bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatty Acid Alteration of Plastidic and Extra-Plastidic Membrane Lipids in Metribuzin-Resistant Photoautotrophic Chenopodium rubrum Cells as Compared to Wild-Type Cells
Authors: Schwenger-Erger Claudia , Barz Wolfgang , Weber Nikolaus 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The fatty acid compositions of plastidic and extra-plastidic membrane lipids of two metri-buzin-resistant cell lines L4 and L7 of C henopodium rubrum were determined after growth in the absence and in the presence of the herbicide and compared with those o f wild type cells. Fatty acid biosynthesis was markedly affected in all cell lines by metribuzin treatment. In the absence and in the presence of metribuzin alterations of the fatty acid com position of the various lipid classes were, as compared to wild type cells, generally lower in the highly resistant L4 cells than in the less resistant L7 cells. The two resistant cell lines demonstrated a higher degree of unsaturation within the plastidic monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (L4 cells also within plastidic digalactosyldiacylglycerols) and, particularly, within the predominantly extra-plastidic phosphatidylcholines (L7 cells also within the predominantly extra-plastidic phosphatidylethanolamines), whereas the degree of unsaturation was slightly altered in the plastidic phosphatidylglycerols. Within the two metribuzin-resistant cell lines, the highly resis­ tant L4 cells differed from the less resistant L7 cells by increased a-linolenic acid/palmitic acid ratios in both the plastidic and extra-plastidic membrane lipids suggesting that particu­ larly in L4 cells higher proportions of linolenate are formed as a result o f selection pressure. On the other hand, the proportion of linoleate was increased predominantly in extra-plastidic membrane lipids of both L4 and L7 cells which explains a raise in linoleic acid/palmitic acid ratios in both cell lines as compared to wild-type cells. Moreover, in the absence of metri­ buzin decreased proportions o f fram-3-hexadecenoic acid were found in phosphatidylglycer­ ols of L4 and, particularly, of L7 cells as compared to the wild type cells. It is suggested that L4 and L7 cells -having multiple mutations in the psbA gene as observed earlier -are additionally characterized by increased degree of unsaturation of acyl moieties in various polar lipids, e.g. linoleoyl moieties in L4 and L7 cells as well as linolenoyl moieties particularly in highly resistant L4 cells. This increase gives rise to a change in membrane fluidity and may finally lead to increased metribuzin resistance.
Enzyme Activity of the Cytochrome P-450 Monooxygenase System in the Presence of Single Chain Lipid Molecules
Authors: Müller-Enoch Dieter , Fintelmann Robert , Nicolaev Andrey , Gruler Hans 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The influence of single chain lipids on the 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethyase activity of the reconstituted binary protein complex of isolated cytochrome P450 and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase has been examined. The enzyme activity of this binary enzyme complex has been shown to be influenced by (i) altering the complexation process of both proteins, (ii) by altering the catalytic cycle time of the active binary protein complex and (iii) by altering the fraction of substrate molecules at the catalytic center of the enzyme. Competitive inhibition was measured for all single chain molecules. The following dissociation coefficients of sub­ strate and lipids used for the catalytic center of the protein were obtained: 110 μм 7-ethoxy-coumarin (substrate), 1.1 μм MOG (1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol), 0.3 μм SPH (D-sphingosine), 1.5 μм OA (oleic acid), 3.0 μм LPC (L-a-lysophosphatidyl-choline), 15.5 μм MSG (1-mono-stearoyl-rac-glycerol), 9.5 μм AA (arachidonic acid), 9.0 μм PaCar (palmitoyl-L-carnitine), 3.5 μм MPG (2-monopalmitoyl-glycerol), 1.5 μм LPI (L-a-lysophosphatidyl-inositol), 50 μм LA (lauric acid), 60 μм MA (myristic acid). 85 μм PA (palmitic acid), >100 μм SA (stearic acid). Only competitive inhibition with the substrate molecule 7-ethoxycoumarin was ob­served for the single chain lipids LA, MA, PA, SPH, SA, and OA. Non-competitive effects were observed for MPG (-0.03 μм-1) , PaCar (-0.02 μм-1) , MSG (-0.023 μм-1) , LPC (-0.03 μм-1) , A A (-0.03 μм-1) , and MOG (+0.04 μм-1). The negative sign indicates that the cycle time of the working binary complex is enlarged. The positive sign indicates that the formation of the binary complex is enhanced by MOG.
