bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of Metal‐Chelating Compounds by Species of Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato
Authors: Mucha Joanna , Guzicka Marzenna , Łakomy Piotr , Zadworny Marcin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe role of iron and compounds that chelate iron in the development of fungal diseases and wood degradation is not well understood, and their involvement in the simultaneous pathogenic and wood‐decomposing capabilities of Heterobasidion annosum s.l. is unknown. In the current study, the production of low‐molecular‐mass compounds that can chelate iron, such as catecholate, hydroxamate and oxalate, by H. annosum s.l. was correlated positively with supplementation of the medium with iron. In contrast, iron supplementation did not increase the Fe3+‐reducing ability of H. annosum s.s. and H. abietinum hyphae. Indeed, H. annosum s.s. is known to cause higher mortality of the plant host, but produced a lower quantity of siderophores than H. abietinum or H. parviporum. Under iron supplementation, siderophore production was correlated with phenoloxidase activity in the low‐molecular‐mass fraction, which might have consequences for cell wall decomposition.
Effects of inclusion of graded amounts of soya bean hulls on feed intake, chewing activity and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows
Authors: Mohammadzadeh H. , Rezayazdi K. , Nikkhah A. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryTwelve multiparous Holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square changeover design to evaluate the effects of graded inclusion of soya bean hulls (SHs) in replacement of diet forages at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of dietary dry matter (DM) basis on peNDF > 8 and peNDF > 1.18 contents of diets and their resulting effects on chewing activity, nutrient digestibility and milk production of dairy cattle. The control diet contained 50% forage, 50% concentrate and no SH. In the other three diets, SH was substituted for alfalfa hay, corn silage and wheat bran to supply 10%, 20% and 30% of the dietary DM. Increasing SH concentration in the diets resulted in decreasing concentrations of forage neutral detergent fibre (NDF), physically effective NDF (peNDF) and mean particle size (p < 0.01). Chewing activity per kilogram of daily dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected by the different diets tested. However, chewing activity significantly decreased for kilogram intake of NDF, but increased for peNDF > 1.18 when SH was included in the diets (p < 0.01). Total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients significantly increased for DM, organic matter (p < 0.05) and NDF (p < 0.01) but decreased for crude protein (p < 0.05) as the proportion of SH was increased in the diets. Rumen pH value of cattle was not influenced by the diets. Including medium and high amounts of SH in the diets decreased DMI of the animals (p < 0.05) without any significant effect on their daily milk or 4% fat‐corrected milk production. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the NDF from a non‐forage fibre source like SH had a lower potential for stimulating chewing activity than did forage NDF. Despite this, the small size of dietary particles increased not only the chewing activity per kilogram of peNDF intake but also saliva secretion as well as the potential for rumen to neutralize acids. The findings of this study demonstrate the greater differences in peNDF > 8 among the diets and that these differences are better reflected in terms of DMI, chewing activity and nutrient digestibility, but not in rumen pH.
Evolutionary history and genetic parallelism affect correlated responses to evolution
Authors: Le Gac Mickael , Cooper Tim F. , Cruveiller Stéphane , Médigue Claudine , Schneider Dominique 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe investigated the relationship between genomic and phenotypic evolution among replicate populations of Escherichia coli evolved for 1000 generations in four different environments. By resequencing evolved genomes, we identified parallel changes in genes encoding transcription regulators within and between environments. Depending on both the environment and the altered gene, genetic parallelism at the gene level involved mutations that affected identical codons, protein domains or were widely distributed across the gene. Evolved clones were characterized by parallel phenotypic changes in their respective evolution environments but also in the three alternative environments. Phenotypic parallelism was high for clones that evolved in the same environment, even in the absence of genetic parallelism. By contrast, clones that evolved in different environments revealed a higher parallelism in correlated responses when they shared mutated genes. Altogether, this work shows that after an environmental change or the colonization of a new habitat, similar ecological performance might be expected from individuals that share mutated genes or that experienced similar past selective pressures.
