bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of simulated water balance from Noah, Noah‐MP, CLM, and VIC over CONUS using the NLDAS test bed
Authors: Cai Xitian , Yang Zong‐Liang , Xia Youlong , Huang Maoyi , Wei Helin , Leung L. Ruby , Ek Michael B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study assesses the hydrologic performance of four land surface models (LSMs) for the conterminous United States using the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) test bed. The four LSMs are the baseline community Noah LSM (Noah, version 2.8), the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC, version 4.0.5) model, the substantially augmented Noah LSM with multiparameterization options (hence Noah‐MP), and the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4). All four models are driven by the same NLDAS‐2 atmospheric forcing. Modeled terrestrial water storage (TWS), streamflow, evapotranspiration (ET), and soil moisture are compared with each other and evaluated against the identical observations. Relative to Noah, the other three models offer significant improvements in simulating TWS and streamflow and moderate improvements in simulating ET and soil moisture. Noah‐MP provides the best performance in simulating soil moisture and is among the best in simulating TWS, CLM4 shows the best performance in simulating ET, and VIC ranks the highest in performing the streamflow simulations. Despite these improvements, CLM4, Noah‐MP, and VIC exhibit deficiencies, such as the low variability of soil moisture in CLM4, the fast growth of spring ET in Noah‐MP, and the constant overestimation of ET in VIC.
Impacts of upwind wildfire emissions on CO, CO2, and PM2.5 concentrations in Salt Lake City, Utah
Authors: Mallia D. V. , Lin J. C. , Urbanski S. , Ehleringer J. , Nehrkorn T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBiomass burning is known to contribute large quantities of CO2, CO, and PM2.5 to the atmosphere. Biomass burning not only affects the area in the vicinity of fire but may also impact the air quality far downwind from the fire. The 2007 and 2012 western U.S. wildfire seasons were characterized by significant wildfire activity across much of the Intermountain West and California. In this study, we determined the locations of wildfire‐derived emissions and their aggregate impacts on Salt Lake City, a major urban center downwind of the fires. To determine the influences of biomass burning emissions, we initiated an ensemble of stochastic back trajectories at the Salt Lake City receptor within the Stochastic Time‐Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model, driven by wind fields from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The trajectories were combined with a new, high‐resolution biomass burning emissions inventory—the Wildfire Emissions Inventory. Initial results showed that the WRF‐STILT model was able to replicate many periods of enhanced wildfire activity observed in the measurements. Most of the contributions for the 2007 and 2012 wildfire seasons originated from fires located in Utah and central Idaho. The model results suggested that during intense episodes of upwind wildfires in 2007 and 2012, fires contributed as much as 250 ppb of CO during a 3 h period and 15 µg/m3 of PM2.5 averaged over 24 h at Salt Lake City. Wildfires had a much smaller impact on CO2 concentrations in Salt Lake City, with contributions rarely exceeding 2 ppm enhancements.
Evaluating biases in simulated snow albedo feedback in two generations of climate models
Authors: Fletcher Christopher G. , Thackeray Chad W. , Burgers Tonya M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study presents a comprehensive evaluation of snow albedo feedback (SAF) in two generations of climate models (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project versions 3 (CMIP3) and 5 (CMIP5)). A comparison of the models is performed against a multiobservation‐based reference data set (mOBS) derived from the seasonal cycle of albedo, snow cover, and temperature. The observed total SAF shows low uncertainty and is generally well simulated by the CMIP3 and CMIP5 ensemble mean, except for a low (high) bias over the Arctic (northern boreal forest). Most CMIP5 models overestimate the snow cover component of SAF (SNC) and underestimate the temperature sensitivity component (TEM). The high bias in SNC is due to simulated snow albedos 4–5% brighter than observed driving unrealistically large albedo contrasts. However, overall representation of surface albedo—and mean climate—has improved, as fewer CMIP5 models exhibit large cold temperature, or high snow, biases. The low bias in TEM is related to overly persistent snow albedo during spring, particularly over southern Eurasia and North America. There is large observational uncertainty in the reference data set mOBS that is traced primarily to the different snow cover products, with a secondary contribution from the albedo products and a small contribution from the temperature products. The conclusion is that the model mean tends to simulate the multiobservation mean very closely; however, this masks considerable spread in both models and observations. There is clear motivation for producing improved submonthly snow cover products for the purpose of model evaluation.
