bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
North American Breakdown
Authors: McDonnell Michael A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This essay explores the pivotal role played by the Anishinaabeg Odawa and other Native nations in the Great Lakes region in the origins of the Seven Years’ War. Indian diplomacy in the decades leading to the Seven Years’ War had come to focus on preserving a balance of power between the French and British, and maintaining sovereignty and territorial integrity in the face of imperial ambitions. When rivalries between Native nations threatened this balance, the Anishinaabeg took measures to deal with their rivals while successfully maintaining a wider inter-Indigenous peace. But these events would lead to the more well-known European skirmishes that triggered the Seven Years’ War. Viewed from the perspective of Indian country the causes and early phases of the Seven Years’ War transcend conventional interpretations centered on European imperial rivalries. The Anishinaabeg and other Indigenous peoples played a crucial role in shaping the events that transformed global history.
European Medicine and Foreign Diseases in a Global War
Authors: Charters Erica 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the role of disease and the nature of medicine in the Seven Years’ War, demonstrating the considerable impact of disease on both European and overseas campaigns. Diseases such as typhus and yellow fever disrupted campaigning and spread into surrounding civilian populations, exacerbating manpower pressures. As a result, military and naval practices of the Seven Years’ War shaped European medicine and its manpower accounting methods. Moreover, the war’s global scope introduced European soldiers and sailors to different disease environments, developing a European framework of foreign and tropical regions that were contrasted with moderate and domestic European climates. The experience of dealing with disease outbreaks in far-flung campaigns thus contributed to emerging notions of the tropics and thereby European identity, as well as developing theories of racial characteristics.
Going to War
Authors: Vo-Ha Paul 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the different stages in the lives of the combatants who fought in the Seven Years’ War in Europe, North America, and India or at sea all over the world, from enlistment and the daily experience of military life up to the climax of battle. Recruitment processes were a combination of volunteer enlistment and compulsory service, which was becoming increasingly frequent. The triumph of the line formation and the dominance of firepower meant that soldiers were incessantly drilled to march in step and load their weapons. Despite the anthropological constants of war, such as fear, and the increasingly uniform equipment and tactics used by all the belligerents, the experience of fighting could differ significantly depending on the kind of combat and the forces involved: small war, battle, siege warfare, and war at sea meant different experiences for the people involved.
Agent-Based Modelling in Marketing
Authors: Rand William 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into using agent-based modelling (ABM) as a powerful tool for unravelling the complex and dynamic nature of marketing phenomena. As marketing professionals and researchers navigate an increasingly intricate landscape shaped by evolving consumer preferences, technological advancements, and competitive pressures, the need for innovative approaches to understanding and predicting consumer behaviour becomes paramount. ABM offers a transformative lens through which to explore these intricate dynamics. We begin by providing an overview of the foundational concepts of ABM and its relevance to marketing research and strategy development. With a focus on the dynamic interplay between individual agents within a simulated environment (i.e., consumer interactions), we elucidate how ABM allows researchers to simulate and analyse consumer decision-making processes in intricate detail. We illustrate the application of ABM in various marketing contexts and discuss the past research in this area. Furthermore, we address the challenges and limitations of ABM in marketing, such as model validation and data requirements. We also explore the integration of ABM with other quantitative and qualitative research methods to enhance its utility in addressing contemporary marketing challenges. In a rapidly evolving marketing landscape, this chapter offers a comprehensive guide to harnessing the potential of ABM as an invaluable tool for modelling and understanding the complex behaviours of consumers, ultimately leading to more informed and effective marketing strategies.
Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Landes Donald A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In his early writings, Maurice Merleau-Ponty offered several criticisms of Henri Bergson’s philosophy. These criticisms, at times based upon mischaracterizations of Bergson’s work, often align with the overall critical stance that Merleau-Ponty’s generation adopted towards Bergson. This stance helps to explain why Merleau-Ponty initially saw Husserlian phenomenology as a necessary antidote to certain shortcomings in the French tradition. And yet, in his writings and courses, Merleau-Ponty would return to Bergson again and again, and his interpretation of his predecessor at the Collège de France evolved quite substantially. After a brief presentation and evaluation of Merleau-Ponty’s early criticisms of Bergson, this chapter demonstrates how Merleau-Ponty developed a more nuanced reading of Bergson’s philosophy by discovering there the foundations for a philosophy of expression.
