bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Horace Mann: Telling Stories about Indian Education
Authors: Adams David Wallace 
Published: July 2014

For all the times Horace Mann has been quoted on one subject or another, the following passage has somehow escaped educational historians' notice.If a savage will learn how to swim, he can fasten a dozen pounds' weight to his back, and transport it across a narrow river, or other body of water of moderate width. If he will invent an ax, or other instrument, by which to cut down a tree, he can use the tree for a float, and one of its limbs for a paddle, and can thus transport many times the former weight, many times the former distance. Hollowing out his log, he will increase, what may be called, its tonnage, – or, rather its poundage, – and, by sharpening its ends, it will cleave the water both more easily and more swiftly. Fastening several trees together, he makes a raft, and thus increases the buoyant power of his embryo watercraft.
Enhanced skin delivery of liquiritigenin and liquiritin‐loaded liposome‐in‐hydrogel complex system
Authors: Kim S. J. , Kwon S. S. , Jeon S. H. , Yu E. R. , Park S. N. 
Published: July 2014

SynopsisObjectiveTo study the permeation of liquiritigenin (LQG) and liquiritin (LQ) as licorice flavonoids into the skin, we prepared ceramide liposome‐in‐cellulose hydrogel complex system.MethodsLiposome‐in‐hydrogel complex systems were developed by incorporating ceramide liposomes into cellulose hydrogels by the swelling method. We evaluated their physical and chemical properties, encapsulation efficiency and skin permeability using Franz Diffusion Cell. It was visually seen by CLSM images analysis.ResultsThe ceramide liposome, consisting of biocompatible lipid membranes, remained stable for over 3 weeks. Encapsulation efficiencies for liquiritigenin and liquiritin‐loaded liposome‐in‐hydrogel were 69.39% and 64.71%, respectively. Liposome‐in‐hydrogel complex systems (LQG: 56.55%, LQ: 66.99%) had greater skin permeability than control (LQG: 4.92%, LQ: 5.30%) or a single liposome systems (LQG: 43.34%, LQ: 48.97%) and hydrogel systems (LQG: 38.21%, LQ: 55.07%).ConclusionLiposome‐in‐hydrogel system can be a potential drug delivery system for topical delivery of antioxidants such as licorice flavonoids to construct antioxidative skin barrier.
Temporospatial localization of dentine matrix protein 1 following direct pulp capping with calcium hydroxide in rat molars
Authors: Shigetani Y. , Yoshiba K. , Kuratate M. , Takei E. , Yoshiba N. , Yamanaka Y. , Ohshima H. , Okiji T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimTo examine the temporospatial expression of dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP1; a noncollagenous protein involved in mineralized tissue formation), osteopontin (another noncollagenous protein detected during reparative dentinogenesis) and nestin (a marker of differentiating/differentiated odontoblasts), following direct pulp capping with calcium hydroxide in rat molars.MethodologyThe maxillary first molars of 8‐week‐old Wistar rats had their pulps exposed and capped with calcium hydroxide. The pulp‐capped teeth were collected from 6 h to 14 days postoperatively and processed for immunohistochemistry for DMP1, osteopontin and nestin. Cell proliferation was monitored using 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling.ResultsThe capped pulps initially exhibited superficial necrotic changes followed by the formation of new matrix and its mineralization. DMP1 immunoreactivity was observed in the matrix beneath the necrotic layer from 6 h onwards and present in the outer portion of the newly formed mineralized matrix from 7 days onwards. Osteopontin displayed a similar expression pattern, although it occupied a narrower area than DMP1 at 6 and 12 h. Nestin‐immunoreactive cells appeared beneath the DMP1‐immunoreactive area at 1 day, were distributed beneath the newly formed matrix at 5 days and exhibited odontoblast‐like morphology by 14 days. BrdU‐positive cells significantly increased at 2 and 3 days (P < 0.05) and then decreased.ConclusionsThe deposition of DMP1 at exposed pulp sites preceded the appearance of nestin‐immunoreactive cells, active cell proliferation and new matrix formation after pulp capping with calcium hydroxide in rat molars, suggesting that DMP1 acts as a trigger of pulp repair. The colocalization of DMP1 and osteopontin suggests that these two proteins play complementary roles.
