bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pyelolithotomy with endoscopic lithotripsy for staghorn calculi in a solitary kidney
Authors: Liu Bianjiang , Zhang Wei , Song Rijin , Li Pengchao , Zhang Jiexiu , Li Jie , Wang Zengjun , Yin Changjun 
Published: January 2015

AimThe aim of the present study was to present our experience on pyelolithotomy with simultaneous endoscopic lithotripsy for the treatment of staghorn calculi in a solitary kidney.Patients and MethodsFive patients were recruited from January 2010 to April 2012. A small, oblique lumbar incision was used to expose the renal pelvis for pyelolithotomy. The cystoscope and/or ureteroscope was/were inserted through the pyelic incision to monitor holmium laser lithotripsy of calculi in renal pelvis and calyces.ResultsNo complications were observed. The patients resumed activity 1 day postoperatively and were discharged 3 days postoperatively. The stone‐free rate was 100 per cent. The serum creatinine rate and glomerular filtration rate 6 months postoperatively were not different from preoperative levels. Stone recurrence was not observed during the follow up.ConclusionsPyelolithotomy with simultaneous endoscopic holmium laser lithotripsy combines the simplicity and safety of open surgery and the minimal invasion and efficient stone removal of endoscopic techniques.
Real‐time assessment of hybridization between wolves and dogs: combining noninvasive samples with ancestry informative markers
Authors: Godinho Raquel , López‐Bao José Vicente , Castro Diana , Llaneza Luís , Lopes Susana , Silva Pedro , Ferrand Nuno 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWolves and dogs provide a paradigmatic example of the ecological and conservation implications of hybridization events between wild and domesticated forms. However, our understanding of such implications has been traditionally hampered by both high genetic similarity and the difficulties in obtaining tissue samples (TS), which limit our ability to assess ongoing hybridization events. To assess the occurrence and extension of hybridization in a pack of wolf–dog hybrids in northwestern Iberia, we compared the power of 52 nuclear markers implemented onTSwith a subset of 13 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) typed in noninvasive samples (NIS). We demonstrate that the 13AIMs are as accurate as the 52 markers that were chosen without regard to the power to differentiate between wolves and dogs, also having the advantage of being rapidly screened onNIS. The efficiency ofAIMs significantly outperformed ten random sets of similar size and an additional commercial set of 18 markers. Bayesian clustering analysis implemented onAIMs andNISidentified nine hybrids, two wolves and two dogs. Four hybrids were unambiguously assigned to F1xWolf backcrosses. Our approach (AIMs +NIS) overcomes previous difficulties related to sample availability and informative power of markers, allowing a quick identification of wolf–dog hybrids in the first phases of hybridization episodes. This provides managers with a reliable tool to evaluate hybridization and estimate the success of their actions. This approach may be easily adapted for other pairs of wild/domesticated species, thus improving our understanding of the introgression of domestication genes into natural populations.
Degenerate adaptor sequences for detecting PCR duplicates in reduced representation sequencing data improve genotype calling accuracy
Authors: Tin M. M. Y. , Rheindt F. E. , Cros E. , Mikheyev A. S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRAD‐tag is a powerful tool for high‐throughput genotyping. It relies on PCR amplification of the starting material, following enzymatic digestion and sequencing adaptor ligation. Amplification introduces duplicate reads into the data, which arise from the same template molecule and are statistically nonindependent, potentially introducing errors into genotype calling. In shotgun sequencing, data duplicates are removed by filtering reads starting at the same position in the alignment. However, restriction enzymes target specific locations within the genome, causing reads to start in the same place, and making it difficult to estimate the extent of PCR duplication. Here, we introduce a slight change to the Illumina sequencing adaptor chemistry, appending a unique four‐base tag to the first index read, which allows duplicate discrimination in aligned data. This approach was validated on the Illumina MiSeq platform, using double‐digest libraries of ants (Wasmannia auropunctata) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with known genotypes, producing modest though statistically significant gains in the odds of calling a genotype accurately. More importantly, removing duplicates also corrected for strong sample‐to‐sample variability of genotype calling accuracy seen in the ant samples. For libraries prepared from low‐input degraded museum bird samples (Mixornis gularis), which had low complexity, having been generated from relatively few starting molecules, adaptor tags show that virtually all of the genotypes were called with inflated confidence as a result of PCR duplicates. Quantification of library complexity by adaptor tagging does not significantly increase the difficulty of the overall workflow or its cost, but corrects for differences in quality between samples and permits analysis of low‐input material.
