bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Australian native annual/herbaceous perennial plant species as asymptomatic or symptomatic hosts of Phytophthora cinnamomi under controlled conditions
Authors: Crone M. , McComb J. A. , O'Brien P. A. , Hardy G. E. St J. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryPhytophthora cinnamomi is a necrotrophic pathogen of woody perennials and devastates many biomes worldwide. A controlled perlite–hydroponic system with no other hyphae‐producing organisms as contaminants present allowed rapid assessment of ten annual and herbaceous perennial plant species most of which have a wide distribution within the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest in Western Australia where this pathogen has been introduced. As some annuals and herbaceous perennials have recently been reported as symptomatic and asymptomatic hosts, laboratory screening of some of the field‐tested annuals and herbaceous perennials and additional species was used to further evaluate their role in the pathogen's disease cycle. Nine of the species challenged with the pathogen were asymptomatic, with none developing root lesions; however, Trachymene pilosa died. The pathogen produced thick‐walled chlamydospores and stromata in the asymptomatic roots. Furthermore, haustoria were observed in the roots, indicating that the pathogen was growing as a biotroph in these hosts.
Structural dynamics flexibility informs function and evolution at a proteome scale
Authors: Nevin Gerek Zeynep , Kumar Sudhir , Banu Ozkan Sefika 
Published: February 2013

AbstractProtein structures are dynamic entities with a myriad of atomic fluctuations, side‐chain rotations, and collective domain movements. Although the importance of these dynamics to proper functioning of proteins is emerging in the studies of many protein families, there is a lack of broad evidence for the critical role of protein dynamics in shaping the biological functions of a substantial fraction of residues for a large number of proteins in the human proteome. Here, we propose a novel dynamic flexibility index (dfi) to quantify the dynamic properties of individual residues in any protein and use it to assess the importance of protein dynamics in 100 human proteins. Our analyses involving functionally critical positions, disease‐associated and putatively neutral population variations, and the rate of interspecific substitutions per residue produce concordant patterns at a proteome scale. They establish that the preservation of dynamic properties of residues in a protein structure is critical for maintaining the protein/biological function. Therefore, structural dynamics needs to become a major component of the analysis of protein function and evolution. Such analyses will be facilitated by the dfi, which will also enable the integrative use of structural dynamics with evolutionary conservation in genomic medicine as well as functional genomics investigations.
Multiple environmental stressors confine the ecological niche of the rotifer Cephalodella acidophila
Authors: WEISSE THOMAS , LAUFENSTEIN NICOLE , WEITHOFF GUNTRAM 
Published: February 2013

