bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns and correlates of songbird movements at an ecological barrier during autumn migration assessed using landscape‐ and regional‐scale automated radiotelemetry
Authors: Woodworth Bradley K. , Mitchell Greg W. , Norris D. Ryan , Francis Charles M. , Taylor Philip D. 
Published: December 2014

Departure decisions of songbirds at ecological barriers they encounter en route can strongly influence time, energy and survival costs of migration. To date, most field studies of departure decisions and their correlates have used indirect methods and followed migrants at a single stopover site, with limited information on what happens to individuals after they depart from the site. We used an automated radiotelemetry array extending 350 km from southwest Nova Scotia to southern Maine to study the migratory and stopover movements of Northern WaterthrushesParkesia noveboracensis, Red‐eyed VireosVireo olivaceusand Yellow‐rumped WarblersSetophaga coronatain relation to fuel load and weather at the northeastern edge of the Gulf of Maine. From the 105 radio‐transmitters we deployed in southwest Nova Scotia, we recorded 42 landscape‐scale stopover flights and 47 migratory flights by 75 individuals. Of the migratory flights, 57% were orientated southwest, a trajectory that, if held, would require individuals to complete a 350–440 km overwater flight. The remaining 43% of migratory flights were orientated northwest, away from the Gulf of Maine, and 15 individuals were confirmed to have detoured around all or a portion of the barrier, as evidenced by their being re‐detected over the Bay of Fundy and/or along the coast of Maine between 4 h and 15 days later. Across all individuals, initial fat score had a positive effect on departure probability, especially for individuals that made stopover flights. Among weather variables, tailwind assistance was the best predictor of migratory departures but did not appear to be the main factor determining whether individuals orientated towards or away from the Gulf of Maine. Weather had little effect on departure decisions of individuals that made stopover flights. These differences in the correlates of migratory departures and stopover flights would probably not have been distinguishable had our study been restricted to a local scale. Therefore, our findings highlight the importance of expanding the scale at which departure decisions and the ecology of stopover in general are studied.
Fantasy, Writing and Relationship in the Texts of Valentine Ackland and Sylvia Townsend Warner
Authors: Granne Ailsa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOn 4th July 1949, Valentine Ackland completed her autobiographyFor Sylvia: An Honest Accountand gave it to Sylvia Townsend Warner to whom it was dedicated. Warner took the manuscript with her during her stay in Yeovil in September 1949 where she had gone in order to allow Ackland to live with her new lover Elizabeth Wade White. In her diary of 28th of September, Warner wrote: ‘I have done very little, and writing does not come back to me, alas! Now I will re‐read my love's autobiography if I dare’.This article will examine the dialogue between Warner and Ackland aboutFor Sylvia: An Honest Accountas represented in a selection of their texts including their letters and diaries. In it, I explore some of the reasons why Ackland might have given this particular story of her life to Warner at this point in their relationship and seek to understand the nature of Warner's uneasy response to it. In so doing, I will postulate an alternative reading ofFor Sylvia: An Honest Accountto the guilt ridden, self‐absorbed narrative of Ackland's life which it appears to be. In the course of my analysis, I argue that both writers used their texts not only to maintain their intimacy but also to negotiate and re‐assess their relationship. I will go on to examine the nature of the textual space constructed by their correspondence and consider the role Warner's letters played in 1949 in holding Ackland to her, arguing for the construction of ‘another’ Valentine of such potency that at times the imaginary space afforded by their letters became more important to Ackland than the real world.
