bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sediment storage and reworking on the shelf and in the Canyon of the Indus River‐Fan System since the last glacial maximum
Authors: Clift Peter D. , Giosan Liviu , Henstock Timothy J. , Tabrez Ali R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe transport of sediment from the mouth of the Indus River on to the deep‐water submarine fan is complicated by temporary storage within large clinoforms on the shelf on either side of the submarine canyon, where most of the sedimentation since the start of the Holocene has occurred. In contrast, shelf edge clinoform deltas represent the products of forced regression and not the progradation of highstand clinoforms as far as the shelf edge. Clinoform sediments have a mixed provenance that involves significant reworking of older sediment deposited during or before the last glacial maximum. Recent sedimentation in the canyon head has been very rapid in the last few centuries (ca. 10 cm year−1), but has been starved of sand probably because of 20th century damming. Sandy layers appear to represent annual monsoonal floods with a particularly large flood every 50–70 years. This canyon head sediment is also reworked by currents flowing along the canyon axis before being deposited deeper into the canyon. The last sandy sediment to reach the mid‐canyon (ca. 1300 m depth) was transported around 7000 year BP at a time of rising sea‐levels, and might reflect reworking by the transgression, or local slumping from the walls of the canyon. Dating of the uppermost in a series of terraces in the mid‐canyon area suggests that the canyon may have been partly filled and emptied of sediment at least three times since ca. 50 ka. We conclude from the Holocene record that sediment flux to the deep‐water fan experiences major buffering, reworking and recycling both on the shelf and within the submarine canyon prior to its deposition, so that turbidite sands in the deep Arabian Sea cannot be used to correlate with climatic or tectonic events onshore over timescales of 103–105 years.
Hedgehog signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic target for gallbladder cancer
Authors: Matsushita Shojiro , Onishi Hideya , Nakano Kenji , Nagamatsu Iori , Imaizumi Akira , Hattori Masami , Oda Yoshinao , Tanaka Masao , Katano Mitsuo 
Published: January 2014

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a particularly deadly type of cancer with a 5‐year survival rate of only 10%. New effective therapeutic strategies are greatly needed. Recently, we have shown that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is reactivated in various types of cancer and is a potential therapeutic target. However, little is known about the biological significance of Hh signaling in human GBC. In this study, we determined whether Hh signaling could be a therapeutic target in GBC. The Hh transcription factor Gli1 was detected in the nucleus of GBC cells but not in the nucleus of normal gallbladder cells. The expression levels of Sonic Hh (Shh) and Smoothened (Smo) in human GBC specimens (n = 37) were higher than those in normal gallbladder tissue. The addition of exogenous Shh ligand augmented the anchor‐dependent and anchor‐independent proliferation and invasiveness of GBC cells in vitro. In contrast, inhibiting the effector Smo decreased the anchor‐dependent and anchor‐independent proliferation. Furthermore, the suppression of Smo decreased GBC cell invasiveness through the inhibition of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression and inhibited the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. In a xenograft model, tumor volume in Smo siRNA‐transfected GBC cells was significantly lower than in control tumors. These results suggest that Hh signaling is elevated in GBC and may be involved in the acquisition of malignant phenotypes, and that Hh signaling may be a potential therapeutic target for GBC.
Acid‐sensing Ion Channels Activation and Hypoxia Upregulate Homer1a Expression
Authors: Su Jing‐Jing , Pan Hui , Zhou Hou‐Guang , Tang Yu‐Ping , Dong Qiang , Liu Jian‐Ren 
Published: January 2014

SummaryBackgroundRecent studies have indicated that dynamic alterations in the structure of postsynaptic density (PSD) are involved in the pathogenesis of many central nervous system disorders, including ischemic stroke. Homer is the newly identified scaffolding protein located at PSD and regulates synaptic function. Homer1a, an immediate early gene, has been shown to be induced by several stimulations, such as glutamate, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, and trauma. However, whether acidosis mediated by acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs) and hypoxia during cerebral ischemia can change Homer1a expression remains to be determined.ResultsWe investigated that acidosis and hypoxia selectively and rapidly upregulated Homer1a expression, but not Homer1b/c in cultured cortical neurons. We also found that Homer1a exhibited induction expression in brain cortex of the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. Additionally, acid‐evoked Homer1a mRNA induction depended on extracellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt activity, and ASIC1a‐mediated calcium influx whereas hypoxia depended only on ERK1/2 activity. Also, we demonstrated that continuous acidosis and hypoxia resulted in pronounced cell injury and Homer1a knockdown with small interfering RNA aggravated this damage induced by 3 h acid and hypoxia incubation in neuro‐2a cells.ConclusionHomer1a might act as an activity‐dependent regulator responding to extracellular stimuli during cerebral ischemia.
