bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of the specificity of exercises designed for conditioning the lumbar extensors
Authors: Steele James , Bruce-Low Stewart , Smith Dave 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo review the specificity of exercises designed to condition the lumbar extensor musculature (ie, lumbar erector spinae and multifidus).MethodsA review of studies examining effects of exercises designed to condition the lumbar extensors was conducted. Included were studies that examined the acute activation and chronic adaptation of the lumbar extensor musculature in response to benches and roman chair trunk extensions, free weights exercises (ie, deadlifts, squats, good-mornings, etc), floor and stability ball exercise (ie, trunk extensions, bridging, four-point kneeling, etc) and resistance machines (ie, those with and without pelvic restraints).ResultsEvidence suggests that the reviewed exercises designed to condition the lumbar extensors all may result in significant activation of this musculature during their performance. However, examination of training studies shows that for benches and roman chair trunk extensions, free weights exercises, floor and stability ball exercise and resistance machines without appropriate pelvic restraints, evidence suggests that they may be less effective for inducing chronic adaptations in the lumbar extensors as a result of their performance. Contrastingly, resistance machines that employ appropriate pelvic restraint to isolate lumbar extension are better evidenced to confer specific adaptations to the lumbar extensors.ConclusionsNumerous exercise approaches have been designed with the intention of conditioning the lumbar extensors. Those examined appear to activate the lumbar extensors; however, the specificity of many of these exercises for producing chronic adaptations may be questionable, potentially due to the compound nature of them allowing involvement of other musculature such as the hip extensors. Many of the reviewed exercises offer potential to condition the lumbar extensors, however, isolation of lumbar extension through appropriate pelvic restraint appears important for optimising specific adaptations in the lumbar extensors.
The cow that got up
Authors: Uehlinger Fabienne 
Published: October 2013

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘The cow that did get up’, was submitted by a reader and is presented and discussed by Fabienne Uehlinger. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Confronting bad husbandry’, which was published in the September issue of In Practice, appears on page 543.The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Rural Residence and Cancer Outcomes in the United States: Issues and Challenges
Authors: Meilleur Ashley , Subramanian S.V. , Plascak Jesse J. , Fisher James L. , Paskett Electra D. , Lamont Elizabeth B. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract“Neighborhoods and health” research has shown that area social factors are associated with the health outcomes that patients with cancer experience across the cancer control continuum. To date, most of this research has been focused on the attributes of urban areas that are associated with residents' poor cancer outcomes with less focused on attributes of rural areas that may be associated with the same. Perhaps because there is not yet a consensus in the United States regarding how to define “rural,” there is not yet an accepted analytic convention for studying issues of how patients' cancer outcomes may vary according to “rural” as a contextual attribute. The research that exists reports disparate findings and generally treats rural residence as a patient attribute rather than a contextual factor, making it difficult to understand what factors (e.g., unmeasured individual poverty, area social deprivation, area health care scarcity) may be mediating the poor outcomes associated with rural (or non-rural) residence. Here, we review literature regarding the potential importance of rural residence on cancer patients' outcomes in the United States with an eye towards identifying research conventions (i.e., spatial and analytic) that may be useful for future research in this important area. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(10); 1657–67. ©2013 AACR.
