bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contextual Abductive Reasoning with Side-Effects
Authors: PEREIRA LUÍS MONIZ , DIETZ EMMANUELLE-ANNA , HÖLLDOBLER STEFFEN 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe belief bias effect is a phenomenon which occurs when we think that we judge an argument based on our reasoning, but are actually influenced by our beliefs and prior knowledge. Evans, Barston and Pollard carried out a psychological syllogistic reasoning task to prove this effect. Participants were asked whether they would accept or reject a given syllogism. We discuss one specific case which is commonly assumed to be believable but which is actually not logically valid. By introducing abnormalities, abduction and background knowledge, we adequately model this case under the weak completion semantics. Our formalization reveals new questions about possible extensions in abductive reasoning. For instance, observations and their explanations might include some relevant prior abductive contextual information concerning some side-effect or leading to a contestable or refutable side-effect. A weaker notion indicates the support of some relevant consequences by a prior abductive context. Yet another definition describes jointly supported relevant consequences, which captures the idea of two observations containing mutually supportive side-effects. Though motivated with and exemplified by the running psychology application, the various new general abductive context definitions are introduced here and given a declarative semantics for the first time, and have a much wider scope of application. Inspection points, a concept introduced by Pereira and Pinto, allows us to express these definitions syntactically and intertwine them into an operational semantics.
A Proof Theoretic Study of Soft Concurrent Constraint Programming
Authors: PIMENTEL ELAINE , OLARTE CARLOS , NIGAM VIVEK 
Published: July 2014

AbstractConcurrent Constraint Programming (CCP) is a simple and powerful model for
concurrency where agents interact by telling and asking constraints. Since their
inception, CCP-languages have been designed for having a strong connection to
logic. In fact, the underlying constraint system can be built from a suitable
fragment of intuitionistic (linear) logic -ILL- and processes can be interpreted
as formulas in ILL. Constraints as ILL formulas fail to represent accurately
situations where “preferences” (called soft constraints)
such as probabilities, uncertainty or fuzziness are present. In order to
circumvent this problem, c-semirings have been proposed as algebraic structures
for defining constraint systems where agents are allowed to tell and ask soft
constraints. Nevertheless, in this case, the tight connection to logic and proof
theory is lost. In this work, we give a proof theoretical meaning to soft
constraints: they can be defined as formulas in a suitable fragment of ILL with
subexponentials (SELL) where subexponentials, ordered in a c-semiring structure,
are interpreted as preferences. We hence achieve two goals: (1) obtain a CCP
language where agents can tell and ask soft constraints and (2) prove that the
language in (1) has a strong connection with logic. Hence we keep a declarative
reading of processes as formulas while providing a logical framework for
soft-CCP based systems. An interesting side effect of (1) is that one is also
able to handle probabilities (and other modalities) in SELL, by restricting the
use of the promotion rule for non-idempotent c-semirings.This finer way of
controlling subexponentials allows for considering more interesting spaces and
restrictions, and it opens the possibility of specifying more challenging
computational systems.
A Measure of Arbitrariness in Abductive Explanations
Authors: CAROPRESE LUCIANO , TRUBITSYNA IRINA , Truszczyński Mirosław , Zumpano Ester 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe study the framework of abductive logic programming extended with integrity constraints. For this framework, we introduce a new measure of the simplicity of an explanation based on its degree of arbitrariness: the more arbitrary the explanation, the less appealing it is, with explanations having no arbitrariness — they are called constrained — being the preferred ones. In the paper, we study basic properties of constrained explanations. For the case when programs in abductive theories are stratified we establish results providing a detailed picture of the complexity of the problem to decide whether constrained explanations exist.
