bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of the frequency of Australian children's consumption of unhealthy foods
Authors: Pettigrew S. , Jongenelis M. , Chapman K. , Miller C. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundChild obesity interventions need to be based on a sound understanding of the factors that influence children's diets.ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between a range of predictor variables and the frequency with which Australian children consume energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor (EDNP) foods.MethodsA web panel provider was used to access 1302 parents of Australian children aged 8–14 years who responded to an online survey about their children's diets. Structural equation modelling was conducted to test a model of the factors contributing to the frequency of children's unhealthy food consumption.ResultsOf the tested variables, consumption of EDNP foods was primarily influenced by parents’ attitudes to these foods, children's pestering behaviours and perceived social norms relating to children's consumption of these products. Both pestering and social norms had significant direct effects on consumption frequency as well as indirect effects via their impact on parents’ attitudes to EDNP foods.ConclusionEnvironmental factors that contribute to both pestering and social norms are likely to be critical considerations in the development of child obesity interventions.
Improving ESL writing using an online formulaic sequence word‐combination checker
Authors: Grami G.M.A. , Alkazemi B.Y. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWriting correct English sentences can be challenging. Furthermore, writing correct formulaic sequences can be especially difficult because accepted combinations do not follow clear rules governing which words appear together in a sequence. One solution is to provide examples of correct usage accompanied by statistical feedback from web‐based applications for learners to emulate. The goal of the study was to investigate whether such a dedicated web‐based program that provides instant examples of correct word combinations and detailed results of who used these examples, where and when, can improve students' writing. Data were collected from 74 ESL (English as a Second Language) undergraduate students divided into control and experimental groups, who performed formulaic sequence tests, wrote passages in English, followed by interviews with members of the experimental group. The results show that students who used the software outperformed those who did not, on the tests and the overall grades for their writing. Implementing formulaic sequence check programs in writing classes to help students decide which words can appear together, under which circumstances, and in which context is recommended.
Social‐emotional instability in individuals with Rett syndrome: parents' experiences with second stage behaviour
Authors: Munde V. , Vlaskamp C. , ter Haar A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundWhile the medical profession often terms behaviours in individuals with Rett syndrome (RTT) in the second stage as ‘autistic‐like’, parents disagree with this description. The present study focuses on a comparison of parents' experiences with the social‐emotional behaviour of the child with RTT in the second and subsequent stages.MethodIn collaboration with the Dutch Rett Syndrome Organization, 51 parents of children with RTT in the Netherlands took part in the present study. Parents completed an online questionnaire to clarify their experiences of the social‐emotional behaviour of their children during and after the second stage of RTT. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques have been used.ResultsThe results of the paired‐samplest‐test show that parents see significantly less social‐emotional behaviour in the children during the second stage of RTT than in the subsequent stages. Parents reported that their children did not seek as much interaction. From the parents' descriptions, it would seem that the children are willing but unable to interact with their environment.ConclusionsLike previous research, our study leads to doubts about the appropriateness of the label ‘autistic‐like’ for the behaviour of individuals in the second stage of RTT. While behaviours of individuals with autism and individuals with RTT may resemble each other, quality and intentions may differ. Still, future studies are needed for further clarification.
Neurological dysfunctions associated with altered BACE1‐dependent Neuregulin‐1 signaling
Authors: Hu Xiangyou , Fan Qingyuan , Hou Hailong , Yan Riqiang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractInhibition of BACE1 is being pursued as a therapeutic target to treat patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease because BACE1 is the sole β‐secretase that generates β‐amyloid peptide. Knowledge regarding other cellular functions of BACE1 is therefore critical for the safe use of BACE1 inhibitors in human patients. Neuregulin‐1 (Nrg1) is a BACE1 substrate and BACE1 cleavage of Nrg1 is critical for signaling functions in myelination, remyelination, synaptic plasticity, normal psychiatric behaviors, and maintenance of muscle spindles. This review summarizes the most recent discoveries associated with BACE1‐dependent Nrg1 signaling in these areas. This body of knowledge will help to provide guidance for preventing unwanted Nrg1‐based side effects following BACE1 inhibition in humans.
