bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traditional Retail Markets: The New Gentrification Frontier?
Authors: Gonzalez Sara , Waley Paul 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper presents traditional retail markets in the UK caught between a narrative of decline and revival, on the edge of a gentrification frontier. Traditional indoor and outdoor markets have become somewhat residual in many British cities but essential for many low‐income citizens that rely on their affordability. At the same time, the market is being reinvented for a wealthier type of customer interested more in local, environmentally friendly, ethical and “authentic” shopping experience. We take the case of Kirkgate Market in Leeds, the largest of its kind in Britain to analyse the process of disinvestment by the local authority, displacement of traders and customers and rebranding of the market for a new wealthier customer base. The paper is based on an action‐research project on which one of the authors is involved alongside traders and other campaigners to defend the public nature of Kirkgate Market in Leeds.
Elusive Evidence: Hard‐to‐Reach Drug Users and the Missing Values in Drug Policy Decision Making
Authors: Wilson Andrew , Hodgson Philip 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe 1997 Labour Government's commitment to research‐based criminal justice policy held the promise of greater clarity in the drugs/crime link and evaluation of measures to tackle drug use. This article gives a critical assessment of the introduction of drug testing arrestees at police stations as part of the move to force drug users into treatment. The account supports the equivocal findings on the effectiveness of drug testing. It identifies how the rush for evidence with emphasis on quantitative methods conspired to leave the most marginalised problematic drug users hidden from the evaluation.
Baroreflex sensitivity in asymptomatic coronary atherosclerosis
Authors: Simula Sakari , Laitinen Tomi , Vanninen Esko , Pajunen Pia , Syvänne Mikko , Hedman Antti , Hartikainen Juha 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBackgroundBaroreflex sensitivity (BRS) reflects the effectiveness of cardiac parasympathetic regulation. BRS becomes impaired in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and after myocardial infarction and carries prognostic information in these patients. Whether impaired BRS is found already in asymptomatic subjects, with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis, has remained elusive.MethodsThe relationship between BRS and coronary atherosclerosis was evaluated in 31 subjects with high familial risk for CAD but without evidence of angina pectoris or myocardial ischaemia. Single photon emission tomography was performed with 99mTc‐sestamibi to rule out myocardial perfusion defects at rest and during exercise. BRS was assessed by phenylephrine technique. Coronary atherosclerosis was analysed by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). Percentage of diameter stenosis (PDS) was calculated separately for LAD, LCX, RCA coronary arteries as well as for proximal (PROX), middle (MID) and distal (DIST) coronary artery regions; and for all coronary artery regions (global PDS).ResultsBaroreflex sensitivity averaged 7·8 ± 5·4 ms mmHg−1. BRS showed inverse correlation to PDS of the proximal coronary artery segments (r = −0·315; P<0·05) and with the most severe single coronary artery stenosis (r = −0·374; P<0·05). Five (16%) subjects had BRS ≤ 3 ms mmHg−1. They had more severe PDS of proximal coronary artery segment than subjects with BRS > 3 ms mmHg−1 (24 ± 7% versus 13 ± 11%, P<0·05, respectively).ConclusionsImpairment of BRS was found to be associated with the severity of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in healthy asymptomatic subjects with familial risk of CAD. Asymptomatic subjects with severely blunted BRS may have advanced coronary atherosclerosis.
