bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Treatment of Hydraulically Complex Hexavalent Chromium and Chlorinated Volatile Organic Plumes
Authors: Desrosiers Richard J. , Schaffner I. Richard , Brookman Gordon T. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGroundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) and chlorinated volatile organic compounds (cVOCs) presents unique in situ remedial challenges in an oxygen‐rich environment. On one hand, chemical oxidation would be effective in treating the cVOCs; however, it would not be appropriate to treat Cr+6. Biological treatment may be appropriate to treat the Cr+6; however, the cVOC degradation pathway within these mixed plumes is currently following an abiotic pathway with little to no daughter‐product production. Thus, a blended approach was needed to treat both constituents in situ in an effort to avoid a long‐term, costly pump‐and‐treat solution. This article evaluates an in situ biogeochemical stabilization/reduction strategy by injecting an inorganic carbon‐based remedial additive into the geologic and hydrogeologic environment to decrease concentrations within the commingled Cr+6 and cVOC plume. The concept involves creating favorable redox reducing conditions to shift the groundwater geochemical equilibrium from the more toxic Cr+6 to the less toxic trivalent chromium (Cr+3), with the final outcome being a conversion to chrome oxide that molecularly fixes to the soil grains. In addition, reducing conditions developed for chromium reduction should result in an increase in the available natural formation iron that should further enhance the natural abiotic reduction of cVOCs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Near‐Surface Disposal Performance Assessment: Modeling Monthly Precipitation and Temperature in Various Climate Environments
Authors: Worthy Roneisha W. , Clarke James H. , Abkowitz Mark D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA more stable and extensive analysis of climate is necessary to simulate long‐term impacts associated with climate change. The exponential dispersion model (EDM) family of distributions, a popular choice when characterizing precipitation levels and temperature in different climate environments, is being considered for its applicability to near‐surface disposal performance assessments. In this study, the EDM family is examined to determine if there is a preferred distributional form within the family for these parameters using data from two sites whose climate environments are quite different. One site is in a semiarid environment and the other is in a humid environment. In addition, the merits of selecting a different distributional form to represent each calendar month of precipitation and temperature data are explored.Results show that the gamma distribution was most often determined to be the best fit to recorded precipitation data. When considering temperature, however, the Weibull distribution proved to be a better fit. These results suggest that greater precision may be possible when temperature and precipitation serve as inputs to modeling activities, if these parameters are allowed to be represented by different distributions and derived by calendar month. Ultimately, the approach provides a more far‐reaching examination of historical records and provides an increase in confidence, when used in the evaluation of long‐term climate impacts associated with near‐surface disposal facilities. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cost‐Effective Sediment Dredge Disposal Options for Small Craft Harbors in Canada
Authors: Walker Tony R. , MacLean Bradley , Appleton Rebecca , McMillan Scott , Miles Mary 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSediment dredge disposal options were reviewed to improve cost‐effectiveness and environmental safety for dredging of coastal sediments at the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Small Craft Harbours (DFO‐SCH) program in Canada. Historically, contaminated dredge sediments exceeding federal guidelines were disposed of in nearby landfills. Recent federal regulatory changes in sediment quality guidelines adopted by provincial regulators in Canada has resulted in updates to guidelines for disposal of contaminated solids in landfills. Updates now require specific and general disposal options for contaminated dredge material destined for land‐based disposal, resulting in more expensive disposal in containment cells (if contaminated sediments exceed federal guidelines). However, as part of this study, a leachate testing method was applied to contaminated sediments to simulate migration of potential contaminants in groundwater. Using this approach, leachate quality was compared to federal freshwater criteria and drinking water quality guidelines for compliance with new regulations. Leachate testing performed on the highest sediment contaminant concentrations triggered less than 2 percent potable water exceedances, meaning that most dredge spoils could be disposed of in privately owned or provincially operated landfill sites, providing less expensive disposal options compared to containment cell disposal. Current dredge disposal practices were reviewed at 35 harbor sites across Nova Scotia and their limitations identified in a gap analysis. Improved site management was developed following this review and consultation with interested marine stakeholders. New disposal options and chemical analyses were proposed, along with improvements to cost efficiencies for management of dredged marine sediments in Atlantic Canada. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
European design rules for point loads near supports evaluated with data from shear tests on non‐slender beams with vertical stirrups
Authors: Todisco Leonardo , Reineck Karl‐Heinz , Bayrak Oguzhan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper includes a presentation of a shear test database that contains 278 tests conducted on reinforced concrete beams with vertical stirrups and no horizontal skin reinforcement. These beams are commonly referred to as non‐slender beams since they were tested using loading arrangements that created shear span‐to‐depth ratios a/d < 2.4. In an effort to arrive at a database that can be used for the purposes of evaluating the accuracy and conservativeness of design provisions, several control and filtering criteria were applied. After this process, 178 beams remained in the evaluation database. The analyses conducted using this database indicated that the application of the strut‐and‐tie models (STM) of Eurocode 2 (EC2) to non‐slender beams with stirrups is unconservative, i.e. the database analyses yielded results that were above the desired 5 % fractile. Almost all unconservative strength estimations were obtained for test specimens containing large numbers of stirrups. Conversely, statistical evaluations showed that the FIP Recommendations model for beams with point loads near supports is conservative.
