bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipids of Sendai Virus and Changes in Cellular Phospholipid Synthesis Caused by Infection
Authors: Hirano Koichi , Yamaura Koichi , Shibuta Hiroshi , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe labeled lipid composition of Sendai virus grown in chick embryo (CE), cynomolgus monkey kidney (MR) and bovine kidney (BK) cells differed from that of these host ceils. In 20 hr labeling after infection with 32P‐orthophosphate, 14C‐acetate or 14C‐palmitic acid, virions had a high content of labeled phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and a lower content of phosphatidylcholine (PC), while the host cells showed a reverse result. Virions also had a higher proportion of sphingomyelin than the host cells. Similar phospholipid patterns were also obtained by infecting cells labeled with 32P‐orthophosphate prior to infection. CE and MK cells labeled with 32P‐orthophosphate before infection followed by a 20‐hr labeling with 3H‐acetate revealed that lipids containing fatty acids newly synthesized after infection were incorporated preferentially into virions. The cause of these differences in lipid composition between the virion and the host cell should be sought. Relevant to this question was the finding that Sendai virus infection enhances not only total phospholipid synthesis, but also the PE and PC synthesis and presumably the pathway from phosphatidylserine to PE. These metabolic changes induced by infection may affect the lipid composition of the plasma membrane, hence that of the viral envelope.
Studies on the Antigenic Activities of Yeasts
Authors: Suzuki Shigeo , Hatsukaiwa Hisanori , Sunayama Hiroyoshi , Honda Naoko 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFive antigenic mannans isolated from the cells of Candida albicans serotype A, C. albicans serotype B, C. tropicalis, C. stellatoidea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined for their reactivities against concanavalin A, the size of the combining site has been estimated to be relatively small, up to 4 hexopyranosyl residues. In the quantitative precipitation reaction, all mannan‐concanavalin A systems afforded nearly the same amounts of nitrogen or mannan precipitated, and the ratios of precipitation‐inhibition with α1→2 linked manno‐oligosaccharides, from biose to tetraose, were also equal regardless of the structural differences of these mannans. Furthermore, in agar‐gel double diffusion analysis, all the systems gave a corresponding precipitation arc which completely fused with the adjacent ones. These behaviors of mannan‐concanavalin A systems resemble those of antigen‐antibody systems consisting of the same mannans and anti‐C. albicans serotype B serum. It also provided evidence that the previous interpretation on the lesser serologic specificity of this serum compared to that of anti‐C. albicans serotype A was due to the smaller size of combining sites for antibodies of the former than of the latter serum.
Intestinal Resistance in the Experimental Enteric Infection of Mice with a Mouse Adenovirus
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuo , Yoshikawa Masako , Sugihara Yumiko , Sasaki Shogo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn order to find out whether the mouse adenovirus‐neutralizing substance, which appeared in the intestinal tract of mice orally infected with mouse adenovirus, was an immunoglobulin, examinations were carried out for the status of 3 classes of immunoglobulin, IgA, IgG, and IgM, in the intestinal tract as well as in the serum of the mouse. In infected mice, as in uninfected mice, the serum contained much IgG, a moderate amount of IgA, and a small amount of IgM, whereas the intestinal wall showed a moderate amount of IgA, a small amount of IgG and no IgM, and the intestinal contents contained a moderate amount of IgA. Secondly, DEAE‐cellulose chromatography or Sephadex G‐200 gel filtration was done in order to know whether the virus‐neutralizing activity was recoverable in the fractions containing some class of immunoglobulin. The result indicated that a large part of the activity in the serum was recovered in the fractions of IgG and a small part in those of IgA. In the case of the intestinal wall, a large part of the activity was found in the fractions of IgA, and only a small part in the fractions containing both IgG and IgA. In the intestinal contents, the activity was detected solely in the fractions containing IgA. Finally, when the substance from the intestinal wall was purified by DEAE and Sephadex, a parallel increase of both IgA and the virus‐neutralizing activity per protein content was observed. Thus, it became clear that the mouse adenovirus‐neutralizing substance in the intestinal tract was an antibody against the virus, and that it mostly belongs to IgA.
