bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Markets and International Interest Rate Parity
Authors: LEE SUK HUN , MALLIARIS A. G. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter provides a general overview of the international markets for foreign exchange (FX) and FX derivatives as well as the theoretical relationships that tie these markets together with interest rates and central bank policies. The chapter begins by summarizing the FX markets and discussing their current size and uses. It then details and distinguishes the various markets and FX products. The chapter also examines the FX derivative markets and presents the Garman and Kohlhagen pricing model. The theoretical relationships among returns, exchange rates, and interest rates are discussed, specifically examining equilibrium conditions and the Taylor rule. The chapter concludes by reviewing several recent developments in the global currency markets.
Central Banks and Economic Policy after the Crisis: What Have We Learned?
Authors: HALLETT ANDREW HUGHES , BARTOLOMEO GIOVANNI DI , ACOCELLA NICOLA 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe recent financial crisis has led to an unprecedented degree of policy activism by central banks and governments, institutions that rely in particular on detailed announcements of current and future policies; on the use of unconventional policy instruments; and on a close coordination of monetary and fiscal policies to contain risk, manage recovery, and manage exit strategy. This chapter provides a review of the conditions needed for policies of this type to work as well as conditions when unconventional policy instruments or fiscal-monetary packages will be necessary. The key lesson for central bank policy in the future lies in the management of expectations and interinstrument coordination, which justifies publishing interest rate forecasts, spending plans, and tax rate projections in advance. In those cases, policy announcements, if properly communicated, can be used to extend the impact of both conventional and, more importantly in this context, unconventional policy instruments. The chapter also illustrates how the conflict between the desire to achieve short-run results and the need to achieve a long-run sustainable recovery can be managed.
Understanding Financial Market Failures
Authors: AGGARWAL RAJ 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Most industrialized countries suffered a major breakdown of financial markets and systems during the period 2007 to 2009. This chapter reviews the causes and consequences of this financial market failure and its relationship with market inefficiencies to develop a framework for possible corrective regulations. The analysis combines insights from multiple fields such as finance, economics, and politics to understand the many reasons for market failure. This analysis is the basis for developing five practical principles to guide regulations required to mitigate the effects of market failures. The results should be of interest to individuals, money managers, business executives, and policymakers.
Is Psychopathy a Mental Disease?
Authors: Nadelhoffer Thomas , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWhether psychopathy is a mental disease or illness can affect whether psychiatrists should treat it and whether it could serve as the basis for an insanity defense in criminal trials. Our understanding of psychopathy has been greatly improved in recent years by new research in psychology and neuroscience. This illuminating research enables us to argue that psychopathy counts as a mental disease on any plausible account of mental disease. In particular, Szasz's and Pickard's eliminativist views and Sedgwick's social constructivist account of mental illness that might exclude psychopathy are not plausible, and there is no reason to exclude psychopathy under Boorse's and Scadding's biomedical accounts, Wakefield's harmful dysfunction account, and the DSM-IV-TR objective harm account of mental disease. The basic reason is that psychopathy involve neural dysfunction that increases risk of serious harm and loss to people with psychopathy.
Reading for the Test, Trying the Heroine
Authors: Schor Hilary M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter goes back to Paradise Lost and Eve in the garden, drawing on the nature of the “test” in the history of the English courtship novel, from Samuel Richardson and Jane Austen to Charlotte Brontë and George Eliot. At the heart of this chapter is a reading of the Marquis de Sade, Angela Carter, and being struck by lightning, the powerful and ironic version of enlightenment available for the heroine. The chapter focuses on the fascinating delay, the space of curiosity, between the proposition and the contract—the trial that is the heart of the realist novel and that makes possible (or not) the eventual marriage. Realism is itself a contract: a contract into which the reader enters, a contract that provides belief. This corresponds to formal philosophical ways of knowing, particularly through probability and problems of “credit,” what has been called the antimony of fictional knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of fictional depictions of Mormonism, which often involve ridicule and hostility toward the religion. It then sets out the book's purpose, which is to show how fiction has served, in the case of Mormonism, to obscure the theological aspects of a century and more of discord and confrontation between Mormonism and American society. These religious roots of the conflict preceded the first allegations of polygamy, permeated the Missouri War and Illinois expulsion, continued into the Utah period, and inform the marginalization of Mormonism in contemporary American society. In the process, the book seeks to illuminate both the peculiar nature of the Mormon “heresy” and the contortions by which that heresy was reconstructed into a target more amenable to social censure and political solutions. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Global Cost-Benefit Analysis
