bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolving mental health landscape in Singapore
Authors: Ho Cyrus S. H. , Ho Roger C. M. , Mahendran Rathi 
Published: July 2014

SummarySingapore is a multi-ethnic Asian society with a unique sociocultural and economic background. This is an overview of the characteristics of psychiatry in this nation in terms of service provision, mental health funding, education and training, and the challenges it faces in the midst of an evolving mental health landscape. Over the past 5 years, Singapore has maintained a closer tie with the Royal College of Psychiatrists through the the College's Membership examination.
Bent π-Conjugated System Composed of Two Dibenzocyclooctatetraene Units: Multifunctional Properties of Dynamic Molecular Tweezers in Solution and the Solid State
Authors: Nishiuchi Tomohiko , Iyoda Masahiko 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A series of bent π-conjugated compounds, 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b, composed of two tub-shaped dibenzocyclooctatetraene (DBCOT) units with two cyano substituents on each cyclooctatetraene (COT) ring were designed and synthesized by using improved synthetic procedures. The anti- and syn-conformers of 2a, 2b and 3a, 3b, which coexist in equilibrium in solution, were independently observed by using 1H NMR spectroscopy at room temperature, and the signals of the anti- and syn-forms coalesced at 130 °C to give signals assigned to a D2h symmetric molecule. The ratio of the anti- and syn-isomers of these dynamic molecular tweezers (DMTs) were dependent on the position of the cyano substituents on the COT rings due to the difference in either torsional strain or dipole moments between the anti- and syn-isomers (2a, 2b: syn &gt; anti; 3a, 3b: syn &lt; anti). The dynamic guest incorporation ability of these DMTs in solution was investigated by using 1H NMR and UV–vis spectroscopic titration experiments and evaluated on the basis of the calculated affinity for a guest molecule. We found that 2a, 2b and 3a, 3b exhibited unique aggregation-induced emission in solution and crystalline-state emission induced by incorporated solvents in the crystal lattices of the DMTs. The emission wavelength and quantum yield of the aggregation-induced and crystalline-state emissions depended on their restricted flexibility and syn–anti ratio. Theoretical calculations confirmed that the dihedral angle between the central and terminal benzene rings had the largest effect on the emission wavelength in the crystalline state.
Patterning of Alkylamine Molecules on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite Surfaces via Deep UV Light Irradiation
Authors: Sato Yusuke , Kawaguchi Toshikazu 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A method for the removal of alkylamine groups and patterning of alkylamine monolayer on carbon surfaces is proposed. Deep UV light irradiation (172 nm) was used to remove alkylamine monolayers from carbon surfaces. When a photomask was employed, patterned alkylamine monolayers were obtained. Labeling of COOH- and NH2-terminated alkylamine monolayers on carbon surfaces with redox probes and fluorescent dyes, respectively, via amide coupling clearly indicated that deep UV light patterning was successfully achieved.
Ketamine is toxic to chondrocyte cell cultures
Authors: Ozturk A. M. , Ergun M. A. , Demir T. , Gungor I. , Yilmaz A. , Kaya K. 
Published: July 2014

Ketamine has been used in combination with a variety of other agents for intra-articular analgesia, with promising results. However, although it has been shown to be toxic to various types of cell, there is no available information on the effects of ketamine on chondrocytes.We conducted a prospective randomised controlled study to evaluate the effects of ketamine on cultured chondrocytes isolated from rat articular cartilage. The cultured cells were treated with 0.125 mM, 0.250 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM and 2 mM of ketamine respectively for 6 h, 24 hours and 48 hours, and compared with controls. Changes of apoptosis were evaluated using fluorescence microscopy with a 490 nm excitation wavelength. Apoptosis and eventual necrosis were seen at each concentration. The percentage viability of the cells was inversely proportional to both the duration and dose of treatment (p = 0.002 and p = 0.009). Doses of 0.5 mM, 1 mM and 2mM were absolutely toxic.We concluded that in the absence of solid data to support the efficacy of intra-articular ketamine for the control of pain, and the toxic effects of ketamine on cultured chondrocytes shown by this study, intra-articular ketamine, either alone or in combination with other agents, should not be used to control pain.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:989–94.
A review of outcomes of the surgical management of femoroacetabular impingement
Authors: MacFarlane RJ , Konan S , El-Huseinny M , Haddad FS 
Published: July 2014

