bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐examination: The Testimony of Children With and Without Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Bettenay Caroline , Ridley Anne M. , Henry Lucy A. , Crane Laura 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThe present study assessed how children with a range of cognitive abilities fared during a mock cross‐examination. Ninety children (aged 4 to 11 years; 18 with intellectual disabilities, 13 with borderline intellectual disabilities and 59 who were typically developing) witnessed a staged event, participated in an initial forensic interview (a few days later) and were cross‐examined by a barrister‐in‐training (10 months later). During cross‐examination, 98% of all children changed at least one response from their initial interview when challenged. However, group differences in performance (total number of changed responses, ‘resistance’ to challenges), controlling for age and memory for event details, were not significant or did not prove reliable at the level of individual group contrasts. Overall, little robust evidence for group differences in performance on cross‐examination could be identified, and memory for event details was the most reliable predictor of performance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The bitter taste receptor T2R38 is an independent risk factor for chronic rhinosinusitis requiring sinus surgery
Authors: Adappa Nithin D. , Zhang Zi , Palmer James N. , Kennedy David W. , Doghramji Laurel , Lysenko Anna , Reed Danielle R. , Scott Thomas , Zhao Nina W. , Owens David , Lee Robert J. , Cohen Noam A. 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundThe bitter taste receptor T2R38 was recently described to play a role in upper airway innate mucosal defense. When activated by bacterial quorum‐sensing molecules, T2R38 stimulates the ciliated epithelial cells to produce nitric oxide (NO), resulting in bactericidal activity and an increase in mucociliary clearance (MCC). Polymorphisms within the T2R38 gene (TAS2R38) confer variability in activation of the receptor yielding dramatic differences in upper airway defensive responses (NO production and accelerated MCC) to microbial stimulation based on genotype. Our objective was to determine whether the nonprotective TAS2R38 polymorphisms, which render the receptor inactive, correlate with medically recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) necessitating surgical intervention in the context of known risk factors, and thus identify whether the TAS2R38 genotype is an independent risk factor for patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).MethodsCRS patients undergoing primary FESS were prospectively genotyped for TAS2R38. Chi‐square analysis was performed on the genotype distribution with respect to other risk factors, including allergies, asthma, nasal polyposis, aspirin sensitivity, diabetes, and smoking exposure.ResultsSeventy primary FESS patients were genotyped demonstrating a statistically significant skewing from the expected distribution of the general population (p < 0.0383). CRS patients with a particular polymorphism seemed less likely to have allergies, asthma, nasal polyposis, aspirin sensitivity, and diabetes, but this did not demonstrate statistical significance.ConclusionOur investigation suggests that TAS2R38 genotype is an independent risk factor for patients failing medical therapy, necessitating surgical intervention.
Preparation and Characterization of Alkenyl Aryl Tetrafluoro‐λ6‐sulfanes
Authors: Zhong Linbin , Savoie Paul R. , Filatov Alexander S. , Welch John T. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSubstituted alkenyl aryl tetrafluoro‐λ6‐sulfanes have been prepared by the direct addition of readily accessible chlorotetrafluorosulfanyl arenes to primary alkynes. Substitution of an apical fluorine of the pentafluorosulfanyl group enables modulation of the reactivity of this little explored functional group while at the same time facilitating the direct investigation of aryl substituent effects on the aryl tetrafluorosulfanyl‐substituted products.
Toward environment‐friendly composites of poly(ε‐caprolactone) reinforced with stereocomplex‐type poly(l‐lactide)/poly(d‐lactide)
Authors: Li Yi , Dong Qinglin , Han Changyu , Bian Yijie , Zhang Xin , Dong Lisong 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this work, stereocomplex‐poly(l‐ and d‐lactide) (sc‐PLA) was incorporated into poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) to fabricate a novel biodegradable polymer composite. PCL/sc‐PLA composites were prepared by solution casting at sc‐PLA loadings of 5–30 wt %. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) demonstrated the formation of the stereocomplex in the blends. DSC and WAXD curves also indicated that the addition of sc‐PLA did not alter the crystal structure of PCL. Rheology and mechanical properties of neat PCL and the PCL/sc‐PLA composites were investigated in detail. Rheological measurements indicated that the composites exhibited evident solid‐like response in the low frequency region as the sc‐PLA loadings reached up to 20 wt %. Moreover, the long‐range motion of PCL chains was highly restrained. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the storage modulus (E′) of PCL in the composites was improved and the glass transition temperature values were hardly changed after the addition of sc‐PLA. Tensile tests showed that the Young's modulus, and yield strength of the composites were enhanced by the addition of sc‐PLA while the tensile strength and elongation at break were reduced. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40208.
