bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of the low‐latitude D region ionosphere to extreme space weather event of 14–16 December 2006
Authors: Kumar Sushil , Kumar Abhikesh , Menk Frederick , Maurya Ajeet K. , Singh Rajesh , Veenadhari B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe response of the D region low‐latitude ionosphere has been examined for extreme space weather event of 14–16 December 2006 associated with a X1.5 solar flare and an intense geomagnetic storm (Dst = −146 nT) using VLF signals from Northwest Cape, Australia (NWC) (19.8 kHz) and Lualualei, Hawaii (callsign NPM) (21.4 kHz) transmitters monitored at Suva (Geographic Coordinates, 18.10°S, 178.40°E), Fiji. Modeling of flare associated amplitude and phase enhancements of NWC (3.6 dB, 223°) and NPM (5 dB, 153°) using Long‐Wave Propagation Capability code shows reduction in the D region reflection height (H′) by 11.1 km and 9.4 km, and enhancement in ionization gradients described by increases in the exponential sharpness factor (β) by 0.122 and 0.126 km−1, for the NWC and NPM paths, respectively. During the storm the daytime signal strengths of the NWC and NPM signals were reduced by 3.2 dB on 15 and 16 December (for about 46 h) and recovered by 17 December. Modeling for the NWC path shows that storm time values of H′ and β were reduced by 1.2 km and 0.06 km−1, respectively. Morlet wavelet analysis of signal amplitudes shows no clearly strong signatures of gravity wave propagation to low latitudes during the main and recovery phases. The reduction in VLF signal strength is due to increased signal attenuation and absorption by the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide due to storm‐induced D region ionization changes and hence changes in D region parameters. The long duration of the storm effect results from the slow diffusion of changed composition/ionization at D region altitudes compared with higher altitudes in the ionosphere.
Fitness Impairment Testing/Detecting Driver Intoxication
Authors: Verstraete Alain G. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The standard field sobriety test (SFST) is used in many jurisdictions to detect whether drivers are impaired by alcohol or drugs. Often alcohol is first determined in breath to exclude alcohol as a cause of impairment. The SFST is mostly performed by trained police officers, in some cases by physicians. The SFST can consist of many tests, but generally includes horizontal gaze nystagmus, walk‐and‐turn, and one‐leg stand. The drug evaluation and classification program in the United States and Canada has 12 steps, and lasts approximately 1 h. On the basis of this information, the drug recognition expert (DRE) determines whether a suspect is impaired, whether the observed impairment is due to drugs, and which category (or categories) of drugs might be responsible. There are seven categories: central nervous system (CNS) depressants, CNS stimulants, hallucinogens, phencyclidine, narcotic analgesics, inhalants, and cannabis. Although these tests are relatively reliable in determining whether someone is impaired and the cause of the impairment, they lack sensitivity, and recent studies have shown that the SFST was not sensitive to clinically relevant driving impairment caused by several drugs such as tetrahydrocannabinol or methamphetamine.
MitochondrialDNA: Profiling
Authors: Melton Terry 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) analysis is a routine adjunct to crime scene investigation. Introduced in the early 1990s to aid with the identification of military remains and implemented since then by the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory in Rockville, MD in all military conflicts, it was first used in criminal justice proceedings by the FBI in 1996 inTennessee v. Paul William Ware. In that case, a single hair located in the throat of a victim linked Ware to a homicide. mtDNA provides a valuable locus for forensic DNA typing in certain circumstances, especially for skeletal remains, shed hairs or hair fragments, and degraded samples of all types. In general, it is used when short tandem repeat testing is not possible owing to limited or degraded nuclear DNA because mtDNA is naturally abundant and resistant to degradation. mtDNA cannot be a unique identifier, as can nuclear DNA, because of its pattern of maternal inheritance, nor does it have the statistical power of a nuclear DNA match; as such, it is used as supplementary circumstantial evidence in the prosecution of criminal cases. mtDNA analysis has played a large role in the identification of missing persons when applied to skeletal remains, and because it is as conclusive in an exclusion as nuclear DNA analysis, it has been very useful in postconviction evaluation of crime scene hairs previously examined only by microscope.
Interpretation of MitochondrialDNAEvidence
Authors: Tully Gillian , Wetton Jon H. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe interpretation of mitochondrial DNA evidence is dependent on whether an exact or near match is observed between a questioned and a reference sample, and must take into account both its high mutation rate and the potential existence of many distant relatives who share the same sequence. A range of methods of varying sophistication have been developed to estimate evidential strength and their derivation and merits are described here along with a discussion of the need for appropriate databases on which to base the calculations. The application of these methods is illustrated by way of examples.
