bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Bordetella pertusiss Components on IgE and IgG1 Responses
Authors: Sekiya Kachiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of dermonecrotic toxin (DNT), fimbrial hemagglutinin (FHA), K‐agglutinogen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and pertussigen from Bordetella pertussis on the production of IgE and IgG1 antibodies to hen egg albumin (Ea) was investigated in C57BL/6 mice. The IgE antibody contents were determined by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in the skin of Lewis rats, while the IgG1 antibody contents were determined by PCA reactions on the skin of mice using sera that had been heated for 3 hr at 56 C to destroy the IgE antibodies. Among the B. pertussis components tested, pertussigen was the most effective adjuvant for increasing the IgE and IgG1 antibodies to Ea. LPS also moderately increased both types of antibodies, and FHA slightly increased the IgG1 titers. When LPS was given 5 days before Ea, it suppressed both IgE and IgG1 titers while FHA had only slight adjuvant action on both type of antibodies.When each of the components was tested for its ability to modify the adjuvant action of pertussigen, it was found that only DNT interfered significantly with the adjuvanticity of pertussigen when given on the day of immunization with Ea. When the components were given 5 days before Ea, DNT produced significant suppression of only the IgG1 response. LPS, FHA, and K‐agglutinogen did not significantly affect the adjuvant action of pertussigen.
Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) Response to Dengue Virus in Mice: Effect of Route of Sensitization and Splenectomy
Authors: Pang Tikki , Yap Kok Leong , Devi Shamala , Wong Phooi Yeen 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis study was designed to determine the role of the sensitization route and the spleen in the development of delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) to dengue virus in mice. DTH was measured by footpad swelling response. Strong but transient DTH was produced in cyclophosphamide (CY) pretreated mice sensitized subcutaneously (s.c.) or intravenously (i.v.) with dengue virus type 4. Subcutaneous inoculation of virus in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) further enhanced the DTH elicited. The time course of DTH generated by s.c. and i.v. sensitization were similar with the peak reactivity seen on day 6 after sensitization. Poor DTH was observed in mice given an i.p. inoculation even when CY and/or IFA were used. Intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation also sensitized mice poorly. Splenectomized mice showed enhanced DTH response when compared to intact mice. In contrast to intact mice, pretreatment of splenectomized mice with CY did not alter the DTH level. Splenectomized mice inoculated s.c. with virus in IFA showed poorer DTH than mice sensitized with virus alone.
Effect of Membrane Fluidizers on the Number and Affinity of Chemotactic Factor Receptors on Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Tomonaga Akimitsu , Hirota Masaki , Snyderman Ralph 
Published: November 2013

AbstractChemotaxis by leukocytes appears to be initiated by the binding of chemoattractants to specific cell surface receptors. In other biological systems, the affinity and functional activity of membrane receptors are regulated by the local microviscosity. The present studies were undertaken to determine if the number and/or affinity of chemotactic factor receptors expressed on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were similarly affected. Aliphatic alcohols and cis‐vaccenic acid, agents known to decrease membrane microviscosity, were studied for their effects on the binding of the radiolabeled chemoattractant f‐Met‐Leu‐[3H]Phe to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Butanol and propanol increased the number of f‐Met‐Leu‐[3H]Phe binding sites approximately 1.5 fold. More dramatically, these same agents enhanced the affinity of the receptor by ten‐fold, without affecting the specificity of the receptor. Similarly, cis‐vaccenic acid enhanced both the number and affinity of this chemotactic factor receptor on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes contain cryptic receptors for the N‐formylated peptide chemotactic factors, but more importantly that the affinity of these receptors can exist in more than one state and can be modulated by membrane microviscosity. Alterations of membrane fluidity in leukocytes during chemotaxis may be an important mechanism for regulating their sensitivity to chemoattractants.
