bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DEFENCE OF ILLEGALITY IN TORT LAW: BEYOND JUDICIAL REDEMPTION?
Authors: Goudkamp James , Zou Mimi 
Published: March 2015

IN Hounga v Allen [2014] UKSC 47; [2014] 1 W.L.R. 2889, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld a claim in the statutory tort of discrimination by a woman who had been dismissed from her employment. The fact that the woman had been working in breach of immigration laws did not enliven the illegality defence. Hounga is one of several recent cases in which the illegality defence has been examined at the ultimate appellate level, the other decisions being Gray v Thames Trains Ltd [2009] UKHL 33; [2009] 1 A.C. 1339, Stone & Rolls Ltd v Moore Stephens [2009] UKHL 39; [2009] A.C. 1391, and Les Laboratoires Servier v Apotex Inc [2014] UKSC 55; [2014] 3 W.L.R. 1257. The fact that the defence has been considered so frequently as of late at the apex level seems to confirm that the Law Commission was wrong in its prediction, made shortly after Gray and Moore Stephens were decided, that the defence would be brought into a satisfactory state if responsibility for reforming it was left to the courts (The Illegality Defence (Law Com 320, 2010), at [3.37]–[3.41]). We are not alone in holding this view. Writing extra-judicially, Lord Mance and Lord Sumption have called for the Law Commission to re-examine the defence (J. Mance, “Ex Turpi Causa – When Latin Avoids Liability” (2014) 18 Edinburgh Law Review 175, 192; J. Sumption, “Reflections on the Law of Illegality” (2012) 20 Restitution Law Review 1, 8–12). We argue here that Hounga perpetuates (and possibly aggravates) the difficulties from which this area of law suffers.
L'efficacité de l'échantillonnage passif pour obtenir un portrait représentatif de l'électorat: Le cas deVote au pluriel – Québec
Authors: Tessier Charles , Bodet Marc André , Gélineau François 
Published: March 2015

RésuméOn estime généralement que l'utilisation d'une méthode d’échantillonnage actif pour la conduite de sondage Internet est plus efficace que l'utilisation d’échantillonnage passif, autant en ce qui a trait au recrutement des participants que de la représentativité de l’échantillon. Dans le premier cas, des firmes spécialisées contactent directement des répondants, alors que dans le deuxième cas les participants doivent se rendre par eux-mêmes sur une plate-forme de sondage en ligne. Dans cet article, nous évaluons empiriquement l'efficacité relative d'une stratégie d’échantillonnage passif à l'aide d'une campagne médiatique mise en place dans le cadre de l'expérience WebVote au pluriel – Québec. Cette stratégie avait pour objectif d'augmenter le nombre de participants et d'améliorer la représentativité de l’échantillon obtenu par échantillonnage passif. Nos résultats suggèrent que la stratégie a eu un impact significatif, mais limité, sur le recrutement des participants. De plus, la représentativité de l’échantillon complet comprend d'importantes lacunes, surtout lorsque celui-ci est comparé à un échantillon Web obtenu par échantillonnage actif. Nos analyses démontrent cependant que l'utilisation des médias traditionnels, dans le cadre d'une stratégie plus large, pourrait diminuer l'impact négatif dudigital divide, qui nuit à la représentativité des échantillons récoltés sur le Web.
Analyse écologique des déterminants de la participation électorale municipale au Québec
Authors: Couture Jérôme , Breux Sandra , Bherer Laurence 
Published: March 2015

