bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PUBLIC AFFAIRS: BALANCING ON THE TIGHTROPE BETWEEN FULL DISCLOSURE AND AVOIDING FURTHER RISK
Authors: White Carolyn M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
It is widely acknowledged that public perception and its resulting pressure can drive response actions. Potentially responsible parties can take approaches to public affairs that range from the ostrich or “head in the sand” approach to the parrot or “squawk about everything” approach. This paper addresses why neither approach will ultimately benefit the responsible party. It outlines the types of potential legal pitfalls in statements to media that can either immediately or later lead to trouble for the responsible party and ways to avoid these pitfalls while still communicating openly and with credibility. Danger areas include admissions against interest, statements on which people adversely rely, inaccurate or inconsistent information, statements creating performance standards or unrealistic performance expectations, and statements that standing alone carry legal significance. The paper offers guidelines to media personnel (particularly spokespersons for potentially responsible parties) to promote credible communication while at the same time minimizing the legal risks associated with making public statements about a spill response.
COMMUNICATING THE RISKS OF AN OIL SPILL: WHY, WHEN, AND HOW?
Authors: Wilkerson Bob , Lauder Terry 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To communicate the risks of an oil spill effectively, an organization needs to develop a comprehensive risk communications program that addresses exactly how to communicate before, during, and after an oil spill. Risk communications is a continuing process that should be incorporated into an organization's daily business routine because it addresses and responds to audiences’ specific concerns about a risk. By integrating all three major program components—education, community relations, and media relations—into an overall risk communications strategy, an organization can foster a continuing dialogue that can serve as the basis for resolving conflict with its various publics.
In risk communications, different people analyze and perceive risks in very different ways, based on the way they define the whole notion of risk. Any risk communications effort will be more successful if the organization understands what is driving the publics’ reactions. The best way to find this out is by listening to exactly what communities are trying to say.
THE REACH SENSITIVITY INDEX (RSI) FOR MAPPING RIVERS AND STREAMS
Authors: Hayes Miles O. , Michel Jacqueline , Montello Todd M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Strategies for identifying and protecting sensitive inland areas under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) management have focused on major rivers and have built on the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) approach developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for marine environments. A watershed approach has been refined and applied to smaller rivers and streams in the southeastern United States. Existing standardized river classification schemes did not adequately address oil spill response issues. Thus a new stream reach sensitivity scheme was developed, based on (1) the degree of difficulty anticipated for the containment and recovery of spilled oil, and (2) the sensitivity and vulnerability of associated wetlands. This scheme considered the following factors: navigability, water flow patterns, stream size, occurrence of suitable collection points inherent in the stream type, and channel leakage and bifurcation. A reach sensitivity index (RSI) was prototyped using streams in South Carolina, and then was applied to the Leaf River watershed in Mississippi. The RSI is on a scale of 1 to 10. The final atlas and digital product are maps at a scale of 1:100,000 showing the RSI, sensitive biological and human use resources, and potential access and collection points.
FAILURES IN DTCS'S PIPELINES WITH PRODUCT LOSS
Authors: Souza Edgard de Castro , Ribeiro Luiz Antonio 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
DTCS (Dutos e Terminais do Centro Oeste e São Paulo), an operational organ of PETROBRAS, is the organization responsible for the operation of a 2300-km-long pipeline system for the transportation of crude oil and hydrocarbons. Such a system, which is continually growing, has a representative history of leakage occurrences, particularly in its first years of operation.
Based on a statistical analysis of these occurrences in the pipeline system, the number of leakages was reduced in the last few years through actions taken to minimize them.
Criteria were established to define the proper moment for inspecting the pipelines with corrosion pigs, and other priority actions were also developed to reduce leakage occurrences. The data pertaining to occasional new leakage occurrences are analyzed every 6 months, and a report is issued proposing new actions or ratifying the existing ones.
