bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘I'm going to learn how to run quick’: exploring violence directed towards staff in the Emergency Department
Authors: Knowles Emma , Mason Suzanne M , Moriarty Faye 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe National Health Service (NHS) depends on a highly skilled workforce. Anything threatening the well-being of that workforce threatens the delivery of healthcare. Violence and aggression directed towards healthcare professionals is a longstanding problem within the NHS, and is particularly acute in the Emergency Department (ED). This study examined ED staff perceptions and experiences of violent behaviour directed towards them within the ED.MethodsFour EDs were selected to take part in the study. A period of up to 3 days was spent in each ED in order to collect data. Mixed methods were utilised to capture data: incident report forms were examined to establish the reported incidence of violence/aggression, ethnographic observations were noted, and staff interviews were undertaken.ResultsStaff defined violence as having both verbal and physical dimensions, and felt that verbal aggression was a regular occurrence. Staff communicated a number of reasons, which went beyond excessive alcohol consumption, as to why EDs are particularly susceptible to aggression/violence.There was variation in reporting behaviour between departments and individuals. This appeared to be linked to the presence of security staff within the hospital, staff disillusionment with the reporting process, and issues with the incident report form itself.ConclusionsThis study adds to current evidence regarding how staff perceive and experience violence in the ED. Given the variation in reporting behaviour, national figures on violence within the NHS are likely to be underestimated. More research is needed to understand the true prevalence of violence occurring in the ED.
A proposal for field-level medical assistance in an international humanitarian response to chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear events
Authors: Malich Gregor , Coupland Robin , Donnelly Steve , Baker David 
Published: October 2012

A capacity for field-level medical assistance for people exposed to chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) agents or medical support for people potentially exposed to these agents is intrinsically linked to the overall risk management approach adopted by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) for an international humanitarian response to a CBRN event. This medical assistance articulates:▸ the characteristics of the agent concerned (if known)▸ the need for immediate care particularly for people exposed to agents with high toxicity and short latency▸ the imperative for those responding to be protected from exposure to the same agents.This article proposes two distinct capacities for medical assistance—CBRN field medical care and CBRN first aid—that take the above into account and the realities of a CBRN event including the likelihood that qualified medical staff may not be present with the right equipment. These capacities are equally pertinent whether in support of ICRC staff or for assistance of victims of a CBRN event.Training of those who will undertake CBRN field medical care and CBRN first aid must include:▸ knowledge of CBRN agents, their impact on health and the corresponding toxidromes▸ skills to use appropriate equipment▸ use of appropriate means of self-protection▸ an understanding of the additional complexities brought by the need for and interaction of triage, transfer and decontamination.The development of CBRN field medical care and CBRN first aid continues within the ICRC while acknowledging that the opportunities for learning in real situations are extremely limited. Comments from others who work in this domain are welcome.
Housing and respiratory health at older ages
Authors: Webb E , Blane D , de Vries Robert 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundA large proportion of the population of England live in substandard housing. Previous research has suggested that poor-quality housing, particularly in terms of cold temperatures, mould, and damp, poses a health risk, particularly for older people. The present study aimed to examine the association between housing conditions and objectively measured respiratory health in a large general population sample of older people in England.Data and methodsData on housing conditions, respiratory health and relevant covariates were obtained from the second wave of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Multivariate regression methods were used to test the association between contemporary housing conditions and respiratory health while accounting for the potential effect of other factors; including social class, previous life-course housing conditions and childhood respiratory health.ResultsOlder people who were in fuel poverty or who did not live in a home they owned had significantly worse respiratory health as measured by peak expiratory flow rates. After accounting for covariates, these factors had no effect on any other measures of respiratory health. Self-reported housing problems were not consistently associated with respiratory health.ConclusionsThe housing conditions of older people in England, particularly those associated with fuel poverty and living in rented accommodation, may be harmful to some aspects of respiratory health. This has implications for upcoming UK government housing and energy policy decisions.
