bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactively sputtered nickel nitride as electrocatalytic counter electrode for dye- and quantum dot-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Soo Kang Jin , Park Min-Ah , Kim Jae-Yup , Ha Park Sun , Young Chung Dong , Yu Seung-Ho , Kim Jin , Park Jongwoo , Choi Jung-Woo , Jae Lee Kyung , Jeong Juwon , Jae Ko Min , Ahn Kwang-Soon , Sung Yung-Eun 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNickel nitride electrodes were prepared by reactive sputtering of nickel under a N2 atmosphere at room temperature for application in mesoscopic dye- or quantum dot- sensitized solar cells. This facile and reliable method led to the formation of a Ni2N film with a cauliflower-like nanostructure and tetrahedral crystal lattice. The prepared nickel nitride electrodes exhibited an excellent chemical stability toward both iodide and polysulfide redox electrolytes. Compared to conventional Pt electrodes, the nickel nitride electrodes showed an inferior electrocatalytic activity for the iodide redox electrolyte; however, it displayed a considerably superior electrocatalytic activity for the polysulfide redox electrolyte. As a result, compared to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), with a conversion efficiency (η) = 7.62% and CdSe-based quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs, η = 2.01%) employing Pt counter electrodes (CEs), the nickel nitride CEs exhibited a lower conversion efficiency (η = 3.75%) when applied to DSCs, but an enhanced conversion efficiency (η = 2.80%) when applied to CdSe-based QDSCs.
Effect of Myopic Defocus on Visual Acuity after Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation and Wavefront-guided Laser in Situ Keratomileusis
Authors: Kamiya Kazutaka , Shimizu Kimiya , Igarashi Akihito , Kawamorita Takushi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effect of myopic defocus on visual acuity after phakic intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and wavefront-guided laser in situ keratomileusis (wfg-LASIK). Our prospective study comprised thirty eyes undergoing posterior chamber phakic IOL implantation and 30 eyes undergoing wfg-LASIK. We randomly measured visual acuity under myopic defocus after cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic correction. We also calculated the modulation transfer function by optical simulation and estimated visual acuity from Campbell & Green’s retinal threshold curve. Visual acuity in the phakic IOL group was significantly better than that in the wfg-LASIK group at myopic defocus levels of 0, –1 and –2 D (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.02, Mann-Whitney U-test), but not at a defocus of –3 D (p = 0.30). Similar results were also obtained in a cycloplegic condition. Decimal visual acuity values at a myopic defocus of 0, −1, −2 and -3 D by optical simulation were estimated to be 1.95, 1.21, 0.97 and 0.75 in the phakic IOL group and 1.39, 1.11, 0.94 and 0.71 in the wfg-LASIK group, respectively. From clinical and optical viewpoints, phakic IOL implantation was superior to wfg-LASIK in terms of the postoperative visual performance, even in the presence of low to moderate myopic regression.
Hand Washing Induces a Clean Slate Effect in Moral Judgments: A Pupillometry and Eye-Tracking Study
Authors: Kaspar Kai , Krapp Vanessa , König Peter 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPhysical cleansing is commonly understood to protect us against physical contamination. However, recent studies showed additional effects on moral judgments. Under the heading of the “Macbeth effect” direct links between bodily cleansing and one’s own moral purity have been demonstrated. Here we investigate (1) how moral judgments develop over time and how they are altered by hand washing, (2) whether changes in moral judgments can be explained by altered information sampling from the environment and (3) whether hand washing affects emotional arousal. Using a pre-post control group design, we found that morality ratings of morally good and bad scenes acquired more extreme values in the control group over time, an effect that was fully counteracted by intermediate hand washing. This result supports the notion of a clean slate effect by hand washing. Thereby, eye-tracking data did not uncover differences in eye movement behavior that may explain differences in moral judgments. Thus, the clean slate effect is not due to altered information sampling from the environment. Finally, compared to the control group, pupil diameter decreased after hand washing, thus demonstrating a direct physiological effect. The results shed light on the physiological mechanisms behind this type of embodiment phenomenon.
