bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neonatal outcome in infants of chronically hypertensive mothers
Authors: Ono Yoshihisa , Takagi Kenjiro , Seki Hiroyuki , Takai Yasushi , Samejima Koki , Matsunaga Shigetaka , Matsumura Hideyoshi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAim We investigated the neonatal outcome in chronically hypertensive patients with controlled hypertension, uncontrollable hypertension, or superimposed pre‐eclampsia.Material and MethodsThe study included 120 patients who had chronic hypertension and were divided into three groups for which the perinatal and neonatal outcomes were retrospectively compared: pre‐eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension (SP: n = 28), chronic hypertension with severe hypertension uncontrolled in spite of intravenous or multiple oral antihypertensive medications in the latter half of pregnancy (uCH: n = 44), and chronic hypertension with controlled to mild hypertension with or without medication (cCH: n = 48).ResultsPreterm birth rate incidence was significantly higher in the SP and uCH groups than in the cCH group (P < 0.05 for both). The incidence rates of low birthweight, very low birthweight, and extremely low birthweight for the groups were as follows: SP > uCH > cCH. Admission to the neonatal intensive care unit was significantly higher in the uCH and SP groups than in the cCH group (P < 0.05 for both).ConclusionLike superimposed pre‐eclampsia, uncontrolled chronic severe hypertension during late pregnancy results in a poorer neonatal outcome than controlled chronic mild hypertension. We conclude that absolute blood pressure can be used as a predictor of clinical outcome in pregnant chronic hypertension patients.
Diagnostic validity of cervicovaginal human chorionic gonadotrophin at 26–36 weeks of gestation as a biochemical predictor of preterm birth
Authors: Ibrahim Moustafa I. , Harb Hesham M. , Ellaithy Mohamed I. , Awad Ezz M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of qualitative and quantitative assay of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in cervicovaginal secretion as a biochemical predictor of preterm birth.Material and MethodsA prospective study was conducted at Ain‐Shams University Maternity Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. A total of 390 pregnant women were included in the statistical analysis: 90 women who presented with threatened preterm labor and 300 asymptomatic pregnant women with matched age, gestational age, bodyweight, parity and obstetric history. Qualitative and quantitative measurements of cervicovaginal fluid hCG at 26–36 weeks of gestation were performed to assess the risk for preterm birth.ResultsIn women with threatened preterm labor (group 1) and asymptomatic pregnant women (group 2), preterm birth occurred in 35.6% and 9.3%, respectively. We analyzed predictive performances of qualitative and quantitative assay of hCG in cervicovaginal secretion, while combining group 1 and group 2. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of qualitative test, by the cut‐off level of 25 mIU/mL, to predict preterm birth were 68.3%, 96.1%, 76.9%, 94.3% and 91.8%, respectively; those of quantitative test, by the cut‐off level of 34.5 mIU/mL, were 100%, 98.5%, 92.3%, 100% and 98.7%, respectively.ConclusionsBoth the qualitative and quantitative assessment of cervicovaginal fluid hCG at 26–36 weeks of gestation were valuable in the prediction of occurrence of preterm birth in the women who presented with threatened preterm labor as well as in the asymptomatic pregnant population.
A Tale of Two American Cities: Disaster, Class and Citizenship in San Francisco 1906 and New Orleans 2005
Authors: Kroll‐Smith Steve , Brown‐Jeffy Shelly 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDestruction, notes David Harvey, “is often required to make the new urban geography out of the wreckage of the old.”2 The history of San Francisco's Chinatown following the 1906 earthquake and fire and New Orleans' public housing following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 reveal how powerful class interests collude with the fog of disaster to lay claim to the urban spaces of the poor and marginal. In two historic U.S. disasters we witness the concerted efforts of urban elites to confiscate the spaces of two politically vulnerable populations: the Chinese in 1906 and low‐income African‐Americans in 2005. The widely varying outcomes of these two attempts reveal a good deal about the intersection of calamity, class, race, and citizenship in American history.
Agile Materialisms: Antonio Gramsci, Stuart Hall, Racialization, and Modernity
Authors: Carley Robert 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article investigates why Gramsci's theories and concepts have a discrete relevance to the study of race and ethnicity in contemporary contexts. Two theoretical points emerge from the investigation. First, through Gramsci's work, Hall's approach to the structural/cultural theory problem provides an important mediation for theoretical approaches to race. Hall is then able to demonstrate that the racialization of labor and the coercion of workers in colonial and neocolonial contexts, with regard to the “global south” was the rule and not the exception. Second, through an historical and discursive approach, I demonstrate how Gramsci's analysis of politics and political strategies took race into account. I contend that Gramsci's perspective on race facilitated Hall's ability to deploy Gramsci's theoretical framework and concepts.
Self‐pollination in buds and homostyly in Mussaenda shikokiana (Rubiaceae), a monomorphic species in a distylous clade
Authors: CHEN Shi , LUO Zhong‐Lai , ZHANG Dian‐Xiang 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDistyly is a genetically controlled flower dimorphism. Most species in Mussaenda are distylous or functionally dioecious. Mussaenda shikokiana Makino consisted of one floral morph only in the populations studied in southern China. The present study aimed at illuminating the characteristics of floral monomorphism in M. shikokiana, and elucidating the mechanism behind the evolution of monomorphism from distyly. We examined floral morphology in five natural populations across the species' distribution range. Experiments and observations on the floral biology, pollinating fauna, and breeding system were carried out in two to four natural populations. We also screened allozyme markers to estimate the degree of outcrossing. The results indicated that M. shikokiana was a self‐compatible, partially autogamous species and pollinators were required to maximize seed set. Anthers dehisced and pollen showed the highest viability 8–12 h before flower opening, and stigmas were receptive in bud, resulting in bud‐selfing. Pollen viability decreased sharply after flower opening, whereas stigma receptivity lasted to the third day. Pollinators including bees, butterflies, and hawkmoths visited the flowers of M. shikokiana frequently at the study sites. There was no significant difference among pollen tube growth rates in selfing and outcrossing; pollen tubes reached ovules within 16 h in all treatments, indicating lack of typical self‐incompatibility or cryptic self‐incompatibility. Our results suggested that M. shikokiana is a homostylous species, and that homostyly promoting self‐pollination was selected in its evolutionary history.
How significant to plant N nutrition is the direct consumption of soil microbes by roots?
Authors: Hill Paul W. , Marsden Karina A. , Jones Davey L. 
Published: May 2013

