bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laryngeal leishmaniasis: Case report of a rare infection
Authors: Teemul Trevor A. , Giles‐Lima Montserrat , Williams John , Lester Shane E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundWe report a case of laryngeal leishmaniasis in a United Kingdom (UK) resident who lived in Spain for 5 years.Methods and ResultsThe patient presented with a history of hoarseness. He had returned to the UK after spending 5 years in Spain as a retiree. His past medical history includes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Histology of a vocal cord biopsy was suggestive of leishmaniasis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was positive for Leishmania donovani. His use of steroid inhaler probably contributed to his acquiring this extremely unusual infection. He was successfully treated with intravenous amphotericin.ConclusionsLaryngeal leishmaniasis is an extremely rare infection and is rarely reported in the UK. The ease of travel ensures that many tropical infections may present to UK clinicians. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
3‐O‐Methylquercetin Glucosides from Ophioglossum pedunculosum and Inhibition of Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Nitric Oxide Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Wan Chuan‐Xing , Luo Jian‐Guang , Guo Chao , Kong Ling‐Yi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe three new 3‐O‐methylquercetin glucosides 1–3, together with three known congeners and 3‐O‐methylquercetin, were isolated from the fern Ophioglossum pedunculosum (quercetin=2‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐3,5,7‐trihydroxy‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one). The new compounds were identified on the basis of spectroscopic analysis as 5′‐isoprenyl‐3‐O‐methylquercetin 4′,7‐di‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (1), 3‐O‐methylquercetin 4′‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside 7‐[O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside] (2), and 3‐O‐methylquercetin 7‐[O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside] (3). The effect of the isolated compounds on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced NO production was evaluated. The inhibitory activity of 3‐O‐methylquercetin derivatives decreased markedly with the increasing number of glucosyl groups in the structures.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Fungicidal Activity of Novel 1,5‐Diaryl‐3‐(glucopyranosyloxy)‐1H‐pyrazoles
Authors: Liu Yuan‐Yuan , Shi Hong , He Guang‐Ke , Song Guang‐Liang , Zhu Hong‐Jun 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFive novel pyrazole‐coupled glucosides, 1,5‐diaryl‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosides 5a–5e, were synthesized by the phase‐transfer catalytic reaction of 1,5‐diaryl‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐ols 4a–4e with acetobromo‐α‐D‐glucose in H2O/CHCl3 under alkaline conditions, using Bu4N+Br− as catalyst. Then, glucosides 5a–5c were deacetylated in a solution of Na2CO3/MeOH to yield the 1,5‐diaryl‐3‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐1H‐pyrazoles 6a–6c. Their structures were characterized by 1H,1H‐COSY, 1H‐, 13C‐, and 19F‐NMR spectroscopy, as well as elemental analysis. The structures of 5d and 6c were also determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. A preliminary in vitro bioassay indicated that compounds 4e and 5d exhibited excellent‐to‐medium fungicidal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at the dosage of 10 μg/ml.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Catechols (=Benzene‐1,2‐diols) in the Presence of Benzoylacetonitrile: Synthesis of New Derivatives of 5,6‐Dihydroxybenzofuran
Authors: Nematollahi Davood , Atlasi‐Pak Ali Reza , Esmaili Roya 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe electrochemical oxidation of catechol (=benzene‐1,2‐diol; 1a) and some of its derivatives in H2O/MeCN 1 : 1 containing benzoylacetonitrile (=β‐oxobenzenepropanenitrile; 3) as a nucleophile was studied by cyclic voltammetry and controlled‐potential coulometry. The voltammetric data showed that electrochemically generated o‐benzoquinones (=cyclohexa‐3,5‐diene‐1,2‐diones) from catechol (1a) and 3‐methylcatechol (1b) participate in a Michael‐addition reaction with 3 to form the corresponding 5,6‐dihydroxybenzofuran‐3‐carbonitrile 8 (Scheme 1). In this work, we report an efficient one‐pot method with high atom economy for the synthesis of new substituted 5,6‐dihydroxybenzofuran‐3‐carbonitriles in an undivided cell under ambient conditions.