RésuméAu Canada, la participation électorale à l’échelle municipale est plus faible qu'aux autres échelles de gouvernement et les raisons susceptibles d'expliquer ce moindre engagement sont encore mal connues. À partir des taux de participation à la mairie aux élections de 2005 et de 2009 dans l'ensemble des municipalités du Québec (n = 949), la recherche teste 15 hypothèses explicatives de la participation électorale municipale. Les résultats montrent que quatre facteurs expliquent en grande partie la participation électorale municipale et ses variations. Il s'agit de la taille de l’électorat, de la présence d'un électorat âgé, de la marge victorieuse et du nombre de candidats en lice. Ces résultats permettent de mieux cerner le coût du vote à l’échelle municipale, tout en soulignant la nécessité de réaliser davantage d'enquêtes monographiques sur cet objet au Canada, notamment dans les plus grandes municipalités où la participation électorale y est plus faible.
Expression, characterization and crystal structure of thioredoxin fromSchistosoma japonicum
Authors: LI YONGDONG , LI PAN , PENG YUN , WU QUNFENG , HUANG FUYAN , LIU XIANG , LI XUN , ZHOU HUI , GUO DAOYI , SHI DASHUANG , ZHOU XIAO-NONG , FAN XIAOLIN 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYSchistosoma japonicum, a human blood fluke, causes a parasitic disease affecting millions of people in Asia. Thioredoxin–glutathione system ofS. japonicumplays a critical role in maintaining the redox balance in parasite, which is a potential target for development of novel antischistosomal agents. Here we cloned the gene ofS. japonicumthioredoxin (SjTrx), expressed and purified the recombinant SjTrx inEscherichia coli. Functional assay shows that SjTrx catalyses the dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of insulin disulphide bonds. The coupling assay of SjTrx with its endogenous reductase, thioredoxin glutathione reductase fromS. japonicum(SjTGR), supports its biological function to maintain the redox homeostasis in the cell. Furthermore, the crystal structure of SjTrx in the oxidized state was determined at 2·0 Å resolution, revealing a typical architecture of thioredoxin fold. The structural information of SjTrx provides us important clues for understanding the maintenance function of redox homeostasis inS. japonicumand pathogenesis of this chronic disease.
Traits associated with nutrient impoverishment and shade-tolerance in tree juveniles of three Bornean rain forests with contrasting nutrient availability
Authors: Aoyagi Ryota , Kitayama Kanehiro 
Published: March 2015

Abstract:In this study, we tested the hypothesis that functional traits associated with nutrient impoverishment contribute to enhancing shade-tolerance (survival at low light) for the juveniles of canopy tree species in Bornean rain forests. To test the hypothesis, survival and functional traits (biomass allocation, leaf dynamics and foliar nutrient concentration) were investigated as a function of light conditions for saplings of 13 species in three forests with different levels of nutrient availability. As predicted by the hypothesis, the species in the severely nutrient-poor site (a tropical heath forest on nutrient-poor soils) showed greater shade-tolerance (>91% survival for 8 mo at 5% global site factor) than in the other two sites (mixed dipterocarp forests) (54–87% survival). Across the species, greater shade-tolerance was associated with a higher biomass allocation to roots, a slower leaf production and a higher foliar C concentration, which are considered as C-conservation traits under nutrient impoverishment. These results suggest that the juveniles of the canopy species occurring on nutrient-poor soils can enhance shade-tolerance by the same mechanisms as the adaptation to nutrient impoverishments. Tree species in nutrient-poor environments may be selected for surviving also in shaded conditions.
Religiously inspired urbanism: Catholicism and the planning of the southern Dutch provincial cities Eindhoven and Roermond,c. 1900 to 1960
Authors: JANSSEN JOKS 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT:The discourse on twentieth-century urban planning has hidden from view the way religion (re)shaped the urban landscape. By analysing the interaction between urban development and Catholic politics in the southern Dutch provincial cities of Eindhoven and Roermond, this article argues that religious thinking, practice and institutions had considerable influence on urban planning. Religious views and ideas played an important role in the spatial transformation of these towns. The secular instruments of urban planning were used during the ‘pillarization’ period to emphasize thesensus catholicusof town and region, and to achieve the desired Catholic social and moral order.
Absent right superior caval vein in situs solitus
Authors: Lytzen Rebekka , Sundberg Karin , Vejlstrup Niels 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionIn up to 0.07% of the general population, the right anterior cardinal vein obliterates and the left remains open, creating an absent right superior caval vein and a persistent left superior caval vein. Absent right superior caval vein is associated with additional congenital heart disease in about half the patients. We wished to study the consequences of absent right superior caval vein as an incidental finding on prenatal ultrasonic malformation screening.Material and methodsThis is a retrospective case series study of all foetuses diagnosed with absent right superior caval vein at the national referral hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark, from 2009 to 2012.ResultsIn total, five cases of absent right superior caval vein were reviewed. No significant associated cardiac, extra-cardiac, or genetic anomalies were found. Postnatal echocardiographies confirmed the diagnosis and there were no postnatal complications. All children were found to have healthy hearts at follow-up.ConclusionsIn all cases, the findings proved to be a benign condition with no clinical manifestations or complications. Although isolated absent right superior caval vein does not seem to affect the outcome, associated anomalies may be serious. Absent right superior caval vein should, therefore, prompt a search for additional malformations. Furthermore, the diagnosis of an isolated absent right superior caval vein is important, because knowledge of the anomaly can prevent future problems when invasive procedures are necessary.
Thai Political Families: The Impact of Political Inheritance
Authors: Ockey James 
Published: March 2015

