bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport and release procedures in reintroduction programs: stress and survival in grey partridges
Authors: Jenni L. , Keller N. , Almasi B. , Duplain J. , Homberger B. , Lanz M. , Korner‐Nievergelt F. , Schaub M. , Jenni‐Eiermann S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDuring translocations, stress, as measured by the increase of glucocorticoids, cannot be avoided, but has been suspected to exacerbate the vulnerability to many causes of mortality after release. Therefore, measures to reduce stress have been proposed, such as keeping animals in pens before release (soft release). In this study, we investigated two open questions in translocations: (1) whether stress caused by the translocation procedure has an effect on survival; (2) whether soft release allows recovering from stress induced by capture and transportation. Hand‐raised grey partridges showed a moderate adrenocortical response to transportation and kept the capacity to mount a stress response to a new acute stressor, partly by a decrease of corticosteroid‐binding globulin capacity. In contrast to studies demonstrating a pervasive effect of capture and transport by virtual elimination of a proper stress response, we demonstrated a robust stress response and a return of baseline levels to pre‐transport levels after 33 h of acclimatization. Possibly captive‐bred birds may be less sensitive to capture and transportation than wild‐caught birds. During the first month after release, birds held 33 h in release pens survived better when their corticosterone levels were lower. However, survival beyond the first month did not differ between birds held 9 or 33 h in acclimatization pens. Elevated glucocorticoids, as induced by the translocation procedure, likely affect short‐term survival after release. We recommend glucocorticoid stress levels be surveyed in an appropriate subsample and minimized during translocations.
Novel Morphological Findings of Human Sperm Removal by Leukocytes in In Vivo and In Vitro Conditions: Preliminary Study
Authors: Piasecka Malgorzata , Fraczek Monika , Gaczarzewicz Dariusz , Gill Kamil , Szumala‐Kakol Anna , Kazienko Anna , Laszczynska Maria , Lenart Stanislaw , Beutin Lothar , Kurpisz Maciej 
Published: June 2014

ProblemBiological significance of increased number of leukocytes in ejaculate remains a subject of controversy. The aim of this research was to describe the morphological characteristics of the sperm elimination by leukocytes in in vivo and in vitro conditions using natural stimulator of the immune system—uropathogenic Escherichia coli, O75:HNT, isolated from semen.Method of studyThe study was performed on ejaculated spermatozoa from normozoospermic men with leukocytospermia (n = 10, in vivo experiment) or without leukocytospermia (n = 15, in vitro experiment). Morphological observations were performed using light and scanning electron microscopy.ResultsSperm removal by active leukocytes mediated by traditional phagocytosis and generation of extracellular traps were observed in in vivo and in vitro experiments.ConclusionOur morphological data suggest that human germ cells activate leukocytes triggering both traditional phagocytosis and a novel trapping mechanism, followed by extensive sperm elimination.
Urinary concentration does not exclusively rely on plasma vasopressin. A study between genders Gender and diurnal urine regulation
Authors: Graugaard‐Jensen C. , Hvistendahl G. M. , Frøkiær J. , Bie P. , Djurhuus J. C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimWe investigated the influence of gender on the diurnal regulation of urine production with special focus on vasopressin, oxytocin and prostaglandin E2.MethodsFifteen young women in mid‐follicular phase and 22 young men (20–33 years) were included. All participants underwent a 24‐h circadian inpatient study under standardized conditions for measurements of plasma vasopressin, oxytocin, sodium and osmolality. Urine was fractionally collected for measurements of electrolytes, aquaporin‐2 and prostaglandin E2.ResultsPlasma vasopressin expressed a diurnal rhythm with a night‐time increase in both genders (P < 0.001). The ratio between mean daytime and mean night‐time was 1.57 [95% CI: 1.33–1.84] P < 0.001 in men and 1.35 [95% CI: 1.11–1.64] P = 0.002 in women. P‐vasopressin was higher in males during the night (P < 0.05). There was no difference in diuresis (P = 0.43), urine osmolality (P = 0.12) or aquaporin‐2 excretion (P = 0.80) between genders. We found a trend towards a higher reabsorption of free water in males (P = 0.07). The excretion of prostaglandin E2 was higher in males (P < 0.001). There was no diurnal rhythm in p‐oxytocin (P = 0.37) and no correlation to diuresis, urine osmolality or aquaporin‐2 excretions.ConclusionSimilar urinary flows and osmolalities are associated with levels of plasma vasopressin and renal PGE2, which are higher in males than in females. Oxytocin does not seem to play a role in the diurnal urine formation, whereas prostaglandin E2 could represent a mediator of the gender difference, not only as a mediator of the vasopressin response, but also as an independent factor. These findings need further elucidation.
