bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Road Traffic Crashes—Related Maxillofacial Injuries Severity and Concomitant Injuries in 201 Patients Seen at the UCH, Ibadan
Authors: Aladelusi Timothy , Akinmoladun Victor , Olusanya Adeola , Akadiri Oladimeji , Fasola Abiodun 
Published: June 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of road traffic crashes (RTC)–related maxillofacial injuries, the concomitant injuries occurring with them, and to assess the relationship between the severity of maxillofacial and concomitant injuries. This was a prospective study involving 201 victims of RTC seen at the Accident and Emergency Department of the University College Hospital, Ibadan with maxillofacial injuries during the study period. Demographic data of the patients, the types of maxillofacial injuries, and concomitant injuries sustained were recorded. Severity of maxillofacial injury was determined using the maxillofacial injury severity scale (MFISS), while the severity of concomitant injuries was based on the ISS. Correlations between types and severity of maxillofacial injury and types and severity of concomitant injury were conducted to determine the predictability of concomitant injuries based on maxillofacial injury severity. Data were processed using SPSS Statistical software (SPSS, version 20.0 for windows, IBM SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Maxillofacial injuries constituted 25.4% of RTC-related admission by the Accident and Emergency Department. A total of 151 (75.1%) patients who presented with concomitant injuries participated in the study. Eighty-one (53.6%) sustained injuries to more than one body region. Head injury was the commonest (99, 65.6%) concomitant injury, followed by orthopedic injury (69, 45.7%). Increasing severity of maxillofacial injury showed a positive correlation with increasing ISS. Also, positive correlation was noted with increasing severity of maxillofacial injury and presence of polytrauma ( p = 0.01), traumatic brain injury ( p = 0.034), and eye injuries ( p = 0.034). There was a high prevalence of maxillofacial injuries in victims of RTC. There was a high incidence of concomitant injuries noted with these maxillofacial injuries. Significantly, this study showed a direct relationship between the severity of maxillofacial injury and head, ocular and polytrauma. This study further emphasizes the need for thorough examination of patients presenting with RTC-related maxillofacial injuries.
Cavitation in a metallic liquid: Homogeneous nucleation and growth of nanovoids
Authors: Cai Y. , Wu H. A. , Luo S. N. 
Published: June 2014

Large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to investigate homogeneous nucleation and growth of nanovoids during cavitation in liquid Cu. We characterize in detail the atomistic cavitation processes by following the temporal evolution of cavities or voids, analyze the nucleation behavior with the mean first-passage time (MFPT) and survival probability (SP) methods, and discuss the results against classical nucleation theory (CNT), the Tolman equation for surface energy, independent calculation of surface tension via integrating the stress profiles, the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) growth law, and the power law for nucleus size distributions. Cavitation in this representative metallic liquid is a high energy barrier Poisson processes, and the steady-state nucleation rates obtained from statistical runs with the MFPT and SP methods are in agreement. The MFPT method also yields the critical nucleus size and the Zeldovich factor. Fitting with the Tolman's equation to the MD simulations yields the surface energy of a planar interface (∼0.9 J \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\rm {m}^{-2}$\end{document}m−2) and the Tolman length (0.4–0.5 Å), and those values are in accord with those from integrating the stress profiles of a planar interface. Independent CNT predictions of the nucleation rate (1033 − 34 s−1 m−3) and critical size (3–4 Å in radius) are in agreement with the MFPT and SP results. The JMA law can reasonably describe the nucleation and growth process. The size distribution of subcritical nuclei appears to follow a power law with an exponent decreasing with increasing tension owing to coupled nucleation and growth, and that of the supercritical nuclei becomes flattened during further stress relaxation due to void coalescence.
