bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solving Not Answering. Validation of Guidance for Writing Higher-Order Multiple-Choice Questions in Medical Science Education
Authors: Xiromeriti Maria , Newton Philip M. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractProblem-solving and higher-order learning are goals of higher education. It has been repeatedly suggested that multiple-choice questions (MCQs) can be used to test higher-order learning, although objective empirical evidence is lacking and MCQs are often criticised for assessing only lower-order, factual, or ‘rote’ learning. These challenges are compounded by a lack of agreement on what constitutes higher order learning: it is normally defined subjectively using heavily criticised frameworks such as such as Bloom’s taxonomy. There is also a lack of agreement on how to write MCQs which assess higher order learning. Here we tested guidance for the creation of MCQs to assess higher-order learning, by evaluating the performance of students who were subject matter novices, vs experts. We found that questions written using the guidance were much harder to answer when students had no prior subject knowledge, whereas lower-order questions could be answered by simply searching online. These findings suggest that questions written using the guidance do indeed test higher-order learning, and such MCQs may be a valid alternative to other written assessment formats designed to test higher-order learning, such as essays, where reliability and cheating are a major concern.
Who is being left behind in water security, where do they live, and why are they left behind towards the achievement of the 2030 agenda?
Authors: Ingutia Rose 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe study focuses on sustainable development goal (SDG) 6, target 6.1.1 examining the proportion of the population using safely managed drinking water (SM). The SDGs aim to leave no one behind (LNOB) in development by 2030, this paper investigates if anyone is being left behind in accessing SM. We use world regions, countries globally, and 23 countries identified globally as critically water insecure (CWIC). The results indicate none of the CWIC had over 50% of the population accessing SM, but had over 50% using improved water, and over 10% using surface water. Sub-Saharan Africa had the lowest percentages using SM, and the highest using surface water in 2020. Pre-primary schools lag behind primary and secondary schools in accessing basic water services. Tanzania, Burundi, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands have below 50% of pre-primary schools with basic water. Households and schools using unimproved water sources are mostly from low-income and low climate resilience countries, fragile countries, and rural areas of CWICs characterized by high levels of poverty, food insecurity and illiterate women; subsequently exacerbating stunting and child mortality rates. These negative outcomes are largely consequences of poor institutional quality common to CWICs. Previous studies failed to highlight good governance, rigorously examine CWICs, and NOLB in water -health-food insecurity nexus. The stakeholders of the 2030 Agenda on water security can use these findings to accelerate the progress of leaving no one behind.
Human Rights and the Ways Relatives Interpret Participation for People with Dementia in Nursing Homes
