bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games and national pride
Authors: Leng H. K. , Kuo T. Y. , Baysa-Pee Grain , Tay Josephine 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– Singapore hosted the inaugural Youth Olympic Games (YOG) in 2010. Prior studies have shown that a country hosting a major sports event can raise the level of national pride among its citizens. The purpose of this paper is to examine the change in national pride among spectators and non-spectators following the hosting of the YOG.Design/methodology/approach– A longitudinal research design was employed in this study. Surveys using the General National Pride Scale to measure the level of national pride were conducted two months before and after the YOG.Findings– Using pairedt-tests, the results showed that there was a significant increase in the level of national pride among non-spectators.Research limitations/implications– The research concurs with earlier research that hosting a major sports event can increase the level of national pride in the population.Practical implications– From an application standpoint, this research suggests that in planning major sports events, the government should recognise that such events can increase the level of national pride even among those who have expressed no interest in the sports events.Social implications– National pride can be fostered through the hosting of major sports events.Originality/value– This study demonstrates that in hosting a major sports event, there is an increase in national pride even among non-spectators and those who have no interest in the event.
The Effects of Training Volume and Repetition Distance on Session Rating of Perceived Exertion and Internal Load in Swimmers
Authors: Barroso Renato , Salgueiro Diego F. , do Carmo Everton C. , Nakamura Fábio Y. 
Published: February 2015

Purpose:
To assess swimmers’ session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) after standardized sets of interval swimming training performed at the same relative intensity but with different total volume and repetition distance.

Methods:
Thirteen moderately trained swimmers (21.1 ± 1.1 y, 178 ± 6 cm, 74.1 ± 8.3 kg, 100-m freestyle 60.2 ± 2.9 s) performed 4 standardized sets (10 × 100-m, 20 × 100-m, 10 × 200-m, and 5 × 400-m) at the same relative intensity (ie, critical speed), and 1 coach (age 31 y, 7 y coaching experience) rated their efforts. Swimmers’ sRPE was assessed 30 min after the training session. Coach sRPE was collected before each training session. Internal load was calculated by multiplying sRPE by session duration.

Results:
When bouts with the same repetition distance and different volumes (10 × 100-m vs 20 × 100-m) are compared, sRPE and internal load are higher in 20 × 100-m bouts. When maintaining constant volume, sRPE and internal load (20 × 100-m, 10 × 200-m, and 5 × 400-m) are higher only in 5 × 400-m bouts. The coach’s and swimmers’ sRPE differed in 10 × 200-m and 5 × 400-m.

Conclusions:
These results indicate that sRPE in swimming is affected not only by intensity but also by volume and repetition distance. In addition, swimmers’ and the coach’s sRPE were different when longer repetition distances were used during training sessions. Therefore, care should be taken when prescribing swimming sessions with longer volume and/or longer repetition distances.
Factors Influencing Perception of Effort (Session Rating of Perceived Exertion) During Elite Soccer Training
Authors: Gaudino Paolo , Iaia F. Marcello , Strudwick Anthony J. , Hawkins Richard D. , Alberti Giampietro , Atkinson Greg , Gregson Warren 
Published: February 2015

Purpose:
The aim of the current study was to identify the external-training-load markers that are most influential on session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of training load (RPE-TL) during elite soccer training.

Methods:
Twenty-two elite players competing in the English Premier League were monitored. Training-load data (RPE and 10-Hz GPS integrated with a 100-Hz accelerometer) were collected during 1892 individual training sessions over an entire in-season competitive period. Expert knowledge and a collinearity r < .5 were used initially to select the external training variables for the final analysis. A multivariateadjusted within-subjects model was employed to quantify the correlations of RPE and RPE-TL (RPE × duration) with various measures of external training intensity and training load.

Results:
Total high-speed-running (HSR; >14.4 km/h) distance and number of impacts and accelerations >3 m/s2 remained in the final multivariate model (P < .001). The adjusted correlations with RPE were r = .14, r = .09, and r = .25 for HSR, impacts, and accelerations, respectively. For RPE-TL, the correlations were r = .11, r = .45, and r = .37, respectively.

