bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Declining Mortality in Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Coutinho Jonathan M. , Zuurbier Susanna M. , Stam Jan 
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose—
Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is nowadays considered a disease with a good outcome in most cases, but in the past, these patients were thought to have a grave prognosis. We systematically studied the apparent decline in mortality of patients with CVT over time.

Methods—
A systematic review of the literature (MEDLINE and EMBASE) was performed. Studies with ≥40 patients with CVT that reported mortality at discharge or follow-up were eligible. Duplicate publications based on the same patient cohort were excluded. Studies were ranked according to the year halfway the period of patient inclusion. Two of the authors independently screened all eligible studies.

Results—

We screened 4585 potentially eligible studies, of which 74 fulfilled the selection criteria. The number of patients per study varied from 40 to 706 (median, 76). Data from 8829 patients with CVT, included from 1942 to 2012, were analyzed. The average age was 32.9 years, and 64.7% were women. There was a significant inverse correlation between mortality and year of patient recruitment (Pearson correlation coefficient, −0.72;
P
<0.001). In a sensitivity analysis, the correlation remained significant after exclusion of studies published before 1990, retrospective studies, or single-center studies. Both the frequency of focal neurological deficits and coma also decreased significantly over time (correlation coefficient, −0.50 and −0.52).

Conclusions—
There is a clear trend in declining mortality among patients with CVT over time. Possible explanations are improvements in treatment, a shift in risk factors, and, most importantly, the identification of less severe cases by improved diagnostic methods.
Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mismatch Criteria to Select Patients for Endovascular Stroke Therapy
Authors: Mishra Nishant K. , Albers Gregory W. , Christensen Søren , Marks Michael , Hamilton Scott , Straka Matus , Liggins John T.P. , Kemp Stephanie , Mlynash Michael , Bammer Roland , Lansberg Maarten G. 
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose—
The Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution 2 (DEFUSE 2) study has shown that clinical response to endovascular reperfusion differs between patients with and without perfusion–diffusion (perfusion-weighted imaging–diffusion-weighted imaging, PWI–DWI) mismatch: patients with mismatch have a favorable clinical response to reperfusion, whereas patients without mismatch do not. This study examined whether alternative mismatch criteria can also differentiate patients according to their response to reperfusion.

Methods—
Patients from the DEFUSE 2 study were categorized according to vessel occlusion on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and DWI lesion volume criteria (MRA–DWI mismatch) and symptom severity and DWI criteria (clinical–DWI mismatch). Favorable clinical response was defined as an improvement of ≥8 points on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) by day 30 or an NIHSS score of ≤1 at day 30. We assessed, for each set of criteria, whether the association between reperfusion and favorable clinical response differed according to mismatch status.

Results—

A differential response to reperfusion was observed between patients with and without MRA–DWI mismatch defined as an internal carotid artery or M1 occlusion and a DWI lesion <50 mL. Reperfusion was associated with good functional outcome in patients who met these MRA–DWI mismatch criteria (odds ratio [OR], 8.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3–31.3), whereas no association was observed in patients who did not meet these criteria (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.08–3.1;
P
for difference between the odds, 0.01). No differential response to reperfusion was observed with other variations of the MRA–DWI or clinical–DWI mismatch criteria.

