bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravitropism in Phycomyces: violation of the so‐called resultant law – evidence for two response components
Authors: Göttig M. , Galland P. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe investigated gravitropic bending of sporangiophores of the zygomycete fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus in response to centrifugal accelerations to test the so‐called resultant law of gravitropism (‘Resultantengesetz’; Jahrbuch der wissenschaftlichen Botanik, 71, 325, 1929; Der Geotropismus der Pflanzen, Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany, 1932), which predicts that gravitropic organs orient in a centrifuge rotor parallel to the stimulus vector resulting from the centrifugal acceleration and gravity. Sporangiophores of wild‐type strain C171 carAcarR and of several gravitropism mutants were subjected for 7 h to centrifugal accelerations in a dynamic range between 0.01 and 3 × g. The stimulus–response curves that were obtained for C171 carA carR, C2 carA geo and C148 carA geo madC were complex and displayed two response components: a low‐acceleration component between 0.01 and 0.5 × g and a high‐acceleration component above 0.5 × g. The low acceleration component is characterised by bending angles exceeding those predicted by the resultant law and kinetics faster than that of the second component; in contrast, the high‐acceleration component is characterised by bending slightly below the predicted level and kinetics slower than that of the first component. Sporangiophores of the wild‐type C171 centrifuged horizontally displayed the opposite behaviour, i.e. low accelerations diminished and high accelerations slightly enhanced bending. Further proof for the existence of the two response components was provided by the phenotype of gravitropism mutants that either lacked the first response component or which caused its overexpression. The tropism mutant C148 with defective madC gene, which codes for a RasGap protein (Fungal Genetics Reports, 60 (Suppl.), Abstract # 211, 2013), displayed hypergravitropism and concomitant deviations from the resultant law that were twice as high as in the wild‐type C171. Gravitropism mutants with defects in the genes madF, madG and madJ lacked the low‐response component below 0.5 × g. Our data are at variance with the so‐called resultant law and imply that gravitropic orientation cannot depend exclusively on the classical sine stimulus (i.e. acting perpendicularly on the side walls); it rather must also be controlled by the cosine stimulus acting parallel to the longitudinal axis of the gravisensing organ. Our studies indicate that the threshold for the cosine response is the same as that of the sine response, and thus close to 0.01 × g.
Alteration of gene expression profile in the roots of wild diploid Arachis duranensis inoculated with Ralstonia solanacearum
Authors: Chen Y. N. , Ren X. P. , Zhou X. J. , Huang L. , Huang J. Q. , Yan L. Y. , Lei Y. , Qi Y , Wei W. H. , Jiang H. F. 
Published: November 2013

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in China. However, the molecular basis of peanut resistance to R. solanacearum is poorly understood. Arachis duranensis, a wild diploid species of the genus Arachis, has been proven to be resistant to bacterial wilt, and thus holds valuable potential for understanding the mechanism of resistance to bacterial wilt and genetic improvement of peanut disease resistance. Here, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and macroarray hybridization were employed to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the roots of A. duranensis after R. solanacearum inoculation. A total of 317 unique genes were obtained, 265 of which had homologues and functional annotations. KEGG analysis revealed that a large proportion of these unigenes are mainly involved in the biosynthesis of phytoalexins, particularly in the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids and flavonoids. Subsequent real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that the terpenoid and flavonoid synthesis‐related genes showed higher expression levels in a resistant genotype of A. duranensis than in a susceptible genotype, indicating that the terpenoids and flavonoids probably played a fundamental role in the resistance of A. duranensis to R. solanacearum. This study provides an overview of the gene expression profile in the roots of wild Arachis species in response to R. solanacearum infection. Moreover, the related candidate genes are also valuable for the further study of the molecular mechanisms of resistance to R. solanacearum.
