bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteology of the upper limb
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Osteology of the upper limb outlines essential knowledge of bones: the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, and hand bones (carpals, metacarpals, and the phalanges). The chapter enables readers to name each bone and determine its position in the body, identify the side to which it belongs, hold it in the anatomical position, describe the important bony features, and demonstrate important muscle attachments on the bone. For each bone the text outlines: General features, Bony landmarks and muscle attachments, unique features, Applied Anatomy and exercises. The chapter outlines the osteology competencies for the upper limb required by the National Medical Council of India curricula.
The back
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The back begins with a description of the bony landmarks and surface features of the back. The scapula, vertebral spines, and vertebral levels for surface landmarks are described. The cutaneous nerves supplying the back are discussed. The trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor muscles are described, along with their nerve supply and actions (and the triangle of auscultation is described). Detailed, stepwise instructions are provided to guide the students to dissect the back. The scapular movements are explained, and the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of muscles acting on the shoulder girdle and the movements of the shoulder girdle are tabulated. All descriptions and dissections are well illustrated. Results of injury to the long thoracic nerve and the spinal accessory nerve are discussed.
Introduction to the lower limb
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter serves as an overview of the lower limb. It lists the different regions of the lower limb—the hip and buttocks, thigh, leg, and foot—and describes the extent of the gluteal region, buttock, inguinal region, thigh, popliteal fossa, leg, and foot. It also describes the main features of the hip bone, bony pelvis, femur, tibia and fibula, tarsal bones, and metatarsal bones. It introduces the term pelvic girdle and illustrates the parts of the girdle on an X-ray. It names the main joints of the lower limb and lists the bones taking part in each.
The front and medial side of the thigh
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the bones, muscles, vessels, and nerves in this region. It describes the superficial and deep fasciae, with special attention to the fasciae latae, iliotibial tract, saphenous opening, and cribriform fascia. It traces the long saphenous vein from the foot and describes its termination. It introduces the inguinal ligament and relates it to the femoral canal and important structures in the femoral triangle. It describes the femoral triangle and adductor canal, the quadriceps femoris and other extensor muscles, the adductor muscles, the femoral nerve and obturator nerve, and the femoral artery. It provides detailed, stepwise instructions for dissection of the region. All descriptions and dissections are well illustrated. The clinically important anatomy of the femoral hernia and the patella reflex are described.
The nerves and nerve injuries of the lower limb
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the sensory and motor distribution of the femoral nerve, obturator nerve, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve, deep fibular nerve, medial plantar nerve, and lateral plantar nerve. Information that will help the physician to predict the effects of nerve injury at each level along the course of the nerve is provided in the form of tables. The effect of nerve injury of each of the joints is tabulated, with a description of whether the paralysis would be partial or complete. The sensory distribution and dermatomal pattern of the lower limb are illustrated with diagrams. Peripheral neuropathy of the lower limb is discussed. The standard method for testing the integrity of myotomes L. 2, L. 3, L. 4, L. 5, and S. 1 is shown.
Plasma itraconazole concentrations during treatment of feline sporotrichosis
Authors: Pereira-Oliveira Gabriela Reis , Gremião Isabella Dib Ferreira , Corrêa Maria Lopes , Caroline dos Santos Honorato Cindy , Gonçalves Viana Paula , Figueiredo Anna Barreto Fernandes , Boechat Jéssica Sepúlveda , Guerino dos Reis Érica , Oliveira Raquel de Vasconcelos Carvalhaes , da Silva Aline Campos de Azevedo , Novotny Thiago Santana , Guaraldo Lusiele , Pereira Sandro Antonio 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Itraconazole (ITZ) is the most used drug to treat feline sporotrichosis; however, little is known about its pharmacokinetics in cats with this mycosis. The aim of this study was to determine plasma ITZ concentrations in cats with sporotrichosis treated with ITZ as monotherapy or in combination with potassium iodide (KI). Cats diagnosed with sporotrichosis received orally ITZ (100 mg/cat/day) or combination therapy with ITZ (100 mg/cat/day) and KI (2.5–5 mg/kg/day) in the case of worsening or stagnation of the clinical condition. At each monthly visit, blood samples were collected at an interval of 4 h for analysis of trough and peak plasma ITZ concentrations by HPLC. Clinical features and laboratory parameters were evaluated during follow-up. Sixteen cats were included in the study. The median plasma ITZ concentration of all cats was 0.75 µg/mL. The median plasma ITZ concentration was 0.5 µg/mL in cats that received ITZ monotherapy (n = 12) and 1.0 µg/mL in those treated with ITZ + KI (n = 4). The clinical cure rate was 56.3% (n = 9) and the median treatment duration was 8 weeks. Nine cats (56.3%) developed adverse clinical reactions, and hyporexia was the most frequent (n = 8; 88.9%). Serum alanine aminotransferase was elevated in four cats (25%). The median plasma ITZ concentration detected in cats was considered to be therapeutic (&gt;0.5 µg/mL) and was reached after 4 weeks of treatment. Plasma ITZ concentrations were higher in cats that received ITZ + KI compared to those treated only with ITZ, suggesting pharmacokinetic synergism between these drugs.
