bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERAN MAJELIS TUHA PEUT DALAM PEMILIHAN WALI NANGGROE ACEH
Authors: Oscar Ade , Mukhlis Mukhlis , Faisal Faisal 
Published: June 2024

Penempatan Wali Nanggroe sebagai pemersatu masyarakat Aceh melalui pendekatan adat ini tampak sesuai dengan ketentuan yang termaktub dalam MoU Helsinki yang kemudian dispesifikkan pengaturannya dalam Undang-undang Pemerintahan Aceh terkait dengan kewenangan Wali Nanggroe. Perkembangan Lembaga Wali Nanggroe Aceh masih mengalami ketidaktransparan secara kelembagaan yang mengungkapkan bahwa Majelis Tuha Peut tidak mampu melaksanakan tugas dan fungsinya dalam pemilihan Wali Nanggroe. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan Peran dan hambatan serta upaya Majelis Tuha Peut Wali Nanggroe dalam pemilihan Wali Nanggroe Aceh. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif, metode yuridis empiris, dengan sifat penelitian perspektif analisis terkait tentang Peran Majelis Tuha Peut Wali Nanggroe dalam pemilihan Wali Nanggroe Aceh. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Majelis Tuha Peut Wali Nanggroe dalam pemilihan Wali Nanggroe tidak melakukan perannya, dikarenakan Malik Mahmud Al-Haythar ditetapkan menjadi Wali Nanggroe periode kedua 2018-2023 oleh Majelis Tinggi Lembaga Wali Nanggroe, pada 7 Desember 2018. Penetapan tidak melalui proses pemilihan melainkan kesepakatan antar tiga Majelis Tinggi secara musyawarah mufakat dan tidak melibatkan salah satu dari empat unsur panitia pemilihan yakni ulama. Hambatan Majelis Tuha Peut dalam pelaksanaan pemilihan Wali Nanggroe periode 2018-2023 yaitu: pemilihan Wali Nanggroe tidak transparan, tidak terbentuknya komisi pemilihan dikarenakan Majelis Tuha Peut belum terbentuk secara definitif, tidak adanya pelaksanaan aturan turunan atau regulasi terkait pemilihan (Reusam Pemilihan Wali Nanggroe) dan pemilihan saat itu tidak menghadirkan para alim ulama dari setiap kabupaten/kota seperti yang diamanatkan oleh Qanun Aceh. Upaya Majelis Tuha Peut yaitu keterlibatan Majelis Tuha Peut dalam pemilihan Wali Nanggroe, dan mengupayakan regulasi, dan menyelenggaraan pemilihan.
ANALISIS KEWENANGAN AMNESTI PRESIDEN PADA DELIK PENCEMARAN NAMA BAIK MELALUI MEDIA SOSIAL TERHADAP PERKARA NOMOR 1909 K/PID.SUS/2021
Authors: Zulkifli Zulkifli , Nur Muhammad , Malahayati Malahayati 
Published: June 2024

