bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contact between Catholic and Protestant schoolchildren in Northern Ireland
Authors: Turner Rhiannon N. , Tam Tania , Hewstone Miles , Kenworthy Jared , Cairns Ed 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study explored segregation and sectarianism among children in integrated and non‐integrated Northern Irish schools. Results revealed a substantial relationship between 2 types of intergroup contact—cross‐group friendship and extended contact—and lower levels of prejudice. While cross‐group friendships were associated with more positive intergroup relations via the mediating mechanisms of self‐disclosure and empathy with the out‐group, extended contact worked by eliciting positive perceived peer norms toward the out‐group. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for intergroup relations among children in conflict societies.
Cost‐effectiveness of personalized plaque control for managing the gingival manifestations of oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Stone Simon J. , McCracken Giles I. , Heasman Peter A. , Staines Konrad S. , Pennington Mark 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimTo undertake cost‐effectiveness and cost–benefit analyses of an intervention to improve oral health in patients presenting with the gingival manifestations of oral lichen planus (OLP).Materials & MethodsEighty‐two patients were recruited to a 20‐week randomized controlled trial. The intervention was personalized plaque control comprising powered tooth brushing and inter‐dental cleaning advice. The primary outcome measure was the oral health impact profile (OHIP) with secondary outcomes of pain, plaque index, mucosal disease score and cost‐effectiveness. Private cost data and stated willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) values for treatment were obtained from intervention patients at 20 weeks.ResultsOverall, 81% of intervention patients showed improvement in both plaque index and mucosal disease score at 20 weeks compared to 30% of controls that continued with their usual plaque control regimen. All intervention group patients stated a positive WTP value. The mean net value of the treatment was £172 compared to the incremental cost of the treatment estimated at £122.75. The cost‐effectiveness analysis resulted in an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of £13 per OHIP point.ConclusionsThe tailored plaque control programme was more effective than control in treating the gingival manifestations of oral lichen planus. The programme is cost effective for modest values placed on a point on the OHIP scale and patients generally valued the treatment in excess of the cost.
Functional stoichiometry underlying KChIP regulation of Kv4.2 functional expression
Authors: Kunjilwar Kumud , Qian Yan , Pfaffinger Paul J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractK channel‐interacting proteins (KChIPs) enhance functional expression of Kv4 channels by binding to an N‐terminal regulatory region located in the first 40 amino acids of Kv4.2 that we call the functional expression regulating N‐terminal (FERN) domain. Mutating two residues in the FERN domain to alanines, W8A and F11A, disrupts KChIP binding and regulation of Kv4.2 without eliminating the FERN domain's control of basal expression level or regulation by DPP6. When Kv4.2(W8A,F11A) is co‐expressed with wild type Kv4.2 and KChIP3 subunits, a dominant negative effect is seen where the current expression is reduced to levels normally seen without KChIP addition. The dominant negative effect correlates with heteromultimeric channels remaining on intracellular membranes despite KChIP binding to non‐mutant Kv4.2 subunits. In contrast, the deletion mutant Kv4.2(Δ1‐40), eliminating both KChIP binding and the FERN domain, has no dominant negative effect even though the maximal conductance level is 5x lower than seen with KChIP3. The 5x increased expression seen with KChIP integration into the channel is fully apparent even when a reduced number of KChIP subunits are incorporated as long as all FERN domains are bound. Our results support the hypothesis that KChIPs enhances Kv4.2 functional expression by a 1 : 1 suppression of the N‐terminal FERN domain and by producing additional positive regulatory effects on functional channel expression.
