bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longing for “Normal” Post‐Fordism: Cape Verdean Labor‐Power on a Lisbon Periphery in Crisis
Authors: Weeks Samuel 
Published: June 2015

AbstractStarting in the late 1970s, Cape Verdean labor‐power became indispensable in a number of sectors of the Portuguese economy, no longer merely filling gaps but serving as a vital part of the workforce in key industries such as civil construction and cleaning services. Assuming a central role in the productive process, these largely “low‐skilled” immigrants came to form a reserve army of labor in the fragmented service‐sector economy of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Although they come from diverse backgrounds and belong to different migratory phases, Cape Verdeans continue to be concentrated in the most precarious and poorly paid strata of the Portuguese labor market. The tenuous situation of most Cape Verdean immigrants has made them especially vulnerable to the post‐2010 economic downturn and the accompanying IMF‐mandated structural changes and liberalization measures. In this paper, I examine the trajectory of four Cape Verdean workers in the Portuguese labor market prior to 2010 and during the current “crisis economy.” While these accounts differ in the details, they are alike in how my interviewees have seen their daily lives become more difficult and insecure. In addition to exploring this sequence of events, I contextualize these case studies within the extant literature on precarity. In this regard, I identify a temporal gap in concept of precarity as it has been theorized to date. Whereas most scholars juxtapose the stability of the Fordist period with the precariousness of our post‐Fordist times, I wish to highlight how my interviewees simply long for a return to pre‐crisis post‐Fordism, not Fordism per se.
Detection of peri‐implant bone defects with different radiographic techniques – a human cadaver study
Authors: Kühl Sebastian , Zürcher Silvia , Zitzmann Nicola U. , Filippi Andreas , Payer Michael , Dagassan‐Berndt Dorothea 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectivesTwo‐ and three‐dimensional radiographic techniques are available to determine peri‐implantitis‐related bone loss around dental implants.PurposeTo compare the performance of detecting different peri‐implant bone defects in intraoral radiography (IR), panoramic radiography (PR), Cone Beam Computer Tomography (CBCT) and Computer Tomography (CT).Material and methodsSix implants were inserted under ideal conditions into the lower jaw of an edentulous human cadaver. IR, PR, CBCT and CT were performed. Two‐wall, three‐wall and four‐wall defects with 1 mm depth were artificially created around two of the implants (one anterior and one posterior), and radiographies were repeated. The identical set‐up was used for 3‐mm‐deep bone defects. All images were presented to seven observers. Sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) were determined for each modality, defect type and depths, and likelihood ratios were calculated.ResultsThe highest sensitivity was found with IR and CBCT for 1 mm (0.67; 0.68) and 3‐mm defects (0.81; 0.79). The highest specificity was found with IR for both defect depths (0.51). The best classification of defect type revealed PR for both 1‐mm and 3‐mm‐deep defects. Both likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR−) were best for IR with 1‐mm (1.37 and 0.65) and with 3‐mm defects (1.65 and 0.37).ConclusionsIR should still be recommended as favourable method evaluating bone loss around dental implants, while CT demonstrated the lowest performance in detecting peri‐implant bone defects.
