bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels – an Evolving Research Field within AMPEA, a Joint Programme of the European Energy Research Alliance
Authors: Thapper Anders , Styring Stenbjörn , Saracco Guido , Rutherford A. William , Robert Bruno , Magnuson Ann , Lubitz Wolfgang , Llobet Antoni , Kurz Philipp , Holzwarth Alfred , Fiechter Sebastian , de Groot Huub , Campagna Sebastiano , Braun Artur , Bercegol Hervé , Artero Vincent 
Published: March 2013

AbstractOn the path to an energy transition away from fossil fuels to sustainable sources, the European Union is for the moment keeping pace with the objectives of the Strategic Energy Technology-Plan. For this trend to continue after 2020, scientific breakthroughs must be achieved. One main objective is to produce solar fuels from solar energy and water in direct processes to accomplish the efficient storage of solar energy in a chemical form. This is a grand scientific challenge. One important approach to achieve this goal is Artificial Photosynthesis. The European Energy Research Alliance has launched the Joint Programme “Advanced Materials & Processes for Energy Applications” (AMPEA) to foster the role of basic science in Future Emerging Technologies. European researchers in artificial photosynthesis recently met at an AMPEA organized workshop to define common research strategies and milestones for the future. Through this work artificial photosynthesis became the first energy research sub-field to be organised into what is designated “an Application” within AMPEA. The ambition is to drive and accelerate solar fuels research into a powerful European field – in a shorter time and with a broader scope than possible for individual or national initiatives. Within AMPEA the Application Artificial Photosynthesis is inclusive and intended to bring together all European scientists in relevant fields. The goal is to set up a thorough and systematic programme of directed research, which by 2020 will have advanced to a point where commercially viable artificial photosynthetic devices will be under development in partnership with industry.
Systematic Photovoltaic Waste Recycling
Authors: Palitzsch Wolfram , Loser Ulrich 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIndium, selenium, tellurium, gallium, molybdenum, cadmium and silicon are some of the major elements used in photovoltaic cells. Fully aware of the limited availability of these metals in future, recycling has been recognized as the most advisable end-of-life strategy to save these raw materials from turning into production wastes. On the other hand, statutory measures such as “Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz” (the German law encouraging closed-loop economy) aim to achieve a maximum quota of recycling and a minimum use of resources such as energy and raw materials. By the year of 2050, end-of-life photovoltaic panels are anticipated to amount to 9.57 million tons [1]. Although we are not there yet, discussions on recycling have already started. We have to prepare for higher waste volumes expected in the coming years. But already today we need to solve some environmental problems like loss of conventional resources (e.g., glass) and rare metals [2]. All of the known approaches for recycling photovoltaic semiconductor material seem economically and environmentally inefficient [3, 4]. In this paper, we report about reclaiming metals from scrap of thin film systems and associated photovoltaic manufacturing wastes like sandblasting dust and overspray. We also report one universal wet-chemical treatment for reclaiming the metals from CIS, CIGS or CdTe photovoltaic waste. Further, we discuss the application of our method to new PV systems, such as substrates other than glass (stainless steel, aluminum or plastic foil sheets) and alternative semiconductor alloys such as GaAs.
Immunologically active peptides that accompany hen egg yolk immunoglobulin Y: separation and identification
Authors: Polanowski Antoni , Sosnowska Agnieszka , Zabłocka Agnieszka , Janusz Maria , Trziszka Tadeusz 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The protein mixture of cytokine-inducing activity accompanying chicken immunoglobulin Y, named yolkin, consists of several peptides of molecular weight (MW) ranging from over 1 to 35 kDa. Yolkin and its constituent peptides were found to be efficient inducers of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 secretion. N-terminal amino acid sequences of eight of the electrophoretically purified yolkin constituents revealed that all of them are homological to some fragments of the C-terminal domain of vitellogenin II. The fractions of MW about 4 and 12 kDa are free of carbohydrates and start at position 1732 in the vitellogenin amino acid sequence; whereas the other fractions (MW about 16, 19, 23, 29, 32 and 35 kDa) appeared to be glycoproteins corresponding to the amino acid sequence of vitellogenin starting at position 1572. From these data, it is concluded that yolkin most likely represents vitellogenin-derived peptides that possess cytokine-inducing activity and are, at least partially, responsible for such properties of separated immunoglobulin Y preparation. This finding reveals a new role for vitellogenin as a reservoir of polypeptides that may play an important role in the innate immune system of the developing embryo.
Identification of prolyl oligopeptidase as a cyclosporine-sensitive protease by screening of mouse liver extracts
Authors: Rentzsch Alexander , Kahlert Viktoria , Jahreis Günther , Schlott Bernhard , Schutkowski Mike , Malešević Miroslav , Fischer Gunter 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a cyclic undecapeptide well known for its ability to prevent rejection episodes after organ transplantation via gain-of-function. Therefore, biomedical studies on CsA have been focused on both immunosuppressive properties and binding to the biocatalytically-active immune receptors, the cyclophilins. Much less attention has been spent on effects of cyclosporines on the biological function of other proteins. We used a 9-mer fluorescence-quenched peptide library with defined sequences to identify cyclosporine-sensitive proteolysis in mouse liver extracts. A highly soluble [d-Ser]8-CsA derivative was utilized to avoid drug precipitation at extended incubation times. Analysis of the time courses of proteolysis revealed 15 out of 360 peptide sequences where proteolysis exhibited marked sensitivity to the cyclosporine derivative. As a first example, a collagen-derived substrate was selected from those hits to identify the targeted proteolytic pathway. After purification from mouse liver extracts, prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) could be identified as a protease sensitive to submicromolar concentrations of cyclosporines. Surprisingly, in a series of cyclosporine derivatives an inverse relationship was found between the inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase and inhibition of cyclophilin A.
Identification of QTL in Spring Wheat Associated with Resistance to a Novel Isolate of Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis
Authors: Patel Jaimin S. , Mamidi Sujan , Bonman J. Michael , Adhikari Tika B. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTTan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis, is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Pathogenic races of P. tritici‐repentis have been identified on the basis of their ability to induce tan necrosis and/or chlorosis symptoms on differential wheat genotypes. A group of isolates of P. tritici‐repentis collected from Arkansas did not fit into the current race classification system because they lack the ToxA gene. In this study, 535 spring wheat accessions were inoculated with a representative novel isolate (AR CrossB10) of P. tritici‐repentis from Arkansas. An association mapping approach and 832 polymorphic diversity array technology markers were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to the isolate AR CrossB10. Two models (QK1 and QK2) with the least mean square difference were selected among nine linear regression models tested, and 11 QTL involved in resistance to AR CrossB10 were identified, which are located on chromosomes 1A, 1D, 2B, 2D, 6A, and 7A. The results suggest that multiple disease resistance genes also are clustered around a few of the significant markers and will be useful for wheat breeding programs and for search of candidate genes.
Experimental Study on Strength Evaluation Applied for Teeth Extraction: An In Vivo Study
Authors: Cicciù Marco , Bramanti Ennio , Signorino Fabrizio , Cicciù Alessandra , Sortino Francesco 
Published: March 2013

