bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How specific is second language-learning ability? A twin study exploring the contributions of first language achievement and intelligence to second language achievement
Authors: Rimfeld K , Dale P S , Plomin R 
Published: September 2015

AbstractLearning a second language is crucially important in an increasingly global society, yet surprisingly little is known about why individuals differ so substantially in second language (SL) achievement. We used the twin design to assess the nature, nurture and mediators of individual differences in SL achievement. For 6263 twin pairs, we analyzed scores from age 16 UK-wide standardized tests, the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). We estimated genetic and environmental influences on the variance of SL for specific languages, the links between SL and English and the extent to which the links between SL and English are explained by intelligence. All SL measures showed substantial heritability, although heritability was nonsignificantly lower for German (36%) than the other languages (53–62%). Multivariate genetic analyses indicated that a third of genetic influence in SL is shared with intelligence, a third with English independent of intelligence and a further third is unique to SL.
Rewriting the valuation and salience of alcohol-related stimuli via memory reconsolidation
Authors: Das R K , Lawn W , Kamboj S K 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe transient period of memory instability that can be triggered when memories are retrieved under certain conditions offers an opportunity to modify the maladaptive memories at the heart of substance use disorders (SUDs). However, very well-learned memories (such as those in excessive drinking and alcohol use disorders) are resistant to destabilisation when retrieved or may not destabilise at all. Memory retrieval and intervention procedures that reliably destabilise and update maladaptive motivational memories may help to improve the long-term treatment of SUDs. In 59 hazardous drinkers, we tested a novel retrieval procedure for destabilising well-learned cue-drinking memory networks that maximises prediction error (PE) via guided expectancy violation during retrieval of these memories. This was compared with a retrieval procedure without PE and no-retrieval controls. We subsequently counterconditioned alcohol cues with disgusting tastes and images in all groups and assessed responding to alcohol stimuli 1 week later. Counterconditioning following PE retrieval produced generalised reductions in oculomotor attentional bias, explicit valuation and outcome expectancies in response to alcohol cues 1 week after intervention, evidence of updating of distributed motivational drinking memory networks. These findings demonstrate that well-learned cue-drinking memories can be destabilised and that learning history need not constrain memory destabilisation if PE is maximised at retrieval. Broad rewriting of diverse aspects of maladaptive memory by counterconditioning is achievable following this procedure. The procedure described may provide a platform for the development of novel memory-modifying interventions for SUDs.
Accuracy of Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Insertion Technique with Conventional Dual Fluoroscopy Units and a Retrospective Comparative Study Based on Surgeon Experience
Authors: Nakahara Masayuki , Yasuhara Takao , Inoue Takafumi , Takahashi Yuichi , Kumamoto Shinji , Hijikata Yasukazu , Kusumegi Akira , Sakamoto Yushi , Ogawa Koichi , Nishida Kenki 
Published: September 2015

Study Design Retrospective comparative study. Objective To evaluate the accuracy of percutaneous pedicle screw (PPS) placement and intraoperative imaging time using dual fluoroscopy units and their differences between surgeons with more versus less experience. Methods One hundred sixty-one patients who underwent lumbar fusion surgery were divided into two groups, A ( n = 74) and B ( n = 87), based on the performing surgeon's experience. The accuracy of PPS placement and radiation time for PPS insertion were compared. PPSs were inserted with classic technique under the assistance of dual fluoroscopy units placed in two planes. The breach definition of PPS misplacement was based on postoperative computed tomography (grade I: no breach; grade II: <2 mm; grade III: ≤2 to <4 mm). Results Of 658 PPSs, only 21 screws were misplaced. The breach rates of groups A and B were 3.3% (grade II: 3.4%, grade III: 0%) and 3.1% (grade II: 2.6%, grade III: 0.6%; p = 0.91). One patient in grade III misplacement had a transient symptom of leg numbness. Median radiation exposure time during PPS insertion was 25 seconds and 51 seconds, respectively ( p < 0.01). Conclusions Without using an expensive imaging support system, the classic technique of PPS insertion using dual fluoroscopy units in the lumbar and sacral spine is fairly accurate and provides good clinical outcomes, even among surgeons lacking experience.
Screw Placement Accuracy and Outcomes following O-Arm-Navigated Atlantoaxial Fusion: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Smith Jacob D. , Jack Megan M. , Harn Nicholas R. , Bertsch Judson R. , Arnold Paul M. 
Published: September 2015

