bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Intake Among U.S. Adults With Disability
Authors: An Ruopeng , Chiu Chung-Yi 
Published: February 2015

Purpose: Physical, mental, and financial barriers among individuals with disability may limit their access to fruit and vegetable. In this study, we examined the relationship between disability status and vegetable, fruit, and fruit juice intake among U.S. adults aged 18 years and older using a large nationally representative sample.Methods: Participants came from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2011 wave, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Outcomes included self-report daily vegetable, fruit, and pure fruit juice consumption frequency. Disability status was classified into 7 categories: limited in activities caused by physical, mental, or emotional problems (AL); health problem requiring use of special equipment (HP); either AL or HP; both AL and HP; unable to work because of disability or other reasons (UN); AL and HP and UN; and no disability (no AL or HP or UN). The associations between consumption and disability were estimated in multivariate regressions controlling for sociodemographics, body weight, and survey month/state and accounting for survey design.Results: U.S. adults with disability consumed vegetable and fruit significantly less frequently than those without disability. Across disability categories, daily vegetable consumption frequency among people with disability was 4%–15%, and daily fruit consumption frequency 7%–18% lower than people without disability. Fruit juice consumption frequency appeared slightly higher among people with disability, indicating some substitution effect. Part of the disparities in diet tends to be explained by the differences in education, marital status, and income between people with and without disability.Conclusions: Using recent data from a large nationally representative health survey, we found American adults with disability to consume fruit and vegetable significantly less frequently than those without disability. Policy interventions are warranted to increase fruit and vegetable consumption among people with disability and reduce disparities.
Distance Supervision in Rehabilitation Counseling: Ethical and Clinical Considerations
Authors: Lund Emily M. , Schultz Jared C. 
Published: February 2015

Background:The use of technology-mediated distance supervision is a rapidly growing area in rehabilitation counseling and other fields. Distance supervision has both tremendous potential and notable challenges to address, including questions of ethics and evidence.Purpose:This article examines both the ethical and nonethical principles that rehabilitation counseling programs should consider when implementing distance supervision, such as evidence-based practice, competency, confidentiality, informed consent, and access to supervision.Conclusions:Despite its growing popularity, little empirical evidence exists to support the use of distance supervision as an equivalent and empirically supported means of providing clinical supervision. Suggestions for programs on how to move distance supervision forward as an evidence-based and ethically sound component of rehabilitation counseling are included.
Pipe-Diameter Effect on Liquid Loading in Vertical Gas Wells
Authors: Skopich A.. , Pereyra E.. , Sarica C.. , Kelkar M.. 
Published: March 2015

Summary
The effect of pipe diameter on liquid-loading initiation has been investigated experimentally with pipes having internal diameters of 5.1- (2-) and 10.2-cm (4-in.). Two-phase-flow parameters, such as pressure gradient and liquid holdup, were measured. Flow characteristics were determined by visual observation with a high-speed video camera. Critical gas-flow rate for liquid-loading initiation was identified, and comparisons between the two pipe diameters were presented. The critical superficial-gas velocity corresponding to the minimum pressure gradient was found to be faster for the smaller diameter. When the comparison was carried out in terms of mass-flow rates, critical flow rate for liquid loading in a 5.1-cm (2-in.) pipe was less than that in a 10.2-cm (4-in.) pipe. This verifies the use of velocity strings to extend the production life of the gas wells. Additionally, comparison of the data with available mechanistic-model prediction showed significant discrepancies. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed.
Pushing the Limit on Guar Loading: Treatment of a Green River Sandstone Formation by Use of a Novel Low-Polymer Crosslinked Fluid
Authors: Legemah Magnus , De Benedictis Frances , Workneh Nigatu , Smith David , Le Hoang , Sun Hong , Qu Qi , Moulton Mickey 
Published: March 2015

