bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domestication or transformation? The ideology of Theatre for Development in Africa
Authors: Plastow Jane 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This article explores the postcolonial history of Theatre for Development in Africa. It argues that a form that had been gradually developing as a socialist-inspired means of enabling people in Africa to discuss politics and social issues they saw as important was transformed from the mid-1980s into a largely instrumentalist tool for conveying information and messages determined by Western donor and African governments and international non-governmental organizations. The article discusses who currently controls the majority of cultural output related to Theatre for Development and some of the methodologies used. It deplores the widespread lack of skilled facilitators, the lack of evaluation of process, practice or impact, and the common practice of using Theatre for Development to tell people what outside agencies determine is good for them rather than engaging in dialogue or promoting the use of the arts to enable ordinary people to ‘speak to power’.
Convergencias y divergencias de los discursos e imágenes de la inmigración en etapas de bonanza y de crisis
Authors: Cea D’Ancona Mª Ángeles , Valles Martínez Miguel S. , Eseverri Mayer Cecilia 
Published: July 2014

En este artículo se presentan algunos de los resultados de dos investigaciones encadenadas. Ambas centradas en el estudio de la memoria migratoria y las formas de xenofobia informadas por autóctonos y foráneos en España. La primera hecha en una etapa de bonanza económica (2006-08); la segunda, en momentos de crisis (2010-12). En concreto, se sintetiza el análisis comparativo de los materiales cualitativos reunidos en ambos proyectos, que se acompaña del contraste aportado por los datos estadísticos, de encuesta y otras fuentes disponibles. El contexto actual de acentuada crisis económica y financiera ha supuesto una oportunidad investigadora para comprobar si el aumento de la competencia (por el empleo, las prestaciones y ayudas públicas) propicia el recrudecimiento de los discursos e imágenes negativas de la inmigración. Se revelan varias de las razones detrás de la formas de xenofobia y su reverso, las xenofilias, en las coordenadas de espacio y tiempo referidas.
Melodrama and Victorian Realist Fiction
Authors: Cunningham Valentine 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This essay discusses melodrama as a mode of urban Victorian reality. Realist novels by Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy and George Eliot give much room to melodramatic moments in their emblematic plots and actions, Manichaean character depiction and theatrical description of spaces and places such as London streets, interiors of lodging houses, graveyards and underworlds, simply because Victorian reality being what it is means that to do realism is inevitably to do melodrama.
The Politics of Staging Emotions in Contemporary Bollywood Films: Aditya Chopra’s Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) and Karan Johar’s My Name is Khan (2010)
Authors: Neumann Birgit 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The article examines how the staging of emotions in two recent Bollywood films affects socio-political configurations and modes of collective identification. Stressing the politics and sociality of emotions (cf. Ahmed 2004: 9), it is argued that representations of affect and emotion in Aditya Chopra’s Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) and Karan Johar’s My Name is Khan (2010) are central to engaging with the complexities of transcultural modernity. To the extent that circulating images address deterritorialised Indian audiences, they produce diasporic communities beyond traditional national and regional realms. The films’ ostentatious celebration of the morality of a fictional universe, which is both transculturally organised and steeped in traditional Indian values, addresses the cultural fragmentations and temporal discontinuities inevitably produced by globalisation. By means of their affective structure these Bollywood melodramas cater to the diasporic desire for belonging and construct a globalised version of Indian culture that embraces the transformative “dynamics of local agency” (Ashcroft 2012: 16).
On the creation of wall shear stress by helical flow structures in stented coronary vessels
Authors: Stiehm Michael , Brede Martin , Quosdorf Daniel , Leder Alfred 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe post-operative situation in a stented vessel is characterised by struts which extend into the vessel lumen. These barriers on the surface provoke a topological change of the blood flow inducing flow deceleration and stagnation zones. Low values of wall shear stress (WSS) especially up- and downstream of the struts are found accordingly. Clinical studies correlate the occurrence of complications like restenosis and thrombosis with the alteration of the spatial WSS distribution. In this study 3D computational models were used to characterise the flow topology of three different stent types. For this purpose steady state simulations of the flow field within a simplified stented coronary artery were performed. The stent types differ in their strut patterns so that the variation of the induced flow structures can be observed. The aim of these investigations is to evaluate the effect of a purposeful flow control by altering the design of the struts. An improved alignment of the struts will be able to guide the flow to benefit the spatial WSS distribution. To compare the performance of the different stent types the size of the area charged with a WSS value below 0.5 Pa is used as a criterion. We will demonstrate that those strut pattern which generate helical flow structures significantly reduce the critical region of low WSS values.
