bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlled ring‐opening homo‐ and copolymerization of ɛ‐caprolactone and d,l‐lactide by iminophenolate aluminum complexes: An efficient approach toward well‐defined macromonomers
Authors: Zaitsev Kirill V. , Piskun Yulia A. , Oprunenko Yuri F. , Karlov Sergey S. , Zaitseva Galina S. , Vasilenko Irina V. , Churakov Andrei V. , Kostjuk Sergei V. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe aluminum complexes containing two iminophenolate ligands of the type (p‐XC6H4NCHC6H4O‐o)2AlR' (R′=Me (3, 4) or R′=O(CH2)4OCH=CH2 (5, 6), X=H (3, 5), F(4, 6)) were synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography. The reaction of AlMe3 with two equivalents of substituted iminophenols gave five‐coordinated {ONR}2AlMe (3, 4) complexes. Subsequent reaction of these methyl complexes with unsaturated alcohol, HO(CH2)4OCH=CH2, resulted in target compounds 5 and 6 in a good yield. It was shown that the complexes (3‐6) are monomeric in solution (NMR) and in solid state (X‐ray analysis). The catalytic activity of the complexes 5 and 6 towards ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ɛ‐caprolactone and d,l‐lactide was assessed. Complex 5 showed higher activity as compared with 6, while both of these catalysts induced controlled homo‐ and copolymerization to afford the macromonomers with high content of vinyl ether end groups (Fn > 80%) in a broad range of molecular weights (Mn = 4000–30,000 g mol−1) with relatively narrow MWD (Mw/Mn = 1.1–1.5). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1237–1250
An energetic scale for equilibrium H/D fractionation factors illuminates hydrogen bond free energies in proteins
Authors: Cao Zheng , Bowie James U. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEquilibrium H/D fractionation factors have been extensively employed to qualitatively assess hydrogen bond strengths in protein structure, enzyme active sites, and DNA. It remains unclear how fractionation factors correlate with hydrogen bond free energies, however. Here we develop an empirical relationship between fractionation factors and free energy, allowing for the simple and quantitative measurement of hydrogen bond free energies. Applying our empirical relationship to prior fractionation factor studies in proteins, we find: [1] Within the folded state, backbone hydrogen bonds are only marginally stronger on average in α‐helices compared to β‐sheets by ∼0.2 kcal/mol. [2] Charge‐stabilized hydrogen bonds are stronger than neutral hydrogen bonds by ∼2 kcal/mol on average, and can be as strong as –7 kcal/mol. [3] Changes in a few hydrogen bonds during an enzyme catalytic cycle can stabilize an intermediate state by –4.2 kcal/mol. [4] Backbone hydrogen bonds can make a large overall contribution to the energetics of conformational changes, possibly playing an important role in directing conformational changes. [5] Backbone hydrogen bonding becomes more uniform overall upon ligand binding, which may facilitate participation of the entire protein structure in events at the active site. Our energetic scale provides a simple method for further exploration of hydrogen bond free energies.
A synthetic biochemistry system for the in vitro production of isoprene from glycolysis intermediates
Authors: Korman Tyler P. , Sahachartsiri Bobby , Li Dan , Vinokur Jeffrey M. , Eisenberg David , Bowie James U. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe high yields required for the economical production of chemicals and fuels using microbes can be difficult to achieve due to the complexities of cellular metabolism. An alternative to performing biochemical transformations in microbes is to build biochemical pathways in vitro, an approach we call synthetic biochemistry. Here we test whether the full mevalonate pathway can be reconstituted in vitro and used to produce the commodity chemical isoprene. We construct an in vitro synthetic biochemical pathway that uses the carbon and ATP produced from the glycolysis intermediate phosphoenolpyruvate to run the mevalonate pathway. The system involves 12 enzymes to perform the complex transformation, while providing and balancing the ATP, NADPH, and acetyl‐CoA cofactors. The optimized system produces isoprene from phosphoenolpyruvate in ∼100% molar yield. Thus, by inserting the isoprene pathway into previously developed glycolysis modules it may be possible to produce isoprene and other acetyl‐CoA derived isoprenoids from glucose in vitro.
