bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sea surface temperature as a tracer to estimate cross‐shelf turbulent diffusivity and flushing time in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon
Authors: Mao Yadan , Ridd Peter V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAccurate parameterization of spatially variable diffusivity in complex shelf regions such as the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon is an unresolved issue for hydrodynamic models. This leads to large uncertainties to the flushing time derived from them and to the evaluation of ecosystem resilience to terrestrially derived pollution. In fact, numerical hydrodynamic models and analytical cross‐shore diffusion models have predicted very different flushing times for the GBR lagoon. Nevertheless, scarcity of in situ measurements used previously in the latter method prevents derivation of detailed diffusivity profiles. Here detailed cross‐shore profiles of diffusivity were calculated explicitly in a closed form for the first time from the steady state transects of sea surface temperature for different sections of the GBR lagoon. We find that diffusivity remains relatively constant within the inner lagoon (<∼20 km) where tidal current is weak, and increases linearly with sufficiently large tidal amplitude in reef‐devoid regions, but increases dramatically where the reef matrixes start and fluctuates with reef size and density. The cross‐shelf profile of steady state salinity calculated using the derived diffusivity values agrees well with field measurements. The calculated diffusivity values are also consistent with values derived from satellite‐tracked drifters. Flushing time by offshore diffusion is of the order of 1 month, suggesting the important role of turbulent diffusion in flushing the lagoon, especially in reef‐distributed regions. The results imply that previous very large residence times predicted by numerical hydrodynamic models may result from underestimation of diffusivity. Our findings can guide parameterization of diffusivity in hydrodynamic modeling.
Simultaneously inferring above‐cloud absorbing aerosol optical thickness and underlying liquid phase cloud optical and microphysical properties using MODIS
Authors: Meyer Kerry , Platnick Steven , Zhang Zhibo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe regional haze over the southeast (SE) Atlantic Ocean induced by biomass burning in southern Africa can be problematic for passive imager‐based retrievals of the underlying quasi‐permanent marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds and for estimates of top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) aerosol direct radiative effect (DRE). Here an algorithm is introduced to simultaneously retrieve above‐cloud aerosol optical thickness (AOT), the cloud optical thickness (COT), and cloud effective particle radius (CER) of the underlying MBL clouds while also providing pixel‐level estimates of retrieval uncertainty. This approach utilizes reflectance measurements at six Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) channels from the visible to the shortwave infrared. Retrievals are run under two aerosol model assumptions on 8 years (2006–2013) of June–October Aqua MODIS data over the SE Atlantic, from which a regional cloud and above‐cloud aerosol climatology is produced. The cloud retrieval methodology is shown to yield COT and CER consistent with those from the MODIS operational cloud product (MOD06) when forcing AOT to zero, while the full COT‐CER‐AOT retrievals that account for the above‐cloud aerosol attenuation increase regional monthly mean COT and CER by up to 9% and 2%, respectively. Retrieved AOT is roughly 3 to 5 times larger than the collocated 532 nm Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) retrievals, though closer agreement is observed with the CALIOP 1064 nm retrievals, a result consistent with previous case study analyses. Regional cloudy‐sky above‐cloud aerosol DRE calculations are also performed that illustrate the importance of the aerosol model assumption and underlying cloud retrievals.
Linear Accelerators
Authors: Jameson Robert , Bisognano Joseph , Lapostolle Pierre 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLinear accelerators (a subcategory of particle accelerators) are essential tools used for fundamental research and practical applications, including particle and nuclear physics, energy production, chemistry, materials and biological sciences, and medicine. Beams of electrons, protons, and many other particles can be generated, requiring a diversity of different accelerator structures. Scientists continue to build higher energy and higher current linear accelerators, making use of and often pushing the progress in many technological fields like high‐power radiofrequency sources, precision mechanics, high vacuum, magnetics, superconducting materials, wideband electronics, digital controls, and precision civil engineering.
