bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress analysis in human temporomandibular joint affected by anterior disc displacement during prolonged clenching
Authors: Abe S. , Kawano F. , Kohge K. , Kawaoka T. , Ueda K. , Hattori‐Hara E. , Mori H. , Kuroda S. , Tanaka E. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryParafunctional habits, such as prolonged clenching and bruxism, have been associated with dysfunctional overloading in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). In this study, stress distributions in the TMJ were analysed during prolonged clenching, using three‐dimensional finite element (FE) models of the TMJ with and without disc displacement. The aim of this study was to investigate stress distribution of the cartilaginous tissues in the TMJ with and without disc displacement. Finite element models were developed on the basis of magnetic resonance images from two subjects with and without anterior disc displacement. Condylar movements recorded during a 5‐min clenching were used as the loading condition for stress analysis. In the asymptomatic model, the highest von Mises stresses were located in the lateral area (4·91 MPa) of the disc surfaces, and after 5‐min clenching, the higher stresses were still located at the lateral area (3·65 MPa). In all the cartilaginous tissues, 30–50% of stress reduction occurred during 5‐min clenching. In contrast, the von Mises stress in the cartilaginous tissues of the symptomatic model with disc displacement was markedly lower, compared with the asymptomatic model. However, in the condylar cartilage, stress relaxation during clenching was not recognised. Furthermore, relatively high stresses were observed in the retrodiscal tissues throughout clenching. The present results indicate that disc position could be involved in the stress distribution of the TMJ components during prolonged clenching.
Enigmatic occurrence of Permian plant roots in Lower Silurian rocks, Guizhou Province, China
Authors: Wang Yi , Edwards Dianne , Bassett Michael , Xu Hong‐He , Xiao Jiafei , Jiang Qing , Zhang Xiaole 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPinnatiramosus qianensis Geng, 1986, is a plant with a complex, extensive pinnate branching system and pitted tracheids, collected from marine Lower Silurian (Llandovery; c. 430 Ma) rocks in Guizhou Province, China. It challenges long‐held theories on the origin and early evolution of vascular plants in the Silurian and Devonian. However, there is a hypothesis that the fossils were not syngenetic with the entombing rock, but were the rooting systems of much younger plants, probably of Permian age. New sections and collections of P. qianensis have been subjected to detailed analyses, which indicate that P. qianensis belongs to an early Permian (c. 285 Ma) rooting system growing down into lower Silurian rocks.
The first specimen of the Middle Triassic Phalarodon atavus (Ichthyosauria: Mixosauridae) from South China, showing postcranial anatomy and peri‐Tethyan distribution
Authors: Liu Jun , Motani Ryosuke , Jiang Da‐Yong , Hu Shi‐Xue , Aitchison Jonathan C. , Rieppel Olivier , Benton Michael J. , Zhang Qi‐Yue , Zhou Chang‐Yong 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPhalarodon atavus from the Germanic Muschelkalk Basin was previously represented only by cranial elements. Here we report a nearly complete and articulated specimen of P. atavus from the Middle Triassic Luoping Biota, Yunnan, South China. This is the first specimen of P. atavus from outside the Germanic Basin. This discovery demonstrates a peri‐Tethyan distribution of P. atavus. The new specimen is also the first one preserving the postcranial anatomy of this species, providing the opportunity to evaluate its sustained swimming ability. Inferences made on its functional morphology suggest that this species was probably adapted for active foraging. Tooth crown morphology suggests that P. atavus may have preferred externally soft prey.
Phenotypic changes associated with RNA interference silencing of chalcone synthase in apple (Malus × domestica)
Authors: Dare Andrew P. , Tomes Sumathi , Jones Midori , McGhie Tony K. , Stevenson David E. , Johnson Ross A. , Greenwood David R. , Hellens Roger P. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryWe have identified in apple (Malus × domestica) three chalcone synthase (CHS) genes. In order to understand the functional redundancy of this gene family RNA interference knockout lines were generated where all three of these genes were down‐regulated. These lines had no detectable anthocyanins and radically reduced concentrations of dihydrochalcones and flavonoids. Surprisingly, down‐regulation of CHS also led to major changes in plant development, resulting in plants with shortened internode lengths, smaller leaves and a greatly reduced growth rate. Microscopic analysis revealed that these phenotypic changes extended down to the cellular level, with CHS‐silenced lines showing aberrant cellular organisation in the leaves. Fruit collected from one CHS‐silenced line was smaller than the ‘Royal Gala’ controls, lacked flavonoids in the skin and flesh and also had changes in cell morphology. Auxin transport experiments showed increased rates of auxin transport in a CHS‐silenced line compared with the ‘Royal Gala’ control. As flavonoids are well known to be key modulators of auxin transport, we hypothesise that the removal of almost all flavonoids from the plant by CHS silencing creates a vastly altered environment for auxin transport to occur and results in the observed changes in growth and development.
