bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheological and Textural Properties of Short (Cookie) Dough Made with Two Types of Resistant Starch
Authors: Milašinović Šeremešić Marija , Dokić Ljubica , Nikolić Ivana , Radosavljević Milica , Šoronja Simović Dragana 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe influence of two types of resistant starch, type 3 (RS3) and type 4 (RS4), on the rheological and textural properties of short (cookie) dough was studied. RS3 or RS4 were added in dough as a replacement of flour in concentrations of 0, 5, 10 and 15%.In all dough samples, the use of RS resulted in the increase of elastic and viscous moduli and the lowering of loss tangent, which indicates that it is characteristically more elastic (because of the ability of RS to bind water). Generally, the incorporation of the RSs reduced creep and recovery compliance and elevated zero shear viscosity. Samples with the RS3 and RS4 addition had a less destructive structure and a greater ability for recovery.Control sample had significantly lower extensibility and resistance to extension than all samples containing the RSs. The increasing proportion of both RS ingredients in the formulation produced softer doughs.Practical ApplicationsResistant starch (RS) is included in the definition of dietary fiber and demonstrates similar physiological benefits as dietary fiber. RS has better taste, color and aroma than “conventional” fibers. The application of RS in cookie formulations can improve nutritional quality of cookies by increasing the fiber content and reducing the energy value. The present results demonstrated that both RS ingredients have good potential for developing fiber‐rich cookies and similar products.
Jaw Movement Patterns during Incisor Penetration on Different Textural Foods
Authors: Xu Xianzhong , Liu Daquan , Liu Wenwen , Shi Li 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCurves of three biting variables, i.e., force, teeth opening and penetration rate, against time during first bite with different foods (apple, cheese, carrot, hula hoops and biscuits) and different sample thickness (5, 10 and 20 mm) have been examined. The characteristic times and distances of incisor penetration during three stages (loading, unloading and accelerating) were investigated. Results show that the food type and sample size have significant effect on the jaw movement pattern. The mean characteristic time and distance of soft foods were longer than those of hard foods during the unloading process, but there were no obvious difference during the other two stages. For the same food, all mean characteristic parameters (except the accelerating times for apple) increase as the thickness of the sample increases. The analyses on the relationships between the different characteristic parameters and the variations of the incisor penetration rate during first bite are also presented.Practical ApplicationsAs an important quality attribute, texture strongly dominates food acceptability and people's choice. Understanding the mechanisms of texture perception is therefore a basic task in food science and technology. Food texture is a sensory property being perceived by human senses and influenced by the manner of food reduction in the mouth. Biting variables during first bite contain important information about the interactions between the human body and the food. The present work shows that the teeth's closing movement can be precisely managed by the central nervous system based on the mechanical properties and sample size of foods. The mechanical information used to discriminate the food types during the sensory evaluation should mainly come from the early loading stage. Some results obtained in this study may have great potential for use in the study and application of food texture science.
Vitamin D supplementation is associated with higher serum 25OHD in Asian and White infants living in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Green Tim J. , Li Wangyang , Barr Susan I. , Jahani Mitra , Chapman Gwen E. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTo prevent rickets, the Health Canada and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that breastfed infants receive a daily vitamin D supplement of 10 μg d−1. Compliance with this recommendation is variable and its effect on infant vitamin D status is unclear. We measured serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in Asian immigrant (n = 28) and White (n = 37) mothers and their infants aged 2–4 months living in Vancouver (49°N). Mothers completed health and demographic questionnaires. All subjects were term infants who were primarily breastfed. Analysis of variance, χ2, multiple regression and logistic regression analysis were performed as appropriate. Mean 25OHD of the infants was 31 (95% confidence interval 28–34) ng mL−1. Only two infants had a 25OHD concentration indicative of deficiency, <10 ng mL−1. Of the infants, 14% (n = 9) and 49% (n = 32) were vitamin D insufficient based on two commonly used cut‐offs of 20 and 30 ng mL−1, respectively. Fifty‐eight (89%) infants had been given a vitamin D supplement. Mean 25OHD was 9.4 ng mL−1 higher in infants consuming ≥10 μg d−1 of vitamin D from supplements vs. those consuming less (P = 0.003). Mother's 25OHD, season, skin colour or ethnicity (Asian vs. White) did not influence infant 25OHD. The infants in our study, most of whom received vitamin D supplements, were generally protected against low 25OHD. The study was limited by sample size and the nature of the cross‐sectional study design.
