bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Pathogenic <i>Escherichia Coli</i> from Diarrheic Calves in Selective Area of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam AKMA , Rahman M , Nahar A , Khair A , Alam MM 
Published: July 2015

Molecular technique was used to investigate the prevalence of virulent diarrheic genes in pathogenic Escherichia coli and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns. A hundred samples from 100 different diarrheic calves from mid-north-western part of Bangladesh were screened for the presence of virulence factors associated with diarrhea. Following isolation and identification on the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical properties, the presence of the virulence genes such as eaeA, bfpA, elt, est, stx1 and stx2 were examined using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 57 E. coli was determined by agar disk diffusion method for 8 antimicrobial agents. Out of 100 samples 57 (57%) were found to be positive for E. coli and their distribution rates according to their age, breed and sex were 66.7% ( 6 days old ), 85.7% (Sahiwal breed) and in 64.2 % (female calves) respectively. Among 57 E. coli isolates, only 16 isolates were analyzed for the detection of the said genes. Among them, only eaeA gene was detected in 2 E. coli isolates (12.5 %). Antibiotic resistance patterns revealed that Oxacillin, Rifampicin and Penicillin were 100% resistant followed by Erythromycin which was more than 80% resistant. In case of Amoxicillin and Tetracycline, about 59.65% and 61.40% were found to be resistant respectively whereas all 57 E. coli isolates showed moderately susceptible (30%) to Cefuroxime, a second generation Cephalosporin. Therefore, none of the eight antimicrobials studied can not be recommended as single best therapeutic agent for the treatment of neonatal calf diarrhea. In addition, this study indicated that diarrhea in calves in these locations can be ascribed to mainly Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) which was atypical (only contained the eaeA genes but not bfpA). However, further studies are necessary to characterize the isolated eaeA gene positive E. coli by serotyping, tissue culture assay and other molecular techniques to find out the potentiality of those virulent genes contributing pathogenicity of E. coli causing diarrhea in calves.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23716Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 45-51
Investigating Infectious and Zoonotic diseases of Street Dogs in the Residential Area of Bangladesh Agricultural University
Authors: Kasfi TK , Labony SS , Chowdhury MGA , Rima UK , Hossain MZ , Chowdhury SJH , Hossain MM , Khan MAHNA 
Published: July 2015

Dogs are common carnivor and scavenger at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus. Dogs may carry many infectious and zoonotic diseases and could play a role in transmitting those diseases in other carnivors and human as well. At day time cats, dogs and golden jackals are found to eat in a same dustbin at BAU campus. So it is possible to share diseases of each other and there are possibilities of crossing species barrier. This study was, therefore, aimed at specific investigation of the occurrence of leishmaniasis, canine distemper (CD), infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) and avian influenza (AI) of dogs at BAU campus. This study was carried out during the period from January to June/ 2012. A total of 10 apparently healthy dogs were euthanatized and postmortem examination were carried out. Impression smears were prepared from spleen, liver, bone marrow and stained with Giemsas stain. Histopathological studies were conducted using routine procedures. For molecular characterization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Reverse Transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were adopted for the detection of genomic fragment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), canine distemper (CD), infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) and avian influenza (AI, viral matrix protein gene). Results of this study showed the presence of leishmania organism in the impression smears of eight dogs. Using PCR amplification technique, Leishmania donovani specific genomic DNA (145bp) was detected in two dogs. PCR amplification of genomic DNA of ICH (411bp) and RT-PCR amplification of genomic RNA of CD (287bp) and matrix protein gene of AI (245bp) were not detected in any of the dogs of BAU campus. Future work is needed to explore the presence of snad flies (vector of VL) in the investigating areas and establish role of street dogs of BAU campus towards disseminating leishmaniasis in other animals and human beings.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23720Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 57-63
Survey on Street Dog Population in Pokhara Valley of Nepal
Authors: Acharya M , Dhakal S 
Published: July 2015