Abscisic acid–mediated autoregulation of the MYB41-BRAHMA module enhances drought tolerance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Gao Lei , Lv Qiang , Wang Lei , Han Shuang , Wang Jing , Chen Yuli , Zhu Wenwen , Zhang Xia , Bao Fang , Hu Yong , Li Ling , He Yikun 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Drought stress poses a substantial challenge to plant growth and agricultural productivity worldwide. Upon water depletion, plants activate an abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway, leading to stomatal closure to reduce water loss. The MYB family of transcription factors plays diverse roles in growth, development, stress responses, and biosynthesis, yet their involvement in stomatal regulation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that ABA significantly upregulates the expression of MYB41, MYB74, and MYB102, with MYB41 serving as a key regulator that induces the expression of both MYB74 and MYB102. Through luciferase assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), we reveal that MYB41 engages in positive feedback regulation by binding to its own promoter, thus amplifying its transcription in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Furthermore, our investigation showed that MYB41 recruits BRAHMA (BRM), the core ATPase subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, to the MYB41 promoter, facilitating the binding of HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 (HDA6). This recruitment triggers epigenetic modifications, resulting in reduced MYB41 expression characterized by elevated H3K27me3 levels and concurrent decreases in H3ac, H3K27ac, and H3K14ac levels in wild-type plants compared to brm knockout mutant plants. Our genetic and molecular analyses show that ABA mediates autoregulation of the MYB41-BRM module, which intricately modulates stomatal movement in A. thaliana. This discovery sheds light on a drought response mechanism with the potential to greatly enhance agricultural productivity.
Can we reach consensus on the dominant sulfate formation pathway in China's haze?
Authors: Liu Mingxu , Song Yu , Wang Tiantian , Dang Xinyi , Shang Fang , Jin Xipeng , Du Mile , Wang Weigang , Sun Yele , Zhang Qiang , Kang Ling , Cai Xuhui , Zhang Hongsheng , Zhu Tong 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Atmospheric sulfate aerosols contribute significantly to air pollution and climate change. Sulfate formation mechanisms during winter haze events in northern China have recently received considerable attention, with more than 10 studies published in high-impact journals. However, the conclusions from in-field measurements, laboratory studies, and numerical simulations are inconsistent and even contradictory. Here, we propose a physically based yet simple method to clarify the debate on the dominant sulfate formation pathway. Based on the hazes evolving in the synoptic scale, first, a characteristic sulfate formation rate is derived using the Eulerian mass conservation equation constrained by in situ observations. Then, this characteristic value is treated as a guideline to determine the dominant sulfate formation pathway with a 0D chemical box model. Our observation-derived results establish a linkage between studies from laboratory experiments and chemical transport model simulations. A convergent understanding could therefore be reached on sulfate formation mechanisms in China's wintertime haze. This method is universal and can be applied to various haze conditions and different secondary products.
The diffuse interface description of fluid lipid membranes captures key features of the hemifusion pathway and lateral stress profile
Authors: Bottacchiari Matteo , Gallo Mirko , Bussoletti Marco , Casciola Carlo M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Topological transitions of lipid membranes are ubiquitous in key biological processes for cell life, like neurotransmission, fertilization, morphogenesis, and viral infections. Despite this, they are not well understood due to their multiscale nature, which limits the use of molecular models and calls for a mesoscopic approach such as the celebrated Canham–Helfrich one. Unfortunately, such a model cannot handle topological transitions, hiding the crucial involved forces and the appearance of the experimentally observed hemifused intermediates. In this work, we describe the membrane as a diffuse interface preserving the Canham–Helfrich elasticity. We show that pivotal features of the hemifusion pathway are captured by this mesoscopic approach, e.g. a (meta)stable hemifusion state and the fusogenic behavior of negative monolayer spontaneous curvatures. The membrane lateral stress profile is calculated as a function of the elastic rigidities, yielding a coarse-grained version of molecular models findings. Insights into the fusogenic mechanism are reported and discussed.
GDF15 regulated by HDAC2 exerts suppressive effects on oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced neuronal cell pyroptosis via the NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Xiao Hua , Chen Wei , Lu Darong , Shi Guixin , Xia Xiangping , Yao Shengtao 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Pyroptosis, inflammation-related programed cell death mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome, is involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral hypoxic–ischemic injury. Our study aims to explore the biological role of growth differentiation factor (GDF)15 in oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced neuronal pyroptosis.

