bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Ridge Preservation at the Time of Tooth Extraction Improve Soft Tissue Volume and/or Implant Esthetics? A Review of Current Evidence
Authors: Geisinger Maria L. , Holmes Carolyn M. , Geurs Nicolaas C. , Reddy Michael S. 
Published: April 2014

Focused Clinical QuestionIn patients with a hopeless tooth who receive dental implant therapy for tooth replacement, does extraction socket bone grafting, ridge preservation, or socket conversion at the time of tooth extraction result in improved gingival contours and/or peri‐implant esthetics?Clinical ScenarioA 54‐year‐old male presents for extraction of a restoratively hopeless tooth #10 (Figs. 1 and 2). He is systemically healthy and has no contraindications to routine dental care. He is interested in tooth replacement with an implant and has high esthetic demands. He asks whether there is a treatment sequence that will improve the quality and/or quantity of gingiva at the future implant site. After explanation, he opts for a delayed treatment approach with extraction and ridge preservation at tooth site #10 (Fig. 3). After initial healing, the local volume of keratinized gingiva at the site of future implant placement was adequate and the patient was satisfied with the final implant esthetic outcome after two years in function (Figs. 4 and 5).
Detection of Non-Cavitated Occlusal Caries with Impedance Spectroscopy and Laser Fluorescence: an In Vitro Study
Authors: Mortensen Diana , Dannemand Katrine , Twetman Svante , Keller Mette Kirstine 
Published: April 2014

Objective:
To evaluate the performance of an impedance spectroscopy technology for detecting non-cavitated
occlusal caries lesions in permanent teeth in vitro. The method was compared with a commonly used laser fluorescence
device and validated against histology.

Material and Methodology:
A non-cavitated sample of 100 extracted posterior teeth was randomly selected and assessed
for caries on enamel and dentin level with aid of CarioScan PRO (ACIS) and DIAGNOdent pen (LF pen) by three examiners.
After the measurements, the extension of the lesion was histologically determined as gold standard. Sensitivity,
specificity, accuracy and receiver-operating curves were calculated. Intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility was expressed
by intra class correlation coefficients.

Results:
The histological caries prevalence was 99% and 41% exhibited dentin caries. The ACIS technique displayed high
specificities but almost negligible sensitivities at readings >50. A similar pattern was noted for the LF pen at readings >30.
The intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility varied between 0.47 and 0.98 and the values were generally lower for the
ACIS technique than for the LF pen. The inter-examiner agreement reached excellent levels with both methods.

Conclusions:
In vitro, the ACIS technique showed a low ability to disclose occlusal caries lesions in the enamel and/or
dentin of non-cavitated permanent molars. However, further in vivo studies of permanent occlusal surfaces are needed to
mirror the clinical situation.
History and Use of Wood Pyrolysis Liquids as Biocide and Plant Protection Product
Authors: Tiilikkala Kari , Fagernäs Leena , Tiilikkala Jasse 
Published: April 2014

Archeological studies have found that pyrolysis liquids were already used in the time of the Neanderthal. Wood
vinegar and other slow pyrolysis liquids are produced as a by-product of charcoal production. However, future business
ideas may be the other way round as pyrolysis liquids may replace synthetic chemicals in the form of pesticides and
biocides.
Directives and regulations related to the sustainable use of pesticides govern and direct plant protection strategies towards
a lower use of synthetic chemicals. It is hoped that many mega trends of global policies will boost the use of plant based
products given that a reduced reliance on fossil fuel is a general target in the global food and feed production economy.
Pyrolysis technology has been actively studied and developed around the world and is linked to the development of the
knowledge based bio-economy. The importance and social impact of pyrolysis technologies will also be enhanced
because it is a practicable technique in the sustainable use of wastes and biomasses. However, very little scientific evidence
is available to support efficacy claims of wood vinegar and toxicology assessments of the products used. Wood tar
has been investigated a bit more thoroughly. The aim of this review was to clarify the potential of slow pyrolysis liquids
in agricultural use, in particular, in pesticide applications. In addition, some of the main challenges in developing novel
bio control technologies are discussed and the barriers in the commercialization of biological control agents are revealed.
Valorization of Agricultural Residues by Fractionation of their Components
Authors: Jiménez Luis , Rodríguez Alejandro 
Published: April 2014