An Efficient Synthesis of 3‐(1H‐Tetrazol‐5‐yl)coumarins (=3‐(1H‐Tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐ones) via Domino Knoevenagel Condensation, Pinner Reaction, and 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition in Water
Authors: Tisseh Zeinab Noroozi , Dabiri Minoo , Bazgir Ayoob 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA novel straightforward synthesis of 3‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)coumarins (=3‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐ones) 6 via domino Knoevenagel condensation, Pinner reaction, and 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of substituted salicylaldehydes (=2‐hydroxybenzaldehydes), malononitrile (propanedinitrile), and sodium azide in H2O is reported (Scheme 1 and Table 2). This general protocol provides a wide variety of 3‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)coumarins in good yields under mild reaction conditions.
Two New Triterpene Saponins from Cyclamen africanumBoiss. & Reuter
Authors: Bencharif‐Betina Soumeya , Miyamoto Tomofumi , Tanaka Chiaki , Kabouche Zahia , Mitaine‐Offer Anne‐Claire , Lacaille‐Dubois Marie Aleth 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTwo new oleanane‐type triterpene saponins, afrocyclamins A and B (1 and 2, resp.), were isolated from a MeOH extract of the roots of Cyclamen africanum Boiss. & Reuter, together with three known triterpenoid saponins, lysikokianoside, deglucocyclamin I, and its dicrotalic acid derivative. The structures were elucidated, on the basis of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments and mass spectrometry as (3β,20β)‐13,28‐epoxy‐16‐oxo‐3‐{O‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl}oxy}oleanan‐29‐al (1) and (3β,16α,20β)‐16,28,29‐trihydroxy‐olean‐12‐en‐3‐yl O‐4‐O‐(4‐carboxy‐3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutyl)‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (2).
New 6/8/6‐Taxanes Isolated from the Heartwood of Taxus cuspidata
Authors: Zhang Kai , Li Yong , Ni Zhi‐Yi , Zhang Man‐Li , Wang Yu‐Fang , Shi Qing‐Wen , Huo Chang‐Hong , Sauriol Françoise , Kiyota Hiromasa , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Dong Mei 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTwo new natural taxanes were isolated from the heartwood of Taxus cuspidata. The structures were established as rel‐(2α,5α,7β,9α,10β,12α)‐7,9‐bis(acetyloxy)‐2‐(benzoyloxy)‐11,12‐epoxy‐1,5‐dihydroxy‐10‐[(hydroxyacetyl)oxy]tax‐4(20)‐en‐13‐one (1), and (2α,5α,10β,14β)‐taxa‐4(20),11‐diene‐2,5,10,14‐tetrol 2‐acetate (2) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.
A Convenient Synthesis of Functionalized Indenopyrazolones from Indan‐1,2,3‐trione, Benzaldehydes, and Phenylhydrazine
Authors: Yavari Issa , Seyfi Samereh , Skoulika Stavroula 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA synthesis of cis‐3‐aryl‐3a,8b‐dihydro‐3a,8b‐dihydroxy‐1‐phenylindeno[1,2‐c]pyrazol‐4(1H)‐ones in good yields from the sequential reaction between benzaldehydes, phenylhydrazine, and indan‐1,2,3‐trione in MeCN is described (Scheme 1).
A Convergent Synthesis of a Twelve‐Membered Macrolide Natural Product, (6R,12S)‐6‐Hydroxy‐12‐methyl‐1‐oxacyclododecane‐2,5‐dione
Authors: Radha Krishna Palakodety , Kumar Pendyala Venkata Arun 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA new polyketide metabolite, the twelve‐membered macrolide 1, isolated from the endophytic fungal strain Cladosporium tenuissimum LR 463 of Maytenus hookeri, whose structure had been determined as (6R,12S)‐6‐hydroxy‐12‐methyl‐1‐oxacyclododecane‐2,5‐dione, was synthesized for the first time by a convergent strategy via Yamaguchi esterification of 2 with 3 and ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) to afford the cyclic ester 1 that was eventually transformed to the target molecule. However, the total synthesis revealed that the assigned structure of the natural product is not correct.
Eight New 2‐(2‐Phenylethyl)chromone (=2‐(2‐Phenylethyl)‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one) Derivatives from Aquilaria malaccensis Agarwood
Authors: Wu Bo , Kwon Sung Won , Hwang Gwi Seo , Park Jeong Hill 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEight new and eight known 2‐(2‐phenylethyl)chromone (=2‐(2‐phenylethyl)‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one) derivatives, i.e., 1–8 and 9–16, respectively, together with the two known sesquiterpenoids 17 and 18 were isolated from a 70% MeOH extract of Aquilaria malaccensis (AM) agarwood chips. Their structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with reported data.
