bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Orbital Forcing of Tropical Insolation on the Climate and Isotopic Composition of Precipitation in South America
Authors: Liu Xiaojuan , Battisti David S. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The δ18O of calcite (δ18Oc) in speleothems from South America is fairly well correlated with austral summer [December–February (DJF)] insolation, indicating the role of orbitally paced changes in insolation in changing the climate of South America. Using an isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model (ECHAM4.6) coupled to a slab ocean model, the authors study how orbitally paced variations in insolation change climate and the isotopic composition of precipitation (δ18Op) of South America. Compared with times of high summertime insolation, times of low insolation feature (i) a decrease in precipitation inland of tropical South America as a result of an anomalous cooling of the South American continent and hence a weakening of the South American summer monsoon and (ii) an increase in precipitation in eastern Brazil that is associated with the intensification and southward movement of the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone, which is caused by the strengthening of African winter monsoon that is induced by the anomalous cooling of northern Africa. Finally, reduced DJF insolation over southern Africa causes cooling and the generation of a tropically trapped Rossby wave that intensifies and shifts the South Atlantic convergence zone northward. In times of low insolation, δ18Op increases in the northern Andes and decreases in northeastern Brazil, consistent with the pattern of δ18Oc changes seen in speleothems. Further analysis shows that the decrease in δ18Op in northeastern Brazil is due to change in the intensity of precipitation, while the increase in the northern Andes reflects a change in the seasonality of precipitation and in the isotopic composition of vapor that forms the condensates.
Airmass Origin in the Arctic. Part I: Seasonality
Authors: Orbe Clara , Newman Paul A. , Waugh Darryn W. , Holzer Mark , Oman Luke D. , Li Feng , Polvani Lorenzo M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The first climatology of airmass origin in the Arctic is presented in terms of rigorously defined airmass fractions that partition air according to where it last contacted the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Results from a present-day climate integration of the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry–Climate Model (GEOSCCM) reveal that the majority of air in the Arctic below 700 mb last contacted the PBL poleward of 60°N. By comparison, 62% (±0.8%) of the air above 700 mb originates over Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes (i.e., “midlatitude air”). Seasonal variations in the airmass fractions above 700 mb reveal that during boreal winter air from midlatitudes originates primarily over the oceans, with 26% (±1.9%) last contacting the PBL over the eastern Pacific, 21% (±0.87%) over the Atlantic, and 16% (±1.2%) over the western Pacific. During summer, by comparison, midlatitude air originates primarily over land, overwhelmingly so over Asia [41% (±1.0%)] and, to a lesser extent, over North America [24% (±1.5%)]. Seasonal variations in the airmass fractions are interpreted in terms of changes in the large-scale ventilation of the midlatitude boundary layer and the midlatitude tropospheric jet.
Freshwater Flux and Spatiotemporal Simulated Runoff Variability into Ilulissat Icefjord, West Greenland, Linked to Salinity and Temperature Observations near Tidewater Glacier Margins Obtained Using Instrumented Ringed Seals
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Holland David M. , Holland Denise , Rosing-Asvid Aqqalu , Yde Jacob C. , Liston Glen E. , Steffen Konrad 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe distribution of terrestrial surface runoff to Ilulissat Icefjord, west Greenland, is simulated for the period 2009–13 to better emphasize the spatiotemporal variability in freshwater flux and the link between runoff spikes and observed hydrographic conditions at the Greenland Ice Sheet tidewater glacier margins. Runoff model simulations were forced with automatic weather station data and verified against snow water equivalent depth, equilibrium line altitude, and quasi-continuous salinity and temperature observations obtained by ringed seals. Instrumented seals provide a novel platform to examine the otherwise inaccessible waters beneath the dense ice mélange within the first 0–10 km of the calving front. The estimated mean freshwater flux from land was 70.6 ± 4.2 km3 yr−1, with an 85% contribution of ice discharge from Jakobshavn Isbrae (also known as Sermeq Kujalleq), 14% from runoff, and the remaining 1% from precipitation on the fjord surface area, subglacial geothermal melting, and frictional melting due to basal ice motion. Runoff was simulated to be present from May to November and to vary spatially according to glacier cover and individual catchment size. Salinity