A survey was carried out to determine the population of street dogs and peoples opinion about their persistence in Pokhara Valley, Nepal. Information of street dog population was necessary to construct a future animal birth control (ABC) plans. For this, mark-resight survey method was used. Further, local residents were interviewed to know their opinion about the persistence of street dog population in that area. Among total 1767 dogs, 1072 (60.66%) were male, 641 (36.28%) were female and 54 (3.06%) were puppies. About 367 (57.25%) of the female street dogs were already spayed. A total of 371 local residents were interviewed to know their opinion about the causes of persistent street dogs in Pokhara Valley. Numerous reasons were put forward including unmanaged slaughter house (24.5%), abandoned due to disease (15.4%) and abandoned due to unmanageable estrus behavior (10.2%). Future ABC programs may need to consider these factors responsible for maintaining persistent street dog population, to enable control over street dog population in an efficient and sustainable manner.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23722Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 65-70
Pathogenic and Drug Resistant Bacteria in Raw Milk of Jessore City: A Potential Food Safety Threat
Authors: Tasnim UT , Islam MT 
Published: July 2015

Milk is such a food which can meet almost all nutritional needs of human lives. Raw or unprocessed milk supports the growth of wide variety of microorganisms. The major interests of this study were examining the microbial quality of raw milk collected from different locations of Jessore city in Bangladesh and determining antibiotic susceptibility pattern of some isolated bacteria. To do so, 12 raw milk samples were collected from different areas of Jessore city. Microbial analysis comprised of enumeration of TVC (total viable count), TCC (total coliform count) and TSC (total staphylococcal count). The highest TVC, TCC and TSC were 1.95x109 CFU/ml, 2.5x107 CFU/ml and 1.02x107 CFU/ml respectively. Prevalent bacterial populations were Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Shigella spp. Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Citrobacter spp. In order to observe the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, the antibiotic sensitivity test was performed for some randomly selected isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. More than 90% isolates of Klebsiella spp. were found to be resistant against Erythromycin whereas more than 90% isolates were sensitive against Imipenem. On the other hand, 100% E. coli isolates were observed as resistant against Erythromycin and in case of Trimethopreme 100% isolates were sensitive. Multidrug resistance pattern was also found. These results suggest the necessity of hygienic practices during handling, processing and post-processing of raw milk to improve the microbiological quality and safety of raw milk.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23723Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 71-78
Comparative Efficacy of Four Different Solid Phase Extraction Cartridges Used to Determine Tetracycline in Foods of Animal Origin
Authors: Islam MJ , Talukder SU , Rana AYKMM , Saifullah ASM 
Published: July 2015

Four different types of Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridges namely R-Biopharm (RB), Chromabond (CB), Isolute (IS) and Megabond (MB) were used in this study. Control and spiked samples of beef, chicken and shrimp were also used. Optical Density (OD) values of control and spiked samples were measured with the help of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) reader. Percent binding values for each SPE cartridges were calculated using OD values of respective control and spiked samples. Based on % binding values a comparative study of 4 different Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridges was carried out. Analysis of variance indicated no significant differences among the % binding values considering different samples irrespective of SPE cartridges (P=0.821266, F = 0.201279) or different SPE cartridges irrespective of samples (P = 0.168119, F = 2.180932). From this study, it can be recommended that any of the four SPE cartridges available in the working area can be used for the analysis of tetracycline from foods of animal origin.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23727Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 89-91
Seroprevalence and Detection of Avian Influenza Type A in Ducks at Nikli and Bajitpur Upazila of Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan MZ , Das BC , Mahmud MS , Amin MA , Yousuf MA , Jaber M , Belal SMSH , Hasan MA , Hossen A , Karim MR , Rahman MS , Hoque MF 
Published: July 2015

