bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical utility of an array comparative genomic hybridization analysis for Williams syndrome
Authors: Yagihashi Tatsuhiko , Torii Chiharu , Takahashi Reiko , Omori Mikimasa , Kosaki Rika , Yoshihashi Hiroshi , Ihara Masahiro , Minagawa‐Kawai Yasuyo , Yamamoto Junichi , Takahashi Takao , Kosaki Kenjiro 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTo reveal the relation between intellectual disability and the deleted intervals in Williams syndrome, we performed an array comparative genomic hybridization analysis and standardized developmental testing for 11 patients diagnosed as having Williams syndrome based on fluorescent in situ hybridization testing. One patient had a large 4.2‐Mb deletion spanning distally beyond the common 1.5‐Mb intervals observed in 10/11 patients. We formulated a linear equation describing the developmental age of the 10 patients with the common deletion; the developmental age of the patient with the 4.2‐Mb deletion was significantly below the expectation (developmental age = 0.51 × chronological age). The large deletion may account for the severe intellectual disability; therefore, the use of array comparative genomic hybridization may provide practical information regarding individuals with Williams syndrome.
Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Inhibits Alveolar Bone Loss Following Tooth Extraction in Rats
Authors: Kumasaka Akira , Iikubo Masahiro , Nishioka Takashi , Kojima Ikuho , Shoji Noriaki , Sakamoto Maya , Sasano Takashi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlveolar bone is often lost after tooth extraction. Few studies have assessed the longitudinal changes in bone volume that occur within these extraction sites.PurposeTo investigate the longitudinal morphological changes in extraction sockets following sustained continuous subcutaneous infusion of human recombinant insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I).Materials and MethodsFourteen rats were subjected to right mandibular first molar extraction. Experimental rats (n = 7) received a continuous subcutaneous infusion of human recombinant IGF‐I (320 mg/day) for 3 weeks by osmotic minipump. Control animals were treated with saline via the same method (n = 7). All rats were then housed for an additional 3 weeks. Micro‐CT scanning was performed immediately after tooth extraction and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 weeks after extraction.ResultsNew bone formation was markedly higher in the IGF‐I‐treated group as compared with the control group. The loss in alveolar ridge height in the IGF‐I group was significantly lower than that in the control group at each time point after extraction on the buccal side and at 2, 3, and 6 weeks on the lingual side.ConclusionsIGF‐I treatment increases the volume of newly formed bone and reduces the loss in alveolar ridge height following tooth extraction.
Transient myeloproliferative disorder in neonates without Down syndrome: case report and review
Authors: Schifferli Alexandra , Hitzler Johann , Bartholdi Deborah , Heinimann Karl , Hoeller Sylvia , Diesch Tamara , Kühne Thomas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTransient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) is a clonal proliferation of megakaryoblasts, typically occurring in newborns with Down syndrome. It is believed that TMD occurs in the presence of GATA1 mutation together with trisomy 21. However, a limited number of patients with TMD but without Down syndrome have been reported, all with a blast population with numeric or rarely structural chromosome 21 abnormalities. We present the first case of a newborn boy with a TMD without trisomy 21 and without any of the mentioned molecular or cytogenetic abnormalities. This case report suggests that unknown disease mechanisms may provoke or mimic TMD. This case report is followed by a concise review of the literature discussing the different entities and pathomechanisms of TMD and acute megakaryocytic leukaemia in patients with or without Down syndrome.
Individuals' diet diversity influences gut microbial diversity in two freshwater fish (threespine stickleback and Eurasian perch)
Authors: Bolnick Daniel I. , Snowberg Lisa K. , Hirsch Philipp E. , Lauber Christian L. , Knight Rob , Caporaso J. Gregory , Svanbäck Richard 
Published: May 2014

AbstractVertebrates' diets profoundly influence the composition of symbiotic gut microbial communities. Studies documenting diet‐microbiota associations typically focus on univariate or categorical diet variables. However, in nature individuals often consume diverse combinations of foods. If diet components act independently, each providing distinct microbial colonists or nutrients, we expect a positive relationship between diet diversity and microbial diversity. We tested this prediction within each of two fish species (stickleback and perch), in which individuals vary in their propensity to eat littoral or pelagic invertebrates or mixtures of both prey. Unexpectedly, in most cases individuals with more generalised diets had less diverse microbiota than dietary specialists, in both natural and laboratory populations. This negative association between diet diversity and microbial diversity was small but significant, and most apparent after accounting for complex interactions between sex, size and diet. Our results suggest that multiple diet components can interact non‐additively to influence gut microbial diversity.