Ecological coassociations influence species' responses to past climatic change: an example from a Sonoran Desert bark beetle
Authors: Garrick Ryan C. , Nason John D. , Fernández‐Manjarrés Juan F. , Dyer Rodney J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractEcologically interacting species may have phylogeographical histories that are shaped both by features of their abiotic landscape and by biotic constraints imposed by their coassociation. The Baja California peninsula provides an excellent opportunity to examine the influence of abiotic vs. biotic factors on patterns of diversity in plant‐insect species. This is because past climatic and geological changes impacted the genetic structure of plants quite differently to that of codistributed free‐living animals (e.g. herpetofauna and small mammals). Thus, ‘plant‐like’ patterns should be discernible in host‐specific insect herbivores. Here, we investigate the population history of a monophagous bark beetle, Araptus attenuatus, and consider drivers of phylogeographical patterns in the light of previous work on its host plant, Euphorbia lomelii. Using a combination of phylogenetic, coalescent‐simulation‐based and exploratory analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences and nuclear genotypic data, we found that the evolutionary history of A. attenuatus exhibits similarities to its host plant that are attributable to both biotic and abiotic processes. Southward range expansion and recent colonization of continental Sonora from the Baja peninsula appear to be unique to this taxon pair and probably reflect influences of the host plant. On the other hand, abiotic factors with landscape‐level influences on a diverse suite of codistributed arid‐adapted taxa, such as Plio‐ and Pleistocene‐aged marine incursions in the region, also left genetic signatures in beetle and host plant populations. Superimposed on these similarities, bark beetle‐specific patterns and processes were also evident: our data revealed two secondarily sympatric, reproductively isolated genetic lineages, as well as a previously unrecognized mid‐peninsular warm desert refuge. Taken together, this work illustrates that the evolutionary history of species‐specific insect herbivores may represent a mosaic of influences, including—but not limited to—those imposed by the host plant.
Intertidal population genetic dynamics at a microgeographic seascape scale
Authors: Hu Zi‐Min 
Published: June 2013

The intertidal community is among the most physically harsh niches on earth, with highly heterogeneous environmental and biological factors that impose strong habitat selection on population abundance, genetic connectivity and ecological adaptation of organisms in nature. However, most genetic studies to date have concentrated on the influence of basin‐wide or regional marine environments (e.g. habitat discontinuities, oceanic currents and fronts, and geographic barriers) on spatiotemporal distribution and composition of intertidal invertebrates having planktonic stages or long‐distance dispersal capability. Little is known about sessile marine organisms (e.g. seaweeds) in the context of topographic tidal gradients and reproductive traits at the microgeographic scale. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Krueger‐Hadfield et al. () implemented an elaborate sampling strategy with red seaweed (Chondrus crispus) from a 90‐m transect stand near Roscoff and comprehensively detected genome‐scale genetic differentiation and biases in ploidy level. This study not only revealed that tidal height resulted in genetic differentiation between high‐ and low‐shore stands and restricted the genetic exchange within the high‐shore habitat, but also demonstrated that intergametophytic nonrandom fertilization in C. crispus can cause significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Such new genetic insights highlight the importance of microgeographic genetic dynamics and life history characteristics for better understanding the evolutionary processes of speciation and diversification of intertidal marine organisms.
The Redefinition of Aging in American Surgery
Authors: NEUMAN MARK D. , BOSK CHARLES L. 
Published: June 2013

ContextAdults aged sixty‐five and over account for a large fraction of all surgeries performed in the United States each year. While historical growth in rates of surgery in this population is commonly attributed to financial incentives and technological innovations, the shifts in thought that underpinned the spread of surgery among the U.S. elderly remain largely unexplored. We examined changing perspectives on aging over time in American surgery through two case studies: the expansion of general surgical procedures among older U.S. adults between 1945 and 1965, and the spread of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) among the U.S. elderly between 1975 and 1995.MethodsFor this article, we used close readings of historical journal articles, textbook excerpts, survey reports, and government documents related to surgery and aging.FindingsSimilar perspectives on aging informed the spread of both general surgical procedures among older adults after World War II and CABG in the elderly from the mid‐1970s onward. In each case, surgeons argued against earlier views that surgery was contraindicated in old age using rhetoric that negated the relevance of age to medical decisions. Furthermore, surgeons elevated other types of information—such as the presence or absence of chronic diseases—to supplant age as an explanation for the high operative mortality rates seen among older patients. By stressing the modifiability of operative risk in the elderly, surgeons’ arguments positioned old age itself as a new surgical “frontier.”ConclusionsSurgeons’ arguments for the expansion of surgery among the U.S. elderly over time worked to negate the relevance of age to medical decisions and to portray the wider use of surgery in the elderly as uniformly beneficial. While potentially promoting broader access to surgical care, such perspectives may also have contributed to ongoing health policy challenges by normalizing surgery at any stage in the life‐course, with implications for current patterns of surgical utilization and medical spending.
