bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Aspects of Gut Peptides with Therapeutic Potential for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hewage Chandralal M. , Venneti Kalyana C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGut hormones represent a niche subset of pharmacologically active agents that are rapidly gaining importance in medicine. Due to their exceptional specificity for their receptors, these hormones along with their analogues have attracted considerable pharmaceutical interest for the treatment of human disorders including type 2 diabetes. With the recent advances in the structural biology, a significant amount of structural information for these hormones is now available. This Minireview presents an overview of the structural aspects of these hormones, which have roles in physiological processes such as insulin secretion, as well as a discussion on the relevant structural modifications used to improve these hormones for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Electrochemically Modified Carbon and Chromium Surfaces for AFM Imaging of Double‐Strand DNA Interaction with Transposase Protein
Authors: Esnault Charles , Chénais Benoît , Casse Nathalie , Delorme Nicolas , Louarn Guy , Pilard Jean‐François 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCarbon and chromium surfaces were modified by electrochemical reduction of a diazonium salt formed in situ from the sulfanilic acid. The organic layer formed was activated by phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) to form a benzene sulfonil chloride (ArSO2Cl). An electrochemical study of the blocking effect and the activity of this surface was carried out on a carbon electrode. The chromium surface study was completed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy to characterize the formation of a compact monolayer (0.8 nm height and roughness 0.2–0.3 nm). The compactness and the activity of this organic monolayer allowed us to affix a length dsDNA with the aim of analyzing the formation of a complex between dsDNA and a protein. The interaction of a transposase protein with its target dsDNA was investigated. The direct imaging of the nucleoproteic complex considered herein gives new insights in the comprehension of transposase–DNA interaction in agreement with biochemical data.
Dietary exposure of mink (Mustela vison) to fish from the upper Hudson River, New York, USA: Effects on reproduction and offspring growth and mortality
Authors: Bursian Steven J. , Kern John , Remington Richard E. , Link Jane E. , Fitzgerald Scott D. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The effects of feeding farm-raised mink (Mustela vison) diets containing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)–contaminated fish from the upper Hudson River (New York, USA) on adult reproductive performance and kit growth and mortality were evaluated. Diets contained 2.5 to 20% Hudson River fish, providing 0.72 to 6.1 µg ∑PCBs/g feed (4.8–38 pg toxic equivalents [TEQWHO 2005]/g feed). The percentage of stillborn kits per litter was significantly increased by dietary concentrations of 4.5 µg ∑PCBs/g feed (28 pg TEQWHO 2005/g feed) and greater. All offspring exposed to dietary concentrations of 4.5 and 6.1 µg ∑PCBs/g feed (28 and 38 pg TEQWHO 2005/g feed) died by 10 weeks of age, and all offspring exposed to 1.5 and 2.8 µg ∑PCBs/g feed (10 and 18 pg TEQWHO 2005/g feed) died by 31 weeks of age, leaving juveniles in the control and 0.72 µg ∑PCBs/g feed (0.41- and 4.8 pg TEQWHO 2005/g feed) groups only. The dietary concentration predicted to result in 20% kit mortality (LC20) at six weeks of age was 0.34 µg ∑PCBs/g feed (2.6 pg TEQWHO 2005/g feed). The corresponding maternal hepatic concentration was 0.80 µg ∑PCBs/g liver, wet weight (13 pg TEQWHO 2005/g liver, wet wt). Mink residing in the upper Hudson River would be expected to consume species of fish that contain an average of 4.0 µg ∑PCBs/g tissue. Thus, a daily diet composed of less than 10% Hudson River fish could provide a dietary concentration of ∑PCBs that resulted in 20% kit mortality in the present study. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:780–793. © 2013 SETAC
Dietary exposure of mink (Mustela vison) to fish from the upper Hudson River, New York, USA: Effects on organ mass and pathology
