bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Value of Postponing Pregnancy: California’s Paid Family Leave and the Timing of Pregnancies
Authors: Lichtman-Sadot Shirlee 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Conditioning a monetary benefit on individuals’ family status can create distortions, even in individuals’ seemingly personal decisions, such as the birth of a child. Birth timing and its response to various policies has been studied by economists in several papers. However, pregnancy timing – i.e. the timing of conception – and its response to policy announcements has not been examined. This paper makes use of a 21-month lag between announcing California’s introduction of the first paid parental leave program in the United States and its scheduled implementation to evaluate whether women timed their pregnancies in order to be eligible for the expected benefit. Using natality data, documenting all births in the United States, a difference-in-differences approach compares California births to births in states outside of California before the program’s introduction and in 2004, the year California introduced paid parental leave. The results show that the distribution of California births in 2004 significantly shifted from the first half of the year to the second half of the year, immediately after the program’s implementation. While the effect is present for all population segments of new mothers, it is largest for disadvantaged mothers – with lower education levels, of Hispanic origin, younger, and not married. These results shed light on the population segments most affected by the introduction of paid parental leave and on the equitable nature of paid parental leave policies.
Testing a long-standing hypothesis on the relation between the auditory bulla size and environmental conditions: a case study in two jird species (Muridae: Meriones libycus and M. crassus)
Authors: Yazdi Fatemeh Tabatabaei , Colangelo Paolo , Adriaens Dominique 
Published: July 2014

AbstractVariation in mammalian auditory bulla size has been linked to environmental conditions, and has even been claimed to provide a habitat-specific survival value. Enlarged bullae are typically shared among species adapted to living in arid habitats. Previous studies suggest that jirds also exhibit this adaptive enlargement of the bulla. However, such claims are based on the observation on a limited number of specimens, and thus they provide no quantitative support for this hypothesis. Therefore, we tested this hypothesis using a combination of geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistical techniques on a large sample of two jird species that exhibit a wide and partially overlapping geographical (and hence climatic) range, i.e.,
IgG4-related thyroiditis: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Abo Salook Mahmud , Benbassat Carlos , Strenov Yulia , Tirosh Amit 
Published: July 2014

Summary
A 55-year-old male, with a positive medical history for hypothyroidism, treated with stable doses for years was admitted with subacute thyroiditis and a feeling of pain and pressure in the neck. Laboratory tests showed decrease in TSH levels, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and very high antithyroid antibodies. Owing to enlarging goiter and exacerbation in the patient's complaints, he was operated with excision of a fibrotic and enlarged thyroid lobe. Elevated IgG4 plasma levels and high IgG4/IgG plasma cell ratio on immunohistochemistry led to the diagnosis of IgG4-mediated thyroiditis. We concluded that IgG4-thyroiditis and IgG4-related disease should be considered in all patients with an aggressive form of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Learning points

IgG4-related disease is a systemic disease that includes several syndromes; IgG4-related thyroiditis is one among them.

IgG4-thyroiditis should be considered in all patients with an aggressive form of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Patients with suspected IgG4-thyroiditis should have blood tested for IgG4/IgG ratio and appropriate immunohistochemical staining if possible.
Simplified Rolled Technique at Implant‐Uncovering Surgery for Correcting Horizontal Ridge Defect
Authors: Jordan Eboné , Chan Hsun‐Liang , Saglik Berna , Fu Jia‐Hui , Oh Tae‐Ju , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: July 2014

Introduction: Ridge deficiencies are major esthetic challenges for the rehabilitation of edentulous ridges with fixed prostheses. Depending on the severity of the defect, it may be corrected through either hard‐ and soft‐tissue augmentation or soft‐tissue augmentation alone. The second‐stage surgery for implant uncovering offers an opportunity to surgically correct remaining ridge defects. This case presents an alternative approach to correct a facial soft‐tissue deficiency at the implant‐uncovering surgery.Case Presentation: A 34‐year‐old white female with high esthetic expectations was seen for extraction of tooth #9. Five months after extraction, an implant was placed with simultaneous bone augmentation. Six months later, a mild horizontal ridge deficiency was observed. It was subsequently corrected at the time of implant uncovering using a simplified roll technique, featuring minimal surgical trauma and patient discomfort. The implant restoration, peri‐implant bone, and soft tissue were stable after 6 months of functional loading.Conclusion: Mild ridge deficiencies in the esthetic zone can be corrected through the use of a simplified roll technique during implant uncovering.
