bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Types of Interventions
Authors: Saint Sanjay 
Published: April 2015

Infection prevention programs were slow to develop—they were a rarity as recently as the 1950s—but they have become a staple of modern-day hospitals. Great strides have been made to identify clinician activities that can control or prevent various healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). This chapter describes the contents of infection prevention bundles for CAUTI, CLABSI, and VAP. In the case of CAUTI, the so-called bladder bundle sets forth appropriate and inappropriate use of indwelling catheters. A nursing checklist, on paper or as a template in the electronic medical record, is used to track patients’ daily urinary catheter status. Doctors and nurses are asked to rethink when a Foley is called for, what alternatives should be considered, what catheter equipment should be used, and how long the Foley should remain in place.
Building the Team
Authors: Saint Sanjay 
Published: April 2015

The recruitment of a nurse champion and a physician champion is described in detail. At in-person meetings and via online presentations, team members familiarize themselves with current catheter practices and absorb the new protocols. They decide which medical floor unit will be the first target and pilot site for the initiative. Their criteria: a unit with a track record for cooperating with interventions that also has a sizable number of Foleys and CAUTI cases. The project manager, champions, and other team members work out implementation details—promoting the project’s goals throughout the hospital, coordinating with other ongoing quality improvement initiatives in the hospital, identifying those people who will need special convincing. The changes will drive staff from their comfort zones, add to their workload, and challenge traditional relationships between nurses and doctors.
Toward Sustainability
Authors: Saint Sanjay 
Published: April 2015

After the formal initiative is finished, the project team continues working to secure and perpetuate the progress made in reducing Foley usage and institutionalizing the bladder bundle checklist. Members put into effect plans formulated during the initiative’s early days. The evaluation of catheter use and of infection rates goes on, though the data collection intervals are farther apart. Successes are promoted throughout the hospital, a reminder that the initiative continues. A major mission: To identify backsliders and realign them. Because of the possibility that champions will leave the hospital or be reassigned, current champions are urged to develop their replacements. And the team makes sure that the orientation process for new arrivals to the hospital includes CAUTI prevention information and the hospital’s protocols concerning Foley insertion and removal.
Serious case review findings on the challenges of self-neglect: indicators for good practice
Authors: Braye Suzy , Orr David , Preston-Shoot Michael 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to analyse in detail the findings from 40 serious case reviews (SCRs) involving adults who self-neglect, and to consider the commissioning and reporting of such inquiries in the context of accountability that also involves the Coroner and the Local Government Ombudsman.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study comprised a cross-case analysis of 32 SCRs, using a four-layer design of the adult and their living context, the team around the adult, the organisations around the team, and the Local Safeguarding Board around the organisations.

Findings
– Available reports tend towards description of events rather than appraisal of what influenced practice. They highlight the challenges in cases of self-neglect practice, including person-centred approaches, capacity assessment and securing engagement. Familiar themes emerge when the spotlight turns to professional and organisational networks, namely information-sharing, supervision, recording and compliance with procedures and legal rules. Some Local Safeguarding Adults Boards found the process of conducting and then using serious case reviews for service improvement challenging.

Research limitations/implications
– The cross-case approach to thematic analysis focuses on reports into situations where outcomes of professional and organisational intervention had been disappointing. Nonetheless, the themes derived from this analysis are similar to other research findings on what represents best practice when working with cases involving self-neglect.

Practical implications
– The paper identifies learning for the effective commissioning and conduct of SCRs, and for service improvement with respect to practice with adults who self-neglect.

Originality/value
– The paper offers further detailed analysis of a large sample of SCRs that builds the evidence-base for effective practice with adults who self-neglect and for efficient management of process of commissioning and conducting SCRs.
Abuse in care? A research project to identify early indicators of concern in residential and nursing homes for older people
Authors: Marsland David , Oakes Peter , White Caroline 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the prevention of the abuse of older people in residential and nursing homes, through the identification of “early indicators of concern”. Such indicators support practitioners in identifying services in which older people are at risk of abuse, neglect and ill treatment.

Design/methodology/approach
– Semi-structured interviews were conducted with health and social care practitioners in two local authorities (in England and Scotland), who had visited services in which abuse or neglect had occurred. Practitioners were asked about the things that they had seen within the service which had caused them to become concerned.

Findings
– Over 90 early indicators of concern were identified. These indicators were grouped within six themes which identify key manifestations of service cultures which may promote the abuse of older people.

Practical implications
– Information and guidance has been developed to enable practitioners to recognise early indicators and identify services in which older people are at risk and in which actions are required to help prevent the onset of abuse.

