bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test‐retest reliability of amygdala response to emotional faces
Authors: Sauder Colin L. , Hajcak Greg , Angstadt Mike , Phan K. Luan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn the current study, we evaluated the test‐retest reliability of amygdala response using an emotional face‐matching task that has been widely used to examine pathophysiology and treatment mechanisms in psychiatric populations. Activation within the fusiform face area (FFA) was also examined. Twenty‐seven healthy volunteers completed a variation of the face‐matching paradigm developed by Hariri et al. (2000) at two time points approximately 90 days apart. Estimates of test‐retest reliability of amygdala response to fearful faces were moderate, whereas angry and happy faces showed poor reliability. Test‐retest reliability of the FFA was moderate to strong, regardless of facial affect. Collectively, these findings indicate that the reliability of the BOLD MR signal in the amygdala varies substantially by facial affect. Efforts to improve measurement precision, enlarge sample sizes, or increase the number of assessment occasions seem warranted.
Characterization of Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) genotypes and haplotypes in Chinese Han population
Authors: Bao X. , Wang M. , Zhou H. , Wu X. , Yang L. , Xu C. , Yuan X. , Zhang J. , Li L. , Wu D. , He J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe performed Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) genotyping on 1271 individuals of Chinese Han origin including 102 families and 965 unrelated individuals. The families (with one child and both parents) were subjected for haplotype analysis. Forty‐one different genotypes were identified. The frequencies of the KIR genotypes found in the family panel were confirmed by those found in the unrelated panel. The family study showed segregation of one A haplotype and at least 15 unique B haplotypes. The most commonly observed haplotypes in group B were B1, B2, and B3, present at a frequency of 10.05%, 6.62%, and 4.90%, respectively. On the basis of the combination of KIR genes, six centromeric and seven telomeric gene motifs have been identified. Motif cB02 was the most frequent haplotype B specific centromeric segment while tB01 was the most frequent haplotype B specific telomeric segment. The distinct distribution of KIR haplotypes in each population may reflect the history of directional and balancing selection of different races. The gene combinations of group A and B1/B2/B3 haplotype were the most frequent genotypes named as Bx1, Bx2, and Bx3, present at a frequency of 13.72%, 7.35%, and 4.41% in the family panel, and at a frequency of 15.86%, 10.15%, and 5.80% in the unrelated panel, respectively. Overall, this study showed the diversity of KIR haplotypes and genotypes in Chinese Han population and developed a criterion for distinguish KIR haplotypes/genotypes for the population. KIR genotyping and haplotype analysis should be useful for selection of the most optimum donor grafts with favorable KIR gene content for transplants.
The 11q23.3 genomic region—rs964184—is associated with cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: López‐Mejías R. , Genre F. , García‐Bermúdez M. , Castañeda S. , González‐Juanatey C. , Llorca J. , Corrales A. , Miranda‐Filloy J. A. , Rueda‐Gotor J. , Gómez‐Vaquero C. , Rodríguez‐Rodríguez L. , Fernández‐Gutiérrez B. , Balsa A. , Pascual‐Salcedo D. , López‐Longo F. J. , Carreira P. , Blanco R. , González‐Álvaro I. , Martín J. , González‐Gay M. A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease associated with high risk of cardiovascular (CV) events. Recently, the rs964184 polymorphism has been associated with coronary artery disease in nonrheumatic Caucasian individuals. 2160 Spanish RA patients were genotyped for the rs964184 polymorphism. Sex, age at diagnosis and traditional CV risk factors (diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and smoking habit) were associated with increased risk of CV events. Interestingly, RA patients carrying the rs964184 GG genotype had significantly higher risk of CV events than those with CC genotype [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36–6.26, P = 0.006] after adjusting the results for sex, age at diagnosis and traditional CV risk factors. Our results indicate that rs964184 polymorphism is associated with CV disease in RA.