Gene targeting by TALEN-induced homologous recombination in goats directs production of β-lactoglobulin-free, high-human lactoferrin milk
Authors: Cui Chenchen , Song Yujie , Liu Jun , Ge Hengtao , Li Qian , Huang Hui , Hu Linyong , Zhu Hongmei , Jin Yaping , Zhang Yong 
Published: May 2015

Abstractβ-Lactoglobulin (BLG) is a major goat’s milk allergen that is absent in human milk. Engineered endonucleases, including transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and zinc-finger nucleases, enable targeted genetic modification in livestock. In this study, TALEN-mediated gene knockout followed by gene knock-in were used to generate BLG knockout goats as mammary gland bioreactors for large-scale production of human lactoferrin (hLF). We introduced precise genetic modifications in the goat genome at frequencies of approximately 13.6% and 6.09% for the first and second sequential targeting, respectively, by using targeting vectors that underwent TALEN-induced homologous recombination (HR). Analysis of milk from the cloned goats revealed large-scale hLF expression or/and decreased BLG levels in milk from heterozygous goats as well as the absence of BLG in milk from homozygous goats. Furthermore, the TALEN-mediated targeting events in somatic cells can be transmitted through the germline after SCNT. Our result suggests that gene targeting via TALEN-induced HR may expedite the production of genetically engineered livestock for agriculture and biomedicine.
Δ10(E)-Sphingolipid Desaturase Involved in Fusaruside Mycosynthesis and Stress Adaptation in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Tian Yuan , Zhao Guo Y. , Fang Wei , Xu Qiang , Tan Ren X. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSphingolipids are biologically important and structurally distinct cell membrane components. Fusaruside (1) is a 10,11-unsaturated immunosuppressive fungal sphingolipid with medical potentials for treating liver injury and colitis, but its poor natural abundance bottlenecks its druggability. Here, fusaruside is clarified biosynthetically and its efficacy-related 10,11-double bond can be generated under the regioselective catalysis of an unprecedented Δ10(E)-sphingolipid desaturase (Δ10(E)-SD). Δ10(E)-SD shares 17.7% amino acid sequence similarity with a C9-unmethylated Δ10-sphingolipid desaturase derived from a marine diatom and 55.7% with Δ8(E)-SD from Fusarium graminearum. Heterologous expression of Δ10(E)-SD in Pichia pastoris has been established to facilitate a reliable generation of 1 through the Δ10(E)-SD catalyzed desaturation of cerebroside B (2), an abundant fungal sphingolipid. Site directed mutageneses show that the conserved histidines of Δ10(E)-SD are essential for the 10,11-desaturation catalysis, which is also preconditioned by the C9-methylation of the substrate. Moreover, Δ10(E)-SD confers improved survival and faster growth to fungal strains at low temperature and high salinity, in parallel with to higher contents of 1 in the mycelia. Collectively, the investigation describes a new Δ10(E)-sphingolipid desaturase with its heterologous expression fundamentalizing a biotechnological supply of 1 and eases the follow-up clarification of the immunosuppression and stress-tolerance mechanism.
Effects of Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate (TDCPP) in Tetrahymena Thermophila: Targeting the Ribosome
Authors: Li Jing , Giesy John P. , Yu Liqin , Li Guangyu , Liu Chunsheng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) has been frequently detected in the environment and exposure to TDCPP appears widespread. It has been implicated to cause toxicity in vertebrates, but its potential to affect lower-trophic-level species remains unknown. In the present study, the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila, was used as a model to evaluate toxic effects of TDCPP and explore molecular mechanisms by integrating phenotypic observation, RNA-Seq and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Imaging technologies. Exposure to 0.01, 0.1 or 1 μM TDCPP for 5 days significantly decreased the relative biomass by reducing number of cells, size of cells and quantity of cilia in a dose-dependent manner. RNA-Seq analysis demonstrated that expression of twenty-one ribosome protein genes was down-regulated and these genes were enriched in “ribosome” term in KEGG pathway analysis. Furthermore, down-regulation of genes expressing ribosome proteins was accompanied by decreased ribosome quantity in rough endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm and enlarged ribosome size. Therefore, taken together, the data from the present study suggest that exposure to TDCPP affects growth and reproduction of Tetrahymena thermophila by targeting the ribosome. This information might provide insights into critical mechanisms of toxic action in other species and lead to useful bioindicators of exposure to TDCPP.
