bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fistulas of the lower urinary tract in children
Authors: Tonegatti Luca , Scarpa Maria-Grazia , Goruppi Ilaria , Olenik Damiana , Rigamonti Waifro 
Published: April 2015

A lower urinary tract fistula consist in an abnormal connection between bladder, urethra and adjacent abdominal organs or skin. There are several types of urinary fistulas in paediatric age and they may be congenital or acquired. Etiology may be due to embriological defects, infectious processes, malignant tumours, pelvic irradiation as well as complications following surgical procedures, expecially postsurgical repair of hypospadia or epispadia. Clinical presentation depends on the type of fistula and diagnosis is based on signs, symptoms and radiological or endoscopic examinations. We performed PubMed research using terms such as lower urinary fistulae, urology and paediatrics and we consulted medical texts. We reviewed selected articles and used the relevant ones to perform our study concentrating on classification, diagnosis and treatment of different types of fistulas. Paediatric lower urinary fistulas are an uncommon pathology, but the knowledge of their etiology and classification is important to recognise them and lead the physician to an appropriate treatment, which is surgical in most cases.
Trends in Children’s Exposure to Food and Beverage Advertising on Television
Authors: Powell Lisa M. , Leider Julien , Schermbeck Rebecca M. , Vandenbroeck Aline , Harris Jennifer L. 
Published: August 2024

ImportanceReducing children’s exposure to advertisements promoting unhealthy foods and beverages has been recognized by the World Health Organization as a key strategy to improve children’s diets and reduce childhood obesity.ObjectiveTo examine changes in children’s exposure to food-related (food, beverage, and restaurant) television advertising, including for products high in nutrients to limit (NTL; ie, saturated fat, trans fat, total sugars, and sodium) based on federal Interagency Working Group guidelines, following changes in the voluntary industry self-regulatory Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis repeated cross-sectional study used US television ratings data on advertising exposure from The Nielsen Company for 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, and 2022. Food and beverage product advertisements were assessed for nutritional content. Participants included 2- to 5-year-old and 6-to 11-year-old children. Data analysis was performed from July 2023 to January 2024.ExposureChanges in CFBAI standards in 2014 and 2020.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the number of food-related advertisements seen per year and percentage of food and beverage product advertisements high in NTL, on all programming and children’s programming (defined as ≥35% child audience share).ResultsFrom 2013 to 2022, total advertisements seen per year declined by 77.6% (from 4611 to 1035) for 2- to 5-year-olds and by 78.5% (from 4860 to 1046) for 6- to 11-year-olds. Advertisements seen on children’s programming decreased by 95.1% (from 1703 to 84 per year) for 2- to 5-year-olds and by 97.0% (from 1745 to 52 per year) for 6- to 11-year-olds. The percentages of advertisements for products high in NTL decreased from 2013 to 2022 but were still high: 68.9% for all programming and 63.9% for children’s programming for 2- to 5-year-olds, and 68.4% for all programming and 60.6% for children’s programming for 6- to 11-year-olds. The majority (51%-52%) of CFBAI-member food and beverage advertisements on children’s programming remained high in NTL. Black children saw more food-related television advertisements than White children (58% more for 2- to 5-year-olds and 72% more for 6- to 11-year-olds); however, the percentage of advertisements for food and beverage products high in NTL seen was similar by race.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this repeated cross-sectional study of children’s exposure to food-related television advertisements, exposure via children’s programming decreased substantially. However, most advertisements seen were still for unhealthy products, and exposure from all programming remained substantial. Findings of more than 90% of advertising exposure not from children’s programming and more than 1000 food-related advertisements seen per year suggest the need for government regulations based on time of day rather than programming.
