bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linker histone subtypes and their allelic variants
Authors: Kowalski Andrzej , Pałyga Jan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMembers of histone H1 family bind to nucleosomal and linker DNA to assist in stabilization of higher‐order chromatin structures. Moreover, histone H1 is involved in regulation of a variety of cellular processes by interactions with cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Histone H1, composed of a series of subtypes encoded by distinct genes, is usually differentially expressed in specialized cells and frequently non‐randomly distributed in different chromatin regions. Moreover, a role of specific histone H1 subtype might be also modulated by post‐translational modifications and/or presence of polymorphic isoforms. While the significance of covalently modified histone H1 subtypes has been partially recognized, much less is known about the importance of histone H1 polymorphic variants identified in various plant and animal species, and human cells as well. Recent progress in elucidating amino acid composition‐dependent functioning and interactions of the histone H1 with a variety of molecular partners indicates a potential role of histone H1 polymorphic variation in adopting specific protein conformations essential for chromatin function. The histone H1 allelic variants might affect chromatin in order to modulate gene expression underlying some physiological traits and, therefore could modify the course of diverse histone H1‐dependent biological processes. This review focuses on the histone H1 allelic variability, and biochemical and genetic aspects of linker histone allelic isoforms to emphasize their likely biological relevance.
Substrates of Factor XIII-A: roles in thrombosis and wound healing
Authors: Richardson Victoria R. , Cordell Paul , Standeven Kristina F. , Carter Angela M. 
Published: October 2012

FXIII (Factor XIII) is a Ca2+-dependent enzyme which forms covalent ϵ-(γ-glutamyl)lysine cross-links between the γ-carboxy-amine group of a glutamine residue and the ϵ-amino group of a lysine residue. FXIII was originally identified as a protein involved in fibrin clot stabilization; however, additional extracellular and intracellular roles for FXIII have been identified which influence thrombus resolution and tissue repair. The present review discusses the substrates of FXIIIa (activated FXIII) involved in thrombosis and wound healing with a particular focus on: (i) the influence of plasma FXIIIa on the formation of stable fibrin clots able to withstand mechanical and enzymatic breakdown through fibrin–fibrin cross-linking and cross-linking of fibrinolysis inhibitors, in particular α2-antiplasmin; (ii) the role of intracellular FXIIIa in clot retraction through cross-linking of platelet cytoskeleton proteins, including actin, myosin, filamin and vinculin; (iii) the role of intracellular FXIIIa in cross-linking the cytoplasmic tails of monocyte AT1Rs (angiotensin type 1 receptors) and potential effects on the development of atherosclerosis; and (iv) the role of FXIIIa on matrix deposition and tissue repair, including cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin, collagen and von Willebrand factor, and the effects on matrix deposition and cell–matrix interactions. The review highlights the central role of FXIIIa in the regulation of thrombus stability, thrombus regulation, cell–matrix interactions and wound healing, which is supported by observations in FXIII-deficient humans and animals.
Numerical analysis of key factors for the appearance of grassy ELMs in tokamak plasmas
Authors: Aiba N. , Oyama N. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Numerical stability analysis of edge-localized MHD mode is performed to identify the origin of small-amplitude ‘grassy ELMs’ on the basis of current understanding of kinetic effects on ballooning mode stability. These qualitative and quantitative analyses show that short wavelength ballooning mode can play an important role in a grassy ELM stability even when kinetic effects are taken into account. After showing the importance of kinetic effects for discussing grassy ELM physics, impacts of plasma parameters important for realizing a grassy ELM plasma experimentally are investigated numerically from the viewpoint of the edge-localized MHD stability including these kinetic effects. These analyses show that low plasma ellipticity is preferable to realize a grassy ELM plasma due to destabilizing ballooning mode by preventing access to the second stability region of the ballooning mode.
Comparisons of paleoclassical based pedestal model predictions of electron quantities to measured DIII-D H-mode profiles
Authors: Smith S.P. , Callen J.D. , Groebner R.J. , Osborne T.H. , Leonard A.W. , Eldon D. , Bray B.D. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Accurately predicting the pedestal structure in high-(H-)confinement mode plasmas is of great importance for the modelling of future tokamak plasmas. The main predictions of a model of pedestal structure based on paleoclassical transport as the main transport mechanism are presented. Numerical evaluations of this model are compared with a database of measured DIII-D H-mode pedestal profiles. Across the database, the electron temperature gradient is overpredicted by a factor of 1.7 ± 1.1 and the electron density by a factor of 2.1 ± 0.7. These results are consistent with paleoclassical transport producing the minimum level of electron transport. Trends in the predictions indicate that some additional transport may be operative, especially in high β
p and low confinement plasmas.
