bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nehru-Era Economic History and Thought & Their Lasting Impact
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
At independence in 1947, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru embarked upon two foundational projects to build modern India: a political project aimed at establishing democracy and an economic one aimed at ending poverty. Three-quarters of a century later, his political project is a resounding success, but the opposite is true of the economic one. While much has been written in recent years on the Nehru-era political history and thought and its impact on post-independence India, no such work on the economic side exists. The present volume fills this gap. It draws on numerous contemporary documents and writings to examine the evolution of Nehru’s economic philosophy with socialism, self-sufficiency, and heavy-industry development at its core. It discusses in full detail the historical circumstances and contemporary thought that led to near unanimity on adopting a development model that, in hindsight, was deeply and obviously flawed. It goes on to highlight how the focus on heavy industry and self-sufficiency translated into myriad inefficiencies and an exclusionary development model that left all but a small elite out of the mainstream growth process. The volume goes on to argue that the entrenchment of socialist thought within the country’s democratic polity effectively ruled out any major change of course for many decades. The bequest of socialist thought from one generation to the next led to its perpetuation among politicians, bureaucrats, intellectuals, and even businessmen. The result was that alternative ideas failed to germinate, with a change of course ruled out until an economic crisis closed all other options.
Industrial and Labor Policies
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Statement of Industrial Policy of 1945 represented the maiden attempt to bring the key industries under the purview of the central government. But it remained unimplemented. Its successor, the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 (IPR 1948), accomplish the task, giving monopoly to the state over arms and ammunition, atomic energy, and railways and exclusive right to it for establishing new enterprises in certain industries. But it ruled out nationalization of private enterprises for ten years. Its implementing legislation, the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act of 1951 (IDRA 1951), provided for the licensing and regulation of private industry. With Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, a champion of private enterprise, gone in December 1950, Nehru replaced IPR 1948 by IPR 1956, which significantly expanded the scope of the public sector. The late 1940s also saw the enactment of numerous restrictive labor laws including the Industrial Disputes Act of 1947, Minimum Wage Act of 1948, and the Factories Act of 1948.
The Political Leadership II
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Rajiv Gandhi (RG), son of Indira Gandhi (IG), came to the prime ministerial office without the baggage of socialism. He embarked upon a major liberalization program in his very first year. But nearly all senior leaders of his party, who had cut their political teeth under Nehru or IG, opposed and derailed him by his second year. The RG experiment thus ended without success. The real change came in mid-1991 after RG’s exit and the fall of two other governments in quick succession. The assassination of RG during the election campaign in May 1991 brought the more senior Narasimha Rao to the office. As a member of their cabinets, Rao had closely observed the liberalization experiments under IG and RG in the 1980s. Taking advantage of those experiences and the ongoing balance of payments crisis, he carefully navigated liberalizing reforms, nudging India toward a market economy. Though Rao thus changed the direction of policy, socialist thought has continued to impede progress toward turning India into a full-throttled market economy.
Measurement Issues
Authors: Antony Alexander K , Thompson William R 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses a valid and reliable measure of industrialization transition. It provides an overview of the claims regarding how industrialization is vital to evaluating the fit of the most prominent explanations of peace in international relations. Variables related to industrialization tend to approximate wealth more than the structure of a state’s economy. Moreover, industrialization brought about major changes in the diversification of labor; as such, it became a crucial step in allowing populations to transition from agricultural labor to other forms of labor. The chapter then looks into the measure of democracy, economic interdependence, border settlement, and peace factors.
Habeas corpus comes to America
Authors: Tyler Amanda L. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
As this chapter details, in the newly formed United States, the principles of the English Habeas Corpus Act firmly and finally took root. Surveying this period, one finds pervasive evidence that the Act and its protections wielded profound influence over the development of early American habeas jurisprudence and that American law also imported a robust common law writ of habeas corpus to reach cases beyond the scope of the English Act. As the chapter explores, many states adopted the terms of the English Habeas Corpus Act and even suspended those protections during the Revolutionary War. As the chapter also highlights, it was the English Act that proved a key foundation of the habeas clause in the United States Constitution, known as the Suspension Clause.
The role of digital tools and emerging devices in COVID-19 contact tracing during the first 18 months of the pandemic: a systematic review
Authors: Unim Brigid , Zile-Velika Irisa , Pavlovska Zane , Lapao Luis , Peyroteo Mariana , Misins Janis , Forjaz Maria João , Nogueira Paulo , Grisetti Tiziana , Palmieri Luigi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Contact tracing is a public health intervention implemented in synergy with other preventive measures to curb epidemics, like the coronavirus pandemic. The development and use of digital devices have increased worldwide to enhance the contact tracing process. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of tracking coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients using digital solutions.