Menyampaikan pendapat, masukan, dan teguran telah dijamin oleh Konstitusi. Selain itu, kebebasan berpendapat juga bagian dari hak asasi manusia (HAM) yang sudah diratifikasi melalui peraturan perundang-undangan. Pasal 310 ayat (3) KUHP menegaskan bahwa: “tidak merupakan pencemaran atau pencemaran tertulis, jika perbuatan terang dilakukan demi kepentingan umum atau karena terpaksa untuk bela diri”. Dengan demikian, tidak semua perbuatan subyek hukum dapat dikategorikan sebagai pencemaran nama baik sehingga tidak sepatutnya dibawa ke ranah hukum.Problematika di atas salah satunya terjadi pada perkara hukum Saiful Mahdi (selanjutnya disingkat SM), seorang akademisi di Universitas Syiah Kuala (selanjutnya disingkat Unsyiah) Banda Aceh yang divonis melalui pelanggaran Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE). Media massa banyak memberitakan dan mengulas tentang kasus ini sehingga mendapatkan perhatian publik. Besarnya atensi publik terhadap kasus ini akhirnya direspon oleh Presiden dan dibahas di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (DPR RI).Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah Menganalisis kewenangan amnesti Presiden pada delik pencemaran nama baik melalui media sosial terhadap Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1909 K/PID.SUS/2021 Juncto Nomor 104/PID/2020/PT BNA Juncto Nomor 432/Pid.Sus/2019/PN Bna dan untuk Memahami urgensi pemberian amnesti dalam kasus pencemaran nama baik melalui media sosial yang dikaitkan dengan hak kebebasan berpendapat. Tulisan ini menggunakan jenis penelitian hukum yuridis-normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach). Penelitian hukum normatif adalah suatu prosedur ilmiah yang dijalankan dalam rangka menemukan kebenaran berdasarkan logika keilmuan hukum yang dilihat dari sisi normatifnya.Hasil dari penelitian ini menujukkan Kewenangan amnesti merupakan salah satu hak yudikatif Presiden sebagai suatu bentuk pembagian kekuasaan (bukan pemisahan kekuasaan). Sebelum amandemen UUD 1945, seluruh hak milik Presiden adalah kewenangan absolut dari Presiden. Namun setelah hasil amandemen UUD 1945, kewenangan Presiden tersebut harus dikonsultasikan dengan DPR. Presiden memiliki kewenangan dalam memberikan amnesti terhadap SM dalam perkara pencemaran nama baik dengan dasar pertimbangan kemanusiaan dan perlindungan terhadap hak kebebasan berpendapat dan berekspresi.Pemberian amnesti oleh Presiden terhadap kasus-kasus pencemaran nama baik yang berkaitan dengan kritik terhadap jalannya roda pemerintahan sangat perlu dan mendesak di Indonesia terutama demi melindungi hakikat berdemokrasi yang menjamin kebebasan berpendapat dan berekspresi Kata Kunci : Pencemaraan nama baik,,Saiful Mahdi, Presiden dan Amnesti
The Efficiency of the Alu Insertion Sequence in Discrimination Among some Individuals
Authors: Al-Mamoori Ali Shakir Obeed , Al-Terehi Mona N. 
Published: July 2024

Background:
The Alu element is a widely distributed short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) in the human genome and has important applications in forensic science. The current study focused on assessing the effectiveness of Alu insertion polymorphism in forensic DNA profiling to identifying samples of some individuals living in the Babylon Governorate.
Materials and methods:
DNA was extracted From frozen blood samples (60) individuals were collected from Babylon - Al-Hilla Governorate from 8/8/2022 until 8/9/2022.

Results:
purified then a PCR technique Alu insertions were A(2q21.1)(111-115bp) 0.75, Alu deletion (0.25), B(8q23.1) (0.375) (0.625) C(13q34) (0.5)(0.5), D(15q23) (0.775) (0.225), E(16q23.3) (0.692) (0.308) and F(19q13.12)(0.616)(0.384) respectively.The alleles with Alu insertions at (2q21.1) were the most prevalent, whereas the Alu insertions at (8q23.1) were the least common. The similarity coefficient among individuals varied from 0.4 to 1, based on the proportion of genetic relatedness between them.
Conclusions:
Alu elements have efficacy in families’ discrimination it can be used more than one site, set of Alu insertion sequences should be used to accurate results.
Extracting Key-phrase Embedding using Deep Average Network and Maximal Marginal Relevance to Enhance Information Retrieval
Authors: kahdum Alyaa abdual , AL-Hameed Wafaa 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Automatic keyphrase extraction (AKE) is essential to many NLP and information retrieval tasks. Extracting high-quality key phrases is difficult due to technological advancements and the exponential growth ‎of ‎textual data and digital sources. Unsupervised keyphrase extraction with cheap computing cost that relies ‎on ‎heuristic notions of phrase importance such as embedding similarities but their development necessitates in-depth subject expertise.
Materials and Methods:
This paper presents a method to obtain a semantic understanding of the query ‎and index documents by using ‎the embedding technique(universal Sentence ‎encoder (USE) ) while keeping the most informative ‎using Maximal Marginal Relevance (MMR) and then scoring(an ‎inverted index) the most documents relevant to the query ‎vector to improve the ‎performance of IR systems.‎
Results:
The proposed retrieval model implement on the (Fire2011) dataset. The final ‎stage was evaluating the results of the baseline and the results (indexing and ranking) by using mean average precision (MAP). The ‎result of the baseline was 0.61, while the result ‎inverted index was 0.6277519 .‎
Conclusions:
In this paper, we have discussed document retrieval using keep key phrases that ‎have ‏informativeness ‎properties by ‎using maximal ‎marginal ‎relevance, since if we extract a fixed number of top ‎keyphrases, ‎redundancy ‎hinders the diversification of the ‎extracted keyphrases.
Improvement the International Data Encryption Algorithm(IDEA)based on Chaos Theory
Authors: Gabar Nadia Abed AL- Khaleak , Naser Mohammed Abdullah 
Published: July 2024