Authors: Ingard Cecilia , Sjölund Maria , Trygged Sven 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe exercise of self-determination is a human right; however, for people with dementia (PWD), progressive physical and cognitive impairment negatively affects their decision-making processes. For PWD, it is often relatives who make such decisions. This qualitative study included interviews with sixteen relatives of PWD who live in nursing homes. Research questions are as follows: How do relatives understand the participation of PWD who live in nursing homes? How do co-researchers understand participation and the role of relatives? A co-researcher was consulted when the questions were designed. During the interviews with relatives, photos were used to stimulate discussion. Critical situations in nursing homes were discussed with relatives and later interpreted together with a co-researcher. The findings included an understanding of how relatives played a key role in PWD; however, relatives were concerned that PWD were unable to take part in decisions. In addition, relatives named ways that nursing homes opposed human rights, and the co-researchers also highlighted situations that conflicted with human rights. Classifying dementia as a disability at the policy level could strengthen the rights issues of PWD. The key findings of the study are essential for social workers arranging for placement of PWD in nursing homes.
Unverfügbarkeit: Autonomie und Kritik des Wollens in Hartmanns Gregorius
Authors: Schneider Christian 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungDie Themen ›Wille‹ und ›Wollen‹ bilden eine zentrale, aber bisher wenig beachtete Diskursebene in Hartmanns Gregorius. Im Brennpunkt dieses Diskurses steht das Gegenüber von menschlichem und göttlichem Willen, das als Spannung zwischen Verfügbarmachung und Unverfügbarkeit verhandelt wird. Hartmanns Legendenroman greift dafür auf ein Plotmuster zurück, wie es unter anderem für die lateinische Brandanlegende charakteristisch ist. Es dient dazu, die Text und Handlung des Gregorius strukturierenden Wasserpassagen des Protagonisten als Selbstüberantwortung an den Willen Gottes zu erzählen. Indem Hartmann das Handlungsmuster bei Gregorius’ Entscheidung zum Aufbruch von der Klosterinsel in auffälliger Weise variiert, wird der zweite Inzestfall nicht als Schuld im moraltheologischen Sinne, aber als subjektiv-personal zurechenbare Folge einer korrekturbedürftigen Haltung des Protagonisten im Verhältnis zu seinem kreatürlichen Willen dargestellt. Bei Hartmann wird eine quasimystische Willenstheologie in Erzählung umgegossen. In deutlicher Abgrenzung von der französischen Vorlage reflektiert seine Bearbeitung auf diese Weise die Grenzen menschlicher Selbstbestimmung und Verfügbarmachung, und zwar sowohl in immanenter als auch in transzendenter Perspektive, das heißt in Bezug auf die Welt- wie die Gottesbeziehung. Der Prolog und die Tafel des Gregorius legen nahe, dass Hartmanns Legende auch auf einer Metaebene mit Unverfügbarkeit befasst ist, indem sie über das Problem der narrativen Vergegenwärtigung des Transzendenten nachdenkt.
Real-world experience with direct-acting antiviral therapy in HCV-infected patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices
Authors: Brzdęk Michał , Zarębska-Michaluk Dorota , Kukla Michał , Janocha-Litwin Justyna , Dybowska Dorota , Janczewska Ewa , Lorenc Beata , Berak Hanna , Mazur Włodzimierz , Tudrujek-Zdunek Magdalena , Klapaczyński Jakub , Piekarska Anna , Sitko Marek , Laurans Łukasz , Parfieniuk-Kowerda Anna , Flisiak Robert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects 50 million people worldwide with around 242,000 deaths annually, mainly due to complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Portal hypertension (PH) caused by cirrhosis leads to severe consequences, including esophageal varices (EV). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment in patients with and without EV.

