bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The provision of chiropractic, physiotherapy and osteopathic services within the Australian private health-care system: a report of recent trends
Authors: Engel Roger M , Brown Benjamin T , Swain Michael S , Lystad Reidar P 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Background
Chiropractors, physiotherapists, and osteopaths receive training in the diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal conditions. As a result there is considerable overlap in the types of conditions that are encountered clinically by these practitioners. In Australia, the majority of benefits paid for these services come from the private sector. The purpose of this article is to quantify and describe the development in service utilization and the cost of benefits paid to users of these healthcare services by private health insurers. An exploration of the factors that may have influenced the observed trends is also presented.

Methods
A review of data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency, and the Australian Government Private Health Insurance Administration Council was conducted. An analysis of chiropractic, physiotherapy and osteopathic service utilisation and cost of service utilisation trend was performed along with the level of benefits and services over time.

Results
In 2012, the number of physiotherapists working in the private sector was 2.9 times larger than that of chiropractic, and 7.8 times that of the osteopathic profession. The total number of services provided by chiropractors, physiotherapists, and osteopaths increased steadily over the past 15 years. For the majority of this period, chiropractors provided more services than the other two professions. The average number of services provided by chiropractors was approximately two and a half times that of physiotherapists and four and a half times that of osteopaths.

Conclusions
This study highlights a clear disparity in the average number of services provided by chiropractors, physiotherapists, and osteopaths in the private sector in Australia over the last 15 years. Further research is required to explain these observed differences and to determine whether a similar trend exists in patients who do not have private health insurance cover.
Disrupting the Indian hedgehog signaling pathway in vivo attenuates surgically induced osteoarthritis progression in Col2a1-CreER

T2
; Ihhfl/fl mice
Authors: Zhou Jingming , Chen Qian , Lanske Beate , Fleming Braden C , Terek Richard , Wei Xiaochun , Zhang Ge , Wang Shaowei , Li Kai , Wei Lei 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Previous observations implicate Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling in osteoarthritis (OA) development because it regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP-13) expression. However, there is no direct genetic evidence for the role of Ihh in OA, because mice with cartilage or other tissue-specific deletion of the Ihh gene die shortly after birth. We evaluated the role of Ihh in vivo via a Cre-loxP-mediated approach to circumvent the early death caused by Ihh deficiency.

Methods
To evaluate the role of Ihh in OA development, Ihh was specifically deleted in murine cartilage using an Ihh conditional deletion construct (Col2a1-CreER
T2
; Ihhfl/fl). The extent of cartilage degradation and OA progression after Ihh deletion was assessed by histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and in vivo fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) 2 months after OA was induced by partial medial meniscectomy. The effect of Ihh signaling on cartilage was compared between Ihh-deleted mice and their control littermates.

Results
Only mild OA changes were observed in Ihh-deleted mice, while control mice displayed significantly more cartilage damage. Typical OA markers such as type X collagen and MMP-13 were decreased in Ihh-deleted mice. In vivo FMT demonstrated decreased cathepsins and MMP activity in knee joints of animals with deletion of Ihh.

Conclusions
These findings support the protective role of Ihh deletion in surgically induced OA. Thus, our findings suggest the potential to develop new therapeutic strategies that can prevent and treat OA by inhibiting Ihh signaling in chondrocytes.
Insight from Molecular-scale Electron Transfer to Small-scale Electronics
Authors: Satoh Norifusa 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Downscaling to atomic or molecular scale at room-temperature operation of single-electron electronics has been believed to accelerate the operation speed due to the decrease in capacitance. However, the insight based on molecular chemistry indicates a completely opposite direction for atomic- and molecular-scale electronics and gives a description of resistance; thermal fluctuation of the surrounding media induces electron transfer and dielectric surroundings stabilize the charge-separated states. To achieve a smooth electron transfer with atomic precise device structures resistive to the thermal fluctuation, the paper suggests molecular oxide electronics.
Another Role of Copper in the Simmons–Smith Reaction: Copper-catalyzed Nucleophilic Michael-type Cyclopropanation of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Fujii Kanami , Misaki Tomonori , Sugimura Takashi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Cyclopropanation was performed using the Furukawa procedure with CH2I2/Et2Zn and α,β-unsaturated ketones. The reaction was performed in the presence of a copper salt. The reactivity was highly dependent on the substrate structure, and cyclopropanated products were obtained in better yields than those achieved using the original Simmons–Smith conditions with a Zn–Cu couple in some cases. Stereospecificity was observed in a certain case; however, the synthesis of an asymmetric version with a chiral ligand was not successful.
Innovation Management: A Breakthrough Approach to Organizational Excellence - Part 1
Authors: Harrington H. , Voehl Frank 
Published: January 2014

