bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibodies are involved in the protective immunity induced in mice by Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula tegument (Smteg) immunization
Authors: de Melo T. T. , de Sena I. C. , Araujo N. , Fonseca C. T. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThe Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula tegument (Smteg) plays an important role in triggering the host immune response and mice immunization with Smteg formulated with Freund's adjuvant or alum + CpG induce partial protection against S. mansoni infection associated with an increased antibody production. In this study, we investigated the role of these antibodies in parasite killing both in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that these antibodies were able to bind to the surface of S. mansoni recently transformed schistosomula and that these antibodies significantly increase the percentage of schistosomula killed in vitro by complement activation. Passive transference of immune sera decreased the parasite burden and the number of eggs trapped in the organs of mice that received sera containing anti‐Smteg antibodies. These results demonstrate that antibodies specific to surface tegumental antigens are involved in parasite elimination in mice immunized with Smteg.
Effects of tannic acid on Haemonchus contortus larvae viability and immune responses of sheep white blood cells in vitro
Authors: Zhong R. Z. , Sun H. X. , Liu H. W. , Zhou D. W. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryDirect inhibitory effects of tannic acid on Haemonchus contortus viability were studied in vitro using the larval migration inhibition (LMI) assay. Sheep white blood cells (WBC) were preincubated with 5 and 50 μg/mL tannic acid or not followed by whole H. contortus antigen (WHA). Cells were harvested at 24 h post‐incubation to test host immune responses. Concentrations of 50, 100, 500, 1000, 3000 and 5000 μg/mL tannic acid inhibited larvae migration by 19·8, 42·4, 46·3, 92·0, 93·7 and 100%, respectively, within 96 h post‐incubation (P < 0·001). The relative mRNA levels of interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4 and IL‐10 were increased by WHA stimulation without tannic acid. However, the increased effects on IFN‐γ and IL‐2 were inhibited by tannic acid preincubation (P < 0·001), while the increases in IL‐4 and IL‐10 were greatly enhanced by tannic acid preincubation (P < 0·001). Changes in protein levels of all cytokines essentially paralleled the changes in their corresponding mRNA levels. In conclusion, tannic acid is directly harmful to larvae in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner and modulates immune responses of sheep WBC stimulated by H. contortus antigen by inhibiting Th1 cytokines and increasing Th2 cytokine expression in vitro.
Nebulization of corticosteroids to asthmatic children: Large variation in dose inhaled
Authors: O'Callaghan Chris , White Judy A. , Kantar Ahmad 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveDespite problems associated with assessing the clinical effect and side effects of nebulized corticosteroids, little is known of the amount of drug that is inhaled by children with asthma or how this is affected by different drug formulations. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that children with asthma inhale the same proportion of the prescribed dose of nebulized fluticasone, beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and flunisolide.MethodsThe amount of nebulized drug that would have been inhaled by asthmatic children was captured on filters between the patient and nebulizer, and the amount contained in particles likely to reach the lung (i.e. <5 μm) is determined.ResultsThe children studied would have inhaled 13% of the prescribed dose of fluticasone propionate, 21% of BDP and 25% of flunisolide. However, the percentage of the dose inhaled that was contained in particles <5 μm, and therefore more likely to reach the lungs, was only 5% of the prescribed dose of fluticasone propionate, 8% for BDP and 16% for flunisolide. The inter‐subject variation coefficient of the dose inhaled was much greater for suspensions of fluticasone propionate (34%) and BDP (45%) than for suspensions of flunisolide solution (9%).ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that the prescribed dose may bear little resemblance to the dose delivered from a nebulizer and that the dose inhaled is significantly affected by the drug formulation prescribed.
