bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active contraction of the cardiac ventricle and distortion of the microstructural architecture
Authors: Pezzuto S. , Ambrosi D. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYThe shortening of the myocardial fibers is the microstructural engine that produces the contraction of the cardiac muscle. The complex interplay between fibers shortening and elastic macroscopic strain is functional to the ejection of blood into the pulmonary and arterial networks. Here, we address the contraction of the left ventricle in a finite elasticity framework, adopting the ‘prolate ellipsoid’ geometry and the invariants‐based strain energy proposed by Holzapfel and Ogden, where the mechanical role of fibers and sheets is accounted for. We show that a microstructurally motivated mathematical model of active strain type reproduces the main indicators of normal cardiac function along the whole PV‐loop without introduction of any further ad hoc law. The bare‐bones mathematical model depends on one measurable parameter only, that is, the shortening ratio of the sarcomere units, which we assume to be nearly independent on the prestretch. Strict enforcement of incompressibility and novel treatment of boundary conditions are shown to be crucial to simulate the correct muscle torsion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualization of Plasma and Tissue Binding Using Dose Fractions Parameter
Authors: Svennebring Andreas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA novel concept of dose fractions, based on the distribution of total bioavailable dose between the six combinations of location and binding state in Øie–Tozer's model is suggested as a way to visualize the distribution pharmacokinetics of a drug. The concept of dose fractions provides a sharper terminology in discussions of drug distribution allowing for a more precise description of the state and location of a drug within a system. In medicinal chemistry literature, the free fraction of a drug in plasma is a commonly discussed factor affecting the exposure to free drug while tissue binding is less well addressed. The free dose fraction, defined as the fraction of the bioavailable dose existing in free form, is suggested as a potentially valuable term for such discussions. Presently, drugs with high (>95%) plasma protein binding are viewed with skepticism, the rational behind which is questioned. The plasma protein bound dose fraction defined as the fraction of the total available dose, which is bound to plasma proteins, is suggested as a measure of the risk for problems related to fluctuations in free drug exposure due to variations in the concentration of drug binding plasma protein.
Structurally Characterized Antipyrine‐Based Dual Fluorescent Probe: Enhanced AlIII Selectivity of a Dinuclear ZnII Complex for Intracellular Sensing by a Displacement Approach
Authors: Lohar Sisir , Sengupta Archya , Chattopadhyay Ansuman , Matalobos Jesús Sanmartín , Das Debasis 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe antipyrine‐based fluorescence probe daph, structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, can recognize both Zn2+ (at 520 nm, yellow) and Al3+ (at 490 nm, green). However, Al3+ selectivity is enhanced significantly when the dinuclear ZnII‐daph complex is used as a sensor, which senses Al3+ by a displacement approach. The binding constants of daph for Zn2+ and Al3+ are (4.9 ± 0.2) × 104 and (3 ± 0.1) × 105 M–1, respectively. The higher water solubility of the ZnII‐daph complex allows the detection of Al3+ in a greener way (0.1 M HEPES buffer, ethanol/water = 1:9, v/v, pH 7.4). Moreover, the detection limit of the ZnII‐daph complex for Al3+ is higher (2.5 × 10–9 M) than that of free daph (4.6 × 10–8 M). Alkali and alkaline‐earth metal ions, Cd2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+, and 3d metal ions do not interfere. Both daph and the ZnII‐daph complex are capable of intracellular Al3+ detection.
Photodriven Transfer Hydrogenation of Olefins
Authors: Leow Dasheng , Chen Ying‐Ho , Hung Tzu‐Hang , Su Ying , Lin Yi‐Zhen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn improved practical method for the photodriven diimide reduction of olefins was investigated. This catalyst‐free procedure proceeds at ambient temperature, utilizes air as oxidant and a lower hydrazine loading, and produces inert nitrogen gas as the sole byproduct. Several functional groups were tolerated, and in some cases, the reaction was chemoselective. Challenging substrates such as cinnamate ester derivatives and trans‐stilbene were reduced in excellent yields. The small amount of UVA rays emitted from a household compact fluorescent light bulb was proposed to enable the cis/trans isomerization of the diimide and to promote the loss of hydrogen from the diimide.
