bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
China's Economic Offensive and Taiwan's Defensive Measures: Cross-Strait Fruit Trade, 2005–2008
Authors: Wei Chi-hung 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article explains how Taiwan's Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) administration was able to restrict cross-Strait fruit trade and resist China's “fruit offensive” in a democratic setting. During 2004–2005, China implemented various preferential policies for the importation of Taiwanese fruit and wooed Taiwanese farmers in the rural south, where political support for the DPP was concentrated. However, trade statistics show that cross-Strait fruit trade only increased slightly, making up just 4 or 5 per cent of Taiwan's total fruit exports during 2005–2008. I argue that focusing solely on regime type ignores the formal and informal policy instruments a democratic state can wield to manage its commercial ties with, and resist economic offensives from, other states. Cross-Strait fruit trade was limited because the DPP used legal as well as corporatist informal policy instruments to resist China's fruit offensive. I conclude that state–society institutional relations explain cross-Strait economic relations and economic statecraft better than regime type alone.
Emergency Nursing Staff Dispatch: Sensitivity and Specificity in Detecting Prehospital Need for Physician Interventions During Ambulance Transport in Rovigo Emergency Ambulance Service, Italy
Authors: Leopardi Marco , Sommacampagna Marco 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIntroductionIn Italy, administration of medications or advanced procedures dictates the prehospital presence of a physician to initiate treatment. Nursing staff is often used as dispatchers in Italian emergency medical ambulance services. There is little data about nursing dispatch performance in detecting high-acuity patients who need prehospital medications and procedures.ObjectiveTo determine the ability of a dispatch center staffed by emergency ambulance nurses to detect prehospital need for physician interventions in the context of a semi-rural area Emergency Medical Services system.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 53,606 calls from the Rovigo Emergency Ambulance Services’ database was undertaken. Physician prehospital interventions were defined as the administration of medications or procedures (advanced airway management and ventilation, pneumothorax decompression, fluid replacement therapy, external defibrillation, cardioversion and pacing). The dispatch codes (assigned by a subjective decision-making process as Red, Yellow, or Green) of all transported prehospital patient calls were matched with an out-of-hospital triage system staffed by clinicians to determine the number of correctly identified prehospital need of physician interventions. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated.ResultsThe sensitivity of subjective experience-based nursing dispatch in detecting the need for physician interventions was 78.0% (95% CI, 76.9%-79.1%), with a PPV of 36.6% (95% CI, 35.8%-37.5%). Specificity was 83.8% (95% CI: 83.4%-84.1%), with an NPV of 96.9% (95% CI, 96.8%-97.1%).ConclusionA dispatch center staffed by nurses with six years of experience and three months of training correctly identified when not to send a doctor to the scene in the absence of need for physician interventions, using a subjective decision-making process. The nurses staffing the dispatch center also worked in the field. Dispatch center staff were not able to predict when there was no need for physician interventions in high-acuity dispatch code patients, resulting in an over-triage and use of emergency physicians on scene.LeopardiM, SommacampagnaM.Emergency nursing staff dispatch: sensitivity and specificity in detecting prehospital need for physician interventions during ambulance transport in Rovigo Emergency Ambulance Service, Italy. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(5):1-6.
A Value-at-Risk framework for longevity trend risk ‐ Abstract of the London discussion
Authors: Richards Stephen 
Published: August 2013

This abstract relates to the following paper:RichardsS. J., CurrieI. D. and RitchieG. P.A Value-at-Risk framework for longevity trend risk.British Actuarial Journal, doi:10.1017/S1357321712000451
A Value-at-Risk framework for longevity trend risk ‐ Abstract of the Edinburgh discussion
Authors: Richards Stephen 
Published: August 2013