Interferon‐Inducing Activity of Acidic Polysaccharides
Authors: Suzuki Shigeo , Suzuki Masuko , Maya Masanori I , Chaki Fumio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTReadily available polysaccharides, amylopectin, amylose, dextrin, and yeast mannan, were chemically phosphorylated using polyphosphoric acid in the presence of a tertiary amine, and the resultant phosphates were examined for their interferon‐inducing activity in rabbits employing an assay system consisting of a primary culture of rabbit kidney cells and vesicular stomatitis virus. All the phosphates were shown to be active as interferon inducer, and, especially, the activity of those containing more than 2% phosphorus were quite strong. Interferons evoked by the above phosphates resembled those induced by bacterial endotoxin, e.g., the viral inhibiting activity was susceptible to heat treatment, low pH and tryptic digestion. Since all the parent polysaccharides showed no interferon‐inducing activity, it is reasonable to assume that the active center of these inducers might reside or be due to the anionic phosphate groups.
In Vivo Induction of Resistance to Macrolide Antibiotics in Staphylococci with Erythromycin
Authors: Kurashige Satonori , Inoue Matsuhisa , Yamaguchi Nobuo , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn vivo induction of resistance to macrolide (Mac) antibiotics was investigated using mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus MS537 followed by treatment with either erythromycin (EM) or josamycin (JM). An EM‐inducible strain MS537, in which only EM was an active inducer for Mac resistance, acquired in vivo resistance to both Mac antibiotics and lincomycin (LCM) 2 hr after an EM injection but the resistance of the induced cells was lost 2 days thereafter. Consequently, EM was found to have no therapeutic effect on MS537 infection and the number of resistant bacteria recovered from the kidney increased even after 6 intraperitoneal injections of 0.2 nig each of EM; the number of bacteria recovered from the kidney showing the same level as the controls without treatment. JM, one of the non‐inducers for Mac resistance, by contrast, showed a therapeutic effect on MS537 infection and the number of organisms recovered from the kidney decreased to one‐thousandth of that obtained with EM treatment, resulting in the survival of mice.
Immune Response against Hamster Erythrocytes in the Low‐Responder Mouse Strains
Authors: Nomoto Kikuo , Mashiba Harukazu , Takeya Kenji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAntibody response against hamster red blood cells (H‐RBC) was examined in inbred strains of C57BL/6, AKR, C3H/He, DDD and SL mice, and outbred CF1 mice. 1) There were strain differences in antibody response after a primary intravenous injection of H‐RBC. DDD, SL and CF1 mice belonged to high‐responder strains, while C57BL/6, AKR and C3H/He to low‐responder strains. In the spleens of immunized CF1 and SL, 40 to 70 times as many plaque‐forming cells (PFC) as those in C57BL/6 mice were detected. The magnitudes of the response were: CF1 ≒ SL>DDD>>C3H/He ≑ AKR>C57BL/6. 2) 2‐mercaptoethanol resistant (MER) antibody was detected in neither low‐ nor high‐responders after a primary intravenous antigen‐injection. 3) After a secondary intravenous antigen‐injection, MER antibody was detected in all the SL mice, but only in 30 to 50% of AKR and C57BL/6 mice. 4) A subcutaneous injection of H‐RBC in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) did not elicit antibody production within 10 days. When mice pre‐sensitized 7 days in advance wTith H‐RBC in FCA were intravenously injected with H‐RBC, enhanced antibody production of the primary type was observed in all the mouse strains. 5) In pre‐sensitized mice, the extent of the enhancement of antibody production was the highest in low‐responder C57BL/6 mice and the lowest in high‐responder SL and CF1 strains. Thus, there was no strain difference in antibody titers or the numbers of PFC after the booster.
