bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solid-Phase Proteoliposomes Containing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins
Authors: Grundner Christoph , Mirzabekov Tajib , Sodroski Joseph , Wyatt Richard 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exterior envelope glycoprotein gp120 mediates receptor binding and is the major target for neutralizing antibodies. A broadly neutralizing antibody response is likely to be a critical component of the immune response against HIV-1. Although antibodies against monomeric gp120 are readily elicited in immunized individuals, these antibodies are inefficient in neutralizing primary HIV-1 isolates. As a chronic pathogen, HIV-1 has evolved to avoid an optimal host response by a number of immune escape mechanisms. Monomeric gp120 that has dissociated from the functional trimer presents irrelevant epitopes that are not accessible on functional trimeric envelope glycoproteins. The resulting low level of antigenic cross-reactivity between monomeric gp120 and the functional spike may contribute to the inability of monomeric gp120 to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. Attempts to generate native, trimeric envelope glycoproteins as immunogens have been frustrated by both the lability of the gp120-gp41 interaction and the weak association between gp120 subunits. Here, we present solid-phase HIV-1 gp160ΔCT (cytoplasmic tail-deleted) proteoliposomes (PLs) containing native, trimeric envelope glycoproteins in a physiologic membrane setting. We present data that indicate that the gp160ΔCT glycoproteins on PLs are trimers and are recognized by several relevant conformational ligands in a manner similar to that for gp160ΔCT oligomers expressed on the cell surface. The PLs represent a significant advance over present envelope glycoprotein formulations as candidate immunogens for HIV vaccine design and development.
Apical Budding of a Recombinant Influenza A Virus Expressing a Hemagglutinin Protein with a Basolateral Localization Signal
Authors: Mora Rosalia , Rodriguez-Boulan Enrique , Palese Peter , García-Sastre Adolfo 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Influenza virions bud preferentially from the apical plasma membrane of infected epithelial cells, by enveloping viral nucleocapsids located in the cytosol with its viral integral membrane proteins, i.e., hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and M2 proteins, located at the plasma membrane. Because individually expressed HA, NA, and M2 proteins are targeted to the apical surface of the cell, guided by apical sorting signals in their transmembrane or cytoplasmic domains, it has been proposed that the polarized budding of influenza virions depends on the interaction of nucleocapsids and matrix proteins with the cytoplasmic domains of HA, NA, and/or M2 proteins. Since HA is the major protein component of the viral envelope, its polarized surface delivery may be a major force that drives polarized viral budding. We investigated this hypothesis by infecting MDCK cells with a transfectant influenza virus carrying a mutant form of HA (C560Y) with a basolateral sorting signal in its cytoplasmic domain. C560Y HA was expressed nonpolarly on the surface of infected MDCK cells. Interestingly, viral budding remained apical in C560Y virus-infected cells, and so did the location of NP and M1 proteins at late times of infection. These results are consistent with a model in which apical viral budding is a shared function of various viral components rather than a role of the major viral envelope glycoprotein HA.
Expression of Simian Immunodeficiency Virusnefin Immune Cells of Transgenic Mice Leads to a Severe AIDS-Like Disease
