bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Production of Isophthalic Acid from M-xylene under the Catalysis of Cobalt and H3PW12O40/Carbon Modified by HNO3 Solution
Authors: Wang Zhi-hao , Yang Zhi-lin , Wu Shi-ming , Long Xiang-li 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The oxidation of m-xylene(MX) to isophthalic acid(IPA) catalyzed by phosphotungstic acid(HPW) supported on modified activated carbon was investigated. The activated carbon loading with HPW is modified by HNO3 solution to ameliorate its catalytic capability in the oxidation of MX to IPA. Experiments have been carried out to study the effects of modification conditions, such as HNO3 concentration, impregnation time, impregnation temperature, activation temperature and activation time, on the catalytic performance of activated carbon. The experimental results demonstrate that the carbon sample impregnated in 10%(vol) HNO3 solution at 45°C for 8 h followed by calcined at 700°C for 4 h has the best catalytic capability. The characterization results imply that the specific surface area and micropores of the carbon samples decrease after being treated with HNO3 solution. But the acidic functional groups on the activated carbon surface increase, which play a vital role in improving the catalytic ability of the HPW/C catalyst in the oxidization of m-xylene to IPA.
Effect of Capacitors on Frequency of OLTC Tap Changes in the Presence of Wind Generation
Authors: Battu Neelakanteshwar Rao , Senroy Nilanjan , Abhyankar A. R. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Installation of a wind power distributed generator in a distribution system alters the reactive power drawn by the system. This affects the load bus voltages. Any deviation in load bus voltages from their limits is sensed by an on load tap changer of a transformer and it responds to maintain the bus voltages within their limits. The reactive power requirements of a wind generator vary due to the intermittent behaviour of wind, which will in turn vary the bus voltages. This has an affect on number of tap changings of a transformer. Frequent tap changing of a transformer increases wear and tear of it and ultimately reduces the life of it. A mathematical model is developed to analyze the voltage sensitivity at a load bus to the tap change of a transformer under different scenarios and conditions in the distribution system. A possible solution to reduce the number of tap changings is presented in this paper.
Effects of Amount of Batter in Baking Cup on Muffin Quality
Authors: Dizlek Halef 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of amount of batter in paper baking cup on the quality characteristics of three different muffin samples. Volume index, volume and muffin yield values increased with the increase in batter amount in baking cup, whereas upside shrinkage value and weight loss values decreased linearly. Moreover, batter weight affected the scores of sensory properties of different muffin samples. Muffins prepared with 70 g of batter gave the highest scores for appearance, crumb grain, and overall acceptability. It was found that putting optimum amount of batter in baking cup was critical to obtain expected product quality characteristics. None of the muffins prepared by using 50, 60, 65, 80 g of batter were acceptable in terms of their quality. In conclusion, muffins were satisfactorily improved in terms of physical, structural, physicochemical, and sensory properties by using 70 or 75 g of batter weight for the baking cup used in the study.
The Ideology of Rim-Sin II of Larsa
Authors: Vedeler Harold Torger 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The great rebellion against Samsuiluna of Babylon represents a watershed moment in the history of ancient Mesopotamia. In the span of a single year, most of the major cities of the south rose up against Babylon, catching Samsuiluna off guard and plunging the entire region into crisis. The Kassites made their first appearance in history, fighting against both Babylon and the rebels, and when Samsuiluna finally restored his kingdom four years later, the damage caused by the fighting was so severe that much of the south was abandoned, forcing the Babylonian king to accommodate large numbers of refugees and reconsolidate his rule in the north. Rim-Sin II, the leader of the rebellion, remains, nonetheless, an enigmatic figure. Hailing from Larsa and taking his name from the famous Larsite king of a generation before, he was eventually defeated and killed by Samsuiluna, but not before he had taken steps to secure his place as king of the entire south. Based on his year names and a letter, Rim-Sin II clearly saw himself as the legitimate king of southern Mesopotamia, using culturally weighted ideology to secure the support of important figures in the cities he sought to control. This study considers how he appealed to past kings for ideological justification as he attempted to cleave his own state away from that of Babylon, and how he aligned himself to the standard Old Babylonian royal narrative of divine selection to justify his claim to power.
A cross-sectional study on knowledge and attitude toward Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) among adults in selected regions of Malaysia
Authors: Kumar Suresh , Rajiah Kingston , Veettil Sajesh Kalkandi , Wei Ng Sze 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Background: The objectives of this study were to determine the knowledge and attitude of adult Malaysians about Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), to understand the variation in the knowledge and attitude toward TCM among different demographic groups of adult Malaysian population and to determine the pattern of TCM use among adult Malaysians.

