bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short Implants Placed with or without Grafting in Atrophic Sinuses: The 3‐Year Results of a Prospective Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Nedir Rabah , Nurdin Nathalie , Khoury Paul , Bischof Mark 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe question whether a minimal maxillary residual bone height (RBH) allows the predictable use of osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) remains unresolved.PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy of short implants placed with OSFE in an RBH of ≤4 mm and to compare bone levels around implants placed with (control) or without (test) grafting after 3 years.Materials and MethodsEight‐millimeter implants were placed by OSFE in sinuses randomized to receive anorganic bovine bone or no grafting material. Healing time before prosthetic rehabilitation was 10 weeks. Peri‐implant bone levels were measured on standardized periapical radiographs.ResultsThirty‐seven implants (17 test, 20 control) were placed at a mean RBH of 2.4 ± 0.9 mm. Three implants failed during the 3‐year follow‐up. After 3 years, all implants had gained endosinus bone (test: 4.1 ± 1.0 mm; control: 5.1 ± 1.2 mm; p = .001). Mean bone gain was stable between 1 and 3 years in both groups.ConclusionsGrafting is unnecessary to achieve bone augmentation of 4.1 mm; however, more bone is gained with grafting. Bone gained over 1 year was retained. Atrophic posterior maxillae can be predictably rehabilitated using OSFE and simultaneous placement of 8‐mm implants.
Bacterial Colonization of the Implant‐Abutment Interface (IAI) of Dental Implants with a Sloped Marginal Design: An in‐vitro Study
Authors: Koutouzis Theofilos , Gadalla Hana , Lundgren Tord 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study is to utilize an in vitro dynamic loading model to assess the potential risk of bacterial invasion into the Implant Abutment Interface (IAI) microgap of dental implants with sloped marginal design.Materials and MethodsForty implants were divided into two groups (n = 20 per group) based on implant marginal design. Group 1 was comprised of implants with Morse‐taper connection and conventional marginal design that connected to titanium abutments. Group 2 was comprised of implants with Morse‐taper connection and sloped marginal design that connected to titanium abutments. The specimens were immersed in a bacterial solution of E. coli and loaded with 500,000 cycles of 160N using a chewing simulator. Following disconnection of fixtures and abutments, microbial samples were taken from the threaded portion of the abutment, plated and cultured under appropriate conditions.ResultsTen out of twenty implants of Group 1 and eight out of twenty implants of Group 2 had IAI microgaps colonized by E. Coli. There was not a statistically significant difference in the mean number of E. Coli CFU detected between implants of Group 1 (mean 19.2, SD 23.6) and Group 2 (mean 12.5, SD18.9) (p > .05).ConclusionsThe present study demonstrated that implants with a sloped marginal design exhibited similar risk for bacterial invasion into the IAI microgap under in vitro dynamic loading conditions compared to implants with conventional marginal design.
Higher taxa and the identification of areas of endemism
Authors: Szumik Claudia A. , Goloboff Pablo A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractQuantitative analyses of areas of endemism have rarely considered higher taxa. This paper discusses aspects related to the use of higher taxa in the analysis of areas of endemism, and computer implementations. An example of the application of the method is provided, with a data set for Nearctic mammals, showing that some of the areas recognized by species‐level taxa also adjust well to the distribution of other taxa of higher level (genera, monophyletic groups).
Air‐oxidized linalyl acetate – an emerging fragrance allergen?
