bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of bird species richness, endemism, and island network roles in Wallacea and the West Indies: is geography sufficient or does current and historical climate matter?
Authors: Dalsgaard Bo , Carstensen Daniel W. , Fjeldså Jon , Maruyama Pietro K. , Rahbek Carsten , Sandel Brody , Sonne Jesper , Svenning Jens‐Christian , Wang Zhiheng , Sutherland William J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIsland biogeography has greatly contributed to our understanding of the processes determining species' distributions. Previous research has focused on the effects of island geography (i.e., island area, elevation, and isolation) and current climate as drivers of island species richness and endemism. Here, we evaluate the potential additional effects of historical climate on breeding land bird richness and endemism in Wallacea and the West Indies. Furthermore, on the basis of species distributions, we identify island biogeographical network roles and examine their association with geography, current and historical climate, and bird richness/endemism. We found that island geography, especially island area but also isolation and elevation, largely explained the variation in island species richness and endemism. Current and historical climate only added marginally to our understanding of the distribution of species on islands, and this was idiosyncratic to each archipelago. In the West Indies, endemic richness was slightly reduced on islands with historically unstable climates; weak support for the opposite was found in Wallacea. In both archipelagos, large islands with many endemics and situated far from other large islands had high importance for the linkage within modules, indicating that these islands potentially act as speciation pumps and source islands for surrounding smaller islands within the module and, thus, define the biogeographical modules. Large islands situated far from the mainland and/or with a high number of nonendemics acted as links between modules. Additionally, in Wallacea, but not in the West Indies, climatically unstable islands tended to interlink biogeographical modules. The weak and idiosyncratic effect of historical climate on island richness, endemism, and network roles indicates that historical climate had little effects on extinction‐immigration dynamics. This is in contrast to the strong effect of historical climate observed on the mainland, possibly because surrounding oceans buffer against strong climate oscillations and because geography is a strong determinant of island richness, endemism and network roles.
Deamination of N→Sn‐Coordinated Organotin(II) Hydroxide: Formation of a New C–O Covalent Bond
Authors: Dostál Libor , Růžička Aleš , Jambor Roman 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of the pentacarbonylchromium complex [{2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}(Cl)SnCr(CO)5] is reported. Starting with this compound, organotin(II)pentacarbonylchromium methoxide [{2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}(OMe)SnCr(CO)5] was prepared and used for the synthesis of dimeric N→Sn intramolecularly coordinated organotin(II)pentacarbonylchromium hydroxide [{2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn(μ‐OH)Cr(CO)5]2 by easy hydrolytic protocol. In addition, acid–base‐type reaction of this latter compound with HOTf provided unprecedented cyclization product [6‐(Me2NCH2)‐2,3‐(C6H3CH2OSn)Cr(CO)5]2. The cyclization process is accompanied by the formation of a new C–O covalent bond along with the elimination of Me2NH.
Synthesis and Glycoconjugation of an Azido‐BF2–Azadipyrromethene Near‐Infrared Fluorochrome
Authors: Wu Dan , Cheung Shane , Daly Robin , Burke Helen , Scanlan Eoin M. , O'Shea Donal F. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA seven‐step synthetic route to a water‐soluble azide‐functionalized BF2–azadipyrromethene fluorochrome was developed; the fluorochrome shows λmax emission at 711 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.25. The fluorochrome can be effectively conjugated to alkyne‐substituted carbohydrates by click chemistry in water at room temperature in 20 min by using CuSO4 (20 mol‐%). The glycoconjugated fluorophores exhibit excellent near‐IR photophysical properties with little variance for different carbohydrates or from the preceding fluorochrome. The fluorescent glycoconjugates were evaluated by using confocal microscopy, and efficient cellular uptake and cytosolic localization were observed. This azido‐BF2–azadipyrromethene fluorochrome offers the potential to be a new near‐IR imaging research tool for biology.
