bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scar revision
Authors: Sharma Mohit , Wakure Abhijeet 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTMost surgical patients end up with a scar and most of these would want at least some improvement in the appearance of the scar. Using sound techniques for wound closure surgeons can, to a certain extent, prevent suboptimal scars. This article reviews the principles of prevention and treatment of suboptimal scars. Surgical techniques of scar revision, i.e., Z plasty, W plasty, and geometrical broken line closure are described. Post-operative care and other adjuvant therapies of scars are described. A short description of dermabrasion and lasers for management of scars is given. It is hoped that this review helps the surgeon to formulate a comprehensive plan for management of scars of these patients.
Ectopic Thyroid Tissue in the Thyroglossal Cyst Duct: Rare Clinical Entity with Review of Literature
Authors: Gupta Sumit , Halkud Rajshekar , Siddappa KT , Sunil KC , Sarvadyna Jagdish , Chavan Purshottam , Madhu SD , Naik Sudhir M , Moorthy Samskruthi , Sinha Prashanth 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
The ectopic thyroid tissue is a rare developmental abnormality during embryogenesis where the thyroid gland passes from floor of the primitive foregut to its final pretracheal position. Its very important to verify the presence of a normally located normally functioning thyroid gland, thus excluding the possibility of an ectopic thyroid gland which resembles a TDC. A 12-year-old female presented to us with swelling in the midline of the neck region since 1 year. The mass moved with swallowing and protrusion of the tongue. On aspiration biopsy, a colloid material with cyst was confirmed. Imaging showed no orthotopic thyroid tissue on sonography and scintigraphy. No surgical intervention was done and as the patient was hypothyroid, levothyroxine replacement was given and the patient was advised for followup regularly. Hormonal estimation to rule out hypothyroid status and thyroid scintigraphy to detect the ectopic tissue and to see the presence of the normal orthotopic thyroid are essential investigations in evaluating thyroglossal cyst. Surgery is the treatment of choice in symptomatic lingual thyroids, with a role for radioiodine ablation in recurrent disease. Head and neck surgeons should evaluate ectopic thyroid as a differential diagnosis while evaluating mass in the midline as well as lateral neck.

How to cite this article
Naik SM, Halkud R, Madhu SD, Chavan P, Siddappa KT, Gupta S, Sunil KC, Moorthy S, Sinha P, Sarvadyna J. Ectopic Thyroid Tissue in the Thyroglossal Cyst Duct: Rare Clinical Entity with Review of Literature. World J Endoc Surg 2013;5(2):39-44.
Intraoperative Ultrasound-guided Excision of Cervical Lymph Nodes for Recurrent Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Bennett Ian C , Biggar Magdalena , Wong Clement , Law Michael 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
As a result of sensitive thyroglobulin assays and widespread use of cervical ultrasound, endocrine surgeons are encountering patients with impalpable suspicious or frankly metastatic cervical lymph nodes in the follow-up phase after treatment for welldifferentiated thyroid cancer. The surgical excision of impalpable disease of recurrent or persistent thyroid cancer can represent a significant challenge which may require some means of intraoperative localization to ensure that affected nodes are removed. Surgeon-performed intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) can be used for guiding excision of suspicious but impalpable cervical nodes. The IOUS-guided excision technique is described. The successful application of IOUS to localize and guide resection of impalpable nodal recurrences of papillary thyroid carcinoma in two patients is reported. The utilization of IOUS to guide resection of impalpable pathological nodes in the context of thyroid carcinoma is a safe and practical technique which avoids the need for additional localization procedures and unnecessary potential morbidity for the patient.

How to cite this article
Biggar M, Wong C, Law M, Bennett IC. Intraoperative Ultrasound-guided Excision of Cervical Lymph Nodes for Recurrent Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. World J Endoc Surg 2013;5(2):45-49.
Comparison of Proximal Contact and Contours of Premolars restored with Composite Restoration using Circumferential Matrix Band with and without Separation Ring: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Khan Farhan Raza , Umer Fahad , Rahman Munawar 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Aim
To compare the proximal contacts and contours in class II composite restorations in premolars achieved with Automatrix band with separation ring vs Automatrix band alone.

Materials and methods
A total of 188 premolar teeth with proximal cavity were assigned on alternate basis in two groups. Intervention group teeth received Automatrix band with separation ring using clamp forceps, while the control group received Automatrix band alone. All preparations were restored with P-60 composite (3M-ESPE Dental, USA). The outcome (proximal tightness) was determined by a blinded assessor. Chi-square test was applied to compare the contact tightness between the two groups. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was applied to determine any correlation between the contact tightness with proximal contours. p-value of 0.05 was taken as significant.

Results
The intervention group exhibited better proximal contacts than the control group (p-value 0.040). There was no correlation between the contact tightness and the proximal contours.

