bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of two forensically important blowfly species (Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at four temperatures in India
Authors: Bala Madhu , Singh Devinder 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe development of the Oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), and hairy maggot blowfly, C. rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), was studied at four different temperatures (22°C, 25°C, 29°C and 31°C) in order to draw correlations between larval age, body length and body dry weight. The mean larval body length increased steadily from a minimum of 1.4 mm for C. megacephala and 1.8 mm for C. rufifacies to a maximum of 17.4 mm for C. megacephala and 15.9 mm for C. rufifacies at different temperatures. Similarly, the mean dry weight increased steadily from a minimum of 0.0007 g for C. megacephala (second instar) and 0.0008 g for C. rufifacies (second instar) to a maximum of 0.0290 g for C. megacephala and 0.0270 g for C. rufifacies at different temperatures. Entomological evidence is often used to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (mPMI) and both of these species are important from a forensic point of view. Graphs of age of larvae vs. body length and age of larvae vs. dry body weight at different temperatures can be used to estimate the larval age of these two species.
Insights into accounting choice from the adoption timing of International Financial Reporting Standards
Authors: Stent Warwick , Bradbury Michael E. , Hooks Jill 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis paper collects survey evidence on the costs and benefits of adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). It also examines the motivations for the timing of IFRS adoption. Significant differences exist between early and late adopters for three of nine benefits and for one of six cost measures. No significant differences exist in terms of firm size or the impact of IFRS on contracts. Early adopters perceive themselves as market leaders. They are more certain about the manageability of implementing IFRS and are more specific with regard to the impact of IFRS adoption. Late adoption decisions are motivated by adverse consequences and uncertainty.
“Sub is a weird drug:” A web‐based study of lay attitudes about use of buprenorphine to self‐treat opioid withdrawal symptoms
Authors: Daniulaityte Raminta , Carlson Robert , Brigham Gregory , Cameron Delroy , Sheth Amit 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundIllicit use of buprenorphine has increased in the U.S., but our understanding of its use remains limited. This study aims to explore Web‐forum discussions about the use of buprenorphine to self‐treat opioid withdrawal symptoms.MethodsPREDOSE, a novel Semantic Web platform, was used to extract relevant posts from a Web‐forum that allows free discussions on illicit drugs. First, we extract information about the total number of buprenorphine‐related posts per year between 2005 and 2013. Second, PREDOSE was used to identify all posts that potentially contained discussions about buprenorphine and opioid withdrawal. A total number of 1,217 posts that contained these terms were extracted and entered into NVivo data base. A random sample of 404 (33%) posts was selected and content analyzed.ResultsBuprenorphine‐related posts increased over time, peaking in 2011. The posts were about equally divided between those that expressed positive and negative views about the effectiveness of buprenorphine in relieving withdrawal symptoms. Web‐forum participants emphasized that buprenorphine's effectiveness may become compromised because of the “size of a person habit,” and/or when users repeatedly switch back and forth between buprenorphine and other illicit opioids. Most posts reported use of significantly lower amounts of buprenorphine (≤2 mg) than doses used in standard treatment. Concomitant use of other psychoactive substances was also commonly reported, which may present significant health risks.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the usefulness of Web‐based data in drug abuse research and add new information about lay beliefs about buprenorphine that may help inform prevention and policy measures. (Am J Addict 2015;24:403 –409)
A pilot study of the relationship between Doppler‐estimated carotid and brachial artery flow and cardiac index
Authors: Weber U. , Glassford N. J. , Eastwood G. M. , Bellomo R. , Hilton A. K. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryWe measured carotid and brachial artery blood flow by Doppler ultrasound in 11 human volunteers, and related these to cardiac index and to each other. The median (IQR [range]) carotid arterial blood flow was 0.334 (0.223–0.381 [0.052–0.563]) l.min−1 on the right and 0.315 (0.223–0.369 [0.061–0.690]) l.min−1 on the left. The brachial arterial blood flow was 0.049 (0.033–0.062 [0.015–0.204]) l.min−1 on the right and 0.039 (0.027–0.054 [0.011–0.116]) on the left. Cardiac index was 3.2 (2.8–3.5 [1.9–5.4]) l.min−1.m−2. There was a moderate to good correlation between right‐and left‐sided flows (brachial: ρ = 0.45; carotid: ρ = 0.567). Brachial and carotid flow had no or a negative correlation with cardiac index (right brachial: ρ = −0.145, left brachial: ρ = −0.349; right carotid: ρ = −0.376, left carotid: ρ = −0.285). In contrast to some previous studies, we found that Doppler‐estimated peripheral arterial blood flows only show a weak correlation with cardiac index and cannot be used to provide non‐invasive estimates of cardiac index in man.