Local Solutions to Inequality: Steps Toward Fostering a Progressive Social Movement
Authors: Bailey Conner 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOver the past four decades, inequality of income, wealth, and power have become increasingly extreme in the United States. The triumph of a neoliberal agenda to reduce taxes, deregulate the economy, and promote international trade has undermined the economic status of the middle class, increased poverty, and led to a concentration of wealth. This nation has gone through such periods before, followed by progressive movements that have realigned economic and political forces. I argue that we may be at a point where a new progressive social movement is about to emerge and I point out several areas where rural sociologists are working, such as local food systems, that reflect a reorientation of social values supporting such a movement. Promoting local food systems and similar locality‐based enterprises can foster economic relationships embedded in multistranded social relationships and contribute to progressive change through reducing the central role of large corporations in our daily lives. Building on Busch's (1999) concept of Leviathan, I identify the roles of researchers and community activists in which rural sociologists can work to democratize social, economic, and political relationships in society.
Oral health status of people living with HIV/AIDS attending a specialized service in Brazil
Authors: Soares Gabriella Barreto , Garbin Cléa Adas Saliba , Moimaz Suzely Adas Saliba , Garbin Artênio José Ísper 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeVerify factors that influence the oral health status of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Brazil.Method and materialsThe study was cross‐sectional and includes 177 HIV‐positive individuals, who answered questionnaire on the sociodemographic conditions, HIV aspects, habits, and satisfaction with the service. The oral health data were collected by means of the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, use and need of dentures, and the Community Periodontal Index.ResultsAverage number of the DMFT was 17.64. Most HIV‐positive patients presented good periodontal status, 35.0% used dentures, 41.5% needed denture in the maxilla, and 62.0% in the mandible. In the multivariate analysis, older age and dissatisfaction with health care were associated with nonuse of dentures. The abandonment of the use of antiretroviral therapy increased the risk of PLWHA presenting more than three decayed teeth.ConclusionPoor oral health of the PLWHA was mainly influenced by sociodemographic factors and use and satisfaction with service.
Three‐dimensional morphological characterization of the skin surface micro‐topography using a skin replica and changes with age
Authors: Masuda Y. , Oguri M. , Morinaga T. , Hirao T. 
Published: November 2013

Background/purposeSkin surface micro‐topography (SSMT), consisting of pores, ridges and furrows, reflects the skin condition and is an important factor determining the aesthetics of the skin. Most previous studies evaluating SSMT have employed two‐dimensional image analysis of magnified pictures captured by a video microscope. To improve the accuracy of SSMT analysis, we established a three‐dimensional (3D) analysis method for SSMT and developed various parameters including the skin ridge number, and applied the method to study the age‐dependent change in skin.MethodsConfocal laser scanning microscopy was used for 3D measurement of the surface morphology of silicon replicas taken from the cheek. We then used these data to calculate the parameters that reflect the nature of SSTM including the skin ridge number using originally developed software. Employing a superscription technique, we investigated the variation in SSMT with age for replicas taken from the cheeks of 103 Japanese females (5–85 years old).ResultsThe skin surface area and roughness, the area of pores, the area, length, depth and width of skin furrows and the number of skin ridges were examined. The surface roughness, the area of pores and the depth of skin furrows increased with age. The area and length of skin furrows and the number of skin ridges decreased with age.ConclusionThe method proposed to analyse SSMT three dimensionally is an effective tool with which to characterize the condition of the skin.
Prototype tactile feedback system for examination by skin touch
Authors: Lee O. , Lee K. , Oh C. , Kim K. , Kim M. 
