bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vegetation dynamics on eroding to accreting beach‐foredune systems, Florida panhandle
Authors: Bitton Michael C. A. , Hesp Patrick A. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTVegetation surveys were conducted on a variety of coastal foredunes in a largely natural region along the Gulf County region of the Florida panhandle. Species presence, absence and percentage cover were surveyed on 12 foredune profiles during different seasons. The vegetation data were analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index and Sørensen Index. Uniola sp. and Andropgon sp. were the dominant species on foredunes. Uniola sp. was found predominantly on the gulfward facing or stoss slopes, and Andropgon sp. was found to be dominant on the inland or lee slopes of foredunes. While they are present on all foredunes, their presence and percentage cover are dominant on rapidly prograding coasts. Prograding/accretional beaches had higher Sørensen Index values (i.e. higher similarities) than did the foredune‐vegetation profiles on eroding beaches. Diversity as indicated by the Shannon–Wiener analysis (H’) is greatest on the highest, and generally eroding dunes. Foredune diversity increased with foredune height, and the tallest foredunes were found on shorelines with relatively low erosion rates, where dunes were slowly translating landwards, cannibalizing older dunes, and moving into areas colonized by late successional species, such as Quercus sp. These observations of foredune species richness, diversity, profile similarities, and the use of ecological indices can provide excellent proxy evidence of shoreline dynamics, and in particular the degree of beach erosion and accretion, in the absence of historical erosion/accretion data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perennial frost blisters of the outer Mackenzie Delta, western Arctic coast, Canada
Authors: Morse Peter D. , Burn Christopher R. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTSaturated floodplains in Arctic deltas provide conditions favourable for frost mound growth. Little work has been reported from these settings to determine the origin of frost mounds and the controls on their distribution, to assess the longevity of individual mounds, or to quantify variation of mound distribution over time. A case study is presented on low mounds in low‐centred syngenetic ice‐wedge polygons of Big Lake Delta Plain, outer Mackenzie Delta. In 2008 and 2009, 12 mounds were examined by drilling to describe their morphologic variations and to investigate their growth processes. The mounds, containing a core of ice 15 to 58 cm thick, were less than 1 m high and 3 · 7 to 8 · 5 m in diameter; other mounds were over 10 m long. Organic inclusions in the ice, bubble densities, electrical conductivity profiles, and ice‐crystal structure indicated that the mounds were hydrostatic frost blisters. Up to six frost blisters were found within individual polygons due to the relatively small volume of water needed to create each mound. Frost‐blister densities, of greater than 1700 km–2, increased toward the wet centres of alluvial islands down gentle topographic gradients. The frost blisters were perennial, with individuals remaining identifiable on aerial photographs and satellite images for up to 10 years. Frost blisters collapsed along dilation cracks opened by hydrostatic uplift and by thawing from their sides caused by snow drifting and water ponding. Cyclical growth and decay of the mounds may degrade the visible polygonal network over time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implications of high core thermal conductivity on Earth's coupled mantle and core evolution
Authors: Nakagawa Takashi , Tackley Paul J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe assess the effect of high thermal conductivity of Earth's core, which was recently determined to be 2–3 times higher than previously thought, on Earth's thermochemical‐magnetic evolution using a coupled model of simulated mantle convection and parameterized core heat balance, following the best fit case of Nakagawa and Tackley (2010). The value of core thermal conductivity has no effect on mantle evolution. The core‐mantle boundary heat flow starts high and decreases with time to ~13 TW, which is below the core adiabatic heat flux for the largest thermal conductivity tested (200 W/m/K), meaning that a purely thermal dynamo is not viable. However, gravitational energy release and latent heat associated with inner core growth become important in the last ~0.9 Gyr and allow continuous geodynamo generation despite high core thermal conductivity, although we estimate a subadiabatic region at the top of the core of the order of hundreds of kilometers.
