bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La « hacienda » précapitaliste en Amérique latine : le cas de l'Equateur
Authors: Guerrero B. Andrés 
Published: January 2014

The Precapitalistic « Hacienda » in Latin America : the Case of Ecuador.
The very large land properties, i.e. the haciendas, of the high plateaux of the Andes of Ecuador were the dominant elements of the agrarian social structure. This study discusses the economic, political and ideological conditions of the existence and the reproduction of the hacienda as a form of production within the global capitalist structure of the country. The hacienda was based on the appropriation of a ground rent in the form of labour. This rent was extorted from a specific form of extended family — the huasipungo family — which lived within the hacienda, where it possessed, for the family's reproduction, a given amount of land and the rights to pasture its animals. At the same time, this family provided salaried workers for the landowner, thanks to specific mechanisms of relative overpopulation inherent to this form of production. These workers constituted the manpower for the cultivation of the crops that were under the direct control and supervision of the administration of the large landholding. This production was sold directly on the national market. The ground rent thus realized was accumulated in other sectors of the economy and only a small part returned to the hacienda in the form of modern means of production, which served to modernize certain aspects of the work process though conserving the precapitalistic nature of this production. The form of insertion, of the hacienda and of the landowners as a social class, into the structures of the national capitalist mode of production, lead to a blockage of all possibilities of their transition. cultivation of the crops that were under the direct control and supervision of the administration of the large landholding. This production was sold directly on the national market. The ground rent thus realized was accumulated in other sectors of the economy and only a small part returned to the hacienda in the form of modern means of production, which served to modernize certain aspects of the work process though conserving the precapitalistic nature of this production. The form of insertion, of the hacienda and of the landowners as a social class, into the structures of the national capitalist mode of production, lead to a blockage of all possibilities of their transition.
Maison longue et famille étendue en Bretagne
Authors: Gaillard-Bans Patricia 
Published: January 2014

A travers une forme d'habitat très particulier — les écarts à structure linéaire de la région vannetaise — , à partir de données orales mais aussi de documents d'archives, cet article se propose d'introduire sur un point délimité la problématique des rapports entre structure du bâti et formes sociales communautaires.
Ce qui apparaît c'est la constitution progressive de la communauté familiale et sa désintégration. Ce processus de fission est inhérent à ce type d'organisation, du moins dans la région considérée, mais il s'est précipité au moment où les conditions sociales, démographiques, économiques émanant de la société globale, rendaient caduque, de manière décisive, toute forme d'association à tendance communautaire.
La population non agricole au village : différenciation et prolétarisation de la société rurale
Authors: Cohou Michel 
Published: January 2014

The Non-Agricultural Population in the Village: Differentiation and Proletarianization of Rural Society.

The non-agricultural population is becoming the majority of working population in rural districts of Midi-Pyrénées area. But this population cannot be considered as an homogeneous body beside the farmers who are themselves very differentiated. The inquiry work held in six districts "representative of various regional situations enables to characterize the social groups in the village. Among the non-farmers, the most numerous are the workers and the employees, working on the spot or daily migrants. If a lot of them have a country descent, a strong minority among the non-agricultural working people has been living in the village for only a short period. The passage from agriculture to non-agricultural activities does not occur preferably on the spot. Workers above all can be double-active. It is true, especially in agricultural districts. But the double-activity is often only transitory. Then it has a familial reality, and develops itself only rarely at the individual level.
The conflict between social groups is due to their behaviour in social and municipal life. If the tradesmen, the craftsmen, the local bourgeoisie, the middle-class farmers and sometimes the officials in public and private sectors ' occupy ' the Town Council and supervize the socio-cultural life, the workers, the employees and the small farmers stay on the fringe of the village society. are the workers and the employees, working on the spot or daily migrants. If a lot of them have a country descent, a strong minority among the non-agricultural working people has been living in the village for only a short period. The passage from agriculture to non-agricultural activities does not occur preferably on the spot. Workers above all can be double-active. It is true, especially in agricultural districts. But the double-activity is often only transitory. Then it has a familial reality, and develops itself only rarely at the individual level.
The conflict between social groups is due to their behaviour in social and municipal life. If the tradesmen, the craftsmen, the local bourgeoisie, the middle-class farmers and sometimes the officials in public and private sectors ' occupy ' the Town Council and supervize the socio-cultural life, the workers, the employees and the small farmers stay on the fringe of the village society.
Évolution économique, cycle familial et transmission patrimoniale à Nussey
Authors: Salitot-Dion Michèle 
Published: January 2014