Summary

The high degree to which plant roots compete with soil microbes for organic forms of nitrogen (N) is becoming increasingly apparent. This has culminated in the finding that plants may consume soil microbes as a source of N, but the functional significance of this process remains unknown.

We used 15N‐ and 14C‐labelled cultures of soil bacteria to measure rates of acquisition of microbes by sterile wheat roots and plants growing in soil. We compared these rates with acquisition of 15N delivered as nitrate, amino acid monomer (l‐alanine) and short peptide (l‐tetraalanine), and the rate of decomposition of [14C] microbes by indigenous soil microbiota.

Acquisition of microbe 15N by both sterile roots and roots growing in soil was one to two orders of magnitude slower than acquisition of all other forms of 15N. Decomposition of microbes was fast enough to account for all 15N recovered, but approximately equal recovery of microbe 14C suggests that microbes entered roots intact.

Uptake of soil microbes by wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots appears to take place in soil. If wheat is typical, the importance of this process to terrestrial N cycling is probably minor in comparison with fluxes of other forms of soil inorganic and organic N.
Grounding: Necessary or Contingent?
Authors: Trogdon Kelly 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRecent interest in the nature of grounding is due in part to the idea that purely modal notions are too coarse‐grained to capture what we have in mind when we say that one thing is grounded in another. Grounding not being purely modal in character, however, is compatible with it having modal consequences. Is grounding anecessaryrelation? In this article I argue that the answer is ‘yes’ in the sense that propositions corresponding to full grounds modally entail propositions corresponding to what they ground. The argument proceeds upon two substantive principles: the first is that there is a broadly epistemic constraint on grounding, while the second links this constraint withFine'sAristotelian notion of essence. Many think grounding is necessary in something like the sense specified above, but just why it's necessary is an issue that hasn't been carefully addressed. If my argument is successful, we now know why grounding is necessary.
Baculovirus VP1054 Is an Acquired Cellular PURα, a Nucleic Acid-Binding Protein Specific for GGN Repeats
Authors: Marek Martin , Romier Christophe , Galibert Lionel , Merten Otto-Wilhelm , van Oers Monique M. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