Summary
Guar-based fracturing fluids are the most commonly used fluids in reservoir stimulation. To provide high viscosity, borate-crosslinked gels are preferred for their ability to heal after mechanical shearing and their favorable environmental properties. More-efficient crosslinkers capable of crosslinking fluids with reduced polymer loading have always been of great interest to reduce formation and proppant-pack damage from polymer residues and to reduce overall fluid cost.
Low permeability and the interwell connectivity of the Green River sandstone formation of the Uintah basin require hydraulic-fracturing treatment to produce oil economically. The most typical fracturing treatments use borate-crosslinked guar fluids to transport sand into wells with vertical depths of 3,500 to 6,800 ft and bottomhole temperatures of 115 to 160°F. Most operators in this region place emphasis on reduced polymer loadings for stimulation treatments, and, even with breakers present, broken polymer residues can remain in the formation at these reduced polymer loadings, resulting in damage and decreased production. Unlike conventional treatments that require a shut-in operation, stimulation treatments in this region are designed for immediate flowback to minimize filter-cake buildup and subsequent formation damage, which improves production significantly. Immediate flowback poses a challenge of a proper balance between polymer and breaker loading so that the fluid effectively transports up to 6 lbm/gal added of sand into the formation without screenout and breaks within the treatment time (20 to 30 minutes per stage) to minimize flowback of proppant.
A recently developed novel poly-aminoboronate (PAB) crosslinker (Sun and Qu 2011; Legemah et al. 2013) was tested in the aforementioned formation. Multiple boron sites are available in the crosslinker, and it is capable of interacting with multiple polysaccharide strands to form more-complex crosslinking networks at lower polymer loadings than conventional guar fluids. The crosslinker, with up to an additional 15% reduced guar loading, is capable of matching or outperforming conventional crosslinked fluids in fresh water and, more impressively, in 7% potassium chloride. This paper will discuss the novel crosslinker developed, the laboratory testing, and the successful field application. Analysis and discussion of the chemistry, crosslinking performance, and economics will be reported.
Economic Optimization of Horizontal-Well Completions in Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Barree R. D. , Cox S. A. , Miskimins J. L. , Gilbert J. V. , Conway M. W. 
Published: March 2015

Summary
Extrapolation of conventional paradigms to unconventional reservoirs can lead to disappointment and poor performance. Careful analysis of the reservoir and application of the correct stimulation design are critical when dealing with marginally economic developments. This approach includes adequate characterization of the reservoir and an understanding of the factors that control flow capacity and deliverability.
One of the biggest practical problems with unconventional-stimulation-design optimization is estimating post-fracture rate, production decline, and ultimate recovery. Without a realistic prediction of the decline resulting from a given completion, it is impossible to assign value to one design over another and equally impossible to optimize the treatment for whichever goal is sought, either acceleration of recovery or increase in reserves.
It is often the first—inadequate reservoir characterization—that leads to the second—unrealistic post-treatment predictions. For instance, assuming that core-derived permeability fully represents the reservoir's total flow capacity or that stimulated reservoir volumes represent the effective producing volumes can lead to incorrect diagnosis of the reservoir capability and, consequently, can lead to an inefficient treatment design.
This paper presents methods for production forecasting that give reasonable post-treatment predictions that have been found useful for economic planning. The proposed methodology, backed by field observations and laboratory work, provides an economically viable plan for optimizing lateral length, fracture spacing, and treatment design. The methodology focuses on the post-stimulation effective reservoir volume. Results show that increasing apparent fracture length rarely impacts long-term recovery. Likewise, adding more fractures within the same reservoir volume may increase early-time production rate (initial production) and decline rate, without contacting more reservoir volume or adding to long-term recovery. Such practices lead to acceleration of reserves recovery, which has economic value and should be considered in the design process, but does not increase the ultimate recovery of the well once a sufficient number of contributing fractures are in place. The economically preferred completion designs may be more driven by the net present value derived in the first 5 years of production rather than the ultimate recovery of the well. This early 5-year period represents most of the useful economic life of the well, can be estimated more accurately from early performance, and is a good benchmark for completion optimization.
Factors That Affect Gas-Condensate Relative Permeability
Authors: Kalla Subhash , Leonardi Sergio A. , Berry Daniel W. , Poore Larry D. , Sahoo Hemant , Kudva Ryan A. , Braun Edward M. 
Published: February 2015

