bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON WEAK GROUND
Authors: DEROSSET LOUIS 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThough the study of grounding is still in the early stages, Kit Fine, in ”The Pure Logic of Ground”, has made a seminal attempt at formalization. Formalization of this sort is supposed to bring clarity and precision to our theorizing, as it has to the study of other metaphysically important phenomena, like modality and vagueness. Unfortunately, as I will argue, Fine ties the formal treatment of grounding to the obscure notion of a weak ground. The obscurity of weak ground, together with its centrality in Fine’s system, threatens to undermine the extent to which this formalization offers clarity and precision. In this paper, I show how to overcome this problem. I describe a system, the logic of strict ground (LSG) and demonstrate its adequacy; I specify a translation scheme for interpreting Fine’s weak grounding claims; I show that the interpretation verifies all of the principles of Fine’s system; and I show that derivability in Fine’s system can be exactly characterized in terms of derivability in LSG. I conclude that Fine’s system is reducible to LSG.
Size Matters, Although It Shouldn’t: The ICRW and Small Cetaceans. A Reply to Stephenson, Mooers and Attaran
Authors: Couzens Ed 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWritten as a response to the article ‘Does Size Matter? The ICRW and the Inclusion of Small Cetaceans’ by Sean Stephenson, Arne Mooers and Amir Attaran, this commentary considers how important global and regional biodiversity- or conservation-related conventions have deliberately avoided the issue area of cetacean management. One of the effects of this is that so-called ‘small cetaceans’ – approximately 70 species – are left largely unregulated. This article differs from that of Stephenson and his co-authors, who argue that the ‘only appropriate’ forum for dealing with the issue is the International Court of Justice. Instead, it is argued here that the ‘Future of the IWC’ compromise process may yet represent the best course for bringing small cetaceans under IWC management authority. Another alternative was recently suggested in a draft resolution put forward by Monaco in 2012 – and is likely to be put forward again in 2014 – which advocated involving the United Nations General Assembly in the issue. The issue is both complicated and important, and a solution is needed.
Holistic and Leadership Approaches to International Regulation: Confronting Nature Conservation and Developmental Challenges. A Reply to Farnese
Authors: Harrop Stuart 
Published: October 2014

AbstractInternational nature protection law has developed without a coherent plan, with disparate governance instruments each largely evolving within their own separate sphere. Yet, many other issues are closely linked to the challenges of nature degradation, such as developmental challenges, climate change, food security and food safety, disease prevention, and rural poverty. These interconnections have partly been recognized in Agenda 21 and more recently in the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. This response commentary draws on and extrapolates further the conclusions of Patricia Farnese in ‘The Prevention Imperative’, published in this issue ofTransnational Environmental Law, and argues for a more coherent approach and effective leadership in this area of global regulation, along with a more flexible and holistic approach to governance responses.
Entwicklung von 130 deutschsprachigen Compound Remote Associate (CRA)-Worträtseln zur Untersuchung kreativer Prozesse im deutschen Sprachraum
Authors: Landmann Nina , Kuhn Marion , Piosczyk Hannah , Feige Bernd , Riemann Dieter , Nissen Christoph 
Published: October 2014

Der Compound Remote Associate (CRA) -Test stellt eine wichtige Aufgabe für die systematische Untersuchung verbal-assoziativer Prozesse als ein Korrelat für Kreativität dar, der bislang nur im englischen Sprachraum zur Verfügung stand. Der Test besteht aus Worträtseln mit jeweils drei nicht verwandten Stimuluswörtern (Triadenkonstituenten), für die ein viertes, mit allen drei Wörtern assoziiertes Wort (gemeinsames Assoziat) gefunden werden soll. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Entwicklung und der Einsatz von 130 CRA-Worträtseln für den deutschen Sprachraum. Hierzu wurden zwei Gruppen von 40 Probanden 65 neu entwickelte CRA-Worträtsel für die Dauer von maximal 60 Sekunden dargeboten. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die Worträtsel sortiert nach aufsteigendem Schwierigkeitsgrad vor. Als Normwerte werden für vier Zeitintervalle (5 s, 15 s, 30 s und 60 s) die Anzahl der Probanden, die das Worträtsel gelöst haben (%), die mittlere Lösungszeit (s) sowie die Lösung mit Einsicht (%) angegeben. Der Datensatz ermöglicht auch in der deutschsprachigen Forschung den Einsatz einer etablierten Aufgabe zu Einsicht und Problemlösen, um das Konstrukt „Kreativität” weiter zu erschließen.
