bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowing, reasoning and visualizing in industrial design
Authors: Woelfel Christian , Krzywinski Jens , Drechsel Frank 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIndustrial design processes can be described as human design problem solving, incorporating the acquisition, evaluation, production and transfer of specific knowledge. In this paper, we will describe the connection and interaction between visualization and reasoning during different stages of the design process. Thereby we focus on three early stages of this process: clarifying the task, concepting and designing an overall solution.This paper provides a rather general description of design processes and more detailed remarks on design knowledge and design actions. It specifically focuses on design concepts as visual key elements in industrial design processes. We will address the importance of externalization and visualization as means for thinking and knowledge generation and transfer in industrial design in general.The design process is described as an interplay of the parallel and iterative developments of three domains: knowledge, concept and design. In contrast to linear schemes, this paper proposes a design process scheme focusing on iterative circles and parallel processing possibilities. Industrial design knowledge will be described and compared to relevant knowledge in other disciplines, in particular, engineering design knowledge. We will describe the strong link between the designer's individual biographies, design knowledge and the outcome of design processes.Design concepts will be discussed as extremely compact representations of core characteristics of the artifacts to be designed, serving as a guide to the design process.Design actions as described in this paper are characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of thought and externalization processes. Different kinds of visualization are discussed in regard of their role in reasoning during industrial design processes.This paper concludes by sketching two perspectives. One addresses the need for interdisciplinary research on new visualization tools with regard to human reasoning in design processes. The second one gives an impression of how visualization tools and methods of industrial design can supplement other disciplines.
International outbreak investigation of Salmonella Heidelberg associated with in-flight catering
Authors: REBOLLEDO J. , GARVEY P. , RYAN A. , O'DONNELL J. , CORMICAN M. , JACKSON S. , CLOAK F. , CULLEN L. , SWAAN C. M. , SCHIMMER B. , APPELS R. W. , NYGARD K. , FINLEY R. , SREENIVASAN N. , LENGLET A. , GOSSNER C. , McKEOWN P. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYRapid and wide dispersal of passengers after flights makes investigation of flight-related outbreaks challenging. An outbreak ofSalmonellaHeidelberg was identified in a group of Irish travellers returning from Tanzania. Additional international cases sharing the same flight were identified. Our aim was to determine the source and potential vehicles of infection. Case-finding utilized information exchange using experts' communication networks and national surveillance systems. Demographic, clinical and food history information was collected. Twenty-five additional cases were identified from Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, USA and Canada. We conducted a case-control study which indicated a significant association between illness and consumption of milk tart (OR 10·2) and an egg dish (OR 6) served on-board the flight. No food consumed before the flight was associated with illness. Cases from countries other than Ireland provided supplementary information that facilitated the identification of likely vehicles of infection. Timely, committed international collaboration is vital in such investigations.
Secure Scalable Disaster Electronic Medical Record and Tracking System
Authors: DeMers Gerard , Kahn Christopher , Johansson Per , Buono Colleen , Chipara Octav , Griswold William , Chan Theodore 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIntroductionElectronic medical records (EMRs) are considered superior in documentation of care for medical practice. Current disaster medical response involves paper tracking systems and radio communication for mass-casualty incidents (MCIs). These systems are prone to errors, may be compromised by local conditions, and are labor intensive. Communication infrastructure may be impacted, overwhelmed by call volume, or destroyed by the disaster, making self-contained and secure EMR response a critical capability.ReportAs the prehospital disaster EMR allows for more robust content including protected health information (PHI), security measures must be instituted to safeguard these data. The Wireless Internet Information System for medicAl Response in Disasters (WIISARD) Research Group developed a handheld, linked, wireless EMR system utilizing current technology platforms. Smart phones connected to radio frequency identification (RFID) readers may be utilized to efficiently track casualties resulting from the incident. Medical information may be transmitted on an encrypted network to fellow prehospital team members, medical dispatch, and receiving medical centers. This system has been field tested in a number of exercises with excellent results, and future iterations will incorporate robust security measures.ConclusionA secure prehospital triage EMR improves documentation quality during disaster drills.DeMersG, KahnC, JohanssonP, BuonoC, ChiparaO, GriswoldW, ChanT. Secure scalable disaster electronic medical record and tracking system. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(5):1-4.
“How Far Do You Go and Where Are the Issues Surrounding That?” Dilemmas at the Boundaries of Clinical Competency in Humanitarian Health Work
Authors: Hunt Matthew R. , Schwartz Lisa , Fraser Veronique 
Published: July 2013

