bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Franke George R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Meta‐analysis
is the quantitative analysis of empirical research results. Unlike traditional literature reviews, meta‐analyses focus on
effect sizes
. An effect may be a response to stimuli, a correlation between variables, or a variety of other study results. A meta‐analysis shows the range and variance of effect sizes across multiple studies, summarizes the average effect size and tests it for significance, and may reveal moderators that systematically vary the strength of the effect. The results can guide management practice, inform public policy decisions, and indicate where future research efforts may be most productive. The value of meta‐analysis underlies its widespread use across hundreds of published applications in marketing, management, and related fields.
Multi‐Level Modeling
Authors: Evanschitzky Heiner , Backhaus Christof 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWhenever research is concerned with the analysis of relationships between lowerlevel units (e.g., individuals) and the higherlevel unit they belong to (e.g., group), a hierarchical – multilevel or nested – data structure occurs. In such cases, multi‐level modeling (MLM) approaches, also known as hierarchical linear modeling, are suited to empirically assess respective data structures in a methodologically correct way. The article gives an introduction to the background of multilevel modeling, outlines the methodological procedure for the basic case of a two‐level model, and provides an outlook to more advanced applications of MLM.
Neuromarketing
Authors: Saad Gad 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Neuromarketing utilizes apparatuses from the neurosciences (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging or electroencephalography) to investigate individuals' response to marketing stimuli. The assumption is that such data will garner insights beyond those obtained via more traditional methods. Brain activation patterns are contrasted across two states: when performing an experimental task (e.g., viewing an advertisement) versus in a control condition. By mapping the changes in the chosen substrate (electric/magnetic signals, blood flow, or blood oxygenation), researchers infer the brain regions that were differentially engaged during the task. Some critics have argued that this paradigm amounts to little more than a search for “pretty brain images” followed by post hoc explanations while supporters propose that the paradigm will unlock many mysteries of the consumer's mind.
Orientations in Marketing
Authors: Boichuk Jeffrey P. , Menguc Bulent , Auh Seigyoung 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The authors propose a 2 × 2 taxonomy that can be used as a tool to systematically review the marketing literature on orientations within firms. Specifically, they delineate previous research in the area based on two continuums: (i)
level of analysis
: organization or individual and (ii)
continuity
: state‐like or trait‐like. Referring to influential research in the area, the authors apply their framework to the research streams of market orientation and customer orientation. While space limitations preclude discussion of the many other orientations studied in marketing, the ideologies discussed herein can be readily applied elsewhere. A primary contribution of this passage is the organizing guide it provides marketing academics, which can be used to advance research on orientations in marketing.
Place Marketing
Authors: Guido Gianluigi 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Place marketing can be defined as a series of persuasive activities carried out by a strategic subject (made of both public and private organizations) aimed at reshaping expectations, changing the priority of desires, and acting on experiences of interaction with the local territorial system by internal users (e.g., residents and firms) and external ones (e.g., tourists and investors), in a way to persuade them to collaborate.
Price Bundling
Authors: Grundström Christina 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Price bundling involves selling a package of products (goods and or services) at a lower price than if the products were priced and sold separately. Price bundling is closely related to bundling and is a common means to differentiate a company's offerings, regardless of type of product. The assumption in marketing theory that there is perfect information, that is, both parties involved in a transaction share the same information, often is an unrealistic condition. More frequently there are imbalances or non‐perfect conditions allowing for price discrimination. Price discrimination, which can be classified as direct, semi‐direct, and indirect, can be related to bundling. Setting an appropriate price for a bundle requires in‐depth knowledge of customers' needs. If done appropriately, the utility will be optimized. To achieve this there may be a need for a decrease in price of a bundle to compensate the loss in value and need satisfaction if the bundle consists of products with unequal vale or need satisfaction.
Price Image
Authors: Zielke Stephan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPrice image is often defined as the buyer's attitude toward price on the assortment‐level or the price‐level perception of a retail store. Streams in price image research focus on the integration of information in forming an overall store price image, the specific role of different information cues (e.g., price advertising, price guarantees, or store design cues) in this process, and the conceptualization of price image as a multidimensional latent variable. The latter research stream requires an extended definition of the price image construct. According to this view, price image can be defined as a multidimensional latent variable, consisting of several cognitive dimensions related to beliefs about a company's pricing activities and anticipated emotions associated with these beliefs.