Background:
The (IDEA), which represents International Data Encryption Algorithm is a widely used cipher algorithm that has raised concerns due to the discovery of numerous weak keys, as highlighted in previous research. These weak keys, specifically those containing consecutive sequences of single digits, have been found to impede the algorithm's evolution and result in a sluggish avalanche effect. To address these vulnerabilities, this research aims to develop an enhanced and secure encryption algorithm by incorporating Chaos Theory principles into IDEA.
Materials and methods:
The primary objective is to address the weaknesses associated with IDEA's key generation process by leveraging Chaos Theory to generate strong, highly random keys that replace the algorithm's weak keys t. The study also aims to assess the security and cryptographic strength of the enhanced IDEA algorithm through evaluations and comparisons with the original algorithm.
Results:
The results showed that the proposed key passed 11 tests out of the 15 total tests, while the Traditional key of IDEA passed only 7. This indicates that the proposed method is superior by 4 tests over the Traditional method of generating keys. Also, cipher text 1 with the proposed key passed 10 tests out of the 15 total tests, while with the Traditional key passed only 8 .
Conclusion:
This indicates the superiority of the proposed method of IDEA in encryption over the traditional method of IDEA.
Using Support Vector Machine to Detect Data Hiding in Color Images
Authors: Rasool Zaid Ibrahim 
Published: July 2024

