bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance Evaluation for the Combination of Vortex Desander and Hybrid Sand Flowback Device for use with ESP in the Permian Basin
Authors: Vazhappilly Neil Johnson , Gonzalez Gustavo , Vyas Shivani 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This paper introduces technologies for handling solids above and below the ESP which increase ESP run time, decreases premature failure by pump plugging or damage, and thus contributes to the reduction of carbon emissions and environmental impact from well in interventions. A hybrid sand flowback device was engineered to allow fluid injection through the tubing while also allowing dissembling the components when pulled out of the hole, providing the operators with valuable information about downhole conditions. A vortex desander run below the ESP processes the majority sand before it enters the ESP pump intake.
The hybrid device used to control the sand above the pump discharge is designed with the fundamental purpose of controlling the sand, to allow injection from the surface through the tubing, and to allow the inspection and repair of its components after retrieval from the well. The sand regulation system permits flow rates up to 15,000 BPD and has handled sand volumes up to 23,000 mg/L (0.19 ppg or 1.44 lbs/cu.ft. or 8.06 lbs/bbl). It also permits an injection rate through the tool up to 8 BPM while maintaining a surface pressure of less than 600 psi. The operational and performance advantages of this device have enabled its successful use in several Permian Basin wells. Artificial lift equipment run time have maintained high values to reduce the frequency of well interventions, as well as the replacement of the pump equipment, thus reducing the carbon footprint. Additionally, ESP sensor variables remained stable to contribute to a higher cumulative production compared to production periods where the pump was off line excessively or under well maintenance because of sand production. Furthermore, each combination tool pulled has been inspected and re-used to maximize the initial investment economics. This innovative technology protects the ESP against solids during shutdown events, allows flushing operations, and is easy to inspect and repair. Aided by use of premium materials with a special assembly system make it a tool for a long useful life.
The successful application of complementary systems helped to extend the run-life of the wells until the ESP needs to be resized to match the reservoir inflow capacity. The sand challenges need to be approached by gathering data starting from expected fluid production (Oil, Water, Gas) and hydraulic fracturing design (frac sand size).
This paper also proposes a new method to mitigate ESP sand problems through the use of a vortex desander comprised of an isolation method and sand control system. The isolation method separate the vortex desander intake from the casing fluid using cup packers, mechanical packers, or shrouds. The sand control portion considers static and dynamic principles of physics whose length, open cross-sectional area, and separation efficiency depend on the particle size distribution, well completion, and fluid characteristics.
Comparison of Power Quality Between Permanent Magnet Motors and Induction Motors with Different Surface Control Types and Configurations
Authors: Yicon Carlos , Kalisek Anthony , Seczon Luis , Gilstrap Seth 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the outcomes of laboratory experiments intended to investigate the power quality of electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) with permanent magnet motors (PMMs) and those with induction motors (IMs). The tests involved two types of variable speed drives (VSDs): regulated DC bus voltage (six-step VSDs) and unregulated DC bus voltage (pulse-width-modulated VSD), with and without input filters, to determine the most effective surface configuration to achieve high power quality related to equipment efficiency.
The objective of this study was to understand the power quality difference between induction and permanent magnet motors; surface configurations and equipment settings (VSD, presence of sine wave filters, harmonic filters, etc.) also play an essential role on power quality. Optimal system efficiency should lead to best pump, motor, and electrical efficiencies to enhance the daily operation and lengthen the overall run time via power quality reliability.
Testing was performed with different motor loads and revolutions per minute (RPMs) on Both types of motor, induction and permanent magnet. Two types of VSDs were tested, one with six steps and the other with a pulse-width-modulated filter (PWM). Notably, these VSDs have various modes to regulate the voltage on the DC bus. Testing also included different scenarios with and without harmonic input filters.
Different-Sized Dual Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) Novel Applications: Sustainable Production and Reduced Carbon Emission
Authors: Aleid M. H. , Alqudaihi H. T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Dual Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) have gained widespread adoption across the oil industry. While current applications are predominated by identical size systems to achieve the sole goal of extended run life, incorporating different-sized systems can open the door for expanded applications and operational benefits. This paper introduces various novel applications of dual ESPs that can lead to sustained production target and minimized carbon footprint.
The procedure includes gathering reservoir, wellbore, and surface network data. Subsequently, simulation models are used to select and evaluate ESP units of varying capacities, leading to an optimized design for enhanced efficiency. The system incorporates non-return valves (NRVs), facilitating seamless alternation between the two systems and eliminating the need for well intervention and associated carbon emissions. Throughout the ESP operation cycle, an integrated reservoir and network surveillance system is essential for continuous monitoring and analysis of data to determine the most efficient system for prevailing conditions.
