bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxydehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene to Styrene: Membrane Reactor Analysis and Design
Authors: Bachiller Alicia , Ardissone Daniel , Castro Luna Adolfo E. , Iriarte M. Elena 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The preliminary design of shell-and-tubes membrane reactor for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene on a P–O–Ni–Mn/alumina catalyst (on an industrial scale) is presented. A one-dimensional pseudo-homogeneous model is used. The membrane is an inorganic and non-perm-selective one; nevertheless, it enables an oxygen flow high enough to ensure the progress of the reaction. The influence of different disturbances (feed composition, pressure and temperature) on the evolution of conversion of ethylbenzene and selectivity to styrene is analyzed. Membrane reactor allows achieving high selectivity to styrene and moderate conversion of ethylbenzene, keeping a low oxygen concentration on the reaction side. Styrene production overcomes the expected amount to carry out the design.
Methanol Electrooxidation Study on Mesoporous Silica Supported Pt–Co Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Anode
Authors: Kivrak Hilal , Can Mukaddes , Duru Hatice , Sahin Ozlem 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
At present, Pt was impregnated by incipient wetness impregnation method on Co-doped SBA-15 catalysts prepared by sol-gel method at different weight percentages of Co to investigate the effect of Pt:Co ratio on methanol electrooxidation reaction (MOR). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) techniques were employed to examine the MOR activities, poisoning capacity, and stability of these Pt/SBA-15 and Pt–Co/SBA-15 catalysts. Co presence in the platinum structure enhances the electrocatalytic activity of MOR, due to oxidation of Co at relatively low positive potentials. CV and CA measurements indicated that the most active catalyst was Pt–Co (86:14)/SBA-15 catalyst for MOR. Stability and poisoning measurements revealed that Co presence in the catalyst increases CO poisoning resistance and its stability, in agreement with CV and CA measurements.
Crystal structure of poly[bis(isothiocyanato-κN)bis[,2-1,2-bis(1,2,4- triazol-4-yl)ethane-κ2N:N'] manganese(II)], C14H16MnN14S2
Authors: Zhu Xia , Guo Ying , Li Jian-Gang 
Published: May 2014

AbstractC
How Reliable are the Results? Comparing Corpus-Based Studies of the Present Perfect
Authors: Schlüter Norbert 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The number of linguistic analyses conducted on the basis of authentic language corpora has steadily grown during the last decades. The aim of this paper is to investigate the reliability of individual corpus-based studies by comparing them to studies covering similar or identical grounds. As the subject of investigation the present perfect has been chosen. Ten major corpus-based studies of the present perfect will be surveyed focussing on three main aspects: the frequency of present perfect verb phrases, the temporal specification of utterances in the present perfect and the functions assigned to present perfect constructions.
How Random is a Corpus? The Library Metaphor
Authors: Evert Stefan 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
There is a stark contrast between the random sample model underlying the statistical analysis of corpus frequency data and our intuitive knowledge that sentences are more than random bags of words. The 'library metaphor' illustrates how randomness results from the selection of a corpus as the basis for a linguistic study. At the same time it reveals two reasons why corpus data do not fully meet the assumptions of the random sample model. Finally, practicable methods for identifying and quantifying non-randomness are introduced and demonstrated on the example of passive verb forms.
Structure and magnetic properties of 4H-SrMnO3-δ(δ=0.0 and 0.18) nanoparticles synthesized by thermal decomposition of appropriate precursor
Authors: Parras M. , González-Jiménez I. N. , Torres-Pardo A. , Sánchez-Pelaez A. E. , Gutiérrez A. , García-Hernández M. , González-Calbet J. M. , Varela A. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTStoichiometric 4H-SrMnO3.0 nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized for the first time from thermal decomposition of a new heterometallic precursor [SrMn(edta)(H2O)5]·3/2H2O. From this precursor, highly homogeneous 4H-SrMnO3.0 nanoparticles with average particle size 70 nm are obtained. Local structural information, provided by atomically-resolved microscopy techniques, shows that 4H-SrMnO3.0 nanoparticles exhibit the same general structural features than the bulk material, although structural disorder, due to edge-dislocations, is observed. The nanometric size of particles enables a topotactic reduction process at low temperature stabilizing a metastable 4H-SrMnO2.82 phase. The oxygen deficiency is accommodated through extra cubic layers breaking the …hchc… 4H-sequence. These defect areas are Mn3+ rich as evidenced by high energy resolution EELS data. Magnetic characterization of nano-4H-SrMnO3-δ shows significant variations with respect to the bulk material.
Effect of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Periodontal Wound Healing and Regeneration in an Osteoporotic Model
Authors: Miron Richard J. , Wei Lingfei , Yang Shuang , Caluseru Oana M. , Sculean Anton , Zhang Yufeng 
Published: May 2014

