bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Sampling in Event-Driven Algorithms for Reaction-Diffusion Processes
Authors: Bani-Hashemian Mohammad Hossein , Hellander Stefan , Lötstedt Per 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn event-driven algorithms for simulation of diffusing, colliding, and reacting particles, new positions and events are sampled from the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a probability distribution. The distribution is sampled frequently and it is important for the efficiency of the algorithm that the sampling is fast. The CDF is known analytically or computed numerically. Analytical formulas are sometimes rather complicated making them difficult to evaluate. The CDF may be stored in a table for interpolation or computed directly when it is needed. Different alternatives are compared for chemically reacting molecules moving by Brownian diffusion in two and three dimensions. The best strategy depends on the dimension of the problem, the length of the time interval, the density of the particles, and the number of different reactions.
Development of an Explicit Symplectic Scheme that Optimizes the Dispersion-Relation Equation of the Maxwell’s Equations
Authors: Sheu Tony W. H. , Liang L. Y. , Li J. H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper an explicit finite-difference time-domain scheme for solving the Maxwell’s equations in non-staggered grids is presented. The proposed scheme for solving the Faraday’s and Ampere’s equations in a theoretical manner is aimed to preserve discrete zero-divergence for the electric and magnetic fields. The inherent local conservation laws in Maxwell’s equations are also preserved discretely all the time using the explicit second-order accurate symplectic partitioned Runge-Kutta scheme. The remaining spatial derivative terms in the semi-discretized Faraday’s and Ampere’s equations are then discretized to provide an accurate mathematical dispersion relation equation that governs the numerical angular frequency and the wavenumbers in two space dimensions. To achieve the goal of getting the best dispersive characteristics, we propose a fourth-order accurate space centered scheme which minimizes the difference between the exact and numerical dispersion relation equations. Through the computational exercises, the proposed dual-preserving solver is computationally demonstrated to be efficient for use to predict the long-term accurate Maxwell’s solutions.
High-Order Interpolation Algorithms for Charge Conservation in Particle-in-Cell Simulations
Authors: Yu Jinqing , Jin Xiaolin , Zhou Weimin , Li Bin , Gu Yuqiu 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHigh-order interpolation algorithms for charge conservation in Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations are presented. The methods are valid for the case that a particle trajectory is a zigzag line. The second-order and third-order algorithms which can be applied to any even-order and odd-order are discussed in this paper, respectively. Several test simulations are performed to demonstrate their validity in two-dimensional PIC code. Compared with the simulation results of one-order, high-order algorithms have advantages in computation precision and enlarging the grid scales which reduces the CPU time.
The Convex Relaxation Method on Deconvolution Model withMultiplicative Noise
Authors: Huang Yumei , Ng Michael , Zeng Tieyong 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we consider variational approaches to handle the multiplicative noise removal and deblurring problem. Based on rather reasonable physical blurring-noisy assumptions, we derive a new variational model for this issue. After the study of the basic properties, we propose to approximate it by a convex relaxation model which is a balance between the previous non-convex model and a convex model. The relaxed model is solved by an alternating minimization approach. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.
Use of TachoSil® in Laparoscopic Enucleoresection of Renal Masses Smaller than 4 cm: Our Preliminary Experience of 41 Cases
Authors: Fanari Massimiliano , Serra Simona , Corona Andrea , De Lisa Antonello 
Published: September 2012

Introduction In nephron-sparing surgery the use of new and various hemostatic materials has provided a significant support in the control of intraoperative hemostasis of resection bed. Objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of hemostatic material TachoSil® in laparoscopic treatment of renal masses < 4 cm. Materials and Methods 41 patients underwent laparoscopic renal enucleoresection. In all patients one or more hemostatic TachoSil® sponges were used, affixed to the bed of resection; we retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of this technique. Transperitoneal access in 39 patients with antero-lateral mass and retroperitoneoscopic access in 2 patients with middle-posterior mass. After performing a warm ischemia, we proceeded to mass enucleoresection by cold blade, and to hemostasis control by suturing open vessels on the resection bed with “central suturing” technique. After unclamping the renal artery, one or more hemostatic sponges of TachoSil® were always used (fibrinogen and human thrombin) affixed to the bed section. Results No significant variations of Hb, BUN and Crs. 3 cases (6.9% of renal units) of intraoperative hemorrhage requesting blood transfusion, 2 cases (4.6% of renal units) of urinary leakage at low pressure, treated conservatively with retrograde application of ureteral stent DJ for 21 days; 2 patients underwent new laparoscopy and suture. The mean time to hemostasis, evaluated in terms of the absence of macroscopic intraoperative bleeding after the application of TachoSil®, was 5.5 (3–16) minutes. Average hospital stay: 5.5 (4–11) days. Follow-up: 37.6 (5–84) months. Discussion The control of hemostasis is the key problem inherent to laparoscopic technique and can be approached using hemostatic agents. Currently hemostatic agents such as TachoSil® are used increasingly as an adjuvant agent in the control of bleeding, having an excellent application in laparoscopic renal enucleoresection, and proving safe and effective in the treatment of tumors below 4 cm.