Lifted Variable Elimination for Probabilistic Logic Programming
Authors: BELLODI ELENA , LAMMA EVELINA , RIGUZZI FABRIZIO , COSTA VITOR SANTOS , ZESE RICCARDO 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLifted inference has been proposed for various probabilistic logical frameworks in order to compute the probability of queries in a time that depends on the size of the domains of the random variables rather than the number of instances. Even if various authors have underlined its importance for probabilistic logic programming (PLP), lifted inference has been applied up to now only to relational languages outside of logic programming. In this paper we adapt Generalized Counting First Order Variable Elimination (GC-FOVE) to the problem of computing the probability of queries to probabilistic logic programs under the distribution semantics. In particular, we extend the Prolog Factor Language (PFL) to include two new types of factors that are needed for representing ProbLog programs. These factors take into account the existing causal independence relationships among random variables and are managed by the extension to variable elimination proposed by Zhang and Poole for dealing with convergent variables and heterogeneous factors. Two new operators are added to GC-FOVE for treating heterogeneous factors. The resulting algorithm, called LP2for Lifted Probabilistic Logic Programming, has been implemented by modifying the PFL implementation of GC-FOVE and tested on three benchmarks for lifted inference. A comparison with PITA and ProbLog2 shows the potential of the approach.
On Cascade Products of Answer Set Programs
Authors: ANTIĆ CHRISTIAN 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDescribing complex objects by elementary ones is a common strategy in mathematics and science in general. In their seminal 1965 paper, Kenneth Krohn and John Rhodes showed that every finite deterministic automaton can be represented (or “emulated”) by a cascade product of very simple automata. This led to an elegant algebraic theory of automata based on finite semigroups (Krohn-Rhodes Theory). Surprisingly, by relating logic programs and automata, we can show in this paper that the Krohn-Rhodes Theory is applicable in Answer Set Programming (ASP). More precisely, we recast the concept of a cascade product to ASP, and prove that every program can be represented by a product of very simple programs, the reset and standard programs. Roughly, this implies that the reset and standard programs are the basic building blocks of ASP with respect to the cascade product. In a broader sense, this paper is a first step towards an algebraic theory of products and networks of nonmonotonic reasoning systems based on Krohn-Rhodes Theory, aiming at important open issues in ASP and AI in general.
Abstract Diagnosis for tccp using a Linear Temporal Logic
Authors: COMINI MARCO , TITOLO LAURA , VILLANUEVA ALICIA 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAutomatic techniques for program verification usually suffer the well-known state explosion problem. Most of the classical approaches are based on browsing the structure of some form of model (which represents the behavior of the program) to check if a given specification is valid. This implies that a part of the model has to be built, and sometimes the needed fragment is quite huge.In this work, we provide an alternative automatic decision method to check whether a given property, specified in a linear temporal logic, isvalidw.r.t. atccpprogram. Our proposal (based on abstract interpretation techniques) does not require to build any model at all. Our results guarantee correctness but, as usual when using an abstract semantics, completeness is lost.
Resource Usage Analysis of Logic Programs via Abstract Interpretation Using Sized Types
Authors: SERRANO A. , LOPEZ-GARCIA P. , HERMENEGILDO M. V. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe present a novel general resource analysis for logic programs based on sized types. Sized types are representations that incorporate structural (shape) information and allow expressing both lower and upper bounds on the size of a set of terms and their subterms at any position and depth. They also allow relating the sizes of terms and subterms occurring at different argument positions in logic predicates. Using these sized types, the resource analysis can infer both lower and upper bounds on the resources used by all the procedures in a program as functions on input term (and subterm) sizes, overcoming limitations of existing resource analyses and enhancing their precision. Our new resource analysis has been developed within the abstract interpretation framework, as an extension of the sized types abstract domain, and has been integrated into the Ciao preprocessor, CiaoPP. The abstract domain operations are integrated with the setting up and solving of recurrence equations for inferring both size and resource usage functions. We show that the analysis is an improvement over the previous resource analysis present in CiaoPP and compares well in power to state of the art systems.