Sex Attractants for Six Clearwing and Tineid Species (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae and Tineidae) from Kazakhstan and Lithuania
Authors: Karalius Vidmantas , Mozūraitis Raimondas , Miatleuski Jan , Būda Vincas , Ivinskis Povilas 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Sex attractants for 3 Sesiidae and 3 Tineidae moth species in West-Kazakhstan and Lithua­nia were discovered by field screening tests of (3Z,13Z)-, (3E,13Z)-and (2E,13Z)-octadeca-dien-1-ols and their acetates as well as of some binary mixtures of these compounds. Total amount of chemicals was 0.3 mg/dispenser. Males of Synanthedon serica were attracted by a 5:5 mixture of 3E,13Z-18:OA c and 2E,13Z-18:OAc, Chamaesphecia bibioniformis by a 9:1 mixture of 3Z,13Z-18:OAc and 3E,13Z-18:OAc, Paranthrene tabaniformis by a 1:9 mixture of 3Z,13Z-18:OH and 3E,13Z-18:OH , Tinea nonimella by a 1:9 mixture of 3E,13Z-18:OH and 2E,13Z-18:OH , Monopis monachella by a 1:9 mixture of 3Z,13Z-18:OH and 2E,13Z -18:OH, and Nemaxera betulinella by a 9:1 mixture of 2E,13Z-18:OAc and the corresponding alcohol. The periods of attraction to the traps were registered for males of S. serica and Ch. bibioniformis and were found to occur at 15 - 18 and 1 5 -17 o'clock, local time, respectively.
Methemoglobin Formation in Human Erythrocytes by Nitroaromatic Explosives
Authors: Marozienė Audronė , Kliukienė Regina , Šarlauskas Jonas , Čėnas Narimantas 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
We have examined the structure-activity relationships in methemoglobin (MetHb) forma­tion by high explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-nitramine (tetryl) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-nitraminoethylnitrate (pentryl), and a number of model nitroben-zenes. In lysed human erythrocytes the rate constants of oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) oxidation increased with an increase in single-electron reduction potential (E1
7) or with a decrease of the enthalpies of single-electron reduction of nitroaromatics. Tetryl and pentryl oxidized Ox­yHb almost 3 times faster than TNT. Although the initial rates of MetHb formation in intact erythrocytes by tetryl, pentryl, and TNT matched their order of reactivity in the oxidation of OxyHb in lysed erythrocytes, TNT was a more efficient MetHb forming agent than tetryl and pentryl during a 24-h incubation. The decreased efficiency of tetryl and pentryl was attributed to their reaction with intraerythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) producing 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-Sglutathione, which acted as a less efficient OxyHb oxidizing agent.
Fluorescence Studies on Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate Dehydrogenase from Bovine Heart Muscle
Authors: Seweryn Ewa , Banaś Teresa , Berdowska Izabela , Zieliński Bogdan , Ceremuga Ireneusz 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase, ATP, Flu­ orescence Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a gly­colytic enzyme that catalyses conversion of glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. ATP has been found to have an inhibitory effect on this enzyme. To establish the interaction between the enzyme and ATP, a fluorescence technique was used. Fluorescence quenching in the presence of ATP suggests cooperative binding of ATP to the enzyme (the Hill obtained coeffi­cient equals 2.78). The interaction between glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ATP may control not only glycolysis but other activities of this enzyme, such as binding to the cytoskeleton.
Ischemia-Responsive Protein (irp94) Is Up-Regulated by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Kim Seung-Whan , Yoo In-Sool , Koh Hyeon-Song , Kwon O-Yu 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The expression of the ischemia-responsive protein (irp94) was enhanced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducing drugs such as brefeldin A (BFA), calcium ionophor A23187, dithiothreitol (DTT) and tunicamycin in fisher rat thyroid epithelial cell line (FRTL-5 cells). In particular, irp94 mRNA expression was increased dose dependently by tunicamycin, and there was increased irp94 expression when the cells were incubated with the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) together.