Background:
A steganography investigation model that uses improved dim scale List of capabilities, for identifying information inside uncompressed RGB pictures.
Materials and Methods:
in this paper, a bunch of 2000 RGB pictures was made utilizing normal tones, in BMP design with a size of 512 x 512 pixels. Clean pictures are Inserted secret picture information, utilizing two Payload plans, 2 pieces for every channel (BPC) and 4 pieces for each channel. The arrangement of chosen highlights comprises of 24 elements for every variety channel, and 72 highlights for each variety channel The picture, incorporates dim-level co-event grid highlights, entropy Elements, and factual proportions of variety. The list of capabilities components is determined as Individual channels, joined into picture vector highlights. The cycle depends on steganography examination On AI, utilizing Paired vector machine (SVM) support Execute the exercise manual in MATLAB.
Results:
The outcomes showed that the new method had overcome the benchmark with more than 80% identification accuracy
Conclusion :
a new Steganalysis model was introduced by using SVM. The model can recognize the presence of stowed-away information inside RGB variety pictures, removing the highlights from datasets of perfect and messy pictures and ordering utilizing the support Vector Machine calculation. the results were compared with the DNA algorithm.
PENGARUH PELATIHAN BUDIDAYA HIDROPONIK TOGA DAN PEMBUATAN PUPUK MOL TERHADAP PEMAHAMAN SERTA KEBERHASILAN BUDIDAYA TOGA OLEH IBU-IBU PERUMAHAN UNIVERSITAS TERBUKA
Authors: Dwisatyadini Mutimanda , Kusumaningrum Elizabeth Novi , Handayani Sri Kurniati , Hewindati Yuni Tri 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRAK
Pembekalan yang perlu diberikan kepada Ibu-ibu warga Perum UT yang tergabung dalam Majelis Taklim Darul Ulum adalah pengetahuan tentang tanaman obat keluarga (TOGA) serta cara pembudidayaannya melalui teknik hidroponik. Sistem hidroponik mulai banyak dipilih karena memiliki berbagai keunggulan. Keunggulan tersebut diantaranya adalah produk yang dihasilkan pada sistem ini lebih bersih. Selain itu, larutan nutrisi yang diberikan ke tanaman lebih terukur dan selalu tersedia. Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah melihat pengaruh pelatihan budidaya hidroponik toga dan pembuatan pupuk mol terhadap pemahaman serta keberhasilan budidaya TOGA ibu-ibu perumahan Universitas Terbuka. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan diawali dengan mengidentifikasi kebutuhan data ibu-ibu perumahan Universitas Terbuka dan mengumpulkan data pemahaman dan kesiapan ibu-ibu dalam mengikuti pelatihan, memberikan penyuluhan atau pelatihan terkait cara budidaya TOGA dengan hidroponik, serta cara perbuatan pupuk mol dari nasi basi dan gula merah. mendemonstrasikan Cara Budidaya TOGA dengan Hidroponik (Bayam, Seledri, Mentimun, Tomat), monitoring evaluasi keberhasilan pembuatan budidaya hidroponik TOGA. Hasil evaluasi kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat terlihat mengenal dan paham budidaya toga dengan hidroponik mengalami peningkatan sebanyak 66%, yang sebelum pelatihan budidaya Toga sebanyak 34% menjadi 100%. Ibu-ibu perumahan Universitas Terbuka pernah budidaya TOGA dengan hidroponik meningkat sebanyak 93%, yang sebelumnya 7% menjadi 100%. terlihat ibu-ibu perumahan Universitas Terbuka mengenal pupuk mol dari nasi basi dan gula merah mengalami peningkatan setelah pelatihan sebanyak 80% yang sebelumnya hanya 20% menjadi 100%. Pengelaman ibu-ibu pernah membuat pupuk mol dari nasi basi dan gula merah meningkat sebanyak 80% dari sebelumnya 20% menjadi 100%. Pemahaman ibu-ibu terhadap cara pembuatan pupuk mol dari nasi basi dan gula merah sebanyak 83% dari 17% menjadi 100%. Serta hasil ibu-ibu dalam mendemonstrasikan cara budidaya TOGA dengan Hidroponik sangat baik dengan peningkatan sebanyak 40% dari sebelumnya hanya 60% menjadi 100%. Kesimpulannya hasil sayur hidroponik baik, sehingga Terwujud sudah impian ibu-ibu perumahan UT untuk sedekah sayuran Hidroponik untuk sekitar perumahan Universitas Terbuka.

Kata kunci: Pelatihan Budidaya TOGA, Hidroponik, Pupuk Mol.
Natural Cubic Spline Method as a Method in Constructing a Life Table in Gegelang Village West Lombok
Authors: Fauzi Andri Azmul , Ridwan Lalu Muhammad , Agustini Dwi , Putri Desi Febriani , Tumilaar Rinancy , Asmaidi Asmaidi , Raming Indriasri 
Published: June 2024

This research aims to reconstruct a life table based on real data obtained in Gegelang Village, West Lombok. The data used in this research is the population in 2016, the death rate in 2014-2018 and the birth rate in 2014-2018. The first step taken was to compile a rough life table using the partial data situation and full data situation methods. Both methods are included in the maximum likelihood method. After carrying out calculations, different life expectancy figures are obtained. The respective calculation results were 62.21 years for the partial data situation method and 73.07 years for the full data situation method. Next, a graduation is carried out using the natural cubic spline method on the life table obtained from a rough life table model calculation. The graphic model produced by the rough life table is fluctuating so it is necessary to graduate using the natural cubic spline method to obtain a monotonically decreasing graph. The life table model chosen for graduation is a life table whose life expectancy is close to the life expectancy of West Lombok Regency in 2015, namely 65.1 years. After graduation, the new life expectancy was found to be 66.92 years.
EVALUASI RENCANA STRATEGIS RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH SAWAHLUNTO
Authors: Rahmadhani Rahmadhani , Semiarty Rima , Astiena Adila Kasni 
Published: July 2024

