bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment For Industrial Control Systems Quantifying Availability Using Mean Failure Cost (MFC)
Authors: Chen Qian , Abercrombie Robert K. , Sheldon Frederick T. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
1 Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are commonly used in industries such as oil and natural gas, transportation, electric, water and wastewater, chemical, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, food and beverage, as well as discrete manufacturing (e.g., automotive, aerospace, and durable goods.) SCADA systems are generally used to control dispersed assets using centralized data acquisition and supervisory control.
Originally, ICS implementations were susceptible primarily to local threats because most of their components were located in physically secure areas (i.e., ICS components were not connected to IT networks or systems). The trend toward integrating ICS systems with IT networks (e.g., efficiency and the Internet of Things) provides significantly less isolation for ICS from the outside world thus creating greater risk due to external threats. Albeit, the availability of ICS/SCADA systems is critical to assuring safety, security and profitability. Such systems form the backbone of our national cyber-physical infrastructure.
Herein, we extend the concept of mean failure cost (MFC) to address quantifying availability to harmonize well with ICS security risk assessment. This new measure is based on the classic formulation of Availability combined with Mean Failure Cost (MFC). The metric offers a computational basis to estimate the availability of a system in terms of the loss that each stakeholder stands to sustain as a result of security violations or breakdowns (e.g., deliberate malicious failures).
Improvement Of Performance Of Japanese P300 Speller By Using Second Display
Authors: Yamamoto Yuya , Yoshikawa Tomohiro , Furuhashi Takeshi 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Brain computer interface (BCI) is a system allows a user to control external devices or to communicate with other people using only his or her thoughts. The P300 speller is one such BCI in which users input letters. For inputting letters via the P300 speller, higher accuracy and shorter input times are needed, especially given densely populated display screens. We propose a new interface with a second display in the P300 speller that the user can switch to and from by selecting the “next” or “back” commands, therby reducing the density of displayed letters and improving the performance of the P300 speller. We show the comparison results in terms of accuracy and input times between the conventional interface and proposed interface.
No-Synthase Activity in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease Associated with Hypertension of Different Age Groups/ Aktivnost no-sintaze kod pacijenata s koronarnom bolešću srca povezanom s hipertenzijom kod različitih starosnih grupa
Authors: Besedina Anna 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackground: Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Hypertension is a major independent risk factor for the development of CHD. Abnormalities in NO generation or activity have been proposed as a major mechanism of CHD. The purpose of this article is to determine the activity of eNOS and iNOS in patients with isolated CHD and CHD associated with HT of different age groups.Methods: Fifty patients with isolated CHD and 42 patients with CHD associated with HT were enrolled in this study. NOS activity was determined by nitrite anion formed in the reaction.Results: A statistically significant increase in iNOS activity is observed in elderly donors. In patients with isolated coronary heart disease cNOS activity is statistically significantly reduced with respect to the control group. The reduction of enzymatic activity of cNOS is more expressed in elderly patients than in middle-aged patients with coronary heart disease. Alterations in eNOS activity are more expressed in patients with coronary heart disease associated with hypertension than in patients with isolated coronary heart disease. Against the background of cNOS inhibition in the patients, a sharp increase in iNOS activity is observed.Conclusions: It has been shown that disturbance of endo - thelial function in patients with coronary heart disease associated with hypertension is characterized by reduced endothelial NO synthesis by cNOS and increased systemic NO synthesis due to increased iNOS activity. It has been found that the lack of endothelial NO and hyperproduction of »harmful« NO by iNOS are more expressed in elderly patients.
CTX Correlation to Disease Duration and Adiponectin in Egyptian Children with T1DM/ Korelacija između CTX-a i trajanja bolesti i adiponektina kod egipatske dece sa T1DM
Authors: Hashim Amel A. , Ali Sahar A. , Emara Ibrahim A. , El-Hefnawy Mohamed H. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackground:In this study, we investigated the relationship of adiponectin with bone marker changes in Egyptian children and adolescents with T1DM and the effect of disease duration on these markers, as well as the possible correlations between adiponectin and bone markers in these patients.Methods: Sixty Egyptian children and adolescent patients with T1DM were studied. Serum adiponectin and collagen breakdown products (cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type l »CTX«) were measured and compared to the results of 20 age-matched healthy controls.Results: After adjustment for age, BMI, Tanner stage and gender; (total) adiponectin was significantly higher in all T1DM patients. Serum level of CTX and 25(OH)D showed a marked decrease in diabetics with disease duration > 5 years. Serum level of (total) calcium and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) did not show significant difference from control. CTX was inversely correlated to FBG and T1DM duration. Pi was inversely, while 25(OH)D was directly correlated to FBG. Total calcium showed an inverse correlation with HbA1c. FBG, TC, TAG, LDL-C were independent predictors of CTX in T1DM.Conclusions: Adiponectin showed no correlation with either CTX or bone homeostatic indices. FBG, TC, TAG, LDL-C were independent predictors of CTX in T1DM. We recommend further investigation of adiponectin isoforms in a population-based study, to establish a good age- and sexrelated reference.
The wild goat of Montecristo Island: did it ever exist?
Authors: Gippoliti Spartaco 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIt has recently been claimed by Masseti that a wild goat survived on Montecristo Island until the first half of the 20th century and that subsequent selection procedures produced a goat that did not resemble any true wild goat. In the present note, it is emphasized that the Montecristo goat was in fact never taxonomically described. The fact that a Montecristo “wild” goat has been included in the national and European legislation as a protected “species” could only been explained with the decline of mammal taxonomy that has been observed in Western Europe during the second half of 20th century.
Spin waves in a ferromagnetic nanotube of an
elliptic cross-section in the presence of a
spin-polarized current
Authors: Gorobets Yuri I. , Kulish Volodymyr V. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In the paper, spin waves in a ferromagnetic nanotube
of an elliptic cross-section in the presence of a spinpolarized
electric current are investigated. The linearized
Landau-Lifshitz equation in themagnetostatic approximation
is used, with the exchange interaction, the dipoledipolemagnetic
interaction, the anisotropy effects and the
dissipation effects taken into account; the influence of the
spin-polarized current is considered by the Slonczewski-
Berger term. After elimination of the magnetization density
perturbation, an equation for the magnetic potential
for the above-described spin excitations is obtained. From
this equation, a dispersion relation for spin waves in the
nanosystem described previously is obtained. Analysis of
the dispersion relation shows that the presence of the spinpolarized
current can strengthen or weaken the dissipation,
creating an “effective dissipation”; the effect is analogous
to the “effective dissipation” in a two-layer ferromagnetic
film in the presence of a spin-polarized current. Depending
on the direction and the density of the current the
spinwave can decay faster or slower than in the absence of
the current, transform into a self-sustained wave or grow
in amplitude, thus leading to a spin wave generation.
Stimulation of Chromosomal Rearrangements by Ribonucleotides
Authors: Conover Hailey N , Lujan Scott A , Chapman Mary J , Cornelio Deborah A , Sharif Rabab , Williams Jessica S , Clark Alan B , Camilo Francheska , Kunkel Thomas A , Argueso Juan Lucas 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe show by whole genome sequence analysis that loss of RNase H2 activity increases loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae diploid strains harboring the pol2-M644G allele encoding a mutant version of DNA polymerase ε that increases ribonucleotide incorporation. This led us to analyze the effects of loss of RNase H2 on LOH and on nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) in mutant diploid strains with deletions of genes encoding RNase H2 subunits (rnh201Δ, rnh202Δ, and rnh203Δ), topoisomerase 1 (TOP1Δ), and/or carrying mutant alleles of DNA polymerases ε, α, and δ. We observed an ∼7-fold elevation of the LOH rate in RNase H2 mutants encoding wild-type DNA polymerases. Strains carrying the pol2-M644G allele displayed a 7-fold elevation in the LOH rate, and synergistic 23-fold elevation in combination with rnh201Δ. In comparison, strains carrying the pol2-M644L mutation that decreases ribonucleotide incorporation displayed lower LOH rates. The LOH rate was not elevated in strains carrying the pol1-L868M or pol3-L612M alleles that result in increased incorporation of ribonucleotides during DNA synthesis by polymerases α and δ, respectively. A similar trend was observed in an NAHR assay, albeit with smaller phenotypic differentials. The ribonucleotide-mediated increases in the LOH and NAHR rates were strongly dependent on TOP1. These data add to recent reports on the asymmetric mutagenicity of ribonucleotides caused by topoisomerase 1 processing of ribonucleotides incorporated during DNA replication.
Elevated Genome-Wide Instability in Yeast Mutants Lacking RNase H Activity
Authors: O’Connell Karen , Jinks-Robertson Sue , Petes Thomas D 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTwo types of RNA:DNA associations can lead to genome instability: the formation of R-loops during transcription and the incorporation of ribonucleotide monophosphates (rNMPs) into DNA during replication. Both ribonuclease (RNase) H1 and RNase H2 degrade the RNA component of R-loops, whereas only RNase H2 can remove one or a few rNMPs from DNA. We performed high-resolution mapping of mitotic recombination events throughout the yeast genome in diploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking RNase H1 (rnh1Δ), RNase H2 (rnh201Δ), or both RNase H1 and RNase H2 (rnh1Δ rnh201Δ). We found little effect on recombination in the rnh1Δ strain, but elevated recombination in both the rnh201Δ and the double-mutant strains; levels of recombination in the double mutant were ∼50% higher than in the rnh201 single-mutant strain. An rnh201Δ mutant that additionally contained a mutation that reduces rNMP incorporation by DNA polymerase ε (pol2-M644L) had a level of instability similar to that observed in the presence of wild-type Pol ε. This result suggests that the elevated recombination observed in the absence of only RNase H2 is primarily a consequence of R-loops rather than misincorporated rNMPs.
The Effects of Age, Information, and Personal Contact on Attitudes toward Individuals with Cleft-Lip and Palate
Authors: Blancher Adam , Goodwyn Mary Ann 
Published: September 2015