Further Isolation of a Recombinant Virus (H1N2, Formerly Hsw1N2) from a Pig in Japan in 1980
Authors: Yasuhara Hisao , Hirahara Tadashi , Nakai Masahisa , Sasaki Norimasa , Kato Jiro , Watanabe Takayoshi , Morikawa Masamichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn September 1980, an outbreak of febrile respiratory disease was observed in a herd of sows (1‐2 years of age) in Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Most of the swine showed clinical signs of disease such as depression, anorexia, fever, nasal discharge, and cough.A hemagglutinating agent was isolated from a nasal swab from one of the diseased pigs. By cross‐hemagglutination‐inhibition and neuraminidase‐inhibition tests with antisera to influenza viruses of swine origin, the isolate was identified as an influenza A virus of the H1N2 (former designation, Hsw1N2) subtype, and designated A/swine/Ehime/1/80 (H1N2).Significant antibody rises against the surface antigens of the isolate were found in convalescent swine sera.The distribution of antibody against H1N2 virus in swine sera in Ehime Prefecture was examined. Seven (8%) of 93 sera collected after the outbreak (in 1981) showed antibodies to only H1 and N2 antigens but none of the sera before the outbreak contained such antibodies, indicating that H1N2 virus had been restrictedly prevalent among swine but was not wide‐spread until 1981.
Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against Etiological Agents of Weil's Disease
Authors: Kobayashi Yuzuru , Tamai Tomonori , Oyama Takashi , Hasegawa Hitoshi , Sada Eiji , Kusaba Tomohiro , Hamaji Masaharu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies against etiological agents of Weil's disease were produced by cell fusion technology. Twenty hybridomas were produced through the fusion of P3×63Ag8.653 cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized against Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae RGA strain and serovar copenhageni Shiromizu and M20 strains. Reactivities of the antibodies produced by the hybridomas were determined by the microscopic agglutination test. Among the five hybridoma antibodies to the RGA strain, two reacted specifically to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, two reacted to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae at a high titer and serovar copenhageni at a low titer, and one reacted to serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, pyrogenes, and canicola. Of the ten hybridoma antibodies to the Shiromizu strain, one reacted specifically to serovar copenhageni, seven reacted to both serovars copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae at almost the same titer, and two exhibited intermediate properties. Of the five hybridoma antibodies to the M20 strain, three reacted to both serovars copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae at almost the same titer, one reacted to serovar copenhageni at a low titer and serovar icterohaemorrhagiae at a high titer, and one reacted to serovars copenhageni, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pyrogenes. The results revealed that each serovar has its own antigen(s) and their common antigens. In addition, 20 strains of leptospires were recently isolated and tested with three monoclonal antibodies characterized by different reactivities. Twenty strains were clearly identified by their antibodies, i.e., 16 strains were identified as serovar icterohaemorrhagiae and three strains were identified as serovar copenhageni. The remaining strain, which was not agglutinated by three antibodies, was identified as serovar autumnalis by an agglutination test with immune rabbit sera.
Fluctuation of Antiviral Resistance in the Intestinal Tracts of Nude Mice Infected with a Mouse Adenovirus
Authors: Umehara Keiko , Hirakawa Minako , Hashimoto Kazuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOral administration of adenovirus strain K87 to BALB/c nude mice resulted in viral proliferation in the intestinal tract up to around week 6 at which point replication was suppressed. In other words, the host acquired resistance. However, this resistance was temporary and the viral infection persisted over a long period with repeated periods of proliferation and resistance. That the appearance of this resistance is the result of infecting mice with the virus and is not due to age difference per se was made clear through experimentation with nude mice of different age groups. However, it was indicated that increase in age is involved in the decreased rate of reproliferation following initial suppression. No evidence of the virus was obtained from any other organ throughout the infection. Furthermore, throughout the persistent infection, even during the aforementioned periods of resistance, no neutralizing antibody was detected from sera, intestinal wall or intestinal content. When spleen cells from BALB/c heterozygous littermate mice was transferred to the nude mice, an earlier onset of antiviral resistance was seen than in nude mice without the transfer, and this was accompanied by a rise in neutralizing antibody titer. From these results, it is believed that the resistance characteristic of nude mice infected by mouse adenovirus is dependent on some factor other than the neutralizing antibody invoked resistance exhibited by euthymic mice.
