bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced relationship between the tropical Atlantic SST and the summertime western North Pacific subtropical high after the early 1980s
Authors: Hong Chi‐Cherng , Chang Tao‐Chi , Hsu Huang‐Hsiung 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) in boreal summer shows a remarkable enhancement after the early 1980s. Whereas the sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Indian Ocean (NIO) and the equatorial eastern Pacific had been noted to have remarkable local or remote effects on enhancing the WNPSH, the influence of the Atlantic SST, so far, is hardly explored. This article reports a new finding: enhanced relationship between the tropical Atlantic (TA)‐SST and the WNPSH after the early 1980s. Regression study suggests that the warm TA‐SST produced a zonally overturning circulation anomaly, with descending over the equatorial central Pacific and ascending over the tropical Atlantic/eastern Pacific. The anomalous descending over the equatorial central Pacific likely induced low‐level anticyclonic anomaly to the west and therefore enhanced the WNPSH. One implication of this new finding is for predictability. The well‐known “spring predictability barrier” (i.e., the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) falls dramatically during boreal spring) does not apply to the TA‐SST/WNPSH relationship. The TA‐SST shows consistently high correlation starting from boreal spring when the ENSO influence continues declining. The TA‐SST extends the predictability of the WNPSH in boreal summer approximately one season earlier to boreal spring.
The Next Generation Science Standards: A potential revolution for geoscience education
Authors: Wysession Michael E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe first and only set of U.S.‐nationally distributed K‐12 science education standards have been adopted by many states across America, with the potential to be adopted by many more. Earth and space science plays a prominent role in the new standards, with particular emphasis on critical Earth issues such as climate change, sustainability, and human impacts on Earth systems. In the states that choose to adopt the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), American youth will have a rigorous practice‐based formal education in these important areas. Much work needs to be done to insure the adoption and adequate implementation of the NGSS by a majority of American states, however, and there are many things that Earth and space scientists can do to help facilitate the process.SummaryThe first and only set of U.S. national K‐12 science education standards are currently being adopted by states across America. Earth and space science plays a prominent role in the new standards. The majority of future Americans could soon have rigorous practice‐based formal education in critical Earth issues such as changes to climate systems, human impacts on Earth systems, and human sustainability.
Age at death and linear enamel hypoplasias: Testing the effects of childhood stress and adult socioeconomic circumstances in premature mortality
Authors: Amoroso Alexandra , Garcia Susana J. , Cardoso Hugo F.V. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this study was to test the association between linear enamel hypolasias and adult socioeconomic circumstances with age at death in a modern skeletal sample of known age. Specifically, this study wishes to test whether there is a relationship between early life stressors, environmental quality in adult life and premature mortality.MethodsThe presence/absence of LEH and the number of LEH episodes were recorded in 113 adult males from the Lisbon identified skeletal collection. The association between LEH and age was quantified using linear regression and binary logistic regression models, calculating crude and adjusted linear regression coefficients and odds ratios. The models were adjusted for year of birth, socioeconomic and migration status, and cause of death.ResultsThe presence and number of LEH were related to premature mortality. Individuals expressing at least one enamel defect survived 9.0 years less or were 2.5 times more likely to die before 53 years of age compared to individuals with no LEH. However, when controlling for the confounding factors considered, the association between LEH and age became nonsignificant.ConclusionsThe results indicate that although early life stressors, identified as LEH, seem strongly associated with premature mortality, adulthood socioeconomic circumstances accounts for most of the decreased longevity. This suggests that either macroscopically identified LEH in the permanent canine do not measure stressors early in life, or that a cumulative adversity model is a more adequate explanation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:461–468, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Steady‐state and synchronous spectrofluorimetric methods for simultaneous determination of aliskiren hemifumarate and amlodipine besylate in dosage forms