Economic Evolution, Life Cycle and Patrimonial Transmission at Nussey.

The classical analysis of household structures combined with that of life cycles shows the plasticity of both these structures and their kinship ties. In a Jura community on which our study is based, the household community life has become nowadays a transitory stage of the family life cycle.
This evolution is linked to that of the patrimonial relationships between generations: donation to heirs when parents are still alive combined with equalitarian sharing of goods — a system which follows the very ancient customary law of Jura. The analysis of inheritance — whose evaluation is reckoned on current salaries and prices — shows how the household economic system is integrated into the system of capitalistic production.
Ressources du milieu, gestion du troupeau et évolution sociale : le cas de la Corse
Authors: Lenclud Gérard , Pernet François 
Published: January 2014

Natural Resources, Pastoralism and Social Evolution : the Case of Corsica.

In this article dealing with Corsican pastoralism and its recent evolutions, the authors try to demonstrate the fact that each social system develops its own means of managing natural resources.
They study, first, the grazing techniques made out by traditional communities. These techniques are, then, correlated with environmental factors (the seasonal yield of pastures) on the one hand and social organization on the other. The next part is devoted to the analysis of contemporary patterns of stockbreeding. The authors show that the outcome of these new patterns is the necessary adaptation to altered environmental conditions (mainly the spreading of scrub vegetation) and to economical and social change (the pressures emanating from the larger society).
Agriculture et tourisme dans un milieu haut-alpin : un exemple briançonnais
Authors: Mallet Madelène 
Published: January 2014

Cet article vise à comprendre l'évolution des écosystèmes montagnards à la lumière de l'évolution des sociétés qui les peuplent. Depuis un siècle, les diverses agressions du système capitaliste ont entraîné, à Monêtier-les-Bains (Hautes-Alpes), une forte différenciation sociale qui a transformé les paysans en commerçants ou en ouvriers de la mine ; leurs enfants en commerçants du tourisme et en agriculteurs. La dernière génération n'est plus ni ouvrière, ni commerçante, ni agricultrice.
Parallèlement, les sols qui avaient autrefois une destination précise, décidée collectivement, sont aujourd'hui plantés d'arbres, fauchés, cultivés ou pâturés selon l'année, selon l'individu qui se les approprie.
Seul emprunte la voie royale, le tourisme, qui profite de tous ces désordres pour coloniser le village.
Système familial et continuité culturelle : les Mocheni des Alpes italiennes
Authors: Sellan Giuliana 
Published: January 2014

Familial System and Cultural Continuity: the Mocheni of the Italian Alps.

Isolated in the Trentin, by reason of its geographical location as well as its Germanic dialect, the Mocheni community kept for centuries a cultural originality, which has not yet been disturbed by the market economy that prevails in the region.
The limited ressources are rationaly exploited in a way that does not jeopardize their reproduction. The adaptation of the population to the ecosystem involves a social organization able to ensure the balance between available land and the number of mouths to feed. Patrilineary transmission of patromony, high percentage of celibacy (40 %) and temporary or permanent emigration all concur to this end.
Each household (Hof) , the basic social unit, is economically self-sufficient and represents a political entity. The men are in charge of its administration as well as that of the five villages. The division of labour between women is carried very far.
Today, the Mocheni are about a thousand strong. How long will they resist the changes that are sweeping over the whole Trentin?
L'organisation du marché du vin en Languedoc et en Roussillon aux XIXe et XXe siècles
Authors: Pech Rémy 
Published: January 2014

The Organisation of the Wine Market in Languedoc and Roussillon in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.

