bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sharks senses and shark repellents
Authors: HART Nathan S. , COLLIN Shaun P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDespite over 70 years of research on shark repellents, few practical and reliable solutions to prevent shark attacks on humans or reduce shark bycatch and depredation in commercial fisheries have been developed. In large part, this deficiency stems from a lack of fundamental knowledge of the sensory cues that drive predatory behavior in sharks. However, the widespread use of shark repellents is also hampered by the physical constraints and technical or logistical difficulties of deploying substances or devices in an open‐water marine environment to prevent an unpredictable interaction with a complex animal. Here, we summarize the key attributes of the various sensory systems of sharks and highlight residual knowledge gaps that are relevant to the development of effective shark repellents. We also review the most recent advances in shark repellent technology within the broader historical context of research on shark repellents and shark sensory systems. We conclude with suggestions for future research that may enhance the efficacy of shark repellent devices, in particular, the continued need for basic research on shark sensory biology and the use of a multi‐sensory approach when developing or deploying shark repellent technology.
Pheromone 3kPZS evokes context‐dependent serotonin sexual dimorphism in the brain of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)
Authors: CHUNG‐DAVIDSON Yuwen , WANG Huiyong , SCOTT Anne M. , LI Weiming 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMature male sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) release a sex pheromone, 3‐keto‐petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS), that induces sexually dimorphic behavioral responses in conspecifics. However, the neural mechanism of such responses is mostly unknown. We examined the neurotransmitter serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) and the expression of 5‐HT1A receptors in the forebrain and brainstem of sea lamprey exposed to the vehicle (0.91 ppm methanol) or 10−10 M 3kPZS for 2 h using high performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, immunohistochemistry and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Exposure to 3kPZS for 2 h increased 5‐HT concentration in the forebrain of adult females, whereas 5‐HT was not detected in the forebrain of adult males. On the contrary, 3kPZS exposure decreased 5‐HT concentration in the brainstem of adult females and had no effect in adult males. Pheromone exposure evoked context‐dependent sexual dimorphism in brain 5‐HT1A receptor immunoreactivity, but had no effect on 5‐HT1A mRNA concentrations in the brain with 2 h exposure time. It appears that in sea lamprey pheromone 3kPZS affects the 5‐HT system in the brain in a context‐dependent, sexually dimorphic manner.
Hearing characteristics of cephalopods: Modeling and environmental impact study
Authors: ZHANG Yunfeng , SHI Feng , SONG Jiakun , ZHANG Xugang , YU Shiliang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCephalopods (octopus, squid and cuttlefish) are some of the most intriguing molluscs, and they represent economically important commercial marine species for fisheries. Previous studies have shown that cephalopods are sensitive to underwater particle motion, especially at low frequencies in the order of 10 Hz. The present paper deals with quantitative modeling of the statocyst system in three cephalopod species: Octopus vulgaris, Sepia officinalis and Loligo vulgaris. The octopus's macula/statolith organ was modeled as a 2nd‐order dynamic oscillator using parameter values estimated from scanning electron micrograph images. The modeling results agree reasonably well with experimental data (acceleration threshold) in the three cephalopod species. Insights made from quantitative modeling and simulating the particle motion sensing mechanism of cephalopods elucidated their underwater particle motion detection capabilities. Sensitivity to emerging environmental issues, such as low frequency noise caused by near‐shore wind farms and increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the ocean, and sensitivity to sounds produced by impending landslides were investigated in octopus using the model.
Prediction of pediatric bipolar disorder using neuroanatomical signatures of the amygdala
Authors: Mwangi Benson , Spiker Danielle , Zunta‐Soares Giovana B , Soares Jair C 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesPediatric bipolar disorder is currently diagnosed based on signs and symptoms, and without objective diagnostic biomarkers. In the present study, we investigated the utility of structural neuroanatomical signatures of the amygdala to objectively differentiate individual subjects with pediatric bipolar disorder from matched healthy controls.MethodsStructural T1‐weighted neuroimaging scans were obtained from 16 children and adolescents with unmedicated DSM‐IV bipolar disorder (11 males, five females) and 16 matched healthy controls (11 males, five females). Voxel‐based gray matter morphometric features extracted from a bilateral region‐of‐interest within the amygdala were used to develop a multivariate pattern analysis model which was utilized in predicting novel or ‘unseen’ individual subjects as either bipolar disorder or healthy controls.ResultsThe model assigned 25 out of 32 subjects the correct label (bipolar disorder/healthy) translating to a 78.12% diagnostic accuracy, 81.25% sensitivity, 75.00% specificity, 76.47% positive predictive value, and 80.00% negative predictive value and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of 0.81. The predictions were significant at p = 0.0014 (χ2 test p‐value).ConclusionsThese results reaffirm previous reports on the existence of neuroanatomical abnormalities in the amygdala of pediatric patients with bipolar disorder. Remarkably, the present study also demonstrates that neuroanatomical signatures of the amygdala can predict individual subjects with bipolar disorder with a relatively high specificity and sensitivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to present a proof‐of‐concept diagnostic marker of pediatric bipolar disorder based on structural neuroimaging scans of largely medication‐naïve patients.
Factors influencing student preference when comparing handwriting and typing for essay style examinations
Authors: Mogey Nora , Fluck Andrew 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIt seems anachronistic that we expect students to handwrite essay examinations when almost all their other work is mediated by computer. Two universities, one in the UK and one in Australia, are exploring the use of computers in free text response examinations. This paper compares both the attitudes and the behaviours of their students concerning the use of computers in essay examinations, and contrasts the responses from the two cohorts. Most of the students have confidence in their typing skills and report typing as least as fast as they can handwrite. The analysis demonstrates that although students recognise that examination essays should have good structure and argument, when in the pressure of an examination, it is all too easy for them to be more concerned with the sheer amount of text they can write.
Predicting Australian adults' sun‐safe behaviour: Examining the role of personal and social norms
Authors: White Katherine M. , Starfelt Louise C. , Young Ross McD. , Hawkes Anna L. , Leske Stuart , Hamilton Kyra 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo address the scarcity of comprehensive, theory‐based research in the Australian context, this study, using a theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework, investigated the role of personal and social norms to identify the key predictors of adult Australians' sun‐safe intentions and behaviour.DesignThe study used a prospective design with two waves of data collection, 1 week apart.MethodsParticipants were 816 adults (48.2% men) aged between 18 and 88 years recruited from urban, regional, and rural areas of Australia. At baseline, participants completed a questionnaire assessing the standard TPB predictors (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control [PBC]), past behaviour, behavioural intention, and additional measures of group norm for the referent groups of friends and family, image norm, personal norm, personal choice/responsibility, and Australian identity. Seventy‐one per cent of the participants (n = 577) reported on their sun‐safe behaviour in the subsequent week.ResultsVia path modelling, past behaviour, attitude, group norm (friends), personal norm, and personal choice/responsibility emerged as independent predictors of intentions which, in turn, predicted sun‐safe behaviour prospectively. Past behaviour, but not PBC, had direct effects on sun‐safe behaviour. The model explained 61.6% and 43.9% of the variance in intention and behaviour, respectively.ConclusionsThis study provides support for the use of a comprehensive theoretical decision‐making model to explain Australian adults' sun‐safe intentions and behaviours and identifies viable targets for health‐promoting messages in this high‐risk context.
Statement of contribution
What is already known on this subject?

