bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Program Directors' Perceptions of Undergraduate Athletic Training Student Retention
Authors: Bowman Thomas G. , Hertel Jay , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Dodge Thomas M. , Wathington Heather D. 
Published: September 2014

Context:
The average retention rate for students enrolled in undergraduate athletic training programs (ATPs) nationwide has been reported to be 81%, and slightly more than half of program directors (PDs) have indicated that retention of athletic training students (ATSs) is a problem. However, why PDs do or do not believe ATS retention is problematic is unknown.

Objective:
To determine why PDs do or do not believe ATS retention is problematic.

Design:
Qualitative study.

Setting:
Undergraduate ATPs.

Patients or Other Participants:
We obtained responses from 177 of the 343 PDs (51.6%). Using data saturation as a guide, we randomly selected 16 PDs from the survey responses to participate in follow-up telephone interviews; 8 believed retention was a problem and 8 did not.

Data Collection and Analysis:
During audio-recorded telephone interviews, we asked PDs why they thought retention was or was not a problem for athletic training education. Following verbatim transcription, we used grounded theory to analyze the interview data and maintained trustworthiness by using intercoder agreement, member checks, and peer review.

Results:
Program directors believed that retaining ATSs was a problem because students lack information regarding athletic training and the rigor of the ATP. Program directors were consistent in their perception that ATPs do not have a retention challenge because of the use of a secondary admissions process. This finding was likely based on personal use of a secondary admissions process in the ATPs these PDs lead.

Conclusions:
Program directors who lead ATPs that struggle to retain ATSs should consider using a secondary admissions process. During the preprofessional phase of the ATP, faculty and staff should work to socialize students to the demands of the ATP and the professional lives of athletic trainers.
A Two-Phase Flow Simulation of Discrete-Fractured Media using Mimetic Finite Difference Method
Authors: Huang Zhaoqin , Yan Xia , Yao Jun 
Published: September 2014

AbstractVarious conceptual models exist for numerical simulation of fluid flow in fractured porous media, such as dual-porosity model and equivalent continuum model. As a promising model, the discrete-fracture model has been received more attention in the past decade. It can be used both as a stand-alone tool as well as for the evaluation of effective parameters for the continuum models. Various numerical methods have been applied to the discrete-fracture model, including control volume finite difference, Galerkin and mixed finite element methods. All these methods have inherent limitations in accuracy and applicabilities. In this work, we developed a new numerical scheme for the discrete-fracture model by using mimetic finite difference method. The proposed numerical model is applicable in arbitrary unstructured gridcells with full-tensor permeabilities. The matrix-fracture and fracture-fracture fluxes are calculated based on powerful features of the mimetic finite difference method, while the upstream finite volume scheme is used for the approximation of the saturation equation. Several numerical tests in 2D and 3D are carried out to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed numerical model.
Refining the Practice of Prescribing: Teaching Physician Learners How to Talk to Patients About a New Prescription
Authors: Ledford Christy J. W. , Childress Marc A. , Ledford Christopher C. , Mundy Heather D. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
Clinician counseling about medication can improve patient understanding and adherence. This study developed a teaching session for physician learners about medication prescribing and communication, with evaluation at the physician and patient levels.

Objective
We analyzed whether patients would perceive and report more comprehensive clinician presentation of medication information when receiving prescriptions from their physician in the intervention clinic.

Methods
We conducted a single site, prospective intervention study that included lectures, role play, an objective standardized clinical examination (OSCE), and reminders displayed in patient care areas. For physician-level assessment, pretests and posttests included a written case presentation and a OSCE. For patient-level assessment, we used a cross-sectional observational design that included study of patient recall information, and assessment of patient satisfaction before and after intervention.

Results
Twenty-seven family medicine residents and sports medicine fellows participated in the teaching session, focused on presenting patients the reasons, risks, and regimen of prescribed medication. In written testing, learners presented significantly more comprehensive information in posttests. In the OSCE (n  =  14), all learners presented risks and regimen information. However, patient-level assessment showed no significant difference between before and after intervention. Notably, the covariates patient activation and satisfaction with communication both had a significant association with patient recall information.

