bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renal and Hepatic Inactivation of Angiotensin in Rats: Influence of Sodium Balance and Renal Artery Compression
Authors: Leary W. P. P. , Ledingham J. G. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Rates of inactivation of asn1val5 angiotensin II by isolated perfused rat liver and kidney have been investigated in a variety of experimental conditions.
2. The liver inactivates angiotensin at a rate independent of sodium balance.
3. Sodium loading reduces and sodium depletion enhances the capacity of the kidney to remove angiotensin.
4. In the presence of a silver clip on one renal artery with contralateral kidney intact, the clipped organ destroys angiotensin at a normal rate, and the capacity of the contralateral intact kidney to inactivate the peptide is reduced.
5. The kidney with its renal artery constricted by a silver clip, when the contralateral kidney has been removed, has a reduced ability to destroy angiotensin.
Muscle Biopsy Water and Electrolyte Contents in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Graham J. A. , Lawson D. H. , Linton A. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Water and electrolyte status in chronic renal failure has been measured by skeletal muscle biopsy. These results have been compared with a series of muscle biopsy specimens taken from the same muscle (vastus lateralis) of normal subjects.
2. The water content, especially of the extracellular phase, is increased in chronic renal failure: the extracellular sodium and chloride contents are also increased. These changes tend to be more marked as the severity of renal failure increases.
3. The intracellular water and potassium contents in chronic renal failure are little different from those in normal patients.
4. A significant correlation between diastolic blood pressure and extracellular water content is shown and this is especially marked in more severe degrees of renal impairment.
5. These results support the belief that hypertension in chronic renal failure is salt and water dependent, and that hypertension in these patients can be controlled by removal of salt and water.
Lipogenesis in Homogenates of Human Adipose Tissue
Authors: Galton D. J. , Wilson J. P. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The ability of fat-free homogenates of human adipose tissue to incorporate [1-14C]palmitate into neutral lipid and long-chain fatty acyl-CoA has been studied. Homogenates readily incorporated [1-14C]palmitate into neutral lipid. Addition of l-glycerol 3-phosphate was required before synthesis of neutral lipid occurred whereas the system contained sufficient endogenous fatty acid for esterification with l-glycerol 3-phosphate.
2. Glucose, glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate could replace l-glycerol 3-phosphate if the system was supplemented with NADH. The order of efficiency of each substrate to support esterification of [1-14C]palmitate was: l-glycerol 3-phosphate, fructose, 1,6-diphosphate, glucose 6-phosphate and glucose.
3. Factors known to alter the activity of phosphofructokinase (E.C.2.7.1.11) also altered the rates of incorporation of [1-14C]palmitate into neutral lipid. Thus citrate (10 mm) inhibited lipogenesis in this system when glucose 6-phosphate was used as initial substrate, but not when fructose 1,6-diphosphate was used. 3′5′-(cyclic)-AMP reversed the inhibition of lipogenesis by citrate.
4. Preparations of lipomata (benign tumours of adipose tissue) were found to be less sensitive to inhibition of lipogenesis by citrate (7 mm) but inhibition was observed at higher concentrations of citrate (21 mm). 3′5′-(cyclic)-AMP had no effect on lipogenesis in fat-free homogenates of lipomata in the presence of citrate (7 mm).
5. AMP (1·2 mm) inhibited the synthesis of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA without altering the rate of synthesis of neutral lipid from l-glycerol 3-phosphate. When the concentration of AMP was increased to 4 mm a concurrent decrease in lipid synthesis was observed.
The Effect of a Natriuretic Dose of Angiotensin on Rabbit Kidney Composition
Authors: Healy J. K. , Elliott A. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. To obtain information about the mechanism of the natriuresis induced by angiotensin, its effect on the distribution of electrolytes, urea and water in rabbit kidneys was examined.
2. In five control experiments, after infusion of normal saline at a low rate for several hours, the animals were killed and their kidneys removed and analysed for Na, K, Cl, urea and water content at five levels from outer cortex to papilla. In five further animals, the infusion was changed to 1 μg kg−1 min−1 of angiotensin for 40 min. This induced a significant natriuresis.
