bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecotoxicological responses of three ornamental herb species to cadmium
Authors: Liu Zhouli , He Xingyuan , Chen Wei , Zhao Mingzhu 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Cadmium is one of the most toxic elements. The ideal vegetal cover should be ensured by the selection of appropriate plant species for successful phytoremediation. In the present study, the ecotoxicological effects of Cd on the following 3 ornamental herbs were investigated: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Based on the inhibition rate of seed germination, root and shoot elongation, early seedling growth, median inhibition concentration (IC50) values, and index of tolerance (IT) values, ecotoxicological indicators were determined. The results showed that 10 μM to 50 μM Cd had little effect on seed germination or root and shoot elongation of the 3 ornamental herbs (p &gt; 0.01). With an increase in Cd concentrations, alfalfa (M. sativa) was the most sensitive to Cd toxicity in terms of seed germination and root elongation. Based on the IC50 of root elongation, Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum) was the least sensitive to Cd. Based on the IC50 of seed germination and shoot elongation, white clover had the least sensitivity to Cd. Among the 3 ornamental herbs, based on the IC50 of seed germination and root and shoot elongation, alfalfa (M. sativa) was all the most sensitive plant. According to the index of tolerance, Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum) was the most tolerant plant. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1746–1751. © 2013 SETAC
Mechanistic effect modeling for ecological risk assessment: Where to go from here?
Authors: Grimm Volker , Martin Benjamin T 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Mechanistic effect models (MEMs) consider the mechanisms of how chemicals affect individuals and ecological systems such as populations and communities. There is an increasing awareness that MEMs have high potential to make risk assessment of chemicals more ecologically relevant than current standard practice. Here we discuss what kinds of MEMs are needed to improve scientific and regulatory aspects of risk assessment. To make valid predictions for a wide range of environmental conditions, MEMs need to include a sufficient amount of emergence, for example, population dynamics emerging from what individual organisms do. We present 1 example where the life cycle of individuals is described using Dynamic Energy Budget theory. The resulting individual-based population model is thus parameterized at the individual level but correctly predicts multiple patterns at the population level. This is the case for both control and treated populations. We conclude that the state-of-the-art in mechanistic effect modeling has reached a level where MEMs are robust and predictive enough to be used in regulatory risk assessment. Mechanistic effect models will thus be used to advance the scientific basis of current standard practice and will, if their development follows Good Modeling Practice, be included in a standardized way in future regulatory risk assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:e58–e63. © 2013 SETAC
Sponsorship at O2—“The Belief that Repaid”
Authors: Cahill Jonnie , Meenaghan Tony 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTOver recent decades sponsorship has evolved significantly, in terms of an expanding range of sponsorship opportunities as well as an increased range of activation options. Where less significant development can be observed is in the area of sponsorship evaluation. This paper outlines a specific company case study focusing on a relatively new, but now well‐established brand, which made a significant strategic choice in utilizing sponsorship for brand building, market penetration, and the acquisition and retention of consumers in an increasingly commodified service category in contrast to the strategic mix chosen by its main competitors. The paper provides a detailed focus on the management and evaluation of their sponsorship activity in one particular market. Following a brief introduction to the O2 brand and its international development, it will examine the brand's position in the Irish marketplace and the strategically chosen role for sponsorship in its armory of marketing options. It details the key strategic pillars, which underpin the approach to sponsorship as a set of beliefs that hold sponsorship policy and activation together. The challenge, in a mature market dominated by competition for market share, was to drive short‐term sales while building long‐term brand equity. The industry was experiencing a paradigm shift from “mobile operators” to “social networks” and the paper explains how the choice and activation of sponsorships sought to develop participative interaction with customers to promote emotionally driven loyalty. To make the brand the basis for differentiation the company chose a marketing mix weighted toward sponsorship and placed “participation” at the core of activation. The strategic choices involved regarding the balance of resources between paid‐for media and sponsorship and in the latter case, between assets and activation, are explored. Two case studies relating to sport and entertainment sponsorship are detailed with particular reference to innovative and creative activation through social networks. The paper will outline the use of quantitative tracking measures as well as more involved measures in evaluating sponsorship performance. More specifically it will focus on the measurement of sponsorship performance and in particular on the various points at which measurement is brought to bear and the range of metrics—including softer measures such as sentiment analysis and social media conversations—utilized in this evaluation process. It will thus arrive at a comprehensive approach to measuring sponsorship effectiveness and demonstrate how results are translatable to monetary values.
