bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enigmatic mechanisms in defense of the capability to have new ideas
Authors: Fischer Thomas 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– This paper aims to present the argument that Heinz von Foerster's portrayals of non-triviality in his non-trivial machine (NTM) and in surprising human behavior are not isomorphous. It also demonstrates that the NTM does not account for spontaneity as it is observed in humans in general, nor for von Foerster's own invention of the NTM in particular.Design/methodology/approach– Demonstrating an isomorphism between the NTM and the Enigma cipher machine, the paper shows differences between the NTM and non-trivial human behavior, which von Foerster implied to be isomorphous. It speculates why von Foerster may have accepted this inconsistency.Findings– von Foerster's NTM and the Enigma cipher machine are shown to be isomorphous. Multiple portrayals von Foerster offered of non-triviality, however, are neither isomorphous, nor do they satisfy criteria von Foerster himself set for theories of living beings. Speculations are offered as to why von Foerster nonetheless used these portrayals of non-triviality, and regarding a possible lineage of inspiration that connects the Enigma machine to the NTM via the work of Alan Turing and Ross Ashby.Research limitations/implications– The presented research is informal and speculative.Originality/value– The paper's originality and value arise from its questioning of the apparent isomorphism of multiple portrayals of non-triviality, from its speculation about choices von Foerster made while facing the dilemma of defending spontaneity in terms of mechanisms, as well as from speculation about his sources of inspiration.
Art as “phantasmagoria”: between illusion and reification
Authors: Vieira de Carvalho Mário 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to discuss Stockhausen's comment that the destruction of the twin towers in New York in September 11, 2001 was “the greatest work of art that ever existed” – a comment that raises crucial questions about the relationship between art and politics, art and ethics, also on the very concept of “artwork”.

Design/methodology/approach
– Focus on art as a system of communication according to a sociocybernetic approach.

Findings
– The paper argues that Stockhausen's concept of artwork, which radicalizes the “organic metaphor”, culminates by 1950 in the ideal of a self-produced work of music (very similar avant la lettre to the concept of autopoiesis). Although produced by human labour, the artwork should emerge and act as if it was self-produced. Such reification of art has its counterpart in the Western hegemonic paradigm of artistic communication, which also aims, by means of illusionist devices, to conceal the production process that gives rise to the artwork. Both forms of aestheticism could be described in terms of “phantasmagoria” (similarly to Marx's commodity fetishism).

Originality/value
– By discussing critical alternatives to aestheticism, the paper characterizes them as an attempt, from within autonomous art, to operate the re-entry into the system of communication of the distinction art/life-world. Autonomous art becomes in this way self-critical of its own autonomy.
Architectural design education between poetry and prose
Authors: M. Herr Christiane 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– This paper aims to examine how poetry and prose relate to each other in the context of architectural design education. While the two notions tend to be presented as distinct opposites, this paper shows how design processes are made possible by designers moving dynamically between poetic and prosaic viewpoints.Design/methodology/approach– The paper illustrates and supports the argument made in the paper through a series of images taken from an educational case study. The case study further shows how perceptions of poetry and prose can vary between different cultural backgrounds.Findings– Building on the case study, the paper shows how architectural design education teaches students to establish links between poetic and prosaic realms in a dynamic and flexible manner. The discussion further provides a basis for understanding how perceptions of the prosaic and poetic can be understood as choices made by observers.Research limitations/implications– Limitations of this paper arise from the specificity of the reported case study and its reliance on the personal experience of the author as a teacher of architectural design primarily at universities within the greater China area.Originality/value– This paper shows how the learning to move between perceptions of poetic and prosaic is employed in architectural designing and taught in architectural education. In discussing designers' moving between perceptions of poetic and prosaic, the paper relates epistemologies of cybernetics, design, traditional Chinese thought and radical constructivism.
The root and responsibility model: a framework for ethical consumption
Authors: Baron Philip 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– Much information is hidden from consumers including social and environmental violations, poor labour practices and unethical economic activities. This paper aims to present a model for both consumers and corporations that can assist in empowering consumers when making purchasing decisions by bringing the behind the scenes information to the buyer. A responsibility rating is provided at each step in the production chain.Design/methodology/approach– The paper provides an argument with research findings of how consumers are linked to their purchases, and how these purchases contribute to the current manufacturing cycle and perpetuation of land and labour abuses.Findings– Consumers can influence the product lifecycle of their chosen products. The model provides a mechanism for consumers to purchase items that are in keeping with their worldview. A certifiable standard for corporations is presented.Practical implications– Consumers are provided with a system that they can immediately obtain the responsibility ratings of any of their chosen products in real-time. Companies with low responsibility ratings lose out in their sales revenue and are thus motivated to change their production methods. Companies would compete in an atmosphere of total disclosure regarding social and environmental matters giving rise to a new ethic of consumerism.Originality/value– A new form of consumerism is uncovered, one that takes the recursive nature of consumer actions into account.
The Beauty and Benefits of Science – the AAAS 2013 Annual Meeting (Boston, February 2013)
Authors: Mihram Danielle , Arthur Mihram G. 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– The 2013 meeting's theme, The Beauty and Benefits of Science, aimed at highlighting the rich and complicated connections between basic and applied research, and, just as importantly, providing examples of case studies where the “pull” of environmental or societal problems drives fundamentally new basic research. This article aims to focus on symposia that highlighted the “pull” of social media in the communications in science and how the reach of fundamental computing research has affected the daily lives. This report will be of interest to librarians, information specialists, scientists and social scientists, and policy makers.