3. Significant changes in tissue composition induced by angiotensin were reduction in the Na, Cl, and urea concentrations throughout the medulla and papilla, an increase in the water content in these regions and an increase in outer cortical Na and Cl concentrations. In the inner cortex the water content was increased and the urea content decreased.
4. Angiotensin produced similar changes in renal tissue in experiments in which the same protocol was used in eight adrenalectomized rabbits and in five rabbits with unilateral renal denervation. The changes seen were therefore ascribed directly to angiotensin and not to adrenal hormone release or sympathetic nerve stimulation.
5. The most likely interpretation of the results is that angiotensin inhibits Na reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. However, other explanations, including alterations in vasa recta blood flow, are possible.
Increased Capillary Permeability to 131Iodide and [51Cr]EDTA in the Exercising Forearm of Long-Term Diabetics
Authors: Trap-Jensen J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The skeletal muscle capillary permeability to 131I− and [51Cr]EDTA was studied in the exercising human forearm of seventeen non-diabetics and seventeen long-term juvenile diabetics with clinical signs of diabetic angiopathy.
2. The permeability data was obtained using the indicator diffusion technique, which implies intra-arterial injection and collection of multiple venous samples during the first passage of the tracers through the organ. The capillary permeability was expressed as the capillary diffusion capacity, CDC, i.e. the maximum unidirectional flux of tracer over the capillary membrane of 100 g of muscle per unit concentration difference over the capillary.
3. The average values for both CDCI and CDCCr-EDTA were found to be significantly increased (P &lt; 0·001) in long-term diabetics as opposed to non-diabetics: CDC1 = 18·7 (SD, 3·2), 13·2 (SD, 1·0); CDCCr-EDTA = 6·74 (SD, 1·09), 3·73 (SD, 0·30)mol 100g−1 min−1 per mol ml−1 respectively.
4. The findings indicate an increased skeletal muscle capillary permeability in long-term diabetics which most probably is due to an increased permeability per unit capillary surface area.
The Electrolytes of Alkaline Human Gastric Juice
Authors: Gardham J. R. C. , Hobsley M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The electrolytes were measured in alkaline gastric juice from eleven subjects with various gastric disorders; seven of these subjects had histamine-fast anacidity. The aim was to investigate the relation between alkaline gastric aspirates and the alkaline component predicted by the two-component hypothesis of gastric secretion.
2. The electrolyte concentrations differed from one subject to another: decreasing concentrations of sodium, chloride and alkali were correlated with increasing potassium concentrations.
3. The observed variations were completely explicable in terms of dilution of gastric juice by saliva. It is therefore concluded that the uncontaminated gastric juice was similar in all subjects.
4. The purest specimens of alkaline gastric juice closely resembled the alkaline component predicted by the two-component hypothesis. It is unlikely that diffusion in exchange for primary acid secretion could have produced the same results.
Estimation of the Total Body Vitamin B12 in the Live Subject
Authors: Adams J. F. , Tankel H. I. , MacEwan Fiona 
Published: August 2015

1. Values for total body vitamin B12 were calculated for eighteen patients by giving a tracer dose of radioactive cyanocobalamin and measuring the radioactivity and microbiological activity in liver biopsies obtained at laparotomy.
2. The values for total body vitamin B12 ranged from 960 to 5984 μg with a mean of 2528 μg. Five values were greater and thirteen less than the mean.
3. Significant correlations were found between the serum vitamin B12 and total body vitamin B12, the serum vitamin B12 and the hepatic vitamin B12 and the hepatic B12 and the total body vitamin B12.
Sugar Absorption and Intestinal Motility in Children When Malnourished and after Treatment
Authors: James W. P. T. 
Published: August 2015

1. The ability of malnourished children to absorb lactose, sucrose and glucose was tested by perfusing the jejunum. Intestinal motility was measured simultaneously in a perfused segment by a dye dilution technique. These tests were repeated on the same children after 6–16 weeks of treatment.
2. There was a significant correlation between the rate of hydrolysis of disaccharide perfusing the jejunum and the level of disaccharidase activity within the jejunal mucosa.