Poly(para‐phenylene vinylene) and Polynorbornadiene Containing Rod‐Coil Block Copoylmers via Combination of Acyclic Diene Metathesis and Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Porz Michael , Mäker Dominic , Brödner Kerstin , Bunz Uwe H. F. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPoly(para‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and its derivatives are important semiconducting polymers for organic electronics. Herein, an alkene metathesis approach to obtain PPVs is reported. Tri(iso propyl)silyl‐substituted norbornadienes are employed as solubilizing agents. As PPV precursors divinylbenzene is used for acyclic diene metathesis and paracyclophane diene for a ring‐opening metathesis polymerization‐type approach. The resulting polymers are analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), UV‐vis, fluorescence, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. All of the polymers show good solubility in common solvents.
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Stress‐hybrid quadrilateral finite element with embedded strong discontinuity for failure analysis of plane stress solids
Authors: Dujc Jaka , Brank Boštjan , Ibrahimbegovic Adnan 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYA formulation of a quadrilateral finite element with embedded strong discontinuity, suitable for the material failure numerical analysis of plane stress solids, is presented. The kinematics of standard finite element is enhanced by displacement jumps that vary linearly along the embedded discontinuity line. They are described by four kinematic parameters that are related to four element separation modes. The modes are designed for no stress transfer over the discontinuity line at its fully softened (opened) state. As for the material, the bulk of the element is assumed to be elastic, and the softening plasticity, in terms of discontinuity tractions and displacement jumps, is assumed along the discontinuity line. The bulk stresses are described by the optimal five‐parameter interpolation. The combination of stress interpolation and enhanced kinematics yields simple form of the element stiffness matrix. To achieve efficient implementation, the stiffness matrix is statically condensed for both the enhanced kinematic parameters and the stress parameters. In a set of numerical examples, the performance of the derived element is illustrated. Obtained results are compared with some other representative embedded discontinuity quadrilateral elements (displacement‐based and enhanced assumed strain based). It turns out that the element performs very well. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Searching for sgluons in multitop events at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV
Authors: Calvet Samuel , Fuks Benjamin , Gris Philippe , Valéry Loïc 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLarge classes of new physics theories predict the existence of new scalar states, commonly dubbed sgluons, lying in the adjoint representation of the QCD gauge group. Since these new fields are expected to decay into colored Standard Model particles, and in particular into one or two top quarks, these theories predict a possible enhancement of the hadroproduction rate associated with multitop final states. We therefore investigate multitop events produced at the Large Hadron Collider, running at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, and employ those events to probe the possible existence of color adjoint scalar particles. We first construct a simplified effective field theory motivated byR-symmetric supersymmetric models where sgluon fields decay dominantly into top quarks. We then use this model to analyze the sensitivity of the Large Hadron Collider in both a multilepton plus jets and a single lepton plus jets channel. After having based our event selection strategy on the possible presence of two, three and four top quarks in the final state, we find that sgluon-induced new physics contributions to multitop cross sections as low as 10-100 fb can be excluded at the 95% confidence level, assuming an integrated luminosity of 20 fb−1. Equivalently, sgluon masses of about 500–700 GeV can be reached for several classes of benchmark scenarios.
Trends in the management and outcome of HIV‐1‐infected women and their infants in the NISDI Perinatal and LILAC cohorts, 2002–2009
Authors: Stoszek Sonia K. , Duarte Geraldo , Hance Laura Freimanis , Pinto Jorge , Gouvea Maria I. , Cohen Rachel A. , Santos Breno , Teles Elizabete , Succi Regina , Alarcon Jorge O. , Read Jennifer S. ,   NISDI Perinatal/LILAC Study Group
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo describe temporal management and outcome trends among HIV‐1‐infected pregnant women and their infants enrolled in the NISDI Perinatal and LILAC cohorts.MethodsA prospective cohort of 1548 HIV‐1‐infected pregnant women and their 1481 singleton live‐born infants was analyzed. Participants were enrolled at 24 Latin American and Caribbean sites and followed‐up for at least 6 months postpartum. Variables were compared by 2‐year enrollment periods from September 27, 2002, to June 30, 2009, using logistic and linear regression modeling.ResultsAntiretroviral (ARV) use during pregnancy remained high (99.0%). ARVs became increasingly used for treatment (P < 0.001). Regimens containing 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a protease inhibitor became more common in later years (P < 0.001). The proportion of women with viral loads below 1000 copies/mL at hospital discharge after delivery (HD) increased over time (P = 0.0031). Median CD4 lymphocyte counts also rose at HD, from 441 cell/mm3 to 515 cells/mm3 (P < 0.05). Elective cesarean deliveries increased from 30.5% to 42.0% (P = 0.018). Most infants received ARV prophylaxis (99.7%). Few infants were breastfed (0.5%) or became infected with HIV‐1 (1.2%).ConclusionThe results indicate that national HIV‐1 treatment and transmission prevention policies are effective among patients with healthcare access in the region.
