bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opisthotonic head displacement in the domestic chicken and its bearing on the ‘dead bird’ posture of non‐avialan dinosaurs
Authors: Russell A. P. , Bentley A. D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe opisthotonic (‘dead bird’) posture encountered in non‐avialan dinosaurs and other fossilized archosaurs is characterized by extreme dorsal neck retraction and tail protraction. Extant birds have been used to study this and attention has focused on the neck (because modern avians lack a long, freely articulated series of caudal vertebrae). The opisthotonic posture has been largely discussed in relation to prevailing circumstances that may bring it about. Less attention has been paid to the actual patterns of excursion between vertebrae along the cervical series, and how this may influence the postures that are able to be adopted after death. We studied cervical intervertebral displacement throughout the full range of sagittal travel of the head, employing radiographic imagery. Our findings show that the head remains freely mobile on the cervical column in all positions of displacement, and the cervical vertebrae can be grouped into three functional clusters (posterior, intermediate and anterior), based on their patterns of intervertebral excursion along the sagittal displacement arc. The intervertebral joints at the junctions between these three regions, as well as the joint between the skull and the first cervical vertebra, exhibit the greatest ranges of excursion. Other joints in the cervical series exhibit relatively small levels of excursion. The mobility of the cervical joints in combination makes the neck prone to opisthotonic displacement, but there is no potential for an equivalent pattern of ventral movement and instead much of the cervical series becomes essentially locked when moved in this way. The S‐shaped curvature of the neck in the resting position, with its characteristic intervertebral angles, is contributory to the ability to assume the opisthotonic posture. Circumstances that lead to the adoption of this posture are likely varied.
Petrology of a nonindigenous microgranitic clast in polymict ureilite EET 87720: Evidence for formation of evolved melt on an unknown parent body
Authors: Beard A. D. , Downes H. , Chaussidon M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractEET 87720 is a polymict ureilite breccia known to contain numerous nonindigenous fragments. We have discovered a microgranitic clast in an interior chip of Elephant Moraine (EET) 87720. The clast consists of a granophyre‐like intergrowth of a pure SiO2 phase (tridymite) and albite, mantling a zoned oligoclase phenocryst. In the intergrowth, the tridymite occurs as thin elongate vermicular blebs within larger albite crystals. The granophyre‐like intergrowth and the oligoclase phenocryst share a common margin, suggesting that the clast was originally part of a larger fragment. An estimate of its bulk composition is equivalent to that of granite (77 wt% SiO2). Patches of high‐Si K‐bearing glass occur interstitially within the clast; they have high concentrations of SO3 (11–12 wt%) and contain Cl (0.6 wt%), suggesting that the clast formed on a volatile‐rich parent body perhaps resembling early Mars. The mean oxygen isotope composition of the feldspar and tridymite in the clast is very different from the oxygen isotope compositions of ureilites, and is similar to those of silicate inclusions in IIE and IVA irons. Thus, the clast is not indigenous to the ureilite parent body, but it provides evidence for the formation of evolved melts on an unknown parent body in the early solar system.
Variation in opsin genes correlates with signalling ecology in North American fireflies
Authors: Sander S. E. , Hall D. W. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractGenes underlying signal reception should evolve to maximize signal detection in a particular environment. In animals, opsins, the protein component of visual pigments, are predicted to evolve according to this expectation. Fireflies are known for their bioluminescent mating signals. The eyes of nocturnal species are expected to maximize the detection of conspecific signal colours emitted in the typical low‐light environment. This is not expected for species that have transitioned to diurnal activity in bright daytime environments. Here, we test the hypothesis that opsin gene sequence plays a role in modifying firefly eye spectral sensitivity. We use genome and transcriptome sequencing in four firefly species, transcriptome sequencing in six additional species and targeted gene sequencing in 28 other species to identify all opsin genes present in North American fireflies and to elucidate amino acid sites under positive selection. We also determine whether amino acid substitutions in opsins are linked to evolutionary changes in signal mode, signal colour and light environment. We find only two opsins, one long wavelength and one ultraviolet, in all firefly species and identify 25 candidate sites that may be involved in determining spectral sensitivity. In addition, we find elevated rates of evolution at transitions to diurnal activity, and changes in selective constraint on long wavelength opsin associated with changes in light environment. Our results suggest that changes in eye spectral sensitivity are at least partially due to opsin sequence. Fireflies continue to be a promising system in which to investigate the evolution of signals, receptors and signalling environments.
