bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MUSCLE LATENCIES IN HEALTHY AND FUNCTIONALLY UNSTABLE PARTICIPANTS FOLLOWING A SIMULATED ANKLE SPRAIN
Authors: Gautrey C , Watson T , Mitchell A 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundFunctional ankle instability (FAI) is a common pathology in sport which exhibits debilitating residual symptoms. In relation to FAI, many studies have investigated muscle latencies of the peroneus longus and tibialis anterior muscles; however, there is limited research on the gluteus medius muscle which provides stability in the frontal plane. Weakness in the gluteus medius may produce deviations in joint motion, a subsequent loss of stability and may contribute towards a repeated injury at the ankle.ObjectiveTo determine whether FAI participants suffer from a neuromuscular deficit compared to healthy controls, as measured by muscle latency following a simulated ankle sprain mechanism.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingUniversity biomechanics laboratory. Participants played at a semi-professional level of soccer.ParticipantsA convenience sample was used to recruit twenty males with unilateral FAI and twenty male healthy controls. Inclusion criteria included males, aged 18–25 years, who participated in semi-professional soccer and who were right leg dominant.InterventionThree perturbations on a standing tilt platform simulating the mechanics of an inversion and plantar-flexion ankle sprain. Subject group was the independent variable.Main outcome measureMuscle latency in milliseconds of the peroneus longus, tibialis anterior and gluteus medius to the tilt platform perturbation.ResultsThe results indicated that there was a significant (P<.0125) delay in muscle latency of the peroneus longus, tibialis anterior and gluteus medius when comparing the unstable and stable ankle of the FAI group to the dominant and non-dominant ankle of the healthy group.ConclusionMuscle latency was delayed in both the unstable and stable ankle of the FAI participants, which would suggest a central mechanism of control, or possibly a genetic predisposition to FAI. Rehabilitation prescribed by sports clinicians should focus on both limbs in functionally unstable individuals, as well as more proximal musculature such as the gluteus medius.
FROM INJURY TO THE PARALYMPIC PODIUM – A CASE STUDY OF A CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING CHAMPION IN 10-YEAR FOLLOW-UP
Authors: Gawronski W 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundA rare case of systematic comprehensive assessment of endurance abilities of a multiple Paralympic medalist.ObjectiveTo assess the morpho-functional abilities and health condition of a multiple Paralympic medalist and to design a comprehensive assessment model based on the changes in physical endurance and health condition in the context of the athlete's disability and relating to the systematic physical training.DesignTen-year follow-up.SettingParalympic Games in 2002, 2006 and 2010 and the relevant preparatory periods.ParticipantA disabled cross-country skier who competed in three consecutive PGs (2002, 2006, 2010). At the age of four, the athlete lost both her upper limbs in a farming accident. She is planning to compete for the fourth time in 2014.Risk factor assessmentNone.Main outcome measurementsEndurance was assessed with the cycloergometer test. Measurements included: lung minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide volume (VCO2), heart rate (HR), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and lactate threshold (LAT).ResultsThere was a gradual increase in the athlete's endurance capacity, reaching the optimal value just before PG. The comparison of all results demonstrates their sinusoidal character - HR: 175-188-185 in 2002; 187-192-188 in 2006, and 189-184-180 in 2010; VO2, ml/kg: 40.20-47.00-51.30 in 2002, 51.78-45.50-51.30 in 2006 and 36.1-51.30-53.8 in 2010; VE, l: 74.9-90.5-90.0 in 2002, 95.0-99.6-107.4 in 2006 and 67.6-95.9-104.5 in 2010.ConclusionsTest results depended on the training-related level of endurance at particular points of the follow-up and the general health condition. The increase in endurance parameters shortly before PGs reflects the peak fitness level. The obtained results facilitated a precise analysis of the athlete's adaptation mechanisms. As a result, optimal training was offered, leading to the Paralympic podium three times.