AbstractStudies of political families in the West focus on political inheritance, or the pattern of children following the careers of their parents. In contrast, studies of political families in other parts of the world focus on nepotism, corruption, and capturing of the political system in a particular area. In this study of political families in Thailand, I seek to distinguish between political inheritance and capturing a local political system. I then focus on political inheritance, finding that it is much more common than capturing a locality in Thailand. Working with a database of all members of the Thai parliament since 1932, I find that political inheritance benefits younger candidates and female candidates, with members of political families able to enter parliament at a younger age, and with women members of parliament more likely to come from a political family than men. I find further that political inheritance is found in all regions of Thailand, including Bangkok, and is not associated with different levels of development or regional cultures. With the strengthening of political parties and a declining birth rate, the number of families in the Thai parliament has declined, but has stabilised at a lower level. This indicates that political families are adapting to change, and can be expected to continue to play an important role in Thai politics.
Loss of Drosophila pseudouridine synthase triggers apoptosis-induced proliferation and promotes cell-nonautonomous EMT
Authors: Vicidomini R , Di Giovanni A , Petrizzo A , Iannucci L F , Benvenuto G , Nagel A C , Preiss A , Furia M 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMany developing tissues display regenerative capability that allows them to compensate cell loss and preserve tissue homeostasis. Because of their remarkable regenerative capability, Drosophila wing discs are extensively used for the study of regenerative phenomena. We thus used the developing wing to investigate the role played in tissue homeostasis by the evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein pseudouridine synthase. Here we show that localized depletion of this enzyme can act as an endogenous stimulus capable of triggering apoptosis-induced proliferation, and that context-dependent effects are elicited in different sub-populations of the silenced cells. In fact, some cells undergo apoptosis, whereas those surrounding the apoptotic foci, although identically depleted, overproliferate. This overproliferation correlates with ectopic induction of the Wg and JAK-STAT (Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) mitogenic pathways. Expression of a p35 transgene, which blocks the complete execution of the death program and generates the so-called ‘undead cells’, amplifies the proliferative response. Pseudouridine synthase depletion also causes loss of apicobasal polarity, disruption of adherens cell junctions and ectopic induction of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and Mmp1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) activity, leading to a significant epithelial reorganization. Unexpectedly, cell-nonautonomous effects, such as epithelial mesenchymal transition in the contiguous unsilenced squamous epithelium, are also promoted. Collectively, these data point out that cell–cell communication and long-range signaling can take a relevant role in the response to pseudouridine synthase decline. Considering that all the affected pathways are highly conserved throughout evolution, it is plausible that the response to pseudouridine synthase depletion has been widely preserved. On this account, our results can add new light on the still unexplained tumor predisposition that characterizes X-linked dyskeratosis, the human disease caused by reduced pseudouridine synthase activity.
Aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis contributes to epilepsy and associated cognitive decline
Authors: Cho Kyung-Ok , Lybrand Zane R. , Ito Naoki , Brulet Rebecca , Tafacory Farrah , Zhang Ling , Good Levi , Ure Kerstin , Kernie Steven G. , Birnbaum Shari G. , Scharfman Helen E. , Eisch Amelia J. , Hsieh Jenny 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAcute seizures after a severe brain insult can often lead to epilepsy and cognitive impairment. Aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis follows the insult but the role of adult-generated neurons in the development of chronic seizures or associated cognitive deficits remains to be determined. Here we show that the ablation of adult neurogenesis before pilocarpine-induced acute seizures in mice leads to a reduction in chronic seizure frequency. We also show that ablation of neurogenesis normalizes epilepsy-associated cognitive deficits. Remarkably, the effect of ablating adult neurogenesis before acute seizures is long lasting as it suppresses chronic seizure frequency for nearly 1 year. These findings establish a key role of neurogenesis in chronic seizure development and associated memory impairment and suggest that targeting aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis may reduce recurrent seizures and restore cognitive function following a pro-epileptic brain insult.