Waterfowl are the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses and ducks may play a role in the maintenance of avian influenza type A. The aim of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence and detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) type A in duck. This study was carried out during July 2013 to December 2013 on AIV type A from semi-scavenging farm at Nikli and Bajitpur upazila of Kishoregonj district in Bangladesh. A total of 368 blood samples were collected from duck and tested by indirect ELISA for seroprevalence. For detection of AIV type A, The cloacal swabs were collected from 75 duck and subjected to RNA extraction and real time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) with specific primer and probe for detection of matrix (M) gene. The average seroprevalance of AIV type A in seven different age groups was found to be 90.21%. The highest (25.81 %) seroprevalence was found in 5 months age of birds and the lowest (2.44 %) was found in 12 months age of birds. As regard to area distribution, the average degree of seroprevalence was 93.51% from Nikli had the highest order than Bajitpur (86.88%) upazila of Bangladesh. In case of cloacal sample by using rRTPCR, out of 15 pooling cloacal samples, two pooling samples (13.33%) that contain 10 samples were positive and 13 pooling samples showed negative (86.67%) for AIV type A in duck. It can be concluded that the long distance movement of duck flocks, may influence outbreak of avian influenza virus (AIV) type A among different poultry species in Bangladesh. Therefore, it needs to develop control strategy for future dissemination of AIV in duck population.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23705Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 5-9
Surveillance of Mosquitoes Larva at Selected Areas of Mymensingh District in Bangladesh
Authors: Farjana T , Ahmmed MS , Khanom TF , Alam N , Begum N 
Published: July 2015

Mosquito borne diseases have a great impact on human and animal health throughout the world including Bangladesh. An entomological survey was conducted at the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus and its surrounding areas from January to June, 2013 to identify the mosquito larvae and to investigate the different breeding site preferences of mosquitoes. Mosquito larvae were collected using dipper, ladle spoon, dropper and pipette from rice field, botanical garden, dairy farm, poultry farm, drains, lakes, ponds, staff quarters, residential halls and cattle sheds. A total of 1397 mosquito larvae were collected from the places. Ten species of mosquitoes under three genera were identified. The recorded genera were Anopheles (An.), Culex (Cx.) and Aedes (Ae.). The collected species were An. bengalensis, An. vagus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. whitmorei, Cx. sitiens and Ae. albopictus. Among the collected larvae, Culex was found most prevalent (64.3%), followed by Anopheles (26.7%) and Aedes were the least prevalent (9.0%). The results of this study provide evidence that drains were the most common aquatic habitat of Anopheles and Culex larvae in Boyra, Kewatkhali and Balashpur. In BAU campus, agronomy fields were found having the highest percentage (35.2%) of mosquito larvae than the other places of the campus. This study suggests that although drains and rice fields are the richest habitats, since Anopheles and Culex can breed in all available breeding habitats. This larval survey will help us to conduct future mosquito control activities and provide us useful information to schedule larvicides application to control the mosquito borne diseases in the study areas as well as throughout the country.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23962Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 79-88
Lack of humoral response against Helicobacter pylori peptides homologous to human ZnT8 in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients
Authors: Masala Speranza , Cossu Davide , Niegowska Magdalena , Mameli Giuseppe , Paccagnini Daniela , Sechi Leonardo A 
Published: July 2015

