bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In oude en nieuwe vormen verpakte illusies. Naar aanleiding van enkele recente studies over de geschiedenis van de volkskunde in Nederland
Authors: Rooy P. de 
Published: September 2015

T. Dekker, H. Roodenburg, G. Rooijakkers, Volkscultuur. Een inleiding in de Nederlandse etnologie M. Eickhoff, B. Henkes, F. van Vree, Volkseigen. Ras, cultuur en wetenschap in Nederland 1900-1950 R. van Ginkel, Volkscultuur als valkuil. Over antropologie, volkskunde en cultuurpolitiek A. van der Zeijden, De voorgeschiedenis van het Nederlands centrum voor volkscultuur. De ondersteuning van de volkscultuurbeoefening in Nederland 1949-1992. Nederlands volkskundig genootschap. Beraad voor het Nederlands volksleven. Informatiecentrum volkscultuur G. Rooijakkers, Volkskunde. De rituelen van het dagelijks leven A. de Jong, De dirigenten van de herinnering. Musealisering en nationalisering van de volkscultuur in Nederland 1815-1940 Illusions dressed up in old and new ways, Piet de RooyIn recent years the number of publications on the history of folklore in the Netherlands has grown exponentially. An analysis of these publications is presented here, using an approach from the philosophy of science called 'the struggle for demarcation' (Thomas Gieryn). What really stands out is the way folklorists have persistently tried to gain status and authority by scrutinising the very nature of the discipline and either dismissing or ridiculing older or alternative forms of it. Folklore legitimised racist thinking in the 1930s and 1940s and as a reaction to this 'tainted past' an attempt was made in the 1970s to transform folklore into an interdisciplinary science. This attempt failed and a new discipline was subsequently invented: folklore as ethnic studies. Today it is not actually its own troubled past, but rather the popular craving for historical illusions (exhibiting the past in museums) that continues to cast doubts upon the nature and validity of this discipline.
'Die enorme hoeveelheid informatie...' De mateloze reconstructie van een oorlogsmisdaad
Authors: Honig J.W. 
Published: September 2015

'Information overload... ' The endless reconstruction of a war crime, J. W. HonigThe NIOD-report on Srebrenica chose to ignore the pressing nature of the questions that the massacre had given rise to in the Netherlands and that led to launch of the investigation in 1996. The political and social relevance of the investigation was compromised by the excessive time it took to deliver the report (five-and-a-half years) and its bulk (6600 pages) whose accessibility was further marred by the chronological structure and narrative approach. But even if one accepts the rapporteurs' stated intent that they merely wanted to produce 'an academic monograph' then the work has serious shortcomings. A consideration of the explanation of the massacre reveals a careless use of primary sources, a continual failure to distinguish clearly the wood for the trees and conclusions that are not properly supported by often confusing and contradictory arguments. Most critically, though the report aims to provide 'analytical explanatory judgements', these often fall short. The final conclusions regarding the key question of the main motives behind the massacre therefore not only fail to convince, but the way in which they are arrived at casts serious doubts as to the academic quality and validity of the report as a whole. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Srebrenica, een "veilig" gebied' (J. C. H. Blom, B. G J. de Graaff, D. C. L. Schoonoord).
Keuzes en patronen in de techniekgeschiedenis van Nederland in de twintigste eeuw
Authors: Davids K. 
Published: September 2015

Choices and patterns in the history of technology in the Netherlands during the 20th centuryTechniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw (TIN 20) is an impressive work. However, the voluntaristic picture of the modernisation process that it paints requires, in our opinion, some qualification. This essay argues that the authors of TIN-20 have failed to adopt a clear and consistent position on who was making the choices about technological development and how far the key actors really had any room for choice at all. Moreover, when the time frame is extended to include the entire period from c. 1500 onwards, the degree of continuity and repetition in the technological development of the Netherlands turns out to have been higher than the authors of TIN-20 suggest. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw' (J. Schot, H. Lintsen, A. Rip, A. Albert de la Bruhèze).
'In den beginne was het woord'. De vroege groei van 'parlementen' in de middeleeuwse vorstendommen der Nederlanden
Authors: Boone M. 
Published: September 2015

In the beginning, there was the word. The early evolution of parliament in the mediaeval princedoms of the Netherlands‘Parliaments’ or representative political institutions in the princedoms of the Low Countries came about as a result of political practice rather than any legislative initiative. There is a clear link with the early and exceptional degree of urbanisation: the earliest manifestations of institutions that deal with aspects that could be described as representing the people appear in an urban context. From the protection and promotion of the interests of the urban elites grew the practice of limiting the princely manifestations of power or at least subjecting them to some control from the top down. This practice resulted in the development of a political culture in which basic values such as communication, participation and co-management played a central role. However, the final result was not entirely flawless: a tendency towards oligarchy among those in representative functions and a complex entanglement of financial interests reduced the effectiveness of the institutions, while the growth of princely power and the accumulation of coercive power in the hands of the prince was not held in check by any form of critical opposition from those who represented the people. This article is part of the special issue 'Parlementen in de Nederlanden'.
Hysterische mannen en koele vrouwen. Politiek, sekse en emoties in de lange negentiende eeuw
Authors: Schwegman M. 
Published: September 2015