Sexual Segregation of Spiny Dogfish in Fishery‐Dependent Surveys in Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Potential Management Benefits
Authors: Dell'Apa Andrea , Cudney‐Burch Jennifer , Kimmel David G. , Rulifson Roger A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCommercial gill‐net and longline surveys were conducted in the Cape Cod, Massachusetts, area to assess whether the proportion of male Spiny Dogfish Squalus acanthias in the catch changes throughout a normal fishing day (an event frequently observed by local commercial longliners) and to identify the associated potential benefits for fishery management in the study area. Sex ratio changes were examined with respect to location (north and south of 42°N), environment (depth, surface and bottom temperatures, and salinity) and fishing (type of gear and time of activity). Spiny Dogfish showed differences in sex ratios (the proportion of males in the catch [PM]) that were related to location and type of fishing gear as well as to depth and time. Higher numbers of fish were caught with longlines, and higher numbers of males were caught in the southern area in inshore shallower waters early in the day. In the northern area, the sex distribution found within sets indicated a higher presence of females and a lower presence of males in shallower inshore waters. Changes in environmental parameters (depth and bottom temperature) were correlated with PM only in the south. A consistent seasonal (summer and early fall) diurnal shift in the sex ratio was found within 10 mi (16.1 km) of the east coast of the Cape Cod peninsula. This shift suggests that the implementation of a seasonal, male‐only directed longline fishery be considered for this location. Such a fishery would enhance the sustainability of the U.S. Atlantic Spiny Dogfish stock by reducing fishing pressure on adult females. The sex ratios observed suggest that sexual segregation in Spiny Dogfish in the Cape Cod area corresponds to female avoidance of males coupled with specific mating and/or feeding behavior by males.Received March 19, 2013; accepted November 20, 2013
A Field Test of Eugenol‐Based Anesthesia versus Fish Restraint in Migrating Adult Chinook Salmon and Steelhead
Authors: Caudill Christopher C. , Jepson Michael A. , Lee Steven R. , Dick Travis L. , Naughton George P. , Keefer Matthew L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMany studies require the collection and handling of fish, which may have short‐ and long‐term effects on their behavior and survival. We evaluated the effects of AQUI‐S 20E, a eugenol‐based anesthetic, on adult spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and winter steelhead O. mykiss in the Willamette River, Oregon. We experimentally compared the postrelease behaviors and movement into spawning tributaries of fish radio‐tagged under anesthesia with those of fish radio‐tagged while being manually held in a restraint device. Anesthetized Chinook Salmon were less likely than restrained Chinook Salmon to swim downstream (20% versus 47%), more likely to reascend the fishway at which they were collected (89% versus 60%), and more likely to escape to tributaries (82% versus 47%). The treatment effect persisted after statistically controlling for tag date, release time, and fish size. In contrast to Chinook Salmon, the percentages of anesthetized and restrained steelhead that moved downstream (17%), passed the dam (88–90%), and escaped to tributaries (79–83%) did not differ by handling treatment. Our results highlight that the effects of handling and tagging need to be evaluated, that such effects may be species specific and occur at multiple scales, and that eugenol‐based anesthetic should be used instead of restraining devices for Chinook Salmon.Received July 8, 2013; accepted January 29, 2014
Lipid and Moisture Content Modeling of Amphidromous Dolly Varden Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Authors: Stolarski J. T. , Margraf F. J. , Carlson J. G. , Sutton T. M. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The physiological well-being or condition of fish is most commonly estimated from aspects of individual morphology. However, these metrics may be only weakly correlated with nutritional reserves stored as lipid, the primary form of accumulated energy in fish. We constructed and evaluated bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) models as an alternative method of assessing condition in amphidromous Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma collected from nearshore estuarine and lotic habitats of the Alaskan Arctic. Data on electrical resistance and reactance were collected from the lateral and ventral surfaces of 192 fish, and whole-body percent lipid and moisture content were determined using standard laboratory methods. Significant inverse relationships between temperature and resistance and reactance prompted the standardization of these data to a constant temperature using corrective equations developed herein. No significant differences in resistance or reactance were detected among spawning and nonspawning females after accounting for covariates, suggesting that electrical pathways do not intersect the gonads. Best-fit BIA models incorporating electrical variables calculated from the lateral and ventral surfaces produced the strongest associations between observed and model-predicted estimates of proximate content. These models explained between 6% and 20% more of the variability in laboratory-derived estimates of proximate content than models developed from single-surface BIA data and 32% more than models containing only length and weight data. While additional research is required to address the potential effects of methodological variation, bioelectrical impedance analysis shows promise as a way to provide high-quality, minimally invasive estimates of Dolly Varden lipid or moisture content in the field with only small increases in handling time.
Received June 17, 2013; accepted December 3, 2013
Retardation of Reproduction in the Red Shiner Due to Electroshock
Authors: Stewart Christine T. , Lutnesky Marvin M. F. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Electrofishing is widely used to monitor freshwater fishes. Electrofishing sampling appears to be relatively harmless when used appropriately, but biologists have questioned its effects on fishes. Although studies report injury and mortality due to electrofishing, few report effects on reproduction. We assessed the hypothesis that exposure to electroshock alters reproductive processes and output in the Red Shiner Cyprinella lutrensis by determining if pulsed DC has negative effects on interclutch time intervals, clutch sizes, proportion of viable eggs produced by spawning pairs, growth, and recovery time. A total of 125 breeding pairs, with an average of 4.91 (SD, 0.44) spawning events per pair, were used in the study. All dependent variables were tested for the influence of frequency (60 and 120 Hz) and voltage (100 and 400 V) and compared with spawning pairs that were not shocked (a control group). We found that the interclutch time interval was increased, the proportion of viable eggs was reduced, and the recovery time was extended when using the higher-voltage (400 V) compared with the control and lower-voltage (100 V) treatments. The total number of eggs laid by females showed no significant differences between treatments. The higher voltage significantly reduced the weight and SL in males, likely due to injury. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the influence of electroshock on reproduction in iteroparous fishes. The Red Shiner is not a typical target species in fisheries, so the general applicability of the results to other species requires investigation.