Purpose:The aim of this work was to analyse all the applied movements when extracting healthy upper and lower jaw premolars for orthodontic purposes. The authors wanted to demonstrate that the different bone densities of the mandible and maxilla are not a significant parameter when related to the extraction force applied. The buccal and palatal rocking movements, plus the twisting movements were also measured in this in-vivo study during premolar extraction for orthodontic purposes.Methods:The physical strains or forces transferred onto the teeth during extraction are the following three movements: gripping, twisting, and traction. A strain measurement gauge was attached onto an ordinary dentistry plier. The strain measurement gauge was constituted with an extensimetric washer with three 45º grids. The system operation was correlated to the variation of electrical resistance.Results:The variations of resistance (∆R) and all the different forces applied to the teeth (∆V) were recorded by a computerized system. Data results were processed through Microsoft Excel. The results underlined the stress distribution on the extracted teeth during gripping, twisting and flexion.Conclusions:The obtained data showed that the strength required to effect teeth extraction is not influenced by the quality of the bone but is instead influenced by the shape of the tooth’s root.
The Life's Limitations of Uncontrolled Asthma in a Developing Country: Results of an Albanian Survey
Authors: Xhixha Fatmira , Gjata Enkeleda , Hitaj Mirela , Bakiri Alketa Hysni , Hyso Entela , Ibranji Alkerta , Shytaj Kastriot , Ndreu Arben , Resuli Bashkim , Mingomataj Ervin Cerciz 
Published: March 2013

