bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burying receivers for improved time‐lapse seismic repeatability: CO2CRC Otway field experiment
Authors: Shulakova Valeriya , Pevzner Roman , Christian Dupuis J. , Urosevic Milovan , Tertyshnikov Konstantin , Lumley David E. , Gurevich Boris 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT4D seismic is widely used to remotely monitor fluid movement in subsurface reservoirs. This technique is especially effective offshore where high survey repeatability can be achieved. It comes as no surprise that the first 4D seismic that successfully monitored the CO2 sequestration process was recorded offshore in the Sleipner field, North Sea. In the case of land projects, poor repeatability of the land seismic data due to low S/N ratio often obscures the time‐lapse seismic signal. Hence for a successful on shore monitoring program improving seismic repeatability is essential.Stage 2 of the CO2CRC Otway project involves an injection of a small amount (around 15,000 tonnes) of CO2/CH4 gas mixture into a saline aquifer at a depth of approximately 1.5 km. Previous studies at this site showed that seismic repeatability is relatively low due to variations in weather conditions, near surface geology and farming activities. In order to improve time‐lapse seismic monitoring capabilities, a permanent receiver array can be utilised to improve signal to noise ratio and hence repeatability.A small‐scale trial of such an array was conducted at the Otway site in June 2012. A set of 25 geophones was installed in 3 m deep boreholes in parallel to the same number of surface geophones. In addition, four geophones were placed into boreholes of 1–12 m depth. In order to assess the gain in the signal‐to‐noise ratio and repeatability, both active and passive seismic surveys were carried out. The surveys were conducted in relatively poor weather conditions, with rain, strong wind and thunderstorms. With such an amplified background noise level, we found that the noise level for buried geophones is on average 20 dB lower compared to the surface geophones.The levels of repeatability for borehole geophones estimated around direct wave, reflected wave and ground roll are twice as high as for the surface geophones. Both borehole and surface geophones produce the best repeatability in the 30–90 Hz frequency range. The influence of burying depth on S/N ratio and repeatability shows that significant improvement in repeatability can be reached at a depth of 3 m. The level of repeatability remains relatively constant between 3 and 12 m depths.
Everyday Lives in Vertical Neighbourhoods: Exploring Bangladeshi Residential Spaces in Toronto's Inner Suburbs
Authors: Ghosh Sutama 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), almost a third of the total housing stock is comprised of high‐rise apartment buildings. Not only do most new immigrants reside in these structures upon arrival, they often continue living here for a prolonged period, for a variety of interrelated economic and psychological reasons. It is therefore important to ask: How do these vertical structures affect the life worlds of the residents? What functions do these spaces perform? How do immigrants develop attachments to these spaces, and how do they make them their own? By drawing upon the experiences of 30 Bangladeshi immigrant households in Toronto's inner suburbs, I demonstrate that even though these vertical stacks are not conducive to frequent social interaction by design, the residents variously transform such functional spaces into unique ‘Bengali’ neighbourhoods that are filled with ambivalent feelings of hope and despair, imaginations of the future, becoming a place they can call home away from home.
Sexual assault: a descriptive study of 2500 female victims over a 10‐year period
Authors: Larsen M‐L , Hilden M , Lidegaard Ø 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo describe the victims of sexual assault and the circumstances in which the assaults occur.DesignDescriptive case study.SettingCentre for Victims of Sexual Assault (CVSA), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.Population or sampleA total of 2541 women attending CVSA from 2001 to 2010.MethodsAll women attending CVSA underwent a standardised data collection procedure. Descriptive bivariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed.Main outcome measuresAssociations between different assault characteristics and (1) the age of the victim and (2) the relationship between victim and perpetrator.ResultsTwo‐thirds of the victims were aged 15–24 years. Seventy‐five percent had met the perpetrator before the sexual assault and 70% reported the assault to the police. A physical injury was found in 53, and 27% sustained an anogenital lesion. Alcohol was involved in 60% of the cases. One‐third of the victims had experienced a previous sexual assault(s). Women were more likely to report to the police when they were assaulted by a stranger (odds ratio [OR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.3–2.6) and sustained a physical injury (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4–2.2) or anogenital lesion (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.0). Women aged 45 years or older were more likely to sustain a physical injury (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.2) or an anogenital lesion (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4–3.2).ConclusionsOur results challenge the typical stereotype of a violent rape attack by a stranger, which is important in creating an environment where women are not reluctant to seek help after a sexual assault. Young age and drinking alcohol were risk factors for sexual assault, and we need to address this when considering preventive strategies.