Early Existentialisms
Authors: Kirkpatrick Kate 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Recent scholarship has seen a return to the conceptual question: What is existentialism? This chapter identifies some contested theses of early existentialisms and traces their emergence in France in the period from 1925 to1943, from Gabriel Marcel’s ‘Existence and Objectivity’ to Sartre’s Being and Nothingness and atheistic existentialism’s ethical turn in Simone de Beauvoir’s Pyrrhus and Cineas. Objecting to the claim that Heidegger ‘introduced’ existentialist themes into French thought, it outlines Beauvoir’s early formulations of existentialist claims in the late 1920s and draws attention to the significance of French personalist concepts (such as Emmanuel Mounier’s devotion [le dévouement]) in the development of existentialist ethics. Particular focus is given to the variety of early existentialist conceptions of the ‘situation’, ‘freedom’, and ‘love’ in the works of Gabriel Marcel, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Simone de Beauvoir.
Deleuze or Lyotard?
Authors: Fruteau de Laclos Frédéric 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Gilles Deleuze and Jean-François Lyotard are two central figures for contemporary French thought. Their early alliance as contemporaries teaching at the Vincennes university stems from a shared critique of classical humanism, a comparable distance from structuralism, and a common thematization of desire. Their key publications Anti-Oedipus and Libidinal Economy were published almost simultaneously and made comparably untimely interventions in ethics and politics. However, it would be incorrect to claim that their ideas form part of the same ‘philosophy of difference’, an expression that characterizes Deleuze’s thought alone. From the 1980s onwards, Lyotard and Deleuze drew apart, particularly when it came to their appreciation of psychoanalysis, of Wittgenstein’s work, and even of moral obligation. The purpose of this chapter is to describe their encounter in a new way by assessing their respective developments.
Positivisms and Spiritualisms
Authors: Petit Annie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Auguste Comte, founder of positivism, sees in spiritualism a metaphysics to be overcome. He criticizes the Cousinian school in particular as retrograde, and deplores its dominance in the universities of the time. In turn, the later spiritualists will criticize Comte and the later positivists will take up their master’s polemics against spiritualism. If scholarship has for the most part focused on Comte’s own struggles with spiritualism, those of his disciples are less known. These later debates pertained to relations between psychology, physiology, and philosophy, and more generally between philosophy and the sciences. They also concerned conceptions of subjectivity and morality and the articulation of social conditions. Connections to history and religion were equally at stake. While the spiritualists attempted to show that metaphysics is ineluctable, the positivists tried to develop a new spirituality without spiritualism.
French Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition
Authors: Dainton Barry 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
It is not uncommon for analytic philosophers to hold a dim view of non-analytic philosophy in general, and French philosophy in particular. The full story of why this is the case is complex, but this chapter focuses on a pivotal early episode within it: Russell’s engagement with Bergson. Given Russell’s enduring influence on analytic philosophy, his criticisms of Bergson influenced the attitudes of generations of analytic philosophers to Bergson and French philosophy more broadly. However, as Russell’s views evolved, they often did so in distinctly Bergsonian ways. Russell and Bergson may have started off in different places, but rather than diverging in different directions on a number of major issues they rapidly came to converge. Unfortunately, few people seem to have recognized this—would history have been different if they had?
Phonetics, Phonology, and Orthography
Authors: Delais-Roussarie Elisabeth 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates French phonology, phonetics, and orthography. It describes its phonological system, both segmental and suprasegmental (accentuation, melody, etc.), as well as, to a lesser extent, its writing system to account for French spelling and punctuation. Major phonological units and categories are described and discussed in order to provide a detailed picture of the workings of contemporary Standard French. Particular attention is placed on the phonological phenomena and processes which play key roles in French pronunciation and prosody. They are described in such a way so as to not only explain how they are applied, but also to reflect how they are treated by traditional linguistic scholarship on French and in research being carried out today. As regards orthography, a key question addressed is its ability to represent French sound structure.
Francophonie
Authors: Thibault André 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This contribution provides a general overview of the French-speaking world. It opens with a tentative definition of Francophonie, questions the demographic figures usually associated with it, and presents the concepts of status and corpus. It moves on to an historical overview of the expansion of French in Europe, the New World, the Indian Ocean, the African continent, and the Pacific. This is followed by a brief listing of the main reference works on French in the French-speaking world (both general and specifically focused on phonology, grammar, or the lexicon), a section on language contact (in Europe, the New World, the Maghreb, and sub-Saharan Africa), and ends with a short presentation of some major sociolinguistic issues related to the situation of French in Francophonie.
