bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of fracture in patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
Authors: Pouwels Sander , de Boer Anthonius , Leufkens Hubert G.M. , Weber Wim E.J. , Cooper Cyrus , de Vries Frank 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: In this study we evaluated fracture risk in patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (1987–2012). Each patient with CMT disease was matched with up to 6 patients without a history of CMT disease. The outcome measure was fractures. Results: The risk of non‐osteoporotic fracture was statistically significantly increased [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–2.14], whereas risk of any and osteoporotic fracture did not reach statistical significance compared with control patients [AHR 1.31 (95% CI 0.98–1.74) and AHR 1.10 (95% CI 0.69–1.74), respectively]. Conclusions: CMT patients have a 1.5‐fold increased risk for non‐osteoporotic fracture. Studies with larger numbers of CMT patients and with additional data on CMT subtype, bone mineral density, and functional status should be performed to confirm a true association between CMT and an increased risk of fracture. Muscle Nerve 50: 919–924, 2014
Phenomenology of Sahelian convection observed in Niamey during the early monsoon
Authors: Dione C. , Lothon M. , Badiane D. , Campistron B. , Couvreux F. , Guichard F. , Sall S. M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study aims to achieve a better understanding of the initiation of deep convection in the Sahel by using the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) dataset. Based on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) radar, wind proﬁler, satellite data, surface ﬂux and meteorological stations, we have characterised the atmospheric convection which occurred over Niamey during the onset period of the monsoon. From 6 to 31 July, radar reﬂectivity ﬁelds combined with brightness temperatures were used to classify the type of convection observed each day within a 50 km radius of the MIT radar location. Four types of convection have been identiﬁed: fair weather (FW) with a clear sky throughout the entire day, shallow convection (SH), afternoon locally initiated deep convection (LC), and propagating deep convection (PC). Subsequently, the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of local deep convection were investigated.Neither early morning convective available potential energy nor the convective triggering potential allowed the onset of local deep convection to be predicted correctly. In eﬀect, they were both favourable to deep convection most of the time, while convective inhibition was typically quite large. Our results show that the daytime growth of the atmospheric boundary layer needed to be suﬃcient for local deep convection to occur during that period. Convergence lines, which grew within the morning clear‐air roll organisation, were found to be precursors of local deep convection. Classes FW, SH and LC ultimately behaved quite similarly, with notable convergence in the lower troposphere, but FW showed smaller boundary‐layer growth, and FW and SH classes revealed a signiﬁcant divergence above the boundary layer. Most cases of LC generated a circular gust front. These density currents almost always generated new convective cells.
Using Shannon's entropy to sample heterogeneous and high‐dimensional atmospheric datasets
Authors: Paul M. , Aires F. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe construction of diverse and synthetic datasets of atmospheric situations, used as first guesses or training bases for remote‐sensing algorithms, is still a challenge. Numerical constraints require the use of datasets with a limited number of representative situations, but keeping, as much as possible, the full diversity observed in nature. This study presents an innovative sampling method that allows extraction of a new, more limited, dataset from a large database of atmospheric situations. One major issue of such sampling concerns the heterogeneity of the input space variables: different units and ranges of temperatures and specific humidities, for instance, or locations from the lower troposphere to the higher stratosphere, can hardly be compared. We illustrate the fact that sampling using only one variable type is not optimal, since erroneous features can be observed in the other variables not used for the sampling. The use of Shannon's entropy can help to develop a sampling technique able to deal with very heterogeneous variables. A dataset of 10 000 situations is built fromEUMETSATsatellite atmospheric retrievals: it includes temperature and water‐vapour profiles, four integrated ozone layers and surface temperature. The sampling increases the entropy of the original dataset from 22 to 28 (about 20% increase).