Two New N‐(O‐Carbamoylglucopyranosyl)‐N‐dimethylansamitocins from Actinosynnema pretiosum
Authors: Ma Juan , Shen Yue‐Mao , Zeng Ying , Zhao Pei‐Ji 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTwo new and a known N‐(O‐carbamoylglucopyranosyl)ansamitocins were isolated from Actinosynnema pretiosum ssp. auranticum ATCC 31565. The known N‐(4‐O‐carbamoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐N‐demethylansamitocin P 2 (=ACGP‐2; 1) was assigned according to 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR data, and the two new compounds were identified as N‐(6‐O‐carbamoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐N‐demethylansamitocin P 2 (=ACGP‐2′; 2) and N‐(4‐O‐carbamoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐N‐demethylansamitocin P 1 (=ACGP‐1; 3) on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation including 2D‐NMR and tandem MS analysis.
Two Novel PushPull Series of Benzothiazole‐Based Dyes: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Nourmohammadian Farahnaz , Gholami Mahnaz Davoudzadeh 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNew dichromophoric cyanine dyes based on benzothiazol‐2‐amines as pushpull systems were synthesized in two series of disperse and cationic forms (see 4 in Scheme 1 and 5 in Scheme 2, resp.). Their thermal stabilities, UV/VIS, fluorescence, and solvatochromic behavior, which are important parameters in pushpull systems, were also studied.
Six New Sesquiterpenes from Eupatorium lindleyanum
Authors: Wu Shuang‐Qing , Xu Nai‐Yu , Sun Qun , Han Hai‐Yan , Zhang Jian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe six new germacrane‐type sesquiterpenoid lactones 1–6 were isolated from the CHCl3 extract of Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses, including interpretation of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectra. Compounds 1–6 were tested for cytotoxicity against NB4 and K562 leukemia cell lines, showing that 2 and 5 possess potent cytotoxicity (Table 3).
Bisyinshanic Acids A and B, Two Novel Diterpene Dimers from the Roots of Euphorbia yinshanica
Authors: Zhang Ben‐Yin , Wang Huan , Luo Xiao‐Dong , Du Zhi‐Zhi , Shen Jian‐Wei , Wu Hai‐Feng , Zhang Xiao‐Feng 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTwo novel diterpene dimers with a bismagdalenic acid skeleton, bisyinshanic acids A and B (1 and 2, resp.), along with eight known diterpenoids (3–10), were isolated from the roots of Euphorbia yinshanica. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence.
Synthesis of 3′,5′‐Cyclic Phosphate and Thiophosphate Esters of 2′‐C‐Methyl Ribonucleosides
Authors: Leisvuori Anna , Ahmed Zafar , Ora Mikko , Beigelman Leonid , Blatt Lawrence , Lönnberg Harri 
Published: September 2012

Abstract2′‐C‐Methylnucleosides are known to exhibit antiviral activity against Hepatitis C virus. Since the inhibitory activity depends on their intracellular conversion to 5′‐triphosphates, dosing as appropriately protected 5′‐phosphates or 5′‐phosphorothioates appears attractive. For this purpose, four potential pro‐drugs of 2′‐C‐methylguanosine, i.e., 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphorothioate of 2′‐C‐methylguanosine and 2′‐C,O6‐dimethylguanosine, 1 and 2, respectively, the S‐[(pivaloyloxy)methyl] ester of 2′‐C,O6‐dimethylguanosine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphorothioate and the O‐methyl ester of 2′‐C,O6‐dimethylguanosine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphate, 3 and 4, respectively, have been prepared.
Two Unusual Methylidenecyclopropane Glucosides from Metaxya rostrata C.Presl
Authors: Kainz Kerstin P. , Virtbauer Judith , Kählig Hanspeter , Arion Vladimir , Donath Oliver , Reznicek Gottfried , Huber Werner , Marian Brigitte , Krenn Liselotte 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTwo new natural compounds, (1R,2E)‐2‐(6‐hydroxyhexylidene)cyclopropyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (1) and (6E)‐6‐[(2R)‐2‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)cyclopropylidene]hexanoic acid (2), glucosides of a very rare methylidenecyclopropane alcohol, as well as two known glycosides of phenolic acids, namely 4‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosylcaffeic acid (3) and (E)‐4‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosylcoumaric acid (4), and methyl α‐fructofuranoside (5) were isolated for the first time from the rhizomes of the tree fern Metaxya rostrata C.Presl. The structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic data analysis, and the structure of 1 was additionally confirmed by X‐ray crystal‐structure analysis.
