bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS AS A FUNCTION OF ENERGY DISSIPATION RATE IN AN EXPERIMENTAL WAVE TANK
Authors: Venosa A.D. , Lee K. , Boufadel M. , Li Z. , Wickley-Olsen E. , King T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 2005, the National Research Council (NRC) published a comprehensive treatise on oil spill dispersants. Among other things, it concluded that research on dispersion effectiveness as a function of energy dissipation rate and particle size distribution was a high priority. Energy dissipation rate (turbulence and existence of breaking waves) is important to initiate and promote effective dispersion, and the particle size distribution of dispersed oil droplets affects dispersion and the ultimate fate of oil in the water column. In this paper, we discuss the use of a wave tank built on the premises of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada as part of collaborative research begun in 2003 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). This tank is able to produce breaking waves of various energy levels at precise locations in the tank. We studied the effects of 2 commercial dispersants (Corexit 9500 and SPC 1000) and a no dispersant control on two different crude oils (unweathered Alaska North Slope and weathered MESA Light) at 3 different energy dissipation rates (regular non-breaking waves, spilling breakers, and plunging breakers), amounting to 18 different treatments. We quantified the energy dissipation rates under those 3 wave conditions and measured oil dispersion in a factorial experiment involving 3 replicates of the 18 treatments over the course of the summer of 2006. Results clearly showed the importance of wave energy and the presence of a chemical dispersant on the ability to produce effective dispersion of oil into the water column. The presence of dispersants at increasing wave energies produced significantly better dispersion (p &lt;0.05) than the no-dispersant controls. This study was conducted under batch conditions. Future work will be done under continuous flow conditions.
DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS ON OIL SPILLS – EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS
Authors: Nagarajan Kavitha R. , Deshpande Niranjan , Sorial George A. , Weaver James W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When a dispersant is applied to an oil slick, its effectiveness in dispersing the spilled oil depends on various factors such as oil properties, wave mixing energy, temperature of both oil and water, and salinity of the water. Estuaries represent water with varying salinities. In this study three salinity values in the range of 10–34 ppt were investigated, representing potential salinities found in typical estuaries. Three oils were chosen to represent light refined oil, light crude oil and medium crude oil. Each oil was tested at three weathering levels to represent maximum, medium and zero weathering. Two dispersants were chosen for evaluation. A modified trypsinizing flask termed the ‘Baffled Flask’ was used for conducting the experimental runs. A full factorial experiment was conducted for each oil to investigate the effect of salinity (3 levels), temperature (6 levels), oil weathering (3 levels) and mixing energy (150, 200, and 250 rpm) on dispersant effectiveness. Each experiment was replicated four times in order to evaluate the accuracy of the test. Statistical analyses of the experimental data were performed separately for each of the three oils three times (with or without dispersant). Viscosity of the three oils at the different temperatures and weathering conditions were determined. An empirical correlation of the viscosity for each of the three oils was then obtained. A linear regression model incorporating the viscosity correlations to represent temperature and weathering, the other remaining main factors (salinity and flask speed) and second order interactions among the factors was developed and was found to accurately represent the experimental data. The empirical approach to the interaction between the dispersant and oil slick developed could provide a useful or practical approach for including dispersants in a model to assess the impact of dispersant usage on oil spills.
MAXIMIZING DISPERSANT PREPAREDNESS: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 2007 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS FULL SCALE EXERCISE
Authors: Beasley Kim , Martin C. Curtis , Laferriere Roger 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Large scale dispersant exercises have been conducted nationally and internationally ever since their first large scale use during the Torrey Canyon Spill of 1967. Few of these exercises are conducted on the grandest scale intended to exercise all aspects of the operation; from command and control, pre-application testing, application, monitoring and data transmission. Clean Islands Council in cooperation with the State of Hawaii'S Department of Health and the U.S. Coast Guard conducted a two day exercise on February 21–22, 2007 to test the full range of the State'S Dispersant capability. It was the largest exercise ever conducted in Hawaii, and arguably the largest in United States history. The exercise was the culmination of 14 years of program development by the Clean Islands Council, the State of Hawaii and the United States Coast Guard. The exercise instilled a tremendous appreciation in all players involved of the complexity of dispersant operations, and the importance of ensuring efficient command and control processes, support and communications. All elements of Dispersant application were tested: decision making processes, laboratory pre-testing, on-scene test application, on-scene application, on-scene monitoring and real time data transmission to effect quick decision making from jurisdictional agencies. Additionally, the latest state of the art equipment was used during all phases. This paper discusses the results of the exercise and shares critical lessons learned that will greatly advance the preparedness knowledge of all dispersant users internationally. The authors of this paper have over 50 years of collective spill response experience and were personally involved in the exercise design and execution.
