bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is God Necessarily Who God Is? Alternatives for the Trinity and Election Debate
Authors: Diller Kevin 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAs a contribution to discussions of the relationship between trinity and election, in this article I explore the helpfulness of a return to ancient modal and metaphysical theological distinctions. At the forefront of trinity/election debates has been Bruce McCormack's controversial claim that election could be conceived as logically prior to, and the motivation for, God's being triune. Steering clear of questions about the right interpretation or trajectory of Karl Barth's theology, I attempt to identify the motivating theological convictions of this debate's interlocutors and find constructive options which maintain or address those convictions. One option I defend is the possibility that triunity is not logically prior to election.I begin with an analysis of three central theological convictions which seem to be at the heart of the trinity/election debates. They are: (1) a revelation axiom – that knowledge of God's nature is governed by the particular historical revelation of God in Christ; (2) a nuanced commitment to divine immutability; and (3) divine libertas a coactione – God's being free in nature and action from external constraint. I then contend that if more attention is paid to modal and metaphysical options with respect to the existence and essence of God, one will see that there are a number of viable positions which respect these convictions.I argue that at least some of the conceptual difficulties of McCormack's position can be eliminated if we properly distinguish kinds of necessity in reference to God's being and if we dispense with any notion of priority between God's essence and God's willing God's essence. With respect to kinds of necessity, I recall the ancient distinction between properties that are (a) necessary consequents of God's essence, (b) contingent and (c) a necessary consequence of God's essence given certain contingent states of affairs. Those distinctions, along with clarifications about the nature of divine freedom vis-à-vis his essence and actions, allow us to see the range of theological positions which remain faithful to the relevant concerns of the revelation axiom, divine immutability and divine freedom.I conclude that, while it is problematic to defend the logical priority of election over triunity, McCormack is justified in his claim that granting election as part of God's essence does no violence to divine freedom and he is perfectly entitled to the view that God's essential properties, including both God's fit-for-election-hypostatic-configuration and God's being the electing God are mutual aspects of God's single self-caused being.
Law, Lies and Letter Writing: An Analysis of Jerome and Augustine on the Antioch Incident (Galatians 2:11–14)
Authors: Myers Jason A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractVarious critics of the New Perspective on Paul (NPP) often highlight the lack of church tradition as one deficiency of the various interpretations of Paul. To some, the lack of church history automatically renders such newer interpretations suspect. In turn critics of the NPP often turn to the reformers such as Calvin and Luther to defend the traditional reading of Paul and trace this traditional reading back to Augustine. For the critics, church tradition stands on the side of the traditional reading.This article seeks to highlight an often neglected early church view on one aspect of the NPP, that of Paul and the Law. This article highlights one of the fiercest exchanges between two church fathers. Through a series of letters, Jerome and Augustine corresponded on Jerome's interpretation of Galatians 2 and the Antioch incident. For Augustine the pastor, nothing less than the veracity of scripture was at stake and Augustine mounts a defence of Paul's actions in Galatians 2 in response to Jerome's insistence of an agreed-upon lie between Peter and Paul. In the process of Augustine's rebuttal of Jerome, he notes that Paul followed the law without ‘pretence’ and that there was a period in early Christianity where Jewish Christians practised law observance. Augustine highlights the divine origin of the Mosaic law, which renders a positive role for the law in early Christianity, and notes that the negative critique of the law comes within the context of a Gentile audience, but did not have implications for Jewish Christians. Augustine rightly notices and raises the important context of Paul's negative statements on the law and offers a nuanced discussion of Paul's treatment of the law.Augustine notes some of the important conclusions drawn by the NPP, namely a positive view of the law and its practice by Paul and other Jewish Christians. He also notes the various ways the law functions in Jewish and Gentile contexts. Such a positive view of Paul and the law may appear striking to many, but must be considered by those who are otherwise critical of the NPP. This article shows that there was at least one voice, among others, within the early church which advocated for a positive reading of Paul and the law. The history of interpretation of Galatians 2 offers many insights for contemporary Pauline scholars which ought to be heeded in future discussions. This article, by highlighting the exchange between Jerome and Augustine, seeks to give the NPP a historical ‘rootedness’ and placement within the history of interpretation.
