bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: inflammatory bowel disease in the elderly
Authors: Gisbert J. P. , Chaparro M. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryBackgroundElderly patients represent an increasing proportion of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) population.AimTo critically review available data regarding the care of elderly IBD patients.MethodsBibliographic searches (MEDLINE) up to June 2013.ResultsApproximately 10–15% of cases of IBD are diagnosed in patients aged >60 years, and 10–30% of the IBD population are aged >60 years. In the elderly, IBD is easily confused with other more common diseases, mainly diverticular disease and ischaemic colitis. The clinical features of IBD in older patients are generally similar to those in younger patients. Crohn's disease (CD) in elderly patients is characterised by its predominantly colonic localisation and uncomplicated course. Proctitis and left‐sided ulcerative colitis are more common in patients aged >60 years. Infections are associated with age and account for significant mortality in IBD patients. The treatment of IBD in the elderly is generally similar. However, the therapeutic approach in the elderly should be ‘start low‐go slow’. The benefit of thiopurines in older CD patients remains debatable. Although the indications for anti‐tumour necrosis factors in the elderly are generally similar to those for younger patients, lower response and higher adverse events have been reported in the elderly. Surgery in elderly patients does not generally differ. Ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis can be successful, provided the patient retains good anal sphincter function.ConclusionsManagement of the older IBD patient differs from that of younger patients; therefore, conventional practice algorithms may have to be modified to account for advanced age.
Phase I dose‐escalation study of buparlisib (BKM120), an oral pan‐class I PI3K inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Ando Yuichi , Inada‐Inoue Megumi , Mitsuma Ayako , Yoshino Takayuki , Ohtsu Atsushi , Suenaga Naoko , Sato Masahiko , Kakizume Tomoyuki , Robson Matthew , Quadt Cornelia , Doi Toshihiko 
Published: January 2014

Buparlisib (BKM120) is an oral pan‐phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitor, targeting all four isoforms of class I PI3K (α, β, γ and δ). This open‐label Phase I dose‐escalation study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose of continuous daily buparlisib in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Secondary objectives included safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics, antitumor activity and pharmacodynamic marker changes. Fifteen patients were treated at 25 mg/day (n = 3), 50 mg/day (n = 3) and 100 mg/day (n = 9) dose levels. One dose‐limiting toxicity of Grade 4 abnormal liver function occurred at 100 mg/day. Considering the safety profile and the maximum tolerated dose in the first‐in‐man study of buparlisib in non‐Japanese patients, further dose escalation was stopped and 100 mg/day was declared the recommended dose. The most common treatment‐related adverse events were rash, abnormal hepatic function (including increased transaminase levels), increased blood insulin levels and increased eosinophil count. Hyperglycemia was experienced by two patients, one Grade 1 and one Grade 4, and mood alterations were experienced by three patients, two Grade 1 and one Grade 2. Pharmacokinetic results showed that buparlisib was rapidly absorbed in a dose‐proportional manner. Best overall response was stable disease for six patients, including one unconfirmed partial response. In these Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors, buparlisib had a manageable safety profile, with similar pharmacokinetics to non‐Japanese patients. The recommended dose of 100 mg/day will be used in future studies of buparlisib in Japanese patients.
Individualized prediction of risk of metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer
Authors: Segelman J. , Akre O. , Gustafsson U. O. , Bottai M. , Martling A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimThe purpose of the study was to develop a tool for predicting the individual risk of metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis after surgery for non‐metastatic colorectal cancer.MethodIndependent predictors for metachronous colorectal carcinomatosis have previously been identified using a population‐based database. Predictive models for colon and rectal cancer were developed from these data. The predictive models were based on multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression and were internally validated with bootstrapping. Performance was assessed by the concordance index and calibration plots.ResultsIn all, 8044 patients who underwent abdominal resection of colorectal cancer Stage I–III were included. The colon and rectal cancer risk score models predicted metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis with a concordance index of 80% and 78%, respectively. Factors in the models included age, pathological pT stage, pN stage, number of examined lymph nodes (0–11, 12+), type of surgery (emergency/elective), completeness of cancer resection (R0/R1/R2), adjuvant chemotherapy (yes/no), preoperative radiotherapy and tumour location.ConclusionThe proposed predictive models showed high internal validity and enabled individualized prediction of peritoneal recurrence of colorectal cancer. The models may help in the planning of treatment and follow‐up of patients. However, external validation is warranted to assess generalizability of the predicted absolute risks.
