bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation rate of sodium fluoroacetate in three New Zealand soils
Authors: Northcott Grant , Jensen Dwayne , Ying Lucia , Fisher Penny 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

The degradation rate of sodium fluoroacetate (SFA) was assessed in a laboratory microcosm study incorporating 3 New Zealand soil types under different temperature (5 °C, 10 °C, or 20 °C) and soil moisture (35% or 60% water holding capacity) conditions using guideline 307 from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. A combination of nonlabeled and radiolabeled 14C-SFA was added to soil microcosms, with sampling and analysis protocols for soil, soil extracts, and evolved CO2 established using liquid scintillation counting and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Degradation products of SFA and their rates of formation were similar in the 3 soil types. The major degradation pathway for SFA was through microbial degradation to the hydroxyl metabolite, hydroxyacetic acid, and microbial mineralization to CO2, which constituted the major transformation product. Temperature, rather than soil type or moisture content, was the dominant factor affecting the rate of degradation. Soil treatments incubated at 20 °C displayed a more rapid loss of 14C-SFA residues than lower temperature treatments. The transformation half-life (DT50) of SFA in the 3 soils increased with decreasing temperature, varying from 6 d to 8 d at 20 °C, 10 d to 21 d at 10 °C, and 22 d to 43 d at 5 °C. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1048–1058. © 2014 SETAC
Soil genotoxicity induced by successive applications of chlorothalonil under greenhouse conditions
Authors: Jin Xiangxiang , Cui Ning , Zhou Wei , Khorram Mahdi Safaei , Wang Donghong , Yu Yunlong 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Greenhouse production of vegetables has been developed rapidly in China. High temperature and humidity inside the greenhouse make this environment more suitable for fast reproduction of fungal diseases. Fungicides are among the chemicals used extensively in the greenhouse to prevent crops from invasive infections by phytopathogens; however, little is known about the accumulation of fungicides in soil and their effect on soil quality under greenhouse conditions. In the present study, the accumulation of the fungicide chlorothalonil (CT) and its toxic metabolite hydroxy-chlorothalonil (HCT) in soil as well as their related soil genotoxicity under greenhouse conditions was investigated. The results indicated that both CT and HCT accumulated in soil with repeated applications of CT, and the accumulation level was strongly correlated to application dosage and its frequency. In addition, soil genotoxicity, which was measured by Vicia faba, also increased with the accumulation of CT and HCT, and the main contributor to this phenomenon was CT rather than HCT. The data demonstrated that successive applications of fungicides may result in their accumulation in soil and thus a decline in soil quality. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1043–1047. © 2014 SETAC
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a New Salt of the Water‐Stable Hexathiohypodiphosphate Anion: [py2Li]4[P2S6] ·2 py
Authors: Schönberger Stefanie , Rotter Christiane , Karaghiosoff Konstantin 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA new rare example of a synthetic route in solution to the hexathiohypodiphosphate anion P2S64− is presented. Starting from P4S3, Li2S, and elemental sulfur in pyridine, this reaction yields yellow block‐shaped crystals of [py2Li]4[P2S6] · 2 py (1). The molecular structure of this hitherto unknown compound was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction and reveals a heteronorbornane skeleton within the Li4P2S6 entity.
