bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allele Frequencies for Three STR Loci D1S1612, D2S1391, and D17S2196 in Chinese Population
Authors: Tang JP , Hou YP , Li YB , Zhang J , Liao LC , Wu J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood samples were collected from unrelated individuals of Chinese Han ethnic group in Chengdu of China. DNA was extracted using Chelex method, (1). PCR amplification conditions can be accessed at http://www.legalmed.org/dna/d1d2d17.htm. The PCR reaction volume for each locus was 37.5 µL. The PCR products were analyzed by horizontal nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with discontinuous buffer system and visualized by sliver staining (2). Data of population genetics and forensic science were analyzed using POWERSTATS program (3). The genotype distribution was analyzed for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium according to Hou's method (4), no deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed.
Distribution of HLA-DQA1 and Amplitype PM Locus Alleles in a Turkish Population Sample
Authors: Çakir AH , Açik L , Taşdelen B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The samples were collected from unrelated individuals randomly selected from criminal cases. The DNA was extracted from fresh blood leucocytes, bloodstains, and single hairs by Chelex 100 method (1).
Distribution of Hum TPOX, HumvWA, HumTH01 Alleles in a Turkish Population Sample
Authors: Çakir AH , Şimşek F , Açik L , Taşdelen B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The samples were collected from unrelated individuals randomly selected from criminal cases. The DNA was extracted from fresh blood leucocytes, bloodstains, and single hairs by Chelex 100 method (11).
Commentary on: Barros de Castro IA, Rinzler CM, Rumjanek FD. Allele Frequency Distributions for Twelve STR Loci in a Brazilian Population. J Forensic Sci 2000;45(4):941.
Authors: Moura-Neto RS , Silva R , Bydlowski SP , Rumjanek FD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Commentary on: Barros de Castro IA, Rinzler CM, Rumjanek FD. Allele frequency distributions for twelve STR loci in a Brazilian population. J forensic Sci 2000;45(4):941.
Commentary on: Ely SF, Hirsch CS. Asphyxial Deaths and Petechiae. J Forensic Sci 2000;45(6):1274—1277.
Authors: Contostavlos DL , Ely SF , Hirsch CS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Commentary on: Ely SF, Hirsch CS. Asphyxial deaths and petechiae. J Forensic Sci 2000;45(6):1274–1277.
Review of: Current Methods in Forensic Gunshot Residue Analysis
Authors: Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book reviews the methods currently used for the analysis of gunshot residue, with particular emphasis on variable pressure SEM/EDS analysis of primer residues. The chapters consider in turn: (1) gunshot residue as forensic evidence (including the loss or transfer of gunshot residue and its collection at the scene of the crime), (2) the formation and composition of primer residue particles, (3) methods of gunshot residue analysis (concentrating on the aforementioned variable pressure SEM/EDS but also outlining graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis), (4) gunshot residue plumes produced by a variety of firearms (presenting video captures from the highspeed video studies conducted by RJ Group, Inc., in 1994), (5) the results of SEM/EDS analyses of a number of samples of gunsot residue produced by various handguns firing a variety of brands of ammunition, and finally (6) the proper documentation of test results and the presentation of testimony. The book concludes with a glossary of ballistic terms and a comprehensive bibliography of articles relating to the analysis of gunshot residue.
Review of: Handbook of Drug Analysis: Applications in Forensic and Clinical Laboratories
Authors: Casale J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors wrote this book with the intention of bridging the gap between instrumental and analytical texts. The goal was to provide both a broad understanding of forensic and clinical principles for new analysts and a guide/reference for experienced practitioners. The text is organized into four sections: 1) nature of drug abuse, sample characteristics and sample pretreatment, 2) preliminary tests and chromatographic methods, 3) identification methods, and 4) developing technologies and analytical issues. The text is also current with new methodologies and contains numerous references within two years of its publication date. A comprehensive index and appendices are included as well.
Review of: Ethics in Forensic Science and Medicine: Guidelines for the Forensic Expert and the Attorney
Authors: Sapir GI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The forensic expert and attorney should not rely on this book as a foundational ethical guideline in forensic science, jurisprudence, or medicine. The title and content of this book are misleading. The publication is neither academic, substantive, nor practical for the purpose in which it is being offered. The book does not contain enough substantive quality material. Ethics in Forensic Science and Medicine is a disappointment.
Earmarks as Evidence: A Critical Review
Authors: Champod C , Evett IW , Kuchler B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The use of earmarks as evidence in criminal trials appears to be expanding, but there is something of a dearth of peer-reviewed scientific publications to support the pursuit. This paper is a critical review of the current literature in which we emphasize the weaknesses of the present state of knowledge. Some research directions are proposed to gather statistical knowledge of the within-source and between-source variability of earmarks and earprints. Its ultimate goal is to be able to assess likelihood ratios in relation to this type of evidence.
