bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of electromagnetic fields on the number of ovarian primordial follicles: An experimental study
Authors: Bakacak Murat , Bostancı Mehmet Sühha , Attar Rukset , Yıldırım Özge Kizilkale , Yıldırım Gazi , Bakacak Zeyneb , Sayar Hamide , Han Agahan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an electromagnetic field (EMF), generated close to the ovaries, on primordial follicles. A total of 16 rats were used in this study. The study group consisted of rats exposed to an EMF in the abdominal region for 15 min/d for 15 days. Both the study and control group were composed of eight rats. After the treatment period of 15 days, the ovaries of the rats were extracted, and sections of ovarian tissue were taken for histological evaluation. The independent samples t test was used to compare the two groups. In the study group, the means of the right and left ovarian follicle numbers were 34.00 ± 10.20 and 36.00 ± 10.53, respectively. The average total ovarian follicle number was 70.00 ± 19.03. In the control group, the means of the right and left ovarian follicle numbers were 78.50 ± 25.98 and 71.75 ± 29.66, respectively, and the average total ovarian follicle number was 150.25 ± 49.53. The comparisons of the means of the right and left ovarian follicle numbers and the means of the total ovarian follicle numbers between the study and control groups indicated that the study group had significantly fewer follicles (p < 0.001, p = 0.011, and p = 0.002, respectively). This study found a significant decrease in the number of ovarian follicles in rats exposed to an EMF. Further clinical studies are needed to reveal the effects of EMFs on ovarian reserve and infertility.
Mechanism of irradiation‐induced mammary cancer metastasis: A role for SAP‐dependent Mkl1 signaling
Authors: Asparuhova Maria B. , Secondini Chiara , Rüegg Curzio , Chiquet-Ehrismann Ruth 
Published: May 2015

Radiotherapy is a standard treatment after conservative breast cancer surgery. However, cancers relapsing within a previously irradiated area have an increased probability to metastasize. The mechanisms responsible for this aggressiveness remain unclear. Here, we used the clinically relevant 4T1 breast cancer model mimicking aggressive local relapse after radiotherapy to identify differences between tumors grown in untreated versus preirradiated mammary glands. Tumors grown within preirradiated beds were highly enriched in transcripts encoding collagens and other proteins building or modifying the extracellular matrix, such as laminin‐332, tenascins, lysyl oxidases and matrix metalloproteinases. Type I collagen, known to directly contribute to tissue stiffening, and the pro‐metastatic megakaryoblastic leukemia‐1 (Mkl1) target gene tenascin‐C were further investigated. Mammary tissue preirradiation induced Mkl1 nuclear translocation in the tumor cells in vivo, indicating activation of Mkl1 signaling. Transcript profiling of cultured 4T1 cells revealed that the majority of the Mkl1 target genes, including tenascin‐C, required serum response factor (SRF) for their expression. However, application of dynamic strain or matrix stiffness to 4T1 cells converted the predominant SRF/Mkl1 action into SAP domain‐dependent Mkl1 signaling independent of SRF, accompanied by a switch to SAP‐dependent tumor cell migration. 4T1 tumors overexpressing intact Mkl1 became more metastatic within preirradiated beds, while tumors expressing Mkl1 lacking the SAP domain exhibited impaired growth and metastatic spread, and decreased Mkl1 target gene expression. Thus, we identified SAP‐dependent Mkl1 signaling as a previously unrecognized mediator of aggressive progression of mammary tumors locally relapsing after radiotherapy, and provide a novel signaling pathway for therapeutic intervention.
Pathway‐based personalized analysis of breast cancer expression data
Authors: Livshits Anna , Git Anna , Fuks Garold , Caldas Carlos , Domany Eytan 
Published: May 2015