Upregulated expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 in human periodontal ligament cells induced by interleukin‐1β
Authors: Jin J , Cao J 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundRoot resorption during orthodontic treatment is a complex and sterile inflammatory process, characterized by the recruitment of mononuclear cells in the local periodontal ligament. This study aimed to investigate whether interleukin (IL)‐1β could induce the migration of monocytes through upregulating monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 expression in human periodontal ligament cells.MethodsHuman periodontal ligament cells were cultured in medium containing various IL‐1β concentrations. After 24 hours of incubation, the messenger RNA (mRNA) and MCP‐1 protein in periodontal ligament cells were detected by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. The effect of supernatants of periodontal ligament cells on THP‐1 cells was analysed via migration assay.ResultsIL‐1β (10 ng/mL and 25 ng/mL) increased the expression of MCP‐1 mRNA and protein in periodontal ligament cells (p < 0.05). In addition, the supernatants from the IL‐1β‐treated periodontal ligament cells increased the migratory response of THP‐1 cells (p < 0.05), which could be blocked by the anti‐MCP‐1 antibody.ConclusionsIL‐1β had the potential to induce the migratory response of monocytes via upregulation of the expression of MCP‐1 in human periodontal ligament cells and could contribute to orthodontic root resorption.
Artemether‐lumefantrine co‐administration with antiretrovirals: population pharmacokinetics and dosing implications
Authors: Hoglund Richard M. , Byakika‐Kibwika Pauline , Lamorde Mohammed , Merry Concepta , Ashton Michael , Hanpithakpong Warunee , Day Nicholas P. J. , White Nicholas J. , Äbelö Angela , Tarning Joel 
Published: October 2014

AimDrug–drug interactions between antimalarial and antiretroviral drugs may influence antimalarial treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential drug–drug interactions between the antimalarial drugs, lumefantrine, artemether and their respective metabolites desbutyl‐lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin, and the HIV drugs efavirenz, nevirapine and lopinavir/ritonavir.MethodData from two clinical studies, investigating the influence of the HIV drugs efavirenz, nevirapine and lopinavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial drugs lumefantrine, artemether and their respective metabolites, in HIV infected patients were pooled and analyzed using a non‐linear mixed effects modelling approach.ResultsEfavirenz and nevirapine significantly decreased the terminal exposure to lumefantrine (decrease of 69.9% and 25.2%, respectively) while lopinavir/ritonavir substantially increased the exposure (increase of 439%). All antiretroviral drugs decreased the total exposure to dihydroartemisinin (decrease of 71.7%, 41.3% and 59.7% for efavirenz, nevirapine and ritonavir/lopinavir, respectively). Simulations suggest that a substantially increased artemether‐lumefantrine dose is required to achieve equivalent exposures when co‐administered with efavirenz (250% increase) and nevirapine (75% increase). When co‐administered with lopinavir/ritonavir it is unclear if the increased lumefantrine exposure compensates adequately for the reduced dihydroartemisinin exposure and thus whether dose adjustment is required.ConclusionThere are substantial drug interactions between artemether‐lumefantrine and efavirenz, nevirapine and ritonavir/lopinavir. Given the readily saturable absorption of lumefantrine, the dose adjustments predicted to be necessary will need to be evaluated prospectively in malaria‐HIV co‐infected patients.
