bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Membrane Electrode Assembly with Ultra Low Platinum Loading for Cathode Electrode of PEM Fuel Cell by Using Sputter Deposition
Authors: Çögenli M. S. , Mukerjee S. , Yurtcan A. Bayrakçeken 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCathode electrodes of proton exchange membrane fuel cells were fabricated by using Pt sputter deposition to increase the gravimetric power density (W mgPt−1) with reduced Pt loading. Ultra low Pt‐based electrodes having Pt loading in between 0.0011 and 0.06 mgPt cm−2 were prepared by a radio frequency (RF) sputter deposition method on the surface of a non‐catalyzed gas diffusion layer (GDL) substrate by changing the sputtering time (20, 90, 180, 1050 s). The effect of cathode Pt loading on the performance of membrane electrode assembly were investigated using polarization curve, impedance, H2 crossover and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The effect of backpressure on PEMFC performance was also investigated. Sputter1050 (0.06 mgPt cm−2) exhibited the best power density at 80 °C cell temperature and without backpressure for H2/O2, 100 %RH (297 mW cm−2 and 5 W mgPt−1 at 0.6 V). On the other hand sputter90 (0.005 mgPt cm−2) showed the peak gravimetric power density (15 W mgPt−1 and 75 mW cm−2 at 0.6 V). The Pt utilization efficiency increased as the Pt loading decreased. Sputter20 and sputter90 electrodes yielded insufficient electrochemical surface area (ECSA), higher charge transfer and ohmic resistance, but sputter180 and sputter1050 yielded sufficient ECSA and lower charge transfer and ohmic resistance.
Men and Abortion Decisions
Authors: Hardwig John 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe male sexual partner often has no voice in the decision about whether to go forward with a pregnancy, and the standard view in bioethics is that he ought not to have. The consensus is that the decision to instead have an abortion is and should be exclusively the pregnant woman's. By and large, the pro‐choice and pro‐life sides are united in this view even though they are divided about the morality of abortion. After all, the developing fetus is in the woman's body; she bears the physical and lifestyle changes involved in being pregnant and the health risks associated with the pregnancy and with either childbirth or abortion. Consequently, so the consensus goes, the decision about having an abortion is her decision, and it is a private decision. Preservation of her privacy can legitimately be used to prevent her partner from knowing about the pregnancy or the decisions being made about it.As if having a baby were the end of the matter. If it were, I would agree that the choice is the pregnant woman's. But pregnancy—inconvenient, uncomfortable, stigmatizing, and even slightly dangerous though it be—is a very small part of what's involved in having a child. We must get over the idea that abortion decisions are simply about whether to have a baby. If the burden of an unplanned pregnancy or even of an unavoidable childbirth (because an abortion is unavailable) is only a small part of the burden of being a parent, then it is no longer clear why the decision about having the child should be hers alone.
When Should Genome Researchers Disclose Misattributed Pahentage?
Authors: Mandava Amulya , Millum Joseph , Berkman Benjamin E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAs analytic tools for genomic sequencing improve, biomedical research will increasingly use this method to draw inferences based on comparisons between the genetic data of a set of individuals thought to be related to each other. Cases in which genomic sequencing will be very useful include those in which a child has a rare or undiagnosed disease that might have an underlying genetic etiology. Researchers will be able to sequence the pediatric proband and both parents to compare their genomes in hopes of finding novel variants that point toward a diagnosis and perhaps to treatment. However, researchers are sure to discover that, in a growing number of cases, the assumed biological relationships between the individuals do not actually exist. Consequently, they will have to grapple with decisions about whether to return incidental findings of misattributed genetic parentage on a much larger scale than ever before. While we make no normative claims about whether individuals ought to value genetic relationships, the disclosure of information about misattributed parentage has the potential to affect familial relationships and notions of personal identity in many ways. Researchers need a decision‐making framework about disclosing this information that accounts for nonclinical factors alongside factors that the incidental findings literature already emphasizes as relevant.We argue that nondisclosure should be the default position for researchers. We begin by assessing the limited guidance that can be found in the literature on incidental research findings and on disclosure of misattributed parentage in the clinical setting. We then sketch the normative argument that underlies our position, providing a taxonomy of the possible harms and benefits of disclosure. We close by considering three objections: that nondisclosure may cause false beliefs in participants, that researchers may have relationships of trust with their participants that entail a duty to disclose, and that participant preferences should be solicited and followed. We close by suggesting ways in which the consent process could minimize possible harms related to nondisclosure.