9 Archaeological Conservation at Ek’ Balam and its influence on the Perception of the Pre‐Hispanic Past and Cultural Identity in the Maya Communities of Hunukú, Ek’ Balam, and Santa Rita
Authors: Alonso Olvera Alejandra 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe Ek’ Balam Archaeological Conservation Project includes the participation of the local Maya communities of Hunukú, Ek’ Balam, and Santa Rita, who have contributed their work to the project for more than ten years. This chapter explores the diversity of meanings that the archaeological site has for the local population, the importance of archaeology, and the participatory impact in the definition of cultural identity of these marginal groups. Following Magnoni et al. (2007) I use Ingold's model (2000:133) as a conceptual framework for understanding how the contemporary Maya conceptualize the pre‐Hispanic past and how this influences their own cultural identity. Ingold's model is a useful theoretical tool for determining the impact of archaeological work and conservation in modeling the interaction between local communities and the archaeological past.
11 Managing Legacy in Oaxaca: Observations on the Development of a Community Museum in San Mateo Macuilxóchitl
Authors: Faulseit Ronald K. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTSince the 1980s, indigenous communities in Mexico have shown increased demand to control the narrative associated with the archaeological remains found on their communal lands. Subsequently, the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) has initiated a program for the development of communitarian museums, providing a means for people to present their heritage on their own terms, and therefore, establish the legacy between the modern and ancient communities. In this paper, I discuss the background behind this movement, as wells as my own experience curating the materials from archaeological investigations in the communitarian museum of an indigenous community in Oaxaca.
12 The Mexican Legacy in Nicaragua, or Problems when Data Behave Badly
Authors: McCafferty Geoffrey 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTInvestigations over the past 15 years have sought archaeological evidence for Mexican migrants to Pacific Nicaragua, as indicated in ethnohistorical origin myths and as embraced by contemporary popular culture. Extensive excavations at three Postclassic sites have provided evidence of domestic architecture, foodways, mortuary remains, and religious practices—all considered to be potential archaeological indicators of ethnicity, but none of which provide strong evidence of Mexican identity. A larger theme is the contemporary reaction to challenging the identity of the indigenous ancestors. This paper discusses the Mexican legacy in Nicaragua, and strategies for negotiating popular ideology with badly behaved archaeological data.
Development and analysis of furazolidone‐resistant Escherichia coli mutants
Authors: Martínez‐Puchol Sandra , Gomes Cláudia , Pons Maria J. , Ruiz‐Roldán Lidia , Torrents de la Peña Alba , Ochoa Theresa J. , Ruiz Joaquim 
Published: May 2015

Furazolidone‐resistant mutants were obtained from four clinical isolates of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. The stability of the resistance and the frequency of mutation were established. The minimal inhibitory concentration of furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline was established both in the presence and absence of the efflux pump inhibitor Phe‐Arg‐β‐Naphtylamyde. The presence of mutations in the nitroreductase genes nfsA and nfsB was analysed by PCR; sequencing and their enzymatic activity was assessed by a spectrophotometric assay. Alterations in outer membrane proteins were studied by SDS‐PAGE. The frequency of mutation ranged from <9.6 × 10−10 to 9.59 × 10−7. Neither an effect on efflux pumps inhibited by Phe‐Arg‐β‐Naphtylamyde nor cross‐resistance with the antibiotics studied was observed. Nineteen mutants (52.94%) presented mutations in the nitroreductase‐encoding genes: 17 in the nfsA gene (15 mutants with an internal stop codon, 2 with amino acid changes), 2 in the nfsB (all amino acid changes). Alterations in the outer membrane proteins OmpA and OmpW were also observed. Although more studies are necessary to find other resistance mechanisms, present data showed the low potential of selecting furazolidone‐resistant mutants, together with the lack of cross‐resistance with unrelated antimicrobial agents.
