bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endothelial dysfunction in hyperandrogenic polycystic ovary syndrome is not explained by either obesity or ectopic fat deposition
Authors: Sprung Victoria S. , Jones Helen , Pugh Christopher J. A. , Aziz Nabil F. , Daousi Christina , Kemp Graham J. , Green Daniel J. , Cable N. Timothy , Cuthbertson Daniel J. 
Published: July 2013

PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) is associated with IR (insulin resistance), increased visceral fat and NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) all of which may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, an early marker of CVD (cardiovascular disease) risk. Our objective was to examine the relationships between endothelial dysfunction in PCOS, the volume of AT (adipose tissue) compartments and the size of intracellular TAG (triacylglycerol) pools in liver and skeletal muscle. A total of 19 women with PCOS (means±S.D.; 26±6 years, 36±5 kg/m2) and 16 control women (31±8 years, 30±6 kg/m2) were recruited. Endothelial function was assessed in the brachial artery using FMD (flow-mediated dilation). VAT (visceral AT) and abdominal SAT (subcutaneous AT) volume were determined by whole body MRI, and liver and skeletal muscle TAG by 1H-MRS (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy). Cardiorespiratory fitness and HOMA-IR (homoeostasis model assessment of IR) were also determined. Differences between groups were analysed using independent Student's t tests and ANCOVA (analysis of co-variance). FMD was impaired in PCOS by 4.6% [95% CI (confidence interval), 3.0–7.7; P&lt;0.001], and this difference decreased only slightly to 4.2% (95% CI, 2.4–6.1; P&lt;0.001) when FMD was adjusted for individual differences in visceral and SAT and HOMA-IR. This magnitude of impairment was also similar in lean and obese PCOS women. The results suggest that endothelial dysfunction in PCOS is not explained by body fat distribution or volume. FMD might be a useful independent prognostic tool to assess CVD risk in this population.
Single-photon sampling architecture for solid-state imaging sensors
Authors: van den Berg Ewout , Candès Emmanuel , Chinn Garry , Levin Craig , Olcott Peter Demetri , Sing-Long Carlos 
Published: July 2013

Significance
We propose a highly compressed readout architecture for arrays of imaging sensors capable of detecting individual photons. By exploiting sparseness properties of the input signal, our architecture can provide the same information content as conventional readout designs while using orders of magnitude fewer output channels. This is achieved using a unique interconnection topology based on group-testing theoretical considerations. Unlike existing designs, this promises a low-cost sensor with high fill factor and high photon sensitivity, potentially enabling increased spatial and temporal resolution in a number of imaging applications, including positron-emission tomography and light detection and ranging.
A Simple Reagent-Free Spectrophotometric Assay for Monitoring Metronidazole Therapy in Aquarium Water
Authors: Webb D. Harry , Marrero Cynthia , Ellis Helen , Merriwether Lea , Dove Alistair D. M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
A reagent-free spectrophotometric assay was developed to measure the concentration of metronidazole (a 5-nitroimidazole) in both freshwater and seawater matrices. This assay is simple, repeatable, sensitive, and precise and is ideal for use when a rapid, selective test to determine metronidazole concentration in aqueous matrices is necessary. The assay was practically tested on a South American fishes display during treatment with metronidazole for an outbreak of the flagellated parasite Spironucleus in a mixed cichlid (family Cichlidae) and tetra (family Characidae) community. The assay clearly illustrated the course of treatment for the system during a real clinical application. The assay is not without limitations, as interferences can occur from other drugs in the matrix with similar absorbance spectra. Nonetheless, this type of assay illustrates the potential for use of native absorbance assays in aqueous matrices for this and other therapeutic compounds.