Authors: Hagvall Lina , Berglund Victoria , Bråred Christensson Johanna 
Published: January 2015

SummaryBackgroundLinalyl acetate is a fragrance chemical that is prone to autoxidation. Exposure to linalyl acetate occurs through cosmetic products and essential oils, but is difficult to assess, as linalyl acetate is not labelled in the EU.ObjectiveTo investigate the frequencies of contact allergy to oxidized linalyl acetate among dermatitis patients, and to investigate the autoxidation of linalyl acetate in terms of hydroperoxide formation and sensitization potency.Patients and methodsHydroperoxide formation in air‐exposed linalyl acetate was determined with high‐performance liquid chromatography. The sensitization potencies of hydroperoxides were determined with the local lymph node assay. One thousand seven hundred and seventeen patients were patch tested with oxidized linalyl acetate at 6.0% in petrolatum.ResultsOf the patients, 2.2% showed positive reactions to oxidized linalyl acetate. Forty‐three per cent of the positive patients also had positive patch test reactions to other fragrance markers. Linalyl acetate hydroperoxides were detected early in the autoxidation process, and accumulated to a concentration of 37% after 42 weeks of air exposure. The linalyl acetate hydroperoxides were classified as moderate sensitizers.ConclusionsThe frequency of positive reactions to oxidized linalyl acetate is comparable to that of previously studied oxidized fragrance terpenes. Oxidized linalyl acetate could thus be a common fragrance contact allergen.
Effect of coloration with various metal oxides on zirconia
Authors: Chen Jianfeng , Zhang Yi , Dong Shuwen , Zhao Lisheng , Gu Bin , Liao Ningfang , Wen Ning 
Published: January 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the coloration of zirconia ceramic by adding three kinds of metal oxide. This was done with different concentrations of Fe2O3, CeO2, and Bi2O3 in tetragonal zirconia polycrystals stabilised with 3Y‐TZP powder compacted at 200 MPa using cold isostatic pressure and full sintering. X‐ray diffraction analysis was used to examine the structure of the shaded 3Y‐TZP. The chromaticity of sintered bodies was measured on a spectrophotometer. The coloration of zirconia by the three kinds of metal oxide was determined. With the addition of CeO2, the lightness of the zirconia was about 84–87, a* decreased slightly, and the colour shifted to a more yellow‐green hue. With an increasing content of Fe2O3, the chroma of the ceramic became more intense, the lightness decreased, and the colour changed to a red‐yellow hue. With an increasing concentration of Bi2O3, the colour of the materials shifted to a light saffron yellow. X‐ray diffraction spectra revealed only tetragonal phase. Results show that zirconia ceramic can be colourised using Fe2O3, CeO2, and Bi2O3.
Preparation of thermally stable dyes derived from diketopyrrolopyrrole pigment by polymerisation with polyisocyanate binder
Authors: Yoon Chun , Kwon Hye‐Sun , Yoo Jae‐Sung , Lee Hyun‐Young , Bae Ji‐Hye , Choi Jae‐Hong 
Published: January 2015

Four thermally stable and solvent soluble dyes were prepared from diketopyrrolopyrrole pigment via an N‐alkylation reaction. To improve the thermal stability of the dyes, a hydroxyl functional group that could react with blocked polyisocyanates was introduced into the dyes. The prepared dyes had absorption maxima near 500 nm, and the chromaticity diagrams of all synthesised dyes exhibited smaller x and y values than those of CI Pigment Red 254, indicating that the colour of the synthesised dyes was close to an orange shade. The dyes reacting with blocked polyisocyanates showed extremely high thermal stability compared with analogous dyes not reacting with polyisocyanates.
Low‐temperature bleaching of cotton fabric using a copper‐based catalyst for hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Yin Chong , Huang Yuting , Zhang Linping , Xu Hong , Zhong Yi , Mao Zhiping 
Published: January 2015

Hydrogen peroxide can be catalysed to bleach cotton fibres at a temperature of 70 °C by incorporating the copper‐based catalyst [Cu(TPMA)Cl]ClO4·1/2H2O in the bleaching solution. The effects of pH, temperature, and concentration of catalyst and hydrogen peroxide on bleaching effectiveness were evaluated. The effects of other transition metal complexes of tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine were also examined. The bleaching mechanism was investigated by studying the active species. The results showed that a satisfactory whiteness index could be obtained at low temperature with the copper‐based catalyst, and it also had a competitive advantage in protecting cellulose from severe chemical damage. Cu(i)TPMA(OOH)− was the active species in bleaching.
