bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liberal Pessimism: International Relations Theory and the Emerging Powers
Authors: Haggard Stephan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe triumphalism of the immediate post‐ColdWar period in theUnitedStates has faded, and concern about decline has returned. In the field of international relations, the return of power transition models is exemplary of the new mood. This article argues that realist models misjudge the source of foreign policy risks for theUnitedStates and its allies. Rather, the standard canon of liberal international relations theory also suggests sources of pessimism. These include the enduring nature of authoritarian rule, the difficulty of coordinating emerging actors through existing international institutions, and the ambiguous effects of increased interdependence on the foreign policy behaviour and leverage of emerging powers.
Health Policy inAsia and thePacific: Navigating Local Needs and Global Challenges
Authors: Lee Kelley 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAsia and thePacific is undergoing a remarkable economic transformation, which is occurring at an exceptional pace. There is clear evidence of an equally rapid epidemiological transition in the region. This article sets out the policy challenges of building healthy societies in the context of rapid economic change. The region's location at the crossroads of contemporary globalisation, resulting in intensified population mobility, large‐scale trade and investment, and pressures to take collective action on shared problems, adds to the complexity of this task. The article argues that health is integral to building stable and sustainable societies, and that there are opportunities to develop more holistic approaches that bring together hitherto separate policy spheres.
Post‐release mortality estimates of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) caught in pelagic longline fisheries based on satellite data and hooking location
Authors: Swimmer Y. , Empey Campora C. , Mcnaughton L. , Musyl M. , Parga M. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

There are few reliable estimates of post‐release mortality for sea turtle species because of the many challenges and costs associated with tracking animals released at sea. In this study, the likelihood of sea turtle mortality as a result of interactions with longline fishing gear was estimated based on satellite telemetry data, such as the number of days an animal was successfully tracked, or days at liberty (DAL) and dive depth data, as well as anatomical hooking locations.
Pop‐up satellite archival tags were deployed on 29 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) caught by the North Pacific US‐based pelagic longline fishery operating from California and Hawaii between 2002 and 2006. Loggerhead turtles were catagorized by observers as shallow‐hooked (55%) if the animal was entangled in the line or the hook was in the flipper, jaw or mouth and could be removed, or deep‐hooked (45%) if the hook was ingested and could not be removed. The vertical movements of turtles were used to infer potential mortalities.
Of the 25 tags that reported data, the DAL ranged from 3 to 243 days (mean = 68 days). The DAL was shorter (by nearly 50%) for shallow‐hooked (mean = 48 days, range: 3 to 127) compared to deep‐hooked turtles (mean = 94 days, range: 5 to 243), but these changes were not statistically significant (P = 0.0658).
Although aspects of these analyses may be considered speculative, these data provide empirical evidence to indicate that deep‐hooking is not linked to shorter DAL.
DAL, anatomical hooking location, and gear removal were evaluated with inferences about the extent of injuries and rates of infection to estimate an overall post‐release mortality rate of 28% (95% bootstrap CI: 16–52%).
This range of estimates is consistent with those used to shape some US fisheries management plans, suggesting that conservation goals are being achieved at the expected level and ideally striking a balance between the interests of industry and those of protected species. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Which factors strongly influence the sinking speed of a demersal longline?
Authors: Lee Jihoon , Lee Chun‐Woo , Karlsen Ludvig , Kim Taeho , Song Jeehun 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Sinking speed is one of the main factors affecting the performance of longlines. Demersal and pelagic longlines need to sink quickly, to prevent bycatch of marine animals and bait loss to seabirds. The incidental catch or bycatch of seabirds by longlining is a problem from the environmental conservation point of view. Thus, it is necessary to develop techniques to reduce the incidental catch or bycatch by longlining.
This study focuses on the sinking speed of longlines. To determine the significant factors that may influence the sinking speed, the study considers the various parameters for longlining such as bait properties, rope materials, rope thickness, anchor weights, shooting speeds, shooting methods, and the ratio between the depth and mainline length.
The results of the numerical analysis were verified by comparing them with observations from field experiments. The results suggest that the sinking speed can be increased and the bycatch during the sinking process can be reduced when baits have elliptical shapes with a small projected area relative to the sinking orientation, as well as when high‐density and thicker materials are used. Heavier anchors also help to increase the sinking speed of the anchor part, excluding other parts such as the middle part of a mainline. If the water is shallow compared with the line's length, the anchor's weight has a smaller influence on the speed of sinking in the middle of the line. In this case, the factors that influence the sinking speed of a longline 10, 30, and 50 m from the stern are rope material, rope thickness, and shooting speed.