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Glusman A. J. , Moyano Gonzalo 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
While cost-benefit analysis is not as prevalent in developing and emerging countries, the use of cost-benefit analysis as an aid to environmental decision-making has expanded in recent years in countries throughout Latin America, Asia, and Africa. In the context of developing and emerging economies, cost-benefit analysis has special potential to add quality, transparency, and efficiency to environmental, public health, and safety regulation. While there are important differences between regulating in a large, advanced economy and a small, rising economy, appropriate use of cost-benefit analysis can help improve government decision-making in a range of different circumstances around the world. Growing environmental and public health threats from industrialization have increased demand for stronger environmental policies around the globe, bringing the need for a systematic tool to compare costs to benefits.
Putting a Price on the Future of Our Children and Grandchildren
Authors: Damon Maria , Mohlin Kristina , Sterner Thomas 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Discount rates have a profound effect on estimates for costs and benefits that accrue over time or in the future. Given that minute differences in discount rates can result in enormous differences in future values, discounting implicates moral as well as technical issues. This chapter reviews some of the main issues that discounting presents and discusses some important recent debates over time-varying discount rates and the importance of relative prices when examining effects of public policy in the far future. The authors also collect and discuss the discount rates currently used by decision makers around the world, and explain how differences in level of development should and should not affect the discount rates used by analysts.
Is There a Role for Cost-Benefit Analysis beyond the Nation-State? Lessons from International Regulatory Cooperation
Authors: Alemanno Alberto 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Cost-benefit analysis has historically been a domestic analysis that considers only the costs and benefits that accrue within the local country. However, as the world economy becomes more interconnected, the effects of decisions made by national actors are increasingly international in scope. For cost-benefit analysis to transcend its domestic origins, it must account for all effects, both domestic and international. While some recent examples provide hope that global cost-benefit analysis will prevail, most countries that use cost-benefit analysis continue to consider only domestic effects. International regulatory cooperation, spurred by an interest in facilitating free trade, has the potential to promote and shape a different, expanded version of cost-benefit analysis.
The Diffusion of Regulatory Oversight
Authors: Wiener Jonathan B. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Cost-benefit analysis is essentially the idea that good decision making requires weighing the benefits against the costs. An intuitive approach, its development is neither recent nor exclusive to any particular region. The author traces the roots of cost-benefit analysis’s international nature to conversations between American and French intellectuals during the late eighteenth century and discussing the modern process of "hybridization" through which ideas about cost-benefit analysis, regulatory impact analysis, and administrative review have spread throughout the world. The author argues that cost-benefit analysis grows not by the transfer of methods from developed to developing nations, but by experimentation, borrowing, adaptation, and integration. This process reflects the evolution of administrative systems generally, which is characterized by multiple sources of ingenuity and sharing.
The Role of the OECD in Capacity Building for Public Governance
Authors: Allam Miriam 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has played a key role in supporting the expansion of governance capabilities in Arab countries. Focusing on the work of the Middle Eastern and North African (MENA)-OECD Governance Programme and its Working Group on Regulatory Reform, this chapter chronicles the progress of administrative reform in light of recent developments. The Arab Spring has highlighted the urgency with which MENA governments must improve regulatory policy tools in order to achieve ambitious reform goals. The key to improving policymaking in the MENA region is the enhancement of organizational capacities. This can be achieved by peer learning and the sharing of technical expertise, which can integrate evidence-based decision-making tools into regulatory management.
Environmental Fuel Quality Improvements in Mexico