Authors: Ebeid Walid M. , Elkady Ehab F. , El‐Zaher Asmaa A. , El‐Bagary Ramzia I. , Patonay Gabor 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTAliskiren hemifumarate (ALS) and amlodipine besylate (AML) were simultaneously determined by two different spectrofluorimetric techniques. The first technique depends on direct measurement of the steady‐state fluorescence intensities of ALS and AML at 313 nm and 452 nm upon excitation at 290 and 375 nm, respectively, in a solvent composed of methanol and water (10: 90, v/v) . The second technique utilizes synchronous fluorimetric quantitative screening of the emission spectra of ALS and AML at 272 and 366 nm, respectively using Δλ of 97 nm. Effects of different solvents and surfactants on relative fluorescence intensity were studied. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. Linearity, accuracy and precision were found to be satisfactory in both techniques over the concentration ranges of 1–15 and 0.4–4 µg/mL for ALS and AML, respectively. In the first technique, limit of detection and limit of quantification were estimated and found to be 0.256 and 0.776 µg/mL for ALS as well as 0.067 and 0.204 µg/mL for AML, respectively. Also, limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated in the synchronous method and found to be 0.293 and 0.887 µg/mL for ALS as well as 0.034 and 0.103 µg/mL for AML, respectively. The methods were successfully applied for the determination of the two drugs in their co‐formulated tablets. The results were compared statistically with reference methods and no significant difference was found. The developed methods are rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and accurate for the quality control and routine analysis of the cited drugs in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations without pre‐separation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of aromatase inhibitors and body mass index on steroid hormone levels in women with early and advanced breast cancer
Authors: Elliott K M , Dent J , Stanczyk F Z , Woodley L , Coombes R C , Purohit A , Palmieri C 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are central to the management of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in the adjuvant and metastatic setting. Levels of circulating steroid hormones (SHs) were measured in patients established on AIs to investigate: the influence of body mass index (BMI) in both the adjuvant and metastatic setting; the class of AI utilized in the adjuvant setting (steroidal versus non-steroidal); and differences in SH levels between women treated adjuvantly and those receiving a second-line AI for locally advanced/metastatic disease.

Methods
Plasma levels of androstenedione, 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol, dehydroepiandrosterone, oestradiol and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in women with breast cancer who were receiving AIs in either an adjuvant or a metastatic setting. Differences between mean SH levels by class of AI, BMI, and second-line versus adjuvant therapy were assessed.

Results
Sixty-four women were receiving AI therapy, 45 (70 per cent) in an adjuvant setting and 19 (30 per cent) were taking a second-line AI. There was no significant correlation between BMI and SH levels. However, BMI was significantly higher in the second-line AI cohort compared with the adjuvant cohort (29·8 versus 26·2 kg/m2 respectively; P = 0·026). In the adjuvant setting, patients receiving a steroidal AI had significantly higher levels of all five hormones (P &lt; 0·050). In the second-line AI cohort, oestradiol levels were significantly higher than in the adjuvant cohort (4·5 versus 3·3 pg/ml respectively; P = 0·022). Multivariable analysis adjusted for BMI confirmed the higher residual oestradiol level in the second-line AI group (P = 0·063) and a significantly higher androstenedione level (P = 0·022).

Conclusion
Residual levels of SH were not significantly influenced by BMI. However, the significant differences in residual SH levels between the second-line and adjuvant AI cohort is of relevance in the context of resistance to AI therapy, and warrants further investigation.
Enantiomeric separation of indoxacarb on an amylose‐based chiral stationary phase and its application in study of indoxacarb degradation in water
Authors: Zhang Yuping , Zhang Kankan , Song Baoan , Ling Hurong , Li Zhining , Li Meichuan , Hu Deyu 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTDirect semipreparative enantioseparation of indoxacarb was performed on a semipreparative Chiralpak IA column using normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with n‐hexane–isopropanol–ethyl acetate (70:20:10) mixture as mobile phase. Degradation of indoxacarb (2.33S + 1R) and its two enantiopure isoforms in three aqueous buffer solutions and four water samples collected from natural water sources was then elucidated by HPLC analysis on Chiralpak IA column. Degradation of all three indoxacarbs complied with first‐order kinetics and demonstrated linearity with regression coefficients R2 > 0.88. Indoxacarb (2.33S + 1R) underwent enantioselective degradation in river water, rain water, and buffer solution of pH 7.0. Enantiopure S‐(+)‐indoxacarb and R‐(−)‐indoxacarb were both found to be configurationally stable in water. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Pilot Study of Associations Between Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa and Carers' Distress
Authors: Slater Judith , Treasure Janet , Schmidt Ulrike , Gilchrist Peter , Wade Tracey D. 
