bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Body Perception to Action Preparation
Authors: de Gelder Beatrice 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Current models of emotion perception are almost exclusively based on studies of facial expressions. This chapter reviews evidence from psychophysiological, neurophysiological, computational, and patient studies that has documented numerous similarities in and interactions between the processing of emotions from the face and body. Furthermore, it is argued that threatening emotions conveyed by bodily expressions are automatically processed and trigger evolutionarily adaptive activity in the observer’s action system.
Computational Mechanisms of the Visual Processing of Action Stimuli
Authors: Fleischer Falk , Giese Martin A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractComputational models are fundamentally important for testing the feasibility of theories of the visual processing of body movements and for deriving well-defined theoretical predictions that can be tested experimentally. A computational model is proposed for the recognition of transitive and nontransitive hand actions from real videos that reproduces several key neurophysiological properties of the action perception system. Limitations of the proposed model, along with novel predictions and areas for future research, are discussed.
Investment Behaviour of US Corporations
Authors: Rohit  
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn important component of Steindl’s theory of stagnation was the concept of underinvestment. He argued that with an increase in the degree of monopoly (as a result of business concentration) there is a decline in firm’s investment demand as the erstwhile competitive need to build excess capacity goes down. Chapter 9 tests the investment function and the GDP growth rate to find empirical evidence of this argument. This exercise is performed on firm level data of the manufacturing industries as well as other non-financial industries available from the Compustat Database, which contains an exhaustive firm-level data. The exercise establishes that there was a downward structural break in the real investment behaviour of these firms post early 1980s.
The Britons and their Languages
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In the fifth and sixth centuries three languages were spoken among the Britons: British, Latin, and Irish. By about 700 only British was normally spoken and it thus became possible to identify the Britons as the speakers of British. Not until the end of the period was Welsh seen by contemporaries as a language distinct from Cornish, Breton, and Cumbric (the British language of Northern Britain). These languages influenced each other, but Latin had been a particularly strong influence on British from the first century AD. Changes in the languages of western Europe were often parallel, probably because of wide bilingualism and the influence of Latin.
How to Formulate Relativism
Authors: Rovane Carol 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWright accepts that relativism arises with irresoluble disagreements in which both parties are (or can be) right, but rejects the semantic relativists’ strategy for handling the resulting threat of contradiction. He has explored two other strategies — one exploits the framework of anti-realism, and the other introduces the idea of a Quandary. But all attempts to formulate relativism in terms of disagreement suffer from the same problem: either they fail to preserve a disagreement or they incur contradiction (or a related form of incoherence). A different strategy for formulating relativism appeals to the idea of alternatives — truths that cannot be embraced together because they are neither inconsistent nor consistent, but are therefore normatively insulated from one another. So formulated, relativism imposes a distinctive normative stance that is neither disagreement nor agreement, and it carries a distinctive metaphysical commitment to Multimundialism — the idea that there are many worlds rather than one.
5 Selling Spaces: Display and Storage of Groceries
Authors: Stobart Jon 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the spatiality of the shop and how this related to processes of buying and selling. The chapter begins by drawing on inventory and visual evidence to examine the ways in which shop fixtures varied across space and time, arguing that grocers' shops were part of broader processes which placed increasing emphasis on the display of goods. Building on this, the chapter examines the reasons for the apparent growth in emphasis on the display of wares — even of what may seem to be visually unremarkable commodities. This was in part to promote sales, but also to send key messages about the retailer's knowledge and business acumen, and to facilitate and encourage new modes of buying and selling. The chapter argues that the grocer's shop was a respectable space and that grocers played an important part in constructing respectability through consumption.
The Materiality of Rumor
Authors: Burrell Jenna 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines a false rumor about an impending earthquake spread face to face and by mobile phone in Ghana on the night of January 18, 2010. Rumors present an intriguing challenge to materialist accounting because of the fundamental nonmateriality of the rumor itself as a circulating tale of an event or happening that often proves illusory. However, this belies the powerful material force frequently generated in the wake of rumor, for example, in the mass movement of populations, collective boycotts, or even riots or physical attacks that sometimes follow. A study of rumor as a special oral genre with such peculiar properties lends itself to a broader reconsideration of speech and representation and the tie between materiality and discursivity.