PREVENTING ADVERSE CONCUSSION OUTCOMES: THE ONLINE CONCUSSION AWARENESS TRAINING TOOLKIT (CATT)
Authors: Babul S , Korn P , Goldman R , Pike I , Hay C 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundConcussion recognition, treatment and management is crucial in supporting recovery and decreasing the risk of long-term brain damage. Long-term effects are often not recognized early enough to prevent post-concussion syndrome, resulting in an impact on social and professional lives. The need to standardize care is vital in preventing adverse concussion outcomes.ObjectiveTo determine if concussion knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) are significantly improved among physicians and nurses following completion of CATT.DesignA pre/post-intervention questionnaire designed to measure changes in physician/nurse KAP.SettingPrimary setting was hospital emergency departments in the Lower Mainland, British Columbia.ParticipantsPhysicians/nurses working in emergency departments/trauma care facilities.InterventionBased upon established international principles, CATT is an online toolkit (www.cattonline.com) providing learner-directed concussion awareness training for health practitioners as well as assessment resources (SCAT3, Child-SCAT3), links to clinical resources, patient handouts, journal articles (including the Zurich Consensus Statement), related websites, concussion videos and study cases.Main outcome measuresChange in physician/nurse knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding concussion recognition, treatment and management.Results44 physicians and 35 nurses were recruited. Post-intervention questionnaires were completed by 34 physicians (77.3%) and 25 nurses (71.4%). Physicians demonstrated a statistically significant positive change in concussion practices (P=.001). Change in physician knowledge was not significant, while attitudes had a negative change (P=.041). Positive change in physician knowledge was detected for those who typically see more than 10 concussions per year (P=.039). Nurses demonstrated statistically significant positive change in practices (P=.005) and attitudes (P=.035), but no change in knowledge.ConclusionsCATT is effective in improving concussion knowledge and practices among physicians and nurses, which will potentially minimize adverse concussion outcomes and lower health care costs among concussion patients. Phase 2 includes a toolkit for Parents, Players and Coaches, currently undergoing an evaluation with sporting associations in BC.
THE INCIDENCE OF SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST AND DEATH IN UNITED STATES HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES
Authors: Harmon K , Asif I , Ellenbogen R , Drezner J 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundTraditional estimates of SCD incidence in US high school athletes 1 athlete death per 200 000–400 000 athlete-years.ObjectiveTo investigate the rate of SCA/SCD in high school athletes through search of media reports.DesignRetrospective review of the Parent Heart Watch database generated from systematic search of media reports. Each case was reviewed to confirm high school athletic team participation, sex, sport, and if the arrest occurred during exertion and at a school-sponsored activity. Sport participation numbers were available from the National Federation of State High School Associations.SettingUnited States.Participants19 433 431 high school athletes (age 14-18) in 6 US states from 2007–2013.InterventionsNone.Main outcome measurementsIncidence of SCA/SCD.ResultsThe 6 states studied represented 36% of the high school athlete population in the US. During the study period, there were 109 overall SCAs, including 74 SCDs and 35 SCAs who survived. 91% of the SCAs occurred in male athletes. The overall SCA incidence in high school athletes was 1 in 63 988 athlete-years. The rate of SCA in males was 1 in 41 662 and in females 1 in 285 012 athlete-years. 83% of cases occurred during exertion and only 59% of events occurred while participating on a school sponsored team. 34 events occurred in male basketball players. The rate of SCA in male basketball players was 1 in 33 815 athlete-years.ConclusionsSCA/SCD rates in US high school athletes are significantly greater than previously reported, and disproportionately high in male basketball players, similar to collegiate athletes. These numbers represent low estimates as media reports have been shown to miss nearly 50% of cases. Accurate reporting mechanisms are needed in the US to define incidence and etiology of SCA. Current screening strategies in US high school athletes do not prevent SCA in many athletes, and alternative screening strategies should be considered, especially in high risk groups.