Ecosystem productivity is associated with bacterial phylogenetic distance in surface marine waters
Authors: Galand Pierre E. , Salter Ian , Kalenitchenko Dimitri 
Published: August 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the link between community diversity and ecosystem function is a fundamental aspect of ecology. Systematic losses in biodiversity are widely acknowledged but the impact this may exert on ecosystem functioning remains ambiguous. There is growing evidence of a positive relationship between species richness and ecosystem productivity for terrestrial macro‐organisms, but similar links for marine micro‐organisms, which help drive global climate, are unclear. Community manipulation experiments show both positive and negative relationships for microbes. These previous studies rely, however, on artificial communities and any links between the full diversity of active bacterial communities in the environment, their phylogenetic relatedness and ecosystem function remain hitherto unexplored. Here, we test the hypothesis that productivity is associated with diversity in the metabolically active fraction of microbial communities. We show in natural assemblages of active bacteria that communities containing more distantly related members were associated with higher bacterial production. The positive phylogenetic diversity–productivity relationship was independent of community diversity calculated as the Shannon index. From our long‐term (7‐year) survey of surface marine bacterial communities, we also found that similarly, productive communities had greater phylogenetic similarity to each other, further suggesting that the traits of active bacteria are an important predictor of ecosystem productivity. Our findings demonstrate that the evolutionary history of the active fraction of a microbial community is critical for understanding their role in ecosystem functioning.
Genomewide investigation of adaptation to harmful algal blooms in common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Cammen Kristina M. , Schultz Thomas F. , Rosel Patricia E. , Wells Randall S. , Read Andrew J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHarmful algal blooms (HABs), which can be lethal in marine species and cause illness in humans, are increasing worldwide. In the Gulf of Mexico, HABs of Karenia brevis produce neurotoxic brevetoxins that cause large‐scale marine mortality events. The long history of such blooms, combined with the potentially severe effects of exposure, may have produced a strong selective pressure for evolved resistance. Advances in next‐generation sequencing, in particular genotyping‐by‐sequencing, greatly enable the genomic study of such adaptation in natural populations. We used restriction site‐associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to investigate brevetoxicosis resistance in common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). To improve our understanding of the epidemiology and aetiology of brevetoxicosis and the potential for evolved resistance in an upper trophic level predator, we sequenced pools of genomic DNA from dolphins sampled from both coastal and estuarine populations in Florida and during multiple HAB‐associated mortality events. We sequenced 129 594 RAD loci and analysed 7431 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The allele frequencies of many of these polymorphic loci differed significantly between live and dead dolphins. Some loci associated with survival showed patterns suggesting a common genetic‐based mechanism of resistance to brevetoxins in bottlenose dolphins along the Gulf coast of Florida, but others suggested regionally specific mechanisms of resistance or reflected differences among HABs. We identified candidate genes that may be the evolutionary target for brevetoxin resistance by searching the dolphin genome for genes adjacent to survival‐associated SNPs.
Chimerism analysis in clinical practice and its relevance for the detection of graft rejection and malignant relapse in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients
Authors: Mellgren Karin , Arvidson Johan , Toporski Jacek , Winiarski Jacek 
Published: August 2015

AbstractChimerism and clinical outcome data from 244 hematopoietic stem cell transplants in 218 children were retrospectively analyzed to assess their relevance for the detection of graft rejection and malignant relapse. Patients transplanted for a non‐malignant disease had significantly higher proportions of residual recipient T cells in peripheral blood at one, three, and six months compared with patients transplanted for malignant disease. Recipient T‐cell levels were below 50% at one month after transplantation in most patients (129 of 152 transplants). Graft rejection occurred more frequently in the group of patients with high levels of recipient cells at one month (10 graft rejections in the 23 patients with recipient T cells >50% at one month as compared to seven graft rejections occurred in 129 patients with recipient T cells <50% (p < 0.001). Multilineage chimerism data in 87 children with leukemia at one, three, and six months after transplantation were not correlated with subsequent relapse of malignant disease. In conclusion, early analysis of lineage‐specific chimerism in peripheral blood can be used to identify patients who are at high risk of graft rejection. However, the efficacy of early chimerism analysis for predicting leukemia relapse was limited.