MAJOR FIELD TEST EVALUATES A SHORELINE CLEANER TO SAVE OILED MARSH GRASS
Authors: Pezeshki S. R. , DeLaune R. D. , Jugsujinda A. , Canevari G. P. , Lessard R. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Extensive greenhouse studies using intact cores of marsh vegetation including Spartina alterniflora demonstrated the potential of a shoreline cleaner (Corexit 9580) to remove oil from plant canopy. Because of these positive results, a permit to conduct a full-scale field test was obtained by Louisiana State from regulatory agencies in June 1995. Field tests were conducted in a Louisiana marsh at a wildlife refuge in August 1995. The test site contained replicated 8 ft X 8 ft test plots that included the following treatments: oiled with South Louisiana crude oil, oiled and chemically cleaned after 2 days using Corexit 9580, and control. Significant initial reductions in plant stomatal conductance, transpiration, and CO2 fixation rates in response to the “oil” and “oil + Corexit 9580” treatments were noted, which were followed by substantial recovery in the “oil + Corexit 9580” treatment. Use of the cleaner improved the survival and regeneration capability of treated plots because of the low initial mortality rates and the rapid restoration of plant gas exchange activities. Plots treated with “oil + Corexit 9580” had a significantly greater number of live shoots throughout the measurement period in 1995. Biomass harvests conducted at the end of the 1995 growing season revealed that live biomass per unit area of marsh was significantly reduced under all treatments. The second harvest in 1996 indicated that live biomass had recovered to levels close to those of control plots. Our field studies demonstrated that oil can be removed using Corexit 9580 in the field without any detectable adverse effects on plants, In addition, the beneficial effects of Corexit 9580 in rapidly restoring plant transpiration pathways under field conditions was evident. However, plants under all treatments recovered, showing that Spartina alterniflora, given adequate time, can recover from oiling with South Louisiana crude. Additional studies using more stressful oil types such as Bunker C are needed to examine the effectiveness of Corexit 9580 in cleaning plant canopies under field conditions.
USING EXISTING DATA TO MAKE DECISIONS ABOUT CHEMICAL COUNTERMEASURE PRODUCTS
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward , Pond Robert G. , Kucklick Janet H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The use of chemical countermeasure products (CCPs) (i.e., dispersants, herding agents, emulsion-treating agents, solidifiers, elasticity modifiers, and shoreline-cleaning agents) in treating oil spills has been hindered in the United States by the perceived lack of data or apparent conflicting data claims concerning their effectiveness and toxicity. Recognizing that important data exist, such as in the technical bulletins for the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule, an expert workshop was convened to achieve consensus on (1) the adequacy of existing effectiveness and toxicity data and (2) how best to interpret and use those data to enhance oil spill planning and response. Through a deliberative process, consensus was reached in three topic areas: environmental effects, effectiveness, and decision making. Discussions emphasized dispersants because considerable information is available on them, but other CCPs were considered. The following conclusions were reached: (1) there is a dispersed oil concentration threshold below which no ecological effects are expected in open marine waters; (2) there is a low probability that meaningful monitoring data will be available within the response period; (3) multiple applications should be encouraged; and (4) a recommended outline for a reference document on implementing dispersant prespill planning should be developed. This paper summarizes the conclusions in each of the topic areas, including the rationale for the experts consensus and prespill planning needs.
CANADA SHIPPING ACT PLANNING GUIDELINES: EQUIPMENT FOR A 2500-TON RESPONSE CAPABILITY
Authors: Mitchell Todd 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a discussion of oil spill equipment selection from a practical standpoint. The specification of effective oil spill equipment is often a difficult task because of the wide array of commercially produced goods available to the end user. In addition, in various countries there exists little or no framework legislation that quantifies the equipment component in practical terms. This paper attests to the usefulness of the new Canada Shipping Act guidelines for the purposes of planning the equipment requirements for a predetermined potential spill quantity. Through the elaboration of a case history, it presents the development of an integrated 2500-ton oil spill response capability. Since response organizations under the new Canada Shipping Act regime are in effect commercial ventures rather than simply oil spill cooperatives, innovative and cost-effective solutions are necessary to maintain capital costs at a minimum.
Although the equipment in the case history was commissioned directly as a response to the new Canadian standards, the important planning principles can be applied to any geographical region.
VESSEL RESPONSE PLANS: FORGING BETTER PLANS THROUGH INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT COOPERATION
Authors: Corbett Charles , Ringbakken Svein 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The vessel response plan process of review and the substance of the existing requirements are in need of review and refinement. Both vessel operators and, we believe, the Coast Guard are overwhelmed with a paperwork burden that should be relieved, and can be relieved. Additionally, there are a number of issues that require attention to ensure that all interested parties are reacting to the provisions of the final rule (as amended, we suggest) in a constructive manner.
This paper proposes a joint industry/government forum in which dialogue can occur, and it offers examples of why that dialogue is needed.
THE OSRO CLASSIFICATION PROGRAM: WHAT IT IS AND WHAT IT IS NOT
Authors: Van Zandt CDR Robert A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Coast Guard's oil spill removal organization (OSRO) classification process underwent significant revision in late 1995. The revision was necessary to strengthen the program into a more credible and useful tool for facilitating preparation and review of vessel and facility response plans. The revised process is more closely linked to the response planning criteria that vessel and facility owners and operators are required to meet under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. As a result, the process provides a better indication of an OSRO's capacity and potential to respond to and recover oil spills of various sizes. Data provided by each OSRO are being included in the computer-based national Response Resource Inventory (RRI). The paper describes the important features and limitations of the revised classification process and gives an interpretation of what the new classifications mean to response plan holders and reviewers. It also describes the method by which plan holders can use the computer-based RRI as a tool to conduct their own analysis of an OSRO's capacity to meet their specific planning requirements.
