bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature Effects on Legionella pneumophila Killing by and Multiplication in Phagocytes of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Miyamoto Hiroshi , Ogawa Midori , Maruta Koji , Nikaido Yoshihiko , Yamamoto Chiyuki , Taniguchi Hatsumi , Yoshida Shin‐ichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe examined the effects of temperature on the interaction between Legionella pneumophila and phagocytes of guinea pigs. The body temperatures of guinea pigs infected with a sublethal dose (1.2 × 104 CFU) or a lethal dose (1.0 × 105 CFU) of L. pneumophila elevated from 38.4±0.15 C to 40.2±0.42 C or 40.3 ± 0.62 C, respectively. The intracellular bacterial killing by and bacterial proliferation in the phagocytes were examined at 33, 37, 40, and 42 C, using in vitro culture systems of peritoneal macrophages or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) of guinea pigs. In all the macrophages incubated at different temperatures, significant intracellular bacterial killings were observed at 4 hr after in vitro phagocytosis. After 24 hr of incubation, there was about a 100‐fold increase of CFU and the number reached a maximum after 48 hr of incubation in the macrophages incubated at 42 C as well as 37 and 40 C, suggesting that macrophages support the intracellular bacterial growth in hyperthermia. In the PMN, L. pneumophila CFU 4 hr or 12 hr after the infection were significantly lower at 42 C than those at 37 C (P<0.05), indicating that the bactericidal capacity of PMN was enhanced at 42 C compared to 37 C. However, in all the PMN incubated at different temperatures, there were about 10‐fold increases of CFU 24 hr after the infection, suggesting that PMN as well as macrophages support intracellular bacterial growth in hyperthermia. The extracellular bacterial growth was examined at 33, 37, 40, and 42 C in buffered yeast extract (BYE) broth or RPMI 1640 medium containing 50% guinea pig serum as a permissive or non‐permissive liquid medium for the bacterial growth, respectively. Inhibition of bacterial growth in BYE broth at 42 C, and a decrease of CFU in RPMI 1640 medium containing 50% guinea pig serum at 42 C were observed. In conclusion, hyperthermia may be beneficial by restricting extracellular bacterial survival, but it exerts no beneficial effect on the restriction of intracellular bacterial growth in phagocytes, though PMN showed enhanced initial killing at 42 C. These results suggest that fever, or hyperthermia itself, may not largely contribute as a nonspecific host defense early in the course of legionellosis.
Evaluation of DNA Fingerprinting by PFGE as an Epidemiologic Tool for Salmonella Infections
Authors: Murase Toshiyuki , Okitsu Tadayuki , Suzuki Rieko , Morozumi Hirotoshi , Matsushima Akiyoshi , Nakamura Akiko , Yamai Shiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo evaluate DNA fingerprinting as an epidemiologic tool, pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed on isolates of Salmonella, including S. typhimurium, S. thompson, and S. enteritidis. Chromosomal DNA was digested with the restriction endonucleases Bln I and Xba I. The patterns of S. thompson and S. typhimurium isolates from various sources were different from one another. There was no correlation between the phage type and the digestion pattern of S. enteritidis isolates. Some strains belonging to one phage type were distinguished by their PFGE pattern in this study. These results suggest that the Bln I and Xba I digestion patterns of chromosomal DNA are useful for epidemiological analysis of an outbreak of Salmonella infection or food poisoning.
Vibrio trachuri Sp. Nov., a New Species Isolated from Diseased Japanese Horse Mackerel
Authors: Iwamoto Yoshihisa , Suzuki Yusaku , Kurita Akinobu , Watanabe Yoko , Shimizu Tadayori , Ohgami Hirohisa , Yanagihara Yasutake 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA new species, Vibrio trachuri sp. nov., was isolated from the cultured Japanese horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicus). These Vibrio were Gram negative, motile rods and formed yellow colonies on BTB teepol and TCBS plate, turned TSI medium to yellow and was sensitive to 150 μM O/129 (2,4‐diamino‐6,7‐diisopropyl pteridine phosphate) like Listonella anguillarum which has been described as Vibrio anguillarum. However, the results of VP test and decarboxylation of lysine or dihydrolation of arginine suggested that these Vibrio are rather closely related to V. parahaemolyticus. DNA similarity determined by the microplate hybridization technique revealed that these Vibrio are genetically quite distant from Listonella anguillarum or V. parahaemolyticus and rather close to V. harveyi, although there was no Vibrio species which had more than 70% similarity value. From these results we propose to nominate Vibrio trachuri sp. nov. for this new Vibrio species.
