bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instant Release Fractions from Corrosion Studies with High Burnup LWR Fuel.
Authors: Ekeroth Ella , Cui Daqing , Low Jeanett , Granfors Michael , Zwicky Hans-Urs , Spahiu Kastriot , Zetterström Evins Lena 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTDuring irradiation in the reactor, a fraction of the fission product inventory will have segregated either to the gap between the fuel and the cladding or to the grain boundaries in the fuel. Of these nuclides, the behavior of the fission gases is best known. The part of the inventory that is rapidly released upon contact with water is designated the instant release fraction (IRF). Previous studies have shown that IRF and fission gas release (FGR) seem to be correlated. Studies of the instant release fraction from high burnup fuel is of interest for the assessment of the safety of a geological repository.The instant release fractions of129I and137Cs from five different light water reactor (LWR) fuel rods with a burnup range of 43 to 75 MWd/kgU and a fission gas release range from 0.9 to 5.0 % were studied. Four types of fuel samples (pellet, fragment, powder and fuel rodlet) have been used in the experiments. The results show that the fuel sample preparation method has a significant impact on the release from high burnup fuel samples over the time period covered by this study. Leaching of high burnup fuel samples with fuel detached from the cladding shows the highest release. The fractional129I release from such fragment samples is similar to the FGR in the corresponding rod. On the other hand, corresponding fractional release of137Cs is lower.
Spent fuel dissolution in Belgian Supercontainer conditions: source term and compatibility
Authors: Lemmens K. , Mennecart Th. , Cachoir C. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTIn the frame of the Safety and Feasibility Case 1 development, the Belgian agency for radioactive waste (ONDRAF/NIRAS) has to demonstrate that the geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel in the Boom Clay host rock following the Supercontainer design provides sufficient radiological safety in the long term. This safety relies on the containment of the radionuclides by the overpack, the limitation of radionuclide release from the waste matrix, the diffusion controlled transport of the radionuclides, and their low solubility and sorption on the Boom Clay host rock. This paper presents an evaluation of the main processes considered for the limitation of radionuclide release by the Spent Fuel in Supercontainer conditions, characterized by the presence of a concrete buffer and hyperalkaline pore water. We present a description of the main expected processes with their potential impact on the fuel alteration mechanisms, and potential reference fuel matrix alteration rates and effective fuel surface areas for use in safety and performance assessment models.
Very Long-Term Dry Storage Systems for Spent Nuclear Fuel: Effect of Canister Weld Corrosion on System Integrity
Authors: Di Bella Carlos A. W. , Duquette David J. , Rigby Douglas B. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTTermination of the Yucca Mountain repository program implies that U.S. spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level radioactive waste may be stored for very long periods, i.e., more than 100 years. Many of the storage systems for commercial SNF are large, cylindrical, welded, stainless-steel canisters containing 24-80 SNF assemblies in an inert gas (helium) environment. Each canister is contained in a massive reinforced concrete structure for shielding, safety, and security reasons. Airflow in the annular space between the canister and the concrete structure removes SNF decay heat by natural convection.Undetected defects in the canister-lid welds and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the canister-lid weld area may combine to form pathways for slow escape of the inert fill gas from the canister. SCC may not occur until many decades after SNF is loaded into the canister because SNF decay heat initially would keep the canister surface temperatures above the temperature where liquid water, a prerequisite for SCC, could condense. The period required for inert gas to escape from the canister once pathways have formed and for air subsequently to enter the canister may also be measured in decades, depending on the size and shape of the pathways.In this paper, the authors explore the limits of weld-flaw detectability; when necessary conditions for SCC could occur in the canister-lid weld area; the period for loss of inert fill gas if through-weld cracks occur; and the possible consequences of fill gas loss. The authors also develop a list of research and study needs to address the possibility of SCC resulting in the loss of fill gas.
Male and female shame: a corpus-based study of emotion
Authors: Norberg Cathrine 
Published: November 2012