Weighing Outcomes by Time or Against Time? Evaluation Rules in Intertemporal Choice
Authors: Scholten Marc , Read Daniel , Sanborn Adam 
Published: January 2014

AbstractModels of intertemporal choice draw on three evaluation rules, which we compare in the restricted domain of choices between smaller sooner and larger later monetary outcomes. The hyperbolic discounting model proposes an alternative‐based rule, in which options are evaluated separately. The interval discounting model proposes a hybrid rule, in which the outcomes are evaluated separately, but the delays to those outcomes are evaluated in comparison with one another. The tradeoff model proposes an attribute‐based rule, in which both outcomes and delays are evaluated in comparison with one another: People consider both the intervals between the outcomes and the compensations received or paid over those intervals. We compare highly general parametric functional forms of these models by means of a Bayesian analysis, a method of analysis not previously used in intertemporal choice. We find that the hyperbolic discounting model is outperformed by the interval discounting model, which, in turn, is outperformed by the tradeoff model. Our cognitive modeling is among the first to offer quantitative evidence against the conventional view that people make intertemporal choices by discounting the value of future outcomes, and in favor of the view that they directly compare options along the time and outcome attributes.
The transnational effect of multicultural policies on migrants' identification: the case of the Israeli diaspora in the USA
Authors: KISLEV ELYAKIM 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhile it is difficult to gauge the effect of multicultural policieswithincountries, it is even more difficult to measure themacrosscountries. In this article, I use fundamental multicultural changes that have occurred in Israeli society in recent decades as a case study, and track their effect on how Israelis who reside in the USA identify with Israel. Analysing the US census and the American Community Survey, I have focused my research on three groups of Israeli‐born migrants in the USA – Israeli Arabs, ultra‐Orthodox Jews and the Jewish majority. Findings indicate that originating from a minority community in the homeland predicts not only a different rate, but also different longitudinal trends of Israeli identification. I offer several possible explanations for these variations, but an in‐depth analysis of the Israeli case indicates that the transnational effect of the changing multicultural agenda in Israel is the leading mechanism at play.
Labour in global production networks: workers in the qualifying industrial zones (QIZs) of Egypt and Jordan
Authors: AZMEH SHAMEL 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe role of labour in global production networks (GPNs) requires further theoretical and empirical research. Through the case of the qualifying industrial zones (QIZs) in Egypt and Jordan, I look at how different production and labour control regimes have emerged in the two countries to exploit preferential access to the US market. I analyse how the requirements of US buyers necessitate the building of a flexible, low‐cost, geographically mobile production and labour‐control regime that can meet the needs of buyers in terms of cost, time to market, fluctuations in demand and shifts in sourcing policy. Migrant labour from Asia and the formation of an associated dormitory labour regime facilitated the establishment of such a regime in Jordan. The social embeddedness of workers in Egypt, by contrast, hindered this process.
