bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chloroplast phylogeography of Dirca palustris L. indicates populations near the glacial boundary at the Last Glacial Maximum in eastern North America
Authors: Peterson Bryan J. , Graves William R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimLittle is known about the distribution of temperate forest shrubs in eastern North America during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and how far they subsequently migrated to occupy previously glaciated landscapes. We assessed whether populations of Dirca palustris L. persisted near the glacial margin during the LGM. Such populations might explain how the species colonized northern latitudes, despite scant evidence for contemporary long‐distance seed dispersal.LocationEastern North America, Mexico and California.MethodsWe conducted ecological niche modelling (ENM) and sequenced five non‐coding regions of the chloroplast genome from 390 plants among 104 populations representing the four species of Dirca. We used a Bayesian approach to identify relationships among individuals and to estimate timing of lineage splits. The spatial genetic structure of D. palustris was evaluated qualitatively and by statistical methods, including Monmonier's algorithm and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA).ResultsEcological niche modelling indicated suitable climate at the LGM in the Gulf Coastal Plain, but also north to the Ozark Plateaus Province (northern Arkansas), Interior Low Plateaus and Appalachian Plateaus Provinces (portions of Tennessee and Kentucky), and the Piedmont and Coastal Plain Provinces of the Carolinas and Virginia. Sequence variation was extensive and indicated deep lineage splits within D. palustris. Numerous haplotypes, many private, were identified at middle latitudes (c. 35–40° N), Monmonier's algorithm identified multiple genetic discontinuities within this region, and northern and southern regions differed by AMOVA.Main conclusionsEcological niche modelling and genetic analyses indicate that populations likely existed within several hundred km of the Laurentide ice sheet at the LGM. Deep Pleistocene diversification, along with weak geographical fidelity of haplotypes, probably resulted from repeated isolation, differentiation, and secondary contact during Quaternary glacial cycles. The absence of many northern haplotypes south of 35° N supports the hypothesis that temperate understorey shrubs accompanied temperate trees of eastern North America in populations near the glacial margin at the LGM.
Molecular and fossil evidence disentangle the biogeographical history ofPodocarpus, a key genus in plant geography
Authors: Quiroga María Paula , Mathiasen Paula , Iglesias Ari , Mill Robert R. , Premoli Andrea C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimThe genusPodocarpus(Podocarpaceae) provides an opportunity to contrast biogeographical hypotheses within and among continents, and to analyse divergence between disjunct tropical and temperate forests of South America. We developed a calibrated phylogeny ofPodocarpusto reconstruct the ancestral areas and potential expansion routes within Podocarpaceae.LocationPodocarpusconsists of two extant subgenera:Foliolatusfrom Asia and Oceania, andPodocarpuslocated in Gondwanan continents and north to the Caribbean. The paper focuses mainly on the area occupied by the latter subgenus.MethodsWe combined previously published and novelDNAsequences with fossil records. New species sequenced are members ofPodocarpussubgenusPodocarpusfrom South and Central America. We assembledDNAsequences of the chloroplast (matK andrbcL) and nuclear (ITS1 andITS2) to analyse phylogenetic relationships withinPodocarpussubgenusPodocarpusby Bayesian methods, which were calibrated using macrofossils that could be confidently identified as modern genera. Ancestral areas were inferred using the dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis model.ResultsThe phylogenetic reconstruction inferred a minimum age for the origin ofPodocarpuss.l. in the late Cretaceous–early Palaeogene (63 Ma) and strongly supported monophyly of the genusPodocarpusand of subgeneraPodocarpusandFoliolatus. SubgenusPodocarpusconsists of two monophyletic, latitudinally structured clades. One clade consists of temperate American species while the other includes species from tropical‐subtropical Africa and South America.Main conclusionsThe history of the subgenera withinPodocarpusis older than previously reported: they can be traced back to late Cretaceous–early Palaeocene biogeographical connections between Australasia and South America through Antarctica. Latitudinally disjunct lineages within South America most probably diverged from widespread ancestors as a result of a persistent arid barrier that was established prior to the late Palaeogene. The calibrated age for the Tropical–Subtropical clade suggests an Atlantic–subtropical biogeographical corridor between South America and Africa long after the breakup of Gondwana and the stabilization of the circum‐Antarctic current.
