bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of topography on nano-mechanical properties of cylindrical magnetron sputtered TiN films
Authors: Atta Sayan , Mathew Arun Tom , Dash Sitaram , Narendra Kumar U 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Numerous studies on Nano-mechanical behavior of the thin films explained primarily in terms of their film morphology and particle size rather than film topography. Therefore, the current study investigates the effect of film topography on the nano-mechanical characteristics of the film. Ti/TiN multilayer thin films were deposited at varying deposition pressures by using an indigenously developed Cylindrical Magnetron Sputtering (CMS) unit. Surface crystallographic information is characterized by synchrotron-based Grazing Incidence XRD analysis. Film growth follows self-assembled nano hill architecture as revealed by AFM and in situ Scanning Probe Microscopy images. The tribo-mechanical properties of the film is dependent on the height and spacing of its self-assembled structure, which experiences either crushing or buckling under the indenter load, thereby affecting film characteristics. Film deposited at moderate pressure exhibits superior wear behavior, attributed to the interplay between Plasticity Index (PI) and Depth Recovery Ratio (DRR). The study primarily focused on film growth phenomena by using cylindrical targets and their influence on nanomechanical properties of the film.
A statistic of the subseasonal forecast skill windows of 2-meter air temperature
Authors: Liu Xiaolei , Su Jingzhi , Peng Yihao , Liu Xinli 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The forecast skill on subseasonal time scale is currently limited, inhibiting its effective application broadly. Under some special conditions, the subseasonal-seasonal (S2S) forecast skill would be increased intermittently, namely, the forecast opportunity window. The identification of such forecast windows can increase the credibility of subseasonal prediction results, providing final users the opportunity to make the appropriate decision. To identify the subseasonal forecast window of 2-m air temperature (T2m), based on the S2S multi-model prediction results, this study evaluated the pattern correlation coefficient between the third-week T2m forecasted by S2S models and the observation. When the forecast skills of the majority of models reach the prescribed threshold, this period is defined as a forecast skill window. In this way, the subseasonal forecast skill windows of T2m over different regions of the global lands are identified. From the perspective of seasonal distribution, the forecast skill windows over almost all the continents appear more in boreal winter, while the forecast skill windows of the Australian continent mainly appear in boreal summer. Significant differences can be found in the occurrence frequency of forecast windows during different phases of ENSO. During El Niño events, forecast windows appear more frequently over North America, Asia, and South America, especially during winter-spring from January to April. From the T2m spatial pattern during the window periods, the forecast skill windows have some relevance among several continents, and the windows over the whole global land mainly correspond to those over Asia, Europe, and North America. Deep investigation of the physical mechanism behind the forecast skill windows helps understand the sources of predictability and improves the skill of subseasonal prediction.
Impacts of ash tree removals on summer daytime temperatures in Madison, Wisconsin
Authors: Berg Elizabeth , Kucharik Christopher 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Maintaining and increasing canopy cover is frequently promoted as a strategy for mitigating excess heat in cities. However, the impact of changing tree cover on surrounding air temperatures is often unpredictable and can depend on tree species, size, shape, and location. In this study, we explore whether the removal of ash trees in one downtown neighborhood in Madison, Wisconsin affected surrounding air temperatures at small spatial scales (15 to 35 m). We used a bicycle-mounted temperature and radiation sensor to repeatedly record high-frequency observations along four transects. We observed no discernible difference between daytime air temperatures near locations surrounded by tree removals and temperatures at locations without any nearby tree removals. Overall, across the four clusters of streets that were monitored, proximity to mature ash trees did not correlate to reduced air temperatures. Attempts to model temperature as a function of surrounding land cover and street tree characteristics all had poor predictive power (R2 ranged from 0.01 to 0.54), and explanatory variables related to tree cover were never statistically significant. The finding that the removal of ash trees did not impact daytime air temperatures patterns at the neighborhood scale suggests that the most densely developed streets in Madison may not easily support sufficient canopy cover to experience tree-induced cooling, underscoring the importance of pursuing a variety of strategies to mitigate urban warming.
