bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual Number Beats Abstract Numerical Magnitude: Format-dependent Representation of Arabic Digits and Dot Patterns in Human Parietal Cortex
Authors: Bulthé Jessica , De Smedt Bert , Op de Beeck Hans P. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In numerical cognition, there is a well-known but contested hypothesis that proposes an abstract representation of numerical magnitude in human intraparietal sulcus (IPS). On the other hand, researchers of object cognition have suggested another hypothesis for brain activity in IPS during the processing of number, namely that this activity simply correlates with the number of visual objects or units that are perceived. We contrasted these two accounts by analyzing multivoxel activity patterns elicited by dot patterns and Arabic digits of different magnitudes while participants were explicitly processing the represented numerical magnitude. The activity pattern elicited by the digit “8” was more similar to the activity pattern elicited by one dot (with which the digit shares the number of visual units but not the magnitude) compared to the activity pattern elicited by eight dots, with which the digit shares the represented abstract numerical magnitude. A multivoxel pattern classifier trained to differentiate one dot from eight dots classified all Arabic digits in the one-dot pattern category, irrespective of the numerical magnitude symbolized by the digit. These results were consistently obtained for different digits in IPS, its subregions, and many other brain regions. As predicted from object cognition theories, the number of presented visual units forms the link between the parietal activation elicited by symbolic and nonsymbolic numbers. The current study is difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that parietal activation elicited by numbers would reflect a format-independent representation of number.
Validation of Upper-Tropospheric Humidity from SAPHIR on board Megha-Tropiques Using Tropical Soundings
Authors: Brogniez Hélène , Clain Gaëlle , Roca Rémy 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper describes the upper-tropospheric humidity (UTH) product derived from brightness temperature measurements of the Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d’Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie (SAPHIR) radiometer on board the Megha-Tropiques satellite. Under nonscattering conditions, the observations from three channels of SAPHIR—located at ±0.2, ±1.1, and ±2.8 GHz, respectively, around the 183.31-GHz strong water vapor absorption band—are interpreted into three different UTHs following a well-established method and thus describing the humidity content of the upper to midtroposphere. The evaluation of the UTHs is performed using reference UTHs defined from relative humidity (RH) profiles from radiosoundings of two field campaigns: the Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability in the Year 2011/Dynamics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation/Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Madden–Julian Oscillation Investigation Experiment (CINDY/DYNAMO/AMIE) and a Megha-Tropiques dedicated campaign in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, during the summer of 2012. A budget of the various uncertainties associated with each component of the evaluation method (such as the radiometric sensitivity and the radiative transfer computations) was created to achieve a more robust comparison between the two UTH estimates. The comparison between the reference UTHs and the SAPHIR UTHs reveals small global biases of lower than 2% RH on average, with correlation coefficients between 0.86 and 0.89. Taking into account the individual uncertainties gives root-mean-square errors of regressions that range between 0.92% and 4.71%. These three UTHs provide a vertical distribution of the RH that is suitable for studying various temporal and spatial scales of the tropical variability. The signature of a mesoscale convective system on its environment is briefly presented to illustrate the capability of this new dataset.
Estimation of the Heat and Water Budgets of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf Using a Regional Climate Model*,+
Authors: Xue Pengfei , Eltahir Elfatih A. B. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Because of the scarcity of observational data, existing estimates of the heat and water budgets of the Persian Gulf are rather uncertain. This uncertainty leaves open the fundamental question of whether this water body is a net heat source or a net heat sink to the atmosphere. Previous regional modeling studies either used specified surface fluxes to simulate the hydrodynamics of the Gulf or prescribed SST in simulating the regional atmospheric climate; neither of these two approaches is suitable for addressing the above question or for projecting the future climate in this region. For the first time, a high-resolution, two-way, coupled Gulf–atmosphere regional model (GARM) is developed, forced by solar radiation and constrained by observed lateral boundary conditions, suited for the study of current and future climates of the Persian Gulf. Here, this study demonstrates the unique capability of this model in consistently predicting surface heat and water fluxes and lateral heat and water exchanges with the Arabian Sea, as well as the variability of water temperature and water mass. Although these variables are strongly coupled, only SST has been directly and sufficiently observed. The coupled model succeeds in simulating the water and heat budgets of the Persian Gulf without any artificial flux adjustment, as demonstrated in the close agreement of model simulation with satellite and in situ observations.
The coupled regional climate model simulates a net surface heat flux of +3 W m−2, suggesting a small net heat flux from the atmosphere into the Persian Gulf. The annual evaporation from the Persian Gulf is 1.84 m yr−1, and the annual influx and outflux of water through the Strait of Hormuz between the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea are equivalent to Persian Gulf–averaged precipitation and evaporation rates of 33.7 and 32.1 m yr−1, with a net influx of water equivalent to a Persian Gulf–averaged precipitation rate of 1.6 m yr−1. The average depth of the Persian Gulf water is ~38 m. Hence, it suggests that the mean residency time scale for the entire Persian Gulf is ~14 months.
Chances of Short-Term Cooling Estimated from a Selection of CMIP5-Based Climate Scenarios during 2006–35 over Canada
Authors: Grenier Patrick , de Elía Ramón , Chaumont Diane 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe path toward a warmer global climate is not smooth, but, rather, is made up of a succession of positive and negative temperature trends, with cooling having more chance to occur the shorter the time scale considered. In this paper, estimates of the probabilities of short-term cooling (Pcool) during the period 2006–35 are performed for 5146 locations across Canada. Probabilities of cooling over durations from 5 to 25 yr come from an ensemble of 60 climate scenarios, based on three different methods using a gridded observational product and CMIP5 climate simulations. These methods treat interannual variability differently, and an analysis in hindcast mode suggests they are relatively reliable. Unsurprisingly, longer durations imply smaller Pcool values; in the case of annual temperatures, the interdecile range of Pcool values across Canada is, for example, ~2%–18% for 25 yr and ~40%–46% for 5 yr. Results vary slightly with the scenario design method, with similar geographical patterns emerging. With regards to seasonal influence, spring and winter are generally associated with higher Pcool values. Geographical Pcool patterns and their seasonality are explained in terms of the interannual variability over background trend ratio. This study emphasizes the importance of natural variability superimposed on anthropogenically forced long-term trends and the fact that regional and local short-term cooling trends are to be expected with nonnegligible probabilities.
Attributing Observed SST Trends and Subcontinental Land Warming to Anthropogenic Forcing during 1979–2005
Authors: Chan Duo , Wu Qigang 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAttribution studies conclude that it is extremely likely that most observed global- and continental-scale surface air temperature (SAT) warming since 1950 was caused by anthropogenic forcing, but some difficulties and uncertainties remain in attribution of warming in subcontinental regions and at time scales less than 50 years. This study uses global observations and CMIP5 simulations with various forcings, covering 1979–2005, and control runs to develop confidence intervals, to attribute regional trends of SAT and sea surface temperature (SST) to natural and anthropogenic causes.Observations show warming, significantly different from natural variations at the 95% confidence level, over one-third of all grid boxes, and averaged over 15 of 21 subcontinental regions and 6 of 10 ocean basins. Coupled simulations forced with all forcing factors, or greenhouse gases only, reproduce observed SST and SAT patterns. Uncoupled AMIP-like atmosphere-only (prescribed SST and atmospheric radiative forcing) simulations reproduce observed SAT patterns. All of these simulations produce consistent net downward longwave radiation patterns. Simulations with natural-only forcing simulate weak warming. Anthropogenic forcing effects are clearly detectable at the 5% significance level at global, hemispheric, and tropical scales and in nine ocean basins and 15 of 21 subcontinental land regions. Attribution results indicate that ocean warming during 1979–2005 for the globe and individual basins is well represented in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble mean historical simulations. While land warming may occur as an indirect response to oceanic warming, increasing greenhouse gas concentrations tend to be the ultimate source of land warming in most subcontinental regions during 1979–2005.
Improved Historical Analysis of Oceanic Total Precipitable Water
Authors: Smith Thomas M. , Arkin Phillip A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, total precipitable water (TPW), is an important part of the global water cycle, and a clearer understanding of ocean-area TPW is critical for understanding climate variations. This study uses satellite-period statistics and historical data to analyze monthly oceanic TPW beginning in the nineteenth century. Input data for analyzing the historical TPW includes outputs from an extended dynamic reanalysis and estimates of TPW based on historical sea surface temperature (SST). Methods are developed to optimally use the various inputs to produce an improved analysis. Cross-validation testing is used to guide analysis development. Some evaluation of the resulting analysis indicates several strong climate modes. A global mode indicates multidecadal increases in TPW since the nineteenth century, with strongest increases in the tropics and adjacent to land monsoon regions. Strongest multidecadal changes in the global mode are 1910–40 and since 1980. An ENSO mode for the extended period indicates a trend since the 1980s, opposite to the tendency in the global mode. There is no apparent multidecadal variation in the ENSO mode before 1980, suggesting that its multidecadal relationship with the global mode can change. Analysis of SST over the same period shows climate modes consistent with the TPW modes, and for the satellite period there are consistent variations in the satellite data, showing the strong link between SST and oceanic TPW.
A pre-test and post-test study of the physical and psychological effects of out-of-home respite care on caregivers of children with life-threatening conditions
Authors: Remedios Cheryl , Willenberg Lisa , Zordan Rachel , Murphy Andrea , Hessel Gail , Philip Jennifer 
Published: January 2015