Objective The aim of the study was to examine how information and brief personal contact with individuals who have a cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) affected attitudes and to compare these effects across two age cohorts. Design and Participants A pretest-posttest design was utilized to determine if accurate information and personal contact with an individual with CLP would affect cognitive, emotional, and behavioral attitudes in participants without CLP. To assess attitudes, 189 participants without cleft lip and palate completed a modified version of the Multidimensional Attitudes Scale toward Persons with Disabilities ( Findler et al., 2007 ). The study included a child cohort (n = 78; Mean age = 10.01 years) and a young adult cohort (n = 111; Mean age = 19.58 years). Results Using a mixed MANCOVA, it was found that children's cognitive attitudes were significantly improved (22.54%) by information and personal contact with individuals with CLP. Within the young adult cohort, however, findings were inconsistent with prior research in that information and personal contact did not significantly affect their attitudes. There were no significant differences in attitudes between the age cohorts; however, data suggests that the children responded differently to the experimental intervention. Conclusions Nonclefted children's attitudes toward individuals with CLP can be significantly improved using educational information and personal contact with individuals with CLP. In the current study, the combination of accurate information and personal contact enhanced the degree of attitude change over and above the provision of information only.
Association between Genes Involved in Craniofacial Development and Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and/or Palate in the Brazilian Population
Authors: Machado Renato Assis , Messetti Ana Camila , De Aquino Sibele Nascimento , Martelli-Júnior Hercílio , Swerts Mário Sérgio Oliveira , De Almeida Reis Silvia Regina , Moreira Helenara Salvati Bertolossi , Persuhn Darlene Camati , Coletta Ricardo D. 
Published: September 2015