Conclusion
The use of separation ring along with Automatrix matrix band in class II composite restorations resulted in significantly better proximal contacts than Automatrix band alone. However, the separation ring does not contribute in producing an additional improvement in the proximal contours. The proximal contour has no relationship with the proximal contact tightness.

Clinical significance
Several techniques have been advocated to get tight contacts in composites including interdental separation ring. Our study focuses on using separation ring with circumferential matrix band instead of a sectional band. Moreover, we have attempted to study proximal tightness and proximal contours of composite restoration as separate variables.

How to cite this article
Khan FR, Umer F, Rahman M. Comparison of Proximal Contact and Contours of Premolars restored with Composite Restoration using Circumferential Matrix Band with and without Separation Ring: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2013;3(1):7-13.
Hydrogenases as Catalysts in Renewable Energy Applications
Authors: Tye Jesse W. , Hall Michael B. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This review details the role of the hydrogenase enzymes in the development of new electrode materials for proton reduction and dihydrogen oxidation. Platinum is the best catalyst for these reactions, but it is expensive and rare. Graphite electrodes functionalized by hydrogenase enzymes are one possible route to the synthesis of inexpensive electrodes for water splitting based on common, earth‐abundant elements. The major shortcoming of these enzymes is there extreme sensitivity to oxygen. Experimental and theoretical study of the mechanisms of proton reduction, hydrogen oxidation, and oxygen inactivation of the hydrogenase enzymes are discussed. Natural and synthetic methods for increasing oxygen tolerance are also discussed.
Cu‐Dependent Quercetin Dioxygenase
Authors: Steiner Roberto A 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Fungal quercetin dioxygenase (Qase) belongs to the cupin superfamily and is the only dioxygenase unambiguously known to rely on a mononuclear Cu(II) center for its catalytic activity. Qase catalyzes the cleavage of the O‐heteroaromatic ring of flavonols, yielding the corresponding depside (phenolic carboxylic acid ester) and carbon monoxide. In this review article we explore the available structural and functional information and discuss mechanistic proposals for this unique dioxygenase.
Divalent Lanthanides in Solution
Authors: Platt Andrew W.G. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The formation and stability of “traditional” divalent ions, Eu
2+
, Yb
2+
, and Sm
2+
are outlined. The ease of preparation of other Ln
2+
is discussed in relation to calculated reduction potentials in aqueous acidic solution. The methods of preparation of Ln
2+
are detailed as are recent advances in the stabilization of europium(II) with cryptands. The use of non‐aqueous solvents has allowed a considerable increase in the range of lanthanide metals available in the +2 oxidations state and the production of inorganic complexes of Tm, Dy, and Nd with THF and ethers outlined. Organometallic complexes particularly with bulky cyclopentadiene type ligands allow the preparation of a variety of Cp2Ln complexes with Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Dy, Tm, Yb. Many of these reduce N2. New methods of producing organometallic Ln(II) complexes by steric reduction and base‐induced reduction are outlined.
Evolutionary concepts in natural products discovery: what actinomycetes have taught us
Authors: Diminic Janko , Starcevic Antonio , Lisfi Mohamed , Baranasic Damir , Gacesa Ranko , Hranueli Daslav , Long Paul F , Cullum John , Zucko Jurica 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Actinomycetes are a very important source of natural products for the pharmaceutical industry and other applications. Most of the strains belong to Streptomyces or related genera, partly because they are particularly amenable to growth in the laboratory and industrial fermenters. It is unlikely that chemical synthesis can fulfil the needs of the pharmaceutical industry for novel compounds so there is a continuing need to find novel natural products. An evolutionary perspective can help this process in several ways. Genome mining attempts to identify secondary metabolite biosynthetic clusters in DNA sequences, which are likely to produce interesting chemical entities. There are often technical problems in assembling the DNA sequences of large modular clusters in genome and metagenome projects, which can be overcome partially using information about the evolution of the domain sequences. Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of modular clusters should allow simulation of evolutionary pathways in the laboratory to generate novel compounds.
Typoselectivity of CrudeGeobacillussp. T1 Lipase Fused with a Cellulose‐Binding Domain and Its Use in the Synthesis of Structured Lipids
Authors: Qin Xiao‐Li , Huang Hui‐Hua , Lan Dong‐Ming , Wang Yong‐Hua , Yang Bo 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTyposelectivity of crude CBD‐T1 lipase (Geobacillussp. T1 lipase fused with a cellulose binding domain) was investigated. Multi‐competitive reaction mixtures including a set ofn‐chain fatty acids (C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C18:1 n‐9, C18:2 n‐6 and C18:3 n‐3) and tripalmitin‐enriched triacylglycerols were studied in hexane. The crude CBD‐T1 lipase discriminated strongly against C18:1 n‐9 [competitive factor (α) = 0.23] and showed the highest preference for C8:0 (α= 1). Utilizing the catalytic properties of crude CBD‐T1 lipase, acidolysis of soybean oil with C8:0 was selected as a model reaction to investigate the ability of the lipase to produce MLM‐type (medium‐long‐medium) structured lipids. Several reaction parameters (added water amount, reaction temperature, substrate molar ratio and reaction time) examined for incorporating C8:0 into soybean oil, the optimum conditions were: 1:3 (soybean oil/C8:0) of molar ratio, 3 mL of hexane, 50 °C of temperature, 48 h of reaction time, 20 % of crude CBD‐T1 lipase (w/w total substrates), and 7.5 % of water (w/w enzyme). Under these conditions, the incorporation of C8:0 was 29.6 mol%. The results suggest that crude CBD‐T1 lipase, which showed different fatty acid specificity profiles, is a potential biocatalyst for the modification of fats and oils.
Delayed physical and neurobehavioral development and increased aggressive and depression‐like behaviors in the rat offspring of dams fed a high‐fat diet
Authors: Giriko Catherine Ássuka , Andreoli Carla Albuquerque , Mennitti Laís Vales , Hosoume Lilian Fazion , Souto Tayane dos Santos , Silva Alexandre Valotta da , Mendes‐da‐Silva Cristiano 
Published: September 2013