Authors: Simard Marie-Chantal , Chrobak Pavel , Kay Denis G. , Hanna Zaher , Jothy Serge , Jolicoeur Paul 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIn order to study the functions of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Nef in vivo in a small-animal model, we constructed transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the SIVmac239nefgene in the natural target cells of the virus under the control of the human CD4 gene promoter (CD4C). These CD4C/SHIV-nefSIVTg mice develop a severe AIDS-like disease, with manifestations including premature death, failure to thrive or weight loss, wasting, thymic atrophy, an especially low number of peripheral CD8+T cells as well as a low number of peripheral CD4+T cells, diarrhea, splenomegaly, and kidney (interstitial nephritis, segmental glomerulosclerosis), lung (lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis), and heart disease. In addition, these Tg mice fail to mount a class-switched antibody response after immunization with ovalbumin, they produce anti-DNA autoantibodies, and some of them developPneumocystis cariniilung infections. All these results suggest a generalized Nef-induced immunodeficiency. The low numbers of peripheral CD8+and CD4+T cells are likely to reflect a thymic defect and may be similar to the DiGeorge-like “thymic defect” immunophenotype described for a subgroup of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Therefore, it appears that SIV Nef alone expressed in mice, in appropriate cell types and at sufficient levels, can elicit many of the phenotypes of simian and human AIDS. These Tg mice should be instrumental in studying the pathogenesis of SIV Nef-induced phenotypes.
A prospective study of work related factors and physical exercise as predictors of shoulder pain
Authors: Miranda H , Viikari-Juntura E , Martikainen R , Takala E-P , Riihimäki H 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the effects of work related and individual factors as well as physical activity and sports on the incidence and persistence of shoulder pain among forestry workers.METHODSWorkers in a large Finnish forestry company replied to a questionnaire (a modified version of the Nordic questionnaire) on musculoskeletal pain and its possible risk factors for 4 consecutive years 1992–5. This 1 year follow up study covers the time 1994–5. Year 1994 was chosen as baseline because in that year the questionnaire contained for the first time more detailed questions about different sports. The response rate in 1995 was 90%. The effects of the predictors on 1 year incidence and persistence of shoulder pain were studied with multivariate logistic regression modelling.RESULTSAt baseline, 2094 subjects had been free of shoulder pain during the preceding 12 months. After 1 year, 14% (n=285) reported having mild or severe shoulder pain. Higher age, obesity, and mental stress as well as physically strenuous work and working with trunk forward flexed or with a hand above shoulder level increased the risk of incident shoulder pain. Of the different sports activities, dancing increased the risk of incident pain whereas jogging decreased the risk significantly. Of those 419 workers who had severe shoulder pain at baseline, 55% (n=230) still had severe pain 1 year later. Higher age, overload at work, and working with a hand above shoulder level increased the risk of persistent severe shoulder pain whereas cross country skiing and general sports activity decreased the risk.CONCLUSIONOur results support the current view that shoulder pain is the result of many factors, including occupational and individual factors. In this longitudinal study, physical work with a heavy load, awkward work postures, mental stress, and obesity were the risk factors at which preventive measures could be aimed. As a new finding, physical exercise had more protective than impairing effects on the shoulders.
Probing $$|V_{td}|$$ in single-top production at $$pe^{\mp }$$ colliders
Authors: Paredes Cruz Edier , Bouzas Antonio O. , Larios F. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We study the consequences for top-quark physics of having electron and positron beams available at the LHeC and FCC-he, as was the case in HERA. We show that the asymmetry between top production in