Conclusions—
The MRA–DWI mismatch is a promising alternative to DEFUSE 2’s PWI–DWI mismatch for patient selection in endovascular stroke trials.
The Continuous Mutual Evolution of Equatorial Waves and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation of Zonal Flow in the Equatorial Stratosphere*
Authors: Cai Ming , Barton Cory , Shin Chul-Su , Chagnon Jeffrey M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The continuous mutual evolution of equatorial waves and the background quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is demonstrated using daily NCEP–U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis for the period from 1 January 1979 to 31 December 2010. Using a novel diagnostic technique, the phase speed, vertical tilting, and form stress of equatorial waves in the stratosphere are obtained continuously on a daily basis. The results indicate that, on top of a weak-amplitude annual-cycle signal, all of these wave properties have a pronounced QBO signal with a downward propagation that evolves continuously together with the background QBO. The analysis also highlights the potential role of wave-induced form stress in driving the QBO regime change.
Dominant waves in the equatorial stratosphere propagate very slowly relative to the ground at all times, implying that their observed intrinsic phase speed evolution follows the background QBO nearly exactly but with opposite sign, as the established theory predicts. By revealing the continuous evolution of the form stress associated with the vertically tilted waves, the new diagnostic method also demonstrates the dominance of eastward-tilted, eastward-propagating waves contributing to a deceleration of easterly flow at high altitudes, which causes a downward propagation of the easterly flow signal. Similarly, the dominance of westward-tilted, westward-propagating waves acts to reverse westerly flow to easterly flow and causes a downward propagation of westerly flow signal. The results suggest that in addition to the wave-breaking processes, such continuously alternating downward transfer of westerly and easterly angular momentum by westward-tilted, westward-propagating waves and eastward-tilted, eastward-propagating waves contributes to the wave–mean flow interaction mechanism for the QBO.
A Contrast in Precipitation Characteristics across the Baiu Front near Japan. Part I: TRMM PR Observation
Authors: Yokoyama Chie , Takayabu Yukari N. , Kanada Sachie 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Contrasts in precipitation characteristics across the baiu front are examined with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) data near Japan during June–July (1998–2011). The vertical structure of atmospheric stratification differs between the tropics and midlatitudes. On an average, the baiu front is found around the latitude that roughly divides the midlatitude atmosphere from the tropical atmosphere. Precipitation characteristics are compared between the southern and northern sides of the reference latitude of the baiu front, which is detected with equivalent potential temperature at 1000 hPa of 345 K in terms of the boundary between the tropics and midlatitudes.
The results show that there are obvious differences in precipitation characteristics between the southern and northern sides. In the south, convective rainfall ratios (CRRs) are 40%–60%, which are larger than those in the north (20%–40%). Greater rainfall intensity and taller/deeper precipitation are also observed in the south. Moreover, the characteristics of precipitation features (PFs), which are contiguous areas of nonzero rainfall, differ between the southern and northern sides. In the north, wide stratiform precipitation systems with CRRs of 0%–40% and heights of 8–11 km are dominant. In the south, organized precipitation systems with heights of 12–14 km and CRRs of 30%–50% and those with very large heights (14–17 km) and CRRs of 50%–80% are dominant in addition to wide stratiform precipitation systems. These results suggest that the mechanisms to bring rainfall are different between the southern and northern regions of the baiu front.
Estimates of Twenty-First-Century Flood Risk in the Pacific Northwest Based on Regional Climate Model Simulations
Authors: Salathé Eric P. , Hamlet Alan F. , Mass Clifford F. , Lee Se-Yeun , Stumbaugh Matt , Steed Richard 
Published: April 2014

