bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Enhancement of Soy Meal via Aspergillus oryzae Solid‐State Fermentation
Authors: Chen Liyan , Madl Ronald L. , Vadlani Praveen V. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTAntinutritional factors in soy meal (SM) include trypsin inhibitor, galactooligosaccharides (GOSs), structural polysaccharides, and large‐molecular‐weight protein. These antinutritional factors limit the usage of SM for young monogastric animals. Aspergillus oryzae solid‐state fermentation was applied to eliminate these factors, and changes in physical and chemical characteristics of SM were investigated. A. oryzae–treated SM was more nutrient dependent than oxygen dependent, which was illustrated by scanning electron microscopy. After 36 h of fermentation, the concentration of GOSs (raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose) and trypsin inhibitor decreased from an initial value of 9.48 mmol/100 g to a nondetectable level. Structural polysaccharides decreased by 59% (w/w), and the degree of hydrolysis of SM protein increased from an initial value of 0.9 to 7% (w/w) through the seven‐day fermentation. Fermentation also modified nutritional factors. Protein content increased from 50.47 to 58.93% (w/w) after 36 h of fermentation. Amino acid contents were significantly enhanced. The research thoroughly studied the A. oryzae solid‐state fermentation of SM, and the resulting premium product could provide a better protein source for monogastric animals.
First Report of Phytophthora tropicalis on Rhododendron in Italy
Authors: Luongo L. , Galli M. , Vitale S. , Haegi A. , Belisario A. 
Published: June 2013

The genus Rhododendron comprises over 1,000 species, which represent many important ornamental shrubs. Microbial isolations were made from Rhododendron catawbiense plants showing symptoms of wilt, dieback, and death of shoots obtained from two nurseries in the Latium region in the late summer of 2012. A Phytophthora species was consistently recovered by plating small pieces of stem and collar tissues, cut from the margin of lesions, on P5ARPH selective medium. Pure cultures were obtained by single-hyphal transfers and they grew in a rosaceous pattern on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at an optimum temperature of 28 to 30°C. Sporangia formation was induced on pepper seeds (3). Sporangia were ellipsoid, fusiform or obpyriform, papillate, occasionally bipapillate, caducous, with a long pedicel (up to 100 μm), and mean dimensions of 45 × 25 μm with a mean length/width ratio of 1.8. Chlamydospores ranged from 25 to 32 μm in diameter. Isolates were considered heterothallic because they did not produce gametangia in vitro or in planta. On the basis of morphological features, the isolates were identified as Phytophthora tropicalis Aragaki & Uchida. Identity was confirmed by sequence comparison in GenBank with 99% homology both for internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial partial COI for cytochrome oxidase subunit 1. The sequences of two isolates AB211 and AB212 were deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) with accession nos. HF937577 and HF937578 for ITS, and HF937579 and HF937580 for COI, respectively. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in the greenhouse on a total of six 1-year-old shoots cut from R. catawbiense plants with two inoculation points each. Mycelial plugs cut from the margins of actively growing 8-day-old cultures on PDA were inserted through the epidermis to the phloem. Controls were treated as described above except for inoculation with sterile PDA plugs. Inoculated shoots were incubated in test tubes with sterile water for 1 week in the dark at 26 ± 2°C. Lesions were evident at the inoculation points. P. tropicalis was consistently reisolated from the margin of symptomatic tissues. Control shoots remained symptomless. In Italy, P. tropicalis has been reported on several ornamental species (1) and on apricot trees (4) indicating a broad host range. On the same host it has been reported in Virginia, United States (2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Phytophthora damage on Rhododendron caused by P. tropicalis in Italy. References: (1) S. O. Cacciola et al. Plant Dis. 90: 680, 2006. (2) C. X. Hong et al. Plant Dis. 90: 525, 2006. (3) E. Ilieva et al. Eur. J. Plant Path. 101: 623, 1995. (4) A. Pane et al. Plant Dis. 93: 844, 2009.