AbstractEarly maternal exposure to a high‐fat diet (HFD) may influence the brain development of rat offspring and consequently affect physiology and behavior. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the somatic, physical, sensory‐motor and neurobehavioral development of the offspring of dams fed an HFD (52% calories from fat, mainly saturated) and the offspring of dams fed a control diet (CD – 14.7% fat) during lactation from the 1st to the 21st postnatal day (P). Maternal body weights were evaluated during lactation. In the progeny, somatic (body weight, head and lengths axes) and physical (ear unfolding, auditory conduit opening, eruption of the incisors and eye opening) development and the consolidation of reflex responses (palm grasp, righting, vibrissa placing, cliff avoidance, negative geotaxis, auditory startle response and free‐fall righting) were determined during suckling. Depressive and aggressive behaviors were tested with the forced swimming test (FST) and the “foot‐shock” test on days 60 and 110, respectively. The open field test was used to assess motor function. Compared to controls, the HFD‐pups exhibited decreases in body weight (P7–P21) and body length (P4–P18), but by days P71 and P95, these pups were overweight. All indicators of physical maturation and the consolidation of the following reflexes, vibrissa placing, auditory startle responses, free‐fall righting and negative geotaxis, were delayed in HFD‐progeny. In addition, the pups from HFD dam rats also exhibited reduced swimming and climbing times in the FST and increased aggressive behavior. No changes in locomotion were observed. These findings show developmental and neurobehavioral changes in the rat offspring of dams fed the HFD during lactation and suggest possible disruption of physical and sensory‐motor maturation and increased susceptibility to depressive and aggressive‐like behavior.
Impulsively started planar actuator surfaces in high-Reynolds-number steady flow
Authors: Johnson P. B. , Wojcik A. , Drake K. R. , Eames I. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe characteristics of unbounded flow past an impulsively started planar energy extracting device, such as a wind or tidal turbine, are studied theoretically, numerically and experimentally. The initial thrust on an impulsively started device, which can be more than double the steady thrust, is an important consideration for design and safe operation. The energy sink is modelled here as an ‘actuator surface’ which imposes a uniform pressure discontinuity in the fluid proportional to the square of the fluid speed normal to the surface, the fluid density, and a dimensionless resistance coefficient. The flow past the actuator is studied theoretically for the case of weak resistance using an unsteady model which recovers steady linear momentum theory in the limit of long time. For the case of strong resistance the flow is studied numerically using the point vortex method. Experimental measurements of thrust on a mesh towed through static water are compared to the numerical results and show good agreement. The thrust on an impulsively started device is estimated, for a typical installation, to fall to within 10 % of the steady value within ∼1 min. The numerical model is also used to simulate the gradual startup of a device, yielding estimates of the time constant necessary in a control system in order to reduce peak thrusts in practice.
Cure or Protection? The meaning of smallpox inoculation, ca 1750–1775
Authors: Eriksen Anne 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe idea that smallpox could be eradicated was not necessarily the ultimate aim when inoculation was introduced in Europe in the 1720s. This potentiality was not clearly articulated as an aim until the end of the eighteenth century. This article argues that during most of the eighteenth century, the main aim of inoculation was to lead people as safely as possible through what was regarded as an unavoidable disease. Inoculation became safer, simpler and less expensive from the 1760s, but the changing ideas about its potentiality had more complex roots. A new understanding was produced through an interaction between inoculation practice, more general medical theory and developments within probabilistic thinking and political arithmetic. The first part of the article explores how smallpox inoculation was incorporated into existing medical thinking based on traditional humoral pathology. Inoculation was a new technology, but as it was perceived in the early eighteenth century, the innovation did not first and foremost concern the medical principles of the treatment. The second part of the article investigates arguments about why and when to inoculate: what kind of remedy was inoculation for eighteenth-century agents? The article concludes with a discussion on changes emerging towards the end of the century, and relates them to developments during the preceding decades rather than seeing them as inspired precursors of events and ideas to come.
Ritual Circumcision in the Age of Germ Theory Amongst Nineteenth-Century New York Immigrants
Authors: Poliak Daniel B. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWhile Jewish ritual circumcision continues to be a controversial issue in Europe and the US, metzitzah b’peh, the addendum to brit milah, which requires the mohel (ritual peritomist) to orally suck blood from the wound immediately following the excision of the foreskin, remains a divisive topic. While medical historians have studied European outbreaks of infectious disease following metzitzah b’peh, no one has assessed the response of the nineteenth century New York Jewry. This paper analyses how this nascent community responded to the thorough report by the New York Board of Health following an alleged and discredited outbreak of syphilis attributed to metzitzah b’peh in 1873, especially in the context of nineteenth century immigration, popular perception of syphilis and American medicine.
How International Courts Shape Domestic Justice: Lessons from Rwanda and Sierra Leone
Authors: Horovitz Sigall 
Published: September 2013

