bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing diversity at work: Does psychological safety hold the key to racial differences in employee performance?
Authors: Singh Barjinder , Winkel Doan E. , Selvarajan T. T. 
Published: April 2013

Previous diversity research has neglected the role of psychological mechanisms that underlie the relationship between diversity climate and employee performance. Drawing on social and racial identity theories, we hypothesized that psychological safety mediates the relationship between diversity climate and employee performance. Furthermore, we proposed that race moderates both stages of the mediation, whereby the relationships between diversity climate and psychological safety and between psychological safety and performance are stronger for minorities than for Whites. Results, based on a survey of employees and their colleagues, revealed that the relationship between diversity climate and employee performance was mediated by psychological safety. We also found that the diversity climate–psychological safety and psychological safety–extra‐role performance relationships were moderated by race, such that these relationships were stronger for minorities than for Whites. Further, the indirect effects of diversity climate on extra‐role behaviours via psychological safety were also moderated by race, such that these relationships were stronger for minorities than for Whites. For efficient management of diversity in organizations, research and practical implications are also discussed.Practitioner Points

In the midst of increasing workforce diversity, the study highlights the importance of a psychologically safe work environment where employees feel confident in expressing their true selves without fear of being judged as inferior or incompetent.

By necessitating the creation of psychologically safe work environments, the study establishes psychological safety as a principal motivator of employee performance behaviours in a racially diverse work setting.

The study cautions organizational practitioners that when dealing with racial diversity, one size does not fit all. Rather, positive organizational contexts (such as diversity climate and psychological safety) hold a greater significance for minorities and are more effective in shaping their performance behaviours.
Measuring the Impact of an Alternative Approach to School Bullying
Authors: Domino Meg 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDNational estimates of middle school bullying approximate 40%, making it the leading form of school violence. Meta‐analysis of conventional anti‐bullying efforts have shown mixed results, averaging small reductions in bullying behavior. Social‐Emotional Learning and Positive Youth Development provide a theory‐driven alternative for approaching bullying and victimization by strengthening social competencies that reduce related youth risk behaviors.METHODSA sample of 7th grade students (N = 323) participated in Take the Lead (TTL); a 16‐session curriculum designed to build social competencies of all participants. Data were coded and collected using a pretest/posttest time‐lag control group cohort study design. Participants self‐reported bully and victim behaviors using the Peer Relations Questionnaire. Extracted data were assessed for changes in bullying and victim behaviors, from pretest to posttest, between groups and sexes.RESULTSParticipants in TTL reported significant reductions in bullying (p < .001), and victimization (p < .001), from pretest to posttest, and compared to controls (p < .001). Findings remained consistent between sexes (p < .001). Control groups experienced increases in bully and victim behaviors during the same time period, which were significantly reduced following participation in TTL (p < .001).CONCLUSIONIdentifying intervention alternatives to address bullying behaviors must remain a research priority. This study supports the application of theory‐driven SEL and PYD constructs within a curriculum designed to improve social competencies of all students.
Adolescent Online Cyberbullying in Greece: The Impact of Parental Online Security Practices, Bonding, and Online Impulsiveness
Authors: Floros Georgios D. , Siomos Konstantinos E. , Fisoun Virginia , Dafouli Evaggelia , Geroukalis Dimitrios 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe introduction of new technological media worldwide has had a number of unfortunate side effects for some adolescents, including cases of bullying others through the new media (cyberbullying) and over‐involvement to the point of addiction. We examine the epidemiology of cyberbullying in a Greek setting, compare it with earlier data, determine the impact of any related psychosocial factors, and propose measures to combat the phenomenon.METHODSA cross‐sectional study of the entire adolescent high‐school student population of the island of Kos examined the relationship between their experiences of Internet cyberbullying and respective parental characteristics, including aspects of psychological bonding and online security measures. The sample consisted of 2017 students (51.8% boys, 48.2% girls). Comparisons are made with results obtained from an earlier survey in the same setting, 2 years earlier.RESULTSThere was a significant rise in reported experiences of Internet cyberbullying over the 2‐year period. Security practices exercised by parents had a protective role with regards to whether a child had been cyberbullied, yet failed to prevent the perpetration of online victimization. A regression model indicated that impulsive use of the Internet and related online activities were predictive of whether an adolescent victimized others online.CONCLUSIONCyberbullying frequency with regards to both victims and victimizers was high and associated with online impulsiveness, pointing to the possible existence of some commonalities. Further research is necessary to ascertain common underlying psychological factors and neurobiology.
Update on clubfoot
Authors: Gibbons Paul J , Gray Kelly 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCongental talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot, remains one of the commonest congenital limb deformities. The genetics of this condition are not yet fully understood. It is increasingly being diagnosed on prenatal ultrasound with implications for prenatal counselling. With the widespread acceptance of the Ponseti method of clubfoot treatment major surgical interventions are needed much less frequently and long‐term outcomes are improved.
Periodontitis increases vascular cyclooxygenase‐2: potential effect on vascular tone
Authors: Mendes R. T. , Sordi R. , Olchanheski L. R. , Machado W. M. , Stanczyk C. P. , Assreuy J. , Santos F. A. , Fernandes D. 
Published: April 2013

