bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘He does not see himself as being different’: the perspectives of children and caregivers on relevant areas of functioning in cerebral palsy
Authors: Schiariti Veronica , Sauve Karen , Klassen Anne F , O'Donnell Maureen , Cieza Alarcos , Mâsse Louise C 
Published: April 2014

AimsIn the context of the development of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP), we investigated the strengths and limitations in functioning important to children with CP, through either child self‐reports or caregiver proxy reports, using components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF‐CY).MethodWe conducted semi‐structured interviews with 10 children with CP (children self‐reporting), 10 caregivers of children self‐reporting (10 child–caregiver dyads), and 12 caregivers of children not self‐reporting. Mean age 10y 6mo, range 4–16y. A convenience sample was recruited representing Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I to V. Interviews were audio‐taped and the content covered all of the relevant ICF‐CY components. The interviews were then transcribed verbatim and coded in N‐Vivo 10 using the ICF‐CY coding system.ResultsWe identified 1956 themes that linked to 175 ICF‐CY categories. Most of the themes were represented by the ICF‐CY components activities and participation and environmental factors. The children interviewed discussed issues related to mobility, self‐care, and recreation and leisure, whereas the caregivers focused more on physical limitations and on the environmental factors associated with everyday activities.InterpretationThe children and their caregivers described many of the same areas of functioning but provided unique perspectives. Children talked more frequently about their abilities with CP, whereas the caregivers interviewed talked more about their concern over the limitations and broader issues facing their child. The findings highlight the need to explore the perspectives of both the child and the caregiver when characterizing the functional profile of children with CP.
Mitochondrial target of thiazolidinediones
Authors: Colca J. R. , McDonald W. G. , Kletzien R. F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInsulin‐sensitizing thiazolidinediones exert a pleiotropic pharmacology with therapeutic potential in a number of disease states ranging from metabolic syndrome and diabetes to neurodegeneration and cancer. A growing understanding of their mechanism of action, working from the site of their binding in the mitochondrion, provides insight into the mechanism of action of the insulin sensitizers and the reasons for their pleiotropic pharmacology. This review helps to frame the direction of future work that should be helpful in setting a new direction for the discovery and development of new, more useful therapeutic agents for metabolic disease.
Trophic ecology of brown trout (Salmo truttaL.) in subarctic lakes
Authors: Sánchez‐Hernández Javier , Amundsen Per‐Arne 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn subarctic lake systems, fish species like brown trout are often important predators, and their niche performance is a key characteristic for understanding trophic interactions and food web functioning at upper trophic levels. Here, we studied summer habitat use and stomach contents of brown trout under both allopatric and sympatric conditions in six subarctic lakes to reveal its trophic role, and population‐ and individual‐level niche plasticity. In allopatry, brown trout mainly used the littoral habitat, but also less commonly used the pelagic zone. In sympatry with stickleback, there was always a considerable habitat overlap between the two species. In contrast, sympatric populations of brown trout and Arctic charr generally revealed a distinct habitat segregation. In the sympatric systems, in general, there was a distinct resource partitioning between the trout and charr, whereas the observed diet overlap between trout and stickleback was much larger. Trout modified their individual dietary specialisation between the littoral and pelagic zone, always being lower in the pelagic. Piscivorous behaviour of trout was only found in sympatric systems, possibly contributing to a competitive advantage of trout over charr and stickleback. Hence, the trophic level of trout was strongly related to the fish community composition, with a higher trophic level in sympatric systems where piscivorous behaviour was frequent. These changes in the trophic level of trout linked with the observed food resource partitioning might be an important mechanism in the ecosystem functioning of subarctic lakes to allow coexistence among sympatric‐living fish species.