Background: Despite the worldwide increased prevalence of osteoporosis, no data are available evaluating the effect of an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on the healing of periodontal defects in patients with osteoporosis. This study aims to evaluate whether the regenerative potential of EMD may be suitable for osteoporosis‐related periodontal defects.Methods: Forty female Wistar rats (mean body weight: 200 g) were used for this study. An osteoporosis animal model was carried out by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) in 20 animals. Ten weeks after OVX, bilateral fenestration defects were created at the buccal aspect of the first mandibular molar. Animals were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 animals per group: 1) control animals with unfilled periodontal defects; 2) control animals with EMD‐treated defects; 3) OVX animals with unfilled defects; and 4) OVX animals with EMD‐treated defects. The animals were euthanized 28 days later, and the percentage of defect fill and thickness of newly formed bone and cementum were assessed by histomorphometry and microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) analysis. The number of osteoclasts was determined by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and angiogenesis was assessed by analyzing formation of blood vessels.Results: OVX animals demonstrated significantly reduced bone volume in unfilled defects compared with control defects (18.9% for OVX animals versus 27.2% for control animals) as assessed by micro‐CT. The addition of EMD in both OVX and control animals resulted in significantly higher bone density (52.4% and 69.2%, respectively) and bone width (134 versus 165μm) compared with untreated defects; however, the healing in OVX animals treated with EMD was significantly lower than that in control animals treated with EMD. Animals treated with EMD also demonstrated significantly higher cementum formation in both control and OVX animals. The number of TRAP‐positive osteoclasts did not vary between untreated and EMD‐treated animals; however, a significant increase was observed in all OVX animals. The number of blood vessels and percentage of new vessel formation was significantly higher in EMD‐treated samples.Conclusions: The results from the present study suggest that: 1) an osteoporotic phenotype may decrease periodontal regeneration; and 2) EMD may support greater periodontal regeneration in patients suffering from the disease. Additional clinical studies are necessary to fully elucidate the possible beneficial effect of EMD for periodontal regeneration in patients suffering from osteoporosis.
Periodontal and Serum Protein Profiles in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Adalimumab
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuo , Yokoyama Tomoko , Ito Satoshi , Kobayashi Daisuke , Yamagata Akira , Okada Moe , Oofusa Ken , Narita Ichiei , Murasawa Akira , Nakazono Kiyoshi , Yoshie Hiromasa 
Published: May 2014

Background: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α inhibitor has been shown to affect the periodontal condition of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of a fully humanized anti‐TNF‐α monoclonal antibody, adalimumab (ADA), on the periodontal condition of patients with RA and to compare serum protein profiles before and after ADA therapy.Methods: The study participants consisted of 20 patients with RA treated with ADA. Clinical periodontal and rheumatologic parameters and serum cytokine levels were evaluated at baseline and 3 months later. Serum protein spot volume was examined with two‐dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins with significant difference in abundance before and after ADA therapy were found and identified using mass spectrometry and protein databases.Results: The patients showed a significant decrease in gingival index (P = 0.002), bleeding on probing (P = 0.003), probing depth (P = 0.002), disease activity score including 28 joints using C‐reactive protein (P <0.001), and serum levels of TNF‐α (P <0.001) and interleukin‐6 (P <0.001) after ADA medication, although plaque levels were comparable. Among a total of 495 protein spots obtained, nine spots were significantly decreased in abundance at reassessment, corresponding to complement factor H, phospholipase D, serum amyloid A, complement component 4, and α‐1‐acid glycoprotein (P <0.01).Conclusion: These results suggest a beneficial effect of ADA therapy on the periodontal condition of patients with RA, which might be related to differences in serum protein profiles before and after ADA therapy.
Catherine II : de la langue aux langues
Authors: Viellard Stéphane 
Published: May 2014