Latino Adolescent Perspectives Toward Sexually Transmitted Infection Educational Programs
Authors: Lee Young Me , Florez Elizabeth , Holm Karyn , Horwitz Jessica , Waters Rachel 
Published: January 2015

PurposeThe study aims to identify knowledge about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among Latino adolescents, to explore programmatic components that are essential for an effective educational program, and to explore gender differences regarding STI knowledge and essential components.MethodsA naturalistic inquiry approach was used.FindingsKnowledge of specific STIs was minimal. Themes including humor, fear, empowered decision‐making, peer educators, self‐protection, knowledge and information on STIs, and consistency of the sexual health education were identified as essential components for STI educational programs.ConclusionThe findings of this study enhance the understanding of STIs, sexual behaviors, and essential components of an effective STI educational program as perceived by Latino adolescents.Implications for Nursing PracticeIt is essential for nurses to provide accurate information about STIs and safe sex to help decrease the transmission of STIs.
Influence of Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Grant Mechanisms on Postaward Academic Productivity
Authors: Safdar Basmah , Paradise Summer A. , McMillian Melissa , Holmes James F. ,   the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Grants Committees
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) provides research training grants, but the future productivity of award recipients and nonrecipients is unclear. The study objective was to assess the association of the two SAEM research training mechanisms with scholarly productivity and rates of subsequent funding between nonrecipients and recipients. A secondary goal was to evaluate the productivity metrics for fellows trained at the Institutional Research Training Grant (IRTG) programs.MethodsThe authors surveyed all 2002 through 2011 Research Training Grant (RTG; n = 64) and Institutional Research Training Grant (IRTG; n = 38) applicants. RTG outcomes were federal funding as a principal investigator (PI) or co‐PI using National Institutes of Health RePORTER and scholarly productivity using PubMed. IRTG outcomes were SAEM‐approved research fellowships and National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute K12 training awards. Sites applying for or receiving the IRTG multiple times were only counted once. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsOver 10 years, nine of 64 (14%) RTG and 10 of 38 (26%) IRTG applications were funded (two sites received multiple awards). Federal funding was obtained by seven of nine (78%) RTG recipients and 22 of 55 (40%) RTG nonrecipients (RR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.21 to 3.13). All nine (100%, 95% CI = 72% to 100%) of RTG recipients had at least one manuscript, compared to 48 of the 55 (87%, 95% CI = 76% to 95%) nonrecipients. All nine (100%, 95% CI = 72% to 100%) RTG recipients remained in academics versus 44 of 55 (80%, 95% CI = 67% to 90%) nonrecipients. For the IRTG, four of seven awardees (57%, 95% CI = 18% to 90%) versus 0 of the 16 (0%, 95% CI = 0 to 17%) nonrecipients received National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute K12 awards (RR = 19.1, 95% CI = 1.16 to 314.0). Additionally, five of seven (71%, 95% CI = 29% to 96%) institutions became SAEM‐approved fellowships compared to one of 16 (6%, 95% CI = 0 to 30%) nonrecipients (RR = 11.4, 95% CI = 1.61 to 80.7).ConclusionsSAEM RTG recipients were more likely to obtain federal funding postaward than nonrecipients. IRTG recipients were more likely to develop successful research training programs than nonrecipients.
Classification of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Chest Compression Patterns: Manual Versus Automated Approaches
Authors: Wang Henry E. , Schmicker Robert H. , Herren Heather , Brown Siobhan , Donnelly John P. , Gray Randal , Ragsdale Sally , Gleeson Andrew , Byers Adam , Jasti Jamie , Aguirre Christina , Owens Pam , Condle Joe , Leroux Brian 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectivesNew chest compression detection technology allows for the recording and graphical depiction of clinical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) chest compressions. The authors sought to determine the inter‐rater reliability of chest compression pattern classifications by human raters. Agreement with automated chest compression classification was also evaluated by computer analysis.MethodsThis was an analysis of chest compression patterns from cardiac arrest patients enrolled in the ongoing Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Continuous Chest Compressions Trial. Thirty CPR process files from patients in the trial were selected. Using written guidelines, research coordinators from each of eight participating ROC sites classified each chest compression pattern as 30:2 chest compressions, continuous chest compressions (CCC), or indeterminate. A computer algorithm for automated chest compression classification was also developed for each case. Inter‐rater agreement between manual classifications was tested using Fleiss's kappa. The criterion standard was defined as the classification assigned by the majority of manual raters. Agreement between the automated classification and the criterion standard manual classifications was also tested.ResultsThe majority of the eight raters classified 12 chest compression patterns as 30:2, 12 as CCC, and six as indeterminate. Inter‐rater agreement between manual classifications of chest compression patterns was κ = 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49 to 0.74). The automated computer algorithm classified chest compression patterns as 30:2 (n = 15), CCC (n = 12), and indeterminate (n = 3). Agreement between automated and criterion standard manual classifications was κ = 0.84 (95% CI = 0.59 to 0.95).ConclusionsIn this study, good inter‐rater agreement in the manual classification of CPR chest compression patterns was observed. Automated classification showed strong agreement with human ratings. These observations support the consistency of manual CPR pattern classification as well as the use of automated approaches to chest compression pattern analysis.
