bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Neuroimaging in Late-Life Mood Disorders
Authors: Colloby Sean J. , O’Brien John T. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Affective disorder research has mainly focussed on studying many of the structures implicated within the limbic-cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic circuit. This chapter concentrates on structural MRI brain changes associated with unipolar major depression and bipolar disorder (BD) of late-life, with particular attention to structural imaging, white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Structural brain deficits are associated with LLD and LLBD, with a pattern supporting the notion of ‘frontostriatal’ disturbances in affective disorders of late-life. Increased prevalence of WMH is another characteristic of LLD and LLBD, with perhaps location rather than burden being more important to their pathogeneses, but may also indicate their increased cerebrovascular risk factors. Microstructural DTI changes are largely in frontal regions in LLD but in LLBD have not been investigated. Future studies with larger clinically representative populations with further aid to elucidate the specific anatomy and aetiology of structural MRI changes in late-life mood disorders and investigate their relationship with clinical factors.
Genetics of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia
Authors: Talkowski Michael E. , Chowdari Kodavali V. , Mansour Hader , Prasad Konasale M. , Wood Joel , Nimgaonkar Vishwajit L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, we consider the genetic epidemiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We review their diagnostic history as well as the evidence for shared genetic risk factors and pathophysiology between them. We discuss the strengths and considerable weaknesses of various linkage and association-based research paradigms employed over the years to understand the genetic basis of these disorders, and more recent data robustly implicating shared genetic etiological factors. As the data from large-scale genomic studies accumulate, it has become clear that hundreds to thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms that are common in the general population confer very small but significant risk to both disorders, while large genomic rearrangements represent highly penetrant, but rare and often non-recurrent genetic contributors. We conclude that significant progress has been made in understanding the complex genetic factors underlying schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, much of which suggests a model of genetic variation spanning the allelic spectrum will ultimately be required to explain both the disease-specific and shared genetic risk contributing to the pathophysiology of these disorders.
Conservation marketing and education for less charismatic biodiversity and conservation businesses for sustainable development
Authors: Di Minin E. , Fraser I. , Slotow R. , MacMillan D. C. 
Published: May 2013

Read the Feature Paper: Understanding heterogeneous preference of tourists for big game species: implications for conservation and managementCommentaries on this Feature Paper: To use tourism as a conservation tool, first study tourists; The Big 5 and conservation
Relationship between preoperative serum TSH levels and expression of VEGF in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Li Jin , Teng Lisong , Jiang Honggang 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates angiogenesis, increases vascular permeability and seems to correlate to aggressiveness of tumors. Increased expression of VEGF has been observed in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is the major thyroid hormone, but its relationship with VEGF has seldom been studied. Therefore, we explored whether the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF was related to the serum TSH level.MethodsVEGF expression was analyzed in 43 archived PTC specimens using immunohistochemistry, with adjacent normal thyroid tissues used as controls. Serum TSH was measured by immunoradiometric assay before surgery and correlated to VEGF expression.ResultsPositive VEGF expression was found in 90% of 43 PTC tissue specimens, but not in normal tissue. The serum TSH levels revealed a positive correlation with VEGF expression, R = 0.592 (P < 0.01).ConclusionsTSH is a major thyroid hormone. Whether TSH promotes the progression of PTC is not known but the serum TSH levels reveal a positive correlation with VEGF expression.
