bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of color pigments associated to archaic chinchorro mummies and grave goods in Northern Chile (7000–3500 B.P.)
Authors: Sepúlveda Marcela , Rousseliere Hélene , Van Elslande Elsa , Arriaza Bernardo , Standen Vivien , Santoro Calogero M , Walter Philippe 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This article presents the results of physical–chemical characterization of the layers of coating covering the bodies, faces and stuffed of four mummified human bodies and seven grave goods from the Chinchorro Archaic funerary tradition that inhabited the Atacama Desert of the far northern coast of Chile. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-Rays (SEM-EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction (μDRX), the study identified the use of different pigments including iron, manganese and copper oxides that were combined into different preparations or pictorial recipes for paste and coating bodies and faces. The results indicate that the Chinchorro, an archaic hunting, gathering and fishing society (7000- 3500 B.P.) managed a complex color technology for their mortuary practices.
Recent scientific and operational achievements of D/V Chikyu
Authors: Taira Asahiko , Toczko Sean , Eguchi Nobu , Kuramoto Shin’ichi , Kubo Yusuke , Azuma Wataru 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The D/V Chikyu, a scientific drilling vessel, is equipped with industry-standard riser capabilities. Riser drilling technology enables remarkable drilling and downhole logging capabilities and provides unprecedented hole-stability, enabling the shipboard team to retrieve high-quality wire-line logging data as well as well-preserved core samples. The 11 March 2011 Tohoku Oki mega-earthquake and tsunami cost over 18,000 casualties in NE Japan. Chikyu, docked in the Port of Hachinohe, was damaged by the tsunami. By April 2012, the ship was back in operation; drilling the toe of the Japan Trench fault zone where topographic surveys suggested there was up to 50 m eastward motion, the largest earthquake rupture ever recorded. During Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expeditions 343 and 343 T, Chikyu drilled 850 m below sea floor (mbsf) in 6,900+ m water depth and recovered core samples of a highly brecciated shear zone composed of pelagic claystone. A subseafloor observatory looking for temperature signatures caused by the fault friction during the earthquake, was installed and later successfully recovered. The recovered temperature loggers recorded data from which the level of friction during the mega-earthquake slip could be determined.
Following Exp. 343, Chikyu began IODP Exp. 337, a riser drilling expedition into the Shimokita coal beds off Hachinohe, to study the deep subsurface biosphere in sedimentary units including Paleogene-Neogene coal beds. New records in scientific ocean drilling were achieved in deepest penetration (drilling reached 2,466 mbsf) and sample recovery.
Currently Chikyu is conducting deep riser drilling at the Nankai Trough in the final stage of the NanTroSEIZE campaign. During the years 2011 to 2013, including drilling in the Okinawa Hydrothermal System, Chikyu’s operational and scientific achievements have demonstrated that the ship’s capabilities are vital for opening new frontiers in earth and biological sciences.
Whole-genome analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-methylcytosine at base resolution in the human brain
Authors: Wen Lu , Li Xianlong , Yan Liying , Tan Yuexi , Li Rong , Zhao Yangyu , Wang Yan , Xie Jingcheng , Zhang Yan , Song Chunxiao , Yu Miao , Liu Xiaomeng , Zhu Ping , Li Xiaoyu , Hou Yu , Guo Hongshan , Wu Xinglong , He Chuan , Li Ruiqiang , Tang Fuchou , Qiao Jie 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Background
5-methylcytosine (mC) can be oxidized by the tet methylcytosine dioxygenase (Tet) family of enzymes to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC), which is an intermediate of mC demethylation and may also be a stable epigenetic modification that influences chromatin structure. hmC is particularly abundant in mammalian brains but its function is currently unknown. A high-resolution hydroxymethylome map is required to fully understand the function of hmC in the human brain.

Results
We present genome-wide and single-base resolution maps of hmC and mC in the human brain by combined application of Tet-assisted bisulfite sequencing and bisulfite sequencing. We demonstrate that hmCs increase markedly from the fetal to the adult stage, and in the adult brain, 13% of all CpGs are highly hydroxymethylated with strong enrichment at genic regions and distal regulatory elements. Notably, hmC peaks are identified at the 5′splicing sites at the exon-intron boundary, suggesting a mechanistic link between hmC and splicing. We report a surprising transcription-correlated hmC bias toward the sense strand and an mC bias toward the antisense strand of gene bodies. Furthermore, hmC is negatively correlated with H3K27me3-marked and H3K9me3-marked repressive genomic regions, and is more enriched at poised enhancers than active enhancers.