and temperature observations correlate (significantly) with simulated runoff for the upper part of both the main fjord and southern fjord arm. Also, at the tidewater glacier margins in the northern and southern arm of Ilulissat Icefjord, salinity changes in the upper water column (upper 50 m) are significant after temporal spikes in runoff during late summer, while small-amplitude runoff variability during the recession of runoff did not create a clear signal in observed salinity variability. Also, in the southern arm near the glacier margin (between 100- and 150-m depth), the heterogeneous distribution in salinity could be because of the mixing of meltwater going upward from passing the grounding line. The effect of runoff spikes on observed salinity is less pronounced near the ice margin of Jakobshavn Isbrae than in the north and south arms.
Ambulatory Thyroidectomy
Authors: Orosco Ryan K. , Lin Harrison W. , Bhattacharyya Neil 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveDetermine rates and reasons for revisits after ambulatory adult thyroidectomy.Study DesignCross‐sectional analysis of multistate ambulatory surgery and hospital databases.SettingAmbulatory surgery data from the State Ambulatory Surgery Databases of California, Florida, Iowa, and New York for calendar years 2010 and 2011.Subjects and MethodsAmbulatory thyroidectomy cases were linked to state ambulatory, emergency, and inpatient databases for revisit encounters occurring within 30 days. The numbers of revisits, mortality, and associated diagnoses were analyzed.ResultsA total of 25,634 cases of ambulatory thyroid surgery were identified: 44.2% total thyroidectomy (TT) and 55.8% partial thyroidectomy (PT). Common indications for surgery included goiter/cyst (39.5%), benign/uncertain neoplasm (24.2%), and malignant neoplasm (24.0%). The 30‐day revisit rate was 7.2% (n = 1858; 61.8% emergency department, 22.4% inpatient admission, and 15.8% ambulatory surgery center). The most common diagnosis at revisit was hypocalcemia (20.8% of revisits), followed by wound hematoma/seroma/bleeding (7.1%). Higher rates of revisit, hypocalcemia, and hematoma/seroma/bleeding were seen in patients undergoing TT (P <. 016 for all). Sixteen patients had bleeding less than 24 hours after the index procedure (0.1% overall, 0.9% of revisits). Most hypocalcemia and hematoma/bleeding occurred over the first postoperative week. Three deaths occurred within 30 days of the index procedure.ConclusionIn carefully selected patients, ambulatory thyroidectomy demonstrates a good postoperative morbidity and mortality profile. Common reasons for revisits included hypocalcemia and bleeding/seroma/hematoma, which occurred with relatively high frequencies as late as a week after surgery. Quality improvement measures should be targeted at lowering revisit rates and safely managing complications.
Screening for hepatitis C in average and high‐risk populations of Qatar using rapid point‐of‐care testing
Authors: Sharma Manik , Al Kaabi Saad , John Anil K , Al Dweik Nazeeh , Ullah Wani Hameed , Babu Thandassary Ragesh , Derbala Moutaz F , Al Ejji Khalid , Sultan Khaleel , Pasic Fuad , Al Mohannadi Munnera , Yacoub Rafae , Butt Mohd Tariq , Singh Rajvir 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundScreening for hepatitis C has been found to be beneficial in high‐risk individuals and ‘baby boomers’.ObjectiveOur aim was to screen for hepatitis C in average and high‐risk individuals and compare the disease characteristics and response to treatment among the screened group (SG) and non‐screened group (NSG).MethodCommunity‐based screening for hepatitis C was done in the average and high‐risk populations of Qatar. Screening was done using rapid point‐of‐care testing. All patients with stage 1 fibrosis on liver biopsy were treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin.ResultsIn total, 13,704 people were screened and 272 (2%, 95% CI (1.8–2.2%) had positive antibodies to hepatitis C. During the same period, 237 non‐screened patients (NSG) with hepatitis C were referred for treatment. Alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT, AST) and overall fibrosis were significantly lower in the SG as compared with the NSG (p  = 0.04, 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). The response to treatment was similar in the SG as compared with the NSG (sustained viral response 61.7 % versus 69.1%, p  = 0.55). Average‐risk patients had significantly lower ALT levels (p  = 0.04) but had similar response to treatment as the high‐risk individuals (sustained viral response 63.2 % versus 61%, p  = 0.87).ConclusionScreening detects hepatitis C with lesser fibrosis but does not result in better response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin as compared with non‐screened patients.
Alternative donor hematopoietic cell transplantation for Fanconi anemia
Authors: MacMillan Margaret L. , DeFor Todd E. , Young Jo-Anne H. , Dusenbery Kathryn E. , Blazar Bruce R. , Slungaard Arne , Zierhut Heather , Weisdorf Daniel J. , Wagner John E. 
Published: April 2015