Methods
HT22 neurons were subjected to OGD/R to simulate cerebral hypoxic–ischemic injury. Cells were transfected with plasmids to overexpress GDF15, or lentiviral-based shRNAs constructs to silence GDF15. ELISA assay was used to detect GDF15, IL-1β, IL-18, and neuron specific enolase (NSE) levels. Cell pyroptosis was measured by flow cytometery. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to detect interaction of H3K27ac with GDF15 promoter. GDF15, NLRP3, Caspase-1 p20 and GSDMD-N expressions were measured by Western blotting.

Results
Patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction showed decreased GDF15, but increased IL-1β, IL-18, and NSE levels in serum compared to healthy controls. OGD/R treatment caused significant increases in the levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and NSE, percentages of pyroptotic cells, and expressions of NLRP3, Caspase-1 p20, and GSDMD in HT22 cells, which were markedly reversed by GDF15 overexpression. However, GDF15 knockdown resulted in neuronal injury similar to those observed in OGD/R treatment. The GDF15 knockdown-induced effects were counteracted by treatment with NLRP3 inhibitor. OGD/R decreased the enrichment of H3K27ac in the promoter of GDF15 to down-regulate GDF15, but was compromised by co-treatment with HDAC2 inhibitor.

Conclusion
Our data demonstrates that GDF15 attenuates OGD/R-induced pyroptosis through NLRP3 inflammasome. HDAC2 is involved in mediating OGD-induced GDF15 down-regulation via H3K27ac modification. GDF15 overexpression and HDAC2 inhibition hold potential as useful therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection.
What is causing this patient's urticaria?
Authors: Shamblen Carla 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
This article describes a teenage patient who was referred to a pediatric endocrinologist after her workup for recurring urticaria revealed a suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone level and positive microsomal thyroid peroxidase antibodies. The patient's laboratory results revealed an autoimmune cause for the urticaria as a result of new-onset autoimmune thyroid disease.
Preferred diuretic therapy for primary hypertension
Authors: Young Trevor D. 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Because of its greater reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), chlorthalidone is recommended over hydrochlorothiazide as the preferred diuretic for patients with primary hypertension. However, hydrochlorothiazide is more commonly prescribed than chlorthalidone for this condition. This article reviews recent studies investigating the effectiveness of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide in reducing MACE, to help clinicians make an evidence-based informed decision on which diuretic to prescribe.
Experimental Study on the Application of Bioactive Xenogeneic Porcine Cancellous Bone for Cervical Intervertebral Fusion in Goats
Authors: Liang Wenhao , Huang Jinlong , Chen Lingling , Gao Peng , Wu Xiaona , Zhang Tao 
Published: July 2024