Baculovirus VP1054 protein is a structural component of both of the virion types budded virus (BV) and occlusion-derived virus (ODV), but its exact role in virion morphogenesis is poorly defined. In this paper, we reveal sequence and functional similarity between the baculovirus protein VP1054 and the cellular
pu
rine-
r
ich element binding protein PUR-alpha (PURα). The data strongly suggest that gene transfer has occurred from a host to an ancestral baculovirus. Deletion of the
Autographa californica
multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)
vp1054
gene completely prevented viral cell-to-cell spread. Electron microscopy data showed that assembly of progeny nucleocapsids is dramatically reduced in the absence of VP1054. More precisely, VP1054 is required for proper viral DNA encapsidation, as deduced from the formation of numerous electron-lucent capsid-like tubules. Complementary searching identified the presence of genetic elements composed of repeated GGN trinucleotide motifs in baculovirus genomes, the target sequence for PURα proteins. Interestingly, these GGN-rich sequences are disproportionally distributed in baculoviral genomes and mostly occurred in proximity to the gene for the major occlusion body protein polyhedrin. We further demonstrate that the VP1054 protein specifically recognizes these GGN-rich islands, which at the same time encode crucial proline-rich domains in
p78/83
, an essential gene adjacent to the
polyhedrin
gene in the AcMNPV genome. While some viruses, like human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human JC virus (JCV), utilize host PURα protein, baculoviruses encode the PURα-like protein VP1054, which is crucial for viral progeny production.
Replication Fitness of Multiple Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase-Resistant HIV-1 Variants in the Presence of Etravirine Measured by 454 Deep Sequencing
Authors: Brumme Chanson J. , Huber Kelly D. , Dong Winnie , Poon Art F. Y. , Harrigan P. Richard , Sluis-Cremer Nicolas 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

