bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of a caudoventral-craniodorsal oblique radiographic view made at 45° to the frontal plane to evaluate the pectoral girdle in raptors
Authors: Visser Marike , Hespel Adrien-Maxence , de Swarte Marie , Bellah Jamie R. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate use of a caudoventral-craniodorsal oblique radiographic view made at 45° to the frontal plane (H view) for assessment of the pectoral (thoracic) girdle in raptors.
Design—Retrospective cross-sectional analysis.
Animals—24 raptors suspected to have a fracture of the thoracic girdle.
Procedures—Standard ventrodorsal and H views were obtained for all birds. Radiographs were evaluated twice by a radiologist blinded to the final diagnosis, with each view first evaluated independently and views then evaluated in combination. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated, with results of surgery or necropsy used as the gold standard.
Results—9 birds had thoracic girdle fractures; fractures were correctly identified in 8 of these 9 birds on the ventrodorsal view alone, 7 of these 9 birds on the H view alone, and all 9 birds on the 2 views in combination. Fifteen birds did not have thoracic girdle fractures; radiographs were correctly classified in 12 of these 15 birds when the ventrodorsal view was evaluated alone, all 15 birds when the H view was evaluated alone, and 14 of these 15 birds when the 2 views were evaluated in combination.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that the H view or the addition of the H view to the VD view could be useful in raptors suspected to have fractures of the thoracic girdle. Agreement with the gold standard (ie, fracture present or absent) was higher with the H view and combination of views than with the ventrodorsal view alone.
Entre l’empathie et l’affirmation de soi
Authors: Morin Estelle M. 
Published: October 2015

Lundi matin : réunion de production. Assis à une extrémité de la grande table, le directeur accueille ses coéquipiers. L’ambiance est décontractée, on échange des nouvelles et quelques blagues, on s’installe avec ses dossiers. Une fois l’équipe prête, le directeur fait un bilan des progrès du projet, qui avance rondement, sans oublier de rappeler les objectifs visés. Comme les échanges sont stimulants, ils permettent d’ouvrir de nouvelles avenues et de faire émerger des idées dans un climat de confiance. Un des membres fait part de ses préoccupations à propos d’un élément du projet. La discussion reprend de plus belle, en mode synergique. La collaboration idéale : est-ce possible ?
Reliability of anisotropic conductive joints for bumpless flip-chip on flex packages under thermal stresses
Authors: Ali Lafir , Chan Y. C. , Alam M.O. 
Published: October 2015

The reliability of ACF (Anisotropic conductive film) interconnection is a serious concern especially under thermal loading condition. This paper focuses on the online contact resistance behavior of the ACF joint for bumpless flip-chip on flex packages during different thermal cycling conditions. In this work, flip chips of 11×3 mm2 having bare aluminum pad were used. Real time contact resistance (i.e. live measurement contact resistance variation with temperature) was measured by four points probe method when the packages were inside thermal shock chamber.
Tests for three different thermal cycling profiles (125°C to −55°C, 140°C to −40°C and 150°C to −65°C) were carried out. The samples bonded at temperature 180°C and pressure of 2.42Mpa was used. The initial contact resistance of the bumpless samples was 0.4Ω. Contact resistance increased with the number of thermal cycles, however the effect was severe when the temperature variation was above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the ACF matrix (131°C). Differences in co-efficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the chip and the substrate generated thermal stresses during temperature fluctuation, which caused the pad of the substrate to slide over the Al pad of the chip. Thus variation of the contact resistance was also observed along the interconnection position in the package, i.e. corner joint showed higher value of increase in contact resistance than the middle position. Even though flex substrate was used in this study; the sliding effect was severe at the corner Al pads of the chip, where cumulative forces generated due to the thermal stress. Results show that for thermal cycling profile 140°C to −40°C, online contact resistance increased to 1.2 Ω in corner joint, whereas for the middle joints the contact resistance just increased to 0.5 Ω. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of the ACF material plays an important role on the high temperature contact resistance. For every thermal cycling profile, there is an incubation period that would have significant impact in the application of ACF. After the incubation period the contact resistance increases rapidly and the joints are no longer reliable.