Impacts of depleting forage species in the California Current
Authors: KAPLAN ISAAC C. , BROWN CHRISTOPHER J. , FULTON ELIZABETH A. , GRAY IRIS A. , FIELD JOHN C. , SMITH ANTHONY D.M. 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYHuman demands for food and fish meal are often in direct competition with forage needs of marine mammals, birds and piscivorous harvested fish. Here, two well-developed ecosystem models for the California Current on the West Coast of the USA were used to test the impacts on other parts of the ecosystem of harvesting euphausiids, forage fish, mackerel and mesopelagic fish such as myctophids. Depleting individual forage groups to levels that led to maximum sustainable yield of those groups may have both positive and negative effects on other species in the California Current. The most common impacts were on predators of forage groups, some of which showed declines of >20% under the scenarios that involved depletion of forage groups to 40% of unfished levels. Depletion of euphausiids and forage fish, which each comprise >10% of system biomass, had the largest impact on other species. Depleting euphausiids to 40% of unfished levels altered the abundance of 13–30% of the other functional groups by >20%; while depleting forage fish to 40% altered the abundance of 20–50% of the other functional groups by >20%. There are clear trade-offs between the harvest of forage groups and the ability of the California Current to sustain other trophic levels. Though higher trophic level species, such as groundfish, are often managed on the basis of reference points that can reduce biomass to below half of unfished levels, this level of forage species removal is likely to impact the abundance of other target species, protected species and the structure of the ecosystem.
An analysis of influenza outbreaks in institutions and enclosed societies
Authors: FINNIE T. J. R. , COPLEY V. R. , HALL I. M. , LEACH S. 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYThis paper considers the reported attack ratio arising from outbreaks of influenza in enclosed societies. These societies are isolated from the wider community and have greater opportunities for contact between members which would aid the spread of disease. While the particular kind of society (prison, care home, school, barracks, etc.) was not a significant factor in an adjusted model of attack ratio, a person's occupation within the society was. In particular, children and military personnel suffer a greater attack ratio than other occupational types (staff, prisoners, etc.). There was no temporal trend in final attack ratio nor, with the exception of 1918, do pandemic years show abnormal attack ratios. We also observed that as community size increases, the attack ratio undergoes steep nonlinear decline. This statistical analysis draws attention to how the organization of such societies, their size and the occupations of individuals within them affect the final attack ratio.
Spatial variation in female southern elephant seal mass change assessed by an accurate non-invasive photogrammetry method
Authors: Postma Martin , Bester Marthán N. , De Bruyn P.J. Nico 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPhysically weighing large marine mammals sequentially over time has presented researchers with a logistical challenge and has severely limited sample sizes. Using a well-established photogrammetry method we developed a simple mathematical method to calculate accurate mass measurements at specific stages in the life cycle of a top marine predator. Female southern elephant seals (n= 23) at Marion Island were sampled sequentially using photogrammetry and three-dimensional models (based on each photogrammetry project) were built for estimation of body mass. Simple equations were applied to obtain mass at critical instances in their life cycle. Marion Island elephant seal mass data was compared to data obtained from physically weighed elephant seals from King George, South Georgia and Macquarie islands. Females from Marion Island are smaller, but their percentage lactation mass loss is similar to females from these other populations. The similarity of percentage mass loss during lactation between different female populations illustrates the accuracy and practicality of the photogrammetric method over a temporal scale. Photogrammetric mass estimation can be used alongside datasets of physically weighed animals and can greatly benefit ecology and life history studies.