Impact of carcinoma in situ of the bladder in the UK
Authors: Ranasinghe Weranja , Hounsome Luke , Verne Julia , Persad Raj 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAlthough the incidence of carcinoma in situ of the bladder is increasing in men, it is not currently considered a reportable malignancy in the UK. The authors advocate increased awareness of the condition, given its aggressive nature and need for early detection and initiation of treatment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Enhanced ionized sputtering in HIPIMS
Authors: Alami Jones 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe present paper aims to shortly review a relatively new approach to magnetron sputtering, namely “enhanced ionization sputtering” (EIS) or as it is more commonly known “High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering“ (HIPIMS). The EIS concept describes a range of plasmas that have the common features of exhibiting a higher (than what is commonly known) plasma density and a higher ionization fraction of sputtered and gas atoms in the discharge. The somewhat unique properties are the result of pulsing a sputtering source (target) power at a low frequency ranging from a few tens to a few hundreds of Hz and a low duty time of less than 10 %. Consequently, plasma electron densities 2 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than densities in conventional sputtering plasmas can be achieved, while the corresponding ionization fractions of the target material reach up to 90 % for Ti, for example. As will be shown in the present paper, EIS is described as an approach to sputtering that provides new means and a realm of possibilities to develop coating solutions not possible otherwise. This implies that there is not a single description of a HIPIMS plasma, rather a concept for ionization (EIS) that should be used according to the needs of the application in hand. Nevertheless, for the purpose of simplicity, HIPIMS should describe in the present paper both the concept and the technique.
A ‘behaviorscape’ perspective on stream fish ecology and conservation: linking fish behavior to riverscapes
Authors: White Seth M. , Giannico Guillermo , Li Hiram 
Published: October 2015

Landscape ecology (and its application to rivers and streams: riverine landscapes or riverscapes) provides an expansive depiction of patterns of physical and biological phenomena, yet mechanisms driving those patterns are rarely identified. Behavioral ecology aims to elucidate mechanisms of organisms' response to their environment, but often lacks the context of natural conditions and the surrounding landscape or riverscape. Bringing together the relative strengths of these two fields—context in the case of riverscapes and mechanism in the case of behavioral ecology—can provide fisheries managers and conservation biologists with improved predictions of fish response to anthropogenic impacts such as habitat degradation, landscape fragmentation, and climate change. Existing research on fish behavior incorporating a riverscape perspective includes the study of fish migration and dispersal, habitat selection, and reproduction and life history strategies. The merging of these disciplines is termed ‘behaviorscapes’ and a program of research would adhere to four principles: (1) study fish populations or communities in a natural setting, (2) account for landscape and riverscape context, (3) incorporate a refined understanding of fish behavior, and (4) forge linkages between individual behavior and population or community demographics. Several potential directions for future research exist, including developing or improving technologies to map internal heterogeneity of rivers; making explicit links between that heterogeneity and fish behavior through observations or experiments; and employing an iterative approach to using ecological knowledge,a priorihypotheses, and precise spatial analysis to bridge the pattern‐process divide.WIREs Water2014, 1:385–400. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1033This article is categorized under:Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and AwarenessWater and Life > Nature of Freshwater EcosystemsHuman Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
A review of forest and tree plantation biomass equations in Indonesia
Authors: Anitha Kamalakumari , Verchot Louis V. , Joseph Shijo , Herold Martin , Manuri Solichin , Avitabile Valerio 
Published: October 2015

AbstractKey messageWe compiled 2,458 biomass equations from 168 destructive sampling studies in Indonesia. Unpublished academic theses contributed the largest share of the biomass equations. The availability of the biomass equations was skewed to certain regions, forest types, and species. Further research is necessary to fill the data gaps in emission factors and to enhance the implementation of climate change mitigation projects and programs.ContextLocally derived allometric equations contribute to reducing the uncertainty in the estimation of biomass, which may be useful in the implementation of climate change mitigation projects and programs in the forestry sector. Many regional and global efforts are underway to compile allometric equations.AimsThe present study compiles the available allometric equations in Indonesia and evaluates their adequacy in estimating biomass in the different types of forest across the archipelago.MethodsA systematic survey of the scientific literature was conducted to compile the biomass equations, including ISI publications, national journals, conference proceedings, scientific reports, and academic theses. The data collected were overlaid on a land use/land cover map to assess the spatial distribution with respect to different regions and land cover types. The validation of the equations for selected forest types was carried out using independent destructive sampling data.ResultsA total of 2,458 biomass equations from 168 destructive sampling studies were compiled. Unpublished academic theses contributed the majority of the biomass equations. Twenty-one habitat types and 65 species were studied in detail. Diameter was the most widely used single predictor in all allometric equations. The cumulative number of individual trees cut was 5,207. The islands of Java, Kalimantan, and Sumatra were the most studied, while other regions were underexplored or unexplored. More than half of the biomass equations were for just seven species. The majority of the studies were carried out in plantation forests and secondary forests, while primary forests remain largely understudied. Validation using independent data showed that the allometric models for peat swamp forest had lower error departure, while the models for lowland dipterocarp forest had higher error departure.ConclusionAlthough biomass studies are a major research activity in Indonesia due to its high forest cover, the majority of such activities are limited to certain regions, forest types, and species. More research is required to cover underrepresented regions, forest types, particular growth forms, and very large tree diameter classes.