We applied an efficient method to characterize the relative fitness levels of multiple nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI)-resistant HIV-1 variants by simultaneous competitive culture and 454 deep sequencing. Using this method, we show that the Y181V mutation in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in particular confers a clear selective advantage to the virus over 14 other NNRTI resistance mutations in the presence of etravirine
in vitro
.
Landslides on clay and shale hillslopes in Tuscany, Italy
Authors: Bertocci R. , Canuti P. , Casagli N. , Garzonio C. A. , Vannocci P. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This paper presents the work currently underway at the Earth Science Department of the University of Florence on the setting up of a landslide data base and information system for the Tuscan Region of Italy, with particular reference to the clay and shale slopes. Some examples of preliminary processing of the collected data are given. Landslides in Tuscany are mainly controlled by the lithological features of the soils and by the intensity and frequency of extreme rainfalls. Index properties can be used for the characterization of soils in different sedimentary basins and can be employed for the estimation of the intrinsic strength parameters, such as the residual and the critical state (fully-softened) friction angles. The combination of geomorphological and geotechnical parameters gives information on the causes and the evolution of slope movements. Two examples are given in this paper. The first deals with slope failures in marine sediments at a local scale; the comparison between the height and the inclination of the slopes that are affected by active or stabilized landslides can be used as back analysis providing that reasonable assumptions on pore water pressures are made. The second example consists of a regional analysis of mudslides. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses are compared in order to explain the causes of the movements. The shorter mudslides on gentler slopes can be caused by undrained loading mechanisms. The interpretation of the longer mudslides is more difficult because they often occur at low slope angle, requiring high pore water pressure to explain the movement. In these cases, paleo-climatic factors probably need to be taken into account.
Military geology and the Gulf War
Authors: Knowles Robert B. , Wedge William K. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Engineering geologists and hydrogeologists assigned to the 416th Engineer Command (ENCOM) supported the planning and execution of construction and tactical operations during the Gulf War. Military geology applications included locating potential quarry sites for sources of construction aggregate and fill, evaluating terrain features such as sabkhahs to assess cross-country mobility, and developing water sources.
Sources of construction aggregate were needed to support sustainment engineering requirements in building and maintaining roads, heliports, and aircraft parking aprons in Saudi Arabia. Technical advice and assistance were provided to host nation forces who supported the production and transportation of aggregate from the source to the stock pile.
Terrain analysis contributed to the success of the ground war. Obsolete or inaccurate maps were updated with new satellite images and field reconnaissance. Areas with inadequate terrain data were investigated to document natural as well as man-made obstacles. Coastal sabkhahs were evaluated and tested to determine their effect on mobility. Extensive surficial samples were collected for detailed geologic analysis, and field-expedient methods to improve trafficability were recommended.
Military hydrogeologists and engineers worked closely with the Saudi Ministry of Agriculture to design and site new water wells. Several water wells were drilled by military teams to support operations deep in the desert.
Satellite images, aerial photographs, maps, existing reports, and field reconnaissance were utilized to evaluate geologic conditions, thorough knowledge of which greatly contributed to the success of the ground war.
Remote sensing, terrain analysis, and military operations
Authors: Rinker Jack N. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The army moves over, digs in, hides in, and builds on the land. Success in these endeavors relies on information about landform, structure, composition (rock and soil types), nature of the surface (sticky, dusty, hard, soft, etc.), and an evaluation of obstacles, engineering materials, water sources, and potential sites for ambush, defilade, and cover and concealment. Geology looms large. For many world areas, such information is not in the databases nor on maps; yet it is sometimes needed on short notice. The information can be derived from image analysis, and available imagery covers most of the world. Examples of such applications include Thule Air Base, Icecap access routes, Project Sanguine, Southeast Asia trafficability studies, and Operations Desert Shield/Storm. The Remote Sensing Field Guide—Desert, developed by a joint effort between the U.S. Army Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) and the U.S. Geological Survey, was used extensively in Operations Desert Shield/Storm in support of military operations. These materials plus spectral reflectance data are being blended into a hypermedia terrain database to support interactive image analysis between army elements.
A proposed method for characterizing fracture patterns in denied areas
Authors: Ehlen Judy 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Knowledge of three-dimensional, subsurface fracture patterns is necessary to solve many military and engineering problems. An understanding of subsurface fracture patterns is also essential for the field army with respect to penetrability and weapons effects. Many areas of the world in which the army has an interest are inaccessible (denied areas), and analysis of remotely sensed imagery provides a way to get needed information. This chapter describes a method that provides the basis for three-dimensional characterization of fracture patterns using remotely sensed imagery. Analysis of fracture patterns in the Dartmoor granite of southwest England shows that lineations delineated on imagery are very long, widely spaced joints that are members of joint sets found in outcrop. There are no statistically significant differences in orientation between joints and lineations; the smaller image scale allows the more widely spaced and longer members of a given joint set to be seen. With these relations established, fractal analysis of joint and lineation patterns on Dartmoor granite and in the East Pioneer Mountains, Montana, was done to determine whether fractal geometry could be used to predict subsurface fracture patterns. On Dartmoor, mean fractal dimension for vertical joint sets from outcrop and lineation patterns from imagery were comparable, but this was not the case for the Pioneer granites. Further research must address the problem of predicting three-dimensional, subsurface fracture patterns using remotely sensed imagery prior to attempting to meet the needs of the field army in denied areas.
Military geology should be upgraded as the U.S. Army stands down
Authors: Hatheway Allen W. , Stevens M. Merrill 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Military geologists have provided essential but little-known military intelligence and combat engineer support to the U.S. Army since the grand days of Lieutenant Colonel Alfred H. Brooks' assemblage of U.S. Geological Survey personalities on the World War I western front. Regrettably, since 1918, active-duty practice of military geology and topographic engineering has been career-killing, and therefore most commanders do not establish such a technical proficiency.
Germany found, at least by 1914, geologic knowledge to be essential to the advantageous commitment of troops. Works of German military geologists have never been equaled. Von Bulow's Wehrgeologie (Berlin, 1938) today is a superior manual of military/engineering geology. Germany's superior use of military geology employed professional geologists, many of whom were leading academics, through its reserve forces structure.
The authors advocate training of Army Reserve and Army National Guard military geologists, employed in a regular paid-drill augmentation to Regular Army combat units, down to maneuver battalion level, serving the Operations (S-3) Sections. These reservists should be treated in the manner of the health-science professionals and promoted as technical specialists rather than as troop leaders. The career ladder should run from second lieutenant to colonel, and the officers should be integrated through the Corps of Engineers.
Engineer intelligence and the Pacific geologic mapping program
Authors: Corwin Gilbert 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Lack of terrain data contributed significantly to the high costs of lives and operations during the Pacific campaign of World War II. After the war the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted with the Military Geology Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey to gather detailed terrain information about the occupied islands under direct U.S. jurisdiction in the event they or comparable oceanic islands became sites of future military operations. The U.S. Geological Survey established a headquarters in Tokyo and initiated field studies of Okinawa during 1946. Subsequent detailed studies were launched at the Palau Islands (1947), Yap Islands (1947), Saipan (1948), Tinian (1949), Guam (1951), Pagan, Marianas Islands (1954), Truk (1954), Ishigaki and Miyako (1955), and the Marshall Islands (reconnaissance, 1951). Initial plans for detailed studies of all mandated islands were abandoned for lack of time, but members of the field parties briefly visited nearly all. Field teams included geologists, hydrologists, soils scientists, a plant ecologist, and a climatologist. The Tokyo office gathered and translated existing Japanese literature about the islands; more than 600 articles were translated. A by-product was the establishment of a joint U.S.-Japanese project to compile and publish a series of 1:250,000 geologic maps of formerly held Japanese territories, including Korea, Manchuria, northeast China, southern Sakhalin Island, and the Kuriles.
Results of the field studies were published in a series of military geology folios composed of both basic and interpretive chapters. U.S. Geological Survey professional papers presented many of the scientific results.