Isolation of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Antigenically Different from Kato, Karp, and Gilliam Strains from Patients
Authors: Tamura Akira , Takahashi Kumiko , Tsuruhara Takashi , Urakami Hiroshi , Miyamura Sadao , Sekikawa Hiroho , Kenmotsu Minora , Shibata Mitsuo , Abe Shoya , Nezu Hiroko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRickettsia tsutsugamushi strains from three recent patients of Tsutsugamushi disease in Niigata Prefecture were isolated primarily in mice and then in L cell cultures. By this procedure, low virulent strains to mice, as well as high virulent ones, could be isolated and cultivated serially in L cell cultures, suggesting the usefulness of L cells for isolation of this species of rickettsia. Each newly isolated strain was identified as a member of R. tsutsugamushi from the results of cross immunological tests and morphological observation. On the other hand, it was recognized that one of these rickettsiae showed immunological properties distinguishable from the prototype strains of Kato, Karp, and Gilliam by the cross complement fixation test, and also had low virulence in mice.
Effect of Clostridium perfringens Beta Toxin on Blood Pressure of Rats
Authors: Sakurai Jun , Fujii Yoshio , Dezaki Keiko , Endo Koichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGuanethidine treatment or adrenal medullectomy significantly inhibited the elevation in blood pressure induced by Clostridium perfringens beta toxin, and the combination of the two drastically reduced the pressure rise, to less than 19% of that in control rats. When rats were pretreated with tetrodotoxin or hexamethonium, the toxin‐evoked rise was significantly inhibited. Elevation in blood pressure induced by the toxin in spinal rats tended to be less than that in control rats. When investigated by a microscopical technique, arteriolar constriction in the mesenteric vasculature was observed after the blood pressure elevation induced by the toxin reached a maximum. Blood flow in the skin decreased with an increase in blood pressure following intravenous injection of the toxin. It is concluded that beta toxin acts on the autonomic nervous system and produces arterial constriction.
Enhancement of Newcastle Disease Virus‐Induced Fusion of Mouse L Cells by Sodium Vanadate
Authors: Yamamoto Fumi , Fujioka Hisashi , Iinuma Masao , Takano Michiko , Maeno Koichiro , Nagai Yoshiyuki , Ito Yasuhiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSodium vanadate enhanced Newcastle disease virus (NDV)‐induced cell fusion in L cells, and there was a direct correlation between the degree of cell fusion and the dose of vanadate added. When anti‐F protein of NDV monospecific antiserum was added to the culture fluid of L cells infected with NDV, the enhancement of cell fusion was suppressed. In contrast, neither anti‐HN nor anti‐M protein monospecific antiserum inhibited the enhancement. Incubation at low temperature (4 C) and addition of sodium azide to the culture fluid suppressed the enhancement. The suppression by azide was seen only when the drug was added within 5 min after the beginning of incubation of NDV‐infected L cells with vanadate. On the other hand, incubation at low temperature inhibited the enhancement at any time during incubation with vanadate. Cytochalasin D also inhibited the enhancement if it was added at any time during incubation with vanadate.
Cultured Human Monocytes, Granulocytes and a Monoblastoid Cell Line (THP‐1) Synthesize and Secrete Immunosuppressive Acidic Protein (a Type of α1‐Acid Glycoprotein)
Authors: Shibata Yoshimi , Tamura Keiji , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractImmunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP, pI 3.0) is a type of α1‐acid glycoprotein (α1‐AG), The secretion of IAP into the culture fluids of different sub‐populations of human peripheral blood leukocytes was examined by a newly devised passive hemagglutination (PHA)‐inhibition test. Human peripheral monocytes, an established monoblastoid cell line (THP‐1) and peripheral granulocytes produced IAP. However, neither T nor B lymphocytes, nor lymphoblastoid cell lines induced by TCGF or EB virus respectively, produced IAP. The IAP concentration reached a maximum (215 ng/ml) in the culture fluids of peripheral monocytes (1 × 106/ml) when monocytes were stimulated by the addition of either immune complex, carrageenan or endotoxin.The synthesis de novo and shedding of IAP by THP‐1 were demonstrated by the immunoprecipitation of radioactive IAP in the culture fluids of [3H]leucine‐labeled cells. SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitates showed two peaks of radioactivity, one comigrated with authentic IAP at 50,000 daltons, and the other at 38,000 daltons, suggesting that two different forms of IAP (and/or α1‐AG) are produced from human monocytes.
