bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dental Caries in the Primary Dentition of German Children with Cleft Lip, Alveolus, and Palate
Authors: Kirchberg Anja , Makuch Almut , Hemprich Alexander , Hirsch Christian 
Published: December 2012

Objective The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in children with cleft lip, alveolus, and/or cleft palate living in central Germany between 1996 and 2010. Participants A total of 295 children 1 to 6 years of age from three birth cohorts (BC) with clefts from central Germany were included in the study. They were compared with 548 1- to 6-year-old cleft-free children from the same region. Setting Children with clefts underwent a dental examination in an outpatient dental clinic at the University of Leipzig. The first BC was examined between 1996 and 1998, the second between 2002 and 2004, and the third between 2008 and 2010. Controls were examined at day-care centers in Leipzig during the same periods. Main Outcome Measure The standard dental caries index for the primary dentition (dmf/t3-4) was used for clinical assessment. Results Over the entire study period, the mean prevalence of dental caries in deciduous teeth was significantly higher (1.32 dmf/t3-4) in children with clefts compared with cleft-free children. However, a decline in caries (approximately 1 dmf/t3-4) and an increase in the proportion of children with healthy primary dentition were observed in both groups. These results represent a caries decline of 61% in children with clefts. Conclusions Caries rates for children 1 to 6 years of age with clefts from central Germany showed a considerable decline over the last years. The caries rates for clefts patients in the third BC (2008 to 2010) was similar to that of cleft-free children in the first BC (1996 to 1998).
High Salivary Estrogen and Risk of Developing Pregnancy Gingivitis
Authors: Gürsoy Mervi , Gürsoy Ulvi Kahraman , Sorsa Timo , Pajukanta Riitta , Könönen Eija 
Published: December 2012

Background: Estrogen regulates the cellular functions of several tissues that may disturb the host response against bacteria. The present aim is to evaluate the contribution of estrogen to the severity of gingival inflammation during pregnancy.Methods: Salivary estrogen levels from 30 pregnant and 24 non‐pregnant females were related to their periodontal health parameters, including visible plaque index (VPI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) from six sites per tooth. The pregnant group was examined three times during pregnancy and twice during postpartum, and the non‐pregnant group was examined three times, once per subsequent month.Results: Salivary estrogen levels increased significantly during the second (P <0.01) and third (P <0.05) trimesters. In both participant groups, BOP scores correlated significantly with VPI scores (r = 0.498 to 0.870) but not with estrogen levels. In all trimesters and postpartum, the individuals with both high estrogen and high VPI levels had the highest frequency of pregnancy gingivitis. During the second and third trimesters, simultaneously enhanced estrogen levels and VPI scores brought an additional risk of developing gingivitis compared with a high VPI score alone.Conclusion: The present findings suggest that, during pregnancy, the estrogen level determines the magnitude of gingival inflammation developed against microbial plaque at the gingival margin.
Treatment Outcome in Patients With Peri‐Implantitis in a Periodontal Clinic: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Lagervall Maria , Jansson Leif E. 
Published: December 2012

Background: The number of placed implants has grown during the past decade, and the prevalence of peri‐implantitis has increased. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the treatment outcome of peri‐implantitis and to identify factors influencing the treatment success rate.Methods: The study was conducted as a retrospective longitudinal study on a referral population. The material included 382 implants with peri‐implantitis in 150 patients. Peri‐implantitis was defined as presence of pocket depths ≥5 mm, bleeding at probing and/or suppuration, and the presence of implant radiographic bone loss ≥3 mm or bone loss comprising at least three threads of the implant. Variance analyses, χ2 analyses, and logistic regression analysis were used for data analyses.Results: The mean age of the participants at baseline was found to be 64 years (range: 22 to 87 years). The mean ± SD follow‐up time was 26 ± 20 months, and the mean time between implant installation and baseline was 6.4 years (range: 1 to 20 years). Periodontal flap surgery with osteoplasty was the most common type of therapy (47%), and regenerative surgery procedures with bone substitute materials were chosen in 20% of the cases. The mean success rate at patient level was 69%. The results of the logistic regression analyses showed that the success rate was significantly lower for individuals with the diagnosis of severe periodontitis, severe marginal bone loss around the implants, poor oral hygiene, and low compliance.Conclusion: The effectiveness of the peri‐implantitis therapy was impaired by severe periodontitis, severe marginal bone loss around the implants, poor oral hygiene, and low compliance.
Effectiveness of Border Screening for Detecting Influenza in Arriving Airline Travelers
Authors: Priest Patricia C. , Jennings Lance C. , Duncan Alasdair R. , Brunton Cheryl R. , Baker Michael G. 
Published: December 2012