Changes in vitamin A added to a fermented total mixed ration prepared with reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.)
Authors: Tagawa Shin‐ichi , Horiguchi Ken‐ichi , Yoshida Norio , Takahashi Toshiyoshi 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA fermented total mixed ration (TMR) was prepared by adding a vitamin premix containing vitamin A and enzyme to reed canarygrass roughage. The vitamin A levels were then determined after 30 days of fermentation at 20 or 30°C. The vitamin A contents had decreased in roughage fermented at both storage temperatures, and decreased further when an enzyme supplement was included. Because the majority of the added vitamin A was destroyed during fermentation and storage, the addition of vitamin A at the beginning of preparation of fermented TMR is not recommended.
Ultrasonographic biometry of the normal eye of the Persian cat
Authors: Mirshahi A , Shafigh SH , Azizzadeh M 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo describe the normal ultrasonographic biometry of thePersian cat's eyes usingB‐mode ultrasonography.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional study, 20 healthy Persian cats with no history of previous ophthalmic disease were examined. Ocular biometry of the left and right eyes was measured usingB‐mode ultrasonography. Comparison of the average measurements between left and right eyes and between vertical and horizontal planes was performed using paired‐sample t test. Correlation of ocular parameters with sex, age, head circumference and eye colour was evaluated.ResultsMean ± standard deviation (SD) measurements of the ocular structures of anterior chamber, lens thickness, vitreous chamber and anterior to posterior dimension of the globe in 40 eyes were 4.1 ± 0.7, 7.7 ± 0.5, 8.2 ± 0.4 and 20.7 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. No significant difference was found between the ocular biometry of the left and right eyes or the horizontal and vertical planes. Of the ocular parameters, the following had a significant positive correlation with head circumference: axial globe length, anterior chamber and lens thickness. The vitreous body had a positive correlation with age.ConclusionsRegarding the breed predisposition ofPersian cats to ocular problems, the present study provides baseline information for further clinical investigations of ocular abnormalities usingB‐mode ultrasonography.
Effectiveness of Gudair™ vaccine for the control of ovine Johne's disease in flocks vaccinating for at least 5 years
Authors: Windsor PA , Eppleston J , Dhand NK , Whittington RJ 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveExamine the prevalence of shedding of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mptb) at least 5 years after starting vaccination with Gudair™ in flocks of varying initial prevalence of ovine Johne's disease (OJD) and identify risk factors for variation in vaccine efficacy.MethodsPooled faecal culture (PFC) was conducted for 41 flocks from southern NSW and Victoria to determine estimates of current OJD prevalence. The data were compared to estimates of prevalence at or prior to commencement of vaccination at least 5 years earlier, based on available serological or PFC tests when vaccination commenced. A cross‐sectional study was conducted to identify risk factors for differing prevalence levels in 36 of the flocks.ResultsHistorical data enabled classification of 37 flocks as high (13; 35.1%), medium (10; 27.0%) or low (14; 37.8%) estimated initial OJD prevalence. Results of PFC in 2008–09 identified that 81.1% (30/37) of flocks had detectable shedders, with 48.6% (18/37) flocks still classified as medium or high OJD prevalence, including 50% (7/14) of flocks initially classified as low prevalence. Shedding was not detected in 18.9% (7/37) flocks. Flocks with OJD prevalence exceeding 1% at 5 years or more following the commencement of vaccination were associated with reports of sheep straying and introduction of new sheep.ConclusionDespite significant declines in estimated OJD prevalence following vaccination for ≥5 years, 81.1% of flocks were shedding Mptb and considered at risk of spreading the disease or suffering recrudescence of losses if vaccination were to cease. Flock managers are advised to persist with vaccination.
