bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glacial phenomena of the West Linton - Dolphinton area
Authors: Eckford Robert J.A. 
Published: December 2013

Attention is focussed mainly on the investigation of melt-water drainage features of the last ice sheet that invaded the district. A few of the spillways are so placed topographically that they appear to supply a clue as to the direction of recession of that ice mass.
Some previous investigators have inferred that the last ice invasion of the region was due to Southern Upland ice; this was based on the large amount of Southern Upland and other material derived from the south and south-west, found in the sand and gravel deposits of adjacent regions of Lanarkshire and Midlothian. Other workers, having recognised that a small proportion of the stones in the sand and gravel deposits are of Highland origin, inferred that a re-advance of ice from the Grampian area extended into the Pentland Hills district. The evidence recorded in the present paper appears to support the view that the last ice to invade the district under review came from the south and south-west and was thus of Southern Upland origin.
As the boulder clay with overlying drift that was left by an earlier Highland ice sheet shows very few clear sections within the district, the description of these deposits is, therefore, short, but a more detailed account is furnished of the distribution and contents of the conspicuous sand and gravel accumulations that are superimposed on the Highland drift.
The evolution of the drainage of the Fionn Loch area, Sutherland
Authors: Boyd Alex. J. 
Published: December 2013

Three lochs, Fionn, Veyatie and Cam, which occupy an elongated rock-basin on the western borders of Sutherland and Ross-shire, were once a continuous sheet of water, here called ‶Loch Suilven.″ Investigation of an extinct river, referred to as the Muirichinn, leads to the conclusion that it was by its channel that the overflow from ‶Loch Suilven″ was discharged.
Relics of the beaches of ‶Loch Suilven″ are still extant and their distinctive configuration proves that they were formed after the ice had receded from their neighbourhood. It therefore follows that the River Muirichinn flowed in late-glacial times. There are, however, abundant indications that its channel was severely glaciated. On this and other evidence it is argued that it originated between maximum glaciation and the final retreat of the ice.

During the latter period, melt-waters must have filled the above-mentioned rock-basin to overflowing. At several points therefore spillways resulted, one of which,
via
the River Kirkaig, was destined to become permanent. For a time, the outflow by the Kirkaig was considerably retarded by a massive dolerite dyke which lay athwart its course. Eventually, enough of the dyke was breached to reduce the loch level sufficiently to cause the Muirichinn to dry up and to isolate Loch Cam, though Fionn and Veyatie still remain united; but further erosion of the dyke resulted in a still further lowering of the water-level and in the ultimate separation of the basin into Lochs Veyatie and Fionn.

An additional consequence of this reduction in loch level was the increased headward erosion of certain tributaries and their capture of older streams. Two examples are given.
Finally, it is contended that the original drainage of the upper Kirkaig basin was towards the east and that glacial action was responsible for its present westerly direction.
Ripple-mark in the Rhinns of Galloway
Authors: Kelling G. 
Published: December 2013

In a typical greywacke-siltstone lithology of Ordovician age, ripplemarks of several types were encountered. Besides typical asymmetrical current ripple-marks, complex and interference ripple-marks occur. Other ripple-like structures observed are longitudinal with respect to the current-direction and it is demonstrated that these are best regarded as true ripple-forms.
The morphology, internal structure and lithological settings of these ripple-marks are described and inferences are drawn as to their mode of origin and the role of current-action in the formation of the sediments which contain them.
The evolution of quartz fabrics in the metamorphic rocks of central Perthshire
Authors: Harris A.L. , Rast N. 
Published: December 2013

