bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adopting Environmental Transportation Practices
Authors: Ellram Lisa M. , Golicic Susan L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNearly every supply chain in the United States includes motor transportation. Relationships between these carriers and their shippers are sometimes strong, but often tenuous. As environmental sustainability receives increased attention in supply chain management, shippers and carriers are beginning to consider how, if at all, this affects transport practices. To date, little research has been done to explain how shippers and carriers adopt environmental transport practices and the impact this adoption has on the relationship. Using conceptual theory building, this research addresses this gap through a study of a sample of US motor carriers and shippers. Association with a form of public–private partnerships, called voluntary environmental partnerships, plays a large role in the adoption of environmental transportation practices. However, the motivation that drives the association and subsequent adoption of practices influences whether the relationship benefits or suffers. A conceptual framework grounded in institutional theory is developed to address the research questions, and implications from the results are presented for shipper-carrier relationship management.
Supply Chain Interdiction as a Competitive Weapon
Authors: Bell John E. , Autry Chad W. , Griffis Stanley E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Businesses have throughout time competed in the marketplace to maximize profits and market share against fellow competitor firms. The emergence of supply chain management has shifted this competition to one reflective of supply chains competing against one another rather than just firms. However, this “toward the customer only”–based competition may not represent the fullest basis of potential competition between supply chains. For example, over the centuries nations have fielded military forces that have competed not only in the open field against opposing forces, but also behind the scenes by constraining the resource base of the opposing force, in an effort to limit or avoid face-to-face struggles altogether. The military term for this competitive strategy is “interdiction,” and reflects long-standing military theory development, including practical as well as ethical considerations. This work outlines the military theory behind bidirectional channel competition, and compares historical military and contemporary business examples of the supply side–focused competition that interdiction prescribes.
Automedicação entre estudantes de uma instituição de ensino superior de Goiás
Authors: Alves Tarine De Araújo , Malafaia Guilherme 
Published: February 2015

Introdução: A automedicação tem sido considerada uma prática crescente nos dias atuais. Objetivo: Conhecer aspectos ligados à prevalência da automedicação e quais medicamentos são mais usados entre estudantes. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional com delineamento transversal, no qual 160 alunos responderam a um questionário autoaplicado contendo questões diversificadas. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada estatística descritiva, no software Microsoft Excel. Resultados: Dos participantes, 52,4% eram do sexo masculino e a média de idade foi de 21,5 anos. A prevalência geral da automedicação foi de 68,3%. Os fatores que levam os acadêmicos da instituição investigada a utilizarem medicamentos sem prescrição são principalmente a orientação para a prática da automedicação provinda de fontes de informação não ligadas à área médica e sinais e/ou sintomas relacionados a afecções que causam cefaleias, febre e dores no corpo. Além disso, verificou-se que os estudantes de diferentes cursos superiores da instituição investigada apresentam perfil de automedicação semelhante, com prevalência do uso de medicamentos da classe dos analgésicos, antipiréticos, antibióticos e anti-inflamatórios (não tarjados e de tarja vermelha). Também foi observado pouco conhecimento sobre os efeitos adversos ou sobre as contraindicações do medicamento consumido. Conclusão: A automedicação é um problema grave e importante no âmbito dos cursos superiores do Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Urutaí, e não se restringe aos universitários ligados apenas às áreas médicas e/ou biológicas, sendo necessária a realização de ações/atividades que contribuam para o uso racional de medicamentos.
