bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of a Large Polymer Flood With Full-Field Streamline Simulation
Authors: Choudhuri Biswajit , Thakuria Chandan , Belushi Abdul Aziz , Nurzaman Zamzam , Hashmi Khalid Al , Batycky Rod 
Published: August 2015

Summary
A field-scale polymer flood has been in operation since early 2010 in a major oil field of the Sultanate of Oman. The project is composed of 27 mature waterflood patterns that were converted to polymer flood in 2010. Because a polymer-flood project has high chemical operating expenditure, optimization of a polymer flood requires continuous tracking of the mass of polymer injected per unit volume of incremental oil produced (relative to waterflood) for each polymer-flood pattern. To meet these objectives, a full-field streamline simulation model was built, was history matched, and is being used for optimizing the polymer flood. Full-field simulation allows the proper modeling of each pattern and their interactions with offset patterns. However, full-field simulations can be expensive, so we use a streamline-based simulator to run forecast scenarios in a reasonable computation time on reasonable hardware. Streamlines have the added benefit of determining the time-varying well-rate allocation factors per pattern, meaning that pattern-level diagnostics are relatively easy to compute and are based on the dynamic flow characteristics of the model. Computational efficiency and quantification of patterns have facilitated use of the model for routine well and reservoir-management decisions. We show that one can determine the effectiveness of the polymer flood on a pattern-by-pattern basis over the historical polymer-injection period with a standard oil-produced vs. polymer-injected ranking. In forecasting, we show how to quantify the incremental recovery caused by polymer, above base waterflood, on a pattern-by-pattern basis to facilitate optimization of polymer-flood patterns and more specifically to determine when to stop polymer injection and which new patterns to move polymer injection to.
A Semianalytical Solution of a Vertical Fractured Well With Varying Conductivity Under Non-Darcy-Flow Condition
Authors: Wanjing Luo , Changfu Tang 
Published: August 2015

Summary
Fracture distributions (simple or complex fractures), fracture-conductivity heterogeneity (uniform or varying conductivity along the fracture), and flow regimes inside the fracture (Darcy or non-Darcy flow) are the three main issues that have been widely investigated for transient-pressure analysis of vertical fracture systems. In this study, we focus on the latter two issues by proposing a semianalytical solution to discuss the transient-pressure behaviors of a varying-conductivity fracture under non-Darcy-flow condition. First, a general fracture-flow equation is established for the uniform-/varying-conductivity fracture under Darcy/non-Darcy flow. Second, for the case of a varying-conductivity fracture, a dimension transformation and an unequal-length-discretization model are proposed to obtain the pressure solution. Then, the transient-pressure response for the case of non-Darcy flow in the fracture can be also obtained by use of an iterative procedure in each timestep in the Laplace domain. It is shown that results from our solutions agree very well with those reported in the literature (Guppy et al. 1982; Poe et al. 1992). Third, the transient-pressure behaviors of the varying-conductivity fracture under Darcy- and non-Darcy-flow condition are discussed in detail. Results show that non-Darcy flow in the fracture mainly reduces the effective conductivity and the transient-pressure curve follows the curve of an equivalently constant conductivity except for the case of extremely small conductivities. The pressure behaviors of varying-conductivity fractures depend on the value of average conductivity, the distribution of conductivity along the fracture, and the maximum-minimum-conductivity ratio. The presence of the varying conductivity not only affects the effective conductivity in the early and late times, but also changes the shape of the pressure curve, especially for the high-conductivity fracture in the early time. It is very difficult to accurately estimate the fracture parameters by well test for most of the cases of varying conductivities under non-Darcy flow in the fracture.
T-loop force system with and without vertical step using finite element analysis
Authors: Techalertpaisarn Paiboon , Versluis Antheunis 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To investigate the effect of vertical steps on a T-loop force system at three interbracket distances (IBDs) and their association with V-bends.

Materials and Methods:
Loop response during simulated loop pulling was determined for 18 T-loop configurations (6-, 9-, and 12-mm IBD with a 2.5-mm canine bracket (CB) end and 0- (plain), 0.5-, or 1-mm vertical step). Loop length-by-height was 8 × 8 or 10 × 10 mm. Horizontal load/deflection, vertical force (Fy), and moment-to-force (M/F) ratios at loop ends were determined for 100-g and 200-g activation by finite element analysis.