Rapid Structural Changes and Acidification of Guard Cell Vacuoles during Stomatal Closure Require Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-Bisphosphate
Authors: Bak Gwangbae , Lee Eun-Jung , Lee Yuree , Kato Mariko , Segami Shoji , Sze Heven , Maeshima Masayoshi , Hwang Jae-Ung , Lee Youngsook 
Published: June 2013

AbstractRapid stomatal closure is essential for water conservation in plants and is thus critical for survival under water deficiency. To close stomata rapidly, guard cells reduce their volume by converting a large central vacuole into a highly convoluted structure. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this change are poorly understood. In this study, we used pH-indicator dyes to demonstrate that vacuolar convolution is accompanied by acidification of the vacuole in fava bean (Vicia faba) guard cells during abscisic acid (ABA)–induced stomatal closure. Vacuolar acidification is necessary for the rapid stomatal closure induced by ABA, since a double mutant of the vacuolar H+-ATPase vha-a2 vha-a3 and vacuolar H+-PPase mutant vhp1 showed delayed stomatal closure. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the critical role of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(3,5)P2] in changes in pH and morphology of the vacuole. Single and double Arabidopsis thaliana null mutants of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinases (PI3P5Ks) exhibited slow stomatal closure upon ABA treatment compared with the wild type. Moreover, an inhibitor of PI3P5K reduced vacuolar acidification and convolution and delayed stomatal closure in response to ABA. Taken together, these results suggest that rapid ABA-induced stomatal closure requires PtdIns(3,5)P2, which is essential for vacuolar acidification and convolution.
Evolution of a Complex Locus for Terpene Biosynthesis in Solanum
Authors: Matsuba Yuki , Nguyen Thuong T.H. , Wiegert Krystle , Falara Vasiliki , Gonzales-Vigil Eliana , Leong Bryan , Schäfer Petra , Kudrna David , Wing Rod A. , Bolger Anthony M. , Usadel Björn , Tissier Alain , Fernie Alisdair R. , Barry Cornelius S. , Pichersky Eran 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Functional gene clusters, containing two or more genes encoding different enzymes for the same pathway, are sometimes observed in plant genomes, most often when the genes specify the synthesis of specialized defensive metabolites. Here, we show that a cluster of genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum; Solanaceae) contains genes for terpene synthases (TPSs) that specify the synthesis of monoterpenes and diterpenes from cis-prenyl diphosphates, substrates that are synthesized by enzymes encoded by cis-prenyl transferase (CPT) genes also located within the same cluster. The monoterpene synthase genes in the cluster likely evolved from a diterpene synthase gene in the cluster by duplication and divergence. In the orthologous cluster in Solanum habrochaites, a new sesquiterpene synthase gene was created by a duplication event of a monoterpene synthase followed by a localized gene conversion event directed by a diterpene synthase gene. The TPS genes in the Solanum cluster encoding cis-prenyl diphosphate–utilizing enzymes are closely related to a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; Solanaceae) diterpene synthase encoding Z-abienol synthase (Nt-ABS). Nt-ABS uses the substrate copal-8-ol diphosphate, which is made from the all-trans geranylgeranyl diphosphate by copal-8-ol diphosphate synthase (Nt-CPS2). The Solanum gene cluster also contains an ortholog of Nt-CPS2, but it appears to encode a nonfunctional protein. Thus, the Solanum functional gene cluster evolved by duplication and divergence of TPS genes, together with alterations in substrate specificity to utilize cis-prenyl diphosphates and through the acquisition of CPT genes.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum L. ssp. durum) Kernel Hardness: II. Implications for End‐Product Quality and Role of Puroindolines Therein
Authors: Pauly Anneleen , Pareyt Bram , Fierens Ellen , Delcour Jan A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract Wheat kernel hardness is a major quality characteristic used in classifying wheat cultivars. Differences in endosperm texture among Triticum aestivum L. or between T. aestivum and T. turgidum L. ssp. durum cultivars profoundly affect their milling behavior, the properties of the obtained flour or semolina particles, as well as the quality of products made thereof. It is now widely accepted that the presence, sequence polymorphism, or absence of the basic and cysteine‐rich puroindolines a and b are responsible for differences in endosperm texture. These proteins show features in vitro, including foaming and lipid‐binding properties, which provide them with a potential impact in the production of wheat‐based food products, where they may improve gas cell stabilization or modulate interactions between starch, proteins, and/or lipids. We here summarize the impact of wheat hardness on milling properties and bread, cookie, cake, and pasta quality and discuss the role of puroindolines therein.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum L. ssp. durum) Kernel Hardness: I. Current View on the Role of Puroindolines and Polar Lipids
Authors: Pauly Anneleen , Pareyt Bram , Fierens Ellen , Delcour Jan A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWheat hardness has major consequences for the entire wheat supply chain from breeders and millers over manufacturers to, finally, consumers of wheat‐based products. Indeed, differences in hardness among Triticum aestivum L. or between T. aestivum L. and T. turgidum L. ssp. durum wheat cultivars determine not only their milling properties, but also the properties of flour or semolina endosperm particles, their preferential use in cereal‐based applications, and the quality of the latter. Although the mechanism causing differences in wheat hardness has been subject of research more than once, it is still not completely understood. It is widely accepted that differences in wheat hardness originate from differences in the interaction between the starch granules and the endosperm protein matrix in the kernel. This interaction seems impacted by the presence of either puroindoline a and/or b, polar lipids on the starch granule surface, or by a combination of both. We focus here on wheat hardness and its relation to the presence of puroindolines and polar lipids. More in particular, the structure, properties, and genetics of puroindolines and their interactions with polar lipids are critically discussed as is their possible role in wheat hardness. We also address future research needs as well as the presence of puroindoline‐type proteins in other cereals.