Role of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging as an imaging biomarker of urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Yoshida Soichiro , Koga Fumitaka , Masuda Hitoshi , Fujii Yasuhisa , Kihara Kazunori 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDiffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a type of functional imaging that is increasingly being applied in the management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and bladder cancer. The image contrast is derived from differences in the Brownian motion of water molecules in tissues. The homogenous high signal intensity of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and bladder cancer on diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging provides helpful diagnostic information for the presence of cancerous lesions in a non‐invasive manner. Recently, growing evidence has emerged showing that diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging can serve as an imaging biomarker for characterizing cancer pathophysiology, because the signal reflects biophysical information about the tissues. Quantitative analysis by evaluating the apparent diffusion coefficient values potentially reflects the histological grade and the biological aggressiveness of urothelial carcinoma. The apparent diffusion coefficient value could be a biomarker predicting the clinical course of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and bladder cancer. In addition, in chemoradiotherapy‐based bladder‐sparing approaches against muscle‐invasive bladder cancer, the role of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging for predicting the chemoradiosensitivity and for monitoring therapeutic response has been shown. Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging is expected to improve the diagnostic accuracy, and this qualitative information might allow individualized treatment strategies for patients with urothelial carcinoma.
c‐Met signalling is required for efficient postnatal thymic regeneration and repair
Authors: Song Yinhong , Su Min , Panchatsharam Pranau , Rood Debra , Lai Laijun 
Published: July 2014

SummaryWe have reported that in vivo administration of the hybrid cytokine rIL‐7/HGFβ or rIL‐7/HGFα, which contains interleukin‐7 (IL‐7) and the β‐ or α‐chain of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), significantly enhances thymopoiesis in mice after bone marrow transplantation. We have shown that the HGF receptor, c‐Met, is involved in the effect of the hybrid cytokines. To address the role of c‐Met signalling in thymocyte development and recovery, we generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice in which c‐Met was specifically deleted in T cells by crossing c‐Metft/ft mice with CD4‐Cre transgenic mice. We show here that although the number of total thymocytes and thymocyte subsets in young c‐Met cKO mice is comparable to age‐matched control (Ctrl) mice, the cKO mice were more susceptible to sub‐lethal irradiation and dexamethasone treatment. This was demonstrated by low recovery in thymic cellularity in c‐Met cKO mice after insult. Furthermore, the number of total thymocytes and thymocyte subsets was markedly reduced in 6‐ to 12‐month‐old cKO mice compared with age‐matched Ctrl mice, and the thymic architecture of 12‐month‐old cKO mice was similar to that of 20‐month‐old wild‐type mice. In addition, c‐Met deficiency reduced cell survival and the expression of Bcl‐xL in double‐positive thymocytes, and decreased cell proliferation and the expression of cyclin E and cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 in single‐positive thymocytes. Our data indicate that c‐Met signalling plays an important role in thymic regeneration after thymic insult. In addition, T‐cell‐specific inactivation of c‐Met accelerates age‐related thymic involution.
Clinical evaluation of apex locator and radiography in primary teeth
Authors: Oznurhan Fatih , Ünal Murat , Kapdan Arife , Ozturk Ceren , Aksoy Serkan 
Published: July 2014

AimThe aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of electronic apex locater and radiographic determination of root canal length in primary teeth.MethodologyA total of 32 human primary molar teeth (96 roots) were selected. After endodontic access preparation, root canals were irrigated with physiological saline solution. The access cavities were dried with cotton pellets and, the roots were dried with paper points before performing the electronic measurement. The root canal length measurements were first taken with an apex locater (EndoMaster), and then, a size ♯ 15 K‐file was inserted into the root canal, and radiography was taken to determine the working length measurements. The measurement data were recorded and compared by one‐way anova and Kruskal–Wallis tests. P < 0.05 was accepted for the significance.ResultsThe mean values for radiography were 13.23 ± 1.92 mm and for EndoMaster were 13.08 ± 1.77 mm. The accuracy of EndoMaster was 80.2% in correct measurements ±1 mm (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe electronic apex locators could be useful in determining working length and thereby decreasing the need for radiographs and exposure to ionizing radiation in pediatric dental patients.
