bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral Health Knowledge and Attitude among Primary School Teachers of Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ahmad Mohammad Sami 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Background and objective
Effect of oral health knowledge and attitude has direct effect on school children so aim of this study is to know the oral health knowledge and attitude among primary school teachers.

Materials and methods
This was a cross-sectional questionnaire based survey done in 2014. Four males and three females schools were selected using a convenience sampling method. Among them, three were private and the rest was government schools. Approval was obtained from the selected schools. One hundred twenty self-administered questionnaires in Arabic language were distributed among the primary school teachers.

Results
Completed questionnaires were returned with a response rate of 95%. Among the teachers, 57% were males and rests were females. The mean age was 36.1 years (SD ± 6.9). Sixty-eight percent were between 31 and 40 years old and among them female showed high score for oral health knowledge (80%) p < 0.001 whereas male showed high score of attitude (82%) p < 0.05. Thirty-three percent had 5 and 10 years of teaching experience. Ninety-eight percent were graduate or above. Eighty-nine percent had used toothbrush. There was no significant relation between the teaching experience and the oral health knowledge (p = 0.14) but there was a significant relation between teaching experience and attitude (p = 0.001). In this sample, irrespective of their frequency of tooth brushing, a significant number had good knowledge (p < 0.001) and highly acceptable attitudes (p = 0.001) toward oral health.

Conclusion
Primary school teachers had acceptable knowledge and attitudes regarding their oral health. Further studies are needed to evaluate and compare their oral health status to their knowledge and attitudes and to determine whether they offer oral health education to the school children.

How to cite this article
Ahmad MS. Oral Health Knowledge and Attitude among Primary School Teachers of Madinah, Saudi Arabia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(4):275-279.
Nonsurgical Management of Phenytoin-induced Gingival Hyperplasia
Authors: AlJehani Yousef A 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The aim of this report is to present a severe case of phenytoin (PHT)-induced gingival hyperplasia in a Saudi patient.

Materials and methods
A 12-year-old male epileptic patient, undergoing PHT therapy, was diagnosed clinically with severe gingival hyperplasia. His treatment consisted meticulous oral care and weekly professional prophylaxis. The patient was advised oral folic acid supplementation (0.5 mg/day) and was also recommended 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash twice daily.

Results
There was significant reduction in the hyperplastic tissue within 4 weeks of treatment.

Conclusion
It is possible to treat PHT-induced gingival hyperplasia non-surgically with intensive dental care, correct oral hygiene and oral folic acid supplements.

How to cite this article
AlJehani YA. Nonsurgical Management of Phenytoin-induced Gingival Hyperplasia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(4):319-321.
Frail, Independent, involved? Care and the Category of the Elderly in Japan
Authors: Kavedzija Iza 
Published: May 2015

This article examines how the category of the elderly in Japan is constructed through diverse forms of care, understood as moral practices intrinsic to peoples’ senses of self. It offers an analysis of a range of informal as well as institutional configurations of care in the Japanese urban context, highlighting the complexity as well as the overlapping nature of these diverse arrangements. It also explores ethnographically how older people experience these arrangements as they move through different sites of care, and how they negotiate the conflicting demands on their sense of self. The various types of care at work in these settings all contribute to different understandings of older persons, and different constructions of the category of the elderly: as clients; as visitors or guests; as fragile ‘struggling persons’; as ‘grannies’ in familial relations; as (caring) neighbours. More than a handful of labels, these variable configurations of personal identity affect care practices and social relationships in direct and tangible ways.
Review: The Upside of Aging: How Long Life is Changing the World of Health, Work, Innovation, Policy and Purpose
Authors: Grendell Ruth 
Published: May 2015

