bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hexane Cracking over Steamed Phosphated Zeolite H‐ZSM‐5: Promotional Effect on Catalyst Performance and Stability
Authors: van der Bij Hendrik E. , Meirer Florian , Kalirai Sam , Wang Jian , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe nature behind the promotional effect of phosphorus on the catalytic performance and hydrothermal stability of zeolite H‐ZSM‐5 has been studied using a combination of 27Al and 31P MAS NMR spectroscopy, soft X‐ray absorption tomography and n‐hexane catalytic cracking, complemented with NH3 temperature‐programmed desorption and N2 physisorption. Phosphated H‐ZSM‐5 retains more acid sites and catalytic cracking activity after steam treatment than its non‐phosphated counterpart, while the selectivity towards propylene is improved. It was established that the stabilization effect is twofold. First, the local framework silico‐aluminophosphate (SAPO) interfaces, which form after phosphatation, are not affected by steam and hold aluminum atoms fixed in the zeolite lattice, preserving the pore structure of zeolite H‐ZSM‐5. Second, the four‐coordinate framework aluminum can be forced into a reversible sixfold coordination by phosphate. These species remain stationary in the framework under hydrothermal conditions as well. Removal of physically coordinated phosphate after steam‐treatment leads to an increase in the number of strong acid sites and increased catalytic activity. We propose that the improved selectivity towards propylene during catalytic cracking can be attributed to local SAPO interfaces located at channel intersections, where they act as impediments in the formation of bulky carbenium ions and therefore suppress the bimolecular cracking mechanism.
Synthesis, Properties, and Redox Behavior of 1,1,4,4‐Tetracyano‐2‐ferrocenyl‐1,3‐butadienes Connected by Aryl, Biaryl, and Teraryl Spacers
Authors: Shoji Taku , Maruyama Akifumi , Yaku Chisa , Kamata Natsumi , Ito Shunji , Okujima Tetsuo , Toyota Kozo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAryl‐substituted 1,1,4,4‐tetracyano‐1,3‐butadienes (FcTCBDs) and bis(1,1,4,4‐tetracyanobutadiene)s (bis‐FcTCBDs), possessing a ferrocenyl group on each terminal, were prepared by the reaction of a variety of alkynes with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction, followed by retro‐electrocyclization of the initially formed [2+2] cycloadducts (i.e., cyclobutene derivatives). The characteristic intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) between the donor (ferrocene) and acceptor (TCBD) moieties were investigated by using UV/Vis spectroscopy. The redox behaviors of FcTCBDs and bis‐FcTCBDs were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which revealed their properties of multi‐electron transfer depending on the number of ferrocene and TCBD moieties. Moreover, significant color changes were observed by visible spectroscopy under the electrochemical reduction conditions.
Dual Photo‐ and pH‐Responsive Supramolecular Nanocarriers Based on Water‐Soluble Pillar[6]arene and Different Azobenzene Derivatives for Intracellular Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Yu , Jia Keke , Cao Yu , Li Yan , Qin Shan , Zhou Fan , Lin Chen , Zhang Dongmei , Wang Leyong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTwo novel types of supramolecular nanocarriers fabricated by the amphiphilic host–guest inclusion complex formed from water‐soluble pillar[6]arene (WP6) and azobenzene derivatives G1 or G2 have been developed, in which G1 is structurally similar to G2 but has an extra phenoxy group in its hydrophobic region. Supramolecular micelles can be initially formed by WP6 with G1, which gradually transform into layered structures with liquid‐crystalline properties, whereas stable supramolecular vesicles are obtained from WP6 and G2, which exhibit dual photo‐ and pH‐responsiveness. Notably, the resulting WP6⊃G2 vesicles can efficiently encapsulate anticancer drug mitoxantrone (MTZ) to achieve MTZ‐loaded vesicles, which maintain good stability in a simulated normal physiological environment, whereas in an acid environment similar to that of tumor cells or with external UV irradiation, the encapsulated drug is promptly released. More importantly, cytotoxicity assay indicates that such vesicles have good biocompatibility and the MTZ‐loaded vesicles exhibit comparable anticancer activity to free MTZ, especially with additional UV stimulus, whereas its cytotoxicity for normal cells was remarkably reduced. Flow cytometric analysis further confirms that the cancer cell death caused by MTZ‐loaded vesicles is associated with apoptosis. Therefore, the dual pH‐ and UV‐responsive supramolecular vesicles are a potential platform for controlled release and targeted anticancer drug delivery.