Structure–property relationships of polycarbonate diol‐based polyurethanes as a function of soft segment content and molar mass
Authors: Costa Victor , Nohales Andrés , Félix Paula , Guillem Carmen , Gutiérrez David , Gómez Clara María 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTSegmented thermoplastic polyurethanes (PUs) have been synthesized with polycarbonate diol as soft segment and 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate and butanediol as hard segment. Two different series employing two different soft‐segment molar mass, 1000 and 2000 g/mol, and by changing the hard‐segment content from 32 to 67% have been investigated with the aim to elucidate the effect of the different content variations on the properties. Morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties have been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), wide angle X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, tensile and tear strength, hardness, and specific gravity tests. Properties have been explained from the standpoint of miscibility between hard‐ and soft‐segment microdomains of the tailored segmented PUs through an exhaustive analysis. FTIR, DSC, and DMA measurements revealed that miscibility between hard and soft microdomains increases as the molar mass of the macrodiol decreases. An increase in hard‐segment content entailed the formation of larger hard domains with higher crystallinity what results in superior mechanical properties such as higher tensile stress and tear strength, and hardness. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41704.
Fremde Fische in Flüssen und Seen
Authors: Holm Patricia , Kalchhauser Irene , Hirsch Philipp 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMit der Globalisierung steigt auch die Zahl nicht‐heimischer Fischarten in unseren Gewässern. Sie kommen über künstliche Kanäle, werden mit Ballastwasser verschleppt oder heften ihre Eier an Schiffe und andere Gegenstände. Viele dieser Arten bleiben unbemerkt, einige können sich jedoch etablieren und sogar Schaden anrichten. Wir zeigen am Beispiel der bei uns eingewanderten Grundeln aus dem Schwarzen Meer, insbesondere der Kesslergrundel und der Schwarzmundgrundel, wie vorgegangen werden kann, um die Biologie und Ökologie dieser Arten zu charakterisieren, und den Schaden abzuschätzen. Mit dem Einsatz einfacher Laichfallen zeigen wir eine Möglichkeit, wie die Ausbreitung dieser Fische vielleicht eingeschränkt werden kann. Grundsätzlich vielversprechend sind solche Maßnahmen dort, wo wie am Hochrhein durch Kraftwerke künstliche Barrieren und damit möglicherweise kontrollierbare Nadelöhre bestehen.
Spatial Scale Effects on Rayleigh Convection and Interfacial Mass Transfer Characteristics in CO2 Absorption
Authors: Guo Kai , Liu Chunjiang , Chen Shuyong , Fu Bo , Liu Botan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractConcentration gradient‐induced Rayleigh convections in the CO2 absorption process were investigated by the hybrid Lattice‐Boltzmann/finite‐difference method (LBM‐FDM). The spatial scale effects on Rayleigh convection were studied by simulating Rayleigh convections with different liquid layers. The scale of convection increased with the liquid layer height but the average mass transfer coefficient showed the adverse tendency. The Rayleigh convection had a pronounced effect on the surface renewal. For better assessment of the renewal intensity, two statistical quantities were proposed. The transient variations of these quantities provided a good following feature with the mass transfer coefficient which confirms their accuracy and precision in characterizing the mass transfer process.
