bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear factor‐kappa B and interleukin‐6 related docetaxel resistance in castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Codony‐Servat Jordi , Marín‐Aguilera Mercedes , Visa Laura , García‐Albéniz Xabier , Pineda Estela , Fernández Pedro L. , Filella Xavier , Gascón Pere , Mellado Begoña 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrevious work showed that the NF‐κB survival pathway is activated by docetaxel (D) and contributes to D resistance in prostate cancer. In this study we aimed to investigate the dynamics of the relationship between NF‐κB and IL‐6 in the shift from D‐naive castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to D‐resistance in patients and cell lines.METHODSCRPC tumor samples were tested for NF‐κB/p65 and IL‐6 by immunohistochemistry. CRPC patients treated with D were also tested for serum IL‐6 (ELISA). Two D‐resistant cell lines, PC‐3R and DU‐145R, derived from the CRPC cells PC‐3 and DU‐145, respectively, were tested for NF‐κB activation (EMSA), NF‐κB‐related genes expression (RT‐PCR), NF‐κB inhibition (p65 siRNA) and IL‐6 and IL‐8 soluble levels (ELISA).RESULTSIn CRPC patients treated with D (n = 72), pre‐treatment IL‐6 level correlated with nuclear NF‐κB/p65 tumor staining and response to D, and was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. However, IL‐6 level changes under treatment did not correlate with clinical outcome. In PC‐3 and DU‐145 parental CRPC cells, as well as in D‐resistant counterparts, D treatment induced NF‐κB activation. In fact, NF‐κB inhibition was sufficient to re‐sensitize DU‐145R cells to D. Despite enhanced NF‐κB activity, IL‐6 secretion in D‐resistant cell lines was reduced and not induced by D treatment. The same occurred with IL‐8 cytokine.CONCLUSIONSThese preclinical and clinical results support a role of NF‐κB and IL‐6 in the resistance to D in CRPC, and support the investigation of targeted therapies to enhance the antitumor activity of D in this patient population. Prostate 73: 512–521, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of androgen receptor expression by Z‐isochaihulactone mediated by the JNK signaling pathway and might be related to cytotoxicity in prostate cancer
Authors: Liu Po‐Yen , Lin Shinn‐Zong , Sheu Jim Jinn‐Chyuan , Lin Cheng‐Tung , Lin Po‐Cheng , Chou Yi‐Wen , Huang Mao‐Hsuan , Chiou Tzyy‐Wen , Harn Horng‐Jyh 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe androgen receptor (AR) is a main therapeutic target for treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). The natural compound isochaihulactone (K8), which has a chiral center ring and two racemic forms (E‐K8 and Z‐K8), has anti‐tumor effects on multiple cancer types both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we determined which form of K8 contains significant tumor cytotoxicity and examined how this form regulates AR expression in PCa cells and xenografts.METHODSWe chose the androgen‐dependent human PCa cell line LNCaP and the androgen‐independent cell lines DU145 and PC‐3 to study the anti‐tumor potency and AR regulation mediated by Z‐K8. We measured cell viability and used flow cytometry, RT‐PCR, and Western blotting. Growth inhibition in vivo was evaluated with an LNCaP xenograft animal model.RESULTSIn LNCaP cells, Z‐K8 significantly repressed cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, repressed AR mRNA and protein expression in a time‐dependent manner, and induced JNK phosphorylation. Furthermore, treatment with a JNK inhibitor significantly abolished Z‐K8‐induced AR downregulation. Z‐K8 did not significantly inhibit reporter gene expression of constructs containing the AR promoter when it contained a mutated Sp1 binding site. Z‐K8 also showed anti‐tumor effects in the xenograft animal model.CONCLUSIONZ‐K8 not only induced LNCaP apoptosis but also reduced AR expression. These results indicate that Z‐K8 may be a potential anti‐tumor drug for PCa therapy. Prostate 73: 531–541, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Positive correlation between PEDF expression levels and macrophage density in the human prostate