AbstractResults from a regional climate model simulation show substantial increases in future flood risk (2040–69) in many Pacific Northwest river basins in the early fall. Two primary causes are identified: 1) more extreme and earlier storms and 2) warming temperatures that shift precipitation from snow to rain dominance over regional terrain. The simulations also show a wide range of uncertainty among different basins stemming from localized storm characteristics. While previous research using statistical downscaling suggests that many areas in the Pacific Northwest are likely to experience substantial increases in flooding in response to global climate change, these initial estimates do not adequately represent the effects of changes in heavy precipitation. Unlike statistical downscaling techniques applied to global climate model scenarios, the regional model provides an explicit, physically based simulation of the seasonality, size, location, and intensity of historical and future extreme storms, including atmospheric rivers. This paper presents climate projections from the ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM) global climate model dynamically downscaled using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model implemented at 12-km resolution for the period 1970–2069. The resulting daily precipitation and temperature data are bias corrected and used as input to a physically based Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model. From the daily time step simulations of streamflow produced by the hydrologic model, probability distributions are fit to the extreme events extracted from each water year and flood statistics for various return intervals are estimated.
A Study of Two Propagating Heavy-Rainfall Episodes near Taiwan during SoWMEX/TiMREX IOP-8 in June 2008. Part II: Sensitivity Tests on the Roles of Synoptic Conditions and Topographic Effects
Authors: Wang Chung-Chieh , Chieh-Sheng Hsu Jason , Tai-Jen Chen George , Lee Dong-In 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This study is the second of a two-part series to investigate two rainfall episodes in the Hovmöller space near Taiwan during the eighth intensive observing period (IOP-8, 12–17 June 2008) of the Southwest Monsoon Experiment/Terrain-influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (SoWMEX/TiMREX). The first episode moved eastward and the second westward, and both caused heavy rainfall in Taiwan. The goal of Part I was to better understand the mechanism and controlling factors for the organization and propagation of the episodes. Here in Part II, the detailed roles played by synoptic conditions and terrain effects are further examined. Three sensitivity tests (at 2.5-km grid spacing) are designed to include only the effects of synoptic evolution (SNP), and those from land–sea distribution–diurnal variations on top of a mean background with/without topography (DIU/DNT). As the benchmark, the control (CTL) experiment captures the 6-day event successfully and is validated in Part I.
In SNP, the two episodes are reproduced with overall similarity to CTL and the observation, and this confirms that the general location/time of rainfall are mainly controlled by synoptic forcing in this case, in contrast to typical warm-season conditions in the central United States. Even so, diurnal effects can still exert discernible impacts and modulate local convective development in many instances, particularly an afternoon enhancement over terrain, and the averaged diurnal cycle in CTL over southeastern China resembles those in DIU/DNT rather than that in SNP (with no land). The steep topography of Taiwan is especially important for its rainfall distribution, including the heavy rainfall on 16 June through processes as postulated by Xu et al.
Verification of European Subseasonal Wind Speed Forecasts
Authors: Lynch Kieran J. , Brayshaw David J. , Charlton-Perez Andrew 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Analysis of the forecasts and hindcasts from the ECMWF 32-day forecast model reveals that there is statistically significant skill in predicting weekly mean wind speeds over areas of Europe at lead times of at least 14–20 days. Previous research on wind speed predictability has focused on the short- to medium-range time scales, typically finding that forecasts lose all skill by the later part of the medium-range forecast. To the authors’ knowledge, this research is the first to look beyond the medium-range time scale by taking weekly mean wind speeds, instead of averages at hourly or daily resolution, for the ECMWF monthly forecasting system. It is shown that the operational forecasts have high levels of correlation (~0.6) between the forecasts and observations over the winters of 2008–12 for some areas of Europe. Hindcasts covering 20 winters show a more modest level of correlation but are still skillful. Additional analysis examines the probabilistic skill for the United Kingdom with the application of wind power forecasting in mind. It is also shown that there is forecast “value” for end users (operating in a simple cost/loss ratio decision-making framework). End users that are sensitive to winter wind speed variability over the United Kingdom, Germany, and some other areas of Europe should therefore consider forecasts beyond the medium-range time scale as it is clear there is useful information contained within the forecast.
Stimulation of the B-cell receptor activates the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells
Authors: Rozovski Uri , Wu Ji Yuan , Harris David M. , Liu Zhiming , Li Ping , Hazan-Halevy Inbal , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Burger Jan A. , O’Brien Susan , Jain Nitin , Verstovsek Srdan , Wierda William G. , Keating Michael J. , Estrov Zeev 
Published: April 2014

Key Points
Stimulation of the BCR activates JAK2 and STAT3 in CLL cells. The JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib induces apoptosis of CLL cells.
Dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26) defines leukemic stem cells (LSC) in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Herrmann Harald , Sadovnik Irina , Cerny-Reiterer Sabine , Rülicke Thomas , Stefanzl Gabriele , Willmann Michael , Hoermann Gregor , Bilban Martin , Blatt Katharina , Herndlhofer Susanne , Mayerhofer Matthias , Streubel Berthold , Sperr Wolfgang R. , Holyoake Tessa L. , Mannhalter Christine , Valent Peter 
Published: April 2014

Key Points
DPPIV (CD26) is a new specific marker of CML LSC that aids CML diagnostics and the measurement, characterization, and purification of LSC. DPPIV on CML LSC degrades SDF-1 and thereby promotes the niche-escape of LSC, which may contribute to extramedullary myeloproliferation in CML.
Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection associates with an increased risk of colorectal polyps in African Americans
Authors: Brim Hassan , Zahaf Marwah , Laiyemo Adeyinka O , Nouraie Mehdi , Pérez-Pérez Guillermo I , Smoot Duane T , Lee Edward , Razjouyan Hadie , Ashktorab Hassan 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
Gastric Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and colorectal polyps are more prevalent in African Americans than in the general population. We aimed to investigate whether gastric H. pylori infection is associated with colorectal polyps in African Americans.

