bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐Supported Rh17S15‐Rh Electrocatalysts Applied in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Ji Jing , Lv Shaowei , Liu Haijing , Wang Feng , Li Zhilin , Liu Jingjun , Song Ye , Ja Yi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRh17S15‐Rh catalysts supported on acid‐treated carbon black were prepared from RhCl3 by a facile method using sulfur source ((NH4)2S2O3) and reducing agent (NaBH4), followed by an additional thermal treatment at 650 °C in argon. The prepared catalyst comprised an Rh17S15 single crystalline phase and a zero‐valent metal (Rh) phase supported on a conductive carbon. By XRD characterization, the constituent ratio of Rh17S15 to Rh in the electrocatalysts, ranging from 51–95 %, varied with the increase of amount of (NH4)2S2O3 or NaBH4. Morphologies of the resulting catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique. Most of particles were found to have a distribution of agglomerates ranging in size from 10 to 50 nm. In studying the effect of the constituent phases of chalcogenide electrocatalysts on oxygen reduction reaction activity, it is paramount to understand and optimize the structure sensitivity of the reaction, which will aid in determining the optimal ratio of Rh17S15 to Rh of the electrocatalyst. Activity and stability of the prepared catalysts were addressed using a series of cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments in 1 M HCl electrolyte, in which the electrocatalyst of 95 % of Rh17S15 was found to be the most stable. The rotating disk electrode (RDE) experiment indicated the sulfide catalyst with 82 % of Rh17S15 showed the better performance for the ORR, which was discussed based on the compromise between the stability for the constituent phase of Rh17S15 in 1 M HCl and enhanced activity found for Rh phase.
The impact of data revisions on the robustness of growth determinants—a note on ‘determinants of economic growth: Will data tell?’
Authors: Feldkircher Martin , Zeugner Stefan 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYCiccone and Jarociński (American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2010; 2: 222–246) show that inference in Bayesian model averaging (BMA) can be highly sensitive to small data perturbations. In particular, they demonstrate that the importance attributed to potential growth determinants varies tremendously over different revisions of international income data. They conclude that ‘agnostic’ priors appear too sensitive for this strand of growth empirics. In response, we show that the found instability owes much to a specific BMA set‐up: first, comparing the same countries over data revisions improves robustness; second, much of the remaining variation can be reduced by applying an evenly ‘agnostic’ but flexible prior. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Opportunities and Challenges of Participation in Transitional Justice: Examples from Nepal
Authors: Selim Yvette 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTransitional justice (TJ) has developed in relative isolation from development discourse. However, in recent years, a growing number of academics, practitioners and policy makers have advocated for the adaptation of participatory methods from development studies to TJ. This article critically analyses the opportunities and challenges of implementing participation in TJ. I argue that participation can provide avenues for the voices of victims and other stakeholders to be heard, albeit not without significant challenges. I also argue that there should be increased focus to carry out participatory attempts where victims and affected community members are partners and decision makers; this just might be a starting point to ensure that TJ is indeed victim‐centric. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small Cells of Suspects: Eliciting Cues to Deception by Strategic Interviewing
Authors: Granhag Pär Anders , Rangmar Jenny , Strömwall Leif A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInvestigators often have to deal with small groups of suspects, and this is true both for criminal cases and for suspected terrorist cases. There is, however, very little research examining the effectiveness of different interview techniques when facing cells of suspects. In order to remedy this shortcoming, we examined the extent to which three interviewing techniques elicited cues to deception from small groups of suspects. In one technique, the evidence was disclosed early in the interview (early evidence); in another, the evidence was disclosed late using the Strategic use of evidence technique (SUE‐basic); and in the third technique, the evidence was disclosed late and with an increased strength and precision (SUE‐incremental). We used a mock‐theft scenario with 126 participants randomly allocated to one of six conditions: guilty or innocent suspects interrogated with one of the three disclosure tactics. The SUE‐incremental proved to be the most effective technique, resulting in significant differences between guilty and innocent suspects for all three cues examined: statement‐evidence inconsistency, within‐statement inconsistency, and within‐group inconsistency. Based on the findings, we argue that the SUE technique is effective also for eliciting cues to deception when used for small groups of suspects. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MicroRNA‐1 (miR‐1) inhibits chordoma cell migration and invasion by targeting slug
Authors: Osaka Eiji , Yang Xiaoqian , Shen Jacson K. , Yang Pei , Feng Yong , Mankin Henry J. , Hornicek Francis J. , Duan Zhenfeng 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTRecent studies have revealed that expression of miRNA‐1 (miR‐1) is frequently down‐regulated in several cancer types including chordoma. Identifying and validating novel targets of miR‐1 is useful for understanding the roles of miR‐1 in chordoma. We aimed to further investigate the functions of miR‐1 in chordoma. Specifically, we assessed whether restoration of miR‐1 affects cell migration and invasion in chordoma, and focused on the miR‐1 potential target Slug gene. Migratory and invasive activities were assessed by wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays, respectively. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. Slug expression was evaluated by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Restoration of miR‐1 expression suppressed the migratory and invasive activities of chordoma cells. Transfection of miR‐1 inhibited cell proliferation both time‐ and dose‐dependently in chordoma. MiR‐1 transfected cells showed inhibited Slug expression. Slug was over‐expressed in chordoma cell lines and advanced chordoma tissues. In conclusion, we have shown that miR‐1 directly targets the Slug gene in chordoma. Restoration of miR‐1 suppressed not only proliferation, but also migratory and invasive activities, and reduced the Slug expression in chordoma cells. These results collectively indicate that miR‐1/Slug pathway is a potential therapeutic target because of its crucial roles in chordoma cell growth and migration. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1075–1082, 2014.
