bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTERPRETATION AND EXPLANATION IN CULTURAL SOCIOLOGY
Authors: Goldman Harvey 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTContinuing debates over the role of interpretation in history and social science have recently been linked to a program to develop a cultural sociology, as distinct from a sociology of culture. Apart from a defense of the importance of culture and meaning, this effort aims to develop a form of “interpretive explanation,” though not simply by following Max Weber's similar project from nearly one hundred years ago. The book under review looks at different “epistemic modes” that aim to produce social knowledge, in order to show how interpretive explanation can combine the best of all the modes. Unfortunately, the book is beset by numerous theoretical problems, including a problematical understanding of the relations of fact and theory, hasty criticisms of examples of the different modes, and a reliance on metaphors that makes it impossible to do justice to the issues. The project of what I would call a “thick explanation” is worthwhile, but will have to be pursued in a more nuanced and careful way.
Effects of soy protein hydrolysates on the growth and fermentation performances of brewer's yeast
Authors: Zhao Haifeng , Wan Chunyan , Zhao Mouming , Lei Hongjie , Mo Fen 
Published: February 2014

SummarySoy protein isolate was hydrolysed with Alcalase, Papain, Flavorzyme and Protemax, respectively, and further fractioned by ultrafiltration. The resulting soy protein hydrolysates (SPH) and their ultrafiltration fractions were used to examine their effects on the growth and fermentation performances of brewer's yeast. Results showed that degree of hydrolysis, molecular weight distribution and amino acid composition of SPH significantly affected the growth, viability and fermentation performance of brewer's yeast. The SPH prepared from different proteolytic enzymes exhibited distinct growth‐ and fermentation‐promoting activity for brewer's yeast. The SPH treated with Protemax for 9 h and with the molecular weight below 3 kDa showed the highest growth‐promoting activity and induced more rapidly reducing sugar consumption and higher ethanol production. The relatively lower molecular weight and the hydrophilic and electropositive amino acid residues (Lys, His, Arg and Ile) in SPH might be responsible for its functionality, promoting the growth and fermentation of brewer's yeast.
Ropivacaine 0.25% compared with bupivacaine 0.25% by the caudal route
Authors: DA CONCEICAO M.J. , COELHO L. , KHALIL M. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryWe compared in a randomized double‐blind study, the postoperative analgesia and degree of motor block produced by the new local anaesthetic ropivacaine, with bupivacaine, for caudal anaesthesia in children. Eighty children, 2–5‐years‐old, ASA I, received one of two local anaesthetics; either ropivacaine 0·25% (1.0 ml·kg−1) or bupivacaine 0·25% (1.0 ml·kg−1). They were sedated with a continuous infusion of propofol (200 μg·kg−1 min−1). The lungs were ventilated with a mixture of 50% nitrous oxide with oxygen. 60 min after local anaesthetic injection, and every 60 min, the extent of the motor block in the recovery room was scored as 1–3, according to a modified Bromage scale. Adverse events and the time to the first analgesic requirement were reported. Patients in the two groups did not differ with respect to age, weight and height. There were no differences in heart rate and arterial pressure between the two groups(P>0.05). No adverse events were observed. The ropivacaine group showed a shorter duration of motor block than the bupivacaine group (P<0.05). The first postoperative analgesic requirement was a mean (sd) of 5 h±4.32 after the operation in the ropivacaine group and 5 h±3.81 for the bupivacaine group. These findings suggest that caudal anaesthesia with ropivacaine 0.25% in paediatric patients can be effective, with less motor blockade in the postoperative period.
Afterword: Forgiveness, Prayer and the Meaning of Poetry
Authors: Montemaggi Vittorio 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe aim of this afterword is – interrogatively – to complement and compliment the preceding papers by raising some general questions concerning the relationship between poetry and forgiveness, and to do so through reflection on the work of two authors who wrote well before the period explored by the essays in the collection, yet whose influence extends significantly into it. The paper will reflect, in particular, on the way in which Dante's Purgatorio and Shakespeare's The Tempest foreground the question of forgiveness by calling for the prayers of their audience in ways that coincide with these texts' self‐conscious presentation of themselves as literary artifacts. By focusing specifically on the opening of Purgatorio XI and the Epilogue of The Tempest and by suggesting an inextricable connection in these texts between meaning and the recognition of one's shortcomings, I aim to point to the value that certain perspectives on the relationship between poetry and forgiveness might have for our understanding of the meaning of poetry and of the nature of our relationship with it.