Introduction Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) resulting from abnormal contact between the acetabulum and femur has been studied extensively in recent years owing to its association with acetabular labrum tears and possible contribution to the development of osteoarthritis. Methods A comprehensive PubMed, MEDLINE® and Embase™ literature search was conducted. Search terms included ‘femoroacetabular impingement’, ‘pathophysiology’, ‘diagnosis’, ‘dGEMRIC’, ‘arthroscopic’, ‘open’, ‘mini-open’ and ‘outcome measure’. Results A range of radiographic features have been described, and computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are both commonly used in the diagnosis of the bony abnormalities in FAI. Treatment of FAI is surgical with methods of treatment ranging from open surgical hip dislocation to arthroscopic osteochondroplasty. Conclusions In recent years, a trend towards the use of arthroscopic treatment for FAI has been seen, with promising results from a range of studies. However, only short-term outcome data are available and a range of different outcome measures have been used in studies to date. We present an overview of the outcomes for a range of surgical treatment methods for FAI and discuss the outcome measures used.
Unintended consequences of policy change to watchful waiting for asymptomatic inguinal hernias
Authors: Hwang MJ , Bhangu A , Webster CE , Bowley DM , Gannon MX , Karandikar SS 
Published: July 2014

Introduction In 2009 the Department of Health instructed McKinsey & Company to provide advice on how commissioners might achieve world class National Health Service productivity. Asymptomatic inguinal hernia repair was identified as a potentially cosmetic procedure, with limited clinical benefit. The Birmingham and Solihull primary care trust cluster introduced a policy of watchful waiting for asymptomatic inguinal hernia, which was implemented across the health economy in December 2010. This retrospective cohort study aimed to examine the effect of a change in clinical commissioning policy concerning elective surgical repair of asymptomatic inguinal hernias. Methods A total of 1,032 patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair in the 16 months after the policy change were compared with 978 patients in the 16 months before. The main outcome measure was relative proportion of emergency repair in groups before and after the policy change. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to adjust the main outcome for age, sex and hernia type. Results The period after the policy change was associated with 59% higher odds of emergency repair (3.6% vs 5.5%, adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–2.47). In turn, emergency repair was associated with higher odds of adverse events (4.7% vs 18.5%, adjusted OR: 3.68, 95% CI: 2.04–6.63) and mortality (0.1% vs 5.4%, p<0.001, Fisher’s exact test). Conclusions Introduction of a watchful waiting policy for asymptomatic inguinal hernias was associated with a significant increase in need for emergency repair, which was in turn associated with an increased risk of adverse events. Current policies may be placing patients at risk.
Pediatric Post-Acute Care Hospital Transitions: An Evaluation of Current Practice
Authors: O’Brien Jane E. , Dumas Helene M. , Nash Carol M. , Burke Sharon A. , Holson Debbie C. , Mast Joelle , Pelegano John , Simpser Edwin F. , Traul Christine , Whitford Kathleen 
Published: July 2014

Objectives:
After discharge from an acute care hospital, some children require ongoing care at a post–acute care hospital. Care transitions occur at both admission to the post–acute care hospital and again at discharge to the home/community. Our objective was to report the current practices used during the admission to and discharge from 7 pediatric post–acute care hospitals in the United States.

Methods:
Participants from 7 pediatric post–acute care hospitals completed a survey and rated the frequency of use of 20 practices to prepare and support children and their families during both admission to the hospital and at time of discharge to the home/community. For consistency with existing literature, practices were grouped into 4 previously reported categories: assessment, communication, education, and logistics. Descriptive statistics were used to report the frequency of use within practices and between hospitals.