Unusual Reaction Constant for Hydride Transfer from a Carbanion to 9‐Arylxanthyliums
Authors: Liu Fengrui , Zhu Xiaoqing 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe reaction constant (ρ) from the kinetics for hydride transfer from a carbanion (XH–) to 9‐arylxanthylium ions (9‐GPhXn+) in CH3CN was unusually negative. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that ρ for the simple hydride transfers (only involved with release and capture of a hydride anion) should be positive; this is in contrast to the kinetics results. Consequently, this reaction is not a simple hydride transfer. An “intermediate” was also found in the reaction system, the formation of which resulted in the unusual ρ.
Cinchona‐Derived Picolinamides: Effective Organocatalysts for Stereoselective Imine Hydrosilylation
Authors: Barrulas Pedro C. , Genoni Andrea , Benaglia Maurizio , Burke Anthony J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPicolinamide–cinchona organocatalysts for the successful enantioselective reduction of ketomines were developed. For the first time, a new type of chiral Lewis base, a cationic species, is reported to efficiently organocatalyze the addition of trichlorosilane to imines. Excellent yields with good to high enantioselectivities (up to 91 %) were obtained in the reduction of differently substituted substrates. Noteworthy, remarkably high turnover frequencies for the hydrosilylation of imines were observed; the catalyst of choice proved to be active even at a loading of only 1 mol‐%. The loading was further reduced to 0.5 mol‐%, and for very short reaction times (15 min) very impressive asymmetric catalyst efficiency speed values were reached.
Interfacial separation and characterization of Al–PE composites during delamination of post‐consumer Tetra Pak materials
Authors: Zhang Sufeng , Luo Ke , Zhang Lulu , Mei Xingxian , Cao Shumiao , Wang Baiji 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn order to understand Al–PE composite delamination during the separation process, interfacial separation and characterization of Al–PE composites during delamination were analyzed. The aim was to enrich the present theoretical analysis of Al–PE separation and to provideg new ideas for the recycling and reuse of post‐consumer Tetra Paks.RESULTSThe composites delaminated into three layers, but the times for delamination of the two plastic layers were different. After separation, some plastics were present in the separation solvents analyzed by FTIR. Bright spots of unregular particles with scattered distribution on the surfaces of the three layers were Al, O and C, detected by SEM‐EDS.CONCLUSIONSDuring the separation reaction a mixed solution permeates into the interfaces of Al–PE composites; adhesive structures of the PE layers were destroyed and even dissolved into particles, thus interfacial adhesive failure and Al–PE separation occurred. However the different properties of the adhesive layers and the oxidation degree of PE fragments cause different separation speeds of the two interfaces adhered to each side of the Al foil. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
On the Multichromatic Number of s‐Stable Kneser Graphs
Authors: Chen Peng‐An 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFor positive integers n and s, a subset [n] is s‐stable if for distinct . The s‐stable r‐uniform Kneser hypergraph is the r‐uniform hypergraph that has the collection of all s‐stable k‐element subsets of [n] as vertex set and whose edges are formed by the r‐tuples of disjoint s‐stable k‐element subsets of [n]. Meunier () conjectured that for positive integers with , and , the chromatic number of s‐stable r ‐uniform Kneser hypergraphs is equal to . It is a generalized version of the conjecture proposed by Alon et al. (). Alon et al. () confirmed Meunier's conjecture for with arbitrary positive integer q. Lin et al. () studied the kth chromatic number of the Mycielskian of the ordinary Kneser graphs for . They conjectured that for . The case was proved by Mycielski (). Lin et al. () confirmed their conjecture for , or when n is a multiple of k or .In this paper, we investigate the multichromatic number of the usual s ‐stable Kneser graphs . With the help of Fan's (1952) combinatorial lemma, we show that Meunier's conjecture is true for r is a power of 2 and s is a multiple of r, and Lin‐Liu‐Zhu's conjecture is true for .