Design/methodology/approach
– This report includes selected presentations and discussions (as well as direct internet links to presentations) within one of the 14 symposium tracks: communications and public programs. In many cases the authors provide additional references to further document the scope of the presenters' work and research.

Findings
– The symposium offered an array of the most recent and innovative approaches in the way science is conducted and communicated in a digital world. Two themes centered on the following questions: “In a constantly changing online landscape, what is the best way for scientists and engineers to engage the public through social media?” and, “What new tools do we have to engage the public and to assess the impact of science communication?”

Originality/value
– This is an important topic that touches on the way science is conducted and communicated in a digital world.
Internet Librarian International 2013: a potpourri of information
Authors: A. Oyelude Adetoun 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– The paper aims to give a synopsis of proceedings at the Internet Librarian International Conference held at the Olympia Conference Centre, London from 15 to 16 October 2013 from a participant's viewpoint.

Design/methodology/approach
– The narrative method of describing events as they occurred was used.

Findings
– The conference provided participants with a wide array of information that spanned the three tracks the sub-themes of the conference were divided into. Participants had opportunities to network and find out more about the products the sponsors showcased as well.

Originality/value
– The report tells what transpired at the conference and exposes new technologies, new resources and innovative ways of using the technologies available to librarians and other information professionals.
Local knowledge acquisition of foreign subsidiaries in Vietnam and China
Authors: V. Nguyen Thang , F.L. Hong Jacky 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– This paper seeks to examine how foreign subsidiaries of MNCs can acquire new local knowledge by focusing on two intra-organizational factors of learning mechanisms and formative organizational context.Design/methodology/approach– A mail survey was carried out with top managers among manufacturing subsidiaries of multinational corporations (MNCs) located in Hanoi, Vietnam and Guangdong province of China. In total 123 completed questionnaires from MNCs in Hanoi and China were received.Findings– The results suggested that training and mentoring and formative organizational context has positive association with knowledge acquisition. However, three interaction terms between learning mechanisms (experimentation, socialization, training and mentoring) with formative organizational context are significantly related to knowledge acquisition. Besides, the authors also found a positive and significant association between knowledge acquisition and subsidiary performance.Practical implications– Building a formative organizational context directly promotes knowledge acquisition and increases the effectiveness of more informal learning mechanisms. Besides, a learning mechanism may work differently in different contexts, and foreign managers need to be aware of when to apply what mechanisms.Originality/value– The paper argues that the alignment between organizational context and organizational learning mechanisms can help the foreign subsidiaries acquire new knowledge and improve subsequent performance. Local knowledge acquisition in MNCs should be conceived as a deliberate and managed act, requiring a careful selection of both formal and informal mechanisms supported by appropriate contextual conditions in foreign subsidiaries.
Disruptive innovation in multinational enterprises
Authors: J. Cowden Birton , S. Alhorr Hadi 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– This paper aims to address the link between the internationalization of the MNC and its location choices and the discovery of disruptive innovations among the dispersed network of subsidiaries.

Design/methodology/approach
– A recent categorization of innovation suggests that not all innovations can be treated the same. Distinguishing between the various innovation typologies, this paper focuses on disruptive innovation within an international context. Many researchers have found that large incumbent firms tend to have issues with developing disruptive innovation, and are often disrupted by new entrants. However, there are cases of MNEs being successful with disruptive innovation and this paper sets out to theoretically explain where MNEs find ideas for disruption to aid in the incumbent's curse. Specifically, this paper asks, where do disruptive innovations originate in a MNE?

Findings
– Using a transaction cost approach and resource-based view, along with other seminal pieces in international business, it is proposed that disruptive ideas start in subsidiaries. It further proposes the characteristics of these subsidiaries that should increase the likelihood of discovering disruption.