There is an ongoing need to explore opportunities and build a healthy and prosperous future, create new revenue streams and wealth, discover new solutions, and transform our organizations, industries, and societies. This need leads us to focus on innovation management. Through innovation management, order can be found in chaos, while nations, industries and economies can be pulled out of crisis. This will lead to a new foundation for growth and prosperity, which may be realized sooner rather than later.Despite the growing awareness that innovation is the only sustainable source of growth, competitive advantage, and new wealth, the Council on Competitive Report (2008[1]) and a recent Arthur D. Little survey of 700 global companies and their executives, found fewer than 25 percent of the companies believe innovation performance is where it needs to be if they are to be successful in the competitive global marketplace. Having tried endless alternatives, company leaders are now ready to accept innovation management as a key operational discipline, just as in the past they adopted the disciplines of quality, strategic planning, and performance management systems.Innovation management is not a new concept in most organizations. However, the old tried and true ways, even those that may have worked in the past, are no longer adequate for the organizations of tomorrow. Across the board, organizations are engaged in new and exciting experiments to reinvent the way they conceptualize and create the future, because the old business-as-usual approaches have not produced the desired results.
Typifications, new synonyms and a new combination in Himatanthus (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Spina Andréa Pozetti , Bittrich Volker , Kinoshita Luiza Sumiko 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA revision of the nomenclature of Himatanthus (Apocynaceae) is presented as part of a taxonomic revision. Himatanthus as accepted here comprises nine Neotropical species. The infrageneric and infraspecific taxa proposed by Plumel and Müller, Woodson and Plumel, respectively, are not recognized. Lectotypes are designated for the following names: P. floribunda, P. floribunda var. crassipes, P. lancifolia, P. tarapotensis and P. warmingii. Neotypes are designated for H. rigidus, P. ambigua, P. latifolia and P. lancifolia var. microphylla. An examination of the types of both H. phagedaenicus and H. bracteatus showed that recently these names have been misapplied. Complete synonymies are provided for the nine recognized species of Himatanthus. Also, the new combination H. revolutus (Huber) Spina & Kinoshita is effected.
A multidisciplinary approach reveals hidden taxonomic diversity in the morphologically challenging Taxus wallichiana complex
Authors: Möller Michael , Gao Lian-Ming , Mill Robert R. , Liu Jie , Zhang De-Quan , Poudel Ram C. , Li De-Zhu 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAddressing the taxonomy of morphologically complex groups can be challenging. Correlating results from multivariate morphological analyses and molecular data and reconciling these with geographic distributions allowed us to address the classification of the taxonomically difficult Taxus wallichiana complex in China and surrounding areas. We used 27 morphological characters (phenotype) and sequences of the chloroplast trnL–F intron/spacer region (genotype) on 1240 samples of 79 populations and 43 type and paratype specimens and demonstrated a strong correlation between phenotype and genotype and geographic distribution. We were able to define the number of taxonomically discrete units in the complex and delineate the geographic distribution of five species, T. chinensis, T. florinii, T. mairei, T. wallichiana and the here described new species T. calcicola in China and adjacent regions. These are much fewer than the number of recently proposed species and these exhibit greatly non–overlapping and continuous distributions. Based on descriptions of species–“typical” specimens, we prepared species–specific morphometric profiles, that allowed the generation of a species differentiation matrix, allowing the quick selection of the most suitable characters for the separation of any species pair. This work represents a step forward towards the completion of a workable taxonomy of Asian Taxus.
Organically Bound Tritium (OBT) in Soil at Different Depths Around Chalk River Laboratories (CRL), Canada
Authors: Kim S.B. , Bredlaw M. , Korolevych V.Y. 
Published: January 2014