Randomized controlled multicenter study comparing short dental implants (6 mm) versus longer dental implants (11–15 mm) in combination with sinus floor elevation procedures. Part 2: clinical and radiographic outcomes at 1 year of loading
Authors: Schincaglia Gian Pietro , Thoma Daniel S. , Haas Robert , Tutak Marcin , Garcia Abel , Taylor Thomas D. , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimTo compare, clinically and radiographically, short dental implants (6 mm) to long implants (11–15 mm) placed with sinus grafting.MethodsParticipants with 5–7 mm of bone height in the posterior maxilla were randomly allocated to receive short implants (GS) or long implants with sinus grafting (GG). Implants were loaded with single crowns 6 months after placement (PR). Patients were re‐evaluated 12 months after loading (FU‐1). Outcome variables included: Implant survival rate (CSR), marginal bone level alteration (MBL), periodontal probing depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BoP), plaque control record (PCR) and crown‐to‐implant ratios (C/I). Statistical analysis was performed using parametric tests.ResultsIn 97 subjects, 132 implants were re‐evaluated at FU‐1. The CSR was 100%. The MBL from implant placement (IP) to (PR) was −0.22 ± 0.4 mm for GG and −0.3 ± 0.45 mm for GS (p < 0.001). MBL from IP to FU‐1 was −0.37 ± 0.59 mm for GG and −0.22 ± 0.3 mm for GS (p < 0.001). Intergroup comparisons showed non‐significant differences for MBL (p > 0.05), PPD (p = 1) and PCR (p = 0.09). BoP was higher in the GS (p = 0.04). The C/I was 0.99 ± 0.17 for GG and 1.86 ± 0.23 for GS (p < 0.001). No correlation was observed between C/I and MBL, (GG: p = 0.13; GS: p = 0.38).ConclusionsBoth treatment modalities provided similar outcomes.
Rapid changes in genetic architecture of behavioural syndromes following colonization of a novel environment
Authors: Karlsson Green K. , Eroukhmanoff F. , Harris S. , Pettersson L. B. , Svensson E. I. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBehavioural syndromes, that is correlated behaviours, may be a result from adaptive correlational selection, but in a new environmental setting, the trait correlation might act as an evolutionary constraint. However, knowledge about the quantitative genetic basis of behavioural syndromes, and the stability and evolvability of genetic correlations under different ecological conditions, is limited. We investigated the quantitative genetic basis of correlated behaviours in the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus. In some Swedish lakes, A. aquaticus has recently colonized a novel habitat and diverged into two ecotypes, presumably due to habitat‐specific selection from predation. Using a common garden approach and animal model analyses, we estimated quantitative genetic parameters for behavioural traits and compared the genetic architecture between the ecotypes. We report that the genetic covariance structure of the behavioural traits has been altered in the novel ecotype, demonstrating divergence in behavioural correlations. Thus, our study confirms that genetic correlations behind behaviours can change rapidly in response to novel selective environments.
Description and Phylogeny of Urostyla grandis wiackowskii subsp. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) from an Estuarine Mangrove in Brazil
Authors: Paiva Thiago da Silva , Shao Chen , Fernandes Noemi Mendes , Borges Bárbara do Nascimento , da Silva‐Neto Inácio Domingos 
Published: October 2015

AbstractInterphase specimens, aspects of physiological reorganization and divisional morphogenesis were investigated in a strain of a hypotrichous ciliate highly similar to Urostyla grandis Ehrenberg, (type species of Urostyla), collected from a mangrove area in the estuary of the Paraíba do Sul river (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The results revealed that albeit interphase specimens match with the known morphologic variability in U. grandis, morphogenetic processes have conspicuous differences. Parental adoral zone is entirely renewed during morphogenesis, and marginal cirri exhibit a unique combination of developmental modes, in which left marginal rows originate from multiple anlagen arising from innermost left marginal cirral row, whereas right marginal ciliature originates from individual within‐row anlagen. Based on such characteristics, a new subspecies, namely U. grandis wiackowskii subsp. nov. is proposed, and consequently, U. grandis grandis Ehrenberg, stat. nov. is established. Bayesian and maximum‐likelihood analyses of the 18S rDNA unambiguously placed U. grandis wiackowskii as adelphotaxon of a cluster formed by other U. grandis sequences. The implications of such findings to the systematics of Urostyla are discussed.