Conclusions
Our intervention improved learner presentation of medication information. However, patient recall of the information conveyed did not change. Although physician training did not have a positive effect on patient recall, patient activation emerged as a critical influence of patients' perceptions of medication discussions.
Des stratégies de changement dans les organisations internationales
Authors: Louis Marieke , Maertens Lucile 
Published: September 2014

Partant d’une comparaison inédite entre le Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés (hcr) et l’Organisation internationale du travail (oit), cet article suggère de revisiter la problématique du changement dans les organisations internationales en montrant, dans une perspective de sociologie des relations internationales, l’existence d’un continuum de stratégies organisationnelles mises en place par ces dernières pour légitimer leur existence et leur action, stratégies allant de la survie à la revendication d’une certaine autonomie. Deux moments de la vie du hcr et de l’oit sont comparés : l’intervention, en décembre 2004, du hcr au secours de victimes du tsunami en Asie du Sud-Est et le lancement, en juin 1999, de l’Agenda du travail décent, par le directeur général de l’oit.
Modes of extensional faulting controlled by surface processes
Authors: Olive Jean‐Arthur , Behn Mark D. , Malatesta Luca C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe investigate the feedbacks between surface processes and tectonics in an extensional setting by coupling a 2‐D geodynamical model with a landscape evolution law. Focusing on the evolution of a single normal fault, we show that surface processes significantly enhance the amount of horizontal extension a fault can accommodate before being abandoned in favor of a new fault. In simulations with very slow erosion rates, a 15 km thick brittle layer extends via a succession of crosscutting short‐lived faults (heave < 5 km). By contrast, when erosion rates are comparable to the regional extension velocity, deformation is accommodated on long‐lived faults (heave >10 km). Using simple scaling arguments, we quantify the effect of surface mass removal on the force balance acting on a growing normal fault. This leads us to propose that the major range‐bounding normal faults observed in many continental rifts owe their large offsets to erosional and depositional processes.
Surface slope control on firn density at Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica: Results from airborne radar sounding
Authors: Grima Cyril , Blankenship Donald D. , Young Duncan A. , Schroeder Dustin M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe derive the surface density variations over Thwaites Glacier from a statistical analysis of airborne High‐Capability Radar Sounder surface returns acquired in the 2004–2005 summer. We produce a 5 km gridded map with an estimated ±12.5 kg m−3 accuracy. The background pattern of densities decreases inland from ~ 480 kg m−3 to ~ 350 kg m−3. A remarkable ~ 30 km wide vein‐shaped anomaly of up to 570 kg m−3 is located ~ 100 km from the coastline. Density anomalies correspond with surface slope breaks but are not necessarily coincident with smaller slopes. They could result from complex wind‐driven snow redistribution and/or refreezing of former snowmelt. This inversion technique can significantly improve surface mass balance calculations to understanding of glacier dynamics at regional scales and is valuable to verify and improve Antarctic climate models. It is also a promising approach for future surface analysis of icy moons by planetary radars.
Solar cycle variation of plasma mass density in the outer magnetosphere: Magnetoseismic analysis of toroidal standing Alfvén waves detected by Geotail
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Denton Richard E. , Hirahara Masafumi , Min Kyungguk , Ohtani Shin‐ichi , Sanchez Ennio 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe study the variation of plasma mass density in the outer magnetosphere over a solar cycle using mass density estimated from the frequency of fundamental toroidal standing Alfvén waves observed by the Geotail spacecraft. We identify wave events using ion bulk velocity data covering 1995–2006 and use events in the 0400–0800 magnetic local time sector for statistical analysis. We find that the F10.7 index is a dominant controlling factor of the mass density. For the equatorial mass density that is normalized to the value at L = 11, we obtain an empirical formula , where the units of and F10.7 are amu cm−3 and solar flux units (sfu; 1 sfu =10−22 W m−2 Hz−1), respectively. This formula indicates that changes by a factor of 1.8, if F10.7 changes from 70 sfu (solar minimum) to 210 sfu (solar maximum). A formula derived in a similar manner using GOES magnetometer data indicates that, for the same range of F10.7, the mass density at L ∼ 7 varies by a factor of 4.1 We attribute the smaller factor at L = 11 to the lower O+/H+ number density ratio at higher L, the stronger F10.7 dependence of the O+ outflow rate than the H+ outflow rate, and entry of solar wind H+ ions to the outer magnetosphere.
What is the appropriate coordinate system for magnetometer data when analyzing ionospheric currents?
