bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights into the Complexity and Functionality of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Phosphorylation
Authors: Ross-Thriepland Douglas , Harris Mark 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT
The hepatitis C virus nonstructural NS5A protein has roles in genome replication, virus assembly, and modulation of host pathways. NS5A is a phosphoprotein, and it has been proposed that differential phosphorylation could regulate the various roles of the protein. By SDS-PAGE, two forms of NS5A with distinct apparent molecular weights can be observed, referred to as basally phosphorylated and hyperphosphorylated species. However, the sites of phosphorylation on these two species have not been unequivocally identified, hampering our understanding of the function and regulation of NS5A. To address this, we purified tagged NS5A from cells harboring a replicating subgenomic replicon and analyzed the purified protein by mass spectrometry. We identified six peptide fragments containing 12 phosphorylated residues and were able to assign four of these to serines 146, 222, and 225 and threonine 348. A serine-rich peptide fragment spanning residues 221 to 240 was highly phosphorylated. Using mutagenesis, we identified roles for a subset of these phosphoacceptors in virus genome replication. We further showed that phosphorylation at S146 regulates hyperphosphorylation, and by generating a phospho-specific antibody targeted to pS222, we identified that S222 phosphorylation predominates in the hyperphosphorylated species. Last, by introducing phosphomimetic mutations across residues 221 to 240, we demonstrated changes in the mobility of the basally phosphorylated species suggestive of a sequential phosphorylation cascade within this serine-rich cluster. We propose that this regulation could drive a conformational switch between the dimeric structures of NS5A and could also explain the different functions of the protein in the virus life cycle.
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in outpatients with essential hypertension in China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Liu Jun , Zhao Dong , Liu Jing , Qi Yue , Sun Jiayi , Wang Wei 
Published: November 2013

ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and new detection of DM using fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2 h plasma glucose (2-hPG) in hypertensive outpatients in China.DesignMulticenter cross-sectional study.Setting46 hospitals in China.ParticipantsStudy patients were consecutively recruited from June to December 2009 from hypertension outpatient clinics in 46 hospitals in 22 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China. At least 100 consecutive patients were recruited in each hospital. FPG was measured for all patients and 2-hPG was measured in those without a history of DM. A total of 4942 hypertensive outpatients aged ≥20 years were included.ResultsPrevalence of DM was 24.3% (which included both previously and newly diagnosed cases). Among the 1202 patients with DM, 417 (34.7%) were newly detected. In patients aged <45 years, 52.6% of cases of DM were newly detected. Of the 417 cases of newly detected diabetes, 54.9% were identified using FPG tests and the remaining 45.1% by 2-hPG tests; 27.1% of patients with newly detected DM had FPG <6.1 mmol/L and 16.5% had FPG <5.6 mmol/L. Among the elderly patients (≥65 years), 32.4% had normal FPG (<6.1 mmol/L) and 24.5% had optimal FPG (<5.6 mmol/L).ConclusionsOur findings showed a high prevalence of DM and newly detected DM among Chinese hypertensive outpatients. Application of additional 2-hPG testing to FPG assay can improve the detection rate of DM, especially in elderly patients.