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To initiate its signaling cascade, membrane anchored Neuregulin (Nrg), mainly type I and III β1 Nrg1 isoforms and Nrg3, requires ectodomain shedding. BACE1 is one of such indispensable sheddases to release the functional Nrg signaling fragment. The dependence of Nrg on the cleavage by BACE1 is best manifested by disrupting the critical role of Nrg in the control of axonal myelination, schizophrenic behaviors as well as the formation and maintenance of muscle spindles.
Reproducibility of the Structural Connectome Reconstruction across Diffusion Methods
Authors: Prčkovska Vesna , Rodrigues Paulo , Puigdellivol Sanchez Ana , Ramos Marc , Andorra Magi , Martinez‐Heras Eloy , Falcon Carles , Prats‐Galino Albert , Villoslada Pablo 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTAnalysis of the structural connectomes can lead to powerful insights about the brain's organization and damage. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of constructing the structural connectome done with different acquisition and reconstruction techniques is not well defined. In this work, we evaluated the reproducibility of the structural connectome techniques by performing test‐retest (same day) and longitudinal studies (after 1 month) as well as analyzing graph‐based measures on the data acquired from 22 healthy volunteers (6 subjects were used for the longitudinal study). We compared connectivity matrices and tract reconstructions obtained with the most typical acquisition schemes used in clinical application: diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI), and diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI). We observed that all techniques showed high reproducibility in the test‐retest analysis (correlation >.9). However, HARDI was the only technique with low variability (2%) in the longitudinal assessment (1‐month interval). The intraclass coefficient analysis showed the highest reproducibility for the DTI connectome, however, with more sparse connections than HARDI and DSI. Qualitative (neuroanatomical) assessment of selected tracts confirmed the quantitative results showing that HARDI managed to detect most of the analyzed fiber groups and fanning fibers. In conclusion, we found that HARDI acquisition showed the most balanced trade‐off between high reproducibility of the connectome, higher rate of path detection and of fanning fibers, and intermediate acquisition times (10‐15 minutes), although at the cost of higher appearance of aberrant fibers.
Oral impact on daily performance: need and use of dental prostheses among Brazilian adults
Authors: Ilha L. , Martins A. B. , Abegg C. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryAlthough there is a large amount of evidence that demonstrates the relationship between oral health status and oral impact daily performance, there are few studies that have evaluated the impact of prosthetic status, particularly the need for a dental prosthesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between need and use of dental prostheses and the prevalence of oral impact on daily performance. A sample of 720 subjects, aged between 50 and 74 years, was evaluated using a cross‐sectional study. Participants were selected through a multistage proportional random sampling. The impact of oral health status on daily performance (oral impact on daily performance – OIDP) and socio‐demographic data was assessed using a standardised questionnaire, and clinical data were assessed by oral examination. The outcome was the prevalence of impact. The association between the explanatory variables and the outcome was analysed through two models of multivariate Poisson regression. In the adjusted model, the variables need of upper and lower prosthesis and use of lower prosthesis maintained a statistically significant association. No statistically relevant relation between socio‐demographic variables and outcomes was found. Findings show that the need and use and of a prosthesis are related to oral health quality of life.
