bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Laboratory Study of N-Oleoyl Sarcosine As a Rust Inhibitor in Some Petroleum Products★
Authors: PINES ROBERT M. , SPIVACK JOHN D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Laboratory studies indicate that N-oleoyl sarcosine (I) is an effective oil soluble rust inhibitor in solution in gasoline, mineral oil and silicone lubricants.
Rusting tests used included: Turbine Oil Rusting Test (ASTM D665-54), a Static Immersion Test, Humidity Cabinet Test (JAN H-792), Static Water Drop Test (MIL-L-17353 Bu. Ord.). In addition, a number of auxiliary tests were run to indicate the effect of (I) on other properties of the test liquid.
Hydrocarbon solutions of N-oleoyl sarcosine are particularly effective in preventing rusting in the presence of synthetic sea water and in resisting water extraction of the inhibitor. 5.8.2
An Evaluation of Inhibitors for Corrosion Prevention In An Engine Cooling System★
Authors: ROWE LEONARD C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The variation of coolants used in a multi-metal engine cooling system offers a challenge for corrosion inhibition. The diverse characteristics of this system are discussed along with their relationship to the selection of laboratory test methods to investigate inhibition.
A rotating specimen type of test is used for the evaluation. The effectiveness of inhibitors, such as sodium borate, sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate, potassium dichromate, soluble oil, and sodium mercap-tobenzothiazole, is compared by means of this test. Various test media are used, including ethylenegly-col-water mixtures and tap water with and without additional corrosive constituents. The metals investigated are steel, copper, brass, aluminum, cast iron and solder. The results are based on corrosion rate, microscopic examination, pit depth when applicable, and other general examinations.
This work includes the results of one year static room temperature tests on thirteen galvanic couple combinations for each inhibitor.
Based on the results obtained by conventional corrosion tests, a final examination of a combination of inhibitors is made in a laboratory model which simulates an engine cooling system. This test indicates effective inhibition by this combination in a system using either a copper-brass or aluminum radiator. 4.6.4
Current Requirement for Cathodic Protection Of Oil Well Casing★
Authors: HAYCOCK E. W. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Methods at present used to indicate the minimum applied current required to give complete cathodic protection are discussed and evaluated in terms of their scientific basis and their applicability to the protection of oil well casing. Laboratory experiments are described involving the application of cathodic protection currents to a series assembly of galvanic cells. The results of these experiments lead to a modification of the log current—potential criterion of complete protection widely used at the present time. The experiments also indicate the amount of corrosion repressed as a function of the applied protection current, information which is of considerable value when an economic balance is involved. 5.2.4
An Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System Applied to a Submarine
Authors: NELSON E. E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A cathodic protection system using platinum-clad copper anodes on neoprene shields was installed on a fleet-type submarine. Current was supplied from a rectifier to 11 anodes distributed over the hull, the potential being monitored by 13 silver-silver chloride electrodes at selected locations. The system was operated for a ten-month period of active duty after which inspection on a marine railway showed the hull to be in excellent condition with the vinyl paint functioning well. Three of the anodes were damaged but all the cable seals, insulators and anode shields were found intact. The use of platinum-clad anodes of the type employed seems economically feasible since the cost of these anodes constitutes a small part of the cost of installation. Laboratory tests indicate the desirability of replacing the copper anode core by a silver core as an insurance against anode failure in the event of a perforation of the platinum cladding. 5.2.3
The Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Corrosion of Steel And on Current Required for Cathodic Protection★
Authors: SCHASCHL E. , MARSH G. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The interrelationship of corrosion rate of steel, dissolved oxygen concentration, agitation, electrode potential, and cathodic protection current density were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. While the corrosion rate of steel is essentially linear with amount of dissolved oxygen, the rate appears to fall almost to zero near 1.0 ppm dissolved oxygen rather than at zero ppm dissolved oxygen as commonly assumed. In the region below 2 ppm dissolved oxygen, there is almost no effect of agitation on corrosion rate; above 2 ppm there is a large effect. By measuring the corrosion rate of an unprotected specimen, it should be possible to compute the minimum current density needed for cathodic protection in the field.