Evaluation of Methodologies for Compensation of Out of Plane Motions in a 2D Digital Image Correlation Setup
Authors: Wittevrongel L. , Badaloni M. , Balcaen R. , Lava P. , Debruyne D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn 2D digital image correlation, out of plane motions are an important experimental factor to consider. Because a 2D setup does not provide any depth information, movements towards the camera (out of plane motions) are disadvantageous for the surface measurement. The effects of out of plane motions in a 2D digital image correlation (DIC) setup have been investigated profoundly in previous works. The compensation of these motions however is less investigated. Therefore, this paper will handle on solutions for correcting or minimising out of plane motions in 2D DIC measurements. Three compensation methods are implemented and validated. Firstly, a mechanical camera positioning tool is developed to avoid misalignments of the camera and therefore avoid most of the out of plane motions. Secondly, the camera is aligned numerically using the camera pinhole model and numerically deforming the images. Finally, a method proposed in literature using a region of compensation is used in this validation. All three methods have shown to be able to minimise out of plane motions. Validated in an experimental setup, a great improvement of the identified Poisson ratio is observed during multiple tensile tests.
Variation of Residual Magnetic Field of Defective U75V Steel Subjected to Tensile Stress
Authors: Bao S. , Liu X. , Zhang D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractVariation of the stress‐induced magnetic field of the U75V rail steel under tension was investigated in this research. Various magnetic responses were registered by a magnetometer in the elastic and plastic deformation stages, which can be explained by the microstructural changes in magnetic domains. Two types of defective specimens were also tested to correlate the stress concentration with the magnetic field. It is found that the tangential component of the magnetic field Bx is much more sensitive to local stress concentration than the normal component Bz. The tangential component Bx reaches a peak value at the rupture position, and the peak magnitude is proportional to the concentrated stress caused by the defect. This observation is different from the Q235 steel, whose tangential component Bx and the normal component Bz are equally effective. Such discrepancy might be due to that U75V fails in a more brittle pattern than the Q235 steel. The average value of the Bx along the loading axis can determine the overall stress state of the structure, while the peaks in the Bx curve tell the local stress concentration caused by cracks and dislocation.
Improving the availability of intra-operative images created during trauma operations - a multidisciplinary team collaboration
Authors: Hayes Thomas , Harrison Edward 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIntraoperative x rays are regularly taken on multiple occasions during orthopaedic surgery, especially during the course of planned trauma lists where procedures are performed under x ray guidance. These images have an important role in demonstrating the nature of the operation to clinical staff and in permitting an assessment of the standard of surgery by colleagues at planned metalwork reviews. Furthermore, they represent an important medico-legal record of the fracture configuration at the time of completion of surgery.Various technologies are available for the creation, storage, and presentation of such images. In our hospital, relatively unsophisticated technology is employed to physically print such x rays before they are digitally uploaded to an electronic computer system to be stored. This system also allows the images to be viewed. Unfortunately, many opportunities existed within our systems which created opportunities for images to be lost so that they were not made available to clinical staff. We aimed to evaluate and improve this system with the aim of making all x rays taken intraoperatively available to clinical staff in a timely manner. By examining the processes through which images were handled, we were able to adopt strategies to ensure the prompt production of images.