Effect of chewing speed on the detection of a foreign object in food
Authors: Paphangkorakit J. , Ladsena V. , Rukyuttithamkul T. , Khamtad T. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryAccidentally biting hard on a piece of hard foreign object in food is among the causes of tooth fracturing and could be associated with oral sensibility. This study has investigated the effect of chewing speed on the ability to detect a foreign object in food in human. Fourteen healthy subjects were asked to randomly chew one of 10 cooked rice balls, five of which containing a foreign object made from a tiny uncooked rice grain, until they detected the rice grain. Each subject chewed the test foods both at 50 (slow) and 100 (fast) chews min−1. The accuracy of detection and the number of chews before detection (CBD) were recorded and compared between the two chewing speeds using paired t‐tests. The results showed that almost all subjects detected the foreign object by biting. The accuracy of detection was more than 90% and not significantly different between slow and fast chewing but the mean CBD in slow chewing (11·7 ± 1·3 chews) was significantly different from that in fast chewing (20·7 ± 1·9 chews; P < 0·001). The study showed that slow chewers required less number of chews before a foreign object in food could be detected and was, presumably, more effective in detecting the object compared to fast chewers. If each chew bears equal probability of teeth encountering the foreign object, slow chewing might also reduce the chance of accidentally biting hard on the foreign object and fracturing the tooth.
Fit and Stability of Screw‐Retained Implant‐Supported Frameworks Under Masticatory Simulation: Influence of Cylinder Type
Authors: Bhering Cláudia Lopes Brilhante , Marques Isabella da Silva Vieira , Takahashi Jessica Mie Ferreira Koyama , Barão Valentim Adelino Ricardo , Consani Rafael Leonardo Xediek , Mesquita Marcelo Ferraz 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a prosthetic cylinder and casting on the misfit and loosening torque of screw‐retained multiple‐unit implant‐supported dental prostheses under masticatory simulation.Materials and MethodsScrew‐retained, three‐unit fixed dental prostheses (FDP) and screw‐retained full‐arch FDP frameworks were waxed using calcinable (plastic cylinders) or overcasted (premachined cast‐on cylinders) on the dental implant abutments. The cylinders were cast in Co‐Cr alloy to obtain four groups according to cylinder type and prosthesis type (n = 10). The screws were tightened with 20 N/cm (abutment) and 10 N/cm (prosthetic) torque according to the manufacturer's recommendation. After 24 hours, the initial loosening torque was analyzed. The initial misfit measurements were performed according to the Schiffleger test. The screws were retightened, and the specimens were submitted to 106 mechanical cycles (2 Hz/280 N). Loosening torque and misfit were reevaluated (final measurements), and data were submitted to ANOVA, Tukey's HSD, and Pearson's correlation tests (α = 0.05).ResultsThe calcinable three‐unit FDP demonstrated greater misfit (initial: 107.53 ± 40.36 μm; final: 99.00 ± 40.85 μm) than did the overcasted three‐unit FDP frameworks (initial: 51.50 ± 22.98 μm; final: 44.33 ± 14.14 μm) (initial: p = 0.0005; final: p = 0.0007). No difference was noted between the calcinable and overcasted full‐arch FDP frameworks (p > 0.05). Masticatory simulation did not affect the misfit (p > 0.05). The overcasted full‐arch FDP presented a lower abutment screw loosening torque (12.05 ± 1.80 N/cm) than did the calcinable ones (14.75 ± 1.72 N/cm) in the final measurement (p = 0.0024). The calcinable groups presented a lower prosthetic screw loosening torque than did the overcasted groups in the final evaluation (p < 0.05). After masticatory simulation, the prosthetic screw loosening torque of the calcinable three‐unit FDP decreased (initial: 5.49 ± 1.07 N/cm; final: 3.73 ± 1.15 N/cm; p = 0.0044). Correlation between misfit and loosening was observed only for the prosthetic screws (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe overcasted components provided a better fit in three‐unit FDPs but did not influence the fit of full‐arch FDPs. Prosthetic screws of overcasted frameworks presented higher stability, whereas masticatory simulation did not influence misfit but did reduce the prosthetic screw loosening torque of calcinable three‐unit FDP frameworks.