Ultrathin unsedated transnasal gastroscopy in monitoring eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Philpott Hamish , Nandurkar Sanjay , Royce Simon G , Gibson Peter R 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundUltrathin unsedated transnasal gastroscopy (UTEG) has a number of advantages applicable to eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and has not been evaluated for this condition.AimThe aim of the study is to determine the feasibility of UTEG in patients with EoE and the acceptability of histological specimens obtained at biopsy.MethodAll patients with a diagnosis of EoE presenting to the outpatients department of two hospitals (Box Hill Hospital and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne Australia) were asked to participate in the study. UTEG was performed on consenting individuals. Feasibility was determined by the success of nasal intubaton, patient perception according to post procedural survey, and adequacy of esophageal biopsies was assessed.ResultsNinety‐six consecutive patients with EoE were offered UTEG, and 24 agreed to participate in the study. Seventy‐four UTEGs were performed over a period of 26 months (September 2012 to December 2014). Nineteen patients had repeat procedures. Successful nasal intubation occurred in 97% (72 of 74 procedures), and 21 of 24 (86%) described high satisfaction with the procedure and minimal discomfort, and would choose UTEG for future procedures. Mean duration was 5 min. Adverse events of epistaxis (three cases) and vomiting of liquid contents during the procedure (two cases) were recorded, cardiorespiratory parameters remaining normal in all patients. All completed procedures produced adequate histological samples.ConclusionIn those who decide to undergo UTEG, it is a safe and well‐tolerated procedure
Trends in the incidence of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer (ICD00‐14) in Guilan, North of Iran
Authors: Rabiei Maryam , Basirat Maryam , Rezvani Seyed Mahmood 
Published: October 2015

AimThis study sought to assess the incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancer based on ICD‐10 in Guilan, Iran, from 2004 to 2009.MethodThis retrospective study assessed data collected from the Iranian cancer registries and publications. The rate, age‐standardized incidence, type, and location of lesions according to ICD‐10 were evaluated. Annual percent changes (APC) were estimated.ResultsA total of 1533 head and neck cancers were recorded. Of them, 290 cases (185 males and 105 females) were identified with oral and pharyngeal carcinoma (ICD00‐14) with a mean age of 58.92 ± 17.94 years. The most common type of cancer was oral squamous cell carcinoma (n = 156). Cancer of the oropharynx (ICD 06) and lips (ICD00) had high incidence. APC was 1.36%. ASR was 3.5 and 2.04 per 100 000 among males and females, respectively. The mean crude rate was 3.69 per 1 000 000.ConclusionIn contrast to the global cancer statistics (ICD 00‐14), Guilan showed lower incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancer during the understudy years. Oral squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type of cancer in this region.
Evaluation of paper gradient concentration strips for antifungal combination testing of Candida spp.
