bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of H2 and electrochemical reducing power on metabolite production by Clostridium acetobutylicum KCTC1037
Authors: Jeon Boyoung , Yi Junyeong , Park Doohyun 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A conventional fermenter (CF), a single-cathode fermenter (SCF), and a double-cathode fermenter (DCF) were employed to evaluate and compare the effects of H2 and electrochemical reducing power on metabolite production by Clostridium acetobutylicum KCTC1037. The source of the external reducing power for CF was H2, for the SCF was electrochemically reduced neutral red-modified graphite felt electrode (NR-GF), and for the DCF was electrochemically reduced combination of NR-GF and platinum plate electrodes (NR-GF/PtP). The metabolites produced from glucose or CO2 by strain KCTC1037 cultivated in the DCF were butyrate, ethanol, and butanol, but ethanol and butanol were not produced from glucose or CO2 by strain KCTC1037 cultivated in the CF and SCF. It is possible that electrochemically reduced NR-GF/PtP is a more effective source of internal and external reducing power than H2 or NR-GF for strain KCTC1037 to produce metabolites from glucose and CO2. This research might prove useful in developing fermentation technology to actualize direct bioalcohol production of fermentation bacteria from CO2.
Determination by UPLC-MS of four dammarane-type saponins from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Authors: Wu Qian , Jang Moonhee , Piao Xiang-Lan 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum and its main dammaran-type saponins, gypenoside L, gypenoside LI, damulin B, and damulin A, possess non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cell inhibitory activity. We established in this study a method by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for determination of the saponins and also investigated their content change in heat-processed G. pentaphyllum. The main saponins increased with increasing heating temperature and time. Further investigation showed that they were produced from gypenoside XLVI and gypenoside LVI by undergoing hydrolysis during the heat treatment.
Attenuation by a Vigna nakashimae extract of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat diet-fed mice
Authors: Jeon Byeong Tak , Heo Rok Won , Shin Hyun Joo , Yi Chin-ok , Lee Yu Hee , Joung Han-nah , Jung Jung Hwa , Jung Jaehoon , Kim Soo Kyoung , Hahm Jong Ryeal , Lee Byong Won , Ko Jong Min , Baek In Youl , Kang Sang Soo , Roh Gu Seob 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A Vigna nakashimae (VN) extract has been shown to have antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of a VN extract on hepatic inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated how a VN extract protects against the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A VN extract for 12 weeks reduced the body weight, serum metabolic parameters, cytokines, and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. A VN extract decreased HFD-induced hepatic acetyl CoA carboxylase and glucose transporter 4 expressions. In addition to the levels of high-mobility group box 1 and receptor for advanced glycation, the hepatic expression of ATF4 and caspase-3 was also reduced by a VN extract. Thus, these data indicate that a chronic VN extract prevented NAFLD through multiple mechanisms, including inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis in the liver.
Mechanical Ventilation–associated Lung Fibrosis in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Cabrera-Benitez Nuria E. , Laffey John G. , Parotto Matteo , Spieth Peter M. , Villar Jesús , Zhang Haibo , Slutsky Arthur S. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
One of the most challenging problems in critical care medicine is the management of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Increasing evidence from experimental and clinical studies suggests that mechanical ventilation, which is necessary for life support in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, can cause lung fibrosis, which may significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality. The role of mechanical stress as an inciting factor for lung fibrosis versus its role in lung homeostasis and the restoration of normal pulmonary parenchymal architecture is poorly understood. In this review, the authors explore recent advances in the field of pulmonary fibrosis in the context of acute respiratory distress syndrome, concentrating on its relevance to the practice of mechanical ventilation, as commonly applied by anesthetists and intensivists. The authors focus the discussion on the thesis that mechanical ventilation—or more specifically, that ventilator-induced lung injury—may be a major contributor to lung fibrosis. The authors critically appraise possible mechanisms underlying the mechanical stress–induced lung fibrosis and highlight potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate this fibrosis.