Use of Eggs Derived From the Interspecific Charr Hybrids to Induce Androgenetic Development of the Brook Charr (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill 1814)
Authors: Michalik O , Dobosz S , Wójcik I , Zalewski T , Ocalewicz K 
Published: November 2013

ContentsAlthough, brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill 1814) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus Linnaeus 1758) are able to cross and give fertile offspring, their androgenetic nucleocytoplasmic hybrids are not viable. To overcome incompatibility between the egg cytoplasm of one charr species and the sperm nucleus of another charr species, application of F1 interspecific hybrids as egg donors for the purpose of androgenesis has been proposed. Here, androgenetic development of the brook charr was successfully induced in the brook charr eggs and the eggs derived from the reciprocal brook charr × Arctic charr F1 hybrids. A working androgenesis protocol included inactivation of the maternal nuclear DNA achieved by irradiation of the eggs with 420 Gy of X‐rays, insemination of such treated eggs with the haploid sperm cells and exposition of the haploid androgenetic zygotes to the high hydrostatic pressure shock (51.711 MPa for 4 min) applied 420 min after insemination. Androgenetic larvae that hatched from the brook charr and the hybrid eggs were shown to be homozygous brook charr individuals. Androgenetic individuals exhibited 84 chromosomes and 100 chromosome arms (FN), values characteristic for the brook charr diploid cells. Strategy hybridize first than induce androgenesis should be tested in order to provide androgenetic offspring in other salmonids that are able to cross and produce fertile offspring.
Effects of placental transfusion in extremely low birthweight infants: meta‐analysis of long‐ and short‐term outcomes
Authors: Ghavam Sarvin , Batra Dushyant , Mercer Judith , Kugelman Amir , Hosono Shigeharu , Oh William , Rabe Heike , Kirpalani Haresh 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundRisks and benefits of increasing placental transfusion in extremely preterm infants (extremely low birthweight [ELBW], <1000 g) are ill defined. We performed a meta‐analysis to compare long‐ and short‐term outcomes of ELBW infants in trials of enhanced placental transfusion regimens.Study Design and MethodsWe conducted a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of delayed umbilical cord clamping or umbilical cord milking in compliance with PRISMA and Cochrane Collaborative guidelines for systematic reviews. We searched multiple databases for medical literature up to December 2012. Inclusion criteria were preterm infants less than 30 weeks and less than 1000 g birthweight, randomly assigned to enhanced placental transfusion (either delayed cord clamping or cord milking) versus immediate cord clamping. The primary outcome was standardized neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 to 24 months corrected age using a standardized scale. Several short‐term outcomes were also evaluated as secondary variables.ResultsWe found 19 studies of which 10 studies could be included (n = 199). Three reported neurodevelopmental outcomes, none of which showed significant rates of disability. Two reported these at 18 to 24 months (n = 42) but used different scales preventing pooling. Short‐term benefits of enhanced placental strategies included better blood pressure and hemoglobin on admission, along with reduced blood transfusions, a trend to reduced intraventricular hemorrhage, and episodes of late‐onset sepsis.ConclusionsStrategies to enhance placental transfusion may improve short‐term outcomes of ELBW infants. However, paucity of data on neurodevelopmental outcomes and safety concerns tempers enthusiasm for these interventions. Appropriately designed RCTs to assess short‐term and long‐term outcomes are needed in ELBW infants.