Methods: This study was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey using the convenience sampling method. A total of 400 adult Malaysians were recruited for this study. An interview-administered questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics Mann-Whitney U Test and Kruskal–Wallis H test were used to analyze the data. The reliability of survey data in this study may affect since closed-ended questions are used.

Results: The more commonly utilized therapy was herbal medicine (n=192, 82.1%), acupuncture (n=79, 33.8%) and oriental massage (n=58, 24.8%). The mean knowledge score and mean attitude score for the respondents were 5.00±1.71 and 7.17±2.10 respectively. There was a significant difference in the mean knowledge score between genders, among TCM users and non-TCM users, people of different education levels and ethnicity.

Conclusions: There were more TCM users than non-TCM users and the use of TCM was higher in females than males. The most popularly used TCM modalities were herbal medicines and acupuncture. Gender, education, ethnicity and use of TCM had a significant effect on adults’ knowledge toward TCM.
A New Similarity Measure of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets Considering Abstention Group Influence and Its Applications
Authors: Zhou Bei 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe issue of similarity measures of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) is considered in this paper. Many existing similarity measures for two IFSs fail to take the abstention group influence into consideration and may lead to counterintuitive results in some cases. To deal with the problem, this paper first discusses the limitations of the existing similarity measures by some numerical examples, then, by considering the influence of abstention group, a new similarity measure of intuitionistic fuzzy sets is proposed, and the same numerical examples are given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed measure. Finally, the proposed similarity measure is applied to pattern recognition, multicriteria group decision making, and medical diagnosis.
Electron Impact Mass Spectrometric Detection of Freon® in Biological Specimens
Authors: Urich RW , Wittenberg PH , Bowerman DL , Levisky JA , Pflug JL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recently the toxicity and abuse of aerosols containing Freon® have been brought to the attention of the public. Unpublished reports by the Drug Abuse Council indicate increased instances of aerosol addiction among the very poor, disenfranchised, and marginal minority groups. Also, deaths related to aerosols have been known for years. Bass [1] described 110 SSDs (Sudden Sniffing Deaths) during the 1960s, 59 of which were Freon-related. Christopoulos and Kirch [2] and Baselt and Cravey [3] demonstrated the presence of trichlorofluoromethane and dichlorodifluoromethane in postmortem specimens of Freon-induced deaths. The above authors used gas chromatographic (GC) techniques employing electron capture and flame ionization detectors (FID), respectively, for the quantitative analyses of these compounds. Standefer [4] also reported FID-GC data on specimens from a death associated with fluorocarbon inhalation.
Identification of Phencyclidine-Related Drugs
Authors: Epstein RL , Lorimer P , Sloma EJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The appearance of new drugs within the crime laboratory necessitates the development and improvement of analytical schemes for their detection. One class of particular interest is the phencyclidine-related drugs. The drugs studied are 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine (PCP), commonly known as phencyclidine, “Angel's Dust,” or DOA [1]; the two homologs 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) pyrrolidine (PHP) and 1-(1-phenylcyclopentyl) piperidine (PPP); and an analog 1-(2[thienyl]cyclohexyl) piperidine (TCP).
Inherent Fingerprint Luminescence—Detection by Laser
Authors: Dalrymple BE , Duff JM , Menzel ER 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The currently used methods of fingerprint detection may be classified into two categories: those which are dependent on the adherence of inert materials to fingerprint residues (powder methods), and those which rely on chemical interaction of a detection reagent with specific components of the latent print (for example, ninhydrin method) [1]. Both classes, in fact all conventional fingerprint detection methods, require a chemical or physical treatment of the exhibit under examination.
Occurrence of Myocarditis in Sudden Death in Children
Authors: Noren GR , Staley NA , Bandt CM , Kaplan EL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the natural history and pathophysiology of nonrheumatic inflammatory disease of the heart in children. However, because of the wide spectrum of clinical presentations and the difficulty in establishing a rapid, definitive diagnosis, the prevalence of myocarditis in any given population remains speculative. Therefore, by necessity, most studies expressing the incidence of myocarditis are derived from retrospective reviews of necropsy material. In one such review, Gore and Saphir [1] identified 1402 cases of myocarditis in 40 000 hospital necropsies for an overall prevalence of 3.5%. Seventy of these cases were associated with viral illness, and an additional 80 cases of isolated myocarditis were presumed to have been of viral etiology, therefore giving a maximal autopsy diagnosis of viral myocarditis in this group of 0.38%. In another study, Gormsen [2] identified only 17 cases of myocarditis in 1378 cases of sudden unexpected death (1.2%), but histologic examination had been carried out in only 117 of these cases. In studies of aircraft-related accidents, Stevens et al and Sopher [3,4] have postulated that the incidence of focal myocarditis in the adult population may be as high as 5%.
