bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Bakri balloon tamponade in the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: a series of 50 cases from a tertiary teaching hospital
Authors: GRÖNVALL MAIJU , TIKKANEN MINNA , TALLBERG ERIKA , PAAVONEN JORMA , STEFANOVIC VEDRAN 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjective. Massive postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the most serious complications during delivery. Hysterectomy is commonly performed when other conventional treatment attempts fail. Bakri balloon tamponade (BBT) is a novel conservative management option for PPH. Little is known of the effectiveness of this procedure. We report a large case series from a tertiary teaching hospital. Design. Retrospective case series (October 2008–June 2011). Setting. University teaching hospital. Population. Forty‐four women with massive PPH (blood loss >1000 mL) and six other women with expected high risk of PPH (blood loss <1000 mL) managed by BBT. Methods. Chart review. Main outcome measures. Achievement of definitive hemostasis by BBT among the study population. Results. Among the women treated with BBT, the cause of PPH was uterine atony (16%), cervical rupture (14%), vaginal rupture and/or paravaginal hematoma (22%), placenta previa (18%) and placental retention (30%). The overall success rate was 86%. Seven of the 50 patients needed additional procedures. Of the seven failures, supravaginal uterine amputation or hysterectomy was required in four cases and embolization of the uterine arteries in three cases. Conclusions. BBT is a simple, readily available, effective and safe procedure for the management of PPH in selective cases. BBT does not exclude the use of other procedures if necessary. Even if BBT failed, it may provide temporary tamponade and time to prepare for other interventions or transportation from local hospital to tertiary centre. We suggest that BBT should be included in the PPH protocol.
Production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde by Candida albicans from patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders
Authors: Gainza‐Cirauqui M. L. , Nieminen M. T. , Novak Frazer L. , Aguirre‐Urizar J. M. , Moragues M. D. , Rautemaa R. 
Published: August 2012

ObjectivesProduction of carcinogenic acetaldehyde by Candida has been suggested to contribute to epithelial dysplasia and oral carcinogenesis. Oral lichen planus (OLP), oral lichenoid lesion (OLL) and oral leukoplakia (OL) are potentially carcinogenic oral diseases where colonisation by Candida is common, but acetaldehyde production by Candida has not been studied.Study DesignAcetaldehyde production in ethanol (11 mM), glucose (100 mM), ethanol–glucose (11 mM and 100 mM) or red wine (1200 mM ethanol) incubation by Candida albicans from patients with OLL (n = 6), OLP (n = 16), OL (n = 6) and controls (n = 6) was measured by gas chromatography. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their smoking habits and alcohol consumption.ResultsAll Candida albicans isolates produced potentially carcinogenic levels of acetaldehyde (>100 μM) in all incubations containing ethanol. The control group isolates produced the highest acetaldehyde levels. Isolates from smokers produced more acetaldehyde in all incubations than those from non‐smokers. The difference was significant in ethanol–glucose incubation. Isolates from patients who were both smokers and drinkers produced the highest amounts when incubated in ethanol, ethanol–glucose and wine.ConclusionsCandida albicans isolated from potentially carcinogenic oral diseases can produce mutagenic amounts of acetaldehyde. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption may favour adaptational changes resulting in the upregulation of candidal acetaldehyde metabolism.
Knowledge management systems for oral health in developing and developed countries
Authors: Nattestad Anders 
Published: August 2012

AbstractKnowledge management systems utilize information technology to manage knowledge in organizations with the purpose of creating, supporting, storing and disseminating information. These systems have been around for decades, but have significantly changed over time in complexity and features with the evolution of information technology and the Internet. With the development of these new technologies, the concept of knowledge management has thrived and has had significant impact on the way in which knowledge is accumulated, stored and accessed. This article will describe the historical development of knowledge management systems in oral health, illustrate the technology using examples and explore the future use of these systems with emerging technologies such as Google Wave®. One example of how knowledge management systems may affect the quality of dental education is the DentEd project, where a collaborative website was developed to coordinate dental school visitations and collection of reports from working groups, leading to several important publications. MEDLINE is another example of an effective knowledge management system in health care, providing access to health care‐related scientific literature, which is highly organized under the auspices of the United States National Library of Medicine. Another and very differently organized example of an effective knowledge management system is Wikipedia, which is a free, web‐based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by a nonprofit foundation. The final example of an effective knowledge management system is all of the social media, including Facebook and Twitter. These tools have proven very powerful in organizing and collaborating. In conclusion, the development of new technologies and the Internet have changed the way in which information is developed and accessed. This development is still ongoing and only the future will reveal how this will continue to change.