These results may be used to design techniques for bycatch prevention. Based on these results, accounting for these important factors when designing a longline is expected to increase the fishing efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery of 2‐Phenyl‐N‐(5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)acetamide Derivatives as Apoptosis Inducers via the Caspase Pathway with Potential Anticancer Activity
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Leila , Khorand Amanc , Aliabadi Alireza 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn the current research of medicinal chemistry, apoptosis induction is one of the novel strategies for the development and discovery of novel anticancer therapeutics. In the present study, a new series of 1,3,4‐thiadiazole derivatives (4a–4p) were synthesized and their in vitro anticancer activities were evaluated against three cancer cell lines: PC3 (prostate cancer), MCF7 (breast cancer), and SKNMC (neuroblastoma). These cell lines were utilized in MTT assays and the obtained results were compared to doxorubicin. Apoptosis induction was also investigated through exploration of the activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9. According to the obtained results, compounds 4b (3‐Cl) and 4c (4‐Cl) demonstrated the best caspase activation. In fact, compounds 4b and 4c enhanced the activity of caspases 3 and 9 in the MCF7 cell line.
Ultradense Topographic Correction by 3D‐Laser Scanning in Pseudo‐3D Ground‐penetrating Radar Data: Application to the Constructive Pattern of the Monumental Platform at the Segeda I Site (Spain)
Authors: Teixidó Teresa , Peña José Antonio , Fernández Gloria , Burillo Francisco , Mostaza Teresa , Zancajo Julio 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThree‐dimensional ground‐penetrating radar (3D‐GPR) is one of the highest resolution geophysical methods for exploring the shallow subsurface and it is widely utilized in the diverse fields requiring this kind of information: for example archaeology, civil engineering and environmental studies. Currently, there are several ways to present 3D‐GPR results: 2D vertical pictures (radargrams), time‐ and depth‐slices, a mixture of radargram‐slice images, GPR reflectivity maps and GPR isosurface images. All of these techniques, however, require the maximum number of details possible. When the recognition surface is not horizontal, the GPR image is distorted due the topographic irregularities. To eliminate these distortions, a classic topographic correction is applied to the GPR data set, particularly in 2D GPR profiles. Generally, this topographic information is obtained by laser levelling, total station, differential Global Positioning System (GPS) or similar equipment. This study uses a new method of topographic correction based on three‐dimensional laser scanner (3D‐laser scanner) technology that provides ultradense coordinates of the terrain. A strategy for applying this topographic correction to 3D‐GPR vertical traces is discussed and evaluated by comparing corrected images with other uncorrected images obtained using the same standard processing flow. The GPR dataset used to test this method is from a monumental structure located in the Celtiberian site of Segeda I (Mara, Spain). The data were acquired using a 400 MHz antenna on 0.25 m spaced profiles. Although the relief of this structure is not overly complex, we demonstrate how the results obtained by applying this topographic correction technique allow a better archaeological interpretation of the internal architecture. The technique is therefore presented as a new archaeological tool to obtain clearer images of buried structures and/or their internal elements. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Global Increase in 5‐Hydroxymethylcytosine Levels Marks Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes
Authors: Taylor Sarah E. B. , Smeriglio Piera , Dhulipala Lakshmi , Rath Madhusikta , Bhutani Nidhi 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of the newly discovered epigenetic mark 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and its regulators in altered gene expression in osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsCartilage was obtained from OA patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty and from control patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Global levels of 5hmC and 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) were investigated using immunoblotting, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, and cellular staining. Gene expression changes were monitored by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Levels of locus‐specific 5hmC and 5mC at CpG sites in the matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP‐1), MMP‐3, ADAMTS‐5, and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT‐1) promoters were quantified using a glucosylation and enzyme digestion–based method followed by quantitative PCR analysis. Global and locus‐specific 5hmC levels and gene expression changes were monitored in normal chondrocytes stimulated with inflammatory cytokines to identify the effect of joint inflammation.ResultsA global 5–6‐fold increase in 5hmC concomitant with a loss of TET1 was observed in human OA chondrocytes compared to normal chondrocytes. Enrichment of 5hmC was observed in promoters of enzymes critical to OA pathology, MMP‐1 and MMP‐3. Short‐term treatment of normal chondrocytes with inflammatory cytokines induced a rapid decrease in TET1 expression but no global or locus‐specific 5hmC enrichment.ConclusionThis study provides the first evidence of an epigenetic imbalance of the 5hmC homeostasis in OA leading to TET1 down‐regulation and 5hmC accumulation. Our experiments identify 5hmC and its regulators as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in OA.