Short‐term Type‐1 diabetes differentially modulates 14‐3‐3 proteins in rat brain and liver
Authors: Taurino Federica , Stanca Eleonora , Vonghia Luisa , Siculella Luisa , Sardanelli Anna Maria , Papa Sergio , Zanotti Franco , Gnoni Antonio 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe 14‐3‐3 proteins family consists of seven proteins that are highly conserved molecular chaperones with roles in the regulation of metabolism, signal transduction, cell cycle control, protein trafficking and apoptosis. Their role in several pathologies has been reported. In this study, we investigated the mRNA and protein expression of the 14‐3‐3s in rat brain and liver in the early stage of Type‐1 diabetes (T1D).Material and methodsDiabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection (70 mg/kg bw) of freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ), and, after 3 weeks of treatment, brain and liver nuclei and cytosolic extracts were prepared. Quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blotting analyses were performed to evaluate mRNA and protein expression for each of the seven 14‐3‐3s.ResultsIn nondiabetic control rats, the expression profile of 14‐3‐3s revealed a tissue‐specific distribution, and the expression level of each isoform was found higher in the brain than in the liver. In the diabetic brain, mRNA and protein levels of the 14‐3‐3β, ε, ζ, η and θ were lower; 14‐3‐3σ mRNA significantly increased while its protein level decreased. In the diabetic liver, the mRNA of 14‐3‐3γ, 14‐3‐3θ and 14‐3‐3σ significantly increased, but only the 14‐3‐3γ protein level increased. Overall, in diabetic animals, the changes in the expression levels of brain 14‐3‐3s were much more pronounced than in the liver.ConclusionOur results indicate that during the early phase of STZ‐induced T1D, the 14‐3‐3 proteins are affected in an isoform‐ and tissue‐specific way.
The Dynamic of Aggression: How Individual and Group Factors Affect the Long‐Term Interspecific Aggression Between Two Sympatric Species of Dolphin
Authors: Cusick Jessica A. , Herzing Denise L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractInterspecific aggression, similar to intergroup conspecific aggression, has been observed in a variety of taxa. The dominant group or individual is determined by multiple aggressive events and can be influenced by the size, age, or group size of the participating individuals. Interspecific aggression between Atlantic bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) and spotted (Stenella frontalis) dolphins, both resident and sympatric to Little Bahama Bank, the Bahamas has been consistently observed for over two decades. However, it is unclear whether one species is more dominant and little is known about the factors that influence the progression of aggression. For this study, underwater video recordings of 32 aggressive encounters composed of 451 aggressive behavioural events were analysed over a 12‐yr period (1993–2004). These were used to describe the interspecific aggression observed and quantify which factors (the species and age class of the participants or the group size and behaviour of spotted dolphin groups) had the strongest impact on the progression and outcome of aggression. Over the long term, interspecific aggression was bidirectional with neither species being more dominant. During a single encounter, spotted dolphin group synchrony had the strongest impact on the dynamic of aggression, specifically impacting which group (1) initiated aggression, (2) the direction of aggression and (3) the occurrence of dynamic shifts or dominance reversals. This is the first study to quantify the dynamic of aggression for this population, to document bidirectional aggression and dynamic shifts during long‐term interspecific aggression in free‐ranging delphinids, and this study quantifies the role of synchrony during interspecific aggression using underwater observations.
