bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Influences on Human Migration in Rural Ecuador
Authors: Gray Clark , Bilsborrow Richard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe question of whether environmental conditions influence human migration has recently gained considerable attention, driven by claims that global environmental change will displace large populations. Despite this high level of interest, few quantitative studies have investigated the potential effects of environmental factors on migration, particularly in the developing world and for gradual but pervasive forms of environmental change. To address this, a retrospective migration survey was conducted in rural Ecuador and linked to data on topography, climate, and weather shocks. These data were used to estimate multivariate event history models of alternative forms of mobility (local mobility, internal migration, and international migration), controlling for a large number of covariates. This approach is generalizable to other study areas and responds to calls for the development of more rigorous methods in this field. The results indicate that adverse environmental conditions do not consistently increase rural out-migration and, in some cases, reduce migration. Instead, households respond to environmental factors in diverse ways, resulting in complex migratory responses. Overall, the results support an alternative narrative of environmentally induced migration that recognizes the adaptability of rural households in responding to environmental change.
Analysis of a Ginzburg–Landau type energy model for smectic C* liquid crystals with defects
Authors: Colbert-Kelly Sean , Phillips Daniel 
Published: January 2013

This work investigates properties of a smectic

C^*

liquid crystal film containing defects that cause distinctive spiral patterns in the filmʼs texture. The phenomena are described by a Ginzburg–Landau type model and the investigation provides a detailed analysis of minimal energy configurations for the filmʼs director field. The study demonstrates the existence of a limiting location for the defects (vortices) so as to minimize a renormalized energy. It is shown that if the degree of the boundary data is positive then the vortices each have degree

+1

and that they are located away from the boundary. It is proved that the limit of the energies for a sequence of minimizers minus the sum of the energies around their vortices, as the G–L parameter

ε

tends to zero, is equal to the renormalized energy for the limiting state.

Résumé

Dans ce travail on étudie les propriétés dʼun film de cristaux liquides smectiques

C^*

contenant des défauts qui produisent des motifs en spirale dans la texture du film. Les phénomènes sont décrits par un modèle de type Ginzburg–Landau dans un domaine borné du plan, et cet article fournit une analyse détaillée des configurations dʼénergie minimale du champ de directions du film. On montre lʼexistence dʼune configuration limite pour les défauts (tourbillons) qui minimise une énergie renormalisée. On démontre que si le degré du champ sur le bord du domaine est positif, alors les tourbillons sont dans lʼintérieur du domaine et sont chacun de degré

+1

. On prouve que quand le paramètre

ε

de Ginzburg–Landau tend vers zéro, pour une suite de minimiseurs, la limite de lʼénergie moins la somme des énergies autour des tourbillons est égale à lʼénergie renormalisée de lʼétat limite.
DecreasedO-GlcNAcylation of the key proteins in kinase and redox signalling pathways is a novel mechanism of the beneficial effect of α-lipoic acid in diabetic liver
Authors: Dinić Svetlana , Arambašić Jelena , Mihailović Mirjana , Uskoković Aleksandra , Grdović Nevena , Marković Jelena , Karadžić Borivoje , Poznanović Goran , Vidaković Melita 
Published: January 2013

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the treatment with α-lipoic acid (LA), a naturally occurring compound possessing antioxidant activity, on liver oxidant stress in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes by examining potential mechanistic points that influence changes in the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and CuZn/Mn superoxide dismutase(s) (SOD). LA was administered for 4 weeks by daily intraperitoneal injections (10 mg/kg) to STZ-induced diabetic rats, starting from the last STZ treatment. LA administration practically normalised the activities of the indicators of hepatocellular injury, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, and lowered oxidative stress, as observed by the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance assay, restored the reduced glutathione:glutathione disulphide ratio and increased the protein sulfhydryl group content. The lower level of DNA damage detected by the comet assay revealed that LA reduced cytotoxic signalling, exerting a hepatoprotective effect. The LA-treated diabetic rats displayed restored specific enzymatic activities of CAT, CuZnSOD and MnSOD. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that LA restoredCATgene expression to its physiological level and increasedCuZnSODgene expression, but the gene expression ofMnSODremained at the diabetic level. Although the amounts of CAT and CuZnSOD protein expression returned to the control levels, the protein expression of MnSOD was elevated. These results suggested that LA administration affected CAT and CuZnSOD expression mainly at the transcriptional level, and MnSOD expression at the post-transcriptional level. The observed LA-promoted decrease in theO-GlcNAcylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, protein 38 kinase, NF-κB, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein and the antioxidative enzymes themselves in diabetic rats suggests that the regulatory mechanisms that supported the changes in antioxidative enzyme expression were also influenced by post-translational mechanisms.
Human milk oligosaccharides are differentially metabolised in neonatal rats
Authors: Jantscher-Krenn Evelyn , Marx Carolin , Bode Lars 
Published: January 2013

