bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Wrong Solution at the Right Time: The Failure of the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change
Authors: Rosen Amanda M. 
Published: February 2015

This article argues that the Kyoto Protocol on climate change is a fundamentally flawed agreement that set back solutions on climate change by two decades. Using a systematic framework focused on compliance, efficiency, and effectiveness, I analyze the Kyoto Protocol and argue it is a clear case of institutional failure, with the design itself bearing substantial blame for this outcome. The study points to how particular features of the Protocol—its short time frame for action, binding targets, emission reduction measures, and provision for future commitment periods—have resulted in short‐sighted behavior by member states and path‐dependent structures that failed to make a substantial impact on the climate problem.Related ArticlesViniegra,Ibarrarán,MaríaEugenia, andSalimahMónica Cossens González.2007. .Politics & Policy35():684‐701.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00080.x/abstractBelow,Amy.2007. .Politics & Policy35():702‐715.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00081.x/abstractRugeley,Cynthia R., andJohnDavid Gerlach.2012. .Politics & Policy40():444‐470.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00352.x/abstractRelated MediaRayner,Steven.2011. .YouTube.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcxL7jN4akw.2007. .Gamesforchange.org.http://www.gamesforchange.org/play/climate‐challenge/
Pre‐ and Post‐Welfare Reform Media Portrayals of Poverty in the United States: The Continuing Importance of Race and Ethnicity
Authors: van Doorn Bas W. 
Published: February 2015

This article analyzes racial and ethnic patterns in media coverage of poverty in the United States, with a particular focus on depictions of African Americans and Hispanics. A content analysis of photos accompanying poverty‐related stories published in Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report from 1992 to 2010 shows that while Hispanics are underrepresented in media portrayals of the poor, African Americans are overrepresented, especially alongside stories on welfare, in times of economic growth and low unemployment, and in coverage unsympathetic to the poor more generally. I conclude that media coverage of poverty is unrepresentative in a manner consistent with stereotypes concerning African Americans and Hispanics, likely contributing to the endurance of such stereotypes and explaining the fact that welfare is as unpopular after welfare reform as it was prior to reform.Related Articles

Wagle,
Udaya R. 2013. “.” Politics & Policy 41 (): 947‐984. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12053/abstract

Agrawal, Shantanu. 2008. “.” Politics & Policy 36 (): 636‐675. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00124.x/abstract

Gainous, Jason,
Stephen C. Craig, and
Michael D. Martinez. 2008. “.” Politics & Policy 36 (): 972‐1004. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00147.x/abstract
Related Media

Pilgrim, David. 2000. “.” http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/coon/

Clinton, William J. “, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=53219
State Regulation of Religion and the Quality of Governance
Authors: Tusalem Rollin F. 
Published: February 2015