A Statistical Examination of Selected Handwriting Characteristics
Authors: Muehlberger RJ , Newman KW , Regent J , Wichmann JG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The handwriting identification facet of questioned document examination suffers from the lack of statistical data concerning the frequency of occurrence of combinations of particular handwriting characteristics. While document examiners tend to assign probative values to specific handwriting characteristics and their combinations, judgments are often based almost entirely on the examiner's experience and power of recall. Since handwriting identification is a scientific pursuit, statistical data concerning frequency of occurrence of forms and combinations would seem to offer some promise for providing a basis for the opinions of document examiners.
A Five-Year Study of Mortality in a Busy Ski Population
Authors: Weston JT , Moore SM , Rich TH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the late 1920s there were approximately 30 000 active skiers in the United States, of whom the vast majority were outdoorsmen, many identified with outing clubs within northeastern universities [1]. In this country today there are more than 4 million active skiers involved in this participant sport with more than 800 resorts in North America. For every active skier in the 1920s there are more than a thousand in this sport in the 1970s. Skiing, perhaps better than any other sport in contemporary society, reflects the trend from spectator to participant sport, and within the latter from a less active and perhaps less dangerous participant adventure to one with increased activity and greater danger than many of the others. Skiing is considered today to be, with tennis, the most rapidly growing participant sport in the nation. Recognizing the already identified and exhaustively reported morbidity associated with this sport the authors deemed it desirable to review a large active ski population where it is possible to determine with a reasonable degree of accuracy the number of individuals at risk, and identify the number and nature of mortalities associated directly or indirectly with this sport.
Rehabilitation of Delinquents: The Tale of an Experience
Authors: Turns DM , Silber BL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The subtle changes of the early 1960s in the practice of institutional psychiatry were suddenly accelerated by the desire for freedom that swept the world later in that decade. The growing interest in the therapeutic community approach, the shift from custodial care to community placement, and the new respect for patients' rights substantially altered the life and the fate of mental patients in civil institutions. However, only in the last few years have public opinion and legislation focused on two other groups of institutionalized persons: the “mentally retarded” and the “criminally insane.” In the wake of the Willowbrook scandal and the von Wolfersdord case [1], official policy backed by legislation resulted ‘in the placement in civil institutions of persons with a history of criminal conduct. More often than not the court decisions first affected individuals, then groups of individuals. This paper studies what happened when a group of 19 mentally retarded individuals were transferred to a newly created unit in a civil institution as the result of a New York State Court of Appeals ruling in 1973. We recorded the events following the transfer, the staff-patient interactions, the difficulties encountered, and their resolution. We also monitored the patients’ patterns of behavior to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the new treatment approach to which they were exposed.
A Review of Contemporary Violence
Authors: Kangas RR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is an academic exploration of the topic of violence as it is delineated by Dr. Wilber and his collaborators. Although the book is written primarily for law enforcement officers, it represents an objective study that approaches the subject from a number of angles—no aspect of violence is left untouched. True to its subtitle, “A Multi-Disciplinary Examination,” the volume represents the contributions of five authors, an anthropologist, a sociologist, a psychologist, and two zoologists, each taking a unique and refreshing approach. The editor relies on his own extensive background to draw the entire package together.
A Review of Guideline for In-Service Training of Forensic Scientists
Authors: Jones JW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Guideline for In-Service Training of Forensic Scientists is a most welcome and valuable asset to the forensic scientist and the forensic science community. This manual is a guideline for detailed training programs in the areas of drug identification, firearms and toolmark examination, document examination, forensic serology, trace evidence examination, and forensic toxicology. Using a “teaching guide” format, the manual gives a thorough guideline for a training program for each of the mentioned areas. Included in each area guideline are program curriculum, minimal prerequisite evaluations, and numerous references and case studies. The manual will provide nonscientific administrators with basic ideas of a forensic science training program, and by its evaluations, curricula, and requirements, it will provide the forensic science community with a standard of professionalism and qualifications for an expert witness in the courtroom.
