bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Key Role of IL-6–Arginase Cascade for Inducing Dendritic Cell–Dependent CD4+ T Cell Dysfunction in Tumor-Bearing Mice
Authors: Narita Yoshinori , Kitamura Hidemitsu , Wakita Daiko , Sumida Kentaro , Masuko Kazutaka , Terada Satoshi , Nakano Kiichiroh , Nishimura Takashi 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Evaluation of immune dysfunction during the tumor-bearing state is a critical issue in combating cancer. In this study, we initially found that IL-6, one of the cachectic factors, suppressed CD4+ T cell–mediated immunity through downregulation of MHC class II by enhanced arginase activity of dendritic cells (DC) in tumor-bearing mice. We demonstrated that administration of Ab against IL-6R (anti–IL-6R mAb) greatly enhanced T cell responses and inhibited the growth of tumor in vivo. We also found that IL-6 upregulated the expression of arginase-1 and arginase activity of DC in vitro. Tumor-infiltrating CD11c+ DC exhibited upregulated mRNA expression of arginase-1 but reduced expression of MHC class II in parallel with the increase in serum IL-6 levels at the late stage in tumor-bearing hosts. However, the administration of anti–IL-6R mAb into tumor-bearing mice inhibited both the downmodulation of MHC class II and the upregulation of arginase-1 mRNA levels in DC. Furthermore, we noted that Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine or L-arginine, an arginase-1 inhibitor, blocked the reduction in MHC class II levels on CD11c+ DC during the tumor-bearing state. Finally, we demonstrated that the administration of Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine at the peritumor site significantly enhanced CD4+ T cell responses and inhibited tumor growth. Thus, IL-6–mediated arginase activation and the subsequent reduction in MHC class II expression on DC appeared to be critical mechanisms for inducing dysfunction of the immune system in the tumor-bearing state. Blockade of the IL-6–arginase cascade is a promising tool to overcome the dysfunction of antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing hosts.
Vaccine Injection Site Matters: Qualitative and Quantitative Defects in CD8 T Cells Primed as a Function of Proximity to the Tumor in a Murine Glioma Model
Authors: Ohlfest John R. , Andersen Brian M. , Litterman Adam J. , Xia Junzhe , Pennell Christopher A. , Swier Lauryn E. , Salazar Andres M. , Olin Michael R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Malignant gliomas are lethal brain tumors for which novel therapies are urgently needed. In animal models, vaccination with tumor-associated Ags efficiently primes T cells to clear gliomas. In clinical trials, cancer vaccines have been less effective at priming T cells and extending survival. Generalized immune suppression in the tumor draining lymph nodes has been documented in multiple cancers. However, a systematic analysis of how vaccination at various distances from the tumor (closest to farthest) has not been reported. We investigated how the injection site chosen for vaccination dictates CD8 T cell priming and survival in an OVA-transfected murine glioma model. Glioma-bearing mice were vaccinated with Poly:ICLC plus OVA protein in the neck, hind leg, or foreleg for drainage into the cervical, inguinal, or axillary lymph nodes, respectively. OVA-specific CD8 T cell number, TCR affinity, effector function, and infiltration into the brain decreased as the vaccination site approached the tumor. These effects were dependent on the presence of the tumor, because injection site did not appreciably affect CD8 T cell priming in tumor-free mice. Our data suggest the site of vaccination can greatly impact the effectiveness of cancer vaccines. Considering that previous and ongoing clinical trials have used a variety of injection sites, vaccination site is potentially a critical aspect of study design that is being overlooked.
