bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Height and Wages
Authors: Hübler Olaf 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis chapter discusses the relationship between height and wages under a theoretical and empirical perspective. Many channels explain why height and wage are positively correlated. A major strand is based on unobserved cognitive and physical abilities that are connected with height and that influence wages. Further indirect links are possible via schooling, health, and risk aversion. Finally, discrimination and satisfaction are possible potential causes that a statistical association is well-founded. Most empirical investigations only analyze a direct linear relationship and find a positive height premium roughly between less than 1% and 10% due to an increase of 10 cm in height. The applied methods can partially explain the differences. Measurement errors, unobserved heterogeneity, endogeneity, and nonlinearities are methodological problems that should be considered. Moreover, the height premium varies with the specification. The incorporation of nutrition, health, education, leadership, physical capacity, age, weight, and, especially, gender influence estimation results.
Global BMI Trends
Authors: Kromeyer-Hauschild Katrin , Moss Anja , Wabitsch Martin 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This chapter reviews the current prevalence of overweight and obesity and trends over time in body mass index (BMI) and in the distribution of BMI worldwide. During the past three decades, a consistent increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults has been documented worldwide, with substantial differences between countries and regions. Evidence shows that the BMI increase began among those born early in the 20th century, with considerable variation over time. Simultaneously, the distribution of BMI has shifted in a skewed fashion, with marked changes in the upper BMI range indicating that the heaviest people have become even heavier whereas lean people have shown only small changes. Rates of the prevalence of underweight children are falling in developing countries with parallel increases in the rates of overweight children as a result of globalization. Underweight, overweight, and obesity still represent a significant health issue.
Racial Differences in Health in the United States
Authors: Boustan Leah , Margo Robert A. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The United States has a long and ongoing history of racial inequality. This chapter surveys the literature on one aspect of that history: long-run trends in racial differences in health. We focus on standard measures such as infant mortality and life expectancy but also consider available data on specific diseases and chronic conditions. Our basic conclusion is that large improvements have occurred in the average health of African Americans during the 20th century, both in absolute terms and relative to whites. These health advancements occurred steadily throughout the 20th century, with the peak period of improvement between 1920 and 1945 (infant mortality) and 1940 and 1960 (overall life expectancy). We attribute the improvements to successful efforts to fight specific diseases, improvements in public health, and narrowing of racial gaps in education and income. Although racial inequality in health outcomes has fallen in the long term, significant disparities remain today.
Givenness
Authors: Rochemont Michael 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDistinguishing between two forms of givenness status, known and salient, this chapter investigates the latter, using deaccenting as a probe into the nature of salience-based givenness. A presuppositional account of salience-based givenness is presented, based on entailment and coreference. Other putative semantic relations claimed to underlie givenness-based deaccenting are shown to be inadequate. The question whether givenness can be reduced to focus is considered, with motivation provided for distinguishing among given, focused, and discourse new. It is seen that the distribution of accenting and deaccenting in English is only partly a function of context, with speaker’s communicative intent playing a critical and unpredictable role.
Eating and Drinking in Opera
Authors: Polzonetti Pierpaolo 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This article explores how food and drink in opera convey meaning, define relationships, trigger psychophysical reactions, and denote dramatis and singers’ personae. It proposes a basic theoretical foundation of “operatic gastromusicology” by outlining five primary functions of food in opera: social, intimate, denotative, medicinal, and dietary. These five functions are exemplified through the analysis of gastronomic signs in Verdi’s Traviata. The opera and its performance history illustrate how the production of this opera reflects the changing culture of food and the body. Luchino Visconti’s production in Milan’s La Scala in 1955, with Maria Callas as the consumptive protagonist, was in this respect a watershed in the history of opera. The singer’s rapid and prodigious weight loss prior to this performance triggered an epochal shift in opera culture toward an unprecedented conflation of the dramatis and singer’s persona.
Handling Irregularities
Authors: Yamamoto Ryoko 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This article investigates different forms of irregularity in immigration to Japan. Despite the demand for migrant labor from the business sector since the 1980s, Japan has never officially opened its door to unskilled labor migration. Instead, the country created unofficial pathways for Japanese employers to employ foreign workers. The irregular use of residential categories became most problematic with regard to the entertainer visa and the Technical Intern Training Program, both of which came to be criticized as forms of government-assisted human trafficking. The flow of unauthorized migrants to Japan has been on decline in the past twenty years, and the numbers of deportations and detentions are also decreasing. The active use of Special Permission to Stay, a discretionary process of indivisualized legalization, appears to be partly accountable for Japan’s shrinking unauthorized population. The lack of transparency in the deportation process and the principle of mandatory detention have been major points of controversy.
Life without Parole
Authors: Appleton Catherine 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article explores the penological landscape of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole (or life without parole, LWOP) in the twenty-first century. It begins with an overview of the meaning and extent of LWOP sentences across contemporary penal systems worldwide, focusing on the significant increase of LWOP sentences in the United States. It then considers some of the key arguments that have been put forward to justify lifelong imprisonment and goes on to review international law and treaty provisions that have placed important restrictions on the use of LWOP around the world. It also examines the extent to which LWOP sentences are compatible with international human rights standards on the treatment of prisoners. The article argues that the imposition and implementation of whole-life sentences violate fundamental human rights. It concludes by outlining potentially important areas for future research.
Video Games and Religion
Authors: Wagner Rachel 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This article identifies key features of the comparison between video games and religion, focusing on contemporary video games based on specific ancient apocalypses including “The Book of the Watchers” in the Enoch corpus and the Book of Revelation in the Bible. Many contemporary video games function as rituals of order-making, creating spaces of play in which violence is a performative mode of metaphysical sorting, allowing for new negotiations between “good” and “evil.” Through a consideration of popular gaming elements (fragging, fiero, firepower, and fun), this article proposes that the strong relationship between video games and apocalyptic literature invites a closer examination of how eschatological tensions infuse contemporary times, too often inviting an overly simplistic apocalyptic response to contemporary global challenges.
Feasibility and Potential Benefits of a Web-Based Intervention Delivered Acutely After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescents: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kurowski Brad G. , Wade Shari L. , Dexheimer Judith W. , Dyas Jenna , Zhang Nanhua , Babcock Lynn 
Published: September 2015

