bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infectious diseases consultations at an Australian Tertiary Hospital: a review of 11 511 inpatient consultations
Authors: Bursle E. C. , Playford E. G. , Looke D. F. M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundInfectious diseases (ID) clinicians provide an important service within tertiary hospitals. However, as a largely consultation‐based service, their value can be difficult to evaluate.AimsA review of 13.5 years of consultations was undertaken to define the scope of the service and any changes over time.MethodsID consultations at the Princess Alexandra Hospital are tracked on a database, recording information including the requesting team, indication for and outcome of the consult. Incident formal inpatient consultations between July 1999 and December 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. Phone consultations, repeat consultations and ID admissions were excluded.ResultsEleven thousand five hundred and eleven consultations were identified, with annual consultations increasing significantly during this period. Overall, formal consultations were performed on 1.3% of admissions. Consultations were most commonly requested by orthopaedics (14.3%) and general medicine (11.4%). The two most common syndromes triggering a consult were bloodstream infection (13.9%) and complicated soft tissue infection (7.8%). The final diagnosis was most frequently osteomyelitis (7.9%). Staphylococcus aureus (19.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.3%) were the most commonly identified pathogens.ConclusionThe demand for ID consultations has increased over time and there are likely to be many drivers of this increase. Information derived from this audit can enhance the ID service by guiding service delivery, trainee education and informing funding or accreditation applications.
Sovereign Ratings and Oil‐Exporting Countries: The Effect of High Oil Prices on Ratings
Authors: Breunig Robert V. , Chia Tse Chern 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe investigate how high and rising oil prices in the 2003–2008 period affected the sovereign ratings of oil‐exporting countries, after controlling for fundamentals. Based on a large dataset of countries from Standard and Poor's and Moody's, we find strong statistical evidence of a large ratings premium – nearly two notches – for those oil‐exporting countries with a large share of net oil revenue to gross domestic product, relative to countries with similar economic fundamentals. We have some limited forecast information from the rating agencies and the effect increases when we include this information, providing further evidence that this ratings premium is not driven by expected improvements in fundamentals. This finding has implications for asset prices in oil‐exporting countries and highlights the risk that in the event of a sharp unanticipated drop in oil prices, sovereign rating downgrades of oil‐exporting countries could be sharper than the deterioration in their economic fundamentals.
Art School Building: the Old/New Chelsea
Authors: Howarth Lucy 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn the wake of the recent demolition of the 1965 Chelsea School of Art building on Manresa Road in London, this article seeks to explore the relationship between art school architecture and art school pedagogy. Research on art school buildings, both national and international, and British art school education of the 1960s, is brought to bear, on the former ‘New School of Art in Chelsea’ building. In addition to an account of how this building came about, drawn from archival records and interviews with architects and former Chelsea students and staff, the correlation of utopianist values in post‐war British society, modernist architecture and higher education in art is examined. The reports of the National Advisory Council on Art Education (NACAE), which, in the 1960s, ushered in fundamental changes to British art education, are touched upon, and an account of the building design developed between art educationalists (including Chelsea Principal Lawrence Gowing and Chairman of the NACAE William Coldstream) and architects of the London County Council, is given. Photographs of the building, in the 1960s and during its demolition in 2010, are included. In addition to a historical account and case‐study, and despite the difficulties inherent, art school building is approached as an imaginative and socio‐political gesture, as a utopian act; ‘art school building’ in both senses (‘building’ as a verb and as a noun).
Fishing in Puddles: Place and Space in Performance Research
Authors: Piasecka Shelley 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article examines the significance of place and space from a Performance Studies and Social Studies perspective. In terms of the social sciences, I draw upon the formal, symbolic and marginal articulation of place. Hetherington suggests that certain places act as focal point for the establishment of social identities, citing city‐centre landmarks and shopping malls. Similarly, children attach all kinds of values to the formal spaces they occupy. As one example of this point, I examine the child's relationship to the school hall. From the perspective of performance, I examine a project under taken at a junior school in Stoke‐on‐Trent, inspired by the site work of Wrights & Sites. As a critical lens, I adopt Boal's understanding of the oneiric dimension. The oneiric dimension is particularly relevant in performance work as these are the moments when we (as performers and spectators) are pulled into the action. In these instances, the physical space simply disappears, imagination replaces actuality and the desire to believe outweighs the reality of the present.
