bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LEGAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE AUSTRALIAN FITNESS INDUSTRY: IDENTIFYING THE PUBLIC LAW RISKS
Authors: Keyzer P 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe fitness industry has a critical role to play in supporting healthy lifestyles. However exposure to legal liability risks represents a potentially significant cost to many service providers that may impact on business, and therefore service availability.AimsThere is a growing literature examining legal liability exposure in private law areas, such as personal injury, contracts and consumer law. However customers and employees of fitness services may also be subject to other psychosocial hazards such as sexual harassment, bullying, disability discrimination and discrimination on the ground of sexuality. Human rights law also creates important obligations to take into account.MethodsThis paper reviews the literature on what are broadly termed ‘pubic law’ risks in the fitness industry.OutcomesThe paper identifies a number of research questions arising from this review for further research.SignificanceThis paper will help identify what sustainable changes could be made to Australian regulation for more effective risk management in the health and fitness industry in order to prevent the legal liability associated with the risk of adverse psycho-social health outcomes.
EXPERIENCE FROM COMMUNITY BASED CHILDHOOD BURN PREVENTION PROGRAMME IN BANGLADESH: IMPLICATION FOR LOW RESOURCE SETTING
Authors: Mashreky SR , Rahman A , SvanstrÖm L , Linnan MJ , Shafinaz S , Rahman F 
Published: October 2012

A comprehensive community-based burn prevention framework was developed for rural Bangladesh taking into consideration the magnitude, consequences of burns, risk factors of childhood burn, health seeking behaviour of parents after a burn injury of a child and the perception of community people. This paper explains the comprehensive framework of the childhood burn prevention programme and describes its acceptability, feasibility and sustainability.A number of methodologies were adopted in developing the framework, such as, (i) building up relevant information on childhood burn and prevention methods, (ii) arranging workshops and consultation meetings with experts and related stakeholders and (iii) piloting components of the framework on a small scale.Lack of supervision of the children, hazardous environment at home and the low level awareness about childhood burn and other injuries were identified as the major attributes of childhood burn in Bangladesh. To address these factors ‘Triple S’ strategies were identified for the prevention framework.These strategies are:• Safe environment.• Supervision.• Skill development.According to these strategies, home safety, community crèche, school safety, formation of community groups and general awareness activities were identified as the different components of the childhood burn prevention framework in rural Bangladesh. The framework was piloted in a small scale to explore its feasibility acceptability and sustainability.It was found to be acceptable by the community. It is also expected to be feasible and sustainable as very low cost and locally available technology and resources were utilised. Large scale piloting is necessary to explore its effectiveness and ability to scale up all over the country.
PREVENTING RISKY DRIVING AND ALCOHOL MISUSE AMONG YOUNG ADULTS: A RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
Authors: Sommers M , Lyons M , Shope J , Sommers B , McDonald K , Fargo J 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundEmergency department (ED) visits provide an opportunity to reduce risky driving and alcohol misuse, thereby reducing the risk for future injury.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo determine the efficacy of Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) addressing risky driving and alcohol misuse.MethodsWe implemented a randomised controlled trial of SBIRT with follow-up through 12 months. ED patients (N=20 027) ages 18–44 were screened for risky driving and alcohol misuse. Participants who screened positive for both behaviours (n=476) were randomised to brief intervention (BIG), contact-control (CCG), or no-contact-control (NCG) groups. BIG (n=150) received screening, a 20-min assessment, and two, 20-min interventions. CCG (n=162) received screening and a 20-min assessment and NCG (n=164) received screening and were interviewed at 12 months. Outcome measures included self-reported driving behaviours (safety belt use, speeding >20 mph above speed limit) and alcohol consumption (≥5 standard drinks/day, maximum drinks/6-h period).Results/OutcomesThree primary outcomes were significantly lower (p<0.05) in BIG compared to CCG through 6 or 9 months, but not at 12 months: Safety belt use at 3, 6, and 9 months (6% increase for BIG, but a 11% decrease for CCG); maximum number of drinks in a 6-h period at 3 and 6 months (20% decrease for BIG, but only 11% for CCG); and ≥5 standard drinks/day at 3 and 6 months (18% decrease for BIG, but only 10% for CCG).Significance/Contribution to the FieldSBIRT can reduce risky driving and alcohol misuse, but its effects did not persist after 9 months.