Point transitivity, -transitivity and multi-minimality
Authors: CHEN ZHIJING , LI JIAN , LÜ JIE 
Published: March 2014

Let $(X,f)$ be a topological dynamical system and ${\mathcal{F}}$ be a Furstenberg family (a collection of subsets of $\mathbb{N}$ with hereditary upward property). A point $x\in X$ is called an ${\mathcal{F}}$-transitive point if for every non-empty open subset $U$ of $X$ the entering time set of $x$ into $U$, $\{n\in \mathbb{N}:f^{n}(x)\in U\}$, is in ${\mathcal{F}}$; the system $(X,f)$ is called ${\mathcal{F}}$-point transitive if there exists some ${\mathcal{F}}$-transitive point. In this paper, we first discuss the connection between ${\mathcal{F}}$-point transitivity and ${\mathcal{F}}$-transitivity, and show that weakly mixing and strongly mixing systems can be characterized by ${\mathcal{F}}$-point transitivity, completing results in [Transitive points via Furstenberg family. Topology Appl. 158 (2011), 2221–2231]. We also show that multi-transitivity, ${\rm\Delta}$-transitivity and multi-minimality can be characterized by ${\mathcal{F}}$-point transitivity, answering two questions proposed by Kwietniak and Oprocha [On weak mixing, minimality and weak disjointness of all iterates. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys. 32 (2012), 1661–1672].
Speaking Fundamental Frequency and Individual Variability in Caucasian and African American School-Age Children
Authors: Gelfer Marylou Pausewang , Denor Sara L. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) and pitch sigma (individual SFF variability) of African American and Caucasian children ages 6 through 8 years.

Method
Participants in this study included 63 Caucasian and African American children recruited from 6 urban schools and 1 day care center. All participants passed hearing and speech–language screenings. Spontaneous speech samples for SFF measurement were elicited from each child in a quiet room in the school he or she attended.

Results

Results of this study found that there were no significant differences in SFF or pitch sigma as a function of the races or ages studied. It appeared that a single value for each variable could reasonably characterize African American and Caucasian children at ages 6, 7, or 8: 244.8 Hz for SFF (
SD
= 30.0 Hz) and 2.06 semitones (STs) for pitch sigma (
SD
= 0.82 ST).

Conclusions
This study is the most comprehensive to date on SFF and pitch sigma for African American and Caucasian children ages 6 to 8 years. Results supported previous observations that SFF is stable throughout the prepubescent years. Furthermore, findings also suggest that pitch sigma is stable across the ages of 6 to 8 years, regardless of race.
Descriptive Epidemiology and Attributable Morbidity of Ventilator-Associated Events
Authors: Klompas Michael , Kleinman Ken , Murphy Michael V. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: March 2014

Objective.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention implemented new surveillance definitions for ventilator-associated events (VAEs) in January 2013. We describe the epidemiology, attributable morbidity, and attributable mortality of VAEs.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Setting.Academic tertiary care center.Patients.All patients initiated on mechanical ventilation between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2011.Methods.We calculated and compared VAE hazard ratios, antibiotic exposures, microbiology, attributable morbidity, and attributable mortality for all VAE tiers.Results.Among 20,356 episodes of mechanical ventilation, there were 1,141 (5.6%) ventilator-associated condition (VAC) events, 431 (2.1%) infection-related ventilator-associated complications (IVACs), 139 (0.7%) possible pneumonias, and 127 (0.6%) probable pneumonias. VAC hazard rates were highest in medical, surgical, and thoracic units and lowest in cardiac and neuroscience units. The median number of days to VAC onset was 6 (interquartile range, 4–11). The proportion of IVACs to VACs ranged from 29% in medical units to 42% in surgical units. Patients with probable pneumonia were more likely to be prescribed nafcillin, ceftazidime, and fluroquinolones compared with patients with possible pneumonia or IVAC-alone. The most frequendy isolated organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (29%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14%), and Enterobacter species (7.9%). Compared with matched controls, VAEs were associated with more days to extubation (relative rate, 3.12 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.96–3.29]), more days to hospital discharge (relative rate, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.37–1.55]), and higher hospital mortality risk (odds ratio, 1.98 [95% CI, 1.60–2.44]).Conclusions.VAEs are common and morbid. Prevention strategies targeting VAEs are needed.
