bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blockchain and the Performativity of Emerging Technology Theories
Authors: Kleinaltenkamp Moritz J. , Ansari Shaz 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
‘Performativity’ describes the phenomenon of theories not only describing, but at times also producing social reality. Over recent years, the performativity of theories has become an increasingly prominent topic in management research. At the same time, technological developments have motivated new theories ascribing drastic organizational impacts to emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain. We argue that the performativity of emerging technology theories requires further scholarly attention, as it can be an important driver of organizational change. In this chapter, we synthesize existing literature in order to shed light on how emerging technology theories may become performative. We propose that their performativity is driven by a lack of distinction between technology feature use, affordances, and the respective organizational outcomes of these two categories, specifically theorizing how this lack of distinction may enact generic, effective, and Barnesian performativity. We close by discussing the implications of our insights for management research, practice, and public policy.
How Change Happens
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Society is full of would-be ‘change agents’—campaigners, government officials, enlightened business people, engaged intellectuals—set on improving public services, reforming laws and regulations, guaranteeing human rights, achieving a fairer deal for those on the sharp end, and greater recognition for any number of issues. It is striking, then, that not many universities have a Department of Change Studies, to which social activists can turn for advice and inspiration. Instead, scholarly discussions of change are fragmented, with few conversations crossing disciplinary boundaries, rarely making it onto the radars of those actively seeking change. This book aims to bridge the gap between academia and practice. Drawing on first-hand examples and numerous new case studies and interviews with grassroots activists and organizations around the world, as well as Oxfam’s unrivalled global experience and the author’s forty years as an activist, teacher, and scholar, this second edition of How Change Happens explores the ‘actors and factors’ that drive change. Its starting point is the importance of understanding complex systems and the nature of power and applying this to the institutions that activists seek to influence—social norms, states, politics, the international system, and transnational corporations. It examines the role of civil society organizations, digital activism, leadership, and advocacy in bringing about change, and how we—governments, organizations, businesses, leaders, campaigners, and ordinary citizens—can make a difference.
Systems Thinking Changes Everything
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the importance of systems thinking in navigating the complexities of the future. A ‘system’ here is defined as an interconnected set of elements coherently organized in a way that achieves something. A defining property of human systems is complexity: because of the sheer number of relationships and feedback loops among their many elements, they cannot be reduced to simple chains of cause and effect. The author summarizes a series of notable books that have applied systems thinking to economics, ecology, and the rise of China. In complex systems, change results from the interplay of many diverse and apparently unrelated factors and is often punctuated by sudden shifts such as economic crises or the Covid-19 pandemic that open up windows of opportunity for well-prepared activists. Thus, change agents need to identify which elements are important and understand how they interact. Working in complex systems requires an iterative, collaborative, and flexible approach, demonstrating humility and respect for different systems’ ability to generate their own solutions.
The Power of Advocacy
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at how advocacy works. ‘Advocacy’ here is defined as the process of influencing decision makers to change their policies and practices, attitudes, or behaviours. It typically targets the institutions described in this book, be they formal (states, courts, political parties, corporations, and international bodies) or informal (norms and public attitudes). The chapter analyses advocacy through the systems thinking framework. It argues that getting advocacy right requires political maturity, the right combination of tactics and allies, and making the most of the windows of opportunity provided by shocks and crises. More subtly, good advocacy requires a mindset that finds each different context fascinating, one that embraces ambiguity and complexity, empathizes with how different people see the world, learns from mistakes, and responds to changing events.
Conclusion
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter cautions that progressive change is not primarily about ‘us’ activists: it occurs when poor people and communities take power into their own hands; shifts in technology, prices, demography, and sheer accident can be far more important than the actions of would-be change agents. It argues that activists need humility despite their crucial roles in programmes of change. The chapter reiterates the ideal characteristics of activists on individual and organizational levels mentioned throughout this book, extolling the reader to work in ways that reflect an evolving understanding of power and systems. It is these characteristics that are vital to a successful campaign for change. Finally, the chapter (and the book) ends on an encouraging note by defining activism as a story of human development, as articulated by Amartya Sen’s definition, ‘the freedoms to be and to do’, a story that, despite the grim filter of the evening news, remains overwhelmingly positive.
