bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Letrozole, berberine, or their combination for anovulatory infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: study design of a double-blind randomised controlled trial
Authors: Li Yan , Kuang Hongying , Shen Wenjuan , Ma Hongli , Zhang Yuehui , Stener-Victorin Elisabet , Hung Ernest , Ng Yu , Liu Jianping , Kuang Haixue , Hou Lihui , Wu Xiaoke 
Published: November 2013

IntroductionLetrozole is being used as an alternative to clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) requiring ovulation induction. Berberine, a major active component of Chinese herbal medicine rhizoma coptidis, has been used to improve insulin resistance to facilitate ovulation induction in women with PCOS but there is no study reporting the live birth or its potential as a complementary treatment to letrozole. We aim to determine the efficacy of letrozole with or without berberine in achieving live births among 660 infertile women with PCOS in Mainland China.Methods and analysisThis study is a multicentre randomised, double-blind trial. The randomisation scheme is coordinated through the central mechanism and stratified by the participating site. Participants are randomised into one of the three treatment arms: (1) letrozole and berberine, (2) letrozole and berberine placebo, or (3) letrozole placebo and berberine. Berberine is administered three times a day (1.5 g/day) for up to 24 weeks, starting on day 1 after a spontaneous period or a withdrawal bleeding. Either letrozole or letrozole placebo 2.5 mg is given daily from day 3 to day 7 of the first three cycles and the dose is increased to 5 mg/day in the last three cycles, if not pregnant. The primary hypothesis is that the combination of berberine and letrozole results in a significantly higher live birth rate than letrozole or berberine alone.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT01116167.
Chapter 13 Cambrian echinoderm diversity and palaeobiogeography
Authors: Zamora Samuel , Lefebvre Bertrand , Javier Álvaro J. , Clausen Sébastien , Elicki Olaf , Fatka Oldrich , Jell Peter , Kouchinsky Artem , Lin Jih-Pai , Nardin Elise , Parsley Ronald , Rozhnov Sergei , Sprinkle James , Sumrall Colin D. , Vizcaïno Daniel , Smith Andrew B. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The distribution of all known Cambrian echinoderm taxa, encompassing both articulated specimens and taxonomically diagnostic isolated ossicles, is documented for the first time. The database described by 2011 comprises 188 species recorded from 65 formations from around the world. Formations that have yielded articulated echinoderms are unequally distributed in space and time. Only Laurentia and West Gondwana provide reasonably complete records at the resolution of Stage. The review of the biogeographical distributions of the eight major echinoderm clades shows that faunas from Laurentia and Northeast Gondwana (China and Korea) are distinct from those of West Gondwana and Southeast Gondwana (Australia); other regions are too poorly sampled to make firm palaeobiogeographical statements. Analysis of alpha diversity (species per formation) shows that diversity rose initially to Cambrian Stage 5, declined into Guzhangian and Paibian before returning to Stage 5 levels by the end of the Cambrian. This pattern is replicated in Laurentia and West Gondwana. We show that taxonomically diagnostic ossicles found in isolation typically occur significantly earlier than the first articulated specimens of the same taxa and provide important information on the first occurrence and palaeobiogeographical distribution of key taxa, and of the phylum as a whole.

Supplementary material:

Articulated Cambrian echinoderms and Isolated plates of Cambrian echinoderms are provided at:
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18668
Chapter 18 Ordovician and Silurian polychaete diversity and biogeography
Authors: Eriksson Mats E. , Hints Olle , Paxton Hannelore , Tonarová Petra 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Eunicidan polychaetes formed a significant part of Early Palaeozoic marine invertebrate communities, as shown by the abundance and diversity of scolecodonts (polychaete jaws) in the fossil record. In this study we summarize the early radiation and biodiversity trends and discuss the palaeobiogeography of these fossils. The oldest (latest Cambrian–Early Ordovician) representatives had primitive, usually symmetrical, placognath/ctenognath type jaw apparatuses. The first more advanced taxa, possessing labidognath-type jaw apparatuses or placognath apparatuses with compound maxillae, are first recorded in the Middle Ordovician. The most significant increase in generic diversity occurred in the Darriwilian, when many common taxa appeared and diversified. The Ordovician and Silurian scolecodont occurrences allow some palaeobiogeographical units and distribution patterns to be explored and outlined. The most robust data presently at hand derive from successions in Baltica and Laurentia. That information, together with new records from other palaeocontinents, reveals a wide distribution for the most frequent and species-rich genera and families, similar to the biogeographical patterns of extant polychaetes. Like many other benthic and pelagic fossil groups, scolecodont-bearing polychaetes show an increased cosmopolitan character in the Silurian as compared with the Ordovician. Species-level endemism appears to be relatively common, inferring a potential for scolecodonts as biogeographical tools in the future.
Chapter 19 Global Cambrian trilobite palaeobiogeography assessed using parsimony analysis of endemicity
Authors: Álvaro J. Javier , Ahlberg Per , Babcock Loren E. , Bordonaro Osvaldo L. , Choi Duck K. , Cooper Roger A. , Ergaliev Gappar KH. , Gapp I. Wesley , Pour Mansoureh Ghobadi , Hughes Nigel C. , Jago James B. , Korovnikov Igor , Laurie John R. , Lieberman Bruce S. , Paterson John R. , Pegel Tatyana V. , Popov Leonid E. , Rushton Adrian W. A. , Sukhov Sergei S. , Tortello M. Franco , Zhou Zhiyi , Żylińska Anna 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Palaeobiogeographical data on Cambrian trilobites obtained during the twentieth century are combined in this paper to evaluate palaeoceanographic links through
c.
30 myr, once these arthropods biomineralized. Worldwide major tectonostratigraphic units are characterized at series intervals of Cambrian time and datasets of trilobite genera (629 for Cambrian Series 2, 965 for Cambrian Series 3, and 866 for the Furongian Series) are analysed using parsimony analysis of endemicity. Special attention is given to the biogeographical observations made in microcontinents and exotic terranes. The same is done for platform-basinal transects of well-known continental margins. The parsimony analysis of endemicity analysis resulted in distinct palaeogeographical area groupings among the tectonostratigraphic units. With these groupings, several palaeobiogeographical units are distinguished, which do not necessarily fit the previously proposed biogeographical realms and provinces. Their development and spatial distributions are broadly controlled by Cambrian palaeoclimates, palaeogeographical conditions (e.g. carbonate productivity and anoxic conditions) and ocean current circulation.

Supplementary material:

Global dataset of Cambrian Epoch 2 (A), Cambrian Epoch 3 (B) and the Furongian Epoch (C) trilobite genera are provided at:
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18669
Chapter 20 A synopsis of Ordovician trilobite distribution and diversity
Authors: Adrain Jonathan M. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Ordovician trilobites are reviewed based on a new species-level relational database. The stratigraphical ranges of all 56 families with occurrences in the Ordovician are documented and the content, phylogenetic status, diversity and Ordovician distribution by major palaeocontinent/terrane are discussed. Aspects of higher classification are also dealt with. Global sampling is heavily biased towards a small number of highly sampled areas. Much of the world has a very limited record of formally named trilobite species. Even within heavily sampled units, sampling is patchy by environment and time. Genus endemism was at a peak in Laurentia, Baltic, and Avalonia in the Floian and declined more-or-less steadily through the remainder of the Ordovician.
Chapter 23 Biogeography of early to mid Palaeozoic (Cambrian–Devonian) marine phytoplankton
Authors: Molyneux Stewart G. , Delabroye Aurélien , Wicander Reed , Servais Thomas 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Early to mid Palaeozoic marine phytoplankton are represented by acritarchs and associated forms, which had a global distribution from the early Cambrian to the early Carboniferous (Mississippian). Palaeozoic phytoplankton assemblages show varying degrees of cosmopolitanism and endemism through time. A high degree of cosmopolitanism was evidently characteristic of the Cambrian and much of the Late Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian, but provincialism was more marked in the Early Ordovician and Hirnantian (latest Ordovician), the latter at a time of major palaeoenvironmental perturbations. Distribution patterns of Palaeozoic phytoplankton are attributed to a number of interacting factors, including palaeolatitude, palaeotemperature, oceanic circulation patterns, the disposition of continents, differentiation between oceanic and cratonic (distal–proximal) assemblages, and sedimentary environments and facies. There are indications that biogeographical ranges of taxa shift over time. Moving our understanding of Palaeozoic phytoplankton biogeography forward requires (1) targeted investigation of regions and time periods for which no or little data exist, (2) quantitative analysis of data to investigate how similarity between regions varies through time and how this might correlate with other datasets such as carbon isotope stratigraphy or sea-level, and (3) rigorous application of well-defined time slices to compare coeval assemblages, at least within the limits of resolution.
Chapter 27 Cambrian–Ordovician cephalopod palaeogeography and diversity
Authors: Kröger Björn 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Cephalopods have their earliest occurrence in Late Cambrian shallow-water carbonates on the North China Platform and rapidly dispersed across the globe within the latest Cambrian. Latest Cambrian and initial Ordovician cephalopod occurrences are restricted to the palaeotropical realm. The Ordovician records a unique morphological diversification and expansion of cephalopod habits and habitats which is expressed in a massive morphological diversification and unique palaeogeographical patterns of dispersal. The Ordovician cephalopod diversification was a complex process of appearance and disappearance of higher groups with a specific palaeogeographical signature and a clear selective component. A general Ordovician trend showed decreasing evolutionary turnover rates, increasing number of widespread genera, decreasing proportion of endemic genera, and decreasing beta-diversity. This is interpreted as a result of an increasing ecosystem stability during this time interval.
Chapter 29 Palaeophytogeography of Ordovician–Silurian land plants
Authors: Wellman Charles H. , Steemans Philippe , Vecoli Marco 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
A database of all reported Ordovician–Silurian land plant megafossil and dispersed spore assemblages has been assembled. For each assemblage a list of taxa has been prepared and its location plotted on new palaeocontinental reconstructions. These new data compilations are analysed with respect to palaeophytogeographical differentiation and various patterns of taxon diversity and morphological disparity that emerged during the origin, adaptive radiation and geographical spread of land plants. Our analyses include new quantitative assessments.