Dysregulated sleep–wake cycles in young people are associated with emerging stages of major mental disorders
Authors: Scott Elizabeth M. , Robillard Rébecca , Hermens Daniel F. , Naismith Sharon L. , Rogers Naomi L. , Ip Tony K. C. , White Django , Guastella Adam , Whitwell Bradley , Leigh Smith Kristie , Hickie Ian B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo determine if disturbed sleep–wake cycle patterns in young people with evolving mental disorder are associated with stages of illness.MethodsThe sleep–wake cycle was monitored using actigraphy across 4 to 22 days. Participants (21 healthy controls and 154 persons seeking help for mental health problems) were aged between 12 and 30 years. Those persons seeking mental health care were categorized as having mild symptoms (stage 1a), an ‘attenuated syndrome’ (stage 1b) or an ‘established mental disorder’ (stage 2+).ResultsThe proportions of individuals with a delayed weekdays sleep schedule increased progressively across illness stages: 9.5% of controls, 11.1% of stage 1a, 25.6% of stage 1b, and 50.0% of stage 2+ (χ2 (3 d.f.) = 18.4, P < 0.001). A similar pattern was found for weekends (χ2 (3 d.f.) = 7.6, P = 0.048). Compared with controls, stage 1b participants had later sleep onset on weekends (P = 0.015), and participants at stages 1b and 2+ had later sleep offset on both weekdays and weekends (P < 0.020). Compared with controls, all participants with mental disorders had more wake after sleep onset (P < 0.029) and those at stages 1a and 2+ had lower sleep efficiency (P < 0.040). Older age, medicated status and later weekdays sleep offset were found to be the three strongest correlates of later versus earlier clinical stages.ConclusionsIn relation to clinical staging of common mental disorders in young people, the extent of delayed sleep phase is associated with more severe or persistent phases of illness.
The general anaesthetic etomidate inhibits the excitability of mouse thalamocortical relay neurons by modulating multiple modes of GABAA receptor‐mediated inhibition
Authors: Herd Murray B. , Lambert Jeremy J. , Belelli Delia 
Published: April 2014

AbstractModulation of thalamocortical (TC) relay neuron function has been implicated in the sedative and hypnotic effects of general anaesthetics. Inhibition of TC neurons is mediated predominantly by a combination of phasic and tonic inhibition, together with a recently described ‘spillover’ mode of inhibition, generated by the dynamic recruitment of extrasynaptic γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors (GABAARs). Previous studies demonstrated that the intravenous anaesthetic etomidate enhances tonic and phasic inhibition in TC relay neurons, but it is not known how etomidate may influence spillover inhibition. Moreover, it is unclear how etomidate influences the excitability of TC neurons. Thus, to investigate the relative contribution of synaptic (α1β2γ2) and extrasynaptic (α4β2δ) GABAARs to the thalamic effects of etomidate, we performed whole‐cell recordings from mouse TC neurons lacking synaptic (α10/0) or extrasynaptic (δ0/0) GABAARs. Etomidate (3 μm) significantly inhibited action‐potential discharge in a manner that was dependent on facilitation of both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAARs, although enhanced tonic inhibition was dominant in this respect. Additionally, phasic inhibition evoked by stimulation of the nucleus reticularis exhibited a spillover component mediated by δ‐GABAARs, which was significantly prolonged in the presence of etomidate. Thus, etomidate greatly enhanced the transient suppression of TC spike trains by evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Collectively, these results suggest that the deactivation of thalamus observed during etomidate‐induced anaesthesia involves potentiation of tonic and phasic inhibition, and implicate amplification of spillover inhibition as a novel mechanism to regulate the gating of sensory information through the thalamus during anaesthetic states.
