bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Resolution EMAT as a Diagnostic Tool for Analysis of SCC and Crack-Like Pipelines Defects
Authors: Hilvert Matthias , Beuker Thomas 
Published: July 2015

In succession of a research project, the Electro-Magnetic Acoustical Transducer (EMAT) technology could be utilized to generate ultrasound for crack detection in pipelines.
The EMAT technology and smart In-Line Inspection (ILI) tools have been developed to an advanced tool kit for inspection. Today high-resolution EMAT ILI is a diagnostic tool, that provides rich information on pipeline cracking as also the type and condition of external pipeline coatings. A high number of EMAT sensors distributed and acting over the entire pipe circumference enable high-resolution mapping of the pipe wall. Ultrasonic shear-waves at different modes are generated and captured by the transducer arrangement. Acquisition of the ultrasonic reflection and transmission signal in frequency and time domain allows for spectroscopic imaging of the pipe wall. The preferred ultrasonic modes and their associated frequencies can be determined using the corresponding dispersion relation.
This contribution shows how mode selective assessments of the captured ultrasonic spectra can be used for analysis of pipeline defects. Validation of EMAT ILI as an inspection process according to API 1163 is outlined. The established exceptionally high Probability Of Detection (POD) and Identification (POI) is derived from Level I, II and III process verification assessments. Latest developments of tailored EMAT sensor kits for ILI pipeline diagnostics are given.
Internal Corrosion Monitoring System Selection for Cross Country Natural Gas Pipeline: A Case Study of SHPPL
Authors: Vyas Sandeep 
Published: July 2015

Reliance Gas Pipelines Limited (RGPL) is currently implementing a gas pipeline project from Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh to Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh for evacuation of gas produced from Coal Bed Methane (CBM) blocks owned by Reliance Industries Ltd. This pipeline will be hooked up with GAIL’s HVJ Pipeline at Phulpur. Over all Pipeline system includes 312 km (approx.) long trunk line, and associated facilities such as Compressor Station at Shahdol, Intermediate Pigging facilities, Metering & Regulating facilities at Phulpur and 12 No. Mainline valve stations.
Gas produced from CBM blocks will be dehydrated within Gas Gathering Station facilities of CBM Project located upstream of pipeline Compressor station at Shahdol. Gas received at pipeline battery limit is dry and non-corrosive gas in nature, Internal corrosion is not expected in normal course of operation, however internal corrosion of the natural gas pipeline can occur when the pipe wall is exposed to moisture and other contaminants either under process upset conditions or under particular operating conditions. Even though internal corrosion is not expected during normal course of operations, to take care of any eventuality, it is proposed to implement Internal Corrosion Monitoring (ICMS) system in this project. ICMS will provide an efficient and reliable means of continuous monitoring internal corrosion.
Internal Corrosion Monitoring (ICMS) system is used as a part of overall integrity management framework; to achieve two objectives viz., verify the corrosive behaviour of gas and to verify the efficacy of applied preventive actions. Philosophy involved in evaluating a suitable CM technique would include :
• Applicable corrosion damage mechanisms, anticipated corrosion rates and probable locations.
• Suitable CM technique and location based on process condition, system corrosivity, water content, pigging facilities, available corrosion allowance, design life, maintenance etc.,
• Measurement frequency.
Some of the Corrosion Monitoring techniques used for pipeline and of relevance are:
• Weight-loss Corrosion Coupons (CC),
• Electrical Resistance probes (ER),
• Linear Polarization Resistance Probe (LPR)
• Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement (UT)
• Sampling Points (SP)
This paper discusses the merits / demerits of these corrosion monitoring techniques, considerations for selecting a specific technique for the Shahdol – Phulpur Gas Pipeline Project and highlights the implementation of the internal corrosion monitoring system.
Latest Generation of ILI Tools for High Resolution Ultrasonic Inspection and Integrity Assessment
Authors: Hennig Thomas , Lokwani Girish 
Published: July 2015