Evaluating the impacts of climate change and switchgrass production on a semiarid basin
Authors: Goldstein Justin C. , Tarhule Aondover 
Published: January 2014

AbstractClimate and land use changes greatly modify hydrologic regimes. In this paper, we modelled the impacts of biofuel cultivation in the US Great Plains on a 1061‐km2 watershed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrologic model. The model was calibrated to monthly discharges spanning 2002–2010 and for the winter, spring, and summer seasons. SWAT was then run for a climate‐change‐only scenario using downscaled precipitation and a projected temperature for 16 general circulation model (GCM) runs associated with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenarios A2 scenario spanning 2040–2050. SWAT was also run on a climate change plus land use change scenario in which Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) replaced native range grasses, winter wheat, and rye (89% of the basin). For the climate‐change‐only scenario, the GCMs agreed on a monthly temperature increase of 1–2 °C by the 2042–2050 period, but they disagreed on the direction of change in precipitation. For this scenario, decreases in surface runoff during all three seasons and increases in spring and summer evapotranspiration (eT) were driven predominantly by precipitation. Increased summer temperatures also significantly contributed to changes in eT. With the addition of switchgrass, changes in surface runoff are amplified during the winter and summer, and changes in eT are amplified during all three seasons. Depending on the GCM utilized, either climate change or land use change (switchgrass cultivation) was the dominant driver of change in surface runoff while switchgrass cultivation was the major driver of changes in eT. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First in vivo visualization of MRI‐visible IPOM in a rabbit model
Authors: Otto Jens , Kuehnert Nicolas , Kraemer Nils A. , Ciritsis Alexander , Hansen Nienke Lynn , Kuhl Christiane , Busch Daniel , Peter Neumann Ulf , Klinge Uwe , Conze Klaus‐Joachim 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackground: Application of a mesh in presence of pneumoperitoneum may cause deformation or wave formation when gas is released. Moreover, mesh shrinkage during subsequent wound healing cannot be detected in vivo without invasive diagnostics. Using MRI‐visible polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) mesh, the extend of mesh deformation and shrinkage could be objectified by MRI for the first time. Materials and Methods: Laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) implantation was performed in 10 female rabbits using ferro‐oxide loaded PVDF meshes. MRI measurements were performed postoperatively at days 1 and 90. After three‐dimensional reconstruction of all MRI images the total surface and the effective surface of the implanted mesh were explored and calculated computer‐assisted. Results: In all cases, the mesh could be identified in MRI. The subsequent three‐dimensional reconstruction always allowed a calculation of the mesh area. In relation to the original size of the used textile implant, we found neither a significant reduction of the effective mesh surface after release of the pneumoperitoneum at day 1 after laparoscopic surgery nor a significant change of the total surface of this large pore mesh by the end of the observation period. Conclusions: In vivo investigation of mesh surface via MRI could exclude a significant initial reduction of the effective mesh surface after release of pneumoperitoneum, in this IPOM rabbit model. A further subsequent shrinkage of these large pore PVDF meshes could be excluded, as well. Imaging of MRI‐visible IPOM mesh turned out to be a sufficient tool to objectify mesh configuration and position in vivo. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1165–1169, 2014.
Bone Matrix Quality After Sclerostin Antibody Treatment
Authors: Ross Ryan D , Edwards Lindsey H , Acerbo Alvin S , Ominsky Michael S , Virdi Amarjit S , Sena Kotaro , Miller Lisa M , Sumner D Rick 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) is a novel bone-forming agent that is currently undergoing preclinical and clinical testing. Scl-Ab treatment is known to dramatically increase bone mass, but little is known about the quality of the bone formed during treatment. In the current study, global mineralization of bone matrix in rats and nonhuman primates treated with vehicle or Scl-Ab was assayed by backscattered scanning electron microscopy (bSEM) to quantify the bone mineral density distribution (BMDD). Additionally, fluorochrome labeling allowed tissue age–specific measurements to be made in the primate model with Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy to determine the kinetics of mineralization, carbonate substitution, crystallinity, and collagen cross-linking. Despite up to 54% increases in the bone volume after Scl-Ab treatment, the mean global mineralization of trabecular and cortical bone was unaffected in both animal