From modeling to measurement: Developmental trends in genetic influence on adiposity in childhood
Authors: Llewellyn C.H. , Trzaskowski M. , Plomin R. , Wardle J. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveEvidence of increasing heritability of BMI over childhood can seem paradoxical given longer exposure to environmental influences. Genomic data were used to provide direct evidence of developmental increases in genetic influence.MethodsBMI standard deviation scores (BMI‐SDS) at ages 4 and 10 were calculated for 2,556 twin pairs in the Twins Early Development Study. Twin analyses estimated heritability of BMI‐SDS at each age and the longitudinal genetic correlation. One randomly selected twin per pair was genotyped. Genome‐wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) determined DNA‐based heritability at each age and the longitudinal genomic correlation. Associations with a polygenic obesity risk score (PRS) using 28 obesity‐related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed at each age, with bootstrapping to test the significance of the increase in variance explained.ResultsTwin‐estimated heritability increased from age 4 (0.43; 95% CI: 0.35‐0.53) to 10 (0.82; 0.74‐0.88). GCTA‐estimated heritability went from non‐significant at 4 (0.20; −0.21 to 0.61) to significant at 10 (0.29; 0.01‐0.57). Longitudinal genetic correlations derived from twins (0.58) and GCTA (0.66) were similar. The same PRS explained more variance at 10 than 4 years (R2 Δ:0.024; 0.002‐0.078).ConclusionsGCTA and PRS findings confirm twin‐based results suggesting increasing genetic influence on adiposity during childhood despite substantial genetic stability.
Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch improves insulin sensitivity and secretion through caloric restriction
Authors: Plourde Charles‐Étienne , Grenier‐Larouche Thomas , Caron‐Dorval Dominique , Biron Simon , Marceau Simon , Lebel Stéfan , Biertho Laurent , Tchernof André , Richard Denis , Carpentier André C. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the rapid improvement of insulin sensitivity and β‐cell function following biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD‐DS) and determine the role played by caloric restriction in these changes.MethodsStandard meals were administrated before and on day 3, 4, and 5 after BPD‐DS to measure total caloric intake, glucose excursion, insulin sensitivity, and secretion in matched type 2 diabetes and normoglycemic (NG) subjects. In a second set of study, other subjects with type 2 diabetes had the same meal tests prior to and after a 3‐day caloric restriction identical to that observed after BPD‐DS and then 3 days after actually undergoing BPD‐DS.ResultsImprovement of HOMA‐IR occurred at day 3 after BPD‐DS in diabetes and after 3 days of caloric restriction. The disposition index (DI) improved rapidly in diabetes after BPD‐DS and to a similar extent after caloric restriction. DI was higher and did not change after BPD‐DS in NG. Changes in glucagon‐like peptide‐1, gastric inhibitory peptide, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, ghrelin, and pancreatic polypeptide levels were not associated with modulation of DI in the participants.ConclusionsCaloric restriction is the major mechanism underlying the early improvement of insulin sensitivity and β‐cell function after BPD‐DS in type 2 diabetes.