Improved DNA Clamps by Stacking to Adjacent Nucleobases
Authors: Fatthalla Maha I. , Pedersen Erik B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThree or four aromatic rings interconnected by acetylene bridges form a stiff conjugated system with sufficient conformational freedom to make it useful to link together the two strands of a DNA clamp. Upon targeting a ssDNA, the conformational flexibility allows better stacking of the linker to the underlying non‐planar base triplet in the formed triplex. This type of triplexes has a substantially higher thermal melting temperature which can be further improved by inserting locked nucleic acids (LNAs) in the Hoogsteen part of the clamp. An extremely high sensitivity to mismatches is observed in an octamer triplex when placed in the middle of the sequence.
New Optically Active Bis‐Heterocycles Derived from (S)‐Proline
Authors: Pieczonka Adam M. , Mlostoń Grzegorz , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEnantiomerically pure bis‐heterocycles containing a (S)‐proline moiety have been prepared starting from (S)‐N‐benzylprolinehydrazide (2b). The reactions with isothiocyanates or butyl isocyanate in refluxing MeOH led to the corresponding thiosemicarbazide 5 and semicarbazide 9 with a N‐benzylprolinoyl residue. The structure of the tert‐butyl derivative 5d was established by X‐ray crystallography. Base‐catalyzed cyclization of 5 and 9 led to (S)‐3‐(pyrrolidin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5(4H)‐thiones 6 and the corresponding 5(4H)‐one 8, respectively, whereas, in concentrated H2SO4, compounds 5 undergo cyclization to give (S)‐5‐amino‐2‐(pyrrolidin‐2‐yl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles 7. Furthermore, 2b reacted with hexane‐2,5‐dione in boiling iPrOH to yield the (S)‐N‐(2,5‐dimethylpyrrol‐1‐yl)prolinamide 10. In the case of the bis‐heterocycle 8, treatment with HCOONH4 and Pd/C in MeOH gave the debenzylated product 12.
Perfluorooctane sulfonate induces apoptosis in lung cancer A549 cells through reactive oxygen species‐mediated mitochondrion‐dependent pathway
Authors: Mao Zhenxing , Xia Wei , Wang Jun , Chen Tian , Zeng Qianqian , Xu Bing , Li Weiyong , Chen Xi , Xu Shunqing 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTPerfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a widespread environmental contaminant that is detected in the lung of mammals. The mechanisms underlying PFOS‐induced lung cytotoxicity remain unclear. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of PFOS on human lung cancer A549 cells and its possible molecular mechanism. A549 cells were treated with PFOS (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μm) and the cellular apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species were determined. In this study, PFOS induced a dose‐dependent increase in A549 cell toxicity via an apoptosis pathway as characterized by increased percentage of sub‐G1, activation of caspase‐3 and −9, and increased ratio of Bax/bcl‐2 mRNA expression. In addition, there was obvious oxidative stress, represented by decreased glutathione level, increased malondialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase activity. N‐Acetylcysteine, as an antioxidant that is a direct reactive oxygen species scavenger, can effectively block PFOS‐induced reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial membrane potential loss and cell apoptosis. These data indicate that PFOS induces apoptosis in A549 cells through a reactive oxygen species‐mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway mechanism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attitudes Toward Psychological Telehealth: Current and Future Clinical Psychologists’ Opinions of Internet‐Based Interventions
Authors: Perle Jonathan G. , Langsam Leah C. , Randel Allison , Lutchman Shane , Levine Alison B. , Odland Anthony P. , Nierenberg Barry , Marker Craig D. 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesThe current study explored differences in acceptance of telehealth interventions amongst currently licensed and future clinicians with a focus on web camera‐based intervention. The influence of theoretical orientation was also assessed.MethodAn online survey assessed 717 participants comprising 409 licensed psychologists (40.8% female, mean age = 56.57, standard deviation [SD] = 11.01) and 308 doctoral‐level students (78.9% female, mean age = 27.66, SD = 5.9) across domains of endorsement and rejection.ResultsBinary logistic regression indicated no significant difference between currently licensed and future psychologists in their endorsement of telehealth modalities. Cognitive‐behavioral, cognitive, behavioral, and systems psychologists were significantly more accepting of telehealth interventions than were dynamic/analytic or existential therapists.ConclusionsIncreasing exposure to telehealth through education as well as continued research on efficacy for specific diagnoses may help psychologists to more effectively determine whether telehealth is the “best fit” for both clinician and client.
