bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of lime and Nano CaCo3 to controlling on collapsibility of gypsiferous soils
Authors: Al-khafaji Sarah Ahmed , Al-Janabi Ahmed Talib 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Gypsiferous soils, or gypsic minerals, are soils with a high proportion of sulfate calcium sulphate, typically form in areas with high rates of evaporation and little to no rainfall. These soils are distinguished by a gypsiferous deposit of over 5% in the top meter of the soil profile, thick surface crust, salinity, and sodality. The term “gypseous soil” refers to the predominant calcium-sulfate compound in soil composition. The research’s soil samples came from two locations of Karbala governorate at the Ain Al-Tamr area and at Shabas Salman area. These soils had gypsum content of 51% and 2% respectively. In this research, an experimental investigation is performed on the influence of two different additions to the gypseous soil in order to reduce the collapse potential of the these soil using the Single Odometer Test (SOT) method. This study’s additives were lime and a mixture of lime and CaCo3 nanoparticles. The percentages of lime were 4% and 8%, but the percentage of CaCO3 nanoparticles replaced each of the stated ratios of lime by 0.25, 0.5, and 1% of CaCO3 nanoparticles. Testing was also done on the soils in their natural form to see how additions affected them. Although the primitive proportions of these additives contributed to reducing the collapse potential of these soils, they remained within the unsafe classification until reaching the optimal ratio of treatment according to the treatments used in this research, where they were (3% lime + 1% CaCO3 nano) or (7.5% lime + 0.5% CaCO3 nano) for soil I. As for soil II, the optimal treatment ratios were (3.5% lime + 0.5% CaCO3 nano), (3% lime + 1 CaCO3 nano), (7.25% lime + 0.25 CaCO3 nano), or (7% lime + 1% CaCO3 nano). To a certain extent, the treatment becomes useless and can result in a reverse process, that is, the probability of collapse returning to increase again.
Glass waste impact on the rheological characteristics of field soil of Kirkuk city, Iraq
Authors: Ali Serwa Q. , Raheem Aram M. , Omar Najat Q. , Naser Ibrahim J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Environmental awareness has forced the need for extensive studies to explore environmentally benign and locally available materials in soil improvement and stabilization processes. Since one of the most important main rheological properties is the apparent viscosity, it was necessary to study it. In this paper, the rheological properties such as the apparent viscosity and the yield point of the soil of four sites in the city of Kirkuk were studied without and with proportions of the additive that was chosen in this study, which is glass waste powder. Passing through sieve No. 200 is due to its ability to bear costs and reduce pollution by reducing solid waste. Rheological tests were conducted for each soil sample after passing through a No. 200 (0.075 mm) sieve, and the viscosity, yield point and gel strength were evaluated at different speeds using a viscometer in the laboratory. The mixture consisted of 25 grams of soil and 350 milliliters of water and was compared with mixtures containing different percentages of glass waste powder (6, 10, and 20% by weight of dry soil). It was found that the apparent viscosity of the first point had the highest value in the soil treated with 20% glass powder, and its value was 1.3 cm, meaning the viscosity increased by 62.5%. The yield points also reached its maximum at 10% glass powder, which is equivalent to 1 Ib/100 square feet, and the apparent viscosity at the second point was maximum at the ratios of 6% and 10%, and its values were 1.3 cp, meaning the viscosity increased by 116.7%. The maximum value of its yield point was at 0% glass powder, with a value of Ib/1001.1. As for the apparent viscosity of the third point, it had the highest value in the soil treated with 10% glass powder, and its value was 1.4 centimeters, meaning the viscosity increased by 180%. The yield points also reached its maximum at 0% glass powder, which is equivalent to 1 Ib/100 square feet. As for the apparent viscosity of the fourth point, it had the highest value in the soil treated with 20% glass powder, and its value was 1.2 centimeters, meaning the viscosity increased by 140%. The yield point reached its maximum at 0% glass powder, equivalent to 1Ib/100 sq. ft. In addition, shear stress versus shear stress rate for untreated and glass-treated field soils was modelled using four different models including capacity models, Bingham models, Herschel-Bulkley, and hyperbolic models where it was shown that the hyperbolic model was the best in predicting shear stress versus shear strain rate with the highest R2 of 0.992 and the lowest RMSE of 0.083 Pa.