Identifying determinants of sun‐safe behaviour is vital in high‐risk cancer areas like Australia.

For young Australians, friendship group norm is a key influence of intentions and behaviour.

Little is known about drivers of sun safety, especially norms, among Australian adults in general.

What does this study add?

This study drew on qualitative data and reconceptualized norms for Australians' sun‐safe decisions.

Friendship group norm and personal norm, not family group norm, influence sun‐safe intentions.

Perceived responsibility and choice to be sun safe also impact on people's intentions.
Repeated morphine treatment alters cannabinoid modulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission within the rat periaqueductal grey
Authors: Wilson‐Poe A R , Lau B K , Vaughan C W 
Published: June 2014

Background and PurposeCannabinoids and opioids produce antinociception by modulating GABAergic synaptic transmission in a descending analgesic pathway from the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG). While chronic opioid treatment produces opioid tolerance, it has recently been shown to enhance cannabinoid‐induced antinociception within the PAG. This study examined the effect of repeated opioid treatment on opioid and cannabinoid presynaptic modulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission in PAG.Experimental ApproachMidbrain PAG slices were prepared from untreated rats, and rats that had undergone repeated morphine or saline pretreatment. Whole‐cell voltage‐clamp recordings were made from neurons within the ventrolateral PAG.Key ResultsIn slices from untreated animals, the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212 and the μ receptor agonist DAMGO inhibited electrically evoked GABAA receptor‐mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) IPSCs in PAG neurons, with IC50s of 30 and 100 nM respectively. The inhibition of evoked IPSCs produced by WIN55212 (30 nM) and DAMGO (100 nM) was similar in PAG neurons from morphine‐ and saline‐treated animals. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 increased the frequency of spontaneous miniature IPSCs in PAG neurons from repeated morphine‐, but not saline‐treated animals. DAMGO inhibition of evoked IPSCs was enhanced in the presence of AM251 in morphine‐, but not saline‐treated animals.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese results indicate that the efficiency of agonist‐induced inhibition of GABAergic synaptic transmission is enhanced by morphine treatment, although this is dampened by endocannabinoid‐mediated tonic inhibition. Thus, endocannabinoid modulation of synaptic transmission could provide an alternative analgesic approach in a morphine‐tolerant state.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Rifting and pre‐rift lithosphere variability in the Orphan Basin, Newfoundland margin, Eastern Canada
Authors: Gouiza M. , Hall J. , Bertotti G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Orphan Basin, lying along the Newfoundland rifted continental margin, formed in Mesozoic time during the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean and the breakup of Iberia/Eurasia from North America. To investigate the evolution of the Orphan Basin and the factors that governed its formation, we (i) analysed the stratigraphic and crustal architecture documented by seismic data (courtesy of TGS), (ii) quantified the tectonic and thermal subsidence along a constructed geological transect, and (iii) used forward numerical modelling to understand the state of the pre‐rift lithosphere and the distribution of deformation during rifting. Our study shows that the pre‐rift lithosphere was 200‐km thick and rheologically strong (150‐km‐thick elastic plate) prior to rifting. It also indicates that extension in the Orphan Basin occurred in three distinct phases during the Jurassic, the Early Cretaceous and the Late Cretaceous. Each rifting phase is characterized by a specific crustal and subcrustal thinning configuration. Crustal deformation initiated in the eastern part of the basin during the Jurassic and migrated to the west during the Cretaceous. It was coupled with a subcrustal thinning which was reduced underneath the eastern domain and very intense in the western domains of the basin. The spatial and temporal distribution of thinning and the evolution of the lithosphere rheology through time controlled the tectonic, stratigraphic and crustal architecture that we observe today in the Orphan Basin.
Is evolutionary biology becoming too politically correct? A reflection onthe scala naturae, phylogenetically basal clades, anatomically plesiomorphic taxa, and ‘lower’ animals
