bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Phencyclidine by Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Heveran ZE , Anthony M , Ward C 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for measurement of phencyclidine (PCP) and its monohydroxy metabolites in urine. Anti-PCP serum was generated in rabbits and the labeled antigen was prepared by radio-iodination (125I) by the Hunter-Greenwood procedure. Adjustment of the antiserum and 125I-antigen concentrations resulted in a dynamic response from 0 to 200 ng/ml and as little as 2 ng/ml was detected. Reagents were stable for at least three months at 2 to 8° Most (95%) urine specimens from presumed nonusers contained less than 5 ng/ml and urine specimens from suspected abusers usually exceeded 100 ng/ml. Comparison of RIA with other methods for detection of PCP showed good agreement. Cross-reactivity with other commonly prescribed drugs was not encountered. The recovery of PCP was 93 to 109% over the 20 to 175 ng/ml concentration range and the reproducibility (average coefficient of variation) was ±13%. Development of the RIA for PCP has resulted in a rapid procedure that can be adapted to automated processing and is also suitable for small-scale testing.
The Preparation of Lipid-Free Extracts of Drugs from Blood for Gas Chromatographic Analysis
Authors: Tye R , Freitag J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A method is presented to separate co-extracted biological materials, in particular lipids, from drugs in chloroform extracts of blood. The chloroform is evaporated and the residue is dissolved in a small volume of petroleum ether and partitioned with eight times this volume of 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid. The acidic, basic, and neutral drugs are extracted into the aqueous phase, leaving unwanted materials in the petroleum ether. The recoveries of drugs representative of a variety of types are presented. Reduction of the levels of lipids by factors on the order of 1000-fold is reported.
The Simultaneous Identification of Seminal Acid Phosphatase and Phosphoglucomutase by Starch Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Linde HG , Molnar KE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Although elevated acid phosphatase (AP) activity in vaginal fluid is a consistent indicator for semen, differentiation between vaginal AP and seminal AP provides a more meaningful result. Detection of seminal AP in mixtures of vaginal AP, feces, and blood is accomplished by starch gel electrophoresis, employing the substrate thymolphthalein monophosphate as a selective visualization agent. Genetic phosphoglucomutase isoenzymes are simultaneously separated by this method and allow differentiation in some semen/vaginal fluid mixtures.
Trends in the Field of Questioned Document Examination
Authors: Galbraith NG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In any professional field, observations of the current literature usually give an indication of the direction the field is taking. This approach has been formalized in the technique of content analysis. A content analysis of the literature in the field of document examination was made. The Journal of Forensic Sciences was chosen as the sample for this study since articles on document examination have been printed in every volume since the Journal was first published in 1956. The articles were studied and 30 categories were selected to represent the topics contained in the body of the literature. Topic selection was based on this writer's interpretation of the author's intent or emphasis in each article. An analysis of the results is included.
A Study to Determine the Limit of Detectability of Gasoline Vapor from Simulated Arson Residues
Authors: Loscalzo PJ , DeForest PR , Chao JM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
An experimental study to determine the effect of collection delay and combustion time on successful detection of the aceelerant gasoline was made with samples of wood, carpet with padding, and soil. The maximum time allowed for collection and analysis of samples in which a positive result could be obtained was called the limit of detectability. This limit was found for each sample under study by using various combustion times to 20 min and collection delays to 162 h after the fire was extinguished. The limit of detectability decreased in a regular manner with an increase in combustion time and delay in collection. The relative values for the limit of detectability for different surfaces could prove to be a valid and valuable criterion in the selection and collection of the proper physical evidence at fire scene examinations.
A Semi-Micro Technique for the Extraction and Comparison of Dyes in Textile Fibers
Authors: Resua R 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Solid dye samples and extracted dyes from semi-micro samples of textile fibers are separated by using thin-layer chromatography. The extraction process is nondestructive, leaving the fibers intact for further analysis or court presentation. Acid, basic, disperse, vat, direct, and reactive dyes are used in this study. No single solvent system was found that would successfully separate all of these usage classes of dyes, necessitating the introduction of a screening solvent system. The behavior of the dyes in the screening solvent system gives the criminalist an indication of the usage class of dye being examined. Subsequent separation of the dyes is then carried out in appropriate solvent systems. The procedure is a general one that has been used successfully on a variety of natural and synthetic fibers.