Objectives. We measured symptom and influenza prevalence, and the effectiveness of symptom and temperature screening for identifying influenza, in arriving international airline travelers. Methods. This cross-sectional study collected data from travelers to Christchurch International Airport, New Zealand, in winter 2008, via a health questionnaire, temperature testing, and respiratory sampling. Results. Forms were returned by 15 976 (68%) travelers. Of these, 17% reported at least 1 influenza symptom, with runny or blocked nose (10%) and cough (8%) most common. Respiratory specimens were obtained from 3769 travelers. Estimated prevalence of influenza was 1.1% (4% among symptomatic, 0.2% among asymptomatic). The sensitivity of screening criteria ranged from 84% for “any symptom” to 3% for a fever of 37.8 °C or greater. The positive predictive value was low for all criteria. Conclusions. Border screening using self-reported symptoms and temperature testing has limitations for preventing pandemic influenza from entering a country. Using “any symptom” or cough would lead to many uninfected people being investigated, yet some infected people would remain undetected. If more specific criteria such as fever were used, most infected people would enter the country despite screening.
Age Distribution of Infection and Hospitalization Among Canadian First Nations Populations During the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic
Authors: Mostaço-Guidolin Luiz C. , Towers Sherry M. J. , Buckeridge David L. , Moghadas Seyed M. 
Published: December 2012

Objectives. We estimated age-standardized ratios of infection and hospitalization among Canadian First Nations (FN) populations and compared their distributions with those estimated for non-FN populations in Manitoba, Canada. Methods. For the spring and fall 2009 waves of the H1N1 pandemic, we obtained daily numbers of laboratory-confirmed and hospitalized cases of H1N1 infection, stratified by 5-year age groups and FN status. We calculated age-standardized ratios with confidence intervals for each wave and compared ratios between age groups in each ethnic group and between the 2 waves for FN and non-FN populations. Results. Incidence and hospitalization ratios in all FN age groups during the first wave were significantly higher than those in non-FN age groups (P < .001). The highest ratios were observed in FN young children aged 0 to 4 years. During the second wave, these ratios tended to decrease in FN populations and increase in non-FN populations, especially among groups younger than 30 years. Conclusions. Incidence and hospitalization ratios in FN populations were higher than or equivalent to ratios in non-FN populations. Our findings support the need to develop targeted prevention and control strategies specifically for vulnerable FN and remote communities.
Effects of Smoke-Free Laws on Alcohol-Related Car Crashes in California and New York: Time Series Analyses From 1982 to 2008
Authors: Bernat Debra H. , Maldonado-Molina Mildred , Hyland Andrew , Wagenaar Alexander C. 
Published: December 2012

We examined effects of New York and California’s statewide smoke-free restaurant and bar polices on alcohol-related car crash fatalities. We used an interrupted time-series design from 1982 to 2008, with 312 monthly observations, to examine the effect of each state’s law on single-vehicle-nighttime crashes and crashes involving a driver with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 grams per deciliter or greater. Implementation of New York and California’s statewide smoke-free policies was not associated with alcohol-related car crash fatalities. Additionally, analyses showed no effect of New York’s smoke-free policy on alcohol-related car crash fatalities in communities along the Pennsylvania-New York border. Statewide smoke-free restaurant and bar laws do not appear to affect rates of alcohol-related car crashes.
A Loss of Moral Experience: Understanding HIV-Related Stigma in the New York City House and Ball Community
Authors: Galindo Gabriel R. 
Published: December 2012