Conjugated liquid layers driven by the short-wavelength Bénard–Marangoni instability: experiment and numerical simulation
Authors: Nejati Iman , Dietzel Mathias , Hardt Steffen 
Published: October 2015

The coupled dynamics of two conjugated liquid layers of disparate thicknesses, which coat a solid substrate and are subjected to a transverse temperature gradient, is investigated. The upper liquid layer evolves under the short-wavelength Bénard–Marangoni instability, whereas the lower, much thinner film undergoes a shear-driven long-wavelength deformation. Although the lubricating film should reduce the viscous stresses acting on the up to one hundred times thicker upper layer by only 10 %, it is found that the critical Marangoni number of marginal stability may be as low as if a stress-free boundary condition were applied at the bottom of the upper layer, i.e. much lower than the classical value of 79.6 known for a single film. Furthermore, it is experimentally verified that the deformation of the liquid–liquid interface, albeit small, has a non-negligible effect on the temperature distribution along the liquid–gas interface of the upper layer. This stabilizes the hexagonal pattern symmetry towards external disturbances and indicates a two-way coupling of the different layers. The experiments also demonstrate how convection patterns formed in a liquid film can be used to pattern a second conjugated film. The experimental findings are verified by a numerical model of the coupled layers.
The oral [13C]bicarbonate technique for measurement of short-term energy expenditure of sled dogs and their physiological response to diets with different fat:carbohydrate ratios
Authors: Larsson Caroline , Ahlstrøm Øystein , Junghans Peter , Jensen Rasmus B. , Blache Dominique , Tauson Anne-Helene 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe oral [13C]bicarbonate technique (o13CBT) was assessed for the determination of short-term energy expenditure (EE) under field conditions. A total of eight Alaskan huskies were fed two experimental diets in a cross-over experiment including two periods of 3 weeks. Effects of diets on EE, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and on plasma hormones, blood lactate and glucose were furthermore investigated. The percentages of metabolisable energy derived from protein (P), fat (F) and carbohydrates (C) were 26:58:16 in the PFC diet and 24:75:1 in the PF diet. Measurements of EE were performed in the post-absorptive state during rest. Blood samples were collected during rest and exercise and ATTD was determined after days with rest and with exercise. EE was higher (P< 0·01) in period 2 than in period 1 (68v.48 kJ/kg body weight0·75per h). The ATTD of organic matter, crude protein and crude fat was higher (P< 0·01) in the PF diet compared with the PFC diet, and lower (P< 0·01) for total carbohydrates. Exercise did not affect ATTD. Higher (P< 0·01) insulin-like growth factor 1 and leptin concentrations were measured when fed the PF diet compared with the PFC diet. Concentrations of insulin decreased (P< 0·01), whereas cortisol and ghrelin increased (P< 0·05), after exercise. There was no effect of diet on blood lactate and glucose, but higher (P< 0·001) lactate concentrations were measured in period 1 than in period 2. The results suggest that the o13CBT can be used in the field to estimate short-term EE in dogs during resting conditions. Higher ATTD and energy density of the PF diet may be beneficial when energy requirements are high.
Western dietary pattern is related to premenstrual syndrome: a case–control study
Authors: Farasati Negin , Siassi Fereydoun , Koohdani Fariba , Qorbani Mostafa , Abashzadeh Karolin , Sotoudeh Gity 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAlthough premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects a large number of women of reproductive age, the aetiology of this disorder has not yet been fully elucidated. The relationship between food intake and PMS morbidity has been investigated in several studies, but dietary patterns of PMS patients have not been taken into consideration up to now. We examined dietary patterns of 320 nurses with (n 160) and without (n 160) PMS in a case–control study. Food intakes over the past year were determined using semi-quantitative FFQ. Factor analysis was used to identify the main dietary patterns, and logistic regression was used to model the relationship between dietary patterns and PMS morbidity. Three dietary patterns were identified in the analysis: healthy, Western and traditional. After adjustment for age, BMI, menstrual cycles, physical activity and energy intake, participants in the second (OR 2·53; 95 % CI 1·18, 5·43) and third (OR 4·39; 95 % CI 1·97, 9·81) quintiles of the Western dietary pattern were more likely to experience PMS compared with those in the first quintile. The study findings therefore reveal that Western dietary pattern might be associated with PMS morbidity. However, this result should be interpreted with caution as there was no evidence of a dose–response relationship. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings in other populations.
