bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species Distribution, Monitoring Changes in
Authors: Yoccoz Nigel G. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Changes in species distributions constitute strong evidence that global change is affecting ecosystems and biodiversity. Expansion of invasive species and retraction of endangered species are examples of environmental issues that need to be understood and addressed. Monitoring range shifts require that we can accurately estimate the state(s) of the system – that is, the present and past distributions – its rate of change, and assess the underlying causes. Existing monitoring programs differ in terms of data quality and coverage of the environmental space, and very few have considered different sources of errors as well as alternative explanations of observed changes. Modeling species distributions is needed to derive alternative predictions of future changes. The design of monitoring programs should assess the assumptions
and
the predictions of these models.
J
oint
M
odels
Authors: Thompson Darby J. S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Joint modeling encompasses strategies to simultaneously model several outcomes of interest. There are three principal strategies; classical joint modeling, conditional models, and conditional independence models. Likely the most pervasive area of joint modeling is in the modeling of longitudinal and time‐to‐event data; in particular, accounting for drop‐out in longitudinal data or incorporating error‐prone, sporadically measured, longitudinal outcomes in models for event times. Conditional independence is a popular strategy, which assumes the outcomes of interest are noisy, independent measures of some underlying latent process; it is this process that induces their correlation providing a tractable assumption in many practical settings.
Extinction Rates, Estimation Of
Authors: He Fangliang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe currently available estimation methods for extinction rates vary widely in data requirement, reported rates, and their accuracy. The methods include: (i) the taxonomic survivorship curve for estimating background extinction rates; (ii) the species–area relationship for estimating extinction caused by habitat loss (this is by far the most widely used method for estimating future extinction rates due to habitat loss but has recently been shown to be technically incorrect); (iii) methods based on the change in threat status of species on the IUCN Red Lists; and (iv) population viability analysis designed to quantify extinction probability of local species populations. Problems common to these methods include the associated uncertainties in their estimates and lack of reliable data to verify the estimated extinctions.
Life‐Stage Analysis
Authors: Young Linda J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
For animals with well‐defined life stages, life stage analysis may be used to estimate properties of the stages, such as the total number of individuals that enter the stage, the mean time spent in a life stage, the probability of surviving each life stage, the mean time to entering each life stage, or the unit time survival rate. In life tables, population survival and mortality are displayed in a systematic manner and may be either age specific or time specific. The Kiritani–Nakasuji–Manly method is perhaps the most widely used method for estimating time unit and stage survival rates and stage duration. Key stages may be defined to be those life stages exhibiting the most variation or those having the greatest effect on the variation in the numbers entering the final stage. Given the structure of a continuously reproducing population in one time period, matrix population models are used to estimate the numbers in each life stage during the next time period or at some more distant time.
Natural Disturbance Processes
Authors: Delong Craig , Burton Philip , Geertsema Marten 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Natural disturbance processes have a major influence on landscape and stand‐level patterns of vegetation age, size of vegetation patches, and horizontal and vertical structures of vegetation communities. A selective reorganization of the ecological community occurs after disturbances, resulting from a pulse of resources to which the new community responds. Through these influences, natural disturbance affects habitat availability and processes such as site productivity, hydrology, and animal movement. Natural disturbance processes as diverse as fire, biotic agents (such as grazing mammals, forest insects or fungal pathogens), volcanic eruptions, landslides, and flooding all affect an ecosystem in different ways and lead to unique vegetation patterns. Attempting to approximate natural disturbance processes with human‐caused disturbance is possible at some levels but remains fundamentally different, necessitating the retention of natural areas where natural disturbance can continue to play its important role in maintaining healthy ecosystems.
PopulationViabilityAnalysis
Authors: McCarthy Michael A. , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPopulation viability analysis (PVA) assesses risks of population decline of species, and how those risks can be managed. Typically, stochastic population models are used to characterize the deterministic and stochastic components that govern changes in population size. Sources of stochasticity include demographic stochasticity due to the chance birth and death of individuals, stochasticity in the environment that is common to all individuals, chance variation in genetic composition, and spatial structure. These factors can interact to create extinction vortices that drive population decline. Predicted risks of population decline from PVA models are usually uncertain due to imprecise parameter estimates, imperfect knowledge about factors that influence dynamics, and uncertainty about future conditions. Despite these sources of uncertainty, changes in risks due to management can be predicted more reliably. Using these changes in risk, PVA can help determine efficient management strategies for reducing high contemporary rates of extinction.
