bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between slab dip and topography segmentation in an oblique subduction zone: Insights from numerical modeling
Authors: Cerpa Nestor G. , Araya Rodolfo , Gerbault Muriel , Hassani Riad 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSlab dip controls the state of stress in an overriding plate and affects mountain building. Analog and numerical models have shown variations in tectonic regime induced by slab folding over the 660 km depth discontinuity zone in orthogonal convergence. Here using a three‐dimensional model of oblique subduction (30°) and accounting for free top surfaces, we show how slab folding generates an along‐strike slab dip segmentation, inducing variations in topography of the overriding plate. When the subducting plate begins to curve forward, the elevation height rises inland and varies along the trench from 5 km to 2 km. The Andes are a suitable natural zone to compare our results with because of its linear margin and well‐constrained plates kinematics. Thus, we provide a new explanation to the general decrease in elevation from the central to southern Andes, which still remains to be combined with other 3‐D mechanisms to explain the actual Andean topography.
Controls on 231Pa and 230Th in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Luo Yiming , Lippold Jörg 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe distributions of 230Th and 231Pa in the Arctic Ocean are not well understood. In order to examine the Arctic 231Pa/230Th system and therefore to shed light on the future use of Arctic sedimentary 231Pa/230Th, we developed a 2‐D scavenging model modified from an Atlantic model. Tuned with reasonable parameters that are consistent with Eurasian Basin geographic settings, the model can reproduce most of the features of the 230Th and 231Pa water column profiles as well as the sedimentary 231Pa/230Th distribution patterns and suggests that the sedimentary 231Pa/230Th in the Eurasian Basin is mainly controlled by the deep water circulation. In our attempt to reproduce the sedimentary 231Pa/230Th patterns during the last glacial, we found that circulation strength in the Eurasian Basin at shallower depths may have been stronger than today.
Storm‐to‐storm main phase repeatability of the local time variation of disturbed low‐latitude vertical ion drifts
Authors: Huang Chao‐Song 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPenetration electric field can be very strong during magnetic storms. However, the variation of penetration electric field with local time (LT) has not been well understood. The Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite measures the plasma drift/electric field over all local times within ~100 min. In this paper, we present the first nearly simultaneous observations of the dependence of penetration electric field on local time. The meridional ion drift measured by C/NOFS during the main phase of five magnetic storms in 2012 is analyzed. The storm time ion drift shows a large enhancement around 1900 LT, a relatively small enhancement during daytime, and a deep decrease in the postmidnight sector with a peak around 0500 LT. The observed storm time variation of the meridional ion drift with local time represents the variation of the penetration electric field. The averaged ion drifts are in remarkable agreement with recent simulations.
Applying a curl‐B technique to Swarm vector data to estimate nighttime F region current intensities
Authors: Tozzi Roberta , Pezzopane Michael , De Michelis Paola , Piersanti Mirko 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe innovative geometry of European Space Agency Swarm constellation opens the way for new investigations based on magnetic data. Since the knowledge of a vector field on two spherical surfaces allows calculating its curl, we propose a new technique to estimate the curl of the ionospheric magnetic field measured by Swarm satellites A and B, orbiting the Earth at two different altitudes from March to September 2014. Using this technique, we mapped the amplitude of the radial, meridional, and zonal components and of total intensity of the ionospheric current density at the satellite's altitudes, i.e., the F region of the ionosphere, during two local nighttime intervals: before and after midnight. Most of the obtained results are consistent with some of the known features of nighttime F region currents; others need further investigation. The proposed technique could contribute in selecting magnetic data with minimum contamination from nighttime F region electric currents for magnetic modeling purposes.