In acidic environments, less current is needed for protection than is predicted by analysis of the mechanism of cathodic protection. This fact suggests that the anodic reaction in low pH corrosion proceeds by the removal of “chunks” of metal which contain several atoms. The “chunk effect” also appears to operate in the neutral range, but only when the corrosion rate is very high.
The effect of differential aeration on corrosion rates is discussed in detail. 5.2.4
Sprayed Metal as a Base for Paints★
Authors: INGHAM H. S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The use on steel of thin metallized coatings of zinc and aluminum is discussed in detail. A number of recommendations are made regarding surface preparation. Consideration is given to the effects sprayed metal coatings have on the application, appearance and performance of the paints applied over them. The cause and remedies for paint failures are discussed with particular attention paid to underground power plant applications. The selection of paints and primers for a given sprayed metal and the use of thinners are discussed briefly. 5.3.2
The Corrosion Resistance of Ductile Iron In Sea Water and Petroleum Tanker Services★
Authors: PARIS MICHEL , de la BRUNIERE B. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Laboratory data are given which compare the corrosion resistance of gray iron, steel and ductile iron in sea water and various acid solutions of different concentrations. Data also are presented to show the performance of ductile iron when used for product lines on petroleum tankers. Of particular interest is information presented for a low alloyed ductile iron which has given complete satisfaction under highly aggressive conditions in petroleum tanker service. 6.2.2
Control of Corrosion with Zinc Coatings★
Authors: KIMBERLEY J. L 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A history of the uses of metallic zinc and zinc coatings to control corrosion is outlined briefly with some consideration being given to the theory under which zinc is protective to steel. The following methods of application of zinc are discussed in detail: hot dip, metallizing, sherardizing and painting. The relative merits and weaknesses of zinc coats are considered with case histories being cited to show the fields of usefulness of such coatings. 5.3.2
Some Aspects of the Corrosion Processes of Iron, Copper And Aluminum in Ethylene Glycol Coolant Fluids
Authors: THOMPSON P. F. , LORKING K. F. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The corrosion potentials of aluminum, iron and copper, the principal metals in coolant systems, were measured in glycol-water solutions. The effect on the corrosion properties of these metals of the addition of triethanolamine phosphate, formerly used as a corrosion inhibitor in glycol coolants, was studied. It was shown that the copper ions produced by corrosion of copper are stabilized by triethanolamine phosphate. The copper went into solution as a blue cuprammine complex, which remained stable until it reached iron or aluminum surfaces where it was deposited, causing localized corrosion. 4.4.3
Resistance to Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys For Automotive Applications★
Authors: ENGLEHART E. T. , COCHRAN W. C. , WHITE E. P. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Aluminum alloys have been employed in automobiles for some time in applications such as pistons. In recent years, however, increased use of aluminum alloys for many other automotive applications has been anticipated. This paper presents the available information on the resistance to corrosion of aluminum alloys for these many new uses. Particular emphasis has been placed on performance of aluminum alloys for automotive trim, but other applications are also covered. Included is a discussion of choice of alloy and the performance of the large variety of finishes available. Results of atmospheric corrosion tests together with those of limited field experience are provided to indicate the good resistance to corrosion of aluminum alloys in these applications. Factors affecting the performance of these alloys in service are also covered. 6.4.2
Water Conditions for High Pressure Boilers
Authors: VOYLES D. E. , FISS E. C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Components of a high pressure boiler system which are in contact with high purity water are described. Materials of construction and operating pressures and temperatures are given for such items as condensers, feedwater heaters and boiler components. Demineralized and evaporated make-up are referred to along with data on the chemical nature of the water. Analyses of water and steam samples from points in the boiler water cycle show iron and copper contents and other indications of the purity and corrosiveness of the water. The part played by chemical treatment, boiler blowdown, removal of dissolved gases and other operating factors in maintaining the described water conditions are discussed. 4.6.2
The Oxidation of Molybdenum★
Authors: JONES E. S. , MOSHER CAPT. J. F. , SPEISER RUDOLPH , SPRETNAK J. W. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Scale formed upon molybdenum consists of either two or three oxide layers., depending upon temperature and time. The outermost layer is the volatile MoO3. The inner layers of oxide have a composition very close to MoO2 but do not exhibit an X-ray pattern corresponding to MoO2.