Treatment with Gefitinib or Lapatinib Induces Drug Resistance through Downregulation of Topoisomerase IIα Expression
Authors: Bhosle Jaishree , Kiakos Konstantinos , Porter Andrew C.G. , Wu Jenny , Makris Andreas , Hartley John A , Hochhauser Daniel 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe EGF receptor (EGFR) is therapeutically targeted by antibodies and small molecules in solid tumors including lung, colorectal, and breast cancer. However, chemotherapy remains important, and efforts to improve efficacy through combination with targeted agents is challenging. This study examined the effects of short and long durations of exposure to the EGFR- and HER2-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) gefitinib and lapatinib, on induction of cell death and DNA damage by topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) poisons, in the SK-Br-3 HER2-amplified breast cancer cell line. Short exposure to either gefitinib or lapatinib for 1 hour did not affect the induction of apoptosis by the Topo IIα poisons doxorubicin, etoposide, and m-AMSA. In contrast, cells treated for 48 hours were resistant to all three drugs. Short exposure (1 hour) to TKI did not alter the number of DNA single- or double-strand breaks (DSB) induced, whereas longer exposure (48 hours) reduced the number of DNA DSBs and the formation of γ-H2AX foci. Both gefitinib and lapatinib reduced the expression and activity of Topo IIα at 48 hours. Studies using a cell line with inducible downregulation of Topo IIα showed that expression of Topo IIα, and not Topo IIβ, determined the number of DNA strand breaks induced by these chemotherapeutic agents. These results indicate that prolonged exposure to TKIs targeting EGFR and HER2 induce resistance to doxorubicin, etoposide, and m-AMSA through downregulation of Topo IIα. This may explain why their addition to chemotherapy regimens have not increased efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(12); 2897–908. ©2013 AACR.
Tetravalent Antibody–scTRAIL Fusion Proteins with Improved Properties
Authors: Seifert Oliver , Plappert Aline , Fellermeier Sina , Siegemund Martin , Pfizenmaier Klaus , Kontermann Roland E. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We applied the immunoglobulin E (IgE) heavy-chain domain 2 (EHD2) as the covalently linked homodimerization module to generate antibody–scTRAIL fusion proteins. By fusing a humanized single-chain fragment variable (scFv) directed against EGFR to the N-terminus of the EHD2 and a single-chain derivative of TRAIL (scTRAIL) to the C-terminus of the EHD2, we produced a dimeric, tetravalent fusion protein. The fusion protein retained its binding activity for EGFR and TRAIL receptors. In vitro, the targeted antibody–scTRAIL fusion protein exhibited an approximately 8- to 18-fold increased cytotoxic activity compared with the untargeted EHD2-scTRAIL fusion protein. This resulted in increased antitumor activity in a subcutaneous Colo205 xenograft tumor murine model. In summary, the scFv-EHD2-scTRAIL fusion protein combines target cell selectivity with an increased TRAIL activity leading to improved antitumor activities. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(1); 101–11. ©2013 AACR.
Molecular and Biologic Analysis of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Diverse Specificities
Authors: Newbold Andrea , Matthews Geoffrey M. , Bots Michael , Cluse Leonie A. , Clarke Christopher J.P. , Banks Kellie-Marie , Cullinane Carleen , Bolden Jessica E. , Christiansen Ailsa J. , Dickins Ross A. , Miccolo Claudia , Chiocca Susanna , Kral Astrid M. , Ozerova Nicole D. , Miller Thomas A. , Methot Joey L. , Richon Victoria M. , Secrist J. Paul , Minucci Saverio , Johnstone Ricky W. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHistone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are anticancer agents that induce hyperacetylation of histones, resulting in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional changes. In addition, nonhistone proteins, such as the chaperone protein Hsp90, are functionally regulated through hyperacetylation mediated by HDACis. Histone acetylation is thought to be primarily regulated by HDACs 1, 2, and 3, whereas the acetylation of Hsp90 has been proposed to be specifically regulated through HDAC6. We compared the molecular and biologic effects induced by an HDACi with broad HDAC specificity (vorinostat) with agents that predominantly inhibited selected class I HDACs (MRLB-223 and romidepsin). MRLB-223, a potent inhibitor of HDACs 1 and 2, killed tumor cells using the same apoptotic pathways as the HDAC 1, 2, 3, 6, and 8 inhibitor vorinostat. However, vorinostat induced histone hyperacetylation and killed tumor cells more rapidly than MRLB-223 and had greater therapeutic efficacy in vivo. FDCP-1 cells dependent on the Hsp90 client protein Bcr-Abl for survival, were killed by all HDACis tested, concomitant with caspase-dependent degradation of Bcr-Abl. These studies provide evidence that inhibition of HDAC6 and degradation of Bcr-Abl following hyperacetylation of Hsp90 is likely not a major mechanism of action of HDACis as had been previously posited. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(12); 2709–21. ©2013 AACR.