Relationship between apathy and cognitive dysfunctions in de novo untreated Parkinson's disease: a prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Santangelo G. , Vitale C. , Trojano L. , Picillo M. , Moccia M. , Pisano G. , Pezzella D. , Cuoco S. , Erro R. , Longo K. , Pellecchia M. T. , Amboni M. , De Rosa A. , De Michele G. , Barone P. 
Published: May 2014

Background and purposeApathy may be either a symptom of major depression or a behavioral disturbance occurring in concomitance with depression or alone in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of the present study was to determine the progression of cognitive impairment in drug‐naïve untreated PD patients with or without clinically significant apathy.MethodsSixty‐two PD patients with a disease duration <2 years and without history of present or past therapy with pro‐dopaminergic agents were included and underwent the Apathy Evaluation Scale (S‐AES), a clinical interview based on diagnostic criteria for apathy and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery to assess memory, frontal functions and visuospatial functions. Two years after the first assessment, all patients were re‐evaluated on the S‐AES, a clinical interview and neuropsychological tests.ResultsAccording to the cut‐off value of the S‐AES and diagnostic criteria for apathy, eight patients experienced apathy at both baseline and follow‐up (A+A+), nine patients had apathy only at follow‐up (A−A+), 37 patients never experienced apathy (A−A−) and eight patients showed apathy at the baseline only (A+A−). Cognitive performance significantly declined in all four groups. At both baseline and follow‐up A+A+ performed worse than A−A− on visuospatial and frontal tests; A−A+ had lower scores than A−A− on the interference task of the Stroop test (IT‐ST). Regression analysis showed that poor performance on the IT‐ST at baseline was the only independent predictor of onset of apathy at follow‐up.ConclusionsThe results indicated a relationship between apathy and dysexecutive syndrome in early PD. Reduced scores on the IT‐ST may predict development of apathy in PD patients.
A review of swellings of the frontal region of the equine head
Authors: Dixon P. M. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryGross swellings of the equine frontal area are most commonly caused by the poorly understood disorder of nasofrontal suture line periostitis that is usually self‐resolving, sinus cysts that are highly amenable to treatment, sinus tumours that in contrast usually respond poorly to treatment and facial trauma that may later lead to nasofrontal suture line periostitis. Other causes of conchofrontal sinus disease such as intrasinus progressive ethmoid haematoma, primary sinusitis and dental sinusitis seldom cause gross swellings of the overlying bones.
Understanding cyanobacteria‐zooplankton interactions in a more eutrophic world
Authors: Ger Kemal A. , Hansson Lars‐Anders , Lürling Miquel 
Published: May 2014

SummaryWe review and update recent observations of cyanobacteria–zooplankton interactions, identify theoretical and methodological limitations and evaluate approaches necessary for understanding the effects of increasing cyanobacterial blooms on plankton dynamics.The emphasis on oversimplified studies using large‐bodiedDaphniaspecies, not previously exposed to cyanobacteria, has limited our understanding of how the plankton responds to proliferating blooms. This overlooks the great diversity in zooplankton traits, and the adaptability of planktonic grazers, that enables them to deal with toxic prey.Under increasing temperature and nutrient loading, the zooplankton will be subjected to increasingly intense selection pressure to tolerate cyanobacteria. Short zooplankton generation times suggest that increased blooms may select for the rapid evolution of behavioural and physiological traits that improve tolerance.As eutrophication intensifies, should we expect physiologically tolerant zooplankton that may be able to control blooms, or be concerned with the effects of selective grazers in stabilising blooms?We conclude that the increasing frequency, duration and intensity of blooms will select for better adapted zooplankton that coexist with, rather than control, cyanobacteria. Future evaluations of cyanobacteria–zooplankton interactions should consider that increasing exposure to blooms induces phenotypic and genotypic traits improving zooplankton tolerance. Equally important will be studies of the ecophysiology of zooplankton species that coexist with prolonged blooms, rather than those of a few large‐bodied generalist cladocerans.Since cyanobacteria produce more than one toxic or inhibitory metabolite, the unsystematic designation of toxicity based on single well‐identified compounds (e.g. microcystin) should be revised.Overall, the coevolutionary interaction between cyanobacterial defences and zooplankton grazer responses emerges as a critical but understudied regulator of bloom dynamics.