$$pe^+$$

p

e
+

collisions and antitop production in

$$pe^-$$

p

e
-

reactions is sensitive to

$$|V_{td}|$$

|

V

td

|

. By means of detailed parton-level Monte Carlo simulations of single t and

$$\bar{t}$$

t

¯

production and its backgrounds, we parametrize the asymmetry dependence on

$$|V_{td}|$$

|

V

td

|

and estimate its uncertainties. Our analysis includes realistic phase-space cuts and machine-learning binary classifiers for background rejection. We thus obtain limits on

$$|V_{td}|$$

|

V

td

|

that are substantially stronger than current ones and also smaller than current projections for the HL-LHC. We have

$$|V_{td}| < 1.6\times |V_{td}^{\textrm{PDG}}|$$

|

V

td

|
<
1.6
×
|

V

td

PDG

|

at the LHeC, at 68% C.L. with

$$L_{\textrm{int}}=2$$

L
int

=
2

/ab.
DEFORMATIONS OF ALGEBRAS OF OBSERVABLES AND THE CLASSICAL LIMIT OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
Authors: LANDSMAN N. P. 
Published: July 2002

The quantum algebra of observables of a particle moving on a homogeneous configuration space Q = G/H, the transformation group C*-algebra C* (G, G/H), is deformed into its classical counterpart C0 ((T*G)/H). The Poisson structure of the latter is obtained as the classical limit of the quantum commutator. The superselection sectors of both algebras describe the particle moving in an external Yang–Mills field. Analytical aspects of deformation theory, such as the nature of the limit ħ → 0, are studied in detail. A physically motivated convergence criterion in ħ is introduced. The Weyl–Moyal quantization formalism, and the associated use of Wigner distribution functions, is generalized from flat phase spaces T*ℝn to Poisson manifolds of the form (T*G)/H. The classical limit of quantum states as well as of superselection sectors is investigated. The former is handled by introducing the notion of a classical germ, generalizing coherent states. The latter is analyzed by studying the Jacobson topology on the primitive ideal space of a certain continuous field of C*-algebras, constructed from the classical and the quantum algebras of observables. The symplectic leaves of (T*G)/H are confirmed to be the correct classical analogue of the quantum superselection sectors of C*(G, G/H).
COMPLEMENTARY TECHNIQUES TO HIGH ENERGY ION BEAM ANALYSIS
Authors: METSON J. B. , GUSTAFSSON M. J. 
Published: July 2002

Ion beam analysis methods generally rely on either the scattering of a high energy primary particle, or secondary process arising from the stopping of this particle in the substrate. The information typically obtained is the identification and quantitation of elements present, often resolved in terms of their depth distribution. However, there are a variety of techniques which offer complementary information on the structure composition and chemistry of a surface. These are typified by rather softer interactions with the surface, typified by low energy (kV) ion beams or photons, which interact with the surface in rather more complex manner than higher energy ion beams. The combination of energy and momentum transfer for the ion beams, makes these methods less quantitative, but opens up the potential for more chemically detailed information on the nature of the surface. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), both static and dynamic, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) will be discussed in some detail. SIMS offers excellent compositional depth profiling capability, but offers poor quantitation, while XPS offers unparalleled chemical detail, but limited lateral and depth resolution. The underlying processes which dictate the strengths and limitations of these techniques are discussed, along with a number of typical applications to the analysis of oxide films and polymeric materials.
ON MARKOV'S THEOREM
Authors: BIRMAN JOAN S. , MENASCO WILLIAM W. 
Published: July 2002

Let χ be an oriented link type in the oriented 3-sphere S3 or ℝ3 = S3 - {∞}. A representative X ∈ χ is said to be a closed braid if there is an unknotted curve A ⊂ S3 - X (the axis) and a choice of fibration ℋ of the open solid torus S3 - A by meridian discs {Hθ : θ ∈ [0, 2 π]}, such that whenever X meets a fiber Hθ the intersection is transverse. Closed braid representations of χ are not unique, and Markov's well-known theorem asserts that any two are related by a finite sequence of elementary moves. The main result in this paper is to give a new proof of Markov's theorem. We hope that our new proof will be of interest because it gives new insight into the geometry.
AN EFFICIENT AND SIMPLE QUAD EDGE CONVERSION OF POLYGONAL MAINFOLD OBJECTS
Authors: OH KWANG-MAN , CHOI JEONG-DAN , LEE CHAN-SU , PARK CHAN-JONG , LEE EE-TAEK 
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an efficient and simple quad edge conversion method of polygonal (manifold) objects. In a wide variety of applications such as scientific visualization, virtual reality and computer aided geometric design, polygonal objects are expected to be visualized and manipulated within a given time constraint. To achieve these expectations, it is necessary to introduce an efficient data structure as well as high performance graphics hardware and real-time processing techniques such as simplification and level of details. The quad edge data structure is very efficient for handling polygonal objects even though it was originally designed to handle the subdivisions of manifold objects such as Delaunay triangulations and Voronoi diagrams. It, however, has not been used widely because there is no efficient algorithm for quad edge conversion of conventional polygonal objects. In this paper, we propose a new incremental quad edge conversion algorithm that processes the triangles one by one. Since quad edge has only the splice as a topological operator, the quad edge conversion of each triangle is done by applying three splice operations, a splice per vertex. As an applicaion for the quad edge, a simplification of conventional polygonal objects is implemented. It includes the removing, moving, replacing, and inserting of vertices and edges.
A heuristic problem solving design system for equipment or furniture layouts
Authors: Pfefferkorn Charles E. 
Published: July 2002