Critical Role for the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase EPHB4 in Esophageal Cancers
Authors: Hasina Rifat , Mollberg Nathan , Kawada Ichiro , Mutreja Karun , Kanade Geetanjali , Yala Soheil , Surati Mosmi , Liu Ren , Li Xiuqing , Zhou Yue , Ferguson Benjamin D. , Nallasura Vidya , Cohen Kenneth S. , Hyjek Elizabeth , Mueller Jeffery , Kanteti Rajani , El Hashani Essam , Kane Dorothy , Shimada Yutaka , Lingen Mark W. , Husain Aliya N. , Posner Mitchell C. , Waxman Irving , Villaflor Victoria M. , Ferguson Mark K. , Varticovski Lyuba , Vokes Everett E. , Gill Parkash , Salgia Ravi 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Esophageal cancer incidence is increasing and has few treatment options. In studying receptor tyrosine kinases associated with esophageal cancers, we have identified EPHB4 to be robustly overexpressed in cell lines and primary tumor tissues. In total, 94 squamous cell carcinoma, 82 adenocarcinoma, 25 dysplasia, 13 Barrett esophagus, and 25 adjacent or unrelated normal esophageal tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. EPHB4 expression was significantly higher in all the different histologic categories than in adjacent normal tissues. In 13 esophageal cancer cell lines, 3 of the 9 SCC cell lines and 2 of the 4 adenocarcinomas expressed very high levels of EPHB4. An increased gene copy number ranging from 4 to 20 copies was identified in a subset of the overexpressing patient samples and cell lines. We have developed a novel 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO)-induced mouse model of esophageal cancer that recapitulates the EPHB4 expression in humans. A specific small-molecule inhibitor of EPHB4 decreased cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner in 3 of the 4 cell lines tested. The small-molecule inhibitor and an EPHB4 siRNA also decreased cell migration (12%–40% closure in treated vs. 60%–80% in untreated), with decreased phosphorylation of various tyrosyl-containing proteins, EphB4, and its downstream target p125FAK. Finally, in a xenograft tumor model, an EPHB4 inhibitor abrogated tumor growth by approximately 60% compared with untreated control. EphB4 is robustly expressed and potentially serves as a novel biomarker for targeted therapy in esophageal cancers. Cancer Res; 73(1); 184–94. ©2012 AACR.
Novel DNA Damage Checkpoints Mediating Cell Death Induced by the NEDD8-Activating Enzyme Inhibitor MLN4924
Authors: Blank Jonathan L. , Liu Xiaozhen J. , Cosmopoulos Katherine , Bouck David C. , Garcia Khristofer , Bernard Hugues , Tayber Olga , Hather Greg , Liu Ray , Narayanan Usha , Milhollen Michael A. , Lightcap Eric S. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
MLN4924 is an investigational small-molecule inhibitor of the NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) in phase I clinical trials. NAE inhibition prevents the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of substrates for cullin-RING ubiquitin E3 ligases that support cancer pathophysiology, but the genetic determinants conferring sensitivity to NAE inhibition are unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, we conducted a genome-wide siRNA screen to identify genes and pathways that affect the lethality of MLN4924 in melanoma cells. Of the 154 genes identified, approximately one-half interfered with components of the cell cycle, apoptotic machinery, ubiquitin system, and DNA damage response pathways. In particular, genes involved in DNA replication, p53, BRCA1/BRCA2, transcription-coupled repair, and base excision repair seemed to be important for MLN4924 lethality. In contrast, genes within the G2–M checkpoint affected sensitivity to MLN4924 in colon cancer cells. Cell-cycle analysis in melanoma cells by flow cytometry following RNAi-mediated silencing showed that MLN4924 prevented the transition of cells from S–G2 phase after induction of rereplication stress. Our analysis suggested an important role for the p21-dependent intra-S-phase checkpoint and extensive rereplication, whereas the ATR-dependent intra-S-phase checkpoint seemed to play a less dominant role. Unexpectedly, induction of the p21-dependent intra-S-phase checkpoint seemed to be independent of both Cdt1 stabilization and ATR signaling. Collectively, these data enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which inhibition of NEDD8-dependent ubiquitination causes cell death, informing clinical development of MLN4924. Cancer Res; 73(1); 225–34. ©2012 AACR.
Host Immune Defense Peptide LL-37 Activates Caspase-Independent Apoptosis and Suppresses Colon Cancer
Authors: Ren Shun X. , Cheng Alfred S.L. , To Ka F. , Tong Joanna H.M. , Li May S. , Shen Jin , Wong Clover C.M. , Zhang Lin , Chan Ruby L.Y. , Wang Xiao J. , Ng Simon S.M. , Chiu Lawrence C.M. , Marquez Victor E. , Gallo Richard L. , Chan Francis K.L. , Yu Jun , Sung Joseph J.Y. , Wu William K.K. , Cho Chi H. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCathelicidins are a family of bacteriocidal polypeptides secreted by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). LL-37, the only human cathelicidin, has been implicated in tumorigenesis, but there has been limited investigation of its expression and function in cancer. Here, we report that LL-37 activates a p53-mediated, caspase-independent apoptotic cascade that contributes to suppression of colon cancer. LL-37 was expressed strongly in normal colon mucosa but downregulated in colon cancer tissues, where in both settings its expression correlated with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive apoptotic cells. Exposure of colon cancer cells to LL-37 induced phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA fragmentation in a manner independent of caspase activation. Apoptogenic function was mediated by nuclear translocation of the proapoptotic factors, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (EndoG), through p53-dependent upregulation of Bax and Bak and downregulation of Bcl-2 via a pertussis toxin–sensitive G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway. Correspondingly, colonic mucosa of cathelicidin-deficient mice exhibited reduced expression of p53, Bax, and Bak and increased expression of Bcl-2 together with a lower basal level of apoptosis. Cathelicidin-deficient mice exhibited an increased susceptibility to azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis, establishing pathophysiologic relevance in colon cancer. Collectively, our findings show that LL-37 activates a GPCR-p53-Bax/Bak/Bcl-2 signaling cascade that triggers AIF/EndoG–mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Cancer Res; 72(24); 6512–23. ©2012 AACR.
