bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of driving capability on single-event transient of inverter in bulk FinFET Technology
Authors: Bai Yang , Yue Suge , Sun Yu , Zhu Yongqin , Yuan Jingshuang , Li Tongde , Wang Liang 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
With the continuous scaling down of the Integrated Circuits process, the issue of single-event transient in FinFET technology has become increasingly crucial. In this study, 3D models of inverters based on FinFET technology are established through TCAD simulation. By simulating the single-event transient of inverter units under various driving capabilities, the study quantitatively determines the impact of driving capability on SET pulse width. Additionally, the study delves into the underlying mechanism behind this relationship, focusing on the charge collection mechanism. The simulation findings indicate that increasing the driving capability leads to a higher recovery current and reduced SET pulse width. These results provide valuable insights for cost-effective mitigation strategies against single-event transient in advanced FinFET technology.
The response surface method is used to investigate the optimal corrosion inhibition condition of reclaimed water pipeline
Authors: Zhou Shangming , Zhu Zhiping , Li Tao , Yang Huo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In order to solve the problem of corrosion and scaling in the recycled water pipeline of thermal power plan, sodium polarized sodium phosphate and sodium molybdenum acid were selected as comparison experiments, and dynamic experiments were used to simulate recycled water through dynamic experiments. The actual usage situation, through the weight of the test, inspected the corrosion effect of different concentration corrosion doses, and the three-dimensional dynamic model of the regenerative water pipeline corrosion of the regenerative water pipeline at the response surface analysis, and the optimal reaction conditions were obtained. Essence The condition of the best sodium polarized sodium phosphate corrosion reaction conditions: the concentration of the corrosion agent was 10 mg/L, the temperature was 21°C, the pH was 8, the corrosion rate was 93.4%; Conditions: The concentration of the corrosion doses was 600 mg/L, the temperature was 21°C, and the pH was 8.47. Under this condition, the optimal corrosion rate of sodium molybdenum was 94.1%. Adding a corrosion agent could reduce the corrosion of the pipeline and reduce the cost of artificial maintenance.
Formation of an anti-corrosive chemical conversion coating on aluminium substrate under low temperature
Authors: Yao Lina , Zhang Maocai , Xin Bo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Improving the anti-corrosive performance of aluminium (Al) and its alloys is essential in its industrial applications. In this work, a green trivalent chromium conversion (TCC) coating was prepared on the surface of commercial high-purity Al without phosphate in the conversion solution under low temperature. The surface morphology of the TCC coating prepared with various immersion time was characterized. A compact TCC coating without pinholes and cracks was obtained with the immersion time of 1.5 min. The potentiodynamic polarization curves of the specimens with TCC coating were also recorded and analysed to evaluate the influence of immersion time and conversion process temperature on the protection performance of the TCC coatings. The results showed both the immersion time and temperature have obvious effects in the corrosion current (J
corr) and corrosion potential (E
corr). According to the measured J
corr, E
corr, and pitting potential (E
p), an optimized immersion time of 1.5 min and temperature of 40 °C was obtained to form a compact and effective TCC coating on Al substrate.
High-yield extracellular vesicle production from HEK293T cells encapsulated in 3D auxetic scaffolds with cyclic mechanical stimulation for effective drug carrier systems
Authors: Chen Yi-Wen , Lin Yen-Hong , Ho Chia-Che , Chen Cheng-Yu , Yu Min-Hua , Lee Alvin Kai-Xing , Chiu Shao-Chih , Cho Der-Yang , Shie Ming-You 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) show promise in drug loading and delivery for medical applications. However, the lack of scalable manufacturing processes hinders the generation of clinically suitable quantities, thereby impeding the translation of EV-based therapies. Current EV production relies heavily on non-physiological two-dimensional (2D) cell culture or bioreactors, requiring significant resources. Additionally, EV-derived ribonucleic acid cargo in three-dimensional (3D) and 2D culture environments remains largely unknown. In this study, we optimized the biofabrication of 3D auxetic scaffolds encapsulated with human embryonic kidney 293 T (HEK293 T) cells, focusing on enhancing the mechanical properties of the scaffolds to significantly boost EV production through tensile stimulation in bioreactors. The proposed platform increased EV yields approximately 115-fold compared to conventional 2D culture, possessing properties that inhibit tumor progression. Further mechanistic examinations revealed that this effect was mediated by the mechanosensitivity of YAP/TAZ. EVs derived from tensile-stimulated HEK293 T cells on 3D auxetic scaffolds demonstrated superior capability for loading doxorubicin compared to their 2D counterparts for cancer therapy. Our results underscore the potential of this strategy for scaling up EV production and optimizing functional performance for clinical translation.