Transcriptomic analysis of midbrain and individual hindbrain rhombomeres in the chick embryo
Authors: Wilson Leigh , Chambers David 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe anteroposterior compartments of the developing hindbrain (rhombomeres [r]) are normally patterned by the combinatorial action of distinct Hox genes. Using Affymetrix GeneChips to define the repertoire of genes regulated in each rhombomere, we have performed a systematic survey of the transcriptional status of individual segments of the developing chick hindbrain (r1-5) at a key stage of early development (HH11) and identified hundreds of previously un-described genes expressed in this region. For comparative purposes, we have also included the adjacent region of the embryonic midbrain (m) in our dataset. In summary, six different embryonic brain regions (m, r1, r2, r3, r4 & r5) are represented by biological duplicates to give a raw dataset comprised of 12 individual Affymetrix GeneChip Cel and CHP files. These data give an opportunity to assess the genome-wide complexity of gene expression during patterning of the chick developing midbrain and hindbrain, and may be relevant to extending our understanding of the genes regulated by Hox family transcription factors.
Structural determination of anN-glycan moiety attached to the prothoracicotropic hormone from the silkmothBombyx mori
Authors: Nagata Shinji , Kobayashi Jun , Kataoka Hiroshi , Suzuki Akinori 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe predominant structure of the N-glycan on the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) isolated from 1.8 million adult heads of silkmoths was determined to be Manα1-6Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-6)GlcNAc-OH, which is identical to that of the baculovirus-expressed recombinant PTTH. An ecdysis progression assay demonstrated that N-glycosylated PTTH exhibited a slightly higher activity than the recombinant PTTH without N-glycosylation produced by an Escherichia coli expression system.
Evaluation of Selected Sorghum Lines and Hybrids for Resistance to Grain Mold and Long Smut Fungi in Senegal, West Africa
Authors: Prom Louis K. , Perumal Ramasamy , Cissé Ndiaga , Little Christopher R. 
Published: July 2014

Grain mold in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a major problem worldwide. Damage caused by this fungal disease complex includes a reduction in yield (loss of seed mass), grain density, and germination. Long smut is another important fungal disease in sorghum and is a threat to food security in West Africa. Studies identifying potential sources of resistance for these two diseases in Senegal are limited. The objective of this research was to assess the vulnerability of selected breeding lines and hybrids from the United States to grain mold and long smut in two locations in 2009 and 2010. Four sorghum lines (Sureno, RTx2911, SC719-11E, and IS18760) and four hybrids (Sorghum Partners NK6638, Asgrow A571, AN600 × RN610, and Pioneer 83G19) exhibited low grain mold severity at both locations. The cultivars 3694 and SC748-5 and one hybrid, Novartis 2030/C, were resistant to long smut infection at both locations. Lines BTx623 and RTx430 were found to be highly susceptible to long smut, and therefore the available commercial sorghum hybrids involving these two parental lines' genetic backgrounds are likely to be vulnerable to long smut. There are no differential responses between lines and hybrids for both grain mold and long smut disease severity. None of the lines or hybrids showed resistance to both diseases. Accepted for publication 6 March 2014. Published 20 June 2014.
Differential Resistance to Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis) in Collections of Basin Wild Rye (Leymus cinereus)
Authors: Dugan Frank M. , Cashman Michael J. , Johnson Richard C. , Wang Meinan , Chen Xianming 
Published: July 2014

Differential resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) in a planting of 111 wild collections of Basin wild rye (Leymus cinereus) was noted 2011-2013. In 2011, rust severity was rated on a scale of 1-9. Much lighter infection in 2012 and 2013 was rated as the number of symptomatic leaves per plant divided by plant circumference (to adjust for plant size). Effect of collection was significant in 2011 (P = 0.0042), 2012 (P = 0.0032), and 2013 (P = 0.0095), with a relatively weak (0.23) but significant (P = 0.0149) correlation between 2011 and 2012 and a stronger (0.38) and highly significant (P < 0.0001) correlation between 2012 and 2013. Correlation between results of 2011 and 2013 was near zero and insignificant unless the ratings from 2011 were adjusted for plant size. Representative resistant and susceptible collections will be conserved as accessions in the National Plant Germplasm System. Accepted for publication 19 May 2014. Published 23 June 2014
Influence of Green and Gold Kiwifruit on Indices of Large Bowel Function in Healthy Rats
Authors: Paturi Gunaranjan , Butts Christine A. , Bentley‐Hewitt Kerry L. , Ansell Juliet 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe effects of kiwifruit on large bowel health were investigated in healthy rats. Four‐week old Sprague‐Dawley rats were given diets containing 10% homogenized green kiwifruit, gold kiwifruit or 10% glucose solution (control) over 4 or 6 wk. Green kiwifruit increased the fecal output compared to control. Growth of certain bacterial species in cecum was influenced by both green and gold kiwifruit. A significant increase in cecal Lachnospiraceae in rats fed the green kiwifruit diet was observed at week 4. At week 6, green and gold kiwifruit diets assisted in improving colonic barrier function by upregulating the expression of mucin (MUC)‐2, MUC3, Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐4 or trefoil factor‐3 genes. Gold kiwifruit consumption increased the colonic goblet cells per crypt at week 6. Significant negative correlations between E. coli and β‐defensin 1 and TLR4 expression were observed. Consuming green and gold kiwifruit for 6 wk significantly altered the biomarkers of large bowel health; indicating that regularly consuming kiwifruit helps attain optimal digestive health.