Rising ELA and expanding proglacial lakes indicate impending rapid retreat of Brady Glacier, Alaska
Authors: Pelto M. , Capps D. , Clague J. J. , Pelto B. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBrady Glacier is a large Alaskan tidewater glacier that is beginning a period of substantial retreat. Examination of 27 Landsat and MODIS images from the period 2003 to 2011 indicates that Brady Glacier has a mean equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of 745 m and accumulation area ratio (AAR) of 0.40. The zero balance ELA is 600 m and equilibrium AAR 0.65. The negative mass balance associated with the increased ELA has triggered thinning of 20–100 m over most of the glacier below the ELA from 1948 to 2010. The thinning has caused substantial retreat of seven calving distributary termini of the glacier. Thinning and retreat have led to an increase in the width of and water depth at the calving fronts. In contrast, the main terminus has undergone only minor retreat since 1948. In 2010, several small proglacial lakes were evident at the terminus. By 2000, a permanent outlet river issuing from Trick Lake had developed along the western glacier margin. Initial lake development at the terminus combined with continued mass losses will lead to expansion of the lakes at the main terminus and retreat by calving. The glacier bed is likely below sea level along the main axis of Brady Glacier to the glacier divide. Retreat of the main terminus in the lake will likely lead to a rapid calving retreat similar to Bear, Excelsior, Norris, Portage and Yakutat glaciers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Birth Weight and Adult Bone Metabolism Are Unrelated: Results From Birth Weight–Discordant Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Frost Morten , Petersen Inge , Andersen Thomas L , Langdahl Bente L , Buhl Thora , Christiansen Lene , Brixen Kim , Christensen Kaare 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

Low birth weight (BW) has been associated with poor bone health in adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between BW and bone mass and metabolism in adult BW-discordant monozygotic (MZ) twins. A total of 153 BW–extremely discordant MZ twin pairs were recruited from the Danish Twin Registry. Serum vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25OHD]) and bone turnover markers (BTMs) amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP), pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (1CTP), and cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX) were quantified. Femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), lumbar spine (LS), and whole-body (WB) bone mineral density (BMD) (ie, FN-BMD, TH-BMD, LS-BMD, and WB-BMD, respectively) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Twins were studied as single individuals using regression analyses with or without adjustment for height, weight, age, sex, and intrapair correlation. Within-pair differences were assessed using Student's t test and fixed-regression models. BW was not associated with BTMs, LS-BMD, TH-BMD, FN-BMD, or WB-BMD, but BW was associated with WB-BMC, and WB-Area after adjustments. Compared to the co-twin, twins with the highest BW were heavier and taller in adulthood (mean differences ± SD): 3.0 ± 10.5 kg; 1.6 ± 2.6 cm; both p &lt; 0.001). Within-pair analyses showed that LS-BMD, TH-BMD, and FN-BMD tended to be higher in twins with highest BW (for all: mean difference 0.01 ± 0.1 g/cm2; p = 0.08, 0.05, and 0.10, respectively). No difference was observed after adjustment for adult body size. Intrapair differences in BW were not associated with differences in any of the biochemical parameters or BMD. Small differences between twins in BMD were explained by dissimilarities in body size. These results suggest that BW and adult bone metabolism are unrelated. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Uroprotective Effect of Pentoxifylline in Cyclophosphamide‐Induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis in Rats
Authors: Abo‐Salem Osama M. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThe role of phosphodiesterase inhibitor, pentoxifylline, in the prevention of cyclophosphamide‐induced hemorrhagic cystitis was evaluated in a rat model. Hemorrhagic cystitis was induced in rats by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a single dose of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg). Pentoxifylline (150 mg/kg/day/ip) was administered for 10 days followed by cyclophosphamide. Hemorrhagic cystitis was well characterized macroscopically, microscopically, and biochemically. Cyclophosphamide induced bladder injury including acute severe inflammation, vascular congestion, severe edema, hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria, and epithelial