Results:
Plain, 12-mm IBD T-loops showed similar force and moment responses as off-centered V-bends (greater moment close to V-bend) without change in moment direction at the premolar bracket (PB) end; plain, 6-mm IBD T-loop responses were similar to those of centered V-bends (equal, opposing moments at each end). Adding vertical steps to the T-loops raised the M/F ratio at the PB ends enough to produce root movement, while lowering the M/F ratios at the CB ends. Increasing the step bends for shorter IBDs increased Fys and caused rapid changes in M/F ratios. Unlike plain T-loops, increasing activation in stepped T-loops caused substantial variations in M/F ratios and in amount and direction of Fys.

Conclusions:
Step bends can dramatically change the force system. Stepped T-loops display combined effects of V-bends and step bends.
Basic Income
Authors: Davala Sarath , Jhabvala Renana , Mehta Soumya Kapoor , Standing Guy 
Published: August 2015

Would it be possible to provide people with a basic income as a right? The idea has a long history. This book draws on two pilot schemes conducted in the Indian State of Madhya Pradesh, in which thousands of men, women and children were provided with an unconditional monthly cash payment. In a context in which the Indian government at national and state levels spends a vast amount on subsidies and selective schemes that are chronically expensive, inefficient, inequitable and subject to extensive corruption, there is scope for switching at least some of the spending to a modest basic income. This book explores what would be likely to happen if this were done.
The book draws on a series of evaluation surveys conducted over the course of the eighteen months in which the main pilot was in operation, supplemented with detailed case studies of individuals and families. It looks at the impact on health and nutrition, on schooling, on economic activity, women’s agency and the welfare of those with disabilities.
Above all, the book considers whether or not a basic income could be transformative, in not only improving individual and family welfare but in promoting economic growth and development, as well as having an emancipatory effect for people long mired in conditions of poverty and economic insecurity.
Food and Health in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Gentilcore David 
Published: August 2015

Food and Health in Early Modern Europe is both a history of food practices and a history of the medical discourse about that food. It is also an exploration of the interaction between the two: the relationship between evolving foodways and shifting medical advice on what to eat in order to stay healthy. It provides the first in-depth study of printed dietary advice covering the entire early modern period, from the late-15th century to the early-19th; it is also the first to trace the history of European foodways as seen through the prism of this advice.
David Gentilcore offers a doctor’s-eye view of changing food and dietary fashions: from Portugal to Poland, from Scotland to Sicily, not forgetting the expanding European populations of the New World. In addition to exploring European regimens throughout the period, works of materia medica, botany, agronomy and horticulture are considered, as well as a range of other printed sources, such as travel accounts, cookery books and literary works. The book also includes 30 illustrations, maps and extensive chapter bibliographies with web links included to further aid study.
Food and Health in Early Modern Europe is the essential introduction to the relationship between food, health and medicine for history students and scholars alike.
Putting transition at the centre of whole-of-curriculum transformation
Authors: O'Donnell Marcus , Wallace Margaret , Melano Anne , Lawson Romy , Leinonen Eeva 
Published: August 2015

This paper describes the development of a model for institution-wide curriculum transformation at the University of Wollongong (UOW). Transition – a curriculum-integrated approach that enables a smooth, supported shift into and through higher education and a successful transition from the university to the world of work and lifelong learning – is one of three key principles at the heart of the UOW Curriculum Model. This paper focuses on transition as a whole-of-curriculum design principle and the way this principle informs the other elements of the UOW Curriculum Model. It aims to extend the concept of “transition pedagogy” developed by Kift and colleagues and to show how it has been used to inform our larger project of curriculum renewal.
Students, Transitions, Achievement, Retention, Success: STARS Invited Panel
Authors: Nelson Karen , Clarke John 
Published: August 2015

The Invited Panel Session at the inaugural STARS Conference concluded the formal presentations for the event. At this session, invited STARS from the tertiary sector shared with delegates their personal thoughts concerning the messages and insights gained from the conference experience. The Panel Session also provided delegates with the opportunity to respond and share their views in order to consolidate learnings. Delegates were challenged to give thought to their intended activities and actions in their own settings based on their experiences at the conference. For the purposes of this feature, the editors have summarised and edited the transcript to present the key points of each discussion, including questions and comments from delegates. Panel members have approved the authors’ interpretations of their comments.
Noninvasive cerebral oximetry during carotid endarterectomy: application and results
Authors: Kontrimavičiūtė Eglė , Kuzminskaitė Vilma , Šipylaitė Jūratė 
Published: August 2015