In this study, I investigate the representation of the emotion terms shame, ashamed and shameless in relation to women and men in late twentieth-century British English. The study is based on analyses of examples of shame retrieved from the British National Corpus with the specific aim to study in what contexts men and women express shame or are associated with it, and evaluate whether the emotion is represented as negative or positive.I present two general models of shame, where the first model concentrates on a negative connection between shame and pain, exposure and embodiment, and the second model describes shame as a necessary ingredient of social life that makes people recommit to socially sanctioned behaviour and values. Most examples of women's shame in the material correspond to the description given in the first model, whereas the majority of the examples of men's shame correspond with the second. The two models illustrate how shame functions to preserve hierarchical gender structures.
Diagnostic value and therapeutic impact of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Dietlein M. , Schmidt D. , Kuwert T. , Dorn R. , Sciuk J. , Kodalle T. , Schober O. , Riemann B. , Uhrhan K. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThe clinical significance of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma was evaluated and the results were compared with those of 18F-FDGPET, 131I-whole-body scintigraphy including SPECT/CT (WBS) and ultrasound. In addition, it was the aim to investigate the impact of 18F-FDG-PET/CT on the therapeutic management. Patients, methods: 327 patients (209 women, 118 men; mean age 53 ± 18 years) with differentiated thyroid cancer (242 papillary, 75 follicular, 6 mixed, 1 Hürthle cell and 3 poorly differentiated tumours) were analyzed retrospectively at four tertiary referral centres. 289 18F-FDG-PET/CT and 118 18F-FDG-PET studies were performed in these patients between 2007 and 2010. In addition, an overall clinical evaluation was performed, including cytology, histology, thyroglobulin level, ultrasound, WBS, and subsequent clinical course in order to compare the molecular imaging results. Finally, the change in therapeutic management due to findings of 18F-FDG-PET/CT was investigated. Results: The sensitivity of 18F-FDG-PET/CT was 92%, the specificity was 95%. Sensitivity and specificity of 18F-FDG-PET alone were 67% and 93%, respectively. WBS showed a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 94%. The corresponding values of ultrasound were 37% and 94%, respectively. The sensitivity of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in the group of patients with a negative WBS (n=194) amounted to 96%. When 18F-FDG-PET/CT and WBS were considered in combination, tumour tissue was missed in only 2 out of 133 patients; when 18F-FDG-PET and WBS were combined, tumour tissue was missed in 1 out of 24 patients. 18F-FDG-PET/CT resulted in management change in 43% (n=57/133) with a decision on surgical approach in 20% (n=27/133). Conclusions: 18F-FDG-PET/CT is superior to 18F-FDG-PET alone in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and has a direct impact on the therapeutic management of patients with suspected local recurrence or metastases, particularly in those with negative WBS.
Application of Microarray Analysis on Computer Cluster and Cloud Platforms
Authors: Boulesteix A.-L. , Knaus J. , Bernau C. 
Published: November 2012

Summary
Background: Analysis of recent high-dimensional biological data tends to be computationally intensive as many common approaches such as resampling or permutation tests require the basic statistical analysis to be repeated many times. A crucial advantage of these methods is that they can be easily parallelized due to the computational independence of the resampling or permutation iterations, which has induced many statistics departments to establish their own computer clusters. An alternative is to rent computing resources in the cloud, e.g. at Amazon Web Services.
Objectives: In this article we analyze whether a selection of statistical projects, recently implemented at our department, can be efficiently realized on these cloud resources. Moreover, we illustrate an opportunity to combine computer cluster and cloud resources.
Methods: In order to compare the efficiency of computer cluster and cloud implementations and their respective parallelizations we use microarray analysis procedures and compare their runtimes on the different platforms.
Results: Amazon Web Services provide various instance types which meet the particular needs of the different statistical projects we analyzed in this paper. Moreover, the network capacity is sufficient and the paralleli -zation is comparable in efficiency to standard computer cluster implementations.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that many statistical projects can be efficiently realized on cloud resources. It is important to mention, however, that workflows can change substantially as a result of a shift from computer cluster to cloud computing.
Costs of Cloud Computing for a Biometry Department
Authors: Hieke S. , Binder H. , Schwarzer G. , Knaus J. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBackground: “Cloud” computing providers, such as the Amazon Web Services (AWS), offer stable and scalable computational resources based on hardware virtualization, with short, usually hourly, billing periods. The idea of pay-as-you-use seems appealing for biometry research units which have only limited access to university or corporate data center resources or grids.Objectives: This case study compares the costs of an existing heterogeneous on-site hardware pool in a Medical Biometry and Statistics department to a comparable AWS offer.Methods: The “total cost of ownership”, including all direct costs, is determined for the on-site hardware, and hourly prices are derived, based on actual system utilization during the year 2011. Indirect costs, which are difficult to quantify are not included in this comparison, but nevertheless some rough guidance from our experience is given. To indicate the scale of costs for a methodological research project, a simulation study of a permutation-based statistical approach is performed using AWS and on-site hardware.Results: In the presented case, with a system utilization of 25 –30 percent and 3 – 5-year amortization, on-site hardware can result in smaller costs, compared to hourly rental in the cloud dependent on the instance chosen. Renting cloud instances with sufficient main memory is a deciding factor in this comparison.Conclusions: Costs for on-site hardware may vary, depending on the specific infrastructure at a research unit, but have only moderate impact on the overall comparison and subsequent decision for obtaining affordable scientific computing resources. Overall utilization has a much stronger impact as it determines the actual computing hours needed per year. Taking this into account, cloud computing might still be a viable option for projects with limited maturity, or as a supplement for short peaks in demand.
Knowledge and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS and antiretroviral therapy among patients at a Nigerian treatment clinic
Authors: Olowookere Samuel Anu , Fatiregun Akinola Ayoola , Adewole Isaac F 
Published: November 2012