Authors: Siopi Maria , Siafakas Nikolaos , Zerva Loukia , Meletiadis Joseph 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn vitro combination testing with broth microdilution chequerboard (CHEQ) method is widely used although it is time‐consuming, cumbersome and difficult to apply in routine setting of clinical microbiology laboratory. A new gradient concentration paper strip method, the Liofilchem® MIC test strips (MTS), provides an alternative easy and fast method enabling the simultaneous diffusion of both drugs in combination. We therefore tested a polyene+azole and an azole+echinocandin combination against 18 Candida isolates with the CHEQ method based on EUCAST guidelines and the MTS method in research and routine settings. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices were calculated after 24 and 48 h of incubation based on complete and prominent (FIC‐2) growth inhibition endpoints. Reproducibility and agreement within 1 twofold dilution was assessed. The FICs of the two methods were correlated quantitatively with t‐test and Pearson analysis and qualitatively with Chi‐squared test. The reproducibility of the CHEQ and MTS method was 88–100% and their agreement was 80% with 62–77% of MTS FICs being higher than the corresponding CHEQ FICs. A statistically significant Pearson correlation (r = 0.86, P = 0.0003) and association (χ2 = 17.05, df = 4, P = 0.002) was found between MTS FIC and CHEQ FIC‐2 after 24 h. Categorical agreement was 63% with no very major or major errors. All MTS synergistic interactions were also synergistic with the CHEQ method.
Pediatric deceased donor renal transplantation: An approach to decision making I. Pediatric kidney allocation in the USA: The old and the new
Authors: Chaudhuri Abanti , Gallo Amy , Grimm Paul 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRenal transplantation is the treatment of choice for children with end‐stage renal disease. More than 50% of children receive a deceased donor renal transplant. Marked disparity between the number of children on the renal transplant wait list and the supply has prompted numerous advances to increase supply as well as maximize the utility of donor organs. Allocation of deceased donor kidneys is based on several criteria. The organ allocation system policy is continually evaluated and changed incrementally to optimize allocation. We, in the United Sates, are in the process of transitioning into a new kidney allocation system to enhance post‐transplant survival benefit, increase utilization of donated kidneys, and increase transplant access for biologically disadvantaged candidates. This review will provide a brief overview of the organ sharing system in the United States, compare the “old” and the “new” allocation system, and discuss the considerations for the pediatric nephrologist while accepting a deceased donor kidney for a particular pediatric patient.
Vitamin D and Clinical Outcomes in Dialysis
Authors: Parikh Coral , Gutgarts Victoria , Eisenberg Elliot , Melamed Michal L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMost dialysis patients are vitamin D deficient, including deficiencies in both activated vitamin D (1, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D) and the less active 25‐hydroxyvitamin D. These and other abnormalities associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), if they remain untreated, lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone changes, such as osteitis fibrosa cystica. Activated vitamin D has been proven to decrease parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in dialysis patients and is currently used for this indication. There are multiple other potential “pleotrophic” effects associated with vitamin D therapy. These include associations with lower all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality, lower rates of infections and improved glycemic indexes. Meta‐analyses of multiple observational studies have shown activated vitamin D therapy to be associated with improved survival. Observational data also suggest fewer infections and better glucose control. There have been no randomized clinical trials powered to evaluate mortality or other clinical outcomes. Small trials of nutritional vitamin D (ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol) showed increases in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels without hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia, even when given in addition to activated vitamin D therapy. While activated vitamin D therapy is associated with improved outcomes, it also leads to higher fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF‐23) levels, which may be detrimental in dialysis patients. Further research is needed to evaluate whether activated or nutritional vitamin D therapy are beneficial in dialysis patients for outcomes other than secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Grain‐size distributions and coastal morphodynamics along the southern Maryland and Virginia barrier islands
Authors: Fenster Michael S. , Dolan Robert , Smith Jodi Jones 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study examined grain‐size distributions to address questions regarding geological and oceanographic controls on island morphodynamics along one of the longest undeveloped, mixed‐energy barrier island systems in the world. In particular, statistical analyses (i.e. analysis of variance, Tukey honest significant difference multiple comparison tests, nonparametric statistics and linear regression analysis) of 230 barrier island samples from Ocean City Inlet, Maryland, to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay and 134 nearshore samples (d ≤ 10 m) identified grain‐size trends related to the morphodynamic characteristics of these systems. In general, the Virginia barrier islands north of Wachapreague Inlet and Assateague Island form a statistically different subset of grain sizes (medium‐grained to coarse‐grained sand) from the islands south of Wachapreague Inlet (fine‐grained sand). These textural trends corroborate the Pleistocene headlands of the Delmarva coastal compartment as the sediment source and indicate that some of the coarse‐grained to medium‐grained sediment bypasses the large sinks in the net southward longshore sediment transport system (i.e. Fishing Point and Chincoteague Inlet). This research also demonstrates that the preferential accumulation of coarse‐grained to medium‐grained sand on the ebb‐tidal delta at Wachapreague Inlet probably controls the erosional morphodynamics of the islands located downdrift (south) of the inlet. These results suggest that an increase in tidal prism, set up by sea‐level rise and/or a shift in wave climate/refraction patterns, may lead to barrier island fragmentation and a runaway transgression of this predominantly natural barrier island system. Consequently, a grain analysis of major coastal compartments, across multiple driving forces, can be used to assess coastal morphodynamics and the potential impact of climate change on coastal systems.