Brokers Beyond Clientelism: A New Perspective Through the Argentine Case
Authors: Zarazaga Rodrigo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractParty machines and brokers have been widely researched in political science since 1950, yet a full description of brokers' roles is still missing. This article contributes by describing in detail the many roles brokers perform for their parties and explaining why each broker performs all these roles. In particular, it shows that besides fulfilling clientelistic strategies, brokers perform important executive governability functions once their party is in power. Brokers multitask because they have the neighborhood knowledge required to successfully perform political activities at the local level. Moreover, performing nonclientelistic roles prepares brokers to perform clientelistic strategies. The article also presents a novel theoretical account for why voters abide by the clientelistic deal. Based on interviews with 120 brokers, it analyzes the complete set of brokers' strategies, and detailed narrative accounts show the clientelistic machine at work.
Indigenous Autonomy and the Contradictions of Plurinationalism in Bolivia
Authors: Tockman Jason , Cameron John 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The government of Bolivia led by President Evo Morales and the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) party claims to be constructing a new postliberal or plurinational state. However, this alleged experiment in plurinationalism conflicts with two central elements of government and MAS party strategy: the expansion of the economic development model based on the extraction of non-renewable natural resources, and the MAS's efforts to control political space, including indigenous territories. This article analyzes these contradictions by examining how Bolivia's constitution and legal framework appear to support indigenous autonomy while simultaneously constraining it. Specifically, it explores how political and bureaucratic processes have seriously limited opportunities to exercise indigenous rights to autonomy. The article makes a comparative analysis of the implications of Bolivia's experience for indigenous autonomy and plurinationalism for other resource extraction–dependent states.
The Role of Professionals in Policy Reform: Cases from the City Level, São Paulo
Authors: Dowbor Monika , Houtzager Peter P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA new generation of social policies in Brazil and elsewhere in Latin America are being read by scholars as first and foremost the result of top-down initiatives by state elites and technocrats. This article explores what role, if any, middle-class professionals have played and how this role might be framed in analytical terms. The article examines the trajectory of two of the most important new social programs that target the poor in the city of São Paulo, Brazil: the family health program PSF and Renda Mínima. It compares the city-level reform dynamics that have shaped the trajectory of the programs over 18 years. It finds that networks of reformist middle-class professionals that traverse public and private institutions played a substantial role in the creation and evolution of the new programs.
Outsiders and Executive-Legislative Conflict in Latin America
Authors: Carreras Miguel 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOne of the most significant developments in Latin American democracies since the beginning of the Third Wave of democratization is the rise to power of political outsiders. However, the study of the political consequences of this phenomenon has been neglected. This article begins to fill that gap by examining whether the rise of outsiders in the region increases the level of executive-legislative confrontation. Using an original database of political outsiders in Latin America, it reports a series of logistic regressions showing that the risk of executive-legislative conflict significantly increases when the president is an outsider. The likelihood of institutional paralysis increases when an independent gets elected, due to the legislative body's lack of support for the president and the outsider's lack of political skills. The risk of an executive's attempted dissolution of Congress is also much higher when the president is an outsider.
Loyalty and Disloyalty in the Mexican Party System
Authors: Kerevel Yann P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWhy do politicians in Mexico switch parties? The party-switching literature suggests that politicians generally switch parties for office-seeking or policy-seeking motives, whereas literature on the Mexican party system suggests that switching may be related to party system realignment during the democratic transition. Using data on party switching across the political careers of politicians who served as federal deputies between 1997 and 2009, this study argues that party switching in Mexico can primarily be explained by the office-seeking behavior of ambitious politicians. Only in rare instances do politicians switch parties because of policy disagreements, and party system realignment fails to explain a large number of party switches. This article also suggests that the ban on consecutive re-election encourages party switching; after every term in office, Mexican politicians have the opportunity to re-evaluate their party affiliation to continue their careers.