This abstract relates to the following paper:RichardsS. J., CurrieI. D. and RitchieG. P.A Value-at-Risk framework for longevity trend risk.British Actuarial Journal, doi:10.1017/S1357321712000342
Tubule Density and Diameter in Coronal Dentin from Primary and Permanent Human Teeth
Authors: Lenzi Tathiane L. , Guglielmi Camila de Almeida B. , Arana-Chavez Victor E. , Raggio Daniela P. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study compared dentinal tubule density and diameter of human primary and permanent teeth at different depths of the coronal dentin. Crowns of eight primary second molars and eight permanent third molars were serially sectioned into three disks of ~0.5 mm thickness (superficial, middle, and deep layers), perpendicular to the long axis. Tubule density and diameter were evaluated in 2,000× and 3,000× magnifications by scanning electron microscopy. Data obtained were subjected to two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). Tubule density was greater in primary teeth compared with permanent ones, regardless of depth (primary: 124,329 ± 43,594 mm2; permanent: 45,972 ± 21,098 mm2). In general, the tubule density increased as the dentin depth increased, except to the superficial and middle layers from permanent teeth. Tubule diameter was larger in the dentin layer close to the pulp chamber (superficial: 2.4 ± 0.07 μm; middle: 3.70 ± 0.06 μm; deep: 4.28 ± 0.04 μm). No difference was observed between primary (3.48 ± 0.81 μm) and permanent teeth (3.47 ± 0.73 μm). The tubule diameter increases as the dentin depth increases for primary and permanent teeth; however, the tubule density is higher in primary teeth.
Taxonomically and functionally diverse microbial communities in deep crystalline rocks of the Fennoscandian shield
Authors: Nyyssönen Mari , Hultman Jenni , Ahonen Lasse , Kukkonen Ilmo , Paulin Lars , Laine Pia , Itävaara Merja , Auvinen Petri 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Microbial life in the nutrient-limited and low-permeability continental crystalline crust is abundant but remains relatively unexplored. Using high-throughput sequencing to assess the 16S rRNA gene diversity, we found diverse bacterial and archaeal communities along a 2516-m-deep drill hole in continental crystalline crust in Outokumpu, Finland. These communities varied at different sampling depths in response to prevailing lithology and hydrogeochemistry. Further analysis by shotgun metagenomic sequencing revealed variable carbon and nutrient utilization strategies as well as specific functional and physiological adaptations uniquely associated with specific environmental conditions. Altogether, our results show that predominant geological and hydrogeochemical conditions, including the existence and connectivity of fracture systems and the low amounts of available energy, have a key role in controlling microbial ecology and evolution in the nutrient and energy-poor deep crustal biosphere.
Experimental characterisations of thin film transmission line losses
Authors: Kim D. , Kim H. , Eo Y. 
Published: August 2013

New frequency‐variant losses of planar thin film transmission lines are experimentally investigated in a broad frequency range. The frequency‐variant transmission line parameters are accurately determined in the measured frequency band (i.e. from 40 MHz to 50 GHz). Then, it is shown that there are three critical frequencies that characterise the loss mechanism of thin film transmission lines. The conventional skin‐effect model is not accurate in thin and fine transmission lines.
Efficient fuzzy‐controlled and hybrid entropy coding strategy lossless ECG encoder VLSI design for wireless body sensor networks
Authors: Chen S.‐L. , Luo G.‐A. , Lin T.‐L. 
Published: August 2013

An efficient VLSI design of a lossless electrocardiogram (ECG) encoder is proposed for wireless body sensor networks. To save wireless transmission power, a novel lossless encoding algorithm had been created for ECG signal compression. The proposed algorithm consists of a novel adaptive predictor based on fuzzy decision control, and a novel hybrid entropy encoder including both a two‐stage Huffman and a Golomb‐Rice coding. The VLSI architecture contains only 2.71 K gate counts and its core area is 33 929 μm2 synthesized by a 0.18 μm CMOS process. Moreover, this design can be operated at 100 MHz processing rate by consuming only 30 μW. It achieves an average compression rate of 2.56 for the MIT‐BIH arrhythmia database. Compared with previous low‐complexity and high‐performance lossless ECG encoder studies, this design has a higher compression rate, lower power consumption and lower hardware cost than other VLSI designs.
Frequency selective surface with wideband quasi‐elliptic bandpass response
Authors: Pelletti C. , Bianconi G. , Mittra R. , Shen Z. 
Published: August 2013

