bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cluster‐Tic Syndrome: A Cross‐Sectional Study of Cluster Headache Patients
Authors: Wilbrink Leopoldine A. , Weller Claudia M. , Cheung Carlo , Haan Joost , Ferrari Michel D. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and nature of trigeminal neuralgia in a large group of cluster headache patients.BackgroundCluster‐tic syndrome is a rare headache syndrome in which trigeminal neuralgia and cluster headache co‐occur. The existence of cluster‐tic syndrome as a separate entity is questioned, and figures on prevalence of simultaneous existence of cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia are not available.MethodsAs part of a nationwide study on headache mechanisms in cluster headache (Leiden University Medical Centre Cluster headache Neuro Analysis programme), we collected clinical data of 244 cluster headache patients using a semistructured telephone interview in a cross‐sectional design.ResultsIn 11 (4.5%) cluster headache patients, attacks fulfilling International Headache Society criteria for trigeminal neuralgia were also present. In all cases, trigeminal neuralgia occurred ipsilateral to cluster headache and in the majority (82%) in the ophthalmic branch. In 8 of these 11 patients (73%), the frequency and time pattern of trigeminal neuralgia seemed to parallel cluster headache and was likely a part of the cluster headache spectrum. In the 3 remaining patients, cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia were unrelated in time and appeared to occur independently.ConclusionTrigeminal neuralgia co‐occurred in 11/244 (4.5%) of cluster headache patients. In only 3 (1.2%) patients, trigeminal neuralgia seemed to occur independently from cluster headache episodes. Trigeminal neuralgia (‐like) attacks in cluster headache patients are most of the time part of the cluster headache spectrum and should then probably not be treated separately. A shared underlying pathophysiological mechanism of cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia is not supported by this study.
Effects of Switching Acute Treatment on Disability in Migraine Patients Using Triptans
Authors: Serrano Daniel , Buse Dawn C. , Kori Shashi H. , Papapetropoulos Sypridon , Cunanan Cedric M. , Manack Aubrey N. , Reed Michael L. , Lipton Richard B. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveTo assess the influence of switching acute treatment on headache‐related disability in a population sample of individuals with migraine using acute triptan therapy.BackgroundAcute treatments for migraine are often modified in clinical practice. The effect of changes in treatment from one triptan to another or from a triptan to another medication class has rarely been studied.MethodsPatterns of acute treatment for migraine were monitored from 1 year to the next in the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study for the following couplets (2005‐2006, 2006‐2007, 2007‐2008, and 2008‐2009). Changes in medication regimens were classified as follows: (1) switch within the triptan class; (2) switch to combination analgesics containing opioids or barbiturates; (3) switch to non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) agents; (4) maintaining current therapy (consistent use, “control”). We assessed change in migraine disability assessment scale score from the first to the second year of a couplet contrasting those with consistent use with those who changed acute treatment. Each individual contributed only 1 couplet to the analysis. Persons who added an acute treatment are considered in a separate manuscript. We modeled change in migraine disability assessment scale score as a function of change in medication regimen with consistent users as the control group.ResultsWe identified 81 individuals who switched to another triptan, with a referent of 619 who remained consistent, 31 cases who switched to an opioid or barbiturate with a referent of 666 who remained consistent, and 20 cases who switched to an NSAID with a referent of 667 cases who remained consistent. In cell‐mean coded analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), switching from one triptan to another or switching from a triptan to an opioid/barbiturate was never associated with significant improvements in headache‐related disability compared with consistent treatment. Switching from a triptan to an NSAID was associated with significant increases in headache‐related disability among those with high‐frequency episodic/chronic migraine (HFEM/CM) compared with those with low‐frequency episodic migraine (LFEM) (interaction = 34.81, 95% confidence interval 10.61 to 59.00). The same was true comparing high‐frequency episodic/chronic migraine with those with moderate‐frequency episodic migraine (interaction = 48.73, 95% confidence interval 2.63 to 94.83).ConclusionsIn this observational study, switching triptan regimens does not appear to be associated with improvements in headache‐related disability and in some cases is associated with increased headache‐related disability.
Cannabis Use among Treatment‐Seeking Smokers: Motives and the Moderating Effects of Anxiety Sensitivity
Authors: Norberg Melissa M. , Olivier Jake , Schmidt Norman B. , Zvolensky Michael J. 
