bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe final chapter concludes the book’s argument and summarizes its main theses in an overview. The summary claims that human vulnerability is central to a proper self-understanding of human individuals and the communities in which they live. Vulnerability—understood not only as the capacity to be wounded but also as self-awareness and acceptance of being subject to harm—is not reducible to weakness or the absence of virtue. Instead, the right appropriation of vulnerability proves to be central to genuine self-knowledge and to the exercise of political virtue. The works of philosophy, epic, and tragedy in the previous chapters offer a variety of perspectives both on the nature of vulnerability and the best ways in which to be responsive to its presence in communities. Further, the audience’s encounter with such struggles with vulnerability in performed tragedy, epic, or philosophy invites the political community to witness and so more fully to incorporate the vulnerable into the body politic.
Management Innovation in the UK Consulting Industry
Authors: O’Mahoney Joe 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhat enables and constrains a firm’s ability to develop management innovations? This paper argues that existing answers to this question too often focus exclusively on the agency of strategic decision-makers, an approach that fails to account for the changing nature of innovative activity over time. Here, using qualitative and quantitative data from a four-year study of UK consultancies, it is shown first that management innovation in consultancies is changing and second that many of these changes are a response to the shifting socio-economic environment of the industry. Theoretically, these findings highlight the possibilities of using critical realist ontology to link together the micro-, meso- and macro-levels of analysis in developing a dynamic understanding of why management innovation changes over time.
Reconceptualizing Service through Service-dominant Logic
Authors: Ng Irene C.L. , Vargo Stephen L. , Smith Laura A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Defining the nature of service has been a challenge to researchers, most centring upon the idea of ‘activities’ or ‘processes’ and degrees of intangibility, heterogeneity, inseparability, and perishability. It is argued that this has led to ‘service industry’ theorizing in which special cases of industrial sectors are explored. Chapter 8 argues that a service-dominant logic (S-D Logic) perspective has the potential to illuminate an understanding of service and value to move beyond this reconceptualizing of service industries to one generating new insights. This chapter suggests a way to operationalize S-D Logic by redrawing a firm’s value propositional attributes such that these are aligned with their realization by the customer in use contexts. By doing so, it shows that firms’ offerings are hybridized between product and service and connected to one another. Together with the customer, value creation becomes a constellation where resources are integrated by all stakeholders. An S-D Logic approach shows the complexity of the value-creating system but also provides a framework by which that system can be understood. This chapter shows how the operationalization of a value-creating system through an S-D Logic approach could generate new insights in terms of interactions between tangible objects, human activities, and customer resources.
Offshoring and Outsourcing of Administrative and Technical Services
Authors: Spring Martin , Araujo Luis , Mason Katy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe importance and rapid growth of offshore outsourcing of administrative and technical services is outlined. The dominance of transaction costs economics as a theoretical framework for the analysis of this phenomenon is noted, and it is argued that this approach neglects the need to identify and define which activities are to be candidates for outsourcing, concentrating instead on the decision to outsource, with the candidate activity being taken for granted. The modularity theory of the firm and the notion of mundane transaction costs are introduced, and it argued that these reveal important aspects of the process by which modularization takes place. As such, the process is shown to be a more trial-and-error process, underpinned by the gradual development of standards and other market-supporting institutions, than some accounts would suggest.
Explaining Criminal Careers
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Explaining Criminal Careers presents a simple quantitative theory of crime, conviction and reconviction, the assumptions of the theory are derived directly from a detailed analysis of cohort samples drawn from the “UK Home Office” Offenders Index (OI). Mathematical models based on the theory, together with population trends, are used to make: exact quantitative predictions of features of criminal careers; aggregate crime levels; the prison population; and to explain the age-crime curve, alternative explanations are shown not to be supported by the data. Previous research is reviewed, clearly identifying the foundations of the current work. Using graphical techniques to identify mathematical regularities in the data, recidivism (risk) and frequency (rate) of conviction are analysed and modelled. These models are brought together to identify three categories of offender: high-risk / high-rate, high-risk / low-rate and low-risk / low-rate. The theory is shown to rest on just 6 basic assumptions. Within this theoretical framework the seriousness of offending, specialisation or versatility in offence types and the psychological characteristics of offenders are all explored suggesting that the most serious offenders are a random sample from the risk/rate categories but that those with custody later in their careers are predominantly high-risk/high-rate. In general offenders are shown to be versatile rather than specialist and can be categorised using psychological profiles. The policy implications are drawn out highlighting the importance of conviction in desistance from crime and the absence of any additional deterrence effect of imprisonment. The use of the theory in evaluation of interventions is demonstrated.
