research would benefit from adopting publishing standards requiring discovery and replication samples (i.e. successful replication of novel findings by the initial researchers themselves), as is now increasingly required for publishing in various fields of inconsistent, hard‐to‐replicate evidence. Aggr. Behav. 39:85–87, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copulatory and Agonistic Behavior in Syrian Hamsters Following Social Defeat
Authors: Jeffress Elizabeth C. , Huhman Kim L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSyrian hamsters are highly aggressive animals that reliably defend their home territory. After social defeat, however, hamsters no longer defend their home cage but instead display submissive and defensive behavior toward an intruder, a response that we have termed conditioned defeat. Plasma testosterone is significantly reduced in Syrian hamsters following repeated defeat suggesting that social defeat might also impair copulatory behavior. The present study aimed to determine whether copulatory behavior in male Syrian hamsters is suppressed following repeated social defeats and additionally whether exposure to a hormone‐primed stimulus female after social defeat reduces the behavioral response to defeat. Hamsters were paired with an aggressive opponent for one or nine defeats using a resident‐intruder model, while controls were placed into the empty cage of a resident aggressor. On the day after the last treatment, half of the hamsters were paired with a receptive female for 10 min. There were no significant differences in the copulatory behavior of defeated versus non‐defeated hamsters, and the opportunity to copulate had no effect on subsequent conditioned defeat testing, as defeated animals displayed significantly more submissive behavior than did non‐defeated animals. The current data suggest that conditioned defeat is not necessarily a maladaptive response to social stress, at least in terms of reproductive behavior, but may instead represent a viable behavioral strategy adopted by losing animals following social defeat. Further, these data indicate that conditioned defeat is relatively persistent and stable, as the opportunity to copulate does not reduce the subsequent display of submissive behavior. Aggr. Behav. 39 :239‐245, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suprarmolecular hydrogels based on low‐molecular‐weight poly(ethylene glycol) and α‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Guo Cheng‐Gong , Wang Liang , Li Ya‐Kun , Wang Cai‐Qi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn previous studies, crystalline precipitates, not stable hydrogels, were obtained when low‐molecular‐weight (MW) poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG; weight‐average MW = 400–5000) was used to interact with α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD). In this study, the gelation ability of low‐MW PEG (number‐average MW = 2000, PEG‐2000) and α‐CD was systematically investigated through the variation in the concentration of PEG‐2000 in water (CPEG‐2000) and the feeding molar ratio of the PEG repeat unit to α‐CD (R). The results show that a stable supramolecular hydrogel could be constructed when CPEG‐2000 was kept at 40 mg/mL and R was 6.3. The inclusion complexation between α‐CD and PEG‐2000 and the effect of CPEG‐2000 and R on the stability of the hydrogels were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and rheology measurements. The resulting PEG‐2000‐based hydrogels retained the basic characteristics of supramolecular physical hydrogels, especially the property of shear thinning. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Characterization of soda hardwood lignin and the formation of lignin fibers by melt spinning
Authors: Awal Abdul , Sain Mohini 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLignin fibers were developed from a commercial available soda hardwood lignin (SHL) with a melt‐spinning approach. SHL showed spinnability to form the fine fibers when poly(ethylene oxide) was used as a plasticizer with lignin. The thermal properties of lignin provided valuable information to assist the processing steps of the lignin fiber formation. The guaiacyl/syringyl ratio in SHL was determined by 31P‐NMR because it had great influence on the thermal mobility of lignin. A suitable temperature profile for the melt spinning was predicted through rheological studies of lignin. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Influence of silica addition on the properties of epoxidised natural rubber/polyvinyl chloride composite membrane