Objective To determine the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to craniofacial development, which were previously identified as susceptibility signals for nonsyndromic oral clefts, in Brazilians with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCL/P). Design The SNPs rs748044 (TNP1), rs1106514 (MSX1), rs28372960, rs15251 and rs2569062 (TCOF1), rs7829058 (FGFR1), rs1793949 (COL2A1), rs11653738 (WNT3), and rs242082 (TIMP3) were assessed in a family-based transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and a structured case-control analysis based on the individual ancestry proportions. Setting The SNPs were initially analyzed by TDT, and polymorphisms showing a trend toward excess transmission were subsequently studied in an independent case-control sample. Participants The study sample consisted of 189 case-parent trios of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL±P), 107 case-parent trios of nonsyndromic cleft palate (NSCP), 318 isolated samples of NSCL±P, 189 isolated samples of NSCP, and 599 healthy controls. Main Outcome Measure Association of alleles with NSCL/P pathogenesis. Results Preferential transmission of SNPs rs28372960 and rs7829058 in NSCL±P trios and rs11653738 in NSCP trios ( P = .04) were observed, although the structured case-control analysis did not confirm these associations. The haplotype T-C-C formed by TCOF1 SNPs rs28372960, rs15251, and rs2569062 was more frequently transmitted from healthy parents to NSCL±P offspring, but the P value ( P = .01) did not withstand Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. Conclusions With the modest associations, our results do not support the hypothesis that TNP1, MSX1, TCOF1, FGFR1, COL2A1, WNT3, and TIMP3 variants are risk factors for nonsyndromic oral clefts in the Brazilian population.
El perfil del turista náutico en el destino Cabo Verde
Authors: Lam González Yen Elizabeth , De León Ledesma Javier 
Published: September 2015