Therapeutic Effect of Human Amniotic Membrane–Derived Cells on Experimental Arthritis and Other Inflammatory Disorders
Authors: Parolini Ornella , Souza‐Moreira Luciana , O'Valle Francisco , Magatti Marta , Hernandez‐Cortes Pedro , Gonzalez‐Rey Elena , Delgado Mario 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease caused by loss of immunologic self tolerance and characterized by chronic joint inflammation. Cells isolated from human amniotic membrane (HAMCs) were recently found to display immunosuppressive properties. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of HAMCs on antigen‐specific T cell responses in RA patients and to evaluate their therapeutic potential in a preclinical experimental model of RA.MethodsWe investigated the effects of HAMCs on collagen‐reactive T cell proliferation and cytokine production, on the production of mediators of inflammation by synoviocytes, and on the generation of Treg cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and synovial membrane cells isolated from RA patients. Mice with collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) were treated with HAMCs after disease onset, and clinical scores and joint levels of mediators of inflammation were evaluated. We determined Th1/Th17‐mediated autoreactive responses in the mice by measuring the proliferation and the cytokine profile of lymph node cells restimulated with collagen.ResultsTreatment with HAMCs suppressed synovial inflammatory responses and antigen‐specific Th1/Th17 activation in cells isolated from RA patients. Moreover, HAMCs stimulated the generation of human CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells with a capacity to suppress collagen‐specific T cell responses. Systemic infusion of HAMCs significantly reduced the incidence and severity of CIA by down‐regulating the 2 deleterious components of disease: Th1‐driven autoimmunity and inflammation. In mice with CIA, HAMC treatment decreased the production of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the joints, impaired antigen‐specific Th1/Th17 cell expansion in the lymph nodes, and generated peripheral antigen‐specific Treg cells. HAMCs also protected the mice from experimental sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune encephalomyelitis.ConclusionHAMCs have emerged as attractive candidates for a cell‐based therapy for RA.
B Cell–Specific Expression of Inducible Costimulator Ligand Is Necessary for the Induction of Arthritis in Mice
Authors: Hamel Keith M. , Cao Yanxia , Olalekan Susan A. , Finnegan Alison 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveInducible costimulator (ICOS)–ICOSL interactions are necessary for activation of Teff cells and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. ICOSL is expressed on B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells and can be induced on nonhematopoietic cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether expression of ICOSL on B cells is necessary for the development of proteoglycan (PG)–induced arthritis (PGIA).MethodsPGIA was initiated by immunizing wild‐type and ICOSL‐deficient (ICOSL−/−) or B cell–specific ICOSL−/− chimeric BALB/c mice with human PG in adjuvant. The onset and severity of arthritis were monitored over time. CD4+ T cell proliferation and CD4+ T cell cytokine production were measured in vitro after the cells were restimulated with PG. Germinal center (GC) B cells, plasma cells, Tfh cells, and Treg cells were identified by staining with specific antibodies.ResultsArthritis progression was completely inhibited in both ICOSL−/− mice and B cell–specific ICOSL−/− chimeric mice. Production of the Teff cell–produced cytokines interferon‐γ and interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) and the antiinflammatory cytokine IL‐4 was suppressed. The reduced percentages of GCs and Tfh cells and the decreased production of IL‐21 correlated with a decrease in the anti‐mouse PG antibody response. However, the percentage of plasma cells was not reduced despite a reduction in IgG responses.ConclusionThese data indicate that the signals provided by ICOSL‐expressing B cells to Teff cells and Tfh cells are necessary for the development of arthritis. Thus, therapeutic blockade of ICOSL−ICOS interactions may be an effective strategy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Glucocorticoid Dose Thresholds Associated With All‐Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: del Rincón Inmaculada , Battafarano Daniel F. , Restrepo Jose F. , Erikson John M. , Escalante Agustín 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo delineate daily and cumulative glucocorticoid dose thresholds associated with increased mortality rates in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsWe studied RA patients recruited from rheumatology clinics. Annually, we assessed the glucocorticoid dose, demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, and laboratory features of RA, cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, and vital status. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to assess associations between the daily or cumulative glucocorticoid dose and death, adjusting for potential confounders and for the propensity to receive glucocorticoids. We tested strata of the glucocorticoid dose to delineate the threshold associated with death.ResultsWe studied 779 RA patients with a total of 7,203 person‐years of observation, during which 237 of them died, yielding a mortality rate of 3.2 per 100 person‐years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.8–3.7). One hundred twenty of the deaths were due to CV causes, yielding a CV mortality rate of 1.8 (95% CI 1.5–2.1). Exposure to glucocorticoids was associated with a dose‐dependent increase in death from all causes, with a ratio (HR) of 1.07 per mg of prednisone per day (95% CI 1.05–1.08). Compared to patients who were not receiving corticosteroids, the minimum daily prednisone dose threshold associated with an increase in all‐cause mortality was 8–15 mg, with an adjusted HR of 1.78 (95% CI 1.22–2.60). For the cumulative dose of glucocorticoids, the minimum dosage associated with all‐cause mortality was 40 gm (HR 1.74 [95% CI 1.25–2.44]).ConclusionGlucocorticoid use in RA is associated with a dose‐dependent increase in mortality rates, with a daily threshold dose of 8 mg, at which the number of deaths increased in a dose‐dependent manner. These findings may assist clinicians in selecting the appropriate glucocorticoid dosage for RA patients who require these agents.