PILOT TESTING OF TRAUMA REGISTRY IN A SINGLE TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF PAKISTAN: RESULTS FROM INITIAL DATA ANALYSIS
Authors: Mehmood A , Razzak JA , Kabir S , Mackenzie EJ , Hyder AA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundTrauma registries play an integral role in the assessment of quality of trauma care and hospital based injury surveillance. We present the results of pilot study of a locally developed electronic “Karachi Trauma Registry”(KITR) conducted in an urban tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsData for KITR was collected over a three months period from November 2010 to January 2011. All patients who presented through the Emergency Department (ED), Aga Khan University, Karachi Pakistan with a diagnosis of injury as defined in ICD-9. Basic demographics, injury details, hospital course and outcome were recorded. The registry based analysis was done to determine the patient characteristics injury severity, probability of survival and outcome.ResultsData of 542 patients was entered and analyzed. Their mean age was 27 years and 72.5 % were males. About 87% had blunt injury while 13% had penetrating injuries. Fall followed by motor vehicle crashes were the most common mechanisms of injury. Head and face were the most frequently injured anatomical regions. The mean Injury Severity Score was 4.99 and 97% had TRISS of >50%. 287 (53%) patients had no disability, 245 (45.2%) had temporary handicap and 10 (1.84%) had permanent handicap at the time of discharge. Pre-hospital time in 81% of cases was < 4 hours and mean ED length of stay was 31 hours.SignificanceThe registry shows that most patients had minor injuries with high probability of survival; however delays in presentation and disposition can affect the outcome.
HAZARD REGRESSION MODELS OF EARLY MORTALITY IN TRAUMA CENTRES
Authors: Clark D 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundFactors affecting early hospital deaths after trauma may be different from factors affecting later hospital deaths, and the distribution of short and long prehospital times may vary among hospitals.ObjectiveWe wished to explore whether hazard regression (HR) models might be more useful than logistic regression (LR) models for analysis of trauma mortality, especially when hospital effects at different time points are of interest.MethodsWe obtained data for trauma centre patients in the 2008–2009 US National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). Cases were included if they had complete data for prehospital times, hospital times, survival outcome, age, vital signs, and severity scores. Subjects were excluded if pulseless on admission, transferred in or out of hospital, or Injury Severity Score<9. We compared LR models predicting 8-h survival to HR models with survival censored at 8 h, using the same covariates and including an indicator for each hospital. HR models were then modified to allow time-varying hospital effects.Results85 327 patients in 161 hospitals met inclusion criteria. Crude hazards peaked initially, then steadily declined. LR and HR models estimated similar hospital effects when HRs were assumed constant. However, time-varying HRs revealed major fluctuations in hospital-specific effects at different times after injury.SignificanceHR models with time-varying HRs reveal inconsistencies in hospital effects, data quality, and/or timing of early death among trauma centres. HR models could also be adapted for censored data such as might result from interhospital transfers or delayed declarations of death.
