bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and properties of novel high thermally stable polyimide-chrysotile composites as fire retardant materials
Authors: Seckin Turgay , Yildirim Ayber , Koytepe Suleyman 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Novel high thermally stable polyimide-chrysotile (PI-Chr) composites were synthesized. Firstly, Chrysotile (Chr) was modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS). Poly(amic acid) solution was synthesized from pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether. Then, PI-Chr composites were prepared from poly(amic acid) solution and different ratios of modified Chr. Prepared PI-Chr composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray spectroscopy and thermal analysis techniques. Thermal analysis results showed that the PI-Chr composites have higher decomposition temperatures in comparison with the pure PIs. A 10% weight loss belonging to PI-Chr composites was observed between 489°C and 536°C in air atmosphere, but this value was 468°C in air for pure PIs. The glass transition temperatures (Tg s) of the PI-Chr composites were 373°C–384°C, depending upon the amount of the Chr. PI-Chr composites exhibited improved thermal stability. The activation energies (E

a
s) of the thermal degradation reaction were calculated using the Kissinger method for pure PI and composites. The E

a
s of the PI-Chr composites were found to be 77 and ∼117 kJ/mol. The fire retardant properties of Chr in the PI matrix were also tested by the total heat release test. The introduction of Chr in the composites leads to a slight increase in fire retardant properties thermal stability.
Harnack’s Image of 1 Clement and Contemporary Research
Authors: Markschies Christoph 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper wants to outline Berlin church historian Adolf von Harnack’s view and opinion on the First Letter of Clement by taking a closer look at his works on the epistle. Furthermore, it will give an answer to the question what is to be gained from Harnack’s studies for contemporary research on 1 Clement. In 1929, Harnack published a small volume with the title An Introduction to Early Christianity. In his introduction to this booklet about the First Letter of Clement, Harnack explains why he considers the epistle to be “the most important document we have received from Earliest Christianity.” However, Harnack’s scientific work on the First Letter of Clement already began to bear fruit much earlier, starting with the intense years in Leipzig at the beginning of his academic career before he obtained his state doctorate in 1875. During his lifelong research on 1 Clement, Harnack obviously saw in the basal theology of the First Letter of Clement a not yet particularly Hellenized, simple message-interpreting the Letter as a “Clementine- Roman Christianity” that is far away from Pauline Christianity and draws lines right up to the newly strengthened Italian Catholicism after the Lateran Accords from 1929. Harnack’s works dealing with the First Letter of Clement are, with the exception of the editions, evidence of a view of Early Christianity that, while it is impressive in its coherence, is nevertheless excessively one-sided.
The DExH Box Helicase Domain of Spindle-E Is Necessary for Retrotransposon Silencing and Axial Patterning DuringDrosophilaOogenesis
Authors: Ott Kristen M , Nguyen Tram , Navarro Caryn 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTransposable selfish genetic elements have the potential to cause debilitating mutations as they replicate and reinsert within the genome. Therefore, it is critical to keep the cellular levels of these elements low. This is especially true in the germline where these mutations could affect the viability of the next generation. A class of small noncoding RNAs, the Piwi-associated RNAs, is responsible for silencing transposable elements in the germline of most organisms. Several proteins have been identified as playing essential roles in piRNA generation and transposon silencing. However, for the most part their function in piRNA generation is currently unknown. One of these proteins is the Drosophila melanogaster DExH box/Tudor domain protein Spindle-E, whose activity is necessary for the generation of most germline piRNAs. In this study we molecularly and phenotypically characterized 14 previously identified spindle-E alleles. Of the alleles that express detectable Spindle-E protein, we found that five had mutations in the DExH box domain. Additionally, we found that processes that depend on piRNA function, including Aubergine localization, Dynein motor movement, and retrotransposon silencing, were severely disrupted in alleles with DExH box domain mutations. The phenotype of many of these alleles is as severe as the strongest spindle-E phenotype, whereas alleles with mutations in other regions of Spindle-E did not affect these processes as much. From these data we conclude that the DExH box domain of Spindle-E is necessary for its function in the piRNA pathway and retrotransposon silencing.
