bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of magnetic and magneto‐transport properties of amorphous glass‐coated microwires through various annealing processes
Authors: Talaat A. , Ipatov M. , Zhukova V. , Blanco J. M. , Zhukov A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe studied the influence of two different kind of annealing, conventional annealing and current annealing, on the magnetic and magneto‐transport properties of amorphous Co‐Fe rich glass‐coated microwires with the nominal composition Co69.2Fe4.1B11.8Si13.8C1.1 fabricated by Taylor‐Ulitvosky technique. At a certain annealing conditions we have been able to obtain high domain wall velocity with perfectly rectangular hysteresis loop, high giant magneto‐impedance response (GMI) and almost linear with low hysteretic off‐diagonal GMI response simultaneously in the same sample. Such results could be essential from application's point of view. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GHz magnetic field influence on magnetization reversal in amorphous microwires
Authors: Chizhik A. , Ipatov M. , Stupakiewicz A. , Zhukov A. , Maziewski A. , Gonzalez J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis work is devoted to the study of the magnetization reversal in the Co‐rich glass covered microwire with nearly‐zero magnetostriction in the presence of super high frequency (SHF) (about 1 GHz) circular magnetic field that is important for the elucidation of GMI mechanism. Magnetic domain imaging has been performed by means of magneto‐optical Kerr effect (MOKE) polarizing microscopy. Local hysteresis loops were obtained from the magneto‐optic intensity as a result of images processing. The increase of the SHF field amplitude causes the change of the magnetization reversal mechanism – the rotation of the magnetization dominates. Also the hysteresis loop has an asymmetric shape that confirms the competition between stable and meta‐stable helical magnetic states. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Project Risk Screening Matrix for River Management and Restoration
Authors: Thorne C. , Castro J. , Cluer B. , Skidmore P. , Shea C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe ‘project risk screening matrix’ derives from a broader effort to assist US government agency staff in reviewing proposed stream management and restoration projects more efficiently and effectively. The River Restoration Analysis Tool (RiverRAT) developed through this effort provides a thorough, comprehensive and auditable approach to review and evaluate proposed stream actions and projects (www.restorationreview.com). The matrix was initially developed as the first step in applying the RiverRAT, its purpose being to assist reviewers in assessing the risk to natural resources associated with a particular proposal and matching the intensity of their review to the severity of that risk. Hence, the primary application of the matrix to date has been to identify and screen out low risk projects that may be dealt with expeditiously, so freeing the time and technical resources needed to allow deep reviews of higher risk projects. A second form of screening emerged from this primary function because the matrix proved adept at identifying the minimum level of site and project characterization required to support initial risk assessment. On this basis, proposals lacking adequate information can also be screened out, being referred back to the proponent with a request for additional information. More recently, new and novel versions of the matrix, featuring modification and refinement of one or both of the original axes, have emerged to widen and refine its application to linear infrastructure (e.g. pipelines, roads, and electrical transmission lines), in‐stream structures (e.g. large wood placement and culvert removal), and pre‐application, regulatory, decision‐support tools. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The politics of energy security: contrasts between the United States and the European Union
Authors: Johnson Corey , Boersma Tim 
Published: April 2014