El turismo náutico se ha definido como un área estratégica prioritaria para lanecesaria diversificación del turismo en Cabo Verde. El estudio de la demanda de turismo náutico es un campo de estudio prácticamente inexistente hasta el momento en este país, por lo que se considera un aspecto clave para replantear el desarrollo de la actividad.El presente artículo describe el perfil del turista que viaja a Cabo Verde motivado por la práctica de actividades náutico-recreativas. La planificación del viaje y las principales motivaciones y actitudes del consumidor náutico en el destino son algunos de los resultados obtenidos después de encuestar a 153 turistas náuticos en su paso por Cabo Verde durante 2015. El disponer de información sobre las características y preferencias del mercado constituye una importante herramienta a la hora de diseñar una estrategia promocional o de establecer nuevas y renovadas inversiones, tanto en lo concerniente a centros, como a empresas o a infraestructuras. La percepción del turista náutico sobre los atributos del destino, su satisfacción con la visita y la imagen global y afectiva percibida del destino constituyen otro grupo de resultados que permiten identificar debilidades en la actual oferta de productos y servicios náuticos de Cabo Verde.
Comparative Economic-Performance Analysis of Production-Sharing Contracts in Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Nigeria
Authors: Echendu Joseph C. , Iledare Omowunmi O. , Onwuka Emmanuel I. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe petroleum fiscal system (PFS) is a key determinant of investment decision in the exploration and production (E&P) of oil and gas. It describes the relationship among the host governments, the investors, and community stakeholders with respect to how costs are recovered and profits are shared equitably. A comparative economics of the performance of fiscal regimes becomes imperative because it affects stakeholders in making informed decisions on the oil-and-gas business investments worldwide.This paper evaluates the structure, conduct, and performance of production-sharing contracts in Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Nigeria in the Gulf of Guinea (GOG). These countries hold approximately 90% of the GOG proved reserves. Economic analysis of the same E&P phases with hypothetical field and cost data under different PFSs are presented and discussed for comparative PFS performance evaluations. Comparison of the effects of front-loaded government take, profit oil split, and taxation show that production-sharing contract fiscal terms and instruments in Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Nigeria are relatively competitive among these nations. We found that as the risk in deepwater investment increases with water depth, return on investment rises in Nigeria. Monte Carlo simulation process incorporated to account for risk and uncertainties reveals early discounted payout for investors in these GOG countries with significant degree, ceteris paribus.
Hedging Executive Compensation Risk through Investment Banks
Authors: Dye Ronald A. , Sridhar Sri S. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
Allowing CEOs to hedge the risk in the compensation contracts their firms give them has been controversial because such hedging allows the executives to undo some of the incentive effects of those contracts; it also results in a divergence between the compensation firms pay their senior executives and the compensation those executives effectively receive. We analyze these personal hedging activities of CEOs and identify when firms may gain or lose by allowing or prohibiting such hedging. We also describe variations in CEOs' demands for various compensation hedges, and how firms will restructure their CEOs' compensation contracts in anticipation that the CEOs will engage in such hedging.
Current trends in headgear use for the treatment of Class II malocclusions
Authors: Tüfekçi Eser , Allen Samuel B. , Best Al M. , Lindauer Steven J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To investigate American and Canadian orthodontists’ opinions and perceptions on the use of headgear in the treatment of Class II malocclusions.