Cross vascular risk for first and recurrent hospitalised atherothrombosis determined retrospectively from linked data
Authors: Briffa Tom G , Nedkoff Lee J , Knuiman Matthew W , Hankey Graeme J , Norman Paul E , Hung Joseph , Thompson Peter L , Hickling Siobhan , Bremner Alexandra , Sanfilippo Frank M 
Published: November 2013

ObjectivesTo determine the sex-specific and age-specific risk ratios for the first-ever and recurrent hospitalisation for cerebrovascular, coronary and peripheral arterial disease in persons with other vascular history versus without other vascular history in Western Australia from 2005to 2007.DesignCross-sectional linkage study.SettingHospitalised population in a representative Australian State.ParticipantsAll persons aged 34–85 years between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2007 were hospitalised with a principal diagnosis of atherothrombosis.Data sourcesPerson-linked file of statutory-collected administrative morbidity and mortality records.Main outcome measuresSex-specific and age-specific risk ratios for the first-ever and recurrent hospitalisations for symptomatic atherothrombosis of the brain, coronary and periphery using a 15-year look-back period lead to the determining of prior events.ResultsOver 3 years, 40 877 (66% men; 55% first-ever) were hospitalised for atherothrombosis. For each arterial territory, age-specific recurrent rates were higher than the corresponding first-ever rates, with the biggest difference seen in the youngest age groups. For all types of first-ever atherothrombosis, the rates were higher in those with other vascular history and the risk ratios declined with an advancing age (trend: all p<0.0001) and remained significantly >1 even for 75–84 years old. However, for recurrent events, the rates were marginally higher in those with other vascular history and no risk ratio age trend was apparent with several not significantly >1 (trend: all p>0.13).ConclusionsThis study of hospitalised atherothrombosis suggests first-events predominate and that the risk of further events in the same or other arterial territory is very high for all ages and both sexes, accentuating the necessity for an early and sustained active prevention.
An implementation program targeted at non-physician, anaesthesia assistants improves the quality of laryngeal mask anaesthesia
Authors: Reed Isabelle , Walker Ellie , Oliver Rose Bernd 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is used to facilitate adequate ventilation in the majority of procedures requiring general anaesthesia in the UK. Excessive LMA cuff pressure and/or volume, generated by injection of air to form an adequate seal within the upper airway, has been associated with pharyngolaryngeal morbidity, an indicator of quality in anaesthetic practice. However, measurement of LMA cuff pressure to limit excessive cuff pressure is not routine practice, despite trial data showing this reduces adverse outcomes. Our aim was to reduce morbidity from the LMA through the implementation of an educational and interventional program targeted at anaesthetic nurses and operating department assistants (ODA), to alter their physician colleagues’ practice. LMA cuff pressure measurements were made, and postoperative outcomes recorded, in an observational cohort of surgical patients over an initial 2-month period. These results, including patient morbidity and the evidence for LMA cuff pressure measurement, were presented to anaesthesia providers and their assistants. An implementation plan to adjust pressures within recommended levels was then undertaken by anaesthesia assistants.In 90 patients, >95% of LMA pressures were beyond the recommended level; higher volumes of injected air correlated with excess pressure (r=0.58; p<0.0001) and were associated with pharyngolaryngeal morbidity in 28% patients (P=0.04). There was no association with difficulty in LMA insertion, duration or type of surgical procedure. In the implementation cohort (102 patients), pharyngolaryngeal morbidity was reduced to 11% (P=0.001) in the 45 patients where LMA cuff pressure was reduced to within normal limits (absolute risk reduction: 38% (95% CI: 22-54%). LMA manometry in three patients (95% CI: 2-5) was required to prevent an episode of postoperative pharyngolaryngeal morbidity.A systematic educational and interventional program targeted at the entire perioperative anaesthesia team, but implemented by anaesthesia assistants, can improve perioperative safety and quality.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk assessment and prophylaxis in acute orthopaedic admissions: improving compliance with national guidelines
Authors: Watts Laura , Grant David 
Published: November 2013

Abstract"Each year over 25,000 people die from Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) contracted in hospital. This is more than the combined total of deaths from breast cancer, AIDS and traffic accidents”. (1) Orthopaedic patients are at particular risk of VTE. In 2011, the project team carried out an audit into compliance with national VTE assessment guidelines on all acute trauma and orthopaedic admissions during a two week period at a District General Hospital. The study demonstrated that compliance was initially low, but showed a large improvement following the implementation of simple measures. The measures included: asking consultants to remind junior doctors, putting posters up in the trauma doctors office, asking nursing staff to check for a VTE assessment on admission to the ward, and putting reminders on the patient name board. The project team subsequently recommended an alteration to the hospital’s computer system to incorporate a check of VTE assessment and prophylaxis. A second assessment using the same methodology sought to assess whether the previous improvements were sustained and the impact of this computer system alteration. Overall, compliance with national VTE guidance improved further.