Operationalising Party Status
Authors: Wentker Alexander 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores key legal implications that flow from identifying collective entities as co-parties to multiparty armed conflicts under the framework developed in Chapters 3 and 4. To do this, it concentrates on one emblematic set of implications of party status specifically for the relationship between multiple co-parties. The central argument is that co-parties have multiple complementary sets of duties to take positive steps vis-à-vis the conduct of their fellow co-parties in an armed conflict. The resulting network of duties reflects the key role of parties to ensure that armed conflicts are carried out in accordance with the protective purposes of international humanitarian law (IHL). Accordingly, this account of the duties of co-parties is built into the established structure of this body of law. It aims to present a more refined conception of allocating obligations under IHL, which may contribute to addressing the protection challenges arising in cooperation settings.
Laws of Nature and Chances
Authors: Loewer Barry 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Laws of Nature and Chances presents a novel account of the metaphysics of laws, chances, fundamental ontology, and the arena it occupies called “the Package Deal Account” (PDA). The PDA attempts to answer Stephen Hawking’s question “What is it that breathes fire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe?” Its answer builds on David Lewis’s Humean Best Systems Account (BSA) of laws and chances but rejects Lewis’s Humean ontology and instead lets the criteria that physicists employ for evaluating candidate theories of everything, together with reality, determine the universe’s fundamental ontology, space-time, and laws. The PDA takes seriously Quine’s claim that science “begins in the middle” and his epistemological holism and combines it with Lewis’s Humean idea that the role of laws is to systematize to produce a metaphysical account that advances the project of naturalizing metaphysics. It provides a novel metaphysics for the foundations of science. The book first discusses the history of the concept of laws of nature and current philosophical accounts of the metaphysics of laws and arguments for and against each. It then shows how the PDA overcomes objections to each with focus on Lewis’s Humean BSA and why, unlike Lewis’s Humean account and its non-Humean rivals, it can accommodate recent developments in physics, including proposals for theories of quantum gravity that reject the fundamentality of space-time.
The PDA and Chance
Authors: Loewer Barry 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how chance and objective probabilities fit into the Package Deal Account. The PDA adopts and develops Lewis’s account of objective probabilities by separating it from its reliance on perfectly natural properties. On the PDA laws including chance laws are entailed by a scientifically optimal systematization of the motions of macroscopic objects and whatever other phenomena introduced in this systematization. It is shown how on this understanding objective probabilities are compatible with deterministic dynamical laws. The PDA accommodates probability’s two faces. One face looks at the objective world; and the other at the mind. Lewis’s “Principal Principle” connects the two faces. The PDA modifies this principle and shows how it is rationalized as a principle for how chance laws provide information about events.
The Scandal
Authors: Das Acevedo Deepa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a more detailed introduction to the Sabarimala temple and describes the event that precipitated the IYLA litigation and decision. First, the chapter discusses Sabarimala’s prohibition of women aged ten to fifty, the annual pilgrimage tradition with which the prohibition is strongly (but not exclusively) associated, and the temple’s presiding deity, Ayyappan. Second, the chapter describes the 2006 ‘Jayamala Scandal’, which concerned an actress who confessed to having visited Sabarimala in violation of the temple’s rules. News reports of her confession as well as of the investigation that followed inspired the writ petition that eventually produced the Supreme Court’s 2018 IYLA opinion.
Frequency Effects in Recognition and Recall
Authors: Popov Vencislav , Reder Lynne 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Stimulus frequency, which is often evaluated using normative word frequency, is among the variables that have the most diverse and puzzling effects on memory. Word frequency can either facilitate or impair memory performance, depending on the study and testing conditions. Understanding why and under what conditions frequency has positive or negative effects on performance is crucial for understanding basic properties about the human memory system. As a result, the study of word frequency has led to the development of multiple memory models. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge concerning word frequency effects on item recognition, associative recognition, free recall, cued recall, serial recall, and source memory. It also discusses how word frequency interacts with manipulations concerning presentation rate, list composition, age of the participants, memory load, midazolam injections, response deadlines, and remember–know judgments. Four major classes of empirical findings are identified that can be further subdivided into a total of 21 key phenomena that any theory should account for. Based on these phenomena, the chapter identifies three high-level principles that characterize the diverse effects of frequency on memory: the probe dependency principle, the dual-process principle, and the resource demands principle.
Computational Models of Event Memory
Authors: Cox Gregory E. , Shiffrin Richard M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses key features of computational models of event memory, also called “episodic” memory. Models aim to capture the representations and processes that enable us to perform a variety of episodic memory tasks, including recognition and free, cued, and serial recall. The chapter reviews different ways in which models distinguish between the content and context of events; how different models represent event memories, including networks and vectors; and the types of processes that operate on memory representations to accomplish retrieval goals, including matching and search. Finally, the chapter discusses how modeling serves broader scientific goals and can help bridge levels of explanation between the cognitive processes involved in memory and their neural instantiation.