Triazole‐Substituted Nitroarene Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Studies
Authors: Kommu Nagarjuna , Ghule Vikas D. , Kumar A. Sudheer , Sahoo Akhila K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA series of dense and energetic polynitroaryl‐1,2,4‐triazoles were synthesized through the nitration of aryl‐1,2,4‐triazoles. The Cu‐catalyzed/base‐mediated coupling reactions of haloarenes with 1,2,4‐triazoles delivered N‐aryl‐1,2,4‐triazoles. These new nitro‐rich‐aryltriazoles were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. The solid‐state structures of most of these compounds were established by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Their thermal properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetric analysis. Their heats of formation (HOFs) and crystal densities were also calculated. The densities of the synthesized compounds ranged from 1.40 to 1.85 g cm−3. Some of these newly synthesized compounds exhibited high positive HOFs, good thermal stabilities, high densities, and reasonable detonation velocities and pressures.
Sensorless Inverter‐Fed Compressor Drive System Using Back‐EMF Estimator with PIDNN Torque Observer
Authors: Lin Faa‐Jeng , Hung Ying‐Chih , Chen Jia‐Ming , Kao Zi‐Yin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA saliency back‐EMF estimator with a proportional–integral–derivative neural network (PIDNN) torque observer is proposed in this study to improve the speed estimating performance of a sensorless interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive system for an inverter‐fed compressor. The PIDNN torque observer is proposed to replace the conventional proportional–integral–derivative (PID) torque observer in a saliency back‐EMF estimator to improve the estimating performance of the rotor flux angle and speed. The proposed sensorless control scheme use square‐wave type voltage injection method as the start‐up strategy to achieve sinusoidal starting. When the motor speed gradually increases to a preset speed, the sensorless drive will switch to the conventional saliency back‐EMF estimator using the PID observer or the proposed saliency back‐EMF estimator using the PIDNN observer for medium and high speed control. The theories of the proposed saliency back‐EMF rotor flux angle and speed estimation method are introduced in detail. Moreover, the network structure, the online learning algorithms and the convergence analyses of the PIDNN are discussed. Furthermore, a DSP‐based control system is developed to implement the sensorless inverter‐fed compressor drive system. Finally, some experimental results are given to verify the feasibility of the proposed estimator.
Admissible Consensus of Multi‐Agent Singular Systems
Authors: Li Min , Li Qiqiang 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTConsensus problems are studied for both continuous‐time and discrete‐time multi‐agent singular systems with time‐invariant and directed communication topologies. Under restricted system equivalence of singular agents, sufficient and necessary conditions are obtained for admissible consensus ability with static protocols, which are based on both the relative information of the dynamic states and the absolute information of the static states. For a network of continuous‐time singular systems, the existence of admissible consensualization can be cast into strong stabilizability of the agent dynamics. Once discrete‐time multi‐agent singular systems satisfy the condition of reaching nontrivial final consensus states, strong stabilizability is a sufficient condition to achieve admissible consensualization. Two algorithms are proposed to construct two protocols, which are based on a linear matrix inequality and a modified Riccati equation, respectively. Finally, the algorithms are illustrated by two simulation examples.
Optimal Control of Finite‐Valued Networks
Authors: Cheng Daizhan , Zhao Yin , Liu Jiang‐Bo 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTControl of finite‐valued networks, including Boolean networks, is currently a hot topic. In this paper the optimization of the networks with time‐discounted performance criterion is discussed. The problem is formulated as a finite strategy game between human and machine. It is first proved that the optimal strategy can be found in the set of essentially periodic strategies, which makes the problem finitely computable, though the computational complexity of exhaustion might be a severe problem. Then an efficient numerical method is develossped to solve the problem. Some interesting examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of our results.