Expression of the oestrogen receptor GPER by testicular peritubular cells is linked to sexual maturation and male fertility
Authors: Sandner F. , Welter H. , Schwarzer J. U. , Köhn F. M. , Urbanski H. F. , Mayerhofer A. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBesides the two nuclear oestrogen receptors (ESR1/ESR2), the G protein‐coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) was described in the human testis but little is known about testicular GPER during development or male infertility. We performed an immunohistochemical analysis using human and rhesus monkey testicular samples. The results obtained in adult primate testes showed GPER in interstitial and vascular cells as well as in smooth muscle‐like peritubular cells, which build the wall of seminiferous tubules. Expression of GPER was also found in cultured human testicular peritubular cells (HPTCs) by Western blotting and RT‐PCR/sequencing. Furthermore, as seen in time‐lapse videos of cultured cells, addition of a specific GPER agonist (G1) significantly reduced the numbers of HTPCs within 24 h. A GPER antagonist (G15) prevented this action, implying a role for GPER related to the control of cell proliferation or cell death of peritubular cells. Peritubular cell functions and their phenotype change, for example, during post‐natal development and in the cases of male infertility. The study of non‐human primate samples revealed that GPER in peritubular cells was detectable only from the time of puberty onwards, while in samples from infantile and prepubertal monkeys only interstitial cells showed immunopositive staining. In testicular biopsies of men with mixed atrophy, a reduction or loss of immunoreactive GPER was found in peritubular cells surrounding those tubules, in which spermatogenesis was impaired. In other cases of impaired spermatogenesis, namely when the tubular wall was fibrotically remodelled, a complete loss of GPER was seen. Thus, the observed inverse relation between the state of fertility and GPER expression by peritubular cells implies that the regulation of primate testicular peritubular cells by oestrogens is mediated by GPER in both, health and disease.
The role of diversity practices and inclusion in promoting trust and employee engagement
Authors: Downey Stephanie N. , van der Werff Lisa , Thomas Kecia M. , Plaut Victoria C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the association of diversity practices with an important aspect of workplace well‐being, engagement. It was hypothesized that this association would be mediated by trust climate, and that this mediation relationship would be stronger when employees experienced feelings of inclusion in the workplace. Using a sample of 4,597 health sector employees, results indicated that diversity practices are associated with a trusting climate that, in turn, is positively related to employee engagement. Furthermore, the relationship between diversity practices and trust climate was moderated by inclusion. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed along with recommendations for future research.
Evaluations of a bullying case involving a victim with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Gentry Rachel H. , Pickel Kerri L. , Johnson Meghan C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe investigated how people determine whether a specific occurrence of aggression between students constitutes bullying and how they think perpetrators should be treated. In two experiments, we examined perceptions of relational bullying at a university involving a victim who admits to engaging in socially inappropriate behavior. Participants were assigned to one of three victim disability conditions: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), dyslexia, or no disability. They listened to a recording of a disciplinary hearing and made several evaluations (e.g., verdict). Participants' judgments were more likely to favor the victim if they learned that he had ASD rather than dyslexia or no disability. Observers may view an ASD diagnosis as a reasonable explanation for behaving inappropriately and therefore excuse the victim's conduct.
Can music with prosocial lyrics heal the working world? A field intervention in a call center
Authors: Niven Karen 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMusic with lyrics about helping is shown to reduce aggression in the laboratory. This paper tests whether the prosocial lyric effect generalizes to reducing customer aggression in the workplace. A field experiment involved changing the hold music played to customers of a call center. The results of a 3 week study suggested that music significantly affected customers, but not in the way suggested by previous laboratory experiments; compared with days when instrumental background music was played, caller anger and employee exhaustion were lower on days when callers were played popular music with neutral, but not prosocial, lyrics. The findings suggest that music influences customer aggression, but that the prosocial lyric effect may not generalize from the laboratory to the call center.