Background:
There is a paucity of evidence-based interventions for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).

Objective:
To evaluate the feasibility and potential benefits of an interactive, Web-based intervention for mTBI.

Setting:
Emergency department and outpatient settings.

Participants:
Of the 21 adolescents aged 11 to 18 years with mTBI recruited from November 2013 to June 2014 within 96 hours of injury, 13 completed the program.

Design:
Prospective, open pilot.

Intervention:
The Web-based Self-Management Activity-restriction and Relaxation Training (SMART) program incorporates anticipatory guidance and psychoeducation, self-management and pacing of cognitive and physical activities, and cognitive-behavioral principles for early management of mTBI in adolescents.

Main Measures:
Primary: Daily Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS). Secondary: Daily self-reported ratings of activities and satisfaction survey.

Results:
Average time from injury to baseline testing was 14.0 (standard deviation = 16.7) hours. Baseline PCSS was 23.6 (range: 0-46), and daily activity was 1.8 (range: 0-5.75) hours. Repeated-measures, generalized linear mixed-effects model analysis demonstrated a significant decrease of PCSS at a rate of 2.0 points per day that stabilized after about 2 weeks. Daily activities, screen time, and physical activity increased by 0.06 (standard error [SE] = 0.04, P = .09), 0.04 (SE = 0.02, P = .15), and 0.03 (SE = 0.02, P = .05) hours per day, respectively, over the 4-week follow-up. Satisfaction was rated highly by parents and youth.

Conclusions:
Self-Management Activity-restriction and Relaxation Training is feasible and reported to be helpful and enjoyable by participants. Future research will need to determine the comparative benefits of SMART and ideal target population.
Vocational Rehabilitation Services and Outcomes for Transition-Age Youth With Traumatic Brain Injuries
Authors: Rumrill Phillip , Wehman Paul , Cimera Robert , Kaya Cahit , Dillard Chad , Chan Fong 
Published: September 2015

Objective:
This study examined data provided by the US Department of Education's Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) in an effort to evaluate the relationship between (a) demographic variables and vocational rehabilitation (VR) services and (b) the employment outcomes of transition-age youth with traumatic brain injuries.

Setting:
Not applicable. Participants: Data for 1546 transition-age youth (ie, 16-25 years of age) with traumatic brain injuries were examined.

Design:
Purposeful selection of multivariate logistic regression was employed to analyze the data.

Main Measures:
Not applicable.

Results:
Receipt of more VR services at higher expenditure levels over shorter periods of time was related to case closure in successful competitive employment status. Also, higher levels of education at the time of enrollment in the VR program (ie, bachelor's degrees or higher); nonreceipt of social security disability benefits at the time of enrollment in the VR program; and receipt of VR services such as occupational/vocational training, job search, job placement, on-the-job support, maintenance, and information/referral were associated with competitive employment outcomes.