Paleoenvironmental implications of two relative indicator rodent taxa during the Pleistocene to Holocene transition in south‐eastern Washington state, USA
Authors: LYMAN R. LEE 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTLocal pollen data, diminution of body size of three ungulate species, and decreased mammalian richness and evenness all indicate grass decreased in abundance during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (PHT) in eastern Washington state, USA. This paleoenvironmental history suggests that the abundance of remains of Microtus sp. should decrease as remains of Peromyscus maniculatus increase in abundance during the PHT. These two taxa have well‐known ecologies relative to one another. PHT sediments at the Marmes archeological site in south‐eastern Washington state are sorted into three chronologically sequent, isotaphonomic analytical units. Relative abundances of remains of Microtus sp. and P. maniculatus shift across the analytical units in the predicted manner whether raw abundances or rarified abundances are considered. These results suggest relative abundances of remains of Microtus sp. and P. maniculatus recovered from other sites may be used as relative indicators of paleohabitats. Their abundances at Homestead Cave, Utah, shift as predicted from the Late Pleistocene through the Early Holocene.
Study of negative substitution and monomer self‐condensation effects on molar mass and structural characteristics of hyperbranched polyesters originating from a high‐functionality core
Authors: Emamikia Mohammad , Barikani Mehdi , Bakhshandeh Gholamreza 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn order to provide more insight into the effect of core functionality on hyperbranched polymer characteristics, two series of hyperbranched polyesters (HBPEs) were synthesized by reacting 2,2‐bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis‐MPA) as AB2 monomer with both dipentaerythritol (DPE) and pentaerythritol as six (B6)‐ and four (B4)‐functional core molecules. The molar mass, composition and structure of HBPEs were determined with respect to the negative substitution logic and monomer self‐condensation effect. The molar masses and structures of HBPEs containing DPE core were less influenced by the negative effect of a reacted hydroxyl group on the reactivity of other hydroxyl groups in the same monomer unit. Thus, the use of DPE core in copolymerization with bis‐MPA monomer could help slightly to increase the molar mass of HBPEs. Conversely, the effect of self‐condensation of bis‐MPA on the molar mass reduction was more pronounced in the case of DPE hyperbranched polymers due to the A–B negative substitution effect. These two effects become more significant with increasing pseudo‐generation numbers of the HBPEs. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Fumigant toxicity of basil oil compounds and related compounds to Thrips palmi and Orius strigicollis
Authors: Kim Kwang‐Ho , Yi Chang‐Geun , Ahn Young‐Joon , Kim Soon Il , Lee Sang‐Guei , Kim Jun‐Ran 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study was aimed at assessing the fumigant toxicity to adult Thrips palmi (a serious insect pest) and Orius strigicollis (a beneficial predator insect) of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oil compounds and structurally related compounds using vapour‐phase toxicity bioassays.RESULTSAgainst adult T. palmi, linalool (LD50 0.0055 mg cm−3) was the most toxic fumigant and was 15.2‐fold more effective than dichlorvos (0.0837 mg cm−3). Strong fumigant toxicity was also observed in pulegone (0.0095 mg cm−3), (±)‐camphor (0.0097 mg cm−3) and 1,8‐cineole (0.0167 mg cm−3). Moderate toxicity was produced by camphene, 3‐carene, (−)‐menthone, (+)‐α‐pinene, (+)‐β‐pinene, α‐terpineol and (−)‐α‐thujone (0.0215–0.0388 mg cm−3). Against adult O. strigicollis, dichlorvos (LD50 9.0 × 10−10 mg cm−3) was the most toxic fumigant, whereas the LD50 values of these compounds ranged from 0.0127 to >0.23 mg cm−3. Based upon the selective toxicity ratio, the compounds described are more selective than dichlorvos.CONCLUSIONThe basil oil compounds described merit further study as potential insecticides for control of T. palmi in greenhouses because of their generally lower toxicity to O. strigicollis and their greater activity as a fumigant than dichlorvos. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Reliable mixed passive and filtering for semi‐Markov jump systems with randomly occurring uncertainties and sensor failures
Authors: Shen Hao , Wu Zheng‐Guang , Park Ju H. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThis paper investigates the reliable mixed passive and
filtering problem for uncertain semi‐Markov jump delayed systems subject to sensor failures. The parameter uncertainties are randomly occurring with two stochastic variables, which are mutually independent and satisfy certain probabilistic distributions on the interval [0,1]. The objective is to focus on the design of a reliable filter ensuring the mixed passivity and
performance level of the resulting filtering error system in the presence of sensor failures. By using an improved reciprocally convex approach combined with a novel integral inequality, sufficient conditions of mixed passivity and
performance analysis for the considered systems are derived. Based on these, a desired reliable filter design method is developed, and the parameters of the filter are readily calculated by employing a simple expression of the desired filter. Three numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and the reduced conservatism of the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software process simulation—at a crossroads?