SIX WEEKS OF CORE STABILITY TRAINING REDUCES PEAK LANDING FORCE AMONG FEMALE CAPOEIRA ATHLETES
Authors: Hayes L , Araujo S , Cohen D 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundCore stability training (CST) has increased in popularity among athletes and the general fitness population and is promoted as a means to reduce injury risk. In female athletes, an intervention combining CST and balance training reduced peak landing forces, a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Less is known about the isolated effect on landing forces of a CST program comprised of a substantial proportion of static exercises.ObjectiveTo evaluate changes in peak landing force in a drop box jump test following a six week CST intervention.DesignIntervention study.SettingWell trained Capoeira athletes.Participants16 female athletes aged 27.3±3.7 years.InterventionsThree isometric and three dynamic core stability exercises completed 3 times/week for 6 weeks.Main Outcome MeasurementsPeak landing forces during a drop jump pre- versus post-intervention.ResultsPeak landing force significantly decreased from pre- to post-intervention (2943±552 N vs. 1714±235 N respectively [P<.001]). There was no significant change in body mass or jump height during the intervention (P=.528 and P=.877 respectively).ConclusionsThis study shows that in well-trained female athletes, the addition of a core stability training program that includes a substantial proportion of isometric exercises can reduce landing forces. High landing forces are associated with increased risk of ACL injuries and CST may therefore contribute to injury risk reduction in high risk athletes.
INJURIES IN GERMAN CLUB SPORTS – 1987 TO 2012
Authors: Henke T , Luig P , Schulz D 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIn Germany 26 million citizens, almost 30% of the total population, are registered in sports clubs. Nowadays, sport as part of a healthy and physically active lifestyle is virtually accepted as medicine against widespread diseases. The positive effects of sports on wellbeing and health are undoubted. However, about 2 million sports injuries occur annually. 700,000 of these result from club sports.ObjectiveTo describe and analyse the epidemiology of sports injuries and to identify focal areas for sports injury prevention programmes on the basis of 25 years of injury surveillance data for German club sports.DesignRetrospective longitudinal study with questionnaire-based injury registration. Since 1987 a database of more than 200 000 sports injuries has been established. Athletes that report a sports accident to the ARAG sports insurance are asked to complete an anonymized questionnaire on the accident, injury, treatment and sports behaviour.SettingNon-professional club sports participants.Results75% of the injuries are registered in soccer, handball, basketball and volleyball, although only 30% of all sports club members are organized in these sports. The number of women's soccer injuries has risen from 7% to 15%. Ankle injuries have decreased from 30% to 19%, whereas the rate of knee injuries has increased slightly from 17% to 21%. Days of disability have dropped steadily since the 1990s, whereas inpatient hospital days have doubled from 5 to 10 days. The share of injuries that need surgery increased from 30% to 40%. Injuries to the knee, lower leg and upper arm have the highest surgery rate, indicating more serious injuries here.ConclusionTeam sports are a clear focal area for injury prevention, in particular as the number of female participants in these sports has dramatically increased since 1987. For tailoring the prevention measures more specific to the target groups the following differentiation of prevention approaches is useful: Training & Physical Preparation, Technical & Political Approaches, Equipment & Facilities, Medical & Non-medical Support.