AbstractYou go from here to there, and here you're specialized in one particular sort of thing, there you may be asked to do all sorts of things outside your specialty. How far do you go and where are the issues surrounding that?Canadian physician discussing experiences in humanitarian aid workHealth professionals working in humanitarian relief projects encounter a range of ethical challenges. Applying professional and ethical norms may be especially challenging in crisis settings where needs are elevated, resources scarce, and socio-political structures strained. Situations when clinicians must decide whether to provide care that is near the margins of their professional competency are a source of moral uncertainty that can give rise to moral distress. The authors suggest that responding ethically to these dilemmas requires more than familiarity with ethical codes of conduct and guidelines; it requires practical wisdom, that is, the ability to relate past experience and general guidance to a current situation in order to render a morally sound action. Two sets of questions are proposed to guide reflection and deliberation for clinicians who face competency dilemmas. The first is prospective and intended to aid clinicians in evaluating an unfolding situation. The second is retrospective and designed to support debriefing about past experiences and difficult situations. The aim of this analysis is to support clinicians in evaluating competency dilemmas and provide ethical care and services.HuntMR,SchwartzL,FraserV.“How Far Do You Go and Where Are the Issues Surrounding That?” Dilemmas at the Boundaries of Clinical Competency in Humanitarian Health Work.Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(5):1-7.
Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with Hb and lead in children: a Chinese population-based study
Authors: Chang Li , Liu Xiaojuan , Shi Hua , Dai Wei , Wang Hong , Jiang Yongmei 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, as well as their association with Hb and elevated blood lead levels (BLL) in children in China.DesignA cross-sectional and 1-year retrospective study.SettingDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China.SubjectsChildren aged from 6 months to 14 years living in south-west China who were taken to physical examinations (January–December 2011).ResultsOf 1218 children included in the study, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration (mean 33·18 (sd 16·48) ng/ml) was deficient in 21·6 % and insufficient in 27·4 %, which were higher than the prevalence of both anaemia at 8·5 % and elevated BLL (Pb ≥ 10 μg/dl) at 1·8 %, but lower than mildly elevated BLL prevalence (5 μg/dl ≤ Pb < 10 μg/dl) at 56·9 %. There was a negative correlation between 25(OH)D concentration and BLL (r = −0·216, P < 0·001) while no significant relationship was found between 25(OH)D concentration and Hb (r = −0·012, P > 0·05). After multivariable adjustment, the significant predictors of 25(OH)D deficiency and insufficiency were increasing child age especially between 8 and 14 years (OR = 18·29; 95 % CI 10·14, 32·99; P < 0·001) and BLL (OR = 1·01; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·02; P = 0·045).ConclusionsThe prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency and insufficiency was much higher than that of anaemia or elevated BLL in south-west China, and associated with increasing age and BLL.
Nursing home prices and market structure: the effect of assisted living industry expansion
Authors: Bowblis John R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSince the 1990s, there has been substantial expansion of facility-based alternatives to nursing home care, such as assisted living facilities. This paper analyzes the relationship between expansion of the assisted living industry, nursing home market structure and nursing home private pay prices using a two-year panel of nursing homes in the State of Ohio. Fixed effect regressions suggest that the expansion of assisted living facilities are associated with increased nursing home concentration, but find no effect on private pay nursing home prices. This would be consistent with assisted livings reducing demand for nursing homes by delaying entry into a nursing home, though assisted livings are not direct competitors of nursing homes.
Oral and Written Work in Arithmetic
Authors: Fraser W. G. 
Published: July 2013