The effect of state regulation of religion on governance has been explored theoretically by scholars, but it has not been tested empirically across nation states. The theory posits that secular states are more likely to benefit from better governance because of the absence of clerical involvement in politics, paving the way for the expansion of civil society and the passage of progressive political, economic, and social reforms. Using a unique dataset of more than 100 nation states, I find that countries with higher levels of state intervention on religion are more likely to suffer from inferior governance as reflected by higher levels of corruption and political instability and lower levels of rule of law entrenchment, bureaucratic effectiveness, and regulatory quality. Furthermore, states wherein there is no distinct separation between church and state are more likely to have lower levels of political openness and accountability.Related ArticlesBeal,Amanda L., andLeahGraham.2014. “.”Politics & Policy42():311‐345.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12077/abstractFlavin,Patrick,Alexander C.Pacek, andBenjaminRadcliff.2011. “.”Politics & Policy39():251‐269.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00290.x/abstractWagle,Udaya R.2013. “.”Politics & Policy41():947‐984.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12053/abstractRelated Media.http://www.qog.pol.gu.se/.http://www.thearda.com/. .http://www.baylor.edu/church_state/index.php?id=2566
Undiagnosed Metabolic Dysfunction and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – A Case‐Control Study
Authors: Rosenthal Ning An , Currier Robert J. , Baer Rebecca J. , Feuchtbaum Lisa , Jelliffe‐Pawlowski Laura L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundDecades of research has yielded few clues about causes of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). While some studies have shown a link to inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), few have examined the link in a large population‐based sample. This population‐based case–control study assessed the association between undiagnosed IEMs and SIDS.MethodsChildren born in California during 2005–08 who died from SIDS were obtained from death records and linked to the newborn screening, birth certificate, and hospital discharge databases. Individuals with known chromosomal and neural tube defects, genetic disorders, and non‐singleton births were excluded. Five controls were matched to each case on tandem mass spectrometry testing date and lab code. Rates of undiagnosed IEMs were compared between cases and controls using conditional logistic regression adjusting for known confounding factors.ResultsAfter adjusting for known confounding factors, SIDS cases had similar risk of having IEMs as controls (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3, 5.5). Infants who were male, Black, and born preterm had higher risk of SIDS with the highest risk observed for those born preterm [adjusted HR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.3, 2.2]. Younger maternal age at delivery, mother being born in the US, parity after current birth >3, and delayed prenatal care were also significantly associated with higher risk of SIDS.ConclusionsWhile many maternal and infant factors are associated with an increased risk of SIDS, there is no evidence that undiagnosed IEMs are associated with increased risk.
Amygdala response to anticipation of dyspnea is modulated by 5‐HTTLPR genotype
Authors: Stoeckel M. Cornelia , Esser Roland W. , Gamer Matthias , Kalisch Raffael , Büchel Christian , von Leupoldt Andreas 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDyspnea anticipation and perception varies largely between individuals. To investigate whether genetic factors related to negative affect such as the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism impact this variability, we investigated healthy, 5‐HTTLPR stratified volunteers using resistive load induced dyspnea together with fMRI. Alternating blocks of severe and mild dyspnea (“perception”) were differentially cued (“anticipation”) and followed by intensity and unpleasantness ratings. In addition, volunteers indicated their anticipatory fear during the anticipation periods. There were no genotype‐based group differences concerning dyspnea intensity and unpleasantness or brain activation during perception of severe vs. mild dyspnea. However, in risk allele carriers, higher anticipatory fear was paralleled by stronger amygdala activation during anticipation of severe vs. mild dyspnea. These results suggest a role of the 5‐HTTLPR genotype in fearful dyspnea anticipation.
Role of Embryonic and Maternal Genotype on Prenatal Survival and Foetal Growth in Rabbit
Authors: Naturil‐Alfonso C , Marco‐Jiménez F , Jiménez‐Trigos E , Saenz‐de‐Juano MD , Viudes‐de‐Castro MP , Lavara R , Vicente JS 
Published: February 2015

ContentsThe aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of maternal and embryonic genotype on prenatal survival and foetal growth during pregnancy. Embryos were recovered at 48 h of gestation from two different donor lines (R = 46 and A = 40) and transferred to nulliparous recipient does (26 R and 24 A). Each recipient doe received six embryos into one oviduct from line R, and six embryos form line A into the other. Laparoscopy was performed at Day 14 to determine implantation rate. Recipient females were slaughter at Days 14, 24 and 30 (12, 24, and 14, respectively) to determine the number of live foetuses and the weight of live foetuses, foetal placenta and maternal placenta. A transcriptome analysis was performed to search for differences between foetal placentas at Days 14 and 24 of development. Prenatal survival at Days 14, and 24 was affected by embryonic genotype and determined by maternal genotype at Day 30. Foetal weight at Day 14 was influenced by both genotypes, being the weight higher for group A/A (0.29 ± 0.01 g vs 0.19 ± 0.01 g, for group R/R). However, both genotypes were determinant for foetal placenta weight at Day 24, while those genotypes affected maternal placenta weight at Day 30. Nevertheless, no differences in foetal placenta at transcriptome level and progesterone and IGF‐I plasma levels in recipient does were found. In conclusion, results indicate that the influence of embryo and maternal genotype on the prenatal survival and growth seems to be changing over gestation.
Vocalizations During Electroejaculation in Anaesthetized Adult and Young Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) Males
Authors: Fumagalli F , Damián JP , Ungerfeld R 
Published: February 2015