Biotransformation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in the benthic polychaete, Nereis succinea: Quantitative estimation by analyzing the partitioning of chemicals between gut fluid and lipid
Authors: Wang Fei , Pei Yuan-yuan , You Jing 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Biotransformation plays an important role in the bioaccumulation and toxicity of a chemical in biota. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) commonly co-occurs with its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane [DDD] and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [DDE]), in the environment; thus it is a challenge to accurately quantify the biotransformation rates of DDT and distinguish the sources of the accumulated metabolites in an organism. The present study describes a method developed to quantitatively analyze the biotransformation of p,p′-DDT in the benthic polychaete, Nereis succinea. The lugworms were exposed to sediments spiked with DDT at various concentrations for 28 d. Degradation of DDT to DDD and DDE occurred in sediments during the aging period, and approximately two-thirds of the DDT remained in the sediment. To calculate the biotransformation rates, residues of individual compounds measured in the bioaccumulation testing (after biotransformation) were compared with residues predicted by analyzing the partitioning of the parent and metabolite compounds between gut fluid and tissue lipid (before biotransformation). The results suggest that sediment ingestion rates decreased when DDT concentrations in sediment increased. Extensive biotransformation of DDT occurred in N. succinea, with 86% of DDT being metabolized to DDD and &lt;2% being transformed to DDE. Of the DDD that accumulated in the lugworms, approximately 70% was the result of DDT biotransformation, and the remaining 30% was from direct uptake of sediment-associated DDD. In addition, the biotransformation was not dependent on bulk sediment concentrations, but rather on bioaccessible concentrations of the chemicals in sediment, which were quantified by gut fluid extraction. The newly established method improved the accuracy of prediction of the bioaccumulation and toxicity of DDTs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1–9. © 2014 SETAC
A semi-empirical model for transport of inorganic nanoparticles across a lipid bilayer: Implications for uptake by living cells
Authors: Nolte Tom M. , Kettler Katja , Meesters Johannes A.J. , Hendriks A. Jan , van de Meent Dik 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Due to increasing application, release of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials into the environment becomes likely. Knowledge about NP uptake in organisms is crucial for risk assessment including estimations on the behavior of NPs based on their physicochemical properties. In the present study, the authors have applied current scientific knowledge to construct a mathematical model, which estimates the transport of NPs through a model biological membrane. The semi-empirical model developed showed all parameters studied to substantially affect the agglomeration of the NPs in suspension, thereby also affecting passive transport. The authors quantified the effects of pH, ionic strength, organic matter concentration of medium, and NP size of several inorganic NPs on the permeation through the lipid membrane. Model outcomes and experimental results described in literature were strongly correlated for several metal oxide NPs. With caution, the model may be used to explain some of the existing variance in nano-uptake and toxicity experiments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:488–496. © 2014 SETAC
Differential uptake and translocation of β-HCH and dieldrin by several plant species from hydroponic medium
Authors: Namiki Sayuri , Otani Takashi , Seike Nobuyasu , Satoh Shinobu 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

To compare the uptake and translocation of hydrophobic organic chemicals by plant species, the authors performed uptake experiments with β-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-endo-1,4-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene (dieldrin) using 5 species: Hordeum vulgare, Glycine max, Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica oleracea, and Cucurbita pepo. The present study evaluated uptake ability using root concentration factor (RCF) and translocation ability by transpiration stream concentration factor (TSCF). The RCFs of β-HCH and dieldrin did not differ remarkably among species, except that the RCF of β-HCH in B. oleracea was high. The TSCFs of β-HCH and dieldrin were high in C. pepo, which was not superior in uptake as estimated by RCF. The TSCF of dieldrin in C. pepo was decreased in darkness and was markedly decreased by heating of roots. These results support the hypothesis that transport proteins produced in the root contribute to dieldrin translocation. In contrast, TSCF of β-HCH was not decreased by these treatments. Therefore, translocation of β-HCH might not need the contribution of transport proteins. It is possible that C. pepo has a certain function to transport hydrophobic organic chemicals smoothly in root tissues. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:536–544. © 2014 SETAC
Effects of progesterone and norethindrone on female fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) steroidogenesis
Authors: Petersen Lene H. , Hala David , Carty Dennis , Cantu Mark , Martinović Dalma , Huggett Duane B. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