Background. Cerebral monitoring during carotid endarterectomy allows to detect brain hypoperfusion following carotid clamping and hyperperfusion after restoring the blood flow. Immediate corrections of these changes have the potential in reducing adverse neurologic outcomes. In this study we share our experience using cerebral oximetry in carotid endarterectomy surgery, as well as finding a connection between comorbidities and baseline cerebral oxygenation values.
Materials and methods. A non-randomised perspective study was performed at Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Clinics. During 2012–2013 all consecutive elective patients undergoing carotid surgery were enrolled in the study.
Results. No difference was found in the baseline values on the operative and control sides (71.15% vs 76.76%, p = 0.15). After carotid clamping regional brain saturation decreased by 4.34% of the baseline on the operative side. During the clamping cerebral oxygenation was lower on the operative side (68.06% vs 77.32%, p = 0.03). Following carotid declamping the difference between operative and control side oxygenation diminished (73.57% vs 79.30%, p = 0.16). Neither diabetes nor peripheral atherosclerosis had influence on baseline cerebral oxygen saturation values. There was a tendency towards the lower cerebral oxygenation baseline for smokers (70.12% vs 76.54%, p = 0.103).
Conclusions. Cerebral oximetry is a valuable method of cerebral monitoring reflecting changes in brain perfusion during carotid endarterectomy. Certain comorbidities might have a role in affecting baseline oximetry values.
ŽIV-1 dažniausios mutacijos ir atsparumas antiretrovirusiniams vaistams
Authors: Subočiūtė-Stuliova Tatjana , Griškevičius Algirdas , Gorobecas Aleksandras , Pumputienė Ingrida , Mauricas Mykolas 
Published: August 2015