Krivine's classical realisability from a categorical perspective
Authors: STREICHER THOMAS 
Published: April 2013

In a sequence of papers (Krivine 2001; Krivine 2003; Krivine 2009), J.-L. Krivine introduced his notion of classical realisability for classical second-order logic and Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. Moreover, in more recent work (Krivine 2008), he has considered forcing constructions on top of it with the ultimate aim of providing a realisability interpretation for the axiom of choice.The aim of the current paper is to show how Krivine's classical realisability can be understood as an instance of the categorical approach to realisability as started by Martin Hyland in Hyland (1982) and described in detail in van Oosten (2008). Moreover, we will give an intuitive explanation of the iteration of realisability as described in Krivine (2008).
In Situ Electron Backscatter Diffraction Investigation of Recrystallization in a Copper Wire
Authors: Brisset François , Helbert Anne-Laure , Baudin Thierry 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe microstructural evolution of a cold drawn copper wire (reduction area of 38%) during primary recrystallization and grain growth was observed in situ by electron backscatter diffraction. Two thermal treatments were performed, and successive scans were acquired on samples undergoing heating from ambient temperature to a steady state of 200°C or 215°C. During a third in situ annealing, the temperature was continuously increased up to 600°C. Nuclei were observed to grow at the expense of the deformed microstructure. This growth was enhanced by the high stored energy difference between the nuclei and their neighbors (driving energy in recrystallization) and by the presence of high-angle grain boundaries of high mobility. In the early stages of growth, the nuclei twin and the newly created orientations continue to grow to the detriment of the strained copper. At high temperatures, the disappearance of some twins was evidenced by the migration of the incoherent twin boundaries. Thermal grooving of grain boundaries is observed at these high temperatures and affects the high mobile boundaries but tends to preserve the twin boundaries of lower energy. Thus, grooving may contribute to the twin vanishing.
It's a Bird, It's a Plane: Some Remarks on theAirbusAppellate Body Report (EC and Certain Member States – Large Civil Aircraft, WT/DS316/AB/R)
Authors: HAHN MICHAEL , MEHTA KIRTIKUMAR 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe emergence of Airbus transformed the market structure of the LCA industry into a duopoly of similar-sized full-range manufacturers. The financing of Airbus's upfront investment expenditures came in a significant proportion from public funds, which violated, in the US's opinion the SCM Agreement. While the Appellate Body follows this view of things to a large extent, it does so in a measured way: the category ofper seillegal export subsidies is interpreted with a view to the manipulation of normal market conditions; the distortion on competitive conditions matters, not the increase of exports as such. Other aspects of subsidies law clarified are the relationship between effect and subsidy. They are closely related but not identical; rightly, the report operates from the premise that the SCM Agreement's regime focuses on the effect, and not on the subsidy as such, which is a manifestation of a political choice by a sovereign Member state. The Appellate Body affirms that a subsidy has a ‘life’, a shorthand for a beginning and an end: it follows that the effect of a subsidy is not bound to be permanent but is bound to terminate. It is to be regretted that the Appellate Body avoided clarifying to what extent partial privatization, hence sale of assets at market prices to private investors, ‘extinguish’ subsidies.
One (Firm) Is Not Enough: A Legal–Economic Analysis ofEC–Fasteners
Authors: BOWN CHAD P. , MAVROIDIS PETROS C. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe WTO's Appellate Body (AB) dealt with a number of issues for the first time in this Report. Importantly, it discussed the consistency of the European Union (EU) regulation with the multilateral rules on the conditions for deviating from the obligation to calculate individual dumping margins. Although China formally won the argument, the AB may have opened the door to treat China as a nonmarket economy (NME) even beyond 2016 when China's NME status was thought to expire under the terms of China's 2001 WTO Accession Protocol. The AB further dealt with numerous other issues ranging from statistical sampling to the treatment of confidential information. In handling its investigation, the EU authorities made a number of questionable decisions regarding the collection of information, and this aspect of the process was central to China's legal challenges.
