bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeing Through the Noise: Seismic Survey Design in the Caspian Sea
Authors: Jackson Joseph , Brooks Chris , Dingler Allison , Harrison David , Lawrance Dominic 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Imaging the giant Azeri and Chirag fields and the Deep Water Portion of the Gunashli field (ACG) in the Caspian Sea is a complex challenge. While the basic structure is a simple, large anticline, seismic imaging is hindered by a combination of mud volcanoes, shallow gas, complex overburden, high attenuation and multiples. Towed Streamer (TS) data successfully images some of the field, but significant uplift is seen on Ocean Bottom (OB) data.
In this paper the results of 2D field trials are analysed to understand how cleaner and higher resolution images may be obtained. Several passes of a 2D line were acquired in the field trials, with varying acquisition configurations and, unusually, recording simultaneously into TS and OB receivers. The limiting factors in existing data are examined, the potential benefits of deeper receiver towing and denser OB acquisition assessed, and recommendations made for future 3D acquisition.
Some well-established benefits of deep tow data are verified, such as the reduction in swell noise and decreased impact of the 0Hz ghost notch1. However, it is also shown that after careful denoise and deghosting, the shallow tow data is of similar quality. For OB data it is demonstrated that slow, aliased noise limits both data quality and useable bandwidth and that denser acquisition can successfully sample and remove this noise.
Particularly, it is shown that survey design must not only provide sampling of primary signal, up to a desired frequency, but also provide at least one processing domain in which the slowest and most complex noise modes are un-aliased to the same frequency. This usually occurs naturally in towed streamer surveys which have densely sampled shot gathers, but is not always the case for OB surveys.
A Petrophysical Procedure to Evaluate Permeability Behavior in Complex Reservoirs; Case Studies in IRAQI Oilfields
Authors: Al-Hilali Mazin Mohlab , Zein Al-Abideen Mohammed Jawad , Adegbola Femi , Avedisian Antwan Mahran 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Formation permeability is one important flow parameter associated with subsurface production and injection. Reliable Formation permeability values are often measured in laboratory from cores or evaluated from well test data. Well logs Derived Permeability are associated with high accuracy with NMR logging; However, NMR logging, core analysis and well test data are usually available for few wells / specified intervals in a field, while, almost all other wells are logged conventionally.
The Procedure use Water Saturation and Effective Porosity Values as inputs; the Geological zonation is critical; each selected zone will be cross-plotted to evaluate the Irreducible water saturation factors then Archie's parameters for each level-by-level will evaluated using Gomes Iteration or Dialectic log method of Freeman et.al, afterward Pirson and Coates et al. methods will be utilized to calculate the reservoir permeability, these method improved to inclusive Archie's parameters, finally a Statistical convergence approach specifically Mean Absolute Error "MAE" method is utilize to validate the Results with other Permeability sources of Core, NMR and Pressure testing.
Case Studies were selected from Super-Giant Oil Fields located in Middle and South of Iraq to test the model applicability, due to the availability of Pressure Testing, Core analysis, Dielectric log and NMR logging data in complex reservoirs of these field.
key observations; There are no general Permeability model (equation) can characterize permeability even in subsequent formations and The Archie's Parameters have crucial effect on Permeability Values, the utilization of the proposed model have helped greatly to select the best-to-fit Permeability model for each Reservoir.
There are several Permeability Models in lectures, the select of best-fitted-Model to a Reservoir was and will continue as a matter of discussion. The understand the permeability behavior is critical and in this study an Integrated Petrophysical Procedure (using the aid of Core Analysis, Crossplot and the computer iteration) was presented to select the best Permeability Model.
The Novel significance of the proposed procedure were distinguished with its ease flexibility to include any other permeability model and it can be utilize in any other Oil Fields giving more understating to the permeability behavior in a selected reservoir.
Onshore Oil Spill Modeling and Assessment of Potential Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts from Operational Assets
Authors: Gibbons S. , Shaw J. , Tillotson S. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The paper identifies data requirements and outlines a methodology for development of a robust assessment to support analysis of environmental, socio-economic, safety and engineering risks associated with onshore operational oilfield assets. The approach utilizes spatial analysis to rapidly characterize high consequence areas associated with pipelines, operational wells and storage infrastructure. It aids understanding of the extent and timing of hydrocarbon releases thus supporting response planning, prioritization of asset improvements and ultimately minimizing potential impacts.
