bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress in the ecology and conservation of giant pandas
Authors: Wei Fuwen , Swaisgood Ronald , Hu Yibo , Nie Yonggang , Yan Li , Zhang Zejun , Qi Dunwu , Zhu Lifeng 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGiant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) conservation is a possible success story in the making. If extinction of this iconic endangered species can be avoided, the species will become a showcase program for the Chinese government and its collaborators. We reviewed the major advancements in ecological science for the giant panda, examining how these advancements have contributed to panda conservation. Pandas’ morphological and behavioral adaptations to a diet of bamboo, which bear strong influence on movement ecology, have been well studied, providing knowledge to guide management actions ranging from reserve design to climate change mitigation. Foraging ecology has also provided essential information used in the creation of landscape models of panda habitat. Because habitat loss and fragmentation are major drivers of the panda population decline, efforts have been made to help identify core habitat areas, establish where habitat corridors are needed, and prioritize areas for protection and restoration. Thus, habitat models have provided guidance for the Chinese governments’ creation of 67 protected areas. Behavioral research has revealed a complex and efficient communication system and documented the need for protection of habitat that serves as a communication platform for bringing the sexes together for mating. Further research shows that den sites in old‐growth forests may be a limiting resource, indicating potential value in providing alternative den sites for rearing offspring. Advancements in molecular ecology have been revolutionary and have been applied to population census, determining population structure and genetic diversity, evaluating connectivity following habitat fragmentation, and understanding dispersal patterns. These advancements form a foundation for increasing the application of adaptive management approaches to move panda conservation forward more rapidly. Although the Chinese government has made great progress in setting aside protected areas, future emphasis will be improved management of pandas and their habitat.
Viable contribution of Tibetan sacred mountains in southwestern China to forest conservation
Authors: Shen Xiaoli , Li Sheng , Wang Dajun , Lu Zhi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Tibetan sacred mountains (TSMs) cover a large area and may represent a landscape‐scale conservation opportunity. We compared the conservation value of forests in these mountains with the conservation value of government‐established nature reserves and unmanaged open‐access areas in Danba County, southwestern China. We used Landsat satellite images to map forest cover and to estimate forest loss in 1974–1989, 1989–1999, and 1999–2013. The TSMs (n = 41) and nature reserves (n = 4) accounted for 21.6% and 29.7% of the county's land area, respectively. Remaining land was open‐access areas (i.e., areas without any restrictions on resource use) (56.2%) and farmlands (2.2%). Within the elevation range suitable for forests, forest cover did not differ significantly between nature reserves (58.8%) and open‐access areas (58.4%), but was significantly higher in TSMs (65.5%) after controlling for environmental factors such as aspect, slope, and elevation. The TSMs of great cultural importance had higher forest cover, but patrols by monastery staff were not necessarily associated with increased forest cover. The annual deforestation rate in nonsacred areas almost tripled in 1989–1999 (111.4 ha/year) relative to 1974–1989 (40.4 ha/year), whereas the rate in TSMs decreased in the later period (19.7 ha/year vs. 17.2 ha/year). The reduced forest loss in TSMs in 1989–1999 was possibly due to the renaissance of TSM worship and strengthened management by the local Buddhist community since late 1980s. The annual deforestation rate in Danba decreased dramatically to 4.4 ha/year in 1999–2013, which coincided with the implementation of a national ban on logging in 1998. As the only form of protected area across the Tibetan region during much of its history, TSMs have positively contributed to conserving forest at a landscape scale. Conservation of TSM forests largely relied on the strength of local religious institutions. Integrating community‐based conservation of TSMs within the government conservation network would benefit the conservation of the Tibetan region.
Searching for Women on Boards: An Analysis from the Supply and Demand Perspective
Authors: Gabaldon Patricia , de Anca Celia , Mateos de Cabo Ruth , Gimeno Ricardo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractManuscript TypeReviewResearch Question/IssueThis paper seeks to provide a systematic review of the multidisciplinary theoretical approaches to women on boards in order to understand the factors that hinder and facilitate the access of women to boards, to show the instruments that can be used to promote women to senior corporate positions, and to outline a research agenda suggesting gaps that still need to be filled.Research Finding/ResultsWomen's access to boards appears to be fragmented in research silos from a variety of areas, lacking a comprehensive view that provides instruments to overcome the barriers hindering the access of women to corporate boards. More in particular, this paper has found very little scientific analysis to understand what instruments can be the most efficient in eliminating barriers for women to reach boardrooms given different cultural environments.Theoretical ImplicationsThis paper aims to create a comprehensive framework for understanding the presence of women on boards and for indicating existing gaps to be filled by new research in the future. This framework will help future researchers in analyzing specific instruments and to measure their efficiency in eliminating gender imbalance. Depending on the approach taken for research, the theoretical backgrounds used vary. While on the supply side the predominant theories are gender role theory, gender self‐schema, and work–family conflict, the demand side is based on gender discrimination, human and social capital theory, resource dependence theory, and institutional environment theory.Practical ImplicationsThis research provides suggestions to typify causes and provide nuanced policy tools to promote women into leadership positions. Future lines of research are proposed to fill the gaps in understanding female representation in top management positions.
