bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choline acetyltransferase‐like immunoreactivity in a physiologically distinct subtype of olfactory nonspiking local interneurons in the cockroach (periplaneta americana)
Authors: Fusca Debora , Husch Andreas , Baumann Arnd , Kloppenburg Peter 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTBehavioral and physiological studies have shown that local interneurons are pivotal for processing odor information in the insect antennal lobe. They mediate inhibitory and excitatory interactions between the glomerular pathways and ultimately shape the tuning profile of projection neurons. To identify putative cholinergic local interneurons in the antennal lobe of Periplaneta americana, an antibody raised against the biosynthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was applied to individual morphologically and electrophysiologically characterized local interneurons. In nonspiking type IIa1 local interneurons, which were classified in this study, we found ChAT‐like immunoreactivity suggesting that they are most likely excitatory. This is a well‐defined population of neurons that generates Ca2+‐driven spikelets upon depolarization and stimulation with odorants, but not Na+‐driven action potentials, because they lack voltage‐activated transient Na+ currents. The nonspiking type IIa2 and type IIb local interneurons, in which Ca2+‐driven spikelets were absent, had no ChAT‐like immunoreactivity. The GABA‐like immunoreactive, spiking type I local interneurons had no ChAT‐like immunoreactivity. In addition, we showed that uniglomerular projection neurons with cell bodies located in the ventral portion of the ventrolateral somata group and projections along the inner antennocerebral tract exhibited ChAT‐like immunoreactivity. Assigning potential transmitters and neuromodulators to distinct morphological and electrophysiological types of antennal lobe neurons is an important prerequisite for a detailed understanding of odor information processing in insects. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3556‐3569, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subcellular organization of camkii in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons
Authors: Ding Jin‐Dong , Kennedy Mary B. , Weinberg Richard J. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTCalcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) plays a key role in N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐dependent long‐term synaptic plasticity; its location is critical for signal transduction, and may provide clues that further elucidate its function. We therefore examined the subcellular localization of CaMKII in CA1 stratum radiatum of adult rat hippocampus, by using immuno‐electron microscopy after chemical fixation. When tissue was fixed quickly, the concentration of CaMKIIα (assessed by pre‐embedding immunogold) was significantly higher in dendritic shafts than in spine heads. However, when tissue was fixed 5 minutes after perfusion with normal saline, the density of labeling decreased in dendritic shaft while increasing in spine heads, implying rapid translocation into the spine during brief perimortem stress. Likewise, in quickly fixed tissue, CaMKII within spine heads was found at comparable concentrations in the “proximal” half (adjacent to the spine neck) and the “distal” half (containing the postsynaptic density [PSD]), whereas after delayed fixation, label density increased in the distal side of the spine head, suggesting that CaMKII within the spine head moves toward the PSD during this interval. To estimate its distribution at the synapse in vivo, we performed postembedding immunogold staining for CaMKII in quick‐fixed tissue, and found that the enzyme did not concentrate primarily within the central matrix of the PSD. Instead, labeling density peaked ∼40 nm inside the postsynaptic membrane, at the cytoplasmic fringe of the PSD. Labeling within 25 nm of the postsynaptic membrane concentrated at the lateral edge of the synapse. This lateral “PSD core” pool of CaMKII may play a special role in synaptic plasticity. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3570‐3583, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nuclear factor one B regulates neural stem cell differentiation and axonal projection of corticofugal neurons
Authors: Betancourt Jennifer , Katzman Sol , Chen Bin 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTDuring development of the cerebral cortex, neural stem cells divide to expand the progenitor pool and generate basal progenitors, outer radial glia, and cortical neurons. As these newly born neurons differentiate, they must properly migrate toward their final destination in the cortical plate, project axons to appropriate targets, and develop dendrites. However, a complete understanding of the precise genetic mechanisms regulating these steps is lacking. Here we show that a member of the nuclear factor one (NFI) family of transcription factors, NFIB, is essential for many of these processes in mice. We performed a detailed analysis of NFIB expression during cortical development, and investigated defects in cortical neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and differentiation in NfiB−/− brains. We found that NFIB is strongly expressed in radial glia and corticofugal neurons throughout cortical development. However, in NfiB−/− cortices, radial glia failed to generate outer radial glia, subsequently resulting in a loss of late basal progenitors. In addition, corticofugal neurons showed a severe loss of axonal projections, whereas late‐born cortical neurons displayed defects in migration and ectopically expressed the early‐born neuronal marker CTIP2. Furthermore, gene expression analysis, by RNA sequencing, revealed a misexpression of genes that regulate the cell cycle, neuronal differentiation and migration in NfiB−/− brains. Together these results demonstrate the critical functions of NFIB in regulating cortical development. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:6–35, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Withdrawal and restoration of central vagal afferents within the dorsal vagal complex following subdiaphragmatic vagotomy