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) were created to deliver accountability for the atrocities committed during Rwanda's genocide of 1994 and Sierra Leone's civil war of the 1990s. The capacity of these courts, however, like other international criminal tribunals, is limited in terms of the number of persons they can prosecute. If most perpetrators evade justice, the ability of international tribunals to deliver accountability may be seriously undermined. To mitigate this risk, national justice systems should deal with the perpetrators who are not addressed by international tribunals. When national systems do not do so (or fail to do so effectively), international tribunals are well placed to encourage (or improve) national atrocity-related judicial proceedings, thereby increasing their chances of delivering accountability.This article assesses empirically the impact of the ICTR and SCSL on national atrocity-related judicial proceedings in their target countries, thus contributing to an overall assessment of these tribunals. The article also compares the national impact of the ‘pure international’ ICTR to that of the ‘hybrid’ SCSL and tries to identify features that affect the national impact of an international tribunal. Understanding the interactions between international and national justice systems, and the features that affect the national impact of international tribunals, is particularly important given the shift to ‘positive complementarity’ at the International Criminal Court.
The determinants of receiving social care in later life in England
Authors: VLACHANTONI A. , SHAW R. J. , EVANDROU M. , FALKINGHAM J. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTDemographic change and policy changes in social care provision can affect the type of social care support received by older people, whether through informal, formal state or formal paid-for sources. This paper analyses the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing data (wave 4) in order to examine the relationship between demographic and socio-economic characteristics, and the receipt of support from different sources by older people who report difficulty with daily activities. The research outlines three key results with implications for the future organisation of social care for older people. Firstly, the number of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) an older person reports having difficulty with, followed by the number of activities of daily living (ADLs) are the strongest determinants of receiving support from any source. Secondly, there are significant gender differences in the factors associated with receiving support from different sources; for example, physical health is a strong determinant of informal support receipt by men, while mental health status is a strong determinant of informal support receipt by women. Finally, the research shows that different kinds of impediments in everyday life are associated with receiving support from different sources. This ‘link’ between particular types of difficulties and support receipt from particular sources raises questions about the way social care provision can or should be organised in the future.
Age Differences in Hippocampus-Cortex Connectivity during True and False Memory Retrieval
Authors: Paz-Alonso Pedro M. , Gallego Pamela , Ghetti Simona 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated developmental differences in functional connectivity associated with true and false memory retrieval. A sample of 8- to 9-year-olds and adults (N = 31) was assessed with the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, known to induce high levels of false recognition of lures that are semantically associated with studied items. The strength of semantic association among list items was manipulated. Relative to children, adults correctly recognized more studied items and falsely recognized more critical lures. High-association lists resulted in higher recognition of both studied items and critical lures. Functional connectivity analysis revealed that, overall, true recognition was supported by coupling within two hippocampal-temporal and fronto-parietal set of regions; in contrast, coupling among more distributed hippocampal-temporal-parietal-frontal regions was observed during false recognition. Critically, adults, compared to children, exhibited stronger hippocampal/parietal coupling and stronger hippocampal/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) coupling for veridical recognition of high-associative strength items. In contrast, children, compared to adults, exhibited stronger hippocampus/ventrolateral PFC coupling and stronger bilateral middle-temporal gyrus/ventrolateral PFC coupling for high-associative strength critical lures. Our results underscored a role for the anterior hippocampus in true and false recognition, showing different functional patterns as a function of age and association strength. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–11)