Ecotheology and the Idea of Forgiveness in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Authors: Kim Paul Chi Hun 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe restoration of a proper relationship between humanity and nature is of great significance on the grounds that our contemporary society has become aware of an ecological crisis, caused by the human exploitation of the earth's resources. In The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Coleridge opens up a possibility of restoring that relationship through the act of forgiving. In this article, I will show how the Mariner re‐establishes his relationship with nature through forgiveness after his shooting of the albatross. His act of violence led to the experience of disconnectedness or isolation or separation from the community and God. He, however, achieves reconciliation with them by recognising the interrelatedness between them through the power of love and the act of interpretation. What he realised in the idea of interrelatedness is concerned not with hierarchy or dominance but with mutuality, caring and love. His awareness of the I‐Thou relationship enabled the Mariner to forgive himself and to re‐establish his broken relationship with the community, nature and God, which implies an ecotheological perspective.
Mineral chemistry of MUSES‐C Regio inferred from analysis of dust particles collected from the first‐ and second‐touchdown sites on asteroid Itokawa
Authors: Nakamura Tomoki , Nakato Aiko , Ishida Hatsumi , Wakita Shigeru , Noguchi Takaaki , Zolensky Michael E. , Tanaka Masahiko , Kimura Makoto , Tshuchiyama Akira , Ogami Toshihiro , Hashimoto Takahito , Konno Mitsuru , Uesugi Masayuki , Yada Toru , Shirai Kei , Fujimura Akio , Okazaki Ryuji , Sandford Scott. A. , Ishibashi Yukihiro , Abe Masanao , Okada Tatsuaki , Ueno Munetaka , Kawaguchi Junichiro 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe mineralogy and mineral chemistry of Itokawa dust particles captured during the first and second touchdowns on the MUSES‐C Regio were characterized by synchrotron‐radiation X‐ray diffraction and field‐emission electron microprobe analysis. Olivine and low‐ and high‐Ca pyroxene, plagioclase, and merrillite compositions of the first‐touchdown particles are similar to those of the second‐touchdown particles. The two touchdown sites are separated by approximately 100 meters and therefore the similarity suggests that MUSES‐C Regio is covered with dust particles of uniform mineral chemistry of LL chondrites. Quantitative compositional properties of 48 dust particles, including both first‐ and second‐touchdown samples, indicate that dust particles of MUSES‐C Regio have experienced prolonged thermal metamorphism, but they are not fully equilibrated in terms of chemical composition. This suggests that MUSES‐C particles were heated in a single asteroid at different temperatures. During slow cooling from a peak temperature of approximately 800 °C, chemical compositions of plagioclase and K‐feldspar seem to have been modified: Ab and Or contents changed during cooling, but An did not. This compositional modification is reproduced by a numerical simulation that modeled the cooling process of a 50 km sized Itokawa parent asteroid. After cooling, some particles have been heavily impacted and heated, which resulted in heterogeneous distributions of Na and K within plagioclase crystals. Impact‐induced chemical modification of plagioclase was verified by a comparison to a shock vein in the Kilabo LL6 ordinary chondrite where Na‐K distributions of plagioclase have been disturbed.
The Christian Life: In Addition to Augustine and Aquinas
Authors: Healy Nicholas M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe paper offers an alternative to the prevailing “discipleship” model of the Christian life that requires self-transformation, considerable effort and self-sacrifice, and tends to make negative judgements against those who fail to live according to the model. The model is illustrated by the example of Thomas Aquinas. A second, complementary model is drawn from the role of the crowds, who followed Jesus in the Gospels. With the help of Karl Barth's account of vocation, the second model makes it possible for the church to consider those who, for certain reasons, do not live in accord with the discipleship model to be considered good Christians, rather than unsatisfactory ones.