Background and objectiveIt has been demonstrated that periodontitis induces a systemic inflammation, which may impair endothelial function. Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is an important enzyme in the inflammatory process and is responsible for prostacyclin production. We hypothesised that in periodontitis, an increase in vascular COX‐2 expression may occur, which in turn may have a role in vascular homeostasis. Thus, we evaluated the vascular effects of COX‐2 inhibition in an experimental rat model of periodontitis.Material and MethodsExperimental periodontitis was induced in rats by placing a cotton ligature around the cervix of both sides of the mandibular first molars and maxillary second molars. Sham‐operated rats had the ligature removed immediately after the procedure. Mesenteric vessels were obtained for the study of COX‐2 expression, and blood samples were collected for nitric oxide quantification. In another set of experiments, animals received etoricoxib (10 mg/kg/d, v.o.) or vehicle, and alveolar bone loss and cardiovascular parameters were evaluated.ResultsWe observed an increase in COX‐2 expression in mesenteric vessels harvested from animals with periodontitis, which was accompanied by a reduction in nitric oxide content. Etoricoxib treatment impaired the endothelium‐dependent reduction in blood pressure in rats with periodontitis.ConclusionPeriodontitis increases vascular COX‐2 expression, which is important in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis in this model. Despite the limitations of an animal study, these findings may have important implications regarding the safety of using selective COX‐2 inhibitors in patients with periodontitis.
Efficacy of 4 weeks topical bifonazole treatment for onychomycosis after nail ablation with 40% urea: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled multicenter study
Authors: Tietz Hans‐Jürgen , Hay Roderick , Querner Susanne , Delcker Andreas , Kurka Peter , Merk Hans F. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryOnychomycosis is a common fungal infection most often affecting the toenails. If untreated, it can cause discomfort sufficient to reduce quality of life. To evaluate efficacy and safety of bifonazole cream vs. placebo in onychomycosis treatment after non‐surgical nail ablation with urea paste. Fifty‐one study centres randomized 692 subjects with mild‐to‐moderate onychomycosis to receive bifonazole 1% cream or placebo for 4 weeks following non‐surgical nail ablation with urea 40% paste over 2–4 weeks. Efficacy of the two phase treatment was evaluated by overall cure of the target nail comprising clinical and mycological cure 2 weeks, 3 and 6 months after end of treatment. At 2 weeks (primary endpoint), overall cure rate was superior in bifonazole‐treated group (54.8% vs. 42.2% for placebo; P = 0.0024). The clinical cure rate was high in both treatment groups (86.6% bifonazole vs. 82.8% placebo), but proportion with mycological cure was higher with bifonazole treatment (64.5%) vs. placebo treatment 49.0%, (P = 0.0001). We observed higher early overall cure rate with 4 weeks topical bifonazole compared with placebo after removal of infected nail parts with urea. This two stage treatment was well tolerated and offers an additional option in topical onychomycosis therapy.
Transcriptome divergence between introduced and native populations of Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense
Authors: Guggisberg Alessia , Lai Zhao , Huang Jie , Rieseberg Loren H. 
Published: April 2013

Summary

Introduced plants may quickly evolve new adaptive traits upon their introduction. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense – Cardueae, Asteraceae) is one of the worst invasive weeds worldwide. The goal of this study is to compare gene expression profiles of native (European) and introduced (North American) populations of this species, to elucidate the genetic mechanisms that may underlie such rapid adaptation.

We explored the transcriptome of ten populations (five per range) of C. arvense in response to three treatments (control, nutrient deficiency and shading) using a customized microarray chip containing 63 690 expressed sequence tags (ESTs), and verified the expression level of 13 loci through real‐time quantitative PCR.

Only 2116 ESTs (3.5%) were found to be differentially expressed between the ranges, and 4458 ESTs (7.1%) exhibited a significant treatment‐by‐range effect. Among them was an overrepresentation of loci involved in stimulus and stress responses.

