bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Transformer Safety with Natural Ester Fluids
Authors: Asano Roberto , Frimpong George K. , Page Stephane A. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
For over one hundred years, petroleum based mineral oil has been used in liquid filled transformers. Today, over a million tons of transformer oils are annually purchased worldwide. The popularity of mineral transformer oil has mainly been built on its availability and low cost. It has also been proven to be an excellent dielectric and cooling medium.
Escalation in power demands pushes often aging networks to their limits. In such situations, mineral oil has shown costly limitations. Mineral oil filled transformer explosions and fires causing heavy collateral damage have raised major safety concerns. These have given rise to a search for alternative dielectric insulating fluids. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used in transformers as insulating fluids to solve the problem of flammability for installations in and near buildings from the early 1930's until the late 1970's when concern over their longevity and stability in the environment and their potential toxicity caused them to be banned from use in transformers. As their negative aspects began to be fully appreciated, other fluids such as silicone oil, high temperature hydrocarbons and tetrachloroethylene came to be used in transformers located in many of the locations where PCBs were formerly used. In more recent years, there has been an increased interest in using natural ester fluids in transformers due to their combined better fire safety and environmental performance.
Natural ester fluids may be used in new transformers or to retrofill existing transformers. In the latter case, upgrading with a new fluid is also an opportunity to improve transformers performance and reliability overall. Both applications require however knowledge and understanding of the unique characteristics of such liquids and their implications on transformer design, operation and performance.
The present paper gives a comprehensive review of natural ester based dielectric insulating fluids main properties and associated values with a special emphasis on its unique fire resistance characteristics.
Remote Condition Monitoring and Advanced Diagnostics
Authors: Anand Vijay 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Like any other machines, motors and generators are subject to wear and aging. The materials and components they are made from degrade over time, and if no action is taken this degradation will eventually lead to failure. In critical applications, as in the petroleum industry, a failure can have dramatic and expensive consequences. Fortunately most types of failure can be prevented by maintenance. To plan maintenance effectively, the plant operator must have accurate information about the status of the equipment. In particular, the operator has to know which components need repairing or replacing, and when.
Advances in technology and communications mean that it is now possible for decision makers to access real-time information on the condition of their motors and generators.
Artificial Islands for a Middle Eastern Oil Field Project
Authors: Talbot Robert , Al Ahbabi Saeed Nasser , Bouwmeester Bert 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The construction of four artificial islands lays the foundation for the redevelopment of a Middle Eastern oil field and will facilitate increased production up to 750kbd. This paper will describe the benefits of the Artificial Islands, the scope of island engineering design construction work, progress to date and the challenges associated with constructing the islands in an offshore operating field environment.
Working inside the field, which is producing nearly 40% of the country's oil, requires close coordination with field operations personnel to ensure that any risk to the production facilities is effectively managed and thus minimized. Measures taken include the identification and marking of marine access channels, environmental operating limits and rigorous inspection of marine assets.
The construction of drilling and production facilities on artificial islands in shallow waters provides an economically and environmentally beneficial option in the field and has widespread potential application for other shallow water offshore developments. Similar new field developments based on artificial islands are now being undertaken in this country and elsewhere in the world, with each facility being designed for local environmental and field specific criteria.
Simultaneous Drilling & Productions Operations SIMOPS
Authors: Salman Mohamed Wajeeh , Macwan N. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
To maintain oil production at sustainable rates through minimizing the production loss factors, there was a need to investigate the feasibility of conducting SIMOPS on old wood, unprepared & un-equipped, high producing oil Well Head Towers (WHT). For this purpose, Management has formed a multi-disciplined team to investigate the possibility of allowing oil production & water injection operations while carrying out drilling/workover activity in a similar manner to that adopted for ZADCO oil WHTs. While SIMOPS has never been implemented on ADMA-OPCO WHTs for oil production, it was noted that water injection SIMOPS was already under implementation.
The methodology adopted by the taskforce is as follows:
re-visiting the risk assessment which constituted the basis for the current SIMOPS by ZADCO through ADMA-OPCO. Categorising & identifying the WHTs where SIMOPS can be implemented based on considerable incremental oil production level. Site verification of SIMOPS by ZADCO. Reviewing & amending the current SIMOPS procedures with the purpose of producing special procedure for ADMA-OPCO oil WHTs.
Site verification visits to rigs carrying out SIMOPS were made where open discussions with rig personnel were held and equipment / systems were checked and tested. It was noted during the function test of the deluge system that the water supply by the injection facilities/ system on the WHTs is satisfactory where as the back up water supply from the rig was ineffective.
The risk assessment has shown that most hazards are assessed at ALARP or acceptable level except for the following: Rig Collapse :Mitigation of the hazard is through the major improvements in NDC Systems (Management, Maintenance).Dropped Objects :Mitigation through re-enforced Impact Protection on top of production facilities.High Pressure Testing :Shut down production and depressurisation of service pipe works will constitute appropriate protection.
The current SIMOPS procedures maintained in ADMA-OPCO's were reviewed and amended to reflect the required modification to allow for SIMOPS on ADMA-OPCO Towers. The SIMOPS procedure will require formal
approval of Site Operating Authorities (Umm Al Shaif (US), Zakum (ZK)), both Asset Managers & the Drilling Manager.
Sleep Testing and Monitoring
Authors: Kumar S. Budur  
Published: November 2012

