bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute hypercortisolism: what can the surgeon offer?
Authors: Davenport Emily , Lennard Tom 
Published: May 2014

SummaryRapid onset or acute hypercortisolism is a rare critical illness requiring emergency management. The majority of patients will have underlying malignancy with surgery an obvious choice in the minority with resectable disease. For those with unresectable disease, medical management alone has been the traditional approach. However, this often proves inadequate raising interest in the role of surgery as palliation in this setting. Patient selection, timing of surgery and optimal surgical technique are areas of current controversy with little literature available to provide answers. Decisions regarding management of patients with acute hypercortisolism are complex, and these patients are best managed in a subspecialized setting.
Achieving Cross‐Scale Collaboration for Large Scale Conservation Initiatives
Authors: Guerrero Angela M. , Mcallister Ryan R.J. , Wilson Kerrie A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLarge‐scale conservation requires the involvement of numerous stakeholders to plan for and implement a range of activities across multiple scales. Establishing and sustaining the effective collaborations necessary to achieve this is a key challenge. Utilizing data from a large‐scale conservation initiative in the south west of Australia we characterize the interactions between stakeholders as a social network. We employ a novel network theoretical approach to assess the different forms of collaboration, including cross‐scale collaboration. We find that the social network predisposes cross‐scale collaboration for invasive animal control, an action where coordination of activities is necessary. We find that for revegetation activities there is little evidence of collaboration across scales, but this could be fostered by a subset of stakeholders acting in a “scale‐bridging” role. Addressing this will likely improve the effectiveness of revegetation efforts and the outcomes of the broader conservation initiative.
Non‐tuberculous mycobacterial infections at San Francisco General Hospital
Authors: Sheu Leslie C. , Tran Tu M. , Jarlsberg Leah G. , Marras Theodore K. , Daley Charles L. , Nahid Payam 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackground and AimsThe epidemiology of non‐tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection is not well defined. We evaluated the trends in incidence of NTM infections at San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), a large metropolitan county hospital.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of microbiologic and clinical records of all patients with a positive NTM culture reported from 1993 to 2001. NTM infection was defined by the isolation of >1 NTM from any clinical specimen. Patients were stratified by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify factors that were independently associated with NTM infection. Trends over time were assessed using Poisson test for trend.ResultsDuring the study period, 25 736 samples from 7395 patients were cultured for mycobacteria. Of these samples, 2853 (11.1%) from 1345 patients (18.2%) were culture positive for NTM. Patient characteristics associated with infection included younger age (P < 0.001), male gender (P < 0.001), White ethnicity compared with Asian and Hispanic (P < 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively), and HIV positivity (P < 0.001). Overall, NTM infection at SFGH decreased significantly from 319 cases in 1993 to 59 in 2001 (P < 0.001). Mycobacterium avium was predominant in both HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative populations (74.5% and 44.6% of isolates, respectively), and Mycobacterium kansasii was the second most common NTM species isolated. The proportion of other NTM species isolated in these groups differed.ConclusionIn contrast to other published studies, time‐series analyses show that NTM isolation rates decreased during the study period at SFGH, where NTM was most strongly associated with HIV infection.