Methods
Medical records of African Americans, 40 years and older (n = 1256) who underwent bidirectional gastrointestinal endoscopy on the same day were reviewed. H. pylori status was assessed by immunohistochemistry on gastric specimens. Colorectal polyps were confirmed by histological examination of colorectal biopsies. A subset of serum samples from healthy and polyp-bearing patients (n = 163) were analyzed by ELISA for anti-H. pylori and anti-CagA antibodies. The crude and adjusted effect of H. pylori on the risk of colorectal adenoma and polyp were computed by logistic regression models.

Results
The prevalence of colorectal polyps and adenomas were 456 (36%) and 300 (24%) respectively. Colorectal polyps were more prevalent in gastric H. pylori infected than non-infected subjects [43% vs. 34%; Odds Ratio (OR) (95% CI): 1.5 (1.2-1.9), P = 0.001]. Patients with H. pylori-associated chronic active gastritis were at high risk to have adenomas [Unadjusted OR (95% CI): 1.3 (1.0-1.8); P = 0.04]. There was no difference in histopathology, size, or location of polyps with respect to H. pylori status. Gastric H. pylori infection, age, male gender and high risk clinical presentations were independent risk factors for colorectal polyps. Serological testing also revealed a higher prevalence of H. pylori and its toxin Cag-A in polyp patients vs. non polyp patients’ sera, although in a non-statistically significant manner.

Conclusions
This study showed that current gastric H. pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of colorectal polyps in African Americans. Patients with H. pylori induced gastritis may benefit from early screening colonoscopy as a preventative measure for colorectal cancer.
An outcome prediction model for exsanguinating patients with blunt abdominal trauma after damage control laparotomy: a retrospective study
Authors: Wang Shang-Yu , Liao Chien-Hung , Fu Chih-Yuan , Kang Shih-Ching , Ouyang Chun-Hsiang , Kuo I-Ming , Lin Jr-Rung , Hsu Yu-Pao , Yeh Chun-Nan , Chen Shao-Wei 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
We present a series of patients with blunt abdominal trauma who underwent damage control laparotomy (DCL) and introduce a nomogram that we created to predict survival among these patients.

Methods
This was a retrospective study. From January 2002 to June 2012, 91 patients underwent DCL for hemorrhagic shock. We excluded patients with the following characteristics: a penetrating abdominal injury, age younger than 18 or older than 65 years, a severe or life-threatening brain injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] ≥ 4), emergency department (ED) arrival more than 6 hours after injury, pregnancy, end-stage renal disease, or cirrhosis. In addition, we excluded patients who underwent DCL after ICU admission or later in the course of hospitalization.

Results
The overall mortality rate was 61.5%: 35 patients survived and 56 died. We identified independent survival predictors, which included a preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score < 8 and a base excess (BE) value < -13.9 mEq/L. We created a nomogram for outcome prediction that included four variables: preoperative GCS, initial BE, preoperative diastolic pressure, and preoperative cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR).

Conclusions
DCL is a life-saving procedure performed in critical patients, and devastating clinical outcomes can be expected under such dire circumstances as blunt abdominal trauma with exsanguination. The nomogram presented here may provide ED physicians and trauma surgeons with a tool for early stratification and risk evaluation in critical, exsanguinating patients.
Pattern and predictors of maternal care-seeking practices for severe neonatal jaundice in Nigeria: a multi-centre survey
Authors: Ezeaka Chinyere V , Ugwu Rosemary O , Mukhtar-Yola Mariya , Ekure Ekanem N , Olusanya Bolajoko O 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
Nigeria is frequently associated with disproportionately high rates of severe neonatal jaundice (NNJ) underpinned by widespread Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Timely and appropriate treatment of NNJ is crucial for preventing the associated morbidity and neuro-developmental sequelae. Since mothers are likely to be the first mostly to observe the onset of severe illness in their newborns, we set out to identify the pattern and predictors of maternal care-seeking practices for NNJ in three culturally-distinct settings in Nigeria.

