bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundamental investigations into the free‐radical copolymerization of N‐phenylmaleimide and norbornene
Authors: Gmernicki Kevin R. , Cameron Matthew , Long Brian K. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTA fundamental investigation into the copolymerization of N‐phenylmaleimide and norbornene via conventional free‐radical polymerization techniques was conducted. Reaction conditions were optimized for molecular weight and percent yield by tuning overall concentration and initiator loading. The copolymerization kinetics were monitored using in‐situ, variable temperature nuclear magnetic resonance and first‐order behavior was observed with respect to each monomer. Although the related copolymerization of norbornene and maleic anhydride was well‐known to proceed in a perfectly alternating manner, the copolymerization of norbornene and N‐phenylmaleimide was found to deviate from strictly alternating copolymerization behavior, producing significant amounts of sequentially enchained N‐phenylmaleimide units within the polymeric backbone. This deviation from perfectly alternating behavior was confirmed by analysis of individual monomer conversion rates and by measurement of monomer reactivity ratios using the Mayo–Lewis graphical analysis method. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 985–991
Evacetrapib: in vitro and clinical disposition, metabolism, excretion, and assessment of drug interaction potential with strong CYP3A and CYP2C8 inhibitors
Authors: Cannady Ellen A. , Wang Ming‐Dauh , Friedrich Stuart , Rehmel Jessica L. F. , Yi Ping , Small David S. , Zhang Wei , Suico Jeffrey G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEvacetrapib is an investigational cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor (CETPi) for reduction of risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with high‐risk vascular disease. Understanding evacetrapib disposition, metabolism, and the potential for drug–drug interactions (DDI) may help guide prescribing recommendations. In vitro, evacetrapib metabolism was investigated with a panel of human recombinant cytochromes P450 (CYP). The disposition, metabolism, and excretion of evacetrapib following a single 100‐mg oral dose of 14C‐evacetrapib were determined in healthy subjects, and the pharmacokinetics of evacetrapib were evaluated in the presence of strong CYP3A or CYP2C8 inhibitors. In vitro, CYP3A was responsible for about 90% of evacetrapib's CYP‐associated clearance, while CYP2C8 accounted for about 10%. In the clinical disposition study, only evacetrapib and two minor metabolites circulated in plasma. Evacetrapib metabolism was extensive. A mean of 93.1% and 2.30% of the dose was excreted in feces and urine, respectively. In clinical DDI studies, the ratios of geometric least squares means for evacetrapib with/without the CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole were 2.37 for area under the curve (AUC)(0–∞) and 1.94 for Cmax. There was no significant difference in evacetrapib AUC(0–τ) or Cmax with/without the CYP2C8 inhibitor gemfibrozil, with ratios of 0.996 and 1.02, respectively. Although in vitro results indicated that both CYP3A and CYP2C8 metabolized evacetrapib, clinical studies confirmed that evacetrapib is primarily metabolized by CYP3A. However, given the modest increase in evacetrapib exposure and robust clinical safety profile to date, there is a low likelihood of clinically relevant DDI with concomitant use of strong CYP3A or CYP2C8 inhibitors.
