bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential accumulation of callose, arabinoxylan and cellulose in nonpenetrated versus penetrated papillae on leaves of barley infected with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei
Authors: Chowdhury Jamil , Henderson Marilyn , Schweizer Patrick , Burton Rachel A. , Fincher Geoffrey B. , Little Alan 
Published: August 2014

Summary

In plants, cell walls are one of the first lines of defence for protecting cells from successful invasion by fungal pathogens and are a major factor in basal host resistance. For the plant cell to block penetration attempts, it must adapt its cell wall to withstand the physical and chemical forces applied by the fungus.

Papillae that have been effective in preventing penetration by pathogens are traditionally believed to contain callose as the main polysaccharide component. Here, we have re‐examined the composition of papillae of barley (Hordeum vulgare) attacked by the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) using a range of antibodies and carbohydrate‐binding modules that are targeted to cell wall polysaccharides.

The data show that barley papillae induced during infection with Bgh contain, in addition to callose, significant concentrations of cellulose and arabinoxylan. Higher concentrations of callose, arabinoxylan and cellulose are found in effective papillae, compared with ineffective papillae. The papillae have a layered structure, with the inner core consisting of callose and arabinoxylan and the outer layer containing arabinoxylan and cellulose.

The association of arabinoxylan and cellulose with penetration resistance suggests new targets for the improvement of papilla composition and enhanced disease resistance.
Programmed cell death during development of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) seed coat
Authors: LIMA NATHÁLIA BASTOS , TRINDADE FERNANDA GOMES , DA CUNHA MAURA , OLIVEIRA ANTÔNIA ELENIR AMÂNCIO , TOPPING JENNIFER , LINDSEY KEITH , FERNANDES KÁTIA VALEVSKI SALES 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe seed coat develops primarily from maternal tissues and comprises multiple cell layers at maturity, providing a metabolically dynamic interface between the developing embryo and the environment during embryogenesis, dormancy and germination of seeds. Seed coat development involves dramatic cellular changes, and the aim of this research was to investigate the role of programmed cell death (PCD) events during the development of seed coats of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. We demonstrate that cells of the developing cowpea seed coats undergo a programme of autolytic cell death, detected as cellular morphological changes in nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts and vacuoles, DNA fragmentation and oligonucleosome accumulation in the cytoplasm, and loss of membrane viability. We show for the first time that classes 6 and 8 caspase‐like enzymes are active during seed coat development, and that these activities may be compartmentalized by translocation between vacuoles and cytoplasm during PCD events.
Who Cares What They Wear? Media, Gender, and the Influence of Candidate Appearance
Authors: Hayes Danny , Lawless Jennifer L. , Baitinger Gail 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesThis article seeks to determine whether candidate appearance influences election outcomes, and if so, whether the effect depends on the politician's sex. For all of the scholarly attention these questions have received in recent years, the way that media coverage of candidate appearance shapes voters’ evaluations remains unclear.MethodsWe report the results of an experiment designed to shed light on these questions. We exposed a national sample of subjects to news coverage of candidates for a seat in the U.S. Congress. We varied whether the candidate was a man or a woman, and whether the candidate's appearance was covered positively, negatively, neutrally, or not mentioned at all.ResultsOur analysis reveals that only negative appearance coverage has an effect, driving down evaluations by lowering voters’ assessments of candidates’ professionalism. Critically, though, the effect is identical for male and female candidates. Regardless of whether we examine overall candidate favorability, assessments of traits, or perceptions of issue‐handling ability, female politicians do not pay a disproportionate price when the media focus on how they look.ConclusionsUltimately, even though candidate sex and physical appearance can matter to voters, these factors are unlikely to displace incumbency, partisanship, and ideology as principal drivers of election outcomes.