The periodontal disease–systemic health–infectious disease axis in developing countries
Authors: Enwonwu Cyril O. , Salako Nathanael 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOral health is relatively low priority in the health policy of many developing countries. These countries, particularly those in sub‐Saharan Africa, are still constrained by a wide range of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, measles and malaria, as well as by a heavy burden of intergenerational malnutrition. There is currently a disturbing trend in the rise of noncommunicable diseases in these countries. The noncommunicable diseases share many risk factors with periodontal diseases, the prevalence and severity of which are already markedly influenced by microbial infections. There are many fundamental gaps in our understanding of oral diseases, particularly in resource‐poor settings. Perhaps this is the time to integrate neglected oral diseases and the noncommunicable diseases into the relatively well‐funded global programs for the elimination of malaria, tuberculosis, AIDS and malnutrition.
Refinement of Bouwer‐Rice Baildown Test Analysis
Authors: Kirkman Andrew J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe recoverability of light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) in the subsurface can be estimated using LNAPL transmissivity. LNAPL transmissivity is analogous to aquifer transmissivity in that it represents the volume of LNAPL that flows through a unit width of a porous medium for a unit gradient in a unit time. Methods for estimating LNAPL transmissivity from baildown test data have been modified from the Bouwer and Rice (1976) slug test method by Lundy and Zimmerman (1996) and Huntley (2000). The primary assumptions when estimating LNAPL transmissivity with the Bouwer‐Rice method include, a quasi‐steady‐state model for recharge to the well (the model assumes steady‐state radial flow to the well with rate dependent well drawdown and no storage effects) and that the ratio of change in LNAPL drawdown to change in LNAPL thickness at the well (ds/db) is constant. This ratio will be referred to as the j‐ratio. Rather than having to meet boundary conditions for a predetermined j‐ratio value, each baildown test provides the data to estimate the j‐ratio value that is unique to that data set. This calculation methodology in turn results in the Bouwer‐Rice method being applicable to a wider range of baildown tests where it is not required for the potentiometric surface or LNAPL/water interface to remain constant.
Causation: Empirical Trends and Future Directions
Authors: Rose David , Danks David 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEmpirical research has recently emerged as a key method for understanding the nature of causation, and our concept of causation. One thread of research aims to test intuitions about the nature of causation in a variety of classic cases. These experiments have principally been used to try to resolve certain debates within analytic philosophy, most notably that between proponents of transference and dependence views of causation. The other major thread of empirical research on our concept of causation has investigated the role that normative considerations play in causal judgments. These experimental results suggest that philosophical accounts of our concept of causation should take a broader view of what might be relevant. For both lines of research, we describe some of the significant experiments and outline key philosophical morals that have been drawn, all while pointing out various limitations. We conclude by considering other kinds of empirical research that should be philosophically interesting for those studying the nature of causation and our concept of causation. In particular, we point towards the need for philosophical research about causal perception, causal reasoning, and causal learning, as well as ways in which this research could play a role in prescriptive metaphysics.
A Descriptivist Refutation of Kripke's Modal Argument and of Soames's Defence
Authors: Bo Chen 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article systematically challenges Kripke's modal argument and Soames's defence of this argument by arguing that, just like descriptions, names can take narrow or wide scopes over modalities, and that there is a big difference between the wide scope reading and the narrow scope reading of a modal sentence with a name. Its final conclusions are that all of Kripke's and Soames's arguments are untenable due to some fallacies or mistakes; names are not “rigid designators”; if there were rigid designators, description(s) could be rigidified to refer fixedly to objects; so names cannot be distinguished in this way from the corresponding descriptions. A descriptivist account of names is still correct; and there is no justification for Kripke's theory of rigid designation and its consequences.
The Possibility of Modified Hedonism
Authors: Berkovski Sandy 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA popular objection to hedonist accounts of personal welfare has been the experience machine argument. Several modifications of traditional hedonism have been proposed in response. In this article I examine two such responses, recently expounded byFeldman andSumner respectively. I argue that both modifications make hedonism indistinguishable from anti‐hedonism. Sumner's account, I claim, also fails to satisfy the demands of theoretical unity.
Bat Rabies, Public Health and European Bat Conservation
Authors: Racey P. A. , Hutson A. M. , Lina P. H. C. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryMost records of European bat lyssaviruses (EBLVs) are confined to three species – the serotine bat for EBLV1 (900 records) and Daubenton’s bat and the pond bat for EBLV2 (25 records). High levels of seroprevalence, which may vary from year to year, are also recorded. All bat vectors of EBLVs are synanthropic, some exclusively so. Despite this, there have been only five cases of human rabies resulting from EBLV infection in the 590 million people of greater Europe during the last 35 years. These have triggered major programmes of surveillance in many European countries. The emphasis on active versus passive surveillance and the intensity with which they have been carried out has varied from country to country. Both involve cooperation between bat researchers, virologists and public health officials and the latter, in particular, engages amateur bat workers and members of the public. Bat NGOs throughout Europe have worked to persuade the public not to handle bats or to do so only with gloved hands and, in the case of bat workers, to receive pre‐exposure immunization. They have also countered negative media coverage of bat rabies. Householders with bat roosts in their dwellings have in general been persuaded to retain their bats. Attempts have been made to persuade all European countries to establish comparable EBLV surveillance programmes. In the last 25 years, virologists, public health officials, bat biologists and conservationists, both amateur and professional have worked closely and collaboratively for the protection of the public and the conservation of bats, with little polarization of views.