Received August 5, 2013; accepted January 8, 2014
An Empirical Approach for Estimating the Precision of Hydroacoustic Fish Counts by Systematic Hourly Sampling
Authors: Xie Yunbo , Martens Fiona J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Systematic hourly sampling is a logistically favorable method for hydroacoustic estimation of fish passage through constricted passageways or finite sections of a river monitored by fixed-location sonar systems. Similar to simple random and hourly stratified random sampling, systematic hourly sampling produces unbiased estimates of fish passage. Variances of estimates produced by systematic hourly sampling are determined by the sampling fraction, f, variance of the underlying process, S2, and correlations among all hourly strata of the process. This intrahour correlation dependency makes it difficult to accurately evaluate the precision of the estimate when the complete temporal pattern of the process is unavailable. Fish passage is rarely counted continuously, so the uncertainty of estimated mean by systematically subsampled fish counts is traditionally estimated using variance estimators. Variance estimates by these estimators are likely biased and subject to potentially large errors. We present an alternative approach for estimating the precision of systematic hourly sampling using an empirical relation between precision and sampling fraction established from continuous fish counts acquired by imaging sonar for a wide range of migration scenarios of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. in the lower Fraser River. The empirical relation indicates that a CV (100·SD/mean) of 5.5% can be achieved by the systematic hourly counting of fish passage at a counting effort of 10 min/h, while increasing the counting effort to 20 min/h only leads to a marginally improved CV of 4.1%. The data-based analysis also shows that the precision of systematic sampling can be gained more efficiently and consistently by increasing the sampling rate than by lengthening the sampling time.
Received June 6, 2013; accepted January 21, 2014
Genetic Structure of Striped Bass in the Southeastern United States and Effects from Stock Enhancement
Authors: Anderson Andrew P. , Denson Michael R. , Darden Tanya L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Understanding the genetic relationships of Striped Bass Morone saxatilis populations within and between watersheds is necessary to identify appropriate management units. Determining temporal changes in genetic relationships as well as the genetic diversity of the populations is important in understanding how stock enhancement influences population units. A suite of 12 microsatellites was used to evaluate patterns of Striped Bass gene flow both spatially and temporally across watersheds in the southeastern United States. Populations from the study watersheds were genetically diverse with the exception of the Savannah River, South Carolina–Georgia, which is recovering from a major population decline. Striped Bass in the Roanoke and Cape Fear rivers, North Carolina, represented a single population, most likely due to historical transfer stocking across the state from Roanoke River stock. Watersheds in South Carolina contained genetically distinct Striped Bass populations, although the difference between Striped Bass populations in the Ashepoo–Combahee–Edisto (ACE) and Santee–Cooper watersheds has decreased over the past 15 years, likely due to the stocking of Santee–Cooper system fish into the ACE Basin. Conversely, supportive breeding of fish from the Santee–Cooper system has helped to maintain genetic diversity of the population. Striped Bass populations in the southeastern United States are good examples of the positive and negative effects of stock enhancement that must be considered and monitored when implementing or assessing a stock enhancement program.
Received May 14, 2013; accepted March 5, 2014
Feeding Habits, Daily Ration, and Potential Predatory Impact of Mature Female Spiny Dogfish in North Carolina Coastal Waters
Authors: Bangley Charles W. , Rulifson Roger A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Though the feeding habits of Spiny Dogfish Squalus acanthias in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean have received much attention due to their potential interactions with fisheries, currently no estimate of daily ration specific to the northwestern Atlantic population has been determined. To assess the diet of these sharks in the southern extent of their range, stomach contents were collected from 255 Spiny Dogfish captured by bottom trawl in nearshore North Carolina waters; 244 were mature females. Prey items were identified and percent index of relative importance was calculated for each prey taxon and category. To determine daily ration, 15 mature female Spiny Dogfish were captured by hook and line in North Carolina waters and kept in captivity for 2 weeks of feeding trials. Dogfish were fed preweighed frozen Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tryannus and allowed to digest their prey for predetermined periods, after which remaining food was removed using stomach-tube gastric lavage. Gastric evacuation rates determined by feeding trials were combined with data collected from sampling stomach contents to determine the daily ration and the amount of important prey taxa consumed during the Spiny Dogfish overwintering period. Teleost fishes were the dominant prey category, and Atlantic Menhaden and Bay Anchovy Anchoa mitchilli were the most important prey taxa. Daily ration estimates ranged from 0.26% to 0.56% of the shark's body weight per day. Spiny Dogfish potentially consumed an equivalent of 1.55–3.33% of the Atlantic Menhaden stock while overwintering in North Carolina waters.
