bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION OF PITCH RANGE IN GERMAN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH
Authors: Mennen Ineke , Schaeffler Felix , Dickie Catherine 
Published: May 2014

This study examines pitch range production in the read speech of female German second language (L2) learners of English of moderate to advanced proficiency. The study set out to identify to what extent the learners deviated from or adopted the language-appropriate pitch range values of the target language. Two potential ways in which the learners could deviate from or approximate the target were recognized: (a) by globally expanding their pitch range or (b) by adjusting their pitch range in a position-sensitive way that is linked to the phonetic realization patterns of underlying high and low tones at different points in intonation contours.Results showed that the L2 speakers produced pitch range values that were often language appropriate or approximated the target, although some deviations from the target were also identified. Deviations and target approximation were found to be position sensitive; that is, L2 learners were found to adjust their pitch range differently at the beginning as compared to later parts of intonational phrases.
New Jersey's EMS Response to Superstorm Sandy: A Case Study of the Emergency Management Assistance Compact
Authors: Clancy Terry , Christensen Kenneth , Cortacans Henry P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn the United States, understanding the Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC) is critical to responding to a natural disaster or manmade event. Recently, the State of New Jersey responded to Superstorm Sandy and implemented the EMAC system by requesting ambulances to aid in the Emergency Medical Services response. New Jersey's response to Superstorm Sandy was unprecedented in that this storm affected the entire state and EMS community. New Jersey's EMS community and infrastructure were impacted greatly, despite years of planning and preparation for such an event. Once received, out-of-state EMS resources were integrated into New Jersey's emergency management and EMS systems. In this report, each phase of the EMAC in New Jersey is explored, from how the response was coordinated to how it ultimately was executed. The state coordinated its response on multiple levels and, as such, tested the practical applicability of the EMAC process and employed best practices and solutions to issues that arose. These best practices and solutions may prove invaluable for any state or territory that may activate the EMAC system for emergency medical service resources.ClancyT, ChristensenK, CortacansHP. New Jersey's EMS response to Superstorm Sandy: a case study of the Emergency Management Assistance Compact. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(3):1-4.
Revisiting ‘The Clinic’: ethical and policy challenges in US community health centers
Authors: Berlinger Nancy , Gusmano Michael K. , Turbiner Eva 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWhere do poor people in the United States (US) go when they get sick? Often, they go to Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) and hospital emergency departments. Even after the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), these safety-net health care organizations will continue to play a crucial role in the US health care system. FQHCs have long grappled with some of the biggest questions facing the US health care system and their leaders and clinicians face ethical challenges in everyday practice. Ethical and policy challenges in the US health care safety-net are not usually ‘tragic choices’ involving the allocation of transplantable organs, or ventilators during a pandemic. They are everyday choices with a tragic dimension because, even with the adoption of the ACA, the US has not yet decided whether poor people deserve a ‘home’ or a ‘net’ when they are sick, and whether even a net should be in good repair.
Development of Joint Engagement in Young Deaf and Hearing Children: Effects of Chronological Age and Language Skills
Authors: Cejas Ivette , Barker David H. , Quittner Alexandra L. , Niparko John K. 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
To evaluate joint engagement (JE) in age-matched children with and without hearing and its relationship to oral language skills.

Method
Participants were 180 children with severe-to-profound hearing loss prior to cochlear implant surgery, and 96 age-matched children with normal hearing; all parents were hearing. JE was evaluated in a 10-minute videotaped free play task with parents. Engagement states ranged from the lowest (unengaged) to the highest level (symbol-infused coordinated). Standardized language measures were administered.

Results
Multivariate analyses were conducted between the groups, stratified by chronological and language age. Children who were deaf (Deaf) spent less time in total symbol-infused JE than children with normal hearing (NH) across all ages. The majority of the Deaf group (83%) fell in the lowest language age group, in comparison to 35% of the NH group, and spent significantly less time in symbol-infused JE than hearing children. These delays were also observed in the Deaf group, who fell into the 18-36 month language age. No children in the Deaf group had achieved a language age of > 36 months.