A Description and Analysis of the Operation and Validity of the Psychological Stress Evaluator
Authors: VanDercar DH , Greaner J , Hibler NS , Spielberger CD , Bloch S 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A detailed description and analysis are presented of the psychological stress evaluator (PSE), an instrument purported to measure accurately and to portray graphically differential levels of stress in human speech. In addition, two studies are presented that attempt to validate this instrument against better known measures of stress or A-state anxiety. The PSE measures were compared with heart rate and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) A-state scores obtained under conditions where the level of stress was experimentally manipulated through threat of shock or the presentation of taboo words. The first study revealed that PSE, STAI, and heart rate measures accurately reflect different levels of stress and are significantly correlated with one another. The second study failed to replicate the validity of the PSE. This failure to replicate is attributed to lower levels of induced stress and a reduction in baseline measures of stress.
Automotive Repaints: Just a New Look?
Authors: Percy RFE , Audette RJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The variety and complexity of primers and paints now used to refinish automobiles assist the forensic chemist in making more specific comparisons of paint samples. Infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical composition of 254 samples of refinishing topcoat products and to establish a data base for comparisons of spectra of unknown samples. Spectra representative of six major types of refinishing products are presented.
Genetic Markers in Semen. III: Alteration of Phosphoglucomutase Isozyme Patterns in Semen Contaminated with Saliva
Authors: Sensabaugh GF , Blake ET , Northey DH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Contamination of semen by saliva can result in the alteration of seminal phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) isozyme patterns. The alteration is characterized by the gradual loss of the a and b isozyme bands with the concomitant generation of anodal bands; eventually, all PGM activity is lost. The conversion of PGM isozyme patterns has been shown to be due to a dialyzable heat-labile factor in saliva and a nondialyzable heat-labile factor in semen. The implications of this conversion for PGM typing in sexual assault evidence are discussed.
Detectability of Selected Genetic Markers in Dried Blood on Aging
Authors: Denault GC , Takimoto HH , Kwan QY , Pallos A 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The detectability of selected blood genetic markers aged up to six months deposited on six substrata, glass, wool, nylon, and three types of cotton (plain cotton, permanent press, and denim), was investigated. The resulting dried blood specimens were aged at ambient temperature at 20 and 66% relative humidities; a few samples were aged at —20°C Analyses were performed on the samples kept blind for the investigators at 1-, 2-, 4-, 13-, and 26-week aging periods. Red cell antigen systems selected for this study were ABO, MN, Rh, Kidd, Duffy, and Kell. The most stable antigens were A, B, and O of ABO; M, N, and s of MN; and D of the Rh system. These variants were identified in specimens aged for 26 weeks at both low and high relative humidities. The least stable antigens, Jk a of Kidd, Fy a of Duffy, and K of the Kell systems, were detectable for only one week at either humidity level. Of these antigens, only Fy a and K aged at 20% humidity were detected at the two-week test period. Other variants (S of MN and C, c, E, and e of Rh) were detected for various lengths of time ranging from 2 to 26 weeks. In particular, Rh factors C, c, and E were affected adversely by high moisture environments. The four enzyme systems selected were adenylate kinase (AK), adenosine deaminase (ADA), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), and erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP). AK and PGM isoenzymes were still identifiable at 26 weeks, and ADA and EAP at 13 weeks for the low and high humidity storage conditions. PGM isoenzymes appeared to be more stable at low humidity, and ADA and EAP at high humidity. No obvious differences in detectability resulting from phenotype or substrate were discerned, except possibly for permanent press and denim, which appeared to shorten the detectability time of PGM. Storage of the specimens at —20°C generally preserved the antigens and the enzymes better than storage at room temperature. The discrimination probability was calculated on the basis of the genetic markers still detectable at the end of each aging interval. No test error was assumed, and frequency of occurrence data for each genetic marker were taken from the literature.
The Identification of Hand-Printed Musical Scores
Authors: Calvert JR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Music is communicated in written form by a system of symbols called notation. As in handwriting, there are various degrees of expertise in executing hand-produced musical scores. The identification of an initial hand-produced musical score is usually less complicated than identifying the work of a notator. Principles and procedures for examining and comparing a musical score are the same as those employed in making a hand-printing identification. Specific aspects of notation are discussed and applied to the identification of a musical score.
Evidence of Handedness on Documented Skeletons
Authors: Schulter-Ellis FP 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The collection of skeletal material at the University of Maryland School of Medicine now includes a small sample of scapulae and long bones of the upper extremities taken from cadavers of known handedness. This sample has been used to begin studies for determining the accuracy of methods currently used for diagnosing handedness. Measurements have been taken of the deflection angle that results from dorsal inclination of the glenoid fossa, humeral length and head diameter, bicondylar width, and radial and ulnar lengths. A radiohumeral index and the total combined length of the long bones for each extremity as well as side difference in total length were calculated. These data plus the presence or absence of an extensor facet on the dorsal margin of the glenoid fossa have been compared with the known hand preference. Thus far, the data indicate that the extensor facet, greater dorsal inclination of the glenoid fossa, greater total length of long bones, and greater bicondylar width correlate with the dominant side. Since the sample size is small, further work is needed before a valid statistical analysis can be made.