Cirsium arvense has evolved different life history strategies on each continent. The two ranges notably differ with regard to R‐protein mediated defence, sensitivity to abiotic stresses, and developmental timing. The fact that genotypes from the Midwest exhibit different expression kinetics than remaining North American samples further corroborates the hypothesis that the New World has been colonized twice, independently.
Effect of Relative Injectate Pressures on the Efficacy of Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Patients with Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis
Authors: Park Chan Hong , Lee Sang Ho 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectiveTransforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs) are often used to treat lumbar foraminal stenosis. Injectate pressure (of contrast) was monitored during fluoroscopically guided TFESI to assess the effect on short‐term pain reduction.DesignA total of 40 patients underwent single‐level lumbar TFESI for unilateral lumbar radicular pain ascribed to foraminal stenosis. Relative injectate pressure of contrast epidurography during TFESI was recorded and compared with pre‐ and postprocedural pain levels using the Roland 5‐point pain scoring method.ResultsPain relief achieved after TFESI revealed no statistically significant correlation with injectate pressure (mean 13.0 cm H2O). Mean pressures in patients with and without demonstrable pain reduction were 12.9 and 13.2 cm H2O, respectively.LimitationsSecondary outcomes were not measured, and no mid‐ or long‐term follow‐up was conducted.ConclusionIn this setting, relative injectate pressures had no significant effect on immediate outcomes of TFESI.
Closing in on maximum yield of chlorophyll fluorescence using a single multiphase flash of sub‐saturating intensity
Authors: LORIAUX S. D. , AVENSON T. J. , WELLES J. M. , MCDERMITT D. K. , ECKLES R. D. , RIENSCHE B. , GENTY B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEstimation of the maximum chlorophyll fluorescence yield under illumination, or Fm′, by traditional single saturation pulse (SP) methodology is prone to underestimation error because of rapid turnover within photosystem (PS) II. However, measurements of fluorescence yield during several single pulses of variable intensity describes the irradiance dependence of apparent Fm′, from which estimates of Fm′ at infinite irradiance can be derived. While such estimates have been shown to result in valid approximations of Fm′, the need to apply several single pulses limits its applicability. We introduce a novel approach that determines the relationship between apparent Fm′ and variable irradiance within a single ∼1 s multiphase flash (MPF). Through experiments and simulations, we demonstrate that the rate of variation in irradiance during an MPF is critical for achieving quasi–steady‐state changes in the proportions of PSII acceptor side redox intermediates and the corresponding fluorescence yields, which are prerequisites for accurately estimating Fm′ at infinite irradiance. The MPF methodology is discussed in the context of improving the accuracy of various parameters derived from chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, such as photochemical and non‐photochemical quenchings and efficiencies. The importance of using MPF methodology for interpreting chlorophyll fluorescence, in particular for integrating fluorescence and gas exchange measurements, is emphasized.
Parental functioning improves the developmental quotient of pediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Posfay‐Barbe Klara M. , Barbe Rémy P. , Wetterwald Renate , Belli Dominique C. , McLin Valérie A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPsychomotor development in pediatric liver transplant (LT) recipients depends on several factors. Our aim was to evaluate the importance of parental involvement and family dynamics on psychomotor development by assessing (i) children and parents individually, (ii) the parent–child relationship, and (iii) the correlation between parental functioning and patient outcome, all before and after LT. Age‐appropriate scales were used before and after LT. Twenty‐one patients, 19 mothers, and 16 fathers were evaluated. Developmental quotient (DQ): No subjects scored in the “very good” range. The proportion of children with deficits increased from LT to two yr: 17.6% vs. 28.6%. Subjects 0–2 yr were more likely to have normal DQ at transplant (66.7% vs. 50% for older children). Abnormal DQ was more prevalent two yr post‐LT in children older at LT (p = 0.02). The mother–child relationship was normal in 59% of families pre‐LT and in 67% at two yr. The relationship was more favorable when the child received a transplant as an infant (p = 0.014 at 12 months post‐LT). Normal DQ was associated with higher maternal global functioning score pre‐LT (p = 0.03). Paternal performance scores were higher than maternal scores. Children transplanted after two yr of age suffer greater long‐term deficits than those transplanted as infants.
Defending the Objective List Theory of Well‐Being
Authors: Rice Christopher M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe objective list theory of well‐being holds that a plurality of basic objective goods directly benefit people. These can include goods such as loving relationships, meaningful knowledge, autonomy, achievement, and pleasure. The objective list theory is pluralistic (it does not identify an underlying feature shared by these goods) and objective (the basic goods benefit people independently of their reactive attitudes toward them). In this paper, I discuss the structure of this theory and show how it is supported by people's considered judgments. I then respond to three objections. First, I argue that there is no conceptual reason to favor a monistic theory of well‐being over a pluralistic one (such as the objective list theory). Second, I argue that states of affairs can benefit people even though they hold no positive reactive attitudes toward them. And, third, I argue that objective list theorists can identify a fairly‐determinate list of basic goods.
Determining treatment frequency for controlling weeds on traffic islands using chemical and non‐chemical weed control
Authors: Rask A M , Larsen S U , Andreasen C , Kristoffersen P 
Published: April 2013