Evolution of microtubule organizing centers across the tree of eukaryotes
Authors: Yubuki Naoji , Leander Brian S. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe architecture of eukaryotic cells is underpinned by complex arrrays of microtubules that stem from an organizing center, referred to as the MTOC. With few exceptions, MTOCs consist of two basal bodies that anchor flagellar axonemes and different configurations of microtubular roots. Variations in the structure of this cytoskeletal system, also referred to as the ‘flagellar apparatus’, reflect phylogenetic relationships and provide compelling evidence for inferring the overall tree of eukaryotes. However, reconstructions and subsequent comparisons of the flagellar apparatus are challenging, because these studies require sophisticated microscopy, spatial reasoning and detailed terminology. In an attempt to understand the unifying features of MTOCs and broad patterns of cytoskeletal homology across the tree of eukaryotes, we present a comprehensive overview of the eukaryotic flagellar apparatus within a modern molecular phylogenetic context. Specifically, we used the known cytoskeletal diversity within major groups of eukaryotes to infer the unifying features (ancestral states) for the flagellar apparatus in the Plantae, Opisthokonta, Amoebozoa, Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria, Excavata, Cryptophyta, Haptophyta, Apusozoa, Breviata and Collodictyonidae. We then mapped these data onto the tree of eukaryotes in order to trace broad patterns of trait changes during the evolutionary history of the flagellar apparatus. This synthesis suggests that: (i) the most recent ancestor of all eukaryotes already had a complex flagellar apparatus, (ii) homologous traits associated with the flagellar apparatus have a punctate distribution across the tree of eukaryotes, and (iii) streamlining (trait losses) of the ancestral flagellar apparatus occurred several times independently in eukaryotes.
The Arabidopsis U–box/ARM repeat E3 ligase AtPUB4 influences growth and degeneration of tapetal cells, and its mutation leads to conditional male sterility
Authors: Wang Hai , Lu Yuqing , Jiang Tiantian , Berg Howard , Li Cong , Xia Yiji 
Published: February 2013

SummaryPollen formation is a complex developmental process that has been extensively investigated to unravel underlying fundamental developmental mechanisms and for genetic manipulation of the male‐sterility trait for hybrid crop production. Here we describe identification of AtPUB4, a U–box/ARM repeat‐containing E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a novel player in male fertility in Arabidopsis. Loss of AtPUB4 function causes hypertrophic growth of the tapetum layer. The Atpub4 mutation also leads to incomplete degeneration of the tapetal cells and strikingly abnormal exine structures of pollen grains. As a result, although the Atpub4 mutant produces viable pollen, the pollen grains adhere to each other and to the remnants of incompletely degenerated tapetal cells, and do not properly disperse from dehisced anthers for successful pollination. We found that the male‐sterility phenotype caused by the Atpub4 mutation is temperature‐dependent: the mutant plants are sterile when grown at 22°C but are partially fertile at 16°C. Our study also indicates that the AtPUB4‐mediated pathway acts in parallel with the brassinosteroid pathway in controlling developmental fates of the tapetal cells to ensure male fertility.