Cocaine and Benzoylecgonine Excretion in Humans
Authors: Hamilton HE , Wallace JE , Shimek EL , Land P , Harris SC , Christenson JG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cocaine is rapidly and extensively metabolized. Studies with 3H-labeled cocaine have demonstrated that the drug is biotransformed to at least ten metabolites in the rat, with the concentration of unchanged cocaine in the urine being less than 10% that of the metabolite benzoylecgonine [1]. Information on the metabolism and excretion of cocaine in man is limited. Montesinos [2] has reviewed investigations performed in the 1950s and 1960s on chewers of coca leaf. However, these studies not only used analytical methods less specific and sensitive than those available today, but also employed routes of administration different from those currently used for therapy [3] or abuse. Although several recent investigations have demonstrated that cocaine is extensively metabolized to benzoylecgonine in man [4,5] and that plasma cocaine levels diminish rapidly [6], knowledge concerning the extent and rate of metabolism and excretion of parent drug and metabolite is almost nonexistent. Wallace et al [7] measured the urinary excretion of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in ten patients who had been administered cocaine hydrochloride prior to rhinoplastic surgery. These studies were limited to the initial 24 h after drug administration and consisted of three consecutive 8-h collective specimens per patient. It was observed that the excretion of cocaine and benzoylecgonine diminishes rapidly, that benzoylecgonine concentrations in urine consistently exceeded the corresponding cocaine concentrations by a significant amount, and that the benzoylecgonine/cocaine ratios of urine concentrations varied significantly, demonstrating the impracticability of attempting to predict cocaine concentrations from benzoylecgonine data, or conversely.
Processing and Interpreting Mass Spectral Data in Forensic Identification of Drugs and Explosives
Authors: Yinon J , Zitrin S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Mass spectrometry has become a well-established analytical method in the forensic identification of drugs and explosives [1,2]. In electron impact (EI) mass spectrometry (MS) the investigated sample is ionized by an electron beam having an energy of 70 eV. Because of this high ionization energy, the ions, after their formation, will usually decompose to fragmentation products including both charged and neutral species. The complexity of the EI mass spectrum, while often an important asset because of its “fingerprint” value, is clearly a disadvantage when complex mixtures are to be analyzed. When the compound is more complex, the amount of fragment ions is larger and the chances of observing a molecular ion are smaller. Electron impact mass spectrometry can be applied to mixtures, but only after separation, usually performed by a gas chromatograph-MS combination.
Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry—A New Forensic Science Technique
Authors: Saferstein R , Manura JJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC) has found wide acceptance in forensic science laboratories as a technique for identifying and comparing many types of synthetic polymeric materials, particulary paints, adhesives, and fibers [1–5]. As a tool for identification, this technique is restricted to assorting polymeric materials into broad classes. Wheals and Noble [4] have demonstrated the ease of identifying thermosetting alkyd finishes, acrylic lacquers, and acrylic enamels by PGC. Stewart [2] has used PGC to distinguish the three types of nonaqueous dispersion acrylic enamels commonly used by American automobile manufacturers, thereby facilitating the identification of a car's make and model from the pyrogram of its paint binder.
Legal Preparation of a Case of Traumatic Impotence
Authors: Broderick EF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recently there was a civil case tried before a jury in the Superior Court of New Jersey of Morris County on behalf of a plaintiff seeking damages for traumatically induced impotence. The issue was one of first impression in the New Jersey courts and raised a number of interesting medicolegal problems. This paper attempts to illustrate them for the forensic psychiatrist, medical expert, and practicing attorney.
Comparison of Typewriter Ribbon Inks by Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Brunelle RL , Negri JF , Cantu AA , Lyter AH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Examiners of questioned or disputed documents are frequently asked to ascertain whether or not the text of a typewritten document has been altered by the use of either a different typewriter or the same typewriter at a later date. Any technique that can distinguish among the various commercially available typewriter ribbon inks is a potentially valuable tool to the examiner of questioned documents.
Influence of the Medical Examiner on Cadaver Organ Procurement
Authors: Davis JH , Wright RK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Patients who die from severe head injuries constitute a major reservoir of potential kidney donors, for such injuries usually occur in otherwise healthy individuals. Death from injury mandates a medical examiner's investigation, and jurisdiction over the body occurs at the moment of pronouncement of death. In Florida, when any person dies of criminal violence, by accident, by suicide, suddenly when in apparent good health, when unattended by a practicing physician or other recognized practitioner, in any prison or penal institution, in police custody, in any suspicious or unusual circumstances, by criminal abortion, by poison, by disease constituting a threat to public health, by disease, injury, or toxic agent from employment; or when a dead body is brought into the state without proper medical certification; or when a body is to be cremated, dissected, or buried at sea, the medical examiner shall determine the cause of death and shall make or have performed such examinations, investigations, and autopsies as he shall deem necessary [1]. It is the duty of any person who becomes aware of such a death under the circumstances described above to report such death and circumstances immediately to the medical examiner [2].
Medical Examiner Report of a Boeing 727-95 Aircraft Accident
Authors: Rumsch BJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is a report on a Boeing 727-95 that crashed on landing. The aircraft, which was designed for a 91-passenger capacity, was carrying 81 passengers and 7 crew members. Of these, 51 survived (including 5 crew members), and 37 died (including 2 crew members).