French in Africa
Authors: Boutin Béatrice Akissi , Ebongue Augustin Emmanuel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
French in Africa has been subject to various appropriations and to varying degrees. Initially considered as a language of work and survival in French colonies on the continent, it came to be seen as a valuable heritage when nations gained their independence, and it remains an important language in Africa today. French has also spread to multilingual social spaces where populations use multiple languages, including French, in a variety of social activities. French is an essential part of everyday life in a range of countries in Africa. This chapter examines the status of French, its appropriation, and its presence in Africa with the main focus on sub-Saharan Africa where French is an official language, in contrast to its status in the three countries of the Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia).
Creoles
Authors: Klingler Thomas A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a survey of the languages know as Creoles, which arose through intensive language contact in French colonial settings during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The chapter starts with an historical overview of the founding of the colonies where the French Creoles are or were spoken and of the demographic, social, and linguistic conditions that led to their development and spread. The chapter then looks at the possible genetic relationships among the Creoles that various linguists have proposed. The next section presents some of the main phonological and morphosyntactic features of each Creole, while the final section examines their status, their role in education, and language planning efforts to codify and instrumentalize them.
Age, Gender, and Social Class
Authors: Armstrong Nigel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers variation and change in French pronunciation and vocabulary as they relate to the social variables of age, gender, and social class. The purpose of the discussion is twofold: to examine the distinctiveness of the French approach to the analysis of the variables, social class in particular; and to assess their relative weight in influencing variable linguistic behaviour. A tentative conclusion is presented, namely that region may be a primitive with which the other variables react in relatively complex ways. A subsidiary theme running through the chapter shows that the successive waves or developments in sociolinguistics have not, despite the implications of the metaphor, superseded one or another; rather, the insights of each remain of use, depending on the nature of the enquiry.
Regional Variation in the French of France
Authors: Avanzi Mathieu 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how French varies regionally within metropolitan France. After some insights regarding linguistic demographics, it first aims to define important notions and concepts in the field of French dialectology, such as ‘Reference French’ and ‘regionalism’. It then briefly exemplifies the three main categories of regionalisms usually identified, before listing some of the most important studies of regional variation in mainland French in recent decades. The last section of the chapter provides a typology of French regionalisms based on material recorded in the Français de nos Régions research project. It is divided into three subsections. The first presents maps showing the different trajectories of some representative lexical regionalisms. The second offers a brief review of what is currently known about regional variation at the grammatical level. The third discusses the aspects of the phonological system that vary the most in the different regions of France.
French Digital Discourse
Authors: Panckhurst Rachel , Cougnon Louise-Amélie , Fairon Cédrick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapters presents French digital discourse from historical and terminological perspectives and indicates how it is perceived specifically by the general French-speaking public, including a tendency towards conservatism and protectionism of the French language. The chapter then provides an overview of research on written language in electronic messages (SMS, Facebook Messenger, Viber, WhatsApp, Twitter … ) in the French-speaking world and also briefly suggest methodological approaches for data collection, corpora building, and analysis. Furthermore, in order to understand the visible impacts and changes that digital discourse has brought in relation to standardized language, the chapter highlights several Francophone projects as case studies. These include (socio-)linguistic, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and soci(et)al initiatives. The chapter closes with suggestions for future research directions for French digital discourse.
Where, When, and How French is Learned
Authors: Kern Richard 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the present state of French language learning around the world and traces its historical precedents. It reports current estimates of French speaking and learning around the world and distinguishes different contexts of learning (mother tongue, second language, language of education, foreign language). It describes how the teaching of French has evolved through France’s colonial and postcolonial history, and how policies and institutionalized support for French language learning have changed over time. Within this historical overview, methodological shifts in approaches to teaching French are discussed—including grammar-translation, Direct Method, audio-lingual and audio-visual methods, and communicative language teaching—as well as current trends related to a more expansive plurilingual/pluricultural model that corresponds to the current social configuration of a globalized world.
