bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Looking Backwards: How Do You Get Paid?1
Authors: White Carolyn M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
While a number of factors play a significant role in an oil spill response, of critical interest to every participant is money: how much and who pays! A responsible party clearly cares about the ultimate cost figure for a response; its insurer is very interested in that figure but may have quite a different view on its obligations. Contractors and subcontractors want to be paid fully and promptly, as do third parties who may suffer damages. The Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC), the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF or the Fund), and insurers become key players after the event in cost recovery and payment for damages.
Despite these sometimes conflicting interests, every response participant can benefit from understanding the standards applied by payors. Based on the standards and procedures for making claims, the participant can create a system that helps in collecting costs or damages. This paper briefly describes the sources of funding, and the standards and process for submitting claims for response costs and damages related to spills in U.S. waters. It then offers suggestions and tools for documenting decisions and costs in a way that enhances the ability to get paid.
The Pipeline Industry-Planning and Exercising: Is Industry Deriving Full Benefit from Lessons Learned?1
Authors: Epler Glenn F. , Hunt Walter (Bud) 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The National Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) was developed to provide a mechanism for compliance with the exercise requirements established under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), while being economically feasible for the government and the oil industry to adopt and sustain. PREP provides the opportunity for both the government and oil industry to participate in a standardized exercise program to meet all OPA 90 mandated exercise requirements. The guidelines also state that plan holders are responsible for addressing issues that arise from the evaluation of exercises, and for making changes to the response plans necessary to ensure the highest level of preparedness.
This paper outlines the planning and exercise program established by the Department of Transportation's Office of Pipeline Safety for onshore transportation-related pipelines. It presents a compilation of lessons learned from over 45 unannounced exercises conducted since 1996, which identified improvements in the area of emergency management. The report also chronicles the oil pipeline industry's revisions to response plans based on recommendations from the PREP exercises. Finally, the report offers recommendations to ensure that the pipeline industry incorporates the lessons learned from PREP into its response plans and corporate response structure.
Putting Response and Natural Resource Damage Costs in Perspective1
Authors: Helton Douglas , Penn Tony 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The total private and social cost of oil spills is of great interest to industry, responders, and regulators, but relatively few incidents have been examined in detail. Furthermore, publicly available cost data are often limited to state and federal response costs and natural resource damage settlements. Significant categories of costs, such as private response costs, third-party claims, and vessel or facility repair costs, are often not publicly available. Failure to consider these additional cost categories may result in erroneous conclusions regarding the total cost of spills and the relative significance of any one cost category. In this paper the authors update their previous analysis (Helton et al., 1997) on the various categories of costs that may result from spill incidents. The authors present and discuss the costs for a number of incidents representing a range of spill volumes and locations. The authors' data show that, contrary to the perception, costs for natural resource damages and assessment comprise only a small portion of total liability from an oil spill.
Guidelines for Selecting Appropriate Cleanup Endpoints at Oil Spills
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Benggio Bradford 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Target cleanup endpoints need to be established early in a response so that cleanup methods can be designed to meet the spill-specific requirements. Endpoints are selected based on cleanup objectives, which are to: (1) minimize exposure hazards for human health; (2) speed recovery of impacted areas; and (3) reduce the threat of additional or prolonged natural resource impacts. The selection of the best cleanup strategy, therefore, is often not the one that removes most of the oil, but only the oil that poses a greater risk than the cleanup action, or leaving the oil to be removed by natural processes. To provide guidance to cleanup decision makers, the authors have proposed a hierarchy of cleanup endpoints that consider this concept. The hierarchy consists of five degrees of cleanliness, and guidelines for when to select the appropriate cleanup endpoint. In addition, guidelines and considerations for application of cleanup endpoints are provided for each shoreline type.
OSRO Classifications Program: Old Topic, New Look1
Authors: Rinelli Robert A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Spill Classification Program has had it ups and downs. Over the past 6 years the mandates of the Federal Government, the needs of the oil industry, and the desires of the Oil Spill Removal Organizations (OSROs) have been difficult to balance. The many changes that the program has undergone have been primarily due to our customer's needs; however, are we really sure who the customer is? Is it the American public or has it become the OSROs themselves? Have we forgotten that the program was conceived as a planner's writer's tool? The ongoing development of the Response Resource Inventory (RRI) and the OSRO Classification Program has been cause for both alarm and optimism. The job is difficult and many “cracks in the systems” have been identified; however, the potential for a truly outstanding and beneficial program is great. So we continue to move forward and the future is bright!
