bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labor and the Urban Landscape: Mobility, Risk, and Possibility amongSyrian Delivery Workers inBeirut
Authors: Monroe Kristin V. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this article, I investigate the embodied, class, and political relations ofSyrian delivery workers on motor scooter who forge a livelihood by moving through the space ofBeirut,Lebanon. I develop an argument about how the work lives of these delivery drivers are characterized by various conditions of insecurity. Rushing around the city, these workers face certain bodily risks, as they are physically vulnerable in vehicular traffic, but they encounter still other forms of precarity as an outcome of both their position in the city's migrant labor regime and a fraughtLebanese political climate in which sentiment against theSyrian regime spills over into the mistreatment of ordinarySyrians. At the same time, I consider how delivery drivers understand their jobs to be constituted by certain forms of freedom and opportunity that make their work distinctive from that performed by mostSyrian laborers inBeirut. Drawing inspiration from anthropology's increased attunement to the particular and multiple forms of insecurity that shape labor and life in our contemporary age, the geographies of work I examine here are both urban and transnational, and thereby highlight the stakes involved in experiences of spatial movement at multiple scales.
Radical Entrepreneurs: First Nations Designers’ Approaches to Community Economic Development
Authors: Willmott Cory 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOver the past 15 years, contemporary Native Canadian fashion designers have been gaining increasing visibility and economic viability. Yet, their roles and purposes remain poorly understood. This article identifies a problem with conventional approaches to the question of Community Economic Development and Aboriginal participants in the garment industry in the New Economy. It proposes an alternative model based on the concept of the “radical entrepreneur,” which incorporates ideas surrounding ethnic economies, “social entrepreneurship,” symbolic capital, and “rootedness” in indigenous cultures and societies. Insights drawn from participant observation among, and interviews with, members of a Canada‐wide network of contemporary aboriginal fashion designers demonstrate that these “radical entrepreneurs” work as agents of social change both within their own indigenous communities and among national and international participants in a global fashion geography.
Evaluating the validity of model for end‐stage liver disease exception points for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with multiple nodules <2 cm
Authors: Samoylova Mariya L. , Dodge Jennifer L. , Mehta Neil , Yao Francis Y. , Roberts John P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLiver transplant allocation policy does not give model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) exception points for patients with a single hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) <2 cm in size, but does give points to patients with multiple small nodules. Because standard‐of‐care imaging for HCC struggles to differentiate HCC from other nodules, it is possible that a subset of patients receiving liver transplant for multiple nodules <2 cm in size does not have HCC.We evaluate risk of post‐transplant HCC recurrence and wait‐list dropout for patients with multiple small nodules using competing risks regression based on the Fine and Gray model.We identified 5002 adult HCC patients in the OPTN/UNOS dataset diagnosed and transplanted between January 2006 and September 2010. Compared to patients with >1 tumor <2 cm, risk of developing recurrence was significantly higher in patients with one or more tumors with only one tumor ≥2 cm (SHR 1.63, p = 0.009), as well as in patients with 2–3 tumors ≥2 cm (SHR 1.84, p = 0.02). Dropout risk was not significantly different among size categories.HCC recurrence risk was significantly lower in patients with multiple nodules <2 cm in size than in those with larger tumors, supporting the possibility that some patients received unnecessary transplants. The priority given to these patients must be re‐examined.
‘More time for what?’ Exploring intersecting notions of gender, work, age and leisure time among people with cognitive disabilities
Authors: Lövgren Veronica , Bertilsdotter Rosqvist Hanna 
Published: November 2014

This article explores intersecting notions of leisure among middle‐aged people with intellectual disabilities in the setting of the Swedish welfare state. The participants are recipients of long‐term disability services and have experienced the changing ideological frameworks of the welfare effort, which has recently focused on normalisation, inclusion and participation. Structured activities are arranged by disability services in order to normalise living conditions and provide recreation for disabled people. However, the range of activities is constrained by financial resources, by notions of gender and age and by an institutionalised emphasis on the work ethic – leading to constructions of leisure partly as ‘time beside’ where ‘free time’ activities should not interfere with the duties of the working week. The participants' limited resources and their lack of a strong voice limit their ability to demand their legal rights and leave many of them with ‘too much time with too little to do’.Key Practitioner Message: ● A common idea of leisure is the relationship between social and physical activities, well‐being and health; ● People with disabilities, regardless of age, engage in fewer leisure activities than the general population due to a lack of resources; ● Even with legal rights, the lack of a strong voice as well as institutional constraints limit their leisure opportunities.