‘What Pleasure We Scullers Have’: Humour, Menstruation and Literacy in Smollett's Humphry Clinker
Authors: Alves Kathleen Tamayo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLinking menstruation theory in the period advanced by royal physician John Freind in Emmenologia (1703) and the linguistic excess of Winifred Jenkins in Smollett's Humphry Clinker, this article considers how comic fiction's parody of scientific discourses interrogates such bodies of knowledge. While her writing, imbued with physical obscenity, expresses the novel's engagement with the leaky female underclass body imagined in iatromechanical menstruation theory and humour, it also articulates the disruptive and expanding potential of servant writing, a revolutionising influence on the linguistic structures of the novel.
Frances Burney's Private Professionalism
Authors: Ulph Cassandra 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFrances Burney's experiences of conversational culture at Streatham and St Martin's Street are crucial to an understanding of her early artistic identity. While the influence of the Streatham coterie on Burney's professional development is well established, and often seen as an antidote to the private circulation models of the bluestocking circle, the vibrant artistic and intellectual network of her father's household is formative. Her experiences of all of these coteries would ultimately enable Burney to synthesise a hybrid blend of domestic privacy and artistic professionalism that she would valorise in her later work, and idealise in Memoirs of Doctor Burney.
Discovery and validation of gene‐linked diagnostic SNP markers for assessing hybridization between Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and Florida bass (M. floridanus)
Authors: Li Chao , Gowan Spencer , Anil Ammu , Beck Benjamin H. , Thongda Wilawan , Kucuktas Huseyin , Kaltenboeck Ludmilla , Peatman Eric 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEfforts to improve recreational fisheries have included widespread stocking of Micropterus floridanus outside its native range of peninsular Florida. Hybridization of Florida bass (M. floridanus) with largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) has now dramatically expanded beyond a naturally occurring intergrade zone in the southeast U.S. In recent years, there has been growing interest in protecting the genetic integrity of native basses and assessing the impact and nature of M. salmoides/M. floridanus introgression from the standpoint of hatchery and sport‐fishery managers, fish biologists, ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Here, we conducted RNA‐seq‐based sequencing of the transcriptomes of M. salmoides, M. floridanus and their F1 hybrid and identified a set of 3674 SNP markers with fixed‐allelic differences from 2112 unique genes. We then developed a subset of 25 of these markers into a single diagnostic multiplex assay and validated its capacity for assessing integrity and hybridization in hatchery and wild populations of largemouth and Florida bass. The availability of this resource, high‐quality transcriptomes and a large set of gene‐linked SNPs, should greatly facilitate functional and population genomics studies in these key species and allow the identification of traits and processes under selection during introgressive hybridization.