Biological Agents
Authors: Roffey Paul E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBioterrorism is among the most feared of all crimes. This is understandable given that human history is peppered with descriptions of disease epidemics, which have killed millions of people at a time; plague and smallpox are probably the most notable of all epidemic causing agents. Not surprisingly, these organisms feature high on the list of potential biological agents that could be used for acts of bioterrorism and biocrime. This article examines a range of biological agents that may be used, the technologies available for the detection and identification of bioagents, and the science behind the forensic investigation of such crimes.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Edible Frameworks
Authors: Forgan Ross Stewart 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs)—porous materials composed of organic linkers connected by metal ion or metal cluster joints—are increasingly being investigated as intravenous drug delivery vectors, as a consequence of their high molecular storage capacities, ease of functionalization, amenability to formulation, and, most importantly, the potential for MOFs with very low toxicity to be prepared. For oral administration of MOF‐based treatments, it would be most desirable to prepare materials that are suitable for human consumption, that is,
edible MOFs
. Currently, very little information on the safety and toxicity of MOFs is available, and so chemists must make inferences based on the properties of the precursor materials. This chapter discusses the numerous parameters that must be considered in preparing edible MOFs, including (i) available synthetic methods, (ii) desirable solvents, (iii) the metal ion(s) of choice, and (iv) the numerous categories of ligands available. Examples of porous materials that may be consumable and have interesting structures and properties, covering MOFs composed of naturally occurring linkers such as endogenous diacids, amino acids, peptides, nucleobases, and carbohydrates, as well as those prepared from petrochemically derived synthetic molecules, are provided. Finally, conclusions and suggestions for best practice are offered along with an outlook on the future of edible MOFs.
Metal–Organic Frameworks: Semiconducting Frameworks
Authors: Xu Zhengtao 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe number of semiconductive networks grows; the synthetic strategy verges on major breakthroughs—but they are not yet fully recognized by the community. This chapter aims to help fill in this void. We follow certain historical threads in the development of coordination networks/metal–organic frameworks, and by so doing, identify synthetic methods that are poised to be broadly effective for achieving semiconductivity within porous framework materials. Sulfur‐functionalized building blocks (thiols and thioethers) dominate the collection of compounds, because of the generally important electronic properties of metal–sulfur compounds, and because of the broad methodological implications exemplified by these materials. The major strategies identified herein centered on tackling the often intractable metal–sulfur bond as the linker for network construction. In one approach, the sulfur (e.g., thiolate) group is abutted by electron‐withdrawing pyridinyl or carboxylic units, in order to temper the metal–sulfur interaction, and thus to promote the formation of well‐ordered, crystalline framework products. The carboxyl‐sulfur combination also points to the more generally applicable hard‐and‐soft approach for network syntheses. For example, a chemically hard metal ion such as Zr(IV) selectively bonds to the carboxylate moiety to build up the porous net, whereas the sulfur (thiol or thioether) groups stay free‐standing—and they can then take up various guest metal ions for installing the desired metal–sulfur interactions. Such a two‐step strategy smacks of the now popular practice of postsynthesis modification of metal–organic frameworks, which, in turn, harkens back to some seminal works on the less robust Ag(I)–nitrile networks around the turn of the century. In the third approach, thiol units are built onto a rigid and multiarm aromatic core (e.g., triphenylene), which is then directly reacted with metal ions to generate the semiconductive framework product. The crux here is to invoke the very rigid nature of the building block, and to enforce substantial porous feature in the solid product, although the crystallinity of the latter might be compromised due to the fast and irreversible metal–sulfur interactions.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Derived from Single Molecule Magnets
Authors: Katsenis Athanassios D. , Brechin Euan K. , Papaefstathiou Giannis S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this account, we discuss some metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that are based on single‐molecule magnets (SMMs). Although the fields of MOFs and SMMs have independently grown rapidly over the last two decades, examples of SMM‐based MOFs are limited, with those possessing a 3D framework numbering just a handful. MOFs are robust porous molecular materials that are predominantly based on polynuclear metal complexes (clusters) owing their properties to their open framework structures. SMMs, on the other hand, are interesting in their own right as they constitute a very special kind of polynuclear metal complex, having the ability to store magnetic information at the molecular level. Although the properties of SMMs are of molecular origin, they can be influenced by crystal‐packing effects, especially at low temperatures. As expected, the combination of these two molecular materials benefits both fields, as SMMs can carry their magnetic properties to a MOF, while their incorporation within a framework may alter/modulate their magnetic properties. Therefore, a new class of molecular materials rises from the combination of the two. Although this new field is very much in its infancy, early examples of SMM‐based MOFs promise much exciting chemistry (and physics) for both academic intuition and an applications‐driven perspective. We hope that this account will inspire scientists to make many more such SMM‐based MOFs and study their properties.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks:
NMR
Studies of Quadrupolar Nuclei
Authors: Huang Yining , Xu Jun , Gul‐E‐Noor Farhana , He Peng 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are a novel type of porous materials with many current and potential applications. Solid‐state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy is an excellent technique for MOF characterization. It can provide nuclide‐specific information on structure and dynamics, which is complementary to that obtained from X‐ray diffraction. The NMR‐active isotopes of vast majority of metal centers including
27
Al,
71
Ga,
45
Sc,
67
Zn,
25
Mg, and
115
In as well as some framework elements such as
17
O are quadrupolar nuclei. Compared to
spin
‐1/2 nuclei such as
13
C, SSNMR spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei has traditionally considered very challenging because of the quadrupolar interaction that makes spectral acquisition and interpretation difficult. This is particularly true for those so‐called unreceptive quadrupolar nuclei (i.e., the nuclei with low gyromagnetic ratios, low natural abundances, and large quadrupole moments). However, in recent years, significant progresses have been made in developing SSNMR spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei. This chapter begins with a brief introduction of NMR spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei; followed by discussion of several very recent examples to illustrate that SSNMR spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei can be used as an effective tool to characterize the nuclear environments in MOF‐based materials. It is hoped that this chapter will encourage more researchers to use SSNMR spectroscopy for investigation of MOF properties by interrogating quadrupolar nuclei.