The FAAH inhibitor URB597 efficiently reduces tyrosine hydroxylase expression through CB1‐ and FAAH‐independent mechanisms
Authors: Bosier Barbara , Muccioli Giulio G , Lambert Didier M 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundAnandamide and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol are neuromodulatory lipids interacting with cannabinoid receptors, whose availability is regulated by the balance between ‘on demand’ generation and enzymatic degradation [by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)/monoacylglycerol lipase]. Given the reported effects of anandamide on dopamine transmission, we investigated the influence of endocannabinoids and URB597, a well‐known FAAH inhibitor, on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate‐limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis.Experimental ApproachWe investigated TH expression in N1E115 neuroblastoma using a reporter gene assay, as well as mRNA and protein quantifications. FAAH inhibition was confirmed by measuring radiolabelled substrate hydrolysis and endogenous endocannabinoids.Key ResultsAnandamide decreased TH promoter activity in N1E115 cells through CB1 receptor activation. Unexpectedly, URB597 reduced TH expression (pEC50 = 8.7 ± 0.2) through FAAH‐independent mechanisms. Indeed, four structurally unrelated inhibitors of FAAH had no influence on TH expression, although all the inhibitors increased endocannabinoid levels. At variance with the endocannabinoid responses, the use of selective antagonists indicated that the URB597‐mediated decrease in TH expression was not directed by the CB1 receptor, but rather by abnormal‐cannabidiol‐sensitive receptors and PPARs. Further supporting the physiological relevance of these in vitro data, URB597 administration resulted in reduced TH mRNA levels in mice brain.ConclusionsWhile confirming the implication of endocannabinoids on the modulation of TH, we provide strong evidence for additional physiologically relevant off‐target effects of URB597. In light of the numerous preclinical studies involving URB597, particularly in anxiety and depression, the existence of non‐CB1 and non‐FAAH mediated influences of URB597 on key enzymes of the catecholaminergic transmission system should be taken into account when interpreting the data.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.169.issue‐4 & http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue‐8
Size‐dependent predation risk partly explains the sex‐related marking polymorphism in the sexually size‐dimorphic pygmy grasshopperTetrix japonica
Authors: Tsurui Kaori , Honma Atsushi , Nishida Takayoshi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe sexually size‐dimorphic grasshopperTetrix japonicaexhibits variation in body‐color markings on the pronotum even within a single local population. Such markings have been suggested to reduce the visual detectability of grasshoppers. However, some grasshoppers have no markings. In the present study, we examined the effect of the sex‐related difference in body size and the spotted markings on the degree of camouflage. We hypothesized that: (i) large individuals (females) are potentially more readily detectable than small individuals; (ii) large individuals (females) with spotted markings would realize a moderate degree of the camouflage effect, whereas large individuals (females) without spotted markings would be quite poorly camouflaged; (iii) small individuals (males) would be sufficiently less detectable, with or without markings; and (iv) large individuals (females) would tend to have spotted markings in the wild. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a morph‐frequency field survey and laboratory experiments on the body‐size dependency of the spotted markings. The field survey confirmed that all females exhibited spotted markings and that the majority of males were non‐spotted morphs. Next, to determine whether body size and the spotted markings affected crypsis, we conducted detection task experiments using humans as dummy predators by manipulating the body size, presence/absence of spotted markings, or both, of printed grasshoppers. The absence of spotted markings increased the detection risk in large and small grasshoppers, particularly in large‐sized females. These results suggest that female‐biased selective predation could have eliminated non‐spotted female morphs because they were too conspicuous.
Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Delahay Robin M. , Rugge Massimo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAlthough Helicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent in the global human population, the majority of infected individuals remain asymptomatic. A complex combination of host, environmental, and bacterial factors are considered to determine susceptibility and severity of outcome in the subset of individuals that develop clinical disease. These factors collectively determine the ability of H. pylori to colonize the gastric mucosa and profoundly influence the nature of the interaction that ensues. Many studies over the last year provide new insight into H. pylori virulence strategies and the activities of critical bacterial determinants that modulate the host environment. These latter include the secreted proteins CagA and VacA and adhesins BabA and OipA, which directly interact with host tissues. Observations from several studies extend the functional repertoire of CagA and the cag type IV secretion system in particular, providing further mechanistic understanding of how these important determinants engage and activate host signalling pathways important in the development of disease.
Laboratory Quality Assurance in the Department of Restorative Dentistry at the University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry
Authors: Chan Christopher T. , Sukotjo Cortino , Gehrke Kenneth W. , Yuan Judy Chia‐Chun , Campbell Stephen D. , Clark David M. , Fayz Farhad 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate data collected in University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry (UIC COD) laboratory quality assurance (QA) forms, analyze the collected data, and create a report of the findings. The goals of the study were to (1) identify the most common mistakes occurring during laboratory and clinical procedures when performing prosthodontic treatment, (2) note the incidence and trends of mistakes made by D3, D4, and IDDP2 students, and (3) observe any differences in the types of mistakes made by D3, D4, and IDDP2.Materials and Methods: QA data from June 1, 2007 to May 31, 2009 were evaluated based on forms gathered from the QA dental laboratory from all D3, D4, and IDDP2 students’ submissions. All students had graduated from the UIC COD at the time of collection. Data were recorded for type of errors made in submission of laboratory work (Indirect Restorations [IR], Removable Partial Dentures [RPD], Complete Dentures [CD]), year of student in dental school (D3, D4, IDDP2), and frequency of rejection for each respective student. The frequency of common mistakes were pooled, evaluated, and reported by respective class year.Results: The five most common laboratory submission errors for D3, D4, and IDDP2 students were nearly the same among student years for IR, RPD, and CD. D4 students had disproportionately higher numbers of work rejections compared to D3 and IDDP2 students.Conclusions: D4 students had a higher percentage of laboratory submission errors compared to D3 students for all laboratory procedures. There were similar types of errors noted between foreign‐trained students (IDDP2) and domestically trained students (D3, D4).
