bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XIII. Notes on the Discovery of a Fossil Scorpion (
Palæophonus Caledonicus
) in the Silurian Strata of Logan Water
Authors: Hunter John R. S. 
Published: September 2014

I
n
two previous papers read to the Society

*

I referred to the results of former expeditions to the Logan Water district in the Lesmahagow hills, and I then described the geological features of this group of fossiliferous Silurian strata, known to all who are interested in Scottish palæontology.

In June, 1883, I started on another expedition to Logan Water, under canvas, and for the first few days experienced weather wet and stormy enough to try the patience of the oldest campaigner. Nor were the rocks more favourable to us than the elements, and our earliest explorations were absolutely barren of results. But patience and perseverance conquer many difficulties, so after a visit home to procure dry clothing, we set to work with renewed vigour to open up a new horizon. Here a splendid specimen of an organism which appeared to be entirely new to me was turned out. Its curious comb-like structure suggested strongly to my mind the fact that it bore a great and general resemblance to a recent Scorpion. Soon after plant remains were discovered on the same horizon, and the probability became all the stronger that here we had disentombed a land-inhabiting and air-breathing animal from a lower position in the earth’s crust than any previously known to us. If this supposition proved correct, here was a find surpassing any of my former discoveries in the Logan Water Silurians, and rendering the hardships we had undergone as nothing in comparison.
Later in the year, when I had
XVII. Notes on some of the Principal Geological Papers read at the British Association Meeting, Aberdeen, 1885
Authors: Murdoch James B. 
Published: September 2014

A
fter
giving a short account of the more important papers submitted to Section C. (Geology), Mr. Murdoch referred to those bearing on two subjects which were of more than usual interest, viz., the age of the Elgin Sandstones and the succession of the North-West Highland Rocks.

The papers which introduced the former subject were—“The Elgin Sandstones,” by Mr. J. G. Phillips, keeper of the Elgin Museum; and “On a new Reptile from New Spynie,” by Dr. R. H. Traquair, F.R.S.E., Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.
Curiously enough, these Yellow Elgin Sandstones had been a subject of great contention at the previous meeting in Aberdeen—that of 1859—and now their age, which had been thought to be then finally settled, again came up for discussion at the meeting of 1885.