High B‐cell activating factor is not associated with worse 3‐year graft outcome in blood group‐incompatible kidney transplantation with rituximab induction
Authors: Lehnhardt Anja M. , Strecker Maximiliane , Eiermann Thomas , Marget Matthias , Thaiss Friedrich , Nashan Björn , Koch Martina 
Published: January 2015

AbstractB cells and their regulation by B‐cell activating factor BAFF are of growing interest in kidney transplantation (KTx). There is evidence that high serum (s) BAFF leads to increased allosensitization and impaired long‐term graft function. We prospectively investigated sBAFF, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), and donor‐specific HLA antibodies (DSA) in patients after ABOi with B‐cell depleting rituximab induction treatment and compared them to a group of blood group‐compatible (ABOc) living donor kidney recipients. Twelve patients after ABOi and 18 after ABOc were included. After rituximab treatment prior to ABOi, B cells remained significantly lower 1 year after KTx (1.2% (0.0–17.8) compared to ABOc of 8.6% (2.8–35.0), p = 0.0004, and also BAFF‐R expression was significantly lower in ABOi (p < 0.006). sBAFF remained elevated 1 year post‐Tx compared to ABOc (3615 ± 1800 vs. 1394 ± 493 pg/mL, p < 0.004). Kidney function was not significantly different between both groups after 1, 2, and 3 years. The use of rituximab in ABOi together with maintenance immunosuppression leads to significant elevation of sBAFF and lowering of B‐cell numbers for more than 1 year, and this does not correlate with worse 3‐year graft outcome.
Rebranding the State: Uganda's Strategic Use of the International Criminal Court
Authors: Freeland Valerie 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTWhen governments invite the International Criminal Court (ICC) to conduct investigations within their own borders, they seem to indicate acceptance of global norms of accountability for wartime atrocities. The first of these self‐referrals came from Uganda, whose government requested investigation into its conflict with the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a conflict within which it, too, committed large‐scale human rights violations. This article argues that Uganda used the ICC to help solve a problem faced by many of the world's least powerful states, whose domestic politics are often structured through patron–client networks. Their rulers need to distribute basic state resources, including physical protection, to loyal clients without alienating donors who demand provision of these same resources by right to all citizens. By inviting external scrutiny and manipulating the investigative process, the Ugandan government received an international seal of approval for practices that the ICC would normally punish. This strategy has system‐wide consequences in that repeated mislabelling of rights violations as compliant with international norms causes the meaning of compliance to become incoherent, and norms are less able to constrain the behaviour of all states in the long run.
Efficacy of carbon dioxide versus air insufflation according to different sedation protocols during therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Prospective, randomized, double‐blind study
Authors: Lee Su Jin , Lee Tae Hoon , Park Sang‐Heum , Lee Yun Nah , Jung Yunho , Choi Hyun Jong , Cha Sang‐Woo , Moon Jong Ho , Cho Young Deok , Kim Sun‐Joo 
Published: January 2015

Background and AimTherapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) tends to require considerable air insufflation, which results in abdominal pain or distension. We investigated the efficacy of carbon dioxide (CO2) compared with air insufflation when using two different sedation protocols in therapeutic ERCP.MethodsPatients who required therapeutic ERCP were randomly assigned to four groups based on preliminary data: air insufflation with balanced propofol sedation (BPS), air with propofol + opioid sedation (PS), CO2 with BPS, and CO2 with PS. Post‐ERCP abdominal pain, distension and nausea by the 10‐point visual analogue scale (VAS), and gas volume score (GVS) by the four‐point ordinal scale were measured according to the time interval. Overall satisfaction with sedation, sedation efficacy, and complications were also measured.ResultsThe CO2 with BPS group showed lowest mean VAS score for abdominal pain (immediately after recovery, P = 0.002; and 3 h post‐ERCP, P = 0.047) and distension (immediately after recovery, P = 0.018; 3 h post‐ERCP, P < 0.01; and 24 h post‐ERCP, P = 0.042). Overall satisfaction with sedation was greater in the CO2 with BPS group (P = 0.005). Mean GVS at 2 h and 12 h post‐ERCP was significantly lower in the CO2 with BPS group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in procedure or sedation‐related complications.ConclusionCO2 with BPS showed the lowest VAS score for early abdominal pain, distension and GVS, and had a higher score for overall satisfaction for sedation.