Does Presumed Consent Save Lives? Evidence from Europe
Authors: Ugur Zeynep Burcu 
Published: October 2014

SummaryOne policy tool that could affect organ donation rates is legislative defaults. In this study, we examine how presumed consent impacts cadaveric donations and kidney transplantations, using a panel dataset from the EU‐27 countries plus Croatia in the period 2000–2010. We find that presumed consent countries have 28% to 32% higher cadaveric donation and 27% to 31% higher kidney transplant rates in comparison to informed consent countries, after accounting for potential confounding factors. After studying willingness to donate one's organs and registering preferences for organ donation, we find that presumed consent could increase cadaveric donation rates, because people fail to register their preferences and many have no preference for organ donation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multidimensional Poverty and Health Status as a Predictor of Chronic Income Poverty
Authors: Callander Emily J. , Schofield Deborah J. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryLongitudinal analysis of Wave 5 to 10 of the nationally representative Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia dataset was undertaken to assess whether multidimensional poverty status can predict chronic income poverty. Of those who were multidimensionally poor (low income plus poor health or poor health and insufficient education attainment) in 2007, and those who were in income poverty only (no other forms of disadvantage) in 2007, a greater proportion of those in multidimensional poverty continued to be in income poverty for the subsequent 5 years through to 2012. People who were multidimensionally poor in 2007 had 2.17 times the odds of being in income poverty each year through to 2012 than those who were in income poverty only in 2005 (95% CI: 1.23–3.83). Multidimensional poverty measures are a useful tool for policymakers to identify target populations for policies aiming to improve equity and reduce chronic disadvantage. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Hepatitis B Virus Large Surface Protein Using a Time‐Resolved Immunofluorometric Assay
Authors: Hu Zhigang , Li Mei , Liu Jie , Yu Lei , Xue Yifeng , Chen Yu 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundTo establish a novel method based on time‐resolved immunofluorometric assay (TR‐IFMA) with higher sensitivity and a broader detection range for detecting serum hepatitis B virus large surface protein (L protein).MethodsThe precision, sensitivity, specificity, coefficient of recovery, and stability of the assay were evaluated and comparison with the classical enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was also executed.ResultsThe precision, specificity, and sensitivity of the TR‐IFMA were clearly better than ELISA. Particularly, the sensitivity was 0.1 ng/ml; moreover, the specificity was 100%, 96%, 92.5%, 96.9%, 97.8%, and 100% in the sera of healthy blood donors, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection patients, and pregnant patients, respectively. Meanwhile, we observed that the established TR‐IFMA kit has a wider acceptable linear range of 0.63–10,367 ng/ml rather than the regular commercial ELISA kit having range of only 10.12–1095.9 ng/ml. Subsequently, correlation coefficient between the TR‐IFMA and ELISA was 0.8009. The intra‐ and interassay precision rates were less than 5% for three different concentrations. The average recovery rate for L protein was 101.17%. In sum, the established assay kit performed better in terms of stability than the commercial ELISA kit.ConclusionThe TR‐IFMA that we developed for L protein presented a higher sensitivity and wider detecting range than regular commercial ELISA. Therefore, this TR‐IFMA has promising value both in the screening of HBV and monitoring of antiviral therapy.
Reversion‐Inducing‐Cysteine‐Rich Protein With Kazal Motifs (RECK) Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism With Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Bahgat Dina M. Rasheed , Shahin Rasha Mohamad Hosny , Makar Nada Nasr , Aziz Ashraf Omar Abdel , Hunter Shereen Shoukry 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundThe reversion‐inducing‐cysteine‐rich protein with kazal motifs (RECK) gene is a transformation suppressor gene that can negatively regulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inhibit tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. So, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of RECK gene rs 11788747 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) susceptibility and its relation to various clinical and laboratory data of the patients.MethodsThis is a case–control study including 200 HCC patients and 200 healthy controls. RECK rs 11788747 genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP).ResultsRECK rs 11788747 A/G and G/G genotypes frequencies were significantly higher in HCC patients compared to the healthy controls. The HCC patients possessing at least one polymorphic G allele were significantly at a higher risk of developing lymph nodes involvement and distant metastasis.ConclusionThis study revealed the role of RECK rs 11788747 SNP in HCC in Egyptian patients, which consequently might be used as a prognostic tool and could be added to its therapeutic strategies.
Is there a Convergence or Divergence between Feminist Empowerment and Microfinance Institutions' Success Indicators?