Structural and metamorphic studies in the Moinian and Dalradian rocks between Pitlochry and Kinloch Rannoch (Perthshire) have led to an investigation of the behaviour of quartz in response to regional metamorphism. The tectonic structures of the area indicate that the rocks have been subjected to three episodes of folding. Textural analysis by means of thin sections has led to the establishment of a sequence of mineral transformations which can be related to the tectonism which affected the rocks of the area.
Investigations with the Universal Stage—in part involving the A.V.A. method—of specimens of diverse lithological types have indicated the relationships between the orientated quartz fabrics and megascopic structures encountered in the field. Various types of quartz girdles and maxima have been identified. Changes resulting from the working of metals described by metallurgists are suggested to have a parallelism in the changes observed in rock fabrics during regional metamorphism, and this has led the authors to propose a new theory for the orientation of quartz in tectonites.
Cyclothems, transgressions and faunal change in the lias of north-west Europe
Authors: Hallam A. 
Published: December 2013

Lithofacies changes in the marine epicontinental Liassic successions of Britain, northern France and West Germany are referred to eleven stratigraphical units corresponding locally with cyclothems, which are expressions of more or less contemporaneous, widespread movements of sea level. These could be eustatic but are treated provisionally as due to regional epeirogenesis. These movements, which tended to be asymmetrical in the sense that gradual shallowing of the sea was often followed by rapid deepening, appear to have been independent of a complex pattern of basins and swells.
It is suggested that the larger landmasses were perhaps downwarped less than the marine areas, since marine transgressions seemed to have been rather local and inconsiderable in extent, with the exception of one at the base of the Pliensbachian.
An intimate correlation exists between cyclothems and evolutionary and migrational changes in the ammonites. Other faunal groups were less influenced by the environmental changes expressed in the sediments, but two profound changes are apparent. One, at the base of the Pliensbachian, was marked by a large influx of new forms. The other, in the Lower Toarcian, was marked by mass disappearance and renewal. This, the most significant faunal change in the whole of the Lias, coincides with a widespread and comparatively sudden deepening of the sea.
Petrology of Mt. Nyiragongo: a review
Authors: Sahama Th. G. 
Published: December 2013

This paper gives a review of the work dealing with the petrology and petrogenesis of the active volcano Mt. Nyiragongo in the eastern part of Congo. The volcano has been drilled through an essentially granitic Pre-Cambrian substratum.
The rocks represent melilitite (bergalite) tuffs and lavas overlain by leucitites and, on top of the mountain, by nephelinites. The volcano is the only one known so far in which extrusive and effusive bergalitic materials play an important role.
The various rock types are considered derivatives of a nephelinitic parent magma. The differentiation, resulting in the rock sequence mentioned, is interpreted as mainly through gas transport and carbonation of the top parts of the magma chamber. Evidence for such an interpretation is largely based on information from some other African alkaline volcanoes with carbonatite-type volcanism.
The carbonation in Nyiragongo is considered as belonging to the differentiation of the nephelinitic magma itself without limestone syntexis.
Microfabric studies from the Dalradian rocks of Glen Lyon, Perthshire
Authors: Ramsay D.M. 
Published: December 2013

An analysis of the grain orientation in a number of psammites and quartz schists from Glen Lyon revealed departures from the large-scale movement plan in the symmetry of the internal deforming movements. The first two episodes of deformation with movement plans possessing monoclinic symmetry can on a small scale, for some elements of the fabric, display triclinic symmetry. Quartz fabrics may or may not be symmetrically related to the megascopic structures, and several have triclinic symmetry as a result of cross-girdles. These cross-girdles result from non-uniform flow in the plane of shearing, a feature also found in some megascopic structures. Quartz, because of its lack of tabular habit, is held to reflect in its orientation the symmetry of the movements more closely than the tabular micaceous minerals. Symmetry axes therefore have no fixed relationship to the kinematic axes.

The inhomogeneity of small-scale deformation is underlined in the grain-patterns of schistose grits. Superindividuals reacted to the stress independently of the matrix and each other and the resultant strain pattern depends on the original orientation of the grain. Coincidence of the

c
v

axes of the larger grains with the shear directions in the rock results in recrystallisation to needle-shaped grains with a strong preferred orientation while unsuitably oriented grains form less-oriented equidimensional mosaics. The non-uniform flow reflected in the cross girdles is also imprinted in the fabrics of some of the superindividuals.