Conclusions
We provide single-base resolution hmC and mC maps in the human brain and our data imply novel roles of hmC in regulating splicing and gene expression. Hydroxymethylation is the main modification status for a large portion of CpGs situated at poised enhancers and actively transcribed regions, suggesting its roles in epigenetic tuning at these regions.
Design of plasmonic cavities
Authors: Kwon Soon-Hong , No You-Shin , Park Hong-Gyu 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
In this review paper, we introduce the unique optical properties of high-quality, fully three-dimensional, subwavelength-scale plasmonic cavities. Surface-plasmon-polaritons excited at dielectric-metal interfaces are strongly confined in such cavities. The field profiles of plasmonic modes, their temperature-dependent quality factors, and subwavelength mode volumes are calculated and analyzed systematically using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations. Reasonable design of high-quality plasmonic cavities opens an opportunity to demonstrate novel plasmonic lasers enabling the further miniaturization of coherent light sources for use in ultra-compact photonic integrated circuits.
Genetic Markers of Toxicity From Capecitabine and Other Fluorouracil-Based Regimens: Investigation in the QUASAR2 Study, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rosmarin Dan , Palles Claire , Church David , Domingo Enric , Jones Angela , Johnstone Elaine , Wang Haitao , Love Sharon , Julier Patrick , Scudder Claire , Nicholson George , Gonzalez-Neira Anna , Martin Miguel , Sargent Daniel , Green Erin , McLeod Howard , Zanger Ulrich M. , Schwab Matthias , Braun Michael , Seymour Matthew , Thompson Lindsay , Lacas Benjamin , Boige Valérie , Ribelles Nuria , Afzal Shoaib , Enghusen Henrik , Jensen Søren Astrup , Etienne-Grimaldi Marie-Christine , Milano Gérard , Wadelius Mia , Glimelius Bengt , Garmo Hans , Gusella Milena , Lecomte Thierry , Laurent-Puig Pierre , Martinez-Balibrea Eva , Sharma Rohini , Garcia-Foncillas Jesus , Kleibl Zdenek , Morel Alain , Pignon Jean-Pierre , Midgley Rachel , Kerr David , Tomlinson Ian 
Published: March 2014

PurposeFluourouracil (FU) is a mainstay of chemotherapy, although toxicities are common. Genetic biomarkers have been used to predict these adverse events, but their utility is uncertain.Patients and MethodsWe tested candidate polymorphisms identified from a systematic literature search for associations with capecitabine toxicity in 927 patients with colorectal cancer in the Quick and Simple and Reliable trial (QUASAR2). We then performed meta-analysis of QUASAR2 and 16 published studies (n = 4,855 patients) to examine the polymorphisms in various FU monotherapy and combination therapy regimens.ResultsGlobal capecitabine toxicity (grades 0/1/2 v grades 3/4/5) was associated with the rare, functional DPYD alleles 2846T>A and *2A (combined odds ratio, 5.51; P = .0013) and with the common TYMS polymorphisms 5′VNTR2R/3R and 3′UTR 6bp ins-del (combined odds ratio, 1.31; P = 9.4 × 10−6). There was weaker evidence that these polymorphisms predict toxicity from bolus and infusional FU monotherapy. No good evidence of association with toxicity was found for the remaining polymorphisms, including several currently included in predictive kits. No polymorphisms were associated with toxicity in combination regimens.ConclusionA panel of genetic biomarkers for capecitabine monotherapy toxicity would currently comprise only the four DPYD and TYMS variants above. We estimate this test could provide 26% sensitivity, 86% specificity, and 49% positive predictive value—better than most available commercial kits, but suboptimal for clinical use. The test panel might be extended to include additional, rare DPYD variants functionally equivalent to *2A and 2846A, though insufficient evidence supports its use in bolus, infusional, or combination FU. There remains a need to identify further markers of FU toxicity for all regimens.