ContentsThe aim of this study was to characterize the vocalizations produced during electroejaculation under general anaesthesia in pampas deer males and to determine whether the characteristics of those vocalizations differ in adult and young pampas deer males. Electroejaculation was applied to 13 adults (AM) and 13 young (YM) males under general anaesthesia. Vocalizations were digitally recorded, and the number and duration of vocalizations, the latency in relation to each voltage, the total time vocalizing, and the structure of the fundamental frequency (F0) [initial frequency (Fstart), maximal frequency (Fmax), minimal frequency (Fmin) and final frequency (Fend)] were analysed. No male vocalized with 0 V; the number of animals that vocalized increased at 2 and 3 V and increased again at 4, 5 and 6 V (p < 0.05). The latency time from the beginning of each series (each voltage) decreased until 4 V (p < 0.01). The number of vocalizations/voltage increased from 4 V (p < 0.05). The length of each vocalization and the total time during which animals vocalized were greater in YM than AM (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). Similarly, the fundamental frequencies were higher in YM than AM (p ≤ 0.05). Overall, we concluded that the vocalizations emitted during electroejaculation in pampas deer under general anaesthesia are related to the voltage applied during the process. Young males vocalize more time, probably due to a greater sensibility to the electric stimulation. The differences in the characteristics of the vocalizations between adult and young males may be related to the anatomic differences in the neck of adult or young males.
Lasso Regression: Estimation and Shrinkage via the Limit of Gibbs Sampling
Authors: Rajaratnam Bala , Roberts Steven , Sparks Doug , Dalal Onkar 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe application of the lasso is espoused in high dimensional settings where only a small number of the regression coefficients are believed to be non-zero (i.e. the solution is sparse). Moreover, statistical properties of high dimensional lasso estimators are often proved under the assumption that the correlation between the predictors is bounded. In this vein, co-ordinatewise methods, which are the most common means of computing the lasso solution, naturally work well in the presence of low-to-moderate multicollinearity. The computational speed of co-ordinatewise algorithms, although excellent for sparse and low-to-moderate multicollinearity settings, degrades as sparsity decreases and multicollinearity increases. Though lack of sparsity and high multicollinearity can be quite common in contemporary applications, model selection is still a necessity in such settings. Motivated by the limitations of co-ordinatewise algorithms in such ‘non-sparse’ and ‘high multicollinearity’ settings, we propose the novel ‘deterministic Bayesian lasso’ algorithm for computing the lasso solution. This algorithm is developed by considering a limiting version of the Bayesian lasso. In contrast with co-ordinatewise algorithms, the performance of the deterministic Bayesian lasso improves as sparsity decreases and multicollinearity increases. Importantly, in non-sparse and high multicollinearity settings the algorithm proposed can offer substantial increases in computational speed over co-ordinatewise algorithms. A rigorous theoretical analysis demonstrates that the deterministic Bayesian lasso algorithm converges to the lasso solution and it leads to a representation of the lasso estimator which shows how it achieves both l1- and l2-types of shrinkage simultaneously. Connections between the deterministic Bayesian lasso and other algorithms are also provided. The benefits of the deterministic Bayesian lasso algorithm are then illustrated on simulated and real data.
Semiparametric Estimation in the Secondary Analysis of Case–Control Studies
Authors: Ma Yanyuan , Carroll Raymond J. 
Published: February 2015