Locality and the Distribution of Main Clause Phenomena
Authors: Haegeman Liliane 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe paper deals with the distribution of main clause phenomena, in particular argument-fronting in English, which is usually said to be restricted to root clauses and to embedded clauses with root-like properties. Accounts of the distribution of MCP have usually tied these to assertive illocutionary force, often adopting a truncation account according to which the left periphery of clauses incompatible with MCP is somehow structurally reduced. This paper proposes an alternative syntactic account according to which the non-availability of argument-fronting in certain embedded domains in English is derived syntactically: it is accounted for in terms of locality constraints on movement. The apparent structural reduction of such domains can be derived as a consequence of a movement derivation of temporal and conditional clauses. The paper will explore to what extent the account can be generalized to capture the restricted distribution of argument-fronting (and MCP in general) in different types of that clauses.
Locality and Interference in the Formation of Object Questions
Authors: Guasti Maria Teresa 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA long debate observation in adult psycholinguistic literature holds that object questions are more difficult than subject questions and not surprisingly that they are acquired later than subject questions. This is the starting point, mainly discussed on the basis of Italian acquisition data and linked to an observation stemming from the linguistic literature, namely, that there are languages that allow only subject questions. These facts are all dealt with by the assumption that object question formation involves a movement step turning a wh-object trace into an intervener between AgrS/T and a subject in Spec-vP with the consequence that the verb will end up agreeing with the object rather than the subject, under the pressure of a strict locality constraint, whose manifestation is clearly evident in Austronesian languages. A variety of strategies are adopted in languages and by the acquirer to avoid this too strict locality constraint, depending on the global structure of the target language (whether it has morphological case, resumption, or Spec-head agreement).
Death and the Afterlife
Authors: Scheffler Samuel 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Even if we do not believe in a personal afterlife in which we survive our own deaths, we assume that there will be a “collective afterlife” in which humanity survives long after we are gone. Samuel Scheffler maintains that this assumption plays a surprising—indeed astonishing—role in our lives. In certain important respects, the future existence of people who are as yet unborn matters more to us than our own continued existence and the continued existence of those we love. Without the expectation that humanity has a future, many of the things that now matter to us would cease to do so. By contrast, the prospect of our own deaths, despite the terror it inspires, does little to undermine our confidence in the value of our activities. This conclusion complicates widespread assumptions about human egoism and individualism. And it has striking implications for the way we think about climate change, nuclear proliferation, and other urgent threats to humanity’s survival. Scheffler adds that, although we are not unreasonable to fear death, personal immortality, like the imminent extinction of humanity, would also undermine our confidence in the values we hold dear. His arresting conclusion is that, in order for us to lead value-laden lives, what is necessary is that we ourselves should die and that others should live. Scheffler’s position is discussed with insight and imagination by four distinguished commentators—Harry Frankfurt, Niko Kolodny, Seana Shiffrin, and Susan Wolf—and Scheffler adds a final reply.
Steps Toward Harmonization for Clinical Development of Medicines in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis—A Global Scientific Discussion, Part 2
Authors: Sun Haihao , Vesely Richard , Nelson Robert M. , Taminiau Jan , Szitanyi Peter , Isaac Maria , Klein Agnes , Uzu Shinobu , Griebel Donna , Mulberg Andrew E. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:To facilitate global drug development, the International Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Working Group (i‐IBD Working Group) discussed data extrapolation, trial design, and pharmacokinetic (PK) considerations for drugs intended to treat pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC), and considered possible approaches toward harmonized drug development.Methods:Representatives from the US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, Health Canada, and the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan convened monthly to explore existing regulatory approaches, reviewed the results of a literature search, and provided perspectives on pediatric UC drug development based on the available medical literature.Results:Although pediatric UC, when compared with UC in adults, has a similar disease progression and response to intervention, the similarity of the exposure‐response relation has not been adequately established. Consequently, clinical endpoints should be selected to optimally assess efficacy in children. The inclusion of a placebo control in pediatric trials to assure assay sensitivity may be appropriate under limited circumstances. In clinical studies, although the drug under investigation could provide possible direct benefit, placebo treatment should present no more than a minor increase over minimal risk to children with UC.Conclusions:Partial extrapolation of efficacy from informative adult studies may be appropriate. Placebo‐controlled efficacy trials are scientifically and ethically appropriate for pediatric UC given appropriate patient selection and the use of early escape. Clinical studies in pediatric UC may include initial dose‐finding studies and exposure‐response modeling followed by an efficacy and safety study to further explore the exposure‐response relation.
Immune response costs are associated with changes in resource acquisition and not resource reallocation
Authors: Bashir‐Tanoli Sumayia , Tinsley Matthew C. 
Published: January 2014