Up till 1852 there had been no question that these rocks were of undoubted Old Red Sandstone age, but in that year Mr. Patrick Duff of Elgin discovered in them the remains of a lizard (
Telerpeton
), while in 1859 Prof. Huxley found in the collection of the Rev. Dr. Gordon of Birnie, from the same strata, crocodilian remains (
Stagonolepis
) and those of another lizard (
Hyperodapedon
); and at the recent meeting Dr. Traquair reported the discovery of another form of lizard (which he named provisionally
Dicynodon
). The discovery of these reptilians, all of Triassic age, was supposed to finally settle the question, and the Elgin sandstones were therefore classed as belonging to the New Red formation, when lately in the same horizon,
Targeting Cancer Stem–like Cells as an Approach to Defeating Cellular Heterogeneity in Ewing Sarcoma
Authors: Cornaz-Buros Sandrine , Riggi Nicolo , DeVito Claudio , Sarre Alexandre , Letovanec Igor , Provero Paolo , Stamenkovic Ivan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Plasticity in cancer stem–like cells (CSC) may provide a key basis for cancer heterogeneity and therapeutic response. In this study, we assessed the effect of combining a drug that abrogates CSC properties with standard-of-care therapy in a Ewing sarcoma family tumor (ESFT). Emergence of CSC in this setting has been shown to arise from a defect in TARBP2-dependent microRNA maturation, which can be corrected by exposure to the fluoroquinolone enoxacin. In the present work, primary ESFT from four patients containing CD133+ CSC subpopulations ranging from 3% to 17% of total tumor cells were subjected to treatment with enoxacin, doxorubicin, or both drugs. Primary ESFT CSC and bulk tumor cells displayed divergent responses to standard-of-care chemotherapy and enoxacin. Doxorubicin, which targets the tumor bulk, displayed toxicity toward primary adherent ESFT cells in culture but not to CSC-enriched ESFT spheres. Conversely, enoxacin, which enhances miRNA maturation by stimulating TARBP2 function, induced apoptosis but only in ESFT spheres. In combination, the two drugs markedly depleted CSCs and strongly reduced primary ESFTs in xenograft assays. Our results identify a potentially attractive therapeutic strategy for ESFT that combines mechanism-based targeting of CSC using a low-toxicity antibiotic with a standard-of-care cytotoxic drug, offering immediate applications for clinical evaluation. Cancer Res; 74(22); 6610–22. ©2014 AACR.
DEAR1, a Novel Tumor Suppressor That Regulates Cell Polarity and Epithelial Plasticity
Authors: Chen Nanyue , Balasenthil Seetharaman , Reuther Jacquelyn , Killary Ann McNeill 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Elucidation of the regulatory controls on epithelial plasticity is pivotal not only to better understand the nature of metastasis but also for the design of targeted therapies to prevent the earliest steps in migration and invasion from the primary tumor. This review will highlight the role of the novel TRIM protein DEAR1 (annotated as TRIM62) in the regulation of apical–basal polarity and acinar morphogenesis as well as its function as a chromosome 1p35 tumor suppressor and negative regulator of TGFβ-driven epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). DEAR1 binds to and promotes the ubiquitination of SMAD3, the major effector of TGFβ-mediated EMT, as well as downregulates SMAD3 targets SNAIL1/2, master transcriptional regulators of EMT. Cumulative results suggest a novel paradigm for DEAR1 in the regulation of the breast tumor microenvironment, polarity, and EMT. Because DEAR1 undergoes loss-of-function mutations, homozygous deletion, as well as copy-number losses in multiple epithelial cancers, including breast cancer, DEAR1 has clinical use as a predictive and prognostic biomarker as well as for stratifying breast cancers and potentially other epithelial tumor types for targeted therapies aimed at the pathways regulated by DEAR1. Cancer Res; 74(20); 5683–9. ©2014 AACR.
GPx2 Suppression of H2O2 Stress Links the Formation of Differentiated Tumor Mass to Metastatic Capacity in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Emmink Benjamin L. , Laoukili Jamila , Kipp Anna P. , Koster Jan , Govaert Klaas M. , Fatrai Szabolcs , Verheem Andre , Steller Ernst J.A. , Brigelius-Flohé Regina , Jimenez Connie R. , Borel Rinkes Inne H.M. , Kranenburg Onno 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Colorectal tumorigenesis is accompanied by the generation of oxidative stress, but how this controls tumor development is poorly understood. Here, we studied how the H2O2-reducing enzyme glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPx2) regulates H2O2 stress and differentiation in patient-derived “colonosphere” cultures. GPx2 silencing caused accumulation of radical oxygen species, sensitization to H2O2-induced apoptosis, and strongly reduced clone- and metastasis-forming capacity. Neutralization of radical oxygen species restored clonogenic capacity. Surprisingly, GPx2-suppressed cells also lacked differentiation potential and formed slow-growing undifferentiated tumors. GPx2 overexpression stimulated multilineage differentiation, proliferation, and tumor growth without reducing the tumor-initiating capacity. Finally, GPx2 expression was inversely correlated with H2O2-stress signatures in human colon tumor cohorts, but positively correlated with differentiation and proliferation. Moreover, high GPx2 expression was associated with early tumor recurrence, particularly in the recently identified aggressive subtype of human colon cancer. We conclude that H2O2 neutralization by GPx2 is essential for maintaining clonogenic and metastatic capacity, but also for the generation of differentiated proliferating tumor mass. The results reveal an unexpected redox-controlled link between tumor mass formation and metastatic capacity. Cancer Res; 74(22); 6717–30. ©2014 AACR.
An Open-Label Phase Ib Dose-Escalation Study of TRC105 (Anti-Endoglin Antibody) with Bevacizumab in Patients with Advanced Cancer
Authors: Gordon Michael S. , Robert Francisco , Matei Daniela , Mendelson David S. , Goldman Jonathan W. , Chiorean E. Gabriela , Strother Robert M. , Seon Ben K. , Figg William D. , Peer Cody J. , Alvarez Delia , Adams Bonne J. , Theuer Charles P. , Rosen Lee S. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Purpose: Endoglin, an endothelial cell membrane receptor expressed on angiogenic tumor vessels, is essential for angiogenesis and upregulated in the setting of VEGF inhibition. TRC105 is an anti-endoglin IgG1 monoclonal antibody that potentiates VEGF inhibitors in preclinical models. This study assessed safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of TRC105 in combination with bevacizumab.
Experimental Design: Patients (n = 38) with advanced solid tumors, Eastern Cooperative Group performance status 0–1, and normal organ function were treated with escalating doses of TRC105 plus bevacizumab until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity using a standard 3 + 3 phase I design.
Results: TRC105 and bevacizumab were well tolerated at their recommended single-agent doses (10 mg/kg) when the initial dose of TRC105 was delayed by one week and divided over 2 days to limit the frequency of headache. The concurrent administration of bevacizumab and TRC105 did not otherwise potentiate known toxicities of TRC105 or bevacizumab. Hypertension and proteinuria were observed, though not at rates expected for single-agent bevacizumab. Several patients who had previously progressed on bevacizumab or VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFR TKI) treatment experienced reductions in tumor volume, including two partial responses by RECIST, and 6 remained without progression for longer periods than during their prior VEGF inhibitor therapy.
Conclusions: TRC105 was well tolerated with bevacizumab and clinical activity was observed in a VEGF inhibitor–refractory population. Ongoing clinical trials are testing TRC105 in combination with bevacizumab in glioblastoma and with VEGFR TKIs in renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and soft tissue sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res; 20(23); 5918–26. ©2014 AACR.
Clinical Preventability of 30‐Day Readmission After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Wasfy Jason H. , Strom Jordan B. , Waldo Stephen W. , O'Brien Cashel , Wimmer Neil J. , Zai Adrian H. , Luttrell Jennifer , Spertus John A. , Kennedy Kevin F. , Normand Sharon‐Lise T. , Mauri Laura , Yeh Robert W. 
Published: September 2014