Infant Feeding Practices
Authors: Sulaiman Zaharah , Amir Lisa H. , Liamputtong Pranee 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn the past, feeding newborn mammals with breast milk was never a choice but rather a natural way of feeding. Without the influence of culture and beliefs, babies would naturally continue to breastfeed until the age of 2.5 to 7 years. As breast milk is recognized as the natural way to feed infants, it is no longer appropriate to talk about the “benefits of breastfeeding.” The chapter presents an overview of the health risks of not breastfeeding taken from five recent reviews regarding short- and long-term risks for preterm infants, term infants, and mothers. The chapter addresses three levels: individual-, group-, and society-level factors. Maternal prenatal intention to breastfeed is a stronger predictor than the combination of other factors in determining the initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Working by itself may not be a barrier to breastfeeding, but working conditions and long inflexible working hours are barriers to mothers maintaining breastfeeding.
Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Oxytocin Released by Suckling and of Skin-to-Skin Contact in Mothers and Infants
Authors: Uvnäs-Moberg Kerstin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis commentary gives an extended and comprehensive description of the effect spectrum caused by oxytocin beyond that of milk ejection. Based on the role of oxytocin as an integrator of behavioral and physiological adaptations during breastfeeding, it proposes a possible connection between the frequent exposure of oxytocin and some of the long-term health-promoting effects seen following breastfeeding. Second, research demonstrates the consequences of touch and pain in infants and their mothers and how massage can induce beneficial effects in mothers and infants presumably by activation of touch fibers. Complementary information on the structure and function of the sensory nerves that innervate the skin is provided. Skin-to-skin contact between mother and infant is a natural way of stimulating sensory nerves emanating from the skin.
Adaptations and Adaptations
Authors: Thompson Ross A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhy is it important to understand early experience in the context of the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA)? The answer hinges on the meaning of the term adaptation, and different meanings of this term have different implications for the contemporary relevance of early hominid practices. In this essay, the concepts of deferred adaptation, ontogenetic adaptation, psychological adaptation, and facultative adaptation are compared and applied to the research on parent–infant attachment. In the end, the significant differences between alternative meanings of adaptation suggests that early hominid practices are important depending on why they evolved, not simply that they were characteristic of the EEA.
Perspective 4: Can Science Progress to a Revitalized Past?
Authors: Bradshaw G. A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractScientific theory and data document a trans-species paradigm governed by a species-common, human-inclusive model of mind, brain, and behavior. From this perspective, not only is modern Western culture revealed as an outlier when compared over space, time, and species but also it is trauma-genic. In contrast, most animal cultures embrace prosocial, empathetic, cooperative, and catholic values and behavior. As part of the effort to remedy present human society, science is compelled to re-create new goals and refashion methods and concepts that put humanity back to a past in cultural union with other species..
The Wallkeepers: Monitoring the Israeli-Arab Conflict
Authors: Rubinstein Dan Caspi with Danny 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The chapter describes the way in which the mass media have handled the occupation. It suggests that Israel has concentrated on building an “Information Wall” that separates between the Arab and the Israeli societies, blocking information on what is happening in Palestinian society in particular – and thus perpetuating reciprocal stereotypes. The “Information Wall” grew higher as the physical distance between the rival populations decreased, remaining stable and effective after occupation of the territories. The Wallkeepers are developing immanent interests in perpetuating the “Information Wall” which is far more difficult to topple than a physical wall.
Gendering the Discourse on Occupation: A Sociological Perspective
Authors: Herzog Hanna 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe chapter suggests that the prolonged conflict and the occupation have become a social mechanism that institutionalizes a narrow understanding of the concept of human security, excluding issues of personal and economic security. In particular it replicates the gendered division of roles and has led to a gendered hierarchy, discrimination and even violence against women. It allocates men and resources to carry on the occupation and emphasizes women’s domestic roles. The traditional preference of the public sphere as men’s sphere is reproduced, thereby elevating men’s status and prestige as protectors of the family and the nation and strengthening the masculine discourse and values.
The Occupation as Represented in the Arts in Israel
Authors: Urian Dan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The chapter reveals how Israeli artists since the early 1980s have introduced into their works the problem of the divided reality and the need for a critical examination of the Zionist ideology that created the State of Israel. The first and second intifada exposed the nationalist roots of the dispute and reinforced among the artists and their audiences, as seen in many works, an awareness of the harm done by the occupation – to both the Israeli Jews and the Palestinians. The art provides a bleak exposure of the occupation that no longer allows it to be disregarded, and demands a solution.