Authors: Zhang He , Raffo David , Birkhöltzer Thomas , Houston Dan , Madachy Raymond , Münch Jürgen , Sutton Stanley M 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTSoftware process simulation (SPS) has been evolving over the past two decades after being introduced to the software engineering community in the 1980s. At that time the SPS technology attracted a great deal of interest from both academics and practitioners in the software process community—even to the extent of being one of the recommended techniques for achieving multiple Key Process Areas of Level 4 of the Capability Maturity Model Integration. However, in recent years, the growth of SPS seems to have slowed along with the number of reported applications in industry. This article summarizes the special panel that was held during ICSSP 2012 whose goals were to assess whether this technology remains applicable to today's software engineering projects and challenges and to point out the most beneficial opportunities for future research and industry application. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of low shear on the development of fortified extruded rice products
Authors: Ayoub Ali , Liu Yankai , Miller Dennis D. , Rizvi Syed S. H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFortified extruded rice presents promising commercial opportunities for delivering nutrients and other functional ingredients to the global rice consuming population. Its formulation may be changed to suit the nutritional requirements of different target markets. The objective of this study was to develop a product line of prototypes that resemble the texture and appearance of natural rice grains, and have good retention of added nutrients. Extruded fortified rice was manufactured in a controlled mechanical shear extrusion process by first combining a mixture of fortified rice flour and water in a pre‐conditioner, then advancing the mixture along the length of an extruder barrel with a terminal extrusion die inserts in the shape of rice kernels. Extruded rice grains were evaluated for the degree of gelatinization, texture profile, and starch depolymerization. Retention of added vitamins and minerals was also measured. The cooked extruded grains had comparable texture to cooked commercial rice with good sensory characteristics. Based on the results, the key strategy in producing good quality extruded fortified starch is to achieve as high a degree of starch gelatinization in the extruded rice kernel as possible without inducing excessive starch breakdown.
Effect of dynamic high‐pressure microfluidization on the morphology characteristics and physicochemical properties of maize amylose
Authors: Tu Zongcai , Yin Yuebin , Wang Hui , Liu Guangxian , Chen Lili , Zhang Peng , Kou Yu , Zhang Lan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMaize amylose–water suspension (6% w/w) was subjected to single‐pass dynamic high‐pressure microfluidization (DHPM) treatment at 80, 120, 160, and 200 MPa, and changes in the morphology characteristics and physicochemical properties were compared with native maize amylose as a control sample. Laser scattering measurements of particle size demonstrated with microfluidization treatment at 80 MPa showed a slight decrease in mean diameter, while a significant increase was observed above 120 MPa. SEM analysis showed that the surface appearances of maize amylose were altered and the starch granules were partially gelatinized after DHPM treatment. The microfluidization treated maize amylose showed elevated light transmittance and swelling power. However, the solubility was decreased and no significant changes in the freeze–thaw stability. DSC analysis showed a decrease in gelatinization temperatures (To, Tc) and gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH) upon high‐pressure treatment. The texture profile analysis of the starch gel prepared from the suspension treated with high pressure obtained higher hardness and adhesiveness, lower cohesiveness and springiness. The results provide the basic information on the physicochemical properties of maize amylose treated at different microfluidized pressures and indicate the potential possibility of DHPM for starch modification.