Acceleration Factor to relate Thermal Cycles to Power Cycles for Ceramic Ball Grid Area Array Packages
Authors: Perkins Andy , Tunga Krishna , Sitaraman Suresh 
Published: October 2015

There is a need for a new Acceleration Factor (AF) that can relate Accelerated Thermal Cycle (ATC) fatigue life to Power Cycle (PC) fatigue life quickly and accurately in order to avoid over designing electronic packages for benign environments. An AF, such as the Norris-Landzberg AF, is only applicable when using it to predict fatigue life within the same environment, i.e. ATC to ATC or PC to PC. This work proposes an AF that takes into account the differences between ATC tests and PC tests for ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) packages by considering relevant design and environmental parameters.
The new AF is based on relevant design parameters such as substrate size, substrate thermal conductivity, substrate thickness, coefficient of thermal (CTE) mismatch between the substrate and printed wiring board (PWB), PWB thickness, and environmental parameters such as temperature range (ΔT), frequency of cycles (f), and peak/junction temperature (Tj). Finite Element Models (FEM), experimental data, laser moiré interferometry, Design of Simulation (DOS), ANOVA, and regression analysis are used to develop the new AF. The new AF can be used to more accurately assess PC fatigue life from ATC tests so that expensive over-designing of electronic packages can be avoided for desktop/server/laptop applications.
Development of Reliability Allocation and Assessment Algorithms for Designing Multilevel Microelectronic Systems
Authors: Kim Injoong , Pucha Raghuram V. , Peak Russell S. , Sitaraman Suresh K. 
Published: October 2015

Design-for-reliability of complex systems involves top-down reliability allocation approaches, reliability prediction of both random and wear-out failures, and bottom-up reliability assessment approaches to provide more insight into the system-level reliability.
Designing complex microelectronic systems, while considering reliability in the early design stages, is a challenge because these systems have multilevel structure and logical groups, and numerous components are associated with failure modes and mechanisms. To address these difficulties and to design reliable systems in a systematic way, reliability allocation and reliability assessment algorithms and associated reliability predictions methodologies are presented in this paper in the context of a System-Design-for-Reliability (SDfR) framework. Reliability allocation algorithms are presented for both parallel and series systems that calculate the target reliability of subsystems from the given target reliability of their parent systems. The reliability allocation algorithm is demonstrated for random failures in a video broadcasting system that consists of a four-level packaging structure. The reliability assessment algorithm is demonstrated for wear-out failures in a USB board system that consists of multiple logical groups and various failure modes and mechanisms. The reliability assessment algorithms also demonstrate the use of physics-based reliability prediction of each logical group before assessing the system reliability. The demonstrated results show that the algorithms are useful for determining system configurations and design parameters. Such design changes will reduce the burden of downstream reliability activities.
Transfer Molding Technology for Smart Power Electronics Modules: Materials and Processes
Authors: Becker K.-F. , Joklitschke D. , Braun T. , Koch M. , Thomas T. , Schreier-Alt T. , Bader V. , Bauer J. , Nowak T. , Bochow-Ness O. , Aschenbrenner R. , Schneider-Ramelow M. , Lang K.-D. 
Published: October 2015

In recent years, within power electronics packaging, there has been a trend toward compact power electronics modules for automotive and industrial applications, where a smart integrated control unit for motor drives is replacing bulky substrates with discrete control logic and power electronics. Most recent modules combine control and power electronics, yielding maximum miniaturization. Transfer molding is the method of choice for cost-effective encapsulation of such modules due to robustness of the molded modules and moderate cost of packaging. But there are challenges with this type of package.
Typically, these packages are asymmetric, and thus a substrate with single sided assembly is overmolded on the component side and the substrate backside is exposed, providing a heat path for optimized cooling. This asymmetric geometry is prone to yielding warped substrates, preventing optimum thermal contact to the heat sink and also putting thermomechanical stress on the encapsulated components, possibly reducing reliability.