Gefitinib targets ZAP-70-expressing chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and inhibits B-cell receptor signaling
Authors: Dielschneider R F , Xiao W , Yoon J-Y , Noh E , Banerji V , Li H , Marshall A J , Johnston J B , Gibson S B 
Published: October 2014

AbstractChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) can be divided into groups based on biomarkers of poor prognosis. The expression of the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 (member of the Syk tyrosine kinase family) in CLL cells is associated with shorter overall survival in CLL patients. Currently, there is a lack of targeted therapies for patients with ZAP-70 expression in CLL cells. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib has been shown to be effective at induce apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia through inhibition of Syk. In this study, we sought to test the efficacy of gefitinib in primary human ZAP-70+ CLL cells. We demonstrate that gefitinib preferentially induces cell death in ZAP-70-expressing CLL cells with a median IC50 of 4.5 μM. In addition, gefitinib decreases the viability of ZAP-70+ Jurkat T leukemia cells but fails to affect T cells from CLL patients. Western blot analysis shows gefitinib reduces both basal and B-cell receptor (BCR)-stimulated phosphorylation of Syk/ZAP-70, ERK, and Akt in ZAP-70+ CLL cells. Moreover, gefitinib inhibits the pro-survival response from BCR stimulation and decreases pro-survival proteins such as Mcl-1. Finally, ZAP-70 expression sensitizes Raji cells to gefitinib treatment. These results demonstrate that gefitinib specifically targets ZAP-70+ CLL cells and inhibits the BCR cell survival pathway leading to apoptosis. This represents the likelihood of tyrosine kinase inhibitors being effective targeted treatments for ZAP-70+ CLL cells.
MicroRNA-207 enhances radiation-induced apoptosis by directly targeting akt3 in cochlea hair cells
Authors: Tan P-x , Du S-s , Ren C , Yao Q-w , Zheng R , Li R , Yuan Y-w 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) have important roles in various types of cellular biological processes. Our study aimed to determine whether miRNAs function in the regulation of ionizing radiation (IR)-induced cell death in auditory cells and to determine how they affect the cellular response to IR. Microarray and qRT-PCR were performed to identify and confirm the differential expression of miRNAs in the cochlea hair cell line HEI-OC1 and in vivo after IR. Upregulation or downregulation of miRNAs using miRNA mimics or inhibitor were detected to characterize the biological effects of the indicated miRNAs. Bioinformatic analyses, luciferase reporter assays and mRNA knockdown were performed to identify a miRNA target gene. We determined that miR-207 was significantly upregulated after IR. MiR-207 enhances IR-induced apoptosis and DNA damage in HEI-OC1 cells. Furthermore, Akt3 was confirmed to be a direct target of miR-207. Downregulation of Akt3 mimics the effects of miR-207. MiR-207 enhances IR-induced apoptosis by directly targeting Akt3 and anti-miR-207 may have a potential role in protecting cochlea hair cells from IR.