Four sequence positions of the movement protein of Cucumber mosaic virus determine the virulence against cmv1‐mediated resistance in melon
Authors: Guiu‐Aragonés Cèlia , Díaz‐Pendón Juan Antonio , Martín‐Hernández Ana Montserrat 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe resistance to a set of strains of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in the melon accession PI 161375, cultivar ‘Songwhan Charmi’, is dependent on one recessive gene, cmv1, which confers total resistance, whereas a second set of strains is able to overcome it. We tested 11 strains of CMV subgroups I and II in the melon line SC12‐1‐99, which carries the gene cmv1, and showed that this gene confers resistance to strains of subgroup II only and that restriction is not related to either viral replication or cell‐to‐cell movement. This is the first time that a resistant trait has been correlated with CMV subgroups. Using infectious clones of the CMV strains LS (subgroup II) and FNY (subgroup I), we generated rearrangements and viral chimaeras between both strains and established that the determinant of virulence against the gene cmv1 resides in the first 209 amino acids of the movement protein, as this region from FNY is sufficient to confer virulence to the LS clone in the line SC12‐1‐99. A comparison of the sequences of the strains of both subgroups in this region shows that there are five main positions shared by all strains of subgroup II, which are different from those of subgroup I. Site‐directed mutagenesis of the CMV‐LS clone to substitute these residues for those of CMV‐FNY revealed that a combination of four of these changes [the group 64–68 (SNNLL to HGRIA), and the point mutations R81C, G171T and A195I] was required for a complete gain of function of the LS MP in the resistant melon plant.
Relatives' perceptions of residents' life in a municipal care facility for older people with a focus on quality of life and care environment
Authors: Ericson‐Lidman Eva , Renström Anna‐Stina , Åhlin Johan , Strandberg Gunilla 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundRelatives' perceptions of their older loved one's living conditions at residential care facilities are poorly described in interviews. Older persons often find it difficult to make their voices heard and an alternative is to ask a relative who knows the person well to express their views.AimThis study aimed to describe relatives' perceptions of residents' life in a municipal care facility for older people with a focus on quality of life and care environment.DesignA qualitative study design was used. Data were collected through nine interviews with six relatives of older people living in a residential care facility.MethodsThe interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using content analysis.ResultsThe analysis resulted in three main themes and eight subthemes. The main themes were: Residents' life/quality of life is perceived to be in the hands of the care providers, Residents' disabilities and lack of stimulation are perceived to threaten their quality of life, and The secure climate in the residence is perceived to be coloured by Death's waiting room.ConclusionsThe study emphasizes the importance of cocreating a constructive dependency and to take on the challenge of creating a feeling of at‐homeness for each resident. It is important to be aware that what relatives perceive as monotony and passivity may be a problem for some residents, but not for all.Implications for practiceThis study highlights the need to create a powerful partnership between relatives, care providers and residents to enhance the quality of life for residents. Every single meeting is important and makes a difference for the resident. Care providers might need to support relatives to understand that the last phase of life might be about focusing inwardly and reflecting on one's whole life as a way to end it.
Mobility Limitations and Fall‐Related Factors Contribute to the Reduced Health‐Related Quality of Life in Older Adults With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
Authors: Stubbs Brendon , Schofield Pat , Patchay Sandhi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPurposeTo investigate (1) the prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) among a sample of community‐dwelling older adults and (2) health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in people with CMP, particularly the association with mobility limitations and falls‐related factors.MethodOverall, 295 (response rate 73.5%) community‐dwelling older adults were recruited across 10 sites. CMP was assessed using recognized criteria. In the sample of people with CMP, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted with HRQOL as the dependent variable and a number of independent variables were then inserted into the model. After controlling for demographic and medical variables, mobility (timed up and go (TUG), walking aid use, sedentary behavior) and fall‐related factors (falls history, balance confidence, concerns about consequences of falling) were inserted into the model at the second step and changes in adjusted R2 noted.ResultsWithin our sample of older adults, 52% had CMP (154/295). Compared to the group without CMP of similar age (n = 141), those with CMP had reduced HRQOL and profound mobility limitations and more falls risk factors (P < 0.001). The mobility and falls explanatory variables increased the variance explained within HRQOL from 14% to 36% (adjusted R2 change 20%) in those with CMP. Sedentary behavior, pain interference, concerns about the consequences of falling, falls history, TUG scores, and balance confidence all remained significant predictors of HRQOL in the fully adjusted model in the CMP sample.ConclusionOlder adults with CMP have pronounced mobility limitations and increased falls risk factors, and these are associated with a marked reduction in HRQOL. Future prospective research is required to build on this cross‐sectional study.
