bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Impacts of Distributed Manufacturing from 3-D Printing of Polymer Components and Products
Authors: Kreiger Megan , Pearce Joshua M. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTAlthough additive layer manufacturing is well established for rapid prototyping the low throughput and historic costs have prevented mass-scale adoption. The recent development of the RepRap, an open source self-replicating rapid prototyper, has made low-cost 3-D printers readily available to the public at reasonable prices (<$1,000). The RepRap (Prusa Mendell variant) currently prints 3-D objects in a 200x200x140 square millimeters build envelope from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA). ABS and PLA are both thermoplastics that can be injection-molded, each with their own benefits, as ABS is rigid and durable, while PLA is plant-based and can be recycled and composted. The melting temperature of ABS and PLA enable use in low-cost 3-D printers, as these temperature are low enough to use in melt extrusion in the home, while high enough for prints to retain their shape at average use temperatures. Using 3-D printers to manufacture provides the ability to both change the fill composition by printing voids and fabricate shapes that are impossible to make using tradition methods like injection molding. This allows more complicated shapes to be created while using less material, which could reduce environmental impact.As the open source 3-D printers continue to evolve and improve in both cost and performance, the potential for economically-viable distributed manufacturing of products increases. Thus, products and components could be customized and printed on-site by individual consumers as needed, reversing the historical trend towards centrally mass-manufactured and shipped products. Distributed manufacturing reduces embodied transportation energy from the distribution of conventional centralized manufacturing, but questions remain concerning the potential for increases in the overall embodied energy of the manufacturing due to reduction in scale. In order to quantify the environmental impact of distributed manufacturing using 3-D printers, a life cycle analysis was performed on a plastic juicer. The energy consumed and emissions produced from conventional large-scale production overseas are compared to experimental measurements on a RepRap producing identical products with ABS and PLA. The results of this LCA are discussed in relation to the environmental impact of distributed manufacturing with 3-D printers and polymer selection for 3-D printing to reduce this impact. The results of this study show that distributed manufacturing uses less energy than conventional manufacturing due to the RepRap's unique ability to reduce fill composition. Distributed manufacturing also has less emissions than conventional manufacturing when using PLA and when using ABS with solar photovoltaic power. The results of this study indicate that open-source additive layer distributed manufacturing is both technically viable and beneficial from an ecological perspective.
Safety and diagnostic accuracy of neuroendoscopic biopsies: an international multicenter study
Authors: Constantini Shlomi , Mohanty Aaron , Zymberg Samuel , Cavalheiro Sergio , Mallucci Conor , Hellwig Dieter , Ersahin Yusuf , Mori Hiroshi , Mascari Carmelo , Val José Aloysio Costa , Wagner Wolfgang , Kulkarni Abhaya V. , Sgouros Spyros , Oi Shizuo 
Published: April 2013

Object
Analysis of the safety and morbidity of neuroendoscopic biopsies (NEBs), as well as the reliability in obtaining an accurate diagnosis, has until now been based on studies with relatively small sample sizes. Through the cooperative efforts of several international medical centers, authors of the present study collected data on a large number of patients to obtain better insight into this issue. When possible, they compared pathology obtained through an NEB with the “gold-standard” pathology obtained in open surgery.

Methods
Thirteen randomly chosen medical centers in 9 countries collected data for patients who had undergone NEB, which were then analyzed for universal complications, bleeding, navigation technique, pathology, mismatch between biopsy results and final diagnosis, and a number of other potentially influential factors.

Results
Data for 293 patients were analyzed. Sixty percent of the patients were male, and patient ages ranged from 0.1 to 78.7 years (median age 20.4 years). The most common tumor locations were pineal (33.1%), thalamic (16.7%), tectal (13%), and hypothalamic (4.4%). Fifty percent of the tumors were larger than 20 mm, 36% were between 10 and 20 mm, and 14% were smaller than 10 mm. Intraoperative bleeding was seen in 275 patients (94%). The amount of blood was noted as mild in 75%, moderate in 13%, and severe in 6%. Infection occurred in 8 patients (3%). Death occurred in 1 patient (0.3%), which was caused by severe intraoperative bleeding. Biopsies were informative in 265 patients (90.4%). Seventy-eight patients (26.6%) had open surgery following the NEB. For these patients, the pathology results from the NEB were compared with those from the open surgery that followed. In 14 cases (17.9%) there was disagreement on the pathology. Of these cases, a meaningful mismatch, in which the erroneous NEB pathology could have led to an inappropriate management decision, occurred in 9 cases (11.5%). Most of these meaningful mismatches were lesions diagnosed as low-grade or pilocytic astrocytoma on the NEB and later proved to be high-grade astrocytoma (4 cases) and 1 case each of meningioma, cavernoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, neurocysticercosis, and pineocytoma.

