bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Antistress, and Nootropic Activities of Aqueous and Methanolic Seed Extracts of Ladies Finger (Abelmoschus esculentusL.) in Mice
Authors: Doreddula Sathish Kumar , Bonam Srinivasa Reddy , Gaddam Durga Prasad , Desu Brahma Srinivasa Rao , Ramarao Nadendla , Pandy Vijayapandi 
Published: October 2014

Abelmoschus esculentusL. (ladies finger, okra) is a well-known tropical vegetable, widely planted from Africa to Asia and from South Europe to America. In the present study, we investigated thein vitroantioxidant capacity andin vivoprotective effect of the aqueous and methanolic seed extracts ofAbelmoschus esculentusagainst scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment using passive avoidance task and acute restraining stress-induced behavioural and biochemical changes using elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming test (FST) in mice. Our results demonstrated that the pretreatment of mice with aqueous and methanolic seed extracts ofAbelmoschus esculentus(200 mg/kg, p.o.) for seven days significantly(P< 0.01)attenuated scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance test. In addition, these extracts significantly reduced the blood glucose, corticosterone, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels elevated by acute restraint stress and also significantly increased the time spent in open arm in EPM and decreased the immobility time in FST. It has also been revealed that these extracts showed a significant antioxidant activity and no signs of toxicity or death up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg, p.o. These results suggest that the seed extracts ofAbelmoschus esculentusL. possess antioxidant, antistress, and nootropic activities which promisingly support the medicinal values of ladies finger as a vegetable.
AKT1 and MYC Induce Distinctive Metabolic Fingerprints in Human Prostate Cancer
Authors: Priolo Carmen , Pyne Saumyadipta , Rose Joshua , Regan Erzsébet Ravasz , Zadra Giorgia , Photopoulos Cornelia , Cacciatore Stefano , Schultz Denise , Scaglia Natalia , McDunn Jonathan , De Marzo Angelo M. , Loda Massimo 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Cancer cells may overcome growth factor dependence by deregulating oncogenic and/or tumor-suppressor pathways that affect their metabolism, or by activating metabolic pathways de novo with targeted mutations in critical metabolic enzymes. It is unknown whether human prostate tumors develop a similar metabolic response to different oncogenic drivers or a particular oncogenic event results in its own metabolic reprogramming. Akt and Myc are arguably the most prevalent driving oncogenes in prostate cancer. Mass spectrometry–based metabolite profiling was performed on immortalized human prostate epithelial cells transformed by AKT1 or MYC, transgenic mice driven by the same oncogenes under the control of a prostate-specific promoter, and human prostate specimens characterized for the expression and activation of these oncoproteins. Integrative analysis of these metabolomic datasets revealed that AKT1 activation was associated with accumulation of aerobic glycolysis metabolites, whereas MYC overexpression was associated with dysregulated lipid metabolism. Selected metabolites that differentially accumulated in the MYC-high versus AKT1-high tumors, or in normal versus tumor prostate tissue by untargeted metabolomics, were validated using absolute quantitation assays. Importantly, the AKT1/MYC status was independent of Gleason grade and pathologic staging. Our findings show how prostate tumors undergo a metabolic reprogramming that reflects their molecular phenotypes, with implications for the development of metabolic diagnostics and targeted therapeutics. Cancer Res; 74(24); 7198–204. ©2014 AACR.
Suppression of Feedback Loops Mediated by PI3K/mTOR Induces Multiple Overactivation of Compensatory Pathways: An Unintended Consequence Leading to Drug Resistance
Authors: Rozengurt Enrique , Soares Heloisa P. , Sinnet-Smith James 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe development of drug resistance by cancer cells is recognized as a major cause for drug failure and disease progression. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is aberrantly stimulated in many cancer cells and thus it has emerged as a target for therapy. However, mTORC1 and S6K also mediate potent negative feedback loops that attenuate signaling via insulin/insulin growth factor receptor and other tyrosine kinase receptors. Suppression of these feedback loops causes overactivation of upstream pathways, including PI3K, AKT, and ERK that potentially oppose the antiproliferative effects of mTOR inhibitors and lead to drug resistance. A corollary of this concept is that release of negative feedback loops and consequent compensatory overactivation of promitogenic pathways in response to signal inhibitors can circumvent the mitogenic block imposed by targeting only one pathway. Consequently, the elucidation of the negative feedback loops that regulate the outputs of signaling networks has emerged as an area of fundamental importance for the rational design of effective anticancer combinations of inhibitors. Here, we review pathways that undergo compensatory overactivation in response to inhibitors that suppress feedback inhibition of upstream signaling and underscore the importance of unintended pathway activation in the development of drug resistance to clinically relevant inhibitors of mTOR, AKT, PI3K, or PI3K/mTOR. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(11); 2477–88. ©2014 AACR.
Increased Vascular Calcification in Patients Receiving Warfarin
Authors: Tantisattamo Ekamol , Han Kum Hyun , O’Neill W. Charles 
Published: October 2014