Marine reserves help coastal ecosystems cope with extreme weather
Authors: Olds Andrew D. , Pitt Kylie A. , Maxwell Paul S. , Babcock Russell C. , Rissik David , Connolly Rod M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNatural ecosystems have experienced widespread degradation due to human activities. Consequently, enhancing resilience has become a primary objective for conservation. Nature reserves are a favored management tool, but we need clearer empirical tests of whether they can impart resilience. Catastrophic flooding in early 2011 impacted coastal ecosystems across eastern Australia. We demonstrate that marine reserves enhanced the capacity of coral reefs to withstand flood impacts. Reserve reefs resisted the impact of perturbation, whilst fished reefs did not. Changes on fished reefs were correlated with the magnitude of flood impact, whereas variation on reserve reefs was related to ecological variables. Herbivory and coral recruitment are critical ecological processes that underpin reef resilience, and were greater in reserves and further enhanced on reserve reefs near mangroves. The capacity of reserves to mitigate external disturbances and promote ecological resilience will be critical to resisting an increased frequency of climate‐related disturbance.
Simple Hydraulic Conductivity Estimation by the Kalman Filtered Double Constraint Method
Authors: El‐Rawy M.A. , Batelaan O. , Zijl W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper presents the Kalman Filtered Double Constraint Method (DCM‐KF) as a technique to estimate the hydraulic conductivities in the grid blocks of a groundwater flow model. The DCM is based on two forward runs with the same initial grid block conductivities, but with alternating flux‐head conditions specified on parts of the boundary and the wells. These two runs are defined as: (1) the flux run, with specified fluxes (recharge and well abstractions), and (2) the head run, with specified heads (measured in piezometers). Conductivities are then estimated as the initial conductivities multiplied by the fluxes obtained from the flux run and divided by the fluxes obtained from the head run. The DCM is easy to implement in combination with existing models (e.g., MODFLOW). Sufficiently accurate conductivities are obtained after a few iterations. Because of errors in the specified head‐flux couples, repeated estimation under varying hydrological conditions results in different conductivities. A time‐independent estimate of the conductivities and their inaccuracy can be obtained by a simple linear KF with modest computational requirements. For the Kleine Nete catchment, Belgium, the DCM‐KF yields sufficiently accurate calibrated conductivities. The method also results in distinguishing regions where the head‐flux observations influence the calibration from areas where it is not able to influence the hydraulic conductivity.
Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes in cold‐smoked salmon by bacteriophage P100, nisin and lauric arginate, singly or in combinations
Authors: Soni Kamlesh A. , Shen Qian , Nannapaneni Ramakrishna 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThree GRAS antimicrobials including, lauric arginate (LAE), bacteriophage P100 (phage P100) and bacteriocin nisin, were evaluated either singly or in combinations for the reduction of initial load of Listeria monocytogenes in cold‐smoked salmon (CSS). The stability of phage P100 in the presence of LAE (200 ppm) and nisin (500 ppm) or at 10× and 100× of these concentrations was determined at 4 °C or 30 °C for 24 h in a broth model. Phage P100 was found to be highly stable in the presence of these antimicrobial agents as plaque‐forming units (PFU) did not vary between control and antimicrobial‐treated phage. The survival of L. monocytogenes in the presence of phage P100, nisin and LAE showed remarkable reduction within 24 h both at 4 °C or 30 °C in broth. Treatment of CSS containing 3.5 log CFU cm−2 L. monocytogenes with phage P100 (108 PFU mL−1), nisin (500 ppm) and LAE (200 ppm) showed strong listericidal action and reduced the L. monocytogenes by 2–3 log CFU cm−2 after 24 h. Among the combined treatments, phage P100 + LAE or nisin + LAE exhibited the most listericidal action in which L. monocytogenes cells were reduced to undetectable level within 24 h in CSS.