Diagnosis of risk factors that lead to serious casualties in the road construction projects in Iraq
Authors: Makki Dishar Marwa , Altaie Meervat R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Projects involving the implementation of roads are considered to be among the most hazardous endeavors. Although preventing accidents is challenging, there are ways to make them less likely. Therefore, it is necessary to diagnose most common accidents that workers in these projects are exposed to. The study was conducted in Iraq through a questionnaire to collect data from experts and engineers specialized in the subject of the study. The questionnaire included six main factors and forty-two sub-factors causing accidents in road projects in Iraq amassed from prior research and hands-on experience. “A relative important Index (RII)” was utilized to establish the relevance of each sub-factor. This study found that human, construction site, mechanism, and excavation variables cause Iraq’s most common road implementation accidents. This study found 22 influential subfactors. Identifying these factors helps decision-makers to develop plans and take the necessary measures to reduce future accidents affecting workers in road projects in Iraq, as well as to make practical decisions that ensure the safety of workers in these projects.
Establishing A Three-Dimensional Geodetic Point Network Inside the University of Technology, Iraq - Baghdad
Authors: Hussein Luay Y. , Ataiwe Tariq N. , Jawad Al Sharaa Hisham M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Geodetic networks play the most important role in the accuracy and reliability achieved for surveying and mapping applications. Since 1980, in most world countries, numerous geodetic control networks have been established for a wide range of mapping projects using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. The main objective of this study is to create a highly accurate, multi-way control network that uses the latest Global Positioning System (GPS) devices and technologies. In this study, a network was established that consists of seven control points distributed in the University of Technology, Iraq - Baghdad, with distances ranging from 50-250 meters or more between the points. The heights above sea level for all control stations were determined using a leveling device and they were linked to the national network, allowing the creation of a geoid model. Accurate for the university in the future. This study presents the monitoring method, the results obtained, and the characteristics, standards, and specifications designed for the geodetic control network. It is expected that this network will improve the reliability of monitoring the deflections in building and the practical part of undergraduate and postgraduate studies The availability of the integrity of geodetic networks, will have a significant impact on the surveying and mapping activities of the University of Technology.
Climate Change Projections in Euphrates River Watersheds in the Middle of Iraq
Authors: Habeeb Obead Imad , Hussein Zahraa 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This study investigated the climate change projections in the Euphrates River watersheds in the middle of Iraq. The LARS-WG model was used to simulate dry and wet spells during the winter and autumn seasons across a variety of local stations. The most suitable probability distribution models for the monthly rainfall and water balance data of the five stations were also identified. The SPI-12 index was used to identify and characterize drought events over a 12-month time scale. The projected SPI and SPEI values for the study stations in Iraq were also calculated under RCP4.5.
The results showed that the LARS-WG model is a reliable tool for simulating dry and wet spells during the winter and autumn seasons across a variety of local stations. The most suitable probability distribution models for the monthly rainfall and water balance data of the five stations vary. Two of the stations follow the lognormal distribution, while the remaining three stations follow the Gamma, Weibull, and logistic distributions, respectively.
Severe drought was observed during the years 2042, 2048, 2056, 2047, and 2050 in Hilla, Diwaniyah, Karbala, Najaf, and Samwa, respectively. The maximum duration of drought events is from 2050 to 2052 with a magnitude of -2.9, and 2056 to 2058 with a magnitude of -1.8 in Diwaniyah and Karbala, respectively. The findings of this study suggest that climate change is expected to have a significant impact on water resources in the Euphrates River watersheds in the middle of Iraq. Drought events are expected to become more severe and intense and are expected to last longer. This is likely to hurt different sectors in the region.
Sustainable operation of on-street parking within Hilla City by Simulation Model (VISSIM) with Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM)
Authors: Salah jasim Noor , Abdul Ameer Alwash Ali 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The preservation of sustainability poses an ongoing and persistent problem. To attain sustainability, it is imperative to prioritize the preservation of road traffic safety, the prevention of crashes, the utilization of pollution-free vehicles, and the secure transportation of commodities. The research approach employed in this study involves collecting data about many factors, including air pollution, noise levels, incident frequency, and traffic volumes. The study focuses on 20 links with on-street parking facilities in Hilla City, Iraq. This study uses the VISSIM microsimulation model SSAM software. This study used PTV VISSIM (Thesis) 2024 (SP 02). This license(Thesis) of PTV VISSIM software enables one to conduct the research unlimitedly, which is good for obtaining accurate results. The simulation time used in this study is 3600 seconds. PTV ViSSIM software enables the emulation of traffic movements on selected streets that contain on-street parking. Six streets in Hilla City are divided into 20 links. The streets were monitored using video recordings to collect real traffic data, which was then used to estimate delay and emissions. Additionally, trajectory files were created for future analysis. The SSAM program can be used to determine the conflicts in each link. The simulation models were effectively calibrated and validated using actual data. This study assesses the sustainable, social, economic, and environmental aspects of roadways, including on-street parking spaces. This project intends to construct a sustainable composite index utilizing existing data collection methods. Existing data on urban transportation sustainability considers economic factors like delay, social factors like safety, and environmental factors like noise and air pollution. The composite sustainability index incorporates economic, social, and environmental data, effectively tackling the difficulties related to normalization, weighting, and aggregation. This study aims to evaluate the long-term viability of transportation in Hilla’s central business area (CBD) by considering the incorporation of on-street parking. The Composite Sustainability Transportation Index (ICST) results for links with on-street parking in Hilla City indicate that the sustainability operation is evaluated at different levels: low (8 links), moderate (7 links), and high (5 links).