The comprehensive simulations cover various application scenarios for different-sized ESPs, revealing compelling results such as around 20% reduction in power consumption and a substantial annual cut of around 100-200 metric tons of CO2 emission reduction per system. Furthermore, the study explores the potential application in addressing reservoir parameters uncertainty, showcasing how ESPs of different sizes can offer wider operating ranges. Additional benefits include the ability of dual systems to achieve target rates within maximum allowable network pressures, eliminating the need for surface network upgrades. In conclusion, integrating real-time reservoir data with the novel application of dual ESP illustrates numerous energy and production optimization opportunities.
This study emphasizes the significance of data-driven decision-making to provide a path towards more eco-friendly and efficient ESP applications. Additionally, it offers a robust foundation for enhancing environmental stewardship while maintaining ESP operational excellence.
Evaluating Tubing Completions using High-Resolution Gyro Logs to Improve Rod Pumping Systems Run Life
Authors: Cepeda F. A. , Setiadi B. W. , Alvarez G. A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In some unconventional plays, highlights typically installed following stimulation activities. Production tubulars are designed to flow the well during natural flow period and later accommodate an artificial lift system without a major intervention. To achieve this objective, while maintaining full pressure containment without using high density killing fluids to mitigate induced formation damage and lower costs the ability to manipulate the tubing is limited and with it, the required tubing tension for rod lift operation cannot be obtained with traditional mechanical anchors. This paper describes a systematic process to evaluate the tubing tortuosity using high resolution gyro logs to improve rod pumping operation in wells with different types of anchoring mechanism: Tubing packers, hydraulically set anchors and dynamic set anchors.
With the use of snubbing unit, it is required to contain well pressure during the entire tubing deployment without killing the well, the use of traditional mechanical tubing anchor is not possible. To avoid tubing movement during the rod pumping phase of the well, the tubing string considers hydraulically set tubing anchors estimating that the final tension is primarily based on differential pressures calculation with assumed friction factors. As downhole flowing conditions change over time, inspection of tubing was performed using high resolution gyro in a selected number of wells that were equipped with different types of tubing anchoring or packer mechanism to evaluate the trajectory and optimize the rod string design.
Initial result shows higher tubing buckling than what was initially expected and additional rod-tubing friction during rod lift operation, this additional friction encountered mislead the surface and downhole cards calculation and mask abnormalities in downhole pump behavior. The result of this analysis also highlights that the certain tubing designs are not adequate to achieve the objective of accommodating natural flow and rod pumping system with the same initial tubing installation. Factors such as wellbore trajectory, frictions and temperature play a more significant role in determining final tension profile in the tubing, also dynamic anchoring system in lieu of traditional hydraulic anchor has potential to achieve the objectives, keeping the capability to deploy a suitable tubing design for rod pump at early stage while maintaining full pressure containment.
The novelty of this methodology lies on the analysis of the tubing trajectory at different pressure conditions utilizing high resolution gyro logs and typical data analysis tools to achieve a better representation of the tubing condition over time in order to support the rod lift design and improve future equipment run life
Two Decades of ESP Operations at Cerro Dragon, Argentina: A Comprehensive Case Study
Authors: Guayama D. A. , Traba M. , Orozco M. C. , Teves R. H. , Oyarzún R. A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Cerro Dragon field in southern Argentina has a large number of wells producing multilayers as the main characteristic of the Golfo San Jorge Basin. When the first ESP was installed, it was done above the perforations to guarantee the correct cooling of the system, but this resulted in not being able to produce the resource optimally. The idea of advancing in depth and between perforations opened a door for shrouds utilization.
The campaign started with less than 50 wells in the first year, today more than 1000 ESPs are running. A large list of improvements has been applied for guaranteeing refrigeration, deeper the ESP to enhance recovery, solids control, pressure loses due to small spaces, etc. The ESP system has evolved to face field requirements. A hundred changes on motor technology has improved rig times and has taken overall energy efficiency to another level. Several lessons have been learned thru the time.
Today, the 10% of the field are considered high run life equipments accumulating more than 2000 days of run (~5.5 years of continuous operation), exposing some assets in the fields with the eldest equipment running reaching almost 8400 days (23 years has been the biggest record). Currently, the average run life is surrounding 1000 days run.
The standard equipment corresponds to 375 series with 4-1/2" shrouds, stablishing clearance as a special factor to be considered for the design and installation, nowadays 95% of the field concentrate this structure. The other 5% corresponds to the bigger equipment (450 series with no shrouds), locating this sizing upper the perforations as a lesson learned.