REGULATORY APPROACHES TO OILS UNDER THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AND THE OIL POLLUTION ACT OF 19901
Authors: Hunt Walter M. , Parks J. Gregory 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper outlines the harmful effects on marine environments of nonpetroleum and petroleum oil spills. The current regulatory regime, as applied by U.S. government agencies concerned with pollution prevention and response, has evolved over the course of a half century through legislative and administrative actions. Congress has been active in setting the stage by passing numerous federal statutes dealing with water pollution. Executive agencies such as the Coast Guard, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Department of Transportation's Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA) have also acted in this area, promulgating regulations to implement the congressional mandates. This paper focuses on the development of the current regulatory regime by examining water pollution statutes passed by Congress since 1924. It then examines how the Coast Guard, the EPA, and RSPA have interpreted their mandates, especially as they relate to nonpetroleum oils under water pollution prevention statutes in various implementing regulations. This paper is based on a paper prepared by the authors for the Coast Guard's Chief of Marine Safety and Environmental Protection.
ON COURSE: THE CALIFORNIA UNIFIED OIL SPILL CONTROL TRAINING PARTNERSHIP
Authors: Giesen John H. , MacArthur Jon D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Faced with training and travel dollar constraints, California's Department of Fish and Game and the 11th U.S. Coast Guard District worked to form a multiorganizational partnership designed to leverage required resources to conduct a premier operational-level oil spill response training program in the state. The partnership included no less than six major organizations from both the public and private sectors, each playing critical roles in planning and conducting the training. Major hurdles overcome were curriculum development and operational support. Both of these challenges were resolved through a unified management approach in which the ultimate objective became success of the course. The lessons learned from the program provide guidance and rationale for future such efforts.
OIL SPILL DATABASES: DEVELOPING PREVENTION STRATEGIES ACROSS STATE LINES
Authors: Gregory Gary L. , Holly Richard W. , Thomas Megan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper details the process used by two states, California and Washington, to develop common reporting of oil spill causes. Many different agencies use databases to store oil spill information, but there is a general lack of standardization in reporting requirements, making it difficult to share information. Many of these databases only reflect initial spill reports, and few contain information on spill causes that could be used to prevent oil spills from occurring. Washington State's Office of Marine Safety (OMS) has developed an extensive database that includes spill and casualty information from vessels transiting Washington state waters. California State Lands Commission, Marine Facilities Division (MFD), has similarly developed an oil spill database for marine terminals in the state of California. What makes these systems unique is that they attempt to integrate reliable, accurate information on incident causes, paying particular attention to human error. Both agencies have joined together in a pilot program to share oil spill causal information using common terms. This paper addresses the approach used to establish common data dictionaries, oil spill report formats, and a methodology to determine causal information. California and Washington are currently working with other states and British Columbia to develop common reporting throughout the West Coast. The information collected and shared can be used by each jurisdiction to develop appropriate prevention strategies.
A REAL-TIME SIMULATION OF THE TRAJECTORY AND FATE OF SPILLED OIL AT SEA
Authors: Hong Keyyong , Kim Sun-Young , Song Museok 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On the basis of the physical modeling of the trajectory and fate of spilled oil at sea, an integrated computer program was developed for the real-time prediction of spilled oil behavior. The trajectory model describes the movement of the surface spill center of mass, and the trajectory is mainly governed by the velocity of the wind and the surface current. For the fate model, weathering effects of spreading, evaporation, emulsification, and shoreline interaction are included. The Windows-based GUI has a flexible preprocessor that enables one to use measured field data as well as numerically generated data. For the realtime prediction, environmental data are stored in the database. The database on tidal and oceanic currents is produced by solving a Navier-Stokes equation based on the IAF finite difference method. The measured data are used for both the boundary condition of the governing equation and the calibration of the generated current field. An oil spill accident in the south coastal region of Korea is simulated and compared with the observed data. The simulation result indicates that the developed oil spill model gives a reasonable estimation of the route of spilled oil. Further improvement of the environmental database is required for the accurate prediction of spilled oil behavior.