Intradermal Injection with Nerve Growth Factor: A Reproducible Model to Induce Experimental Allodynia and Hyperalgesia
Authors: Andresen Trine , Nilsson Matias , Nielsen Anders Klitgaard , Lassen Dorte , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Drewes Asbjørn Mohr 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundNerve growth factor (NGF) plays a pivotal role in survival, growth, and differentiation of the nervous system. Increased levels of NGF have been reported in human pain disorders. Experimental injection of NGF in humans is known to evoke long‐lasting mechanical sensitization and subsequent allodynia and hyperalgesia.MethodsReproducibility of intradermal injection of NGF was investigated. Twenty healthy male volunteers were included (mean age 24 years, range 19 to 31). The experiment consisted of 3 identical treatment periods with period 1 stimulating the right arm, period 2 the left arm, and period 3 stimulating the right arm again (period one and three were separated by at least 21 days). Pain intensity was assessed in response to several phasic stimuli in 3 adjacent sites of the volar forearm: pressure; pinprick; brush; and heat before and after NGF injection. Additionally, areas of allodynia and secondary hyperalgesia were assessed. Rekindling with pressure was performed 1 hour and 24 hours after injection. Reproducibility was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 3,1).ResultsICC values > 0.6 for all phasic stimuli and for the area of hyperalgesia. After NGF injection, pressure pain (P < 0.001) and heat pain (P < 0.01) sensitivity increased significantly. After rekindling, the area of hyperalgesia (von Frey 26 g) was significantly increased (P = 0.03) and sensitivity to pinprick was increased (P < 0.02).ConclusionIntradermal NGF injection is capable of inducing reproducible allodynia and hyperalgesia, and the model is recommended for future experimental and pharmacological pain studies.
Human plasma‐derived immunoglobulin G fractionated by an aqueous two‐phase system, caprylic acid precipitation, and membrane chromatography has a high purity level and is free of detectable in vitro thrombogenic activity
Authors: Vargas M. , Segura Á. , Wu Y.‐W. , Herrera M. , Chou M.‐L. , Villalta M. , León G. , Burnouf T. 
Published: December 2014

Background and ObjectivesInstituto Clodomiro Picado has developed an immunoglobulin G (IgG) plasma fractionation process combining a polyethylene glycol/phosphate aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS), caprylic acid precipitation and anion‐exchange membrane chromatography. We evaluated the purity and in vitro thrombogenicity of such IgG, in line with current international requirements.Materials and MethodsContributions of the different production steps to reduce thrombogenicity were assessed at 0·2 l‐scale, and then the methodology was scaled‐up to a 10 l‐scale and final products (n = 3) were analysed. Purity, immunoglobulin composition, and subclass distribution were determined by electrophoretic and immunochemical methods. The in vitro thrombogenic potential was determined by a thrombin generation assay (TGA) using a Technothrombin fluorogenic substrate. Prekallikrein activator (PKA), plasmin, factor Xa, thrombin and thrombin‐like activities were assessed using S‐2302, S‐2251, S‐2222, S‐2238 and S‐2288 chromogenic substrates, respectively, and FXI by an ELISA.ResultsThe thrombogenicity markers were reduced mostly during the ATPS step and were found to segregate mostly into the discarded liquid upper phase. The caprylic acid precipitation eliminated the residual procoagulant activity. The IgG preparations made from the 10 l‐batches contained 100% gamma proteins, low residual IgA and undetectable IgM. The IgG subclass distribution was not substantially affected by the process. TGA and amidolytic activities revealed an undetectable in vitro thrombogenic risk and the absence of proteolytic enzymes in the final product.ConclusionsFractionating human plasma by an ATPS combined with caprylic acid and membrane chromatography resulted in an IgG preparation of high purity and free of a detectable in vitro thrombogenic risk.
