bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response to CO2 Doubling of the Atlantic Hurricane Main Development Region in a High-Resolution Climate Model
Authors: Doi Takeshi , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Rosati Anthony J. , Delworth Thomas L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Response of climate conditions in the Atlantic hurricane main development region (MDR) to doubling of atmospheric CO2 has been explored using the new high-resolution coupled climate model, version 2.5 (CM2.5), developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). In the annual mean, the SST in the MDR warms by about 2°C in the CO2 doubling run relative to the control run; the trade winds become weaker in the northern tropical Atlantic and the rainfall increases over the ITCZ and its northern region. The amplitude of the annual cycle of the SST over the MDR is not significantly changed by CO2 doubling. However, the authors find that the interannual variations show significant responses to CO2 doubling; the seasonal maximum peak of the interannual variations of the SST over the MDR is about 25% stronger than in the control run. The enhancement of the interannual variations of the SST in the MDR is caused by changes in effectiveness of the wind–evaporation–SST (WES) positive feedback; WES remains a positive feedback until boreal early summer in the CO2 doubling run. The enhancement of the interannual variability of the SST over the MDR in boreal early summer due to CO2 doubling could lead to serious damages associated with the Atlantic hurricane count and drought (or flood) in the Sahel and South America in a future climate.
Diagnosing Warm Frontal Cloud Formation in a GCM: A Novel Approach Using Conditional Subsetting
Authors: Booth James F. , Naud Catherine M. , Del Genio Anthony D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This study analyzes characteristics of clouds and vertical motion across extratropical cyclone warm fronts in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model. The validity of the modeled clouds is assessed using a combination of satellite observations from CloudSat, Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), and the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis. The analysis focuses on developing cyclones, to test the model's ability to generate their initial structure. To begin, the extratropical cyclones and their warm fronts are objectively identified and cyclone-local fields are mapped into a vertical transect centered on the surface warm front. To further isolate specific physics, the cyclones are separated using conditional subsetting based on additional cyclone-local variables, and the differences between the subset means are analyzed. Conditional subsets are created based on 1) the transect clouds and 2) vertical motion; 3) the strength of the temperature gradient along the warm front, as well as the storm-local 4) wind speed and 5) precipitable water (PW). The analysis shows that the model does not generate enough frontal cloud, especially at low altitude. The subsetting results reveal that, compared to the observations, the model exhibits a decoupling between cloud formation at high and low altitudes across warm fronts and a weak sensitivity to moisture. These issues are caused in part by the parameterized convection and assumptions in the stratiform cloud scheme that are valid in the subtropics. On the other hand, the model generates proper covariability of low-altitude vertical motion and cloud at the warm front and a joint dependence of cloudiness on wind and PW.
Objective Determination of Feature Resolution in Two Sea Surface Temperature Analyses
Authors: Reynolds Richard W. , Chelton Dudley B. , Roberts-Jones Jonah , Martin Matthew J. , Menemenlis Dimitris , Merchant Christopher John 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Considerable effort is presently being devoted to producing high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST) analyses with a goal of spatial grid resolutions as low as 1 km. Because grid resolution is not the same as feature resolution, a method is needed to objectively determine the resolution capability and accuracy of SST analysis products. Ocean model SST fields are used in this study as simulated “true” SST data and subsampled based on actual infrared and microwave satellite data coverage. The subsampled data are used to simulate sampling errors due to missing data. Two different SST analyses are considered and run using both the full and the subsampled model SST fields, with and without additional noise. The results are compared as a function of spatial scales of variability using wavenumber auto- and cross-spectral analysis.
The spectral variance at high wavenumbers (smallest wavelengths) is shown to be attenuated relative to the true SST because of smoothing that is inherent to both analysis procedures. Comparisons of the two analyses (both having grid sizes of roughly ) show important differences. One analysis tends to reproduce small-scale features more accurately when the high-resolution data coverage is good but produces more spurious small-scale noise when the high-resolution data coverage is poor. Analysis procedures can thus generate small-scale features with and without data, but the small-scale features in an SST analysis may be just noise when high-resolution data are sparse. Users must therefore be skeptical of high-resolution SST products, especially in regions where high-resolution (~5 km) infrared satellite data are limited because of cloud cover.
The effect of sodium nitroprusside on cerebral hemodynamics and headache in healthy subjects
Authors: Guo Song , Ashina Messoud , Olesen Jes , Birk Steffen 
Published: February 2013