A critical role of the small GTPase Rac1 in Akt2‐mediated GLUT4 translocation in mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Takenaka Nobuyuki , Izawa Rumi , Wu Junyuan , Kitagawa Kaho , Nihata Yuma , Hosooka Tetsuya , Noguchi Tetsuya , Ogawa Wataru , Aiba Atsu , Satoh Takaya 
Published: January 2014

Insulin promotes glucose uptake in skeletal muscle by inducing the translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. The serine/threonine kinase Akt2 has been implicated as a key regulator of this insulin action. However, the mechanisms whereby Akt2 regulates multiple steps of GLUT4 translocation remain incompletely understood. Recently, the small GTPase Rac1 has been identified as a skeletal muscle‐specific regulator of insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake. Here, we show that Rac1 is a critical downstream component of the Akt2 pathway in mouse skeletal muscle as well as cultured myocytes. GLUT4 translocation induced by constitutively activated Akt2 was totally dependent on the expression of Rac1 in L6 myocytes. Moreover, we observed the activation of Rac1 when constitutively activated Akt2 was ectopically expressed. Constitutively activated Akt2‐triggered Rac1 activation was diminished by knockdown of FLJ00068, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1. Knockdown of Akt2, on the other hand, markedly reduced Rac1 activation by a constitutively activated mutant of phosphoinositide 3–kinase. In mouse skeletal muscle, constitutively activated mutants of Akt2 and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase, when ectopically expressed, induced GLUT4 translocation. Muscle‐specific rac1 knockout markedly diminished Akt2‐ or phosphoinositide 3‐kinase‐induced GLUT4 translocation, highlighting a crucial role of Rac1 downstream of Akt2. Taken together, these results strongly suggest a novel regulatory link between Akt2 and Rac1 in insulin‐dependent signal transduction leading to glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.
Simulation of ductile crack propagation and determination of CTOAs in pipeline steels using cohesive zone modelling
Authors: Dunbar A. , Wang X. , Tyson W. R. , Xu S. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper presents recent results of numerical studies on stable crack extension of high toughness steels typical of those in modern gas pipelines using cohesive zone modelling (CZM). The main focus of the work is on the determination of crack‐tip opening angles (CTOAs) of these steels from CZM. Two sets of materials are modelled. The first material set models a typical structural steel, with variable toughness described by four traction–separation (TS) laws. The second set models an X70 pipe steel, with three different TS laws. For each TS law, there are three defining parameters: the maximum cohesive strength, the final separation and the work of separation. The specimens analysed include a crack in an infinite plate (small‐scale yielding, SSY) and a standard drop‐weight tear test (DWTT). Fracture propagation characteristics and values of CTOA are obtained from these two types of specimens. It is shown that cohesive zone models can be successfully used to simulate ductile crack propagation and to numerically measure CTOAs. The ductile crack propagation characteristics and CTOAs obtained from SSY and DWTT specimens are compared for each set of steels. In addition, the CTOA results from numerical CZM of DWTT specimens of X70 steel are compared with those from laboratory tests.
Underwater repair of fatigue cracks by gas tungsten arc welding process
Authors: Rodriguez‐Sanchez J. E. , Perez‐Guerrero F. , Liu S. , Rodriguez‐Castellanos A. , Albiter‐Hernandez A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA fatigue crack repair method for offshore jacket tubular joints is presented. This method is applicable for fatigue cracks detected and sized by regular inspection techniques such as magnetic particle inspection up to a crack depth in the range of 5 mm. The main advantage of the method relies on its easy implementation allowing to be applied immediately after the crack is detected because equipment required is easy to transport and operate; so, it can be on board of a regular inspection campaign ship. A welding procedure specification has to be prepared and qualified prior to implementation of the repair method, considering particular parameters of the jacket fleet and selecting the welding equipment to be used. The proposed method could reinstall the original fatigue life in early stages of growth avoiding the need of more expensive procedures of repair such as joint clamping.