Received November 29, 2012; accepted March 17, 2013
Effects of Inactivated Enterococcus faecalis and Mannan Oligosaccharide and Their Combination on Growth, Immunity, and Disease Protection in Rainbow Trout
Authors: Rodriguez-Estrada Uriel , Satoh Shuichi , Haga Yutaka , Fushimi Hiroshi , Sweetman John 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
We examined the effects of the following seven experimental diets that varied in the concentration of inactivated cells of Enterococcus faecalis (Ef) and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), on Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: control (C) diet (no Ef and no MOS), diet E0.25% (2.5 g/kg Ef), diet E0.5% (5 g/kg Ef), diet M0.25% (2.5 g/kg MOS), diet M0.5% (5 g/kg MOS), diet EM0.25% (2.5 g/kg Ef + 2.5 g/kg MOS) and diet EM0.5% (5 g/kg Ef + 5 g/kg MOS). Rainbow Trout, initially weighing 36.27 ± 0.42 g (mean ± SD) were distributed into fourteen 60-L glass tanks at a stocking density of 35 fish per tank. Each diet was hand-fed to duplicate groups of fish twice daily for a 12-week period. After the feeding test, an intraperitoneal injection challenge test of Aeromonas salmonicida was conducted over 14 d. Resulting data were submitted to a multivariate analysis of variance. Weight gain increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) in E0.25%, M0.25%, and EM0.5% experimental groups compared with the control. Specific growth rate was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in fish fed E0.25%, M0.25%, and EM0.5% diets compared with fish fed the C diet. Feed gain ratio and protein efficiency ratio were significantly improved (P &lt; 0.05) in fish fed the EM0.5% diet compared with fish fed the C diet. Feed intake, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention, and the apparent digestibility coefficient recorded slight differences within experimental groups. Hematocrit value and phagocytic activity were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in fish fed E0.25%, E0.5%, M0.5%, EM0.25%, and EM0.5% diets compared with fish fed the C diet. Except for fish in the E0.25% group, fish in all other experimental groups showed a significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) mucus weight compared with those in the C group. After the challenge test, cumulative mortality and frequency of A. salmonicida were significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in all experimental groups compared with the C group. In conclusion, dosage and single or combined supplementation of Ef and MOS are factors that significantly affect fish performance.
Climate and choice of irrigation technology: implications for climate adaptation
Authors: Frisvold George B. , Deva Shailaja 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Because studies of irrigation technology adoption often concentrate on small geographic areas with the same climate, few have estimated effects of climate on irrigation technology choice. This study examines the choice of sprinkler versus gravity-flow irrigation across 17 western states. Analysis considers long-term seasonal temperatures and growing season length. An erosion index captures effects of rainfall, field slope, and soil water-holding capacity. Sprinkler adoption increases with reliance on groundwater, pumping costs, farm wage growth, and erosion. Sprinkler adoption was significantly lower for smaller farms. In colder climates, climate warming may lengthen the growing season, but increase susceptibility to frost during the expanded growth period, which may encourage sprinkler adoption. In warmer areas, there is less scope to adapt to warming by switching from gravity to sprinkler technology. Sprinkler adoption declines monotonically in Spring/Summer temperature and growing-season-adjusted Fall/Winter temperature. A drier climate would reduce sprinkler adoption, while climates with more rainfall and more intense rain events would see greater adoption.
Boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over an exponentially stretching sheet with convective boundary conditions
Authors: Mustafaa M. , Hayat T. , Obaidat S. 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss the flow and heat transfer characteristics over an exponentially stretching sheet in a nanofluid with convective boundary conditions. The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are also accounted.Design/methodology/approachThe flow is therefore governed by the Brownian motion parameter (Nb), the thermophoresis parameter (Nt), the Prandtl number (Pr), the Lewis number (Le) and the Biot number (Bi). The analytic solutions of the arising differential systems have been obtained by homotopy analysis method (HAM).FindingsThe temperature rises and the thermal boundary layer thickens with an increase in the Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters. The surface heat and mass transfer appreciably increase with an increase in the Prandtl and Lewis numbers.Originality/valueThe presented results also include the analysis for constant wall temperature.