Isoprostane and isofuran lipid mediators accumulate in stored red blood cells and influence platelet function in vitro
Authors: Spinelli Sherry L. , Lannan Katie L. , Casey Ann E. , Croasdell Amanda , Curran Timothy M. , Henrichs Kelly F. , Pollock Stephen J. , Milne Ginger A. , Refaai Majed A. , Francis Charles W. , Phipps Richard P. , Blumberg Neil 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundStored red blood cells (RBCs) release hemoglobin (Hb) that leads to oxidative damage, which may contribute to thrombosis in susceptible transfusion recipients. Oxidative stress stimulates the generation of a new class of lipid mediators called F2‐isoprostanes (F2‐IsoPs) and isofurans (IsoFs) that influence cellular behavior. This study investigated RBC‐derived F2‐IsoPs and IsoFs during storage and their influence on human platelets (PLTs).Study Design and MethodsF2‐IsoP and IsoF levels in RBC supernatants were measured by mass spectrometry during storage and after washing. The effects of stored supernatants, cell‐free Hb, or a key F2‐IsoP, 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), on PLT function were examined in vitro.ResultsF2‐IsoPs, IsoFs, and Hb accumulated in stored RBC supernatants. Prestorage leukoreduction reduced supernatant F2‐IsoPs and IsoFs levels, which increased again over storage time. Stored RBC supernatants and 8‐iso‐PGF2α induced PLT activation marker CD62P (P‐selectin) expression and prothrombotic thromboxane A2 release. Cell‐free Hb did not alter PLT mediator release, but did inhibit PLT spreading. Poststorage RBC washing reduced F2‐IsoP and IsoF levels up to 24 hours.ConclusionsF2‐IsoPs and IsoFs are produced by stored RBCs and induce adverse effects on PLT function in vitro, supporting a potential novel role for bioactive lipids in adverse transfusion outcomes. F2‐IsoP and IsoF levels could be useful biomarkers for determining the suitability of blood components for transfusion. A novel finding is that cell‐free Hb inhibits PLT spreading and could adversely influence wound healing. Poststorage RBC washing minimizes harmful lipid mediators, and its use could potentially reduce transfusion complications.
A novel approach for rapid detection of bacterially contaminated platelet concentrates via sensitive measurement of microbial DNA polymerase activity
Authors: Zweitzig Daniel R. , Riccardello Nichol M. , Pester John M. , Jeanmonod Rebecca , Kopnitsky Mark J. , O'Hara S. Mark 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundTransfusion of bacterially contaminated platelet concentrates (PCs) can result in serious health consequences for the affected patient. Before being released from blood banking facilities, PCs are routinely screened for bacterial contamination by culture‐based tests. However, culture‐based PC screening methods require extended holding and incubation periods and are prone to false‐negative results due to sampling error. Screening PCs closer to the time of transfusion using rapid point‐of‐issue tests represents an alternative approach; however, FDA‐approved assays generally suffer from a lack of sensitivity.Study Design and MethodsPresented herein is the feasibility of a novel approach toward rapid, sensitive, and universal detection of bacterially contaminated PCs via selective measurement of microbial DNA polymerase activity. This approach is achieved using a differential cell lysis procedure in combination with enzymatic template generation and amplification (termed ETGA‐PC assay).ResultsSerial dilution spiking experiments revealed an approximate sensitivity of 30 to 200 colony‐forming units (CFUs)/mL (mean, 85 CFUs/mL) for Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. An additional 22 clinically relevant strains of bacteria were also detected below 200 CFUs/mL after spiking into PC aliquots. Furthermore, the ETGA‐PC assay was able to accurately monitor the presence and growth of seven clinically relevant bacterial species that were spiked into PC units.ConclusionTogether, the data presented here demonstrate that the ETGA‐PC assay is a feasible approach for rapid and sensitive detection of bacterially contaminated PCs. Experiments, aimed at simplification and/or automation of the assay procedure, are under way.
