bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Evaporation of Rainwater on Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity—A Revisit
Authors: Li Qingqing , Wang Yuqing , Duan Yihong 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The impact of evaporation of rainwater on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and structure is revisited in this study. Evaporative cooling can result in strong downdrafts and produce low–equivalent potential temperature air in the inflow boundary layer, particularly in the region outside the eyewall, significantly suppressing eyewall convection and reducing the final intensity of a TC. Different from earlier findings, results from this study show that outer rainbands still form but are short lived in the absence of evaporation. Evaporation of rainwater is shown to facilitate the formation of outer rainbands indirectly by reducing the cooling due to melting of ice particles outside the inner core, not by the cold-pool dynamics, as previously believed. Only exclusion of evaporation in the eyewall region or the rapid filamentation zone has a very weak effect on the inner-core size change of a TC, whereas how evaporation in the outer core affects the inner-core size depends on how active the inner rainbands are. More (less) active inner rainbands may lead to an increase (a decrease) in the inner-core size.
Multimodal Internal Waves Generated over a Subcritical Ridge: Impact of the Upper-Ocean Stratification
Authors: Xie Jieshuo , Pan Jiayi , Jay David A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractInteraction of barotropic tides with subsurface topography is vital to ocean mixing. Yet the behavior of large-amplitude, nonlinear, internal solitary waves (ISWs) that can cause strong mixing remains poorly understood, especially that of higher-mode and multimodal internal waves. Therefore, a 2.5-dimensional, nonhydrostatic model with adjustable vertical resolution was developed to investigate effects of upper-ocean stratification on tidally induced multimodal internal waves and to show how they are generated by the subcritical ridge where only upward-propagating internal wave beams (IWBs) are present. The effects of the stratification on properties and characteristics of the excited IWBs and on the energy partition of the radiated mode-1 and mode-2 internal waves were investigated based on the model results. Higher modes of internal waves can also be effectively generated in the IWBs by the subcritical topography, and the contribution to IWBs from higher modes increases with the upper-ocean stratification. Mode-2 ISWs can be excited from the IWBs if both the tidal Froude number and the contribution to IWBs from mode-2 waves are sufficiently high (U0 is the tidal current speed, and c2 is the phase speed of mode-2 waves). In a moderately stratified upper ocean, both mode-1 and mode-2 ISWs can be produced, but for weak (strong) stratification, only mode-1 (mode-2) ISWs are generated. Further, it is found that the distance between two successive mode-1 or mode-2 ISW trains increases linearly with the upper-ocean stratification. The ratio of the kinetic energy to the available potential energy for the mode-2 ISWs increases with the upper-ocean stratification in a strongly stratified ocean.
Properties and Origins of the Anisotropic Eddy-Induced Transport in the North Atlantic
Authors: Kamenkovich Igor , Rypina Irina I. , Berloff Pavel 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis study examines anisotropic transport properties of the eddying North Atlantic flow, using an idealized model of the double-gyre oceanic circulation and altimetry-derived velocities. The material transport by the time-dependent flow (quantified by the eddy diffusivity tensor) varies geographically and is anisotropic, that is, it has a well-defined direction of the maximum transport. One component of the time-dependent flow, zonally elongated large-scale transients, is particularly important for the anisotropy, as it corresponds to primarily zonal material transport and long correlation time scales. The importance of these large-scale zonal transients in the material distribution is further confirmed with simulations of idealized color dye tracers, which has implications for parameterizations of the eddy transport in non-eddy-resolving models.
Eating behavior and obesity in bipolar disorder
Authors: Bernstein Emily E , Nierenberg Andrew A , Deckersbach Thilo , Sylvia Louisa G 
Published: January 2015