Intelligent inline inspections (ILI) are widely used to guarantee a safe operation of pipelines. The inline inspection provides reliable data in an economic way. Historically, magnetic flux leakage technology (MFL) was one of the main technologies applied in pipeline systems. Within the last few years some minor improvements have been introduced in the existing MFL tool fleets, mainly focusing on a higher resolution. Nevertheless, a general restriction based on the physical basics finally limits the sizing capabilities of corrosion defects, esp. for complex shaped defects.
Ultrasonic (UT) is currently the most accurate and reliable In-Line Inspection technology available in the market. These UT ILI Tools record data while travelling through the entire pipeline from Launcher to Receiver. In most cases, the Pipeline Operator does not need to make major adjustments to their pipeline.
The latest generation of UT tools offers high inspection velocities — consequently a reduction of medium flow and loss of production can be avoided. In addition, a very high resolution of transducers in axial and circumferential direction provides excellent input for accurate pressure calculations, e.g. based on Riverbottom profiles or even 3D Finite element modeling.
Using UT as the inspection method greatly increases the confident level of the inspection survey results. This in turn will give Pipeline Operators a greater peace of mind that their true pipeline condition is known thereby reducing unnecessary and costly digs and repairs.
The authors will present some basic background information about ultrasound inspection technologies. State of the art solutions are presented for crack and wall thickness tools.
Combining different technologies in one tool offers additional benefit. One single inspection tool with corrosion and crack transducers enables pipeline operators to operate their system safe with a minimized impact. Finally, the authors will present some special solutions for high pressure deep water applications and multi diameter pipeline systems.
Self Directed Integrity Assessment of Non-Piggable Pipelines
Authors: Khera Ashish , Uprety Rajesh , Baniah Bidyut B. 
Published: July 2015

The responsibility for managing an asset safely, efficiently and to optimize productivity lies solely with the pipeline operators. To achieve these objectives, operators are implementing comprehensive pipeline integrity management programs. These programs may be driven by a country’s pipeline regulator or in many cases may be “self-directed” by the pipeline operator especially in countries where pipeline regulators do not exist.
A critical aspect of an operator’s Integrity Management Plan (IMP) is to evaluate the history, limitations and the key threats for each pipeline and accordingly select the most appropriate integrity tool. The guidelines for assessing piggable lines has been well documented but until recently there was not much awareness for assessment of non-piggable pipelines. A lot of these non-piggable pipelines transverse through high consequence areas and usually minimal historic records are available for these lines. To add to the risk factor, usually these lines also lack any baseline assessment.
The US regulators, that is Office of Pipeline Safety had recognized the need for establishment of codes and standards for integrity assessment of all pipelines more than a decade ago. This led to comprehensive mandatory rules, standards and codes for the US pipeline operators to follow regardless of the line being piggable or non-piggable. In India the story has been a bit different. In the past few years, our governing body for development of self-regulatory standards for the Indian oil and gas industry that is Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) recognized a need for development of a standard specifically for integrity assessment of non-piggable pipelines. The standard was formalized and accepted by the Indian Ministry of Petroleum in September 2013 as OISD 233.
OISD 233 standard is based on assessing the time dependent threats of External Corrosion (EC) and Internal Corrosion (IC) through applying the non-intrusive techniques of “Direct Assessment”. The four-step, iterative DA (ECDA, ICDA and SCCDA) process requires the integration of data from available line histories, multiple indirect field surveys, direct examination and the subsequent post assessment of the documented results.
This paper presents the case study where the Indian pipeline operators took a self-initiative and implemented DA programs for prioritizing the integrity assessment of their most critical non-piggable pipelines even before the OISD 233 standard was established. The paper also looks into the relevance of the standard to the events and other case studies following the release of OISD 233.
Online Sulphur Analyzers for Interface Management of BS III/BS IV/BS V Grades in Cross Country Pipelines
Authors: Satya Narayana K. S. L. 
Published: July 2015