From donation to everyday life: Living kidney donors’ experiences three months after donation
Authors: Agerskov Hanne , Ludvigsen Mette Spliid , Bistrup Claus , Pedersen Birthe D. 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYBackgroundAs the number of patients with end stage kidney disease continues to rise internationally, living kidney donation remains a favourable treatment option. Long waiting times on dialysis can be avoided and short and long‐term outcomes are better, when compared with deceased donor transplantation. Living kidney donation is a safe procedure for healthy individuals who have completed a rigorous screening programme. Significant experiences can occur during the recovery period.ObjectiveTo investigate donors’ experiences of donation and their recovery period, in the first three months after donation.Materials and MethodsThe study took a phenomenological‐hermeneutic approach. Open interviews were conducted three months after donation. Data were interpreted and discussed in accordance with Ricoeur's text interpretation theory on three levels: naïve reading, structural analysis and critical interpretation and discussion.FindingsThe donation process was experienced as an ‘expedition’, including preparations, the operation, recovery and everyday life. Positive feelings were challenging to describe; however health troubles and vulnerability were evident. A closer relationship and a need to follow the recipient's progress implied that patient and donor felt they were a part of each other. Support from relatives was important but could also be a burden.ConclusionThe kidney donation process is experienced as being like on an expedition, involving positive feelings, vulnerability, a closer patient–donor relationship and challenges around family relationships. It is essential that nurses are aware of the complexity of the situation and focus on the impact of the process, to support and facilitate donors' needs.
Melatonin prevents kidney injury in a high salt diet‐induced hypertension model by decreasing oxidative stress
Authors: Leibowitz Avshalom , Volkov Alexander , Voloshin Konstantin , Shemesh Chen , Barshack Iris , Grossman Ehud 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMelatonin, a potent antioxidant molecule, plays a role in blood pressure regulation. We hypothesized that melatonin may generate a protective effect in a high salt diet (HSD) rodent model mediated by decreasing renal oxidative stress. Dahl salt‐sensitive rats were divided into three groups according to diet: normal chow (control); HSD; HSD with melatonin [30/mg/kg/day]) placed in their water (HSD + Mel) over an 8‐wk period. Blood pressure was measured by the tail cuff method. Kidney injury was evaluated by 24 H urine protein excretion. Glomerular injury index (GII) (fibrotic glomeruli/100 glomeruli) was evaluated from a Masson's trichrome‐stained section. Kidney oxidative stress was determined by superoxide production via dihydroethidium staining. Expression of oxidative stress‐related genes was measured by reverse transcriptase‐qPCR. Melatonin had no effect on blood pressure increase induced by HSD and attenuated proteinuria induced by HSD (HSD – 50.7 ± 12, HSD + Mel – 22.3 ± 4.3, controls – 6.5 ± 1.0 gram protein/gram creatinine, P < 0.001). HSD‐induced glomerular damage was significantly diminished by melatonin (GII in HSD – 24 ± 6, HSD + Mel – 3.6 ± 0.8, controls – 0.8 ± 0.5, P < 0.05). Superoxide production was significantly higher in kidneys of HSD fed rats than the controls (99 ± 9 versus 60 ± 7 relative fluorescent units (RFU)/μm2, respectively, P < 0.05). Melatonin also decreased superoxide production (74 ± 5 RFU/μm2, P < 0.05). The expression of kidney inducible nitric oxide synthase and p67phox mRNA was significantly higher in HSD than in the controls and HSD + Mel rats. Treatment with melatonin eliminated the deleterious effect of HSD in the kidneys of Dahl salt‐sensitive rats. The beneficial effect of melatonin is not mediated by lowering blood pressure but by a direct antioxidative effect.
Taking a systems approach to ecological systems
Authors: Grace James B. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIncreasingly, there is interest in a systems‐level understanding of ecological problems, which requires the evaluation of more complex, causal hypotheses. In this issue of the Journal of Vegetation Science, Soliveres et al. use structural equation modeling to test a causal network hypothesis about how tree canopies affect understorey communities. Historical analysis suggests structural equation modeling has been under‐utilized in ecology.