Looking Back to Look Forward: A Review of FDA's Food Additives Safety Assessment and Recommendations for Modernizing its Program
Authors: Maffini Maricel V. , Alger Heather M. , Olson Erik D. , Neltner Thomas G. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract Scientists participating in 2 multistakeholder meetings in 2011 and in other events have identified a number of ways in which the methods the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) uses to assess the safety of chemicals in human food should be improved and updated. We evaluated whether FDA's current methods, including its decision‐making process, are outdated, as alleged by its critics. We examined a 1982 report by the Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) that included suggestions to enhance food additive safety. FDA established SCOGS to review the safety of “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) substances in response to a directive by President Nixon. When evaluating FDA's response to SCOGS’ suggestions, we found that many remain unresolved and relevant today. Our analysis demonstrates that in many cases FDA has not kept pace with scientific developments. Although difficult to pinpoint, we concluded that this situation became more significant after 1997, when FDA launched the voluntary GRAS notification program aimed at enticing manufacturers to inform the agency of their own safety decisions. Looking forward, we recommend that the agency convene an unbiased and independent expert workgroup to conduct a comprehensive review of FDA's science and decision making and develop a path to modernize food additives safety assessment. Areas of concern include toxicology test guidelines, tools used to predict health outcomes, conflict of interest in manufacturers’ decisions, lack of a reassessment strategy, and lack of a definition of harm.
Dating Violence: Outcomes Following a Brief Motivational Interviewing Intervention Among At‐risk Adolescents in an Urban Emergency Department
Authors: Cunningham Rebecca M. , Whiteside Lauren K. , Chermack Stephen T. , Zimmerman Marc A. , Shope Jean T. , Raymond Bingham C. , Blow Frederic C. , Walton Maureen A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectivesA recent study demonstrated the efficacy of the SafERteens intervention in reducing peer violence among adolescents presenting to the emergency department (ED). The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of this ED‐based brief intervention (BI) on dating violence 1 year following the ED visit among the subsample of adolescents in the original randomized controlled trial reporting past‐year dating violence.MethodsPatients (aged 14 to 18 years) at an ED were eligible for inclusion if they had past‐year violence and alcohol use. Participants were randomized to one of three conditions (BI delivered by a computer [CBI], BI delivered by a therapist and a computer (T+CBI), or control) and completed follow‐ups at 3, 6, and 12 months. In addition to content on alcohol misuse and peer violence, adolescents reporting dating violence received a tailored module on dating violence. The outcome of interest was frequency of moderate and severe dating violence victimization and aggression (baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after ED visit).ResultsAmong eligible adolescents, 55% (n = 397) reported dating violence and were included in these analyses. Compared to the control group (who received a resource brochure only), participants in the CBI showed reductions in moderate dating victimization at 3 months (inter‐rater reliability [IRR] = 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51 to 0.99; p < 0.05) and 6 months (IRR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.38 to 0.83; p < 0.01). Models examining interaction effects were significant for the CBI on moderate dating victimization at 3 months (IRR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.98; p < 0.05) and 6 months (IRR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.66 to 0.99; p < 0.05). Significant interaction effects were found for the T+CBI on moderate dating violence victimization at 6 months (IRR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.69 to 0.96; p < 0.01) and 12 months (IRR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.90; p < 0.001) and severe dating violence victimization at 3 months (IRR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.59 to 0.96; p < 0.05).ConclusionsED‐based BIs tailored to address multiple risk behaviors (i.e., peer violence, alcohol use, and dating violence) show promise for reducing moderate and severe dating victimization for up to 1 year following an ED visit.