Such packages are truly heterogeneous, combining power ICs, wire bonds, SMDs, control ICs, substrate, and lead frame surfaces. As a result, the encapsulant used needs to adhere sufficiently to all surfaces present.
Additionally, those packages need to operate at elevated temperatures for extended time periods, for example, at 150°C for 2000 h and more, so high thermal stability is of prime importance.
Within this paper, a reference application is described integrating power and control logic inside a lead frame based molded package. Taking into account the challenges mentioned above, a detailed description of material selection for this module will be given, including material analysis, such as rheology, reactivity, and change in εr; and thermomechanical properties, in initial stage as f(t,T) and after media storage. Process development tools for module molding are used to ensure manufacturability and usability. Concluding rules for encapsulant material selection and package setup are provided.
Regard intermédial sur le devenir numérique des archives
Authors: Besson Rémy 
Published: October 2015

À travers l’étude d’un cas, le fonds de la troupe de théâtre yiddish Dora Wasserman, cet article porte sur la manière dont le numérique transforme les processus d’archivage et constitue un « contrepoint » au dossier thématique « Archiver/Archiving » paru dans Intermédialités no 18. La numérisation, phénomène d’abord technique, est appréhendée en plaçant au centre du questionnement les gestes archivistiques à la fois des personnes ayant manipulé les documents, de ceux qui les ont mis en archive et de ceux qui mettent en ligne ces traces du passé. Il s’agit de déterminer dans quelle mesure une forme d’archivage intermédiale peut permettre de rendre compte de l’imbrication entre ces trois gestes créateurs.
Very low frequency radio events with a reduced intensity observed by the low‐altitude DEMETER spacecraft
Authors: Záhlava J. , Němec F. , Santolík O. , Kolmašová I. , Parrot M. , Rodger C. J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe present results of a systematic study of unusual very low frequency (VLF) radio events with a reduced intensity observed in the frequency‐time spectrograms measured by the low‐orbiting Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) spacecraft. They occur exclusively on the nightside. During these events, the intensity of fractional hop whistlers at specific frequencies is significantly reduced. These frequencies are usually above about 3.4 kHz (second Earth‐ionosphere waveguide cutoff frequency), but about 20% of events extend down to about 1.7 kHz (first Earth‐ionosphere waveguide cutoff frequency). The frequencies of a reduced intensity vary smoothly with time. We have inspected 6.5 years of DEMETER data, and we identified in total 1601 such events. We present a simple model of the event formation based on the wave propagation in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide. We apply the model to two selected events, and we demonstrate that the model is able to reproduce both the minimum frequencies of the events and their approximate frequency‐time shapes. The overall geographic distribution of the events is shifted by about 3000 km westward and slightly southward with respect to the areas with high long‐term average lightning activity. We demonstrate that this shift is related to the specific DEMETER orbit, and we suggest its qualitative explanation by the east‐west asymmetry of the wave propagation in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide.
A Stereocontrolled Synthesis of the C11‐C24 Fragment of Inostamycin A via the Desymmetrization of Glycerols
Authors: Yu Guangri , Jung Byunghyuck , Lim Seolhee , Lee Hee‐Seung , Kang Sung Ho 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA robust and reproducible route has been developed for the synthesis of the C11‐C24 fragment of inostamycin A. Whilst the core scaffold of this compound was constructed via a series of addition reactions and an aldol condensation, the stereogenic centers were installed via a series of complex reactions involving a diastereoselective desymmetrization for the two quaternary carbons at C16 and C20, a crotylation for the carbons at C17 and C18, an aldol condensation for the carbons at C12 and C13, an allylation for the carbon at C21, and a chiral building block for the installation of the carbon at C14. All of these steps proceeded with high yield and stereoselectivity, and were also scalable.