A frequency selective surface with a new type of three‐dimensional element which produces a quasi‐elliptic bandpass response is presented. The element exhibits an elliptic bandpass response with a −3 dB bandwidth (BW/f0) of ∼ 70%, where f0 is the centre frequency. The design has been adapted to a form that can be conveniently fabricated by utilising printed technology. The measured results for the frequency response show good agreement with those predicted via numerical simulations.
Compact green design structure of distributed amplifier for 10–30 GHz UWB wireless receivers
Authors: Yeh Chin‐I , Feng Wu‐Shiung , Chen Chia‐Hsun 
Published: August 2013

Presented is a new compact green design structure of distributed amplifiers in series with a common‐source circuit to reduce power‐dissipation and noise figure and increase gain‐bandwidth. Fabricated in a 90 nm CMOS standard process, the integrated circuit prototype achieves a unity‐gain cutoff frequency of 42 GHz and a gain of 8.4 dB, with a gain flatness of ± 1 dB over the bandwidth of 10–30 GHz. The noise figures are between 3.9 and 5.2 dB from 10 to 30 GHz of power consumption, and the current of the distributed amplifier is 11.13 mW, and 18.5 mA at 0.6 V supply voltage, respectively. The analytical, simulated and measured results are mutually consistent.
Design of efficient rectenna with vertical ground‐walls for RF energy harvesting
Authors: Moon J.I. , Cho I.K. , Kim S.M. , Jung Y.‐B. 
Published: August 2013

The design of an efficient rectenna with vertical ground‐walls for RF energy harvesting is proposed. The proposed rectenna is composed of the broadband dipole‐type antenna and the rectangular ground plane with two vertical ground‐walls. Especially, the vertical ground‐walls are designed to suppress and harvest the back‐lobe of the main radiator without the disturbances of the main radiator's electrical performance. The back‐lobe of the proposed rectenna is significantly reduced to 8.4 dB and the amount of the harvesting energy is approximately 1.74% of the original input power. This rectenna has an advantage of simple design which helps to harvest RF energy from high‐gain antennas.
Stapled α−helical peptide drug development: A potent dual inhibitor of MDM2 and MDMX for p53-dependent cancer therapy
Authors: Chang Yong S. , Graves Bradford , Guerlavais Vincent , Tovar Christian , Packman Kathryn , To Kwong-Him , Olson Karen A. , Kesavan Kamala , Gangurde Pranoti , Mukherjee Aditi , Baker Theresa , Darlak Krzysztof , Elkin Carl , Filipovic Zoran , Qureshi Farooq Z. , Cai Hongliang , Berry Pamela , Feyfant Eric , Shi Xiangguo E. , Horstick James , Annis D. Allen , Manning Anthony M. , Fotouhi Nader , Nash Huw , Vassilev Lyubomir T. , Sawyer Tomi K. 
Published: August 2013

SignificanceStapled α−helical peptides have emerged as a promising new modality for a wide range of therapeutic targets. Here, we describe the development of a stapled α−helical peptide lead molecule for the treatment of cancers that possess the intact p53 tumor suppressor protein but are resistant to drug therapy because of the overexpression of inhibitory proteins MDM2 and MDMX. The molecule ATSP-7041 is a highly potent dual inhibitor of both MDM2 and MDMX that is shown to effectively reactivate the p53 tumor suppressor pathway in a mechanism-dependent manner in p53-positive cancers in vitro and in vivo.
Near-unity nuclear polarization with an open-source
129
Xe hyperpolarizer for NMR and MRI
Authors: Nikolaou Panayiotis , Coffey Aaron M. , Walkup Laura L. , Gust Brogan M. , Whiting Nicholas , Newton Hayley , Barcus Scott , Muradyan Iga , Dabaghyan Mikayel , Moroz Gregory D. , Rosen Matthew S. , Patz Samuel , Barlow Michael J. , Chekmenev Eduard Y. , Goodson Boyd M. 
Published: August 2013