The approach to risk assessment uses stages of analysis to screen out assets based on their setting and release scenario to enable greater focus to be applied to the highest risk areas. Working from initial regional baseline data, pipelines and other operational assets can be segmented into areas with similar risk profiles with subsequent numerical analysis being commensurate with the level of risk in each area. Identification of high risk areas enables prioritization of subsequent data collection and analysis of which source-pathway-receptor pollutant linkages require the greatest level of assessment to most accurately analyze the overall level of potential risk.
The detailed analysis may involve a range of transport modeling that could include overland flow, ground penetration, subsurface migration, surface water transport and air emission assessments. This paper focuses on the use of GIS based tools to analyze overland flow risks from surface or near-surface releases. To complement the analysis a range of sensitivity mapping tools/approaches are used to generate risk heat maps to clearly illustrate the most significant effects associated with the releases being considered.
This approach has been successfully undertaken in a wide range of geographies and for a range of purposes to assess the extent to which released products from planned or existing wells, pipelines, storage tanks, process plants and storage pits migrate over & beneath the ground. This has allowed operators to: ▪Establish the critical timing of impacts on high consequence areas (HCAs) – e.g. populations, rivers, etc.;▪Inform site layout design (e.g. bunding height / location, positioning of emergency response equipment etc.);▪Assess mitigation options & prepare emergency response plans; and▪Iteratively assess consequence of engineering revisions and/or effects resulting from mitigation implementation.
The benefits of undertaking an assessment of this nature include reduced risk, enhanced reputation, lower financial exposure and provide a more robust evaluation to support financing. In some cases the assessment could reduce capital costs for unnecessary mitigation measures.
Archaeology in a Dynamic Landscape: Cultural Heritage in the Northern Caspian
Authors: Quesne Charles Le 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to the identification of cultural heritage resources in the Northern Caspian. With the analysis of historic sea-levels, the results of selective archaeological ground survey, satellite imagery, remote sensing technology lidar data, geomorphological analysis and historic mapping, it was possible to identify and map the prehistoric coastal landscape. These studies documented a cultural landscape along the north-eastern Caspian coast that had previously remained largely unknown, even by local specialists. They have demonstrated how the exceptional nature of the Caspian – as an inland sea – have both attracted human populations throughout history, and then often hidden the traces of this settlement as the result of landscape change. It has also revealed widespread remains of a largely forgotten recent past, with the sites of many Kazakh cemeteries and winter farms. Our approach has been to document these constraints as clearly as possible, to assess the level of risk they represent to planned and existing developments, and to provide clear management solutions. In doing so, we have been able to develop strategies that maintain our clients' operational objectives and programmes while preserving - and adding new insights into - the exceptional heritage of the region.
IT for the Remediation of the Geological Environment Poluted with the Petroleum Products: Experience of the Kazakh-Belarus Russian Joint Project
Authors: Khaustov A. , Redina M. , Mamchik S. , Onoshko M. , Gishkelyuk I. , Absametov M. , Shagarova L. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The objective of the poject is to create an expert system on rehabilitation of the geological environment polluted with petroleum products for the terriories of Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus. Despite some specificity of the pollution (prevalence of certain sources) in all three countries, oil pollution is one of the most problematic. Thanks to the contacts between scientific teams is formed unified methodological basis for the development of the architecture of an expert system, filling its blocks, selecting optimal prediction models of pollution and effective methods of remediation.
Analyzed the existing models and software systems on migration of oil and petroleum products; estimated the possibility of their use in an expert system. Estimated losses of petroleum products during handling on model objects. In the following steps are carried out "assembly" of blocks of the expert system and its testing with potential users - decision makers in elimination of accidents and rehabilitation of the geological environment, representatives of environmental agencies, enterprises and other polluters.
Currently identified the problems of modeling of hydrocarbon pollution of the geological environment: underestimation of the detailed component composition and transformation processes of hydrocarbons, excessive simplification of their migration patterns; underestimation of self-organization processes in contaminated geological environment; insufficient accuracy of methods of chemical analysis of environmental pollution (such as extraction); fragmentation and the lack of justification for the content of oil products standards in soils. Formed architecture of the expert system. We select the models of pollution of geological environment for the territories of the participating countries, taking into account specificity of their areas (landscape features) and specific sources of pollution - model objects.
The project creates an effective information base to solve the problem by reducing the time for the development of management decisions, the optimal use of information for modeling and forecasting of contamination of the geological environment. Provides a higher environmental and economic performance of works on the rehabilitation of the geological environment.