IntroductionMost analyses of high throughput cancer data represent tumors by “atomistic” single‐gene properties. Pathifier, a recently introduced method, characterizes a tumor in terms of “coarse grained” pathway‐based variables.MethodsWe applied Pathifier to study a very large dataset of 2000 breast cancer samples and 144 normal tissues. Pathifier uses known gene assignments to pathways and biological processes to calculate for each pathway and tumor a Pathway Deregulation Score (PDS). Individual samples are represented in terms of their PDSs calculated for several hundred pathways, and the samples of the data set are analyzed and stratified on the basis of their profiles over these “coarse grained”, biologically meaningful variables.ResultsWe identified nine tumor subtypes; a new subclass (comprising about 7% of the samples) exhibits high deregulation in 38 PKA pathways, induced by overexpression of the gene PRKACB. Another interesting finding is that basal tumors break into two subclasses, with low and high deregulation of a cluster of immune system pathways. High deregulation corresponds to higher concentrations of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes, and the patients of this basal subtype have better prognosis. The analysis used 1000 “discovery set” tumors; our results were highly reproducible on 1000 independent “validation” samples.ConclusionsThe coarse‐grained variables that represent pathway deregulation provide a basis for relevant, novel and robust findings for breast cancer. Our analysis indicates that in breast cancer reliable prognostic signatures are most likely to be obtained by treating separately different subgroups of the patients.
Calcareous nannoplankton in the Jurassic deposits of the Dobrudja foredeep (Ukraine and Moldova)
Authors: Matlai L.M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The paper is concerned with Jurassic calcareous nannoplankton from the Dobrudja foredeep. The regional Jurassic stratigraphy based on nannoplankton is considered. The NJ10/Stephanolithion speciosum, NJ11/Pseudoconus enigma, NJ14/Stephanolithion bigotii maximum, and NJ15/Cyclagelosphaera margerelii Zones, consistent with the International Nannoplankton Zonation Scheme, have been recognized in the deposits of the Dobrudja foredeep.
The Effect of Environmental Temperature on Glucose and Insulin After an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Healthy Young Men
Authors: Dumke Charles L. , Slivka Dustin R. , Cuddy John S. , Hailes Walter S. , Rose Shawn M. , Ruby Brent C. 
Published: May 2015

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare glucose and insulin responses during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in cold (C), neutral (N), and hot (H) environments. Methods Eleven males completed three 4-hour climate-controlled OGTT trials (C, 7.2°C; N, 22°C; and H, 43°C). Participants remained semireclined for 60 minutes before ingesting a 1.8 g/kg glucose beverage. Skin and rectal core temperatures were continuously monitored. Blood was collected just before glucose ingestion (time 0) and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes, and analyzed for serum glucose, insulin, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. Expired gases were collected upon entering the chamber (−60 minutes), before glucose ingestion (0 minutes), and at 60, 120, and 180 minutes to determine Vo2 and respiratory exchange ratio. Results Rectal core temperature was greater in the H condition compared with both C and N ( P < .001). Rectal core temperature was not different between C and N, whereas skin temperature was different across all trials (H greater than N greater than C). The Vo2 was greater in C than in both H and N during all time points. Carbohydrate oxidation was greater in C compared with H and N ( P < 0.001). Glucose was higher during H compared with C and N ( P ≤ 0.002). Glucose was elevated in C compared with N. Insulin was higher in H compared with C ( P = 0.009). Area under the curve for serum glucose was greater in H compared with C and N ( P ≤ 0.001); however, there was no significant difference in area under the curve for insulin. Conclusions These data indicate that after an OGTT, glucose and insulin are elevated in a hot environment.
Advanced Avalanche Safety Equipment of Backcountry Users: Current Trends and Perceptions
Authors: Ng Pearlly , Smith William R. , Wheeler Albert , McIntosh Scott E. 
Published: May 2015