Differential insertion of the atrioventricular valves: measurement protocol to detect various congenital heart defects
Authors: Adriaanse B. M. E. , Schats J. , Tromp C. H. N. , Uittenbogaard L. B. , Heymans M. W. , van Vugt J. M. G. , Haak M. C. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to develop reference values for the distance between the atrioventricular valves, called differential insertion of the atrioventricular valves (DIAVV), in normal fetuses using four‐dimensional ultrasound with spatio‐temporal image correlation and to explore if DIAVV measurement can differentiate between normal hearts and hearts with cardiac defects.MethodsThe DIAVV was analysed longitudinally following a measurement protocol in 74 fetuses between 15 and 36 weeks gestational age. The DIAVV was measured in an apical four‐chamber view of the heart in end‐diastole. Furthermore, the DIAVV was measured in 70 fetuses with cardiac defects.ResultsIn total, 337 normal and 70 abnormal spatio‐temporal image correlation volumes were examined. Longitudinal regression analysis revealed a positive relationship of the DIAVV with gestational age and fetal biometry (p < 0.0001). The DIAVV of fetuses with double outlet right ventricle, truncus arteriosus, atrioventricular septal defects, Ebstein and tetralogy of Fallot all differed from normal fetuses (p < 0.05).ConclusionMeasurement of the DIAVV is a promising tool; however, a well‐defined measurement protocol should be followed to accomplish the correct plane and exact moment in the cardiac cycle. This study presents new nomograms following this measurement protocol and reports an abnormal DIAVV in a wide spectrum of congenital heart disease. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Universal newborn screening for congenital CMV infection: what is the evidence of potential benefit?
Authors: Cannon Michael J. , Griffiths Paul D. , Aston Van , Rawlinson William D. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYCongenital CMV infection is a leading cause of childhood disability. Many children born with congenital CMV infection are asymptomatic or have nonspecific symptoms and therefore are typically not diagnosed. A strategy of newborn CMV screening could allow for early detection and intervention to improve clinical outcomes. Interventions might include antiviral drugs or nonpharmaceutical therapies such as speech‐language therapy or cochlear implants. Using published data from developed countries, we analyzed existing evidence of potential benefit that could result from newborn CMV screening. We first estimated the numbers of children with the most important CMV‐related disabilities (i.e. hearing loss, cognitive deficit, and vision impairment), including the age at which the disabilities occur. Then, for each of the disabilities, we examined the existing evidence for the effectiveness of various interventions. We concluded that there is good evidence of potential benefit from nonpharmaceutical interventions for children with delayed hearing loss that occurs by 9 months of age. Similarly, we concluded that there is fair evidence of potential benefit from antiviral therapy for children with hearing loss at birth and from nonpharmaceutical interventions for children with delayed hearing loss occurring between 9 and 24 months of age and for children with CMV‐related cognitive deficits. We found poor evidence of potential benefit for children with delayed hearing loss occurring after 24 months of age and for children with vision impairment. Overall, we estimated that in the United States, several thousand children with congenital CMV could benefit each year from newborn CMV screening, early detection, and interventions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian sparse graphical models and their mixtures
Authors: Talluri Rajesh , Baladandayuthapani Veerabhadran , Mallick Bani K. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe propose Bayesian methods for Gaussian graphical models that lead to sparse and adaptively shrunk estimators of the precision (inverse covariance) matrix. Our methods are based on lasso‐type regularization priors leading to parsimonious parameterization of the precision matrix, which is essential in several applications involving learning relationships among the variables. In this context, we introduce a novel type of selection prior that develops a sparse structure on the precision matrix by making most of the elements exactly zero, in addition to ensuring positive definiteness—thus conducting model selection and estimation simultaneously. More importantly, we extend these methods to analyse clustered data using finite mixtures of Gaussian graphical model and infinite mixtures of Gaussian graphical models. We discuss appropriate posterior simulation schemes to implement posterior inference in the proposed models, including the evaluation of normalizing constants that are functions of parameters of interest, which result from the restriction of positive definiteness on the correlation matrix. We evaluate the operating characteristics of our method via several simulations and demonstrate the application to real‐data examples in genomics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Bartz‐Beielstein Thomas , Branke Jürgen , Mehnen Jörn , Mersmann Olaf 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEvolutionary algorithm (EA) is an umbrella term used to describe population‐based stochastic direct search algorithms that in some sense mimic natural evolution. Prominent representatives of such algorithms are genetic algorithms, evolution strategies, evolutionary programming, and genetic programming. On the basis of the evolutionary cycle, similarities and differences between these algorithms are described. We briefly discuss how EAs can be adapted to work well in case of multiple objectives, and dynamic or noisy optimization problems. We look at the tuning of algorithms and present some recent developments coming from theory. Finally, typical applications of EAs to real‐world problems are shown, with special emphasis on data‐mining applications. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2014, 4:178–195. doi: 10.1002/widm.1124This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Spatial and Temporal Data Mining
Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Knowledge Representation
Single‐balloon enteroscopy‐assisted nasojejunal tube placement
Authors: Chen Hsuan‐Wei , Chen Peng‐Jen , Chang Wei‐Kuo , Hsieh Tsai‐Yuan , Huang Tien‐Yu 
Published: April 2014

SummaryExpertise in enteral nutrition is an important aspect of the skill set of clinical gastroenterologists. Feeding tubes can be placed by bedside, endoscopic, fluoroscopic, and surgical methods. Nasojejunal tube placement in patients with variations in anatomy or with a history of abdominal surgery was previously a difficult problem. Today, however, as a result of developments in enteroscopy, gastroenterologists can obtain a better understanding of the small intestine. This paper reports a new technique in nasojejunal tube insertion. The feeding tube was placed in the intestine using a guide wire which accessed the jejunum with the help of single‐balloon enteroscopy. Using this new skill, the placement of an enteral tube is more comfortable and safer for patients.
