bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the transition from emerging adulthood to the next stage of life. First there is a look at how adulthood has been defined in traditional cultures and in the past in American history. Then research is presented showing how emerging adults today define adulthood and assess their own progress toward adult status. Next, emerging adults reflect on their mixed feelings about leaving adolescence; from the perspective of emerging adulthood, it seems like an easier time. Then they describe their mixed feelings about becoming adults; from the perspective of emerging adulthood, reaching adulthood promises stability but inspires fears of stagnation. Finally, the chapter examines their views of the future, and how they foresee a happy and successful life for themselves even as they believe the world in general is fraught with peril.
Nursery areas and recruitment variation of Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus)
Authors: Jansen Teunis , Kristensen Kasper , van der Kooij Jeroen , Post Søren , Campbell Andrew , Utne Kjell Rong , Carrera Pablo , Jacobsen Jan Arge , Gudmundssdottir Asta , Roel Beatriz A. , Hatfield Emma M. C. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
There are currently no dedicated recruitment survey data available in support of the assessment of the abundance and distribution of Northeast Atlantic (NEA) mackerel (Scomber scombrus), one of the most widespread and commercially important fish stocks in the North Atlantic. This is despite the fact that an estimate of recruitment is an important requirement for the provision of advice to fishery managers. The work here addresses this by compiling catch rates of juvenile mackerel from bottom-trawl surveys conducted between October and March during 1998–2012 and applying a log Gaussian Cox (LGC) process geostatistical model incorporating spatio-temporal correlations. A statistically significant correlation between the modelled catch rates in adjacent quarters 4 and 1 (Q4 and Q1) demonstrates that bottom-trawl surveys in winter are an appropriate platform for sampling juvenile mackerel, and that the LCG model is successful in extracting a population abundance signal from the data. In this regard, the model performed appreciably better than a more commonly used raising algorithm based on survey swept-area estimates. Therefore, the LCG model was expanded to include data from the entire survey time-series, and a recruitment index was developed for use in the annual ICES stock assessment. We hypothesize that catchability is positively density-dependant and provides supporting evidence from acoustic observations. Various density-dependant transformations of the modelled catch rates were furthermore found to improve the correlation between the derived annual recruitment index and recruitment estimated by backcalculation of adult mackerel data. Square root transformation led to the strongest correlation, so this is recommended for further analysis of mackerel abundance. Finally, we provide maps of spatial distributions, showing that the most important nursery areas are around Ireland, north and west of Scotland, in the northern North Sea north of 59°N and, to some extent, also in the Bay of Biscay.
Properties of small-scale magnetism of stellar atmospheres
Authors: Steiner Oskar , Salhab René , Freytag Bernd , Rajaguru Paul , Schaffenberger Werner , Steffen Matthias 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The magnetic field outside of sunspots is concentrated in the intergranular space, where it forms a delicate filigree of bright ribbons and dots as seen on broad band images of the Sun. We expect this small-scale magnetic field to exhibit a similar behavior in stellar atmospheres. In order to find out more about it, we perform numerical simulations of the surface layers of stellar atmospheres. Here, we report on preliminary results from simulations in the range between 4000 K and 6500 K effective temperature with an initial vertical, homogeneous magnetic field of 50 G strength. We find that the field strength of the strongest magnetic flux concentrations increases with decreasing effective temperature at the height level where the average Rosseland optical depth is one. On the other hand, at the same level, the field is less strong than the thermal equipartition value in the coolest model but assumes superequipartition in the models hotter than 5000 K. While the Wilson depression of the strongest field concentrations is about one pressure scale height in the coolest model, it is more than four times the pressure scale height in the hottest one. We also find that the relative contribution of the bright filigree to the bolometric, vertically directed radiative intensity is most significant for the Teff = 5000 K model (0.6%–0.79%) and least significant for the hottest and coolest models (0.1%–0.46% and 0.14%–0.32%, respectively). This behavior suggests that the effect of the small-scale magnetic field on the photometric variability is more significant for K dwarf stars than for F-type and also M-type stars.
On the plasma flow inside magnetic tornadoes on the Sun
Authors: Wedemeyer Sven , Steiner Oskar 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHigh-resolution observations with the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST) and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) reveal rotating magnetic field structures that extend from the solar surface into the chromosphere and the corona. These so-called magnetic tornadoes are primarily detected as rings or spirals of rotating plasma in the Ca ii 854.2 nm line core (also known as chromospheric swirls). Detailed numerical simulations show that the observed chromospheric plasma motion is caused by the rotation of magnetic field structures, which again are driven by photospheric vortex flows at their footpoints. Under the right conditions, two vortex flow systems are stacked on top of each other. We refer to the lower vortex, which extends from the low photosphere into the convection zone, as intergranular vortex flow (IVF). Once a magnetic field structure is co-located with an IVF, the rotation is mediated into the upper atmospheric layers and an atmospheric vortex flow (AVF, or magnetic tornado) is generated. In contrast to the recent work by Shelyag et al. (2013, ApJ, 776, L4), we demonstrate that particle trajectories in a simulated magnetic tornado indeed follow spirals and argue that the properties of the trajectories decisively depend on the location in the atmosphere and the strength of the magnetic field.
Accounting standards convergence dynamics
Authors: Apergis Nicholas , Christou Christina , Hassapis Christis 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to explore convergence of accounting standards across worldwide adopted measures to investigate whether countries that have not completely adopted International Accounting Standards across the globe have displayed a tendency to act so.Design/methodology/approach– The new panel convergence methodology, developed by Phillips and Sul (2007), is employed.Findings– The empirical findings suggest that countries form distinct convergent clubs, albeit on a limited prevalence, yielding support to the notion that on a global basis firms and countries have initiated processes that will eventually lead them to a uniform pattern of employing common accounting standards.Practical implications– These findings have substantial implications on a firm level, mainly for differences in accounting quality as well as for differences in their cost of capital, thus leading the regulatory authorities to opt for further improvements in financial reporting.Originality/value– The novelties of this paper first, stem from the fact that it is the first time in the relevant literature that an empirical study attempts to formally measure whether the accounting world exhibits a tendency for accounting standards convergence or whether tactics and policies remain stagnant, acquiring drastic policy measures to speed up the convergence process. In addition, this study employs the implementation of the new methodology of panel convergence testing. This methodology has several appealing characteristics.
Enhancing lecture presentation through tablet technology
Authors: Malin Mirela 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe a simple approach available to corporate finance instructors to enhance the lecture delivery through the use of “digital ink” and tablet technology, to increase engagement during the lecture and enhance the classroom experience.