Endotoxin Induces Severe Inflammatory Reactions with Necrosis at Sites Primed with Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity Reactions in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Nagao Shigeki , Kawabata Yoshihiro , Nishikawa Takashige , Takada Haruhiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGuinea pigs immunized with Freund's complete adjuvant received challenge injection of the purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the flanks and the corneas to prepare delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. The animals were injected subcutaneously with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or a synthetic lipid A (LA‐15‐PP). At the skin site primed with DTH reaction, increased swelling and hemorrhagic reaction followed by a definite necrotic reaction occurred. Severe corneal reactions were also observed in the animals. These findings indicate that bacterial endotoxin modulates DTH reactions and induces severe inflammatory reactions.
Targeting of Chrolamphenicol Acetyltransferase to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Particles via Vpr and Vpx
Authors: Sato Akihiko , Isaka Yoshitaka , Kodama Makoto , Yoshimoto Jun , Kawauchi Shinobu , Kuwata Takeo , Adachi Akio , Hayami Masanori , Yoshie Osamu , Fujiwara Tamio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVpr and Vpx are the auxiliary proteins of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) selectively incorporated into mature viral particles. We showed that the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) fused to the N‐terminus of HIV‐1 Vpr, HIV‐2 Vpr, or HIV‐2 Vpx was incorporated into mature virions in a type‐selective manner. By using chimeric proteins between HIV‐1 Vpr and HIV‐2 Vpx, we found that the N‐terminal side of these proteins was mainly important for type‐selective virion incorporation. The C‐terminal arginine‐rich region of HIV‐1 Vpr was also found to transport CAT fusion proteins into virions but without any type selectivity. Furthermore, the corresponding regions of HIV‐2 Vpr and HIV‐2 Vpx had no such activity. This region of HIV‐1 Vpr may interact nonspecifically with viral genomic RNA. Collectively, Vpr and Vpx may provide a means to introduce foreign proteins and other molecules into HIV virions for therapeutic purposes.
The Structure and Characterization of the Surface Protein Layer of a Comamonas‐Like Organism
Authors: Wai Sun Nyunt , Takade Akemi , Fujimoto Shuji , Amako Kazunobu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe regular surface layer of a strain of a Comamonas‐like organism was examined by electron microscopy. The surface layer protein was easily extracted from the cell surface by a 2.5 M solution of lithium chloride. The protein subunit has a molecular size of 32,000 daltons, but usually forms a large aggregate of more than 1,200,000 daltons. In the extract it formed a regular array of p4 symmetry and was observed to be intimately associated with fragments of lipopolysaccharide. The size of a subunit determined by the negative staining method and the image processing method measured 5.2 × 6.4 nm (width and length), was arranged in a cobblestone‐like pattern, and was located in a lattice space measuring 13.0 nm square.
Actions of Vibrio vulnificus Metalloprotease on Human Plasma Proteinase‐Proteinase Inhibitor Systems: A Comparative Study of Native Protease with Its Derivative Modified by Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Miyoshi Shin‐ichi , Narukawa Hitoshi , Tomochika Ken‐ichi , Shinoda Sumio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic human pathogen causing wound infection and septicemia, produces a metalloprotease (VVP) which is suspected to be a virulent determinant. The interactions of VVP, as well as its derivative (PEG1‐VVP) modified with polyethylene glycol, with a variety of human plasma proteins were investigated. We found that native VVP and its derivative were able to act directly on many biologically important human plasma proteins even in the presence of α‐macroglobulin, the sole plasma inhibitor of native VVP. The activities of both classical and alternative pathways of the complement cascade system were drastically abolished by incubation with either VVP. Furthermore, these proteases rapidly digested the Aα‐chain of human fibrinogen into fragment(s) with no clotting ability. Therefore both VVPs are thought to function as a fibrinogenolytic enzyme, causing delay of the coagulation reaction. VVP and PEG1‐VVP were also shown to destroy plasma proteinase inhibitors including α1‐proteinase inhibitor, a major inhibitor in human plasma. Because endogenous proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors are indispensable in maintaining physiological homeostasis, these findings suggest that VVP (and PEG1‐VVP) may cause an imbalance of human plasma proteinase‐proteinase inhibitor systems, thus eliciting an immunocompromised state in the host and facilitating the development of a systemic V. vulnificus infection such as septicemia.
