bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restriction of HIV-1 by Rhesus TRIM5α Is Governed by Alpha Helices in the Linker2 Region
Authors: Sastri Jaya , Johnsen Laura , Smolin Nikolai , Imam Sabrina , Mukherjee Santanu , Lukic Zana , Brandariz-Nuñez Alberto , Robia Seth L. , Diaz-Griffero Felipe , Wiethoff Christopher , Campbell Edward M. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

TRIM5α proteins are a potent barrier to the cross-species transmission of retroviruses. TRIM5α proteins exhibit an ability to self-associate at many levels, ultimately leading to the formation of protein assemblies with hexagonal symmetry
in vitro
and cytoplasmic assemblies when expressed in cells. However, the role of these assemblies in restriction, the determinants that mediate their formation, and the organization of TRIM5α molecules within these assemblies have remained unclear. Here we show that α-helical elements within the Linker2 region of rhesus macaque TRIM5α govern the ability to form cytoplasmic assemblies in cells and restrict HIV-1 infection. Mutations that reduce α-helix formation by the Linker2 region disrupt assembly and restriction. More importantly, mutations that enhance the α-helical content of the Linker2 region, relative to the wild-type protein, also exhibit an increased ability to form cytoplasmic assemblies and restrict HIV-1 infection. Molecular modeling of the TRIM5α dimer suggests a model in which α-helical elements within the Linker2 region dock to α-helices of the coiled-coil domain, likely establishing proper orientation and spacing of protein domains necessary for assembly and restriction. Collectively, these studies provide critical insight into the determinants governing TRIM5α assembly and restriction and demonstrate that the antiviral potency of TRIM5α proteins can be significantly increased without altering the affinity of SPRY/capsid binding.

IMPORTANCE
Many members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family of proteins act as restriction factors that directly inhibit viral infection and activate innate immune signaling pathways. Another common feature of TRIM proteins is the ability to form protein assemblies in the nucleus or the cytoplasm. However, the determinants in TRIM proteins required for assembly and the degree to which assembly affects TRIM protein function have been poorly understood. Here we show that alpha helices in the Linker2 (L2) region of rhesus TRIM5α govern assembly and restriction of HIV-1 infection. Helix-disrupting mutations disrupt the assembly and restriction of HIV-1, while helix-stabilizing mutations enhance assembly and restriction relative to the wild-type protein. Circular dichroism analysis suggests that that the formation of this helical structure is supported by intermolecular interactions with the coiled-coil (CC) domain in the CCL2 dimer. These studies reveal a novel mechanism by which the antiviral activity of TRIM5α proteins can be regulated and provide detailed insight into the assembly determinants of TRIM family proteins.
Characterisations of adverse events detected in a university hospital: a 4-year study using the Global Trigger Tool method
Authors: Rutberg Hans , Borgstedt Risberg Madeleine , Sjödahl Rune , Nordqvist Pernilla , Valter Lars , Nilsson Lena 
Published: May 2014

ObjectivesTo describe the level, preventability and categories of adverse events (AEs) identified by medical record review using the Global Trigger Tool (GTT). To estimate when the AE occurred in the course of the hospital stay and to compare voluntary AE reporting with medical record reviewing.DesignTwo-stage retrospective record review.Setting650-bed university hospital.Participants20 randomly selected medical records were reviewed every month from 2009 to 2012.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAE/1000 patient-days. Proportion of AEs found by GTT found also in the voluntary reporting system. AE categorisation. Description of when during hospital stay AEs occur.ResultsA total of 271 AEs were detected in the 960 medical records reviewed, corresponding to 33.2 AEs/1000 patient-days or 20.5% of the patients. Of the AEs, 6.3% were reported in the voluntary AE reporting system. Hospital-acquired infections were the most common AE category. The AEs occurred and were detected during the hospital stay in 65.5% of cases; the rest occurred or were detected within 30 days before or after the hospital stay. The AE usually occurred early during the hospital stay, and the hospital stay was 5 days longer on average for patients with an AE.ConclusionsRecord reviewing identified AEs to a much larger extent than voluntary AE reporting. Healthcare organisations should consider using a portfolio of tools to gain a comprehensive picture of AEs. Substantial costs could be saved if AEs were prevented.
Is there an association between disease ignorance and self-rated health? The HUNT Study, a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Jørgensen Pål , Langhammer Arnulf , Krokstad Steinar , Forsmo Siri 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo explore whether awareness versus unawareness of thyroid dysfunction, diabetes mellitus or hypertension is associated with self-rated health.DesignLarge-scale, cross-sectional population-based study. The association between thyroid function, diabetes mellitus and blood pressure and self-rated health was explored by multiple logistic regression analysis.SettingThe second survey of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, HUNT2, 1995–1997.Participants33 734 persons aged 40–70 years.Primary outcome measuresLogistic regression was used to estimate ORs for good self-rated health as a function of thyroid status, diabetes mellitus status and blood pressure status.ResultsPersons aware of their hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus or hypertension reported poorer self-rated health than individuals without such conditions. Women with unknown and subclinical hypothyroidism reported better self-rated health than women with normal thyroid status. In women and men, unknown and probable diabetes as well as unknown mild/moderate hypertension was not associated with poorer health. Furthermore, persons with unknown severe hypertension reported better health than normotensive persons.ConclusionsPeople with undiagnosed but prevalent hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus and hypertension often have good self-rated health, while when aware of their diagnoses, they report reduced self-rated health. Use of screening, more sensitive tests and widened diagnostic criteria might have a negative effect on perceived health in the population.
Use of ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a follow-up study
Authors: Baird Aisling Susan , Trussell James , Webb Anne 
Published: May 2014

