bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of onychomycosis in psoriatic patients: a systematic review
Authors: Klaassen K.M.G. , Dulak M.G. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M. , Pasch M.C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe systematically reviewed all available literature concerning the prevalence of onychomycosis in patients with nail psoriasis and the distribution of pathogens causing onychomycosis in this specific group of patients. Databases searched were Pubmed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trial Register. All studies reporting on the prevalence of onychomycosis in nail psoriasis were obtained, and quality assessment was determined by the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology checklist. Literature search revealed 720 studies, of which 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. The major limitation of the review was the heterogeneity of the included studies, which prevented the possibility to conduct a meta analysis. However, the average prevalence of 18.0% of onychomycosis in psoriatic patients seems to be increased when compared with control groups and literature on healthy population, even though the ultimate evidence remains lacking. As in the literature hypothesized shift in causative agents from dermatophytes to yeasts and/or moulds could not be confirmed. The clinical consequence of the relatively high prevalence of onychomycosis in psoriasis may be a general advice to rule out onychomycosis or concomitant onychomycosis in these patients with (suspected) nail psoriasis. This advice is stressed by the relative simplicity of treating the contribution of onychomycosis in the nail dystrophy but also the fact that nail psoriasis mostly is treated by immunosuppressive drugs, like steroids, methotrexate or biologics which may aggravate mycotic nail infections.
The effects of low arched feet on foot rotation during gait in children with Down syndrome
Authors: Galli M. , Cimolin V. , Rigoldi C. , Pau M. , Costici P. , Albertini G. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundIn children with Down syndrome (DS) hypotonia and ligament laxity are characteristic features which cause a number of orthopaedic issues, such as flat foot. The aim of this study was to determine if children with flat foot are characterised by an accentuated external foot rotation during walking.MethodFifty‐five children with DS and 15 typically developing children recruited as control group were assessed using three‐dimensional gait analysis, using an optoelectronic system, force platforms and video recording. Parameters related to foot rotation were identified and calculated and the participants' foot morphology was assessed using the arch index.ResultsData obtained in this study showed that while DS children without flat foot displayed the foot position on the transverse plane globally close to controls during the whole gait cycle, the DS children with flat foot were characterised by higher extra‐rotation of the foot in comparison with those without flat foot and controls.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the presence of flatfoot lead the children with DS to extra‐rotate their feet more than the children without flat foot. From a clinical point of view, these results could enhance the rehabilitative programmes in DS.
Emotion dysregulation and social competence: stability, change and predictive power
Authors: Berkovits L. D. , Baker B. L. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundSocial difficulties are closely linked to emotion dysregulation among children with typical development (TD). Children with developmental delays (DD) are at risk for poor social outcomes, but the relationship between social and emotional development within this population is not well understood. The current study examines the extent to which emotion dysregulation is related to social problems across middle childhood among children with TD or DD.MethodChildren with TD (IQ ≥ 85, n = 113) and children with DD (IQ ≤ 75, n = 61) participated in a longitudinal study. Annual assessments were completed at ages 7, 8 and 9 years. At each assessment, mothers reported on children's emotion dysregulation, and both mothers and teachers reported on children's social difficulties.ResultsChildren with DD had higher levels of emotion dysregulation and social problems at each age than those with TD. Emotion dysregulation and social problems were significantly positively correlated within both TD and DD groups using mother report of social problems, and within the TD group using teacher report of social problems. Among children with TD, emotion dysregulation consistently predicted change in social problems from one year to the next. However, among children with DD, emotion dysregulation offered no unique prediction value above and beyond current social problems.ConclusionsResults suggested that the influence of emotion regulation abilities on social development may be a less salient pathway for children with DD. These children may have more influences, beyond emotion regulation, on their social behaviour, highlighting the importance of directly targeting social skill deficits among children with DD in order to ameliorate their social difficulties.
Purine metabolism during neuronal differentiation: the relevance of purine synthesis and recycling
Authors: Göttle Martin , Burhenne Heike , Sutcliffe Diane , Jinnah H. A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPurines are a class of small organic molecules that are essential for all cells. They play critical roles in neuronal differentiation and function. Their importance is highlighted by several inherited disorders of purine metabolism, such as Lesch–Nyhan disease, which is caused by a deficiency of the purine salvage enzyme, hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt). Despite the known importance of purines in the nervous system, knowledge regarding their metabolism in neurons is limited. In the current studies, purine pools and their metabolism were examined in rat PC6‐3 cells, a PC12 pheochromocytoma subclone that undergoes robust differentiation with nerve growth factor. The results were compared with five new independent PC6‐3 subclones with defective purine recycling because of different mutations affecting HGprt enzyme activity. The results demonstrate an increase in most purines and in energy state following neuronal differentiation, as well as specific abnormalities when purine recycling is lost. The loss of HGprt‐mediated purine recycling also is associated with significant loss of dopamine and related metabolites in the mutant PC6‐3 lines, suggesting an important connection between purine and dopamine pathways. These results provide insights into how purine pools and metabolism change with neuronal differentiation, and how specific enzyme defects may cause neuronal dysfunction.
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Differentiation of dopaminergic PC6‐3 cells is accompanied by increased purine pools and energy state. The lack of a functional purine recycling pathway causes purine limitation in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells, as well as profound loss of dopamine content. The results imply an unknown mechanism by which intracellular purine levels regulate dopamine levels.