Retinoic Acid as a Regulator of Cytokine Signaling after Nerve Injury
Authors: Mey Jörg 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
After an injury of the central nervous system it is of foremost clinical concern to prevent nerve cell degeneration and to develop strategies for the support of axonal regeneration. This requires an understanding of traumatic processes in the nervous system and their regulation by intercellular cytokine signaling. Although injury-induced temporal changes in gene expression of many cytokines have been described in this context, much less is known about their regulation. This review proposes a role of retinoic acid (RA) as transcriptional regulator in nerve regeneration. Four lines of evidence support this hypothesis: (1) In various cell culture systems retinoids were found to interact with most cytokine signals that mediate cellular interactions after nerve lesions in vivo. (2) Necessary components of the retinoid signaling pathway (aldehyde dehydrogenases, nuclear RA-receptors, cellular RA-binding proteins) are present in the adult nervous system, and glial cells produce RA in vitro. In addition, recent observations indicate that RA-synthesizing enzyme activity increases after nerve injury. (3) During development endogenous RA promotes glial and neuronal differentiation including the outgrowth of axons in the developing spinal cord, cerebellum, dorsal root ganglia and sympathetic ganglia. (4) Axonal regeneration of differentiated retinal ganglion cells and peripheral sensory neurons is enhanced by RA in vitro.
Repellent Activity of Estrogenic Compounds toward Zoospores of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Aphanomyces cochlioides
Authors: Islam M. Tofazzal , Tahara Satoshi 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Screening chemical compounds, we found that a xenoestrogen, bisphenol A , showed potent repellent activity against the zoospores of A phanomyces cochlioides. Based on this finding, we tested a number of androgenic and estrogenic compounds (e.g. testosterone, progesterone, estradiols, diethylstilbestrol, estrone, estriol, pregnenolone, dienestrol etc.) on the motility behavior of A. cochlioides zoospores. Interestingly, most of the estrogenic compounds exhib­ited potent repellent activity (1 μg/ml or less by the "particle method") toward the motile zoospores of A. cochlioides. We derivatized some of the estrogens and discussed the relation­ ship between the structure of active molecules and their repellent activity. Apparently, aromatization of the A ring with a free hydroxyl group at C-3 position of a steroidal structure is necessary for higher repellent activity Interestingly, methylation of diethylstilbestrol (DES) yielded completely different activity i.e. both mono-and di-methyl ethers of DES showed attractant activity. Moreover, the attracted zoospores were encysted and then germinated in the presence of di-methyl ether of DES. The potential usefulness of this repellent test is discussed for the detection of estrogenic activity of naturally occurring compounds, and the possible role of phytoestrogens in host/parasite interactions. So far, this will be the first report of repellent activity of estrogenic compounds toward trivial fungal zoospores.
Phenolic Compounds of Propolis from Central Chilean Matorral
Authors: Muñoz Orlando , Peña Raúl C. , Ureta Enrique , Montenegro Gloria , Caldwell Colby , Timmermann Barbara N. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Pinocembrin, acacetin, galanguin, izalpin, kaempferide, prenyletin and diarytheptane were isolated from propolis from Central Chile.
Variability of the Fatty Acid Composition during Development of the Green Microalga Apatococcus constipatus
Authors: Eichel Johannes , Żarnowski Robert 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The green microalga Apatococcus constipatus was in­ vestigated for its fatty acid composition using GC and MS techniques. Considerable variations were found in individual fatty acid contents according to the stage of culture development. A set of saturated fatty acid homologues was distinguished as the main component regard­ less of the culture age. The occurrence of some uncommon fatty acids in minor amounts, such as hydroxylated ones, was found to be characteristic o f the studied species. Depending on the development stage, those com ­ pounds were detected either only during initial growth phases or throughout the cultivation time.
Organotin-Induced Hyperglycemia in the Crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex Fabricius
Authors: Nagaraju G. Purna Chandra , Basha Md. Riyaz , Reddy P. Sreenivasula 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Injection of three different organotin compounds such as tripalmitin, fentin and fenbutatin produced a significant increase in the hemolymph sugar level of intact crabs at Oziotelphusa senex senex apparently by stimulating release of the hyperglycemic hormone (HGH).
Biological Durability and Oxidative Potential of Man-Made Vitreous Fibres as Compared to Crocidolite Asbestos Fibres
Authors: Hippeli Susanne , Dornisch Kerstin , Wiethege Thorsten , Gillissen Adrian , Müller Klaus-Michael , Elstner Erich F. 
