bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I.—The Clyde Sea Area
Authors: Mill Hugh Robert 
Published: January 2013

The first two parts of this paper—Physical Geography and Salinity—were communicated to the Society on May 18th, 1891, and published in the Transactions, Vol. XXXVI, Part III., No. 23, pp. 641–729.Various circumstances have prevented me from sooner presenting the concluding part of the discussion. I postponed publication again and again, in the hope that it might be possible to discuss the results more thoroughly, and deduce from them more clearly than I have been able to do the laws which regulate the heat-transactions of sea-water of varying salinity, contained in basins of differing degrees of isolation from the circulation of the ocean. At length the conclusion has been arrived at that the observations are not sufficiently uniform, regular, and close to warrant the expenditure of the time devoted to their discussion. Many months of work have been occupied in proving that some special manner of classifying and treating the data led to no definite result. Thus, it is unnecessary to describe several series of voluminous calculations, or to bring forward a great number of maps and sections on which the distribution of temperature was plotted in different ways. It is difficult to establish theoretical conclusions of a general and far-reaching kind from my work, and I have not attempted to compare it with the many memoirs published in continental journals, on the temperature of lakes, fjords, and enclosed seas.
V.—On the Fossil Flora of the Yorkshire Coal Field
Authors: Kidston Robert 
Published: January 2013

For many years the Fossil Flora of the Yorkshire Coal Field has been engaging my attention, and among the species occurring in that district are many of considerable interest. This Coal Field supplied Artis with the specimens which he figured and described in his Antediluvian Phytology.In 1888, at the Annual Meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union, held at Malton, a committee was formed for the investigation of the Fossil Flora of Yorkshire, and since that date four Reports have been prepared and published based upon specimens submitted to me for examination by private collectors, and from collections contained in public museums. These Reports only contain lists of the species found, and the localities and horizons from which the specimens were derived, with any occasional short notes that might have been thought necessary. All detailed descriptions or critical remarks were deferred, and the present paper is the first of what I hope may be several, dealing more in detail with the Fossil Flora of the Yorkshire Coal Field.
XIX.—On the Total Intensity of Interfering Light
Authors: Stokes  
Published: January 2013

[Extracted from a Letter addressed to Professor Kelland.]My dear Sir,In reading your paper in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. xv., p. 315, some years ago, it occurred to me to try whether it would not be possible to give a general demonstration of the theorem, applying to apertures of all forms. I arrived at a proof, which I wrote out, but have never published. As I think it will interest you I will communicate it. You may make any use you please of it.Case I. Aperture in front of a lens; light thrown on a screen at the focus, or received through an eye-piece, through which the luminous point is seen in focus.The expression for the intensity is given in Airy's Tract, Prop. 20. If the intensity of the incident light at the distance of the aperture be taken for unity, and D be the quantity by which any element of the area of the aperture must be divided in forming the expression for the vibration, that expression becomesthe integration being extended over the whole aperture. If it should be necessary to suppose a change of phase to take place in the act of diffraction, such change may be included in the constant B.
XX.—Some Observations on the Charr (Salmo umbla), relating chiefly to its Generation and Early Stage of Life
Authors: Davy John 
Published: January 2013

The natural history of the Charr, especially as regards its generation and the early period of its life, is admitted to be very defective, partly, no doubt, arising from the peculiar habits of the fish withdrawing it from observation, and in part, and more, to the circumstance that it is comparatively of rare occurrence, being found only in a limited number of the deepest lakes of this country, and, with few exceptions, seldom taken by the angler, and consequently a good deal removed from the notice of the naturalist.Residing for several years in the neighbourhood of Windermere,—a lake in which this fish, though decreasing in number, is still pretty abundant,—I endeavoured to collect information respecting its breeding, the time required for the hatching of its ova, and the peculiarities of the young fish after its exclusion, but in a great measure in vain. The fishermen of the lake were acquainted with its spawning season and the spawning localities; but none of them had ever seen a young charr after its quitting the egg, nor till it had attained a notable size.
XXXIX.—On the Absolute Zero of the Perfect Gas Thermometer; being a Note to a Paper on the Mechanical Action of Heat
Authors: Rankine William John Macquorn 
Published: January 2013