Testing the shape-similarity hypothesis between particle-size distribution and water retention for Sicilian soils
Authors: Antinoro Chiara , Bagarello Vincenzo , Ferro Vito , Giordano Giuseppe , Iovino Massimo 
Published: December 2012

Application of the Arya and Paris (AP) model to estimate the soil water retention curve requires a detailed description of the particlesize distribution (PSD) but limited experimental PSD data are generally determined by the conventional sieve-hydrometer (SH) method. Detailed PSDs can be obtained by fitting a continuous model to SH data or performing measurements by the laser diffraction (LD) method. The AP model was applied to 40 Sicilian soils for which the PSD was measured by both the SH and LD methods. The scale factor was set equal to 1.38 (procedure AP1) or estimated by a logistical model with parameters gathered from literature (procedure AP2). For both SH and LD data, procedure AP2 allowed a more accurate prediction of the water retention than procedure AP1, confirming that it is not convenient to use a unique value of for soils that are very different in texture. Despite the differences in PSDs obtained by the SH and LD methods, the water retention predicted by a given procedure (AP1 or AP2) using SH or LD data was characterized by the same level of accuracy. Discrepancies in the estimated water retention from the two PSD measurement methods were attributed to underestimation of the finest diameter frequency obtained by the LD method. Analysis also showed that the soil water retention estimated using the SH method was affected by an estimation bias that could be corrected by an optimization procedure (OPT). Comparison of a-distributions and water retention shape indices obtained by the two methods (SH or LD) indicated that the shape-similarity hypothesis is better verified if the traditional sieve-hydrometer data are used to apply the AP model. The optimization procedure allowed more accurate predictions of the water retention curves than the traditional AP1 and AP2 procedures. Therefore, OPT can be considered a valid alternative to the more complex logistical model for estimating the water retention curve of Sicilian soils.
The Magazine as Readymade:
Authors: Hage Emily 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
Approaching New York Dada (1921) as a readymade, this article contends that its editors, Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray, manipulated the magazine medium to interrogate perceived divisions between print genres and gender roles. In so doing they offer a sometimes ambiguous but ultimately critical response to consumer culture and to the Dada movement itself. Examining the entire publication as a work of art rather than focusing solely on certain texts and images therein, this analysis expands current views of Dada art journals and the readymade, one of the defining and most profoundly influential strategies of the movement.
Characteristics of Medication Use During Pediatric Medical Emergency Team Events and the Role of a Pharmacist-Provided Medication Supply
Authors: Bembea Melania M. , Rapan Parbuoni Kristine A. , Zimmer Karen P. , Veltri Michael A. , Shilkofski Nicole A. , McMillan-Nelson Kristen , Lee Carlton K.K. , Hunt Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVES
To determine the type and frequency of and indications for medications used during pediatric medical emergency team (PMET) events and to describe a PMET pharmacist training model, creation of a standardized “pharmacist PMET supply,” and the pharmacist's role in implementation and ongoing improvement of a PMET.

METHODS
This is a retrospective observational cohort study of 210 PMET events in 172 patients in a tertiary care, academic pediatric hospital, from September 15, 2005, to September 15, 2007. We focused on the types and sources of medications used during PMET events.

RESULTS
The medications most commonly used were lorazepam (11%), neuromuscular blockers (10.5%), atropine (9.5%), epinephrine bolus (9%), and albuterol or levalbuterol (9%). However, 49 distinct medications were used in 53.8% of all PMET events. Of all medications requested during a PMET event, only 40% originated from an institutionally standardized emergency medication box, while an additional 35% were readily available at the patient's bedside as part of the “pharmacist PMET supply.”

CONCLUSIONS
A wide variety of medications are required to care for children who suffer acute in-hospital deterioration. The pharmacist's medication supply and expertise ensured immediate availability of therapies for clinical entities ranging from seizures and anaphylaxis to rapid sequence intubation, regardless of the PMET event location.
La collection de mammifères du Musée canadien de la nature : 100e anniversaire en 2012
Authors: Khidas Kamal 
Published: December 2012

Le Musée canadien de la nature entretient des collections d’envergure nationale et internationale. L’année 2012 marque le centième anniversaire du développement soutenu de sa collection de mammifères. Par ses recherches et ses expéditions entreprises au Canada, le personnel scientifique du musée a collecté 46 % des spécimens de mammifères acquis à ce jour. Par ailleurs, les dons de spécimens faits par des organismes comptent pour 31 % de la collection. Les acquisitions de spécimens les plus nombreuses et l’organisation de l’information ont connu 2 périodes marquantes : de 1920 à 1939, et, surtout, de 1960 à 1985. Comptant maintenant 85 000 spécimens, la collection de mammifères du Musée canadien de la nature constitue une source majeure d’information pour les études sur la biodiversité canadienne et son évolution au cours du dernier siècle.