The morphology of the mouse masticatory musculature
Authors: Baverstock Hester , Jeffery Nathan S. , Cobb Samuel N. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe mouse has been the dominant model organism in studies on the development, genetics and evolution of the mammalian skull and associated soft‐tissue for decades. There is the potential to take advantage of this well studied model and the range of mutant, knockin and knockout organisms with diverse craniofacial phenotypes to investigate the functional significance of variation and the role of mechanical forces on the development of the integrated craniofacial skeleton and musculature by using computational mechanical modelling methods (e.g. finite element and multibody dynamic modelling). Currently, there are no detailed published data of the mouse masticatory musculature available. Here, using a combination of micro‐dissection and non‐invasive segmentation of iodine‐enhanced micro‐computed tomography, we document the anatomy, architecture and proportions of the mouse masticatory muscles. We report on the superficial masseter (muscle, tendon and pars reflecta), deep masseter, zygomaticomandibularis (anterior, posterior, infraorbital and tendinous parts), temporalis (lateral and medial parts), external and internal pterygoid muscles. Additionally, we report a lateral expansion of the attachment of the temporalis onto the zygomatic arch, which may play a role in stabilising this bone during downwards loading. The data presented in this paper now provide a detailed reference for phenotypic comparison in mouse models and allow the mouse to be used as a model organism in biomechanical and functional modelling and simulation studies of the craniofacial skeleton and particularly the masticatory system.
Hybrid Contests
Authors: MELKONYAN TIGRAN 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper examines hybrid contests where participants commit two types of resources to improve their probability of winning the prize. The first type is forfeited ex ante, before the prize is allocated, by winners and losers alike, while the second is committed ex ante by all contenders but expended ex post, after the prize is allocated, and only by the contestant that wins the prize. The model yields a number of interesting results. Among them is the finding that, as the number of contestants increases, the ex ante
expenditures of individual contestants decrease while the ex post
expenditure increases. Even more interesting, the total of the ex ante and ex post expenditures by the contenders in a hybrid contest may decrease with the number of competitors. The study also finds that there is no rent overdissipation, and compares the total expenditures in the contest and “all‐pay” allocation mechanisms.
The “Dark Side” of Deregulation: How Competition Affects the Size of the Shadow Economy
Authors: KARLINGER LILIANE 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper builds a theory that explains the dramatic expansion of the underground economy in the late 1990s by the sharp increase in market competition worldwide. I model an oligopoly game where firms first decide on entry and sector, and then compete in price. Operating in the underground sector reduces variable costs, but comes at the risk of being detected and fined. As competition intensifies (i.e., as consumers become more and more price‐sensitive), underground firms attract more demand, thus stealing business and profits from official firms. As a consequence, more firms enter the underground economy. A lenient policy toward the underground economy may increase welfare when markups are high, but will be welfare‐detrimental when markups are low.
Voluntary Participation and Provision of Public Goods in Large Finite Economies
Authors: KONISHI HIDEO , SHINOHARA RYUSUKE 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe consider a public good provision game with voluntary participation. Agents participating in the game provide a public good and pay the fees according to a mechanism (allocation rule), while nonparticipants can free‐ride on the participants. We examine how the equilibrium public good provision level is affected by enlarging the population of an economy. We introduce a condition for an allocation rule, the asymptotic uniform continuity in replication (AUCR), which requires that small changes in the population must yield only small changes in the public good provision and which is satisfied by many mechanisms. We show that under AUCR, the equilibrium level of the public good converges to zero as the economy is replicated in the sense of Milleron.
Race Differentiation in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. chrysanthemi
Authors: Troisi Marco , Bertetti Domenico , Gullino Maria Lodovica , Garibaldi Angelo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe pathogenicity of different isolates of Fusarium oxysporum obtained from plants of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii), Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), Paris daisy (Argyranthemum frutescens) and African daisy (Osteospermum sp.), all in the family Asteraceae, was tested on different cultivars of these hosts, to assess their pathogenicity. The reactions were compared with those of isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi and of f.sp. tracheiphilum obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. We found that isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi can be distinguished as three physiological races on the basis of their pathogenicity to the panel of differential cultivars. Sequencing of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Fusarium races fell into three phylogenetic groups, which coincided with those observed in pathogenicity tests. Analysis of the IGS sequences revealed a high degree of similarity among strains from Italy and Spain from different host species, suggesting that recent outbreaks in these ornamentals were probably caused by introduction of infected nursery material from a common origin.
