bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy expended during horizontal jumping: investigating the effects of surface compliance
Authors: Coward Samuel R. L. , Halsey Lewis G. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTWe present the first data on the metabolic costs of horizontal jumping in humans, using this tractable model to explore variations in energy expenditure with substrate properties, and consider these findings in light of kinematic data. Twenty-four participants jumped consistently at the rate of 1 jump per 5 s between opposing springboards separated by either a short (1.2 m) or long (1.8 m) gap. Springboards were either ‘firm’ or ‘compliant’. Respiratory gas exchange was measured using a back-mounted portable respiratory gas analyser to represent rate of energy expenditure, which was converted to energy expenditure per metre jumped. Video data were recorded to interpret kinematic information. Horizontal jumping was found to be between around 10 and 20 times the energy cost of cursorial locomotion per unit distance moved. There is considerable evidence from the data that jumping 1.8 m from a compliant springboard (134.9 mL O2 m−1) is less costly energetically than jumping that distance from a firm springboard (141.6 mL O2 m−1), albeit the effect size is quite small within the range of compliances tested in this study. However, there was no evidence of an effect of springboard type for jumps of 1.2 m. The kinematic analyses indicate possible explanations for these findings. Firstly, the calf muscle is likely used more, and the thigh muscles less, to take-off from a firm springboard during 1.8 m jumps, which may result in the power required to take-off being produced less efficiently. Secondly, the angle of take-off from the compliant surface during 1.8 m jumps is closer to the optimal for energetic efficiency (45°), possible due to the impulse provided by the surface as it returns stored energy during the final stages of the take-off. The theoretical effect on energy costs due to a different take-off angle for jumps of only 1.2 m is close to negligible.
Natural variation in cold tolerance in the nematodePristionchus pacificus: the role of genotype and environment
Authors: McGaughran Angela , Sommer Ralf J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTLow temperature is a primary determinant of growth and survival among organisms and almost all animals need to withstand temperature fluctuations in their surroundings. We used the hermaphroditic nematode Pristionchus pacificus to examine variation in cold tolerance in samples collected from 18 widespread locations. Samples were challenged by exposure to both direct and gradual low temperature after culture in the laboratory at 20°C. A short-term acclimation treatment was also applied to assess cold tolerance following a pre-exposure cold treatment. Finally, genotype-by-environment (G × E) analysis was performed on a subset of samples cultured at two additional temperatures (15°C and 25°C). P. pacificus displayed a high degree of natural variation in cold tolerance, corresponding to the presence of three distinct phenotypic classes among samples: cold tolerant, non-cold tolerant, cold tolerant plastic. Survival of gradual cold exposure was significantly higher than survival of direct exposure to low temperature and a cold exposure pre-treatment significantly enhanced cold tolerance in some samples. By focusing on a sub-set of well-sampled locations from tropical La Réunion Island, we found evidence of significant effects of genotype and environment on cold tolerance, and we also showed that, within the different Réunion locations sampled, all three phenotypic classes are generally well represented. Taken together, our results show that P. pacificus exhibits a highly plastic tolerance to cold exposure that may be partly driven by differential trait sensitivity in diverse environments.
Diagnosing Acanthamoeba keratitis: what does the future hold?
Authors: Carnt Nicole A , Dart John KG 
Published: August 2014

Acanthamoeba keratitis is a rare cause of infectious keratitis. It is often diagnosed late because of both its insidious onset and confusion with herpes simplex keratitis. The diagnosis must be considered in all indolent cases of keratitis, particularly in contact lens users and in those cases that have not responded to antibiotics or antivirals. Polymerase chain reaction analysis and confocal microscopy are important ancillary diagnostic aids. Acanthamoeba keratitis is difficult to treat due to: delayed diagnosis; the resistance of the cysts to medical therapy; and the severe extracorneal host inflammation that occurs in some cases. In developed countries, about 85% of cases occur in contact lens users. Topical biguanides are the only consistently effective drugs in vitro, if not always in vivo. Topical and systemic anti-inflammatory treatment is needed for the management of severe inflammatory complications. Prolonged therapy is required with a median treatment period of 4–6 months. The inflammatory response is variable and, when severe, is associated with poor outcomes. Currently, only 75–85% of patients will retain useful vision without the need for a keratoplasty. There is active research into new drugs, the organisms and the causes of the inflammatory response.
Using a simple mental health screen in vision rehabilitation needs assessment: the PHQ-4
Authors: Fitzgerald John , Fitzgerald Claire 
Published: August 2014