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex glycans that are highly abundant in human milk, but not in infant formula. Accumulating data, mostly from in vitro and animal studies, indicate that HMO benefit the breast-fed infant in multiple ways and in different target organs. In vitro incubation studies suggest that HMO can resist the low pH in the infant's stomach and enzymatic degradation in the small intestine and reach the colon in the same composition as in the mother's milk. The oligosaccharide composition in faeces of breast-fed infants is, however, very different from that in the mother's milk, raising questions on when, where and how HMO are metabolised between ingestion and excretion. To answer some of these questions, we established a pulse-chase model in neonatal rats and analysed HMO profiles to track their composition over time in five consecutive equal-length intestinal segments as well as in serum and urine. The relative abundance of individual HMO changed significantly within the first 2 h after feeding and already in the segments of the small intestine prior to reaching the colon. Only 3′-sialyllactose, the major oligosaccharide in rat milk, and hardly any other HMO appeared in the serum and the urine of HMO-fed rats, indicating a selective absorption of rat milk-specific oligosaccharides. The present results challenge the paradigm that HMO reach the colon and other target organs in the same composition as originally secreted with the mother's milk. The present results also raise questions on whether rats and other animals represent suitable models to study the effects of HMO.
THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ATTITUDES ON CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN TANZANIA: NEW EVIDENCE USING HUSBANDS' AND WIVES' SURVEY DATA
Authors: NANDA GEETA , SCHULER SIDNEY RUTH , LENZI RACHEL 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThis paper explores the hypothesis that gender attitude scales (which measure the degree of equity in gender attitudes) are associated with contraceptive use. Four hundred male and female respondents (200 couples) were interviewed using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire. Analyses included comparisons of means and prevalence rates on gender equity indicators, other related factors and socio-demographic characteristics;t-tests to compare mean scores on each gender scale for wives and husbands to identify any significant differences; chi-squared tests to compare associations between individual attributes, attitudes and contraceptive use; and multivariate logistic regression to examine associations between each gender scale and contraceptive use. The findings revealed that, on average, wives endorsed more inequitable gender attitudes compared with husbands on all gender attitude scales. For wives, more equitable gender attitudes were positively associated with contraceptive use. For husbands, the role of gender attitudes had no significant association with wives' reported contraceptive use. Family planning programmes that aim to challenge inegalitarian gender norms should not overlook women in their efforts since both men and women often accept and support inequality in a social system and, in some cases, it may be women's gender attitudes that most influence family planning decisions.
Microclimatic Influences on Lichen Distribution and Community Development
Authors: Canters K. J. , Schöllerj H. , Ott S. , Jahns H. M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe distribution of cryptogams and phanerogams and the microclimate of different habitats have been studied. It is shown that a forest community of phanerogams includes an assemblage of different microhabitats inhabited by different lichens and mosses. The distribution of lichens and mosses is governed by factors that are often of little importance to higher plants.
Some viruses affecting insects of economic importance
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. , Rivers C. F. 
Published: January 2013

An account is given of some viruses affecting insects of economic importance. Twenty-six viruses are listed affecting twenty-two species of insects. Of these viruses eleven cause cytoplasmic, and eight cause nuclear, polyhedroses. Six are granulosis viruses and one virus has no intracellular inclusions. Most of these viruses are new or recently recorded. The granulosis viruses, affecting Pieris brassicae, P. rapae and Melanchra persicariae, and the diseases they cause, are described in some detail.We are indebted to Dr L. L. J. Ossowski of the Wattle Research Institute, University of Natal, and to Mr T. H. Coaker of the Cotton Research Station, Namulonge, Uganda, who sent us, respectively, diseased specimens of the wattle bagworm and the American cotton bollworm, from which the viruses were isolated. Miss S. Vernon-Smith took the electron micrographs, and Mr Simon Frey the photographs on the optical microscope.
Long-term safety and tolerability of iloperidone: results from a 25-week, open-label extension trial
Authors: Cutler Andrew J. , Kalali Amir H. , Mattingly Greg W. , Kunovac Jelena , Meng Xiangyi 
Published: January 2013