Health‐related quality of life in older adult survivors of selected cancers: Data from the SEER‐MHOS linkage
Authors: Kent Erin E. , Ambs Anita , Mitchell Sandra A. , Clauser Steven B. , Smith Ashley Wilder , Hays Ron D. 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUNDResearch on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) among older adult cancer survivors is mostly confined to breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer, which account for 63% of all prevalent cancers. Much less is known about HRQOL in the context of less common cancer sites.METHODSHRQOL was examined with the 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey, version 1, and the Veterans RAND 12‐Item Health Survey in patients with selected cancers (kidney cancer, bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, upper gastrointestinal cancer, cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, thyroid cancer, melanoma, chronic leukemia, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma) and in individuals without cancer on the basis of data linked from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry system and the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey. Scale scores, Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores, and a utility metric (Short Form 6D/Veterans RAND 6D), adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and other chronic conditions, were calculated. A 3‐point difference in the scale scores and a 2‐point difference in the PCS and MCS scores were considered to be minimally important differences.RESULTSData from 16,095 cancer survivors and 1,224,549 individuals without a history of cancer were included. The results indicated noteworthy deficits in physical health status. Mental health was comparable, although scores for the Role–Emotional and Social Functioning scales were worse for patients with most types of cancer versus those without cancer. Survivors of multiple myeloma and pancreatic malignancies reported the lowest scores, with their PCS/MCS scores less than those of individuals without cancer by 3 or more points.CONCLUSIONSHRQOL surveillance efforts revealed poor health outcomes among many older adults and specifically among survivors of multiple myeloma and pancreatic cancer. Cancer 2015;121:758–765. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Multiphasic modelling of bone‐cement injection into vertebral cancellous bone
Authors: Bleiler Christian , Wagner Arndt , Stadelmann Vincent A. , Windolf Markus , Köstler Harald , Boger Andreas , Gueorguiev‐Rüegg Boyko , Ehlers Wolfgang , Röhrle Oliver 
Published: November 2014

SummaryPercutaneous vertebroplasty represents a current procedure to effectively reinforce osteoporotic bone via the injection of bone cement. This contribution considers a continuum‐mechanically based modelling approach and simulation techniques to predict the cement distributions within a vertebra during injection. To do so, experimental investigations, imaging data and image processing techniques are combined and exploited to extract necessary data from high‐resolution μCT image data. The multiphasic model is based on the Theory of Porous Media, providing the theoretical basis to describe within one set of coupled equations the interaction of an elastically deformable solid skeleton, of liquid bone cement and the displacement of liquid bone marrow. The simulation results are validated against an experiment, in which bone cement was injected into a human vertebra under realistic conditions. The major advantage of this comprehensive modelling approach is the fact that one can not only predict the complex cement flow within an entire vertebra but is also capable of taking into account solid deformations in a fully coupled manner. The presented work is the first step towards the ultimate and future goal of extending this framework to a clinical tool allowing for pre‐operative cement distribution predictions by means of numerical simulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Microwave Synthesis of Mesoporous NiCo2O4 Nanosheets as Electrode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors
Authors: Mondal Anjon Kumar , Su Dawei , Chen Shuangqiang , Kretschmer Katja , Xie Xiuqiang , Ahn Hyo‐Jun , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA facile microwave method was employed to synthesize NiCo2O4 nanosheets as electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries and supercapacitors. The structure and morphology of the materials were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller methods. Owing to the porous nanosheet structure, the NiCo2O4 electrodes exhibited a high reversible capacity of 891 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1, good rate capability and stable cycling performance. When used as electrode materials for supercapacitors, NiCo2O4 nanosheets demonstrated a specific capacitance of 400 F g−1 at a current density of 20 A g−1 and superior cycling stability over 5000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance could be ascribed to the thin porous structure of the nanosheets, which provides a high specific surface area to increase the electrode–electrolyte contact area and facilitate rapid ion transport.
Genetic dissection of Gata2 selective functions during specification of V2 interneurons in the developing spinal cord
Authors: Francius Cédric , Ravassard Philippe , Hidalgo‐Figueroa María , Mallet Jacques , Clotman Frédéric , Nardelli Jeannette 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTMotor activities are controlled by neural networks in the ventral spinal cord and consist in motor neurons and a set of distinct cardinal classes of spinal interneurons. These interneurons arise from distinct progenitor domains (p0–p3) delineated according to a transcriptional code. Neural progenitors of each domain express a unique combination of transcription factors (TFs) that largely contribute to determine the fate of four classes of interneurons (V0–V3) and motor neurons. In p2 domain, at least four subtypes of interneurons namely V2a, V2b, V2c, and Pax6+ V2 are generated. Although genetic and molecular mechanisms that specify V2a and V2b are dependent on complex interplay between several TFs including Nkx6.1, Irx3, Gata2, Foxn4, and Ascl1, and signaling pathways such as Notch and TGF‐β, the sequence order of the activation of these regulators and their respective contribution are not completely elucidated yet. Here, we provide evidence by loss‐ or gain‐of‐function experiments that Gata2 is necessary for the normal development of both V2a and V2b neurons. We demonstrate that Nkx6.1 and Dll4 positively regulate the activation of Gata2 and Foxn4 in p2 progenitors. Gata2 also participates in the maintenance of p2 domain by repressing motor neuron differentiation and exerting a feedback control on patterning genes. Finally, Gata2 promotes the selective activation of V2b program at the expense of V2a fate. Thus our results provide new insights on the hierarchy and complex interactions between regulators of V2 genetic program. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 721–737, 2015
Does pain severity guide selection to multimodal pain rehabilitation across gender?