MARINE SALVAGE SERVICES AND SPILL PREVENTION IN THE 21st CENTURY
Authors: Witte John Arnold 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The past two decades have seen no major technological breakthrough in the field of oil spill cleanup. It is likely that intervention by salvors will remain the preferred solution (“keeping the oil in the ship”). International Salvage Union member companies provide an effective service; they recovered more than 2 million tons of oils and chemicals from 141 ship casualties during 1995. However, spill prevention is an “invisible success” and, as such, doesn't make news. Meanwhile, the media remain strongly attracted to the few spills that still occur. During the past 20 years, great progress has been made in improving maritime safety and reducing the incidence of significant spills. Occasionally, however, things go badly wrong and a major pollution threat develops, together with the potential for huge claims. The members of the International Salvage Union want to take all possible measures to optimize salvage response in such situations. Salvors frequently work together, pooling resources and expertise to maximize operational success. In addition, arrangements are now in place that encourage salvors to respond to spill threats in highly adverse circumstances. Further improvements will materialize if the many parties involved in major casualty response draw closer together. More cooperation between these interests is vital. The new agreement on Article 14 salvage operations negotiated between the International Salvage Union and the International Group of P&I Clubs is an encouraging step in the right direction.
THE ROLE OF QUALITY IN OIL SPILL REMOVAL ORGANIZATIONS (OSROS)
Authors: Jensen Donald S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The bulk liquid petroleum transportation industry is, to an increasing degree, implementing quality management programs. Shipping companies are mandated to become ISM-certified by 1998. Several oil companies are becoming ISO 9000-certified. The trend is for government to relax its detailed inspections for compliance as companies demonstrate compliance through implementation of quality systems. The oil spill response industry has evolved over the past 25 years with relatively little government regulation. Several unilateral and joint government/industry programs have been undertaken since the mid-1970s to develop various product and performance standards for the oil spill response industry. Following the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), the USCG implemented the Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) Classification Program in an attempt to quantify the capabilities of OSROs for potential customers. Though certainly a beginning in addressing the issue of quality, the OSRO Classification Program focuses on equipment issues. With much of the bulk liquid petroleum transportation industry actively engaged in the quality movement, the time is right for the oil spill response industry to join the ranks. A logical extension of the OSRO Classification Program is the voluntary implementation by OSROs of, and future certification to, ISO 9000/14000 quality and environmental standards. OSROs so certified could expect less government oversight in the future and would enjoy a more competitive marketing advantage. Responsible parties employing ISO-certified OSROs could expect higher quality and more cost-effective responses and perhaps more favorable insurance rates.
IMPROVING REGIONAL RESPONSE: PLAN HOLDERS, RESPONDERS, AND GOVERNMENT COLLABORATION ON MUTUAL AID
Authors: Cameron Jean R. , Neel Jon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The States/British Columbia Oil Spill Task Force adopted a Mutual Aid Plan in July 1993 in which the members agreed to expedite all decisions relating to mutual aid requests among themselves. However, the plan was limited to reciprocal efforts by the task force member agencies and did not affect private sector response resources. It was understood that in order to cascade response resources into other jurisdictions, certain task force members might have to release some local facility and vessel owners (plan holders) from full compliance with their response plans. To address this problem, the task force established a Mutual Aid Workgroup that consisted of government and industry participants, and it tasked its members to evaluate options and recommend policies and procedures that would maximize the opportunity for rapid mutual aid. Based on the recommendations of this work group, a 1996 Mutual Aid Agreement was signed that established policies and implementation procedures whereby mutual aid, if requested through the unified command, can be preapproved during responses to West Coast spills. The agreement also includes related recommendations regarding private sector agreements, equipment inventories, and transboundary spill response.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A TRAINING AND EXERCISE/DRILL PROGRAM FOR A PUBLIC UTILITY
Authors: Kartye Craig 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
With the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) legislation and the subsequent 40 CFR part 112 regulations, even those not directly associated with the oil industry are required to develop and implement a risk management program that addresses, among other things, training and drill/exercise procedures. Often public utilities are among these organizations.
One Texas public utility, recognizing the need for a training and drill/exercise program, approached the Center for Marine Training and Safety of the Texas Engineering Extension Service (TEEX) and requested assistance in the development and implementation of such a program. TEEX took a “bottom-up” approach and began with an on-scene evaluation of each generating station. During this evaluation, factors such as equipment availability and condition, secondary control and containment measures, potential internal and external impacts, facility standard operating procedures, and previous personnel training and experience were assessed. A program was developed based on legislative and regulatory requirements and information gathered during each evaluation. However, before the training and drill/exercise program could be implemented, many other issues needed to be addressed:Meeting requirements versus being competent and preparedTime available for comprehensive programPersonnel jobs and responsibilitiesDifferences between generating facilities