Review of memristor based neuromorphic computation: opportunities, challenges and applications
Authors: S Shekinah Archita , V Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The memristor is regarded as one of the promising possibilities for next-generation computing systems due to its small size, easy construction, and low power consumption. Memristor-based novel computing architectures have demonstrated considerable promise for replacing or enhancing traditional computing platforms that encounter difficulties in the big-data era. Additionally, the striking resemblance between the mechanisms governing the programming of memristance and the manipulation of synaptic weight at biological synapses may be used to create unique neuromorphic circuits that function according to biological principles. Nevertheless, getting memristor-based computing into practice presents many technological challenges. This paper reviews the potential for memristor research at the device, circuit, and system levels, mainly using memristors to demonstrate neuromorphic computation. Here, the common issues obstructing the development and widespread use of memristor-based computing systems are also carefully investigated. This study speculates on the prospective applications of memristors, which can potentially transform the field of electronics altogether.
Multi-attribute optimization of eco-manufacturing based criteria in CNC manufacturing systems using an evolutionary algorithm
Authors: Ramena Durga Venkata Prasad , Kothapalli Arun Vikram , Rao Maruvada Satya Sankara Srinivas , Lakshmi Vennela Venkata Kanaka , Kanth Tammi Vijay Krishna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Manufacturing technology has evolved over the years with the development of CNC manufacturing systems, flexible manufacturing, rapid prototyping, smart manufacturing etc Simultaneously, the development of new and exotic materials to match specific requirements has shaped new problems in manufacturing. The materials developed thus far require special tools, lubricating agents, and extra-care in machining without compromising the quality. Further the study of carbon emissions in manufacturing sector has also gained unusual spotlight in view of their deleterious effect on the ecological balance. The manufacturing systems have to be consequently designed and developed, such that they generate minimal quantity of emissions without forfeiting the prime objectives of quality and tool morphology. The present work is principally intended to analyse the effect of cutting parameters on the emission rate of greenhouse gases, tool wear and work-piece temperature concurrently. These studies are accomplished in both dry and wet conditions on computer numerical control machining system. The machining process involved plain facing of a Ti-6Al-4V hardened material. The experimental studies are realized using both single point and multi-point cutting tools and are supplemented with the application of Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA). The MOGA generated set of pareto-fronts for the four machining conditions were subjected to VIKOR, TOPSIS and LINMAP decision making approaches to arrive at the optimum values of decision variables. The optimum cutting parameters obtained in single point cutting tool machining in dry conditions are speed (873.2 rpm), feed (0.199 mm rev−1) and depth of cut (0.25 mm), while the corresponding values of responses are tool wear (67.19 μm), work-piece temperature (39.36 °C) and carbon emission (0.138 Kg-CO2). The equivalent values for multi-point cutting were determined as 899.8 rpm, 0.195 mm rev−1 and 0.25 mm, while the responses for these optimal conditions are 69.92 μm, 39.48 °C and 0.137 Kg-CO2 in that order.
Complex-valued multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography based on deep neural networks
Authors: Wang Nan , Liu Jinhang , Li Yang , Huang Lan , Wang Zhongyi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The utilization of multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography (mfEIT), a non-invasive imaging technique, allows for the visualization of the conductivity distribution in biological tissues across different frequencies. However, the analysis of phase angle information within complex impedance remains a challenge, as most existing deep learning-based mfEIT algorithms are limited to real number processing. To mitigate this limitation, this study proposes a comlex reconstruction method which is inspired by the idea of combining deep learning with traditional reconstruction algorithm. It uses a spare Bayesian learning algorithm in the preprocessing stage that can perform complex arithmetic operations, and fully learns and makes use of the correlation between the real and imaginary parts to reconstruc the distribution of complex-valued conductivity in the measurement area. After that, an altered UNet network is used to further optimize the pre-reconstruction outcomes. The experimental outcomes validate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm in accurately reconstructing the complex-valued conductivity distributions of diverse biological tissues, such as potato and pig kidney, across different frequencies. Furthermore, the algorithm exhibits exceptional performance in mitigating the presence of image artifacts during the reconstruction process.
Climate classification systems for validating Earth System Models
Authors: Navarro Andrés , Tapiador Francisco J 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Climate classification systems (CCSs) were developed in the 19th century to explain the global distribution of plants and animals, but were given a new life in the Earth physics community in the 21st century as a means to validate Earth System Models (ESMs). The purpose of this paper is to critically review the evolution of this approach to validation and to discuss the current status. It is shown that CCSs can not only measure model performance, but also help identify and deconstruct systematic model biases. CCSs provide a rational and comprehensive zonation of the global environment using quantitative estimates of physical variables such as precipitation, temperature, and humidity. They offer several advantages over single variables due to the high sensitivity of the resulting classes to small changes in input variables and dimensionality reduction. CCSs encompass model behavior on both energy and water balances, allowing for a more comprehensive assessment of ESM performance.