Experimental Degradation of Nonylphenol (Endocrine Disruptor) by Using Ultraviolet Irradiation in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Kouakou Yao Salomon , Zhang Cai Xiang , Wang Yan Xin , Liao Xiao Ping , Le Li Jia 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT: The photodegradation of nonylphenol under UV irradiation was investigated in an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the photochemically active substance was investigated. Influences of pH, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, and the initial concentration of nonylphenol were studied. The following conditions were determined as optimal for nonylphenol removal: pH 1, H2O2 concentration of 40 mg/L, and an initial nonylphenol concentration of 15 of mg/L. Under these conditions, the removal of nonylphenol reached about 80% after 2 hours of irradiation. Identification of degradation products was done by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, and analyses revealed Benzaldehyde, 4‐methoxy and Diisobutyl phthalate as the main products of nonylphenol photodegradation.
Chemical Species of Metallic Elements in the Aquatic Environment of anEx‐Mining Catchment
Authors: Ashraf Muhammad Aqeel , Ahmad Mushtaq , Akib Shatirah , Balkhair Khaled S. , Abu Bakar Nor Kartini 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to investigate the chemical speciation of dissolved and particulate elements (lead, zinc, copper, chromium, arsenic, and tin) in the mining wastewater of a former tin‐mining catchment. The speciation patterns of dissolved elements were estimated by an adsorptive stripping voltammeter (ASV), while particulate elements were analyzed by using a newly developed sequential‐extraction leaching procedure. The procedure has been operationally defined among five host fractions, namely exchangeable, carbonate, reducible, organic bound, and residual fractions. A total of six elements (lead, zinc, copper, chromium, arsenic, and tin) were analyzed in thirty samples at ten locations (P1‐P10), with three samples taken from each of the ten locations, to get the average value from the former tin‐mining catchment. The results showed that the heavy metal pollutions in locations P4 and P8 were more severe than in other sampling sites, especially tin and lead pollution. In the water samples from locations P4 and P8, both the total contents and the most dangerous non‐residual fractions of tin and lead were extremely high. More than 90% of the total concentrations of arsenic and chromium existed in the residual fraction. Concentrations of copper and zinc mainly occurred in the residual fraction (more than 60%), while lead and tin presented mostly in the non‐residual fractions in surface water. For all of the six dissolved elements, the less‐labile species formed the predominant fraction in their speciation patterns. The speciation patterns of particulate elements showed that most of the concentrations of zinc, copper, chromium, and arsenic were found in the reducible fraction; whereas lead and tin were mainly associated with the organic fraction.
Assessment of Herbicide Transport and Distribution in Subsurface Environments of an Orange Field
Authors: Wu Lei , Ma Xiao‐yi , Liu Xia 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT: The demand for assessing both the variability of risk areas and the intensity of pollutant load rates on pesticide transferring to waters in China has been increasingly vigorous in recent decades. Therefore, to explore the transport of linuron with rainfall and irrigation in canopy‐soil systems, an integrated pesticide transport modeling system has been selected and verified for simulating the three‐phase linuron environmental fate in an orange field of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area. Results demonstrate that spatio‐temporal distributions of linuron in surface soil primarily depend on its properties, rainfall, irrigation, and its applications; the peak levels of linuron in subsurface and deep soil are closely related to the cumulative and delayed effects. The findings may be used for policy supporting of soil–water–crop–pesticide management in an agricultural field of the TGR area.
