bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy expenditure, nutritional status, body composition and physical fitness of Royal Marines during a 6-month operational deployment in Afghanistan
Authors: Fallowfield Joanne L. , Delves Simon K. , Hill Neil E. , Cobley Rosalyn , Brown Pieter , Lanham-New Susan A. , Frost Gary , Brett Stephen J. , Murphy Kevin G. , Montain Scott J. , Nicholson Christopher , Stacey Michael , Ardley Christian , Shaw Anneliese , Bentley Conor , Wilson Duncan R. , Allsopp Adrian J. 
Published: July 2014

Understanding the nutritional demands on serving military personnel is critical to inform training schedules and dietary provision. Troops deployed to Afghanistan face austere living and working environments. Observations from the military and those reported in the British and US media indicated possible physical degradation of personnel deployed to Afghanistan. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the changes in body composition and nutritional status of military personnel deployed to Afghanistan and how these were related to physical fitness. In a cohort of British Royal Marines (n249) deployed to Afghanistan for 6 months, body size and body composition were estimated from body mass, height, girth and skinfold measurements. Energy intake (EI) was estimated from food diaries and energy expenditure measured using the doubly labelled water method in a representative subgroup. Strength and aerobic fitness were assessed. The mean body mass of volunteers decreased over the first half of the deployment ( − 4·6 (sd3·7) %), predominately reflecting fat loss. Body mass partially recovered (mean +2·2 (sd2·9) %) between the mid- and post-deployment periods (P< 0·05). Daily EI (mean 10 590 (sd3339) kJ) was significantly lower than the estimated daily energy expenditure (mean 15 167 (sd1883) kJ) measured in a subgroup of volunteers. However, despite the body mass loss, aerobic fitness and strength were well maintained. Nutritional provision for British military personnel in Afghanistan appeared sufficient to maintain physical capability and micronutrient status, but providing appropriate nutrition in harsh operational environments must remain a priority.
The Nature of Berlin: Green Space and Visions of a New German Capital, 1900–45
Authors: Jackisch Barry A. 
Published: July 2014

In the conclusion of his 1915 dissertation, the influential German urban planner Martin Wagner argued forcefully for a new approach to the role of green space in city planning. Referring to recent efforts to improve urban hygiene and general cleanliness in major German cities, especially the public bathhouse movement of the late nineteenth century, Wagner claimed that expansion and promotion of accessible green space constituted the next big challenge for those interested in improving urban living:The health conditions of the big cities demand an expansion of sanitary living space. To incorporate nature into this development will be the communal-political challenge of the coming years. Cities, which encompass more than half of Germany's total population, have a duty . . . to secure the health of the German body and increase German strength. We must solve this challenge before we reach a point where a solution through natural means is no longer possible.
An expressional simplified mechanism in anthropomorphic face robot design
Authors: Lin Chyi-Yeu , Huang Chun-Chia , Cheng Li-Chieh 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYThe goal of this research is to develop a low-cost face robot which has a lower degree-of-freedom facial expression mechanism. Many designs of facial robots have been announced and published in the past. Face robots can be classified into two major types based on their respective degrees of freedom. The first type has various facial expressions with higher degrees of freedom, and the second has finite facial expressions with fewer degrees of freedom. Due to the high cost of the higher-degree-of-freedom face robot, most commercial face robot products are designed in the lower-degrees-of-freedom form with finite facial expressions. Therefore, a face robot with a simplified facial expression mechanism is proposed in this research. The main purpose of this research is to develop a device with a lower degree-of-freedom mechanism that is able to generate many facial expressions while keeping one basic mouth shape variation. Our research provides a new face robot example and development direction to reduce costs and conserve energy.
Study on hexapod robot manipulation using legs
Authors: Ding Xilun , Yang Fan 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYIn order to provide a novel approach for the operational problems of walking robots, this paper presents a method by which a hexapod robot uses its legs to manipulate an object, and this involves the following two steps. First, two adjacent legs are used to manipulate the object. Next, the supporting legs are required to assist the arms to obtain high manipulability. The manipulation constraints, workplaces, and kinematic models are analyzed using screw theories. Moreover, an optimization algorithm is proposed to reduce energy consumption under stability constraints. We also introduce a manipulation control model that simultaneously considers the supporting and operating legs. Finally, the validity of these methods is proved by the results of experiments and simulations.