The following notes deal mainly with the Arithmetic of the primary school, but the subject under consideration is only a single aspect of a very wide question.It is a common remark that Oral (or Mental) and Written Arithmetic should be as nearly as possible identical: that pupils ought to be able to do mentally with small numbers whatever they can do in writing with larger numbers, and vice versa. Unfortunately, experience shows that, as a rule, they are not able to do so; that the child fails to identify written calculation completely with mental work. It is here proposed to try to discover some of the reasons why this is so.
Quadratic Equations
Authors: Pinkerton P. 
Published: July 2013

The following is a scheme of classroom work designed to introduce a pupil to quadratic equations, graphically and algebraically.Newton's Chord Rule is applied in (3) to calculate by Arithmetic close approximations to the roots of an equation. One graph suffices for any number of equations, as in (2), (5) and (7). Both the method of completing the square and the method of factors are required as algebraic equivalents, as in (4), (6), (7). The general rules for solving quadratics sum up the lessons.
Note on the Characteristic of a Logarithm
Authors: Comrie P. 
Published: July 2013

Students might be reminded that a number consists of so many digits, the value of each of which depends on its position. The values might be written above the separate digits just as we write £ s. d. over money columns. Thus, 523·7046 would be writtenRule for finding Characteristic.—The characteristic is the index of the power of 10 placed over the first significant digit in the number.
A Method of Graphing Freedom Equations
Authors: Burgess A. G. 
Published: July 2013

Draw axes XOX′, YOY′. Draw graph of y = φ(t), taking OX as a positive axis of t. (In Figure see dotted line). Draw graph of x =f(t), taking OY′ as positive axis of t. (In Figure f(t) = t3 – t2; see broken line). Take any point A in the line1+x = 0. Go along line through A parallel to OX till a point B a the graph x =f(t) is met, and vertically parallel to OY until a oint C in the graph y = φ(t) is met. The fourth vertex D of the ectangle ACDB is a point in the graph of the eliminant of t in he equations x =f(t), y = φ(t).
The Theorem of Pythagoras
Authors: Mackay J. S. 
Published: July 2013

Here is a pendant to Dr Gibson's beautiful dissection of the three squares. I am pretty sure that his proof is new to the world, but I am not sure that mine s so. There are about fifty proofs, differing more or less from each ither, but there are only some half a dozen worth remembering oreaching. The proof I submit (not one of the half dozen) was levised in 1859, when I was a young student in St Andrews, and b may probably have been given long before that date.
An Experiment in Light
Authors: Lindsay W. A. 
Published: July 2013

Let ABCD be a horizontal section of a rectangular slab of glass. A pin is set up vertically at P, close to the face AB, or at a short distance from it. It is possible to see the pin P through the glass if we look through the face CD; but the pin is invisible if we look through the face AD. If, however, we look through the face CD, into the face AD, we shall see an image of the pin in AD, which acts like a mirror. The experiment illustrates total reflection of light; the explanation is easy. Let PO be a ray of light which after passing into the glass will be incident on AD at O′. Let NON′ be the normal to AB at O,and KO′K′ be normal to AD at O′. The critical angle for glass being 41° 45′ approximately,∴ the ray OO′ will not emerge through AD, but will be reflected in the direction O′Q, and will emerge at Q in the direction QS.
On the Solubility of Linear Algebraic Equations.—
Authors: Dougall John 
Published: July 2013

(a) It is proved in treatises on Algebra that the equations (in three variables for brevity)have a unique solution given byprovided the determinantdoes not vanish.(b) It is also proved, from (2), that if the “degenerate” homogeneous systemhas a non-null solution (i.e. a solution in which the variables are not all zero), then Δ = 0.
On the Solubility of Linear Algebraic Equations (Contd.)
Authors: Dougall John 
Published: July 2013

A system of n non-homogeneous linear equations in n variables has one and only one solution if the homogeneous system obtained from the given system by putting all the constant terms equal to zero has no solution except the null solution.This may be proved independently by similar reasoning to that given for Theorem I., or it may be deduced from that theorem. We follow the latter method.
Note on the Perpendicular Generators of a Hyperboloid of One Sheet
Authors: Bell R. J. T. 
Published: July 2013