Published: March 2014

In order to investigate the degree to which symptom reduction in the treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (AN) impacted on their carers' psychological distress, we examined 12 participants in an outpatient treatment trial and their nominated ‘significant other’. Measures of eating psychopathology in the person being treated for AN were collected on six occasions: baseline, session 4, session 10, session 25 (end of treatment), and at three‐month and 12‐month follow‐up. At these same time points, measures of psychological distress were collected from carers. Early significant reductions in eating psychopathology were found in the AN group at session 4, whereas significant reductions in carers' distress were found at three‐month follow‐up and maintained at 12‐month follow‐up. These reductions were moderated by baseline body mass index of the person with AN. Carers whose significant other had a lower BMI at baseline received most benefit in terms of symptom reduction at 12‐month follow‐up. Clinical implications include the need to provide more direct support to carers in order to achieve more clinically significant reductions in distress, and the need to discuss a carer's expectations of the recovery process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:

Only 61% of adults being treated for anorexia nervosa (AN) were willing to allow their carer to be contacted by researchers in order to ask them to complete questionnaires over the duration of treatment and follow‐up.
Significant reductions in eating psychopathology from those being treated for AN was followed by significant reductions in their carers' distress some 12 months later.
Reductions of carers' distress was associated with only a small effect size and may indicate that more clinically significant reductions requires individualised support for the carers.
Carers whose significant other had a lower body mass index at baseline received most benefit in terms of symptom reduction at 12‐month follow‐up, which may indicate a need to clarify a carer's expectations of the recovery process.
A design methodology for power‐efficient reconfigurable SC ΔΣ modulators
Authors: Porrazzo S. , Morgado A. , San Segundo Bello D. , Van Hoof C. , Yazicioglu R. Firat , van Roermund A. H. M. , Cantatore E. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThis paper presents a methodology to design reconfigurable switched‐capacitor delta‐sigma modulators (ΔΣMs) capable of keeping their corresponding power efficiency figures constant and optimal for a set of resolutions and signal bandwidths. This method is especially suitable for low‐bandwidth, medium‐to‐high‐resolution specifications, which are common in biomedical application range. The presented methodology is based on an analytic model of all different contributions to the power dissipation of the ΔΣM. In particular, a novel way to predict the static power dissipated by integrators based on class A and class AB operational transconductance amplifier is presented. The power‐optimal solution is found in terms of filter order, quantizer resolution, oversampling ratio, and capacitor dimensions for a targeted resolution and bandwidth. As the size of the sampling capacitors is crucial to determine power consumption, three approaches to achieve reconfigurability are compared: sizing the sampling capacitors to achieve the highest resolution and keep them constant, change only the first sampling capacitor according to the targeted resolution, or program all sampling capacitors to the required resolution. The second approach results in the best trade‐off between power efficiency and simplicity. A reconfigurable ΔΣM for biomedical applications is designed at transistor level in a 0.18‐µm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process following the methodology discussed. A comparison between the power estimated by the proposed analytic model and the transistor implementation shows a maximum difference of 17%, validating thus the proposed approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benthic N2 fixation in coral reefs and the potential effects of human‐induced environmental change
Authors: Cardini Ulisse , Bednarz Vanessa N. , Foster Rachel A. , Wild Christian 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTropical coral reefs are among the most productive and diverse ecosystems, despite being surrounded by ocean waters where nutrients are in short supply. Benthic dinitrogen (N2) fixation is a significant internal source of “new” nitrogen (N) in reef ecosystems, but related information appears to be sparse. Here, we review the current state (and gaps) of knowledge on N2 fixation associated with coral reef organisms and their ecosystems. By summarizing the existing literature, we show that benthic N2 fixation is an omnipresent process in tropical reef environments. Highest N2 fixation rates are detected in reef‐associated cyanobacterial mats and sea grass meadows, clearly showing the significance of these functional groups, if present, to the input of new N in reef ecosystems. Nonetheless, key benthic organisms such as hard corals also importantly contribute to benthic N2 fixation in the reef. Given the usually high coral coverage of healthy reef systems, these results indicate that benthic symbiotic associations may be more important than previously thought. In fact, mutualisms between carbon (C) and N2 fixers have likely evolved that may enable reef communities to mitigate N limitation. We then explore the potential effects of the increasing human interferences on the process of benthic reef N2 fixation via changes in diazotrophic populations, enzymatic activities, or availability of benthic substrates favorable to these microorganisms. Current knowledge indicates positive effects of ocean acidification, warming, and deoxygenation and negative effects of increased ultraviolet radiation on the amount of N fixed in coral reefs. Eutrophication may either boost or suppress N2 fixation, depending on the nutrient becoming limiting. As N2 fixation appears to play a fundamental role in nutrient‐limited reef ecosystems, these assumptions need to be expanded and confirmed by future research efforts addressing the knowledge gaps identified in this review.
