bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfur Concentration in Geochemical Reference Materials by Solution Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Erdman Monica E. , Lee Cin‐Ty A. , Yang Wenbo , Ingram Lynn 
Published: June 2013

With implications for the origin of ore deposits, redox state of the atmosphere, and effects of volcanic outgassing, understanding the sulfur cycle is vital to our investigation of Earth processes. However, the paucity of sulfur concentration measurements in silicate rocks and the lack of well‐calibrated reference materials with concentrations relevant to the rocks of interest have hindered such investigations. To aid in this endeavour, this study details a new method to determine sulfur concentration via high mass resolution solution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The method is based on an aqua regia leach, involving relatively rapid sample preparation and analysis, and uses small test portion masses (< 50 mg). We utilised two independently prepared standard solutions to calibrate the analyses, resulting in 4% accuracy, and applied the method to eight geochemical reference materials. Measurements were reproducible to within ~ 10%. Sulfur concentrations and isotopes of six reference materials were measured additionally by elemental analyser‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry to independently evaluate the accuracy of the ICP‐MS method. Reference materials that yielded reproducible measurements identical to published values from other laboratories (JGb‐1, JGb‐2 and MAG‐1) are considered useful materials for the measurement of sulfur. Reference materials that varied between studies but were reproducible for a given test portion perhaps suffer from sample heterogeneity and are not recommended as sulfur reference materials.
Inconsistent associations between sweet drink intake and 2‐year change in BMI among Victorian children and adolescents
Authors: Jensen B. W. , Nichols M. , Allender S. , de Silva‐Sanigorski A. , Millar L. , Kremer P. , Lacy K. , Swinburn B. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
Sugar‐sweetened beverages have been suggested as a possible contributor to the development of obesity.
However, longitudinal evidence is limited, and most previous studies were conducted in the United States. It is unclear if the results are applicable to other parts of the world.
What this study adds
We assessed the longitudinal association between sweet drink intake and body mass index in a large sample of children and adolescents in the Australian state of Victoria.
We generally found limited evidence for a longitudinal association between various indicators of sweet drink consumption and body mass index.
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine whether baseline (T1) or 2‐year change in sweet drink intake in children and adolescents was associated with age‐ and gender‐standardized body mass index (BMIz) at time two (T2), 2 years later.MethodsData on 1465 children and adolescents from the comparison groups of two quasi‐experimental intervention studies from Victoria, Australia were analysed. At two time points between 2003 and 2008 (mean interval: 2.2 years) height and weight were measured and sweet drink consumption (soft drink and fruit juice/cordial) was assessed.ResultsNo association was observed between T1 sweet drink intake and BMIz at T2 among children or adolescents. Children from higher socioeconomic status families who reported an increased intake of sweet drinks at T2 compared with T1 had higher mean BMIz at T2 (β: 0.13, P = 0.05). There was no evidence of a dose–response relationship between sweet drink intake and BMIz. In supplementary analyses, we observed that more frequent usual consumption of fruit juice/cordial was associated with a higher BMIz at T2 among children.ConclusionThis study showed limited evidence of an association between sweet drink intake and BMIz. However, the association is complex and may be confounded by both dietary and activity behaviours.
Vision Deficits in Adults with Down Syndrome
Authors: Krinsky‐McHale Sharon J. , Silverman Wayne , Gordon James , Devenny Darlynne A. , Oley Nancy , Abramov Israel 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundIn individuals with Down syndrome, virtually all structures of the eye have some abnormality, which likely diminishes vision. We examined basic vision functions in adults with Down syndrome.Materials and MethodsParticipants completed a battery of psychophysical tests that probed a comprehensive array of visual functions. The performance of adults with Down syndrome was compared with younger and older adults without intellectual disability.ResultsAdults with Down syndrome had significant vision deficits, reduced sensitivity across spatial frequencies and temporal modulation rates, reduced stereopsis, impaired vernier acuity and anomalies in colour discrimination. The pattern of deficits observed was similar to those seen by researchers examining adults with Alzheimer's disease.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that a common mechanism may be responsible for the pattern of deficits observed, possibly the presence of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology in the visual association cortex. We also showed that individuals with mild to moderate intellectual disability are capable of participating in studies employing state‐of‐the‐art psychophysical procedures. This has wider implications in terms of their ability to participate in research that use similar techniques.