Methods
Observational studies on digital contact tracing (DCT), published 2020–21, in English were identified through a systematic literature review performed on nine online databases. An ad hoc form was used for data extraction of relevant information. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed with validated tools. A qualitative synthesis of the findings is reported.

Results
Over 8000 records were identified and 37 were included in the study: 24 modelling and 13 population-based studies. DCT improved the identification of close contacts of COVID-19 cases and reduced the effective reproduction number of COVID-19-related infections and deaths by over 60%. It impacted positively on societal and economic costs, in terms of lockdowns and use of resources, including staffing. Privacy and security issues were reported in 27 studies.

Conclusions
DCT contributed to curbing the COVID-19 pandemic, especially with the high uptake rate of the devices and in combination with other public health measures, especially conventional contact tracing. The main barriers to the implementation of the devices are uptake rate, security and privacy issues. Public health digitalization and contact tracing are the keys to countries’ emergency preparedness for future health crises.
Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Gene Flow Associated With an Aridity Gradient in Populations of Common Mole-rats, Cryptomys hottentotus hottentotus
Authors: Merchant Hana N , Ivanova Anastasia , Hart Daniel W , García Cristina , Bennett Nigel C , Portugal Steven J , Faulkes Chris G 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Genetic adaptation is the change of a population toward a phenotype that best fits the present ecological conditions of the environment it inhabits. As environmental conditions change, allele frequencies shift, resulting in different populations of the same species possessing genetic variation and divergent phenotypes. Cooperatively breeding common mole-rats (Cryptomys hottentotus hottentotus) inhabit environments along an aridity gradient in South Africa, which provides an opportunity for local genetic adaptations to occur. Using one mitochondrial gene (cytochrome b) and 3,540 SNP loci across the whole genome, we determined the phylogenetic relationship, population structure and genetic diversity of five populations of C. h. hottentotus located along an aridity gradient. Mitochondrial data identified population-specific clades that were less distinct in the two mesic populations, potentially indicating historical or recent gene flow, or the retention of ancestral haplotypes. Arid and semi-arid populations formed a distinct cluster from the non-arid populations. Genetic diversity and gene flow were higher in arid-dwelling individuals, suggesting greater connectivity and interactions between colonies in arid regions in comparison to mesic ones. Using an Aridity Index, we determined that isolation by environment, rather than isolation by geographical distance, best explains the genetic distance between the populations. Further analyses using target loci may determine if there are differing underlying genetic adaptations among populations of C. h. hottentotus. These analyses could help unravel population differences in response to environmental factors within a subspecies of bathyergid mole-rat and determine the adaptive capacity of this small nonmigratory subterranean rodent species in response to aridification in the face of climate change.
De Novo Long-Read Genome Assembly and Annotation of the Luna Moth (Actias luna) Fully Resolves Repeat-Rich Silk Genes
Authors: Markee Amanda , Godfrey Rebekah Keating , Frandsen Paul B , Weng Yi-Ming , Triant Deborah A , Kawahara Akito Y 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We present the first long-read de novo assembly and annotation of the luna moth (Actias luna) and provide the full characterization of heavy chain fibroin (h-fibroin), a long and highly repetitive gene (&gt;20 kb) essential in silk fiber production. There are &gt;160,000 described species of moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera), but only within the last 5 years have we begun to recover high-quality annotated whole genomes across the order that capture h-fibroin. Using PacBio HiFi reads, we produce the first high-quality long-read reference genome for this species. The assembled genome has a length of 532 Mb, a contig N50 of 16.8 Mb, an L50 of 14 contigs, and 99.4% completeness (BUSCO). Our annotation using Bombyx mori protein and A. luna RNAseq evidence captured a total of 20,866 genes at 98.9% completeness with 10,267 functionally annotated proteins and a full-length h-fibroin annotation of 2,679 amino acid residues.
Comparing Unmet Service Needs Between Rural and Urban Family Caregivers of People Living With Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias: A Multisite Study
Authors: Miyawaki Christina E , McClellan Angela , Russell David , Bouldin Erin D 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives
The scarcity of resources and available caregiving services in rural areas in the United States has been well documented. However, less research has compared unmet service needs between caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) in rural versus urban areas.