Integrated adaptive robust control for multilateral teleoperation systems under arbitrary time delays
Authors: Chen Zheng , Pan Ya‐Jun , Gu Jason 
Published: October 2015

SummaryWith the increasing industrial requirements such as bigger size object, stable operation, and complex task, multilateral teleoperation systems extended from traditional bilateral teleoperation are widely developed. In this paper, the integrated control design is developed for multilateral teleoperation systems, where n master manipulators are operated by human to remotely control n slave manipulators cooperatively handling a target object. For the first time, the control objectives of multilateral teleoperation including stability, synchronization, transparency, and internal force distribution are clarified systematically. A novel communication architecture is proposed to cope with communication delays, where the estimated environmental parameters are transmitted from the slave side to the master, to replace the traditional environmental force measurement in the communication channel. A kind of nonlinear adaptive robust control technique is used to deal with nonlinearities, unknown parameters, and modeling uncertainties existing in the master, slave, and environmental dynamics, so that the excellent tracking performance is achieved in both master and slave sides. The coordinated motion/force control is designed in the slave side by the optimal internal force distribution among n slave manipulators, and the impedance control is designed in the master side to realize the target transparency behavior. In summary, the proposed control algorithm can achieve the guaranteed robust stability, the excellent synchronization and transparency performance, and the optimal internal force distribution simultaneously for multilateral teleoperation systems under arbitrary time delays and various modeling uncertainties. The simulation is carried out on a 2‐master/2‐slave teleoperation system, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed control design. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating group model building exercises: a method for comparing externalized mental models and group models
Authors: Scholz Geeske , Austermann Martina , Kaldrack Kai , Pahl‐Wostl Claudia 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe introduce a systematic method to compare externalized mental models with a group model resulting from a group model building (GMB) process. To this end, we categorize the various concepts included in the models, and propose Venn diagrams and matrices to demonstrate the composition of the group model and identify the overlapping categories. We then suggest a set of metrics to analyze the matrices. We apply our method to a dataset of three GMB processes, finding the suggested method to be helpful for evaluating the extent to which all participants were able to include their perspectives, and whether new ideas emerged from the process, thus constituting innovation. We conclude that our method may be a valuable contribution to the evaluation of GMB processes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the categorization of the concepts is a delicate process and has a significant influence on the results. Copyright © 2015 System Dynamics Society
Enrolling Stakeholders under Conditions of Risk and Uncertainty
Authors: Burns Barclay L. , Barney Jay B. , Angus Ryan W. , Herrick Heidi N. 
Published: October 2015

Research summaryEntrepreneurs often need resources controlled by stakeholders to form and exploit opportunities. While many of these resources can be acquired through simple contracts, the acquisition of some may require efforts on the part of stakeholders that go beyond what can be specified contractually. Such efforts—extra‐role behaviors—generally involve the formation of deep psychological bonds between stakeholders and entrepreneurial endeavors. In an entrepreneurial context, the process of creating these bonds can be called stakeholder enrollment. Critical attributes of this process are shown to vary by the informational setting (risky or uncertain) within which entrepreneurship takes place.Managerial summaryEntrepreneurs often need to gain access to resources controlled by other stakeholders to be successful. In some cases, entrepreneurs must induce these stakeholders to form deep psychological bonds in order to obtain the required resources. The process of creating these bonds is called stakeholder enrollment. This article notes that entrepreneurs can use information about the nature of the opportunity they are pursuing, information about themselves (i.e., the entrepreneurs' charisma, trustworthiness, and reputation), or both, to enroll stakeholders. This article suggests that the more uncertain a particular opportunity is, the less entrepreneurs can use information about the opportunity and the more they must rely on information about themselves to successfully enroll stakeholders.
Clinical evaluation of the IONA test: a non‐invasive prenatal screening test for trisomies 21, 18 and 13
