bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of gemcitabine‐sensitive/resistant cancer cells by cell cloning and synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy
Authors: Rutter Abigail V. , Siddique Muhammad R. , Filik Jacob , Sandt Christophe , Dumas Paul , Cinque Gianfelice , Sockalingum Ganesh D. , Yang Ying , Sulé‐Suso Josep 
Published: May 2014

AbstractOver the last few years, significant scientific insight on the effects of chemotherapy drugs at cellular level using synchrotron‐based FTIR (S‐FTIR) microspectroscopy has been obtained. The work carried out so far has identified spectral differences in cancer cells before and after the addition of drugs. However, this had to account for the following issues. First, chemotherapy agents cause both chemical and morphological changes in cells, the latter being responsible for changes in the spectral profile not correlated with biochemical characteristics. Second, as the work has been carried out in mixed populations of cells (resistant and sensitive), it is important to distinguish the spectral differences which are due to sensitivity/resistance to those due to cell morphology and/or cell mixture. Here, we successfully cloned resistant and sensitive lung cancer cells to a chemotherapy drug. This allowed us to study a more uniform population and, more important, allowed us to study sensitive and resistant cells prior to the addition of the drug with S‐FTIR microscopy. Principal component analysis (PCA) did not detect major differences in resistant cells prior to and after adding the drug. However, PCA separated sensitive cells prior to and after the addition of the drug. This would indicate that the spectral differences between cells prior to and after adding a drug might reside on those more or less sensitive cells that have been able to remain alive when they were collected to be studied with S‐FTIR microspectroscopy. This is a proof of concept and a feasibility study showing a methodology that opens a new way to identify the effects of drugs on more homogeneous cell populations using vibrational spectroscopy. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Efficient Palladium(II) Precatalysts Bearing 4,5‐Dicyanoimidazol‐2‐ylidene for the Mizoroki–Heck Reaction
Authors: Baier Heiko , Metzner Philipp , Körzdörfer Thomas , Kelling Alexandra , Holdt Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe new N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex [PdCl2{(CN)2IMes}(PPh3)] (2) ({(CN)2IMes}: 4,5‐dicyano‐1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) and the NHC palladacycle [PdCl(dmba){(CN)2IMes}] (3) (dmba: N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine) have been synthesized by thermolysis of 4,5‐dicyano‐1,3‐dimesityl‐2‐(pentafluorophenyl)imidazoline (1) in the presence of suitable palladium(II) precursors. The acyclic complex 2 was formed by ligand exchange using the mononuclear precursor [PdCl2(PPh3)2] and the palladacycle 3 was formed by cleavage of the dinuclear chloro‐bridged precursor [Pd(μ‐Cl)(dmba)]2. The new NHC precursor 1‐benzyl‐4,5‐dicyano‐2‐(pentafluorophenyl)‐3‐picolylimidazoline (5) was formed by condensation of pentafluorobenzaldehyde with N‐benzyl‐N′‐picolyldiaminomaleonitrile (4). The NHC palladacycle [PdCl2{(CN)2IBzPic}] (6) ({(CN)2IBzPic}: 1‐benzyl‐4,5‐dicyano‐3‐picolylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) was prepared by in situ thermolysis of 5 in the presence of [PdCl2(PhCN)2]. The three palladium(II) complexes were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. In addition, the molecular structures of 2 and 3 were determined by X‐ray diffraction. The π‐acidity of (CN)2IBzPic was compared with (CN)2IMes and perviously reported π‐acidic imidazol‐2‐ylidenes by NBO analysis. The Mizoroki–Heck (MH) reactions of various aryl halides with n‐butyl acrylate were performed in the presence of complexes 2, 3 and 6. The new precatalysts showed high activity in the MH reactions giving good‐to‐excellent product yields with 0.1 mol‐% precatalyst. The nature of the catalytically active species of 2, 3 and 6 was investigated by poisoning experiments with mercury and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that palladium nanoparticles formed from the precatalysts were involved in the catalytic process.