Underuse of Pregnancy Testing for Women Prescribed Teratogenic Medications in the Emergency Department
Authors: Goyal Monika K. , Hersh Adam L. , Badolato Gia , Luan Xianqun , Trent Maria , Zaoutis Theoklis , Chamberlain James M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives were to estimate the frequency of pregnancy testing in emergency department (ED) visits by reproductive‐aged women administered or prescribed teratogenic medications (Food and Drug Administration categories D or X) and to determine factors associated with nonreceipt of a pregnancy test.MethodsThis was a retrospective cross‐sectional study using 2005 through 2009 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data of ED visits by females ages 14 to 40 years. The number of visits was estimated where teratogenic medications were administered or prescribed and pregnancy testing was not conducted. The association of demographic and clinical factors with nonreceipt of pregnancy testing was assessed using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsOf 39,859 sampled visits, representing an estimated 141.0 million ED visits by reproductive‐aged females nationwide, 10.1 million (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.9 to 11.3 million) estimated visits were associated with administration or prescription of teratogenic medications. Of these, 22.0% (95% CI = 19.8% to 24.2%) underwent pregnancy testing. The most frequent teratogenic medications administered without pregnancy testing were benzodiazepines (52.2%; 95% CI = 31.1% to 72.7%), antibiotics (10.7%; 95% CI = 5.0% to 16.3%), and antiepileptics (7.7%; 95% CI = 0.12% to 15.5%). The most common diagnoses associated with teratogenic drug prescription without pregnancy testing were psychiatric (16.1%; 95% CI = 13.6% to 18.6%), musculoskeletal (12.7%; 95% CI = 10.8% to 14.5%), and cardiac (9.5%; 95% CI = 7.6% to 11.3%). In multivariable analyses, visits by older (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.79), non‐Hispanic white females (AOR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.54 to 0.93); visits in the Northeast region (AOR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.86); and visits during which teratogenic medications were administered in the ED only (AOR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.97) compared to prescribed at discharge only were less likely to have pregnancy testing.ConclusionsA minority of ED visits by reproductive‐aged women included pregnancy testing when patients were prescribed category D or X medications. Interventions are needed to ensure that pregnancy testing occurs before women are prescribed potentially teratogenic medications, as a preventable cause of infant morbidity.
Costs Associated with Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions Across Hospital‐based Settings
Authors: Galarraga Jessica E. , Mutter Ryan , Pines Jesse M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectivesAmbulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) are acute care diagnoses that could potentially be prevented through improved primary care. This study investigated how payments and charges for these ACSC visits differ by three hospital‐based settings (outpatient, emergency department [ED], and inpatient) and examined differences in payments and charges by their physician and facility components.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of data (2005 through 2010) from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess differences in the mean‐adjusted payments and charges for ACSC visits by clinical setting and further divided payments and charges into physician and facility components.ResultsOf all ACSC visits from 2005 through 2010, 41% were outpatient visits, 36% were ED visits, and 23% were hospital admissions. After adjusting for patient demographics and comorbid conditions, charges for an inpatient ACSC visit were four times higher ($11,414 vs. $2,563) and payments were five times higher ($4,325 vs. $859) when compared to an ED visit. By comparison, charges for an ACSC ED visit were two times higher ($2,563 vs. $1,084) and payments 2.5 times higher ($859 vs. $341) relative to an ACSC visit managed in an outpatient hospital‐based clinic. Across all clinical settings, hospital facility fees account for 77% to 94% of the charge differences and 81% to 93% of the payment differences.ConclusionsFor hospital‐based ACSC visits, inpatient hospitalizations are by far the most expensive. Finding ways to expand outpatient resources and improve the health management of the chronically ill may avoid conditions that lead to more expensive hospital‐based encounters. Across all hospital‐based settings, facility fees are the major contributor of expense.
Dissemination and Implementation Research in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Bernstein Steven L. , Stoney Catherine M. , Rothman Richard E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPublished medical research takes years to change clinical practice. The reasons for this evidence‐to‐practice gap are many. To address this gap, in recent years the field of dissemination and implementation (D&I) science has grown dramatically. D&I studies design and test strategies to accelerate the movement of new evidence‐based diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers into real‐world clinical practice. This article summarizes the proceedings of sessions at the 2011 and 2012 annual meetings of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine that discussed D&I studies in emergency medicine. Examples of current studies are provided, along with a review of D&I methods, funding opportunities, and suggestions for future research.