Introduction: We assessed the knowledge of and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was employed. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was administered to consecutive, consenting PLWHA who had been receiving treatment for a minimum of three months. The level of ART adherence was calculated manually for each respondent. Results: In total 318 PLWHA completed the questionnaire. The mean and median time on ART was 17.8 months and 19 months respectively. The mean age of the respondents was 39.1±9.6 years. The majority of these respondents (76.9%) had completed secondary education. Over 80% of the respondents reported knowing that HIV can be transmitted through blood transfusions and unprotected sexual intercourse. Seventy-six per cent of the respondents reported knowing that ART suppresses HIV activity. However, 33% of the respondents denied being HIV positive, while 22.6% reported that they felt that taking ART was shameful. Over 32% of the respondents reported that good adherence to ART would raise suspicions about their HIV status, and 66.7% had not yet disclosed their HIV status to anyone. Most (77.7%) respondents had good knowledge of HIV/AIDS while 75.2% had good knowledge of ART. Also 78.9% had positive attitude to HIV/AIDS while 73.9%) had positive attitude to ART. Respondents with good knowledge about HIV/AIDS and a positive attitude about the disease tended to be more adherent to ART (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The majority of respondents had good knowledge of and a positive attitude toward HIV/AIDS and ART adherence.
De la mise en scène à la fiction touristique : la médiation du voyage urbain sur la ligne de métro Xinbeitou à Taipei
Authors: Flon Émilie 
Published: November 2012

Résumé La ville est souvent pensée comme ensemble d’activités localisées, le transport n’étant que la conséquence de la croissance de la ville et de la distribution spatiale de ces activités, mais ni un « lieu » ni une « activité » à part entière. Cette contribution analyse l’aménagement d’un mode de transport, la ligne de métro Xinbeitou à Taipei, dont l’originalité est de constituer également un dispositif touristique focalisé sur la dimension émotionnelle du voyage : les rames intègrent une mise en scène fictive de la pratique touristique urbaine sans faire référence à la réalité de la ville ou de sa visite. Cette stratégie communicationnelle et touristique se fonde sur des scenarii de fiction pour créer le désir du voyage. Elle est étudiée ici comme un phénomène symbolique révélant un processus de production du sens commun à d’autres situations sociales, et qui s’exprime à travers des dispositifs de communication (les mises en scène).
Se soigner ou soigner les autres  ? Dimensions thérapeutiques d’un culte de possession vietnamien
Authors: Chauvet Claire 
Published: November 2012