An Empirical Correlation between Char Gasification Reactivity and Its Parent Coal
Authors: Zhou Zhijie , Huo Wei , Xu Shenqi , Yu Guangsuo , Wang Fuchen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe reactivity of 16 coal chars of varying rank with CO2 and H2O was determined to examine the effects of fixed carbon, ash, and volatile matters of raw coal on the gasification reactivity of coal chars. An empirical correlation between the gasification reactivity of coal particles and coal types was presented. A general index, Rc, which was used to indicate the gasification reactivity of coals with CO2 and H2O, is presented. Rc only depends on the proximate analysis and ash composition of coal and reflects the gasification behavior in a combined way, so Rc is called the gasification characteristic index of coal. It is a very useful parameter for engineers and operators to use in predicting the reactivity of different types of coals. The difference between the reactivity indexes (R) of CO2 and H2O in gasification can be reflected by Rc. The lower the value of Rc, the greater the difference between the R and R gasification reactivity.
NiCo2O4 Nanostructures as a Promising Alternative for NiO Photocathodes in p‐Type Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells with High Efficiency
Authors: Shi Zhiwei , Lu Hao , Liu Qiong , Deng Kaimo , Xu Liangyu , Zou Rujia , Hu Junqing , Bando Yoshio , Golberg Dmitri , Li Liang 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNiCo2O4 nanostructures were directly grown on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive substrates by using a facile, low‐temperature hydrothermal process and their morphology was precisely adjusted from nanowires (NW) to nanosheets (NS) and novel nanowire‐woven nanosheet (NW–NS) arrays. Such nanostructures were then explored for photoelectrodes of p‐type dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), in which the conversion efficiency demonstrated a strong dependence on the morphology. NiCo2O4 NW–NS based p‐DSSCs showed a high conversion efficiency of 0.785 %, which is higher than the values reported for NiO and other materials in p‐DSSCs based on the classical I3−/I− electrolyte. The mechanism of enhanced performance was analyzed in detail and mainly attributed to synergistic effects in the photoelectrodes, with a significantly improved efficiency of light harvesting and fast hole transport.
Energy Savings in the Conversion of CO2 to Fuels using an Electrolytic Device
Authors: Bevilacqua Manuela , Filippi Jonathan , Lavacchi Alessandro , Marchionni Andrea , Miller Hamish A. , Oberhauser Werner , Vesselli Erik , Vizza Francesco 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe describe the realization of an electrolyzer for the electroreduction of CO2 to useful hydrocarbons and carboxylates such as CH4, C2H4, and HCOO‐. The device uses a molecular copper phthalocyanine‐based cathode, an anion exchange membrane, and a nanostructured Pd@Ti anode. The key advantage of this device is the exploitation of anodic alcohol oxidation instead of water oxidation. The lower operating cell potential due to the presence of ethanol leads to a net reduction in energy consumption, from 130 kWh to 77 kWh (per kg of hydrocarbon product mixture), in comparison to the cell operating with oxygen evolution.
Increase in the iron content of the substantia nigra and red nucleus in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome: A 7 Tesla MRI study
Authors: Blazejewska Anna I. , Al‐Radaideh Ali M. , Wharton Sam , Lim Su Yin , Bowtell Richard W. , Constantinescu Cris S. , Gowland Penny A. 
