bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treating Thin Stillage and Condensed Distillers Solubles with Phytase for Production of Low‐Phytate Coproducts
Authors: Liu Keshun 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTFuel ethanol production from grains is mainly based on dry‐grind processing, during which phytate is concentrated about threefold in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a major coproduct. To reduce phytate in DDGS, Natuphos and Ronozyme industrial phytase preparations were used to treat commercially made thin stillage (TS). Changes in phosphorous (P) profile were monitored, and effects of reaction temperature, time, and enzyme concentration were investigated. Results showed that at a temperature ≤60°C for Natuphos phytase (≤70°C for Ronozyme phytase) and a concentration ≤4.8 FTU/mL of TS for Natuphos phytase (≤48 FYT/mL for Ronozyme phytase), a complete phytate hydrolysis (phytate P decreased to 0) could be achieved within 5–60 min of enzymatic treatment. Reduction in phytate P was generally accompanied by increase in inorganic P, whereas total P remained relatively unchanged. When condensed distillers solubles (CDS), the concentrated form of TS, was used as the substrate, phytate hydrolysis by each of the two enzyme preparations was as effective as on TS. Because a previous study from the author's laboratory showed that all types of P are mostly concentrated in TS and CDS but much less in distillers wet grains, phytase treatments of TS and CDS described in the present study can be an effective means in producing low‐phytate DDGS.
Perioperative Auto-titrated Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment in Surgical Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Liao Pu , Luo Quanwei , Elsaid Hisham , Kang Weimin , Shapiro Colin M. , Chung Frances 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background:
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may worsen postoperatively. The objective of this randomized open-label trial is to determine whether perioperative auto-titrated continuous positive airway pressure (APAP) treatment decreases postoperative apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and improves oxygenation in patients with moderate and severe OSA.

Methods:
The consented patients with AHI of more than 15 events/h on preoperative polysomnography were randomized into the APAP or control group (receiving routine care). The APAP patients received APAP for 2 or 3 preoperative, and 5 postoperative nights. All patients were monitored with oximetry for 7 to 8 nights (N) and underwent polysomnography on postoperative N3. The primary outcome was AHI on the postoperative N3.

Results:
One hundred seventy-seven OSA patients undergoing orthopedic and other surgeries were enrolled (APAP: 87 and control: 90). There was no difference between the two groups in baseline data. One hundred six patients (APAP: 40 and control: 66) did polysomnography on postoperative N3, and 100 patients (APAP: 39 and control: 61) completed the study. The compliance rate of APAP was 45%. The APAP usage was 2.4–4.6 h/night. In the APAP group, AHI decreased from preoperative baseline: 30.1 (22.1, 42.5) events/h (median [25th, 75th percentile]) to 3.0 (1.0, 12.5) events/h on postoperative N3 (P < 0.001), whereas, in the control group, AHI increased from 30.4 (23.2, 41.9) events/h to 31.9 (13.5, 50.2) events/h, P = 0.302. No significant change occurred in the central apnea index.

Conclusions:
The trial showed the feasibility of perioperative APAP for OSA patients. Perioperative APAP treatment significantly reduced postoperative AHI and improved oxygen saturation in the patients with moderate and severe OSA.
Epidural Injections for Spinal Pain
Authors: Bicket Mark C. , Gupta Anita , Brown Charlie H. , Cohen Steven P. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background:
Epidural steroid injection is the most frequently performed pain procedure. This study of epidural steroid “control” injections aimed to determine whether epidural nonsteroid injections constitute a treatment or true placebo in comparison with nonepidural injections for back and neck pain treatment.

Methods:
This systematic review with direct and indirect meta-analyses used PubMed and EMBASE searches from inception through October 2012 without language restrictions. Study selection included randomized controlled trials with a treatment group receiving epidural injections of corticosteroids or another analgesic and study control groups receiving either an epidural injection devoid of treatment drug or a nonepidural injection. Two reviewers independently extracted data including short-term (up to 12 weeks) pain scores and pain outcomes. All reviewers evaluated studies for eligibility and quality.