The cGMP/PKG pathway as a common mediator of cardioprotection: translatability and mechanism
Authors: Inserte Javier , Garcia‐Dorado David 
Published: October 2014

Cardiomyocyte cell death occurring during myocardial reperfusion (reperfusion injury) contributes to final infarct size after transient coronary occlusion. Different interrelated mechanisms of reperfusion injury have been identified, including alterations in cytosolic Ca2+ handling, sarcoplasmic reticulum‐mediated Ca2+ oscillations and hypercontracture, proteolysis secondary to calpain activation and mitochondrial permeability transition. All these mechanisms occur during the initial minutes of reperfusion and are inhibited by intracellular acidosis. The cGMP/PKG pathway modulates the rate of recovery of intracellular pH, but has also direct effect on Ca2+ oscillations and mitochondrial permeability transition. The cGMP/PKG pathway is depressed in cardiomyocytes by ischaemia/reperfusion and preserved by ischaemic postconditioning, which importantly contributes to postconditioning protection. The present article reviews the mechanisms and consequences of the effect of ischaemic postconditioning on the cGMP/PKG pathway, the different pharmacological strategies aimed to stimulate it during myocardial reperfusion and the evidence, limitations and promise of translation of these strategies to the clinical practice. Overall, the preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that modulation of the cGMP/PKG pathway may be a therapeutic target in the context of myocardial infarction.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Conditioning the Heart – Pathways to Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue‐8
Hydrogen sulphide protects against NSAID‐enteropathy through modulation of bile and the microbiota
Authors: Blackler Rory W , Motta Jean‐Paul , Manko Anna , Workentine Matthew , Bercik Premysl , Surette Michael G , Wallace John L 
Published: October 2014

Background and PurposeHydrogen sulphide is an important mediator of gastrointestinal mucosal defence. The use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is significantly limited by their toxicity in the gastrointestinal tract. Particularly concerning is the lack of effective preventative or curative treatments for NSAID‐induced intestinal damage and bleeding. We evaluated the ability of a hydrogen sulphide donor to protect against NSAID‐induced enteropathy.Experimental ApproachIntestinal ulceration and bleeding were induced in Wistar rats by oral administration of naproxen. The effects of suppression of endogenous hydrogen sulphide synthesis or administration of a hydrogen sulphide donor (diallyl disulphide) on naproxen‐induced enteropathy was examined. Effects of diallyl disulphide on small intestinal inflammation and intestinal microbiota were also assessed. Bile collected after in vivo naproxen and diallyl disulphide administration was evaluated for cytotoxicity in vitro using cultured intestinal epithelial cells.Key ResultsSuppression of endogenous hydrogen sulphide synthesis by β‐cyano‐L‐alanine exacerbated naproxen‐induced enteropathy. Diallyl disulphide co‐administration dose‐dependently reduced the severity of naproxen‐induced small intestinal damage, inflammation and bleeding. Diallyl disulphide administration attenuated naproxen‐induced increases in the cytotoxicity of bile on cultured enterocytes, and prevented or reversed naproxen‐induced changes in the intestinal microbiota.Conclusions and ImplicationsHydrogen sulphide protects against NSAID‐enteropathy in rats, in part reducing the cytotoxicity of bile and preventing NSAID‐induced dysbiosis.
Biphasic modulation by mGlu5 receptors of TRPV1‐mediated intracellular calcium elevation in sensory neurons contributes to heat sensitivity
Authors: Masuoka T , Nakamura T , Kudo M , Yoshida J , Takaoka Y , Kato N , Ishibashi T , Imaizumi N , Nishio M 
Published: October 2014

Background and PurposeElevation of glutamate, an excitatory amino acid, during inflammation and injury plays a crucial role in the reception and transmission of sensory information via ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the biphasic effects of metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor activation on responses to noxious heat.Experimental ApproachWe assessed the effects of intraplantar quisqualate, a non‐selective glutamate receptor agonist, on heat and mechanical pain behaviours in mice. In addition, the effects of quisqualate on the intracellular calcium response and on membrane currents mediated by TRPV1 channels, were examined in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from mice.Key ResultsActivation of mGlu5 receptors in hind paw transiently increased, then decreased, the response to noxious heat. In sensory neurons, activation of mGlu5 receptors potentiated TRPV1‐mediated intracellular calcium elevation, while terminating activation of mGlu5 receptors depressed it. TRPV1‐induced currents were potentiated by activation of mGlu5 receptors under voltage clamp conditions and these disappeared after washout. However, voltage‐gated calcium currents were inhibited by the mGlu5 receptor agonist, even after washout.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese results suggest that, in sensory neurons, mGlu5 receptors biphasically modulate TRPV1‐mediated intracellular calcium response via transient potentiation of TRPV1 channel‐induced currents and persistent inhibition of voltage‐gated calcium currents, contributing to heat hyper‐ and hypoalgesia.