L’article aborde trois aspects particuliers de la politique de Catherine dans le domaine de la langue. L’impératrice considère que le souverain russe doit apparaître comme l’incarnation de la langue source de la nation. Cette dimension est explicitement exprimée par Catherine dans ses Notes concernant l’histoire russienne. Allemande ayant été obligée d’apprendre le russe, Catherine est particulièrement sensible à l’apprentissage des langues étrangères. Elle en fera l’une des composantes de son système éducatif destiné à former les nouveaux citoyens d’un État éclairé. À la fin du règne de Catherine, la publication d’un Livre en quatre langues,
anonyme, dans lequel on retrouve plusieurs oeuvres de l’impératrice, donne à penser qu’il s’agit là d’un ouvrage probablement voulu par la souveraine. L’analyse textuelle et linguistique apporte des arguments en faveur de cette hypothèse.
Des usages variables de la doxographie dans la tradition grammaticale arabe
Authors: Guillaume Jean-Patrick 
Published: May 2014

Although the Arabic grammatical tradition never acknowledged its historicity, it nevertheless gathered a vast amount of informations about its past. These informations appear in two different textual genres : bio-bibliographic collection on the one hand, doxographical works on the other. After a brief survey of the former, this paper adresses the latter, through three particular cases, Ibn al-Anbārī’s Inṣāf, Ibn Mālik’s Tashīl
and Astarābāḏī’s Šarḥ al-Kāfiya.
Du portugais au latin : la place de la traduction dans O Methodo Grammatical para todas as Linguas, d’Amaro de Roboredo (1619)
Authors: Quadros Leite Marli 
Published: May 2014

In this paper we analyze the Grammatical Method for All Languages (1619), by Amaro de Roboredo, a Portuguese author, in order to check the relevance of translation in the construction of a teaching/ learning methodology for teaching Latin using Portuguese language. In trying to Follow Sanctius, in Minerve, Roboredo simplified the grammatical theorization. This epistemological posture is also reflected on the methodology used in Roboredo’s work. In an attempt to make teaching more effective, Roboredo wrote his grammar in Portuguese, using translation principles which would enable students to know theoretically the rules of their mothertongue in order to compare them with those of a foreign language, in this case, the Latin language. In this context, we are concerned with the role of translation in the Grammatical Method for All Languages,
in order to show, on the one hand how the author made use of Portuguese to teach Latin, and on the other hand, to observe which strategies Roboredo used to make Latin be said in Portuguese. This paper has two parts : in the first one, we present some data about the author and his work ; in the second one, we explore the principles of the Methodology and the translation through which it is built, using examples, especially about verbs and prepositions, in order to be able to visualize that which is presented descriptively.
Body Sodium, Potassium and Water in Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Hyponatremia
Authors: Sun Yijuan , Mills David , Ing Todd S. , Shapiro Joseph I. , Tzamaloukas Antonios H. 
Published: May 2014