Standardisiertes Einwirkungsmodell zur Bemessung von Wildbachsperren unter Mureinwirkung
Authors: Suda Jürgen , Hübl Johannes , Rudolf‐Miklau Florian 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWildbachschutzbauwerke mit energieumwandelnder, filternder oder ablenkender Funktion für Muren unterliegen extremen dynamischen Beanspruchungen und hohen Sicherheitsanforderungen an die Bemessung, die Konstruktion und den Betrieb. Die neue ONR 24801enthält ein standardisiertes Modell zur Bemessung von Wildbachsperren unter Mureinwirkung, welches aus der Vergleichsrechnung gängiger Murenmodelle entwickelt und mit Messergebnissen von Murereignissen kalibriert wurde. Das Modell basiert auf einem statisch‐dynamisch gemischten Lastansatz und berücksichtigt auch den Anprall von Einzelkomponenten (Blöcke, Baumstämme) auf das Bauwerk. Der dynamische Teil der Mureinwirkung wird von einem charakteristischen Gerinnequerschnitt auf eine flächengleiche Einwirkungsfläche im zentralen Teil der Sperre übertragen, zusätzlich wird ein statischer Murdruck über die gesamte Bauwerkshöhe angesetzt. Das Modell wurde bereits an einigen Sperrenbauwerken erprobt und stimmt gut mit den in Österreich üblichen Bemessungsansätzen für Wildbachsperren überein.Standardized load model for design of torrential barriers under debris flow impactTorrential barriers with energy‐dissipating, filtering or deflecting function for debris flow are subject to extreme dynamic stress that presupposes the application of high safety standards for design, construction and maintenance. The newly issued Austrian Standard ONR 24801 provides a standardized model for the design of torrential barriers under debris flow impact, which has been developed from comparative calculation of common debris flow models from engineering practice in torrent control and calibrated by impact measurements of debris flow events. The model is based on a combined static‐dynamic stress approach and also takes into account the impulse by a single object (block, tree trunk). The dynamic part of the debris flow stress is transferred from a characteristic cross‐section in the torrent to a vertical impact area of same dimension on the central part of the barrier; additionally static debris flow stress is applied. The standardized model was already tested successfully at several torrential barriers and is in good agreement with the common design approaches (experiences) of torrent control in Austria.
Nachweis von Strukturdefekten und Einbauteilen in Elementwänden mittels zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren
Authors: Mähner Dietmar , Thünemann Stefan , Becker Markus 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIm Rahmen eines Ringversuchs wurden verschiedene Strukturdefekte und Einbauteile in Elementwände eingebaut. Die Messung der Wände erfolgte anschließend durch mehrere Messteams mit unterschiedlichen zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren. Zum Einsatz kamen hierbei das Ultraschall‐Echo‐ und das Impact‐Echo‐Verfahren sowie das Impuls‐Radar‐Verfahren. Zur Verbesserung der Vergleichbarkeit zwischen den unterschiedlichen Prüfverfahren wurde auf die Elementwände ein einheitliches Messraster aufgebracht. Für eine möglichst objektive Messung der Wände erhielten die Messteams vor den Messungen keine Detailinformationen zu den Strukturdefekten oder Einbauteilen. Die Prüfaufgabe bestand darin, die Wände mit dem jeweiligen Prüfverfahren zu untersuchen. Anschließend wurden die Ergebnisse der Messteams zentral gesammelt und ausgewertet. Anhand der zentralen Auswertung sollten Aussagen zu den eingebauten Inhomogenitäten abgeleitet werden. Hierdurch kann zum einen die Leistungsfähigkeit der Prüfverfahren an unterschiedlichsten Inhomogenitäten getestet werden, zum anderen können die Ergebnisse und somit die Prüfverfahren untereinander verglichen werden. Zu diesen in der Praxis immer häufiger vorkommenden Fragestellungen können grundsätzliche Aussagen zum Einsatz von zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen bei Elementwänden erhalten werden. Über die Ergebnisse dieses Ringversuchs wird nachfolgend berichtet.Detection of structural defects and built‐in parts in prefabricated walls using non‐destructive testing methodsIn cooperative tests, different structural defects and built‐in parts were embedded in prefabricated walls. Series of tests for measurement were conducted by several researchers, using three different non‐destructive testing methods: Ultrasonic‐Echo, Impact‐Echo and Impulse‐Radar Technique. To increase comparison between testing methods, a standardized measuring grid was placed on the prefabricated walls. For objective results researchers did not get any detailed information in regard to the structural defects or built‐in parts. Testing task was to scan the walls, using the described methods. To derive conclusions about the embedded inhomogeneities, data was centrally selected/pooled and analyzed. Hereby the effectiveness of testing methods can be validated and results hence testing methods can be compared. For the described incidences, essential conclusions can be obtained for using of non‐destructive testing methods in prefabricated walls. Results of the investigation will be reported in the following article.