Authors: Haukenes I. , Hensing G. , Stålnacke B.M. , Hammarström A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundStudies have addressed the effect of multimodal pain rehabilitation (MMR), whereas criteria for selection are sparse. This study examines whether higher scores on musculoskeletal pain measures are associated with selection to MMR, and whether this differs across gender.MethodA clinical population of 262 male and 589 female patients was recruited consecutively during 3 years, 2007–2010. The patients were referred from primary care to a pain rehabilitation clinic in Northern Sweden for assessment and selection to MMR. Register‐based data on self‐reported pain were linked to patients' records where outcome (MMR or not) was stated. We modelled odds ratios for selection to MMR by higher scores on validated pain measures (pain severity, interference with daily life, pain sites and localized pain vs. varying pain location). Covariates were age, educational level and multiple pain measures. Anxiety and depression (Hospital, Anxiety and Depression Scale) and working status were used in sensitivity tests.ResultsHigher scores of self‐reported pain were not associated with selection to MMR in multivariate models. Among women, higher scores on pain severity, pain sites and varying pain location (localized pain = reference) were negatively associated with selection to MMR. After adjustment for multiple pain measures, the negative odds ratio for varying location persisted (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.39–0.89).ConclusionHigher scores on self‐reported pain did not guide selection to MMR and a negative trend was found among women. Studies of referral patterns and decision processes may contribute to a better understanding of the clinical practice that decides selection to MMR.
The Relationship of System Engineering to the Project Cycle
Authors: Forsberg Kevin , Mooz Harold 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA new way of portraying the technical aspect of the project cycle clarifies the role and responsibility of system engineering to a project. This new three dimensional graphic illustrates the end‐to‐end involvement of system engineering in the project cycle, clarifies the relationship of system engineering and design engineering, and encourages the implementation of concurrent engineering.
7.1.3 PRINCIPLES OF COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Authors: Honour Eric C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis work presents basic principles currently used in commercial systems engineering. The principles were identified through correlative research into the practices of a wide variety of projects and companies. Sources include personal interviews, benchmark research into active companies and projects, and papers from the first four NCOSE symposia. The basic defining characteristic of commercial projects is considered to be amortized system development for production marketing. This characteristic results in customer focus, severe time and cost constraints, initially undefined requirements, marketability constraints, and management push for profitability.
4.2.3 Tools and Fools and Aphorisms
Authors: Crocker Don 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIt's time for a sanity check on the use of tools for Systems Engineering. This paper is based on the authors experiences on both sides of the SE tools equation. On one side is the tool builder, on another side is the tool user, and also on some side (often the outside) is the manager or owner that has to pay for the tool only to discover that the tool purchase was the proverbial tip of the iceberg. This common sense treatment of such weighty issues as: “Tools! We don't need no stinking tools”, “What comes first‐the method or the tool?”, “Can I afford this tool if you give it to me free?”,“ Will you show me your F‐Net if I show you my STD?”, and “Who does the Systems Engineering for Systems Engineering tools?” may actually have a point.
5.2.2 A CASE‐BASED REASONING APPROACH FOR THE ACCESS AND REUSE OF LESSONS LEARNED
Authors: Sary Charisse , Mackey William 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper discusses the activities of an ongoing project to develop and demonstrate a prototype for capturing and reusing lessons learned at the Mission Operations and Data Systems Directorate (MO&DSD) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Primarily, systems and software engineering lessons learned are captured. Lessons learned describe difficulties and problems faced and ways to avoid them in the future. It is believed that lessons learned would be reused more often if others confronted with similar problems could locate them quickly and easily.Therefore, the case‐based reasoning (CBR) approach, as an alternative to more conventional or other intelligent software methods, is being tried. A proof‐of‐concept prototype has been developed to evaluate the applicability of CBR to this problem. Because the system will be available to a diverse set of users, a process for incorporating lessons into the database has been defined.
4.1.1 TEAM STRUCTURES FOR SYSTEMS ENGINEERING IN AN IPT ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Sheard Sarah A. , Margolis M. Elliot 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIntegrated product teams (IPTs) are becoming popular structures for large projects. When a project proposes an IPT structure, either because the customer required it or because of contractor preferences, the specific organization must be defined. In this paper, the structures used by four IPT projects are outlined. These structures use Product Teams, Working Groups, System Teams, Architecture Teams, Team Leads Teams, and Management Teams to varying degrees. Overall lessons are presented along with lessons pertinent to each type of team. It is hoped that future projects will be able to use these case studies as a starting point for creating their own IPT structures.