Summary
When the pressure in a gas-condensate reservoir falls below the dewpoint, liquid condensate can accumulate in the pore space of the rock. This can reduce well deliverability and potentially affect the compositions of the produced fluids. Forecasting these effects requires relative permeability data for gas-condensate flow in the rock in the presence of immobile water saturation. In this study, relative permeability measurements were conducted on reservoir rock at a variety of conditions. The goal was to determine the sensitivity to interfacial tension (IFT) (which varies with pressure) and fluid type (reservoir fluids, pure hydrocarbons, and water). The results show a significant sensitivity to fluid type, as well as an IFT sensitivity that is similar to that reported by other researchers. For obtaining relative permeability data that are applicable to a specific reservoir, we conclude that laboratory measurements must be conducted at reservoir conditions with actual reservoir fluids.
The measurements reported here used a state-of-the-art relative permeability apparatus of in-house design. The apparatus uses elevated temperature and pressure, precision pumps, and a sight glass with automated interface tracking. Closed-loop recirculation avoids the need for large quantities of reservoir fluids and ensures that the gas and liquid are in compositional equilibrium.
Prevention of Hydrate Formation in Wells Injecting CO2 into the Saline Aquifer
Authors: Yang S.O.. O. , Hamilton S.. , Nixon R.. , De Silva R.. 
Published: March 2015

Summary
For carbon dioxide (CO2) storage operations, hydrate formation in the CO2-injection system could be an issue for pipeline material integrity and safety. Numerous and extensive CO2-hydrate research has been carried out for pure CO2 and its mixtures, in both theoretical models and experimental determination. This study aims to use existing CO2-hydrate studies in the concept selection stage by application of sensitivity studies of representative operational conditions with laboratory-data-derived hydrate curves and commercial thermodynamic simulators.
Hydrate formation was studied for various operational conditions of CO2-injection wells injecting into a saline-aquifer formation. Thermal/hydraulic analysis identified the operational conditions of the injection well. Then, thermodynamic calculation determined the hydrate tendency and minimum water content required to form hydrates. In cases in which hydrates are expected to form, it is recommended to inject thermodynamic inhibitors to prevent hydrate formation. Both monoethylene glycol (MEG) and methanol can be used readily for this application. However, when water-flushing operations are required to remove potential near-wellbore halite precipitation, MEG is preferred because it is less prone to exacerbate salting-out effects compared with methanol.
Unilayer Closure of Saphenous Vein Incision Lines is Better than Bilayer Closure
Authors: Tiryakioglu Osman , Goncu Tugrul , Yumun Gunduz , Bozkurt Onder , Demir Ahmet , Tiryakioglu Selma Kenar , Ozyazicioglu Ahmet , Yavuz Senol 
Published: February 2015