Novel Family of Insect Salivary Inhibitors Blocks Contact Pathway Activation by Binding to Polyphosphate, Heparin, and Dextran Sulfate
Authors: Alvarenga Patricia H. , Xu Xueqing , Oliveira Fabiano , Chagas Andrezza C. , Nascimento Clarissa R. , Francischetti Ivo M.B. , Juliano Maria A. , Juliano Luiz , Scharfstein Julio , Valenzuela Jesus G. , Ribeiro José M.C. , Andersen John F. 
Published: October 2013

Objective—
Polyphosphate and heparin are anionic polymers released by activated mast cells and platelets that are known to stimulate the contact pathway of coagulation. These polymers promote both the autoactivation of factor XII and the assembly of complexes containing factor XI, prekallikrein, and high-molecular-weight kininogen. We are searching for salivary proteins from blood-feeding insects that counteract the effect of procoagulant and proinflammatory factors in the host, including elements of the contact pathway.

Approach and Results—
Here, we evaluate the ability of the sand fly salivary proteins, PdSP15a and PdSP15b, to inhibit the contact pathway by disrupting binding of its components to anionic polymers. We attempt to demonstrate binding of the proteins to polyphosphate, heparin, and dextran sulfate. We also evaluate the effect of this binding on contact pathway reactions. We also set out to determine the x-ray crystal structure of PdSP15b and examine the determinants of relevant molecular interactions. Both proteins bind polyphosphate, heparin, and dextran sulfate with high affinity. Through this mechanism they inhibit the autoactivation of factor XII and factor XI, the reciprocal activation of factor XII and prekallikrein, the activation of factor XI by thrombin and factor XIIa, the cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen in plasma, and plasma extravasation induced by polyphosphate. The crystal structure of PdSP15b contains an amphipathic helix studded with basic side chains that forms the likely interaction surface.

Conclusions—
The results of these studies indicate that the binding of anionic polymers by salivary proteins is used by blood feeders as an antihemostatic/anti-inflammatory mechanism.
On the Relationship of Soil Moisture and Extreme Temperatures in East China
Authors: Meng Lei , Shen Yanjun 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Soil moisture conditions affect energy partitioning between sensible and latent heat fluxes, resulting in a change in surface temperatures. In this study, the relationships between antecedent soil moisture conditions [as indicated by the 6-month standardized precipitation index (SPI)] and several temperature indices are statistically quantified using the quantile regression analysis across East China to investigate the influence of soil moisture on summer surface temperatures. These temperature indices include percentage of hot days (%HD), heat-wave duration (HWD), daily temperature range (DTR), and daily minimum temperature (Tmin). It was demonstrated that soil moisture had a significant impact on %HD and HWD at higher quantiles in all regions but the east, suggesting that drier soil moisture conditions tend to intensity summer hot extremes. It was also found that hot extremes (%HD and HWD at higher quantiles) had increased substantially from 1958 to 2010. Soil moisture also significantly affected the DTR in all regions but tended to have more impacts on the DTR in soil moisture-limited regimes than in energy-limited regimes. This study provides observational evidence of soil moisture influences on hot extremes in East China.