Changes in phosphorylated heat‐shock protein 27 in response to acute ureteral obstruction in rats
Authors: Carlsen I. , Nilsson L. , Frøkiær J. , Nørregaard R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimIn vivo, renal medullary interstitial cells (RMICs) and collecting duct principal cells (mpkCCDcells) are subjected to inflammatory, oxidative and mechanical stress as a result of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Because heat‐shock protein (HSP) 27 andHSP70 are induced by cellular stresses and play a role in cytoprotection, we hypothesized thatHSP27 andHSP70 are increased in rats subjected to acuteUUOand inRMICs and mpkCCDcells exposed to inflammatory, oxidative or mechanical stress.MethodsRats were subjected to acute UUO for 6 h and 12 h. To examine the expression of HSP27, phosphorylated HSP27 (pHSP27) and HSP70 in response to inflammatory, oxidative and mechanical stressin vitro, we exposed RMICs and mpkCCD cells to interleukin 1β (IL‐1β), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and stretch stimulation over time.ResultsThe phosphorylated form of HSP27 (pHSP27) was increased in the renal inner medulla (IM) after 6‐h and 12‐h UUO, while HSP27 and HSP70 were unchanged. Furthermore, after 6 h and 12 h of UUO, the expression of inflammatory (IL‐1β) and oxidative [haem oxygenase 1 (HO‐1)] markers was induced. Exposure to inflammatory, oxidative and mechanical stress changed HSP27 andpHSP27 expression in RMICs but not in mpkCCD cells, while HSP70 was not affected by any of the stress conditions. Exposure of RMICs to oxidative and mechanical stress induced HSP27 phosphorylation via a p38‐dependent mechanism.ConclusionThese data demonstrate that, in response to acuteUUO, different forms of cellular stresses modulateHSP27 expression and phosphorylation inRMICs. This may affect the ability of renal cells to mount an effective cytoprotective response.
Frequent overexpression of ErbB – receptor family members in brain metastases of non‐small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Berghoff Anna Sophie , Magerle Manuel , Ilhan‐Mutlu Ayseguel , Dinhof Carina , Widhalm Georg , Dieckman Karin , Marosi Christine , Wöhrer Adelheid , Hackl Monika , Zöchbauer‐Müller Sabine , Preusser Matthias , Birner Peter 
Published: June 2013

The ErbB receptor family has been implicated in brain metastases (BM) formation in various cancer types and specific targeted therapies are available. We investigated the overexpression of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 in BM of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to get a better insight on pathobiology of BM and potential drugable targets. We performed immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 on tissue microarrays of 131 NSCLC‐BM. Fifty‐one of 131 (38.9%) specimens were considered as positive for EGFR overexpression, 12/131 (9.2%) for HER2 and 27/131 (20.6%) for HER3 respectively. Sixty‐nine of 131 (52.7%) of the cases showed overexpression of at least one marker. Four of 131 (3.1%) were positive for all three markers. Strong correlation was observed between HER2 and HER3 overexpression (p = 0.009; Chi‐square test after Bonferroni‐Holmes correction). No statistically significant correlation of EGFR, HER2 or HER3 overexpression with clinico‐pathological parameters including overall survival times was observed. We observed overexpression of ErbB receptor family members, which represent established therapeutic targets in various primary tumours, in approximately half of NSCLC‐BM. Further studies should investigate the role of the ErbB pathway in development of and as a therapeutic target in BM of NSCLC patients.