Methods
This retrospective analysis involved consecutive HCV-infected adults undergoing DAA therapy at 22 Polish hepatology centers from July 1, 2015, to December 31, 2022. Patients with cirrhosis were categorized based on the presence of EV diagnosed by gastroscopy. Treatment effectiveness was measured by sustained virologic response (SVR), with safety outcomes monitored for 12 weeks post-treatment.

Results
A population of 3393 HCV-infected patients with cirrhosis was divided into groups with (A, n = 976) and without (B, n = 2417) EV. Group A showed a significantly higher prevalence of comorbidities and concomitant medications. Genotype (GT)1b infections predominated in both groups, and GT3 infections were more common in the EV group. Group A exhibited more severe liver disease, and higher rates of decompensation, HCC, and HBV co-infection. SVR was significantly higher in group B (91.5% vs. 96.3%, p < 0.0001). Male gender, GT3, EV presence, and Child-Pugh grade B were identified as independent negative SVR predictors. Group A had a worse safety profile, with notably higher adverse event incidence and mortality.

Conclusions
DAA therapies are highly effective and well tolerated in patients with cirrhosis, but EV presence predicts poorer virologic responses.
Aggregate risk assessment for multi-route exposure to hazardous chemicals caused by chemical accidents, with a focus on toluene
Authors: Jung Ji-Yun , Park Si-Hyun , Moon Ji-Eun , Yoon Jun-Heon , Yoon Sung-Won , Lee Cheol-Min 
Published: August 2024

AbstractChemical accidents significantly impact environmental and human health. However, studies investigating the impacts of such accidents have primarily focused on single-route exposures, potentially underestimating the extent of damage. This study aimed to conduct an aggregate risk assessment for multi-route exposure to hazardous chemicals to ensure systematic and rational management of the health impacts on residents exposed to chemical accidents, considering the behavior of a hazardous chemical from a chemical accident within environmental media. Drawing upon a real chemical accident that occurred in Siheung, Gyeonggi-do, in 2019, leakage of 500 L of toluene over an hour was assumed. Employing a multimedia environmental dynamics model, the time-dependent concentrations across various environmental media were calculated, and the average daily dose (ADD), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) for each exposure route included in the multi-route exposure assessment were derived. Health risks were deemed present if the calculated HQ and HI values exceeded the threshold of 1. The results indicated the highest ADD values among the 0–9 age group, with inhalation exposure registering the highest ADD across all exposure routes. However, no significant health risks were observed, with both HQ and HI values not exceeding 1. This aggregate risk assessment approach is proposed as an effective preliminary evaluation method for health impact assessments in areas affected by chemical accidents.
Graphical Abstract
Prinzipien einer modernen forensischen Suchtbehandlung
Authors: Schlögl Christian , Bader Susanne , Bezzel Adelheid 
Published: August 2024