Published: May 2014

PurposeTo study iron deposition in the substantia nigra (SN) and red nuclei (RN), in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and healthy controls (HC).Materials and MethodsIron deposition was assessed using susceptibility maps and T2*‐w images acquired at high resolution MRI at 7 Tesla (T). Mean intensities were calculated within circular regions of interest in the SN (d/v, dorsal/ventral) and RN on high resolution T2*‐w, quantitative susceptibility maps and their product for: RRMS, CIS and HC (N = 14, 21, 27, respectively).ResultsMagnetic susceptibility was significantly greater in SNd and RN in RRMS compared with HC (P = 0.04 [0.001, 0.48] and P = 0.01 [0.005, 0.05]), with intermediate values for the CIS group. 1/T2*‐w did not show significant inter‐group differences (for SNv, SNd, RN, respectively: P = 0.5 [−0.352, 0976], P = 0.35 [−0.208, 0.778], P = 0.16 [−0.114, 0.885] for RRMS versus HC) and the T2*‐susceptibility product maps showed the difference only for RN (P = 0.01, [0.009, 0.062]). Changes were independent of EDSS and disease duration.ConclusionMR changes consistent with iron accumulation occurring in the SN and RN of CIS patients can be identified using susceptibility mapping; this may provide an additional method of monitoring early MS development. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1065–1070. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An international comparison of spontaneous adverse event reports and potentially inappropriate medicine use associated with dabigatran
Authors: McDonald Cameron J. , Kalisch Ellett Lisa M. , Barratt John D. , Caughey Gillian E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPurposeThe objective of this study was to analyse spontaneous adverse event (SAE) reports associated with the oral anticoagulant dabigatran from Australia, Canada and USA and to examine concomitant medicine use.MethodsSpontaneous adverse event national databases from Australia, Canada and the USA were used to examine all reports of adverse events associated with dabigatran from 1st August 2005 to 31st March 2013. Disproportionality analysis was conducted for the quantitative detection of signals using the USA database. Concomitant medicine use was examined to identify potentially inappropriate medicines, which may place the patient at increased risk for adverse events.ResultsThere were a total of 1039, 1333 and 13 788 SAE reports associated with dabigatran from Australia, Canada and USA, respectively. Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders were the most commonly reported adverse event, ranging from 27.5% for Australia and up to 40.5% for USA. Of these, GI haemorrhage accounted for 81.5% of Australian, 71.5% of Canadian and 42% of the USA adverse event reports for GI disorders. Positive signals were confirmed in the USA data (GI haemorrhage; PRR 18.18, χ2 40993.51 and ROR 19.55 95% CI 18.77–20.36). Use of concomitant medicines with the potential to increase bleeding risk across all three countries ranged from 34.1% for Australia to 51.1% for the USA.ConclusionsA large proportion of adverse events were associated with concomitant therapies, which may have placed the patient at increased risk of harm. This highlights the need for pharmacovigilance by the prescribing clinician to minimise risk and ensure the safe and effective integration of dabigatran into routine clinical practice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noncommutative field theory on ℝ3λ
Authors: Vitale P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe consider the noncommutative space ℝ3λ, a deformation of the algebra of functions on ℝ3 which yields a foliation of ℝ3 into fuzzy spheres. We first review the construction of a natural matrix basis adapted to ℝ3λ. We thus consider the problem of defining a new Laplacian operator for the deformed algebra. We propose an operator which is not of Jacobi type. The implication for field theory of the new Laplacian is briefly discussed.
Non‐commutative quantum geometric data in group field theories
Authors: Oriti D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe review briefly the motivations for introducing additional group‐theoretic data in tensor models, leading to the richer framework of group field theories, themselves a field theory formulation of loop quantum gravity. We discuss how these data give to the GFT amplitudes the structure of lattice gauge theories and simplicial gravity path integrals, and make their quantum geometry manifest. We focus in particular on the non‐commutative flux/algebra representation of these models.
Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm
Authors: Szulanski Gabriel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe ability to transfer best practices internally is critical to a firm's ability to build competitive advantage through the appropriation of rents from scarce internal knowledge. Just as a firm's distinctive competencies might be difficult for other firms to imitate, its best practices could be difficult to imitate internally. Yet, little systematic attention has been paid to such internal stickiness. The author analyzes internal stickiness of knowledge transfer and tests the resulting model using canonical correlation analysis of a data set consisting of 271 observations of 122 best‐practice transfers in eight companies. Contrary to conventional wisdom that blames primarily motivational factors, the study findings show the major barriers to internal knowledge transfer to be knowledge‐related factors such as the recipient's lack of absorptive capacity, causal ambiguity, and an arduous relationship between the source and the recipient.
Optimization of plate girders
Authors: Abspoel Roland , Bijlaard Frans 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe costs of the self‐weight of a structure have never been a real issue in the design of steel girders, since the material costs of a structural element are mainly determined by labour costs. The booming economies of China and India cause a continuously increasing demand for steel. This and the now stringent regulations regarding sustainability make material economy in design much more interesting.In a material economy‐driven plate girder design, the lever arm between the flanges will increase. This leads to a higher stiffness and bending moment resistance, but also to an increase in the web slenderness of the girder. This means that high‐strength steels can be used, leading to a large reduction in steel consumption.Eurocode 3, EN‐1993‐1‐5, [1] restricts the web slenderness based on the formula to avoid flange‐induced buckling, originally derived by Basler [2]. However, experimental and theoretical research conducted on 10 unstiffened plate girders with high web slenderness ratios at the Stevin II Laboratory of Delft University of Technology shows that this formula is too conservative.This paper presents the results of this research and suggestions for a new plate girder design strategy.