Perturbation of sphingolipid metabolism induces endoplasmic reticulum stress‐mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in budding yeast
Authors: Kajiwara Kentaro , Muneoka Tetsuya , Watanabe Yu , Karashima Takefumi , Kitagaki Hiroshi , Funato Kouichi 
Published: October 2012

SummarySphingolipids are a class of membrane lipids conserved from yeast to mammals which determine whether a cell dies or survives. Perturbations in sphingolipid metabolism cause apoptotic cell death. Recent studies indicate that reduced sphingolipid levels trigger the cell death, but little is known about the mechanisms. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we show that reduction in complex sphingolipid levels causes loss of viability, most likely due to the induction of mitochondria‐dependent apoptotic cell death pathway, accompanied by changes in mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum morphology and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Elevated cytosolic free calcium is required for the loss of viability. These results indicate that complex sphingolipids are essential for maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and suggest that perturbation in complex sphingolipid levels activates an endoplasmic reticulum stress‐mediated and calcium‐dependent pathway to propagate apoptotic signals to the mitochondria.
Three redundant murein endopeptidases catalyse an essential cleavage step in peptidoglycan synthesis of Escherichia coliK12
Authors: Singh Santosh Kumar , SaiSree L. , Amrutha Ravi N. , Reddy Manjula 
Published: October 2012

SummaryBacterial peptidoglycan (PG or murein) is a single, large, covalently cross‐linked macromolecule and forms a mesh‐like sacculus that completely encases the cytoplasmic membrane. Hence, growth of a bacterial cell is intimately coupled to expansion of murein sacculus and requires cleavage of pre‐existing cross‐links for incorporation of new murein material. Although, conceptualized nearly five decades ago, the mechanism of such essential murein cleavage activity has not been studied so far. Here, we identify three new murein hydrolytic enzymes in Escherichia coli, two (Spr and YdhO) belonging to the NlpC/P60 peptidase superfamily and the third (YebA) to the lysostaphin family of proteins that cleave peptide cross‐bridges between glycan chains. We show that these hydrolases are redundantly essential for bacterial growth and viability as a conditional mutant lacking all the three enzymes is unable to incorporate new murein and undergoes rapid lysis upon shift to restrictive conditions. Our results indicate the step of cross‐link cleavage as essential for enlargement of the murein sacculus, rendering it a novel target for development of antibacterial therapeutic agents.
A novel iron‐ and copper‐binding protein in the Lyme disease spirochaete
Authors: Wang Peng , Lutton Anthony , Olesik John , Vali Hojatollah , Li Xin 
Published: October 2012

SummaryIron and copper are transition metals that can be toxic to cells due to their abilities to react with peroxide to generate hydroxyl radical. Ferritins and metallothioneins are known to sequester intracellular iron and copper respectively. The Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi does not require iron, but its genome encodes a ferritin‐like Dps (DNA‐binding protein from starved bacteria) molecule, which has been shown to be important for the spirochaete's persistence in the tick and subsequent transmission to a new host. Here, we show that the carboxyl‐terminal cysteine‐rich (CCR) domain of this protein functions as a copper‐binding metallothionein. This novel fusion between Dps and metallothionein is unique to and conserved in all Borrelia species. We term this molecule BicA for Borrelia iron‐ and copper‐binding protein A. An isogenic mutant lacking BicA had significantly reduced levels of iron and copper and was more sensitive to iron and copper toxicity than its parental strain. Supplementation of the medium with iron or copper rendered the spirochaete more susceptible to peroxide killing. These data suggest that an important function of BicA is to detoxify excess iron and copper the spirochaete may encounter during its natural life cycle through a tick vector and a vertebrate host.