Do You Really Want to be the Government's Partner?: Corporate and Government Investigations of Oil Spills1
Authors: White Carolyn M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Failure to attend to causation and liability issues as soon as an incident occurs in the United States will haunt any (potentially) responsible party long after the actual response efforts have ended. Even during the often chaotic phase of initial response efforts, it is critical for responsible parties to have a system in place for handling internal investigations as well as responding to government inquiries. This paper describes issues and procedures that should be planned well in advance of a spill, and suggests specific steps for a company to follow to protect its interests during an internal company or external government investigation. Topics include preserving physical evidence, protecting the confidentiality of internal investigative records, identifying when the government is in an investigatory role, protecting the company and individuals during government interviews, and managing the resources dedicated to responding to an investigation while also cleaning up the spill.
Fishing and Harvesting Bans in Oil Spill Response
Authors: Moller T. H. , Dicks Brian , Whittle K. J. , Girin Michel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Fishing and aquaculture harvesting bans are increasingly used as an oil spill management tool, with the intention of protecting public health and consumer markets. Such bans are easily imposed, but a rational basis is needed for maintaining and lifting them. Scientific criteria offer the best prospect for administering fishery bans in a consistent way, but recent marine pollution incidents reveal contradictions in their application. Inconsistencies can be found when comparing oil spills in different countries, and also when the response to different types of pollutant are compared. This paper explores the approaches for managing activity bans in the fisheries sector following oil spills. Examples are drawn from recent oil spills attended in North America, Europe, and Asia. Recommendations are made for caution to be exercised in the application of fishing and harvesting bans and for the adoption of sound criteria for monitoring their effectiveness.
Relevance of the National “Mussel Watch” Program To Seafood Fisheries Management Issues During Oil Spill Response
Authors: Mearns Alan J. , O'Connor Thomas P. , Lauenstein Gunnar G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in U.S. coastal mussels and oysters sampled in 1995 and 1996 range 500-fold, from about 8 parts per billion (ppb) wet weight (ww) in mussels from a site in the Southern California to over 3,000 ppb ww in oysters from several Gulf Coast embayments; the U.S. national mean concentration for 258 sites was about 140 ppb ww or about 700 ppb dry weight (dw). Regions with the lowest background concentrations (less than 30 ppb ww) include Alaska, the open coast of California and western Louisiana. Sites with the highest background concentrations (greater than 1000 ppb ww) include many urban and rural harbors and regions such as Puget Sound. On a nationwide basis there are no longterm decreases or increases in shellfish polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations despite clearly decreasing concentrations for other chemical contaminants. These results are relevant for developing criteria for closing and opening fisheries during responses to oil spills.
Marpol—An Adequate Regime? A Questioning Look At Port and Coastal State Enforcement
Authors: Sahatjian Laurie Crick 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (MARPOL 73/78), was adopted to “achieve the complete elimination of intentional pollution of the marine environment by oil … and the minimization of accidental discharge of [oil].” Parties to MARPOL believed this goal could best be achieved by the adoption of an international regime with specific operational and structural requirements for vessels and a comprehensive scheme for the detection and enforcement of violations. MARPOL, together with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, explicitly allocates enforcement among flag, port and coastal states. In recent years, port and coastal states, including the United States, have begun to look beyond MARPOL to domestic law to enforce MARPOL requirements on foreign flag vessels that (1) are suspected of MARPOL violations outside their jurisdiction but voluntarily enter their ports and (2) violate MARPOL while navigating in their coastal waters. The justification often given for more aggressive port state enforcement is inadequate flag state enforcement. Because of this perception, port and coastal states are assuming more enforcement responsibility. The impact of this upon the carefully negotiated international regime could be significant. This scheme, which reflects traditional international law and has been codified in both MARPOL and the Law of the Sea Convention, is at risk. This paper examines the international scheme and recent initiatives that threaten the scheme, and proposes actions to be taken at the international level to address the problems that have resulted in this trend toward less flag state enforcement and to strengthen the relevant international treaties to greater protect the marine environment.