A Facile and Efficient One‐Pot Electrochemical Synthesis of Thiazole Derivatives in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Ameri Mohsen , Amoozadeh Ali , Asghari Alireza , Nematollahi Davood , Bakherad Mohammad 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn the present work, the electrooxidation of hydroquinones 1a and 1b, and catechols 1c and 1d was studied in the presence of rhodanine (3) as nucleophile in a mixture of EtOH and phosphate buffer solution as ‘green’ media using cyclic voltammetry and controlled‐potential coulometry. The results indicated that the corresponding p‐ and o‐quinones formed from the hydroquinones and catechols, respectively, participate in Michael addition reaction to yield new thiazole derivatives. The electrochemical syntheses of these new thiazole derivatives were performed successfully at three graphite rod electrodes in undivided cells in good‐to‐excellent yields at room temperature without any catalyst.
Synthesis of 3,5‐Diarylcyclohex‐2‐enones by NH4Cl/HCl‐Catalyzed Cyclization and Deacetylation of 4‐Acetylhexane‐1,5‐diones
Authors: Gezegen Hayreddin , Ceylan Mustafa 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA new route for the synthesis of 3,5‐diarylcyclohex‐2‐enones is reported. The 4‐acetyl‐1,3‐diarylhexane‐1,5‐diones were obtained by the addition of pentane‐2,4‐dione to chalcones. The reaction of 4‐acetyl‐1,3‐diarylhexane‐1,5‐diones with NH4Cl/HCl in EtOH under reflux conditions gave the 3,5‐diarylcyclohex‐2‐enones in good yields. All synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods (1H‐, 13C‐NMR, and IR), and elemental analyses.
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Decytospolides A and B Starting from D‐Mannitol
Authors: Srilatha Malampati , Das Biswanath 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe stereoselective total synthesis of decytospolides A and B, two naturally occurring pyran derivatives, has been achieved using D‐mannitol as the starting material. The intramolecular oxa‐Michael reaction has been employed to construct the tetrahydropyran ring of the molecules and Weinreb amide formation to generate their side chain with a keto function.
Synthesis of Cyclopentapeptides with Three to Five Aib Units
Authors: Arnhold Franziska S. , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFour new Aib‐containing cyclopentapeptides have been synthesized by cyclization of the corresponding linear pentapeptides using the diethyl phosphorocyanidate (DEPC)/EtN(iPr)2 method. The linear precursors were prepared via the ‘azirine/oxazolone method’, i.e., the Aib units were introduced by the reaction of amino acids or peptide acids with a 2,2‐dimethyl‐2H‐azirin‐3‐amine, followed by selective hydrolysis of the terminal amide function. Most remarkably, cyclo[(Aib)5] exists in CDCl3 solution in a symmetrical conformation, i.e., no intramolecular H‐bonds are detectable.
Adoptive chemoimmunotherapy of a moloney lymphoma
Authors: Fefer A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAdult BALB/c mice were inoculated with BALB/c Moloney lymphoma cells. On day 6, mice with palpable tumors received sublethal cyclophosphamide (CY) and BALB/c or DBA 2 spleen cells. All untreated mice died with tumor on days 8‐12. Spleen cells alone had no effect. All mice treated with CY alone died with tumor by day 30, as did all mice treated with CY plus cells from non‐immune donors or from DBA donors immunized against normal BALB/c tissue. By contrast, treatment with CY plus cells from BALB/c or DBA/2 donors immunized with antigenically‐related murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) was moderately effective — 30 of 65 mice lived beyond day 60 and 14 of 65 beyond day 100. Lethal X‐irradiation of the immune cells abolished their efficacy. Thus, an established antigenic lymphoma was inhibited or eradicated by a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy with spleen cells from syngeneic or H‐2‐compatible donors, but only if the cells were viable and were derived from donors pre‐immunized against tumor‐associated antigens. Finally, when lethal X‐irradiation was substituted for sublethal CY, immunotherapy was not effective, probably because the tumor cells were far less sensitive to X‐ray than to CY.