Evaluation of a high‐sensitivity assay for measurement of canine and feline serum cardiac troponin I
Authors: Langhorn Rebecca , Willesen Jakob Lundgren , Tarnow Inge , Kjelgaard‐Hansen Mads 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundCardiac troponins are established as the gold standard biomarkers for acute cardiac injury. As even small elevations of cardiac troponins have prognostic relevance in people, it is important to investigate the performance of sensitive assays for use in veterinary medicine.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate analytical and overlap performance of a high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay, the ADVIA Centaur CP TnI‐Ultra assay, in dogs and cats.MethodsSerum samples from dogs and cats with cardiac disease or arrhythmias, along with samples of purified canine free cTnI and complexed cTnI, T, and C (cTnI‐T‐C) were used in the assay validation study. Intra‐ and inter‐assay variation, linearity under dilution, spike‐and‐recovery analysis, and detection limit were investigated to assess analytical performance. Overlap performance was evaluated based on the ability of the assay to discriminate between healthy animals and animals with cardiac disease or arrhythmias.ResultsIntra‐assay variation of cTnI in canine and feline serum ranged from 3.9 to 6.4% and from 4.0 to 4.8%, respectively. Inter‐assay variation ranged from 2.7 to 4.7% and from 4.0 to 7.8%, respectively. The assay demonstrated acceptable linearity under dilution within a clinically relevant range of cTnI concentrations. Spike‐and‐recovery analysis showed excessive recovery in the range 150.7%–242.0% for free cTnI and 121.1–196.3% for complexed cTnI‐T‐C, partly due to a matrix effect. Overlap performance was acceptable as animals with cardiac disease or arrhythmias (n = 45 dogs, n = 53 cats) had significantly higher cTnI concentrations than healthy controls (P < .0001).ConclusionsThe results confirm the ADVIA Centaur CP TnI‐Ultra assay as a valuable tool for assessing cTnI and thus myocardial injury in dogs and cats.
Comparison of the buccal mucosal bleeding time in dogs using 3 different‐sized lancet devices
Authors: Aumann Marcel , Rossi Valentina , Le Boedec Kevin , Diquélou Armelle 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundThe buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) evaluates primary hemostasis in vivo. Three different‐sized lancet devices designed for people, Adult (A), Junior (J), and Newborn (N), can be used to perform the BMBT in dogs.ObjectivesThe aim was to compare BMBT using 3 different‐sized human lancet devices in dogs with varying platelet counts and hematocrits.MethodsThe BMBT was measured in 46 client‐owned dogs (2 healthy, 44 suffering from various disorders) with varying platelet (Plt) counts and hematocrits, using the 3 devices successively in each dog, in a randomly determined order, over a 10‐ to 30‐minute period. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, Mann–Whitney U‐test) was performed using commercial software.ResultsBMBTs were significantly different between devices (P < .00001), and shorter with devices N and J compared with device A (P < .01). The BMBT was prolonged (> 210 s) in 10 dogs with device A and in 7 dogs each with devices J and N, respectively. Sixteen dogs had a Plt count < 200 × 109/L (Reference interval 200–500 × 109/L). Nine of these dogs had prolonged BMBT with device A, and 6 dogs with device J and device N, respectively. BMBT was longer in thrombocytopenic dogs with devices A and J (P < .016). Anemia without thrombocytopenia did not affect BMBT with any device.ConclusionsThe BMBT is influenced by the size of the used device, with A resulting in the longest BMBT. Therefore, the type of device used to obtain the BMBT has to be specified for standardized results.
Phanerozoic evolution of the North American Cordillera; United States and Canada
Authors: Oldow John S. , Bally Albert W. , Lallemant Hans G. Avé , Leeman William P. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The rediscovery of America by the Genovese Christopher Columbus and the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards was followed by a more gradual, but equally relentless, occupation of North America by the French and the British. The last phase of this process involved the discovery and exploration of the western Cordillera of North America. Fur traders Anthony Henday (1754) and the La Verendrye brothers (1743) were the first non Indians to sight the western Cordillera, while James Cook (1778) and Vitus Bering (1728,1741) were the first to explore the coasts of the northern Pacific beyond a California that was already discovered and subdued by the Spanish.