Zusammenfassung: Zielsetzung: Forensische Suchtbehandlung gem. § 64 StGB erfolgt durch den juristischen Anordnungskontext unter vorgegebenen zeitlichen und organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen. Wie dennoch eine zeitgemäße forensische Behandlungspraxis suchtkranker Straftäter und Straftäterinnen erfolgen kann, wird anhand des Konzepts zweier Standorte einer bayerischen Klinik mit insgesamt ca. 420 Patient_innen geschildert. Methodik: Der Beitrag fasst zunächst die Rahmenbedingungen zusammen, die sich aus dem Strafgesetzbuch bzw. landesspezifischen Vollzugsgesetz ergeben. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Vorstellung des kontinuierlich weiterentwickelten und optimierten Behandlungskonzepts der medbo-Kliniken (Parsberg, Regensburg). Neben klinischen Erfahrungen beeinflussten auch wissenschaftliche Befunde zur Bedeutung von Substitution, Nachsorge sowie zu einem insgesamt eher zieloffenen und patientenzentrierten Ansatz die Konzeptentwicklung. Diskussion: Das Arbeiten im Maßregelvollzug bewegt sich im Spannungsfeld der beiden Kernaufträge Resozialisierung und Schutz der Allgemeinheit. Nicht nur die vergleichsweise langen Unterbringungszeiten ermöglichen ein fundiertes Arbeiten an Delinquenz- und Störungsgenese und intensivieren die Resozialisierungsphasen mit ausgedehnten Erprobungen im Realen. Die ambulante Nachsorge ist mittlerweile fester Bestandteil forensischer Suchttherapie. Aber auch Limitierungen werden benannt wie die besondere Herausforderung durch Kriminalitätsprägung, die juristischen Rahmenbedingungen und die Doppelrolle der Mitarbeitenden.
Air Pollution and Mortality in India: Investigating the Nexus of Ambient and Household Pollution Across Life Stages
Authors: Adhikary Mihir , Saikia Nandita , Purohit Pallav , Canudas‐Romo Vladimir , Schöpp Wolfgang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAir pollution in India is a foremost environmental risk factor that affects human health. This study first investigates the geographical distribution of ambient and household air pollution (HAP) and then examines the associated mortality risk. Data on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration has been extracted from the Greenhouse Gas Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model. HAP, mortality and socio‐demographic data were extracted from the National Family and Health Survey‐5, India, 2019–2021. Regression models were applied to see the difference in age‐group mortality by different pollution parameters. The districts with PM2.5 concentration above the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) level of 40 μg/m3 show a higher risk of neonatal (OR‐1.86, CI 1.418–2.433), postneonatal (OR‐2.04, CI 1.399–2.971), child (OR‐2.19, CI 0.999–4.803) and adult death (OR‐1.13, CI 1.060–1.208). The absence of a separate kitchen shows a higher probability of neonatal (OR: 1.18, CI 1.074–1.306) and adult death (OR‐1.06, CI 1.027–1.088). The interaction between PM2.5 levels above NAAQS and HAP leads to a substantial rise in mortality observed for neonatal (OR 1.19 CI 1.051–1.337), child (OR 1.17 CI 1.054–1.289), and adult (OR 1.13 CI 1.096–1.168) age groups. This study advocates that there is a strong positive association between ambient and HAP and mortality risk. PM2.5 pollution significantly contributes to the mortality risk in all age groups. Children are more vulnerable to HAP than adults. In India, policymakers should focus on reducing the anthropogenic PM2.5 emission at least to reach the NAAQS, which can substantially reduce disease burden and, more precisely, mortality.
Bacterial nanotechnology as a paradigm in targeted cancer therapeutic delivery and immunotherapy
Authors: Gholami Ahmad , Mohkam Milad , Soleimanian Saeede , Sadraeian Mohammad , Lauto Antonio 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCancer, a multifaceted and diverse ailment, presents formidable obstacles to traditional treatment modalities. Nanotechnology presents novel prospects for surmounting these challenges through its capacity to facilitate meticulous and regulated administration of therapeutic agents to malignant cells while concurrently modulating the immune system to combat neoplasms. Bacteria and their derivatives have emerged as highly versatile and multifunctional platforms for cancer nanotherapy within the realm of nanomaterials. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted and groundbreaking implementations of bacterial nanotechnology within cancer therapy. This review encompasses four primary facets: the utilization of bacteria as living conveyors of medicinal substances, the employment of bacterial components as agents that stimulate the immune system, the deployment of bacterial vectors as tools for delivering genetic material, and the development of bacteria-derived nano-drugs as intelligent nano-medications. Furthermore, we elucidate the merits and modalities of operation pertaining to these bacterial nano-systems, along with their capacity to synergize with other cutting-edge nanotechnologies, such as CRISPR-Cas systems. Additionally, we offer insightful viewpoints regarding the forthcoming trajectories and prospects within this expanding domain. It is our deduction that bacterial nanotechnology embodies a propitious and innovative paradigm in the realm of cancer therapy, which has the potential to provide numerous advantages and synergistic effects in enhancing the outcomes and quality of life for individuals afflicted with cancer.
Flowable composite as an alternative to adhesive resin cement in bonding hybrid CAD/CAM materials: in-vitro study of micro-shear bond strength
Authors: Hassanien Eman Ezzat Youssef , Tolba Zeinab Omar 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Objective
To assess the micro-shear bond strength of light-cured adhesive resin cement compared to flowable composite to hybrid CAD/CAM ceramics.

Materials and methods
Rectangular discs were obtained from polymer-infiltrated (Vita Enamic; VE) and nano-hybrid resin-matrix (Voco Grandio; GR) ceramic blocks and randomly divided according to the luting agent; light-cured resin cement (Calibra Veneer; C) and flowable composite (Neo Spectra ST flow; F), resulting in four subgroups; VE-C, VE-F, GR-C and GR-F. Substrates received micro-cylinders of the tested luting agents (n = 16). After water storage, specimens were tested for micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) using a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min cross-head speed until failure and failure modes were determined. After testing for normality, quantitative data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, whereas, qualitative data were expressed as percentages. Quantitative data were statistically analysed using Student t test at a level of significance (P ≤ 0.05).