Authors: Jon Nazwa , Samad Norfarhana Ab. , Abdullah Nurul Amni , Abdullah Ibrahim , Othaman Rizafizah 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFlexible and porous epoxidised natural rubber (ENR)/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membranes were prepared via phase inversion technique. The pore formation on ENR/PVC membranes was initiated with the introduction of inorganic particles (silica). Two types of silica, microsilica (microcrystalline silica powder) and nanosilica [generated from Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)] were used. Effects of silica addition on the membrane structure are investigated by means of FTIR, SEM, TGA, and UTM. FTIR results showed the presence of signature peak of SiOSi at 1102 and 1088 cm−1 for ENR/PVC/SiO2 and ENR/PVC/TEOS membrane, respectively. Morphological studies showed that pores developed in ENR/PVC/TEOS membranes were more homogenous as compared to ENR/PVC/SiO2 membranes. Thermal and mechanical stability of the membranes improved with the incorporation of silica. ENR/PVC/SiO2 membrane exhibited better mechanical and thermal properties as compared to ENR/PVC/TEOS membranes. CO2 and N2 gas permeation of silica‐filled membranes increased with increasing silica content and the permeability of ENR/PVC/SiO2 membrane toward N2 and CO2 gasses was higher than ENR/PVC/TEOS membrane. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effiziente Strahlungssimulation für ein thermisches Behaglichkeitsmodell
Authors: Stratbücker Sebastian , Park Sumee , Bolineni Sandeep Rao 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDer Beitrag untersucht globale und lokale Effekte asymmetrischer kurzwelliger und langwelliger Strahlung in Gebäudemodellen mit komplexen 3D‐Geometrien. Das neu entwickelte Simulationsverfahren berechnet die thermische Last auf Personen durch nicht‐uniforme Umgebungstemperaturen und solare Strahlung in Innenräumen. Das Berechnungsverfahren nutzt dabei eine effiziente Strahlverfolgung und Sichtfaktorberechnung mittels programmierbarer Grafik‐Hardware. Dadurch werden aufwendige geometriebasierte Strahlverfolgungsalgorithmen auf Arbeitsplatzrechnern für die Praxis ermöglicht. Hierzu wird der temperaturabhängige langwellige Strahlungsaustausch berechnet, sowie die Einträge kurzwelliger diffuser und direkter Solarstrahlung. Zur Gesamtbewertung wird die in der Norm definierte langwellige Strahlungstemperatur Tumrt mit den Einträgen kurzwelliger Strahlung zu Tmrt erweitert. Zur lokalen Auswertung aller Strahlungseinträge werden virtuelle “Proben“ modelliert, wie z. B. Globe‐Thermometer, und an ausgewählten Raumpositionen in ein Gebäudemodell integriert. Für eine genauere Analyse der lokalen thermischen Randbedingungen werden detaillierte virtuelle Menschmodelle verwendet. Die Strahlungstemperaturen werden pro Flächenelement durch richtungsabhängige Größen ermittelt, da insbesondere asymmetrische Bestrahlung als Einflussfaktor auf die Behaglichkeit in Innenräumen gilt.Efficient radiation simulation for thermal comfort. The presented work analyses the local effects of asymmetric shortwave and longwave radiation in complex 3D building models. The new simulation tool provides thermal loads caused by non‐uniform radiant temperatures and solar irradiation in indoor environments. The method implements efficient raytracing and viewfactor calculation on programmable graphic processing units. Therefor temperature based longwave radiation exchange and heat gains from direct and diffuse solar radiation are computed. Models of globe‐ thermometers are placed in selected room positions, in order to investigate local radiation impacts. Accurate analysis of local thermal conditions is enabled by detailed virtual manikin models. Radiant temperatures are evaluated by means of directional quantities, since asymmetric radiation is known to effect thermal comfort.