Occult vs. overt upper gastrointestinal bleeding – inverse relationship and the use of mucosal damaging and protective drugs
Authors: Taha A. S. , McCloskey C. , Craigen T. , Simpson A. , Angerson W. J. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryBackgroundWhile efforts have focused on the prevention of overt upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB), little is known about occult GIB, which might also originate from sites not protected by acid inhibition.AimTo measure the incidence and outcomes of both overt and occult GIB over a 6‐year period (2007–2012), and to assess the use of NSAIDs, anti‐thrombotic therapy (ATT), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and iron therapy.MethodsA sample of 300 patients (100 from each of three index years) with occult GIB was randomly selected and their outcomes were compared with those of patients with overt UGIB (N = 869).ResultsThe incidence of overt UGIB fell from 140.1 per 100 000 population per annum in 2007 to 106.8 in 2010 and to 88.0 in 2012 (P < 0.001); while that of occult GIB rose from 243.1 to 263.6 and to 292.8 (P < 0.001) over the same period. The incidence of occult GIB was highly correlated with the number of prescriptions of PPIs per 1000 population (χ2 trend = 11.80; P < 0.001). In the overt UGIB group, the median haemoglobin level on presentation was lowest (10.3) in patients taking NSAIDs/ATT plus PPIs compared with those taking PPIs alone (11.5), NSAIDs/ATT alone (10.4) or none of these drugs (12.7 g/dL) (P < 0.001, Kruskal–Wallis).ConclusionsAn inverse trend seems to have formed in the incidence of overt vs. occult gastrointestinal bleeding in association with the wider use of PPIs and NSAIDs. An alternative approach to acid inhibition is needed to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding.
Non‐Chemotherapy‐Induced Agranulocytosis Detected by a Prospective Pharmacovigilance Program in a Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Medrano‐Casique Nicolás , Tong Hoi Y. , Borobia Alberto M. , Carcas Antonio J. , Frías Jesús , Ramírez Elena 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe conducted a prospective evaluation of non‐chemotherapy‐induced agranulocytosis (NIA) in a tertiary hospital in Spain. Through our Prospective Pharmacovigilance Program from Laboratory Signals at Hospital, we detected agranulocytosis cases over a period of 42 consecutive months. This report estimates incidence, drug causality, clinical features and outcomes ofNIAcases and assesses laboratory differences with respect to non‐NIA. We detected 1349 cases of agranulocytosis in 538 adult patients; of these, 43 cases in 40 patients were caused by non‐chemotherapy drugs. The incidence rate for 10,000 patients during the study period was 2.75 [Poisson confidence interval (CI)‐95%: 0.62–7.22]. The mean (S.D.) age was 48 (21) years. All cases were categorized as serious, because they required hospitalization (28 cases) or prolongation of hospitalization (15 cases). The outcome was recovery without sequela (39 cases), recovery with sequela (one case of toe amputation) or death (three cases, 7%). The most frequent cause ofNIAwas antimicrobial drugs (19 cases). The highest incidence rate per 10,000 defined daily doses was for cefepime (83.85; Poisson‐CI95%: 67–102.89). Automatic linear modelling (n = 75,R2 = 77.9%) showed a significant inverse association with platelets, alkaline phosphatase, C‐reactive protein, fibrinogen, lactate dehydrogenase; and direct association with mean corpuscular haemoglobin, and haematocrit. A generalized linear model retained platelets, total serum proteins, creatinine and haemoglobin. The findings suggest an immune‐mediated destruction or myeloid toxicity, possibly facilitated by an increase in drug exposure. There might be additional contributing factors, such as nutritional deficiencies or chronic diseases, to developNIAafter exposure to a potentially causative drug.
An automated essay‐evaluation corpus of English as a Foreign Language writing
Authors: Jiang Yaoyi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe Report of Chinese Students' English Writing Ability (2014) focuses on the Chinese students' English writing in the automated essay‐evaluation context. The data and samples are primarily from a national‐wide writing project involving 300 814 English as a Foreign Language participants from 452 schools in China during a period of April 10 to May 10, 2014. Aiming to formulate a liable and detailed description of English writing ability of the target learners, a variety of data were collected and processed by means of dimensional analysis, including the frequency vocabulary and collocation, average length of vocabulary, sentence and essay, average number of paragraph, vocabulary richness, density of subordinate clause, most frequent errors, etc. In addition, background information of the participants was also solicited. The corpus‐based analysis is still ongoing, and some results have already revealed meaningful trend and characteristics in the writing of Chinese students. Also, the observation of participants' learning behavior signifies meaningful implications for future automated essay‐evaluation projects.