5.1.1 THE ROLE OF THE PROJECT MANAGER IN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Authors: Roe Charles L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSome engineers regard the project manager as an obstacle to overcome in the systems engineering process. Their view is that the manager's obsession with program costs, concerns about making timely delivery, and interpretations of customer nuances work against the process. This paper suggests that, far from being an impedance, the project manager can be a facilitator of a balanced systems engineering approach. At the same time, engineers must appreciate and understand the project manager's role and work with him to avoid adversarial relationships. This paper reviews the role of the project manager in the systems engineering process and explores ways that he and the project engineers can work together to ensure application of good systems engineering practices in the development of the product while giving attention to the project manager's concerns.
ZOPH – A Systemic Approach to the Modeling of Product Development Systems
Authors: Negele Herbert , Fricke Ernst , Igenbergs Eduard 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a comprehensive systems modeling approach is introduced, that is intended to embrace, structure, model, and interrelate information that is considered to be essential for product development systems. In order to achieve an integrated development of products, processes, organizations, and goals, the use of the ZOPH method is proposed. It applies one consistent modeling language to the entire development system (and its environment). Therefore, the resulting ZOPH‐Model supports an easy generation and handling of interfaces and interrelationships, which is crucial for the successful management of increasingly complex systems.
The Requirements Discovery Process
Authors: Bahill A. Terry , Dean Frank F. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTOf course no two systems are the same and the process of discovering and documenting the requirements will be different for every system. However, the following steps should be appropriate for developing requirements in most systems: identify customers and stakeholders, understand the customer's needs, define and state the problem, write system requirements, review requirements with the customer, define performance and cost figures of merit, validate system requirements, describe the verification process, define technical performance measures, and mitigate risk.
What Do You Mean, You Can't Tell Me How Much of My Project Has Been Completed?
Authors: Kasser Joe 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTAll the measurements made during the Systems Development Life Cycle do not provide an accurate answer to the question. This paper describes the development of a tool that can provide an answer to the question. In addition, when used with conventional budgetary data may be used to identify management and technical problems in their early stages.
4.1.3 System Architectures and Evolvability: Definitions and Perspective
Authors: Steiner Rick 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe term “System Architecture” has been widely used in the systems engineering community for at least three decades. Even today, however, the use of this term often elicits more confusion than understanding! In particular, “System Architecture” has been used to describe, at various times, both the evolutionary system framework (Rechtin 91) (Rechtin/Maier 97), and the specific physical design or component interrelationship (Hatley 88). Even when it is agreed that the “System Architecture” represents a framework in which detailed design is performed, it is not generally agreed what aspects of behavior and structure should be captured in such a framework, how it should be represented, and how it relates to the specifics of system design. This paper examines current definitions of “systems architecture”, and proposes a taxonomy of terms to distinguish “single use” from “enduring” applications of architecture. Particular attention is paid to enduring architectures and their relationship to systems engineering.
2.3.4 A Systems Engineering Pattern Language
Authors: Barter Robert H. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTPattern languages were first developed in the 1970s as a way to tie together the wide range of design elements found in the field of civil architecture. In the early 1990's pattern languages began to appear in the field of software development. Patterns, pattern languages and pattern maps are an effective means of capturing large, complex bodies of knowledge. It is proposed that a Systems Engineering Pattern Language be developed for the purpose of capturing the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge.
1.6.4 Requirements Completeness: A Deterministic Approach
Authors: Carson Ronald S. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTA process for determining requirements completeness is developed. The method is comprised of three steps: (1) defining the problem to be solved by identifying and quantifying all system interfaces associated with the system development, operational, and maintenance concepts, (2) producing the requirements by analyzing the system interfaces to determine requirements under all conditions, and (3) verifying requirements completeness using the method of complementary antecedents (Carson 1995). The process allows one to demonstrate that requirements are complete for the associated mission (problem) statement(s).
6.2.3 Guiding Principals for Systems Engineering Tool Deployment
Authors: Sampson Mark 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAs Systems Engineers, we realize there is more to just about any problem then just putting a product in place. It's the same with systems engineering tools we use to solve our problems. We know that just putting tools in front of systems engineers (and consumers of systems engineering information) will not make the tools “stick“; environmental and cultural issues must be addressed for the tools to have a permanent place in how we do business.Follows is an attempt to define issues and approaches for shifting development cultures so systems engineering tools can take root and make a real difference to the bottom line across whole enterprises–it focuses in on environmental issues needed for successful wide scale tool deployment–management and cultural roadblocks are discussed along with suggestions on dealing with the road blocks and getting systems engineering buy in to using the tools.