Tyrimo tikslas. Įvertinti ŽIV infekuotiems pacientams skirtingų ŽIV-1 mutacijų pasiskirstymą ir jų nulemtą atsparumą antiretrovirusiniams vaistams (ARV).
Metodai. Mutacijų tipai ir atsparumas vaistams buvo tiriami 149 ŽIV-1 infekuotiems pacientams, kurių kraujo plazmos mėginiai 2011– 2013 m. ištirti Nacionalinėje visuomenės sveikatos priežiūros laboratorijoje. ŽIV-1 genotipas ir atsparumas vaistams tirtas pacientams, kurių plazmos virusinis krūvis buvo ne mažesnis 2 000 kopijų/ml. Nustatytų ŽIV-1 mutacijų, sukeliančių atsparumą specifiniams ARV preparatams, duomenys buvo vertinami „HIV-1 Genotyping System Software v2.8“, tiesiogiai prisijungus prie „Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database“ (http://hivdb.stanford.edu), kur buvo tikrinama sekų kokybė ir nustatomas viruso potipis.
Rezultatai. Su atsparumu ARV susiję mutacijos buvo aptiktos 84 pacientams, o iš jų atsparumas vaistams (tiek faktinis, tiek potencialus) – 37 pacientams. Dažniausia aptiktos mutacijos, lemiančios atsparumą proteazių inhibitoriams (PI), buvo L10V, L10IV, L10N, L10I, A71V. Šios mutacijos buvo nustatytos kartu su atsparumo nukleozidiniams atvirkštinės transkriptazės inhibitoriams (NATI) ir nenukleozidiniams atvirkštinės transkriptazės inhibitoriams (NNATI) mutacijomis. Dažniausios atsparumo NATI mutacijos buvo A62V ir V75L, o NNATI mutacijos – V179D, G190S, K103N ir E138A, kurios ir pavienės, ir kartu su kitomis mutacijomis lemia tam tikro lygio atsparumą vaistams.
Išvados. Lietuvoje gydomiems ŽIV infekuotiems asmenims būdinga šio viruso mutacijų įvairovė: su atsparumu susietos ir su nustatytu atsparumu vaistams (25 % tyrime dalyvavusių asmenų); su atsparumu susietos, bet be nustatyto atsparumo vaistams (32 % tyrime dalyvavusių asmenų).
Prieš paskiriant gydymą ŽIV infekuotiems asmenims svarbu nustatyti atsparumą ARV lemiančias mutacijas ir tęsti atsparumo ARV tyrimus jau gydomiems pacientams.
On the enhancement of the Indian summer monsoon drying by Pacific multidecadal variability during the latter half of the twentieth century
Authors: Salzmann M. , Cherian R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe observed summertime drying over Northern Central India (NCI) during the latter half of the twentieth century is not reproduced by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) model ensemble average. At the same time, the spread between precipitation trends from individual model realizations is large, indicating that internal variability potentially plays an important role in explaining the observed trend. Here we show that the drying is indeed related to the observed 1950–1999 positive trend of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index and that the relationship is even stronger for a simpler index (S1). Adjusting the CMIP5‐simulated precipitation trends to account for the difference between the observed and simulated S1 trend increases the original multimodel average NCI drying trend from −0.09 ± 0.31 mm d−1 (50 years)−1 to −0.54 ± 0.40 mm d−1 (50 years)−1. Thus, our estimate of the 1950–1999 NCI drying associated with Pacific decadal variability is of similar magnitude as our previous CMIP5‐based estimate of the drying due to anthropogenic aerosol. The drying (moistening) associated with increasing (decreasing) S1 can partially be attributed to a southeastward (northwestward) shift of the boundary between ascent and descent affecting NCI. This shift of the ascent region strongly affects NCI but not Southeast Asia and south China. The average spread between individual model realizations is only slightly reduced when adjusting for S1 as smaller‐scale variability also plays an important role.
Assessing the impacts of assimilating IASI and MOPITT CO retrievals using CESM‐CAM‐chem and DART
Authors: Barré Jérôme , Gaubert Benjamin , Arellano Avelino F. J. , Worden Helen M. , Edwards David P. , Deeter Merritt N. , Anderson Jeffrey L. , Raeder Kevin , Collins Nancy , Tilmes Simone , Francis Gene , Clerbaux Cathy , Emmons Louisa K. , Pfister Gabriele G. , Coheur Pierre‐François , Hurtmans Daniel 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe show the results and evaluation with independent measurements from assimilating both MOPITT (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere) and IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) retrieved profiles into the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We used the Data Assimilation Research Testbed ensemble Kalman filter technique, with the full atmospheric chemistry CESM component Community Atmospheric Model with Chemistry. We first discuss the methodology and evaluation of the current data assimilation system with coupled meteorology and chemistry data assimilation. The different capabilities of MOPITT and IASI retrievals are highlighted, with particular attention to instrument vertical sensitivity and coverage and how these impact the analyses. MOPITT and IASI CO retrievals mostly constrain the CO fields close to the main anthropogenic, biogenic, and biomass burning CO sources. In the case of IASI CO assimilation, we also observe constraints on CO far from the sources. During the simulation time period (June and July 2008), CO assimilation of both instruments strongly improves the atmospheric CO state as compared to independent observations, with the higher spatial coverage of IASI providing better results on the global scale. However, the enhanced sensitivity of multispectral MOPITT observations to near surface CO over the main source regions provides synergistic effects at regional scales.
Preparation of an Immobilized Lipase‐Palladium Artificial Metalloenzyme as Catalyst in the Heck Reaction: Role of the Solid Phase