denudation; as well as it notably elevated serum inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, and interleukin‐1β), bladder content of malondialdehyde and total nitrate, accompanied with depletion of bladder antioxidant enzymes activities (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, and catalase). Prior administration of pentoxifylline improved all biochemical and histologic alterations induced by the cytotoxic drug cyclophosphamide. In conclusion, pentoxifylline has proven uroprotective efficacy in the cyclophosphamide‐induced hemorrhagic cystitis model, possibly through modulating the release of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide and restoring the oxidant/antioxidant balance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 27:343‐350, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21494
Prenatal diagnosis of infantile myofibromatosis of the lung: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Yeniel Ahmet Ozgur , Ergenoglu Ahmet Mete , Zeybek Burak , Kazandi Mert , Akercan Fuat , Ozcan Coşkun , Veral Ali 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTWe present a case of infantile myofibromatosis of the lung detected at 32 weeks' gestation. The fetus was monitored with weekly ultrasound examinations measuring the mass size and amniotic fluid index. On day 2 after delivery, due to respiratory distress, an exploratory thoracotomy was undertaken and the mass was resected. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 41:38–41, 2013
Substorm‐associated explosive magnetic field stretching near the earthward edge of the plasma sheet
Authors: Kozelova T. V. , Kozelov B. V. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe report a detailed analysis of explosive local magnetic field line stretching just before dipolarization observed by one of Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) satellites during the pseudo‐breakup followed by local substorm of 6 January 2008. At the end of the substorm growth phase, this satellite (THEMIS‐C) was located at r ~ 6.3 RE near the convection boundary of 10 keV electrons. Penetration of the hot electron plasma sheet to the region of trapped energetic ions was a precondition for the substorm onset in the premidnight sector. Observed oscillations of fields and particles with period 50–60 s are consistent with the ballooning mode in the near‐Earth magnetotail and with the near‐Earth initiation current disruption model. Basing on the simple line‐current model, the explosive stretching and following dipolarization observed by THEMIS‐C satellite are interpreted as a manifestation of the magnetospheric generator of the 3‐D meridional current system with the driving electric field in the meridional direction during nonlinear growth of ballooning instability when non‐MHD processes are also turning on.
Modulation mechanisms of marine atmospheric boundary layer at the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence region
Authors: de Camargo Ricardo , Todesco Enzo , Pezzi Luciano Ponzi , de Souza Ronald Buss 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe influence of the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence (BMC) region on the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) is investigated through in situ data analysis of five different cruises (2004 to 2008) and numerical experiments with a regional atmospheric model. Two different groups of numerical experiments were performed in order to evaluate the relevance of static stability and hydrostatic balance physical mechanisms for the MABL instability. The first group used monthly climatological sea surface temperature (SST) as bottom boundary condition while the second used daily updated Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer–EOS SST data together with radiosondes and surface data assimilation. A reasonable agreement between numerical results and QuikSCAT wind data was observed through correlation coefficients and mean square error values. In terms of the horizontal structure of the MABL, stronger winds were found over the warm side of the BMC region as well as over the thermal front itself, which supports the coexistence of both modulation mechanisms. The analyzed patterns of surface atmospheric thermal advection showed a clear interaction between the synoptic and regional scales. The signature of the oceanic thermal front (almost meridionally oriented) on the air temperature at 2 m makes the temperature advection strongly determined by the zonal component of the wind. The analysis of momentum budget terms did not show a clear and reasonable explanation of the existence or predominance of the modulation mechanisms, and it also suggested the relevance of other effects, such as the idea based on unbalanced Coriolis force and turbulence/friction effects.