The endocannabinoid system regulates synaptic transmission in nucleus accumbens by increasing DAGL‐α expression following short‐term morphine withdrawal
Authors: Wang Xing‐Qin , Ma Jie , Cui Wei , Yuan Wei‐Xin , Zhu Gang , Yang Qian , Heng Li‐Jun , Gao Guo‐Dong 
Published: October 2014

Background and PurposeThe endocannabinoid (eCB) system is involved in pathways that regulate drug addiction and eCB‐mediated synaptic plasticity has been linked with addictive behaviours. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the changes in eCB‐dependent synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) following short‐term withdrawal from repeated morphine treatment.Experimental ApproachConditioned place preference (CPP) was used to evaluate the rewarding effects of morphine in rats. Evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents of medium spiny neurons in NAcc were measured using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings. Changes in depolarization‐induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) in the NAcc were assessed to determine the effect of short‐term morphine withdrawal on the eCB system. To identify the potential modulation mechanism of short‐term morphine withdrawal on the eCB system, the expression of diacylglycerol lipase α (DGL‐α) and monoacylglycerol lipase was detected by Western blot analysis.Key ResultsRepeated morphine administration for 7 days induced stable CPP. Compared with the saline group, the level of DSI in the NAcc was significantly increased in rats after short‐term morphine withdrawal. Furthermore, this increase in DSI coincided with a significant increase in the expression of DGL‐α.Conclusions and ImplicationsShort‐term morphine withdrawal potentiates eCB modulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the NAcc. We also found that DGL‐α expression was elevated after short‐term morphine withdrawal, suggesting that the eCB 2‐arachidonyl‐glycerol but not anandamide mediates the increase in DSI. These findings provide useful insights into the mechanisms underlying eCB‐mediated plasticity in the NAcc during drug addiction.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Endocannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.7/issuetoc
Presynaptic adenosine A2A receptors dampen cannabinoid CB1 receptor‐mediated inhibition of corticostriatal glutamatergic transmission
Authors: Ferreira S G , Gonçalves F Q , Marques J M , Tomé Â R , Rodrigues R J , Nunes‐Correia I , Ledent C , Harkany T , Venance L , Cunha R A , Köfalvi A 
Published: October 2014

Background and PurposeBoth cannabinoid CB1 and adenosine A2A receptors (CB1 receptors and A2A receptors) control synaptic transmission at corticostriatal synapses, with great therapeutic importance for neurological and psychiatric disorders. A postsynaptic CB1−A2A receptor interaction has already been elucidated, but the presynaptic A2A receptor‐mediated control of presynaptic neuromodulation by CB1 receptors remains to be defined. Because the corticostriatal terminals provide the major input to the basal ganglia, understanding the interactive nature of converging neuromodulation on them will provide us with novel powerful tools to understand the physiology of corticostriatal synaptic transmission and interpret changes associated with pathological conditions.Experimental ApproachPharmacological manipulation of CB1 and A2A receptors was carried out in brain nerve terminals isolated from rats and mice, using flow synaptometry, immunoprecipitation, radioligand binding, ATP and glutamate release measurement. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings were made in horizontal corticostriatal slices.Key ResultsFlow synaptometry showed that A2A receptors were extensively co‐localized with CB1 receptor‐immunopositive corticostriatal terminals and A2A receptors co‐immunoprecipitated CB1 receptors in these purified terminals. A2A receptor activation decreased CB1 receptor radioligand binding and decreased the CB1 receptor‐mediated inhibition of high‐K+‐evoked glutamate release in corticostriatal terminals. Accordingly, A2A receptor activation prevented CB1 receptor‐mediated paired‐pulse facilitation and attenuated the CB1 receptor‐mediated inhibition of synaptic transmission in glutamatergic synapses of corticostriatal slices.Conclusions and ImplicationsActivation of presynaptic A2A receptors dampened CB1 receptor‐mediated inhibition of corticostriatal terminals. This constitutes a thus far unrecognized mechanism to modulate the potent CB1 receptor‐mediated presynaptic inhibition, allowing frequency‐dependent enhancement of synaptic efficacy at corticostriatal synapses.
