bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of a Radioimmunoassay for the Measurement of Urinary Tammhorsfall Glycoprotein in the Presence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate
Authors: Grant Anne M. S. , Neuberger A. 
Published: August 2015

1. A specific and quantitative radioimmunoassay was developed for the measurement of low concentrations of human and rabbit Tamm—Horsfall glycoprotein in the presence of other proteins. Antibody-coated tubes were used as a solid phase in the assay and the optimum antibody concentration and duration of antibody coating were established.
2. Pure Tamm—Horsfall glycoprotein was labelled with 125I and, because of its apparent susceptibility to radiation damage, was labelled at weekly intervals.
3. Sodium dodecyl sulphate, an ionic detergent, was included in the assay at a final concentration of 0.0005% to disaggregate the glycoprotein. An overnight preincubation step in the presence of the detergent was necessary before the disaggregated glycoprotein solutions were allowed to react with the antibody. Pretreatment of the tracer with detergent was not necessary.
4. Two glycoprotein standards were prepared fresh for each assay from freeze-dried material. The average linear range of the assay was between approx. 150 ng/ml and 2.5 μg/ml. Albumin was only shown to interfere with the assay at concentrations greater than 100 μg/ml.
5. Urines were dialysed against water for 3 days before assay to remove inhibitory material. Urines were never frozen as this was found to affect the assay.
6. A recovery experiment showed that the pure freeze-dried standard behaved in an immunologically identical way to the urinary glycoprotein.
7. Human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein cross-reacted with guinea-pig anti-(rabbit Tamm—Horsfall) antiserum and rabbit Tamm—Horsfall glycoprotein cross-reacted with guinea-pig anti-(human Tamm—Horsfall) antiserum, but not with rabbit anti-(human Tamm—Horsfall) antiserum. This showed a partial immunological identity between Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein from humans and rabbits which was only evident when the antiserum was raised in a third species.
8. The excretion rate of Tamm—Horsfall glycoprotein in normal humans was found to be 48.1 ± 9.6 (SD) mg/24 h for males and 50.5 ± 14.8 (SD) mg/24 h for females. The mean excretion rate of the glycoprotein in New Zealand White rabbits was 34.8 ± 7.9 mg/24 h.
Renin, Noradrenaline and Adrenaline Responses to Simulated Altitude
Authors: Kotchen Dr T. A. , Hogan R. P. , Boyd A. E. , Li T.-K. , Sing Helen C. , Mason J. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma renin activity, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations, and urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion rates were measured in ten subjects during 3 days of exposure to a simulated altitude of 12 000 ft.
2. In both the supine and standing positions, renin activities were suppressed during all 3 days at altitude.
3. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations were significantly increased by the third day at altitude.
4. Urinary adrenaline excretion tended to be increased during the entire 3 days at altitude, with no significant change between the first and third day. Noradrenaline excretion was significantly increased on the third day.
5. The finding of decreased renin levels suggests that the enhanced activity of the sympathetic nervous system at high altitude does not stimulate renin release.
Sodium and Potassium Flux Rates in Normal Human Leucocytes in an Artificial Extracellular Fluid
Authors: Hilton P. J. , Patrick J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Sodium and potassium efflux and influx rates were studied in normal human leucocytes in an artificial extracellular fluid using radioactive isotopes.
2. The rate constant for sodium efflux was 4.2 h−1 corresponding to a sodium efflux rate of 487 mmol kg cell dry weight−1 h−1. Approximately three-quarters of this flux was ouabain sensitive.
3. Potassium influx was 346 mmol kg cell dry weight−1 h−1. Approximately two-thirds of the potassium influx was ouabain insensitive.
Splanchnic Glucose Production and its Regulation in Healthy Monozygotic Twins of Diabetics
Authors: Wahren J. , Felig P. , Cerasi E. , Luft R. , Hendler Rosa 
Published: August 2015

1. Splanchnic exchange of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and individual plasma amino acids was determined in five clinically unaffected monozygotic twins of insulin-dependent diabetics and in a group of five age- and sex-matched controls. The studies were performed in the postabsorptive state and after stimulation of endogenous insulin secretion by the intravenous infusion of glucose at a rate of 2 mg/min per kg for 45 min.