Study Design:
An experimental study in a cervical intervertebral fusion goat model.

Objective:
To investigate the effect of bioactive xenogeneic porcine cancellous bone applied to the intervertebral fusion of goat cervical vertebrae.

Summary of Background Data:
Although autogenous bone achieves satisfied outcome in cervical intervertebral fusion, it is limited and cause several complications. The application of xenogeneic bone has potential to solve these problems.

Methods:
Thirty local goats were randomly divided into 3 groups: group A (12 goats): autogenous tricortical iliac bone group; group B (6 goats): polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage with autologous bone; and group C (12 goats): PEEK cage with bioactive xenogeneic porcine cancellous bone. C3–C4 discectomy was performed in each group and the above bone graft and bone graft substitutes were implanted. Lateral cervical spine x-rays were taken at preoperative; immediately postoperative; and 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively every goat. Disc space heights (DSHs) were measured on lateral x-rays. CT examination was performed at 12 and 24 weeks after surgery for the fusion score. After 4 and 8 weeks after surgery, 3 goats were euthanized in both groups A and C to evaluate the immune rejection response through histology. At 12 and 24 weeks after surgery, 3 goats were euthanized in each group. The cervical implants fusion outcome was evaluated through specimen histology observation.

Result:
As time extended, the immune rejection of bioactive xenogeneic porcine cancellous bone gradually subsided. Radiology, specimen observation, and histology manifested that the C3–4 vertebral bodies of goats in each group gradually fused. All the goats in each group achieved bony fusion at 24 weeks after surgery. In terms of preventing intervertebral space collapse, the PEEK cage could achieve better results. There was no significant difference in the remaining experimental data (P>0.05).

Conclusions:
Bioactive xenogeneic porcine cancellous bone can obtain satisfied fusion outcomes in cervical intervertebral fusion and is an ideal intervertebral fusion material in goats.
Minimum Detectable Intakes and Doses for Uranium Bioassays—Comparison between Alpha Spectrometry and ICP-MS
Authors: Rosenberg B. , Johnson A. , Potter C.G. , Antonio C.L. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Naturally occurring uranium complicates monitoring for occupational exposures. There are several retroactive methods that can be used to monitor for occupational exposures, with benefits and drawbacks to each. Analysis of uranium in urine by mass spectrometry and alpha spectrometry is compared, and methods of determining an occupational exposure are presented. The minimum detectable concentrations from each analysis and a method for intake determination based on the analytical results are compared for various solubility types and mixtures. Mass spectrometry with radiochemical separation was found to be the most sensitive analysis for detecting occupational exposures to anthropogenic mixtures based on minimum detectable doses calculated from the proposed method for intake determination.
The Predictive Performance of General Surgery Milestones on Post-Graduation Outcomes
Authors: Wirtalla Christopher , Finn Caitlin B. , Acker Rachael , Landau Sarah , Syvyk Solomiya , Holmboe Eric S. , Yamazaki Kenji , Kelz Rachel R. 
Published: July 2024

Objective:
To establish whether Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestones predict future performance of general surgery trainees.

Summary Background Data:
Milestones provide bi-annual assessments of trainee progress across six competencies. It is unknown whether the Milestones predict surgeon performance after the transition to independent practice.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective cohort study of surgeons with complete Milestone assessments in the fourth and fifth clinical years who treated patients in acute care hospitals within Florida, New York, and Pennsylvania, 2015-2018. To account for the multiple ways in which the Milestone assessments might predict post-graduation outcomes, we included 120 Milestones features in our elastic net machine learning models. The primary outcome was risk-adjusted patient death or serious morbidity.