Objectives. I incorporated qualitative methods to explore how HIV-related stigma functions in New York City’s House and Ball Community (HBC). Methods. From January through March 2009, I conducted 20 in-depth 1-on-1 interviews with a diverse sample of New York City HBC members. Interviews addressed perceptions of HIV-related stigma, the treatment of HIV-positive members in the community, and the potential impact of HIV-related stigma on risk behaviors. Results. HIV-related stigma contributes to a loss of moral experience for HBC members. Moral experience (i.e., threats to what really matters in a community) disrupts established social connections and hinders the attainment of “ball status” (i.e., amassing social recognition) in the local world of these individuals. Conclusions. My recommendations address HIV-related stigma in the New York City HBC from the vantage of moral experience and highlight the need for longitudinal studies of individual house members and for the implementation of stigma-focused interventions in the community that utilize the unique ball status hierarchy and HBC network to influence social norms surrounding the treatment of HIV-positive community members.
School and Community Predictors of Smoking: A Longitudinal Study of Canadian High Schools
Authors: Lovato Chris , Watts Allison , Brown K. Stephen , Lee Derrick , Sabiston Catherine , Nykiforuk Candace , Eyles John , Manske Steve , Campbell H. Sharon , Thompson Mary 
Published: December 2012

Objectives. We identified the most effective mix of school-based policies, programs, and regional environments associated with low school smoking rates in a cohort of Canadian high schools over time. Methods. We collected a comprehensive set of student, school, and community data from a national cohort of 51 high schools in 2004 and 2007. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to predict school and community characteristics associated with school smoking prevalence. Results. Between 2004 and 2007, smoking prevalence decreased from 13.3% to 10.7% in cohort schools. Predictors of lower school smoking prevalence included both school characteristics related to prevention programming and community characteristics, including higher cigarette prices, a greater proportion of immigrants, higher education levels, and lower median household income. Conclusions. Effective approaches to reduce adolescent smoking will require interventions that focus on multiple factors. In particular, prevention programming and high pricing for cigarettes sold near schools may contribute to lower school smoking rates, and these factors are amenable to change. A sustained focus on smoking prevention is needed to maintain low levels of adolescent smoking.
Mediators of the Socioeconomic Gradient in Outcomes of Adult Asthma and Rhinitis
Authors: Trupin Laura , Katz Patricia P. , Balmes John R. , Chen Hubert , Yelin Edward H. , Omachi Theodore , Blanc Paul D. 
Published: December 2012