Misfit functionals in Laplace‐Fourier domain waveform inversion, with application to wide‐angle ocean bottom seismograph data
Authors: Kamei Rie , Pratt R. Gerhard , Tsuji Takeshi 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn seismic waveform inversion, non‐linearity and non‐uniqueness require appropriate strategies. We formulate four types of L2 normed misfit functionals for Laplace‐Fourier domain waveform inversion: i) subtraction of complex‐valued observed data from complex‐valued predicted data (the ‘conventional phase‐amplitude’ residual), ii) a ‘conventional phase‐only’ residual in which amplitude variations are normalized, iii) a ‘logarithmic phase‐amplitude’ residual and finally iv) a ‘logarithmic phase‐only’ residual in which the only imaginary part of the logarithmic residual is used. We evaluate these misfit functionals by using a wide‐angle field Ocean Bottom Seismograph (OBS) data set with a maximum offset of 55 km. The conventional phase‐amplitude approach is restricted in illumination and delineates only shallow velocity structures. In contrast, the other three misfit functionals retrieve detailed velocity structures with clear lithological boundaries down to the deeper part of the model. We also test the performance of additional phase‐amplitude inversions starting from the logarithmic phase‐only inversion result. The resulting velocity updates are prominent only in the high‐wavenumber components, sharpening the lithological boundaries. We argue that the discrepancies in the behaviours of the misfit functionals are primarily caused by the sensitivities of the model gradient to strong amplitude variations in the data. As the observed data amplitudes are dominated by the near‐offset traces, the conventional phase‐amplitude inversion primarily updates the shallow structures as a result. In contrast, the other three misfit functionals eliminate the strong dependence on amplitude variation naturally and enhance the depth of illumination. We further suggest that the phase‐only inversions are sufficient to obtain robust and reliable velocity structures and the amplitude information is of secondary importance in constraining subsurface velocity models.
Integrating comparative functional response experiments into global change research
Authors: O'Gorman Eoin J. 
Published: April 2014

(a) Direct feeding interactions between a higher predator (the three‐spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus), intermediate consumers (native Mysis salemaai and invasive Hemimysis anomala mysids), and a basal prey (the cladoceran, Daphnia magna). Photo credits: G. aculeatus and H. anomala by Stephen Potts, M. salemaai and D. magna obtained from Wikimedia Commons; (b) functional response of three native mysids (in blue) and three invasive mysids (in red); (c) functional response of three native mysids and one stickleback (in blue) and three invasive mysids and one stickleback (in red). Shaded areas are bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals. Adapted from Barrios‐O'Neill et al. ().image(a) Direct feeding interactions between a higher predator (the three‐spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus), intermediate consumers (native Mysis salemaai and invasive Hemimysis anomala mysids), and a basal prey (the cladoceran, Daphnia magna). Photo credits: G. aculeatus and H. anomala by Stephen Potts, M. salemaai and D. magna obtained from Wikimedia Commons; (b) functional response of three native mysids (in blue) and three invasive mysids (in red); (c) functional response of three native mysids and one stickleback (in blue) and three invasive mysids and one stickleback (in red). Shaded areas are bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals. Adapted from Barrios‐O'Neill et al. ().

In Focus: Barrios‐O'Neill, D., Dick, J.T.A., Emmerson, M.C., Ricciardi, A., MacIsaac, H.J., Alexander, M.E. & Bovy, H.C. (2014) . Journal of Animal Ecology, 83, 693–701.
There is a growing appreciation for the importance of non‐consumptive effects in predator–prey interaction research, which can often outweigh the importance of direct feeding. Barrios‐O'Neill et al. () report a novel method to characterize such effects by comparing the functional response of native and introduced intermediate consumers in the presence and absence of a higher predator. The invader exhibited stronger direct feeding and was also more resistant to intimidation by the higher predator. This experimental framework may be incorporated into mainstream global change research, for example, to quantify the importance of non‐consumptive effects for the success or failure of biological invasions.
Dilution cultivation of marine heterotrophic bacteria abundant after a spring phytoplankton bloom in the North Sea
Authors: Hahnke Richard L. , Bennke Christin M. , Fuchs Bernhard M. , Mann Alexander J. , Rhiel Erhard , Teeling Hanno , Amann Rudolf , Harder Jens 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe roles of individual bacterioplankton species in the re‐mineralization of algal biomass are poorly understood. Evidence from molecular data had indicated that a spring diatom bloom in the German Bight of the North Sea in 2009 was followed by a rapid succession of uncultivated bacterioplankton species, including members of the genera Ulvibacter, Formosa, Polaribacter (class Flavobacteria) and Reinekea (class Gammaproteobacteria). We isolated strains from the same site during the diatom bloom in spring 2010 using dilution cultivation in an artificial seawater medium with micromolar substrate and nutrient concentrations. Flow cytometry demonstrated growth from single cells to densities of 104–106 cells ml–1 and a culturability of 35%. Novel Formosa, Polaribacter and Reinekea strains were isolated and had 16S rRNA gene sequence identities of > 99.8% with bacterioplankton in spring or summer 2009. Genomes of selected isolates were draft sequenced and used for read recruitment of metagenomes from bacterioplankton in 2009. Metagenome reads covered 93% of a Formosa clade B, 91% of a Reinekea and 74% of a Formosa clade A genome, applying a ≥ 94.5% nucleotide identity threshold. These novel strains represent abundant bacterioplankton species thriving on coastal phytoplankton blooms in the North Sea.