Temperature being measured by the pressure of a perfect gas at constant density, the absolute zero of temperature is that point on the thermometric scale at which, if it were possible to maintain a perfect gas at so low a temperature, the pressure would be null.The position of this point is of great importance, both theoretically and practically; for by reckoning temperatures from it, the laws of phenomena depending on heat are reduced to a more simple form than they are when any other zero is adopted.
VI.—The Meteorology of Edinburgh
Authors: Mossman Robert C. 
Published: January 2013

The first part of this paper was communicated to the Society on June 1, 1896, and published in the Transactions (vol. xxxviii. part iii., No. 20, pp. 681–755), the data there discussed being mean values of the climatic elements for each day in the year.In the present paper an attempt will be made to focus the results deduced from an examination and reduction of the various meteorological registers kept in Edinburgh from 1731 to 1736 and from 1764 to the present time, with special reference to secular and other weather changes.The condensed results of a number of minor papers dealing with subjects which have, in many cases, formed part of the daily routine of observation during the last ten years have also been included. Attention may also be called to the list of remarkable atmospheric occurrences, such as phenomenal gales, snow-storms, auroras, etc., which is contained in the appendix. In presenting this paper my warm thanks must be expressed to Dr Buchan, from whom I received invaluable advice when points of difficulty arose in the reduction of the observations.
VII.—The Automorphic Linear Transformation of a Quadric
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: January 2013

(1) It is well known that Cayley effected the transformation ofby introducing an intermediary set of variablesconnected with each of the other sets by means of a linear substitution of a peculiar type. The substitutions in fact wereandwhere the determinant of the first substitution is unit-axial and skew, and the determinant of the second substitution is got from the preceding determinant by changing rows into columns, and where, therefore, the number of arbitrary quantities introduced by the two substitutions is only ½n(n−1).
XI.—Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland. Chapter VIII—Silicates
Authors: Heddle M. Forster 
Published: January 2013

The earlier mineralogists laboured under two great disadvantages. They could not readily, on account of the small number of students of chemistry, call in the aid of that science: and at the time when mineralogy was becoming a distinct branch of science chemistry was in itself crude as well as cumbrous. They were thus forced to rely chiefly upon external properties; and, where crystalline form was absent, they were confined to what may be called physical properties alone.Their knowledge of the composition of bodies being thus limited and uncertain, the old nomenclature was to a considerable extent founded upon external features alone.
I.—A Contribution to the Life-Histories of the Cod and Whiting
Authors: Masterman Arthur T. 
Published: January 2013

Considering the abundance of this gadoid, it is a matter for surprise that our knowledge of its life-history is not more complete. The work of Prof. Sars upon the cod in Norwegian waters is well known, and need not be referred to in any detail here. It is, however, important to avoid the assumption that his account will apply in every detail to the cod of British waters.In 1883 Prof. M'Intosh showed that the cod spawned in early spring and that spawning was effected outside the territorial limit. Dr Fulton, from an examination of a number of captured specimens, was led to the same conclusion; and further, that the cod, whilst having an extended spawning period reaching from January to June, must be regarded as having a main period of February, March, and April, the great majority of individuals spawning in the month of March. Thus whilst 40 per cent, of the fish examined in March were mature, the proportion fell to 16 per cent, for February and April, and 10 per cent, for May. In estimating the growth of this species, by the method pursued below, it is probably most correct to regard the true spawning period as including the months of February, March, April, and May. A study of the distribution of pelagic eggs off the Frith of Forth leads to a similar conclusion. From this latter source the spawning period of the cod can be defined as extending from the third week in February to the second week in May, with a maximum in early April.
IX.—Some Identities connected with Alternants, and with Elliptic Functions
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: January 2013