Mental health difficulties often go unrecognised and untreated in both elderly and visually impaired populations. This can result in older, vision-impaired individuals: failing to access vision support and rehabilitation services; making less use of the services they do access; and receiving less benefit from rehabilitation. Against this background, the Blind Foundation provided training for vision rehabilitation needs assessment staff in the use of the Patient Health Questionnaire–4 (PHQ-4), a four-step depression and anxiety screening measure, to examine whether such a measure would affect differential referral rates between: having no support; having access to support groups; and being supported by in-house counselling services. The PHQ-4 was completed by over 1 500 adult Blind Foundation service users over a two-year period, with simple completion being associated with higher rates of referral to support groups and above threshold scores for depression and anxiety being associated with referral to counselling providers. These results suggest that the data were being used to assist in referral decision-making. The staff were also asked to comment on the barriers and benefits of PHQ-4 use. The data can be used to focus training and ongoing support for mental health screening by non-mental health practitioners.
Nurse-led intravitreal injection clinics: defining the ophthalmic nurse's scope of practice and educational needs
Authors: Wilson-Miller Rebecca , Stanley Helen 
Published: August 2014

This article critically explores ophthalmic nurses’ scope of practice and educational needs when undertaking the intravitreal injection. This topic has been more widely discussed since The Royal College of Ophthalmologists recommended that injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) medicines can be administered by non-medical health professionals ( Kirkby, 2013 ). The increasing pressure on eye departments to deliver intravitreal therapy in a timely manner for thousands of new and existing patients led to the consideration of the development of nurse-led intravitreal injection clinics ( Kirkby, 2013 ).An in-depth critical review of the literature demonstrates excellent outcomes and patient satisfaction from nurse-led treatments. When undertaking this advanced role, it is therefore important that nurses are given the opportunity to adhere to the Nursing and Midwifery Council's code (2008) and the Royal College of Nursing's ophthalmic nurse competencies (2012) to clearly define their scope of practice and educational needs. This article will offer ophthalmic nurses and stakeholders a discussion on the ophthalmic nurse's scope of practice, and how investing in nurse training will result in highly skilled ophthalmic nurses who are equipped to deliver a well-rounded service that results in benefits to patient care and cost-effective service delivery.
Family members' experiences of the impact of the LCP in a palliative care unit and a geriatric ward in Sweden
Authors: Ekeström Marie-Louise , Olsson Mariann , Runesdotter Sara , Fürst Carl Johan 
Published: August 2014

Background: The Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP) was developed to transfer palliative care standards for the last hours or days of life, including family support, from hospice to other care settings. Aim: This study sought to explore family members' experiences of end-of-life care in a palliative care unit and in a general geriatric ward in Sweden before and after implementation of the LCP. Methods: Experiences were evaluated in relation to the goals of the LCP. Family members of patients deceased before and after implementation answered a questionnaire 3–6 months after the death. Comparisons between the samples were assessed by non-parametric tests. Results: There were significant differences concerning dialogue about existential issues that arise and about emotions and practical issues faced in bereavement. Significant improvements after the implementation of the LCP were reported in experiences regarding physicians' ability to listen to family members' concerns. Conclusion: The results suggest that using a structure such as that provided by the LCP may improve communication between physicians and the families of dying patients.
Exploring Yamatji perceptions and use of palliative care: an ethnographic study
Authors: Dembinsky Melanie 
Published: August 2014