Background

Early readmission after
PCI
is an important contributor to healthcare expenditures and a target for performance measurement. The extent to which 30‐day readmissions after
PCI
are preventable is unknown yet essential to minimizing their occurrence.

Methods and Results

PCI
patients readmitted to hospital at which
PCI
was performed within 30 days of discharge at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital were identified, and their medical records were independently reviewed by 2 physicians. Each reviewer used an ordinal scale (0, not; 1, possibly; 2, probably; and 3, definitely preventable) to rate clinical preventability, and a total sum score ≥2 was considered preventable. Characteristics of preventable and unpreventable readmissions were compared, and predictors of clinical preventability were assessed by using multivariate logistic regression. Of 9288
PCI
s performed, 9081 (97.8%) patients survived to initial hospital discharge and 1007 (11.1%) were readmitted to the index hospital within 30 days. After excluding repeat readmissions, 893 readmissions were reviewed. Fair agreement between physician reviewers was observed (weighted κ statistic 0.44 [95%
CI
0.39 to 0.49]). After aggregation of scores, 380 (42.6%) readmissions were deemed preventable and 513 (57.4%) were deemed not preventable. Common causes of preventable readmissions included staged
PCI
without new symptoms (14.7%), vascular/bleeding complications of
PCI
(10.0%), and congestive heart failure (9.7%).

Conclusions

Nearly half of 30‐day readmissions after
PCI
may have been prevented by changes in clinical decision‐making. Focusing on these readmissions may reduce readmission rates.
The Ups and Downs of an Uncomfortable Legacy
Authors: Burgos Raúl 
Published: September 2014