Handedness of whip use by Australian Jockeys
Authors: Knight PK , Hamilton NA 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo compare handedness of whip use by Australian jockeys in Melbourne (where racing is counterclockwise) and Sydney (where racing is clockwise).MethodsPhotographs of finishes of Thoroughbred horse races in Melbourne and Sydney were examined. Where whip use was clearly visible, the venue, the hand in which the whip was held and the names of the jockey and the horse were determined. Comparisons of whip hand use between cities were made using the Chi‐squared test.ResultsA total of 771 identifications were made, 328 from Melbourne and 443 from Sydney, representing 78 jockeys and 506 horses. Right‐handed whip use was identified in 244 (74.39%) photographs of Melbourne races and in 313 (70.65%) photographs of Sydney races. There was no difference between right‐handed whip use in Melbourne and Sydney (P = 0.53), nor in the handedness of whip use by individual jockeys (P = 0.74). Predominantly right‐handed jockeys demonstrated significantly stronger dominance (84.51 ± 14.03%) compared with left‐hand dominant riders (71.07 ± 9.40%; P = 0.01). A total of 84 horses were identified being ridden by the same jockey in different races. In 64 of the 84 cases, the whip was used in the same hand in all photographs. In the remaining instances, the whip was observed to be used in both hands by the one jockey.ConclusionThe findings support the view the whip can be used as an aid to steering during races.
Spatial analysis of targeted surveillance for screw‐worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana or Cochliomyia hominivorax) in Australia
Authors: Fruean SN , East IJ 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo assess Australia's targeted surveillance to detect an incursion of screw‐worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana).MethodsA multi‐criteria analysis shell was used to combine data on potential pathways of entry, availability of host species and environmental factors affecting survival of screw‐worm fly in order to map spatial variation in the relative likelihood of a screw‐worm fly incursion into Australia. Australia's current screw‐worm fly surveillance activities were reviewed to determine whether they are located in the areas of highest likelihood of an incursion.ResultsUnder average environmental conditions, an incursion of screw‐worm fly in Australia is relatively more likely to occur along the north coast, down the eastern seaboard or in the south‐east. Cold winter temperatures would limit the environmental suitability for screw‐worm fly survival to the north and north‐east coast and adjacent inland areas. Australia's current targeted surveillance conducted by the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy program of the Australian Department of Agriculture (adult screw‐worm fly trapping and myiasis sampling) correlated well with areas considered to have a high relative likelihood of an incursion of screw‐worm fly. Adult fly trapping conducted at sea ports was less well correlated.DiscussionChanges to surveillance at sea ports are proposed to better target areas considered to have a higher relative likelihood of screw‐worm fly incursion. These include increasing the trapping intensity along the north and north‐east coasts and shifting surveillance activity from the west coast to the south‐east.
Exposure−response modelling for empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Riggs Matthew M. , Seman Leo J. , Staab Alexander , MacGregor Thomas R. , Gillespie William , Gastonguay Marc R. , Woerle Hans J. , Macha Sreeraj 
Published: June 2014

AimsTo provide model‐based clinical development decision support including dose selection guidance for empagliflozin, an orally administered sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, through developed exposure−response (E−R) models for efficacy and tolerability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsFive randomized, placebo‐controlled, multiple oral dose studies of empagliflozin in patients with T2DM (n = 974; 1–100 mg once daily, duration ≤12 weeks) were used to develop E−R models for efficacy (glycosylated haemoglobin [HbA1c], fasting plasma glucose [FPG] and urinary glucose excretion). Two studies (n = 748, 12 weeks) were used to evaluate tolerability E−R.ResultsThe efficacy model predicted maximal decreases in FPG and HbA1c of 16% and 0.6%, respectively, assuming a baseline FPG concentration of 8 mm (144 mg dl−1) and 10–25 mg every day empagliflozin targeted 80–90% of these maximums. Increases in exposure had no effect on incidence rates of hypoglycaemia (n = 4), urinary tract infection (n = 17) or genital/vulvovaginal‐related (n = 16) events, although low prevalence rates may have precluded more accurate evaluation.ConclusionsE−R analyses indicated that 10 and 25 mg once daily empagliflozin doses achieved near maximal glucose lowering efficacy.