Efficacy and Safety of the Once-Weekly GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Albiglutide Versus Sitagliptin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Renal Impairment: A Randomized Phase III Study
Authors: Leiter Lawrence A. , Carr Molly C. , Stewart Murray , Jones-Leone Angela , Scott Rhona , Yang Fred , Handelsman Yehuda 
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate weekly subcutaneous albiglutide versus daily sitagliptin in renally impaired patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequately controlled glycemia on a regimen of diet and exercise and/or oral antihyperglycemic medications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this phase III, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, 52-week study, the primary study end point was HbA1c change from baseline at week 26 in patients with renal impairment, as assessed with estimated glomerular filtration rate and categorized as mild, moderate, or severe (≥60 to ≤89, ≥30 to ≤59, and ≥15 to ≤29 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively). Secondary end points included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), weight, achievement of treatment targets, hyperglycemic rescue, and safety.

RESULTS
Baseline demographics were similar across treatment and renal impairment groups with overall mean age of 63.3 years, BMI of 30.4 kg/m2, HbA1c of 8.2% (66 mmol/mol), and diabetes disease duration of 11.2 years. HbA1c change from baseline at week 26 was significantly greater for albiglutide than sitagliptin (−0.83% vs. −0.52%, P = 0.0003). Decreases in HbA1c, FPG, and weight were seen through week 52. Time to hyperglycemic rescue through week 52 was significantly longer for albiglutide than sitagliptin (P = 0.0017). Results of safety assessments were similar between groups, and most adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate. The incidences of gastrointestinal AEs for albiglutide and sitagliptin were as follows: overall, 31.7%, 25.2%; diarrhea, 10.0%, 6.5%; nausea, 4.8%, 3.3%; and vomiting, 1.6%, 1.2%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Once-weekly albiglutide therapy in renally impaired patients with type 2 diabetes provided statistically superior glycemic improvement with almost similar tolerability compared with daily sitagliptin therapy.
Me Types Of Ideals In BZMVdm-Algebra
Authors: Yousefi A. , Saeid A. Borumand 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this paper we introduce (normal, implicative, maximal, involutive) ideals of BZMV dm -algebras. Also the ideal generated by a set in BZMV dm-algebra are introduced and the relationships between them are studied.
Geometry of 3-Dimensional Trans-Sasakaian Manifolds
Authors: Deshmukh Sharief 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we obtain some sufficient conditions for a 3-dimensional compact trans-Sasakian manifold of type (α;β ) to be homothetic to a Sasakian manifold. A differential equation satisfied by certain special vector fields is derived and a characterization for cosymplectic manifolds is obtained in terms of this differential equation.
On Strongly Sum Difference Quotient Labeling of One-Point Union of Graphs, Chain and Corona Graphs
Authors: Akwu A.D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this paper we study strongly sum difference quotient labeling of some graphs that result from three different constructions. The first construction produces one- point union of graphs. The second construction produces chain graph, i.e., a concatenation of graphs. A chain graph will be strongly sum difference quotient graph if any graph in the chain, accepts strongly sum difference quotient labeling. The third construction is the corona product; strongly sum difference quotient labeling of corona graph is obtained.
Numerical Calculations of WR-40 Boiler Based on its Zero-Dimensional Model
Authors: Hernik Bartłomiej 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Generally, the temperature of flue gases at the furnace outlet is not measured. Therefore, a special computation procedure is needed to determine it. This paper presents a method for coordination of the numerical model of a pulverised fuel boiler furnace chamber with the measuring data in a situation when CFD calculations are made in regard to the furnace only. This paper recommends the use of the classical 0-dimensional balance model of a boiler, based on the use of measuring data. The average temperature of flue gases at the furnace outlet tk" obtained using the model may be considered as highly reliable. The numerical model has to show the same value of tk" . This paper presents calculations for WR-40 boiler. The CFD model was matched to the 0-dimensional tk" value by means of a selection of the furnace wall emissivity. As a result of CFD modelling, the flue gas temperature and the concentration of CO, CO2, O2 and NOx were obtained at the furnace chamber outlet. The results of numerical modelling of boiler combustion based on volumetric reactions and using the Finite-Rate/Eddy-Dissipation Model are presented.