Conclusions
Young children with and without hearing had different developmental trajectories of JE, which were related to oral language skills.
Fluid shear stress threshold regulates angiogenic sprouting
Authors: Galie Peter A. , Nguyen Duc-Huy T. , Choi Colin K. , Cohen Daniel M. , Janmey Paul A. , Chen Christopher S. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
A great deal of research has investigated the biochemical factors that regulate angiogenic sprouting, but less is known about the role of fluid shear stress. Some studies have suggested distinct regulation by luminal flow within the vessel vs. transmural flow through its walls. In this paper, we demonstrate the existence of a shear stress threshold that when surpassed, induces angiogenic sprouting regardless of whether the shear is applied by primarily luminal or transmural flow. In addition to identifying matrix metalloproteinase 1 as the relevant downstream effector, we use finite-element modeling to predict spatial distributions of shear stress within 3D geometries that experimentally caused localized patterns of sprouting. Together, these studies demonstrate a means by which fluid flow can guide vasculature architecture.
Subthreshold resonance properties contribute to the efficient coding of auditory spatial cues
Authors: Remme Michiel W. H. , Donato Roberta , Mikiel-Hunter Jason , Ballestero Jimena A. , Foster Simon , Rinzel John , McAlpine David 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Locating the source of a sound is critical to the survival of many species and an important factor in human communication. Auditory spatial cues—differences in the timing and intensity of sounds arriving at the two ears—are processed by specialized neurons in the brainstem. The importance of these cues varies with sound frequency. Through in vitro recordings we show that the biophysical properties of brainstem neurons vary with their presumed sound frequency tuning. Using neural modeling we demonstrate that the cell properties are well suited to extract spatial cues from natural sounds, including in background noise. Our findings also provide an explanation for human listening performance limits under noisy conditions and have implications for further development of cochlear implants.
Tightness–looseness across the 50 united states
Authors: Harrington Jesse R. , Gelfand Michele J. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
The 50 states of the United States of America show great diversity in ecological and historical conditions, personality characteristics, and outcomes. Still, little insight exists that explains this variation. We argue that there is a common principle by which we can understand these differences: namely, that the states differ in tightness (many strongly enforced rules and little tolerance for deviance) versus looseness (few strongly enforced rules and greater tolerance for deviance). We develop a valid and reliable state-level tightness–looseness index, provide state rankings, and show how tightness is related to ecological and man-made threats, personality characteristics, and state-level outcomes. Ultimately, this substantiates theory suggesting that tightness–looseness is an adaptation to local environments and, therefore, is beneficial in understanding cultural variation across numerous levels of analysis.
Ultrasound-guided tissue fractionation by high intensity focused ultrasound in an in vivo porcine liver model
Authors: Khokhlova Tatiana D. , Wang Yak-Nam , Simon Julianna C. , Cunitz Bryan W. , Starr Frank , Paun Marla , Crum Lawrence A. , Bailey Michael R. , Khokhlova Vera A. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy is a promising, clinically adopted method of noninvasive tissue ablation used to treat both benign and malignant conditions. This work presents, to our knowledge, the first in vivo validation of a previously developed HIFU-based method that allows for noninvasive fractionation of targeted tissue into subcellular debris—boiling histotripsy—in a large animal model. While fractionating the targeted soft tissue, boiling histotripsy is shown to spare the adjacent connective tissue structures such as blood vessels. The process can be readily targeted and monitored by B-mode ultrasound. The resulting tissue debris are liquid, which provides a potential clinical benefit over thermal ablation in the treatment of tumors that exert uncomfortable pressure on surrounding tissues.
Spatially robust estimates of biological nitrogen (N) fixation imply substantial human alteration of the tropical N cycle
Authors: Sullivan Benjamin W. , Smith W. Kolby , Townsend Alan R. , Nasto Megan K. , Reed Sasha C. , Chazdon Robin L. , Cleveland Cory C. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the largest natural source of new nitrogen (N) to terrestrial ecosystems. Tropical forest ecosystems are a putative global hotspot of BNF, but direct, spatially explicit measurements in the biome are virtually nonexistent. Nonetheless, robust estimates of tropical forest BNF are critical for understanding how these important ecosystems may respond to global change and assessing human perturbations to the N cycle. Here, we introduce a spatial sampling method to assess BNF and present evidence that tropical forest BNF is much lower than previously assumed. Our results imply that humans have roughly doubled N inputs to the tropical forest biome relative to N inputs through BNF.