Objective:To examine early results in patients with incision lines closed only along the skin and subcutaneous tissue after removal of the great saphenous vein during coronary artery bypass surgery.Materials and Methods:We enrolled 82 patients who underwent elective operations in our clinic between December 2008 and April 2009. The patients had similar demographic characteristics, and the method of incision closure was chosen randomly. Three patients were excluded due to in-hospital mortality. The saphenous incision lines were closed using continuous skin sutures in 41 patients (Group 1) or using continuous subcutaneous sutures followed by continuous skin sutures in 38 patients (Group 2). Patients were followed every day that they were in the hospital, in the first week after being discharged, and at the end of the second month after discharge. The incision lines were evaluated for hematomas, infection, edema, pain and numbness.Results:During the follow-up performed in-hospital and in the first week after discharge, infection, edema and numbness were observed significantly more often in Group 2 than in Group 1. Hematoma was observed more often in Group 1, and pain was observed more often in Group 2, but neither of these findings reached statistical significance. During the follow-up at the end of the second month after discharge, infection, edema, and numbness were observed significantly more frequently in Group 2.Conclusion:In patients undergoing saphenous removal using standard procedures, it is sufficient to close the incision line using only skin sutures.
Treatment of a maxillary fibrosarcoma in an adult alpaca
Authors: Higginbotham Mary Lynn , McCaw Dudley L. , Anderson David E. , Lattimer Jimmy C. , Armbrust Laura , Andrews Gordon A. , McBride Brandon D. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Case Description—An approximately 5-year-old sexually intact male alpaca was evaluated because of a right-sided maxillary mass that had recurred after previous surgical debulking.
Clinical Findings—Clinical, radiographic, and CT examination revealed an approximately 1.5-cm-diameter soft tissue mass associated with expansile osteolysis of the maxillary alveolar bone, beginning at the level of the right maxillary third premolar tooth extending caudally to the level of the rostral roots of the second molar tooth.
Treatment and Outcome—Right partial maxillectomy was performed, and histologic examination revealed an incompletely excised fibrosarcoma with osseous metaplasia. External beam radiation therapy to the tumor bed was initiated 1 month after surgery. Computerized planning was performed, and a total radiation dose of 48 Gy was prescribed in eleven 4.4-Gy fractions. Follow-up CT evaluations 6 and 58 weeks after radiation therapy was completed revealed no evidence of tumor recurrence. No clinical evidence of tumor recurrence was detected through 110 weeks after radiation therapy.
Clinical Relevance—The oral fibrosarcoma in the alpaca described here was successfully treated with surgical excision and adjuvant radiation therapy, resulting in excellent quality of life of the treated animal.
Development and Evaluation of Self-Management and Task-Oriented Approach to Rehabilitation Training (START) in the Home: Case Report
Authors: Richardson Julie , DePaul Vincent , Officer Alexis , Wilkins Seanne , Letts Lori , Bosch Jackie , Wishart Laurie 
Published: February 2015

Background
The incidence of stroke and subsequent level of disability will increase, as age is the greatest risk factor for stroke and the world's population is aging. Hospital admissions are too brief for patients to regain necessary function. Research to examine therapy delivered within the home environment has the potential to expedite relearning of function and reduce health care expenditures.

Purpose
This case report describes the use of the knowledge-to-action cycle (KTA) to develop and evaluate an evidence-based approach for rehabilitation in the home that incorporates self-management and task-oriented functional training (TOFT) for people with stroke.

Case Description
The KTA cycle was used to guide adaptation of evidence from self-management and TOFT into an approach titled START (Self-Management and Task-Oriented Approach to Rehabilitation Training). Three stakeholder symposiums identified barriers and supports to implementation. Clinical practice leaders were engaged as partners in the development of the intervention. An online learning management system housed the resources to support therapist training. Therapist focus groups were conducted and stroke outcomes were used to assess patient response.

Outcomes
Eight therapists completed 4 workshops and applied the home intervention in 12 people with stroke. A mentoring process for therapists included feedback from peers and experts after viewing treatment videos. Therapist response was determined from the focus groups; patient response was measured by standardized assessments. The therapists noted that the intervention was easier to implement with patients who were motivated and had minimal cognitive impairment.