Design/methodology/approach
– The purpose of this paper is to describe a simple approach available to corporate finance instructors to enhance the lecture delivery through the use of “digital ink” and tablet technology, to increase engagement during the lecture and enhance the classroom experience.

Findings
– Positive student satisfaction was documented with the majority of students finding that the new method of teaching has helped with their learning. While there was no substantial difference in the overall mean exam scores compared to previous teaching periods, there was an improvement in the ability of students to identify and summarise the different theories.

Originality/value
– Technology has created both a progress and a decline in helping students learn. The original blackboard method of instruction was considered outdated when PowerPoint presentations became the main method of lecture delivery. However, the ability of instructors to work through problems progressively can be diminished in slide presentations. This paper shows how technology has facilitated a shift back towards the original “chalk and talk” method of lecture delivery, where the “chalk” has been replaced with “digital ink” in an attempt to reinvigorate slide presentations and actively engage students more during the lecture.
dSPACE implementation of cascaded H-bridge inverter for harmonics minimization using artificial-intelligence
Authors: Mahajan Vasundhara , Agarwal Pramod , Om Gupta Hari 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The active power filter with two-level inverter needs a high-rating coupling transformer for high-power applications. This complicates the control and system becomes bulky and expensive. The purpose of this paper is to motivate the use of multilevel inverter as harmonic filter, which eliminates the coupling transformer and allows direct control of the power circuit. The advancement in artificial intelligence (AI) for computation is explored for controller design.

Design/methodology/approach
– The proposed scheme has a five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI) as a harmonic filter. The control scheme includes one neural network controller and two fuzzy logic-based controllers for harmonic extraction, dc capacitor voltage balancing, and compensating current adjustment, respectively. The topology is modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK and implemented using dSPACE DS1103 interface for experimentation.

Findings
– The exhaustive simulation and experimental results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed topology and controllers for harmonic minimization for RL/RC load and change in load. The comparison between traditional PI controller and proposed AI-based controller is presented. It indicates that the AI-based controller is fast, dynamic, and adaptive to accommodate the changes in load. The total harmonic distortion obtained by applying AI-based controllers are well within the IEEE519 std. limits.