Objective This report presents a method quantitatively analyzing abnormalities of body water and monovalent cations (sodium plus potassium) in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) with true hyponatremia. Methods It is well known that in the face of euglycemia serum sodium concentration is determined by the ratio between the sum of total body sodium plus total body potassium on the one hand and total body water on the other. We developed balance equations that enabled us to calculate excesses or deficits, relative to the state of eunatremia and dry weight, in terms of volumes of water and volumes of isotonic solutions of sodium plus potassium when patients presented with hyponatremia. We applied this method retrospectively to 5 episodes of PD-associated hyponatremia (serum sodium concentration 121–130 mEq/L) and compared the findings of the method with those of the clinical evaluation of these episodes. Results Estimates of the new method and findings of the clinical evaluation were in agreement in 4 of the 5 episodes, representing euvolemic hyponatremia (normal total body sodium plus potassium along with water excess) in 1 patient, hypovolemic hyponatremia (deficit of total body sodium plus potassium along with deficit of total body water) in 2 patients, and hypervolemic hyponatremia (excess of total body sodium along with larger excess of total body water) in 1 patient. In the 5th patient, in whom the new method suggested the presence of water excess and a relatively small deficit of monovalent cations, the clinical evaluation had failed to detect the cation deficit. Conclusions Evaluation of imbalances in body water and monovalent cations in PD-associated hyponatremia by the method presented in this report agrees with the clinical evaluation in most instances and could be used as a guide to the treatment of hyponatremia. Prospective studies are needed to test the potential clinical applications of this method.
Management of Midfacial Fractures: An Overview
Authors: Thapliyal GK , Rajan H Ranga 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Trauma to the midface involves fracture of the maxilla, the zygoma, orbit and the nasoorbital ethmoid complex. The facial skeleton is made up of thin segments of bone encased and supported by a more rigid framework of ‘buttresses’. The midface is anchored to the cranium through this framework. Midfacial fractures can occur in isolation or in combination with other serious injuries. The road traffic accidents are still the main etiology of the midface fractures followed by assault, fall, sports and warfare injuries. The management of the midface remains a challenge for the maxillofacial surgeons, demanding both skill and expertise.
Midface fractures are most often seen in young adult males whereas there is very low incidence in children. There is little difference in the outcome of stable patients whose fractures are treated very early vs those treated in a more delayed fashion. Rigid and semirigid plating systems perform well with few complications when used to repair midfacial fractures provided proper reduction is obtained. The dental occlusion must be used as the lower frame of reference when treating fractures that result in instability of the maxillary alveolus relative to the skull base. The most common complication after rigid repair of facial fractures appears to be malunion secondary to inadequate reduction.

How to cite this article
Thapliyal GK, Ranga Rajan H. Management of Midfacial Fractures: An Overview. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(2):68-74.
Management of Orbital Floor Fractures: An Oculoplastic Surgeon&#39;s View
Authors: Bageja Shaloo , Arora Surbhi , Grover Ashok Kumar 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Orbital fractures commonly occur in maxillofacial trauma causing enophthalmos and diplopia. The isolated orbital floor fracture often called as blow out fracture is a common presentation following blunt trauma. The floor fractures may also occur in combination with zygomatic arch fractures, Le Fort II or III or with fracture of other orbital bones. The cosmetic and functional problems can virtually become untreatable if floor fractures are not properly managed. In recent years, management of these fractures has been standardized with special emphasis on methods of treatment, timing and materials used for reduction.

How to cite this article
Arora S, Grover AK, Bageja S. Management of Orbital Floor Fractures: An Oculoplastic Surgeon's View. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(2):75-80.
Replantation of an Avulsed Primary Incisor: Report of a Case with Favorable Outcome
Authors: Gauba Krishan , Goyal Ashima , Kapur Aditi 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Replantation of an avulsed primary tooth is not recognized as a treatment option due to the possibility of several unfavorable outcomes and insufficient documented clinical evidence to bring about any change in the protocols. There are a few case reports, however, which have shown successful results. The following paper reports a successfully carried out replantation procedure in a 3-year and 2-month-old female child and discusses possible reasons for a favorable outcome.