HOW YOUTH DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY COLLABORATION CONTRIBUTE TO SAFE COMMUNITIES
Authors: Davis R 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe Wellington Boys' and Girls' Institute (BGI) is a youth development organisation that works in partnership with the Wellington City Council (WCC) to make Wellington a safer community for all its residents, particularly young people. Collaboration between BGI, the WCC and other community groups has had a range of positive outcomes that contribute to city safety.ObjectiveTo explore the value of collaboration between youth development organisations, city authorities and other community groups in improving city safety.OutcomesBGI and the WCC work closely together to develop responses to issues affecting young people and families in Wellington City, along with other partners including government agencies, churches, community groups, private businesses and the Police. This collaborative approach has led to the initiation of multiple innovative projects (such as mentoring, adventure therapy and graffiti vandalism prevention programmes) that have had a positive effect on city safety including reduction of crime, improved mental health and increased youth, family and community resilience. One of the key learning outcomes from this case study has been that collaboration between multiple partners and the synergy that is created through working together leads to increased opportunities and greater innovation in addressing issues of community safety.SignificanceGovernment agencies and city authorities would benefit from working together with local community groups when seeking to address issues of community safety.
PROMOTING SAFETY AT WORK IN COOPERATION WITH THE LOCAL COMMUNITY
Authors: Bodankin R , Weisberg E , Zimer A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe project is a pilot study of promoting safety at work in cooperation with the local community. Similar models called ‘A Safety Community’ already operate around the world in different environments. In this project we achieved the commitment of the municipalities to promote safety in local businesses.PurposePrevention of accidents at work by creating a net of local partnerships within the communities aiming to promote appropriate initiatives.MethodsTwo cities have been chosen for this pilot—Ràanana, a Jewish city, and Um El Phahem, an Arab city—and both have a large number of small businesses (up to 25 employees), lacked any safety guidance. An intervention programme included a risk survey, a follow up of the recommendations, guidance for workers and hearing tests. The municipalities were responsible for recruiting the firms and granting excellence certificates to safe businesses.ResultsIn both cities about 70% of the businesses responded positively to participation in this pilot. About 50% of the hazards found in the risk survey were eliminated by businesses owners. Direct contact has been established between the workplaces, the municipalities and the local occupational clinics.SignificanceThis project is innovative in Israel. There is no other project in which the municipalities are involved in the improvement of safety in the workplaces.
GUADALAJARA, MEXICO: DRINKING AND DRIVING STRATEGY
Authors: Rojas R , De Leon Ponce M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundMexico occupies the 7th place worldwide and the 2nd in Latin America on deaths for road traffic accidents. Among the population aged 15–29, traffic accidents represent the first cause of death. Guadalajara, Jalisco is on the first 10 municipalities on deaths for traffic accidents, and it is estimated that 30% of these deaths are related to drinking and driving. This scenario sets up a severe and complex public health problem.ObjectiveTo reduce injuries and fatalities from road traffic accidents in Guadalajara's population aged 15–29.MethodsA drinking and driving prevention strategy has been implemented in Guadalajara's metropolitan area since 2008. The strategy consisted of the following activities: Conduct a baseline survey; involvement of the civil society and NGOs; amending the law; strengthening the enforcement capacity; implementing a social marketing campaign; Conducting BAC testing.ResultsBefore August 6th, 2010 the minimum legal BAC limit was 1.5 grams of alcohol per litre of blood, with the new law, known was ‘Lifeguard Law’, the minimum legal BAC limit was reduce to 0.5 g/l. Before this law amendment the penalty for driving above the legal limit was 30 days of minimum wage, and now it is from 150 to 200 days of minimum wage ($7000–$9000 MXN). Other outcomes of the drinking and driving strategy were the following: the creation of a road traffic victims NGO,VIVIAC, a youth NGO,Salvaguarda, and a citizen observatory; a technical expert alcoholometry certification programme; National manual for the alcoholometry programme. These resulted in a decrement in mortality with alcohol involved in population aged 15–29 of 21.6% (from 74 in September 2009–August 2010 to 58 in September 2010–August 2011).ConclusionsThis shows that the enforcement of interventions through an integral and multisectoral model, based on scientific-evidence, results in the reduction of deaths on the roads
THE IMPACT OF THE U-VISA ON STOPPING VIOLENCE AGAINST IMMIGRANT WOMEN IN THE USA
Authors: Olson L , Kamimura A , Gonzalez M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe Violence Against Women Act created the U-visa to strengthen the ability of law enforcement to prosecute cases of domestic violence and other violent crimes committed against immigrants who are abused by a boyfriend or person who is not a spouse or who is not a US citizens or permanent resident.ObjectiveUnderstand the development of the relationship and the history and patterns of abuse.MethodsQualitative analysis of 48 U-Visa affidavits. The affidavit, one element of the evidence for U-Visa applications is the chronological story told in the immigrants' own words of her relationship with the perpetrator and the abuse.ResultsMost applicants met and partnered with perpetrator in native country. Relationships often started out with perpetrator being ‘kind and sweet’ but emotional abuse, in the form of threats to report applicant to immigration or keep custody of children and withholding of finances along with severe physical and sexual abuse occurred within a year of moving to USA. Contact with the police was usually initiated by the victim. Barriers to contacting police included fear of deportation, dependency on abuser, and loss of children. Shelters and victim advocates were the main source of help for women.SignificanceWhile the U-visa gives the immigrant applicant the possibility of lawful permanent residence, to qualify, the immigrant must overcome fears of deportation and cooperate with the police. The affidavit provides a picture of how the abuse started and offers ideas for prevention and intervention.