Quasi‐Experiment
Authors: Ellen Pam Scholder , Fitzgerald M. Paula 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Quasi‐experimental designs are primary data collection methods that seek to infer causality in a setting that does not allow the researcher to randomly assign test units to experimental conditions. Quasi‐experiments are useful when researchers are interested in a phenomenon that occurs in a complex environment that cannot be well‐replicated in a laboratory setting. Because random assignment is not used, the onus is on the researcher to explicitly address how he or she has controlled for other explanations of the observed effects. Thus, the researcher gives careful consideration to including procedures that create equivalence among experimental and control groups and/or measuring and statistically adjusting for extraneous variables.
Radio Frequency Identification (
RFID
)
Authors: Sparks Leigh 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Radio frequency identification (
RFID
) has seen increased implementation in many sectors, including retailing. Combining radio‐enabled tags/labels and readers,
RFID
offers the potential for item‐level ‘always‐on’ product identification, though at some cost (financial and management). For retailers, there are benefits to be gained in visibility and productivity enhancements in supply chains and stock control.
Salience
Authors: Guido Gianluigi 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A marketing stimulus is salient with respect to other stimuli – and, therefore, is able to activate as much as four times more memory – in two cases: either when it is incongruent, in a given context, with respect to the perceivers' mental schemata (so‐called salience in a narrow sense, or in‐salience); or when it is congruent, in a given context, with the perceivers' personal objectives (so‐called relevance, or re‐salience). In both cases, stimuli are more likely to be perceived and memorized, since consumers, respectively, involuntarily or voluntarily allocate to them a relatively higher quantity of cognitive resources.
Servicescape
Authors: Daunt Kate L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The term servicescape refers to the physical environment of a service firm. Identified facets of servicescapes include a) ambient factors (sounds, colours, scents and lights), b) signs, symbols and artefacts (signage, decorations and objects) and c) spatial layout and functionality (the physical arrangement of equipment and furniture). Services marketing academicians widely accept that servicescapes represent a form of environmental stimuli that drive customers and employees cognitive, emotional and physiological responses which in turn affects individuals' behaviours.
Standardization
Authors: Fastoso Fernando 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Standardization refers to the international marketing practice of using similar or identical marketing strategies and tactics across countries and stands in contraposition to adaptation or localization. Standardization is seen as necessary on the basis of international consumer and market convergence and beneficial for companies as it delivers economies of scale and global brand image building. Recent research has also shown that under specific conditions standardization can have a positive impact on company performance.
Supply Chain
Authors: Grundström Christina 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The term supply chain refers to all organizations involved in moving a product (good or service) from its initiation/birth until it reaches its final customer, be it a consumer or an organizational buyer. A channel of distribution is a special type of supply chain. Recycling is often made part of the supply chain. Quite often only parts of a supply chain are studied at one time and the study is made from one organization's perspective. When looking from an organization towards a supplier it is called to view the chain upstream, and downstream when the view is towards the customer. Studies of supply chains include besides raw material or supplies, various types of financial transactions, knowledge exchange, adaption and social relations. Due to various reasons, companies may choose to move, also called to integrate, up or down the supply chain. A move up the supply chain for a certain company involves taking over activities and responsibilities previously carried out by one or more suppliers. A move down the supply chain may involve making products more complete before moving them on to the next step.
Sustainability
Authors: Varey Richard J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Sustainability is the performance standard for society living within Earth's replenishable budget of resources. This requires decoupling of development (enhanced natural and social capital) from economic growth and environmental damage. Such a society is humane, cultured, and socially rewarding. Sustainability encompasses the entire range of human values, and intragenerational and intergenerational standards of quality of life.
Unintended Consequences of Marketing
Authors: Mariussen Anastasia 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Although unintended consequences of marketing can be both positive and negative in nature, the marketing literature primarily focuses on positive marketing outcomes and pays less attention to negative unanticipated effects of marketing. Meanwhile, negative unintended consequences can occur through the entire marketing supply chain and can span across macro, micro, and internal or firm environments. This article defines unintended marketing consequences, demonstrates their variety by drawing on multiple examples, and briefly summarizes how unintended consequences of marketing can be proactively addressed and eliminated.