Authors: Papageorghiou A. T. , Khalil A. , Forman M. , Hulme R. , Mazey R. , Mousa H. A. , Johnstone E. D. , McKelvey A. , Cohen K. E. , Risley M. , Denman W. , Kelly B. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical accuracy of the IONA® test for aneuploidy screening.MethodsThis was a multicenter blinded study in which plasma samples from pregnant women at increased risk of trisomy 21 underwent cell‐free DNA analysis utilizing the IONA test. For each sample, the IONA software generated a likelihood ratio and a maternal age‐adjusted probability risk score for trisomies 21, 18 and 13. All results from the IONA test were compared against accepted diagnostic karyotyping.ResultsA total of 442 maternal samples were obtained, of which 437 had test results available for analysis and assessment of clinical accuracy. The IONA test had a detection rate of 100% for trisomies 21 (n = 43; 95% CI, 87.98–100%), 18 (n = 10; 95% CI, 58.72–100%) and 13 (n = 5; 95% CI, 35.88–100%) with cut‐offs applied to likelihood ratio (cut‐off > 1 considered high risk for trisomy) and probability risk score incorporating adjustment for maternal age (cut‐off ≥ 1/150 considered high risk for trisomy). The false‐positive rate (FPR) was 0% for trisomies 18 and 13 with both analysis outputs. For trisomy 21, a FPR of 0.3% was observed for the likelihood ratio, but became 0% with adjustment for maternal age.ConclusionThis study indicates that the IONA test is suitable for trisomy screening in a high‐risk screening population. The result‐interpretation feature of the IONA software should facilitate wider implementation, particularly in local laboratories, and should be a useful addition to the current screening methods for trisomies 21, 18 and 13. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Computer mouse movement patterns: A potential marker of mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Seelye Adriana , Hagler Stuart , Mattek Nora , Howieson Diane B. , Wild Katherine , Dodge Hiroko H. , Kaye Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionSubtle changes in cognitively demanding activities occur in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) but are difficult to assess with conventional methods. In an exploratory study, we examined whether patterns of computer mouse movements obtained from routine home computer use discriminated between older adults with and without MCI.MethodsParticipants were 42 cognitively intact and 20 older adults with MCI enrolled in a longitudinal study of in‐home monitoring technologies. Mouse pointer movement variables were computed during one week of routine home computer use using algorithms that identified and characterized mouse movements within each computer use session.ResultsMCI was associated with making significantly fewer total mouse moves (P < .01) and making mouse movements that were more variable, less efficient, and with longer pauses between movements (P < .05). Mouse movement measures were significantly associated with several cognitive domains (P values <.01–.05).DiscussionRemotely monitored computer mouse movement patterns are a potential early marker of real‐world cognitive changes in MCI.
Locomotor response to acute nicotine in adolescent mice is altered by maternal undernutrition during lactation
Authors: Dutra‐Tavares Ana C. , Manhães Alex C. , Silva Juliana O. , Nunes‐Freitas André L. , Conceição Ellen P.S. , Moura Egberto G. , Lisboa Patrícia C. , Filgueiras Cláudio C. , Abreu‐Villaça Yael , Ribeiro‐Carvalho Anderson 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUndernutrition during brain development causes long lasting alterations in different neurotransmitter systems that may alter responses to psychoactive drugs. Despite the recognized effects of early undernutrition on the cholinergic system, no evidence that demonstrates the influence of this insult on nicotine susceptibility has been reported. We investigated the effects of protein/calorie restriction during lactation on the susceptibility to nicotine in adolescent mice. Dams were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Control (C, 20 litters)—free access to standard laboratory diet (23% protein); Protein Restricted (PR, 12 litters)—free access to a isoenergetic, 8% protein diet; Calorie Restricted (CR, 12 litters)—access to standard laboratory diet in restricted quantities (mean ingestion of PR: pair‐fed group). Undernutrition extended from postnatal day 2 (PN2) to weaning (PN21). At PN30, animals either received an i.p. injection of nicotine (0.5 mg/Kg) or saline and were immediately placed in open field (OF). After the OF, adrenal glands and serum were collected for the analyses of stress‐related endocrine parameters and leptin concentration. PR and CR offspring showed less body mass gain and visceral fat mass. PR offspring presented reduced serum leptin concentration. In the OF, nicotine increased locomotor activity of C and PR, but not of CR. CR and PR offspring showed decreased adrenal catecholamine content, which was not dependent on nicotine exposure. Our results indicate that early undernutrition interferes with nicotine‐elicited locomotor effects in adolescent mice and suggest that endocrine parameters alterations in malnourished animals do not influence the behavioral response to nicotine.