Authors: Filice Marco , Romero Oscar , Aires Antonio , Guisan Jose M. , Rumbero Angel , Palomo Jose M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA p‐nitrophenylphosphonate palladium pincer was synthesized and selectively inserted by irreversible attachment on the catalytic serine of different commercial lipases with good to excellent yields in most cases. Among all, lipase from Candida antarctica B (CAL‐B) was the best modified enzyme. The artificial metalloenzyme CAL‐B‐palladium (Pd) catalyst was subsequently immobilized on different supports and by different orienting strategies. The catalytic properties of the immobilized hybrid catalysts were then evaluated in two sets of Heck cross‐coupling reactions under different conditions. In the first reaction between iodobenzene and ethyl acrylate, the covalent immobilized CAL‐B‐Pd catalyst resulted to be the best one exhibiting quantitative production of the Heck product at 70 °C in dimethylformamide (DMF) with 25% water and particularly in pure DMF, where the soluble Pd pincer was completely inactive. A post‐immobilization engineering of catalyst surface by its hydrophobization enhanced the activity. The selectivity properties of the best hybrid catalyst were then assessed in the asymmetric Heck cross‐coupling reaction between iodobenzene and 2,3‐dihydrofuran retrieving excellent results in terms of stereo‐ and enantioselectivity.magnified image
Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Functionalized Polystyrene with Crystallizable Diamide Segment: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: VAKEES E. , SURESH J. , KAYALVIZHI M. , ARUN A. , KARTHIK S. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTThis article describes the synthesis and characterization of semicrystalline copolymer based on dihydroxy‐terminated polystyrene and a uniform crystallizable diamide (TΦT or T6T) hard segment. The concentration of the diamide in the copolymer varies from 3 to 15 wt% by changing the length of soft segments using dimethylterephthalate as a chain extender. The inherent viscosity of the polymer is very high ranging between 1.6 and 2.9 dL/g. Differential scanning calorimetry spectrum shows Tg for soft and Tm for hard segment as expected for crystalline copolymer. The products are semicrystalline materials with a crystallization window of 3–9°C. Depending on the amide concentration in the copolymer, the hard segments melting temperature ranged between 149 and 275°C. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) results show that the degree of crystallinity of the hard segment in the copolymer is very high, that is up to 97%. Temperature‐dependent FT‐IR shows that crystallinity is highly reversible with respect to temperature. Wide angle X‐ray scattering data also confirm that the materials are semicrystalline in nature. The solvent resistivity of these materials is extremely high even at a low concentration of (3%) amide content. The entire polymer shows low water absorption, depending on the concentration of amide segments.
The nature of polymer grafts and substrate shape on the surface degradation of poly(l‐lactide)
Authors: Nugroho Robertus Wahyu N. , Odelius Karin , Höglund Anders , Albertsson Ann‐Christine 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTSurface grafting of functional polymers is an effective method to alter material properties and degradation behavior. Two different substrate shapes of poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA), i.e., films and microparticles, were surface‐grafted with hydrophilic monomers, and their surface degradation was monitored. Surface grafting with a hydrophilic and acidic polymer graft [acrylic acid (AA)] induced large alterations in the surface morphology and topography of the films. In contrast, hydrophilic and neutral polymer grafts [acrylamide (AAm)] had no significant effect on the surface degradation behavior, while the PLLA reference and co‐monomeric (AA/AAm) polymer‐grafted samples exhibited intermediate surface degradation rates. The grafted PAA chains induced a local acidic environment on the surface of the substrates, which in turn catalyzed the surface degradation process. This effect was more pronounced in the films than in the microparticles. Thus, the nature of the grafted chains and substrate geometry were shown to affect the surface degradation behavior of PLLA substrates. © 2015 The Authors Journal of Applied Polymer Science Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42736.
Synthesis, thermal and mechanical behavior of a silicon/phosphorus containing epoxy resin
Authors: Peng Cong , Wu Zhanjun , Li Jialiang , Wang Zhi , Wang Hongyu , Zhao Ming 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTA liquid silicon/phosphorus containing flame retardant (DOPO–TVS) was synthesized with 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphapheanthrene‐10‐oxid (DOPO) and triethoxyvinylsilane (TVS). Meanwhile, a modified epoxy resin (IPTS–EP) was prepared by grafting isocyanate propyl triethoxysilane (IPTS) to the side chain of bisphenol A epoxy resin (EP) through radical polymerization. Finally, the flame retardant (DOPO–TVS) was incorporated into the modified epoxy resin (IPTS–EP) through sol–gel reaction between the ethyoxyl of the two intermediates to obtain the silicon/phosphorus containing epoxy resin. The molecular structures of DOPO–TVS, IPTS–EP and the final modified epoxy resin were confirmed by FTIR spectra and 1H‐NMR, 31P‐NMR. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry, and limiting oxygen index were conducted to explore the thermal properties and flame retardancy of the synthesized epoxy resin. The thermal behavior and flame retardancy were improved. After heating to 600°C in a tube furnace, the char residue of the modified resin containing 10 wt % DOPO–TVS displayed more stable feature compared to that of pure EP, which was observed both by visual inspection and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, the mechanical performance testing results exhibited the modified epoxy resins possessed elevated tensile properties and fracture toughness which is supported by SEM observation of the tensile fracture section. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42788.