The Designer Problem Solver (DPS) demonstrates that the computer can perform simple design tasks. In particular, it designs furniture and equipment layouts. This task was chosen because it is simple, well defined, and characteristic of many design tasks in architecture, engineering, urban planning, and natural resource management. These space planning tasks usually involve manipulating two-dimensional representations of objects to create feasible or optimal solutions for problems involving topological and metric spatial constraints. The paper describes extensive tests performed on the program.
DPS is a heuristic problem solver with a planning phase prefixed to it. It uses the planning process to give it a sense of direction, diagnostic procedures to locate difficulties, and remedial actions to recover from difficulties. It uses a convex polygon representation to accurately describe the objects and the layout. This representation allows topological and metric constraints to be tested and the design to be easily updated.
DPS has been applied to 50 problems. While it is slow and limited in scope, the ideas behind it are general. It demonstrates the need for selectivity in controlling search and the methods used to achieve it: task-specific information, planning, diagnostic procedures, remedial actions, and selective alternative generators.
A method for composing simple traditional music by computer
Authors: Rader Gary M. 
Published: July 2002

A method is described for composing musical rounds by computer. This method uses some music theory plus additional heuristics. Fundamental to the method is a set of productions together with sets of applicability rules and weight rules which operate on the productions deciding when and to what extent they are available for use.
Several rounds generated by the computer implementation of the method are presented. Generally, the resultant music sounds mediocre to the professional although usually pleasing to the layman. It appears that full-blown music theory is not needed for rounds—all the hardware required for structural levels is not necessary for these pieces. The author has tried to address both musicians and computer scientists.
A program for the syntactic analysis of English sentences
Authors: Dewar Hamish , Bratley Paul , Thorne James Peter 
Published: July 2002

A program is described which produces syntactic analyses of English sentences with respect to a transformational grammar. The main features of the analyzer are that it uses only a limited dictionary of English words and that it pursues all analysis paths simultaneously while processing the sentence from left to right.
The form of representation used for the dictionary and the grammar is indicated and an outline account is given of the analysis procedure. Techniques for keeping the size of the analysis record within reasonable limits and for avoiding the need for dynamic application of certain transformational rules are described.
A number of examples of output produced by the program are given. The output includes timing information.
Document architecture and text formatting
Authors: Peels Arno J. H. , Janssen Norbert J. M. , Nawijn Wop 
Published: July 2002

The formalization of the architecture of documents and text formatting are the central issues of this paper. Besides a fundamental and theoretical approach toward these topics, an overview is presented of the COBATEF system. The COBATEF system is a context-based text formatting system, for which a software, as well as a hardware, implementation is available.
A unique feature of the system is its automatic text-element recognition mechanism, which is context based and consequently takes advantage of the implicit structure of text. A predefined layout for each type of text element then opens the way for a fully automatic text-processing system in which user control information can be reduced to an absolute minimum.
The Prognostic Significance of the DBIL/HDLC Ratio in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wang Xinyi , Song Qiqi , Zhang Qingqing , Li Xinyi , Wang Jiaqi , Gong Jiantao , Zhang Ziyi , Tan Ning , Ying Tsang Suk , Wong Wing-tak , Ma Dunliang , Jiang Lei 
Published: February 2025