US–Tyres: Upholding a WTO Accession Contract – Imposing Pain for Little Gain
Authors: CHARNOVITZ STEVE , HOEKMAN BERNARD 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn 2009, the United States imposed additional tariffs for a three-year period on imports of automotive tires from China under a special-safeguard provision included in China's Protocol of Accession to the WTO. China challenged the measure in the WTO. The case marked the first WTO dispute in which a challenged safeguard was upheld by the Appellate Body; the first in which an accession protocol was used successfully as a defense; and the first that China lost as a complaining party. It also was noteworthy in that the safeguard was sought by a labor union, not the domestic industry. This paper reviews the WTO Appellate Body's findings and discusses a number of the legal and policy implications regarding China's Accession Protocol, the Safeguards Agreement, and WTO accession law, as well as economic aspects of the case.
United States – Use of Zeroing in Anti-Dumping Measures Involving Products from Korea:It's déjà vu all over again
Authors: PRUSA THOMAS J. , RUBINI LUCA 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis paper analyzes the dispute between Korea and the United States regarding the method of calculating anti-dumping duties. The case mirrors other recent WTO disputes involving zeroing. Even though it ceased zeroing in original investigations in December 2006, the United States implemented the policy change only prospectively. As a result, the margins applied to the products in this dispute remained unchanged because they had been calculated prior to the policy change. The United States did not contest Korea's claims. The Panel confirmed that zeroing was used and, following the long line of Panel and Appellate Body rulings, found the practice inconsistent with the Anti-Dumping Agreement. After the Panel Report was adopted, the United States recalculated the margins without zeroing. It, however, refused to refund unliquidated cash deposits that were based on zeroing, highlighting the United States's continued lukewarm compliance with WTO rulings on zeroing. This dispute offers an opportunity to ponder on weaknesses of the WTO Dispute Settlement and the ability of one Member to take advantage of it. Since the facts and their legal assessment were undisputed, why was litigation necessary? Can compliance with WTO law be improved with broader findings and more incisive remedies?
How Easy Is an Easy Case for a Complainant? Comment on US–Zeroing (Korea) DS402
Authors: HUERTA-GOLDMAN JORGE A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article is about how easy a WTO case is when the defendant concedes the claims, the description of the facts, and the evidence presented by the complainant. In US–Zeroing (Korea), the United States did just that. We explore whether Korea obtained any additional benefit by having an easy case. We identified some small benefits at the preparation stage of the case arising from the favourable precedents and shorter time frames only at the Panel stage. There were, however, some additional costs for the complainant stemming from the Panel's reasoning when it addressed case law. In our opinion, benefits were few. Korea was obliged in any case to engage in two years of multilateral procedures before three old measures, which were not defended by the defendant, were revoked.
Susceptibility of Fe atoms in Cu clusters
Authors: Zhang Rui , George Tom A. , Kharel Parashu , Skomski Ralph , Sellmyer D. J. 
Published: April 2013

By putting a Kondo system of limited dimension inside an insulating matrix, the Kondo screening cloud is confined by the size of the system. This allows us to distinguish the bulk and nano-particle behaviors of such system. We have investigated the magnetic properties of 0.3 at. % Fe-doped Cu clusters with dimensions less than 20 nm embedded in a SiO2 matrix. The magnetic measurements are consistent with the Kondo interaction, and net antiferromagnetic Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interactions between several Fe atoms in one cluster are estimated to have a very small effect. To understand the low-temperature susceptibility reduction, we compare Brillouin functions with exact quantum-mechanical solutions for interacting spin-1 particles and with the Kondo predictions for confined nanoparticles.