Analytical models for call blocking and dropping in sectorized cellular networks with fractional frequency reuse
Authors: Sheu Tsang‐Ling , Lin Bo‐Jiun , Chou Zi‐Tsan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we construct mathematical models to analyze the probabilities of new call blocking and handoff call (HC) dropping for a sectorized cellular network with fractional frequency reuse (FFR). Because a sectorized FFR network (SFN) consists of two areas, the super group (SG) and the regular group (or sectors), three different types of HCs may happen when a mobile station (MS) moves from the SG to a sector, from a sector to the SG, or from one sector to another sector. To characterize three types of HCs, we first derive the area transition probability, which is defined as the reciprocal of MS's average residence time in an area (i.e., sector or SG). Moreover, we construct the model of Markov chains and derive the state transition rates. Then on the basis of the stationary probabilities of Markovian states, we derive the three types of blocking probabilities of new calls and two types of dropping probabilities of HCs. Finally, we conduct extensive numerical simulations. From the results of numerical simulations, we reveal two important rules for choosing the optimal radius of the SG, with which the system blocking and dropping probability can be effectively minimized. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maize yield forecasting by linear regression and artificial neural networks in Jilin, China
Authors: MATSUMURA K. , GAITAN C. F. , SUGIMOTO K. , CANNON A. J. , HSIEH W. W. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYForecasting the maize yield of China's Jilin province from 1962 to 2004, with climate conditions and fertilizer as predictors, was investigated using multiple linear regression (MLR) and non-linear artificial neural network (ANN) models. Yield was set to be a function of precipitation from July to August, precipitation in September and the amount of fertilizer used. Fertilizer emerged as the dominant predictor and was non-linearly related to yield in the ANN model. Given the difficulty of acquiring fertilizer data for maize, the current study was also tested using the previous year's yield in the place of fertilizer data. Forecast skill scores computed under both cross-validation and retroactive validation showed ANN models to significantly outperform MLR and persistence (i.e. forecast yield is identical to last year's observed yield). As the data were non-stationary, cross-validation was found to be less reliable than retroactive validation in assessing the forecast skill.
Showing One's Colours: The political work of elections in post-war Sri Lanka
Authors: KLEM BART 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis article analyses Sri Lanka's April 2010 parliamentary elections as they played out in the Muslim community on the east coast. The political work of elections, as the article shows, involves a lot more than the composition of government. Antagonism over group identities and boundaries are at centre stage. Elections force people to show their colours, which causes turbulence as they grapple with several, possibly contradictory, loyalties. The article argues that elections bring together different political storylines, rather than one master antagonism. It is the interaction between different narratives that paradoxically provides elections both with a sense of gravity and dignity, and with the lingering threat of rupture and disturbance.
Hammers, Axes, Bulls, and Blood: Some Practical Aspects of Roman Animal Sacrifice
Authors: Aldrete Gregory S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAnimal sacrifice was a central component of ancient Roman religion, but scholars have tended to focus on the symbolic aspects of these rituals, while glossing over the practical challenges involved in killing large, potentially unruly creatures, such as bulls. The traditional explanation is that the animal was struck on the head with a hammer or an axe to stun it, then had its throat cut. Precisely how axes, hammers, and knives were employed remains unexplained. This article draws upon ancient sculpture, comparative historical sources, and animal physiology to argue that the standard interpretation is incomplete, and, in its place, offers a detailed analysis of exactly how the killing and bleeding of bovines was accomplished and the distinct purposes of hammers and axes within these rituals.