Energy is consumed in massive quantities by individuals, industries, and governments and forms the basis for modern life and lifestyles on both sides of the Atlantic. Energy security has been the trope that policy makers have adopted during the latter part of the 20th century to ensure that consumers can have access to sufficient supplies of energy to meet not only their daily needs, but also their daily wants, of energy. The politics of energy security have largely occurred at the scale of the nation‐state. The growing role of the European Union (EU), on the one hand, the increasing globalization of energy provision and consumption on the other, against the backdrop of anthropogenic climate change, are posing fundamental challenges to the state‐centric, consumption growth model of energy security. In the United States, the unconventional oil and gas revolution has profoundly altered the landscape of political discussions of energy security, but they have not fundamentally altered the underlying reality that there are ever more consumers outside of North America and Europe vying for those kilojoules of energy. In Europe, EU member states continue to be reluctant to give up their historical responsibilities on energy, even as it becomes clear that EU climate policies and an unrealized internal market on energy make energy security for individual nation‐states increasingly antiquated ideas. The politics of energy security must take new global realities into account, and focus more on basic questions of consumption. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:171–177. doi: 10.1002/wene.121This article is categorized under:

Energy Systems Economics > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Energy and Development > Climate and Environment
Direct Synthesis of Ion‐pair Lanthanide Borohydrides and their High Activity for Polymerization of L‐Lactide and ϵ‐Caprolactone
Authors: Li Wenbo , Xue Mingqiang , Zhang Yong , Yao Yingming , Shen Qi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe reactions of LnCl3 (Ln = Nd, Pr, La) with NaBH4 in a THF solution at 75 °C afforded ion‐pair lanthanide borohydrides [Ln(BH4)2(THF)5]+[Ln(BH4)4(THF)2]– [Ln = Nd (1), Pr (2), La (3)] in high yields whilst similar reactions at 40 °C yielded the neutral borohydrides [Ln(BH4)3(THF)3] [Ln = Nd (4), Pr (5), La (6)]. The influence of the size of the lanthanide metals on the synthesis of ion‐pair lanthanide borohydrides was observed. The same procedure with the middle and latter lanthanide metal chlorides as that for the synthesis of 1–3 did not afford the analogous complexes, but the neutral lanthanide borohydrides [Ln(BH4)3(THF)3] [Ln = Sm (7), Eu (8), Yb (9)] were isolated. Complexes 1–3 showed high activity for the ring‐opening polymerizations of ϵ‐caprolactone (ϵ‐CL) and L‐Lactide (L‐LA). The comparable study on the reactivity between 1 and 4 revealed that 1 showed somewhat higher activity than 4 in all the polymerizations studied, but no quite difference in chemistry behavior between the two complexes.
Lipase‐Catalysed Enrichment of γ‐Linolenic Acid from Evening Primrose Oil in a Solvent‐Free System
Authors: Baeza‐Jiménez Ramiro , No Da Som , Otero Christina , García Hugo S. , Lee Jeom Sig , Kim In‐Hwan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe enrichment of γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) was carried out in a solvent‐free system by lipase‐catalysed esterification of free fatty acids from evening primrose oil (EPO‐FA) and 1‐butanol (BtOH). The lipase employed to conduct this study was a free preparation of Candida rugosa. Variables evaluated were: substrate molar ratio (1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 1:10 and 1:12, EPO‐FA:BtOH), temperature (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C), and enzyme loading (5, 10, 15 and 20 %, based on the total weight of substrates). GLA was highly enriched in the non‐esterified fatty acid fraction since C. rugosa showed very low selectivity for this fatty acid. We were able to increase the content of GLA to ca. 70 wt.% under the following optimal conditions: 30 °C, 10 % enzyme loading and a 1:10 molar ratio (EPO‐FA:BtOH), after 24 h. An additional set of experiments was conducted whereby the amount of water was controlled by addition of molecular sieves to the reaction mixture. The latter experiments produced a higher GLA concentrate (83.74 wt.%), under the optimal conditions described above and by adding 10 % molecular sieves (based on the total weight of substrates) after 36 h.
