bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Sclerosis and Risk of Infection-Related Hospitalization and Death in US Veterans
Authors: Nelson Richard E. , Xie Yan , DuVall Scott L. , Butler Jorie , Kamauu Aaron W. C. , Knippenberg Kristin , Schuerch Markus , Foskett Nadia , LaFleur Joanne 
Published: February 2015

Background: This study estimated the risk of infection-related hospitalizations and death in patients with and without multiple sclerosis (MS).
Methods: We identified adults with MS in the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) system between 1999 and 2010. Each veteran with MS was matched, on age and sex, with up to four veterans without MS. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to assess the influence of MS on the development of serious and fatal infections.
Results: The cohort included 7743 veterans with MS and 30,972 veterans without MS. Mean (SD) age was 53.8 (13.3) years, and 80.8% were male. The incidence per 1000 person-years of overall serious infections was 19.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.6–20.8) for those with MS and 10.3 (95% CI, 9.8–10.9) for those without MS. Fatal infection incidence rates were 1.2 (95% CI, 0.8–1.7) for patients with MS and 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3–0.6) for patients without MS. Regression models showed that veterans with MS were at greater risk for overall serious (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.52, P &lt; .01) and fatal (HR = 1.85, P = .03) infections and serious respiratory (HR = 1.31, P = .01), urinary tract (HR = 4.44, P &lt; .01), and sepsis-related infections (HR = 2.56, P &lt; .01).
Conclusions: This study provides evidence that VA patients with MS are more likely than those without MS to be hospitalized and die of infection.
Lidocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia: A Clinical Reminder
Authors: Barash Mark , Reich Keith A. , Rademaker Dennis 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMethemoglobinemia is a rare condition in which the iron in hemoglobin is stabilized in the ferric (Fe3+) form, making it unable to bind oxygen and leading to tissue hypoxia and possibly death. The condition may be hereditary or acquired, the latter resulting from ingestion or application of common oxidizing agents such as lidocaine. As management of methemoglobinemia depends on prompt recognition, clinicians who administer or prescribe oxidizing agents must be aware of the clinical symptoms of methemoglobinemia, including cyanosis, pulse oximetry values that do not respond to increased oxygen delivery, and altered mental status. Currently, methylene blue is the drug of choice for the management of methemoglobinemia.
Resolution of Dacryostenosis After Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment
Authors: Apoznanski Theresa E. , Abu-Sbaih Reem , Terzella Michael J. , Yao Sheldon 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Dacryostenosis is an obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct and is the most common cause of epiphora and ocular discharge in newborns. Whereas most cases resolve spontaneously, invasive treatment may become necessary if symptoms persist past age 6 to 12 months. In the present case, a 9-month-old boy with persistent dacryostenosis was scheduled for lacrimal duct probing after first-line treatments failed. After a single session of osteopathic manipulative treatment, the patient's epiphora and other symptoms resolved, and he no longer needed surgical probing. A review of the literature highlights key pathophysiologic processes, management options, and musculoskeletal aspects of dacryostenosis. Physicians should consider osteopathic manipulative treatment in the management of dacryostenosis.
κ‐distributed protons in the solar wind and their charge‐exchange coupling to energetic hydrogen
Authors: Heerikhuisen J. , Zirnstein Eric , Pogorelov Nikolai 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe interaction between the solar wind and the interstellar medium represents a collision between two plasma flows, resulting in a heliosphere with an extended tail. While the solar wind is mostly ionized material from the corona, the interstellar medium is only partially ionized. The ion and neutral populations are coupled through charge‐exchange collisions that operate on length scales of tens to hundreds of astronomical units. About half the interstellar hydrogen flows into the heliosphere where it may charge‐exchange with solar wind protons. This process gives rise to a nonthermal proton, known as a pickup ion, which joins the plasma. In this paper we investigate the effects of approximating the total ion distribution of the subsonic solar wind as a generalized Lorentzian, or κ distribution, using an MHD neutral code. We illustrate the effect different values of the κ parameter have on both the structure of the heliosphere and the energetic neutral atom flux at 1 AU. We find that using a κ distribution in our simulations yields levels of energetic neutral atom flux that are within a factor of about 2 or 3 over the IBEX‐Hi range of energies from 0.5 to 6 keV. While the presence of a suprathermal tail in the proton distribution leads to the production of high‐energy neutrals, the sharp decline in the charge‐exchange cross section around 10 keV mitigates the enhanced transfer of energy from the ions to the neutrals that might otherwise be expected.