Work experiences of internationally trained pharmacists in Great Britain
Authors: Ziaei Zainab , Hassell Karen , Schafheutle Ellen I 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Objectives
Internationally trained health professionals are an important part of the domestic workforce, but little is known about the working experiences of internationally trained pharmacists (ITPs) in Great Britain (GB). The purpose of this study is to explore the work experiences of ITPs practising in the community or hospital sector in GB.

Methods
Twenty-five semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with a sample of European Economic Area (EEA) and non-EEA pharmacists who, at the time of the study, practised in the community (n = 20) or hospital sector (n = 5) in the North West England from March to May 2009.

Key findings
In general, ITPs complained about their heavy workload, long working hours and lack of support from their employers. Specifically, EEA pharmacists in most cases felt excluded from the professional network and sensed colleagues saw them as ‘foreigners’ while some non-EEA pharmacists had to deal with a level of hostility from patients.

Conclusions
This novel research provides a foundation for future work on ITPs in GB and could assist employers to better target their efforts in development of standards to support the working experiences of ITPs in GB.
Unreported workplace violence in nursing
Authors: Kvas A. , Seljak J. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundWorkplace violence occurs on a frequent basis in nursing. Most violent acts remain unreported. Consequently, we do not know the actual frequency of the occurrence of workplace violence. This requires research of nurses’ actions following workplace violence and identification of reasons why most victims do not report violent acts in the appropriate manner.AimTo explore violence in nursing as experienced by nurses in Slovenia.MethodsA survey was carried out with a representative sample of nurses in Slovenia. The questionnaire Workplace Violence in Nursing was submitted to 3756 nurses, with 692 completing the questionnaire.ResultsA total of 61.6% of the nurses surveyed had been exposed to violence in the past year. Most victims were exposed to psychological (60.1%) and economic violence (28.9%). Victims reported acts of violence in formal written form in a range from 6.5% (psychological violence) to 10.9% (physical violence). The largest share of victims who did not report violence and did not speak to anyone about it were victims of sexual violence (17.9%). The main reason for not reporting the violence was the belief that reporting it would not change anything, followed by the fear of losing one's job.ConclusionsOnly a small share of the respondents reported violence in written form, the main reason being the victims’ belief that reporting it would not change anything. This represents a severe criticism of the system for preventing workplace violence for it reveals the failure of response by leadership structures in healthcare organizations.Implications for Nursing and Health PolicyProfessional associations and the education system must prepare nurses for the prevention of violence and appropriate actions in the event of violent acts. Healthcare organizations must ensure the necessary conditions for enabling and encouraging appropriate actions following violent acts according to relevant protocols.
Elaboration, Structure, and Intense Upconversion in Transparent KYb2F7:Ho3+ Glass‐Ceramics
Authors: Wei YunLe , Yang HeMing , Li XiaoMan , Wang LongJun , Guo Hai 
Published: May 2014

Novel transparent oxyfluoride glass‐ceramics containing KYb2F7:Ho3+ nanocrystals were successfully elaborated by melt‐quenching technique with further thermal treatment for the first time. Their structural and luminescent properties were investigated systemically by XRD, HRTEM, absorption spectra, upconversion spectra, and lifetime measurements. Under 980 nm laser excitation, all samples exhibited characteristic emissions of Ho3+. Attractively, the upconversion emissions of Ho3+, especially green and near‐infrared emissions, were enormously enhanced 190 times after crystallization. The incorporation of Ho3+ into KYb2F7 nanocrystals with lower phonon energy was responsible for this phenomenon. Our research may enrich the understanding of fluoride‐nanocrystals‐based transparent oxyfluoride glass‐ceramics.