Originality/value
– A range of studies have highlighted the importance of organisational cultures in promoting the abuse of older people. The early indicators identified through this research represent visible signs of such poor service cultures which can be observed by practitioners, enabling them to recognise services in which older people are at greater risk.
Why and how should the international volunteer tourism experience be improved?
Authors: Benson Angela M. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to summarise the contributions made in this theme issue and draw conclusions about the issue’s key question “Why and how should the international volunteer tourism experience be improved?”, thereby providing a theme issue conclusion.Design/methodology/approach– This paper summarises and critically reviews the seven articles that have contributed to the theme issue.Findings– International volunteer tourism is a growing phenomenon that has received much criticism in the last decade and whilst there are a number of mechanisms to improve the quality of this sector as yet, there is little evidence to support any conclusion that there is wide-scale success in achieving best practice in quality assurance within the sector.Originality/value– This theme issue explores international volunteer tourism from a range of contributors, academics, a practitioner and a travel writer, who have engaged with a range of stakeholders to offer different perspectives. The theme issue as a whole offers the reader an opportunity to engage in a unique and wide-ranging discourse on quality and international volunteer tourism.
Elephants, orphans and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Phelan Kelly Virginia 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to explore the experiences of international volunteer tourists, or voluntourists, to Botswana. Wildlife conservation, health education and orphanage voluntourists are examined specifically.

Design/methodology/approach
– Qualitative data were collected through interviews with tourists who had completed or were in the midst of volunteer experiences.

Findings
– Findings revealed that international voluntourism opportunities in Botswana are challenging to locate and leave volunteers questioning their impact. Some of the difficulties associated with voluntourism in Botswana included the need for volunteers to pay to participate, the concern regarding whether volunteers were depriving locals of employment opportunities, hesitation about the authenticity of the experience and the lack of community ownership.

Practical implications
– This paper will be beneficial to industry practitioners as it details the challenges associated with international voluntourism and provides suggestions for ways to attract volunteers, engage them in the process and ensure both the organization and tourist have a positive and useful experience.