Conclusions
In experienced hands, NEBs can be performed with low morbidity and mortality, providing meaningful pathological data for the majority of patients with a wide range of tumor types, locations, and presentations. These biopsies also offer other advantages, such as the ability to perform concomitant endoscopic third ventriculostomy and septum pellucidotomy. However, due caution must be maintained, since pathology obtained from an NEB, as with stereotactic biopsies, may be subject to sampling errors, especially when the results seem to indicate a low-grade glial tumor.
Health implications associated with exposure to farmed and wild sea turtles
Authors: Warwick Clifford , Arena Phillip C , Steedman Catrina 
Published: April 2013

Summary Exposure to sea turtles may be increasing with expanding tourism, although reports of problems arising from interaction with free-living animals appear of negligible human health and safety concern. Exposure both to wild-caught and captive-housed sea turtles, including consumption of turtle products, raises several health concerns for the public, including: microbiological (bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi), macrobiological (macroparasites), and organic and inorganic toxic contaminants (biotoxins, organochlorines and heavy metals). We conducted a review of sea turtle associated human disease and its causative agents as well as a case study of the commercial sea turtle facility known as the Cayman Turtle Farm (which receives approximately 240,000 visitors annually) including the use of water sampling and laboratory microbial analysis which identified Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp. and Salmonella spp. Our assessment is that pathogens and toxic contaminants may be loosely categorized to represent the following levels of potential risk: viruses and fungi= very low, protozoan parasites = very low to low, metazoan parasites, bacteria and environmental toxic contaminants = low or moderate to high; and biotoxin contaminant= moderate to very high. Farmed turtles and their consumable products may constitute a significant reservoir of potential human pathogen and toxin contamination. Greater awareness among health-care professionals regarding both potential pathogens and toxic contaminants from sea turtles, as well as key signs and symptoms of sea turtle-related human disease, is important for the prevention and control of salient disease.
Improved Black Silicon for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Algasinger Michael , Paye Julie , Werner Florian , Schmidt Jan , Brandt Martin S. , Stutzmann Martin , Koynov Svetoslav 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe morphology and the electronic properties of monocrystalline Si (c‐Si) with a nano‐textured “black” surface, obtained by a metal‐catalyzed wet etching process, and the improvement by an additional chemical treatment are examined with regard to solar cell applications. Photoluminescence and optical reflectivity measurements show the presence of a nano‐porous Si (np‐Si) phase in the as‐prepared nano‐texture. It is found that an additional wet chemical treatment with the standard clean 1 of the common RCA cleaning process removes the np‐Si fraction and significantly alters the surface of the nano‐structure. Cross‐sectional scanning electron microscopy images reveal a pronounced reduction of the surface area, to values of only 3–6 times that of a planar surface. Electron spin resonance measurements were performed to investigate the type and quantity of defects induced by the nano‐texturing process. The optimized nano‐texture exhibits a Si dangling bond density comparable to planar c‐Si wafers. Electrically detected magnetic resonance spectra reveal an additional paramagnetic defect present in the nano‐textured Si, linked to a hydrogen‐ or oxygen‐related double donor. In addition, initial results on the passivation of surface defects via atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 are presented. Photoconductance decay measurements of passivated samples show a tenfold increase of the effective lifetime for nano‐textures which have received the additional etching treatment. The improved electronic quality of the nano‐textured surface makes it an interesting candidate for application as an anti‐reflection surface in solar cells.
Analyzing excess mortality from cancer among individuals with mental illness
Authors: Musuuza Jackson S. , Sherman Marion E. , Knudsen Kraig J. , Sweeney Helen Anne , Tyler Carl V. , Koroukian Siran M. 