Mitochondrial protein import receptors in Kinetoplastids reveal convergent evolution over large phylogenetic distances
Authors: Mani Jan , Desy Silvia , Niemann Moritz , Chanfon Astrid , Oeljeklaus Silke , Pusnik Mascha , Schmidt Oliver , Gerbeth Carolin , Meisinger Chris , Warscheid Bettina , Schneider André 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMitochondrial protein import is essential for all eukaryotes and mediated by hetero-oligomeric protein translocases thought to be conserved within all eukaryotes. We have identified and analysed the function and architecture of the non-conventional outer membrane (OM) protein translocase in the early diverging eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei. It consists of six subunits that show no obvious homology to translocase components of other species. Two subunits are import receptors that have a unique topology and unique protein domains and thus evolved independently of the prototype receptors Tom20 and Tom70. Our study suggests that protein import receptors were recruited to the core of the OM translocase after the divergence of the major eukaryotic supergroups. Moreover, it links the evolutionary history of mitochondrial protein import receptors to the origin of the eukaryotic supergroups.
The genome-wide effects of ionizing radiation on mutation induction in the mammalian germline
Authors: Adewoye Adeolu B. , Lindsay Sarah J. , Dubrova Yuri E. , Hurles Matthew E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe ability to predict the genetic consequences of human exposure to ionizing radiation has been a long-standing goal of human genetics in the past 50 years. Here we present the results of an unbiased, comprehensive genome-wide survey of the range of germline mutations induced in laboratory mice after parental exposure to ionizing radiation and show irradiation markedly alters the frequency and spectrum of de novo mutations. Here we show that the frequency of de novo copy number variants (CNVs) and insertion/deletion events (indels) is significantly elevated in offspring of exposed fathers. We also show that the spectrum of induced de novo single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) is strikingly different; with clustered mutations being significantly over-represented in the offspring of irradiated males. Our study highlights the specific classes of radiation-induced DNA lesions that evade repair and result in germline mutation and paves the way for similarly comprehensive characterizations of other germline mutagens.
PD-1 alters T-cell metabolic reprogramming by inhibiting glycolysis and promoting lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation
Authors: Patsoukis Nikolaos , Bardhan Kankana , Chatterjee Pranam , Sari Duygu , Liu Bianling , Bell Lauren N. , Karoly Edward D. , Freeman Gordon J. , Petkova Victoria , Seth Pankaj , Li Lequn , Boussiotis Vassiliki A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDuring activation, T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, which imprints distinct functional fates. We determined that on PD-1 ligation, activated T cells are unable to engage in glycolysis or amino acid metabolism but have an increased rate of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). PD-1 promotes FAO of endogenous lipids by increasing expression of CPT1A, and inducing lipolysis as indicated by elevation of the lipase ATGL, the lipolysis marker glycerol and release of fatty acids. Conversely, CTLA-4 inhibits glycolysis without augmenting FAO, suggesting that CTLA-4 sustains the metabolic profile of non-activated cells. Because T cells utilize glycolysis during differentiation to effectors, our findings reveal a metabolic mechanism responsible for PD-1-mediated blockade of T-effector cell differentiation. The enhancement of FAO provides a mechanistic explanation for the longevity of T cells receiving PD-1 signals in patients with chronic infections and cancer, and for their capacity to be reinvigorated by PD-1 blockade.
Annual costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Finland during 1996–2006 and a prediction model for 2007–2030
Authors: Herse Fredrik , Kiljander Toni , Lehtimäki Lauri 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Background:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major burden for the health care system, but the exact costs are difficult to estimate and there are insufficient data available on past and future time trends of COPD-related costs.