Background: The Yamatji people comprise several Aboriginal groups living in the Midwest region of Western Australia. Palliative care remains underutilised among Aboriginal groups, but little is known about Yamatji people's thoughts about and experiences of accessing services. Aim: As part of a broader study focusing on Yamatji's lived experiences of breast cancer, this study analysed their perceptions and use of palliative care services. Methods: The study used grounded theory and 28 in-depth interviews with Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal health-care providers as well as Yamatji patients, carers, and families. Results: Palliative care services are underutilised by Yamatji breast cancer patients. The reasons for this include misperceptions about what palliative care entails, cultural and structural barriers to adequate service provision, and the inflexibility of institutionalised death. Conclusions: Efforts to raise awareness among Yamatji that palliative care is broader than end-of-life care would be a step in the right direction, but would not be sufficient to significantly increase uptake among Yamatji if culturally specific perceptions of death and dying are not included in the dialogue.
Third-year Australian nursing students' attitudes, experiences, knowledge, and education concerning end-of-life care
Authors: Adesina Oluwatomilayo , DeBellis Anita , Zannettino Lana 
Published: August 2014

Background: Nurses have a vital role in providing end-of-life care to patients and their families, and it is important that nursing students are adequately prepared for this role. Aim: This article reports on qualitative findings from research that explored a cohort of third-year undergraduate Australian nursing students' attitudes, experiences, knowledge, and education concerning end-of-life care. Methods: The study used open-ended questions in a purpose-designed, self-administered questionnaire and thematic analysis of the responses. Findings: Five themes emerged from the analysis: the importance of the students' values and beliefs, the influence of experience, their views on what constitutes a good or bad death, their knowledge of ethics and legislation surrounding end-of-life care, and how they perceived their level of education and knowledge. Conclusion: The need for more education on end-of-life care has implications for curriculum development in undergraduate nursing programmes, which need to provide graduating nurses with the necessary knowledge and skills to deliver quality care to patients who are dying and their families.
Jordanian critical care nurses' attitudes toward and experiences of do not resuscitate orders
Authors: Khalaileh Murad Al 
Published: August 2014

Background: Do not resuscitate (DNR) decisions are an issue of considerable sensitivity for patients and their relatives, as well as health professionals. Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore Jordanian critical care nurses' attitudes towards and experiences of DNR decisions in clinical practice. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used. The sample consisted of 111 nurses working in intensive care units in three government hospitals in Jordan. Results: Fifty nine per cent of the participants were female. Most were under the age of 35 (69%) and 75% had a bachelor's degree. Most (67%) thought that the patient's family should be involved in DNR decision making. The majority (81%) reported that they preferred a coding system documenting DNR decisions in either the physician or nursing notes. Fifty eight per cent agreed that a standard DNR form should be kept with the patient's medical notes. Only 21% reported actual participation in DNR decisions. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that Jordanian critical care nurses are willing to participate in DNR discussions and decision-making processes. Each hospital in the country should have a written DNR policy to guide and discipline health-care providers' practice.
Enhancing a Geriatric Emergency Department Care Coordination Intervention Using
Automated Health Information Exchange-Based Clinical Event Notifications
Authors: Gutteridge David L. , Genes Nicholas , Hwang Ula , Kaplan Benjamin , GEDI WISE Investigator The , Shapiro Jason 
Published: August 2014