Supporting the educational transitions of looked after children at Key Stage 4: the role of virtual schools and designated teachers
Authors: Driscoll Jennifer 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThere has been little research on the education of looked after children over the current school leaving age of 16, although the underperformance of this cohort at Key Stage 4 (age 14‐16) has been the subject of considerable academic commentary. This paper aims to contribute to understanding of the ways in which looked after young people nearing the end of compulsory education can be supported and encouraged to continue in education and training.Design/methodology/approachInterviews were undertaken with 12 designated teachers for looked after children and four virtual school heads, as part of the first stage of a three‐year longitudinal study following 20 looked after children in England from years 11‐13 (ages 15‐18).FindingsParticipants identified particular challenges in ensuring a successful educational transition for looked after young people in year 11 and expressed concern at the cumulative effect of multiple transitions at this stage on young people's lives. There appears, however, to be an increasing focus on and commitment to giving young people a “second chance” to acquire qualifications commensurate with their potential post‐16. The comparative advantages and disadvantages of school and further education colleges for this cohort at Key Stage 5 are considered.Practical implicationsThe implications of the forthcoming extension of the school leaving age for professionals supporting looked after young people post‐16 are discussed.Originality/valueThe designated teacher for looked after children became a statutory role in 2009, and to date there has been little research on the role of these professionals, or the work of virtual schools.
The nature of laboratory domestication changes in freshly isolated Escherichia coli strains
Authors: Eydallin Gustavo , Ryall Ben , Maharjan Ram , Ferenci Thomas 
Published: July 2013

SummaryAdaptation of environmental bacteria to laboratory conditions can lead to modification of important traits, what we term domestication. Little is known about the rapidity and reproducibility of domestication changes, the uniformity of these changes within a species or how diverse these are in a single culture. Here, we analysed phenotypic changes in nutrient‐rich liquid media or on agar of four Escherichia coli strains newly isolated through minimal steps from different sources. The laboratory‐cultured populations showed changes in metabolism, morphotype, fitness and in some phenotypes associated with the sigma factor RpoS. Domestication events and phenotypic diversity started to emerge within 2–3 days in replicate subcultures of the same ancestor. In some strains, increased amino acid usage and higher fitness under nutrient limitation resembled those in mutants with the GASP (growth advantage in stationary phase) phenotype. The domestication changes are not uniform across a species or even within a single domesticated population. However, some parallelism in adaptation within repeat cultures was observed. Differences in the laboratory environment also determine domestication effects, which differ between liquid and solid media or with extended stationary phase. Important lessons for the handling and storage of organisms can be based on these studies.
Patterns of Junior Partner Influence on the Foreign Policy of Coalition Governments
Authors: Oppermann Kai , Brummer Klaus 
Published: July 2013

Research Highlights and Abstract The main contribution of this article is that it: Introduces a distinction between different pathways for junior partner influence on the foreign policy of coalition governments; Provides nuanced insights into the effects of coalition government on foreign policy as well as on the causal mechanisms behind these effects; Contributes to the ‘unpacking’ of coalitions and the analysis of coalition governance more generally; Features a comparative analysis of the current coalition governments in the United Kingdom and Germany. This article contributes to research on the foreign policy influence of junior partners in coalition governments. In particular, it takes up the call to pay greater attention to different patterns and pathways of such influence. To this purpose, this article distinguishes two types of coalition set-ups for foreign policy making. In the first type, junior partners hold one or more departments in the foreign policy executive, and their foreign policy influence rests on the powers that controlling ministries in the field brings. In the second type, junior partners do not hold any department in foreign affairs, and their influence comes from their ability to constrain the discretion of the senior partner in foreign policy. The article exemplifies its theoretical contentions in comparative case studies on the current coalition governments in Germany and the UK, which represent the first and second type respectively.
Five‐year outcomes after iodine‐125 seed brachytherapy for low‐risk prostate cancer at three cancer centres in the UK
Authors: Dickinson Peter D. , Malik Jahangeer , Mandall Paula , Swindell Ric , Bottomley David , Hoskin Peter , Logue John P. , Wylie James P. 
Published: July 2013

Objective
To report the outcomes of >1000 men with low‐risk prostate cancer treated with low‐dose‐rate (LDR) brachytherapy at three large UK cancer centres.