Comparative Studies on Large‐ and Small‐Plaque‐Forming Clones of Newcastle Disease Virus (Miyadera Strain)
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Ohta Fujito , Kato Osamu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe Miyadera strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) consisted predominantly of virus particles forming small plaques on monolayers of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF), and contained small amounts of virus particles forming large plaques. These large‐ and small‐plaque‐forming clones of this virus (NDV‐L and NDV‐S) were isolated. The small size of the NDV‐S plaques did not appear to be due to an agar inhibitor. NDV‐L produced a much higher yield of infective virus particles in CEF and they were released more completely from the infected cells than were those produced by NDV‐S. The yield of infective virus of NDV‐L per cell from cultures of CEF was comparable to the yield from the allantoic cells. The infectivity/hemagglutinin ratio for NDV‐L from CEF was as high as the ratio for virus from the allantoic cells, but the ratio for NDV‐S from CEF was lower. NDV‐S demonstrated an autointerference phenomenon in CEF when infected at high multiplicities, but NDV‐L did not. Contrary to virus multiplication, NDV‐S exhibited a more rapid and marked cytopathic effect on monolayers of CEF than NDV‐L. In the allantoic cavity of eggs NDV‐S produced slightly higher virus yields than NDV‐L. No correlation existed between plaque size of the two viruses and the capacity to induce interferon synthesis or the susceptibility to the action of interferon. The properties of both distinctive plaque isolates were stable on egg passage.
Lethal but Non‐Pyrogenic Products of Endotoxin Obtained after Hydrolysis with Lithium Hydroxide
Authors: Konno Seishi , Yoshioka Morimasa 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn endotoxin was extracted from Salmonella typhosa, strain O‐901, with trichloroacetic acid and phenol‐water (TCA‐PW ET). TCA‐PW ET was treated with 0.5 N lithium hydroxide at 37 C for 30 min. The hydrolysate was chromatographed in a Sephadex G‐150 column. The absorbancy at 485 mμ showed five successive peaks (Frs. 1 through 5). Analytical centrifugation indicated that these fractions were composed of diverse sizes. The sedimentation coefficient of Fr. 5 was the smallest being approximately 6.5 S. The composition of each fraction was shown to be different by chemical analysis. Fraction 5 consisted mostly of hexosamine and fatty acids and some neutral sugars. With gas chromatography Fr. 5 showed a distinct difference when compared with either TCA‐PW ET or Frs. 1 to 3 in its reduced lauric acid as well as increased β‐hydroxymyristic acid contents. Rabbit pyrogenicity of Fr. 5 as compared with TCA‐PW ET was approximately one thousandth, while chick embryo lethality was almost the same. Biological activities of the other fractions were intermediate in relative potencies. Fr. 5 was further chromatographed in Sephadex G‐75 and G‐50 columns and six fractions were obtained. All of these fractions were highly lethal with slight differences. Phosphorus, heptose, 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctonate and glucosamine contents of the endotoxin products were relatively high, while the fatty acid contents were partly decreased. Relationship between lethality and chemical constituents of the endotoxin products is discussed.
Effect of the Live and Heat‐Killed Cells of Staphylococcus aureus on the Resistance of Mice to the Infection with Nocardia asteroides
Authors: Uesaka Ichiro , Kobayashi Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWhen living cells of Staphylococcus aureus were introduced into mice by various routes within a few hours before or after infection with Nocardia asteroides, a marked increase in mortality and enhanced severity of lesions were observed. This effect was presumably caused by a heat‐labile substance(s) liberated from the cells of S. aureus. No increase in resistance occurred when S. aureus was given 2 to 7 days before the nocardial infection, contrary to the effect of E. coli as reported previously. An increased resistance was noted when heat‐killed cells of E. coli were administered two to four days before concurrent infection with N. asteroides and S. aureus.
Electron Microscopic Studies on the Replication of Ibaraki Virus
Authors: Saito Yasuji , Suzuki Yujiro , Nakagawa Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIbaraki virus is an agent of epizootic cattle disease resembling bluetongue. The virus was purified from infected BHK‐21 cells and bovine kidney cells. The particle negatively stained was icosahedral and had a diameter of 45–50 μ. By electron microscopy, the virus was found in the cytoplasm of cells, assembling in lysosomal or matrix‐like dense bodies. In early stages of infection, 2 to 7 hr, virus particles were located in vesicles, simulating a viropexis, whereas at 24 to 30 hr, after infection, a large number of cores of progeny virus were scattered in matrix‐like bodies or packed and crystallized in lysosomal bodies bounded by a membrane. Sometimes peculiar tubular structures were found near the matrix‐like bodies. The relationship between these structures and virus replication was not clear. The morphological features of the particles and virus development in cells resembled those of viruses of bluetongue, African horse‐sickness, Colorado tick fever and reo.
Cell‐Cooperation in Anti‐Sheep Red Blood Cell Antibody Response in Mouse Spleen Cell Cultures
Authors: Tadakuma Takushi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRestoration of impaired antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in spleen cell cultures from mice treated with heterologous antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) was studied by adding normal cells from various sources, to explore the problems of cell‐cooperation in anti‐SRBC antibody response and the target of ALG. When spleen cells from ALG‐treated mice were separated into macrophage‐rich and lymphoid cell‐rich subpopulations, only the latter was found to be impaired in the ability for anti‐SRBC antibody response. Addition of even a small number of normal allogeneic spleen cells sufficiently restored the impaired anti‐SRBC antibody response of the spleen cells from ALG‐treated mice. By use of allo‐antisera, most hemolysin plaque‐forming cells (PFC) generated in such cultures were proved to be derived from the cells of ALG‐treated mice. Restoration was also achieved by adding thymus‐derived cells, which were obtained from spleens of mice heavily irradiated and repopulated with syngeneic thymus cells, or lymphoid cells directly collected from thymuses. All results indicate that ALG selectively depletes the thymus‐derived antigen reactive cells (ARC) in the spleen cell population, and that ARC supplied from normal spleen or thymus can interact with plaque‐forming cell precursors (PFCP) that remain intact in the spleen cell population of ALG‐treated mice. The results also suggest that a single ARC interacts with more than one PFCP and makes them develop into PFC.
Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Sakaguchi Osamu , Yokota Katushi , Koshi Tomoyuki 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTCharacteristics of phosphatases of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 K+ 105 were investigated. Phosphatases were extracted from intact cells in a 3% NaCl solution by gentle treatment on a reciprocal shaker for 15 min. The pH dependence of phosphatase of the extracts showed two optima; one optimum was found at pH 5.1–5.7, the other at pH 10.5–11.1, and the results were identical with that of resting cells. The activities of both acid and alkaline phosphatases were maximum in the presence of 0.1 m salt (KCl or NaCl). The production of alkaline phosphatase of resting cells in the induction medium containing p‐nitrophenylphosphate was largely suppressed by the addition of 0.5% phosphate into the medium. The alkaline phosphatase of the extracts was stimulated about 2.5‐fold by the addition of 10−3m Mg++ or Zn++, whereas it was inhibited completely by 10−3 m ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. On the other hand, Co++ activated acid phosphatase to 98‐fold. Both acid and alkaline phosphatases were found in the culture filtrated after cultivation of the organism in a 3% NaCl‐nutrient broth medium for 16 hr.
Studies on Temperate Phages of Lactobacillus salivarius
Authors: Tohyama Kiyoshi , Sakurai Toshizo , Arai Hiroshi , Oda Akira 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTwenty‐three temperate phages of Lactobacillus salivarius isolated from human feces were studied as to their morphological, biological, and serological properties. (1) Among 30 strains of L. salivarius tested, 23 strains were lysed by induction with mitomycin C (MC). In all these lysates, phage particles were detected by electron microscopic examination. (2) These phages were morphologically divided into three groups: particles with a regular hexagonal head and a long flexible tail; particles having a regular hexagonal head with or without a short tail‐like structure; particles with an elongated head and a long noncontractile tail. (3) Only two, phage 223 having an elongated head and phage 227 with a regular hexagonal head and a long noncontractile tail, produced tiny and very turbid plaques on several host bacteria. Six phages could produce only inhibition zones, ranging from complete inhibition through partial inhibition to normal growth by a serial dilution spot test. (4) All these killer particles could also inhibit the growth of their producer cells. (5) A serological relationship was observed between temperate phages and killer particles, and this was somewhat consistent with the morphological groupings.
Immune Response against Hamster Erythrocytes in the Low‐Responder Mouse Strains
Authors: Nomoto Kikuo , Makidono Reiko , Takeya Kenji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTDelayed hypersensitivity against hamster erythrocyte antigen was examined after sensitization with hamster erythrocytes (HRBC) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Extent of the delayed hypersensitivity was determined by the migration inhibition test, the peritoneal macrophage disappearance test and the skin test in the ear using solubilized HRBC as the test antigen. 1) Delayed hypersensitivity against HRBC developed earlier in high‐responder SL mice than in low‐responder C57BL/6 mice after sensitization. The period required for development of the delayed hypersensitivity in AKR mice was intermediate between periods in high‐responder SL mice and low‐responder C57BL/6 mice. 2) After sensitization with HRBC in FCA, a delayed hypersensitive state without detectable antibody production persisted until day 12 in high‐responder SL mice and until day 16 or later in low‐responder C57BL/6 mice. 3) Delayed hypersensitivity against HRBC antigen persisted even after the appearance of circulating antibody which occurred late after sensitization with HRBC in FCA or after intravenous injection of HRBC into sensitized mice.
Formation of Virus‐Inhibiting Factor or Interferon in Splenectomized Mice
Authors: Maehara Nobutoshi , Nagano Yasuiti 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSplenectomized mice were injected intravenously with Escherichia coli endotoxin or Newcastle disease virus at different intervals. Serum and various organs were taken at different intervals and tested for virus‐inhibiting factor (IF) or interferon titer. Production of endotoxin‐induced IF was depressed immediately after splenectomy. This depression was recovered in six weeks. IF was then formed mainly in the lung and liver. Splenectomy did not immediately affect IF production induced with virus. In the course of time, the production of late‐appearing virus‐induced IF was gradually depressed, whereas the formation of early‐appearing virus‐induced IF was progressively enhanced. These results were interpreted as follows: (1) Endotoxin‐induced IF and virus‐induced early IF are formed by different mechanisms, although these IFs have similar physicochemical properties; (2) In splenectomized mice, the activity of spleen to form endotoxin‐induced IF may be compensated by certain cells in various organs, whereas that for production of virus‐induced late IF is not; (3) The production of virus‐induced late IF depends on the spleen by a somewhat indirect way. When mice were inoculated with virus within 60 days after splenectomy, the serum IF titer was higher than those of organs. These findings suggested that the organs examined were not the major sources of virus‐induced serum IF in splenectomized mice.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin D
Authors: Igarashi Hideo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPurification of enterotoxin D from Staphylococcus aureus 494 was attempted by utilizing the following techniques: Concentration of bacterial culture supernatant with polyethylene glycol 20000, CM‐cellulose column chromatography, Sephadex G‐100 gel‐filtration, chromatography on a DEAE cellulose column with concave gradient elution and gel‐filtration with Sephadex G‐50. The final preparation obtained gave a single precipitin line with anti‐crude enterotoxin D serum and no precipitation with anti‐enterotoxin A, B or C when it was tested by Ouchterlony's technique. It was capable of producing 100% emesis in monkeys at about 1.25 μg of protein per kg body weight. Antiserum prepared by injecting rabbits with the purified preparation gave a single precipitin line with concentrated crude toxin, and it also gave a single arc when tested in immunoelectrophoresis with concentrated crude toxin. A type‐specific neutralization effect in monkeys was obtained. Thus, enterotoxin D has been identified with a purified preparation.
Biochemical Properties of a Cephalosporin β‐Lactamase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Yaginuma Satoshi , Sawai Tetsuo , Ono Hideo , Yamagishi Saburo , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe cephalosporin β‐lactamase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa GN918 was purified using CM‐Sepha‐dex column chromatography. The resulting preparation gave a single protein peak on electrofocusing column chromatography and a single protein band on polyacrylamide‐gel electrophoresis. The specific enzyme activity was 22 950 units per mg of the purified enzyme protein. The optimal pH was 7.5 and the optimal temperature was 40 C for the hydrolysis of cephaloridine. Isoelectric point was 8.7 and the approximate molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 34 000±2000. The enzyme activity was inhibited by iodine, p‐chloromercuribenzoate and semi‐synthetic penicillins. The enzymological properties of the isolated preparation have been compared with β‐lactamases derived from other gram‐negative enteric bacteria.