Results:
Only 2 of 10 admission practices and 3 of 10 discharge practices were reportedly “always” used by all hospitals. Assessment and communication practices were reported to be more frequently used (57%–100% of the time) than education and logistic procedures. Between hospitals, only the reported frequency of use of the discharge practices was statistically significantly different (P = .03).

Conclusions:
Variability exists in transition practices among 7 post–acute care pediatric hospitals. This report is the first known to detail the frequency of use of admission and discharge practices for pediatric post–acute care hospitals in the United States.
Videoconferencing to Reduce Stress Among Hospitalized Children
Authors: Yang Nikki H. , Dharmar Madan , Hojman Nayla M. , Sadorra Candace K. , Sundberg Diana , Wold Gary L. , Parsapour Kourosh , Marcin James P. 
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVES:
Family-Link is a videoconferencing program that allows hospitalized children and their parents to virtually visit family members and friends using laptops, webcams, and a secure Wi-Fi connection. We evaluated the association of Family-Link use on the reduction in stress experienced by children during hospitalization.

METHODS:
We offered Family-Link to pediatric patients who had an expected length of hospitalization equal to or greater than 4 days. We measured the stress levels of hospitalized children at admission and discharge using the previously published Parental Stress Survey. We used propensity score matching and multivariable linear regression methods to evaluate the relationship between the use of Family-Link and stress experienced by children during hospitalization.

RESULTS:
We included a total of 367 children in the study: 232 Family-Link users and 135 non–Family-Link users. Using the propensity score matching method, we found that the use of Family-Link was significantly associated with a greater reduction in overall mean stress compared with non–Family-Link users among the cohort of patients who lived closer to the hospital and had shorter lengths of hospitalization (β = 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.03 to 0.43; P &lt; .05). In this cohort, the reduction in overall mean stress was 37% greater among Family-Link users than non–Family-Link users.

CONCLUSIONS:
The use of videoconferencing by some hospitalized children and families to conduct virtual visits with family and friends outside of the hospital was associated with a greater reduction in stress during hospitalization than those who did not use videoconferencing.
Evaluation of fluid production and seroma formation after placement of closed suction drains in clean subcutaneous surgical wounds of dogs: 77 cases (2005–2012)
Authors: Shaver Stephanie L. , Hunt Geraldine B. , Kidd Scott W. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate fluid production and factors associated with seroma formation after placement of closed suction drains in clean surgical wounds in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—77 client-owned dogs with a subcutaneous closed suction drain placed following a clean surgical procedure.
Procedures—Medical records (January 2005 to June 2012) were reviewed, and signalment, site of surgery and underlying disease process, histologic evaluation results, total drain fluid production, fluid production rate (mL/kg/h) at 12-hour intervals, cytologic evaluation of drain fluid, and development of dehiscence, infection, or seroma were recorded. Associations among variables were evaluated.
Results—The most common complication was dehiscence (n = 18), followed by seroma (14) and infection (4). Dogs that developed a seroma had significantly greater total drain fluid volume relative to body weight and greater fluid production rate at 24 and 72 hours as well as the last time point measured before drain removal. Dogs in which drains were removed when fluid production rate was > 0.2 mL/kg/h (0.09 mL/lb/h) were significantly more likely to develop a seroma.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Seroma formation was more common in dogs with a higher rate of fluid production relative to body weight, but was not associated with the number of days that a closed suction drain remained in situ. Dogs may be at greater risk of seroma formation if their drains are removed while drainage is still occurring at a rate > 0.2 mL/kg/h.
Cyclophosphamide intoxication because of pharmacy error in two dogs
Authors: Wells Jennifer E. , Sabatino Bethany R. , Whittemore Jacqueline C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Case Description—An 8-year-old spayed female Yorkshire Terrier and 5-year-old castrated male West Highland White Terrier were evaluated because of cyclophosphamide intoxication subsequent to pharmacy error. Both dogs received cumulative doses of approximately 1,080 mg of cyclophosphamide/m2 after cyclophosphamide was erroneously dispensed instead of cyclosporine by different pharmacies.
Clinical Findings—Both dogs became lethargic, and 1 dog also had anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea within 2 days after initiation of cyclophosphamide administration. The other dog developed anorexia on the seventh day after initiation of cyclophosphamide administration. The dogs were evaluated by their primary-care veterinarians 9 and 11 days after administration of the first dose of cyclophosphamide, and both had severe leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.
Treatment and Outcome—One dog was treated on an outpatient basis with broad-spectrum antimicrobials, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and an appetite stimulant. The other dog was more severely affected and was hospitalized for 7 days, during which it was treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials, gastroprotectants, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and cryopreserved platelet and packed RBC transfusions. Both dogs fully recovered after treatment.
Clinical Relevance—This was the first report of survival for dogs with inadvertent prolonged cyclophosphamide intoxication subsequent to pharmacy error. Although the 2 dogs had similar clinical signs and clinicopathologic findings, the severity of disease and treatment required differed for each dog. Dogs can recover from prolonged cyclophosphamide intoxication provided appropriate supportive care is administered.
Quelques réflexions à propos de la politique togolaise de développement rural mise en œuvre au cours de la décennie 1980 (Some thoughts about the politics of rural development in Togo during the 1980's)
Authors: Akibodé A.K. 
Published: July 2014