The role of behavioral inhibition and parenting for an unfavorable emotional trauma response and PTSD
Authors: Asselmann E. , Wittchen H.‐U. , Lieb R. , Höfler M. , Beesdo‐Baum K. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveThe role of behavioral inhibition (BI) and parenting for an unfavorable emotional trauma response (DSM‐IV criterion A2) and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) development is unclear.MethodA community sample of adolescents and young adults (aged 14–24) was followed up over 10 years (N = 2378). Traumatic events, criterion A2, and PTSD (according to DSM‐IV‐TR) were assessed using the M‐CIDI. BI and parenting were assessed using the Retrospective Self‐Report of Inhibition and the Questionnaire of Recalled Parenting Rearing Behavior. Multiple logistic regressions adjusted for sex, age, and number of traumata were used to examine associations of BI as well as maternal and paternal overprotection, rejection, and reduced emotional warmth with (i) criterion A2 in those with trauma (N = 1794) and (ii) subsequent PTSD in those with criterion A2 (N = 1160).ResultsBehavioral inhibition (BI; odds ratio, OR = 1.32) and paternal overprotection (OR = 1.27) predicted criterion A2 in those with trauma, while only BI (OR = 1.53) predicted subsequent PTSD. BI and paternal emotional warmth interacted on subsequent PTSD (OR = 1.32), that is, BI only predicted PTSD in those with low paternal emotional warmth.ConclusionOur findings suggest that BI and adverse parenting increase the risk of an unfavorable emotional trauma response and subsequent PTSD. Paternal emotional warmth buffers the association between BI and PTSD development.
Cellular Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins cIAP1 and cIAP2 are Increased after Labour in Foetal Membranes and Myometrium and are Essential for TNF‐α‐Induced Expression of Pro‐Labour Mediators
Authors: Lappas Martha 
Published: July 2014

ProblemInflammation is commonly associated with preterm birth. In non‐gestational tissues, the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP) 1 and 2, independent of their role in apoptosis, have emerged as important regulators of inflammation. There is, however, no data on the effect of human labour on the expression of cIAPs in human gestational tissues, or on their role in modulating TNF‐α induced inflammation.Method of studyMyometrium and fetal membranes and myometrium were obtained from term non‐labouring and labouring fetal membranes and myometrium. Fetal membranes were also obtained from preterm non‐labouring and labouring fetal membranes with and without histological chorioamnionitis. The effect of cIAP1 and cIAP2 knockdown by siRNA in myometrial primary cells on pro‐labour mediators was also determined.ResultscIAP1 and cIAP2 expression was significantly higher in fetal membranes and myometrium after spontaneous labour, in preterm fetal membranes with infection, and with LPS and TNF‐α. cIAP2 expression was also higher in fetal membranes after spontaneous preterm labour when compared to non‐labouring tissues. Knockdown of cIAP1 and cIAP2 in primary myometrial cells significantly decreased TNF‐α induced expression and secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6 and IL‐8); cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 expression and subsequent release of the prostaglandin PGE2; the expression and secretion of MMP‐9; and NF‐κB transcriptional activity.ConclusioncIAP1 and cIAP2 are increased after labour in fetal membranes and myometrium and are involved in TNF‐α induced‐expression of pro‐labour mediators. Thus, cIAP1 and cIAP2 represent novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth.
Independence does not come with the method – treatment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in children with myelomeningocele
Authors: Wide Peter , Glad Mattsson Gunilla , Drott Peder , Mattsson Sven 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimThe aim was to evaluate and compare different bowel regimes with regard to satisfaction, faecal incontinence and independence, and the relationship to quality of life among children with myelomeningocele (MMC).MethodsA questionnaire, including the health‐related quality of life instrument PedsQL 4.0™, was sent to all children aged seven to 16 years (n = 172) with MMC, treated at two centres in Sweden and one in Norway. The three centres cover a third of the population in the two countries. The response rate was 62%.ResultsParents of children (30%) using antegrade colonic enemas (ACE) reported higher satisfaction (p = 0.01) than the parents of those (47%) using transanal irrigation (TAI). The children reported no significant difference. Children and parents in the ACE group reported more complete evacuation of the bowels than the TAI group. No significant difference was found in faecal incontinence or independent toileting. The children (40%) who emptied their bowels independently reported a higher quality of life. Children using TAI or ACE spent around one hour on the toilet at every bowel emptying.ConclusionTAI and ACE are effective treatments, but time‐consuming and difficult to perform independently. Higher parental satisfaction is obtained with ACE. Irrespective of method the children who can use the toilet independently report a higher quality of life, which makes efforts to support independence valuable.