Study Design Case series of seven patients. Objective C2 stabilization can be challenging due to the complex anatomy of the upper cervical vertebrae. We describe seven cases of C1–C2 fusion using intraoperative navigation to aid in the screw placement at the atlantoaxial (C1–C2) junction. Methods Between 2011 and 2014, seven patients underwent posterior atlantoaxial fusion using intraoperative frameless stereotactic O-arm Surgical Imaging and StealthStation Surgical Navigation System (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States). Outcome measures included screw accuracy, neurologic status, radiation dosing, and surgical complications. Results Four patients had fusion at C1–C2 only, and in the remaining three, fixation extended down to C3 due to anatomical considerations for screw placement recognized on intraoperative imaging. Out of 30 screws placed, all demonstrated minimal divergence from desired placement in either C1 lateral mass, C2 pedicle, or C3 lateral mass. No neurovascular compromise was seen following the use of intraoperative guided screw placement. The average radiation dosing due to intraoperative imaging was 39.0 mGy. All patients were followed for a minimum of 12 months. All patients went on to solid fusion. Conclusion C1–C2 fusion using computed tomography-guided navigation is a safe and effective way to treat atlantoaxial instability. Intraoperative neuronavigation allows for high accuracy of screw placement, limits complications by sparing injury to the critical structures in the upper cervical spine, and can help surgeons make intraoperative decisions regarding complex pathology.
Ubiquitin ligase Siah2 regulates RevErbα degradation and the mammalian circadian clock
Authors: DeBruyne Jason P. , Baggs Julie E. , Sato Trey K. , Hogenesch John B. 
Published: September 2015

Significance
Rhythmic expression of most core clock genes is believed to be essential for maintaining proper timekeeping of the circadian clock. In turn, rhythmic degradation of clockwork proteins is also crucial. However, we know comparatively little about these specific processes. Here we describe a simple screening approach aimed at identifying ubiquitin ligases that degrade proteins of interest and apply it to identifying ligases that target the rhythmically abundant nuclear hormone receptor, RevErbα (Nr1d1), for degradation. This approach found the ubiquitin ligase Seven in absentia 2 (Siah2) as a key regulator of circadian RevErbα turnover and overall circadian clock function and implicates the dynamic rhythmicity of RevErbα protein abundance in maintaining ∼24-h circadian timekeeping.
From hydration repulsion to dry adhesion between asymmetric hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Kanduč Matej , Netz Roland R. 
Published: September 2015

Significance
Besides van der Waals and electrostatic interactions, surfaces in water experience solvation forces arising from the interfacial water structure that become dominant at small surface separations. Using a combination of atomistic simulations and theoretical arguments, we construct a universal adhesion state diagram for two neutral surfaces with different water affinities. We find an intermediate regime of affinity combinations where the surfaces adhere to each other without an intervening water film. This dry adhesion also occurs for a surface with high water affinity if the other surface has a very low water affinity. These results not only explain how surfaces interact in water but also are relevant for designing synthetic surfaces that efficiently bind to particles with given surface properties.
Long-term reliability of the Athabasca River (Alberta, Canada) as the water source for oil sands mining
Authors: Sauchyn David J. , St-Jacques Jeannine-Marie , Luckman Brian H. 
Published: September 2015

Significance
We show that current and projected surface water allocations from the Athabasca River, Alberta, Canada, for the exploitation of the Alberta oil sands are based upon an untenable assumption of the representativeness of the short instrumental gauge record. Our trend analysis of the instrumental data shows declining regional flows. Our tree-ring reconstruction shows periods of severe and prolonged low flows not captured by the instrumental record.
The membrane anchor of the transcriptional activator SREBP is characterized by intrinsic conformational flexibility
Authors: Linser Rasmus , Salvi Nicola , Briones Rodolfo , Rovó Petra , de Groot Bert L. , Wagner Gerhard 
Published: September 2015

Significance
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) signaling is responsible for transcriptional regulation of cellular lipid homeostasis. Aberrant regulation of the feedback loop that switches on transcription of related genes upon depletion of fatty acids and cholesterol abrogates cellular integrity and is a hallmark of many cancers and other diseases. Regulated intramembrane proteolysis is a conserved mechanism also involved in other signaling processes like Wnt and Notch and defines cellular regulation from homeostasis to proliferation, compartmentalization, and differentiation. An understanding of basic features, however, such as substrate selectivity and specificity, has remained elusive to date. Understanding the proteolysis of the SREBP precursor is an important goal both for understanding and medically intervening in SREBP signaling and related diseases as well as for understanding other regulated intramembrane proteolysis-dependent processes.
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural constructs for predicting neural toxicity
Authors: Schwartz Michael P. , Hou Zhonggang , Propson Nicholas E. , Zhang Jue , Engstrom Collin J. , Costa Vitor Santos , Jiang Peng , Nguyen Bao Kim , Bolin Jennifer M. , Daly William , Wang Yu , Stewart Ron , Page C. David , Murphy William L. , Thomson James A. 
Published: September 2015