The combined production of the most abundant agricultural residues in Spain (viz. cereal straw, sunflower
stalks, vine shoots, cotton stalks, olive, orange and peach tree prunings, and horticultural and related residues) amounts to
over 50 million tons per year, more than 20% of which is generated by Andalusia alone.
Agricultural residues must be disposed of for various reasons including the facts that they promote contamination and pest
growth, occupy large expanses of land and hinder agricultural work. Ideally, the disposal method used should allow their
major components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) or their chemical potential energy to be exploited.
Agricultural residues can be valorized by converting their components jointly (combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction)
or separately (fractionation).
The most useful method for exploiting such components separately involves isolating cellulose fibres for papermaking
purposes. In recent times, this valorization method has led to the development of the biorefining concept. Biorefining involves
the fractionation or separation of the different lignocellulosic components of agricultural residues with a view to
their integral exploitation rather than the mere use of cellulose fibre to obtain paper products.
Biorefining replaces the classical pulping methods based on Kraft, sulphite and soda reagents with a hydrothermal treatment
followed by organosolv pulping. The hydrothermal treatment provides a liquid phase containing hemicellulose decomposition
products [both oligomers and monomers (glucose, xylose, arabinose)] and a solid phase rich in cellulose and
lignin. By contrast, the organosolv process gives a solid fraction (pulp) and a residual liquid fraction containing lignin and
other useful substances for various purposes.
Organizational Form and Accounting Choice: Are Nonprofit or For-Profit Managers More Aggressive?
Authors: Vermeer Thomas E. , Edmonds Christopher T. , Asthana Sharad C. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
Although recent academic studies on nonprofits have documented aggressive accounting behavior, these studies have primarily examined the sector in isolation and have not reached definitive conclusions regarding the relative aggressiveness of the nonprofit and for-profit sectors. Using actuarial assumptions for defined benefit (DB) pension plans as a proxy for discretionary accounting choices, we examine whether nonprofit managers respond through their actuarial choices to incentives to manage DB pension assumptions, and whether differences exist in the aggressiveness of these assumptions for nonprofits and for-profits. We find evidence consistent with nonprofits managing pension assumptions when incentives and less monitoring exist. Comparing our nonprofits to a sample of for-profits, we find evidence consistent with nonprofits utilizing more aggressive pension assumptions and making stronger responses to incentives to manage these assumptions. Our findings are consistent with the premise that nonprofits are more aggressive than for-profits when using actuarial estimates that deflate pension obligations and inflate performance.
Accounting Anomalies, Risk, and Return
Authors: Penman Stephen H. , Zhu Julie Lei 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
This paper investigates whether so-called anomalous returns predicted by accounting numbers reflect normal returns for risk or abnormal returns. It does so via a model showing how accounting numbers inform about normal returns if pricing were rational. The model equates expected returns to expectations of earnings and earnings growth, so that any variable that forecasts earnings and earnings growth also indicates the required return if the market prices those outcomes as risky. The empirical results confirm that many accounting anomaly variables (such as accruals, asset growth, and investment) forecast forward earnings and growth, and in the same direction in which they forecast returns. While the lack of an agreed-upon asset pricing model for required returns rules out definitive conclusions, the paper provides both a framework and supporting empirical results indicating that the observed “anomalous” returns associated with accounting numbers are consistent with rational pricing.
Accounting Standards and International Portfolio Holdings
Authors: Yu Gwen , Wahid Aida Sijamic 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
Do differences in countries' accounting standards affect global investment decisions? We explore this question by examining how accounting distance, the difference in the accounting standards used in the investor's and the investee's countries, affects the asset allocation decisions of global mutual funds. We find that investors tend to underweight investees with greater accounting distance. Using the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as an event that changed the accounting standards of various country-pairs, we examine how two sources of changes in accounting distance—(1) changes due to IFRS adoption of the investee, and (2) changes due to IFRS adoption in the investor's country—affect global portfolio allocation decisions. We find that the tendency to underinvest in investees with greater accounting distance significantly weakens when accounting distance is reduced, either from an investee's IFRS adoption or from IFRS adoption in the investor's country. The latter finding holds despite the fact that IFRS adoption in the investor's country had no impact on the accounting standards under which the investee firms present their financial information; the only change is in the investor's familiarity with these standards. This suggests that differences in accounting standards affect investor demand by imposing greater information-processing costs on those less familiar with the reporting standards.
The Multiple Roles of the Finance Organization: Determinants, Effectiveness, and the Moderating Influence of Information System Integration
Authors: Chang Hsihui , Ittner Christopher D. , Paz Michael T. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
This study focuses on three broad Finance organization roles: reporting, compliance, and internal control/risk management (RCCR); performance management; and strategic partner. Using data from a global survey of 832 firms, we examine the determinants of the various roles' importance and their relation with Finance effectiveness. While the effects of organizational change, market growth, international operations, firm size, decentralization, and industry on Finance responsibilities vary depending upon the role, we find little evidence of tradeoffs between the various roles. Instead, we find evidence of complementarities between roles, whereby greater emphasis on one role is associated with greater Finance effectiveness in the other roles. Additionally, we find that information system integration (ISI) not only has a positive direct impact on effectiveness in all three roles, but also interacts with the importance placed on RCCR and performance management roles to improve the Finance organization's effectiveness at carrying out these responsibilities.
Amperometric determination of sulfide ion by glassy carbon electrode modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes and copper (II) phenanthroline complex
Authors: Shamsipur Mojtaba , Roushani Mahmoud , Pourmortazavi Seied , Shahabadi Nahid 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Electrocatalytic oxidation of sulfide ion on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a copper (II) complex was investigated. The Cu(II) complex was used due to the reversibility of the Cu(II)/Cu(III) redox couple. The MWCNTs are evaluated as a transducer, stabilizer and immobilization matrix for the construction of amperometric sensor based on Cu(II) complex adsorbed on MWCNTs immobilized on the surface of GCE. The modified GCE was applied to the selective amperometric detection of sulfide at a potential of 0.47 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) at pH 8.0. The calibration graph was linear in the concentration range of 5 µM–400 µM; while the limit of detection was 1.2 µM, the sensitivity was 34 nA µM−1. The interference effects of SO3
2−, SO4
2−, S2O3
2−, S4O6
2−, Cysteine, and Cystein were negligible at the concentration ratios more than 40 times. The modified electrode is more stable with time and more easily restorable than unmodified electrode surface. Also, modified electrode permits detection of sulfide ion by its oxidation at lower anodic potentials.
Systematic investigation and in vitro biocompatibility studies on mesoporous europium doped hydroxyapatite
Authors: Popa Cristina , Ciobanu Carmen , Iconaru Simona , Stan Miruna , Dinischiotu Anca , Negrila Constantin , Motelica-Heino Mikael , Guegan Regis , Predoi Daniela 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This paper reports the systematic investigation of europium doped hydroxyapatite (Eu:HAp). A set of complementary techniques, namely Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique were used towards attaining a detailed understanding of Eu:HAp. The XPS analysis confirmed the substitution of Ca ions by Eu ions in the Eu:HAp samples. Secondly, Eu:HAp and pure HAp present type IV isotherms with a hysteresis loop at a relative pressure (P/P0) between 0.4 and 1.0, indicating the presence of mesopores. Finally, the in vitro biological effects of Eu:HAp nanoparticles were evaluated by focusing on the F-actin filament pattern and heat shock proteins (Hsp) expression in HEK293 human kidney cell line. Fluorescence microscopy studies of the actin protein revealed no changes of the immunolabelling profile in the renal cells cultured in the presence of Eu:HAp nanoparticles. Hsp60, Hsp70 and Hsp90 expressions measured by Western blot analysis were not affected after 24 and 48 hours exposure. Taken together, these results confirmed the lack of toxicity and the biocompatibility of the Eu:HAp nanoparticles. Consequently, the possibility of using these nanoparticles for medical purposes without affecting the renal function can be envisaged.
Growth and characterization of hexamethylenetetramine crystals grown from solution
Authors: Babu B. , Chandrasekaran J. , Balaprabhakaran S. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Organic nonlinear optical single crystals of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT; 10 × 10 × 5 mm3) were prepared by crystallization from methanol solution. The grown crystals were subjected to various characterization techniques such as single crystal XRD, powder XRD, UV-Vis and electrical studies. Single crystal XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the grown crystals. Their crystalline nature was also confirmed by powder XRD technique. The optical transmittance property was identified from UV-Vis spectrum. Dielectric measurements were performed as a function of frequency at different temperatures. DC conductivity and photoconductivity studies were also carried out for the crystal. The powder second harmonic generation efficiency (SHG) of the crystal was measured using Nd:YAG laser and the efficiency was found to be two times greater than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP).
Effect of doping on structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles: study of antibacterial properties
Authors: Maddahi P. , Shahtahmasebi N. , Kompany A. , Mashreghi M. , Safaee S. , Roozban F. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Sol-gel method was successfully used for synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles doped with 10 % Mg or Cu. The structure, morphology and optical properties of the prepared nanoparticles were studied as a function of doping content. The synthesized ZnO:(Mg/Cu) samples were characterized using XRD, TEM, FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy techniques. The samples show hexagonal wurtzite structure, and the phase segregation takes place for Cu doping. Optical studies revealed that Mg doping increases the energy band gap while Cu incorporation results in decrease of the band gap. The antibacterial activities of the nanoparticles were tested against Escherichia coli (Gram negative bacteria) cultures. It was found that both pure and doped ZnO nanosuspensions show good antibacterial activity which increases with copper doping, and slightly decreases with adding Mg.
Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Business Performance: A Case Study of Lloyds Bank UK
Authors: Neupane Ramesh 
Published: April 2014