BPH: State of the Art in the Surgical Treatment
Authors: Grasso Angelica A.C. , Albo Giancarlo , Cozzi Gabriele , Spinelli Matteo G. , Talso Michele , Dell'Orto Paolo G. , Ferruti Mario , Rocco Bernardo M. , Rocco Francesco 
Published: September 2012

TURP has been considered the gold standard for surgical treatment of BPH for many years. Symptoms relief, improvement in maximum flow rate and reduction of post void residual urine have been reported in several experiences. Nevertheless, concerns have been reported in terms of safety outcomes: intracapsular perforation, TUR syndrome, bleeding. In the recent years the use of new forms of energy and devices such as bipolar resector, Ho: YAG and potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser are challenging the role of traditional TURP for BPH surgical treatment. In 1999 TURP represented 81% of surgical treatment for BPH versus 39% in 2005. We have analyzed guidelines and recent literature to evaluate the role of the most relevant new surgical approaches compared to TURP for the treatment of BPH.
Urinary Tract Endometriosis: Anatomopathology Features
Authors: Pedruzzi Elisabetta , Tardanico Regina 
Published: September 2012

Endometriosis is a pathological entity characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in ectopic side, out of the uterus and the histological analysis represents the basic examination to a definitive diagnosis. The macroscopic and microscopic features to urological level are similar to those in the others sides and include not only the “usual” aspects of the pathology but also hyperplastic and metaplastic changes both in the glandular and stromal components.
Catalytic, Mild, and Selective Oxyfunctionalization of Linear Alkanes: Current Challenges
Authors: Bordeaux Mélanie , Galarneau Anne , Drone Jullien 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSelective catalysts for sustainable oxidation of alkanes are highly demanded because of the abundance of these molecules in the environment, the possibility to transform them into higher‐value compounds, such as chemicals or synthetic fuels, and the fact that, kinetically speaking, this is a difficult reaction. Numerous chemical and biological catalysts have been developed in the lasts decades for this purpose, rendering the overview over this field of chemistry difficult. After giving a definition of the ideal catalyst for alkane oxyfunctionalization, this review aims to present the catalysts available today that are closest to ideal.
Redox‐Active Ligands in Catalysis
Authors: Praneeth Vijayendran K. K. , Ringenberg Mark R. , Ward Thomas R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNature’s use of redox‐active moieties combined with 3d transition‐metal ions is a powerful strategy to promote multi‐electron catalytic reactions. The ability of these moieties to store redox equivalents aids metalloenzymes in promoting multi‐electron reactions, avoiding high‐energy intermediates. In a biomimetic spirit, chemists have recently developed approaches relying on redox‐active moieties in the vicinity of metal centers to catalyze challenging transformations. This approach enables chemists to impart noble‐metal character to less toxic, and cost effective 3d transitional metals, such as Fe or Cu, in multi‐electron catalytic reactions.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of duplex ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography or computed tomography for surveillance after endovascular aneurysm repair
Authors: Karthikesalingam A , Al-Jundi W , Jackson D , Boyle J R , Beard J D , Holt P J E , Thompson M M 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
Previous analyses suggested that duplex ultrasonography (DUS) detected endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) with insufficient sensitivity; they did not specifically examine types 1 and 3 endoleak, which, if untreated, may lead to aneurysm-related death. In light of changes to clinical practice, the diagnostic accuracy of DUS and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) for types 1 and 3 endoleak required focused reappraisal.

Methods
Studies comparing DUS or CEUS with computed tomography (CT) for endoleak detection were identified. CT was taken as the standard in bivariable meta-analysis.

Results
Twenty-five studies (3975 paired scans) compared DUS with CT for all endoleaks. The pooled sensitivity was 0·74 (95 per cent confidence interval 0·62 to 0·83) and the pooled specificity was 0·94 (0·90 to 0·97). Thirteen studies (2650 paired scans) reported detection of types 1 and 3 endoleak by DUS; the pooled sensitivity of DUS was 0·83 (0·40 to 0·97) and the pooled specificity was 1·00 (0·97 to 1·00). Eleven studies (961 paired scans) compared CEUS with CT for all endoleaks. The pooled sensitivity of CEUS was 0·96 (0·85 to 0·99) and the pooled specificity was 0·85 (0·76 to 0·92). Eight studies (887 paired scans) reported detection of types 1 and 3 endoleak by CEUS. The pooled sensitivity of CEUS was 0·99 (0·25 to 1·00) and the pooled specificity was 1·00 (0·98 to 1·00).