Transmission of the G143A QoI‐resistance point mutation through anastomosis in Magnaporthe grisea
Authors: Avila‐Adame Cruz 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDSoon after the introduction of Qo inhibitor fungicides in 1996, the point mutation leading to the amino acid exchange glycine to alanine at the 143 position of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was identified as the main cause of resistance. The present study describes the role of anastomosis in the transmission of the G143A mutation in Magnaporthe grisea.RESULTSTwo M. grisea mutants were co‐cultivated on oatmeal agar and also co‐inoculated on barley leaves. The mutants differed by the presence of the G143A mutation in one isolate and a disrupted AOX gene by insertion of a hygromycin gene in the other (M‐145). Specific resistant (r) or sensitive (s) phenotypes of 409 monosporic cultures were determined on media amended with either hygromycin (H) or azoxystrobin (S) plus SHAM. The phenotypes identified reflected not only the phenotypes of mutants M‐145 and G143A but also the wild‐type parent phenotype HsSs and a new HrSr isolate.CONCLUSIONIdentification of the M. grisea phenotypes HrSr and HsSs suggests that anastomosis occurred during co‐cultivation and co‐inoculation of the mutants M‐145 and G143A, allowing the transfer of the G143A point mutation from the QoI‐resistant isolate to the susceptible isolate. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Supporting collaborative development using process models: a tooled integration‐focused approach
Authors: Kedji Komlan Akpédjé , Lbath Redouane , Coulette Bernard , Nassar Mahmoud , Baresse Laurent , Racaru Florin 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTCollaboration in software engineering projects is usually intensive and requires adequate support by well‐integrated tools. However, process‐centered software engineering environments (PSEE) have traditionally been designed to exploit integration facilities in other tools, while offering themselves little to no such facilities. This is in line with the vision of the PSEE as the central orchestrator of project support tools. We argue that this view has hindered the widespread adoption of process‐based collaboration support tools by incurring too much adoption and switching costs. We propose a new process‐based collaboration support architecture, backed by a process metamodel, that can easily be integrated with existing tools. The proposed architecture revolves around the central concepts of ‘deep links’ and ‘hooks’. Our approach is validated by analyzing a collection of open‐source projects, and integration utilities based on the implemented process model server have been developed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die neue Löwenbrücke in Bamberg – Entstehung und Funktion eines komplexen Mischbautragwerkes
Authors: Rubin Daniel 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMit der Fertigstellung der neuen Löwenbrücke nennt die Stadt Bamberg ein weiteres Brückenbauwerk ihr Eigen, das den erhöhten Anforderungen standhalten kann, die der Main‐Donau‐Kanal an die ihn überspannenden Tragwerke stellt. Zugleich wurde ein deutliches Zeichen modernen und anspruchsvollen Brückeningenieurbaus gesetzt. Mit einer Gesamtbreite von über 23 m stellt das neue Tragwerk im Vergleich zu seinem Vorgängerbauwerk nicht nur wesentlich mehr Verkehrsraum zur Verfügung, durch die abgesetzten Gehwegbereiche schafft die Zügelgurtbrücke nun auch für Fußgänger eine vor allem sichere und komfortable Querungsmöglichkeit des Main‐Donau‐Kanals im innerstädtischen Bereich.The new Löwenbrücke in Bamberg, Germany – Genesis of a mixed building structure. Within the completion of the new Löwenbrücke the city of Bamberg calls another bridge her own which is well prepared for the increased demands of the Main‐Donau‐Kanal. At the same time this is a visible sign of modern and sophisticated structural engineering in the field of bridge constructions. Its total width of more than 23 m does not only offer more space for the traffic compared to its predecessor. The pedestrian area is separated from the area of cars and bikes. So this special suspension bridge now allows the people to pass the Main‐Donau‐Kanal in a secure and comfortable way.