Published: May 2013

Background and ObjectivesConcurrent use of cannabis and tobacco is associated with poor tobacco cessation outcomes. As little research has examined why treatment‐seeking tobacco users engage in cannabis use, the objective of this study was to discover if emotional vulnerability and cannabis use motives are associated with concurrent users' cannabis use.MethodsOne hundred thirty‐eight (n = 138) daily cigarette smokers seeking smoking cessation treatment completed measures of anxiety sensitivity, cannabis use motives, and cannabis use.ResultsStronger coping, enhancement, social, and expansion motives were associated with using greater amounts of cannabis per use occasion. In a model accounting for all these motives, anxiety sensitivity moderated the relationship between enhancement motives and cannabis use.Discussion and ConclusionsClinical interventions for concurrent tobacco–cannabis users may be advanced by targeting low anxiety sensitive individuals' use of cannabis to increase excitement and fun. Such an approach may consist of having clients identify and engage in healthier pleasurable activities and by teaching clients to accept the trade‐off between perceived less pleasurable, but healthier activities and cannabis use. (Am J Addict 2014;23:7–14)
The Wor(l)d is a Collage: Multi‐Performance by Chinese Heritage Language Speakers
Authors: Weiyun He Agnes 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis study examines the simultaneous use of English and Chinese by speakers of Chinese as a heritage language (CHL). It focuses on spontaneous, dynamic, and high‐density mixing of the two languages within the smallest building block of a speaking turn: the turn constructional unit (TCU). Drawing upon data from different age and proficiency groups, it shows that CHL speakers migrate between and mingle the two language systems freely and frequently at multiple and nested levels of phonemes, morphemes, syllable structures, tones, noun and verb phrases, and clauses. It reconsiders existing syntactic descriptions, sociopragmatic taxonomies, and conversation‐analytic accounts concerning codeswitching and concludes that rather than being governed by fixed, a priori linguistic constraints, sociopragmatic meaning, or conversation‐sequential contingency, this type of ad hoc, intra‐TCU codeswitching is accomplished with a full range of verbal resources from both languages that are simultaneously accessible to the speaker and might be accounted for by a type of rationality characterized by fuzzy logical conditions. It further suggests that, pushing and breaking perceptible linguistic boundaries, CHL speakers celebrate their multi‐competence, traverse invisible cultural and identity boundaries, and employ and enjoy both languages at all ages and proficiency levels in transient and transcendent multi‐performances, which in turn can become a rich resource for heritage language socialization across the lifespan.
The Acquisition of the Korean Honorific Affix (u)si by Advanced L2 Learners
Authors: Mueller Jeansue , Jiang Nan 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTAn experiment investigated adult language learners' ability to develop fully integrated cognitive representations of a difficult second language (L2) morphosyntactic feature: the Korean honorific verbal affix (u)si. Native speaker (NS) and nonnative speaker (NNS) latencies during a word‐by‐word self‐paced reading comprehension task were measured. Wilcoxon signed ranks tests indicated that NSs exhibited sensitivity to grammaticality within contexts in which the honorific verbal affix (u)si was present; they did not display such sensitivity in more ambiguous contexts in which the verbal honorific marking was absent. At the second and third positions following the critical point at which the grammaticality of the sentence was evident, NS reaction times for the ungrammatical conditions were significantly longer and the effect sizes were large, z = −4.94, p < .001, r = −0.87; z = −3.89, p < .001, r = −0.67. An item analysis yielded similar results. NNSs, on the other hand, did not demonstrate sensitivity to grammaticality at any of the word positions in participant or item analyses. The experiment suggests that even advanced learners who clearly demonstrate explicit knowledge of the Korean affix (u)si lack integrated morphosyntactic knowledge.
Explicit Information, Grammatical Sensitivity, and the First‐Noun Principle: A Cross‐Linguistic Study in Processing Instruction
Authors: VanPatten Bill , Collopy Erin , Price Joseph E. , Borst Stefanie , Qualin Anthony 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis study presents the results of four experiments in the framework of processing instruction conducted with four language learner groups (Spanish, n = 43; German, n = 46; Russian, n = 44; and French, n = 48; discussed in that order). In each experiment, the processing problem was held constant (the First‐Noun Principle) although the structure was unique to the language. The independent variables were explicit information prior to treatment and grammatical sensitivity as measured by the Modern Language Aptitude Test. Two dependent measures were included: (a) trials‐to‐criterion (how long it took participants to begin processing correctly) and (b) improvement over time (pretest/posttest). Results show that explicit information may be useful for the processing of some structures but not others; however, explicit information is not necessary. Results also show that grammatical sensitivity does not significantly correlate with any of the measures under any conditions except for the German group that received explicit information. Our conclusion is that when instructed SLA is viewed as processing, variables such as explicit information and grammatical sensitivity may not play the same role as when instructed SLA is viewed as rule learning.