The Gut Microbiome Modulates Colon Tumorigenesis
Authors: Zackular Joseph P. , Baxter Nielson T. , Iverson Kathryn D. , Sadler William D. , Petrosino Joseph F. , Chen Grace Y. , Schloss Patrick D. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRecent studies have shown that individuals with colorectal cancer have an altered gut microbiome compared to healthy controls. It remains unclear whether these differences are a response to tumorigenesis or actively drive tumorigenesis. To determine the role of the gut microbiome in the development of colorectal cancer, we characterized the gut microbiome in a murine model of inflammation-associated colorectal cancer that mirrors what is seen in humans. We followed the development of an abnormal microbial community structure associated with inflammation and tumorigenesis in the colon. Tumor-bearing mice showed enrichment in operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with members of theBacteroides,Odoribacter, andAkkermansiagenera and decreases in OTUs affiliated with members of thePrevotellaceaeandPorphyromonadaceaefamilies. Conventionalization of germfree mice with microbiota from tumor-bearing mice significantly increased tumorigenesis in the colon compared to that for animals colonized with a healthy gut microbiome from untreated mice. Furthermore, at the end of the model, germfree mice colonized with microbiota from tumor-bearing mice harbored a higher relative abundance of populations associated with tumor formation in conventional animals. Manipulation of the gut microbiome with antibiotics resulted in a dramatic decrease in both the number and size of tumors. Our results demonstrate that changes in the gut microbiome associated with inflammation and tumorigenesis directly contribute to tumorigenesis and suggest that interventions affecting the composition of the microbiome may be a strategy to prevent the development of colon cancer.IMPORTANCEThe trillions of bacteria that live in the gut, known collectively as the gut microbiome, are important for normal functioning of the intestine. There is now growing evidence that disruptive changes in the gut microbiome are strongly associated with the development colorectal cancer. However, how the gut microbiome changes with time during tumorigenesis and whether these changes directly contribute to disease have not been determined. We demonstrate using a mouse model of inflammation-driven colon cancer that there are dramatic, continual alterations in the microbiome during the development of tumors, which are directly responsible for tumor development. Our results suggest that interventions that target these changes in the microbiome may be an effective strategy for preventing the development of colorectal cancer.
Frequent Replenishment Sustains the Beneficial Microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Blum Jessamina E. , Fischer Caleb N. , Miles Jessica , Handelsman Jo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWe report that establishment and maintenance of theDrosophila melanogastermicrobiome depend on ingestion of bacteria. Frequent transfer of flies to sterile food prevented establishment of the microbiome in newly emerged flies and reduced the predominant members,AcetobacterandLactobacillusspp., by 10- to 1,000-fold in older flies. Flies with a normal microbiome were less susceptible than germfree flies to infection bySerratia marcescensandPseudomonas aeruginosa. Augmentation of the normal microbiome with higher populations ofLactobacillus plantarum, aDrosophilacommensal and probiotic used in humans, further protected the fly from infection. Replenishment represents an unexplored strategy by which animals can sustain a gut microbial community. Moreover, the population behavior and health benefits ofL. plantarumresemble features of certain probiotic bacteria administered to humans. As such,L. plantarumin the fly gut may serve as a simple model for dissecting the population dynamics and mode of action of probiotics in animal hosts.IMPORTANCEPrevious studies have defined the composition of theDrosophila melanogastermicrobiome in laboratory and wild-caught flies. Our study advances current knowledge in this field by demonstrating thatDrosophilamust consume bacteria to establish and maintain its microbiome. This finding suggests that the dominantDrosophilasymbionts remain associated with their host because of repeated reintroduction rather than internal growth. Furthermore, our study shows that one member of the microbiome,Lactobacillus plantarum, protects the fly from intestinal pathogens. These results suggest that, although not always present, the microbiota can promote salubrious effects for the host. In sum, our work provides a previously unexplored mechanism of microbiome maintenance and anin vivomodel system for investigating the mechanisms of action of probiotic bacteria.