The regulation of mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) expression during skeletal muscle cell differentiation
Authors: Collu-Marchese Melania , Shuen Michael , Pauly Marion , Saleem Ayesha , Hood David A. 
Published: May 2015

The ATP demand required for muscle development is accommodated by elevations in mitochondrial biogenesis, through the co-ordinated activities of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The most important transcriptional activator of the mitochondrial genome is mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam); however, the regulation of Tfam expression during muscle differentiation is not known. Thus, we measured Tfam mRNA levels, mRNA stability, protein expression and localization and Tfam transcription during the progression of muscle differentiation. Parallel 2-fold increases in Tfam protein and mRNA were observed, corresponding with 2–3-fold increases in mitochondrial content. Transcriptional activity of a 2051 bp promoter increased during this differentiation period and this was accompanied by a 3-fold greater Tfam mRNA stabilization. Interestingly, truncations of the promoter at 1706 bp, 978 bp and 393 bp promoter all exhibited 2–3-fold higher transcriptional activity than the 2051 bp construct, indicating the presence of negative regulatory elements within the distal 350 bp of the promoter. Activation of AMP kinase augmented Tfam transcription within the proximal promoter, suggesting the presence of binding sites for transcription factors that are responsive to cellular energy state. During differentiation, the accumulating Tfam protein was progressively distributed to the mitochondrial matrix where it augmented the expression of mtDNA and COX (cytochrome c oxidase) subunit I, an mtDNA gene product. Our data suggest that, during muscle differentiation, Tfam protein levels are regulated by the availability of Tfam mRNA, which is controlled by both transcription and mRNA stability. Changes in energy state and Tfam localization also affect Tfam expression and action in differentiating myotubes.
A Comparison of Two Methods for Measuring Listening Effort As Part of an Audiologic Test Battery
Authors: Johnson Jani , Xu Jingjing , Cox Robyn , Pendergraft Paul 
Published: May 2015

PurposeWe evaluated 2 measures of listening effort (a self-report measure and a word recall measure) regarding their suitability for inclusion in a comprehensive audiologic testing protocol. The relationship between the 2 measures was explored, and both measures were examined with regard to validity, sensitivity, and effect on speech intelligibility performance.MethodThirty adults with normal hearing participated. Speech intelligibility performance was evaluated at 4 signal-to-noise ratios by using keywords embedded in both high- and low-context sentences. Listening effort was evaluated at set intervals throughout the speech intelligibility task.ResultsResults obtained with the 2 measures were consistent with expected changes in listening effort. However, data obtained with the self-report method demonstrated greater sensitivity to these changes. The 2 measures were uncorrelated. Under certain conditions, speech intelligibility performance was more negatively affected when the word recall measure was used. Exploration of additional theoretical and practical considerations supported a conclusion that the self-report measure was preferable for measuring listening effort simultaneously with speech intelligibility.ConclusionThe results of this study provide a rationale for preferring the self-report measure of listening effort over the word recall measure when testing audiologic outcomes.
Improvement in primary school adherence to the NSW Healthy School Canteen Strategy in 2007 and 2010
Authors: Hills Anne , Nathan Nicole , Robinson Keira , Fox Danushka , Wolfenden Luke 
Published: May 2015

Issue addressedSince 2005, a government‐endorsed strategy guiding food sold in New South Wales school canteens has been in place. This study describes the changes in school canteen food between 2007 and 2010 and characterises schools most likely to adhere to strategy guidelines.MethodsMenus obtained from a cohort of primary and central schools in the Hunter New England region of New South Wales were audited using a traffic light system of classification. Energy dense, nutrient‐poor or ‘red’ items are restricted; ‘amber’ are to be selected carefully and healthier ‘green’ items are encouraged.ResultsIn 2007, 7% of schools had no red items on their menu. In 2010, this improved to 22% (P < 0.05). In 2010, small schools (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.25–3.05, P = 0.003); lower socioeconomic schools (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.02–1.78, P = 0.03); non‐government (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.22–2.23, P = 0.001) and rural schools (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.30–2.25, P < 0.001) had higher odds of having red items on the menu. No significant change occurred in the proportion of green foods listed for sale between 2007 and 2010.ConclusionsProportion of schools adhering to strategy guidelines had increased slightly, however, most continue to list red items for regular sale.