Vertical structure of cumulonimbus towers and intense convective clouds over the South Asian region during the summer monsoon season
Authors: Bhat G. S. , Kumar Shailendra 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe vertical structure of radar reflectivity factor in active convective clouds that form during the South Asian monsoon season is reported using the 2A25 version 6 data product derived from the precipitation radar measurements on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. We define two types of convective cells, namely, cumulonimbus towers (CbTs) and intense convective cells (ICCs). CbT is defined referring to a reflectivity threshold of 20 dBZ at 12 km altitude and is at least 9 km thick. ICCs are constructed referring to reflectivity thresholds at 8 km and 3 km altitudes. Cloud properties reported here are based on 10 year climatology. It is observed that the frequency of occurrence of CbTs is highest over the foothills of Himalayas, plains of northern India and Bangladesh, and minimum over the Arabian Sea and equatorial Indian Ocean west of 90°E. The regional differences depend on the reference height selected, namely, small in the case of CbTs and prominent in 6–13 km height range for ICCs. Land cells are more intense than the oceanic ones for convective cells defined using the reflectivity threshold at 3 km, whereas land versus ocean contrasts are not observed in the case of CbTs. Compared to cumulonimbus clouds elsewhere in the tropics, the South Asian counterparts have higher reflectivity values above 11 km altitude.
Unerwartetes Lumineszenzverhalten von Münzmetall‐π‐Diboren‐Komplexen
Authors: Bissinger Philipp , Steffen Andreas , Vargas Alfredo , Dewhurst Rian D. , Damme Alexander , Braunschweig Holger 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEine Reihe von beispiellosen photophysikalischen Phänomenen konnten bei Studien an lumineszierenden π‐Diboren‐Komplexen von Cu und Ag beobachtet werden, unter anderem für Komplexe dieser Metalle ungewöhnlich hohe Fluoreszenz‐Quantenausbeuten in Lösung (bis zu 100 %). Dies deutet auf wenig bis kein Intersystem‐Crossing zwischen S1 und Tn in den Komplexen hin, trotz der starken Spin‐Bahn‐Kopplung der Metallatome. Die Substitution des Kohlenstoffs durch Bor führt damit zu lumineszierenden Isolobalanaloga von ansonsten nicht emittierenden Olefin‐Komplexen des Cu und Ag.
Elektronentransfer in Peptiden: Bildung von Silbernanopartikeln
Authors: Kracht Sonja , Messerer Matthias , Lang Matthieu , Eckhardt Sonja , Lauz Miriam , Grobéty Bernard , Fromm Katharina M. , Giese Bernd 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEinige Mikroorganismen zeigen anaerobe mineralische Respiration, bei der sie Metallionen zu Metallnanopartikeln reduzieren. Hierbei werden Peptide als Medium für den Elektronentransfer (ET) verwendet. Diese Reaktionsklasse wird anhand eines Modellpeptids und Silber als Metall diskutiert. Erstaunlicherweise können Silberionen, die von Peptiden mit Histidin als silberbindender Aminosäure und Tyrosin als photoinduziertem Elektronendonor gebunden sind, nicht unter ET‐Bedingungen zu Ag‐Nanopartikeln (AgNPs) reduziert werden, weil das Peptid die Aggregation von Ag‐Atomen zu AgNPs verhindert. Nur in Gegenwart von Chloridionen, die zur Bildung von AgCl‐Mikrokristallen führen, entstehen AgNPs. Diese Reaktion beginnt mit der Bildung von 100 nm großen Ag@AgCl‐Peptid‐Nanokompositen, die dann in 15 nm große AgNPs aufgebrochen werden. Diese kontrollierte Umwandlung von großen in kleinere Nanopartikeln kann detailliert in zeitaufgelösten UV/Vis‐Spektren untersucht werden.
The Fluorenyl Cation
Authors: Costa Paolo , Trosien Iris , Fernandez‐Oliva Miguel , Sanchez‐Garcia Elsa , Sander Wolfram 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe fluorenyl cation is a textbook example for a 4π antiaromatic cation. However, contrasting results have been published on how the annelated benzene rings compensate the destabilizing effect of the 4π antiaromatic five‐membered ring in its core. Whereas previous attempts to synthesize this cation in superacidic media resulted in undefined polymeric material only, we herein report that it can be generated and isolated in amorphous water ice at temperatures below 30 K by photolysis of diazofluorene. Under these conditions, the fluorenylidene is protonated by water to give the fluorenyl cation, which could be characterized spectroscopically. Its absorption in the visible‐light range matches that previously obtained by ultrafast absorption spectroscopy, and furthermore, its IR spectrum could be recorded. The IR bands in amorphous ice very nicely match predictions from DFT and DFT/MM calculations, suggesting the absence of strong interactions between the cation and surrounding water molecules.