Authors: Nelius Thomas , Samathanam Christina , Martinez‐Marin Dalia , Gaines Natalie , Stevens Jessica , Hickson Johnny , de Riese Werner , Filleur Stéphanie 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this study, we investigated the capacity of pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) to modulate the recruitment and the differentiation of monocytes/macrophages both in vitro and in human prostate.METHODSUsing Boyden chambers, we assessed PEDF effect on the migration of monocytes and chemically activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Normal, prostatitis, and prostate cancer specimens were retrospectively selected and examined by immunohistochemistry for PEDF expression and infiltration of immune CD68 + macrophagic cells. PEDF expression and macrophage density were then correlated with each other and clinicopathological parameters. M1 and M2 differentiation markers were quantified by qRT‐PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA.RESULTSIn chemotaxis, PEDF induced the migration of monocytes/macrophages. In immunohistochemistry, macrophages were markedly increased in prostatitis and malignant compared to normal tissues. PEDF was expressed at variable levels in the stroma and epithelium. PEDF mRNA was down‐regulated in both prostate cancer and prostatitis compared to normal tissues. In correlation studies, macrophage density and PEDF expression were respectively positively and negatively associated with prostate size. Most importantly, PEDF expression positively correlated with macrophage density. Finally, PEDF stimulated the expression of iNOS, IL12, and TNFα; and inhibited IL10 and arginase 1 in mouse and human macrophages confirming a M1‐type differentiation.CONCLUSIONSOur data demonstrate that PEDF acts directly on monocytes/macrophages by inducing their migration and differentiation into M1‐type cells. These findings suggest a possible role of macrophages in PEDF anti‐tumor properties and may support further development of PEDF‐based anti‐cancer therapy. Prostate 73: 549–561, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical Imaging Beyond the Diffraction Limit: Experimental Validation of the PTIR Technique
Authors: Lahiri Basudev , Holland Glenn , Centrone Andrea 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPhotothermal induced resonance (PTIR) has recently attracted great interest for enabling chemical identification and imaging with nanoscale resolution. In this work, electron beam nanopatterned polymer samples are fabricated directly on 3D zinc selenide prisms and used to experimentally evaluate the PTIR lateral resolution, sensitivity and linearity. It is shown that PTIR lateral resolution for chemical imaging is comparable to the lateral resolution obtained in the atomic force microscopy height images, up to the smallest feature measured (100 nm). Spectra and chemical maps are produced from the thinnest sample analyzed (40 nm). More importantly, experiments show for the first time that the PTIR signal increases linearly with thickness for samples up to ≈ 1 μm (linearity limit); a necessary requirement towards the use of the PTIR technique for quantitative chemical analysis at the nanoscale. Finally, the analysis of thicker samples provides the first evidence that the previously developed PTIR signal generation theory is correct. It is believed that the findings of this work will foster nanotechnology development in disparate applications by proving the basis for quantitative chemical analysis with nanoscale resolution.
Synthesis of Few‐Layer MoS2 Nanosheet‐Coated TiO2 Nanobelt Heterostructures for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activities
Authors: Zhou Weijia , Yin Zongyou , Du Yaping , Huang Xiao , Zeng Zhiyuan , Fan Zhanxi , Liu Hong , Wang Jiyang , Zhang Hua 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMoS2 nanosheet‐coated TiO2 nanobelt heterostructures—referred to as TiO2@MoS2—with a 3D hierarchical configuration are prepared via a hydrothermal reaction. The TiO2 nanobelts used as a synthetic template inhibit the growth of MoS2 crystals along the c‐axis, resulting in a few‐layer MoS2 nanosheet coating on the TiO2 nanobelts. The as‐prepared TiO2@MoS2 heterostructure shows a high photocatalytic hydrogen production even without the Pt co‐catalyst. Importantly, the TiO2@MoS2 heterostructure with 50 wt% of MoS2 exhibits the highest hydrogen production rate of 1.6 mmol h−1g−1. Moreover, such a heterostructure possesses a strong adsorption ability towards organic dyes and shows high performance in photocatalytic degradation of the dye molecules.