Over the last few years, the importance of detecting sulphur in petroleum products has increased dramatically. This is related to the necessity of complying with increasingly stringent government regulations and ensuring product quality. Reasons for detection and Monitoring of sulphur in different petroleum products has existed for the last so many years, but detection limits have been reduced dramatically in recent times. The sulphur analyzers for present requirements must now have the ability to detect sulphur from 1 parts per billion to 500 parts per million. This paper discusses about the following aspects:
• Indian Emission standards
• Evolution of BS 3/4/5 grades
• Need for online sulphur analyzers (OSA) in Pipeline industry.
• Detection technology
• Various options available in Online sulphur analyzers
Low Sulphur norms in Petroleum Products have evolved due to the following reasons:
- SO2 formed during combustion of fuels in IC engines damage the engines.
- Acids of SO2 increase rusting of engine parts, piston rings and cylinder walls.
- In environment, SO2 converts to Sulphuric acid by reaction with moisture and harm vegetation, aquatic, animal and human life.
- SO2 also corrodes man made buildings and monuments
This paper also explains about the various types of Online Suplhur analyzers users in HPCL and the issues faced with the same at feld level.
A generalized reconstruction framework for unconventional PET systems
Authors: Mathews Aswin John , Li Ke , Komarov Sergey , Wang Qiang , Ravindranath Bosky , O'Sullivan Joseph A. , Tai Yuan‐Chuan 
Published: July 2015

Purpose:Quantitative estimation of the radionuclide activity concentration in positron emission tomography (PET) requires precise modeling of PET physics. The authors are focused on designing unconventional PET geometries for specific applications. This work reports the creation of a generalized reconstruction framework, capable of reconstructing tomographic PET data for systems that use right cuboidal detector elements positioned at arbitrary geometry using a regular Cartesian grid of image voxels.Methods:The authors report on a variety of design choices and optimization for the creation of the generalized framework. The image reconstruction algorithm is maximum likelihood‐expectation–maximization. System geometry can be specified using a simple script. Given the geometry, a symmetry seeking algorithm finds existing symmetry in the geometry with respect to the image grid to improve the memory usage/speed. Normalization is approached from a geometry independent perspective. The system matrix is computed using the Siddon's algorithm and subcrystal approach. The program is parallelized through open multiprocessing and message passing interface libraries. A wide variety of systems can be modeled using the framework. This is made possible by modeling the underlying physics and data correction, while generalizing the geometry dependent features.Results:Application of the framework for three novel PET systems, each designed for a specific application, is presented to demonstrate the robustness of the framework in modeling PET systems of unconventional geometry. Three PET systems of unconventional geometry are studied. (1) Virtual‐pinhole half‐ring insert integrated into Biograph‐40: although the insert device improves image quality over conventional whole‐body scanner, the image quality varies depending on the position of the insert and the object. (2) Virtual‐pinhole flat‐panel insert integrated into Biograph‐40: preliminary results from an investigation into a modular flat‐panel insert are presented. (3) Plant PET system: a reconfigurable PET system for imaging plants, with resolution of greater than 3.3 mm, is shown. Using the automated symmetry seeking algorithm, the authors achieved a compression ratio of the storage and memory requirement by a factor of approximately 50 for the half‐ring and flat‐panel systems. For plant PET system, the compression ratio is approximately five. The ratio depends on the level of symmetry that exists in different geometries.Conclusions:This work brings the field closer to arbitrary geometry reconstruction. A generalized reconstruction framework can be used to validate multiple hypotheses and the effort required to investigate each system is reduced. Memory usage/speed can be improved with certain optimizations.
CT perfusion analysis by nonlinear regression for predicting hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke
Authors: Bennink Edwin , Horsch Alexander D. , Dankbaar Jan Willem , Velthuis Birgitta K. , Viergever Max A. , de Jong Hugo W. A. M. 
Published: July 2015