Sexism and anatomy, as discerned in textbooks and as perceived by medical students at Cardiff University and University of Paris Descartes
Authors: Morgan Susan , Plaisant Odile , Lignier Baptiste , Moxham Bernard J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractContemporary textbooks of anatomy and surface anatomy were evaluated to ascertain whether they were gender‐neutral. The evidence of this, and previous studies, suggests that, both in terms of imagery and text, many textbooks lack neutrality. To further investigate such matters, we provided second‐year medical students studying at Cardiff University (n = 293) and at the Paris Descartes University (n = 142) during the 2011–2012 academic year with a questionnaire inviting them to address the possibility that social/gender factors hinder the dispassionate representation of anatomy. Ethical approval was obtained from both Cardiff and Paris universities. Eighty‐six percent of the students at Cardiff and 39% at Paris Descartes responded and provided data for analysis. The hypothesis tested is that medical students perceive a gender bias that is reflected in the books they read and the tuition they receive. Our findings suggest that, while students recognise the importance of gender issues and do not wish to associate with sexism, most are unaware of the possible negative aspects of sexism within anatomy. In this respect, the findings do not support our hypothesis. Nevertheless, we recommended that teachers of anatomy and authors of anatomy textbooks should be aware of the possibility of adverse effects on professional matters relating to equality and diversity issues.
Femoral neck‐shaft angle in humans: variation relating to climate, clothing, lifestyle, sex, age and side
Authors: Gilligan Ian , Chandraphak Supichya , Mahakkanukrauh Pasuk 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe femoral neck‐shaft angle (NSA) varies among modern humans but measurement problems and sampling limitations have precluded the identification of factors contributing to its variation at the population level. Potential sources of variation include sex, age, side (left or right), regional differences in body shape due to climatic adaptation, and the effects of habitual activity patterns (e.g. mobile and sedentary lifestyles and foraging, agricultural, and urban economies). In this study we addressed these issues, using consistent methods to assemble a globalNSAdatabase comprising over 8000 femora representing 100 human groups. Results from the analyses show an averageNSAfor modern humans of 127° (markedly lower than the accepted value of 135°); there is no sex difference, no age‐related change in adults, but possibly a small lateral difference which could be due to right leg dominance. Climatic trends consistent with principles based on Bergmann's rule are evident at the global and continental levels, with theNSAvarying in relation to other body shape indices: medianNSA, for instance, is higher in warmer regions, notably in the Pacific (130°), whereas lower values (associated with a more stocky body build) are found in regions where ancestral populations were exposed to colder conditions, in Europe (126°) and the Americas (125°). There is a modest trend towards increasingNSAwith the economic transitions from forager to agricultural and urban lifestyles and, to a lesser extent, from a mobile to a sedentary existence. However, the main trend associated with these transitions is a progressive narrowing in the range of variation in theNSA, which may be attributable to thermal insulation provided by improved cultural buffering from climate, particularly clothing.
Method in Anthropological Discourse Analysis: The Comparison of Units of Interaction
Authors: Philips Susan 
Published: June 2013

Forum: Methods and Analysis in Linguistic AnthropologyFollowing the very well‐attended Presidential Panel “Frontiers in Methodology in Linguistic Anthropology,” organized by Diane Riskedahl and chaired by Barbra Meek at the November 2012 American Anthropological Association meeting, we are inaugurating a new forum for essays and commentary on linguistic anthropological methods and analysis in this issue.We are very pleased to have Susan Philips's essay as our first piece, and are confident that it will be a valuable resource and will prompt lively discussion. Authors who would like to contribute an essay or brief commentary to this forum should contact either one of us to discuss the specific proposal.
Changes in Weight Over the School Year and Summer Vacation: Results of a 5‐Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Moreno Jennette P. , Johnston Craig A. , Woehler Deborah 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDEvidence suggests that children gain more weight during the summer months compared with the school year. To examine the impact of the school and summer environment on children's weight further, we conducted a 5‐year longitudinal study examining changes in standardized BMI (zBMI) of students entering kindergarten.METHODSHeights and weights were obtained at the beginning and end of each school year for 3,588 ethnically diverse (Caucasian: 27.2%, Black: 29.0%, Hispanic: 26.4%, and Asian 17.4%) students aged 5‐7.RESULTSA significant difference in change in zBMI during the school and summer months was found (−0.52, 95% CI: −0.59 to −0.45, p < .001; Wald χ2 = 171.89, p < .001). Overall, children decreased BMI percentile during time spent in school by 1.5 percentile points and increased by 5.2 percentile points during summer months. Differences in the velocity of weight gain were found across weight classification categories with only overweight and obese children decreasing their zBMI during the school year.CONCLUSIONTime spent in school was shown to have a beneficial impact on students' weight, especially for students who were overweight or obese. However, these results are alarming because weight gain during elementary school occurs primarily during the relatively short span of summer break.