Private money, public scrutiny? Contrasting perspectives on remittances
Authors: HORST CINDY , ERDAL MARTA BIVAND , CARLING JØRGEN , AFEEF KARIN 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMigrant remittances have received unprecedented attention over the past decade and scholars have interpreted remittance flows from a range of vantage points. In this article, we explore the meaning of remittances from three perspectives – (1) as an ingredient of terrorism and crime; (2) as a contribution to development; and (3) as an obstacle to integration. We explore these perspectives through an analysis of eight years of public debate in Norway and a review of the academic literature. Our analysis shows that remittances are open to public scrutiny, often within a strongly normative framework. Such public scrutiny is at odds with the private nature of remittances and affects migrants' everyday lives both structurally and emotionally. This scrutiny of remittances also suggests underlying assumptions about migrants' legitimate loyalties and belonging that fail to take adequate account of their multiple attachments.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of linagliptin in hemodialysis patients with diabetes
Authors: Nakamura Yuya , Tsuji Mayumi , Hasegawa Hitomi , Kimura Kengo , Fujita Kiichiro , Inoue Michiyasu , Shimizu Tatsuo , Gotoh Hiromichi , Goto Yoshikazu , Inagaki Masahiro , Oguchi Katsuji 
Published: January 2014

AbstractInflammation and glycemic control are important prognosis‐related factors for hemodialysis (HD) patients; moreover, inflammation affects insulin secretion. Here, we evaluated the anti‐inflammatory effects of monotherapy with linagliptin—a dipeptidase‐4 inhibitor—in HD patients with type 2 diabetes. We examined 21 diabetic HD patients who were not receiving oral diabetes drugs or insulin therapy and with poor glycemic control (glycated albumin [GA] level, >20%). Linagliptin (5 mg) was administered to the patients daily. The levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, GA, blood glucose, and active glucagon‐like peptide‐1 were determined before and 6 months after treatment. Body weight and serum levels of albumin, hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were also recorded before and after treatment. The levels of PGE2 and GA were significantly decreased 1 month after starting linagliptin therapy, whereas the IL‐6 levels were significantly decreased 6 months after starting linagliptin therapy. After 6 months of treatment, the PGE2 levels decreased from 188 ± 50 ng/mL to 26 ± 5 ng/mL; IL‐6 levels, from 1.5 ± 0.4 pg/mL to 0.6 ± 0.1 pg/mL; and GA levels, from 21.3% ± 0.6% to 18.0% ± 0.6%. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 levels increased 2.5‐fold during the treatment. Over the 6‐month treatment period, body weight and levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, blood glucose, albumin, hemoglobin, and cholesterol did not change; none of the patients exhibited hypoglycemia. The anti‐inflammatory effects of linagliptin monotherapy indicate that it may serve as a useful glucose control strategy for HD patients with diabetes.
Inverse association between docosahexaenoic acid and mortality in patients on hemodialysis during over 10 years
Authors: Terashima Yoshihiro , Hamazaki Kei , Itomura Miho , Tomita Shin , Kuroda Masahiro , Hirata Hitoshi , Hamazaki Tomohito , Inadera Hidekuni 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe have previously conducted a cohort study to investigate n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in red blood cells (RBCs) and risk of all‐cause mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients over 5 years and found that n‐3 PUFAs, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), might be an independent predictor of all‐cause mortality. In the present study, we extended the study for another 5 years to determine whether DHA levels in RBCs still predict the mortality of HD patients during a 10‐year study period. The study cohort consisted of 176 patients (64.1 ± 12.0 [mean ± standard deviation] years of age, 96 men and 80 women) under HD treatment. The fatty acid composition of patients' RBCs was analyzed by gas chromatography. During the study period of 10 years, 97 deaths occurred. After adjustment for 10 confounding factors, the hazard ratio of all‐cause mortality of the HD patients in the highest DHA tertile (>8.1%) was 0.52 (95% confidence interval 0.30–0.91) compared with those in the lowest DHA tertile (<7.2%). However, other n‐3 PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid (n‐3) did not reveal any significant correlations. The level of DHA in RBCs could be an independent predictor of all‐cause mortality in HD patients even during a long period of follow‐up.