(l) Cayley in his paper entitled “Note sur l'addition des fonctions elliptiques” obtains among other similar things an expression forin terms ofwhereThe form of the expression is the quotient of two determinants, and as the expression becomes useless for such cases as u = v, u = w, … on account of the simultaneous vanishing of numerator and denominator, he is led to seek a means of throwing out the common evanescent factors.
XXV.—The Generating Function of the Reciprocal of a Determinant
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: January 2013

(1) This is a subject to which very little study has been directed. The first to enunciate any proposition regarding it was Jacobi; but the solitary result which he reached received no attention from mathematicians,—certainly no fruitful attention,—during seventy years following the publication of it.Jacobi was concerned with a problem regarding the partition of a fraction with composite denominator (u1 − t1) (u2 − t2) … into other fractions whose denominators are factors of the original, where u1, u2, … are linear homogeneous functions of one and the same set of variables. The specific character of the partition was only definable by viewing the given fraction (u1−t1)−1 (u2−t2)−1…as expanded in series form, it being required that each partial fraction should be the aggregate of a certain set of terms in this series. Of course the question of the order of the terms in each factor of the original denominator had to be attended to at the outset, since the expansion for (a1x+b1y+c1z−t)−1 is not the same as for (b1y+c1z+a1x−t)−1. Now one general proposition to which Jacobi was led in the course of this investigation was that the coefficient ofx1−1x2−1x3−1…in the expansion ofy1−1u2−1u3−1…, whereis |a1b2c3…|−1, provided that in energy case the first term of uris that containing xr.
XVIII.—On Steam and Brines
Authors: Buchanan J. Y. 
Published: January 2013

The immediate purpose of the present research was the investigation of the temperature at different pressures of boiling mixtures of steam and salts, analogous to the well-known freezing mixtures of ice and salt.When steam is blown through common salt in coarse powder, it condenses to water, which dissolves some of the salt, and the resulting brine is kept boiling by the arrival of more steam. The temperature of this boiling mixture is quite constant so long as there is an abundant supply both of steam and of salt, and as the atmospheric pressure does not change, it is about 8·5° C. above the temperature of boiling water when the barometric pressure is the normal of 760 mm. When the barometric pressure is 560 mm. this excess has fallen to 8·0° C. Most other salts behave in a similar way.
XIII.—Hegel and the Metaphysics of the Fluxional Calculus
Authors: Smith W. Robertson 
Published: January 2013

It is now many years since Dr Whewell drew the attention of the Cambridge Philosophical Society to the courageous, if somewhat Quixotic, attempts of Hegel to cast discredit on Newton's law of gravitation, and on the mathematical demonstrations of Kepler's laws given in the “Principia.” At the time when Whewell wrote, it would probably have been difficult to find in Britain any one ready to maintain the cause of Hegel in this matter, or even to hint that the astounding arguments of the Naturphilosophie flowed from any deeper source than self-complacent ignorance.The present state of matters is different. The philosophy of Hegel is now for the first time beginning to have a direct and powerful influence on British speculation. Men are beginning to study Hegel; and an author whose works confessedly demand the labour of years, if they are to be fully understood, can hardly be studied at all except by devoted disciples. A man whose determination to master Hegel's philosophy survives the repelling impression which the obscurity and arrogance of the philosopher are sure to produce at first, is very likely to be carried away by the calm assumption of omniscience which runs through Hegel's writings. It is not, therefore, surprising that Dr Stirling extends his admiration to Hegel's physical positions; and if he does not venture to say that Hegel's proof of Kepler's laws is right, at least feels sure that it would repay the attention of mathematicians.
XXII.—The Nudibranchiata of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Eliot Charles 
Published: January 2013