Objectives: Individuals with bipolar disorder are more frequently overweight or obese than the general population, but the reasons for this association are unknown. The aim of this study is to further understand the etiology of overweight and obesity in bipolar disorder. Methods: We invited patients in a specialty outpatient bipolar clinic to complete the Eating Inventory. Patients provided self-reported restraint, disinhibition, and perceived hunger as well as general perceptions of dietary intake. Results: Sixty-two individuals (37 female) between the ages of 18 and 67 (M = 41.5, SD = 13.38) and with an average body mass index (BMI) of 27.18 (SD = 5.71) completed the survey. Disinhibition and perceived hunger were positively correlated with BMI and self-reported difficulty eating healthy foods. Restraint was positively correlated with healthy eating ( ps < .05). Stepwise linear regressions revealed that hunger was the most significant predictor of BMI (F(1) = 8.134, p = .006). Those participants with bipolar I or II disorder reported greater hunger scores ( p < .01) and difficulty eating healthily ( p < .05) than those without a full diagnosis. Conclusions: These results suggest that disinhibition and perception of hunger may be linked to the disproportionately high rate of obesity in bipolar disorder.
Public values on the public/private boundary: the case of civil servant recruitment examinations in China
Authors: Mériade Laurent , Qiang Li Yi 
Published: January 2015

This article looks at public values as an alternative public management instrument to the traditional public instruments or those of New Public Management (NPM). China offers very explicit examples of public values deliberately built on the boundary between the public and the private. We examine this issue through the civil servant recruitment examinations in China and the point of view of the candidates. We propose a cultural approach to the ‘publicness’ of these examinations to understand the public/private articulation of the values they convey and their roles in the field of public management in China. We highlight a set of spiritual and moral values from the private sphere that are transmitted in the public values through the civil servant recruitment examinations, often to legitimize the government and its social control. Points for practitioners In this article we consider public management instruments in China that are often relatively unknown or considered archaic. Their uses offer original examples of instruments that are embedded in Chinese society that open out the spectrum of public values towards private values, mainly spiritual and moral. We wish to make an empirical contribution to the debate on the role of public values in public management. We investigate the civil servant recruitment examinations in China through their content and the values they transmit. Candidates for the examinations explain to us the values that guide their preparation for public jobs and we analyse their role in Chinese public management.
Information technology competence in undergraduate Public Administration curricula at South African universities
Authors: van Jaarsveldt Liza Ceciel , Wessels Jacobus S. 
Published: January 2015

This article reports on research on whether undergraduate Public Administration curricula at South African universities should provide for information and communication technology (ICT) competence and, if so, whether universities actually provide such competence. Both the context within which public servants work and their required vocational and professional characteristics have been shown to support the expectation that the learning of ICT competence be included in the undergraduate Public Administration curricula at South African universities. However, only those universities offering a National Diploma in Public Management include ICT competence as a separate module. The research findings confirm that ICT competence should indeed be included in undergraduate Public Administration curricula due to the need for contextual relevance, and the specific professional and vocational requirements of the public service. It is thus suggested that institutions of higher education, specifically in South Africa, assess their undergraduate Public Administration curricula by applying these curriculum requirements. Points for practitioners The study on which this article is based addressed the relevance of Public Administration curricula to the information and communication technology (ICT) requirements of vocations and careers in the public service. The need for contextual relevance of curricula as well as meeting the professional and vocational requirements of public service receive specific attention.
The Australian Labor Market for Medical Practitioners and Nurses: Training, Migration and Policy Issues
Authors: Iredale Robyn 
Published: January 2015

Australia has a long history of migration of medical practitioners and nurses. This paper will provide an overview of the current situation regarding the supply of and demand for doctors and nurses and Australia's immigration policies and regulatory framework. Trends in training numbers and the relationship to demand will be analyzed and it will be shown that a continuation of widespread shortages can be expected. In recent years, Australia has been the forerunner, among Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, in its overt policy initiatives to attract overseas-trained doctors. It has shown little concern for the negative consequences on some sending countries that lose their doctors and nurses. Also, it has not entered into the spirit of international attempts to try to ameliorate the potential effects of developing-to-developed country health professional migration and trade, where there are negative consequences for the sending country. It will be argued that Australia could become a better global “citizen.”
Governing Environmentally-Related Migration in Bangladesh: Responsibilities, Security and the Causality Problem
Authors: Mayer Benoît , Boas Ingrid , Ewing J. Jackson , Baillat Alice , Das Uttam Kumar 
Published: January 2015