A Response Plan for Deep Sea Blowouts in the North Sea: Monitoring the Subsea Plume
Authors: Uzzell Jesse , Andersen Aage Bjørn 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The number of deep water drilling projects have increased in the North Sea and in the Gulf of Mexico since 1997, and there exists many uncertainties regarding the fate the of the oil and gas which could be released from a blowout at these great depths (600–1,500 m). Present theory suggests that there is a very good chance that the oil will be entrained beneath a thermocline at a shallower depth and then travel a large distance before any of the oil rises to the surface. In addition, it is estimated that it could take up to 90 days to drill a relief well in the North Sea at such depth. These facts have generated concern among the operators and authorities in Norway, and Det Norske Veritas has developed an operational plan for the monitoring and tracking of the subsea oil which could be released from blowouts at these depths. The measuring of the underwater oil concentration levels must be updated daily and it maybe used in conjunction with three dimensional oil drift models. In the event that the model predictions are incorrect, the monitoring program will still be able to provide an overview of the trajectory of the subsea oil and allow response personnel the time to mobilize for possible impacts near a coastal zone.
Detection and Classification of An Oil Spill Using a Compact Imaging Lidar System
Authors: Yamagishi Susumu , Hitomi Kazuo , Yamanouchi Hiroshi 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a compact imaging lidar system capable of detecting fluorescence of substances excited by the third harmonic of a Nd.YAG laser using a CCD camera with gated image intensifier. The system can be mounted on a small airplane or ship, and will provide the real time image of oil spills and classification of substances for cleanup operations. We demonstrated a technique for measuring the extinction coefficients from the image data of the water Raman scattering. In order to interpret the time-resolved data obtained in the field, fluorescent characteristics of substances were measured with a streak scope in the laboratory between the wavelengths of 350 and 575 nm and with decay times.
Citizens and Industry Working Together To Make Oil Transportation Safer
Authors: Ferry Leann 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council (RCAC) is an independent non-profit corporation promoting the environmentally safe operation of the Alyeska Marine Terminal in Valdez, Alaska, and associated oil tankers. RCAC's work is mandated by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and guided by a contract with Alyeska Pipeline Service Company.
Conflict is inherent in the relationship of citizens, industry, and government. The priorities of the citizens and those of the oil industry are fundamentally different and sometimes directly opposed. Such differences do not preclude citizens, industry and government from sharing environmental objectives.
Joint projects have been especially successful in promoting effective working relationships between citizens, industry and government. Since 1990, RCAC has participated in several projects with the oil industry and government agencies on a wide range of issues including oil spill drills, disabled tanker towing, a tanker risk assessment, non-indigenous species invasions in waterways, and marine fire response capabilities.
When stakeholders develop and manage a project together, disagreements can be identified and worked out early. This can minimize conflict and lead to common ground. Ten years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, citizens, industry, and government are working together in Alaska to make oil transportation safer.
International Oil Industry Approach To Response Planning: The Mediterranean Oil Industry Group
Authors: Lamy Andre , Tramier Bernard , Depraz Sophie , Calonne Eric 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Environmental issues have long been recognised as international problems that do not respect borders and cannot be handled at a country level without impacting on other nations and territories. The environmental issue of preventing and responding to oil spill incidents crosses international boundaries and affects all countries. Even countries that produce or consume minimal amounts of petroleum products may be at risk due to the transportation of large quantities of oil from producing countries to the consuming countries.
The international oil industry, through the programme of the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association's (IPIECA) is engaged in an effort aimed at enhancing the state of preparedness and response to marine oil spill incidents in coastal locations around the world. The international oil industry approach to response planning is based on the international conventions related to oil spill response and compensation, the Tiered Response concept and the importance of partnerships with all parties.
This paper summarises the international oil industry approach to contingency planning, which has been developed by IPIECA over the past 10 years, with a special focus on activities carried out in the Mediterranean region.