Summary
We study the regression relationship between covariates in case–control data: an area known as the secondary analysis of case–control studies. The context is such that only the form of the regression mean is specified, so that we allow an arbitrary regression error distribution, which can depend on the covariates and thus can be heteroscedastic. Under mild regularity conditions we establish the theoretical identifiability of such models. Previous work in this context has either specified a fully parametric distribution for the regression errors, specified a homoscedastic distribution for the regression errors, has specified the rate of disease in the population (we refer to this as the true population) or has made a rare disease approximation. We construct a class of semiparametric estimation procedures that rely on none of these. The estimators differ from the usual semiparametric estimators in that they draw conclusions about the true population, while technically operating in a hypothetical superpopulation. We also construct estimators with a unique feature, in that they are robust against the misspecification of the regression error distribution in terms of variance structure, whereas all other non-parametric effects are estimated despite the biased samples. We establish the asymptotic properties of the estimators and illustrate their finite sample performance through simulation studies, as well as through an empirical example on the relationship between red meat consumption and hetero-cyclic amines. Our analysis verified the positive relationship between red meat consumption and two forms of hetro-cyclic amines, indicating that increased red meat consumption leads to increased levels of MeIQx and PhIP, both being risk factors for colorectal cancer. Computer software as well as data to illustrate the methodology are available from http://www.stat.tamu.edu/~carroll/matlab__programs/software.php .
The Lasso for High Dimensional Regression with a Possible Change Point
Authors: Lee Sokbae , Seo Myung Hwan , Shin Youngki 
Published: February 2015

SummaryWe consider a high dimensional regression model with a possible change point due to a covariate threshold and develop the lasso estimator of regression coefficients as well as the threshold parameter. Our lasso estimator not only selects covariates but also selects a model between linear and threshold regression models. Under a sparsity assumption, we derive non-asymptotic oracle inequalities for both the prediction risk and the l1-estimation loss for regression coefficients. Since the lasso estimator selects variables simultaneously, we show that oracle inequalities can be established without pretesting the existence of the threshold effect. Furthermore, we establish conditions under which the estimation error of the unknown threshold parameter can be bounded by a factor that is nearly n−1 even when the number of regressors can be much larger than the sample size n. We illustrate the usefulness of our proposed estimation method via Monte Carlo simulations and an application to real data.
Methodology for Non-Parametric Deconvolution When the Error Distribution is Unknown
Authors: Delaigle Aurore , Hall Peter 
Published: February 2015