Environmentally-related migration is often cited as one of the human consequences of environmental stress, especially in the context of climate change. Nonetheless, there is a lack of effective and appropriate governance strategies that address the issue due to the complex and multicausal character of environmentally-related migration and the tendency to discuss the issue through security-based discourses that favor alarmist narratives. This paper suggests alternative approaches in responding to environmentally-related migration that seek to avoid these pitfalls. Through the case of Bangladesh, this paper illustrates the need to form cross-sectoral governance policies that avoid oversimplifying environmentally-related migration. Specifically, the paper highlights the limits and dangers of the security-based framework to environmentally-related migration and calls for policy coordination as a potential pathway forward.
Canada's Changing Immigration Policy: Implications for Asian Immigrants
Authors: Frideres James S. 
Published: January 2015

Canada has accepted immigrants since the turn of the century and has been a major player in the world wide movement of people. However, until the 1960s, most immigrants were white and from Western Europe. By the late 60s, Canada's immigration policy took on a more universalistic criteria and immigrants from around the world were able to enter. In 1971, Canada established a multicultural policy, reflecting the multi-ethnic composition of Canadian society. However, a quarter century later, economic and ideological pressures have forced the government of the day to rethink its immigration policy. The present paper reviews Canadian immigration policy and assesses the current situation. An analysis of the 1994 immigration consultation process is presented which led to the new changes in immigration policy. Recent changes in the organizational structure of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration and its policy are evaluated. The implications of the new immigration policy are discussed, particularly as it relates to Asian immigration.
Strategies for reducing poor indoor air quality and adverse temperature exposure in Delhi's households: A multi-objective assessment
Authors: Nix Emily , Das Payel , Jain Nishesh , Davies Michael 
Published: January 2015

High temperatures, an extremely polluted ambient environment, alongside disparities in housing quality and household energy use, indicate overheating risk and poor indoor air quality in Delhi dwellings. In this study, we explore a range of interventions to reduce adverse temperature exposure and improve indoor air quality, focusing on PM2.5, for exemplar base case households developed to cover the range of settlements types found in Delhi. Interventions are modelled using dynamic thermal simulation, and include a range of modifications to dwelling operation and building fabric, as well as additional building components. A weighted multi-objective assessment considering annual energy use, intervention cost, and a health metric encompassing heat, cold and PM2.5 exposure, is employed to score the suitability of strategies for each settlement type. The most effective strategy is found to be a combination of changes in building fabric with evaporative cooling and cooking ventilation in all archetypes. The results demonstrate how a weighted multi-objective assessment is effective in selecting strategies for settlement types with differing priorities. Practical application: Current dwellings in Delhi risk significant energy consumption or provide inadequate indoor environmental quality. This work presents the performance of potential interventions, by considering multiple criteria, which could be deployed in Delhi households to provide low-energy healthy homes.
Interventions to reduce dependency in personal activities of daily living in community dwelling adults who use homecare services: a systematic review
Authors: Whitehead Phillip J , Worthington Esme J , Parry Ruth H , Walker Marion F , Drummond Avril ER 
Published: January 2015