Supplementary material:

Appendix consisting of an abridged version of our dispersed spore database is available at:
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18680
Chapter 3 Palaeozoic palaeogeographical and palaeobiogeographical nomenclature
Authors: Servais Thomas , Cecca Fabrizio , Harper David A. T. , Isozaki Yukio , Niocaill Conall Mac 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Palaeogeographers, geographers and structural geologists use different well-defined terms to designate continental and tectonic units, whereas biogeographers, palaeobiogeographers and palaeontologists use a wide range of subjective terminologies to describe biogeographical and palaeobiogeographical units. The absence of clear definitions and of rules or guidelines for palaeobiogeographical nomenclature has resulted in frequent misunderstandings and general confusion, in particular when applied to ancient time periods, such as the Palaeozoic. Palaeogeographical and palaeobiogeographical terminology used in Palaeozoic geology and palaeontology is reviewed, and recent attempts to standardize palaeobiogeographical nomenclature summarized. We make a number of proposals for future use of terms to avoid confusion and misunderstandings.
Chapter 7 Biogeography of the Ordovician and Silurian Stromatoporoidea
Authors: Nestor Heldur , Webby Barry D. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Stromatoporoid sponges first appeared during the late Mid-Ordovician (mid–late Darriwilian) accompanying an important ‘Chazy’ reef-building episode. Representatives of the order Labechiida appeared first, initially splitting into two sister groups: those from North China (nine genera) and those from Laurentia (four genera). Two genera were common to the two regions, but others in North China and Siberia were endemic. This initial provincialism was not maintained into the Late Ordovician (Sandbian) as labechiids attained a wider dispersal, covering Laurentia with peripheral terranes in Northwest Scotland and Chukchi Peninsula, cratonic Siberia, the Urals (eastern margins of Baltica), and East Gondwanan blocks of Tarim North China, marginal Tasmania and the peri-Gondwanan New South Wales island-arc terrane. Only a few endemics remained present in the Sandbian – three in Laurentia, and one in Tarim. In the Katian, maximum diversification of labechiids occurred (19 genera, including a genus possibly transitional to first actinostromatids). Also four genera of the Clathrodictyida first appeared, and overall distribution continued to increase. The Hirnantian marked a dramatic decline in the global distribution (only Anticosti Island, Manitoba, Norway and Estonia) and marked diversity loss of labechiids. Altogether
c.
70% of stromatoporoid species disappeared in response to end-Ordovician global cooling events. Llandovery stromatoporoids were widespread in Laurentia, Baltica and Siberia, with clathrodictyids as dominant and labechiids accessory (the latter group more common in Siberia and China). Gradual diversification and expansion of stromatoporoids followed in the late Llandovery, with appearances of the orders Actinostromatida and Stromatoporida. The stromatoporoids became most widespread and most diversified during the Wenlock, with clathrodictyids maintaining their leading position, and the appearances of the earliest Stromatoporellida and Syringostromatida. Rapid spread of new phylogenetic stocks indicates that widespread pandemism prevailed among Wenlock stromatoporoids. The Ludlow was characterized by final closure of the Iapetus Ocean, accompanying uplift of palaeocontinental regions, and declining prominence of stromatoporoid-bearing shallow carbonate shelves. However, clathrodictyids and actinostromatids remained dominant, whereas the incoming of Amphiporida in several regions (Somerset Island, Baltic area, West Ukraine, West and East Urals, Novaya Zemlya, Tien Shan, Japan and New South Wales) and restricted distribution of some other taxa suggest a certain provincialism developed. With regional regression and stratigraphic hiatuses, the stromatoporoids (mostly hangovers from the Ludlow) became less common in the Pridoli, and apparently even entirely absent from Gondwana and Siberia.
Identification of a Cyclin D1 Network in Prostate Cancer That Antagonizes Epithelial–Mesenchymal Restraint
Authors: Ju Xiaoming , Casimiro Mathew C. , Gormley Michael , Meng Hui , Jiao Xuanmao , Katiyar Sanjay , Crosariol Marco , Chen Ke , Wang Min , Quong Andrew A. , Lisanti Michael P. , Ertel Adam , Pestell Richard G. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Improved clinical management of prostate cancer has been impeded by an inadequate understanding of molecular genetic elements governing tumor progression. Gene signatures have provided improved prognostic indicators of human prostate cancer. The TGF-β/BMP-SMAD4 signaling pathway, which induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), is known to constrain prostate cancer progression induced by Pten deletion. Herein, cyclin D1 inactivation reduced cellular proliferation in the murine prostate in vivo and in isogenic oncogene–transformed prostate cancer cell lines. The in vivo cyclin D1–mediated molecular signature predicted poor outcome of recurrence-free survival for patients with prostate cancer (K-means HR, 3.75, P = 0.02) and demonstrated that endogenous cyclin D1 restrains TGF-β, Snail, Twist, and Goosecoid signaling. Endogenous cyclin D1 enhanced Wnt and ES cell gene expression and expanded a prostate stem cell population. In chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, cyclin D1 occupied genes governing stem cell expansion and induced their transcription. The coordination of EMT restraining and stem cell expanding gene expression by cyclin D1 in the prostate may contribute to its strong prognostic value for poor outcome in biochemical-free recurrence in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 74(2); 508–19. ©2013 AACR.
GSK3 Inhibitors Regulate MYCN mRNA Levels and Reduce Neuroblastoma Cell Viability through Multiple Mechanisms, Including p53 and Wnt Signaling
Authors: Duffy David J. , Krstic Aleksandar , Schwarzl Thomas , Higgins Desmond G. , Kolch Walter 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Neuroblastoma is an embryonal tumor accounting for approximately 15% of childhood cancer deaths. There exists a clinical need to identify novel therapeutic targets, particularly for treatment-resistant forms of neuroblastoma. Therefore, we investigated the role of the neuronal master regulator GSK3 in controlling neuroblastoma cell fate. We identified novel GSK3-mediated regulation of MYC (c-MYC and MYCN) mRNA levels, which may have implications for numerous MYC-driven cancers. In addition, we showed that certain GSK3 inhibitors induced large-scale cell death in neuroblastoma cells, primarily through activating apoptosis. mRNA-seq of GSK3 inhibitor–treated cells was performed and subsequent pathway analysis revealed that multiple signaling pathways contributed to the loss of neuroblastoma cell viability. The contribution of two of the signaling pathways highlighted by the mRNA-seq analysis was functionally validated. Inhibition of the p53 tumor suppressor partly rescued the cell death phenotype, whereas activation of canonical Wnt signaling contributed to the loss of viability, in a p53-independent manner. Two GSK3 inhibitors (BIO-acetoxime and LiCl) and one small-molecule Wnt agonist (Wnt Agonist 1) demonstrated therapeutic potential for neuroblastoma treatment. These inhibitors reduced the viability of numerous neuroblastoma cell lines, even those derived from high-risk MYCN-amplified metastatic tumors, for which effective therapeutics are currently lacking. Furthermore, although LiCl was lethal to neuroblastoma cells, it did not reduce the viability of differentiated neurons. Taken together our data suggest that these small molecules may hold potential as effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of neuroblastoma and other MYC-driven cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(2); 454–67. ©2013 AACR.
Four-Variable Risk Model in Men and Women With Heart Failure
Authors: Chyu Jennifer , Fonarow Gregg C. , Tseng Chi Hong , Horwich Tamara B. 
Published: November 2013