Antitrans Policy Environment and Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Transgender and Nonbinary Adults
Authors: Restar Arjee , Layland Eric K. , Hughes Landon , Dusic Emerson , Lucas Ruby , Bambilla Audren J. K. , Martin Aleks , Shook Alic , Karrington Baer , Schwarz Deborah , Shimkin Genya , Grandberry Vanessa , Xanadu Xero , Streed Carl G. , Operario Don , Gamarel Kristi E. , Kershaw Trace 
Published: August 2024

ImportanceWith the increasing legislation restricting health care access for transgender and nonbinary (trans) populations in recent years, there has been limited research on how awareness of and concerns about legislative restrictions and protections influence mental health outcomes.ObjectiveTo examine whether awareness of and concerns about the current policy environment regarding trans individuals are associated with depression and anxiety symptoms among trans adults.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis study uses cross-sectional data collected between March and April 2023 from the Washington Priority Assessment in Trans Health (PATH) Project, an online study designed by, with, and for trans communities. All participants were trans adults, aged 18 years or older, living in Washington state.ExposureAwareness and concerns about the antitrans policy environment.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were depression and anxiety symptoms, assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire–4. A series of multivariable regression models was used to assess the association between awareness and concerns about the antitrans policy environment and depression and anxiety symptoms. Models were adjusted for covariates, including demographics, social marginalization, and health care experiences.ResultsA total of 797 participants (653 women [81.93%]; 455 aged 18-29 years [57.09%]) were included. The majority screened positive for current depression (689 individuals [86.45%]) and anxiety (686 individuals [86.07%]) symptoms. Trans individuals who were concerned or worried about their rights being taken away (vs not) had significantly higher odds of current depression symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.66; 95% CI, 1.08-2.54), as well as current anxiety symptoms (aOR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.63-4.36). Those who knew (vs did not know) about state-level protective legislation had significantly lower odds of current depression symptoms (aOR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.28-0.67), as well as current anxiety symptoms (aOR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.04-0.25). When examining interaction effect estimates, trans individuals who correctly knew about the protective policies and were not worried about having their rights taken away reported the lowest odds of depression and anxiety.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cross-sectional study are consistent with research elucidating the negative mental health consequences of policies limiting health care access and provide insights into informing policies and interventions that target trans populations’ worsened mental health outcomes as a result of antitrans legislation.
Insight into Inorganic Solid‐State Electrolytes: Ionic Transport and Failure Mechanisms
Authors: Zhu Xinxin , Wu Junxiu , Lu Jun 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAll‐solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries (ASSLBs) with inorganic solid‐state electrolytes (ISEs) have great potential for enhanced safety, high energy density, and long lifetime. Numerous works have focused on designing high‐conductive materials and (electro)chemically stable interfaces, contributing to the rapid development of ASSLBs. However, the lack of a comprehensive and in‐depth understanding of the intrinsic ionic conduction and failure mechanisms of ISEs in ASSLBs limits their further improvement. In this work, the analysis of the ionic transport mechanisms is focused in the different crystalline states of ISEs including bulk crystal, grain boundary, and amorphousness. Various failure mechanisms of ISEs concerning structure degradation, mechanical pulverization, and lithium dendrite penetration that trigger the capacity attenuation of cells are also discussed. This work is wraped up by providing the perspective on how to optimize the electrochemical performance of ASSLBs, which can, with the hope, pave the way for achieving the commercialization of ASSLBs.
Functional Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers with α, ω‐Hydroxyl End‐Functionalized Polyacrylates
Authors: Yu Changhoon , Choi Jinho , Lee Jungwook , Lim Sumin , Park Youngjoo , Jo Seong Min , Ahn Junyoung , Kim So Youn , Chang Taihyun , Boyer Cyrille , Kwon Min Sang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is an essential class of materials for demanding applications, from soft robotics and electronics to medical devices and batteries. However, traditional TPU development is primarily relied on specific soft segments, such as polyether, polyester, and polycarbonate polyols. Here, a novel method is introduced for developing TPU elastomers with enhanced performance and superior functionalities compared to conventional TPUs, achieved through the use of α,ω‐hydroxyl end‐functionalized polyacrylates. This approach involves a defect‐free synthesis of α,ω‐hydroxyl end‐functionalized polyacrylates through visible‐light‐driven photoiniferter polymerization. By strategically blending these functionalized polyacrylates with conventional polyols, TPUs that exhibit exceptional toughness and notable self‐healing capabilities, traits rarely found in existing TPUs are engineered. Furthermore, incorporating photo‐crosslinkable acrylic monomers has enabled the creation of the first TPU with superior elastomeric properties and photopatterning capabilities. This approach paves the way for a new direction in polyurethane engineering, introducing a novel class of soft segments and unlocking the potential for a wide range of advanced applications.