Machine learning and design of experiments for optimizing laser-engraved micro fresnel lens mould
Authors: Datta Subir , Goswami Arjyajyoti 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This research examines the application of Laser Engraving to produce micro Fresnel Lenses on aluminum plates, a novel application of this non-conventional machining method. The research explores the effects of the scan speed, laser power with number of cycles on the roundness deviation using a L9 orthogonal array. Multiple analytical methods, including the Taguchi method, Random Forest Algorithm with sensitivity analysis, are employed to optimize process and predict the outcomes. In this study, a thorough analysis of the fabrication of a micro Fresnel lens on Aluminum plate (10 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm) using fiber laser of wavelength 1064 nm is presented. The study finds that laser power has most significant effect on the roundness deviation, followed by the number of the cycles and scan speed. Scan Speed ranges from 500 to 700 mm s−1, the Power ranges from 25 to 35 Watts, and the Number of Cycles ranges from 100 to 200. Optimal conditions are identified as 700 mm/s scan speed, 25 W power, and 100 cycles. Microscopic analysis confirms roundness deviation under these conditions. Comparisons between analytical approaches and experimental results reveal that both the Taguchi method and Random Forest Algorithm align closely with experimental outcomes, with the Random Forest Algorithm showing slightly higher accuracy (6.18 percentage points closer to experimental results). This research addresses a gap in comparative studies evaluating traditional statistical methods against modern machine learning algorithms for process optimization in laser machining. It combines knowledge from optics, materials science, and laser machining, utilizing advanced methods and technologies that have only recently become accessible. The findings provide valuable insights for future applications of micro Fresnel lenses on aluminum plates and contribute to the understanding of laser engraving processes for precision optical components. Between the Random Forest Algorithm and the Taguchi method, Random Forest Algorithm fits more closely to the experimental result. Random Forest Algorithm prediction is closer to experimental result by about 6.18 percentage points compared to the Taguchi method prediction.
Uncertainty, Risk, and the Need for Trust in Our Hope for Health
Authors: Cutillo Bob 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Science and medicine have had great success in reducing the uncertainties surrounding sickness over the last 100 years. But current efforts to reduce the risk of future disease in healthy people depend on abstract and disembodied statistical models that are increasingly distant from individual lives with little or no likelihood of personal benefit. When couched in numerical terms and combined with the fear of an unknown future, we are easily manipulated by the authority of fact. A new form of authority is needed, rooted in relationship, informed by sound science, and embracing risk. Enabled through the support of caring relationships to make commitments in the face of uncertain outcomes, we will be better able to choose wisely in our hope for health.
Ecological opportunity leads to higher diversity and probability of trophic specialization in Arctic charr
Authors: Fenton Sam , Bean Colin W , Martin Samuel A M , Poultney Samuel J , Adams Colin E , Elmer Kathryn R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Understanding the extrinsic factors that drive the emergence of biological diversity is critical to its protection and management. However, even superficially similar local environments can vary considerably, and so large-scale datasets are needed to understand the key drivers across a representative portion of a species distribution. Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) is a widespread salmonid fish that represents an excellent study system for these processes because the species shows substantial diversification to a range of freshwater environments and multiple instances of trophic specialization in the form of sympatric ecotype populations. However, the processes behind this variation remain largely unknown due to a lack of broad-scale studies. To address this, we investigated the drivers of diversity via a national-scale study of 64 Arctic charr populations in lakes across Scotland using a genome-wide dataset of single nucleotide polymorphisms (N = 24 878) and phenotypic data of head depth relative to body size. We found that the extent of genetic and phenotypic diversity was predicted by ecosystem size (a proxy of lake size, depth, and complexity). We suggest this is because larger, deeper lakes generally provided more ecological opportunity and diversification potential. Additionally, using environmental data from all 187 lakes containing Arctic charr in Scotland, we found that ecosystem size strongly predicted the potential for trophic specialization and the presence of sympatric divergent ecotypes. Our results show the importance of ecological opportunity in underlying adaptive radiations.
Supplement to Chapter 2
Authors: Lianos Ioannis , Korah Valentine , Siciliani Paolo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This supplement to Chapter 2 focuses on the relationship between the aims of competition law and institutional design, using the example of the Restrictive Trade Practices Act (RTPA) of 1956 in the UK to show that the institutional setting exerts a considerable influence on the issue of the goals of competition law, rather than the opposite. The opinion of Advocate General Roemer for the European Court of Justice in Consten & Grundig v Commission (1966) on the issue of whether sole distributorship agreements adversely affect competition is also discussed. The case addressed whether the sole distributorship agreement made between Grundig and Consten fall under Article 101(1) TFEU, considering that this provision also applies to the so-called vertical agreements.