RAINFALL‐INDEX INSURANCE AND TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION: EVIDENCE FROM FIELD EXPERIMENT IN TUNISIA
Authors: Ragoubi Noujeima , Belkacem Lotfi , Ben Mimoun Anouar 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper deals with the impact of rainfall‐index insurance on the adoption of new varieties of durum wheat by Tunisian farmers. We use a mathematical programming model called ‘focus‐loss’ to determine the optimal production of four representative farms in the region of Beja, in the northwest, with rainfall‐index insurance and without rainfall‐index insurance. Results show that the expected net incomes are higher under with rainfall‐index insurance scenario. Furthermore, for the latter, optimal production structures include new varieties of durum wheat. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of a polygalacturonase gene of Ustilago maydis and characterization of the encoded enzyme
Authors: Castruita‐Domínguez José P , González‐Hernández Sandra E , Polaina Julio , Flores‐Villavicencio Lérida L , Alvarez‐Vargas Aurelio , Flores‐Martínez Alberto , Ponce‐Noyola Patricia , Leal‐Morales Carlos A 
Published: May 2013

AbstractUstilago maydis is a pathogenic fungus that produces the corn smut. It is a biotrophic parasite that depends on living plant tissues for its proliferation and development. Polygalacturonases are secreted by pathogens to solubilize the plant cell‐wall and are required for pathogen virulence. In this paper, we report the isolation of a U. maydis polygalacturonase gene (Pgu1) and the functional and structural characterization of the encoded enzyme. The U. maydis Pgu1 gene is expressed when the fungus is grown in liquid culture media containing different carbon sources. In plant tissue, the expression increased as a function of incubation time. Pgu1 gene expression was detected during plant infection around 10 days post‐infection with U. maydis FB‐D12 strain in combination with teliospore formation. Synthesis and secretion of active recombinant PGU1 were achieved using Pichia pastoris, the purified enzyme had a optimum temperature of 34 °C, optimum pH of 4.5, a Km of 57.84 g/L for polygalacturonic acid, and a Vmax of 28.9 µg/min mg. Structural models of PGU1 based on homologous enzymes yielded a typical right‐handed β‐helix fold of pectinolytic enzymes classified in the glycosyl hydrolases family 28, and the U. maydis PGU1 is related with endo rather than exo polygalacturonases.
Development of genus‐specific primers for better understanding the diversity and population structure of Sphingomonas in soils
Authors: Zhou Lisha , Li Hui , Zhang Ying , Han Siqin , Xu Hui 
Published: May 2013

AbstractGenus Sphingomonas has received increasing attentions due to its somewhat unique metabolic versatilities in the contaminated environment. However, due to the lack of genus‐specific primers, the ecological significance of Sphingomonas in polluted soils has been rarely documented by 16S rDNA finger‐printing methods. In this study, three genus‐specific primer sets targeted at the 16S rRNA gene of Sphingomonas were developed and their specificities were tested with four contaminated soils from Shenfu petroleum‐wastewater irrigation zone by constructing clone libraries, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and sequencing the represented ARDRA patterns. Meanwhile, the newly designed primer sets and a previously reported primer set were compared, and the results showed that the newly developed primer set SA/429f‐933r could detect a larger spectrum (90%) of Sphingomonas strains with higher specificity. Despite the superiority of primer set SA/429f‐933r in specifically detecting Sphingomonas from contaminated soils, we cannot blink the fact that different primer sets preferentially amplified different dominant species. Therefore, two or more primer sets are recommended for evaluating the diversity and population structure of genus Sphingomonas. Additionally, a proportion (9.7%) of the cloned sequences discovered in this study were different from known Sphingomonas sequences, suggesting that new Sphingomonas sequences might present in soils from Shenfu irrigation zone.
Isolation and characterization of indigenous Streptomyces and Lentzea strains from soils containing boron compounds in Argentina
Authors: Moraga Norma Beatriz , Poma Hugo Ramiro , Amoroso María Julia , Rajal Verónica Beatriz 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe Salta Province – in the northwest of Argentina – is the main worldwide producer of hydroboracite and leads in exports of boron mineral and its derivatives in Latin America. In addition to the natural presence of boron compounds in the soils, there are others contaminated due to the boron mining industry. Although some bacteria are known to require boron for their growth or to be capable of storing boron, no studies have been published about Streptomyces or Lentzea genera's capacity to tolerate high boron concentrations, or about their metabolic capacities in boron contaminated environments. The results of this research show the isolation and molecular characterization of eight strains belonging to the actinobacteria phylum collected from different soils contaminated with high boron concentration in Salta state. The boron tolerance assays, which show that three of the strains were able to tolerate up 60–80 mM boron, demonstrate the potential capability of this group of bacteria to grow and maybe to remove boron from the environment. They appear to be promising, considering that these microorganisms are infrequent pathogens, are metabolically versatile and many Streptomyces can synthesize boron containing metabolites.