Illicit and injecting drug use among Indigenous young people in urban, regional and remote Australia
Authors: Bryant Joanne , Ward James , Wand Handan , Byron Kat , Bamblett Andrew , Waples‐Crowe Peter , Betts Sarah , Coburn Tony , Delaney‐Thiele Dea , Worth Heather , Kaldor John , Pitts Marian 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsTo examine patterns of illicit drug use among Australian Indigenous young people, identify correlates of frequent use separately in urban, regional and remote settings and characterise those who inject.Design and MethodCross‐sectional design at 40 Indigenous events. Self‐complete surveys were administered to Indigenous people aged 16–29 years using mobile devices.Results2,877 participants completed the survey. One in five reported using cannabis at least weekly in the previous year, but the use of other drugs was less prevalent. Patterns of drug use were largely similar across regions, although more participants in urban and regional areas reported using ecstasy (12% vs 11% vs 5%) and cocaine (6% vs 3% vs 1%) and more reported weekly cannabis use (18% vs 22% vs 14%). Injecting was rare (3%) but those who did inject reported a high incidence of needle sharing (37%). Methamphetamine (37%), heroin (36%) and methadone (26%) were the most commonly injected drugs, and injecting was related to prison experience (AOR 5.3 95% CI 2.8–10.0).Discussion and ConclusionAttention is needed in relation to cannabis use, particularly among those Indigenous young people living in regional and urban settings. Also, although injecting is uncommon, it is associated with prison involvement. Priority must be given to reducing the numbers of Indigenous youth entering justice settings, delaying the age at first entry to justice settings, and reducing the risk of BBV acquisition while in custody through, for example, prison‐based NSP, BBV education, and Indigenous‐specific treatment that emphasises connection to country and culture. [Bryant J, Ward J, Wand H, Byron K, Bamblett A, Waples‐Crowe P, Betts S, Coburn T, Delaney‐Thiele D, Worth H, Kaldor J, Pitts M. Illicit and injecting drug use among Indigenous young people in urban, regional and remote Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:447–455]
Regeneration‐associated genes decline in chronically injured rat sciatic motoneurons
Authors: Gordon Tessa , Tetzlaff Wolfram 
Published: September 2015

AbstractChronic nerve injuries are notorious for their poor regenerative outcomes. Here, we addressed the question of whether the established reduced ability of injured motoneurons to regenerate their axons with time of disconnection with targets (chronic axotomy) is associated with a failure of injured motoneurons to express and sustain their expression of regeneration‐associated genes. Sciatic motoneurons were prevented from regenerating by ligation of the transected nerves (chronic axotomy), and then subjected to a second nerve transection (acute axotomy) to mimic the clinical surgical procedure of refreshing the proximal nerve stump prior to delayed nerve repair. The expression of α1‐tubulin, actin and GAP‐43 mRNA was analysed in axotomized sciatic motoneurons by the use of in situ hybridization followed by autoradiography and silver grain quantification. The expression of these regeneration‐associated genes by naive (acutely) axotomized motoneurons declined exponentially, to reach baseline levels within 6 months. These chronically injured motoneurons responded to a refreshment axotomy by elevating the expression of the genes to the same levels as in acutely (i.e. for the first time) axotomized sciatic motoneurons. However, the expression of these declined more rapidly than after acute axotomy. We conclude that a progressive decline in the expression of the regeneration‐associated genes in chronically axotomized motoneurons and the even more rapid decline in their expression in response to a refreshment axotomy may explain why the regenerative capacity of chronically axotomized neurons declines with time.
The cerebral correlates of subliminal emotions: an electroencephalographic study with emotional hybrid faces
Authors: Prete Giulia , Capotosto Paolo , Zappasodi Filippo , Laeng Bruno , Tommasi Luca 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn a high‐resolution electroencephalographic study, participants evaluated the friendliness level of upright and inverted ‘hybrid faces’, i.e. facial photos containing a subliminal emotional core in the low spatial frequencies (< 6 cycles/image), superimposed on a neutral expression in the rest of the spatial frequencies. Upright happy and angry faces were judged as more friendly or less friendly than neutral faces, respectively. We observed the time course of cerebral correlates of these stimuli with event‐related potentials (ERPs), confirming that hybrid faces elicited the posterior emotion‐related and face‐related components (P1, N170 and P2), previously shown to be engaged by non‐subliminal emotional stimuli. In addition, these components were stronger in the right hemisphere and were both enhanced and delayed by face inversion. A frontal positivity (210–300 ms) was stronger for emotional than for neutral faces, and for upright than for inverted faces. Hence, hybrid faces represent an original approach in the study of subliminal emotions, which appears promising for investigating their electrophysiological correlates.