Mechanisms of gastric and supragastric belching: a study using concurrent high‐resolution manometry and impedance monitoring
Authors: Kessing B. F. , Bredenoord A. J. , Smout A. J. P. M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground  Esophageal impedance monitoring has made it possible to distinguish two types of belches, designated gastric and supragastric. We aimed to compare the esophageal pressure characteristics during supragastric belches and gastric belches using combined high‐resolution manometry and impedance monitoring.Methods  We included 10 patients with severe and frequent belching. Combined high‐resolution manometry and impedance monitoring was performed.Key Results  Whereas gastric belching was relatively rare in all patients (median incidence 2 per 90‐min period), nine of the 10 patients exhibited excessive supragastric belching (36 in 90 min). Supragastric belches were characterized by: (i) movement of the diaphragm in aboral direction and increased esophagogastric junction (EGJ) pressure, (ii) decrease in esophageal pressure, (iii) upper esophageal sphincter (UES) relaxation, (iv) antegrade airflow into the esophagus, and (v) increase in esophageal and gastric pressure leading to expulsion of air out of the esophagus in retrograde direction. In contrast, gastric belches were characterized by: (i) decreased or unchanged EGJ pressure, which was significantly lower than during supragastric belches, (ii) absence of decreased esophageal pressure preceding entrance of air into the esophagus (iii) retrograde airflow into the esophagus, (iv) common cavity phenomenon, and (v) upper esophageal sphincter relaxation after the onset of the retrograde airflow.Conclusions & Inferences  In gastric belching UES relaxation is a late event, allowing efflux of air that entered the esophagus from the stomach. In most patients with supragastric belching air is brought into the esophagus by movement of the diaphragm in aboral direction, creation of negative esophageal pressure, and UES relaxation.
Gastrointestinal hypomotility with loss of enteric nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: active immunization model in mice
Authors: Meeusen J. W. , Haselkorn K. E. , Fryer J. P. , Kryzer T. J. , Gibbons S. J. , Xiao Y. , Lennon V. A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground  Autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility (AGID) is a limited form of dysautonomia. The only proven effector to date is IgG specific for ganglionic nicotinic‐acetylcholine receptors containing α3 subunits [α3*‐ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)]. Rabbits immunized with recombinant α3‐polypeptide produce α3*‐nAChR autoantibodies, and profound AGID ensues. Human and rabbit α3*‐nAChR‐specific‐IgGs induce transient hypomotility when injected into mice. Here, we describe success and problems encountered inducing gastrointestinal hypomotility in mice by active immunization.Methods  We repeatedly injected young adult mice of seven different strains susceptible to autoimmunity (spontaneous diabetes or neural antigen immunization‐induced myasthenia gravis or encephalomyelitis) with: (i) α3‐polypeptide, intradermally or (ii) live α3*‐nAChR‐expressing xenogeneic cells, intraperitoneally. We measured serum α3*‐nAChR‐IgG twice monthly, and terminally assessed blue dye gastrointestinal transit, total small intestinal α3*‐nAChR content (radiochemically) and myenteric plexus neuron numbers (immunohistochemically, ileal–jejunal whole‐mount preparations).Key Results  Standard cutaneous inoculation with α3‐polypeptide was minimally immunogenic, regardless of dose. Intraperitoneally injected live cells were potently immunogenic. Self‐reactive α3*‐nAChR‐IgG was induced only by rodent immunogen; small intestinal transit slowing and enteric α3*‐nAChR loss required high serum levels. Ganglionic neurons were not lost.Conclusions & Inferences  Autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility is inducible in mice by active immunization. Accompanying enteric α3*‐nAChR reduction without neuronal death is consistent with an IgG‐mediated rather than T cell‐mediated pathogenesis, as is improvement of symptoms in patients receiving antibody‐depleting therapies.