Purpose:The main purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between customer satisfaction and business performance on a case of Lloyds Bank UK. Moreover, it also evaluates the customer satisfaction level and examines the business performance of Lloyds Bank through examining various factors of business performance. Design/Methodology: The necessary data were collected through structured questionnaires from five branches of Lloyds Bank. The sample of 250 customers and 80 management level employees are used in this research. The collected data were analysed through correlation and regression analysis, mean and standard deviation through SPSS 20. Main Findings: The mean score of every variable is more than 3 out of 5 and mean score of overall customer satisfaction is 3.89 (77.8% satisfaction) indicates that there is high level of customer satisfaction in Lloyds Bank. Similarly, mean score of overall business performance is 3.73 (75%) shows a high level of business performance. The Pearson’s coefficient of correlation between overall customer satisfaction and business performance is r = 0.343 indicated that they are positively correlated. But, regression analysis shows that customer satisfaction has not significant effect on business performance as P = 0.139 and β = 0.343. Thus, it shows that customer satisfaction has week positive relationship with business performance.Value: This research refines and reinforces the body of knowledge and understanding regarding to customer satisfaction and organisational performance analysis. These findings may be useful to the organisation for future planning to enhance customer satisfaction to increase business performance. The instruments may have practical implications for examining customer satisfaction and business performance in any business organisations.Limitations: This research was conducted through cross sectional approach and limited sample of 250 customers and 80 employees from 16 branches in the main cities of the UK. So, the findings are limited to a bank in the main cities.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i2.10019 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-1, issue-2: 74-85
Residual Stress in the Cementite Phase of Cold Drawn Pearlite*
Authors: Tacq J. , Kriška M. , Seefeldt M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractResidual stressesin cold drawn, pearlitic steel wire have been measured using synchrotron diffraction. In this paper the cementite residual stress evolution is presented. A saturation of the residual stress could be observed. A simple analytical model is proposed to interpret the observed residual stresses in terms of the strain hardening behaviour of the phases present in the material. From the analytical model it follows that it is not reverse plastic yielding of the ferrite that is of primary importance in residual stress saturation, but the actual strain hardening behaviour. The experimentally observed saturation, followed by a gradual decrease of the residual micro phase stress, could be explained by an exponential strain hardening of the ferrite, while the cementite phase doesn't show significant strain hardening.
La tour octogonale du Wat Mahathat à Ayuthya un témoin des liens entre Ayuthya et le Lan Na et d'un courant de dévotion à Metteyya ?
Authors: Zaleski Valérie 
Published: April 2014