Basolateral amygdala bidirectionally modulates stress-induced hippocampal learning and memory deficits through a p25/Cdk5-dependent pathway
Authors: Rei Damien , Mason Xenos , Seo Jinsoo , Gräff Johannes , Rudenko Andrii , Wang Jun , Rueda Richard , Siegert Sandra , Cho Sukhee , Canter Rebecca G. , Mungenast Alison E. , Deisseroth Karl , Tsai Li-Huei 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Chronic stress has emerged in the epidemiologic literature as a risk factor for both psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, neurologic maladaptation to chronic stress is highly relevant to the pathogenesis of human diseases such as depression and Alzheimer's disease, yet it remains poorly understood. Here we report a study of the neural circuits and molecular pathways that govern the relationship between stress and cognition. We present data demonstrating that behavioral stress impairs cognitive function via activation of a specific direct neural circuit from the basolateral amygdala to the dorsal hippocampus. Moreover, we delineate a molecular mechanism by which behavioral stress is translated to hippocampal dysfunction via a p25/Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5)-dependent pathway and epigenetic alterations of neuroplasticity-related gene expression.
Assessing Walleye Movement among Reaches of a Large, Fragmented River
Authors: Haxton Tim , Nienhuis Sarah , Punt Kirby , Baker Tania 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Movement of Walleyes Sander vitreus among reaches in a large, fragmented river was assessed by employing a combination of tagging, telemetry, and genetic analyses. Our objective was to determine whether the existing dams in the Ottawa River, Canada, were impeding Walleye movement among river reaches. Movement was predicted to be greater among contiguous, unimpounded reaches in comparison with impounded reaches. In total, 1,586 Walleyes were tagged in five river reaches, and 35 Walleyes were tracked by radiotelemetry in three river reaches. Genetic analyses (linkage disequilibrium, genetic divergence and diversity, effective population size, genetic structuring, bottlenecks, and migration rates) were conducted on 221 Walleyes from seven river reaches by genotyping at six microsatellite loci. Based on both tag returns (return rate = 12.1%) and telemetry data, there was limited movement among river reaches whether impounded or unimpounded, and movement was predominately upstream. Genetic analyses identified population structuring, with three genetic groupings occurring within the river. There was also evidence of genetic isolation in an upper reach of the river, indicating potential residual effects of a bottleneck or genetic drift. Our results suggest that existing dams may not act as significant barriers to Walleye movement in the Ottawa River, but limited movements appear to maintain genetic diversity and minimize genetic drift. Consequently, maintaining the genetic attributes of Walleye stocks in segmented rivers may require some level of fish passage.
Received July 9, 2012; accepted January 16, 2015
How Should We Harvest an Animal that Can Live for Centuries?
Authors: Hennen Daniel R. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The ocean quahog Arctica islandica is an extremely long-lived and slow-growing marine bivalve that supports fisheries in several countries bordering the northern Atlantic ocean. The life history of the ocean quahog presents several unique challenges to fishery managers. Scientists currently have a poor understanding of recruitment and how it might respond to declining population biomass due to fishing pressure, in part because most fisheries have operated for less than one ocean quahog generation. It is therefore difficult to develop management quantities, such as biological reference points, by using traditional means. This simulation study examines ocean quahog recruitment dynamics and explores the implications of a suite of fishing intensities and biomass reference points. Results support the following recommendations: (1) ocean quahog fisheries should be prosecuted with very low fishing mortality rates (F), as Ftarget values greater than 0.03 tended to result in fishery closures while not having much effect on yield; (2) given a low Ftarget, ocean quahog fisheries are likely to tolerate a relatively low biomass threshold value; and (3) an understanding of spatial structure is important for maintaining a functional ocean quahog fishery.