Significance
Lung diseases comprise the third leading cause of death in the United States and could benefit from new imaging modalities. “Hyperpolarized” xenon-129 can overcome the ordinarily weak MRI signals from low-density species in lung space or dissolved in tissue; however, clinical progress has been slowed by the difficulty in preparing large amounts of hyperpolarized xenon with high magnetization, as well as the cost and limited availability of xenon hyperpolarization devices. We describe a unique low-cost “open-source” xenon “hyperpolarizer,” characterize its ability to produce xenon-129 with high magnetization, and demonstrate its utility for human lung imaging.
Impact of dose‐finding studies on administration of oxytocin during caesarean section in the UK
Authors: West R. , West S. , Simons R. , McGlennan A. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryDebate continues over the dose and methods of administration of oxytocin for the prevention of haemorrhage during caesarean section. We surveyed 206 lead obstetric anaesthetists in the UK to determine standard practice in their unit as well as any differences in practice for high‐risk cases. There were 150 responses (72.9% response rate). A total of 149 units use oxytocin. The majority use an initial 5‐IU dose, whilst a small proportion (8; 5.3%) administer a dose < 5 IU for elective caesarean section. The administration of a 10‐IU dose has ceased altogether. There is a broad range of administration methods, particularly with infusions. Forty (26.8%) respondents give a different oxytocin regimen following caesarean section in patients with severe pre‐eclampsia, 72 (48.3%) in those with cardiac disease of New York Heart Association class 1‐2, and 100 (66.7%) with class 3‐4. In conclusion, there is a trend towards the use of lower doses of oxytocin in caesarean section, but there are still wide variations in detail. We suggest that there is a need for a national protocol to standardise oxytocin administration.
Half a Century of Sociological Scholarship in the CRS(A)
Authors: Carroll William K. 
Published: August 2013

Cet article introduit le numéro spécial consacré au 50e anniversaire de la Revue canadienne de sociologie. Nous y retraçons l'histoire de la revue au travers d'une analyse sommaire de ses éditeurs successifs et des articles et numéros spéciaux publiés au fil des ans. Depuis sa fondation, la Revue permet de suivre les plus récents développements du champ de la sociologie canadienne. L'analyse démontre que si les trente premières années de la Revue ont vu s'effectuer une transition du concept de culture à celui de relations de pouvoir en tant que thème central, les deux dernières décennies ont quant à elles été le lieu d'une diversification des perspectives théoriques et méthodologiques ainsi que d'un retour du “moment culturel”, s'insérant dorénavant dans le cadre d'une analyse plus générale des relations de pouvoir. Les articles du présent numéro illustrent et discutent ces développements.This article introduces the fiftieth anniversary issue of the Canadian Review of Sociology (CRS). It tracks the development of the CRS through rudimentary analyses of its editors, articles, and special‐issue themes. The CRS has provided a venue both for keeping pace with developments in Canadian sociology and for leading sociological research into new fields. If the first three decades of scholarship were marked by a transition from culture to power as an organizing motif, the two most recent decades have seen a diversification that recovers the cultural moment within a broader analysis of power, and that offers a wide range of theoretical and methodological perspectives. Articles featured in this issue exemplify and reflect on these developments.
Emissaries of the Modern: The Foreign Teacher in UrbanChina
Authors: HENRY ERIC S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSome of the most recognizable urban figures inChina today are not evenChinese, but “foreigners.” Foreigners stand out from the crowd, not simply because of their perceived racial distinctiveness, but because they are seen to possess and successfully manipulate symbols of a globalized world that manyChinese desire but feel disconnected from. Based on fieldwork in the northeastern city ofShenyang, this article will focus specifically on foreign teachers, itinerant native speakers ofEnglish who come toChina for adventure and a paycheck in return for teaching their language to others. They are encountered in foreign language classrooms, the media, and in public, acting as indexes of modernity in a rapidly changing urban landscape. WhileChinese urban residents bemoan a sense of isolation and backwardness within globalized structures of power and capital, they identify the interloping foreign teacher—stereotypically seen as white,English‐speaking, mobile, wealthy, and brand‐conscious—as an exemplar of the possibilities of modern selfhood. Foreigners are objects of desire, curiosity, envy, and resentment; each emotion is linked to their status as representatives of a world perceived to be beyond the boundaries of the local, but which in reality permeates it at every level. While foreign teachers themselves are often oblivious to this wider context, they are implicated in everyday practices ofChinese self‐fashioning, from education in global languages to marketing international brands. I argue that the image of the foreigner provokes reflections on the nature ofChinese ethnicity, culture, and national identity. Contemplating the foreign as a potential subject position, sometimes critically, is one way that urbanChinese articulate creative possibilities for their own futures.
The Effect of Family Governance on Corporate Time Horizons
Authors: Kappes Imke , Schmid Thomas 
Published: August 2013