Summary

The planktonic food web in extremely acidic mining lakes is restricted to a few species that are either acidophilic or acidotolerant. Common metazoans inhabiting acidic mining lakes with a pH below 3 include rotifers in the genera Cephalodella and Elosa.
The life history response of Cephalodella acidophila to three environmental key factors, pH (2, 3.5, 5.0 and 7.0), temperature (10, 17.5 and 25 °C) and food concentration (10 000, 35 000 and 50 000 algal cells per mL), was investigated in a full factorial design using life‐table experiments.
The effect of each of the three environmental variables investigated on the rotifer life cycle parameters (life span, fecundity and population growth rate) differed. C. acidophila is a stenoecious species with a pH optimum in the range 3–4 and a comparably high food threshold. Combining the laboratory results with field data, we conclude that C. acidophila is severely growth limited in its natural habitat. However, low pH alone is not harmful as long as temperatures are moderate to warm and food is abundant.
The population of C. acidophila in the field is maintained mainly due to release from competitors and predators.
Silage fermentation characteristics of grass species grown under two nitrogen fertilizer inputs and harvested at advancing maturity in the spring growth
Authors: King Colman , McEniry Joseph , Richardson Mark , O'Kiely Padraig 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThree of the main management factors affecting herbage chemical composition pre‐ensiling are plant species, rate of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and stage of maturity at harvest. This study investigated the effects of N fertilizer input and harvest date in the spring growth on the fermentation characteristics, dry matter recovery and aerobic stability of silages prepared from five common grass species. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Gandalf), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. Prospect), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. Fuego), cocksfoot (orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata cv. Pizza) and timothy (Phleum pratense cv. Erecta) were grown under two inorganic N fertilizer inputs (0 and 125 kg N ha−1), harvested at five dates in the spring growth (fortnightly from 12 May to 7 July; Harvests 1 to 5, respectively) and subsequently ensiled in laboratory pipe silos for a period of 100 days. The ryegrass and tall fescue silages exhibited a lactic acid dominant fermentation and showed little evidence of secondary clostridial activity. In contrast, the challenge to preservation proved greater for the timothy (Harvests 1 and 2) and cocksfoot (Harvests 1 and 5) herbages, with the high pH (>4.2) and high butyric acid (>10 g kg−1 dry matter) and ammonia‐N (>100 g kg−1 N) concentrations being indicative of secondary clostridial activity during storage. Despite the effects on herbage chemical composition prior to ensiling being indicative of a greater challenge to preservation, there was little effect of fertilizer N on the extent or direction of fermentation. Although the Italian ryegrass herbage avoided significant clostridial activity, this herbage incurred the greatest dry matter losses during ensiling. This was particularly evident at early harvest dates suggesting yeast fermentation of sugars, which were surplus to the requirement for a lactic acid dominant fermentation.
Experimental Sensitivity Analysis of Oxygen Transfer in the Capillary Fringe
Authors: Haberer Christina M. , Cirpka Olaf A. , Rolle Massimo , Grathwohl Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOxygen transfer in the capillary fringe (CF) is of primary importance for a wide variety of biogeochemical processes occurring in shallow groundwater systems. In case of a fluctuating groundwater table two distinct mechanisms of oxygen transfer within the capillary zone can be identified: vertical predominantly diffusive mass flux of oxygen, and mass transfer between entrapped gas and groundwater. In this study, we perform a systematic experimental sensitivity analysis in order to assess the influence of different parameters on oxygen transfer from entrapped air within the CF to underlying anoxic groundwater. We carry out quasi two‐dimensional flow‐through experiments focusing on the transient phase following imbibition to investigate the influence of the horizontal flow velocity, the average grain diameter of the porous medium, as well as the magnitude and the speed of the water table rise. We present a numerical flow and transport model that quantitatively represents the main mechanisms governing oxygen transfer. Assuming local equilibrium between the aqueous and the gaseous phase, the partitioning process from entrapped air can be satisfactorily simulated. The different experiments are monitored by measuring vertical oxygen concentration profiles at high spatial resolution with a noninvasive optode technique as well as by determining oxygen fluxes at the outlet of the flow‐through chamber. The results show that all parameters investigated have a significant effect and determine different amounts of oxygen transferred to the oxygen‐depleted groundwater. Particularly relevant are the magnitude of the water table rise and the grain size of the porous medium.
Expert Consensus Recommendations for the Performance of Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Headaches – A Narrative Review
Authors: Blumenfeld Andrew , Ashkenazi Avi , Napchan Uri , Bender Steven D. , Klein Brad C. , Berliner Randall , Ailani Jessica , Schim Jack , Friedman Deborah I. , Charleston Larry , Young William B. , Robertson Carrie E. , Dodick David W. , Silberstein Stephen D. , Robbins Matthew S. 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveTo describe a standardized methodology for the performance of peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) in the treatment of headache disorders.BackgroundPNBshave long been employed in the management of headache disorders, but a wide variety of techniques are utilized in literature reports and clinical practice.MethodsTheAmericanHeadacheSocietySpecialInterestSection forPNBsand otherInterventionalProcedures convened meetings during 2010‐2011 featuring formal discussions and agreements about the procedural details for occipital and trigeminalPNBs. A subcommittee then generated a narrative review detailing the methodology.ResultsPNBindications may include select primary headache disorders, secondary headache disorders, and cranial neuralgias. Special procedural considerations may be necessary in certain patient populations, including pregnancy, the elderly, anesthetic allergy, prior vasovagal attacks, an open skull defect, antiplatelet/anticoagulant use, and cosmetic concerns.PNBsdescribed include greater occipital, lesser occipital, supratrochlear, supraorbital, and auriculotemporal injections. Technical success of thePNBshould result in cutaneous anesthesia. Targeted clinical outcomes depend on the indication, and include relief of an acute headache attack, terminating a headache cycle, and transitioning out of a medication‐overuse pattern. Reinjection frequency is variable, depending on the indications and agents used, and the addition of corticosteroids may be most appropriate when treating cluster headache.ConclusionsThese recommendations from theAmericanHeadacheSocietySpecialInterestSection forPNBsand otherInterventionalProcedures members forPNBmethodology in headache disorder treatment are derived from the available literature and expert consensus. With the exception of cluster headache, there is a paucity of evidence, and further research may result in the revision of these recommendations to improve the outcome and safety of these interventions.
Preadolescent Indomethacin‐Responsive Headaches Without Autonomic Symptoms
Authors: Myers Kenneth Alexis , Smyth Kim A. 
Published: February 2013