Summary

Evolutionary ecologists frequently argue that parasite defence is costly because resources must be reallocated from other life‐history traits to fuel the immune response. However, this hypothesis is rarely explicitly tested. An alternative possibility is that immune responses impair an organism's ability to acquire the resources it needs to support metabolism. Here, we disentangle these opposing hypotheses for why the activation costs of parasite resistance arise.

We studied fecundity costs associated with immune stimulation in Drosophila melanogaster. Then, by measuring correlated changes in metabolic rate, food consumption and body weight, we assessed whether responses were consistent with immunity costs originating from altered resource allocation or from impaired resource acquisition.

Microbial injection resulted in a 45% fecundity decrease. It also triggered a mean decline in metabolic rate of 6% and a mean reduction in food intake of 31%; body weight was unaffected. Metabolic rate downregulation was greater in males than in females, whereas declines in food ingestion were of similar magnitude in both sexes. These physiological shifts did not depend on whether microbial challenges were alive or dead, thus they resulted from immune system activation not pathogenesis.

These costs of immune activation are significant for individuals that successfully resist infection and might also occur in other situations when immune responses are upregulated without infection.

Whilst we found significant activation costs of resistance, our data provide no compelling evidence for the popularly argued hypothesis that immune deployment is costly because of reallocation of energetic resources to the immune system. Instead, reduction in resource acquisition due to ‘infection‐induced anorexia’ may be the principal driver of metabolic changes and fecundity costs resulting from immune response activation.
Generalized diffraction‐stack migration and filtering of coherent noise
Authors: Zhan Ge , Dai Wei , Zhou Min , Luo Yi , Schuster Gerard T. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWe reformulate the equation of reverse‐time migration so that it can be interpreted as summing data along a series of hyperbola‐like curves, each one representing a different type of event such as a reflection or multiple. This is a generalization of the familiar diffraction‐stack migration algorithm where the migration image at a point is computed by the sum of trace amplitudes along an appropriate hyperbola‐like curve. Instead of summing along the curve associated with the primary reflection, the sum is over all scattering events and so this method is named generalized diffraction‐stack migration. This formulation leads to filters that can be applied to the generalized diffraction‐stack migration operator to mitigate coherent migration artefacts due to, e.g., crosstalk and aliasing. Results with both synthetic and field data show that generalized diffraction‐stack migration images have fewer artefacts than those computed by the standard reverse‐time migration algorithm. The main drawback is that generalized diffraction‐stack migration is much more memory intensive and I/O limited than the standard reverse‐time migration method.
Relating electrical conduction of alluvial sediments to textural properties and pore‐fluid conductivity
Authors: Mele Mauro , Inzoli Silvia , Giudici Mauro , Bersezio Riccardo 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTElectrical conductivity of alluvial sediments depends on litho‐textural properties, fluid saturation and porewater conductivity. Therefore, for hydrostratigraphic applications of direct current resistivity methods in porous sedimentary aquifers, it can be useful to characterize the prevailing mechanisms of electrical conduction (electrolytic or shale conduction) according to the litho‐textural properties and to the porewater characteristics. An experimental device and a measurement protocol were developed and applied to collect data on eight samples of alluvial sediments from the Po plain (Northern Italy), characterized by different grain‐size distribution, and fully saturated with porewater of variable conductivity. The bulk electrical conductivities obtained with the laboratory tests were interpreted with a classical two‐component model, which requires the identification of the intrinsic conductivity of clay particles and the effective porosity for each sample, and with a three‐component model. The latter is based on the two endmember mechanisms, surface and electrolytic conduction, but takes into account also the interaction between dissolved ions in the pores and the fluid‐grain interface. The experimental data and their interpretation with the phenomenological models show that the volumetric ratio between coarse and fine grains is a simple but effective parameter to determine the electrical behaviour of clastic hydrofacies at the scale of the representative elementary volume.
Jung's quest for the Aurora consurgens
Authors: Haaning Aksel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe paper focuses on the year 1929 when Jung published ‘A European commentary’ to Richard Wilhelm's German translation of the Taoist text The Secret of the Golden Flower. This shows that Jung had already started on the track of European alchemy by following up Conrad Waldkirch's preface in Artis Auriferae (1593); and it raises the question of whether this could be the possible missing link to Jung's subsequent research in Alchemy and Hermetic Philosophy in the years to come. It is argued that here was the beginning of Jung's quest for the Aurora consurgens, the publication of which concludes the Mysterium Conuinctionis more than twenty years later. It is further maintained that this choice of the Aurora is a profound expression of Jung's ambition to revitalize the past from within the individual, and helps explain Jung's deep concern with the welfare and future of modern society.
From affect to feelings and thoughts: from abuse to care and understanding
Authors: Cavalli Alessandra 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe capacity of the infant to bear affect relies on the capacity of the caregiver until it has achieved enough strength to perform this task itself. In the case of neglect the necessary strength to contain, metabolize and think about affect so that it may be converted into differentiated feelings cannot develop because of the absence of a caregiver capable of sustaining the infant in its emotional development. Instead a system of defence against affect arises in which the affect itself is perceived as intrusive and abusive. Because of neglect a confusion between abuse and affect is to be observed, with catastrophic consequences for the growing up child. Furthermore neglected children can be seduced by external abuse in the hope of being protected from affect that threatens to feel abusive from within. Paradoxically these children are drawn toward abusive situations in the hope of finding some ongoing shelter from unmanageable affect. A corollary of this is that actual containment comes to feel abusive to them: if they are made to feel affect, they perceive the other, who put them in touch with affect, as abusive: thus affect, abuse and containment are confused. Clinical material will support this thesis.
The spatial metaphor of Utopia in Russian culture and in analysis
Authors: Tsivinsky Vladimir 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe spatial metaphor of Utopia is considered from a Jungian perspective along with its role in Russian culture and in analysis. Such post‐Jungian concepts as the cultural complex and the archetypal story pattern of a victim are used in considering the desperate longing for a rescuer in patients' narratives and in Russian society. A clinical vignette is provided to illustrate these ideas.
Expression, glycosylation and function of recombinant anti‐colorectal cancer mAb CO17‐1A in SfSWT4 insect cells
Authors: Park Se‐Ra , Shin Yong Kyoo , Lee Kyung Jin , Lee Jeong‐Hwan , Hedin David , Mulvania Thera , Lee Seung Ho , Ko Kisung 
Published: January 2014