The Relationship Between Individual Resource Realization and Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics in Mentally Ill Patients
Authors: Hausberg Maria Christina , Schulz Holger , Andreas Sylke 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveThere has been a recent effort to investigate the role of individual resources in the field of mental health, but systematic research on this topic is lacking. The overall aim of the present study was the exploration of resource realization and other related variables in patients with mental disorders to provide basic knowledge on the upcoming field of psychotherapy research, which focuses on patients’ strengths.MethodCurrent resource realization was assessed with a shortened form of the Resource Realization Questionnaire in a sample of 332 inpatients with mental disorders. To explore the association between resource realization and related variables, group differences (t tests, analyses of variance) in gender, age, marital status, educational level, and type and number of diagnoses were calculated. The relationships between resource realization, symptom severity, interpersonal behavior, and therapeutic alliance were examined, and a regression tree analysis was calculated to establish relevant predictors of resource realization.ResultsThere are several significant differences in current resource realization regarding marital status and number and type of diagnoses. A significant relationship between resource realization and symptom severity was found. The results regarding interpersonal behavior and therapeutic alliance were more heterogeneous. Symptom severity, gender, and chronic depression were found to be relevant predictors of resource realization.ConclusionThe close association between resource realization and symptom severity supports further investigation of the construct of resource realization within psychotherapy research.
Extended depth of focus in optical microscopy: Assessment of existing methods and a new proposal
Authors: Piccinini Filippo , Tesei Anna , Zoli Wainer , Bevilacqua Alessandro 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDue to depth of focus constraints, the acquisition of a single 2‐D completely in‐focus image of 3‐D objects characterized by a relevant depth dimension is not possible with a standard light microscope. Since the Seventies numerous methods have been proposed to overcome this problem, mainly through different fusion processing techniques to extend the microscope's depth of focus. However, given a specific application, it is very difficult to know which method yields the best results because there are no validated approaches or tested metrics that are suitable for real world cases typically lacking in a reference ground truth. Although the Universal Quality Index (UQI) is widely used to evaluate output quality in image processing, it requires a reference ground truth. Some UQI extensions have been proposed to evaluate the output of fusion methods without a ground truth, but sufficient analyses have not been carried out to confirm their equivalence to the standard UQI in terms of (evaluation) performance. We propose a new method to extend the microscope's depth of focus and, using synthetic stacks of images with ground truth attached, show that it is superior to state‐of‐the‐art methods. We also demonstrate that the output of metrics proposed as UQI extensions is different from that of the UQI. Finally, we validate a new approach to evaluate extended depth of focus methods using real world stacks of slices, as per the UQI, but without the need for a reference ground truth. Microsc. Res. Tech. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AFM characterization of biomolecules in physiological environment by an advanced nanofabricated probe
Authors: Moretti M. , Canale C. , Canale C. , Francardi M. , Dante S. , De Angelis F. , Di Fabrizio E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMany relevant questions in biology and medicine require both topography and chemical information with high spatial resolution. Several biological events that occur at the nanometer scale level need to be investigated in physiological conditions. In this regard Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is one of the most powerful tools for label‐free nanoscale characterization of biological samples in liquid environment. Recently, the coupling of Raman spectroscopy to scanning probe microscopies has opened new perspectives on this subject; however, the coupling of quality AFM spectroscopy with Raman spectroscopy in the same probe is not trivial. In this work we report about the AFM capabilities of an advanced high‐resolution probe that has been previously nanofabricated by our group for coupling with Raman spectroscopy applications. We investigate its use for liquid AFM measurements on biological model samples like lipid bilayers, amyloid fibrils, and titin proteins. We demonstrate topography resolution down to nanometer level, force measurement and stable imaging capability. We also discuss about its potential as nanoscale chemical probe in liquid phase. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.