Authors: Peters James H. , Gallaher Zachary R. , Ryu Vitaly , Czaja Krzysztof 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTVagotomy, a severing of the peripheral axons of the vagus nerve, has been extensively utilized to determine the role of vagal afferents in viscerosensory signaling. Vagotomy is also an unavoidable component of some bariatric surgeries. Although it is known that peripheral axons of the vagus nerve degenerate and then regenerate to a limited extent following vagotomy, very little is known about the response of central vagal afferents in the dorsal vagal complex to this type of damage. We tested the hypothesis that vagotomy results in the transient withdrawal of central vagal afferent terminals from their primary central target, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Sprague–Dawley rats underwent bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and were sacrificed 10, 30, or 60 days later. Plastic changes in vagal afferent fibers and synapses were investigated at the morphological and functional levels by using a combination of an anterograde tracer, synapse‐specific markers, and patch‐clamp electrophysiology in horizontal brain sections. Morphological data revealed that numbers of vagal afferent fibers and synapses in the NTS were significantly reduced 10 days following vagotomy and were restored to control levels by 30 days and 60 days, respectively. Electrophysiology revealed transient decreases in spontaneous glutamate release, glutamate release probability, and the number of primary afferent inputs. Our results demonstrate that subdiaphragmatic vagotomy triggers transient withdrawal and remodeling of central vagal afferent terminals in the NTS. The observed vagotomy‐induced plasticity within this key feeding center of the brain may be partially responsible for the response of bariatric patients following gastric bypass surgery. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3584‐3599, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Odd‐skipped labels a group of distinct neurons associated with the mushroom body and optic lobe in the adult Drosophila brain
Authors: Levy Peter , Larsen Camilla 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTOlfactory processing has been intensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster. However, we still know little about the descending neural pathways from the higher order processing centers and how these connect with other neural circuits. Here we describe, in detail, the adult projections patterns that arise from a cluster of 78 neurons, defined by the expression of the Odd‐skipped transcription factor. We term these neurons Odd neurons. By using expression of genetically encoded axonal and dendritic markers, we show that a subset of the Odd neurons projects dendrites into the calyx of the mushroom body (MB) and axons into the inferior protocerebrum. We exclude the possibility that the Odd neurons are part of the well‐known Kenyon cells whose projections form the MB and conclude that the Odd neurons belong to a previously not described class of extrinsic MB neurons. In addition, three of the Odd neurons project into the lobula plate of the optic lobe, and two of these cells extend axons ipsi‐ and contralaterally in the brain. Anatomically, these cells do not resemble any previously described lobula plate tangential cells (LPTCs) in Drosophila. We show that the Odd neurons are predominantly cholinergic but also include a small number of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. Finally, we provide evidence that the Odd neurons are a hemilineage, suggesting they are born from a defined set of neuroblasts. Our anatomical analysis hints at the possibility that subgroups of Odd neurons could be involved in olfactory and visual processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3716–3740, 2013. © 2013 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of myelination and cholinergic innervation in the central auditory system of a prosimian primate (Otolemur garnetti)
Authors: Miller Daniel J. , Lackey Elizabeth P. , Hackett Troy A. , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTChange in the timeline of neurobiological growth is an important source of biological variation, and thus phenotypic evolution. However, no study has to date investigated sensory system development in any of the prosimian primates that are thought to most closely resemble our earliest primate ancestors. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter critical to normal brain function by regulating synaptic plasticity associated with attention and learning. Myelination is an important structural component of the brain because it facilitates rapid neuronal communication. In this work we investigated the expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the density of myelinated axons throughout postnatal development in the inferior colliculus (IC), medial geniculate complex (MGC), and auditory cortex (auditory core, belt, and parabelt) in Garnett's greater galago (Otolemur garnetti). We found that the IC and MGC exhibit relatively high myelinated fiber length density (MFLD) values at birth and attain adult‐like values by the species‐typical age at weaning. In contrast, neocortical auditory fields are relatively unmyelinated at birth and only attain adult‐like MFLD values by the species‐typical age at puberty. Analysis of AChE expression indicated that, in contrast to evidence from rodent samples, the adult‐like distribution of AChE in the core area of auditory cortex, dense bands in layers I, IIIb/IV, and Vb/VI, is present at birth. These data indicate the differential developmental trajectory of central auditory system structures and demonstrate the early onset of adult‐like AChE expression in primary auditory cortex in O. garnetti, suggesting the auditory system is more developed at birth in primates compared to rodents. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3804–3816, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative analysis ofTsc1andTsc2single and double radial glial cell mutants
Authors: Mietzsch Ulrike , McKenna James , Reith R. Michelle , Way Sharon W. , Gambello Michael J. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with variable expressivity. Heterozygous mutations in either of two genes,TSC1(hamartin) orTSC2(tuberin), are responsible for most cases. Hamartin and tuberin form a heterodimer that functions as a major cellular inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase. Genotype‐phenotype studies suggest thatTSC2mutations are associated with a more severe neurologic phenotype, although the biologic basis for the difference betweenTSC1‐ andTSC2‐based disease is unclear. Here we performed a study to compare and contrast the brain phenotypes ofTsc1andTsc2single and double mutants. UsingTsc1andTsc2floxed alleles and a radial glial transgenic Cre driver (FVB‐Tg(GFAP‐cre)25Mes/J), we deletedTsc1and/orTsc2in radial glial progenitor cells. Single and double mutants had remarkably similar phenotypes: early postnatal mortality, brain overgrowth, laminar disruption, astrogliosis, a paucity of oligodendroglia, and myelination defects. DoubleTsc1/Tsc2mutants died earlier than single mutants, and single mutants showed differences in the location of heterotopias and the organization of the hippocampal stratum pyramidale. The differences were not due to differential mTORC1 activation or feedback inhibition on Akt. These data provide further genetic evidence for individual hamartin and tuberin functions that may explain some of the genotype–phenotype differences seen in the human disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3817–3831, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intraspinal stretch receptor neurons mediate different motor responses along the body in lamprey