Background: Respite services are recommended as an important support for caregivers of children with life-threatening conditions. However, the benefits of respite have not been convincingly demonstrated through quantitative research. Aim: To determine the impact of out-of home respite care on levels of fatigue, psychological adjustment, quality of life and relationship satisfaction among caregivers of children with life-threatening conditions. Design: A mixed-methods, pre-test and post-test study Setting/participants: A consecutive sample of 58 parental caregivers whose children were admitted to a children’s hospice for out-of-home respite over an average of 4 days. Results: Caregivers had below-standard levels of quality of life compared to normative populations. Paired t-tests demonstrated that caregivers’ average psychological adjustment scores significantly improved from pre-respite (mean = 13.9, standard error  = 0.71) to post-respite (mean = 10.7, standard error = 1); p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval: 1.25–5.11). Furthermore, caregivers’ average fatigue scores significantly improved from pre-respite (mean = 14.3, standard error = 0.85) to post-respite (mean = 10.9, standard error = 1.01; p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval: 1.69–7.94), and caregivers’ average mental health quality of life scores significantly improved from pre-respite (mean = 44.2, standard error = 1.8) to post-respite (mean = 49.1, standard error = 1.6; p < 0.01, 95% confidence interval: −9.56 to 0.36). Qualitative data showed caregivers sought respite for relief from intensive care provision and believed this was essential to their well-being. Conclusion: Findings indicate the effectiveness of out-of-home respite care in improving the fatigue and psychological adjustment of caregivers of children with life-threatening conditions. Study outcomes inform service provision and future research efforts in paediatric palliative care.
Family carers providing support to a person dying in the home setting: A narrative literature review
Authors: Morris Sara M , King Claire , Turner Mary , Payne Sheila 
Published: January 2015