Percepções dos estudantes da área de saúde sobre a obesidade
Authors: Cordoni Juliana Kessar , Rossaka Vanessa Keiko , Reato Lígia de Fátima Nóbrega 
Published: February 2015

Introdução: A incidência de sobrepeso e obesidade, assim como agravos e comorbidades relacionados, tem se destacado como um dos principais problemas de saúde pública da atualidade. Isso requer o envolvimento de diversos profissionais, em uma conjunção multidisciplinar, para a prevenção, promoção e recuperação da saúde física e psicossocial de pessoas com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Objetivo: Identificar a percepção de estudantes da área de saúde sobre a obesidade, a fim de contribuir com questionamentos e reflexões com relação à formação e atuação deles no tratamento de pessoas com obrepeso/obesidade. Métodos: Esta pesquisa foi realizada por meio da apresentação de figuras, seguida da aplicaçãode um questionário dirigido a universitários da área de saúde; e posterior análise qualitativa e quantitativa das respostas. Resultados: Os entrevistados reconheceram a importância do tratamento da obesidade, assim como a necessidade de preocupação com aspectos da saúde; no entanto, os resultados indicam a existência de rejeição e crítica quanto à obesidade na maioria dos entrevistados. Conclusão: Os resultados são um alerta de que a questão da obesidade precisa ser mais bem abordada nos cursos de formação da área da saúde, para reduzir os efeitos negativos dessa rejeição/crítica no decorrer do tratamento de tais pacientes. Considerando-se o impacto de aspectos psicológicos e emocionais dos profissionais envolvidos no tratamento e a escassa produção técnica-científica sobre o tema, sugere-se a produção de outras pesquisas, assim como deve-se intensificar a abordagem e sensibilização dos estudantes quanto à questão da obesidade como um distúrbio alimentar de relevância pública.
Electric field control of E region coherent echoes: Evidence from radar observations at the South Pole
Authors: Makarevich Roman A. , Forsythe V. V. , Kellerman A. C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCharacteristics and formation mechanisms of E region plasma irregularities at high latitudes are investigated using observations with the newly deployed Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar at the South Pole Antarctic station (SPS) near a magnetic latitude (MLAT) of 75°S. It is shown that E region echo occurrence at SPS exhibits a diurnal variation that is significantly different from those at auroral and polar cap latitudes. Moreover, analysis of major spectral populations also showed a distinct and previously unreported diurnal pattern. The plasma drift velocity estimates are derived at E region ranges of SPS, leveraging the SPS radar's position well within the MLAT region where SuperDARN convection estimates are well constrained by the data. It is shown that E region irregularity occurrence increases when the convection direction is within the SPS field of view and/or when the plasma drift component is comparable with the nominal ion‐acoustic speed Cs of 350 m/s. This is the expected behavior for irregularities generated directly by the modified two‐stream plasma instability (MTSI). On the other hand, irregularity velocity dependence on convection velocity showed an unexpected saturation at velocity values smaller than nominal Cs. It is demonstrated that the convection velocity at which irregularity velocity starts to differ from the convection component and to approach a maximum value is dependent on the magnetic aspect angle. Moreover, the maximum velocity value itself also depends on the aspect angle. The observed behavior is discussed in context of recent models that involve evolving aspect angles as a key characteristic of MTSI saturation.
New 3‐D simulations of climate change in the thermosphere
Authors: Solomon Stanley C. , Qian Liying , Roble Raymond G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractModel simulations of temperature and density trends in the upper thermosphere are generally consistent with satellite drag data, but some discrepancies remain. The most important of these is that satellite drag analyses under solar minimum conditions have measured density change of about −5% per decade near 400 km altitude, while model simulations of upper atmosphere cooling due to anthropogenic increases in carbon dioxide and other trace gases have predicted about half that rate. For solar moderate and maximum conditions, agreement is better. The rate of change is less during higher solar activity, because higher levels of nitric oxide cooling compete with the anthropogenic cooling. However, some past modeling studies used global mean models, and others attempted to scale to decadal rates from scenarios where carbon dioxide was doubled. Both of these approaches have shortcomings. Therefore, we have performed new, fully 3‐D simulations, using the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere electrodynamics general circulation model, to better quantify secular change rates at various levels of solar activity. These simulations use a 12 year baseline (approximately one solar cycle) in order to more directly compare with measured rates. Our new findings are in better agreement with observations for solar minimum conditions, approximately −5% per decade at 400 km, and are also still in reasonable agreement at solar maximum, approximately −2% per decade. This confluence of observation and simulation strengthens the case that some of the best evidence of the impact of anthropogenic global change on the upper atmosphere is the continued systematic decrease of thermospheric density.