Published: February 2015

In this study we investigated relationships between redox properties and biodurability of crocidolite asbestos fibres and three different man-made vitreous fibres (MMVF): traditional stone wool fibres (MMVF 21), glass fibres (MMVF 11) and refractory ceramic fibres (RCF). Each fibre type was incubated up to 22 weeks in four different incubation media: gamble solution (GS) pH 5.0 and pH 7.4, representing blood plasma without proteins, and surfactant­ like solution (SLS) pH 5.0 and pH 7.4. During incubation time aliquots of incubation mixtures were removed and analysed in a biochemical model reaction, mimicking activated phagocytes. In addition, changes of fibre morphology and chemical composition were examined using SEM-and EDX-technology.
In the presence of crocidolite asbestos fibres and MMVF 21 the formation of OH-radicals according to the Haber-Weiss sequence could be demonstrated, whereas MMVF 11 and RCF showed no reactivity. Crocidolite asbestos fibres exhibited a significant higher activity com­pared with the stone wool fibres at the onset of incubation. The oxidative capacities of these fibre types were shown to depend on both specific surface area and iron content. The oxidative potentials of crocidolite asbestos fibres as well as MMVF 21 were not constant during incubation over several weeks in each incubation medium. The reactivities showed sinoidal curves including reactivities much higher than those at the onset of incubation time. These irregular changes of oxidative capacity may be explained by changes of the redox state of fibre surface-complexed iron.
Furthermore our results showed clear differences between incubation of fibres in GS and SLS, respectively, indicating that phospholipids play an important part in fibre dissolution behaviour and oxidative reactivity.
In conclusion we suggest, that biodurability testing procedures should not exclusively concentrate on dissolution rates of fibres. They should include fibre characteristics concerning known pathogenic mechanisms to evaluate the real toxic potential of the fibre type looking at. Secondly we suggest, that phospholipids should be constituents of incubation liquids used for standardised fibre biodurability test procedures thus representing more realistic incubation conditions
Mechanism of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Hepatocellular Damage by Reactive Carbon Tetrachloride Metabolites
Authors: Boll Meinrad , Lutz W. D. , Becker Eberhard , Stampfl Andreas 
Published: February 2015

CCl4-induced liver damage was modeled in monolayer cultures of rat primary hepatocytes with a focus on involvement of covalent binding of CCl4 metabolites to cell components and/or peroxidative damage as the cause of injury.
(1) Covalent binding of 14C-labeled metabolites was detected in hepatocytes immediately after exposure to CCl4. (2) Low oxygen partial pressure increased the reductive metabolism of CCl4 and thus covalent binding. (3) [14C]-CCl4 was bound to lipids and to proteins throughout subcellular fractions. Binding occurred preferentially to triacylglycerols and phospholipids, with phosphatidylcholine containing the highest amount of label. (4) The lipid peroxidation potency of CCl4 revealed subtle differences compared to other peroxidative substances, viz., ADP-Fe3+ and cumol hydroperoxide, respectively. (5) CCl4, but not the other peroxidative substances, decreased the rate of triacylglycerol secretion as very low density lipoproteins. (6) The anti-oxidant vitamin E (α-tocopherol) blocked lipid peroxidation, but not covalent binding, and secretion of lipoproteins remained inhibited. (7) The radical scavenger piperonyl butoxide prevented CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation as well as covalent bind­ing of CCI4 metabolites to cell components, and also restored lipoprotein metabolism.
The results confirm that covalent binding of the CCl3* radical to cell components initiates the inhibition of lipoprotein secretion and thus steatosis, whereas reaction with oxygen, to form CCI3*-OO*, initiates lipid peroxidation. The two processes are independent of each other, and the extent to which either process occurs depends on partial oxygen pressure. The former process may result in adduct formation and, ultimately, cancer initiation, whereas the latter results in loss of calcium homeostasis and, ultimately, apoptosis and cell death
Triterpenoid Saponins from Astragalus trigonus
Authors: Shaker Kamel H. , Bernhardt Mirko , Elgamal M. Hani A. , Seifert Karlheinz 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
One new, 3-O-{[[-α-ʟ-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-ᴅ-glucuronopyranosyl}-3β,22α,24-trihydroxyolean-12-ene and two known triterpenoid saponins, 3-O-{[α-ʟ-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-ᴅ-glucuronopyranosyl}- 3β,22β,24-trihydroxyolean-12-ene (azukisaponin V ) and 3,16-di-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl- 3β,6α,16β-trihydroxycycloart-24-ene have been isolated from Astragalus trigonus. The structures were determined primarily by NMR spectroscopy. The assignment of NMR signals was performed by means of 1H - 1H COSY, NOESY, ROESY , TOCSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments.