Les médiums des esprits des Quatre Palais, en articulation avec d’autres spécialistes religieux, participent à l’espace thérapeutique vietnamien. Ils contribuent de longue date, et ce malgré les aléas de l’histoire, à prendre en charge les maladies par le biais de la pratique rituelle et, plus généralement, par le biais des interventions des esprits. Si ces dimensions thérapeutiques ne constituent qu’un aspect du culte, à côté des enjeux religieux, politiques et territoriaux, les requêtes de guérison sont parmi les principales requêtes formulées aux esprits. Cet article examine les dimensions thérapeutiques de la pratique du culte qui s’articulent autour de deux pôles : pratiquer la possession pour soigner les autres ou pour se soigner soi-même. C’est, en effet, la santé, avec l’harmonie au sein de la vie familiale, la réussite dans le commerce ou les études, que les disciples viennent chercher auprès des esprits et de leurs intermédiaires. Par ailleurs, comme pour de nombreux cultes de possession, la maladie est très souvent à l’origine du processus qui mène à la pratique médiumnique. Certains médiums, ainsi que quelques esprits, ont à cet effet des pouvoirs spécialisés dans la guérison. Enfin, l’article envisage certaines transformations du rôle social des médiums.
Nourrir la vie : éthique de la relation de soin chez les T’ai Dam du Nord-Laos
Authors: Collomb Natacha 
Published: November 2012

La notion de liang, commune aux langues tai, renvoie à une multiplicité de pratiques : nourrir, élever des animaux et des enfants, adopter, prendre soin de ses parents âgés et rendre un culte. Dans un premier temps, cet article propose d’explorer dans le contexte d’un village de riziculteurs t’ai dam du Nord Laos, le champ sémantique et les différentes pratiques auxquelles renvoie cette notion. Qu’il s’agisse des animaux, des humains ou des esprits, d’élevage, de soin ou de culte, liang implique toujours l’institution et le maintien d’une relation fondée sur le don, réel ou symbolique, de nourriture et appelant une certaine forme de réciprocité. La deuxième partie de l’article, consacré à trois études de cas relatant la difficulté à concevoir et à garder en vie des enfants, montrera que liang relève à la fois d’une aptitude, donnée ou acquise, et d’une valeur qui sont essentielles à la reproduction et bon déroulement du cycle de vie.
Ethnographie d’un hôpital cambodgien
Authors: Dumas Céline , Faurand-Tournaire Anne-Laure 
Published: November 2012

Dès le protectorat français et depuis l’indépendance, l’hôpital a été la « vitrine » politique de santé au Cambodge. Aujourd’hui, l’hôpital fait l’objet d’enjeux politiques, économiques et sociaux qui traversent la société cambodgienne contemporaine. Cet article propose une analyse de l’espace physique et social qui régit le quotidien hospitalier dans le cadre d’une ethnographie d’une maternité de Phnom Penh. Une description ethnographique des espaces de l’hôpital permet de le définir comme un espace ouvert à compartiments clos ; espace ouvert à l’intérieur duquel se dessinent des pôles professionnels et domestiques ou en lien avec la saleté et la propreté. Les frontières entre ces différents pôles délimitent des espaces clos où les accès sont strictement contrôlés. Cet emboîtement des espaces permet de comprendre la dynamique de la gestion de l’espace physique mais également social. L’organisation hospitalière est régie par une double hiérarchie, à la fois professionnelle et sociale. Cette hiérarchisation se retrouve dans la répartition des tâches quotidiennes où le « sale boulot » demeure attribué au personnel au plus bas de l’échelle hospitalière et sociale. Si l’organisation sociale à l’hôpital reflète en partie la hiérarchie de la société cambodgienne, nos observations montrent que le jeu social est plus subtil, faisant parfois intervenir le pouvoir acquis par l’appartenance politique des soignants ou l’origine sociale des malades. De même, il n’est pas uniquement question de pouvoir et de hiérarchie dans les rapports sociaux intra-hospitaliers : les usages de l’argent et son partage entre les divers soignants estompent les rapports de pouvoir entre les personnels soignants et participent à l’élaboration de sociabilité soignante au sein de l’hôpital.
Des hôtesses de karaoké à Phnom Penh
Authors: Hancart Petitet Pascale 
Published: November 2012