Memory Errors and Distortion
Authors: Schacter Daniel L. , Carpenter Alexis C. , Devitt Aleea L. , Thakral Preston P. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on memory errors conducted during the past two decades. It is organized around six major themes that have emerged from, or have been strengthened by, recent research: (a) Susceptibility to different kinds of memory distortions involves some common but largely distinct processes; (b) it is important to characterize subjective experiences associated with memory distortions; (c) sensory reactivation can distinguish between true and false memories under limited conditions; (d) memory specificity has multiple effects on memory distortion; (e) reactivation, recombination, and simulation processes can contribute to memory distortion; and (f) evidence is mounting in support of an adaptive perspective on memory distortion. It is argued that the study of memory errors has made significant advances during the past two decades and that these advances have contributed importantly to the understanding of memory as a fundamentally constructive process.
Memory in Frontotemporal Dementia
Authors: Keret Ophir , Lindbergh Cutter , Miller Bruce 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an umbrella term for several clinical syndromes resulting from neurodegeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. These syndromes are hallmarked by progressive deterioration in behavior, language, and motor capabilities leading to severe functional impairment. Although memory impairment is traditionally associated with Alzheimer’s dementia, it is also present to varying degrees in the FTD clinical syndromes. This chapter provides a broad introduction to FTD and summarizes current literature on episodic memory, semantic memory, and working memory performance in the most prevalent FTD clinical syndromes: behavioral variant, semantic variant primary progressive aphasia, and nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia. Characterizing memory performance in FTD provides a unique opportunity to improve understanding of the human memory system and its underlying neuroanatomy. Limitations to the available literature base and future research directions are discussed.
Methodological Notes on the Study of Political Violence
Authors: Nsabimana Natacha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Focusing on the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda, this chapter makes two related arguments. First, it reiterates an earlier argument by scholars in African Studies for expanding the spatial units of analysis in ethnographic studies of political violence beyond the geography of nation-states to include regional dynamics as well as larger organizing logics such as racialization. Second, it proposes that, along with state ideology, we take seriously the memory—sometimes embodied—of prior victimization as an important locus for political mobilization.
Emerson, Energy, Infrastructure
Authors: Insko Jeffrey 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Drawing upon insights from the Energy and Environmental Humanities and infrastructure studies, this essay situates Emerson’s thought and writings in relation to the transformations of the built environment and the Earth system over the course of his career. Emerson was a keen and enthusiastic—from our view perhaps too enthusiastic—observer of these transformations. For that reason, he may seem like the wrong figure to turn to in order to help us contend with impending ecological catastrophe. Emerson perceived promise, but not failure; fruition, but not ruin; expansion, but not exhaustion; abundance, but not violence. But the aim here is not to indict Emerson. Rather, the essay argues that however much his embrace of progress and national growth may look like smokescreens for ecological exploitation and imperial expansion, he can nevertheless help us understand the roots of our own fraught relation to the energic and infrastructural systems that have made us.
Ellen Tucker Emerson
Authors: Culkin Kate 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Ellen Tucker Emerson, the eldest daughter of Lidian Jackson and Ralph Waldo Emerson, made critical contributions to her father’s working life as his secretary, housekeeper, caregiver, and editor. Intellectually curious, as a teenager Ellen balanced her education and family responsibilities after relieving her mother as housekeeper at Bush, the Emerson home, and as her responsibilities concerning her father expanded, she became crucial to his ability to function as an author and speaker. Ellen, as recent scholarship has shown, eventually collaborated with James Elliot Cabot in editing her father’s late work, and after her parents’ deaths she shaped the family legacy in multiple ways. This essay argues for the significance of Ellen’s contributions to her father’s working life and the family legacy and examines the reasons her role has remained in the shadows for over a century.