Features of the project: focus on the potential recovery of the environment using its own reserves; selection of typical landscape conditions and model objects; Environmental expert system - an effective tool to support decision-making in crisis situations.
The complexity of the simulation often doesn't allows you to select sufficiently effective recovery technology. The created expert system can solve this problem for a variety of natural conditions and man-made objects and sources of pollution.
Complex New Design Equipment For Production of Two Layers With Different Reservoir Properties
Authors: Abbasov E. M. , Ibadov G. G. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
When one of the production levels becomes so thin, that oil production using existing methods is unprofitable, it is better to operate it at the expense of the energy of a thicker formation. It requires development of new equipment capable to perform this function. In addition it should be noted when one of the reservoirs is depleted, maintaining of production level at the expense of other reservoir energy is urgent and may reduce the cost per one ton of produced products. To this end, a set of advanced equipment has been developed to operate these reservoirs. Designed setting allows operation of a low-powered upper bed at the expense of thicker lower reservoir energy. The new layer is operated by submersible, and the top one - by jet pumps. For this purpose, an advanced special-purpose packer has been developed allowing simultaneous wellbore and pump cable sealing. Products are blended and come to the land surface of the well along the central channel.
The unit has a special design back-pressure valve to prevent displacement of top layer products under more powerful lower pressure.
Variable Frequency Generator
Authors: Limanowka Wojciech A.(Andy) , Pettigrew Dana 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The most common alternative for High-Line power in an oilfield is the use of a portable generator (Gen-Set) in combination with either a Fixed-Speed Drive (FSD) or a Variable-Speed Drive (VSD). Both of these configurations, however, have limitations.
In order to overcome these limitations, a novel type of Gen-Set, called a Variable-Frequency Generator (VFG), was designed and built with the capabilities of starting large motors and of operating them at a variable speed and voltage. The VFG is an engine-driven medium-voltage generator that provides electrical power at a variable frequency and a variable voltage with a perfect sine wave without harmonic distortions.
This technical paper reviews the factory- and field-test data of a 660[kW]/825[kVA] VFG system powering a 760[HP] ESP. The paper also describes in detail the benefits of a VFG system as compared to a Gen-Set/VSD or Gen-Set/FSD systems.
An Innovative, Efficient and Cost-Effective Water Deoiling Solution for Exploration and Production Testing Offshore by Using New Generation Mobile Light Water Treatment Unit
Authors: Griffith M. , Shumakov Y. A. , Akbayev B. , Fejervary R. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Eco-friendly water deoiling systems for effective water treatment presents a significant operational and environmental challenge during exploration and development well testing and clean-up operations in offshore environments.
As an alternative to traditional storage, transport, and disposal onshore, some offshore operations have attempted to use mobile water treatment systems to reduce the oil-in-water content from the produced water to an acceptable level, before safely discharging overboard in accordance with the local regulatory permitted environmental limits. When this can be routinely and effectively performed, offshore water treatment units may provide an efficient and cost effective alternative to conventional approaches of onshore treatment and disposal of aqueous effluents and waste streams.
This paper outlines the operational envelopes and limitations of current commercially available water deoiling systems, and introduces a relatively recently developed mobile light water treatment unit. This new generation light water treatment unit consists of a horizontal vessel containing five coalescing beds evenly distributed along the vessel length and inlet centrifuge for solids removal. The vessel combines both coalescing and gravity separation techniques that is capable of reducing oil-in-water (OIW) concentration to less than 20 ppm. The primary coalescing material is a reusable petroleum absorbent polymer that can be regenerated through centrifugation onshore. Therefore, unlike more traditional water filtration and deoiling systems, it generates no additional waste or by-products.
The field applications highlighted in this paper demonstrate the results and lessons learned from successful deployments of this new generation light water treatment unit in firstly offshore well test operations and subsequently the inspection and dewatering of subsea pipelines in environmentally sensitive areas.
An Integrated Approach to the Greenfield Development Strategy
Authors: Shigapova Diana , Makarova Ekaterina 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The paper illustrates the approach to the formation of technological and instrumental base for selection of the optimal strategy to prepare the field for full-scale development and planning program of exploration plan/ experimental program, based on the example of multilayer field, including oil and gas condensate layers, differing in state of knowledge, conditions of sedimentation, reservoir properties, fluid properties, initial thermobaric conditions.