Significance
Stem cell biology, tissue engineering, bioinformatics, and machine learning were combined to implement an in vitro human cellular model for developmental neurotoxicity screening. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural tissue constructs with vascular networks and microglia were produced with high sample uniformity by combining precursor cells on synthetic hydrogels using standard culture techniques. Machine learning was used to build a predictive model from changes in global gene expression for neural constructs exposed to 60 toxic and nontoxic training chemicals. The model correctly classified 9 of 10 additional chemicals in a blinded trial. This combined strategy demonstrates the value of human cell-based assays for predictive toxicology and should be useful for both drug and chemical safety assessment.
Comparison of Electronarcosis and Carbon Dioxide Sedation Effects on Travel Time in Adult Chinook and Coho Salmon
Authors: Keep Shane G. , Allen M. Brady , Zendt Joseph S. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The immobilization of fish during handling is crucial in avoiding injury to fish and is thought to reduce handling stress. Chemical sedatives have been a primary choice for fish immobilization. However, most chemical sedatives accumulate in tissues, and often food fishes must be held until accumulations degrade to levels safe for human consumption. Historically, there have been few options for nonchemical sedation. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been widely used for decades as a sedative, and while it does not require a degradation period, it does have drawbacks. The use of electronarcosis is another nonchemical option that does not require degradation time. However, little is known about the latent and delayed effects on migration rates of adult salmonids that have been immobilized with electricity. We compared the travel times of adult Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and Coho Salmon O. kisutch through a fishway at river kilometer (rkm) 4, and to rkm 16 and rkm 32 after being immobilized with either CO2 or electronarcosis. Travel times of fish treated with either CO2 or electronarcosis were similar within species. Because of the nearly instantaneous induction of and recovery from electronarcosis, we recommend it as an alternative to CO2 for handling large adult salmonids.
Received February 17, 2015; accepted June 27, 2015
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Fixed-Station Sampling for Monitoring American Lobster Settlement
Authors: Li Bai , Cao Jie , Chang Jui-Han , Wilson Carl , Chen Yong 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The American lobster Homarus americanus supports one of the most valuable fisheries in the USA. One of the important monitoring programs is for benthically settled lobsters, which closely relates to recruitment. The lobster settlement sampling program follows a fixed-station design. However, the performance of this design has not been evaluated, and we are unclear if the design can capture the temporal dynamics of settlers, in particular in response to changes in spatial distribution of lobster in the last 2 decades. In this study, we compared the fixed-station design with a random sampling design for the mid-coast region of the Gulf of Maine. We developed a generalized additive model (GAM) to quantify the relationship between habitat variables and density of early benthic phase and older juvenile lobsters by using the data from inshore trawl surveys from 1989 to 2012. The GAM model was then used to simulate putative true populations using the habitat variables. The two different sampling designs were applied to sample the simulated true populations. The fixed-station sampling design tended to underestimate the true density but could capture the temporal trends in settler density. A persistence index analysis suggests that the fixed-station design could identify interannual change of the lobster settler density. This study suggests that fixed-station sampling design is effective in monitoring temporal changes in settler density but could not be used for the estimation of absolute density of settlers.
Received December 16, 2014; accepted July 9, 2015
Estimating the Sex Composition of the Summer Flounder Catch using Fishery-Independent Data
Authors: Morson Jason M. , Bochenek Eleanor A. , Powell Eric N. , Hasbrouck Emerson C. , Gius Jennifer E. , Cotton Charles F. , Gerbino Kristin , Froehlich Tara 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Models that account for sex-specific behavior and population dynamics are becoming more common in the stock assessment of sexually dimorphic fishes. However, such models can be data intensive and require some knowledge or assumptions about the sex ratio of fishery landings. A recent stock assessment review of Summer Flounder Paralichthys dentatus identified the need to account for sex-specific fishing mortality in the assessment model; however, no data on the sex composition of the catch were available. Fishery-independent, sex-specific information for this species is collected annually by the National Marine Fisheries Service's Northeast Fisheries Science Center during their bottom trawl survey. Sex at age from the survey could be applied to the fishery landings if the probability of landing a given sex at a given age is equivalent for fish collected by the survey and those in the landings. To generate the first regionally comprehensive database on the sex ratio of Summer Flounder landings and to determine the efficacy of using survey sex-at-age keys to estimate the sex of landed fish, we recorded the sex composition of the commercial and recreational catches of Summer Flounder (n = 31,912) in 2010 and 2011. When (1) trawl survey length data were left-truncated to simulate the minimum retention sizes in the fisheries and (2) age–length keys generated from fishery-dependent data were applied to length frequency distributions from the survey to simulate the growth rates of landed fish, the sex-at-age pattern in the survey-derived data closely resembled the patterns in the catch. However, statistically significant differences in sex at age remained between the catch and the survey-derived data. We hypothesize that these differences are attributable to differences in the spatiotemporal distributions of the sexes and of the survey and fishing effort.