Hierarchical expression of genes controlled by theBacillus subtilisglobal regulatory protein CodY
Authors: Brinsmade Shaun R. , Alexander Elizabeth L. , Livny Jonathan , Stettner Arion I. , Segrè Daniel , Rhee Kyu Y. , Sonenshein Abraham L. 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceThis report reveals that the more than 200 genes controlled byBacillus subtilisglobal regulatory protein CodY are controlled in a hierarchical manner that reflects the extent of activation of CodY by its ligands. The results suggest thatB. subtilisuses hierarchical regulation by CodY to achieve strategic goals.
Hydrodynamic starvation in first-feeding larval fishes
Authors: China Victor , Holzman Roi 
Published: May 2014

Significance
A century ago, Johan Hjort described extreme mortality rates (>99%) of marine fish larvae within days of hatching and termed it the “critical period.” Although multiple hypotheses were raised to explain this mass mortality, the mechanisms behind it remained unresolved. Here, we show that first-feeding larvae experience “hydrodynamic starvation,” in which their hydrodynamic environment mechanistically limits their feeding performance. Our study offers an experimentally supported mechanism of starvation in larval fishes, focusing on the physics of suction feeding in low Reynolds numbers, rather than on prey concentrations and encounter. We believe our findings can help to better understand the early life history of marine fish and the selective forces they experience during the pelagic larval phase.
Exploring the collaboration between antibiotics and the immune response in the treatment of acute, self-limiting infections
Authors: Ankomah Peter , Levin Bruce R. 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceWe use a mathematical model and computer simulations to explore the design and evaluation of antibiotic treatment protocols for an acute, self-limiting bacterial infection. We consider the effect of dose, dosing frequency, and term of treatment on the time before clearance of the infection and the likelihood of resistance emerging and ascending during therapy. Our analysis supports high-dose, full-term antimicrobial chemotherapy as the most effective strategy for maximizing the rate of cure and minimizing the de novo evolution of resistance during the course of therapy. We discuss the current status of data in support of and against the predictions of this study and identify potential ways of testing the hypotheses derived from our analysis.
Iron chaperones PCBP1 and PCBP2 mediate the metallation of the dinuclear iron enzyme deoxyhypusine hydroxylase
Authors: Frey Avery G. , Nandal Anjali , Park Jong Hwan , Smith Pamela M. , Yabe Toshiki , Ryu Moon-Suhn , Ghosh Manik C. , Lee Jaekwon , Rouault Tracey A. , Park Myung Hee , Philpott Caroline C. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
One-third of the proteins expressed in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells may require bound metal ions or metal cofactors for activity. In human cells, the processes by which proteins acquire their native cofactors and avoid mismetallation are largely unknown. The multifunctional adaptor proteins poly(rC)-binding protein (PCBP)1 and PCBP2 are iron chaperones that deliver ferrous iron via a metal-mediated, protein–protein interaction. Three PCBP targets have been identified: ferritin, an iron storage protein; and prolyl and asparagyl hydroxylase, two mononuclear iron enzymes. Here, we show that PCBP1 and PCBP2 deliver iron to deoxyhypusine hydroxylase, a dinuclear iron enzyme representing a major class of nonheme iron enzymes. PCBPs may generally function to maintain nonheme iron cofactors in cytosolic enzymes, especially when iron becomes scarce.
