bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not the right time: why parents refuse to let their daughters have the human papillomavirus vaccination
Authors: Grandahl Maria , Oscarsson Marie , Stenhammar Christina , Nevéus Tryggve , Westerling Ragnar , Tydén Tanja 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo explore why parents refused to allow their 10‐ to 12‐year‐old daughters to receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination from the Swedish school‐based vaccination programme.MethodsIndividual interviews with 25 parents who had been offered, but not consented to, their daughters receiving the HPV vaccination.ResultsFive themes emerged through the interviews: 1) she is just a little girl, 2) inadequate information, 3) not compatible with our way of life, 4) scepticism about the vaccination and 5) who can you trust? The parents made their decisions with their child's best interests in mind. This was not considered the right time, and the vaccine was perceived as unnecessary and different from other vaccines. Mistrust in Government recommendations and a lack of evidence or information were other reasons to decline.ConclusionThe decision‐making process was complex. These parents preferred to wait until their daughter was older and believed the information they received from the school health system was insufficient. The results indicate that a more flexible HPV vaccination schedule may improve vaccine uptake. This includes more transparent information about the virus and the vaccine and information about who to contact to get the daughter vaccinated at a later date.
Advances in understanding stroke risk in children – a geneticist's view
Authors: Stoll Monika , Rühle Frank , Nowak‐Göttl Ulrike 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe advent of the genomic era has provided novel insights into the genetic architecture of common complex diseases, such as thrombophilia and stroke. Since 2006, a growing number of genome wide association studies (GWAS) for common complex diseases have revealed new candidate loci and genomic regions that play an important role in disease aetiology and progression. While GWAS on the above mentioned traits are abundant in adults, similar studies in paediatric study cohorts are lagging behind. However, genetic research in this important clinical area has gained momentum and starts to provide us with exciting insights into the genetic underpinnings of stroke with paediatric onset. Here we review recent advances in genetic association studies underlying stroke in children and aim to translate the results to clinical utility. These studies comprise candidate gene approaches and GWAS, and represent the current status on what we have learnt about the genetic architecture underlying paediatric stroke, and how this may affect medical practice in the years to come.
Enhancement of the advanced Fenton process by ultrasound for decolorisation of real textile wastewater
Authors: Weng Chih‐Huang , Lin Yao‐Tung , Liu Na , Yang Hong‐Yang 
Published: December 2013

Successful decolorisation of real textile wastewater was achieved by means of the advanced Fenton process in conjunction with ultrasound technology. A synergy factor of 6.9 for this combined method was determined. The decolorisation followed zero‐order kinetics, and the rate increased with increasing zero‐valent iron dose and decreasing pH and hydrogen peroxide concentration. The optimum conditions for an American Dye Manufacturers Institute decolorisation value of 1638 ADMI was found to be a pH of 3.0, an ultrasound frequency of 47 kHz, a zero‐valent iron dose of 1.0 g l−1, and a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 1.03 × 10−2 m. Under these conditions, the estimated operating cost to decolorise 96% true colour was estimated to be $US 4.51 m−3. The study demonstrated that the given combined method could be applied to decolorise textile wastewaters.
Actor–Networks, Farmer Decisions, and Identity
Authors: Gray Benjamin J. , Gibson Jane W. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractClimate change and industrial agricultural practices pose threats to the future of Kansas agriculture. To inform the debate about sustainable agriculture that must soon occur, we seek to illuminate the factors involved in the decision making of farmers in Kansas. Drawing from Actor–Network Theory, we consider how farmers' participation in the industrial agricultural network shapes their decisions, defines the types of knowledge and skills that are valued by farmers and others in the network, transforms what it means to be a Kansas grain farmer, and entrenches unsustainable production practices.
