bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Efficiency in Electricity Generation: A Technological Perspective
Authors: Tillman David A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe combustion and power generation industry has been on a never‐ending search for more efficient methods of using fossil fuels. After the successful taming of electricity by Thomas Edison, power plants have continuously improved in efficiency as well as emissions control. As such they have been on a never‐ending quest that has effectively reduced their carbon footprint. Initially the power plant utilized stoker boilers and steam engines. Inventions and technology developments have included pulverized coal firing, fluidized bed combustion systems, improved heat transfer systems (economizers and air heaters), steam turbines, and more efficient steam turbines, combustion turbines, combined cycle power plants including heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) with reheat cycles, and coupling of coal gasification with combined cycle power generation in the integrated gasification‐combined cycle (IGCC) designs. Improvements have also come in instrumentation and controls to enhance the combustion and power generation processes. This article provides a brief review of such developments from an historical and from a technical perspective. It demonstrates that the industry has improved efficiency by an order of magnitude, and that there are future gains available that are in the process of being made.
Flow Battery Technology
Authors: Zhang Huamin 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Flow batteries are among the most promising devices for the large‐scale energy storage owing to their attractive features like long cycle life, active thermal management, and independence of energy and power ratings. This article will give a detailed introduction on the research and development of flow batteries including the fundamental electrochemistry, key materials, components, and systems. The challenge and prospective of flow batteries will be briefly summarized.
CO2Transport by Ship
Authors: Yoo Byeong‐Yong 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCO2is liquefied to be transported by ship, and it is currently a fully commercialized technology to transport liquefied gas by ship. At present, there is no technical barrier forCO2carrier to be realized, because shipping industry has accumulated experience of handling liquefied gases for long time, and they categorizedCO2is as less hazardous gas for transport. However, there is a commercial barrier that totalCO2shipping cost is relatively expensive considering uncertain profits from transportingCO2as cargo of a ship. In addition,CO2shipping requires additional facilities such as liquefaction plant, temporary storage inCO2export terminal,CO2carrier, and another temporary storage inCO2import terminal. All components ofCO2shipping are considered for the economic assessment ofCO2shipping for finding economically optimalCO2shipping chain. A feasibility study estimated costs ofCO2shipping can be more cost‐effective method than pipeline for a distance between 200 and 300 km for totalCO2transport amount of 10 Mt/yr. Furthermore,CO2network can provide optimized solution forCO2transport by combiningCO2shipping and pipeline. For commercialCCSprojects in the near future,CO2shipping can supportCO2pipeline network and enable more cost‐effective and reliableCO2transport.
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (
SMES
) Systems
Authors: Yuan Weijia , Zhang Min 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (
SMES
) systems can store energy in a magnetic field created by a continuous current flowing through a superconducting magnet. Compared to other energy storage systems,
SMES
systems have a larger power density, fast response time, and long life cycle. Different types of low temperature superconductors (
LTS
) and high temperature superconductors (
HTS
) are compared. A general magnet design methodology, which aims to find the maximum operating current that can be taken by a magnet, is presented. However, for magnets using coated conductors, a more complicated model has to be used because of the shielding currents created by the magnetic field. The Virial theorem is discussed, which limits the maximum energy density in a
SMES
magnet. The topologies of persistent switch and
AC
/
DC
converters have been discussed and compared. In Section 4, an overview of the development history of
SMES
technologies are discussed. This covers early development of large‐scale
SMES
for bulk energy storage and recent development of small‐scale
SMES
for fast‐response applications. Finally, the applications of
SMES
systems are discussed, which include load leveling, frequency support, and voltage regulations.
Modern Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Zafirakis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Energy storage, in recent years, has attracted considerable interest, mainly owing to its potential to support large‐scale integration of renewable energy sources (
RES
). At the same time, contemporary energy storage technologies can take over multiple roles across the entire electricity sector, introducing modern applications for both private actors and system operators. In this context, an overview of energy storage applications is presented, followed by the examination of representative case studies looking into emerging energy storage strategies that capture arbitrage, interplay with demand side management, and support of large‐scale
RES
integration and electricity market regulation.