European Stone Fruit Yellows: A Mark, Release and Recapture Experiment Tracking the Dispersal of its Vector Cacopsylla pruni (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in a Model Apricot Orchard and Epidemiological Studies in Lower Austria
Authors: Maier Caroline , Bachinger Karl , Mörtel Judith , Engel Christian , Czipin Leonhard , Riedle‐Bauer Monika 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDuring the last 15 years, European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) has become a major concern in Austrian fruit production. Therefore, presence and temporal dynamics of its vector Cacopsylla pruni were investigated using a beating tray method and yellow sticky traps on Prunus armeniaca, Prunus domestica, Prunus spinosa and P. cerasifera nigra. Infection rates of C. pruni and Prunus spp. trees were assessed by direct, nested and real‐time PCR. Movement of remigrants in a model apricot orchard was tracked by aid of a mark, release and recapture study. Insects were marked by fluorescent dyes. Movement of the marked insects and presence of naturally occurring insects were monitored by yellow sticky traps. In 2011, remigration of C. pruni to Prunus spp. started in calendar week 10 (8th of March) and in 2012, in calendar week 12 (18th of March). Remigrants were observed until calendar week 20 (middle of May), significant numbers of the springtime generation adults were present until week 26 (end of June). The phytoplasma was ascertained in 0–11.5% of the remigrants and in 0–3.44% of the springtime generation insects. About 9.8–63.3% of the apricot samples, 20–40% of the plum samples and single blackthorn samples were infected. The mark, release and recapture study proved a fast and frequent tree‐to‐tree movement of remigrated C. pruni adults. Insects easily covered distances from row to row or even farther (ca. 13 m) within 24 h after release and were present in a large part of the model orchard after 8 days (up to 24 m from release point).
Melatonin promotes the in vitro development of pronuclear embryos and increases the efficiency of blastocyst implantation in murine
Authors: Wang Feng , Tian XiuZhi , Zhang Lu , Tan DunXian , Reiter Russel J. , Liu GuoShi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWhen a defect occurs in the in vitro development of a pronuclear embryo, the interruption of the subsequent implantation limits the success of assisted conception. This common problem remains to be solved. In this study, we observed that melatonin at its physiological concentration (10−7 m) significantly promoted the in vitro development of murine pronuclear embryos. This was indicated by the increased blastocyst rate, hatching blastocyst rate, and blastocyst cell number with melatonin treatment. In addition, when these blastocysts were implanted into female recipient mice, the pregnancy rates (95.0% versus control 67.8%), litter sizes (4.1 pups/litter versus control 2.7 pups/litter), and postnatal survival rates of offspring (96.84% versus control 81.24%) were significantly improved compared with their non‐melatonin‐treated counterparts. Mechanistic studies revealed that melatonin treatment upregulates gene expression of the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the anti‐apoptotic factor bcl‐2 while downregulating the expression of pro‐apoptotic genes p53 and caspase‐3. Due to these changes, melatonin treatment reduces ROS production and cellular apoptosis during in vitro embryo development and improves the quality of blastocysts. The implantation of blastocysts with higher quality leads to more healthy offspring and increased pup survival.
