bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At the passing gate: past introgression in the process of species formation betweenAmazilia violicepsandA. viridifronshummingbirds along the Mexican Transition Zone
Authors: Rodríguez‐Gómez Flor , Ornelas Juan Francisco 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimWe tested whether populations of violet‐crowned and green‐fronted hummingbirds,Amazilia violiceps and Amazilia viridifrons, are genetically and environmentally differentiated, and examined the role of past geological and climatic changes in driving their diversification.LocationTrans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt.MethodsMitochondrial and nuclearDNAof individuals collected throughout the species' ranges were sequenced and then analysed using maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Species tree analysis, Bayesian species delimitation, divergence time inference, historical demography, palaeodistribution modelling, and niche divergence tests were used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of theAmaziliaspecies, and the isolation‐with‐migration coalescent model was assessed to determine whether genetic divergence betweenAmaziliaspecies occurred in the presence of gene flow.ResultsGenetic divergence betweenA. violicepsandA. viridifronswas shallow, with incomplete lineage sorting and introgression. Species delimitation supported three independent lineages:A. violicepspopulations located north of the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt; a mixture ofA. violicepssouth of the volcanic belt andA. viridifronspopulations; andA. villadaipopulations east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Gene flow and divergence time estimates, and demographic and palaeodistribution patterns support the model of species diversification by isolation with migration and habitat shifting in response to Pleistocene climatic fluctuations.Main conclusionsThe process of speciation in theAmaziliaspecies complex may be explained by the combined effects of isolation resulting from the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt and the lowlands at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and habitat shifting in response to Quaternary climatic changes.
Acetylcholine Suppresses Ventricular Arrhythmias and Improves Conduction and Connexin‐43 Properties During Myocardial Ischemia in Isolated Rabbit Hearts
Authors: AIBA TAKESHI , NODA TAKASHI , HIDAKA ICHIRO , INAGAKI MASASHI , KATARE RAJESH G. , ANDO MOTONORI , SUNAGAWA KENJI , SATO TAKAYUKI , SUGIMACHI MASARU 
Published: March 2015

ACh Prevents Ischemic Loss of Gj and ArrhythmiasIntroductionAcetylcholine (ACh), a vagal efferent neurotransmitter, markedly improves survival in rats with myocardial ischemia (MI) by preventing ischemic loss of gap junction (Gj) and by inducing anti‐apoptotic cascades. However, electrophysiological mechanisms of the antiarrhythmic effect of ACh after acute MI are still unclear.MethodsAcute MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery in Langendorff‐perfused rabbit hearts with (ACh(+):n = 11) or without (ACh(–):n = 12) 10 μmol/L ACh delivered continuously starting at 5 minutes before LAD ligation. Action potentials on the left ventricular (LV) anterior surface (≈2×2 cm) were recorded by optical mapping during pacing from the LV epicardium (BCL = 500 milliseconds). Conduction velocities (CVs) at 256 sites were calculated and the ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) susceptibility was also assessed by programmed electrical stimulation before and 30 minutes after MI. The amount and distribution of Gj protein connexin‐43 was analyzed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry.ResultsAveraged CV in the ischemic border zone (IBZ) was significantly slower in ACh(–) than in ACh(+) (21 ± 7 vs. 34 ± 6 cm/s; P < 0.01). Short‐coupled extra stimulus further decreased CV of IBZ in ACh(–) (13 ± 4 cm/s) but did not change that in ACh(+) (34 ± 5 cm/s), leading to a high incidence of conduction block in IBZ in ACh(–) but not in ACh(+) (83% vs. 0%). VT/VF after MI were induced in ACh(–) but suppressed in ACh(+) (10/12 vs. 3/11; P < 0.01). Connexin‐43 in the LV anterior wall was significantly reduced after MI in ACh(–) but not in ACh(+).ConclusionACh may suppress VT/VF by preventing loss of Gj and improving CV in IBZ during acute MI.
Post‐partum anemia and factors that work against alleviation of the anemia
Authors: Kobiyama Atsuko , Suzuki Eiko , Takayama Yuko 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimThis study aimed to clarify conditions of women experiencing post‐partum anemia and identify factors that work against the alleviation of anemia.MethodsThis was a retrospective longitudinal study, involving 246 women giving birth at five participating institutions, diagnosed with anemia on day 3 post‐partum, and given a blood sample at the medical examination 1 month after the birth. With answers about alleviation of anemia during the 1 month post‐partum period as an objective variable, and explanatory variables, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. The explanatory variables included demographic data of the participants, information about anemia, following the nutrition instruction advice for anemia alleviation, family structure and others assisting the participants, and self‐management skills (measured by the Self‐Management Skill [SMS] scale).ResultsThe present authors collected 211 valid responses; the average age was 32.6 years. The mean hemoglobin values on the 3rd and 30th days post‐partum were 9.6 and 12.0 g/dL, respectively. One fifth of the participants (21.3%) showed no anemia alleviation. The mean value on the SMS scale was 28.35, and the anemia alleviated group (30.78) was significantly higher than the non‐alleviated group (19.38). Results of the multiple logistic regression analysis showed a strong relationship between anemia risk and self‐management skills. The absence of anemia alleviation increased 2.51 times as the total score of the SMS decreased 1 point.ConclusionThere is an urgent need to develop an intervention program to alleviate post‐partum anemia focusing on the low score items because self‐management skills strongly affect alleviation improvement.