Authors: Rojas-Bracho Leonora , Garibay-Bravo Verónica , Stevens Gretchen A. , Echániz-Pellicer Georgina 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The achievement of any policy goal is bound to confront the problem of conflicting interests, from actors both within and without government. This chapter describes the process that was undertaken and the challenges faced by the Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources in carrying out and obtaining approval of its cost-benefit analysis in support of regulations and standards. Given the lack of thoughtful discourse among the agencies and the lack of a central oversight office, there is a risk that different agencies may take advantage of the lack of federal cost-benefit analysis methodology standards to manipulate results. The authors contend that a strong federal regulatory framework for cost-benefit analysis is needed.
Health Care Costs of Urban Air Pollution in South Africa
Authors: Leiman Anthony 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The reduction of costly negative externalities due to urban air pollution is a quintessential regulatory goal that agencies continue to grapple with. For developing countries, determining the proper regulatory solution for this problem requires the use of cost-benefit analysis. This chapter catalogs South Africa’s growing interest in the formal evaluation of air quality control interventions since the passage of the National Environment Management Air Quality Act No. 39 of 2004. The chapter discusses an analysis that the author conducted of the economic costs and benefits of a suite of air pollution control measures, which found that the greatest benefit-to-cost ratio is in low-cost interventions that help curb the household emissions of low-income households whose own members are the primary victims of poor air quality.
Economic Costs of Air Pollution in Singapore
Authors: Quah Euston , Chia Wai-Mun 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Cost-benefit analysis is an appropriate tool for accounting for the negative effects of air pollution on domestic populations and for expressing those costs in economic terms. This chapter assesses the economic cost of air pollution on public health in 2009 in Singapore based on the newly revised air quality guidelines by the World Health Organization. This analysis suggests that the health costs associated with a 15 ?g/m3 change in concentrations of particulate matter in the air are roughly $3.75 billion-about 2.04 percent of the total gross domestic product of Singapore in 2009. This study shows how cost-benefit analysis can derive economic estimates using health data and benefit-transfer methodologies.
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Resettlement Policy in Southeast Asia
Authors: Nabangchang Orapan 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Developing countries often face acute pressures to deal simultaneously with conflicting policy goals. In a debate over the proposed resettlement of the village of Ban Pa Kluay, located in Ob Luang National Park in Chiang Mai Province in the Northern Region of Thailand, cost-benefit analysis resulted in the discovery of a compromise option involving neither resettlement nor complete nonintervention by the national government. Where equity and environmental concerns conflict, cost-benefit analysis can improve the quality of policymaking, but for it to fulfill its promise, the usefulness of the technique will need to be more broadly recognized by the public and by political actors.
Assessing Potential Carbon Revenues from Reduced Forest Cover Loss in Liberia
Authors: Donovan Jessica , Lawrence Keith , Neyor Christopher , Niesten Eduard , Werker Eric 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The prospect of low-carbon economic development involves the valuation of myriad costs and benefits, and includes the consideration of a number of innovative proposals to spur growth without degrading environmental resources. This chapter describes Liberia’s wealth of forests and explains how a low-carbon development strategy for Liberia could include a number of cost-beneficial policies, the most obvious being a transition to more efficient agriculture. Other beneficial policies include accelerating the establishment of protected areas, ensuring that tree crop plantations are located on degraded land rather than forest areas, and introducing energy-efficient stoves for charcoal and fuel wood. The net benefits of changes to forestry policies are less clear, however: reducing the number of timber sales contracts would be cost-beneficial, but replacing commercial timber with carbon concessions is more marginal.
From Enlightenment to Receptivity
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This revolutionary book argues that Western philosophy on the whole has overemphasized rational control and autonomy at the expense of the important countervailing value and virtue of receptivity. Recently, the ideas of caring and empathy have received a great deal of philosophical and public attention, but both these notions rest on the deeper and broader value of receptivity, and in From Enlightenment to Receptivity: Rethinking Our Values, the philosopher Michael Slote seeks to show that we need to focus more on receptivity if we are to attain a more balanced sense and understanding of what is important to us. Beginning with a critique of Enlightenment thinking that calls into question its denial of any central role to considerations of emotion and empathy, he goes on to show how a greater emphasis on these factors and on the receptivity that underlies them can give us a more realistic, balanced, and sensitive understanding of our core ethical and epistemological values. This means rejecting postmodernism’s blanket rejection of reason and of compelling real values and recognizing, rather, that receptivity should play a major role in how we lead our lives as individuals, in how we relate to nature, in how we acquire knowledge about the world, and in how we relate morally and politically with others.
How Important Is Morality?