Acquiring Phonetics and Phonology
Authors: Detey Sylvain 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This six-part chapter is dedicated to L2 French pronunciation acquisition. It starts with a summary of how L2 French phonetics-phonology acquisition is explored by researchers. The chapter then explores the French linguistic system, which is targeted by learners, taking into account the relationship between variation in the Francophone world and the diverse needs of students. The following sections offer a short overview of our knowledge of L2 phonetic-phonological education, in terms of psycholinguistic mechanisms and pedagogical approaches. A sociolinguistic perspective is then adopted in order to tackle the social dimension of the output, i.e. the ‘foreign accent’ in French. The chapter ends with some insights into the dialogue between researchers and educators to improve our understanding of both L2 French pronunciation acquisition processes and best educational practices.
Language Policy and Planning
Authors: Ayres-Bennett Wendy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines French language policy and planning (LPP) with a particular focus on top-down, explicit policy made at the macro level, especially as enshrined in legislation. It begins with an overview of the major legislation relating to French and the languages of France up to 1958 and then considers the dominant ideologies underlying them. The majority of the chapter focuses on recent history and the current situation, since the French-speaking world constitutes a preeminent example of LPP today. It explores the extent to which the policies and ideologies are continued or modified in the Fifth Republic, focusing in turn on policy relating to the status of French in France, Quebec, and certain African countries; the quality of French, both in terms of ‘good usage’ and policy in relation to Anglicisms; the spread of French and Francophonie; regional and minority languages; and the feminization of terms for professions and occupations.
Public Trust Doctrine
Authors: Madhav Roopa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The principle of stewardship of natural resources by the state and the people is at the core of the public trust doctrine. Natural resources are imagined differently by the doctrine as being beyond exclusive private ownership or state control to contain a permanent easement enjoyed by the general public. This conception imposes obligations and duties on both the state and citizens to ensure effective management of resources, in the interest of both present and future generations. In the Indian context, the doctrine is extensively applied by the judiciary to a range of resources to protect public interest but as this chapter demonstrates, it is lacking in a rigorous outlining of the normative content of the doctrine and a reimagination to make it indigenous to environmental challenges within India.
Environmental Duties
Authors: Iyengar Shalini 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Environmental duties play a key role in environmental law in India. Mentioned in the Constitution of India, 1950 and in statutes, duties have often been relied upon by courts in imposing obligations on the state and on private actors. Taken as a whole, certain broad clusters of environmental duties are visible. These include the duty to protect and prevent environmental harm, the duty to provide the necessary elements for a clean and healthy environment, procedural duties, corporate duties, and the duties towards non-humans. Overall, while the polyvalence of duties makes them critical in imposing affirmative responsibilities and limits to state and corporate power, they also raise urgent questions on the desirability of individuating environmental responsibility.
Conservation and Use of Biological Resources
Authors: Jojan Alphonsa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of laws and policies relating to biodiversity conservation and fair, equitable and sustainable use of biological resources and related knowledge in India. The first part of the chapter discusses existing central laws on biodiversity conservation focusing on area-based in situ conservation, agro-biodiversity, and community conservation. The second part of the chapter discusses the legal regime on access and benefit sharing focusing on the concept, access regulations, and benefit sharing aspects along with the existing issues and challenges. The chapter concludes by stating that the legal framework on biodiversity needs to be inclusive, participatory, democratic, equitable, clear, and based on human rights. The chapter also emphasises the need for further research in this area.
Marine Fisheries
Authors: Karnad Divya 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
India’s marine fisheries laws are challenged by complex and dynamic fishers, fishing practices and the marine environment. The country has done well to simultaneously oversee different spaces at the state and national levels, but research on the ground demonstrates that further legal stratification is needed. Laws in India which concern the oceans are oriented towards capitalists furthering the economic growth of the country, while small-scale fishers who are the majority users of the oceans, function as communities interested in their livelihoods and ecological sustainability. These deep disconnects have given rise to communities taking to forming informal legal institutions at the village level, which address their concerns and make sense to them. India’s legal machinery requires a considerable shift to promote the concerns of its fishing citizens, and meet global concerns about climate change, ecological sustainability and providing livelihoods to those living in poverty.
Ecosystems Protection and Wildlife
Authors: Upadhyay Sanjay 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
India has one of the most diverse and rich wildlife and ecosystems in the world. The approach towards conservation of species either involves protecting the species per se, regardless of their habitat or protecting the ecosystem inhabited by the species. In this background, this chapter discusses the evolution of different kinds of ecosystems in the country and examines if the existing legislations address the conflicting environmental, sociological, and economic needs that are specific to ecosystems. It also captures the institutional and administrative arrangements in law and the judicial interventions which continue to shape the discourse around ecosystem protection and wildlife in India.