bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of age, sex, and genotype on high‐sensitivity metabolomic profiles in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Hoffman Jessica M. , Soltow Quinlyn A. , Li Shuzhao , Sidik Alfire , Jones Dean P. , Promislow Daniel E. L. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryResearchers have used whole‐genome sequencing and gene expression profiling to identify genes associated with age, in the hope of understanding the underlying mechanisms of senescence. But there is a substantial gap from variation in gene sequences and expression levels to variation in age or life expectancy. In an attempt to bridge this gap, here we describe the effects of age, sex, genotype, and their interactions on high‐sensitivity metabolomic profiles in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Among the 6800 features analyzed, we found that over one‐quarter of all metabolites were significantly associated with age, sex, genotype, or their interactions, and multivariate analysis shows that individual metabolomic profiles are highly predictive of these traits. Using a metabolomic equivalent of gene set enrichment analysis, we identified numerous metabolic pathways that were enriched among metabolites associated with age, sex, and genotype, including pathways involving sugar and glycerophospholipid metabolism, neurotransmitters, amino acids, and the carnitine shuttle. Our results suggest that high‐sensitivity metabolomic studies have excellent potential not only to reveal mechanisms that lead to senescence, but also to help us understand differences in patterns of aging among genotypes and between males and females.
Prophylactic vs therapeutic blood patch for obstetric patients with accidental dural puncture – a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Stein M. H. , Cohen S. , Mohiuddin M. A. , Dombrovskiy V. , Lowenwirt I. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryEpidural blood patch is a standard treatment for obstetric patients experiencing a severe post‐dural puncture headache. Patients who sustained an accidental dural puncture during establishment of epidural analgesia during labour or at caesarean delivery were randomly assigned to receive a prophylactic epidural blood patch or conservative treatment with a therapeutic epidural blood patch if required. Eleven of 60 (18.3%) patients in the prophylactic epidural blood patch group developed a post‐dural puncture headache compared with 39 of 49 (79.6%) in the therapeutic epidural blood patch group (p < 0.0001). A blood patch was performed in 36 (73.4%) of patients in the therapeutic group. The number of patients who needed a second blood patch did not differ significantly between the two groups: 6 (10.0%) for prophylactic epidural blood patch and 4 (11.1%) for therapeutic epidural blood patch. We conclude that prophylactic epidural blood patch is an effective method to reduce the development of post‐dural puncture headache in obstetric patients.
The ethics and practice of neonatal resuscitation at the limits of viability: an international perspective
Authors: Fanaroff Jonathan M. , Hascoët Jean‐Michel , Hansen Thor Willy Ruud , Levene Malcolm , Norman Mikael , Papageorgiou Apostolos , Shinwell Eric , van de Bor Margot , Stevenson David K. ,   on behalf of the International Perinatal Collegium (IPC)
Published: March 2014

AbstractPremature infants at the limits of viability raise difficult ethical, legal, social and economic questions. Neonatologists attending an international Collegium were surveyed about delivery room behaviour, and the approach taken by selected countries practicing ‘modern’ medicine was explored.ConclusionThere were strong preferences for comfort care at 22 weeks and full resuscitation at 24 weeks. Resuscitation was a grey area at 23 weeks. Cultural, social and legal factors also had a considerable impact on decision‐making.
Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood is an underdiagnosed and self‐limiting disease
Authors: van den Akker Machiel , Dror Yigal , Odame Isaac 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimTransient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC) is an uncommon, benign normocytic anaemia of unknown cause, characterised by reduced or absent mature erythroid precursors in otherwise normocellular bone marrow and a complete spontaneous recovery. We present epidemiological data on paediatric TEC cases in a single centre over 30 years and compare them with published data.MethodsIn this retrospective study, epidemiological data on children diagnosed with TEC between 1978 and 2008 were collected and compared with published data.ResultsA total of 36 children (median age 19 months, 56% male children) were diagnosed. At presentation, median haemoglobin was 44 g/L with absolute reticulocyte count 0 × 109/L; seventeen (47%) patients were neutropenic and 23 (64%) had platelet counts of more than 400 × 109/L. The majority (78%) presented from 1983 to 1997, and 78% of articles reviewing 10 or more TEC patients were published between 1983 and 1992.ConclusionTransient erythroblastopenia of childhood is now diagnosed less frequently in our institution than in the last two decades. Although the aetiology remains largely unknown, it is possible that changes in causative environmental factors contribute to making TEC a rare disease. Clinicians need to be aware of TEC in order to prevent unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic measurements.
Self‐conscious emotions in worry and generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Schoenleber Michelle , Chow Philip I. , Berenbaum Howard 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesCurrent theories regarding worry and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) highlight the potential avoidance functions of worry, and it has been suggested that worry functions to avoid self‐conscious emotions in particular. Therefore, the present study examined the roles of proneness and aversion to self‐conscious emotions in worry and GAD.DesignCross‐sectional data from two samples were collected: (1) a sample of 726 undergraduates, and (2) a selected sample of 51 community members, 37.3% of whom met DSM‐IV criteria for GAD. Zero‐order correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to examine associations of self‐conscious emotion constructs to worry and GAD.MethodProneness to guilt and shame (propensities for experiencing guilt and shame, respectively) were assessed via the Test of Self‐Conscious Affect‐3. Aversion to guilt and shame (perceptions of guilt and shame, respectively, as especially painful, undesirable emotions) were assessed using the Guilt Aversion Assessment and Shame‐Aversive Reactions Questionnaire, respectively. Worry was assessed using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and GAD was assessed via the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV‐TR Axis I Disorders.ResultsCorrelations indicated positive associations between self‐conscious emotion constructs and worry/GAD. However, in the selected community sample, regression analyses indicated that only shame aversion was positively associated with worry/GAD, over and above all other self‐conscious emotion constructs and depression.ConclusionsResults suggest a prominent role for an intolerance for shame in worry and GAD, which is broadly consistent with psychological models of worry. Future directions for research and clinical implications are discussed.Practitioner pointsPositive clinical implications