Megakaryocytic hyperplasia in myeloproliferative neoplasms is driven by disordered proliferative, apoptotic and epigenetic mechanisms
Authors: Malherbe Jacques A J , Fuller Kathryn A , Arshad Ayesha , Nangalia Jyoti , Romeo Giuliana , Hall Sara L , Meehan Katie S , Guo Belinda , Howman Rebecca , Erber Wendy N 
Published: August 2015

AimsMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are a heterogeneous group of clonal proliferative bone marrow diseases characterised by extensive megakaryocytic hyperplasia and morphological atypia. Despite knowledge of genomic defects, the pathobiological processes driving these megakaryocytic abnormalities in MPN remain poorly explained. We have explored the proliferative, apoptotic and epigenetic profiles of megakaryocytes in human MPN.MethodsImmunohistochemical staining was performed on bone marrow trephine biopsies of 81 MPN (with and withoutJAK2V617FandCALRmutations) and 15 normal controls to assess the megakaryocytic expression of biomarkers associated with proliferation (Ki67), apoptosis (Bcl-XL, BNIP-3) and epigenetic regulation (EZH2, SUZ12).ResultsMyeloproliferative megakaryocytes showed significantly greater expression of proliferative Ki67 and anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL, reduced pro-apoptotic BNIP-3 and increased SUZ12 compared with controls. In essential thrombocythaemia, large-giant megakaryocytes with hyperlobated nuclei showed a trend towards a proliferative signature. In contrast, myelofibrotic megakaryocytes with condensed nuclear chromatin, and cases withCALRmutations, had significant reductions in pro-apoptotic BNIP-3.ConclusionsUncontrolled megakaryocytic expansion in MPN results from a combination of increased proliferation, attenuated apoptosis and defective epigenetic regulation withCALRmutations favouring apoptotic failure. The higher platelet counts reported to be seen in MPN withCALRmutations may be due to greater dysregulation of megakaryocyte apoptosis.
The temporal evolution of chemical and physical properties of magmatic systems
Authors: Caricchi Luca , Blundy Jon 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Exactly 100 years ago the great Canadian-born petrologist N. L. Bowen published two seminal works on the chemical differentiation of magmas in which he posed the basis for a physico-chemical understanding of the fractionation of crystals from melts in molten rock. A subsequent century of research and technological advances has enhanced our understanding of the physics and chemistry of magmatic systems and their temporal evolution. The image of sub-volcanic magmatic systems has evolved greatly in that time, from a simple ‘boiling vat’ concept of molten rock in which bubbles, crystals and melt separate gravitationally to a recognition that magma vats are relatively rare and that most magmatic systems spend much of their lifetime in a partially molten, or mushy, state. Real magmatic systems appear to be organized into a series of storage regions periodically connected by feeding structures transferring magma (and heat) at different fluxes. Magma fluxes between the different portions of this plumbing system, and the variation of the chemical and physical properties of magma as it rises through the crust, exert essential controls on the eruptive modalities of volcanoes and the geochemistry of their products. This book presents a collection of contributions that use petrology, geochemistry, geochronology and numerical modelling to identify the processes operating at different depths within magmatic systems and to characterize the fluxes of magma between them.
Cabozantinib Inhibits Abiraterone's Upregulation of IGFIR Phosphorylation and Enhances Its Anti–Prostate Cancer Activity
Authors: Wang Xiaodong , Huang Ying , Christie Amanda , Bowden Michaela , Lee Gwo-Shu Mary , Kantoff Philip W. , Sweeney Christopher J. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Abiraterone improves the overall survival of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, de novo or adaptive resistance to abiraterone limits its activity. Rational combinations of drugs with different mechanisms of action that overcome resistance mechanisms may improve the efficacy of therapy. To that end, we studied the molecular and phenotypic effects of the combination of cabozantinib plus abiraterone.
Experimental Design: Three prostate cancer cell lines were used to interrogate the in vitro molecular and antiproliferative effects of the single agents and combination of cabozantinib and abiraterone. The in vivo impact of the combination was assessed using the LAPC4-CR xenograft mouse model.