Footprints, Frontiers, and Empires: Latin American Tourism Development, 1840–1959
Authors: Ward Evan R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article explores the first era of tourism development in Latin America, focusing on the historical scholarship and methodologies that have best helped us to understand tourisms relationship to the growth and expansion of economic and cultural frontiers that accompanied the evolution of North American empire from the early 1840s until 1959. Recent scholarship makes a strong connection between tourists, economic frontiers, and the establishment of empire in the Caribbean basin and Mexico. This “first frontier” of tourism development coincided with state and private investment, distinguishing it from the later “second frontier” that was noted for technical and financial aid from international aid organizations.
Medieval Inquisitorial Procedure: Procedural Rights and the Question of Due Process in the 13th Century
Authors: Eichbauer Melodie H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe developments in 12th‐ and 13th‐century legal procedure, known asinquisitio, illustrate that there existed a learned and reasoned legal system used by both secular and ecclesiastical courts in continental Europe. This essay outlines how scholarship has re‐defined and provided greater understanding of the paradox between the granting and denying of due process. The interpretation that inquisitorial procedure itself afforded rights to the defendant in the court of law is set against the suspension of those rights for the perceived threat of heresy. Two important historiographical approaches offer a politically motivated and intellectually grounded explanation for this deviation from or adherence to procedural norms: one views inquisitorial procedure within the context of the Church's growing power to legislate and the other views procedure within the context of ideas about natural law that guaranteed a defendant's rights. The juxtaposition of natural law safeguarding procedural rights with the duty to protect society from the threat of heresy, thereby justifying deviations from procedure, resonates in our post‐9/11 world. Today's terrorism is yesterday's heresy. Be it the 13th century or the 21st century, the balance between procedure and the maintenance of due process is problematic.
Guidance on water intake effectively improves urinary frequency in patients with nocturia
Authors: Tani Mitsuru , Hirayama Akihide , Torimoto Kazumasa , Matsushita Chie , Yamada Atsushi , Fujimoto Kiyohide 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate how guidance on water‐intake impacts the degree of nocturia.MethodsA total of 67 male patients were enrolled in the present study. Patients were asked to adjust their water and food intakes so that their 24‐h urine production/bodyweight would be equal or lower than 30 mL/kg. One month after the treatment, the therapeutic gain from and adverse effects of fluid restriction were examined by comparing the pretreatment and post‐treatment value of various parameters.ResultsOverall, 65 eligible patients were evaluated. In 44 patients (67%), the frequency of nocturia was improved to one or more times. The change in frequency of nocturia showed a positive correlation with the change in nocturnal urine volume. The change in nocturnal urine volume showed a positive correlation with the changes in 24‐h urine production/bodyweight, 24‐h drinking volume and daytime drinking volume. The changes in 24‐h urine production/bodyweight and daytime drinking volume were independent factors influencing therapeutic effect. None of the participants reported any adverse event.ConclusionsIn patients with a 24‐h urine production/bodyweight equal or higher than 30 mL/kg, guidance on water intake might be considered effective and safe as a lifestyle therapy. Water restriction should be carried out not only in the evening, but also during daytime.
Metformin usage in type 2 diabetes mellitus: are safety guidelines adhered to?
Authors: Huang W. , Castelino R. L. , Peterson G. M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimTo (i) evaluate the prescribing patterns of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and determine the prevalence of contraindications to its use, especially renal impairment, and (ii) identify potential cases of lactic acidosis (LA) related to metformin usage.MethodThis retrospective study reviewed all patients with a diagnosis of T2DM and taking metformin who was admitted to a major teaching hospital over an 8‐month period. Data including demographics, medical conditions, medications at admission and discharge, and relevant pathology results were extracted from medical records.ResultsA total of 301 patients (209 medical patients, 92 surgical patients) taking metformin were included. According to guidelines, approximately 31% and 21% of patients received metformin inappropriately (in the presence of contraindications or in excessive dosage) at admission and discharge, respectively. At admission, 65 patients (n = 301, 21.6%) on metformin had at least one contraindication to its use, and 42 patients (n = 254, 16.5%) were prescribed an excessive dosage according to their renal function. At discharge, 43 patients (n = 301, 14.3%) continued on metformin with at least one contraindication and 21 patients (n = 191, 11%) received an excessive dosage according to their renal function. Four patients had evidence of LA (plasma lactate concentration > 5.0 mmol/L and pH < 7.35) without clinical diagnosis.ConclusionMetformin was often used in patients with contraindications to its use, or in higher than recommended dosages. Reconsideration of the official prescribing information for metformin may be warranted as the risk of harm appears to be very low.