Objective—
Matrix gla protein is a vitamin K–dependent inhibitor of medial arterial calcification whose synthesis and activity are blocked by warfarin. Warfarin induces arterial calcification in experimental models, but whether this occurs in humans is unclear. This was addressed by examining breast arterial calcification, which is exclusively medial and easily identified on mammograms.

Approach and Results—

Screening mammograms from women with current, past, or future warfarin use were examined for the presence of arterial calcification and compared with mammograms obtained in untreated women matched for age and diabetes mellitus. Women with a serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dL or a history of end-stage renal disease were excluded. In 451 women with mammograms performed after ≥1 month of warfarin therapy, the prevalence of arterial calcification was 50% greater than in 451 untreated women (39.0% versus 25.9%;
P
<0.0001). However, in 159 mammograms performed before warfarin therapy, the prevalence of arterial calcification was not increased (26.4% versus 25.8%). The increased prevalence varied with duration of treatment, from 25.0% for <1 year to 74.4% for >5 years. In a multivariable logistic model, only age and duration of warfarin, but not the period of time after stopping warfarin, were significant determinants of arterial calcification in women with current or past warfarin use.

Conclusions—
The prevalence of breast arterial calcification is increased in women with current or past warfarin use independent of other risk factors and conditions predating warfarin use. This effect appears to be cumulative and may be irreversible.
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Changes in Relation With Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Verdecchia Paolo , Reboldi Gianpaolo , Angeli Fabio , Trimarco Bruno , Mancia Giuseppe , Pogue Janice , Gao Peggy , Sleight Peter , Teo Koon , Yusuf Salim 
Published: October 2014

Abstract—
Excessively high and low achieved blood pressure (BP) may be associated with a bad outcome in patients with coronary artery disease, the J curve phenomenon. The effect of BP changes from baseline in relation with the subsequent risk of stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) is unknown. Of the 25 620 patients randomized in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET) study, we selected 19 102 patients with coronary artery disease at baseline. BP at entry was 141/82 mm Hg, and its average decrease during follow-up was 7/6 mm Hg. BP entered the analysis as time-varying variable modeled with restricted cubic splines. After adjustment for several potential determinants of reverse causality, a change in BP from baseline by –34/–21 mm Hg (10th percentile) was associated with a lesser risk of stroke without any significant increase in the risk of MI. A rise in systolic/diastolic BP from baseline by 20/10 mm Hg (90th percentile) was associated with an increased risk of stroke, whereas the risk of MI increased with systolic BP and not with diastolic BP. In conclusion, in patients with coronary artery disease and initially free from congestive heart failure, a BP reduction from baseline over the examined BP range had little effect on the risk of MI and predicted a lower risk of stroke. An increase in systolic BP from baseline increased the risk of stroke and MI. The relationships of BP with risk were much steeper for stroke than for MI. A treatment-induced BP reduction over the explored range seems to be safe in patients with coronary artery disease.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00153101.
Short‐ and Long‐term Rehospitalization and Mortality for Heart Failure in 4 Racial/Ethnic Populations
Authors: Vivo Rey P. , Krim Selim R. , Liang Li , Neely Megan , Hernandez Adrian F. , Eapen Zubin J. , Peterson Eric D. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Heidenreich Paul A. , Yancy Clyde W. , Fonarow Gregg C. 
Published: October 2014

Background

The degree to which outcomes following hospitalization for acute heart failure (
HF
) vary by racial and ethnic groups is poorly characterized. We sought to compare 30‐day and 1‐year rehospitalization and mortality rates for
HF
among 4 race/ethnic groups.