Relative Luftfeuchtemessung zur Erfassung der Wassersättigung von Beton
Authors: Pruckner Franz 
Published: December 2013

AbstractEine Möglichkeit der Erfassung des Wassersättigungsgrads von Beton stellt die Messung der relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit eines mit dem Beton im Gleichgewicht stehenden Hohlraums dar. Die indirekte Natur dieser Methode erfordert die Kenntnis der thermodynamischen Zusammenhänge, um brauchbare Informationen zur Wassersättigung zu erhalten. Die Berechnung der Wassersättigung erfordert sowohl die Erfassung der Luftfeuchtigkeit als auch der Temperatur. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse dieser Methode dargestellt. Interessant war die Beobachtung, dass die Wassersättigung von beschichteten Bauteilen konstant blieb, obwohl sich die gemessene Luftfeuchtigkeit im Hohlraum mit den täglichen und saisonalen Temperaturschwankungen änderte.Relative humidity measurements for assessing moisture conditions in concrete structuresOne way of detecting the water saturation degree of concrete represents the measurement of the relative humidity in a cavity in concrete which is in equilibrium with moisture content in concrete. The indirect nature of this method requires knowledge of the thermodynamic relationships in order to obtain useful information on water saturation. Calculating the water saturation degree of concrete requires both detection of the humidity and the temperature. In the present study, the results of this method are presented. It was interesting to observe that the saturation degree of coated concrete structures remained constant, even though the measured humidity in the cavity changed with the daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations.
Spannbetonuntersuchung mit bildgebenden Ultraschallecho‐Verfahren
Authors: Schulze Sebastian , Mayer Klaus , Krause Martin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBeim Einsatz von Ultraschallecho‐Methoden in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen stellt die Untersuchung von Spannbetonkonstruktionen eine der anspruchsvollsten Aufgaben für Wissenschaft und Technik dar. Das inhomogene Gefüge aus Beton, schlaffer Bewehrung und – aus Hüllrohr, Spannlitzen und Verpressmörtel bestehenden – Spanngliedern erfordert eine Optimierung von Messtechnik und Auswertesoftware, um verwertbare Aussagen zum Verpresszustand der Hüllrohre zu erhalten. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Grundlagen der bildgebenden Darstellung von US‐Echo‐Daten, die Untersuchung und Datenauswertung an Probekörpern sowie ein Fallbeispiel aus der Praxis. Dabei erweist sich insbesondere die Phasenauswertung zur qualitativen Unterscheidung von Reflektoren als nützlich. Das Prinzip wird erläutert, und es werden Teile eines interaktiven, auf der SAFT‐Methode basierenden Softwarepakets vorgestellt. Mit dieser Software können die großflächig gewonnenen Ultraschalldaten auf herkömmlichen PCs oder mobilen Computern zu zwei‐ und dreidimensionalen Rekonstruktionen berechnet, analysiert und visualisiert werden. Ausgewertet wurden Daten, die mit automatisierten Messsystemen an kleinformatigen Laborprobekörpern und großen Testwänden gewonnen wurden. Im Rahmen der praktischen Anwendung konnten unter Verwendung der vorgestellten Verfahren an einem Spannglied die Lage eines Hüllrohrverstopfers lokalisiert und die Ausdehnung der Blockadestelle eingegrenzt werden.Investigation of prestressed concrete using the imaging ultrasonic echo method – Application of phase evaluation for the distinction of reflectors: The application of ultrasound methods for the non‐destructive assessment of pre‐stressed concrete members is one of the biggest challenges in the field of non‐destructive testing in civil engineering. The inhomogeneous composition of concrete, reinforcement and tendons, which itself consist of ducts, steel wires and grouting material, requires an optimisation of measuring technique and analysis software to gain reliable information about the grouting condition of the ducts. This article describes the fundamentals of the visualisation of ultrasound echo data, the investigation and data analysis at specimen and a case study. Here especially the phase evaluation proves to be very useful for the distinction of reflectors. The basic principle is explained and parts of an interactive software module, which is based on the SAFT method, is presented. With this software it is possible to calculate, analyse and visualise 2D and 3D reconstructions of large ultrasound data sets with conventional PCs or mobile computers. Data has been analysed, which were recorded with automatic measurement systems at small scale laboratory specimens and a large scale testing wall. In the frame of the practical application it was possible to localise the position and extent of a blockade within a duct.
