bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase transitions of harzburgite and buckled slab under eastern China
Authors: Zhang Yanfei , Wang Yanbin , Wu Yao , Bina Craig R. , Jin Zhenmin , Dong Shuwen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPhase relations in harzburgite have been determined between 14 and 24 GPa and 1473 and 1673 K. At 1673 K, harzburgite transformed to wadsleyite + garnet + clinopyroxene below 19 GPa and decomposed into an assemblage of ringwoodite + garnet + stishovite above 20 GPa. Certain amounts of akimotoite were produced at still higher pressures (22–23 GPa). Finally, perovskite and magnesiowüstite were found to coexist with garnet at 24.2 GPa. Compositions of all the phases were analyzed and elemental partitioning coefficients were determined among coexisting phases. Combining our experimental data with available thermoelastic properties of major minerals in the earth's mantle, we modeled the velocity and density signatures of the stagnated oceanic slab in the mantle transition zone (MTZ) under eastern China, based on kinematic slab thermal structure analysis. We examined two end‐member slab models: a conventional straight slab with deformation thickening and an undulate slab with an oscillating wavelength of 200 km. We found that an undulated (buckled) slab model yields velocity anomalies (about 1–2% for Vp) that are consistent with seismic tomography models, taking into account low‐pass filtering effects in seismic tomography studies. On the other hand, straight slab models yield velocity anomalies that are too high compared with seismic tomography models. Our models provide important constraints on the thermal structure, mineralogy, composition, density, and velocities of slab materials in the MTZ.
On the seeding of equatorial spread F by gravity waves
Authors: Krall J. , Huba J. D. , Fritts D. C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Naval Research Laboratory three‐dimensional simulation code SAMI3/ESF is used to study the response of the postsunset ionosphere to plane gravity waves. The effect of the vertical wind component of the wave is included as well as the effect of the background vertical wind, which can suppress equatorial spread F (ESF). It is shown that the strength of the coupling of the gravity wave to ESF increases with the vertical wavelength of the gravity wave. Long vertical wavelength modes (λ > 100 km) are more effective for seeding ESF.
Buildup of aerosols over the Indian Region
Authors: Krishna Moorthy K. , Suresh Babu S. , Manoj M. R. , Satheesh S. K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractClimate change has great significance globally in general and South Asia in particular. Here we have used data from a network of 35 aerosol observatories over the Indian region to generate the first time regional synthesis using primary data and estimate the aerosol trends. On an average, aerosol optical depth (AOD) was found increasing at a rate of 2.3% (of its value in 1985) per year and more rapidly (~4%) during the last decade. If the trends continue so, AOD at several locations would nearly double and approach unity in the next few decades leading to an enhancement in aerosol‐induced lower atmospheric warming by a factor of two. However, a regionally averaged scenario can be ascertained only in the coming years, when longer and denser data would become available. The regional and global climate implications of such trends in the forcing elements need to be better assessed using GCMs.
A new method for rainfall estimation through soil moisture observations
Authors: Brocca L. , Moramarco T. , Melone F. , Wagner W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRainfall and soil moisture, SM, are two important quantities for modeling the interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere. Usually, rainfall observations are used as input data for modeling the time evolution of SM within hydrological and land surface models. In this study, by inverting the soil‐water balance equation, a simple analytical relationship for estimating rainfall accumulations from the knowledge of SM time series is obtained. In situ and satellite SM observations from three different sites in Italy, Spain, and France are used to test the reliability of the proposed approach in contrasting climatic conditions. The results show that the model is able to satisfactorily reproduce daily rainfall data when in situ SM observations are employed (correlation coefficient, R, nearly equal to 0.9). Furthermore, also by using satellite data reasonable results are obtained in reproducing 4 day rainfall accumulations with R‐values close to 0.8. Based on these preliminary results, the proposed approach can be adopted conveniently to improve rainfall estimation at a catchment scale and as a supplementary source of data to estimate rainfall at a global scale.
A TEX86 lake record suggests simultaneous shifts in temperature in Central Europe and Greenland during the last deglaciation
Authors: Blaga Cornelia I. , Reichart Gert‐Jan , Lotter André F. , Anselmetti Flavio S. , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHigh‐resolution quantitative temperature records from continents covering glacial to interglacial transitions are scarce but important for understanding the climate system. We present the first decadal resolution record of continental temperatures in Central Europe during the last deglaciation (~14,600–10,600 cal. yr B.P.) based on the organic geochemical palaeothermometer TEX86. The TEX86‐inferred temperature record from Lake Lucerne (Vierwaldstättersee, Switzerland) reveals typical oscillations during the Late Glacial Interstadial, followed by an abrupt cooling of 2°C at the onset of Younger Dryas and a rapid warming of 4°C at the onset of the Holocene, within less than 350 years. The remarkable resemblance with the Greenland and regional stable oxygen isotope records suggests that temperature changes in continental Europe were dominated by large‐scale reorganizations in the northern hemispheric climate system.