Kommission vs. nationale Gerichte im europäischen Beihilfenrecht – Private Rechtsdurchsetzung während des förmlichen Prüfverfahrens
Authors: Kamann Hans-Georg 
Published: September 2014

Zusammenfassung
In seinem jüngsten Urteil Lufthansa/Flughafen Frankfurt-Hahn hat der Europäische Gerichtshof entschieden, dass ein Beschluss der Kommission zur Einleitung eines förmlichen Prüfverfahrens gem. Art. 108 Abs. 2 und 3 AEUV über eine nicht angemeldete, jedoch möglicherweise als Beihilfe gem. Art. 107 Abs. 1 AEUV zu qualifizierende staatliche Maßnahme weitgehende Rechtswirkungen erzeugt und ein nationales Gericht in seiner Folge verpflichtet ist, alle erforderlichen Konsequenzen aus einem möglichen Verstoß gegen das Durchführungsverbot gem. Art. 108 Abs. 3 Satz 3 AEUV zu ziehen. Zwar hat der Gerichtshof mit diesem Urteil im Ergebnis seine Rechtsprechung zu den Rechtswirkungen eines Eröffnungsbeschlusses und zur Durchsetzung des Durchführungsverbots weiter fortgeführt. Dennoch lässt es verschiedene dogmatische und praktische Fragen im Verhältnis zwischen Kommission und nationalen Gerichten offen. Dies gibt Anlass, den aktuellen Stand der Diskussion zur privaten Rechtsdurchsetzung des Beihilfenrechts während des förmlichen Prüfverfahrens im Lichte dieses Urteils kritisch zu beleuchten und Vorschläge für eine pragmatische und interessengerechte Auflösung möglicher Rechtsanwendungskonflikte zwischen Kommission und nationalen Gerichten zu machen.
Wiederherstellung des Wettbewerbs als Ordnungsprinzip auf den Finanzmärkten: Ist die „Bankenunion“ ein taugliches Mittel hierzu?
Authors: Zimmer Daniel , Weck Thomas , Schepp Nils-Peter 
Published: September 2014

Zusammenfassung
Die Bankenrettungen während der Finanzkrise und die Regulierung im Anschluss an die Krise hatten bzw. haben umfangreiche Auswirkungen auf den Wettbewerb. Ein zentrales Problem auf den Finanzmärkten stellen Wettbewerbsverzerrungen aufgrund des Umstands dar, dass Banken bislang nicht wie andere Unternehmen aus dem Markt ausscheiden. Dieses Problem liegt an der Schnittstelle zwischen Aufsichts- und Wettbewerbsrecht. Es ist zu fragen, welche Rolle der Wettbewerb künftig in der Bankenunion spielen wird.
Double-Opposing Z-Palatoplasty for Secondary Surgical Management of Velopharyngeal Incompetence in the Absence of a Primary Furlow Palatoplasty
Authors: Chim Harvey , Eshraghi Yashar , Iamphongsai Seree , Gosain Arun K. 
Published: September 2014

Objective The present study was performed to identify factors that lead to a favorable outcome of postpalatoplasty velopharyngeal incompetence using the double-opposing Z-palatoplasty. Design A retrospective analysis was performed on 23 consecutive nonsyndromic patients who underwent secondary surgical management of velopharyngeal incompetence using a double-opposing Z-palatoplasty technique following primary, non-Furlow palatoplasty for overt cleft palate. Main Outcome Measures All subjects were evaluated preoperatively using a perceptual speech assessment scale, nasendoscopy, and videofluoroscopy. Inclusion criteria consisted of a velopharyngeal gap of 9 mm or less on phonation. Patients were followed with perceptual speech assessment for at least 1 year following secondary surgery. Results The perceptual speech assessment score for all patients decreased from 6.48 ± 2.26 (mean ± standard deviation; range, 3 to 11) to 1.90 ± 1.51 (range, 0 to 6) at 6 months or more postoperatively ( P < .0001). Of the 21 patients with follow-up data 1 year or more post–op, 16 (76%) achieved velopharyngeal competence and five (24%) had borderline competence. Preoperative assessment factors associated with compromised outcome included a large velopharyngeal gap of 7 to 9 mm, poor lateral wall motion of 40% or less, and an elevated perceptual speech assessment score. Conclusion Double-opposing Z-palatoplasty is a surgical technique that can be used successfully to correct velopharyngeal incompetence in selected secondary palatoplasty patients. This technique permits correction of velopharyngeal incompetence and restoration of the velopharyngeal mechanism irrespective of prior intravelar veloplasty and without accompanying loss in the nasal airway. Preoperative assessment can better identify those patients who are less likely to achieve velopharyngeal competence following double-opposing Z-palatoplasty alone.