Ecological niche modelling confirms potential north‐east range expansion of the nine‐banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in the USA
Authors: Feng Xiao , Papeş Monica 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe distribution of the nine banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), the only species in the family Dasypodidae found in the USA, has expanded greatly since the species was first recorded in southern Texas in 1849. Currently, the range of D. novemcinctus includes 15 states in the USA. Previous studies on the geographical expansion of this species, based on physiological experiments and distribution surveys, revealed a possible western moisture limit, a northern temperature limit, and potential north‐eastward range expansion in the USA. We applied an ecological niche modelling approach and produced a potential distribution map of D. novemcinctus with comparable western (102 °W) and northern (40 °N) limits, and confirmed the possibility of further north‐east range expansion to climatically suitable areas in the USA.
Reproductive mode evolution in lizards revisited: updated analyses examining geographic, climatic and phylogenetic effects support the cold‐climate hypothesis
Authors: Watson C. M. , Makowsky R. , Bagley J. C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractViviparity, the bearing of live young, has evolved well over 100 times among squamate reptiles. This reproductive strategy is hypothesized to allow maternal control of the foetus' thermal environment and thereby to increase the fitness of the parents and offspring. Two hypotheses have been posited to explain this phenomenon: (i) the cold‐climate hypothesis (CCH), which advocates low temperatures as the primary selective force; and (ii) the maternal manipulation hypothesis (MMH), which advocates temperature variability as the primary selective force. Here, we investigate whether climatic and geographic variables associated with the CCH vs. the MMH best explain the current geographical distributions of viviparity in lizards while incorporating recent advances in comparative methods, squamate phylogenetics and geospatial analysis. To do this, we compared nonphylogenetic and phylogenetic models predicting viviparity based on point‐of‐capture data from 20 994 museum specimens representing 215 lizard species in conjunction with spatially explicit bioclimatic and geographic (elevation and latitude) data layers. The database we analysed emphasized Nearctic lizards from three species‐rich genera (Phrynosoma, Plestiodon and Sceloporus); however, we additionally analysed a less substantial, but worldwide sample of species to verify the universality of our Nearctic results. We found that maximum temperature of the warmest month (and, less commonly, elevation and maximum temperature of the driest quarter) was frequently the best predictor of viviparity and showed an association consistent with the CCH. Our results strongly favour the CCH over the MMH in explaining lizard reproductive mode evolution.
Host alkaloids differentially affect developmental stability and wing vein canalization in cactophilicDrosophila buzzatii
Authors: Padró J. , Carreira V. , Corio C. , Hasson E. , Soto I. M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHost shifts cause drastic consequences on fitness in cactophilic species ofDrosophila. It has been argued that changes in the nutritional values accompanying host shifts may elicit these fitness responses, but they may also reflect the presence of potentially toxic secondary compounds that affect resource quality. Recent studies reported that alkaloids extracted from the columnar cactusTrichocereus terscheckiiare toxic for the developing larvae ofDrosophila buzzatii. In this study, we tested the effect of artificial diets including increasing doses of host alkaloids on developmental stability and wing morphology inD. buzzatii. We found that alkaloids disrupt normal wing venation patterning and affect viability, wing size and fluctuating asymmetry, suggesting the involvement of stress–response mechanisms. Theoretical implications are discussed in the context of developmental stability, stress, fitness and their relationship with robustness, canalization and phenotypic plasticity.