Electrodynamics of the equatorial evening ionosphere: 2. Conductivity influences on convection, current, and electrodynamic energy flow
Authors: Richmond A. D. , Fang T.‐W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe analyze how the evening equatorial plasma vortex and the prereversal enhancement (PRE) of the vertical drift are influenced by the distributions of conductivity in the E and F regions in relation to the wind, through numerical simulations with the thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model coupled with the global ionosphere‐plasmasphere model. The nightside electric potential satisfies an approximate minimization principle that unifies the connection of the horizontal and vertical components of plasma convection to the wind and conductivity distributions. The relative roles of E and F region conductivities on the convection and current closure are clarified. Evening time F region zonal winds at latitudes that encompass the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region provide the main energy source to drive the convection, including the PRE. The E region helps regulate both the meridional and the zonal convection through drag on the meridional convection associated with Cowling current. For large nighttime E region conductivities, additional drag on the zonal convection comes from the Pedersen conductance. The minimization principle favors meridional plasma inflow to the EIA region from lower rather than higher magnetic apex heights, so long as the E region Cowling conductance is not too large. This upward/poleward inflow maximizes on field lines that traverse the lower F layer near the equatorward edge of the EIA region, producing a PRE with maximum vertical velocity within the equatorial F layer.
Relating reactive solute transport to hierarchical and multiscale sedimentary architecture in a Lagrangian‐based transport model: 1. Time‐dependent effective retardation factor
Authors: Soltanian Mohamad Reza , Ritzi Robert W. , Huang Chao Cheng , Dai Zhenxue 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis series of papers addresses the transport of reactive solutes in groundwater. In part 1, the time‐dependent effective retardation factor,
, of reactive solutes undergoing equilibrium sorption is linked to hierarchical stratal architecture using a Lagrangian‐based transport model. The model is based on hierarchical expressions of the spatial covariance of the log distribution coefficient,
and the spatial cross covariance between
and the log permeability,
. The spatial correlation structure in these covariance expressions is the probability of transitioning across strata types of different scales, and they are parameterized by independent and quantifiable physical attributes of sedimentary architecture including univariate statistics for Y,
, and the proportions and lengths of facies. Nothing is assumed about Y‐
point correlation; it is allowed to differ by facies type. The duration of the time‐dependent change in
is a function of the effective ranges of the cross‐transition probability structures (i.e., the ranges of indicator correlation structures) for each scale of stratal architecture. The plume velocity and the effective retardation stabilize at a large‐time limit after the plume centroid has traveled a distance that encompasses the effective ranges of these cross‐transition probability structures. The well‐documented perchloroethene (PCE) tracer test at the Borden research site is used to illustrate the model. The model gives a viable explanation for the observed PCE plume deceleration, and thus the observed
can be explained by the process of linear equilibrium sorption and the heterogeneity in k and Kd. In part 2 [Soltanian et al., ], reactive plume dispersion, as quantified by the particle displacement variance is linked to stratal architecture using a Lagrangian‐based transport model.