Structural evolution of recycled tire rubber in asphalt
Authors: Yao Hongru , Zhou Shuai , Wang Shifeng 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe performance of recycled‐tire‐rubber‐modified asphalt mainly depends on the structure of rubber in the asphalt. The effects of the curing temperature, mixing time, and shearing on the evolution of the chemical structure and morphological structure of crumb rubber in asphalt were investigated. The crosslink density, compositions, and morphological evolution of the residual crumb rubber were characterized. The results show that the structure evolution of tire rubber in asphalt was greatly affected by the curing temperature. At a low curing temperature (180°C), the crosslinking network of the tire rubber was broken down, and this led to the partial dissolution of natural rubber (NR). However, at high curing temperature (240°C), the dissolution of NR, synthetic rubber, carbon black, and inorganic filler was observed. The released carbon black covered with a thin layer of bound rubber dispersed at a microstructured or nanostructured size in the asphalt. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42954.
Site‐Specific Zwitterionic Polymer Conjugates of a Protein Have Long Plasma Circulation
Authors: Bhattacharjee Somnath , Liu Wenge , Wang Wei‐Han , Weitzhandler Isaac , Li Xinghai , Qi Yizhi , Liu Jinyao , Pang Yan , Hunt Donald F. , Chilkoti Ashutosh 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMany proteins suffer from suboptimal pharmacokinetics (PK) that limit their utility as drugs. The efficient synthesis of polymer conjugates of protein drugs with tunable PK to optimize their in vivo efficacy is hence critical. We report here the first study of the in vivo behavior of a site‐specific conjugate of a zwitterionic polymer and a protein. To synthesize the conjugate, we first installed an initiator for atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at the N terminus of myoglobin (Mb‐N‐Br). Subsequently, in situ ATRP was carried out in aqueous buffer to grow an amine‐functionalized polymer from Mb‐N‐Br. The cationic polymer was further derivatized to two zwitterionic polymers by treating the amine groups of the cationic polymer with iodoacetic acid to obtain poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) with a one‐carbon spacer (PCBMA; C1), and sequentially with 3‐iodopropionic acid and iodoacetic acid to obtain PCBMA(mix) with a mixture of C1 and C2 spacers. The Mb‐N‐PCBMA polymer conjugates had a longer in vivo plasma half‐life than a PEG‐like comb polymer conjugate of similar molecular weights (MW). The structure of the zwitterion plays a role in controlling the in vivo behavior of the conjugate, as the PCBMA conjugate with a C1 spacer had significantly longer plasma circulation than the conjugate with a mixture of C1 and C2 spacers.
Project WINGS (Women Initiating New Goals of Safety): A randomised controlled trial of a screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) service to identify and address intimate partner violence victimisation among substance‐using women receiving community supervision
Authors: Gilbert Louisa , Shaw Stacey A. , Goddard‐Eckrich Dawn , Chang Mingway , Rowe Jessica , McCrimmon Tara , Almonte Maria , Goodwin Sharun , Epperson Matthew 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe high rate of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimisation found among substance‐using women receiving community supervision underscores the need for effective IPV victimisation screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment services (SBIRT) for this population.AimsThis randomised controlled trial (RCT) aims to assess the feasibility, safety and efficacy of a single‐session computerised self‐paced IPV SBIRT (Computerised WINGS) in identifying IPV victimisation among women under community supervision and increasing access to IPV services, compared to the same IPV SBIRT service delivered by a case manager (Case Manager WINGS).MethodsThis RCT was conducted with 191 substance‐using women in probation and community court sites in New York City.ResultsNo significant differences were found between Computerised and Case Manager WINGS arms on any outcomes. Both arms reported identical high rates of any physical, sexual or psychological IPV victimisation in the past year (77% for both arms) during the intervention. Both arms experienced significant increases from baseline to the 3‐month follow‐up in receipt of IPV services, social support, IPV self‐efficacy and abstinence from drug use.ConclusionsFindings suggest that both modalities of WINGS show promise in identifying and addressing IPV victimisation among substance‐using women receiving community supervision.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normal‐to‐Abnormal NHC Rearrangement of AlIII, GaIII, and InIII Trialkyl Complexes: Scope, Mechanism, Reactivity Studies, and H2 Activation