The Function of Gesture in Lexically Focused L2 Instructional Conversations
Authors: Smotrova Tetyana , Lantolf James P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe purpose of the present study is to investigate the mediational function of the gesture–speech interface in the instructional conversation that emerged as teachers attempted to explain the meaning of English words to their students in two EFL classrooms in the Ukraine. Its analytical framework is provided by Vygotsky's sociocultural psychology (e.g., Lantolf & Thorne, 2006) and McNeill's (1992, 2005) theory of gesture–speech synchronization, in particular his notion of catchment—recurrent gestural features that perform a cohesive function. Although the interactions between teachers and students were brief, lasting a mere one minute and fourteen seconds, they were pedagogically rich and remarkably informative regarding the role of gesture in classroom instructional conversations. The analyses suggest that the gesture–speech interface is a potent mediational tool through which students imagistically display details of their understandings of L2 word meanings that do not always emerge through the verbal medium alone. For their part, the teachers integrated gesture into their instructional talk as a way of remediating and improving student understandings. Finally, students signaled their modified understandings by appropriating and using the teachers' gestures in their own expressive moves.
“La Orquesta”: Symbolic Performance in a Multilingual Community of Practice
Authors: Back Michele 
Published: May 2013

AbstractResearchers in second language socialization (SLS) often examine those interactions relating to a learner's integration within a target community. Kramsch and Whiteside (2008) noted the importance of symbolic competence in this integration. Symbolic competence, defined as the ability to access contextually relevant social and political histories in order to “play with various linguistic codes and the various spatial and temporal resonances of these codes” (p. 664), is viewed at least partially in interaction. The current article contains an analysis of how one individual performed his own orientations of symbolic competence—what I term symbolic performance—in the context of his community of practice. Through a close discourse analysis of a conversation between Alejandro, a native speaker of Spanish, and members of his Quichua‐speaking community, I highlight how certain symbols and histories were performed in what was, on the surface, a lighthearted interaction. This analysis reveals how members of the target community resisted some aspects of Alejandro's performance and examines the implications of this resistance for Alejandro's socialization into the community. The findings of this study add to a new body of literature that operationalizes and problematizes the notion of symbolic competence in multilingual communities of practice and other SLS contexts.
Styling in a Language Learned Later in Life
Authors: Rampton Ben 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article analyses the styles of English produced by an adult migrant who started to speak the language later in life, and it approaches them from the perspective of quantitative style‐shifting and discursive stylization. After defining style and the procedures needed to justify the term ‘L2,’ the study describes the focal informant's diasporic experience in London and then shows how his style‐shifting and some of his L2 speech variants chime with now well‐established local patterns. It then turns to stylization in the performance of character speech in narrative, exploring the complex and not always effective relationship between linguistic form, discursive context, and socio‐indexical resonance, first in the informant's performance of Anglo vs. Indian styles and then in his production of vernacular Anglo. The article concludes with a characterization of his participation in the London sociolinguistic economy and comments on linguistic anthropology's potential value to studies of L2 style. Overall, it seeks to navigate a route between a priori assumptions about linguistic deficiency in SLA on the one hand, and romantic celebrations of difference in sociolinguistics on the other.
Strategy Inventory for Language Learning–ELL Student Form: Testing for Factorial Validity
Authors: Ardasheva Yuliya , Tretter Thomas R. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTAs the school‐aged English language learner (ELL) population continues to grow in the United States and other English‐speaking countries, psychometrically sound instruments to measure their language learning strategies (LLS) become ever more critical. This study adapted and validated an adult‐oriented measure of LLS (50‐item Strategy Inventory for Language Learning [SILL]; Oxford, 1990) for school‐aged ELLs in a sample of 1,057 elementary, middle, and high school students. The two‐stage validation process resulted in a shorter, 28‐item version of the instrument, which we entitled the SILL–ELL Student Form. The results of confirmatory factor analyses indicated a good fit to the validation (GFI = .92, CFI = .93, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .05) and combined (GFI = .95, CFI = .95, RMSEA = .03, SRMR = .04) samples. The new measure has strong psychometric characteristics for use with school‐aged ELLs to diagnose their use of LLS in six distinct categories and is approximately half as long as the original SILL, which enhances its pragmatic value for busy classrooms. Additionally, this study addressed some of the theoretical issues with strategy categorization noted in the literature. Other applications of the measure for practice and research are discussed.