Helicobacter pylori Gastritis in HIV‐Infected Patients: A Review
Authors: Nevin Daniel T. , Morgan Christopher J. , Graham David Y. , Genta Robert M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe risk factors for acquiring Helicobacter pylori and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections are different: H. pylori is transmitted by gastro‐ or fecal‐oral routes and is associated with low socioeconomic conditions, while HIV is transmitted through sexual intercourse, infected body fluids, and transplacentally. If the host responses to these infections were independent, the prevalence of H. pylori should be similar in HIV‐infected and non‐infected patients. Yet, several studies have detected a lower prevalence of H. pylori in patients with HIV infection, whereas other studies found either no differences or greater rates of H. pylori infection in HIV‐positive subjects.ObjectiveTo review studies that addressed the issue of these two simultaneous infections and attempt to determine whether reliable conclusions can be drawn from this corpus of often contrasting evidence.MethodsElectronic literature search for relevant publications, followed by manual search of additional citations from extracted articles.ResultsThe initial search yielded 44 publications; after excluding case reports, reviews, narrowly focused articles, and duplicate reports, there remained 29 articles, which are the corpus of this review. With one exception, all studies reported higher rates of H. pylori infection in HIV‐negative subjects. Five studies also examined the CD4 lymphocyte counts and found an inverse correlation between the degree of immunosuppression and the prevalence of active H. pylori infection.ConclusionsCurrent evidence suggests that it is likely that H. pylori needs a functional immune system to successfully and persistently colonize the human gastric mucosa.
HLA‐DQA1 and HLA‐DQB1 genes in Tsachilas Indians from Ecuador: new insights in population analysis by Human Leukocyte Antigens
Authors: Iorio A. , De Angelis F. , Garzoli A. , Battistini A. , De Stefano G. F. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryHuman Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) loci are widely known for their role in the generation of immune responses and are often considered to be effective in reconstructing human relationships. This is due to the high degree of polymorphism and the rarity of recombination observed at HLA loci. In this study, we have made an attempt to support the potential of HLA class II loci by analysing DQA1 and DQB1 in 52 Ecuadorians with ties to the Tsachilas community. Little is known about this populations either ethnologically or historically: they are considered retaining much of the ancient Chibchan culture in spite of the lack of significant genetic characterization. A total of 21 alleles were observed, with very low heterozygosity. The obtained data were then assessed for relationship reconstruction. The compiled database of 63 populations was segregated and resolved in clusters corresponding to the ethnogeographic distribution of the populations. This analysis of Central and Southern Amerindians allowed us to support a historical hypothesis related to the origin and migration of Ecuadorian people. Indeed, the relationships with neighbour human groups, especially Cayapas and Colombians, could shed light on the genetic similarity within ancient Chibchan culture that was dispersed by tribes coming up the Barbacoas. This indicates that if an appropriate analysis was to be carried out on a set of populations representative of different geographic locations, and that analysis was properly interpreted, then there would be a high possibility that HLA class II loci could infer accurate assessments, as revealed by uniparental markers.
Physicians' knowledge and attitudes in the management of wound infection
Authors: Woo Kevin Y 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDespite consensus on the assessment and management of wound infection, there exist deficiencies in its recognition and management. A survey study involving 85 physicians and 3 other clinicians from across Canada was completed to determine current knowledge and attitude towards learning about topics relating to wound infection and its management. The results of the survey describe knowledge gaps and interests to develop expertise in the management of wound infection, suggesting a need for education on this subject. Low levels of current knowledge were reported for all biofilm‐related topics.
Impaired Fasting Glucose and Body Mass Index as Determinants of Mortality in ALLHAT: Is the Obesity Paradox Real?
Authors: Shah Ravi V. , Abbasi Siddique A. , Yamal José‐Miguel , Davis Barry R. , Barzilay Joshua , Einhorn Paula T. , Goldfine Allison ,   the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group
Published: April 2014

Emerging literature suggests that obesity may be “protective” against mortality and cardiovascular outcomes, while dysglycemia may worsen outcomes regardless of obesity. The authors measured the association of weight, smoking, and glycemia with mortality in the Antihypertensive and Lipid‐Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Among 5423 ALLHAT participants without established diabetes or cardiovascular disease, 3980 (73%) had normal fasting glucose and 1443 (27%) had impaired fasting glucose (IFG) levels at study entry. After a median of 4.9 years follow‐up, 554 (10%) had died (37% cardiovascular). IFG was associated with higher all‐cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.50), while obesity was associated with lower all‐cause mortality (adjusted HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.60–0.96). However, after excluding underweight individuals (body mass index [BMI] <22 kg/m2) and smokers, neither obesity nor IFG was associated with all‐cause mortality, but IFG identifies individuals at greater risk in the nonobese population. Although obesity appeared protective against mortality, this association was not significant in never‐smokers or after exclusion of BMI <22 kg/m2. The obesity paradox may result from confounding by a sicker, underweight referent population and smoking.