When yesterday's consumption strikes back: Deviation from usual consumption inversely predicts amounts consumed the next weekend evening
Authors: Labhart Florian , Kuntsche Emmanuel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsYoung adults' weekend alcohol consumption is characterised by heavy episodic drinking (HED) with low alcohol use in between. This study investigates whether consuming a lower or higher number of drinks than usual on a given evening predicts consumption the following evening.Design and MethodsIn French‐speaking Switzerland, 115 young adults (57% female, mean age = 23.2) answered questionnaires on their cellphones six times every Thursday, Friday and Saturday evening over five consecutive weeks. Multilevel models with group‐mean centering were used to analyse 462 evening pairs.ResultsAlthough the sample average number of drinks consumed tended to increase from Thursday [Mmen(SD) = 3.6 (5.0); Mwomen(SD) = 2.9(4.2)] to Saturday [Mmen(SD) = 7.4( 7.1); Mwomen(SD) = 5.2(5.6)], substantial day‐to‐day variations were observed within individuals. Variations from the usual consumption (i.e. higher or lower number of drinks than usual) on the first day had a significant inverse impact on amounts consumed the following day (unstandardised regression coefficient (B) = −0.27, P < 0.01). This effect was more marked for evening pairs including HED (B = −0.44, P < 0.001). Men and heavy drinkers were less subject to day‐to‐day variations than women and usually moderate drinkers.Discussion and ConclusionsThe inverse relationship might result from adverse consequences experienced after HED or an intentional reduction in alcohol consumption in anticipation of a heavy drinking session the next day. Event‐specific prevention is needed for women and usually light or moderate drinkers as their more distinct consumption peaks put them at greater risk, particularly of accidents and injuries. [Labhart F, Kuntsche E. When yesterday's consumption strikes back: Deviation from usual consumption inversely predicts amounts consumed the next weekend evening. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:385–392]
Whistling in 1929: Ramsey and Wittgenstein on the Infinite
Authors: Methven S. J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCora Diamond has recently criticised as mere legend the interpretation of a quip of Ramsey's, contained in the epigraph below, which takes him to be objecting to or rejecting Wittgenstein's Tractarian distinction between saying and showing. Whilst I agree with Diamond's discussion of the legend, I argue that her interpretation of the quip has little evidential support, and runs foul of a criticism sometimes made against intuitionism. Rather than seeing Ramsey as making a claim about the nature of propositions, as Diamond does, we should understand him as making a claim about the grammar of the logical connectives. Such a view coheres with the extant evidence of the nature of Wittgenstein's and Ramsey's 1929 philosophical encounters. It is also compatible with attributing to Ramsey a recognition of Wittgenstein's distinction and with denying that criticising it is the lesson of the quip.
The biogeography of trophic cascades on US oyster reefs
Authors: Kimbro David L. , Byers James E. , Grabowski Jonathan H. , Hughes A. Randall , Piehler Michael F. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPredators can indirectly benefit prey populations by suppressing mid‐trophic level consumers, but often the strength and outcome of trophic cascades are uncertain. We manipulated oyster reef communities to test the generality of potential causal factors across a 1000‐km region. Densities of oyster consumers were weakly influenced by predators at all sites. In contrast, consumer foraging behaviour in the presence of predators varied considerably, and these behavioural effects altered the trophic cascade across space. Variability in the behavioural cascade was linked to regional gradients in oyster recruitment to and sediment accumulation on reefs. Specifically, asynchronous gradients in these factors influenced whether the benefits of suppressed consumer foraging on oyster recruits exceeded costs of sediment accumulation resulting from decreased consumer activity. Thus, although predation on consumers remains consistent, predator influences on behaviour do not; rather, they interact with environmental gradients to cause biogeographic variability in the net strength of trophic cascades.
Peritonitis, abscessation and haemorrhage: Complications of transcutaneous caecal decompression
Authors: Unger L. , Fouché N. , Schnider D. , Witte S. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryTranscutaneous needle decompression of the caecum through the right flank is a valuable, routine procedure performed to resolve cases of large intestinal tympany. Nevertheless, it can be the cause of potentially life‐threatening complications as highlighted by the 3 cases presented in this case report. Abscess formation, septic peritonitis and haemorrhage following needle decompression are described.