Originality/value
– This paper not only expands the boundary conditions of disruptive innovation, but also expands on the “where” question for knowledge acquisition and long-term performance in MNEs.
Peter Drucker and the wellbeing agenda
Authors: L. Cooper Cary 
Published: December 2013

Findings
– Peter Drucker was undoubtedly the father of the academic discipline of management, not only from a theoretical point of view but also from a practitioner standpoint as well. He influenced management scholars and company CEOs at the same time. He published 39 books and numerous articles in management journals and magazines. He is known for some key concepts, like outsourcing, decentralization, knowledge-based work and the practice of management. What people rarely associate with him, however, was his concern about the wellbeing of employees.
Investigation of CTLA‐4 and CD86 gene polymorphisms in Iranian patients with brucellosis infection
Authors: Eskandari‐Nasab Ebrahim , Moghadampour Mehdi , Najibi Habib , Hadadi‐Fishani Mehdi 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe protective immune response against Brucella involves T‐cell‐mediated immunity. T‐lymphocyte receptors, CD28 and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein‐4 (CTLA‐4), bind the same ligands, CD80 (B7‐1) and CD86 (B7‐2) on antigen‐presenting cells and regulate T cell activation. CD28 delivers stimulatory signals whereas CTLA‐4 provides inhibitory signals for T cell activation. Here, we investigated the association of four polymorphisms in CTLA4 (+49A/G [rs231775] and −318 C/T [rs5742909]) and its ligand CD86 (+1057 G/A [rs1129055] and +2379G/C [rs17281995]) with brucellosis infection. The study included 153 Iranian patients with active brucellosis and 128 healthy individuals as the control group. Genotyping of the CTLA4 and CD86 variants was performed using tetra amplification refractory mutation system‐polymerase chain reaction (T‐ARMS‐PCR) and PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, respectively. It was found that the CTLA4 −318 CT genotype and T allele were present more frequently in cases than in controls and are therefore associated with an increased risk for brucellosis (−318 TT genotype; OR = 2.544, P = 0.002). Likewise, the CD86 +1057 GA and AA genotypes and A allele were associated with an increased risk of brucellosis (+1057 AA genotype; OR = 3.81, P = 0.001). However, no statistically significant difference between brucellosis patients and controls in the allele and genotype distributions of CTLA4, +49A/G (P = 0.859) and CD86, +2379G/C (P = 0.476) was found. In conclusion, CTLA4 −318 CT genotype and T allele and the CD86 +057 GA and AA genotypes and A allele play roles as risk factors for developing brucellosis infection in Iran.
Evaluating PET–CT in routine surveillance and follow‐up after treatment for cervical cancer: a cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Auguste P , Barton P , Meads C , Davenport C , Małysiak S , Kowalska M , Zapalska A , Guest P , Martin‐Hirsch P , Borowiack E , Khan K , Sundar S , Roberts T 
Published: December 2013

ObjectiveTo undertake a cost‐effectiveness analysis that compares positron emission tomography – computed tomography (PET‐CT) imaging plus standard practice with standard practice alone in the diagnosis of recurrent or persistent cervical cancer during routine surveillance and follow‐up of women who have previously been diagnosed and treated.DesignModel‐based economic evaluation using data from a systematic review, supplemented with data from other sources, and taking a UK National Health Service (NHS) perspective.SettingSecondary Care in England.PopulationWomen at least 3 months after the completion of treatment, with either recurrent or persistent cervical cancer.MethodsA state transition (Markov) model was developed using TreeAge Pro 2011. The structure of the model was informed by the reviews of the trials and clinical input. In the model, two diagnostic strategies were examined. A one‐way sensitivity analysis, probabilistic sensitivity analysis, and a value of information analysis were also carried out.Main outcome measuresCost‐effectiveness based on incremental cost per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY).ResultsAdding PET–CT to the current treatment strategy of clinical examination and scanning [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or CT scan] during the routine surveillance and follow‐up of women with recurrent or persistent cervical cancer is significantly more costly, with only a minimal increase in effectiveness. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) for the strategy of PET–CT as an adjunct to the standard treatment strategy that included clinical examination, MRI, and/or CT scan, compared with the usual treatment alone, was over £1 million per QALY.ConclusionThe results of the current analysis suggest that use of PET–CT in the diagnosis of recurrent or persistent cervical cancer is not cost‐effective. Current guidelines recommending imaging using PET–CT as a diagnostic or surveillance tool need to be reconsidered in light of these results. This study did not specifically investigate the use of PET–CT in women with symptoms and radiological suspicion of recurrence where exenteration was considered. More research in that specific area is required.
Evaluating PET‐CT in the detection and management of recurrent cervical cancer: systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy and subjective elicitation
Authors: Meads C , Davenport C , Małysiak S , Kowalska M , Zapalska A , Guest P , Martin‐Hirsch P , Borowiack E , Auguste P , Barton P , Roberts T , Khan K , Sundar S 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundPositron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET‐CT) is recommended to triage women for exenterative surgery and surveillance after treatment for advanced cervical cancer.ObjectiveTo evaluate diagnostic accuracy of additional whole body PET‐CT compared with CT/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alone in women with suspected recurrent/persistent cervical cancer and in asymptomatic women as surveillance.DesignSystematic reviews. Subjective elicitation to supplement diagnostic information.Search strategy/Selection criteria/Data collection and analysisSearches of electronic databases were performed to June 2013. Studies in women with suspected recurrent/persistent cervical cancer and in asymptomatic women undergoing follow up with sufficient numeric data were included. We calculated sensitivity, specificity and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Meta‐analyses employed a bivariate model that included a random‐effects term for between‐study variations (CT studies) and univariate random effects meta‐analyses (PET‐CT studies) for sensitivity and specificity separately.Subjective elicitationPrevalence of recurrence and the accuracy of imaging elicited using the allocation of points technique. Coherence of elicited subjective probabilities with estimates in the literature examined.ResultsWe identified 15 relevant studies; none directly compared additional PET‐CT with MRI or CT separately. Most CT and MRI studies used older protocols and the majority did not distinguish between asymptomatic and symptomatic women. Meta‐analysis of nine PET‐CT studies in mostly symptomatic women showed sensitivity of 94.8 (95% CI 91.2–96.9), and specificity of 86.9% (95% CI 82.2–90.5). The summary estimate of the sensitivity of CT for detection of recurrence was 89.64% (95% CI 81.59–94.41) and specificity was 76% (95% CI 43.68–92.82). Meta‐analysis for MRI test accuracy studies was not possible because of clinical heterogeneity. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI in pelvic recurrence varied between 82 and 100% and between 78 and 100%, respectively. Formal statistical comparisons of the accuracy of index tests were not possible. Subjective elicitation provided estimates comparable to the literature. Subjective estimates of the increase in accuracy from the addition of PET‐CT were less than elicited increases required to justify the use in PET‐CT for surveillance.ConclusionEvidence to support additional PET‐CT is scarce, of average quality and does not distinguish between application for surveillance and diagnosis. Guidelines recommending PET‐CT in recurrent cervical cancer need to be reconsidered in the light of the existing evidence base.
Determining obstetric patient safety indicators: the differences in neonatal outcome measures between different‐sized delivery units
Authors: Pyykönen A , Gissler M , Jakobsson M , Petäjä J , Tapper A‐M 
Published: December 2013