Originality/value
– The increased interest in international voluntourism is a trend which is unlikely to decelerate in the coming years. This paper advances the knowledge on voluntourism operations in Botswana which may be valuable to tourists, students, academicians, government policymakers and industry practitioners alike.
Weight estimation in paediatric resuscitation: A hefty issue in New Zealand
Authors: Britnell Sally , Koziol‐McLain Jane 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo test the accuracy of weight estimation methods currently used in New Zealand to predict a child's weight in emergency resuscitation.MethodsA prospective, observational study. Data were collected in July 2013 at five Auckland schools among children aged 5–10 years. Collected demographic information included age, ethnicity, sex and school decile. Standardised measures included weight, height and Broselow–Luten tape (2011 version, limited to children 43–143 cm) weight. Age‐based weight estimates were calculated for APLS, Shann and Theron formulae. Mean bias (actual weight – estimated weight) and clinical accuracy (proportion of estimates within 10% of actual weight) are reported. Bland–Altman plots illustrate agreement and 95% limits of agreement.ResultsThe 376 participants weighed between 14.2 and 93.1 kg. The proportion of weight estimates within 10% of actual weight were 28.7%, 39.1% and 45.7% for the age‐based formula (Theron, APLS and Shann, respectively). The mean bias was negative for Theron (−6.5) and positive for APLS (7.8) and Shann (7.7). For the length‐based Broselow–Luten tape method (n = 305), the proportion of weight estimates within 10% of actual weight was 73.4% and mean bias was 1.1.ConclusionFor children under 143 cm in height, the Broselow–Luten tape outperforms other weight estimation methods, accurately estimating weight in approximately three out of four children. The age‐based estimation methods performed poorly overall, with variation by age and ethnicity.
Physical Characterization of Wax/Oil Crystalline Networks
Authors: Martini Silvana , Tan Chin Yiap , Jana Sarbojeet 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe objective of this research was to evaluate the physical properties of different types of wax/oil systems. Olive (OO), corn (CO), soybean (SBO), sunflower (SFO), safflower (SAFO), and canola (CAO) oils were mixed with sunflower oil wax (SFOW), paraffin wax (PW), and beeswax (BW) at different concentrations (1% to 10%). Results from this study show that the physical properties of wax/oil systems is affected not only by the concentration and type of wax used, but also by the type of oil used. In general, wax/oil systems formulated with SFOW generated crystalline networks with high enthalpies (1 to 22 J/g) and high G ′ values (2 to 6 × 106 Pa) compared with the values obtained for BW and PW. SFOW crystalline networks were characterized by needle‐like crystals independently of the wax concentrations and type of oil used. BW crystalline networks, however, were characterized by different crystal morphologies (needle‐like or spherulites) depending on the wax concentration and type of oil used. PW samples were characterized by a crystalline network formed by needle‐ and platelet‐like crystals. Enthalpy values of BW and PW samples were similar (0.3 to 20 J/g), but BW samples resulted in significantly higher (P < 0.05) G ′ values in the 5% and 10% samples with values of 3.9 × 106 and 6.1 × 105 Pa for 10% BW and PW, respectively.
Effect of hepatic insulin expression on lipid metabolism in diabetic mice
Authors: Qu Shen , Zhang Ting , Dong H. Henry 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundHypertriglyceridemia is a common lipid disorder that is characterized by elevated plasma levels of triglyceride (TG)‐rich particles, such as very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL), in poorly controlled diabetes. The aim of the present study was to determine the potential therapeutic effect of hepatic insulin production on hypertriglyceridemia in mice.MethodsMice were induced diabetic and hypertriglyceridemic by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment. Using an adenovirus‐mediated gene transfer approach, we delivered rat preproinsulin cDNA into the liver of diabetic mice and then determined plasma TG metabolism. To investigate the mechanism by which hepatic insulin improves TG metabolism, we determined hepatic expression of apolipoprotein C‐III (ApoC‐III), a structural moiety and functional inhibitor of VLDL‐TG catabolism.ResultsPlasma VLDL‐TG levels were markedly elevated in STZ‐treated mice, and were accompanied by hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. These metabolic abnormalities were restored to near normal following hepatic insulin production in insulin vector‐treated diabetic mice. In contrast, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia persisted in control vector‐treated diabetic animals. Hepatic ApoC‐III expression became deregulated secondary to insulin deficiency, contributing to impaired TG metabolism in diabetic mice. Hepatic insulin production suppressed excessive hepatic ApoC‐III production to basal levels.ConclusionHepatic insulin production is efficacious in correcting hypertriglyceridemia associated with insulin deficiency in diabetic mice.
Resveratrol inhibits inflammation and ameliorates insulin resistant endothelial dysfunction via regulation of AMP‐activated protein kinase and sirtuin 1 activities
Authors: Liu Zifeng , Jiang Cuihua , Zhang Jinghua , Liu Baolin , Du Qun 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundResveratrol is a phytoalexin with beneficial effects on human health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol on endothelial dysfunction involved in insulin signaling and inflammation.MethodsEndothelial cells were stimulated with palmitate (PA) to induce insulin resistance characterized by a loss of insulin‐mediated nitric oxide (NO) production. Diabetes was induced in rats by fructose feeding. The effects of resveratrol and the mechanisms involved were investigated using an aortic relaxation assay and Western blot analysis.ResultsIn endothelial cells, 0.1–10 μmol/L resveratrol suppressed IκB kinase β (IKKβ)/nuclear factor‐κB phosphorylation, as well as tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6 production, and restored the insulin receptor substrate‐1 (Irs‐1)/Akt/endothelial NO synthase signaling pathway. Furthermore, resveratrol effectively inhibited the mitogenic actions of insulin by decreasing the secretion of endothelin‐1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1. It also positively regulated AMP‐activated kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activation, which contributed to the inhibition of inflammation implicated in endothelial insulin resistance. Stimulation with PA and long term‐fructose feeding impaired insulin‐mediated vessel dilation in rat aorta, whereas pretreatment of aortic rings with resveratrol (0.1–10 μmol/L) or treatment of rats with 5 or 20 mg/kg resveratrol counteracted these changes.ConclusionThe results indicate that resveratrol inhibits inflammation and facilitates insulin phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase signaling by beneficial modulation of IRS‐1 function partly via regulation of AMPK and SIRT1 activity in the endothelium.
Consequences of interspecific hybridization and virus infection on the growth and fecundity of three threatened coastalLepidium(Brassicaceae) species fromNewZealand
Authors: Van Vianen Josh C. C. M. , Houliston Gary J. , Fletcher John D. , Heenan Peter B. , Chapman Hazel M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLepidium castellanum,L. juvencumandL. oleraceumare threatened coastal cresses endemic toNewZealand. These three species were selfed and interspecific hybrids generated for examination of hybrid fitness and inbreeding depression. In controlled glasshouse experiments, the interspecific hybrids and selfed progeny were inoculated with a strain of the introduced Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) previously isolated from wild populations ofL. aegrum. Experiments tested the hypothesis that heterosis in the interspecific hybrids provides a gain inTuMVresistance in comparison to selfed plants. We show that interspecific hybrids of three genetically distinct species ofLepidiumincreased plant performance and reduced susceptibility to the effects of theTuMV. We suggest that interspecific hybridization could be implemented as a conservation management strategy and that a broader outlook may be required to mitigate the negative impacts of introduced pathogens on threatened species.
Mitochondrial DNA Polymerase γ Mutations and Their Implications in mtDNA Alterations in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Linkowska Katarzyna , Jawień Arkadiusz , Marszałek Andrzej , Malyarchuk Boris A. , Tońska Katarzyna , Bartnik Ewa , Skonieczna Katarzyna , Grzybowski Tomasz 
Published: April 2015