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) Chalk River Laboratories (CRL) is a large nuclear research and test establishment with nuclear and non-nuclear facilities located in Chalk River, Ontario. The CRL Environmental Monitoring Program is designed to demonstrate that radiological exposure resulting from releases from the CRL site remain below the public dose limit specified in the regulations (1 mSv/year). This study was conducted to consolidate environmental effects following a continuous atmospheric tritium release observed at CRL. Soil samples were collected at depths of up to 20 cm using soil probes at the CRL site and surrounding areas. The samples were sectioned at 5 cm intervals, and HTO and OBT concentrations were measured in the samples. Prevailing winds at CRL are from NW and SE, which was suggested to be in close relationship with tritium distribution in environmental samples such as soils and plant leaves. The HTO concentration was the highest in surface soil water and plant leaves at a given sampling point. This result suggests that the concentration of tritium in surface soil water and in plants tissue free water essentially reflects the surrounding atmospheric tritium concentration. OBT concentrations in soil were measured at the historical HT release site, Plant Road, Mattawa Road and three background sites near CRL. The top layer of soil generally had the highest OBT concentration among collected soil samples. This result suggests that OBT concentrations are different from HTO concentrations at the same site and can be representative of previously released environmental tritium at the sampling point. The relationship between the OBT concentration in soil and the amount of tritium released into the environment will be useful for the evaluation of environmental tritium effects and the fate of tritium in the terrestrial ecosystem. The study points out that HTO shows shorter-term dynamic conditions, whereas OBT shows longer-term steady-state conditions.
Applied theatre as research: Provoking the possibilities
Authors: Anderson Michael , O’Connor Peter 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article examines the potential for applied theatre as a research method. The context of the applied theatre as research (ATAR) approach is discussed, positioning the methodology within the community-based participatory research (CBPR) tradition and providing a discussion of the relationship between applied theatre as research (ATAR) and participatory action research (PAR). This approach positions research participants as ‘actors’ and, through various aesthetic approaches (including drama, music visual arts and dance), allows them to create meaning. The article contextualizes this discussion within a case study of an ATAR project developed in Redfern, Sydney, Australia in partnership with a large non-government organization (NGO) and young Aboriginal participants. We conclude with a discussion of the potential of this approach to become an effective and powerful research methodology and identify some of the impediments to that development.
The MDM2 gene family
Authors: Mendoza Michael , Mandani Garni , Momand Jamil 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMDM2 is an oncoprotein that blocks p53 tumor suppressor-mediated transcriptional transactivation, escorts p53 from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm, and polyubiquitylates p53. Polyubiquitylated p53 is rapidly degraded in the cytoplasm by the 26S proteasome. MDM2 is abnormally upregulated in several types of cancers, especially those of mesenchymal origin. MDM4 is a homolog of MDM2 that also inhibits p53 by blocking p53-mediated transactivation. MDM4 is required for MDM2-mediated polyubiquitylated of p53 and is abnormally upregulated in several cancer types. MDM2 and MDM4 genes have been detected in all vertebrates to date and only a single gene homolog, named MDM, has been detected in some invertebrates. MDM2, MDM4, and MDM have similar gene structures, suggesting that MDM2 and MDM4 arose through a duplication event more than 440 million years ago. All members of this small MDM2 gene family contain a single really interesting new gene (RING) domain (with the possible exception of lancelet MDM) which places them in the RING-domain superfamily. Similar to MDM2, the vast majority of proteins with RING domains are E3 ubiquitin ligases. Other RING domain E3 ubiquitin ligases that target p53 are COP1, Pirh2, and MSL2. In this report, we present evidence that COP1, Pirh2, and MSL2 evolved independently of MDM2 and MDM4. We also show, through structure homology models of invertebrate MDM RING domains, that MDM2 is more evolutionarily conserved than MDM4.
A potent soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, t-AUCB, modulates cholesterol balance and oxidized low density lipoprotein metabolism in adipocytes in vitro
Authors: Shen Li , Peng Hongchun , Zhao Shuiping , Xu Danyan 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The cholesterol metabolism in adipose tissue is dependent on the balance between cholesterol uptake and efflux. Adipocytes dysfunction and its cholesterol imbalance are associated with obesity. Adipocytes are the site for clearance of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in blood. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is highly expressed in adipocytes. sEH converts epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) into less bioactive dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, which regulate cholesterol metabolism in adipocytes and block the development of atherosclerosis. In vitro, 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes were incubated with the sEH inhibitor t-AUCB (0, 1, 10, 50 or 100 mmol/l) for 24 h with or without the PPARγ inhibitor GW9662. To determine the effect of t-AUCB on oxLDL endocytosis, degradation and cholesterol efflux from adipocytes, we demonstrated that t-AUCB enhances the CD36-mediated recognition and degradation of oxLDL and improves cholesterol efflux via the upregulation of ABCA1 expression. Furthermore, t-AUCB blocked TNF-α secretion and increased adiponectin levels found in adipocytes culture medium. We provide evidence that these effects are PPARγ-dependent. These results suggest that an increase in EETs because of sEH inhibition could maintain cellular cholesterol homeostasis by the regulation of oxLDL clearance and cholesterol efflux via the EETs–PPARγ pathway.
Optimization of Closed-Cycle Fluidized Bed Drying of Sesame Seeds Using Response Surface Methodology and Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Hashemi Shahraki Masoud , Jafari Seid Mahdi , Mashkour Mana , Esmaeilzadeh Ebrahim 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Optimization of fluidized bed drying of sesame seeds was done by response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithms (GA). Effect of drying parameters (drying temperature (40, 50, 60°C), drying time (60, 120, 180 min), air velocity (1, 1.5, 2 m/s) and bed depth of dryer (1–3 cm) was investigated based on the quality attributes of dried seeds. These factors were optimized with respect to the moisture ratio, color indices, and texture parameters (hardness and fracturability). The obtained models showed very well fitness with experimental data. The coefficients of resulting models with RSM were further optimized using GA. It was revealed that GA-optimized models have better fitness with the experimental results than RSM models. Our results suggest that sesame seed dried in 40–45°C for 115–120 min with 1 m/s air velocity had the lowest moisture content and color changes and the best texture.
Cognitive Enhancing Treatment with a PPARγ Agonist Normalizes Dentate Granule Cell Presynaptic Function in Tg2576 APP Mice
Authors: Nenov Miroslav N. , Laezza Fernanda , Haidacher Sigmund J. , Zhao Yingxin , Sadygov Rovshan G. , Starkey Jonathan M. , Spratt Heidi , Luxon Bruce A. , Dineley Kelly T. , Denner Larry 
Published: January 2014