Human single‐chain urokinase is activated by the omptins PgtE of Salmonella enterica and Pla of Yersinia pestis despite mutations of active site residues
Authors: Järvinen Hanna M. , Laakkonen Liisa , Haiko Johanna , Johansson Tiira , Juuti Katri , Suomalainen Marjo , Buchrieser Carmen , Kalkkinen Nisse , Korhonen Timo K. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryFibrinolysis is important in cell migration and tightly regulated by specific inhibitors and activators; of the latter, urokinase (uPA) associates with enhancement of cell migration. Active uPA is formed through cleavage of the single‐chain uPA (scuPA). The Salmonella enterica strain 14028R cleaved human scuPA at the peptide bond Lys158‐Ile159, the site cleaved also by the physiological activator human plasmin. The cleavage led to activation of scuPA, while no cleavage or activation were detected with the mutant strain 14028R lacking the omptin protease PgtE. Complementation and expression studies confirmed the role of PgtE in scuPA activation. Similar cleavage and activation of scuPA were detected with recombinant Escherichia coli expressing the omptin genes pla from Yersinia pestis, ompT and ompP from E. coli, sopA from Shigella flexneri, and leo from Legionella pneumophila. For these omptins the activation of scuPA is the only shared function so far detected. Only poor cleavage and activation of scuPA were seen with YcoA of Y. pestis and YcoB of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis that are considered to be proteolytically inactive omptin variants. Point mutations of active site residues in Pla and PgtE had different effects on the proteolysis of plasminogen and of scuPA, indicating versatility in omptin proteolysis.
Life history and population dynamics of southern Alaska resident killer whales (Orcinus orca)
Authors: Matkin Craig O. , Ward Testa J. , Ellis Graeme M. , Saulitis Eva L. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractResident (fish eating) killer whales(Orcinus orca) in the North Pacific have been the subject of long‐term studies in several geographical regions. The current study examines population parameters in the southern Alaska resident population from 1984 to 2010 and develops a population model. The southern Alaska resident population ranges from southeastern Alaska through the Kodiak archipelago and contains over 700 individuals. We follow the life histories of 343 identifiable whales in 10 pods from two clans born before and during the study. Population parameters were comparable to those of the British Columbia northern resident population during the 1970s and 1980s, except that age of maturity was approximately one year earlier. The average annual rate of increase was slightly higher in Alaska (3.5%) than for the British Columbia northern residents (2.9%) and probably represents a population at r‐max (maximum rate of growth). Reasons for the high growth rate in Alaska could be a recovery following past anthropogenic mortalities, or more likely, a response to increasing salmon returns in recent decades, resulting in an increase in carrying capacity. The slow maturation and low rate of reproductive response makes these whales slow to recover from natural or anthropogenic catastrophes.
Resolved: there is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity‐related diseases
Authors: Hu F. B. 
Published: June 2013

SummarySugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) are the single largest source of added sugar and the top source of energy intake in the U.S. diet. In this review, we evaluate whether there is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing SSB consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and its related diseases. Because prospective cohort studies address dietary determinants of long‐term weight gain and chronic diseases, whereas randomized clinical trials (RCTs) typically evaluate short‐term effects of specific interventions on weight change, both types of evidence are critical in evaluating causality. Findings from well‐powered prospective cohorts have consistently shown a significant association, established temporality and demonstrated a direct dose–response relationship between SSB consumption and long‐term weight gain and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). A recently published meta‐analysis of RCTs commissioned by the World Health Organization found that decreased intake of added sugars significantly reduced body weight (0.80 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39–1.21; P < 0.001), whereas increased sugar intake led to a comparable weight increase (0.75 kg, 0.30–1.19; P = 0.001). A parallel meta‐analysis of cohort studies also found that higher intake of SSBs among children was associated with 55% (95% CI 32–82%) higher risk of being overweight or obese compared with those with lower intake. Another meta‐analysis of eight prospective cohort studies found that one to two servings per day of SSB intake was associated with a 26% (95% CI 12–41%) greater risk of developing T2D compared with occasional intake (less than one serving per month). Recently, two large RCTs with a high degree of compliance provided convincing data that reducing consumption of SSBs significantly decreases weight gain and adiposity in children and adolescents. Taken together, the evidence that decreasing SSBs will decrease the risk of obesity and related diseases such as T2D is compelling. Several additional issues warrant further discussion. First, prevention of long‐term weight gain through dietary changes such as limiting consumption of SSBs is more important than short‐term weight loss in reducing the prevalence of obesity in the population. This is due to the fact that once an individual becomes obese, it is difficult to lose weight and keep it off. Second, we should consider the totality of evidence rather than selective pieces of evidence (e.g. from short‐term RCTs only). Finally, while recognizing that the evidence of harm on health against SSBs is strong, we should avoid the trap of waiting for absolute proof before allowing public health action to be taken.