AbstractColorectal cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) CO17‐1A recognizes the tumor‐associated antigen GA733, a cell surface glycoprotein highly expressed in colorectal carcinoma cell, which is considered to be applicable for diagnosis and therapeutic treatment against colorectal cancer. In addition antibodies are glycoproteins, efficiently recognize and eliminate specific pathogenic and disease antigens. We have currently established baculovirus insect cell expression system to produce anti‐colorectal cancer mAb CO17‐1A. In this study, mAb CO17‐1A was expressed in the transgenic insect cell line SfSWT4, in which glycosylation processing pathway has been humanized. Immunoblot confirmed that mAb CO17‐1A properly expressed in SfSWT4 insect cells. mAb CO17‐1A was purified using protein G affinity column. In addition, MALDI‐TOF verified that the mAb CO17‐1A fused to KDEL, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (mAb CO17‐1AK) had high mannose type of glycan structure. Migration assay showed that insect cell‐derived mAb CO17‐1AK (mAbI CO17‐1AK) with high mannose type of glycan structure was effective as mammalian‐derived mAb CO17‐1A (mAbM CO17‐1A) in inhibition of metastasis. Kinetic analysis of antigen‐antibody interaction using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) confirmed that mAbI CO17‐1AK is efficient to interact with antigen GA733 as mAbM CO17‐1A. These results suggest that the insect cell expression system with the SfSWT4 possibly can be used as a useful alternative way to produce full‐size mAb for cancer immunotherapy.
Multivariate adaptive regression splines analysis to predict biomarkers of spontaneous preterm birth
Authors: Menon Ramkumar , Bhat Geeta , Saade George R. , Spratt Heidi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo develop classification models of demographic/clinical factors and biomarker data from spontaneous preterm birth in African Americans and Caucasians.DesignSecondary analysis of biomarker data using multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), a supervised machine learning algorithm method.SettingAnalysis of data on 36 biomarkers from 191 women was reduced by MARS to develop predictive models for preterm birth in African Americans and Caucasians.SamplesMaternal plasma, cord plasma collected at admission for preterm or term labor and amniotic fluid at delivery.MethodsData were partitioned into training and testing sets. Variable importance, a relative indicator (0–100%) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) characterized results.ResultsMultivariate adaptive regression splines generated models for combined and racially stratified biomarker data. Clinical and demographic data did not contribute to the model. Racial stratification of data produced distinct models in all three compartments. In African Americans maternal plasma samples IL‐1RA, TNF‐α, angiopoietin 2, TNFRI, IL‐5, MIP1α, IL‐1β and TGF‐α modeled preterm birth (AUC train: 0.98, AUC test: 0.86). In Caucasians TNFR1, ICAM‐1 and IL‐1RA contributed to the model (AUC train: 0.84, AUC test: 0.68). African Americans cord plasma samples produced IL‐12P70, IL‐8 (AUC train: 0.82, AUC test: 0.66). Cord plasma in Caucasians modeled IGFII, PDGFBB, TGF‐β1, IL‐12P70, and TIMP1 (AUC train: 0.99, AUC test: 0.82). Amniotic fluid in African Americans modeled FasL, TNFRII, RANTES, KGF, IGFI (AUC train: 0.95, AUC test: 0.89) and in Caucasians, TNF‐α, MCP3, TGF‐β3, TNFR1 and angiopoietin 2 (AUC train: 0.94 AUC test: 0.79).ConclusionsMultivariate adaptive regression splines models multiple biomarkers associated with preterm birth and demonstrated racial disparity.