Midsagittal Facial Tissue Thicknesses of Children and Adolescents from the Montreal Growth Study
Authors: Smith SL , Buschang PH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Knowledge of changes in soft tissue depths during growth and development is important in applied contexts of forensics and dentistry as well as in growth research. In forensics, applications include facial reproductions, video superimpositions, and child aging/progressions. Garlie and Saunders (1) recently published radiographic data from the Burlington Canadian growth study; here, we present data from a mixed longitudinal sample of French-Canadian children and adolescents. Females (N = 159) range in age from 6 to 18 years; males (N = 129), from 6 to 19 years. Cephalometric measurements include nine soft tissue thicknesses, two hard tissue distances (sella-nasion and nasion-menton), and three measures of nasal projection. Several tissue thicknesses are moderately correlated with one another. The majority of thicknesses show significant sex differences by the time of adolescence; nasion and upper labial thicknesses are significantly different by sex at all ages from 6 to 18 years, as are the two hard tissue distances. However, thickness at nasion, as well as at glabella, changes little over time. Thickness at pogonion is variable and differs most between males and females at age 16; the length of the anterior inferior portion of the nose is significantly different between the ages of 6 and 12. Measurements display small and slow changes during development. The greatest average change per year (c. 2 mm/yr) is for a hard tissue measure, nasion-menton. The nasal and mid-philtrum regions have greater age changes than do other soft tissue variables. Much of the variation remains unexplained by changes with age or differences between sexes.
Forensic Textile Fiber Examination Across the USA and Europe
Authors: Wiggins KG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Crime laboratories in the USA, who undertake fiber examinations, together with members of the European Fibres Group (plus representatives from Israel, Japan, Canada, and Australia) were surveyed in 1994 and 1995, respectively, and asked to provide subject-specific information relating to personnel, equipment, training, quality control, and techniques available. The information obtained showed that generally more fiber casework is carried out in Europe than in the USA. Most laboratories are quite well equipped but those in Europe seem to be able to obtain more state-of-the-art instrumentation. Proficiency testing and peer review is accepted practice worldwide. Americans appear to update fiber collections on a more regular basis than Europeans but both keep literature up to date. Contamination is a major issue, as with all areas of trace evidence. The results from the survey suggest that minimum standards are clearly not always being observed. Careful consideration also needs to be given as to whether legitimate contact could have occurred prior to an offense being committed.
The standard of forensic fiber examination worlwide is generally high. With laboratory management continuing to support the work of the Scientific Working Group for Materials and the European Fibres Group and by instigating “best practice” as set out in their guidelines, standards should continue to improve.
Single Fiber Analysis by Internal Reflection Infrared Microspectroscopy
Authors: Cho L , Reffner JA , Gatewood BM , Wetzel DL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Attenuated total reflection (ATR) is a convenient mode for single fiber analysis by infrared microspectroscopy, particularly when transmission spectra are difficult to obtain or when surface preferenced sampling is desirable. Textile finishes such as spin finishes, anti-static finishes, and permanent press finishes are revealed by ATR techniques. Bicomponent fibers may be analyzed by a combination of ATR techniques, transmission techniques, and spectral subtraction.
The Chemical Interconversion of GHB and GBL: Forensic Issues and Implications
Authors: Ciolino LA , Mesmer MZ , Satzger RD , Machal AC , McCauley HA , Mohrhaus AS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In this work, the interconversion of GHB and GBL in a variety of aqueous media was studied. The effects of solution pH and time were determined by spiking GHB or GBL into pure water and buffered aqueous solutions, and determining the GHB and GBL contents at various time intervals. The degree of GBL hydrolysis to GHB was determined for several commercial aqueous-based GBL products, and further studied as a function of time. The effects of temperature and time were also determined for five commercial beverages spiked with GHB or GBL. GHB and GBL contents were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GHB and/or GBL confirmations were made using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or infrared spectroscopy (IR).
Solution pH, time, and storage temperature were determined to be important factors affecting the rate and extent of GBL hydrolysis to GHB. Under strongly alkaline conditions (pH 12.0), GBL was completely converted to GHB within minutes. In pure water, GBL reacted to form an equilibrium mixture comprising ca. 2:1 GBL:GHB over a period of months. This same equilibrium mixture was established from either GHB or GBL in strongly acidic solution (pH 2.0) within days. A substantial portion of GBL (ca. ⅓) was hydrolyzed to GHB in aqueous-based GBL products, and in spiked commercial beverages, after ambient storage for a period ranging from several weeks to several months. Heat increased and refrigeration decreased the rate of GBL hydrolysis relative to ambient conditions. These studies show that hydrolysis of GBL to GHB does occur in aqueous-based solutions, with samples and time frames that are relevant to forensic testing. Implications for forensic testing and recommendations are discussed.