Evidence supporting the theorized importance of self‐conscious emotions in worry and GAD.

Specifically highlights the need to address intolerance for shame in treatment.

Limitations

Small sample size in Study 2.

Use of cross‐sectional data.
Accounting for the Impact of Conservation on Human Well‐Being
Authors: MILNER‐GULLAND E.J. , MCGREGOR J.A. , AGARWALA M. , ATKINSON G. , BEVAN P. , CLEMENTS T. , DAW T. , HOMEWOOD K. , KUMPEL N. , LEWIS J. , MOURATO S. , PALMER FRY B. , REDSHAW M. , ROWCLIFFE J.M. , SUON S. , WALLACE G. , WASHINGTON H. , WILKIE D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractConservationists are increasingly engaging with the concept of human well‐being to improve the design and evaluation of their interventions. Since the convening of the influential Sarkozy Commission in 2009, development researchers have been refining conceptualizations and frameworks to understand and measure human well‐being and are starting to converge on a common understanding of how best to do this. In conservation, the term human well‐being is in widespread use, but there is a need for guidance on operationalizing it to measure the impacts of conservation interventions on people. We present a framework for understanding human well‐being, which could be particularly useful in conservation. The framework includes 3 conditions; meeting needs, pursuing goals, and experiencing a satisfactory quality of life. We outline some of the complexities involved in evaluating the well‐being effects of conservation interventions, with the understanding that well‐being varies between people and over time and with the priorities of the evaluator. Key challenges for research into the well‐being impacts of conservation interventions include the need to build up a collection of case studies so as to draw out generalizable lessons; harness the potential of modern technology to support well‐being research; and contextualize evaluations of conservation impacts on well‐being spatially and temporally within the wider landscape of social change. Pathways through the smog of confusion around the term well‐being exist, and existing frameworks such as the Well‐being in Developing Countries approach can help conservationists negotiate the challenges of operationalizing the concept. Conservationists have the opportunity to benefit from the recent flurry of research in the development field so as to carry out more nuanced and locally relevant evaluations of the effects of their interventions on human well‐being.Consideración del Impacto de la Conservación sobre el Bienestar Humano
Environmental Determinants of Recent Endemism of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infections in Amphibian Assemblages in the Absence of Disease Outbreaks
Authors: SPITZEN‐VAN DER SLUIJS ANNEMARIEKE , MARTEL AN , HALLMANN CASPAR A. , BOSMAN WILBERT , GARNER TRENTON W. J. , VAN ROOIJ PASCALE , JOORIS ROBERT , HAESEBROUCK FREDDY , PASMANS FRANK 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe inconsistent distribution of large‐scale infection mediated die‐offs and the subsequent population declines of several animal species, urges us to understand how, when, and why species are affected by disease. It is often unclear when or under what conditions a pathogen constitutes a threat to a host. Often, variation of environmental conditions plays a role. Globally Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causes amphibian declines; however, host responses are inconsistent and this fungus appears equally capable of reaching a state of endemism and subsequent co‐existence with native amphibian assemblages. We sought to identify environmental and temporal factors that facilitate host–pathogen coexistence in northern Europe. To do this, we used molecular diagnostics to examine archived and wild amphibians for infection and general linear mixed models to explore relationships between environmental variables and prevalence of infection in 5 well‐sampled amphibian species. We first detected infection in archived animals collected in 1999, and infection was ubiquitous, but rare, throughout the study period (2008–2010). Prevalence of infection exhibited significant annual fluctuations. Despite extremely rare cases of lethal chytridiomycosis in A. obstetricans, Bd prevalence was uncorrelated with this species’ population growth. Our results suggest context dependent and species‐specific host susceptibility. Thus, we believe recent endemism of Bd coincides with environmentally driven Bd prevalence fluctuations that preclude the build‐up of Bd infection beyond the critical threshold for large‐scale mortality and host population crashes.Determinantes Ambientales del Endemismo Reciente de Infecciones de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis en Conjuntos de Anfibios en Ausencia de Brotes de Enfermedades Spitzen et al.
What Does Children's Spatial Language Reveal About Spatial Concepts? Evidence From the Use of Containment Expressions
Authors: Johanson Megan , Papafragou Anna 
Published: March 2014