Key PointsWith no prior opportunistic infections/transfusions, 5-year survival after alternative donor HCT with TBI 300 cGy, CY, FLU, and ATG was 94%. Today, most FA patients with standard risk disease are cured of their bone marrow failure by HCT even without an HLA-matched sibling donor.
Optogenetic induced epileptiform activity in a model human cortex
Authors: Selvaraj Prashanth , Sleigh Jamie W , Kirsch Heidi E , Szeri Andrew J 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Background
Cortical stimulation plays an important role in the study of epileptic seizures. We present a numerical simulation of stimulation using optogenetic channels expressed by excitatory cells in a mean field model of the human cortex.

Findings
Depolarising excitatory cells in a patch of model cortex using Channelrhodpsin-2 (ChR2) ion channels, we are able to hyper-excite a normally functioning cortex and mimic seizure activity. The temporal characteristics of optogenetic channels, and the ability to control the frequency of synchronous activity using these properties are also demonstrated.

Conclusions
Optogenetics is a powerful stimulation technique with high spatial, temporal and cell-type specificity, and would be invaluable in studying seizures and other brain disorders and functions.
XEOM 1 - A novel microscopy system for the chemical imaging of heritage metal surfaces
Authors: Dowsett Mark , Hand Matt , Sabbe Pieter-Jan , Thompson Paul , Adriaens Annemie 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Background
We describe a novel microscopy system which can obtain chemical maps from the surfaces of heritage metals in air or a controlled environment. The microscope, x-ray excited optical microscope Mk 1 (XEOM 1), forms images from x-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) induced by illuminating a few square millimetres of the sample with monochromated x-rays (broad beam or macroprobe illumination). XEOL is a spectroscopy tool in its own right and can, under the right circumstances, also be a vehicle for x-ray absorption spectroscopy. This (usually) synchrotron based technique provides information on the chemical state and short-range atomic order of the top few microns of a surface. It is thus well suited to heritage metal corrosion studies and is complementary to synchrotron x-ray diffraction.

Results
Imaging can be performed by scanning the sample under an x-ray microprobe. We show elsewhere that the power density needed for image acquisition on a reasonable time-scale is high enough to damage a patina and modify its chemistry. Although the damaged region may be invisible to the human eye, the data are characteristic of the damage and not the native chemistry of the surface. A macrobeam power density can be 4 orders of magnitude smaller than that for a microbeam and no surface modification was observed on test samples. Features of the instrument are demonstrated using copper test surfaces with a spatially varying patination to establish the ground work for the imaging of copper, cuprite, nantokite and atacamite/paratacamite and a first application from a bronze chain mail link. In parallel we have developed a suite of imaging software which can process XEOM image stacks to produce reduced data sets characteristic of various aspects of the surface chemical map. These include edge-shift (oxidation state) images and edge height (high contrast) images and spectra from user defined regions of interest.

