bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microencapsulation of a putative probiotic Enterobacter species, C6‐6, to protect rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), against bacterial coldwater disease
Authors: Ghosh B , Cain K D , Nowak B F , Bridle A R 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFlavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), which has a major impact on salmonid aquaculture globally. An Enterobacter species, C6‐6, isolated from the gut of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), has been identified as a potential probiotic species providing protection against BCWD. This study examined the effects of alginate microencapsulation on the protective efficacy of C6‐6 against BCWD in vivo when administered to rainbow trout fry orally or by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Viable C6‐6 bacteria were microencapsulated successfully, and this process (microencapsulation) did not significantly deteriorate its protective properties as compared to the administration of non‐microencapsulated C6‐6 bacteria. Both oral and IP delivery of C6‐6 achieved significantly better protection than control treatments that did not contain C6‐6 bacteria. The highest relative percent survival (RPS) resulted from IP delivery (71.4%) and was significantly greater than the highest oral RPS (38.6%). Successful intestinal colonization was not critical to protective effects of C6‐6. The study showed that C6‐6 administration, with or without encapsulation, was a viable choice for protecting fry from BCWD especially when administered intraperitoneally.
Cellular proliferation in the nasal septal cartilage of juvenile minipigs
Authors: Al Dayeh Ayman A. , Herring Susan W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe growth of the nasal septal cartilage is believed to be a driving force of midfacial growth. Cellular proliferation is an important contributor to growth of the cartilage, but this factor has been rarely investigated. The current study was undertaken to assess the proliferation and cellular density in the septal cartilage of fast‐growing juvenile minipigs. Six minipigs averaging 4.4 ± 1 months old were injected with 5′‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analog, 24 h before death. The septal cartilage was sectioned in the coronal plane and reacted for BrdU. The proliferative index (number of BrdU‐positive chondrocytes/total number of chondrocytes) and cellular density (number of cells mm−2) of various locations of the septum were measured and compared in order to determine overall proliferation rate and whether regional variations in proliferative activity and cellular density are present. To provide a time perspective to the problem of midfacial growth, the lengths of the nasal bone and the palate were measured in a collection of 61 dry skulls of minipigs aged 1–8 months. Results showed that the septal chondrocytes were proliferating at a surprisingly high rate (~21%). The proliferative index was higher in the ventral and middle compared with the dorsal locations, and in the central cartilage compared with the perichondrium. No difference in proliferative index was found between the anterior and posterior parts of the septum. Cellular density was higher in the perichondrium than in the central cartilage. Within the central cartilage there was a trend for higher cellular density anteriorly. In conclusion, the rapidly growing midface of juvenile minipigs is associated with a high rate of septal proliferation, especially in the ventral half of the cartilage.
Comparison of direct and indirect occlusal contact examinations with different clenching intensities
Authors: Komiyama O. , Obara R. , Iida T. , Asano T. , Masuda M. , Uchida T. , De Laat A. , Kawara M. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe aims of this study were to examine the change of occlusal contact area following the increment of clenching intensity using silicone materials and electromyography (EMG) in normal subjects and to compare direct intra‐oral examination with indirect examination using dental casts mounted by means of two impression methods. Participants were 7 men and 5 women with no more than one missing tooth per quadrant and no pain in the head and neck region. During the task, intercuspal position was maintained with minimal force, 20% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and 40% MVC using electromyography visual feedback. Three types of occlusal contact examinations were performed with the aid of blue silicone material in randomised order: (i) intra‐oral direct occlusal contact examination (DE), (ii) indirect occlusal contact examination with dental casts using conventional impression method (IEC) and (iii) using occlusal impression method (IEO). Total occlusal contact area during DE and IEO significantly increased from baseline to 20% MVC and from baseline to 40% MVC, but not during IEC. Total occlusal contact area during DE in all tooth clenching conditions was significantly larger compared to IEO and IEC (P < 0·05). At 40% MVC, total occlusal contact area during IEO was significantly larger than during IEC (P < 0·05). These findings suggest that indirect occlusal contact examinations may not accurately reflect the intra‐oral occlusal condition. If the intra‐oral condition is reproduced using dental casts, these findings also suggest the occlusal impression method was more accurate compared to the conventional method (240 words).