Investigation Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a powerful vasodilatory agent that, similarly to glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), releases nitric oxide (NO) but in contrast does not pass the blood-brain barrier. Nevertheless, it has already been used in animal models without any knowledge of its headache-inducing potential. We hypothesized that SNP would induce headache and vasodilation of cephalic and radial but not cerebral arteries. Methods Five healthy volunteers received intravenous infusions of SNP in a non-randomized dose-titration (1–5 µg/kg/min) study. We recorded headache intensity (verbal rating scale from 0 to 10), velocity in the middle cerebral artery (VMCA), and diameters of the superficial temporal artery (STA) and radial artery (RA). Results All participants reported a dose-related headache (median peak = 2.5, range 0–3). SNP dilated the STA and RA, caused a marked increase of heart rate and a decrease of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2). We found that SNP decreased the velocity of the VMCA, but this was canceled by a decrease of cerebral blood flow (CBF) due to hypocapnia. Conclusion The present study shows that SNP is a headache-inducing agent with close similarities to headaches induced by GTN and probably without effect on intracerebral arteries.
PKR regulates proliferation, differentiation, and survival of murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells
Authors: Liu Xiangfei , Bennett Richard L. , Cheng Xiaodong , Byrne Michael , Reinhard Mary K. , May W. Stratford 
Published: February 2013

Key Points
PKR may be an unrecognized but important regulator of HSPC cell fate. PKR expression regulates the frequency of HSPCs in the bone marrow and their response to stress.
Phase III randomized study of fotemustine and dacarbazine versus dacarbazine with or without interferon-α in advanced malignant melanoma
Authors: Daponte Antonio , Signoriello Simona , Maiorino Luigi , Massidda Bruno , Simeone Ester , Grimaldi Antonio Maria , Caracò Corrado , Palmieri Giuseppe , Cossu Antonio , Botti Gerardo , Petrillo Antonella , Lastoria Secondo , Cavalcanti Ernesta , Aprea Pasquale , Mozzillo Nicola , Gallo Ciro , Comella Giuseppe , Ascierto Paolo Antonio 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
The effect of the addition of fotemustine and/or interferon (IFN) to standard therapy with dacarbazine alone in patients with advanced malignant melanoma was investigated in a multicenter, randomized 2x2 factorial design trial.

Methods
A total of 260 patients were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: (A) fotemustine and dacarbazine repeated on 3-week cycle; (B) same treatment as (A) plus IFN-α2b three times per week; (C) dacarbazine alone repeated on 3-week cycle; (D) same treatment as (C) plus IFN-α2b three times per week. Two comparisons were planned to assess the efficacy of fotemustine (groups A+B vs. C+D) and IFN-α2b (groups A+C vs. B+D).

Results
Addition of fotemustine did not significantly improve overall survival (OS) (p=0.28) or progression-free survival (PFS) (p=0.55); Hazard ratio (HR) for OS was 0.93 (95% CI 0.71-1.21). Similarly, addition of IFN-α2b did not improve OS (p=0.68) or PFS (p=0.65); HR for OS was 0.92 (95% CI 0.70-1.20). Overall response rate was not improved by the addition of either fotemustine (p=0.87) or IFN-α2b (p=0.57). The combination of all three drugs resulted in the highest occurrence of adverse events.