The ideas originating in Antonio Gramsci’s politico-theoretical work, in a multifaceted itinerary departing from a purely ethical matrix, have developed in Latin America into a sophisticated theoretical formulation focused on the theory of hegemony. The emergence of this formulation marks the beginning of a complex process of reformulation of the classic paradigms of the left, producing a drastic change in thinking about the logic of social transformation in Latin America. With this shift the issues of strategic design and the transformational process began to undergo thorough debate. The theoretical tasks presented by the current development of Gramscian thought toward the construction of a comprehensive theory of hegemony include the classical political and cultural dimension and the productive dimension of hegemonic actions. Las ideas oriundas en la elaboración teórico-política de Antonio Gramsci, en un itinerario multifacético a partir de una matriz puramente ética, desenvuelven su contenido hasta ser expuestas en la forma de una formulación teórica sofisticada centrada en la teoría de la hegemonía. La emergencia de este momento marca el inicio de un complejo proceso de reelaboración de los paradigmas clásicos de la izquierda, constituyendo un cambio severo en el modo de pensar la lógica de la transformación social en América Latina. En este viraje las cuestiones del diseño estratégico y del sujeto del proceso transformador serán puestos en discusión radical. Las tareas teóricas planteadas por el desarrollo actual del pensamiento gramsciano hacia la construcción de una teoría integral incluyen las clásicas dimensiones política y cultural y la dimensión productiva de acciones hegemónicas.
Subtotal Resection for Management of Large Jugular Paragangliomas with Functional Lower Cranial Nerves
Authors: Wanna George B. , Sweeney Alex D. , Carlson Matthew L. , Latuska Richard F. , Rivas Alejandro , Bennett Marc L. , Netterville James L. , Haynes David S. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate tumor control following subtotal resection of advanced jugular paragangliomas in patients with functional lower cranial nerves and to investigate the utility of salvage radiotherapy for residual progressive disease.Study DesignCase series with planned chart review.SettingTertiary academic referral center.Subjects and MethodsPatients who presented with advanced jugular paragangliomas and functional lower cranial nerves were analyzed. Primary outcome measures included extent of resection, long‐term tumor control, need for additional treatment, and postoperative lower cranial nerve function.ResultsTwelve patients (mean age, 46.2 years; 7 women, 58.3%) who met inclusion criteria were evaluated between 1999 and 2013. The mean postoperative residual tumor volume was 27.7% (range, 3.5%‐75.0%) of the preoperative volume. When the residual tumor volume was less than 20% of the preoperative volume, no tumor growth occurred over an average of 44.6 months of follow‐up (P <. 01). Four tumors (33.3%) demonstrated serial growth at a mean of 23.5 months following resection, 2 of which were treated with salvage stereotactic radiotherapy providing control through the last recorded follow‐up. No patient experienced permanent postoperative lower cranial neuropathy as a result of surgery.ConclusionSubtotal resection of jugular paragangliomas with preservation of the lower cranial nerves is a viable management strategy. If more than 80% of the preoperative tumor volume is resected, the residual tumor seems less likely to grow.
Breast Mondor’s disease: Diagnosis and management of six new cases of this underestimated pathology
Authors: Pasta Vittorio , D’Orazi Valerio , Sottile Daniela , Del Vecchio Luca , Panunzi Andrea , Urciuoli Paolo 
Published: September 2014

Mondor’s disease is an unusual and little-known pathology of the breast, characterized by superficial thrombophlebitis. The causes are still unresolved. Most of the patients do not fall under case studies of the scientific literature, given the reported incidence rate between 0.5% and 0.8%. The Mondor’s disease patients are not always properly identified, and they are frequently treated as outpatients, even considering the benign course of the disease which often spontaneously resolves without any medical therapy. We report here six new cases of Mondor’s disease, two of them were likely due to a trauma and were easily resolved with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; the third one was apparently due to the stretching of the mammary veins in a patient with gigantomastia; the fourth one was subsequent to hormonal stimulation for in vivo fertilization and following gestation; and the last two cases (one was a man) were diagnosed after undergoing surgery for breast carcinoma.
Normalization of T2 relaxation time and apparent diffusion coefficient in relation to the inflammatory changes in the substantia nigra of rats with focal cerebral ischemia
Authors: Yang Yan Mei , Li Chan Chan , Yin Le Kang , Feng XiaoYuan 
Published: September 2014

