bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Raman spectroscopy for DNA quantification in cell nucleus
Authors: Okotrub K. A. , Surovtsev N. V. , Semeshin V. F. , Omelyanchuk L. V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHere we demonstrate the feasibility of a novel approach to quantify DNA in cell nuclei. This approach is based on spectroscopy analysis of Raman light scattering, and avoids the problem of nonstoichiometric binding of dyes to DNA, as it directly measures the signal from DNA. Quantitative analysis of nuclear DNA contribution to Raman spectrum could be reliably performed using intensity of a phosphate mode at 1096 cm−1. When compared to the known DNA standards from cells of different animals, our results matched those values at error of 10%. We therefore suggest that this approach will be useful to expand the list of DNA standards, to properly adjust the duration of hydrolysis in Feulgen staining, to assay the applicability of fuchsines for DNA quantification, as well as to measure DNA content in cells with complex hydrolysis patterns, when Feulgen densitometry is inappropriate. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
On the validation of crystallographic symmetry and the quality of structures
Authors: Wang Jimin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn 2008, Zwart and colleagues observed that the fraction of the structures deposited in the PDB alleged to have “pseudosymmetry” or “special noncrystallographic symmetry” (NCS) was about 6%, and that this percentage was rising annually. A few years later, Poon and colleagues found that 2% of all the crystal structures in the PDB belonged to higher symmetry space groups than those assigned to them. Here, I report an analysis of the X‐ray diffraction data deposited for this class of structures, which shows that most of the “pseudosymmetry” and “special NCS” that has been reported is in fact true crystallographic symmetry (CS). This distinction is important because the credibility of crystal structures depends heavily on quality control statistics such as Rfree that are unreliable when they are computed incorrectly, which they often are when CS is misidentified as “special NCS” or “pseudosymmetry”. When mistakes of this kind are made, artificially low values of Rfree can give unjustified confidence in the accuracy of the reported structures.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of nanostructural evolution under post‐irradiation annealing in dilute FeMnNi
Authors: Chiapetto M. , Becquart C. S. , Domain C. , Malerba L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPost‐irradiation annealing experiments are often used to obtain clearer information on the nature of defects produced by irradiation. However, their interpretation is not always straightforward without the support of physical models. We apply here a physically‐based set of parameters for object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) simulations of the nanostructural evolution of FeMnNi alloys under irradiation to the simulation of their post‐irradiation isochronal annealing, from 290 to 600 °C. The model adopts a “grey alloy” scheme, i.e. the solute atoms are not introduced explicitly, only their effect on the properties of point‐defect clusters is. Namely, it is assumed that both vacancy and SIA clusters are significantly slowed down by the solutes. The slowing down increases with size until the clusters become immobile. Specifically, the slowing down of SIA clusters by Mn and Ni can be justified in terms of the interaction between these atoms and crowdions in Fe. The results of the model compare quantitatively well with post‐irradiation isochronal annealing experimental data, providing clear insight into the mechanisms that determine the disappearance or re‐arrangement of defects as functions of annealing time and temperature. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermodynamic analysis of defect formation in BiFeO3
Authors: Tchelidze T. , Gagnidze T. , Shengelaya A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this paper the thermodynamic analysis of equilibrium concentration of defects for the system BiFeO3(solid)‐O2 (gas) is carried out. The analysis is performed by the Kroger method of quasi‐chemical equations. The concentration of defects and free carriers vs. oxygen partial pressure in surrounding atmosphere at definite temperature are obtained. The calculations were carried out for 3 nm BiFeO3 nanowires too. When the defects ionization energies and material band gap are increased in nanowires, the picture of defects thermodynamics is changed. In 3 nm nanowire the area of self‐compensation is significantly broadened. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hulton's Jibbali word-list from 1836
Authors: Rubin Aaron D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn 1836, a British naval surgeon named J.G. Hulton collected lexical data on the Jibbali language spoken on the Omani island of Al-Ḥallaniya (Khuriya Muriya). This is the earliest Jibbali data known to have been collected by a European, and remains today the only published data on the dialect of that island. Wolf Leslau analysed this data (BSOASXII, 1947, pp. 5–19) but Hulton's valuable material can now be reconsidered thanks to recent advances in our understanding of Jibbali and the other Modern South Arabian languages.
The impact of BRD: the current dairy experience
Authors: Guterbock Walter M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe primary source of data on bovine respiratory disease (BRD) prevalence in US adult dairy cattle is producer surveys, which estimate that 2.4–2.9% of cattle are affected. This estimate appears low when compared to calculations based on limited data regarding on-farm deaths due to BRD and the number of carcasses at slaughter with severe BRD. These calculations indicate that approximately 3% of dairy cows die on farm or go to slaughter with severe BRD. Not included in these data are cows that are treated for BRD and retained. The primary manifestation of BRD on dairy farms is in calves. Nationwide surveys have estimated that 12.4–16.4% of preweaned dairy heifer calves are affected with BRD, and 5.9–11% of calves are affected after weaning. More detailed prevalence studies have generally included a limited number of small farms, with limited calf age range studied. All studies relied on producer diagnosis. Prevalence in these studies ranged from 0 to 52%, with many cases occurring before weaning, and with BRD being associated with increased calf death rates. BRD affects heifer growth. It appears to have a small effect on age at first calving, and some studies have shown small effects on performance and herd life after calving. First lactation performance of heifers depends on many factors that can obscure the effects of calfhood BRD.
Field epidemiology to manage BRD risk in beef cattle production systems
Authors: Smith David R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractField disease investigations can help to identify patterns of disease that lead to causal hypotheses and, hopefully, effective disease risk management strategies. The most common way of doing this would be to characterize the outbreak by subject, time, and space. One of the perplexing animal health problems on some beef cattle ranches is the occurrence of pneumonia in calves prior to weaning in conditions of little stress and relative isolation. Field investigation of outbreaks of pneumonia in ranch calves prior to weaning has revealed patterns of sporadic illness in calves less than 30 days of age, and rapidly occurring outbreaks in calves 90–150 days of age. We speculate that the causes of these two patterns may be failure of passive transfer resulting in more sporadic cases in very young calves, or a large proportion of the population losing maternal antibody protection (i.e. losing herd immunity) resulting in rapid and widespread onset of pneumonia in older calves.
Dysphagia After Occipitothoracic Fusion is Caused by Direct Compression of Oropharyngeal Space Due to Anterior Protrusion of Mid-cervical Spine
Authors: Kaneyama Shuichi , Sumi Masatoshi , Kasahara Koichi , Kanemura Aritetsu , Takabatake Masato , Yano Tomonori 
Published: October 2014