North American monsoon precipitation reconstructed from tree‐ring latewood
Authors: Griffin Daniel , Woodhouse Connie A. , Meko David M. , Stahle David W. , Faulstich Holly L. , Carrillo Carlos , Touchan Ramzi , Castro Christopher L. , Leavitt Steven W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe North American monsoon is a major focus of modern and paleoclimate research, but relatively little is known about interannual‐ to decadal‐scale monsoon moisture variability in the pre‐instrumental era. This study draws from a new network of subannual tree‐ring latewood width chronologies and presents a 470‐year reconstruction of monsoon (June–August) standardized precipitation for southwestern North America. Comparison with an independent reconstruction of cool‐season (October–April) standardized precipitation indicates that southwestern decadal droughts of the last five centuries were characterized not only by cool‐season precipitation deficits but also by concurrent failure of the summer monsoon. Monsoon drought events identified in the past were more severe and persistent than any of the instrumental era. The relationship between winter and summer precipitation is weak, at best, and not time stable. Years with opposing‐sign seasonal precipitation anomalies, as noted by other studies, were anomalously frequent during the mid to late 20th century.
Linkages between lake shrinkage/expansion and sublacustrine permafrost distribution determined from remote sensing of interior Alaska, USA
Authors: Jepsen S. M. , Voss C. I. , Walvoord M. A. , Minsley B. J. , Rover J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLinkages between permafrost distribution and lake surface‐area changes in cold regions have not been previously examined over a large scale because of the paucity of subsurface permafrost information. Here, a first large‐scale examination of these linkages is made over a 5150 km2 area of Yukon Flats, Alaska, USA, by evaluating the relationship between lake surface‐area changes during 1979–2009, derived from Landsat satellite data, and sublacustrine groundwater flow‐path connectivity inferred from a pioneering, airborne geophysical survey of permafrost. The results suggest that the shallow (few tens of meters) thaw state of permafrost has more influence than deeper permafrost conditions on the evolving water budgets of lakes on a multidecadal time scale. In the region studied, these key shallow aquifers have high hydraulic conductivity and great spatial variability in thaw state, making groundwater flow and associated lake level evolution particularly sensitive to climate change owing to the close proximity of these aquifers to the atmosphere.
Mineral carbon sequestration and induced seismicity
Authors: Yarushina Viktoriya M. , Bercovici David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe seismic safety of current technologies for CO2 sequestration has been questioned in several recent publications and whitepapers. While there is a definite risk from unbalanced subsurface fluid injection because of hydraulic fracturing, we propose a simple model to demonstrate that mineral carbonation in mafic rocks can mitigate seismic risk. In particular, mineral precipitation will increase the solid grain‐grain contact area, which reduces the effective fluid pressure, distributes the deviatoric stress load, and increases frictional contact. Thus, mineral sequestration can potentially reduce seismic risk provided fluid pumping rates do not exceed a critical value.
Whose Rights Count? Negotiating Practice, Policy, and Legal Dilemmas Regarding Infant–Parent Contact When Infants are in Out‐of‐Home Care
Authors: Miron Devi , Bisaillon Claud , Jordan Brigid , Bryce Graham , Gauthier Yvon , St‐Andre Martin , Minnis Helen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article takes a human rights perspective with a view to articulating the infant's perspective when the infant has been subjected to abuse, neglect, or both and is reliant on the state to ensure his or her health and well‐being. When a young child is removed from parental care, important and often difficult decisions have to be made about subsequent contact between child and parent. We consider a number of dilemmas which may arise for practitioners when they are assisting child welfare decision makers in relation to contact, and acknowledge the limited empirical follow‐up studies of the impact of child welfare practice and legal decisions on infant outcomes. We draw on the significant and substantive evidence base about infant emotional and cognitive development and infant–parent attachment relationships as well as infant mental health to illuminate the infant's subjective experience in these practice dilemmas. We describe innovations in practice from various countries, which seek to shed light on the challenges often associated with contact.
IDIOSYNCRATIC VARIABLES THAT AFFECT FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OUTCOMES: A REVIEW (2001–2010)
Authors: Schlichenmeyer Kevin J. , Roscoe Eileen M. , Rooker Griffin W. , Wheeler Emily E. , Dube William V. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlthough typical functional analyses often produce clear outcomes, some studies have reported ambiguous results that cannot be interpreted. Such undifferentiated outcomes may occur if test conditions do not include relevant antecedent or consequent events. Clinicians then may try to modify the functional analysis conditions to include those events. Hanley, Iwata, and McCord (2003) reviewed the functional analysis literature through 2000 and described idiosyncratic variables included in modified functional analyses. The objective of the present review was to present a quantitative analysis of idiosyncratic antecedents and consequences in modified functional analyses during the past decade (2001 to 2010). We discuss the range of stimulus parameters tested and the assessment strategies used for informing the modified analysis conditions.