Authors: Laundal K. M. , Gjerloev J. W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper we investigate which coordinate representation is most appropriate when analyzing ground magnetometer data in terms of ionospheric currents, in particular the westward electrojet. The AL and the recently introduced SML index are frequently used as monitors of the westward electrojet. Both indices are based on ground magnetometers at auroral latitudes. From these magnetometers, the largest perturbation in the southward direction is selected as the AL/SML index at 1 min cadence. The southward component is defined as antiparallel to the orientation of the horizontal part of the Earths' main field, B0,H. The implicit assumption when using these indices as a monitor of the westward electrojet is that the electrojet flows perpendicular to B0,H. However, B0,H is, in general, not perpendicular to the westward direction in coordinate systems that take nondipole terms of the Earth's magnetic field into account, such as apex and the Altitude Adjusted Corrected Geomagnetic coordinate systems. In this paper we derive a new SML index, based on apex coordinates. We find that the new index has less variation with longitude and universal time (UT), compared to the traditionally defined SML. We argue that when analyzing ionospheric currents using magnetometers, it is appropriate to convert the components to a corrected geomagnetic system. This is most important when considering longitudinal or UT variations, or when data from a limited region are used.
Geophysical signatures for low porosity can mimic natural gas hydrate: An example from Alaminos Canyon, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Cook Ann E. , Tost Brian C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNatural gas hydrate in sand sediments can increase both the measured compressional velocity and resistivity. The same geophysical signatures occur, however, in low‐porosity sand. We investigate the possible occurrence of natural gas hydrate in a sand interval in Alaminos Canyon Block 21 (AC 21) in the Gulf of Mexico, drilled by the U.S. Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project. The sand interval has an increase in resistivity (~2.2 Ω m) and a strong peak and trough at the top and bottom of the sand on exploration seismic, which has been interpreted as natural gas hydrate. We reexamine the logging data and construct a new reservoir model that matches the measured resistivity, the high‐density sublayers in the sand, and the surface seismic trace. Our model shows that the sand interval in AC 21 is most likely water saturated; and the slight increase in resistivity, higher‐measured density, and the seismic amplitudes are caused by a reduction in porosity to ~30% in the sand interval relative to a porosity of ~42% in the surrounding marine muds. More broadly, we show that the average depth where the porosity of marine muds becomes lower than sand sediment is 900 mbsf, though it could be as shallow as 600 mbsf for high‐porosity sands. In any case, the similar geophysical signatures for water‐saturated sand and low saturations of natural gas hydrate in sand probably occur throughout the gas hydrate stability zone at most sites worldwide.
Low‐Dose Extrapolation
Authors: Piegorsch Walter W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIssues of extrapolation in risk analytic studies are reviewed for cases where the design of a study requires the data to be taken at fairly high‐dose levels, but where decisions on occupational or environmental exposure standards to a toxic agent must be extrapol ated from the high‐dose exposure data to low‐dose levels of the agent.
Error Rates
Authors: Thompson Bruce 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Error rate refers to the probability of making one or more incorrect decisions regarding null hypotheses. The most commonly recognized forms of errors are Type I errors (i.e., rejecting a null that actually is true) and Type II errors (i.e., failing to reject a null that actually is false). Researchers also distinguish between making a Type I error on a given hypothesis test (called a
testwise Type I error
) and making one or more Type I errors in a set of hypothesis tests (called
experimentwise Type I error
).
A probabilistic approach to stability and stabilization of networked control systems
Authors: Zhang Jinhui , Lam James 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIn this paper, a probabilistic approach is proposed to study the modeling, stability, and stabilization problems for networked control systems (NCSs) with simultaneous random network communication delay and data dropout. Different from existing modeling approaches, the proposed NCSs model naturally captures the stochastic characteristics of the considered NCSs by taking into account the effects of the random network communication delay and data dropout. Based on the developed NCSs model, necessary and sufficient conditions of stability analysis, state, and output feedback stabilization problems are tackled. Moreover, necessary and sufficient stability and stabilization conditions are also presented for the case when the occurrence probabilities of delay and data dropout are partially known. Finally, three numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and the reduced conservatism of the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Protocol for Preparation of Diverse α,β‐ and β,β‐Dihaloenones from Diazodicarbonyls
Authors: Somai Magar Krishna Bahadur , Lee Yong Rok 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEfficient one‐step syntheses of α,β‐ and β,β‐dihaloenones were achieved by ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed reactions between cyclic or acyclic diazodicarbonyl compounds and oxalyl chloride or oxalyl bromide in moderate to good yields. This methodology offers several significant advantages, which include ease of handling, mild reaction conditions, one‐step reaction, and the use of an effective and non‐toxic catalyst. The synthesized compounds were further transformed into highly functionalized novel molecules bearing aromatic rings on the enone moiety using the Suzuki reaction.magnified image
Synthese von Chlorosilicaten
Authors: Steinhauer Simon , Böttcher Tobias , Schwarze Nico , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Hoge Berthold 
Published: September 2014