Augustine, Aquinas and the Culture Wars
Authors: McDade John 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAugustine and Aquinas are points of reference in the so-called “culture wars” about how Christianity should think of its relation to modern liberal culture. “Postmodern Augustinian Thomists” (PATs) appeal to Augustine for their choice of a dialectical relation to liberalism, and those nicknamed “Whig Thomists” are more ready to see an alignment between liberal democratic capitalism and Aquinas’ view of politics. In this paper, some points relating to how Augustine thinks of “the City of God” form the basis of a consideration of the way PATs argue for their position.
Why We Still Need Augustine
Authors: Price Richard 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSt Augustine has been the most influential single voice in the history of western Christianity. Those in quest of a new theology often find it necessary to begin by criticizing him. This is fair enough; but a Christianity conscious of its past cannot discard him. This is clear in ecumenical dialogue with the Churches of the Reformation: their theology is hugely indebted to Augustine, and dialogue between them and Catholics must often return to him as their common source. Augustine lived in an age, like our own, where Christian values were not dominant in society, and where a Christian active in society had to show readiness to compromise in order to maximize the common good. To this we can relate his teaching on sexuality, where he accepted that the Church had to tolerate sexual behaviour within marriage that did not satisfy the strict letter of Christian morality but was often necessary for marital harmony. Here again was an area where the Church had to recognize a secular sphere with its own character and needs. Augustine's teaching on the prime importance of harmony in society went together with a lack of belief in human progress that contrasts sharply with the recent teaching of Gaudium et spes; but it is the latter that, fifty years after the Council, begins to look dated. The Church must maintain a constant dialogue with tradition. Within that tradition Augustine's place cannot be contested.
The Prevalence of Sinus Rhythm in Patients with “Permanent” Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: ZIEGLER PAUL D. , SAKAGUCHI SCOTT , SIMONS GRANT R. , KOEHLER JODI L. , WARMAN EDUARDO 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundThe term “permanent” atrial fibrillation (AF) is generally used to describe the rhythm status of patients for whom cardioversion has failed or attempts to restore normal sinus rhythm (NSR) have ceased. However, the rhythm status of such patients is typically assessed by symptoms or intermittent monitoring, and therefore categorization may be imprecise.MethodsWe evaluated the presence of NSR among patients who were identified by their physicians as having permanent AF and who underwent prior insertion of a cardiac rhythm management device in the OMNI study. Patients with a dual‐ or triple‐chamber device (pacemaker, implantable cardiac defibrillator, or cardiac resynchronization therapy) and ≥30 days of device data were studied. We tabulated the percentage of follow‐up days spent entirely in NSR, entirely in AF, or in both NSR and AF.ResultsA total of 69 patients met inclusion criteria and were followed for 767 ± 479 days. More than 73% of patients experienced ≥1 entire day in NSR. On average, 38.2% of days were spent entirely in NSR, 11.8% of days were spent in a combination of NSR and AF, and only 50.0% of days were spent entirely in AF. The median daily AF burden during follow‐up was 14.6 [1.1–23.7] hours/day.ConclusionsNSR is common in many device patients thought to have permanent AF, suggesting that continuous arrhythmia monitoring could be useful in identifying permanent AF patients who may benefit from renewed rhythm control efforts. Alternatively, some permanent AF patients undergoing atrioventricular nodal ablation may benefit from dual‐chamber devices due to likely periods of NSR.
Knowing‐Wh and Embedded Questions
Authors: Parent T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDo you know who you are? If the question seems unclear, it might owe to the notion of ‘knowing‐wh’ (knowing‐who, knowing‐what, knowing‐when, etc.). Such knowledge contrasts with ‘knowing‐that’, the more familiar topic of epistemologists. But these days, knowing‐wh is receiving more attention than ever, and here we will survey three current debates on the nature of knowing‐wh. These debates concern, respectively, (1) whether all knowing‐wh is reducible to knowing‐that (‘generalized intellectualism’), (2) whether all knowing‐wh is relativized to a contrast proposition (‘contrastivism about knowing‐wh’), and (3) whether the context‐sensitivity of knowing‐wh is a semantic or purely pragmatic phenomenon (‘contextualism vs. invariantism about knowing‐wh’).
