bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Catholic Teaching about War Has Changed: The Issues in View
Authors: Beck Ashley 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA feature of the First World War, was the consistent condemnation of it by Pope Benedict XV and his unsuccessful efforts to bring about a negotiated peace. This paper argues that the Pope realised that the nature of modern warfare demanded a new evaluation of war and that his teaching began a real shift and development in this teaching that is clearly discernible in the teachings of his successors and the Second Vatican Council, and the work of Catholic theologians and movements. However, we can see how in many ways this shift has not been recognised in the wider church, shown by the reluctance of local church leaders to question or condemn particular conflicts. On the basis of this shift the paper argues that the Catholic Church, now committed to “virtual pacifism”, should base its witness to peace on two paradigms: first, the unmasking of wickedness, seen above all in the culture engendered by the possession of nuclear weapons; and second, a marked distancing from the powers and claims of the modern nation state.
Articulation and oromyofunctional behavior in children seeking orthodontic treatment
Authors: Van Lierde KM , Luyten A , D'haeseleer E , Van Maele G , Becue L , Fonteyne E , Corthals P , De Pauw G 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesThe purpose of this controlled study is to document articulation and oromyofunctional behavior in children seeking orthodontic treatment. In addition, relations between malocclusions, articulation, and oromyofunctional behavior are studied.Materials and MethodsThe study included 56 children seeking orthodontic treatment. The control group, consisting of 54 subjects matched for age and gender, did not undergo orthodontic intervention. To determine the impact of the occlusion on speech, the Oral Health Impact Profile was used. Speech characteristics, intelligibility and several lip and tongue functions were analyzed using consensus evaluations.ResultsA significant impact of the occlusion on speech and more articulation disorders for/s,n,l,t/were found in the subjects seeking orthodontic treatment. Several other phenomena were seen more often in this group, namely more impaired lip positioning during swallowing, impaired tongue function at rest, mouth breathing, open mouth posture, lip sucking/biting, anterior tongue position at rest, and tongue thrust. Moreover, all children with a tongue thrust showed an anterior tongue position at rest.ConclusionsChildren seeking orthodontics have articulatory and oromyofunctional disorders. To what extent a combined orthodontic and logopaedic treatment can result in optimal oral health (i.e. perfect dentofacial unit with perfect articulation) is subject for further multidisciplinary research.
Rph23: A new designated additive adult plant resistance gene to leaf rust in barley on chromosome 7H
Authors: Singh Davinder , Dracatos Peter , Derevnina Lida , Zhou Meixue , Park Robert F. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe report on a new adult plant resistance (APR) gene Rph23 conferring resistance to leaf rust in barley. The gene was identified and characterized from a doubled haploid population derived from an intercross between the Australian barley varieties Yerong (Y) and Franklin (F). Genetic analysis of adult plant field leaf rust scores of the Y/F population collected over three successive years indicated involvement of two highly additive genes controlling APR, one of which was named Rph23. The gene was mapped to chromosome 7HS positioned at a genetic distance 36.6 cM. Rph23 is closely linked to marker Ebmac0603, which is flanked by markers bPb‐8660 and bPb‐9601 with linkage distances of 0.8 and 5.1 cM, respectively. A PCR‐based marker was optimized for marker‐assisted selection of Rph23, and on the basis of this marker, the gene was postulated as being common in Australian and global barley germplasm. Pedigree and molecular marker analyses indicated that the six‐rowed black Russian landrace ‘LV‐Taganrog’ is the likely origin of Rph23.
Right‐lateralized alpha desynchronization during regularity discrimination: Hemispheric specialization or directed spatial attention?
Authors: Wright Damien , Makin Alexis D. J. , Bertamini Marco 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWhen actively classifying abstract patterns according to their regularity, alpha desynchronization (ERD) becomes right lateralized over posterior brain areas. This could reflect temporary enhancement of contralateral visual inputs and specifically a shift of attention to the left, or right hemisphere specialization for regularity discrimination. This study tested these competing hypotheses. Twenty‐four participants discriminated between dot patterns containing a reflection or a translation. The direction of the transformation, which matched one half onto the other half, was either vertical or horizontal. The strategy of shifting attention to one side of the patterns would not produce lateralized ERD in the horizontal condition. However, right‐lateralized ERD was found in all conditions, regardless of orientation. We conclude that right hemisphere networks that incorporate the early posterior regions are specialized for regularity discrimination.
Influence of the Hole Length-to-Diameter Ratio on Film Cooling With Cylindrical Holes
Authors: Lutum Ewald , Johnson Bruce V. 
Published: December 2014