Crosstalk between Dopamine D2 receptors and cannabinoid CB1 receptors regulates CNR1 promoter activity via ERK1/2 signaling
Authors: Chiang Yao‐Chang , Lo Yan‐Ni , Chen Jin‐Chung 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPreviously, we found that chronic methamphetamine treatment altered cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R)‐dependent cAMP/PKA/dopamine and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32 000 (DARPP‐32)/T34/PP2B signaling and decreased levels of CB1R protein and mRNA in the nucleus accumbens. These findings suggested the existence of signaling interplay between mesolimbic dopamine and CB1R. In this study, we further investigate interactions between CB1R and dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) signaling. Activation of either CB1R or D2R increased extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, while co‐stimulation of CB1R and D2R evoked an additive effect on the phospho‐ERK1/2 signal. This effect was mediated through a pertussis toxin‐sensitive Gαi/o pathway in primary striatal cells. Furthermore, the mRNA level of CB1R was increased via dopamine D2 receptor short form (D2SR) by treatment with D2R agonist quinpirole in D2SR/C6 glioma cells. This effect could be suppressed by co‐treatment with the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. To test if D2SR could transcriptionally regulate CB1R, the 5′‐untranslated region (5′‐UTR) of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) gene was sequenced from rat brain. Results showed that the CNR1 gene includes two exons, which contain 375 bp of 5′‐UTR and are separated by a 17‐kb intron. A luciferase reporter assay showed that the maximal D2SR‐responsive promoter activity is located in the −1 to −222 region of CNR1 promoter. Overall, we demonstrate previously unidentified crosstalk between D2R and CB1R via ERK1/2 signaling that enhances the expression of CB1R by modulating its promoter activity.
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Cannabinoid CB1R and dopamine D2R cross‐talk at ERK1/2 signal. Activation of D2SR increases the CB1R transcription, which is ERK1/2 dependent and enhances CB1R promoter activity that requires up‐stream −1 to −222 region. The results implicate pre‐synaptic D2SR could functionally regulate the retrograde cannabinoid signal in the striatum.
Effects of essential amino acid deficiency: down‐regulation of KCC2 and the GABAA receptor; disinhibition in the anterior piriform cortex
Authors: Sharp James W. , Ross‐Inta Catherine M. , Baccelli Irène , Payne John A. , Rudell John B. , Gietzen Dorothy W. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe anterior piriform cortex (APC) is activated by, and is the brain area most sensitive to, essential (indispensable) amino acid (IAA) deficiency. The APC is required for the rapid (20 min) behavioral rejection of IAA deficient diets and increased foraging, both crucial adaptive functions supporting IAA homeostasis in omnivores. The biochemical mechanisms signaling IAA deficiency in the APC block initiation of translation in protein synthesis via uncharged tRNA and the general amino acid control kinase, general control nonderepressing kinase 2. Yet, how inhibition of protein synthesis activates the APC is unknown. The neuronal K+Cl− cotransporter, neural potassium chloride co‐transporter (KCC2), and GABAA receptors are essential inhibitory elements in the APC with short plasmalemmal half‐lives that maintain control in this highly excitable circuitry. After a single IAA deficient meal both proteins were reduced (vs. basal diet controls) in western blots of APC (but not neocortex or cerebellum) and in immunohistochemistry of APC. Furthermore, electrophysiological analyses support loss of inhibitory elements such as the GABAA receptor in this model. As the crucial inhibitory function of the GABAA receptor depends on KCC2 and the Cl− transmembrane gradient it establishes, these results suggest that loss of such inhibitory elements contributes to disinhibition of the APC in IAA deficiency.
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The circuitry of the anterior piriform cortex (APC) is finely balanced between excitatory (glutamate, +) and inhibitory (GABA, −) transmission. GABAA receptors use Cl−, requiring the neural potassium chloride co‐transporter (KCC2). Both are rapidly turning‐over proteins, dependent on protein synthesis for repletion. In IAA (indispensable amino acid) deficiency, within 20 min, blockade of protein synthesis prevents restoration of these inhibitors; they are diminished; disinhibition ensues. GCN2 = general control non‐derepressing kinase 2, eIF2α = α‐subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2.
Metabolic products of [2‐13C]ethanol in the rat brain after chronic ethanol exposure
Authors: Wang Jie , Du Hongying , Ma Xiaoxian , Pittman Brian , Castracane Laura , Li Ting‐Kai , Behar Kevin L. , Mason Graeme F. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMost ingested ethanol is metabolized in the liver to acetaldehyde and then to acetate, which can be oxidized by the brain. This project assessed whether chronic exposure to alcohol can increase cerebral oxidation of acetate. Through metabolism, acetate may contribute to long‐term adaptation to drinking. Two groups of adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were studied, one treated with ethanol vapor and the other given room air. After 3 weeks the rats received an intravenous infusion of [2‐13C]ethanol via a lateral tail vein for 2 h. As the liver converts ethanol to [2‐13C]acetate, some of the acetate enters the brain. Through oxidation the 13C is incorporated into the metabolic intermediate α‐ketoglutarate, which is converted to glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and GABA. These were observed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and found to be 13C‐labeled primarily through the consumption of ethanol‐derived acetate. Brain Gln, Glu, and, GABA 13C enrichments, normalized to 13C‐acetate enrichments in the plasma, were higher in the chronically treated rats than in the ethanol‐naïve rats, suggesting increased cerebral uptake and oxidation of circulating acetate. Chronic ethanol exposure increased incorporation of systemically derived acetate into brain Gln, Glu, and GABA, key neurochemicals linked to brain energy metabolism and neurotransmission.imageThe liver converts ethanol to acetate, which may contribute to long‐term adaptation to drinking. Astroglia oxidize acetate and generate neurochemicals, while neurons and glia may also oxidize ethanol. When 13C‐ethanol is administered intravenously, 13C‐glutamine, glutamate, and GABA, normalized to 13C‐acetate, were higher in chronic ethanol‐exposed rats than in control rats, suggesting that ethanol exposure increases cerebral oxidation of circulating acetate.
Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 Receptor Agonist Administration Suppresses Both Water and Saline Intake in Rats
Authors: McKay N. J. , Daniels D. 
Published: August 2013