Deformation in vein quartz produces a greater development of needle-formation and a higher degree of preferred orientation than the grits. Variable plunges of

c
v

axes within strain segments in the plane of splitting correspond to the cross-girdles in schists.

In several rocks strong concentrations of microfractures and planes of minute inclusions represent annealed fractures with the same orientation as bc joints in the megascopic fabric.
Where the rocks are strongly schistose there is a tendency for quartz to grow elongated in the schistosity plane and independent of the lattice orientation.
The Old Red Sandstone and the Highland Boundary in Arran, Scotland
Authors: Friend P.F. , Harland W.B. , Hudson J.D. 
Published: December 2013

The Old Red Sandstone of Arran is described and divided into a number of formations. South of the Highland Boundary line its thickness averages 1800 m.; north of it only 36 m. is preserved. Its age is discussed, the conglomerates, breccias, sandstone and siltstones are described, and a modified sandstone classification is applied. Cornstones, volcanic rocks and epidotised rocks are also described. The source of the rocks is discussed. Gunn's original mapping has been modified, especially in the reinterpretation of the Old Red Sandstone-Dalradian boundary as a step-faulted unconformity. We confirm that the deformation of the Old Red Sandstone is largely the result of the intrusion and uplift of the Tertiary Granites.
The history of ideas on the Highland Boundary in Arran is reviewed. There is stratigraphical evidence of Old Red Sandstone movement along this line in North-East Arran, and the North Sannox Fault may have originated then. The fault can no longer be regarded as passing south of the granite.
A review of the geological history includes consideration of the environment and fluviatile mode of sedimentation of the Old Red Sandstone and the tectonic sequence of its Lower Tertiary deformation.
Nonclassical Antigen-Processing Pathways Are Required for MHC Class II–Restricted Direct Tumor Recognition by NY-ESO-1–Specific CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Matsuzaki Junko , Tsuji Takemasa , Luescher Immanuel , Old Lloyd J. , Shrikant Protul , Gnjatic Sacha , Odunsi Kunle 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTumor antigen–specific CD4+ T cells that directly recognize cancer cells are important for orchestrating antitumor immune responses at the local tumor sites. However, the mechanisms of direct MHC class II (MHC-II) presentation of intracellular tumor antigen by cancer cells are poorly understood. We found that two functionally distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells were expanded after HLA-DPB1*04 (DP04)-binding NY-ESO-1157-170 peptide vaccination in patients with ovarian cancer. Although both subsets recognized exogenous NY-ESO-1 protein pulsed on DP04+ target cells, only one type recognized target cells with intracellular expression of NY-ESO-1. The tumor-recognizing CD4+ T cells more efficiently recognized the short 8–9-mer peptides than the non–tumor-recognizing CD4+ T cells. In addition to endosomal/lysosomal proteases that are typically involved in MHC-II antigen presentation, several pathways in the MHC class I presentation pathways, such as the proteasomal degradation and transporter-associated with antigen-processing–mediated peptide transport, were also involved in the presentation of intracellular NY-ESO-1 on MHC-II. The presentation was inhibited significantly by primaquine, a small molecule that inhibits endosomal recycling, consistent with findings that pharmacologic inhibition of new protein synthesis enhances antigen presentation. Together, our data demonstrate that cancer cells selectively present peptides from intracellular tumor antigens on MHC-II by multiple nonclassical antigen-processing pathways. Harnessing the direct tumor-recognizing ability of CD4+ T cells could be a promising strategy to enhance antitumor immune responses in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(4); 341–50. ©2013 AACR.
Functional Magnetic resonance Imaging Clinical Trial of a Dual-Processing Treatment Protocol for Substance-Dependent Adults
Authors: Matto Holly C. , Hadjiyane Maria C. , Kost Michelle , Marshall Jennifer , Wiley Joseph , Strolin-Goltzman Jessica , Khatiwada Manish , VanMeter John W. 
Published: December 2013