A mixed integer programming formulation for the three‐dimensional bin packing problem deriving from an air cargo application
Authors: Paquay C. , Schyns M. , Limbourg S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe present paper discusses the problem of optimizing the loading of boxes into containers. The goal is to minimize the unused volume. This type of problem belongs to the family of multiple bin size bin packing problems (MBSBPP). The approach includes an extensive set of constraints encountered in real‐world applications in the three‐dimensional case: the stability, the fragility of the items, the weight distribution, and the possibility to rotate the boxes. It also includes the specific situation in which containers are truncated parallelepipeds. This is typical in the field of air transportation. While most papers on cutting and packing problems describe ad hoc procedures, this paper proposes a mixed integer linear program. The validity of this model is tested on small instances.
Phase Evolution in the Transformation of Atomically Mixed Versus Ball‐Milled Mixtures of Nanopowders in the Formation of Composite MO·3Al2O3 Spinels: Bottom‐Up Processing is Not Always Optimal
Authors: Taylor Nathan J. , Pottebaum Andrew J. , Uz Veli , Laine Richard M. 
Published: July 2014

Liquid‐feed flame spray pyrolysis (LF‐FSP) provides atomically homogeneous mixed metal powders with 30–40 nm average particle sizes, often producing kinetic phases due to the high quench rate As produced LF‐FSP Al2O3‐rich spinels, such as MgO·3Al2O3, form an Al2O3‐rich metastable single‐phase spinel. On heating, the powders phase separate to form MAl2O4 and α‐Al2O3. Compacts of MO·3Al2O3 (M = Co, Ni, Mg) were produced and sintered to evaluate the final duplex microstructure. The same composition was also approached from stoichiometric LF‐FSP MAl2O4 nanopowders ball‐milled with Al2O3 nanopowders in an attempt to evaluate how the initial length scale of mixing affected the final microstructure. Contrary to traditional sintering, we observe two distinct mechanisms. At 1000°C–1200°C, cation diffusion appears to control densification as a consequence of high vacancy concentrations and atomic mixing where traditionally expected site inversion plays less of a factor given the high quench rates. The second mechanism follows α‐Al2O3 exsolution and densification occurs via oxygen diffusion and α‐Al2O3 grain growth. When sintering the duplex MAl2O4/α‐Al2O3 compacts to at least 95% theoretical density, we find final microstructures that do not reflect the initial degrees of mixing. That is, the atomically mixed MgO·3Al2O3 does not does not offer an advantage over the submicron length scale of mixing in the ball‐milled samples.
Matter of margins
Authors: Gualdi G. , Monari P. , Crotti S. , Damiani G. , Facchetti F. , Calzavara‐Pinton P. , Fantini F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundBasal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer, it represents a significant economic burden to health services because of a large volume of affected patients. Surgical excision with histological assessment of the surgical margins is widely considered as the mainstay of BCC treatment. Incomplete removal, in fact, should be considered a poor prognostic indicator, as incomplete removal of lesions is at risk of local recurrence. Actually, dermatological surgeries are carried out by a variety of different types of practitioners, such as plastic surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons, otorhinolaryngologists, ophthalmologists and finally dermatologists. Incomplete removal of the tumour ranges from 6.3% to 25%, depending on the improper intra‐operative evaluation of the extent of the tumour. It depends on the clinical knowledge derived from both training and daily experience. In this sense, the majority of the largest studies derive from plastic surgeons, while dermatologists have small case series, albeit with a higher therapeutic efficacy in terms of complete surgical excision.ObjectivesWe conducted a retrospective analysis of the surgical activity, more specifically we evaluated both our therapeutic accuracy and analyzed the prognostic factors related to incomplete excisions.MethodsA retrospective review of all BCC removals was performed. A total of 4523 BCC removals were included; other neoplasm, benign lesions and biopsies were also excluded. Each BCC's size diameter, localization, histology and histological presence of complicating factors was assessed, then the percentage of the incomplete removal was calculated.ResultsIncomplete resections occurred in 225 (4.97%) BCCs of the cases. Thirteen areas were categorized into in three different levels that rank the risk of incomplete removals. Sub‐analysis indicates that just over a third had no complicating factors with the lateral/deep margins. The most frequent complicating factor is ulceration (22.9%), while vascular invasion or seborrheic keratoses were not found. Actinic keratoses, scabs and scars held the most responsibility for the involvement of the lateral margins, while perineural invasion is the main factor leading to deep margin involvement. Finally, a different trend for the involvement of lateral or deep margins according different histological sub‐types was highlighted; lateral involvement is more frequent for the infiltrative/morpheic type, while the deep margin is more involved in the nodular type.