ObjectivesPreviously we showed that increasing the choice of emergency contraception (EC) guided by medical eligibility did not result in wholesale large-scale usage of ulipristal acetate (UPA). This further 12-month study aimed to answer three questions. (1) Does offering choice of EC lead to change in methods used? (2) Are women who choose UPA more likely than those who choose levonorgestrel (LNG) to continue using condoms for subsequent contraception or to decline any ongoing contraception? (3) Do more women choosing LNG 'quick start' hormonal contraception?MethodsA retrospective study of EC episodes (1 April 2012 to 31 March 2013) by quarters. Among women offered all three methods of EC (49.1%) we noted the method chosen, and decisions on ongoing contraception among those choosing either LNG or UPA. Differences were tested for statistical significance.ResultsIn 6110 episodes of EC, LNG was issued in 69.2%, UPA in 26.0%, and a copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) was fitted in 4.8%. Quarter by quarter, the data show a small decline in LNG use, suggesting plateauing by the last quarter, and a significant increase in UPA use between the first and the other three quarters (p<0.001). Use of the Cu-IUD remained static. The percentage of women offered three methods rose to 54.2%. In women offered full choice (3000; 49.1%) we saw a significant increase in choice of UPA, from 39.3% to 48.6% (p<0.001). Women who chose LNG were more likely to quick start (p=0.02) or be continuing contraception already used (p<0.001). Overall, those choosing UPA were more likely to use condoms (p<0.001) but were no more likely to decline ongoing contraception (p=0.13).ConclusionsThere was a significant increase in women using UPA for EC compared with our previous study, particularly among those wishing to use condoms for continuing contraception. Women choosing LNG were more likely to quick start pills or to continue current hormonal contraception. Detailed attention to continuing contraception following EC may be an important factor in the prevention of unwanted pregnancy.
An effective medium model for the stress-dependence of anisotropic seismic velocities in fractured rock
Authors: Gibson Richard L. , Gao Kai 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Reliable analysis of time-lapse seismic data to detect movements of pore fluids requires consideration of variations in subsurface stress as well as fluid saturations. Achieving this goal requires reliable rock physics models that relate these stress changes to seismic velocity. Although there are many theories for the effective elastic properties of fractured media, only a small number directly include stress-dependence. Therefore, we have developed a new model that provides expressions that are comparatively easy to work with and requires estimation of only a small number of parameters. In this paper, we apply this model for the first time to the inversion of published laboratory measurements of pressure-dependent anisotropic seismic velocities. Specifically, we utilize measured velocities in two orthogonal directions to estimate the model parameters for a transversely isotropic medium. The model is then used to predict directional velocity variation in other directions at ambient pressure, and the errors in all cases are small. Synthetic shear wave seismograms computed for a hypothetical carbonate reservoir model show the changes in shear wave splitting and travel times that are predicted when seismic properties are computed using the theoretical model and help to illustrate the potential applications of the theoretical model to reservoir characterization.
In Vivo Assessment of Aortic Aneurysm Wall Integrity Using Elastin-Specific Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Botnar René M. , Wiethoff Andrea J. , Ebersberger Ullrich , Lacerda Sara , Blume Ulrike , Warley Alice , Jansen Christian H.P. , Onthank David C. , Cesati Richard R. , Razavi Reza , Marber Michael S. , Hamm Bernd , Schaeffter Tobias , Robinson Simon P. , Makowski Marcus R. 
Published: May 2014

Background—
The incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) has increased during the last decades. However, there is still controversy about the management of medium-sized AAAs. Therefore, novel biomarkers, besides aneurysmal diameter, are needed to assess aortic wall integrity and risk of rupture. Elastin is the key protein for maintaining aortic wall tensile strength and stability. The progressive breakdown of structural proteins, in particular, medial elastin, is responsible for the inability of the aortic wall to withstand intraluminal hemodynamic forces. Here, we evaluate the usefulness of elastin-specific molecular MRI for the in vivo characterization of AAAs.