Objectives: Empirical evidence suggests substance dependence creates stress system dysregulation which, in turn, may limit the efficacy of verbal-based treatment interventions, as the recovering brain may not be functionally capable of executive level processing. Treatment models that target implicit functioning are necessary. Methods: An RCT was conducted to examine the effects of a dual-processing (DP) intervention compared to a didactic standard care (RP) model on brain function change in substance-dependent adults (N=29). Results: fMRI analyses showed decreased amygdala activation simultaneous with increased frontal lobe (medial frontal gyrus and ACC) activation in the DP group during passive watch condition, while the RP group showed continued amygdala activation simultaneous to frontal lobe activation during drug stressor presentation at post-treatment. Conclusions: Our study offers preliminary evidence that DP acts on neural functioning in ways that increase regulatory response in the presence of drug stressor cues by enhancing top-down functioning and diminishing amygdala reactivity.
Growth differentiating factor 15 enhances the tumor-initiating and self-renewal potential of multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Tanno Toshihiko , Lim Yiting , Wang Qiuju , Chesi Marta , Bergsagel P. Leif , Matthews Geoff , Johnstone Ricky W. , Ghosh Nilanjan , Borrello Ivan , Huff Carol Ann , Matsui William 
Published: December 2013

Key Points
The tumor microenvironment drives myeloma cell clonogenic growth and self-renewal through GDF15.
Cost of anxiety disorders in Japan in 2008: a prevalence-based approach
Authors: Sado Mitsuhiro , Takechi Sayuri , Inagaki Ataru , Fujisawa Daisuke , Koreki Akihiro , Mimura Masaru , Yoshimura Kimio 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe societal burden caused by anxiety disorders has likely been underestimated, while those for schizophrenia and depression have received more attention. Anxiety disorders represent a significant illness category that occurs at a high prevalence and poses a considerable burden. However, the cost of anxiety disorders in Japan has not yet been well researched. The goal of the present study was to estimate the total cost of anxiety disorders in Japan and to clarify the characteristics of this burden.MethodA prevalence-based approach was adopted to measure the total cost of anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders were defined as diagnosis code F40.0-F41.9 according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision. The cost was comprised of the following components: medical treatment costs and social service costs as direct costs, and morbidity and mortality costs as indirect costs. Data were collected from publicly available statistics.ResultsThe total cost of anxiety disorders in Japan in 2008 was JPY 2.4 trillion (US$ 20.5 billion at the current exchange rate of US$1 = JPY 116.8). The direct cost was JPY 50 billion. The morbidity cost was JPY 2.1 trillion, while the mortality cost was JPY 0.24 trillion.ConclusionsThe social burden caused by anxiety disorders in Japan is tremendous and is similar to that of other mental disorders. Productivity loss in the workplace represents the largest portion of all the cost components. Because the medical examination rate is quite low, the improvement of healthcare access might contribute to cost mitigation.
Cellular and temporal expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX) isotypes after brain injury
Authors: Cooney Sean J , Bermudez-Sabogal Sara L , Byrnes Kimberly R 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
Brain injury results in an increase in the activity of the reactive oxygen species generating NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes. Preliminary studies have shown that NOX2, NOX3, and NOX4 are the most prominently expressed NOX isotypes in the brain. However, the cellular and temporal expression profile of these isotypes in the injured and non-injured brain is currently unclear.

Methods
Double immunofluorescence for NOX isotypes and brain cell types was performed at acute (24 hours), sub-acute (7 days), and chronic (28 days) time points after controlled cortical impact-induced brain injury or sham-injury in rats.

Results
NOX2, NOX3, and NOX4 isotypes were found to be expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, and this expression was dependent on both cellular source and post-injury time. NOX4 was found in all cell types assessed, while NOX3 was positively identified in neurons only, and NOX2 was identified in microglia and neurons. NOX2 was the most responsive to injury, increasing primarily in microglia in response to injury. Quantitation of this isotype showed a significant increase in NOX2 expression at 24 hours, with reduced expression at 7 days and 28 days post-injury, although expression remained above sham levels at later time points. Cellular confirmation using purified primary or cell line culture demonstrated similar patterns in microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. Further, inhibition of NOX, and more specifically NOX2, reduced pro-inflammatory activity in microglia, demonstrating that NOX is not only up-regulated after stimulation, but may also play a significant role in post-injury neuroinflammation.