Synergistic anti-tumor activity and inhibition of angiogenesis by cotargeting of oncogenic and death receptor pathways in human melanoma
Authors: Grazia G , Vegetti C , Benigni F , Penna I , Perotti V , Tassi E , Bersani I , Nicolini G , Canevari S , Carlo-Stella C , Gianni A M , Mortarini R , Anichini A 
Published: October 2014

AbstractImproving treatment of advanced melanoma may require the development of effective strategies to overcome resistance to different anti-tumor agents and to counteract relevant pro-tumoral mechanisms in the microenvironment. Here we provide preclinical evidence that these goals can be achieved in most melanomas, by co-targeting of oncogenic and death receptor pathways, and independently of their BRAF, NRAS, p53 and PTEN status. In 49 melanoma cell lines, we found independent susceptibility profiles for response to the MEK1/2 inhibitor AZD6244, the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 and the death receptor ligand TRAIL, supporting the rationale for their association. Drug interaction analysis indicated that a strong synergistic anti-tumor activity could be achieved by the three agents and the AZD6244–TRAIL association on 20/21 melanomas, including cell lines resistant to the inhibitors or to TRAIL. Mechanistically, synergy was explained by enhanced induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis, mitochondrial depolarization and modulation of key regulators of extrinsic and intrinsic cell death pathways, including c-FLIP, BIM, BAX, clusterin, Mcl-1 and several IAP family members. Moreover, silencing experiments confirmed the central role of Apollon downmodulation in promoting the apoptotic response of melanoma cells to the combinatorial treatments. In SCID mice, the AZD6244–TRAIL association induced significant growth inhibition of a tumor resistant to TRAIL and poorly responsive to AZD6244, with no detectable adverse events on body weight and tissue histology. Reduction in tumor volume was associated not only with promotion of tumor apoptosis but also with suppression of the pro-angiogenic molecules HIF1α, VEGFα, IL-8 and TGFβ1 and with inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. These results suggest that synergistic co-targeting of oncogenic and death receptor pathways can not only overcome melanoma resistance to different anti-tumor agents in vitro but can also promote pro-apoptotic effects and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in vivo.
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell differentiation mediated by endometrial stromal cell-derived TECK promotes the growth and invasion of endometriotic lesions
Authors: Li M-Q , Wang Y , Chang K-K , Meng Y-H , Liu L-B , Mei J , Wang Y , Wang X-Q , Jin L-P , Li D-J 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEndometriosis is associated with an abnormal immune response to endometrial cells, which can facilitate the implantation and proliferation of ectopic endometrial tissue. The proportion of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) is significantly increased in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. The thymus-expressed chemokine TECK/CCL25 directly promotes the invasiveness of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ESC-derived TECK on the crosstalk between Tregs and ESCs in the progress of endometriosis. We determined that the percentage of Tregs and the concentration of TECK increased in the peritoneal fluid with the progression of endometriosis. The supernatant from co-cultured human ESCs and macrophages not only induced Treg differentiation and increased Treg expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and CD73 by activating the AKT/STAT3 signaling pathway but also repressed Treg apoptosis by downregulating Fas and FasL expression and enhanced the Treg-mediated suppression of CD4+CD25− T cells. In addition, in vitro and in vivo trials confirmed that these effects could be inhibited by anti-TECK neutralizing Abs. The secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β by Tregs increased MMP2 expression and decreased TIMP1 expression and further stimulated the proliferation and invasion of ESCs and the growth of ectopic lesions. These results indicate that TECK derived from ESCs and macrophages upregulates the number and function of Tregs in the ectopic milieu, which contributes to endometriotic immunotolerance and high levels of ESC proliferation and invasion, thereby facilitating the progression of endometriosis.
PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors enhance radiosensitivity in radioresistant prostate cancer cells through inducing apoptosis, reducing autophagy, suppressing NHEJ and HR repair pathways
Authors: Chang L , Graham P H , Hao J , Ni J , Bucci J , Cozzi P J , Kearsley J H , Li Y 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway has a central role in cancer metastasis and radiotherapy. To develop effective therapeutics to improve radiosensitivity, understanding the possible pathways of radioresistance involved and the effects of a combination of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors with radiotherapy on prostate cancer (CaP) radioresistant cells is needed. We found that compared with parent CaP cells, CaP-radioresistant cells demonstrated G0/G1 and S phase arrest, activation of cell cycle check point, autophagy and DNA repair pathway proteins, and inactivation of apoptotic proteins. We also demonstrated that compared with combination of single PI3K or mTOR inhibitors (BKM120 or Rapamycin) and radiation, low-dose of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors (BEZ235 or PI103) combined with radiation greatly improved treatment efficacy by repressing colony formation, inducing more apoptosis, leading to the arrest of the G2/M phase, increased double-strand break levels and less inactivation of cell cycle check point, autophagy and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)/homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway proteins in CaP-radioresistant cells. This study describes the possible pathways associated with CaP radioresistance and demonstrates the putative mechanisms of the radiosensitization effect in CaP-resistant cells in the combination treatment. The findings from this study suggest that the combination of dual PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors (BEZ235 or PI103) with radiotherapy is a promising modality for the treatment of CaP to overcome radioresistance.