The rate of evaporation of MoO3 and the mechanism of molybdenum oxidation were determined. It was found that after an initial parabolic dependence of weight change upon time the rate of oxidation became linear. This is due to the fact that the outer MoO3 layer is non-protective so that the rate of oxidation of the suboxide to the trioxide at the suboxide-trioxide interface is equal to the rate of diffusion of oxygen through the suboxide film to the metal-suboxide interface. It was also found that the presence of liquid MoO3 increased the rate of oxidation of molybdenum. 6.3.9
Current and Potential Relations for The Cathodic Protection of Steel in Salt Water★
Authors: SCHWERDTFEGER W. J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A laboratory investigation was made pertaining to the cathodic protection of steel specimens that were exposed for 60 days to both stagnant and aerated city water, to which was added 3 percent by weight of sodium chloride.
Major consideration was given to the significance of potential as a criterion for protection. Optimum protection was achieved when specimens were controlled at —0.77 volt with reference to the saturated calomel half cell. Although a good degree of protection was obtained at controlled potentials more noble than —0.77 volt, that is, at the potentials associated with the breaks in cathodic polarization curves, this lesser degree of protection could not be obtained at lower mean current densities. 5.2.4
Evaluation of Refinery Corrosion inhibitors★
Authors: FREEDMAN A. J. , DRAVNIEKS A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Since reproduction of refinery operating conditions in the laboratory is difficult, most laboratory testing of refinery corrosion inhibitors has been unreliable. For this reason,, inhibitors for refinery use have been selected mainly on the basis of qualitative field trials. Such tests are expensive and subject to many independent, noncontrollable variables.
Frequently, failures of corrosion inhibitors to provide satisfactory protection can be traced to specific environmental factors. Therefore, new laboratory tests for commercial refinery corrosion inhibitors have been developed to simulate closely certain features of actual field conditions. Inhibitors have been evaluated for corrosion protection in light naphtha condensers, distillation towers, special high temperature locations, high velocity service, narrow crevices, and for impingement attack.
These test data show conclusively that no single corrosion inhibitor can be expected to provide satisfactory corrosion protection in all refinery locations. Plant results obtained with electrical resistance corrosion probes corroborate the laboratory evaluations. 5.8.1
An Electrical Resistance Method of Corrosion Monitoring In Refinery Equipment★
Authors: FREEDMAN A. J. , TROSCINSKI E. S. , DRAVNIEKS A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A corrosion test system based on the electrical resistance method permits continuous monitoring of corrosion rates in refinery equipment without interrupting normal operations. Corrosion decreases the cross-section, and consequently the electrical conductivity, of a metal specimen exposed to refinery fluids at high temperatures and inaccessible locations. From the decrease in conductivity, or increase in resistance, the amount of corrosion which occurs between measurements can be determined. The system has been used successfully under all conditions of temperature and pressure encountered in a refinery. It has measured corrosion rates in vapor and liquid phases, with both oil and aqueous media.
With the aid of the corrosion probe, corrosion rates in operating refinery equipment have been determined quantitatively in a few hours' time, as compared with months required for coupon measurements, water analyses, and unit inspections. Refinery corrosion inhibitors have been compared rapidly in actual use. Effects of changes in unit operating procedures upon corrosion rates have been observed shortly after the changes were made. Sensitive locations where corrosion is expected have been monitored frequently. 2.2.1
Corrosion Rates of Mild Steel In NH4NO3-NH3-H2O Solutions★
Authors: HACKERMAN NORMAN , HURD RAY M. , SNAVELY EARL S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Corrosion rates of mild steel in mixtures of NH4NO3-NH3-H2O were measured at temperatures of 30, 45 and 60 C. The effects of various sulfur and arsenic-containing inhibitors were studied, with particular emphasis on NH4CNS. The corrosion reaction was found to be markedly affected by stresses in the metal to the extent that completely stress-relieved coupons would not corrode at all. The rate of the uninhibited reaction was much lower at 45 and 60 C than at 30 C, indicating a change in the mechanism of the corrosion reaction.