Optimal Taylor–Couette flow: radius ratio dependence
Authors: Ostilla-Mónico Rodolfo , Huisman Sander G. , Jannink Tim J. G. , Van Gils Dennis P. M. , Verzicco Roberto , Grossmann Siegfried , Sun Chao , Lohse Detlef 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTaylor–Couette flow with independently rotating inner ($i$) and outer ($o$) cylinders is explored numerically and experimentally to determine the effects of the radius ratio $\eta $ on the system response. Numerical simulations reach Reynolds numbers of up to $\mathit{Re}_i=9.5\times 10^3$ and $\mathit{Re}_o=5\times 10^3$, corresponding to Taylor numbers of up to $\mathit{Ta}=10^8$ for four different radius ratios $\eta =r_i/r_o$ between 0.5 and 0.909. The experiments, performed in the Twente Turbulent Taylor–Couette ($\mathrm{T^3C}$) set-up, reach Reynolds numbers of up to $\mathit{Re}_i=2\times 10^6$ and $\mathit{Re}_o=1.5\times 10^6$, corresponding to $\mathit{Ta}=5\times 10^{12}$ for $\eta =0.714\mbox{--}0.909$. Effective scaling laws for the torque $J^{\omega }(\mathit{Ta})$ are found, which for sufficiently large driving $\mathit{Ta}$ are independent of the radius ratio $\eta $. As previously reported for $\eta =0.714$, optimum transport at a non-zero Rossby number $\mathit{Ro}=r_i |\omega _i-\omega _o |/[2(r_o-r_i)\omega _o]$ is found in both experiments and numerics. Here $\mathit{Ro}_{opt}$ is found to depend on the radius ratio and the driving of the system. At a driving in the range between $\mathit{Ta}\sim 3\times 10^{8}$ and $\mathit{Ta}\sim 10^{10}$, $\mathit{Ro}_{opt}$ saturates to an asymptotic $\eta $-dependent value. Theoretical predictions for the asymptotic value of $\mathit{Ro}_{opt}$ are compared to the experimental results, and found to differ notably. Furthermore, the local angular velocity profiles from experiments and numerics are compared, and a link between a flat bulk profile and optimum transport for all radius ratios is reported.
A minimal flow-elements model for the generation of packets of hairpin vortices in shear flows
Authors: Cohen Jacob , Karp Michael , Mehta Vyomesh 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPackets of hairpin-shaped vortices and streamwise counter-rotating vortex pairs (CVPs) appear to be key structures during the late stages of the transition process as well as in low-Reynolds-number turbulence in wall-bounded flows. In this work we propose a robust model consisting of minimal flow elements that can produce packets of hairpins. Its three components are: simple shear, a CVP having finite streamwise vorticity magnitude and a two-dimensional (2D) wavy (in the streamwise direction) spanwise vortex sheet. This combination is inherently unstable: the CVP modifies the base flow due to the induced velocity forming an inflection point in the base-flow velocity profile. Consequently, the 2D wavy vortex sheet is amplified, causing undulation of the CVP. The undulation is further enhanced as the wave continues to be amplified and eventually the CVP breaks down into several segments. The induced velocity generates highly localized patches of spanwise vorticity above the regions connecting two consecutive streamwise elements of the CVP. These patches widen with time and join with the streamwise vortical elements situated beneath them forming a packet of hairpins. The results of the unbounded (having no walls) model are compared with pipe and channel flow experiments and with a direct numerical simulation of a transition process in Couette flow. The good agreement in all cases demonstrates the universality and robustness of the model.
Drops on soft solids: free energy and double transition of contact angles
Authors: Lubbers L. A. , Weijs J. H. , Botto L. , Das S. , Andreotti B. , Snoeijer J. H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe equilibrium shape of liquid drops on elastic substrates is determined by minimizing elastic and capillary free energies, focusing on thick incompressible substrates. The problem is governed by three length scales: the size of the drop $R$, the molecular size $a$ and the ratio of surface tension to elastic modulus $\gamma /E$. We show that the contact angles undergo two transitions upon changing the substrate from rigid to soft. The microscopic wetting angles deviate from Young’s law when $\gamma /(Ea)\gg 1$, while the apparent macroscopic angle only changes in the very soft limit $\gamma /(ER)\gg 1$. The elastic deformations are worked out for the simplifying case where the solid surface energy is assumed to be constant. The total free energy turns out to be lower on softer substrates, consistent with recent experiments.
AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE COMPUTATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CUBIC LUCAS CRYPTOSYSTEM
Authors: MAJID REZA NAGHIZADEH , SUNDARARAJAN ELANKOVAN , ALI ZULKARNAIN MD 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe cubic version of the Lucas cryptosystem is set up based on the cubic recurrence relation of the Lucas function by Said and Loxton [‘A cubic analogue of the RSA cryptosystem’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.68 (2003), 21–38]. To implement this type of cryptosystem in a limited environment, it is necessary to accelerate encryption and decryption procedures. Therefore, this paper concentrates on improving the computation time of encryption and decryption in cubic Lucas cryptosystems. The new algorithm is designed based on new properties of the cubic Lucas function and mathematical techniques. To illustrate the efficiency of our algorithm, an analysis was carried out with different size parameters and the performance of the proposed and previously existing algorithms was evaluated with experimental data and mathematical analysis.