Trees to treehoppers: genetic variation in host plants contributes to variation in the mating signals of a plant‐feeding insect
Authors: Rebar Darren , Rodríguez Rafael L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCommunity genetics research has demonstrated ‘bottom‐up’ effects of genetic variation within a plant species in shaping the larger community with which it interacts, such as compositions of arthropod faunas. We demonstrate that such cross‐trophic interactions also influence sexually selected traits. We used a member of the Enchenopa binotata species complex of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) to ask whether male mating signals are influenced by host plant genetic variation. We reared a random sample of the treehoppers on potted replicates of a sample of host plant clone lines. We found that treehopper male signals varied according to the clone line on which they developed, showing that genetic variation in host plants affects male treehoppers' behavioural phenotypes. This is the first demonstration of cross‐trophic indirect genetic effects on a sexually selected trait. We discuss how such effects may play an important role in the maintenance of variation and within‐population phenotypic differentiation, thereby promoting evolutionary divergence.
Antagonistic interaction networks are structured independently of latitude and host guild
Authors: Morris Rebecca J. , Gripenberg Sofia , Lewis Owen T. , Roslin Tomas 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAn increase in species richness with decreasing latitude is a prominent pattern in nature. However, it remains unclear whether there are corresponding latitudinal gradients in the properties of ecological interaction networks. We investigated the structure of 216 quantitative antagonistic networks comprising insect hosts and their parasitoids, drawn from 28 studies from the High Arctic to the tropics. Key metrics of network structure were strongly affected by the size of the interaction matrix (i.e. the total number of interactions documented between individuals) and by the taxonomic diversity of the host taxa involved. After controlling for these sampling effects, quantitative networks showed no consistent structural patterns across latitude and host guilds, suggesting that there may be basic rules for how sets of antagonists interact with resource species. Furthermore, the strong association between network size and structure implies that many apparent spatial and temporal variations in network structure may prove to be artefacts.
Outcome of fulminant bacterial meningitis in adult patients
Authors: Muralidharan R. , Mateen F. J. , Rabinstein A. A. 
Published: December 2013

Background and purposeThe objective of our study was to identify neurological factors associated with poor outcome in adult patients with fulminant bacterial meningitis.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of consecutive adult patients with fulminant bacterial meningitis, defined as meningitis causing coma within 24–48 h of hospitalization, at Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 2000 and November 2010. Functional status was assessed at discharge and upon last follow‐up using the modified Rankin scale (mRS). The primary end‐point was death or new major disability (increase of >2 on the mRS) at last follow‐up.ResultsThirty‐nine patients were identified. Encephalopathy (44%), coma (28%), focal seizures (3%) or a combination of these (26%) were present on admission. The most common pathogen was Streptococcus pneumoniae (57%). All patients were treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and 51% received steroids. Serious systemic complications were seen in 23 patients. Sixteen patients (41%) died during hospitalization. Median mRS at hospital discharge for surviving patients was 3; four patients had new major disability with a mean follow‐up of 11 months. Predictors of death or new major disability included lower Glasgow Coma Scale score at nadir [P = 0.002; age‐ and sex‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28–0.48], longer duration of symptoms before hospitalization (P = 0.045; adjusted OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.02–5.37), abnormal head imaging at presentation (P = 0.008; adjusted OR 9.40, 95% CI 1.78−49.6) and use of intracranial pressure monitoring (P = 0.010, adjusted OR 51.0, 95% CI 2.51−1036).ConclusionMany adult patients who survive hospitalization are able to regain their pre‐morbid level of function. Aggressive management of bacterial meningitis is justified even in comatose adult patients.