Study design:
This was a retrospective study.

Objective:
To investigate the relationship among the craniocervical alignment, the oropharyngeal space, and the incidence of dysphagia after occipitothoracic fusion (OTF).

Summary of Background Data:
Craniocervical malalignment after OTF is one of a trigger of dysphagia. However, there has been no logical explanation for the etiology yet.

Methods:
A total of 32 patients who underwent OTF (5 male, 27 female) were reviewed. Following 4 parameters on the lateral cervical radiogram, pharyngeal tilt angle (PTA); the angle between the McGregor’s line and the line that links the center of C2 pedicle and the center of vertebral body at the apex of cervical sagittal curvature, diameter of oropharyngeal airway space (dPS), O–C2 angle, and C2–C7 angle were measured at follow-up and then the relationship of these parameters and their influence to the incidence of dysphagia were analyzed.

Results:
Six of 32 cases (18.8%) exhibited postoperative dysphagia. ROC curves showed that PTA and dPS had moderate accuracy for the predictor of the dysphagia after OTF with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.76 and 0.86 respectively, whereas O–C2 angle had low accuracy with AUC of 0.69 and C2–C7 angle was almost useless for prediction of postoperative dysphagia with AUC of 0.51. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that only PTA was significantly correlated with dPS (β=0.822, P=0.014), whereas the O–C2 angle (β=0.101, P=0.779) and C2–C7 angle (β=0.352, P=0.157) had negligibly small influence on dPS.

Conclusions:
Our results demonstrated strong relationships between PTA and the value of dPS, and the incidence of dysphagia. As PTA reflects anterior protrusion of mid-cervical spine, these results indicated that dysphagia after OTF is caused by narrowing of oropharyngeal space due to direct compression from anteirorly protruded mid-cervical spine.
Supervised learning sets benchmark for robust spike rate inference from calcium imaging signals
Authors: Theis Lucas , Berens Philipp , Froudarakis Emmanouil , Reimer Jacob , Rosón Miroslav Román , Baden Tom , Euler Thomas , Tolias Andreas , Bethge Matthias 
Published: October 2014