Bed-To-Wall Heat Transfer in a Supercritical Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler
Authors: Błaszczuk Artur , Nowak Wojciech , Jagodzik Szymon 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to find a correlation for heat transfer to walls in a 1296 t/h supercritical circulating fluidised bed (CFB) boiler. The effect of bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient in a long active heat transfer surface was discussed, excluding the radiation component. Experiments for four different unit loads (i.e. 100% MCR, 80% MCR, 60% MCR and 40% MCR) were conducted at a constant excess air ratio and high level of bed pressure (ca. 6 kPa) in each test run. The empirical correlation of the heat transfer coefficient in a large-scale CFB boiler was mainly determined by two key operating parameters, suspension density and bed temperature. Furthermore, data processing was used in order to develop empirical correlation ranges between 3.05 to 5.35 m·s-1 for gas superficial velocity, 0.25 to 0.51 for the ratio of the secondary to the primary air, 1028 to 1137K for bed temperature inside the furnace chamber of a commercial CFB boiler, and 1.20 to 553 kg·m-3 for suspension density. The suspension density was specified on the base of pressure measurements inside the boiler’s combustion chamber using pressure sensors. Pressure measurements were collected at the measuring ports situated on the front wall of the combustion chamber. The obtained correlation of the heat transfer coefficient is in agreement with the data obtained from typical industrial CFB boilers.
The Silting-Up Prevention in the Geothermal Absorbent Openings of Geothermal Energy Plant Pyrzyce
Authors: Noga Bogdan , Marjanowski Jan , Biernat Henryk , Kulik Stanisław , Zieliński Bogusław , Nalikowski Arkadiusz 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The paper presents precipitation results from cold thermal water deposits that are the main cause of clogging in absorbent geothermal wells and borehole areas. As a result of physical and chemical analysis, laboratory tests and observation of the operation of a geothermal installation, a new method was developed to prevent the precipitation of sludge from cooled thermal water. The method being a modification of soft acidising was tentatively named as a super soft acidising method
Model Research of Gas Emissions From Lignite and Biomass Co-Combustion in a Large Scale CFB Boiler
Authors: Krzywański Jarosław , Rajczyk Rafał , Nowak Wojciech 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The paper is focused on the idea of a combustion modelling of a large-scale circulating fluidised bed boiler (CFB) during coal and biomass co-combustion. Numerical computation results for three solid biomass fuels co-combustion with lignite are presented in the paper. The results of the calculation showed that in previously established kinetics equations for coal combustion, some reactions had to be modified as the combustion conditions changed with the fuel blend composition. Obtained CO2, CO, SO2 and NOx emissions are located in borders of ± 20% in the relationship to the experimental data. Experimental data was obtained for forest biomass, sunflower husk, willow and lignite cocombustion tests carried out on the atmospheric 261 MWe COMPACT CFB boiler operated in PGE Turow Power Station in Poland. The energy fraction of biomass in fuel blend was: 7%wt, 10%wt and 15%wt. The measured emissions of CO, SO2 and NOx (i.e. NO + NO2) were also shown in the paper. For all types of biomass added to the fuel blends the emission of the gaseous pollutants was lower than that for coal combustion.
The Isolation of Weak Heteroaromatic Bases in Tobacco Smoke/Isolierung schwach basischer Heteroaromaten aus dem Tabakrauch
Authors: Neurath G. , Dünger M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
From the smoke of normal blend cigarettes the weak heteroaromatic bases with pKa values below 5 have been isolated by steam distillation followed by precipitation of the bases with hydrochloric acid from ethereal solution. 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine, 2-methyl-6ethylpyrazine, 2,6-diethylpyrazine, a dimethyl-ethylpyrazine, tetramethylpyrazine, and a methyl-furylpyrazine, 2-phenylpyridine, 3-phenylpyridine, two methylquinolines, and three dimethylquinolines have been identified in tobacco smoke, for the first time. Furthermore, 3-vinylpyridine, 3-cyanopyridine, quinoline, 2,3'-dipyridyl, skatol, 2-methyl-5-formylfuran, and a methylbenzofuran have been found.