New selective inhibitors of calcium‐activated chloride channels – T16Ainh‐A01, CaCCinh‐A01 and MONNA – what do they inhibit?
Authors: Boedtkjer D M B , Kim S , Jensen A B , Matchkov V M , Andersson K E 
Published: May 2015

Background and PurposeT16Ainh‐A01, CaCCinh‐A01 and MONNA are identified as selective inhibitors of the TMEM16A calcium‐activated chloride channel (CaCC). The aim of this study was to examine the chloride‐specificity of these compounds on isolated resistance arteries in the presence and absence (±) of extracellular chloride.Experimental ApproachIsolated resistance arteries were maintained in a myograph and tension recorded, in some instances combined with microelectrode impalement for membrane potential measurements or intracellular calcium monitoring using fura‐2. Voltage‐dependent calcium currents (VDCC) were measured in A7r5 cells with voltage‐clamp electrophysiology using barium as a charge carrier.Key ResultsRodent arteries preconstricted with noradrenaline or U46619 were concentration‐dependently relaxed by T16Ainh‐A01 (0.1–10 μM): IC50 and maximum relaxation were equivalent in ±chloride (30 min aspartate substitution) and the T16Ainh‐A01‐induced vasorelaxation ±chloride were accompanied by membrane hyperpolarization and lowering of intracellular calcium. However, agonist concentration–response curves ±chloride, with 10 μM T16Ainh‐A01 present, achieved similar maximum constrictions although agonist‐sensitivity decreased. Contractions induced by elevated extracellular potassium were concentration‐dependently relaxed by T16Ainh‐A01 ±chloride. Moreover, T16Ainh‐A01 inhibited VDCCs in A7r5 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. CaCCinh‐A01 and MONNA (0.1–10 μM) induced vasorelaxation ±chloride and both compounds lowered maximum contractility. MONNA, 10 μM, induced substantial membrane hyperpolarization under resting conditions.Conclusions and ImplicationsT16Ainh‐A01, CaCCinh‐A01 and MONNA concentration‐dependently relax rodent resistance arteries, but an equivalent vasorelaxation occurs when the transmembrane chloride gradient is abolished with an impermeant anion. These compounds therefore display poor selectivity for TMEM16A and inhibition of CaCC in vascular tissue in the concentration range that inhibits the isolated conductance.
Validating the GTP‐cyclohydrolase 1‐feedback regulatory complex as a therapeutic target using biophysical and in vivo approaches
Authors: Hussein D , Starr A , Heikal L , McNeill E , Channon K M , Brown P R , Sutton B J , McDonnell J M , Nandi M 
Published: May 2015

Background and Purpose6R‐L‐erythro‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for nitric oxide biosynthesis. Substantial clinical evidence indicates that intravenous BH4 restores vascular function in patients. Unfortunately, oral BH4 has limited efficacy. Therefore, orally bioavailable pharmacological activators of endogenous BH4 biosynthesis hold significant therapeutic potential. GTP‐cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1), the rate limiting enzyme in BH4 synthesis, forms a protein complex with GCH1 feedback regulatory protein (GFRP). This complex is subject to allosteric feed‐forward activation by L‐phenylalanine (L‐phe). We investigated the effects of L‐phe on the biophysical interactions of GCH1 and GFRP and its potential to alter BH4 levels in vivo.Experimental ApproachDetailed characterization of GCH1–GFRP protein–protein interactions were performed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with or without L‐phe. Effects on systemic and vascular BH4 biosynthesis in vivo were investigated following L‐phe treatment (100 mg·kg−1, p.o.).Key ResultsGCH1 and GFRP proteins interacted in the absence of known ligands or substrate but the presence of L‐phe doubled maximal binding and enhanced binding affinity eightfold. Furthermore, the complex displayed very slow association and dissociation rates. In vivo, L‐phe challenge induced a sustained elevation of aortic BH4, an effect absent in GCH1(fl/fl)‐Tie2Cre mice.Conclusions and ImplicationsBiophysical data indicate that GCH1 and GFRP are constitutively bound. In vivo, data demonstrated that L‐phe elevated vascular BH4 in an endothelial GCH1 dependent manner. Pharmacological agents which mimic the allosteric effects of L‐phe on the GCH1–GFRP complex have the potential to elevate endothelial BH4 biosynthesis for numerous cardiovascular disorders.