Linking sedimentary sulfur and iron biogeochemistry to growth patterns of a cold‐water coral mound in the Porcupine Basin, S.W. Ireland (IODP Expedition 307)
Authors: Wehrmann L. M. , Titschack J. , Böttcher M. E. , Ferdelman T. G. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractChallenger Mound, a 150‐m‐high cold‐water coral mound on the eastern flank of the Porcupine Seabight off SW Ireland, was drilled during Expedition 307 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). Retrieved cores offer unique insight into an archive of Quaternary paleo‐environmental change, long‐term coral mound development, and the diagenetic alteration of these carbonate fabrics over time. To characterize biogeochemical carbon–iron–sulfur transformations in the mound sediments, the contents of dithionite‐ and HCl‐extractable iron phases, iron monosulfide and pyrite, and acid‐extractable calcium, magnesium, manganese, and strontium were determined. Additionally, the stable isotopic compositions of pore‐water sulfate and solid‐phase reduced sulfur compounds were analyzed. Sulfate penetrated through the mound sequence and into the underlying Miocene sediments, where a sulfate–methane transition zone was identified. Small sulfate concentration decreases (<7 mm) within the top 40 m of the mound suggested slow net rates of present‐day organoclastic sulfate reduction. Increasing δ34S‐sulfate values due to microbial sulfate reduction mirrored the decrease in sulfate concentrations. This process was accompanied by oxygen isotope exchange with water that was indicated by increasing δ18O‐sulfate values, reaching equilibrium with pore‐water at depth. Below 50 mbsf, sediment intervals with strong 34S‐enriched imprints on chromium‐reducible sulfur (pyrite S), high degree‐of‐pyritization values, and semi‐lithified diagenetic carbonate‐rich layers characterized by poor coral preservation, were observed. These layers provided evidence for the occurrence of enhanced microbial sulfate‐reducing activity in the mound in the past during periods of rapid mound aggradation and subsequent intervals of non‐deposition or erosion when geochemical fronts remained stationary. During these periods, especially during the Early Pleistocene, elevated sulfate reduction rates facilitated the consumption of reducible iron oxide phases, coral dissolution, and the subsequent formation of carbonate cements.
Diverse associations among coral host haplotypes and algal endosymbionts may drive adaptation at geographically peripheral and ecologically marginal locations
Authors: Noreen Annika M. E. , Schmidt‐Roach Sebastian , Harrison Peter L. , van Oppen Madeleine J. H. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimTo understand the evolutionary history and local adaptation of marginal, subtropical populations of a common reef‐building coral (genusPocillopora) and theirSymbiodiniumendosymbionts.LocationSubtropical coastal (Solitary Islands, Flinders Reef) and offshore (Lord Howe Island, Middleton Reef, Elizabeth Reef) eastern Australia and the southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR).MethodsCoral genetic diversity and identity were assessed by sequence analysis of a mitochondrial (mtDNA) region (ORF), aPCR‐based mtDNAscreening assay, and microsatellite loci. The identity of theSymbiodiniumwas determined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of nuclearrDNA ITS2.ResultsThe mitochondrial haplotypePocillopora damicornisType α was present at all locations: 100% on theGBRand Flinders Reef, 85% and 87% respectively at Middleton Reef and Elizabeth Reef, 25% at Lord Howe Island and 5% at the Solitary Islands. An additional haplotype was observed at the Solitary Islands (corresponding to the recently describedPocillopora aliciae), and a third haplotype at the offshore high‐latitude reefs (termed the Lord Howe Island haplotype). Congruent with the mtDNAresults, microsatellite markers showed the same three population clusters. OneSymbiodiniumprofile occurred in 100% of the samples at two of the threeGBRreefs and Flinders Reef, and a different profile occurred in all colonies analysed from Lord Howe Island. These two profiles were observed at Middleton and Elizabeth reefs in association with bothP. damicornisType α and the Lord Howe Island coral haplotype. Two uniqueSymbiodiniumprofiles were detected at the Solitary Islands.Main conclusionsWe detected evidence for local adaptation of subtropical coral andSymbiodinium, flexible coral–Symbiodiniumassociations, and the presence of transition zones that may contain evolutionarily significant novelty.
Commentary: A glass half full or half empty? Cognitive bias modification for mental health problems in children and adolescents – reflections on the meta‐analysis by Cristea et al. (2015)
Authors: Lau Jennifer Y. F. 