Micro process analysis of maintenance effort: an open source software case study using metrics based on program slicing
Authors: Kula Raula Gaikovina , Fushida Kyohei , Yoshida Norihiro , Iida Hajimu 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYFor any software project, most experts regard the maintenance phase as the most effort and cost intensive of all phases in the software development life cycle. This is due to the high maintenance effort, time, and resources needed to effectively address issues during software maintenance (maintenance activities). Mismanagement of these efforts can lead to the degradation of software maintainability. Understanding the assessment of the related software processes can help sustain or improve maintainability during these maintenance activities. Recent studies have shown that current software process assessments are expensive, generic, and complex, especially for smaller organizations. In this paper, we investigate an alternative software process assessment approach performed by analyzing fine‐grained processes (micro processes) of maintenance activities. This approach assesses maintenance efforts based on micro processes in relation to their impact on source code. The approach derives maintenance effort from the complexity and duration of micro processes and uses proposed metrics based on program slicing to measure change impact. In this paper, we investigate an alternative software process assessment approach by analysing fine‐grained processes (micro processes) of maintenance activities. At statistically significant levels, results suggest that the level of the maintenance efforts correlates with its impact on source code. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction in cholinergic interneuron density in the nucleus accumbens attenuates local extracellular dopamine release in response to stress or amphetamine
Authors: Laplante François , Dufresne Marc M. , Ouboudinar Jugurtha , Ochoa‐sanchez Rafael , Sullivan Ron M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDepletion of cholinergic interneurons in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens or N.Acc.) in adult rats increases the locomotor activating effects of amphetamine. It also impairs sensorimotor gating processes, an effect reversed by the antipsychotic haloperidol. These behavioral effects are suggestive of pronounced hyper‐responsiveness of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) projection to the N.Acc. However, it is unclear whether local cholinergic depletion results predominantly in exaggerated presynaptic DA release or a postsynaptic upregulation of DAergic function. The purpose of the present study is to test the former possibility by employing in vivo voltammetry to examine changes in the levels of extracellular DA within the N.Acc. in response to either mild tail pinch stress or amphetamine administration. While both cholinergic‐lesioned and control rats showed reliable stress‐induced increases in extracellular DA on two consecutive test days, those in the lesioned rats were significantly less pronounced. In response to amphetamine, a separate cohort of lesioned rats also exhibited smaller increases in extracellular DA release than controls, despite showing greater locomotor activity. Moreover, the increased behavioral response to amphetamine in lesioned rats coincided temporally with decreasing levels of DA in the N.Acc. The results confirm that cholinergic depletion within the N.Acc. suppresses presynaptic DA release and suggest that lesion‐induced behavioral effects are more likely due to postsynaptic DA receptor upregulation. The results are also discussed in the context of schizophrenia, where post mortem studies have revealed a selective loss of cholinergic interneurons within the ventral striatum. Synapse, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cognitive aspects of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Authors: Davis Krista M. , Gagnier Karina Royer , Moore Timothy E. , Todorow Michelle 
Published: October 2012

AbstractNearly four decades have passed since a link was first established between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and a particular pattern of birth defects. Since then, autopsy, longitudinal, structural imaging, and functional imaging studies have revealed a great deal about the teratogenic effects of alcohol. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the findings from the neurocognitive and behavioral literature on fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and outlines the unique profile of cognitive deficits associated with it. We describe diagnostic issues as well as factors contributing to the heterogeneity of the FASD cognitive presentation. Next, we review research on the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on intellectual functioning, attention, executive functioning, learning and memory, language, quantitative reasoning, and social cognition. In our opinion, future research can now begin to focus on FASD‐specific interventions directly informed by the rich body of neurocognitive findings accumulated thus far. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:81–92. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1202This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction
Genetic causes of microcephaly and lessons for neuronal development