Atrial Septostomy in Patients with End‐Stage Pulmonary Hypertension. No More Needles but Wires, Energy and Close Anatomical Definition
Authors: BAGLINI ROBERTO 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesTo assess the usefulness of a new approach to atrial septal puncture and septostomy in patients with end‐stage pulmonary hypertension.BackgroundAtrial septostomy in end‐stage pulmonary hypertension has high mortality and morbidity rates mainly due to trans‐septal catheterization. New approaches to safety during this technical step are expected.MethodsTwelve patients with end‐stage pulmonary arterial hypertension (5 males, 7 females, mean age 41, 9 ± 12, 0 years) underwent to balloon atrial septostomy. Intracardiac echography (ICE) was used to localize fossa ovalis while a radiofrequency wire was used to perforate the atrial septum. Then a septostomy was performed by progressive balloon dilatation of atrial septum. Septal perforation was successful at the first attempt in 4 patients and after 5 attempts in a single case, while Bas was successful in all.ResultsPericardial effusion did not develop in any patient. Complications consisted in transient supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, transient cerebral ischemia and severe hypoxemia with ventricular tachycardia in 3 single patients. In‐procedure death rate was 0%. Systemic cardiac output increased immediately, while systemic O2 saturation decreased significantly in all. Mean follow‐up was 8, 2 ± 3, 8 months. Mortality was 16, 6% (2 patients). NYHA class improved in the rest of patients. Four patients (33, 2%) underwent to pulmonary transplant successfully.ConclusionsThis novel approach for trans‐septal catheterization has shown very low rate of major complication during atrial septostomy in patients with end‐stage pulmonary arterial hypertension. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:62–68)
Processing and Characterization of Lead Zirconate Titanate Nanopowders by a Simple Water‐Based Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Zhang Shaopeng , Wang Xiaohui , Li Longtu 
Published: September 2012

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanopowders with high sintering activity were synthesized from economical raw materials by a simple water‐based sol–gel method. Citric acid was used to complex with the metal cations, and the effect of the molar ratio of citric acid to metal cation (C:M) was investigated. The decomposition of the dried gel and the phase formation process of the PZT powders were investigated using thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. The average particle size of the PZT powders was 13 nm after calcination at 600°C for 3 h, as determined by transmission electron microscope. The nanopowders prepared could be sintered at a temperature as low as 900°C, and dense PZT ceramics of pure perovskite phase were obtained. The electric properties of the ceramics derived from nanopowders were compared with those prepared by the solid‐state method. The results show that due to larger c/a ratio and small grain size, the electric properties are enhanced.
A Bayesian Model of Biases in Artificial Language Learning: The Case of a Word‐Order Universal
Authors: Culbertson Jennifer , Smolensky Paul 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this article, we develop a hierarchical Bayesian model of learning in a general type of artificial language‐learning experiment in which learners are exposed to a mixture of grammars representing the variation present in real learners’ input, particularly at times of language change. The modeling goal is to formalize and quantify hypothesized learning biases. The test case is an experiment (Culbertson, Smolensky, & Legendre, 2012) targeting the learning of word‐order patterns in the nominal domain. The model identifies internal biases of the experimental participants, providing evidence that learners impose (possibly arbitrary) properties on the grammars they learn, potentially resulting in the cross‐linguistic regularities known as typological universals. Learners exposed to mixtures of artificial grammars tended to shift those mixtures in certain ways rather than others; the model reveals how learners’ inferences are systematically affected by specific prior biases. These biases are in line with a typological generalization—Greenberg's Universal 18—which bans a particular word‐order pattern relating nouns, adjectives, and numerals.