2. In the basal state the mean splanchnic glucose output was 25% lower for the twins than for the controls while splanchnic uptake of glucose precursors was similar in the two groups. The concentration of circulating insulin (which rose by no more than 10–15 μunits/ml in either group) was lower during the infusion in the twins than in the controls. Despite the lower insulin concentrations, infusion of glucose resulted in a complete shut off of splanchnic glucose production in the twins, while in the controls only a 50% inhibition of basal glucose output was observed. In both the twins and controls estimated peripheral glucose utilization was unchanged during the glucose infusion.
3. It is concluded that: (a) in clinically unaffected identical twins of known diabetics basal splanchnic glucose production is reduced while uptake of glucose precursors is unchanged, suggesting a diminished contribution to basal glucose output from hepatic glycogenolytic processes; (b) in the twins as well as in controls, the liver is the primary site of action of small increments in endogenous insulin; (c) hepatic sensitivity to endogenous insulin is augmented in twins as compared with controls.
A Study of Intravascular Coagulation in Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis by Use of 131I-Labelled Fibrinogen and 125I-Labelled Antigen
Authors: Wardle E. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. Intravascular coagulation has been assessed by following the catabolism of 131I-fibrinogen in relation to 125I-labelled antigen disposal during anaphylaxis and acute and chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis in rabbits.
2. As a result of antigen challenge early in the bovine serum albumin (BSA) immunization schedule, in vivo formation of immune complexes caused platelet damage, intravascular coagulation shown as ‘rebound defibrination’ (that is a transient fall of labelled fibrinogen), and also activation of kinins and of fibrinolysis.
3. ‘Rebound defibrination’ was associated with precipitating antibody to BSA, with rapid removal of antigen, and with the appearance of fibrin microthrombi in the renal glomeruli. It also appeared to be related to the development of proliferative glomerular histology. Further, inhibition of fibrinolysis before antigen challenge may lead to patchy renal cortical infarction.
4. Florid ‘rebound defibrination’ occurred in animals with anaphylaxis and was accompanied by obstruction of the vasculature of lungs and kidneys by fibrin. These animals had high levels of precipitating antibody.
5. Animals which developed chronic proteinuria late in immunization had relatively more non-precipitating antibody to BSA and showed slower removal of antigen, no rebound effect and thus normal fibrinogen catabolism. Glomerular histology showed little proliferative response.
6. Long-term horse serum injection produced glomerulonephritis accompanied by fibrinoid vasculitis, and accelerated fibrinogen catabolism.
Measurement of Concentrations of Angiotensin I in Human Blood by Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Waite M. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. A radioimmunoassay for angiotensin I is described.
2. An extraction procedure for angiotensin I from blood was developed, using alcoholic precipitation to stop the renin/renin substrate reaction.
3. The normal range found for angiotensin I in venous blood was 11–88 pg/ml and in arterial blood 12–72 pg/ml.
4. Angiotensin I levels fell following bilateral nephrectomy but angiotensin I was still detected several weeks following operation.
Plasma Noradrenaline and Adrenaline in Patients with Thyrotoxicosis and Myxoedema
Authors: Christensen N. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Employing a precise and sensitive double-isotope derivative technique plasma noradrenaline and plasma adrenaline were measured in sixteen normal subjects, in eight patients with myxoedema and in ten patients with thyrotoxicosis. Venous blood was obtained while the subjects rested in the supine position.
2. In the normal subjects plasma noradrenaline averaged 0·22±SD 0·09 ng/ml and plasma adrenaline 0·05±SD 0·05 ng/ml. Plasma noradrenaline rose with increasing age.
3. In patients with myxoedema, plasma noradrenaline was increased approximately threefold. The difference between the normal subjects and the hypothyroid patients was more pronounced in the older age-groups.
4. Despite their elevated pulse rate patients with thyrotoxicosis showed significantly decreased plasma noradrenaline concentrations compared to the normal subjects.
5. In the hypothyroid and hyperthyroid subjects plasma adrenaline concentrations were not different from the values obtained in the normal subjects.
6. It is suggested that sympathetic nervous activity is decreased in thyrotoxicosis as a compensatory phenomenon to the direct effect of thyroid hormones on the cardiovascular system.