Optimal Strategy for Management of Pituitary Disease in the Growth Hormone-Deficient Teenager
Authors: Monson John P. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
The optimal treatment of chronic conditions spanning pediatric and adult clinical practice requires the establishment of clear and robust systems for managing the important period of transition of care. This principle is particularly relevant to the treatment of ongoing pituitary dysfunction after the achievement of final height and, in addition to the vital component of maintaining the confidence of the patient, encompasses a number of considerations that are particularly relevant to long-term health as an adult These considerations include the achievement of peak bone mass, optimization of gonadal steroid and glucocorticoid replacement, and determination of the need for continuing growth hormone replacement. It is therefore necessary to consider these issues not only from the standpoint of therapeutic principles but also in the context of practical arrangements for managing the process of transition of care. Successful transition can be achieved using a variety of models, and there is clearly no single preferable option. The most important ingredient in this process is awareness of the situation by both pediatric and adult endocrinologists as well as the development of an agreed strategy within each clinical center.
Knockout Mice Challenge Our Concepts of Glucose Homeostasis and the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kahn С. Ronald , Brüning Jens С. , Michael Μ. Dodson , Kulkarni Rohit N. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
The failure of insulin to stimulate muscle glucose uptake and suppress hepatic glucose production represents two of the fundamental pathophysiologic lesions in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Defining insulin action at the molecular level, therefore, provides the critical background against which to elucidate the mechanisms of insulin resistance that underlie type 2 DM, obesity and many other disorders. Over the past two decades substantial progress has been made in identifying many of the molecular mechanisms involved in insulin signaling. Much of this progress has been due to the use of homologous recombinant gene targeting. The present review examines the various insights that have been provided by studies of knockout mice strains. Taken together, the results present the possibility of a unifying hypothesis for type 2 DM, in which insulin resistance in the ß-cell synergizes with insulin resistance in the periphery to produce the two classic defects of this disease: relative hypoinsulinemia and peripheral insulin resistance.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: Pathophysiology and Risk Factors
Authors: Arslanian Silva A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has been considered rare in the pediatric population. However, over the last decade, there has been a disturbing upswing in the rate of diagnosis of type 2 DM in the pediatric age group, mirroring the increasing rates of obesity in childhood. The pathophysiology of type 2 DM discussed in this article focuses on the delicate balance between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. The risk factors for youth-onset type 2 DM are presented, with careful evaluation of their impact on insulin sensitivity versus insulin secretion.
Estradiol: A Protective Factor in the Adult Brain
Authors: Wise Phyllis M. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Clinical studies suggest that estradiol acts as a protective factor in the adult brain. Postmenopausal women suffer from an increased risk of brain injury associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and estrogen replacement therapy appears to decrease the risk and severity of this neurodegenerative condition. Studies using animal models show that estradiol exerts similar effects in rodents and can enhance cell survival. Therefore, we designed experiments to determine whether estradiol treatment can decrease brain injury induced by an experimental model of ischemia. Our experiments used a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model and physiological levels of estradiol replacement therapy. The results demonstrate that estradiol exerts profound protective effects against ischemic brain injury induced by cerebral artery occlusion and that this protective action correlates with changes in the level of gene expression of estradiol receptors and members of the Bcl-2 family. These data suggest that estrogen replacement therapy may provide important protection against age- and diseaserelated degenerative processes in the brain.
Estrogen, Bone, Growth and Sex: A Sea Change in Conventional Wisdom
Authors: Grumbach Melvin M. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
The discovery of a man with a homozygous mutation in the estrogen receptor α gene, which results in estrogen-receptor α resistance, and of males and females with autosomal recessive mutations in the CYP19 gene encoding aromatase, which leads to a failure to synthesize estrogens, has challenged conventional wisdom about the 'unimportant' role of estrogen in the male. For example, in the male, estrogen (not androgen), derived from direct testicular secretion (~20%) and from extragonadal aromatization of testosterone and androstenedione (~80%), is the critical sex hormone in the pubertal growth spurt, skeletal maturation, accrual of peak bone mass, and the maintenance of bone mass in the adult. Estrogen stimulates chondrogenesis in the epiphyseal growth plate increasing pubertal linear growth. At puberty, estrogen promotes skeletal maturation and the gradual, progressive closure of the epiphyseal growth plate, possibly as a consequence of both estrogen-induced vascular and osteoblastic invasion and the termination of chondrogenesis. In addition, during puberty and into the third decade, estrogen has an anabolic effect on the osteoblast and an apoptotic effect on the osteoclast, increasing bone mineral acquisition in axial and appendicular bone. In the adult, estrogen is important in maintaining the constancy of bone mass through its effects on remodeling and bone turnover. Establishing a role for estrogen does not exclude a direct action of testosterone on bone in the human male (especially on cortical bone), but this action is less characterized than thought in the past and is relatively minor in comparison with the major effect of estrogen in the male.