models investigated. However, there were two subtle changes in the BMDD after Scl-Ab treatment in the primate trabecular bone, including an increase in the number of pixels with a low mineralization value (Z5) and a decrease in the standard deviation of the distribution. Tissue age–specific measurements in the primate model showed that Scl-Ab treatment did not affect the mineral-to-matrix ratio, crystallinity, or collagen cross-linking in the endocortical, intracortical, or trabecular compartments. Scl-Ab treatment was associated with a nonsignificant trend toward accelerated mineralization intracortically and a nearly 10% increase in carbonate substitution for tissue older than 2 weeks in the trabecular compartment (p &lt; 0.001). These findings suggest that Scl-Ab treatment does not negatively impact bone matrix quality. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Comparative development and evolution of two lateral line phenotypes in lake malawi cichlids
Authors: Webb Jacqueline F. , Bird Nathan C. , Carter Lauren , Dickson Juleen 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA comparison of the pattern and timing of development of cranial lateral line canals and canal neuromasts in three species of Lake Malawi cichlids, Labeotropheus fuelleborni and Metriaclima zebra (narrow lateral line canals), and Aulonocara baenschi (widened lateral line canals) was used to test the hypothesis that the evolution of widened canals (thought to be an adaptive phenotype in the lateral line system) from narrow canals is the result of heterochrony. Using histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy, this study has provided the first detailed and quantitative description of the development of widened lateral line canals in a teleost, and has demonstrated that: 1) canal neuromast number and the pattern of canal morphogenesis are conserved among species with different adult canal phenotypes, 2) heterochrony (“dissociated heterochrony” in particular) can explain the evolution of widened canals and variation in morphology between canals within a species with respect to canal diameter and neuromast size, and 3) the morphology of the lateral line canals and the dermal bones in which they are found (e.g., the mandibular canal the dentary and anguloarticular bones of the mandible) can evolve independently of each other, thus requiring the addition of another level of complexity to discussions of modularity and integration in the skull of bony fishes. J. Morphol. 275:678–692, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The development of the immune tissues in marsupial pouch young
Authors: Borthwick Casey R. , Young Lauren J. , Old Julie M. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTCurrent knowledge of the development of the marsupial immune system, particularly in the context of lymphoid tissue development and the appearance of lymphocytes, has been examined and limitations identified. While primary lymphoid tissues like the thymus have been extensively studied, secondary lymphoid tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodes have been examined to a lesser extent, partly due to the difficulty of macroscopically identifying these structures, particularly in very small neonates. In addition, little research has been conducted on the mucosal‐associated lymphoid tissues; tissues that directly trap antigens and play an important role in the maturity of adaptive immune responses. Research on the development of the marsupial immune tissues to date serves as a solid foundation for further research, particularly on the mechanisms behind the development of the immune system of marsupials. With the recent sequencing and annotation of whole marsupial genomes, the current wealth of sequence data will be essential in the development of marsupial specific reagents, including antibodies, that are required to widen our specific knowledge of the complex marsupial immune system and its development. J. Morphol. 275:822–839, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complex permittivity and permeability estimation by reflection measurements of open and short coaxial transmission line
Authors: Staszek Kamil , Gruszczynski Slawomir , Wincza Krzysztof 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA novel method for complex permittivity and permeability measurements of dielectrics has been shown. The method is based on a previously developed transmission‐line technique, however, has been modified to allow for dielectric properties estimation with measurements of reflections only. The analysis of measurement errors, resulting from: sample length uncertainty, vector network analyzer uncertainty, and open‐end inaccuracy, has been shown in the article. The calibration method using open/short/offset‐short standards has been described. The method has been experimentally tested by measurements of three different reference liquid samples. A good agreement between measured values and previously published ones has been obtained. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:727–732, 2014