Sleep testing has evolved over the years and today sleep testing is considered among some of the most sophisticated medical testing modalities. Although the most common sleep test used today is diagnostic polysomnogram, which is generally employed to diagnose sleep apnea, sleep testing today is much more than just-a-tool to diagnose sleep disordered breathing. Various sophisticated tests, with highly standardized processes and technologies, in association with precise diagnostic criteria backed by extensive scientific data, are conducted every day in various sleep centers across the country and the world. The fast pace of technological advancements in this field continues to provide new breakthroughs in the acquisition of various sleep-related physiological variables every day.Although a nocturnal polysomnogram (PSG) is often used synonymously with the term “sleep test“, well-staffed and competent sleep centers are capable of performing a wide array of sleep studies, including: diagnostic PSGs (typically to diagnose sleep apnea), titration studies (e.g., to obtain optimal positive airway pressure setting to treat sleep apnea), PSGs with extended EEG montages (e.g., to diagnose co-existent seizures), PSGs with extended limb leads and video monitoring (e.g., to diagnose REM sleep behavior disorder, etc), nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT, to diagnose erectile impotence), actigraphy tests, etc.
Sleep and Cardiovascular Disorders
Authors: J. Shirine Allam  
Published: November 2012

Sleep has always been associated with the overall concept of health. Over the past decades, the association between sleep and cardiovascular diseases has been emerging. Several sleep disorders are now known to be associated with cardiovascular disease. One of the most notorious associations is with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA has been linked to a higher incidence of hypertension, with up to 50% of patients with OSA having an elevated blood pressure. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) treatment has been shown to improve blood pressure. The pathogenesis of hypertension in OSA is related to the sympathetic nervous system activation (SNA) that occurs following each apneic episode and that requires the presence of intermittent hypoxia. OSA is similarly linked to an increased risk of cardiac ischemia as well as congestive heart failure.Treatment with CPAP can improve cardiovascular mortality and left ventricular ejection fraction. OSA is also associated with arrhythmias and strokes. Central sleep apnea and Cheyne Stokes respiration have been described in patients with congestive heart failure and their presence could lead to a worse prognosis. CPAP treatment improves ejection fraction but the effect on mortality has not been proven. Other sleep disorders are linked to increased cardiovascular risk. These include insomnia, short and long sleep duration, circadian rhythm disorders and possibly restless leg syndrome. Sympathetic activation in the form of elevated norepinephrine levels has been documented in patients with OSA. Other markers studied include inflammatory markers and markers of oxidative stress. Although a lot of progress has been made, a specific molecular signature for OSA is yet to be found.
Pediatric Sleep Issues
Authors: Paul R. Carney  , Sachin S. Talathi  , James D. Geyer  
Published: November 2012

Pediatric sleep disorders are quite common and often disturbing to either the patient or the child's family. As the patient matures into adult, sleep disorders continue to be common and an important factor in development, both social and cognitive. Sleep disorders can adversely impact physical and mental health. Nonrestorative sleep can hamper a child's ability to concentrate and control emotions and behavior. Sleep disorders vary among age groups, but most can occur with varying frequency at any age.Several disorders are typically seen only during the first few years of life, including colic, excessive nighttime feedings, and sleep onset association disorder. A number of conditions are common during childhood but begin to improve as the child ages. The non-REM sleep parasomnias, including sleepwalking, confusional arousals, and night terrors, are the most common in the pediatric category. Nightmares are also common in childhood but can occur at any age.Sleep-related breathing disorders including obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, and Cheyne-Stokes respirations are not found only in adults but are, in fact, quite common in the pediatric population. While these disorders can occur at any age, treatment options vary substantially by age.
Early Hominoids: Orthograde Aquarboreals in Flooded Forests?
Authors: Marc Verhaegen  , Stephen Munro  , Pierre-Francois Puech  , Mario Vaneechoutte  
Published: November 2012