The effects of a mineral trioxide aggregate‐based sealer on the production of reactive oxygen species, nitrogen species and cytokines by two macrophage subtypes
Authors: Braga J. M. , Oliveira R. R. , Martins R. C. , Ribeiro Sobrinho A. P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo test the effects of a mineral trioxide aggregate‐based sealer (MTA Fillapex®) and MTA (MTA‐Ângelus®) on viability and on the production of cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (NO) by M1 and M2 inflammatory macrophages.MethodologyM1 (from C57BL/6 mice) and M2 (from BALB/c mice) peritoneal inflammatory macrophages were obtained and cultured in vitro in the presence of original and diluted extracts of MTA and MTA Fillapex (FLPX). The cell viability, ROS release and the release of tumour necrosis factor‐a, interleukin (IL)‐12, IL‐10 and NO in response to stimulation with interferon‐γ and Fusobacterium nucleatum or Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were evaluated. The data were analysed using the Mann–Whitney test and Student's t‐test.ResultsFillapex was cytotoxic at the highest concentrations (1 : 1;1 : 2) and decreased the viability (P < 0.05) of both macrophage types (<20%). MTA did not interfere with cellular viability. FLPX inhibited the release of ROS and decreased NO release in F. nucleatum and P. anaerobius ‐stimulated M1 and M2 macrophages (≤25 μ mol L–1). F. nucleatum–stimulated M2 macrophage cultures released lower levels of TNF‐α when FLPX was added (≤1 ng mL−1). M2 macrophages released higher (>5 ng mL−1) levels of IL‐10 than M1 macrophages. Only M1 macrophage cultures produced IL‐12p70.ConclusionsFillapex impaired effector immune responses during inflammation (M1 macrophages), as well as during healing (M2 macrophages) responses.
Clinical accuracy of two electronic apex locators in teeth with large periapical lesions
Authors: Çalışkan M. K. , Kaval M. E. , Tekin U. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate in vivo the accuracy of two electronic apex locators (EALs) in determining the position of the apical foramen of teeth with large periapical lesions and persistent intracanal exudate.MethodologyThirty‐three maxillary anterior teeth assigned for periapical surgery were selected. Following the preparation of standard endodontic access cavities, electronic working lengths were determined using the ProPex and Apex Pointer apex locators. During endodontic surgery, the actual root canal length of each tooth was measured by positioning a K‐file at the most coronal border of the major foramen. Root canal treatments combined with apical surgery were then completed. Data were analysed with paired t‐tests.ResultsProPex and Apex Pointer were accurate (within ± 0.5 mm) 97% and 94% of the time. No significant differences were detected between the apex locators (P = 0.325).ConclusionsDespite the presence of exudate in the root canals, the position of the major foramen in teeth with large periapical lesions can be determined with high level of precision either by ProPex or Apex Pointer. Both EALs can be used safely in working length determination of teeth with large periapical lesions, which have persistent intracanal exudate.
Estimating the Annual Number of Strokes and the Issue of Imperfect Data: An Example from Australia
Authors: Cadilhac Dominique A. , Vos Theo , Thrift Amanda G. 
Published: December 2013

Background Estimates of strokes in Australia are typically obtained using 1996–1997 age-specific attack rates from the pilot North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence (NEMESIS) Study (eight postcode regions). Declining hospitalizations for stroke indicate the potential to overestimate cases. Aims To illustrate how current methods may potentially overestimate the number of strokes in Australia. Methods Hospital separations data (primary discharge ICD10 codes I60 to I64) and three stroke projection models were compared. Each model had age- and gender-specific attack rates from the NEMESIS study applied to the 2003 population. One model used the 2003 Burden of Disease approach where the ratio of the 1996–1997 NEMESIS study incidence to hospital separation rate in the same year was adjusted by the 2002/2003 hospital separation rate within the same geographic region using relevant ICD-primary diagnosis codes. Hospital separations data were inflated by 12.1% to account for nonhospitalized stroke, while the Burden of Disease model was inflated by 27.6% to account for recurrent stroke events in that year. The third model used 1997–1999 attack rates from the larger 22-postcode NEMESIS study region. Results In 2003, Australian hospitalizations for stroke (I60 to I64) were 33 022, and extrapolation to all stroke (hospitalized and nonhospitalized) was 37 568. Applying NEMESIS study attack rates to the 2003 Australian population, 50 731 strokes were projected. Fewer cases for 2003 were estimated with the Burden of Disease model (28 364) and 22-postcode NEMESIS study rates (41 332). Conclusions Estimating the number of strokes in a country can be highly variable depending on the recency of data, the type of data available, and the methods used.