Background: This study is based on people dying at home relying on the care of unpaid family carers. There is growing recognition of the central role that family carers play and the burdens that they bear, but knowledge gaps remain around how to best support them. Aim: The aim of this study is to review the literature relating to the perspectives of family carers providing support to a person dying at home. Design: A narrative literature review was chosen to provide an overview and synthesis of findings. The following search terms were used: caregiver, carer, ‘terminal care’, ‘supportive care’, ‘end of life care’, ‘palliative care’, ‘domiciliary care’ AND home AND death OR dying. Data sources: During April–May 2013, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Pubmed, Cochrane Reviews and Citation Indexes were searched. Inclusion criteria were as follows: English language, empirical studies and literature reviews, adult carers, perspectives of family carers, articles focusing on family carers providing end-of-life care in the home and those published between 2000 and 2013. Results: A total of 28 studies were included. The overarching themes were family carers’ views on the impact of the home as a setting for end-of-life care, support that made a home death possible, family carer’s views on deficits and gaps in support and transformations to the social and emotional space of the home. Conclusion: Many studies focus on the support needs of people caring for a dying family member at home, but few studies have considered how the home space is affected. Given the increasing tendency for home deaths, greater understanding of the interplay of factors affecting family carers may help improve community services.
Addition of all-trans-retinoic acid to omeprazole and sucralfate therapy improves the prognosis of gastric dysplasia
Authors: Jin Jianjun , Li Xiaozhen , Xing Luqi , Chang Yongchao , Wu Lijuan , Jin Zhe , Su Xiuli , Bai Yanli , Zheng Yufeng , Jiang Yalin , Zhao Xiao , Lu Lan , Gao Qiang 
Published: January 2015

Objective To investigate the efficacy of all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in human gastric dysplasia. Methods In this double-blind study, patients with precancerous gastric dysplasia with or without intestinal metaplasia (IM) received either conventional treatment consisting of omeprazole and sucralfate (control group) or conventional treatment plus ATRA. Gastric mucosal biopsies were performed before and after drug treatment and were analysed histologically; expression of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein and HER2 protein in gastric mucosa were measured using immunohistochemistry. Results A total of 122 patients were included in the study, 63 in the ATRA group and 59 in the control group. In the ATRA group, dysplasia was attenuated in 43 out of 63 patients (68%) compared with 22 out of 59 patients (37%) in the control group; however, IM was not affected by treatment in either group. ATRA treatment was associated with significantly increased Rb expression and decreased HER2 expression in gastric mucosa. Conclusions The use of conventional therapy plus ATRA for gastric dysplasia was associated with improved efficacy compared with conventional therapy alone. It was also accompanied by increased Rb expression and decreased HER2 expression in gastric mucosa. The addition of ATRA to conventional therapy for gastritis may improve the prognosis of gastric dysplasia.
Altered neurochemical coupling in the occipital cortex in migraine with visual aura
Authors: Bridge Holly , Stagg Charlotte J , Near Jamie , Lau Chi-ieong , Zisner Aimee , Cader M. Zameel 
Published: January 2015