Autonomy, positive relationships, and IL‐6: Evidence for gender‐specific effects
Authors: Eisenlohr‐Moul Tory , Segerstrom Suzanne 
Published: August 2012

Objectives. A body of evidence indicates that women value relationship‐centred aspects of well‐being more than men do, while men value autonomy‐centred aspects of well‐being more than women do. The current study examined whether gender moderates relations between autonomy and positive relationships and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), a cytokine associated with inflammatory processes. Aspects of well‐being consistent with gender‐linked values were expected to be most health protective such that positive relationships would predict lower IL‐6 only or more strongly in women, and autonomy would predict lower IL‐6 only or more strongly in men.Methods. In the first study, a sample of 119 older adults (55% female) living in Kentucky were visited in their homes for interviews and blood draws. In the second study, a sample of 1,028 adults (45% female) living across the United States underwent a telephone interview followed by a visit to a research centre for blood draws.Results. In the Kentucky sample, autonomy was quadratically related to IL‐6 such that moderate autonomy predicted higher IL‐6; this effect was stronger in men. In the US national sample, more positive relationships were associated with lower IL‐6 in women only. When the national sample was restricted to match the Kentucky sample, moderate autonomy was again associated with higher IL‐6 in men only.Conclusions. Results provide preliminary evidence for gender‐specific effects of positive relationships and autonomy on IL‐6. Further work is needed to establish the generalizability of these effects to different ages, cultures, and health statuses.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject? A host of previous work indicates that women value relationship‐centred aspects of well‐being more than men, while men value autonomy‐centred aspects of well‐being more than women. Further, there is some evidence suggesting that well‐being consistent with gender‐linked values is more health protective, such that relationships are more protective for women than for men, while autonomy is more protective for men than for women.What does this study add We provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that gender moderates the associations of autonomy and positive relationships with IL‐6. Specifically, higher levels of positive relationships may be associated with lower IL‐6 in women only, whereas moderate levels of autonomy may be associated with higher IL‐6 in males only, particularly among older adults.
A Parametric Study of Bipolar Plate Structural Parameters on the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Imanmehr Salar , Pourmahmod Nader 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
In this research, the impact of structural parameters of bipolar plates on the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell performance has been investigated using numerical method, and this model incorporates all the essential fundamental physical and electrochemical processes occurring in the membrane electrolyte, cathode catalyst layer, electrode backing, and flow channel, with some assumptions in each part. In formulation of this model, the cell is assumed to work under steady state conditions. Also, since the thickness of the cell is negligible compared to other dimensions, one-dimensional and isothermal approximations are used. The structural parameters considered in this paper are: the width of channels (Wc), the width of support (Ws), the number of gas channels (ng), the height of channels (hc), and the height of supports (hp). The results show that structural parameters of bipolar plates have a great impact on outlet voltage in high current densities. Also, the number of gas channels, their surface area, the contacting area of bipolar plates, and electrodes have a great effect on the rate of reaction and consequently on outlet voltage. The model predictions have been compared with the existing experimental results available in the literature, and excellent agreement has been demonstrated between the model results and the experimental data for the cell polarization curve.
Influence of Rounded Corners on Flow Interference Due to Square
Cylinders Using Immersed Boundary Method
Authors: Shyam Kumar M. B. , Vengadesan S. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The influence of rounded corners on the aerodynamic forces and flow interference has been studied in detail for a uniform flow past two side-by-side arranged square cylinders. The Reynolds number (Re) based on the cylinder diameter (D) and free stream velocity (U∞) is 100. Numerical simulations are carried out for seven different transverse gap ratios (T/D), each with a minimum and maximum corner radius. An inbuilt finite difference code with staggered arrangement of flow variables is used to discretize the governing equations. The concept of immersed boundary method (IBM) is employed to simulate flow around rounded corners using the regular Cartesian grids. The computational code was validated for flow past an isolated circular cylinder, square cylinder, and two equal sized circular cylinders and the results were found to be in very good agreement with available literatures. In the present study, results in terms of the mean and rms values of lift and drag coefficients, Strouhal number, phase diagrams, and contours of streamlines and vorticity are presented. As the corner radius is increased, a reduction in the drag force is observed. There exists a significant effect of gap ratio and corner radius on the phase angle of lift and drag coefficients. Three different flow patterns, namely the single bluff body flow, biased gapside flow, and two independent bluff body flows, were observed from this study.