Authors: Bursian Steven J. , Kern John , Remington Richard E. , Link Jane E. , Fitzgerald Scott D. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The authors evaluated effects of feeding ranch mink (Mustela vison) diets containing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)–contaminated fish from the upper Hudson River (New York, USA) on adult and offspring organ mass and pathology. Diets contained 2.5 to 20% Hudson River fish, providing 0.72 to 6.1 µg ΣPCBs/g feed (4.8–38 pg toxic equivalents [TEQWHO 2005]/g feed). Absolute thyroid and adrenal gland masses were increased in adult females and 31-week-old juveniles, respectively, and absolute liver and heart masses were decreased in six-week-old kits exposed to dietary PCBs. Dietary concentrations of 0.72 µg ΣPCBs/g feed (4.8 pg TEQWHO 2005/g feed) and greater induced mandibular and maxillary squamous epithelial proliferation in adult animals. The dietary concentration of ΣPCBs predicted to result in 20% incidence of the jaw lesion (EC20) was 2.3 µg ΣPCBs/g feed (15 pg TEQWHO 2005/g feed), and the hepatic concentration was 2.8 µg ΣPCBs/g liver (89 pg TEQWHO 2005/g liver). The EC20 values were greater than the dietary and hepatic concentrations predicted to result in a 20% increase in kit mortality (LC20) at six weeks of age (0.34 µg ΣPCBs/g feed or 2.6 pg TEQWHO 2005/g feed and 0.80 µg ΣPCBs/g liver or 13 pg TEQWHO 2005/g liver). However, the EC20 values reflect exposure of adults to PCBs for approximately six months, and the LC20 values reflect exposure of offspring from conception onward. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:794–801. © 2013 SETAC
Study on Noninvasive Laboratory Tests for Fibrosis in Chronic HBV Infection and Their Evaluation
Authors: Chen Jing , Liu Can , Chen Huijuan , Liu Qicai , Yang Bin , Ou Qishui 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundNoninvasive laboratory tests have been widely used in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic value of the four serum markers detected on a JETLIA‐962 chemiluminescence analyzer and the FibroTest index for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) related liver fibrosis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 27:5–11, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.MethodsA JETLIA‐962 chemiluminescence analyzer was used to measure the hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), procollagen III N‐terminal peptide (PIIINP), and type IV collagen (CIV) contents in the sera of CHB patients and controls.ResultsIn our research, it was found that serum HA, LN, PIIINP, and CIV concentrations and the FibroTest index were correlated with fibrosis stage. The FibroTest index had the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for fibrosis and cirrhosis (0.80 and 0.776, respectively). The five indices together were able to exclude fibrosis with a negative likelihood ratio <0.1. The logistic regression equations for diagnosing liver fibrosis and early cirrhosis were separately established.ConclusionsWe found that the JETLIA‐962 chemiluminescence analyzer was of great value in diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Combining five indices improved the diagnostic efficiency and reduced the incidences of unnecessary liver biopsies. Two logistic regression equations established may be helpful in diagnosing liver fibrosis and early cirrhosis, which need to be further evaluated.
The Tetrad BMI, Leptin, Leptin/Adiponectin (L/A) Ratio and CA 15‐3 are Reliable Biomarkers of Breast Cancer
Authors: Santillán‐Benítez Jonnathan G. , Mendieta‐Zerón Hugo , Gómez‐Oliván Leobardo M. , Torres‐Juárez Juan J. , González‐Bañales Juan M. , Hernández‐Peña Lorena V. , Ordóñez‐Quiroz Angel 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundSeveral studies have reported that leptin levels, the leptin/adiponectin (L/A) ratio and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 15‐3 are especially elevated in breast cancer patients with high body mass index (BMI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate BMI, leptin, L/A ratio and CA 15‐3 all together as reliable biomarkers for breast cancer. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 27:12–20, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.MethodsSerum levels of leptin, adiponectin and CA 15‐3, as well as anthropometric and biochemical parameters were analysed in 88 female patients who participated in a mammography study. Predictive values of BMI, leptin, L/A ratio and CA 15‐3 were determined with a 95% confidence interval.ResultsWomen were diagnosed with either breast cancer (n = 40) or benign breast lesions (n = 48). Among anthropometric parameters, age (P ≤ 0.001), weight (P ≤ 0.05) and waist circumference (P ≤ 0.02) were higher in patients with breast cancer than in patients without this pathology. The 75th percentile values for BMI, leptin, L/A ratio and CA 15‐3 were 29.24 kg/m2, 26.65 ng/ml, 2.37 and 18.45 IU, respectively. The suggested odds ratio for breast cancer patients with the values that were above the 75th percentile of the tetrad was 6.7 (0.7505–60.0665 confidence interval).ConclusionWhen the four variables were analysed together, a sensitivity of 83.3%, specificity of 80%, positive predictive value of 83.3% and negative predictive value of 80% were obtained. Results indicate that using the 75th percentile set points for BMI, leptin, L/A ratio and CA 15‐3 together could offer a reliable approach to determine which women are at high risk for developing breast cancer.