Research Design and Methods
Using semistructured interviews guided by theories of health service use and dependent care, we interviewed 20 family caregivers residing in rural areas of Western North Carolina and 18 caregivers within the urban setting of Houston, Texas, and compared their unmet service needs and contextual factors that facilitate their service use.

Results
Thematic analyses revealed similar unmet service needs among rural and urban caregivers; however, the ways they approached and solved their challenges differed. Caregivers in rural areas wished for more information and caregiver support whereas urban caregivers looked for information they needed until they found the answers. Rural caregivers expressed guilt about using services because they felt they were limited and zero-sum whereas urban caregivers shared available resources so that other caregivers could use them as well. Unmet service needs for urban caregivers included more racially and ethnically specific services for people with ADRD in their ethnic-specific languages and foods while rural caregivers’ cultural needs were not racially and ethnically specific but for more place-specific services.

Discussion and Implications
Recommendations for rural caregivers included utilizing online and virtual opportunities and expanding their reach across the United States. For urban caregivers, increasing culturally tailored service options would likely increase access and use.
A geometric integration approach to smooth optimization: foundations of the discrete gradient method
Authors: Ehrhardt Matthias J , Riis Erlend S , Ringholm Torbjørn , Schönlieb Carola-Bibiane 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Discrete gradient methods are geometric integration techniques that can preserve the dissipative structure of gradient flows. Due to the monotonic decay of the function values, they are well suited for general convex and nonconvex optimization problems. Both zero- and first-order algorithms can be derived from the discrete gradient method by selecting different discrete gradients. In this paper, we present a thorough analysis of the discrete gradient method for optimization that provides a solid theoretical foundation. We show that the discrete gradient method is well-posed by proving the existence of iterates for any positive time step, as well as uniqueness in some cases, and propose an efficient method for solving the associated discrete gradient equation. Moreover, we establish an $\text{O}(1/k)$ convergence rate for convex objectives and prove linear convergence if instead the Polyak–Łojasiewicz inequality is satisfied. The analysis is carried out for three discrete gradients—the Gonzalez discrete gradient, the mean value discrete gradient, and the Itoh–Abe discrete gradient—as well as for a randomised Itoh–Abe method. Our theoretical results are illustrated with a variety of numerical experiments, and we furthermore demonstrate that the methods are robust with respect to stiffness.
LncRNA PCAT6 promotes the occurrence of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma via modulation of the miR-4731-5p/NOTCH3 axis
Authors: Bai Jianye , Yao Fen , Fu Yeyun , Kang Ningxin , Wen Guohua 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is one of the most aggressive cancers that affect the head and neck region. Recent researches have confirmed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) present an emerging role in diversiform diseases including cancers. Prostate cancer-associated ncRNA transcript 6 (PCAT6) is an oncogene in lung cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer and gastric cancer, but its role in LSCC is still unknown. In the current study, we attempted to figure out the role of PCAT6 in LSCC. RT-qPCR was to analyze PCAT6 expression in LSCC cells. Functional assays were to uncover the role of PCAT6 in LSCC. Mechanism assays were to explore the regulatory mechanism behind PCAT6 in LSCC. PCAT6 exhibited higher expression in LSCC cells and PCAT6 strengthened cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis. Furthermore, lncRNA PCAT6 modulated notch receptor 3 expression and activated NOTCH signaling pathway via serving as a sponge for miR-4731-5p. Taken together, lncRNA PCAT6 was identified as an oncogene in LSCC, which revealed that PCAT6 might be used as potential therapeutic target for LSCC.
Comprehensive study on pharmacognostic, pharmacological, and toxicological features of Ficus racemosa in Alzheimer’s disease using GC–MS and molecular docking analyses
Authors: Rani Anu , Sharma Pritam Babu , Bhatia Saurabh , Sharma Arun K 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents as a widespread neurodegenerative condition impacting over 55 million individuals globally, with an annual rise of 10 million new cases. Despite its staggering prevalence, the absence of a definitive cure establishes the need for a revisit.

Methods
We explore the alternative strategies, focusing on the potential therapeutic efficacy of ethanolic extracts derived from the fruit and leaf of Ficus racemosa Linn.