Do economic recessions during early and mid-adulthood influence cognitive function in older age?
Authors: Leist Anja K , Hessel Philipp , Avendano Mauricio 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundFluctuations in the national economy shape labour market opportunities and outcomes, which in turn may influence the accumulation of cognitive reserve. This study examines whether economic recessions experienced in early and mid-adulthood are associated with later-life cognitive function.MethodData came from 12 020 respondents in 11 countries participating in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Cognitive assessments in 2004/2005 and 2006/2007 were linked to complete work histories retrospectively collected in 2008/2009 and to historical annual data on fluctuations in Gross Domestic Product per capita for each country. Controlling for confounders, we assessed whether recessions experienced at ages 25–34, 35–44 and 45–49 were associated with cognitive function at ages 50–74.ResultsAmong men, each additional recession at ages 45–49 was associated with worse cognitive function at ages 50–74 (b=−0.06, CI −0.11 to −0.01). Among women, each additional recession at ages 25–44 was associated with worse cognitive function at ages 50–74 (b25–34=−0.03, CI −0.04 to −0.01; b35–44=−0.02, CI −0.04 to −0.00). Among men, recessions at ages 45–49 influenced risk of being laid-off, whereas among women, recessions at ages 25–44 led to working part-time and higher likelihood of downward occupational mobility, which were all predictors of worse later-life cognitive function.ConclusionsRecessions at ages 45–49 among men and 25–44 among women are associated with later-life cognitive function, possibly through more unfavourable labour market trajectories. If replicated in future studies, findings indicate that policies that ameliorate the impact of recessions on labour market outcomes may promote later-life cognitive function.
Decomposing social capital inequalities in health
Authors: Moore Spencer , Stewart Steven , Teixeira Ana 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundResearch has shown network social capital associated with a range of health behaviours and conditions. Little is known about what social capital inequalities in health represent, and which social factors contribute to such inequalities.MethodsData come from the Montreal Neighbourhood Networks and Healthy Aging Study (n=2707). A position generator was used to collect network data on social capital. Health outcomes included self-reported health (SRH), physical inactivity, and hypertension. Social capital inequalities in low SRH, physical inactivity, and hypertension were decomposed into demographic, socioeconomic, network and psychosocial determinants. The percentage contributions of each in explaining health disparities were calculated.ResultsAcross the three outcomes, higher educational attainment contributed most consistently to explaining social capital inequalities in low SRH (% C=30.8%), physical inactivity (15.9%), and hypertension (51.2%). Social isolation, contributed to physical inactivity (11.7%) and hypertension (18.2%). Sense of control (24.9%) and perceived cohesion (11.5%) contributed to low SRH. Age reduced or increased social capital inequalities in hypertension depending on the age category.ConclusionsInterventions that include strategies to reduce socioeconomic inequalities and increase actual and perceived social connectivity may be most successful in reducing social capital inequalities in health.
Post-emplacement thermo-rheological history of a granite intrusion and surrounding rocks: the Monte Capanne pluton, Elba Island, Italy
Authors: Caggianelli Alfredo , Ranalli Giorgio , Lavecchia Alessio , Liotta Domenico , Dini Andrea 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

A thermo-rheological model of the Monte Capanne pluton, Elba Island, Italy is proposed as having general relevance for the thermal and tectonic evolution of upper crustal granites and their surrounding rocks in extensional regions. The thermal evolution of the pluton and country rocks is followed for 1 myr after emplacement, which occurred at
c.
6.9 Ma. The pluton completely crystallized in
c.
210 kyr (±20%). The adjacent rocks reached a thermal peak of 550 °C (±10%), maintaining a temperature higher than 500 °C for
c.
100 kyr.

The temperature distribution is used to construct a model for the time-dependent rheology of the pluton and surrounding rocks. A series of 2D cross-sections shows an upward migration of the regional brittle−ductile transition, and the formation of a ductile horizon above the pluton. The former is a combined effect of unroofing and middle crust heating; the latter is the result of temperature increase in rheologically weak country rocks. This ductile horizon has a potential role in the tectonic evolution of the region, since it could favour the formation of upper crustal shear zones and listric faults rooting in the transient brittle−ductile transition and playing a major role in further post-emplacement extension.