Critical stoichiometric ratio of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and CD4+ CD25− responder T cells influence immunosuppression in patients with B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik , Chandra Sarmila , Mandal Chitra 
Published: December 2013

SummaryRegulatory T (Treg) cells act to suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immunological homeostasis and tolerance to self‐antigens. The frequency and suppressing activity of Treg cells in general are high in different malignancies. We wanted to identify the role and regulation of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells in B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B‐ALL). We have included patients at diagnosis (n = 54), patients in clinical remission (n = 32) and normal healthy individuals (n = 35). These diagnosed patients demonstrated a lower number of CD4+ CD25+ cells co‐expressing a higher level of FoxP3, interleukin‐10, transforming growth factor‐β and CD152/CTLA‐4 than the normal population. Treg cells from patients showed a higher suppressive capability on CD4+ CD25− responder T (Tresp) cells than normal. The frequency and immunosuppressive potential of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells became high with the progression of malignancy in B‐ALL. Relative distribution of Tresp and Treg cells was only ~5 : 1 in B‐ALL but ~35 : 1 in normal healthy individuals, further confirming the elevated immunosuppression in patients. A co‐culture study at these definite ex vivo ratios, indicated that Treg cells from B‐ALL patients exhibited higher immunosuppression than Treg cells from normal healthy individuals. After chemotherapy using the MCP841 protocol, the frequency of CD4+ CD25+ cells was gradually enhanced with the reduction of FoxP3, interleukin‐10 positivity corresponded with disease presentation, indicating reduced immunosuppression. Taken together, our study indicated that the CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells played an important role in immunosuppression, resulting in a positive disease‐correlation in these patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed report on the frequency, regulation and functionality of Treg cells in B‐ALL.
Suffrage Extensions and Voting Patterns in Latin America: Is Mobilization a Source of Decay?
Authors: Kellam Marisa 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This article examines whether changes in electoral participation contributed to electoral volatility in Latin America between 1945 and 2000. As a result of literacy voting requirements and authoritarian interludes that disenfranchised large portions of the population, new voters in Latin America probably had different political interests from the previous electorate and were not socialized to electoral politics. The article considers the hypothesis that the inclusion of new voters with different interests produces an immediate, short-term change in aggregate voting patterns, and a lack of socialization of new voters generates lingering instability in electoral behavior. Accounting for confounding factors, the analysis of legislative elections in 12 countries indicates that the expansion of the electorate temporarily disrupted voting patterns in Latin America but did not lead to long-run party system decay.
Conformidad selectiva con la ley y crecimiento autorrestringido de las pequeñas empresas en Sudáfrica
Authors: BISCHOFF Christine , WOOD Geoffrey 
Published: December 2013

ResumenSobre la base de entrevistas en profundidad, se examina por qué muchas pequeñas empresas sudafricanas cumplen solo parcialmente la legislación laboral: suelen respetar la normativa general, pero no la dimanante de los consejos de negociación sectoriales previstos en la ley. La antipatía hacia los sindicatos en la era post‐apartheid podría explicarlo. Además, el control de estos consejos sobre las empresas se intensifica cuanto mayor sea el número de trabajadores, por lo que las más pequeñas prefieren subcontratar para aumentar su producción o no declarar todos sus efectivos. Se bascula pues entre el ámbito formal y el informal «jugando» con la dimensión de la empresa.