Utilization of GIS to Generate a Digital Geotechnical Map of Baghdad City
Authors: Al-Mirza Hayder A. , Falih Mohammed R. , Wattan Saif , Salman Alaa D. , Karkush Mahdi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Geographic Information System (GIS) is considered one of the most prominent programs used to collect, analyze, display, process, and produce geographic information maps for a specific purpose. It is also considered one of the modern database programs. Additionally, we can perform statistical analysis within GIS on predefined data to produce quantitative results. In this study, data was collected from more than 80 engineering projects established in Baghdad City from soil investigation reports for the projects. Geographic information systems were used to produce objective maps showing the variation in the bearing capacity of shallow foundations in the soil of Baghdad Governorate. It demonstrates the importance of GIS exploration for more valuable results such as the bearing capacity of shallow foundation from the results of Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) showed in the soil of Baghdad Governorate. The total number of boreholes excavated was 150, irregularly distributed in Baghdad city. Three SPT tests were performed in each boreholes at depths of 1.5, 6 and 9 m measured from the existing ground level (EGL). The study concluded by producing objective maps that show the variation in bearing capacity of soil for all area of the Baghdad city for the aforementioned depths. These maps can be used by different local authorities to predict the bearing capacity of the soil and choose the appropriate type of foundation for each soil. We can also use it to assess the foundations of existing and irregular buildings and assess the extent of the risks of failure and collapse.
Evaluation water quality of Tigris River at the sites of Fish cages in Missan city
Authors: AlMusawi Nawar O. , Kawi Mervet A. , Adnan Jawad Adam 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The current study, which extended from the beginning of November 2021 until April 2022, aimed to determine and evaluate water quality for fish farming in Missan Governorate on Tigris River, and to determine the effect of the distances between cages on fish productivity to determine the suitability of the study area to establish cages floating fish farming. In China, floating cages were found on the Qiyong River and were made of simple materials such as bamboo or reeds, tied with ropes, and fish were trapped in them and fed with leftover. In our research, five fish farms were selected on the Tigris River in Missan Governorate. The results of field measurements showed that the water temperature ranged between 13.1-23.7°C, the pH value ranged between 7.2-8.6. The water in the study area can be classified as weakly basic. The speed of the current in the study sites recorded values ranging between 0.38-0.7 m/s, the turbidity values ranged between 20.7-41.5 NTU, the electrical conductivity recorded values ranging between701-998 µSm/cm, the dissolved solids ranged between 540-618 mg/L, while the suspended solids ranged between 25.8-60.4 mg/L. The results of the laboratory examination showed that the waters of the Tigris River at the studied sites are considered to have good ventilation. The dissolved oxygen in the water was between 6.2-10.5 mg/l, while the vital oxygen requirement recorded values ranging between 0.4-2.7 mg/l, and the nutrient values that represented with nitrate and phosphate 1.58-2.48 mg/L and 0.08-0.29mg/L, respectively. The copper values were between 0.12-0.28 mg/l, the zinc were between 0.28-0.55mg/l, while the results for cadmium were between 0.0020.006mg/l, the results for lead appeared between 7.2-8.6 mg/l. Concluded from this research that the environmental load resulting from the floating cages on the Tigris River does not affect the quality of the river’s water, and that the distances between the cages do not negatively affect each other due to the speed of water currents in the area, which helps in the dispersal of pollutants and the speed of the river’s recovery.
Simulating the performance of Kerbala wastewater treatment plant using GPS-X
Authors: Galb Salman Sara , Abduredha Muhammad , Khalil Nile Basim 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The treatment process in sewage plants is applied to wastewater to improve its quality for multi-purpose uses. Sewage treatment plants are designed to treat wastewater under different conditions. The Karbala Main Wastewater Treatment Plant is one of the largest wastewater treatment plants in Iraq, designed to handle a discharge of 100,000 cubic meters per day. It can serve up to two million people and accommodate the city’s population growth. The station also operates with modern treatment systems (tertiary treatment) and an electronic command and control system. The study aims to develop a simulation model for the main wastewater treatment plant in Karbala. The model includes calibration and analysis of data from the plant’s inputs and outputs, such as biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, the amount of suspended matter, phosphorus, nitrogen, and discharge value. The results showed that the model predicts the quality of treated water through the station’s output values. After entering the actual values of chemical oxygen demand with the discharge value and adjusting the practical fractional values, the output values show a clear sensitivity to the input values, especially the COD value on the station’s outputs from BOD and TSS, which helps to understand the performance and improve the system.