The Upside of Aging: How Long Life is Changing the World of Health, Work, Innovation, Policy and Purpose (2014). Paul H. Irving (Editor) with project editor Rita Beamish. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Publishers, Hoboken, New Jersey. ISBN 978-118-69203-5 (Hard Cover); 978-1-118-69190-8 (ePDF); 978-1-118-69191-5 (Mobi). Price: $39.95 USA/$47.95 CAN.
Community and Constraint:
Authors: Tafolla Vincent M. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTMost Plato scholarship characterizes Socrates's dialectic as cooperative, reciprocal, and open ended. This orthodoxy echoes Socrates's characterizations of it, but the dialectic's dramatizations rarely confirm it. Commentators recognizing this seek to protect the dialectic's image by maligning Socrates's interlocutors. Francisco Gonzalez's description of the Protagoras's “central crisis” exemplifies this approach. When a dispute over how to conduct the discussion threatens its dissolution, Gonzalez blames Protagoras, claiming that relativism forecloses conversation and community. I argue that Gonzalez elides alternative forms of community supported by other discursive practices and that Socrates's refusal to answer legitimate concerns about his methodological demands turns the dialectic into the “external, nondialogical, absolute standard” Gonzalez says it lacks.
Vijf jaar bindend Handvest van de Grondrechten: wat heeft het de rechtzoekende opgeleverd?
Authors: Morijn J. , Pahladsingh A. , Palm H. 
Published: May 2015