Entwicklung und Anwendung eines Baustellenmessgeräts zur Bestimmung der Spannung in Bewehrungsstählen
Authors: Gundelwein Harald , Zellweger Werner 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDie Kenntnis der in einem bestehenden Stahlbeton‐ oder Spannbetonbauwerk herrschenden Spannung in den Bewehrungsstählen ist ein wichtiger Parameter für die Tragwerksbeurteilung. Bei der rechnerischen Ermittlung der Spannung in der Bewehrung müssen viele Annahmen zu Bauteilabmessungen, Steifigkeiten und Lasten getroffen werden, die das Ergebnis stark beeinflussen. Eine messtechnische Ermittlung der Stahlspannung mit zerstörungsfreien Prüfmethoden wäre deshalb sehr hilfreich. Die enertec engineering ag in Winterthur hat ein solches Messgerät zur Anwendungsreife entwickelt. Das auf der Messung von mikromagnetischen Eigenschaften beruhende Verfahren wird beschrieben, die praktische Anwendung erläutert und der Nutzen anhand von zwei durchgeführten Messkampagnen aufgezeigt.Development and practice of a new device for the measurement of mechanical stress in the reinforcement of concrete structuresThe knowledge of the mechanical stress in the reinforcement of existing concrete structures is a vital parameter for the evaluation of these structures. At the calculation of the tension in the reinforcement using static models there have to be assumed values for geometry, stiffness and load, which have a crucial impact on the result. For this reason the measurement of the existant stress in the reinforcement with nondestructive methods would be very helpful. The enertec engineering ag in Winterthur, Switzerland has developed such a measuring device for practical use on site. The physical methods and the practical use are described. The advantages of the deployment of the device are shown on two executed measuring campaigns.
Auflösung der Nebel – Leben in Sicht!
Authors: Mirwald Benjamin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractResolving Nebulae – Life in Sight! While in the second half of the 19th century astrospectroscopy and ‐photography had contoured new objects of investigation like nebulae, the debate among astronomers about extraterrestrial life intensified. Images did not only play a key role in uprising popular astronomical magazines at that time, they also served as arguments or even as evidence in controversial debates about the nature of nebulae or of planets' surfaces. These debates were not restricted to academic astronomers, on the contrary, amateurs and popularisers were among the most active disputants. Photos and images published in popular magazines were more intensively retouched or manipulated than when they were used in academic communication about astronomy. But the practices of interpretation and speculation, based on drawings and images, stemmed from academic communities. Far reaching conclusions relying on unclear features of astronomical pictures, like in the case of Martian canals, have not only been criticised by other academics. History shows that the ability to scrutinise imaginations about evidence of life in space or about the forming of the solar system was due more to tacitly knowing how images were produced than to having an encyclopaedic recall in astronomy.
Linus Pauling, Roger Hayward und der Wert von Sichtbarmachungen
Authors: Heumann Ina 
Published: December 2013

AbstractLinus Pauling, Roger Hayward, and the Value of Visualizations. Linus Pauling's work was intrinsically linked to visualizations. While his use of three‐ and two‐dimensional inscriptions has been the focus of much scholarly research, the production of visualizations remains a rather poorly studied subject. This article focuses on the cooperation between Pauling and Roger Hayward, an architect by profession who came to scientific illustration in the late 1920s. By concentrating on the papers of Pauling and Hayward I describe the workflow between scientist and illustrator. Although Hayward's visualizations were epistemically indispensable and economically profitable, they were never fully acknowledged as such. This was due to the ongoing conflicts caused by the economic strategies pursued by Pauling and his publisher, Hayward's personal style, and science's general disregard for images as epistemic instruments. I suggest that these contentious relationships between scientist, illustrator, and publisher are paradigmatic for the history of scientific visualization.