Conclusion
Both CEUS and DUS were specific for detection of types 1 and 3 endoleak. Estimates of their sensitivity were uncertain but there was no evidence of a clinically important difference. DUS detects types 1 and 3 endoleak with sufficient accuracy for surveillance after EVAR.
A system for automatic animation of piano performances
Authors: Zhu Yuanfeng , Ramakrishnan Ajay Sundar , Hamann Bernd , Neff Michael 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTPlaying the piano requires one to precisely position one's hand in order to strike particular combinations of keys at specific moments in time. This paper presents the first system for automatically generating three‐dimensional animations of piano performance, given an input midi music file. A graph theory‐based motion planning method is used to decide which set of fingers should strike the piano keys for each chord. As the progression of the music is anticipated, the positions of unused fingers are calculated to make possible efficient fingering of future notes. Initial key poses of the hands, including those for complex piano techniques such as crossovers and arpeggio, are determined on the basis of the finger positions and piano theory. An optimization method is used to refine these poses, producing a natural and minimal energy pose sequence. Motion transitions between poses are generated using a combination of sampled piano playing motion and music features, allowing the system to support different playing styles. Our approach is validated through direct comparison with actual piano playing and simulation of a complete music piece requiring various playing skills. Extensions of our system are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volumetric subspace mesh deformation with structure preservation
Authors: Zhao Yong , Liu Jianhui 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTExisting deformation techniques are oblivious to salient structures that often capture the essence of 3D meshes. Combining with gradient domain technique, we propose an alternative approach to preserve these structures in the volumetric subspace. Through a simple sketching interface, the structures of the input mesh are specified by the user. During deformations, these key structures are constrained to deform rigidly to maintain their original shapes, hence avoiding serious visual artifacts. However, this process leads to a nonlinear optimization problem. To guarantee fast convergence as well as numerical stability, we project the deformation energy onto a volumetric subspace which envelops the input mesh. Then the energy optimization is performed in this subspace to greatly facilitate the editing of large meshes. Massive experimental data demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our algorithm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Articulation to and from the Applied Associate Degree: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Ignash Jan M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses the “tangled knot” of articulating associate degrees in applied fields and reviews sample programs from applied associate (A.A.S.) to baccalaureate degrees using three distinct pathways, comparing the resulting A.A.S. to baccalaureate degree pathways to similar B.A. or B.S. programs.
Why Applied Baccalaureates Appeal to Working Adults: From National Results to Promising Practices
Authors: Bragg Debra , Ruud Collin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMindful that applied baccalaureate degrees often have as their target audience adults who consider themselves workers first and students second, this chapter defines the AB degree, offers insights into why they are important, and presents results of a state‐by‐state inventory highlighting applied baccalaureate degree programs in Oklahoma and Washington.
Nanopalladium on Amino‐Functionalized Mesocellular Foam: An Efficient Catalyst for Suzuki Reactions and Transfer Hydrogenations
Authors: Verho Oscar , Nagendiran Anuja , Johnston Eric V. , Tai Cheuk‐wai , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe applications of a heterogeneous Pd0‐AmP‐MCF nanoparticle catalyst in Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions and transfer hydrogenations of alkenes are described. The catalyst was highly efficient for both transformations, resulting in 1) coupling of a wide range of aryl halides with various boronic acids in high yields and 2) chemoselective reduction of a variety of alkenes with the use of 1‐methyl‐1,4‐cyclohexadiene as hydrogen donor. Moreover, the catalyst can be recycled several times without any significant decrease in activity or leaching of metal into solution, making the protocol economical and environmentally friendly. In the case of the Suzuki cross‐coupling, a 15‐fold increase in reaction rate was observed if the reaction was performed under microwave irradiation compared to conventional heating in an oil bath.
One‐Pot Synthesis, Characterization, and Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of a BiOBr–Graphene Composite
Authors: Tu Xinman , Luo Shenglian , Chen Guixiang , Li Jinghong 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHerein, a chemically bonded BiOBr–graphene composite (BiOBr–RG) was prepared through a facile in situ solvothermal method in the presence of graphene oxide. Graphene oxide could be easily reduced to graphene under solvothermal conditions, and simultaneously BiOBr nanoplates with pure tetragonal phase were grown uniformly on the graphene surface. The structure and photoelectrochemical properties of the resulting materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and impedance and photocurrent action measurements. The combination of BiOBr and graphene introduces some properties of graphene into the photocatalysis reaction, such as excellent conductivity, adsorptivity, and controllability. A remarkable threefold enhancement in the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was observed with as‐prepared BiOBr–RG as compared with pure BiOBr under visible light (λ>420 nm). The enhanced photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the great adsorptivity of dyes, the extended photoresponse range, the negative shift in the Fermi level of BiOBr–RG, and the high migration efficiency of photoinduced electrons, which may effectively suppress the charge recombination.