Increased Serum Hepcidin and Ghrelin Levels in Children Treated for Iron Deficiency Anemia
Authors: Dogan Ayse , Alioglu Bulent , Dindar Nermin , Dallar Yildiz 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the relation between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and serum leptin, hepcidin, and ghrelin levels. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 27:81–5, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.MethodsThirty children with IDA and 28 healthy children between the ages of 6 months and 6 years admitted to our hospital were evaluated prospectively. IDA was diagnosed based on clinical and laboratory findings. All children with IDA were treated with iron II‐glycine‐sulphate complex for 3 months. Complete blood count; iron metabolism parameters; and serum leptin, hepcidin, and ghrelin levels were studied in all healthy children and in children with IDA before and after treatment.ResultsIn children with IDA, the decrease seen in serum leptin levels after the iron treatment was not statistically significant. However, the increase seen in serum hepcidin levels after the iron treatment was statistically significant (P = 0.038). Hepcidin levels were significantly higher in children with IDA who received iron treatment compared to healthy children (P = 0.008). After the iron treatment, serum ghrelin levels in children with IDA were also significantly higher compared to the levels before treatment and healthy children (P = 0.019 and 0.000, respectively).ConclusionSerum ghrelin and hepcidin levels increase with iron treatment in children with IDA. In view of the higher serum ghrelin and hepcidin levels after iron treatment when compared to pretreatment levels and the healthy children, we suggest that the iron treatment has an important role in serum hepcidin and ghrelin synthesis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 00:1‐5, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphology of the elygium and developing umbraculum in the eye of Amietia vertebralis tadpoles
Authors: Kruger Donnavan J.D. , Weldon Ché , Minter Les R. , Du Preez Louis H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe elygium is a darkly pigmented projection over the pupil of the tadpoles of certain species that live mostly at high altitudes. It has been suggested that this structure shades the retina, protecting it from high UV levels. In post‐metamorphic individuals, the elygium is replaced by a structure known as an umbraculum. Confusion arose in the past from the inconsistent use of terminology when referring to these two structures. While they may serve the same function, these structures differ fundamentally in structure and origin. Our investigation of the ultrastructure of the eye in Amietia vertebralis tadpoles, using electron and light microscopy, revealed that the elygium consists of an accumulation of melanophores situated within the inner cornea, whereas the umbraculum is a dorsal extension of the iris pigment epithelium, analogous to the ventral pupillary nodule, which is present in most frog species. In A. vertebralis, the umbraculum starts to develop on the iris of older tadpoles (Gosner [1960] stage 37 Herpetologica 16:183–190), medial to the overlying elygium. A smaller, ventral elygium is also present in this species and is similar in structure to the dorsal elygium. The development of the elygium over a six‐month period is also described. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heating of metallic rods induced by time‐varying gradient fields in MRI
Authors: El Bannan Khaled , Handler William , Chronik Blaine , Salisbury Shaun P. 
Published: January 2013

PurposeTo develop and validate an analytical technique to estimate the heating of metallic rods by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gradient fields to aid developers of MRI‐compatible devices.Materials and MethodsTwelve rods (12.7 mm diameter, 127 mm long) were used. The magnetic field was provided by a custom‐made water‐cooled solenoid driven by a 1 kHz sinusoidal waveform with a 7.2 A peak current. The sample was insulated with polystyrene and the temperature measured using an MR‐compatible thermocouple system (Sa1‐E from Omega). Measurements were recorded using a National Instruments SCXI‐1303. The AC/DC module of COMSOL 3.4 was used for finite element analysis of the power deposited.ResultsFinite element analysis (FEA) showed good correspondence with the analytical estimates for the rod parallel to the field and then FEA was used to determine the scaling function for the rod perpendicular to the field. The experimental results showed good correlation with the theoretical estimate when the finite length of the test coil was accounted for.ConclusionA new scaling function for the rod perpendicular to the field was developed. Heating in this orientation is double that of the parallel case. The results will aid developers of MRI‐compatible devices in estimating heating before testing in the MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:411–416. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring ΔR2* and ΔR1 as imaging biomarkers of tumor oxygenation
Authors: Burrell Jake S. , Walker‐Samuel Simon , Baker Lauren C.J. , Boult Jessica K.R. , Jamin Yann , Halliday Jane , Waterton John C. , Robinson Simon P. 