There followed many expeditions that were driven by the search for gold and the fur trade as well as political and missionary interests. Most spectacular perhaps was the first crossing of the Canadian Cordillera by the Scot, Alexander MacKenzie, who reached the Pacific near Bella Coola, British Columbia in 1793. In his footsteps, the expeditions of Simon Fraser (1807), David Thompson (1807–1812), and others led to the geographic reconnaissance of the Cordillera of the northwestern United States and Canada. Lewis and Clark (1804–1805), who traversed the northwestern U.S. Cordillera, were the first who, while obviously involved in a politically motivated expedition, had an important charge to also make scientific observations.
Thus, the western Cordillera had first to be “discovered” through the arduous efforts of many early explorers before any significant geological studies could be undertaken. The first geological map of North America, published by Jean Etienne Guettard in 1752 in his “Mémoire dans lequel on compare le Canada à la Suisse,”
The Magnetic Anomaly Map of North America; A new tool for regional geologic mapping
Authors: Hinze William J. , Hood Peter J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Although the charting of anomalous variations in the Earth′s magnetic field to aid in the mapping of the Earth′s crust has been practiced for over a century, the development of aeromagnetic surveying technology has made it possible in recent decades to conduct surveys of extensive regions efficiently and precisely. These improvements in surveying instrumentation, procedures, and data processing made it possible to move from magnetic “anomaly hunting” to the preparation of regional total field contour maps. Aeromagnetic surveys have been conducted over limited areas for specific geologic objectives, with little attention paid to the possibility of compositing individual surveys into regional, small-scale maps for the study of continental-scale geologic features. However, interpretation of compilations of simplified near surface, aeromagnetic anomaly maps (e.g., MacLaren and Charbonneau, 1968), and high-level, broadly spaced profile surveys (e.g., Zietz and others, 1969; Sexton and others, 1982) has shown that small-scale, low-resolution magnetic anomaly maps of extensive regions can be very useful in mapping continental scale geologic features.
Since the mid-1940s, airborne magnetic surveys have been conducted over vast regions of North America. The public availability of many of these surveys led to the preparation of national maps by Canada and the United States. The first 1:5,000,000 scale colored magnetic anomaly map of Canada (Morley and tohers, 1968) was prepared with hand-compilation techniques by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). Subsequent editions of the map have provided greater coverage and improved detail, leading to the fifth edition (Dods and others, 1987), which was produced by machine-compilation of digital data.
Geologic history of the Caribbean and Central America
Authors: Donnelly Thomas W. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The Caribbean area as defined here includes the Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, the northern boundary of South America, and Central America (Fig. 1); it spans approximately 7,800 km in an east-west direction and 3,900 km in a north-south direction. Although the geology of this region should be considered along with that of Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico, these areas form separate chapters in this book. This chapter is in part a condensation of numerous contributions prepared for the synthesis volume on the Caribbean region by Case and Dengo (1989). Further details are available in that book. Modern geological interest in the Caribbean has centered on its Cretaceous to Recent orogenic belts that resulted from plate interactions between North and South America. The Caribbean is the site of America’s most extensive Cretaceous and Cenozoic oceanic-continental tectonic zone and has (along with the Aleutians) its only real island arcs. It has the majority of the active volcanic centers of the New World and a major share of the destructive earthquakes. The goal of the Caribbean geologist is to reconstruct the history of a minor “plate” whose extensive internal deformation belies the strict application of this term. This “plate” has been broken and twisted within the jaws of three major plates (Farallon, North America, and South America), whose relative motions have changed dramatically from Jurassic to Recent time. However, the average motion among the three plates since the middle Cretaceous has been one of roughly east-west compression, and the aim of this paper is to place the geologic history in the context of these changing major plate motions.