Conclusion:
Client demographic and VR service–related variables significantly predict competitive employment outcomes for transition-age youth with traumatic brain injuries. Vocational rehabilitation services should focus on the specific interventions that are most closely associated with successful rehabilitation.
Emergency Department Evaluation of Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States, 2009–2010
Authors: Korley Frederick K. , Kelen Gabor D. , Jones Courtney M. , Diaz-Arrastia Ramon 
Published: September 2015

Objective:
To determine the dimensions of traumatic brain injury (TBI) evaluation in US emergency department (EDs) to inform potential application of novel diagnostic tests.

Setting:
US EDs.

Participants:
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of ED visits in 2009 and 2010 where TBI was evaluated (1) and diagnosed either clinically or (2) with head computed tomographic (CT) scans.

Design:
Retrospective cross-sectional.

Results:
TBI was evaluated during 4.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.2-5.4) million visits per year; and head CT scan was performed in 82% of TBI evaluations (3.9 [95% CI, 3.4-4.4] million visits per year). TBI was diagnosed in 52% of evaluations (2.5 [95% CI, 2.1-2.8] million visits per year). Among those who received head CT scans, 9% had CT evidence of traumatic abnormalities. Among patients evaluated for TBI who had a Glasgow Coma Scale score recorded, 94.5% were classified as having mild TBI, 2.1% as moderate TBI, and 3.5% as severe TBI. Among patients with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes permitting the calculation of head Abbreviated Injury Scale scores 9.0%, 85.0%, 2.5%, 3.2%, 0.3%, and 0% had head Abbreviated Injury Scale scores of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Of patients evaluated for TBI, 31% had other head/face/neck injuries, 10% had spine and back injuries, 7% had torso injuries, and 14% had extremity injuries.

Conclusion:
The ED is the main gateway to medical care for millions of patients evaluated for TBI each year. Novel diagnostic tests are needed to improve ED diagnosis and management of TBI.
Low base-substitution mutation rate in the germline genome of the ciliateTetrahymena thermophila
Authors: Long Hongan , Winter David J. , Chang Allan Y.-C , Sung Way , Wu Steven H. , Balboa Mariel , Azevedo Ricardo B. R. , Cartwright Reed A. , Lynch Michael , Zufall Rebecca A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variation and is, therefore, central to evolutionary change. Previous work on Paramecium tetraurelia found an unusually low germline base-substitution mutation rate in this ciliate. Here, we tested the generality of this result among ciliates using Tetrahymena thermophila. We sequenced the genomes of 10 lines of T. thermophila that had each undergone approximately 1,000 generations of mutation accumulation (MA). We applied an existing mutation-calling pipeline and developed a new probabilistic mutation detection approach that directly models the design of an MA experiment and accommodates the noise introduced by mismapped reads. Our probabilistic mutation-calling method provides a straightforward way of estimating the number of sites at which a mutation could have been called if one was present, providing the denominator for our mutation rate calculations. From these methods, we find thatT. thermophilahas a germline base-substitution mutation rate of 7.61 × 10−12per site, per cell division, which is consistent with the low base-substitution mutation rate in P. tetraurelia. Over the course of the evolution experiment, genomic exclusion lines derived from the MA lines experienced a fitness decline that cannot be accounted for by germline base-substitution mutations alone, suggesting that other genetic or epigenetic factors must be involved. Because selection can only operate to reduce mutation rates based upon the “visible” mutational load, asexual reproduction with a transcriptionally silent germline may allow ciliates to evolve extremely low germline mutation rates.
The genetics of Bene Israel from India reveals both substantial Jewish and Indian ancestry
Authors: Waldman Yedael Y. , Biddanda Arjun , Davidson Natalie R. , Billing-Ross Paul , Dubrovsky Maya , Campbell Christopher L. , Oddoux Carole , Friedman Eitan , Atzmon Gil , Halperin Eran , Ostrer Harry , Keinan Alon 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Bene Israel Jewish community from West India is a unique population whose history before the 18thcentury remains largely unknown. Bene Israel members consider themselves as descendants of Jews, yet the identity of Jewish ancestors and their arrival time to India are unknown, with speculations on arrival time varying between the 8th century BCE and the 6th century CE. Here, we characterize the genetic history of Bene Israel by collecting and genotyping 18 Bene Israel individuals. Combining with 486 individuals from 41 other Jewish, Indian and Pakistani populations, and additional individuals from worldwide populations, we conducted comprehensive genome-wide analyses based on FST, principal component analysis, ADMIXTURE, identity-by-descent sharing, admixture linkage disequilibrium decay, haplotype sharing and allele sharing autocorrelation decay, as well as contrasted patterns between the X chromosome and the autosomes. The genetics of Bene Israel individuals resemble local Indian populations, while at the same time constituting a clearly separated and unique population in India. They are unique among Indian and Pakistani populations we analyzed in sharing considerable genetic ancestry with other Jewish populations. Putting together the results from all analyses point to Bene Israel being an admixed population with both Jewish and Indian ancestry, with the genetic contribution of each of these ancestral populations being substantial. The admixture took place in the last millennium, about 19-33 generations ago. It involved Middle-Eastern Jews and was sex-biased, with more male Jewish and local female contribution. It was followed by a population bottleneck and high endogamy, which can lead to increased prevalence of recessive diseases in this population. This study provides an example of how genetic analysis advances our knowledge of human history in cases where other disciplines lack the relevant data to do so.
Strengthening access to finance for women-owned SMEs in developing countries
Authors: Ahmad Syed Zamberi , Muhammad Arif Afida Mastura 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to highlight key trends, challenges, and opportunities for advancing women’s entrepreneurship and increasing their access to finance.