3. All ten malnourished children had diminished glucose absorption, eight had reduced lactose and six had impaired sucrose hydrolysis and absorption. Children with the most severe mucosal damage had the lowest rate of sugar absorption. The malabsorption of disaccharide was related to the impairment of hydrolysis and not to the malabsorption of the monosaccharide products.
4. Primary hypermotility of the intestine was not a feature of the malnourished group.
5. Water absorption from all infusions occurred only in the treated group. Water entry into the intestinal lumen in the malnourished group was greatest with the most poorly absorbed sugars.
6. The mean transit time of fluid passing down the intestine was inversely correlated with the sugar remaining unabsorbed within the lumen.
7. Treating the malnourished child in hospital produced an increase in glucose, lactose and sucrose absorption. The generalized nature of the malabsorption and the reversibility of the defects suggests that lactose intolerance in these children is related to the nutritional state and not to a genetic predisposition to lactase deficiency.
The Generation of Kinins in the Blood of Dogs during Hypotension Due to Haemorrhage
Authors: Berry H. E. , Collier J. G. , Vane J. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Circulating kinins were detected and continuously assayed during hypotension due to haemorrhage in dogs, using the blood-bathed organ technique and isolated strips of cat jejunum as the assay tissue.
2. In arterial blood kinin concentrations of 1–5 ng/ml were attained after a hypotension of 35–65 mmHg had been maintained for 10–190 min. When portal venous blood was simultaneously assayed kinins appeared earlier and in concentrations 1–2 ng/ml higher than in arterial blood. No differences in time course of kinin generation or in concentration were found when mixed venous blood and arterial blood were compared. In those instances in which the blood pressure was restored to normal by returning the shed blood, kinin formation stopped.
3. Kinin generation was due to the presence in the circulation of a kinin-forming enzyme, such as kallikrein. When kallikrein was infused into the portal vein, it was partially inactivated by the liver.
4. Prolonged intravenous infusions of kallikrein (20–60 mu kg−1 min−1) generated kinins in the circulation in concentrations (1–5 ng/ml) which were well maintained throughout the infusion, demonstrating that kinin generation is not limited by depletion of the precursor kininogen; nevertheless, the effects of kallikrein infusions on the blood pressure and central venous pressure waned.
5. It is concluded that in hypotension due to haemorrhage, an active kallikrein appears in the portal circulation. Delay in the appearance of kallikrein in the systemic circulation may be due to the kallikrein inactivating mechanism of the liver. This inactivating mechanism may fail during shock. Kinins are generated in amounts sufficient to have a substantial effect on the circulation and an influence on the course of events in shock.
The Interrelationship between ECF Volume and ECF Anion Composition in the Regulation of Sodium Excretion
Authors: Cohen J. J. , Chazan J. A. , Garella S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The interrelationship between extracellular fluid volume and extracellular anion composition as determinants of sodium excretion was studied in thirty-four dogs. In six, hypovolaemia, hypochloraemia and hyperbicarbonataemia were induced by the administration of ethacrynic acid and a low chloride diet. Isotonic sodium bicarbonate was then infused resulting in a progressive increase in sodium excretion. After 3 h while continuing the sodium bicarbonate infusion, an infusion of hydrochloric acid was given in order to return extracellular anion composition towards normal. This resulted in a prompt fall in sodium excretion without a change in GFR.
2. Ten studies were performed to determine whether this hydrochloric acid-induced enhancement of sodium conservation depends upon the presence of volume depletion and sodium avidity or whether it could also be demonstrated under circumstances of volume expansion. In these studies, hypervolaemia, hypochloraemia, hyperbicarbonataemia and a brisk natriuresis were induced by infusing isotonic sodium bicarbonate into normal dogs. The addition of hydrochloric acid returned anion composition to normal and, as before, resulted in a prompt suppression of sodium excretion despite continued sodium loading and enhanced glomerular filtration.
3. Results obtained from three related protocols (six animals each) confirmed that hypochloraemia and hyperbicarbonataemia were the necessary prerequisite conditions for this effect of hydrochloric acid in volume expanded animals. We interpret these findings as evidence that the response of the kidney to changes in extracellular fluid volume may be significantly affected by changes in the extracellular concentration of physiologic anions.