Results:
A total of 3,641 patients from 43 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Indirect comparisons suggested epidural nonsteroid were more likely than nonepidural injections to achieve positive outcomes (risk ratio, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.87–2.53) and provide greater pain score reduction (mean difference, −0.15; 95% CI, −0.55 to 0.25). In the very limited direct comparisons, no significant differences were noted between epidural nonsteroid and nonepidural injections for either outcome (risk ratio [95% CI], 1.05 [0.88–1.25]; mean difference [95% CI], 0.22 [−0.50 to 0.94]).

Conclusion:
Epidural nonsteroid injections may provide improved benefit compared with nonepidural injections on some measures, though few, low-quality studies directly compared controlled treatments, and only short-term outcomes (≤12 weeks) were examined.
Risk Stratification Tools for Predicting Morbidity and Mortality in Adult Patients Undergoing Major Surgery
Authors: Moonesinghe Suneetha Ramani , Mythen Michael G. , Das Priya , Rowan Kathryn M. , Grocott Michael P. W. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Risk stratification is essential for both clinical risk prediction and comparative audit. There are a variety of risk stratification tools available for use in major noncardiac surgery, but their discrimination and calibration have not previously been systematically reviewed in heterogeneous patient cohorts.
Embase, MEDLINE, and Web of Science were searched for studies published between January 1, 1980 and August 6, 2011 in adult patients undergoing major noncardiac, nonneurological surgery. Twenty-seven studies evaluating 34 risk stratification tools were identified which met inclusion criteria. The Portsmouth-Physiology and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and the Surgical Risk Scale were demonstrated to be the most consistently accurate tools that have been validated in multiple studies; however, both have limitations. Future work should focus on further evaluation of these and other parsimonious risk predictors, including validation in international cohorts. There is also a need for studies examining the impact that the use of these tools has on clinical decision making and patient outcome.
A Kinetic Analysis of the Auxin Transcriptome Reveals Cell Wall Remodeling Proteins That Modulate Lateral Root Development inArabidopsis
Authors: Lewis Daniel R. , Olex Amy L. , Lundy Stacey R. , Turkett William H. , Fetrow Jacquelyn S. , Muday Gloria K. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTo identify gene products that participate in auxin-dependent lateral root formation, a high temporal resolution, genome-wide transcript abundance analysis was performed with auxin-treated Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Data analysis identified 1246 transcripts that were consistently regulated by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), partitioning into 60 clusters with distinct response kinetics. We identified rapidly induced clusters containing auxin-response functional annotations and clusters exhibiting delayed induction linked to cell division temporally correlated with lateral root induction. Several clusters were enriched with genes encoding proteins involved in cell wall modification, opening the possibility for understanding mechanistic details of cell structural changes that result in root formation following auxin treatment. Mutants with insertions in 72 genes annotated with a cell wall remodeling function were examined for alterations in IAA-regulated root growth and development. This reverse-genetic screen yielded eight mutants with root phenotypes. Detailed characterization of seedlings with mutations in CELLULASE3/GLYCOSYLHYDROLASE9B3 and LEUCINE RICH EXTENSIN2, genes not normally linked to auxin response, revealed defects in the early and late stages of lateral root development, respectively. The genes identified here using kinetic insight into expression changes lay the foundation for mechanistic understanding of auxin-mediated cell wall remodeling as an essential feature of lateral root development.
Expression Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping across Water Availability Environments Reveals Contrasting Associations with Genomic Features in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lowry David B. , Logan Tierney L. , Santuari Luca , Hardtke Christian S. , Richards James H. , DeRose-Wilson Leah J. , McKay John K. , Sen Saunak , Juenger Thomas E. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The regulation of gene expression is crucial for an organism's development and response to stress, and an understanding of the evolution of gene expression is of fundamental importance to basic and applied biology. To improve this understanding, we conducted expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping in the Tsu-1 (Tsushima, Japan) × Kas-1 (Kashmir, India) recombinant inbred line population of Arabidopsis thaliana across soil drying treatments. We then used genome resequencing data to evaluate whether genomic features (promoter polymorphism, recombination rate, gene length, and gene density) are associated with genes responding to the environment (E) or with genes with genetic variation (G) in gene expression in the form of eQTLs. We identified thousands of genes that responded to soil drying and hundreds of main-effect eQTLs. However, we identified very few statistically significant eQTLs that interacted with the soil drying treatment (GxE eQTL). Analysis of genome resequencing data revealed associations of several genomic features with G and E genes. In general, E genes had lower promoter diversity and local recombination rates. By contrast, genes with eQTLs (G) had significantly greater promoter diversity and were located in genomic regions with higher recombination. These results suggest that genomic architecture may play an important a role in the evolution of gene expression.
