bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualität und Vergleichbarkeit durch zentrale Abiturprüfungen?
Authors: Kühn Svenja Mareike 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDie Einführung zentraler Abiturprüfungen war eine gewichtige bildungspolitische Maßnahme im Zuge der Diskurse um Qualität und Vergleichbarkeit der Schulbildung. Wie schriftliche Abituraufgaben in Chemie gestaltet sind und inwiefern Unterschiede zwischen zentraler und dezentraler Aufgabenstellung bestehen, zeigen vier Bundesländer mit unterschiedlichen Prüfungstraditionen.
The Effect of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Seat Belt Use by Socioeconomic Position
Authors: Harper Sam , Strumpf Erin C. , Burris Scott , Smith George Davey , Lynch John 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe investigated the differential effect of mandatory seat belt laws on seat belt use among socioeconomic subgroups. We identified the differential effect of legislation across higher versus lower education individuals using a difference‐in‐differences model based on state variations in the timing of the passage of laws. We find strong effects of mandatory seat belt laws for all education groups, but the effect is stronger for those with fewer years of education. In addition, we find that the differential effect by education is larger for mandatory seat belt laws with primary rather than secondary enforcement. Our results imply that existing socioeconomic differences in seat belt use would be further mitigated if all states upgraded to primary enforcement.
Metamorphic malware detection using base malware identification approach
Authors: Mahawer Devendra Kumar , Nagaraju A. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMalware is a malicious program that is intentionally developed to harm computer systems. Because the metamorphic malwares are advanced in nature, they mutate their code in each generation by employing code obfuscation techniques to thwart detection. Conventional scanners even fail to detect all variants of such malware. In the view of metamorphic malware detection, we have proposed the concept of machine learning approach like support vector machine with histogram intersection kernel. It has been successfully implemented in the area of image classification, bioinformatics (protein classification and cancer classification). This method provides more accuracy in terms of detection rate to build the effective detection system for metamorphic malwares. In the proposed method, we first extract feature histograms from each portable executable file and map them into the feature space using a histogram intersection kernel. The histogram intersection kernel helps us to find the optimal hyperplane for separating the metamorphic variants from benign programs in a feature space of very high dimension. The results show that our proposed method is capable of detecting metamorphic variants with few false alarms or misses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of bond behaviour between recycled aggregate concrete and deformed steel bars
Authors: Prince M. John Robert , Singh Bhupinder 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe results of 45 pullout tests on 8, 10 and 12 mm diameter deformed steel bars concentrically embedded in recycled aggregate concrete designed using equivalent mix proportions with coarse recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) replacement levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100 % are described here. Although consistent results were not obtained for the 8 mm bars, the normalized bond strengths of the 10 and 12 mm bars across all RCA replacement levels were higher for the RCA concretes compared with the natural coarse aggregate concrete, and they increased with RCA replacement levels. Brittleness index, an analogous parameter from rock mechanics, has been shown to be a relevant predictor of the measured bond strengths. An empirical bond stress–slip relationship has been proposed and it has been conservatively suggested that anchorage lengths for the 10 and 12 mm deformed bars in recycled aggregate concrete may be taken to be the same as those in natural aggregate concrete.
Two 2D 3d‐4f Heterometallic Coordination Polymers with [Ln2(IN)6(OH)]– Clusters and [Cu4Br3]nn+ Chains
Authors: Fan Le‐Qing , Wu Ji‐Huai , Huang Yun‐Fang 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo 2D 3d‐4f heterometallic coordination polymers, [Ln2Cu4Br3(IN)6(OH)(H2O)4]n [Ln = Ho (1) and Yb (2), HIN = isonicotinic acid], were synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of Ln2O3, CuBr2, and HIN with HNO3, and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, PXRD, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Structural analyses revealed that 1 and 2 are isostructural and have a 2D structure, which consists [Cu4Br3]nn+ chains linked by dinuclear [Ln2(IN)6(OH)]– clusters. Additionally, the thermogravimetric analysis and luminescent properties of 1 were investigated and discussed.
Concomitant Endoscopic Carpal and Cubital Tunnel Release: Safety and Efficacy
Authors: Cross Danielle , Matullo Kristofer S. 