Conclusions:
The external-load measures that were found to be moderately predictive of RPE-TL in soccer training were HSR distance and the number of impacts and accelerations. These findings provide new evidence to support the use of RPE-TL as a global measure of training load in elite soccer. Furthermore, understanding the influence of characteristics affecting RPE-TL may help coaches and practitioners enhance training prescription and athlete monitoring.
Dietary Habits and Weight Maintenance Success in High Versus Low Exercisers in the National Weight Control Registry
Authors: Catenacci Victoria Anne , Odgen Lorraine , Phelan Suzanne , Thomas J. Graham , Hill James , Wing Rena R. , Wyatt Holly 
Published: February 2015

Background:The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) was established to examine characteristics of successful weight loss maintainers. This study compares the diet and behavioral characteristics and weight regain trajectories of NWCR members with differing physical activity (PA) levels at baseline.Methods:Participants (n = 3591) were divided into 4 levels of self-reported PA at registry entry (< 1000, 1000 to < 2250, 2250 to < 3500, and ≥ 3500 kcals/week). We compared self-reported energy intake (EI), macronutrient composition, eating behaviors (dietary restraint, hunger, and disinhibition), weight loss maintenance strategies, and 3 year weight regain between these 4 activity groups.Results:Those with the highest PA at registry entry had lost the most weight, and reported lower fat intake, more dietary restraint, and greater reliance on several specific dietary strategies to maintain weight loss. Those in the lowest PA category maintained weight loss despite low levels of PA and without greater reliance on dietary strategies. There were no differences in odds of weight regain at year 3 between PA groups.Conclusions:These findings suggest that there is not a “one size fits all strategy” for successful weight loss maintenance and that weight loss maintenance may require the use of more strategies by some individuals than others.
An Evaluation of a College Exercise Leader Program: Using Exercise Science Students as Advocates for Behavior Modification
Authors: Armstrong Shelley Nicole , Henderson Daniel R. , Williams Brian M. , Burcin Michelle M. 
Published: February 2015

Background:The purpose of this study was to evaluate a college’s exercise leadership program, which was developed to help students, faculty and staff implement behavior changes necessary to begin and maintain a comprehensive exercise program.Methods:From 2006–2011, a total 66 subjects were recruited and each was assigned to a student exercise leader. Based on comprehensive baseline assessments, each student designed an individualized exercise program for his/her subject. At program completion, the subjects were reassessed.Results:Paired t tests were used to find significant statistical changes (P < .05) among the fitness components. Significant changes as a function of the 6-week exercise program were observed in body weight, body fat percentage, waist circumference, 1-mile walk time, sit-ups, push-ups, and trunk flexion.Conclusions:Getting started is the most difficult step, but beginning an exercise program has immediate benefits. Institutions of higher education are addressing issues of wellness as a means for increasing graduation, retention, and productivity rates among their campus constituents. These efforts are part of a collaborative effort initiated by the American College Health Association known as Healthy Campus 2020. The findings from this study have a direct impact on programmatic efforts.
Health Characteristics and Sedentary Behavior Impact on Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in a National U.S. Sample
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. , Kohli Manish 
Published: February 2015