Satisfaction with care and rehabilitation among people with stroke, from hospital to community care
Authors: Tholin Helena , Forsberg Anette 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundDespite recent improvements in Swedish stroke care some patients still experience a lack of support and follow‐up after discharge from hospital. In order to provide good care according to the National Board of Health and Welfare, systematic evaluations of stroke care must be performed. Quality indicators in the national guidelines could be useful when measuring quality of care in all parts of the stroke care chain.AimTo investigate how people with stroke experienced their care, rehabilitation, support, and participation from hospital to community care.MethodQualitative interviews were performed with 11 people in 2009–2010 covering their experiences of care, rehabilitation, support, and participation. The interviews were analysed with qualitative content analysis.ResultThe interviewees were satisfied with their hospital care, but reported both positive and negative experiences of the continuing care. Most of them appreciated intense, specific, and professional rehabilitation, and had experienced these qualities in the rehabilitation they received in most parts of the stroke care chain. Those who received support from the community services expressed satisfaction with the staff, but also felt that autonomy was lost. Several did not feel involved in the health care planning, but instead relied on the judgement of the staff.ConclusionTo ensure high quality throughout the whole stroke care chain, people with stroke must be invited to participate in the care and the planning of care. To offer evidence‐based stroke rehabilitation, it is important that the rehabilitation is specific, intense, and performed by professionals, regardless of where the rehabilitation is performed. A changed view of the patient's autonomy in residential community services should be developed, and this process must start from the staff and residents.
Hypertension in Hemodialysis Patients: An Opinion‐Based Update
Authors: Shafi Tariq , Waheed Sana , Zager Philip G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHypertension is highly prevalent in hemodialysis patients but its management remains a matter of debate. In this review, we discuss the observational studies on the association of blood pressure with outcomes, measurement of blood pressure in hemodialysis patients and present an opinion‐based approach to treating hypertension.
Direct Democracy and Political Trust: Enhancing Trust, Initiating Distrust–or Both?
Authors: Bauer Paul C. , Fatke Matthias 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between direct democracy and political trust. We suggest a solution to the controversy in research centering on positive versus negative effects of direct democracy by analytically differentiating between the availability of direct democratic rights and the actual use of those rights. Theoretically, greater availability of direct democratic rights may enhance political trust by increasing citizens' perception that political authorities can be controlled as well as by incentivizing political authorities to act trustworthily. In contrast, the actual use of the corresponding direct democratic instruments may initiate distrust as it signals to citizens that political authorities do not act in the public's interest. We test both hypotheses for the very first time with sub‐national data of Switzerland. The empirical results seem to support our theoretical arguments.
Another Uniqueness Proof of the Dickson Simple Group G2(3)
Authors: Michler Gerhard O. , Wang Lizhong 
Published: February 2014

In this article, we give a self-contained uniqueness proof for the Dickson simple group G=G2(3) using the first author's uniqueness criterion. The uniqueness proof for G2(3) was first given by Janko. His proof depends on Thompson's deep and technical characterization of G2(3). Let H′ be the amalgamated central product of SL 2(3) with itself. Then there is a unique extension H of H′ by a cyclic group of order 2 such that H has a center of order 2 and both factors SL 2(3) are normal in H. We prove that any simple group G having a 2-central involution z with centralizer CG(z)≅ H is isomorphic to G2(3).
From orogen to passive margin: constraints from fission track and (U–Th)/He analyses on Mesozoic uplift and fault reactivation in SW Norway
Authors: Ksienzyk Anna K. , Dunkl István , Jacobs Joachim , Fossen Haakon , Kohlmann Fabian 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The post-Caledonian tectonic history and landscape evolution of southwestern Norway are poorly understood, primarily owing to the lack of onshore post-Devonian sediments. To bridge this knowledge gap, low-temperature thermochronological techniques were applied to investigate vertical movements in the upper crust. New apatite fission track and apatite and zircon (U–Th)/He analyses on samples from southwestern Norway yielded Permian to Jurassic, Triassic to Cretaceous and Carboniferous to Triassic ages, respectively. Thermal history modelling indicates relatively high cooling rates (2–3 °C Ma
−1
) throughout Permian to early Jurassic times. Since the Jurassic, samples from coastal areas have remained close to the surface and were reheated to 30–50 °C during sedimentary burial in the Cretaceous. Inland samples experienced lesser amounts of Permo-Triassic exhumation, continued to cool slowly (<1 °C Ma
−1
) throughout the Jurassic–Cretaceous and did not reach the surface until the Cenozoic. Both fission track and (U–Th)/He ages are offset across faults, highlighting the importance of fault activity throughout the Mesozoic. In combination with previously published results, the new data suggest that the geomorphological evolution of southwestern Norway is closely connected to rift- and post-rift tectonics related to North Sea and North Atlantic rifting. The topographic relief was most likely repeatedly rejuvenated during periods of tectonic activity.