Results:
278 general surgeons were included in the study. Milestone assessments 6-months into the fourth clinical year displayed a normal score distribution while multicollinearity and low score discrimination at the final assessment period were detected. Individual Milestones features from the Patient Care, Professionalism, and Systems-based Practice domains were most predictive of patient-related outcomes. For example, surgeons with worse patient outcomes had significantly lower scores in Patient Care 3 when compared to surgeons with better patient outcomes (High DSM, yes: 2.86 vs. no: 3.04, P=0.011).

Conclusions:
The Milestones features that were most predictive of better patient outcomes related to intraoperative skills, ethical principles, and patient navigation and safety, measured 12-18 months prior to graduation. The development of a parsimonious set of evidence-based Milestones that better correlate with surgeon experience could enhance surgical education
Visual Electroencephalography Assessment in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Cognitive Disorders
Authors: Michels Daan M. , van Marum Sjoerd , Arends Samuel , Tavy D. L. J. , Wirtz Paul W. , de Bruijn Bas S. F. T. M. 
Published: July 2024

Purpose:
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that can be of diagnostic value in patients with cognitive disorders. In recent years, increasing emphasis has been on quantitative EEG analysis, which is not easily accessible in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of visual EEG assessment to distinguish different causes of cognitive disorders.

Methods:
Patients with cognitive disorders from a specialized memory clinic cohort underwent routine workup including EEG, neuropsychological testing and brain imaging. Electroencephalography parameters including posterior dominant rhythm, background activity, and response to photic stimulation (intermittent photic stimulation) were visually scored. Final diagnosis was made by an expert panel.

Results:
A total of 501 patients were included and underwent full diagnostic workup. One hundred eighty-three patients had dementia (111 Alzheimer disease, 30 vascular dementia, 15 frontotemporal dementia, and 9 dementia with Lewy bodies), 66 patients were classified as mild cognitive impairment, and in 176, no neurologic diagnosis was made. Electroencephalography was abnormal in 60% to 90% of patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia, most profoundly in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer disease, while frontotemporal dementia had normal EEG relatively often. Only 30% of those without neurologic diagnosis had EEG abnormalities, mainly a diminished intermittent photic stimulation response. Odds ratio of conversion to dementia was 6.1 [1.5–24.7] for patients with mild cognitive impairment with abnormal background activity, compared with those with normal EEG.

Conclusions:
Visual EEG assessment has diagnostic and prognostic value in clinical practice to distinguish patients with memory complaints without underlying neurologic disorder from patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia.
Generation of High-fidelity Blastocyst-like Structures from Porcine Expanded Pluripotent stem cell via Chemically inducing cell plasticity
Authors: Liao Zheng , Qi Xin , Yuan Shijie , Zhang Junfei , hai Na , Gao Xin , Yuan Yang , Du Xuguang , Zhang Shiqiang , Wei Yulei 
Published: July 2024

SummaryUnderstanding the mechanisms of blastocyst formation and implantation is crucial for advancing farm animal reproduction. However, research in this area is often hindered by the limited availability of embryos. In this study, we developed an efficient method to generate blastocyst-like structures (termed blastoids) from porcine expanded pluripotent stem cells (pEPSCs) through chemical induction with an efficiency up to 80%. These porcine blastoids closely resemble natural blastocysts in terms of morphology, cell composition, and single-cell transcriptomes. The tissue structures of the blastoids developed over time in culture, resembling the tissue morphology of gastrulation-stage embryos. This innovative approach not only provides a robust in vitro model for studying early embryogenesis in pigs but also holds the potential for improving reproductive efficiency and understanding the developmental processes of large farm animal species. The development of porcine blastoids represents a significant advancement in regenerative medicine and developmental biology.