Objective:Independent of previously recognized clinical factors influencing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (eg, age and race-ethnicity), sedentary behavior has recently been reported to be associated with higher PSA measurements. The extent of interaction of putative clinical factors with sedentary behavior and their impact on PSA levels is unknown. We examined the interaction of previously known PSA influencing demographic patient characteristics with patient sedentary behavior on PSA levels.Methods:Data from the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Sedentary behavior was objectively measured using an accelerometer in 1690 participants who were included in the analytic sample. Multivariate linear regression analysis across potential clinical and biological modifiers of PSA levels were used to examine the association between sedentary behavior and PSA levels.Results:After controlling for covariates, a positive association between sedentary behavior and PSA was detected among distinctive patient groups, including non-Hispanic whites, overweight/obese subjects, hypertensive participants, and participants with evidence of diabetes and those reported to have benign prostate hypertrophy.Conclusion:These results suggest that patients with distinct clinical characteristics engaging in sedentary lifestyles are likely to have higher PSA levels.
Whole-Genome Sequence of Chryseobacterium oranimense, a Colistin-Resistant Bacterium Isolated from a Cystic Fibrosis Patient in France
Authors: Sharma Poonam , Gupta Sushim Kumar , Diene Seydina M. , Rolain Jean-Marc 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTFor the first time, we report the whole-genome sequence analysis ofChryseobacterium oranimenseG311, a multidrug-resistant bacterium, from a cystic fibrosis patient in France, including resistance to colistin. Whole-genome sequencing ofC. oranimenseG311 was performed using Ion Torrent PGM, and RAST, the EMBL-EBI server, and the Antibiotic Resistance Gene-ANNOTation (ARG-ANNOT) database were used for annotation of all genes, including antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. General features of theC. oranimenseG311 draft genome were compared to the other available genomes ofChryseobacterium gleumandChryseobacteriumsp. strain CF314.C. oranimenseG311 was found to be resistant to all β-lactams, including imipenem, and to colistin. The genome size ofC. oranimenseG311 is 4,457,049 bp in length, with 37.70% GC content. We found 27 AR genes in the genome, including β-lactamase genes which showed little similarity to the known β-lactamase genes and could likely be novel. We found the type I polyketide synthase operon followed by a zeaxanthin glycosyltransferase gene in the genome, which could impart the yellow pigmentation of the isolate. We located the O-antigen biosynthesis cluster, and we also discovered a novel capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis cluster. We also found known mutations in the orthologs of thepmrA(E8D),pmrB(L208F and P360Q), andlpxA(G68D) genes. We speculate that the presence of the capsular cluster and mutations in these genes could explain the resistance of this bacterium to colistin. We demonstrate that whole-genome sequencing was successfully applied to decipher the resistome of a multidrug resistance bacterium associated with cystic fibrosis patients.
Multicenter Evaluation of MIC Distributions for Epidemiologic Cutoff Value Definition To Detect Amphotericin B, Posaconazole, and Itraconazole Resistance among the Most Clinically Relevant Species of Mucorales
Authors: Espinel-Ingroff A. , Chakrabarti A. , Chowdhary A. , Cordoba S. , Dannaoui E. , Dufresne P. , Fothergill A. , Ghannoum M. , Gonzalez G. M. , Guarro J. , Kidd S. , Lass-Flörl C. , Meis J. F. , Pelaez T. , Tortorano A. M. , Turnidge J. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