The Effects of Corporate Social Performance on the Cost of Corporate Debt and Credit Ratings
Authors: Oikonomou Ioannis , Brooks Chris , Pavelin Stephen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the differential impact that various dimensions of corporate social performance have on the pricing of corporate debt as well as the assessment of the credit quality of specific bond issues. The empirical analysis, based on an extensive longitudinal data set, suggests that overall, good performance is rewarded and corporate social transgressions are penalized through lower and higher corporate bond yield spreads, respectively. Similar conclusions can be drawn when focusing on either the bond rating assigned to a specific debt issue or the probability of it being considered to be an asset of speculative grade.
Managerial Behavior and the Link between Stock Mispricing and Corporate Investments: Evidence from Market‐to‐Book Ratio Decomposition
Authors: Alzahrani Mohammed , Rao Ramesh P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe examine the impact of mispricing on corporate investments and its components: capital expenditures, research and development, acquisitions, and asset sales. By decomposing the market‐to‐book ratio into mispricing and growth components, we show that corporate investments are linked to mispricing through market‐timing and catering, after controlling for growth and financial slack. This investment‐mispricing link is more pronounced in financially constrained firms and in firms with short‐horizon shareholders. Overall, our study indicates that the sensitivity of investments to mispricing is a function of the nature of mispricing, the type of investment, and the firm's characteristics.
Relationship between ankle brachial index and ejection fraction in elderly Egyptians with ischemic heart disease
Authors: Amer Moatasem S , Tawfik Heba M , Abd Elmotteleb Ayman M , Maamoun Manar MA 
Published: January 2014

AimThere is a high prevalence of combined peripheral and coronary artery disease, with increasing morbidity and decline in cardiac function. The aim of the present study was to find an association between ankle brachial index, a non‐invasive measure of peripheral artery disease, and ejection fraction in elderly patients with severe coronary artery disease.MethodsA case–control study recruiting 200 elderly male and female ischemic patients in Ain Shams University hospitals was carried out. All participants had significant coronary artery disease lesions in coronary angiography carried out before the study. Cases and controls were divided according to ankle brachial index, with further subdivision of each group according to age. Measurements include: ankle brachial index using Bistos handheld vascular Doppler (BT 200V,8 MHz), electrocardiography and echocardiography showing left ventricular ejection fraction. Coronary artery disease severity was estimated using the number of diseased vessels.ResultsThe mean age of our study group was 67 years. Although our participants had mild to moderate peripheral artery disease, ejection fraction statistically decreased with decreasing ankle brachial index, being the lowest in participants aged > 70 years (46.84 ± 9.82 years) and the highest in controls aged >70 years (53.02 ± 5.53 years; P = 0.009). Ejection fraction was positively correlated with ankle brachial index (P = 0.011, 0.006) for cases and controls, respectively.ConclusionAnkle brachial index can correlate with ejection fraction in elderly ischemic Egyptians with more severe coronary artery disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 405–409.
‘SCHLICHT, NICHT EINFACH’. TRANSLATING RICHARD LEISING'S ‘WENDEGEDICHTE’
Authors: Gillett Robert 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe thesis of this article is that those who are looking for an adequate literary reflection of the ‘Wende’ should look no further than two poems by Richard Leising, a relatively little known representative of the so‐called ‘Sächsische Dichterschule’. Thinking about how these poems might be translated, and how they might fare in translation, also raises the question of how non‐German readers might react to their depiction of German history, and how the voice of a poem changes according to who is reading it, and in what language.Seitdem die deutsche Nachkriegsgeschichte ihre dramatische ‘Wende’ nahm, wird allenthalben darum gerungen, wo und wie diese ihre angemessene literarische Umsetzung finden könnte. In zwei Gedichten des kaum bekannten Vertreters der so genannten ‘Sächsischen Dichterschule’, Richard Leising, so die These dieses Beitrags, ist dies schon längst geschehen. Indem darüber nachgedacht wird, wie diese Gedichte ins Englische zu übertragen wären, werden zudem die Fragen aufgeworfen, wie Nationalgeschichte jenseits der jeweiligen Grenzen vermittelt werden kann, und wie sich die Stimme eines Gedichtes durch Lektüre und Übersetzung verändert.For Kristof Wachinger