AbstractChildren's overextensions of spatial language are often taken to reveal spatial biases. However, it is unclear whether extension patterns should be attributed to children's overly general spatial concepts or to a narrower notion of conceptual similarity allowing metaphor‐like extensions. We describe a previously unnoticed extension of spatial expressions and use a novel method to determine its origins. English‐ and Greek‐speaking 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds used containment expressions (e.g., Englishinto, Greekmesa) for events where an object moved into another object but extended such expressions to events where the object moved behind or under another object. The pattern emerged in adult speakers of both languages and also in speakers of 10 additional languages. We conclude that learners do not have an overly general concept of Containment. Nevertheless, children (and adults) perceive similarities across Containment and other types of spatial scenes, even when these similarities are obscured by the conventional forms of the language.
The Adaptive Use of Recognition in Group Decision Making
Authors: Kämmer Juliane E. , Gaissmaier Wolfgang , Reimer Torsten , Schermuly Carsten C. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractApplying the framework of ecological rationality, the authors studied the adaptivity of group decision making. In detail, they investigated whether groups apply decision strategies conditional on their composition in terms of task‐relevant features. The authors focused on the recognition heuristic, so the task‐relevant features were the validity of the group members' recognition and knowledge, which influenced the potential performance of group strategies. Forty‐three three‐member groups performed an inference task in which they had to infer which of two German companies had the higher market capitalization. Results based on the choice data support the hypothesis that groups adaptively apply the strategy that leads to the highest theoretically achievable performance. Time constraints had no effect on strategy use but did have an effect on the proportions of different types of arguments. Possible mechanisms underlying the adaptive use of recognition in group decision making are discussed.
A Computational Model for the Item‐Based Induction of Construction Networks
Authors: Gaspers Judith , Cimiano Philipp 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAccording to usage‐based approaches to language acquisition, linguistic knowledge is represented in the form of constructions—form‐meaning pairings—at multiple levels of abstraction and complexity. The emergence of syntactic knowledge is assumed to be a result of the gradual abstraction of lexically specific and item‐based linguistic knowledge. In this article, we explore how the gradual emergence of a network consisting of constructions at varying degrees of complexity can be modeled computationally. Linguistic knowledge is learned by observing natural language utterances in an ambiguous context. To determine meanings of constructions starting from ambiguous contexts, we rely on the principle of cross‐situational learning. While this mechanism has been implemented in several computational models, these models typically focus on learning mappings between words and referents. In contrast, in our model, we show how cross‐situational learning can be applied consistently to learn correspondences between form and meaning beyond such simple correspondences.
‘Miracle cure’ or ‘liquid handcuffs’: Reporting on naltrexone and methadone in the Australian print media
Authors: Matthew‐Simmons Francis , Ritter Alison 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe news media is an important source of information regarding new developments in medicine and public health interventions. Previous research has indicated that in many cases, reporting on new treatments can be inaccurate or sensationalist. This paper presents analysis of Australian print media reporting on two treatment options for heroin dependence (naltrexone and methadone). The aim of this study was to quantitatively compare the volume and content of Australian print media reporting on these two treatments, one of which had a long history of use in Australia, and the other which was comparatively newer.Design and MethodsThe study constituted a quantitative content analysis of a sample of 859 Australian newspaper articles, published over a 10‐year period (1997–2007). Each article paragraph was coded for positive outcomes/benefits of treatment, as well as negative outcomes associated with treatment.ResultsThe analysis revealed that during this period, the Australian print media was significantly more likely to report the potential positive outcomes of naltrexone treatment, compared with the negative outcomes. In contrast, reporting on methadone focused more on the negative outcomes and side effects.Discussion and ConclusionsThe relative frequency by which the benefits of naltrexone were mentioned in this sample of news content is somewhat at odds with the extant efficacy and effectiveness research evidence. The findings suggest that reporting on these treatments in the Australian print media has not been balanced. This type of reporting has potential implications for public attitudes, as well as policy decisions. [Matthew‐Simmons F, Ritter A. ‘Miracle cure’ or ‘liquid handcuffs’: Reporting on naltrexone and methadone in the Australian print media. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:506‐514]
Activation of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor inhibits tumourigenicity and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer cells via PI3K/Akt pathway
Authors: Zhao H. , Wang L. , Wei R. , Xiu D. , Tao M. , Ke J. , Liu Y. , Yang J. , Hong T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimsIt has been reported that glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) agents are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Reports have indicated that GLP‐1 promotes pancreatic metaplasia and premalignant lesions. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of GLP‐1‐based therapy on pancreatic cancer cells.MethodsImmunohistochemistry was used to investigate GLP‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) expression in 30 human pancreatic cancer tissues. We also analysed associated clinicopathological data and each patient's prognosis. Two human pancreatic cancer cell lines were used to evaluate the in vitro effects of the GLP‐1R agonist liraglutide on cell growth, migration and invasion. Mouse xenograft models of human pancreatic cancer were established to evaluate the effects of liraglutide in vivo.ResultsHuman pancreatic cancer tissues showed lower levels or a lack of GLP‐1R expression when compared with levels in the tumour‐adjacent pancreatic tissues. Negative GLP‐1R expression occurred more frequently in advanced tumours with larger diameters and lymphatic metastasis, and was associated with a poor prognosis. GLP‐1R activation with liraglutide inhibited tumourigenicity and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Akt activation was dose‐dependently inhibited by liraglutide, and the PI3K inhibitors, LY294002 and wortmannin, displayed similar suppressive effects to liraglutide in human pancreatic cancer cells.ConclusionsGLP‐1R activation has an antitumour effect on human pancreatic cancers via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. This finding suggests that GLP‐1‐based therapies may be beneficial, rather than harmful, in treating type 2 diabetic patients with pancreatic cancer.
A novel conceptual framework for long‐term leaching of autochthonous soil particles during transient flow
Authors: Michel E. , Majdalani S. , Di‐Pietro L. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryTo date, most of the experimental and modelling research on the mobilization mechanisms of autochthonous colloidal‐sized soil particles has focused on single rainfall events. However, in the field, natural events interrupted by rainless periods of various durations follow one another. Some studies have shown that the amount of leached particles is much affected by the chronology of rainfall events. In this paper, we propose a model to compute the amount of mobilized particles during the transient flow regime of long series of successive rainfall events. Particles that can be mobilized are assumed to be located at the surface of preferential flow paths in contact with flowing water. As water passes, particles are mobilized, thus uncovering new particles and renewing the stock of mobilizable particles. We also report experimental data on the impact of long series of rainfall events on particle mobilization in undisturbed calcareous soil columns under controlled conditions. The model provides a framework to understand the variation of mobilization observed during the transient flow regime of these rainfall events. These variations resulted in part from the interplay between macropore water content at the onset of rain and the chronology of previous rainfall events. Additionally, the model provides a feedback loop between particle mobilization and minute macropore structure modifications. Once coupled with a particle transport model this feature may be useful to model soil structure changes during long series of successive rainfall events.
Changes in first flowering dates and flowering duration of 232 plant species on the island of Guernsey
Authors: Bock Anna , Sparks Tim H. , Estrella Nicole , Jee Nigel , Casebow Andrew , Schunk Christian , Leuchner Michael , Menzel Annette 
Published: March 2014