Elve doublets and compact intracloud discharges
Authors: Marshall R. A. , da Silva C. L. , Pasko V. P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe present evidence of ionospheric optical signatures of lightning, known as elves, which sometimes occur in pairs separated in time by ∼80–160 μs. We demonstrate that these “elve doublets” are the ionospheric signature of compact intracloud discharges (CIDs), which are extremely powerful, compact discharges that are thought to occur near the tops of thunderclouds. In this paper, using simple geometric calculations and full electromagnetic simulations, we show that CIDs from altitudes 14–22 km explain the time delay observed in elve doublets, consistent with typical CID altitudes. Furthermore, we show that the relative brightness of the first and second elves in the doublet is likely related to the orientation of the CID, and angles of 5°– 20° with respect to the vertical are consistent with the observed brightness ratios.
HCFC‐133a (CF3CH2Cl): OH rate coefficient, UV and infrared absorption spectra, and atmospheric implications
Authors: McGillen Max R. , Bernard François , Fleming Eric L. , Burkholder James B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHCFC‐133a (CF3CH2Cl), an ozone‐depleting substance, is primarily removed from the atmosphere by gas‐phase reaction with OH radicals and by UV photolysis. The rate coefficient, k, for the OH + HCFC‐133a reaction was measured between 233 and 379 K and is given by k(T) = (9.32 ± 0.8) × 10−13 exp(−(1296 ± 28)/T), where k(296 K) was measured to be (1.10 ± 0.02) × 10−14 (cm3 molecule−1 s−1) (2σ precision uncertainty). The HCFC‐133a UV absorption spectrum was measured between 184.95 and 240 nm at 213–323 K, and a spectrum parameterization is presented. The HCFC‐133a atmospheric loss processes, lifetime, ozone depletion potential, and uncertainties were evaluated using a 2‐D atmospheric model. The global annually averaged steady state lifetime and ozone depletion potential (ODP) were determined to be 4.45 (4.04–4.90) years and 0.017 (±0.001), respectively, where the ranges are based solely on the 2σ uncertainty in the kinetic and photochemical parameters. The infrared absorption spectrum of HCFC‐133a was measured, and its global warming potential was determined to be 380 on the 100 year time horizon.
The interaction between gravity waves and solar tides: Results from 4‐D ray tracing coupled to a linear tidal model
Authors: Ribstein B. , Achatz U. , Senf F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe interaction between solar tides (STs) and gravity waves (GWs) is studied via the coupling of a three‐dimensional ray tracer model and a linear tidal model. The ray tracer model describes GW dynamics on a spatially and time‐dependent background formed by a monthly mean climatology and STs. It does not suffer from typical simplifications of conventional GW parameterizations where horizontal GW propagation and the effects of horizontal background gradients on GW dynamics are neglected. The ray tracer model uses a variant of Wentzel‐Kramers‐Brillouin (WKB) theory where a spectral description in position wave number space is helping to avoid numerical instabilities otherwise likely to occur in caustic‐like situations. The tidal model has been obtained by linearization of the primitive equations about a monthly mean, allowing for stationary planetary waves. The communication between ray tracer model and tidal model is facilitated using latitude‐ and altitude‐dependent coefficients, named Rayleigh friction and Newtonian relaxation, and obtained from regressing GW momentum and buoyancy fluxes against the STs and their tendencies. These coefficients are calculated by the ray tracer model and then implemented into the tidal model. An iterative procedure updates successively the GW fields and the tidal fields until convergence is reached. Notwithstanding the simplicity of the employed GW source, many aspects of observed tidal dynamics are reproduced. It is shown that the conventional “single‐column” approximation leads to significantly overestimated GW fluxes and hence underestimated ST amplitudes, pointing at a sensitive issue of GW parameterizations in general.
Numerical simulations of extratropical tropopause‐penetrating convection: Sensitivities to grid resolution
Authors: Homeyer Cameron R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDeep extratropical convection that penetrates and overshoots the altitude of the tropopause has important implications both for chemistry‐climate interactions through stratosphere‐troposphere exchange and for hazardous weather at the Earth's surface. In this study, the sensitivity of tropopause structure and cross‐tropopause transport to the choice of numerical model resolution in simulations with explicitly resolved convection (i.e., no convective parameterization) is examined. For an observed case of overshooting convection, the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW‐WRF) model is run for all possible combinations of three horizontal (3 km, 1 km, and 333.33 m) and vertical (600 m, 300 m, and 150 m) grid resolutions. Although ARW‐WRF is successful in producing tropopause‐penetrating convection in each case, the depth of overshooting and cross‐tropopause transport are found to increase with refinement in the horizontal dimension and decrease with refinement in the vertical dimension. These results are related to changes in storm intensity and the sharpness of the tropopause, where the former is found to increase with refinement in the horizontal dimension and the latter is found to increase with refinement in the vertical dimension. Comparisons of simulated storm altitudes with those observed from ground‐based radar reveal large positive biases in simulations where the horizontal resolution is fine and the vertical resolution is coarse.