Published: June 2015

The last decade has cognitive bias modification (CBM) training paradigms, emerging first as an experimental test of the causal role of information‐processing biases on mood and anxiety symptoms, and then, as the clinical implications of these findings were realised, as a potential clinical ‘vaccine’ that could be used to modify biases and reduce symptoms. CBM is an umbrella term for methods designed to modify cognitive factors that maintain psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression through simple repetitive learning. Two biases that have most often been targeted by these training programs are the tendency to orient attention towards threat and distortions in the interpretation of ambiguous situations. This commentary reflects on an accompanying meta‐analysis by Crsitea et al., which pooled effect sizes from over 20 statistical comparisons between a CBM group and a control group on post‐training measures of mental health (mostly anxiety and depression). Cristea et al. reported that any CBM training‐associated difference on measures of anxiety and depression were weak and non‐significant (although training effects were generally evident on measures of cognitive biases). Heterogeneity across studies was high, but with exception to the setting in which CBM was delivered (home, school, laboratory or mental health facility), there was no persuasive evidence for significant moderation of training effects by other key variables. In their conclusions the authors suggested that CBM had little clinical utility and that it was unclear whether positive results in any individual study arose from experimenter or participant bias. So if the glass is half empty, what should the next stage of CBM research usefully focus on?
Emotion regulation of the affect‐modulated startle reflex during different picture categories
Authors: Conzelmann Annette , McGregor Victoria , Pauli Paul 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPrevious studies on emotion regulation of the startle reflex found an increase in startle amplitude from down‐, to non‐, to up‐regulation for pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. We wanted to clarify whether this regulation effect remains stable for different picture categories within pleasant and unpleasant picture sets. We assessed startle amplitude of 31 participants during down‐, non‐, or up‐regulation of feelings elicited by pleasant erotic and adventure and unpleasant victim and threat pictures. Startle amplitude was smaller during adventure and erotic compared to victim and threat pictures and increased from down‐, to non‐, to up‐regulation independently of the picture category. Results indicate that the motivational priming effect on startle modulation elicited by different picture categories is independent of emotion regulation instructions. In addition, the emotion regulation effect is independent of motivational priming effects.
Representative Bureaucracy and the Willingness to Coproduce: An Experimental Study
Authors: Riccucci Norma M. , Van Ryzin Gregg G. , Li Huafang 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRelying on the theory of representative bureaucracy—specifically, the notion of symbolic representation—this article examines whether varying the number of female public officials overseeing a local recycling program influences citizens’ (especially women's) willingness to cooperate with the government by recycling, thus coproducing important policy outcomes. Using a survey experiment in which the first names of public officials are manipulated, the authors find a clear pattern of increasing willingness on the part of women to coproduce when female names are more represented in the agency responsible for recycling, particularly with respect to the more difficult task of composting food waste. Overall, men in the experiment were less willing to coproduce across all measures and less responsive to the gender balance of names. These findings have important implications for the theory of representative bureaucracy and for efforts to promote the coproduction of public services.
The European Single Currency Project and the Concept of Convergence for European Welfare States – The Ideal and the Reality
Authors: Haynes Philip 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUsing a country comparative case based methodology that combines the methods of Cluster Analysis and Qualitative Comparative Analysis, this article examines whether there is any quantitative evidence that countries which are members of the euro currency have experienced a convergence of the outputs and outcome of the European welfare state for euro member countries. The analysis concludes there is little evidence of a holistic euro based convergence of either welfare outputs or outcome. It is argued that outputs such as full employment, equity of health care provision, poverty reduction and educational attainment might reasonably be expected to converge in the longer term, but only if the euro crisis results in a much more planned and coordinated interventionist policy approach to the macro political economy. An outcome, however, such as subjective well‐being, is potentially influenced by other historical and cultural factors and is only partially determined by macro political economic policy.