After considering the legal conditions of sale and the different customs governing market transactions, the article discusses the control and material organisation of the wine markets, and the relationships between the different groups involved: merchants, brokers, landowners, the processes of fixing prices and, lastly, the different distribution process and the role of legislation.
At its peak, the heart of the wine producing world, the actual wine market has, with the growth of telex and multinationals, lost its importance. It has, however, for more than a century had a marked influence on the economic and social life of an entire region.
La diffusion de la chasse et la transformation des usages sociaux de l'espace rural
Authors: Chamboredon Jean-Claude 
Published: January 2014

The Spread of Hunting and Changes in the Social Uses of Rural Space

On the basis of a study of the statistics of officially registered hunters (which allows him to establish the evolution of the number of hunters from 1945 to 1980 and their distribution by département in 1954 and again in 1975) supplemented by other investigative data, the author suggests that the spread of hunting is not a direct function of the size of the rural population. Property structures, the structure of farming and resource development, access to hunting territory, the nature of the relationship between town and country, and, finally, the cultural orientation of societies marked by honor values : all these appear as determining factors explaining the practice of hunting.
Recent changes (the various modes of de-ruralization and de-peasantification), the dissociation between farmers and hunters and the increasing autonomy of an economic circuit of game production : these tend to increase the contradictions between the different social uses of the territory, including hunting.
Analysis of Hepatitis C Viral Kinetics during Administration of Two Nucleotide Analogues: Sofosbuvir (Gs-7977) and Gs-0938
Authors: Guedj Jeremie , Pang Phillip S , Denning Jill , Rodriguez-Torres Maribel , Lawitz Eric , Symonds William , Perelson Alan S 
Published: January 2014

Background Sofosbuvir (GS-7977) and GS-0938 are nucleotide analogue HCV polymerase inhibitors, with sofosbuvir being a pyrimidine and GS-0938 being a purine. Mathematical modelling has provided important insights for characterizing HCV RNA decline and for estimating the in vivo effectiveness of single direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs); however it has not been used to characterize viral kinetics with combination DAA therapy. Methods We evaluated the antiviral activity of sofosbuvir and GS-0938 given alone and in combination for 14 days in 32 HCV genotype 1 treatment-naive patients (P2938-0212; NUCLEAR study). Results Viral load declined rapidly in a biphasic manner in all subjects and could be well fitted by assuming that both drugs had a similar and additive level of effectiveness in reducing viral production equal to 99.96%, on average. The model predicted that this level of effectiveness was not reached until 0.6 and 2 days for GS-0938 and sofosbuvir, respectively, and likely represents the time needed to accumulate intracellular triphosphates. Subsequently, both drugs led to a rapid second phase of viral decline with a mean rate of 0.35 d-1. No effect of IL28B-polymorphism was found on viral kinetic parameters. Conclusions Both sofosbuvir and GS-0938 are highly effective at blocking viral production from HCV-infected cells. Both drugs led to a rapid and consistent second phase viral decline and exhibited no breakthroughs or other signs of resistance. From a kinetics perspective, because both drugs were of the same class there was little benefit in combining them, suggesting that future DAA combinations should consider utilizing drugs with different modes of action.
Effect of Two Jumping Programs on Hip Bone Mineral Density in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tucker Larry A. , Strong J. Eric , LeCheminant James D. , Bailey Bruce W. 
Published: January 2014