WEIGHTED‐AVERAGE LEAST SQUARES (WALS): A SURVEY
Authors: Magnus Jan R. , De Luca Giuseppe 
Published: November 2014

AbstractModel averaging has become a popular method of estimation, following increasing evidence that model selection and estimation should be treated as one joint procedure. Weighted‐average least squares (WALS) is a recent model‐average approach, which takes an intermediate position between frequentist and Bayesian methods, allows a credible treatment of ignorance, and is extremely fast to compute. We review the theory of WALS and discuss extensions and applications.
Dried blood spot in the genotyping, quantification and storage of HCV RNA: a systematic literature review
Authors: Greenman Jamie , Roberts Teri , Cohn Jennifer , Messac Luke 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe entry of new all‐oral direct acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C provides an opportunity to scale up HCV care in low‐ and middle‐income countries. In HIV, use of dried blood spots (DBS) has facilitated the diagnosis and management of HIV in resource‐poor settings. DBS may be used in a similar way to facilitate diagnosis and management of HCV. Here, we present a systematic review of the literature of DBS for HCV RNA detection and genotyping. Using an a priori review protocol, three databases were searched for studies published up to August 2013 that reported the use of dried blood and serum spots in genotyping, detection and measurement of HCV RNA, as well as the rate of degradation of HCV RNA when stored in DBS at room temperature. Nine papers were eligible for inclusion; eight studied DBS and one dried serum. Two studies measured concordance between genotype and subtype determined by DBS and whole plasma and both found 100% concordance. Four studies measured endpoint detection limits of HCV RNA‐positive samples by DBS and found positive predictive values of 100% down to 250, 334, 2500 and 24160 IU/mL. Two studies found deterioration of HCV RNA in DBS samples stored at room temperature, while two others failed to detect such deterioration. These results support the potential use of DBS for genotyping and HCV RNA detection. Studies of the use of DBS for HCV RNA viral load measurement and of the rate of degradation of HCV RNA when stored in DBS at ambient temperatures remain inconclusive.
Plasma concentration‐dependent suppression of endogenous hydrocortisone in the horse after intramuscular administration of dexamethasone‐21‐isonicotinate
Authors: Ekstrand C. , Bondesson U. , Gabrielsson J. , Hedeland M. , Kallings P. , Olsén L. , Ingvast‐Larsson C. 
Published: November 2014

Detection times and screening limits (SL) are methods used to ensure that the performance of horses in equestrian sports is not altered by drugs. Drug concentration–response relationship and knowledge of concentration–time profiles in both plasma and urine are required. In this study, dexamethasone plasma and urine concentration–time profiles were investigated. Endogenous hydrocortisone plasma concentrations and their relationship to dexamethasone plasma concentrations were also explored. A single dose of dexamethasone‐21‐isonicotinate suspension (0.03 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly to six horses. Plasma was analysed for dexamethasone and hydrocortisone and urine for dexamethasone, using UPLC‐MS/MS. Dexamethasone was quantifiable in plasma for 8.3 ± 2.9 days (LLOQ: 0.025 μg/L) and in urine for 9.8 ± 3.1 days (LLOQ: 0.15 μg/L). Maximum observed dexamethasone concentration in plasma was 0.61 ± 0.12 μg/L and in urine 4.2 ± 0.9 μg/L. Terminal plasma half‐life was 38.7 ± 19 h. Hydrocortisone was significantly suppressed for 140 h. The plasma half‐life of hydrocortisone was 2.7 ± 1.3 h. Dexamethasone potency, efficacy and sigmoidicity factor for hydrocortisone suppression were 0.06 ± 0.04 μg/L, 0.95 ± 0.04 and 6.2 ± 4.6, respectively. Hydrocortisone suppression relates to the plasma concentration of dexamethasone. Thus, determination of irrelevant plasma concentrations and SL is possible. Future research will determine whether hydrocortisone suppression can be used as a biomarker of the clinical effect of dexamethasone.