Cytokine‐Independent Proliferation of IL‐2‐Nonproducing CTL Clones in Association with High TCR‐Signal Transduction Responses
Authors: Nagase Fumihiko , Lwin Tint , Nakashima Izumi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAlloreactive CTL clone D2‐23 proliferated in response to antigenic cells without IL‐2 production. Among subclones of D2‐23, the F1 but not F2 clone proliferated in response to soluble aCD3 or PMA, although both clones proliferated in response to immobilized aCD3, antigenic cells or soluble aCD3 plus costimulatory cells. The difference in responsiveness between F1 and F2 was not caused by distinct expression of CD3 or Fc receptors. Cyclosporin A, which totally blocks IL‐2 production of Th1 cells, barely or only partially inhibited PMA‐ or aCD3‐induced proliferation of F1. F1 did not produce cytokines for proliferation of F2 in response to soluble aCD3. Tyrosine phosphorylation developed for various proteins of F1 and F2 at the levels apparently correlated to the extent of cell proliferation when the cells were stimulated with soluble aCD3 or PMA. The proliferative responsiveness of F1 and F2 to the described stimulators was maintained by stimulation with IL‐2 plus antigenic cells, or even IL‐2 alone, but was decreased during resting culture or by stimulation with immobilized aCD3. These results show evidence of a new TCR‐linked mechanism for CTL proliferation that is independent of costimulatory cell‐ or cytokine‐mediated signaling, but is originally prepared by prior stimulation with IL‐2.
Impaired Antigen Specific Responses and Enhanced Polyclonal Stimulation in Mice Infected with Ehrlichia muris
Authors: Kawahara Makoto , Suto Chiharu , Shibata Shinichiro , Futohashi Masataka , Rikihisa Yasuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe immune status of BALB/c mice infected by intraperitoneal inoculation with Ehrlichia muris was examined. The level of E. muris infection in both peritoneal cavity and spleen was greatest at day 10 postinoculation (PI). Thereafter, the infection level was dramatically reduced while the organism persisted for up to 400 days PI. The greatest intraperitoneal infiltration of leukocytes, splenomegaly, and leukocytosis were observed on days 10, 15, and 20 PI, respectively. Infected mice developed marked hypergammaglobulinemia of IgG and IgM that peaked at day 20 PI; however, IgA plummeted at day 15 PI. Of IgG, G2a and G3 increased while G1 and G2b remained constant. Despite hypergammaglobulinemia, both IgG and IgM antibody titers against E. muris were very low throughout the 30‐day study. Antibody development and plaque‐forming cells against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were abolished when the antigen was inoculated on day 10 PI. IgM antibody development against SRBC was more severely inhibited than IgG antibody development. However, when mice were immunized with SRBC prior to E. muris infection, antibody development against SRBC was not reduced. Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to dinitrofluorobenzene was also maximally inhibited when the antigen was administered on day 10 PI. The IFN‐γ level in the blood was maximal at day 10 PI. These results indicate that although the vigorous polyclonal activation and protective IFN‐γ responses occurred by day 10 PI—which cleared most of the ehrlichial infection—antigen‐specific immune stimulation was impaired primarily at the level of antigen‐priming at peak parasitemia.
Sequence and Product Analyses of the Four Genes Downstream from the Fimbrilin Gene (fimA) of the Oral Anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Watanabe Koji , Onoe Takaya , Ozeki Masami , Shimizu Yasuaki , Sakayori Toshiko , Nakamura Hiroshi , Yoshimura Fuminobu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe downstream DNA region of the fimbrilin gene (fimA), which encodes the major subunit protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae, was fully sequenced. Gene products, expressed from this region in Escherichia coli, were purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their partial amino acid sequences were determined to verify open reading frames (ORFs) found in the region by DNA sequencing. Four ORFs, designated ORF1, ORF2, ORF3 and ORF4, were found in the 5.8‐kb PstI fragment downstream from fimA, which was previously cloned and partially characterized by Yoshimura, Takahashi, Hibi, Takasawa, Kato, and Dickinson (Infect. Immun. 61: 5181–5189, 1993). The direction of transcription of all the ORFs was the same as that of fimA. The 50 and 80 kDa encoded proteins, ORF2 and ORF3, respectively, have been reported to be minor components associated with fimbriae. The 15 and 19 kDa proteins, ORF1 and ORF4, respectively, have been expressed in E. coli but not identified in P. gingivalis. However, all the gene products of the ORFs, expressed in E. coli, appeared to contain intact signal peptides based on their N‐terminal amino acid sequences.