Purpose. To determine the effect of two jumping programs on hip bone mineral density (BMD) in women. Design. Randomized controlled trial. Setting. Approximately 20 cities in the Mountain West. Subjects. Sixty premenopausal women, aged 25 to 50 years, completed the intervention. Intervention. Subjects were randomly assigned to a control group or one of two jumping groups. The Jump 10 group performed 10 jumps with 30 seconds rest between jumps, twice daily for 16 weeks, while the Jump 20 group performed the same protocol but with 20 jumps. Measures. Hip BMD was measured by using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Analysis. Analysis of variance and covariance. Results. At 8 weeks, unadjusted percentage change in hip BMD was significantly different among groups (F = 5.4, p = .0236). Specifically, compared with controls, the Jump 20 women had significantly greater gains in hip BMD and the Jump 10 women had marginally greater improvements. Following 16 weeks of jumping, differences between the Jump 10 and the Jump 20 groups compared with controls were significant (F = 4.2, p = .0444), especially after adjusting for the covariates (F = 7.3, p = .0092). Conclusion. After 16 weeks of high-impact jump training, hip BMD can be improved in premenopausal women by jumping 10 or 20 times, twice daily, with 30 seconds of rest between each jump, compared with controls.
Estrogen Receptor Gene (ESR1) PVUII and XBAI Polymorphisms and Bone Mineral Density in Kazakh Women
Authors: Akilzhanova Ainur , Abilova Zhannur , Aitkulova Akbota , Zhumatova Zaida , Akilzhanova Gulbanu , Zholdybayeva Elena , Momynaliev Kuvat 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a common age-related disease that is strongly influenced by genetics. Polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor gene alpha (ESR1) are consistently been associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture.The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate potential association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants of the ESR1 gene and bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine in Kazakh women.Methods: 140 female participants in Pavlodar clinics with varying measures of BMD. We are examined the potential association of BMD with 2 SNPs from the ESR1 gene (rs2234693 [PvuII] and rs9340799 [XbaI]). Genotyping of the PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms was performed by direct sequencing of the gene fragments containing restriction sites with the identification of genotypes PP, Pp, pp and XX, Xx, xx respectively.Results: Unadjusted mean BMD values ranged from 1.14±0.14 g/cm2 in Caucasian women and 1.03±0.11 g/cm2 in Asian women. The association between PvuII polymorphism and BMD at the lumbar spine (p= 0.04 for PP=Pp=pp) was statistically significant in all women. The XbaI polymorphism was not associated with BMD at lumbar spine. The relative risk for low BMD was higher for the marker PvuII (RR=1.51) than for the marker XbaI (RR=1.35).Conclusion: The PvuII polymorphism had a weak association with lumbar spine BMD. XbaI polymorphism was unlikely to be a predictor of lumbar spine BMD in Kazakh women. These conclusions could help to determine the genetic risk factors for osteoporosis; however, further studies on the association between gene polymorphisms and BMD are needed including larger numbers of participants and genes to clarify genetic risks.
Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Susceptibility to Tuberculosis in the Kazakh Population in Almaty and Almaty Area
Authors: Zhabagin Maxat , Abilova Zhannur , Askapuli Ayken , Rakhimova Saule , Kairov Ulykbek , Berikkhanova Kulzhan , Terlikbayeva Assel , Darisheva Meruert , Alenova Arike , Akilzhanova Ainur 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Vitamin D receptor (VDR) plays an important role in activating the immune response against various infectious agents. It is known that the active metabolite of ligand receptor Vitamin D (1,25 – dihydroxyvitamin D) is encoded by VDR and helps mononuclear phagocytes to suppress the intracellular growth of M. tuberculosis. The VDR gene harbors approximately 200 polymorphisms, some of which are linked to differences in receptor Vitamin D uptake and therefore can be considered as candidate disease risk variants. The relation between VDR gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to TB has been studied in different populations. There is not a great deal of information regarding the association of these SNPs with TB risk in the Kazakh population. The four most commonly investigated VDR polymorphisms in association with different diseases, including susceptibility to tuberculosis, are located in exon 2 (rs2228570 or FokI), intron 8 (rs1544410 or BsmI and rs7975232 or ApaI), and exon 9 (rs731236 or TaqI). The aim of our study was to determine whether these four VDR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with TB and whether they were a risk for the development of TB in the Kazakh Population in Almaty city and Almaty area.Methods: This study was a hospital-based case-control analysis of 283 individuals (99 TB patients and 184 healthy controls). Genotyping was performed by Taqman SNP allelic discrimination using commercial TaqMan SNP Genotyping assays. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 19.0 software.Results: Genotype frequencies for the Kazakh population are close to world (HapMap) data on Asian populations. FokI and ApaI polymorphisms genotypes tend to be associated with TB risk under the co-dominant model [OR=1.18; 95%CI: (0.68, 2.07), p=0.15] for FokI and [OR=1.33; 95%CI: (0.61, 2.91), p=0.6] for ApaI. No significant association between the disease and TaqI, BsmI genotypes was observed.Conclusions: In summary, we explored potential associations between SNPs in the VDR (FokI, ApaI) gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in the Kazakh Population, which requires further detailed analysis with a larger sample size and greater geographic diversity including other regions of Kazakhstan.
Biochemical Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA Repair Enzymes – Nfo, XthA and Nei2
Authors: Abeldenov Sailau , Saparbayev Murat , Khassenov Bekbolat 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a human disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Treatment of TB requires long-term courses of multi-drug therapies to eliminate subpopulations of bacteria, which sometimes persist against antibiotics. Therefore, understanding of the mechanism of Mtb antibiotic-resistance is extremely important. During infection, Mtb overcomes a variety of body defense mechanisms, including treatment with the reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen. The bases in DNA molecule are susceptible to the damages caused by reactive forms of intermediate compounds of oxygen and nitrogen. Most of this damage is repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathway. In this study, we aimed to biochemically characterize three Mtb DNA repair enzymes of BER pathway.Methods: XthA, nfo, and nei genes were identified in mycobacteria by homology search of genomic sequences available in the GenBank database. We used standard methods of genetic engineering to clone and sequence Mtb genes, which coded Nfo, XthA and Nei2 repair enzymes. The protein products of Mtb genes were expressed and purified in Escherichia coli using affinity tags. The enzymatic activity of purified Nfo, XthA, and Nei2 proteins were measured using radioactively labeled DNA substrates containing various modified residues. Results: The genes end (Rv0670), xthA (Rv0427c), and nei (Rv3297) were PCR amplified using genomic DNA of Mtb H37Rv with primers that contain specific restriction sites. The amplified products were inserted into pET28c(+) expression vector in such a way that the recombinant proteins contain C-terminal histidine tags. The plasmid constructs were verified by sequencing and then transformed into the Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain. Purification of recombinant proteins was performed using Ni2+ ions immobilized affinity column, coupled with the fast performance liquid chromatography machine AKTA. Identification of the isolated proteins was performed by protein mass spectrometry by ion trap tandem MS/MS on nLC-ESI-Ion-Trap platform. Biochemical characterization of DNA repair protein-catalyzed activity was carried out by measuring apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, DNA glycosylase, exonuclease, and 3'-repair diesterase functions. In addition, effect of the opposite base and the influence of metal ion cofactors were measured. Conclusion: Results of the ongoing study will help us define the role of DNA repair enzymes in the emergence of mutations in the mycobacterial genome and, possibly, the origins of multi-drug resistance in mycobacteria.
Co-creating European Union Citizenship: Institutional Process and Crescive Norms
Authors: Kostakopoulou Dora 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBy focusing on processes and institutional change, EU citizenship emerges as a co-created institution. It is the product of institutional design and co-creation by actors at all levels of governance and is shaped by multilogues at the ‘top’, ‘bottom’ and ‘sideways’, as well as by citizens’ formal and informal actions. A co-creation perspective leads us to reconsider state-centred assumptions about which form of citizenship should be predominant and the dualism of centralism (supra-nationalism) versus ‘home-rule’ (intergovernmentalism), and to embrace a genuinely citizen-centred perspective. The chapter develops the co-creation paradigm, examines its dimensions, various forms and patterns and, by discussing the post-RottmannandZambranocase law (McCarthy, Dereci, Iida, O, S and LandYmeraga) as well asTsakouridisandPI, sheds light onto the complex dynamics that make EU citizenship a vehicle of transformative institutional change but that can also work against it.