Left Ventricular Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with and without Cardiac Failure
Authors: Ježek V. , Schrijen F. 
Published: August 2015

1. The circulatory response to supine exercise and to angiotensin infusion was measured in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
2. Left ventricular function assessed from left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)-stroke volume or stroke work relationships was almost always normal in the patients without cardiac failure. The patients with right heart failure showed an abnormal response with a pronounced rise of LVEDP during both exercise and infusion of angiotensin. The values of LVEDP showed a significant correlation with RVEDP and with arterial oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide tension under both experimental conditions. No abnormality in the response of cardiac output, mean systolic ejection ratio or systolic ejection time was observed. In thirteen out of fifteen patients subjected to both exercise and infusion of angiotensin, the results of the two tests agreed in showing left ventricular function to be normal or abnormal; two patients showed an abnormal response to exercise, but a normal response to angiotensin.
3. The possible causes of the abnormality of left ventricular function in COPD with right heart failure are discussed. Changes in left ventricular compliance and the effect of chronic hypoxaemia and hypercapnic acidosis on myocardial contractility seem to be the most probable explanation.
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Patients with Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Vinik A. I. , Pooler W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Responses to a 50 g oral glucose load and intravenous administration of 1 g of sodium tolbutamide have been compared in thirteen patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and ten control subjects.
2. The hepatoma patients have lower basal plasma glucose and immunoreactive insulin concentrations. Plasma insulin responses to glucose and tolbutamide are impaired whether considered as the absolute concentrations or related to the plasma glucose concentrations as an insulinogenic index.
3. Hepatoma patients also demonstrate increased endogenous insulin sensitivity and hypoglycaemic unresponsiveness as shown by a greater and more sustained fall in glucose concentration following intravenous administration of tolbutamide.
4. Basal growth hormone concentrations are within the normal range and do not rise paradoxically after glucose administration.
5. These findings in hepatoma patients strikingly contrast with those seen in uncomplicated cirrhosis. The same phenomena are observed whether or not background cirrhosis is present with hepatoma and suggest that the tumour may be secreting a principle that suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis and/or enhances glucose utilization. The principle is not immunoreactive insulin, but may be other unidentified substances elaborated by the tumour which produce the insulin-like effect.
The Plasma Kinin-Forming System in Labour
Authors: Malofiejew M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The plasma of non-pregnant women contains practically no kinins and only traces of kallikrein. Treatment of the plasma with kaolin produces additional amounts of kallikrein from prekallikrein and of kinin from kininogen.
2. During the second stage of labour, plasma kallikrein is increased and the amount of kallikrein inhibitors is decreased. The plasma kinin-forming activity is only slightly increased due, apparently, to a fall in plasma kininogen.
3. Plasma kallikrein causes a rise in the contractile tonus of the isolated rat and human myometrium.
Genetic Ecology of Hypertension
Authors: Cruz-Coke Ricardo , Donoso Hugo , Barrera Radek 
Published: August 2015

1. A comparative study has been made of a population genetically homogeneous living in two adjacent but strongly different ecosystems.
2. Individuals were ‘marked’ with common serologic major genes.
3. The predominant strength of the environmental factors was demonstrated by the observation that when maintaining the genetic factor constant, hypertension appeared in the more advanced (‘acculturated’) Lowland populations.
4. The absence of hypertension was confirmed in Highland isolated primitive peoples.
5. Blood pressure correlation between relatives varied significantly with changing ecosystems.
6. The predominant strength of heredity was nevertheless demonstrated by the fact that in acculturated populations the genetic component of variance was found to be greater than the environmental one, and the dominant component accounted for nearly half the genetic variance.
7. Hypertension appears in the Lowlands to be exclusively associated with some specific genotypes of the Rhesus and MN systems.
8. The determination of blood pressure may be controlled by few major genes operating in given ecosystems under the permissiveness of environmental agents.
The Rate of Sickling of Cells Containing Sickle-Cell Haemoglobin
Authors: Rampling M. W. , Sirs J. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. A rapid-reaction apparatus was used to measure the rate at which cells containing sickle-cell haemoglobin (HbS) undergo morphological changes as a result of very rapid deoxygenation. The events occurring under these circumstances were found to take place in two stages.