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUNDThe objective was to compare patterns of site‐specific cancer mortality in a population of individuals with and without mental illness.METHODSThis was a cross‐sectional, population‐based study using a linked data set comprised of death certificate data for the state of Ohio for the years 2004‐2007 and data from the publicly funded mental health system in Ohio. Decedents with mental illness were those identified concomitantly in both data sets. We used age‐adjusted standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) in race‐ and sex‐specific person‐year strata to estimate excess deaths for each of the anatomic cancer sites.RESULTSOverall, there was excess mortality from cancer associated with having mental illness in all the race/sex strata: SMR, 2.16 (95% CI, 1.85‐2.50) for black men; 2.63 (2.31‐2.98) for black women; 3.89 (3.61‐4.19) for nonblack men; and 3.34 (3.13‐3.57) for nonblack women. In all the race/sex strata except for black women, the highest SMR was observed for laryngeal cancer, 3.94 (1.45‐8.75) in black men and 6.51 (3.86‐10.35) and 6.87 (3.01‐13.60) in nonblack men and women, respectively. The next highest SMRs were noted for hepatobiliary cancer and cancer of the urinary tract in all race/sex strata, except for black men.CONCLUSIONSCompared with the general population in Ohio, individuals with mental illness experienced excess mortality from most cancers, possibly explained by a higher prevalence of smoking, substance abuse, and chronic hepatitis B or C infections in individuals with mental illness. Excess mortality could also reflect late‐stage diagnosis and receipt of inadequate treatment. Cancer 2013;119:2469‐2476. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Non‐linear feeding functional responses in the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) predict immediate negative impact of wetland degradation on this flagship species
Authors: Deville Anne‐Sophie , Grémillet David , Gauthier‐Clerc Michel , Guillemain Matthieu , Von Houwald Friederike , Gardelli Bruno , Béchet Arnaud 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAccurate knowledge of the functional response of predators to prey density is essential for understanding food web dynamics, to parameterize mechanistic models of animal responses to environmental change, and for designing appropriate conservation measures. Greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus), a flagship species of Mediterranean wetlands, primarily feed on Artemias (Artemia spp.) in commercial salt pans, an industry which may collapse for economic reasons. Flamingos also feed on alternative prey such as Chironomid larvae (e.g., Chironomid spp.) and rice seeds (Oryza sativa). However, the profitability of these food items for flamingos remains unknown. We determined the functional responses of flamingos feeding on Artemias, Chironomids, or rice. Experiments were conducted on 11 captive flamingos. For each food item, we offered different ranges of food densities, up to 13 times natural abundance. Video footage allowed estimating intake rates. Contrary to theoretical predictions for filter feeders, intake rates did not increase linearly with increasing food density (type I). Intake rates rather increased asymptotically with increasing food density (type II) or followed a sigmoid shape (type III). Hence, flamingos were not able to ingest food in direct proportion to their abundance, possibly because of unique bill structure resulting in limited filtering capabilities. Overall, flamingos foraged more efficiently on Artemias. When feeding on Chironomids, birds had lower instantaneous rates of food discovery and required more time to extract food from the sediment and ingest it, than when filtering Artemias from the water column. However, feeding on rice was energetically more profitable for flamingos than feeding on Artemias or Chironomids, explaining their attraction for rice fields. Crucially, we found that food densities required for flamingos to reach asymptotic intake rates are rarely met under natural conditions. This allows us to predict an immediate negative effect of any decrease in prey density upon flamingo foraging performance.