Cardiovascular disease in psoriatic post‐menopausal women
Authors: Pietrzak A. , Czuczwar P. , Mosiewicz J. , Paszkowski T. , Chodorowska G. , Bartosinska J. , Gerkowicz A. , Paluszkiewicz P. , Freud T. , Cohen A.D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundIt is generally accepted that the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women is significantly increased after the menopause. Hormonal changes associated with the menopausal transition may also alter the course of autoimmune diseases. It has been reported that menopause may exacerbate the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis and giant cell arteritis, but attenuate the course of systemic lupus erythemathosus. There is a growing body of literature indicating that the course of psoriasis may be altered by menopausal hormone changes. Considering the fact that both psoriasis and menopause are independent risk factors for CVD, and that menopause may exacerbate the course of psoriasis, a possible additive effect between these two conditions may be crucial for proper monitoring and treatment of peri‐ and post‐menopausal psoriatic patients.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to analyse potential relationship between psoriasis, menopausal status and risk of CVD.Materials and methodsA retrospective analysis of the Clalit Health Services database was performed in an attempt to provide new data and the available literature concerning these issues was reviewed. Data on cardiovascular events in 10 872 female psoriatic patients and 19 471 controls were extracted and compared.ResultsIn both psoriatic and control patients the association of CVD increased with age. The association of CVD was significantly greater in psoriatic patients, but no significant differences were found between any of age groups.ConclusionsThe association of psoriasis and CVD in women increases with age but there is insufficient evidence to confirm that menopause increases the risk of psoriasis. Further studies directly addressing this issue are needed.
A multicentre pilot study investigating high‐definition optical coherence tomography in the differentiation of cutaneous melanoma and melanocytic naevi
Authors: Gambichler T. , Schmid‐Wendtner M.H. , Plura I. , Kampilafkos P. , Stücker M. , Berking C. , Maier T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐definition optical coherence tomography scanners have recently been developed.ObjectivesTo assess the diagnostic performance of HD‐OCT in the differentiation of benign melanocytic skin lesions (MSL) and cutaneous melanoma (CM).MethodsPatients with MSL were assessed by HD‐OCT. All diagnoses were histopathologically confirmed. One blinded observer evaluated both slice and en‐face HD‐OCT images and diagnosed MLS on the basis of an algorithm adopted from reflectance confocal microscopy, recent HD‐OCT reports, and conventional OCT.ResultsA total of 93 MSL were studied comprising 66 benign MSL and 27 CM. The sensitivity of HD‐OCT was 74.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 53.7–88.8%)], specificity was 92.4% (95% CI 83.2–97.5%). The positive predictive value was 80%, the negative predictive value 89.7%. The performance of HD‐OCT depended on tumour thickness and the presence of borderline lesions indicated by high false negative rates in very thin melanomas and high false positive rates in dysplastic naevi.ConclusionsIn the distinction of MSL, HD‐OCT applied in an investigator blinded fashion has a moderate diagnostic performance. The diagnostic performance of HD‐OCT of MSL should be reassessed in other clinical settings.