Drug‐induced Brugada syndrome
Authors: Minoura Yoshino , Kobayashi Youichi , Antzelevitch Charles 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBrugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited cardiac disorder that is associated with an electrocardiogram pattern of ST segment elevation on right precordial leads and a high incidence of sudden death. Diagnosis requires documentation of a coved‐type ST segment that occurs spontaneously or in the presence of a class IA or IC antiarrhythmic agent. A wide variety of other drugs, including antianginals, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and antihistamines, have been reported to unmask or induce the electrocardiographic and arrhythmic manifestations of BrS. This review focuses on drug‐induced BrS phenotypes, prevalence, and underlying mechanisms.
Dual angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibition as an alternative to angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: rationale for and design of the Prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and morbidity in Heart Failure trial (PARADIGM‐HF)
Authors: McMurray John J. V. , Packer Milton , Desai Akshay S. , Gong Jim , Lefkowitz Martin P. , Rizkala Adel R. , Rouleau Jean , Shi Victor C. , Solomon Scott D. , Swedberg Karl , Zile Michael R. ,   on behalf of the PARADIGM‐HF Committees and Investigators
Published: April 2013

AimsAlthough the focus of therapeutic intervention has been on neurohormonal pathways thought to be harmful in heart failure (HF), such as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), potentially beneficial counter‐regulatory systems are also active in HF. These promote vasodilatation and natriuresis, inhibit abnormal growth, suppress the RAAS and sympathetic nervous system, and augment parasympathetic activity. The best understood of these mediators are the natriuretic peptides which are metabolized by the enzyme neprilysin. LCZ696 belongs to a new class of drugs, the angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), which both block the RAAS and augment natriuretic peptides.MethodsPatients with chronic HF, NYHA class II–IV symptoms, an elevated plasma BNP or NT‐proBNP level, and an LVEF of ≤40% were enrolled in the Prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortailty and morbidity in Heart Failure trial (PARADIGM‐HF). Patients entered a single‐blind enalapril run‐in period (titrated to 10 mg b.i.d.), followed by an LCZ696 run‐in period (100 mg titrated to 200 mg b.i.d.). A total of 8436 patients tolerating both periods were randomized 1:1 to either enalapril 10 mg b.i.d. or LCZ696 200 mg b.i.d. The primary outcome is the composite of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization, although the trial is powered to detect a 15% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular death.PerspectivesPARADIGM‐HF will determine the place of the ARNI LCZ696 as an alternative to enalapril in patients with systolic HF. PARADIGM‐HF may change our approach to neurohormonal modulation in HF.Trial registrationNCT01035255
How Safe Are Money Market Funds?*
Authors: Kacperczyk Marcin , Schnabl Philipp 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
We examine the risk-taking behavior of money market funds during the financial crisis of 2007–2010. We find that (1) money market funds experienced an unprecedented expansion in their risk-taking opportunities; (2) funds had strong incentives to take on risk because fund inflows were highly responsive to fund yields; (3) funds sponsored by financial intermediaries with more money fund business took on more risk; and (4) funds suffered runs as a result of their risk taking. This evidence suggests that money market funds lack safety because they have strong incentives to take on risk when the opportunity arises and are vulnerable to runs.
Marriage Institutions and Sibling Competition: Evidence from South Asia*
Authors: Vogl Tom S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUsing data from South Asia, this article examines how arranged marriage cultivates rivalry among sisters. During marriage search, parents with multiple daughters reduce the reservation quality for an older daughter’s groom, rushing her marriage to allow sufficient time to marry off her younger sisters. Relative to younger brothers, younger sisters increase a girl’s marriage risk; relative to younger singleton sisters, younger twin sisters have the same effect. These effects intensify in marriage markets with lower sex ratios or greater parental involvement in marriage arrangements. In contrast, older sisters delay a girl’s marriage. Because girls leave school when they marry and face limited earning opportunities when they reach adulthood, the number of sisters has well-being consequences over the life cycle. Younger sisters cause earlier school-leaving, lower literacy, a match to a husband with less education and a less skilled occupation, and (marginally) lower adult economic status. Data from a broader set of countries indicate that these cross-sister pressures on marriage age are common throughout the developing world, although the schooling costs vary by setting.