Ontogeny expression of ghrelin, neuropeptide Y and cholecystokinin in blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala
Authors: Ping H.‐C. , Feng K. , Zhang G.‐R. , Wei K.‐J. , Zou G.‐W. , Wang W.‐M. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryGhrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cholecystokinin (CCK) all have important roles in the regulation of feeding in fish and mammals. To better understand the role of the three peptides in appetite regulation in the early developmental stages of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), partial cDNA sequences of ghrelin, NPY and CCK genes were cloned. And then, real‐time quantitative PCR and RT‐PCR were used to detect and quantify the mRNA expressions of these genes from zygotes to larvae of 50 days after hatching (DAH). Ghrelin, NPY and CCK were all expressed throughout the embryonic and larval development stages, and the expression levels were higher in larval stages than in embryonic stages. Ghrelin and NPY mRNA expressions were upregulated at 1, 3, 5 DAH, while CCK mRNA expression was reduced significantly at 3 DAH. The mRNA expression levels of three genes in larvae varied significantly until 30 DAH. In adult fish, all three peptides were detected to be expressed in brain and several peripheral tissues. Ghrelin mRNA was mainly expressed in the intestine, whereas NPY and CCK mRNAs were mainly expressed in the brain. Taken together, these results indicate that ghrelin, NPY and CCK may have roles in early development and participate in the regulation of feeding of larvae in blunt snout bream and will be helpful for further investigation into feed intake regulation in adults of this species.
Hyaluronidase for treatment of intravenous extravasations: Implementation of an evidence‐based guideline in a pediatric population
Authors: Hanrahan Kirsten 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPurposeTo describe the implementation and evaluation of an evidence‐based guideline, Hyaluronidase for Treatment of IV Extravasations, in a pediatric population.ConclusionsEvidence of hyaluronidase efficacy suggests that timely administration will decrease the severity of tissue damage caused by extravasations, and result in cost savings. Implementation of this guideline increased user knowledge, incident reporting, and initiation of treatment, and decreased the average time to treatment administration.Practice ImplicationsImplementation strategies facilitate integration and sustained use of evidence‐based treatments in clinical practice. Processes that promote evidence‐based treatment are expected to improve outcomes and are therefore an important component of evaluation.
Wavelet PSO‐Based LQR Algorithm for Optimal Structural Control Using Active Tuned Mass Dampers
Authors: Amini Fereidoun , Hazaveh N. Khanmohammadi , Rad A. Abdolahi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study presents a new method to find the optimal control forces for active tuned mass damper. The method uses three algorithms: discrete wavelet transform (DWT), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and linear quadratic regulator (LQR). DWT is used to obtain the local energy distribution of the motivation over the frequency bands. PSO is used to determine the gain matrices through the online update of the weighting matrices used in the LQR controller while eliminating the trial and error. The method is tested on a 10‐story structure subject to several historical pulse‐like near‐fault ground motions. The results indicate that the proposed method is more effective at reducing the displacement response of the structure in real time than conventional LQR controllers.
X‐ray structure of a superinfection exclusion lipoprotein from phage TP‐J34 and identification of the tape measure protein as its target
Authors: Bebeacua Cecilia , Lorenzo Fajardo Juan Carlos , Blangy Stéphanie , Spinelli Silvia , Bollmann Stefanie , Neve Horst , Cambillau Christian , Heller Knut J. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryLipoproteins of temperate phage are a broad family of membrane proteins encoded in the lysogeny module of temperate phages. Expression of the ltpTP‐J34 gene of temperate Streptococcus thermophilus phage TP‐J34 interferes with phage infection at the stage of triggering DNA release and injection into the cell. Here, we report the first structure of a superinfection exclusion protein. We have expressed and determined the X‐ray structure of LtpTP‐J34. The soluble domain of LtpTP‐J34 is composed of a tandem of three‐helix helix–turn–helix (HTH) domains exhibiting a highly negatively charged surface. By isolating mutants of lactococcal phage P008wt with reduced sensitivities to LtpTP‐J34 and by genome sequencing of such mutants we obtained evidence supporting the notion that LtpTP‐J34 targets the phage's tape measure protein (TMP) and blocks its insertion into the cytoplasmic membrane.