Indulgent Representation: Theatricality and Sectarian Metaphor inThe Tempest
Authors: Woods Gillian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAt the end ofThe Tempest, Prospero (or, perhaps, the actor playing him) urges the audience, ‘As you from crimes would pardoned be, / Let your indulgence set me free’ (5.1.337‐8). The lines are a plea for applause, for the audience to conclude the drama happily. As the play‐world dissolves into the real world, at the threshold between fiction and reality, Prospero appeals to be set free from representation. He strikes an ethical bargain in the mode of the Lord's Prayer (‘forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us’). But, in speaking of ‘pardon’ and ‘indulgence’, he also alludes to a much maligned Catholic practice of purchased remission of sins. Thus, the audience's decision over whether or not to applaud the drama is playfully implicated in trying out a confessional attitude. Even so, the status of these ‘Catholic’ terms as wordplay means that they only flirt with sectarian resonance, rather than declaring a theological message. Taking the play's self‐conscious theatricality as a starting point, this essay explores the ambiguity of this epilogue. It questions what it means for a post‐Reformation audience to ‘indulge’ in metaphorically ‘Catholic’ behaviour, and how a play that stages forgiveness as a form of revenge negotiates difference ethically. These themes are part of a broader theatrical dynamic in which representation is constantly destabilised. The essay offers a case‐study of the significance of equivocally Catholic material in post‐Reformation drama, suggesting that as much attention needs to be paid to dramaturgy as to theology.
On‐treatment prediction of sustained response to peginterferon alfa‐2a for HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: Goulis Ioannis , Karatapanis Stylianos , Akriviadis Evangelos , Deutsch Melanie , Dalekos George N. , Raptopoulou‐Gigi Maria , Mimidis Konstantinos , Germanidis George , Drakoulis Christos , Triantos Christos , Zintzaras Elias , Bakalos Georgios , Papatheodoridis George 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsWe assessed predictors of response in HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B patients treated with peginterferon alfa‐2a in routine clinical practice.MethodsNinety‐five HBeAg‐negative patients received peginterferonalfa‐2a for 48 weeks and were followed‐up for 48 weeks post‐treatment. Serum HBsAg and HBV DNA levels were monitored during and after therapy with valid commercial assays. Sustained response (SR) was defined as HBV DNA <2000 IU/ml at study week 96.ResultsTwenty‐two patients (23%) achieved SR and nine (9.5%) lost HBsAg. HBsAg decline was more profound in patients with SR. HBsAg decline ≥10% from baseline to week 24 was significantly associated with SR [81% (17/21) vs 37% (21/57); Odds ratio: 7.286 (2.162–24.552), P = 0.001]. The PARC rule (no decrease in HBsAg and <2 log drop in HBV DNA at week 12) was evaluated in a subset of 47 patients. Among eight patients who fulfilled the PARC rule, none achieved SR. Of the 39 patients who did not fulfil the PARC rule, 24 (62%) had HBsAg decline of ≥10% at week 24 (12 achieved SR) and 15 (38%) had HBsAg decline of <10% (1 achieved SR; negative predictive value: 93%).ConclusionsIn HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B patients treated with peginterferon alfa‐2a, HBsAg decline >10% at 24 weeks is significantly associated with SR. The combination of the PARC rule and week 24 decline in HBsAg can identify almost two‐thirds of patients who are unlikely to achieve SR. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01283074.
Cord blood and consecutive chitotriosidase activity: Relationship to prematurity and early prognosis
Authors: Gunes Sezgin , Yalaz Mehmet , Sozmen Eser , Altun Koroglu Ozge , Kultursay Nilgun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between plasma chitotriosidase activity, an inflammatory protein secreted mainly from macrophages, and neonatal morbidity and mortality in premature infants.MethodsCord blood chitotriosidase activity was studied in healthy control infants (53 term, group 1; 26 late preterm [33–37 gestational weeks], group 2) and 35 preterm infants (≤32 weeks; group 3). In group 3, consecutive samples at 3 h, 24 h, 72 h, 7 days, 14 days, and 36 weeks after conception were also analyzed. Group 3 was also evaluated for mortality, respiratory treatment and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).ResultsCord blood chitotriosidase activity was positively correlated with gestational age and birthweight. SNAPPE‐II score was correlated with chitotriosidase activity at 24 h. Consecutive chitotriosidase activity for group 3 was non‐significantly higher in infants who died in the early neonatal period. Higher chitotriosidase activity was observed in mechanically ventilated infants than infants treated with non‐invasive assisted ventilation. BPD, PDA, IVH and ROP, but not NEC, were related to higher chitotriosidase activity, being significant at some of the time points.ConclusionNeonatal stress such as invasive ventilation may create a risk for the development of BPD, PDA, IVH, and ROP by increasing macrophage activation in preterm infants as reflected in the higher chitotriosidase activity. High chitotriosidase activity may also be associated with disease severity and mortality.