Impact of perioperative enteral synbiotics in hepatic and pancreatic surgery: design and rationale of a single blind placebo controlled prospective randomised control trial
Authors: Rammohan Ashwin , Sathyanesan Jeswanth , Rajendran Kamalakannan , Pitchaimuthu Anbalagan , Perumal Senthil Kumar , Srinivasan U P , Ramasamy Ravi , Palaniappan Ravichandran , Govindan Manoharan 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundPrebiotics and probiotics influence all pathogenic mechanisms of bacterial translocation. Used in combination, they are called synbiotics. Postoperative infective complications in patients undergoing hepatic and pancreatic surgery lead to a significant prolongation of hospital stay and increased costs. While synbiotics are considered to have beneficial effects on human health, their clinical value in surgical patients, especially in South Asia remains unclear given a paucity of applicable clinical studies. In this study we aim to assess their clinical usefulness in patients who undergo hepatic and pancreatic surgery.MethodsA prospective monocentric randomised single blind controlled trial is being conducted in patients undergoing major pancreatic resections (Whipple procedure, distal pancreatectomy, Frey procedure) and hepatic resections. Group A received a specific synbiotic composition, 5 days prior and 10 days after the surgery. Group B received a placebo. Primary study end point was the occurrence of postoperative infection during the first 30 days. Secondary outcome measures were mortality, first bowel movement, days in intensive care unit, length of hospital stay, and duration of antibiotic therapy. Side effects of probiotics were evaluated. From previous studies we assumed that perioperative synbiotics reduce the proportion of patients with infectious complications from 50% to 12%, with α of 0.05 and power 80%, the calculated sample size was 35 patients for each group with a dropout rate of 10%.ConclusionsThis study is intended at determining the impact of perioperative synbiotic therapy on postoperative infectious complications, morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing major pancreatic and hepatic surgery.Clinical trialThe Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2013/06/003737).
PiCam
Authors: Venkataraman Kartik , Lelescu Dan , Duparré Jacques , McMahon Andrew , Molina Gabriel , Chatterjee Priyam , Mullis Robert , Nayar Shree 
Published: November 2013

We presentPiCam(Pelican Imaging Camera-Array), an ultra-thin high performance monolithic camera array, that captures light fields and synthesizes high resolution images along with a range image (scene depth) through integrated parallax detection and superresolution. The camera is passive, supporting both stills and video, low light capable, and small enough to be included in the next generation of mobile devices including smartphones. Prior works [Rander et al. 1997; Yang et al. 2002; Zhang and Chen 2004; Tanida et al. 2001; Tanida et al. 2003; Duparré et al. 2004] in camera arrays have explored multiple facets of light field capture - from viewpoint synthesis, synthetic refocus, computing range images, high speed video, and micro-optical aspects of system miniaturization. However, none of these have addressed the modifications needed to achieve the strict form factor and image quality required to make array cameras practical for mobile devices. In our approach, we customize many aspects of the camera array including lenses, pixels, sensors, and software algorithms to achieve imaging performance and form factor comparable to existing mobile phone cameras.Our contributions to the post-processing of images from camera arrays include a cost function for parallax detection that integrates across multiple color channels, and a regularized image restoration (superresolution) process that takes into account all the system degradations and adapts to a range of practical imaging conditions. The registration uncertainty from the parallax detection process is integrated into a Maximum-a-Posteriori formulation that synthesizes an estimate of the high resolution image and scene depth. We conclude with some examples of our array capabilities such as postcapture (still) refocus, video refocus, view synthesis to demonstrate motion parallax, 3D range images, and briefly address future work.
Coded time of flight cameras
Authors: Kadambi Achuta , Whyte Refael , Bhandari Ayush , Streeter Lee , Barsi Christopher , Dorrington Adrian , Raskar Ramesh 
Published: November 2013

Time of flight cameras produce real-time range maps at a relatively low cost using continuous wave amplitude modulation and demodulation. However, they are geared to measure range (or phase) for a single reflected bounce of light and suffer from systematic errors due to multipath interference.
We re-purpose the conventional time of flight device for a new goal: to recover per-pixel sparse time profiles expressed as a sequence of impulses. With this modification, we show that we can not only address multipath interference but also enable new applications such as recovering depth of near-transparent surfaces, looking through diffusers and creating time-profile movies of sweeping light.
Our key idea is to formulate the forward amplitude modulated light propagation as a convolution with custom codes, record samples by introducing a simple sequence of electronic time delays, and perform sparse deconvolution to recover sequences of Diracs that correspond to multipath returns. Applications to computer vision include ranging of near-transparent objects and subsurface imaging through diffusers. Our low cost prototype may lead to new insights regarding forward and inverse problems in light transport.