SummaryA fundamental challenge in calcium imaging has been to infer spike rates of neurons from the measured noisy calcium fluorescence traces. We systematically evaluate a range of spike inference algorithms on a large benchmark dataset (>100.000 spikes) recorded from varying neural tissue (V1 and retina) using different calcium indicators (OGB-1 and GCaMP6). We introduce a new algorithm based on supervised learning in flexible probabilistic models and show that it outperforms all previously published techniques. Importantly, it even performs better than other algorithms when applied to entirely new datasets for which no simultaneously recorded data is available. Future data acquired in new experimental conditions can easily be used to further improve its spike prediction accuracy and generalization performance. Finally, we show that comparing algorithms on artificial data is not informative about performance on real data, suggesting that benchmark datasets such as the one we provide may greatly facilitate future algorithmic developments.
Learning Study – the dual process of developing theory and practice
Authors: Yuk Ko Po 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– Variation Theory has been used as a source of guiding principles for pedagogical design, lesson analysis and improvement in Learning Study (LS). The purpose of this paper is to argue that the LS approach provides an important opportunity for teachers and researchers not only to improve the teaching strategies together but also refine the Variation Theory in action.Design/methodology/approach– A case study of teaching writing in Chinese at Primary 4 level of a LS project is selected using analysis of covariance to identify lessons that had significant differences in student learning outcomes. Analysis focuses on examining one of the major claims in Variation Theory which is that “contrast should precede generalization” in order to explore if this argument is able to provide a possible answer to the difference in student performance in the two classes of students of similar ability learning the same topic. Teachers’ contribution to the discussion of the application of the theory is analysed to explain the different teaching strategies chosen.Findings– The case study shows that in a LS platform, teachers’ teaching act and their interaction with theorists contributed to a dual process of developing the practice as well as the theory itself. The results of students’ learning serve as evidences for the claim that “contrast should precede generalization” as the theory suggested.Originality/value– Most of the lesson study and LS projects emphasize teachers’ learning through the participation in the process. This paper illustrates that in conducting LS approach, when there is conscious effort to direct discussion toward how to handle the content in terms of Variation Theory explicitly, the result could contribute to the development of the theory itself. Hence, the LS provides an important opportunity for teachers and researchers to refine strategies as well as theories of teaching and learning together.
Comparative analysis of Medicare discharges following an acute inpatient hospitalization under MS-DRG 207
Authors: Frank Jared , Haider Muhiuddin 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the Medicare patients discharged to a long-term (acute) care hospitals (LTCH), skilled nursing facility (SNF) or inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) following an acute inpatient hospitalization under Medicare-severity diagnosis-related group (MS-DRG) 207. The likelihood of discharge by provider type was also examined to determine criteria informing patient discharge to a LTCH, SNF or IRF for treatment.

Design/methodology/approach
– Retrospective cohort study, based on secondary data analysis, utilizing Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MedPAR) File data collected by Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services for fiscal year 2011, October 1, 2010, through September 30, 2011.

Findings
– Numerous analyses were conducted upon those patients discharged to a LTCH, SNF or IRF following an acute inpatient hospitalization under MS-DRG 207. Concerning those patients discharged to LTCHs, patients were not significantly older, did not have the highest length of stay and had comparable diagnoses and diagnosis counts to those discharged to SNFs or IRFs. However, costs were significantly higher among discharges to LTCHs. Multinomial logistic regression analyses also indicated numerous associations between certain variables and discharge location.

Originality/value
– With the aging of the US population and increasing costs of rendering services, both the Medicare population and Medicare expenditures, already at their highest levels in the history of the program, are projected to rise going forward (The Boards of Trustees, 2012). As such, recent research has focused on Part A hospitals/facilities and the variations in costs submitted and payments received for treatment/services provided. This study aims to address whether patients discharged to LTCHs, which receive higher payment(s) as a result of serving a higher proportion of medically complex beneficiaries, are more medically complex than those discharged to SNFs/IRFs.
Extended results of Norwegian password security survey
Authors: Helkala Kirsi , Hoddø Bakås Tone 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to extend the results of a Norwegian password security survey. Research, especially in the early 21st century, has shown that education is needed to change people’s behaviour regarding password generation, management and storage. As our daily routines and duties have become more dependent on electronic services in the last decade, one could think that qualitative education is nowadays given to users. This survey is to verify that assumption.

Methodology
– A nation-wide demographic survey among employees in Norway with a sample of 1,003 respondents at the ages of 18-64 years was conducted in October 2012.

Findings
– The results show that the education or proper guidance seldom is given leading to the outdated users’ behaviour.

Research limitations
– The results of the study are limited to the employed only and they do not explain behaviour of students, teenagers or children.

Social implications
– During the current year, the results of the study have been discussed several times in national media and, hopefully, have an impact to employees’ behaviour. The results have also been used in the National Security Month campaign in October 2013.