Purpose: In a health care system where patients often have numerous providers and
multiple chronic medical conditions, interoperability of health information technology
(HIT) is of paramount importance. Regional health information organizations (RHIO) often
provide a health information exchange (HIE) as a solution, which gives stakeholders
access to clinical data that they otherwise would not otherwise have. A secondary use of
preexisting HIE infrastructure is clinical event notification (CEN) services, which send
automated notifications to stakeholders. This paper describes the development and
implementation of a CEN service enabled by a RHIO in the New York metropolitan area to
improve care coordination for patients enrolled in a geriatric emergency department care
coordination program.Innovation: This operational CEN system incorporates several
innovations that to our knowledge have not been implemented previously. They include the
near real-time notifications and the delivery of notifications via multiple pathways:
electronic health record (EHR) “in-baskets,” email, text message to internet
protocol-based “zone” phones, and automated encounter entry into the EHR. Based on these
alerts the geriatric care coordination team contacts the facility where the patient is
being seen and offers additional information or assistance with disposition planning
with the goal of decreasing potentially avoidable admissions and duplicate
testing.Findings: During the nearly one-year study period, the CEN program enrolled 5722
patients and sent 497 unique notifications regarding 206 patients. Of these
notifications, 219 (44%) were for emergency department (ED) visits; 121 (55%) of those
notifications were received during normal business hours when the care coordination team
was available to contact the ED where the patient was receiving care. Hospital
admissions resulted from 45% of ED visits 17.8% of these admissions lasted 48 hours or
less, suggesting some might potentially be avoidable.Conclusions and Discussion: This
study demonstrates the potential of CEN systems to improve care coordination by
notifying providers of the occurrence of specific events. Although it could not directly
be demonstrated here, we believe that widespread use of CEN systems have potential to
reduce potentially avoidable admissions and duplicate testing, likely leading to
decreased costs.
Research on Application of Terminal Blended Asphalt Rubber in Steel Deck Pavement
Authors: Wu Chunying , Liu Kaiqiong , Li Aifang , Liu Aihua 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Viscosity and elasticity properties are investigated of a new type of asphalt rubber that was named terminal blended asphalt rubber (TBAR) that has quite good storage stability. The elastic recovery capacity of TBAR and other types of asphalt was evaluated by low-temperature elastic recovery, extreme elastic recovery, and fatigue elastic recovery tests. The results show that TBAR exhibits excellent elastic recovery capacity. The performance of TBAR mixture is shown superior to that of SMA13 mixed with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt, which indicates that it is an ideal material for steel deck pavement. TBAR is proven to have good performance in this initial application, but long-term performance needs further observation.
Laboratory Investigation of the Effect of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Additives on the Properties of WMA Used in China
Authors: Xie Zhaoxing , Shen Junan , Fan Wenzhong , Wang Lili 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
To investigate and compare the influence of various commonly used warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives on the physical, mechanical, and performance properties of WMA, a series of laboratory testing programs such as air void, voids in mineral aggregate, freeze-thaw splitting, wheel tracking test, and bending beam tests were performed. The experimental design of WMA mixtures included the use of three WMA additives of Sasobit, Evotherm and Rediset, two asphalt binders of SK-70 base asphalt, and a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified one. The testing results of WMA were also compared to that hot mix asphalt (HMA) as controls. Results from this study showed that: (1) volumetric properties (air voids and VMA) of WMAs did not have significant difference from the controls; (2) WMA with Sasobit had the greatest Marshall stability, followed by the WMA with Rediset, whereas all WMAs with Evotherm had the least, regardless of the types of asphalt; and (3) for WMA with modified asphalt, the dynamic stability of WMA with Rediset was a slightly greater than other two WMAs. For WMAs with base asphalt, the dynamic stability with Evotherm and Sasobit was similar to the control and greater than that with Rediset: (4) The WMAs with Sasobit have slightly greater indirect tensile strength (ITS) and tensile strength ratio (TSR) than the other two, regardless of the types of asphalt. (5) WMAs with Rediset had the greatest bending failure strain, regardless of the types of asphalt. Among all asphalt mixtures, most of WMAs had lower bending failure strain than the controls.
Primary piRNA biogenesis: caught up in a Maelstrom
Authors: Pandey Radha Raman , Pillai Ramesh S 
Published: August 2014