Correlates of attitudes towards mood stabilizers in individuals with bipolar disorder
Authors: Chang Ching‐Wen , Sajatovic Martha , Tatsuoka Curtis 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesAttitudes towards medication are believed to be important for medication adherence and social factors are believed to have effects on attitudes. Only a limited literature has focused on how attitudes to medication may correlate with social factors relevant to medication adherence among individuals with bipolar disorder (BPD). This secondary analysis of baseline data from a longitudinal study examined the relationships between attitudes towards mood stabilizers and psychosocial variables.MethodsCommunity mental health clinic patients (n = 122) were assessed on the outcome variable of medication attitudes as measured by the Attitudes towards Mood Stabilizers Questionnaire (AMSQ). Independent variables included education as well as standardized measures of psychiatric symptom severity, alcohol and drug problem severity, health locus of control (the belief that one's health is self‐determined versus determined by factors outside of one's own control), and psychosocial support. A hierarchical multiple regression model evaluated the relationship betweenAMSQand these variables.ResultsMore positive medication attitudes were seen in individuals with higher levels of social support and in those who held a stronger belief that their health outcomes are determined by others, such as family or clinicians. Education, symptom severity, alcohol problem severity and drug problem severity were not significant attitudinal correlates.ConclusionsAttitudes towards mood stabilizers are correlated with both the support a person receives from others in their social network and how much a person believes others can influence his or her health. Clinicians need to be aware of the importance of the social environment as it relates to medication attitudes and more research is needed on how treatment attitudes may actually translate into medication adherence behavior.
Potential‐based achievement goals
Authors: Elliot Andrew , Murayama Kou , Kobeisy Ahmed , Lichtenfeld Stephanie 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundSelf‐based achievement goals use one's own intrapersonal trajectory as a standard of evaluation, and this intrapersonal trajectory may be grounded in one's past (past‐based goals) or one's future potential (potential‐based goals). Potential‐based goals have been overlooked in the literature to date.AimsThe primary aim of the present research was to address this oversight within the context of the 3 × 2 achievement goal framework.SamplesThe Study 1 sample was 381 US undergraduates; the Study 2 sample was 310 US undergraduates.MethodsIn Study 1, we developed scales to assess potential‐approach and potential‐avoidance goals and tested their factorial validity with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. In Study 2, we used confirmatory factor analysis to test both the separability of past‐based and potential‐based goals and their higher order integration within the self‐based category.ResultsStudy 1 supported the factorial validity of the potential‐approach and potential‐avoidance goal scales. Study 2 supported the separability of past‐based and potential‐based goals, as well as their higher order integration within the self‐based category.ConclusionsThis research documents the utility of the proposed distinction and paves the way for subsequent work on antecedent and consequences of potential‐approach and potential‐avoidance goals. It highlights the importance of focusing on distinct types of growth‐based goals in the achievement goal literature.
T helper type 2-polarized invariant natural killer T cells reduce disease severity in acute intra-abdominal sepsis
Authors: Anantha R V , Mazzuca D M , Xu S X , Porcelli S A , Fraser D D , Martin C M , Welch I , Mele T , Haeryfar S M M , McCormick J K 
Published: June 2014

SummarySepsis is characterized by a severe systemic inflammatory response to infection that is associated with high morbidity and mortality despite optimal care. Invariant natural killer T (iNK T) cells are potent regulatory lymphocytes that can produce pro- and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus shaping the course and nature of immune responses; however, little is known about their role in sepsis. We demonstrate here that patients with sepsis/severe sepsis have significantly elevated proportions of iNK T cells in their peripheral blood (as a percentage of their circulating T cells) compared to non-septic patients. We therefore investigated the role of iNK T cells in a mouse model of intra-abdominal sepsis (IAS). Our data show that iNK T cells are pathogenic in IAS, and that T helper type 2 (Th2) polarization of iNK T cells using the synthetic glycolipid OCH significantly reduces mortality from IAS. This reduction in mortality is associated with the systemic elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-13 and reduction of several proinflammatory cytokines within the spleen, notably interleukin (IL)-17. Finally, we show that treatment of sepsis with OCH in mice is accompanied by significantly reduced apoptosis of splenic T and B lymphocytes and macrophages, but not natural killer cells. We propose that modulation of iNK T cell responses towards a Th2 phenotype may be an effective therapeutic strategy in early sepsis.