Electric Vehicles as a Mobile Storage Device
Authors: Codani Paul , Perez Yannick , Petit Marc 
Published: July 2015

AbstractUsing electric vehicles (EVs) as distributed storage units to obtain some complementary revenues on energy markets could be a way of reducing the total cost of ownership (TCO) of the electric cars. In order to measure the possible contribution ofEVas a mobile storage device, we recall the basic requirements and services needed by grid operators to manage the efficient working of an electric power system and the power system requirements in terms of frequency, voltage, and congestion management. Afterward, we present the characteristics of economic constraints for storage devices in electricity markets and what could be the potential role ofEVfleets in these settings. Finally, we present our simulation about the French case study to show that in 2020, with the new rules provided by network operators, theTCOofEVwill be reduced up to a significant proportion according to the user profiles.
Materials for Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Harrison David , Welchman Evan , Chabal Yves Jean , Thonhauser Timo 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In this article, we discuss possible options for hydrogen‐storage systems. We begin by pointing out the tremendous advantages of hydrogen as an alternative fuel, but we also discuss the problems associated with it. We then move to the general constraints for hydrogen storage in automotive applications, followed by the targets that the US Department of Energy has established for the performance of hydrogen‐storage systems in order to be on track for a future hydrogen economy and to be competitive with the current technology of fossil fuel‐based combustion engines. We then move to the central topic of this book article—the three main categories of hydrogen‐storage systems, distinguished by their mechanism of storing hydrogen: mechanical storage, adsorption‐based storage, and chemical storage, with an emphasis on the latter two. Within these categories, we break the materials further into subgroups, pointing out strengths and weaknesses of each in reference to the US Department of Energy targets. We finally conclude with an outlook into the near‐term future.
Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials for Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Mondragón Rosa , Martínez‐Cuenca Raúl , Hernández Leonor , Andreu‐Cabedo Patricia , Cabedo Luis , Juliá J. Enrique 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThermal energy storage is a key technology in order to optimize the performance of industrial systems such as concentrating solar power plants and heat insulation in buildings. This technology can be combined with the development of new materials with enhanced thermal properties thanks to the addition of nanoparticles to a conventional material. The new materials, generally referred to asnanocompositesandnanofluids, are produced by specific procedures in order to ensure their stability over time. The main results that have been published on the enhancement of thermal properties and energy storage through sensible heat storage and phase change materials are summarized.
Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Thermomechanics, Performance, and Design Optimization
Authors: Xue Nansi , Du Wenbo , Martins Joaquim R. R. A. , Shyy Wei 
Published: July 2015

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries have attracted considerable academic and commercial interests because of their higher energy and power density relative to other rechargeable electrochemical systems. Recently, they have been used to power an increasing range of appliances, ranging from implantable medical devices to electric vehicles. Since the commercialization of lithium‐ion batteries by Sony in 1991, there has been an increasing amount of research carried out to further improve their energy density, life cycle, and thermal management. In addition to experimental studies, numerical models have offered new insights into physical phenomena and processes occurring in the cell and have supported the design optimization of cells and modules. However, given the multiscale and multiphase nature of a cell, the detailed modeling of every aspect of the cell has been difficult to achieve. While thermomechanical issues play a key role in battery design, the importance of broader issues related to cell degradation, safety, manufacturing, and battery management cannot be ignored. As the achievable performance edges closer to the theoretical limits, further gains have to come from major changes, such as new electrode materials, new cell architectures, or transitioning from intercalation to conversion chemistry. Proper consideration of the wide variety of issues that impact battery performance is needed to support further investigation to meet these challenges.