Myopia, contact lens use and self‐esteem
Authors: Dias Lynette , Manny Ruth E , Weissberg Erik , Fern Karen D 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate whether contact lens (CL) use was associated with self‐esteem in myopic children originally enrolled in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET), that after 5 years continued as an observational study of myopia progression with CL use permitted.MethodsUsable data at the 6‐year visit, one year after CL use was allowed (n = 423/469, age 12–17 years), included questions on CL use, refractive error measurements and self‐reported self‐esteem in several areas (scholastic/athletic competence, physical appearance, social acceptance, behavioural conduct and global self‐worth). Self‐esteem, scored from 1 (low) to 4 (high), was measured by the Self‐Perception Profile for Children in participants under 14 years or the Self‐Perception Profile for Adolescents, in those 14 years and older. Multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate associations between self‐esteem and relevant factors identified by univariate analyses (e.g., CL use, gender, ethnicity), while adjusting for baseline self‐esteem prior to CL use.ResultsMean (±S.D.) self‐esteem scores at the 6‐year visit (mean age = 15.3 ± 1.3 years; mean refractive error = −4.6 ± 1.5 D) ranged from 2.74 (± 0.76) on athletic competence to 3.33 (± 0.53) on global self‐worth. CL wearers (n = 224) compared to eyeglass wearers (n = 199) were more likely to be female (p < 0.0001). Those who chose to wear CLs had higher social acceptance, athletic competence and behavioural conduct scores (p < 0.05) at baseline compared to eyeglass users. CL users continued to report higher social acceptance scores at the 6‐year visit (p = 0.03), after adjusting for baseline scores and other covariates. Ethnicity was also independently associated with social acceptance in the multivariable analyses (p = 0.011); African‐Americans had higher scores than Asians, Whites and Hispanics. Age and refractive error were not associated with self‐esteem or CL use.ConclusionsCOMET participants who chose to wear CLs after 5 years of eyeglass use had higher self‐esteem compared to those who remained in glasses both preceding and following CL use. This suggests that self‐esteem may influence the decision to wear CLs and that CLs in turn are associated with higher self‐esteem in individuals most likely to wear them.
Pulmonary aspiration in pediatric anesthetic practice in the UK: a prospective survey of specialist pediatric centers over a one‐year period
Authors: Walker Robert W.M. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryBackgroundPulmonary aspiration of gastric contents is a potentially devastating complication of anesthesia.AimsThis prospective multicenter survey of specialist pediatric centers in the UK set out to elucidate the incidence, risk factors, and the outcome of such events. The survey took place over a twelve‐month period via a web‐based secure reporting system.ResultsOver the twelve‐month period, 24 cases of pulmonary aspiration were reported. Over that time period, there were 118 371 cases performed at the eleven pediatric centers. The overall incidence of pulmonary aspiration is therefore 1 in 4932 cases or 2 in 10 000 cases. Over that time period, there were 18 cases during elective surgery and six cases in nonelective/emergency surgery. The incidence of pulmonary aspiration in the elective situation is therefore 1 in 5076 cases or 2.0 per 10 000 cases. The incidence in emergency procedures is 1 in 4498 cases or 2.2 per 10 000 cases.The timing and severity of deterioration were recorded. In the study period, 8 of 24 cases did not deteriorate, 13 of 24 deteriorated with immediate effect, and the further 3 of 24 deteriorated within the next hour. The deterioration was mild in 11 patients requiring medical management only, and the deterioration was severe in five patients. Those five patients required ventilation for varying durations of time. All patients made a full recovery.ConclusionsThis multicenter survey of specialist pediatric centers in the UK over a one‐year period reveals a low incidence of pulmonary aspiration in both elective and emergency cases. All patients made a full recovery.
Development of an expressed gene catalogue and molecular markers from the de novo assembly of short sequence reads of the lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) transcriptome
Authors: Verma Priyanka , Shah Niraj , Bhatia Sabhyata 
Published: June 2013

SummaryGenomic resources such as ESTs, molecular markers and linkage maps are essential for crop improvement. However, these resources are still limited in important legumes such as lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), which is valued world wide as a rich source of dietary protein. In this study, the de novo transcriptome assembly of 119 855 798 short reads, generated by Illumina paired‐end sequencing, was performed using various assembly programs. This resulted in 42 196 nonredundant high‐quality transcripts of average length 810 bases, N50 value of 1 432 and an average expression per transcript of 26.21 rpkm reads per kilobase per million(RPKM). Similarity search with the unigenes and protein sequences of other plants resulted in maximum similarity with soybean. A total of 20 009 nonredundant transcripts showed similarity with the UniProtKB database and of these, 18 064 transcripts were grouped into three main GO categories, that is, biological process (15 126), molecular function (15 505) and cellular component (9 434). Annotated transcripts were mapped to 289 predicted Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and 8 893 transcripts were classified into 24 functional categories based on Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) of proteins. Mining the data set for the presence of SSRs resulted in 8 722 SSRs with a frequency occurrence of one SSR per 3.92 kb. From these, 5 673 SSR primer pairs were designed, and a subset of these were utilized for diversity analysis. This study, which provides a large data set of annotated transcripts and gene‐based SSR markers, would serve as a foundation for various applications in lentil breeding and genetics.