Challenges of Well Exploration Drilling Operation in Environmentally and Socially Sensitive Remote Area: Lesson Learn from Total E&P Indonesia West Papua
Authors: Affan Satrian , Hidayatullah Hidayatullah , Berli Mohammad , Disasmita Avep , Argubie Benyamin 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Total E&P Indonesia West Papua (TEPI WP) has been awarded the Southwest Bird's Head block covering 7,176 km2 of area straddling the Salawati and Berau/Bintuni basins and situated both in swamp and offshore at water depth up to 30 m off the coast of West Papua, Indonesia. A well exploration drilling was performed in 2013. The preferred well coordinate located in swamp delta area of Tanjung Suaboor is categorized as remote area and regulated as protected forest by Indonesian Government, covered with naturally dense and diverse mangrove forest, it is ecologically ideal for nursery and spawning ground of fishes and shrimps. The surrounding communities consist of Papua tribes with their unique culture and local tradition which mostly differ from other ethnics in Indonesia. The land right determination by cultural ceremony of Gelar Tikar Adat among local tribes to identify land owner of well location and then continue by compensation to the "chosen- owner" with other cultural ceremony of Ketuk Pintu are some of Papua unique culture that shall be considered.
According to Indonesian Regulation, well exploration drilling activity shall have Environment Management and Monitoring Effort document in which environment and social baseline and impact assessment study are included. TEPI WP has performed the study since early 2012 in cooperation with Environment Research Center from Papua State University, involving intensive coordination with local authorities and socialization to communities to obtain legal and public approval, acceptance, and support for the operations. The document has been approved by Local Environment Authority and got Environment Permit from Head of Regency as a guarantee for drilling operation to be performed on schedule.
This paper highlights the main lessons-learned from the experience completing Environment and Social Baseline and Impact Assessment study of TEPI WP for well exploration drilling in environmentally and socially sensitive remote area.
Advances in Wearable Sensor Technology and its Applications in Mobile Workforces Health Monitoring and Safety Management
Authors: Alam Muhammad Mahtab , Hamida Elyes Ben 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
With the advances in electronics and the development of short range and ultra-low power radio transceivers, Wearable Wireless Sensor Networks (W-WSNs) have recently emerged as a key enabling technology for the health monitoring and safety management in critical applications. Wearable WSNs consist of devices attached, or implanted, into human bodies to monitor and collect information related to their physiological parameters, movements as well as the surrounding environment. The collected data are then transmitted in real-time to remote command centers for timely decision making. In this context, Wearable Sensor Technology will enable the remote and preemptive monitoring of mobile workforce and critical assets in industrial environments, such as oil and gas fields. In this paper we present a survey on recent advances in wearable sensing and communication technologies and its applications in the context of workforce and critical assets safety and management. First, we explain the specific applications scenarions and their detailed requirements. Second, existing standards, projects, products and solutions for health monitoring and safety management of mobile workers and their limitations are explored. Finally future trends and open research challenges are discussed as an inspiration for the future development in new wearable sensor technology-based applications.