The great (orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees) and lesser apes (siamangs and gibbons) are significantly different to monkeys, yet the evolution of the apes is rarely discussed in detail, especially from a human evolutionary perspective. Assuming that the early primates were arboreal and that human ancestors were semi-aquatic, human predecessors in the intermediary phase must have been aquarboreal, i.e., spent significant time in both trees (Latin arbor) and water (Latin aqua). Here we describe a number of independent indications that early apes – possibly as early as 20 Ma (million years ago) – were vertical aquarboreal frugi-omnivores in swamp forests.
Apes differ from monkeys in having a below-branch locomotion, with larger and broader bodies and thoraxes, very long arms that can easily be extended above the head, and tail loss. Whereas most mammals and monkeys predominantly move pronogradely (with horizontal spine and trunk), the remarkably humanlike lumbar vertebra of Morotopithecus suggests that by about 20 Ma the early apes were already orthograde (with a generally vertical spine). According to the palaeo-environmental data, the fossils of Mio-Pliocene apes typically lay in coastal and swamp forest sediments around the Tethys Sea (the ancient Mediterranean Sea). The Miocene (23.0 to 5.3 Ma) and the Pliocene (5.3 to 2.6 Ma) epochs were generally hotter and wetter than the Pleistocene Ice Ages (2.6 to 0.01 Ma). Recently, the highest population densities of orangutans as well as gorillas have been discovered in extremely hot and wet swamp forests.
Since all great apes can make and use tools, and most fossil great apes had thick enamel, the ancestral great ape diet in flooded forests might have included durophagy of hard-shelled foods (e.g., palm nuts or molluscs). Locomotor requirements for flooded forest dwelling could arguably have included a bigger body with vertical climbing abilities, including with arms overhead and arm-hanging. Lowland gorillas employ an orthograde posture and locomotion when they climb, wade through shallow swamps, and sit and feed in shallow water.
Association Between Urinary Markers of Nucleic Acid Oxidation and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Broedbaek Kasper , Siersma Volkert , Henriksen Trine , Weimann Allan , Petersen Morten , Andersen Jon T. , Jimenez-Solem Espen , Hansen Lars J. , Henriksen Jan Erik , Bonnema Steen J. , de Fine Olivarius Niels , Poulsen Henrik E. 
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE
We recently showed that RNA oxidation, estimated by urinary excretion of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), independently predicted mortality in a cohort of 1,381 treatment-naive patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. In the present investigation, we analyzed urine collected 6 years after the diagnosis to assess the association between urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation and mortality in patients with established and treated diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used data from the 970 patients who attended the screening for diabetes complications 6 years after the diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the relationship between urinary markers of DNA oxidation (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine [8-oxodG] [n = 938]) and RNA oxidation (8-oxoGuo [n = 936]) and mortality.

RESULTS
During a median of 9.8 years of follow-up, 654 patients died. Urinary 8-oxoGuo assessed 6 years after the diagnosis was significantly associated with mortality. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause and diabetes-related mortality of patients with 8-oxoGuo levels in the highest quartile compared with those in the lowest quartile were 1.86 (95% CI 1.34–2.58) and 1.72 (1.11–2.66), respectively. Conversely, 8-oxodG was not associated with mortality. In addition, we found an association between changes in 8-oxoGuo from diagnosis to 6-year follow-up and mortality, with increased risk in patients with an increase and decreased risk in patients with a decrease in 8-oxoGuo.