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Both Kantianism and care ethics treat morality as important in itself, whereas recent forms of consequentialism deemphasize morality by treating moral considerations as fungible within the totality of our reasons for action. But care ethics and Kantianism think very differently about the importance of morality, and care ethics in particular stresses our empathic sensitivity as agents to the suffering and so on of others but also our second-order empathic sensitivity as observers to such agential empathic sensitivity. And it also contends that much that we find morally praiseworthy is praiseworthy for the empathy it exhibits and not for the rationality or rational considerations it is based on.
TiPs: a database of therapeutic targets in pathogens and associated tools
Authors: Lepore Rosalba , Tramontano Anna , Via Allegra 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Motivation: The need for new drugs and new targets is particularly compelling in an era that is witnessing an alarming increase of drug resistance in human pathogens. The identification of new targets of known drugs is a promising approach, which has proven successful in several cases. Here, we describe a database that includes information on 5153 putative drug–target pairs for 150 human pathogens derived from available drug–target crystallographic complexes.
Availability and implementation: The TiPs database is freely available at http://biocomputing.it/tips.
Contact: anna.tramontano@uniroma1.it or allegra.via@uniroma1.it
Reconciling PP and P′P′ precursor observations of a complex 660 km seismic discontinuity
Authors: Day Elizabeth A. , Deuss Arwen 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
High frequency precursors to P′P′ almost invariably observe a narrow 660 km discontinuity, whereas PP precursor studies at long periods struggle to detect a reflection from the ‘660’ despite its apparent sharpness to P′P′. To investigate these contradictory observations we compare PP and P′P′ precursors in the same region. Using short period P′P′ precursors we observe a sharp 660 km discontinuity, which appears to vary in depth substantially. The apparent topography on the ‘660’ is too large to originate solely from thermal variations, regardless of its cause, therefore indicating chemical variations at the base of the mantle transition zone. Long period P′P′ precursors show no ‘660’ as they are sensitive to a larger area and thus average out the apparent topography, in agreement with long period PP precursors. Instead, we see some evidence in both long period data types for a reflection from 720 km depth, which is likely to correspond to a phase change in the garnet system.
Correlation Between Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Levels and Thymic Pathology in Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Huang GZ , Lo YL 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is the most common chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease. Anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies are found in at least 80% of patients with generalized myasthenia and have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. Thymic abnormalities are frequently found in seropositive patients, and the thymus is thought to be involved in generation of autoimmunity. This article reviews existing literature on the role of AChR antibodies in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis, and the correlation between AChR antibody titers and thymic pathology. Most studies found that highest titers are seen in thymic hyperplasia, followed by intermediate titers in thymoma, and lowest titers in atrophic or normal thymus. One publication found no difference between titers in thymoma and normal thymus.
The body temperature of active amphibians along a tropical elevation gradient: patterns of mean and variance and inference from environmental data
Authors: Navas Carlos Arturo , Carvajalino‐Fernández Juan Manuel , Saboyá‐Acosta Liliana Patricia , Rueda‐Solano Luis Alberto , Carvajalino‐Fernández Marcos Antonio 
Published: May 2013

Summary

Tropical montane amphibians have been the focus of recent and crucial conservation efforts. These initiatives require understanding on how elevation influences amphibian body temperature beyond the simplistic assumption of a monotonical decrease with elevation. This study addresses patterns and potential for inference in this context.

As elevation increases, mean body temperature (BT) of tropical montane amphibians decreases linearly, but intrapopulation variation (VAR) in BT increases exponentially. These relationships are influenced by biome structure, but display both local nuances and species‐specific remarks.

Substrate temperature (ST) and BT hold a close relationship across elevation. The noise around this relationship is lowest in mid‐elevation cloud forests and maximum in the paramo, a biome above the tree line.

The relationships between BT and ST, and between elevation and either BT or VAR, are valuable to infer general patterns of thermal ecology for amphibians and to highlight species‐specific exceptional cases.

The BT of montane tropical amphibians can be estimated from temperature data collected at a scale compatible with the size and microhabitat of individual frogs. Estimates from elevation are valid as general trends that can be enhanced if natural history is taken into account. Worldclim data allow for rough inference only and have limited predictive power.

A framework is proposed to study how the BT and VAR of amphibians change with elevation. This framework encompasses information on biome structure and natural history.