Human Aging and Progeria
Authors: Fossel Michael 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
The notion that all aging is ultimately cell aging is a novel hypothesis and one with growing support. Recent studies in genetics and cell biology are consistent with this view. Criticism of the model is largely reflective of inadequate understanding of both the model itself and human pathology. Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is a segmental progeria that may well be an 'epigenetic mosaic' disease in which certain cell lines exhibit early cell senescence, while others are spared. The general cell senescence model of aging offers a consistent and elegant explanation of both human aging and progeria. More importantly, the model is not only testable but implies fundamental, novel and promising therapeutic avenues for both progeria and more typical age-related diseases.
The Lost Voice: A History of the Castrato
Authors: Jenkins John S. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Under the influence of testicular secretion, the male vocal cords increase in length by 67% in adult men compared with prepubertal boys, whereas in the female the increase is only 24%. This greater length and an increase in vocal cord mass is responsible for the lowering of pitch of the male voice during puberty. From the late 16th century, castration was carried out in Italy to preserve the unbroken male voice into adult life, but the high pitch was accompanied by fully grown resonating chambers and a large thoracic capacity, giving rise to the unique voice of the castrato. The initial stimulus for the production of castrati came from the Sistine Chapel in Rome, to provide singers for the complex church music of the time. The second reason was the coming of opera to Italy at the beginning of the 17th century. Boys were castrated between the ages of 7 and 9 years, and underwent a long period of voice training. A small number became international opera stars, of whom the most famous was Farinelli, whose voice ranged over three octaves. By the end of the 18th century, fashions in opera had changed so that the castrati declined except in the Vatican, where the Sistine Chapel continued to employ castrati until 1903. The last of the castrati was Alessandro Moreschi, who died in 1924 and made gramophone recordings that provide the only direct evidence of a castrato’s singing voice.
A Numerical Study of Spray Injected in a Gas Turbine Lean Pre-Mixed Pre-Vaporized Combustor
Authors: Amoresano Amedeo , Cameretti Maria Cristina , Tuccillo Raffaele 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe authors have performed a numerical study to investigate the spray evolution in a modern gas turbine combustor of the Lean Pre-Mixed Pre-vaporized type. The CFD tool is able to simulate the injection conditions, by isolating and studying some specific phenomena. The calculations have been performed by using a 3-D fluid dynamic code, the FLUENT flow solver, by choosing the injection models on the basis of a comparative analysis with some experimental data, in terms of droplet diameters, obtained by PDA technique.In a first phase of the investigation, the numerical simulation refers to non-evaporating flow conditions, in order to validate the estimation of the fundamental spray parameters. Next, the calculations employ boundary conditions close to those occurring in the actual combustor operation, in order to predict the fuel vapour distribution throughout the premixing chamber. The results obtained allow the authors to perform combustion simulation in the whole domain.
Diverse impacts of aging on insulin resistance in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: evidence from 1345 women with the syndrome
Authors: Livadas Sarantis , Kollias Anastasios , Panidis Dimitrios , Diamanti-Kandarakis Evanthia 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents a moving spectrum of hormonal to metabolic abnormalities, as women with the syndrome are aging. Hormonal abnormalities, anovulation, and hyperandrogenic signs were predominant during the early years of PCOS and fade away with the years. Metabolic abnormalities and insulin resistance (IR) remain throughout the PCOS life cycle; however, it is unclear as to how they change, as women with the syndrome are aging.ObjectiveTo evaluate the changes in IR and its associations with clinical, biochemical, hormonal, and ultrasound findings in a large cohort of women with PCOS and controls, as they are aging.DesignA cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the diverse impacts of aging on IR.SettingAn outpatient clinic was chosen for the study.ParticipantsA total of 1345 women with PCOS (Rotterdam criteria) and 302 controls of Caucasian origin and Greek ethnicity comprised the study group.Main outcome and measuresThe impact of age on IR, as calculated using homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) index, and several PCOS characteristics were evaluated.ResultsIn PCOS, age (−0.045±0.008) was negatively, and BMI positively (0.18±0.007) associated with HOMA-IR (R2=0.36). When data were stratified with regard to the BMI status, a negative association of age with HOMA-IR was found in lean, normal, and overweight patients (r: −0.266, −0.233, −0.192, P<0.001), which was neutralized in obese patients (r: −0.009, P: NS). Free androgen index and BMI were positively associated with HOMA-IR in all age quartiles. When mean HOMA-IR values were plotted according to BMI subgroups at different age quartiles, a significant gradual decrease in HOMA-IR was observed in normal (P<0.001) and overweight (P: 0.004), but not obese, women (P: 0.202) across age quartiles.ConclusionsAging increases IR in obese but not in lean and overweight women with PCOS. As BMI and androgens are positively associated with HOMA-IR and androgens decline through time, it appears that if women with PCOS do not become obese they may exhibit a better metabolic profile during their reproductive years.