Current trends in paediatric and neonatal ventilatory care – a nationwide survey
Authors: Ålander Merja , Peltoniemi Outi , Saarela Timo , Anttila Eija , Pokka Tytti , Kontiokari Tero 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim:  To assess daily practices in paediatric and neonatal ventilatory care in Finland.Methods:  All neonatal and paediatric intensive care units in Finland were sent a questionnaire on ventilatory strategies and were offered a 3‐month prospective survey.Results:  A total of 96% of units returned the questionnaire, and clinicians agreed on most of the principles of lung‐protective ventilation. Seventeen hospitals (94%) joined the prospective survey. On average, 2.3 new ventilation episodes were started daily, and totally 211 episodes were monitored. Pulmonary problems (64%) were the main cause of treatment in neonates and postoperative care (68%) in older children. Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation with pressure support was the primary mode in 42% of episodes. Hypocapnia was observed repeatedly in all units. In adult intensive care units, children often received high oxygen fraction, leading to hyperoxia, and they were frequently sedated with propofol, which is not licensed for that purpose. A large proportion of children had only light sedation or no sedation at all. Despite the different strategies and practices, most episodes resulted in a favourable outcome.Conclusion:  Most of the principles of lung‐protective ventilation have been well accepted by clinicians. More attention should be paid to achieving normocapnia and normoxia and to the correct use of sedatives, especially in units that only occasionally provide paediatric ventilation.
Dual Diagnosis Public Policy in a Federal System: The Canadian Experience
Authors: Gough Heather , Morris Susan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPersons with dual diagnosis, defined as having both mental health needs and developmental disabilities, can have significant problems accessing appropriate and integrated care. It was hypothesized that jurisdictions across Canada would be lacking in legislation and policy regarding care for dual diagnosis. A legislative scan was performed, encompassing statutes and regulations, followed by a search of government ministerial Web sites to identify policy; relevant persons within ministries were contacted for clarification and further information. Findings indicated that no province or territory within Canada currently has legislation regarding dual diagnosis; four have policies addressing dual diagnosis care. Some policies exclude people with disabilities from qualifying as having a psychiatric disorder, and some policies exclude people with certain types of psychiatric disorders. The patchwork of regional legislation and policy in Canada suggests that dual diagnosis care would be better facilitated if rights to such were enshrined within legislation. Ratification by Canada of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and a national mental health strategy provide a new policy context that is worth monitoring in relation to rectifying the current situation.
“There is No Black or White”: Scientific Community Views on Ethics in Intellectual and Developmental Disability Research
Authors: McDonald Katherine , Patka Mazna 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFrom an ethical standpoint, there are questions about the best ways to include adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities in research. Scholarship reflects divergent responses to these enduring questions and values that can be at odds with one another. To deepen our understanding of beliefs in the scientific community about how to conduct ethically strong research with adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, we examined the views of researchers who conduct this research and ethics review board members on ethical principles and practices. We conducted four focus groups with 17 researchers and ethics review board members. We asked participants to discuss how to ethically conduct research, relevant factors to consider, appropriate ways to address ethical concerns, and the role of ethical and civil rights principles. Findings indicate support for the use of ethical principles and newer models of disability to promote inclusion in research, a focus on researchers' interpersonal skills and relationships to participants, questions about the best approaches to recruitment, consent, and compensation, and strategies to promote participation in research. These findings reflect the socio‐ecological model of disability, civil rights‐based interpretations of ethical principles, the provision of accommodations as an ethical imperative, the potential benefits of promoting relationships between researchers and persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities, and the need for dialogue between researchers and ethics review board members.
A Pilot Study of Early Intervention for Families With Children With or at Risk of an Intellectual Disability in Northern Malawi
Authors: Kelly Aine , Ghalaieny Theresa , Devitt Catherine 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn low‐income rural communities, access to early intervention and support services is restricted and resources needed to support children and families are limited. The aim of this study was to explore the role of local nonprofessional women, recruited as community home visitors (CHVs), to assist trained professionals in supporting parents with educating their child in their home environment. Structured questionnaires were developed and completed by interview. Three Portage staff, four trained CHVs, and a convenience sample of ten parents with children (aged <6 years) participated. An independent researcher conducted the interviews and parent interviews were assisted by a translator. Findings show that the CHVs are satisfied with the training received, are passionate about their job, and engaged parents with ease and as a friend. Challenges encountered include stigma, social exclusion of families, and a lack of community knowledge on how to help. Parents reported satisfaction with the support received, positive views of the home visits, varied progress in their child's development, increased involvement by fathers and siblings in the care of the child but continued lack of neighbor involvement, and some community pressure. Results show the centrality of using local women trained as home visitors in rural communities. Reciprocal respectful and trustful relationships can help to sustain parental compliance with an intervention program. The CHVs' presence in the village places them in a mediating role in efforts to integrate and destigmatize families and children with disabilities. More civic education and targeted anti‐stigma campaigns could provide a more inclusive and positive learning environment.