Detection of Fine Spiral Structures (Spirosomes) by Weak Sonication in Some Bacterial Strains
Authors: Matayoshi Seiken , Oda Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFine spiral structures (spirosomes) were observed in cell suspensions of five species of bacteria just after weak sonication. The structure is morphologically indistinguishable from the spirosome reported for Lactobacillus species. The molecular weight of the protein of the spirosomes from nine strains was about 94,000 to 95,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The difference in the molecular weight among these spirosomes was not very great, but there were slight differences among the strains from which the spirosomes were derived.
Activation of Human Monocytes in Leprosy
Authors: Ohkawa Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn leprosy, the common etiologic agent is the same Mycobacterium leprae, but the clinical manifestations are various, including the tuberculoid and lepromatous types. In tuberculoid type leprosy, macrophages in the granuloma differentiate into epithelioid cells; in the lepromatous type, in contrast, they differentiate into lepra cells containing multiple M. leprae. Thus host factors, which regulate macrophage activities, determine the type of leprosy.To understand such regulation of macrophage activities, we assayed superoxide production, hydrogen peroxide production and glucose consumption in monocytes in vitro.Glucose consumption spontaneously increased, with lymphokine enhancing the consumption rate. Superoxide production increased spontaneously and decreased from the 4th day; lymphokine added on the 4th day supressed the decrease of superoxide production. Hydrogen peroxide production increased until the 3rd day of culture. Twenty‐four hour incubation with lymphokine, from day 0 to the 1st day, had no effect on hydrogen peroxide production, while from the 2nd to 3rd day it enhanced such production. Supernatants of lymphocytes incubated with M. leprae were prepared from tuberculoid and lepromatous patients. Tuberculoid supernatant enhanced reactive oxygen production and glucose consumption, while that from lepromatous patients had no remarkable effect on glucose consumption or reactive oxygen production. The range of spontaneous increase and decrease of reactive oxygen production was greater than the regulatory effect of lymphokine on these activities.These data show that rapid provision of new monocytes to the granuloma is one of the important factors in the defense mechanism, that lymphocytes separated from lepromatous patients are not activated in response to M. leprae antigen, and that they do not secrete corresponding lymphokines.
Heat Resistance, Spore Germination, and Enterotoxigenicity of Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Ando Yoshiaki , Tsuzuki Toshibumi , Sunagawa Hiroyuki , Oka Shigemi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHeat resistance at 95 C, heat activation at 75 C, and germination response were determined for spores of 10 serotype strains of Clostridium perfringens type A, including five heat‐resistant and five heat‐sensitive strains. The D95‐values ranged from 17.6 to 63.0 and from 1.3 to 2.8 for the heat‐resistant and the heat‐sensitive strains, respectively. The heat‐activation values, the ratios between the heated and unheated viable counts of spore suspensions, ranged from 0.0035 to 0.65 and from 6.5 to 60.0 for the heat‐sensitive and the heat‐resistant strains, respectively. Spores of these strains were divided into two distinct germination types on the basis of their germination response; spores of the heat‐resistant strains germinated in KCl medium after heat activation (K‐type), and spores of the heat‐sensitive strains germinated in a mixture of L‐alanine, inosine, and CaCl2 in the presence of CO2 without heat activation (A‐type). The strains were tested for enterotoxigenicity by a reversed passive latex‐agglutination (RPLA) test. All the heat‐resistant strains were RPLA‐positive, whereas the heat‐sensitive strains were all RPLA‐negative. A total of 37 strains of the organism isolated from food‐poisoning outbreaks were tested for spore germination and enterotoxin formation. All of the 20 heat‐resistant strains showed K‐type spore germination and, except for three strains, were RPLA‐positive, whereas all of the 17 heat‐sensitive strains showed A‐type spore germination and, except for only one strain, were RPLA‐negative.
Comparison of Dengue Virus Plaque Reduction Neutralization by Macro and ‘Semi‐Micro’ Methods in LLC‐MK2 Cells
Authors: Morens David M. , Halstead Scott B. , Larsen Linda K. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA simplified ‘Semi‐Micro’ plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue antibody in LLC‐MK2 cells in disposable tissue culture plates is described. The assay compares favorably with the standard PRNT in glass prescription bottles, with relative sensitivity and specificity both 100% at a 1: 40 screening dilution by 70% plaque reduction criteria. The assay is easy to perform, economical of time, expense, and storage space, and is suitable for study of sera available in small volumes, such as those obtained on filter paper or by the capillary method. The LLC‐MK2 semi‐micro PRNT is an acceptable alternative to the standard PRNT, particularly in laboratories that use these cells routinely for other tissue culture work and for flavivirus vaccine development.