Vijf jaar bindend Handvest van de Grondrechten: wat heeft het de rechtzoekende opgeleverd?
Levert het Handvest van de Grondrechten de rechtzoekende iets op? Om dit te beantwoorden analyseren we allereerst welke procesmatige en inhoudelijke voordelen het inroepen van het Handvest kan hebben ten opzichte van andere mensenrechtenbronnen. Daarna kijken we naar de eerste Nederlandse en Luxemburgse praktijk aangaande het recht op een eerlijk proces en het recht op privéleven en gegevensbescherming. Ook brengen we de wisselwerking in kaart tussen de rechterlijke bescherming gebaseerd op het Handvest en het EVRM. Wij concluderen dat er eerste tekenen van meerwaarde van het Handvest zijn voor de rechtszoekende, maar ook mogelijkheden bestaan zijn potentie nog beter te benutten.
Study of Bone Marrow and Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment ofEscherichia coliEndotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice
Authors: Hao Qi , Zhu Ying-gang , Monsel Antoine , Gennai Stephane , Lee Travis , Xu Fengyun , Lee Jae-Woo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be derived from multiple tissue sources. However, the optimal source of MSCs for cell-based therapy for acute lung injury (ALI) is unclear. In the present experiments, we studied bone marrow (BM)-derived and embryonic stem cell-derived human MSC (ES-MSCs) as a therapeutic agent in Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced ALI in mice. We hypothesized that ES-MSCs would be more potent than BM-MSCs owing to its more primitive source of origin. ALI was induced by the intratracheal instillation of endotoxin at 4 mg/kg into 10–12-week-old C57BL/6 mice with or without BM-MSCs, ES-MSCs, or normal human lung fibroblasts as a cellular control. Compared with the endotoxin-injured mice at 48 hours, the administration of ES-MSCs provided results similar to those of BM-MSCs, significantly reducing the influx of white blood cells and neutrophils and decreasing the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α, in the injured alveolus. BM-MSCs also reduced extravascular lung water, a measure of pulmonary edema, by 60% and the total protein levels, a measure of lung permeability, by 66%. However, surprisingly, ES-MSCs did not have these protective effects, which was partially explained by the increased secretion of matrix metallopeptidase 9 by ES-MSCs, an enzyme known to increase lung protein permeability. In conclusion, both BM-MSCs and ES-MSCs markedly decreased endotoxin-induced inflammation. However, ES-MSCs did not show any beneficial effect on reducing pulmonary edema and lung protein permeability compared with BM-MSCs, suggesting that not all MSCs behave in a similar fashion. Our results highlight the need perhaps for a disease-specific potency assay for MSCs.SignificanceTo determine the optimal source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cell-based therapy for acute lung injury, bone marrow (BM)- and embryonic stem cell-derived human MSC (ES-MSCs) were compared as therapeutic agents for Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced lung injury in mice. ES-MSCs behaved similarly to BM-MSCs by markedly decreasing the inflammatory response induced by endotoxin. However, unlike BM-MSCs, ES-MSCs provided no protective effects against increasing lung water and protein permeability, in part because of an increase in expression of matrix metallopeptidase 9 by ES-MSCs. In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, impaired alveolar fluid clearance (i.e., no resolution of pulmonary edema fluid) has been associated with higher mortality rates. Although ES-MSCs might ultimately be found to have properties superior to those of BM-MSCs, such as for immunomodulation, these results highlight the need for a disease-specific potency assay for stem cell-based therapy.
Prevalence and behavioural risks for HIV and HCV infections in a population of drug users of Dakar, Senegal: the ANRS 12243 UDSEN study
Authors: Leprêtre Annie , Ba Idrissa , Lacombe Karine , Maynart Maryvonne , Toufik Abdalla , Ndiaye Ousseynou , Kane Coumba Toure , Gozlan Joël , Tine Judicaël , Ndoye Ibrahim , Raguin Gilles , Girard Pierre‐Marie 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesData on the extent of drug use and associated HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection in West Africa are lacking. The objectives of ANRS12244 UDSEN study were to estimate the size of the heroin and/or cocaine drug user (DU) population living in the Dakar area (Senegal), and assess the prevalence and risk factors of HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), including behavioural determinants in this population, in order to set up an integrated prevention and treatment programme for DUs.Design and methodsA capture‐recapture method was applied for population size estimation, whereas the respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) method was used to recruit a sample of DUs living in the Dakar area and determine HIV, HBV and HCV prevalence. Behavioural data were gathered during face‐to‐face interviews, and blood samples were collected on dried blood spots for analysis in a central laboratory. Data analysis was performed using the RDS analysis tool, and risk factors were determined by logistic regression. Access to laboratory results was organized for the participants.ResultsThe size of the DU population in the Dakar area was estimated to reach 1324 (95% confidence interval (95% CI: 1281–1367)). Based on the 506 DUs included in the study, the HIV, HCV and HBV prevalence were 5.2% (95% CI: 3.8–6.3), 23.3% (95% CI: 21.2–25.2) and 7.9% (95% CI: 5.2–11.1), respectively. In people who inject drugs (PWID), prevalence