Risk Management Strategies for Pipeline Spill Prevention and Response
Authors: Egan Geoffrey R. , Castle Robert W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Strategies developed to prevent and manage oil spills from pipelines based on the fundamental concepts of risk management are described. Utilizing risk concepts (risk is the product of frequency of an event and its consequences), the usual activities of pipeline operations, maintenance and inspection can be prioritized to minimize costs. Similarly, these concepts, when applied to spill management and response, can provide focus to preventative and response plans by the identification of the high-risk areas or zones. Once the hazards to pipeline integrity are identified, historical data are used as the first step in populating event trees that are used to describe the sequence of events leading to an event or spill. The identification of potential consequences related to pipeline spills involves trajectory analysis, baseline and sensitivity analysis, and the quantification of environmental and infrastructure impact. The tools described have application to existing lines and the design and construction phases of new lines.
New Technologies To Enhance Information Exchange
Authors: Hanson Renn , Hall Christopher , Dana Katherine 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The increased availability of video cameras, digital cameras, and imaging software has expanded the use of this equipment during oil spills and can improve the ability of observers to relay information in an accurate and timely manner. Digital images may be shared via electronic network, electronic mail or the World Wide Web so remotely located parties can view the same information recently observed by on-scene personnel. Adobe Systems, Inc. has developed Acrobat® software which is ideal for distributing electronic information1. Acrobat® software creates files which can be viewed using a freely distributed application which is easy to use and runs on many operating systems. This poster session demonstrates how digital images can better represent information obtained during spills and demonstrates methods for distributing the information.
Needs, Limitations, and Opportunities of Automated Decision Support Systems
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward , Costanzo Don , Heard Marc , McLain David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the fast-paced environment of oil spill response, management decisions often must be made rapidly for situations that are complex. Researchers previously identified six factors that are critical to achieving a successful oil spill response, one of which specifically concerns information management: “The response system must be able to communicate and manage information internally and externally.” Effective information flow is critical to spill management and expectation management of the public. This paper describes information flow, as it relates to all levels of organizational support during an oil spill response, that is critical to making timely and appropriate decisions. Given the United States' policy to use Incident Command System (ICS) as the preferred management system for oil spill response, the focus of the discussion is on ICS-based management systems. In addition, needs and opportunities for using automated decision support tools in the emergency environment are discussed.
Tracking Spill Response Dollars: From Osro Contract To Invoice Review1
Authors: McLellan William A. , Permenter Floyd R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Cleanup costs for pollution incidents continue to escalate, prompting closer scrutiny of contractor invoices and activity during cleanup operations. Many times this scrutiny results in delayed payments as the responsible party (RP) and oil spill removal organization (OSRO) argue about expectations and debate what is fair and reasonable given the contract terms and specifics of the cleanup. Although both sides appear to have drawn a line in the sand, each is eager to resolve the conflict. As in most disputes, the answer very well may lie in better communications between the parties.
Field Evaluation of a Wireless Electronic Shoreline Cleanup Support System
Authors: Lamarche Alain , Ion John , Rubec Peter , LaVoi A.A. , Winner J. K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A prototype system was designed and assembled to electronically support all the steps involved in the cleanup phase of an oil spill response, from field data acquisition to decision making at a command post. The system included satellite communication, wireless Local Area Networks (LANs), Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and computerized Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Team (SCAT) support software. Field data entry was done using a penpad linked to a wearable computer, including (1) creation of electronic shoreline oiling summary diagrams with the help of a GIS; (2) completion of electronic SCAT forms; (3) exact positioning of oil patches and other spatial information with a differential Global Positioning System (DGPS); and (4) recording of images with a video camera. Information from the field was transmitted through a wireless LAN to a portable computer, which relayed the data via satellite communication to a central facility where information was integrated and analyzed for decision making. The system was evaluated during a number of field trials with personnel from the Bureau of Emergencies Response (state of Florida), normally involved in oil spill response. The evaluation demonstrated that (1) a stand-alone system, including differential GPS capability, was optimal to support SCAT activities in the field; (2) the setup and operation of a wireless LAN was both cumbersome and not worth the improvement in peiformance (reduced transfer time), particularly due to the necessity of deploying unwieldy directional antennas; (3) a major limitation was that the wearable computer's display was not visible under bright sunlight; (4) communication by wireless LAN and satellite network proved feasible, but too difficult to do routinely; (5) the use of computerized software tools in combination with detailed base maps (digital orthoquads) proved to be a huge improvement over the use of pen and paper; (6) the use of an all-electronic environment substantially shortened the length of time necessary to produce decision maps.