MRI FINDINGS IN THE SHOULDER OF COMPLETELY ASYMPTOMATIC ADOLESCENT ELITE TENNIS PLAYERS
Authors: Johansson F , DeBri E , Swärdh L , Cools A , Adolfsson A , Jenner G , Skillgate E 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundShoulder pathology in adult tennis players including rotator cuff pathology is well known. However, early adaptations have not previously been studied in the adolescent elite tennis players.ObjectivesTo describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in the shoulder in asymptomatic elite adolescent tennis players.DesignA MRI scan using a 3 Tesla scanner of both shoulders were performed. PD (proton density) weighted images with fat-saturation in oblique coronal, oblique sagittal and axial planes together with oblique sagittal T2 images were reviewed especially for the presence of abnormalities regarding labral lesions and rotator-cuff lesions by two radiologists in consensus. The MRI scans were evaluated by to independent experienced radiologists in a blinded manner according to a pre-defined protocol. Data were collected retrospectively for the dominant arm and contralateral arm respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software.SettingTesting environment at Medical Rontgen, Sweden.Participants35 adolescent elite tennis players from the Swedish national team were selected (ages 13–24 years median age 17). 15 boys and 20 girls participated in the study.InterventionFindings were described according to a predefined protocol.Main outcome measurementsMRI findings of the dominant and non-dominant shoulder.Results19 players (54%) had a normal MRI examination and 16 players (46%) had abnormal findings of which 14 players showed affected tendons/tendinosis. The predominant findings were made in infraspinatus (n=10), Supraspinatus (n=5) and Subscapularis (n=1). Two players had findings in both infra- and supraspinatus.ConclusionsThis is the first study describing MRI findings in adolescent elite tennis players, revealing infraspinatus and supraspinatus affected tendons/tendinosis in this asymptomatic overhead athletic population. The results can serve as the baseline for a future prospective longitudinal cohort study.
ISOKINETIC MUSCLE PERFORMANCE IN MALE PROFESSIONAL HANDBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Kaczmarek P , Lubiatowski P , Cisowski P , Dudzinski W , Grygorowicz M , Dzianach M , Romanowski L 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundMuscle strength and endurance of the shoulder rotators is important for overhead throwing performance and dynamic glenohumeral stability. Isokinetic assessment of shoulder internal and external rotators is commonly used by clinicians to assess muscle performance.ObjectiveTo evaluate the external (ER) and internal rotator (IR) muscles isokinetic peak torque, total work and strength ratios in handball players.DesignProspective study with control group and descriptive analysis.SettingElite division handball players.ParticipantsThe pilot studies included 48 professional handball players of average age 24.0 (±4.5 years), height 187.1 (±5.9) and weight 9.0 (±11.6).InterventionsIsokinetic tests were performed concentrically at 180 and 270 deg/s using Biodex System 3 PRO in standard sitting position.Main outcome measurementsIsokinetic peak torque, total work and strength ratios.Results:The differences between the athletes and controls regarding the peak torque at 180 deg/s and total work at 270 deg/s of the ER and IR muscles for dominant and non dominant shoulder were statistically significant. The control group presented higher ratios (D 85.8±26.9; ND 82.8±23.4) than handball players (D 65.4±13.3; ND 63.0±16.0)–differences were statistically significant. There were statistical differences between dominant and non dominant shoulder in both group for total work of the ER muscles. There were no statistical differences between dominant and non dominant shoulder in both group for peak torque of the ER and IR muscles.ConclusionsHandball players present higher isokinetic parameters comparing to normal population. The study establishes additional normative data on ER and IR muscle torque and total work on high-level male handball players.
REFERENT BODY WEIGHT VALUES IN OVER GROUND WALKING, OVER GROUND JOGGING, TREADMILL JOGGING, AND ELLIPTICAL EXERCISE
Authors: Kaplan Y , Witvrouw E , Nyska M , Palmanovich E , Barak Y 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIn order to make reliable clinical decisions in relation to when injured or surgically operated athletes may return to daily functional and weight-bearing sporting activities, there is a need to establish referent average weight-bearing values in common sporting activities.ObjectivesTo evaluate average percentage body weight (APBW) values and weight-bearing distribution percentages (WBDP) between sports activities in a referent adult population, and to suggest clinical implications.DesignOriginal research study.SettingLerner Sports Center, Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel.Participants75 asymptomatic volunteers, mean age=33.5(19–72) years SD=15.1, mean weight (kg)=70.7 (43–113) SD=14.1.Interventions4 tests were conducted: 1. Overground walking (OGW) over a 20m distance, 2. Overground jogging (OGJ) over a 20m distance, 3.Treadmill jogging (TJ) at a constant speed of 8.5 km/hr for a 15-second interval and 4. Elliptical exercise (EE) for a 20 second period at a resistance and incline level of 10, and a steady pace within the range of 70–95 steps/min.Main outcome measureThe Smartstep™ weight-bearing gait analysis system.ResultsThe APBW value on the entire foot in OGW was 112% (SD=15.57), in OGJ, 201% (SD=31.24, in TJ, 175% (SD=25.48) and in EE, 73% (SD=13.8). Regarding WBDP, the swing phase in OGJ and TJ was significantly longer than the stance phase (P<.05).ConclusionsEE significantly reduces weight-bearing as compared to other common functional and sporting activities. This information is also useful from a repetitive loading standpoint (to prevent overuse injury) or for exercise recommendations for those at greater risk for exacerbating chronic joint pathology.