Isotopic variation across the Audubon's–myrtle warbler hybrid zone
Authors: Toews D. P. L. , Brelsford A. , Irwin D. E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDifferences in seasonal migratory behaviours are thought to be an important component of reproductive isolation in many organisms. Stable isotopes have been used with success in estimating the location and qualities of disjunct breeding and wintering areas. However, few studies have used isotopic data to estimate the movements of hybrid offspring in species that form hybrid zones. Here, we use stable hydrogen to estimate the wintering locations and migratory patterns of two common and widespread migratory birds, Audubon's (Setophaga auduboni) and myrtle (S. coronata) warblers, as well as their hybrids. These two species form a narrow hybrid zone with extensive interbreeding in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, which has been studied for over four decades. Isotopes in feathers grown on the wintering grounds or early on migration reveal three important patterns: (1) Audubon's and myrtle warblers from allopatric breeding populations winter in isotopically different environments, consistent with band recovery data and suggesting that there is a narrow migratory transition between the two species, (2) most hybrids appear to overwinter in the south‐eastern USA, similar to where myrtle warblers are known to winter, and (3) some hybrid individuals, particularly those along the western edge of the hybrid zone, show Audubon's‐like isotopic patterns. These data suggest there is a migratory divide between these two species, but that it is not directly coincident with the centre of the hybrid zone in the breeding range. We interpret these findings and discuss them within the context of previous research on hybrid zones, speciation and migratory divides.
Molecular Phylogeny and Ontogeny of a New Ciliate Genus, Paracladotricha salina n. g., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)
Authors: Shao Chen , Li Liqiong , Zhang Qianqian , Song Weibo , Berger Helmut 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA hypotrichous ciliate, Paracladotricha salina n. g., n. sp., was discovered in hypersaline waters (salinity about 80‰) from Qingdao, China. Its morphology and some major ontogenetic stages were studied and the phylogenetic position was estimated using standard methods. Paracladotricha salina is characterized by a flexible, more or less slender body (size 50–120 × 20–35 μm), a gonostomatid oral apparatus, one short and two long frontoventral rows, four macronuclear nodules, almost completely reduced dorsal kineties 1–3, and a loss of several parts of the ciliature, namely, the slightly shortened ciliary row of the adoral membranelles, the paroral, and the buccal, the postoral and pretransverse ventral, the transverse, and the caudal cirri. The ontogenesis is rather simple: anlage II of both filial products and anlage III of the opisthe originate de novo, while anlagen IV and V are formed within the parental rows. This combination of features requires the establishment of a new genus, Paracladotricha, which is, according to the morphological data, closely related to Schmidingerothrix and Cladotricha. The small‐subunit rRNA gene was sequenced, indicating that P. salina is, as also demonstrated by the oral apparatus, a member of the gonostomatids. We provide a first, vague hypothesis about the phylogenetic relationships of the Gonostomatidae, Cladotrichidae, and Schmidingerotrichidae. However, since molecular data of the type species of these higher taxa are lacking, their validity and relationships remain obscure.
Predictors of Long‐Term Nursing Home Placement Under Competing Risk: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Castora‐Binkley Melissa , Meng Hongdao , Hyer Kathryn 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesTo examine predictors of long‐term nursing home placement (LTNHP) while controlling for mortality as a competing risk event.DesignLongitudinal.SettingHealth and Retirement Study, 1998–2010.ParticipantsNationally representative sample of community‐living older adults (N = 10,385).MeasurementsLongitudinal data were used with a maximum follow‐up of 12 years. First, a traditional Cox proportional hazards model was estimated treating death as an uninformative censoring event. A joint cause‐specific hazards model that accounts for the competing risk of mortality in estimating the risk of LTNHP was then estimated.ResultsThe effect of adjusting for competing risk of mortality is evident for nearly all predictors of LTNHP. Predictors were over‐ or underestimated in the traditional Cox model, and several predictors changed in the direction of the association, whereas others changed in magnitude. For example, after controlling for mortality, women aged 85 and older had more than twice the risk (hazard ratio = 7.23, 95% confidence interval = 5.18–10.10) of LTNHP than evidenced in the traditional Cox model.ConclusionWhenever possible, the competing risk of mortality should be recognized and adjusted in developing screening tools and predictive risk models for LTNHP.