Soil properties after change to conservation agriculture from ridge tillage in sandy clay loams of mid‐altitude Central Malawi
Authors: Mloza‐Banda M. L. , Cornelis W. M. , Mloza‐Banda H. R. , Makwiza C. N. , Verbist K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA comparative study was carried out of annual ridge tillage (RT) and short‐term effects of conservation agriculture (CA) on soil properties in fields of small‐scale farmers. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm from a total of 12 fields which had been under CA for two and four seasons, respectively, and from adjacent RT fields for direct comparisons. CA fields were converted from fields previously under continuous RT. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus were greater in CA fields while extractable potassium, pH and salt content were moderated under CA. Conversion of long‐term RT to CA did not significantly influence bulk density and aggregate stability (geometric mean diameter) although structural stability was greater under CA practices. Total porosity, macroporosity and matrix porosity, and volumetric water content at saturation, field capacity and permanent wilting point did not substantively respond to tillage effects. Relative water capacity and air–water storage parameter, θfc/PORt, were significantly greater after 4 yr of CA. Soils under CA showed greater values for field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity compared with RT fields. With the highest loadings in a principal component analysis, this work suggests that variables related to volumetric water content and aeration of the soil matrix, organic carbon, available phosphorus and soil texture were the most useful indices for future field comparison of RT and CA practices.
Surgical versus conservative treatment for high-risk stress fractures of the lower leg (anterior tibial cortex, navicular and fifth metatarsal base): a systematic review
Authors: Mallee Wouter H , Weel Hanneke , van Dijk C Niek , van Tulder Maurits W , Kerkhoffs Gino M , Lin Chung-Wei Christine 
Published: August 2014

AimTo compare surgical and conservative treatment for high-risk stress fractures of the anterior tibial cortex, navicular and proximal fifth metatarsal.MethodsSystematic searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and PEDro were performed to identify relevant prospective and retrospective studies. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality. Main outcomes were return to sport and complication rate.Results18 studies were included (2 anterior tibia (N=31), 8 navicular (N=200) and 8 fifth metatarsal (N=246)). For anterior tibial fracture, no studies on initial surgery were eligible. Conservative treatment resulted in high complication rates and few cases returned to sport. For navicular fracture, a weighted mean return to sport of 22 for conservative and 16 weeks for surgical treatment was found. Six weeks of non-weightbearing cast was mostly used as conservative treatment. Surgical procedures varied widely. For the fifth metatarsal fracture, weighted mean return to sport was 19 for conservative and 14 weeks for surgical treatment. Surgery consisted of intramedullary screw fixation or tension band wiring. For conservative methods, insufficient details were reported. Overall, there was a high risk of bias; sample sizes were small and GRADE level of evidence was low.ConclusionsStrong conclusions for surgical or conservative therapy for these high-risk stress fractures cannot be drawn; quality of evidence is low and subjected to a high risk of bias. However, there are unsatisfying outcomes of conservative therapy in the anterior tibia. The role of initial surgery is unknown. For the navicular, surgery provided an earlier return to sport; and when treated conservatively, weightbearing should be avoided. For the fifth metatarsal, surgery provided the best results. Treatment decision-making would greatly benefit from further prospective research.Study registration numberPROSPERO database of systematic reviews: CRD42013004201.