Frequency, risk factors and prophylaxis of infection in ANCA‐associated vasculitis
Authors: Kronbichler Andreas , Jayne David R. W. , Mayer Gert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundAntineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)‐associated vasculitides are potentially life‐threatening disorders.Materials and methodsEven though immunosuppressive therapy improves the prognosis, adverse events, either attributable to persistent disease activity or side effects of treatment remain a challenge. Infectious complications are the leading cause of death in the first year after diagnosis and a major cause of morbidity and mortality thereafter.ResultsTheir incidence in clinical trials varies considerably but opportunistic and life‐threatening infections, such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia or systemic cytomegalovirus infections, are frequent and thus predisposing/risk factors need to be defined. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia has been associated with a lymphocyte count below 300/mm3. Additionally, besides the aggressiveness of the immunosuppressive regimen administered (especially the cumulative dose of steroids and cyclophosphamide), an elevated serum creatinine or dialysis dependency, older age and pulmonary involvement increase the rate of infectious complications.ConclusionsWe suggest to routinely prescribe trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole or antimicrobial agents such as pentamidine in case of intolerance or contraindication in the early phase of induction therapy irrespective of the immunosuppressive strategy used and to continue therapy, together with other targeted measures (antiviral, antimycotic or antibiotic) in the presence of risk factors for a prolonged period of time. Finally, there is an urgent need to standardize the reporting of infectious complications in clinical trials to enable comparing the adverse event spectrum of distinct treatment approaches more appropriately.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induced modulations of resting state motor connectivity in writer's cramp
Authors: Bharath R. D. , Biswal B. B. , Bhaskar M. V. , Gohel S. , Jhunjhunwala K. , Panda R. , George L. , Gupta A. K. , Pal P. K. 
Published: January 2015

Background and purposeWriter's cramp (WC) is a focal task‐specific dystonia of the hand which is increasingly being accepted as a network disorder. Non‐invasive cortical stimulation using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has produced therapeutic benefits in some of these patients. This study aimed to visualize the motor network abnormalities in WC and also its rTMS induced modulations using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI).MethodsNineteen patients with right‐sided WC and 20 matched healthy controls (HCs) were prospectively evaluated. All patients underwent a single session of rTMS and rsfMRI was acquired before (R1) and after (R2) rTMS. Seed‐based functional connectivity analysis of several regions in the motor network was performed for HCs, R1 and R2 using SPM8 software. Thresholded (P < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected) group level mean correlation maps were used to derive significantly connected region of interest pairs.ResultsWriter's cramp showed a significant reduction in resting state functional connectivity in comparison with HCs involving the left cerebellum, thalamus, globus pallidus, putamen, bilateral supplementary motor area, right medial prefrontal lobe and right post central gyrus. After rTMS there was a significant increase in the contralateral resting state functional connectivity through the left thalamus−right globus pallidus−right thalamus−right prefrontal lobe network loop.ConclusionsIt is concluded that WC is a network disorder with widespread dysfunction much larger than clinically evident and changes induced by rTMS probably act through subcortical and trans‐hemispheric unaffected connections. Longitudinal studies with therapeutic rTMS will be required to ascertain whether such information could be used to select patients prior to rTMS therapy.
The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in endothelial dysfunction induced by homocysteine thiolactone
Authors: Wu Shujin , Gao Xiang , Yang Shehua , Meng Min , Yang Xiaolai , Ge Bin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOur and other studies have reported that homocysteine thiolactone (HTL) could induce endothelial dysfunction. However, the precise mechanism was largely unknown. In this study, we tested the most possible factor‐endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which was demonstrated to be involved in endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease. Acetylcholine (Ach)‐induced endothelium‐dependent relaxation (EDR) and biochemical parameters were measured in rat isolated aorta. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO was designed by specific fluorescent probe DCFH‐DA and DAF‐FM DA separately. The nuclear translocation of the NF‐κB was studied by immune‐fluorescence. The mRNA expression and protein expression of GRP78—a key indicator for the induction of ER stress—were assessed by real‐time PCR and Western blot. Two ER stress inhibitors‐4‐PBA (5 mm) and Tudca (500 μg/mL)—significantly prevented HTL—impaired EDR and increased NO release, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and SOD activity, decreased ROS production, NADPH activity, NOX‐4 mRNA and MDA level. We also found that 4‐PBA and Tudca blocked HTL‐induced NF‐κB activation thus inhibiting the downstream target gene production including TNF‐α and ICAM‐1. Simultaneously, HTL increased the mRNA and protein level of GRP78. HTL could induce ER stress leading to a downstream enhancement of oxidative stress and inflammation, which finally caused vascular endothelial dysfunction.