Authors: Hsu Li‐Ju , Zelenin Pavel V. , Grillner Sten , Orlovsky Grigori N. , Deliagina Tatiana G. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTIn lampreys, stretch receptor neurons (SRNs) are located at the margins of the spinal cord and activated by longitudinal stretch in that area caused by body bending. The aim of this study was a comprehensive analysis of motor responses to bending of the lamprey body in different planes and at different rostrocaudal levels. For this purpose,in vitropreparation of the spinal cord isolated together with notochord was used, and responses to bending were recorded from SRNs, as well as from motoneurons innervating the dorsal (dMNs) and ventral (vMNs) parts of a myotome. It was found that SRNs were activated on the convex (stretched) side of the preparation during bending both in the yaw and in the pitch plane. By contrast, responses of motoneurons depended on the site and plane of bending. In the yaw plane, concave responses to bending of rostral segments and convex responses to bending of mid‐body segments prevailed. In the pitch plane, convex responses in dMNs and concave responses in vMNs to bending in mid‐body segments prevailed. These spinal reflexes could contribute to feedback regulation of locomotor body undulations and to the control of body configuration during locomotion. After a longitudinal split of the spinal cord, only convex responses in motoneurons were present, suggesting an important role of contralateral networks in determining the type of motor response. Stimulation of the brainstem changed the type of motor response to bending, suggesting that these spinal reflexes can be modified by supraspinal signals in accordance with different motor behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3847–3862, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myeloid leukemia in a urine specimen: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: McCroskey Zulfia , Mehta Vikas , Wojcik Eva M. , Barkan Güliz A. 
Published: June 2013

Urinary tract cytology has a long history of utilization for the diagnosis and follow‐up of tumors involving the urothelial tract. As expected, the most common tumor encountered in exfoliative urine cytology is urothelial carcinoma. While the sensitivity of urinary tract cytology for the diagnosis of low‐grade urothelial carcinomas is low, its sensitivity and accuracy for high grade urothelial carcinomas is much higher. However, nonurothelial malignancies, such as hematopoietic malignancies, can also be encountered in urine specimens. Leukemic cells in urine can be diagnosed readily by cytological examination in cases where more invasive procedures are difficult to perform. Additionally, cell block sections can be utilized to determine the immunocytochemical profile of the tumor cells to confirm the diagnosis.Herein we report a case of a 75‐year‐old man with a past medical history of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), who presented with congested heart failure and painless macroscopic hematuria. AML relapse was diagnosed. Cytological examination of the urine using a ThinPrep® smear, cytospin preparation, and immunohistochemical stains performed on the cell block sections were examined. Findings were consistent with leukemic cells of myeloid origin in the bladder washing specimen. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:700–704. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of prenatal stress on Alpha4 Beta2 and Alpha7 hippocampal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor levels in adult offspring
Authors: Schulz Kalynn M. , Andrud Kristin M. , Burke Maria B. , Pearson Jennifer N. , Kreisler Alison D. , Stevens Karen E. , Leonard Sherry , Adams Catherine E. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTPrenatal stress in humans is associated with psychiatric problems in offspring such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. These same illnesses are also associated with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) dysfunction. Despite the known associations between prenatal stress exposure and offspring mental illness, and between mental illness and nAChR dysfunction, it is not known whether prenatal stress exposure impacts neuronal nAChRs. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that maternal stress alters the development of hippocampal alpha4 beta2 (α4β2∗) and alpha7 (α7∗) nicotinic receptor levels in adult offspring. Female Sprague‐Dawley rats experienced unpredictable variable stressors two to three times daily during the last week of gestation. At weaning (21 days) the offspring of prenatally stressed (PS) and nonstressed (NS) dams were assigned to same‐sex PS or NS groups. In young adulthood (56 days), the brains of offspring were collected and adjacent sections processed for quantitative autoradiography using [125I]‐epibatidine (α4β2* nicotinic receptor‐selective) and [125I]‐α‐bungarotoxin (α‐BTX; α7* nicotinic receptor‐selective) ligands. We found that PS significantly increased hippocampal α4β2* nAChRs of males and females in all subfields analyzed. In contrast, only females showed a trend toward PS‐induced increases in α7* nAChRs in the dentate gyrus. Interestingly, NS females displayed a significant left‐biased lateralization of α7* nAChRs in the laconosum moleculare of area CA1, whereas PS females did not, suggesting that PS interfered with normal lateralization patterns of α7* nAChRs during development. Taken together, our results suggest that PS impacts the development of hippocampal nAChRs, which may be an important link between PS exposure and risk for neuropsychiatric illness. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 73:806–814, 2013
Estimating home‐range size: when to include a third dimension?