Several exploration wells were drilled on the field, the area is covered with 3D seismic, the set of well logs was carried out (including modern methods), the core was picked and analyzed, the wells were tested using exploration plan and experimental program.
The main purpose is to estimate geological and technological uncertainties and risks, and associated with them possible ranges of reserves and production levels. An algorithm for solving this problem included: review of the various options of geological structure, taking into account identified uncertainties, estimation of various development scenarios, taking into account technological risks separately for oil and gas reservoirs, and for the field as a whole.
Peculiarity of the work is the aggregation of modern technologies of modeling variability of the geological structure, filtration processes, estimation of key risks calculatingly of technical and economic indicators for each of the scenarios. As a result, against the background of negative economic indicators of field development, obtained according base scenario of development, it was detected that it is possible to use of current uncertainties and risks on the field as a tool to find alternative scenarios of economically viable development plans. Such approach, in case of confirmation in each scenario of hypotheses leads to increase of overall efficiency of the project. Based on the probability of confirmation of such scenarios, the strategy of exploration plan and experimental program of the field is formed, including the drilling of exploratory wells, their research, analytical and laboratory works. The program is presented in the form of a decision tree, allowing to see the course of events on "a step forward", depending on the result.
An integrated approach has allowed to optimize the program of exploration plan and experimental program: the amount of information needed to make decisions, received with fewer new exploration wells, that allowed to reduce the capital expenditures on the exploration plan and experimental program.
Efficiency Improvement of Vibrowave Devices Impact on the Bottomhole Formation Zone for the Intensification of Oil Recovery
Authors: Turbakov Mikhail S. , Shcherbakov Aleksandr A. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Application of enhanced oil recovery methods allows reducing filtration resistance in the bottomhole formation zone, stabilizing production and developing in the most effective way oil fields at the final stages with unconventional reserves. In order to improve and intensify oil production, reduce costs by increasing the efficiency of bottomhole formation zone treatment and time between failures of deep well pumping equipment the vibrowave impact device which allows conducting of bottomhole formation zone treatment without producing string lifting was designed.
Fine Formation During Brine-Crude Oil-Calcite Interaction in Smart Water Enhanced Oil Recovery for Caspian Carbonates
Authors: Chakravarty Krishna Hara , Fosbøl Philip Loldrup , Thomsen Kaj 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Modified sea water has been shown to affect the oil recovery fraction considerably during secondary and tertiary waterfloods. Available soluble potential ions (i.e. Ca2+, Mg2+ & SO42-) in the interacting waterflood (ITW) are suggested to play a key role in increasing the displacement efficiency of oil. In previous studies, compositions of injected waterfloods (IJW) have been correlated to the observed oil recovery. This study highlights differences between IJW and ITW for different studies reported in literature.
To calculate the composition of ITW, the speciation calculation of IJW in contact with reservoir rock was conducted at the stated pressure and temperature conditions. The Extended UNIQUAC model was used because of its high accuracy and optimized parameters. The amounts of soluble ions in the ITW and the changes taking place due to dissolution/precipitation was calculated for 16 SmW-EOR experiments reported in literature.
The calculations showed that there can be significant amounts of fines formation in ITW during the use of different smart waterfloods. Fines formations were attributed to three primary causes. (1) Cation substitution on mineral surfaces. (2) Interaction between new IJW and existing brine in the pore space. (3) Variation in temperature and pressure conditions. Precipitation / dissolution of calcite, dolomite, and anhydrite created a significant difference between the IJW and ITW. The reservoir composition and NaCl concentration in IJW also play a significant role in possible fines formations. It was observed that the composition of soluble potential ions in ITW was significantly different from that in IJW. The amounts of soluble potential ions in ITW and the amounts of fines formation taking place was correlated to the observed oil recovery. The increased oil recovery observed in various experiments repeatedly correlated well with the amount of fines formed in the pore space. In several cases, the amount of soluble potential ions in the ITW did not correlate with the observed oil recovery. Experiments involving Caspian carbonate were also analyzed, and significant correlation between fines formation and oil recovery was observed. These results together suggest that fines formation can be used to explain both low salinity and smart water flooding experiments, and the two recovery processes may not necessarily have distinct mechanisms.
This study quantitatively explains a series of previous experiments reported in the literature and shows how fines formation can lead to major differences between the IJW and ITW. It also shows that fines formation previously unaccounted for can be precisely calculated at exact reservoir conditions using the Extended UNIQUAC model.