Received July 28, 2015; accepted January 26, 2015
Factors Influencing Charter Fishing Effort Trends in Lake Huron
Authors: O'Keefe Daniel M. , Wesander Donna L. , Oh Chi-Ok 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
From 2002 to 2011, the number of charter fishing trips in Michigan waters of Lake Huron declined by 51%. Declines in catch rates, rising gasoline prices, and the economic downturn have been suggested as possible reasons for this decline. To better understand the relative importance of these factors, five catch-based and six economic variables were evaluated using multiple regression, with charter effort from 1992 to 2011 as the response variable. Declining catch rate of introduced Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was more closely linked to declining effort than catch rate of native Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush or Walleye Sander vitreus. The price of gasoline was a better predictor of effort than other economic variables. Although Chinook Salmon catch rate explained more variation in charter effort than any other variable, factors beyond the influence of fisheries management also influenced effort. Ecosystem changes that led to declines in salmon abundance created favorable conditions for Walleye, leading to some localized increases in charter effort.
En aguas del Lago Hurón, en Michigan, de 2002 a 2011, el número de días de pesca realizados con embarcaciones de alquiler disminuyó 51%. La reducción de las tasas de captura, el alza de los precios de la gasolina y la recesión económica, se sugieren como las razones de esta caída. Con el fin de conocer la importancia relativa de estos factores, se evaluaron seis variables basadas en la captura y cinco variables económicas mediante una regresión múltiple; el esfuerzo de pesca de 1992 a 2011 se utilizó como variable de respuesta. La reducción en la tasa de captura del salmón introducido Oncorhynchus tshawytscha fue la variable que mejor se relacionó con la disminución del esfuerzo, más que la tasa de captura de la trucha nativa Salvelinus namaycush o la de la lucioperca americana Sander vitreus. El precio de la gasolina fue un mejor predictor del esfuerzo en comparación a cualquier otra variable económica. De todas las variables, la tasa de captura del salmón real explicó una mayor variación del esfuerzo de pesca con embarcaciones alquiladas, no obstante existen factores independientes al manejo pesquero que tienen influencia en el esfuerzo. Los cambios en el ecosistema que provocan modifican la abundancia de salmón crearon condiciones favorables para la lucioperca, lo que provocó condiciones favorables localizadas para que se incrementara el esfuerzo de embarcaciones alquiladas.
The Great Lakes Charter Fishing Industry: 2002 to 2011
Authors: Lichtkoppler Frank , O'Keefe Daniel M. , Lucente Joseph , Gabriel Tory 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
We compare results of Great Lakes charter captain surveys from 2002 and 2011. Charter trips declined 27%, from over 103,000 in 2002 to less than 76,000 in 2011. Revenues between the two years fell 24%, from US$48.0 million to $36.4 million, after values were adjusted for inflation. An estimated 1,696 captains operated as small businesses in 2011: a decrease of over 12% from 2002. Fuel costs and age of the average charter vessel were significantly higher in 2011. Motivations for chartering were basically unchanged since 2002, and fishing continued to be a secondary income source for most captains. The economy and aquatic nuisance species were included among top concerns for the future of the industry in both years. Although the basic nature of the charter industry had not changed, captains were making management decisions to reduce costs and maintain the viability of their business.
Se comparan los resultados de un sondeo realizado de 2002 a 2011 a los capitanes de embarcaciones alquiladas en los grandes lagos. Los viajes de pesca disminuyeron 27% de 103,000 en 2002 a menos de 76,000 en 2011. Los dividendos de la pesquería entre esos dos años, ajustando los valores por la inflación, se redujeron 24%, de $48 millones de dólares a $36.4 millones. Se estimó que en el año 2011, 1,696 capitanes operaban en la forma de negocio pequeño: una reducción de 12% con respecto a 2002. Los costos del combustible y la edad de la embarcación promedio fueron significativamente mayores en el año 2011. Los motivos por los cuales se utilizan barcos de alquiler no han cambiado desde 2002, y la pesca continúa siendo un insumo secundario para la mayor parte de los capitanes. En ambos años, la economía y las especies acuáticas nocivas aparecieron dentro de las principales preocupaciones para el futuro de la industria. Si bien la naturaleza de la industria pesquera con botes de alquiler no ha cambiado, los capitanes están tomando decisiones de manejo para reducir los costos y mantener la viabilidad de sus negocios.