Atomistic Modeling of Effect of Mg on Oxygen Vacancy Diffusion in α‐Alumina
Authors: Tewari Abhishek , Aschauer Ulrich , Bowen Paul 
Published: May 2014

Oxygen diffusion plays an important role in grain growth and densification during the sintering of alumina ceramics and governs high‐temperature processes such as creep. The atomistic mechanism for oxygen diffusion in alumina is, however, still debated; atomistic calculations not being able to match experimentally determined activation energies for oxygen vacancy diffusion. These calculations are, however, usually performed for perfectly pure crystals, whereas virtually every experimental alumina sample contains a significant fraction of impurity/dopants ions. In this study, we use atomistic defect cluster and nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations to model the effect of Mg impurities/dopants on defect binding energies and migration barriers. We find that oxygen vacancies can form energetically favorable clusters with Mg, which reduces the number of mobile species and leads to an additional 1.5 eV energy barrier for the detachment of a single vacancy from Mg. The migration barriers of diffusive jumps change such that an enhanced concentration of oxygen vacancies is expected around Mg ions. Mg impurities were also found to cause destabilization of certain vacancy configurations as well as enhanced vacancy–vacancy interaction.
Three layers of collective victimhood: effects of multileveled victimhood on intergroup conflicts in the Israeli–Arab context
Authors: Schori‐Eyal Noa , Halperin Eran , Bar‐Tal Daniel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPerceived collective victimhood plays a significant role in conflictual intergroup relations. We suggest a conceptualization of three different layers of collective victimhood: historical victimhood, general conflict victimhood, and conflict event victimhood. Three studies explore the interrelationship between the layers and their effects in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In Study 1, general conflict victimhood mediates the relationship between historical victimhood and willingness for compromise. In Study 2, conducted in two waves, changes in general conflict victimhood predict support for military actions against the out‐group. The relationship between general conflict victimhood and support for military actions was mediated by conflict event victimhood. In Study 3, three new scales were developed, and their relations with different outcomes examined. Findings were nearly identical to the models tested in Studies 1–2.
Drivers of beta diversity in Macaronesian spiders in relation to dispersal ability
Authors: Carvalho José C. , Cardoso Pedro 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimOur aim was to determine the relative contribution of species replacement and richness differences to overall beta diversity in Macaronesian spiders, the influence of several biogeographical drivers in shaping such dissimilarity patterns, and how these change according to the dispersal ability of spiders.LocationFour Macaronesian archipelagos: the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens and the Canary Islands.MethodsEach spider species was assigned to a group relative to its ballooning propensity (frequent, occasional or rare), used as a surrogate of dispersal ability, based on its family membership. Beta diversity was decomposed for each group, by disentangling all compositional differences (overall beta diversity, βtotal) into two components, species replacement (βrepl) and species richness differences (βrich). The effects of island area, environmental heterogeneity, geological age, distance to mainland and inter‐island distances on βrepl and βrich were tested by partial Mantel tests and hierarchical partitioning of variation for each mobility group.ResultsThe archipelagos studied had similar intra‐archipelagic richness differences, but species replacement was lower within the Azores for the three groups of spiders. The variation in community composition among the archipelagos was determined by species replacement for frequently ballooning spiders, while richness differences dominated for less mobile spiders. Island area was more important for species with higher mobility, while less mobile species were mostly affected by the distance to mainland and inter‐island distances. Environmental heterogeneity had an effect, mostly on richness differences, across the three spider groups. Time had only a weak effect on species replacement for less mobile species.Main conclusionsThe partition of βtotal into βrepl and βrich identified different causes of beta‐diversity patterns as driven by the dispersal ability of spiders. Dispersal‐limited species responded more strongly to isolation than more mobile species. In contrast, the latter were influenced more by island area. Thus our findings emphasize the importance of interspecific traits and dispersal limitation for structuring species assemblages on islands.