Background—
Risk stratification is an integral component of clinical decision making in heart failure (HF). Women with HF have unique characteristics compared with men, and it is unknown whether common prognostic factors are equally useful in both populations. We aimed to investigate whether sex-specific risk models are more accurate for risk prediction in patients with advanced HF.

Methods and Results—

Patients with advanced HF referred to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA; n=2255), were stratified by sex into derivation (referred in 2000–2007) and validation (referred in 2008–2011) cohorts. Cox regression analysis was used to ascertain key variables predictive of the primary end point of death/urgent transplantation/ventricular assist device in the derivation cohorts and confirmed in the validation cohorts in men, women, and the total population. Women were younger, with higher ejection fraction and better event-free survival. Despite differences in baseline characteristics, the 4 strongest predictors of outcome in both women and men, as well as in the total cohort, were B-type natriuretic peptide, peak oxygen consumption by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (pkVO
2
), New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. In addition, the UCLA model performed better than the Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) and the Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS) in our cohort (c-indices of 0.791[UCLA] versus 0.758 [SHFM], 0.607 [noninvasive HFSS], and 0.625 [invasive HFSS]).

Conclusions—

A simple risk model assessing 4 clinical variables—B-type natriuretic peptide, pkVO
2
, NYHA, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker use—is well suited to provide prognostic information in both men and women with advanced HF.