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Injections of GLP‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) agonists suppress food intake, and endogenous GLP‐1 is released when nutrients enter the gut. There is also growing evidence that the GLP‐1 system is involved in the regulation of body fluid homeostasis. GLP‐1R agonists suppress water intake independent of their effects on food intake. It is unknown, however, whether this suppressive effect of GLP‐1R agonists extends to saline intake. Accordingly, we tested the effect of the GLP‐1R agonists liraglutide (0.05 μg) and exendin‐4 (0.05 μg) on water and saline intake, as stimulated either by angiotensin II (AngII) or by water deprivation with partial rehydration (WD‐PR). Each agonist suppressed AngII‐induced water intake; however, only exendin‐4 suppressed saline intake. WD‐PR‐induced water and saline intakes were both attenuated by each agonist. Analysis of drinking microstructure after WD‐PR found a reliable effect of the agonists on burst number. Furthermore, exendin‐4 conditioned a robust taste avoidance to saccharine; however, there was no similar effect of liraglutide. To evaluate the relevance of the conditioned taste avoidance, we tested whether inducing visceral malaise by injection of lithium chloride (LiCl) suppressed fluid intake. Injection of LiCl did not suppress water or saline intakes. Overall, these results indicate that the fluid intake suppression by GLP‐1R activation is not selective to water intake, is a function of post‐ingestive feedback, and is not secondary to visceral malaise.
The effect of low‐level laser therapy on the healing of hard palate mucosa and the oxidative stress status of rats
Authors: Firat Ela Tules , Dağ Ahmet , Günay Ahmet , Kaya Beyza , Karadede Mehmet İrfan , Ersöz Kanay Berna , Ketani Aydın , Evliyaoğlu Osman , Uysal Ersin 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveThe biostimulation effects of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) have been demonstrated recently. This study investigated the effects of LLLT on palatal mucoperiosteal wound healing and oxidative stress status in rats.Material and methodForty‐two male Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g were used in this study. A standardized full‐thickness wound was created in the mucoperiosteum of the hard palates of the rats using a 3‐mm‐diameter biopsy punch. Treatment using a GaAlAs laser at a wavelength of 940 nm and a dose of 10 J/cm2 was initiated after surgery and repeated on the 2nd, 4th, and 6th days post‐surgery. Seven animals from each group were sacrificed on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days after surgery. Total antioxidant status and total oxidative status were measured in serum.ResultsThe histopathological findings revealed reduced numbers of inflammatory cells on the 7th day, increased mitotic activity of fibroblasts on the 14th and 21st day, and the same degree of collagen synthesis and vascularization on the days 7, 14, and 21 in the LLLT group compared with the control group. No significant differences in total oxidative status and total antioxidant status were observed between the groups.ConclusionLLLT using a GaAlAs laser at a wavelength of 940 nm and a dose of 10 J/cm2 elicited a positive healing effect on palatal mucoperiosteal wounds likely via the induction of fibroblasts. The oxidative stress status was not affected by LLLT.
Selection and Socialization of Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior: The Moderating Role of Social‐Cognitive Processes
Authors: Molano Andres , Jones Stephanie M. , Brown Joshua L. , Aber J. Lawrence 
Published: August 2013