Influence of the Background Wind on the Local Soil Moisture–Precipitation Feedback
Authors: Froidevaux Paul , Schlemmer Linda , Schmidli Juerg , Langhans Wolfgang , Schär Christoph 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe importance of soil moisture anomalies on airmass convection over semiarid regions has been recognized in several studies. The underlying mechanisms remain partly unclear. An open question is why wetter soils can result in either an increase or a decrease of precipitation (positive or negative soil moisture–precipitation feedback, respectively). Here an idealized cloud-resolving modeling framework is used to explore the local soil moisture–precipitation feedback. The approach is able to replicate both positive and negative feedback loops, depending on the environmental parameters.The mechanism relies on horizontal soil moisture variations, which may develop and intensify spontaneously. The positive expression of the feedback is associated with the initiation of convection over dry soil patches, but the convective cells then propagate over wet patches where they strengthen and preferentially precipitate. The negative feedback may occur when the wind profile is too weak to support the propagation of convective features from dry to wet areas. Precipitation is then generally weaker and falls preferentially over dry patches. The results highlight the role of the midtropospheric flow in determining the sign of the feedback. A key element of the positive feedback is the exploitation of both low convective inhibition (CIN) over dry patches (for the initiation of convection) and high CAPE over wet patches (for the generation of precipitation).
Compensation of Hemispheric Albedo Asymmetries by Shifts of the ITCZ and Tropical Clouds
Authors: Voigt Aiko , Stevens Bjorn , Bader Jürgen , Mauritsen Thorsten 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Despite a substantial hemispheric asymmetry in clear-sky albedo, observations of Earth’s radiation budget reveal that the two hemispheres have the same all-sky albedo. Here, aquaplanet simulations with the atmosphere general circulation model ECHAM6 coupled to a slab ocean are performed to study to what extent and by which mechanisms clouds compensate hemispheric asymmetries in clear-sky albedo. Clouds adapt to compensate the imposed asymmetries because the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) shifts into the dark surface hemisphere. The strength of this tropical compensation mechanism is linked to the magnitude of the ITCZ shift. In some cases the ITCZ shift is so strong as to overcompensate the hemispheric asymmetry in clear-sky albedo, yielding a range of climates for which the hemisphere with lower clear-sky albedo has a higher all-sky albedo. The ITCZ shift is sensitive to the convection scheme and the depth of the slab ocean. Cloud–radiative feedbacks explain part of the sensitivity to the convection scheme as they amplify the ITCZ shift in the Tiedtke (TTT) scheme but have a neutral effect in the Nordeng (TNT) scheme. A shallower slab ocean depth, and thereby reduced thermal inertia of the underlying surface and increased seasonal cycle, stabilizes the ITCZ against annual-mean shifts. The results lend support to the idea that the climate system adjusts so as to minimize hemispheric albedo asymmetries, although there is no indication that the hemispheres must have exactly the same albedo.
Evaluation of the Parameter Sensitivities of a Coupled Land Surface Hydrologic Model at a Critical Zone Observatory
Authors: Shi Yuning , Davis Kenneth J. , Zhang Fuqing , Duffy Christopher J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Land surface models (LSMs) and hydrologic models are parameterized models. The number of involved parameters is often large. Sensitivity analysis (SA) is a key step to understand the complex relationships between parameters and between state variables and parameters. SA is also critical to understand system dynamics and to examine the parameter identifiability. In this paper, parameter SA for a fully coupled, physically based, distributed land surface hydrologic model, namely, the Flux–Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Model (Flux–PIHM), is performed. Multiparameter and single-parameter tests are performed to examine the three dimensions of identifiability: distinguishability, observability, and simplicity. Results show that Flux–PIHM model predictions of discharge, water table depth, soil moisture, land surface temperature, and surface heat fluxes are very sensitive to the selection of parameter values. Parameter uncertainties produce large uncertainties in hydrologic and land surface variable predictions. The van Genuchten parameters α and β and the Zilitinkevich parameter Czil are the most identifiable among the 20 tested parameters. Results indicate that the land surface and the subsurface are closely coupled. Hydrologic parameters have significant influence on land surface simulations. At the same time, land surface parameters have considerable impacts on hydrologic simulations; the evapotranspiration prediction prior to a strong precipitation event is critical for initializing accurate prediction of discharge peaks. Results also show that parameter identifiability depends on seasons and canopy wetness. Parameter identifiability at high and low flow conditions can be extremely different. Complex system dynamics have been revealed during the SA.