Antibody to feline oncornavirus‐associated cell membrane antigen in neonatal cats
Authors: Essex Myron , Klein George , Snyder Stanley P. , Harrold J. Boyd 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAntibodies to a feline oncornavirus‐associated cell membrane antigen have been found in newborn kittens whose mothers had previously nursed litters of kittens injected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV). These antibodies, which were apparently obtained passively from the mother, seem to protect the kittens from the development of progressive tumors following the injection of various amounts of feline sarcoma virus (FSV). That these mothers were apparently able to passively transmit immunity suggests that they became infected with FeLV in a horizontal manner while nursing previous litters and resisted the development of progressive tumors, but mounted an immune response which resulted in the production of humoral antibody. It also suggests that some degree of cross‐protection exists in vivo between the feline leukemia and sarcoma viruses used in this study.
Effect of the carcinogen N‐nitrosomethylurea on the tRNA methylase activity of cells cultured in vitro
Authors: Wilkinson Ray , Pillinger David J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA comparison has been made between the activity of enzymes responsible for methylation of tRNA in a permanent line of adult Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts maintained in in vitro culture, and that of cells derived from this line after exposure in vitro to the alkylating carcinogen N‐nitrosomethylurea. A significantly elevated activity has been observed in several clones of cells which had received a single acute dose of the nitrosamide. A series of chronic treatments in which the single acute dose was given over a period of 8 weeks illustrated the cumulative effect of the fractionated doses on the methylase enzymes, and confirmed the repeatability of findings after a single acute dose. Evidence has been obtained from morphological criteria that a correlation appears to exist between the extent of morphological conversion within the cell population and the activity of the enzymes. Kinetic evidence suggests that this alteration in activity is not related to changes in growth rate alone. These results are discussed in relation to the concept that methylation of tRNA may relate to the degree of maturation and differentiation in a particular cell population.
Production of variants of decreased malignancy and antigenicity from clones transformed in vitro by methylcholanthrene
Authors: Mondal Sukdeb , Embleton M. J. , Marquardt Hans , Heidelberger Charles 
Published: February 2015

AbstractStarting with a thrice‐cloned highly malignant fibroblastic line of cells derived from C3H mouse prostate by treatment in vitro with methylcholanthrene (4C1), several variant clones were obtained following plating on glutaraldehyde‐fixed cells or by FUDR treatment. These variants had a lower saturation density than the parent clone and were 500 times less malignant. These less malignant variants had more or less chromosomes than the parent clone. The 4C1 cells possessed cell‐surface antigen (s) capable of inducing humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses in syngeneic C3H mice. The less malignant variants were deficient in the 4C1 antigen, although their cell‐surface alloantigens were unchanged. Thus, there was a loss of 4C1 antigen, and no new antigens could be detected on the variant cells.
Lymphocyte transformation in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma
Authors: Taylor John F. , Junge Ulrich , Wolfe Lauren , Deinhardt Friedrich , Kyalwazi Sebastian K. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis study describes a correlation between the morphologic types of cutaneous Kaposi's sarcomata and the capacity of lymphocytes to be stimulated in culture with PHA and tumour cells. Lymphocytes from patients with the sarcoma and from normal controls were cultured in vitro with PHA, autologous Mitomycin‐inhibited tumour cells, and control cells. Lymphocyte transformation was evaluated by measuring the uptake of 125 iodo‐2′ deoxyuridine. Lymphocytes from seven of 21 Kaposi patients showed increased transformation in cultures containing tumour cells and six of these seven patients had nodular or infiltrative disease. An impaired response to both PHA and tumour cells was noted in patients with florid tumours, a form thought to be associated with a diminished host response.Standardized extracts of tumour and control cells were incubated with homologous lymphocytes from other Kaposi patients and normal controls. Two of nine cultures from Kaposi patients showed increased isotope uptake, compared with none of three control cultures.