Authors: Haile Hirut B. , Osman Intan , Shuib Rashidah , Oon Siti Waringin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study examines whether female borrowers categorised as ‘successful’ by two microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Malaysia experience greater empowerment as measured by decision‐making over loan use and enterprise earnings, enterprise management, asset ownership and motivation. The study is based on in‐depth interviews with 20 female borrowers. Results show that most of the borrowers are empowered. However, it is inconclusive whether economic empowerment achieved by borrowers could be entirely attributed to the services of the studied MFIs, given the prevalence of cross‐borrowing. Furthermore, some female borrowers labelled as ‘successful’ do not meet the MFIs' or feminist standards of success or empowerment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioural Profiles and Offender Characteristics across 111 Korean Sexual Assaults
Authors: Sea Jonghan , Kim Kyungil , Youngs Donna 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAlthough the potential usefulness of the offence action–offender characteristic (A–C) relationships is widely accepted and operational ‘offender profiling’ units now exist around the world, few such relationships have been empirically established. To explore this, the offending action patterns within 111 sexual assault cases from South Korea were coded in terms of 16 distinctive, objective crime scene criteria and subjected to an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. Background psychiatric and general characteristics, Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) scale scores, and criminal histories were described for each cluster. The cluster analysis drew attention to six clusters or behavioural profiles within the sexual assaults. Cluster 1 included serial offenders who aggressively raped and robbed adult women, with some pseudo‐intimate sexual behaviour, in their homes. Two thirds of these offenders had histories of sexual assault. Cluster 2 included offenders who again targeted adults in their homes, but without pseudo‐intimate sexual behaviour. Cluster 3 included offenders who targeted adults outdoors at night. These offenders showed high antisocial personality PAI scores and psychiatric histories of sexual sadism. Cluster 4 included unarmed offenders who targeted adults in their homes without robbery. These offenders often had psychiatric histories of depression. Cluster 5 included offenders who targeted adults outdoors with a blitz‐style attack, and Cluster 6 included offenders who targeted minors outdoors, without weapons, using a confidence‐trick style of approach. Paedophilia and histories of psychiatric treatment were prominent amongst these offenders. The results indicate therefore some of the key empirical relationships that future research may develop as the basis for sexual assault ‘profiles’. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface Morphology, Crystallinity, and Hydrophilicity of Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Films Prepared Via Casting of Ethyl Lactate and Ethyl Acetate Solutions
Authors: Causa Andrea , Filippone Giovanni , Acierno Domenico , Domingo Concepción , Salerno Aurelio 
Published: October 2014

Films of semicrystalline poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) are fabricated by casting drops of fully biocompatible ethyl lactate (EL) and ethyl acetate (EA) solutions onto a glass substrate. The main goals of this work are: i) to assess the interplay among the physico‐chemical properties of the solution and its interaction with the casting substrate; and ii) determine how the solution/substrate interactions influence the formation of the films and their final surface morphology and hydrophilicity. The competition between the rates of solution drop spreading and solvent evaporation controls the polymer crystallization process and the final film properties. Compared with EA, EL provides better wetting properties and a slower evaporation rate, eventually resulting in thinner films. The film thickness increases with polymer concentration in the solution; this parameter also affects the crystalline structure and, ultimately, the film surface roughness. As a result, the film hydrophilicity is finely tunable by changing the solution composition, so as to control the crystal nucleation density.
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3‐D‐Zellkulturen und der Ersatz von Tierversuchen
Authors: Gottwald Eric , Giselbrecht Stefan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractToxikologische Tests in der Pharmaforschung und in der Chemikalienzulassung laufen in der Regel mit Tierversuchen. Zellkulturbasierte Test könnten diese langfristig ersetzen, vorausgesetzt, die Behörden lassen die Methoden zu.
Zwischen Luft und Wasser
Authors: van Pinxteren Manuela 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAuf der Oberfläche der Meere sitzt ein hauchdünner Film. Er bildet die direkte Schnittstelle zwischen Ozean und Atmosphäre und beeinflusst die Austauschprozesse zwischen diesen beiden Kompartimenten und somit Wolkenbildung und Wellen. Welche Stoffe der Film enthält, ist Gegenstand von Feldforschung.
Kontaktaktiv oder durch Biozide
Authors: Krumm Christian , Tiller Joerg C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractKlassische mikrobenabtötende Oberflächen setzen Biozide frei. Eine Alternative sind kontaktaktive antimikrobielle Materialien. Doch der Nachweis der Kontaktaktivität ist nicht leicht zu erbringen.