Introduction/ObjectiveLong-term use of the atypical antipsychotic iloperidone has not been investigated at doses above 16 mg/d. This article describes safety and tolerability results from the 25-week open-label extension of a 4-week placebo- and ziprasidone-controlled clinical trial of iloperidone.MethodsPatients received a dose of 24 mg/d (given as 12 mg twice daily; mean dose = 21.6 mg) that could be reduced to 12 mg/d (given once daily at bedtime) any time after day 35 at the investigator's discretion.ResultsA total of 72/173 patients (41.6%) completed the open-label extension. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), most mild to moderate in severity, included headache (13.9%), weight increase (9.2%), dizziness (6.9%), nausea (6.4%), sedation (6.4%), and insomnia (5.2%). The only notable dose-related TEAEs were increased weight and headache. Levels of serum glucose, lipids, and prolactin were essentially unchanged or decreased during treatment. In general, akathisia and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) improved or were unchanged during treatment. There was no signal of worsening of efficacy based on changes from baseline in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Total.Discussion/ConclusionThis study further supports the long-term safety and tolerability of iloperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia, including iloperidone's favorable effect on metabolic laboratory parameters and low propensity to cause akathisia or EPS.
Stable acyclic aliphatic solid enols: synthesis, characterization, X-ray structure analysis and calculations
Authors: Zhou Yu-Qiang , Wang Nai-Xing , Xing Yalan , Wang Yan-Jing , Hong Xiao-Wei , Zhang Jia-Xiang , Chen Dong-Dong , Geng Jing-Bo , Dang Yanfeng , Wang Zhi-Xiang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA synthetic approach to stable enols was introduced and series of acyclic aliphatic solid enols were obtained and characterized. Relationship between the structure and the stability of these enols was discussed. Gaussian 09 calculations had been carried out to rationalize the stability of the enols. These enol structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, IR, partly by single crystal X-ray structure analysis and the protons exchange experiments. This work showed that very stable acyclic aliphatic enols can be synthesized efficiently without any purification.
Translatability vs Untranslatability: A relevance-theoretic view
Authors: Xiumei Xu , Qinyan Gong 
Published: January 2013

Having rejected the assumption that there is a necessary link between language and communication, relevance theory holds that languages are indispensable not for communication, but for information processing, and information processing is their essential function. And the distinction between the descriptive and interpretive use of language settles the disputes upon translatability and untranslatability. From the relevance-theoretic point of view, translation falls naturally under the interpretive use of language: translation is intended to restate in one language what someone else said or wrote in another language.
It means that different utterances can be used to express the same meaning, while the same meaning can be expressed in different ways. Interpretive use entails translatability. As to how closely the language of the target text resembles that of the source text, the answer is that it is a matter of degree. However, in any case, the target language used should fulfill the requirements of the principle of relevance: it is relevant enough for it to be worth the reader’s effort to read and it is the highest level of relevance that the translator is capable of achieving given the means and goals.
Résumé
Ayant rejeté l’hypothèse d’un lien nécessaire entre la langue et la communication, la théorie de la pertinence affirme que les langues sont indispensables non pour la communication, mais bien pour le traitement de l’information, et que le traitement de l’information est leur fonction essentielle.
La distinction entre l’utilisation descriptive et interprétative de la langue règle les controverses sur la traduisibilité et l’intraduisibilité. Du point de vue de la théorie de la pertinence, la traduction relève naturellement de l’utilisation interprétative d’une langue : la traduction a pour but de reformuler dans une langue ce que quelqu’un a dit ou écrit dans une autre.
Cela signifie que des énoncés différents peuvent être utilisés pour exprimer une même signification, bien qu’une même signification puisse s’exprimer de différentes manières. Une utilisation interprétative engendre une traduisibilité. La réponse à la question de savoir à quel point la langue du texte cible doit ressembler à celle du texte source, est une question de degré. Cependant, la langue cible utilisée devrait en tout cas répondre aux exigences du principe de pertinence : elle est suffisamment pertinente pour justifier l’effort du lecteur pour la lire et elle est le niveau de pertinence le plus élevé que le traducteur est capable d’atteindre, étant donné les moyens et les objectifs.
La vraisemblance linguistique: réflexions autour de la traduction du lexique balzacien
Authors: Carballo Pablo Zambrano 
Published: January 2013