Calibration of cosmogenic noble gas production based on 36Cl‐36Ar ages. Part 2. The 81Kr‐Kr dating technique
Authors: Leya I. , Dalcher N. , Vogel N. , Wieler R. , Caffee M. W. , Welten K. C. , Nishiizumi K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe calibrated the 81Kr‐Kr dating system for ordinary chondrites of different sizes using independent shielding‐corrected 36Cl‐36Ar ages. Krypton concentrations and isotopic compositions were measured in bulk samples from 14 ordinary chondrites of high petrologic type and the cosmogenic Kr component was obtained by subtracting trapped Kr from phase Q. The thus‐determined average cosmogenic 78Kr/83Kr, 80Kr/83Kr, 82Kr/83Kr, and 84Kr/83Kr ratiC(Lavielle and Marti 1988; Wieler 2002). The cosmogenic 78Kr/83Kr ratio is correlated with the cosmogenic 22Ne/21Ne ratio, confirming that 78Kr/83Kr is a reliable shielding indicator. Previously, 81Kr‐Kr ages have been determined by assuming the cosmogenic production rate of 81Kr, P(81Kr)c, to be 0.95 times the average of the cosmogenic production rates of 80Kr and 82Kr; the factor Y = 0.95 therefore accounts for the unequal production of the various Kr isotopes (Marti 1967a). However, Y should be regarded as an empirical adjustment. For samples whose 80Kr and 82Kr concentrations may be affected by neutron‐capture reactions, the shielding‐dependent cosmogenic (78Kr/83Kr)c ratio has been used instead to calculate P(81Kr)/P(83Kr), as for some lunar samples, this ratio has been shown to linearly increase with (78Kr/83Kr)c (Marti and Lugmair 1971). However, the 81Kr‐Kr ages of our samples calculated with these methods are on average ~30% higher than their 36Cl‐36Ar ages, indicating that most if not all the 81Kr‐Kr ages determined so far are significantly too high. We therefore re‐evaluated both methods to determine P(81Kr)c/P(83Kr)c. Our new Y value of 0.70 ± 0.04 is more than 25% lower than the value of 0.95 used so far. Furthermore, together with literature data, our data indicate that for chondrites, P(81Kr)c/P(83Kr)c is rather constant at 0.43 ± 0.02, at least for the shielding range covered by our samples ([78Kr/83Kr]c = 0.119–0.185; [22Ne/21Ne]c = 1.083–1.144), in contrast to the observations on lunar samples. As expected considering the method used, 81Kr‐Kr ages calculated either directly with this new P(81Kr)c/P(83Kr)c value or with our new Y value both agree with the corresponding 36Cl‐36Ar ages. However, the average deviation of 2% indicates the accuracy of both new 81Kr‐Kr dating methods and the precision of the new dating systems of ~10% is demonstrated by the low scatter in the data. Consequently, this study indicates that the 81Kr‐Kr ages published so far are up to 30% too high.
Small melt inclusions can record bulk magma compositions: A planetary example from the Martian basalt (shergottite) Tissint
Authors: Sonzogni Yann , Treiman Allan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMelt inclusions in igneous minerals can provide constraints on magma compositions, especially for planetary samples where mass is severely limited. Small inclusions (<15 μm diameter) are more abundant than large ones, but have been used little from concern that they did not entrap average magma, but are rich in melt of a diffusional layer against the host mineral. We compared bulk compositions and calculated original compositions of small and large melt inclusions in the Martian basalt meteorite (shergottite) Tissint. Small and large melt inclusions are consistent with the same line of igneous differentiation, have the same abundance ratios for incompatible elements (P, Ti, Al, K, Na), and are consistent with derivation from the bulk composition of Tissint (inferred to represent its parent melt composition). For Tissint, then, small melt inclusions show no evidence of entrapping diffusional boundary layers, and appear to have entrapped bulk magma. Thus, its small inclusions can be as useful as larger ones; this may be so for other planetary samples, and thus provides an additional tool for investigating planetary magmas.