Indirect Assimilation of Radar Reflectivity with WRF 3D-Var and Its Impact on Prediction of Four Summertime Convective Events
Authors: Wang Hongli , Sun Juanzhen , Fan Shuiyong , Huang Xiang-Yu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAn indirect radar reflectivity assimilation scheme has been developed within the Weather Research and Forecasting model three-dimensional data assimilation system (WRF 3D-Var). This scheme, instead of assimilating radar reflectivity directly, assimilates retrieved rainwater and estimated in-cloud water vapor. An analysis is provided to show that the assimilation of the retrieved rainwater avoids the linearization error of the Z–qr (reflectivity–rainwater) equation. A new observation operator is introduced to assimilate the estimated in-cloud water vapor. The performance of the scheme is demonstrated by assimilating reflectivity observations into the Rapid Update Cycle data assimilation and forecast system operating at Beijing Meteorology Bureau. Four heavy-rain-producing convective cases that occurred during summer 2009 in Beijing, China, are studied using the newly developed system. Results show that on average the assimilation of reflectivity significantly improves the short-term precipitation forecast skill up to 7 h. A diagnosis of the analysis fields of one case shows that the assimilation of reflectivity increases humidity, rainwater, and convective available potential energy in the convective region. As a result, the analysis successfully promotes the developments of the convective system and thus improves the subsequent prediction of the location and intensity of precipitation for this case.
The Influence of Stratospheric Vortex Displacements and Splits on Surface Climate
Authors: Mitchell Daniel M. , Gray Lesley J. , Anstey James , Baldwin Mark P. , Charlton-Perez Andrew J. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A strong link exists between stratospheric variability and anomalous weather patterns at the earth’s surface. Specifically, during extreme variability of the Arctic polar vortex termed a “weak vortex event,” anomalies can descend from the upper stratosphere to the surface on time scales of weeks. Subsequently the outbreak of cold-air events have been noted in high northern latitudes, as well as a quadrupole pattern in surface temperature over the Atlantic and western European sectors, but it is currently not understood why certain events descend to the surface while others do not. This study compares a new classification technique of weak vortex events, based on the distribution of potential vorticity, with that of an existing technique and demonstrates that the subdivision of such events into vortex displacements and vortex splits has important implications for tropospheric weather patterns on weekly to monthly time scales. Using reanalysis data it is found that vortex splitting events are correlated with surface weather and lead to positive temperature anomalies over eastern North America of more than 1.5 K, and negative anomalies over Eurasia of up to −3 K. Associated with this is an increase in high-latitude blocking in both the Atlantic and Pacific sectors and a decrease in European blocking. The corresponding signals are weaker during displacement events, although ultimately they are shown to be related to cold-air outbreaks over North America. Because of the importance of stratosphere–troposphere coupling for seasonal climate predictability, identifying the type of stratospheric variability in order to capture the correct surface response will be necessary.
On the Speed of the Eddy-Driven Jet and the Width of the Hadley Cell in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Ceppi Paulo , Hartmann Dennis L. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A strong correlation between the speed of the eddy-driven jet and the width of the Hadley cell is found to exist in the Southern Hemisphere, both in reanalysis data and in twenty-first-century integrations from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report multimodel archive. Analysis of the space–time spectra of eddy momentum flux reveals that variations in eddy-driven jet speed are related to changes in the mean phase speed of midlatitude eddies. An increase in eddy phase speeds induces a poleward shift of the critical latitudes and a poleward expansion of the region of subtropical wave breaking. The associated changes in eddy momentum flux convergence are balanced by anomalous meridional winds consistent with a wider Hadley cell. At the same time, faster eddies are also associated with a strengthened poleward eddy momentum flux, sustaining a stronger westerly jet in midlatitudes. The proposed mechanism is consistent with the seasonal dependence of the interannual variability of the Hadley cell width and appears to explain at least part of the projected twenty-first-century trends.