HIGHLAND BAYOU: APPROVED DESTRUCTION OF A MARSH
Authors: Baccigalopi Michael J. , Kartye J. Craig 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On December 18, 2004 the Texas General Land Office Oil Spill Prevention and Response Program was notified of a spill originating from an abandoned tank battery located in the marsh of Highland Bayou near Galveston, Texas. The discharge of 9460 gallons of crude oil into the bayou and adjacent marsh resulted from lack of maintenance to the tank battery. A vertical pipe attached to one of the tanks rusted through, allowing the tank to drain. The oil did not flow over the secondary containment, but seeped underneath it and spread through the marsh. This flow-path complicated the response by concentrating the spill in the subsurface, thereby impacting the roots system of the marsh plants, and rendering response techniques such as underflow dams, low water flushing, and in-situ burning either minimally effective or not viable. Aggressive tactics such as trenching and digging of holes in combination with massive water flushing were used to remove the oil. Short and long term consequences from these aggressive tactics were clearly evident in the trampling of the marsh grasses and changing of the local hydrology during clean-up operations. Initial trustee assessments determined the heaviest area impacted had died and was to be tilled. This provided a valuable learning opportunity for area responders and saved the surrounding acres of marsh.
ANALYSIS OF OIL SPILL RESPONSE PERFORMANCE USING MODELS
Authors: Konkel Wolfgang J. , McCay Deborah French 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The utilization of oil spill models is typically associated with the development of oil spill contingency plans, the support of spill response exercises, or the simulation of trajectories and weathering in actual spill incidents. Some spill models have the capability to simulate spill response through the removal of surface oil by mechanical recovery, in-situ burning, or by the application of dispersants. These models require that the basic operating parameters of the response equipment are entered into the models. The models remove oil from the surface using those parameters within the environmental operating limits for that technology. This type of analysis can be valuable in evaluating the success of spill responses under various conditions.
The simulation of oil spill response equipment in the SIMAP Model has been enhanced with the incorporation of a Spill Tools Calculator. The calculator readily incorporates various types of spill response equipment and associated operational parameters. Spill equipment is then applied to responses on a day-by-day basis using realistic travel times, storage capacities, and slick-intercept capabilities. This analysis allows for a realistic, albeit, optimistic prediction of spill response performance. A thorough understanding of the potential performance of a response early in a spill allows regulators and resource managers the opportunity to make decisions that may improve the ultimate success of the response.
The SIMAP Model provides numerous estimates of spill effects, e.g. shoreline oiling area and mass, and water concentrations of aromatics and total hydrocarbons. These parameters, in conjunction with the mass balance and response performance indicators, are valuable in comparing the results from various spill response alternatives. This information provides regulators and resource managers an understanding of the implications of various response alternatives and enables the selection of response alternatives that best meet the priorities in the area.
AUTOMATED SHORELINE OILING DATA GENERATION FOR SPILL DRILLS AND SCENARIOS
Authors: Reimer P.D. , Lamarche A. , Owens E.H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Realism during drills and exercises is sometimes difficult to achieve. A new technique to quickly and easily create data on “oiled shorelines” also generates displays that can be viewed on Google Earth™. Shoreline surveys are a fundamental aspect of any spill response and the data generated by these field surveys forms the basis for decisions by the spill management team regarding operational strategies, treatment tactics, and treatment end points. During an actual spill event these data are collected by field teams that survey the affected area and generate reports that are entered into a data management system. Oil spill drills and scenario exercises are a practical method to evaluate response functionality, train personnel and maintain readiness for both private sector organizations and regulatory agencies. Teams can be assembled, oil trajectories simulated, and all of the response decisions practiced. The one factor typically that is missing is actual oiled shoreline data to drive the decision process. Generation of this shoreline oiling data can be time consuming and require a level of effort that may not be considered warranted in terms of time and cost. A simple and rapid technique has been developed to create detailed and realistic oiling conditions on shorelines to address this deficiency. The data that is generated includes length, width, distribution, and thickness of oil within a selected tidal zone or zones; all of the typical SCAT data. This data can be easily transferred to GIS and database systems to generate the reports required by the management team and to track simulated cleanup activities. A similar application is to generate data for scenarios that commonly are included in oil spill response or contingency plans. This technique was used successfully during a major spill drill in Prince William Sound Alaska in May, 2007.