Low ambient temperature elevates plasma triiodothyronine concentrations while reducing digesta mean retention time and methane yield in sheep
Authors: Barnett M. C. , McFarlane J .R. , Hegarty R. S. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryRuminant methane yield (MY) is positively correlated with mean retention time (MRT) of digesta. The hormone triiodothyronine (T3), which is negatively correlated with ambient temperature, is known to influence MRT. It was hypothesised that exposing sheep to low ambient temperatures would increase plasma T3 concentration and decrease MRT of digesta within the rumen of sheep, resulting in a reduction of MY. To test this hypothesis, six Merino sheep were exposed to two different ambient temperatures (cold treatment, 9 ± 1 °C; warm control 26 ± 1 °C). The effects on MY, digesta MRT, plasma T3 concentration, CO2 production, DM intake, DM digestibility, change in body weight (BW), rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, estimated microbial protein output, protozoa abundance, wool growth, water intake, urine output and rectal temperature were studied. Cold treatment resulted in a reduction in MY (p < 0.01); digesta MRT in rumen (p < 0.01), hindgut (p = 0.01) and total digestive tract (p < 0.01); protozoa abundance (p < 0.05); and water intake (p < 0.001). Exposure to cold temperature increased plasma T3 concentration (p < 0.05), CO2 production (p = 0.01), total VFA concentrations (p = 0.03) and estimated microbial output from the rumen (p = 0.03). The rate of wool growth increased (p < 0.01) due to cold treatment, but DM intake, DM digestibility and BW change were not affected. The results suggest that exposure of sheep to cold ambient temperatures reduces digesta retention time in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to a reduction in enteric methane yield. Further research is warranted to determine whether T3 could be used as an indirect selection tool for genetic selection of low enteric methane‐producing ruminants.
Dynamic modelling of hepatitis C virus transmission among people who inject drugs: a methodological review
Authors: Cousien A. , Tran V. C. , Deuffic‐Burban S. , Jauffret‐Roustide M. , Dhersin J.‐S. , Yazdanpanah Y. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryEquipment sharing among people who inject drugs (PWID) is a key risk factor in infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV). Both the effectiveness and cost–effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HCV transmission in this population (such as opioid substitution therapy, needle exchange programmes or improved treatment) are difficult to evaluate using field surveys. Ethical issues and complicated access to the PWID population make it difficult to gather epidemiological data. In this context, mathematical modelling of HCV transmission is a useful alternative for comparing the cost and effectiveness of various interventions. Several models have been developed in the past few years. They are often based on strong hypotheses concerning the population structure. This review presents compartmental and individual‐based models to underline their strengths and limits in the context of HCV infection among PWID. The final section discusses the main results of the papers.
Endoscopic Assessment of the Duodenum in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Slovak J.E. , Wang C. , Morrison J.A. , Deitz K.L. , LeVine D.N. , Otoni C. , King R.R. , Gerber L.E. , Hanson K.R. , Lundberg A.P. , Jergens A.E. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundEndoscopy is performed for direct inspection of the mucosa and acquisition of biopsies in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).AimTo evaluate the interobserver agreement in the endoscopic assessment of duodenal mucosa in dogs withIBD.MethodsThirty‐five archived endoscopic images of grossly normal (n = 6) and inflamed (n = 29) duodenal mucosa were displayed to 3 expert and 5 trainee endoscopists. Each image was assessed independently by endoscopists for mucosal abnormalities using established indices (of hyperemia, granularity, friability, lymphatic dilatation, and erosions) or interpreted as normal mucosa (trial 1). A repeated trial (trial 2) was performed with the same images presented in random order 1 month later, and accompanied by a visual template.ResultsThere was slight interobserver agreement in initial mucosal assessment for expert and trainee endoscopists in trial 1 (kappa ≤ 0.02,P > .05). Interobserver agreement improved in trial 2 for both expert and trainee endoscopists (kappa = 0.2,P > .05) for experts and (P < .05) for trainees. There was a significant (P < .01) improvement in trainee endoscopy scores of lesions from trial 1 to trial 2. Regression analysis showed a significant (P < .01) difference between expert versus trainee endoscopy scores in trial 1. Repeat lesion assessment aided by use of a visual template (trial 2) improved the overall scores of trainee endoscopists to near that of expert endoscopists (P = .06).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceInterobserver agreement ofIBDmucosal appearance from endoscopic findings benefitted from operator experience.
Relationship between Serum Symmetric Dimethylarginine Concentration and Glomerular Filtration Rate in Cats
Authors: Braff J. , Obare E. , Yerramilli M. , Elliott J. , Yerramilli M. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundDirect measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the preferred method to assess renal function in cats, but it is not widely used in the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In cats with CKD, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) has been shown to increase and to correlate with plasma creatinine concentrations.HypothesisIn cats, reduced GFR corresponds with increased serum SDMA concentration.AnimalsThe study group consisted of ten client‐owned cats whose GFR had been measured previously. Cats ranged in age from 11.1 to 16.9 years; both azotemic and nonazotemic animals were included.MethodsGlomerular filtration rate was determined for each cat by plasma iohexol clearance using the three sample slope‐intercept method, and serum SDMA concentration was measured by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry.ResultsA linear relationship was observed between GFR and the reciprocal of serum SDMA concentration (R2 = 0.82, P < .001). A similar relationship was found between GFR and the reciprocal of plasma creatinine concentration (R2 = 0.81, P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIncreased serum SDMA concentrations were observed in cats with reduced renal function as determined by direct measurement of GFR. This finding indicates that SDMA could have clinical applications in the diagnosis of CKD in cats.