Conclusions
No significant improvement in outcomes were observed with the addition of either fotemustine or IFN-α2b to dacarbazine.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01359956
Active interference cancellation-aided QoS-aware distributed ARQ for cognitive radios with heterogeneous traffics
Authors: Liu Juan , Chen Wei , Cao Zhigang , Zhang Ying Jun 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Relay-assisted Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ), which allows the relays instead of the source to carry out retransmissions of packets erroneously received at the destination, is an efficient cooperative transmission technique to improve link reliability with high spectrum efficiency in wireless networks. In cognitive radio (CR) systems, however, this relay-assisted ARQ could induce large latency, since a successful transmission of a packet may consume two idle timeslot or temporal spectrum holes. To overcome this limitation, an active interference cancellation (IC)-aided distributed relay-assisted ARQ method is proposed in this article to serve heterogeneous elastic traffics with diverse quality of service (QoS) demands in CR systems. Specifically, by applying our recently proposed distributed beamforming-based IC method in the physical layer, cognitive relays can exploit spatial spectrum holes (SSHs) to retransmit while keeping the interference to primary users at a tolerable level. Meanwhile, at the MAC layer, two scheduling policies, namely probabilistic and queue-length-based scheduling, are proposed to obtain an efficient allocation of temporal and SSHs to direct transmissions and retransmissions. The performance of the proposed schemes are analyzed and optimized by adjusting the scheduling parameters. As a result, the secondary users can obtain significant QoS gains, as validated by theoretical and simulation results.
The association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of prostate cancer, high-grade prostate cancer, advanced prostate cancer, prostate cancer-specific mortality and biochemical recurrence
Authors: Xiang Yu-zhu , Xiong Hui , Cui Zi-lian , Jiang Shao-bo , Xia Qing-hua , Zhao Yong , Li Guan-bin , Jin Xun-bo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundAlthough a previous meta-analysis reported no association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and prostate cancer risk, a number of studies suggest that MetS may be associated with the aggressiveness and progression of prostate cancer. However, these results have been inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the nature of this association.MethodsWe systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and bibliographies of retrieved studies up to January 2013 using the keywords “metabolic syndrome” and “prostate cancer”. We assessed relative risks (RRs) of the prostate cancer, several parameters of prostate cancer aggressiveness and progression associated with MetS using 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).ResultsThe literature search produced 547 hits from which 19 papers were extracted for the meta-analysis. In cancer-free population with and without MetS, the combined adjusted RR (95% CI) of prostate cancer risk and prostate cancer-specific mortality in longitudinal cohort studies is 0.96 (0.85 ~ 1.09) and 1.12 (1.02 ~ 1.23) respectively. In the prostate cancer patients with and without MetS, the combined unadjusted OR (95% CI) of high grade Gleason prostate cancer is 1.44 (1.20 ~ 1.72), the OR of advanced prostate cancer is 1.37 (1.12 ~ 1.68) and the OR of biochemical recurrence is 2.06 (1.43 ~ 2.96).ConclusionsThe overall analyses revealed no association between MetS and prostate cancer risk, although men with MetS appear more likely to have high-grade prostate cancer and more advanced disease, were at greater risk of progression after radical prostatectomy and were more likely to suffer prostate cancer-specific death. Further primary studies with adjustment for appropriate confounders and larger, prospective, multicenter investigations are required.
CA-125–indicated asymptomatic relapse confers survival benefit to ovarian cancer patients who underwent secondary cytoreduction surgery
Authors: Wang Fang , Ye Yanfen , Xu Xia , Zhou Xuehui , Wang Jinhua , Chen Xiaoxiang 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
There is no consensus regarding the management of ovarian cancer patients, who have shown complete clinical response (CCR) to primary therapy and have rising cancer antigen CA-125 levels but have no symptoms of recurrent disease. The present study aims to determine whether follow-up CA-125 levels can be used to identify the need for imaging studies and secondary cytoreductive surgery (CRS).

Methods
We identified 410 ovarian cancer patients treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between 1984 and 2011. These patients had shown CCR to primary therapy. Follow-up was conducted based on the surveillance protocol of the MD Anderson Cancer Center. We used the Cox proportional hazards model and log-rank test to assess the associations between the follow-up CA-125 levels and secondary CRS and survival duration.