A new respiratory gating device to improve 4D PET/CT
Authors: Didierlaurent David , Ribes Sophie , Caselles Olivier , Jaudet Cyril , Cazalet Jean‐Marc , Batatia Hadj , Courbon Frédéric 
Published: February 2013

Purpose:Respiratory motion creates artifacts in positon emission tomography with computed tomography (PET/CT) images especially for lung tumors, and can alter diagnosis. To account for motion effects, respiratory gating techniques have been developed. However, the lack of measures strongly correlated with tumor motion limits their accuracy. The authors developed a real‐time pneumotachograph device (SPI) allowing to sort PET and CT images depending on lung volumes.Methods:The performance of this innovative respiratory tracking system was characterized and compared to a standard system. Our experimental setup consisted in a movable platform and a thorax phantom with six fillable spheres simulating lung tumors. The accuracy of SPI to detect inhalation peaks was also determined on volunteers. A comparison with the real‐time position management (RPM) device, that relies on abdominal height measurement, was then investigated.Results:Experiments showed a high accuracy of the measured signal compared to the input signal (R = 0.88 to 0.99), and of the detection of the inhalation peaks (error of 0.1 +/− 5.8 ms) necessary for prospective binning mode. Activity recovery coefficient was improved (until +39%) and the smearing effect was reduced (until 2.74 times lower) with SPI compared to ungated PET/CT acquisition. The spatial distribution of activity in spheres was similar for 4D PET gated with SPI and RPM. Significant improvement of the binning stability and matching between PET and CT were highlighted for irregular breathing patterns with SPI.Conclusions:SPI is an innovative device that provides better binning performance than the current gating device on phantom experiments. Future works will focus on patients where the authors expect a significant improvement of specificity and sensitivity of PET/CT examinations.
A study on investigating the delivery parameter error effect on the variation of patient quality assurance during RapidArc treatment
Authors: Peng Jiayuan , Zhang Zhen , Zhou Lijun , Zhao Jinfang , Wang Jiazhou , Kong Lin , Hu Weigang 
Published: February 2013

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to evaluate delivery parameter errors (DPEs) and their impact on clinical dose variation with the Varian RapidArc technique.Methods:The dynalog files of 16 head‐and‐neck patients were retrospectively analyzed to characterize three RapidArc DPEs: dose MU, gantry angle, and MLC gap errors. A total of 64 reconstructed plans were created by creating four variants of each of the original 16 plans (three with the DPEs applied individually and one with the three DPEs combined). These reconstructed plans were compared to the original plans to evaluate the impact of the DPEs on the clinical dose distribution.Results:The mean dose MU, gantry angle, and MLC gap error for all patients were 0.00 ± 0.00 MU, −0.36 ± 0.03°, and 0.00 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. The DPEs had no obvious dosimetric impact on any of the studied dosimetric endpoints except the parotid dose. The gantry angle error, MLC gap error, and combined DPEs changed the parotid Dmean (mean dose) and parotid V30 (volume receiving at least 30 Gy) by 1%–2%.Conclusions:It is feasible to use dose distributions reconstructed from dynalog file data as a quality assurance tool. The dose MU, gantry angle, and MLC errors have only minor effects on the accuracy of the delivered dose.
Assessment and characterization of the total geometric uncertainty in Gamma Knife radiosurgery using polymer gels
Authors: Moutsatsos A. , Karaiskos P. , Petrokokkinos L. , Sakelliou L. , Pantelis E. , Georgiou E. , Torrens M. , Seimenis I. 
Published: February 2013

Purpose:This work proposes and implements an experimental methodology, based on polymer gels, for assessing the total geometric uncertainty and characterizing its contributors in Gamma Knife (GK) radiosurgery.Methods:A treatment plan consisting of 26, 4‐mm GK single shot dose distributions, covering an extended region of the Leksell stereotactic space, was prepared and delivered to a polymer gel filled polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) head phantom (16 cm diameter) used to accurately reproduce every link in the GK treatment chain. The center of each shot served as a “control point” in the assessment of the GK total geometric uncertainty, which depends on (a) the spatial dose delivery uncertainty of the PERFEXION GK unit used in this work, (b) the spatial distortions inherent in MR images commonly used for target delineation, and (c) the geometric uncertainty contributor associated with the image registration procedure performed by the Leksell GammaPlan (LGP) treatment planning system (TPS), in the case that registration is directly based on the apparent fiducial locations depicted in each MR image by the N‐shaped rods on the Leksell localization box. The irradiated phantom was MR imaged at 1.5 T employing a T2‐weighted pulse sequence. Four image series were acquired by alternating the frequency encoding axis and reversing the read gradient polarity, thus allowing the characterization of the MR‐related spatial distortions.Results:MR spatial distortions stemming from main field (B0) inhomogeneity as well as from susceptibility and chemical shift phenomena (also known as sequence dependent distortions) were found to be of the order of 0.5 mm, while those owing to gradient nonlinearities (also known as sequence independent distortions) were found to increase with distance from the MR scanner isocenter extending up to 0.47 mm at an Euclidean distance of 69.6 mm. Regarding the LGP image registration procedure, the corresponding average contribution to the total geometric uncertainty ranged from 0.34 to 0.80 mm. The average total geometric uncertainty, which also includes the GK spatial dose delivery uncertainty, was found equal to (0.88 ± 0.16), (0.88 ± 0.26), (1.02 ± 0.09), and (1.15 ± 0.24) mm for the MR image series acquired with the read gradient polarity (direction) set toward right, left, posterior, and anterior, respectively.Conclusions:The implemented methodology seems capable of assessing the total geometric uncertainty, as well as of characterizing its contributors, ascribed to the entire GK treatment delivery (i.e., from MR imaging to GK dose delivery) for an extended region of the Leksell stereotactic space. Results obtained indicate that the selection of both the frequency encoding axis and the read gradient polarity during MRI acquisition may affect the magnitude as well as the spatial components of the total geometric uncertainty.
