Prediction of Asphaltene Stability for Live Oils and Chemical Selection to Mitigate Deposition and Fouling
Authors: Appleyard Stephen P. , Cope David , Gharfeh Samir , Singh Probjot , Kraiwattanawong Kriangkrai 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The precipitation of asphaltenes from crude oil can be induced by changes in temperature, pressure and composition. This study reviews a thermodynamic approach to describing the solubility of asphaltenes with a model that accounts for all of these effects. This solubility model can then be used to assess the relative stability of crude oil systems at all stages of production from the reservoir to the tank farm. The impact of changes in temperature, pressure and composition are individually addressed. Increasing temperature only is shown to lower the absolute values of both the oil solubility and onset solubility parameters. Also, temperature has little impact (if any) on the relative stability of the asphaltenes (provided that no chemical changes occur). The effect of pressure on the impact of dissolved gases is captured by the model, and shown to have a potentially strong influence on asphaltene solubility. Finally, examples are presented describing the effect on oil stability due to changes in composition under both pressurized and ambient conditions. Addition of miscible injectant to reservoir fluids, and blending of bitumen with diluents in surface facilities are addressed. In both of these examples, prior knowledge of problematic compositions and blending ratios could help to avoid the occurrence of asphaltene precipitation in operations.

1.0 Introduction
Asphaltene precipitation can have a strong, negative impact on productivity and maintenance costs due to plugging of the reservoir formation, well-bore equipment and flow-lines, and due to fouling of surface facilities. Oil instability, leading to asphaltene precipitation, may be induced by changes in temperature, pressure and chemical composition of the produced oil. Pressure depletion above the bubble point causes an expansion/increase in the volume fraction of the dissolved hydrocarbon gases and reduces solvency towards asphaltenes. At pressures below the bubble point, the separation (evaporation) of light ends can improve the solvency of the remaining fluid towards asphaltenes. The development of new wells in the vicinity of existing production facilities may entail commingling of oils, resulting in a mixed fluid of very different composition. This mixed fluid may be unstable, leading to asphaltene precipitation and flocculation (aggregation). Enhanced oil recovery methods by using gas injection / miscible injectant, or carbon dioxide may also adversely impact oil stability leading to asphaltene precipitation and deposition. Ideally, measurements should be made to assess the stability of oils under a variety of conditions. Unfortunately however, the measurement of asphaltene stability at reservoir conditions is rather expensive and may not actually be feasible due to an absence of "live oil" samples and/or due to difficulties in obtaining such samples of suitable quality and size. Consequently, there is continued interest in the development of predictive models to assess the stability of oils, both at reservoir conditions and as a function of pressure depletion. Additionally, it is informative to extend the application of these models to include the effects of dissolved hydrocarbon gases on oil stability and to assess the effect of commingling potentially incompatible fluids.