Review article: strategies for the management of chronic unremitting ulcerative colitis
Authors: Mehta S. J. , Silver A. R. , Lindsay J. O. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryBackgroundChronic active ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with significant morbidity, loss of productivity, increased colorectal cancer risk and cost. Up to 18% of patients suffer chronic active disease, with 30% requiring colectomy at 10 years. The management remains challenging given the relatively few clinical trials in this area.AimTo summarise the evidence regarding optimal management strategies for patients with chronic active UC of differing disease extents and degrees of treatment refractoriness.MethodA literature search using the PubMed and Medline databases was performed. No time limit was set on article publication for inclusion.ResultsThe principles of management should focus on confirming disease activity, exclusion of alternative diagnoses, adherence and treatment escalation. Infliximab and topical tacrolimus are options in refractory proctitis, although the evidence for these therapies is limited. Both infliximab and adalimumab are effective in corticosteroid‐refractory disease, although the proportions of patients achieving corticosteroid‐free remission remain modest (24% at 30 weeks and 16.9% at 8 weeks respectively). Alternatives include ciclosporin and tacrolimus, and possibly methotrexate. Colectomy often leads to an improved quality of life; medical strategies unlikely to provide durable corticosteroid‐free remission should not be pursued.ConclusionsNo current pharmacological treatment delivers mucosal healing in the majority of patients. Newer treatments such as vedolizumab and tofacitinib may represent valuable future therapies. Available medical options should be discussed with patients at every step of their management, with an honest appraisal of the evidence. Surgery should always be considered in patients with chronic refractory disease of any extent.
Indirect comparison of randomised controlled trials: comparative efficacy of dexlansoprazole vs. esomeprazole in the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Wu M. S. , Tan S. C. , Xiong T. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryBackgroundDexlansoprazole is a new proton pump inhibitor (PPI) with a dual delayed‐release system. Both dexlansoprazole and esomeprazole are an enantiomer of lansoprazole and omeprazole respectively. However, there is no head‐to‐head trial data or indirect comparison analyses between dexlansoprazole and esomeprazole.AimTo compare the efficacy of dexlansoprazole with esomeprazole in healing erosive oesophagitis (EO), the maintenance of healed EO and the treatment of non‐erosive reflux disease (NERD).MethodsRandomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) comparing dexlansoprazole or esomeprazole with either placebo or another PPI were systematically reviewed. Random‐effect meta‐analyses and adjusted indirect comparisons were conducted to compare the treatment effect of dexlansoprazole and esomeprazole using a common comparator. The relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.ResultsThe indirect comparisons revealed significant differences in symptom control of heartburn in patients with NERD at 4 weeks. Dexlansoprazole 30 mg was more effective than esomeprazole 20 mg or 40 mg (RR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.15–3.51; RR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.39–3.38). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two drugs in EO healing and maintenance of healed EO. Comparison of symptom control in healed EO was not able to be made due to different definitions used in the RCTs.ConclusionsAdjusted indirect comparisons based on currently available RCT data suggested significantly better treatment effect in symptom control of heartburn in patients with NERD for dexlansoprazole against esomeprazole. No statistically significant differences were found in other EO outcomes. However, these study findings need to be interpreted with caution due to small number of studies and other limitations.
Pharmacological Characterisation of a Structurally Novel α2C ‐Adrenoceptor Antagonist ORM‐10921 and its Effects in Neuropsychiatric Models
Authors: Sallinen Jukka , Holappa Johanna , Koivisto Ari , Kuokkanen Katja , Chapman Hugh , Lehtimäki Jyrki , Piepponen Petteri , Mijatovic Jelena , Tanila Heikki , Virtanen Raimo , Sirviö Jouni , Haapalinna Antti 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe α2‐adrenoceptors (ARs) are important modulators of a wide array of physiological responses. As only a few selective compounds for the three α2‐AR subtypes (α2A, α2B and α2C) have been available, the pharmacological profile of a new α2C‐selective AR antagonist ORM‐10921 is reported. Standard in vitro receptor assays and antagonism of α2, and α1‐AR agonist ‐evoked responses in vivo were used to demonstrate the α2C‐AR selectivity for ORM‐10921 which was tested in established behavioural models related to schizophrenia and cognitive dysfunction with an emphasis on pharmacologically induced hypoglutamatergic state by phencyclidine or MK‐801. The Kb values of in vitro α2C‐ AR antagonism for ORM‐10921 varied between 0.078–1.2 nM depending on the applied method. The selectivity ratios compared to α2A‐AR subtype and other relevant receptors were 10‐100 times in vitro. The in vivo experiments supported its potent α2C‐antagonism combined with only a weak α2A‐antagonism. In the pharmacodynamic microdialysis study, ORM‐10921 was found to increase extracellular dopamine levels in prefrontal cortex in the baseline conditions. In the behavioural tests, ORM‐10921 displayed potent antidepressant and antipsychotic‐like effects in the forced swimming test and prepulse‐inhibition models analogously with the previously reported results with structurally different α2C‐selective AR antagonist JP‐1302. Our new results also indicate that ORM‐10921 alleviated the NMDA‐antagonist‐induced impairments in social behaviour and watermaze navigation. This study extends and further validates the concept that α2C‐AR is a potential therapeutic target in CNS disorders such as schizophrenia or Alzheimer's disease and suggests the potential of α2C‐antagonism to treat such disorders.