O2‐vermittelte dehydrierende Aminierung von Phenolen
Authors: Louillat‐Habermeyer Marie‐Laure , Jin Rongwei , Patureau Frederic W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEine Methode zur direkten dehydrierenden Bildung von C‐N‐Bindungen zwischen ungeschützten Phenolen und einer Reihe von cyclischen Anilinen wurde entwickelt, die ohne Metallaktivierung oder den Einsatz von Halogenidverbindungen auskommt. Stattdessen genügt eine rein organische Aktivierung von molekularem Sauerstoff mit anschließender Oxidation der Anilinsubstrate. Diese können mit zahlreichen Phenolen gekuppelt werden, wodurch eine atomökonomische dehydrierende Aminierungsmethode zur Synthese von Aminophenolen zur Verfügung steht. Diese neuartige Reaktivität, die als ein modifizierter Hock‐Aktiverungsprozess von Sauerstoff angesehen werden kann, beruht auf der intrinsischen organischen Reaktivität von Cumol und dürfte wichtige Auswirkungen für die Bildung von C‐N‐Bindungen haben.
Yttrium Complexes of Arsine, Arsenide, and Arsinidene Ligands
Authors: Pugh Thomas , Kerridge Andrew , Layfield Richard A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDeprotonation of the yttrium–arsine complex [Cp′3Y{As(H)2Mes}] (1) (Cp′=η5‐C5H4Me, Mes=mesityl) by nBuLi produces the μ‐arsenide complex [{Cp′2Y[μ‐As(H)Mes]}3] (2). Deprotonation of the AsH bonds in 2 by nBuLi produces [Li(thf)4]2[{Cp′2Y(μ3‐AsMes)}3Li], [Li(thf)4]2[3], in which the dianion 3 contains the first example of an arsinidene ligand in rare‐earth metal chemistry. The molecular structures of the arsine, arsenide, and arsinidene complexes are described, and the yttrium–arsenic bonding is analyzed by density functional theory.
Site‐Specific Solid‐State NMR Studies of “Trigger Factor” in Complex with the Large Ribosomal Subunit 50S
Authors: Barbet‐Massin Emeline , Huang Chih‐Ting , Daebel Venita , Hsu Shang‐Te Danny , Reif Bernd 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCo‐translational protein folding is not yet well understood despite the availability of high‐resolution ribosome crystal structures. We present first solid‐state NMR data on non‐mobile regions of a prokaryotic ribosomal complex. Localized chemical shift perturbations and line broadening are observed for the backbone amide resonances corresponding to the regions in the trigger factor ribosome‐binding domain that are involved in direct contact with the ribosome or undergo conformational changes upon ribosome binding. This large asymmetric protein complex (1.4 MDa) becomes accessible for NMR investigations by the combined use of proton detection and high MAS frequencies (60 kHz). The presented results open new perspectives for the understanding of the mechanism of large molecular machineries.
Formation of Thin Films of Organic–Inorganic Perovskites for High‐Efficiency Solar Cells
Authors: Stranks Samuel D. , Nayak Pabitra K. , Zhang Wei , Stergiopoulos Thomas , Snaith Henry J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractOrganic–inorganic perovskites are currently one of the hottest topics in photovoltaic (PV) research, with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of cells on a laboratory scale already competing with those of established thin‐film PV technologies. Most enhancements have been achieved by improving the quality of the perovskite films, suggesting that the optimization of film formation and crystallization is of paramount importance for further advances. Here, we review the various techniques for film formation and the role of the solvents and precursors in the processes. We address the role chloride ions play in film formation of mixed‐halide perovskites, which is an outstanding question in the field. We highlight the material properties that are essential for high‐efficiency operation of solar cells, and identify how further improved morphologies might be achieved.
Catalytic Asymmetric Hydroalkenylation of Vinylarenes: Electronic Effects of Substrates and Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands
Authors: Ho Chun‐Yu , Chan Chun‐Wa , He Lisi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAn asymmetric tail‐to‐tail cross‐hydroalkenylation of vinylarenes with terminal olefins was achieved by catalysis with NiH complexes bearing chiral N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). The reaction provides branched gem‐disubstituted olefins with high enantioselectivity (up to 94 % ee) and chemoselectivity (cross/homo product ratio: up to 99:1). Electronic effects of the substituents on the vinylarenes and on the N‐aryl groups of the NHC ligands, but not a π,π‐stacking mechanism, assist the steric effect and influence the outcome of the cross‐hydroalkenylation.