Results
The CA-125 level of 1.68 × nadir was defined as the indicator of recurrent disease (p < 0.001). The specificity and sensitivity of this criterion were 82.9% and 85.6%, respectively, and the median lead-time of the CA-125 biochemical progression prior to clinically-defined relapse was 31 days (ranging from 1 to 391 days). The median number of the negative imaging studies for the clinical relapse findings in patients with a CA-125 level of < 1.68 × nadir was 3 (ranging from 0 to 24 times). The increase of CA-125 level at relapse was an independent predictor of overall and progression free survival in patients who had shown CCR to primary therapy (p = 0.04 and 0.02 respectively). The overall and progression free survival durations in patients with a CA-125 level ≤ 1.68 × nadir at relapse (69.4 and 13.8 months) were longer than those with a CA-125 level > 1.68 × nadir at relapse (55.7 and 10.4 months; p = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). The overall and progression free survival duration of patients with asymptomatic relapse and underwent a secondary CRS was longer than that of patients with symptomatic relapse (p = 0.02 and 0.04 respectively).

Conclusions
The increase of serum CA-125 levels is an early warning of clinical relapse in ovarian cancer. Using CA-125 levels in guiding the treatment of patients with asymptomatic recurrent ovarian cancer, who have shown CCR to primary therapy, can facilitate optimal secondary CRS and extend the survival duration of the patients.
Sexual dimorphism in the feeding mechanism of threespine stickleback
Authors: McGee Matthew D. , Wainwright Peter C. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYSexual dimorphism is common in nature and has the potential to increase intraspecific variation in performance and patterns of resource use. We sought to determine whether anadromous threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, exhibit sexual dimorphism in feeding kinematics. We filmed four males and four females consuming live prey in a total of 51 sequences filmed at 500 Hz, then tested for differences in cranial kinematics using a combination of principal component analysis and linear mixed models. We document, for the first time in fishes, divergence between males and females in both the timing of key movements and the magnitude of excursions reached by the hyoid, jaws and neurocranium during prey capture. Some of the largest differences are in jaw protrusion, with males exhibiting faster time to peak jaw protrusion but females exhibiting greater maximum jaw protrusion. Measurements of morphological jaw protrusion on cleared and stained specimens significantly predict jaw protrusion in kinematics. This morphological divergence could reflect ecological divergence between the sexes, or the demands of nest building and territory defense compromising male feeding performance. Remarkably, the morphological jaw protrusion divergence in anadromous males and females is similar to jaw protrusion divergence between ecomorphs in a benthic–limnetic species pair, with limnetics exhibiting female-like patterns of protrusion and benthics exhibiting male-like patterns. These results suggest that sexual dimorphism in feeding functional morphology exists in nature and may have played an important role in the radiation of threespine stickleback.
Establishment of paediatric age-related reference intervals for serum prolactin to aid in the diagnosis of neurometabolic conditions affecting dopamine metabolism
Authors: Aitkenhead Helen , Heales Simon J 
Published: February 2013

Background There are a number of inborn errors of dopamine biosynthesis for which prolactin measurement may be a useful screening tool. However, the interpretation of prolactin results is difficult as age-related paediatric reference intervals are scant especially in infancy. Methods Serum prolactin reference intervals were calculated from the existing laboratory data using an indirect method, based on patients (n = 2369) attending a tertiary care hospital over a 10-year period. The data were log transformed and partitioned by age and sex. Results The prolactin results for all age and sex stratifications show non-Gaussian distributions (P < 0.0001). There are apparent age-related differences for prolactin during the first year of life with prolactin declining sharply during the first year of life and continuing to decline until five years of age when the concentrations stabilize. The sex differences are small until 13-17 years of age when prolactin is higher in girls than in boys. Conclusions This is the first published study to report age-related prolactin reference intervals spanning all paediatric age groups where the data are age partitioned in infants under one year of age using an ‘indirect’ approach. It is envisaged that these reference intervals will be used to aid in the selection of patients presenting with features of central dopamine deficiency for lumbar puncture. Also, these reference intervals have the potential for treatment monitoring of patients with diagnoses of inborn errors of dopamine biosynthesis.
The effects of thiol modulators on nitrergic nerve- and S-nitrosothiols-induced relaxation in duodenum
Authors: Kıroğlu Olcay Ergurhan , Aydinoglu Fatma , Öğülener Nuran 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate whether thiols are involved in the nitrergic neurotransmission in mouse duodenum.