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, Randomized, Phase IIB Neoadjuvant Study of Letrozole-Lapatinib in Postmenopausal Hormone Receptor–Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Negative, Operable Breast Cancer
Authors: Guarneri Valentina , Generali Daniele Giulio , Frassoldati Antonio , Artioli Fabrizio , Boni Corrado , Cavanna Luigi , Tagliafico Enrico , Maiorana Antonino , Bottini Alberto , Cagossi Katia , Bisagni Giancarlo , Piacentini Federico , Ficarra Guido , Bettelli Stefania , Roncaglia Enrica , Nuzzo Simona , Swaby Ramona , Ellis Catherine , Holford Clare , Conte PierFranco 
Published: March 2014

Purpose This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed to evaluate the clinical and biologic effects of letrozole plus lapatinib or placebo as neoadjuvant therapy in hormone receptor (HR) –positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) –negative operable breast cancer. Methods Ninety-two postmenopausal women with stage II to IIIA primary breast cancer were randomly assigned to preoperative therapy consisting of 6 months of letrozole 2.5 mg orally daily plus lapatinib 1,500 mg orally daily or placebo. Surgery was performed within 2 weeks from the last study medication. Clinical response was assessed by ultrasonography. Pre- and post-treatment samples were evaluated for selected biomarkers. Fresh-frozen tissue samples were collected for genomic analyses. Results Numerically similar clinical response rates (partial + complete response) were observed (70% for letrozole-lapatinib and 63% for letrozole-placebo). Toxicities were generally mild and manageable. A significant decrease in Ki-67 and pAKT expression from baseline to surgery was observed in both arms. Overall, 34 patients (37%) had a mutation in PIK3CA exon 9 or 20. In the letrozole-lapatinib arm, the probability of achieving a clinical response was significantly higher in the presence of PIK3CA mutation (objective response rate, 93% v 63% in PIK3CA wild type; P = .040). Conclusion The combination of letrozole-lapatinib in early breast cancer was feasible, with expected and manageable toxicities. In unselected estrogen receptor–positive/HER2-negative patients, letrozole-lapatinib and letrozole-placebo resulted in a similar overall clinical response rate and similar effect on Ki-67 and pAKT. Our secondary end point findings of a significant correlation between PIK3CA mutation and response to letrozole-lapatinib in HR-positive/HER2-negative early breast cancer must now be independently confirmed.
Shifting Patterns in the Interpretation of Phase III Clinical Trial Outcomes in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: The Bar Is Dropping
Authors: Sacher Adrian G. , Le Lisa W. , Leighl Natasha B. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose Despite multiple trials of new agents in advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), outcomes remain poor. This study explores how the design and interpretation of randomized trials in advanced NSCLC has changed over time. Methods Phase III randomized controlled trials of systemic therapy for advanced NSCLC between 1980 and 2010 were identified, and their primary end point, outcome, statistical significance, and conclusions were recorded. Results Of 245 trials identified, 203 were eligible for study inclusion. Although overall survival remains the most common primary end point of phase III trials, more trials from the last decade have used progression-free survival instead (none in 1980 to 1990, 13% in 2001 to 2010; P = .002). The percentage of trials meeting their primary statistical end points remained stable over time; however, the percentage of trials reporting a positive outcome without meeting that end point increased (30% in 1980 to 1990, 53% in 2001 to 2010; P < .001). A trend toward decreasing magnitude of survival gain in positive trials was seen over time (3.9 months in 1980 to 1990, 2.5 months in 2001 to 2010; P = .11), with a concomitant increase in the sample size of clinical trials over the same time period (median: 152 patients in 1980 to 1990, 413 in 2001 to 2010; P < .001). Only studies predating 1990 reported negative results as a result of insufficient magnitude of survival benefit despite statistical significance. Conclusion A significant shift has occurred over the past three decades in the design and interpretation of phase III trials in advanced NSCLC. The use of survival as the primary measure of benefit is declining, as is the magnitude of benefit deemed clinically relevant.
Chaos Entropy Index Combined with Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Analysis of Complex Viscous Sample, Edible Oil
Authors: Zhang Wenjun , Chen Lin , Wang Xin , Fang Xiaowei , Zhu Zhiqiang , Ouyang Yongzhong 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
By means of surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (DAPCI-MS), mass-spectra fingerprints of various oil samples were rapidly recorded in the mass range of m/z 50–1000 without any sample pretreatment in negative ion mode. A new spectrogram analysis method (Chaos Entropy Index) for identifying complex mixtures was established and applied to the authentication of expired oil. Multivariate statistics analysis showed that expired edible oils can be successfully separated from fresh edible oils with 100% accuracy on the basis of Global CEIs and the most significant mass ranges presenting major feature peaks of expired oil were determined based on Local CEIs. These experimental findings demonstrate that as a rapid, simple, and accurate analytical method, CEI approach in conjunction with DAPCI-MS has an extensive prospect for differential analysis of complex viscous mixtures.
A Synthetic Cell Division System: Effect of Nonbilayer-forming Lipid on Division of Liposomal Membranes
Authors: Hao Fei , Tahara Keishiro , Kikuchi Jun-ichi 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Spontaneous division of lipid bilayer vesicles was observed for giant vesicles formed by a phospholipid mixture containing a nonbilayer-forming lipid, i.e., a nonionic peptide lipid with a quinoyl head moiety. This synthetic cell division involved dynamic sequential processes, including phase separation of mixed lipids in the vesicles, vesicle deformation from a spherical to an elliptical shape, and subsequently fission.
Forecasting the Equity Risk Premium: The Role of Technical Indicators
Authors: Neely Christopher J. , Rapach David E. , Tu Jun , Zhou Guofu 
Published: March 2014

Academic research relies extensively on macroeconomic variables to forecast the U.S. equity risk premium, with relatively little attention paid to the technical indicators widely employed by practitioners. Our paper fills this gap by comparing the predictive ability of technical indicators with that of macroeconomic variables. Technical indicators display statistically and economically significant in-sample and out-of-sample predictive power, matching or exceeding that of macroeconomic variables. Furthermore, technical indicators and macroeconomic variables provide complementary information over the business cycle: technical indicators better detect the typical decline in the equity risk premium near business-cycle peaks, whereas macroeconomic variables more readily pick up the typical rise in the equity risk premium near cyclical troughs. Consistent with this behavior, we show that combining information from both technical indicators and macroeconomic variables significantly improves equity risk premium forecasts versus using either type of information alone. Overall, the substantial countercyclical fluctuations in the equity risk premium appear well captured by the combined information in technical indicators and macroeconomic variables.Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1838 .This paper was accepted by Wei Jiang, finance.
Mechanical Performance of Nail-Laminated Posts Manufactured from Reclaimed Chromated Copper Arsenate–Treated Decking Lumber
Authors: Janowiak John J , Falk Robert H , Gething Brad A , Tsirigotis John A 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This study determined the mechanical properties of nail-laminated (nail-lam) posts manufactured from reclaimed chromated copper arsenate (CCA)–treated decking lumber. Though CCA-treated lumber is no longer accepted for use in residential applications, it is permitted in agricultural and industrial applications where health and environmental impacts are deemed to be minimal. This project focused on the reuse potential of this lumber for fabricating structural nail-lam members commonly used in agricultural post frame utility buildings. Significant amounts of waste CCA-treated lumber are generated by people replacing decks. Currently, this lumber is mostly landfilled as disposal waste. Finding other uses for this discarded material could reduce the waste burden of decking removed from service each year. For this study, 15-year-old decking material slated for removal and composed of nominal 2 by 6 CCA-treated Southern yellow pine (SYP; Pinus spp.) lumber was carefully reclaimed for structural post member fabrications. Similar structural nail-lam posts were fabricated from new, micronized copper azole–treated SYP lumber for comparative test purposes. Three experimental treatments were evaluated to examine mechanical performance in terms of bending strength, flexural rigidity, and ultimate compressive strength. The comparative results show slightly lower flexural performance but equivalent or slightly higher compressive strength for structural post member fabrications when constructed from the supply of reclaimed decking material. These results help to demonstrate the technical feasibility or reuse potential of recycled decking for this type of second-generation application.