Precursors for most Piwi‐interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are indistinguishable from other RNA polymerase II‐transcribed long non‐coding RNAs. So, it is currently unclear how they are recognized as substrates by the piRNA processing machinery that resides in cytoplasmic granules called nuage. In this issue, Castaneda et al (2014) reveal a role for the nuage component and nucleo‐cytoplasmic shuttling protein Maelstrom in mouse piRNA biogenesis.
Diversity and convergence in the mechanisms establishing L/R asymmetry in metazoa
Authors: Coutelis Jean‐Baptiste , González‐Morales Nicanor , Géminard Charles , Noselli Stéphane 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDifferentiating left and right hand sides during embryogenesis represents a major event in body patterning. Left–Right (L/R) asymmetry in bilateria is essential for handed positioning, morphogenesis and ultimately the function of organs (including the brain), with defective L/R asymmetry leading to severe pathologies in human. How and when symmetry is initially broken during embryogenesis remains debated and is a major focus in the field. Work done over the past 20 years, in both vertebrate and invertebrate models, has revealed a number of distinct pathways and mechanisms important for establishing L/R asymmetry and for spreading it to tissues and organs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge and discuss the diversity of L/R patterning from cells to organs during evolution.
Emergence of robust growth laws from optimal regulation of ribosome synthesis
Authors: Scott Matthew , Klumpp Stefan , Mateescu Eduard M , Hwa Terence 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBacteria must constantly adapt their growth to changes in nutrient availability; yet despite large‐scale changes in protein expression associated with sensing, adaptation, and processing different environmental nutrients, simple growth laws connect the ribosome abundance and the growth rate. Here, we investigate the origin of these growth laws by analyzing the features of ribosomal regulation that coordinate proteome‐wide expression changes with cell growth in a variety of nutrient conditions in the model organism Escherichia coli. We identify supply‐driven feedforward activation of ribosomal protein synthesis as the key regulatory motif maximizing amino acid flux, and autonomously guiding a cell to achieve optimal growth in different environments. The growth laws emerge naturally from the robust regulatory strategy underlying growth rate control, irrespective of the details of the molecular implementation. The study highlights the interplay between phenomenological modeling and molecular mechanisms in uncovering fundamental operating constraints, with implications for endogenous and synthetic design of microorganisms.
New Insulin Glargine 300 Units·mL−1 Provides a More Even Activity Profile and Prolonged Glycemic Control at Steady State Compared With Insulin Glargine 100 Units·mL−1
Authors: Becker Reinhard H.A. , Dahmen Raphael , Bergmann Karin , Lehmann Anne , Jax Thomas , Heise Tim 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE
To characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of a new insulin glargine comprising 300 units·mL−1 (Gla-300), compared with insulin glargine 100 units·mL−1 (Gla-100) at steady state in people with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A randomized, double-blind, crossover study (N = 30) was conducted, applying the euglycemic clamp technique over a period of 36 h. In this multiple-dose to steady-state study, participants received once-daily subcutaneous administrations of either 0.4 (cohort 1) or 0.6 units·kg−1 (cohort 2) Gla-300 for 8 days in one treatment period and 0.4 units·kg−1 Gla-100 for 8 days in the other. Here we focus on the results of a direct comparison between 0.4 units·kg−1 of each treatment. PK and PD assessments performed on the last treatment day included serum insulin measurements using a radioimmunoassay and the automated euglycemic glucose clamp technique over 36 h.

RESULTS
At steady state, insulin concentration (INS) and glucose infusion rate (GIR) profiles of Gla-300 were more constant and more evenly distributed over 24 h compared with those of Gla-100 and lasted longer, as supported by the later time (∼3 h) to 50% of the area under the serum INS and GIR time curves from time zero to 36 h post dosing. Tight blood glucose control (≤105 mg·dL−1) was maintained for approximately 5 h longer (median of 30 h) with Gla-300 compared with Gla-100.

CONCLUSIONS
Gla-300 provides more even steady-state PK and PD profiles and a longer duration of action than Gla-100, extending blood glucose control well beyond 24 h.