Objectives. We estimated the extent to which socioeconomic status (SES) gradients in adult asthma and rhinitis outcomes can be explained by home and neighborhood environmental factors. Methods. Using survey data for 515 adults with either asthma or rhinitis, or both, we examined environmental mediators of SES associations with disease severity, using the Severity of Asthma Scale, and health-related quality of life (HRQL), using the Rhinasthma Scale. We defined SES on the basis of education and household income. Potential environmental mediators included home type and ownership, exposures to allergens and irritants, and a summary measure of perceived neighborhood problems. We modeled each outcome as a function of SES, and controlled for age, gender, and potential mediators. Results. Gradients in SES were apparent in disease severity and HRQL. Living in a rented house partially mediated the SES gradient for both severity and HRQL (P < .01). Higher perceived levels of neighborhood problems were associated with poorer HRQL and partially mediated the income–HRQL relationship (P < .01). Conclusions. Differences in home and neighborhood environments partially explained associations of SES with adult asthma and rhinitis outcomes.
A low-cost route for synthesizing tungsten disulfide film composites from abundant sprayed oxides: Technique and characterization
Authors: Dabbous Sondes , Amlouk Amel , Nasrallah Tarak Ben , Boubaker Karem , Bouhafs Mahmoud , Amlouk Mosbah 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In this work, WO3 films have been grown using spray pyrolysis of ammonium tungstate precursor on glass substrates. The obtained WO3 films have been subjected to sulfurization under vacuum at 550°C. The structural properties of the obtained films were investigated using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy. The results showed that the sulfurized films contained only WS2. The c-axis preferential orientation of the WS2 films has been verified by several means. The deposition technique is simple and less expensive than several recently proposed ones.
First and second differentials of the ultrasonic parameter as an effective tool to identify phase transitions in R
1-x
A
x
MnO3 perovskites
Authors: Kumaran Singer Muthu , Rajendran Venkatachalam 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In order to examine the existence of different phase transitions, the ultrasonic longitudinal modulus (L) and its first (ΔL/ΔT) and second (Δ2
L/Δ2
T) differentials have been established for two different perovskite manganites over a wide range of temperatures, La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 from 460 to 300 K and Nd0.67Sr0.33MnO3 300 to 150 K. The anomalies in L and its differentials at T
C (≈378 K) in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 are due to the ferromagnetic metal transition; the changes at T
C (≈234 K), T
CO (≈194 K) in Nd0.67Sr0.33MnO3 represent the ferromagnetic transition and charge ordering transition respectively. The existing phase transitions are due to a strong electron-phonon interaction arising from the Jahn-Teller effect and spin-phonon interaction from the linear magnetostriction effect. The first (ΔL/ΔT) and second (Δ2
L/Δ2
T) differentials of L are identified as an effective approach for the clear identification/detection of different phase transitions in the above systems over a wide range of temperatures.
Modelling of three powder compaction laws for cold die pressing
Authors: Montes Juan Manuel , Cuevas Francisco G. , Cintas Jesús , Sepúlveda Ranier 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Three models to describe the relationship between the green porosity of compacts and the applied external pressure during the compaction of metal powders are proposed in order of growing complexity. Only in the third model do all of the parameters have a clear physical meaning and become measurable. These parameters are related to the plastic behaviour of the powder particle material, the friction coefficient between the powder and die walls, as well as the interparticle friction. The three proposed models include a parameter representing a certain value related to the initial porosity of the powder mass; however, only in the third model is this value clearly defined by the tap porosity of the powders. The proposed models have been experimentally verified by compressibility curves obtained from metal powders of different types. The agreements between the second and third models and the experimental data are reasonable over the tested pressure range.
L'euroscepticisme, le turcoscepticisme et la Turquie : une affaire de perceptions ?
Authors: Alex Bastien 
Published: December 2012

Parangon de la fatigue de l’élargissement de l’UE, les pourparlers d’adhésion de la Turquie sont désormais au point mort. Si les dirigeants politiques turcs et européens portent une part de responsabilité dans cet échec, les perceptions européennes de la Turquie, fruits de l’Histoire et des dynamiques qui ont rythmé les différentes séquences socio-politiques n’y sont pas non plus étrangères. Il semble ainsi nécessaire de se pencher aujourd’hui sur les raisons de cette impasse qui peuvent trouver leur racine dans ce ressenti qui est venu se fracasser contre une conjoncture des plus défavorables. De même, pour aller plus loin, il s’agit de s’interroger sur la véritable question qui est posée, en filigrane, à l’UE et que la Turquie lui renvoie continuellement : celle de la définition de son identité.
La doctrine Davutoglu : une projection diplomatique de la Turquie sur son environnement
Authors: Groc Gérard 
Published: December 2012

La nomination, en mai 2009, d’Ahmet Davutoglu au poste de ministre des Affaires étrangères de la Turquie révéla officiellement une reconfiguration de la diplomatie turque, en fait initiée depuis mars 2003 par lui-même, au poste plus discret de conseiller aux affaires internationales du Premier ministre Erdogan. Sur la base de la thématique de la « profondeur stratégique » qu’il avait élaborée dès les années 1990 en tant qu’universitaire, il entend sortir la diplomatie turque de « l’alignement » observé au cours de la guerre froide, pour l’adapter, dans un environnement géopolitique renouvelé du pays, à une nouvelle période de « désordre international ». A partir de la réévaluation de plusieurs paramètres, la Turquie pourrait y figurer un acteur désormais « global », exerçant une stabilisation bénéfique sur un voisinage proche-oriental passablement explosif.
Les islamistes : analyse d'un agenda économique en construction
Authors: Albarracin Javier , Cusi Paula 
Published: December 2012