A Dicationic Ruthenium Alkylidene Complex for Continuous Biphasic Metathesis Using Monolith‐Supported Ionic Liquids
Authors: Autenrieth Benjamin , Frey Wolfgang , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA dicationic ruthenium–alkylidene complex [Ru(dmf)3(IMesH2)(CH‐2‐(2‐PrO)‐C6H4)][(BF4)2] (1; IMesH2=1,3‐dimesitylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene) has been prepared and used in continuous metathesis reactions by exploiting supported ionic‐liquid phase (SILP) technology. For these purposes, ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)‐derived monoliths were prepared from norborn‐2‐ene, tris(norborn‐5‐ene‐2‐ylmethyloxy)methylsilane, and [RuCl2(PCy3)2(CHPh)] (Cy=cyclohexyl) in the presence of 2‐propanol and toluene and surface grafted with norborn‐5‐en‐2‐ylmethyl‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate ([NBE‐CH2‐NMe3][BF4]). Subsequent immobilization of the ionic liquid (IL), 1‐butyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BDMIM][BF4]), containing ionic catalyst 1 created the SILP catalyst. The use of a second liquid transport phase, which contained the substrate and was immiscible with the IL, allowed continuous metathesis reactions to be realized. High turnover numbers (TONs) of up to 3700 obtained in organic solvents for the ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) of, for example, N,N‐diallyltrifluoroacetamide, diethyl diallylmalonate, diethyl di(methallyl)malonate, tert‐butyl‐N,N‐diallylcarbamate, N,N‐diallylacetamide, diphenyldiallylsilane, and 1,7‐octadiene, as well as in the self‐metathesis of methyl oleate, could be further increased by using biphasic conditions with [BDMIM][BF4]/heptane. Under continuous SILP conditions, TONs up to 900 were observed. Due to the ionic character of the initiator, catalyst leaching into the transport phase was very low (<0.1 %). Finally, the IL can, together with decomposed catalyst, be removed from the monolithic support by flushing with methanol. Upon reloading with [BDMIM][BF4]/1, the recycled support material again qualified for utilization in continuous metathesis reactions.
The First Catalytic Synthesis of an Acrylate from CO2 and an Alkene—A Rational Approach
Authors: Lejkowski Michael L. , Lindner Ronald , Kageyama Takeharu , Bódizs Gabriella É. , Plessow Philipp N. , Müller Imke B. , Schäfer Ansgar , Rominger Frank , Hofmann Peter , Futter Cornelia , Schunk Stephan A. , Limbach Michael 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFor more than three decades the catalytic synthesis of acrylates from the cheap and abundantly available C1 building block carbon dioxide and alkenes has been an unsolved problem in catalysis research, both in academia and industry. Herein, we describe a homogeneous catalyst based on nickel that permits the catalytic synthesis of the industrially highly relevant acrylate sodium acrylate from CO2, ethylene, and a base, as demonstrated, at this stage, by a turnover number of greater than 10 with respect to the metal.
The hitchhikers guide to cancer stem cell theory: Markers, pathways and therapy
Authors: Fábián Ákos , Vereb György , Szöllősi János 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCancer stem cell (CSC) biology is a rapidly developing field within cancer research. CSCs are postulated to be a unique cell population exclusively capable of infinite self renewal, multilineage differentiation and with ability to evade conventional cytotoxic cancer therapy. These traits distinguish CSCs from their more differentiated counterparts, which possess only limited or no potential for self renewal and tumor initiation. Therefore, CSCs would be the driving motor of malignant growth and therapy resistance. Accordingly, successful cancer treatment would need to eliminate this highly potent group of cells, since even small residual numbers would suffice to recapitulate the disease after therapy. Putative CSCs has been identified in a broad range of human malignancies and several cell surface markers have been associated with their stem cell phenotype. Despite all efforts, a pure CSC population has not been isolated and often in vitro clonogenic and in vivo tumorigenic potential is found in several cell populations with occasionally contradictory surface marker signatures. Here, we give a brief overview of recent advances in CSC theory, including the signaling pathways in CSCs that also appear crucial for stem cells homeostasis in normal tissues. We discuss evidence for the interaction of CSCs with the stromal tumor environment. Finally, we review the emerging potentially effective CSC‐targeted treatment strategies and their future role in therapy. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry