bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Synthesis of Indolizidine Alkaloids (–)‐167B, (–)‐209I, and (–)‐223A by Using a Common Tricyclic Lactone
Authors: Li Yu‐Jang , Hou Chung‐Chien , Chang Kuei‐Chen 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHighly stereocontrolled total synthesis of dart frog indolizidine alkaloids (–)‐167B, (–)‐209I, and (–)‐223A was accomplished, with a common tricyclic lactone intermediate as the starting compound, in overall yields of 17 %, 14 %, and 17 %, respectively. The C7–C8 bond of the 167B, without a C8 chiral substituent, was formed through ring closure metathesis followed by hydrogenation. In 209I and 223A, which have a C8 chiral substituent, highly substrate‐controlled asymmetric radical cyclization was used to form the C7–C8 bond, and the correct stereochemistry of the C8 substituents was obtained in both molecules. Ethyl substituent at the C6 position of 223A was obtained with correct stereochemistry through asymmetric alkylation/epimerization sequences of the tricyclic lactone. Cleavage of the excess carbon on the C5 position of all three indolizidines was performed by using a Barton decarboxylation protocol. Reduction of the corresponding indolizidin‐3‐ones by LAH completed the total synthesis of (–)‐167B, (–)‐209I and (–)‐223A.
Principal interval decomposition framework for POD reduced‐order modeling of convective Boussinesq flows
Authors: San O. , Borggaard J. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryA principal interval decomposition (PID) approach is presented for the reduced‐order modeling of unsteady Boussinesq equations. The PID method optimizes the lengths of the time windows over which proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is performed and can be highly effective in building reduced‐order models for convective problems. The performance of these POD models with and without using the PID approach is investigated by applying these methods to the unsteady lock‐exchange flow problem. This benchmark problem exhibits a strong shear flow induced by a temperature jump and results in the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. This problem is considered a challenging benchmark problem for the development of reduced‐order models. The reference solutions are obtained by direct numerical simulations of the vorticity and temperature transport equations using a compact fourth‐order‐accurate scheme. We compare the accuracy of reduced‐order models developed with different numbers of POD basis functions and different numbers of principal intervals. A linear interpolation model is constructed to obtain basis functions when varying physical parameters. The predictive performance of our models is then analyzed over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. It is shown that the PID approach provides a significant improvement in accuracy over the standard Galerkin POD reduced‐order model. This numerical assessment of the PID shows that it may represent a reliable model reduction tool for convection‐dominated, unsteady‐flow problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxytocin selectively facilitates learning with social feedback and increases activity and functional connectivity in emotional memory and reward processing regions
Authors: Hu Jiehui , Qi Song , Becker Benjamin , Luo Lizhu , Gao Shan , Gong Qiyong , Hurlemann René , Kendrick Keith M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn male Caucasian subjects, learning is facilitated by receipt of social compared with non‐social feedback, and the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) facilitates this effect. In this study, we have first shown a cultural difference in that male Chinese subjects actually perform significantly worse in the same reinforcement associated learning task with social (emotional faces) compared with non‐social feedback. Nevertheless, in two independent double‐blind placebo (PLC) controlled between‐subject design experiments we found OXT still selectively facilitated learning with social feedback. Similar to Caucasian subjects this OXT effect was strongest with feedback using female rather than male faces. One experiment performed in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging showed that during the response, but not feedback phase of the task, OXT selectively increased activity in the amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and putamen during the social feedback condition, and functional connectivity between the amygdala and insula and caudate. Therefore, OXT may be increasing the salience and reward value of anticipated social feedback. In the PLC group, response times and state anxiety scores during social feedback were associated with signal changes in these same regions but not in the OXT group. OXT may therefore have also facilitated learning by reducing anxiety in the social feedback condition. Overall our results provide the first evidence for cultural differences in social facilitation of learning per se, but a similar selective enhancement of learning with social feedback under OXT. This effect of OXT may be associated with enhanced responses and functional connectivity in emotional memory and reward processing regions. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2132–2146, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ANFIS‐EM approach for PET brain image reconstruction
Authors: Thiyagarajan Arunprasath , Murugan Pallikonda Rajasekaran , Subramanian Kannan 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, for the reconstruction of the positron emission tomography (PET) images, an iterative MAP algorithm was instigated with its adaptive neurofuzzy inference system based image segmentation techniques which we call adaptive neurofuzzy inference system based expectation maximization algorithm (ANFIS‐EM). This expectation maximization (EM) algorithm provides better image quality when compared with other traditional methodologies. The efficient result can be obtained using ANFIS‐EM algorithm. Unlike any usual EM algorithm, the predicted method that we call ANFIS‐EM minimizes the EM objective function using maximum a posteriori (MAP) method. In proposed method, the ANFIS‐EM algorithm was instigated by neural network based segmentation process in the image reconstruction. By the image quality parameter of PSNR value, the adaptive neurofuzzy based MAP algorithm and de‐noising algorithm compared and the PET input image is reconstructed and simulated in MATLAB/simulink package. Thus ANFIS‐EM algorithm provides 40% better peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) when compared with MAP algorithm. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 25, 1–6, 2015
Performance analysis of neural networks for classification of medical images with wavelets as a feature extractor
Authors: Harikumar R. , Vinoth kumar B. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, we analyze the performance of artificial neural network, in classification of medical images using wavelets as feature extractor. This work classifies the mammographic image, MRI images, CT images, and ultrasound images as either normal or abnormal. We have tested the proposed approach using 50 mammogram images (13 normal and 37 abnormal), 24 MRI brain images (9 normal and 15 abnormal), 33 CT images (11 normal and 22 abnormal), and 20 ultrasound images (6 normal and 14 abnormal). Four kind of neural network models such as BPN (Back Propagation Network), Hopfield, RBF (Radial Basis Function), and PNN (Probabilistic neural network) were chosen for study. To improve diagnostic accuracy, the feature extracted using wavelets such as Harr, Daubechies (db2, db4, and db8), Biorthogonal and Coiflet wavelets are given as input to the neural network models. Good classification percentage of 96% was achieved using the RBF when Daubechies (db4) wavelet based feature extraction was used. We observed that the classification rate is almost high under the RBF neural network for all the dataset considered. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 25, 33–40, 2015
A novel integrated downstream processing approach to recover sinapic acid, phytic acid and proteins from rapeseed meal
Authors: Thiel Alexander , Muffler Kai , Tippkötter Nils , Suck Kirstin , Sohling Ulrich , Hruschka Steffen M , Ulber Roland 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDCurrently, several techniques exist for the downstream processing of protein, phytic acid and sinapic acid from rapeseed and rapeseed meal, but no technique has been developed to separate all of the components in one process. In this work, two new downstream processing strategies focusing on recovering sinapic acid, phytic acid and protein from rapeseed meal were established.RESULTSThe sinapic acid content was enhanced by a factor of 4.5 with one method and 5.1 with the other. The isolation of sinapic acid was accomplished using a zeolite‐based adsorbent with high adsorptive and optimal desorption characteristics. Phytic acid was isolated using the anion‐exchange resin Purolite A200®. In addition, the processes resulted in two separated protein fractions. The ratios of globulin and albumin ratio to the total protein were 59.2% and 40.1%, respectively. The steps were then combined in two different ways: (a) a ‘sequential process’ using the zeolite and A200 in batch processes; and (b) a ‘parallel process’ using only A200 in a chromatographic system to separate all of the compounds.CONCLUSIONSIt can be concluded that isolation of all three components was possible in both processes. These could enhance the added value of current processes using rapeseed meal as a protein source. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Economic Sanctions as ‘Negative Development’: The Case of Cuba
Authors: Gordon Joy 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEconomic sanctions are often viewed as a useful tool to enforce international law. However, they can do significant damage to the economy and development of the targeted country. The US embargo against Cuba has not only blocked its access to US markets but also intervenes in Cuba's trade with third countries, its international financial transactions, and the repair of its infrastructure. The embargo also targets each of the areas in which Cuba is positioned to produce goods and services on a par with highly developed countries, including medicine, biotechnology, and software. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group Creativity Training for Children: Lessons Learned from Two Award‐Winning Teams
Authors: Shin Namin , Jang Yeon‐Ju 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe development of group creativity can be challenging for both young students and their teachers. This study examined the processes and learning outcomes of group creativity training from the perspectives of elementary school students and teachers while identifying critical factors that contributed to the success of the training. Data were collected from two Korean elementary school teams that won the gold (1st) and a special medal at the 2011 Destination Imagination global competition. Both individual and group interviews were carried out with 13 students and two teachers to investigate their perspectives of group creativity training. The analysis of the interview data revealed three major factors and subthemes: group dynamics (conflict and play), individual characteristics of the students (personality and motivation), and teachers’ roles (training strategies, training style, and commitment). In addition, a semi‐longitudinal survey conducted a year after the interviews examined nine skill or competency domains (self‐management, creativity, leadership, interpersonal relationship, patience, cooperation, information processing, communication, and presentation) to evaluate effects of the group creativity training on student learning. Synthesizing the analyses, we addressed the following three topics that arose from the discussions: the Safe Nest Effect, teachers’ training style, and multiple learning experiences derived from group creativity training.
A bioreactor system for in vitro tendon differentiation and tendon tissue engineering
Authors: Youngstrom Daniel W. , Rajpar Ibtesam , Kaplan David L. , Barrett Jennifer G. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThere is significant clinical demand for functional tendon grafts in human and veterinary medicine. Tissue engineering techniques combining cells, scaffolds, and environmental stimuli may circumvent the shortcomings of traditional transplantation processes. In this study, the influence of cyclic mechanical stimulation on graft maturation and cellular phenotype was assessed in an equine model. Decellularized tendon scaffolds from four equine sources were seeded with syngeneic bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells and subjected to 0%, 3%, or 5% strain at 0.33 Hz for up to 1 h daily for 11 days. Cells cultured at 3% strain integrated deep into their scaffolds, altered extracellular matrix composition, adopted tendon‐like gene expression profiles, and increased construct elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength to native levels. This bioreactor protocol is therefore suitable for cultivating replacement tendon material or as an in vitro model for studying differentiation of stem cells toward tendon. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:911–918, 2015.
Motor unit control strategies of endurance‐ versus resistance‐trained individuals
Authors: Herda Trent J. , Siedlik Jacob A. , Trevino Michael A. , Cooper Michael A. , Weir Joseph P. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: We examined motor unit (MU) control properties of resistance‐trained (RT) and endurance‐trained (ET) individuals. Methods: Five RT (age 25 ± 4 years) and 5 ET (age 19 ± 1 years) subjects participated. Surface electromyography (EMG) data were recorded from the vastus lateralis during isometric trapezoid muscle actions at 40% and 70% of maximal voluntary contraction. Decomposition and wavelet transform techniques were applied to the EMG signals to extract the firing events of single MUs and EMG intensity across the frequency spectrum. Results: There were significant differences between RT and ET for the mean MU firing rate and derecruitment threshold versus recruitment threshold relationships and EMG intensity at various wavelet bands during the linearly increasing, steady force, and linearly decreasing segments of the trapezoid contraction. Conclusions: MU behavior is altered as a function of training status and is likely the result of differences in the physical properties of the MU. Muscle Nerve 52: 832–843, 2015
Testing a Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of Therapeutic versus Placebo Shoulder Strapping as an Adjuvant Intervention Early after Stroke
Authors: Appel Caroline , Perry Lin , Jones Fiona 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis study tested a protocol for a randomized controlled trial of therapeutic versus placebo shoulder strapping as an adjuvant intervention early after stroke. Despite widespread use, there is little evidence of the efficacy or acceptability of shoulder strapping to improve arm function in patients with shoulder paresis following stroke. This study tested a protocol designed to trial shoulder strapping as an adjuvant therapy in patients with shoulder paresis after stroke and tested its acceptability for patients and clinical staff. A multiple‐method design comprised one quantitative randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study and two qualitative exploratory investigations entailing patient interviews and staff surveys. Seventeen sub‐acute stroke patients with shoulder paresis were recruited in London stroke service settings between November 2007 and December 2009. Outcomes from a 4‐week therapeutic strapping protocol were compared with those of placebo strapping as an adjunct to conventional rehabilitation. Minimal adverse events and greater improvement in arm function (Action Research Arm Test) were seen with therapeutic compared with placebo strapping (effect size 0.34). Patients and staff found the strapping acceptable with minimal adverse effects. This study provided data for sample size calculation and demonstrated a workable research protocol to investigate the efficacy of shoulder strapping as an adjuvant intervention to routine rehabilitation for stroke patients. Small‐scale findings continue to flag the importance of investigating this topic. The protocol is recommended for a definitive trial of shoulder strapping as an adjuvant intervention. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypo‐Activity Screening in School Setting; Examining Reliability and Validity of the Teacher Estimation of Activity Form (Teaf)
Authors: Rosenblum Sara , Engel‐Yeger Batya 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIt is well established that physical activity during childhood contributes to children's physical and psychological health. The aim of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Hebrew version of the Teacher Estimation of Activity Form (TEAF) questionnaire as a screening tool among school‐aged children in Israel.Six physical education teachers completed TEAF questionnaires of 123 children aged 5–12 years, 68 children (55%) with Typical Development (TD) and 55 children (45%) diagnosed with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD).The Hebrew version of the TEAF indicates a very high level of internal consistency (α = .97). There were no significant gender differences. Significant differences were found between children with and without DCD attesting to the test's construct validity. Concurrent validity was established by finding a significant high correlation (r = .76, p < .01) between the TEAF and the Movement‐ABC mean scores within the DCD group.The TEAF demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity estimates. It appears to be a promising standardized practical tool in both research and practice for describing information about school‐aged children's involvement in physical activity.Further research is indicated with larger samples to establish cut‐off scores determining what point identifies hypo activity in striated age groups. Furthermore, the majority of the participants in this study were boys, and further research is needed to include more girls for a better understanding of the phenomena of hypo activity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the origin and limitations of kidney regeneration
Authors: Endo Tomomi , Nakamura Jin , Sato Yuki , Asada Misako , Yamada Ryo , Takase Masayuki , Takaori Koji , Oguchi Akiko , Iguchi Taku , Higashi Atsuko Y , Ohbayashi Tetsuya , Nakamura Tomoyuki , Muso Eri , Kimura Takeshi , Yanagita Motoko 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEpidemiological findings indicate that acute kidney injury (AKI) increases the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD), although the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Genetic fate mapping demonstrated that nephrons, functional units in the kidney, are repaired by surviving nephrons after AKI. However, the cell population that repairs damaged nephrons and their repair capacity limitations remain controversial. To answer these questions, we generated a new transgenic mouse strain in which mature proximal tubules, the segment predominantly damaged during AKI, could be genetically labelled at desired time points. Using this strain, massive proliferation of mature proximal tubules is observed during repair, with no dilution of the genetic label after the repair process, demonstrating that proximal tubules are repaired mainly by their own proliferation. Furthermore, acute tubular injury caused significant shortening of proximal tubules associated with interstitial fibrosis, suggesting that proximal tubules have a limited capacity to repair. Understanding the mechanism of this limitation might clarify the mechanism of the AKI‐to‐CKD continuum. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward the definition of a peptidome signature and protease profile in chronic periodontitis
Authors: Trindade Fábio , Amado Francisco , Oliveira‐Silva Rui P. , Daniel‐da‐Silva Ana L. , Ferreira Rita , Klein Julie , Faria‐Almeida Ricardo , Gomes Pedro S. , Vitorino Rui 
Published: February 2015

PurposeChronic periodontitis (CP) is a complex immuno‐inflammatory disease that results from preestablished gingivitis. We investigated potential differences in salivary peptidome in health and CP.Experimental designSaliva was collected from nine CP patients and ten healthy subjects, from which five CP and five healthy were enriched following endoProteoFASP approach, separated and identified by nanoHPLC‐MALDI‐TOF/TOF. Protease prediction was carried out in silico with Proteasix. Parallel gelatin and collagen (I) zymographies were performed to study proteolytic activity in CP.ResultsAn association of CP with increased gelatinolytic and collagenolytic activity was observed, which is mainly attributed to metalloproteases, remarkably MMP9. Protease prediction revealed distinct protease profiles in CP and in health. Peptidomic data corroborated the inflammatory status, and demonstrated that intact histatin 1 may play an important role in the defense response against oral pathogens. The application of the endoProteoFASP approach to study the salivary peptidome of CP subjects resulted in the identification of eight surrogate peptide markers, which may be used in multiplex to identify CP. These peptides belong to acidic PRP and to P‐B peptide. Particularly, P‐B peptide fragments exhibited domains with potential predicted antimicrobial activity, corroborating an antimicrobial function.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe comparison between the salivary peptidome obtained by control and CP samples showed a specific association of eight peptides to CP, with remarkable predicted antimicrobial activity, which should be further validated in studies with large number of subjects.
Effect of chlorination on the TlBr band edges for improved room temperature radiation detectors
Authors: Varley J. B. , Conway A. M. , Voss L. F. , Swanberg E. , Graff R. T. , Nikolic R. J. , Payne S. A. , Lordi V. , Nelson A. J. 
Published: February 2015

Thallium bromide (TlBr) crystals subjected to hydrochloric acid (HCl) chemical treatments have been shown to advantageously affect device performance and longevity in TlBr‐based room temperature radiation detectors, yet the exact mechanisms of the improvements remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the influence of several HCl chemical treatments on device‐grade TlBr and describe the changes in the composition and electronic structure of the surface. Composition analysis and depth profiles obtained from secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) identify the extent to which each HCl etch condition affects the detector surface region and forms of a graded TlBr/TlBrCl surface heterojunction. Using a combination of X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and hybrid density functional calculations, we are able to determine the valence band offsets, band gaps, and conduction band offsets as a function of Cl content over the entire composition range of . This study establishes a strong correlation between device process conditions, surface chemistry, and electronic structure with the goal of further optimizing the long‐term stability and radiation response of TlBr‐based detectors.