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueThis paper empirically tests the effect of family governance on intertemporal choice. We contribute to the literature on corporate time horizons by formulating an innovative approach to the measurement of long‐term orientation. This approach uses an index that captures investment, employee, and financing behavior.Research Findings/InsightsOur research makes use of a dataset consisting of 701 German firms (6,205 firm‐years) observed over the period from 1995 to 2009. We provide evidence that firms actively managed by founders and/or their families are significantly more long‐term oriented than the control group. Our findings also show that these firms persist in maintaining a long‐term approach in cases in which pressure on short‐term results is high.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis paper supports the hypothesis that trans‐generational considerations can result in family‐managed firms having longer time horizons. As such, our findings reinforce prior claims that agency outcomes can significantly differ in the context of family governance. Furthermore, our results accentuate the validity of the claim to separately account for multiple aspects of family governance in family firm research, in particular management vs. ownership.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur results will be helpful for investors in selecting investment targets that match their personal time preferences. In particular, it appears difficult to exert pressure on family managers to extract short‐term profits. Policymakers may want to consider removing any barriers to the transferring of family firms between generations. Their orientation towards the long‐term can make family‐run companies sources of stability in their respective economies. This is also due to their less pronounced reaction to pressure.
Comparing brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor secretion of induced neurotrophic factor secreting cells from human adipose and bone marrow‐derived stem cells
Authors: Razavi Shahnaz , Razavi Mohamad Reza , Zarkesh Esfahani Hamid , Kazemi Mohammad , Mostafavi Fatemeh Sadat 
Published: August 2013

Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) and bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) may be equally beneficial in treating neurodegenerative diseases. However,ADSCs have practical advantages. In this study, we aimed to induce neurotrophic factors secreting cells in humanADSCs. Then, we compared the level of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) secretion in neurotrophic factors secreting cells from human adipose and bone marrow‐derived stem cells. Isolated humanADSCs andBMSCs were induced to neurotrophic factor (NTF)‐secreting cells. The levels of expression and secretion ofBDNFandCTNFof induced cells were assessed using immunocytochemical, Real‐Time polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The level ofBDNFsignificantly increased in both the induced mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) relative toADSCs and theBMSCs (P < 0.01). Moreover,ELISAanalysis showed that the release ofBDNFin the inducedBMSCs was almost twofold more than the inducedADSCs. Overall,NTF‐secreting factor cells derivedBMSCs andADSCs could secret a range of different growth factors. Therefore, the variation in neurotrophic factors of different inducedMSCpopulations suggest the possible beneficial effect of each specific kind of neurotrophic factor secreting cells for the treatment of a particular neurodegenerative disease.
Dynamics of growth factor production in monolayers of cancer cells and evolution of resistance to anticancer therapies
Authors: Archetti Marco 
Published: August 2013

AbstractTumor heterogeneity is well documented for many characters, including the production of growth factors, which improve tumor proliferation and promote resistance against apoptosis and against immune reaction. What maintains heterogeneity remains an open question that has implications for diagnosis and treatment. While it has been suggested that therapies targeting growth factors are robust against evolved resistance, current therapies against growth factors, like antiangiogenic drugs, are not effective in the long term, as resistant mutants can evolve and lead to relapse. We use evolutionary game theory to study the dynamics of the production of growth factors by monolayers of cancer cells and to understand the effect of therapies that target growth factors. The dynamics depend on the production cost of the growth factor, on its diffusion range and on the type of benefit it confers to the cells. Stable heterogeneity is a typical outcome of the dynamics, while a pure equilibrium of nonproducer cells is possible under certain conditions. Such pure equilibrium can be the goal of new anticancer therapies. We show that current therapies, instead, can be effective only if growth factors are almost completely eliminated and if the reduction is almost immediate.