Effects of Different Cavity Geometries on Machining Performance in
Micro-Electrical Discharge Milling
Authors: Vidya Shrikant , Vijay  , Barman Swapan , Chebolu Aneissha , Nagahanumaiah  , Das Alok Kr. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Low energy-short pulsed electric discharge coupled with precise movement of circular electrode in micro-electrical discharge-milling (μ-EDM-milling) enables generation of three-dimensional (3D) cavities in the order of few tens of microns. Use of unshaped rotating electrode alters the spark discharge pattern that is primarily driven by the shape and size of the cavities being machined. In this paper, effects of five different cavities: circular, triangular, square, channel, and cross channel (square pillars) on the machining performance have been studied. These cavities having a nominal dimension of 1000 μm were machined on steel sample using 200 μm tungsten carbide electrode. The machining performance has been evaluated by analyzing dimensional accuracy, surface integrity, profile error, and formation of recast layers. The results highlight significant shape effect on machining performance in μ-EDM-milling. Circular holes machined by die sinking (tool advancement in Z-axis) are found to be more accurate, and square shaped pillars machined in two settings by generating cross channels at 90 deg have poor dimensional control. On the other hand, triangular cavities have the highest surface finish and profile uniformity compared to other shapes. The microscopic study in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals significant variations in globule formation, recast layer deposition, flow of eroded molten metal, and final shape of cavities, which are found to be dependent of tool rotation.
Host Genetic and Viral Determinants of HIV-1 RNA Set Point among HIV-1 Seroconverters from Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Mackelprang Romel D. , Carrington Mary , Thomas Katherine K. , Hughes James P. , Baeten Jared M. , Wald Anna , Farquhar Carey , Fife Kenneth , Campbell Mary S. , Kapiga Saida , Gao Xiaojiang , Mullins James I. , Lingappa Jairam R. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTWe quantified the collective impact of source partner HIV-1 RNA levels, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, and innate responses through Toll-like receptor (TLR) alleles on the HIV-1 set point. Data came from HIV-1 seroconverters in African HIV-1 serodiscordant couple cohorts. Linear regression was used to determine associations with set point andR2to estimate variation explained by covariates. The strongest predictors of set point were HLA alleles (B*53:01, B*14:01, and B*27:03) and plasma HIV-1 levels of the transmitting partner, which explained 13% and 10% of variation in set point, respectively. HLA-A concordance between partners and TLR polymorphisms (TLR2rs3804100 andTLR7rs179012) also were associated with set point, explaining 6% and 5% of the variation, respectively. Overall, these factors and genital factors of the transmitter (i.e., male circumcision, bacterial vaginosis, and use of acyclovir) explained 46% of variation in set point. We found that both innate and adaptive immune responses, together with plasma HIV-1 levels of the transmitting partner, explain almost half of the variation in viral load set point.IMPORTANCEAfter HIV-1 infection, uncontrolled virus replication leads to a rapid increase in HIV-1 concentrations. Once host immune responses develop, however, HIV-1 levels reach a peak and subsequently decline until they reach a stable level that may persist for years. This stable HIV-1 set point represents an equilibrium between the virus and host responses and is predictive of later disease progression and transmission potential. Understanding how host and virus factors interact to determine HIV-1 set point may elucidate novel mechanisms or biological pathways for treating HIV-1 infection. We identified host and virus factors that predict HIV-1 set point in people who recently acquired HIV-1, finding that both innate and adaptive immune responses, along with factors that likely influence HIV-1 virulence and inoculum, explain ∼46% of the variation in HIV-1 set point.