Turnover of breeding bird communities on islands in an inundated lake
Authors: Si Xingfeng , Pimm Stuart L. , Russell Gareth J. , Ding Ping 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimMacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography proposes that the rate at which species colonize an island depends on the island's isolation (distance effect), whereas the local extinction rate depends on its area (area effect). Alternative hypotheses recognize that area can affect the colonization rate (target effect) and that isolation can affect the extinction rate (rescue effect) and, moreover, that these relationships may dominate. We quantify these relationships and associated turnover rates and incidence using long‐term counts of breeding bird communities on islands in an inundated lake.LocationThousand Island Lake, China.MethodsWe assessed the occupancy and behaviour of breeding birds on 37 islands from 2007 to 2012. We estimated the effects of area, isolation and other biogeographical parameters on the frequencies of colonization and extinction events using multivariate logistic regression. We then extended these results to derived properties such as species turnover rates and incidence.ResultsExtinction rates decreased and colonization rates increased on larger islands. Isolation had no significant effect on colonization or extinction rates. Islands had high species turnover overall, and turnover rates followed the same pattern as extinction rates with different areas and isolations. Pool turnover, which controls for the number of species in the pool, was higher on large islands. Species richness also increased with area. Our study of bird communities supported area and target effects, but not distance and rescue effects.Main conclusionsIsland area was a better predictor of colonization and extinction than isolation, probably because of the relatively small scale (c. 580 km2) and homogeneous vegetation structure of our research system, and the strong dispersal ability of birds. We conclude that the differences between our observations and theoretical predictions, or results from other studies that measured colonization and extinction directly, are consistent with the particular biogeography of these islands.
Cognitive benefits of last night's sleep: daily variations in children's sleep behavior are related to working memory fluctuations
Authors: Könen Tanja , Dirk Judith , Schmiedek Florian 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundRecent studies have suggested substantial fluctuations of cognitive performance in adults both across and within days, but very little is known about such fluctuations in children. Children's sleep behavior might have an important influence on their daily cognitive resources, but so far this has not been investigated in terms of naturally occurring within‐person variations in children's everyday lives.MethodsIn an ambulatory assessment study, 110 elementary school children (8–11 years old) completed sleep items and working memory tasks on smartphones several times per day in school and at home for 4 weeks. Parents provided general information about the children and their sleep habits.ResultsWe identified substantial fluctuations in the children's daily cognitive performance, self‐reported nightly sleep quality, time in bed, and daytime tiredness. All three facets were predictive of performance fluctuations in children's school and daily life. Sleep quality and time in bed were predictive of performance in the morning, and afternoon performance was related to current tiredness. The children with a lower average performance level showed a higher within‐person coupling between morning performance and sleep quality.ConclusionsOur findings contribute important insights regarding a potential source of performance fluctuations in children. The effect of varying cognitive resources should be investigated further because it might impact children's daily social, emotional, and learning‐related functioning. Theories about children's cognitive and educational development should consider fluctuations on micro‐longitudinal scales (e.g., day‐to‐day) to identify possible mechanisms behind long‐term changes.
3D geometry analysis of the medial meniscus – a statistical shape modeling approach
Authors: Vrancken A. C. T. , Crijns S. P. M. , Ploegmakers M. J. M. , O'Kane C. , van Tienen T. G. , Janssen D. , Buma P. , Verdonschot N. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe geometry‐dependent functioning of the meniscus indicates that detailed knowledge on 3D meniscus geometry and its inter‐subject variation is essential to design well functioning anatomically shaped meniscus replacements. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify 3D meniscus geometry and to determine whether variation in medial meniscus geometry is size‐ or shape‐driven. Also we performed a cluster analysis to identify distinct morphological groups of medial menisci and assessed whether meniscal geometry is gender‐dependent. A statistical shape model was created, containing the meniscus geometries of 35 subjects (20 females, 15 males) that were obtained from MR images. A principal component analysis was performed to determine the most important modes of geometry variation and the characteristic changes per principal component were evaluated. Each meniscus from the original dataset was then reconstructed as a linear combination of principal components. This allowed the comparison of male and female menisci, and a cluster analysis to determine distinct morphological meniscus groups. Of the variation in medial meniscus geometry, 53.8% was found to be due to primarily size‐related differences and 29.6% due to shape differences. Shape changes were most prominent in the cross‐sectional plane, rather than in the transverse plane. Significant differences between male and female menisci were only found for principal component 1, which predominantly reflected size differences. The cluster analysis resulted in four clusters, yet these clusters represented two statistically different meniscal shapes, as differences between cluster 1, 2 and 4 were only present for principal component 1. This study illustrates that differences in meniscal geometry cannot be explained by scaling only, but that different meniscal shapes can be distinguished. Functional analysis, e.g. through finite element modeling, is required to assess whether these distinct shapes actually influence the biomechanical performance of the meniscus.