Robust L∞convex optimisation for monocular visual odometry trajectory estimation
Authors: Boulekchour Mohammed , Aouf Nabil , Richardson Mark 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYThe most important applications of many computer vision systems are based on robust features extraction, matching and tracking. Due to their extraction techniques, image features locations accuracy is heavily dependent on the variation in intensity within their neighbourhoods, from which their uncertainties are estimated. In the present work, a robust L∞optimisation solution for monocular motion estimation systems has been presented. The uncertainty estimation techniques based on SIFT derivative approach and its propagation through the eight-point algorithm, singular value decomposition SVD and the triangulation algorithm have proved an improvement to the global motion estimation. Using monocular systems makes the motion estimation challenging due to the absolute scale ambiguity caused by projective effects. For this, we propose robust tools to estimate both the trajectory of a moving object and the unknown absolute scale ratio between consecutive image pairs. Experimental evaluations showed that robust convex optimisation with the L∞norm under uncertain data and the Robust Least Squares clearly outperform classical methods based on Least Squares and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithms.
The ambiguous role of remittances in West African countries facing climate variability
Authors: Couharde Cécile , Generoso Rémi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe investigate the consequences of remittances inflows on the macroeconomic performance of West African countries over the 1985–2007 period. We take into account the exposure of those countries to climate variability by estimating a PCHVAR model which allows heterogeneity between countries’ responses to rainfall shocks. Our results show that the impact of remittances on macroeconomic performance is highly sensitive to those shocks. In particular, when drought conditions prevail, remittances no longer exert any short-term spillover effects on growth and may increase a situation of economic dependence, by spurring agricultural imports.
Karyological analysis of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L., Cucurbitaceae) from Southeast Asian countries
Authors: Kausar Nadia , Yousaf Zubaida , Younas Afifa , Ahmed Hafiza Sadia , Rashid Madiha , Arif Ayesha , Rehman Hafiza Ayesha 
Published: July 2014

Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) is a commonly cultivated functional food plant. In the present study, karyological variation among 34 accessions of M. charantia originating from the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, India and Pakistan) and Thailand was evaluated. Ploidy levels ranging from diploid (2n= 22) to hexaploid (2n= 66) were observed. Hexaploidy in M. charantia is reported herein for the first time. Chromosome length ranged from 0.8 to 2.9 μm. The hexaploid accessions had submetacentric and subtelocentric chromosomes. All accessions harboured median and submedian chromosomes. Only one hexaploid accession (TOT1140) had chromosomes with subterminal centromeres. There was considerable variation in chromosome length and chromosome arm ratio.
Application of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict OATP1B1‐Related Variability in Pharmacodynamics of Rosuvastatin
Authors: Rose RH , Neuhoff S , Abduljalil K , Chetty M , Rostami‐Hodjegan A , Jamei M 
Published: July 2014

Typically, pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models use plasma concentration as the input that drives the PD model. However, interindividual variability in uptake transporter activity can lead to variable drug concentrations in plasma without discernible impact on the effect site organ concentration. A physiologically based PK/PD model for rosuvastatin was developed that linked the predicted liver concentration to the PD response model. The model was then applied to predict the effect of genotype‐dependent uptake by the organic anion‐transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) transporter on the pharmacological response. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–∞) was increased by 63 and 111% for the c.521TC and c.521CC genotypes vs. the c.521TT genotype, while the PD response remained relatively unchanged (3.1 and 5.8% reduction). Using local concentration at the effect site to drive the PD response enabled us to explain the observed disconnect between the effect of the OATP1B1 c521T>C polymorphism on rosuvastatin plasma concentration and the cholesterol synthesis response.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e124; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.24; published online 09 July 2014
Design of ternary clock generator
Authors: Lang Yan‐Feng , Shen Ji‐Zhong , Geng Liang , Yao Mao‐Qun 
Published: July 2014

A ternary clock generator (TCG) is proposed to settle its shortage. The TCG is implemented at the switch level with a simple structure of 24 MOS transistors and simulated at the layout level using the HSPICE software with TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology, showing that it works properly. The analyses show that the proposed TCG not only can output a ternary clock of high quality, meeting the clock's design requirements, but also can be fabricated with standard CMOS technology.