Evaluation of Theoretical Renal Phosphorus Threshold as an Index of Renal Phosphorus Handling
Authors: Stamp T. C. B. , Stacey T. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. A simple phosphate infusion technique was employed to produce a linear elevation of plasma phosphorus levels with time. Using this technique theoretical renal phosphorus threshold (TRPT) was determined from sixty-seven infusions performed in fifty subjects in order to evaluate this measure of the renal excretion of phosphorus.
2. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined from phosphate data, and the maximum tubular reabsorptive capacity for phosphate (TmP) was obtained as the product of TRPT and GFR. Results obtained by simple graphic derivation of TRPT and GFR compared well with those obtained by regression analysis.
3. The normal adult range of TRPT was 2·7–4·1 mg/100 ml with a mean of 3·4 ± 0·4 (SD) mg/100 ml while adolescents had higher values. Results were compared in subjects with various disturbances of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. In primary hyperparathyroidism with and without bone disease the range of TRPT was 0·5–2·8 mg/100 ml with a mean of 2·0 ± 0·7 (SD) mg/100 ml (difference from normals P &lt; 0·0125); in osteomalacia before and during treatment the range of TRPT was 0·3–1·9 mg/100 ml with a mean of 1·0 ± 0·6 (SD) mg/100 ml (difference from normals P &lt; 0·0005). The standard deviation in repeated tests in the same individual was ±0·28 mg/100 ml.
4. There was a significant positive correlation between TRPT (TmP/GFR) and GFR. Changes in GFR of 10 ml/min were associated with absolute changes in TRPT of 0·08–0·19 mg/100 ml. Thus TRPT showed very much less dependence on GFR than TmP and appeared the more consistent index of renal phosphate handling.
5. The technique has proved valuable in monitoring the response to treatment in different forms of osteomalacia. It has provided evidence of increased urinary phosphate excretion in some patients with idiopathic osteoporosis. Lysine and probably certain other amino acids may be infused by the same technique for the more precise study of the renal excretion of these compounds.
A Reversible Vascular Abnormality Associated with Diabetic Ketosis
Authors: Christensen N. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Resting forearm blood flow was increased in untreated juvenile diabetics and a slight but significant reduction took place during insulin treatment. The peak flow after ischaemia was also increased, but no difference could be demonstrated before and after insulin administration.
2. Reactive hyperaemia was found to be considerably prolonged in the diabetic patients with moderate ketosis and mild disturbances of the blood acid-base balance as compared to non-diabetics. This abnormality disappeared after insulin treatment.
3. The prolonged blood flow recovery showed a strong association with total CO2 in plasma. In subjects with non-ketotic metabolic acidosis of a degree similar to that seen in the diabetic patients no abnormality was found.
4. Urinary excretion of catecholamines was normal in the untreated juvenile diabetics. The observed alterations in the diabetics are similar to those observed by others in non-diabetics after administration of adrenaline or reserpine.
The Value of Plasma Renin Concentration Per Se, and in Relation to Plasma and Extracellular Fluid Volume in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Human Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Bianchi G. , Campolo L. , Vegeto A. , Pietra V. , Piazza U. 
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) has been measured in 212 hypertensive patients. In fourteen patients with essential hypertension and in seventeen patients with renovascular hypertension, plasma volume (PV) and extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) were measured.
2. The results obtained have been discussed in three ways:
(a) PRC in relation to the aetiology of hypertension; (b) PRC in relation to the effect on blood pressure of surgery for unilateral renal diseases; (c) PRC, PV and ECFV in ‘essential’ and renovascular hypertension.
3. Excluding patients with ophthalmoscopic signs of malignant hypertension, PRC is significantly higher in renovascular hypertension than in normal subjects and patients suffering from ‘essential’ hypertension and hypertension associated with bilateral renal disease; but the overlapping of the single values of the patients with these diseases is marked. Thus a normal PRC has no diagnostic value, while a high PRC without sodium deficiency or retinopathy might favour a diagnosis of renovascular disease.