CRM
Strategy
Authors: Karantinou Kalipso 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The term “customer relationship management” emerged in the information technology vendor community in the mid‐1990s to refer to technology‐based solutions facilitating the management of customer data and the customer‐firm interface. In the academic community,
CRM
is associated with Relationship Marketing and is described as ‘information‐enabled relationship marketing’. The belief that
CRM
activities can enhance firm performance and that developing customer relationships can lead to profitability, led to an explosion of interest in the study and practice of
CRM
by both academics and executives, with many firms implementing
CRM
programs. Although the conceptual underpinnings of
CRM
are hardly questioned, the lack of agreement about what
CRM
should include, the conflicting implementation results, and some highly publicized failures, have created substantial concern and skepticism. The root of the problem appears to be in the implementation of
CRM
, which is proven challenging for firms. The mere implementation of
CRM
technology does not lead to the desired effect; it is instead the key reason for
CRM
failure.
CRM
should be positioned at a strategic level to yield positive results, complemented by a customer relationship orientation, and facilitated by a number of changes in organizational processes and alignment of these processes with technology.
Experimentation
Authors: Fitzgerald M. Paula , Ellen Pam Scholder 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
An experiment is a primary research method intended to test cause and effect relationships. Researchers systematically manipulate (or change) the variable hypothesized to be the cause and then measure the variable hypothesized to be the effect. Respondents are randomly assigned to a treatment or a control group. Good experimentation focuses on designing methods that maximize internal validity of the results.
Marketing Mix
Authors: Kasabov Edward 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The term “marketing mix” was first used by
Neil Borden
to describe a list of important ingredients that constitute marketing programs. The marketing mix came to describe closely related decisions that managers make within the remit of marketing. Diversity of opinions has marked thinking about the marketing mix from the outset, and there is a lack of consensus about the components, usefulness, and applicability of the mix. Borden's own list is probably the longest, but the best known and the most widely used marketing mix is
McCarthy
's four Ps framework consisting of product, price, promotion, and place. The four Ps have been widely criticized as simplistic and misleading, especially in areas of services, relationship, and business‐to‐business marketing. More recent elaborations of the marketing mix include
Booms
and
Bitner's
services marketing mix (also referred to as the extended marketing mix). Even though academics have empirically demonstrated the importance of the mix to practitioners, some marketing theorists have questioned or even rejected it.
Business‐to‐Business Marketing
Authors: Eng Teck‐Yong 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The study of business‐to‐business marketing is at the core of creating business value in interfirm relationship management. Business marketing has advanced from understanding the nature of interaction in a dyad relationship to complex and strategic collaboration among firms in a network of relationships such as in strategic alliances, business partnerships, and functional collaboration (e.g., new product development alliances, supply chains, research and development collaboration). Such complex networks of relationships may include intra‐ and interfirm interdependence of functions, and they can have implications for business exchange, relationship development, and performance outcomes. Managers must therefore manage interfirm relationships be it, business customers, suppliers, government agencies, or research institutes to fulfil specific business objectives. Insights from business marketing can help firms to create business value and opportunities through interaction and relationship management in the business network. This article provides a comprehensive overview of empirical evidence on the numerous challenges and strategies for business relationship development and management.
Adoption Process
Authors: Littler Dale 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The consumer adoption process for an innovation is typically represented as a number of stages consisting of, in the order through which they are passed: awareness, when the consumer first becomes knowledgeable about an innovation either passively or through an active search; information search, when the consumer is stimulated to acquire more details about the innovation; evaluation, when the consumer assesses whether or not the innovation satisfies his/her requirements, often against competing possibilities; trial, when either physically or vicariously the consumer tries out the innovation in a way that minimizes the risk; and finally adoption or rejection.
Buyers
Authors: Karantinou Kalipso 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In the context of organizational buying, buyers are those individuals with authority and formal responsibility to make purchases. In many cases, however, they are not the only ones involved in decision‐making; end users, initiators, deciders and gatekeepers are other identified roles within the decision making unit. The importance of the buyer can vary depending on the organization's philosophy and attitude toward the purchase function and the level of risk associated with the purchase. A significant and often overlooked role of buyers is managing relationships with suppliers, which requires substantial effort and resources. Buyers in business‐to‐business contexts have traditionally been assumed to be rational and unbiased, but internal politics, power balances, personal goals and a desire for intra‐organizational political gain can significantly affect buyers and the buying function within an organization.