Objectives: To identify interventions that aim to reduce dependency in activities of daily living (ADL) in homecare service users. To determine: content; effectiveness in improving ability to perform ADL; and whether delivery by qualified occupational therapists influences effectiveness. Data sources: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, PsycINFO, OTseeker, PEDro, Web of Science, CIRRIE, and ASSIA. Review methods: We included: randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials and controlled before and after studies. Two reviewers independently screened studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. A narrative synthesis of the findings was conducted. Results: Thirteen studies were included, totalling 4975 participants. Ten (77%) were judged to have risk of bias. Interventions were categorised as those termed ‘re-ablement’ or ‘restorative homecare’ ( n=5/13); and those involving separate components which were not described using this terminology ( n=8/13). Content of the intervention and level of health professional input varied within and between studies. Effectiveness on ADL: eight studies included an ADL outcome, five favoured the intervention group, only two with statistical significance, both these were controlled before and after studies judged at high risk of bias. ADL outcome was reported using seven different measures. Occupational therapy: there was insufficient evidence to determine whether involvement of qualified occupational therapists influenced effectiveness. Conclusion: There is limited evidence that interventions targeted at personal ADL can reduce homecare service users’ dependency with activities, the content of evaluated interventions varies greatly.
Computer tomography imaging findings of adrenal cavernous hemangiomas: a report of 10 cases
Authors: Peng Jun-Ping , Lv Xiao-Fei , Lin Chu-Lan , Zhou Jian , Zhang You-Ming , Zhang Yu-Han , Zhang Xue-Lin 
Published: January 2015

Background Cavernous hemangiomas (CHs) of the adrenal gland are extremely rare. To date, only a few studies of adrenal CH imaging have been reported. Purpose To analyze the computed tomography (CT) imaging findings of adrenal CHs. Material and Methods Ten cases of adrenal CHs confirmed by a histopathological examination were retrospectively analyzed. All of the patients had undergone unenhanced and enhanced CT examinations, and eight had also undergone multiphase CT enhancement examinations. CT characteristics, including shape, size, margin, attenuation, and enhancement patterns, were analyzed. Results The study included six women and four men with a mean age of 49.2 years (age range, 25–62 years) and no signs of abnormal endocrine activity. The unenhanced CTs showed well-defined, heterogeneous ( n = 8) or homogeneous ( n = 2) density masses with scattered ( n = 8) or spread calcifications ( n = 2) in six tumors. In the contrast-enhanced CTs, seven tumors appeared to be marked with heterogeneous enhancement, whereas three cases exhibited no obvious enhancement. The evaluation of the pattern of dynamic enhancement in eight patients revealed that the tumors showed early peripheral enhancement ( n = 4), early central enhancement ( n = 1), and mixed enhancement ( n = 1) with progressive partial filling-in, and no obvious enhancement in any phases ( n = 2). Conclusion Adrenal CHs should be included in the differential diagnosis when an adrenal neoplasm is incidentally found and appears as a well-defined, heterogeneous mass with calcifications and various enhancement patterns, including heterogeneous enhancement with characteristic progressive partial filling-in, as well as lack of enhancement in any phase.
Assessment of operability by means of CTPA and perfusion SPECT in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Grgic Aleksandar , Miodek Florian , Schäfers Hans-Joachim , Held Matthias , Kaiser Ralf , Khreish Fadi , Buecker Arno , Bals Robert , Kirsch Carl-Martin , Wilkens Heinrike 
Published: January 2015