Objective Backcountry travelers should carry a standard set of safety gear (transceiver, shovel, and probe) to improve rescue chances and reduce mortality risk. Many backcountry enthusiasts are using other advanced equipment such as an artificial air pocket (eg, the AvaLung) or an avalanche air bag. Our goal was to determine the numbers of backcountry users carrying advanced equipment and their perceptions of mortality and morbidity benefit while carrying this gear. Methods A convenience sample of backcountry skiers, snowboarders, snowshoers, and snowmobilers was surveyed between February and April 2014. Participants of this study were backcountry mountain users recruited at trailheads in the Wasatch and Teton mountain ranges of Utah and Wyoming, respectively. Questions included prior avalanche education, equipment carried, and perceived safety benefit derived from advanced equipment. Results In all, 193 surveys were collected. Skiers and snowboarders were likely to have taken an avalanche safety course, whereas snowshoers and snowmobilers were less likely to have taken a course. Most backcountry users (149, 77.2%), predominantly skiers and snowboarders, carried standard safety equipment. The AvaLung was carried more often (47 users) than an avalanche air bag (10 users). The avalanche air bag had a more favorable perceived safety benefit. A majority of participants reported cost as the barrier to obtaining advanced equipment. Conclusions Standard avalanche safety practices, including taking an avalanche safety course and carrying standard equipment, remain the most common safety practices among backcountry users in the Wasatch and Tetons. Snowshoers remain an ideal target for outreach to increase avalanche awareness and safety.
Presencia de las ciencias básicas en el Examen Nacional de Aspirantes a Residencias Médicas (ENARM)
Authors: Gatica-Lara Florina , Martínez-González Adrián , Medina-Martínez Sara Rosa , Rodríguez-Carranza Rodolfo 
Published: May 2015

Introducción: El informe Flexner enfatiza la importancia de las ciencias básicas en el currículum médico.
Objetivo: Determinar la presencia e importancia que se otorga a las ciencias básicas en el ENARM.
Métodos: Es un estudio observacional, retrospectivo y transversal. Se revisaron los contenidos académicos de los programas de las ciencias básicas incluidas en el Plan de Estudios 2010 de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) y se clasificaron los 1 200 reactivos de conocimientos médicos, que conformaron los ENARM 2005 y 2006. Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizó la prueba de ji cuadrada (X2).
Resultados: Se encontró que 288 (24%) de los 1 200 reactivos exploraron conocimientos de las ciencias básicas. Asimismo, que este porcentaje es inferior al que corresponde a los créditos que se otorgan a las ciencias básicas en el Plan de Estudios de medicina (31%). También se encontró que representación de las ciencias fisiológicas (13.5%) es relativamente mayor que las morfológicas (10.5%), siendo la asignatura de Farmacología la de mayor representación (8%); en el otro extremo se encuentran las asignaturas de Biología Celular y Tisular (1.3%) y de Inmunología (1.2%).
Conclusión: La presencia de las ciencias básicas en los ENARM confirma la importancia que se otorga a las ciencias básicas en la educación médica y en el ejercicio de la buena medicina. Se sugiere mantener y, de ser posible, aumentar su presencia en todas las evaluaciones en medicina.
Asesoría académica: un recurso para los estudiantes que presentan el examen extraordinario de microbiología y parasitología
Authors: Meraz-Ríos Beatriz , García-Yáñez María Yolanda , Candil-Ruíz Aurora , García- González Rafael 
Published: May 2015

Introducción: A nivel licenciatura, los principales problemas que presentan los estudiantes son la reprobación, la deserción y el escaso aprovechamiento. Cualitativamente, esto se manifiesta con sensación de malestar, falta de confianza en sí mismos y frustración. La asesoría es un recurso pedagógico que permite orientar al alumno para lograr la perdurabilidad de lo aprendido, la comprensión significativa de los contenidos escolares, la adquisición de habilidades, actitudes y valores, la autorregulación conductual y aprender a aprender.
Objetivos: Comparar el desempeño académico de los alumnos que recibieron asesoría académica, con respecto a los que no optaron por este recurso pedagógico, antes de presentar el examen extraordinario correspondiente al ciclo escolar 2010-2011.
Método: El desempeño académico fue evaluado a través del examen extraordinario aplicado por el Departamento a 88 estudiantes registrados, de los cuales 40 asistieron a asesorías. Las calificaciones se procesaron con el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15.0.
Resultados: El 52.3% del total de los alumnos acreditó el examen; de los 40 alumnos que recibieron asesoría, el 65% (26 alumnos) acreditó, mientras que de 48 que no asistieron, sólo el 41.7% (20 estudiantes) aprobaron. El ANOVA de un factor (F=7.782; gl= 1.86; p≤0.01), permite aceptar que sí hay diferencia significativa en el resultado de los alumnos que recibieron asesoría.
Conclusiones: El análisis de la distribución de calificaciones de los alumnos que recibieron asesoría, muestra que ésta no sólo ayudó a que los estudiantes aprobaran el examen, sino que además mejoró la calidad de su desempeño, permitiéndoles obtener una mejor calificación. Incluso para quienes no acreditaron, pero recibieron asesoría, también lograron contestar correctamente un mayor número de preguntas. Finalmente, se puede concluir que la asesoría les ayudó aprobar el examen y a mejorar la calidad de su desempeño escolar.
Representaciones sociales de alumnos y docentes sobre el módulo de clínica integral de la carrera de médico cirujano
Authors: Heshiki-Nakandakari Luis , Osornio-Castillo Leticia , Sánchez de Tagle-Herrera Rafael , Valadez-Nava Sabas , Domínguez-Álvarez Edilberto 
Published: May 2015