Marjan Schwegman, Highly strung men and unshakeable women. Politics, gender and emotions throughout the course of the nineteenth centuryIt is a commonly held view that throughout the course of the nineteenth century opportunities for women to participate in Dutch politics increased. However, if one examines the changes in the public articulation of gender, emotions and politics, a completely different picture emerges. Women were increasingly labelled as emotionally unstable and childlike. These ‘characteristics’ were considered incompatible with a political career. This categorization became an obstacle on the road to the full participation of women in politics. This article is part of the forum 'Debat over emoties'.
Een onopgelost dossier
Authors: Jensma G.Th. 
Published: September 2015

Goffe Jensma, An unsolved caseIn order to account for the composition of his dissertation, which Te Velde raised as a point for discussion, Jensma notes that from a methodological point of view the pivotal distinction in cases of forgery is between solved and unsolved cases. Where solved cases comply with the balanced rhetoric of historiography, unsolved cases, such as this one have, in practice, to be described using more rigid terms derived from pseudo-legal debates. It is of paramount importance to this debate that the interpretations are complete; there may be no shred of doubt left about the solution that is presented. This, scholarly speaking, absurd requirement explains why Jensma chose the ‘thick description’ method to do literary justice to the Oera Linda book affair. Jensma further rejects, at least as a compelling interpretation, Te Velde’s suggestion to consider the case of the Oera Linda Book specifically within the context of the Dutch playful liberal debating-culture of the 1860s and 1870s. The key to understanding the Oera Linda book affair does not lie in the sophisticated irony with which this ‘joke’ was played, but rather in the tragic misunderstanding that was accidentally caused by this serious and deliberate hoax. This response is part of the discussion forum 'De gemaskerde God' (G.T. Jensma).
'Zit u dan niet in de gevangenis?' of: hoe erg is geschiedschrijving in opdracht? De Arena. Geschiedschrijving in opdracht
Authors: Graaff B.G.J. de 
Published: September 2015

‘Are you not in prison yet?’ or: how much of a minefield is commissioned research?Historical knowledge can be used for multiple purposes. Consequently, it is hard to make a distinction between studies that criticize government policies and those that support them. Besides, the impact of historical publications on major public debates is usually quite small. However, this should not dissuade historians from carrying out commissioned research which has its origins in a lively public interest in the subject. Otherwise they risk leaving this area wide open to terribles simplificateurs. Another question is the amount of freedom the researcher is allowed in order to carry out research and present results. The author shows that he experienced more freedom in this respect when he carried out research commissioned by the government than when he carried out research at the request of private interest groups. He also experienced external (efforts at) meddling with his research and publications when carrying out independent research, including threats of judicial prosecution. Independent research is therefore no less problematic than commissioned research. However, the latter may result in the historians’ research agenda disintegrating. This article is part of the forum 'Geschiedschrijving in opdracht'.
Een problematische erfenis: België en de moord op Lumumba
Authors: Klep Chr. 
Published: September 2015

A troublesome legacy: Belgium and the assassination of LumumbaPatrice Lumumba was executed in January 1961, shortly after having been ousted as the first prime minister of newly independent Congo. Almost immediately, the question arose whether, and to what extent, the Belgian authorities (including the Royal House) had been implicated in the murder. The Belgian government had been antagonistic towards the 'troublesome' nationalist Lumumba from the start. At first the 'establishment'-view dominated: Belgium was not guilty. At the most, it bore a moral responsibility for the murder. In 1999, the Belgian social scientist, De Witte, reopened this debate through his highly critical book. De Witte accused the Belgian authorities in no uncertain terms. A parliamentary inquiry, based on an extensive historic study, resulted in middle-of-the road conclusions: mistakes had been made in 1961, but this did not amount to guilt. After the inquiry the Lumumba affair disappeared from the public and political agenda once again.
Sociale controle, misdaad en het geweldsmonopolie. De veranderende rol van de politie
Authors: Spierenburg P. 
Published: September 2015