AbstractClimate change has affected plant phenology; increasing temperatures are associated with advancing first flowering dates. The impact on flowering duration, however, has rarely been studied. In this study, we analysed first flowering dates and flowering durations from a 27 year dataset of weekly flower observations on 232 plant species from the island of Guernsey in the English Channel. The aim of this study was to explore variation in trends and relationships between first flowering dates, flowering duration and temperature. We specifically looked for evidence that traits, such as life forms and phylogenetic groups, explained variation in sensitivity of first flowering and flowering duration among species. Overall trends revealed significantly earlier flowering over time, by an average of 5.2 days decade−1 since 1985. A highly significant shortening of flowering duration was observed by an average of 10 days decade−1. Correlations between first flowering, flowering duration and year varied between different species, traits and flowering periods. Significant differences among traits were observed for first flowering and to a lesser degree for flowering duration. Overall, in comparison to first flowering, more species had significant trends in flowering duration. Temperature relationships revealed large differences in strength and direction of response. 55% of the species revealed a significant negative relationship of first flowering dates and temperature. In contrast, only 19% of flowering durations had a significant negative temperature relationship. The advance in first flowering date together with a shortening of flowering duration suggests potentially serious impacts on pollinators, which might pose a major threat to biodiversity, agriculture and horticulture. Human health, in terms of pollen allergies, however, might benefit from a shortening of specific plant pollen seasons.