COMMUNITIES ARE NOT ALL CREATED EQUAL: DESIGNING ENVIRONMENTS TO PREVENT VIOLENCE
Authors: Tsao B , Davis RA , Cohen L 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundViolence and fear of violence are major factors that cause injury and disability, correspond to increased rates of chronic disease and health disparities, and fundamentally undermine health and well-being.Aims/Objectives/PurposeWritten for local government agencies and community practitioners, this paper presents evidence that violence is a health equity issue and describes prevention strategies, especially at the policy and systems levels, that promote the development of safe environments for everyone.MethodsMixed methods were used, including a literature review on how the built environment and other community-level risk and resilience factors determine the likelihood of violence. It also incorporates practical lessons from seven years of working with U.S. cities to advance a public health approach to prevent youth violence before it occurs.Results/OutcomeSafety is not fairly distributed in society, and some U.S. communities and groups are far more exposed to the poor neighborhood conditions that give rise to violence. Violence disproportionately affects young people of color and those living in communities that have been subjected to high levels of disinvestment. Because community-level risk and resilience factors for violence are spread unequally, some neighborhoods experience disproportionately elevated rates of injury, disability, chronic diseases from prolonged stress, and other maladies.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThis paper provides concrete evidence that preventing violence requires improving specific factors in community environments, such as in urban neighborhoods. The findings suggest that preventing violence is a critical strategy for sustainably reducing disparate outcomes in injury and premature death, and for achieving equity across diverse communities.
CURRENT EVIDENCE ON PUBLICISED SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT PROGRAMMES: ARE THEY STILL EFFECTIVE?
Authors: Bergen G , Pitan A , Shults RA , Qu S , Sleet DA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAlcohol-impaired driving is a major contributor to motor vehicle crash deaths resulting in almost 270 000 deaths globally. In 2001, the Community Preventive Services Task Force recommended the use of sobriety checkpoints on the basis of a systematic review that showed sobriety checkpoints resulted in a median decline of about 20% in alcohol-related crash fatalities. This review included 32 studies published through 30 June 2000. New studies evaluating publicised sobriety Checkpoint programmes have since been published, leading to an updated review in 2012.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo determine if the effectiveness of sobriety checkpoints has changed since the publication of the 2001 (original) systematic review.To explore whether low manpower staffed checkpoints are as effective as traditional checkpoints.To determine the economic costs and benefits of sobriety checkpoints.MethodsThe Community Guide methods for systematic reviews were used to evaluate studies of sobriety checkpoints published from July 2000 through March 2012.Results/OutcomesFifteen studies met the systematic review inclusion criteria. Fourteen studies conducted in the USA showed a median reduction in alcohol-involved fatal crashes of 8.9%. One study from New Zealand showed a reduction in serious and fatal nighttime crashes of 22%. The two evaluations on low manpower staffed checkpoints respectively showed reductions of 18% and 64% in alcohol-involved fatal crashes and drinking/driving behaviour. Five economic evaluations showed that benefits exceed costs with benefit-to-cost ratios ranging from 2 : 1 to 57 : 1.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThis systematic review update confirms the effectiveness of sobriety checkpoints in reducing alcohol-impaired crashes, injuries and deaths.