Case Study of Heavy-Oil Fluid Characterization for Gas EOR Experiments: Main Challenges
Authors: Bhoendie K. S. , Moe Soe Let K. P. , Zitha P. L. , Pirlea L.. , Hebing A.. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Staatsolie conducted several screening studies in the past decade to explore the potential of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) for its heavy oil (16-17° API) fields in Suriname. The latest study that was performed in 2011, indicated that water and carbon dioxide (CO2) or water and nitrogen (N2) injection could be a highly efficient method to extend the life of the fields beyond primary recovery. To validate this conclusion an area of the Tambaredjo heavy oil field was selected for a feasibility study comprising laboratory tests, reservoir simulation studies and ultimately a field pilot trial. This paper presents the results of the laboratory study of the fluid properties of the selected study area. Several oil and gas samples of two wells situated in the study area were collected at the wellhead and at the Multi Phase Flow Meter (MPFM). After quality control, the composition and the physical properties of the samples were determined. Various pairs of oil and gas samples were then recombined based either on assumed bubble point pressure or gas-to-oil ratio (GOR) in an attempt to produce mixtures representing the reservoir fluids. Two recombined samples were subsequently selected based on a comparison with historical data for PVT analysis and swelling study with carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The PVT behavior was found to be qualitatively similar to that of the samples examined in the past except for the viscosity which seems to have increased over a period of ten years of depletion of the reservoir in this part of the field. Most likely this can be attributed to vaporization of the lighter components of the crude oil. CO2 readily dissolved in the heavy crude oil which led to substantial reductions of oil viscosity while N2 could hardly be dissolved in the oil. The challenges met during sampling, recombination of the samples and the PVT analyses will be discussed.
Passive Inflow Control Device (ICDs) Aplication in Horizontal Wells Completions in Rubiales Area, Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: Gualdrón M. Gómez , Anaya A. Florez , Araujo Y. E. , Parra W.. , Bolaños V.. , Landaeta L.. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Rubiales and Quifa are the Colombia's major heavy oilfields (oil gravity ranges from 11.3 to 14.4° API) with a current oil production of more than 260 MSTB with an oil viscosity ranges from 370 to 730 centipoises. Horizontal well technology is used to drill through unconsolidated sandstones with an active and strong aquifer, under primary depletion. Since 2006, 604 horizontal producer wells have been drilled and completed using slotted liner in open hole.
The high water production rate from the beginning of the operation in the horizontal wells is the main problem to be controlled in the Rubiales and Quifa fields, due to the high cost of produced water treatment and other factors. Water production is inevitably associated with the oil production; however one of the biggest challenges is to delay the water production as much longer as possible.
Rubiales and Quifa actually have a large number of closed wells that have reached its economic limits, mainly by high water production. This production imbalance is being addressed in the new horizontal wells, using inflow control devices (ICDs). The ICDs is placed in each screen joint to balance the production influx profile across the entire lateral length and compensate the permeability variation and therefore the productivity of each zone.
In 2012, a pilot test has been designed and implemented in Rubiales field with three horizontal wells using passive ICDs completion. The performance of the ICD's is found to reach the highest cumulative oil production compared to neighboring wells. The main purpose of this paper is to detail the selection process design and results evaluation for the use of the passive ICDs in horizontal wells at Rubiales and Quifa Fields, heavy oil reservoirs.
Impact of Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding Model on Upscaled Recovery Predictions: Medium and Heavy Oils
Authors: Kazempour Mahdi , Alvarado Vladimir , Manrique Eduardo J. , Izadi Mehdi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding is a commercially viable enhanced oil recovery method. The complexity of chemical interactions, multi-phase flow, emulsification, capillary number changes and upscaling issues, especially in highly heterogeneous reservoir, make field designs difficult to extrapolate from coreflood measurements. In this work, two representaions of low interfacial tension conditions in chemical flooding were evaluated to determine the impact of model formulation on scaling-up from lab data to field situations. The first one is a mechanistic model based on interpolation of relative permeability curves parametrized with respect to the local capillary number. The second model requires tracking a thermodynamically stable phase known to exist at water-oil ultralow interfacial tension, namely a microemulsion. To perform this analysis, two sets of chemical coreflooding results were history matched and then the tuned models were utilized for field-scale predictions. For ASP flooding, a sensitivity analysis was implemented to show the importance of microemulsion phase on ASP upscaled (field scale) forecast. In this study, coreflooding experiments were performed using three different crude oils, case I: heavy oil with high acid number, case II: medium oil with high acid number and finally, case III: light oil with very low acid number. Predictions between the two modeling approaches are shown to diverge from each other upon upscaling of core-scale history matched models. This discrepancy is mostly attributed to the need to track a microemulsion phase behavior as well as its properties. Effects are more pronounced for heavier oil with high acid number. The results of this analysis should be useful to constrain field projections of any field design of surfactant-assisted EOR projects. Additionally, this study provides guidelines to understand existing uncertainties in current chemical flooding simulation regarding our ability to accurately predict the results of such a chemical flood design.