Cities and Sacred History
Authors: Antrim Zayde 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the textual strategies of naming and locating cities and assembling foundation or conquest narratives in topographical histories and “merits” (faḍāʾil) treatises. These strategies draw substantially from a reservoir of sources dealing with sacred history and are particularly effective in making proximate what otherwise might seem distant and disconnected, whether temporally or spatially. The chapter uses as prominent examples texts devoted to representing the cities of Mecca, Jerusalem, and Baghdad, sites of considerable religious and political significance in the early Islamic world. What is striking about the claims to belonging and authority associated with each city is their overwhelming inclusivity and heterogeneity. This suggests that cities were imagined in the discourse of place more as sites of connectivity, negotiation, and compromise than as symbols of Islamic purity or triumphalism.
Conclusion: Looking Forward
Authors: Antrim Zayde 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter glances at the future. The twelfth century marked an intensification and localization of the production of texts in the discourse of place that would continue for hundreds of years. Despite their increasing diversity of languages and orientation toward local concerns, these texts generally maintained a sense of the connectivity and universalism communicated by the early discourse of place. This chapter concludes by considering ideologies of territorial nationalism in the modern Middle East. It suggests that these ideologies transformed the categories of belonging established in the discourse of place into more exclusive, and exclusionary, identities. While nationalist movements were defined by the experience of European colonialism and changes in the way texts were produced, circulated, and consumed, they were also new chapters in a long history of the power of the geographical imagination to motivate, shape, and justify political and religious claims in the Middle East.
Social Protection and Welfare Systems
Authors: Aber Lawrence , Biersteker Linda , Dawes Andrew , Rawlings Laura 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In most countries, the social protection and welfare system is directly responsible for addressing issues of destitution, poverty, and risk management. Currently, an undesirable gap exists between traditional policies in social protection and the need to make specific provision for early childhood. This chapter helps close this gap, hoping to enhance the interest and ability of social protection systems to effectively address serious constraints on early childhood development (ECD) caused by long-term poverty, income instability, and adverse shocks. Specifically, the chapter describes the recent history and multiple functions of social protection and explains their importance to ECD; identifies critical challenges to and promising practices in closing the gap between social protection and ECD; and analyzes and discusses key issues requiring new research initiatives (research agenda) and/or immediate cross-system collaboration (policy agenda) to advance the capacity of social protection systems to protect and promote ECD.
Paradigm Shifts and New Directions in Research on Early Childhood Development Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Nieto Ana María 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter identifies emerging paradigm shifts for research that can address the next generation of practice and policy questions in early childhood development (ECD) in low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries. We discuss new developments in approaches to considering equity; quality and its improvement; the multisectoral nature of ECD programs and policies; and the development of research capacity. In each section, we identify underlying tensions and challenges in the global ECD context, paying particular attention to issues of inequity, social exclusion, and cultural diversity, and we highlight innovative directions and initiatives. We conclude that the promise of expanding both knowledge bases and programs and policies in ECD across LAMI countries requires new approaches to examining patterns of inclusion, exclusion, and cultural specificity, as well as partnerships among researchers, practitioners, caregivers, community members, and policymakers.
Literary Worlds
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses the common use of the term “world” in literary studies that speaks to the relation between literature and worlds, and has nothing to do with world-systems or world literature. We speak of “Balzac's world,” or “Hawthorne's world,” or “Rushdie's world” in ways that rely on two fairly conventional understandings of the word, neither of which is captured by the current world literature debates. In one use the word names the general social and historical space within which an author lived and worked. In its other use the phrase means something like the unity of form, diegesis, and feeling composed by the rough totality of a work: the world of the work of art.
Universalism as a World View
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter first argues that modernity is a theory of the world—of a particular world. It is also, therefore, a theory of worldedness, of a particular kind of worldedness that it most commonly calls the “universal.” Modern universalism is quite literally the modern world-view. It phenomenalizes, at the level of the world-concept, a historically specific experience of the world. Like all lived hegemonies, modernity is essentially a process in which the implications of that experience are put into play, contested, habituated, altered, resisted, and distributed across the field of social life. The chapter then discusses the effects of this world-view and of this universalism in the history of the application and spread of “modern” thinking.