A Highly‐Ordered 3D Covalent Fullerene Framework
Authors: Minar Norma K. , Hou Kun , Westermeier Christian , Döblinger Markus , Schuster Jörg , Hanusch Fabian C. , Nickel Bert , Ozin Geoffrey A. , Bein Thomas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA highly‐ordered 3D covalent fullerene framework is presented with a structure based on octahedrally functionalized fullerene building blocks in which every fullerene is separated from the next by six functional groups and whose mesoporosity is controlled by cooperative self‐assembly with a liquid‐crystalline block copolymer. The new fullerene‐framework material was obtained in the form of supported films by spin coating the synthesis solution directly on glass or silicon substrates, followed by a heat treatment. The fullerene building blocks coassemble with a liquid‐crystalline block copolymer to produce a highly ordered covalent fullerene framework with orthorhombic Fmmm symmetry, accessible 7.5 nm pores, and high surface area, as revealed by gas adsorption, NMR spectroscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and TEM. We also note that the 3D covalent fullerene framework exhibits a dielectric constant significantly lower than that of the nonporous precursor material.
Alkane Activation Initiated by Hydride Transfer: Co‐conversion of Propane and Methanol over H‐ZSM‐5 Zeolite
Authors: Yu Si‐Min , Wu Jian‐Feng , Liu Chong , Liu Wei , Bai Shi , Huang Jun , Wang Wei 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCo‐conversion of alkane with another reactant over zeolite catalysts has emerged as a new approach to the long‐standing challenge of alkane transformation. With the aid of solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and GC‐MS analysis, it was found that the co‐conversion of propane and methanol can be readily initiated by hydride transfer at temperatures of ≥449 K over the acidic zeolite H‐ZSM‐5. The formation of 13C‐labeled methane and singly 13C‐labeled n‐butanes in selective labeling experiments provided the first evidence for the initial hydride transfer from propane to surface methoxy intermediates. The results not only provide new insight into carbocation chemistry of solid acids, but also shed light on the low‐temperature transformation of alkanes for industrial applications.
Photoinduzierte Erzeugung von Ladungsträgern in epitaktischen MOF‐Dünnschichten: hohe Leistung aufgrund einer indirekten elektronischen Bandlücke?
Authors: Liu Jinxuan , Zhou Wencai , Liu Jianxi , Howard Ian , Kilibarda Goran , Schlabach Sabine , Coupry Damien , Addicoat Matthew , Yoneda Satoru , Tsutsui Yusuke , Sakurai Tsuneaki , Seki Shu , Wang Zhengbang , Lindemann Peter , Redel Engelbert , Heine Thomas , Wöll Christof 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBei anorganischen Halbleitern führt kristalline Ordnung zur Bildung einer elektronischen Bandstruktur, die deutliche Unterschiede zu ungeordnetem Material aufweist; z. B. können indirekte Bandlücken auftreten. Bei organischen Halbleitern werden solche Effekte üblicherweise nicht in Betracht gezogen, da die Bänder in der Regel flach sind und die Bandlücke daher direkt ist. Wir präsentieren hier genaue Berechnungen der elektronischen Struktur, die zeigen, dass geordnete Porphyrinstrukturen eine geringe Dispersion besetzter und nichtbesetzter Bänder aufweisen, was die Bildung einer kleinen indirekten Bandlücke zur Folge hat. Wir haben solche geordneten Strukturen experimentell mithilfe der Flüssigphasenepitaxie hergestellt und weisen nach, dass die entsprechenden kristallinen organischen Halbleiter über verbesserte photophysikalische Eigenschaften, z. B. eine hohe Ladungsträgermobilität und hohe Effizienz der Erzeugung von Ladungsträgern, verfügen. Das große Potenzial dieses neuartigen Materials demonstrieren wir anhand eines effizienten organischen Photovoltaiksystems.
A Molecular Tuning Fork in Single‐Molecule Mechanochemical Sensing
Authors: Mandal Shankar , Koirala Deepak , Selvam Sangeetha , Ghimire Chiran , Mao Hanbin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe separate arrangement of target recognition and signal transduction in conventional biosensors often compromises the real‐time response and can introduce additional noise. To address these issues, we combined analyte recognition and signal reporting by mechanochemical coupling in a single‐molecule DNA template. We incorporated a DNA hairpin as a mechanophore in the template, which, under a specific force, undergoes stochastic transitions between folded and unfolded hairpin structures (mechanoescence). Reminiscent of a tuning fork that vibrates at a fixed frequency, the device was classified as a molecular tuning fork (MTF). By monitoring the lifetime of the folded and unfolded hairpins with equal populations, we were able to differentiate between the mono‐ and bivalent binding modes during individual antibody‐antigen binding events. We anticipate these mechanospectroscopic concepts and methods will be instrumental for the development of novel bioanalyses.