Published: November 2013

Background/purposeDiagnosis of conditions such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, in the case of induration, involves palpating the infected area via hands and then selecting a ratings score. However, the score is determined based on the tester's experience and standards, making it subjective. To provide tactile feedback on the skin, we developed a prototype tactile feedback system to simulate skin wrinkles with PHANToM OMNI.MethodsTo provide the user with tactile feedback on skin wrinkles, a visual and haptic Augmented Reality system was developed. First, a pair of stereo skin images obtained by a stereo camera generates a disparity map of skin wrinkles. Second, the generated disparity map is sent to an implemented tactile rendering algorithm that computes a reaction force according to the user's interaction with the skin image.ResultsWe first obtained a stereo image of skin wrinkles from the in vivo stereo imaging system, which has a baseline of 50.8 μm, and obtained the disparity map with a graph cuts algorithm. The left image is displayed on the monitor to enable the user to recognize the location visually. The disparity map of the skin wrinkle image sends skin wrinkle information as a tactile response to the user through a haptic device.ConclusionWe successfully developed a tactile feedback system for virtual skin wrinkle simulation by means of a commercialized haptic device that provides the user with a single point of contact to feel the surface roughness of a virtual skin sample.
Transforming the Miocene Altyn Tagh fault slip into shortening of the north‐western Qilian Shan: insights from the drainage basin geometry
Authors: Zhang Hui‐ping , Zhang Pei‐zhen , Zheng De‐Wen , Zheng Wen‐Jun , Chen Zheng‐Wei , Wang Wei‐Tao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAlthough it has long been proposed that active crustal shortening within the Qilian Shan accommodates slip along the Altyn Tagh fault, questions regarding the temporal and spatial amount of slip transfer remain debated. Traditional shortening calculations cannot yet be made accurately, because the geology is not known well enough. Following the view that long, linear drainage basins in the north‐western Qilian Shan developed in response to internal shortening associated with slip transfer along the Altyn Tagh fault, we targeted this special irregular drainage basin geometry to develop an alternative way to estimate shortening. We infer a total of ~66 km of shortening in the western Qilian Shan with a north‐eastward decrease in the magnitude of shortening. This ~39% shortening strain is comparable to previous estimates. Estimates of dates of initiation support the view that significant shortening and topographical growth within the north‐western Qilian Shan occurred in post‐Middle Miocene time.
Frequent isolation of Arthroderma benhamiae from dogs with dermatophytosis
Authors: Sieklucki Ursula , Oh Soon‐Hwan , Hoyer Lois L. 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundMolecular analysis methods have led to many changes in the taxonomy of dermatophyte species.Hypothesis/ObjectivesWe hypothesized that fungi displaying morphology consistent with a traditional identification of ‘Trichophyton mentagrophytes’ represent multiple species, consistent with the new taxonomy.MethodsFungal specimens (n = 20) were collected directly from animals with dermatophytosis, were among those submitted for diagnostic analysis or were part of historical teaching collections. Primers that amplified a portion of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene and primers specific for a fragment from the internal transcribed spacer region were used for PCR amplification of genomic DNA. The DNA sequences from the amplified products were compared with databases to identify the isolates.ResultsOf the 80% (n = 16) of the fungal isolates identified as Arthroderma benhamiae, eight were collected from dogs. One isolate was identified as Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii, two were Trichophyton erinacei and one was Nannizziopsis (Chrysosporium) guarroi, which was probably present as a saprophyte.Conclusions and clinical importanceFrequent isolation of A. benhamiae from dogs suggests a greater host range for this fungus than reflected in the current literature. Our data also suggest the potential for geographical restriction of strain types within the species. Efforts to identify fungal isolates using molecular techniques create a better understanding of diversity and epidemiology of the dermatophytes.
Karrikins promote germination of physiologically dormant seeds of Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (boneseed)
Authors: Reynolds C J , Long R L , Flematti G R , Cherry H , Turner S R 
Published: November 2013

SummaryPhysiological dormancy in weed species has significant implications for weed management, as viable seeds may persist in soil seedbanks for many years. The major stimulatory compound in smoke, karrikinolide (KAR1), promotes germination in a range of physiologically dormant weed species allowing targeted eradication methods to be employed. Control of Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (boneseed), a Weed of National Significance in Australia, may benefit from adopting such an approach. In this study, we hypothesised that seeds of C. monilifera ssp. monilifera exhibit physiological dormancy, germinate more rapidly as dormancy is alleviated, show fluctuations in sensitivity to KAR1 and form a persistent soil seedbank. Seeds responded to 1 μM KAR1 (40–60% germination) even during months (i.e. March, April, July, August) when seeds were observed to be more deeply dormant (control germination: 7–20%). Seeds germinated readily over a range of cooler temperatures (i.e. 10, 15, 20, 20/10 and 25/15°C) and were responsive to KAR2 (~50% germination) as well. Eradication efforts for C. monilifera ssp. monilifera may benefit from use of karrikins to achieve synchronised germination from soil seedbanks, even at times of the year when C. monilifera ssp. monilifera seeds would be less likely to germinate, allowing more rapid depletion of the soil seedbank and targeted control of young plants.