Published: November 2013

Background When performed alone, endoscopic carpal tunnel release and endoscopic cubital tunnel release are safe and effective surgical options for the treatment of carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes, respectively. However, there is currently no literature that describes the performance of both procedures concomitantly. We describe the results of 17 cases in which dual endoscopic carpal and cubital tunnel releases were performed for the treatment of concurrent carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes. Methods A retrospective review of all patients in a single surgeon practice that presented with concomitant ipsilateral carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes was performed. Within an 8-month period, 17 patients had undergone 19 concomitant ipsilateral endoscopic carpal and cubital tunnel releases after failing conservative treatment. Pre- and postoperative measurements included subjective numbness/tingling; subjective pain; manual muscle testing of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB), intrinsics, and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP); static two-point discrimination; quick-DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) scores; grip strength; chuck pinch strength; and key pinch strength. Complete data are available for 15 patients and 17 total procedures. Results Thirteen male and four female patients (average age of 50.5) underwent dual endoscopic cubital and carpal tunnel release. Two patients were lost to follow-up and eliminated from data analysis. Pre- and postoperative comparisons were completed for median DASH scores, grip strength, chuck pinch strength, and key pinch strength at their preoperative visit and at 12 weeks. DASH scores improved significantly from a median of 67.5 to 16 ( p =0.002), grip strengths improved from 42 to 55.0 lbs ( p =0.30), chuck pinch strengths improved significantly from 11 to 15.5 lbs ( p =0.02), and key pinch strengths increased significantly from 13 to 18 lbs ( p = 0.003). Average static two-point discrimination decreased from 5.9 to 4.8 mm. In terms of pain, 82 % of patients had complete resolution of pain, and the remaining 18 % experienced pain only with strenuous activity. In terms of numbness/tingling, 100 % of patients had complete resolution of median nerve symptoms; 88 % of patients had substantial improvement of numbness and tingling symptoms, and 12 % had residual ulnar nerve symptoms. In terms of muscle strength, 92 % of patients had improvement to 5/5 APB strength, while 100 % of patients had improvement to 5/5 intrinsic and FDP strengths. Two minor complications occurred, including one superficial hematoma and one superficial cellulitis. Conclusions Preliminary data demonstrate that dual endoscopic carpal and cubital tunnel release is a safe and effective treatment option for patients who present with concurrent cubital and carpal tunnel syndromes recalcitrant to non-surgical management. Postoperative results and complications are comparable to endoscopic carpal and cubital tunnel releases performed alone.
Anatomical and physiological changes in pelvic diaphragm in patients with chagasic megacolon submitted to Duhamel surgery
Authors: Júnior Hélio Moreira , Moreira José P.T. , Isaac Raniere R. , de Almeida Arminda C. , Moreira Hélio , Klug Wilmar A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOriginal contribution understand the reasons why Duhamel surgery results in clinical improvement of constipation in patients with Chagasic colopathy.Background Duhamel surgery is one of the most widespread techniques for the treatment of Chagasic megacolon, with low rates of recurrence of constipation.Objective evaluate the anatomical and physiological changes in the pelvic diaphragm of patients with chagasic colopathy, as well as changes occurring after undergoing Duhamel surgery.Design clinical data and results of cinedefecography, electromanometry and anorectal ultrasound of the anal canal were evaluated in patients with Chagasic colopathy, before and after Duhamel surgery.Location Service of Coloproctology – Departament of Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Patients: patients with positive serology for Chagas Disease, with constipation and radiological megacolon, who presented consecutively to the Chagas outpatient clinic and freely agreed to participate in this study, were prospectively included.Results a total of 20 patients were included, with a mean age of 53.2 years, of which 16 were women. The following parameters were observed in the postoperative period: change in bowel frequency, of, on average, one evacuation every ten days to daily bowel movement; 16 patients used laxatives preoperatively and only one did, intermittently, in postoperative period. Electromanometry showed, postoperatively, a decrease in anal resting pressure (60.88 to 37.2 mmHg p < 0.001) and anal squeeze pressures (244.3 mL to 161.25 p = 0.01), whereas ultrasound showed that 75% of the patients had abnormalities of the internal anal sphincter in the posterior anal canal juxtaposed to the pulled-through colon. Postoperative rectal emptying observed in cinedefecographic tests occurred more quickly and with less effort when compared with the preoperative findings. There was a change in the anorectal angle postoperatively, which became more obtuse, both during rest, straining and during evacuation.Conclusions the anatomical and functional changes in the pelvic diaphragm are significant after Duhamel surgery and together, they result in clinical improvement of patients.
Risks and benefits of colonoscopy in patients aged 80 and older: A prospective study
Authors: da Silva Edson Jurado 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Objective this study aims to compare colonoscopy results in patients aged 50-79 and those aged 80 and older.