SUNKEN OIL AND THE REMOVAL OF OIL FROM SUNKEN WRECKS
Authors: Parker Hugh , Moller Tosh 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Following the technical triumph of removing most of the oil from the sunken wreck of the PRESTIGE, interest and expectations have been raised in equal measure. Since 2005 there have been a number of incidents worldwide involving sunken wrecks containing oil, as well as a smaller number of pollution cases in which oil spilled from ships has sunk due to its high specific gravity. The response to such incidents poses unique challenges and reference is made to ITOPF'S database of historical spills in order to demonstrate how attitudes and the policies for dealing with these cases have changed.
The problems posed by oil in wrecks or on the seabed straddle the disciplines of ship salvage and conventional spill clean-up. Whilst the technology used in recovering such oil differs, the rationale for determining whether or not certain measures have merit is in large part based on an assessment of what is technically reasonable. These principles are reflected in the development of the IOPC Funds’ technical guidelines for the removal of oil from sunken wrecks. This paper explores the evolution of response policy with reference to key shipping incidents involving sunken wrecks and sunken oil. In the course of this review, the conflicts between public expectations and technical limitations are highlighted.
THE MOVEMENT OF OIL AT SEA DUE TO IRREGULAR WAVES
Authors: Bechtel Ryan D. , Wickley-Olsen Erik , Boufadel* Michel C. , Weaver James , Barker Christopher 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Our previous work investigated the transport of oil under regular waves at sea. This work considered irregular waves represented by a JONSWAP spectrum, which is a more realistic situation. Particle tracking was used in a Monte Carlo framework to evaluate the combined effects of wave kinematics and turbulent diffusion on the transport of oil droplets at sea. The centroids, variance and spreading coefficients of oil spills with various wave parameters were found in this study. Turbulent diffusion was assumed to be velocity-dependent, and an empirical formulation adopted from subsurface hydrology was adopted. Five hundred neutrally-buoyant oil “particles” were placed at the water surface and tracked for 1 hour. The vertical movement of the plume appeared to be comparable to the significant wave height (about one meter herein), and to decrease with depth. The increase in wind fetch caused an increase in transport and spreading of the plume. The results found in this study can be used by spill responders as a first approximation to the spread of a dispersed oil spill, or can be used as parameters as part of a more complex code used to model oil spills.
ASPHALT BARGE MM53 AND THE OHIO RIVER
Authors: Howard GREGORY A. , Laisure Donald L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 26th, 2006, while southbound on the Ohio River, a towboat with three barges attempted to enter Louisville, Kentucky'S McAlpine lockway during high water levels. The barge tow allided with the starboard approach fender resulting in the loss of the entire tow. While two barges were recovered without loss of product, the third struck the K&I railroad bridge and eventually flipped onto its port side, discharging 220,000 (832.8 m3) gallons of oil into the river.
This paper will examine the challenges associated with the release of asphalt in a major navigable river, removal of solid asphalt from a stricken 300-foot (91.4 m) long barge and the ultimate salvage of the barge beneath a working railroad bridge. This paper will discuss operational decisions from the perspective of pollution response, salvage, safety, and command experiences coordinating efforts of the federal government and two states, a protracted event in urban setting and environmental pressures.
BIRD INJURY AND RESTORATION SCALING: AN ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Authors: Wakefield Jeffrey R. , McNutt Juli Anna 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA) and Resource Equivalency Analysis (REA) each require the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) practitioner to assess both the likely behavior of impacted systems or populations had there not been a pollution event (baseline) and the response of the impacted system/populations given the pollution event, response actions, and restoration. In the past several years, a general consensus regarding the approach and biological assumptions underlying HEA has arisen. While the details vary with the particulars of the spill, cooperative NRDA for Chalk Point, M/V Stuyvesant, Lake Barre, and other spills reveal an emerging consensus surrounding the application of HEA to specific components of oil spill assessment.
The same progression and consensus has not been observed with respect to the biological assumptions underlying REA. Assessments conducted for the Chalk Point (NOAA et al. 2002a), the Lake Barre (Penn and Tomasi 2002), North Cape (Sperduto et al. 1999, 2003) the Stuyvesant (CDFG et al. 2004), the Anitra (NJDEP et al. 2004) and the New Carissa (MIV New Carissa 2006) oil spills have used REA frameworks that differ from one another. Further, the variation in REA frameworks alone has resulted in NRD assessments that would differ by millions of dollars, even if all assumptions related to initial injury levels, underlying biological parameters, and the functioning of restoration projects were identical.
The purpose of this paper is to fuse the work of Penn and Tomasi (2002) Sperduto et al. (1999, 2003), NOAA et al. (2002a), CDFG et al. (2004) Zafonti and Hampton (2005) and others with basic ecological theory to refine and extend current practices resulting in a more standardized approach to REA.