Authors: Schnee Gilles , Nieto Faza Olalla , Specklin David , Jacques Béatrice , Karmazin Lydia , Welter Richard , Silva López Carlos , Dagorne Samuel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe present contribution reports experimental and theoretical mechanistic investigations on a normal‐to‐abnormal (C2‐to‐C4‐bonded) NHC rearrangement processes occurring with bulky group 13 metal NHC adducts, including the scope of such a reactivity for Al compounds. The sterically congested adducts (nItBu)MMe3 (nItBu=1,3‐di‐tert‐butylimidazol‐2‐ylidene; M=Al, Ga, In; 1 a–c) readily rearrange to quantitatively afford the corresponding C4‐bonded complexes (aItBu)MMe3 (4 a–c), a reaction that may be promoted by THF. Thorough experimental data and DFT calculations were performed on the nNHC‐to‐aNHC process converting the Al‐nNHC (1 a) to its aNHC analogue 4 a. A nItBu/aItBu isomerization is proposed to account for the formation of the thermodynamic product 4 a through reaction of transient aItBu with THF–AlMe3. The reaction of benzophenone with (nItBu)AlMe3 afforded the zwitterionic species (aItBu)(CPh2‐O‐AlMe3) (6), reflecting the unusual reactivity that such bulky adducts may display. Interestingly, the nItBu/Al(iBu)3 Lewis pair behaves like a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) since it readily reacts with H2 under mild conditions. This may open the way to future reactivity developments involving commonly used trialkylaluminum precursors.
Facile Alder‐Ene Reactions of Silylallenes Involving an Allenic C(sp2)H Bond
Authors: Sabbasani Venkata R. , Huang Genping , Xia Yuanzhi , Lee Daesung 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFacile and selective Alder‐ene reactions of silylallenes involving the activation of an allenic C(sp2)H over an allylic C(sp3)H bond is described. In this ene reaction, the presence of a silyl substituent was found to be critical for the observed reactivity and selectivity since the corresponding alkyl‐substituted allenes show different reaction profiles. Computational studies show that the origin of this unusual reactivity is the lower bond dissociation energy of the α‐C(sp2)H bond in silylallenes compared to the corresponding nonsilylated allenes.
Quinine‐Based Zwitterionic Chiral Stationary Phase as a Complementary Tool for Peptide Analysis: Mobile Phase Effects on Enantio‐ and Stereoselectivity of Underivatized Oligopeptides
Authors: Ianni Federica , Sardella Roccaldo , Carotti Andrea , Natalini Benedetto , Lindner Wolfgang , Lämmerhofer Michael 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPeptide stereoisomer analysis is of importance for quality control of therapeutic peptides, the analysis of stereochemical integrity of bioactive peptides in food, and the elucidation of the stereochemistry of peptides from a natural chiral pool which often contains one or more D‐amino acid residues. In this work, a series of model peptide stereoisomers (enantiomers and diastereomers) were analyzed on a zwitterionic ion‐exchanger chiral stationary phase (Chiralpak ZWIX(+) 5 µm), in order to investigate the retention and separation performance for such compounds on this chiral stationary phase and elucidate its utility for this purpose. The goal of the study focused on 1) investigations of the effects of the sample matrix used to dissolve the peptide samples; 2) optimization of the mobile phase (enabling deriving information on factors of relevance for retention and separation); and 3) derivation of structure–selectivity relationships. It turned out that small di‐ and tripeptides can be well resolved under optimized conditions, typically with resolutions larger than 1.5. The optimized mobile phase often consisted of methanol–tetrahydrofuran–water (49:49:2; v/v/v) with 25 mM formic acid and 12.5 mM diethylamine. This work proposes some guidance on which mobile phases can be most efficiently used for peptide stereoisomer separations on Chiralpak ZWIX. Chirality 28:5–16, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Astragalus podlechii, a new name for Astragalus insularis Maassoumi & Podlech (Fabaceae)
Authors: Kottaimuthu R. , Vasudevan N. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA new name Astragalus podlechii is proposed to replace the illegitimate later homonym Astragalus insularis Maassoumi & Podlech. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)