Structural basis for cooperative interactions of substituted 2-aminopyrimidines with the acetylcholine binding protein
Authors: Kaczanowska Katarzyna , Harel Michal , Radić Zoran , Changeux Jean-Pierre , Finn M. G. , Taylor Palmer 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Heretofore, ligand recognition at each subunit interface of the acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) has been found to be independent of the other interfaces, representing a disconnection between the properties of the AChBP and the full receptor that it is intended to model. These results comprise the first examples of cooperative binding with the extracellular domain, providing insights into the structural basis for interactions between subunits. Within a single series of congeneric molecules, both positively and negatively cooperative behaviors toward AChBP are manifest. Hence, a distinct mode of binding to the agonist-competitive antagonist site is established in the AChBP protein.
Two planets around Kapteyn's star: a cold and a temperate super-Earth orbiting the nearest halo red dwarf
Authors: Anglada-Escudé G. , Arriagada P. , Tuomi M. , Zechmeister M. , Jenkins J. S. , Ofir A. , Dreizler S. , Gerlach E. , Marvin C. J. , Reiners A. , Jeffers S. V. , Butler R. P. , Vogt S. S. , Amado P. J. , Rodríguez-López C. , Berdiñas Z. M. , Morin J. , Crane J. D. , Shectman S. A. , Thompson I. B. , Díaz M. , Rivera E. , Sarmiento L. F. , Jones H. R. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Exoplanets of a few Earth masses can be now detected around nearby low-mass stars using Doppler spectroscopy. In this Letter, we investigate the radial velocity variations of Kapteyn's star, which is both a sub-dwarf M-star and the nearest halo object to the Sun. The observations comprise archival and new HARPS (High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher), High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) and Planet Finder Spectrograph (PFS) Doppler measurements. Two Doppler signals are detected at periods of 48 and 120 d using likelihood periodograms and a Bayesian analysis of the data. Using the same techniques, the activity indices and archival All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS-3) photometry show evidence for low-level activity periodicities of the order of several hundred days. However, there are no significant correlations with the radial velocity variations on the same time-scales. The inclusion of planetary Keplerian signals in the model results in levels of correlated and excess white noise that are remarkably low compared to younger G, K and M dwarfs. We conclude that Kapteyn's star is most probably orbited by two super-Earth mass planets, one of which is orbiting in its circumstellar habitable zone, becoming the oldest potentially habitable planet known to date. The presence and long-term survival of a planetary system seem a remarkable feat given the peculiar origin and kinematic history of Kapteyn's star. The detection of super-Earth mass planets around halo stars provides important insights into planet-formation processes in the early days of the Milky Way.
Dietary characterization of terrestrial mammals
Authors: Pineda-Munoz Silvia , Alroy John 
Published: July 2014

Understanding the feeding behaviour of the species that make up any ecosystem is essential for designing further research. Mammals have been studied intensively, but the criteria used for classifying their diets are far from being standardized. We built a database summarizing the dietary preferences of terrestrial mammals using published data regarding their stomach contents. We performed multivariate analyses in order to set up a standardized classification scheme. Ideally, food consumption percentages should be used instead of qualitative classifications. However, when highly detailed information is not available we propose classifying animals based on their main feeding resources. They should be classified as generalists when none of the feeding resources constitute over 50% of the diet. The term ‘omnivore’ should be avoided because it does not communicate all the complexity inherent to food choice. Moreover, the so-called omnivore diets actually involve several distinctive adaptations. Our dataset shows that terrestrial mammals are generally highly specialized and that some degree of food mixing may even be required for most species.