ObjectiveTo study the differences in neonatal outcome and treatment measures in Finnish obstetric units.DesignA registry study with Medical Birth Register data.Setting and populationAll births (n = 2 94 726) in Finland from 2006 to 2010 with a focus on term, singleton non‐university deliveries.MethodsAll 34 delivery units were grouped into small (below 1000), mid‐sized (1000–2999) and large (3000 or more) units, and the adverse outcome rates in neonates were compared using logistic regression.Main outcome measuresEarly neonatal deaths, stillbirths, Apgar scores, arterial cord pH, Erb's paralysis, respirator treatment, the proportion of post‐term deliveries (gestational age beyond 42 weeks) and the proportion of newborns still hospitalised 7 days after delivery.ResultsFrom an analysis of term, singleton non‐university deliveries, the early neonatal mortality was significantly higher in the small relative to the mid‐sized delivery units [odds ratio (OR), 2.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19–3.60]. The rate of Erb's paralysis was lowest in the large units (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.50–0.84). The use of a respirator was more than two‐fold more common in large relative to mid‐sized units (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 2.00–2.83). The proportion of post‐term deliveries was highest in the large units (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.31–1.42), where a significantly higher percentage of post‐term newborns were still hospitalised after 7 days (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.19–1.89).ConclusionsThere are significant differences in several neonatal indicators dependent on the hospital size. An international consensus is needed on which indicators should be used.
A Decade in Dental Care Utilization among Adults and Children (2001–2010)
Authors: Vujicic Marko , Nasseh Kamyar 
Published: December 2013

ObjectiveTo decompose the change in pediatric and adult dental care utilization over the last decade.Data2001 through 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.Study DesignThe Blinder‐Oaxaca decomposition was used to explain the change in dental care utilization among adults and children. Changes in dental care utilization were attributed to changes in explained covariates and changes due to movements in estimated coefficients. Controlling for demographics, overall health status, and dental benefits variables, we estimated year‐specific logistic regression models. Outputs from these models were used to compute the Blinder‐Oaxaca decomposition.Principal FindingsDental care utilization decreased from 40.5 percent in 2001 to 37.0 percent in 2010 for adults and increased from 43.2 percent in 2001 to 46.3 percent in 2010 for children (p < .05). Among adults, changes in insurance status, race, and income contributed to a decline in adult dental care utilization (−0.018, p < .01). Among children, changes in controlled factors did not substantially change dental care utilization, which instead may be explained by changes in policy, oral health status, or preferences.ConclusionsDental care utilization for adults has declined, especially among the poor and uninsured. Without further policy intervention, disadvantaged adults face increasing barriers to dental care.