Cerro Dragon has also been a source of field trials for different technological developments regarding improvements and evolution of the ESP system. Having carried out the first pilot tests for PMM installations, that today reached more than 140 motors installed from this technology.
New challenges appear every day in the industry and Cerro Dragon is not the exception to this rule. The implementation of deep tube for gas handling, non-standard tubes for shrouds, operating temperature near the limits, development of high temperature sensors, coatings for pumps, algorithms to detect scales, 103 improvements in motors, long ESP strings with multi-tandem, are just a few to mention in the list of novel applications used.
Analysis of Gas-Liquid Flow in Static Centrifugal Downhole Separators Through CFD
Authors: Ojeda L. C. Osorio , Karami Hamidreza , Olubode M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A downhole separator is an equipment placed before an artificial lift pump, which increases the pump run time by separating the fluids and only sending the liquid to the pump. Understanding the fluid dynamics inside this apparatus entails an engineering challenge necessary to evaluate its efficiency. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are applied in this study to characterize the performance of a centrifugal static downhole separator. This separator is suggested to be used upstream of the sucker rod pumps, performing best under 700 BPD. Transient multiphase simulations were run using ANSYS Fluent 2023 in a fluid domain using a mesh with 152,446 elements. The fluid domain simulates a static centrifugal separator. The mesh was selected after a grid independence study. The turbulence is modeled using the Realizable k-epsilon with an enhanced wall treatment model for the swirling motion inside the separator. The multiphase flow is modeled using a Euler-Euler approach with the Eulerian model and a particle size of 0.001 m. Different boundary conditions are used for the simulations with fixed-velocity inlets and fixed-pressure outlets.
The simulations were conducted with an inlet gas void fraction of 0.45 and varying outlet pressures. Cases were simulated with both water and oil as the liquid phase. Eddies or vortexes were formed in certain corners of the separator, prompting re-design opportunities to minimize turbulence inside the separator. Additionally, eddies were observed in the separator's top outlet as the fluids were expelled at high velocities from the helical section to the annulus. The gas-liquid flow was studied inside the helical paths through pressure, volume fraction, and velocity contours. In most cases, an average of 90% of the liquid was expelled through the bottom outlet, while 80% of the gas left the fluid domain through the top outlet, which displays good efficiency. The importance of optimizing the casing-tubing pressure difference was verified for the correct convergence of the cases and ideal separation. For example, with the optimum casing-tubing pressure difference control at a GVF of 0.45, 98.3% of the liquid left the domain through the bottom into the tubing, while 85% of the gas left through the top and to the casing.
Due to the conventionally high simulation times, CFD simulations of downhole separators are limited in the open literature. However, due to CFD's improved computation and modeling capabilities, it has recently gained popularity. This study’s simulations can provide invaluable insights into liquid-gas flow in downhole separators and help to optimize their designs.
Determination of Annulus Dynamic Liquid Level from the Motor Current Sensor of Rod Pumps-Real Time Monitoring System (RTMS) at Oil Fields of Mehsana Asset
Authors: Chanchlani K. , Rajak H. , Devshali S. , Gunwant D. , Gogoi R. , Dadhich J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The acoustic method with echo sounder is used to determine the annulus liquid level in the rod pumping systems installed at different onshore fields of Mehsana Asset. The limitation is difficulty in finding the pumped off well among the huge population of rod lift systems on day-to-day basis. The motor current sensor of the RTMS can be used to determine real time dynamic annulus liquid level, with five cases validating the efficacy of this innovation. The current sensor of the RTMS is the important tool in the analyzing the subsurface pump condition. Real time power in the three phases is calculated from the real time current. Power can be used to determine the torque requirements of the system. For counterbalanced pumping unit, the net torque per pumping stroke corresponds to the buoyed weight of the sucker rods plus one half of the fluid load. The annulus liquid level is calculated from the pump intake pressure. The paper will describe the mathematical model with assumptions to determine the annulus liquid level from the real time current. The annulus dynamic liquid levels were determined through the mathematical model. This model will also provide real time fluid load and pump intake pressure to the operator for balanced pumping units having current withdrawal above 20A. The maximum difference in annulus liquid level between field equipment and mathematical model is around 75m with reasonable accuracy of 90%. Accuracy for pumped off wells increases to 96%. Accuracy will further improve with calibration of motor current sensors and determination of the surface unit operating parameters.
Downhole Peristaltic Pumps as a New Artificial Lift System for Oil and Gas Wells
Authors: Romero Danny J. Perez 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A new/patented production optimization technology is presented proposing the use of downhole peristaltic pumps as a new artificial lift system for oil and gas wells.