Le stage de « pratique accompagnée ». Analyse sociocognitive d’un dispositif de formation initiale des enseignants
Authors: Marcel Jean-François , Garcia Audrey 
Published: December 2012

Cet article analyse un dispositif de formation initiale des enseignants : le stage de pratique accompagnée. En s’appuyant sur un cadre en deux volets (les théories de l’apprentissage social et une typologie des savoirs professionnels), une étude de cas met au jour les apprentissages professionnels de sept enseignants stagiaires de l’enseignement agricole public français. La démarche d’analyse montre que ce dispositif est propice à la mise en oeuvre d’un apprentissage professionnel spécifique. Elle propose ensuite une modélisation systémique du stage de pratique accompagnée qui l’envisage tour à tour comme un système social, un système d’activités et un système d’apprentissage professionnel.
Automatization, Skill Acquisition, and Practice in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Dekeyser Robert , Criado Raquel 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn the last few decades, the study of second language acquisition has been dominated by perspectives from linguistics, in particular syntactic theory, psycholinguistics, and socio‐linguistics. Cognitive‐psychological perspectives are increasingly common in the study of the mental lexicon and online processing. Given, however, that second/foreign language proficiency implies a set of skills that enable speakers to comprehend and produce messages quickly and efficiently, cognitive psychology in general and skill acquisition theory in particular are also unquestionably relevant to second language acquisition, assuming that one is interested in what students can do with the language at various stages of learning, and not just what the underlying abstract competence is.
Conversation Analysis and Laughter
Authors: Holt ELizabeth 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Social interaction centers on linguistic elements but nonlinguistic aspects are also crucial. One of these is laughter. It might be thought that laughter is not subject to the kinds of patterns that underpin talk; that it is often simply a spontaneous reaction to finding something funny. But research in conversation analysis (CA) has revealed that this is not the case. Laughter is, in fact, highly organized and is the product of the same kind of ordering that provides for all social interaction. Thus, existing research has revealed regularities in its use in terms of where it occurs in turns and within sequences; in the kinds of interactional environments it occupies; and in the tasks it accomplishes. Research on interaction has also thrown light on the relationship between laughter and humor.
Studying the Removal of Co(II) from Aqueous Solution by Using Conducting Polypyrrole
Authors: Pourshaban Zahra , Shabanpour Fatemeh , Eisazadeh Hossein 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTIn this study, polypyrrole (PPy) was employed for the removal of Co(II) from aqueous media. The adsorption studies have been carried out to determine the effect of contact time, adsorbent dose, and pH on the removal of Co(II) by using PPy as an adsorbent. The optimum conditions of sorption were PPy dose of 2 g in 100 mL of Co(II), contact time of 20 min, and pH 12. The Langmuir and Freundlich equations were subjected to sorption data to estimate sorption capacity. The kinetic data indicated that the adsorption process was controlled by the pseudo–second‐order equation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 2013, 32, 21328; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21328
Upregulated levels of human β‐defensins in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis after allergen‐specific immunotherapy treatment
Authors: Bogefors Jesper , Kvarnhammar Anne Månsson , Cardell Lars‐Olaf 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important actors in the innate immune system. One class of AMPs is the human β‐defensins (HBDs), a group of small peptides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. Expression of HBDs is downregulated in different manifestations of allergic disease. In this study, we examine whether allergen‐specific immunotherapy (ASIT) affects the nasal levels of HBDs in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR).MethodsNasal biopsies were examined for the occurrence of HBD1‐3 with real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Nasal lavage (NAL) fluids from healthy individuals, untreated SAR patients and SAR patients before and after ASIT were analyzed for levels of HBD1‐3 using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsExamination of nasal biopsies revealed HBD1‐3 expression at gene level as well as at protein level in all samples tested. HBD1 and HBD3 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were downregulated in SAR patients compared to healthy individuals. All HBDs were found in NAL fluids. SAR patients having completed 3 years of ASIT displayed higher levels of HBD1 and HBD2 than before treatment, whereas levels of HBD3 were unaffected.ConclusionThe present study demonstrates an upregulation of HBD1 and HBD2 in SAR patients after completion of ASIT. This may reflect the importance of an intact innate immune response as part of our defense against infections among allergic individuals.