Beyond the Modern
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter argues that the structuro-logical description of a series of basic responses to a given assertion—affirmation/conceptualization, creation/destruction, negation/refusal, the neutral—describes responses to any historically normative world-view. This suggests that for any given social whole or spatio-temporal extension, one could describe a pattern of relations following the basic modal structure. In such a social whole, Realism would refer, as it does in the modern world-view, to the affirmation and conceptualization of the normative, socially dominant position; Romanticism to attempts to revise or rewrite it from inside its fundamental ontological premises; and Modernism to the negation of those premises and the radical imagination of life beyond “world.” In any one of these situations, what we now call “realism”—that is, the style that corresponds most closely to the normative Realism of the modern period, to which it lends a name—could easily be relegated to a second- or third-rate position in the production of the aesthetic diegesis.
Diplomacy at the Court of Guru Gobind Singh
Authors: Fenech Louis E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Chapter 1 elaborates the context out of which the Ẓafar-nāmah emerged: Guru Gobind Singh’s extraordinary darbar and its situation within the pahaṛ ī or “hilly’ region of what was in the late seventeenth-century, Mughal Punjab
Distant lymph nodes serve as pools of Th1 cells induced by neonatal BCG vaccination for the prevention of asthma in mice
Authors: Zhang G. , Wang P. , Qiu Z. , Qin X. , Lin X. , Li N. , Huang H. , Liu H. , Hua W. , Chen Z. , Zhao H. , Li W. , Shen H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundNeonatal Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination induces vigorous T‐helper type 1 (Th1) responses and inhibits allergy‐related airway dysfunction, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study was to address where the Th1 cells induced by neonatal BCG vaccination are generated and stored, and how they are recruited into the inflamed airway for the prevention of allergen‐induced airway inflammation.MethodsWe vaccinated neonatal C57BL/6 mice with BCG in a mouse model of asthma and analyzed the expression and function of Th1 cells in vivo and in vitro.ResultsBCG vaccination–induced Th1 cells in the local inguinal lymph nodes (ILN) migrated into the lungs upon inhaled ovalbumin (OVA) challenge in OVA‐sensitized mice. These CD4+ T cells in the ILN exhibited potentials of activation, proliferation and cytokine secretion and expressed high levels of CXCR3. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells from BCG‐treated ILN significantly decreased allergic airway responses. In addition, the protective effect of BCG vaccination against allergic airway inflammation was lost upon the excision of the ILN.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that ILN serves as a ‘weapon’ pool of Th1 cells following BCG vaccination, and these cells are ready for the migration into the inflamed lungs upon the allergen challenge, thereby inhibiting allergen‐induced airway disorder.
Associations between NOS1AP Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and QT Interval Duration in Four Racial/Ethnic Groups in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors: Shah Sidharth A. , Herrington David M. , Howard Timothy D. , Divers Jasmin , Arnett Donna K. , Burke Greg L. , Hong Kao Weng , Guo Xiuqing , Siscovick David S. , Chakravarti Aravinda , Lima Joao A. , Psaty Bruce M. , Tomaselli Gordon F. , Rich Stephen S. , Bowden Donald W. , Post Wendy 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundsQT is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death (SCD). A genome‐wide association study identified NOS1AP variants associated with QT, which have been replicated in predominantly Caucasian (CAU) populations. We used the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis to examine association of QT with NOS1AP variants in an ethnically diverse cohort.MethodsTwenty‐eight tagging SNPs spanning NOS1AP were genotyped in 2847 MESA participants (approximately equal numbers of CAU, African Americans (AFA), Hispanics (HIS), and Chinese (CHN)), age 45–84 years, without cardiovascular disease. QT was measured using 12‐lead ECG. Associations between QT and NOS1AP variants were evaluated using linear regression, adjusted for heart rate, age, gender, and field center stratified by ancestry, using an additive inheritance model. Ancestry informative markers (AIMs) and principal components using AIMs were used as additional covariates.ResultsMore NOS1AP SNPs were associated with QT in CAU than the other races. In CAU, each copy of rs1932933 risk allele was associated with an increase in QT (4.9 msec, P = 7.20 × 10–7). Significant associations in CAU and HIS were located at the 5′ end, while associations in CHN were located at the 3′ end.ConclusionsNOS1AP variants were associated with QT in CAU, with weaker evidence for selected variants in HIS and CHN. Location of significant SNPs varied across ancestry. We identified possible novel associations at the 3′ end of NOS1AP, where we observed significant association with QT in CHN only. Genotyping within these regions may determine functional variants affecting QT and SCD risk. In addition, investigations are needed across ethnically diverse population cohorts.