Depressive rumination and experiential avoidance: A task based exploration
Authors: Thomas Justin , Raynor Monique , Ribott David 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDepressive rumination has been conceptualized as being closely connected with experiential avoidance. Evidence supporting this hypothesis derives primarily from studies using self‐report measures. The present study explores this idea using a task‐based assessment of avoidance. College students (N = 100) rated their emotional responses to 60 computer‐presented images (positive, negative and neutral). Response times for the image‐rating task were surreptitiously recorded, along with Ruminative Response Scale and Beck Depression Inventory II scores. Rumination was correlated with faster response times for negative, but not positive or neutral images. These findings are interpreted as lending support to the experiential avoidance conceptualization of rumination; however, consideration is also given to a potentially synergistic interpretation implicating heightened threat monitoring. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial Variability of CO2 Emissions from Newly Exposed Paraglacial Soils at a Glacier Retreat Zone on King George Island, Maritime Antarctica
Authors: Thomazini André , Teixeira Daniel De Bortoli , Turbay Caio Vinícius Gabrig , La Scala Newton , Schaefer Carlos Ernesto G. R. , Mendonça Eduardo De Sá 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThawed soils in Antarctica represent organic carbon (C) reservoirs with great potential to increase the net losses of CO2 to the atmosphere under climate change scenarios. This study spatially zones CO2 emissions from soil and vegetation along a transect in front of the retreating margin of Ecology Glacier in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetlands, near the Polish Antarctic station Henryk Arctowski. Two experiments were carried out to determine soil respiration: (1) a transect of 150 measuring points spaced 1 m apart, statistically analysed with split moving windows, identified three regions with different patterns of CO2 emissions; (2) a survey with three grids containing 60 sampling points, with a minimum distance between points of 0.30 m, totalling 2.7 × 1.5 m, in each of the identified locations. The survey showed that CO2 emission rates decreased (from 2.38 to 0.00 µmol m‐2s‐1) and soil temperature at 5 cm depth increased (from 1.9 to 7°C) near the glacier. The site farthest from the glacier provided an emission 3.5 times higher than the closest site. The spatial variability of CO2 emissions decreased with distance from the glacier. Soil development and vegetation are identified as key drivers of CO2 emissions. Soil formation and vegetation growth increased with longer exposure since deglaciation, leading to enhanced homogeneity of CO2 emissions, independent of permafrost occurrence and stability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the Synthesis and Interfacial Interaction Performance of Novel Dodecylamine‐Based Bonding Agents Used for Composite Solid Propellants
Authors: Chen Yu , Liu Yun‐fei , Shi Liang , Yang Wei , Yao Wei‐shang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn effective pathway was explored to design and select proper bonding agents that could effectively improve the interfacial interactions between bonding agents and solid particles, with three novel synthesized alkyl bonding agents, dodecylamine‐N,N‐di‐2‐hydroxypropyl‐acetate (DIHPA), dodecylamine‐N,N‐di‐2‐hydroxypropyl‐hydroxy‐acetate (DIHPHA) and dodecylamine‐N,N‐di‐2‐hydroxypropyl‐cyano‐acetate (DIHPCA), as examples. Molecular dynamics simulation was applied to compare unit bond energies of these bonding agents with the [110] crystal face of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and the [120] crystal face of hexogen (RDX). The infrared test was used to characterize the interfacial interactions of these bonding agents with AP or RDX. XPS test was applied to calculate the adhesion percentage of the bonding agents on the surface of precoated AP or RDX particles. All of the above results indicated that these three bonding agents have strong interfacial interactions with AP or RDX in the order of DIHPCA>DIHPHA>DIHPA. The prepared three bonding agents were used in HTPB/AP/RDX/Al propellants, and their effects on tensile strength (σ), elongation under maximum tensile strength (εm), elongation at breaking point of the propellant (εb) and adhesion index (Φ) of the propellant were studied. The results show that the bonding agents improve the mechanical properties of the propellant in the order of DIHPCA>DIHPHA>DIHPA. The methods found from theoretical design, materials synthesis, and mechanistics studies up to practical application show effective guiding significance for choosing the proper bonding agent and improving the interfacial interactions between the solid particles and binder matrix.