Kinerja pelayanan tahun 2018 menunjukkkan angka yang berada jauh di bawah standar ideal yaitu sebesar 33,43%. Pendapatan Rumah Sakit hanya mencapai 71,19% dari target yang ditetapkan karena kunjungan Rumah Sakit tahun 2018 tersebut mengalami penurunan baik pada kunjungan gawat darurat, rawat jalan, dan rawat inap. Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kota Sawahlunto telah memiliki dokumen renstra 2014-2018 sebagai peta atau arah bagi Rumah Sakit kearah yang lebih baik. Evaluasi terhadap renstra perlu dilakukan sebagai relevansi antara perencanaan strategis dengan sasaran dan tujuan yang akan dicapai sebagai proses pembelajaran atau tindakan perubahan yang harus dilakukan.Kata kunci: Evaluasi;relevansi; rencana;sasaran
ISOLASI DAN UJI DAYA HAMBAT BAKTERI SIMBION SPONS TERHADAP Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Febria Fuji Astuti , Ramadhani Novi 
Published: July 2024

Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang upaya pengendalian bakteri Vibrio parahaemolyticus patogen yang merugikan bagi kegiatan budidaya ikan, dan udang. Pengendalian secara fisik dan kimia tidak efisien, membutuhkan biaya mahal dan tidak aman bagi lingkungan. Solusi alternatif pengendalian V. parahaemolytcus secara hayati menggunakan isolat bakteri potensial penghambat pertumbuhan V. parahaemolytcus. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengisolasi dan menguji kemampuan isolat bakteri simbion spons dalam menghambat V. parahaemolytcus, serta mengkarakterisasi isolat bakteri simbion spons yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan V. parahaemolytcus. Penelitian menggunakan metode survei dan pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposiv sampling. Hasil penelitian ditemukan masing-masing dua isolate bakteri BSA1 dan BSA2 yang bersimbion dengan Aplysina aerophoba dan isolat BSX1 dan BSX2 yang bersimbion dengan spons Axinella dissimilis. Tiga dari empat isolat bakteri simbion spons terindikasi memiliki aktivitas antibiotik. Zona hambat terbesar ditemukan pada isolat BSA 1 dengan zona hambat mencapai 7,25 mm. Karakterisasi isolat bakteri simbion spons yang mampu menghambat Vibrio parahaemolyticus diperoleh satu isolat bakteri gram positif coccus dan dua isolat bakteri gram negatif coccus, serta tiga isolat bakteri bersifat positif katalase dan tiga isolat bakteri bersifat motil.
Kontribusi Social Support Dalam Meningkatkan Work Engagement Pada Perempuan Bekerja Yang Menjalani Peran Ganda
Authors: Mariyanti Sulis , Lunanta Lita Patricia , Ratnaningtyas Aisyah 
Published: July 2024

Carrying out multiple roles for some working women is a tough, tiring and challenging role. On the one hand, as a mother you are required to be able to complete household tasks satisfactorily for yourself and your family. On the other hand, as an employee a mother is also required to be engaged in her work to show maximum performance. One of the factors that contributes to work engagement in women who play multiple roles is social support. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of social support on work engagement of working women who play multiple roles. This research method is a quantitative-causality type with a purposive sampling technique, involving 201 working and married mothers in Indonesia. The social support measuring tool refers to the theory of Sarafino & Smith (2011) with 35 valid items and reliability (α) = 0.915. The work engagement scale uses the Utrecht Employee Engagement Scale (UWES) from Schaufeli and Bakker (UWES) which was adapted from Titien (2016) with 28 valid items and reliability (α) = 0.922. The results of this research show that there is an influence of social support on work engagement in working women who play dual roles with a significant (p) value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), with a simple linear regression equation Y = 0.372 + 0.062. Social support give a quite large contribution of 54.4% to work engagement.
Isolation and molecular identification of polyphenol oxidase and associated enzyme production from Bacillus spp.
Authors: Vivekanandhan K. , Arockiam Jeyasundar Parimala Gnana Soundari , Mani Vellingiri Manon , Ayyappadas M. P. 
Published: June 2024