Subcontratación y evitación de la relación de trabajo en la industria francesa entre 1984 y 2003
Authors: PERRAUDIN Corinne , THÈVENOT Nadine , VALENTIN Julie 
Published: December 2013

ResumenA partir de una base de datos exhaustiva de las empresas de veinte asalariados o más de la industria francesa de 1984 a 2003, las autoras cuantifican el recurso a la subcontratación y ponen de manifiesto su generalización a partir de mediados de los años ochenta, así como la sustitución del trabajo interno por trabajo externo que de ello se deriva. El análisis empírico de las motivaciones conduce a pensar en comportamientos de evitación de los efectos de la relación de trabajo y de las obligaciones del empleador en virtud del derecho laboral.
Verrucous carcinoma of the head and neck – not a human papillomavirus‐related tumour?
Authors: Odar Katarina , Kocjan Boštjan J. , Hošnjak Lea , Gale Nina , Poljak Mario , Zidar Nina 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAssociation between verrucous carcinoma (VC) of the head and neck and human papillomaviruses (HPV) is highly controversial. Previous prevalence studies focused mostly on α‐PV, while little is known about other PV genera. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of a broad spectrum of HPV in VC of the head and neck using sensitive and specific molecular assays. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded samples of 30 VC and 30 location‐matched normal tissue samples were analysed, by using six different polymerase chain reaction‐based methods targeting DNA of at least 87 HPV types from α‐PV, β‐PV, γ‐PV and μ‐PV genera, and immunohistochemistry against p16 protein. α‐PV, γ‐PV and μ‐PV were not detected. β‐PV DNA was detected in 5/30 VC (16.7%) and in 18/30 normal tissue samples (60.0%): HPV‐19, ‐24 and ‐36 were identified in VC, and HPV‐5, ‐9, ‐12, ‐23, ‐24, ‐38, ‐47, ‐49 and ‐96 in normal tissue, whereas HPV type was not determined in 2/5 cases of VC and in 6/18 normal tissue samples. p16 expression was detected in a subset of samples and was higher in VC than in normal tissue. However, the reaction was predominantly cytoplasmic and only occasionally nuclear, and the extent of staining did not exceed 75%. Our results indicate that α‐PV, γ‐PV and μ‐PV are not associated with aetiopathogenesis of VC of the head and neck. β‐PV DNA in a subset of VC and normal tissue might reflect incidental colonization, but its potential biological significance needs further investigation.
Clinical factors associated with accuracy of EUS‐FNA for pancreatic or peripancreatic solid mass without on‐site cytopathologists
Authors: Kim Jaihwan , Ryu Ji Kon , Park Jin Myung , Paik Woo Hyun , Song Byeong Jun , Kim Yong‐Tae , Yoon Yong Bum 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackground and AimsEndoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) is a safe and effective technique for tissue diagnosis in patients with pancreatic or peripancreatic solid masses. However, the procedure is difficult to accomplish without an on‐site cytopathologist. The aims of this study were to examine the outcomes of EUS‐FNA for pancreatic or peripancreatic solid masses without an on‐site cytopathologist and to determine the factors associated with diagnostic accuracy.MethodsFrom December 2005 to November 2011, 230 patients with pancreatic or peripancreatic solid masses had 240 EUS‐FNAs performed without an on‐site cytopathologist. The medical records of the 230 patients from a single tertiary center were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsAmong the 230 patients who underwent EUS‐FNA, 201 patients (88%) had malignancy, which included 171 adenocarcinomas (74%). Assuming that the cytopathological malignancy was positive or suspicious for malignant cells with cytology, the accuracy without an on‐site cytopathologist was 67.9%. However, the accuracy increased from 40.0% for the first 30 cases (from 2006 to 2008) to 83.3% for the last 30 cases (in 2011) and was constantly over 80.0% starting from the sixth octile onwards for every 30 cases (in 2011). From the analysis of factors associated with the accuracy of the diagnosis using logistic regression analysis, the number of needle passes and the experience of endosonographer were statistically associated with the diagnostic accuracy.ConclusionsIn the case of performing EUS‐FNA for pancreatic or peripancreatic solid masses without an on‐site cytopathologist, the experience of the endosonographer, and the number of needle passes were associated with the diagnostic accuracy.