Authors: Gilmore Edward C. , Walsh Christopher A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe study of human developmental microcephaly is providing important insights into brain development. It has become clear that developmental microcephalies are associated with abnormalities in cellular production, and that the pathophysiology of microcephaly provides remarkable insights into how the brain generates the proper number of neurons that determine brain size. Most of the genetic causes of ‘primary’ developmental microcephaly (i.e., not associated with other syndromic features) are associated with centrosomal abnormalities. In addition to other functions, centrosomal proteins control the mitotic spindle, which is essential for normal cell proliferation during mitosis. However, the brain is often uniquely affected when microcephaly genes are mutated implying special centrosomal‐related functions in neuronal production. Although models explaining how this could occur have some compelling data, they are not without controversy. Interestingly, some of the microcephaly genes show evidence that they were targets of evolutionary selection in primates and human ancestors, suggesting potential evolutionary roles in controlling neuronal number and brain volume across species. Mutations in DNA repair pathway genes also lead to microcephaly. Double‐stranded DNA breaks appear to be a prominent type of damage that needs to be repaired during brain development, yet why defects in DNA repair affect the brain preferentially and if DNA repair relates to centrosome function, are not clearly understood. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 2:461–478. doi: 10.1002/wdev.89This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Cellular Differentiation
Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development
Birth Defects > Craniofacial and Nervous System Anomalies
Risk Factors of Hypoparathyroidism Following Total Thyroidectomy for Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Paek Se Hyun , Lee Young Mi , Min Sun Young , Kim Seok Won , Chung Ki Wook , Youn Yeo Kyu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe risk factors responsible for hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy have not been completely defined. The present study evaluated one surgeon’s personal experience of postoperative hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer and predisposing risk factors of postoperative hypoparathyroidism.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of 531 consecutive total thyroidectomy cases for thyroid cancer operated by single surgeon at the Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Korea, from March 2003 to August 2006.ResultsPostoperative hypoparathyroidism occurred in 135 patients (25.4 %), 19 of whom (3.6 % of total patients) experienced permanent hypoparathyroidism. Parathyroid autotransplantation, bilateral central lymph node dissection, gross extrathyroidal extension, and the presence of parathyroid gland in the pathologic specimen were associated with postoperative hypoparathyroidism in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05, respectively). The presence of parathyroid gland in the pathologic specimen and the early period of surgeon’s practice were statistically significant risk factors for permanent hypoparathyroidism in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05, respectively).ConclusionsCareful surgical technique for in situ preservation of parathyroid gland and autotransplantation of inadvertently removed parathyroid gland are important, especially in case of gross extrathyroidal extension. Adequate surgical experience is also an important factor. And routine bilateral central lymph node dissection should be done thoughtfully for its effect on postoperative hypoparathyroidism.
Urologic Disease in a Resource‐poor Country
Authors: Manganiello Marc , Hughes Christopher D. , Hagander Lars , Bayne David , Pierre Jean Hamiltong , Buckley Jill C. , Meara John G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding the role that urologic disease plays within central Haiti could lead to the development of sustainable and regionally appropriate urologic care. We aim to document the prevalence of urologic surgical disease presenting for treatment in central Haiti.MethodsThe present study is based on a retrospective review of surgical case logs at five Partners in Health and Zanmi Lasante hospitals in central Haiti. Data were collected from June 30, 2009, through July 29, 2010, and included patient demographics, disease processes, interventions required, surgeon name, and surgeon training (urologic trained versus non‐urologic trained).ResultsUrologic surgical disease comprised 498/5,539 (9.0 %) of all surgical cases in central Haiti from July 2009–July 2010. A total of 492 diagnoses and 498 urologic procedures on 469 patients were recorded. Most common diagnoses included hydrocele (33.3 %), phimosis (23.0 %), benign prostatic hyperplasia (10.8 %), and cryptorchidism (7.3 %). Hydrocelectomy was the most commonly performed procedure (160/498, 32.1 %), followed by circumcision (117/498, 23.4 %) and open prostatectomy (38/498, 7.6 %). Surgeon training (urologic versus non‐urologic) was determined for 360/498 (72.3 %) of surgical cases. Urologic trained surgeons performed 55/360 (15.3 %) of all surgical procedures. Among patients who underwent prostatectomy, urology surgeons performed 14/31 (45.2 %) of open prostatectomies, and non‐urology surgeons performed 17/31 (54.8 %). Urologists performed all transurethral resections of the prostate (9 vs. 0; p = 0.0051).ConclusionsUrologic surgical diseases comprise a substantial source of morbidity for patients in central Haiti. Understanding the scale and scope of urologic disease is important in developing health systems to adequately address the regional burden of surgical disease in limited‐resource settings.