Introduction:
Studies conducted across Western Europe reported that bronchial asthma (BA) has an important
impact on patients' lives quality. We present Albanian asthmatic patients’ views based on the questionnaire generated
from the European Federation of Allergy and Airways Diseases Patients Associations (EFA).

Materials and methodology:
In this study participated 145 Caucasian patients consecutively and prospectively diagnosed
with BA.

Results:
The vast majority of patients reported lifestyle' limitations because of uncontrolled BA, three-fourth of them reported
restriction of physical activity, and 20% felt their professional perspectives were limited. Additionally, up to 80%
of the subjects were not optimistic about achieving the guideline goals but they were optimistic regarding the availability
of more qualitative medicines and improvement of healthcare level over the next years. Our patients indicated that optimal
treatments should be fast-acting and long-lasting, should be working immediately and should stop the symptoms completely.

Conclusions:
These results demonstrate the high impact of uncontrolled asthma, despite its severity, on .patients’ lives in
a developing country.
Effects of Cholecalciferol on Functional, Biochemical, Vascular, and Quality of Life Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Hewitt Nathan A. , O’Connor Alicia A. , O’Shaughnessy Denise V. , Elder Grahame J. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackground and objectivesObservational studies suggest that calciferol supplementation may improve laboratory and patient-level outcomes of hemodialysis patients with reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. This randomized controlled trial examined effects of cholecalciferol supplementation in patients on hemodialysis.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsSixty patients with 25(OH)D levels ≤24 ng/ml (≤60 nmol/L) were randomized to receive 50,000 IU oral cholecalciferol or placebo, once weekly for 8 weeks and then monthly for 4 months. At baseline (autumn 2011) and 6 months, testing evaluated muscle strength, functional capacity, laboratory parameters, pulse wave velocity (PWV), and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 survey.ResultsPatients were well matched by treatment allocation. Median age was 62 years (range, 20–86), 52% were women, 55% had a history of diabetes, and mean serum 25(OH)D was 17±5 ng/ml (43±13 nmol/L). Patients were assessed over 6 months by repeated-measures ANOVA. Patients allocated to cholecalciferol had significantly higher values of 25(OH)D (P<0.001), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (P=0.04), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b) (P=0.04) and a greater reduction in phosphorus values (P=0.03) than placebo-treated patients Values of serum calcium, intact parathyroid hormone, and episodes of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia did not differ significantly between the groups. No significant differences were detected in muscle strength, functional capacity, PWV, or HRQOL.ConclusionsIn this randomized controlled trial, patients supplemented with cholecalciferol had higher 25(OH)D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b levels, without increased calcium or phosphorus values. However, no effects were detected in muscle strength, functional capacity, PWV, or HRQOL.
The Associations between Race and Geographic Area and Quality-of-Care Indicators in Patients Approaching ESRD
Authors: Yan Guofen , Cheung Alfred K. , Ma Jennie Z. , Yu Alison J. , Greene Tom , Oliver M. Norman , Yu Wei , Norris Keith C. 
Published: March 2013

Background and objectives
Pre-ESRD care is an important predictor of outcomes in patients undergoing long-term dialysis. This study examined the extent of variation in receiving pre-ESRD care and black-white disparities across urban and rural counties.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Participants were 404,622 non-Hispanic white and black patients aged >18 years who began dialysis between 2005 and 2010 and resided in 3076 counties from the U.S. Renal Data System. The counties were grouped into large metropolitan, medium/small metropolitan, suburban, and rural counties. Pre-ESRD care indicators included receipt of nephrologist care at least 6 or 12 months before ESRD, dietitian care, use of arteriovenous fistula at first outpatient dialysis session, and use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in patients with hemoglobin level < 10 g/dl.