CONCLUSIONS
The RNA oxidation marker 8-oxoGuo is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with established and treated type 2 diabetes, and changes in 8-oxoGuo during the first 6 years after diagnosis are associated with mortality.
The precipitation of η phase in an Fe-Ni-based superalloy with different Ti/Al ratios
Authors: Seifollahi Masoumeh , Kheirandish Shahram , Razavi Seyed Hossein , Abbasi Seyed Mahdi 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In this research, the formation and transformation mechanisms of η (Ni3Ti) phase in an Fe-Ni-based superalloy at different Ti/Al ratios were investigated. In addition to Ti content, Ti/Al ratio also affects the η phase. So alloys with different Ti/Al ratios were prepared and the microstructures were analysed using optical and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The alloy with lower Ti but higher Ti/Al ratio has a higher η volume fraction. Time-temperature-precipitation diagrams of η phase in the superalloys with different Ti/Al ratios are also presented. Based on the experimental results, when the Ti/Al ratio was decreased from 20 to 3, the time and temperature of η precipitation shifted to longer and higher values, respectively, and the η volume fraction decreased. Ti/Al of 3 could significantly retard the formation of η phase. Depending on the Ti/Al ratio, and the time and temperature of ageing, η was precipitated at twin and grain boundaries or inside the grains, either by γ′ → η transformation or directly by formation of austenite. It was also shown that a high Ti/Al ratio in the alloy would reduce the fraction of twin boundaries after solution annealing which affects the η phase nucleation.
Injection Molding of Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics: Integration of Fibre Orientation and Mechanical Properties Computations
Authors: Miled H. , Silva L. , Coupez T. , Agassant J. F. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Injection molding is widely used to process short fibre reinforced thermoplastics. The quality and especially the mechanical properties of the resulting part are linked to the mold conception (for example the gate(s) and the venting port(s) locations) and to the processing parameters which will govern fibre orientation distribution. Fibre orientation modelling is based on the well known Folgar and Tucker equation. The models differ one from another by the interaction parameter, the closure approximation and by the coupling with the rheology of the reinforced melt. Quantitative comparison with experiments is very tedious and generally limited to simple part geometries (plaque or disk). As a consequence, in complex geometries, fibre orientation distribution is experimentally checked using several techniques and the resulting anisotropic thermo-mechanical properties are computed using various homogenization theories. In this paper, we propose a first integrated approach of the injection molding of fibre reinforced thermoplastics starting from rheology of the material, orientation equation, interaction parameter and closure approximation. The resulting local fibre orientation distribution is then used in two ways in order to predict the mechanical properties of the part: first, using classical analytical homogenization theories, but based on the computed orientation tensor and not on an experimental one, and then, using numerical homogenization which consists in generating a Representative Elementary Volume (REV), determining its unidirectional mechanical properties and finally, in computing directly the anisotropic properties of the part.
Water Penetration Behavior in Water-assisted Injection Molding (WAIM): A Study of Product Quality for Different Process and Material Parameters
Authors: Sannen S. , De Munck M. , Van Puyvelde P. , De Keyzer J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This study investigates the relation between water penetration behavior and product quality in water-assisted injection molding (WAIM) for different process and material parameters. The principle mechanisms responsible for both building up the residual wall thickness (RWT) and formation of part defects as well as the influence of these process and material parameters on the RWT and occurrence of part defects could be revealed. This is done by relating the measurements of water pressure and water volume flow rate, visualizing in-mold variations during water injection, to both the part weight and a visual inspection of part cross-sections, for different process settings and materials. It was found that the RWT as well as the formation of part defects depend on the polymer resistance, since the variation of the latter leads to a change in both the water bubble width and velocity. On the one hand, the resistance is determined by the process parameters having an influence on the amount of melt ahead of the water bubble, depending on injector opening time, water volume flow rate and water injection delay time. On the other hand, the resistance also depends on the friction between the polymer chains, which is determined by the zero-shear viscosity and the shear thinning behavior of the polymer. In addition, the occurrence of part defects is directly related to the polymer crystallization behavior. The resulting product quality therefore depends on a combination of the process parameters and the applied material.
Characterization of Thermoplastic Laser-welded Joints
Authors: Al-Wohoush M. H. , Kamal M. R. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Laser-welded joints were prepared using moldings of polycarbonate, polyamide-6, and polyamide-6 reinforced with 30% glass fibers. Preparation of thin polished samples of the joints facilitated examination of the laser-affected zone (LAZ). The samples were examined using optical and polarized light microscopy, as well as scanning electron microscopy. The study evaluated the influence of laser power on the geometry and dimensions of LAZ, in both the absorbent and non-absorbent parts of the joints. The results indicated a correlation between LAZ dimensions and the tensile strength of the laser-welded joints. There is evidence of melt and fiber migration in the LAZ.
Un pas pour jouer. Jouer sur le pas : rêver/créer
Authors: Gassmann Xavier , Masson Céline 
Published: November 2012

Résumé Confronté aux enjeux du remaniement de l’adolescence, le sujet en adolescence est aux prises avec ce qui, dans la relation d’objet, advient à partir d’une perte nécessaire. Lorsque la séparation en tant que processus n’est pas dialectisable, elle maintient le sujet dans une position d’inféodation qui le clôture dans un enfermement. Ouvrir un espace de créativité à l’endroit de ces mises en fermeture, telle est la proposition faite à partir d’ateliers de création menés par des artistes dans un centre de jour. Les supports étayés par l’artiste réalisent un « portage » entendu sur le versant du holding et du handling , au sens où l’artiste établit une rencontre à partir d’une matière qu’il porte psychiquement et dont il peut accueillir les traits, les esquisses de mise en forme de l’adolescent.
Pour une approche phonologique de la prosodie dans l'interaction
Authors: Bertrand Roxane , Portes Cristel 
Published: November 2012

La perspective interactionnelle, qui a souligné très tôt l’importance de la prosodie dans la conversation, a également favorisé l’analyse de phénomènes assez peu étudiés dans les études prosodiques. Il s’avère aujourd’hui important d’affiner les nombreux résultats concernant le rôle de la prosodie dans la parole conversationnelle. Cet article promeut une vision mixte dans laquelle l’aller-retour entre deux perspectives – une approche phonologique issue du laboratoire et une analyse située des données conversationnelle –, s’avère une voie fructueuse pour améliorer la connaissance des faits prosodiques dans leur ensemble, tant sur le plan conceptuel que méthodologique.