5‐Ghz low noise amplifier with ESD protection method using transformer
Authors: Yoon Jaehyuk , Park Changkun 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this study, we propose a 5‐GHz differential RF CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA) with electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection method in the RF input and output using spiral transformers. Spiral transformers are used as the ESD protection elements as well as the components of the input and output matching networks. During an ESD event, the transformers become the path through which the ESD current shunts because the frequency of the ESD is much lower than the operating frequency of the general RF circuit. The designed LNA is implemented using a 0.18‐µm RF CMOS process. The measured ESD survival level is higher than 1.4 kV. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:684–689, 2014
Time‐domain gate based on a mach‐zehnder interferometer to reduce amplified spontaneous emissions in a continuously pumped fiber amplifier
Authors: Kuroda Keiji , Yoshikuni Yuzo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe report reduction of amplified spontaneous emissions in a continuously pumped fiber amplifier by using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. A reduction ratio of over 25 dB in the total emission intensity was achieved by using the interferometer. We also measured the dependence of the emission spectra on the bias voltage. Time‐resolved emissions were observed in a dual‐amplifier system containing the interferometer as a time‐domain gate. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:590–594, 2014
A simple penta‐band reconfigurable antenna for mobile device applications
Authors: Lee J. H. , Sung Y. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA simple reconfigurable antenna for mobile device applications is proposed in this letter. The proposed structure uses a conventional planar inverted‐F antenna as its basic geometry and a single PIN diode embedded in the middle of the shorting line. The proposed antenna has two resonances (f1 and f2). These resonances are easily controlled by electrically controlling the on/off state of the PIN diode. The measured results show that the basic resonance f1 covers the GSM850 (824–894 MHz) and GSM900 (880–960 MHz) bands in the lower band, and the harmonic resonance f2 includes digital communication system (1710–1880 MHz), personal communication system (1850–1990 MHz), and universal mobile telecommunications system (1920–2710 MHz) bands in the higher band. Therefore, the proposed antenna achieves penta‐band wireless wide area network operation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:769–774, 2014
Design of dual‐band bandpass filter with constant absolute bandwidth
Authors: Su Tao , Zhang Li‐Juan , Wang Sheng‐Jie , Li Zhi‐Peng , Zhang Yong‐Liang 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA dual‐band bandpass filter using split‐ring resonators (SRRs) and defected ground structure (DGS) with constant absolute bandwidth is proposed in this article. The inner and outer SRRs are operated for respective passband. DGS is etched on the ground, which can control the coupling coefficient of the filter to maintain constant absolute bandwidth. Finally, such kind of filter with compact size and high selectivity characteristics are designed and fabricated. The simulation and measurement results are basically in good agreement. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:715–718, 2014
An effective third harmonic generator using a left‐handed nonlinear transmisson line
Authors: Kim In Bok , Kim Kang Wook , Yoo Hyoungsuk , Park Jonghoo , Kim Hongjoon 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, an effective third harmonic generator using a left‐handed nonlinear transmission line (LH NLTL) is presented. The proposed harmonic generator using the LH NLTL is composed of a series of varactor diodes and shunt inductances, which were implemented with a 0.2‐mm wide microstrip line. The harmonic generator was built on a Rogers RO4003 substrate and has dimensions of 12 × 7 mm2. The fabricated LH NLTL provides a maximum insertion loss of 5.2 dB, and a minimum insertion loss of 2.2 dB for a wide frequency band from 2.3 to 18.7 GHz. The measured minimum third harmonic conversion loss was 14.2 dB at an input frequency of 2.5 GHz. When compared to other works, a better third harmonic conversion efficiency is achieved with much smaller size in lower frequencies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:568–570, 2014
Implementation and justification of a triple frequency‐notched UWB proximity‐fed antenna with shunt stubs