Film cooling experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of coolant hole length-to-diameter ratio on the film cooling effectiveness. The results from these experiments offer an explanation for the differences between the film cooling results for cylindrical hole injection configurations previously reported by Goldstein et al. (1974), Pedersen et al. (1977) and Sinha et al. (1991). The previously reported injection configurations differed primarily in coolant hole length-to-diameter ratio. The present experiments were conducted with a row of cylindrical holes oriented at 35 degrees to a constant-velocity external flow, systematically varying the hole length-to-diameter ratios (L/D = 1.75, 3.5, 5, 7 and 18), and blowing rates (0.52≤M≤1.56).
Results from these experiments show in a region 5≤X/D≤50 downstream of coolant injection that the coolant flow guiding capability in the cylindrical hole was apparently established after 5 hole diameters and no significant changes in the film cooling effectiveness distribution could be observed for the greater L/D. However, the film cooling effectiveness characteristics generally decreased with decreasing hole L/D ratio in the range of 1.75≤L/D≤5.0. This decrease in film cooling performance was attributed to (1) the undeveloped character of the flow in the coolant channels and (2) the greater effective injection angle of the coolant flow with respect to the external flow direction and surface. The lowest values of film cooling effectiveness were measured for the smallest hole length-to-diameter ratio, L/D = 1.75.
The GT24/26 Low Pressure Turbine
Authors: Jennions Ian K. , Sommer Thomas , Weigand Bernhard , Aigner Manfred 
Published: December 2014

The GT24 and GT26 are the latest in a series of gas turbines from ABB. The GT24 is a 60 Hz, 183 MW turbine, while the GT26 is its (scaled) 50 Hz equivalent, producing 265 MW. They feature a 22 stage controlled diffusion aerofoil compressor, two combustors separated by a single stage high pressure turbine with a four stage low pressure (LP) turbine following the second combustor. This arrangement permits very high efficiencies while avoiding high temperatures and the need to use new, expensive materials.
The first GT24 was delivered to Jersey Central Power and Light, Gilbert, New Jersey, USA, at the end of 1995 and achieved baseload operation in May 1996. The engine was highly instrumented with some 1200 measurement points to evaluate component performance. Subsequently, a through-flow datamatch to the design point data was made for the LP turbine and is compared to a full 3D multistage analysis in this paper. The 3D analysis accounts for all the cooling and leakage flows that enter the turbine flowpath and maintains a steady flow calculation by means of interface planes between each blade row that remove any circumferential non-uniformity from the computational flow field. To complement this aerodynamic analysis, some heat transfer results from the ABB GT26 test facility in Birr, Switzerland are also shown.
The paper demonstrates how component technology for the first stage was verified at four universities and research centers concurrently with the design process. This experimental data supplemented the existing databases and engendered confidence in the overall aero/thermal design approach.
Development of a Smart Actuator for Turbine Engine Applications
Authors: Lorenz William 
Published: December 2014