Methods and Results

Using the Get With The Guidelines–
HF
registry linked with Medicare data, we compared 30‐day and 1‐year outcomes between racial/ethnic groups by using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for clinical, hospital, and socioeconomic status characteristics. We analyzed 47 149 Medicare patients aged ≥65 years who had been discharged for
HF
between 2005 and 2011: there were 39 213 whites (83.2%), 4946 blacks (10.5%), 2347 Hispanics (5.0%), and 643 Asians/Pacific Islanders (1.4%). Relative to whites, blacks and Hispanics had higher 30‐day and 1‐year unadjusted readmission rates but lower 30‐day and 1‐year mortality; Asians had similar 30‐day readmission rates but lower 1‐year mortality. After risk adjustment, blacks had higher 30‐day and 1‐year
CV
readmission than whites but modestly lower short‐ and long‐term mortality; Hispanics had higher 30‐day and 1‐year readmission rates and similar 1‐year mortality than whites, while Asians had similar outcomes. When socioeconomic status data were added to the model, the majority of associations persisted, but the difference in 30‐day and 1‐year readmission rates between white and Hispanic patients became nonsignificant.

Conclusions

Among Medicare patients hospitalized with
HF
, short‐ and long‐term readmission rates and mortality differed among the 4 major racial/ethnic populations and persisted even after controlling for clinical, hospital, and socioeconomic status variables.
Role of Surgery in the Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Korja Miikka , Bervini David , Assaad Nazih , Morgan Michael Kerin 
Published: October 2014

Background and Purpose—
Management of brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) is controversial. We have analyzed the largest surgical bAVM cohort for outcome.

Methods—
Both operated and nonoperated cases were included for analysis. A total of 779 patients with bAVMs were consecutively enrolled between 1989 and 2014. Initial management recommendations were recorded before commencement of treatment. Surgical outcome was prospectively recorded and outcomes assigned at the last follow-up visit using modified Rankin Scale. First, a sensitivity analyses was performed to select a subset of the entire cohort for which the results of surgery could be generalized. Second, from this subset, variables were analyzed for risk of deficit or near miss (intraoperative hemorrhage requiring blood transfusion of ≥2.5 L, hemorrhage in resection bed requiring reoperation, and hemorrhage associated with either digital subtraction angiography or embolization).

Results—
A total of 7.7% of patients with Spetzler–Ponce classes A and B bAVM had an adverse outcome from surgery leading to a modified Rankin Scale >1. Sensitivity analyses that demonstrated outcome results were not subject to selection bias for Spetzler–Ponce classes A and B bAVMs. Risk factors for adverse outcomes from surgery for these bAVMs include size, presence of deep venous drainage, and eloquent location. Preoperative embolization did not affect the risk of perioperative hemorrhage.

Conclusions—
Most of the ruptured and unruptured low and middle-grade bAVMs (Spetzler–Ponce A and B) can be surgically treated with a low risk of permanent morbidity and a high likelihood of preventing future hemorrhage. Our results do not apply to Spetzler–Ponce C bAVMs.
Estimating Dependence of the Turbulent Length Scales on Model Resolution Based on A Priori Analysis
Authors: Kitamura Yuji 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation (RANS) and the large-eddy simulation (LES) have been widely used to parameterize unresolved turbulent motions for the atmospheric boundary layer. However, there is an intermediate model resolution, termed terra incognita, in which neither RANS nor LES is appropriate. Although identifying an appropriate turbulent length scale is essential for an eddy-diffusivity model, it is still uncertain how transition of the length scale is between the LES and RANS regimes. In the present study, dependence of the turbulent length scale on the horizontal resolution of a numerical model is investigated using a priori analysis for a convective boundary layer to explore a turbulent parameterization scheme applicable to the terra incognita region. Here, the approaches for estimating the length scales derived from the dissipation rate of the turbulent kinetic energy and the eddy viscosity are proposed. The estimated length scale depends on both the horizontal and vertical grid sizes when the aspect ratio of the grid sizes is close to unity, while it tends to be insensitive to the vertical resolution and asymptotically converges to an upper limit as the aspect ratio increases. Analysis of the length scales divided into horizontal and vertical components reveals that anisotropy of the length scale is remarkable even though the aspect ratio is close to unity. This result suggests that the anisotropic effects of the turbulent flux in subgrid scales should be taken into consideration for a turbulence parameterization scheme.
Assessing the availability and quality of online self-help videos: A pilot study with a focus on Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Hammond Julia , Rennie Brandon , Seekins Tom , O’Donnell Dennis 
Published: October 2014