Physical Fitness, Academic Achievement, and Socioeconomic Status in School‐Aged Youth
Authors: Coe Dawn P. , Peterson Thomas , Blair Cheryl , Schutten Mary C. , Peddie Heather 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThis study examined the association between physical fitness and academic achievement and determined the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on the association between fitness and academic achievement in school‐aged youth.METHODSOverall, 1,701 third‐, sixth‐, and ninth‐grade students from 5 school districts participated in the assessments. Fitness was assessed using FITNESSGRAM (aerobic fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition). Results were used to determine individual fitness scores. Academic achievement was measured by standardized tests for Math (all grades), English (all grades), and Social Studies (sixth and ninth grades only). The SES was determined using eligibility for free and reduced lunch program.RESULTSThere were no significant differences between fitness groups for Math and English in third‐grade students. Sixth‐ and ninth‐grade students with high fitness scored significantly better on Math and Social Studies tests compared with less fit students. Lower SES students scored significantly worse on all tests. Muscular strength and muscular endurance were significantly associated with academic achievement in all grades.CONCLUSIONSCompared with all other variables, SES appears to have the strongest association with academic achievement. However, it also appears that high fitness levels are positively associated with academic achievement in school‐aged youth.
Nurses and Teachers: Partnerships for Green Health Promotion
Authors: Sendall Marguerite C. , Lidstone John , Fleming MaryLou , Domocol Michelle 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe term green health promotion is given to health promotion underpinned by the principles of ecological health and sustainability. Green health promotion is supported philosophically by global health promotion documents such as the 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion and the ecological public health movement. Green health promotion in schools means the practice, the principles of ecological health, and sustainability.METHODSA literature review revealed a paucity of publications about green health promotion in schools. Literature about nurses and health promotion in schools is generally found in nursing publications. Literature about ecological sustainability in schools is mostly found in teaching publications.RESULTSThis article explores the nexus between nursing and health promotion, and teachers and ecological sustainability. Collaborative partnerships between health and education do not capitalize on programs such as Health Promoting Schools and the School Based Youth Health Nurse Program in Queensland, Australia. The authors consider how collaborative partnerships between health and education in schools can work toward green health promotion.CONCLUSIONNursing's approach to health promotion and education's approach to ecological sustainability need to be aligned to enhance green health promotion in schools.
Changing Multiple Adolescent Health Behaviors Through School‐Based Interventions: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Busch Vincent , de Leeuw Johannes Rob Josephus , de Harder Alinda , Schrijvers Augustinus Jacobus Petrus 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDIn approaches to health promotion in adolescents, unhealthy behaviors are no longer regarded as independent processes, but as interrelated. This article presents a systematic literature review of school‐based interventions targeting multiple adolescent behaviors simultaneously.METHODSA systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, and PsychInfo. Only papers written in English and describing original research were included.RESULTSOf 33 papers included, 23 focused on quantitative behavioral changes, and 10 on the evaluation of intervention development, implementation, and/or institutionalization. Parental and community involvement in the intervention seemed to be positively associated with effective changes in student health behaviors, whereas creating a healthy school environment and/or policies were less strongly associated with intervention effectiveness. Findings indicated that, for adequate implementation, an intervention should be integrated in pre‐existent school settings, fine‐tuned to its target population or environment, involve family and the community, and be led by the school itself, with there being a “healthy school coordinator” to coordinate the program.CONCLUSIONA multi‐behavior, multi‐actor approach would appear to be the most effective way to promote, at school, healthy behaviors among adolescents.
Influenza infection in infants aged <6 months during the H1N1‐09 pandemic: A hospital‐based case series
Authors: Esterman Emilia E , Lahra Monica M , Zurynski Yvonne A , Booy Robert , Elliott Elizabeth J 
Published: June 2013

AimsTo document risk factors, clinical features and outcomes in infants <6 months old admitted with laboratory‐confirmed influenza to The Children's Hospital at Westmead during the H1N1‐09 pandemic.MethodsProspective, hospital‐based case series of infants admitted June–September 2009, identified by the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance system and supplemented by telephone interview post‐discharge.ResultsThirty‐two infants <6 months old had influenza A: 18 H1N1‐09, 11 H3N2 and three unknown subtypes. After discharge, 28 (88%) families were telephoned and provided additional information. Documented risk factors included close contact with young children (46%), living with a smoker (36%), intensive or special care at birth (25%), pre‐existing illness (16%) and preterm birth (14%). The number of persons per household was double the state average. Only 14% of mothers were vaccinated against seasonal influenza. Infants commonly presented with cough (69%), coryza (69%), lethargy (38%), fever (31%), dyspnoea (31%) and vomiting (28%). Complications included pneumonia (22%), and bacterial (9%) and viral (6%) co‐infection. Five infants (15%) required admission to intensive care, and one was mechanically ventilated. Sixteen (57%) had ongoing respiratory problems, and six (21%) presented to the Emergency Department within 6 months of discharge.ConclusionsThese novel data are clinically important. Rates of influenza in infants may be reduced by vaccinating close contacts and minimising exposure to infected contacts and cigarette smoke.