DOES SUPPLEMENTARY REINFORCEMENT OF STEREOTYPY FACILITATE EXTINCTION?
Authors: Dozier Claudia L. , Iwata Brian A. , Wilson David M. , Thomason‐Sassi Jessica L. , Roscoe Eileen M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractResults of several studies suggest that delivery of supplemental (social) reinforcement for stereotypy might facilitate its subsequent extinction. We examined this possibility with 9 subjects who engaged in stereotypy by including methodological refinements to ensure that (a) subjects' stereotypy was maintained in the absence of social consequences, (b) supplementary reinforcers were highly preferred and were shown to be reinforcers for some behavior, and (c) subjects were exposed to lengthy reinforcement and extinction conditions. In spite of these modifications, only 4 subjects' stereotypy increased when supplementary reinforcement was delivered contingent on stereotypy, and no subject's stereotypy decreased below initial baseline levels when social reinforcement was subsequently withheld. Decreases in stereotypy occurred with the implementation of noncontingent reinforcement. Thus, delivery of supplementary reinforcers either did not increase stereotypy or did not facilitate extinction of stereotypy maintained by automatic reinforcement. We discuss the practical and conceptual bases of these results with respect to our current understanding of function‐based interventions.
AN INDIVIDUALIZED AND COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO TREATING SLEEP PROBLEMS IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Jin C. Sandy , Hanley Gregory P. , Beaulieu Lauren 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of assessment‐based interventions on the treatment of sleep problems in 3 young children, 2 of whom had been diagnosed with autism. We used sleep diaries and infrared nighttime video in the child's bedroom to obtain measures of sleep onset, sleep‐interfering behaviors, night waking, total sleep, parental presence, and medication administration each night. We then identified environmental factors that contributed to sleep problems using an open‐ended interview called the Sleep Assessment and Treatment Tool. Individualized treatment packages were designed with the children's parents based on the idiosyncratic results of the assessment. Treatment packages included adjustment of the sleep schedule based on developmental norms and current sleep phases, design of a sleep‐conducive environment, elimination of inappropriate sleep dependencies, and function‐based interventions to decrease sleep‐interfering behaviors by disrupting the contingency between the interfering behavior and its likely reinforcement. A nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across subjects revealed that treatment was effective for all 3 children. In addition, social acceptability measures showed that the parents were satisfied with the assessment process, the treatment, and the amount of behavior change.
TRAINING RESIDENTIAL STAFF TO CONDUCT TRIAL‐BASED FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES
Authors: Lambert Joseph M. , Bloom Sarah E. , Kunnavatana S. Shanun , Collins Shawnee D. , Clay Casey J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe taught 6 supervisors of a residential service provider for adults with developmental disabilities to train 9 house managers to conduct trial‐based functional analyses. Effects of the training were evaluated with a nonconcurrent multiple baseline. Results suggest that house managers can be trained to conduct trial‐based functional analyses with a high degree of procedural fidelity.
EVALUATION OF THE DIVIDED ATTENTION CONDITION DURING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES
Authors: Fahmie Tara A. , Iwata Brian A. , Harper Jill M. , Querim Angie C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA common condition included in most functional analyses (FAs) is the attention condition, in which the therapist ignores the client by engaging in a solitary activity (antecedent event) but delivers attention to the client contingent on problem behavior (consequent event). The divided attention condition is similar, except that the antecedent event consists of the therapist conversing with an adult confederate. We compared the typical and divided attention conditions to determine whether behavior in general (Study 1) and problem behavior in particular (Study 2) were more sensitive to one of the test conditions. Results showed that the divided attention condition resulted in faster acquisition or more efficient FA results for 2 of 9 subjects, suggesting that the divided attention condition could be considered a preferred condition when resources are available.