Macroanatomical Aspects of the Lumbar Plexus and its Branches in the Sparrowhawk
Authors: Balkaya H. , Ozudogru Z. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThis study examined the plexus lumbalis and its branches in the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). Fifteen sparrowhawks were used in this study. After administering an anaesthetic to the birds, the body cavities were opened. The birds were fixed with formaldehyde after draining of the blood. The nerves of the plexus lumbalis were dissected separately and photographed. The plexus lumbalis was formed by the union of the branches of the synsacral spinal nerves, which left from the ventrolaterale of os lumbosacrale. The plexus consisted of three (2nd, 3rd and 4th) synsacral spinal nerves. The cranial and caudal nerves originating from the plexus lumbalis were the nervus cutaneous femoris, nervus coxalis cranialis, nervus femoralis, nervus saphenus and nervus obturatorius. The general macroanatomical shape of the plexus lumbalis and the distribution of the nerves originating from this plexus were similar to those of other bird species.
Double jeopardy: bark harvest for malaria treatment and poor regeneration threaten tree population in a tropical forest of Uganda
Authors: Galabuzi Charles , Nabanoga Gorettie N. , Ssegawa Paul , Obua Joseph , Eilu Gerald 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSeveral forest plants known to supply medicine are under pressure worldwide. We carried out a study of four tree species (Warburgia ugandensis Sprague, Fleroya rubrostipulata (K.Schum.) Y.F.Deng, Syzygium guineense DC. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl.) that are highly demanded for malaria treatment. The study was undertaken between 2006 and 2009 in the Sango Bay Forest Reserve, southern Uganda. The aim was to determine the conservation status of trees targeted for malaria treatment. We assessed the level of damage inflicted on trees during harvesting of medicinal parts and determined the population density of target species in the forest. We used 95 plots established along nineteen transects. Survival of the most preferred species, F. rubrostipulata, is of particular concern as its population suffered from a combination of extensive damage due to poor methods of harvesting and poor regeneration. The density of trees with diameter ≥5 cm differed between species and sites, demonstrating different recruitment and survival strategies. Management of Protected Areas should augment strategies to monitor the legal and illegal harvest of medicinal plants, by adopting low impact harvesting methods, and designating the temporal and spatial patterns of harvesting. This might reduce tree damage and mortality.
Foraging ecologies of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) and camels (Camelus dromedarius) in northern Kenya: effects of habitat structure and possibilities for competition?
Authors: O'Connor David A. , Butt Bilal , Foufopoulos Johannes B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe foraging ecologies of reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) and domestic camels (Camelus dromedarius) were examined in the Laikipia District of Kenya, where these species have recently become sympatric. Camels increased popularity in the region has lead to concerns about their environmental impacts and possible competition with wild giraffe for resources. We gathered foraging data on both species using 2‐min group scans that recorded feeding heights and plant food preferences. Transects sampled the vegetation in areas where foraging observations were recorded. Giraffe females feed at lower elevations than males, while female camels feed below both sexes of giraffe. There was very little observed overlap in food preferences between the species. However, habitat type has an effect on foraging ecologies of both giraffe sexes, but habitat did not influence camel foraging. Camel herder husbandry techniques also influence camel foraging dynamics. These findings have important implications in achieving the twin objectives of wildlife conservation and pastoralist livestock production in northern Kenya.
Predictors of rural practice location for James Cook University MBBS graduates at postgraduate year 5
Authors: Woolley Torres , Sen Gupta Tarun , Murray Richard , Hays Richard 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe factors predicting James Cook University (JCU) medical graduates having a rural practice location at postgraduate year (PGY) 5.ParticipantsJCU MBBS graduates who had completed their PGY 5 in Australia (n = 260).DesignMultiple logistic regression analysis involving graduates' application data (age, gender, location of hometown, School Leaving Score, interview score, ethnicity), undergraduate data (scholarship awarded, honours program), and postgraduation data (internship location, specialty training undertaken).Main outcome measurePredictors of practice in a ‘rural’ town (Australian Standard Geographic Classification Remoteness Area (ASGC‐RA)) 3–5 at PGY 5.ResultsPractice in a ‘rural’ town in PGY 5 was predicted by ‘internship in an ASGC‐RA 3–5 location’ (prevalence odds ratios (POR) = 3.9, P < 0.001), ‘undertaken postgraduate training as a general practitioner or rural generalist’ (POR = 3.4, P < 0.001), ‘hometown at application located in ASGC‐RA 3–5 area’ (POR = 2.9, P = 0.023), ‘Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander ancestry’ (POR = 5.6, P = 0.031), and NOT undertaken postgraduate training in surgery (POR = 5.4, P = 0.055).ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that likelihood of early career rural medical practice in Australia is enhanced by education strategies, such as providing rurally located internship places, supporting rural general practice, and selecting applicants with rural origins, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry, and/or a genuine interest in rural, remote, Indigenous, and tropical medicine. This early evidence supports the proposition that investing in rural medical education will produce an appropriately trained medical workforce to meet the needs of rural Australia. Findings also suggest rural workforce may be further enhanced with additional specialty training opportunities in rural tertiary hospitals, in particular, surgery.