bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ulcer associated cell lineage glands expressing trefoil peptide genes are induced by chronic ulceration in ileal pouch mucosa
Authors: Pera M , Heppell J , Poulsom R , Teixeira F V , Williams J 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUNDChronic ulcerative conditions in the gastrointestinal tract result in the appearance of the ulcer associated cell lineage (UACL). The glands of this new cell lineage secrete epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor α, and the trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides, which are known to participate in repair processes. Pouchitis is the most frequent complication of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.AIMOur aim was to determine whether the mucosal ulceration present in pouchitis can induce the development of UACL glands.METHODSBiopsies from ileal pouches with pouchitis (n=10), healthy pouches (n=5), and normal terminal ileum (n=5) were studied. Expression of TFF mRNA was assessed by in situ hybridisation. TFF1 and TFF2 proteins were localised by immunochemistry.RESULTSUACL glands containing TFF1 and TFF2 were observed in six patients with pouchitis. In some glands, there was TFF3 mRNA as has been reported for Crohn's UACL. None of the biopsies from ileal reservoirs without pouchitis showed UACL glands (p<0.05). Neither TFF1 nor TFF2 expression was detected in ileal reservoirs without pouchitis.CONCLUSIONUACL glands arise de novo in ileal pouch mucosa of patients with pouchitis and express all three TFF peptide genes. Chronic inflammation alone, present in healthy pouches, is not enough to stimulate the growth of the UACL, and additional stimuli consequent on ulceration may be needed.
The value of taking an ‘ethics history’
Authors: Sayers Gwen M , Barratt David , Gothard Catherine , Onnie Clive , Perera Sunimalee , Schulman Daniel 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To study the value of taking an ethics history as a means of assessing patients' preferences for decision making and for their relatives' involvement.Design—Questionnaire administered by six junior doctors to 56 mentally competent patients, admitted into general and geriatric medical beds.Setting—A large district general hospital in the United Kingdom.Main measures—To establish whether patients were adequately informed about their illness and whether they minded the information being communicated to their relatives. To establish their preference regarding truthful disclosure and participation in decision making with risk attached. To establish whether they wished to be involved in CPR decision making, and if not, who should make the decision. To establish whether they knew of living wills and whether they had any advance directives.Results—Twenty-four (43%) were inadequately informed of their illness.Forty-six (82%) said they would want to know were something serious to be found. Twenty-eight (50%) wanted to make their own decision if requiring risky treatment and 11 (20%) wanted family members involved. Thirty-one (55%) wanted to make a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) decision and five of these decisions differed from those made by the doctors. Twenty-five (45%) preferred the doctors to decide. Eleven (20%) of the patients had heard of living wills but only one had executed such a will. Seven (13%) of the patients wished to provide advance directives. Three (5%) did not find the history taking helpful but none were discomforted.Conclusion—Taking an ethics history is a simple means of obtaining useful information about patients' preferences.
Is current practice around late termination of pregnancy eugenic and discriminatory? Maternal interests and abortion
Authors: Savulescu Julian 
Published: July 2002

The attitudes of Australian practitioners working in clinical genetics and obstetrical ultrasound were surveyed on whether termination of pregnancy (TOP) should be available for conditions ranging from mild to severe fetal abnormality and for non-medical reasons.These were compared for terminations at 13 weeks and 24 weeks. It was found that some practitioners would not facilitate TOP at 24 weeks even for lethal or major abnormalities, fewer practitioners support TOP at 24 weeks compared with 13 weeks for any condition, and the difference in attitudes to TOP between 13 weeks and 24 weeks is most marked for pregnancies which are normal or involve a mild disorder.It is argued that a fetal abnormality criterion for late TOP is inconsistently applied, discriminatory and eugenic. Four possible moral justifications for current practice are examined, each of which would require significant changes to current practice. I argue in favour of a maternal interests criterion for any TOP.
Informed consent doesn't exist in AMI trials
Authors: Verdú-Pascual F , Castelló-Ponce A 
Published: July 2002