Global climate change and crop resistance to aphids: contrasting responses of lucerne genotypes to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide
Authors: Johnson S.N. , Ryalls J.M.W. , Karley A.J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPredicted increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations could modify crop resistance to insect herbivores by altering plant quality. The short generation times of aphids may allow them to exploit such changes and colonise previously resistant plant genotypes. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) has undergone global selective breeding against aphids, including the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. The purpose of this study was to characterise how ambient CO2 (aCO2) and elevated (eCO2) (400 and 600 µmol mol−1, respectively) affected plant physiological traits potentially linked to aphid resistance, focussing on foliar amino acid concentrations, across five M. sativa genotypes with varying resistance to A. pisum. These included susceptible (Hunter River), low (Trifecta), moderate (Aurora and Genesis) and high resistance (Sequel). Under eCO2, root nodulation doubled and essential amino acid concentrations increased by 86% in resistant Sequel, whereas essential amino acid concentrations decreased by 53% in Genesis. Moreover, concentrations of lysine, an amino acid whose deficiency has been linked previously to A. pisum resistance in M. sativa, increased by 127% in Sequel at eCO2. Compared with aCO2, aphid colonisation of Sequel plants rose from 22% to 78% and reproduction rates increased from 1.1 to 4.3 nymphs week−1 under eCO2 conditions. In contrast, Genesis became more resistant at eCO2 compared with plants at aCO2; aphid colonisation rates fell from 78% to 44% of plants and reproductive rates decreased from 4.9 to 1.7 nymphs week−1. In conclusion, predicted changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations could either reduce (Sequel) or enhance (Genesis) resistance to aphids, which might be linked to quantitative and qualitative changes in foliar amino acids.
Maternal and Fetal Factors that Contribute to the Localization of T Regulatory Cells During Pregnancy
Authors: Wambach Carrie M. , Patel Sonal N. , Kahn Daniel A. 
Published: March 2014

ProblemTo determine the interplay between fetal antigenicity and local maternal factors in determining reproductive tract T regulatory (Treg) cell accumulation during pregnancy.Method of studyExamination of maternal Treg composition in the uterus, cervix, and uteroplacental interface (UPI) of murine syngeneic and allogeneic pregnancies and non‐pregnant controls by flow cytometry. The impact of fetal antigenicity was defined by either fetal gender in syngeneic pregnancies or by allogeneic paternity. Impact of IL‐6 on local Treg composition was determined using syngeneic pregnancies in IL‐6−/− females.ResultsAn increased fraction of CD4+ T cells in the pregnant uterine lymphocytic infiltrate and draining pelvic lymph nodes are Tregs. Maternal IL‐6 decreases Treg accumulation within the uterus and to a greater extent in the cervix in syngeneic pregnancy. Fetal antigenicity is matched by accumulation of Tregs to the UPI. Treg accumulation at the UPI of non‐antigenic female fetuses is determined by the intrauterine position relative to male siblings.ConclusionReproductive tract tissue Treg composition during pregnancy is influenced by maternal IL‐6 and fetal antigenicity.