Received March 9, 2015; accepted June 23, 2015
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe first part of the introduction provides a (short) historical overview of Feynman’s development of his operational calculus, i.e. the formation of functions of several not necessarily commuting operators. This is done using quotes from Feynman’s Nobel lecture, as well as from biographical information and parts of Feynman’s early papers. This portion of the introduction will aid the reader not familiar with Feynman’s ideas to gain some insight into their intellectual and physical origins. After this historical sketch of the origins of the operational calculus, we take the time to introduce, via simple examples, Feynman’s time-ordering convention and Feynman’s heuristic “rules.” The remainder of the introduction is devoted to a rather detailed chapter-by-chapter description of the contents of this volume.
Disentangling: Definitions, Properties and Elementary Examples
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA rigorous approach to Feynman’s operational calculus, the formation of functions of several noncommuting operators, is introduced, using Feynman’s heuristic “rules” as a guide. Two equivalent (i.e., isomorphic) commutative Banach algebras are constructed, in particular the disentangling algebra, which enable Feynman’s rules to be applied in a mathematically rigorous way. Once the necessary time-ordering calculations (i.e. the disentangling) have been carried out in the disentangling algebra, the resulting expression is mapped via the disentangling map to the noncommutative environment of L(X), the Banach algebra of linear operators on the Banach space X. The basic properties of the disentangling map are discussed. Simple (and detailed) examples of the disentangling process are presented in order to familiarize the reader with disentangling techniques. At the end of this chapter, there is a discussion of the behavior of the operational calculus under the assumption that one or more of the operators involved commute with all of the others.
Time-Dependent Feynman’s Operational Calculus and Evolution Equations
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis chapter starts by generalizing the time-independent operational calculus to the time-dependent situation, i.e. fixed operators are replaced by operator-valued functions. The disentangling map is defined in the time-dependent setting and its basic properties in this setting are established. Next, the disentangling of the exponential function exp(−tα+∫0Tβ1(s)μ1(ds)+⋯+∫0Tβn(s)μn(ds)) is examined in detail. (The operator α is the generator of a (C0) semigroup.) The initial discussion follows the use of Feynman’s “rules” in a heuristic fashion, and then this disentangling is put into the rigorous setting of the operational calculus developed in this volume. It is shown that the disentangled exponential satisfies a certain evolution equation. Finally, the evolution equation for the disentangled exponential is used to establish a generalized integral equation that is satisfied by the operational calculus in the presence of the (unbounded) generator of a (C0 semigroup. Connections are established between this generalized integral equation and certain analytic Feynman integrals.
Stability Properties of Feynman’s Operational Calculi
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe stability (or continuity) properties of Feynman’s operational calculus are considered in this chapter. In particular, we consider three types of stability: stability with respect to the time-ordering measures, stability with respect to the operator-valued functions, and joint stability (that is, stability with respect to the operator-valued functions and the time-ordering measures simultaneously).
Epilogue: Miscellaneous Topics and Possible Extensions
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA brief discussion is given of possible extensions to the theory developed in this book, and suggestions for the direction of future research in this general area are given. This is done via a collection of eleven open problems, of different scopes and levels of difficulty, and discussing possible techniques and directions of investigation. They involve many different areas and fields of pure mathematics, applied mathematics and theoretical physics, including functional analysis, operator theory, semigroup theory, operator algebras, harmonic analysis, probability theory, differential and partial differential equations, real analysis and measure theory, distribution theory, infinite-dimensional stochastic and geometric analysis, multivariable complex analysis, fractal geometry, quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, quantum statistical physics, renormalization theory, supersymmetry, quantum groups, and Hopf algebras, as well as aspects of noncommutative algebra, geometry, combinatorics and probability theory.
From Abel-Poisson to Bochner-Riesz Summability
Authors: Taheri Ali 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis chapter begins with an introduction of Fourier transform on ℝn and then covers various summability methods including Abel-Poisson, Gauss-Weierstrass and later Bochner-Riesz. It also discusses the Calderon-Zygmund decomposition and Fefferman’s ball multiplier theorem.
Fourier Transform on S′(Rn); The Hilbert-Sobolev Spaces Hs(Rn)
Authors: Taheri Ali 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis chapter starts by taking Fourier transform to the space of tempered distributions. It studies the Laplace, heat, wave and Schrödinger equations in the upper half-space. It also looks at fractional integration and finally Hilbert-Sobolev spaces Hs(ℝn) and their embeddings, and trace theorem.