Discussion
The KTA cycle provided a structure for the development of this evidence-based rehabilitation intervention, which was feasible to implement in the home. Further evaluation needs to be undertaken to assess the effectiveness of START.
Les pouvoirs judiciaires dans la lutte contre la corruption politique en Espagne, en France et en Italie
Authors: Pujas Véronique 
Published: February 2015

The Judiciary against Political Corruption in Spain, France and Italy.
In Spain, France and Italy, political leaders are increasingly sued in relation to cases of « political corruption ». This trend has triggered off a profound change in mentalities regarding the traditional role of the judiciary in the maintenance of the democratic balance of power. This shift bears witness to the changes in the ethics of a profession in the midst of mutation. Comparing the way in which cases are handled in the three countries brings to light the more limited institutional autonomy of the French and Spanish judges as compared to their Italian counterparts. Generally speaking, the intrusion of judges into the political sphere and media strategies tend to imperil their impartiality and, as the Italian case shows, may eventually challenge their legitimacy.
L'action des magistrats dans la régulation des risques collectifs : l'exemple des sports de montagne
Authors: Caille Frédéric 
Published: February 2015

Magistrates' Actions in the Regulation of Risks : Mountain Sports as an Example.
This article, based on a large set of interviews, describes recent French legal developments and controversies in risks, related to the practice of mountain sports. These controversies concern both the liabilities of professionals (mountain and ski guides) and councils with winter resorts. The article investigates the social role and the autonomy of the professionals of justice in these matters, including their relationships with administrative authorities.
Une régulation complexe dans l'intégration financière
Authors: Xue-Bacquet Beinan 
Published: February 2015

A Complex Regulation within Financial Globalisation.
The forming of a global financial market did not succeed in simplifying financial regulation. On the contrary, the global financial market was faced with a multiplicity of enforceable rules. Besides states, other civil society actors participate in increasing the regulation sources of financial markets. The complexity of the financial regulation results from both the multiplicity of the market rules and the links of recursiveness governing the different regulation authorities. In fact, is not the complexity also intrinsic to the mechanisms of the markets and their instruments ? The response to a complex regulation of financial globalisation could only be a pragmatic one.
L'état du droit dans le transport routier de marchandises : une réglementation en trompe-l'œil
Authors: Carré Stéphane 
Published: February 2015

Condition of Law in Freight Road Transport : Deceptive Rules.
The freight road transport sector is in a paradoxical situation. It is a particularly regulated sector of activity. However, at the same time, professionals from this sector have not implemented numerous legal measures to which they were normally subjugated. So analysis of the entire set of rules cannot procure us a precise picture of the state of the law in this sector of activity. Indeed, the ineffectiveness of badly applied legal regulations seems to hide another legal reality, more flexible or different from how it might first appear.
IL-4–Secreting Secondary T Follicular Helper (Tfh) Cells Arise from Memory T Cells, Not Persisting Tfh Cells, through a B Cell–Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Fairfax Keke C. , Everts Bart , Amiel Eyal , Smith Amber M. , Schramm Gabriele , Haas Helmut , Randolph Gwendalyn J. , Taylor Justin J. , Pearce Edward J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Humoral immunity requires cross-talk between T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cells. Nevertheless, a detailed understanding of this intercellular interaction during secondary immune responses is lacking. We examined this by focusing on the response to a soluble, unadjuvanted, pathogen-derived Ag (soluble extract of Schistosoma mansoni egg [SEA]) that induces type 2 immunity. We found that activated Tfh cells persisted for long periods within germinal centers following primary immunization. However, the magnitude of the secondary response did not appear to depend on pre-existing Tfh cells. Instead, Tfh cell populations expanded through a process that was dependent on memory T cells recruited into the reactive LN, as well as the participation of B cells. We found that, during the secondary response, IL-4 was critical for the expansion of a population of plasmablasts that correlated with increased SEA-specific IgG1 titers. Additionally, following immunization with SEA (but not with an Ag that induced type 1 immunity), IL-4 and IL-21 were coproduced by individual Tfh cells, revealing a potential mechanism through which appropriate class-switching can be coupled to plasmablast proliferation to enforce type 2 immunity. Our findings demonstrate a pivotal role for IL-4 in the interplay between T and B cells during a secondary Th2 response and have significant implications for vaccine design.