Balzac’s realistic technique relies mainly on the verisimilitude of a huge variety of elements (characters, descriptions, encyclopedic knowledge, etc.), among which language stands out as one of the mainstays of La Comedie humaine in general and Illusions perdues — the key novel — in particular. This paper highlights first the crucial role of Balzac’s singular vocabulary (technical terms, slang words, etc.) for the success of his ambitious realist project, the variety and complexity of his language being a reflection of the variety and complexity of the new society he aims to describe. Then, through a comparative study of a group of English and Spanish translations of Illusions perdues, the paper insists on the importance of consciously maintaining Balzac’s complex lexical singularities in the target languages, this being the only way to offer the reader a text faithful to the realistic intentions of his author instead of a modern “dubbed” easier-tounderstand version.
Résumé
Le realisme de Balzac etant fonde dans une grande mesure sur la vraisemblance d’un ensemble d’elements divers (personnages, descriptions, encyclopedisme, etc.), la creation d’une ecriture de nature a reveler et dessiner avec exactitude et finesse cette vraisemblance generale, deviennent les objectifs primordiaux du romancier dans La Comedie humaine et plus particulierement dans Illusions perdues, le roman capital. Cet article souligne d’une part, la fonction decisive du lexique singulier (termes techniques, argot propre aux divers tissus sociaux, etc.) necessaire au succes du projet realiste de Balzac, puisque la variete du vocabulaire et la complexite de la plume balzacienne repondent parfaitement a la variete et a la complexite de la nouvelle societe qu’il depeint. D’autre part, l’analyse contrastive de diverses traductions d’Illusions perdues en anglais et en espagnol nous permet de comprendre et de souligner l’importance de transposer consciemment dans les langues d’arrivee les singularites lexicales balzaciennes et leur opacite originale si l’on veut offrir au lecteur etranger non pas un texte ≪ double ≫ dans une langue contemporaine plus comprehensible, mais un texte vraisemblable et donc fidele a l’ambitieuse volonte de Balzac de portraiter avec realisme la societe de son epoque.
A Fatal Case of CO2 Intoxication in a Fermentation Tank
Authors: Kettner Mattias , Ramsthaler Frank , Juhnke Christian , Bux Roman , Schmidt Peter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless constituent of air. Higher concentrations can be detected in geothermal and automotive emissions, fermentation, and sublimation of dry ice. An unskilled worker entered a fermentation tank to clean it, which had not been done for about 5 months allowing for high concentrations of CO2 to build up. A second worker entered the tank to rescue the first one. Shortly after both were found the first worker was rescued directly whereas the tank had to be rotated to pull the second worker out. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was successful only for the first worker. Medico‐legal autopsy showed bruises, hematoma, myocardial hemorrhage, and edema of the lungs. The right lung was vacuum degassed in an argon atmosphere and quadrupole‐mass‐spectrometry showed an elevated CO2 content in lung gases. Thus, CO2 intoxication/asphyxia in a vitiated atmosphere due to fermentation of wine mash was established as the cause of death.
Optimization of a One‐Step Method for the Multiresidue Determination of Organophosphorous Pesticides in Camellia Oil
Authors: Liu Yihua , Shen Danyu , Mo Runhong , Tang Fubin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract Due to the widespread use and potential toxicity of organophosphorous pesticides (OPs), multiresidue monitoring of OPs in camellia oil has become increasingly important. A simple, rapid, and effective matrix solid‐phase dispersion extraction for the determination of 15 organophosphorous pesticides in camellia oil is described. Related important factors influencing the extraction efficiency, such as type of sorbent material, eluting solvent, and ratio of sample/sorbent were studied and optimized. The best results were obtained using 0.5 g of camellia oil, 1.5 g of white carbon black as dispersant sorbent, and 5 mL of acetonitrile: ethyl acetate (2:1, V/V) as eluting solvent. Method validation was performed in order to study sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. Average recoveries ranged between 76.7% and 102.9% with relative standard deviation values from 2.9% to 13.7% at 2 concentration levels (10 and 100 μg/kg). The method limit of detection at or below the regulatory maximum residue limits for the pesticides was achieved.Practical Application:  A simple, rapid, and effective method for multiresidue determination of organophosphorous pesticides in camellia oil was developed. The sample preparation could finish in 5 min.
Kinetics of Peroxidase Inactivation in Carrot Juice Treated with Pulsed Electric Fields
Authors: Quintão‐Teixeira Luciano José , Soliva‐Fortuny Robert , Mota Ramos Afonso , Martín‐Belloso Olga 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPeroxidase activity accounts for quality losses in many plant‐based foods. The paper provides insight into the inactivation kinetics of peroxidase (POD) in carrot juice treated with pulsed electric fields (PEF). Juice samples were subjected to electric field intensities of 20 to 35 kV/cm for 300 to 2000 μs. Up to 93% of the initial activity was inactivated after treating at 35 kV/cm for 1500 μs. POD activity inactivation correlated well with the increase in energy density input. A first‐order fractional conversion model best fitted the experimental results. Other kinetic approaches such as the Fermi's model can be used to estimate residual POD activity values in treated juices as a function of electric field strength.Practical Application: Pulsed electric fields (PEF) are a processing technology that can be used for the pasteurization of liquid food products. Peroxidase activity inhibition is required in carrot juices to prevent undesirable quality losses, such as discoloration, flavor changes, and loss of nutrients. The most significant processing parameters ruling POD inactivation in PEF‐treated carrot juice are identified and mathematical modeling of experimental data is conducted.