Factors Associated with Young Adults’ Pregnancy Likelihood
Authors: Kornides Melanie L. , Kitsantas Panagiota , Lindley Lisa L. , Wu Huichuan 
Published: March 2015

IntroductionAlthough progress has been made to reduce adolescent pregnancies in the United States, rates of unplanned pregnancy among young adults aged (aged 18‐29 years) remain high. In this study, we assessed factors associated with perceived likelihood of pregnancy (likelihood of getting pregnant/getting partner pregnant in the next year) among sexually experienced young adults who were not trying to get pregnant and had previously used contraceptives.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of 660 young adults, aged 18 to 29 years in the United States, from the cross‐sectional National Survey of Reproductive and Contraceptive Knowledge. Logistic regression and classification tree analyses were conducted to generate profiles of young adults most likely to report anticipating a pregnancy in the next year.ResultsNearly one‐third (32%) of young adults indicated that they believed they had at least some likelihood of becoming pregnant in the next year. Young adults who believed that avoiding pregnancy was not very important were most likely to report pregnancy likelihood (odds ratio [OR], 5.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.80‐9.69), as were young adults who considered avoiding a pregnancy to be important but who were not satisfied with their current contraceptive method (OR, 3.93; 95% CI, 1.67‐9.24) and who attended religious services frequently (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.52‐5.94), were uninsured (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.31‐5.26), and were likely to have unprotected sex in the next 3 months (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.04‐3.01).DiscussionThese results may help guide future research and the development of pregnancy‐prevention interventions targeting sexually experienced young adults.
A Temporal Approach to Retrenchment and Successful Turnaround in Declining Firms
Authors: Tangpong Chanchai , Abebe Michael , Li Zonghui 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis study extends current understanding of the retrenchment–turnaround relationship in declining firms by introducing a temporal approach and arguing that the effectiveness of retrenchment as a strategy is contingent on its adoption early in turnaround attempts. Drawing from the two‐stage turnaround model and insights from the literature on downward spirals in organizations, we develop and test a theoretical model that explains how temporal considerations in retrenchment influence the likelihood of successful turnaround. Using a matched pair sample of 96 US firms, we find that declining firms that implement retrenchment actions early have a higher likelihood of successful turnaround. The findings also indicate that while two specific retrenchment actions, early divestments and early geographic market exits, significantly contribute to the likelihood of successful turnaround, early layoffs do not. Overall, the findings shed some light on the importance of timing strategic actions in organizational turnarounds. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Fat Perception: How Sensitive are We?
Authors: Le Calvé B. , Saint‐Léger C. , Babas R. , Gelin J.‐L. , Parker A. , Erni P. , Cayeux I. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe evaluate how perceptual discrimination depends on fat content for a range of liquid and semi‐liquid foods. We also investigate the role played in fat discrimination by olfaction, vision and taste and how sensory results can be related to physicochemical characteristics. The food matrices under investigation were all made of a continuous water phase containing various amounts of fat (sunflower oil‐in‐water emulsions, flavored and unflavored milk, stirred yoghurt and emulsified white sauce). We find that the sensory fat discrimination varies strongly depending on the food and the tasting conditions. Here, the fat content of low viscosity samples could be reduced or increased by 50%, without significantly impacting fat perception. However, the fat difference threshold is much lower for high viscosity samples. We also found that our sensory results are not related to the rheological properties. However, tribology data on stirred yoghurts were found to be valuable instrumental parameters for the study of the interactions between food composition and sensory perception.Practical ApplicationsFat content reduction in foods is required to reduce daily fat intake. However, this involves changes in the global perception of products. This work evaluates the ability to discriminate fat content for diverse food matrices and components which could impact it (ingredients or physicochemical characteristics). Managing the impact of these different factors on fat perception may help to develop reduced fat products with optimized sensory properties.