Culture and Social Identity
Authors: Lindridge Andrew 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Culture represents a collection of beliefs, norms, rules and values that determine not only how we behave but also how we see ourselves. Ultimately then an individual can be seen as a product or the culture they exist within, which then dictates how we behave in a manner that reinforced a desired sense of self‐identity. This culturally derived self‐identity can encompass three categories: the private self (where the individual is motivated to meet their own individual needs), the collective self (where the individual is motivated to please and satisfy a wider group's needs, such as the family) and the public self (where the individual is motivated to please either the group they belong to or present an image of themselves that they feel reflects who they are). Ultimately these identities are linked to collectivist and individualist cultural systems.
Customers
Authors: Karantinou Kalipso 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The concept of customer is closely associated with the concept of marketing and the concept of exchange. Marketing is concerned with satisfying customer needs and with facilitating exchanges in a variety of different contexts. Customers can be individuals or social units involved in selecting, acquiring, consuming and disposing of products, services, experiences, and ideas, exchanging money, information, status, and feelings in the exchange process. The utilitarian exchange theory views customers as rational in their behavior, free from external influences and possessing complete information on alternatives available to them in exchanges. Research into customer buyer behavior nevertheless reveals a different picture: customers are sometimes irrational, motivated by tangible as well as intangible rewards, by internal as well as external forces, basing their choices on incomplete information, and settling for less than optimum gains in their exchanges, guided by utilitarian but also symbolic aspects in their decisions.
Etic–Emic Dilemma
Authors: Lindridge Andrew 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The terms etic and emic are widely used methodological themes in cross‐cultural research, describing how a cultural phenomenon can be assessed. How the researcher measures differing cultural behaviors ultimately has implications for the nature of the research gathered. Based on this recognition, researchers can take two perspectives on how they view culture – the etic (which views the culture being studied from the perspective of the researcher's own culture, and therefore assumes cultural superiority on the researcher's behalf) and emic (which views the culture being researched solely from the perspective of the culture being studied). The two approaches that offer advantages and disadvantages.
Strategic Business Units
Authors: Sammut‐Bonnici Tanya , McGee John 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

A strategic business unit (
SBU
) is an organizational subunit that acts like an independent business in all major respects, including the formulation of its own strategic plans and its own marketing strategy. An
SBU
may share its parent organization's corporate identity or develop its own brand identity, depending on the degrees of freedom allowed to the management of the division. Dividing the corporation's operations into
SBU
s increases efficiency and market focus and efficiently organizes the business portfolio of a broadly diversified company.
SBU
s would typically prepare their own financial, strategic, marketing, and sales plans. The advantage of operating through an
SBU
is that it would create a strategically focused management structure that is not detracted by the wider product portfolio of the corporation. Corporations may experience some disadvantages when organizing their divisions through the
SBU
structure. Separate units may create an additional layer of top management, which are expensive and difficult to manage.
SBU
s require coordination from head office to align with the group's overall objectives. The best results for strategy formulation for business units are derived in companies with a collaborative approach.
Complexity
Authors: Roehrich Jens 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The multidisciplinary concept of complexity has previously been explored in a number of disciplines such as economics, mathematics and physics. Although recent interest by management scholars in the study of complex systems has grown substantially, complexity as a sub‐field in the social sciences has existed for many decades. Management scholars have used a variety of dynamic systems theories to provide a more complete understanding of organizational design, network structuring and strategic adaptation. Prior studies have mainly emphasized a structural viewpoint on complexity which takes into consideration the high number of complicated interrelationships and institutional structures. The resulting structural complexity can be positively associated with innovative practice, but has also been related to several problems such as poor schedule quality, ineffective decision making, larger inventories and higher costs.
Supplier Development
Authors: Krause Daniel 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Supplier development is a bilateral effort between a firm, in its role as a customer, and its supplier to increase the supplier's performance. Supplier development activities vary broadly ranging from evaluation and feedback to training and education, to direct involvement by a customer firm's representatives in on‐site supplier improvements. The effort can be tactical in nature, focused on one supplier that is having problems, or strategic, representing a supply base‐wide effort to create a globally aligned supply network.
Process Layout
Authors: Bennett David 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article describes one of the three basic options for laying out facilities to produce goods or deliver services. In a process layout similar production processes are grouped together in the same department or area. Advantages include specialized supervision and flexibility because the priority of batches can be changed. Disadvantages of process layouts including high work‐in‐progress levels, frequent setups, extensive material movement, and long throughput times.