Clinical breakpoints (CBPs) have not been established for the
Mucorales
and any antifungal agent. In lieu of CBPs, epidemiologic cutoff values (ECVs) are proposed for amphotericin B, posaconazole, and itraconazole and four
Mucorales
species. Wild-type (WT) MIC distributions (organisms in a species-drug combination with no detectable acquired resistance mechanisms) were defined with available pooled CLSI MICs from 14 laboratories (Argentina, Australia, Canada, Europe, India, Mexico, and the United States) as follows: 10
Apophysomyces variabilis
, 32
Cunninghamella bertholletiae
, 136
Lichtheimia corymbifera
, 10
Mucor indicus
, 123
M. circinelloides
, 19
M. ramosissimus
, 349
Rhizopus arrhizus
, 146
R. microsporus
, 33
Rhizomucor pusillus
, and 36
Syncephalastrum racemosum
isolates. CLSI broth microdilution MICs were aggregated for the analyses. ECVs comprising ≥95% and ≥97.5% of the modeled populations were as follows: amphotericin B ECVs for
L. corymbifera
were 1 and 2 μg/ml, those for
M. circinelloides
were 1 and 2 μg/ml, those for
R. arrhizus
were 2 and 4 μg/ml, and those for
R. microsporus
were 2 and 2 μg/ml, respectively; posaconazole ECVs for
L. corymbifera
were 1 and 2, those for
M. circinelloides
were 4 and 4, those for
R. arrhizus
were 1 and 2, and those for
R. microsporus
were 1 and 2, respectively; both itraconazole ECVs for
R. arrhizus
were 2 μg/ml. ECVs may aid in detecting emerging resistance or isolates with reduced susceptibility (non-WT MICs) to the agents evaluated.
Genomes of PlanktonicAcidimicrobiales: Widening Horizons for MarineActinobacteriaby Metagenomics
Authors: Mizuno Carolina Megumi , Rodriguez-Valera Francisco , Ghai Rohit 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe genomes of four novel marineActinobacteriahave been assembled from large metagenomic data sets derived from the Mediterranean deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM). These are the first marine representatives belonging to the orderAcidimicrobialesand only the second group of planktonic marineActinobacteriato be described. Their streamlined genomes and photoheterotrophic lifestyle suggest that they are planktonic, free-living microbes. A novel rhodopsin clade, acidirhodopsins, related to freshwater actinorhodopsins, was found in these organisms. Their genomes suggest a capacity to assimilate C2 compounds, some using the glyoxylate bypass and others with the ethylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) pathway. They are also able to derive energy from dimethylsulfopropionate (DMSP), sulfonate, and carbon monoxide oxidation, all commonly available in the marine habitat. These organisms appear to be prevalent in the deep photic zone at or around the DCM. The presence of sister clades to the marineAcidimicrobialesin freshwater aquatic habitats provides a new example of marine-freshwater transitions with potential evolutionary insights.IMPORTANCEDespite several studies showing the importance and abundance of planktonicActinobacteriain the marine habitat, a representative genome was only recently described. In order to expand the genomic repertoire of marineActinobacteria, we describe here the firstAcidimicrobidaegenomes of marine origin and provide insights about their ecology. They display metabolic versatility in the acquisition of carbon and appear capable of utilizing diverse sources of energy. One of the genomes harbors a new kind of rhodopsin related to the actinorhodopsin clade of freshwater origin that is widespread in the oceans. Our data also support their preference to inhabit the deep chlorophyll maximum and the deep photic zone. This work contributes to the perception of marine actinobacterial groups as important players in the marine environment with distinct and important contributions to nutrient cycling in the oceans.
Systems-Based Analysis of the
Sarcocystis neurona
Genome Identifies Pathways That Contribute to a Heteroxenous Life Cycle
Authors: Blazejewski Tomasz , Nursimulu Nirvana , Pszenny Viviana , Dangoudoubiyam Sriveny , Namasivayam Sivaranjani , Chiasson Melissa A. , Chessman Kyle , Tonkin Michelle , Swapna Lakshmipuram S. , Hung Stacy S. , Bridgers Joshua , Ricklefs Stacy M. , Boulanger Martin J. , Dubey Jitender P. , Porcella Stephen F. , Kissinger Jessica C. , Howe Daniel K. , Grigg Michael E. , Parkinson John 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

Sarcocystis neurona
is a member of the coccidia, a clade of single-celled parasites of medical and veterinary importance including
Eimeria
,
Sarcocystis
,
Neospora
, and Toxoplasma. Unlike
Eimeria
, a single-host enteric pathogen,
Sarcocystis
,
Neospora
, and Toxoplasma are two-host parasites that infect and produce infectious tissue cysts in a wide range of intermediate hosts. As a genus,
Sarcocystis
is one of the most successful protozoan parasites; all vertebrates, including birds, reptiles, fish, and mammals are hosts to at least one
Sarcocystis
species. Here we sequenced
Sarcocystis neurona
, the causal agent of fatal equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. The S. neurona genome is 127 Mbp, more than twice the size of other sequenced coccidian genomes. Comparative analyses identified conservation of the invasion machinery among the coccidia. However, many dense-granule and rhoptry kinase genes, responsible for altering host effector pathways in Toxoplasma and
Neospora
, are absent from S. neurona. Further, S. neurona has a divergent repertoire of SRS proteins, previously implicated in tissue cyst formation in Toxoplasma. Systems-based analyses identified a series of metabolic innovations, including the ability to exploit alternative sources of energy. Finally, we present an S. neurona model detailing conserved molecular innovations that promote the transition from a purely enteric lifestyle (
Eimeria
) to a heteroxenous parasite capable of infecting a wide range of intermediate hosts.