Complete Genome Sequences of Edwardsiella tarda-Lytic Bacteriophages KF-1 and IW-1
Authors: Yasuike Motoshige , Sugaya Emi , Nakamura Yoji , Shigenobu Yuya , Kawato Yasuhiko , Kai Wataru , Fujiwara Atushi , Sano Motohiko , Kobayashi Takanori , Nakai Toshihiro 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

We report the complete genome sequences of two
Edwardsiella tarda
-lytic bacteriophages isolated from flounder kidney (KF-1) and seawater (IW-1). These newly sequenced phage genomes provide a novel resource for future studies on phage-host interaction mechanisms and various applications of the phages for control of edwardsiellosis in aquaculture.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Recombinant Human Norovirus Genogroup II Genotype 4 Strain Associated with an Epidemic during Summer of 2012 in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Martin C. W. , Chan Paul K. S. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
Beginning in July 2012, a community-wide increase in the number of norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis cases was observed during the summer months in Hong Kong. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of a novel recombinant norovirus genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) strain, named “2012v,” which is associated with this “early” epidemic outside the usual winter season.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Novel Duck Circovirus Strain GH01 from Southwestern China
Authors: Zhang Zhilong , Jia Renyong , Wang Mingshu , Lu Yanyan , Zhu Dekang , Chen Shun , Yin Zhongqiong , Wang Yin , Chen Xiaoyue , Cheng Anchun 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
A novel duck circovirus (DuCV) strain, designated GH01, was isolated from ducklings in southwestern China. We report the genome sequence of GH01 and the genomic organization and genetic relationship to other DuCVs. The availability of the genome sequence will be helpful to investigations of epidemiology and the evolutionary biology of this organism and the development of preventive vaccines.
Injury patterns and severity among motorcyclists treated in US emergency departments, 2001–2008: a comparison of younger and older riders
Authors: Jackson Tracy L , Mello Michael J 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveTo examine differences across age groups in patterns of injuries sustained from motorcycle crashes.MethodsCross-sectional data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program were used to assess emergency department-treated injuries resulting from motorcycle crashes in the USA from 2001 to 2008. Trends in injury frequency, the types of injuries and severity of injuries sustained among those aged 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60 years and older were compared.ResultsAn estimated 65 660 patients 60 years and older, 466 125 patients aged 40–59 years and 921 229 patients aged 20–39 years were treated in US emergency rooms for injuries sustained in motorcycle crashes from 2001 to 2008. The number of injuries increased in all groups from 2001 to 2008, with the greatest rate of increase occurring in the oldest age group. Older adults had the greatest odds of hospitalisation with a threefold increased rate of hospitalisation (OR=3.05; 95% CI 2.58 to 3.59) compared with younger adults. Middle age adults had a nearly twofold increased odds of hospitalisation (OR=1.89; 95% CI 1.70 to 2.11; p<0.0001) compared with younger adults. Analysis of injury severity showed a similar pattern with both older adults (OR=2.46; 95% CI 2.02 to 3.01) and middle age adults (OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.52 to 1.82) having significantly increased odds of severe injury compared with young adults.ConclusionsOlder adults involved in motorcycle crashes are prone to more severe injuries than younger adults. The increased number of older adults riding motorcycles should put further focus on risk of injury to this population.