Purpose:Intravenous thrombolysis can improve clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients but increases the risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Blood–brain barrier damage, which can be quantified by the vascular permeability for contrast agents, is a potential predictor for HT. This study aimed to assess whether this prediction can be improved by measuring vascular permeability using a novel fast nonlinear regression (NLR) method instead of Patlak analysis.Methods:From a prospective ischemic stroke multicenter cohort study, 20 patients with HT on follow‐up imaging and 40 patients without HT were selected. The permeability transfer constant Ktrans was measured in three ways; using standard Patlak analysis, Patlak analysis with a fixed offset, and the NLR method. In addition, the permeability‐surface (PS) area product and the conventional perfusion parameters (blood volume, flow, and mean transit time) were measured using the NLR method. Relative values were calculated in two ways, i.e., by dividing the average in the infarct core by the average in the contralateral hemisphere, and by dividing the average in the ipsilateral hemisphere by the average in the contralateral hemisphere. Mann–Whitney U tests and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to assess the discriminative power of each of the relative parameters.Results:Both the infarct‐core and whole‐hemisphere averaged relative Ktrans (rKtrans) values, measured with the NLR method, were significantly higher in the patients who developed HT as compared with those who did not. The rKtrans measured with standard Patlak analysis was not significantly different. The relative PS (rPS), measured with NLR, had the highest discriminative power (P = 0.002). ROC analysis of rPS showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.75 (95% confidence interval: 0.62–0.89) and a sensitivity of 0.75 at a specificity of 0.75. The AUCs of the Patlak rKtrans, the Patlak rKtrans with fixed offset, and the NLR rKtrans were 0.58, 0.66, and 0.67, respectively.Conclusions:CT perfusion analysis may aid in predicting HT, but standard Patlak analysis did not provide estimates for rKtrans that were significantly higher in the HT group. The rPS, measured in the infarct core with NLR, had superior discriminative power compared with Ktrans measured with either Patlak analysis with a fixed offset or NLR, and conventional perfusion parameters.
A novel synthetic single crystal diamond device for in vivo dosimetry
Authors: Marinelli Marco , Prestopino G. , Tonnetti A. , Verona C. , Verona‐Rinati G. , Falco M. D. , Bagalà P. , Pimpinella M. , Guerra A. S. , De Coste V. 
Published: July 2015

Purpose:Aim of the present work is to evaluate the synthetic single crystal diamond Schottky photodiode developed at the laboratories of “Tor Vergata” University in Rome in a new dosimeter configuration specifically designed for offline wireless in vivo dosimetry (IVD) applications.Methods:The new diamond based dosimeter, single crystal diamond detector (SCDD‐iv), consists of a small unwired detector and a small external reading unit that can be connected to commercial electrometers for getting the detector readout after irradiation. Two nominally identical SCDD‐iv dosimeter prototypes were fabricated and tested. A basic dosimetric characterization of detector performances relevant for IVD application was performed under irradiation with 60Co and 6 MV photon beams. Preirradiation procedure, response stability, short and long term reproducibility, leakage charge, fading effect, linearity with dose, dose rate dependence, temperature dependence, and angular response were investigated.Results:The SCDD‐iv is simple, with no cables linked to the patient and the readout is immediate. The range of response with dose has been tested from 1 up to 12 Gy; the reading is independent of the accumulated dose and dose rate independent in the range between about 0.5 and 5 Gy/min; its temperature dependence is within 0.5% between 25 and 38 °C, and its directional dependence is within 2% from 0° to 90°. The combined relative standard uncertainty of absorbed dose to water measurements is estimated lower than the tolerance and action level of 5%.Conclusions:The reported results indicate the proposed novel offline dosimeter based on a synthetic single crystal diamond Schottky photodiode as a promising candidate for in vivo dosimetry applications with photon beams.
Laboratory Determinants of Repeated-Sprint and Sport-Specific-Technique Ability in World-Class Ice Sledge Hockey Players
Authors: Baumgart Julia Kathrin , Sandbakk Øyvind 
Published: July 2015