Hilden and Gammelgaard's (H&G) comments on the evaluation and application of statistical trials and on informed consent lead to the same conclusion that there are special circumstances when clinical trials are performed in emergency situations.The decision to comment on the work that H&G responded to was motivated by the wish to manifest the need to reach a consensus on modifying the conditions in which clinical trials should be performed in special circumstances.One unquestionable fact must first be addressed: clinical trials are necessary for acquiring new knowledge and consequent improvements in health care services. At the same time, patient participation should be encouraged under conditions that respect patients' decision making capability.Are these conditions being met at present? An answer to this is given below.
Incidence of cancer among bookbinders, printers, photoengravers, and typesetters
Authors: Rafnsson V 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo to study the risk of cancer, particularly of lung cancer and bladder cancer, among workers in the printing industry according to different occupations.METHODSThis is a population based retrospective cohort study. The cohort comprised 1332 men and 426 women employed in the printing industry in Iceland according to a published union registry. A computerised file of the cohort was record linked to the Cancer Registry by making use of personal identification numbers. Expected numbers of cases of cancer were calculated on the basis of number of person-years and specific incidences of cancer sites for men and women provided by the Cancer Registry.RESULTSAmong the men (36 217.5 person-years at risk) there were 125 observed cancers versus 123.66 expected, standardised incidence ratio (SIR) 1.01, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 0.84 to 1.20. The SIR (95% CI) for liver cancer was 1.97 (0.55 to 5.20) and the SIR for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was 2.26 (0.96 to 4.41). No excess risk for cancer was found among women (8631.0 person-years at risk). The SIR (95% CI) for liver cancer was 4.21 (0.47 to 15.20) and for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma it was 4.99 (1.61 to 11.63) among the typesetters. A survey on smoking habits among active and retired union members showed that they smoked less than a random sample of the general population.CONCLUSIONThe cancer site most often reported to show excess risk among printing industry workers has been the lung and the urinary bladder; however, this was not found in the present study. This may be explained by difference in smoking habits among union members compared with the general population. There is a high occurrence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, particularly among typesetters, which warrants further studies.
STOCHASTIC AND HYDRODYNAMIC LATTICE GAS MODELS: MEAN-FIELD KINETIC APPROACHES
Authors: GOUYET JEAN-FRANÇOIS , APPERT CÉCILE 
Published: July 2002

Fascinating tools to understand the link between microscopic and macroscopic dynamics in many systems, lattice gases have been developed into two important directions: thermodynamic phase transitions and hydrodynamics. Here we present how mean-field approaches allow a more thorough analysis of these systems. The kinetic equations are nonlinear and allow to consider far from equilibrium systems. Another important advantage is to gain more flexibility for practical applications.
LOWER BOUNDS ON THE GROWTH OF A GROUP ACTING ON THE BINARY ROOTED TREE
Authors: BARTHOLDI LAURENT 
Published: July 2002

In 1980, Rostislav Grigorchuk constructed an infinite finitely generated torsion 2-group G, called the first Grigorchuk group, and in 1983 showed that it is of intermediate growth, with the following estimates on its growth function γ (See [6]): [Formula: see text] where β= log 32(31)≈ 0.991. He conjectured that the lower bound is actually tight. In this paper we improve the lower bound to [Formula: see text] where α≈0.5157, and thus disproves the conjecture.
LOCAL GROUPS IN FREE GROUPOIDS SATISFYING CERTAIN MONOID IDENTITIES
Authors: DO LAGO ALAIR PEREIRA 
Published: July 2002

Let G be a (possibly infinite) strongly connected graph and let [Formula: see text] be a set of monoid identities such that any monoid satisfying [Formula: see text] is also a group. Let ℬ be the free groupoid on G satisfying [Formula: see text]. Then, the local groups ℬv, for v ∈ V (G), are all isomorphic to a free group satisfying [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, it is free over a generating set which can be effectively characterized and whose cardinality is the cyclomatic number of the graph G. We also show applications that establish an important connection between free Burnside groups and free Burnside semigroups.
THE PROJECTIONS OF n-KNOTS WHICH ARE NOT THE PROJECTION OF ANY UNKNOTTED KNOT
Authors: Ogasa Eiji 
Published: July 2002