AbstractChlorosilicate stellen wichtige Intermediate bei SN2‐Reaktionen von Chlorsilanen dar. Sie können durch die Einführung elektronenziehender Substituenten stabilisiert werden. Salze einer Reihe von (Pentafluorethyl)chlorosilicaten wurden isoliert und strukturell charakterisiert.
Dioxygen Activation by Siloxide Complexes of Chromium(II) and Chromium(IV)
Authors: Schax Fabian , Bill Eckhard , Herwig Christian , Limberg Christian 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe reaction of a tripodal trisilanol with n‐butyllithium and CrCl2 results in a dinuclear CrII complex (1), which is capable of cleaving O2 to yield in a unique complex (2) with an asymmetric diamond core composed of two CrIVO units. Magnetic susceptibility data reveal significant exchange coupling of CrII (S=2) in 1 and large zero‐field splitting for CrIV (S=1) in 2 owing to strong spin–orbit coupling of the ground state. The CrIVO compound can also be generated using PhIO, and evidence was gathered that although it is the stable product isolated after excessive O2 treatment, it further activates O2 to yield an intermediate species that oxidizes THF or Me‐THF. By extensive 18O labeling studies we were able to show, that in the course of this process 18O2 exchanges its label with siloxide O atoms of the ligand via terminal oxido ligands.
Perovskite Oxide Nanosheets with Tunable Band‐Edge Potentials and High Photocatalytic Hydrogen‐Evolution Activity
Authors: Maeda Kazuhiko , Eguchi Miharu , Oshima Takayoshi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPerovskite nanosheets of HCa2−xSrxNb3O10 and HCa2Nb3−yTayO10 with controlled band‐edge potentials were prepared. They worked as highly efficient heterogeneous photocatalysts for H2 evolution from a water/methanol mixture under band‐gap irradiation. The activity was found to depend on the composition. The highest activity was obtained with HCa2Nb2TaO10 nanosheets, recording an apparent quantum yield of approximately 80 % at 300 nm, which is the highest value for a nanosheet‐based photocatalyst reported to date.
Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Drug‐Like Macrocyclic Scaffolds Using an Orthogonal Organo‐ and Metal Catalysis Strategy
Authors: Grossmann André , Bartlett Sean , Janecek Matej , Hodgkinson James T. , Spring David R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSmall‐molecule modulators of biological targets play a crucial role in biology and medicine. In this context, diversity‐oriented synthesis (DOS) provides strategies toward generating small molecules with a broad range of unique scaffolds, and hence three‐dimensionality, to target a broad area of biological space. In this study, an organocatalysis‐derived DOS library of macrocycles was synthesized by exploiting the pluripotency of aldehydes. The orthogonal combination of multiple diversity‐generating organocatalytic steps with alkene metathesis enabled the synthesis of 51 distinct macrocyclic structures bearing 48 unique scaffolds in only two to four steps without the need for protecting groups. Furthermore, merging organocatalysis and alkene metathesis in a one‐pot protocol facilitated the synthesis of drug‐like macrocycles with natural‐product‐like levels of shape diversity in a single step.
Radiation field spectra of long‐duration cloud flashes
Authors: Ahmad Noor Azlinda , Baharudin Z. A. , Fernando M. , Cooray V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe preliminary results of radiation electric fields produced by long‐duration cloud flashes have been Fourier analyzed to determine the frequency spectrum in the range of 10 kHz–10 MHz. The flashes were recorded within a distance of less than 20 km. The spectrum was normalized to 50 km distance and it shows a f−1 dependence within the entire frequency range.