Accuracy of a hexapod parallel robot kinematics based external fixator
Authors: Faschingbauer Maximilian , Heuer Hinrich J. D. , Seide Klaus , Wendlandt Robert , Münch Matthias , Jürgens Christian , Kirchner Rainer 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundDifferent hexapod‐based external fixators are increasingly used to treat bone deformities and fractures. Accuracy has not been measured sufficiently for all models.MethodsAn infrared tracking system was applied to measure positioning maneuvers with a motorized Precision Hexapod® fixator, detecting three‐dimensional positions of reflective balls mounted in an L‐arrangement on the fixator, simulating bone directions. By omitting one dimension of the coordinates, projections were simulated as if measured on standard radiographs. Accuracy was calculated as the absolute difference between targeted and measured positioning values.ResultsIn 149 positioning maneuvers, the median values for positioning accuracy of translations and rotations (torsions/angulations) were below 0.3 mm and 0.2° with quartiles ranging from −0.5 mm to 0.5 mm and −1.0° to 0.9°, respectively.ConclusionsThe experimental setup was found to be precise and reliable. It can be applied to compare different hexapod‐based fixators. Accuracy of the investigated hexapod system was high. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ScFe5P3, ScRu6P4, U2Mo30P19, and Other Ternary Phosphides with a Metal to Phosphorus Ratio close to 2:1
Authors: Jeitschko Wolfgang , Albering Jörg H. , Brink Reinhold , Jakubowski‐Ripke Ursula , Reinbold Elke J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe title compounds and several other new ternary phosphides – all with closely related crystal structures – were prepared mostly by using elemental tin as a flux. ScFe5P3, Sc(Ta0.18Fe0.82)Fe4P3, and ZrFe5P3 are isotypic with YCo5P3. The crystal structure of the tantalum containing compound was determined from single‐crystal X‐ray counter data: space group Pnma, a = 1212.5(2) pm, b = 363.0(2) pm, c = 1052.2(2) pm with a residual R = 0.036 for 505 unique structure factors and 30 variable parameters. The Ta atoms occupy only that Fe site with the highest coordination number. The crystal structure of ScRu6P4 (α‐UCr6P4 type) was refined from single‐crystal data: P$\bar{6}$m2, a = 690.0(2) pm, c = 362.5(3) pm; R = 0.023 for 226 Fo and 15 variables. The same structure was also found from Guinier powder data for ErRu6P4 and ZrCr6P4. However, single‐crystal film data for the latter compound suggest a superstructure with a doubling of the hexagonal axis. The new compound Nd2Ru12P7 is shown from Guinier powder data to crystallize with a hexagonal Zr2Fe12P7 type structure. X‐ray powder data also confirm Zr2Ru12P7 and SmCo3P2 to crystallize with Zr2Fe12P7and HoCo3P2 type structures, respectively. The crystal structure of the phosphide U2Cr30P19 is confirmed to be isotypic with Zr2Cr30P19. The same structure was found for the new compound U2Mo30P19. The crystal structures of these and other compounds with a metal to phosphorus ratio close to 2:1 are briefly discussed including that of LiCo6P4.
Thermoelectric Properties of p‐Type Semiconducting NaB5C with Hexaboride‐Type Structure, Compared to Layered MB2C2 (M = La, Ce)
Authors: Gürsoy Murat , Hempel Sabine , Reitz Andreas , Hofmann Kathrin , Albert Barbara 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWhile hexaborides are known to exhibit n‐type semi‐conducting or metallic properties, the carbaboride NaB5C that crystallizes with the hexaboride‐structure type was found to be p‐type. It thus complements n‐type CaB6, which has almost identical structural features [s.g. Pm$\bar{3}$m, a = 409.25 pm and z/c(B) = 0.2034 for NaB5C and a = 415.37 and z/c(B) = 0.201 for CaB6]. Mono‐phasic samples were synthesized via solid state reactions of the elements and compacted by spark plasma sintering at high pressures. The thermoelectric properties (thermal diffusivities, electrical conductivities, Seebeck coefficients) were measured up to temperatures as high as 873 K (S = 80 μV·K–1) and compared to that of LaB2C2 and CeB2C2. These have layered structures and are metallic.