Exploitation Strategies Evaluation for Lower U Reservoir in Culebra and Yulebra Fields Using an Advanced Simulation Tool for Oil Recovery Optimization
Authors: Villarroel Atahualpa Jose , Estrella Karina , Lopez Francisco , Gallegos Marco 
Published: September 2014

The approach to the implementation of this model is supported by the integration of different disciplines as Geosciences (Geophysics, Geology, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, Petrophysics and Geostatistics) and Reservoir Engineering; through the conformation of a multidisciplinary team with holistic vision and focusing on the Integrated Asset Management concepts in order to optimize the reservoir life cycle and its performance.
The objective of this study was to evaluate by numerical simulation different scenarios in the Lower U reservoir of the Napo formation in Culebra and Yulebra fields East Basin of Ecuador. With the purpose of increasing drainage and heavy oil reserves recovery; simulation runs include drilling of directional and horizontal wells.
As per heavy oil pressure maintenance and enhanced recovery; simulation includes water injection with different viscosity values (polymer simulation).
As a remarkable aspect of the dynamic model generation and its evaluation through the different sub - models as components; additionally the use of an advanced simulation tool that allowed scenarios optimization helping to achieve the higher oil recoveries values with the less number of wells to be drilled.
Results show the possibility of increasing the current oil recoverable reserves in 34 MMBLS by drilling 13 directional and 6 horizontal wells; besides with water injection (polymer solution) of 2 cps viscosity leads to increase the conventional scenario recovery over of 43 MM barrels of oil; it is due to the remarkable improvement in mobility ratio generating a greater sweep efficiency with an increase in oil production and a significant impact on the recovery factor (FR).
In fact the total implementation of the business plan result in this study increase more than 100%, 77 MM Oil Bls (140MM compare to the official reserves of 63 MM)
Also the methodology and techniques employed in this project can be used for any reservoir in the Ecuadorian basin even more too any heavy oil reservoir worldwide that have similar properties such us: thickness, depth and viscosity.
New Technology for Flow Assurance in an Extra Heavy Oil Field: Case Study in the Akacias Field
Authors: Ruiz Andres Javier , Plazas John Jairo , Ramirez Elkin Alberto 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper has the objective of presenting new technology, ensuring flow in the extra heavy crude field. The idea of this paper is to outline a successful pilot study carried out in the Colombian Eastern Llanos region where the effect of chemical product (flow improver) is exposed during the production of fluids from the pilot study well and the reduction of naphtha injected into the wellhead (diluent used for the movement of the surface crude). As the main fundamental, the modification of the rheology properties of the crude through change in apparent viscosity due to the effect of loads and interfacial molecular tension within the fluid, enabling improved mobility of fluids from the reservoir to production facilities via surfactant resins that interact with the colloidal particles in the crude thus reducing its viscosity. The pilot is divided into two phases, the first phase consists of determining which of the two flow improvers produces the best performance, and the second phase consists of the application of the selected flow improver to reduce the dilution of naphtha, that is used during the processing of crude to reduce its viscosity.
Within the study, a financial evaluation is presented for each of the pilot phases, including a revision of the ESP pumps efficiency within different scenarios.
Finally one of the most telling conclusions is mentioned, as the flow improver enables the possible reduction of naphtha injection by dilution in values close to -30%, increasing well production to close to 40%.