REASONS FOR INABILITY TO COMPLETE ULTRAMARATHONS: A MULTICENTER STUDY
Authors: Khodaee M , Spittler J , Basset P , Vanbaak K , Hill JC , San Millán I , Hoffman MD 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundDespite increased ultramarathon participation in recent years, little is known about causes of race incompletion. This study surveyed runners of three 161–168 km ultramarathons in Europe and North America to explore characteristics and issues that affected race performance.ObjectiveDetermine human and environmental factors related to failure to complete ultramarathons of ∼161 km in the previous year.DesignObservational study using surveys prior to the race.SettingThe 2013 Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc®(UTMB®) in Europe; Leadville Trail 100 (LT100) and Western States Endurance Run (WSER) in North America.ParticipantsOut of 4 110 race entrants, 2 794 (69%) completed the pre-race survey.Risk factor assessmentIn this epidemiologic study, we report the incidence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors related to failure to finish of at least one ∼161 km race in the previous year.Main outcome measurementsThe main outcome measurements were self-reported reasons for not finishing the race.ResultsAmong respondents, about 30% had masters or higher degrees. Out of 2,469 UTMB®, 1206 LT 100, and 408 WSER entrants, the majority successfully completed the race (68%, 52% and 72%, respectively). Among participants who responded, 18.3% reported they failed to complete an ultramarathon of ∼161km in the past year. The main reasons for dropping out were inability to make the cut off time (23.1%), nausea and/or vomiting (16.5%), injury during the race (16.5%), and an ongoing injury (13.3%).ConclusionsWe conclude that primary performance-limiting issues in 161–168 km ultramarathons include inability to make the cut off time, nausea and/or vomiting, and injury before and during the race.
INJURIES AND RISK FACTORS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS
Authors: van Beijsterveldt AM , Bliekendaal S , Brink M , Stubbe J 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundSports injuries are highly disadvantageous for Physical Education (PE) students, because they can lead to physical discomfort, and absence from sports classes resulting in higher study career costs.ObjectiveTo investigate the magnitude of the injury problem in PE students and to explore risk factors for sustaining an injury.DesignA prospective cohort study with six months follow up.Participants and setting280 Dutch freshmen PE students.Assessment of risk factorsPrior to the start of the school year, all students underwent a medical examination to assess height, weight, percentage of body fat, blood pressure, visual acuity, muscle-skeletal functioning, and cardio-respiratory endurance. During the six months follow up, an online questionnaire was conducted on a weekly basis to monitor injuries and illnesses (OSTRC Overuse Injury Questionnaire). Furthermore, every two weeks an online questionnaire (POMS and RESTQ-Sports) was administered to measure mood and perceived stress and recovery of the students.Main outcome measuresFrequencies and characteristics of injuries and illnesses.ResultsAccording to the OSTRC Overuse Injury Questionnaire, 22.5% of the students had physical problems regarding injuries during the first month of the school year, and 11.2% of the students were ill. Data collection will end in February 2014. We will perform a logistic regression analysis to test whether the injured students differ significantly from non injured students based on characteristics such as age, sex, body composition, and muscle-skeletal functioning.ConclusionsPreliminary results showed that the risk of sustaining an injury and becoming ill is high for freshmen PE students. Screening at the start of the school year may play an important role in identifying the students at risk.