Results
Group GR-F showed the highest µSBS, followed by VE-C, VE-F and GR-C respectively, although statistically insignificant. All groups showed mixed and adhesive failure modes, where VE-F and GR-C showed the highest mixed failures followed by GR-C and VE-C respectively.

Conclusions
After short-term aging, flowable composite and light-cured resin cement showed high comparable bond strength when cementing VE and GR.
Peptide clustering enhances large-scale analyses and reveals proteolytic signatures in mass spectrometry data
Authors: Hartman Erik , Forsberg Fredrik , Kjellström Sven , Petrlova Jitka , Luo Congyu , Scott Aaron , Puthia Manoj , Malmström Johan , Schmidtchen Artur 
Published: August 2024

AbstractRecent advances in mass spectrometry-based peptidomics have catalyzed the identification and quantification of thousands of endogenous peptides across diverse biological systems. However, the vast peptidomic landscape generated by proteolytic processing poses several challenges for downstream analyses and limits the comparability of clinical samples. Here, we present an algorithm that aggregates peptides into peptide clusters, reducing the dimensionality of peptidomics data, improving the definition of protease cut sites, enhancing inter-sample comparability, and enabling the implementation of large-scale data analysis methods akin to those employed in other omics fields. We showcase the algorithm by performing large-scale quantitative analysis of wound fluid peptidomes of highly defined porcine wound infections and human clinical non-healing wounds. This revealed signature phenotype-specific peptide regions and proteolytic activity at the earliest stages of bacterial colonization. We validated the method on the urinary peptidome of type 1 diabetics which revealed potential subgroups and improved classification accuracy.
Gut epithelial electrical cues drive differential localization of enterobacteria
Authors: Sun Yaohui , Ferreira Fernando , Reid Brian , Zhu Kan , Ma Li , Young Briana M. , Hagan Catherine E. , Tsolis Renée M. , Mogilner Alex , Zhao Min 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSalmonella translocate to the gut epithelium via microfold cells lining the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). How Salmonella localize to the FAE is not well characterized. Here we use live imaging and competitive assays between wild-type and chemotaxis-deficient mutants to show that Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) localize to the FAE independently of chemotaxis in an ex vivo mouse caecum infection model. Electrical recordings revealed polarized FAE with sustained outward current and small transepithelial potential, while the surrounding villus is depolarized with inward current and large transepithelial potential. The distinct electrical potentials attracted S. Typhimurium to the FAE while Escherichia coli (E. coli) localized to the villi, through a process called galvanotaxis. Chloride flux involving the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) generated the ionic currents around the FAE. Pharmacological inhibition of CFTR decreased S. Typhimurium FAE localization but increased E. coli recruitment. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that bioelectric cues contribute to S. Typhimurium targeting of specific gut epithelial locations, with potential implications for other enteric bacterial infections.
Quantum-enhanced metrology with large Fock states
Authors: Deng Xiaowei , Li Sai , Chen Zi-Jie , Ni Zhongchu , Cai Yanyan , Mai Jiasheng , Zhang Libo , Zheng Pan , Yu Haifeng , Zou Chang-Ling , Liu Song , Yan Fei , Xu Yuan , Yu Dapeng 
Published: August 2024

AbstractQuantum metrology uses non-classical states, such as Fock states with a specific number of photons, to achieve an advantage over classical sensing methods. Typically, quantum metrological performance can be enhanced by increasing the involved excitation numbers, for example, by using large-photon-number Fock states. However, manipulating these states and demonstrating a quantum metrological advantage is experimentally challenging. Here we present an efficient method for generating large Fock states approaching 100 photons within a superconducting microwave cavity through the development of a programmable photon number filter. Using these states in displacement and phase measurements, we demonstrate quantum-enhanced metrology approaching the Heisenberg scaling for 40-photon Fock states and achieve a maximum metrological gain of up to 14.8 dB, highlighting the metrological advantages of large Fock states. Our study could be readily extended to mechanical and optical systems, promising potential applications in weak force detection and dark matter searches.