Conclusions
The technique can map the oxidation state of a surface from shifts in the absorption edge energy across columns of pixels in an image set, and map particular compounds from their characteristic XANES spectra. Optically filtered images give improved chemical selectivity and the data sets contain as yet untapped information sources.
Age inclusive services or separate old age and working age services? A historical analysis from the formative years of old age psychiatryc.1940–1989
Authors: Hilton Claire 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe Equality Act 2010 made it unlawful to discriminate in the provision of services on the grounds of age. This legislation is open to interpretation, but it is affecting the way older people's services are defined and provided. Historical evidence indicates that, since the 1940s, apart from psychiatrists working in dedicated old age services, most were unenthusiastic about working with mentally unwell older people and unsupportive of those who chose to do so. A historical analysis might shed light on current dilemmas about ‘all age’ or ‘old age’ services and inform decision-making on future mental health services.
Neglect of the complex: why psychotherapy for post-traumatic clinical presentations is often ineffective
Authors: Corrigan Frank M. , Hull Alastair M. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryEvidence of efficacy in studies of post-traumatic conditions is largely derived from studies in which variables are kept to a minimum. Extrapolation of treatments from uncomplicated disorders to complex conditions may therefore be called evidence-based without being evidenced. Complex conditions with poly-symptomatic presentations and extensive comorbidity are being denied proper evaluation, and patients most severely traumatised from the early stages of their development are not provided with rigorously evaluated psychotherapies because they are more difficult to study in the manner approved by research protocols. Such evidence as there is suggests that the simple extension of treatments for uncomplicated disorders is seriously inadequate. This has significant implications for health services responsible for the provision of the most efficacious treatments to those whose disorders arise from severe trauma, often very early in their life.
Complete Regression of Metastatic Cervical Cancer After Treatment With Human Papillomavirus–Targeted Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells
Authors: Stevanović Sanja , Draper Lindsey M. , Langhan Michelle M. , Campbell Tracy E. , Kwong Mei Li , Wunderlich John R. , Dudley Mark E. , Yang James C. , Sherry Richard M. , Kammula Udai S. , Restifo Nicholas P. , Rosenberg Steven A. , Hinrichs Christian S. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose Metastatic cervical cancer is a prototypical chemotherapy-refractory epithelial malignancy for which better treatments are needed. Adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) is emerging as a promising cancer treatment, but its study in epithelial malignancies has been limited. This study was conducted to determine if ACT could mediate regression of metastatic cervical cancer. Patients and Methods Patients enrolled onto this protocol were diagnosed with metastatic cervical cancer and had previously received platinum-based chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Patients were treated with a single infusion of tumor-infiltrating T cells selected when possible for human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 reactivity (HPV-TILs). Cell infusion was preceded by lymphocyte-depleting chemotherapy and was followed by administration of aldesleukin. Results Three of nine patients experienced objective tumor responses (two complete responses and one partial response). The two complete responses were ongoing 22 and 15 months after treatment, respectively. One partial response was 3 months in duration. The HPV reactivity of T cells in the infusion product (as measured by interferon gamma production, enzyme-linked immunospot, and CD137 upregulation assays) correlated positively with clinical response (P = .0238 for all three assays). In addition, the frequency of HPV-reactive T cells in peripheral blood 1 month after treatment was positively associated with clinical response (P = .0238). Conclusion Durable, complete regression of metastatic cervical cancer can occur after a single infusion of HPV-TILs. Exploratory studies suggest a correlation between HPV reactivity of the infusion product and clinical response. Continued investigation of this therapy is warranted.
β-Cell Sensitivity to GLP-1 in Healthy Humans Is Variable and Proportional to Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Aulinger Benedikt A. , Vahl Torsten P. , Wilson-Pérez Hilary E. , Prigeon Ron L. , D'Alessio David A. 
Published: April 2015

Context:
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an insulinotropic factor made in the gastrointestinal tract that is essential for normal glucose tolerance. Infusion of GLP-1 increases insulin secretion in both diabetic and nondiabetic humans. However, the degree to which people vary in their β-cell sensitivity to GLP-1 and the factors contributing to this variability have not been reported.

Objective:
The objective was to measure the sensitivity of insulin secretion to GLP-1 in cohorts of lean and obese subjects across a broad range of insulin sensitivity.

Methods:
Insulin secretion was measured during clamped hyperglycemia (7.2 mmol/L) and graded GLP-1 infusion in young, healthy subjects, and GLP-1 sensitivity was computed from the insulin secretion rate (ISR) during progressive increases in plasma GLP-1.