Prospective population‐based study on the burden of disease from post‐streptococcal glomerulonephritis of hospitalised children in New Zealand: Epidemiology, clinical features and complications
Authors: Wong William , Lennon Diana R , Crone Sonja , Neutze Jocelyn M , Reed Peter W 
Published: June 2013

AimA nationwide 24‐month study was conducted (2007–2009), via the New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit to define epidemiology and clinical features of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) in children hospitalised with the illness.MethodsPaediatricians (n = 215) were requested to report new hospitalised cases fulfilling a case definition of definite (haematuria with low C3 and high streptococcal titres or biopsy proven APSGN) or probable (haematuria with low C3 or high streptococcal titres).Results: A total of 176 cases were identified (definite: n = 138, probable: n = 38) with 63% residing in the Auckland metropolitan region. Sixty‐seven percent were in the most deprived quintile. Annual incidence (0–14 years) was 9.7/100 000 (Pacific 45.5, Maori 15.7, European/other 2.6 and Asian 2.1/100 000). Annual incidence was highest in the South Auckland Metropolitan region (31/100 000), Central Auckland 14.9, West/North Auckland metropolitan region 5.9 and for the remainder of New Zealand 5.5/100 000. Age‐specific incidence was highest in age 5–9 years (15.1/100 000). Reduced serum complement C3, gross haematuria, hypertension, impairment of renal function and heavy proteinuria were present in 93%, 87%, 72%, 67% and 44% of patients, respectively. Severe hypertension was closely associated with either symptoms of an acute encephalopathy or congestive heart failure.ConclusionsNew Zealand children carry a significant disease burden of hospitalised APSGN with socio‐economically deprived; Pacific and Maori children are being over‐represented. Significant short‐term complications were observed in hospitalised children with APSGN. Persistently very low rates in European/other suggest a preventable disease.
Retrospective cohort study of long‐gap oesophageal atresia
Authors: Maheshwari Rajesh , Trivedi Amit , Walker Karen , Holland Andrew JA 
Published: June 2013

AimLong‐gap oesophageal atresia (LGOA) remains a rare variant of a relatively common congenital malformation. Objectives of this study were to review the short‐term results including survival, length of stay and post‐operative complications for infants with LGOA managed at a single centre in addition to their growth and neurodevelopmental assessment.MethodsRetrospective review of the case notes of all infants admitted with oesophageal atresia to our institution from January 2001 to May 2011. Infants with LGOA were selected based on pre‐defined criteria. Demographic and clinical variables and details of follow‐up visits including developmental assessments were extracted from their case notes.ResultsOf 101 infants with oesophageal atresia, 15 fulfilled the criteria for LGOA. Overall survival was 80%. Median length of stay was 83 days. Additional congenital anomalies were present in nine (60%). A fall in weight centile during hospitalisation or outpatient follow‐up signifying growth failure was seen in a majority with 11 of 13 patients showing this phenomenon. Follow‐up at our institution ranged from 6 months to 9 years. Developmental assessments (Bayley‐III) commenced in August 2006 were available in four patients (age 5–13 months) and were abnormal in all, with particular delay in the gross motor domain.ConclusionsInfants with LGOA spend a long time in hospital. They remain at significant risk of growth failure during hospitalisation and following discharge. There appears to be a risk of developmental delay that warrants close monitoring.
Assessment of atherosclerosis in obese adolescents: Positive correlation of mean platelet volume and carotid intima media thickness
Authors: Arslan Nur , Makay Balahan , Hızlı Şamil , Koçyiğit Ali , Demircioğlu Fatih , Tuncel Alpaslan Sedat , Çakmakçı Handan 
Published: June 2013

AimsThis study aims to assess the correlation of mean platelet volume (MPV) and common carotid artery (CCA) thickness in a population of obese adolescents.MethodsSixty‐eight patients and 23 controls were enrolled. Anthropometric measurements, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelet count, MPV and insulin resistance by homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance were investigated. Furthermore, CCA thickness was measured by high‐resolution ultrasound.ResultsMPV and the left CCA thickness were significantly higher in obese adolescents than the healthy controls. The association between MPV and left CCA was checked by linear regression analysis. MPV explained 19% of the variation in left CCA (P < 0.001). At multiple regression analysis, MPV maintained a positive association with the left CCA thickness (P = 0.002) independently of fatty liver grade, relative weight, total cholesterol and homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance.ConclusionMPV is significantly correlated with CCA thickness in obese adolescents.