Nonlinear pyrolysis layer model for thermal behavior of nonhomogeneous charring materials
Authors: Li Weijie , Huang Haiming , Xu Xiaoliang , Zhao Zhe 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTTo improve the performance of charring materials as the thermal protection system in supersonic vehicles subjected to aerodynamic heating, we develop a nonlinear pyrolysis layer model of nonhomogeneous charring composites, propose a scheme of variable density in which the resin distribution of charring materials is taken as a piecewise linear function, and then simulate the thermal behavior of the design by means of the written calculation codes. This model reveals that the thermal behavior of charring materials depends not only upon several key parameters such as heat flux, moving interfaces, moving boundary and temperature‐dependent thermal properties, but also upon variable density. Further numerical investigations point out that the pyrolysis layer plays a very important role in the thermal protection performance. This study will be useful for the optimization of the thermal protection system in supersonic vehicles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42331.
Synthesis of microsphere aluminum hypophosphite and its application in polyurethane elastomer
Authors: Xu Wen‐Zong , Wang Peng‐Cheng , Wang Shao‐Qing , Hu Yuan 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTMicrosphere aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) is prepared via the hydrothermal method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Then the hydrothermal AHP and the precipitation AHP are added to the polyurethane elastomer (PUE). The flame retardant properties, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the PUE with different kinds of AHP added are studied. The results show that the hydrothermal AHP is microsphere with a uniform particle size of around 5 µm. The limited oxygen index of the PUE with the addition of 5% hydrothermal AHP increases to 28.5 vol %. Compared with the PUE including different kinds of AHP, the peak heat release rate of added hydrothermal AHP decreases by about 6%. Hydrothermal AHP could improve the char yield which provides better flame retardancy for PUE. Meanwhile, the hydrothermal AHP‐added PUE has better mechanical properties than that with precipitation AHP added. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42370.
Characterization of a new sn‐1,3‐regioselective triacylglycerol lipase from Malbranchea cinnamomea
Authors: Tong Xiaoxue , Busk Peter Kamp , Lange Lene 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe thermophilic ascomycetous fungus Malbranchea cinnamomea produces lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) that allow it to grow efficiently on medium containing triacylglycerol substrates such as plant oils or tributyrin as sole carbon source. In the transcriptome of M. cinnamomea grown on olive oil, we found one cDNA sequence encoding a putative extracellular lipase. This gene, termed as MclipA, was cloned and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant protein, rMclipA, catalyzed the hydrolysis of short‐chain fatty acid ester such as p‐nitrophenyl butyrate (C4) and long‐chain fatty acid ester such as p‐nitrophenyl myristate (C14). These results indicate that MclipA is a true triacylglycerol lipase. For rMclipA, the optimum lipase activity was obtained at 45 °C, and more than 93% of enzyme activity was retained after 24 H of incubation at temperatures up to 50 °C. rMclipA was active toward p‐nitrophenyl esters of various carbon chain lengths with peak activity on long‐chain fatty acid (C14). rMclipA displayed high sn‐1,3‐regioselectivity on hydrolyzing triolein. rMclipA can catalyze oleic acid methyl ester synthesis resulting in a 71% esterification degree after 24 H of reaction at 40 °C. These properties suggest that rMclipA has potential application in, for example, selective hydrolysis of oil, modification of triacylglycerol, and production of biodiesel.