As knowledge of contaminants capable of adversely modulating endocrine functions increases, attention is focused on the effects of synthetic progestins as environmental endocrine disrupters. In the present study, effects of exposure to a synthetic progestin (norethindrone, 168 ± 7.5 ng/L) and endogenous progestogen (progesterone, 34 ± 4.1 ng/L) on steroidogenesis in adult female fathead minnows were examined. In vivo exposure to either compound lowered expression (nonsignificant) of luteinizing hormone (LHβ) levels in the brain along with significantly down-regulating the beta isoform of membrane progesterone receptor (mPRβ) in ovary tissue. The correspondence between lowered LHβ levels in the brain and mPRβ in the ovary is suggestive of a possible functional association as positive correlations between LHβ and mPR levels have been demonstrated in other fish species. In vitro exposure of ovary tissue to progesterone resulted in significantly elevated progestogen (pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and 17α,20β-dihydroxypregnenone) and androgen (testosterone) production. Whereas in vitro exposure to norethindrone did not significantly impact steroid hormone production but showed decreased testosterone production relative to solvent control (however this was not significant). Overall, this study showed that exposure to a natural progestogen (progesterone) and synthetic progestin (norethindrone), was capable of modulating LHβ (in brain) and mPRβ expression (in ovary). Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1–12. © 2014 SETAC
Model‐based event‐triggered predictive control for networked systems with communication delays compensation
Authors: Yin Xiuxia , Yue Dong , Hu Songlin 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThis paper addresses the model‐based event‐triggered predictive control problem for networked control systems (NCSs). Firstly, we propose a discrete event‐triggered transmission scheme on the sensor node by introducing a quadratic event‐triggering function. Then, on the basis of the aforementioned scheme, a novel class of model‐based event‐triggered predictive control algorithms on the controller node is designed for compensating for the communication delays actively and achieving the desired control performance while using less network resources. Two cases, that is, the value of the communication delay of the first event‐triggered state is less or bigger than the sampling period, are considered separately for certain NCSs, regardless of the communication delays of the subsequent event‐triggered states. The codesign problems of the controller and event‐triggering parameter for the two cases are discussed by using the linear matrix inequality approach and the (switching) Lyapunov functional method. Furthermore, we extended our results to the NCSs with systems uncertainties. Finally, a practical ball and beam system is studied numerically to demonstrate the compensation effect for the communication delays with the proposed novel model‐based event‐triggered predictive control scheme. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Food sharing and social cognition
Authors: Legg Edward William , Ostojić Ljerka , Clayton Nicola Susan 
Published: December 2014

Many non‐human animals share food with each other, with kin, mates, and other unrelated individuals. When individuals share food with others they lose a valuable resource. Thus, traditionally much research has investigated how this behavior can be an evolutionarily stable strategy. Only recently has food‐sharing behavior been exploited to investigate non‐human cognition. Certain evolutionarily stable strategies that have been proposed as accounts for food‐sharing behaviors, such as reciprocity and interchange, may rely on complex cognitive abilities. In these cases, individuals may calculate the benefit they may receive from sharing with the recipient. In some species, sharing of food can facilitate the recipients' rate and extent of learning. This form of teaching may be cognitively complex if the donor takes into account the level of the recipient's abilities. In addition, an animal's food‐sharing behavior, which in itself may be based on a simple cognitive mechanism, could be used as a tool to investigate the extent to which the individual may be capable of complex cognitive abilities, for example, mental‐state attribution. These three areas of research, reciprocity, teaching, and mental‐state attribution, illustrate how food‐sharing behavior can be used as a valuable natural behavior to investigate cognition in non‐human animals. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:119–129. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1329This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition
Genetische Beratung bei Pränataldiagnostik
Authors: Schindelhauer-Deutscher H. Joachim , Henn Wolfram 
Published: December 2014

Zusammenfassung
Vor und nach jeder Pränataldiagnostik muss nach § 15 Abs. 3 des Gendiagnostikgesetzes verpflichtend eine genetische Beratung erfolgen, mit der die Schwangere in die Lage versetzt werden soll, eigenverantwortlich über die Inanspruchnahme der Untersuchung zu entscheiden und deren Ergebnisse für sich zu bewerten. Die in diesem Kommunikationsprozess zu vermittelnden Inhalte umfassen über medizinisch-genetische Fakten hinaus auch psychosoziale und ethische Aspekte, was die Einbindung nichtärztlicher Professionen nahelegen kann. Die Etablierung der nichtinvasiven Pränataldiagnostik hat erhebliche Auswirkungen auf Nutzen-Risiko-Abwägungen und damit auch auf die genetische Beratung. Im ergebnisoffenen Prozess der genetischen Beratung muss die Entscheidungsautonomie der Ratsuchenden respektiert, aber auch eigenen Wertvorstellungen der Berater Raum gegeben werden.