The application of distributed control systems to turbine engine controls offers the potential for major reductions in development time and costs for the engine control and the engine. Once the data bus and power bus are standardized for elements of a distributed control system, the industry will have a group of sensors, actuators, and controllers that could be interchangeable between applications. Software and hardware will still require modification to fit the specific application, however, great strides will have been made toward a “plug and play” capability between sensors, actuators, and controllers all tied together on the same data bus. The main controller in a distributed control system, except for software, would be interchangeable from engine to engine.
This paper describes the design and development of the electronics for a smart actuator and discusses the design considerations which were used to guide the requirements. Requirements unique to turbine engine applications include temperature environments to 30° C, a severe vibration environment, minimum size and weight, and very high reliability.
The electronics developed for the smart actuator were packaged on credit card sized printed wiring board modules. Two of these modules were packaged in a housing approximately 23×3.4×1.1 inches. The electronics operate from 28 volt DC power and communicate with the rest of the control system via the MEL-STD-1553B data bus. Although a hydraulic actuator was chosen as the demonstration vehicle, the electronic module is adaptable to any servo application and can be expanded to read any of the common engine sensors and operate solenoids.
The chosen actuator was intended as a development tool to expose the design problems of distributed systems. Therefore, this first demonstration unit was designed using electronic components rated for 125° C operation. AlliedSignal is currently a member of a consortium of companies under DARPA sponsorship developing a family of SOI (silicon-on-insulator) integrated circuits rated for 200° C operation. Our current 125° C design is compatible with the new devices being developed. A 200° C unit is planned for 1998. Further improvements in the metalization used in the SOI devices will allow reliable long term operation to about 300° C. Devices for this higher temperature range are expected to be available in 1999.
Humid Air Turbine Cycles With Water Recovery: How to Dispose Heat in an Efficient Way
Authors: Desideri Umberto , Di Maria Francesco 
Published: December 2014

Since the humid air turbine (HAT) cycle was first presented by Rao and Joiner (1990), several modifications were proposed to the original configuration to further improve its efficiency. In the last years, the attention was focused in the water recovery from flue gas and in determining the most suitable systems to separate water from gas and solving the problem of low temperature at the stack.
In all the above studies it was shown that condensing water from flue gas requires a significant flow rate of a cooling medium (generally water) which is needed to remove condensation heat which must then be disposed in the environment. This worsens power plant performance because large cooling towers are needed. On the other hand, the reduced cost of water treatment may compensate the additional costs of the condensation equipment.
In this paper, the introduction of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), which transforms in mechanical power a fraction of the heat recovered from the HAT cycle, both in the water recovery system and in other heat exchangers, is presented. Results were obtained by using three different fluids and maximizing the ORC input exergy. The substances which were used are the conventional R502 refrigerant fluid, ammonia and the new HF134a, which is replacing phased-out CFCs in refrigeration systems.
Variable Cycle Installation for a Mach 2.7 Supersonic Civil Transport
Authors: Aleid Louay , Pilidis Pericles 
Published: December 2014

A preliminary comparison of the installed performance of three variable cycle jet engine concepts for future Supersonic Transports is outlined in this paper. These engines, are: the Turbofan-Turbojet, the Mid-Tandem Fan engine and the Double Bypass Engine.
The comparison of the uninstalled performance, variable geometry, cycle changes, the effect of variable compressor stators on the running lines of the compressors and sizing assessments for each engine were carried out in Reference 4.
An estimate is now made of the installed performance by calculating the air friction, the pre-entry and the afterbody drags, plus the wave drag. A sizing calculation was carried out for the nacelles of all the engines. The uninstalled and installed fuel bills, for two standard missions, are also estimated.
These preliminary results indicate that the Turbofan-Turbojet and the Mid Tandem Fan engines are quite similar in terms of general suitability. The Mid Tandem Fan appears to be an attractive proposition from the point of view of sizing, however this comes with a small penalty in fuel consumption. The Double Bypass engine was found to be the least attractive of the powerplants investigated. The differences, however appear to be small.
Experimental and Numerical Conjugate Investigation of the Blowing-Ratio Influence on the Showerhead Cooling Efficiency
Authors: Bohn Dieter E. , Becker Volker J. , Kusterer Karsten A. , Rungen Agnes U. 
Published: December 2014