The Natural Sampling of Airborne Trace Signals from Explosives Concealed upon the Human Body
Authors: Gowadia HA , Settles GS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An experimental study of the natural sampling of trace signals from explosives concealed upon the human body was performed by taking proper account of the thermal behavior of the air surrounding the human body and the particles therein. Experiments were conducted in a dispersal chamber to identify variables affecting the detectibility of concealed RDX and TNT patches. Movement by human volunteers was found to enhance the available explosive trace signal above a baseline level. Clothing blocked some of this movement-generated trace signal. The detected signal levels were also found to vary significantly from volunteer to volunteer, indicating that human variability is an issue in explosive trace detection. Further, under the conditions studied here, the detectibility of RDX and TNT was dependent upon the efficient sampling of contaminated particulate matter, not the vapor phase. The present results are now being applied to the design of a practical, nonintrusive trace detection portal for aviation security screening and related applications.
Luminescent Visualization of Latent Fingerprints by Direct Reaction with a Lanthanide Shift Reagent
Authors: Caldwell JP , Henderson W , Kim ND 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The utilization of the lanthanide shift reagent tris (6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionato) europium (III) [Eu(fod)3] as a simple one-step reagent for the luminescent visualization of latent fingerprints has been investigated. UV excitation of Eu(fod)3-treated prints, achieved by using a hand-held UV lamp or a Polilight®, results in an orange emission at 614 nm. Time-resolved imaging is not required for visualization. Visualization of latent fingerprints on paper under the conditions used, although good, was found to be inferior to that obtained by standard DFO (1,8-diazafluoren-9-one) treatment, whereas visualization of prints obtained on aluminum drink cans and galvanized iron proved superior to that obtained by Superglue/panacryl treatment. Eu(fod)3 treatment can also be used first without compromising subsequent ninhydrin or DFO treatment, making it a “nothing-to-lose” reagent.
The Application of Lead Isotope Analysis to Bullet Individualization in Two Homicides
Authors: Stupian GW , Ives NA , Marquez N , Morgan BA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Bullets were characterized by lead isotope ratio analysis and trace element analysis in two homicides. In one case, we concluded that a fatal bullet did not share a common origin with bullets in a box of ammunition containing 24 cartridges taken from suspects. Evidence in the second case included two bullets from the crime scene and 163 bullets taken from various suspects. We were able to infer that the two bullets from the crime scene did not share a common origin and that they differed from all of the bullets taken from suspects. All of the suspects' ammunition had been reloaded as was evident both from trace and isotopic analysis and, indeed, from visual inspection.
Distribution of Lead and Barium in Gunshot Residue Particles Derived from 0.22 Caliber Rimfire Ammunition
Authors: Coumbaros J , Paul Kirkbride K , Kobus H , Sarvas I 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
0.22 caliber rimfire ammunition is commonly encountered in firearms incidents in Australia. This paper reports on work which has confirmed the nonhomogeneous nature of gunshot residue (GSR) particles and that the lead and barium distribution within particles varies significantly with the particle size and structure. The outcome has been an improved understanding of how the particle formation influences the ability to determine the origin of GSR derived specifically from 0.22 caliber rim fire ammunition.
Forensic Analysis of Commercial Petroleum Products Using Selective Fluorescence Quenching
Authors: Goodpaster JV , Howerton SB , McGuffin VL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A novel method for the forensic analysis of commercial petroleum products is presented. In this approach, the petroleum sample is extracted with nitromethane and then separated by capillary liquid chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection. The addition of selective fluorescence quenching agents allows the sample to be profiled by the distribution of alternant and nonalternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In preliminary studies, the quenching behavior of nitromethane and diisopropylamine was established by using a standard mixture of sixteen PAHs ranging in size from two to six aromatic rings. Subsequent examination of new and used motor oil demonstrated that characteristic differences arise in the PAH content, which may allow for the unique identification of oil from a particular engine or vehicle. In addition, three brands of petrolatum jelly were successfully distinguished. Although a number of alternant alkylated and heterocyclic PAHs were found in all petrolatum samples, there were significant differences in the relative concentrations of alternant as well as nonalternant PAHs. This allowed for clear differentiation of the samples through qualitative inspection of their chromatograms as well as quantitative statistical correlation techniques.
Linear Mixture Analysis: A Mathematical Approach to Resolving Mixed DNA Samples
Authors: Perlin MW , Szabady B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
With the advent of PCR-based STR typing systems, mixed samples can be separated into their individual DNA profiles. Quantitative peak information can help in this analysis. However, despite such advances, forensic mixture analysis still remains a laborious art, with the high cost and effort often precluding timely reporting.