Tension Loss of Hydro-Pneumatic Riser Tensioners
Authors: Li Songcheng , Campbell Mike , Howells Hugh , Orsak John 
Published: November 2013

With drilling exploration extending to deeper water, the total top tension to lift a drilling riser increases accordingly. Tensioners with higher tension capacity are preferred to minimize the total number of tensioners due to space limitation on a drilling vessel. Higher tension capacity requires more advanced recoil control for emergency events. Hydro-pneumatic tensioners are widely used for risers with anti-recoil control in deep water, and are commonly simulated as an equivalent linear or nonlinear spring or a pneumatic system. The discrepancy between simulation and measurement calls for a model with rate dependent stiffness considering the compressibility of hydraulic oil, the interference of valve control and friction loss along piping or hose.
In this paper, the hydro-pneumatic tensioner system with anti-recoil valve control is simulated in 2HRecoil, a customized version of ANSYS Mechanical APDL, and benchmarked with commercial software DeepRiser. The tension loss due to hydraulic oil friction, mass inertia, piston-cylinder friction is evaluated with coupled riser motion. The conventional approach in simulating the hydro-pneumatic tensioner system as an equivalent pneumatic system is found inaccurate. The sensitivity of the pressure difference between the cylinder chamber and the high pressure accumulator on the gas constant is discussed. The scatter in predicting gas constant, friction and damping coefficients from measured data is explained using hydro-pneumatic approach.
Maneuvering Behavior of Ships in Irregular Waves
Authors: Skejic Renato , Faltinsen Odd M. 
Published: November 2013

Ship maneuvering in waves is analyzed by using a unified seakeeping and maneuvering two-time scale model in irregular sea that has been applied by Skejic and Faltinsen [1] for regular waves. The irregular wave effects are accounted for by Newman’s [2] approximation of the slow-drift 2nd order wave loads valid for deep water (Faltinsen [3], Pinkster [29]).
The modular type maneuvering model (MMG model) based on Söding’s [4] nonlinear slender-body theory is used for the maneuvering analysis. Forces and moments due to rudder, propeller, and viscous cross-flow are accounted for as presented by Skejic and Faltinsen [1] and Yasukawa [5, 6]. In particular, the behavior of the propulsive coefficients (the thrust deduction and wake fraction) in waves (Faltinsen et al. [7], Faltinsen and Minsaas [8]) are discussed from the perspective of ship maneuvering characteristics in both regular and irregular wave environments.
The unified model of seakeeping and maneuvering for deep-water irregular waves is validated for the ‘S7-175’ (‘SR 108’) container ship in calm water and regular deep-water wave scenarios by comparison with experimental results by Yasukawa [5, 6]. The maneuvering model is applied to a ‘MARINER’ ship performing turning maneuver in irregular waves. The obtained results of the ships main maneuvering parameters are discussed from a statistical point of view.