Published: January 2013

PurposeTo investigate the combined use of hyperoxia‐induced ΔR2* and ΔR1 as a noninvasive imaging biomarker of tumor hypoxia.Materials and MethodsMRI was performed on rat GH3 prolactinomas (n = 6) and human PC3 prostate xenografts (n = 6) propagated in nude mice. multiple gradient echo and inversion recovery truefisp images were acquired from identical transverse slices to quantify tumor R2* and R1 before and during carbogen (95% O2/5% CO2) challenge, and correlates of ΔR2* and ΔR1 assessed.ResultsMean baseline R2* and R1 were 119 ± 7 s−1 and 0.6 ± 0.03 s−1 for GH3 prolactinomas and 77 ± 12 s−1 and 0.7 ± 0.02 s−1 for PC3 xenografts, respectively. During carbogen breathing, mean ΔR2* and ΔR1 were −20 ± 8 s−1 and 0.08 ± 0.03 s−1 for GH3 and −0.5 ± 1 s−1 and 0.2 ± 0.08 s−1 for the PC3 tumors, respectively. A pronounced relationship between ΔR2* and ΔR1 was revealed.ConclusionConsidering the blood oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve, fast R2* suggested that GH3 prolactinomas were more hypoxic at baseline, and their carbogen response dominated by increased hemoglobin oxygenation, evidenced by highly negative ΔR2*. PC3 tumors were less hypoxic at baseline, and their response to carbogen dominated by increased dissolved oxygen, evidenced by highly positive ΔR1. Because the two biomarkers are sensitive to different oxygenation ranges, the combination of ΔR2* and ΔR1 may better characterize tumor hypoxia than each alone. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:429–434. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automated T2* measurements using supplementary field mapping to assess cardiac iron content
Authors: Taylor Brian A. , Loeffler Ralf B. , Song Ruitian , McCarville Mary E. , Hankins Jane S. , Hillenbrand Claudia M. 
Published: January 2013

PurposeTo develop and evaluate an algorithm that automatically identifies high‐susceptibility areas and excludes them from T2* measurements in the left ventricle (LV) for myocardial iron measurements.Materials and MethodsAn autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model was implemented on multigradient echo scans of 24 patients (age range 3–45 years, 10 male/14 female). Voxels with relatively high susceptibility (>3 Hz/mm) were flagged and deselected from the T2* calculations for iron quantification. The mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (CoV) of the ARMA‐defined region were compared to the CoV of four distinct regions of the LV and the entire LV using a Student's t‐test (α = 0.05).ResultsThe CoV of T2* values obtained by the ARMA method are comparable with that in the interventricular septum (IS), where susceptibility was the lowest (CoV = 0.31). The ARMA method provides a greater area (51.9 ± 13.7% of the LV) to measure T2* than that using the IS alone (21.1 ± 3.4%, P < 0.0001). Areas where low susceptibility are measured corroborate with areas reported in previous studies that investigated T2* variations throughout the LV.ConclusionAn automated method to measure T2* relaxation in the LV with minimal effects from susceptibility has been developed. Variability is reduced while covering more regions for cardiac T2* calculation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:441–447. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ovarian imaging by magnetic resonance in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome and age‐matched controls
Authors: Brown Michele , Park Alice S. , Shayya Rana F. , Wolfson Tanya , Su H. Irene , Chang R. Jeffrey 
Published: January 2013

Purpose:To compare ovarian morphology in adolescent girls with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Materials and Methods:In 21 adolescent girls (age 12–18 years) without and 19 adolescents with PCOS (diagnosis based on excessive hair growth and irregular menstrual cycles) ovarian volume, antral follicle count (AFC) per ovary, and follicle size were evaluated. MRI was performed at 1.5 T or 3 T and axial or angled‐axial single‐shot echo‐train spin echo images of 6 mm slice thickness were acquired. In a subset of subjects, 2‐mm images were also obtained. PCOS and non‐PCOS groups were compared using mixed affects regression.Results:Mean AFC per ovary and ovarian volume were substantially greater in PCOS subjects compared to non‐PCOS subjects. Mean follicle size was similar between groups. Follicles exceeding 10 mm were seen in 2/19 PCOS subjects versus 9/21 non‐PCOS subjects. Consistently higher follicle counts were detected in images obtained at 2 mm compared to 6‐mm slice thickness.Conclusion:In adolescence, MRI of the ovary reveals distinct differences between girls with and without PCOS. MRI may help evaluate young patients in whom transvaginal ultrasound is contraindicated. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:689–693. © 2013 Wiley Predicals, Inc.