Background: In cardiovascular pathology, both direct bilirubin (DBIL) and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes. However, the prognostic significance of these biomarkers in the context of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains unclear. To address this gap, this study conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate the prognostic value of the DBIL/HDLC ratio in patients diagnosed with DCM.Methods and Results: A total of 986 consecutive DCM patients were retrospectively enrolled from January 2010 to December 2019 and divided into two groups based on the DBIL/HDLC ratio cut‐off value: ≤ 4.45 (n = 483) and > 4.45 (n = 503). Patients with lower DBIL/HDLC (≤ 4.45) experienced lower in‐hospital mortality, long‐term mortality, and major adverse clinical events (MACEs) (0.8%, 32.9%, and 12.2%, respectively) compared to those with higher DBIL/HDLC (> 4.45) (6.4%, 59.1%, and 16.7%, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified DBIL/HDLC as an independent risk factor for long‐term mortality (odds ratio: 1.026; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.005–1.048; p = 0.016) and all‐cause mortality over a median follow‐up of 67 ± 1.8 months (hazard ratio: 1.011; 95% CI: 1.005–1.018; p < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed good discrimination for long‐term mortality (area under the curve (AUC): 0.675; 95% CI: 0.692–0.708; p < 0.001). The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis demonstrated a better prognosis for patients with DBIL/HDLC ≤ 4.45 (log‐rank χ2 = 40.356, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the impact of additional variables on the results was investigated by a subgroup analysis.Conclusion: The DBIL/HDLC ratio could serve as a simple and cost‐effective tool for evaluating prognosis in DCM.
Large Scale Neurocognitive Networks Underlying Episodic Memory
Authors: Nyberg Lars , Persson Jonas , Habib Reza , Tulving Endel , McIntosh Anthony R. , Cabeza Roberto , Houle Sylvain 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Large-scale networks of brain regions are believed to mediate cognitive processes, including episodic memory. Analyses of regional differences in brain activity, measured by functional neuroimaging, have begun to identify putative components of these networks. To more fully characterize neurocognitive networks, however, it is necessary to use analytical methods that quantify neural network interactions. Here, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure brain activity during initial encoding and subsequent recognition of sentences and pictures. For each type of material, three recognition conditions were included which varied with respect to target density (0%, 50%, 100%). Analysis of large-scale activity patterns identified a collection of foci whose activity distinguished the processing of sentences vs. pictures. A second pattern, which showed strong prefrontal cortex involvement, distinguished the type of cognitive process (encoding or retrieval). For both pictures and sentences, the manipulation of target density was associated with minor activation changes. Instead, it was found to relate to systematic changes of functional connections between material-specific regions and several other brain regions, including medial temporal, right prefrontal and parietal regions. These findings provide evidence for large-scale neural interactions between material-specific and process-specific neural substrates of episodic encoding and retrieval.
Discontinuities in Recurrent Neural Networks
Authors: Gavaldà Ricard , Siegelmann Hava T. 
Published: July 2002

This article studies the computational power of various discontinuous real computational models that are based on the classical analog recurrent neural network (ARNN). This ARNN consists of finite number of neurons; each neuron computes a polynomial net function and a sigmoid-like continuous activation function. We introduce arithmetic networks as ARNN augmented with a few simple discontinuous (e.g., threshold or zero test) neurons. We argue that even with weights restricted to polynomial time computable reals, arithmetic networks are able to compute arbitrarily complex recursive functions. We identify many types of neural networks that are at least as powerful as arithmetic nets, some of which are not in fact discontinuous, but they boost other arithmetic operations in the net function (e.g., neurons that can use divisions and polynomial net functions inside sigmoid-like continuous activation functions). These arithmetic networks are equivalent to the Blum-Shub-Smale model, when the latter is restricted to a bounded number of registers. With respect to implementation on digital computers, we show that arithmetic networks with rational weights can be simulated with exponential precision, but even with polynomial-time computable real weights, arithmetic networks are not subject to any fixed precision bounds. This is in contrast with the ARNN that are known to demand precision that is linear in the computation time. When nontrivial periodic functions (e.g., fractional part, sine, tangent) are added to arithmetic networks, the resulting networks are computationally equivalent to a massively parallel machine. Thus, these highly discontinuous networks can solve the presumably intractable class of PSPACE-complete problems in polynomial time.
Occurrence of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis in Lebanon
Authors: Ibrahim Said , Saad Adib , Haydock Patrick P.J. , Al-Masri Youssef 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis is recorded for the first
time in Lebanon. Eleven out of 65 sampled fields in the central Bekaa were
positive. The determination was confirmed using various techniques. Le
nématode à kyste de la pomme de terre, Globodera rostochiensis, est signalé
pour la première fois au Liban. Il a été détecté dans 11 des 65 champs
échantillonnés dans la vallée centrale de la Bekaa. La détermination a été
confirmée à l’aide de différentes techniques.