The uninhibited corrosion rate of 3700 mdd at 30 C was decreased to approximately 25 mdd with NH4CNS concentrations greater than 0.1 percent. At 45 C, the most effective inhibitor was found to be 0.05 percent 2-mercapto-ethanol + 0.05 percent sodium arsenite, followed closely by 0.1 percent NH4CNS + 0.05 percent sodium arsenite. Thio-cyanate and thiourea alone at concentrations of 0.1 percent were somewhat less effective.
Simple potential measurements using a platinum reference electrode showed the corroding coupons to be about 0.9 volt more anodic than the stress-relieved coupons. 4.3.4
The Behavior of Steels in Hydrogen Sulfide Environments★
Authors: VOLLMER L W. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Spontaneous cracking of steels in deep high-pressure condensate wells producing gas containing hydrogen sulfide has been a subject for considerable investigation during the past seven or eight years. This paper presents: (1) a definition and possible mechanisms for sulfide-stress cracking of steels, (2) the methods currently being used to establish the susceptibility of steels to this phenomenon, (3) a brief summation of the significant developments from research on the problem, and (4) the measures that are currently indicated to minimize the possibilities of such failures in steel equipment.
The term “sulfide-stress cracking” is preferred to the commonly used “sulfide corrosion cracking” since the phenomenon is stress dependent.
The susceptibility of most constructural steels to sulfide-stress cracking can be minimized, if not eliminated, by appropriate heat treatment which must include tempering at a temperature not less than 1150 F and by limiting the maximum mechanical properties to predetermined levels. When the use of high strength metals is unavoidable, certain nonferrous alloys, which thus far have indicated a high degree of insensitivity to the phenomenon, are suggested. 3.2.2
Corrosion Resistance of Titanium Alloys Compared With Commercially Pure Titanium
Authors: SCHLAIN DAVID , KENAHAN CHARLES B. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Titanium-8 percent manganese, titanium-5 percent aluminum-2½ percent tin, titanium-2 percent aluminum, titanium-6 percent aluminum, titanium-1 percent copper, and titanium-5 percent copper alloys are similar to commercially pure titanium in chemical and galvanic corrosion properties. These alloys are completely resistant to corrosion in synthetic ocean water, tap water, 1 percent sodium hydroxide, and 5 percent ferric chloride solutions. In sulfuric acid solutions saturated with air, the titanium alloys with the exception of those containing copper are resistant to corrosion in 5 percent solution at 35 C but corrode rapidly in 10 percent solution. At 60 C, these alloys are inert in 1 percent and corrode in 5 percent acid. The titanium-copper alloys usually are more resistant than commercially pure titanium to corrosion in sulfuric acid solutions and less resistant in hydrochloric acid. In contact with aluminum in 0.5 percent sulfuric acid saturated with air, titanium and the titanium-base alloys are the cathodic members of the couples. Titanium and titanium-base alloys are generally anodic when in contact with stainless steels in air-saturated 4.7, 9.3 and 17.5 percent sulfuric acid solutions but the galvanic corrosion rates are low. Furthermore, the chemical corrosion of titanium alloys is almost eliminated as a result of contact with stainless steel. 6.3.15
New Instruments and Techniques for Ultrasonic Measurement of Tank Ship Corrosion Losses★
Authors: EVANS DWIGHT J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A method of making nondestructive thickness measurements from one side on steel, especially in tank ships, using an ultrasonic gauge,, is described. Accuracy of the “slide rule” method of calibration is detailed, and the various sources of error examined and means of compensating for them explained. Merits of the cathode ray tube resonance instrument are explained and its efficiences over earlier instruments outlined.