Non-diffusive transport in the tokamak edge pedestal
Authors: Stacey W.M. , Groebner R.J. , Evans T.E. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
There are (at least) two classical mechanisms for non-diffusive transport in the edge plasma: (i) particle ‘pinch’ velocities due to forces such as V × B and E

r
; and (ii) outward drifts due to ion-orbit loss and X-transport. A theoretical development for the treatment of these non-diffusive transport mechanisms within the context of fluid theory is assembled and applied to several DIII-D discharges in order to investigate the importance of these non-diffusive transport mechanisms in the edge pedestal. Several interesting insights emerge from this investigation.
UDP-Glycosyltransferases from the UGT73C Subfamily in Barbarea vulgaris Catalyze Sapogenin 3-O-Glucosylation in Saponin-Mediated Insect Resistance
Authors: Augustin Jörg M. , Drok Sylvia , Shinoda Tetsuro , Sanmiya Kazutsuka , Nielsen Jens Kvist , Khakimov Bekzod , Olsen Carl Erik , Hansen Esben Halkjær , Kuzina Vera , Ekstrøm Claus Thorn , Hauser Thure , Bak Søren 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are bioactive metabolites that have evolved recurrently in plants, presumably for defense. Their biosynthesis is poorly understood, as is the relationship between bioactivity and structure. Barbarea vulgaris is the only crucifer known to produce saponins. Hederagenin and oleanolic acid cellobioside make some B. vulgaris plants resistant to important insect pests, while other, susceptible plants produce different saponins. Resistance could be caused by glucosylation of the sapogenins. We identified four family 1 glycosyltransferases (UGTs) that catalyze 3-O-glucosylation of the sapogenins oleanolic acid and hederagenin. Among these, UGT73C10 and UGT73C11 show highest activity, substrate specificity and regiospecificity, and are under positive selection, while UGT73C12 and UGT73C13 show lower substrate specificity and regiospecificity and are under purifying selection. The expression of UGT73C10 and UGT73C11 in different B. vulgaris organs correlates with saponin abundance. Monoglucosylated hederagenin and oleanolic acid were produced in vitro and tested for effects on P. nemorum. 3-O-β-d-Glc hederagenin strongly deterred feeding, while 3-O-β-d-Glc oleanolic acid only had a minor effect, showing that hydroxylation of C23 is important for resistance to this herbivore. The closest homolog in Arabidopsis thaliana, UGT73C5, only showed weak activity toward sapogenins. This indicates that UGT73C10 and UGT73C11 have neofunctionalized to specifically glucosylate sapogenins at the C3 position and demonstrates that C3 monoglucosylation activates resistance. As the UGTs from both the resistant and susceptible types of B. vulgaris glucosylate sapogenins and are not located in the known quantitative trait loci for resistance, the difference between the susceptible and resistant plant types is determined at an earlier stage in saponin biosynthesis.
The Atypical Short-Chain Dehydrogenases HCF173 and HCF244 Are Jointly Involved in Translational Initiation of the psbA mRNA of Arabidopsis
Authors: Link Sabine , Engelmann Kerstin , Meierhoff Karin , Westhoff Peter 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The related proteins D1 and D2 together build up the photosystem II reaction center. Synthesis of D1 (PsbA) is highly regulated in all photosynthetic organisms. The mechanisms and specific protein factors involved in controlled expression of the psbA gene in higher plants are highly elusive. Here, we report on the identification of a chloroplast-located protein, HCF244 (for high chlorophyll fluorescence244), which is essentially required for translational initiation of the psbA messenger RNA in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The factor is highly conserved between land plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. HCF244 was identified by coexpression analysis of HCF173, which encodes a protein that is also necessary for psbA translational initiation and in addition for stabilization of this messenger RNA. Phenotypic characterization of the mutants hcf244 and hcf173 suggests that the corresponding proteins operate cooperatively during psbA translation. Immunolocalization studies detected the majority of the two proteins at the thylakoid membrane. Both HCF244 and HCF173 are members of the atypical short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily, a modified group, which has lost enzyme activity but acquires new functions in the metabolism of the cell.
Polyandry in Bicyclus anynana Butterflies Results from Sexual Conflict over Mating
Authors: Janowitz Susann A. , Fischer Klaus 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAlthough only one or just a few matings are considered sufficient to maximise a female's reproductive success, polyandry is a common mating system in insects and other animals. Female polyandry may either result from direct or indirect benefits of mating multiply, or from male harassment and thus sexual conflict over mating. Here, we test whether the latter is involved in determining female mating frequency in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. We used a full‐factorial design with three different sex ratios and densities each, resulting in a total of nine treatment groups. Sex ratio but not density affected female mating frequency, which increased with an increasingly male‐biased sex ratio. Our results thus suggest that female polyandry in B. anynana results from sexual conflict, although females seem to be able to reject courting males at least to some extent. Therefore, polyandry in this species may occur in the first place from convenience, as the costs of resisting male harassment may be higher than mating repeatedly.