O2‐mediated dehydrogenative amination of phenols
Authors: Louillat‐Habermeyer Marie‐Laure , Jin Rongwei , Patureau Frederic W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA method was developed for the direct dehydrogenative construction of CN bonds between unprotected phenols and a series of cyclic anilines without resorting to any kind of metal activation of either substrate and without the use of halides. The resulting process relies on the exclusively organic activation of molecular oxygen and the subsequent oxidation of the aniline substrate. This allows the coupling of ubiquitous phenols, thus furnishing aminophenols through an atom‐economical and most sustainable dehydrogenative amination method. This new reactivity, which relies on the intrinsic organic reactivity of cumene in what can be seen as a modified Hock activation process of oxygen, is expected to have a large impact on the formation of CN bonds in organic synthesis.
Model Predictive Control for Discrete‐Time Systems with Random Delay and Randomly Occurring Nonlinearity
Authors: Shi Yujing , Li Shanqiang , Wu Junfeng , Chen Dongyan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this paper, the model predictive control problem is investigated for a class of discrete‐time systems with random delay and randomly occurring nonlinearity. The randomly occurring nonlinearity, which describes the phenomena of a class of nonlinear disturbances occurring in a random way, is modeled according to a Bernoulli distributed white sequence with a known conditional probability. Moreover, the random delay is governed by a discrete‐time finite‐state Markov chain. The approach of delay fractioning is applied to the controller synthesis. It is shown that the proposed model predictive controller guarantees the stochastic stability of the closed‐loop system. Finally, a numerical simulation is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Hygrothermisches Verhalten teilgedämmter und teilbeschatteter Flachdachkonstruktionen aus Holz
Authors: Nusser Bernd , Bachinger Julia , Teibinger Martin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBei Industrie‐ und Gewerbebauten sind große Spannweiten mit Trägerhöhen von > 50 cm nicht ungewöhnlich. Aufgrund wirtschaftlicher Gesichtspunkte werden solch hohe Gefache zumeist nicht voll ausgedämmt. Unter Bauphysikern werden teilgedämmte und durch Attiken, Dachaufbauten oder benachbarte Gebäude teilbeschattete Flachdachkonstruktionen bisher kritisch bewertet. Die Holzforschung Austria (HFA) untersuchte anhand von Freiland‐ und Laborversuchen das hygrothermische Verhalten von solchen teilgedämmten und teilbeschatteten Flachdachkonstruktionen aus Holz. Hierbei wurde neben dem Dämmgrad (Teildämmung/Volldämmung) auch die Orientierung der Elemente (Pfetten‐/Sparrenelement) variiert. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass es bei vollgedämmten Elementen im beschatteten Bereich zu deutlich geringeren Temperaturen und zu höheren Luft‐ und Materialfeuchten kommt als bei teilgedämmten Elementen. Bei einer Teilbeschattung sind die Klimabedingungen in den vollgedämmten Elementen deutlich inhomogener als in den teilgedämmten Elementen, was auf die verstärkte Luftumwälzung im dämmstofffreien Bereich zurückzuführen ist. Dieser ausgleichende Effekt zwischen besonntem und beschatteten Bereich ist bereits bei einem Luftspalt von 5 cm Höhe zu beobachten.Hygrothermal behaviour of partly insulated and partly shaded wooden flat roofs. Roof constructions of commercial and industrial buildings are often formed by wooden flat roofs with large beam spans. Thus, rafters with heights over 50 cm are common. Because of economic considerations such high cavities are usually not fully insulated. Moreover, these partly insulated roofs are mostly partly shaded by parapets, technical installations or adjacent buildings. Such partly insulated and partly shaded flat roofs are critically evaluated by building physicists. The present study reveals the hygrothermal behaviour of such partly insulated and partly shaded wooden flat roofs, based on long term field and laboratory experiments carried out at the Holzforschung Austria (HFA). In addition to the level of insulation (partly insulated/fully insulated) the orientation of the elements (lengthwise to eave/at the right angle to eave) is varied. The measurements show significantly lower temperatures and higher moisture content in the cavity in the shaded area of fully insulated roof elements compared to partly insulated elements. The climate conditions in the cavity in the fully insulated roof elements are much more inhomogeneous compared to the partly insulated ones. The potential air circulation in the air layer above the insulation generates this balancing effect. Already an air layer with 5 cm height leads to more favourable conditions in the partly shaded area.