Association ofTCF7L2variation with single islet autoantibody expression in children with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Redondo Maria J , Muniz Jesse , Rodriguez Luisa M , Iyer Dinakar , Vaziri-Sani Fariba , Haymond Morey W , Hampe Christiane S , Metzker Michael L , Grant Struan F A , Balasubramanyam Ashok 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundThe transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene has the strongest genetic association with type 2 diabetes.TCF7L2also associates with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, which often presents with a single islet autoantibody, but not with classical type 1 diabetes.MethodsWe aimed to test ifTCF7L2is associated with single islet autoantibody expression in pediatric type 1 diabetes. We studied 71 prospectively recruited children who had newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and evidence of islet autoimmunity, that is, expressed ≥1 islet autoantibody to insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, islet cell autoantigen 512, or zinc transporter 8.TCF7L2rs7903146 alleles were identified. Data at diagnosis were cross-sectionally analyzed.ResultsWe found that 21.1% of the children with autoimmune type 1 diabetes expressed a single islet autoantibody. The distribution ofTCF7L2rs7903146 genotypes in children with a single autoantibody (n=15) was 40% CC, 26.7% CT and 33.3% TT, compared with children with ≥2 islet autoantibodies (50% CC, 42.9% CT and 7.1% TT, p=0.024). Furthermore, compared with children with ≥2 autoantibodies, single-autoantibody children had characteristics reflecting milder autoimmune destruction of β-cells. Restricting to lean children (body mass index<85th centile; n=36), 45.5% of those expressing a single autoantibody were rs7903146 TT homozygotes, compared with 0% of those with ≥2 autoantibodies (p<0.0001).ConclusionThese results suggest that, in children with only mild islet autoimmunity, mechanisms associated withTCF7L2genetic variation contribute to diabetogenesis, and this contribution is larger in the absence of obesity.
Adiponectin and IGFBP-1 in the development of gestational diabetes in obese mothers
Authors: Ramirez Vanessa I , Miller Evelyn , Meireles Christiane L , Gelfond Jonathan , Krummel Debra A , Powell Theresa L 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is more common in pregnancies complicated by obesity and both diseases increase the risk for fetal overgrowth and long-term adverse health consequences for the mother and child. Previous studies have linked low maternal serum adiponectin to GDM in normal and overweight women. We hypothesized that lower adiponectin, in particular the high-molecular-weight form, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its binding protein (IGFBP-1) are associated with GDM in pregnant obese Hispanic women.Methods72 obese, predominantly Hispanic (92%), women were recruited at 24–28 weeks of gestation. Adiposity was assessed, fasting serum samples were collected, and glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol levels, adipokines, and hormones associated with obesity and insulin resistance were measured. 30 women had been recently diagnosed with GDM.ResultsGestational weeks, body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness, mid-arm circumference, serum leptin, IGF-I, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin-6 did not differ in the two groups. Obese women with GDM had significantly higher fasting glucose, A1C, triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin, and IGFBP-1 compared to obese women without GDM. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was positively correlated to IGF-I and negatively correlated to adiponectin.ConclusionsObese pregnant women with recently diagnosed GDM had a significantly exacerbated metabolic profile, low serum adiponectin and IGFBP-1 levels at 24–28 weeks of gestation, as compared to women with obesity alone. Because low adiponectin is well established to cause insulin resistance and decreased IGFBP-1 indicates increased IGF-I bioavailability, we propose that these changes are mechanistically linked to the development of GDM in obese Hispanic women.
Statins impair glucose uptake in human cells
Authors: Nowis Dominika , Malenda Agata , Furs Karolina , Oleszczak Bozenna , Sadowski Radoslaw , Chlebowska Justyna , Firczuk Malgorzata , Bujnicki Janusz M , Staruch Adam D , Zagozdzon Radoslaw , Glodkowska-Mrowka Eliza , Szablewski Leszek , Golab Jakub 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveConsidering the increasing number of clinical observations indicating hyperglycemic effects of statins, this study was designed to measure the influence of statins on the uptake of glucose analogs by human cells derived from liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle.DesignFlow cytometry and scintillation counting were used to measure the uptake of fluorescently labeled or tritiated glucose analogs by differentiated visceral preadipocytes, skeletal muscle cells, skeletal muscle myoblasts, and contact-inhibited human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. A bioinformatics approach was used to predict the structure of human glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and to identify the presence of putative cholesterol-binding (cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC)) motifs within this transporter. Mutagenesis of CRAC motifs inSLC2A1gene and limited proteolysis of membrane GLUT1 were used to determine the molecular effects of statins.ResultsStatins significantly inhibit the uptake of glucose analogs in all cell types. Similar effects are induced by methyl-β-cyclodextrin, which removes membrane cholesterol. Statin effects can be rescued by addition of mevalonic acid, or supplementation with exogenous cholesterol. Limited proteolysis of GLUT1 and mutagenesis of CRAC motifs revealed that statins induce conformational changes in GLUTs.ConclusionsStatins impair glucose uptake by cells involved in regulation of glucose homeostasis by inducing cholesterol-dependent conformational changes in GLUTs. This molecular mechanism might explain hyperglycemic effects of statins observed in clinical trials.