Die Renaissance der Fachwerkbrücke
Authors: Bernabeu Larena Jorge , Bernabeu Larena Alejandr 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg war die Fachwerkbrücke in Westeuropa über drei Jahrzehnte lang quasi von der Bildfläche verschwunden. Erst Mitte der 1980er Jahre wird sie dank zweier Ansätze, die auf verschiedenen technischen Entwicklungen beruhen, wiederentdeckt. In Deutschland findet die Fachwerkbrücke im Verbundbrückenbau im Bereich des Hochgeschwindigkeitseisenbahnbaus erneut Verwendung. In Frankreich erfolgt die Annäherung an die Fachwerkbrücke über die Weiterentwicklung der Betonquerschnitte mit außen liegender Vorspannung und Gewichtseinsparungen in den Tragwerksstegen. Angeregt durch die Veröffentlichung von Artikeln über herausragende Bauten breitet sich das Fachwerk in den 1990er Jahren in ganz Europa aus. Zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts kommt das Raumfachwerk mit hohlem Brückenquerschnitt auf, das die Möglichkeit bietet, den Querschnitt zu begehen bzw. zu befahren, und so die Durchdringung der statischen Konstruktion beim Überqueren der Brücke zu einem Erlebnis zu machen. Das Fachwerk ist zur Überbrückung großer Spannweiten und für Experimente mit neuen Querschnitten bestens geeignet und bietet neue Möglichkeiten hinsichtlich Gestalt und Ausdruck.Revival of trusses in bridges. After Second World War, truss bridges almost disappeared in Western Europe for more than three decades. However, in the mid‐eighties they were recovered due to several technical developments that led to a dual approach. On one hand, Germany recovered composite truss decks for high speed railway bridges. Meanwhile, the evolution of post‐tensioning concrete sections with exterior prestress and the lightening of the webs, led in France to a new approach of the truss. As a result, the impact of significant realizations expands the use of truss bridges throughout Europe in the nineties. Finally, in the twenty‐first century tubular trusses provide an interior passage through the truss section, offering the experience of entering the structure. Truss girders are very suitable for saving large spans, as well as to explore new cross sections types and new formal and expressive possibilities.
Nachhaltigkeit und Resilienz – Zukünftige Kriterien bei der integrativen Bewertung von Brücken
Authors: Ummenhofer Thomas , Zinke Tim 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDer Begriff Nachhaltigkeit stößt in Deutschland seit etwa zehn Jahren auf großes Interesse und auch für Brückenbauwerke werden insbesondere in Deutschland derzeit verschiedene Bewertungsansätze für die Lebenszyklusanalyse entwickelt. Gleichzeitig gewinnt der Begriff Resilienz vor allem international immer mehr an Bedeutung. Resilienz beschreibt dabei direkte und indirekte, soziale Auswirkungen beim Auftreten von Extremereignissen (Erdbeben, Hochwasser, Starkwind, Unfälle etc.) im Lebenszyklus von Infrastrukturbauwerken. Sowohl das Konzept der nachhaltigen Entwicklung als auch das der Resilienz werden bisher von verschiedenen Forschungsdisziplinen weiterentwickelt, und oftmals schenken sich die Disziplinen keine gegenseitige Beachtung. Bei der Analyse beider Konzepte zeigt sich allerdings, dass viele Gemeinsamkeiten vorhanden sind, wie die Integration von sozialen und ökonomischen Aspekten, die Ausrichtung auf den gesamten Lebenszyklus sowie die Entscheidungsunterstützung im Rahmen der Planungsphase von Brückenbauwerken. Der vorliegende Beitrag führt in die beiden Bewertungskonzepte der Resilienz und der nachhaltigen Entwicklung ein, zeigt den aktuellen Stand der Forschung auf und stellt Gemeinsamkeiten sowie Unterschiede dar. Anhand einer Beispielrechnung wird abschließend verdeutlicht, wie eine integrative Bewertung gelingen kann und welche Kriterien dabei Anwendung finden sollten.Sustainability and resilience – Future criteria for the integral assessment of bridges. The term sustainability is very topical for 10 years in Germany and also for bridges several German assessment approaches are developed for the life‐cycle analysis of bridges. Simultaneously the term resilience gains in importance, especially internationally. Resilience covers direct and indirect social impacts in the case of the occurrence of an extreme event (earthquakes, flooding, storms etc.) during the life‐cycle of infrastructures. Until now, both concepts have been developed by different research disciplines and often the disciplines do not recognize each other. The analysis of both concepts shows many common issues, e. g. integration of social and economic aspects, inclusion of the complete life‐cycle and decision support during the design stage of bridges. The paper introduces both concepts resilience and sustainable development, shows the state of the art and presents common grounds and differences. By means of a numerical example the basis of an integral assessment is illustrated and the criteria to be applied are emphasized.