Effect of withaferin a on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. II. Target tumor cell destruction in vivo by immune activation
Authors: Shohat Batya , Joshua Henry 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIntraperitoneal administration of Withaferin A 24 h after inoculation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma resulted in an immediate inhibition of tumor growth, followed by complete disappearance of the malignant cells after 3‐4 days. During this period a striking proliferation of macrophages in the peritoneal cavity and clustering of viable acid‐phosphatase‐rich macrophages around Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was observed. In addition, giant cell formation in the peritoneal cavity of the tumor‐rejecting mice was commonly seen. No significant difference was found in the number of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclears of the peritoneal exudate of the tumor‐rejecting mice as compared to untreated tumor‐bearing mice. A similar sequence of changes with an even more striking proliferation of macrophages terminating again in complete tumor regression was observed after reinoculation of Ehrlich ascites cells to Withaferin A cured mice. Growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in normal mice was prevented by passive transfer of serum or peritoneal cells, but not by spleen cells taken from immune mice. Humoral antibodies in the serum of immune mice were demonstrated by the complement fixation, the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and the cytotoxic tests. One‐day‐old suckling litters born to immune mothers were also refractory to Ehrlich ascites implantation. However, Ehrlich ascites cell growth was not affected if the litters were injected previously with a cell‐free tumor homogenate.
Inhibition of hipa plasmacytoma cell‐free transmission by normal spleen of BALB/c, DBA/2 and C3H mice
Authors: Pedio G. , Rüttner J. R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSpleen from normal BALB/c, DBA/2 and C3H mice exerted a protective effect against syngeneic and allogeneic cell‐free transmission of HIPA plasmacytoma in mice.The maximal protective effect of these spleens was found in C3H and ICR mice (100‐70%). Inoculation of BALB/c spleen homogenates in syngeneic mice resulted in protection of about 56% of the cases. Spleen homogenates from BALB/c mice were not effective against cellular transplantation of HIPA plasmacytoma.The fact that the protection required one week to develop suggested that an immune reaction was involved. The factor responsible for protection was found in the sedimentable fraction of spleen homogenates centrifuged at 500 × g during 15 minutes and was destroyed by heat and freezing/thawing.
Tumor induction in hamster by para (3cT)‐adenovirus 7 mutant. Morphology and antigenic profiles of neoplastic cells
Authors: Pauluzzi Sergio , Ribacchi Rodolfo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe variant 3ct of PARA‐adenovirus 7, which was able to synthesize SV40‐T antigen in cytoplasm, induced tumors in newborn hamsters. The neoplasms were either undifferentiated adenovirus tumors or pleomorphic sarcomas. Several cell lines were obtained from the tumors: some had the cytomorphology typical of adenovirus or SV40‐transformed cells, while others showed ribbon‐cell formation.Only the cells derived from the “early” tumors displayed adenovirus T antigen (s); in these cells the SV40 T antigen had a diffuse, granular pattern and was mainly localized on the perinuclear region. In the other cell lines no adenovirus T antigen was shown by the indirect immunofluorescence test; the SV40 T antigen was present in the nuclei, either with the regular pattern of SV40‐transformed cells or in the form of faint and sparse fluorescent spots.
Morphology of tumors induced in hamster soft tissues by bovine adenovirus type 3
Authors: Levenbook I. S. , Strizhachenko N. M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThirty‐one hamsters were injected subcutaneously with bovine adenovirus type 3. The average titer of the virus was 4.38 lg TCD50/ml in a volume of 0.2 ml. Thirty animals developed solid tumors, while in one animal a cyst was seen. In 24 out of 30 hamsters the tumors were poorly differentiated sarcomas. However, a number of histological features suggest that they might be of vascular origin. Twenty‐one tumors had the structure of a malignant hemangiopericytoma with areas of angioleiomyosarcoma. After the first passage in adult hamsters the structure of angioleiomyosarcoma became particularly distinct. In three animals the tumors had the appearance of malignant hemangioendothelioma. In some animals there were tumors which we think it reasonable to identify as malignant schwannomas and in one animal an unclassifiable polymorphocellular sarcoma was found. The transplantation of tumors of malignant hemangiopericytoma type resulted in a lowering of the level of differentiation, but the tendency to angioplasia persisted for a long time, though it grew less marked. Tumor cells of KOH‐1 line after inoculation into hamsters induced tumors which had the structure of a malignant hemangiopericytoma with a well‐pronounced component of angioleiomyosarcoma.