This study evaluated the extent to which fourth‐grade students (M age = 8.62) select and are influenced by their peers' aggressive and prosocial behavior and the extent to which intra‐individual social cognitions moderate these processes. Two waves of data were collected in the fall and spring of one academic year from children attending 18 New York City public elementary schools. Stochastic actor‐based social network analysis was used to evaluate whether participants modify their network or behavior in response to the behavior of their peers. Findings support an average main effect of peer influence of aggression, as well as an interaction indicating that participants with high levels of hostile attributional bias have higher odds of adopting the aggressive behavior of their peers.
Social Goals and Adolescent Friendships: Social Selection, Deselection, and Influence
Authors: Ojanen Tiina , Sijtsema Jelle J. , Rambaran Ashwin J. 
Published: August 2013

This study examined adolescent friendship selection and social influence with regard to agentic (status and power) and communal (closeness and affiliation) goals at three waves during middle school (N = 504; 12–14 years; 53% boys). Meta‐level findings across four friendship networks indicated social influence for both goal orientations: friends grew more similar to each other in agentic as well as communal goals. Moreover, in one friendship network, similarity in agentic goals predicted friendship deselection or termination of these relationships over time. Theoretical and practical implications for the study of adolescent social goals and friendships are discussed.
Breastfeeding practices and child growth outcomes in Haiti: an analysis of data from Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Heidkamp Rebecca , Ayoya Mohamed Ag , Teta Ismael Ngnie , Stoltzfus Rebecca J. , Marhone Joseline Pierre 
Published: August 2013