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Investigations of Virola oleifera Leaves
Authors: Kuroshima Kätia N. , Campos Fátima de , Souza Márcia M. de , Yunes Rosendo A. , Monache Franco Delle , Filho Valdir Cechinel 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A methanolic extract and two fractions (n-hexane and ethyl acetate) from Virola oleifera leaves and some compounds (one lignan and two flavonoids) were investigated to verify the analgesic activity by using the writhing test in mice. The crude methanolic extract showed a moderate analgesic effect (about 40% of inhibition in this test at 10 mg/kg), whereas n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions caused inhibition of 51.3 ± 5.9% and 50.5 ± 6.3% , respectively. Oleiferin-C (1), a lignan isolated from the n-hexane fraction, showed an interesting analgesic potential in this model when compared to two standard drugs, paracetamol (4-acetamidophenol) and aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). The ID50 calculated for this compound was 17.25 μmol/kg, with confidence interval between 13.7 and 21.3 μmol/kg, being about 8 times more potent than the standard drugs. The mixture of two glycoside-flavonoids, identified as astilbin (2) and quercitrin (3), also exhibited good analgesic activity, causing 63% of reduction of abdominal constriction in mice. These results suggest beneficial effect of this plant to treat dolorous processes.
Stepwise pH-Gradient Elution for the Preparative Separation of Natural Anthraquinones by Multiple Liquid-Liquid Partition
Authors: Hynninen Paavo H. , Räisänen Riikka 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Preparative-scale separation of substituted anthraquinones by multiple liquid-liquid partition was studied using isopropylmethyl ketone (IM K)/aqueous phosphate buffer (aq.) as the solvent system and the Hietala apparatus with 100 partition units as the partition equipment. The lower (aq.) phase was chosen as mobile, while the upper (IMK) phase remained stationary. Hence, the principle of stepwise pH-gradient elution could be utilized to separate the components in two complex mixtures of hydroxyanthraquinones and hydroxyanthraquinone carboxylic acids, isolated from the fungus Dermocybe sanguinea. In spite of the nonlinearity of the partition isotherm s for these anthraquinones, implying deviations from the Nernst partition law, remarkable separations were achieved for the components in each mixture. Every anthraquinone carboxylic acid showed markedly irregular partition behavior, appearing in the effluent as two more or less resolved concentration zones. Such splitting was attributed to the formation of relatively stable sandwich-dimers, which were in a slow equilibrium with the monomers in the more nonpolar organic phase. At lower pH-values, only the polar monomers were distributed into the mobile aqueous phase and moved forward, whereas the nonpolar sandwich-dimers remained almost entirely in the stationary organic phase and lagged behind. When the pH of the mobile aqueous phase was raised high enough, the firmly linked dimers were monomerized and emerged from the apparatus as a second concentration profile. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction between the n-systems of two anthraquinone molecules in a parallel orientation were considered responsible for the nonlinear and markedly irregular partition behavior of the natural anthraquinones studied. The nonlinearity of the partition behavior of the hydroxyanthraquinones lacking the carboxyl group, appeared merely as excessive broadening of the experimental concentration profile, which impaired the resolution between the components only insignificantly. Thus, e.g. the main components, dermocybin and emodin, could both be obtained from Separation 1 in a purity of at least 99% .
Phytochemical Profiles of Targionia lorbeeriana: Grown in vitro and in the Open
Authors: Neves Marta , Ferreira Manuel , Terreaux Christian , Hostettmann Kurt , Morais Rui 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The terpenoid constituents of Targionia lorbeeriana grown in vivo and in vitro were com pared. The analysis of the dichloromethane extract was performed by HPLC-UV and by HPLC-M S. The obtained results revealed that the sesquiterpene lactones isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the wild Targionia lorbeeriana were also produced by the liverwort in in vitro cultures, in the same relative amounts.
The composition of essential oils was evaluated by GC and GC-MS. Both, the yield and diversity of the essential oil obtained from wild growing T. lorbeeriana gametophytes were higher than those growing in vitro. Although, a significant number of compounds produced in vivo were maintained in vitro, a considerable number of other ones were not detected. Instead, under in vitro conditions, some new compounds were found which do not accumulate under wild conditions.