Advancing Light‐Driven Elastic Crystals: Toward Sustainable Applications in Robotic Arms, Information Identification, and Optical Waveguides
Authors: Peng Jiang , Yang Jing , Zhao Yuheng , Wang Yan , Xue Pengchong , Wang Kai , Li Qian , Li Aisen 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAn innovative elastic crystal based on barbituric acid derivatives (HBDT), which uniquely alters its fluorescence intensity under light exposure is developed. This crystal exhibits significant bending under 365 nm, 450 nm, white light, and sunlight while retaining its elasticity post‐bending. The photomechanical effect of this crystal is driven by intermolecular [2+2] cycloaddition reactions, resulting in light‐activated fluorescence enhancement. These properties open new avenues for applications in robotic arms, information identification, and optical waveguides, presenting a groundbreaking approach for sustainable and flexible crystal applications in material science and optical technology.
Fused Carbazole‐based Self‐Assembled Monolayers Enable Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Guo Shiyan , Yang Xiaoxiao , Zhang Qin , Jin Xin , Zhang Daqing , Guo Yuxiao , Zhou Haitao , Huang Jinhai , Su Jianhua , Xu Bo 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCarbazole‐derived self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) with excellent hole‐extraction and injection properties are promising hole‐transporting materials for perovskite optoelectronic devices, including perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs). The performance and thermal stability of these SAMs are heavily influenced by their chemical structure. Herein, the construction of fused carbazole‐based SAMs is proposed by expanding the π‐conjugation of the carbazole unit for application in PSCs and PeLEDs. Three proof‐of‐concept SAMs are designed and synthesized, termed XS8, XS9, and XS10, that feature highly rigid and planar fused carbazole as the donor and a conjugated alkene unit as the linker. This conjugated extension improves planarity, stability, and enhances the molecular dipole moment. Among these, XS10, with the highest degree of conjugation, demonstrated superior performance in perovskite‐based devices. The PSC device utilizing XS10 achieves a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.28%, surpassing the 17.19% PCE of the classic 2PACz‐based device. Similarly, the PeLED device with XS10 achieves a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 16.6%, compared to 14.5% for PEDOT‐based devices. This work provides a novel molecular design strategy for creating efficient and stable SAMs for perovskite optoelectronics and other organic electronic devices.
Impact of Hole Scavengers on Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Augustin Ashil , Ganguly Priyanka , Shenoy Sulakshana , Chuaicham Chitiphon , Pillai Suresh C. , Sasaki Keiko , Lee Adam F. , Sekar Karthikeyan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractHydrogen is one of the most promising alternative energy resources to replace fossil feedstocks, with so‐called “green” hydrogen, derived by water splitting (WS) using renewable electricity or sunlight, the most sustainable. Photocatalytic hydrogen production, in which sunlight is the sole energy input, has been extensively studied, and requires the creation of photogenerated excitons (through irradiation of semiconductors) and their transport to aqueous media. Chemical scavengers, notably electron donating molecules, are widely used to quench photogenerated holes and thereby suppress exciton recombination which otherwise limits the hydrogen yield. Despite their prevalence, the role and significance of such scavengers (also termed sacrificial agents) in photocatalytic WS remains poorly understood, hindering their rational selection. This review focuses on the importance of electron donors in photocatalytic WS, and their participation in the reaction mechanism.