Effect of high methoxy pectin and sucrose on pasting, rheological, and textural properties of modified starch systems
Authors: Gałkowska Dorota , Długosz Magda , Juszczak Lesław 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMixtures of high methoxy pectin, sucrose, and cross‐linked potato starch (acetylated distarch phosphate (ADP) and acetylated distarch adipate (ADA)) at concentrations of 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5% w/w were used to produce pastes and gels, which were characterized by RVA, steady shear, and oscillatory rheological measurements, and by textural testing. The pectin and sucrose components of the paste and gels affected their rheological and textural properties. The effect of starch concentration on the pasting parameters of the starch–pectin–sucrose systems depended on both amount of added starch and kind of modified starch, however, for each starch concentration both peak and final viscosities of the mixed systems were greater than these of the respective starch alone pastes. A domination of elastic properties over viscous features (G′>G″) were observed in the starch–pectin–sucrose systems, with increase in the values of storage and loss moduli with increase in starch concentration. The mixed systems appeared to be more rigid during the extrusion than the starch alone gels, with the values of textural parameters increasing with increase in starch concentration more in ADP than ADA systems.
Influence of starch oxidation and phosphorylation on thermal generation of carbohydrate radicals studied by electron paramagnetic resonance
Authors: Łabanowska Maria , Kurdziel Magdalena , Bidzińska Ewa , Wesełucha‐Birczyńska Aleksandra , Pawcenis Dominika , Łojewski Tomasz , Fortuna Teresa , Pietrzyk Sławomir , Przetaczek‐Rożnowska Izabela 
Published: October 2014

AbstractInfluence of starch modifications on the process of thermal generation of radicals in starch of different botanical origin was studied using electron paramagnetic spectroscopy. Potato, corn and spelt starches were subjected to chemical modifications: oxidation and phosphorylation. Samples of native and modified starches were thermally treated at 483 K, temperature usually used in baking processes. Stable, carbon‐centred radicals were formed at these conditions. Their amounts and character depended on the starch variety and on the kind of modification. Analysis of EPR signals allowed establishing the same mechanism of radical generation in all investigated samples of starch. However, the course of their formation process depended on different factors, such as the content of amylose and amylopectin fraction, phosphorus as well as carboxyl and carbonyl groups, botanical origin of starch and character of the starch modifications.
Influence of metal ions on thermal generation of carbohydrate radicals in native and modified starch studied by EPR
Authors: Łabanowska Maria , Kurdziel Magdalena , Bidzińska Ewa , Fortuna Teresa , Pietrzyk Sławomir , Przetaczek‐Rożnowska Izabela , Rożnowski Jacek 
Published: October 2014

AbstractInfluence of enrichment with ions from alkali (K), alkali‐earth (Mg) and d transition (Cu, Fe) metal groups of native and modified starches on the process of carbohydrate radicals generation has been studied using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. This technique allows following the character and amount of created radicals, as well as the changes in coordination sphere of transition metal ions incorporated into starch matrix. The main difference between transition metal ions and the ions of alkali and alkali‐earth metals consisted in the character of their interactions with functional groups of starch. Transition metal ions coordinated glucose units of starch and influenced the mechanism of carbohydrate radical formation independently of the kind of starch modification. Interaction of starch, native and modified, with ions of alkali and alkali‐earth metals did not change the mechanism of radical generation, however, influenced their number. Contents of total metal ions found analytically by spectroscopic methods and by EPR allowed determination of the amount of transition metal ions engaged in interactions with starch matrix, as well as the differentiating of native and modified starch in respect of their metal ions adsorptive ability.
Exploring the surface morphology of developing wheat starch granules by using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Waduge Renuka N. , Xu Song , Bertoft Eric , Seetharaman Koushik 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWheat starch granules from 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 days after anthesis (DAA) were imaged using AFM. Starches were scanned in their native form as well as following exposure to iodine vapour in‐situ at 100% humidity. Starch at 7 DAA exhibited only one granule population, while starches at other maturities had two size populations. Starches from all stages of maturation exhibited blocklet structures. Larger fuzzy blocklets were observed at early stages while they became smaller and less fuzzy at subsequent stages of maturity. Furthermore, at all stages, small granules had larger fuzzy blocklets and higher surface roughness than the large granule counterpart; however the surface roughness of both small and large granule fractions decreased gradually with maturation. Amorphous growth ring of starch granules with ∼1 × 1 µm to ∼3 × 6 µm size islands were also observed. In‐situ iodine exposure demonstrated that iodine interacted with glucan polymers in the amorphous background first and then spread over to polymers on top of blocklets. Iodine‐glucan polymer interaction further increased the surface roughness.