Alkylruthenium Complexes Containing Polypyridyl Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Immobilization on Silica
Authors: Huang Enrique Kwan , Cheung Wai‐Man , Chan Ka‐Wang , Lam Frank Leung‐Yuk , Hu Xijun , Zhang Qian‐Feng , Williams Ian D. , Leung Wa‐Hung 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe treatment of [Ru(CO)2Cl2]x with 4,4′,4″‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′:6′,6″‐terpyridyl (tbtpy) in tetrahydrofuran at reflux afforded trans‐[Ru(tbtpy)Cl2(CO)] (1). The alkylation of complex 1 with excess Me3SiCH2MgCl afforded a mixture of trans‐[Ru(tbtpy)(CH2SiMe3)2(CO)] (2) and trans‐[Ru(tbtpy)(CH2SiMe3)Cl(CO)] (3), whereas complex 3 could be obtained in good yield by the alkylation of complex 1 with 1 equiv. of Me3SiCH2MgCl. On the other hand, the alkylation of 1 with MeLi and PhCH2MgBr afforded the monoalkyl complexes [Ru(tbtpy)(Me)Cl(CO)] (4) and [Ru(tbtpy)(CH2Ph)Cl0.5Br0.5(CO)] (5), respectively. The crystal structure of complex 5 was determined. Complex 2 and the previously prepared mer‐[Ru(dtbpy)(CH2SiMe3)3(NO)] (dtbpy = 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl) were immobilized on SBA‐15 by treating the Ru complexes with SBA‐15 in benzene at room temperature. 1H NMR spectroscopy indicated that the reaction of complex 2 and [Ru(dtbpy)(CH2SiMe3)3(NO)] with SBA‐15 in C6D6 resulted in the formation of approximately 1 equiv. of SiMe4, which suggests the grafted species are possibly (≡SiO)Ru(tbtpy)(CH2SiMe3)(CO) and (≡SiO)Ru(dtbpy)(CH2SiMe3)2(NO), respectively. The Ru‐grafted SBA‐15 materials were characterized by IR, reflectance UV/Vis, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as transmission electronic microscopy, and their catalytic performance in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide was examined.
Electrothermal model of monolithic TOPSwitch regulators
Authors: Górecki Krzysztof 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTIn the paper, an electrothermal compact model of monolithic switching‐mode voltage regulators belonging to the TOPSwitch family is proposed. The description of this model and some results of the experimental verification of its correctness on the example of the regulator TOP222Y are presented. The proposed model can be used to calculate the terminal voltages and currents of the investigated device and the internal temperature of this regulator, too. The satisfying agreement between the calculated and measured characteristics of the switching‐mode power supply including the considered integrated circuit was reached. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
E2‐binding surface on Uba3 β‐grasp domain undergoes a conformational transition
Authors: Elgin E. Sonay , Sökmen Nazlı , Peterson Francis C. , Volkman Brian F. , Dağ Çağdaş , Haas Arthur L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin‐like (Ubl) proteins to various eukaryotic targets plays critical roles in regulating numerous cellular processes. E1‐activating enzymes are critical, because they catalyze activation of their cognate Ub/Ubl protein and are responsible for its transfer to the correct E2‐conjugating enzyme(s). The activating enzyme for neural‐precursor‐cell‐expressed developmentally downregulated 8 (NEDD8) is a heterodimer composed of APPBP1 and Uba3 subunits. The carboxyl terminal ubiquitin‐like β‐grasp domain of human Uba3 (Uba3‐βGD) has been suggested as a key E2‐binding site defining E2 specificity. In crystal structures of free E1 and the NEDD8‐E1 complex, the E2‐binding surface on the domain was missing from the electron density. However, when complexed with various E2s, this missing segment adopts a kinked α‐helix. Here, we demonstrate that Uba3‐βGD is an independently folded domain in solution and that residues involved in E2 binding are absent from the NMR spectrum, indicating that the E2‐binding surface on Uba3‐βGD interconverts between multiple conformations, analogous to a similar conformational transition observed in the E2‐binding surface of SUMO E1. These results suggest that access to multiple conformational substates is an important feature of the E1–E2 interaction. Proteins 2012;. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quasi‐harmonic fluctuations of two bound peptides