TheBDNF-Val66Met polymorphism modulates parental rearing effects on adult psychiatric symptoms: A community twin-based study
Authors: Ibarra P. , Alemany S. , Fatjó-Vilas M. , Córdova-Palomera A. , Goldberg X. , Arias B. , González-Ortega I. , González-Pinto A. , Nenadic I. , Fañanás L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPurpose:To test whether firstly, different parental rearing components were associated with different dimensions of psychiatric symptoms in adulthood, secondlyBDNF-Val66Met polymorphism moderated this association and thirdly, this association was due to genetic confounding.Method:Perceived parental rearing according to Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), psychiatric symptoms evaluated with the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and theBDNF-Val66Met polymorphism were analyzed in a sample of 232 adult twins from the general population.Results:In the whole sample, paternal care was negatively associated with depression. Maternal overprotection was positively associated with paranoid ideation, obsession-compulsion and somatization. Gene-environment interaction effects were detected between theBDNF-Val66Met polymorphism and maternal care on phobic anxiety, paternal care on hostility, maternal overprotection on somatization and paternal overprotection also in somatization. In the subsample of MZ twins, intrapair differences in maternal care were associated with anxiety, paranoid ideation and somatization.Conclusions:Met carriers were, in general, more sensitive to the effects of parental rearing compared to Val/Val carriers in relation to anxiety and somatization. Contra-intuitively, our findings suggest that high rates of maternal care might be of risk for Met carriers regarding anxiety. Results from analyses controlling for genetic confounding were in line with this finding.
Endogenous Small RNA Clusters in Plants
Authors: Liu Yong-Xin , Wang Meng , Wang Xiu-Jie 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In plants, small RNAs (sRNAs) usually refer to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with lengths of 20–24 nucleotides. sRNAs are involved in the regulation of many essential processes related to plant development and environmental responses. sRNAs in plants are mainly grouped into microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and the latter can be further classified into trans-acting siRNAs (ta-siRNAs), repeat-associated siRNAs (ra-siRNAs), natural anti-sense siRNAs (nat-siRNAs), etc. Many sRNAs exhibit a clustered distribution pattern in the genome. Here, we summarize the features and functions of cluster-distributed sRNAs, aimed to not only provide a thorough picture of sRNA clusters (SRCs) in plants, but also shed light on the identification of new classes of functional sRNAs.
Competency‐based training “Helping Mothers Survive: Bleeding after Birth” for providers from central and remote facilities in three countries
Authors: Evans Cherrie L. , Johnson Peter , Bazant Eva , Bhatnagar Neeta , Zgambo Jane , Khamis Asma R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo validate a new training module for skilled and semiskilled birth attendants authorized to provide care at birth—Helping Mothers Survive: Bleeding After Birth (HMS:BAB)—aimed at reducing postpartum hemorrhage, the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide. BAB training involves single‐day, facility‐based training that emphasizes simulation of scenarios related to prevention, detection, and management of postpartum hemorrhage.MethodsA total of 155 skilled and semiskilled birth attendants participated in training in India, Malawi, and Zanzibar, Tanzania. Knowledge and confidence were assessed before and after training. Skills and acceptability were assessed after training.ResultsKnowledge and confidence scores improved significantly from pre‐ to post‐training among all cadres in all three countries. The proportion of providers with passing knowledge scores increased significantly from pre‐ to post‐training among all cadres except for those already high at baseline. On three post‐training skills tests the overall proportion of individuals with a passing score ranged from 83% to 89%.ConclusionBAB training in prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage increased knowledge and confidence among skilled and semiskilled birth attendants. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of this training on skills retention and clinical outcomes following postpartum hemorrhage, after broader implementation of the training program.