Let n be any integer greater than two. We prove that there exists a projection P having the following properties. (1) P is not the projection of any unknotted knot. (2) The singular point set of P consists of double points. (3) P is the projection of an n-knot which is diffeomorphic to the standard sphere. We prove there exists an immersed n-sphere (⊂ℝn+1×{0}) which is not the projection of any n-knot (n>2). Note that the second theorem is different from the first one.
PATTERNS OF THORACIC DISC DEGENERATION FROM MRI: AGE, GENDER AND SPINAL LEVEL INFLUENCES
Authors: TAN CELIA I. C. , SONG SWITHIN , EDMONDSTON STEPHEN J. , SINGER KEVIN P. 
Published: July 2002

The present retrospective study reviewed and examined the prevalence of thoracic disc degeneration, end-plate lesions and osteophytes in the thoracic spine using T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance images (MRI). The sample comprised 216 thoracic spine cases (101 males and 115 females), aged from 1 to 85 years (mean age = 42±19.7 years). Nuclear and anular degeneration, end-plate lesions and osteophytes were graded using a 3-point scale. The prevalence of degeneration was highest in the nucleus (86%) and lowest in the end-plates (63%). Males had a higher prevalence of degeneration in the nucleus, anulus and end-plates, and a lower prevalence of osteophytes compared to females. Increasing cranio-caudal trends in the prevalence of degeneration in the nucleus, anulus and end-plates were observed, and these trends were statistically significant (p<0.01). Vertebral body osteophytes were most prevalent in the mid thoracic region. Osteophytes and degenerative changes in the nucleus and anulus increased significantly with age (p<0.05). These regional and age-related degenerative trends may influence the interpretation of thoracic spine pathology from MRI investigations.
Implementing deductive databases by mixed integer programming
Authors: Bell Colin , Nerode Anil , Ng Raymond T. , Subrahmanian V. S. 
Published: July 2002

Existing and past generations of Prolog compilers have left deduction to run-time and this may account for the poor run-time performance of existing Prolog systems. Our work tries to minimize run-time deduction by shifting the deductive process to compile-time. In addition, we offer an alternative inferencing procedure based on translating logic to mixed integer programming. This makes available for research and implementation in deductive databases, all the theorems, algorithms, and software packages developed by the operations research community over the past 50 years. The method keeps the same query language as for disjunctive deductive databases, only the inferencing procedure changes. The language is purely declarative, independent of the order of rules in the program, and independent of the order in which literals occur in clause bodies. The technique avoids Prolog's problem of infinite looping. It saves run-time by doing primary inferencing at compile-time. Furthermore, it is incremental in nature. The first half of this article translates disjunctive clauses, integrity constraints, and database facts into Boolean equations, and develops procedures to use mixed integer programming methods to compute equations, and develops procedures to use mixed integer programming methods to compute equations, and develops procedures to use mixed integer programming methods to compute equations, and develops procedures to use mixed integer programming methods to compute
—least models of definite deductive databases, and
—minimal models and the Generalized Closed World Assumption of disjunctive databases.
Viewpoint: Military direction of academic CS research
Authors: Thompson Clark 
Published: July 2002

Most computer scientists know that the Department of Defense (DOD) supplies most of the funds for academic research, but few know how profoundly the funding situation has changed over the last decade. In 1976 most basic research in academic computer science was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) [see Figure 1]. In 1985 NSF's "market share" is much less than DoD's.
When applied research money is added in, as in Figure 2 (on the next page), DOD'S preeminence is even more marked. Allowing $25 million for industrial, state, institutional, and other support in 1985 (exact data are unavailable), I conclude that most academic computer science (CS) research is now directed by military agencies.
Modeling Alternation to Synchrony with Inhibitory Coupling: A Neuromorphic VLSI Approach
Authors: Cymbalyuk Gennady S. , Patel Girish N. , Calabrese Ronald L. , DeWeerth Stephen P. , Cohen Avis H. 
Published: July 2002