Objective: The Internet and other electronic media may provide one part of a solution for reducing disparities in the availability of medical services. From a patient-centred perspective, an individual with a chronic, degenerative condition may ask what information is available that I can use to manage changes in my functional capacity over time, and how effective is this? The purpose of this study was to assess the availability and quality of a sample of online self-help videos which address common functional problems ubiquitous among individuals living with one such condition: Parkinson’s disease. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Internet. Method: An Internet search was conducted to identify self-help videos offering instruction on how to manage changes in function, and each video was assessed using 17 factors relevant to instructional quality. Results: Of 295 videos, 14 (4.7%) provided self-help instruction for three chosen skills. The quality of instructional presentation averaged 2.75 on a 5-point scale, where 1 was poor and 5 was excellent. Conclusion: The identified self-help videos that addressed maintaining functional outcomes for individuals living with Parkinson’s disease varied significantly in quality, and few met accepted standards of instructional design. Future research into effective presentation modes and patient functional capacity needs might usefully develop a patient-centred curriculum that can be delivered utilising multiple platforms. This area of research is critical in rehabilitation and other health settings to enhance assistance for individuals living with chronic health conditions and their families and caregivers.
Transvaginal duplex ultrasonography appears to be the gold standard investigation for the haemodynamic evaluation of pelvic venous reflux in the ovarian and internal iliac veins in women
Authors: Whiteley MS , Dos Santos SJ , Harrison CC , Holdstock JM , Lopez AJ 
Published: October 2014

Objectives To assess the suitability of transvaginal duplex ultrasonography to identify pathological reflux in the ovarian and internal iliac veins in women. Methods A retrospective study of patients treated in 2011 and 2012 was performed in a specialised vein clinic. Diagnostic transvaginal duplex ultrasonography in women presenting with symptoms or signs of pelvic vein reflux were compared with the outcomes of treatment from pelvic vein embolisation. A repeat transvaginal duplex ultrasonography was performed 6 weeks later by a blinded observer and any residual reflux was identified. Results Results from 100 sequential patients were analysed. Mean age 44.2 years (32–69) with mode average parity of 3 (0–5 deliveries). Pre-treatment, 289/400 veins were refluxing (ovarian – 29 right, 81 left; internal iliac – 93 right, 86 left). Coil embolisation was successful in 86/100 patients and failed partially in 14/100 – 5 due to failure to cannulate the target vein. One false-positive diagnosis was made. Conclusion Currently there is no accepted gold standard for pelvic vein incompetence. Comparing transvaginal duplex ultrasonography with the outcome from selectively treating the veins identified as having pathological reflux with coil embolisation, there were no false-negative diagnoses and only one false-positive. This study suggests that transvaginal duplex ultrasonography could be the gold standard in assessing pelvic vein reflux.
Ambulatory arterial stiffness index correlates with ambulatory pulse pressure but not dipping status in patients with grade 1/grade 2 essential hypertension
Authors: Qin Tingli , Jiang Hong , Jiao Yuan , Ke Yuannan , Sun Ningling , Wang Jiguang , Zhu Junren 
Published: October 2014