The nudibranchs collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition comprise only six species, but these include two new and interesting genera.The species are—1. Notaeolidia gigas, gen. et spec. nov.2. N. purpurea, sp. nov.3. Tritonia appendiculata, sp. nov.4. T. pallida, Stimpson.5. Tritoniopsis brucei, gen. et sp. nov.6. Scyllaea pelagica, L.The Scyllaea was caught on the return voyage, in the Atlantic, 32° N., 33° W.; Tritonia pallida, off Dassen Island, forty miles north of Cape Town; Tritoniopsis brucei, off Gough Island, 40° 20′ S., 9° 56′ W.; and the three remaining species in Antarctic waters.
XXVII.—The Tardigrada of the Scottish Lochs
Authors: Murray James 
Published: January 2013

Although they are thoroughly aquatic animals, the Tardigrada. are not very abundant in permanent waters. They are most thoroughly at home in situations where the supply of moisture is intermittent, and are therefore conspicuous members of that numerous community of animals known as moss-dwellers. They share with the Bdelloid Rotifera the power of withstanding dessication.Although they have their headquarters in land mosses, many species are quite at home in ponds, rivers, and lakes.As lacustrine animals they belong entirely to the littoral region, into which they no doubt continually migrate from the adjoining mosses. A favourite habitat is that strip of shore between the highest and lowest levels of the lake, the ‘grève inondable’. of Forel. Into this often mossy margin they may migrate in the ordinary way, when the loch is low. The next step may be involuntary—the loch rises during floods, and the bears, in common with many other animals, find themselves, willy-nilly, converted into lake-dwellers. It appears to be certain that of the water-bears introduced into lakes, by whatever means, some have found the conditions very congenial. Several species have hitherto been found nowhere but in lakes.
XXIX.—Semi-regular Networks of the Plane in Absolute Geometry
Authors: Sommerville Duncan M. Y. 
Published: January 2013

§ 1. The networks considered in the following paper are those networks of the plane whose meshes are regular polygons with the same length of side.When the polygons are all of the same kind the network is called regular, otherwise it is semi-regular.The regular networks have been investigated for the three geometries from various standpoints, the chief of which may be noted.1. The three geometries can be treated separately. For Euclidean geometry we have then to find what regular polygons will exactly fill up the space round a point. For elliptic geometry we have to find the regular divisions of the sphere, or, what is the same thing, the regular polyhedra in ordinary space. The regular networks which do not belong to either of these classes are then those of the hyperbolic plane.
XXXIII.—The Alcyonarians of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Thomson J. Arthur , Ritchie James 
Published: January 2013

The Aleyonarians collected by Mr W. S. Bruce on the Scotia voyage represent nine species—six of which are new, namely:—Primnoisis ramosa, n. sp.Thonarella brucci, n. sp.Amphilaphis regularis, Wright and Studer.Primnoella scotiæ, n. sp.Primnoella magellanica, Studer.Paramuricea robusta, n. sp.Gorgonia wrighti, n. sp.Gorgonia studeri, n. sp.Umbellula durissima, Kölliker.Apart from the six new species, the collection is of interest in extending our knowledge of the geographical distribution of previously recorded forms. Thus Amphilaphis regularis, Wright and Studer, previously collected off Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha, and off Nightingale Island, was got in abundance off St Helena; Primnoella magellanica, Studer, previously collected off Monte Video and in the Magellan Straits, was obtained at Burdwood Bank 54° 25′ S., 57° 32′ W.; while Umbellula durissima, Wright and Studer, previously obtained by the Challenger from the North Pacific Ocean, south of Yeddo, was found by the Scotia at 48° 06′ S., 10° 5′ W.
XIV.—On a New Species of Sclerocheilus, with a Revision of the Genus
Authors: Ashworth J. H. 
Published: January 2013