Originality/value
– The simulation of high-power, medium-voltage system is presented and a downscaled prototype is designed and developed for implementation. The laboratory module of CHBMLI-based harmonic filter and AI-based controllers modeled in SIMULINK is executed using dSPACE DS1103 interface through real time workshop.
Dynamic electromechanical eddy current force modeling
Authors: Paudel Nirmal , Paul Subhra , Z. Bird Jonathan 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to validate dynamic analytic force modeling techniques with experimental results. The performance of previously presented 2-D and 3-D eddy current models will be assessed when the steady-state models are coupled to a dynamic mechanical model.Design/methodology/approach– The previously presented 2-D analytic model was formulated in terms of the magnetic vector potential in conductive region and magnetic scalar potential in non-conductive region whereas the 3-D model was formulated in terms of the magnetic vector potential in both the conductive and non-conductive regions.Findings– This paper experimentally confirms that incorporating the heave velocity term is important for accurately predicting the forces under dynamic mechanical motion while using a steady-state eddy current solution. A close agreement between the experimental and the dynamic analytic-based eddy current solution was achieved.Research limitations/implications– The force results presented from the previously developed 3-D analytic model assume that the width of the guideway is larger than that of the magnetic source and the magnetic source is placed at the center of the guideway along the z-axis.Practical implications– The rotational and translational motion of a permanent magnet rotor above a conductive plate create lift and thrust force that are suitable for magnetic levitated (maglev) transportation. The previously developed 2-D and 3-D analytic models are fundamental to such maglev research as the models can quickly compute the electromagnetic forces acting on the maglev vehicle. This paper is of immense importance as the paper experimentally validates the analytic models.Originality/value– The quasi-static analytic eddy current force models that are validated in this paper are different to analogous models developed by prior authors in that the heave velocity as well as the translational velocity of a magnetic source is incorporated into the eddy current force equation.
Optimized designing of a patch phased array with a MoM-solver
Authors: Wang Yuanhao , Berens Michael , Nietsch Alexander , John Werner , Mathis Wolfgang 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present an optimization process for the design of a 2×2 patch antenna phased array with application for an UHF RFID system.

Design/methodology/approach
– The optimization process is based on a method of moment (MoM)-solver, which was individually made to create such patch antenna phased arrays and simulate the radiated field pattern. In combination with this MoM-solver, a GUI, which gives the opportunity to change every physical antenna factor and create the antenna structure within a few minutes is presented. Furthermore the golden section search method is used to produce an even better solution in a more efficient way compared to the first attempt. After the simulation, different types of presentation of results can be chosen for a fast and easy optimization.

Findings
– The design process is discussed while the authors try to optimize the distance between the elements and the difference of input phase for each patch element. The final goal is to create an antenna with maximum directivity and coverage of field pattern.

Practical implications
– A physical implementation of an optimized patch antenna phased array and the results of measurement are presented in the end.

Originality/value
– An optimization process for the design of a 2×2 patch antenna phased array with application for an UHF RFID system is presented. Furthermore the golden section search method is combined with the design process to increase the accuracy of the solution and decrease the time effort.
Comparison of classic and optimization approach to active power filters sizing and placement
Authors: Lewandowski Michal , Walczak Janusz 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– In most applications the active power filters (APFs) are used to reduce harmonic distortion of a nonlinear load which is located near the APF installation point. This classic approach allows to reduce the distortion introduced to the power system but do not guarantee that the cost of the APFs installation is optimal. The purpose of this paper is to compare the classic approach to harmonic compensation with an optimization method of sizing and placement of the APFs in an existing distributed power network.

Design/methodology/approach
– An exemplary real-life power system with distributed nonlinear loads was modeled using PCFLO power analysis software. Next, Matlab was used to implement the classic method and the optimization algorithm. Between Matlab and PCFLO a specially written Java middleware was used to provide a seamless workflow integration.

Findings
– It was shown that the presented optimization method may lead to superior results in comparison with the classic approach. Simulation results clearly showed that the APFs installation cost can be significantly reduced when the optimization algorithm is used. Moreover, the proposed optimization method can overcome some problems connected with the nonlinearity and discontinuity of the APF's price/current function.