Consumer Markets' Trust Regimes across Europe
Authors: Berg Lisbet 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Given the importance of trust and confidence for the individual consumer's well-being and societies' overall consumer conditions, this paper intends to conceptualize, investigate and map European consumer markets' trust regimes. Based on statistics from DG Sanco's Consumer Condition Scoreboard 2012, trust dimensions in 29 European countries (EU27 + Norway and Iceland) are reanalyzed and compared. The material reveals large differences in consumer markets' trust regime levels across Europe. This paper suggests that one way people evaluate consumer market institutions, is by their perceptions of food and product safety. The concluding discussion gives attention to possible discrepancies between consumer markets' trust regimes and consumer institutions' trustworthiness.
The Arecibo Galaxy Environment Survey – VIII. Discovery of an isolated dwarf galaxy in the Local Volume
Authors: Taylor R. , Minchin R. F. , Herbst H. , Smith R. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The Arecibo Galaxy Environment Survey has detected a nearby H i source at a heliocentric velocity of +363 km s−1. The object was detected through its neutral hydrogen emission and has an obvious possible optical counterpart in Sloan Digital Sky Survey data (though it does not have an optical redshift measurement). We discuss three possible scenarios for the object: (1) it is within the Local Group, in which case its H i properties are comparable with recently discovered ultracompact high-velocity clouds; (2) it is just behind the Local Group, in which case its optical characteristics are similar to the newly discovered Leo P galaxy; (3) it is a blue compact dwarf galaxy within the local volume but not associated with the Local Group. We find the third possibility to be the most likely, based on distance estimates from the Tully–Fisher relation and its velocity relative to the Local Group.
Very high energy γ-ray emission from RBS 0970
Authors: Brown Anthony M. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In this Letter I report the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) detection of very high energy (VHE; E &gt; 100 GeV) γ-ray emission from the BL Lac object RBS 0970. 5.3 years of LAT observations revealed the presence of three VHE photon events within 0$_{.}^{\circ}$1 of RBS 0970, with a subsequent unbinned likelihood analysis finding RBS 0970 to be a source of VHE photons at the 6.5σ level of confidence. The ≥1 GeV flux, binned in monthly periods, did not indicate any flux brightening of RBS 0970 accompanying the emission of the VHE photons. However, a likelihood analysis of the 0.1-100 GeV flux, binned in 28 d periods centred on detection of the VHE photons, revealed that the emission of the lowest energy VHE photons coincided with a hardening of the γ-ray spectrum. Interestingly, the same analysis did not find any significant γ-ray emission from RBS 0970 during the emission of the highest energy VHE event. The discovery of RBS 0970 as a VHE emitter, combined with the spectral variability, suggest RBS 0970 to be a good candidate for follow-up observations with ground-based γ-ray observatories.
Broad-band spectroscopy of Hercules X-1 with Suzaku
Authors: Asami Fumi , Enoto Teruaki , Iwakiri Wataru , Yamada Shin’ya , Tamagawa Toru , Mihara Tatehiro , Nagase Fumiaki 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Hercules X-1 was observed with Suzaku in the main-on state from 2005 to 2010. The 0.4–100 keV wide-band spectra obtained in four observations showed a broad hump around 4–9 keV in addition to narrow Fe lines at 6.4 and 6.7 keV. The hump was seen in all the four observations regardless of the selection of the continuum models. Thus it is considered a stable and intrinsic spectral feature in Her X-1. The broad hump lacked a sharp structure like an absorption edge. Thus it was represented by two different spectral models: an ionized partial covering or an additional broad line at 6.5 keV. The former required a persistently existing ionized absorber, whose origin was unclear. In the latter case, the Gaussian fitting of the 6.5-keV line needs a large width of σ = 1.0–1.5 keV and a large equivalent width of 400–900 eV. If the broad line originates from Fe fluorescence of accreting matter, its large width may be explained by the Doppler broadening in the accretion flow. However, the large equivalent width may be inconsistent with a simple accretion geometry.