Animal Movement Models
Authors: Schwarz Carl 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Where do animals move to, how many animals move, which routes do they choose, and how many animals survive the migration or dispersal are key questions for ecologists. Information on movement and migration often comes from tagging studies. This article presents a short review of the models typically used in tagging studies. New models are being developed to deal with continuous, complete data from satellite and archival tags and state‐space models for this type of data are presented.
Food Web Modeling
Authors: Chiu Grace S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Many features of a food web are semi‐ to fully quantitative and are subject to uncertainty. Various techniques have been developed to describe these features. Others have been developed to model food web dynamics for purposes that include prediction. Yet, few approaches facilitate systematic, unified conclusions to be readily drawn about the food web's characteristics. Even fewer address the uncertainty that is inherent in the behavior of organisms within the web and in the surrounding environment. Recently, statistical modeling techniques have been adapted to food web research; they allow the investigator to simultaneously address multiple questions about the food web of interest under a unified quantitative framework, while fully exploiting the important role that uncertainty plays in food web ecology. This article reviews some conventional methods for drawing insights into food webs, and discusses recent statistical developments in food web research. Some details of the latter on network flows are provided.
Cylindrical Data
Authors: Anderson‐cook Christine M. , Sango Otieno B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCylindrical data are a form of directional data, where two responses are considered. An angular or circular response is combined with a linear response to form observations, which can be thought of as a location in polar coordinates or on the surface of a unit cylinder. There are several alternatives for modeling the responses including circular‐linear relationships. Depending on the nature of the relationship between the two responses, some model forms can be more natural than others. Environmental examples of cylindrical data include plant and animal migration, as well as wind direction with another environmental measure such as ozone concentration or temperature.
Panarchy
Authors: Garmestani Ahjond S. , Allen Craig R. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Panarchy is the term coined to describe hierarchical systems where control is not only top down, as typically considered, but also bottom up. A panarchy is composed of adaptive cycles, and an adaptive cycle describes the processes of development and decay in a system. Complex systems self‐organize into hierarchies because this structure limits the possible spread of destructive phenomena (e.g., forest fires, epidemics) that could result in catastrophic system failure. Thus, hierarchical organization enhances the resilience of complex systems.
R and S
Authors: Wickham Hadley 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
R is a programming language and an environment for interactive data analysis. The first version of R was released in 1993, growing out of the S language developed at Bell Labs in the late 70s. The main strength of R is its rich ecosystem, which includes commercial vendors, thousands of add‐on packages, mechanisms for getting help, and many avenues for scientific publishing.
Power Analysis
Authors: Conn Paul B. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Power analysis is a tool for investigating trade‐offs between error rates, sample size, and precision, and has several different connotations depending on the underlying problem or objective. In the hypothesis testing context, power analysis can be used to investigate trade‐offs between Type I and Type II errors or to investigate the effect of varying sample size on statistical power. Power analysis has a broader definition in the context of environmental statistics, however, being widely used by statisticians to examine trade‐offs when designing sampling programs. In this context, power analysis largely refers to the allocation of survey effort in relation to some desired level of precision. The investigator might compare the effects of different design options (e.g., simple random sampling, stratified random sampling) or different types of estimators (model‐based estimators versus design‐based estimators). Power analysis is best viewed as a prospective tool for optimizing study design to meet objectives with a given set of constraints. In contrast, retrospective power analyses, whereby researchers fail to achieve a “significant” result and argue that it was likely due to insufficient sample size, are flawed and should be avoided.
S
ensitivity
A
nalysis of
S
tatistical
M
odels
Authors: Fassò Alessandro 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Sensitivity analysis of statistical models is aimed here at finding influential observations that affect the model considered.
In this article, using the so‐called influence curve, a number of techniques are presented for assessing the sensitivity to a single or a group of data in regression analysis, time series, and spatiotemporal models.