Authors: Gur Mert , Erman Burak 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBinding of two short peptides of sequences ASN‐ASP‐MET‐PHE‐ARG‐LEU and LEU‐LEU‐PHE‐MET‐GLN‐HIS and their bound complex structures is studied. Molecular dynamic simulations of the three structures around their respective minimum energy conformations are performed and a quasi‐harmonic analysis is performed over the trajectories generated. The fluctuation correlation matrix is constructed for all Cα‐atoms of the peptides for the full trajectory. The spring constant matrix between peptide Cα‐atoms is obtained from the correlation matrix. Statistical thermodynamics of fluctuations, the energies, entropies, and the free energies of binding are discussed in terms of the quasi‐harmonic model. Sites contributing to the stability of the system and presenting high affinity for binding are determined. Contribution of hydrophobic forces to binding is discussed. Quasi‐harmonic approximation identifies the essential subspace of motions, the important interactions, and binding sites, gives the energetic contribution of each individual interaction, and filters out noise observed in molecular dynamics owing to uncorrelated motions. Comparison of the molecular dynamics results with those of the quasi‐harmonic model shows the importance of entropy change, resulting from water molecules being liberated from the surfaces of the two peptides upon binding. Proteins 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the effects of metformin on porcine oocyte meiosis and on AMP-activated protein kinase activation in oocytes and cumulus cells
Authors: Bilodeau-Goeseels Sylvie , Magyara Nora , Collignon Coralie 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) and metformin (MET) inhibit resumption of meiosis in porcine cumulus-enclosed oocytes. The objective of this study was to characterize the inhibitory effect of MET on porcine oocyte meiosis by: (1) determining the effects of an AMPK inhibitor and of inhibitors of signalling pathways involved in MET-induced AMPK activation in other cell types on MET-mediated meiotic arrest in porcine cumulus-enclosed oocytes; (2) determining whether MET and AICAR treatments lead to increased activation of porcine oocyte and/or cumulus cell AMPK as measured by phosphorylation of its substrate acetyl-CoA carboxylase; and (3) determining the effects of inhibition of the AMPK kinase, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK), and Ca2+ chelation on oocyte meiotic maturation and AMPK activation in porcine oocytes and cumulus cells. The AMPK inhibitor compound C (CC; 1 μM) did not reverse the inhibitory effect of AICAR (1 mM) and MET (2 mM) on porcine oocyte meiosis. Additionally, CC had a significant inhibitory effect on its own. eNOS, c-Src and PI-3 kinase pathway inhibitors did not reverse the effect of metformin on porcine oocyte meiosis. The level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation in oocytes and cumulus cells did not change in response to culture in the presence of MET, AICAR, CC, the CaMKK inhibitor STO-609 or the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM for 3 h, but STO-609 increased the percentage of porcine cumulus-enclosed oocytes (CEO) that remained at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage after 24 h of culture. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of MET and AICAR on porcine oocyte meiosis was probably not mediated through activation of AMPK.
Climatic requirements.
Authors: Hall H. K. , Sobey T. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the beneficial and harmful effects of various climatic factors on the ability of raspberries to progress through the phenological stages of growth from juvenility to senescence. The importance of a temperate climate for almost all raspberry cultivars is discussed and the chilling requirements for seed germination and floricane bud break are highlighted.
Postharvest physiology and storage of raspberries.
Authors: Perkins-Veazie P. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the proper raspberry cultivar selection for the desired market. The importance of the production environment in determining labour and cooling needs for fresh markets is discussed. The benefits of harvesting fresh berries gently by hand into the appropriate container, rapid cooling to slow softening and colour change and cold temperature storage through the shipping and marketing steps are also highlighted.
Visualization of the Anticaging Effect of Ronozyme WX Xylanase on Wheat Substrates
Authors: Le Duy Michael , Fojan Peter , Azem Elisabeth , Pettersson Dan , Pedersen Ninfa Rangel 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTA fluorescence microscope was used for visualization of the anticaging effect of a commercial xylanase on milled wheat, microtome cuts of wheat grains, and digesta samples obtained from piglets 1 or 4 h after feeding a wheat‐based diet (wheat 490 g/kg of diet, barley 100 g/kg of diet, and oats 100 g/kg of diet). Both starchy endosperm and aleurone cell walls were shown to be broken down by Ronozyme WX commercial xylanase. Data obtained by fluorescence microscopy was supplemented with measurements of starch and xylose released as a result of degradation of nonstarch polysaccharides by the xylanase. The results visualize and provide evidence that Ronozyme WX commercial xylanase can overcome the so‐called cage effect. This release of nutrients from their encapsulation in cereal cell wall structures has positive impact on nutrient digestibility and partially explains the positive effect of xylanase supplementation on livestock performance.