Development of a Pedestrian Audit Tool to Assess Rural Neighborhood Walkability
Authors: Scanlin Kathleen , Haardoerfer Regine , Kegler Michelle C. , Glanz Karen 
Published: November 2014

Background:Recently, investigators have begun to refine audit instruments for use in rural areas. However, no studies have developed a walkability summary score or have correlated built environment characteristics with physical activity behavior.Methods:The Rural Pedestrian Environmental Audit Instrument was developed specifically for use in rural areas. Segments surrounding participant’s homes were selected to represent neighborhood streets (N = 116). Interrater reliability was conducted on a subset of streets (N = 42). Rural-specific domain and walkability scores were developed and correlated with individual-level data on perceptions of the neighborhood and self-reported physical activity behavior.Results:Interrater reliability for the instrument was substantial and all domains had high agreement. Walkability in the audited area was low with even the best segments demonstrating only moderate support for walking. There were no significant correlations between the neighborhood walkability score and self-reported neighborhood walkability, time spent walking, sedentary behavior, or BMI; however, a few correlations within the social/dynamic domain were significant.Conclusions:This study expands recent research refining audit instruments for rural areas. Findings suggest the usefulness of summarizing environmental data at the domain level and linking it to physical activity behavior to identify aspects of the neighborhood environment that are most strongly correlated with actual behavior.
Steps Measured by Pedometry and the Relationship to Adiposity in College Women
Authors: Bailey Bruce Wayne , Borup Pamela , Tucker Larry , LeCheminant James , Allen Matthew , Hebbert Whitney 
Published: November 2014

Background:The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between steps per day and adiposity among college women.Methods:This study was cross-sectional and included women ages 18–25. Participants wore a pedometer for 7 consecutive days. Body composition was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. Height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were assessed.Results:The women took 10,119 ± 2836 steps per day. When divided into quartiles by steps, the top 2 quartiles of women in the study had significantly lower BMI, percent body fat, and waist and hip circumferences than the bottom quartile of women (P ≤ .05). Percent body fat was different between the bottom 2 quartiles and the top 2 quartiles (P ≤ .05). The odds of having a body fat of greater than 32% were reduced by 21.9% for every increase of 1,000 steps taken per day (P ≤ .05).Conclusions:Steps per day are related to body composition in young adult women, but this relationship weakens with progressively higher step counts. A reasonable recommendation for steps in young adult women that is associated with the lowest BMIs and body fat seems to be between 10,000–12,000 steps per day.
‘Is It Worth It?’ A Qualitative Study of the Beliefs of Overweight and Obese Physically Active Children
Authors: Lewis Kiara , Fraser Claire , Manby Martin 
Published: November 2014

Background:The specific circumstances and contexts that may affect overweight and obese children’s participation in physical activity have thus far been given little attention. The qualitative study discussed in this paper explores the experiences of overweight and obese children and young people who have successfully increased their activity levels.Methods:The study sample was recruited from a community health and fitness scheme for children aged 5 to 16, with a Body Mass Index (BMI) at or above the 91st centile. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 58 children and young people. Data were analyzed using template analysis.Results:The children increased their feelings of capability to undertake physical activity, both while on the scheme and in other physical activity settings. They valued the range of ‘noncompetitive’ activities available and the nonthreatening atmosphere created. The ‘emotional’ support offered by the instructors was perceived as being integral to their enjoyment and continued participation.Conclusions:Physical activity providers need to be able to generate opportunities which allow children of any weight status to participate without fear of stigmatization or bullying. The findings of the current study suggest that to be effective what we should be focusing on is improving the physical activity experience from the child’s perspective.