Wind-Driven Sea Level Variability on the California Coast: An Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Verdy Ariane , Mazloff Matthew R. , Cornuelle Bruce D. , Kim Sung Yong 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Effects of atmospheric forcing on coastal sea surface height near Port San Luis, central California, are investigated using a regional state estimate and its adjoint. The physical pathways for the propagation of nonlocal [O(100 km)] wind stress effects are identified through adjoint sensitivity analyses, with a cost function that is localized in space so that the adjoint shows details of the propagation of sensitivities. Transfer functions between wind stress and SSH response are calculated and compared to previous work. It is found that (i) the response to local alongshore wind stress dominates on short time scales of O(1 day); (ii) the effect of nonlocal winds dominates on longer time scales and is carried by coastally trapped waves, as well as inertia–gravity waves for offshore wind stress; and (iii) there are significant seasonal variations in the sensitivity of SSH to wind stress due to changes in stratification. In a more stratified ocean, the damping of sensitivities to local and offshore winds is reduced, allowing for a larger and longer-lasting SSH response to wind stress.
Speeding Up the Computation of WRF Double-Moment 6-Class Microphysics Scheme with GPU
Authors: Mielikainen J. , Huang B. , Huang H.-L. A. , Goldberg M. D. , Mehta A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) double-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WDM6) implements a double-moment bulk microphysical parameterization of clouds and precipitation and is applicable in mesoscale and general circulation models. WDM6 extends the WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6) by incorporating the number concentrations for cloud and rainwater along with a prognostic variable of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration. Moreover, it predicts the mixing ratios of six water species (water vapor, cloud droplets, cloud ice, snow, rain, and graupel), similar to WSM6. This paper describes improving the computational performance of WDM6 by exploiting its inherent fine-grained parallelism using the NVIDIA graphics processing unit (GPU). Compared to the single-threaded CPU, a single GPU implementation of WDM6 obtains a speedup of 150× with the input/output (I/O) transfer and 206× without the I/O transfer. Using four GPUs, the speedup reaches 347× and 715×, respectively.
Open heart surgery after renal transplantation
Authors: Yamamura Mitsuhiro , Miyamoto Yuji , Mitsuno Masataka , Tanaka Hiroe , Ryomoto Masaaki , Fukui Shinya , Tsujiya Noriko , Kajiyama Tetsuya , Nojima Michio 
Published: October 2013

Aim to evaluate the strategy for open heart surgery after renal transplantation performed in a single institution in Japan. Methods we reviewed 6 open heart surgeries after renal transplantation in 5 patients, performed between January 1992 and December 2012. The patients were 3 men and 2 women with a mean age of 60 ± 11 years (range 46–68 years). They had old myocardial infarction and unstable angina, aortic and mitral stenosis, left arterial myxoma, aortic stenosis, and native valve endocarditis followed by prosthetic valve endocarditis. Operative procedures included coronary artery bypass grafting, double-valve replacement, resection of left arterial myxoma, 2 aortic valve replacements, and a double-valve replacement. Renal protection consisted of steroid cover (hydrocortisone 100–500 mg or methylprednisolone 1000 mg) and intravenous immunosuppressant infusion (cyclosporine 30–40 mg day−1 or tacrolimus 1.0 mg day−1). Results 5 cases were uneventful and good renal graft function was maintained at discharge (serum creatinine 2.1 ± 0.5 mg dL−1). There was one operative death after emergency double-valve replacement for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated prosthetic valve endocarditis. Although the endocarditis improved after valve replacement, the patient died of postoperative pneumonia on postoperative day 45. Conclusions careful perioperative management can allow successful open heart surgery after renal transplantation. However, severe complications, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, may cause renal graft loss.