Determination of crack surface displacements for cracks emanating from a circular hole using weight function method
Authors: TONG D. H. , WU X. R. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTCracks emanating from a circular hole are of significant engineering importance, especially in aerospace industry. Accurate determination of key fracture mechanics parameters is essential for damage tolerance design and fatigue life predictions. The purpose of this paper is to provide an efficient and accurate closed‐form weight function approach to the calculation of crack surface displacements for radial crack(s) emanating from a circular hole in an infinite and finite‐width plate. Results were presented for two loading conditions: remote applied stress and uniform stress segment applied to crack surfaces, and extensively compared to recent studies using other methods in the literature. Both single and double radial cracks were considered, and also the effect of finite plate width on crack surface displacements has been investigated. A brief assessment was made on an engineering estimation of displacements based on a correction of stress intensity factor ratio. It has been demonstrated that the Wu‐Carlsson closed‐form weight functions are very efficient, accurate and easy‐to‐use for calculating crack surface displacements for arbitrary load conditions. The method will facilitate fatigue crack closure and other fracture mechanics analyses where accurate crack surface displacements are required.
Understanding the potential for resistance evolution to the new herbicide pyroxasulfone: field selection at high doses versus recurrent selection at low doses
Authors: BUSI R , GAINES T A , WALSH M J , POWLES S B 
Published: October 2012

Busi R, Gaines T, Walsh MJ & Powles SB (2012). Understanding the potential for resistance evolution to the new herbicide pyroxasulfone: field selection at high doses versus recurrent selection at low doses. Weed Research52, 489–499.SummaryPyroxasulfone is a new pre‐emergence herbicide that provides effective control of Lolium rigidum, including populations with evolved resistance to multiple herbicide modes of action. Prior to its commercialisation, the potential of resistance evolution was examined with two separate studies: (i) a field screening with a high pyroxasulfone dose causing mortality >99.999% of 100 million L. rigidum herbicide‐susceptible individuals to establish the frequency of major gene resistance mechanisms and (ii) a 3‐year low‐dose recurrent selection experiment of a herbicide‐susceptible (S) and a multiple herbicide‐resistant (MR) L. rigidum population. The field screening indicated that no major‐effect resistance genes were present in 100 million L. rigidum individuals. By contrast, pyroxasulfone resistance was obtained by recurrent low‐dose pyroxasulfone selection of multiple herbicide‐resistant L. rigidum. The multiple‐resistant MR population showed a clear capacity to evolve pyroxasulfone resistance with >30% plant survival at 240 g ha−1 (2.4‐fold the recommended rate) after three generations of recurrent pyroxasulfone selection. For the first time, information regarding the potential for resistance evolution is available prior to herbicide commercialisation. Persistent pyroxasulfone use at low dose has the potential to rapidly lead to herbicide resistance evolution in L. rigidum field populations. Effective stewardship programmes should be developed to encourage pyroxasulfone use at the full label rate to minimise the possibility of rapid low‐dose‐induced resistance evolution and to ensure pyroxasulfone sustainability.
Residential Mobility: Wealth, Demographic and Housing Market Effects
Authors: Ermisch John , Washbrook Elizabeth 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe study presents a very simple model in which housing equity can influence mobility, and then estimates parameters that gauge the impact of housing equity, local house prices and other variables associated with household structure and change on residential movement within the UK. The data come from the British Household Panel Study over 1992–2008, which allow us to use within‐person variation to identify the parameters. The parameter estimates indicate that estimates based on cross‐section variation are seriously biased in our analysis. We check the robustness of our results to errors in measuring equity using an instrumental variable estimator. Our main finding is that an increase in a household's housing equity encourages residential mobility substantially, and a decline discourages it.
Modeling Lifelong Learning: Collaborative Teaching across Disciplinary Lines
Authors: Blanchard Kathryn D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMost courses in colleges and universities are taught by only one instructor. This is often necessitated by the financial exigencies of educational institutions, but is also due to an academic tradition in which the ideal is a single expert teaching in a single discipline. The rapidly changing realities of both the higher education and job markets, however, have called the traditional ideal into question. Interdisciplinary collaborative teaching is one way to adapt to the needs of twenty‐first‐century students, by modeling lifelong learning for students and inviting instructors to be more deliberately reflective about disciplinary assumptions, learning styles, and pedagogies.