Technical Note: Relation between dual‐energy subtraction of CT images for electron density calibration and virtual monochromatic imaging
Authors: Saito Masatoshi 
Published: June 2015

Purpose:For accurate tissue inhomogeneity correction in radiotherapy treatment planning, the author previously proposed a simple conversion of the energy‐subtracted computed tomography (CT) number to an electron density (ΔHU–ρe conversion), which provides a single linear relationship between ΔHU and ρe over a wide ρe range. The purpose of the present study was to reveal the relation between the ΔHU image for ρe calibration and a virtually monochromatic CT image by performing numerical analyses based on the basis material decomposition in dual‐energy CT.Methods:The author determined the weighting factor, α0, of the ΔHU–ρe conversion through numerical analyses of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Report‐46 human body tissues using their attenuation coefficients and given ρe values. Another weighting factor, α(E), for synthesizing a virtual monochromatic CT image from high‐ and low‐kV CT images, was also calculated in the energy range of 0.03 < E < 5 MeV, assuming that cortical bone and water were the basis materials. The mass attenuation coefficients for these materials were obtained using the xcom photon cross sections database. The effective x‐ray energies used to calculate the attenuation were chosen to imitate a dual‐source CT scanner operated at 80–140 and 100–140 kV/Sn.Results:The determined α0 values were 0.455 for 80–140 kV/Sn and 0.743 for 100–140 kV/Sn. These values coincided almost perfectly with the respective maximal points of the calculated α(E) curves located at approximately 1 MeV, in which the photon‐matter interaction in human body tissues is exclusively the incoherent (Compton) scattering.Conclusions:The ΔHU image could be regarded substantially as a CT image acquired with monoenergetic 1‐MeV photons, which provides a linear relationship between CT numbers and electron densities.
Technical Note: Convergence analysis of a polyenergetic SART algorithm
Authors: Humphries T. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose:The authors analyze a recently proposed polyenergetic version of the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART). This algorithm, denoted polyenergetic SART (pSART), replaces the monoenergetic forward projection operation used by SART with a postlog, polyenergetic forward projection, while leaving the rest of the algorithm unchanged. While the proposed algorithm provides good results empirically, convergence of the algorithm was not established mathematically in the original paper.Methods:The authors analyze pSART as a nonlinear fixed point iteration by explicitly computing the Jacobian of the iteration. A necessary condition for convergence is that the spectral radius of the Jacobian, evaluated at the fixed point, is less than one. A short proof of convergence for SART is also provided as a basis for comparison.Results:The authors show that the pSART algorithm is not guaranteed to converge, in general. The Jacobian of the iteration depends on several factors, including the system matrix and how one models the energy dependence of the linear attenuation coefficient. The authors provide a simple numerical example that shows that the spectral radius of the Jacobian matrix is not guaranteed to be less than one. A second set of numerical experiments using realistic CT system matrices, however, indicates that conditions for convergence are likely to be satisfied in practice.Conclusions:Although pSART is not mathematically guaranteed to converge, their numerical experiments indicate that it will tend to converge at roughly the same rate as SART for system matrices of the type encountered in CT imaging. Thus, the authors conclude that the algorithm is still a useful method for reconstruction of polyenergetic CT data.
Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?
Authors: Fan Chia-Kwung , Holland Celia V. , Loxton Karen , Barghouth Ursula 
Published: June 2015

SUMMARYToxocara canisandT. catiare highly prevalent nematode infections of the intestines of dogs and cats. In paratenic hosts, larvae do not mature in the intestine but instead migrate through the somatic tissues and organs of the body. The presence of these migrating larvae can contribute to pathology.Toxocaralarvae can invade the brains of humans, and while case descriptions of cerebral toxocariasis are historically rare, improved diagnosis and greater awareness have contributed to increased detection. Despite this, cerebral or neurological toxocariasis (NT) remains a poorly understood phenomenon. Furthermore, our understanding of cognitive deficits due to toxocariasis in human populations remains particularly deficient. Recent data describe an enhanced expression of biomarkers associated with brain injury, such as GFAP, AβPP, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), NF-L, S100B, tTG, and p-tau, in mice receiving even low doses ofToxocaraova. Finally, this review outlines a hypothesis to explore the relationship between the presence ofT. canislarvae in the brain and the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to enhanced AD-associated neurodegenerative biomarker expression.