The necessary and sufficient condition that two generators of the should be at right angles is that their point of intersection should lie on the director sphere x2 + y2 + z2- = a2 + b2 – c2. Let a2 + b2 – c2 = r2 and a2 > b2. Then if r2 > a2, b2 > c2, and in this case the curve of intersection of the H1 and sphere consists of two closed ovals lying on opposite sides of the plane XOY. Thus every generator of the H1 meets the sphere in two real points. This result is easy to obtain analytically. For the generatormeets the sphere in points given by
An Exact Geometrical Construction for the Exponential Curve
Authors: Robertson David 
Published: July 2013

Consider the curve y = ae−t/t0 (Fig. 1.)Mark off along the t – axis a distance OT0 equal to the time constant t0.Divide OT0 into n equal parts and erect ordinates at each point of division.M, N, are the mth and (m + 1)th of these, counting from O.MP, NQ, are the corresponding ordinates; P, Q, the points on the curve; and R the intersection of the chord, produced, with the t – axis.
The Distance of a given Point from a given Line
Authors: Bell R. J. T. 
Published: July 2013

If P (x′, y′) is the given point and ax + by + c = 0 the equation of the given line, the expression for the distance of P from the line and the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from P to the line can be obtained by projections as follows:Let NP = R and have projections X and Y on OX and OY respectively. Then if NP makes an angle θ with OX.
To draw a circle which cuts three circles at the ends of the diameters of these circles
Authors: Burgess A. G. 
Published: July 2013

Let the three circles have centres, A, B, C, and let their radical centre be T, and thecircumcentre of ΔABC be 0. Join TO and produce it to T1, so that T1O = TO. T1 is the centre of the required circle. Join T1A and T1C, and draw diameters A1^AA2, and C1CC2 perpendicular to T1A and T1C. ⊙ with centre T1 and radius T1A2 passes through A1.
The Moments Theorem
Authors: Crawford G. E. 
Published: July 2013

If ABDC be a parallelogram, of which AD is a diagonal, and if 0 be any point which, by joiningto A, B, C, D, makes three triangles, OAB, OAD, OAC, each of these being taken as positive in sign so long as O lies within the region selected (i.e. within ABD), then:ΔOAC – ΔOAB = ΔOAD.
Direction-Cosines of the Axes of the Conicoid
Authors: Crawford Lawrence 
Published: July 2013

ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2fyz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 1.In Mathematical Notes, No. 20 (April 1916), there is a note on the above; I add a form of the equations of these axes which I have not seen in a text-book, and which is perhaps worth recording.
Two Extensions of Ceva's Theorem
Authors: Aitken A. C. 
Published: July 2013

If ABCDE … is a polygon of an odd number of sides, O any point in its plane, and if AO, BO, CO, … cut the sides opposite A, B, C, … respectively, AB in X, BC in Y, CD in Z, … thenLet PQ be the side opposite A. Then AB will be the side opposite Q.
A Proof of the Addition Theorem in Trigonometry
Authors: Bell R. J. T. 
Published: July 2013

I. Prove sin θ= −sin(− θ), cos θ(− θ)Let X′OX, Y′OY be rectangular axes, and let OP, OQ, starting from the position OX, describe angles θ, –θ. Then OP, OQ are in every case symmetrically placed with respect to OX. (Illustrate by taking positive and negative values of θ). Hence xP = xQ, yP = –yQ, and the results follow from the definitions of sine and cosine.
The theorem of Apollonius by dissection
Authors: Stokes G. D. C. 
Published: July 2013