Originality/value
– The questionnaire itself is not unique. However, the large amount of respondents gives higher value to the results.
Balanced scorecard and controllability at the level of middle managers – the case of unintended breaches
Authors: Jakobsen Morten , Lueg Rainer 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to analyse how the inherent design of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) violates the controllability principle. The management control literature provides convincing examples of actors who breach controllability without intention. This discussion was extended by the example of the BSC. This paper focusses on the breaches that occur when actors lack the awareness or the skills to re-enforce controllability.Design/methodology/approach– Taking a pragmatic-constructivist position, analytical and empirical evidence was included on controllability to analyse the normative literature on the BSC.Findings– It was found that the BSC causes several unintended breaches of the controllability principle at the level of middle managers, both ex ante (control rationale) and ex post (fairness rationale). These breaches are not only situational or induced by how managers in the field design a BSC. They appear to be inherent in the BSC due to the way Kaplan and Norton have conceptualised it.Practical implications– Practitioners are alerted that the intuitive appeal of popular management fashions such as the BSC covers their conceptual flaws. It was also proposed that failed implementations and dysfunctional applications can be due to the inherent characteristics of the concepts themselves.Originality/value– This paper contributes by uncovering the unintended violations of the controllability principle by the inherent characteristics. The authors suggest using our conceptual contribution to conduct empirical research on the issues of controllability and management control systems in general. Thereby, the theory-based discussion on the BSC is advanced (Nørreklit, 2000, 2003; Nørreklitet al., 2012a).
Income generation in public libraries: potentials and pitfalls
Authors: Pautz Hartwig 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The aim of this paper is to discuss the literature on income generation methods in the context of the “public library ethos”. As public libraries are struggling with cuts to public spending almost everywhere, the topic of “income generation” to supplement public funding is highly relevant.Design/methodology/approach– The article is a review of existing literature about income generation methods and public library ethos.Findings– The literature review reports on a large variety of income generation methods – some of them are country-specific and only applicable in particular political, legal and cultural environments, others could be applied by librarians across borders. The review makes clear that income generation is difficult and requires skill. It also clearly outlines the potential incompatibilities between some income generation methods and the public library ethos.Practical implications– The article raises important issues with regards to how practitioners should go about funding existing or new services. It becomes clear that librarians need a clear ethical position regarding how services can be provided and under which conditions services cannot be provided on the basis of principled reasoning.Originality/value– A broad range of literature on income generation and public library ethos from various countries is reviewed and questions regarding how public librarians, on a practical level, can improve their institutions’ funding situation are discussed. This praxis-oriented discussion is connected to important ethical considerations that should come into play when devising an income generation strategy.
Cocaine Influences Alcohol‐Seeking Behavior and Relapse Drinking in Alcohol‐Preferring (P) Rats
Authors: Hauser Sheketha R. , Wilden Jessica A. , Deehan Gerald A. , McBride William J. , Rodd Zachary A. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundThe results of several studies suggest that there may be common neurocircuits regulating drug‐seeking behaviors. Common biological pathways regulating drug‐seeking would explain the phenomenon that seeking for 1 drug can be enhanced by exposure to another drug of abuse. The objective of this study was to assess the time course effects of acute cocaine administration on ethanol (EtOH) seeking and relapse.MethodsAlcohol‐preferring (P) rats were allowed to self‐administer 15% EtOH and water. EtOH‐seeking was assessed through the use of the Pavlovian spontaneous recovery (PSR) model, while EtOH‐relapse drinking was assessed through the use of the alcohol‐deprivation effect.ResultsCocaine (0, 1, or 10 mg/kg), injected immediately, 30 minutes, or 4 hours prior to the first PSR testing session, dose‐dependently increased responding on the EtOH lever compared to extinction responses and responding by saline controls. Under relapse conditions, cocaine given immediately prior to the relapse session had no effect (1 mg/kg) or reduced responding (10 mg/kg). In contrast, cocaine given 4 hours prior to the relapse session markedly enhanced EtOH responding compared to saline.ConclusionsThe enhanced expression of EtOH‐seeking and EtOH‐relapse behaviors may be a result of a priming effect of cocaine on neuronal circuits mediating these behaviors. The effect of cocaine on EtOH‐relapse drinking is indicative of the complex interactions that can occur between drugs of abuse; production of conflicting behaviors (immediate), and priming of relapse/seeking (4‐hour delay).
A note on assessing the relation between CEO characteristics and stock performance: Alpha Above Replacement
Authors: Olsen Brett C. , Sisodiya Sanjay R. , Swisher Judith 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMany studies examine the relation between stock performance and CEO characteristics. We approach the topic in a different way, using the alphas generated by the Fama‐French three‐factor model as the dependent variable in a CEO characteristic model. We find several traits are significantly related to alpha. CEOs who are younger, own a larger fraction of firm equity and hold a graduate degree provide greater alphas. CEOs who are also the founder of the firm deliver larger alphas. Our results provide useful information for boards assessing the performance of CEOs and considering CEO succession.