A Framework of All Discovered Immunological Pathways and Their Roles for Four Specific Types of Pathogens and Hypersensitivities
Authors: Hu Wan-Chung 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTfh initiates four eradicable immunities. Tfh includes FDC, LTi, IL21 CD4 T cell, and IgG/M B cell. Treg initiates four tolerable immunities. Treg includes DCreg, ILCreg, TGFβ CD4 T cell, and IgA B cell. TH1/TH1-like is immunity for intracellular bacteria/protozoa and type 4 delayed type hypersensitivity. TH1 includes M1 macrophage, mDC2, Tc1 CD8 T cell, IFNg CD4 T cell, ILC1, iNKT1, and IgG3 B cell. TH1-like includes M2 macrophage, ILC1, suppressive CD8 T cell, IFNg/TGFβ CD4 T cell, regulatory iNKT cells, and IgA1 B cell. TH2/TH9 is immunity for helminths and type1 IgE mediated hypersensitivity. TH2 includes iEOS eosinophil, Langerhans cell, basophil/MCt mast cell, IL-4 CD4 T cell, ILC2, iNKT2, and IgE/IgG4 B cell. TH9 includes rEOS eosinophil, basophils/mast cell MCct, IL-9 CD4 T cell, ILC2, regulatory iNKT cells, and IgA2 B cell. TH22/TH17 is immunity for extracellular bacteria/fungi and type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity. TH22 includes N1 neutrophils, mDC1, IL-22 CD4 T cell, ILC3(NCR+), iNKT17, and IgG2 B cell. TH17 includes N2 neutrophils, IL-17 CD4 T cell, regulatory iNKT cells, ILC3(NCR−), and IgA2 B cell. THαβ/TH3 is immunity for viruses and type 2 antibody dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity. THαβ includes NK1 natural killer cell, pDC, Tc2 CD8 T cell, IL10 CD4 T cell, ILC10, iNKT10, and IgG1 B cell. TH3 includes NK2 natural killer cell, suppressive CD8 T cell, ILC10, IL-10/TGFβ CD4 T cell, regulatory iNKT cells, and IgA1 B cell.Summary sentenceThe summarized framework of host immunities to explain their relations to specific pathogens and hypersensitivities
TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE27 Affects Aluminum Sensitivity by Modulating the O-Acetylation of Xyloglucan and Aluminum-Binding Capacity in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhu Xiao Fang , Sun Ying , Zhang Bao Cai , Mansoori Nasim , Wan Jiang Xue , Liu Yu , Wang Zhi Wei , Shi Yuan Zhi , Zhou Yi Hua , Zheng Shao Jian 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) has been reported to contribute to the aluminum (Al)-binding capacity of the cell wall in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, the influence of O-acetylation of XyG, accomplished by the putative O-acetyltransferase TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE27 (TBL27 [AXY4]), on its Al-binding capacity is not known. In this study, we found that the two corresponding TBL27 mutants, axy4-1 and axy4-3, were more Al sensitive than wild-type Columbia-0 plants. TBL27 was expressed in roots as well as in leaves, stems, flowers, and siliques. Upon Al treatment, even within 30 min, TBL27 transcript accumulation was strongly down-regulated. The mutants axy4-1 and axy4-3 accumulated significantly more Al in the root and wall, which could not be correlated with pectin content or pectin methylesterase activity, as no difference in the mutants was observed compared with the wild type when exposed to Al stress. The increased Al accumulation in the wall of the mutants was found to be in the hemicellulose fraction. While the total sugar content of the hemicellulose fraction did not change, the O-acetylation level of XyG was reduced by Al treatment. Taken together, we conclude that modulation of the O-acetylation level of XyG influences the Al sensitivity in Arabidopsis by affecting the Al-binding capacity in the hemicellulose.