Perinatal outcomes after hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in a low resource setting
Authors: Browne J. L. , Vissers K. M. , Antwi E. , Srofenyoh E. K. , Van der Linden E. L. , Agyepong I. A. , Grobbee D. E. , Klipstein‐Grobusch K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate perinatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in an urban sub‐Saharan African setting.MethodsA prospective cohort study of 1010 women of less than 17 weeks of gestation was conducted at two antenatal clinics in Accra, Ghana, between July 2012 and March 2014. Information about hypertensive disorders was available for analysis on 789 pregnancies. The main outcomes were pre‐term birth, birthweight, Apgar scores, small for gestational age and mortality. Relative risk (RR, 95% confidence interval (CI)) for the association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and perinatal outcomes was assessed using logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsA total of 88.7% of women remained normotensive, 7.5% developed pregnancy‐induced hypertension, 2.0% had chronic hypertension, and 1.7% developed (pre‐)eclampsia. No adverse effects were observed in women with pregnancy‐induced hypertension. Women with chronic hypertension were more likely to have a lower gestational age at delivery (38.0 ± 2.3 weeks vs. 39.0 ± 1.9 weeks, P = 0.04) and higher risk of pre‐term delivery (aRR 4.63, 95% CI 1.35–15.91). Women with pre‐eclampsia had emergency Caesarean section significantly more often (88.9% vs. 50%, P = 0.04), with a higher risk for low birthweight infants (aRR 7.95, 95% CI 1.41–44.80) and a higher risk of neonatal death (aRR 18.41, 95% CI 1.20–283.22).ConclusionComparable to high‐income countries, in Accra hypertensive disorders during pregnancy were associated with increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes necessitating maternal and newborn care.
Risk of gentamicin toxicity in neonates treated for possible severe bacterial infection in low‐ and middle‐income countries: Systematic Review
Authors: Musiime Grace M. , Seale Anna C. , Moxon Sarah G. , Lawn Joy E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the risk of gentamicin toxicity and potential number of neonates exposed annually to this risk, through treatment with WHO‐recommended first‐line antibiotics (gentamicin with penicillin) for the 6.9 million neonates with possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI).MethodsSystematic literature review and assessment of the evidence using Cochrane and GRADE criteria. Meta‐analysis was undertaken for pooled estimates where appropriate.ResultsEleven studies (946 neonates) were included (nine randomised controlled trials and two prospective cohort studies). Six trials reported consistently measured ototoxicity outcomes in neonates treated with gentamicin, and the pooled estimate for hearing loss was 3% (95% CI 0–7%). Nephrotoxicity could not be assessed due to variation in case definitions used. Estimates of the number of neonates potentially affected by gentamicin toxicity were not undertaken due to insufficient data.ConclusionGiven wider scale‐up of outpatient‐based and lower‐level treatment of PSBI, improved data are essential to better assess the risks from neonatal gentamicin treatment without assessment of blood levels, to maximise benefit and reduce harm.