Filme molekularer Bewegungen und Reaktionen: Einzelmolekültransmissionselektronenmikroskopie in Echtzeit
Authors: Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: December 2012

Abstract“The truth is, the Science of Nature has been already too long made only a work of the Brain and the Fancy: It is now high time that it should return to the plainness and soundness of Observations on material and obvious things,” das erklärte der stolze Robert Hooke in seinem Bildband von Mikroskop‐ und Teleskopbildern “Micrographia” im Jahre 1665. In der Chemie ist Hookes Äußerung heute noch gültig, wo ein erheblicher Arbeitsanteil notwendigerweise im Gehirn und durch Einbildungskraft stattfindet. Die Einzelmolekül‐Echtzeit‐Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (SMRT‐TEM) als bildgebendes Verfahren mit atomarer Auflösung ermöglicht es uns jetzt, durch einfaches Zusehen mehr über Moleküle zu lernen. Wie bei jedem Traum, der wahr wurde, erforderte die Etablierung der neuen Analysemethode das Überdenken allgemein akzeptierter Meinungen in der Wissenschaft, und bietet nun neue Forschungsmöglichkeiten, die mit konventionellen Methoden nicht verfügbar sind. Mit ihrem Leistungsvermögen, die Bewegungen und Reaktionen einzelner Moleküle und Molekülcluster zu visualisieren, wird sich die SMRT‐TEM zum unverzichtbaren Werkzeug in den Molekularwissenschaften, der Entwicklung von natürlichen und synthetischen Stoffen sowie der wissenschaftlichen Ausbildung entwickeln.
Silber als antibakterielles Agens: Ion, Nanopartikel, Metall
Authors: Chernousova Svitlana , Epple Matthias 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDie antibakterielle Wirkung von Silber wird in zahlreichen Haushalts‐ und Medizinprodukten genutzt. Dabei kommen außer Beschichtungen aus metallischem Silber auch Silbersalze und zunehmend auch Silber‐Nanopartikel zum Einsatz. Der Stand der Forschung zur Wirkung von Silber auf Bakterien, Zellen und höhere Organismen wird zusammengefasst. Es zeigt sich, dass das therapeutische Fenster für Silber kleiner ist, als oft angenommen wird. Gleichwohl sind die Risiken durch die Verwendung von Silber für Menschen und Umwelt als begrenzt einzuschätzen.
Fabrication of carbon‐core/TiO2‐sheath nanofibers from poly (vinyl alcohol)/TiO2 nanofibers by iodine‐vapor treatment and carbonization: effect of carbonization temperature
Authors: Nagamine Shinsuke , Tanaka Asumi , Ishimaru Shingo , Ohshima Masahiro 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTCarbon‐core/TiO2‐sheath nanofibers have been fabricated by iodine‐vapor treatment and carbonization of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/TiO2 composite nanofibers that were prepared by sol‐gel coating of TiO2 on the electrospun PVA nanofibers. The carbon/TiO2 nanofibers had diameters of a few hundred nanometers and sheaths of tens of nanometers. The effects of carbonization temperature on the structures and the electrical conductivity of nanofibers were investigated in the temperature range from 773 to 1073 K. The crystal structure of TiO2 sheath was anatase at low carbonization temperatures. The sample carbonized at 1073 K contained a small portion of rutile phase coexisting with anatase. The formation of carbon core with low degree of graphitization was confirmed for the sample carbonized over 873 K. The electrical conductivity was drastically improved by 6 orders of magnitude by increasing the carbonization temperature from 773 to 1073 K. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology and gas‐permeation analyses for poly(ether sulfone)/poly(vinyl alcohol) electrolyte composite membranes in the facilitated transport process
Authors: Esmaeili M. , Madaeni S. S. , Barzin J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this article, we describe the preparation procedure of poly(ether sulfone)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite membranes based on film casting and evaporation methods. The morphology and operation of these membranes in the ethylene/ethane separation process were investigated. AgNO3 and AgBF4 salts were applied in the PVA active layer as carrier agent providers. Salt addition to PVA solution weakened the hydroxyl bond potency and fortified the position of carrier agent in the active layer structure. Scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry revealed that the distribution fluctuation of carrier agents in the active layer increased with increasing salt concentration. The glass‐transition and α‐relaxation temperatures of the salt‐containing membranes were lower than those of salt‐free membranes. In addition, the polymeric structure of the salt‐containing membranes showed crystallinity during the heating process at temperatures higher than 160°C. Atomic force microscopy indicated that the surface roughness of composite membranes with smoother sublayers was greater than that of other membranes. The mechanical strength of membranes containing silver nitrate salt was higher than that of the salt‐free membranes. Permeation tests demonstrated an increase in the gas permeation and membrane selectivity after salt incorporation. A performance improvement in the facilitated transport mechanism was associated with increasing salt concentration. However, a higher operational pressure had an inverse impact on it. The saturation of active sites with ethylene molecules at higher pressures and the low plasticity of the created complexes in the membrane structure decreased the performance of the facilitated transport mechanism. The addition of AgBF4 salt, with a lower lattice energy compared to AgNO3, increased the real performance of the membranes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Processing and characterization of injection moldable polymer–particle composites applicable in brazing processes
Authors: Kirchberg Stefan , Holländer Ulrich , Möhwald Kai , Ziegmann Gerhard , Bach Friedrich‐Wilhelm 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA novel method has been developed to process highly filled polymer–particle composites to test samples as braze metal preforms. Polypropylene (PP), low‐density polyethylene (LD‐PE) and high‐density polyethylene (HD‐PE) were used as polymer matrices. Two types of nickel‐based braze metal microparticles (Ni 102 and EXP 152) were compounded to the polymer matrices at filler contents up to 65 vol %. With enhancing filler content, torque at kneading rotors, and injection molding parameter were significantly affected by increasing viscosity. Injection molded composites show well‐distributed spherical microparticles and particle–particle interactions. Polymers decompose residue‐free at temperatures above 550°C, even for their composites. Adding particles reduces polymer crystallinity, whereas defined cooling at 5°C/min significantly increases the crystallinity and melt peak temperature of polymers compared to undefined cooling prior injection molding. Storage modulus of polymers increases significantly by adding filler particles. LD‐PE + 65 vol % EXP 152 show the most suitable composite performance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Role of poly(lactic acid) in the phase transition of poly(vinylidene fluoride) under uniaxial stretching
Authors: Xie Qi , Ke Kai , Jiang Wen‐Rou , Yang Wei , Liu Zheng‐Ying , Xie Bang‐Hu , Yang Ming‐Bo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe effect of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) on the crystalline phase transition of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) from α‐ to β‐phase under uniaxial stretching for immiscible PVDF/ PLA blends was investigated. The typical sea‐island structure in the blends was found to facilitate the necking of PVDF and the transition from α‐ to β‐phase due to the local stress distribution during stretching. The crystalline phase transition of PVDF in the blends is temperature‐dependent and is affected by the content of PLA. The highest content of β‐phase, F(β), was achieved in the samples stretched at 60°C, while the effect of PLA content on the crystalline phase transition of PVDF is more complex. F(β) increases slightly when the sample with a PLA content no more than 15 wt % is stretched at 60, 80, and 100°C, and decreases sharply for the sample containing 20 wt % PLA; in addition, the sample containing 10 wt % PLA exhibits the highest F(β) no matter what the stretching temperature is. The mechanism of the crystalline phase transition of PVDF during the stretching is interpreted from energy barrier of the transition from α‐ to β‐phase and the morphological structures in the blends. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013