We developed an analog very large-scale integrated system of two mutually inhibitory silicon neurons that display several different stable oscillations. For example, oscillations can be synchronous with weak inhibitory coupling and alternating with relatively strong inhibitory coupling. All oscillations observed experimentally were predicted by bifurcation analysis of a corresponding mathematical model. The synchronous oscillations do not require special synaptic properties and are apparently robust enough to survive the variability and constraints inherent in this physical system. In biological experiments with oscillatory neuronal networks, blockade of inhibitory synaptic coupling can sometimes lead to synchronous oscillations. An example of this phenomenon is the transition from alternating to synchronous bursting in the swimming central pattern generator of lamprey when synaptic inhibition is blocked by strychnine. Our results suggest a simple explanation for the observed oscillatory transitions in the lamprey central pattern generator network: that inhibitory connectivity alone is sufficient to produce the observed transition.
Saving Energy versus Saving Materials
Authors: Nishioka Yurika , Yanagisawa Yukio , Spengler John D. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryTo reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in housing construction, the energy‐intensive processes and life‐cycle stages should be identified and integrated. The environmental impact of vertically integrated factory‐built homes (VIHs) constructed with increased material inputs in Japan's northern island of Hokkaido was assessed using life‐cycle inventory (LCI) analysis methods. Manufacturing process energy and CO2 intensities of the homes were evaluated based on the material inputs. They were compared with those of a counterpart home hypothetically built using the vertically integrated construction methods, but in accordance with the specifications of a less material‐intensive conventional home (CH) in Hokkaido today. Cumulative household energy consumption and CO2 emissions were evaluated and compared with those of the production stages. The annual household energy consumption was compared among a VIH, a CH, and an average home in Hokkaido. The energy intensity of the VIH was 3.9 GJ production energy per m2 of floor area, 59% higher than that of the CH. Net CO2 emissions during VIH manufacturing processes were 293 kg/m2, after discounting the carbon fixation during tree growth. The cumulative use‐phase household energy consumption and CO2 emissions of a VIH will exceed energy consumption and CO2 emissions during the initial production stage in less than six years. Although VIHs housed 21% more residents on average, the energy consumption per m2 was 17% lower than that of a CH. This may indicate that using more materials initially can lead to better energy efficiency.
IF JERUSALEM STOOD: THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM AND CHRISTIAN ANTI-JUDAISM
Authors: Perkins Pheme 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAsking what would have been the case had the Jewish War of 66-70 CE not ended with the destruction of the Temple demonstrates the momentous consequences of those events for the history of Christianity and of anti-Judaism in Western culture. That the war might not have occurred or might have been nipped in the bud is a consensus view of Jewish, Roman and primitive Christian authors. That its consequences fueled a perception of Jews as abominable or rightly abandoned by their own God can be documented in both Roman and Christian texts. But the most disastrous consequence of the events of 66-70 CE was the anti-Judaism which is embedded in the Christian imagination through the canonical Gospels. Their accounts of the divinely authorized breech between followers of Jesus messiah and fellow Jews would never have been credible had moderate Jewish voices quelled the rebellion. Christianity would have remained a Jewish movement which incorporated Gentiles into God's people and anti-Judaism would not have been inscribed on the Western imagination.
The New Academy's Appeals to the Presocratics
Authors: Palmer John , Brittain Charles 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMembers of the New Academy presented their sceptical position as the culmination of a progressive development in the history of philosophy, which began when certain Presocratics started to reflect on the epistemic status of their theoretical claims concerning the natures of things. The Academics' dogmatic opponents accused them of misrepresenting the early philosophers in an illegitimate attempt to claim respectable precedents for their dangerous position. The ensuing debate over the extent to which some form of scepticism might properly be attributed to the Presocratics is reflected in various passages in Cicero's Academica. In this essay, we try to get clearer about the precise nature of the Academics' historical claim and their view of the general lesson to