The Quantitative Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Cigarette Smoke/Die quantitative Bestimmung von Kohlenmonoxid im Tabakrauch
Authors: Kruszynski A . J. , Henriksen A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Carbon monoxide is found in the gas phase of cigarette smoke in relatively high quantities. In the present study a quantitative method for the determination of carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke by gas chromatography was used. The construction of a calibration line by means of carbon monoxide produced in the laboratory is indicated and the experimental procedure is described. Furthermore the relation between the carbon monoxide content in smoke and different parameters of the test cigarettes is evaluated. The carbon monoxide content in the smoke of various tobacco blends is determined. An increase of the carbon monoxide content in the smoke is observed after the extraction of sugars from the tobacco. The carbon monoxide content increased from puff to puff when the cigarettes were smoked. Cigarette weight had no influence on carbon monoxide in the smoke. This applies also to the humidity of the tobacco, the acetate filters and the carbon filters. Puff volume and the perforation of cigarette paper, however, influenced the carbon monoxide yield considerably.
Composition Studies on Tobacco XXXIII Changes in Smoke Composition and Filtration by Artificial Alteration of Smoke pH: Pyridine and Nicotine
Authors: Stedman R. L. , Lakritz L. , Strange E. D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Using selected additives, the pH of smoke from U.S. commercial cigarettes (5.6) can be altered over a wide range (4.1-8.2). The volatility of the additive is of greater importance in changing smoke pH than the acidic or basic strength of the additive. The activated carbon in multiple carbon-cellulose acetate filters is highly effective in removing pyridine selectively from the smoke of blended commercial cigarettes. The degree of this selectivity is markedly reduced on lowering the smoke pH to 4.1 by adding formic acid to cigarettes. On raising the pH of smoke to 8.2 by adding dipropylamine to cigarettes, the selectivity for pyridine is less than in smoke of unaltered pH and more than in smoke of pH 4.1. Some selectivity of nicotine removal is observed in the alkaline smoke using cellulose acetate filters with or without carbon. The use of formic acid to depress pH appears to alter the kinetics of nicotine pyrolysis, resulting in a changed nicotine : pyridine ratio.
Changes of Alkaloid Composition During Curing in Three lsogenic Burley Tobaccos and Their F1 Hybrids
Authors: Townes B.I. , Sheen S.J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractQuantitative changes of nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine (including anatabine), and total alkaloids in the juvenile leaves and roots of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Burley 21 (HN) and its isogenic lines selected for nicotine conversion (C), and low total alkaloids (LN) were studied during air-curing simulation. In the leaf, the C line contained less total alkaloids but more nornicotine than the HN line, suggesting that some may have been converted to nornicotine during leaf growth. The conversion phenomenon was not observed in the root. The root tissues of the LN line showed a high rate of nicotine decomposition at the inception of curing. On the basis of F1 results, both total alkaloids and nicotine conversion are governed by dominant factors. An intermediate nornicotine / nicotine ratio for the cured leaves of the LN and C hybrids indicated the presence of converter modifiers in the LN line. In the C line and its hybrids the decrease of nicotine content mainly occurred at the beginning of curing, whereas the nornicotine increase appeared after the eighth day of curing. The amount of anabasine was increased in the leaf but was decreased in the roots by curing
Impact of Er3+ Concentration on Luminescence in NaLaF4
Authors: Grube J. , Sarakovskis A. , Doke G. , Springis M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this work, NaLaF4 doped with Er3+ of different concentrations was synthesized. The luminescence spectrum for NaLaF4:Er3+ (0.2 mol%) at 489 nm excitation reveals characteristic Er3+ luminescence bands in the green (540 nm), red (660 nm) and infrared (980 nm) spectral regions. The green luminescence band originated from the 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 transition is the most intensive one in the luminescence spectrum. As the concentration of the activator is increasing, the intensity of all luminescence bands changes significantly. The super-linear increase of the infrared luminescence intensity with increasing Er3+ concentration as well as the quenching of green luminescence at the concentrations exceeding 2 mol% can be attributed to the cross-relaxation process between the activator ions.
Investigation of Silicon Carbide Polytypes by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Chikvaidze G. , Mironova-Ulmane N. , Plaude A. , Sergeev O. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Polytypes of colourless and coloured single crystals of silicon carbide (SiC) grown on SiC substrates by chemical vapour deposition are studied using Raman spectroscopy supplemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The SEM analysis of the defect stacking faults, inclusions of defects and their distribution has shown that they correlate with the peak positions of the obtained Raman spectra and with the XRD data on the crystal structure