MUC1 extracellular domain confers resistance of epithelial cancer cells to anoikis
Authors: Zhao Q , Piyush T , Chen C , Hollingsworth M A , Hilkens J , Rhodes J M , Yu L-G 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAnoikis, a special apoptotic process occurring in response to loss of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, is a fundamental surveillance process for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Resistance to anoikis characterises cancer cells and is a pre-requisite for metastasis. This study shows that overexpression of the transmembrane mucin protein MUC1 prevents initiation of anoikis in epithelial cancer cells in response to loss of adhesion. We show that this effect is largely attributed to the elongated and heavily glycosylated extracellular domain of MUC1 that protrudes high above the cell membrane and hence prevents activation of the cell surface anoikis-initiating molecules such as integrins and death receptors by providing them a mechanically ‘homing’ microenvironment. As overexpression of MUC1 is a common feature of epithelial cancers and as resistance to anoikis is a hallmark of both oncogenic epithelial–mesenchymal transition and metastasis, MUC1-mediated cell resistance to anoikis may represent one of the fundamental regulatory mechanisms in tumourigenesis and metastasis.
Evaluation of gas permeation through barrier layers for organic electronic devices by helium detector method
Authors: Jeong Eun‐Wook , Kim Dong‐Yong , Choi In‐Kyun , Park Hong‐Seok , Hui Kwun Nam , Cho Young‐Rae 
Published: October 2014

Evaluation of gas permeation properties through barrier layers is important for the development of flexible organic light‐emitting devices (FOLEDs). In this reported work, an helium (He) leak detector was used in a novel permeation test for metallic barrier layers. Aluminium (Al) or chromium (Cr) film was deposited as a barrier layer onto a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate using a magnetron sputtering system. For the samples of PET substrates with Al and Cr films at thicknesses of 200 nm, the He pressures were 3.1 × 10−6 and 1.3 × 10−5 Torr, respectively, as measured via He detector testing. The poor permeation blocking by the Cr film was because of microcracks. The He pressure for samples with 1 000 nm thick Al coating and for Al foil (30 μm) showed different values of 3.2 × 10−8 and 1.1 × 10−10 Torr, respectively, which indicated high sensitivity in a low permeation range. The high sensitivity in permeation properties measured by He detector testing reflected the qualities of He that include one of the lightest weights known to science and a very small size. This He detector test will be useful in the development of long‐life FOLEDs, as it will aid the measuring of the gas permeation properties of barrier layers that are highly effective in blocking water vapour.
Caffeine supplementation and peak anaerobic power output
Authors: Glaister Mark , Muniz‐Pumares Daniel , Patterson Stephen D. , Foley Paul , McInnes Gillian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine supplementation on peak anaerobic power output (Wmax). Using a counterbalanced, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled design, 14 well‐trained men completed three trials of a protocol consisting of a series of 6‐s cycle ergometer sprints, separated by 5‐min passive recovery periods. Sprints were performed at progressively increasing torque factors to determine the peak power/torque relationship and Wmax. Apart from Trial 1 (familiarisation), participants ingested a capsule containing 5 mg·kg−1 of caffeine or placebo, one hour before each trial. The effects of caffeine on blood lactate were investigated using capillary samples taken after each sprint. The torque factor which produced Wmax was not significantly different (p ≥ 0.05) between the caffeine (1.15 ± 0.08 N·m·kg−1) and placebo (1.13 ± 0.10 N·m·kg−1) trials. There was, however, a significant effect (p < 0.05) of supplementation on Wmax, with caffeine producing a higher value (1885 ± 303 W) than placebo (1835 ± 290 W). Analysis of the blood lactate data revealed a significant (p < 0.05) torque factor × supplement interaction with values being significantly higher from the sixth sprint (torque factor 1.0 N·m·kg−1) onwards following caffeine supplementation. The results of this study confirm previous reports that caffeine supplementation significantly increases blood lactate and Wmax. These findings may explain why the majority of previous studies, which have used fixed‐torque factors of around 0.75 N·m·kg−1 and thereby failing to elicit Wmax, have failed to find an effect of caffeine on sprinting performance.