Behavioral impacts of disentanglement of a right whale under sedation and the energetic cost of entanglement
Authors: van der Hoop Julie , Moore Michael , Fahlman Andreas , Bocconcelli Alessandro , George Clay , Jackson Katharine , Miller Carolyn , Morin David , Pitchford Thomas , Rowles Teri , Smith Jamison , Zoodsma Barb 
Published: May 2013

AbstractProtracted entanglement in fishing gear often leads to emaciation through reduced mobility and foraging ability, and energy budget depletion from the added drag of towing gear for months or years. We examined changes in kinematics of a tagged entangled North Atlantic right whale (Eg 3911), before, during, and after disentanglement on 15 January 2011. To calculate the additional drag forces and energetic demand associated with various gear configurations, we towed three sets of gear attached to a load‐cell tensiometer at multiple speeds. Tag analyses revealed significant increases in dive depth and duration; ascent, descent and fluke stroke rates; and decreases in root mean square fluke amplitude (a proxy for thrust) following disentanglement. Conservative drag coefficients while entangled in all gear configurations (mean ± SD Cd,e,go = 3.4 × 10−3 ± 0.0003, Cd,e,gb = 3.7 × 10−3 ± 0.0003, Cd,e,sl = 3.8 × 10−3 ± 0.0004) were significantly greater than in the nonentangled case (Cd,n = 3.2 × 10−3 ± 0.0003; P = 0.0156, 0.0312, 0.0078, respectively). Increases in total power input (including standard metabolism) over the nonentangled condition ranged from 1.6% to 120.9% for all gear configurations tested; locomotory power requirements increased 60.0%–164.6%. These results highlight significant alteration to swimming patterns, and the magnitude of energy depletion in a chronically entangled whale.
Socioeconomic, demographic and policy comparisons of living and deceased kidney transplantation rates across 53 countries
Authors: Bendorf Aric , Pussell Bruce A , Kelly Patrick J , Kerridge Ian H 
Published: May 2013

Abstract:AimThere are more than 1.7 million sufferers of end stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide and for many a donated kidney provides the only chance of regaining independence from dialysis. Unfortunately, the demand for kidneys for transplantation far exceeds the available supply. It is important, therefore, that we understand the factors that may influence kidney donation rates. While certain socio‐demographic factors have been linked to kidney donation rates, few studies have examined the influence of multiple socio‐demographic factors on rates of both living and deceased kidney transplantation (KT) and none have examined their comparative effect in large numbers of culturally and socio‐politically diverse countries.MethodIn this study, we performed univariate and multivariate analyses of the influence of 15 socio‐economic factors on both the living donor (LD) and the deceased donor (DD) kidney transplantation rates (KTR) in 53 countries.ResultsOur analyses demonstrated that factors such as UN HDI (United Nations Human Development Index), religion, GDP, education, age, healthcare expenditure, presumed consent legislation and existence of a nationally managed organ donation program were associated with higher deceased KTR. In contrast, the only factors associated with living KTR were a highly significant negative association with presumed consent and variable associations with different religions.ConclusionWe suggest that by identifying factors that affect kidney transplantation rates these can be used to develop programs for enhancing donor rates in individual countries where those rates are below the leading countries.
32S/34S isotope fractionation in plant sulphur metabolism
Authors: Tcherkez Guillaume , Tea Illa 
Published: May 2013

Summary

Sulphur is a crucial microelement for plant metabolism, involved in response mechanisms to oxidative stress, C1 metabolism, electron transfer, secondary metabolism and post‐translational peptide modifications. However, relatively little is known about sulphur transport and partitioning in plants. Although key steps of sulphur assimilation have been shown using labelling with radioactive 35S in past decades, the use of a natural tracer, allowing the examination of metabolic commitments and mass balance, is desirable. Sulphur stable isotopes (32S and 34S) have been proven to be useful for the investigation of the origin of sulphur atoms in geochemistry and for the detection of the origin of sulphur atoms. Nevertheless, their use for the study of primary sulphur metabolism has been impeded by our lack of knowledge of 32S/34S isotope fractionations and convenient methods for δ34S analyses. Here, we review documented 32S/34S isotope fractionations that may apply to sulphur metabolism, and explain how they should yield disparities amongst sulphur‐containing plant compounds.