Introducción: La formación del médico rebasa las aulas para situarse en el contexto social de la salud-enfermedad en las unidades médicas, a través de la intersubjetividad de los actores. En este sentido, durante este proceso no se debe descuidar los principios básicos del actuar médico.
Objetivo: Comparar las representaciones sociales de estudiantes y docentes sobre la práctica clínica respecto a la inserción a los campos clínicos, función del estudiante, técnicas didácticas, habilidades y destrezas para ejecutar los procedimientos médico-quirúrgicos y evaluación del aprendizaje.
Método: Fue un estudio cualitativo e interpretativo. La muestra fue intencional, participaron 32 alumnos de medicina entrevistados individualmente y 48 docentes a quienes se les entrevistó de manera grupal (entre seis a ocho médicos por grupo).
Resultados: Las representaciones sociales de docentes y alumnos mostraron coincidencias en cómo fue la inserción de los estudiantes a los campos clínicos, la falta de actualización del programa y los objetivos educacionales, el uso de la exposición como técnica didáctica dominante y las incongruencias en el modelo de evaluación. Por otra parte, discrepan con respecto a la aclaración de las funciones que debe desarrollar el alumno, las deficiencias en conocimientos, habilidades y destrezas con las que llegan a ciclos clínicos, así como en la supervisión y tutoría para el adiestramiento de habilidades clínicas y procedimientos médico-quirúrgicos. Por lo anterior, es imperativo que las instancias educativas realicen las modificaciones pertinentes en estos rubros y proporcionen el apoyo necesario para lograr una mejoría sustancial en la formación clínica de nuestros estudiantes.
Of Grasshoppers, Caterpillars, and Beans: A Historical Perspective on Hmong Messianism
Authors: Tapp Nicholas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis paper considers Hmong messianism in Asia and beyond from a historical perspective, arguing that its thematic repetition of themes and ideas requires a new understanding of subjectivity at the intersections of the psychological with the social and political. Hmong messianic movements have adopted a variety of forms ranging from the more indigenous to the more explicitly Christian. While the attempt is not to seek a particularist ‘ethnographic-historical’ understanding of these recurrent movements, nevertheless the contexts of colonialisation, mass migration and marginal social status are suggested as providing the essential background for such an understanding. Several different theoretical approaches to understanding such movements are considered, with some attention to major theorists of structure and agency. It is argued that ultimately messianic movements can be appreciated in terms of a kind of ‘anticipatory consciousness’, and are enabled to challenge current social orders because they are motivated by a particular notion of time, which combines a medieval and revolutionary notion of simultaneity with one of historical progression which is, however, not gradualist. A ‘central irreducible core’ of ritual beliefs and actions among the Hmong emerges from this consideration of historical movements, which may demand a reconsideration of older and largely abandoned notions of cultural structure.
When Do Children Understand “Opposite”?
Authors: Phillips Catherine I. , Pexman Penny M. 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
The aims of the present research were to determine (a) the age at which children with typical development understand the concept of opposite, (b) whether this is related to other cognitive abilities or experiences, and (c) whether there is early implicit understanding of the concept.

Method

Children (
N
= 204) between 3 and 5 years of age were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions in a novel opposite task. Children's language and working memory skills were assessed, and parents provided information about children's access to learning materials about opposites.