Prenatal Nutrient Supplementation and Postnatal Growth in a Developing Nation: An RCT
Authors: Lanou Hermann , Huybregts Lieven , Roberfroid Dominique , Nikièma Laetitia , Kouanda Séni , Van Camp John , Kolsteren Patrick 
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Prenatal lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) have been shown to improve birth anthropometry. However, little is known about the effects of such supplements on infant health. We hypothesized that prenatal LNS compared with multiple micronutrient supplement for pregnant and lactating women would improve survival, growth, and morbidity during infancy.METHODS:Infants’ weight, length, head, chest, and mid-upper arm circumferences were measured during monthly home visits from birth to 12 months of age in the Micronutriments et Santé de la Mère et de l’Enfant—2 trial. Differences in stunting and wasting episodes between study arms were assessed by Cox regression for recurrent event models. Morbidity signs during the 2 weeks before the visits and death cases were also assessed by multilevel analysis accounting for repeated individual measurements.RESULTS:Infant length-for-age growth (–0.033 z score/month; 95% confidence interval: –0.601 to –0.006; P = .018) for the LNS group was inferior to that of the control group. We did not find evidence of significant difference in mortality or morbidity between groups.CONCLUSIONS:The previously reported positive effect of prenatal LNS on birth length was not sustained during the postnatal phase. Prenatal LNS does not appear to make a long-lasting difference in child linear growth.
Clostridium difficile Infection Among Children Across Diverse US Geographic Locations
Authors: Wendt Joyanna M. , Cohen Jessica A. , Mu Yi , Dumyati Ghinwa K. , Dunn John R. , Holzbauer Stacy M. , Winston Lisa G. , Johnston Helen L. , Meek James I. , Farley Monica M. , Wilson Lucy E. , Phipps Erin C. , Beldavs Zintars G. , Gerding Dale N. , McDonald L. Clifford , Gould Carolyn V. , Lessa Fernanda C. 
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE:
Little is known about the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) among children, particularly children ≤3 years of age in whom colonization is common but pathogenicity uncertain. We sought to describe pediatric CDI incidence, clinical presentation, and outcomes across age groups.

METHODS:
Data from an active population- and laboratory-based CDI surveillance in 10 US geographic areas during 2010–2011 were used to identify cases (ie, residents with C difficile–positive stool without a positive test in the previous 8 weeks). Community-associated (CA) cases had stool collected as outpatients or ≤3 days after hospital admission and no overnight health care facility stay in the previous 12 weeks. A convenience sample of CA cases were interviewed. Demographic, exposure, and clinical data for cases aged 1 to 17 years were compared across 4 age groups: 1 year, 2 to 3 years, 4 to 9 years, and 10 to 17 years.

RESULTS:
Of 944 pediatric CDI cases identified, 71% were CA. CDI incidence per 100 000 children was highest among 1-year-old (66.3) and white (23.9) cases. The proportion of cases with documented diarrhea (72%) or severe disease (8%) was similar across age groups; no cases died. Among the 84 cases interviewed who reported diarrhea on the day of stool collection, 73% received antibiotics during the previous 12 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS:
Similar disease severity across age groups suggests an etiologic role for C difficile in the high rates of CDI observed in younger children. Prevention efforts to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use among young children in outpatient settings should be prioritized.
Synthesis of nanoparticles, nanorods, and mesoporous SnO2 as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Jiao Zheng , Chen Dandan , Jiang Yong , Zhang Haijiao , Ling Xuetao , Zhuang Hua , Su Ling , Cao Hui , Hou Ming , Zhao Bing 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Electronic Transport Characterization of BiVO4 Using AC Field Hall Technique
Authors: Lindemuth Jeffery , Rettie Alexander J. E. , Marshall Luke G. , Zhou Jianshi , Mullins C. Buddie 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is a photoelectrode for the oxidation of water. It is of fundamental importance to understand the electrical and photoelectrochemical properties of this material. In metal oxides, the electronic transport is described by the small polaron model, first described by Mott. In this model, the resistivity varies with temperature as $\rho \,\left( T \right)\, \propto \,Te^{({{E_a } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{E_a } {(k_B T))}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {(k_B T))}}} $, where Ea is the hopping activation energy, kB is the Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute temperature. Resistivity measurements confirm that small polaron hopping dominates in temperature ranges from 250 K to 300 K. In addition measurements from 175K to 250K show the variable range hopping dominates the transport. To this end, the electronic transport properties of BiVO4 single crystal were characterized using resistivity measurements and Hall effect measurements over temperatures ranging from 175 K to 300 K.