Prevalence of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mutations related to adult mitochondrial disease
Authors: Gorman Gráinne S. , Schaefer Andrew M. , Ng Yi , Gomez Nicholas , Blakely Emma L. , Alston Charlotte L. , Feeney Catherine , Horvath Rita , Yu‐Wai‐Man Patrick , Chinnery Patrick F. , Taylor Robert W. , Turnbull Douglass M. , McFarland Robert 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveThe prevalence of mitochondrial disease has proven difficult to establish, predominantly as a result of clinical and genetic heterogeneity. The phenotypic spectrum of mitochondrial disease has expanded significantly since the original reports that associated classic clinical syndromes with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) rearrangements and point mutations. The revolution in genetic technologies has allowed interrogation of the nuclear genome in a manner that has dramatically improved the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. We comprehensively assessed the prevalence of all forms of adult mitochondrial disease to include pathogenic mutations in both nuclear and mtDNA.MethodsAdults with suspected mitochondrial disease in the North East of England were referred to a single neurology center from 1990 to 2014. For the midyear period of 2011, we evaluated the minimum prevalence of symptomatic nuclear DNA mutations and symptomatic and asymptomatic mtDNA mutations causing mitochondrial diseases.ResultsThe minimum prevalence rate for mtDNA mutations was 1 in 5,000 (20 per 100,000), comparable with our previously published prevalence rates. In this population, nuclear mutations were responsible for clinically overt adult mitochondrial disease in 2.9 per 100,000 adults.InterpretationCombined, our data confirm that the total prevalence of adult mitochondrial disease, including pathogenic mutations of both the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes (≈1 in 4,300), is among the commonest adult forms of inherited neurological disorders. These figures hold important implications for the evaluation of interventions, provision of evidence‐based health policies, and planning of future services. Ann Neurol 2015 Ann Neurol 2015;77:753–759
Significant Enhancement in the Efficiency and Selectivity of Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Phenols by Fluoroalcohols
Authors: Gaster Eden , Vainer Yulia , Regev Almog , Narute Sachin , Sudheendran Kavitha , Werbeloff Aviya , Shalit Hadas , Pappo Doron 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSignificant enhancement of both the rate and the chemoselectivity of iron‐catalyzed oxidative coupling of phenols can be achieved in fluorinated solvents, such as 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropan‐2‐ol (HFIP), 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE), and 1‐phenyl‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol. The generality of this effect was examined for the cross‐coupling of phenols with arenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and of phenol with β‐dicarbonyl compounds. The new conditions were utilized in the synthesis of 2′′′‐dehydroxycalodenin B in only four synthetic steps.
Rutheniumkatalysierte Synthese von 2,3‐Cyclo[3]dendralenen und komplexer Polycyclen aus Propargylalkoholen
Authors: Thies Nora , Haak Edgar 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRutheniumkatalysierte Kaskadentransformationen zur Synthese von 2,3‐Cyclo[3]dendralenen und darauf basierende Mehrkomponentenprozesse zum Aufbau komplexer Polycyclen werden vorgestellt. Die Kombination von Allylierungs‐Cyclisierungs‐Sequenzen mit Dien‐transmissiven Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen ermöglicht den schnellen und selektiven Aufbau naturstoffähnlicher Motive ausgehend von leicht zugänglichen Verbindungen im Eintopfverfahren und eröffnet einen neuen Zugang zu potenziellen Wirkstoffkandidaten.
Nickel‐Triad Complexes of a Side‐on Coordinating Distannene
Authors: Sindlinger Christian P. , Weiß Sebastian , Schubert Hartmut , Wesemann Lars 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNHC adducts of the stannylene Trip2Sn (Trip=2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl) were reacted with zero‐valent Ni, Pd, and Pt precursor complexes to cleanly yield the respective metal complexes featuring a three‐membered ring moiety Sn‐Sn‐M along with carbene transfer onto the metal and complete substitution of the starting ligands. Thus the easily accessible NHC adducts to stannylenes are shown to be valuable precursors for transition‐metal complexes with an unexpected SnSn bond. The complexes have been studied by X‐ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy as well as DFT calculations. The compounds featuring the structural motif of a distannametallacycle comprised of a [(NHC)2M0] fragment and Sn2Trip4 represent rare higher congeners of the well‐known olefin complexes. DFT calculations indicate the presence of a π‐type Sn–Sn interaction in these first examples for acyclic distannenes symmetrically coordinating to a zero‐valent transition metal.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,3‐Cyclo[3]dendralenes and Complex Polycycles from Propargyl Alcohols
Authors: Thies Nora , Haak Edgar 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRuthenium‐catalyzed cascade transformations for the synthesis of 2,3‐cyclo[3]dendralenes and multicomponent processes based thereon to generate complex polycycles are presented. The combination of allylation–cyclization sequences with diene‐transmissive Diels–Alder reactions allows the rapid and selective construction of natural‐product‐like motifs from easily accessible starting materials in a one‐pot process and provides a new method to access potential drug candidates.