Patients and Methods a total of 533 diagnostic colonoscopies performed from August 2011 to January 2012 were evaluated in a prospective study analyzing age, ASA classification, comorbidities, endoscopic findings, time to reach the cecum, number of complete examinations, difficulties and complications. Chi-square test was used to compare categorical data whereas Student's t test to compare means. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results 479 patients were in Group A — age 50 to 79, whereas 54 were in Group B, 80 versus older. The following results are shown for Group A and B, respectively: age 63 ± 8 versus 84 ± 4 years. ASA 1 difficult examination: 58 (21%) versus 12 (27%) p > 0.05, ASA > 2 difficult examination: 41 (20%) versus 6 (60%) p < 0,05. Comorbidities 255 (53%) versus 36 (66%) p > 0.05. Complete colonoscopy in 450 (94%) versus 45 (83%), p < 0.01. Difficulties in 99 (20%) versus 32 (40%), p < 0.01. Complications in 1 (0.2%) versus 3 (5%) p < 0.01. Diverticulitis/sequelae in 3 (0.6%) versus 3 (5%) p < 0.01. CRC in 42 (8.7%) and 10 (18.5%), p < 0.05. Adenoma in 130 (27%) versus 15 (27%), p > 0.05 Time to reach the cecum was 39 ± 10 minutes for difficult procedures and 13 ± 9 for the easy ones.
Conclusion age 80 and older is associated with more adverse events during colonoscopy.
Carbon dioxide dissolution in structural and stratigraphic traps
Authors: Szulczewski M. L. , Hesse M. A. , Juanes R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide ( CO2) in structural and stratigraphic traps is a viable option to reduce anthropogenic emissions. While dissolution of the CO2 stored in these traps reduces the long-term leakage risk, the dissolution process remains poorly understood in systems that reflect the appropriate subsurface geometry. Here, we study dissolution in a porous layer that exhibits a feature relevant for CO2 storage in structural and stratigraphic traps: a finite CO2 source along the top boundary that extends only part way into the layer. This feature represents the finite extent of the interface between free-phase CO2 pooled in a trap and the underlying brine. Using theory and simulations, we describe the dissolution mechanisms in this system for a wide range of times and Rayleigh numbers, and classify the behaviour into seven regimes. For each regime, we quantify the dissolution flux numerically and model it analytically, with the goal of providing simple expressions to estimate the dissolution rate in real systems. We find that, at late times, the dissolution flux decreases relative to early times as the flow of unsaturated water to the CO2 source becomes constrained by a lateral exchange flow though the reservoir. Application of the models to several representative reservoirs indicates that dissolution is strongly affected by the reservoir properties; however, we find that reservoirs with high permeabilities ($k\geq 1$ Darcy) that are tens of metres thick and several kilometres wide could potentially dissolve hundreds of megatons of CO2 in tens of years.
Cousinia: morphology, taxonomy, distribution and phytogeographical implications
Authors: Rechinger K. H. 
Published: November 2013

SynopsisCousinia (Compositae) with over 400 species in SW Asia has its maximum concentration in the Flora Iranica area. Overall it has a remarkably limited distributional range compared with other genera of similar size. On the basis of the significant distribution patterns of Cousinia, it is argued that the highland part of the Flora Iranica area should phytogeographically be re-designated as the Irano-Turkestanian region, including the Central Asian mountain province of Soviet Central Asia. It is also proposed that the essentially lowland Turanian (Aralo-Caspian) area should be excluded from the Irano-Turanian region.
Responsible risk-taking in conflict-affected countries: the need for due diligence and the importance of collective approaches
Authors: Bray John , Crockett Antony 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article discusses some of the challenges that may be encountered by companies seeking to adhere to the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights and the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights when operating in conflict-affected countries. The authors argue that corporate respect for human rights may not be sufficient to correct or compensate for state failure and also suggest that the leverage or influence enjoyed by individual companies in relation to the conduct of security forces and host governments may be limited, particularly in times of crisis. There is therefore a need for a collective approach to human rights risks in conflict-affected countries, and this should focus on public security sector reform and good governance as well as on corporate due diligence.
Stochastic detection of Pim protein kinases reveals electrostatically enhanced association of a peptide substrate
Authors: Harrington Leon , Cheley Stephen , Alexander Leila T. , Knapp Stefan , Bayley Hagan 
Published: November 2013

Significance
The modulation of ionic current flowing through an individual pore can be used for the stochastic sensing of a wide variety of analytes. Here we have produced protein pores by inserting peptide sequences that remain attached in an unconstrained conformation after limited proteolysis. The engineered pores were used for the label-free, single-molecule discrimination of Pim protein kinases. Further, we found unusually high, electrostatically enhanced, association rates for the Pim kinases and a consensus substrate, which suggests an additional element of control between cell-signaling pathways.
B cells are critical for autoimmune pathology in Scurfy mice
Authors: Aschermann Susanne , Lehmann Christian H. K. , Mihai Sidonia , Schett Georg , Dudziak Diana , Nimmerjahn Falk 
Published: November 2013

SignificanceThe deficiency of regulatory T cells leads to a fatal systemic autoimmune disease in mice (Scurfy phenotype) and humans [IPEX (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked) syndrome]. At present it is largely unclear to what degree the different deregulated parts of the immune system contribute to the disease pathology. To understand the role of B cells and the corresponding autoantibodies produced by these cells in this fatal disease we generated B-cell–deficient Scurfy mice and show that most of the systemic autoimmune phenotypes are greatly ameliorated. Consistent with this genetic approach, therapeutic depletion of B cells resulted in a similar increase in survival and reduction in multiorgan inflammation, suggesting that B cells may be a therapeutic target to ameliorate disease pathology.