Ketamine coadministration attenuates morphine tolerance and leads to increased brain concentrations of both drugs in the rat
Authors: Lilius T O , Jokinen V , Neuvonen M S , Niemi M , Kalso E A , Rauhala P V 
Published: October 2014

Background and PurposeThe effects of ketamine in attenuating morphine tolerance have been suggested to result from a pharmacodynamic interaction. We studied whether ketamine might increase brain morphine concentrations in acute coadministration, in morphine tolerance and morphine withdrawal.Experimental ApproachMorphine minipumps (6 mg·day–1) induced tolerance during 5 days in Sprague–Dawley rats, after which s.c. ketamine (10 mg·kg–1) was administered. Tail flick, hot plate and rotarod tests were used for behavioural testing. Serum levels and whole tissue brain and liver concentrations of morphine, morphine‐3‐glucuronide, ketamine and norketamine were measured using HPLC‐tandem mass spectrometry.Key ResultsIn morphine‐naïve rats, ketamine caused no antinociception whereas in morphine‐tolerant rats there was significant antinociception (57% maximum possible effect in the tail flick test 90 min after administration) lasting up to 150 min. In the brain of morphine‐tolerant ketamine‐treated rats, the morphine, ketamine and norketamine concentrations were 2.1‐, 1.4‐ and 3.4‐fold, respectively, compared with the rats treated with morphine or ketamine only. In the liver of morphine‐tolerant ketamine‐treated rats, ketamine concentration was sixfold compared with morphine‐naïve rats. After a 2 day morphine withdrawal period, smaller but parallel concentration changes were observed. In acute coadministration, ketamine increased the brain morphine concentration by 20%, but no increase in ketamine concentrations or increased antinociception was observed.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe ability of ketamine to induce antinociception in rats made tolerant to morphine may also be due to increased brain concentrations of morphine, ketamine and norketamine. The relevance of these findings needs to be assessed in humans.
Validity, internal consistency reliability and one‐year stability of the Slovene translation of the Measure of Processes of Care (20‐item version)
Authors: Groleger Sršen K. , Vidmar G. , Zupan A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe Measure of Processes of Care (MPOC) was developed as a self‐administered questionnaire for parents to report on behaviours of healthcare providers. The original (MPOC‐56) and the 20‐item version (MPOC‐20) have established reliability and validity, but the instrument must be rechecked whenever translated and applied in a different social and cultural setting. The aim of our study was to evaluate validity, internal consistency reliability and 1‐year stability of the Slovene translation of MPOC‐20.MethodsParents of children who were admitted as inpatients or outpatients of several hospitals and health centres were invited to participate. MPOC‐20, the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ‐8) and a separate question on stress and worries were sent by mail. Descriptive item analysis was performed. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and corrected item‐total correlations were used to assess internal consistency for each of the five MPOC‐20 subscales. To evaluate validity, we correlated the MPOC‐20 subscale scores with CSQ‐8 scores and a stress alleviation rating. Assessment with MPOC‐20 was performed again 1 year later and we used paired‐samples tests to compare mean scores of both assessments.ResultsParents of 235 children participated in the study (80% mothers). They reported high general satisfaction as 15 out of the 20 MPOC‐20 mean item scores were above 5 (out of 7) and none was below 4. The mean MPOC‐20 mean subscale scores were 5.83 (SD 1.10) for Coordinated and Comprehensive Care for Child and Family, 5.62 (SD 1.12) for Respectful and Supportive Care, 5.45 (SD 1.23) for Enabling and Partnership, 5.33 (SD 1.61) for Providing Specific Information about the Child and 4.59 (SD 1.65) for Providing General Information. The ranking order of the mean rating of the MPOC‐20 subscales was similar to previous studies. The parents reported that they felt their stress and worries had been notably or slightly reduced through the process of care in the last year in more than two‐thirds of the cases. All the MPOC‐20 subscales (as well as the CSQ‐8 scale) showed high internal consistency: the corrected item‐total correlations were far above the lower limit for item's acceptance of 0.3. After 1 year (66 returned questionnaires) none of the mean subscale scores changed statistically significantly (P‐values 0.159–0.910).ConclusionThe Slovene translation of the MPOC‐20 can be considered as a valid and reliable instrument that shows good stability over a period of 1 year, and as such it can be adopted in clinical practice.