Background Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) can potentially be cured by pulmonary thrombendarterectomy (PEA), the criteria for differentiation between operable and non-operable patients are not standardized. Purpose To retrospectively evaluate the value of rigidly registered computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and single photon emission CT (SPECT) in differentiating for PEA. Material and Methods Forty-nine patients with CTEPH (21 men; age, 58 ± 13 years) were evaluated by an interdisciplinary expert board using all available diagnostic information and their consensus statement as gold standard. For SPECT a lobe based perfusion score was visually assessed using the score of 0 (lack of perfusion) to 1 (normal perfusion) calculating percentage of vascular obstruction (PVO). By CTPA, vascular obstruction index (OI) of central, peripheral, and global PA-bed were determined. The accuracy of the alignment between CTPA and SPECT was determined by fusion score (FS) ranging from 1 (no alignment) to 5 (exact alignment). Angiography provided PA pressure (PAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and PA wedge pressure (PAWP). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed. Results Twenty-nine patients were considered surgically amenable, and 20 patients were inoperable. Mean PAP, PVR, and PAWP were 48 ± 11 mmHg, 868 ± 461 dynes*sec*cm−5, and 11 ± 5 mmHg, without differences between surgical and non-surgical patients ( P > 0.5). In all patients accurate registration was reached (FS = 4.1 ± 0.7; range, 2–5). PVO and central OI separated PEA-amenable patients ( P ≤ 0.001) resulting in the area under the curve of 0.828 (cutoff for PVO: 37.8% with a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 79%) and 0.755 (cutoff for central OI: 29% with a sensitivity and specificity of 86.2% and 79%) for operability. Conclusion An accurate interpretation of rigidly registered CTPA and perfusion SPECT may contribute to stratification of operability in patients with CTEPH.
Resting-state networks in healthy adult subjects: a comparison between a 32-element and an 8-element phased array head coil at 3.0 Tesla
Authors: Paolini Marco , Keeser Daniel , Ingrisch Michael , Werner Natalie , Kindermann Nicole , Reiser Maximilian , Blautzik Janusch 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundLittle research exists on the influence of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) head coil’s channel count on measured resting-state functional connectivity.PurposeTo compare a 32-element (32ch) and an 8-element (8ch) phased array head coil with respect to their potential to detect functional connectivity within resting-state networks.Material and MethodsTwenty-six healthy adults (mean age, 21.7 years; SD, 2.1 years) underwent resting-state functional MRI at 3.0 Tesla with both coils using equal standard imaging parameters and a counterbalanced design. Independent component analysis (ICA) at different model orders and a dual regression approach were performed. Voxel-wise non-parametric statistical between-group contrasts were determined using permutation-based non-parametric inference.ResultsPhantom measurements demonstrated a generally higher image signal-to-noise ratio using the 32ch head coil. However, the results showed no significant differences between corresponding resting-state networks derived from both coils ( p < 0.05, FWE-corrected).ConclusionUsing the identical standard acquisition parameters, the 32ch head coil does not offer any significant advantages in detecting ICA-based functional connectivity within RSNs.
Three-dimensional isotropic T2-weighted fast spin-echo (VISTA) knee MRI at 3.0 T in the evaluation of the anterior cruciate ligament injury with additional views: comparison with two-dimensional fast spin-echo T2-weighted sequences
Authors: Park Hee Jin , Lee So Yeon , Park Noh Hyuck , Ahn Jin Hwan , Chung Eun Chul , Kim Sung Jun , Cha Jang Gyu 
Published: January 2015

Background There has been no comparison study to assess the diagnostic efficacy of additional anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) views in three-dimensional (3D) volume isotropic turbo spin-echo acquisition (VISTA) and two-dimensional (2D) fast spin-echo (FSE) T2-weighted (T2W) images for the diagnosis of ACL tear. Purpose To compare the diagnostic performances of additional ACL views on VISTA with those on the 2D FSE T2W images. Material and Methods This retrospective study included 78 patients who were suspected to have ACL injury and underwent both 2D TSE T2W magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 3D VISTA MRI of the knee between November 2012 and March 2013. The diagnostic performance of each oblique sagittal and coronal view and the combined images was evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diagnosing an ACL tear. The arthroscopically and clinically confirmed diagnoses were used as the reference standard. The values were statistically analyzed using the McNemar test. Results The inter-observer agreement between two readers of the additional ACL views on 3D VISTA and 2D FSE T2W images were substantial on 2D FSE images and nearly concurred on the VISTA image. When considering both views of the oblique sagittal and coronal images, the inter-observer agreement between readers nearly concurred. There were no statistically significant differences in the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy between 2D FSE images and VISTA images. Conclusion The performance of the additional ACL view on 3D VISTA MRI is comparable to that of 2D FSE T2W MRI in the diagnosis of ACL tear though the image quality of the 3D VISTA MRI is not equal to that of 2D FSE MRI.