Acid–Base Cooperative Catalysis over Mesoporous Nitrogen‐Rich Carbon
Authors: Goyal Reena , Sarkar Bipul , Lucus Nishita , Bordoloi Ankur 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWOx nanoclusters (2–3 nm) embedded on a mesoporous nitrogen‐rich carbon material were synthesized by using novel methodology. This material was very effectively capitalized as a new carbon‐based acid–base cooperative catalyst for sequential acetal hydrolysis and Knoevenagel condensation reactions. The protocol was also explored for the nitroaldol condensation reaction.
Three‐Dimensional Porous Carbon–Silicon Frameworks as High‐Performance Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Ming‐Shan , Song Yu , Song Wei‐Li , Fan Li‐Zhen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAs a promising anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, Si is still facing great challenges owing to the rapid capacity fade, which is mainly caused by the large volume changes during cycling. We have rationally designed novel 3D porous carbon–silicon frameworks by self‐assembly of the phenol formaldehyde resin and triblock copolymer. The triblock copolymer acts as both structure‐directing agent and template for the formation of a uniform carbon shell and the generation of bimodal porous structures. The as‐fabricated porous carbon–silicon (PC–Si) hybrid exhibits an initial capacity of 1868 mA h g−1 with a columbic efficiency of 41 %. The columbic efficiency rapidly increases to 99 % and the capacity remains at ≈1000 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles suggesting a much more stable cycling and enhanced capacitance compared to Si with direct carbon coating. Such an excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the formation of continuous mesoporous structures in the exclusive 3D conductive frameworks.
First Principles (DFT) Characterization of RhI/dppp‐Catalyzed CH Activation by Tandem 1,2‐Addition/1,4‐Rh Shift Reactions of Norbornene to Phenylboronic Acid
Authors: Kantchev Eric Assen B. , Pangestu Surya R. , Zhou Feng , Sullivan Michael B. , Su Hai‐Bin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe CH activation in the tandem, “merry‐go‐round”, [(dppp)Rh]‐catalyzed (dppp=1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)propane), four‐fold addition of norborene to PhB(OH)2 has been postulated to occur by a C(alkyl)H oxidative addition to square‐pyramidal RhIIIH species, which in turn undergoes a C(aryl)H reductive elimination. Our DFT calculations confirm the RhI/RhIII mechanism. At the IEFPCM(toluene, 373.15 K)/PBE0/DGDZVP level of theory, the oxidative addition barrier was calculated to be 12.9 kcal mol−1, and that of reductive elimination was 5.0 kcal mol−1. The observed selectivity of the reaction correlates well with the relative energy barriers of the cycle steps. The higher barrier (20.9 kcal mol−1) for norbornyl–Rh protonation ensures that the reaction is steered towards the 1,4‐shift (total barrier of 16.3 kcal mol−1), acting as an equilibration shuttle. The carborhodation (13.2 kcal mol−1) proceeds through a lower barrier than the protonation (16.7 kcal mol−1) of the rearranged aryl–Rh species in the absence of o‐ or m‐substituents, ensuring multiple carborhodations take place. However, for 2,5‐dimethylphenyl, which was used as a model substrate, the barrier for carborhodation is increased to 19.4 kcal mol−1, explaining the observed termination of the reaction at 1,2,3,4‐tetra(exo‐norborn‐2‐yl)benzene. Finally, calculations with (Z)‐2‐butene gave a carborhodation barrier of 20.2 kcal mol−1, suggesting that carborhodation of non‐strained, open‐chain substrates would be disfavored relative to protonation.