Anesthesia, Microcirculation, and Wound Repair in Aging
Authors: Bentov Itay , Reed May J. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Age-related changes in skin contribute to impaired wound healing after surgical procedures. Changes in skin with age include decline in thickness and composition, a decrease in the number of most cell types, and diminished microcirculation. The microcirculation provides tissue perfusion, fluid homeostasis, and delivery of oxygen and other nutrients. It also controls temperature and the inflammatory response. Surgical incisions cause further disruption of the microvasculature of aged skin. Perioperative management can be modified to minimize insults to aged tissues. Judicious use of fluids, maintenance of normal body temperature, pain control, and increased tissue oxygen tension are examples of adjustable variables that support the microcirculation. Anesthetic agents influence the microcirculation of a combination of effects on cardiac output, arterial pressure, and local microvascular changes. The authors examined the role of anesthetic management in optimizing the microcirculation and potentially improving postoperative wound repair in older persons.
Tracking animals to their death
Authors: Hays Graeme C. 
Published: November 2013

Satellite tracking is a tool for not only recording the long‐distance movements of a range of species, but also for revealing animal mortality. (a) An osprey equipped with a satellite tag to record its migration from Europe to Sub‐Saharan Africa. Photo: Raymond Klaassen. (b) A dead osprey. Satellite tracking can identify when and where animals die and also sometimes the cause of death. Photo: Ewan Weston. (c) This technique can also be used with other taxa. A loggerhead turtle satellite‐tracked to its death in Greece. Propeller marks indicated that this individual had been hit by a boat before washing ashore dead. Photo: Gail Schofield.imageSatellite tracking is a tool for not only recording the long‐distance movements of a range of species, but also for revealing animal mortality. (a) An osprey equipped with a satellite tag to record its migration from Europe to Sub‐Saharan Africa. Photo: Raymond Klaassen. (b) A dead osprey. Satellite tracking can identify when and where animals die and also sometimes the cause of death. Photo: Ewan Weston. (c) This technique can also be used with other taxa. A loggerhead turtle satellite‐tracked to its death in Greece. Propeller marks indicated that this individual had been hit by a boat before washing ashore dead. Photo: Gail Schofield.
In Focus: Klaassen, R.H.G., Hake, M., Strandberg, R., Koks, B.J., Trierweiler, C., Exo, K.‐M., Bairlein, F. & Alerstam, T. (2014) When and where does mortality occur in migratory birds? Direct evidence from long‐term satellite tracking of two raptors. Journal of Animal Ecology, 83, 176–184.Migration may be a high‐risk period. In a study involving three species of raptor migrating from Europe to Sub‐Saharan Africa, Klaassen et al. () satellite‐tracked 51 out of 69 birds to their deaths and showed that rate of mortality during migration was 6x that during stationary phases when birds were on their winter and summer grounds. Travel across the Sahara was particularly risky. Satellite tracking has also been used to infer mortality in other taxa (e.g. sea turtles) and may allow high‐risk hotspots to be identified for wide‐ranging species.
Frail bodies: geriatric medicine and the constitution of the fourth age
Authors: Pickard Susan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractClinical discourses of frailty are central both to the construction of the social category of the fourth age and to the role and identity of hospital geriatric medicine. However, the influence of such clinical discourses is not just from science to the social sphere and nor do these discourses have their source in a putative truth of the old body but emerge from an interplay between physiological facts, discourses of governmentality, productive processes associated with late modern capitalism and the professional ambitions of geriatric medicine. The article explores this interplay in the two key discourses of frailty that have emerged in the clinical literature during the past 15 years, that of the phenotype and the accumulation of deficits, respectively. Outlining the development of the discourse of senescence from its origins to the more recent emergence of a nosological category of frailty the article explores how these key discourses capture the older body according to particular sets of norms. These norms link physiological understanding with broader discourses of governmentality, including the professional project of geriatric medicine. In particular, metaphorical representations in the discourses of frailty convey key cultural and clinical assumptions concerning both older bodies and old age more generally.
Unusual data in conservation science: searching for validation
Authors: Keane A. 
Published: November 2013

Read the Feature Paper: Assessing the accuracy of interviewed recall for rare, highly seasonal events: the case of wildlife consumption in MadagascarOther Commentaries on this paper: Wildlife consumption and recall accuracy – but is it recall of hunting, of cooking or of eating?Response from the authors: Practical directions for the use of recall data in conservation science