4. In twenty-seven out of thirty-three patients submitted to surgery for unilateral renal disease and followed up for 12 months or longer, blood pressure has been significantly reduced. This group includes twelve patients with a normal preoperative PRC and fifteen patients with a high PRC. These results clearly demonstrate that unilateral renal disease may maintain a high blood pressure without increasing PRC and that PRC has no prognostic value.
5. Concurrent estimations of PRC, PV and ECFV in patients with renovascular or essential hypertension revealed the following differences. In cases of renovascular hypertension with normal PRC, PV and ECFV were significantly increased while in those with raised PRC, PV did not differ and ECFV was barely raised with respect to values obtained in patients with essential hypertension. PV of renovascular patients with normal renin was significantly higher than that of renovascular patients with high renin. The analysis of these results with quadratic discriminant functions demonstrated that an integrated evaluation of blood pressure, PV, ECFV and PRC allows a separation between the two types of hypertension. In other words these factors, taken together, in some way seem to reflect a difference between the two diseases. These results may indicate a new type of approach to the diagnosis and prognosis of renovascular hypertension.
The Effects of Prolonged Administration of Vasopressin and Oxytocin on Renin, Aldosterone and Sodium Balance in Normal Man
Authors: Goodwin F. J. , Ledingham J. G. G. , Laragh J. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Vasopressin was administered to normal men in metabolic balance for periods of 5–10 days under conditions of water restriction or overhydration. Likewise, oxytocin was administered to two normal men for 10 days.
2. The effects of both neuropeptides on plasma renin activity, aldosterone excretion rate and sodium balance were observed.
3. In the absence of overhydration, vasopressin had no demonstrable effect upon plasma renin activity, aldosterone excretion rate or sodium balance. During overhydration body weight gain and plasma dilution were followed by natriuresis; the associated changes in plasma renin activity and aldosterone excretion, however, were unimpressive.
4. The prolonged administration of oxytocin for 10 days under conditions of normal hydration failed to influence sodium excretion, plasma renin activity or aldosterone excretion.
5. It is concluded that in normal man changes in circulating levels of vasopressin or oxytocin do not play a physiological role in the control of sodium excretion.
The Effect of a High Intake of Calcium and Phosphate in Normal Subjects and Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Clarkson E. M. , Durrant C. , Phillips M. E. , Gower P. E. , Jewkes R. F. , de Wardener H. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. Two normal subjects and ten patients with chronic renal failure were given 15 or 20 g of calcium carbonate in the morning and 5·6 or 8·4 g of calcium phosphate in the evening for 13–41 days.
2. During the high calcium and phosphate intake there was a rise in calcium and phosphate absorption from the gut in the normal subjects and to about the same extent in the patients with chronic renal failure.
3. The calcium and phosphate balances became positive while there was a rise in plasma calcium and a fall in plasma phosphate. There was also a fall in urinary phosphate excretion.
The Influence of pH, Bicarbonate and Hypertonicity on the Absorption of Ammonia from the Rat Intestine
Authors: Swales J. D. , Tange J. D. , Wrong O. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Ammonia absorption has been studied in closed loops of rat jejunum, ileum and colon.
2. Ammonia absorption was significantly greater from solutions buffered at higher pH. Absorption was also greater in the presence of the bicarbonate ion, and this effect was not due solely to the influence of bicarbonate upon the initial pH of the solutions studied. In the presence of ammonia net bicarbonate absorption was increased and net bicarbonate secretion was decreased.
3. The above effects are compatible with the hypothesis that non-ionic diffusion plays an important role in the absorption of ammonia.
4. Ammonia absorption was significantly less from hypertonic solutions than from hypotonic or isotonic solutions. This effect persisted even after the hypertonic solution had been removed, and therefore appears to have been due to a change in ileal wall permeability rather than an effect of these solutions on water movement. The absorption of hydrazine was similar to that of ammonia in these circumstances; as there is evidence that hydrazine is absorbed by a process of non-ionic diffusion in the lipid phase, this finding is a further indication that hypertonicity exerts its effect through a change in membrane permeability.