Impact of slaughterhouse waste on adjoining water quality
Authors: Ansari Shadab , Majid Hussein Hadeel , Hameed Ahmed Saleh , Saleem Siddiqui Yaser , Ayub Sohail 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This article examines the condition of water in rural regions surrounding slaughterhouse industries on the Mathura bypass road in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of seven villages were chosen for sample collection, with two samples from each village - one from a hand pump and the other from a submersible pump. A total of 14 samples per month were collected for analysis for their physical, chemical, and biological attributes. The study was conducted covering the dry and wet seasons so as to give the trend of water quality parameters and thereby represent a comparative analysis. Based on these findings, it can be inferred that the groundwater quality parameters have been severely impacted by effluent from slaughterhouse industries. Water samples from hand pumps showed higher concentrations of all parameters compared to those from submersible pumps, indicating better water quality from submersible pumps. Water samples from hand pumps and submersible pumps in all villages had nitrate, pH, and turbidity levels within permissible limits. Nitrates and pH were found to be within permissible limits. Some remaining parameters were found to be above and below rejection limit. As a whole it is observed that almost all water quality parameters increased during the dry season and lowered in wet seasons. However after observing the current trend of water quality parameters, it can be seen that water quality may deteriorate further due to an increase in industrialisation.
Frequency Analysis of the Loire River water Total Suspended Solid and Electrical Conductivity (Orléans, France)
Authors: Al-Juhaishi Mohammed Rashid , Fabrice Muller , Motelica-Heino Mikael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this research, different statistical probability distributions are presented to model the total suspended solids (TSS) and electrical conductivity (EC) at two monitoring stations, Along the path of the Loire River France. These monitoring stations are Jargeau and Meung-sur-Loire. For each of these station data of the two variables are measured as a monthly series during the period 2001 to 2021. The proposed fitted statistical probability distributions are the Normal, Log-normal, Weibull, Exponential and Two parameters Gamma. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used for the goodness-of-fit to select the best probability distribution from among these five tried distributions for each of the stations. The data sample is divided into two sub-samples, a fitting model sub-sample as 70 % of the data, and a validation sub-sample as the remaining 30%. The results show that the TSS at Loire a Meung-sur-Loire station has two distributions with same value of the test statistics, SIG. In these cases, the t and F tests are used to select the best-fit distribution. The Log Normal (13.71, 0.95) is found to be the best fit distribution for TSS for Jargeau station with SIG value of 0.35 while the Weibull (282.911, 8.206) with SIG value of 0.877 is the best fit for EC for the same station. For the Meung-sur-Loire station the Weibull (19.49, 1.18) and (299.40, 7.50) are the best fit distributions for the TSS and EC with test SIG values 0.75, 0.99 respectively. The best fit distribution for each station is used to generate three series of data which are tested against the 30% validation data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test among the three generated series with the validation confirms that these fitted models can generate data that has the same frequency of occurrence of that of the observed data.
Analytical Equation for Stress-Strain Relationship in compression for Reactive Powder Concrete
Authors: Al-Fadhli Suaad Khaleel I. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Concrete is an important construction material globally. Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC), also called Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC), represents a new type that differs significantly from traditional concrete. This new concrete was developed by Bouygues laboratory in France during the 1990s. It is characterized by its ultra-high strength and ductility composite material with advanced mechanical properties. This study conducted experimental investigations on different mixes of RPC to obtain the complete compressive stress–strain relationships. A general mathematical equation was derived to express this relationship theoretically. Two main variables were used to achieve different mixes of RPC. The variables were the type of pozzolanic materials used (metakaolin or silica fume) and the volumetric ratio of the fibers (1.25, 1, and 0.75). The results show that the increase in compressive stress for the mixtures of the first group G1, which contain metakaolin, is approximately 39% when the percentage of fiber is increased from 0.75 to 1%. The percentage becomes 50% when the fiber increases to 1.25. For the second group of mixtures with silica fume, increasing fiber percentage from 0.75% to 1% yields about a 20% rise in compressive stress, and 1.25% fiber increases it by 38%. For the compressive stress-compressive strain curve for RPC concrete, it was found that the two main variables in this research do not strongly affect the shape of the upward curve in this relationship. The downward curve is immensely affected by the quantity of fibers used. Furthermore, using steel fibers with a higher volume ratio leads to RPC concrete with higher ductility and toughness. The proposed analytical model for the stress-strain relationship of RPC mixes complies with experimental results.