Toxicological screening of human plasma by on‐line SPE‐HPLC‐DAD: identification and quantification of acidic and neutral drugs
Authors: Mut Ludmila , Grobosch Thomas , Binscheck‐Domaß Torsten , Frenzel Wolfgang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA multi‐analyte screening method for the quantification of 50 acidic/neutral drugs in human plasma based on on‐line solid‐phase extraction (SPE)–HPLC with photodiode array detection (DAD) was developed, validated and applied for clinical investigation. Acetone and methanol for protein precipitation, three different SPE materials (two electro‐neutral, one strong anion‐exchange, one weak cation‐exchange) for on‐line extraction, five HPLC‐columns [one C18 (GeminiNX), two phenyl‐hexyl (Gemini C6‐Phenyl, Kinetex Phenyl‐Hexyl) and two pentafluorophenyl (LunaPFP(2), KinetexPFP)] for analytical separation were tested. For sample pre‐treatment, acetone in the ratio 1:2 (plasma:acetone) showed a better baseline and fewer matrix peaks in the chromatogram than methanol. Only the strong anion‐exchanger SPE cartridge (StrataX‐A, pH 6) allowed the extraction of salicylic acid. Analytical separation was carried out on a Gemini C6‐Phenyl column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3 µm) using gradient elution with acetonitrile–water 90:10 (v/v) and phosphate buffer (pH 2.3). Linear calibration curves with correlation coefficients r ≥ 0.9950/0.9910 were obtained for 46/four analytes. Additionally, this method allows the quantification of 23 analytes for therapeutic drug monitoring. Limits of quantitation ranged from 0.1 (amobarbital) to 23 mg/L (salicylic acid). Inter‐/intra‐day precisions of quality control samples (low/high) were better than 13% and accuracy (bias) ranged from −14 to 10%. A computer‐assisted database was created for automated detection of 223 analytes of toxicological interests. Four cases of multi‐drug intoxications are presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximate resolution of asynchronous conflicts among sequential collaborations in dynamic virtual environments
Authors: Lee Jun , Lim Mingyu , Park SungJun , Kim HyungSeok , Ko Heedong , Kim Jee‐In 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAsynchronous collaboration for a networked virtual environment (NVE) has emerged as a promising area in collaborative computer‐aided design applications. The concept of asynchronous collaboration is a sequential collaboration of temporal processes in an NVE where the participants are not required to be present at the time of the collaboration. Conflicts in asynchronous collaboration occur because the preceding task of a participant can influence the output of the ensuing task of another participant. The conflicted tasks must be modified manually. However, it requires considerable time and effort to resolve conflicts in a sequential collaboration. In this paper, we present an asynchronous collaborative framework that converts the conflict states of the shared objects into approximately resolved states. We develop a novel approximate resolution algorithm using a task‐based modeling mechanism to resolve the asynchronous conflicts with their corresponding tasks. Moreover, we propose a visual relation editor for convenient management. The participants can set flexible relations among shared objects using the proposed visual editor. The proposed approximate resolution approach can significantly reduce the average resolution time and the number of required manual task resolutions in a virtual environment compared to a manual resolution approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Administration of IκB‐kinase inhibitor PS1145 enhances apoptosis in DMBA‐induced tumor in male Wistar rats
Authors: Rajmani R. S. , Gandham Ravi Kumar , Gupta Shishir Kumar , Sahoo Aditya P. , Singh Prafull Kumar , Saxena Shikha , Kumar Rajiv , Chaturvedi Uttara , Tiwari Ashok K. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB), a key anti‐apoptotic factor, plays a critical role in tumor cell growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The transcriptional activity of NF‐κB is normally suppressed in the cytoplasm due to its association with a natural inhibitor molecule IκB. Phosphorylation of the IκB at Ser 32 and Ser 36 by the IκB kinase complex (IKK) marks the degradation of the molecule by 26S proteasome. As NF‐κB is constitutively activated in most of the tumor cells, inhibition of the activities of IKK may significantly sensitize the tumor cells to apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of IκB kinase‐specific blocker PS1145 on DMBA‐induced skin tumor of male Wistar rats. We examined the apoptotic effect of PS1145 on DMBA‐induced tumor by various histopathological and