Vulnerability in Research Ethics: a Way Forward
Authors: Lange Margaret Meek , Rogers Wendy , Dodds Susan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSeveral foundational documents of bioethics mention the special obligation researchers have to vulnerable research participants. However, the treatment of vulnerability offered by these documents often relies on enumeration of vulnerable groups rather than an analysis of the features that make such groups vulnerable. Recent attempts in the scholarly literature to lend philosophical weight to the concept of vulnerability are offered by Luna and Hurst. Luna suggests that vulnerability is irreducibly contextual and that Institutional Review Boards (Research Ethics Committees) can only identify vulnerable participants by carefully examining the details of the proposed research. Hurst, in contrast, defines the vulnerable as those especially at risk of incurring the wrongs to which all research ethics participants are exposed. We offer a more substantive conception of vulnerability than Luna but one that gives rise to a different rubric of responsibilities from Hurst's. While we understand vulnerability to be an ontological condition of human existence, in the context of research ethics, we take the vulnerable to be research subjects who are especially prone to harm or exploitation. Our analysis rests on developing a typology of sources of vulnerability and showing how distinct sources generate distinct obligations on the part of the researcher. Our account emphasizes that the researcher's first obligation is not to make the research participant even more vulnerable than they already are. To illustrate our framework, we consider two cases: that of a vulnerable population involved in international research and that of a domestic population of people with diminished capacity.
Target enrichment and high‐throughput sequencing of 80 ribosomal protein genes to identify mutations associated with Diamond‐Blackfan anaemia
Authors: Gerrard Gareth , Valgañón Mikel , Foong Hui En , Kasperaviciute Dalia , Iskander Deena , Game Laurence , Müller Michael , Aitman Timothy J. , Roberts Irene , de la Fuente Josu , Foroni Letizia , Karadimitris Anastasios 
Published: May 2013

SummaryDiamond‐Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is caused by inactivating mutations in ribosomal protein (RP) genes, with mutations in 13 of the 80 RP genes accounting for 50–60% of cases. The remaining 40–50% cases may harbour mutations in one of the remaining RP genes, but the very low frequencies render conventional genetic screening as challenging. We, therefore, applied custom enrichment technology combined with high‐throughput sequencing to screen all 80 RP genes. Using this approach, we identified and validated inactivating mutations in 15/17 (88%) DBA patients. Target enrichment combined with high‐throughput sequencing is a robust and improved methodology for the genetic diagnosis of DBA.
What's in a (biological) name? The wrath of Lord Rutherford
Authors: Valdecasas Antonio G. , Peláez María L. , Wheeler Quentin D. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractNames in taxonomy have seven different and important properties, some due to their existence in the context of classifications. Names confer or facilitate individuation, information storage and retrieval, and set theories of relationships, explanatory power, testable predictions, conceptual power, and language. No other way of naming in science is so powerful. And this is possible because taxonomic naming is done with full consideration of the theoretical specification of empirical data (characters) and their correspondence among taxa via homology statements. Since Darwin and Hennig, sets of homologous characters distributed among taxa allow precise hypotheses of a genealogical relationship, and this relationship is reflected in the way naming results in a classification.
Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass patients hospitalized for substance use disorders achieve successful weight loss despite poor psychosocial outcomes
Authors: Pulcini M. E. , Saules K. K. , Schuh L. M. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryAn emerging body of literature indicates that Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients may be at a heightened risk for substance use disorders (SUDs) after surgery. Little is known about how weight loss and psychosocial outcomes of RYGB patients who develop SUD differ from those who do not. The present study compared weight loss and psychosocial outcomes of 26 post‐RYGB patients in inpatient SUD treatment with those of 26 RYGB patients who did not evidence problematic substance use in the post‐operative period. SUD and control cases were matched on age, sex and time lapse since surgery. No significant differences in % total weight loss or % excess weight loss (EWL) were found between groups. Those in SUD treatment were significantly less likely to meet the surgical failure criteria of <50% EWL but evidenced greater symptoms of depression, higher rates of probable major depressive disorder and poorer quality of life. Our findings indicate that RYGB patients hospitalized for SUDs achieve successful weight loss despite having poor psychosocial outcomes.
The determinants of cross‐border bank flows to emerging markets
Authors: Herrmann Sabine , Mihaljek Dubravko 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper studies the determinants of cross‐border bank lending on a panel dataset comprising 17 advanced and 28 emerging market economies from 1993 to 2008. The empirical framework is based on a gravity model of financial flows. Our main findings are that the decrease in cross‐border lending in the 2007–2008 crisis was mostly due to global rather than country‐specific risk factors, and that central and eastern Europe was less affected by this decrease than other emerging market regions because of its stronger financial and monetary ties with creditor countries, and its relatively sound banking systems. These results are fairly robust to several different specifications, sub‐samples and econometric methodologies.
Why Triptan Treatment Can Fail: Focus on Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Migraine
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundResults of randomized, double‐blind, controlled studies establish the efficacy of triptans in the acute treatment of migraine, but triptan benefits demonstrated in clinical trials have not consistently been realized in clinical practice. This paper explores the contribution of gastrointestinal manifestations of migraine – namely nausea (with or without vomiting) and gastroparesis – to triptan treatment failure.SynthesisMigraine‐related nausea and vomiting and migraine‐associated gastroparesis appear to be prevalent and highly impactful and have been characterized as being among the greatest challenges affecting migraine care today. These gastrointestinal signs and symptoms have not been satisfactorily taken into account in the management of migraine, which is dominated by the use of oral therapies. Oral triptans are not the optimal therapy in the presence of migraine‐related nausea because nausea predicts poor response to oral triptans and because nausea can cause patients to delay oral treatment, which can further compromise therapeutic efficacy. Oral triptans are not the optimal therapy in the presence of migraine‐associated gastroparesis because these agents rely on gastric motility and gastrointestinal absorption and may be ineffective or slowly or inconsistently effective in the presence of gastroparesis. Health care providers need to work with their patients to address the still‐all‐too‐frequent problem of treatment failure in migraine. First, health care providers need to have greater appreciation of the importance of nausea, vomiting, and gastroparesis as factors affecting migraine prognosis and treatment success. Second, health care providers need to systematically assess migraine patients for gastrointestinal signs and symptoms. Finally, patients and health care providers need to be willing to practice customized migraine care, in which patients tailor the treatment and formulation to the characteristics and context of the individual migraine episode.