Fatty liver largely explains associations of subclinical hypothyroidism with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis
Authors: Posadas-Romero Carlos , Jorge-Galarza Esteban , Posadas-Sánchez Rosalinda , Acuña-Valerio Jorge , Juárez-Rojas Juan G , Kimura-Hayama Eric , Medina-Urrutia Aida , Cardoso-Saldaña Guillermo C 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundThe association of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome (MS), and coronary atherosclerosis is uncertain.ObjectiveTo investigate the role of increased intrahepatic fat in the association of SCH with insulin resistance, MS, and coronary atherosclerosis.Design, patients, and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in a sample of 753 subjects (46% males) aged 35–70 years with no history of diabetes, renal, hepatic, thyroid, or coronary heart disease, and were participants of the Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease study. SCH was defined as a high serum TSH level with normal free thyroxine concentration. Fatty liver (FL), coronary artery calcification (CAC), and abdominal visceral adipose tissue were assessed by computed tomography. Cross-sectional associations of SCH with and without FL, with MS, insulin resistance, and subclinical atherosclerosis defined as a CAC score >0, were examined in logistic regression models.ResultsSCH was observed in 17.7% of the population studied. The prevalence of FL was similar in both euthyroid and SCH subjects (31.8 vs 27.8%,P=0.371). SCH plus FL subjects were heavier and had more metabolic abnormalities compared with SCH plus normal liver subjects. In multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analyses, SCH plus FL was associated with MS (odds ratio (OR): 2.73, 95% CI: 1.26–5.92), insulin resistance (OR: 4.91, 95% CI: 1.63–14.75), and CAC score >0 (OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 1.20–7.76). SCH without FL showed no associations.ConclusionSCH with FL is associated with increased odds of MS, insulin resistance, and CAC, independent of potential confounders.
The Embryonicmir-35Family of microRNAs Promotes Multiple Aspects of Fecundity inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: McJunkin Katherine , Ambros Victor 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMicroRNAs guide many aspects of development in all metazoan species. Frequently, microRNAs are expressed during a specific developmental stage to perform a temporally defined function. The C. elegans mir-35-42 microRNAs are expressed abundantly in oocytes and early embryos and are essential for embryonic development. Here, we show that these embryonic microRNAs surprisingly also function to control the number of progeny produced by adult hermaphrodites. Using a temperature-sensitive mir-35-42 family mutant (a deletion of the mir-35-41 cluster), we demonstrate three distinct defects in hermaphrodite fecundity. At permissive temperatures, a mild sperm defect partially reduces hermaphrodite fecundity. At restrictive temperatures, somatic gonad dysfunction combined with a severe sperm defect sharply reduces fecundity. Multiple lines of evidence, including a late embryonic temperature-sensitive period, support a role for mir-35-41 early during development to promote subsequent sperm production in later larval stages. We further show that the predicted mir-35 family target sup-26 (suppressor-26) acts downstream of mir-35-41 in this process, suggesting that sup-26 de-repression in mir-35-41 deletion mutants may contribute to temperature-sensitive loss of fecundity. In addition, these microRNAs play a role in male fertility, promoting proper morphogenesis of male-specific mating structures. Overall, our results demonstrate that robust activity of the mir-35-42 family microRNAs not only is essential for embryonic development across a range of temperatures but also enables the worm to subsequently develop full reproductive capacity.
Genome-Wide Characterization of Light-Regulated Genes inNeurospora crassa
Authors: Wu Cheng , Yang Fei , Smith Kristina M , Peterson Matthew , Dekhang Rigzin , Zhang Ying , Zucker Jeremy , Bredeweg Erin L , Mallappa Chandrashekara , Zhou Xiaoying , Lyubetskaya Anna , Townsend Jeffrey P , Galagan James E , Freitag Michael , Dunlap Jay C , Bell-Pedersen Deborah , Sachs Matthew S 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa responds to light in complex ways. To thoroughly study the transcriptional response of this organism to light, RNA-seq was used to analyze capped and polyadenylated mRNA prepared from mycelium grown for 24 hr in the dark and then exposed to light for 0 (control) 15, 60, 120, and 240 min. More than three-quarters of all defined protein coding genes (79%) were expressed in these cells. The increased sensitivity of RNA-seq compared with previous microarray studies revealed that the RNA levels for 31% of expressed genes were affected two-fold or more by exposure to light. Additionally, a large class of mRNAs, enriched for transcripts specifying products involved in rRNA metabolism, showed decreased expression in response to light, indicating a heretofore undocumented effect of light on this pathway. Based on measured changes in mRNA levels, light generally increases cellular metabolism and at the same time causes significant oxidative stress to the organism. To deal with this stress, protective photopigments are made, antioxidants are produced, and genes involved in ribosome biogenesis are transiently repressed.