Au Cambodge, dans un contexte alliant paupérisation et forte pression sociale à la consommation, des jeunes femmes issues de milieux ruraux viennent s’installer à Phnom Penh, la capitale, afin de trouver une activité permettant de subvenir à leurs besoins et à ceux de leur famille. Parmi elles, nombreuses sont celles qui, par l’intermédiaire d’un membre de leur réseau familial ou amical, ou à la suite d’une information glanée à l’occasion d’une rencontre sur place, trouvent une activité en tant qu’hôtesse de bar karaoké. Cette activité induit des changements corporels, sociaux et culturels divers pour ces jeunes femmes et modifie en partie leur rapport à leur féminité, à leur sexualité et à leur santé. Considérées par les acteurs de santé publique comme des « populations vulnérables », en particulier en raison de leur activité dans la vente de services sexuels, ces femmes sont, parfois, la cible d’activités de prévention et de soins en santé de la reproduction. Cette contribution approche, d’une part, certains aspects de la construction des politiques sanitaires dans le contexte de la prostitution au Cambodge. Par ailleurs, l’article vise à explorer la façon dont ces jeunes femmes s’accommodent de leur nouveau rôle et dont elles mettent en œuvre, négocient ou détournent les pratiques de soins recommandées en matière de prévention du VIH et des grossesses non désirées. Les données ethnographiques illustrent comment les migrations spatiales et sociales des femmes observées au Cambodge induisent des pratiques « inédites » en santé de la reproduction ainsi que des formes nouvelles de construction d’identité de genre et du corps féminin. Au-delà, cette contribution propose de revisiter le concept
Le pluralisme médicamenteux face à l’épidémie de VIH/sida au Viêt Nam
Authors: Blanc Marie-Eve 
Published: November 2012

Cet article traite de la place du pluralisme médicamenteux au Viêt Nam dans le contexte de l’épidémie de VIH/sida et de la mise en place d’une nouvelle politique du médicament qui mène à la régulation du médicament traditionnel. Un des principaux problèmes dans la prise en charge du VIH/sida au Viêt Nam fut l’absence de médicaments appropriés, efficaces et accessibles. Contrairement à la Chine, la médecine traditionnelle au Viêt Nam ne s’est pas adaptée, ni n’a réussi à développer durablement de produits spécifiques. Pourtant, l’OMS favorise et incite les thérapeutes traditionnels à participer et à proposer des solutions et pas seulement dans le cadre de soins complémentaires ou palliatifs. On a pu parfois même observer des attitudes plutôt répressives de la part des autorités vietnamiennes à l’égard d’un médicament traditionnel qui n’était pas passé par l’evidence based medicine. En revanche, contrairement à la Chine, le Viêt Nam s’est orienté vers une production locale de médicaments génériques pour répondre aux besoins locaux et baisser le coût de la prise en charge du VIH.À l’aide d’une analyse de contenu de la presse vietnamienne sur le sujet nous tenterons de comprendre les enjeux politiques, économiques et culturels qui se cachent derrière le faible développement de médicaments traditionnels dans le cadre de la prise en charge du VIH/sida.Nous montrerons que l’occidentalisation pendant la période coloniale, l’ouverture du pays depuis le début des années 1990, la globalisation (vue ici comme la multiplication des échanges avec les pays occidentaux et l’intégration du Viêt Nam au reste du monde et à l’ASEAN) et la chaîne de production du médicament pharmaceutique ont modifié les pratiques de pluralisme médicamenteux ainsi que la politique nationale en matière de santé, avec des implications à plus ou moins long terme sur les pratiques populaires.
Option Pricing of Weather Derivatives for Seoul
Authors: Kim Jiwoon , Sheen Dongwoo , Shin Sungwon 
Published: November 2012

Abstract.This article analyses temperature data for Seoul based on a well defined daily average temperature (DAT) derived from records dating from 1954 to 2009, and considers related weather derivatives using a previous methodology. The temperature data exhibit some quite distinctive features, compared to other cities that have been considered before. Thus Seoul has: (i) four clear seasons; (ii) a significant seasonal range, with high temperature and humidity in the summer but low temperature and very dry weather in winter; and (iii) cycles of three cold days and four warmer days in winter. Due to these characteristics, seasonal variance and oscillation in Seoul is more apparent in winter and less evident in summer than in the other cities. We construct a deterministic model for the average temperature and then simulate future weather patterns, before pricing various weather derivative options and calculating the market price of risk (MPR).