Expression of a family 10 xylanase gene fromAspergillus usamiiE001 inPichia pastorisand characterization of the recombinant enzyme
Authors: Wang Jun-Qing , Yin Xin , Wu Min-Chen , Zhang Hui-Min , Gao Shu-Juan , Wei Jing-Tu , Tang Cun-Duo , Li Jian-Fang 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA cDNA gene (Auxyn10A), which encodes a mesophilic family 10 xylanase from Aspergillus usamii E001 (abbreviated to AuXyn10A), was amplified and inserted into the XhoI and NotI sites of pPIC9KM vector constructed from a parent pPIC9K. The recombinant expression vector, designated pPIC9KM-Auxyn10A, was transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115. All P. pastoris transformants were spread on a MD plate, and then inoculated on geneticin G418-containing YPD plates for screening multiple copies of integration of the Auxyn10A. One transformant expressing the highest recombinant AuXyn10A (reAuXyn10A) activity of 368.6 U/ml, numbered as P. pastoris GSX10A4-14, was selected by flask expression test. SDS-PAGE assay demonstrated that the reAuXyn10A was extracellularly expressed with an apparent M.W. of 39.8 kDa. The purified reAuXyn10A displayed the maximum activity at pH 5.5 and 50 °C. It was highly stable at a broad pH range of 4.5–8.5, and at a temperature of 45 °C. Its activity was not significantly affected by EDTA and several metal ions except Mn2+, which caused a strong inhibition. The K m and V max, towards birchwood xylan at pH 5.5 and 50 °C, were 2.25 mg/ml and 6,267 U/mg, respectively. TLC analysis verified that the AuXyn10A is an endo-β-1,4-d-xylanase, which yielded a major product of xylotriose and a small amount of xylose, xylotetraose, and xylopentose from birchwood xylan, but no xylobiose.
Triticale Dried Distillers' Grain Increases Alpha‐Linolenic Acid in Subcutaneous Fat of Beef Cattle Fed Oilseeds
Authors: He M. L. , Sultana H. , Oba M. , Kastelic J. P. , Dugan M. E. R. , McKinnon J. J. , McAllister T. A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of triticale dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS), flax (FS) and sunflower (SS) seed on growth and the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous (SQ) fat in individually housed steers (n = 15 per diet) fed ad libitum (DM basis); (1) control (CON) 90 % barley grain + 10 % barley silage; or substitution of barley grain for: (2) 30 % DDGS; (3) 10 % FS; (4) 30 % DDGS + 8.5 % FS; (5) 10 % SS and (6) 30 % DDGS + 8.5 % SS. Oilseeds in the combination diets were reduced to maintain diet lipid levels below 9 % DM and to determine if favorable changes in the fatty acid profile could be maintained or enhanced at reduced levels of oilseed. Plasma and SQ fat biopsies were collected at 0, 6, and 12 weeks. Inclusion of DDGS decreased (P < 0.05) average daily gain, feed conversion and backfat thickness. Feeding FS increased (P < 0.05) plasma ALA compared to CON and SS and consistently increased (P < 0.01) ALA and non‐conjugated and non‐methylene interrupted dienes (NCD), whereas SS tended to decrease ALA in fat. Inclusion of DDGS with FS further increased (P < 0.02) ALA and decreased (P < 0.05) NCD and 18:1‐t10 in fat. The fact that the levels of n‐3 fatty acids in SQ fat from steers fed DDGS + FS were higher than those obtained with FS alone, has obvious benefits to the practical cost of favorably manipulating fatty acid profiles in beef.
Liquid–Liquid Equilibria in Biodiesel Production
Authors: Rostami Masoume , Raeissi Sona , Mahmoodi Maziyar , Nowroozi Masoud 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDuring biodiesel production, the product is contaminated with impurities such as some non‐reacted alcohol, glycerol, and catalyst. In order to comply with product requirements, these impurities must be removed, for example, by washing with water. Knowledge of the extent of water solubility in biodiesel is required to design the drying system and determine fuel quality. In the present work, the solubilities of water in biodiesels produced from sunflower and canola oils were measured within the temperature range of 24–60 °C. The solubility of water increased with increasing temperature and biodiesel unsaturation. The liquid–liquid equilibria of ternary systems of glycerol, methanol, and the above‐mentioned biodiesels were investigated experimentally at 20, 30, and 40 °C. The binodal curves were determined by using the cloud point titration method and the tie lines were measured by evaporating the methanol. Both binary and ternary data were modeled using the UNIQUAC model. The model showed good agreement with the data. Othmer‐Tobias correlations were applied and the corresponding constants were obtained. The results validated the consistency of the tie‐line data obtained experimentally.