Hot‐Spot Residues in the Cytochrome P450cam–Putidaredoxin Binding Interface
Authors: Hiruma Yoshitaka , Gupta Ankur , Kloosterman Alexander , Olijve Caroline , Ölmez Betül , Hass Mathias A. S. , Ubbink Marcellus 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCytochrome P450cam (P450cam) is a heme‐containing monooxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of D‐camphor to produce 5‐exo‐hydroxycamphor. The catalytic cycle of P450cam requires two electrons, both of which are donated by putidaredoxin (Pdx), a ferredoxin containing a [2 Fe–2 S] cluster. Atomic‐resolution structures of the Pdx‐P450cam complex have recently been solved by X‐ray crystallography and paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy. The binding interface showed the potential electron transfer pathways and interactions between Pdx Asp38 and P450cam Arg112, as well as hydrophobic contacts between the Pdx Trp106 and P450cam residues. Several polar residues not previously recognized as relevant for binding were found in the interface. In this study, site‐directed mutagenesis, kinetic measurements, and NMR studies were employed to probe the energetic importance and role of the polar residues in the Pdx–P450cam interaction. A double mutant cycle (DMC) analysis of kinetic data shows that favorable interactions exist between Pdx Tyr33 and P450cam Asp125, as well as between Pdx Ser42 and P450cam His352. The results show that alanine substitutions of these residues and several others do not influence the rates of electron transfer. It is concluded that these polar interactions contribute to partner recognition rather than to electronic coupling of the redox centers.
Specificity of a UDP‐GalNAc Pyranose–Furanose Mutase: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Campylobacter jejuni Infections
Authors: Poulin Myles B. , Shi Yun , Protsko Carla , Dalrymple Sean A. , Sanders David A. R. , Pinto B. Mario , Lowary Todd L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPyranose–furanose mutases are essential enzymes in the life cycle of a number of microorganisms, but are absent in mammalian systems, and hence represent novel targets for drug development. To date, all such mutases show preferential recognition of a single substrate (e.g., UDP‐Gal). We report here the detailed structural characterization of the first bifunctional pyranose–furanose mutase, which recognizes both UDP‐Gal and UDP‐GalNAc. The enzyme under investigation (cjUNGM) is involved in the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) in Campylobacter jejuni 11168. These CPSs are known virulence factors that are required for adhesion and invasion of human epithelial cells. Using a combination of UV/visible spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy, molecular dynamics and CORCEMA‐ST calculations, we have characterized the binding of the enzyme to both UDP‐Galp and UDP‐GalpNAc, and compared these interactions with those of a homologous monofunctional mutase enzyme from E. coli (ecUGM). These studies reveal that two arginines in cjUNGM, Arg59 and Arg168, play critical roles in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme and in controlling its specificity to ultimately lead to a GalfNAc‐containing CPS. In ecUGM, these arginines are replaced with histidine and lysine, respectively, and this results in an enzyme that is selective for UDP‐Gal. We propose that these changes in amino acids allow C. jejuni 11168 to produce suitable quantities of the sugar nucleotide substrate required for the assembly of a CPS containing GalfNAc, which is essential for viability.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation of 1‐Halo‐1‐alkynes: Regioselective Synthesis of Semihydrogenated Aromatic Heterocycles
Authors: Murase Hirohiko , Senda Kousuke , Senoo Masato , Hata Takeshi , Urabe Hirokazu 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe regioselective intramolecular hydroarylation of (3‐halo‐2‐propynyl)anilines, (3‐halo‐2‐propynyl) aryl ethers, or (4‐halo‐3‐butynyl) aryl ethers was efficiently catalyzed by Rh2(OCOCF3)4 to give semihydrogenated aromatic heterocycles, such as 4‐halo‐1,2‐dihydroquinolines, 4‐halo‐3‐chromenes, or 4‐(halomethylene)chromans, in good to excellent yields. Some synthetic applications taking advantage of the halo‐substituents of the products are also illustrated.