Component Failure Analysis From a Stationary Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Demonstration
Authors: Lux Scott , Johnson Kelsey , Josefik Nicholas 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A fleet of 91 residential-scale proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, ranging in size from 1 to 5 kW, was demonstrated at various U.S. federal facilities worldwide. This detailed analysis looks into the most prevalent means of failure in the PEM fuel cell systems as categorized from the stack, reformer, and power conditioning systems as well as the subsequent subsystems. Also evaluated are the lifespan and failure modes of selected fuel cell components, based on component type, age, and usage. The balance of plant, with the numerous pumps and filters, accounted for 60.6% of the total component outages, followed by the fuel cell stack system (20.4%), fuel processing system (10.7%), and the power conditioning system (8.2%). Hydrogen cartridges were the most prevalent component replaced (79), but various filters (RO, DI, air-intake, carbon) account for almost 25% (175) of the total component outages. The natural gas fuel cell stacks had the highest average operational lifetime; one stack reached a total of 10,250 h.
Electrical Properties of Sr0.86Y0.08TiO3 Under Redox and Full Cell Fabrication Conditions
Authors: Zhao Li , Brouwer Jacob 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The effects of manufacturing and preparation conditions on the structural and electrical properties of Sr0.86Y0.08TiO3 (SYT) reduced in 5% NH3 (95% N2) are discussed. The realization of an SYT-based SOFC anode is challenging because the conductivity of SYT is highly dependent upon the thermal history combined with heat treatment atmosphere used in manufacturing. To obtain highly conductive SYT as a candidate for an SOFC anode material, all samples in this study were prereduced to 1400 °C under reducing conditions (ammonia) for 8 h. After prereduction, three samples were oxidized in air at 850 °C, 950 °C, and 1050 °C, respectively, for 4 h to evaluate the impact of oxidizing conditions in practical cell fabrication processes on the SYT conductivity. XRD analyses showed that the lattice parameter of SYT sintered in ammonia was slightly different than the sample sintered in air. Measured at 800 °C in reducing atmosphere (dry N2/4% H2), the maximum electrical conductivity of 36.3 S/cm was observed in SYT reduced in ammonia at 1400 °C. However, the observed conductivities were not preserved after oxidation-reduction cycles. Various SYT samples prereduced in ammonia at 1400 °C and then oxidized in air at 850 °C, 950 °C, and 1050 °C showed an irreversible drop on conductivity measured in a reducing atmosphere, and the higher the oxidation temperature, the lower the conductivity became. The conductivity results indicate a strong dependence upon the SYT manufacturing and processing conditions. Despite the irreversible drop due to the oxidation cycle, the conductivity of SYT sintered in ammonia at 1400 °C is still reasonable as a candidate for SOFC anodes, with careful management of cell fabrication conditions to avoid any oxidation processes at temperatures above 1050 °C.
Group Acupuncture for Knee Pain: Evaluation of a Cost-Saving Initiative in the Health Service
Authors: White Adrian , Richardson Marion , Richmond Pamela , Freedman Jonathan , Bevis Mark 
Published: August 2012

Background Acupuncture has been provided in nurse-led group clinics in St Albans since 2008. It is funded by a commissioning group within the National Health Service, on a trial basis, for patients with knee osteoarthritis who would otherwise be referred to an orthopaedic surgeon. Aim To evaluate the patients seen in the service's first year of operation and their outcome up to the end of 2010. Methods Service evaluation was made of patient data from the referral centre and the acupuncture clinics, including baseline characteristics, attendance data and Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile (MYMOP) symptom, function and well-being scores over at least 2 years. Results 114 patients were offered acupuncture, of whom 90 patients were assessed in the acupuncture clinics. 41 of these were still attending after 1 year and 31 (34%) after 2 years. MYMOP scores showed clinically significant improvements at 1 month for pain (4.2 (SD 1.2) to 2.9 (SD 1.4)), stiffness (4.1 (SD 1.3) to 2.9 (SD 1.3)) and function (4.5 (SD 1.1) to 3.3 (SD 1.2)) which continued up to 2 years. Well-being scores did not change. Conclusions This is the first evaluation of nurse-led group (multibed) acupuncture clinics for patients with knee osteoarthritis to include a 2 year follow-up. It shows the practicability of offering a low-cost acupuncture service as an alternative to knee surgery and the service's success in providing long-term symptom relief in about a third of patients. Using realistic assumptions, the cost consequences for the local commissioning group are an estimated saving of £100 000 a year. Sensitivity analyses are presented using different assumptions.