Using the Hand to Choreograph Instruction: On the Functional Role of Gesture in Definition Talk
Authors: Belhiah Hassan 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis article examines the coordination of speech and gesture in teachers' definition talk, that is, vocabulary explanations addressed to language learners. By analyzing one ESL teacher's spoken definitions, the study demonstrates in the details of the unfolding talk how a teacher crafts and choreographs his definitions moment by moment, while attending to the student's linguistic needs. The study draws upon McNeill's (1999/1992) notion of gesture–speech co‐expressiveness, McNeill and Levy's (1993) idea of gestural cohesion, and Kendon's (2000) notion of turn contextualization through gesture. The study identifies three major functional roles of gesture: reinforcing the meaning of verbal utterances; disambiguating the meaning of lexical items; and establishing gestural cohesion across turns at talk. Through the fine‐grained analysis of five excerpts, this study contributes to our understanding of the interactional and informational aspects of gesture in second language teaching. The article discusses implications for the study of gesture in general, and the role of gesticulations in providing comprehensible input to second language learners in particular.
Rethinking patch size and isolation effects: the habitat amount hypothesis
Authors: Fahrig Lenore 
Published: May 2013

AbstractI challenge (1) the assumption that habitat patches are natural units of measurement for species richness, and (2) the assumption of distinct effects of habitat patch size and isolation on species richness. I propose a simpler view of the relationship between habitat distribution and species richness, the ‘habitat amount hypothesis’, and I suggest ways of testing it. The habitat amount hypothesis posits that, for habitat patches in a matrix of non‐habitat, the patch size effect and the patch isolation effect are driven mainly by a single underlying process, the sample area effect. The hypothesis predicts that species richness in equal‐sized sample sites should increase with the total amount of habitat in the ‘local landscape’ of the sample site, where the local landscape is the area within an appropriate distance of the sample site. It also predicts that species richness in a sample site is independent of the area of the particular patch in which the sample site is located (its ‘local patch’), except insofar as the area of that patch contributes to the amount of habitat in the local landscape of the sample site. The habitat amount hypothesis replaces two predictor variables, patch size and isolation, with a single predictor variable, habitat amount, when species richness is analysed for equal‐sized sample sites rather than for unequal‐sized habitat patches. Studies to test the hypothesis should ensure that ‘habitat’ is correctly defined, and the spatial extent of the local landscape is appropriate, for the species group under consideration. If supported, the habitat amount hypothesis would mean that to predict the relationship between habitat distribution and species richness: (1) distinguishing between patch‐scale and landscape‐scale habitat effects is unnecessary; (2) distinguishing between patch size effects and patch isolation effects is unnecessary; (3) considering habitat configuration independent of habitat amount is unnecessary; and (4) delineating discrete habitat patches is unnecessary.
A spatial analysis of community level overweight and obesity
Authors: Penney T. L. , Rainham D. G. C. , Dummer T. J. B. , Kirk S. F. L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundRates of overweight and obesity are now considered to be epidemic. Few studies have examined the spatial distribution of overweight and obesity at the community level, an area of geography recommended for prevention and intervention. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the spatial variation of overweight and obesity using community geographic boundaries.MethodsA cross‐sectional secondary spatial data analysis was conducted using three combined cycles of Canadian Community Health Survey data for the province of Nova Scotia with community level boundaries. Descriptive rates were calculated using standardised incidence ratio values and spatial analysis was carried out using Global and Local Moran's I and the GetisOrdGi* statistic for cluster identification.ResultsMaps illustrating local cluster analysis showed a significant degree of similarity between neighbouring communities in urban areas more so than rural communities. Hot spot analysis maps showed communities clustering together in the urban centre tended to have lower incidence of overweight and obesity (‘cool spots’), whereas clustered communities in a more rural area had a higher incidence of overweight and obesity (‘hot spots).ConclusionsThe present study showed that there was geographical variation in overweight and obesity between urban and rural communities, and also there was a tendency for communities to cluster based on the incidence of overweight and obesity. This highlights the importance of understanding community level obesity rates and associated behavioural determinants, such as diet and physical activity, as well as the role that urbanisation or rurality may play in intervention initiatives for these behavioural determinants. Specifically, public health nutrition efforts for community level food environments in rural areas should ensure an individualised approach is used, whereas urban areas may be amenable to more general approaches aiming to support healthy weight status among the broader population.