Influence of players' vocalisations on soccer referees' decisions
Authors: Lex Heiko , Pizzera Alexandra , Kurtes Marija , Schack Thomas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe influence of a potentially fouled player's vocalisations on the referee's decisions was investigated. Experienced soccer referees watched video clips of real‐match situations that were presented either without sound or with sound where a player's vocalisations were clearly audible and made judgements regarding fouls, direction of play and personal penalties. The results revealed that players’ vocalisations had no impact on the foul decisions of the referees. However, once a referee made a foul decision, the player's vocalisations led to an increased number of personal penalties (increase in yellow cards) for the foul‐causing player. In addition to crowd noise, a player's vocalisations during a foul are used as a proximal cue in the referee's decision‐making process.
Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in Neonates with Gastrointestinal Conditions: Developing a Candidate Definition for Mucosal Barrier Injury Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Coffin Susan E. , Klieger Sarah B. , Duggan Christopher , Huskins W. Charles , Milstone Aaron M. , Potter-Bynoe Gail , Raphael Bram , Sandora Thomas J. , Song Xiaoyan , Zerr Danielle M. ,   Pediatric Prevention EpiCenter Consortium
Published: October 2014

Objective.To develop a candidate definition for central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) in neonates with presumed mucosal barrier injury due to gastrointestinal (MBI-GI) conditions and to evaluate epidemiology and microbiology of MBI-GI CLABSI in infantsDesign.Multicenter retrospective cohort study.Setting.Neonatal intensive care units from 14 US children’s hospitals and pediatric facilities.Methods.A multidisciplinary focus group developed a candidate MBI-GI CLABSI definition based on presence of an MBI-GI condition, parenteral nutrition (PN) exposure, and an eligible enteric organism. CLABSI surveillance data from participating hospitals were supplemented by chart review to identify MBI-GI conditions and PN exposure.Results.During 2009–2012, 410 CLABSIs occurred in 376 infants. MBI-GI conditions and PN exposure occurred in 149 (40%) and 324 (86%) of these 376 neonates, respectively. The distribution of pathogens was similar among neonates with versus without MBI-GI conditions and PN exposure. Fifty-nine (16%) of the 376 initial CLABSI episodes met the candidate MBI-GI CLABSI definition. Subsequent versus initial CLABSIs were more likely to be caused by an enteric organism (22 of 34 [65%] vs 151 of 376 [40%]; P = .009) and to meet the candidate MBI-GI CLABSI definition (19 of 34 [56%] vs 59 of 376 [16%]; P < .01).Conclusions.While MBI-GI conditions and PN exposure were common, only 16% of initial CLABSIs met the candidate definition of MBI-GI CLABSI. The high proportion of MBI-GI CLABSIs among subsequent infections suggests that infants with MBI-GI CLABSI should be a population targeted for further surveillance and interventional research.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(11):1391–1399
ExportAid: database of RNA elements regulating nuclear RNA export in mammals
Authors: Giulietti Matteo , Milantoni Sara Armida , Armeni Tatiana , Principato Giovanni , Piva Francesco 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMotivation: Regulation of nuclear mRNA export or retention is carried out by RNA elements but the mechanism is not yet well understood. To understand the mRNA export process, it is important to collect all the involved RNA elements and their trans-acting factors.Results: By hand-curated literature screening we collected, in ExportAid database, experimentally assessed data about RNA elements regulating nuclear export or retention of endogenous, heterologous or artificial RNAs in mammalian cells. This database could help to understand the RNA export language and to study the possible export efficiency alterations owing to mutations or polymorphisms. Currently, ExportAid stores 235 and 96 RNA elements, respectively, increasing and decreasing export efficiency, and 98 neutral assessed sequences.Availability and implementation: Freely accessible without registration at http://www.introni.it/ExportAid/ExportAid.html . Database and web interface are implemented in Perl, MySQL, Apache and JavaScript with all major browsers supported.Contact: f.piva@univpm.it