Purpose:To investigate on-ice repeated-sprint and sports-specific-technique abilities and the relationships to aerobic and anaerobic off-ice capacities in world-class ice sledge hockey players.Methods:Twelve Norwegian national team players performed 8 repeated maximal 30-m sprints and a sports-specific-technique test while upper-body poling on ice, followed by 4 maximal upper-body strength tests and 8-s peak power and 3-min peak aerobic-capacity (VO2peak) tests while ergometer poling.Results:The fastest 30-m sprint time was 6.5 ± 0.4 s, the fastest initial 10-m split-time 2.9 ± 0.2 s, and the corresponding power output 212 ± 37 W. Average 30-m time during the 8 repeated sprints was 6.7 ± 0.4 s, and the sprint-time decrement was 4.3% ± 1.8%. Time to execute the sport-specific-technique test was 25.6 ± 2.7 s. Averaged 1-repetition-maximum strength of the 4 exercises correlated with the fastest 30-m sprint time (r = –.77), the fastest initial 10-m split time (r = –.72), the corresponding power output (r = .67), and the average 30-m sprint time (r = –.84) (all P < .05). Peak power of the 8-s ergometer sprint test correlated with the highest initial 10-m power (r = .83, P < .01) and the average 30-m sprint time (r = –.68, P < .05). Average 3-min ergometer power (r = –.86, P < .01) and VO2peak (r = –.67, P < .05) correlated with the sprint-time decrement. All off-ice variables except VO2peak correlated with technique-test time (r = –.58 to .73, all P < .05).Conclusion:Maximal strength and power are associated with the ability to sprint fast and rapid execution of a technically complex test, whereas mode-specific endurance capacity is particularly important for maintenance of sprint ability in ice sledge hockey.
Three-Compartment Body Composition in Academy and Senior Rugby League Players
Authors: Till Kevin , Jones Ben , O’Hara John , Barlow Matthew , Brightmore Amy , Lees Matthew , Hind Karen 
Published: July 2015

Purpose:To compare the body size and 3-compartment body composition between academy and senior professional rugby league players using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).Methods:Academy (age 18.1 ± 1.1 y, n = 34) and senior (age 26.2 ± 4.6 y, n = 63) rugby league players received 1 total-body DXA scan. Height, body mass, and body-fat percentage alongside total and regional fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral content (BMC) were compared. Independent t tests with Cohen d effect sizes and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), controlling for height and body mass, with partial eta-squared (η2) effect sizes, were used to compare total and regional body composition.Results:Senior players were taller (183.2 ± 5.8 vs 179.2 ± 5.7 cm, P = .001, d = 0.70) and heavier (96.5 ± 9.3 vs 86.5 ± 9.0 kg, P < .001, d = 1.09) with lower body-fat percentage (16.3 ± 3.7 vs 18.0 ± 3.7%, P = .032, d = 0.46) than academy players. MANCOVA identified significant overall main effects for total and regional body composition between academy and senior players. Senior players had lower total fat mass (P < .001, η 2 = 0.15), greater total lean mass (P < .001, η 2 = 0.14), and greater total BMC (P = .001, η 2 = 0.12) than academy players. For regional sites, academy players had significantly greater fat mass at the legs (P < .001, η 2 = 0.29) than senior players.Conclusions:The lower age, height, body mass, and BMC of academy players suggest that these players are still developing musculoskeletal characteristics. Gradual increases in lean mass and BMC while controlling fat mass is an important consideration for practitioners working with academy rugby league players, especially in the lower body.
Load Determination for the 3-Minute All-Out Exercise Test for Cycle Ergometry
Authors: Dicks Nathan D. , Jamnick Nicholas A. , Murray Steven R. , Pettitt Robert W. 
Published: July 2015

Purpose:To investigate a new power-to-body-mass (BM) ratio 3-min all-out cycling test (3MT%BM) for determining critical power (CP) and finite work capacity above CP (W ′).Methods:The gas-exchange threshold (GET), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and power output evoking VO2max (Wpeak) and GET (WGET) for cycle ergometry were determined in 12 participants. CP and W′ were determined using the original “linear factor” 3MT (3MTrpm^2) and compared with CP and W′ derived from a procedure, the 3MT%BM, using the subject’s body mass and self-reported physical activity rating (PA-R), with values derived from linear regression of the work–time model and power–inverse-time model (1/time) data from 3 separate exhaustive squarewave bouts.Results:The VO2max, VO2GET, Wpeak, and WGET values estimated from PA-R and a non-exercise-regression equation did not differ (P > .05) from actual measurements. Estimates of CP derived from the 3MT%BM (235 ± 56 W), 3MTrpm^2 (234 ± 62 W), work–time (231 ± 57 W), and 1/time models (230 ± 57 W) did not differ (F = 0.46, P = .72). Similarly, estimates of W′ between all methods did not differ (F = 3.58, P = .07). There were strong comparisons of the 3MT%BM to 1/time and work–time models with the average correlation, standard error of the measurement, and CV% for critical power being .96, 8.74 W, and 4.64%, respectively.Conclusion:The 3MT%BM is a valid, single-visit protocol for determining CP and W′.