SummaryMitochondrial DNA was found to be highly mutated in colorectal cancer cells. One of the key molecules involved in the maintenance of the mitochondrial genome is the nuclear‐encoded polymerase gamma. The aim of our study was to determine if there is a link between polymorphisms within the polymerase gamma gene (POLG) and somatic mutations within the mitochondrial genome in cancer cells. We investigated POLG sequence variability in 50 colorectal cancer patients whose complete mitochondrial genome sequences were determined. Relative mtDNA copy number was also determined. We identified 251 sequence variants in the POLG gene. Most of them were germline‐specific (∼92%). Twenty‐one somatic changes in POLG were found in 10 colorectal cancer patients. We have found no association between the occurrence of mtDNA somatic mutations and the somatically occurring variants in POLG. MtDNA content was reduced in patients carrying somatic variants in POLG or germline nucleotide variants located in the region encoding the POLG polymerase domain, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that somatic mtDNA mutations occurring in colorectal cancer are not a consequence of somatic mutations in POLG. Nevertheless, POLG nucleotide variants may lead to a decrease in mtDNA content, and consequently result in mitochondrial dysfunction.
Morphine potentiates LPS‐induced autophagy initiation but inhibits autophagosomal maturation through distinct TLR4‐dependent and independent pathways
Authors: Wan J. , Ma J. , Anand V. , Ramakrishnan S. , Roy S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimOpioids are the most prescribed analgesics for moderate and severe pain management; however, chronic use impairs host innate immune response and increases susceptibility to infection. Recently, autophagy has been shown to be an innate defence mechanism against bacterial infection. The effect of autophagy‐induced bacterial clearance following morphine treatment has not been previously investigated.MethodsAutophagosomes were visualized by confocal microscopy following GFP‐LC3 transfection and also by transmission electron microscopy. The relative protein levels were analysed by Western blot. Macrophages were transfected with GFP‐mcherry‐LC3 simultaneously to monitor autolysosome formation and subsequent events that lead to degradation.ResultsMorphine treatment potentiated LPS‐induced vesicular translocation of GFP‐LC3 with a concurrent increase in LC3‐II levels. In addition, morphine upregulated LPS‐induced Beclin1 level, but downregulated Bcl‐2 level. We further show that p38 MAP kinase signalling is required for autophagy activation. In contrast, morphine inhibited LPS‐induced autophagosome maturation and autophagolysosomal fusion as indicated by the failure to recruit LAMP1 into autophagosome and reduced degradation of SQSTM1/p62 protein level. Morphine modulation of LPS‐induced autophagosome maturation visualized using co‐localization of GFP‐mcherry‐LC3 was TLR4 independent, but mediated through μ opioid receptor signalling. Correspondingly, morphine and LPS co‐treatment significantly increased Streptococcus pneumoniae load, when compared with LPS treatment alone.ConclusionThese observations imply that although morphine treatment facilitates LPS‐induced autophagy, it inhibits autophagolysosomal fusion leading to decreased bacterial clearance and increased bacterial load. These observations support the increased susceptibility to infection and the prevalence of persistent infection in the drug abuse population.
Effect of lopinavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of selexipag an oral prostacyclin receptor agonist and its active metabolite in healthy subjects
Authors: Kaufmann Priska , Niglis Séverine , Bruderer Shirin , Segrestaa Jérôme , Äänismaa Päivi , Halabi Atef , Dingemanse Jasper 
Published: April 2015

AimsThis study investigated the effect of a fixed dose combination of lopinavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of selexipag and its active metabolite ACT‐333679.MethodsThis was an open label, randomized, single centre, two way, crossover study. Twenty healthy male subjects were treated with a single dose of 400 µg selexipag alone and in combination with multiple doses of lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg) twice daily.ResultsThe results showed that lopinavir/ritonavir approximately doubled the exposure to selexipag. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(0,∞) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of selexipag were 2.2‐ and 2.1‐fold higher, respectively, than under selexipag alone, with a 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometric mean ratio (GMR) of 1.9, 2.7 and 1.7, 2.6, respectively. For ACT‐333679, the clinically more relevant component of selexipag, systemic exposure was increased by 8% (GMR of AUC(0,∞) 1.1, 90% CI 0.9, 1.3), when lopinavir/ritonavir was co‐administered with selexipag.The most frequently reported adverse event (AE) was headache. A single dose of selexipag, administered either alone or together with multiple doses of lopinavir/ritonavir, was safe and well tolerated.ConclusionsLopinavir/ritonavir does not affect the PK parameters of selexipag and ACT‐333679 to a clinically relevant extent. Therefore, adaptation of the selexipag dose is not required when co‐administered with inhibitors of the organic anion‐transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1/ 1B3, P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) and/or CYP3A4.