Social Control, Crime and the Monopoly on the Use of Force. The Changing Role of the PoliceThis review article identifies three major developments within the history of the police force in Europe: 1. the spread of the police force and their politicolegal organization; 2. the transition from a multi-functional institution providing various services and fostering a traditional mentality to a professional apparatus focused on crime prevention; 3. changes in the relationship between the police and the state's monopoly on the use of force, eventually leading to a more restrained and politically neutral form of maintaining law and order. De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie deals disproportionately with the first aspect. Within the second field, there is little attention for the mentality and additional tasks of nineteenth century policemen, but sufficient attention for the differentiation in police work in the twentieth century. With respect to item 3, the focus is overwhelmingly on the suppression of social protests. The relationship between the police and the people, in particular the ‘charming offensive’ during the 1970s, remains largely unexplored. This review is part of the discussion forum 'De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie' (Cyrille Fijnaut).
Repliek
Authors: Fijnaut C. 
Published: September 2015

ResponseIt is good for the further development of historical research into the police force that the reviews not only extol the virtues of the study in question, but also ask pertinent questions about the basic principles behind the research, the way in which the subject was methodically examined, and how the findings were edited. The question in the critique written by Van Doorslaer concerning the magistrature’s role in how the Dutch police operated during the German Occupation, is a matter that certainly deserves more attention than it received in this study. However, anyone wishing to give an informed answer to this question would not only have to scrutinize the relationship between the magistrates and the police, but would also have to closely examine the relationship between the government and the police as well. This is because in the Netherlands the government traditionally has a lot to say with regard to the police. The question, therefore, is how did both of these institutions function towards the police during the German Occupation. The core question in the comments made by Jansen is whether enough attention was given to the position of the police in the constitutional state. He is of the opinion that the problematic matter of police authority was inadequately dealt with. Indeed, this issue was largely bypassed, although this was not the case with regard to the position of the police in the constitutional state. Its relationship with government and the legal system, in other words, how the police force is embedded within the state system, is traditionally seen as one of the key questions in this context. Spierenburg argues in his critique that the politicalorganisational developments are dealt with in too biased a fashion in this study and so the professional developments in the police machinery and the changes in the monopoly on the use of force are skirted over. This statement cuts no ice for a variety of reasons. The main one is that the changes in the monopoly on the use of force and in the police profession take shape, first and foremost, in the organisational development of the police. This link between them is continuously and rigourously examined in this study. This review is part of the discussion forum 'De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie' (Cyrille Fijnaut).
Hans Max Hirschfeld. De juiste man op de juiste plaats...?
Authors: Keizer M. de 
Published: September 2015

Hans Max Hirschfeld. The Right Person in the Right Position...?Fennema’s biography of H.M. Hirschfeld represents an interesting contribution to the debate on ethics and historiography. After all, Hirschfeld’s central position in the Dutch economy during the German occupation raises some fundamental ethical questions. Should economic and material values prevail at all times or should other values – moral, humanist or Christian – carry just as much weight, if not more? As opposed to the situation in the 1930s and the post-war years, during the German occupation the technocrat Hirschfeld was not democratically accountable for his policy. The author of this article explains that Hirschfeld’s biographer mistakenly assumes that it is not necessary to include a discussion of the ethical aspects of Hirschfeld’s continuation in public office during wartime. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Dr. Max Hirschfeld. Man van het grote geld' (Meindert Fennema en Johan Rhijnsburger).
Antropologie van de moderne geschiedwetenschap?
Authors: Jonker E. 
Published: September 2015

J. Tollebeek, Fredericq en zonen. Een antropologie van de moderne geschiedwetenschap The Anthropology of Modern Historiography?Jo Tollebeek’s book about the Belgian historian Paul Fredericq is meant to be an example of ‘the anthropology of modern professional history’. The author believes that this anthropology goes beyond older genres. The traditional historiography focused too heavily on the intellectual content of history writing, whereas the sociology of knowledge only looked at the infrastructure of history as a profession. The post-modern deconstruction of the political role of history writing has become rather reductionistic. The anthropological gaze has to combine all of these points of view and then try to embed them in background information. Does Tollebeek succeed in doing this? We certainly get a rich picture of content, social context and professional practice. The thrills of archival research, the routine of day-to-day academic life, and the (management of) emotional ties within the community of scholars in particular, all come alive. It comes at a price, though. The precision and specificity of micro-history make comparisons within larger frameworks and developments difficult. This macro level makes more selection and simplification inevitable.
Nieuwe geschiedschrijving van de collaboratie. Introductie bij het thema
Authors: Haan I. de , Romijn P. 
Published: September 2015

A New Historiography of the CollaborationIn this issue, four young historians present the results of their original research on National-Socialist collaboration during the German occupation of the Netherlands and Belgium. The authors take issue with some of the more traditional representations in the historiography of the collaboration and collaborators as moral, political and criminal deviationists per se. They analyze the motives of the Dutch and Belgian National Socialists, the dynamics of their political activism, and the interaction with their social environments. This article is part of the special issue 'A New Historiography of the Collaboration'.
De weg van Vlaamse 'daders' naar de Gestapo. De tolken van de Antwerpse Sipo-SD
Authors: Eetvelde Robby Van 
Published: September 2015