Design/methodology/approach
– Due to their high-growth potential, women-owned SMEs in developing countries are of particular interest. The International Financial Corporation and McKinsey built a detailed database for micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises. The data derived from the readily available global data sets provide coverage of a large number of countries and national statistics.

Findings
– Since financing is an important means by which to pursue growth opportunities, addressing the specific needs of women entrepreneurs (WE) in accessing finance must be part of the development agenda.

Practical implications
– This paper offers valuable practical insights to policy makers to establish a supportive, enabling environment that will facilitate access to financial services for WE in their respective countries; lead efforts to identify, evaluate, and support the replication of successful models for expanding financial services to WE; and lead efforts to gather gender-disaggregated data on small-, and medium-sized enterprise finance in a coordinated fashion.

Originality/value
– The value of this paper is that it offers insightful information about key trends, challenges, and opportunities for advancing women’s entrepreneurship and increasing their access to finance.
Social exclusion: re-examining its conceptual relevance to tackling inequality and social injustice
Authors: Sealey Clive 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to rationalise the continued conceptual utility of social exclusion, and in so doing addresses the prevailing question of what to do with it. This is relevant from social exclusion’s declining relevance in contemporary UK social policy and academia, where its consideration as a concept to explain disadvantage is being usurped by other concepts, both old and new.Design/methodology/approach– The paper analyses criticisms of limitations of social exclusion which have typically centred on the operationalisation of the concept, but the author will argue that there are distinctive operationalisation and conceptual strengths within social exclusion which make it value-added as a concept to explain disadvantage. Specifically, there will be an analysis of both New Labour’s and the present Coalition government’s conceptualisation of the term in policy in relation to work.Findings– The analysis highlights the significant difference that a focus on processes rather than outcomes of social exclusion can make to our understanding of inequality and social injustice, and locates this difference within an argument that social exclusion’s true applied capabilities for social justice requires a shift to a conceptualisation built on the processes that cause it in the first place.Originality/value– The paper acts as a rejoinder to prevailing theoretical and political thinking of the limited and diminishing value of social exclusion for tackling disadvantage. In particular, the paper shows how social exclusion can be conceptualised to provide a critical approach to tackling inequality and social injustice, and in doing so foregrounds the truly applied capabilities of social exclusion for transforming social justice.
Women’s working hours
Authors: Andringa Wouter , Nieuwenhuis Rense , Van Gerven Minna 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to show how the interplay between individual women’s gender role attitudes, having young children at home, as well as the country-context characterized by gender egalitarianism and public childcare support, relates to women’s working hours in 23 European countries.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study presents results of multilevel regression analyses of data from the European Social Survey (Round 2). These micro-level data on 23 European countries were combined with country-level measures on gender traditionalism and childcare expenditure.

Findings
– The authors found that the negative association between having young children at home and women’s working hours is stronger for women with traditional gender role attitudes compared to women with egalitarian attitudes. The gap in working hours between women with and without young children at home was smaller in countries in which the population holds egalitarian gender role attitudes and in countries with extensive public childcare support. Furthermore, it was found that the gap in employment hours between mothers with traditional or egalitarian attitudes was largest in countries with limited public childcare support.

Social implications
– Policy makers should take note that women’s employment decisions are not dependent on human capital and household-composition factors alone, but that gender role attitudes matter as well. The authors could not find evidence of the inequality in employment between women with different gender role attitudes being exacerbated in association with childcare support.

Originality/value
– The originality of this study lies in the combined (rather than separate) analysis of how countries’ social policies (childcare services) and countries’ attitudes (gender traditionalism) interact with individual gender role attitudes to shape cross-national variation in women’s working hours.