Essential Role of Program Death 1-Ligand 1 in Regulatory T-Cell–Afforded Protection Against Blood–Brain Barrier Damage After Stroke
Authors: Li Peiying , Mao Leilei , Liu Xiangrong , Gan Yu , Zheng Jing , Thomson Angus W. , Gao Yanqin , Chen Jun , Hu Xiaoming 
Published: February 2014

Background and Purpose—
Our recent research revealed that adoptively transferred regulatory T cells (Tregs) reduced acute ischemic brain injury by inhibiting neutrophil-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and protecting against blood–brain barrier damage. The mechanisms underlying Treg interactions with neutrophils remain elusive. This study evaluates the contribution of program death 1-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to Treg-mediated neutrophil inhibition and neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia.

Methods—

In vitro experiments were performed using a transwell system or a coculture system allowing cell-to-cell contact. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in mice for 60 minutes. Tregs (2×10
6
) isolated from donor animals (wild-type or PD-L1
–/–
) were intravenously injected into ischemic recipients 2 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). MMP-9 production, blood–brain barrier permeability, and brain infarct were assessed at 1 or 3 days after MCAO.

Results—
In vitro experiments reveal that Treg-mediated inhibition of neutrophil MMP-9 required direct cell-to-cell contact. The suppression of MMP-9 was abolished when Tregs were pretreated with PD-L1 neutralizing antibodies or when neutrophils were pretreated with PD-1 antibodies. In vivo studies confirmed that intravenous administration of Tregs pretreated with PD-L1 antibodies or Tregs isolated from PD-L1–deficient mice failed to inhibit MMP-9 production by blood neutrophils 1 day after 60 minutes MCAO. Furthermore, the blood–brain barrier damage after MCAO was greatly ameliorated in PD-L1–competent Treg-treated mice but not in PD-L1–compromised Treg-treated mice. Consequently, PD-L1 dysfunction abolished Treg-mediated brain protection and neurological improvements 3 days after MCAO.

Conclusions—
PD-L1 plays an essential role in the neuroprotection afforded by Tregs against cerebral ischemia by mediating the suppressive effect of Tregs on neutrophil-derived MMP-9.
Can Optimal Projection Improve Dynamical Model Forecasts?
Authors: Jia Liwei , DelSole Timothy , Tippett Michael K. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
An optimal projection for improving the skill of dynamical model forecasts is proposed. The proposed method uses statistical optimization techniques to identify the most skillful or most predictable patterns, and then projects forecasts onto these patterns. Applying the method to seasonal mean 2-m temperature from the Ensemble-Based Predictions of Climate Changes and Their Impacts (ENSEMBLES) multimodel hindcast dataset reveals that the method improves skill only in South America and Africa, suggesting that the benefit of optimal projection is limited to certain regions, but can be substantial. Further investigation reveals that the improvement in skill comes not from optimal projection itself, but from the EOF prefiltering that is done to reduce the dimension of the optimization space. Thus, much of the improvement attributable to optimal projection can be achieved by suitable EOF filtering. Interestingly, models are found to generate patterns that project only weakly on observational datasets but are strongly correlated between models. An important by-product of the method is a concise summary of the skillful or predictable structures in a given forecast. For the ENSEMBLES dataset, the method convincingly demonstrates that most of the seasonal prediction skill over continents comes from two components, ENSO and the global warming trend. In addition, the method can be used to determine whether a pattern exists that is well predicted by one model but not by another model (complementary skill).