High‐cycle fatigue properties of beta Ti alloy 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr, gum metal
Authors: Akita M. , Nakajima M. , Uematsu Y. , Tokaji K. , Kojima T. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the fatigue properties of the beta titanium alloy 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr, generally referred to as ‘Gum Metal’. Rotating bending fatigue tests have been performed in laboratory air and in a 3% NaCl aqueous solution. The results obtained were compared with those of a conventional beta titanium alloy, Ti–22V–4Al. In tensile tests, 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr indicated elasticity and microplasticity in the elastic region. Thus, the elastic modulus slightly decreased with an increasing strain, and the work hardening was minimal during plastic deformation. The mechanical properties of both of the alloys were comparable. The fatigue strength of 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr in laboratory air was higher than that of Ti–22V–4Al, which could be attributed to the higher fatigue crack initiation resistance of 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr than Ti–22V–4Al, while the resistance to small fatigue crack growth was similar. The fatigue strength of 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr in laboratory air and in the 3% NaCl aqueous solution was analogous. In addition, corrosion pits were not observed in the run‐out specimen in the 3% NaCl aqueous solution, indicating a high resistance of 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr against corrosion fatigue.
Wine and Headache
Authors: Krymchantowski Abouch Valenty , da Cunha Jevoux Carla 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundThe notion of migraine attacks triggered by food and beverages has been posited for centuries. Red wine in particular has been acknowledged as a migraine trigger since antiquity when Celsus (25 B.C.‐50 A.D.) described head pain after drinking wine. Since then, references to the relationship between alcohol ingestion and headache attacks are numerous. The most common initiator of these attacks among alcoholic beverages is clearly wine. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the available literature on wine and headache.MethodsA Medline search with the terms headache, migraine, and wine was performed. Data available on books and written material about wine and medicine as well as abstracts on alcohol, wine, and headache available in the proceedings of major headache meetings in the last 30 years were reviewed. In addition, available technical literature and websites about wine, grapes, and wine making were also evaluated.ResultsFull papers specifically on headache and wine are scarce. General literature related to medicine and wine is available, but scientific rigor is typically lacking. The few studies on wine and headache were mostly presented as abstracts despite the common knowledge and patients' complaints about wine ingestion and headache attacks. These studies suggest that red wine, but not white and sparkling wines, do trigger headache and migraine attacks independently of dosage in less than 30% of the subjects.DiscussionWine, and specifically red wine, is a migraine trigger. Non‐migraineurs may have headache attacks with wine ingestion as well. The reasons for that triggering potential are uncertain, but the presence of phenolic flavonoid radicals and the potential for interfering with the central serotonin metabolism are probably the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between wine and headache. Further controlled studies are necessary to enlighten this traditional belief.
Utilization and preference of nutrition information sources in Australia
Authors: Cash Tracee , Desbrow Ben , Leveritt Michael , Ball Lauren 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of chronic disease in Australia is rising, and poor nutrition behaviour is a modifiable risk factor for many chronic diseases. The utilization of appropriate nutrition information has been recommended to promote optimal nutrition behaviour.ObjectiveTo investigate individuals’ utilization and preference of nutrition information sources as well as perceptions of trustworthiness, credibility and effectiveness of sources.DesignCross‐sectional online survey.Setting and ParticipantsNinety‐four residents of the Gold Coast, Australia.Main Outcome Measures StudiedRespondents’ demographic variables, previously utilized and preferred nutrition information sources, perceptions of trustworthiness, credibility and effectiveness of nutrition information sources.ResultsDietitians, nutritionists and GPs were the three most preferred sources and were perceived to be most trustworthy, credible and effective. However, the most utilized nutrition information sources were the Internet (62.9%), friends (59.8%), family (58.8%) and magazines (57.7%). Over 30% of respondents reported time to attend appointments as a barrier to accessing their most preferred nutrition information sources. Between 32 and 60% of respondents reported neutral perceptions of the most frequently utilized nutrition information sources in relation to trustworthiness, credibility and effectiveness.ConclusionIndividuals frequently receive nutrition information from sources that are not their most preferred and sources that they do not perceive as trustworthy, credible or effective. Further research is warranted on the impact of these discrepancies on overall nutrition‐related health literacy and behaviour.