Multilocus sequences confirm the close genetic relationship of four phytoplasmas of peanut witches'‐broom group 16SrII‐A
Authors: Li Yong , Piao Chun‐gen , Tian Guo‐zhong , Liu Zhi‐xin , Guo Min‐wei , Lin Cai‐li , Wang Xi‐zhuo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractFour witches'‐broom diseases associated with Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Crotalaria pallida, Tephrosia purpurea, and Cleome viscosa were observed in Hainan Province, China during field surveys in 2004, 2005, and 2007. In previously reported studies, we identified these four phytoplasmas as members of subgroup 16SrII‐A, and discovered that their 16S rRNA gene sequences were 99.9–100% identical to one another. In this study, we performed extensive phylogenetic analyses to elucidate relationships among them. We analyzed sequences of the 16S rRNA gene and rplV–rpsC, rpoB, gyrB, dnaK, dnaJ, recA, and secY combined sequence data from two strains each of the four phytoplasmas from Hainan province, as well as strains of peanut witches'‐broom from Taiwan (PnWB‐TW), “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense”, “Ca. Phytoplasma mali AT”, aster yellows witches'‐broom phytoplasma AYWB, and onion yellows phytoplasma OY‐M. In the 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree, the eight Hainan strains form a clade with PnWB‐TW. Analysis of the seven concatenated gene regions indicated that the four phytoplasmas collected from Hainan province cluster most closely with one another, but are closely related to PnWB‐TW. The results of field survey and phylogenetic analysis indicated that Cr. pallida, T. purpurea, and Cl. viscosa may be natural plant hosts of peanut witches'‐broom phytoplasma.
A synoptic climatology of the near‐surface wind along the west coast of South America
Authors: Rahn David A. , Garreaud René D. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTPrevailing wind along the west coast of South America is equatorward, driven by the southeast Pacific anticyclone. The wind induces strong coastal upwelling that supports one of the most important fisheries in the world. This region lacks a dense network of in situ observations, so the high resolution (0.313°) NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis is used here to present a synoptic climatology of the coastal wind along the Chile/Peru coast. Covariability between the alongshore pressure gradient and alongshore wind, which was previously identified for synoptic time scales near central Chile, is generalized for the whole coast and over annual time scales. Particular attention is paid to three prominent upwelling regions: Pisco (14.8°S), Punta Lengua de Vaca (30.0°S), and Punta Lavapie (36.4°S). Previous work has identified local maxima at these points but these are embedded in a broader low‐level jet that exhibits a marked seasonal cycle of strong wind days due to the migration of the anticyclone and is associated with a shift of both the mean wind and a more frequent recurrence of strong wind events. Alongshore wind near Pisco is normally distributed year‐round with a seasonal shift in the mean. Larger variability in the mean and distribution is found at Lavapie, associated with the seasonal change in storm tracks. The synoptic evolution that drives high‐wind events at each location is characterized. A midlevel trough and surface cyclone precede wind maxima at each location and are followed by strong midlevel ridging and a strengthened surface anticyclone. © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
Bridging the Gaps Between Social and Legal Norms Concerning Protection of Intellectual and Artistic Creations: On the Crisis of Copyright Law in the Digital Era
Authors: Gracz Katarzyna 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe paper aims at explaining the current crisis of copyright law in the digital era. The primary hypothesis of the study is that the core of the problem can be found in the divergence between legal and social norms concerning the access to intellectual and artistic creations. The author discerns two main sources of the conflict between these two bodies of norms. The first is the result of the particular dynamics in the development of technology, copyright law and social norms that are perceived as a global phenomenon. The second is the outcome of specific local particularities that led in some societies to the evolution of social norms which differ considerably from the contemporary intellectual property regime. In both cases, however, the core of the problem lies in the fact that consumer held social norms (developed either on the global or local level) strongly oppose the absolute property rhetoric present in most of the international regulations in copyright law.