Radonmessungen in Wohngebäuden im Rybniker Kreis
Authors: Wysocka Małgorzata , Rubin Jan Antoni 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIm Artikel werden die Ergebnisse der Radonkonzentrationsuntersuchungen in Wohngebäuden in Rybnik/Polen und Umgebung beschrieben. Bei den Messungen, die in einigen Kampagnen in den Jahren 2005 bis 2009 durchgeführt wurden, wurde die passive Messmethode angewandt und die Spurdetektoren der Alpha‐Teilchen genutzt. Es wurden 122 Messungen in den Kellerräumen und jeweils im Erdgeschoss in 59 Gebäuden vorgenommen. Die Expositionszeit der Detektoren betrug 2 bis 6 Monate. Der Bereich der gemessenen Radonkonzentrationen betrug von 10 ± 10 bis 390 ± 40 Bq/m³ im Erdgeschoss und von 20 ± 10 bis 740 ± 50 Bq/m³ in den Kellerräumen. Arithmetische Mittelwerte der Messungen betrugen entsprechend 80 Bq/m3 im Erdgeschoss sowie 138 Bq/m3 in den Kellerräumen und waren höher als die Mittelwerte, die für das gesamte Gebiet Polens und für das Schlesische Kohlerevier (GZW) berechnet wurden.Radon measurements in dwellings in Rybnik Borough. In this paper a results of radon measurements in dwellings in the area of Rybnik city (Southern Poland, Upper Silesia) and its vicinity are presented. Measurements have been performed within several campaigns in the period 2005 to 2009. For this purpose solid state nuclear track detector (SSNTD) were applied, a passive method for measurements of radon gas concentration. The total number of measurements was 122 in basements and ground floor dwellings of 59 buildings. The exposure time of the detectors varied from 2 to 6 months. The range of measured radon concentrations was within 10 ± 10 to 390 ± 40 Bq/m3 at the ground floor level and from 20 ± 10 to 740 ± 50 Bq/m3 in the basements. The average values of measured concentration were as follows: 80 Bq/m3 for ground floor dwellings and 138 Bq/m3 for basements. These values are higher than the average values for Poland as well as for the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB).
Harmonisierung der Berechnungsverfahren der axialen Tragfähigkeit für offene Profile nach EA‐Pfähle und EAU
Authors: Lüking Jan , Becker Patrick 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDie axiale Tragfähigkeit von offenen Profilen (Stahlrohrpfähle und einfache oder doppelte Stahlträgerprofile) kann nach den Empfehlungen der EA‐Pfähle oder EAU auf der Grundlage von Erfahrungswerten berechnet werden. Vergleichend angewendet führen diese Verfahren jedoch zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen, die in der Bemessung Unsicherheiten beim Anwender zur Folge haben. Dieser Aufsatz harmonisiert beide Berechnungsverfahren miteinander. Hierzu werden, basierend auf einer Datenbank mit dynamischen und statischen Pfahlprobebelastungsergebnissen, mit statistischen Methoden neue Erfahrungswerte zur Tragfähigkeitsberechnung abgeleitet. Hierbei wird die Pfropfenbildung über einen vereinfachten Berechnungsansatz in Abhängigkeit des Pfahldurchmessers berücksichtigt. Aufgrund der großen Datenmenge kann dieses Verfahren als näherungsweise abgesichert angesehen werden und wird für beide Regelwerke zur Anwendung empfohlen. Eine Parameterstudie und Vergleichsberechnungen runden den Beitrag ab.Harmonization of axial capacity calculation for open‐ended piles according to EA‐Pfähle and EAUThe axial pile resistance of open ended piles like open ended pipe piles, H‐piles and double H‐piles can be calculated after the recommendations of EA‐Pfähle or EAU. A comparison of these calculation methods shows that the results differ from each other. This can cause uncertainties to the users which are following the recommendations. The paper harmonizes both calculation methods. Based on a database with dynamic and static pile resistance results, new empirical values for the calculation of bearing capacity are derived using statistical methods. Furthermore the soil plugging effect is considered in a simplified method depending on the pile diameter. The validation of the new calculation method with statistic methods is based on the amount of pile tests in the database and can be confirmed. Therefore, this method is suggested for application in both national recommendations. This paper closes with a parameter study and comparison calculations.