Legal Personhood and Disability
Authors: Arstein-Kerslake Anna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the right to legal personhood in the context of disability. It explores some of the key ways in which legal personhood is denied to disabled people, as well as unique barriers to legal personhood that are being experienced due to intersecting forms of marginalisation for some individuals and groups; for example, guardianship laws that deny legal personhood and their application based on gender and disability. In addition, the denial of legal agency (an element of legal personhood) via mental health law that removes the ability of an individual to choose their own medical treatment and the unique application of these laws in the context of gender, disability, and indigeneity. Similarly, the lasting effects of eugenics resulting in the denial of legal agency, especially for reproductive choices, on the basis of gender and disability. The chapter discusses the state’s explicit resistance to enforcing the right to legal personhood via their reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs) on the right in the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). It concludes with an argument for how the application of the right to legal personhood in the context of disability can be used as a model for how to apply it to other marginalised groups—as is done throughout the chapters of this book.
Ethics and Religion
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
‘Sentientist’ ethical outlooks regard sentience as necessary and sufficient for having interests that matter morally in their own right. Sentientism finds expression in at least three major secular ethical theories (classical utilitarianism and the theories of Korsgaard and Nussbaum), as well as in the idea of ahimsa in Indian thought. Sentientism can be contrasted with various ways of denying the necessity and/or sufficiency of sentience for moral status. The possibility of Vulcan-like beings who have the consciousness aspect of sentience without the valence aspect suggests a qualification to pure sentientism may be needed. A more serious challenge comes from agency-centric and rationality-centric positions. One example is orthodox Kantianism, which allows only indirect duties (formally owed to ourselves) concerning non-rational beings. Another challenge comes from the Abrahamic religions, which give only very limited moral standing to non-human sentient beings. We can, however, find in all of them support for duties of stewardship, including the duty to avoid causing gratuitous suffering.
Frontiers of Proportionality
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Taking invertebrate welfare seriously involves proposing and debating steps that may be proportionate (permissible-in-principle, adequate, non-excessive, consistent) in relation to specific welfare risks. The growing interest in invertebrates as potentially sustainable protein sources underlines the need for these debates. It would be plausibly proportionate to set up a licensing scheme that requires companies farming sentience candidates and investigation priorities to fund the creation (by independent experts) of codes of good practice, where none yet exists. There is one important exception, namely octopus farming. It is very unlikely that octopus farming could ever meet reasonable expectations regarding animal welfare, and so it would be proportionate to ban it outright. Our current state of knowledge makes it difficult to be confident that slaughter is humane or that stunning is effective. It is easier to be confident about what is inhumane. We should not use live boiling without prior stunning in decapods or insects, since this method needlessly risks extending and intensifying the suffering associated with dying.
The Run-Ahead Principle
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Given the rate at which AI is developing, and the risks associated with artificial sentience taking us by surprise, we should apply the run-ahead principle: at any given time, measures to regulate the development of sentient AI should run ahead of what would be proportionate to the risks posed by current technology, considering also the risks posed by credible future trajectories. The run-ahead principle may potentially justify strong regulatory action, but a moratorium may go beyond what is reasonably necessary to manage risk. An alternative proposal, involving regular testing to monitor the sentience of our AI creations, is currently unfeasible, due to the absence of tests that can be applied to large language models and other systems with high potential for gaming our criteria. A third approach involves oversight by means of sector-wide codes of good practice and licensing schemes. This path would require a greater level of transparency than we have seen from the AI industry to date. The overarching imperative is to have democratic debate about these questions now.
‘Contextual Bible Study’ as a Form of Liberation Biblical Interpretation
Authors: West Gerald O 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The political context of South Africa in the 1980s generated distinct forms of liberation theology, including Black Theology and Contextual Theology. These two South African liberation theologies, in conversation with other liberation theologies, gave birth in the post-State of Emergency (1985) period to a particular form of liberation praxis, what has come to be called ‘Contextual Bible Study’. Forged in South Africa by the conceptual contours of both South African Black Theology and South African Contextual Theology, this approach took its initial conceptual shape from the community-based work of the Centro de Estudos Bíblicos in Brazil, but was regularly reconstituted by actual anti-apartheid collaborative praxis, which provided particular sites in which these different liberation ideo-theological trajectories intersected. This chapter traces the early conceptual contours of Contextual Bible Study as liberation biblical interpretation praxis, with a particular focus on method, tracking the regular rhythmical cycle of action-reflection and its conceptual contributions.