This paper presents the experimental investigation of the flow and the numerical analysis of the flow and heat transfer in a turbine guide vane with showerhead cooling for two different blowing ratios. The aerodynamic results are compared with those of the experiments.
Starting with a showerhead design of two rows of ejection holes, two additional rows have to be used in an enhanced design due to hot gas contact in the leading edge area. Thus, the cooling gas mass flow is doubled when keeping the blowing ratio constant at m = 1.5. Lowering the amount of cooling gas needed whilst still guaranteeing sufficient cooling is the motivation for the analysis of the influence of a lower blowing ratio on the cooling efficiency. The investigated blowing ratios are m = 1.5 and m = 1.0.
The experiments are conducted using a non-intrusive LDA technique. The numerical results are gained with a conjugate heat transfer and flow computer code that has been developed at the Institute of Steam and Gas Turbines.
The results show that the blowing ratio has to be chosen carefully as the leading edge flow pattern and the heat transfer are strongly influenced by the blowing ratio. Lower blowing ratios lead to a better attachment of the cooling film and thus they hardly disturb the main flow. With the lower blowing ratio, the material temperature increases up to 1.5% of the total inlet temperature in the leading edge area on the pressure side, whereas it decreases locally for about 0.8% for the lower blowing ratio on the suction side. This is due to the enhanced attachment of the cooling gas film.
The Application of Expert Systems and Neural Networks to Gas Turbine Prognostics and Diagnostics
Authors: DePold Hans R. , Gass F. Douglas 
Published: December 2014

Condition monitoring of engine gas generators plays an essential role in airline fleet management. Adaptive diagnostic systems are becoming available that interpret measured data, furnish diagnosis of problems, provide a prognosis of engine health for planning purposes, and rank engines for scheduled maintenance. More than four hundred operations worldwide currently use versions of the first or second generation diagnostic tools.
Development of a third generation system is underway which will provide additional system enhancements and combine the functions of the existing tools. Proposed enhancements include the use of artificial intelligence to automate, improve the quality of the analysis, provide timely alerts, and the use of an Internet link for collaboration. One objective of these enhancements is to have the intelligent system do more of the analysis and decision making, while continuing to support the depth of analysis currently available at experienced operations.
This paper presents recent developments in technology and strategies in engine condition monitoring including:
1) application of statistical analysis and artificial neural network filters to improve data quality;
2) neural networks for trend change detection, and classification to diagnose performance change; and
3) expert systems to diagnose, provide alerts and to rank maintenance action recommendations.
Heat Transfer in a “Cover-Plate” Pre-Swirl Rotating-Disc System
Authors: Pilbrow Robert , Karabay Hasan , Wilson Michael , Owen J. Michael 
Published: December 2014

In most gas turbines, blade-cooling air is supplied from stationary pre-swirl nozzles that swirl the air in the direction of rotation of the turbine disc. In the “cover-plate” system, the pre-swirl nozzles are located radially inward of the blade-cooling holes in the disc, and the swirling air flows radially outwards in the cavity between the disc and a cover-plate attached to it.
In this combined computational and experimental paper, an axisymmetric elliptic solver, incorporating the Launder-Sharma and the Morse low-Reynolds-number k-ε turbulence models, is used to compute the flow and heat transfer. The computed Nusselt numbers for the heated “turbine disc” are compared with measured values obtained from a rotating-disc rig. Comparisons are presented, for a wide range of coolant flow rates, for rotational Reynolds numbers in the range 0.5 × 106 to 1.5 × 106, and for 0.9 < βp < 3.1, where βp is the pre-swirl ratio (or ratio of the tangential component of velocity of the cooling air at inlet to the system to that of the disc). Agreement between the computed and measured Nusselt numbers is reasonably good, particularly at the larger Reynolds numbers. A simplified numerical simulation is also conducted to show the effect of the swirl ratio and the other flow parameters on the flow and heat transfer in the cover-plate system.
Testing of a Low Cooled Ceramic Nozzle Vane Under Transient Conditions
Authors: Dilzer M. , Gutmann Ch. , Schulz A. , Wittig S. 
Published: December 2014