Objective.—A small case series is presented of preadolescent patients with indomethacin‐responsive headache.Background.—Preadolescent indomethacin‐responsive headache is a rare and poorly understood entity, with few published cases in the literature.Results.—Two young children had similar presentations of indomethacin‐responsive headaches. Both patients experienced frequent paroxysmal episodes of sudden‐onset severe frontal or temporal head pain. The events lasted seconds to minutes in duration, and varied in frequency ranging from multiple episodes per week to multiple events per day. There were no associated autonomic or migrainous symptoms, and a comprehensive work‐up revealed no secondary causes for the debilitating headaches. Both patients had dramatic clinical improvement with indomethacin.Conclusions.—There may be a pediatric syndrome of indomethacin‐responsive headache without autonomic symptoms that does not fit well within current diagnostic classifications. More research is needed to determine appropriate dosage and duration of treatment in pediatric indomethacin‐responsive headache. Once secondary causes have been ruled out, a trial of indomethacin should be considered in pediatric patients presenting with severe paroxysmal headaches, even if no autonomic symptoms are present.
Family refusals of registered consents: the disruption of organ donation by double‐standard surrogate decision‐making
Authors: Bramstedt K. A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSome countries such as Australia, Spain, Norway, Italy and Canada allow next of kin to override the consent of registered organ donor candidates if they personally do not concur with the donation desire of their relative. This form of surrogate decision‐making represents a double standard in terms of the principle of substituted judgment (the surrogate's duty). Further, double‐standard surrogate decision‐making in the setting of organ donation is a slippery slope to unethical surrogate decision‐making while patients are alive. Concerns about family distress and donor candidate revocation of consent can still be managed without permitting double‐standard surrogate decision‐making.
The porcine intestinal receptor forEscherichia coliK88ab, K88ac: regional localization on chromosome 13 and influence of IgG response to the K88 antigen
Authors: Edfors‐Lilja I , Gustafsson U , Duval‐Iflah Y , Ellergren H , Johansson M , Juneja R K , Marklund L , Andersson L 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe loci encoding the porcine intestinal receptors forEscherichia coliK88aband K88ac(K88abR and K88acR) were firmly assigned to chromosome 13 by linkage analysis using a three‐generation pedigree. The linear order of these loci and seven other markers on chromosome 13 was determined by multipoint analyses. The K88abR and K88acR loci were tightly linkedwith the K88abR locus localized 7·4 cM (sex average) proximal to the transferrin locus. The results, together with previous reports from two other groups, provide an unequivocal assignment of the K88 receptor loci to chromosome 13, and reject a previous assignment to chromosome 4. Pigs possessing the receptor had a slightly higher specific IgG response to the K88 antigen after an intramuscular immunization with anE. colivaccine.
Thromboprophylaxis following hip and knee arthroplasty
Authors: Mirkazemi C. , Bereznicki L. R. , Peterson G. M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimTo determine local thromboprophylaxis prescribing practices following arthroplasty.MethodsA retrospective review was performed of 300 consecutive hip and knee arthroplasty patients (150 each) over a 2‐year period at Tasmania's major public hospital. The provision of thromboprophylaxis, the presence of bleeding/thrombotic risk factors and the prevalence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) and major bleeding occurring within 90 days postoperatively were documented.ResultsThe mean age of the 300 patients (169 females, 131 males) was 68.7 years (standard deviation 10.4). Only 11.3% of knee arthroplasty and 16.7% of hip arthroplasty inpatients had mechanical thromboprophylaxis documented during their stay. All inpatients received pharmacological thromboprophylaxis, predominantly injectable anticoagulants (98.4%). Only 36.5% continued to receive pharmacological thromboprophylaxis following discharge, predominantly an antiplatelet agent (55.5%). The 90‐day incidence of symptomatic VTE was 2.7% (95% confidence interval: 1.0–5.0%); 4.0% (95% confidence interval: 1.0–8.0%) for knees and 1.3% (95% confidence interval: 0–5.0%) for hips. The in‐hospital and post‐discharge VTE incidence was 0.7% and 2.0% respectively. All readmissions for VTE occurred within 1 month of surgery.ConclusionsWhile inpatient thromboprophylaxis was routine, it generally was not continued on discharge, potentially leaving many patients exposed to a higher risk of VTE. Most cases of symptomatic VTE occurred after discharge, with the majority requiring readmission to hospital under medical units.Within the limitations of a retrospective study, these findings suggest a need for further research and discussion regarding what constitutes appropriate thromboprophylaxis (type, agent and duration) following hip or knee arthroplasty.
Sketching a Theology of Song
Authors: Lew Lawrence 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMusic, and particularly song, is an act of love that has to be sustained in being by the love of the singer. Music also moves one to contemplate the Other. Hence it may be appropriated as an analogy for exploring the theology of creation as a sustained loving act of the Triune God. Building on Clement of Alexandria's image of Christ as the New Song, the analogy is further developed to explore the theology of the new creation, in which the gracious work of the sanctification of the human person is also a sustained loving act of the Holy Trinity. The end of this is that the Christian should become taken up into the New Song, and become part of it.
Autism Research and Services for Young Children: History, Progress and Challenges
Authors: Thompson Travis 
Published: February 2013