Authors: Monterroso Pedro , Sillero Neftalí , Rosalino Luís Miguel , Loureiro Filipa , Alves Paulo Célio 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMost studies dealing with home ranges consider the study areas as if they were totally flat, working only in two dimensions, when in reality they are irregular surfaces displayed in three dimensions. By disregarding the third dimension (i.e., topography), the size of home ranges underestimates the surface actually occupied by the animal, potentially leading to misinterpretations of the animals' ecological needs. We explored the influence of considering the third dimension in the estimation of home‐range size by modeling the variation between the planimetric and topographic estimates at several spatial scales. Our results revealed that planimetric approaches underestimate home‐range size estimations, which range from nearly zero up to 22%. The difference between planimetric and topographic estimates of home‐ranges sizes produced highly robust models using the average slope as the sole independent factor. Moreover, our models suggest that planimetric estimates in areas with an average slope of 16.3° (±0.4) or more will incur in errors ≥5%. Alternatively, the altitudinal range can be used as an indicator of the need to include topography in home‐range estimates. Our results confirmed that home‐range estimates could be significantly biased when topography is disregarded. We suggest that study areas where home‐range studies will be performed should firstly be scoped for its altitudinal range, which can serve as an indicator for the need for posterior use of average slope values to model the surface area used and/or available for the studied animals.
Pricing Vulnerable Options with Correlated Credit Risk Under Jump‐Diffusion Processes
Authors: Tian Lihui , Wang Guanying , Wang Xingchun , Wang Yongjin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis study extends the framework of Klein [Journal of Banking & Finance, 20, 1211–1229] to price vulnerable options. We provide a pricing model for vulnerable options which face not only default risk but also rare shocks encountered by the underlying asset and the assets of the counterparty. The dynamics of asset prices are governed by jump‐diffusions with two sorts of assets correlated with each other. Jumps are divided into idiosyncratic component for each asset price and systematic component affecting the prices of all assets. A closed‐form valuation formula is derived for vulnerable European options. Numerical analysis compares the results of this model with those of other pricing formulae, and illustrates jump effects on the vulnerable option prices. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:957–979, 2014
Extreme wave runup on a vertical cliff
Authors: Carbone Francesco , Dutykh Denys , Dudley John M. , Dias Frédéric 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWave impact and runup onto vertical obstacles are among the most important phenomena which must be taken into account in the design of coastal structures. From linear wave theory, we know that the wave amplitude on a vertical wall is twice the incident wave amplitude with weakly nonlinear theories bringing small corrections to this result. In this present study, however, we show that certain simple wave groups may produce much higher runups than previously predicted, with particular incident wave frequencies resulting in runup heights exceeding the initial wave amplitude by a factor of 5, suggesting that the notion of the design wave used in coastal structure design may need to be revisited. The results presented in this study can be considered as a note of caution for practitioners, on one side, and as a challenging novel material for theoreticians who work in the field of extreme wave‐coastal structure interaction.
The Novaya Zemlya Bora and its impact on Barents Sea air‐sea interaction
Authors: Moore G. W. K. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractNovaya Zemlya is a mountainous archipelago in the Eastern Arctic. Weather station data indicates that southeasterly high‐speed winds are frequent, especially during the winter. Although it has been proposed that a bora is responsible for these winds, there has been no quantitative analysis of the flow in the region. Here we present the first high‐resolution climatology of the three‐dimensional wind field near Novaya Zemlya. The high‐speed wind events are shown to share many characteristics with bora as well as models of downslope windstorms. The highest wind speeds occur where Barents Sea dense water is observed to form, and we show that there is a doubling in the turbulent heat transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere during bora. It is argued that the bora plays an important role in the transformation of the Atlantic water that passes by the archipelago en route to the central Arctic Ocean.