Phosphorus: Too Big to Fail
Authors: Schipper Willem 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPhosphorus has a paramount importance in our life. Unfortunately, phosphorus deposits are increasingly becoming depleted, the element being discarded once it is used. Therefore, the need arises for a form of phosphorus stewardship. First steps have been taken towards this goal. This essay aims to serve as an introduction to, and overview of, the issue.
Peptidosteroid Tweezers Revisited: DNA Binding Through an Optimised Design
Authors: Carrette Lieselot L. G. , Morii Takashi , Madder Annemieke 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA dipodal peptidosteroid based on a deoxycholic acid scaffold was designed as a transcription factor model to study, and ultimately interfere in, selective protein–DNA interactions. In this paper, the selective binding of such a dipodal peptidosteroid to its DNA binding site is described for the first time, thus proving the concept and confirming the potential of the design. To achieve this, two 25‐mer peptides were synthesized in parallel and in close proximity on a rigid amphiphilic scaffold, attached by flexible linkers. Peptide aggregation complicated the synthesis under conventional conditions to such an extent that optimization and the use of microwave assistance were required for a successful synthesis. As such, this synthesis is a good model to showcase the beneficial effects of microwave assistance in peptide synthesis.
Trends of weekly musculoskeletal pain from 2000 to 2012: National study of Finnish university students
Authors: Oksanen A.M. , Laimi K. , Löyttyniemi E. , Kunttu K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere are no nationwide trend surveys of the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among university students. The aim of the study was to examine whether the prevalence of perceived musculoskeletal pain symptoms among Finnish university students has changed from 2000 to 2012, and to explore the co‐occurrence of these symptoms.MethodsFour cross‐sectional nationwide representative samples (n = 11,502) were compared in 2000 (n = 3174), 2004 (n = 3153), 2008 (n = 2750) and 2012 (n = 2425). The prevalence of weekly neck‐shoulder, lower back, limb or joint, and temporomandibular joint pain was studied.ResultsAll the studied pains increased significantly from 2000 to 2012. The prevalence rate of neck‐shoulder pain increased from 25% to 29%, lower back pain from 10% to 14%, and limb and joint pain increased from 7% to 8%. The prevalence of pain in temporomandibular joint increased from 4% to 5%. In addition, the co‐occurrence of different musculoskeletal pain symptoms increased. All of these pain symptoms were more common among female students and among older students.ConclusionAn increasing trend in the prevalence of frequent musculoskeletal pain was found over the period of 12‐years among Finnish university students.
“The Boy Made of Lightning”
Authors: Gainer Jesse 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis column explores 21st century literacies through a sociocultural lens. Through an analysis and discussion of an ebook about the life of civil‐rights activist and voting rights pioneer, Willie Velasquez, the author illustrates the powerful potential of new technology to produce multi‐modal texts that can help students and educators study civic engagement and pursue ‘more democratic space’ inside and outside of classrooms.
Reconceptualizing Vulnerability in Personal Narrative Writing With Youths
Authors: Johnson Elisabeth 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThrough a student/teacher classroom conflict, the author explores ways adults produce student writers as vulnerable. Drawing on post‐structural concepts of adolescence, identity production, interrogation, and vulnerability, the author details how an English teacher invited students to perform vulnerability in personal narratives about issues like pregnancy, drug use, or domestic violence. As the context for the writing project shifted in the media and the local school community, so did ways their teacher produced students' personal narratives asking writers to re‐edit personal narratives to protect themselves from adult scrutiny. However, students interrogated this vulnerable identity, prompting their teacher to rethink her conception of vulnerability. The article closes with Judith Butler's reconceptualization of vulnerability as an active performance through which adults might turn fearful responses to students' personal disclosures into opportunities to engage more deeply with students, their families, and their own personal histories with norms for personal disclosure.
Revealing the Nature of Contemporary Tourism Research: Extracting Common Subject Areas through Bibliographic Coupling
Authors: Yuan Yulan , Gretzel Ulrike , Tseng Yuen‐Hsien 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study aims at identifying recent subject areas and citation patterns of tourism research by applying a bibliometric tool to analyze over 2000 publications since 2008 from 10 tourism journals. Twelve subject areas were identified, and interesting citation patterns were revealed. From this analysis, the tourism research was found to be quite dynamic but at the same time very much focused on marketing and management aspects. This article contributes to ongoing efforts to reveal the nature of tourism research and its knowledge bases by applying the methodology of bibliographic coupling. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.