Comparison of low‐dose ketamine to midazolam for sedation during pediatric urodynamic study
Authors: Thevaraja Arun K. , Batra Yatindra Kumar , Rakesh Sondekoppam V. , Panda Nidhi B. , Rao Katragadda L.N. , Chhabra Monica , Aggarwal Mayank 
Published: October 2012

SummaryIntroductionAim of sedation during pediatric urodynamic studies (UDS) is a calm and cooperative child while not affecting measurements. We compared the effectiveness of midazolam to low‐dose ketamine infusion for sedation and their impact on urodynamics.Materials and methodsASA‐I children undergoing UDS were randomly assigned to group K (ketamine) loading dose (0.25 mg·kg−1) followed by infusion of 10–20 μg·kg−1·min−1 or group M (midazolam) loading dose of (0.02 mg·kg−1) followed by 1–2 μg·kg−1·min−1. The sedation scores and reactivity to catheterization were monitored by Children Hospital of Wisconsin Sedation Scale and Frankl Behavior Rating Scale, respectively. The UDS included two‐channel filling cystometry in supine position followed by a free uroflowmetry in sitting position. The UDS was performed and interpreted in accordance with good urodynamic practice guidelines of International Continence Society (2002).ResultsA total of 34 children were enrolled. Group K children (n = 17) attained sedation earlier 6.80 (±3.36) min vs. 9.40 (±2.82) min; (P = 0.03) than group M (n = 17) and also recovered earlier 11.60 (±3.13) min vs. 19.67 (±5.49) min (P = 0.01). Reactivity scores during urinary and rectal catheterization were lower in group K (P = 0.03 and 0.01), respectively. Historical UDS data of 21 participants were available for comparison with effect of medication. None of the study drugs affected UDS parameters significantly.ConclusionsMidazolam or low‐dose ketamine provide satisfactory sedation during pediatric UDS without impacting urodynamic values.
Ethnicity and parental report of postoperative behavioral changes in children
Authors: Fortier Michelle A. , Tan Edwin T. , Mayes Linda C. , Wahi Aditi , Rosenbaum Abraham , Strom Suzanne , Santistevan Ricci , Kain Zeev N. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryObjectivesTo examine the role of ethnicity and language in parent report of children's postoperative behavioral recovery.AimTo compare incidence of new onset negative behavior change in English‐ and Spanish‐speaking White and Hispanic children following outpatient surgery.BackgroundPostoperative behavioral change in children is common; however, it is unknown whether cultural variables including ethnicity and language may influence parent report of children's behavioral recovery.Methods/MaterialsParticipants included 288 parents (English‐speaking White, English‐speaking Hispanic, Spanish‐speaking Hispanic parents) of children undergoing outpatient elective surgery. Parents completed the post‐hospitalization behavior questionnaire (PHBQ) and parents' postoperative pain measure (PPPM) on postoperative days one, three, and seven at home.ResultsMost parents (83%) reported onset of new negative behavioral change in children postoperatively. Generalized estimating equations revealed significant group differences in overall behavior change [Wald χ2(12) = 375.69, P < 0.0001] after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic differences. At all three postoperative days, Spanish‐speaking Hispanic (SSH) parents reported lower negative behavioral changes in their children compared to English‐speaking White (ESW) parents (day 1: P < 0.01; day 3: P < 0.001; day 7: P < 0.10). On postoperative days one and three, SSH parents also reported lower total PHBQ scores than English‐speaking Hispanic (ESH) parents [day 1: χ2(1) = 6.72, P = 0.01; day 3: χ2(1) = 7.98, P = 0.005].ConclusionThe present study provides evidence that parent report of children's postoperative behavioral recovery may be influenced by cultural variables, such as ethnicity and language. The present results contribute to a growing body of evidence that highlights the need for culturally sensitive assessment and care of families in the medical setting. The findings may reflect differences in cultural values such as stoicism; however, future studies would benefit from examination of the factors that may account for the differences in reported behavior change after surgery (i.e., report bias, cultural values).
Meningococcemia and heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia: a dangerous combination
Authors: Mozzo Elena , Vidal Enrico , Pettenazzo Andrea , Amigoni Angela 
Published: October 2012

SummaryWe present a dramatic case of a patient presenting with disseminated intravascular coagulation related to meningococcal sepsis who developed heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia following heparin administration during continuous renal replacement therapy. Association of these two prothrombotic conditions led to severe limbs ischemia and finally to bilateral legs amputation. We stress the importance of suspect heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care unit patients, especially when an improvement of other coagulation parameters is observed, and heparin therapy was started.