Low Resolution Electron Impact Mass Spectra of Some Quinuclidine and N-Methylpiperidine Glycolates
Authors: Vincze A , Gefen L , Fisher A , Bel P 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Quinuclidine and N-methylpiperidine glycolates of the general formula PhC(OH)(R)COOR', where Ph is phenyl, R is phenyl or alkyl, and R' the cyclic amine moiety, are known antidepressant and hallucinogenic compounds. Mass spectra of these are scarcely described in the literature and are the subject of this communication. Low resolution electron impact spectra were studied at 70 and low electron volts. The main fragmentation patterns and rearrangements, supported by study of deuterated analogs, are described. Determination of M+ and two other characteristic ions gives a good knowledge of the compound at hand while recognition of a few more fragments is necessary for an exact knowledge of the specific structure. The spectra and availability of deuterated analogs may lead to development of specific, sensitive methods of analysis for these biologically active compounds.
Permeation of Fingerprints Through Laboratory Gloves
Authors: Willinski G 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Repeated controlled tests have shown that impressions from laboratory gloves will print onto optical components in 20 to 40 min and, in some cases, sooner. Careful testing demonstrated that palmar sweat passed through the glove material; the problem was not that gloves conform to the friction ridges of the fingers and then transfer some contaminant. The problem can be alleviated to a great extent by wearing thin cotton gloves like those commonly used in the film industry.
A Review of Organized Crime—The Fifth Estate
Authors: Crown DA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Unless one is involved with the problem, one gains most of one's information and attitudes toward organized crime from newspaper headlines and instant TV analyses of the problem. It comes as a bit of a surprise to some of us that organized crime is not the prerogative of a monolithic fraternity for individuals of Sicilian descent. According to the author, organized crime is, in reality, “a loose confederation of ethnic and regional crime groups, bound by economic and political necessity.”
A Review of Essentials of Neuropathology
Authors: Harvey FH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Essentials of Neuropathology, as the authors indicate in the introduction, “is intended primarily for the student who wants more information than is available in the usual pathology or neurology textbook.” This is evident as this softcover textbook is 191 pages long. Generally the book fulfills this purpose and often the other stated purpose of clarifying the more important or confusing topics. Its major shortcoming is the chapter on trauma.
A Review of H.I.T.: A Manual for the Classification, Filing and Retrieval of Palmprints
Authors: Chastain JD , Hoffmeister H , Stephens C 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The H.I.T. manual for filing, classifying, and retrieving palmprints appears to have been researched fairly well. The author breaks the palm into three separate areas, the hypothenar, interdigital, and thenar areas. From these areas a three-part classification formula is arrived at. This formula is used for filing and retrieving the palmprints much as a classification formula is used with fingerprints. The hypothenar is the area below the upper palm crease (distal transverse crease) and to the little-finger side of the center palm crease (radial longitudinal crease). The interdigital area is the part of the palm bounded on the top by the lowest finger joint creases (metacarpophalangeal creases) and on the bottom by the distal transverse crease. The thenar area is that part of the palm located to the thumb side of the radial longitudinal crease, bounded on the bottom by the wrist crease (carpal crease). From these three areas the author uses a standard fingerprint-sized card on which are located an area for personal descriptors, an area to code in the type of pattern that appears in each of the palm areas (H. for hypothenar, I. for interdigital, and T. for the thenar area), and an area for references to each of the H.I.T. sections
Risk of Cancer Subsequent to Low-Dose Radiation
Authors: Warren S 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Prominent among media items related to the Three Mile Island episode were prophecies of future cancers. The credibility of some of these estimates are discussed. The average person has been exposed by the age of 50 to 2.5 rad (0.025 Gy) from natural background. We define low doses as under 25 rad (0.25 Gy). The most heavily exposed members of the general population during the Three Mile Island event received 83 mrad (0.83 mGy). Those exposed to 2500 mrad (25 mGy) would show no pathologically recognizable effects of radiation though there is evidence that chromosomal damage may occur with doses about 1 rad (0.01 Gy). An official stated among the consequences of the Three Mile Island accident that two additional cancer deaths would result. No epidemiologist could detect such an increase in the population at risk. It has been generally agreed that the linear hypothesis is useful for determining protection standards, not prognosis. Objective criteria for pathologic diagnosis of cause-effect relations are presented.