For spills in which chronic, long term exposure is not an issue, we apply basic ecological approaches that consider a species ability to respond to environmental perturbation based on (1) changes to the proportion of adults attempting to breed, (2) changes in productivity (defined as fledglings per nesting pair), and (3) changes to annual survival rates. We show that, these factors, when integrated with a simple set of population dynamic equations, provide NRDA practitioners a common, easily understood framework upon which they can assess damages and the necessary scale of potential restoration options.
NOAA OFFICE OF RESPONSE AND RESTORATION'S ROLE DURING OIL SPILLS WHERE MARINE MAMMALS ARE INVOLVED
Authors: Baker Troy L. , Jeansonne Jim , Henry Charlie , Tarpley John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Providing rapid and humane care for distressed or threatened marine mammals is crucial to the ultimate success of such actions. Recently, in the southeast United States, marine mammals were observed in the vicinity of several oil spills. Proper coordination of marine mammal rescue or recovery actions with the Unified Command (UC) is essential for response personnel safety and increased probability of saving the affected animals. In the event of animal mortalities, effective coordination between the marine mammal resource agencies and the UC helps ensure the preservation of causal evidence. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'S (NOAA'S) Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R), generally through the NOAA Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC), is able to assist the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) and UC in addressing the threat of spilled oil on potentially affected marine mammals. Response actions during recent spills included: documenting the animals’ type and location, notification of the marine mammal agencies and teams responsible for their recovery and care, and coordination between the spill response and the marine mammal response. The actions of responders during recent spills involving marine mammals are summarized and relevant issues discussed, including properly characterizing the threat to marine mammals from spilled oil. The recent oil spill responses involving marine mammals in the southeastern U.S. are applicable to future spills throughout the United States and potentially worldwide. These recent incidents underscore the need to fully understand and plan for high profile wildlife issues during oil spill responses.
California Marine Oil Spill Fisheries Closure: Key Processes of the Department of Fish and Game (DFG), Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), During a Fisheries Closure Event
Authors: Faurot-Daniels Ellen R. , Yamamoto Julie T. , Imai Randy H. , Klasing Susan A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Determining whether to close a commercial, recreational, or subsistence fishery after an oil spill is a difficult emergency decision that must be made quickly by California state authorities. California state law now states that fisheries affected by a spill must be closed within 24 hours of a spill of one barrel (42 gallons) or more of oil, unless it can be determined that the actual risk is non-existent or has been mitigated. However, assessing the amount of oil truly spilled, the status of spilled oil containment versus spreading rate, and determining which fisheries are in the potential path of oil are all confounding factors. While the goal of the law is to protect people from consuming fish or shellfish that exceed established petroleum contaminant thresholds, caution is used to make sure fisheries are not closed unnecessarily. The California fishery closure protocol articulates the separate, specific, and coordinated roles and responsibilities of the Department of Fish and Game (DFG) and the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA).
These protocols are internal to the two involved California state agencies, and are separate from any fishery closure decisions that might be made by the National Marine Fisheries Service for spills in federal waters.
Advancing Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Techniques for Arctic Conditions
Authors: Velez Peter , Johnsen Hanne Greiff , Steen Alexis , Osikilo Yvette 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTIndustrial and commercial activities in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, including oil exploration, have increased in recent years. The 2008 circumpolar analysis by the US Geological Survey highlighted the large quantities of undiscovered oil and gas (O&G) estimated to be present. Governments of Arctic coastal states require industry to ensure a high level of environmental protection while operating in these areas. There are unique considerations which must be addressed such as: prolonged periods of darkness and daylight, cold temperatures, environmental sensitivities, indigenous peoples and their culture, distant infrastructure and remoteness, presence of seasonal/dynamic sea ice offshore, and a generally higher cost of doing business. Oil spill response (OSR) in the ice-free season can be comparable to the response in others parts of the world, with the exception of lower temperatures and extended daylight hours. The latter is a distinct advantage for OSR operations.Prevention of spills remains a top priority for industry. To address spills, if prevention is unsuccessful, the O&G industry has made significant progress over the last decades on addressing the technical challenges of operating in the Arctic. The O&G industry has also performed work to evaluate and validate OSR response measures under Arctic conditions. Oil spill response is a demanding task in any environment, but responding to spills in Arctic regions can present different challenges, especially with presence of sea ice, than to spills found in more temperate regions and opportunities exist to improve upon this existing capability. Some response techniques have been modified or specially developed for use in the Arctic. The O&G industry will undertake a joint industry research program to further address the challenges of Arctic Oil Spill Response. This paper describes the background, planning, and scope for this Joint Industry Program (JIP).