Transmit field inhomogeneity and T1estimation errors in breast DCE‐MRI at 3 tesla
Authors: Sung Kyunghyun , Daniel Bruce L. , Hargreaves Brian A. 
Published: January 2013

PurposeTo quantifyvariation across the breasts and to evaluate the accuracy of precontrast T1estimation with and withoutvariation in breast MRI patients at 3 Tesla (T).Materials and Methodsand variable flip angle (VFA) T1mapping were included in our dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) breast imaging protocol to study a total of 25 patients on a 3.0T GE MR 750 system. We computed precontrast T1relaxation in fat, which we assumed to be consistent across a cohort of breast imaging subjects, with and without compensation forvariation. The mean and standard deviation ofand T1values were calculated for statistical data analysis.ResultsOur measurements showed a consistentfield difference between the left and right breasts. The left breast has an average 15.4% higher flip angle than the prescribed flip angle, and the right breast has an average 17.6% lower flip angle than the prescribed flip angle. This average 33% flip angle difference, which can be vendor and model specific, creates a 52% T1estimation bias in fat between breasts using the VFA T1mapping technique. The T1variation is reduced to 7% by includingcorrection.ConclusionWe have shown that severevariation over the breasts can cause a substantial error in T1estimation between the breasts, in VFA T1maps at 3T, but that compensating for these variations can considerably improve accuracy of T1measurements, which can directly benefit quantitative breast DCE‐MRI at 3T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:454–459. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reproducibility of brain spectroscopy at 7T using conventional localization and spectral editing techniques
Authors: Wijtenburg S. Andrea , Rowland Laura M. , Edden Richard A.E. , Barker Peter B. 
Published: January 2013

PurposeTo evaluate the reproducibility of spectroscopic measurements from the anterior cingulate (AC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) regions at 7T using a 32‐channel head coil.Materials and MethodsSpectra were acquired in four healthy subjects each scanned twice using a stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence, and a MEGA‐PRESS‐IVS sequence for gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) editing. STEAM spectra were quantified using LCModel, whereas MEGA‐PRESS‐IVS data were analyzed using peak integrals determined using in‐house software. Mean coefficient of variation (CV) and mean absolute difference between visits were calculated.ResultsFor the AC STEAM dataset, the mean CV between visits was 6.2% for prominent metabolites such as N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), total creatine (tCr), and total choline (tCho) and 6.3% for low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) metabolites such as glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and GABA. The mean CV between visits for the DLPFC STEAM dataset was 8.5% for prominent metabolites and 21% for lower SNR metabolites. In the AC, the reproducibility measures for GABA were superior for STEAM compared to MEGA‐PRESS‐IVS (mean CV of 3.5% vs. 13.6%), but the opposite pattern was observed in the DLPFC region (mean CV of 16.2% vs. 13.4%).Conclusion7T MR spectroscopy of the AC and DLPFC using both short TE STEAM and MEGA‐PRESS‐IVS sequences provide excellent reproducibility of 12 metabolites, including GABA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:460–467. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of 16 phthalic acid esters in food simulants from plastic food contact materials by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS
Authors: Li Xiaojing , Xiong Wenming , Lin Hua , Zhuo Liyang , Lv Shuiyuan , Tang Xi , Chen Minshi , Zou Zhexiang , Lin Zhenyu , Qiu Bin , Chen Guonan 
Published: January 2013

An RP LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method for the determination of the migration of 16 primary phthalic acid esters from plastic samples has been developed using distilled water, 3% acetic acid, 10% alcohol, and olive oil as food simulants. Detection limits were 1.6–18.5 μg/kg in distilled water, 1.4–17.3 μg/kg in 3% acetic acid, 1.4–19.2 μg/kg in 10% alcohol, and 31.9–390.8 μg/kg in olive oil. The RSDs were in the range of 0.07–11.28%. The real plastic products inspection showed that only few analyzed samples were phthalates contaminated. Bis‐2‐ethylhexyl ester and dibutyl phthalate were the common items migrated from the plastic products into food and feeds, but the migration concentrations were far below the limits set by European Union (1.5 mg/kg for bis‐2‐ethylhexyl ester and 0.3 mg/kg for dibutyl phthalate).