Authors: Diogo Rui , Ziermann Janine M. , Linde‐Medina Marta 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe notion ofscala naturaedates back to thinkers such as Aristotle, who placed plants below animals and ranked the latter along a graded scale of complexity from ‘lower’ to ‘higher’ animals, such as humans. In the last decades, evolutionary biologists have tended to move from one extreme (i.e. the idea ofscala naturaeor the existence of a general evolutionary trend in complexity from ‘lower’ to “higher” taxa, withHomo sapiensas the end stage) to the other, opposite, extreme (i.e. to avoid using terms such as ‘phylogenetically basal’ and ‘anatomically plesiomorphic’ taxa, which are seen as the undesired vestige of old teleological theories). The latter view tries to avoid any possible connotations with the original anthropocentric idea of ascala naturaecrowned by man and, in that sense, it can be regarded as a more politically correct view. In the past years and months there has been renewed interest in these topics, which have been discussed in various papers and monographs that tend to subscribe, in general, to the points defended in the more politically correct view. Importantly, most evolutionary and phylogenetic studies of tetrapods and other vertebrates, and therefore most discussions on thescala naturaeand related issues have been based on hard tissue and, more recently, on molecular data. Here we provide the first discussion of these topics based on a comparative myological study of all the major vertebrate clades and of myological cladistic and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of bony fish and tetrapods, including Primates. We specifically (i) contradict the notions of ascala naturaeor evolutionary progressive trends leading to more complexity in ‘higher’ animals and culminating inHomo sapiens, and (ii) stress that the refutation of these old notions does not necessarily mean that one should not keep using the terms ‘phylogenetically basal’ and particularly ‘anatomically plesiomorphic’ to refer to groups such as the urodeles within the Tetrapoda, or the strepsirrhines and lemurs within the Primates, for instance. This review will contribute to improving our understanding of these broad evolutionary issues and of the evolution of the vertebrate Bauplans, and hopefully will stimulate future phylogenetic, evolutionary and developmental studies of these clades.
Oligomerization and nanocluster organization render specificity
Authors: Nussinov Ruth , Jang Hyunbum , Tsai Chung‐Jung 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTNanoclusters are anchored to membranes, either within them or in the cytoplasm latched onto the cytoskeleton, whose reorganization can regulate their activity. Nanoclusters have been viewed in terms of cooperativity and activation; here we perceive nanocluster organization from a conformational standpoint. This leads us to suggest that while single molecules encode activity, nanoclusters induce specificity, and that this is their main evolutionary aim. Distinct, isoform‐specific nanocluster organization can drive the preferred effector (and ligand) interactions and thereby designate signalling pathways. The absence of detailed structural information across the nanocluster, due to size and dynamics, hinders an in‐depth grasp of its mechanistic features; however, available data already capture some of the principles and their functional ‘raison d'être’. Collectively, clustering lends stability and reduces the likelihood of proteolytic cleavage; it also increases the effective local concentration and enables efficient cooperative activation. However, clustering does not determine the ability of the single molecule to function. Drugs targeting nanoclusters can attenuate activity by hampering cooperativity; however, this may not perturb activation and signalling, which originate from the molecules themselves, and as such, are likely to endure. What then is the major role of nanoclustering? Assuming that single molecules evolved first, with a subsequent increase in cellular complexity and emergence of highly similar isoform variants, evolution faced the threat of signalling promiscuity. We reason that this potential risk was thwarted by oligomerization and clustering; clustering confers higher specificity, and a concomitant extra layer of cellular control. In our Ras example, signalling will be more accurate as a dimer than as a monomer, where its isomer specificity could be compromised.
Child‐Care Subsidies and Child‐Care Choices Over Time
Authors: Johnson Anna D. , Martin Anne , Ryan Rebecca M. 
Published: June 2014