Using Personal Landmark Events Improves Judgments about Time, but not Contents, in Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Zwartz Micaiah , Sharman Stefanie J. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryLandmark events are strong memories that function as reference points for other memories. We examined whether people's accuracy in recalling when an earlier target event occurred was related to whether they spontaneously used personal landmark events or not. Participants completed two questionnaires separated by 2‐31 days. In the first, they described a personal event including what happened, who was there, where it was, and when it occurred. In the second questionnaire, they recalled the personal event and specific details. They also described whether they had used landmark events to assist their recall. Overall, participants' memories for temporal and content information faded over time. Spontaneous use of landmark events was associated with an increase in participants’ recall of temporal information but not content information. Analysis of the landmark events revealed that almost two‐thirds were significant events, such as birthdays, parties, and travel‐related events. Applications of the findings are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guanidine‐Catalyzed Triple Functionalization of γ‐Substituted Allenoates with Aldehydes by a Four‐Step Reaction Cascade
Authors: Selig Philipp , Turočkin Aleksej , Raven William 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe bicyclic guanidine 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD) was discovered as an efficient catalyst for the reaction of γ‐substituted allenoates with aromatic aldehydes. 4H‐1,3‐Dioxin‐6‐ylpropanoates with four newly formed bonds and four stereogenic centers were obtained in good yields and excellent diastereoselectivities by two consecutive Morita–Baylis–Hillman reactions, acetalization and intramolecular Michael addition. This four‐step reaction cascade not only significantly expands the scope of catalytic allenoate functionalizations but also highlights the potential of TBD to act as a multifunctional Lewis base catalyst.
Shear properties and load–deflection response of cross–ply glass–epoxy composite short–beams subjected to three‐point‐bending tests, and the effect of moisture absorption
Authors: Sideridis Emilio P. , Bikakis George S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe extensive use of composites in aerospace, chemical, marine, and structural applications leads to exposure to humidity and water immersion. Hence, there is a need to study the effect of moisture absorption on the mechanical properties of composite materials, especially the matrix dominated properties, such as the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). The horizontal shear test with a short‐beam specimen in three‐point‐bending is used as a general method of evaluation for the shear properties in fiber‐reinforced composites because of its simplicity. In this work, the ILSS of cross‐ply glass‐epoxy resin composites is determined in seven different fiber directions with short‐beam three‐point‐bending tests, before and after moisture conditioning. It is found that moisture absorption reduces ILSS and stiffness of the examined composites whereas it leads to larger failure deflections. It is also found that the direction of fibers strongly affects the load–deflection response and the ILSS of the dry and conditioned specimens. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of particle size and content of magnesium hydroxide on flame retardant properties of asphalt
Authors: Ren Fan , Zhang Xiaojiao , Wei Zheng , Chen Junfeng , Dong Dawei , Li Xiaolin , Zhang Liqun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe flame‐retardant properties of asphalt for some building applications are very important. This article is mainly focused on the influence of particle size and content of magnesium hydroxide (MH) on the flame‐retardant properties of asphalt. The limit oxygen index and cone calorimeter results indicate that as the MH content and mesh number increase, the flame‐retardant properties of MH‐filled flame‐retardant asphalt show a rising trend. But the role of particle size in smoke suppression is not obvious. Several tests confirm that the dispersion of the MH have some influence on the flame‐retarding effect of asphalt. The 3000 mesh MH for the preparation of flame‐retardant asphalt shows optimal performance. The experimental data show that the softening point of flame‐retardant asphalt increases, but the ductility and penetration decrease with increasing MH content. MH affects the asphalt viscosity, but not affects the adhesion of the asphalt to gravel. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Gpc‐Based Self‐Tuning PI Controller for Speed Servo System of PMSLM
Authors: Lu Shaowu , Tang Xiaoqi , Song Bao , Zheng Shiqi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this paper, a generalized predictive control (GPC)‐based two degrees of freedom (2 DOF) proportional integral (PI) controller is proposed for the speed servo system of a permanent magnet synchronous linear motor (PMSLM). In this new approach, based on a dynamic model of a servo system, a simplified and high‐performance GPC supplies a 2 DOF PI controller with suitable control parameters, according to the varied operating conditions. In previous studies, GPC‐based proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers have been designed using a step‐type or ramp‐type reference input. In our work, however, the speed command for PMSLM usually is required to be a trapezium‐type signal because of the limited travel range. Hence, control performance of a speed servo system using a GPC‐based 2 DOF PI controller is enhanced for tracking a trapezium‐type command. The validity and usefulness of the proposed controller are verified through simulation and experiments.