We introduce here a new automated approach to resolving forensic DNA mixtures. Our linear mixture analysis (LMA) is a straight-forward mathematical approach that can integrate all the quantitative PCR data into a single rapid computation. LMA has application to diverse mixture problems. As demonstrated here on laboratory STR data, LMA can assess the quality and utility of its solutions. Such rapid and robust methods for computer-based analysis of DNA mixtures may help in reducing crime.
Digital Bite Mark Overlays—An Analysis of Effectiveness
Authors: Pretty IA , Sweet D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
U.S. courts have stated that witnesses must be able to identify published works that define operational parameters of any tests or procedures that form the basis of scientific conclusions. Such works do not exist within the field of bite mark analysis. As the most commonly employed analytical technique in bite injury assessment, this study defines quantifiable variables for transparent digital overlays. A series of ten simulated, postmortem bites were created on pigskin and, with accompanying overlays, assembled into cases. Using two separate studies with four examiner groups, the study defined values of intra- and inter-examiner reliability, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and error rates for transparent overlays. Methods and statistical treatments from medical decisionmaking and diagnostic test evaluation were employed. Forced decision models and receiver operating characteristic analyses were utilized. Sensitivity and specificity values are described, and the results are consistent with other dental diagnostic systems. It was concluded that the weak inter-examiner reliability values explain the divergence of odontologists' opinions regarding bite mark identifications often stated in court. The effect of training and experience of the examiners was found to have little effect on the effective use of overlays within this study. The authors conclude that further research is required so that the results of the current study can be placed into context, but this represents a significant first step in establishing the scientific basis for this aspect of forensic dentistry.
Mobile Autopsy Teams in the Investigation of War Crimes in Kosovo 1999
Authors: Sprogøe-Jakobsen S , Eriksson A , Hougen HP , Knudsen PJT , Leth P , Lynnerup N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
On request of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the Danish-Swedish forensic teams worked in Kosovo during the summer and the fall of 1999. The teams worked mainly as “mobile teams” at sites with few graves. Only two larger sites were examined. Most of the bodies were buried separately. A few “multiple burial” graves were examined, but no mass graves were encountered. The main purpose of the autopsies was to establish the cause and manner of death. Identification was of less importance, but a majority of the bodies had been identified prior to the autopsy. A total of 308 bodies, mainly males, were examined. The age varied greatly with a mean age of 47 years. The most common cause of death was gun shot wounds and the most common manner of death was homicide.
Cybersex with Minors: Forensic Implications
Authors: Jaffe ME , Sharma KK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper is designed to assist forensic psychiatrists/psychologists who evaluate adults who commit sexual crimes against children on the Internet. The typical offender is an adult male who logs onto the Internet and enters a chat room in which children congregate. Unbeknownst to the offender, undercover police officers are posing as minors in the chat rooms. The undercover officer (pretend kid) and offender engage in increasingly explicit, sexual conversation; the offender may transmit erotic photographs to the undercover officer and/or arrange to meet at a motel in order to have sexual intercourse. The authors will discuss the relevant legal, clinical, and ethical aspects of examining these offenders, and describe specific cases that the author (2) evaluated.
Predicting Violent Behavior in Stalkers: A Preliminary Investigation of Canadian Cases in Criminal Harassment
Authors: Morrison KA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study examined the factors associated with violent/aggressive behavior in stalkers using a sample of 100 Canadian cases of persons charged with criminal harassment (more commonly known as stalking). Results revealed that the typical profile of a “simple obsessional” type of stalker was a middle-aged male, single or separated/estranged, with a history of emotional and/or anger management problems. The most common initial strategies used by the victims to cope with the stalkers were oriented towards legal resources. Initial legal remedies, including court orders or police warnings, seemed to be ineffective as a strategy to stop stalking given that most stalkers chose to ignore them. The study also provided partial support for a preliminary model of predictors of violent/aggressive behavior in stalkers. Stalkers with previous violent behaviors, strong negative emotions, and obsessional tendencies toward the victim may be most at risk of future violent and aggressive acts.
Evaluation of Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometric Methods in the Forensic Applications of the Analysis of Inks on Paper
Authors: Grim DM , Siegel J , Allison J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fast atom bombardment and laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS) provide molecular level information concerning an ink's composition. Two ink-jet printer inks, Ink A containing the cationic dye Methyl Violet 2B, and Ink B containing the anionic dye, Solvent Black, were studied. Both positive and negative ion detection modes of the mass spectrometer were used. LD may be used for the analysis of inks on paper. Once on paper, the ink's solvent system has evaporated, leaving mainly the dyes behind, which are detected using LDMS. An ink fades with time, indicating that the dyes are degrading. Preliminary results from an accelerated aging study of ballpoint pen ink using UV irradiation confirm that dye degradation products are formed. The degradation chemistry follows an oxidative demethylation process for which all products formed are detected using LDMS. Results suggest that LDMS may be developed to determine the relative age of inks.