2. The first consisted of a very rapid gelation of the cellular haemoglobin producing bizarre-shaped erythrocytes. The rate of this process was determined by the rate of cellular deoxygenation. Starting at 100% HbO2 there was, however, a delay of about 30 ms corresponding to the time of formation of the minimum amount of Hb to allow sickling to occur.
3. The second stage was very much slower and resulted in the cells gradually acquiring the more usual holly-leaf and sickle-forms.
4. It was also possible to show with this apparatus that formalin is an extremely rapid fixative. Cells mixed with this solution became fixed within 14 ms.
Spontaneous Denaturation as a Possible Initial Step in the Breakdown of Serum Albumin in Vivo
Authors: Wallevik K. 
Published: August 2015

1. Preparations of rabbit serum albumin, dialysed against rabbit plasma, were incubated at temperatures in the range 39–49°C at pH 7·3 and pH values in the range 7·2–8·0 at 43°C.
2. Denaturation of the rabbit albumin was studied by measuring (a) its susceptibility to tryptic hydrolysis and (b) catabolic rates in rabbits.
3. The rabbit albumin was demonstrated to denature by both criteria.
4. Assuming a similar denaturation to take place in vivo, it is possible to account for at least 10% of the normal turnover of albumin in rabbits.
Maximum Bicarbonate Response to Intravenous Infusion of ‘GIH’ Secretin in Man
Authors: Gutierrez L. V. , Baron J. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. In twenty-one tests in six subjects without, and three with, pancreatic disease, the maximum volume and bicarbonate output of the duodenal aspirate in response to intravenous infusion of pure ‘GIH’ secretin was significantly higher with 4 than with 2 units kg−1 h−1, and there was no consistent change in these outputs after 8 units kg−1 h−1.
2. The optimum maximum dose of secretin in man is probably 4 units kg−1 h−1.
Importance of Central Catecholaminergic Neurones in the Development and Maintenance of Renal Hypertension
Authors: Lewis P. J. , Reid J. L. , Chalmers J. P. , Dollery C. T. 
Published: August 2015

1. Depletion of brain catecholamines by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH D) into the cisterna magna in rabbits significantly diminished the rise in arterial pressure following the wrapping of both kidneys in cellophane, 6-OHD treated animals having a mean arterial pressure of 100 mmHg at 6 weeks after wrapping, compared with 122 mmHg in control animals.
2. In rabbits with established cellophane perinephritis hypertension, intracisternal 6-OHD significantly lowered the arterial pressure from 124 to 103 mmHg.
3. The pressor response to intraventricular angiotensin (100 ng) was decreased in normotensive rabbits pretreated with intracisternal 6-OHD from a pressure rise of 20 mmHg in 1 min to 10 mmHg in 1 min.
Importance of the Adrenergic Nervous System in the Support of Cardiac Function in Patients with Primary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Guazzi M. , Polese A. , Fiorentini C. , Magrini F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Because antiadrenergic therapy of hypertension may precipitate borderline cardiac compensation into failure, a method for detecting early cardiac insufficiency appeared desirable.
2. Eight out of thirty primary hypertensive patients were considered to be in incipient failure on the basis of the magnitude of the changes in left ventricular mean rates of systolic ejection and isovolumic pressure development after acute digitalization.
3. Antiadrenergic therapy precipitated these patients into overt failure, but did not affect cardiac performance in the others.
4. Left ventricular response to digitalis seems a reliable test in estimating cardiac reserve and in predicting the likelihood of decompensation after antiadrenergic treatment of hypertension.
The Effect of Clonidine on Plasma Renin Activity in Human Hypertension
Authors: Salvetti A. , Arzilli F. , Zucchelli G. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Clonidine inhibits plasma renin activity (PRA) in hypertensive patients, especially when administered for more than 4 days.
2. This effect is not related to sodium retention, but is probably due to inhibition of the basal sympathetic activity.
Metabolism of Renin Activity in Three Canine Models: Isolated Liver, Acute Hepatic Necrosis and Chronic Toxic Hepatitis
Authors: Strong Cameron G. , Tapia Hugo R. , Hunt James C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hepatic metabolism of renin activity was studied in seven normal dogs, twelve dogs with acute hepatic allograft rejection, five dogs with chronic toxic hepatitis and in seven isolated canine liver preparations.