Chronic hypopituitarism is uncommon in survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Hannon M. J. , Behan L. A. , O'Brien M. M. , Tormey W. , Javadpour M. , Sherlock M. , Thompson C. J. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryObjectiveThe incidence of hypopituitarism after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is unclear from the conflicting reports in the literature. As routine neuroendocrine screening for hypopituitarism for all patients would be costly and logistically difficult, there is a need for precise data on the frequency of hypopituitarism and on factors which might predict the later development of pituitary dysfunction. We aimed to: (i) Establish the incidence of long‐term hypopituitarism in patients with aneurysmal SAH. (ii) Determine whether data from patients’ acute admission with SAH could predict the occurrence of long‐term hypopituitarism.DesignOne hundred patients were studied prospectively from the time of presentation with acute SAH. Plasma cortisol, plasma sodium and a variety of clinical and haemodynamic parameters were sequentially measured for the first 12 days of their acute admission. Forty‐one patients then underwent dynamic pituitary testing at median 15 months following SAH (range 7–30 months), with insulin tolerance test (ITT) or, if contraindicated, a glucagon stimulation test (GST) plus short synacthen test (SST). If symptoms of cranial diabetes insipidus (CDI) were present, a water deprivation test was also performed.ResultsForty‐one patients attended for follow‐up dynamic pituitary testing. Although 14 of 100 had acute glucocorticoid deficiency immediately following SAH, only two of 41 had long‐term adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) deficiency and four of 41 had growth hormone (GH) deficiency. None were hypothyroid or gonadotrophin deficient. None had chronic CDI or hyponatraemia. There was no association between acute glucocorticoid deficiency, acute CDI or acute hyponatraemia and long‐term pituitary dysfunction.ConclusionBoth anterior and posterior hypopituitarism are very uncommon following SAH and are not predicted by acute clinical, haemodynamic or endocrinological parameters. Routine neuroendocrine screening is not justified in SAH patients.
Effects of 60‐day head‐down bed rest on osteocalcin, glycolipid metabolism and their association with or without resistance training
Authors: Yang Chao , Chen Jian , Wu Feng , Li Jinqiao , Liang Peilong , Zhang Hongyu , Wang Honghui , Li Yu , Wan Yumin , Qin Ling , Liang Kwok Sui , Dai Zhongquan , Li Yinghui 
Published: June 2014

SummaryIntroductionBone loss and subclinical diabeteslike are developed during long‐term spaceflight. Recently, it was demonstrated that bone was able to regulate energy metabolism and testosterone synthesis via osteocalcin. The aim of this study was to determine whether serum osteocalcin level is associated with glycolipid metabolism or testosterone under the influence of microgravity with or without resistive vibration exercise (RVE).MethodsA total of 14 healthy adult male volunteers (25–40 years) were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 7 each): control (CON) group and RVE group. Radioimmunoassay kits and ELISA kits were used for measurement of serum indices.ResultsDuring 60‐day bed rest, serum osteocalcin of both groups increased at day 4 during bed rest. Serum OPG started decreasing and reached its lowest value at day 30 during bed rest. In control group, serum insulin increased at day 4 during bed rest. IGF‐I did not change significantly during the entire period of bed rest. The serum glucose decline 10% and 14% in CON and RVE groups at day 4 during bed rest. Relatively, the same results as glucose were found in serum HDL and LDL for both groups. Leptin rose and became highest at day 60 during bed rest in both groups. The level of serum testosterone was declined in control group at day 4 during bed rest. Cortisol kept stable in both group during bed rest. By spearman correlation analysis, serum osteocalcin was significantly associated with serum insulin (P < 0·05), LDL (P < 0·01) and Leptin (P < 0·01).ConclusionOur findings suggested that the mutual regulation may exist between skeletal and energy metabolism under simulated microgravity.