Background Focal cerebral ischemia results in delayed neurodegeneration in remote brain regions, such as the substantia nigra. To date, a reasonable explanation is still lacking regarding the correlation of magnetic resonance (MR) signal pseudo-normalization following a transient abnormal change and subsequent progressive pathological damage. Purpose To characterize the substantia nigra following middle cerebral artery occlusion and to evaluate the potential pathophysiological changes associated with the pseudo-normalization of MR signals in the substantia nigra at the subacute stage after stroke onset. Material and Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. During the occlusion of single middle cerebral artery, computed tomography (CT) perfusion was acquired to observe the blood flow perfusion in the primary ischemic striatum and ipsilateral substantia nigra. Next, the MR T2 relaxation time and apparent diffusion coefficient changes within the substantia nigra were determined on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after stroke onset, and compared with immunohistochemistry for microglia activation and astrogliosis. Results Twenty-four rats with strong hypoperfusion in the primary ischemic territory and no alterations of the perfusion in the ipsilateral substantia nigra detected both visually and measurably during the middle cerebral artery occlusion were further studied. All animals showed MR pseudo-normalization with T2 relaxation time and apparent diffusion coefficient recovered in the ipsilateral substantia nigra at the subacute phase following focal cerebral ischemia. Normalization of the MR signals corresponded well with the spatio-temporal occurrence of microglia activation and astrogliosis. Conclusion The pseudo-normalization of T2 relaxation time and apparent diffusion coefficient reflects the neuroinflammatory changes that accompany activation of microglia and astrocytes in the ipsilateral substantia nigra following middle cerebral artery occlusion.
Evaluation of cholesteatoma: our experience with DW Propeller imaging
Authors: Karandikar Amit , Loke Siu Cheng , Goh Julian , Yeo Seng Beng , Tan Tiong Yong 
Published: September 2014

Background Cholesteatoma management includes early detection and surgical exploration. Due to its tendency to recur, it can be potentially locally aggressive. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and in particular diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), plays an important role in management of these lesions. Purpose To assess the accuracy of Propeller (Periodically Rotated Overlapping ParallEL Lines with Enhanced Reconstruction) DW sequence in detecting middle ear and mastoid cholesteatomas in non-operated ears by surgical correlation. Material and Methods A retrospective review of 15 patients was done who underwent Propeller DWI with either clinically confirmed or suspected cholesteatomas. Surgical correlation was done in all cases. Results All patients had hyperintense foci on Propeller DWI. Surgical correlation performed revealed that 13 patients had cholesteatomas while two patients had mastoid abscesses. The location, extent, and size of cholesteatomas on Propeller DWI matched with the operative findings. Of the 13 patients with cholesteatomas, three patients had multiple foci of hyperintensity on Propeller DWI, which corroborated with the surgical finding of multiple cholesteatomas. The average apparent diffusion coefficient value of cholesteatoma was 0.868 × 10−3 mm2/s, found to be higher than that of abscess, which was 0.425 × 10−3 mm2/s. Conclusion Propeller DWI was accurate in assessing the location, extent, and size of cholesteatomas as corroborated with surgical findings. Propeller DWI is useful in detecting number of cholesteatoma foci, a vital finding as it may impact the choice of surgery.
An analysis of initial and follow-up CT findings in intramural hematoma, aortic double-lumen dissection, and mixed type lesions
Authors: Ibukuro Kenji , Takeguchi Takaya , Fukuda Hozumi , Mori Masaya , Abe Shoko , Tobe Kimiko 
Published: September 2014

Background Although the clinical presentation of intramural hematoma (IMH) and aortic double-lumen dissection (AD) is similar, the imaging results and subsequent clinical course of the two lesions differ. Purpose To compare the clinical and radiological findings of IMH, AD, and mixed type lesions. Material and Methods Forty-two patients with IMH, 38 with AD, and 10 with mixed type lesions were imaged with post-contrast-enhanced CT. The most proximal ulcer-like lesions and entry tears and the distal ends of the IMH and AD were evaluated. The interval change of the intramural hematoma, ulcer-like lesion, and false lumen was observed. The pathological findings of the aorta were evaluated in 15 patients. Results The most proximal ulcer-like lesion and entry tear were located in the arch to the descending aorta in 27 (64.2%) of the 42 patients with IMH and in 24 (63.1%) of the 38 patients with AD. The distal extension was located at the iliac arteries in six (14.3%) patients with IMH and in 31 (81.6%) patients with AD ( P < 0.001). The intramural hematomas regressed in 29 (93.5%) of 31 patients, and the ulcer-like lesion progressed in 14 (70%) of 20 patients with IMH. The clinical features of the mixed type lesions resembled those of AD, rather than IMH. The intramural hematoma or dissection was observed within the outer media in all lesion types on histopathology. Conclusion There is a distinct difference between IMH and AD in distal extension; however, the locations of the lesions are pathologically the same in the media of the aorta.