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling of N‐Tosylhydrazones, Alkynes and Azides: Synthesis of Trisubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Zhang Zhikun , Zhou Qi , Ye Fei , Xia Ying , Wu Guojiao , Hossain Mohammad Lokman , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe copper(I)‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of N‐tosylhydrazones, terminal alkynes and azides has been realized in an efficient and regioselective manner. This reaction constitutes a convenient method for the synthesis of 1,4,5‐trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles from simple starting substrates. Mechanistically, the reaction involves the trapping of the copper(I) triazolide intermediate to form a copper carbene and subsequent migratory insertion and protonation.magnified image
Spezifische photochemische Dehydrokupplung N‐heterocyclischer Phosphane und ihre Anwendung in der photokatalytischen Erzeugung von H2
Authors: Puntigam Oliver , Könczöl László , Nyulászi László , Gudat Dietrich 
Published: July 2015

AbstractN‐heterocyclische Phosphane reagieren unter UV‐Bestrahlung in einer hochselektiven Dehydrokupplungsreaktion zu Diphosphanen und H2. Computerchemische Studien legen nahe, dass die Produktbildung durch die Entstehung dimerer molekularer Assoziate eingeleitet wird, deren elektronische Anregung H2 und ein Diphosphan liefert. Kombination der Dehydrokupplung sterisch anspruchsvoller Phosphane mit einer Mg‐Reduktion der gebildeten Diphosphane erlaubt die Konstruktion eines Reaktionszyklus zur photokatalytischen Erzeugung von H2 aus Et3NH+.
Comparison of cure characteristics and mechanical properties of nano and micro silica‐filled CSM elastomers
Authors: Tabaei Tahereh Alsadat , Bagheri Rouhollah , Hesami Mahdis 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, the effect of micro and nano silica and their combination on mechanical and thermal properties of Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene compounds were investigated. Cure characteristics were studied using a Monsanto Moving Die Rheometer at 155°C. Incorporation of nano silica accelerated the vulcanization whereas the micro silica particles decelerated the curing process. Both micro and nano silica increased the crosslink density as evidenced by swelling test. However, this value has been more improved in CSM/nano silica composites. The physico‐mechanical properties of CSM/nano silica are superior compared to CSM/micro silica. Nano silica provided reinforcing efficiency which is not only because of higher specific surface area but also because of various interactions and especially physical interactions which are discussed in the text. Nano silica particles also improved the thermal properties more efficiently. Incorporation of 15 phr (part per hundred) nano and 5 phr micro silica to polymer improved the initial decomposition temperature for about 51°C and 16°C, respectively, using a TGA. The combination of micro and nano silica, showed that by coupling nano and micro fillers, the loading of fillers can be minimized. In other words, the hybrid samples with a lower filler loading behave as efficient as their separate counterpart with higher loading. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42668.
Der „Messmo“ – ein idealer „Anzeiger“ für kleine Stromstärken und Spannungen zum Selbstbau
Authors: Grabow Harald , Witt Alexander , Flint Alfred 
Published: July 2015

AbstractUm eine geringe Potentialdifferenz oder einen kleinen Stromfluss zwischen zwei elektrochemischen Halbzellen anzuzeigen, ist es für Schülerinnen und Schüler deutlich eindrucksvoller, wenn dieses durch einen Motor geschieht, als wenn man nur die Digitalanzeige eines Messgerätes betrachtet. Im Folgenden wird beschrieben, wie man mit einfachen Mitteln einen Motor mit Messverstärker selber bauen kann, mit dem es möglich ist, auch bei Stromstärken im Mikroampere‐Bereich diese durch einen sich drehenden Rotor anzuzeigen. Passend dazu werden zwei Experimente mit dem „Messmo“ beschrieben.
Structural Distortion of the Epoxy Groups in Norbornanes: A Rotational Study of exo‐2,3‐Epoxynorbornane
Authors: Écija Patricia , Uriarte Iciar , Basterretxea Francisco J. , Millán Judith , Lesarri Alberto , Fernández José A. , Cocinero Emilio J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractExo‐2,3‐epoxynorbornane is studied in the gas phase by pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy in the 4–18 GHz region. Six isotopologues were observed and characterized in their natural abundance. The experimental substitution and effective structures were obtained. Comparison with the structure of norbornane shows significant differences in several bond lengths and valence angles upon introduction of the epoxy group. All the work is supported by quantum chemical calculations.