Characterization of Extracellular Substance of Vibrio anguillarum Toxic for Rainbow Trout and Mice
Authors: Kodama Hiroshi , Moustafa Mohamed , Mikami Takeshi , Izawa Hisao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn extracellular toxic substance was separated from the cell‐free culture filtrate of Vibrio anguillarum (strain NCMB571). Two fractions (GI and GII + III) obtained by Sephadex G‐200 chromatography following DEAE‐cellulose chromatography were lethal to rainbow trout and mice. Material separated from the GI fraction by Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography (GI‐A fraction) was lethal to these animals. By sodium dodecylsulfate Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the GI and GI‐A fractions were found to be composed of components with molecular weights of 44K and 34K, and 44K, respectively. The 44K protein band was associated with carbohydrate. Peripheral vascular disorder was observed in fish and mice that died after inoculation with GI or GI‐A fraction. The toxic substance was sensitive to potassium periodate but was resistant to trypsin and acetone. Heat inactivation of the toxic substance was almost complete at 100 C for 20 min and complete at 121 C for 20 min. The toxic activity was not associated with hemolytic or proteolytic activity. Homologous antitoxin completely neutralized the toxic activity.
Neurovirulence in Mice of Neural Cell‐Adapted Canine Distemper Virus
Authors: Morikawa Yuko , Matsubara Yutaka , Yoshikawa Yasuhiro , Kai Chieko , Yamanouchi Kazuya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNeurovirulence of the Onderstepoort strain of canine distemper virus (CDV) adapted to human neural cell lines was determined by the intracerebral inoculation of DDD mice at 3 and 5 weeks of age. Intensity of neurovirulence was estimated by histopathological changes in the central nervous system and clinical symptoms. The original virus propagated in Vero cells induced leptomeningoencephalitis, whereas neuroblastoma‐adapted virus induced nerve cell degeneration and mild encephalitis with relatively low morbidity and fatality. In contrast, the viruses adapted to glioblastoma and oligodendroglioma caused high morbidity and fatality. The latter two viruses induced necrotizing encephalopathy including edema and hyperemia. In addition, the glioblastoma‐adapted virus induced formation of giant cells. The oligodendroglioma‐adapted virus caused demyelination and spongy state associated with degeneration of glial cells and axons. These observations are discussed in regard to a possible correlation between the neurovirulence of CDV in mice and its tropism for neural cells in vitro.
————‐Immunological Properties of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Kawasaki Strain, Isolated from a Patient in Kyushu
Authors: Yamamoto Seigo , Kawabata Norihiko , Tamura Akira , Urakami Hiroshi , Ohashi Norio , Murata Michisato , Yoshida Yoshiya , Kawamura Akiyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNine isolates of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi were obtained from patients with Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Miyazaki Prefecture in Kyushu. Immunological analyses of these patients' sera and the isolates were performed by indirect immunofluorescence, indirect immunoperoxidase or immunoblotting techniques. In the analysis of reactions of the patients' sera with the prototype strains Gilliam, Karp, and Kato and with the isolates, sera from two patients, including Kawasaki, showed similar profiles and cross‐reaction with the two isolates recovered from the corresponding patients, but reacted only weakly with the prototype strains. With guinea pig polyclonal antibodies against the isolate and prototype strains, Kawasaki strain showed some degree of cross‐reaction with Gilliam strain but not with either Karp or Kato strain, nor with Shimokoshi strain which is known to be different antigenically from the prototype strains. Additionally, strain‐specific murine monoclonal antibodies against Gilliam, Karp, and Kato strains did not react at all with Kawasaki strain. These results suggest that the Kawasaki strain may be different antigenically from the prototype strains and Shimokoshi strain. The finding two strains of the same antigenic type (Kawasaki) among only nine isolates suggests the presence of Kawasaki‐type rickettsiae in Miyazaki Prefecture. Shimokoshi strain also did not react with these strain‐specific monoclonal antibodies, suggesting that strains of R. tsutsugamushi antigenically distinct from the prototype strains, such as Kawasaki and Shimokoshi strains, may easily be recognized by their non‐reactivity with these monoclonal antibodies.