ON -VECTORS AND THE DERIVATIVES OF THE TANGENT AND SECANT FUNCTIONS
Authors: MA SHI-MEI 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we show that the$\gamma $-vectors of Coxeter complexes (of types A and B) and associahedrons (of types A and B) can be obtained by using derivative polynomials of the tangent and secant functions. We provide a unified grammatical approach to generate these$\gamma $-vectors and the coefficient arrays of Narayana polynomials, Legendre polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials of both kinds.
“WE THINK THAT THIS JOB PLEASES ALLAH”: ISLAMIC CHARITY, SOCIAL ORDER, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODERN MUSLIM SELFHOODS IN JORDAN
Authors: Jung Dietrich , Petersen Marie Juul 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article explores the role of Islam in contemporary Jordanian charities and social welfare organizations. In what ways do these organizations relate to Islamic traditions in their work? What role do religious convictions play in the construction of modern selfhoods among their employees and volunteers? Do these constructions relate to broader, globally relevant, social imaginaries? The article tries to answer these questions by applying a novel analytical framework to qualitative data from fieldwork conducted among Jordanian charities and social welfare organizations. We treat these organizations as “social sites” for the reinterpretation of Islamic traditions in the context of global modernity as well as for the construction of meaningful forms of modern selfhoods among their members. In doing so, we argue that these specifically Islamic identity constructions can fruitfully be understood with reference to different types of globally relevant social imaginaries.
COUNTERING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN IRAQI KURDISTAN: STATE-BUILDING AND TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY
Authors: Voller Yaniv 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe struggle against gender-based violence in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region has witnessed some significant achievements since the late 1990s. A subject long excluded from public discourse in the region, it has now moved increasingly into the mainstream, compelling the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) to take legal and practical measures against such practices as honor killings, female genital mutilation, and domestic violence. This article traces the sources of these shifts in the KRG's stance, looking especially at the role of transnational women's rights networks in the region. It highlights these networks’ successful strategy of binding their cause to the KRG's endeavor to legitimize and consolidate its contested sovereignty over the Kurdistan Region. In doing so, the paper addresses an underexplored subject in the literature on women's rights campaigns in the Kurdistan Region and contributes to the study of transnational advocacy as a source of normative change.
Biodiversity of entomopathogenic nematodes in Italy
Authors: Tarasco E. , Clausi M. , Rappazzo G. , Panzavolta T. , Curto G. , Sorino R. , Oreste M. , Longo A. , Leone D. , Tiberi R. , Vinciguerra M.T. , Triggiani O. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn investigation was carried out on the distribution and biodiversity of steinernematid and heterorhabdtid entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in nine regions of Italy in the period 1990–2010. More than 2000 samples were collected from 580 localities and 133 of them yielded EPN specimens. A mapping of EPN distribution in Italy showed 133 indigenous EPN strains belonging to 12 species: 43 isolates ofHeterorhabditis bacteriophora, 1 ofH. downesi, 1 ofH. megidis, 51 ofSteinernema feltiae, 12 ofS. affine, 4 ofS. kraussei, 8 ofS. apuliae, 5 ofS. ichnusae, 3 ofS. carpocapsae, 1 ofS. vulcanicum, 3 ofSteinernema‘isolate S.sp.MY7’ of ‘S. intermediumgroup’ and 1 ofS.arenarium. Steinernematids are more widespread than heterorhabditids andS. feltiaeandH. bacteriophoraare the most commonly encountered species. Sampling sites were grouped into 11 habitats: uncultivated land, orchard, field, sea coast, pinewood, broadleaf wood, grasslands, river and lake borders, caves, salt pan and moist zones; the soil texture of each site was defined and the preferences of habitat and soil texture of each species was assessed. Except for the two dominant species,S. feltiaeandH. bacteriophora, EPN occurrence tends to be correlated with a specific vegetation habitat.Steinernema kraussei,H. downesiandH. megidiswere collected only in Sicily and three of the species recently described –S. apuliae,S. ichnusaeandS. vulcanicum– are known only from Italy and seem to be endemic.