mChIP-KAT-MS, a method to map protein interactions and acetylation sites for lysine acetyltransferases
Authors: Mitchell Leslie , Huard Sylvain , Cotrut Michael , Pourhanifeh-Lemeri Roghayeh , Steunou Anne-Lise , Hamza Akil , Lambert Jean-Philippe , Zhou Hu , Ning Zhibin , Basu Amrita , Côté Jacques , Figeys Daniel A. , Baetz Kristin 
Published: April 2013

Significance
Recent proteomic studies have revealed that lysine acetylation is a global and ubiquitous posttranslational modification. However, in the vast majority of cases the lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) responsible for individual modifications remain unknown. Here we present a unique methodology that connects KATs to their substrates. To validate the methodology, we use the yeast KAT nucleosome acetyltransferase of histone H4 (NuA4) and identify both protein interactions and acetylation targets. Importantly, this methodology can be applied to any KAT and should aid in the linking of KATs to their cellular targets.
Behavioral Responses of Representative Freshwater Fish Species to Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Bevelhimer Mark S. , Cada Glenn F. , Fortner Allison M. , Schweizer Peter E. , Riemer Kristina 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHydrokinetic energy is proposed as an environmentally preferred means of generating electricity from river and tidal currents. To resolve environmental concerns, it is important to investigate potential effects on aquatic organisms from the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) that are created by underwater generators and transmission cables. We evaluated the behavioral responses of some representative freshwater fishes to static and variable EMFs in a series of laboratory experiments. Fish were exposed for 46 h to a static (DC) EMF with a permanent bar magnet or to a variable (AC) EMF with an electromagnet. Fish locations were recorded with a digital imaging system, and changes in activity level and distribution relative to the magnet position were quantified at 5‐min intervals. Experiments with Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas, Redear Sunfish Lepomis microlophus, Striped Bass Morone saxatilis, Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens, and Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus produced mixed results. Except for Fathead Minnow, there was no effect on fish activity level. Only Redear Sunfish and Channel Catfish exhibited a change in distribution relative to the position of the magnet, with both species showing an apparent attraction to the EMF source. In a separate experiment, rapid behavioral responses of Paddlefish Polyodon spathula and Lake Sturgeon to the onset of an AC field were recorded with high‐speed video. Paddlefish did not react to a variable, 60‐Hz magnetic field (i.e., like that emitted by an AC generator or cable), but Lake Sturgeon consistently responded with a variety of altered swimming behaviors. These results will be useful for positioning cables or generators to minimize interactions with EMF‐sensitive species.
ArabidopsisSec1/Munc18 Protein SEC11 Is a Competitive and Dynamic Modulator of SNARE Binding and SYP121-Dependent Vesicle Traffic
Authors: Karnik Rucha , Grefen Christopher , Bayne Robert , Honsbein Annegret , Köhler Tim , Kioumourtzoglou Dimitrios , Williams Mary , Bryant Nia J. , Blatt Michael R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe Arabidopsis thaliana Qa-SNARE SYP121 (=SYR1/PEN1) drives vesicle traffic at the plasma membrane of cells throughout the vegetative plant. It facilitates responses to drought, to the water stress hormone abscisic acid, and to pathogen attack, and it is essential for recovery from so-called programmed stomatal closure. How SYP121-mediated traffic is regulated is largely unknown, although it is thought to depend on formation of a fusion-competent SNARE core complex with the cognate partners VAMP721 and SNAP33. Like SYP121, the Arabidopsis Sec1/Munc18 protein SEC11 (=KEULE) is expressed throughout the vegetative plant. We find that SEC11 binds directly with SYP121 both in vitro and in vivo to affect secretory traffic. Binding occurs through two distinct modes, one requiring only SEC11 and SYP121 and the second dependent on assembly of a complex with VAMP721 and SNAP33. SEC11 competes dynamically for SYP121 binding with SNAP33 and VAMP721, and this competition is predicated by SEC11 association with the N terminus of SYP121. These and additional data are consistent with a model in which SYP121-mediated vesicle fusion is regulated by an unusual “handshaking” mechanism of concerted SEC11 debinding and rebinding. They also implicate one or more factors that alter or disrupt SEC11 association with the SYP121 N terminus as an early step initiating SNARE complex formation.