Methods and Results—

To induce AAAs, ApoE
–/–
mice were infused with angiotensin-II. An elastin-specific magnetic resonance molecular imaging agent (ESMA) was administered after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of angiotensin-II infusion to assess elastin composition of the aorta (n=8 per group). The high signal provided by ESMA allowed for imaging with high spatial resolution, resulting in an accurate assessment of ruptured elastic laminae and the compensatory expression of elastic fibers. In vivo contrast-to-noise ratios and R1-relaxation rates after ESMA administration were in good agreement with ex vivo histomorphometry (Elastica van Gieson stain) and gadolinium concentrations determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Electron microscopy confirmed colocalization of ESMA with elastic fibers.

Conclusions—
Changes in elastin content could be readily delineated and quantified at different stages of AAAs by elastin-specific molecular magnetic resonance imaging. ESMA-MRI offers potential for the noninvasive detection of the aortic rupture site prior to dilation of the aorta and the subsequent in vivo monitoring of compensatory repair processes during the progression of AAAs.
Racial Differences in the Prevalence of Severe Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Patel Devin K. , Green Kelly D. , Fudim Marat , Harrell Frank E. , Wang Thomas J. , Robbins Mark A. 
Published: May 2014

Background
In an era of expanded treatment options for severe aortic stenosis, it is important to understand risk factors for the condition. It has been suggested that severe aortic stenosis is less common in African Americans, but there are limited data from large studies.

Methods and Results

The Synthetic Derivative at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, a database of over 2.1 million de‐identified patient records, was used to identify individuals who had undergone echocardiography. The association of race with severe aortic stenosis was examined using multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusting for conventional risk factors. Of the 272 429 eligible patients (mean age 45 years, 44% male) with echocardiography, 14% were African American and 82% were Caucasian. Severe aortic stenosis was identified in 106 (0.29%) African‐American patients and 2030 (0.91%) Caucasian patients (crude
OR
0.32, 95%
CI
[0.26, 0.38]). This difference persisted in multivariable‐adjusted analyses (
OR
0.41 [0.33, 0.50],
P
<0.0001). African‐American individuals were also less likely to have severe aortic stenosis due to degenerative calcific disease (adjusted
OR
0.47 [0.36, 0.61]) or congenitally bicuspid valve (crude
OR
0.13 [0.02, 0.80], adjusted
OR
dependent on age). Referral bias against those with severe valvular disease was assessed by comparing the prevalence of severe mitral regurgitation in Caucasians and African Americans and no difference was found.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that African Americans are at significantly lower risk of developing severe aortic stenosis than Caucasians.
A Family Resemblance? The Regulation of Marriage Migration in Europe
Authors: Wray Helena , Agoston Agnes , Hutton Jocelyn 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This article analyses key aspects of the regulation of entry and stay of spousal migrants in eea member states. It shows that there are differences of regulation, particularly between states in Eastern and Southern Europe and states in Northern and Western Europe but, in most cases, the amount of divergence is limited. The article connects this ‘family resemblance’ to a broad concept of Europeanisation. Even where there is no binding legal obligation, European legal norms and the practice in other European states largely circumscribe what is possible.
Protection of Families Composed by EU Citizens and Third-country Nationals: Some Suggestions to Tackle Reverse Discrimination
Authors: Berneri Chiara 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The cjeu, both in cases concerning eu moving and eu static citizens, is now recurring to the concept of eu citizenship in order to grant or denying the right of residence of third-country national family members of eu nationals. The aim of this article is to determine whether the eu citizenship method adopted by the Court in order to grant third-country nationals’ residence rights is capable of providing fair protection to family units composed of eu citizens and third-country nationals. In this article it will be shown that solving family reunification cases involving eu citizens and third-country nationals through the concept of eu citizenship can be positive and negative at the same time, being the negative side the issue of reverse discrimination. I will suggest that the best solution in order to grant better protection for families composed by eu citizens and third-country nationals would be to continue endorsing the eu citizenship approach but, at the same time, to try to solve the issue of reverse discrimination. Out of the several proposed options that could potentially solve this issue, I argue that the intervention of the European legislator over Article 20 tfeu and Directive 2004/38/ec seems to be the most desirable.
Ancient Pneumatics Transformed during the Early Modern Period
Authors: Valleriani Matteo 
Published: May 2014