Successful Combination Treatment of a Patient with Progressive Juvenile Localized Scleroderma (Morphea) Using Imatinib, Corticosteroids, and Methotrexate
Authors: Inamo Yasuji , Ochiai Toyoko 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe report a case of progressive juvenile localized scleroderma (JLS or morphea) treated with a combination of imatinib, corticosteroids, and methotrexate. This therapy halted the progressive skin thickening and the hand and finger joint deformity in the early stages of the disease. We conclude that imatinib used in addition to standard treatment with systemic corticosteroids and methotrexate may be of therapeutic benefit for individuals with JLS.
Just My Style: The Practical, Ethical, and Empirical Dangers of the Lack of Consensus about Definitions of Mediation Styles
Authors: Charkoudian Lorig 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article reviews the importance of research and understanding of mediation styles on quality assurance, ethical practice, and accuracy of research. Three studies are reviewed. One finds that while there are patterns of stylistic practice in mediation, there is no agreement on the definitions for different styles. The second finds that mediators tend to practice in either a directive or a reflective style within a given mediation, rather than using a mix of strategies. The final study highlights how different mediator strategies affect participant satisfaction with the process. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Smoking rates among hospital nurses in Longkou city, China
Authors: Smith Derek R. , Zhao Isabella , Wang Lina 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis study was undertaken as one of the first investigations of nurses' smoking habits in Longkou city, Shandong Province, China. An anonymous cross‐sectional survey was administered as part of a larger investigation of healthcare professionals at a university teaching hospital during 2008. A total of 88 nurses responded to the survey, from whom tobacco‐related data were provided by 83 of them (94%). Their overall smoking rate was very low (1%), with no male nurses reporting themselves to be current tobacco users. Overall, the current study suggests that smoking rates are very low among Chinese nurses in Longkou city, Shandong Province. These results are also consistent with studies of nurses' tobacco use conducted in other regions of China.
Extensive emphysematous pyelonephritis in a renal allograft treated conservatively: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Alexander S. , Varughese S. , David V.G. , Kodgire S.V. , Mukha R.P. , Kekre N.S. , Tamilarasi V. , Jacob C.K. , John G.T. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractEmphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a rare occurrence in renal allografts. An aggressive approach resulting in transplant nephrectomy is viewed as the standard of care. Over the recent years, treatment with percutaneous drainage (PCD) of the renal and perinephric collections and appropriate antibiotics has been reported with good success in lesser grades of this infection. Only 4 cases of extensive EPN disease with Escherichia coli, treated with conservative management, are reported in the English‐language literature. We present a case of severe EPN caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, successfully managed with early PCD, and propose a step‐up strategy aimed toward graft preservation.
Progressive limb ataxia following inferior olive lesions
Authors: Horn K. M. , Deep A. , Gibson A. R. 
Published: October 2012

Key points
The inferior olive (IO) provides climbing fibre input to the cerebellum. Kainic acid lesions of rostral IO of the cat produce several distinct movement deficits.
Vestibular disturbances are apparent the first few days after injection but rapidly recover.
Disturbances of grasping occur immediately and do not recover over months of testing.
After a brief delay, limb movements during reaching and locomotion show a progressive development of ataxia that becomes severe over months of testing.
The decomposition of movement during reaching and alterations in reach trajectories are similar to those seen in humans with cerebellar ataxias – degeneration of the IO may contribute to the progressive nature of these diseases.
Abstract  Cerebellar climbing fibres originate in the inferior olive (IO). Temporary IO inactivation produces movement deficits. Does permanent inactivation produce similar deficits and, if so, do they recover? The excitotoxin, kainic acid, was injected into the rostral IO of three cats. Behaviour was measured during reaching and locomotion. Two cats were injected during the reaching task. Within minutes, grasping became difficult and the trajectories of the reaches showed higher arcing than normally seen. During locomotion, both cats showed head and trunk deviation to the injected side, walking paths curved to the injected side, and the paws were lifted higher than normal. Limbs contralateral to the injections became rigid. Within 1 day, posture had normalized, locomotion was unsteady and high lifting of the paws had reversed to a tendency to drag the dorsum of the paws. Passive body movement produced vestibular signs. Over a few days, locomotion normalized and vestibular signs disappeared. Reach trajectories were normal but grasping deficits persisted. Over the first week, the amplitude of limb lift during reaching and locomotion began to increase. The increase continued over time and, after several months, limb movements became severely ataxic. The effects followed the somatotopy of the rostral IO: a loss of cells in medial rostral IO only affected the forelimb, whereas a loss of cells in medial and lateral IO affected both forelimb and hindlimb. Deficits produced by IO lesions involve multiple mechanisms; some recover rapidly, some appear stable, and some worsen over time. The nature of the progressive deficit suggests a gradual loss of Purkinje cell inhibition on cerebellar nuclear cells.