For three decades after Leo Kanner's first clinical description, research progress in understanding and treating autism was minimal but since the late 1960s the growth of autism discoveries has been exponential, with a remarkable number of new findings published over the past two decades, in particular. These advances were made possible first by the discovery and dissemination of early intensive behavioural intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism that created the impetus for earlier accurate diagnosis. Other factors influencing the rapid growth in autism research were the first accepted diagnostic test for autism, the Autism Diagnostic Interview and Observation Schedule (ADI and ADOS). Developments in brain imaging and genetic technology combined to create a fuller understanding of the heterogeneity of autism, its multiple aetiologies, very early onset and course, and strategies for treatment. For a significant proportion of children with autism, it appears EIBI may be capable of promoting brain connectivity in specific cerebral areas, which is one of autism's underlying challenges. Disagreements about the most appropriate early intervention approach between developmental and behavioural psychologists have been unproductive and not contributed to advancing the field. Naturalistic behavioural and structured discrete trial methods are being integrated with developmental strategies with promising outcomes. Over these past 30 years, young people with autism have gone from receiving essentially no proactive treatment, resulting in lives languishing in institutions, to today, when half of children receiving EIBI treatment subsequently participate in regular classrooms alongside their peers. The future has entirely changed for young people with autism. Autism has become an eminently treatable condition. The time is overdue to set aside philosophical quarrels regarding theories of child development and apply what we know for the benefit of children with autism and their families.
Literature review regarding patient safety culture
Authors: Xuanyue Mao , Yanli Nie , Hao Cui , Pengli Jia , Mingming Zhang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundQuite a number of articles on patient safety culture have been published in recent 10 years to assess the safety culture in hospitals using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture in many countries. However, until now there have been no relevant studies to investigate the quality of these, and their contribution to present‐day thinking.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore the areas of theme, and the study design of published research on patient safety culture in literature published in English and Chinese language journals.MethodsWe searched the major databases, including MEDLINE, EMbase, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese Journals Full‐text Database, and to analyze the publication years, research themes, authors’ affiliations and methodologies of articles published from January 2001 to December 2011. Quality and statistical method were only appraised by classification of study designs.ResultsThe annual number of published articles on patient safety culture was increasing in the last decade, and the number of articles published in 2010 and 2011 reached its peak with 86 articles accounting for 44.6% of the decade's publication; patient safety culture scale dominated the included literature, accounting for 67.8% of all studies. Cross‐sectional studies and commentary reviews were the most popular study designs which took up approximately 95.9% of the included studies with 66.9% (129 articles) and 29.0% (56 articles), respectively. All the included studies on patient safety culture were conducted in the following four institutions: hospitals, geracomium, Veterans Health Administration hospitals, and medical schools.ConclusionsThere is a growing change trend in the number of articles on patient safety culture research in recent 10 years, most of which are non‐comparative studies. More methodologically rigorous designs are needed to improve research quality on patient safety culture.
Assessing population structure and host specialization in lichenized cyanobacteria
Authors: O'Brien Heath E. , Miadlikowska Jolanta , Lutzoni François 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Coevolutionary theory predicts that the distribution of obligately symbiotic organisms will be determined by the dispersal ability and ecological range of both partners. We examined this prediction for lichen‐forming fungi that form obligate symbioses with cyanobacteria.

We compared genotypes of both partners of 250 lichens collected at multiple spatial scales in British Columbia, Canada. Multilocus sequence data collected from a subset of 128 of the specimens were used to determine the degree of recombination within the cyanobacterial populations.

We found that six distinct clusters of cyanobacterial genotypes are distributed throughout the known global phylogeny of the genus Nostoc, and that each appears to be evolving clonally. Fungal specialization is high, with each species associating with either one or two of the cyanobacterial clusters, while cyanobacterial specialization varies, with clusters associating with between one and 12 different fungal species. Specialization also varies geographically, with some combinations restricted to a single site despite the availability of both partners elsewhere.

Photobiont association patterns are determined by a combination of genetically based specificity, spatial population structure, and ecological factors and cannot be easily predicted by photobiont dispersal syndromes.
(When) Does Tit‐for‐tat Diplomacy in Trade Policy Pay Off?
Authors: Dluhosch Barbara , Horgos Daniel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn international relations, short‐run incentives for non‐cooperation often dominate. Yet, (external) institutions for enforcing cooperation are hampered by national sovereignty, supposedly strengthening the role of self‐enforcing mechanisms. This paper examines their scope with a focus on contingent protection aka tit‐for‐tat in trade policy. Highlighting various strategies in a partial equilibrium framework, we show that retaliation of non‐cooperative behaviour by limiting market access works as a disciplining device quite independently of supply and demand parameters. Our empirical findings are consistent with the theoretical results in that countries more frequently involved in WTO‐mediated disputes entailing tit‐for‐tat strategies pursue on average more liberal trade regimes.