Influence of PD‐L1 cross‐linking on cell death in PD‐L1‐expressing cell lines and bovine lymphocytes
Authors: Ikebuchi Ryoyo , Konnai Satoru , Okagawa Tomohiro , Yokoyama Kazumasa , Nakajima Chie , Suzuki Yasuhiko , Murata Shiro , Ohashi Kazuhiko 
Published: January 2014

SummaryProgrammed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) blockade is accepted as a novel strategy for the reactivation of exhausted T cells that express programmed death‐1 (PD‐1). However, the mechanism of PD‐L1‐mediated inhibitory signalling after PD‐L1 cross‐linking by anti‐PD‐L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or PD‐1–immunogloblin fusion protein (PD‐1‐Ig) is still unknown, although it may induce cell death of PD‐L1+ cells required for regular immune reactions. In this study, PD‐1‐Ig or anti‐PD‐L1 mAb treatment was tested in cell lines that expressed PD‐L1 and bovine lymphocytes to investigate whether the treatment induces immune reactivation or PD‐L1‐mediated cell death. PD‐L1 cross‐linking by PD‐1‐Ig or anti‐PD‐L1 mAb primarily increased the number of dead cells in PD‐L1high cells, but not in PD‐L1low cells; these cells were prepared from Cos‐7 cells in which bovine PD‐L1 expression was induced by transfection. The PD‐L1‐mediated cell death also occurred in Cos‐7 and HeLa cells transfected with vectors only encoding the extracellular region of PD‐L1. In bovine lymphocytes, the anti‐PD‐L1 mAb treatment up‐regulated interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) production, whereas PD‐1‐Ig treatment decreased this cytokine production and cell proliferation. The IFN‐γ production in B‐cell‐depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells was not reduced by PD‐1‐Ig treatment and the percentages of dead cells in PD‐L1+ B cells were increased by PD‐1‐Ig treatment, indicating that PD‐1‐Ig‐induced immunosuppression in bovine lymphocytes could be caused by PD‐L1‐mediated B‐cell death. This study provides novel information for the understanding of signalling through PD‐L1.
Responsiveness of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11–14 for Cambodian children undergoing basic dental care
Authors: Turton Bathsheba J. , Thomson W. Murray , Foster Page Lyndie A. , Saub Roslan , Ishak Abdul Razak 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundOral‐Health‐Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) instruments are useful outcome measures in dental health services research; however, there are no reports of the use OHRQoL measures in evaluating the outcome of basic dental care in children anywhere.AimThe aims of this study are to evaluate the responsiveness of the Khmer version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire11–14 (CPQ11–14) and to describe changes in OHRQoL associated with the provision of basic dental care.DesignA pre‐test/post‐test design, with a clinical convenience sample of children aged from 8 to 14 years of age who received basic dental care from a local nongovernmental organisation (NGO).ResultsOf the 140 children in the baseline sample, 116 (82.9%) were followed up. The mean change in CPQ11–14 overall score for those with caries was 1.7, representing a small improvement in OHRQoL. There was a moderate (one in three) statistically significant reduction in the prevalence of impacts across the whole sample (P < 0.001; McNemar test), and one in five improved by the minimally important difference (MID) of five‐scale points.ConclusionsThe Khmer version of the CPQ11–14 appears to be a valid and responsive measure for assessing treatment‐associated changes in OHRQoL in children with dental caries in Cambodia.