Ceramic Rich Composite Electrolytes: An Overview of Paradigm Shift toward Solid Electrolytes for High‐Performance Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Maurya Dheeraj Kumar , Bazri Behrouz , Srivastava Pavitra , Huang Jheng‐Yi , Hung Yuan‐Ting , Huang Wen‐Tse , Wei Da‐Hua , Liu Ru‐Shi 
Published: August 2024

AbstractExploiting the synergy between organic polymer electrolytes and inorganic electrolytes via the development of composite electrolytes can suggest solutions to the current challenges of next‐generation solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries (SSLMBs). Depending upon a mass fraction of inorganic fillers and organic polymers, composite electrolytes are broadly classified into “ceramic‐in‐polymer” (CIP) and “polymer‐in‐ceramic” (PIC) categories, inheriting distinct structure and electrochemical properties. Since the stability and electrochemical characteristics of the inorganic phase are superior to those of the organic phase for lithium‐ion conduction, applying lithium‐enrich active filler in PIC seems more promising. The inorganic phase preserves the primary migratory channels in the PIC electrolyte, while the viscoelastic properties attempt to be introduced from the organic binder or host. The present work overviews the studies on state‐of‐the‐art PIC electrolytes, the fundamental mechanism of ionic conduction, preparation methods, and current progress in materials development for SSLMBs. In addition, the modification strategies for improving the electrode–electrolyte interface are also emphasized. Moreover, it further prospects the current challenges and effective strategies for the future development of PICs‐based CPEs to accelerate the practical application of SSLMBs. This review examines the progress and outlook of PIC‐based electrolytes for next‐generation lithium batteries.
BubSAM: Bubble segmentation and shape reconstruction based on Segment Anything Model of bubbly flow
Authors: Xu Haohan , Feng Xin , Pu Yuqi , Wang Xiaoyue , Huang Dingwang , Zhang Weipeng , Duan Xiaoxia , Chen Jie , Yang Chao 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAccurate detection and analysis of bubble size and shape in bubbly flow are critical to understanding mass and heat transfer processes. Convolutional neural networks have limitations in different bubble images due to their dependence on large amounts of labeled data. A new foundational Segment Anything Model (SAM) recently attracts lots of attention for its zero‐shot segmentation performance. Herein, we developed a novel image processing method named bubSAM, which achieves efficient and accurate bubble segmentation and shape reconstruction based on SAM. The segmentation performance of bubSAM is 30% higher than that of SAM, and its accuracy reaches 90% under different bubbly flow conditions. The accuracy of bubble shape reconstruction (BSR) algorithm in bubSAM is about 30% higher than that of typical ellipse fitting method, thus better restoring the geometric shape of bubbles. BubSAM can provide great support for understanding gas–liquid multiphase flow and design of industrial multiphase reactors.
Development of a procedure for defining the operation window of annular centrifugal contactors
Authors: Hamamah Zaid Alkhier , Grützner Thomas 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAlthough annular centrifugal contactors (ACCs) have been widely applied, their complex operation and its dependence on operational variables are still not fully quantified. That hinders their acceptance and precludes revealing their potential. Intuitive techniques to informedly operate ACCs while maximizing their gain are thus demanded. This work introduces a procedure to define the operation window of an extraction task on ACCs, using CINC V 02 variant, that demonstrates the feasible ranges of the operational variables and the maximum possible throughput. The overlapping impacts of the variables are also visualized, thus understood and, to enhance practicality, the procedure is converted into user‐interface software. The concept is intended to adapt to any task on ACCs and it is based on merging a hydraulic part focusing on the rotor and a statistical one modeling the annulus mass transfer. Additional insights on ACC's hydraulics and mass transfer dynamics are presented, including the time needed to establish the steady state.
A study on the scale dependence of mixing indices for Eulerian multiphase models
Authors: Nagawkar Barlev R. , Passalacqua Alberto , Subramaniam Shankar 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMixing can vary based on the scale at which the system is observed, and a mixing index that can capture the features at different length scales is desirable. In this article, we analyze the scale dependence of the mixing indices developed for Eulerian multiphase models. Relevant length scales are distinguished by filtering solid fraction fields. The scale‐dependence study is first done on manufactured fields of solid fraction to assess the performance of the mixing indices. The study is extended to a two‐dimensional CFD simulation of the segregation of a bidisperse gas–solid mixture. The local mixing index performs well in capturing the spatial variation of mixing at different scales. The scale dependence of two global mixing indices is considered in the study, where the state of mixing is defined based on statistical measures. We demonstrate that the choice of measures influences the sensitivity of mixing indices to mixing at different scales.