Introduction: The Helicobacter pylori (HP) reinfection rate seems to be higher in developing countries than in developed ones. An increased seroprevalence of HP has also been reported in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) has been linked to both T1D and HT. Quite a few lines of evidence indicate that autoantibodies against several epitopes belonging to human zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) cross-recognize the homologous MAP3865c epitopes in both T1D and HT patients. HP may play a role in HT disease, most likely acting through a molecular mimicry mechanism that targets ZnT8 as reported for MAP and the two autoimmune diseases. Methodology: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the detection of antibodies against several epitopes deriving from HP proteins, which are highly homologous to the immunodominant ZnT8 peptides previously identified: ZnT8178–186 and ZnT8186–194. Results: None of the HP peptides tested were significantly recognized when the humoral responses of 92 HT patients and 91 healthy volunteers were analyzed. Conclusions: These findings do not support a triggering role for HP (through ZnT8 mimicking) in HT. If a molecular mimicry phenomenon is taking place, it involves a different self-antigen. Moreover, the negative outcome of the experiments performed stresses the fact that sharing stretches of sequence homology is relevant, but not enough to trigger an antibody-mediated cross-recognition.
Genetic relatedness of clinical and environmental Acinetobacter baumanii isolates from an intensive care unit outbreak
Authors: Senok Abiola , Garaween Ghada , Raji Adeola , Khubnani Harish , Kim Sing Garwin , Shibl Atef 
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Determination of microbial genetic relatedness is important for improving efficiency of infection control measures during hospital outbreaks. This study aimed to analyze the clonal relationships of clinical and environmental Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated during an outbreak in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a secondary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: Twelve clinical and fourteen environmental A. baumannii isolates identified during an outbreak in February 2013 in the 14-bed adult intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were studied. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out using Microscan Walkaway 96 automated system. Determination of clonal diversity was investigated by repetitive-sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) with the semi-automated DiversiLab system. Results: The majority of the clinical isolates were from endotracheal tube aspirates (n = 9), one from a wound swab and two were from urine and sputum, respectively. Environmental isolates were from bed railings (n = 10) and with one each from curtain, stethoscope, computer mouse and telephone. Isolates were categorized into 6 clusters (Groups 1-6). Most of the isolates were associated with two clusters namely Groups 2 (n = 11) and 3 (n = 9). All isolates were multidrug resistant showing resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics. One clinical strain from Cluster 3 was resistant to colistin (MIC > 4ug/ml). Conclusion: This outbreak was caused by two clonal groups of multidrug resistant A. baumannii. The presence of multiple environmental clones was suggestive of environmental source dissemination via healthcare workers within the ICU.
Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic women in Central Vietnam
Authors: Ton Nu Phuong Anh , Nguyen Vu Quoc Huy , Cao Ngoc Thanh , Dessì Daniele , Rappelli Paola , Fiori Pier Luigi 
Published: July 2015

Introduction: The diffusion of trichomoniasis in Vietnam has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of trichomoniasis in a group of symptomatic and asymptomatic women in Central Vietnam. Relationships between education, socioeconomical and marital status, and sexual behavior with infection have also been investigated. Methodology: 249 symptomatic and 534 asymptomatic women from Hue City, Vietnam, were enrolled in this study. All women were interviewed about socioeconomical and behavioral status. They underwent clinical examination, and vaginal swabs were taken to assess T. vaginalis infection by wet mount microscopy examination. In addition, an ELISA test to detect antibodies to T. vaginalis in patients’ sera was used. Results: The overall prevalence of trichomoniasis assessed by microscopic examination was 6.6%. A significant difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups was observed, resulting in 19.3% and 0.7%, respectively. Anti-T.vaginalis antibodies were detected in 31.3% of symptomatic and in 13.3% of asymptomatic women. High-risk sexual behaviour, residence in urban areas, and low level of education were positively associated with infection. Conclusion: This is the first report on the diffusion of trichomoniasis in Central Vietnam on symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Data demonstrated that T. vaginalis is a common cause of vaginal infection in the Hue province. The prevalence detected by microscopic examination was high in symptomatic subjects, while serological ELISA test detected infection also in asymptomatic patients, who tested negative by microscopy. The ELISA test may be useful to detect infection, especially in asymptomatic population.
Somatic Nuclear Division in Stemphylium botryosum
Authors: Van Warmelo K. T. 
Published: July 2015

Nuclear division in an isolate of Stemphylium botryosum obtained from lucerne was investigated using the HCI-Giemsa technique. Vegetative mycelium was predominantly monokaryotic. Chromosome counts at metaphase gave a tentative haploid number of six. Six chromosomes could again be distinguished at late anaphase. Migration of nuclei between hyphae was observed. The conclusion is drawn that somatic divisions in this fungus are strictly mitotic.
Principal Components Analysis of Acacia burkei and A. nigrescens in Natal
Authors: Ross J. H. , Morris J. W. 
Published: July 2015

Four principal component analyses were carried out to study the perplexing relations within Acacia burkei Benth. and between it and A. nigrescens Oliv. Sampling methods are described in detail. Ten morphological parameters were noted from 163 plants of 21 populations. The results confirmed conclusions of earlier non-multivariate studies. The two species can be distinguished on the basis of the ten parameters and it is of doubtful value to recognize infraspecific categories within A. burkei as the variation within the species is continuous. The technique of principal components analysis was most useful in this study.
Studies of Wood-rotting Fungi. II. Basidiomycetes from the Wood-preservative Field Exposure Test Plot at Kruisfontein
Authors: Van der Westhuizen G. C. A. 
Published: July 2015