Patients and Methods
A total of 1038 patients with low‐risk prostate cancer (prostate‐specific antigen [PSA] ≤10 ng/mL, Gleason score 6, ≤T2b disease) were treated with LDR iodine 125 (I‐125) brachytherapy between 2002 and 2007.
Patients were treated at three UK centres.
PSA and clinical follow‐up was performed at each centre.
Biochemical recurrence‐free survival was reported for the cohort.
Results
The median (range) PSA follow‐up for the whole group was 5 years (4 months to 9 years).
A total of 79 patients had biochemical failure, defined by a rise in PSA level: 16 patients fulfilled the ASTRO definition of biochemical failure, 25 patients fulfilled the Phoenix definition and 38 patients fulfilled both definitions.
The 5‐year biochemical relapse‐free survival (bRFS) rate was 94.1% by the ASTRO definition and 94.2% by the Phoenix definition.
The absence of neoadjuvant hormone therapy was predictive of inferior biochemical control as defined by the Phoenix definition (P = 0.033).
Conclusions
Our prospective multicentre series showed excellent bRFS with LDR I‐125 brachytherapy for patients with low‐risk prostate cancer.
Further work is necessary to define the role of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy in combination with brachytherapy.
Pulmonary function and blood gases after gastric bypass and lifestyle intervention: a comparative study
Authors: Gabrielsen A.‐M. , Lund M. B. , Kongerud J. , Viken K. E. , Røislien J. , Hjelmesæth J. , Hofsø D. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
Impaired lung function associated with obesity improves with weight loss.
What this study adds
This is the first study to compare the effects of obesity surgery and intensive lifestyle intervention on pulmonary function and arterial blood gases.
Arterial oxygenation and pulmonary function improved to a greater extent after gastric bypass than after lifestyle intervention.
The superiority of surgical treatment might be mediated by greater weight loss after gastric bypass.
Impaired lung function associated with obesity improves with weight loss. The effects of obesity surgery and intensive lifestyle intervention on pulmonary function and arterial blood gases have not previously been subjected to comparative examination. In this 1‐year non‐randomized controlled clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00273104), 139 morbidly obese subjects (19–66 years, mean [standard deviation] body mass index [BMI] 45.1 kg m−2 [5.6], 107 women) were treated with either Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery (n = 76) or intensive lifestyle intervention (n = 63). Mean weight reduction was 30 (8)% and 8 (9)%, respectively. Dynamic and static lung volumes, gas diffusing capacity and arterial blood gases were measured. Compared with lifestyle intervention, surgery resulted in a significantly greater increase in forced vital capacity (mean [95% confidence interval] between‐group difference, 7 [4–10]%), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (7 [5–9]%), total lung capacity (5 [1–8]%), vital capacity (7 [4–9]%), functional residual capacity (18 [12–24]%), expiratory reserve volume (48 [30–66]%) and partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (0.5 [0.0–1.0] kPa). These associations either disappeared or diminished after adjusting for weight loss. Reduced central adiposity (waist circumference and waist‐to‐hip ratio) and systemic inflammation (C‐reactive protein and adiponectin) had no effect on pulmonary function beyond the effect of reduced general adiposity (BMI). In morbidly obese subjects, gastric bypass surgery is more effective than lifestyle intervention at improving arterial oxygenation and pulmonary function. The effect might be mediated by greater weight loss after surgical treatment.
Self‐reported symptoms of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among obese patients seeking bariatric surgery and its relation to alcohol consumption, disordered eating and gender
Authors: Alfonsson S. , Parling T. , Ghaderi A. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
Symptoms of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common among people with obesity.
Symptoms of ADHD are associated with other impulsive behaviours.
Impulsivity can manifest differently in women and men.
What this study adds
The prevalence of ADHD symptoms was equal in both sexes in this patient group.
ADHD symptoms were associated with hazardous alcohol consumption in men but not in women.
It may be important to investigate several comorbid conditions simultaneously instead of a single diagnosis.