Une des principales données des grands changements survenus dans le monde arabe depuis 2011 a été la formation de nouveaux gouvernements majoritairement islamistes. Cet article vise à présenter les priorités en matière économique de ces partis, qui n’ont pas été à l’initiative de ces mutations profondes mais ont su capitaliser sur le mécontentement et l’envie de changement de la population, au point d’accéder au pouvoir. Cet agenda économique encore en construction semble se situer entre la continuation des politiques conduites par les anciens régimes et de nouvelles approches, notamment sur le plan des rapports économiques avec le monde, sans omettre la promotion d’outils financiers alternatifs tels que la banque islamique. À travers les cas du Maroc, de la Tunisie et de l’Egypte, pays qui vivent à des degrés divers une transition politique, nous analyserons ces « nouveaux » modèles, dans un contexte économique mondial et domestique difficile.
L'étonnante mécanique de la participation des salaries chez Essilor
Authors: Mokdahi Aïcha , Thai Jean-Arnaud 
Published: December 2012

Résumé Treize mille salariés (actifs ou retraités) d’Essilor, la moitié réunis au sein de l’association Valoptec, détiennent 8,3 % du capital et 15 % des droits de vote. Leur vigilance collective et leur engagement sont des facteurs clés de la performance du Groupe.
Action pour le climat et mesures commerciales unilatérales : les initiatives les plus récentes de l'union européenne
Authors: Espa Ilaria 
Published: December 2012

Dans le cadre de son action pour lutter contre les changements climatiques, l’Union européenne a récemment adopté la directive 2008/101/CE et la directive 2009/29/CE, visant respectivement à étendre le système européen d’échange de quotas aux activités aériennes et, à défaut d’un accord global sur le climat, aux produits importés à haute intensité d’énergie exposés à la fuite de carbone. Par le biais de l’externalisation du SCEQE, l’Union semble promouvoir une idée d’unilatéralisme « climatique » contingent qui, d’une part, a engendré les plus vigoureuses oppositions de la part des pays tiers ( in primis les États-Unis) et, d’autre part, a été défendue par la CJUE dans le récent jugement C-366/10. À la lumière dudit conflit, le présent article cherche à identifier les caractéristiques centrales des mesures unilatérales envisagées par l’Union et à comprendre la position de la CJUE sur la portée des obligations découlant du droit européen en matière de protection du climat. Enfin, il analyse l’unilatéralisme climatique de l’Union du point de vue du droit de l’OMC et notamment des exceptions environnementales prévues.
Les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux pillés par le droit des brevets ?
Authors: Dumesnil Choralyne 
Published: December 2012

L’appropriation des savoirs traditionnels médicinaux typiquement trouvés dans des pays du Sud et exploités par des laboratoires pharmaceutiques – de toute origine – a été étiquetée comme pillage réalisé sous le cachet du droit des brevets, de biopiraterie. Cet article propose une narration des faits communément imaginés et revient précisément sur le brevetage en cause. Grâce à l’attention de l’activisme, la condamnation de certaines appropriations a levé le voile sur des activités autrement passées sous silence, et a placé sur la scène internationale la nécessité d’une protection des savoirs traditionnels médicinaux. Trente ans plus tard, la protection demeure en suspens, à la recherche d’arrangements juridiques et d’une volonté politique prêts à prendre la protection « préservation et conservation » au sérieux plutôt que de rester dans le champ de la protection « propriété réservation exclusion ». Le caractère international du débat souligne que le management des ressources biologiques concerne aussi bien les acteurs politiques que les acteurs privés, les laboratoires pharmaceutiques comme les médecins traditionnels.
Des poires et un ruban. Petites généalogies du mal (Augustin et Rousseau)
Authors: Thierry Patrick 
Published: December 2012

Résumé Les Confessions de Jean-Jacques Rousseau prétendent écarter tout précédent mais le modèle, pour être refusé, est bien là : celles d’Augustin relatent déjà les premières rencontres avec le Mal. Ces rencontres doivent, pour Rousseau, aboutir à sa disculpation, cela au prix de la tâche impossible et sans cesse réitérée d’être, en l’absence de Dieu, tant l’instance qui juge que celui qui est jugé.