The infection of laboratory hosts with cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and the recovery of the adult worms
Authors: Smithers S. R. , Terry R. J. 
Published: October 2015

At present many laboratories throughout the world are studying the chemotherapy and immunology of Schistosoma mansoni in laboratory hosts. Many workers judge the success or failure of their attempts to cure or immunize these hosts from the ratio of the number of living adult worms recovered to the number of infecting cercariae. This ratio is affected, however, not only by the efficacy of any treatment, but also by the methods used to infect the animals and to recover the worms. If these methods result in widely varying worm recoveries amongst the animals in any experimental group, then small but significant effects of treatment might well be missed. Alternatively, such large experimental groups must be used that the work becomes tedious to perform and depends upon the availability of a great deal of technical assistance. This paper describes techniques which are rapid and do not require great skill in their performance. More important, in our hands they have given very consistent results. In this respect, particularly, we believe that these techniques have advantages over others which are currently practised.The techniques described here are those which were used in other investigations reported in this journal (Smithers & Terry, 1965a, b).The strain of S. mansoni used throughout this work was isolated in Puerto Rico and was obtained through the courtesy of Dr W. B. DeWitt of the National Institutes of Health. The parasite is maintained in an albino strain of Australorbis glabratus (Newton, 1955). Snails are exposed individually to ten miracidia overnight at 27 °C.
II.—The Stability of Solutions of Non-linear Difference-differential Equations
Authors: Wright E. M. 
Published: October 2015

SynopsisPoincaré, Liapounoﬀ, Perron and others have proved theorems about the order of smallness, as the independent variable tends to + ∞, of solutions of differential equations with non-linear perturbation terms. A similar theory exists for difference equations. By a simple use of transforms, we here extend the theorems, with suitable modifications, to difference-differential equations. The results are an essential step in the development of a general theory of non-linear equations of this type.
Neanderthals did speak, butFOXP2doesn't prove it
Authors: Johansson Sverker 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAckermann et al. treat both genetic and paleoanthropological data too superficially to support their conclusions. The case ofFOXP2and Neanderthals is a prime example, which I will comment on in some detail; the issues are much more complex than they appear in Ackermann et al.
Trajectories of care home residents during the last month of life: the case of France
Authors: PENNEC SOPHIE , GAYMU JOELLE , MORAND ELISABETH , RIOU FRANCOISE , PONTONE SILVIA , AUBRY REGIS , CASES CHANTAL 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper examines some demographic and medical factors associated with the likelihood of residing in a care home during the last month of life for persons aged 70 and over in France and, if so, of remaining in the care home throughout or being transferred to hospital. The data are from the Fin de vie en France (End of Life in France) survey undertaken in 2010. During the last month of life, very old people are more likely to be living in a care home but are not less likely to be transferred to hospital. Medical conditions and residential trajectories are closely related. People with dementia or mental disorders are more likely to live in a care home and, if so, to stay there until they die. Compared to care homes, a more technical and medication-based approach is taken in hospitals and care home residents who are transferred to hospital more often receive medication while those remaining in care homes more often receive support from a psychologist. In hospitals as in care homes, few older persons had recourse to advance directives and hospice programmes were not widespread. Promoting these two factors may help to increase the quality of end of life and facilitate an ethical approach to end-of-life care.
The Streptococcus milleri Group
Authors: Verrall Rosemary 
Published: October 2015

Microbiologists traditionally have relied on biochemical and serologic tests to identify only group A, group B, and group D streptococci isolated from patients with serious infections. Until recently there has been little interest in the further classification of other streptococci isolated from clinical specimens.In 1956, Guthof repeatedly isolated a particular streptococcus from dental abscesses and named the organism Streptococcus milleri in honor of the microbiologist, W.D. Miller. In 1976, Parker and Ball associated this microorganism with other pyogenic infections and later described the characteristics of 346 strains. The Streptococcus milleri group is now recognized as both virulent and invasive and some believe it is responsible for more suppurative infections than any other group of streptococci. Physicians need to consider the unique ability of these bacteria to form abscesses in a wide range of tissue. Microbiology laboratories, therefore, need to develop schemes to identify this important group of streptococci.