Research limitations/implications
– There are two main limitations of the presented method. First, the method needs much more computing power then the classic approach. Second, according to the authors’ knowledge, currently there are no commercially available APFs, which allow to directly apply the optimization method in industrial applications.

Practical implications
– The presented results showed that the approach, which is the most popular in the industry, is far from being optimal from the cost perspective. As it has been shown in the investigated example, it might be possible to significantly reduce the total cost of APFs installed in the power system.

Originality/value
– The optimization method presented in the paper as well as all simulation results are the original authors work. It was shown that the existing harmonic compensation strategies can be significantly upgraded and the proposed optimization method may be a basis and a reference point for future commercial solutions.
New physically based model for thermal induced initial stress in 3D for silicon germanium films after deposition
Authors: El Boukili Abderrazzak 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide a new three dimension physically based model to calculate the initial stress in silicon germanium (SiGe) film due to thermal mismatch after deposition. We should note that there are many other sources of initial stress in SiGe films or in the substrate. Here, the author is focussing only on how to model the initial stress arising from thermal mismatch in SiGe film. The author uses this initial stress to calculate numerically the resulting extrinsic stress distribution in a nanoscale PMOS transistor. This extrinsic stress is used by industrials and manufacturers as Intel or IBM to boost the performances of the nanoscale PMOS and NMOS transistors. It is now admitted that compressive stress enhances the mobility of holes and tensile stress enhances the mobility of electrons in the channel.

Design/methodology/approach
– During thermal processing, thin film materials like polysilicon, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, or SiGe expand or contract at different rates compared to the silicon substrate according to their thermal expansion coefficients. The author defines the thermal expansion coefficient as the rate of change of strain with respect to temperature.

Findings
– Several numerical experiments have been used for different temperatures ranging from 30 to 1,000°C. These experiments did show that the temperature affects strongly the extrinsic stress in the channel of a 45 nm PMOS transistor. On the other hand, the author has compared the extrinsic stress due to lattice mismatch with the extrinsic stress due to thermal mismatch. The author found that these two types of stress have the same order (see the numerical results on Figures 4 and 12). And, these are great findings for semiconductor industry.

Practical implications
– Front-end process induced extrinsic stress is used by manufacturers of nanoscale transistors as the new scaling vector for the 90 nm node technology and below. The extrinsic stress has the advantage of improving the performances of PMOSFETs and NMOSFETs transistors by enhancing mobility. This mobility enhancement fundamentally results from alteration of electronic band structure of silicon due to extrinsic stress. Then, the results are of great importance to manufacturers and industrials. The evidence is that these results show that the extrinsic stress in the channel depends also on the thermal mismatch between materials and not only on the material mismatch.

Originality/value
– The model the author is proposing to calculate the initial stress due to thermal mismatch is novel and original. The author validated the values of the initial stress with those obtained by experiments in Al-Bayati et al. (2005). Using the uniaxial stress generation technique of Intel (see Figure 2). Al-Bayati et al. (2005) found experimentally that for 17 percent germanium concentration, a compressive initial stress of 1.4 GPa is generated inside the SiGe layer.
Al-Tawhid in relation to the economic order of microfinance institutions
Authors: Abdullah Rose , Ismail Abdul Ghafar 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to study the problems faced by microfinance institutions (MFIs) and relates it with Al-Tawhid to see the solutions.

Design/methodology/approach
– An exploratory method was used to examine various literature that discuss MFIs, the challenge issues growing in tandem with the growth of the microfinance sector and the economic order of MFIs and tries to link it to Al-Tawhid.

Findings
– The absence of Al-Tawhid concept in the practice of conventional MFIs caused the practices are not acceptable to Muslim micro entrepreneurs. Hence, the use of Al-Tawhid principles of contract suggested practices that are fair and free from elements of riba and gharar. It relates to the economics order by looking into the aims of providing finance up to reaching the consensus process or shuratic. Cash waqf is suggested as a source of fund for Islamic MFI for sustainability.

Research limitations/implications
– The findings need to be supported with empirical study to come up with suitable models.

Practical implications
– Alternative sustainable source of funds for the Islamic MFI is suggested.

Social implications
– Activating the cash waqf will involve the society in large to contribute to the economic development. The beneficiaries, such as the poor and needy, will be able to find a source of living and be actively involved in generating income activities.

Originality/value
– This paper highlights the cause of problems faced by conventional microfinance and relats the Al-Tawhid to overcome those problem conceptually.