Highly Reversible Lithium‐ions Storage of Molybdenum Dioxide Nanoplates for High Power Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Xiaolin , Yang Jun , Hou Wenhua , Wang Jiulin , Nuli Yanna 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHerein, MoO2 nanoplates have been facilely prepared through a hydrothermal process by using MoO3 microbelts as the intercalation host. The obtained MoO2 nanoplates manifest excellent electrochemical properties when the discharge cutoff voltage is simply set at 1.0 V to preclude the occurrence of conversion reactions. Its initial reversible capacity reaches 251 mAh g−1, which is larger than that of Li4Ti5O12, at a current rate of 0.2 C. The average capacity decay is only 0.0465 mAh g−1 per cycle, with a coulombic efficiency of 99.5 % (from the 50th cycle onward) for 2000 cycles at 1 C. Moreover, this MoO2 electrode demonstrates an outstanding high power performance. When the current rate is increased from 0.2 to 50 C, about 54 % of the capacity is retained. The superior electrochemical performance can be attributed to the metallic conductivity of MoO2, short Li+ diffusion distance in the nanoplates, and reversible crystalline phase conversion of the addition‐type reaction of MoO2. The prepared MoO2 nanoplates may hopefully replace their currently used analogues, such as Li4Ti5O12, in high power lithium‐ion batteries.
Bradykinin‐induced inhibition of proliferation rate during neurosphere differentiation: Consequence or cause of neuronal enrichment?
Authors: Pillat Micheli M. , Cheffer Arquimedes , de Andrade Cinthia M. , Morsch Vera M. , Schetinger Maria R. C. , Ulrich Henning 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNeural stem cells proliferate and differentiate into neurons and glial cells, being responsible for embryonic and postnatal development of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as for regeneration in the adult brain. These cells also play a key role in maintaining the physiological integrity of the CNS in face of injury or disease. The previous study has demonstrated that bradykinin (BK) treatment simultaneously induces neuronal enrichment (indicating that BK contributes to neurogenesis) and reduced proliferation rates during in vitro differentiation of rat embryonic telencephalon neural precursor cells (NPCs). Here, we provide a mechanism for the unresolved question whether (i) the low rate of proliferation is owed to enhanced neurogenesis or, conversely, (ii) the alteration of the population ratio could result from low proliferation of NPCs and glial cells. In agreement with the previous study, BK promoted neuron‐specific β3‐tubulin and MAP2 expression in differentiating embryonic mouse neurospheres, whereas glial protein expression and global proliferation rates decreased. Furthermore, BK augmented the global frequency of cells in G0‐phase of cell cycle after differentiation. Heterogeneous cell populations were observed at this stage, including neurons that always remaining a quiescent state (G0‐phase). It is noteworthy that BK did not interfere with proliferation of any particular cell type, evidenced by coimmunostaining for nestin, β3‐tubulin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU). Thus, we conclude that neuronal enrichment is owing only to the fostering of neurogenesis, and that the low proliferation rate on the seventh day of differentiation is a consequence and not the cause of BK‐induced neuronal enrichment. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Flow cytometry in the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes and the value of myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen
Authors: Bellos Frauke , Kern Wolfgang 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundConfirming diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is often challenging. Standard diagnostic methods are cytomorphology (CM) and cytogenetics. Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) is upcoming in MDS diagnostic work up, comparability and investigator experiences are critical. Myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) in myelomonocytic cells might be expressed more weakly in patients with MDS. The analysis of MNDA may thus improve diagnostic capabilities of MFC in MDS.MethodsStaining methods and antibody combinations for MFC in MDS are outlined, giving details for interpretation of results in regard to dyspoiesis. MFC results are correlated with CM and CG and with survival data. Use of MNDA in MDS diagnostics was evaluated in 239 patients with MDS, AML, other cytopenic conditions, and in 30 negative controls.ResultsStrong correlation between findings in CM and MFC was found; MFC results correlated well with those of CG. Patients with higher grades of dysplasia in MFC had shorter overall survival. Percentages of granulocytes and monocytes with diminished MNDA expression (%dimG, %dimM) were higher in patients with MDS and AML. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of MNDA in monocytes was lower in MDS and AML. Cut‐off values for %dimG (12%) and %dimM (22%) as well as for MFI in monocytes (72) were defined discriminating between MDS and non‐MDS.ConclusionMFC adds significant information on dyspoiesis in the diagnostic work up for MDS and provides prognostic information. MNDA expression can be assessed by MFC and may facilitate evaluation of dyspoiesis when added to MDS MFC panels. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Evaluation of basophil activation test in suspected food hypersensitivity
Authors: Pignatti Patrizia , Yacoub Mona‐Rita , Testoni Claudia , Pala Gianni , Corsetti Maura , Colombo Giselda , Meriggi Antonio , Moscato Gianna 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundFood hypersensitivity is characterized by a wide range of symptoms. The relationship between symptoms and food is more frequently suspected than objectively proven. Basophil activation test (BAT) is based on the evaluation of activation markers on blood basophils in vitro stimulated with drugs or allergens.The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of BAT when introduced in the routine work‐up of suspected food hypersensitivity.MethodsBAT was requested in subjects with food adverse reactions when a discrepancy existed among history and skin prick test (SPT) and/or specific IgE. Data from 150 subjects were analysed using CD63 as basophil activation marker. Thirty controls were evaluated for cut‐offs. Immunoblots was performed with the sera of representative subjects positive for BAT and negative for SPT and sIgE.Results1,024 BAT were carried out, the agreement (positive/positive and negative/negative) was 78.5% for BAT vs. SPT and 78.3% for BAT vs. IgE. Atopic patients, but not atopic controls, more frequently had a positive BAT than non‐atopic patients (P < 0.0001). Among subjects with positive BAT, those with negative sIgE had lower total IgE, P = 0.001. Nearly 23.3% of all subjects had positive BAT (for at least one tested food) and both negative sIgE and SPT. Immunoblots revealed the presence of sIgE for the tested foods in representative patients with positive BAT, negative SPT and sIgE.ConclusionIntroduction of BAT in routine of food hypersensitivity, limited to subjects with a discrepancy between history and traditional tests, might be useful particularly when total IgE are low. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Catching moving objects: Differential effects of background motion on action mode selection and movement control in 6‐ to 10‐month‐old infants
Authors: van Wermeskerken Margot , van der Kamp John , Hoozemans Marco J. M. , Savelsbergh Geert J. P. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn human adults the use of visual information for selecting appropriate modes for action appears to be separate from the use of visual information for the control of movements of which the action is composed (Milner & Goodale, [1995] The visual brain in action; [2008] Neuropsychologia 46:774–785). More specifically, action mode selection primarily relies upon allocentric information, whereas movement control mainly exploits egocentric information. In the present study, we investigated to what degree this division is already present in 6‐ to 10‐month‐old infants when reaching for moving objects; that is, whether allocentric information is uniquely exploited for action mode selection (i.e., reaching with one or the other hand) or whether it is also used for movement control (i.e., reaching kinematics). Infants were presented with laterally approaching objects at two speeds (i.e., 20 and 40 cm/s) against a stationary or moving background. Background motion affects allocentric information about the object's velocity relative to its background. Results indicated that object speed constrained both infants' action mode selection and movement control. Importantly, however, the influence of background motion was limited to action mode selection and did not extend to movement control. The findings provide further support for the contention that during early development information usage is—at least to some degree—separated for action mode selection and movement control. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 921–934, 2015.