Eating disorders and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), both characterized by deficits in impulse control, are common among bariatric surgery patients. Previous studies in other groups have found gender differences in how symptoms of ADHD and eating disorders manifest as women show more disordered eating and men show more risk consumption of alcohol. In the present study, the association between symptoms of adult ADHD, eating disorders and hazardous alcohol consumption was investigated, while considering gender differences. Self‐report questionnaires were obtained from 276 bariatric surgery patients 3–6 months before surgery. The prevalence rates of adult ADHD and binge eating disorder (BED) were 8.6% and 6.3%, respectively, with no evidence of gender difference in the prevalence rates. Hazardous alcohol consumption was reported by a significantly larger portion of men (16.9%) than women (8.6%). There was an association between adult ADHD and both BED and hazardous alcohol consumption. However, symptoms of adult ADHD were associated with hazardous alcohol consumption in men but not in women. Our results suggest gender differences in hazardous alcohol consumption and self‐reported symptoms of disordered eating despite similar prevalence rate of BED, but no gender difference in symptoms of adult ADHD. Finally, as the associations between these variables seem to be different in women and men, future studies need to investigate potential gender‐specific functional and temporal relations between these variables.
The Quantitative Evaluation of the Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Program Based on Science Mapping and Scientometric Analysis
Authors: Zhang Yin , Wang Lei , Diao Tianxi 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) program is one of the most important initiatives in translational medical funding. The quantitative evaluation of the efficiency and performance of the CTSA program has a significant referential meaning for the decision making of global translational medical funding. Using science mapping and scientometric analytic tools, this study quantitatively analyzed the scientific articles funded by the CTSA program. The results of the study showed that the quantitative productivities of the CTSA program had a stable increase since 2008. In addition, the emerging trends of the research funded by the CTSA program covered clinical and basic medical research fields. The academic benefits from the CTSA program were assisting its members to build a robust academic home for the Clinical and Translational Science and to attract other financial support. This study provided a quantitative evaluation of the CTSA program based on science mapping and scientometric analysis. Further research is required to compare and optimize other quantitative methods and to integrate various research results.
Scintigraphic comparison of intra‐arterial injection and distal intravenous regional limb perfusion for administration of mesenchymal stem cells to the equine foot
Authors: Trela J. M. , Spriet M. , Padgett K. A. , Galuppo L. D. , Vaughan B. , Vidal M. A. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyIntra‐arterial (i.a.) and intravenous (i.v.) regional limb perfusions (RLP) through the median artery and cephalic vein, respectively, have been previously investigated for administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the equine distal limb. Limitations due to thrombosis of the arteries after i.a. RLP and poor distribution of MSCs to the foot with i.v. RLP were observed. These techniques need to be modified for clinical use.ObjectivesEvaluate the distribution, uptake and persistence of radiolabelled MSCs after i.a. injection through the median artery without a tourniquet and after i.v. RLP through the lateral palmar digital vein.Study designIn vivo experimental study.Methods99mTc‐HMPAO‐labelled MSCs were injected through the median artery of one limb and the lateral palmar digital vein of the other limb of 6 horses under general anaesthesia. No tourniquet was used for the i.a. injection. A pneumatic tourniquet was placed on the metacarpus for i.v. injection. Scintigraphic images were obtained up to 24 h after injection.ResultsIntra‐arterial injection resulted in MSCs retention within the limb despite the absence of a tourniquet and no thrombosis was observed. Both i.a. injection and i.v. RLP led to distribution of MSCs to the foot. The i.a. injection resulted in a more homogeneous distribution. The MSC uptake was higher with i.v. RLP at the initial timepoints, but no significant difference was present at 24 h.ConclusionsBoth i.a. injection through the median artery without a tourniquet and i.v. RLP performed through the lateral palmar digital vein under general anaesthesia are safe and reliable methods for administration of MSCs to the equine foot. The i.a. technique is preferred owing to the better distribution, but is technically more challenging. The feasibility of performing these techniques on standing horses remains to be investigated.