The Membrane-Bound NAC Transcription Factor ANAC013 Functions in Mitochondrial Retrograde Regulation of the Oxidative Stress Response in Arabidopsis
Authors: De Clercq Inge , Vermeirssen Vanessa , Van Aken Olivier , Vandepoele Klaas , Murcha Monika W. , Law Simon R. , Inzé Annelies , Ng Sophia , Ivanova Aneta , Rombaut Debbie , van de Cotte Brigitte , Jaspers Pinja , Van de Peer Yves , Kangasjärvi Jaakko , Whelan James , Van Breusegem Frank 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Upon disturbance of their function by stress, mitochondria can signal to the nucleus to steer the expression of responsive genes. This mitochondria-to-nucleus communication is often referred to as mitochondrial retrograde regulation (MRR). Although reactive oxygen species and calcium are likely candidate signaling molecules for MRR, the protein signaling components in plants remain largely unknown. Through meta-analysis of transcriptome data, we detected a set of genes that are common and robust targets of MRR and used them as a bait to identify its transcriptional regulators. In the upstream regions of these mitochondrial dysfunction stimulon (MDS) genes, we found a cis-regulatory element, the mitochondrial dysfunction motif (MDM), which is necessary and sufficient for gene expression under various mitochondrial perturbation conditions. Yeast one-hybrid analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the transmembrane domain–containing NO APICAL MERISTEM/ARABIDOPSIS TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATION FACTOR/CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON transcription factors (ANAC013, ANAC016, ANAC017, ANAC053, and ANAC078) bound to the MDM cis-regulatory element. We demonstrate that ANAC013 mediates MRR-induced expression of the MDS genes by direct interaction with the MDM cis-regulatory element and triggers increased oxidative stress tolerance. In conclusion, we characterized ANAC013 as a regulator of MRR upon stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Risk of retained placenta in women previously delivered by caesarean section: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Belachew J , Cnattingius S , Mulic‐Lutvica A , Eurenius K , Axelsson O , Wikström AK 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether women with a caesarean section at their first delivery have an increased risk of retained placenta at their second delivery.DesignPopulation‐based cohort study.SettingSweden.PopulationAll women with their first and second singleton deliveries in Sweden during the years 1994–2006 (n = 258 608). Women with caesarean section or placental abruption in their second pregnancy were not included in the study population.MethodsThe risk of retained placenta at second delivery was estimated for women with a first delivery by caesarean section (n = 19 458), using women with a first vaginal delivery as reference (n = 239 150). Risks were calculated as odds ratios by unconditional logistic regression analysis with 95% confidence intervals (95%) after adjustments for maternal, delivery, and infant characteristics.Main outcome measuresRetained placenta with normal (≤1000 ml) and heavy (>1000 ml) bleeding.ResultsThe overall rate of retained placenta was 2.07%. In women with a previous caesarean section and in women with previous vaginal delivery, the corresponding rates were 3.44% and 1.96%, respectively. Compared with women with a previous vaginal delivery, women with a previous caesarean section had an increased risk of retained placenta (adjusted OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.32–1.59), and the association was more pronounced for retained placenta with heavy bleeding (adjusted OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.44–1.79).ConclusionsOur report shows an increased risk for retained placenta in women previously delivered by caesarean section, a finding that should be considered in discussions of mode of delivery.