Gamma‐synuclein pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Peters Owen M. , Shelkovnikova Tatyana , Highley John Robin , Cooper‐Knock Johnathan , Hortobágyi Tibor , Troakes Claire , Ninkina Natalia , Buchman Vladimir L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe prominent histopathological feature of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the presence of intracellular inclusions in degenerating neurons and their axons. The appearance and localization of these pathological structures depend on an aggregated protein that forms their scaffold. We investigated if γ‐synuclein, an aggregation‐prone protein highly expressed in healthy motor neurons, and predominantly localized in their axons and synaptic terminals is involved in ALS pathology.MethodsImmunostaining of histological sections and sequential protein extraction from postmortem neural samples followed by immunoblotting.ResultsImmunohistochemical screening revealed a subset of sporadic (9 of 31) and familial (8 of 23) ALS cases with a novel type of pathology characterized by the accumulation of γ‐synuclein in distinct profiles within the dorsolateral column. Sequential fractionation of proteins from the spinal cord tissues revealed detergent‐insoluble γ‐synuclein species specifically in the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts of a ALS patient with γ‐synuclein‐positive profiles in this region. These profiles are negative for protein markers commonly found in pathological inclusions in the spinal cord of ALS patients and most probably represent degenerated axons of upper motor neurons that have lost their neurofilaments. A subset of these profiles was found in association with phagocytic cells positive for Mac‐2/Galectin‐3. A smaller subset of studied ALS cases (4 of 54) contained large cytoplasmic inclusions in the cell body of remaining spinal motor neurons.InterpretationOur observations suggest that pathological aggregation of γ‐synuclein might contribute to the pathogenesis of ALS.
Supramolecular Architectures Incorporating Hydrogen‐Bonding Barbiturate Receptors
Authors: Tron Arnaud , Rocher Mathias , Thornton Peter J. , Tucker James H. R. , McClenaghan Nathan D. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAn overview is presented of the representative members of the wide range of supramolecular host–guest complexes and polymers formed through the association of complementary hydrogen‐bonding motifs comprising barbiturates (or structurally related cyanurates in specific cases) and Hamilton‐type, bis(amidopyridine) receptor motifs, which offer strong selective binding in non‐competitive media. A particular emphasis is placed on photoaddressable systems.
Paralytic ileus induced by glyphosate intoxication successfully treated using Kampo medicine
Authors: Nakae Hajime , Kusanagi Misato , Okuyama Manabu , Igarashi Toshiko 
Published: December 2014

CaseA 65‐year‐old woman ingested glyphosate–surfactant herbicide in an attempt to commit suicide. She experienced glyphosate intoxication associated with multiple organ failure and developed a paralytic ileus. Daijokito, a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine was given to the patient to improve constipation and psychological symptoms. Next, rikkunshito was given to increase her gastric motility. Finally, daikenchuto was given to improve overall digestive peristalsis.OutcomeAll abdominal symptoms ultimately improved after treatment with daikenchuto.ConclusionKampo medicines may help improve abdominal symptoms associated with glyphosate intoxication in cases where modern medical treatment alone proves inadequate.