Methods: The effects of thiol-modulating agents, ethacrynic acid (100 μM), a non-specific sulfhydryl alkylator, and diamide (100 μM), an alkylating agent that oxidizes protein sulfhydryl groups and depletes intracellular glutathione, on relaxations to nitrergic stimulation (electrical field stimulation, EFS;10 Hz, 25 V, 1 ms, 15 s-train), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO; 5 μM), S-nitroso-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP; 5 μM), and S-nitrosocysteine (CysNO; 10 μM) were investigated. Moreover, the effects of buthionine sulfoximine (100 μM), an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and sulfobromophthalein (100 μM), an inhibitor of glutathione-S-transferase, were studied on relaxant responses to EFS and S-nitrosothiols in mouse duodenum.

Results: Exogenous free thiol, glutathione (GSH, 100 μM) did not influence relaxation to EFS, GSNO, SNAP, and CysNO. Ethacrynic acid and diamide significantly decreased relaxation of duodenum to EFS, GSNO, SNAP, and CysNO. This inhibition was prevented by addition of GSH. Buthionine sulfoximine and sulfobromophthalein significantly decreased relaxation to EFS and GSNO but did not influence relaxation to SNAP and CysNO. The inhibitory effect of buthionine sulfoximine and sulfobromophthalein on the relaxant response to EFS and GSNO was prevented by addition of GSH.

Conclusions: These results suggest that relaxation to nitrergic stimulation is thiol-dependent, and nitrosothiols, possibly S-nitrosoglutathione may play a role, as an intermediate compound in nitrergic neurotransmission in mouse duodenum.
Jobelyn® pretreatment ameliorates symptoms of psychosis in experimental models
Authors: Omogbiya Itivere Adrian , Umukoro Solomon , Aderibigbe Adegbuyi Oladele , Bakre Adewale Ganiyu 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background: Psychosis is a chronic neurological disorder and it remains a major medical and social problem in most African countries. Individuals with psychotic illness in this region tend to seek help from traditional medical practitioners, who prescribe herbal remedies as alternative forms of treatment for the disease. Jobelyn® (JB) is a commercial polyherbal formulation that has been acclaimed to show beneficial effects in neurological disorders. However, its usefulness in psychosis has not been scientifically validated. Thus, this study was undertaken to evaluate its effects on animal models predictive of human psychosis.

Methods: Antipsychotic activity of JB was assessed based on the inhibition of stereotyped behavior induced by amphetamine or apomorphine in mice. Amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and lethality in aggregated mice were additional tests employed to further evaluate the antipsychotic property of JB. The effect of JB on catalepsy was also assessed, using the inclined plane paradigm.

Results: JB (5–50 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p<0.05) inhibited stereotypy induced by amphetamine (10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or apomorphine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), which suggests antipsychotic activity. Furthermore, JB (5–50 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced lethality in aggregated mice and inhibited hyperactivity induced by amphetamine, respectively. However, JB (5–50 mg/kg, p.o.) did not cause cataleptic behavior, as it failed to alter the duration of stay of the animals on the inclined plane.

Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest that JB exhibits antipsychotic-like activity, devoid of the adverse effect of cataleptic behavior, and may offer some beneficial effects in the symptomatic relief of psychotic ailments.
Severely ill-posed linear parabolic integro-differential problems
Authors: Lorenzi Alfredo 
Published: February 2013

Abstract.
Via Carleman estimates we prove uniqueness and continuous dependence results for the temporal
traces of solutions to three overdetermined linear parabolic ill-posed problems with no initial condition, the first being integro-differential, the latter two being with deviating arguments. The overdetermination is prescribed in an open subset of the (space-time) lateral boundary.