Results
Large metropolitan and rural counties had lower percentages of patients who received pre-ESRD nephrologist care (25.7% and 26.9% for nephrologist care > 12 months), compared with the higher percentage in medium/small metropolitan counties (31.6%; both P<0.001). For both races, nonmetropolitan patients had poorer access to dietitian care and lower ESA use than metropolitan patients. Consistently in all four geographic areas, black patients received less care than their white counterparts. The unadjusted odds ratios of black versus white patients in receiving nephrologist care for >12 months before ESRD were 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61–0.72) in large metropolitan counties and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.69–0.90) in rural counties. The patterns remained, albeit attenuated, after adjustment for patient factors.

Conclusions
The receipt of pre-ESRD care, with blacks receiving less care, varies among geographic areas defined by urban/rural characteristics.
Disentangling the Ultrafiltration Rate–Mortality Association
Authors: Flythe Jennifer E. , Curhan Gary C. , Brunelli Steven M. 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Background and objectives
Rapid ultrafiltration rate is associated with increased mortality among hemodialysis patients. Ultrafiltration rates are determined by interdialytic weight gain and session length. Although both interdialytic weight gain and session length have been linked to mortality, the relationship of each to mortality, independent of the other, is not adequately defined. This study was designed to evaluate whether shorter session length independent of weight gain and larger weight gain independent of session length are associated with increased mortality.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Data were taken from a national cohort of 14,643 prevalent, thrice-weekly, in-center hemodialysis patients dialyzing from 2005 to 2009 (median survival time, 25 months) at a single dialysis organization. Patients with adequate urea clearance and delivered dialysis session ≥240 and <240 minutes were pair-matched on interdialytic weight gain (n=1794), and patients with weight gain ≤3 and >3 kg were pair-matched on session length (n=2114); mortality associations were estimated separately.

Results
Compared with delivered session length ≥240, session length <240 minutes was associated with increased all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.32 [1.03 to 1.69]). Compared with weight gain ≤3, weight gain >3 kg was associated with increased mortality (1.29 [1.01 to 1.65]). The associations were consistent across strata of age, sex, weight, and weight gain and session length. Secondary analyses demonstrated dose-response relationships between both and mortality.

Conclusions
Among patients with adequate urea clearance, shorter dialysis session length and greater interdialytic weight gain are associated with increased mortality; thus, both are viable targets for directed intervention.
Asset and Business Valuation in Estate Tax Cases: The Role of the Courts
Authors: Jackson Mark , Pippin Sonja , Wong Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. court system plays an important role in resolving asset valuation disagreements between taxpayers and the taxing authority. Prior literature suggests that in estate tax cases, courts act as compromisers choosing a value somewhere between the estimates arrived at by the taxpayer and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Some studies argue that the tax courts choose the arithmetic mean between the two estimates. Using models from prior literature and an updated dataset, we reexamine the role of the courts in appraising disputed asset value estimates and find that the courts do not simply use the mean value between taxpayer and IRS asset valuation estimates. In addition to testing the concept of courts acting as compromisers, we investigate whether there are certain factors related to the case and the judge that may be correlated with the judge's decision. We find evidence that suggests that the number of appraisers used by the taxpayer, the political affiliation of the judge, the type of asset being valued, and the age and complexity of the case are related to the decisions of the court. Our study should be of interest to taxpayers, the IRS, the courts, and tax researchers.
Psoriasis and New-Onset Diabetes
Authors: Khalid Usman , Hansen Peter Riis , Gislason Gunnar Hilmar , Lindhardsen Jesper , Kristensen Søren Lund , Winther Signe Abitz , Skov Lone , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Ahlehoff Ole 
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE
Psoriasis is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that may be associated with psoriasis, but conflicting results have been presented and nationwide data on the risk of new-onset DM in patients with psoriasis have not been reported.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study comprised a Danish population ≥10 years of age on 1 January 1997 who were followed until new-onset DM, death, or 31 December 2009. Information on comorbidity, concomitant medication, and socioeconomic status was linked on an individual level. The primary study end point was DM requiring pharmacotherapy. Incidence rates for the development of DM events per 1,000 observational years were calculated and adjusted. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated by Poisson regression.