Aims:
The aim of the study was to calculate COPD-related costs in Finland during the years 1996–2006 and estimate future costs for the years 2007–2030.

Methods:
COPD-related direct and indirect costs in the public health care sector of the whole of Finland during the years 1996–2006 were retrieved from national registers. In addition, we made a mathematical prediction model on COPD costs for the years 2007–2030 on the basis of population projection and changes in smoking habits.

Results:
The total annual COPD-related costs amounted to about 100–110 million Euros in 1996–2006, with no obvious change, but there was a slight decrease in direct costs and an increase in indirect costs during these years. The estimation model predicted a 60% increase up to 166 million Euros in COPD-related annual costs by the year 2030. This is caused almost entirely by an increase in direct health care costs that reflect the predicted ageing of the Finnish population, as older age is a significant factor that increases the need for hospitalisation.

Conclusions:
The total annual COPD-related costs in Finland have been stable during the years 1996–2006, but if management strategies are not changed a significant increase in direct costs is expected by the year 2030 due to ageing of the population.
The modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the neuronal network oscillations in rat hippocampal CA3 area
Authors: Wang Yang , Wang Zhan , Wang Jiangang , Wang Yali , Henderson Zaineb , Wang Xiaofang , Zhang Xi , Song Jinggui , Lu Chengbiao 
Published: March 2015

Abstractγ oscillations are associated with higher brain functions such as memory, perception and consciousness. Disruption of γ oscillations occur in various neuro-psychological disorders such as schizophrenia. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are highly expressed in the hippocampus, however, little is known about the role on hippocampal persistent γ oscillation. This study examined the effects of nicotine and selective nAChR agonists and antagonists on kainate-induced persistent γ oscillation in rat hippocampal slices. Nicotine enhanced γ oscillation at concentrations of 0.1–10 μM, but reduced it at a higher concentration of 100 μM. The enhancement on γ oscillation can be best mimicked by co-application of α4β2- and α7- nAChR agonist and reduced by a combination of nAChR antagonists, DhβE and MLA. However, these nAChR antagonists failed to block the suppressing role of nicotine on γ. Furthermore, we found that the NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5 completely blocked the effect of nicotine. These results demonstrate that nicotine modulates γ oscillations via α7 and α4β2 nAChR as well as NMDA activation, suggesting that nAChR activation may have a therapeutic role for the clinical disorder such as schizophrenia, which is known to have impaired γ oscillation and hypo-NMDA receptor function.
Relationship Between Speech Intelligibility and Speech Comprehension in Babble Noise
Authors: Fontan Lionel , Tardieu Julien , Gaillard Pascal , Woisard Virginie , Ruiz Robert 
Published: March 2015

PurposeThe authors investigated the relationship between the intelligibility and comprehension of speech presented in babble noise.MethodForty participants listened to French imperative sentences (commands for moving objects) in a multitalker babble background for which intensity was experimentally controlled. Participants were instructed to transcribe what they heard and obey the commands in an interactive environment set up for this purpose. The former test provided intelligibility scores and the latter provided comprehension scores.ResultsCollected data revealed a globally weak correlation between intelligibility and comprehension scores (r= .35,p< .001). The discrepancy tended to grow as noise level increased. An analysis of standard deviations showed that variability in comprehension scores increased linearly with noise level, whereas higher variability in intelligibility scores was found for moderate noise level conditions.ConclusionThese results support the hypothesis that intelligibility scores are poor predictors of listeners' comprehension in real communication situations. Intelligibility and comprehension scores appear to provide different insights, the first measure being centered on speech signal transfer and the second on communicative performance. Both theoretical and practical implications for the use of speech intelligibility tests as indicators of speakers' performances are discussed.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170321