SummaryIn the non-parametric deconvolution problem, to estimate consistently a density or distribution from a sample of data contaminated by additive random noise, it is often assumed that the noise distribution is completely known or that an additional sample of replicated or validation data is available. Methods also have been suggested for estimating the scale of the error distribution, but they require somewhat restrictive smoothness assumptions on the signal distribution, which can be difficult to verify in practice. We take a completely new approach to the problem, not requiring extra data of any type. We argue that data rarely come from a simple regular distribution, and that this can be exploited to estimate the signal distributions by using a simple procedure. Our method can be extended to other problems involving errors in variables, such as non-parametric regression estimation. Its performance in practice is remarkably good, often equalling (even unexpectedly) the performance of techniques that use additional data to estimate the unknown error distribution.
Non-Parametric Estimation of Finite Mixtures from Repeated Measurements
Authors: Bonhomme Stéphane , Jochmans Koen , Robin Jean-Marc 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThis paper provides methods to estimate finite mixtures from data with repeated measurements non-parametrically. We present a constructive identification argument and use it to develop simple two-step estimators of the component distributions and all their functionals. We discuss a computationally efficient method for estimation and derive asymptotic theory. Simulation experiments suggest that our theory provides confidence intervals with good coverage in small samples.
Recurrent spring‐fed rivers in a Middle to Late Pleistocene semi‐arid grassland: Implications for environments of early humans in the Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya
Authors: Beverly Emily J. , Driese Steven G. , Peppe Daniel J. , Johnson Cara R. , Michel Lauren A. , Faith J. Tyler , Tryon Christian A. , Sharp Warren D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe effect of changing palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment on human evolution during the Pleistocene is debated, but hampered by few East African records directly associated with archaeological sites prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. Middle to Late Pleistocene deposits on the shoreline of eastern Lake Victoria preserve abundant vertebrate fossils and Middle Stone Age arte‐facts associated with riverine tufas at the base of the deposits, which are ideal for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. New data from tufas identified on Rusinga Island and on the mainland near Karungu, Kenya are provided from outcrop, thin sections, mineralogical, stable isotopic and U‐series dating analyses. Tufa is identified in four sites: Nyamita (94·0 ± 3·3 and 111·4 ± 4·2 ka); Kisaaka, Aringo (455 ± 45 ka); and Obware. The age ranges of these tufa deposits demonstrate that spring‐fed rivers were a recurrent, variably preserved feature on the Pleistocene landscape for ca 360 kyr. Poor sorting of clastic facies from all sites indicates flashy, ephemeral discharge, but these facies are commonly associated with barrage tufas, paludal environments with δ13C values of ca 10‰ indicative of C3 plants and fossil Hippopotamus, all of which indicate a perennial water source. Other tufa deposits from Nyamita, Obware and Aringo have a mixed C3/C4 signature consistent with a semi‐arid C4 grassland surrounding these spring‐fed rivers. The δ18O values of tufa from Nyamita are on average ca 1‰ more negative than calcite precipitated from modern rainfall in the region, suggesting greater contribution of depleted monsoonal input, similar to the Last Glacial Maximum. Microdebitage and surface‐collected artefacts indicate that early modern humans were utilizing these spring‐fed rivers. The presence of spring−fed rivers would have afforded animals a reliable water source, sustaining a diverse plant and animal community in an otherwise arid environment.
High prevalence of common respiratory viruses and no evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Hajj pilgrims returning to Ghana, 2013
Authors: Annan Augustina , Owusu Michael , Marfo Kwadwo Sarfo , Larbi Richard , Sarpong Francisca Naana , Adu‐Sarkodie Yaw , Amankwa Joseph , Fiafemetsi Samuel , Drosten Christian , Owusu‐Dabo Ellis , Eckerle Isabella 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) emerged in 2012 on the Arabian Peninsula and has caused severe respiratory disease with more than 800 laboratory‐confirmed cases. The return of infected pilgrims to their home countries with a putative spread of MERS‐CoV necessitates further surveillance.MethodsA cross sectional study of 839 adult African Hajj pilgrims returning to Accra in Ghana, West Africa, was conducted in 2013 to assess the prevalence of respiratory symptoms as well as of MERS‐CoV, human rhinovirus (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus (FLU A) infection.ResultsSix hundred and fifty‐one (77.6%) pilgrims had respiratory symptoms. Tests were positive for at least one of the viruses other than MERS‐CoV in 179 (21.3%) of all pilgrims, with 22.4% detection in symptomatic vs. 17.6% detection in asymptomatic pilgrims. No MERS‐CoV was detected, although common respiratory viruses were prevalent, with positive findings for HRV in 141 individuals (16.8%), RSV in 43 individuals (5.1%) and FLU A in 11 individuals (1.3%). Results were positive for more than one virus in 16 (1.9%) individuals, including 14 (1.7%) RSV/HRV co‐infections and 2 (0.2%) FLU A/HRV co‐infections. A total 146 (22.4%) of the symptomatic returnees tested positive for at least one respiratory virus compared with 33 (17.6%) of the asymptomatic pilgrims who had at least one detectable virus in their sample.ConclusionsThe prevalence of viral respiratory infections among Hajj pilgrims in both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects was high. Although it is reassuring that MERS‐CoV was not detected in the tested population, there is a need for active surveillance of Hajj pilgrims.