Trends in hip fracture rates in Canada: An age-period-cohort analysis
Authors: Jean Sonia , O'Donnell Siobhan , Lagacé Claudia , Walsh Peter , Bancej Christina , Brown Jacques P , Morin Suzanne , Papaioannou Alexandra , Jaglal Susan B , Leslie William D ,   for the Osteoporosis Surveillance Expert Working Group
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Age-standardized rates of hip fracture in Canada declined during the period 1985 to 2005. We investigated whether this incidence pattern is explained by period effects, cohort effects, or both. All hospitalizations during the study period with primary diagnosis of hip fracture were identified. Age- and sex-specific hip fracture rates were calculated for nineteen 5-year age groups and four 5-year calendar periods, resulting in 20 birth cohorts. The effect of age, calendar period, and birth cohort on hip fracture rates was assessed using age-period-cohort models as proposed by Clayton and Schiffers. From 1985 to 2005, a total of 570,872 hospitalizations for hip fracture were identified. Age-standardized rates for hip fracture have progressively declined for females and males. The annual linear decrease in rates per 5-year period were 12% for females and 7% for males (both p &lt; 0.0001). Significant birth cohort effects were also observed for both sexes (p &lt; 0.0001). Cohorts born before 1950 had a higher risk of hip fracture, whereas those born after 1954 had a lower risk. After adjusting for age and constant annual linear change (drift term common to both period and cohort effects), we observed a significant nonlinear birth cohort effect for males (p = 0.0126) but not for females (p = 0.9960). In contrast, the nonlinear period effect, after adjustment for age and drift term, was significant for females (p = 0.0373) but not for males (p = 0.2515). For males, we observed no additional nonlinear period effect after adjusting for age and birth cohort, whereas for females, we observed no additional nonlinear birth cohort effect after adjusting for age and period. Although hip fracture rates decreased in both sexes, different factors may explain these changes. In addition to the constant annual linear decrease, nonlinear birth cohort effects were identified for males, and calendar period effects were identified for females as possible explanations.
Periapical Disease and Bisphosphonates Induce Osteonecrosis of the Jaws in Mice
Authors: Kang Ben , Cheong Simon , Chaichanasakul Thawinee , Bezouglaia Olga , Atti Elisa , Dry Sarah M , Pirih Flavia Q , Aghaloo Tara L , Tetradis Sotirios 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a well-recognized complication of antiresorptive medications, such as bisphosphonates (BPs). Although ONJ is most common after tooth extractions in patients receiving high-dose BPs, many patients do not experience oral trauma. Animal models using tooth extractions and high BP doses recapitulate several clinical, radiographic, and histologic findings of ONJ. We and others have reported on rat models of ONJ using experimental dental disease in the absence of tooth extraction. These models emphasize the importance of dental infection/inflammation for ONJ development. Here, we extend our original report in the rat, and present a mouse model of ONJ in the presence of dental disease. Mice were injected with high dose zoledronic acid and pulpal exposure of mandibular molars was performed to induce periapical disease. After 8 weeks, quantitative and qualitative radiographic and histologic analyses of mouse mandibles were done. Periapical lesions were larger in vehicle-treated versus BP-treated mice. Importantly, radiographic features resembling clinical ONJ, including thickening of the lamina dura, periosteal bone deposition, and increased trabecular density, were seen in the drilled site of BP-treated animals. Histologically, osteonecrosis, periosteal thickening, periosteal bone apposition, epithelial migration, and bone exposure were present in the BP-treated animals in the presence of periapical disease. No difference in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)+ cell numbers was observed, but round, detached, and removed from the bone surface cells were present in BP-treated animals. Although 88% of the BP-treated animals showed areas of osteonecrosis in the dental disease site, only 33% developed bone exposure, suggesting that osteonecrosis precedes bone exposure. Our data further emphasize the importance of dental disease in ONJ development, provide qualitative and quantitative measures of ONJ, and present a novel mouse ONJ model in the absence of tooth extraction that should be useful in further exploring ONJ pathophysiological mechanisms.
Meal conditions affect the absorption of supplemental vitamin D3 but not the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to supplementation
Authors: Dawson-Hughes Bess , Harris Susan S , Palermo Nancy J , Ceglia Lisa , Rasmussen Helen 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

It is sometimes assumed that dietary fat is required for vitamin D absorption, although the impact of different amounts of dietary fat on vitamin D absorption is not established. This study was conducted to determine whether the presence of a meal and the fat content of the meal influences vitamin D absorption or the 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] response to supplemental vitamin D3. Based on earlier studies in rats we postulated that absorption would be greatest in the low-fat meal group. Sixty-two healthy older men and women were randomly assigned to one of three meal groups: no meal, high-fat meal, or low-fat meal; each was given a monthly 50,000 IU vitamin D3 supplement with the test breakfast meal (or after a fast for the no-meal group) and followed for 90 days. Plasma vitamin D3 was measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) before and 12 hours after the first dose; plasma 25(OH)D was measured by radioimmunoassay at baseline and after 30 and 90 days. The mean 12-hour increments in vitamin D3, after adjusting for age and sex, were 200.9 nmol/L in the no-meal group, 207.4 nmol/L in the high-fat meal group, and 241.1 nmol/L in the low-fat meal group (p = 0.038), with the increase in the low-fat group being significantly greater than the increases in the other two groups. However, increments in 25(OH)D levels at 30 and 90 days did not differ significantly in the three groups. We conclude that absorption was increased when a 50,000 IU dose of vitamin D was taken with a low-fat meal, compared with a high-fat meal and no meal, but that the greater absorption did not result in higher plasma 25(OH)D levels in the low-fat meal group.