molecular techniques. Our results demonstrate the significant expression of major pro‐apoptotic genes like caspases 2, 3, 8, 9, and p53 in PS1145‐treated tumor bearing group at mRNA levels as well as significant (P < 0.05) down regulation in the expression levels of NF‐κB and VEGF, the major pro‐inflammatory and pro‐angiogenic factors, respectively. The histopathological examination showed that the tumor progression, mitotic, AgNOR, and PCNA indices were significantly reduced in PS1145 treatment groups as compared to PBS control on day 28 of post‐treatment. Furthermore, significant increase in TUNEL positive nuclei and observation of peculiar apoptotic nuclei in transmission electron microscopy were seen in PS1145 treatment group. We conclude that intravenous application of PS1145 promotes direct apoptosis in DMBA‐induced skin tumor in male Wistar rats by blocking NF‐κB and VEGF activities.
Howell‐Jolly bodies on peripheral smear leading to the diagnosis of congenital hyposplenism in a patient with septic shock
Authors: Mathew Hannah , Dittus Christopher , Malek Anita , Negroiu Andreea 
Published: July 2015

Key Clinical MessageWe present a case of isolated congenital hyposplenism that was discovered after the peripheral smear revealed Howell‐Jolly bodies. This case serves as the basis for a review of hyposplenism for the general practitioner.
Versatile lightweight key distribution for big data privacy in vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Qin Bo , Wang Linxiao , Wang Yujue , Wu Qianhong , Shi Wenchang , Liang Bin 
Published: July 2015

SummaryVehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) continually produce large scale of data shared among vehicles nearby to improve driving experience and safety. The vehicular communications contain a large amount of private information. It is well known that group key management is a fundamental cryptographic primitive for providing secure group communication. Although many proposals with regard to group key management have been introduced, they cannot well support secure subgroup and intergroup communications in VANETs. In this paper, we exploit the specific features of vehicular communications and propose two group key distribution schemes providing efficient solutions to these two problems. Our schemes do not require interaction between users. Storage and computation analyses show that compared with existing schemes, our proposals are more efficient and versatile. Based on these basic schemes, we present extensions for multipartite groups, by which the efficiency is greatly improved in this scenario. We also provide the extensions for two‐level multipartite groups, which enable fine‐grained real‐world applications. The experimental results confirm that our group key distribution schemes are practical in security, computation, and communication. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using sutures to attach miniature tracking tags to small bats for multimonth movement and behavioral studies
Authors: Castle Kevin T. , Weller Theodore J. , Cryan Paul M. , Hein Cris D. , Schirmacher Michael R. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryDetermining the detailed movements of individual animals often requires them to carry tracking devices, but tracking broad‐scale movement of small bats (<30 g) has been limited by transmitter technology and long‐term attachment methods. This limitation inhibits our understanding of bat dispersal and migration, particularly in the context of emerging conservation issues such as fatalities at wind turbines and diseases. We tested a novel method of attaching lightweight global positioning system (GPS) tags and geolocating data loggers to small bats. We used monofilament, synthetic, absorbable sutures to secure GPS tags and data loggers to the skin of anesthetized big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in Colorado and hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) in California. GPS tags and data loggers were sutured to 17 bats in this study. Three tagged bats were recaptured 7 months after initial deployment, with tags still attached; none of these bats showed ill effects from the tag. No severe injuries were apparent upon recapture of 6 additional bats that carried tags up to 26 days after attachment; however, one of the bats exhibited skin chafing. Use of absorbable sutures to affix small tracking devices seems to be a safe, effective method for studying movements of bats over multiple months, although additional testing is warranted. This new attachment method has the potential to quickly advance our understanding of small bats, particularly as more sophisticated miniature tracking devices (e.g., satellite tags) become available.