Manufacturing Single‐Atom Alloy Catalysts for Selective CO2 Hydrogenation via Refinement of Isolated‐Alloy‐Islands
Authors: Zou Sibei , Liang Yuhang , Zhang Xingmo , Gu Qinfen , Wang Lizhuo , Sun Haoyue , Liao Xiaozhou , Huang Jun , Masri Assaad R. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSingle‐atom alloy (SAA) catalysts exhibit huge potential in heterogeneous catalysis. Manufacturing SAAs requires complex and expensive synthesis methods to precisely control the atomic scale dispersion to form diluted alloys with less active sites and easy sintering of host metal, which is still in the early stages of development. Here, we address these limitations with a straightforward strategy from a brand‐new perspective involving the ‘islanding effect’ for manufacturing SAAs without dilution: homogeneous RuNi alloys were continuously refined to highly dispersed alloy‐islands (~1 nm) with completely single‐atom sites where the relative metal loading was as high as 40 %. Characterized by advanced atomic‐resolution techniques, single Ru atoms were bonded with Ni as SAAs with extraordinary long‐term stability and no sintering of the host metal. The SAAs exhibited 100 % CO selectivity, over 55 times reverse water‐gas shift (RWGS) rate than the alloys with Ru cluster sites, and over 3–4 times higher than SAAs by the dilution strategy. This study reports a one‐step manufacturing strategy for SAA's using the wetness impregnation method with durable high atomic efficiency and holds promise for large‐scale industrial applications.
Parallel and High Throughput Reaction Monitoring with Computer Vision
Authors: Barrington H. , McCabe T. J. D. , Donnachie K. , Fyfe Calum , McFall A. , Gladkikh M. , McGuire J. , Yan C. , Reid M. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWe report the development and applications of a computer vision based reaction monitoring method for parallel and high throughput experimentation (HTE). Whereas previous efforts reported methods to extract bulk kinetics of one reaction from one video, this new approach enables one video to capture bulk kinetics of multiple reactions running in parallel. Case studies, in and beyond well‐plate high throughput settings, are described. Analysis of parallel dye‐quenching hydroxylations, DMAP‐catalysed esterification, solid‐liquid sedimentation dynamics, metal catalyst degradation, and biologically‐relevant sugar‐mediated nitro reduction reactions have each provided insight into the scope and limitations of camera‐enabled high throughput kinetics as a means of widening known analytical bottlenecks in HTE for reaction discovery, mechanistic understanding, and optimisation. It is envisaged that the nature of the multi‐reaction time‐resolved datasets made available by this analytical approach will later serve a broad range of downstream efforts in machine learning approaches to exploring chemical space.
Multi‐Enzyme Mimetic MoCu Dual‐Atom Nanozyme Triggering Oxidative Stress Cascade Amplification for High‐Efficiency Synergistic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Li Ziyao , Ding Binbin , Li Jing , Chen Hao , Zhang Jiashi , Tan Jia , Ma Xinyu , Han Di , Ma Ping'an , Lin Jun 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSingle‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes) with ultrahigh atom utilization efficiency have been extensively applied in reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated cancer therapy. However, the high energy barriers of reaction intermediates on single‐atom sites and the overexpressed antioxidants in the tumor microenvironment restrict the amplification of tumor oxidative stress, resulting in unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we report a multi‐enzyme mimetic MoCu dual‐atom nanozyme (MoCu DAzyme) with various catalytic active sites, which exhibits peroxidase, oxidase, glutathione (GSH) oxidase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase mimicking activities. Compared with Mo SAzyme, the introduction of Cu atoms, formation of dual‐atom sites, and synergetic catalytic effects among various active sites enhance substrate adsorption and reduce the energy barrier, thereby endowing MoCu DAzyme with stronger catalytic activities. Benefiting from the above enzyme‐like activities, MoCu DAzyme can not only generate multiple ROS, but also deplete GSH and block its regeneration to trigger the cascade amplification of oxidative stress. Additionally, the strong optical absorption in the near‐infrared II bio‐window endows MoCu DAzyme with remarkable photothermal conversion performance. Consequently, MoCu DAzyme achieves high‐efficiency synergistic cancer treatment incorporating collaborative catalytic therapy and photothermal therapy. This work will advance the therapeutic applications of DAzymes and provide valuable insights for nanocatalytic cancer therapy.