Fatigue Crack Growth Rate and Fracture Toughness of API5L X65 in Sweet Environments
Authors: Tognarelli Michael A. , Thodla Ramgopal , Shademan Steven 
Published: November 2013

Corrosion fatigue and fracture toughness in sour environments of APIX65 5L have typically been studied in relatively severe environments like NACE A and NACE B solutions. There are very limited data in sweet and mildly sour environments that are of interest in various applications. This paper presents fatigue crack growth frequency scans in a range of sweet and mildly sour environments as well as on different microstructures: Parent Pipe, Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and Weld Center Line (WCL). The fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) increased with decreasing frequency and reached a plateau value at low frequencies. FCGR in the sweet environments that were investigated did exhibit a frequency dependence (increasing with decreasing frequency) and had plateau FCGR in the range of 10–20× the in-air values. In the mildly sour environments that were investigated, FCGR was found to be about 25 to 30× higher than the in-air values. By comparison, in NACE A environments the FCGR is typically about 50× higher than the in-air values. The FCGRs of parent pipe and HAZ were found to be similar over a range of environments, whereas the WCL FCGR data were consistently lower by about a factor of 2×. The lower FCGR of the WCL is likely due to the lower concentration of diffusible hydrogen in the weld. FCGRs as a function of ΔK (stress integrity factor range) were measured on parent pipe at the plateau frequency. The measured Paris law curves were consistent with the frequency scan data.
Rising displacement fracture toughness tests were performed in a range of sweet and sour environments to determine the R-curve behavior. Tests were performed in-situ at a slow K-rate of 0.05Nmm−3/2/s over a range of environmental conditions on parent pipe. The initiation toughness and the slope of the R-curve decreased sharply in the sour environments. The initiation toughness and slopes were largely independent of the notch location as well as environmental conditions. Typical values of initiation toughness were in the range of 90–110N/mm.
Analysis of Added Resistance: Comparative Study on Different Methodologies
Authors: Seo Min-Guk , Lee Jae-Hoon , Park Dong-Min , Yang Kyung-Kyu , Kim Kyong-Hwan , Kim Yonghwan 
Published: November 2013

This paper considers the comparative study on added resistance for different methodologies. An accurate prediction of added resistance and resultant power increase becomes an important issue in greenship design. There are several methodologies for the prediction of added resistance, and most of them are based on frequency domain approaches such as slender-body theory or wave Green-function approach. As the time-domain approaches becomes an alternative method for seakeeping analysis, the time-domain approaches are also applicable for added resistance prediction.
In this paper, a few approaches have been applied for the prediction of added resistance on different hull forms. The methods to be considered in this study are (i) slender-body method, (ii) Rankine panel methods, (iii) Cartesian-grid-based Euler solver, and (iv) short-wave approximations. Both the far- and near-field formations are considered in the slender-body and Rankine panel methods, while the direct pressure integration is applied for the CFD method. The computational results are validated by comparing them with experimental data on Wigley hull, Series 60 hull, and S175 containership, showing reasonable agreements for all models. The study is extended to the analysis of added resistance in short wavelengths.
Parameterization for Nonlinearity of Random Waves Over Slopes
Authors: Chen Hongzhou , Dong Guohai , Ma Yuxiang 
Published: November 2013

Nonlinearity of gravity waves in coastal region plays crucial role in the wave evolution and the sediment transport. Parameterization of the nonlinear characteristics of random waves is an efficient and important way to descript the wave process. It is well known that coastal topography has a key effect on the wave transformation. However, the related previous studies have ignored the slope effects. It is the primary motivation of the research.
To implement this aim, physical experiments of random waves propagating over three slopes (1/15, 1/30, 1/45) were carried out in a wave flume with 50m long, 3m wide and used with a water depth of 0.52m. About 20 random wave simulations based on JONSWAP spectra with varying wave height and peak frequency were considered.
The wavelet based bispectrum is adopted to obtain the nonlinear parameters, bicoherence, biphase, skewness and asymmetry. On each slope bottoms, several empirical relationships between these parameters and the local Ursell number are derived using the least square method. The results indicate that the bicoherence and the asymmetry of waves relate to the slope. However, the slopes have negligible effect on the formulae of the skewness. Then, the empirical formulae on the bicoherence and asymmetry combining with the bottom slope are constructed.