Accuracy of Lipoarabinomannan and Xpert MTB/RIF Testing in Cerebrospinal Fluid To Diagnose Tuberculous Meningitis in an Autopsy Cohort of HIV-Infected Adults
Authors: Cox Janneke A. , Lukande Robert L. , Kalungi Sam , Van Marck Eric , Lammens Martin , Van de Vijver Koen , Kambugu Andrew , Nelson Ann M. , Colebunders Robert , Manabe Yukari C. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
Point-of-care tests for tuberculous meningitis (TBM) are needed. We studied the diagnostic accuracy of the lipoarabinomannan (LAM) lateral flow assay (LFA), LAM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Xpert MTB/RIF in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in an autopsy cohort of Ugandan HIV-infected adults. We obtained written informed consent postmortem from the next of kin. A complete autopsy was done and CSF obtained. We performed LAM LFA (on unprepared and supernatant CSF after heating and spinning), LAM ELISA, and Xpert MTB/RIF on the CSF samples. Accuracy parameters were calculated for histopathological TBM and also for the composite standard, including Xpert MTB/RIF-positive cases. We tested CSF of 91 patients. LAM LFA had a sensitivity of 75% for definite histopathological TBM, ELISA a sensitivity of 43%, and Xpert MTB/RIF a sensitivity of 100% and specificities of 87%, 91%, and 87%, respectively. LAM LFA had a sensitivity of 50% for definite and probable histopathological TBM, ELISA a sensitivity of 38%, and Xpert MTB/RIF a sensitivity of 86% and specificities of 70%, 91%, and 87%, respectively. LAM LFA had a sensitivity of 68% for the composite standard and ELISA a sensitivity of 48% and specificities of 78% and 98%, respectively. The rapid diagnostic tests detected TBM in 22% to 78% of patients not on anti-TB treatment. Point-of-care tests have high accuracy in diagnosis of TBM in deceased HIV-infected adults. LAM LFA in CSF is a useful additional diagnostic tool.
Identification of Owl Monkey CD4 Receptors Broadly Compatible with Early-Stage HIV-1 Isolates
Authors: Meyerson Nicholas R. , Sharma Amit , Wilkerson Gregory K. , Overbaugh Julie , Sawyer Sara L. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Most HIV-1 variants isolated from early-stage human infections do not use nonhuman primate versions of the CD4 receptor for cellular entry, or they do so poorly. We and others have previously shown that
CD4
has experienced strong natural selection over the course of primate speciation, but it is unclear whether this selection has influenced the functional characteristics of CD4 as an HIV-1 receptor. Surprisingly, we find that selection on
CD4
has been most intense in the New World monkeys, animals that have never been found to harbor lentiviruses related to HIV-1. Based on this, we sampled
CD4
genetic diversity within populations of individuals from seven different species, including five species of New World monkeys. We found that some, but not all,
CD4
alleles found in Spix's owl monkeys (
Aotus vociferans
) encode functional receptors for early-stage human HIV-1 isolates representing all of the major group M clades (A, B, C, and D). However, only some isolates of HIV-1 subtype C can use the CD4 receptor encoded by permissive Spix's owl monkey alleles. We characterized the prevalence of functional
CD4
alleles in a colony of captive Spix's owl monkeys and found that 88% of surveyed individuals are homozygous for permissive
CD4
alleles, which encode an asparagine at position 39 of the receptor. We found that the CD4 receptors encoded by two other species of owl monkeys (
Aotus azara
e and
Aotus nancymaae
) also serve as functional entry receptors for early-stage isolates of HIV-1.

IMPORTANCE
Nonhuman primates, particularly macaques, are used for preclinical evaluation of HIV-1 vaccine candidates. However, a significant limitation of the macaque model is the fact that most circulating HIV-1 variants cannot use the macaque CD4 receptor to enter cells and have to be adapted to these species. This is particularly true for viral variants from early stages of infection, which represent the most relevant vaccine targets. In this study, we found that some individuals from captive owl monkey populations harbor
CD4
alleles that are compatible with a broad collection of HIV-1 isolates, including those isolated from early in infection in highly affected populations and representing diverse subtypes.
ControllingCryptosporidiumin the environment
Authors: Wells Beth 
Published: June 2015

Cryptosporidiumis a zoonotic pathogen which can affect livestock, wild animals and people. If public water supplies become contaminated with the parasite, it can pose a public health risk. Recently, Beth Wells and colleagues from the Moredun Research Institute undertook a study looking atCryptosporidiumtransmission in Glenlivet, Scotland. The project provided an example of how the health of livestock, wild animals, the environment and people intersect