Authors: Ali Mohamed Mamdouh M. , Saad Ayman Ayd R. , Khaled Elsayed Esam M. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, an ultrawideband (UWB) antenna with triple band‐rejection characteristics is proposed. The antenna is compact with size of 22.5 × 24 mm2. Matching between a sector‐disk shaped radiating patch and the 50‐Ω microstrip line is manipulated through a proximity‐feed technique. An elliptically‐shaped aperture is etched in the ground plane to enhance the antenna bandwidth. Double shunt stubs are used to get more enhancement of the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The band notches at WiMAX of 3.3–3.9 GHz, lower WLAN of 5.15–5.35 GHz, and upper WLAN of 5.725–5.825 GHz are realized by embedding three elements; a reversed F‐shaped slot etched off in the patch, a reversed U‐shaped slot etched off in the feed line, and adding a parasitic flipped C‐shaped strip around the patch, respectively. The antenna is fabricated and the experimental data show that the designed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 3.2–11.6 GHz for VSWR less than 2, except at three frequency stop‐bands of 3.20–4.19, 5.02–5.32, and 5.51–6.10 GHz. Curve fitting formulations to describe the influences of the embedded structures on the corresponding notched frequencies are obtained by using a second‐order polynomial. Moreover, physical lumped elements of an electrical equivalent circuit model of the proposed antenna are obtained using a rational function approximation based on the vector fitting technique. The antenna provides almost omnidirectional patterns, relatively flat gain, and high radiation efficiency over the entire UWB frequency excluding the rejected bands. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:646–654, 2014
Miniaturized resonant structure for wireless power transfer system based on high‐Q bulk acoustic resonator
Authors: Turalchuk Pavel , Vendik Orest , Vendik Irina , Kholodnyak Dmitry , Song Keum‐Su , Kim Ki Young 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA novel high‐Q resonant structure comprising the bulk acoustic resonator (BAR) and inductive loop is proposed to be used for wireless power transmission system. The proposed resonant structure operating at MHz frequency range has significantly miniature size in relation to the electrical wavelength (<λ/100) that could be attractive in the field of biology and medicine applications. The efficiency of the wireless power transfer system consisting of ordinary transmitting loop and proposed resonant structure with diameter of 6 mm based on high‐Q BAR has been estimated as higher than 60% at the distance 10 mm. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:531–535, 2014
A low‐power RF receiver for digital TV DVB‐SH
Authors: García‐Vázquez Hugo , Khemchandani Sunil L. , del Pino Javier 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis article describes a low‐power RF front‐end for digital video broadcasting–satellite services to handhelds (2.17–2.2 GHz) implemented in UMC CMOS 90‐nm process. This receiver includes a resistive feedback low‐noise amplifier and a double‐balanced Gilbert mixer. Measurements show a conversion gain of 24.1 dB, a 3‐dB noise figure, an input return loss of −11.9 dB, and an output compression point of −2.2 dBm. This combination draws 12.4 mW from a 1.2 V supply. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:528–531, 2014
A compact quad‐band band‐pass filter using novel stub‐loaded SIR structure
Authors: Wei Feng , Huang Qiu Lin , Li Wen‐Tao , Shi Xiao‐Wei 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA compact quad‐band band‐pass filter (BPF) based on a novel stub‐loaded step‐impedance resonator (SL‐SIR) is analyzed and designed in this article. The proposed SL‐SIR, which is found to have the advantages of introducing four narrow passbands and providing more degrees of freedom to adjust the resonant frequencies, is investigated by using even/odd mode analysis. A prototype of a quad‐band BPF centerd at 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 5.2 GHz is designed and fabricated. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement with each other. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:538–542, 2014
Optimization of metamaterial structures for terahertz and microwave sensor applications
Authors: Basiri Raheleh , Abiri Habibollah , Yahaghi Alireza 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, metamaterials are adapted for optimal design of filters with specific characteristics that are useful for sensor applications. The random hill climbing optimization method is used to find optimal structures. Periodic method of moments is applied to calculate the fitness functions of the resulted structures from random hill climbing (RHC) optimizer. One of the optimum structures is fabricated and the measured results are compared with PMOM outputs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:636–642, 2014
Empirical equations for the resonant frequency of CPW‐FED modified T‐shaped antenna
Authors: Ooi Pei Cheng , Lok Wei Yii 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTTwo empirical equations to predict the resonant frequency of the coplanar‐waveguide‐fed modified T‐shaped antenna are proposed. The equations predict resonant frequencies with a maximum error of 3.42%. The least square method has been used to form the equations based on measured data. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:597–600, 2014