Emerson’s Unoriginality and the Commonplace Books of Mary Moody Emerson and Margaret Fuller
Authors: Baker Noelle A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The commonplace books of Mary Moody Emerson and Margaret Fuller exposes the ways in which popular, conventional, and unoriginal genres shaped “the Newness”; they likewise invite a reconsideration of the ostensible exceptionality of Transcendentalist approaches to friendship, conversation, and “Verses of the Portfolio.” Fuller and Mary Emerson’s intertextual experimentations shaped Waldo Emerson’s development, heightened his awareness of the value of manuscript miscellanies, and inflected his curation of their own manuscripts. Because commonplace books’ thoroughgoing intertextuality subverts intentionalist models of textual authority in favor of social-text editorial practices, it also prompts fresh assessments of the Transcendentalist corpus, including Waldo’s late-style, collaboratively authored publications. Notably, the affordances of computational analysis can render these intricate references more legible. An example of such an intervention is “Intertextual References in the Almanacks of Mary Moody Emerson: Visualization for Close and Distant Reading,” an NEH-funded, open-access interface that clarifies complicated intertextual gestures and enriches their interpretation.
Emerson and Secularism
Authors: Murison Justine S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Perry Miller argued that the two strands of seventeenth-century Calvinism—the rational strand urging social conformity and the ecstatic strand finding in nature evidences of God and Providence—secularized into Unitarianism and Transcendentalism. Edwards’s ecstasy flowed into Emerson’s “transparent eye-ball,” a mellowing of Calvinism to what would seem infidelity: that we can all be “part or particle of God.” This secularization narrative of “Edwards to Emerson” became, for a long time, the very terms by which the literary history of the United States was narrated. This essay positions Emerson as a participant in and influence on the development of basic tenets of the secularization thesis, the main narrative at the heart of secularism as an ideology of Western modernity. In examining how he articulates the dialectic between religion and the secular, there can be seen the emergence of American forms of “spirituality,” including a category of belief now termed “spiritual but not religious.”
From Iconoclast to Icon
Authors: O'Neill Bonnie Carr 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
How does Emerson, Transcendentalist iconoclast, become Emerson, public intellectual and cultural icon? After initially achieving renown for his nonconformist and unorthodox ideas, Emerson forged a more conventional path in the 1850s, lecturing on popular topics. At the same time, his turn to politically engaged speech responded to an audience that regarded him as the society’s designated intellect. Examining periodical profiles of Emerson as well as more recent critical scholarship, this essay considers Emerson’s dual status as both an iconoclastic dissenter from mainstream Protestantism and also the ideal of politically engaged, nonpartisan intellectualism. Insofar as Emerson embodies fidelity to truth above partisanship, he lives up to Edward Said’s maxim, “Never solidarity before criticism,” and fulfills the modern understanding of the public intellectual. Celebrity studies, moreover, provides a model for understanding the public element of Emerson’s intellectualism, the complex, often conflicting, and perhaps irreconcilable interpretations of the man and his significance.
Experimenting with Emerson
Authors: Rittenhouse Brad , Lee Maurice S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Emerson’s prose publications using BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), a large language model that performs well in Natural Language Understanding tasks. Conventional “distant reading” typically represents a corpus through token frequencies. By contrast, BERT analyzes relationships between words at a granular and contextual level, thus approaching semantic understanding. In applying computational techniques to Emerson’s prose corpus, this chapter considers an array of questions: How do Emerson’s references to people, places, and organizations change over the course of his career? What does the clustering of Emerson’s references to other thinkers reveal about his understanding of intellectual history? How might his references to people and places relate to his views of the slavery crisis and non-Western nations? With an eye toward Emerson’s complex relationship to the rise of quantification in his own era, this chapter tests how well computational methods can illuminate Emerson’s work.
Emerson and the Wildness of Friendship
Authors: Cadava Eduardo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Taking its point of departure from Emerson’s 1841 essay “Friendship,” this essay explores Emerson’s insistence on the separation and distance on the basis of which all relation takes place. This is especially legible not only in the fact that the essay is written soon after the death of Emerson’s brother, Charles, but also in the way in which Emerson gradually dissociates the experience of friendship from the possibility of knowing the other. In his hands, friendship has nothing to do with communion or transparency, but rather with incommensurability, antagonism, and the “infinite remove” of the other. This is why friendship is always so surprising and unpredictable, and why it always entertains a relation to an uncertain and nonguaranteed future.
Ralph Waldo Emerson Transfigured
Authors: West Cornel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This afterward considers two assessments of Emerson’s career and its meaning offered at the 1903 centenary of Emerson’s birth: the first in a lecture given by William James, and the second an address by John Dewey. Pointing out that both of these public statements, which insisted upon Emerson’s abiding relevance to the justice struggles of the early twentieth century, “both ring true and ring hollow” in light of Emerson’s own limitations as proponent for reform and the potential to outfit Emerson’s works as forms of “weaponry” for social or economic change.