Numerische Simulation von Gebäudebelüftung mit einem Lattice Boltzmann‐LES‐Modell
Authors: Uphoff Sonja , Krafczyk Manfred , Martin Schönherr , Stiebler Maik , Zargari Mani 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn diesem Beitrag werden Belüftungseffekte am Beispiel des EnergieForums Berlin untersucht. Um Erkenntnisse über den Einfluss fluktuierender Windfelder auf die Belüftung zu erzielen, wird die Windumströmung und Temperatur im und um das Atriumgebäude mit einer Large Eddy Simulation (LES)‐Modell zeitaufgelöst und räumlich untersucht. Dazu wird das Lattice Boltzmann‐Verfahren mit dem Multi Relaxation Time (MRT)‐Modell auf einem D3Q19‐Gitter verwendet. Das kürzlich entwickelte Eso‐Twist‐Verfahren, das nur einen einzigen Lattice Boltzmann‐Verteilungssatz benötigt, kommt zum Einsatz. Als LES‐Modell wird das Smagorinsky‐Modell verwendet. Zur Temperaturmodellierung dient das HTLB‐Verfahren. Die Simulationen werden CUDA‐basiert auf einer GeForceGTX 580 GPGPU durchgeführt. Anhand der Simulationen wird der Abfall der Tracergaskonzentration über der Zeit sowie der mittlere, durch Temperaturunterschiede und äußeren Wind induzierte Fluss bestimmt.Numerical simulation of building ventilation with a Lattice Boltzmann LES model. In this contribution ventilation effects are studied for the EnergieForum Berlin. To estimate the influence of external wind fields on the ventilation process, wind and temperature fields are simulated with a large eddy simulation (LES) model. With this approach spatially‐and time‐resolved output is generated. The Lattice Boltzmann method is being used on a D3Q19 grid with a multiple relaxation time (MRT) model. The recently developed EsoTwist scheme, which uses only a single set of LB distributions, is employed. The Smagorinsky model serves as the LES model. To model the temperature dynamics, the HTLBE method is used. The simulations are CUDA‐based and carried out on a GeForce GTX580 GPGPU. The decay of the tracer‐gas concentration over time and the mean flow through the building generated by temperature gradients and external wind is determined.
Methodik zur Quantifizierung der Auswirkung von moderater Wärmebelastung auf die menschliche Leistungsfähigkeit
Authors: Urlaub Susanne , Werth Lioba , Steidle Anna , van Treeck Christoph , Sedlbauer Klaus 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDie Umgebungstemperatur übt einen vielfältigen Einfluss auf Gesundheit, Wohlbefinden und Leistungsfähigkeit des Menschen aus. Durch die zunehmende Verlagerung von Arbeitsplätzen in Büros rückt der Bereich der moderaten Wärmebelastung, wie er beispielsweise in natürlich belüfteten Gebäuden im Sommer auftritt, in den Fokus. Hierzu ist aus der bisherigen empirischen Forschung ein Zusammenhang zwischen Raumtemperatur und Arbeitsleistung ermittelt worden, der allerdings verschiedene Nachteile für die Tauglichkeit als Planungskriterium für Gebäude aufweist. Der in der Psychologie weit verbreitete Ansatz der Meta‐Analyse kann dabei einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Lösung dieses Problems leisten. In dem Beitrag wird systematisch die Methode der Meta‐Analyse aufgezeigt und anhand einiger konkreter Beispiele das Potential für eine Integration von nutzerbasierten Verhaltensmustern in eine Gebäudesimulation dargestellt.Methodology for the quantification of the influence of moderate heat stress on human performance. Ambient thermal conditions have fundamental impact on human health, well‐being and working performance. Due to the increasing amount of office‐related work such as in naturally ventilated buildings, the impact of moderate thermal stress to individuals becomes more and more important to be understood. Based on available empirical research, a mathematical relation has been established which, however, shows disadvantages in terms of its eligibility as building design criterion. The method of meta‐analysis, which is a well‐established method of psychological research, can contribute to solve this problem in terms of providing further insight into the mentioned relation. In this paper, the method of meta‐analysis is introduced and its potential is shown by practical illustrations, how occupant‐based data may be integrated into building simulation.
Why coelacanths are not ‘living fossils’
Authors: Casane Didier , Laurenti Patrick 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA series of recent studies on extant coelacanths has emphasised the slow rate of molecular and morphological evolution in these species. These studies were based on the assumption that a coelacanth is a ‘living fossil’ that has shown little morphological change since the Devonian, and they proposed a causal link between low molecular evolutionary rate and morphological stasis. Here, we have examined the available molecular and morphological data and show that: (i) low intra‐specific molecular diversity does not imply low mutation rate, (ii) studies not showing low substitution rates in coelacanth are often neglected, (iii) the morphological stability of coelacanths is not supported by paleontological evidence. We recall that intra‐species levels of molecular diversity, inter‐species genome divergence rates and morphological divergence rates are under different constraints and they are not necessarily correlated. Finally, we emphasise that concepts such as ‘living fossil’, ‘basal lineage’, or ‘primitive extant species’ do not make sense from a tree‐thinking perspective.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays Tree thinking for all biology: the problem with reading phylogenies as ladders of progress Abstract