The evidence to date on the federal child‐care subsidy program's effect on preschool child‐care quality is mixed. However, an as‐yet untested outcome of subsidy receipt is subsequent child‐care choice. Specifically, it is possible that subsidy receipt in toddlerhood increases the likelihood of attending other publicly funded preschool programs—Head Start and public pre‐k—that provide the highest quality care available to low‐income families. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort (n ≈ 2,100; approximately 2 years old), this study finds that subsidy receipt during toddlerhood predicts greater use of the other forms of publicly funded care in the preschool year, although only if the earlier subsidy is used in a center. These results highlight a previously unconsidered potential benefit of the subsidy program.
Transfer of peanut IgE sensitisation after combined pancreas–kidney transplant
Authors: Berry A. , Campsen J. , Shihab F. , Firszt R. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe transfer of peanut allergy has been reported following solid organ transplantation.ObjectivePresent a case of peanut sensitization following combined pancreas‐and‐kidney transplantation.MethodsCirculating specific IgE against peanut were measured in serum samples collected from the transplant recipient 1 month before transplantation, and 1, 3 and 6 months after transplantation. Skin tests were performed 1, 3 and 6 months following transplant.ResultsThe organ recipient's pre‐transplant peanut IgE levels were negative. At 1 month post‐transplant, the patient had a 6 mm skin test to peanut and had serum IgE to peanut Arah1 of 0.79 kU/L. At 3 months, skin test size and IgE to peanut Arah1 decreased to 4 mm, and 0.69 kU/L respectively. At 6 months, the patient's skin test and IgE to peanuts were negative. At that time, the patient underwent a peanut food challenge without a clinical reaction to suggest allergy.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceWe report the development of IgE peanut sensitization in a recipient of a combined pancreas and kidney transplantation. Increasing awareness of this allergen sensitization following transplantation may help prevent serious allergic reactions in transplant recipients.
Clinical efficacy of immediate implant loading protocols compared to conventional loading depending on the type of the restoration: a systematic review
Authors: Sanz‐Sánchez Ignacio , Sanz‐Martín Ignacio , Figuero Elena , Sanz Mariano 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackground and objectivesImmediate loading has become a predictable option to restore all clinical situations. The aim of this systematic review was to assess whether immediate loading protocols achieve comparable clinical outcomes when compared to conventional loading protocols depending on the type of prosthetic restoration.MethodsA protocol was developed aimed to answer the following focused question: “What are the effects of immediate implant loading protocols compared to conventional implant loading, in terms of implant failure, marginal bone levels, and biological and mechanical complications based on the type of restoration?” The next subanalysis were performed as follows: the extent, type, and material of the restoration and the type of occlusal contact in function. This systematic review only included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a follow‐up of at least 6 months after implant loading.ResultsThirty‐seven final papers were included. The results from the meta‐analyses have shown that the immediately loading implants demonstrated a statistically significant higher risk of implant failure [RR = 1.92; 95% CI (1.04; 3.54); P = 0.036], a statistically significant lower bone loss [WMD = 0.046; 95% CI (0.043; 0.049); P = 0.000] and a smaller increase in ISQ values [WMD = −1.096; 95% CI (−1.615; −0.577); P < 0.001, although both groups attained high survival rates (98.2% in the test and 99.6% in the control). Single teeth implants were greater risk of failure, when compared to immediately loaded full arch restorations (RR = 2 vs. 0.9), so as the occlusal pattern when compared to non‐occlusal (RR = 1.9 vs. 1.4).ConclusionsImmediate loading may impose a greater risk for implant failure when compared to conventional loading, although the survival rates were high for both groups.