Aquatic ecology of the oyster pathogens Vibrio splendidus and Vibrio aestuarianus
Authors: Vezzulli Luigi , Pezzati Elisabetta , Stauder Monica , Stagnaro Laura , Venier Paola , Pruzzo Carla 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe ecology of the oyster pathogens Vibrio splendidus and Vibrio aestuarianus in the brackish aquatic environment was extensively investigated in this study. By conducting laboratory experiments under natural setting conditions, it was shown that V. splendidus LGP32 strain generally exhibits longer persistence in both seawater and sediment than V. aestuarianus 01/32 strain. Both strains maintained viability and culturability for longer times in the sediment, suggesting that this compartment may represent a suitable niche for their persistence in the environment. In addition, both strains attached to chitin particles and copepods, the efficiency of attachment being higher in V. splendidus than in V. aestuarianus. Similarly, LGP32 strain showed a greater capability to form biofilm on poly‐vinyl chloride (PVC) surfaces than 01/32 strain. LGP32 and 01/32 strains were also capable of entering a viable but non‐culturable state after extended incubation at 5°C, a condition commonly found during cold season in the aquatic brackish environment. These results are consistent with field data collected during a 2‐year sampling campaign in the northern Adriatic Sea and provide background information on the mechanisms promoting V. splendidus and V. aestuarianus persistence in coastal water, thus contributing to a better understanding of the epidemiology of the associated diseases.
The Rhetorical Culture of the House of Commons after 1918
Authors: Toye Richard 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe article analyses the rhetorical culture of the House of Commons in the era following the extension of the franchise in 1918, a period in which parliament saw a major influx of new Labour MPs, and also the entry for the first time of small number of women. The article discusses not only the norms and expectations surrounding parliamentary speech but also the ways in which some speaking styles and techniques became controversial. In particular, the Labour Party was accused by its opponents of practising ‘rowdyism’. This allegation was part of a wider effort to undermine the party's constitutional credentials and to present it as unfit to govern. Thus, arguments about styles of arguing went the heart of broader debates over political legitimacy. To a considerable degree, Labour MPs were co‐opted over time into existing codes of behaviour. But although Conservative efforts to associate their own oratorical style with political virtue did have some success, partisan factors alone are not sufficient to explain the shifts in rhetorical culture, which changed, in part, for reasons external to the institution itself. As power moved from the legislature to the executive, and as politics became increasingly professionalized, the speaking culture of the House of Commons was affected by a longstanding evolution from a discursive to a programmatic view of statecraft. Styles and techniques of parliamentary argument were thus influenced both by the changing nature of the state and by the shifting bargain between voters and the political classes in the era of universal suffrage.
Public History, Civic Engagement and the Historical Profession in Britain
Authors: Tosh John 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMy purpose is to test the proposition that academic historians are central – rather than peripheral – to the practice of public history. Public history generally refers to work that is pursued outside the academy, by the combined efforts of historians and lay people, often pursuing a heritage agenda with a strictly local remit. The resulting enlargement in the scope of historical enquiry is greatly to be welcomed, but it should not be treated as the sum total of public history, still less as grounds for disparaging the historical profession. The civic importance of academic historians arises from their ability to enhance public understanding of national and international issues which form no part of ‘public’ history as usually understood, because they transcend questions of locality and identity. The health of a representative democracy depends in part on the citizen's readiness critically to examine issues which do not affect him or her directly but which are in the public interest. This argument was first made by the leaders of the historical profession following the Second Reform Act in 1867. During and after the First World War it was put into practice, not least within the pages ofHistory(taken over by the Historical Association in 1916). More recently the relationship between active citizenship and critical history has been re‐asserted for the digital age by the History and Policy website.
Sex‐dependent competitive dominance of phylogenetic group B2 Escherichia coli strains within human hosts
Authors: Blyton Michaela D. J. , Cornall Samantha J. , Kennedy Karina , Colligon Peter , Gordon David M. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryEscherichia coli can be divided into several distinct phylogenetic groups that differ in their capacity to cause disease. However, what drives the relative abundance of these different phylogenetic groups in the commensal intestinal community of humans is poorly understood. This study investigated how host age and sex influences E. coli community structure in humans. Faecal samples were collected from 205 outpatients in Australia. Different strains within each sample were identified using rep‐PCR profiles and their phylogenetic group membership was determined by quadruplex PCR. Female individuals carrying a dominant B2 strain were found to possess fewer strains than those carrying dominant A or B1 strains. Additionally, strains from the same phylogenetic group were more likely to co‐occur in females. By contrast, strain diversity and phylogenetic group associations did not differ significantly from random in males. Host age was found to have a significant effect on the phylogenetic group of the dominant strain. Together these findings indicate that the distribution of the different phylogenetic groups within the human intestinal tract may be mediated by a complex interaction between the host environment and the competitive interactions between strains.