Conclusions
This study illustrates the expression profiles of NOX isotypes in the brain after injury, and demonstrates that NOX2, and to a lesser extent, NOX4, may be responsible for the majority of oxidative stress observed acutely after traumatic brain injury. These data may provide insight into the design of future therapeutic approaches.
Application of personalized medicine to chronic disease: a feasibility assessment
Authors: Dorfman Ruslan , Khayat Zayna , Sieminowski Tammy , Golden Brian , Lyons Renee 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPersonalized Medicine has the potential to improve health outcomes and reduce the cost of care; however its adoption has been slow in Canada. Bridgepoint Health is a complex continuous care provider striving to reduce the burden of polypharmacy in chronic patients. The main goal of the study was to explore the feasibility of utilizing personalized medicine in the treatment of chronic complex patients as a preliminary institutional health technology assessment. We analyzed stroke treatment optimization as a clinical indication that could serve as a “proof of concept” for the widespread implementation of pharmacogenetics. The objectives of the study were three‐fold:

Review current practice in medication administration for stroke treatment at Bridgepoint Health
Critically analyze evidence that pharmacogenetic testing could (or could not) enhance drug selection and treatment efficacy for stroke patients;
Assess the cost‐benefit potential of a pharmacogenetic intervention for stroke.
Review current practice in medication administration for stroke treatment at Bridgepoint HealthCritically analyze evidence that pharmacogenetic testing could (or could not) enhance drug selection and treatment efficacy for stroke patients;Assess the cost‐benefit potential of a pharmacogenetic intervention for stroke.We conducted a review of stroke treatment practices at Bridgepoint Health, scanned the literature for drug‐gene and drug‐outcome interactions, and evaluated the potential consequences of pharmacogenetic testing using the ACCE model.There is a substantial body of evidence suggesting that pharmacogenetic stratification of stroke treatment can improve patient outcomes in the long‐term, and provide substantial efficiencies for the healthcare system in the short‐term. Specifically, pharmacogenetic stratification of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies for stroke patients may have a major impact on the risk of disease recurrence, and thus should be explored further for clinical application. Bridgepoint Health, and other healthcare institutions taking this path, should consider launching pilot projects to assess the practical impact of pharmacogenetics to optimize treatment for chronic continuous care.
Data management in cloud environments: NoSQL and NewSQL data stores
Authors: Grolinger Katarina , Higashino Wilson A , Tiwari Abhinav , Capretz Miriam AM 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Advances in Web technology and the proliferation of mobile devices and sensors connected to the Internet have resulted in immense processing and storage requirements. Cloud computing has emerged as a paradigm that promises to meet these requirements. This work focuses on the storage aspect of cloud computing, specifically on data management in cloud environments. Traditional relational databases were designed in a different hardware and software era and are facing challenges in meeting the performance and scale requirements of Big Data. NoSQL and NewSQL data stores present themselves as alternatives that can handle huge volume of data. Because of the large number and diversity of existing NoSQL and NewSQL solutions, it is difficult to comprehend the domain and even more challenging to choose an appropriate solution for a specific task. Therefore, this paper reviews NoSQL and NewSQL solutions with the objective of: (1) providing a perspective in the field, (2) providing guidance to practitioners and researchers to choose the appropriate data store, and (3) identifying challenges and opportunities in the field. Specifically, the most prominent solutions are compared focusing on data models, querying, scaling, and security related capabilities. Features driving the ability to scale read requests and write requests, or scaling data storage are investigated, in particular partitioning, replication, consistency, and concurrency control. Furthermore, use cases and scenarios in which NoSQL and NewSQL data stores have been used are discussed and the suitability of various solutions for different sets of applications is examined. Consequently, this study has identified challenges in the field, including the immense diversity and inconsistency of terminologies, limited documentation, sparse comparison and benchmarking criteria, and nonexistence of standardized query languages.