Developing a critical care bowel management assessment tool to manage faecal incontinence
Authors: Peart Joanna , Richardson Annette 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundCritical care patients with faecal incontinence are at high risk of developing moisture lesions, pressure ulcers and secondary infection.AimsThe aims of this quality improvement programme were to identify the level of harm caused by faecal incontinence in critical care, and to review current critical care nursing practice on the use of bowel management systems, with the intent to implement changes to prevent delayed insertion.The improvement programmeA four‐step approach was used to guide the improvement programme. A total of seven case studies across three critical care units were reviewed and information was collected on stool type and frequency, duration of diarrhoea and skin integrity prior to bowel management system insertion.DiscussionCritical care nurses may not always use a consistent approach to the assessment of patients at risk of moisture or pressure damage due to faecal incontinence. Lack of knowledge about the maintenance of bowel management systems was viewed as a likely reason for the inconsistent approach. A Critical Care Bowel Management Assessment Tool was created, to contribute towards a more standardised approach to bowel assessment and management.ConclusionsInadequate assessment and management of faecal incontinence may have implications for critically ill patients. Further evaluation is required in order to demonstrate over time whether the changes made, as a result of this quality improvement programme, have led to sustainable improvement.
Defining patient deterioration through acute care and intensive care nurses' perspectives
Authors: Lavoie Patrick , Pepin Jacinthe , Alderson Marie 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTAimTo explore the variations between acute care and intensive care nurses' understanding of patient deterioration according to their use of this term in published literature.BackgroundEvidence suggests that nurses on wards do not always recognize and act upon patient deterioration appropriately. Even if resources exist to call for intensive care nurses' help, acute care nurses use them infrequently and the problem of unattended patient deterioration remains.DesignDimensional analysis was used as a framework to analyze papers retrieved in a nursing‐focused database.MethodA thematic analysis of 34 papers (2002–2012) depicting acute care and intensive care unit nurses' perspectives on patient deterioration was conducted.FindingsNo explicit definition of patient deterioration was retrieved in the papers. There are variations between acute care and intensive care unit nurses' accounts of this concept, particularly regarding the validity of patient deterioration indicators. Contextual factors, processes and consequences are also explored.ConclusionsFrom the perspectives of acute care and intensive care nurses, patient deterioration can be defined as an evolving, predictable and symptomatic process of worsening physiology towards critical illness. Contextual factors relating to acute care units (ACU) appear as barriers to optimal care of the deteriorating patient. This work can be considered as a first effort in modelling the concept of patient deterioration, which could be specific to ACU.Relevance to clinical practiceThe findings suggest that it might be relevant to include subjective indicators of patient deterioration in track and trigger systems and educational efforts. Contextual factors impacting care for the deteriorating patient could be addressed in further attempts to deal with this issue.
Do Teaching General Practitioners' Fear‐Avoidance Beliefs Influence Their Management of Patients with Low Back Pain?
Authors: Gremeaux Vincent , Coudeyre Emmanuel , Viviez Thomas , Bousquet Philippe Jean , Dupeyron Arnaud 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo describe fear‐avoidance beliefs about low back pain (LBP) in a sample of teaching general practitioners (TGPs) and to investigate the impact on following the guidelines for LBP.MethodsA sample of 112 French TGPs were contacted to complete a self‐administered questionnaire including socio‐demographic and professional data, personal history of LBP, CME about LBP and usual practices, and their low back pain beliefs using the Fear‐Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) and the Back Belief Questionnaire (BBQ).ResultsForty‐seven responded, 48% treated more than 10 LBP patients per month, and 45% participated in an educational session on LBP during the previous 3 years. Seventy percent reported a previous episode of acute LBP, while 30% suffered from chronic LBP. The median scores for the FABQ‐phys and work were 8 (4 to 10) and 17 (11 to 21), and 35 (31 to 38) for the BBQ. There were no correlations between age or years of practice and FABQ scores. TGPs suffering more than 1 acute LBP episode per month had a lower BBQ score (P < 0.05). Those prescribing more imaging exams in acute LBP had higher FABQ and lower BBQ scores, while those who recommended rest in both acute and chronic LBP had a higher FABQ‐phys score.DiscussionTeaching general practitioners' fear‐avoidance beliefs about LBP are lower than previously reported by their GP colleagues but still negatively influence the way they follow guidelines for LBP patients. This may influence the way they teach the management of LBP.