‘DAS LAND DAS/MAN NUR BARFUSS BETRETEN DARF’: ZU W.G. SEBALDS LYRIK
Authors: Schütte Uwe 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis essay aims at an overview of W. G. Sebald's lyrical production, a hitherto neglected area of research. The article examines poetry's role in the works of Sebald and focuses in particular on texts published posthumously from his literary estate, as well as on pieces printed in various scattered sources from 1964 up to his death in 2001. The main thematic focus in this cross‐section of Sebald's lyrical writings is a motif that likewise typified his fictional works: the topic of travel. In addition my survey of Sebald's poetry is complemented by a study of those texts revolving around the motif of insomnia. Death, a dominant theme in Sebald's lyrical works, as it was in his fiction, concludes my essay.Dieser Aufsatz unternimmt einen ersten Überblick über die in der Forschung bisher vernachlässigte lyrische Produktion von W.G. Sebald. Er fragt nach der Rolle, die die Lyrik im Werk von Sebald gespielt hat und konzentriert sich insbesondere auf die weitenteils posthum aus dem Nachlass veröffentlichten Texte sowie die von 1964 bis zum Tode Sebalds 2001 an verstreuten Orten publizierten Gedichte. Primärer thematischer Leitfaden bei diesem Querschnitt durch das poetische Schreiben ist das auch im Erzählwerk bedeutsame Motiv des Reisens. Ergänzt wird die Untersuchung der Lyrik durch eine Behandlung jener Gedichte, die um den Motivkomplex Schlaf/losigkeit kreisen. Am Ende steht dann die Thematisierung des Todes, die sich auch in der Lyrik als ein entscheidender Kernpunkt im Denken von Sebald erweist.
Screening for Heat Transport by Groundwater in Closed Geothermal Systems
Authors: Ferguson Grant 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHeat transfer due to groundwater flow can significantly affect closed geothermal systems. Here, a screening method is developed, based on Peclet numbers for these systems and Darcy's law. Conduction‐only conditions should not be expected where specific discharges exceed 10−8 m/s. Constraints on hydraulic gradients allow for preliminary screening for advection based on rock or soil types. Identification of materials with very low hydraulic conductivity, such as shale and intact igneous and metamorphic rock, allow for analysis with considering conduction only. Variability in known hydraulic conductivity allows for the possibility of advection in most other rocks and soil types. Further screening relies on refinement of estimates of hydraulic gradients and hydraulic conductivity through site investigations and modeling until the presence or absence of conduction can be confirmed.
Exploring the General Practitioner–pharmacist relationship in the community setting in Ireland
Authors: Moore Thomas , Kennedy Julia , McCarthy Suzanne 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Objective
To explore the General Practitioner (GP)–pharmacist relationship, to gain insight into communication between the professions and evaluate opinion on extension of the role of the community pharmacist.

Methods
A postal questionnaire sent to 500 GPs and 335 community pharmacists with work addresses in the counties of Cork, Kerry, Tipperary, Waterford and Limerick, Ireland.

Key findings
An overall response rate of 56% was achieved. Clear differences of opinion exist between GPs and pharmacists on the extension of the role of the community pharmacist; pharmacist provision of vaccinations (12% of GPs in favour versus 78% of pharmacists), pharmacists prescribing the oral contraceptive pill (18% GP versus 88% pharmacist) and increasing the prescribing power of the pharmacist (37% GP versus 95% pharmacist). Fifty-four percent of GPs and 97% of pharmacists were in favour of pharmacists providing screening services, while 82% of GPs and 96% of pharmacists were in favour of pharmacists dealing with minor ailments. Seventy-three percent of GPs and 43% of pharmacists agreed that communication between the professions was very good.

Discussion
This study identifies a clear difference of opinion on the extension of the role of the community pharmacist and recognises problems in communication between the professions. This comes on the background of continued calls from the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland for an extension of pharmacist roles and continued opposition from the Irish Medical Organisation to such moves. This study highlights the need for increased dialogue between representative organisations and a commitment for professional agendas to be set aside in the best interests of patients.