The paper aims to show how sixteenth century hydraulic and pneumatic engineers appropriated ancient science and technology – codified in the text of Hero of Alexandria’s Pneumatics – to enter into scientific discourse, for instance, with natural philosophers. They drew on the logical structure, content and narrative style passed down from antiquity to generate and codify their own theoretical approach and to document their new technological achievements. They did so by using the form of commented and enlarged editions, just as Aristotelian natural philosophers had been doing for centuries. The argument aims to detail the exact role of ancient science and the process of transformation it underwent during the early modern period. In particular, it aims to show how pneumatic engineers first tested the ancient technology codified by Hero while carrying out their own practical activities. Once these tests were successfully concluded, in the spirit of early modern humanism they finally presented these activities as being associated with the work of their discipline’s most authoritative author, Hero of Alexandria, whose technology was tested during the construction of the hydraulic and pneumatic system of the garden of Pratolino.
Two new species of Zwicknia Murányi, with molecular data on the phylogenetic position of the genus (Plecoptera, Capniidae)
Authors: BOUMANS LOUIS , MURÁNYI DÁVID 
Published: May 2014

Analyses of the nuclear DNA marker 28S confirm the distinctness of the recently erected stonefly genus Zwicknia Murányi 2014, which encompasses the species until recently referred to as ‘Capnia bifrons.’ Two new species are described and illustrated with line drawings: Z. westermanni Boumans & Murányi, sp. n. from Germany and France, and Z. komica Murányi & Boumans, sp. n. from the Komi Republic in northwestern Russia. The intersexual communication of the former species is described in detail. A phylogenetic analysis of 87 sequences of the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) representing the six described European species of Zwicknia and outgroup taxa reveals large genetic distances within the species Z. rupprechti and Z. bifrons, while the haploclade including all specimens of the latter species also includes Z. acuta and Z. westermanni. The mitochondrial phylogeny is assumed not to represent the species phylogeny. In contrast, a phylogeny of the nuclear markers 28S and ITS reveals that Z. rupprechti and Z. westermanni are more closely related to each other than either is to Z. bifrons. This finding is in line with the drumming patterns of the former two species being relatively similar.
Impact of Climate Change on Reservoir Flood Control in the Upstream Area of the Beijiang River Basin, South China
Authors: Wu Chuanhao , Huang Guoru , Yu Haijun , Chen Zhijing , Ma Jingguang 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
One of the potential impacts of global warming is likely to be experienced through changes in flood frequency and magnitude, which poses a potential threat to the downstream reservoir flood control system. In this paper, the downscaling results of the multimodel dataset from phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5, respectively) were coupled with the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model to evaluate the impact of climate change on the Feilaixia reservoir flood control in the Beijiang River basin for the first time. Four emissions scenarios [A1B and representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5] were chosen. Results indicate that annual distribution and interannual variability of temperature and precipitation are well simulated by the downscaling results of the CMIP3 and CMIP5 multimodel dataset. The VIC model, which performs reasonably well in simulating runoff processes with high model efficiency and low relative error, is suitable for the study area. Overall, annual maximum 1-day precipitation in 2020–50 would increase under all the scenarios (relative to the baseline period 1970–2000). However, the spatial distribution patterns of changes in projected extreme precipitation are uneven under different scenarios. Extreme precipitation is most closely associated with extreme floods in the study area. There is a gradual increase in extreme floods in 2020–50 under any of the different emission scenarios. The increases in 500-yr return period daily discharge of the Feilaixia reservoir have been found to be from 4.35% to 9.18% in 2020–50. The reservoir would be likely to undergo more flooding in 2020–50.
Values and ethics in practice-based decision making
Authors: Clair Valerie A. Wright-St , Newcombe Diane B. 
Published: May 2014

Background. Values are evident in health ethics literature; however, it is seldom clear how they are visible in practice. Purpose. The aim of this study was to illuminate how values inform occupational therapists’ decision making in practice. Method. Fifteen New Zealand community occupational therapists completed this embedded experimental mixed-methods study. A pre-deliberation questionnaire was completed prior to deliberation of a case study using web-based values transparency software, the Values Exchange, followed by a post-deliberation questionnaire. Categorical data were analyzed using non-parametric statistics. Written responses to open questions were thematically analyzed. Findings. Most participants disagreed with the proposed action for the case. Degrees of divergence, concern for dignity and risk, and values-based reasoning were found, revealing how ethical deliberation was values based. Implications. Recognition and transparency of the values inherent in practice-based decision making is possible and desirable in promoting sound ethical reasoning.