A Common Histone Modification Code on C4 Genes in Maize and Its Conservation in Sorghum and Setaria italica
Authors: Heimann Louisa , Horst Ina , Perduns Renke , Dreesen Björn , Offermann Sascha , Peterhansel Christoph 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
C4 photosynthesis evolved more than 60 times independently in different plant lineages. Each time, multiple genes were recruited into C4 metabolism. The corresponding promoters acquired new regulatory features such as high expression, light induction, or cell type-specific expression in mesophyll or bundle sheath cells. We have previously shown that histone modifications contribute to the regulation of the model C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (C4-Pepc) promoter in maize (Zea mays). We here tested the light- and cell type-specific responses of three selected histone acetylations and two histone methylations on five additional C4 genes (C4-Ca, C4-Ppdk, C4-Me, C4-Pepck, and C4-RbcS2) in maize. Histone acetylation and nucleosome occupancy assays indicated extended promoter regions with regulatory upstream regions more than 1,000 bp from the transcription initiation site for most of these genes. Despite any detectable homology of the promoters on the primary sequence level, histone modification patterns were highly coregulated. Specifically, H3K9ac was regulated by illumination, whereas H3K4me3 was regulated in a cell type-specific manner. We further compared histone modifications on the C4-Pepc and C4-Me genes from maize and the homologous genes from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Setaria italica. Whereas sorghum and maize share a common C4 origin, C4 metabolism evolved independently in S. italica. The distribution of histone modifications over the promoters differed between the species, but differential regulation of light-induced histone acetylation and cell type-specific histone methylation were evident in all three species. We propose that a preexisting histone code was recruited into C4 promoter control during the evolution of C4 metabolism.
Autophagy Contributes to Leaf Starch Degradation
Authors: Wang Yan , Yu Bingjie , Zhao Jinping , Guo Jiangbo , Li Ying , Han Shaojie , Huang Lei , Du Yumei , Hong Yiguo , Tang Dingzhong , Liu Yule 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTransitory starch, a major photosynthetic product in the leaves of land plants, accumulates in chloroplasts during the day and is hydrolyzed to maltose and Glc at night to support respiration and metabolism. Previous studies in Arabidopsis thaliana indicated that the degradation of transitory starch only occurs in the chloroplasts. Here, we report that autophagy, a nonplastidial process, participates in leaf starch degradation. Excessive starch accumulation was observed in Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings treated with an autophagy inhibitor and in autophagy-related (ATG) gene-silenced N. benthamiana and in Arabidopsis atg mutants. Autophagic activity in the leaves responded to the dynamic starch contents during the night. Microscopy showed that a type of small starch granule-like structure (SSGL) was localized outside the chloroplast and was sequestered by autophagic bodies. Moreover, an increased number of SSGLs was observed during starch depletion, and disruption of autophagy reduced the number of vacuole-localized SSGLs. These data suggest that autophagy contributes to transitory starch degradation by sequestering SSGLs to the vacuole for their subsequent breakdown.
The AAAS 2012 Annual Meeting: flattening the world: building a global knowledge society
Authors: Mihram Danielle , Arthur Mihram G. 
Published: April 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report on six Symposia offered at the 2012 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), held 16‐20 February 2012, in Vancouver, Canada. The theme of this 178th Meeting was: “Flattening the world: building a global knowledge society.”Design/methodology/approachThis report includes summaries of the salient points in each panelist's presentation for the selected Symposia, and it provides internet links to further support the content of the presenters' comments.FindingsThe AAAS 2012 Annual Meeting aimed at exploring a broad range of recent discoveries and looming global challenges. The program focused on the current complex, interconnected challenges of the twenty‐first century and on pathways to global solutions through international, multidisciplinary efforts.Originality/valueThis report provides insights on the current research themes such as interdisciplinary collaboration, community‐engaged scholarship, global outreach by sharing science and research data with the public, building collaboratories for research on a global scale, and reducing international knowledge isolation of the “Global South” (the nations of Africa, Central and Latin America, and most of Asia).
A review of issues in information and communication technology (ICT) planning and implementation in academic libraries in Nigeria
Authors: Oghenovo Kelvin Onoriode , Oghenetega Ivwighreghweta , Jackson Akpojaro 
Published: April 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to take a look at some issues in information and communication technology (ICT) planning and implementation in academic libraries in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThe paper highlights ICT planning and implementation, ICT policy guide for academic libraries and the training of personnel for ICT planning and implementation.FindingsThe paper concludes that planning can help the libraries to outline steps that must be taken to implement ICT, which will be binding on all stakeholders and accepted by all, in line with the mission, objective and goals of the library and the university towards provision of information for its community.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was restricted to academic libraries in Delta Central District in Delta State, Nigeria.Practical implicationsThe paper shows how to improve the delivery of library services through planning and implementation of ICT.Social implicationsThe paper increases awareness of the importance of ICT planning and implementation in academic libraries in developing countries.Originality/valueThe paper shows that planning may help the libraries to outline steps that must be taken to implement ICT, which will be binding on all stakeholders and accepted by all in line with the mission, objective and goals of the library and the university towards providing valued information for its populace.