Phenytoin enhances the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor and fibroblast growth factor receptor in the subventricular zone and promotes the proliferation of neural precursor cells and oligodendrocyte differentiation
Authors: Galvez‐Contreras Alma Y. , Gonzalez‐Castaneda Rocio E. , Campos‐Ordonez Tania , Luquin Sonia , Gonzalez‐Perez Oscar 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPhenytoin is a widely used antiepileptic drug that induces cell proliferation in several tissues, such as heart, bone, skin, oral mucosa and neural precursors. Some of these effects are mediated via fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). These receptors are strongly expressed in the adult ventricular–subventricular zone (V‐SVZ), the main neurogenic niche in the adult brain. The aim of this study was to determine the cell lineage and cell fate of V‐SVZ neural progenitors expanded by phenytoin, as well as the effects of this drug on EGFR/FGFR phosphorylation. Male BALB/C mice received 10 mg/kg phenytoin by oral cannula for 30 days. We analysed the proliferation of V‐SVZ neural progenitors by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Our findings indicate that phenytoin enhanced twofold the phosphorylation of EGFR and FGFR in the V‐SVZ, increased the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)+/Sox2+ and BrdU+/doublecortin+ cells in the V‐SVZ, and expanded the population of Olig2‐expressing cells around the lateral ventricles. After phenytoin removal, a large number of BrdU+/Receptor interacting protein (RIP)+ cells were observed in the olfactory bulb. In conclusion, phenytoin enhanced the phosphorylation of FGFR and EGFR, and promoted the expression of neural precursor markers in the V‐SVZ. In parallel, the number of oligodendrocytes increased significantly after phenytoin removal.
The timing of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease in the UK from 1997 to 2012
Authors: deSouza R. M. , Akram H. , Low H. L. , Green A. L. , Ashkan K. , Schapira A. H. V. 
Published: September 2015

Background and purposeDeep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson disease (PD) has traditionally been reserved for the late stages of the disease. There is evidence that DBS is also effective if applied earlier in the disease course. Changes in the frequency of DBS procedures in the UK over a 15‐year period were investigated.MethodsA retrospective review was performed of patient age and disease duration for DBS surgery for PD in UK neurosurgical units from 1997 to 2012 using departmental databases.ResultsThe number of DBS procedures in the UK increased from three in 1997 to over 80 per year during this period. The mean age at the time of surgery (60 years) and the mean duration of PD at the time of DBS (11 years) remained unchanged over 15 years.ConclusionsThe age and disease duration at which DBS is performed for PD in the UK has been static over a 15‐year period and DBS appears to remain a therapy for PD applied late in its course. This may change in the light of clinical evidence suggesting a benefit for earlier DBS.
Inflammation, Immunity, and Vaccines for Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Walduck Anna , Andersen Leif P. , Raghavan Sukanya 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDuring the last year, a variety of studies have been published that increases our understanding of the basic mechanisms of immunity and inflammation in Helicobacter pylori infection and progression to gastric cancer. Innate immune regulation and epithelial cell response were covered by several studies that contribute with new insights in the host response to H. pylori infection. Also, the adaptive immune response to H. pylori and particularly the role of IL‐22 have been addressed in some studies. These advances may improve vaccine development where new strategies have been published. Two major studies analyzed H. pylori genomes of 39 worldwide strains and looked at the protein profiles. In addition, multi‐epitope vaccines for therapeutic use have been investigated. Studies on different adjuvants and delivery systems have also given us new insights. This review presents articles from the last year that reveal detailed insight into immunity and regulation of inflammation, the contribution of immune cells to the development of gastric cancer, and understanding mechanisms of vaccine‐induced protection.
ICSH recommendations for assessing automated high‐performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis equipment for the quantitation of HbA2
Authors: Stephens A. D. , Colah R. , Fucharoen S. , Hoyer J. , Keren D. , McFarlane A. , Perrett D. , Wild B. J. ,   On behalf of the International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH)
Published: September 2015

SummaryAutomated high performance liquid chromatography and Capillary electrophoresis are used to quantitate the proportion of Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) in blood samples order to enable screening and diagnosis of carriers of β‐thalassemia. Since there is only a very small difference in HbA2 levels between people who are carriers and people who are not carriers such analyses need to be both precise and accurate. This paper examines the different parameters of such equipment and discusses how they should be assessed.