At the Institut für Thermische Strömungsrnaschinen, University of Karlsruhe (ITS) a design technology has been introduced to reduce the mechanically and especially the thermally induced stresses in ceramic components. The concept is based on a three-layered construction (outer ceramic shell - heat insulating layer - metallic core) and an optimization of the thicknesses of the single layers, in order to obtain a homogenous temperature distribution in the ceramic structure. The optimization is performed by finite element analyses in combination with failure probability calculations.
This methodology has been applied to increase the reliability of a first stage Sintered Silicon Carbide (SSiC) ceramic nozzle vane of a stationary gas turbine (70MW/1400°C). As a result it was found that the mechanically and thermally induced loads have been reduced considerably and do not exceed 100MPa, thus achieving adequate life based upon failure probability calculations. Even in a trip situation (fuel cutoff), when the highest loads do occur, the calculations demonstrate a significantly reduced failure probability.
The results of the finite element analyses were verified by simulating the typical operating conditions after fuel cutoff in a test rig.
Thermodynamic Performance Analyses of Mixed Gas-Steam Cycle (2): A Case Study of Aeroderivative Gas Turbine
Authors: Hanawa Kirk 
Published: December 2014

There are a plenty of proposals to aim the gas turbine cycle thermal efficiency of 60%, such as “Steam-Cooled H-Tech. Combined Cycle”, “Methanol Conversion Regenerative Gas Turbine”, “Kalina Cycle” etc.*1, *2, *4, *5, *6, *7
This paper discusses the predicted performance behaviors of an assumed aircraft-derivative GT of 60MW, when applying into mixed gas-steam cycles like STIG, ISTIG(Intercooled Steam Injection GT) with reasonable minor modifications from the assumed gas turbine. By making case studies of steam-injected binary cycles according to the established analyses method in Part (1), typical calculation results for getting 60% efficiency are presented. The water-injected at LPC, ISTIG cycle is equivalent or superior to other improvement ideas, offering several features listed below.
1) Unnecessary to have a bottoming cycle, saving a lot of investment for the related equipment
2) Quick and stable response for changing duty load, by injecting metered water and steam without air holding vessels like water-cooled heat exchangers
Cooling Air Flow in a Multi Disc Industrial Gas Turbine Rotor
Authors: Brillert D. , Reichert A. W. , Simon H. 
Published: December 2014

The objective of this paper is to investigate the secondary air system in a multidisc rotor. The investigation was performed using Navier-Stokes calculations, network modeling and measurements taking into account new test data from Siemens’ Model V84.3A gas turbine prototype.
The objective of the investigation was to better the understanding of flow patterns and to generate a simple model for describing mean flow values.
The flow patterns predicted on the basis of Navier-Stokes calculations are described and the losses associated with fluid flow through rotating cavities of multidisc rotors are evaluated. High losses are generated in the radial flow through the corotating discs, and this investigation therefore concentrates on this flow. The investigated mass flowrates are relatively high when compared with the mass flow naturally transported on rotating discs (Cw > 105). One part of the mass flow is forced to flow along the boundary layers. The other part is transported outside of the boundary layers like a free potentially inviscid flow.
On the basis of the investigation of the Navier Stokes-calculations, a simple analytical model of the radial flow through the corotating discs is developed. Good agreement was found to exist between the experimental data and the results of the simple model.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Turbine Systems Program
Authors: Layne Abbie W. , Hoffman Patricia A. 
Published: December 2014

Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) technology can capture the majority of the new electric power generation market well into the next century. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) programs supporting the development of ATS technology will enable gas turbine manufacturers to provide ATS systems to the commercial marketplace by the year 2000.
We present a progress report on the DOE ATS Program. We discuss the technical challenges facing and the advanced critical technology requirements and system configurations needed to meet the goals of the Program. Progress has been made in the areas of materials, heat transfer, aerodynamics, and combustion. Applied research conducted by university, industry, and Government organizations has resulted in advanced designs and power cycle configurations for ATS that operate on natural gas, coal, and biomass fuels. We present details on ATS Program research, development, and technology validation and readiness activities. We conclude by discussing the future direction of the Program and its relationship to other Government programs.