The figure shews the dissection in the formLet m, x denote AD, DE, where E is the projection of A on BC.Quadrilateral 1 is constructed with sides ½ (c + x), ½ (c – x), ½ (m + ½a + x), ½ (m – ½a – x); quadrilateral 6 with sides ½ (b – x), ½ (b + x), ½ (m – ½a – x), ½ (m + ½a – x). The square on AB is then dissected into four quadrilaterals equal to 1, plus the shaded square (AD2); similarly for the square on AC. These quadrilaterals are reassembled in the squares on BE, EC respectively with the right-angled corners in the reversed positions, so as to enclose squares each equal to DE2. Finally two quadrilaterals are subdivided (4, 11) and (3, 5, 10, 12) to fit in as shewn in the figure.
Note on a Vanishing Determinant
Authors: Aitken A. C. 
Published: July 2013

1. In one of Sir Thomas Muir's more recent historical papers on the theory of determinants (Proc. R. S. Edin., XLIII, 1922, p. 129), is included a result due to V. Jung, commented on as being “verified in an unsuggestive way for the first three cases.” The theorem is that the determinantVanishes when n is even. Below we give a simple proof.
An Apparatus for Determining Coefficients in Power Series
Authors: Thomson R. W. M. , Professor Peddie  
Published: July 2013

The diagrammatic figure illustrates the principle involved. The vertical full lines represent ordinates of a curve of which theabscissae are Oa1, Oa2, etc. Let now all these vertical lines be rotated round the points O, a1, a2, etc., while retaining their original lengths, through the same angle θ. The curve passing through the new positions of the end points is now to be referred to the tilted axis Oy0 and the line OAB, drawn at right angles thereto. If we put OC = X, CD = Y, and let X′, Y′, be the corresponding coordinates with reference to the tilted axis we get
Quadrics Associated with a Möbius Hexad
Authors: Turnbull H. W. 
Published: July 2013

§1. The following investigation arose out of a reconsideration of a certain invariant of six points in spaceI = (1234)(3456)(5612) – (2345)(4561)(6123)where (1234) denotes the determinant whose rows are the coordinates of the first four points: and similarly for the other factors. The vanishing of this invariant implies that the sixth point lies upon a certain quadric defined by the other five. The following elementary account brings out several interesting and possibly new theorems upon quadric surfaces.
Variability in visual cortex size reflects tradeoff between local orientation sensitivity and global orientation modulation
Authors: Song Chen , Schwarzkopf Dietrich S. , Rees Geraint 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe surface area of early visual cortices varies several fold across healthy adult humans and is genetically heritable. But the functional consequences of this anatomical variability are still largely unexplored. Here we show that interindividual variability in human visual cortical surface area reflects a tradeoff between sensitivity to visual details and susceptibility to visual context. Specifically, individuals with larger primary visual cortices can discriminate finer orientation differences, whereas individuals with smaller primary visual cortices experience stronger perceptual modulation by global orientation contexts. This anatomically correlated tradeoff between discrimination sensitivity and contextual modulation of orientation perception, however, does not generalize to contrast perception or luminance perception. Neural field simulations based on a scaling of intracortical circuits reproduce our empirical observations. Together our findings reveal a feature-specific shift in the scope of visual perception from context-oriented to detail-oriented with increased visual cortical surface area.
Emerging superconductivity hidden beneath charge-transfer insulators
Authors: Krockenberger Yoshiharu , Irie Hiroshi , Matsumoto Osamu , Yamagami Keitaro , Mitsuhashi Masaya , Tsukada Akio , Naito Michio , Yamamoto Hideki 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn many of today's most interesting materials, strong interactions prevail upon the magnetic moments, the electrons and the crystal lattice, forming strong links between these different aspects of the system. Particularly, in two-dimensional cuprates, where copper is either five- or six-fold coordinated, superconductivity is commonly induced by chemical doping which is deemed to be mandatory by destruction of long-range antiferromagnetic order of 3d9 Cu2+ moments. Here we show that superconductivity can be induced in Pr2CuO4, where copper is four-fold coordinated. We induced this novel quantum state of Pr2CuO4 by realizing pristine square-planar coordinated copper in the copper-oxygen planes, thus, resulting in critical superconducting temperatures even higher than by chemical doping. Our results demonstrate new degrees of freedom, i.e., coordination of copper, for the manipulation of magnetic and superconducting order parameters in quantum materials.