The new approach, conceptualized by Perez Romero in 2017 and patented in 2020, is based on the principle of Peristalsis with wave-like movements on a flexible conduit pumping wellbore fluids from underground reservoirs to surface. This is achieved with the radial compression of a hose by pressurized fluid pumped from surface through smaller diameter tubing adjacent to the production string installed in the well, and its subsequent expansion when reducing pressure in the downhole pump hydraulic chamber(s). A support in U-shape between the hose and the downhole pump housing is required to prevent the hose from bending, promote radial compression of the hose also in U-shape, and displace fluids from intake to discharge.
The use of peristaltic pumps as reference for the new pumping system enabled the conceptualization of a simple downhole solution with capability to handle sandy production, no gas interference, no rod string moving along the well, no downhole electric motor, potential to handle high deviation well profiles, and initial lifting/pumping potential of 200-500 barrels of liquid per day.
Physicochemical and microbial quality of bottled drinking water sold in Embakasi Central, Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Magut Gloria , Bukania Zipporah , Kikuvi Gideon M. , Ndemwa Phillip , Marks Sara J. 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Bottled drinking water is among the fastest-growing options for seemingly safe drinking water in low- and middle-income countries. However, comprehensive water quality information is rarely made available to consumers. The objective of this study was to assess the physicochemical and microbial quality of bottled drinking water at the point of sale in Embakasi Central sub-county, Nairobi County. Using a cross-sectional study design, we assessed eight bottled water brands purchased from local retail outlets (n = 158 bottles). Laboratory analysis was conducted to assess a range of parameters, including Escherichia coli, heterotrophic bacteria, lead, nitrite, nitrate, fluoride, and pH. Across all bottles sampled, 12% exceeded the national standards for microbial safety (detectable E. coli) and 3% presented a high risk to health (&gt;10 colony forming units per/100 mL for E. coli). Select brands were frequently contaminated, with all samples of Brand 5 having elevated fluoride levels. Overall, one in four samples exceeded national standards for contaminants of public health concern. These findings reveal the poor quality of bottled drinking water in a suburb of Nairobi, presenting risks to consumers. There is a need to strengthen risk management and oversight of water packaging facilities in this setting.
Enhancing real-time flood forecasting and warning system by integrating ensemble techniques and hydrologic model simulations
Authors: Patel Anant , Yadav S. M. , Teegavarapu Ramesh 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
Flooding poses a severe threat to communities and infrastructure worldwide, which requires advanced flood forecasting warning systems. In this research paper, a real-time flood forecasting and warning system for the Dharoi Dam in the state of Gujarat, India is developed. This novel system combines ensemble techniques and hydrological modeling simulations to enhance flood prediction accuracy and provides a timely warning. The study focuses on critical gaps in the current flood forecasting capabilities, recognizes the need for improved flood management in the region, and builds upon the existing research conducted globally and in India. The real-time flood forecasting and warning system uses information from various sources such as rainfall, river flows, and water level observations. The system enhances the accuracy of flood forecasts with a 1–5-day lead time by utilizing ensemble techniques, which incorporate multiple models and their corresponding forecasts. The 2-day and 3-day lead times combined with postprocessing techniques yield excellent results, as evidenced by the reservoir inflow correlation value of 0.86 and the receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC) value of 0.93. This work aims to reduce the impact of floods in this region and can be used by decision-makers as a disaster management tool.
Comparative kinetic study of Pb(II) and Cd(II) metal ions removal from aqueous solutions by Lactobacillus helveticus, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, and Lactiplantibacillus pentosus
Authors: Amiri Mohammad Javad , Hashemi Seyed Mohammad Bagher , Conte Francesca Laura 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

In this study, selected lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus helveticus, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, and Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, were evaluated for their potential to remove Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The highest removal efficiency was achieved at a pH value of 4. Kinetic modeling using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models demonstrated that the intraparticle diffusion model provided the best fit for describing the adsorption process. The results of the study indicated that among the three bacteria tested, L. fermentum exhibited the highest maximum adsorption capacity for Pb(II) at 4.95 mg g−1, followed by L. helveticus at 4.91 mg g−1 and L. pentosus at 4.08 mg g−1. In contrast, for Cd(II) adsorption, L. helveticus showed the highest maximum adsorption capacity at 4.38 mg g−1, followed by L. pentosus at 3.45 mg g−1 and L. fermentum at 2.86 mg g−1. The mechanism of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions removal by LAB strains involves adsorption onto the bacterial cell surfaces, where interactions such as ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, and complexation play crucial roles. Overall, L. helveticus, L. fermentum, and L. pentosus hold promising potential for various applications in wastewater treatment, particularly in the removal of heavy metal ions.