Dramaturgical and dissonance theories in explicit social context modeling for complex agents
Authors: Kochanowicz Jaroslaw , Tan Ah‐Hwee , Thalmann Daniel 
Published: May 2015

AbstractExpanding the spectrum of agent social capabilities is an important challenge in agent‐based simulation and other domains. While human‐like emotionality has been vastly explored in the last 20years, little research addresses explicit, psychologically believable social situation modeling. Recently, some important elements have been underlined: hybrid connectionist models outside formal ontologies; complex subjective representations linking culture, personality and norms, and so on, but proposed solutions do not provide a formalized structure of a social experience, expressive and well‐grounded in psychology. In this paper, we develop a new approach to social situation modeling based on the dramaturgical and dissonance theories. A new component (Dramaturgical Module) is described with implementation used to generate example behavior depicting new social modeling capabilities and a believable representation of the relevant psychological theories. We present a case scenario with a dramaturgical interpretation of dynamic social situations and related cognitive dissonances resulting in a simple and flexible classification. Easily usable in reasoning, planning or affect generation, dramaturgical interpretation is additionally presented here as basis of social affect generation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical Ag/Ag2S/CuS Ternary Heterostructure Composite as an Efficient Visible‐Light Photocatalyst
Authors: Shi Yunhan , Chen Yajie , Tian Guohui , Wang Liyang , Xiao Yuting , Fu Honggang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA hierarchical Ag/Ag2S/CuS ternary heterostructure composite has been obtained through cation exchange between as‐prepared CuS nanoflowers and AgNO3 (synthesized under solvothermal conditions) and subsequent in situ UV‐light reduction. The prepared CuS nanoflowers not only provide reactive sites for in situ ion exchange with Ag+ but also perform as clapboards to prevent the excess aggregation of Ag2S nanoparticles. After exposure to UV light, a uniform Ag/Ag2S/CuS ternary heterostructure composite was obtained. In the composite, both Ag and Ag2S are grown on the surface of CuS nanoflowers. The prepared ternary heterostructure composite exhibited a significant ability for the elimination of some hazardous pollutants under visible‐light irradiation, which is much higher than that of either CuS or Ag2S/CuS. Moreover, the resultant ternary composite possesses excellent stability.
Sandwich‐Structured Graphene–Nickel Silicate–Nickel Ternary Composites as Superior Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jin Renxi , Yang Yang , Li Yunfeng , Liu Xianchun , Xing Yan , Song Shuyan , Shi Zhan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe report the synthesis of sandwich‐structured graphene–nickel silicate–Ni ternary composites by using the solvothermal method followed by a simple in situ reduction procedure. The composites show an interesting structure with graphene sandwiched between two layers of well‐dispersed Ni nanoparticles (NPs) anchored on ultrathin nickel silicate nanosheets. These ternary composites exhibit enhanced performance as anode materials owing to the synergistic effect between the graphene matrix and electrochemically inert Ni nanoparticles, an effect that holds promise for the design and fabrication of other advanced electrode materials.
Speciation Control During Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Haloaryl and Haloalkenyl MIDA Boronic Esters
Authors: Fyfe James W. B. , Valverde Elena , Seath Ciaran P. , Kennedy Alan R. , Redmond Joanna M. , Anderson Niall A. , Watson Allan J. B. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBoronic acid solution speciation can be controlled during the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of haloaryl N‐methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA) boronic esters to enable the formal homologation of boronic acid derivatives. The reaction is contingent upon control of the basic biphase and is thermodynamically driven: temperature control provides highly chemoselective access to either BMIDA adducts at room temperature or boronic acid pinacol ester (BPin) products at elevated temperature. Control experiments and solubility analyses have provided some insight into the mechanistic operation of the formal homologation process.
Synthesis and Confinement of Carbon Dots in Lysozyme Single Crystals Produces Ordered Hybrid Materials with Tuneable Luminescence
Authors: England Matt W. , Patil Avinash J. , Mann Stephen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe synthesis and confinement of graphitic nanoparticles (carbon dots) in the nanoscale solvent channels of cross‐linked lysozyme single crystals is used to prepare novel biohybrid luminescent materials. Co‐sequestration of acridine orange within the biohybrid crystals from acidic or neutral solutions yields FRET‐mediated phosphors emitting white or green light, respectively. The results offer a route to new types of tuneable multicolour luminescent materials based on microcrystalline host–guest energy‐transfer systems.
Drug Metabolism by Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: What Distinguishes the Pathways Leading to Substrate Hydroxylation Over Desaturation?