In a survey of the fungi associated with decays of treated and untreated wood specimens partly interred in a wood-preservative field exposure test plot, 13 species of Basidiomycetes were identified from 120 test specimens. Basidiomycete mycelia isolated from a further 51 specimens could not be identified due to the absence of fruit-bodies or lack of matching descriptions of cultural characters. A further 179 did not yield Basidiomycete mycelia when cultured. Paxillus panuoides and Stereum hirsutum were the most common species. Species of lower Hymenomycetes were more frequently isolated than polypores. The named species of fungi and unnamed mycelia are listed together with their hosts. Sevenspecies, viz. Neamatoloma fasciculate, Odontia bicolor, Paxillus panuoides, Peniophora aspera, Peniophora cinerea, Peniophora tenuis and Polyporus gilvus are described in pure culture.
A reappraisal of type and authentic material of the larger Basidiomycetes in the Pretoria Herbarium
Authors: Reid Derek A. 
Published: July 2015

Accounts of the macroscopic appearance and microscopic structure of twenty type and authentic specimens of the larger Basidiomycetes preserved in the Pretoria Herbarium are given. The speciesconcerned have been reassigned wherever possible to genera in accordance with modern taxonomic concepts, and the following new combinations made: Antrodia conchata (Lloyd) Reid, Coriolus durhanensis (Van der Byl) Reid, Ganoderma nigrolucidum (Lloyd) Reid, Ramaria cladoniae (Kalchbr.)Reid.
Southern African grasses with foliage that revives after dehydration
Authors: Gaff D. F. , Ellis R. P. 
Published: July 2015

A brief survey in Southern Africa revealed 11 grass species and a number of sedges with foliage that recovers from air-drying (equivalent to equilibrium with air at 20-40 % relative humidity at 28° C.). The desiccation tolerance limits were extremely low being equivalent to approximately 0-5 % relative humidity. Some species may have a potential use in agriculture.
Leaf anatomy of the South African Danthonieae (Poaceae). III. <i>Merxmuellera stricta</i>
Authors: Ellis R. P. 
Published: July 2015

The anatomical structure, of the leaf blade as seen in transverse section, and of the abaxial epidermis, of Merxmuellera stricta (Schrad.) Conert is described and illustrated. In this variable species four distinct anatomical “forms” are recognized viz. the typical M. stricta form, the Cathedral Peak form, the Drakensberg form and the alpine form. The alpine and Cathedral Peak forms have recently been described as M. guillarmodiae Conert (1975). The degree of anatomical differentiation of these “forms” resembles the situation described in M. disticha (Nees) Conert (Ellis, 1980). Populations of both M. stricta and M. disticha from the Drakensberg mountains display extensive anatomical diversification which appears to be correlated with environmental factors. In addition, morphological differences are exhibited as well and the anatomical “forms” of M. stricta probably warrant taxonomic recognition.
Studies in the genus <i>Lotononis</i> (Crotalarieae, Fabaceae). 13. Two new species and notes on the occurrence of cleistogamy in the section <i>Leptis</i>
Authors: Van Wyk B-E. 
Published: July 2015

The occurrence of flower dimorphism in the genus Lotononis (DC.) Eckl. Zeyh. is reported for the first time. Cleistogamous flowers have been observed in 12 species from four different groups of the sections Leptis (Eckl. Zeyh.) Benth. and Oxydium Benth. Morphological differences between chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers are discussed and illustrated. The phenomenon of flower dimorphism appears to be of limited taxonomic value but nevertheless supports the idea of an affinity between the L. laxa, L. pungens and L. leptoloba groups. Two recently discovered new species of the L. leptoloba and L. calycina groups, L. venosa B-E. van Wyk and L. acuticarpa B-E. van Wyk, are described.