Bilayer technique and nano‐filled coating increase success of approximalARTrestorations: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Hesse Daniela , Bonifácio Clarissa Calil , Guglielmi Camila de Almeida Brandão , Bönecker Marcelo , van Amerongen Willem Evert , Raggio Daniela Prócida 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundThe high‐viscosity consistency of glass ionomer cement (GIC) may lead to its incorrect adaptation into the cavity and therefore to restoration failure.AimTo compare two different insertion techniques forGICin approximal atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations and two different surface protection materials.DesignApproximal caries lesion in primary molars from 208 schoolchildren was randomly assigned into four groups: G1, conventionalGICinsertion protected with petroleum jelly (PJ); G2, bilayer technique protected withPJ; G3 conventionalGICinsertion protected with nano‐filled particles coating forGIC(NPC); G4, bilayer technique protected withNPC. Restorations were evaluated after 1, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and log‐rank test were performed. Cox regression analysis (α= 5%) was used to verify the influence of clinical factors.ResultsRestoration survival was 52.8%. Log‐rank test indicated a better survival of the bilayer technique restorations, compared to conventional restorations (P =0.005), whereas the coated conventional restorations presented higher survival than the uncoated ones (P =0.035). Cox regression analysis showed no influence of any clinical tested variables.ConclusionThe survival rate of the approximalARTrestorations is positively influenced by the bilayer technique, and the application of nano‐filled coating increases the longevity of the conventional approximalARTrestorations.
Changes in the oral health‐related quality of life in children following comprehensive oral rehabilitation under general anaesthesia
Authors: Yawary Rana , Anthonappa Robert P. , Ekambaram Manikandan , McGrath Colman , King Nigel M. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesTo assess changes in the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL), after comprehensive oral rehabilitation under general anaesthesia (CORGA), among children (i) <6 years using the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and (ii) aged 6–14 years using the child oral health‐related quality of life (COHRQoL) instrument.MethodsA total of 136 healthy children who had CORGA were recruited over a period of 12 months. The parent or caregiver of the study participants completed the age‐appropriate questionnaire prior to the dental treatment and at the subsequent follow‐up appointments (2 weeks and 3 months). Data were analysed using repeated‐measures anova and Bonferroni tests.ResultsThe overall ECOHIS scores decreased significantly (P < 0.001) demonstrating large effect sizes. The greatest decreases were for the domains of child oral symptoms (57.5%) and psychology (38.7%) in the child impact section (CIS) and for the domain of parental distress (38.9%) and family function (40%) in the family impact section (FIS). For COHRQoL, the overall P‐CPQ and FIS scores decreased significantly for all items (P < 0.001), demonstrating large effect sizes. The greatest decreases were for the domains of oral symptoms (77.7%), functional limitations (74.3%), and the FIS (80.1%).ConclusionsThe OHRQoL of children in both age groups (<6 and 6–14 years) was significantly improved after CORGA.
Early occurrence of influenza A epidemics coincided with changes in occurrence of other respiratory virus infections
Authors: van Asten Liselotte , Bijkerk Paul , Fanoy Ewout , van Ginkel Annemarijn , Suijkerbuijk Anita , van der Hoek Wim , Meijer Adam , Vennema Harry 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundViral interaction in which outbreaks of influenza and other common respiratory viruses might affect each other has been postulated by several short studies. Regarding longer time periods, influenza epidemics occasionally occur very early in the season, as during the 2009 pandemic. Whether early occurrence of influenza epidemics impacts outbreaks of other common seasonal viruses is not clear.ObjectivesWe investigated whether early occurrence of influenza outbreaks coincides with shifts in the occurrence of other common viruses, including both respiratory and non‐respiratory viruses.MethodsWe investigated time trends of and the correlation between positive laboratory diagnoses of eight common viruses in the Netherlands over a 10‐year time period (2003–2012): influenza viruses types A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, coronavirus, norovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus. We compared trends in viruses between early and late influenza seasons.ResultsBetween 2003 and 2012, influenza B, RSV, and coronavirus showed shifts in their occurrence when influenza A epidemics occurred earlier than usual (before week 1). Although shifts were not always consistently of the same type, when influenza type A hit early, RSV outbreaks tended to be delayed, coronavirus outbreaks tended to be intensified, and influenza virus type B tended not to occur at all. Occurrence of rhinovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and enterovirus did not change.ConclusionWhen influenza A epidemics occured early, timing of the epidemics of several respiratory winter viruses usually occurring close in time to influenza A was affected, while trends in rhinoviruses (occurring in autumn) and trends in enteral viruses were not.