EVIDENCE OF THE ROLE OF CCTV IN PREVENTING ALCOHOL-RELATED ASSAULTS IN A NIGHT TIME ECONOMY
Authors: Pointing SB 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe number and severity of injuries caused by alcohol-related violence in inner-city entertainment areas is an ongoing concern. Despite continued public investment in CCTV, most previous research has indicated CCTV has little effect in reducing the number of these assaults or associated disorder.PurposeThis paper builds on a recent publication inInjury Preventionand presents research conducted as part of a broader community-based study aiming to reduce alcohol-related assaults in the night-time economy of Cairns, Australia.MethodsSemi-structured interviews, focus groups and observational sessions in the Camera Room. Footage from 30 cases of assault was examined. A Realist Evaluation framework was used to examine CCTV operations and assaultoutcomes.ResultsCCTV operators directed private security who intervened in 40% (n=12) of assaults, limiting possible injury. This included three incidents judged as preventable. A further five (17%) assault incidents were also potentially preventable. The remainder (43%) happened too quickly for intervention. Salient aspects of thecontextof the CCTV system were defined, and relevantmechanismswithin the camera room and the real-time communication network were postulated or identified.SignificanceIntervention points within these mechanisms are offered for testing, and an assault-related cost–benefit analysis of the CCTV system is presented. These findings are then situated within the overall research programme. This may progress the debate about the effectiveness of CCTV systems in limiting injuries from alcohol-fuelled community violence, and address calls for more sophisticated techniques to evaluate CCTV's effectiveness.
WEB-BASED INTERVENTION FOR MAORI UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WITH HAZARDOUS DRINKING: DOUBLE-BLIND, MULTI-SITE RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: Kypri K , Mccambridge J , Vater T , Bowe S , Saunders JB , Cunningham JA , Horton N 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundLike many indigenous peoples, New Zealand Māori bear a heavy burden of alcohol-related harm relative to their non-indigenous compatriots, and disparities are greatest among young adults. We tested the effectiveness of web-based alcohol screening and brief intervention (e-SBI) for reducing hazardous drinking among Māori university students.MethodsWe ran a double-blind, multi-site, randomised controlled trial. We invited 6697 17–24-year-old Māori students from seven of New Zealand's eight universities to complete a web-based AUDIT-C, a screener for hazardous and harmful drinking. Those screening positive were computer randomised to: <10 min of web-based alcohol assessment and personalised feedback (intervention) or screening alone (control). We conducted a 5 month follow-up assessment with observers and participants blinded to study hypotheses, design, and intervention delivery. Predetermined primary outcomes were: (1) frequency of drinking (2) amount consumed per typical drinking occasion, (3) overall volume of alcohol consumed, and (4) academic problems.Results1789 respondents were hazardous drinkers (AUDIT-C≥4) and were randomised: 850 to control, 939 to intervention. Follow-up assessments were completed by 682 controls (80%) and 733 intervention group members (78%). Relative to controls, participants receiving intervention drank less often (RR=0·89; 95% CI 0·82 to 0·97), less per drinking occasion (RR=0·92; 0·84 to 1.00), less overall (RR=0·78; 0·69 to 0·89), and had fewer academic problems (RR=0·81; 0·69 to 0·95).SignificanceWeb-based screening and brief intervention reduced hazardous and harmful drinking among non-help-seeking Māori students in a large scale pragmatic trial. This intervention is now being implemented routinely in all New Zealand universities and could be implemented elsewhere. The study has wider implications for behavioural intervention in the important but neglected area of indigenous health.