Composite intestinal adenoma-microcarcinoid clues to diagnosing an under-recognised mimic of invasive adenocarcinoma
Authors: Salaria Safia N , Abu Alfa Amer K , Alsaigh Nada Y , Montgomery Elizabeth , Arnold Christina A 
Published: February 2013

AimsMicrocarcinoids refer to microscopic nests of monotonous cells with endocrine and squamoid features. Their peculiar morphology can appear infiltrative with a desmoplastic-like background, raising concerns for an infiltrating adenocarcinoma. To further characterise microcarcinoids, we undertook a prospective clinicopathological study.Methods11 specimens originating from five men and six women (average age=58.9 years) were prospectively collected from December 2004 to December 2011.ResultsMicrocarcinoids were most commonly identified in high-risk adenomas (size ≥10 mm (n=10), villous components (n=8) and/or high-grade dysplasia (n=4)). All polyps had mucosal prolapse and four displayed background fibrosis reminiscent of desmoplasia. The microcarcinoid component was most often multifocal (n=7) within the individual polyp and extended over an average length of 3.9 mm. The individual microcarcinoid cells were cuboidal with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. All cases had monotonous nuclei which lacked pleomorphism, hyperchromasia and mitotic activity. All available microcarcinoids were β-catenin and synaptophysin reactive and non-reactive for chromogranin and p53 with a negligible Ki-67 proliferation index (<2%). In addition, the microcarcinoids were variably reactive for p63 and/or CK 5/6, thereby demonstrating focal squamoid features. Two of the study cases were submitted with a concern for invasive carcinoma. Clinical information was available in 10 patients with up to 24 months of follow-up: all patients are alive and well and no subsequent malignancy has been reported.ConclusionsAwareness of this unique morphology is important to avoid overdiagnosing microcarcinoids as invasive adenocarcinoma. Moreover, this immunohistochemical panel can be helpful in discriminating microcarcinoids from its malignant mimic in challenging cases.
Amplification of FRS2 and Activation of FGFR/FRS2 Signaling Pathway in High-Grade Liposarcoma
Authors: Zhang Keqiang , Chu Kevin , Wu Xiwei , Gao Hanlin , Wang Jinhui , Yuan Yate-Ching , Loera Sofia , Ho Kimberley , Wang Yafan , Chow Warren , Un Frank , Chu Peiguo , Yen Yun 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR) substrate 2 (FRS2) is an adaptor protein that plays a critical role in FGFR signaling. FRS2 is located on chromosome 12q13-15 that is frequently amplified in liposarcomas. The significance of FRS2 and FGFR signaling in high-grade liposarcomas is unknown. Herein, we first comparatively examined the amplification and expression of FRS2 with CDK4 and MDM2 in dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLS) and undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma (UHGPS). Amplification and expression of the three genes were identified in 90% to 100% (9–11 of 11) of DDLS, whereas that of FRS2, CDK4, and MDM2 were observed in 55% (41 of 75), 48% (36 of 75), and 44% (33/75) of clinically diagnosed UHGPS, suggesting that these “UHGPS” may represent DDLS despite lacking histologic evidence of lipoblasts. Immunohistochemical analysis of phosphorylated FRS2 protein indicated that the FGFR/FRS2 signaling axis was generally activated in about 75% of FRS2-positive high-grade liposarcomas. Moreover, we found that FRS2 and FGFRs proteins are highly expressed and functional in three high-grade liposarcoma cell lines: FU-DDLS-1, LiSa-2, and SW872. Importantly, the FGFR selective inhibitor NVP-BGJ-398 significantly inhibited the growth of FU-DDLS-1 and LiSa-2 cells with a concomitant suppression of FGFR signal transduction. Attenuation of FRS2 protein in FU-DDLS-1 and LiSa-2 cell lines decreased the phosphorylated extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 and AKT and repressed cell proliferation. These findings indicate that analysis of FRS2 in combination with CDK4 and MDM2 will more accurately characterize pathologic features of high-grade liposarcomas. Activated FGFR/FRS2 signaling may play a functional role in the development of high-grade liposarcomas, therefore, serve as a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Res; 73(4); 1298–307. ©2012 AACR.