Results:
All subjects had fasting glucose values &lt;5.2 mm. The obese subjects were insulin resistant compared to the lean group (homeostasis model of assessment 2 for insulin resistance: obese, 2.6 ± 0.5; lean, 0.8 ± 0.1; P &lt; .001). ISR increased linearly in both cohorts with escalating doses of GLP-1, but the slope of ISR in response to GLP-1 was greater in the obese than in the lean subjects (obese, 0.17 ± 0.03 nmol/min/pm; lean, 0.05 ± 0.01 nmol/min/pm; P &lt; .001). There was a significant association of β-cell GLP-1 sensitivity and insulin resistance (r = 0.83; P &lt; .001), and after correction for homeostasis model of assessment 2 for insulin resistance, the slopes of ISR vs GLP-1 concentration did not differ in the two cohorts (obese, 0.08 ± 0.01; lean, 0.08 ± 0.01; P = .98). However, within the entire study group, β-cell GLP-1 sensitivity corrected for insulin resistance varied nearly 10-fold.

Conclusions:
Insulin secretion in response to GLP-1 is proportional to insulin resistance in healthy subjects. However, there is considerable variability in the sensitivity of the β-cell to GLP-1 that is independent of insulin sensitivity.
Cavin family proteins and the assembly of caveolae
Authors: Kovtun Oleksiy , Tillu Vikas A. , Ariotti Nicholas , Parton Robert G. , Collins Brett M. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Caveolae are an abundant feature of the plasma membrane in many cells. Until recently, they were generally considered to be membrane invaginations whose formation primarily driven by integral membrane proteins called caveolins. However, the past decade has seen the emergence of the cavin family of peripheral membrane proteins as essential coat components and regulators of caveola biogenesis. In this Commentary, we summarise recent data on the role of cavins in caveola formation, highlighting structural studies that provide new insights into cavin coat assembly. In mammals, there are four cavin family members that associate through homo- and hetero-oligomerisation to form distinct subcomplexes on caveolae, which can be released into the cell in response to stimuli. Studies from several labs have provided a better understanding of cavin stoichiometry and the molecular basis for their oligomerisation, as well as identifying interactions with membrane phospholipids that may be important for caveola function. We propose a model in which coincident, low-affinity electrostatically controlled protein–protein and protein–lipid interactions allow the formation of caveolae, generating a meta-stable structure that can respond to plasma membrane stress by release of cavins.
Conta pra ela!
Authors: Bello Caio Henrique Costa , De Rojas Isadora Matsuda Sanchez , Zanni Pedro 
Published: April 2015

Gisele abriu uma loja de calçados femininos especializada em tamanhos grandes. O que ela não sabia era que a loja acabaria atraindo clientes como drags queens, crossdressers, transexuais e travestis. Como conciliar consumidores com perfis diferentes?
Acesse a nota de ensino desse caso aqui
Indigenous pottery at Sirigu: Dialogue on materials, methods and sociocultural significance
Authors: Asante Eric Appau , Opoku-Asare Nana Afia , Wemegah Roland 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Sirigu is a major artistic community in the upper east region of Ghana; its decorative murals have attracted admiration globally. Besides wall paintings, Sirigu women also produce a variety of pottery for domestic, religious and commercial purposes. Although much valued, not much is known about their pottery. This research has studied the raw materials, production techniques, ornamentations and uses of the women’s pottery products at Sirigu. Further, the educational implications of the pottery industry of the Sirigu women have been discussed. Primary data were gathered through field research, including observations and interviews with relevant informants, which were recorded using note-taking, voice recordings and photography. These were complemented and framed through information from secondary sources. Raw materials used are obtained from the immediate environment, are organic in nature and are processed in indigenous ways. The study indicates that the art of pottery making has potential for improving the standard of living of the people, as well as for promoting quality Visual Arts education in Ghana.
Conservative Management of Chylothorax after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Altun Gokalp , Pulathan Zerrin , Kutanis Dilek , Hemsinli Dogus , Erturk Engin , Civelek Ali 
Published: April 2015

Chylothorax is a rare sequela to cardiac surgery, associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. There are various medical and surgical options for its management. We describe 2 cases of chylothorax that developed after coronary artery bypass grafting and were managed successfully with medical therapy alone.
Conservative treatment such as we describe aims to reduce chyle flow, to drain the pleural cavity in an effective manner, and to prevent chronic sequelae. Optimal conservative treatment, consisting of nothing by mouth and the administration of a pleurodetic agent, should be started immediately upon diagnosis. In most cases, it reduces the need for reoperation and long-term hospitalization. Prospective randomized controlled trials are nonetheless needed to confirm these assumptions.