Results: In vitro proliferation studies demonstrated single-agent doses between 2 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L for abiraterone and cabozantinib inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and the anticancer activity of abiraterone is enhanced when combined with cabozantinib. In vivo LAPC4-CR xenograft mouse studies also showed that cabozantinib can improve the antitumor activity of abiraterone. Cabozantinib, a multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, enhances the ability of abiraterone to inhibit AR activity in a cell line–dependent manner. In addition, our cell line studies demonstrate abiraterone-stimulated insulin–like growth factor I receptor (IGFIR) phosphorylation with downstream activation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, and that this potential adaptive resistance mechanism was inhibited by cabozantinib.
Conclusions: Cabozantinib can enhance the efficacy of abiraterone by blocking multiple compensatory survival mechanisms, including IGFIR activation, and supports the assessment of the combination in a clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5578–87. ©2015 AACR.
Hepatitis B Virus Combo Mutations Improve the Prediction and Active Prophylaxis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Clinic-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Yin Jianhua , Wang Junxue , Pu Rui , Xin Haiguang , Li Zixiong , Han Xue , Ding Yibo , Du Yan , Liu Wenbin , Deng Yang , Ji Xiaowei , Wu Ming , Yu Min , Zhang Hongwei , Wang Hongyang , Thompson Timothy C. , Ni Wu , Cao Guangwen 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We aimed to evaluate whether hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations at the core promoter region could improve the prediction and specific prophylaxis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic HBV-infected patients. A total of 2,114 HBV-infected patients enrolled between August 1998 and December 2007 were followed-up for 18,406 person-years. Of those, 612 received ≥48 week treatments with nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) and/or IFNα. Baseline HBV mutations were identified by sequencing. Propensity score matching was applied to reduce baseline differences between antiviral and control cohorts. Multivariate Cox regression analyses, including baseline characteristics of 2,114 patients, showed that age, male, cirrhosis, and HBV mutations (C1653T, T1753V, and A1762T/G1764A) independently increased HCC risk. In control patients carrying A1762T/G1764A, addition of C1653T and/or T1753V significantly increased HCC risk (HR, 1.57; P = 0.038); combo mutations with C1653T, T1753V, and A1762T/G1764A improved the validity of HCC prediction by age, male, and cirrhosis (P = 0.002). In the matched cohorts, antiviral treatment reduced HCC incidence (13.90/1,000 vs. 7.70/1,000 person-years, P = 0.005); NA treatment for ≥60 months was required for the prophylaxis of HCC in cirrhotic patients (P = 0.03); antiviral treatment reduced HCC risk in patients carrying A1762T/G1764A (HR, 0.40; P = 0.002) or C1653T (HR, 0.45; P = 0.04) and in those without T1753V (HR, 0.42; P = 0.005), but could not reduce HCC risk in patients without A1762T/G1764A or C1653T and in those with T1753V. In summary, HBV mutation A1762T/G1764A, C1653T, and T1753V in combination improve HCC prediction in HBV-infected patients. To prevent HCC, patients infected with HBV carrying A1762T/G1764A or C1653T, but not T1753V, should be given priority of receiving antiviral treatments. Cancer Prev Res; 8(10); 978–88. ©2015 AACR.
Wind Profilers to Aid with Monitoring and Forecasting of High-Impact Weather in the Southeastern and Western United States
Authors: White Allen B. , Mahoney Kelly M. , Cifelli Robert , King Clark W. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
With funding provided by the 2012 Disaster Relief Act (Sandy Supplemental), NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory Physical Sciences Division has installed three Doppler wind-profiling radars and surface meteorology towers along the U.S. Gulf and southeast coasts to help detect and monitor landfalling tropical storms and other high-impact weather events. This same combination of instruments has been used to monitor landfalling atmospheric rivers on the U.S. West Coast. For this reason, we refer to the whole collection of instruments at each site as an Atmospheric River Observatory (ARO). These three new AROs supported by the Sandy Supplemental complement a fourth ARO deployed in coastal North Carolina as part of NOAA’s Hydrometeorology Testbed Southeast Pilot Study. These four AROs were installed in time to capture the 2014 hurricane season and will be operated through the 2015 hurricane season.