Oxidative stress and heart rate variability in patients with vertigo
Authors: Ohara Keiichiro , Inoue Yoshiaki , Sumi Yuka , Morikawa Miki , Matsuda Shigeru , Okamoto Ken , Tanaka Hiroshi 
Published: December 2014

AimsPeripheral vertigo has been reported to result from oxidative stress or autonomic nervous dysfunction. Recently, heart rate variability has been used to evaluate autonomic nervous activity. Parasympathetic nervous dysfunction is associated with peripheral vertigo; however, the relationships between vertigo, oxidative stress, and autonomic nervous activity have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to elucidate the changes in oxidative stress and autonomic nervous activity in vertigo patients compared with healthy volunteers.MethodsOxidative stress was assessed by evaluating biological antioxidant potential and reactive oxygen metabolites, and heart rate variability was measured to evaluate autonomic nervous activity. Thirty‐four patients who complained of peripheral vertigo and were treated in our emergency department betweenJanuary andAugust 2011 were enrolled in study 1. Oxidative stress and heart rate variability were measured and compared with those of healthy volunteers (n = 23). In study 2, oxidative stress in 18 vertigo patients and heart rate variability in 41 vertigo patients were measured betweenJanuary andAugust 2012 before and after conventional treatment of vertigo to evaluate the effect of the treatment on oxidative stress and autonomic nervous activity.ResultsReactive oxygen metabolites were higher in vertigo patients than in healthy volunteers. Parasympathetic nervous activity was lower and the sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous activity ratio (autonomic nervous activity ratio) was higher in vertigo patients than in healthy volunteers. After treatment of vertigo, reactive oxygen metabolites decreased significantly and the autonomic nervous activity ratio became similar to that observed in healthy volunteers.ConclusionsBedside monitoring of oxidative stress and heart rate variability may be useful for the diagnosis of vertigo and evaluation of the effect of treatment.
High‐Resolution Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Imaging of Zeolite Aggregates within Real‐Life Fluid Catalytic Cracking Particles
Authors: Ristanović Zoran , Kerssens Marleen M. , Kubarev Alexey V. , Hendriks Frank C. , Dedecker Peter , Hofkens Johan , Roeffaers Maarten B. J. , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a major process in oil refineries to produce gasoline and base chemicals from crude oil fractions. The spatial distribution and acidity of zeolite aggregates embedded within the 50–150 μm‐sized FCC spheres heavily influence their catalytic performance. Single‐molecule fluorescence‐based imaging methods, namely nanometer accuracy by stochastic chemical reactions (NASCA) and super‐resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) were used to study the catalytic activity of sub‐micrometer zeolite ZSM‐5 domains within real‐life FCC catalyst particles. The formation of fluorescent product molecules taking place at Brønsted acid sites was monitored with single turnover sensitivity and high spatiotemporal resolution, providing detailed insight in dispersion and catalytic activity of zeolite ZSM‐5 aggregates. The results point towards substantial differences in turnover frequencies between the zeolite aggregates, revealing significant intraparticle heterogeneities in Brønsted reactivity.
Matting films prepared from waterborne acrylic/micro‐SiO2 blends
Authors: Ou Juhua , Zhang Min , Liu Hailu , Zhang Lei , Pang Hao 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTAcrylic resin/micro‐SiO2/polymethyl urea (AC/SiO2/PMU) composites were prepared by physical blends of acrylic resin latex (AC), polymethyl urea resin (PMU), and modified SiO2. The effects of SiO2 and PMU content in the hybrid composites morphology and physical properties were investigated in detail using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV‐Vis spectrometry (UV‐Vis), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and contact angle measurement. The results showed that introduction of SiO2 into AC composites could increase the viscosity which caused by gelation and agglomeration of SiO2. The TEM, SEM images, and TGA results indicated that hybrid membranes have phase separation. During the film formation process, a high number of PMU and SiO2 particles of an appropriate size were stranded on the surface of the film to form matting surface. These results highlight the sensitivity of the gloss to the polymer morphology and surface. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41707.
Expeditious Synthesis of Enantiopure, Orthogonally Protected Bis‐α‐Amino Acids (OPBAAs) and their Use in a Study of Nod1 Stimulation
Authors: Chen Po‐Ting , Lin Cheng‐Kun , Tsai Chih‐Ju , Huang Duen‐Yi , Nien Fu‐Yao , Lin Wan‐Wan , Cheng Wei‐Chieh 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA convenient approach towards the synthesis of orthogonally protected chiral bis‐α‐amino acids (OPBAAs) is described. The key transformations include: (1) a highly stereoselective conjugation (alkylation) of the Schöllkopf bis‐lactim ethers and oxazolidinyl alkyl halides to build a backbone skeleton; and (2) our orthogonal protection strategy. A series of enantiopure OPBAAs bearing a variety of alkyl chain as a spacer; two stereogenic centers; and three protecting groups were prepared as examples. These versatile molecules were applied to the synthesis of biologically interesting di‐ or tri‐peptide analogues, including chiral iE‐meso‐DAP and A‐iE‐meso‐DAP, for the study of Nod1 activation in the innate immune response.