In Togo, agriculture accounts for 35 percent of the GNP, 30 percent of export products and 80 percent of the people's occupations. The urban people per capita income is about four times higher than that of the rural people ; as a result the agriculture sector represents only a demand worth US$ 60 millions per an in terms of buying power. It has been estimated that, through the 1980s, the annual income of the 270,000 farmers families of whom a census was taken, amounted to US $216 millions for a 39 percent market réintégration ratio.
From 1975 to the mid-1980s two ministries were exclusively in charge of the rural development at the level of the political establishment, namely the Ministry of Rural Development wich was essentially responsible for the incentives to production, and the Ministry of Rural Life Planning whose major responsibilities included questions relating to agricultural economy, infrastructure, raw materials supply and environmental protection.
From the ministries down to the international organisations and NGOs in charge of the implementation of the development projects in the rural sector, the State organisations that are operational in the agricultural sector are poorly coordinated. Up to the end of the 1980s, Togo had no central planning for the rural development in the shape of budget endowments allocated to the investments in favour of certain particular objectives. The different countries and donor organisations keep on implementing rural development projects in their «sphere of intervention» alongside a series of projects initiated by the State of Togo. This study purports to be a review of the activities conducted in favour of the development of the togo- lese rural world throughout the 1980s.
Corneal Collagen Cross-linking for Terrien Marginal Degeneration
Authors: Hafezi Farhad , Gatzioufas Zisis , Seiler Theo G. , Seiler Theo 
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:
To report the long-term clinical outcome of a patient diagnosed as having Terrien marginal degeneration (TMD) who was subjected to corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) with ultraviolet-A and riboflavin in both eyes.

METHODS:

Topographical changes were assessed by high-resolution Scheimpflug imaging and anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Eccentric epithelium-off CXL was performed in both eyes while protecting the corneal limbus. Irradiation was performed with a fluence of 5.4 J/cm
2
, using 3 mW/cm
2
for 30 minutes.

RESULTS:
Five years of postoperative follow-up showed regression of the keratometric values, a local thickening of the corneal stroma, and bilateral improvement of corrected distance visual acuity.