Robust Adaptive Output‐Feedback Dynamic Surface Control of a Class of Nonlinear Systems with Unmodeled Dynamics
Authors: Song Mingchao , Lin Yan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a robust adaptive output‐feedback dynamic surface control (DSC) for a class of nonlinear systems with unmodeled dynamics or/and uncertain time‐varying disturbances. Based on traditional K‐filters, the proposed adaptive DSC scheme is able to guarantee semi‐global stability of the closed‐loop system without applying any approximation techniques. The adaptive law is necessary only at the first design step, which, together with the introduction of a first‐order filter at each design step, makes the control law easy to implement. Moreover, it is shown that the tracking error can converge to an arbitrarily small residual set by adjusting only one design parameter.
Comparison of membrane electroporation and protein denature in response to pulsed electric field with different durations
Authors: Huang Feiran , Fang Zhihui , Mast Jason , Chen Wei 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we compared the minimum potential differences in the electroporation of membrane lipid bilayers and the denaturation of membrane proteins in response to an intensive pulsed electric field with various pulse durations. Single skeletal muscle fibers were exposed to a pulsed external electric field. The field‐induced changes in the membrane integrity (leakage current) and the Na channel currents were monitored to identify the minimum electric field needed to damage the membrane lipid bilayer and the membrane proteins, respectively. We found that in response to a relatively long pulsed electric shock (longer than the membrane intrinsic time constant), a lower membrane potential was needed to electroporate the cell membrane than for denaturing the membrane proteins, while for a short pulse a higher membrane potential was needed. In other words, phospholipid bilayers are more sensitive to the electric field than the membrane proteins for a long pulsed shock, while for a short pulse the proteins become more vulnerable. We can predict that for a short or ultrashort pulsed electric shock, the minimum membrane potential required to start to denature the protein functions in the cell plasma membrane is lower than that which starts to reduce the membrane integrity. Bioelectromagnetics 34:253–263, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Continuous exposure to low amplitude extremely low frequency electrical fields characterizing the vascular streaming potential alters elastin accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Bergethon Peter R. , Kindler Dean D. , Hallock Kevin , Blease Susan , Toselli Paul 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn normal development and pathology, the vascular system depends on complex interactions between cellular elements, biochemical molecules, and physical forces. The electrokinetic vascular streaming potential (EVSP) is an endogenous extremely low frequency (ELF) electrical field resulting from blood flowing past the vessel wall. While generally unrecognized, it is a ubiquitous electrical biophysical force to which the vascular tree is exposed. Extracellular matrix elastin plays a central role in normal blood vessel function and in the development of atherosclerosis. It was hypothesized that ELF fields of low amplitude would alter elastin accumulation, supporting a link between the EVSP and the biology of vascular smooth muscle cells. Neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cell cultures were exposed chronically to electrical fields characteristic of the EVSP. Extracellular protein accumulation, DNA content, and electron microscopic (EM) evaluation were performed after 2 weeks of exposure. Stimulated cultures showed no significant change in cellular proliferation as measured by the DNA concentration. The per‐DNA normalized protein in the extracellular matrix was unchanged while extracellular elastin accumulation decreased 38% on average. EM analysis showed that the stimulated cells had a 2.85‐fold increase in mitochondrial number. These results support the formulation that ELF fields are a potential factor in both normal vessel biology and in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic diseases including heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Bioelectromagnetics 34:358–365, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Blood stem cell products: Toward sustainable benchmarks for clinical translation
Authors: Csaszar Elizabeth , Cohen Sandra , Zandstra Peter W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRobust ex vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood (UCB) derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) should enable the widespread use of UCB as a source of cells to treat hematologic and immune diseases. Novel approaches for HSPC expansion have recently been developed, setting the stage for the production of blood stem cell derived products that fulfill our current best known criteria of clinical relevance. Translating these technologies into clinical use requires bioengineering strategies to overcome challenges of scale‐up, reproducibility, and product quality assurance. Clinical‐scale implementation should also define criteria and targets for cost‐effective cell manufacturing. As production strategies become more effective, new opportunities in the therapeutic use of ex vivo expanded hematopoietic cell products will emerge. Herein we examine key technological milestones that need to be met in order to move ex vivo expanded HSPC therapies from the bench‐top to the bedside in a robust and reliable manner.