Loss of nesting sites is not a primary factor limiting northern Chimney Swift populations
Authors: Fitzgerald Trina M. , van Stam Elisabeth , Nocera Joseph J. , Badzinski Debra S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAerially‐foraging insectivorous bird populations have been declining for several decades in North America and habitat loss is hypothesized as a leading cause for the declines. Chimney Swifts (Chaetura pelagica) are a model species to test this hypothesis because nest site use and availability is easily assessed. To determine if nest site availability is a limiting factor for Chimney Swifts, we established a volunteer‐based survey to inventory and describe chimneys (n = 928) that were used or unused by swifts. A logistic regression model showed that swifts preferred chimneys with a greater length exposed above the roofline and greater inside area, which were not associated with residential buildings. The average chimney used by swifts extended 2.86 m above the roofline with an internal area of 10,079 cm2. The regression model represents the range of nest‐site conditions that swifts will tolerate; this was used to build a linear discriminant function (ldf) that had an I‐index of 82 % (measure of prediction success). We applied the ldf coefficients to predict chimney occupancy in three southern Ontario communities. Of 366 open chimneys, the ldf classified 139 as suitable but only 24.4 % were occupied by swifts. Given that >75 % of suitable sites were unoccupied, swifts are likely not experiencing competition from habitat saturation. Our results suggest that Chimney Swift populations, and likely other aerially‐foraging insectivorous birds, are limited primarily by other processes not measured in this study, such as changes in prey.
Calcaneocuboid arthrodesis for recurrent clubfeet: What is the outcome at 17-year follow-up?
Authors: Chu Alice , Chaudhry Sonia , Sala Debra A. , Atar Dan , Lehman Wallace B. 
Published: February 2014

Purpose Calcaneocuboid arthrodesis was used during revision clubfoot surgery in order to maintain midfoot correction. The purposes of this study were to determine: (1) functional level at 17-year follow-up compared to 5-year follow-up; (2) patients’ current functional level, satisfaction, and pain; and (3) current arthropometric measurements. Methods Twenty patients (27 clubfeet) with clubfoot relapse underwent revision soft tissue release and calcaneocuboid fusion between 1991 and 1994. They were previously evaluated at a mean follow-up of 5.5 years. Ten out of 20 patients (13 clubfeet), mean age of 24 years, were reevaluated at mean follow-up of 17.5 years. The Hospital for Joint Diseases Functional Rating System (HJD FRS) for clubfoot surgery, Outcome Evaluation in Clubfoot developed by the International Clubfoot Study Group, the Clubfoot Disease-Specific Instrument, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Foot and Ankle Outcomes Questionnaire, Laaveg and Ponseti's functional rating system for clubfoot and pain scale were completed by patient and/or surgeon to assess function, patient satisfaction and pain. Foot and ankle radiographs and anthropometric measurements were reviewed. For HJD FRS, scores from original follow-up were compared to current ones. Results The HJD FRS score of all feet was 65.9, demonstrating a significant decline from the original mean score of 77.8 ( p = 0.03). Excellent/good HJD FRS scores went from 85 to 38 %. Mean AAOS Foot Ankle Outcomes Questionnaire standardized core and shoe comfort scores were 84.6 and 84.5, respectively. Average foot pain was 1.8 on a scale of 1–10. Patients were very/somewhat satisfied with status of foot in 76 % of feet and appearance of foot in 46 % of feet, based on Clubfoot Disease-Specific Instrument questions. Conclusions Revision clubfoot surgery with calcaneocuboid fusion in patients 5–8 years of age showed an expected decline in functional outcome measures over a 17-year follow-up period. It still produced comparable results to other studies for a similar population of difficult, revision cases, and should have a place in current surgical treatment techniques.
miRNA cargo within exosome‐like vesicle transfer influences metastatic bone colonization
Authors: Valencia Karmele , Luis-Ravelo Diego , Bovy Nicolas , Antón Iker , Martínez-Canarias Susana , Zandueta Carolina , Ormazábal Cristina , Struman Ingrid , Tabruyn Sébastien , Rebmann Vera , De Las Rivas J. , Guruceaga Elisabet , Bandrés Eva , Lecanda Fernando 
Published: February 2014

Bone metastasis represents one of the most deleterious clinical consequences arising in the context of many solid tumors. Severe osteolysis results from tumor cell colonization of the bone compartment, a process which entails reciprocal exchange of soluble signals between tumor cells and their osseous microenvironment. Recent evidence indicates that tumor‐intrinsic miRNAs are pleiotropic regulators of gene expression. But they are also frequently released in exosome‐like vesicles (ELV). Yet the functional relevance of the transference of tumor‐derived ELV and their miRNA cargo to the extracellular milieu during osseous colonization is unknown.Comparative transcriptomic profiling using an in vivo murine model of bone metastasis identified a repressed miRNA signature associated with high prometastatic activity. Forced expression of single miRNAs identified miR‐192 that markedly appeased osseous metastasis in vivo, as shown by X‐ray, bioluminescence imaging and microCT scans. Histological examination of metastatic lesions revealed impaired tumor‐induced angiogenesis in vivo, an effect that was associated in vitro with decreased hallmarks of angiogenesis. Isolation and characterization of ELV by flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed the ELV cargo enrichment in miR‐192. Consistent with these findings, fluorescent labeled miR‐192‐enriched‐ELV showed the in vitro transfer and release of miR‐192 in target endothelial cells and abrogation of the angiogenic program by repression of proangiogenic IL‐8, ICAM and CXCL1. Moreover, in vivo infusion of fluorescent labeled ELV efficiently targeted cells of the osseous compartment. Furthermore, treatment with miR‐192 enriched ELV in a model of in vivo bone metastasis pre‐conditioned osseous milieu and impaired tumor‐induced angiogenesis, thereby reducing the metastatic burden and tumor colonization.Changes in the miRNA‐cargo content within ELV represent a novel mechanism heavily influencing bone metastatic colonization, which is most likely relevant in other target organs. Mechanistic mimicry of this phenomenon by synthetic nanoparticles could eventually emerge as a novel therapeutic approach.