Challenges in fisheries management in the Zambezi, one of the great rivers of Africa
Authors: Tweddle D. , Cowx I. G. , Peel R. A. , Weyl O. L. F. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAlmost all fisheries in the Zambezi River system have experienced severe declines in catch rates, loss of larger, most valuable fish species, and increased use of environmentally damaging active fishing gears. The fisheries of the Barotse, Caprivi and Kafue floodplains, and lakes Kariba (Zambian sector), Malawi and Malombe are all fished down. The concept of balanced harvesting with moderate effort has no relevance to these African inland fisheries, where rapid human population growth and lack of alternative livelihoods for small‐scale fishers means they have no choice but to continue fishing despite dwindling returns. In some areas, e.g. Liuwa Plain National Park in Zambia and conservancies in Namibia, comanagement with local communities has potential for success, but other fisheries, e.g. Lake Malombe in Malawi, are so severely fished down that there is no prospect of recovery without radical restructuring of exploitation patterns coupled with habitat restoration.
Carbon stock and its responses to climate change inCentralAsia
Authors: Li Chaofan , Zhang Chi , Luo Geping , Chen Xi , Maisupova Bagila , Madaminov Abdullo A. , Han Qifei , Djenbaev Bekmamat M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCentral Asia has a land area of 5.6 × 106 km2and contains 80–90% of the world's temperate deserts. Yet it is one of the least characterized areas in the estimation of the global carbon (C) stock/balance. This study assessed the sizes and spatiotemporal patterns of C pools in Central Asia using both inventory (based on 353 biomass and 284 soil samples) and process‐based modeling approaches. The results showed that the C stock in Central Asia was 31.34–34.16 Pg in the top 1‐m soil with another 10.42–11.43 Pg stored in deep soil (1–3 m) of the temperate deserts. They amounted to 18–24% of the global C stock in deserts and dry shrublands. The C stock was comparable to that of the neighboring regions in Eurasia or major drylands around the world (e.g. Australia). However, 90% of Central Asia C pool was stored in soil, and the fraction was much higher than in other regions. Compared to hot deserts of the world, the temperate deserts in Central Asia had relatively high soil organic carbon density. The C stock in Central Asia is under threat from dramatic climate change. During a decadal drought between 1998 and 2008, which was possibly related to protracted La Niña episodes, the dryland lost approximately 0.46 Pg C from 1979 to 2011. The largest C losses were found in northern Kazakhstan, where annual precipitation declined at a rate of 90 mm decade−1. The regional C dynamics were mainly determined by changes in the vegetation C pool, and theSOCpool was stable due to the balance between reduced plant‐derived C influx and inhibited respiration.
Risk-Off Episodes and Swiss Franc Appreciation: The Role of Capital Flows
Authors: Carvalho Filho Irineu de 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDuring episodes of increased global risk aversion, or risk-off episodes, safe haven currencies such as the Swiss franc tend to appreciate. The immediate impact of a risk-off shock is an increase in net private inflows to Switzerland, mostly driven by a reduction in Swiss residents’ net purchases of foreign debt securities and reduced foreign exposure by Swiss banks. Given that the bulk of capital movements related to risk-off episodes is driven by decisions of Swiss residents, capital flow management policies that discriminate based on the residency of the investor (capital controls) are not likely to be effective at reducing the impact of risk-off episodes. However, prudential policies that limit leveraging or foreign exposure by Swiss banks may diminish the volatility of capital flows during risk-off episodes.