Past climate change drives current genetic structure of an endangered freshwater mussel species
Authors: Inoue Kentaro , Lang Brian K. , Berg David J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHistorical‐to‐recent climate change and anthropogenic disturbance affect species distributions and genetic structure. The Rio Grande watershed of the United States and Mexico encompasses ecosystems that are intensively exploited, resulting in substantial degradation of aquatic habitats. While significant anthropogenic disturbances in the Rio Grande are recent, inhospitable conditions for freshwater organisms likely existed prior to such disturbances. A combination of anthropogenic and past climate factors may contribute to current distributions of aquatic fauna in the Rio Grande basin. We used mitochondrial DNA and 18 microsatellite loci to infer evolutionary history and genetic structure of an endangered freshwater mussel, Popenaias popeii, throughout the Rio Grande drainage. We estimated spatial connectivity and gene flow across extant populations of P. popeii and used ecological niche models (ENMs) and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to infer its evolutionary history during the Pleistocene. structure results recovered regional and local population clusters in the Rio Grande. ENMs predicted drastic reductions in suitable habitat during the last glacial maximum. ABC analyses suggested that regional population structure likely arose in this species during the mid‐to‐late Pleistocene and was followed by a late Pleistocene population bottleneck in New Mexico populations. The local population structure arose relatively recently, perhaps due to anthropogenic factors. Popenaias popeii, one of the few freshwater mussel species native to the Rio Grande basin, is a case study for understanding how both geological and anthropogenic factors shape current population genetic structure. Conservation strategies for this species should account for the fragmented nature of contemporary populations.
Genetically distinct populations of northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis, in the North Atlantic: adaptation to different temperatures as an isolation factor
Authors: Jorde Per Erik , Søvik Guldborg , Westgaard Jon‐Ivar , Albretsen Jon , André Carl , Hvingel Carsten , Johansen Torild , Sandvik Anne Dagrun , Kingsley Michael , Jørstad Knut Eirik 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe large‐scale population genetic structure of northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis, was investigated over the species’ range in the North Atlantic, identifying multiple genetically distinct groups. Genetic divergence among sample localities varied among 10 microsatellite loci (range: FST = −0.0002 to 0.0475) with a highly significant average (FST = 0.0149; P < 0.0001). In contrast, little or no genetic differences were observed among temporal replicates from the same localities (FST = 0.0004; P = 0.33). Spatial genetic patterns were compared to geographic distances, patterns of larval drift obtained through oceanographic modelling, and temperature differences, within a multiple linear regression framework. The best‐fit model included all three factors and explained approximately 29% of all spatial genetic divergence. However, geographic distance and larval drift alone had only minor effects (2.5–4.7%) on large‐scale genetic differentiation patterns, whereas bottom temperature differences explained most (26%). Larval drift was found to promote genetic homogeneity in parts of the study area with strong currents, but appeared ineffective across large temperature gradients. These findings highlight the breakdown of gene flow in a species with a long pelagic larval phase (up to 3 months) and indicate a role for local adaptation to temperature conditions in promoting evolutionary diversification and speciation in the marine environment.
Genomic evidence for role of inversion 3RP of Drosophila melanogaster in facilitating climate change adaptation
Authors: Rane Rahul V. , Rako Lea , Kapun Martin , Lee Siu F. , Hoffmann Ary A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChromosomal inversion polymorphisms are common in animals and plants, and recent models suggest that alternative arrangements spread by capturing different combinations of alleles acting additively or epistatically to favour local adaptation. It is also thought that inversions typically maintain favoured combinations for a long time by suppressing recombination between alternative chromosomal arrangements. Here, we consider patterns of linkage disequilibrium and genetic divergence in an old inversion polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster (In(3R)Payne) known to be associated with climate change adaptation and a recent invasion event into Australia. We extracted, karyotyped and sequenced whole chromosomes from two Australian populations, so that changes in the arrangement of the alleles between geographically separated tropical and temperate areas could be compared. Chromosome‐wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis revealed strong LD within the region spanned by In(3R)Payne. This genomic region also showed strong differentiation between the tropical and the temperate populations, but no differentiation between different karyotypes from the same population, after controlling for chromosomal arrangement. Patterns of differentiation across the chromosome arm and in gene ontologies were enhanced by the presence of the inversion. These data support the notion that inversions are strongly selected by bringing together combinations of genes, but it is still not clear if such combinations act additively or epistatically. Our data suggest that climatic adaptation through inversions can be dynamic, reflecting changes in the relative abundance of different forms of an inversion and ongoing evolution of allelic content within an inversion.