Authors: Ji Li , Faponle Abayomi S. , Quesne Matthew G. , Sainna Mala A. , Zhang Jing , Franke Alicja , Kumar Devesh , van Eldik Rudi , Liu Weiping , de Visser Sam P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Sam P. de Visser at the University of Manchester and Weiping Liu from Zhejiang University and colleagues. The cover shows the competitive routes that can be taken to convert drug and other xenobiotic molecules in the body, and most importantly in the liver. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201500329.
Brugada Syndrome, Exercise, and Exercise Testing
Authors: Masrur Shihab , Memon Sarfaraz , Thompson Paul D. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThere are few data on the risk of exercise and the role of exercise stress testing in Brugada syndrome. We sought to address this deficiency using a systematic literature review. We identified 98 English‐language articles possibly addressing exercise in Brugada syndrome by searching PubMed and Google Scholar from January 1990 through November 2013 using the keywords “Brugada syndrome,” “exercise,” “exercise testing,” and “syncope” alone and in combinations. Abstracts were reviewed, and those articles pertaining to Brugada syndrome and exercise were reviewed in full. We identified 18 articles reporting on Brugada syndrome and exercise. This pool included 2 large studies of 93 and 50 Brugada subjects undergoing exercise testing, plus 16 case reports. There were no reports of exercise‐related sudden death, but there were 4 cases of syncope after exercise. We identified 166 Brugada patients who underwent exercise testing. During exercise testing, there were 2 reports of ventricular tachycardia and 1 report of multiple ventricular extrasystoles. ST‐segment elevation increased (ST augmentation) during the early recovery phase of exercise in 57% of patients. Exercise unmasked a Brugada electrocardiographic pattern in 5 patients. Exercise is associated with syncope and ST augmentation after exercise and may be helpful in unmasking Brugada syndrome. There are insufficient data on the risks of exercise in Brugada syndrome to make recommendations for exercise, but the observations that exercise can worsen the ST abnormalities in Brugada and produce ventricular arrhythmias suggest that patients with Brugada syndrome should be restricted from vigorous exercise.
The role of Epstein‐Barr virus–encoded microRNA BART7 status of resection margins in the prediction of local recurrence after salvage nasopharyngectomy for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Chan Jimmy Yu Wai , Wong Stanley Thian Sze , Wei William Ignace 
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUNDLocal recurrence is the major cause of treatment failure in patients who undergo surgical salvage of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after radiotherapy. The authors investigated the role of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐encoded Bam HI‐A rightward transcript 7 microRNA (BART7) status in resection margins in the identification of a subgroup of patients who may benefit from adjuvant reradiation after surgery.METHODSOne hundred two consecutive patients who had histologically clear resection margins after undergoing nasopharyngectomy for recurrent NPC were studied. The status of EBV microRNA BART7 in resection margins was investigated and correlated with the pattern of subsequent disease recurrence.RESULTSAfter a median follow‐up of 64 months, 20 patients (19.6%) developed local recurrence after surgery despite histologically uninvolved margins. The risk of local recurrence in patients with histologically close (<5 mm) and clear (≥5 mm) margins was 31.6% and 12.5%, respectively. In patients with clear histologic margins, those with margins that were positive for EBV microRNA BART7 has a significantly higher chance of developing local tumor recurrence (P = .016) than those with negative molecular margins. The difference was not significant when the histologic clearance at the resection margins was <5 mm.CONCLUSIONSTissue EBV microRNA BART7 is useful for identifying a subgroup of patients with histologically clear margins who are at increased risk of subsequent local tumor recurrence. Postoperative adjuvant treatment is warranted for these patients. Cancer 2015;121:2358–2366. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Heterojunction Solar Cells Based on Silicon and Composite Films of Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Yu LePing , Tune Daniel , Shearer Cameron , Shapter Joseph 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) sheets have been used as the surfactant to disperse single‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) in water to prepare GO/CNT electrodes that are applied to silicon to form a heterojunction that can be used in solar cells. GO/CNT films with different ratios of the two components and with various thicknesses have been used as semitransparent electrodes, and the influence of both factors on the performance of the solar cell has been studied. The degradation rate of the GO/CNT‐silicon devices under ambient conditions has also been explored. The influence of the film thickness on the device performance is related to the interplay of two competing factors, namely, sheet resistance and transmittance. CNTs help to improve the conductivity of the GO/CNT film, and GO is able to protect the silicon from oxidation in the atmosphere.