New hybrid Cartesian cut cell/enriched multipoint flux approximation approach for modelling and quantification of structural uncertainties in petroleum reservoirs
Authors: Ahmadi Mohammad , Christie Mike , Gerritsen Margot , Bazargan Hamid 
Published: July 2015

SummaryEfficient and profitable oil production is subject to make reliable predictions about reservoir performance. However, restricted knowledge about reservoir rock and fluid properties and its geometrical structure calls for history matching in which the reservoir model is calibrated to emulate the field observed history. Such an inverse problem yields multiple history‐matched models, which might result in different predictions of reservoir performance. Uncertainty quantification narrows down the model uncertainties and boosts the model reliability for the forecasts of future reservoir behaviour. Conventional approaches of uncertainty quantification ignore large‐scale uncertainties related to reservoir structure, while structural uncertainties can influence the reservoir forecasts more significantly compared with petrophysical uncertainty.Quantification of structural uncertainty has been usually considered impracticable because of the need for global regridding at each step of history matching process. To resolve this obstacle, we develop an efficient methodology based on Cartesian cut cell method that decouples the model from its representation onto the grid and allows uncertain structures to be varied as a part of history matching process. Reduced numerical accuracy due to cell degeneracies in the vicinity of geological structures is adequately compensated with an enhanced scheme of a class of locally conservative flux continuous methods (extended enriched multipoint flux approximation method or extended EMPFA).The robustness and consistency of the proposed hybrid Cartesian cut cell/extended EMPFA approach are demonstrated in terms of true representation of geological structures influence on flow behaviour. Significant improvements in the quality of reservoir recovery forecasts and reservoir volume estimation are presented for synthetic model of uncertain structures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implications of spring water levels on the production of American white pelicans nesting at marsh lake, Minnesota
Authors: Dimatteo Jon J. (Jeff) , Wollenberg John E. , Clark Mark E. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTWe investigated the relationship between spring water levels and production of American white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) nesting colonially at Marsh Lake in southwest Minnesota during 2003–2012. We obtained estimates of pelican nest and chick numbers from aerial photographs to determine population levels. We used historical streamflow data to characterize April water conditions, a period when nest‐site selection typically occurs. Pelicans used 4 islands and 1 peninsula for nesting, ranging from relatively high‐elevation sites connected to or near the mainland to more distant low‐elevation sites in the middle of the lake. The number and proportion of nests on high‐elevation sites are positively related to discharge in the Upper Minnesota River during April. In years when high water inundates low‐elevation sites during pelican nest‐site selection, pelican nests were located on the high‐elevation locations near or connected to the mainland. Over 90% of the variation in the number of nests on high‐elevation sites is related to the mean daily discharge in the Upper Minnesota River during April. In addition, the proportion of nests on high‐elevation sites also increases as mean daily discharge during April increases. However, chick production was negatively related to discharge during April. More than 84% of the variation in the number of near‐fledged chicks produced per nest was related to mean daily discharge during April. Although high‐elevation sites in close proximity to the mainland offered nesting pelicans refuge from high water levels, they also expose American white pelican nests to greater predator risk. Nest camera monitoring indicated that high‐elevation sites exhibited significantly higher predator activity than low‐elevation sites, and experienced lower nest success (i.e., probability that at least 1 egg from the nest hatched). Proposed changes in the management of Marsh Lake call for the installation of a water control structure at the Marsh Lake dam that will allow for active management of lake levels. Our study provides managers with models for predicting impacts of water levels on American white pelican production. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.