CONCLUSIONS:
CXL may arrest progression in TMD and even reverse the catabolic process in the corneal stroma. CXL might represent an alternative therapeutic approach for the management of TMD.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(7):498–500.]
IκB Kinase Activity Drives Fetal Lung Macrophage Maturation along a Non-M1/M2 Paradigm
Authors: Stouch Ashley N. , Zaynagetdinov Rinat , Barham Whitney J. , Stinnett Amanda M. , Slaughter James C. , Yull Fiona E. , Hoffman Hal M. , Blackwell Timothy S. , Prince Lawrence S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In preterm infants, exposure to inflammation increases the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a chronic, developmental lung disease. Although macrophages are the key cells that initiate lung inflammation, less is known about lung macrophage phenotype and maturation. We hypothesized that fetal lung macrophages mature into distinct subpopulations during mouse development, and that activation could influence macrophage maturation. Expression of the fetal macrophage markers CD68, CD86, CD206, Ym1, fibrinogen-like protein 2, and indolamine-2, 3-dioxygenase was developmentally regulated, with each marker having different temporal patterns. Flow cytometry analysis showed macrophages within the fetal lung were less diverse than the distinctly separate subpopulations in newborn and adult lungs. Similar to adult alveolar macrophages, fetal lung macrophages responded to the TLR4 agonist LPS and the alternative activation cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. Using a macrophage-specific constitutively active IκB Kinase transgenic model (IKFM), we demonstrated that macrophage activation increased proinflammatory gene expression and reduced the response of fetal lung macrophages to IL-4 and IL-13. Activation also increased fetal lung macrophage proliferation. Fetal IKFM lungs contained increased percentages of more mature, CD11blowF4/80high cells that also expressed higher levels of the alternative activation markers CD204 and CD206. Development of fetal lung macrophages into mature alveolar macrophages may therefore include features of both proinflammatory and alternative activation paradigms.
The Receptor for the Complement C3a Anaphylatoxin (C3aR) Provides Host Protection against Listeria monocytogenes–Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Mueller-Ortiz Stacey L. , Morales John E. , Wetsel Rick A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular bacterium that is acquired through tainted food and may lead to systemic infection and possible death. Despite the importance of the innate immune system in fighting L. monocytogenes infection, little is known about the role of complement and its activation products, including the potent C3a anaphylatoxin. In a model of systemic L. monocytogenes infection, we show that mice lacking the receptor for C3a (C3aR−/−) are significantly more sensitive to infection compared with wild-type mice, as demonstrated by decreased survival, increased bacterial burden, and increased damage to their livers and spleens. The inability of the C3aR−/− mice to clear the bacterial infection was not caused by defective macrophages or by a reduction in cytokines/chemokines known to be critical in the host response to L. monocytogenes, including IFN-γ and TNF-α. Instead, TUNEL staining, together with Fas, active caspase-3, and Bcl-2 expression data, indicates that the increased susceptibility of C3aR−/− mice to L. monocytogenes infection was largely caused by increased L. monocytogenes–induced apoptosis of myeloid and lymphoid cells in the spleen that are required for ultimate clearance of L. monocytogenes, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. These findings reveal an unexpected function of C3a/C3aR signaling during the host immune response that suppresses Fas expression and caspase-3 activity while increasing Bcl-2 expression, thereby providing protection to both myeloid and lymphoid cells against L. monocytogenes–induced apoptosis.
O MONISMO INTEGRAL DE HANS JONAS CONTRA O FISICALISMO
Authors: Carvalho Viana Wellistony 
Published: July 2014

O objetivo do presente artigo é tornar explicíta a tese jonasiana segundo a qual matéria e espírito, mente e corpo expressam duas dimensões irredutíveis do ser como um todo. O artigo se compõe de duas partes: na primeira, mostra-se a argumentação de Jonas contra o fisicalismo no nível do biológico, e na segunda, apresenta-se a argumentação crítica no nível do mental. Desautorizar a tese do monismo materialista é tão importante para a ética da responsabilidade como foi para Jonas criticar o dualismo cartesiano, contra o qual ele elaborou sua biologia filosófica.