The Threat of Disease Increases as Species Move Toward Extinction
Authors: HEARD MATTHEW J. , SMITH KATHERINE F. , RIPP KELSEY J. , BERGER MELANIE , CHEN JANE , DITTMEIER JUSTIN , GOTER MAGGIE , MCGARVEY STEPHEN T. , RYAN ELIZABETH 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAt local scales, infectious disease is a common driver of population declines, but globally it is an infrequent contributor to species extinction and endangerment. For species at risk of extinction from disease important questions remain unanswered, including when does disease become a threat to species and does it co‐occur, predictably, with other threats? Using newly compiled data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, we examined the relative role and co‐occurrence of threats associated with amphibians, birds, and mammals at 6 levels of extinction risk (i.e., Red List status categories: least concern, near threatened, vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered, and extinct in the wild/extinct). We tested the null hypothesis that the proportion of species threatened by disease is the same in all 6 Red List status categories. Our approach revealed a new method for determining when disease most frequently threatens species at risk of extinction. The proportion of species threatened by disease varied significantly between IUCN status categories and linearly increased for amphibians, birds, and all species combined as these taxa move from move from least concern to critically endangered. Disease was infrequently the single contributing threat. However, when a species was negatively affected by a major threat other than disease (e.g., invasive species, land‐use change) that species was more likely to be simultaneously threatened by disease than species that had no other threats. Potential drivers of these trends include ecological factors, clustering of phylogenetically related species in Red List status categories, discovery bias among species at greater risk of extinction, and availability of data. We echo earlier calls for baseline data on the presence of parasites and pathogens in species when they show the first signs of extinction risk and arguably before.La Amenaza de Enfermedades Incrementa a Medida que las Especies se Aproximan a la Extinción
Use of Inverse Spatial Conservation Prioritization to Avoid Biological Diversity Loss Outside Protected Areas
Authors: KAREKSELA SANTTU , MOILANEN ATTE , TUOMINEN SEPPO , KOTIAHO JANNE S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractGlobally expanding human land use sets constantly increasing pressure for maintenance of biological diversity and functioning ecosystems. To fight the decline of biological diversity, conservation science has broken ground with methods such as the operational model of systematic conservation planning (SCP), which focuses on design and on‐the‐ground implementation of conservation areas. The most commonly used method in SCP is reserve selection that focuses on the spatial design of reserve networks and their expansion. We expanded these methods by introducing another form of spatial allocation of conservation effort relevant for land‐use zoning at the landscape scale that avoids negative ecological effects of human land use outside protected areas. We call our method inverse spatial conservation prioritization. It can be used to identify areas suitable for economic development while simultaneously limiting total ecological and environmental effects of that development at the landscape level by identifying areas with highest economic but lowest ecological value. Our method is not based on a priori targets, and as such it is applicable to cases where the effects of land use on, for example, individual species or ecosystem types are relatively small and would not lead to violation of regional or national conservation targets. We applied our method to land‐use allocation to peat mining. Our method identified a combination of profitable production areas that provides the needed area for peat production while retaining most of the landscape‐level ecological value of the ecosystem. The results of this inverse spatial conservation prioritization are being used in land‐use zoning in the province of Central Finland.
Perturbation of Cytochrome
c
Maturation Reveals Adaptability of the Respiratory Chain in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Small Jennifer L. , Park Sae Woong , Kana Bavesh D. , Ioerger Thomas R. , Sacchettini James C. , Ehrt Sabine 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
depends on aerobic respiration for growth and utilizes an
aa
3
-type cytochrome
c
oxidase for terminal electron transfer. Cytochrome
c
maturation in bacteria requires covalent attachment of heme to apocytochrome
c
, which occurs outside the cytoplasmic membrane. We demonstrate that in
M. tuberculosis
the thioredoxin-like protein Rv3673c, which we named CcsX, is required for heme insertion in cytochrome
c
. Inactivation of CcsX resulted in loss of
c
-type heme absorbance, impaired growth and virulence of
M. tuberculosis
, and induced cytochrome
bd
oxidase. This suggests that the bioenergetically less efficient
bd
oxidase can compensate for deficient cytochrome
c
oxidase activity, highlighting the flexibility of the
M. tuberculosis
respiratory chain. A spontaneous mutation in the active site of vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) suppressed phenotypes of the CcsX mutant and abrogated the activity of the disulfide bond-dependent alkaline phosphatase, which shows that VKOR is the major disulfide bond catalyzing protein in the periplasm of