Laws of Nature Don't Have Ceteris Paribus Clauses, They Are Ceteris Paribus Clauses
Authors: Dumsday Travis 
Published: October 2012

AbstractLaws of nature are properly (if controversially) conceived as abstract entities playing a governing role in the physical universe. Dispositionalists typically hold that laws of nature are not real, or at least are not fundamental, and that regularities in the physical universe are grounded in the causal powers of objects. By contrast, I argue that dispositionalism implies nomic realism: since at least some dispositions have ceteris paribus clauses incorporating uninstantiated universals, and these ceteris paribus clauses help to determine their dispositions' ranges of manifestation, there are indeed abstracta which play a governing role in the physical universe. After addressing several objections (including the objection that such ‘laws’ lack sufficient independence/externality from the dispositions to count as genuinely governing), I go on to consider some broader implications of this conclusion for other debates in metaphysics and the philosophy of science.
Singular polynomials from orbit spaces
Authors: Feigin Misha , Silantyev Alexey 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe consider the polynomial representation S(V*) of the rational Cherednik algebra Hc(W) associated to a finite Coxeter group W at constant parameter c. We show that for any degree d of W and m∈ℕ the space S(V*) contains a single copy of the reflection representation V of W spanned by the homogeneous singular polynomials of degree d−1+hm, where h is the Coxeter number of W; these polynomials generate an Hc (W) submodule with the parameter c=(d−1)/h+m. We express these singular polynomials through the Saito polynomials which are flat coordinates of the Saito metric on the orbit space V/W. We also show that this exhausts all the singular polynomials in the isotypic component of the reflection representation V for any constant parameter c.
Index theorems on manifolds with straight ends
Authors: Ballmann Werner , Brüning Jochen , Carron Gilles 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe study Fredholm properties and index formulas for Dirac operators over complete Riemannian manifolds with straight ends. An important class of examples of such manifolds are complete Riemannian manifolds with pinched negative sectional curvature and finite volume.
Herpes Simplex Virus γ34.5 Interferes with Autophagosome Maturation and Antigen Presentation in Dendritic Cells
Authors: Gobeil Philipe A. M. , Leib David A. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThe cellular autophagy response induced by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is countered by the viral γ34.5 protein. γ34.5 modulates autophagy by binding to the host autophagy protein Beclin-1 and through this binding inhibits the formation of autophagosomes in fibroblasts and neurons. In contrast, in this study dendritic cells (DCs) infected with HSV-1 showed an accumulation of autophagosomes and of the long-lived protein p62. No such accumulations were observed in DCs infected with a γ34.5-null virus or a virus lacking the Beclin-binding domain (BBD) of γ34.5. To explore this further, we established stably transduced DC lines to show that γ34.5 expression alone induced autophagosome accumulation yet prevented p62 degradation. In contrast, DCs expressing a BBD-deleted mutant of γ34.5 were unable to modulate autophagy. DCs expressing γ34.5 were less capable of stimulating T-cell activation and proliferation in response to intracellular antigens, demonstrating an immunological consequence of inhibiting autophagy. Taken together, these data show that in DCs, γ34.5 antagonizes the maturation of autophagosomes and T cell activation in a BBD-dependent manner, illustrating a unique interface between HSV and autophagy in antigen-presenting cells.IMPORTANCEHerpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a highly prevalent pathogen causing widespread morbidity and some mortality. HSV infections are lifelong, and there are no vaccines or antivirals to cure HSV infections. The ability of HSV to modulate host immunity is critical for its virulence. HSV inhibits host autophagy, a pathway with importance in many areas of health and disease. Autophagy is triggered by many microbes, some of which harness autophagy for replication; others evade autophagy or prevent it from occurring. Autophagy is critical for host defense, either by directly degrading the invading pathogen (“xenophagy”) or by facilitating antigen presentation to T cells. In this study, we show that HSV manipulates autophagy through an unsuspected mechanism with a functional consequence of reducing T cell stimulation. These data further our understanding of how HSV evades host immunity to persist for the lifetime of its host, facilitating its spread in the human population.