New techniques developed during experience in recent years are described and some changes in attitude toward earlier accepted procedures explained. Manner in which data are recorded is shown in tables. 2.4.3
Effects of Foreign Metals on Corrosion of Titanium In Boiling 2M Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: BUCK ROGER , SLOOPE BILLY W. , LEIDHEISER HENRY 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The rate of corrosion of titanium was determined in boiling 2M HC1 when contacted to aluminum, cadmium, tin, zirconium, lead, bismuth, mercury, silver, copper, antimony, vanadium, 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70 copper-nickel alloys, iron, palladium, cobalt, nickel, gold, rhodium, platinum and iridium. Less extensive corrosion measurements of the same type were also made in 0.6 and 2M H2SO4. The potentials of the couple and of the two members of the couple were determined in boiling 2M HC1 for 20 of the systems studied. A plot of the corrosion rate vs the couple potential yielded a polarization curve which was similar to the anodic polarization curve for titanium with an impressed voltage. The curve exhibited a maximum in corrosion rate at a couple potential of —0.49-volt vs the saturated calomel electrode. The potential of titanium in boiling 2 M HC1 was also determined as a function of concentration of the following metallic cations in the acid: copper, silver, antimony, nickel, gold, palladium, rhodium, platinum and iridium. The influence of the cations on the corrosion rate was explained in relation to the polarization curve. 6.3.15
An Industrial Experience of Attack on Metals by Synthesis Gas From Methane-Oxygen Combustion★
Authors: EBERLE F. , WYLIE R. D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Severe metal–wastage was experienced on AISI Type 347 (18Cr-8Ni-Nb) and AISI Type 310 (25Cr-20Ni) used in the construction of a gas generator in which methane was burned with oxygen to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen for fuel synthesis of the Fischer-Tropsch type. The mode of attack varied with temperature. At the highest temperatures, above 1650 to 1800 F, it consisted of straight oxidation, progressing intergranularly. With decreasing temperatures, heavy carburization with occasional signs of interspersed oxidation manifested itself. As temperatures declined further, cycling carburization, oxidation and reduction were observed, accompanied by severe metal wastage.
Typically attacked metal surfaces consisted of a semi-scale containing tiny globules of metallic particles surrounded by carbon or graphite interspersed with oxide. Tests with specimens of numerous steels and alloys installed at various locations in the reactor showed that the most resistant materials were those which best resisted carburization, that is, nickel, Monelj, Inconel, AISI Type 446 (27 chrome-iron), copper, and pack-calorized materials. 4.2.3
The Evaluation of Certain Organic Nitrogen Compounds As Corrosion Inhibitors★
Authors: SCHWOEGLER E. J. , BERMAN L. U. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The Static Water Drop Test adapted to research methods has been utilized to evaluate the corrosion inhibiting ability of a number of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds. Most of these heterocyclic N derivatives were synthesized and purified and evaluated in a petroleum-type lubricating oil and a synthetic diester-type lubricating oil.
The effect of various functional groups and their positions in the molecule was related to the corrosion inhibiting properties. It was found that the adsorptive power was a function of the heterocyclic nitrogen containing a hydrogen atom as the substituent. It was also found that the adsorptive power at the heterocyclic nitrogen atom was lost when other substituents replaced the hydrogen. It was concluded that the adsorptive effect of the heterocyclic nitrogen is due to its unshared electron pair, which is sterically hindered when substituents other than hydrogen are attached.
N-Hydroxyalkyl derivatives in diester oil seemed to arrange themselves in order of effectiveness on the basis of the position of the hydroxyl group in the alkyl chain. The closer the hydroxyl was to the heterocyclic nitrogen the more effective it was as a corrosion inhibitor. There was no way to explain the order of effectiveness of the same compounds in petroleum oil. 5.8.1
High Temperature Oxidation of Chromium-Nickel Steels★
Authors: CAPLAN D. , COHEN M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The scaling of austenitic stainless steels Type 302, 309 and 330 has been investigated by weight gain vs time measurements in air at 1600 to 2000 F and subsequent examination of the scales. As had been found previously with chromium steel, the curves exhibit breaks indicating intermediate periods of rapid oxidation due to disruption of the protective scale layer. Accumulation of silica at the metal/scale interface is found to contribute to this disruption; voids are considered to have the same effect. A distinction is drawn between such breaks and the type which arises from the extraordinary protectiveness of an initial thin oxide film, which is markedly affected by surface preparation and prior treatment. 3.2.3