Parasites as biological tags in marine fisheries research: European Atlantic waters
Authors: MACKENZIE K. , HEMMINGSEN W. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYStudies of the use of parasites as biological tags for stock identification and to follow migrations of marine fish, mammals and invertebrates in European Atlantic waters are critically reviewed and evaluated. The region covered includes the North, Baltic, Barents and White Seas plus Icelandic waters, but excludes the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Each fish species or ecological group of species is treated separately. More parasite tag studies have been carried out on Atlantic herring Clupea harengus than on any other species, while cod Gadus morhua have also been the subject of many studies. Other species that have been the subjects of more than one study are: blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou, whiting Merlangius merlangus, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Norway pout Trisopterus esmarkii, horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus and mackerel Scomber scombrus. Other species are dealt with under the general headings redfishes, flatfish, tunas, anadromous fish, elasmobranchs, marine mammals and invertebrates. A final section highlights how parasites can be, and have been, misused as biological tags, and how this can be avoided. It also reviews recent developments in methodology and parasite genetics, considers the potential effects of climate change on the distributions of both hosts and parasites, and suggests host-parasite systems that should reward further research.
Age at onset, course of illness and response to psychotherapy in bipolar disorder: results from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD)
Authors: Peters A. , Sylvia L. G. , da Silva Magalhães P. V. , Miklowitz D. J. , Frank E. , Otto M. W. , Hansen N. S. , Dougherty D. D. , Berk M. , Nierenberg A. A. , Deckersbach T. 
Published: April 2014

Background.The course of bipolar disorder progressively worsens in some patients. Although responses to pharmacotherapy appear to diminish with greater chronicity, less is known about whether patients' prior courses of illness are related to responses to psychotherapy.Method.Embedded in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) was a randomized controlled trial of psychotherapy for bipolar depression comparing the efficacy of intensive psychotherapy with collaborative care (a three-session psycho-educational intervention). We assessed whether the number of previous mood episodes, age of illness onset, and illness duration predicted or moderated the likelihood of recovery and time until recovery from a depressive episode in patients in the two treatments.Results.Independently of treatment condition, participants with one to nine prior depressive episodes were more likely to recover and had faster time to recovery than those with 20 or more prior depressive episodes. Participants with fewer than 20 prior manic episodes had faster time to recovery than those with 20 or more episodes. Longer illness duration predicted a longer time to recovery. Participants were more likely to recover in intensive psychotherapy than collaborative care if they had 10–20 prior episodes of depression [number needed to treat (NNT) = 2.0], but equally likely to respond to psychotherapy and collaborative care if they had one to nine (NNT = 32.0) or >20 (NNT = 9.0) depressive episodes.Conclusions.Number of previous mood episodes and illness duration are associated with the likelihood and speed of recovery among bipolar patients receiving psychosocial treatments for depression.
Associative participation of older adults and subjective quality of life: exploring self-selection bias
Authors: AHMED-MOHAMED KARIM , ROJO-PEREZ FERMINA , FERNANDEZ-MAYORALAS GLORIA , FORJAZ MARIA JOÃO , MARTINEZ-MARTIN PABLO 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTActive ageing policies seek to increase the quality of life of older people in three areas: health, security and participation. This paper focuses on a specific type of participation: associations. Its objective is to explore the possible self-selection effects of this type of participation, using global subjective quality of life indicators (satisfaction with life) and domain-specific indicators (satisfaction with leisure, community social integration and emotional resources). For this, a structural equation modelling analysis was conducted, taking into account bi-directional relationships between the variables of interest. The data come from a conditions and quality of life survey conducted in 2008 among a sample of 1,106 individuals aged 60 or over, living in community-dwellings in Spain. The results illustrate a complex model of relationships in which associative participation is not statistically significantly associated with the satisfaction measures used. This highlights the importance of self-selection effects and raises the issue of the effectiveness of associative participation as a tool to enhance the life satisfaction of older adults.