The AreA transcription factor mediates the regulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) synthesis by ammonium and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Hou Rui , Jiang Cong , Zheng Qian , Wang Chenfang , Xu Jin‐Rong 
Published: March 2015

SummaryDeoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum, is harmful to humans and animals. Because different nitrogen sources are known to have opposite effects on DON production, in this study, we characterized the regulatory mechanisms of the AREA transcription factor in trichothecene biosynthesis. The ΔareA mutant showed significantly reduced vegetative growth and DON production in cultures inoculated with hyphae. Suppression of TRI gene expression and DON production by ammonium were diminished in the ΔareA mutant. The deletion of AREA also affected the stimulatory effects of arginine on DON biosynthesis. The AreA‐green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion complemented the ΔareA mutant, and its localization to the nucleus was enhanced under nitrogen starvation conditions. Site‐directed mutagenesis showed that the conserved predicted protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site S874 was important for AreA function, indicating that AreA may be a downstream target of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)‐PKA pathway, which is known to regulate DON production. We also showed that AreA interacted with Tri10 in co‐immunoprecipitation assays. The interaction of AreA with Tri10 is probably related to its role in the regulation of TRI gene expression. Interestingly, the ΔareA mutant showed significantly reduced PKA activity and expression of all three predicted ammonium permease (MEP) genes, in particular MEP1, under low ammonium conditions. Taken together, our results show that AREA is involved in the regulation of DON production by ammonium suppression and the cAMP‐PKA pathway. The AreA transcription factor may interact with Tri10 and control the expression and up‐regulation of MEP genes.
Evidence for different, host‐dependent functioning of Rx against both wild‐type and recombinant Pepino mosaic virus
Authors: Duff‐Farrier Celia R. A. , Candresse Thierry , Bailey Andy M. , Boonham Neil , Foster Gary D. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe potato Rx gene provides resistance against Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) in tomato; however, recent work has suggested that the resistance conferred may not be durable. Resistance breaking can probably be attributed to multiple mutations observed to accumulate in the capsid protein (CP) region of resistance‐breaking isolates, but this has not been confirmed through directed manipulation of an infectious PepMV clone. The present work describes the introduction of two specific mutations, A‐T78 and A‐T114, into the coat protein minimal elicitor region of an Rx‐controlled PepMV isolate of the EU genotype. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and phenotypic evaluation were conducted in three Rx‐expressing and wild‐type solanaceous hosts: Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana tabacum and Solanum lycopersicum. Mutation A‐T78 alone was sufficient to confer Rx‐breaking activity in N. benthamiana and S. lycopersicum, whereas mutation A‐T114 was found to be associated, in most cases, with a secondary A‐D100 mutation to break Rx‐mediated resistance in S. lycopersicum. These results suggest that the need for a second, fitness‐restoring mutation may be dependent on the PepMV mutant under consideration. Both mutations conferred Rx breaking in S. lycopersicum, whereas neither conferred Rx breaking in N. tabacum and only A‐T78 allowed Rx breaking in N. benthamiana, suggesting that Rx may function in a different manner depending on the genetic background in which it is present.
Randomized crossover trial of endotracheal tube suctioning systems use in newborns
Authors: Cardoso Jaqueline M , Kusahara Denise M , Guinsburg Ruth , Pedreira Mavilde LG 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundMaintaining endotracheal tube patency is critical for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation. Endotracheal tube suctioning removes accumulated secretions preventing potential adverse events, however is also potentially hazardous to the patient.ObjectiveTo compare respiratory rate, arterial blood oxygen saturation, heart rate and pain in newborns undergoing endotracheal tube suctioning with closed (CS) and open (OS) systems.MethodsRandomized crossover trial with 13 newborns from two Brazilian hospitals. The respiratory rate, arterial blood oxygen saturation, heart rate and pain (Premature Infant Pain Profile) were analysed: immediately before (T1), during (T2), immediately after (T3), 10 min after (T4) and 30 min (T5) after endotracheal suctioning.ResultsThe majority (11/85·0%) of the newborns were premature and 45% weighed less than 1000 g. No statistically significant difference was identified according to the use of CS or OS to all the parameters investigated. The main results demonstrated that in T2 arterial blood oxygen saturation was higher with CS (CS 93·0%; OS 89 · 0%; p = 0·561). In T3 there was an increase in respiratory rate average only with the use of OS (T1 50·0; T3 56·0). The pain score in T2 and heart rate in T3 were higher with OS without significant differences (p = 0·114; p = 0·479, respectively).ConclusionThere was no significant difference in the studied clinical parameters or presence and intensity of pain according to the two investigated techniques of endotracheal tube suctioning.Relevance to clinical practiceThis research can provide support for clinical practice regarding endotracheal tube suctioning of newborns describing that the use of closed systems was similar to the open system regarding pain presence and intensity, as well as, in the clinical effects analysed, in accordance with other studies produced in this field.