SummaryMany public authorities rely on the use of non‐chemical weed control methods, due to stringent restrictions on herbicide use in urban areas. However, these methods usually require more repeated treatments than chemical weed management, resulting in increased costs of weed management. In order to investigate the efficacy of four non‐chemical weed control methods and glyphosate treatment, experiments were carried out on traffic islands in the growing seasons 2005 and 2006. Three trial sites were each divided into six treatment areas, which were either treated with glyphosate, flame, steam, hot air/flame, hot water or left untreated. The treatments were carried out at regular, predetermined intervals throughout the growing season in 2004, whereas in 2005 and 2006 how many treatments that were required to keep weed cover below a predetermined acceptance level of 2% were investigated. Percentage weed cover was measured every second week using a 75 cm × 75 cm quadrat divided into 100 squares. On the control areas, a rapid increase in weed cover was observed, whereas weed cover could be kept below 2% by 2–7 treatments per year, depending on control method. On average, the following numbers of treatments per year were required: glyphosate 2.5, hot water 3, flames 5, hot air/flames 5.5 and steam 5.5 treatments. The results demonstrate that the weed control should be adjusted to the prescribed quality for the traffic islands by regularly assessing the need for weed control. They also show that tailored treatments can reduce the number of required non‐chemical treatments per year.
Upregulated glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor through cyclooxygenase‐2 activation in the muscle is required for mechanical hyperalgesia after exercise in rats
Authors: Murase Shiori , Terazawa Etsuji , Hirate Kenji , Yamanaka Hiroki , Kanda Hirosato , Noguchi Koichi , Ota Hiroki , Queme Fernando , Taguchi Toru , Mizumura Kazue 
Published: April 2013

Key points
Unaccustomed strenuous exercise that includes lengthening contraction often causes delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), characterised as muscular mechanical hyperalgesia.
It has been reported that bradykinin triggers upregulation of nerve growth factor in exercised muscle, sensitizing nociceptors and resulting in DOMS, but additional mechanism(s) may be involved.
We showed that pretreatment with cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibitors completely suppressed the development of DOMS, but treatment 2 days after lengthening contraction failed to reverse existing mechanical hyperalgesia.
We demonstrated that COX‐2 induced upregulation of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and that intramuscularly injected anti‐GDNF antibody reduced muscle mechanical hyperalgesia after exercise.
These results suggest that upregulation of GDNF through COX‐2 activation is essential to mechanical hyperalgesia after exercise, and is another pathway alongside the bradykinin–nerve growth factor pathway that is involved in DOMS development.
Abstract  Unaccustomed strenuous exercise that includes lengthening contraction (LC) often causes delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), characterised as muscular mechanical hyperalgesia. Previously we reported that a bradykinin‐like substance released from the muscle during exercise plays a pivotal role in triggering the process of muscular mechanical hyperalgesia by upregulating nerve growth factor (NGF) in exercised muscle of rats. We show here that cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are also involved in DOMS. COX‐2 inhibitors but not COX‐1 inhibitors given orally before LC completely suppressed the development of DOMS, but when given 2 days after LC they failed to reverse the mechanical hyperalgesia. COX‐2 mRNA and protein in exercised muscle increased six‐ to 13‐fold in mRNA and 1.7–2‐fold in protein 0–12 h after LC. COX‐2 inhibitors did not suppress NGF upregulation after LC. Instead, we found GDNF mRNA was upregulated seven‐ to eight‐fold in the exercised muscle 12 h–1 day after LC and blocked by pretreatment of COX‐2 inhibitors. In situ hybridisation studies revealed that both COX‐2 and GDNF mRNA signals increased at the periphery of skeletal muscle cells 12 h after LC. The accumulation of COX‐2 mRNA signals was also observed in small blood vessels. Intramuscular injection of anti‐GDNF antibody 2 days after LC partly reversed DOMS. Based on these findings, we conclude that GDNF upregulation through COX‐2 activation is essential to mechanical hyperalgesia after exercise.
The Papain Inhibitor (SPI) of Streptomyces mobaraensis Inhibits Bacterial Cysteine Proteases and Is an Antagonist of Bacterial Growth
Authors: Zindel Stephan , Kaman Wendy E. , Fröls Sabrina , Pfeifer Felicitas , Peters Anna , Hays John P. , Fuchsbauer Hans-Lothar 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTA novel papain inhibitory protein (SPI) fromStreptomyces mobaraensiswas studied to measure its inhibitory effect on bacterial cysteine protease activity (Staphylococcus aureusSspB) and culture supernatants (Porphyromonas gingivalis,Bacillus anthracis). Further, growth ofBacillus anthracis,Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andVibrio choleraewas completely inhibited by 10 μM SPI. At this concentration of SPI, no cytotoxicity was observed. We conclude that SPI inhibits bacterial virulence factors and has the potential to become a novel therapeutic treatment against a range of unrelated pathogenic bacteria.