Crosslinkable micelles from diblock amphiphilic copolymers based on vinylbenzyl thymine and vinylbenzyl triethylammonium chloride
Authors: Barbarini Alejandro L. , Estenoz Diana A. , Martino Débora M. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTPolymeric micelles (PMs) composed of self‐assembled amphiphilic block copolymers were synthesized from vinylbenzyl thymine (VBT) and vinylbenzyl triethylammonium chloride (VBA) exhibiting improved physical stability. Three diblock copolymers of different chemical compositions and similar molecular weights (polydispersities below 1.5) were obtained via nitroxide mediated radical polymerization. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined by dye micellization method, the shift of the absorption peak of the anionic (EY) due to the interactions with non‐assembled chains and auto‐assembled copolymers was followed. Polymeric systems exhibited good stability revealing that a higher proportion of cationic monomers in the diblock reduce the CMC. Furthermore, after the core of PMs was photocrosslinked by UV irradiation, the CMC decreases notably. Kinetic release studies using EY dye as probe demonstrated that both, higher VBA ratios in the polymer and higher UV‐irradiation, slow down the dye release. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41947.
Dynamic Covalent Synthesis of Donor–Acceptor Interlocked Architectures in Solution and at the Solution:Surface Interface
Authors: Wilson Hannah , Byrne Sean , Mullen Kathleen M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDespite advances in the range of mechanically interlocked architectures that can be synthesized and operated as supramolecular machines, motors and sensors in solution, in many cases their synthesis is laborious and expensive requiring long multistep pathways with extensive purification at each stage. Dynamic covalent chemistry has been shown to overcome problems with traditional kinetically controlled synthetic approaches that often afford low yields of interlocked architectures due to irreversible formation of non‐interlocked by‐products. Herein, we describe the use of reversible disulfide exchange reactions as a means to assemble catenanes and rotaxanes in organic solutions. Moreover, the application of this thermodynamic approach to assemble interlocked architectures at the solution:surface interface, specifically polymer resins, is discussed.
An improved method for the production of fructooligosaccharides by immobilized β‐fructofuranosidase from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Mouelhi Refka , Abidi Ferid , Marzouki Mohamed Nejib 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis work is focused on the prebiotic synthesis by a purified immobilized β‐fructofuranosidase (FFase) using a by‐product molasses as a substrate. When cultivated on wheat bran, the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produces FFase with interesting transfructosylating activity. The enzyme was purified by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography to homogeneity. It showed a specific activity of 66.06 U/mg and a molecular mass of 50 kDa. The FFase was immobilized covalently on alginate and chitosan, and the immobilization yield was 90% and 81% respectively, yet the immobilization efficiency was 52% and 93% in that order. The fixed enzymes were stable at a pH varying from 4.0 to 7.0 and at a temperature ranging from 4 to 70 °C. Yet, kinetic parameters and catalytic efficiency were determined for both immobilized and free FFases. Interestingly, chitosan cross‐linked enzyme activity was maintained at 89.24% level after 50 reuses during 1 week. Continuous production of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) from beet molasses in chitosan enzyme reactor was improved. The maximum production yield obtained in 12 H was 72.2% (g FOS/g Sucrose). Thin‐layer chromatography analysis showed that the major products are kestose and nystose.