Mass trapping wild Agriotes obscurus and Agriotes lineatus males with pheromone traps in a permanent grassland population reservoir
Authors: Vernon Robert S. , Blackshaw Roderick P. , van Herk Willem G. , Clodius Markus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine whether arrays of pheromone traps could be used to reduce populations of male Agriotes obscurus (AO) and Agriotes lineatus (AL) adults in a confined nonfarmed habitat (grassy dyke).
Traps placed 3 m apart in 15 × 2 arrays captured significantly more AL than AO, although the trap catch varied with location for both species and was inversely related to the number of nearby competing traps.
Models of beetle movement indicated that a considerable proportion of males (AL: 18.4–71.8%; AO: 35.0–58.3%) collected in the arrays had moved in from elsewhere and that AL beetles are more active than AO beetles. AL beetles frequently entered AO traps unless both trap types were present in the array, whereas AO rarely entered AL traps.
Concurrent catches in pitfall traps placed inside and outside pheromone trapping zones indicated the trap arrays significantly reduced male (but not female) AO and AL beetles inside their respective arrays, that AO traps reduced AL beetles in AO arrays, and that both AL and AO traps could potentially reduce the number of mating pairs in these arrays.
The implications of these results in determining the efficacy of this approach as a click beetle management approach are discussed.
Development of self‐efficacy of newly graduated registered nurses in an aged care program
Authors: Lau Rosalind , Willetts Georgina , Hood Kerry , Cross Wendy 
Published: April 2014

AimTo evaluate an aged care program in developing self‐efficacy of newly graduated registered nurses.MethodsAn evaluation of the program was conducted using a mixed methods approach. Twenty‐four nurses completed the pre‐ and post‐survey of aged care nursing self efficacy and attended one of three focus groups held to gain in‐depth understanding of their insight into the program.ResultsThere was an increase in nurses' self‐efficacy post‐program. The increased self‐efficacy and new knowledge gained enhanced nurses' confidence and enabled them to critically appraise their workplace practices.ConclusionsThe improved confidence resulting from increased self‐efficacy and new knowledge gained from the aged care program enabled nurses to critically appraise the practices in their workplace, demonstrating the program's effectiveness. Aged care service providers should support continuing education for aged care nurses to ensure sustainability of a competent workforce to manage the increasing aged care population.
“This is how I want to live my life”: An Experiment in Prefigurative Feminist Organizing for a More Equitable and Inclusive City
Authors: Siltanen Janet , Klodawsky Fran , Andrew Caroline 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper aims to think differently about possibilities for feminist organizing in cities. We use a current experiment with city‐based feminist organizing to explore how it can be possible to work with the local state while at the same time challenging and disrupting understandings and practices that marginalize the diversity of women's needs, contributions and concerns. Trying to work “inside” the local state while maintaining an “outside” critical perspective involves a tricky balancing act between being inside enough to have credibility and effectiveness within the business of city politics and administration, and outside enough to maintain strong connections with the community and grassroots support. In managing this balancing act, we argue that the organization enacts a strategic use of prefiguration both within the organization and when engaging the local state.
Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall extract and poplar propolis ethanol extract supplementation on growth performance, digestibility, blood profile, fecal microbiota and fecal noxious gas emissions in growing pigs
Authors: Li Jian , Kim In H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA total of 105 growing pigs (24.91 ± 1.06 kg) were used in a 6‐week trial to investigate the effects of including Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall extract and poplar propolis ethanol extract (SPE) in the diet on growth performance, digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbiota and fecal noxious gas emissions. Pigs were randomly allocated to one of three dietary treatments (seven pens/treatment, five pigs/pen) according to initial body weight and sex (two gilts and three barrows). Treatments consisted of a corn soybean meal basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.05 or 0.10% SPE. There was a significant linear improvement (P < 0.05) in average daily gain, gain/feed, the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy, blood lymphocyte percentage, immunoglobulin G concentration, fecal Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus counts as well as fecal NH3 and H2S emissions associated with the inclusion of SPE in the diet. Average daily feed intake, red blood cells and white blood cells concentration were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by SPE supplementation in the diets. In conclusion, results indicate that dietary SPE supplementation can improve growth performance, digestibility and fecal microbiota, and decrease fecal gas emissions in growing pigs.
Solutions to the New Threats to Academic Freedom?
Authors: Tooley Michael 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn my commentary on Francesca Minerva's article ‘New Threats to Academic Freedom’, I agree with her contention that the existence of the Internet has given rise to new and very serious threats to academic freedom. I think that it is crucial that we confront those threats, and find ways to eliminate them, which I believe can be done.The threats in question involve both authors and editors. In the case of authors, I argue that the best solution is not anonymous publication, but publication using pseudonyms, and I describe how that would work. In the case of editors, my proposal is a website that a number of journals would have access to, where papers that editors judge to be clearly worthy of publication, but whose publication seems likely to set off a firestorm of public and media protest, could be published without any indication of the journal that had accepted the paper for publication.