A DNA microarray for the versatile diagnosis of infectious diarrhea
Authors: Donatin Emilie , Buffet Sylvain , Leroy Quentin , Raoult Didier , Drancourt Michel 
Published: June 2013

Several bacteria, viruses, and parasites cause diarrhea as coinfecting pathogens. We designed a DNA microarray comprising 60‐bp probes spotted 194 times for the multiplex detection of 33 enteropathogenic bacteria and seven enteropathogenic viruses, and the archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii was used as an internal positive control. Nine pathogen‐free stool specimens were used as negative controls. One of these control specimens was further spiked with Salmonella enterica as a positive control. The microarray was then tested with 40 pathological stool specimens, comprising S. enterica (n = 30), Campylobacter jejuni (n = 4), pathogenic Escherichia coli (n = 2), and adenovirus (n = 4). M. smithii was detected in 47/49 (95.9%) specimens, no pathogen was detected in negative controls and S. enterica was identified in the S. enterica‐spiked positive control. The overall specificity was 100% and the overall sensitivity was 97.5% because one S. enterica sample was missed by the microarray. The multiplexed detection of C. jejuni spiked into an adenovirus‐positive stool sample gave positive results, with fluorescence values of 14.3 and 9.1, respectively. These data indicate that using the protocol developed in this article, the DNA array allows for the multiplexed detection of some enteropathogens in stool samples.
Survival in the environment is a possible key factor for the expansion of Escherichia coli strains producing extended‐spectrum β‐lactamases
Authors: Starlander Gustaf , Yin Hong , Edquist Petra , Melhus Åsa 
Published: June 2013

Acquired resistance to cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae is a global problem. After an outbreak at Uppsala University Hospital of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐positive Klebsiella pneumoniae producing CTX‐M‐15, there was a shift from AmpC to ESBL production among Escherichia coli isolates. To explore the basis for this epidemiological shift, 46 E. coli isolates (ESBLs, n = 23; AmpC, n = 23) were characterized with regard to genetic relatedness, β‐lactamase, replicon and integron types, antibiotic resistance profiles, and genes encoding virulence factors. In addition, the survival in the environment and on hospital‐associated materials was analysed. CTX‐M‐15 was the most frequent ESBL (78%). Only three (13%) of the AmpC enzymes were harboured on plasmids (CMY‐2, DHA‐1). Independent of plasmid‐mediated beta‐lactamase, IncF plasmids predominated and only class I integrons were detected. The ESBL producers carried more virulence genes (p = 0.04), exhibited a broader resistance phenotype (p = 0.01) and survived significantly longer (p = 0.03) on different materials than the AmpC‐producing isolates. In conclusion, ESBL‐producing isolates had properties which are likely to augment their competitiveness. Apart from antibiotic resistance and virulence factors, extended survival in the environment could be a selective trait for successful ESBL‐producing E. coli strains.
Protein expression status in mucosal and submucosal portions of early gastric cancers and their predictive value for lymph node metastasis
Authors: Lee Kyoung Bun , Park Do Joong , Choe Gheeyoung , Kim Hyung‐Ho , Kim Woo Ho , Lee Hye Seung 
Published: June 2013

We aimed to find out predictive markers for lymph node (LN) metastasis of early gastric carcinoma (EGC) by separating evaluation of protein expression in mucosa and submucosa considering tumor heterogeneity. We selected 37 pN1–3 EGCs and depth‐ and size‐matched 31 pN0 EGCs as training set and 72 EGCs including 14 pN1–3 EGCs as test set. Protein expression for β‐catenin, E‐cadherin, N‐cadherin, galectin‐3, c‐MET, TrkB, and Ki‐67 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in mucosal (‐m) and submucosal (‐sm) portions of tumor. In the training set, Ki67‐m was higher than in Ki67‐sm (mean ± SD: 82.67 ± 11.99% vs 61.79 ± 22.53%, p < 0.001). Altered E‐cadherin‐sm, high Ki67‐m, and high Ki67‐sm were correlated with LN metastasis (p < 0.05) and Ki67‐sm was independent with lymphatic invasion and desmoplasia (p = 0.015 by multivariate logistic analysis). The test set confirmed Ki67‐sm and E‐cadherin‐sm as predictors of LN metastasis (p < 0.05). Submucosal EGCs with ≥2 predictive factors out of high Ki67‐sm, altered E‐cadherin‐sm, large tumor size (≥3 cm), diffuse type histology, and present lymphatic invasion yielded 100% sensitivity and 90.9% specificity for prediction of LN metastasis in 21 submucosal EGCs of test set. The proliferative activity of tumor in submucosa is suggested to be an independent predictor for LN metastasis in EGC.