La tour octogonale du Wat Mahathat, que l'on a parfois qualifiée de « chinoise » et qui s'inscrit peut-être dans la descendance des édifices octogonaux de l'architecture mône, se distingue dans l'architecture du royaume d'Ayuthya, tant par sa forme, plutôt rare même si elle n'est pas unique, que par son décor de stuc, singulier, puisqu'il révèle d'indéniables liens avec le Lan Na et qu'il n'a sans doute pas représenté des images du Buddha.
Si l'on peut en effet associer par sa forme cette tour à certains chedī dont on présume qu'ils auraient pu représenter soit les sept semaines du Bienheureux après l'Éveil, soit les sept buddha du passé et le buddha à venir, Maitreya/Metteyya, son décor incite à poser l'hypothèse qu'elle pourrait aussi constituer un spécimen de la transposition plastique et microcosmique de la cosmologie du Traiphum. Elle pourrait ainsi être la réalisation d'un monument censé rivaliser symboliquement avec certains monuments matérialisant l'identification du souverain à Indra et au-delà, de son royaume au Ciel des Trente trois dieux, le Tāvatiṃsa. Mais on peut avancer l'hypothèse qu'elle pourrait aussi témoigner, peut-être dès la fin du XVIIe siècle, mais sans doute plutôt au XVIIIe siècle, d'un courant de dévotion au Buddha du futur Ariya Metteyya.