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes browning in food by converting phenolics to quinone, rendering unwanted organoleptic and nutritional changes. As a result, it represents a major problem in the food industry which must be addressed to reduce food waste and maximize food quality and shelf life despite PPOs importance in various industrial processes. The present study aimed to isolate Bacillus sp., evaluate their PPO production and related enzymes, and identify them through 16S rRNA sequencing. The selected strains isolated from soil were induced, and the cultures were grown OD600 of 1.0 (1x108 CFU) for evaluation. The study identified various types of Bacillus sp. as the source of PPO, tyrosinase and catecholase production. The data revealed that the strains Bacillus cereus, Bacillus albus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringenesis and Bacillus tropicus exhibited PPO, tyrosinase and catecholase enzyme production with a maximum of 104.2 IU/ml, 68.61 IU/ml and 61.59 IU/ml respectively. Enzyme activity differed between organisms and substrate activities, which must be standardized. Despite the importance of PPO and related enzymes to browning reactions and food processing, there has been limited progress in this area. Therefore, taking a different approach to provoke more concerns is probably necessary.
Physiological and biochemistry response of mustard greens (Brassica juncea var. Tosakan) to iron and zinc biofortification
Authors: Setyoningsih Armelia Rezkita , Samanhudi  , Tetrani Sakya Amalia , Rahayu Muji , Setyawati Andiyana 
Published: June 2024

Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) agronomically biofortification is required on mustard greens, as their nutritional value is still insufficient to meet human needs. This biofortification is anticipated to meet the dietary requirements of Zn and Fe to prevent the stunting phenomenon. This investigation aimed to examine the consequences of foliar Fe and Zn with varying concentrations (T1 to T16) on the physiology and biochemistry of biofortified mustard. The research was carried out in a greenhouse located in Karang-anyar, Central Java, Indonesia using a randomized block design (RBD) with two factors, namely Fe-EDTA and Zn-EDTA, each concentration of 0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6 gl-1 with three replications. Fe and Zn were applied on the 21st day after sowing with foliar spray. The results showed that Fe biofortification up to a concentration of 0.6 g L-1 with or without a combination of Zn can increase physiological and biochemical parameters in mustard greens, namely photosynthetic rate up to 6.747 µmol m-2 s-1(T15) transpiration rate 0.653 µmol m-2 s-1 (T5) stomatal conductance 18.854 µmol m-2 s-1(T5) number of stomata by 283.7 (T13), stomatal opening width by 7.777 µm (T16), iron content by 56.109 mg kg-1 (T14), but Zn content can only increase when Zn is added alone without Fe, an increase in Zn up to 18.127 mg kg-1 (T4).This study showed that Fe and Zn biofortification up to a concentration of 0.6 g L-1 was able to improve the biochemicals of mustard greens, especially their Fe and Zn contents and also the physiology of mustard greens.
Influence of frying conditions on colour kinetics and viscosity of frying medium employed for making Indian recipe Gulabjamun
Authors: Sain Mukul , Minz P.S. , Ray Arijit , Bihola Ankit , Adil Shaikh 
Published: June 2024

Frying Gulabjamun in Ghee is key to its distinct taste and texture, but reheating frequency and conditions can affect the sweet's colour and consistency. It is important to understand this dynamic to ensure the desired quality of the final product. Based on the facts as mentioned above, the present study was conducted to analyse the change in colour and viscosity occurring in the Ghee during repetitive frying to cook Gulabjamuns.The change in colour attributes and viscosity of Ghee was monitored at various hours of frying. The results revealed that the Ghee became darker, the green hues became more prominent, and the yellow hues became more intense the longer it was fried. Besides, the most significant color change occurred during the 60-hour frying duration, as indicated by a decrease in lightness (L* value from 43.07 to 41.1) and a noticeable shift towards greener hues (Δa* value of -7.22334), suggesting that extended frying times lead to the darker and greener side. It attained its maximum viscosity after 12 hours of frying, with a shear stress of 19.10 Pa and viscosity of 0.66 Pa-s, which was correlated with the formation of a scum and the disappearance of steam bubbles. The physicochemical changes taking place in Ghee during the frying of Gulabjamun after repeated heating provide understanding to sweet makers for the selection of the appropriate frying medium and frying techniques, which ultimately assist in the improvement of the overall sensory attributes of the Gulabjamun.