Freedom of Contract
Authors: Wood Philip R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews freedom of contract as an important value in the law. It discusses the range of free choice of governing law and courts and any limitations on this free choice on a comparative basis. The main indicators used for measuring freedom of contract are prohibitions on clauses restricting the assignment of receivables and bondholder democracies and other collective action by bondholders, with a particular emphasis on a comparison between English and US law. This chapter explains that legal prohibitions on clauses restricting assignments of contract rights involve a direct clash between two potent principles, and also that of the need for marketability of assets as against the fundamental concept of freedom of contract in wholesale markets. The comparison of bondholder voting, which is a financial democracy like shareholder voting and voting on insolvency plans, has to be seen in the light of the role of political democracies.
The London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) Rules
Authors: Collett Michael J , Davies Josephine CP , McRae Belinda 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the rules of the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), an institution that administers arbitrations in accordance with its own rules (the Rules), ad hoc arbitrations, and mediation and other forms of alternative dispute resolution. It provides an overview of the LCIA and its organization, which consists of three pillars—the Company, the Court and the Secretariat—and its Users’ Councils, arbitration fees, mediation procedure, and statistics on LCIA arbitrations. It also traces the history of the LCIA and its Rules and concludes with a detailed commentary on Articles 1–32 of the LCIA Rules, which cover topics ranging from Request for Arbitration to written communications and periods of time, formation of arbitral tribunal, communications between parties and arbitral tribunal, conduct of arbitral proceedings, language(s) of arbitration, witness testimony, appointment of expert(s) to arbitral tribunal, jurisdiction and authority of the arbitral tribunal, and arbitral awards.
The Venetian Banks’ Collapse
Authors: Giudici Paolo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the collapse of two Venetian banks: Banca Popolare di Vicenza (BPVI) and Veneto Banca (VB). Both BPVI and VB were declared insolvent by the European Central Bank (ECB) on June 23, 2017. They became insolvent after a prolonged period in which they sought to raise, by any means, fresh capital in order to sustain their lack of profitability and the capital thresholds provided by the ECB. The Venetian banks' case is extremely interesting at a European level for many reasons. It is a great corporate governance and public enforcement fiasco. Moreover, it is probably the most significant misselling case of Italian financial history, at least of the last decades. The chapter then describes the story of BPVI, the largest of the two banks and the one whose failure created the larger wave of surprise.
Consumer Contracts
Authors: McParland Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains Article 6 of the Rome I Regulation, which protects consumers engaged in certain cross-border transactions. These protections share a common objective with those found in the partial harmonisation of Member States' domestic laws. They are based on the idea that the consumer is in a weak position vis-à-vis the seller or supplier of goods or services, as regards both his bargaining power and his level of knowledge.
New perspective on the clinical and laboratory characteristics of rheumatoid pleural effusion: A 29-case series
Authors: Minoda Saki Sada , Sada Ryuichi Minoda , Akebo Hiroyuki , Tsugihashi Yukio , Hatta Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective
Rheumatoid pleural effusion (RPE) usually occurs in middle-aged men. Pleural fluid analyses have revealed high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and low pH and glucose levels in RPE. We aimed to investigate the clinical and laboratory features of patients with RPE since the beginning of the 21st century.

Methods
Medical records of patients with RPE were reviewed between May 2006 and October 2021. The patients were divided into &lt;60 year (younger) and ≥60 year (older) groups.

Results
The younger group comprised 6 patients (median age 53.5 years, female 33%) and older group comprised 23 patients (median age 76 years, female 52.2%). Compared to the younger group, the older group had fewer cases of fever (83.3 versus 18.2%, P = .007) and chest pain (66.7 versus 8.7%, P = .008). In pleural fluid analysis, the older group presented higher pH (P = .004) and lower LDH levels (P = .044). Seven patients died during the follow-up period.

Conclusion
Most patients with RPE were over 60 years of age, and approximately half of them were female. The pleural fluid analysis showed milder inflammation in older patients than in middle-aged patients. The mortality rate of patients with RPE was distinctly higher than that previously reported.