levels increased to 9.4% for HIV and 38.9% for HCV (p=0.001 when compared to those who never injected). Women were more at risk of being HIV infected (prevalence: 13.04% versus 2.97% in males, p=0.001). Being PWID was a risk factor for HCV and HIV infection (odds ratio, OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.7–4.3, and OR: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.7–10.7, respectively), whereas older age and female sex were additional risk factors for HIV infection (10% increase per year of age, p=0.03 and OR: 4.9, 95% CI: 1.6–156, respectively). No specific determinant was associated with the risk of HBV infection.ConclusionsHigh HIV and HCV prevalence were estimated in this population of DUs (including non‐injectors) living in the Dakar area, Senegal, whereas HBV prevalence was close to that of the global Senegalese population, reflecting a risk of infection independent of drug use. Women seem to be highly vulnerable and deserve targeted interventions for decreasing exposure to HIV, while behavioural risk factors for HIV and HCV include the use of unsafe injections, reflecting the urgent need for developing harm reduction interventions and access to opioid substitution therapy services.
Decadal and seasonal changes in temperature, salinity, nitrate, and chlorophyll in inshore and offshore waters along southeast Australia
Authors: Kelly Paige , Clementson Lesley , Lyne Vincent 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSixty years of oceanographic in situ data at Port Hacking (34°S) and Maria Island (42°S) and 15 years of satellite‐derived chlorophyll a (chl a) in inshore and offshore waters of southeast Australia show changes in the seasonality and trend of water properties consistent with long‐term intensification and southerly extensions of East Australian Current (EAC) water. Decadal analyses reveal that the EAC extension water at Maria Island increased gradually from the 1940s to 1980s, followed by a rapid increase since the 1990s. This acceleration coincided with enhanced winter nitrate, implying increased injections of subantarctic water at Maria Island. Satellite‐derived chl a at six coastal sites and offshore companion sites in the western Tasman Sea showed significant inshore‐offshore variations in seasonal cycle and long‐term trend. After 2004–2005, the Maria Island seasonal cycle became increasingly similar to those of Bass Strait and St. Helens, suggesting that the EAC extension water was extending further southward. Comparative analyses of inshore‐offshore sites showed that the presence of EAC extension water declined offshore. Seasonal cycles at Maria Island show a recent shift away from the traditional spring bloom, toward increased winter biomass, and enhanced primary productivity consistent with extensions of warm, energetic EAC extension water and more frequent injections of cooler, fresher nitrate‐replete waters. Overall, we find complex temporal, latitudinal, and inshore‐offshore changes in multiple water masses, particularly at Maria Island, and changes in primary productivity that will profoundly impact fisheries and ecosystems.
The interactions between anthropogenic aerosols and the East Asian summer monsoon using RegCCMS
Authors: Wang T. J. , Zhuang B. L. , Li S. , Liu J. , Xie M. , Yin C. Q. , Zhang Y. , Yuan C. , Zhu J. L. , Ji L. Q. , Han Y. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn online coupled regional climate‐chemistry model called RegCCMS is used to investigate the interactions between anthropogenic aerosols and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) over East Asia. The simulation results show that the mean aerosol loading and optical depth over the region are 17.87 mg/m2 and 0.25, respectively. Sulfate and black carbon (BC) account for approximately 61.2% and 7.8% of the total aerosols, respectively. The regional mean radiative forcing (RF) is approximately −3.64, −0.55, and +0.88 W/m2 at the top of the atmosphere for the total aerosol effect, the total aerosol direct effect, and the BC direct effect, respectively. The surface direct RF of BC accounts for approximately 31% of the total RF of all aerosols. Because of the total aerosol effect, both the energy budgets and air temperature are considerably reduced in the region with high aerosol loadings, leading to decreases in the land‐ocean air temperature gradient in summer. The total column‐absorbed solar radiation and surface air temperature decrease by 8.4 W/m2 and 0.31 K, respectively. This cooling effect weakens horizontal and vertical atmospheric circulations over East Asia. The wind speed at 850 hPa decreases by 0.18 m/s, and the precipitation decreases by 0.29 mm/d. The small responses of solar radiation, air temperature, and atmospheric circulations to the BC warming effect are opposite to those of the total aerosol effect. The BC‐induced enhancement of atmospheric circulation can increase local floods in south China, while droughts in north China may worsen in response to the BC semidirect effect. The total aerosol effect is much more significant than the BC direct effect. The East Asian summer monsoon becomes weaker due to the total aerosol effect. However, this weakness could be partially offset by the BC warming effect. Sensitivity analyses further indicate that the influence of aerosols on the EASM might be more substantial in years when the southerlies or southwesterlies at 850 hPa are weak compared with years when the winds are strong. Changes in the EASM can induce variations in the distribution and magnitude of aerosols. Aerosols in the lower troposphere over the region can increase by 3.07 and 1.04 µg/m3 due to the total aerosol effect and the BC warming effect, respectively.