Results
The investigation comprehensively explores pharmacognostic, phytochemical, toxicological, and pharmacological characteristics. In addition to pharmacognostic and physicochemical analyses, toxicological evaluations conducted on experimental animals demonstrated the innocuous nature of the ethanolic extracts (from both fruit and leaf) of F. racemosa, as evidenced by assessments of hemocompatibility, oxidative parameters, and vital organ histology. Phytochemical profiling via GC-MS identified 48 and 80 phytoconstituents in the fruit and leaf extracts, respectively. These constituents were screened for bioactive potential using the “Lipinski Rule of Five,” resulting in the selection of 25 and 33 constituents from fruit and leaf extracts, respectively. Subsequent molecular docking studies against the AChE enzyme revealed promising interactions of the selected phytoconstituents. Furthermore, the top-scoring phytoconstituents were subjected to in silico screening to assess their interactions with β- and γ-secretase enzymes, in addition to the AChE enzyme. The cumulative findings substantiate the therapeutic utility of the plant extracts, particularly in the context of AD.

Conclusion
In conclusion, our investigation highlights the promising therapeutic potential of selected phytoconstituents derived from ethanolic extracts of F. racemosa in mitigating AD pathology by targeting key enzyme sites such as AChE, β-, and γ-secretase.
Diversification over deep and shallow temporal scales in the Holarctic genus Perpolita (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Authors: Saito Takumi , Nekola Jeffrey C , Nováková Markéta , Líznarová Eva , Hirano Takahiro , Horsáková Veronika , Horsák Michal 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Holarctic land snail genus Perpolita was used to explore the influence of past and current biogeography on diversification. The number of empirically-supported species was determined using a consensus between mtDNA sequence, nDNA sequence, conchology, and geographic and ecological range with five valid temperate-boreal species (Perpolita binneyana, Perpolita electrina, Perpolita hammonis, Perpolita petronella, and Perpolita radiatella) being recognized. Only P. petronella was unchanged in both nomenclature and diagnostic characteristics with the remainder requiring alterations. Perhaps the most important of these was elevation of P. radiatella to a valid species, with its populations having been previously lumped either under European P. hammonis or North American P. electrina. Divergence times of 18.7–10.0 Mya were suggested through genome-wide SNPs in combination with the fossil record, indicating a pre-Pleistocene origin for all Perpolita species. Using genetically-confirmed diagnostic shell characters, we accumulated &gt; 2000 valid occurrences and used these to estimate appropriate modern and Last Glacial Maximum climate extents for all species. These models suggest that modern intra-specific gene pool diversity may generally reflect Pleistocene palaeoclimatology.
What Are We Teaching Medical Students and Physician Learners About the Social Determinants of Health? A Scoping Review
Authors: Solomon Loel S. , Nocon Robert S. , Jimenez Jazmin , Johnson Robert E. , Lupi Carla , Xu Jacqueline , Doobay-Persaud Ashti A. , Gallegos Abraham , Cohen Caleb 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Curricula about social determinants (drivers) of health (SDOH) are becoming more common in medical education, reflecting increasing expectations from payers and accreditors that health care systems do more to address health-related social needs and close pervasive health equity gaps. Few previous reviews have addressed the content of SDOH-related curricula. This review examines the scope and focus of medical education on SDOH and adjacent concepts.

Method
The authors screened 2,442 articles describing curricula delivered in undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education settings between 2010 and 2023 using PubMed and 2 field-specific databases, yielding 289 articles. Data on course duration, pedagogic approach, assessment methods, and curricular content were extracted and analyzed. Curricular content was categorized using the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine’s (NASEM’s) 5As framework, which recommends 5 key activities health care can undertake to mitigate social risk (awareness, adjustment, assistance, alignment, and advocacy).

Results
A total of 289 articles were included in this review. Curricula covering SDOH-related concepts have increased over time. Of the included articles, 190 (65.7%) referenced at least 1 of NASEM’s 5 key activities. Training on social risk screening and other awareness activities were noted most frequently [123 (42.6%)], followed by curricula on helping patients get social care [assistance; 86 (29.8%)] and providing social risk-adjusted health care [adjustment; 81 (28.0%)]. Curricula on system- and policy-level activities, including alignment of health care and social care organizations (alignment), and advocacy (advocacy) were described less frequently [43 (14.9%) and 49 (17.0%), respectively]. Ninety-four articles (32.5%) referenced only general information about SDOH without describing specific actions to adjust care or reduce social adversity.

Conclusions
NASEM’s 5As framework provides a useful construct for characterizing SDOH-related curricula. Medical educators should teach not only the prevalence and pathophysiology of SDOH but also what physicians can do to address these factors.