Influence of Random Measurement Error on Estimated Rates of Headache Chronification and Remission
Authors: Houle Timothy T. , Turner Dana P. , Smitherman Todd A. , Penzien Donald B. , Lipton Richard B. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveTo examine the potential influence of random measurement error on estimated rates of chronification and remission.BackgroundStudies of headache chronification and remission examine the proportion of headache sufferers that move across a boundary of 15 headache days per month between 2 points in time. At least part of that apparent movement may represent measurement error or random variation in headache activity over time.MethodsA mathematical simulation was conducted to examine the influence of varying degrees of measurement error on rates of chronic migraine onset and remission. Using data from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study, we estimated a starting distribution of headache days from 0 to 30 in the migraine population. Assuming various levels of measurement error, we then simulated 2 sets of data for Time 1 and Time 2. The “individuals” in this study were assumed to have no real change in headache frequency from Time 1 to Time 2. The observed variations in headache frequency were those influenced by imputed random variance to resemble typical measurement error or natural variability. Using this simulation approach, we estimated the amount of chronification and remission rates that might be attributed simply to statistical artifacts such as unreliability or regression to the mean.ResultsAs the degree of measurement error increased, the amounts of illusory chronification and remission increased substantially. For example, if the headache frequency of sufferers randomly varies by only 2 headache days each month due to chance alone, a substantial degree of illusory chronification (0.6% to 1.3%) and illusory remission (10.3% to 23.5%) rates are expected simply due to random variation.ConclusionsRandom variation, without real change, has the potential to influence estimated rates of progression and remission in longitudinal migraine studies. The magnitude of random variation needed to fully reproduce observed rates of progression and remission are implausibly large. Recommendations are offered to improve estimation of rates of progression and remission, reducing the influence of random variation.
Methodological Issues in Studying Rates and Predictors of Migraine Progression and Remission
Authors: Lipton Richard B. , Penzien Donald B. , Turner Dana P. , Smitherman Todd A , Houle Timothy T. 
Published: May 2013

Background.—The progression and remission of migraine and the risk factors that determine the course of illness have been intensively studied for the past decade.Methods.—In this fourth paper in a series of methodological articles, we summarize crucial issues that influence studies of migraine clinical course, and suggest directions and opportunities for future research.Results.—Defining chronic migraine (CM) based on 15 or more headache days per month is problematic because headache frequency varies from month to month. We propose methods of defining CM as a trait and not as a state of headache frequency. Our notions of progression and remission, defined by the crossing of an arbitrary frequency boundary, are also problematic; we propose alternative approaches. Measuring headache frequency is challenging because of measurement error, temporal sampling error, and real change over time.Conclusions.—We suggest alternative approaches for defining migraine subtypes, measuring change in frequency, defining progression and remission, and modeling change over time. Our suggestions are intended to encourage dialogue and need refinement and evaluation. Our long‐term goal is to improve classification and measurement to facilitate the discovery of risk factors, genes, and other biological processes that determine the onset and course of migraine.
Comparative evaluation of chlorhexidine varnish and fluoride varnish on plaque Streptococcus mutans count – an in vivo study
Authors: Sajjan PG , Nagesh L , Sajjanar M , Reddy SKK , Venktesh UG 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of the study was to assess and compare the effect of chlorhexidine varnish and fluoride varnish application on Streptococcus mutans counts in plaque of occlusal pits and fissures of permanent mandibular first molars.Materials and methodsThe study was an in vivo comparative study, conducted among 50 schoolchildren aged 7–8 years under a field setting. The 50 subjects were randomly allocated into two groups. Baseline plaque samples were collected from all the subjects followed by the application of two varnishes, Cervitec and Duraphat. The varnish was applied to pit and fissures of occlusal surface of mandibular first molar. The varnish application was carried out on the first day, fifth day and tenth day after baseline plaque sampling. Subsequent plaque samples were collected at the end of 1 month and at the end of 3 months after the varnish application.ResultsThe Cervitec varnish has shown a statistically significant reduction at the end of 1 month and at the end of 3 months (P < 0.05). Duraphat varnish did not show a statistically significant difference in reducing the plaque S. mutans count at the end of 1 month and third month (P > 0.05).ConclusionCervitec varnish was found to be effective in reducing S. mutans count for a 3‐month period, when compared to Duraphat varnish.