Virulence in Mice of Orientia tsutsugamushi Isolated from Patients in a New Endemic Area in Japan
Authors: Nagano Isao , Kasuya Shiro , Noda Nobuji , Yamashita Teruo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFour strains of Orientia tsutsugamushi (KN‐1, KN‐2, KN‐3 and GJ‐1) isolated from patients in an area of Gifu Prefecture, Japan, in which tsutsugamushi disease is newly endemic, were examined for their virulence in mice. Among these, KN‐1 (identified as Kawasaki type), GJ‐1 (identified as Kuroki type) and KN‐2 strains were found to be non‐lethal for BALB/c mice as well as CH3/HeJ mice, even with high doses (106 × being the 50% mouse infectious dose). On the other hand, the KN‐3 strain was found to be sufficiently virulent to kill BALB/c mice. Among the prototype strains (Gilliam, Karp and Kato), the Karp and Kato strains exhibited high virulence to mice, while the Gilliam strain killed only a susceptible strain of mouse. BALB/c mice infected with KN‐1 and KN‐2 strains showed significant splenomegaly and moderate ascites accumulation in the first week of infection, while these symptoms became prominent during the second week of infection using KN‐3, Karp and Kato strains. After infection with the GJ‐1 strain, these symptoms were not observed. Antibody responses induced by infections with highly virulent strains were lower than that with low or intermediate virulent strains.
Role of Cell Surface Glycosaminoglycans of Human T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type‐1 (HIV‐1) Infection
Authors: Ohshiro Yukako , Murakami Tsutomu , Matsuda Kazuhiro , Nishioka Kiyoshi , Yoshida Keiichi , Yamamoto Naoki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo investigate the role of cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), including heparan sulfate (HS), on HIV‐1 infection in human T cells, HIV‐1 binding and infection were determined after treatment of T‐cell lines and CD4 + T cells from normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with GAG‐degrading enzyme or a GAG metabolic sulfation inhibitor. Heparitinase I (hep I) and sodium chlorate prevented binding of HIV‐1/IIIB to MT‐4 cells as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence procedures, thereby inhibiting infection. Hep I was less effective in the binding inhibition of the macrophage‐tropic strain HIV‐1/SF162 than that of the T‐cell line‐tropic strain HIV‐1/IIIB. The binding of HIV‐1/SF162 was about 100‐fold less dependent on cell surface HS than HIV‐1/IIIB. Human HTLV‐I positive T‐cell lines expressed more HS than HTLV‐I negative T‐cell lines or normal CD4 + T cells when stained with anti‐HS mAbs against either native or heparitinase‐treated HS. With the exception of endo‐β‐galactosidase (endo‐β‐gal), GAG‐degrading enzymes, including hep I, chondroitinase ABC (chon ABC), chondroitinase AC II (chon AC II) and keratanase, did not prevent the binding of HIV‐1/IIIB to CD4+ T cells from normal PBMC. These results indicate that the cell surface HS of human T cells participates in HIV‐1 infection by facilitating HIV‐1/IIIB binding to MT‐4 cells. In particular, the sulfation of HS chains is critical. Since the expression of cell surface HS varies among T cells, which are not consistently sensitive to hep I treatment in HIV‐1 binding inhibition, other GAG‐like molecules may also be involved.
Induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα) and Enhancement of HIV‐1 Replication in the J22HL60 Cell Line by Mycoplasma penetrans
Authors: Lyama Kaori , Ono Saori , Kuwano Koichi , Ohishi Masahiro , Shigematsu Hideki , Arai Sumio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMycoplasma penetrans isolated from clinical specimens of AIDS patients showed potent activity in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) production in THP‐1, U937 and J22HL60 cell lines, and in the enhancement of HIV‐1 replication in a dormantly‐infected J22HL60 cell line as compared with the activities of other mycoplasmas. Both activities were found in the methanol layer but not in the chloroform layer of the membrane extracted by the Bligh‐Dyer method. TNFα production was observed in the peritoneal macrophages from both lipopolysaccharide‐responsive and ‐unresponsive mouse strains, and was not inhibited by polymyxin B. The induction of TNFα production and enhancement of HIV‐1 replication were strongly inhibited by Concanavalin A‐Sepharose. The inhibitory effect of Concanavalin A‐Sepharose was partially prevented by sugars in the order methyl‐α‐D‐mannopyranoside and methyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside but not methyl‐α‐D‐galactopyranoside. Anti‐human TNFα antibody, however, did not reduce the activity of the methanol layer to enhance HIV‐1 replication, suggesting that the methanol layer could enhance HIV‐1 replication directly. These results suggest that the carbohydrate derived from M. penetrans might be responsible for the progression of HIV‐1 infection.
Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato in an Endemic Environment: Wild Sika Deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) with Infected Ticks and Antibodies
Authors: Isogai Emiko , Isogai Hiroshi , Masuzawa Toshiyuki , Postic Daniele , Baranton Guy , Kamewaka Yuri , Kimura Koichi , Nishikawa Takeshi , Fujii Nobuhiro , Ishii Norihisa , Ohno Shigeaki , Yamaguti Noboru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTicks and blood samples were collected from wild sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) during a hunting season (August to October) of 1991 at a selected location in Hokkaido, Japan. Ixodes persulcatus (adult and nymph) and I. ovatus (adult) were the common ticks on sika deer. Spirochetes were detected in the midgut of the ticks by the indirect peroxidase‐conjugated antibody staining method and by dark‐field microscopy after cultivation. By the reactive pattern of monoclonal antibodies, isolates were considered to belong to Borrelia garinii or B. japonica. In an antibody test, the percentage of seropositive deer was 69.0%. Most of the adult sika deer were positive for antibodies to the spirochetes. There are significant age‐dependency in antibody level and seropositive rate. The surveillance of deer should be valuable in monitoring the transmission risk of B. burgdorferi sensu lato in nature.
Nucleotide Sequence of the SrRNA Gene and Phylogenetic Analysis of Trichomonas tenax
Authors: Fukura Katsuhisa , Yamamoto Ayako , Hashimoto Tetsuo , Goto Nobuichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe small subunit ribosomal RNA (SrRNA) gene of Trichomonas tenax ATCC30207 was amplified by PCR and the 1.55‐kb product was cloned into plasmid vector pUC18. Four clones were isolated and sequenced. The insert DNAs were 1,552 bp long and their G+C contents were 48.1%; three of them had exactly the same DNA sequences and one had only one nucleotide change. A representative SrRNA sequence was analyzed and a phylogenetic tree was estimated by the neighbor‐joining (NJ) method. Among the protists examined, T. tenax was placed as the closest relative of Tritrichomonas foetus, as expected from the traditional taxonomy. The total homology between the two SrRNA sequences was 89.2%.
Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Cells of Latently Infected Mouse Trigeminal Ganglia Cultured in Serum‐Free Medium
Authors: Kimura Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) was reactivated more rapidly in cells of latently infected mouse trigeminal ganglia which were cultured in serum‐free medium (after 3.7 days of cultivation) than in those cultured in serum‐containing Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (after 8.5 days of cultivation). The concentration of calcium ion (Ca2+) in the medium affected HSV‐1 reactivation in ganglionic cultures, and 0.9 mM was the optimum concentration for the reactivation. Reactivation was delayed significantly in ganglia put into culture 4 months or more after infection compared with those cultured 1 month after infection.
Seroepidemiological Survey of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus in Wild House Mice in China with Particular Reference to Their Subspecies
Authors: Morita Chiharu , Tsuchiya Kimisachi , Ueno Hiroshi , Muramatsu Yasukazu , Kojimahara Akiko , Suzuki Hitoshi , Miyashita Nobumoto , Moriwaki Kazuo , Jin Mei‐Lei , Wu Xiang‐Lin , Wang Feng‐Shan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSerum samples from 337 wild house mice (Mus musculus) from 35 sites in China, collected in 1992 and 1993, were examined for antibodies against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Ten samples from eight sites were found to contain such antibodies. Six of the eight positive sites were located in the territory of M. m. gansuensis. One of the other two sites was located in the territory of M. m. castaneus in southern China and the other site was in a habitat of M. m. castaneus which had invaded into the western end of the territory of M. m. homourus. It seems likely that LCMV is distributed in the territories of M. m. gansuensis and M. m. castaneus in China. This is the first report of detection of these antibodies in wild house mice in China and specifically in the territories of M. m. gansuensis and M. m. castaneus.