The evolution of the Appalachian chain
Authors: Rast Nicholas 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The Appalachian chain is a Paleozoic megastructure, bordering eastern North America. On land the exposed part of the chain stretches more than 3,000 km from Newfoundland in the northeast to Alabama in the southwest (Fig. 1). To the northwest the chain is adjacent to the Laurentian craton of Precambrian rocks, or to their platformal cover; to the southeast, gently inclined Meso-Cenozoic coastal strata of the Atlantic shelf cover the deformed Appalachian formations. Elucidation of the geology of the Appalachian Mountains has had almost two centuries of history (Faill, 1985). The chain was first defined in the southern and central states of the eastern United States, and then extrapolated northward into New England and Canada (Rodgers, 1970). Thus, even early in the history of their investigation, the Appalachians were divided into northern, central, and southern sectors (Fig. 1). South of New York the early work was conducted by state geological surveys, among which those in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina were especially active. From the 1870s onward the U.S. Geological Survey expanded its activities in the region.
The foundations for the present understanding of Appalachian geology were laid by the Geological Survey of New York, personified by James Hall, and the Geological Surveys of Pennsylvania and Virginia, from where the brothers W. B. and H. D. Rogers conducted their investigations. While Hall (1883) stressed the stratigraphie-paléontologie aspects of the rocks composing the Appalachians, the Rogers brothers (1843) were more concerned with the physical structures of the strata. Hall′s impetus led to the paleostratigraphic approach, and he was the first to advance the notion of a basinal geosyncline;
The Arctic Islands
Authors: Trettin H. P. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The Canadian Arctic Archipelago, perched on the northern rim of the continent, is about 1.3 million km2 in area, including intervening waters (Fig. 1; Plate 9, index). Parry Channel, a seaway connecting Baffin Bay with the western Arctic Ocean, separates the Queen Elizebeth Islands to the north from another group of islands to the south. Rugged mountain ranges with extensive ice caps in the eastern part of the archipelago, and plateaus, lowlands, and a coastal plain in the western part, are all dissected by numerous channels and fiords (Dawes and Christie, Ch. 3).1
Outlines of the geography and rudiments of the geology were established during the last century and the first half of this century. This work was done by ship, with sledges, or on foot, under hardship and often tragic circumstances (Christie and Dawes, Ch. 2). A coherent stratigraphic-structural framework has emerged from subsequent systematic surface studies, which have been supported by helicopters since 1955. Paleontology, always at the forefront of Arctic earth science, has provided the basis for both regional correlations and reconstructions of the geologic history. Petroleum exploration has been active in the islands since the early 1960s, and by 1987, 176 wells had been drilled and more than 65,000 km of seismic reflection lines had been shot. The well data have been absorbed into the stratigraphic framework, and a few instructive seismic interpretations have been released (e.g., Harrison and Bally, 1988), but the bulk of the seismic work remains unpublished. Gravity surveys (Sobczak, Ch. 5A) and deep seismic refraction surveys, both carried out from the late 1950s onward, have permitted construction of crustal cross sections in the western parts of the islands (Sweeney and others, 1986; Sobczak and others, Ch. 5B), while aeromagnetic surveys (Coles, Ch. 5D), electrical conductivity studies (Niblett and Kurtz, Ch. 5E), and analyses of seismicity (Forsyth and others, Ch. 5C) have elucidated other aspects of crustal structure and tectonics.
The Ouachita system
Authors: Arbenz J. Kaspar 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
During the Paleozoic, the southern margin of the North American craton underwent one major ocean margin cycle (“Wilson cycle”) lasting from the Late Proterozoic into the Permian. Breakup of a preexisting continent may have begun in the Late Proterozoic and lasted to the Middle Cambrian along a series of divergent rifts and transforms, which gave the margin between southern Alabama and northern Mexico an angular appearance. The breakup was accompanied by a system of rift arms and fault systems that reached far into the cratonic interior. The cycle ended with the formation of a collisional orogenic belt known as the Ouachita system.
The Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma and Arkansas, the Marathon uplift of west Texas, and the Solitario (a small outcrop of Paleozoic rocks west of the Marathon region) are the only outcrop areas of the Ouachita system in the United States (Fig. 1). In northern Mexico, a number of small outcrops of Ouachita-facies rocks appear as inliers of the eastern Cordilleran orogen. The remainder of the frontal elements of the Ouachita system and the entire hinterland are covered by postorogenic Permian, Mesozoic, and Tertiary rocks of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Thus, some 90 percent of this orogenic belt cannot be inspected at the surface and must be mapped from subsurface borehole and geophysical data. Regional tectonic interpretations remain therefore rather tentative, especially in the deep hinterland, where boreholes are sparse.
Fresh water of the North American continent; A profile
Authors: Meyer Gerald 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The eminent global hydrologist R. L. Nace (1969, p. 11)noted that “the story of the growth of civilization and science could be written largely in terms of human concern with water.” That quotation applies fittingly to the North American continent, whose economic and social development are intimately tied to its natural water supply. Demographic, agricultural, and industrial expansion have evolved largely around opportunities proffered by the continent’s surface, ground, and soil water.
Cultural and economic gains attributable to water development have been aided by coincident advances in knowledge of the hydrology and geology of the continent, accompanied by parallel progress in understanding of basic principles of the science of geohydrology. North American scientists have exercised leadership in both applied and basic geohydrological investigation. The significant roles of water in the continent’s geophysical and geochemical processes are only now being more fully recognized and integrated into the earth sciences, with both scientific and pragmatic benefits. It is now understood that water, whether in its liquid, vapor, or solid (ice) form, fulfills many fundamentally important physical and chemical functions in virtually all Earth environments.
This overview chapter is concerned primarily with the geohydrology of North America, and most particularly with the natural occurrence of fresh surface and ground water of the continent, with less attention to practical water-supply and water-use aspects. This is true also for Wolman and Riggs (1989) and Back and others (1988) of this series of volumes. Those two volumes provide, respectively, comprehensive descriptions of the surface and ground-water hydrology of the continent.
The Atlantic passive margin
Authors: Sheridan Robert E. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The eastern North American passive margin includes the Atlantic continental margin from the Bahamas to Baffin Bay. Formed by the rifting, breakup, and drift of North America away from Africa and Europe, the margin′s thick sedimentary cover of Mesozoic to Cenozoic age lying over the Coastal Plain, continental shelf, slope, and rise straddles three distinct basement types: continental, transitional, and oceanic. The emerged Coastal Plain, which is a seaward-thickening wedge of sediments 1 to 2 km thick, extends from Florida to Long Island (Fig. 1). It exists as a submerged wedge off Canada (Fig. 2). The continental crust under the inner continental shelf, Coastal Plain, and landward is marked by exposed and buried rift basins formed by asymmetric half grabens (Fig. 1). The continental crust consists of three grossly different ages and terranes: the Precambrian shield from Labrador northward (Fig. 2); the Paleozoic orogenic belt from Newfoundland to Georgia (Figs. 1 and 2); and the African Precambrian and Paleozoic Terranes of Florida (Fig. 1). The transitional crust under the outer continental shelves and marginal plateaus is deeply subsided and underlies major sedimentary basins. These deep sedimentary basins are: (1) South Florida Bahamas Basin, (2) Blake Plateau Basin, (3) Carolina Trough, (4) Baltimore Canyon Trough, (5) Georges Bank Basin (Fig. 1), (6) Scotian Shelf Basin, (7) Grand Bank Basins, and (8) Labrador Shelf Basins (Fig. 2). The boundary between the transitional crust and the true oceanic crust is marked by the linear East Coast magnetic anomaly north of Florida, and farther east by the Blake Spur magnetic anomaly in the Blake-Bahamas region (Fig. 1).