Changes in folic acid supplementation behaviour among women of reproductive age after the implementation of a massive supplementation programme in China
Authors: Liu Jufen , Jin Lei , Meng Qinqin , Gao Lili , Zhang Le , Li Zhiwen , Ren Aiguo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo examine changes in periconceptional folic acid supplementation behaviour among Chinese women of reproductive age after the implementation of a folic acid supplementation programme.DesignTwo cross-sectional surveys were conducted.SettingOne survey was before (2002–2004) and the other was after (2011–2012) implementation of the programme, both were conducted in two areas of China with different prevalence of neural tube defects. Information on supplementation behaviours was collected in face-to-face interviews with women early in their pregnancy.SubjectsA total of 1257 and 1736 pregnant women participated before and after the programme, respectively.ResultsThe rate of periconceptional folic acid supplementation increased from 15 % to 85 % in the high-prevalence population and from 66 % to 92 % in the low-prevalence population. However, more than half of the women began taking the supplement after learning they were pregnant. The proportion of women who began taking folic acid before their last menstrual period decreased after the programme in rural areas with both a high and low prevalence of neural tube defects.ConclusionsAlthough periconceptional folic acid supplementation among Chinese women increased substantially after the programme, supplementation was often initiated too late to be effective in preventing neural tube defects. Educational and promotional campaigns should focus on how to increase the rate of folic acid supplementation before pregnancy.
Time-varying, serotype-specific force of infection of dengue virus
Authors: Reiner Robert C. , Stoddard Steven T. , Forshey Brett M. , King Aaron A. , Ellis Alicia M. , Lloyd Alun L. , Long Kanya C. , Rocha Claudio , Vilcarromero Stalin , Astete Helvio , Bazan Isabel , Lenhart Audrey , Vazquez-Prokopec Gonzalo M. , Paz-Soldan Valerie A. , McCall Philip J. , Kitron Uriel , Elder John P. , Halsey Eric S. , Morrison Amy C. , Kochel Tadeusz J. , Scott Thomas W. 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceUsing mathematical models to extend knowledge of pathogen transmission and recommend optimized control efforts is dependent on the accuracy of model parameters. The rate at which susceptible individuals become infected [the force of infection (FoI)] is one of the most important parameters, but due to data constraints it is often incorrectly assumed to be constant over time. Using a bespoke method for a 12-y longitudinal dataset of serotype-specific dengue virus (DENV) infections, we estimated time-varying, serotype-specific FoIs for all four DENV serotypes. The FoI varied markedly in time, which implies that DENV transmission dynamics are complex and are best summarized using time-dependent transmission parameters. Our results provide more accurate measures of virus transmission dynamics and a basis for improving selection of control and disease prevention strategies.
Mechanisms controlling the smooth muscle cell death in progeria via down-regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1
Authors: Zhang Haoyue , Xiong Zheng-Mei , Cao Kan 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Patients with Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) almost always die of cardiovascular disease in their teens. Moreover, overlapping cardiovascular pathologies have been identified in HGPS and geriatric patients, including the loss of vascular smooth muscle cells in large vessels. However, how progerin leads to smooth muscle cell loss is still largely unknown. Here, using induced pluripotent stem cells as a model, we examined the role of progerin in smooth muscle cell differentiation and maintenance. Our study identified poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 as a central regulator of smooth muscle cell survival in progeria and elucidated a molecular pathway underlying heart disease in progeria. This study may provide key insights into future medical interventions for the cardiovascular dysfunction in progeria and normal aging.
Trapped translocation intermediates establish the route for export of capsular polysaccharides across
Escherichia coli
outer membranes
Authors: Nickerson Nicholas N. , Mainprize Iain L. , Hampton Lauren , Jones Michelle L. , Naismith James H. , Whitfield Chris 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Exported long-chain polysaccharides protect the bacterial cell in harsh environments and play multifactorial roles in pathogenesis. These long-chain polysaccharides can take the form of secreted polymers (exopolysaccharides), or cell-associated capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) that form an organized surface layer called the capsule. Processes involved in the synthesis and export of CPSs are potential targets for new therapeutic strategies. Independent of their structures, these polymers rely on a family of outer membrane polysaccharide export (OPX) proteins for assembly on the cell surface. Combining structural information with site-specific in vivo photo–cross-linking provides direct evidence that the lumen of octameric complexes of Wza, a prototype OPX protein, is the export conduit for CPS.