Is Wilms Tumor a Candidate Neoplasia for Treatment with WNT/β-Catenin Pathway Modulators?—A Report from the Renal Tumors Biology-Driven Drug Development Workshop
Authors: Perotti Daniela , Hohenstein Peter , Bongarzone Italia , Maschietto Mariana , Weeks Mark , Radice Paolo , Pritchard-Jones Kathy 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The European Network for Cancer Research in Children and Adolescents consortium organized a workshop in Rome, in June 2012, on “Biology-Driven Drug Development Renal Tumors Workshop” to discuss the current knowledge in pediatric renal cancers and to recommend directions for further research. Wilms tumor is the most common renal tumor of childhood and represents a success of pediatric oncology, with cure rates of more than 85% of cases. However, a substantial minority (∼25%) responds poorly to current therapies and requires “high-risk” treatment or relapse. Moreover, the successfully treated majority are vulnerable to the late effects of treatment, with nearly one quarter reporting severe chronic health conditions by 25 years of follow-up. Main purposes of this meeting were to advance our understanding on the molecular drivers in Wilms tumor, their heterogeneity and interdependencies; to provide updates on the clinical–pathologic associations with biomarkers; to identify eligible populations for targeted drugs; and to model opportunities to use preclinical model systems and prioritize targeted agents for early phase clinical trials. At least three different pathways are involved in Wilms tumor; this review represents the outcome of the workshop discussion on the WNT/β-catenin pathway in Wilms tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(12); 2619–27. ©2013 AACR.
The Evolution of Hurricane Humberto (2001)
Authors: Dolling Klaus , Barnes Gary M. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
In 2001, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Aeronautical and Space Administration marshaled their resources to sample Hurricane Humberto for 3 successive days during the fourth Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-4). Humberto developed from a tropical storm into a category-2 hurricane despite the deep-layer vertical shear of the environmental horizontal wind (VWS) increasing markedly on the second and third days of sampling. As exhibited in earlier studies, the eyewall convection developed an azimuthal wavenumber-1 (n = 1) asymmetry as the VWS increased. Horizontal divergence and vertical stability within 100 km of the eye exhibited persistent relationships to the VWS vector.
The warm core evolved in an unexpected way. The warm anomaly was initially located in the lower troposphere and built upward as the storm intensified. The maximum temperature anomaly remained in the lower troposphere on all 3 days while the development of the upper-tropospheric warm anomaly appeared to be inhibited by the increasing VWS and the entrainment of dry environmental air into the core at midlevels.
The warm core of this higher-latitude (33°N) storm displayed large differences when compared to most numerical simulations, wind-induced surface heat exchange theory, and observations of tropical cyclones in the deep tropics acquired nearly 50 years ago. The results were similar to some recent numerical simulations.
Effective Diffusivity in Baroclinic Flow
Authors: Leibensperger Eric M. , Plumb R. Alan 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Large-scale chaotic stirring stretches tracer contours into filaments containing fine spatial scales until small-scale diffusive processes dissipate tracer variance. Quantification of tracer transport in such circumstances is possible through the use of Nakamura’s “effective diffusivity” diagnostics, which make clear the controlling role of stirring, rather than small-scale dissipation, in large-scale transport. Existing theory of effective diffusivity is based on a layerwise approach, in which tracer variance is presumed to cascade via horizontal (or isentropic) stirring to small-scale horizontal (or isentropic) diffusion. In most geophysical flows of interest, however, baroclinic shear will tilt stirred filamentary structures into almost-horizontal sheets, in which case the thinnest dimension is vertical; accordingly, it will be vertical (or diabatic) diffusion that provides the ultimate dissipation of variance. Here new theoretical developments define effective diffusivity in such flows. In the frequently relevant case of isentropic stirring, it is shown that the theory is, in most respects, unchanged from the case of isentropic diffusion: effective isentropic diffusivity is controlled by the isentropic stirring and, it is argued, largely independent of the nature of the ultimate dissipation. Diabatic diffusion is not amplified by the stirring, although it can be modestly enhanced through eddy modulation of static stability. These characteristics are illustrated in numerical simulations of a stratospheric flow; in regions of strong stirring, the theoretical predictions are well supported, but agreement is less good where stirring is weaker.