Exploring disparities in prenatal care between refugees and local South African women
Authors: Kibiribiri Edith T. , Moodley Dhayendre , Groves Allison K. , Sebitloane Motshedisi H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo explore possible disparities in prenatal care between refugees and South African women attending public health facilities in an urban setting in South Africa.MethodsA cross‐sectional, mixed methods study was conducted at four public health clinics providing prenatal services in Durban between January 29, 2013, and June 15, 2013. Pretested client‐satisfaction questionnaires were administered to 200 women attending immunization services at the clinics whose infants were aged 6 months or younger. An additional 16 refugees participated in in‐depth interviews. Finally, a maternity chart audit was conducted to compare the quality of basic prenatal care.ResultsAmong the women enrolled, 78 (39.0%) were refugees and 122 (61.0%) were South African citizens. Dissatisfaction was reported by 23 (19.3%) of 119 citizens and 32 (43.2%) of 74 refugees (P < 0.001). However, the maternity chart audit of 68 participants (31 refugees, 37 citizens) did not reveal significant disparities in the quality of prenatal care. The most recurring categories arising in the in‐depth interviews were linguistic barriers and the challenges faced when using informal interpreters.ConclusionThere were no significant disparities in prenatal care; however, refugees unable to communicate in the local languages reported that they were not provided with relevant health information and occasionally faced restricted access to prenatal services.
Ultrasound‐Guided Intercostobrachial Nerve Block for Intercostobrachial Neuralgia in Breast Cancer Patients: A Case Series
Authors: Wisotzky Eric M. , Saini Vikramjeet , Kao Cyrus 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis case series describes 3 cases in which ultrasound‐guided intercostobrachial perineural injection was used for intercostobrachial neuralgia, a common cause of postmastectomy pain syndrome. All cases had undergone modified radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. Two cases developed axillary and unilateral chest wall pain. The third case initially presented with axillary pain and lateral shoulder pain 1 year out from radical mastectomy. After a cervical epidural steroid injection, her lateral shoulder pain resolved, but she continued to have residual chest wall paresthesia. It was at this time, we decided to treat with an intercostobrachial nerve perineural injection. Injury to the intercostobrachial nerve is thought to be a common cause of postmastectomy pain. In our case series, all patients had pain relief after the intercostobrachial perineural injection. There is a relative dearth of published information on the treatment of postmastectomy pain and more specifically intercostobrachial neuralgia. We review the anatomy of the intercostobrachial nerve and its variants, etiologies of intercostobrachial neuralgia, and current indications and methods of an intercostobrachial perineural injection.
Intrathecal Versus Oral Baclofen: A Matched Cohort Study of Spasticity, Pain, Sleep, Fatigue, and Quality of Life
Authors: McCormick Zachary L. , Chu Samuel K. , Binler Danielle , Neudorf Daniel , Mathur Sunjay N. , Lee Jungwha , Marciniak Christina 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundBaclofen commonly is used to manage spasticity caused by central nervous system lesions or dysfunction. Although both intrathecal and oral delivery routes are possible, no study has directly compared clinical outcomes associated with these 2 routes of treatment.ObjectiveTo compare spasticity levels, pain, sleep, fatigue, and quality of life between individuals receiving treatment with intrathecal versus oral baclofen.DesignCross‐sectional matched cohort survey study.SettingUrban academic rehabilitation outpatient clinics.ParticipantsAdult patients with spasticity, treated with intrathecal or oral baclofen for at least 1 year, matched 1:1 for age, gender, and diagnosis.MethodsStandardized surveys were administered during clinic appointments or by telephone.Main Outcome MeasuresSurveys included the Penn Spasm Frequency Scale, Brief Pain Inventory, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Diener Satisfaction with Life Scale.ResultsA total of 62 matched subjects were enrolled. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 46 (11) years with a mean duration of intrathecal baclofen or oral baclofen treatment of 11 (6) and 13 (11) years, respectively. There were 40 (64%) male and 22 (36%) female subjects. Primary diagnoses included spinal cord injury (n = 38), cerebral palsy (n = 10), stroke (n = 10), and multiple sclerosis (n = 4). The mean (SD) dose of intrathecal and oral baclofen at the time of survey were 577 (1429) μg/day and 86 (50) mg/day, respectively. Patients receiving intrathecal compared with oral baclofen experienced significantly fewer (1.44 [0.92] versus 2.37 [1.12]) and less severe (1.44 [0.92] versus 2.16 [0.83]) spasms, respectively as measured by the Penn Spasm Frequency Scale (P < .01; P < .01). There were no significant differences in pain, sleep, fatigue, and quality of life between groups. Subanalysis of patients with SCI mirrored results of the entire study sample, with significant decreases in spasm frequency and severity associated with intrathecal compared to oral baclofen (P < .01; P < .01), but no other between group differences. The mean (SD) percent change in dose of oral (21% [33%]) compared with intrathecal (3% [28%]) baclofen was significantly larger two years prior to the date of survey (P = .02).ConclusionsLong‐term treatment with intrathecal compared with oral baclofen is associated with reduced spasm frequency and severity as well as greater dose stability. These benefits must be weighed against the risks of internal pump and catheter placement in patients considering intrathecal baclofen therapy.