Alcohol and substance use among transgender women in San Francisco: Prevalence and association with human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Santos Glenn‐Milo , Rapues Jenna , Wilson Erin C. , Macias Oscar , Packer Tracey , Colfax Grant , Raymond Henry Fisher 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsAlcohol and substance use can have negative health consequences among both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive and ‐negative individuals, and are associated with behaviors that facilitate HIV transmission and acquisition. The relationship of substance use and HIV is well documented among key populations at risk for HIV. However, although transwomen (male‐to‐female transgender) are disproportionately impacted by HIV, this overlap remains understudied in this population. We sought to evaluate the association between HIV, alcohol and substance use among transwomen.Design and MethodsWe conducted a secondary data analysis of Respondent Driven Sampling study which collected information on self‐reported alcohol and substance use among 314 transwomen. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess relationship between HIV infection and classes and patterns of alcohol and substance use.ResultsWe found that 58% of transwomen used alcohol, and 43.3% used substances. The most common substances used were: marijuana (29%), methamphetamine (20.1%), crack cocaine (13.4%), and ‘club drugs’ (13.1%). Transwomen who reported any methamphetamine use [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.02 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.51–6.02)], methamphetamine use before or during anal intercourse [AOR 3.27 (95% CI = 1.58–6.77)], and at least weekly methamphetamine use [AOR 3.89 (95% CI = 1.64–9.23)] had significantly greater odds of testing positive for HIV.Discussion and ConclusionsTransfemales have high prevalence of alcohol and substance use; those tested positive for HIV used significantly more methamphetamine in general, and in conjunction with sex. Given the disproportionate prevalence of HIV and substance use in this population, interventions aimed at addressing both substance use and HIV risk among transwomen are urgently needed. [Santos G‐M, Rapues J, Wilson EC, Macias O, Packer T, Colfax G, Raymond HF. Alcohol and substance use among transgender women in San Francisco: Prevalence and association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:287–295]
Migraine and erythrocyte biology: a review
Authors: Lippi G. , Cervellin G. , Mattiuzzi C. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryMigraine is a common disabling headache disorder that is conventionally classified according to the presence or absence of aura. The pathogenesis of this disorder entails a complex interplay of neurovascular factors, that trigger reduction of cerebral blood flow followed by reactive vasodilatation. Despite major emphasis has been placed on the investigation of putative biomarkers that could predict response to specific treatments and prophylaxis, less focus has been directed at the association between migraine and erythrocytosis. Erythrocytosis is typically accompanied by hyperviscosity, that is now considered a crucial determinant in the pathogenesis of migraine. The results of some epidemiological investigations are in substantial agreement to confirm the existence of a significant relationship between increased haemoglobin levels and migraine, whereas some case reports have also reported an effective improvement of symptoms after reduction of erythrocyte count by therapeutic venesection. Interesting evidence has recently emerged from the assessment of red blood cell distribution width (RDW), a simple and inexpensive measure of anysocytosis that has been also associated with a variety of ischaemic and thrombotic disorders other than migraine. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the current clinical and epidemiological evidence linking migraine and erythrocyte biology.
Response to cold acclimation in diapause pupae of Hyles euphorbiae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): candidate biomarker identification using proteomics
Authors: Stuckas H. , Mende M. B. , Hundsdoerfer A. K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe distribution range of Hyles euphorbiae covers distinct climates across the Palaearctic. Previous investigations showed a correlation between mitochondrial DNA identity of populations and climatic conditions related to winter; however, the lack of biomarkers hampers investigations to test whether geographically distinct populations do show specific molecular responses to low temperatures or whether they possess specific genetic identity at loci functionally related to cold response. The present study was designed to identify candidate protein biomarkers and biological processes that are associated with cold acclimation of overwintering H. euphorbiae diapause pupae. Specimens taken from a single central European population were gradually cooled from 20 °C to −2 °C over 36 days and 12 differentially abundant proteins were identified. In addition, DeepSuperSAGE sequencing technology was applied to study differentially regulated genes. There was incongruence between differentially abundant proteins and differentially expressed genes, but functional characteristics of regulated proteins and analyses of gene ontology term enrichment among differentially regulated genes pointed to activation of the same biological processes, e.g. oxidative stress response. As proteins represent biologically active molecules, candidate biomarkers derived from proteomics are considered well suited to explore intraspecific patterns of local adaptation to different climates.
Split Return: Transnational Household Strategies in Afghan Repatriation
Authors: Harpviken Kristian Berg 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSplit return is a common strategy of repatriation among refugees and migrants. Facing great uncertainty, both economically and security‐wise, households disperse in two or more locations in order to minimize risk. The phenomenon is well‐known in migration studies and in studies of return from the distant diaspora, but is studied less among the overwhelming majority residing in countries neighbouring their own. This article draws on experiences from Afghanistan, comparing split return to similar strategies in migration generally and in refugee situations specifically. It suggests that while splits are conceived as a temporary measure, they often become a lasting form of life. Opportunities for split return are often crucial for the willingness to start repatriation, as well as for the sustainability of the household's economy upon return. The article develops the concept of split return in relation to contextual factors, intensity of networks (at origin and in exile) and household composition.