Impact of East Asian Winter and Australian Summer Monsoons on the Enhanced Surface Westerlies over the Western Tropical Pacific Ocean Preceding the El Niño Onset
Authors: Zheng Yangxing , Zhang Renhe , Bourassa Mark A. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Composite analysis from NCEP–NCAR reanalysis datasets over the period 1948–2007 indicates that stronger East Asian winter monsoons (EAWM) and stronger Australian summer monsoons (ASM) generally coexist in boreal winters preceding the onset of El Niño, although the EAWM tend to be weak after 1990, probably because of the decadal shift of EAWM and the change in El Niño events from cold-tongue type to warm-pool type. The anomalous EAWM and ASM enhance surface westerlies over the western tropical Pacific Ocean (WTP). It is proposed that the enhanced surface westerlies over the WTP prior to El Niño onset are generally associated with the concurrent anomalous EAWM and ASM. A simple analytical atmospheric model is constructed to test the hypothesis that the emergence of enhanced surface westerlies over the WTP can be linked to concurrent EAWM and ASM anomalies. Model results indicate that, when anomalous northerlies from the EAWM converge with anomalous southerlies from the ASM, westerly anomalies over the WTP are enhanced. This result provides a possible explanation of the co-impact of the EAWM and the ASM on the onset of El Niño through enhancing the surface westerly over the WTP.
Some Nonlinear, Equatorially Trapped, Nonhydrostatic Internal Geophysical Waves
Authors: Constantin Adrian 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe author presents an explicit exact solution to the governing equations for geophysical equatorial waves in the β-plane setting. The solution describes equatorially trapped waves propagating eastward above the thermocline and beneath the near-surface layer where wind effects are confined. At great depths the water is still, while the transition toward the large-amplitude oscillation of the thermocline is accommodated by an eastward-flowing current. Above the thermocline a flow reversal occurs, with the underlying current flowing westward close to the layer where wind effects are confined.
Computation of Geostrophic Streamfunction, Its Derivatives, and Error Estimates from an Array of CPIES in Drake Passage
Authors: Firing Y. L. , Chereskin T. K. , Watts D. R. , Tracey K. L. , Provost C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCurrent and pressure-recording inverted echo sounders (CPIES) were deployed in an eddy-resolving local dynamics array (LDA) in the eddy-rich polar frontal zone (PFZ) in Drake Passage as part of the cDrake experiment. Methods are described for calculating barotropic and baroclinic geostrophic streamfunction and its first, second, and third derivatives by objective mapping of current, pressure, or geopotential height anomaly data from a two-dimensional array of CPIES like the cDrake LDA.Modifications to previous methods result in improved dimensional error estimates on velocity and higher streamfunction derivatives. Simulations are used to test the reproduction of higher derivatives of streamfunction and to verify mapping error estimates. Three-day low-pass-filtered velocity in and around the cDrake LDA can be mapped with errors of 0.04 m s−1 at 4000 dbar, increasing to 0.13 m s−1 at the sea surface; these errors are small compared to typical speeds observed at these levels, 0.2 and 0.65 m s−1, respectively. Errors on vorticity are 9 × 10−6 s−1 near the surface, decreasing with depth to 3 × 10−6 s−1 at 4000 dbar, whereas vorticities in the PFZ eddy field are 4 × 10−5 s−1 (surface) to 1.3 × 10−5 s−1 (4000 dbar). Vorticity gradient errors range from 4 × 10−10 to 2 × 10−10 m −1 s−1, just under half the size of typical PFZ vorticity gradients. Comparisons between cDrake mapped temperature and velocity fields and independent observations (moored current and temperature, lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler velocity, and satellite-derived surface currents) help validate the cDrake method and results.