Implications of co-infection ofLeptomonasin visceral leishmaniasis in India
Authors: SELVAPANDIYAN ANGAMUTHU , AHUJA KAVITA , PURI NITI , KRISHNAN ANUJA 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYProtozoan parasitesLeishmania donovani(family: Trypanosomatidae) cause fatal visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and the infection relapses in apparently cured population as post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in the Indian subcontinent. In recent years co-infection of another Trypanosomatid parasiteLeptomonaswithL. donovaniduring VL/PKDL in this region has become prominent. The observation of clinically lesser-known insect parasite,Leptomonasin leishmaniasis is intriguing to researchers. The presence of Leishmania look alikeLeptomonasin the cultures of clinical isolates ofLeishmaniahas been worrisome to those, who prefer to work with pureLeishmaniacultures for drug and vaccine development or immune response studies. The exact implications of such a co-habitation, which might lead to a delay in the diagnostics of VL and elevate mortality, need a thorough investigation. Also whetherLeptomonasis involved in leishmaniasis manifestation needs to be ascertained. Thus we are currently witnessing a new paradigm of a parasitic co-infection in VL/PKDL cases in India and this review outlines various opportunities for further research in understanding such emerging co-infection.
Anxiety and anxious-depression in Parkinson's disease over a 4-year period: a latent transition analysis
Authors: Landau S. , Harris V. , Burn D. J. , Hindle J. V. , Hurt C. S. , Samuel M. , Wilson K. C. , Brown R. G. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundDepression and anxiety in Parkinson's disease are common and frequently co-morbid, with significant impact on health outcome. Nevertheless, management is complex and often suboptimal. The existence of clinical subtypes would support stratified approaches in both research and treatment.MethodFive hundred and thirteen patients with Parkinson's disease were assessed annually for up to 4 years. Latent transition analysis (LTA) was used to identify classes that may conform to clinically meaningful subgroups, transitions between those classes over time, and baseline clinical and demographic features that predict common trajectories.ResultsIn total, 64.1% of the sample remained in the study at year 4. LTA identified four classes, a ‘Psychologically healthy’ class (approximately 50%), and three classes associated with psychological distress: one with moderate anxiety alone (approximately 20%), and two with moderate levels of depression plus moderate or severe anxiety. Class membership tended to be stable across years, with only about 15% of individuals transitioning between the healthy class and one of the distress classes. Stable distress was predicted by higher baseline depression and psychiatric history and younger age of onset of Parkinson's disease. Those with younger age of onset were also more likely to become distressed over the course of the study.ConclusionsPsychopathology was characterized by relatively stable anxiety or anxious-depression over the 4-year period. Anxiety, with or without depression, appears to be the prominent psychopathological phenotype in Parkinson's disease suggesting a pressing need to understanding its mechanisms and improve management.
The title of Philostratus’ Life of Apollonius of Tyana
Authors: Boter Gerard 
Published: October 2015

Abstract:The title of Philostratus’ Life of Apollonius of Tyana as it stands in all editions since Kayser’s 1844 edition, Tὰ ὲç τòν Tυανέα Ἀπολλώνιοώ is not correct. The genuine title of the work is Eἰç τòν Tυανέα Ἀπολλώνιον. The suggestion by Ewen Bowie, that the title of the work characterizes it as a novel, must therefore be dismissed. The meaning of the title is ambiguous: it means both ‘About Apollonius of Tyana’ and ‘In honour of Apollonius of Tyana’. This ambiguity may very well have been intended by Philostratus.