M. tuberculosis.

IMPORTANCE
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
requires oxygen for growth; however, the biogenesis of respiratory chain components in mycobacteria has not been explored. Here, we identified a periplasmic thioredoxin, CcsX, necessary for heme insertion into cytochrome
c
. We investigated the consequences of disrupting cytochrome
c
maturation (CCM) for growth and survival of
M. tuberculosis in vitro
and for its pathogenesis. Appearance of a second-site suppressor mutation in the periplasmic disulfide bond catalyzing protein VKOR indicates the strong selective pressure for a functional cytochrome
c
oxidase. The observation that
M. tuberculosis
is able to partially compensate for defective CCM by upregulation of the cytochrome
bd
oxidase exposes a functional role of this alternative terminal oxidase under normal aerobic conditions and during pathogenesis. This suggests that targeting both oxidases simultaneously might be required to effectively disrupt respiration in
M. tuberculosis
.
Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) in Another Big Cat: Should CDV Be Renamed Carnivore Distemper Virus?
Authors: Terio Karen A. , Craft Meggan E. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

One of the greatest threats to the conservation of wild cat populations may be dogs or, at least, one of their viruses. Canine distemper virus (CDV), a single-stranded RNA virus in the
Paramyxoviridae
family and genus
Morbillivirus
, infects and causes disease in a variety of species, not just canids. An outbreak of CDV in wild lions in the Serengeti, Tanzania, in 1994 was a wake-up call for conservationists, as it demonstrated that an infectious disease could swiftly impact a previously healthy felid population. To understand how this virus causes disease in noncanid hosts, researchers have focused on specific mutations in the binding site of the CDV hemagglutinin gene. Now, Seimon et al. provide information on CDV in its latest feline victim, the endangered wild Amur tiger (
Panthera tigris altaica
) [T. A. Seimon et al., mBio 4(4):e00410-13, 2013, doi:10.1128/mBio.00410-13]. Their findings of CDV strains infecting tigers, in combination with recent information from other felids, paints a different picture, one in which CDV strains from a variety of geographic lineages and with a variety of amino acid residues in the hemagglutinin gene binding site can infect cats and cause disease. Although CDV has been known as a multihost disease since its discovery in domestic dogs in 1905, perhaps it is time to reconsider whether these noncanid species are not just incidental or “spillover” hosts but, rather, a normal part of the complex ecology of this infectious disease.
Capillary refill time is a predictor of short-term mortality for adult patients admitted to a medical department: an observational cohort study
Authors: Mrgan Monija , Rytter Dorte , Brabrand Mikkel 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundCapillary refill time (CRT) has been advocated as a tool for rapid assessment of circulatory status. The correlation between neither CRT and mortality nor CRT and markers of circulatory status has been assessed. We performed a prospective observational cohort study to assess the relationship between CRT (using two existing definitions and as a continuous variable) and short-term mortality.MethodsWe included all acutely admitted adult patients to a medical admission unit. We measured CRT, blood pressure, pulse, temperature and peripheral oxygen saturation. We presented the data descriptively. Difference between continuous data was analysed using Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test and categorical data using χ2test. The primary endpoint was 1-day all-cause mortality.Results3046 patients were enrolled and CRT was measured on 1935. In univariate analyses, we found increasing all-cause 1-day mortality with all definitions of CRT. Performing multivariable analysis, controlling for age, sex, mean blood pressure, pulse, temperature and peripheral oxygen saturation, we found increasing CRT as a continuous variable and according to the Schriger and Baraff definition to be associated with increased mortality. Both the Trauma score and Schriger and Baraff definitions had high negative predictive values. The calculations on the Schriger and Baraff defition were based on limited power.ConclusionsWe found a significant association between CRT measured as a continuous variable and short-term mortality. Using the definition of Schriger and Baraff also seems appropriate, but this is based on calculations of limited power.