Results
In the opposite task, 4- and 5-year-olds, but not 3-year-olds, demonstrated acquisition of the concept of opposite. Children demonstrated this understanding only when asked for the “opposite” one, suggesting that antonymy was not made salient by stimulus properties alone. Children's accuracy was not significantly related to their language or working memory skills, to their child care experience, or to whether parents reported having books or games about opposites or playing opposite word games with children. Eye gaze analyses provided no evidence for early implicit understanding of the concept of opposite.

Conclusion
Children with typical development have a concept of opposite by 4 years of age.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170333
Making Inferences From Text: It's Vocabulary That Matters
Authors: Lucas Rebecca , Norbury Courtenay Frazier 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
Many children with communication disorders have reading comprehension difficulties, and in order to target interventions effectively it is important to identify which specific components of comprehension are especially challenging. The current study explored the relationship between text-inferencing skill, autistic symptomatology, and language phenotype.

Method

Typically developing children (
n
= 32), children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and age-appropriate structural language skills (
n
= 27), children with ASD and language impairment (
n
= 15), and nonautistic children with language impairment (
n
= 12) were administered the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability–Revised (Neale, 1997), and responses to literal and inferential questions were analyzed.

Results
For the sample as a whole, inferencing competence was predicted by oral language skill, with autistic symptomatology not contributing significant variance. However, although only 12.5% of typically developing children found answering inferential questions disproportionally challenging relative to answering literal questions, one third of children with age-appropriate structural language skills demonstrated inferencing deficits, as did over 50% of children with language impairments, regardless of ASD status.

Conclusion
These results indicate that children with language impairments are most likely to find inferencing challenging, but practitioners will also need to monitor the inferencing skills of children with ASD and good language and single-word reading skills.
Intelligibility in Context Scale: Normative and Validation Data for English-Speaking Preschoolers
Authors: McLeod Sharynne , Crowe Kathryn , Shahaeian Ameneh 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to describe normative and validation data on the Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS; McLeod, Harrison, & McCormack, 2012c) for English-speaking children.

Method
The ICS is a 7-item, parent-report measure of children's speech intelligibility with a range of communicative partners. Data were collected from the parents of 803 Australian English-speaking children ranging in age from 4;0 (years;months) to 5;5 (37.0% were multilingual).

Results

The mean ICS score was 4.4 (
SD
= 0.7) out of a possible total score of 5. Children's speech was reported to be most intelligible to their parents, followed by their immediate family, friends, and teachers; children's speech was least intelligible to strangers. The ICS had high internal consistency (α = .94). Significant differences in scores were identified on the basis of sex and age but not on the basis of socioeconomic status or the number of languages spoken. There were significant differences in scores between children whose parents had concerns about their child's speech (
M
= 3.9) and those who did not (
M
= 4.6). A sensitivity of .82 and a specificity of .58 were established as the optimal cutoff. Test–retest reliability and criterion validity were established for 184 children with a speech sound disorder. There was a significant low correlation between the ICS mean score and percentage of phonemes correct (
r
= .30), percentage of consonants correct (
r
= .24), and percentage of vowels correct (
r
= .30) on the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (Dodd, Hua, Crosbie, Holm, & Ozanne, 2002). Thirty-one parents completed the ICS related to English and another language spoken by their child with a speech sound disorder. The significant correlations between the scores suggest that the ICS may be robust between languages.

Conclusions
This article provides normative ICS data for English-speaking children and additional validation of the psychometric properties of the ICS. The robustness of the ICS was suggested because mean ICS scores were not affected by socioeconomic status, number of languages spoken, or whether the ICS was completed in relation to English or another language. The ICS is recommended as a screening measure of children's speech intelligibility.
Ambiguity and nonidentifiability in the statistical analysis of neural codes
Authors: Amarasingham Asohan , Geman Stuart , Harrison Matthew T. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Among the most important open questions in neurophysiology are those regarding the nature of the code that neurons use to transmit information. Experimental approaches to such questions are challenging because the spike outputs of a neuronal subpopulation are influenced by a vast array of factors, ranging from microscopic to macroscopic scales, but only a small fraction of these is measured. Inevitably, there is variability from trial to trial in the recorded data. We show that a prominent conceptual approach to modeling spike-train variability can be ill-posed, confusing the interpretation of results bearing on neural codes. We argue for more careful definitions and more explicit statements of physiological assumptions.