Materials and Methods:
An online survey was sent to randomly chosen orthodontists (n  =  1000).

Results:
The study was completed by 948 orthodontists; 62% of the orthodontists indicated that they were using headgear in their practice. Those who were not using the appliance (38%) reported that this was mainly due to the availability of better Class II correctors in the market and lack of patient compliance. Of those who use headgear, 24% indicated that the emphasis on headgear use during their residency was an influential aspect of their decision making (P &lt; .05). Nearly a quarter of those who do not use headgear reported that learning about other Class II correctors through continuing education courses was an important factor (P &lt; .05). There was no difference between the headgear users and nonusers in the year and location of practice. Compared with previous studies, this study showed a decline in the use of headgear among orthodontists.

Conclusions:
Despite a decline, more than half of the orthodontists (62%) believe headgear is a viable treatment. Availability of Class II correctors in the market and familiarity with these appliances though continuing education courses are the reasons for the remaining 38% of orthodontists to abandon use of the headgear.
Trends of Diagnosis-Specific Work Disability After Newly Diagnosed Diabetes: A 4-Year Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Virtanen Marianna , Ervasti Jenni , Mittendorfer-Rutz Ellenor , Tinghög Petter , Lallukka Tea , Kjeldgård Linnea , Pentti Jaana , Alexanderson Kristina 
Published: September 2015

OBJECTIVE
We examined trends of diagnosis-specific work disability after newly diagnosed diabetes, comparing individuals with diabetes with those without diabetes, and identified the subgroups with the highest levels of work disability.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The register data of diabetes medication and in- and outpatient hospital visits were used to identify all recorded new diabetes cases among the population aged 25–59 years in Sweden in 2006 (n = 14,098). Data for a 4-year follow-up of ICD-10 physician-certified sickness absence and disability pension days (2007‒2010) were obtained from the Swedish Social Insurance Agency. Comparisons were made using a random sample of the population without recorded diabetes (n = 39,056).

RESULTS
The most common causes of work disability were mental and musculoskeletal disorders; diabetes as a reason for disability was rare. Most of the excess work disability among people with diabetes compared with those without diabetes was owing to mental disorders (mean difference adjusted for confounding factors 18.8‒19.8 compensated days/year), musculoskeletal diseases (12.1‒12.8 days/year), circulatory diseases (5.9‒6.5 days/year), diseases of the nervous system (1.8‒2.0 days/year), and injuries (1.0‒1.2 days/year). The disparity in mental disorders first widened and then narrowed, while the difference in other major diagnostic categories was stable over 4 years. The highest rate (45.3 days/year) was found among people who had diabetes, lived alone, and were disabled from work owing to mental disorders.

CONCLUSIONS
The increased risk of work disability among those with diabetes is largely attributed to comorbid mental, musculoskeletal, and circulatory diseases. It is important to monitor comorbid conditions and take account of socioeconomic disadvantage.