Background Visual aura is present in about one-third of migraine patients and triggering by bright or flickering lights is frequently reported. Method Using migraine with visual aura patients, we investigated the neurochemical profile of the visual cortex using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Specifically, glutamate/creatine and GABA/creatine ratios were quantified in the occipital cortex of female migraine patients. Results GABA levels in the occipital cortex of migraine patients were lower than that of controls. Glutamate levels in migraine patients, but not controls, correlated with the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the primary visual cortex during visual stimulation. Conclusion Migraine with visual aura appears to disrupt the excitation-inhibition coupling in the occipital cortex.
Inter- and Intraobserver Reliability in the MRI Measurement of the Tibial Tubercle–Trochlear Groove Distance and Trochlea Dysplasia
Authors: Skelley Nathan , Friedman Michael , McGinnis Mark , Smith Christopher , Hillen Travis , Matava Matthew 
Published: January 2015

Background: The tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance and trochlear structure have become important radiographic measurements in the evaluation and management of patients with patellar instability. Many orthopaedic surgeons, however, do not have access to musculoskeletal radiologists and therefore must make such measurements independently. Purpose: To determine the intra- and interobserver reliability in the measurement of the TT-TG distance and the determination of the trochlear dysplasia index (TDI) between musculoskeletal radiologists and orthopaedic surgeons. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained from 63 patients with the clinical diagnosis of patellar instability (instability group) and from 53 patients without patellar instability (control group). Three radiologists and 2 orthopaedic surgeons blinded to the group assignment independently measured the TT-TG distance and determined the TDI. Each MRI was measured on 2 occasions separated by at least 1 week. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to determine the intra- and interobserver reliability. Results: The instability and control groups were similarly stratified across age, sex, affected knee, athletic level, and body mass index. The mean TT-TG distances were 18.2 ± 5.6 mm and 13.7 ± 5.6 mm for the instability and control groups, respectively ( P < .001). The mean TDI for the instability and control groups was 2.1 ± 1.6 mm and 4.6 ± 1.3 mm, respectively ( P < .001). There was almost perfect intraobserver reliability for both the TT-TG distance and TDI measurements between the 2 time points for all observers (ICCs: ≥0.86 [TT-TG distance], ≥0.88 [TDI]). The interobserver reliability was also almost perfect between the orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists for both the TT-TG distance (ICC, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.82-0.88]) and TDI (ICC, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.79-0.88]). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the intra- and interobserver reliability in the MRI measurement of the TT-TG distance and TDI is high for both orthopaedic surgeons and musculoskeletal radiologists. In addition, the TT-TG distance may be lower than previously thought in patients with patellar instability.
Sublimity and beauty
Authors: Siles-González José , Solano-Ruiz Carmen 
Published: January 2015

Background: Several authors have focused on the aesthetics of nursing care from diverse perspectives; however, there are few studies about the sublime and the beautiful in nursing. Aim: To identify beautiful and sublime moments in the context of the aesthetics of nursing care. Methods: A theoretical reflection has been contemplated about sublime and beautiful values in the context of the aesthetics of nursing care from the cultural history perspective. For that purpose, a revision of this issue has been completed. The terms ‘beautiful’ and ‘sublime’ have been analysed to identify the characteristics of both in the context of nursing care. Ethical consideration: We have followed all ethical requirements regarding the sources, conducting research and authorship. There is no conflict of interest in this paper. Results: With aesthetic knowledge, the nurse expresses the artistic nature of nursing care by appreciating the act of caring for individuals. The sublime is a complex phenomenon, since apparently contrary feelings are interwoven. Nursing care is an art with an anthropological object-subject on which the ‘artist’ applies their prior knowledge and skills. Feelings and emotions that develop during the clinical nursing practice – especially at times sublime and beautiful, aesthetic – constitute experiences which are professionally significant.
Risk Characteristics of Venous Thromboembolism in Chinese Patients
Authors: Wang Hua , Ye Jian , Wang Limin , Jin Weizhong 
Published: January 2015

Background and objective: There is little report concerning risk characteristics of Chinese patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE). The present study was designed to investigate the risk characteristics in Chinese patients with VTE through a retrospective study. Methods: A total of 1048 registry patients with VTE in the recent 10 years were analyzed retrospectively with respect to underlying diseases or predisposing factors. Results: The incidence of VTE in both male and female has been increasing in the recent 10 years. A total of 885 patients were aged more than 50 years, and the mean age of the patients at diagnosis was 58.8 ± 15.7 years. Main risk factors were a prolonged immobilization and malignant tumors, which were different from Western patients. Conclusions: This registry demonstrated the different risk characteristics in Chinese patients compared to Western patients. Our results will be available for establishing the prevention of VTE in China.