Reclaiming the Stolen Bible One Contextual Bible Study at a Time
Authors: van der Walt Charlene 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Central to this chapter is the issue of power. Who determines the contours and outcome of a valid and authoritative interpretation of the biblical text? Who has the right to read the text and how is the text used to engage contemporary embodied lived realities when it comes to sexual diversity and gender expression in the African context? The chapter starts by drawing on the Contextual Bible Study work developed by the Ujamaa Centre for Community Development and Research in relation to issues of sexuality and gender. It then offers two examples that illustrate how different interpretive resources can work as entry points to engage reading communities. The chapter argues that beyond the commitment to develop resources for faith communities to engage in issues of gender and sexuality, an important imperative is to allow those who embody sexuality and gender in a counter-normative way to read the text for themselves.
Theological Action Research in Conversation with Contextual Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Cameron Helen , Rogers Andrew P 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Theological Action Research and contextual biblical interpretation have a shared interest in the use of the Bible. This chapter opens up a dialogue between them by questioning who in any context the readers are, and in what ways they use the Bible as scripture. Theological Action Research as a methodology in practical theology is described and a case study of Theological Action Research in which the Bible features is offered. Gerald West’s characterization of Contextual Bible Study is used to start the conversation. The chapter concludes with questions that Theological Action Research poses to Contextual Bible Study and in return questions that Contextual Bible Study might ask Theological Action Research to consider.
Privilege, Marginality, Voice, and Representation in Contextual Bible Studies and Contextual Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Lawrence Louise J 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, discussions about Contextual Bible Study and contextual biblical interpretation as ‘marginal’ to the assumed more ‘central’ methods and pursuits of biblical studies are critically explored, both in relation to the methods, media, and representations used within the discipline, and the ways in which certain epistemologies are privileged over others. The chapter argues that Southern Theory—which has close connections to feminist and postcolonial theory—is instructive in challenging the hegemony of Global North epistemologies and their links to histories of colonialism. Divisions between so-called marginal and central methods and pursuits in Biblical studies need to be overcome if a more equitable and inclusive vision of the discipline is ever to be achieved.
Is God Revengeful?
Authors: Spronk Klaas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The image of the god of the Hebrew Bible as revengeful and violent has puzzled both ancient and modern readers, especially in relation to the more popular image of God as good and loving. In the hymn of Nah. 1 both aspects are closely related, both literary and theological. The history of interpretation of this text shows how much the social and historical context of the reader influences the interpretation. This overview presents and evaluates examples from early Jewish commentaries, ancient Christian interpretation, including the discussion with Marcion, and modern exegesis. It will be demonstrated that next to the progress made in interpreting the text in its historical context, every new interpretation should be read and put into perspective against the background of the interpreter.
‘Not a literary man, though very devoted to the Old Testament’
Authors: Holter Knut 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
With current Old Testament studies perspectives—the quest for interpretive consequences of context and the difference between ‘ordinary’ and ‘professional’ readers of the Bible—the article analyses two sets of colonial Old Testament interpretation vis-à-vis Africa. One set is cases of the ‘travel report’ genre with cases letting adventurers and colonialists read their African experiences in light of Old Testament texts (‘ordinary’ readers). The other set is cases of the ‘commentary’ genre, that is interpretive studies on Old Testament texts with cases letting scholars read texts in light of concepts of Africa (‘professional’ readers). Both sets demonstrate the crucial role played by the interpreter and her/his interpretive concerns.
The Place of Place in Contextual Readings of the Bible
Authors: Marzouk Safwat 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter will focus on the place of place in reading biblical texts, both how a place is constructed and represented in the biblical traditions, and how this place is interpreted or received by the readers of the Bible. Using how Egypt is represented in the Pentateuchal traditions, the chapter argues that the representation of a place like Egypt in the Bible is diverse. The way this represented Egypt is interpreted depends on the readers’ socio-political location. The chapter first offers some brief theoretical remarks on the relationship between place and hermeneutics, before turning to how Egypt is represented in the Pentateuchal traditions (of Exodus, Hagar, and Joseph), and finally, how these representations of Egypt have been engaged from the cultural place of African American interpreters of the Bible.