Changing serum levels of quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatitis B virus surface antigen carriers: A follow‐up study of an elderly cohort
Authors: Kuo Yuan‐Hung , Chang Kuo‐Ching , Wang Jing‐Houng , Tsai Pei‐Shan , Hung Shu‐Feng , Hung Chao‐Hung , Lu Sheng‐Nan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study was to elucidate longitudinally quantitative changes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA in elder HBsAg carriers in a community. Among 1002 residents screened for HBsAg in 2005, 405 responded to this follow‐up study in 2010. Fifty‐nine (14.6%) were HBsAg carriers in 2005; HBsAg quantification and HBV DNA were measured. HBsAg quantification (cutoff 1600 IU/mL) and HBV DNA (cutoff 2000 IU/mL) were combined to stratify the participants between two screens. A total of 30 men and 29 women with a mean age of 63.9 ± 7.9 years were enrolled. Quantitative levels of HBsAg and HBV DNA were significantly correlated in 2005 (r = 0.509, p < 0.001) and 2010 (r = 0.777, p < 0.001). Concentrations of HBsAg (IU/mL) significantly decreased from 2.2 ± 1.0 log in 2005 to 1.7 ± 1.5 log in 2010 (p < 0.001). The level of HBsAg was decreased in 48 (81.4%) individuals and HBsAg was undetectable in eight (13.6%). The annual incidence of HBsAg clearance was 2.7%. These 59 HBsAg carriers in 2005 were divided into four groups: low HBsAg low HBV DNA (n = 32), high HBsAg low HBV DNA (n = 5), low HBsAg high HBV DNA (n = 12) and high HBsAg high HBV DNA (n = 10). All 32 individuals in the low HBsAg low HBV DNA group were still in that group in 2010, whereas only two of the high HBsAg high HBV DNA group became inactive. As with a younger cohort in hospital, HBsAg quantification was still well correlated with HBV DNA in elderly HBsAg carriers in the community. Lower levels of both HBsAg and HBV DNA might represent an inactive HBV infection.
The Harms of Enhancement and the Conclusive Reasons View
Authors: DOUGLAS THOMAS 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:Many critics of bioenhancement go to considerable lengths to establish the existence of reasons against pursuing bioenhancements but do little to establish the absence of reasons in favor. This suggests that they accept what Allen Buchanan has called the conclusive reasons view (CRV). According to this view, our reasons against bioenhancement are obviously decisive, so there is no need to balance them against countervailing reasons. Buchanan criticizes the CRV by showing that the reasons most commonly adduced against bioenhancement are not decisive, or, at least, not obviously so.In this article, I suggest that both Buchanan and the authors to whom he is responding underestimate the strength of the case for the CRV. There are, I argue, harm-based reasons against bioenhancement that provide stronger support to the CRV than the reasons that have most often been adduced by critics of enhancement. However, I then argue that even these harm-based reasons are not obviously decisive. Thus, I ultimately agree with Buchanan about the falsity of the CRV, though I disagree with him about the reasons for its falsity.
Doctors and Dr. Seuss
Authors: CARLIN NATHAN 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:In 2012, Dartmouth College renamed its medical school, founded in 1797, the Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine. Using the renaming of the medical school of Dartmouth College as a foil, I offer in this article a vision of what it might mean to align Theodor Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, with doctors by examining Geisel’s You’re Only Old Once! A Book for Obsolete Children. In this article, I derive four critiques of modern medicine from the book and offer four strategies as to how these critiques could be explored in medical education. If You’re Only Old Once! is read as a pathography, I argue that it can be used as a resource for medical education.