A theory for the emergence of coherent structures in beta-plane turbulence
Authors: Bakas Nikolaos A. , Ioannou Petros J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPlanetary turbulent flows are observed to self-organize into large-scale structures such as zonal jets and coherent vortices. One of the simplest models of planetary turbulence is obtained by considering a barotropic flow on a beta-plane channel with turbulence sustained by random stirring. Nonlinear integrations of this model show that as the energy input rate of the forcing is increased, the homogeneity of the flow is broken with the emergence of non-zonal, coherent, westward propagating structures and at larger energy input rates by the emergence of zonal jets. We study the emergence of non-zonal coherent structures using a non-equilibrium statistical theory, stochastic structural stability theory (S3T, previously referred to as SSST). S3T directly models a second-order approximation to the statistical mean turbulent state and allows the identification of statistical turbulent equilibria and study of their stability. Using S3T, the bifurcation properties of the homogeneous state in barotropic beta-plane turbulence are determined. Analytic expressions for the zonal and non-zonal large-scale coherent flows that emerge as a result of structural instability are obtained. Through numerical integrations of the S3T dynamical system, it is found that the unstable structures equilibrate at finite amplitude. Numerical simulations of the nonlinear equations confirm the characteristics (scale, amplitude and phase speed) of the structures predicted by S3T.
Effects of dietary protein and glycaemic index on biomarkers of bone turnover in children
Authors: Dalskov Stine-Mathilde , Müller Martha , Ritz Christian , Damsgaard Camilla T. , Papadaki Angeliki , Saris Wim H. M. , Astrup Arne , Michaelsen Kim Fleischer , Mølgaard Christian 
Published: February 2014

For decades, it has been debated whether high protein intake compromises bone mineralisation, but no long-term randomised trial has investigated this in children. In the family-based, randomised controlled trial DiOGenes (Diet, Obesity and Genes), we examined the effects of dietary protein and glycaemic index (GI) on biomarkers of bone turnover and height in children aged 5–18 years. In two study centres, families with overweight parents were randomly assigned to one of five ad libitum-energy, low-fat (25–30 % energy (E%)) diets for 6 months: low protein/low GI; low protein/high GI; high protein/low GI; high protein/high GI; control. They received dietary instructions and were provided all foods for free. Children, who were eligible and willing to participate, were included in the study. In the present analyses, we included children with data on plasma osteocalcin or urinary N-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I (U-NTx) from baseline and at least one later visit (month 1 or month 6) (n 191 in total, n 67 with data on osteocalcin and n 180 with data on U-NTx). The level of osteocalcin was lower (29·1 ng/ml) in the high-protein/high-GI dietary group than in the low-protein/high-GI dietary group after 6 months of intervention (95 % CI 2·2, 56·1 ng/ml, P= 0·034). The dietary intervention did not affect U-NTx (P= 0·96) or height (P= 0·80). Baseline levels of U-NTx and osteocalcin correlated with changes in height at month 6 across the dietary groups (P< 0·001 and P= 0·001, respectively). The present study does not show any effect of increased protein intake on height or bone resorption in children. However, the difference in the change in the level of osteocalcin between the high-protein/high-GI group and the low-protein/high-GI group warrants further investigation and should be confirmed in other studies.