IMPORTANCE
Sarcocystis neurona
is a member of the coccidia, a clade of single-celled apicomplexan parasites responsible for major economic and health care burdens worldwide. A cousin of Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium,
Theileria
, and
Eimeria
,
Sarcocystis
is one of the most successful parasite genera; it is capable of infecting all vertebrates (fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals—including humans). The past decade has witnessed an increasing number of human outbreaks of clinical significance associated with acute sarcocystosis. Among
Sarcocystis
species, S. neurona has a wide host range and causes fatal encephalitis in horses, marine mammals, and several other mammals. To provide insights into the transition from a purely enteric parasite (e.g.,
Eimeria
) to one that forms tissue cysts (Toxoplasma), we present the first genome sequence of S. neurona. Comparisons with other coccidian genomes highlight the molecular innovations that drive its distinct life cycle strategies.
Measles Fusion Machinery Is Dysregulated in Neuropathogenic Variants
Authors: Jurgens Eric M. , Mathieu Cyrille , Palermo Laura M. , Hardie Diana , Horvat Branka , Moscona Anne , Porotto Matteo 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Paramyxoviruses, including the human pathogen measles virus (MV), enter host cells by fusing their viral envelope with the target cell membrane. This fusion process is driven by the concerted actions of the two viral envelope glycoproteins, the receptor binding protein (hemagglutinin [H]) and the fusion (F) protein. H attaches to specific proteinaceous receptors on host cells; once the receptor engages, H activates F to directly mediate lipid bilayer fusion during entry. In a recent MV outbreak in South Africa, several HIV-positive people died of MV central nervous system (CNS) infection. We analyzed the virus sequences from these patients and found that specific intrahost evolution of the F protein had occurred and resulted in viruses that are “CNS adapted.” A mutation in F of the CNS-adapted virus (a leucine-to-tryptophan change present at position 454) allows it to promote fusion with less dependence on engagement of H by the two known wild-type (wt) MV cellular receptors. This F protein is activated independently of H or the receptor and has reduced thermal stability and increased fusion activity compared to those of the corresponding wt F. These functional effects are the result of the single L454W mutation in F. We hypothesize that in the absence of effective cellular immunity, such as HIV infection, MV variants bearing altered fusion machinery that enabled efficient spread in the CNS underwent positive selection.

IMPORTANCE
Measles virus has become a concern in the United States and Europe due to recent outbreaks and continues to be a significant global problem. While live immunization is available, there are no effective therapies or prophylactics to combat measles infection in unprotected people. Additionally, vaccination does not adequately protect immunocompromised people, who are vulnerable to the more severe CNS manifestations of disease. We found that strains isolated from patients with measles virus infection of the CNS have fusion properties different from those of strains previously isolated from patients without CNS involvement. Specifically, the viral entry machinery is more active and the virus can spread, even in the absence of H. Our findings are consistent with an intrahost evolution of the fusion machinery that leads to neuropathogenic MV variants.
Management of paediatric spontaneous pneumothorax: a multicentre retrospective case series
Authors: Robinson Paul D , Blackburn Carol , Babl Franz E , Gamage Lalith , Schutz Jacquie , Nogajski Rebecca , Dalziel Stuart , Donald Colin B , Druda Dino , Krieser David , Neutze Jocelyn , Acworth Jason , Lee Mark , Ngo Peter K 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesPaediatric guidelines are lacking for management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Adult patient-focused guidelines (British Thoracic Society 2003 and 2010) introduced aspiration as first-line intervention for primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) and small secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces (SSP). Paediatric practice is unclear, and evidence for aspiration success rates is urgently required to develop paediatric-specific recommendations.MethodsRetrospective analysis of PSP and SSP management at nine paediatric emergency departments across Australia and New Zealand (2003–2010) to compare PSP and SSP management.Results219 episodes of spontaneous pneumothorax occurred in 162 children (median age 15 years, 71% male); 155 PSP episodes in 120 children and 64 SSP episodes in 42 children. Intervention in PSP vs SSP episodes occurred in 55% (95% CI 47% to 62%) vs 70% (60% to 79%), p<0.05. An intercostal chest catheter (ICC) was used in 104/219 (47%) episodes. Aspiration was used in more PSP than in SSP episodes with interventions (27% (18% to 37%) vs 9% (3% to 21%), p<0.05). Aspiration success was 52% (33% to 70%) overall and not significantly different between PSP and SSP. Aspiration success was greater in small vs large pneumothoraces (80% (48% to 95%) vs 33% (14% to 61%), p=0.01). Small-bore ICCs were used in 40% of ICCs and usage increased during the study.ConclusionsIn this descriptive study of pneumothorax management, PSP and SSP management did not differ and ICC insertion was the continuing preferred intervention. Overall success of aspiration was lower than reported results for adults, although success was greater for small than for large pneumothoraces. Paediatric prospective studies are urgently required to determine optimal paediatric interventional management strategies.