Targeting intensive versus conventional glycaemic control for type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomised clinical trials
Authors: Kähler Pernille , Grevstad Berit , Almdal Thomas , Gluud Christian , Wetterslev Jørn , Vaag Allan , Hemmingsen Bianca 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the benefits and harms of targeting intensive versus conventional glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.DesignA systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomised clinical trials.Data sourcesThe Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index Expanded and LILACS to January 2013.Study selectionRandomised clinical trials that prespecified different targets of glycaemic control in participants at any age with type 1 diabetes mellitus were included.Data extractionTwo authors independently assessed studies for inclusion and extracted data.Results18 randomised clinical trials included 2254 participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus. All trials had high risk of bias. There was no statistically significant effect of targeting intensive glycaemic control on all-cause mortality (risk ratio 1.16, 95% CI 0.65 to 2.08) or cardiovascular mortality (0.49, 0.19 to 1.24). Targeting intensive glycaemic control reduced the relative risks for the composite macrovascular outcome (0.63, 0.41 to 0.96; p=0.03), and nephropathy (0.37, 0.27 to 0.50; p<0.00001. The effect estimates of retinopathy, ketoacidosis and retinal photocoagulation were not consistently statistically significant between random and fixed effects models. The risk of severe hypoglycaemia was significantly increased with intensive glycaemic targets (1.40, 1.01 to 1.94). Trial sequential analyses showed that the amount of data needed to demonstrate a relative risk reduction of 10% were, in general, inadequate.ConclusionsThere was no significant effect towards improved all-cause mortality when targeting intensive glycaemic control compared with conventional glycaemic control. However, there may be beneficial effects of targeting intensive glycaemic control on the composite macrovascular outcome and on nephropathy, and detrimental effects on severe hypoglycaemia. Notably, the data for retinopathy and ketoacidosis were inconsistent. There was a severe lack of reporting on patient relevant outcomes, and all trials had poor bias control.
Overall, gender and social inequalities in suicide mortality in Iran, 2006–2010: a time trend province-level study
Authors: Kiadaliri Aliasghar A , Saadat Soheil , Shahnavazi Hossein , Haghparast-Bidgoli Hassan 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesSuicide is a major global health problem imposing a considerable burden on populations in terms of disability-adjusted life years. There has been an increasing trend in fatal and attempted suicide in Iran over the past few decades. The aim of the current study was to assess overall, gender and social inequalities across Iran’s provinces during 2006–2010.DesignEcological study.SettingThe data on distribution of population at the provinces were obtained from the Statistical Centre of Iran. The data on the annual number of deaths caused by suicide in each province were gathered from the Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization.MethodsSuicide mortality rate per 100 000 population was calculated. Human Development Index was used as the provinces’ social rank. Gini coefficient, rate ratio and Kunst and Mackenbach relative index of inequality were used to assess overall, gender and social inequalities, respectively. Annual percentage change was calculated using Joinpoint regression.ResultsSuicide mortality has slightly increased in Iran during 2006–2010. There was a substantial and constant overall inequality across the country over the study period. Male-to-female rate ratio was 2.34 (95% CI 1.45 to 3.79) over the same period. There were social inequalities in suicide mortality in favour of people in better-off provinces. In addition, there was an increasing trend in these social disparities over time, although it was not statistically significant.ConclusionsWe found substantial overall, gender and social disparities in the distribution of suicide mortality across the provinces in Iran. The findings showed that men in the provinces with low socioeconomic status are at higher risk of suicide mortality. Further analyses are needed to explain these disparities.