Photoactive Chitosan: A Step Toward a Green Strategy for Pollutant Degradation
Authors: Walalawela Niluksha , Greer Alexander 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article is a highlight of the paper by Ferrari et al. in this issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology. It describes the innovative use of rose bengal‐conjugated chitosan as a reusable green catalyst that photo‐degrades phenolic compounds in aqueous media, and thereby has decontamination potential of polluted waters. Whether a next‐generation photoactive polymer that produces singlet oxygen is a solution to pollutant degradation can be argued. It is as yet unclear what polymeric sensitizer would be practical on a large scale. Nonetheless pursuing this goal is worthwhile.
Immunogenicity and safety of a two‐dose live attenuated varicella vaccine given to adults following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Sasadeusz J. , Prince H.M. , Schwarer A. , Szer J. , Stork A. , Bock H.L. , Povey M. , Nicholson O. , Innis B.L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundImmunogenicity and safety of varicella vaccine (Varilrix™ [Oka‐RIT]; GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines) in adults who had undergone autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were assessed (September 2003 to September 2007; NCT00792623).MethodsTwo Oka‐RIT doses were given at 4.5 and 6.5 months post transplantation. Humoral immune responses were assessed using an immunofluorescence assay (anti‐varicella zoster virus [VZV] antibody; cutoff 1:4) after each vaccine dose. Solicited local (8 day) and general (43 day), unsolicited (until day 43) adverse events (AEs) after each vaccine dose and serious adverse events (SAEs) (until 17.5 months post dose 2) were recorded.ResultsOf 45 patients, 19 were included in the according to protocol cohort for immunogenicity; 15 patients had pre‐ and post‐vaccination serum samples positive for anti‐VZV antibodies. Vaccine responses (anti‐VZV antibody titer ≥1:4 in seronegative patients, and ≥4‐fold increase in anti‐VZV antibody titer in seropositive patients) were elicited by only 2 patients 2 months post dose 1, and by a single patient 1.5 months post dose 2. Although no major safety signals were detected, any and Grade 3 solicited AEs that were causally related to vaccination were reported by 44.8% and 10.3% patients, respectively. During the 43‐day follow‐up period, 3 patients developed varicella‐like rash (1 vaccine‐type VZV). Beyond 43 days, herpes zoster was reported in 2 patients and wild‐type varicella infection in 2 patients (1 was breakthrough infection). Four non‐fatal SAEs were reported by patients and considered causally unrelated to vaccination.ConclusionOka‐RIT was poorly immunogenic but safe when given to adults up to 6 months post autologous HSCT, and alternative strategies are required to prevent VZV‐associated complications in these populations.
The cell wall‐targeted purple acid phosphatase AtPAP25 is critical for acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana to nutritional phosphorus deprivation
Authors: Del Vecchio Hernan A. , Ying Sheng , Park Joonho , Knowles Vicki L. , Kanno Satomi , Tanoi Keitaro , She Yi‐Min , Plaxton William C. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryPlant purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) belong to a relatively large gene family whose individual functions are poorly understood. Three PAP isozymes that are up‐regulated in the cell walls of phosphate (Pi)‐starved (−Pi) Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells were purified and identified by MS as AtPAP12 (At2g27190), AtPAP25 (At4g36350) and AtPAP26 (At5g34850). AtPAP12 and AtPAP26 were previously isolated from the culture medium of −Pi cell cultures, and shown to be secreted by roots of Arabidopsis seedlings to facilitate Pi scavenging from soil‐localized organophosphates. AtPAP25 exists as a 55 kDa monomer containing complex NX(S/T) glycosylation motifs at Asn172, Asn367 and Asn424. Transcript profiling and immunoblotting with anti‐AtPAP25 immune serum indicated that AtPAP25 is exclusively synthesized under −Pi conditions. Coupled with potent mixed‐type inhibition of AtPAP25 by Pi (I50 = 50 μm), this indicates a tight feedback control by Pi that prevents AtPAP25 from being synthesized or functioning as a phosphatase except when Pi levels are quite low. Promoter–GUS reporter assays revealed AtPAP25 expression in shoot vascular tissue of −Pi plants. Development of an atpap25 T‐DNA insertion mutant was arrested during cultivation on soil lacking soluble Pi, but rescued upon Pi fertilization or complementation with AtPAP25. Transcript profiling by quantitative RT‐PCR indicated that Pi starvation signaling was attenuated in the atpap25 mutant. AtPAP25 exhibited near‐optimal phosphatase activity with several phosphoproteins and phosphoamino acids as substrates. We hypothesize that AtPAP25 plays a key signaling role during Pi deprivation by functioning as a phosphoprotein phosphatase rather than as a non‐specific scavenger of Pi from extracellular P‐monoesters.