Methods
A multi-centre study was conducted among women attending antenatal clinics in Abuja, Lagos and Port Harcourt from October 2011 to April 2012 using a pretested questionnaire. Predictors of awareness of NNJ, accurate recognition of NNJ, use of potentially harmful therapies and preference for future hospital treatment were determined with multivariate logistic regressions.

Results
Of the 488 participants drawn from the three locations, 431 (88.3%) reported awareness of NNJ, predominantly (57.8%) attributable to professional health workers. A total of 309 (63.3%) mothers with prior knowledge of NNJ claimed they could recognise NNJ, but 270 (87.4%) from this group accurately identified the features of NNJ. Multiparous mothers (Adjusted odds ratio, AOR:4.05; 95% CI:1.75-9.36), those with tertiary education (AOR:1.91; CI:1.01-3.61), and those residing in Lagos (AOR:2.96; CI:1.10-7.97) were more likely to have had prior knowledge of NNJ. Similarly, multiparous mothers (AOR:2.38; CI:1.27-4.46) and those with tertiary education (AOR:1.92; CI:1.21-3.05) were more likely to recognise an infant with jaundice accurately. Mothers educated by health workers were 40% less likely to resort to potentially harmful treatment for NNJ (AOR:0.60; CI:0.39-0.92) but more likely to seek hospital treatment in future for an infant suspected with jaundice (AOR:1.88; CI:1.20-2.95).

Conclusions
Women with tertiary education and multiparous mothers who attend routine antenatal clinics are more likely than less educated women, to be associated with appropriate care-seeking practices for infants with NNJ regardless of the socio-cultural setting. Systematic efforts by professional health workers are warranted, as part of routine antenatal care, to engage other groups of mothers especially those likely to indulge in self-use of potentially harmful therapies.
Epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) exhibit in vitro antiangiogenic and in vivo antitumor activity by disrupting the HIF-1α/p300 complex in a preclinical model of prostate cancer
Authors: Reece Kelie M , Richardson Emily D , Cook Kristina M , Campbell Tessa J , Pisle Stephen T , Holly Alesia J , Venzon David J , Liewehr David J , Chau Cindy H , Price Douglas K , Figg William D 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe downstream targets of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) play an important role in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Therefore, inhibition of HIF-mediated transcription has potential in the treatment of cancer. One attractive strategy for inhibiting HIF activity is the disruption of the HIF-1α/p300 complex, as p300 is a crucial coactivator of hypoxia-inducible transcription. Several members of the epidithiodiketopiperazine (ETP) family of natural products have been shown to disrupt the HIF-1α/p300 complexin vitro; namely, gliotoxin, chaetocin, and chetomin. Here, we further characterized the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of these ETPs using a preclinical model of prostate cancer. In the rat aortic ring angiogenesis assay, gliotoxin, chaetocin, and chetomin significantly inhibited microvessel outgrowth at a GI50of 151, 8, and 20 nM, respectively.In vitroco-immunoprecipitation studies in prostate cancer cell extracts demonstrated that these compounds disrupted the HIF-1α/p300 complex. The downstream effects of inhibiting the HIF-1α/p300 interaction were evaluated by determining HIF-1α target gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Dose-dependent decreases in levels of secreted VEGF were detected by ELISA in the culture media of treated cells, and the subsequent downregulation ofVEGFA,LDHA, andENO1HIF-1α target genes were confirmed by semi-quantitative real-time PCR. Finally, treatment with ETPs in mice bearing prostate tumor xenografts resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth. These results suggest that directly targeting the HIF-1α/p300 complex with ETPs may be an effective approach for inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor growth.