The Polychæte family Scalibregmidæ comprises seven genera, the limits and interrelationships of which are, however, still imperfectly known. The present paper results from a detailed study of one of these genera, a new species of which is described, chiefly from a specimen collected in Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, and entrusted to me for examination by Dr W. S. Bruce.Description of the Specimen Collected in Scotia Bay, South Orkneys.: This specimen, the only Scalibregmid found by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, was dredged on a stony bottom in ten fathoms at Station 325, in Scotia Bay, South Orkneys (lat. 60° 43′ 42″ S.; long. 44° 38′ 33″ W.), in August 1903.The worm, which is yellowish brown in colour (in alcohol), is 19 mm. long. The anterior portion is broad; the maximum breadth, 3 mm., is reached about the level of the 10th segment; from this region the worm tapers gradually to the anal segment. The dorsal surface of the worm is strongly convex; the ventral surface is flattened, and there is a well-marked depression which extends along the mid-ventral line from the 2nd chætiferous segment almost to the anus.
X.—On the Foundations of the Kinetic Theory of Gases. IV.
Authors: Tait  
Published: January 2013

[A few words are necessary to explain why the present paper has hitherto been printed in Abstract only, and to show what modifications it has undergone since it was read more than two years ago.In the paper, as it was first presented to the Society, I contented myself with the usual practice of extracting from the virial a negative term (— βp) to represent at least a portion of the part due to the molecular repulsion at impact. But, as will be seen by the Abstract printed at the time (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., 21/1/89), I stated that though this procedure is correct when molecular attraction is not taken into account, it requires considerable modification when such attractions are introduced. I also stated that its main effect would be to alter one of the disposable quantities (A) in my equation. I have since seen that the definition, of what we are now to understand by “temperature,” which I then introduced, leads naturally and directly to the writing of a part of A in the form−e(E+C/(v+γ)),where E is proportional to the absolute temperature and to the average energy of a free particle. This remark really substitutes the new undetermined quantity e for the β which occurred in my former expression.
XI.—Anatomical Description of Two New Genera of Aquatic Oligochœta
Authors: Beddard Frank E. 
Published: January 2013

At present our knowledge of the exotic genera of the aquatic Oligochæta is not very far advanced. During the last twenty years there has been a considerable accumulation of descriptions of exotic Earthworms, but the lower Oligochæta have been much less studied. The principal investigations into this group have been carried on by Eisen, who has made us acquainted with a number of interesting forms, belonging to the families Tubificidæ and Lumbriculidæ, from North America. Other naturalists, such as Leidy, have also dealt with the Oligochætous fauna of that country; but their papers have chiefly had for their object the discrimination of genera and species, and are not so much concerned with the description and delineation of anatomical structure. Beyond the series of papers published by the above-mentioned authors, we have only a few scattered memoirs by other writers upon exotic species of “Limicolous” Oligochæta.Having recently been awarded, by the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society, a sum of money to assist me in the investigation of the Oligochæta, I have been anxious not to limit myself to Earthworms, but to obtain as many specimens of the aquatic forms as possible.
XIV.—On the Relation of Nerves to Odontoblasts, and on the Growth of Dentine
Authors: Robertson W. G. Aitchison 
Published: January 2013

Clinical and pathological observation both show that the dentine of the tooth is very closely connected with the nervous system, and is in consequence highly sensitive. Upon what structures does the sensibility of the dentine depend? In what manner is the dentine connected with the nerves of the pulp so as to become so sensitive to external stimuli?Perhaps there is no other structure in the body which is so largely supplied with nerves as the pulp of the tooth; even in the smallest fragment we find many nerve fibres. If we take the pulp from the incisor tooth of an ox and examine it after having allowed it to lie in a solution of osmic acid for a few minutes, we can see clearly through the darkened semi-transparent tissue a large blackened nerve trunk passing up the centre of the pulp, giving off on its way innumerable lateral branches, and dividing in a brush-like manner near the upper part of the pulp. All the fine branches are directed towards the periphery of the pulp. In longitudinal sections of the pulp we can see the same in greater detail; many large bundles of medullated and non-medullated nerve fibres running longitudinally near the centre and giving off lateral branches, which are found in great numbers near the periphery and divide into single nerve fibres just under the odontoblastic layer, being specially numerous at the apex of the pulp.