How to cite this article
Kapur A, Goyal A, Gauba K. Replantation of an Avulsed Primary Incisor: Report of a Case with Favorable Outcome. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(2):105-108.
On the ionospheric and thermospheric response of solar flare events of 19 January 2005: An investigation using radio and optical techniques
Authors: Sumod S. G. , Pant Tarun Kumar , Vineeth C. , Hossain M. M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study presents optical signatures of thermospheric OI 630.0 nm dayglow variability over a geomagnetic dip equatorial station Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77°E, 0.5° dip latitude), India, in response to solar flares of different ranks that occurred on 19 January 2005. It is found that over equator, the response of thermospheric dayglow to solar flares can be either prompt or delayed depending upon rank of the flare and dominant neutral/electrodynamical processes prevailing in the emission altitudes. This is strikingly in contrast to the earlier results, where prompt response of equatorial OI 630.0 nm dayglow to solar flares has been noticed. In addition, the flare‐induced changes at the E and F regions of the equatorial ionosphere are studied using high‐cadence measurements of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and total electron content (TEC) obtained from the ground‐based magnetometers and GPS receivers, respectively. The Hall/Pedersen conductivity measurements as inferred using the magnetometers over the EEJ station and an off‐EEJ station showed concomitant changes during these flares. Although, the GPS‐measured TEC showed prompt enhancement associated with these flares, the evolution of the equatorial ionization anomaly, as seen in the TEC did not show any flare‐induced changes. The plausible mechanisms explaining these observations are adduced in context of the present understanding of the equatorial electrodynamics and its imprint on these dayglow features.
Seismic structure changes beneath Redoubt Volcano during the 2009 eruption inferred from local earthquake tomography
Authors: Kasatkina Ekaterina , Koulakov Ivan , West Michael , Izbekov Pavel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe present seismic velocity models of the area beneath Redoubt Volcano (Alaska) corresponding to two time periods, before and after the strong eruption that occurred in March 2009. The calculations were based on tomographic inversion of P and S arrival time data recorded by 19 stations using the local earthquake tomography code LOTOS. We performed thorough analysis of the results based on synthetic tests in each of the time periods that allow real‐time variations in structure to be distinguished from artifacts caused by changes in the observation system configurations. In the resulting images corresponding to the period before the eruption, the summit area is characterized by higher values of both P and S velocities and moderate values of the Vp/Vs ratio. This may correspond to the rigid igneous rocks composing the body of the volcano that lack significant liquid content. In the second episode corresponding to the time of the eruption, the P velocity remained high, whereas the S velocity became very low. The anticorrelation of P and S anomalies in the summit area produced a Vp/Vs ratio as high as 2.2, which is seen down to 2–3 km depth. This indicates presence of mobile phase at shallow depth beneath the volcano, which can be either in the form of partial melt or fluid‐saturated rocks.
Seaglider observations of equatorial Indian Ocean Rossby waves associated with the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Webber Benjamin G. M. , Matthews Adrian J. , Heywood Karen J. , Kaiser Jan , Schmidtko Sunke 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDuring the CINDY–DYNAMO field campaign of September 2011–January 2012, a Seaglider was deployed at 80°E and completed 10 north‐south sections between 3 and 4°S, measuring temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, and chlorophyll fluorescence. These high‐resolution subsurface observations provide insight into equatorial ocean Rossby wave activity forced by three Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) events during this time period. These Rossby waves generate variability in temperature O(1°C), salinity O(0.2 g kg−1), density O(0.2 kg m−3), and oxygen concentration O(10 μmol kg−1), associated with 10 m vertical displacements of the thermocline. The variability extends down to 1000 m, the greatest depth of the Seaglider observations, highlighting the importance of surface forcing for the deep equatorial ocean. The temperature variability observed by the Seaglider is greater than that simulated in the ECCO‐JPL reanalysis, especially at depth. There is also marked variability in chlorophyll fluorescence at the surface and at the depth of the chlorophyll maximum. Upwelling from Rossby waves and local wind stress curl leads to an enhanced shoaling of the chlorophyll maximum by 10–25 m in response to the increased availability of nutrients and light. This influence of the MJO on primary production via equatorial ocean Rossby waves has not previously been recognized.