Structural Flexibility of a Conserved Antigenic Region in Hepatitis C Virus Glycoprotein E2 Recognized by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Meola Annalisa , Tarr Alexander W. , England Patrick , Meredith Luke W. , McClure C. Patrick , Foung Steven K. H. , McKeating Jane A. , Ball Jonathan K. , Rey Felix A. , Krey Thomas 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTNeutralizing antibodies (NAbs) targeting glycoprotein E2 are important for the control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. One conserved antigenic site (amino acids 412 to 423) is disordered in the reported E2 structure, but a synthetic peptide mimicking this site forms a β-hairpin in complex with three independent NAbs. Our structure of the same peptide in complex with NAb 3/11 demonstrates a strikingly different extended conformation. We also show that residues 412 to 423 are essential for virus entry but not for E2 folding. Together with the neutralizing capacity of the 3/11 Fab fragment, this indicates an unexpected structural flexibility within this epitope. NAbs 3/11 and AP33 (recognizing the extended and β-hairpin conformations, respectively) display similar neutralizing activities despite converse binding kinetics. Our results suggest that HCV utilizes conformational flexibility as an immune evasion strategy, contributing to the limited immunogenicity of this epitope in patients, similar to the conformational flexibility described for other enveloped and nonenveloped viruses.IMPORTANCEApproximately 180 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and neutralizing antibodies play an important role in controlling the replication of this major human pathogen. We show here that one of the most conserved antigenic sites within the major glycoprotein E2 (amino acids 412 to 423), which is disordered in the recently reported crystal structure of an E2 core fragment, can adopt different conformations in the context of the infectious virus particle. Recombinant Fab fragments recognizing different conformations of this antigenic site have similar neutralization activities in spite of converse kinetic binding parameters. Of note, an antibody response targeting this antigenic region is less frequent than those targeting other more immunogenic regions in E2. Our results suggest that the observed conformational flexibility in this conserved antigenic region contributes to the evasion of the humoral host immune response, facilitating chronicity and the viral spread of HCV within an infected individual.
Structure-Function Analysis of Vaccinia Virus H7 Protein Reveals a Novel Phosphoinositide Binding Fold Essential for Poxvirus Replication
Authors: Kolli Swapna , Meng Xiangzhi , Wu Xiang , Shengjuler Djoshkun , Cameron Craig E. , Xiang Yan , Deng Junpeng 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT
Phosphoinositides and phosphoinositide binding proteins play a critical role in membrane and protein trafficking in eukaryotes. Their critical role in replication of cytoplasmic viruses has just begun to be understood. Poxviruses, a family of large cytoplasmic DNA viruses, rely on the intracellular membranes to develop their envelope, and poxvirus morphogenesis requires enzymes from the cellular phosphoinositide metabolic pathway. However, the role of phosphoinositides in poxvirus replication remains unclear, and no poxvirus proteins show any homology to eukaryotic phosphoinositide binding domains. Recently, a group of poxvirus proteins, termed viral membrane assembly proteins (VMAPs), were identified as essential for poxvirus membrane biogenesis. A key component of VMAPs is the H7 protein. Here we report the crystal structure of the H7 protein from vaccinia virus. The H7 structure displays a novel fold comprised of seven α-helices and a highly curved three-stranded antiparallel β-sheet. We identified a phosphoinositide binding site in H7, comprised of basic residues on a surface patch and the flexible C-terminal tail. These residues were found to be essential for viral replication and for binding of H7 to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P). Our studies suggest that phosphoinositide binding by H7 plays an essential role in poxvirus membrane biogenesis.

IMPORTANCE
Poxvirus viral membrane assembly proteins (VMAPs) were recently shown to be essential for poxvirus membrane biogenesis. One of the key components of VMAPs is the H7 protein. However, no known structural motifs could be identified from its sequence, and there are no homologs of H7 outside the poxvirus family to suggest a biochemical function. We have determined the crystal structure of the vaccinia virus (VACV) H7 protein. The structure displays a novel fold with a distinct and positively charged surface. Our data demonstrate that H7 binds phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and that the basic surface patch is indeed required for phosphoinositide binding. In addition, mutation of positively charged residues required for lipid binding disrupted VACV replication. Phosphoinositides and phosphoinositide binding proteins play critical roles in membrane and protein trafficking in eukaryotes. Our study demonstrates that VACV H7 displays a novel fold for phosphoinositide binding, which is essential for poxvirus replication.