2. Renin activity was measured by radioimmunoassay in hepatic arterial, portal venous, and hepatic venous plasma (PRA), in bile (BRA) and in perfusate (PsRA).
3. There was a significant gradient of PRA across the normal liver (P < 0.03) and of PsRA across the isolated liver (P < 0.05).
4. There was no significant PRA gradient across the liver of dogs with allograft rejection (acute hepatic necrosis).
5. Dogs with chronic toxic hepatitis showed decreased fractional extraction of PRA but otherwise their data were normal.
6. There was a significant difference between portal venous PRA (8.69 ±1.51 ng ml−1h−1) and hepatic arterial PRA (5.67±1.91 ng ml−1h−1) (P < 0.05).
7. BRA accounted for only 0.04% of hepatic extraction of PRA, suggesting that more important mechanisms for hepatic renin metabolism are binding or destruction of renin by the hepatic tissue.
Effects of Angiotensin II on Adenylcyclase Activity, Phosphodiesterase Activity and on the Level of Cyclic AMP in Rat Uterus
Authors: D'Auriac G. Anglès , Meyer P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Intracellular concentrations of adenosine 3′: 5′-cyclic phosphate (cyclic AMP) and activities of adenylcyclase and phosphodiesterase were determined in oestrogen-pretreated rat uteri during exposure to different concentrations of angiotensin II.
2. No significant variations in cyclic AMP or in the enzyme activities were observed at concentrations of angiotensin inducing significant contractions.
3. It is concluded that in rat uterus, the process of excitation-contraction coupling triggered by angiotensin is not mediated by variations in intracellular levels of cyclic AMP.
A New Urinary Assay for Separate Normetanephrine and Metanephrine with Application for the Diagnosis of Phaeochromocytoma
Authors: Wolf Robert L. , Gherman Cornelia E. , Lauer John D. , Fish Harold L. , Levey Burt R. 
Published: August 2015

1. A new, specific and sensitive urinary assay for separate normetanephrine (NM) and separate metanephrine (M) is described.
2. This test employs high-voltage paper electrophoresis after passage of the urine through a resin column.
3. There is no difference in the urinary excretions of either separate NM or separate M in normotensive or hypertensive subjects.
4. Phaeochromocytoma patients excrete significantly larger amounts of separate NM and separate M than normotensive or hypertensive subjects.
5. Incorrect results are occasionally obtained with other urinary assay tests which measure either the combined metanephrines or different urinary catecholamine metabolites for the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma.
Increased Plasma Renin Substrate Concentrations in Human Malignant Hypertension
Authors: Rosset E. , Scherrer J. R. , Veyrat R. 
Published: August 2015

1. In normal man, in deoxycorticosterone/salt hypertension, and in renal artery stenosis, an inverse relationship between plasma renin activity (PRA) and renin-substrate (RS) is found.
2. PRA and RS were found to be inversely related in primary aldosteronism and in anephric patients.
3. In malignant hypertension, by contrast, the highest PRA levels were associated with the highest RS levels.
On the Pathogenesis of the Secondary Hyperaldosteronism of the Bartter Syndrome
Authors: Nielsen I. , Jacobsen J. G. , Olesen K. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Based on three cases of the Bartter syndrome, two adults and one child, the pathogenesis of the syndrome is discussed.
2. It is suggested that protracted salt-volume loss may induce autonomous renin overproduction, leading to the manifestations of the syndrome.
Renal Prostaglandins: Determinants of Intrarenal Distribution of Blood Flow in the Dog
Authors: Itskovitz H. D. , Stemper J. , Pacholczyk D. , McGiff J. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Indomethacin inhibited the synthesis of prostaglandins in isolated blood-perfused canine kidneys.
2. Blood flow to the inner cortex was reduced to a greater degree by indomethacin than blood flow to the outer cortex, resulting in redistribution of fractional blood flow to the outer cortex.
3. A prostaglandin, probably PGE2, appears to participate in the regulation intra-renally of medullary vascular resistance and thereby inner cortical blood flow.