Hippocampal network hyperexcitability is considered an early indicator of Alzheimer's disease (AD) memory impairment. Some AD mouse models exhibit similar network phenotypes. In this study we focused on dentate gyrus (DG) granule cell spontaneous and evoked properties in 9-month-old Tg2576 mice that model AD amyloidosis and cognitive deficits. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we found that Tg2576 DG granule cells exhibited spontaneous EPSCs that were higher in frequency but not amplitude compared with wild-type mice, suggesting hyperactivity of DG granule cells via a presynaptic mechanism. Further support of a presynaptic mechanism was revealed by increased I–O relationships and probability of release in Tg2576 DG granule cells.Since we and others have shown that activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) axis improves hippocampal cognition in mouse models for AD as well as benefitting memory performance in some humans with early AD, we investigated how PPARγ agonism affected synaptic activity in Tg2576 DG. We found that PPARγ agonism normalized the I–O relationship of evoked EPSCs, frequency of spontaneous EPSCs, and probability of release that, in turn, correlated with selective expression of DG proteins essential for presynaptic SNARE function that are altered in patients with AD. These findings provide evidence that DG principal cells may contribute to early AD hippocampal network hyperexcitability via a presynaptic mechanism, and that hippocampal cognitive enhancement via PPARγ activation occurs through regulation of presynaptic vesicular proteins critical for proper glutamatergic neurotransmitter release, synaptic transmission, and short-term plasticity.
Zu alt für den Arbeitsmarkt. Arbeitslosenrenten als Rationalisierungsmaßnahme in Finnland in den 1980er Jahren in einer historischen Perspektive
Authors: Rahikainen Marjatta 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article argues that welfare schemes, which served to remove elderly workers from the labour force around the 1970s, foreshadowed the breakdown of the world of work in which permanent employment contracts and secure jobs until old-age retirement were the norm. As the global economy put heavier pressure on profitability and all sectors became subject to international shareholder scanning, the policy of ‘lifelong jobs’ began to give way to flexible labour throughout Europe. This change is discussed here using the empirical case of the Finnish unemployment pension schemes providing for the elderly labour force. The article asks how Finnish employers made use of unemployment pensions in the 1970s and 1980s in order to get rid of older employees. A large Finnish corporation, in particular its female labour force, are discussed in detail. Based on the working careers of about 100 women (manual workers and salaried employees) this article examines who kept their jobs and who were dismissed and pensioned off on unemployment pensions. The examples of women who succeeded in keeping their jobs at the time of mass-dismissals imply that careers (internal labour market) and occupational sociability (social capital) may be equally as valuable for women as they are for men.
Zahlenfähigkeit und Zahlendisziplin in Nord- und Westdeutschland, 16.-18. Jahrhundert
Authors: Baten Jörg , Crayen Dorothee , Manzel Kerstin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Before World War I the modern insurance industry had spread out across the globe from This article introduces a new methodology to approximate education in terms of numerical abilities and numerical discipline based on age-misreporting in population statistics. We review why age heaping is a helpful indicator for education and describe potential problems in applying this strategy.
The study presents human capital estimates for the early modern period in a number of places in Northern and Western Germany. Based on individual population census data for Schleswig-Holstein, we show time trends and regional disparities in the evolution of human capital. Our preliminary results indicate that urbanization, Protestantism and protein proximity may have led to stronger numeracy.
Die Spitzenverbände der westdeutschen Industrie und die europäische Integration seit 1945: Motive, Konzepte, Politik
Authors: Bührer Werner 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article examines the ideas and politics of the Federation of German Industry and two other peak associations of West German Industry concerning the integration of (Western) Europe. Their attitudes towards European integration were characterized, at least from the late 1950s, by a great degree of continuity: They supported the integration process not only for economic, but also for political reasons. Principal criticism was directed against dirigisme and poor efficiency, and in the dispute between the advocates of supranational and inter-governmental ideas they leaned towards the latter. All in all, the three most important German business associations practised, and practise to this day, a sort of pragmatic Europeanism.