The utilisation of grapeseed oil in improving the quality of dry fermented sausages
Authors: Stajić Slaviša , Živković Dušan , Tomović Vladimir , Nedović Viktor , Perunović Marija , Kovjanić Nataša , Lević Steva , Stanišić Nikola 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThis study aims to examine the scope of changes in colour, texture and sensory characteristics of fermented sausages by substituting 20% of backfat with grapeseed oil prepared as liquid (GS), encapsulated (EGS) and pre‐emulsified [with soy protein isolate (GSI) and alginate (GSA)], and their stability during 30 days of refrigerated storage. Protein and fat contents, pH and TBA values were not significantly different between products after production and storage. Treatments with added oil had higher weight loss (1.5–2.5%), while moisture content was significantly lowest in GS. Internal product colour evaluation showed the highest values of L*, b* and hue angle in GSI. GSI had the highest hardness and chewiness. Storage affected more surface than internal product colour, hardness was significantly changed only in GSI (lower) and EGS (higher), and increasing of TBA did not lead to significant differences between treatments. The study showed that GSA was the most promising of all treatments investigated.
Ligation of human Fc receptor like‐2 by monoclonal antibodies down‐regulates B‐cell receptor‐mediated signalling
Authors: Shabani Mahdi , Bayat Ali Ahmad , Jeddi‐Tehrani Mahmood , Rabbani Hodjatallah , Hojjat‐Farsangi Mohammad , Ulivieri Cristina , Amirghofran Zahra , Baldari Cosima Tatiana , Shokri Fazel 
Published: May 2014

SummaryB‐cell antigen receptor (BCR) signalling and its regulation through negative and positive regulators are critical for balancing B‐cell response and function. Human Fc receptor like‐2 (FCRL2), a member of the newly identified FCRL family, could influence B‐cell signalling due to possession of both immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation and inhibitory motifs (ITAM and ITIM). Since the natural ligand of FCRL2 has not been identified, we generated FCRL2‐specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and employed them to investigate the influence of FCRL2 stimulation on BCR signalling in an FCRL2‐expressing B‐cell line. Two anti‐FCRL2 mAb‐producing hybridoma clones (5A7‐E7 and 3D8‐G8) were selected. None of the mAbs displayed any cross‐reactivity with the other members of the FCRL family including recombinant FCRL1, ‐3, ‐4 and ‐5, as tested by FACS and ELISA techniques. Engagement of the FCRL2 by these mAbs resulted in significant inhibition of BCR signalling mediators such as calcium mobilization and phosphorylation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinases Erk, p38 and Jnk. These findings indicate that the FCRL2 ITIM motifs are functional and the anti‐FCRL2 mAbs may mimic the natural ligand of FCRL2 by induction of inhibitory signals in B cells.
Age and Sex Disparities in Discussions About Kidney Transplantation in Adults Undergoing Dialysis
Authors: Salter Megan L. , McAdams‐Demarco Mara A. , Law Andrew , Kamil Rebecca J. , Meoni Lucy A. , Jaar Bernard G. , Sozio Stephen M. , Linda Kao Wen Hong , Parekh Rulan S. , Segev Dorry L. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectivesTo explore whether disparities in age and sex in access to kidney transplantation (KT) originate at the time of prereferral discussions about KT.DesignCross‐sectional survey.SettingOutpatient dialysis centers in Maryland (n = 26).ParticipantsIndividuals who had recently initiated hemodialysis treatment (N = 416).MeasurementsParticipants reported whether medical professionals (nephrologist, primary medical doctor, dialysis staff) and social group members (significant other, family member, friend) discussed KT with them and, when applicable, rated the tone of discussions. Relative risks were estimated using modified Poisson regression.ResultsParticipants aged 65 and older were much less likely than those who were younger to have had discussions with medical professionals (44.5% vs 74.8%, P < .001) or social group members (47.3% vs 63.1%, P = .005). Irrespective of sex and independent of race, health‐related factors, and dialysis‐related characteristics, older adults were more likely not to have had discussions with medical professionals (relative risk (RR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03–1.24, for each 5‐year increase in age through 65; RR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.14–1.42, for each 5‐year increase in age beyond 65). Irrespective of age, women were more likely (RR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.12–1.89) not to have had discussions with medical professionals. For each 5‐year increase in age, men (RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.99–1.10) and women (RR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.10–1.24) were more likely not to have discussions with social group members. Of those who had discussions with medical professionals or social group members, older participants described these discussions as less encouraging (all P < .01).ConclusionOlder adults and women undergoing hemodialysis are less likely than younger adults and men to have discussions about KT as a treatment option, supporting a need for better clinical guidelines and education for these individuals, their social network, and their providers.