Received July 23, 2013; accepted March 5, 2014
Lobster Trap Debris in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: Distribution, Abundance, Density, and Patterns of Accumulation
Authors: Uhrin Amy V. , Matthews Thomas R. , Lewis Cynthia 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The fishery for spiny lobster Panulirus argus in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary is well chronicled, but little information is available on the prevalence of lost or abandoned lobster traps. In 2007, towed diver surveys were used to identify and count pieces of trap debris and any other marine debris encountered. Trap debris density (debris incidences/ha) in historic trap use zones and in representative benthic habitats was estimated. Trap debris was not proportionally distributed with fishing effort. Coral habitats had the greatest density of trap debris despite trap fishers' reported avoidance of coral reefs while fishing. The accumulation of trap debris on coral emphasizes the role of wind in redistributing traps and trap debris in the sanctuary. We estimated that 85,548±23,387 (mean±SD) ghost traps and 1,056,127±124,919 nonfishing traps or remnants of traps were present in the study area. Given the large numbers of traps in the fishery and the lack of effective measures for managing and controlling the loss of gear, the generation of trap debris will likely continue in proportion to the number of traps deployed in the fishery. Focused removal of submerged trap debris from especially vulnerable habitats such as reefs and hardbottom, where trap debris density is high, would mitigate key habitat issues but would not address ghost fishing or the cost of lost gear.
Received November 27, 2012; accepted September 29, 2013
Postsmolt Growth and Thermal Regime Define the Marine Survival of Steelhead from the Keogh River, British Columbia
Authors: Friedland Kevin D. , Ward Bruce R. , Welch David W. , Hayes Sean A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The population of anadromous steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Keogh River has been studied intensively, in part because of its pattern of declining recruitment, which is largely attributed to poor marine survival. Climate variability has changed the productivity of salmonid species in all regions of the North Pacific, with areas alternately shifting between periods of enhanced and depressed productivity. The mechanisms governing marine survival and adult recruitment are central to contemporary resource management concerns but are also of concern with regard to the long term prospects of managing biodiversity. We provide evidence that postsmolt growth contributes to the pattern of marine survival of Keogh River steelhead over the period corresponding to smolt years 1977–1999. Size at ocean entry did not appear to have sufficient contrast to significantly affect survival. However, assessment of scale growth suggested that the fish's initial growth at sea is not as important as the sustained growth conditions during summer and fall of the postsmolt year. The return rate of steelhead was negatively correlated with sea surface temperature in the ocean domains that were assumed to provide postsmolt nursery habitat, suggesting that growth is directly affected by warming conditions or that ocean warming affects the food web upon which steelhead depend. Steelhead appear to respond to changing climate and growth regimes in a manner similar to that of their North Atlantic analog, the Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar. Comparative data show that eastern basin Atlantic Salmon populations are negatively affected by a thermal regime of increasing temperature during the postsmolt year, suggesting a relationship between postsmolt growth and survival.
Received August 14, 2013; accepted October 17, 2013
Effects of Coastal Urbanization on Salt Marsh Faunal Assemblages in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Lowe Michael R. , Peterson Mark S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Coastal landscapes in the northern Gulf of Mexico, specifically the Mississippi coast, have undergone rapid urbanization that may impact the suitability of salt marsh ecosystems for maintaining and regulating estuarine faunal communities. We used a landscape ecology approach to quantify the composition and configuration of salt marsh habitats and developed surfaces at multiple spatial scales surrounding three small, first order salt marsh tidal creeks arrayed along a gradient of urbanization in two river dominated estuaries. From May 3 to June 4, 2010, nekton and macroinfauna were collected weekly at all six sites. Due to the greater abundance of grass shrimp Palaemonetes spp., brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus, blue crab Callinectes sapidus, Gulf Menhaden Brevoortia patronus, and Spot Leiostomus xanthurus, tidal creeks in intact natural (IN) salt marsh landscapes supported a nekton assemblage that was significantly different from those in partially urbanized (PU) or completely urbanized (CU) salt marsh landscapes. However, PU landscapes still supported an abundant nekton assemblage. In addition, the results illustrated a linkage between life history traits and landscape characteristics. Resident and transient nekton species that have specific habitat requirements are more likely to be impacted in urbanized landscapes than more mobile species that are able to exploit multiple habitats. Patterns were less clear for macroinfaunal assemblages, although they were comparatively less abundant in CU salt marsh landscapes than in either IN or PU landscapes. The low abundance or absence of several macroinfaunal taxa in CU landscapes may be viewed as an additional indicator of poor habitat quality for nekton. The observed patterns also suggested that benthic sediments in the CU salt marsh landscapes were altered in comparison with IN or PU landscapes. The amount of developed shoreline and various metrics related to salt marsh fragmentation were important drivers of observed patterns in nekton and macroinfaunal assemblages.
Received September 14, 2013; accepted January 27, 2014