be learned from reflection on the history of philosophy down to their own time. The Academics saw the Presocratics as providing some kind of support for the thesis that things are non-cognitive, or, more specifically, that neither the senses nor reason furnishes a criterion of truth. As this view is susceptible to both 'dialectical' and non-dialectical readings, we consider the prospects for each. We also examine the evidence for the varied functions both of the Academics' specific appeals to individual Presocratics and of their collections of the Presocratics' divergent opinions. What emerges is a better understanding of why the Academics were concerned with claiming the Presocratics as sceptical ancestors and of the precise manner in which they advanced this claim.
Gli scolî di Ermia e un passo controverso del' Fedro di Platone (Phaedr. 269e1-270c5)
Authors: Longo Angela 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIl brano del Fedro (269e1-270c5) in cui è menzionato Ippocrate e il suo metodo è uno dei più controversi dell'opera platonica. Alcuni studiosi si sono serviti degli scolî antichi al dialogo, tramandati sotto il nome del neoplatonico Ermia (V sec. d. C.), per sostenere che il metodo in questione non implica un'indagine preliminare dell'universo. È tuttavia utile (oltreché finora intentato) ripercorrere quanto l'esegeta neoplatonico dice a proposito dell'intero brano in questione per constatare come egli, al contrario, ne fornisca un'interpretazione cosmologica, sulla base della significazione tecnica di λη ψυχ come «anima dell'universo». In ogni caso l'esegesi di Ermia risulta essere non una semplice parafrasi grammaticale del testo platonico, ma anche una sua riformulazione filosofica nei termini della dottrina neoplatonica, la quale è estremamente complessa anche nel caso dell'anima umana.
A BLOODY QUESTION: THE POLITICS OF VENUS AND ADONIS
Authors: Wilson Richard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn 1588, Burghley drafted a "Bloody Question" for Catholics: "If the Pope were to send over an army, whose side would you be on: the Pope's or the Queen's?" What the iconography of Venus and Adonis suggests is that the poem is a critique of the martyr's course pursued by Southwell and also of the persecution brought on by Queen Elizabeth. Southwell was a cousin of Shakespeare and addressed his preface to St. Peter's Complaint to "Master W. S." (as only later appeared in the 1616 edition published on the continent). The preface clearly alludes to Venus and Adonis, The Rape of Lucrece and A Midsummer Night's Dream. By criticizing poets who make the "follies and fayninges of love" the subject of their poems, Southwell was urging Shakespeare to undertake some "graver labor" and a dangerous course of life which potentially might have led to martyrdom. As its elaborate phraseology shows, Venus and Adonis is an encoded reply in which Elizabeth is the predatory tyrannical Venus and Burghley is the boar who kills Adonis.
THE LOCATION OF RANGING CUES IN WREN SONG: EVIDENCE FROM CALIBRATED INTERACTIVE PLAYBACK EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Holland  , Dabelsteen  , Bjørn  , Pedersen  
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Many species of songbirds appear to monitor the distance to conspecifics by attending to songs received from them (ranging). Features of the habitat-induced degradation of the song seem to provide the ranging cues. This study investigates where, in a received, degraded song, the cues used for ranging lie; in the song elements, in the inter-element pauses or both. Examples of undegraded and degraded wren Troglodytes troglodytes song were cut into element and pause portions which were reassembled into four treatment types; two where the degradation between elements and pauses was concordant and two where either elements or pauses were degraded. These were played back at the boundaries of wren territories. The experiment was calibrated by measuring the degradation of the received playback songs and re-categorizing the trials into treatment types accordingly. Wrens responded to undegraded song by aggressively approaching and to degraded song with a less intense approach and an increase in perch height. When the level of degradation within the different song portions was concordant, subjects' responses were as expected from a wren ranging an intruder (undegraded) or a distant conspecific (degraded). When only the pauses were derived from a degraded song the behaviour closely resembled a wren ranging a distant rival, however the signal with only degraded elements elicited a response of intermediate intensity. We conclude that wrens seem able to adjust their response relative to degradation cues in either the elements or the pauses of degraded songs. In addition, the pause degradation seems to offer cues that can be used independently of element degradation, whereas element degradation needs the congruity of cues within the pauses to evoke a response equivalent to that elicited by the degraded song.