RESULTS
A total of 4,614,807 subjects were eligible for analysis, with a maximum follow-up of 13 years. In the study period, 52,613 patients with psoriasis, including 6,784 patients with severe psoriasis, were identified. The overall incidence rates for new-onset DM were 3.67 (CI 3.65–3.69), 6.93 (6.63–7.25), and 9.65 (8.68–10.73) for the reference population, mild psoriasis, and severe psoriasis, respectively. Compared with the reference population, the IRR of new-onset DM was increased in all patients with psoriasis, i.e., IRR 1.49 (CI 1.43–1.56) and 2.13 (1.91–2.37) for those with mild and severe psoriasis.

CONCLUSIONS
In this nationwide cohort, psoriasis was associated with increased incidence rates of new-onset DM. The association remained statistically significant after adjustment for confounding factors.
Induction of Apoptosis in MDCK, RK13, and Neuro-2A Cells Infected with Equine Influenza Virus
Authors: Kwaśnik Małgorzata , Rożek Wojciech , Żmudziński Jan F. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The purpose of the experiment was to compare apoptosis induced by equine influenza virus (EIV A1 and EIV A2) infection in MDCK, RK13, and NEURO-2A cell lines. Flow cytometry was used to observe two symptoms of apoptosis: phosphatidylserine translocation in plasmalemma (annexin V assay) and the fragmentation of DNA generated by endonuclease activity (TUNEL assayterminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labelling). The differences in the onset of apoptosis in the studied cells was observed. In MDCK cells infected with EIV A1 and A2, a weak signal of the phosphatidylserine translocation was observed but more cells showed the DNA fragmentation. An opposite effect was observed in case of RK 13 cells. NEURO-2A cells displayed a similar number of annexin V and TUNEL positive cells after the infection with EIV A2, while in case of EIV A1 infection, only the early symptoms of apoptosis were noted. Differences between both viral serotypes could originate from functioning of viral proteins responsible for induction or inhibition of apoptosis. The differences between cell types may result from the activation of cellular pro or anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
First Isolation of the H1N2 Swine Influenza Virus in Polish Pig Farm
Authors: Markowska-Daniel Iwona , Wierzchosławski Karol , Urbaniak Kinga , Kowalczyk Aandrzej 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The paper describes an outbreak of swine influenza, which was the first H1N2 outbreak confirmed in pig farm in Poland. The outbreak occurred in October 2011 in the farrows to finish farm, first in the fattening units, and subsequently in the reproduction and weaning sectors. Samples of the lungs taken from dead gilts were tested by the use of real time and multiplex PCR, sequencing, and virus isolation methods. The amplification of the genetic material extracted from the lungs confirmed the presence of the M1 gene sequence of type A influenza virus. Using multiplex PCR, the bands of 241 bp, typical for HA1 human-like type, and of 791 bp, typical for NA2, were demonstrated. The new isolates of swine influenza virus, named A/swine/Poland/15817/2011, were obtained in embryonated SPF chicken eggs and MDCK cells. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA and NA genes of the isolate revealed that the virus is of human swine linkage closely related to European human-like viruses. On the basis of such results, it can be stated that A/Swine/Poland/15817/2011 is a new swine influenza virus, representing the H1N2 subtype strain, which emerged in Poland.