Multimorbidity in a marginalised, street-health Australian population: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Brett Tom , Arnold-Reed Diane E , Troeung Lakkhina , Bulsara Max K , Williams Annalisse , Moorhead Robert G 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesDemographic and presentation profile of patients using an innovative mobile outreach clinic compared with mainstream practice.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingPrimary care mobile street health clinic and mainstream practice in Western Australia.Participants2587 street health and 4583 mainstream patients.Main outcome measuresPrevalence and patterns of chronic diseases in anatomical domains across the entire age spectrum of patients and disease severity burden using Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS).ResultsMultimorbidity (2+ CIRS domains) prevalence was significantly higher in the street health cohort (46.3%, 1199/2587) than age–sex-adjusted mainstream estimate (43.1%, 2000/4583), p=0.011. Multimorbidity prevalence was significantly higher in street health patients <45 years (37.7%, 615/1649) compared with age–sex-adjusted mainstream patients (33%, 977/2961), p=0.003 but significantly lower if 65+ years (62%, 114/184 vs 90.7%, 322/355, p<0.001). Controlling for age and gender, the mean CIRS Severity Index score for street health (M=1.4, SD=0.91) was significantly higher than for mainstream patients (M=1.1, SD=0.80), p<0.001. Furthermore, 44.2% (530/1199) of street health patients had at least one level 3 or 4 score across domains compared with 18.3% (420/2294) for mainstream patients, p<0.001. Street health population comprised 29.6% (766/2587) Aboriginal patients with 50.4% (386/766) having multimorbidity compared with 44.6% (813/1821) for non-Aboriginals, p=0.007. There were no comprehensive data on Indigenous status in the mainstream cohort available for comparison. Musculoskeletal, respiratory and psychiatric domains were most commonly affected with multimorbidity significantly associated with male gender, increasing age and Indigenous status.ConclusionsAge–sex-adjusted multimorbidity prevalence and disease severity is higher in the street health cohort. Earlier onset (23–34 years) multimorbidity is found in the street health cohort but prevalence is lower in 65+ years than in mainstream patients. Multimorbidity prevalence is higher for Aboriginal patients of all ages.
Evaluation of My Medication Passport: a patient-completedaide-memoiredesigned by patients, for patients, to help towards medicines optimisation
Authors: Barber Susan , Thakkar Kandarp , Marvin Vanessa , Franklin Bryony Dean , Bell Derek 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesA passport-sized booklet, designed by patients for patients to record details about their medicines, has been developed as part of a wider project focusing on improving prescribing in the elderly (‘ImPE’). We undertook an evaluation of ‘My Medication Passport’ to gain an understanding of its value to patients and how it may be used in communications about medicines.SettingThe Passport was launched in secondary care with the initial users being older people discharged home after an admission to one of the four North West London participating Trusts. The uptake subsequently spread to other (community) locations and other age groups.ParticipantsWe recruited more than 200 patients from a cohort who had been given a passport as part of the improvement projects at one of four sites. Of them, 63% (133) completed the structured telephone questionnaire including 27% for whom English was not their first language. Approximately half of the respondents were male and 40% were over 70 years of age.ResultsMore than half of the respondents had found their medication passport useful or helpful in some way; 42% through sharing details from it with others (most frequently family, carer or doctor) or using it as a platform for conversations with healthcare professionals. One-third of those questioned carried the passport with them at all times.ConclusionsMy Medication Passport has been positively evaluated; we have a better understanding of how it is used by patients, what they are recording and how it can be an aid to dialogue about medicines with family, carers and healthcare professionals. Further development and spread is underway including an App for smartphones that will be subject to wider evaluation to include feedback from clinicians.