Geriatric Syndromes in Individuals Admitted to Vascular and Urology Surgical Units
Authors: McRae Prudence J. , Peel Nancye M. , Walker Philip J. , de Looze Julian W. M. , Mudge Alison M. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectivesTo document the incidence of geriatric syndromes (delirium, functional decline, falls, and pressure ulcers) in two surgical units and to determine the association between the occurrence of geriatric syndromes and admission type (elective vs nonelective), severity of surgery, and surgical subspecialty unit.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingOne vascular surgical unit and one urology surgical unit in an Australian tertiary teaching hospital.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older admitted to a study unit for 3 days or more (N = 112).MeasurementsDelirium was identified using a validated chart extraction tool. Functional decline from admission to discharge was identified from nursing documentation. Falls were identified according to documentation in the medical record cross‐checked with the hospital incident reporting system. Pressure ulcers were identified according to documentation in the medical record.ResultsGeriatric syndromes were present in 32% of participants. Delirium was identified in 21%, functional decline in 14%, falls in 8%, and pressure ulcers in 5%. Individuals admitted directly from the emergency or outpatient department and interhospital transfers (nonelective) were significantly more likely to develop any geriatric syndrome than those on an elective surgery list before admission to the hospital (41% vs 18%, P = .01). In multivariable analysis, nonelective admission (odds ratio (OR) = 3.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6–4.7, P = .005), major surgery (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.7–3.7, P = .004) and preexisting impairment in activities of daily living (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5–3.6, P = .007) increased the likelihood of geriatric syndromes.ConclusionGeriatric syndromes are common in older adults undergoing surgery, and nonelective admission and major surgery increase the likelihood of geriatric syndromes occurring during hospitalization. Baseline dependency in ADLs is an important risk factor for the occurrence of these conditions.
Reviews of Individual Patient Data (IPD) Are Useful for Geriatrics: An Overview of Available IPD Reviews
Authors: van de Glind Esther M. M. , Rhodius‐Meester Hanneke F. M. , Reitsma Johannes B. , Hooft Lotty , van Munster Barbara C. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectivesTo determine how many individual patient data (IPD) reviews that included older people were available in MEDLINE and whether the effectiveness of treatments differed between older and younger individuals.DesignOverview of IPD reviews.SettingA MEDLINE search was conducted for IPD reviews of randomized controlled trials published before July 2012.ParticipantsIPD reviews that presented a regression model that included age as a factor or a subgroup analysis of individuals aged 70 and older or in which all participants were aged 70 and older.MeasurementsWhether the IPD reviews reported similar conclusions for the younger and older populations was evaluated.ResultsTwenty‐six IPD reviews with a subgroup of older individuals and eight reviews with only older individuals were included (median N = 3,351). The most important reason for choosing an IPD review was the ability to perform a subgroup analysis in the older population. Fourteen IPD reviews suggested that older people should receive different treatments from younger people because of differences in effectiveness, six of which indicated that the investigated treatment(s) should be avoided in older adults.ConclusionIPD review is a valuable approach for generating evidence in older adults. Treatment effects frequently differed between older and younger individuals. Still, IPD results should be applied to older adults cautiously, because they are often excluded from primary trials. The collaborative sharing of raw data should be promoted to improve evidence‐based decisions for this group.