Influence of shear motion on evolution of molecular clouds in the spiral galaxy M 51
Authors: Miyamoto Yusuke , Nakai Naomasa , Kuno Nario 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
We have investigated the dynamics of the molecular gas and the evolution of giant molecular associations (GMAs) in the spiral galaxy M 51 with the Nobeyama Radio Observatory 45-m telescope. The velocity components of the molecular gas perpendicular and parallel to the spiral arms are derived at each spiral phase from the distribution of the line-of-sight velocity of the CO gas. In addition, the shear motion in the galactic disk is determined from the velocity vectors at each spiral phase. It is revealed that the distributions of the shear strength and of GMAs are anti-correlated. GMAs exist only in the area of the weak shear strength and further on the upstream side of the high shear strength. GMAs and most giant molecular clouds (GMCs) exist in the regions where the shear critical surface density is smaller than the gravitational critical surface density, indicating that they can stably grow by self-gravity and the collisional agglomeration of small clouds without being destroyed by shear motion. These factors indicate that the shear motion is an important factor in evolution of GMCs and GMAs.
X-ray development of the classical nova V2672 Ophiuchi with Suzaku
Authors: Takei Dai , Tsujimoto Masahiro , Drake Jeremy J. , Kitamoto Shunji 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
We report on the Suzaku detection of a rapid flare-like X-ray flux amplification early in the development of the classical nova V2672 Ophiuchi. Two target-of-opportunity ∼ 25 ks X-ray observations were made 12 and 22 d after the outburst. The flux amplification was found in the latter half of day 12. Time-sliced spectra are characterized by a growing supersoft excess with edge-like structures and a relatively stable optically-thin thermal component with Kα emission lines from highly ionized Si. The observed spectral evolution is consistent with a model that has a time development of circumstellar absorption, for which we obtained a decline rate of ∼ 10%–40% on a time scale of 0.2 d on day 12. Such a rapid drop of absorption and short-term flux variability on day 12 suggests inhomogeneous ejecta with dense blobs/holes in the line-of-sight. Then on day 22 the fluxes of both supersoft and thin-thermal plasma components became significantly fainter. Based on the serendipitous results we discuss the nature of this source in the context of both short- and long-term X-ray behavior.
Automation and Evaluation of the SOWH Test with SOWHAT
Authors: Church Samuel H. , Ryan Joseph F. , Dunn Casey W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe Swofford-Olsen-Waddell-Hillis (SOWH) test evaluates statistical support for incongruent phylogenetic topologies. It is commonly applied to determine if the maximum likelihood tree in a phylogenetic analysis is significantly different than an alternative hypothesis. The SOWH test compares the observed difference in likelihood between two topologies to a null distribution of differences in likelihood generated by parametric resampling. The test is a well-established phylogenetic method for topology testing, but is is sensitive to model misspecification, it is computationally burdensome to perform, and its implementation requires the investigator to make multiple decisions that each have the potential to affect the outcome of the test. We analyzed the effects of multiple factors using seven datasets to which the SOWH test was previously applied. These factors include bootstrap sample size, likelihood software, the introduction of gaps to simulated data, the use of distinct models of evolution for data simulation and likelihood inference, and a suggested test correction wherein an unresolved “zero-constrained” tree is used to simulate sequence data. In order to facilitate these analyses and future applications of the SOWH test, we wrote SOWHAT, a program that automates the SOWH test. We find that inadequate bootstrap sampling can change the outcome of the SOWH test. The results also show that using a zero-constrained tree for data simulation can result in a wider null distribution and higher p-values, but does not change the outcome of the SOWH test for most datasets. These results will help others implement and evaluate the SOWH test and allow us to provide recommendation for future applications of the SOWH test. SOWHAT is available for download fromhttps://github.com/josephryan/SOWHAT.
Phylogenetic confidence intervals for the optimal trait value
Authors: Bartoszek Krzysztof , Sagitov Serik 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe consider a stochastic evolutionary model for a phenotype developing amongstnrelated species with unknown phylogeny. The unknown tree is modelled by a Yule process conditioned onncontemporary nodes. The trait value is assumed to evolve along lineages as an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. As a result, the trait values of thenspecies form a sample with dependent observations. We establish three limit theorems for the sample mean corresponding to three domains for the adaptation rate. In the case of fast adaptation, we show that for large n the normalized sample mean is approximately normally distributed. Using these limit theorems, we develop novel confidence interval formulae for the optimal trait value.