Objective To evaluate the relationship between ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and other parameters derived from ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring, including dipping status, in patients with grade 1/grade 2 hypertension. Methods This retrospective analysis included baseline data from Chinese outpatients enrolled into a previous study, who had clinic diastolic BP of 90–109 mmHg and systolic BP <180 mmHg, had undergone 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring and routine blood chemistry investigations, and had estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) data. Results Out of 120 patients screened, 87 were included. No significant difference in 24-h AASI was found between dippers and nondippers. The 24-h AASI significantly correlated with age, systolic BP and pulse pressure, and inversely correlated with 24-h diastolic BP variation and eGFR. In dippers and nondippers, AASI correlated with daytime pulse pressure, daytime diastolic BP variation and eGFR; in nondippers, AASI also correlated with 24-h systolic BP and 24-h pulse pressure. The 24-h AASI was significantly associated with 24-h pulse pressure and daytime pulse pressure. Conclusion In patients with grade 1/grade 2 essential hypertension, AASI shows a significant correlation with ambulatory pulse pressure.
Practical implications of the migraine cardio- and cerebrovascular association: Unmet needs of patients
Authors: Diener Hans-Christoph , Kurth Tobias , Holle Dagny 
Published: October 2014

Background Numerous studies have described a relationship between migraine and stroke, and there is emerging evidence that migraine is also associated with cardiovascular disease. The combination of migraine and both cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease has implications for therapy. Methods We conducted a review of the modifications in medical therapy in patients with comorbid migraine and cardio- and cerebrovascular disorders based on publications from the last 15 years. Results Some drugs are contraindicated to treat migraine attacks (ergots, triptans) or for migraine prevention in patients after transient ischemic attack (TIA)/ischemic stroke. Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are contraindicated in patients with cerebral bleeding. Some drugs for the treatment of acute migraine attacks are contraindicated in patients with symptomatic coronary heart disease. Conclusions Given the large number of patients with comorbid migraine and cardiovascular as well as cerebrovascular disease, there is an unmet need to treat these patients.
Patient Predictors of Early Revision Surgery After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Andernord Daniel , Desai Neel , Björnsson Haukur , Ylander Mattias , Karlsson Jón , Samuelsson Kristian 
Published: October 2014

Background: Revision surgery is one of the most important endpoints during follow-up after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Purpose: To investigate if commonly known patient factors can predict revision surgery after ACL reconstruction. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: This prospective cohort study was based on data from the Swedish National Knee Ligament Register during the period of January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2013. Patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon or bone–patellar tendon–bone autografts were included. Follow-up started on the date of primary ACL reconstruction, and follow-up ended with ACL revision surgery, after 24 months of follow-up, or on December 31, 2013, whichever occurred first. The analyzed patient variables were activity at the time of injury, sex, age, height, weight, body mass index, smoking, and the use of smokeless tobacco. The primary study endpoint was revision surgery, defined as replacement of a primary ACL reconstruction. Relative risk (RR) and 95% CIs were calculated and adjusted for confounding factors using multivariate statistics. Results: A total of 16,930 patients were included (males, n = 9767 [57.7%]; females, n = 7163 [42.3%]). The 2-year revision rate was 1.82% (95% CI, 1.62%-2.02%). There was no significant difference between male and female revision rates (1.74% [95% CI, 1.48%-2.00%] vs 1.93% [95% CI, 1.61%-2.25%], P = .383). In both males and females there was a significantly increased risk of revision surgery associated with soccer playing and adolescence (age 13-19 years) (males: RR = 1.58 [95% CI, 1.12-2.23], P = .009 and RR = 2.67 [95% CI, 1.91-3.73], P < .001, respectively; females: RR = 1.43 [1.01-2.04], P = .045 and RR = 2.25 [95% CI, 1.57-3.24], P < .001, respectively). A combination of these predictors were associated with a further increased risk of revision surgery (males: RR = 2.87 [95% CI, 1.79-4.60], P < .001; females: RR = 2.59 [95% CI, 1.69-3.96], P < .001). Conclusion: Soccer players and adolescents had an increased risk of revision surgery after ACL reconstruction, with a respective factor of 1.5 and 2.5. Individuals with a combination of these 2 predictors carried an almost 3-fold higher risk of revision surgery. There were no significant associations for sex, height, weight, body mass index, or tobacco use.