Ocean–Atmosphere Forcing of Summer Streamflow Drought in Great Britain
Authors: Kingston Daniel G. , Fleig Anne K. , Tallaksen Lena M. , Hannah David M. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Droughts are high-impact events that have substantial implications for both human and natural systems. As such, improved understanding of the hydroclimatological processes involved in drought development is a major scientific imperative of direct practical relevance. To address this research need, this paper investigates the chain of processes linking antecedent ocean–atmosphere variation to summer streamflow drought in Great Britain. Analyses are structured around four distinct drought regions (defined using hierarchical cluster analysis) for the period 1964–2001. Droughts were identified using a novel regional drought area index. Composite analysis of monthly sea surface temperature (SST) prior to drought onset reveals a horseshoe- or tripole-shaped pattern of North Atlantic SST anomalies that is similar to patterns of SST anomalies associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Patterns in geopotential height, wind, moisture vapor flux, and precipitation prior to drought onset support the influence of the NAO but also demonstrate that the atmospheric bridge linking North Atlantic SST to drought development is too complex to be described solely by indices of the NAO. In revealing new information on the chain of processes leading to the development of hydrological drought in Great Britain, this paper has the potential to inform drought-forecasting research and so improve drought preparedness and management.
Observed Impacts of Duration and Seasonality of Atmospheric-River Landfalls on Soil Moisture and Runoff in Coastal Northern California
Authors: Ralph F. M. , Coleman T. , Neiman P. J. , Zamora R. J. , Dettinger M. D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis study is motivated by diverse needs for better forecasts of extreme precipitation and floods. It is enabled by unique hourly observations collected over six years near California’s Russian River and by recent advances in the science of atmospheric rivers (ARs). This study fills key gaps limiting the prediction of ARs and, especially, their impacts by quantifying the duration of AR conditions and the role of duration in modulating hydrometeorological impacts. Precursor soil moisture conditions and their relationship to streamflow are also shown. On the basis of 91 well-observed events during 2004–10, the study shows that the passage of ARs over a coastal site lasted 20 h on average and that 12% of the AR events exceeded 30 h. Differences in storm-total water vapor transport directed up the mountain slope contribute 74% of the variance in storm-total rainfall across the events and 61% of the variance in storm-total runoff volume. ARs with double the composite mean duration produced nearly 6 times greater peak streamflow and more than 7 times the storm-total runoff volume. When precursor soil moisture was less than 20%, even heavy rainfall did not lead to significant streamflow. Predicting which AR events are likely to produce extreme impacts on precipitation and runoff requires accurate prediction of AR duration at landfall and observations of precursor soil moisture conditions.
Low-Frequency Modulation of Turbulent Diapycnal Mixing by Anticyclonic Eddies Inferred from the HOT Time Series
Authors: Jing Zhao , Wu Lixin 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Profiles of potential density obtained from CTD measurements during the Hawaii Ocean Time series (HOT) program in the vicinity of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, are used to evaluate low-frequency variability of turbulent kinetic dissipation rates based on a finescale parameterization method. A distinct seasonal cycle, as well as an increasing trend of dissipation rates, is found in the upper 300–600 m. The trend is mainly due to the much weaker diapycnal mixing in the first four years of the record, that is, 1988–92.
In the upper 300–600 m, enhanced diapycnal mixing is found under anticyclonic eddies with the mean dissipation rate about 53% larger than that under eddy-free conditions. The modulation of dissipation rates by anticyclonic eddies becomes more evident with increasing eddy strength. The role of cyclonic eddies in modulating diapycnal mixing is almost negligible compared with that of anticyclonic eddies. The mean dissipation rate under cyclonic eddies is comparable to that under eddy-free conditions with a difference of less than 10%. Seasonality of the dissipation rates is partly modulated by the seasonal variation of anticyclonic eddies.
The mechanical properties, water resistance and degradation behaviour of silica-filled sago starch/PVA plastic films
Authors: Ismail Hanafi , Zaaba Nor Fasihah 
Published: October 2012

Biodegradable sago starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films were developed using various percentage of silica. The effect of silica as filler on the mechanical properties, water resistance and degradation behaviour were investigated. Results showed that the 2.0 wt% of silica content in sago starch/PVA films exhibit higher tensile strength but lower elongation at break than films without additional silica. Water absorption and water vapour transmission were decreased with the addition of silica content. Biodegradability test revealed that the increment of silica content reduces the degradation process of sago starch/PVA films.
Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Behavioral and/or Psychological Symptoms in Dementia
Authors: Nordgren Lena , Engström Gabriella 
Published: October 2012

Background: Recently, interest in nonpharmaceutical interventions in dementia care has increased. Animal-assisted therapy has been shown to be one promising intervention but more knowledge is needed. The present article reports on a pilot study involving an 84-year-old woman with vascular dementia who was systematically trained with a therapy dog team for 8 weeks. Methods: A quasi-experimental longitudinal interventional design with pre-post measures was used. Data were collected on 3 occasions. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: Some effects on the woman’s ability to walk and move were identified. In addition, some effects in the woman’s cognitive state were observed. Conclusions: Physical, psychological, and/or social training with certified therapy dog teams can have effects on behavioral and psychological symptoms in people living with dementia. Further research is needed.