Late‐Life Factors Associated with Healthy Aging in Older Men
Authors: Bell Christina L. , Chen Randi , Masaki Kamal , Yee Priscilla , He Qimei , Grove John , Donlon Timothy , Curb J. David , Willcox D. Craig , Poon Leonard W. , Willcox Bradley J. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesTo identify potentially modifiable late‐life biological, lifestyle, and sociodemographic factors associated with overall and healthy survival to age 85.DesignProspective longitudinal cohort study with 21 years of follow‐up (1991–2012).SettingHawaii Lifespan Study.ParticipantsAmerican men of Japanese ancestry (mean age 75.7, range 71–82) without baseline major clinical morbidity and functional impairments (N = 1,292).MeasurementsOverall survival and healthy survival (free from six major chronic diseases and without physical or cognitive impairment) to age 85. Factors were measured at late‐life baseline examinations (1991–1993).ResultsOf 1,292 participants, 1,000 (77%) survived to 85 (34% healthy) and 309 (24%) to 95 (<1% healthy). Late‐life factors associated with survival and healthy survival included biological (body mass index, ankle–brachial index, cognitive score, blood pressure, inflammatory markers), lifestyle (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity), and sociodemographic factors (education, marital status). Cumulative late‐life baseline risk factor models demonstrated that age‐standardized (at 70) probability of survival to 95 ranged from 27% (no factors) to 7% (≥5 factors); probability of survival to 100 ranged from 4% (no factors) to 0.1% (≥5 factors). Age‐standardized (at 70) probability of healthy survival to 90 ranged from 4% (no factors) to 0.01% (≥5 factors). There were nine healthy survivors at 95 and one healthy survivor at 100.ConclusionSeveral potentially modifiable risk factors in men in late life (mean age 75.7) were associated with markedly greater probability of subsequent healthy survival and longevity.
An Electronic Health Record–Based Intervention to Increase Follow‐Up Office Visits and Decrease Rehospitalization in Older Adults
Authors: Gurwitz Jerry H. , Field Terry S. , Ogarek Jessica , Tjia Jennifer , Cutrona Sarah L. , Harrold Leslie R. , Gagne Shawn J. , Preusse Peggy , Donovan Jennifer L. , Kanaan Abir O. , Reed George , Garber Lawrence 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesTo assess the effect of an electronic health record–based transitional care intervention involving automated alerts to primary care providers and staff when older adults were discharged from the hospital.DesignRandomized controlled trial.SettingLarge multispecialty group practice.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older discharged from hospital to home.InterventionIn addition to notifying primary care providers about the individual's recent discharge, the system provided information about new drugs added during the inpatient stay, warnings about drug–drug interactions, recommendations for dose changes and laboratory monitoring of high‐risk medications, and alerts to the primary care provider's support staff to schedule a posthospitalization office visit.MeasurementsAn outpatient office visit with a primary care provider after discharge and rehospitalization within 30 days after discharge.ResultsOf the 1,870 discharges in the intervention group, 27.7% had an office visit with a primary care provider within 7 days of discharge. Of the 1,791 discharges in the control group, 28.3% had an office visit with a primary care provider within 7 days of discharge. In the intervention group, 18.8% experienced a rehospitalization within the 30‐day period after discharge, compared with 19.9% in the control group. The hazard ratio for an office visit with a primary care physician did not significantly differ between the intervention and control groups. The hazard ratio for rehospitalization in the 30‐day period after hospital discharge in the intervention versus the control group was 0.94 (95% confidence interval = 0.81–1.1).ConclusionThis electronic health record–based intervention did not have a significant effect on the timeliness of office visits to primary care providers after hospitalization or risk of rehospitalization.