Effect of incubation temperature and time on the precision of data generated by antibiotic disc diffusion assays
Authors: Smith P , Kronvall G 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe influence on the precision of disc diffusion data of the conditions under which the tests were performed was examined by analysing multilaboratory data sets generated after incubation at 35 °C for 18 h, at 28 °C for 24 h and 22 °C for 24 h and 48 h. Analyses of these data sets demonstrated that precision was significantly and progressively decreased as the test temperature was reduced from 35 to 22 °C. Analysis of the data obtained at 22 °C also showed the precision was inversely related to the time of incubation. Temperature and time related decreases in precision were not related to differences in the mean zone sizes of the data sets obtained under these test conditions. Analysis of the zone data obtained at 28 and 22 °C as single laboratory sets demonstrated that reductions of incubation temperature resulted in significant increases in both intralaboratory and interlaboratory variation. Increases in incubation time at 22 °C were, however, associated with statistically significant increases in interlaboratory variation but not with any significant increase in intralaboratory variation. The significance of these observations for the establishment of the acceptable limits of precision of data sets that can be used for the setting of valid epidemiological cut‐off values is discussed.
Pathogenesis of acute and chronic diseases caused by cyprinid herpesvirus‐3
Authors: Miwa S , Kiryu I , Yuasa K , Ito T , Kaneko T 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe pathogenesis of cyprinid herpesvirus‐3 (CyHV‐3) was studied using different lineages of carp/koi. After exposure to the virus, infected cells were first found in the skin by histopathology and by in situ hybridization. The epidermis of the skin was most severely damaged and often sloughed off in the fish sampled on days 5 through 8, and the fish that were highly sensitive to the virus died within 8 or 10 days after infection. Serum osmolality of the infected fish, particularly just before death, was significantly lower, suggesting that the osmotic shock consequent on the damage to the skin was the direct cause of the acute deaths. On the other hand, clinical and histopathological observations indicate that the carp of a less sensitive lineage most probably died of viral encephalitis around 3 weeks after infection. For these fish, the largest number of infected cells was found in the central nervous system (CNS) sampled on day 12. A substantial amount of viral genome was found in the CNS of carp surviving more than 1 year after the infection. Thus, the CNS is probably a major target for CyHV‐3, and the virus can persistently infect the CNS, presumably establishing latency.
Effects of water temperature on mortality in Megalocytivirus‐infected rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck et Schlegel) and development of protective immunity
Authors: Jung M H , Jung S J , Vinay T N , Nikapitiya C , Kim J O , Lee J H , Lee J , Oh M J 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes huge losses, especially in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus. Rock bream injected with RBIV and held at 29, 26, 23 or 20 °C had 100% mortality. Conversely, all infected fish held at 17 °C survived even after the temperature was progressively increased to 26 °C at 100 dpi. Rock bream exposed to virus and held for 2, 4 and 7 days at 23/26 °C before the temperature was reduced to 17 °C had mortality rates of 26.6/73.2%, 66.6/100% and 93.4/100%, respectively, through 100 dpi. When surviving fish had the water temperature increased from 17 to 26 °C at 100 dpi, they did not exhibit signs of disease and had low virus copy numbers (below 103). To investigate the development of a protective immune, rock bream were infected with RBIV and held at 23 °C before shifting the water temperature to 17 °C at 4 dpi. All injected fish survived until 120 dpi. While 100% of the previously unexposed fish died, 80.2% of the previously infected fish survived. When the survivors were rechallenged again at 160 dpi, no further mortality occurred. The high survival rate of fish following rechallenge with RBIV indicates that protective immunity was established in the surviving rock bream.
Development of simple, rapid and sensitive detection assay for grouper nervous necrosis virus using real‐time loop‐mediated isothermal amplification
Authors: Mekata T , Satoh J , Inada M , Dinesh S , Harsha P , Itami T , Sudhakaran R 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA quantitative rapid detection method based on loop‐mediated isothermal amplification has been developed for red‐spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV). The nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay is the mainstream inspection of the brooder in the hatchery. In this study, a real‐time loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method has been applied for RGNNV detection, known as a high‐speed gene amplification procedure. Of the three temperatures (60 °C, 63 °C and 65 °C) attempted, it has been found that 63 °C is giving higher amplification from 11th minute onwards. Sensitivity analysis performed in comparison with real‐time polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcriptase PCR and nested RT‐PCR using various concentrations of template revealed that real‐time LAMP method is efficient in terms of cost and time consumption. Specificity analysis revealed that the method developed is specific to RGNNV, whereas it has sequence cross‐match with tiger puffer NNV giving advantage in detecting both the viruses. This method could be much efficient in analysing RGNNV in combination with TPNNV.