Flemish Collaborators and their Route to the Gestapo. The Translators of the Sipo-SD in AntwerpDuring the Second World War, Nazi-Germany used the Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) in its occupied territories and at the home front to maintain order and execute the racial policy of the regime. With a head office in Brussels and branches in Antwerp, Ghent, Liège and Charleroi, the Gestapo was also present in military occupied Belgium. The German agents were not completely up to their task. They lacked the knowledge of the regional languages and circumstances. The help of the local Belgian populace was therefore a necessity. What motivated these men to collaborate so assiduously with the German occupier? This research is based on the postwar criminal case files, compiled by the military courts in the context of the prosecution of those who collaborated. Several biographies of Flemish collaborators with the Gestapo office in Antwerp have been reconstructed. In this way, four major motivational groups can be distinguished: opportunists, ideological perpetrators, ‘traditional’ collaborators and former members of the resistance. Contrary to existing research into similar groups of men, financial or material gain was not their primary motive. Various psychological factors played a greater role. This article is part of the special issue 'A New Historiography of the Collaboration'.
Oorlog en vrede. De slag om het Nationaal Historisch Museum
Authors: Groen P.M.H. 
Published: September 2015

War and Peace. The Battle around the Dutch National History MuseumWar and Peace is one of the ‘world themes’ that the future Dutch National History Museum will concentrate on. This essay argues that we should elaborate on this theme from two angles: our relationship with our military past and our perspective with regard to specific conflicts. Our attitude to our military past and present is charaterized by ambiguity. Dutch war culture can represent this ambiguous attitude. Our visions about the causes and nature of conflicts alter with the passage of time and according to our specific social position. This change in our (historical) perspectives can be illustrated based on some of the frequently discussed conflicts. This article is part of the forum 'The Dutch National History Museum'.
Tussen tafellaken en servet. Het stadhouderlijk hof in dynastiek Europa
Authors: Duindam J. 
Published: September 2015

Neither Fish, Flesh, nor Fowl. The Stadholder’s Court in Dynastic EuropeThis contribution presents a concise image of the recent historiography on the European dynastic court, and then places the stadholder’s court within this context. The modest contours of the latter stand out sharply against developments elsewhere, such as the secular Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, for example. However, the stadholder’s court was far more than just the household of a high-ranking magistrate of noble birth, even though the group of courtiers and servants around the stadholder remained modest in terms of its size and structure. Nor did a wider circle of visitors and clients ever really materialise. The absence of any sovereign basis for the position of stadholder in the Republic apparently made it difficult to turn court life into an instrument for the further advancement of power. Nevertheless, in his capacity as a ‘servant’ of the state machine, the stadholder was able to play a remarkable role under William III – and subsequent generations of stadholders even played a decisive role – within the system of nomination rights and the power relations that stemmed from that. This article is part of the special issue 'The Internationalization of the National History and the Pillarization'.
De Bezetting revisited. Hoe van De Oorlog een ‘normale’ geschiedenis werd gemaakt die eindigt in vrede
Authors: Henkes Barbara 
Published: September 2015

The Occupation revisited. How Wartime and Repression are converted into ‘Normal’ HistoryAt the end of 2009, a new television series about the Netherlands during the Second World War (called The War) was broadcast on Dutch television. Barbara Henkes examines how this audiovisual history can be interpreted and contextualized within Dutch historiography concerning the Second World War and the holocaust. The War was inspired by the wish to take a stand against the viewpoint that was articulated by figures such as the well-known historian, Loe de Jong. During the years 1960-1965 he presented a history of the Netherlands during the war on Dutch national television. This was the first of its kind and was entitled The Occupation. The program depicted the Netherlands as a violated nation whose citizens rose up en masse to oppose the ‘tide of evil’ that swept over them from Germany.De Jong’s national epic, which was also presented in a series of famous books, acquired the status of a master narrative, although it remained somewhat controversial. Soon afterwards other, more ambivalent perspectives on this dramatic episode in Dutch history were presented on Dutch television, with the trailblazing documentary entitled ‘Resolute, but Flexible and in Moderation’ (1974) leading the way. The program makers of The War ignore these alternative narratives and instead present us with a ‘new’ master narrative: their War has Hegelian traits in which coincidence or ‘fate’ determined whether someone collaborated with the Nazi’s, got involved in some form of resistance or carried on with business as usual; a scenario in which ‘human agency’ seems to disappear in the maelstrom of history.