Dt2Is a Gain-of-Function MADS-Domain Factor Gene That Specifies Semideterminacy in Soybean
Authors: Ping Jieqing , Liu Yunfeng , Sun Lianjun , Zhao Meixia , Li Yinghui , She Maoyun , Sui Yi , Lin Feng , Liu Xiaodong , Tang Zongxiang , Nguyen Hanh , Tian Zhixi , Qiu Lijuan , Nelson Randall L. , Clemente Thomas E. , Specht James E. , Ma Jianxin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSimilar to Arabidopsis thaliana, the wild soybeans (Glycine soja) and many cultivars exhibit indeterminate stem growth specified by the shoot identity gene Dt1, the functional counterpart of Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1). Mutations in TFL1 and Dt1 both result in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) switching from vegetative to reproductive state to initiate terminal flowering and thus produce determinate stems. A second soybean gene (Dt2) regulating stem growth was identified, which, in the presence of Dt1, produces semideterminate plants with terminal racemes similar to those observed in determinate plants. Here, we report positional cloning and characterization of Dt2, a dominant MADS domain factor gene classified into the APETALA1/SQUAMOSA (AP1/SQUA) subfamily that includes floral meristem (FM) identity genes AP1, FUL, and CAL in Arabidopsis. Unlike AP1, whose expression is limited to FMs in which the expression of TFL1 is repressed, Dt2 appears to repress the expression of Dt1 in the SAMs to promote early conversion of the SAMs into reproductive inflorescences. Given that Dt2 is not the gene most closely related to AP1 and that semideterminacy is rarely seen in wild soybeans, Dt2 appears to be a recent gain-of-function mutation, which has modified the genetic pathways determining the stem growth habit in soybean.
Case of semicircular lipoatrophy: Relation between its characteristic distribution and anatomical muscle structure
Authors: Hinogami Haruna , Sakai Hiroshi , Shirabe Hirotsugu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSemicircular lipoatrophy is characterized by one or more partial, horizontal, band‐like depressions, usually on the anterolateral thigh or thighs. We report the case of a 47‐year‐old woman who presented with a 1‐month history of bilateral, parallel, symmetrical depressions on the anterolateral aspects of her thighs. She had been wearing a tight girdle, and the girdle's folds matched the cutaneous bands. Ultrasound examination of the affected areas showed that the muscle tensor fasciae latae became its tendon at this level, and the muscle rectus femoris originated at the same level in the deeper layer. Although semicircular lipoatrophy has a predisposition for the anterolateral aspect of the thigh, and has often been considered to be caused by repetitive mild trauma to the site, we speculate that it is also attributed to the vulnerability of the site, as explained by the muscle structure.
‘Believe Me Ever Most Truly and Affectly Yours’: John Robinson and Charles Jenkinson: Friendship and Sentiment within and without the Corridors of Power
Authors: Connell Andrew 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRecent scholarship has subjected eighteenth‐century masculine identities to complex and contested analyses, but paid relatively little attention to friendship. The correspondence between Charles Jenkinson and John Robinson, hitherto a resource for high political narrative, is here examined to trace and analyse the development of lifelong sympathy and affection between two diligent, conventionally polite but privately emotional men, whose friendship outlived the chances of patronage and politics that initially threw them together. The evidence sheds light not only on events in high politics but also on the nature and significance of a close relationship between male friends in middle and old age.
Does trophy hunting matter to long‐term population trends inAfrican herbivores of different dietary guilds?
Authors: Crosmary W.‐G. , Côté S. D. , Fritz H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe persistence of largeAfrican herbivores in trophy hunting areas is still unclear because of a lack of data from long‐term wildlife monitoring outside national parks. We compared population trends over the last 30 years inHwangeNationalPark,Zimbabwe, and the neighbouringMatetsiSafariArea where large herbivores were harvested at an average yearly rate of 2%. We investigated whether trophy hunting altered densities and the proportion of adult males in several large herbivore species. Large herbivores generally thrived as well, or even better, in the hunting areas than in the national park. The proportion of adult males did not differ between the two zones, except for species with higher harvest rates and proportionally more males harvested. Densities were not lower in the hunting areas than in the national park, except for elephant and impala. Large herbivores generally declined throughout the 30‐year period in both zones, particularly selective grazers. This is probably because of their greater sensitivity to variation in rainfall compared with other herbivores. Rainfall indeed declined during the study period with droughts being particularly frequent during the 1990s. Browsers, mixed feeders and non‐selective grazers generally declined less in the hunting areas than in the national park, possibly because of lower densities of natural predators and elephants outside the park. Our study highlighted that large herbivores may persist in trophy hunting areas as well as in national parks. When rigorously managed, trophy hunting areas may be relevant conservation areas for large herbivores, particularly under the current global decline of wildlife abundance acrossAfrica.