Cutaneous manifestations of the subtypes of polycystic ovary syndrome in Korean patients
Authors: Hong J.S. , Kwon H.H. , Park S.Y. , Jung J.Y. , Yoon J.Y. , Min S. , Choi Y.M. , Suh D.H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinological disorder in women of childbearing‐age. Although PCOS has common dermatological manifestations, including hirsutism, acne and androgenetic alopecia, little is known about the dermatological characteristics of PCOS patients in Asia.ObjectiveThe goal of this study is to elucidate the dermatological characteristics and metabolic and hormonal parameters of Korean PCOS patients classified by the three ASRM/ESHERE criteria.MethodsWe investigated 40 untreated PCOS patients who were newly diagnosed in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology of Seoul National University Hospital. Patients were classified according to the presence of irregular menstruation (IM), polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) and hyperandrogenism (HA). Acne specific questionnaire, physical examination, and blood sampling were thoroughly conducted.ResultsTwenty four patients (60.0%) met the criteria for the IM/HA/PCOM group and sixteen (40.0%) belonged to the IM/PCOM group. Acne was the most commonly observed dermatological manifestation (95.0%) followed by hirsutism (60.0%), seoborrhea (47.5%), acanthosis nigricans (20.0%) and androgenetic alopecia (12.5%). Hirsutism was more frequently observed in the IM/HA/PCOM group; the prevalence of other cutaneous manifestations did not differ significantly. Acne was most often observed on the face and most acne lesions were distributed on the forehead and cheek. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate level was higher in IM/HA/PCOM group, while serum cholesterol and high density lipoprotein concentrations were higher in the IM/PCOM group.ConclusionWe described several dermatological manifestations and serum hormonal and metabolic parameters in Korean PCOS patients. Cutaneous manifestations might be the first signs of PCOS; therefore, dermatologists should be more aware of cutaneous manifestations of various ethnicities.
Neonatal diagnosis of Down syndrome in the Netherlands: suspicion and communication with parents
Authors: de Groot‐van der Mooren M. D. , Gemke R. J. B. J. , Cornel M. C. , Weijerman M. E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo analyse which dysmorphic features are most recognised in newborns with Down syndrome (DS). Furthermore to evaluate the communication techniques used by clinicians to inform parents about the postnatal diagnosis and compare these to current best practice guidelines.Study designProspective study of a birth cohort of newborns with DS born between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2006 registered by the Dutch Paediatric Surveillance Unit (DPSU).ResultsA total of 586 children with trisomy 21 were analysed. Most recognised dysmorphic features in DS newborns were ‘upslanted palpebral fissures’ (74.1%; n = 426), ‘hypotonia’ (73.7%; n = 424) and ‘epicanthic folds’ (68.5%; n = 394). The majority of parents were informed about the suspected diagnosis on the day of birth (76.5%; n = 390). Hospital deliveries had a significantly earlier suspected diagnosis (mean age 3–4 days) compared with home deliveries (mean age 7 days) (P < 0.05). In 10% (n = 44), paediatricians described dissatisfaction with the first conversation with parents. In 88.9% (n = 499) parents were both present when the diagnosis was told, however the child was not present during the conversation in 51.3% (n = 288). In 10.8% (n = 61) parents were not informed about local parent support groups or community resources.ConclusionDS is still often diagnosed after birth, usually on the first day of postnatal life. Most identified clinical features were upslanted palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds and hypotonia. Special attention for recognition of all present clinical features is needed for early diagnosis. Appropriate communication with the parents of the message that their child has DS can be difficult. Guidelines can help to make counselling easier and more effective, which in turn may increase parental satisfaction. Not all recommendations for the first conversation with parents were fully implemented in Dutch clinical practice.