Early Behavioral Inhibition and Emotion Regulation: Pathways Toward Social Competence in Middle Childhood
Authors: Penela Elizabeth C. , Walker Olga L. , Degnan Kathryn A. , Fox Nathan A. , Henderson Heather A. 
Published: May 2015

This study examined emotion regulation (ER) as a mediator in the relation between early behavioral inhibition (BI) and later social competence (N = 257), and whether this mediation varied depending on BI levels. Maternal report and observational measures were used to assess BI (ages 2 and 3). Children's ER strategies (age 5) and social competence with an unfamiliar peer (age 7) were measured using observational measures. Results showed that BI predicted less engaged ER strategies during a disappointment task, and engaged ER predicted higher social competence. Engaged ER mediated the effect of BI on social competence, but only for highly inhibited children. Findings elucidate developmental trajectories of risk and resilience, and suggest targeting regulatory strategies in early prevention efforts with highly inhibited children.
Moderately impaired renal function increases morning cortisol and cortisol levels at dexamethasone suppression test in patients with incidentally detected adrenal adenomas
Authors: Olsen Henrik , Mjöman Mattias 
Published: May 2015

SummaryObjectivePatients with incidentally detected adrenal adenomas may have subclinical hypercortisolism. We hypothesized that impaired renal function could lead to increased cortisol levels in these patients.DesignDescriptive retrospective study of consecutive patients.PatientsA total of 166 patients with incidentally detected unilateral adrenal adenomas were examined during 2008–2013.MeasurementsLevels of cortisol, ACTH and cortisol at 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST) were measured. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the MDRD equation.ResultsRenal function was normal, mildly impaired, moderately impaired or severely impaired (eGFR >90, 60–90, 30–60 and 15–30 ml/min/1·73 m2) in 34, 54, 10 and 1% of the patients, respectively. Patients with normal and mildly impaired renal function had similar cortisol levels. Patients with moderately impaired renal function, compared to all the patients with eGFR >60 ml/min/1·73 m2, exhibited increased cortisol (541 vs 456 nmol/l, P = 0·02), increased cortisol at DST (62 vs 37 nmol/l, P = 0·001), but similar ACTH levels (4·1 vs 2·9 pmol/l, P = 0·21). Patients with moderately impaired renal function thus exhibited cortisol at DST ≥50 nmol/l, more often than patients with eGFR >60 ml/min/1·73 m2 (76% vs 30%, P = 0·000), while the prevalence of ACTH below 2 pmol/l was similar (24% vs 31%, P = 0·51).ConclusionsModerately impaired renal function increases cortisol and cortisol at DST in patients with adrenal adenomas, while mildly impaired renal function has no such effect. Cortisol level at DST ≥50 nmol/l therefore seems to have low specificity in diagnosing subclinical adrenal hypercortisolism, and an additional criterion, for example low ACTH, is required.
Management of primary hypothyroidism: statement by the British Thyroid Association Executive Committee
Authors: Okosieme Onyebuchi , Gilbert Jackie , Abraham Prakash , Boelaert Kristien , Dayan Colin , Gurnell Mark , Leese Graham , McCabe Christopher , Perros Petros , Smith Vicki , Williams Graham , Vanderpump Mark 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe management of primary hypothyroidism with levothyroxine (L‐T4) is simple, effective and safe, and most patients report improved well‐being on initiation of treatment. However, a proportion of individuals continue to suffer with symptoms despite achieving adequate biochemical correction. The management of such individuals has been the subject of controversy and of considerable public interest. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) and the European Thyroid Association (ETA) have recently published guidelines on the diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism. These guidelines have been based on extensive reviews of the medical literature and include sections on the role of combination therapy with L‐T4 and liothyronine (L‐T3) in individuals who are persistently dissatisfied with L‐T4 therapy. This position statement by the British Thyroid Association (BTA) summarises the key points in these guidelines and makes recommendations on the management of primary hypothyroidism based on the current literature, review of the published positions of the ETA and ATA, and in line with best principles of good medical practice. The statement is endorsed by the Association of Clinical Biochemistry, (ACB), British Thyroid Foundation, (BTF), Royal College of Physicians (RCP) and Society for Endocrinology (SFE).