The Biometrics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction
Authors: Banégas Richard , Cutolo Armando 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 looks in detail at a fifth configuration of the politics of ‘papers’, which saw the Ouattara government use new biometric technologies to ‘kill the seeds of crisis’, depoliticize the question of identity, and support its liberal developmentalist project. The post-war period comes across as a broad process to straighten out legal identities, driven by the project of a new biometric governance, which would supposedly reduce forgery and bring about a modern Côte d’Ivoire. This chapter focuses on four issues symbolic of this ‘identity adjustment programme’: the 2013 law on nationality, the 2014 census, the creation of a new individual data biometric register, and the modernization of the civil register. A closer analysis of these last two issues reveals that the Ivorian civil registry has taken its revenge on global biometric reforms. And that Ouattara’s deliberately depoliticizing policies have not put an end to the debate over Ivorian nationality.
Europe as Place
Authors: Irving D. R. M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Ambiguities regarding Europe’s geographical frontiers with Asia are diverse and long-standing and affected how European writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries described Europe as a musical place and space. These authors’ inclusion or exclusion of various communities depended on religious and political factors that aligned with emerging cultural notions of Europe. The new concept of the “Republic of Music” denoted a network of performance and transmission but transcended geography to imply a virtual community of performers and listeners. Writers of the long eighteenth century also began to refer to musical activities and the fame of musicians in superlative terms (for example, “the best in Europe” or “the most famous in Europe”), using an intra-continental framework. Tropes such as “the greatest masters in Europe” appeared in advertisements for works of published music.
Co-operative Enterprise in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Spicer Jason S. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCo-operative businesses, which are democratically owned by their workers, customers, or suppliers, are rarer at scale in the United States than in most other rich democracies. Why? Despite the fact that co-operatives have long captured the interest of both American and international activists and social scientists alike, there has been scant effort to conduct systematic comparative analyses to answer this question. Offering the only rigorously designed comparative-historical analysis of how co-operative enterprise is institutionalized in different national contexts, this book draws on data from interviews and from more than two centuries of historical sources to compare the United States to three other rich democracies where co-operatives at scale are more common: Finland, France, and New Zealand. The book shows how the joint force of economic liberalism and racism acted historically to undermine the development of American co-operatives, leaving a legacy which can be traced forward to the present day. In the comparative success cases, co-operatives were better able to leverage resources and structural traits to animate the solidarity mechanism at the heart of the co-operative business model. In so doing, co-operatives in these countries were also better able to organize to achieve accommodative law and policy treatment over time. In addition, in examining the factors which variably undermined or advanced cooperation at scale in different contexts, the book tests two competing social science frameworks on institutions and organizations—field theory (strategic action fields) and historical institutionalism—and shows how the former enables a more comprehensive analysis and explanation.
Resisting Roman Imperialism in Gaul
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides the background to Roman imperialism in North-West Europe and then considers Caesar’s campaigns in Gaul. Despite the overwhelming numbers of Gaulish fighters, the Roman army vanquished all before them and slaughtered hundreds of thousands to ensure quiescence. The greatest resistance was provided by a united tribal army under Vercingetorix, but his leadership skills and scorched earth strategy proved inadequate to the task of defeating the greatest professional army of the day. It was the ability of the Romans to sustain themselves in the field—their management of logistics—and to undermine the ability of the Gauls to compete in that, which doomed the Gauls’ resistance. This was a pattern that the Romans constantly repeated, and, with few exceptions, it was this that ensured the longevity of the Roman Empire.
Resisting Roman Imperialism in Germania
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter concerns one of the few examples of successful resistance against the Romans. The German tribes involved were united under Arminius, the leader of the Cherusci tribe, who had himself been a hostage in Rome and later became a commander in the Roman auxiliaries. That knowledge, and his association with the Roman commander, Varus, enabled Arminius to inveigle the Romans into a series of cumulative errors that negated all their conventional military and logistical advantages and led to the second greatest military defeat of the Romans in the Teutoburg Forest. Within five years the Romans had recovered the three lost legionary Eagles and defeated the German tribes, but the initial defeat effectively stopped the expansion of the Roman Empire east of the Rhine.
Military Racism
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The history of race discrimination in the US generally, and the US military in particular, meant that the struggle to secure a foothold in the American air force was long and difficult. With President Roosevelt seeking Black electoral support, the decision to facilitate a Black air squadron led, eventually, to the 99th Fighter Squadron and ultimately to the 332nd Fighter Group. The Red Tails, as they became known, saw action across the Mediterranean theatre, protecting conveys, and escorting bombers, as well as on ground attack sorties, and were notable for their disciplined approach that kept them close to the bombers. In turn that meant they were less likely to shoot down enemy fighters—and were disciplined for this—but they more likely to do what they were supposed to do: protect the bombers. Throughout the whole period the pilots and ground crew had to cope with constant racism from other aviators and from the military establishment but their professionalism and persistence eventually saw their integration into the air force, the first branch of the US military to do so.