On kinematics and flow velocity prediction in step‐pool channels
Authors: D'Agostino V. , Michelini T. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis paper verifies methods for the prediction of mean flow velocity at the reach scale in mountain streams, investigating the kinematics of a series of two small‐scale artificial step‐pool sequences and a transitional reach between plane‐bed and step‐pool under well‐controlled hydraulic conditions, and improving the estimation of the energy expenditure between the step crest and the downstream pool. Experimental data were collected using three fish ladder reaches with slopes between 2.6 and 10%. Four types of field measurements were conducted: topographical surveys to extract the thalweg profiles and cross‐sectional geometry of reference cross sections; grain size analyses of the bed surface; steady state runs with a given flow rate (0.005–0.234 m3/s), and surveying of the water profile in the most significant cross sections. The following main conclusions were reached: (i) the dominance of spill resistance at the lowest discharge (pool water depth‐step height ratios of 0.4) causes primary dimensionless head losses of up to 80%, and these losses progressively decrease to approximately 40% when the water discharge and related pool water depth submerge the upstream step height. A specific predictive equation for the head loss was calibrated and then verified via data from the Rio Cordon. (ii) The verification of literature‐sourced equations to predict the reach‐averaged flow velocity provided suitable results for several of these equations indicating that the use of a specific step‐pool equation does not appear to be crucial to achieving accurate predictions.
Did phosphorus derived from the weathering of large igneous provinces fertilize the Neoproterozoic ocean?
Authors: Horton Forrest 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPrimary productivity and organic carbon burial rates in the Precambrian were highly sensitive to fluxes of phosphorus (P) from the weathering of continental crust. Large igneous provinces (LIPs)—containing substantial P and highly susceptible to chemical weathering—occurred regularly during the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent, and flood basalts probably covered 3.7–7.4 × 106 km2 at a time when a low‐latitude continental configuration expedited weathering. Assuming chemical weathering liberated much of the P contained in the flood basalts, an estimated 1–4 × 1017 mol of biologically available P entered the ocean from LIPs between 900 and 500 Ma. Especially, voluminous LIP magmatism began at ∼850 Ma and culminated with the Franklin Province at 720 Ma, after which an estimated bioavailable P flux from flood basalts of 1–5 × 109 mol/yr may have been sustained for millions of years, elevating primary production and organic carbon burial rates. P enrichment of LIP magmas prior to eruption could have contributed to efficient reactive P delivery to the ocean: liquid‐crystal fractionation beneath thick cratonic lithosphere and the incorporation of metasomatic P potentially enriched Neoproterozoic LIP magmas more than anytime previously. Thus, a unique convergence of tectonic conditions—supercontinent breakup, voluminous mafic volcanism containing abundant P, and a low‐latitude continental configuration—may have facilitated an unprecedented flux of bioavailable P to the ocean that was capable of triggering oxidation of the ocean‐atmosphere system and enabling accelerated biologic diversification.
Pressure disequilibria induced by rapid valve closure in noble gas extraction lines
Authors: Morgan Leah E. , Davidheiser‐Kroll Brett 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPressure disequilibria during rapid valve closures can affect calculated molar quantities for a range of gas abundance measurements (e.g., K‐Ar geochronology, (U‐Th)/He geochronology, noble gas cosmogenic chronology). Modeling indicates this effect in a system with a 10 L reservoir reaches a bias of 1% before 1000 pipette aliquants have been removed from the system, and a bias of 10% before 10,000 aliquants. Herein we explore the causes and effects of this problem, which is the result of volume changes during valve closure. We also present a solution in the form of an electropneumatic pressure regulator that can precisely control valve motion. This solution reduces the effect to ∼0.3% even after 10,000 aliquants have been removed from a 10 L reservoir.
The influence of different turbulence models on the diffusion coefficients of energetic particles
Authors: Hussein M. , Tautz R. C. , Shalchi A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe explore the influence of turbulence on the transport of energetic particles by using test particle simulations. We compute parallel and perpendicular diffusion coefficients for two‐component turbulence, isotropic turbulence, a model based on Goldreich‐Sridhar scaling, noisy reduced magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, and a noisy slab model. We show that diffusion coefficients have a similar rigidity dependence regardless which turbulence model is used, and thus, we conclude that the influence of turbulence on particle transport is not as strong as originally thought. Only fundamental quantities such as particle rigidity and the Kubo number are relevant. In the current paper we also confirm the unified nonlinear transport theory for noisy slab turbulence. To double check the validity and accuracy of our numerical results, we use a second test particle code. We show that both codes provide very similar results confirming the validity of our conclusions.