AbstractHaiti's national nutrition policy prioritises breastfeeding, but limited data are available to inform strategy. We examined national trends in early initiation of breastfeeding (ErIBF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) over a 10‐year period using data from three Haitian Demographic and Health Surveys (1994–1995, 2000 and 2005–2006). We used multivariate regression methods to identify determinants of ErIBF and EBF in the 2005–2006 data set and to examine relationships to growth. There was no change in ErIBF across surveys [1994–1995: 36.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 29.9–43.9; 2000: 49.4%, 95% CI 44.1–54.8; 2005–2006: 43.8%, 95% CI 40.5–47.1]. EBF among 0–5‐month‐olds increased sharply (1994–18995: 1.1%, 95% CI 0.4–3.2; 2000: 22.4%, 95% CI 16.5–29.5; 2005–2006: 41.2%, 95% CI 35.4–47.2). The proportion of breastfeeding children 0–5 months who received soft, solid or semi‐solid foods decreased (1994–1995: 68.5%, 95% CI 57.3–77.9; 2000: 46.3%, 95% CI 39.3–53.4; 2005–2006: 30.9%, 95% CI 25.9–36.5). Child age at time of survey [odds ratio (OR) 1.73; P = 0.027], lower maternal education (OR = 2.14, P = 0.004) and residence in the Artibonite Department (OR 0.31; P = 0.001) were associated with ErIBF among children 0–23 months. Age group and department were significant predictors of EBF among children 0–5 months. ErIBF was associated with higher weight‐for‐age z‐scores [effect size (ES) 0.22; P = 0.033] and height‐for‐age z‐scores (ES 0.20; P = 0.044). There was no statistically significant relationship between EBF and growth. The 10‐year ErIBF and EBF trends in Haiti echo global and regional trends. ErIBF and EBF are related practices but with different determinants in the Haitian context. These differences have implications for intervention delivery.
Multiple paternity and sperm competition in the sibling species Drosophila buzzatii and Drosophila koepferae
Authors: Hurtado J. , Iglesias P. P. , Lipko P. , Hasson E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSperm competition (SC) is a major component of sexual selection that enhances intra‐ and intersexual conflicts and may trigger rapid adaptive evolution of sexual characters. The actual role of SC on rapid evolution, however, is poorly understood. Besides, the relative contribution of distinctive features of the mating system to among species variation in the strength of SC remains unclear. Here, we assessed the strength of SC and mating system factors that may account for it in the closely related species Drosophila buzzatii and Drosophila koepferae. Our analyses reveal higher incidence of multiple paternity and SC risk in D. buzzatii wild‐inseminated females. The estimated number of fathers per brood was 3.57 in D. buzzatii and 1.95 in D. koepferae. In turn, the expected proportion of females inseminated by more than one male was 0.89 in D. buzzatii and 0.58 in D. koepferae. Laboratory experiments show that this pattern may be accounted for by the faster rate of stored sperm usage observed in D. koepferae and by the greater female remating rate exhibited by D. buzzatii. We also found that the male reproductive cost of SC is also higher in D. buzzatii. After a female mated with a second male, first‐mating male fertility was reduced by 71.4% in D. buzzatii and only 33.3% in D. koepferae. Therefore, we may conclude that postmating sexual selection via SC is a stronger evolutionary force in D. buzzatii than in its sibling.
Starch synthase 4 is essential for coordination of starch granule formation with chloroplast division during Arabidopsis leaf expansion
Authors: Crumpton‐Taylor Matilda , Pike Marilyn , Lu Kuan‐Jen , Hylton Christopher M. , Feil Regina , Eicke Simona , Lunn John E. , Zeeman Samuel C. , Smith Alison M. 
Published: August 2013

Summary

Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking the SS4 isoform of starch synthase have strongly reduced numbers of starch granules per chloroplast, suggesting that SS4 is necessary for the normal generation of starch granules. To establish whether it plays a direct role in this process, we investigated the circumstances in which granules are formed in ss4 mutants.

Starch granule numbers and distribution and the accumulation of starch synthase substrates and products were investigated during ss4 leaf development, and in ss4 mutants carrying mutations or transgenes that affect starch turnover or chloroplast volume.

We found that immature ss4 leaves have no starch granules, but accumulate high concentrations of the starch synthase substrate ADPglucose. Granule numbers are partially restored by elevating the capacity for glucan synthesis (via expression of bacterial glycogen synthase) or by increasing the volumes of individual chloroplasts (via introduction of arc mutations). However, these granules are abnormal in distribution, size and shape.

SS4 is an essential component of a mechanism that coordinates granule formation with chloroplast division during leaf expansion and determines the abundance and the flattened, discoid shape of leaf starch granules.