The Association of Two “Frustrated” Lewis Pairs by State‐of‐the‐Art Quantum Chemical Methods
Authors: Bannwarth Christoph , Hansen Andreas , Grimme Stefan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractState‐of‐the‐art quantum chemical methods have been applied to describe the association of two frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), B(C6F5)3/PR3 (1: R=2,4,6‐Me3C6H2; 2: R=CMe3), with different steric demands of the base component. Interaction energies are calculated at the dispersion‐corrected DFT, MP2 (second‐order Møller‐Plesset), and DLPNO‐CCSD(T) (domain‐based local pair natural orbital‐coupled cluster, including single, double and perturbative triple excitations) levels of theory, combined with extended triple‐ or quadruple‐ζ AO (atom‐centered orbital) basis sets. Thermostatistical contributions to the free binding energy are calculated from harmonic frequencies at the efficient HF‐3c (minimal basis Hartree‐Fock with three corrections) level, while solvation effects in benzene are accounted for by the COSMO‐RS (conductor‐like screening model for realistic solvents) continuum model. Comparison with the recently measured experimental value for the free association energy of the FLP 1 reveals agreement between theory and experiment within the estimated error bars. The computed gas phase interaction energies for both FLPs are similar (about −13 kcal mol−1), with only small variations (about ±3 kcal mol−1) for various quantum chemical methods, when London dispersion interactions are accounted for properly. The association of the more “frustrated” FLP 1 is mainly driven by nondirectional dispersion forces, resulting in non‐preferential orientations, which is in agreement with experimental results. On the other hand, in FLP 2 with the “smaller” base, the boron and phosphorous atoms face each other in the favored complex structure, indicating a weak PB donor‐acceptor interaction. This conformation of 2 seems to be more suitable for small molecule (e.g., H2) activations.
Disentangling Crashes from Tail Events
Authors: Aboura Sofiane 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe study of tail events has become a central preoccupation for academics, investors and policy makers, given the recent financial turmoil. However, the question on what differentiates a crash from a tail event remains unsolved. This article elaborates a new definition of stock market crash taking a risk management perspective based on an augmented extreme value theory methodology. An empirical test on the French stock market (1968–2008) indicates that it experienced only two crashes in 2007–2008 among the 12 identified over the whole period. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carboxylation of multiwalled carbon nanotube attenuated the cytotoxicity by limiting the oxidative stress initiated cell membrane integrity damage, cell cycle arrestment, and death receptor mediated apoptotic pathway
Authors: Liu Zhenbao , Liu Yanfei , Peng Dongming 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this study, the effects of carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs‐COOH) on human normal liver cell line L02 was compared with that of pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (p‐MWCNTs). It was shown that compared with MWCNTs‐COOH, p‐MWCNTs induced apoptosis, reduced the level of intracellular antioxidant glutathione more significantly, and caused severer cell membrane damage as demonstrated by lactate dehydrogenase leakage. Cell cycles were arrested by both MWCNTs, while p‐MWCNTs induced higher ratio of G0/G1 phase arrestment as compared with MWCNTs‐COOH. Caspase‐8 was also activated after both MWCNTs exposure, indicating extrinsic apoptotic pathway was involved in the apoptosis induced by MWCNTs exposure, more importantly, MWCNTs‐COOH significantly reduced the activation of caspase‐8 as compared with p‐MWCNTs. All these results suggested that MWCNTs‐COOH might be safer for in vivo application as compared with p‐MWCNTs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2770–2777, 2015.