Mineralization of the Costal Cartilages as an Indicator of Age: Preliminary Observations
Authors: McCormick WF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Soft X-ray examination of costal cartilages from 210 cadavers indicated a roughly linear increase in mineralization with advancing age. A cabinet X-ray machine and mammography film were used. Detectable mineralization was not found before the age of 15 and was rarely marked before the age of 50. Similar degrees of mineralization over a wide age span during middle years seriously limits the value of this method of age estimation while the ease, rapidity, and relative inexpensiveness of this procedure on intact or partially decomposed bodies recommends its use, especially where an expert physical (forensic) anthropologist is not readily available.
Analysis of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Mushroom Extracts by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Thomson BM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A method has been developed for the analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in dry and preserved mushrooms using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. A mobile phase of phosphate buffered methanol/water/cetrimonium bromide allows good separation of the two hallucinogens.
The Classification of Jacketed Sporting Rifle Bullets
Authors: Booker JL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A twelve-parameter classification system for jacketed sporting rifle bullets that allows the examiner to gather and record systematically data that can be used to identify the manufacturer, design, weight, and cartridge loading of damaged and intact bullets is presented. The twelve parameters are an identification number, manufacturer, weight, diameter, cartridge, base design, length of bearing surface, color, shape, location and description of crimping cannclure, location and description of other cannelures, and miscellaneous notes.
Onset of Psychotraumatic Reactions
Authors: Braverman M 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This study was planned to examine the onset of the p0sttraumatic psychiatric reaction. Two hundred two injured persons were examined during two summers (1978 and 1979) at the Salzburg Accident Hospital, Austria. Eighty-six of 1 10 persons with posttraumatic psychiatric reactions developed their symptoms two weeks to two months after the injury. Ninety-two of the 110 showed irritability as the initial symptom.
The Search for Certainty and the Uses of Probability
Authors: Cole A 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Some recent papers by document examiners have included discussions of findings stated in terms of probability and have raised questions about the propriety of giving such testimony in criminal trials. The present paper asserts the view that formation of a conclusion is progressive; that examination may be terminated in some cases with a statement of probability; and that the examiner must report whatever conclusion he or she has and must describe the evidence that brought about that conclusion. If, as the result of laboratory work, the document examiner is asked by competent authority to appear in court, he or she has an obligation to take the witness stand and respond to questions of attorneys and the court.
Thickness of Facial Tissues in American Blacks
Authors: Rhine JS , Campbell HR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The production of a three-dimensional plastic face on a human skull has been practiced sporadically since the latter part of the last century. In recent years, the technique has been revived and applied to forensic science cases. Contemporary facial reproductions are based on a small sample collected before the turn of the century. In this paper, we present data on a heretofore unstudied segment of Homo sapiens, the American black. Facial tissue thicknesses for this group vary greatly from those previously reported in European whites and in Japanese. Use of these data should make possible more accurate facial reproductions on the skulls of American blacks.
Photographic Superimposition in Dental Identification. Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words?
Authors: Klonaris NS , Furue T 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This paper reports a controversial case involving the dental identification of the skeletal remains of an Air Force pilot whose F-105D aircraft crashed in North Vietnam. Only a portion of the maxilla less the teeth was recovered and used in the dental comparison and positive identification. A statement was made to the brother of the victim that the dental comparison removed any doubt as to the identification. This was interpreted by the brother as the following: “Without the maxilla there was no positive ID.” The brother was not familiar with dental terminology and anatomy and was disoriented when trying to interpret the odontologieal narrative. The principles of photographic superimposition were used for general information and orientation to clarify the odontological narrative after the internment of the skeletal remains.
Acute Dimethylnitrosamine Poisoning Outbreak
Authors: Cooper SW , Kimbrough RD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In an 8-h period, five members of two kindred families suddenly became ill with nausea, vomiting, and malaise. This was followed by acute liver disease, a generalized bleeding tendency, and a low platelet count. Two of the patients died four and five days after onset of illness. It was established that dimethylnitrosamine had been intentionally added to lemonade and milk that were consumed by the victims.
Quality of Life—Theme
Authors: Schroeder O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Forensic scientists, as an integral part of the justice system, must move from merely relating their practices to the system to relating their practices to life—the quality life. Life's meaning has greatly changed since 1970 both at the birthing and the dying periods. Life's quality has no single definition. It can include goals to which we aspire or tasks that we must perform. Or, it can be concerned with an ordered preference of things we seek. It can also be determined by the “outcome” of our living or the “process” by which we live. Finally, quality, although it cannot be defined, can be felt. Should we not understand that the quality of life is to be recognized by the true worth of an individual and to be measured by the caring each of us has for our fellow beings as we practice our daily work in the justice system and live our daily lives in the whole human society?