bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting changes in the distribution and abundance of species under environmental change
Authors: Ehrlén Johan , Morris William F. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEnvironmental changes are expected to alter both the distribution and the abundance of organisms. A disproportionate amount of past work has focused on distribution only, either documenting historical range shifts or predicting future occurrence patterns. However, simultaneous predictions of abundance and distribution across landscapes would be far more useful. To critically assess which approaches represent advances towards the goal of joint predictions of abundance and distribution, we review recent work on changing distributions and on effects of environmental drivers on single populations. Several methods have been used to predict changing distributions. Some of these can be easily modified to also predict abundance, but others cannot. In parallel, demographers have developed a much better understanding of how changing abiotic and biotic drivers will influence growth rate and abundance in single populations. However, this demographic work has rarely taken a landscape perspective and has largely ignored the effects of intraspecific density. We advocate a synthetic approach in which population models accounting for both density dependence and effects of environmental drivers are used to make integrated predictions of equilibrium abundance and distribution across entire landscapes. Such predictions would constitute an important step forward in assessing the ecological consequences of environmental changes.
Study on the accumulative fatigue damage rules under multiaxial two‐stage step spectra constructed by loadings with similar lives
Authors: Xia T. X. , Yao W. X. , Ji Y. F. , Wang C. J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this paper, the influence on the multiaxial fatigue damage accumulation caused by loading path variation was studied. For 2024‐T4 aluminium alloy, the damage evolution during the entire life was first observed. On the basis of the observation, the stage I of fatigue damage evolution was further divided into two sub‐stages, and the dominant stress parameters of these two sub‐stages were proposed. Taking the dominant stress parameters into account, a phased accumulative fatigue damage model was proposed. Then, 12 multiaxial two‐stage step spectra constructed by loadings with approximately identical fatigue lives were carried out on 2024‐T4 aluminium alloy. The accumulative fatigue damage was calculated by the proposed model, and another five commonly used models and the calculated results were compared. According to the comparison, the newly proposed model had the most accurate results with the smallest scatter.
Populations of the damselflyCoenagrion hastulatumat the edge of the species range have fewer gregarine and water mite parasites
Authors: Kaunisto Kari M. , Kaunisto Pipsa , Vahtera Varpu , Suhonen Jukka 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe metapopulation theory predicts that the more distant a host population is from other populations, the more challenged will be a parasite to colonise it. We studied parasite prevalence of two parasite taxa across the geographical range of their host in Finland, from more dense host population structure in the south of Finland, towards the northern edge of the host distribution characterised by more isolated populations.We found that prevalence of both water mites and gregarines decreased with increasing latitude towards the distribution edge with more isolated population structure of the host damselfly,Coenagrion hastulatum. Furthermore, the prevalences of the two parasite groups were positively correlated.The results are discussed in the context of three non‐mutually exclusive hypotheses, explaining why host species have fewer parasites at the edge of their geographic range: (i) unsuitable host hypothesis, (ii) physiological barrier hypothesis and (iii) metapopulation hypothesis.
Methane sources in arctic thermokarst lake sediments on the North Slope of Alaska
Authors: Matheus Carnevali P. B. , Rohrssen M. , Williams M. R. , Michaud A. B. , Adams H. , Berisford D. , Love G. D. , Priscu J. C. , Rassuchine O. , Hand K. P. , Murray A. E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe permafrost on the North Slope of Alaska is densely populated by shallow lakes that result from thermokarst erosion. These lakes release methane (CH4) derived from a combination of ancient thermogenic pools and contemporary biogenic production. Despite the potential importance of CH4 as a greenhouse gas, the contribution of biogenic CH4 production in arctic thermokarst lakes in Alaska is not currently well understood. To further advance our knowledge of CH4 dynamics in these lakes, we focused our study on (i) the potential for microbial CH4 production in lake sediments, (ii) the role of sediment geochemistry in controlling biogenic CH4 production, and (iii) the temperature dependence of this process. Sediment cores were collected from one site in Siqlukaq Lake and two sites in Sukok Lake in late October to early November. Analyses of pore water geochemistry, sedimentary organic matter and lipid biomarkers, stable carbon isotopes, results from CH4 production experiments, and copy number of a methanogenic pathway‐specific gene (mcrA) indicated the existence of different sources of CH4 in each of the lakes chosen for the study. Analysis of this integrated data set revealed that there is biological CH4 production in Siqlukaq at moderate levels, while the very low levels of CH4 detected in Sukok had a mixed origin, with little to no biological CH4 production. Furthermore, methanogenic archaea exhibited temperature‐dependent use of in situ substrates for methanogenesis, and the amount of CH4 produced was directly related to the amount of labile organic matter in the sediments. This study constitutes an important first step in better understanding the actual contribution of biogenic CH4 from thermokarst lakes on the coastal plain of Alaska to the current CH4 budgets.
Change in terrestrial ecosystem water‐use efficiency over the last three decades
Authors: Huang Mengtian , Piao Shilong , Sun Yan , Ciais Philippe , Cheng Lei , Mao Jiafu , Poulter Ben , Shi Xiaoying , Zeng Zhenzhong , Wang Yingping 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDefined as the ratio between gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET), ecosystem‐scale water‐use efficiency (EWUE) is an indicator of the adjustment of vegetation photosynthesis to water loss. The processes controlling EWUE are complex and reflect both a slow evolution of plants and plant communities as well as fast adjustments of ecosystem functioning to changes of limiting resources. In this study, we investigated EWUE trends from 1982 to 2008 using data‐driven models derived from satellite observations and process‐oriented carbon cycle models. Our findings suggest positive EWUE trends of 0.0056, 0.0007 and 0.0001 g C m−2 mm−1 yr−1 under the single effect of rising CO2 (‘CO2’), climate change (‘CLIM’) and nitrogen deposition (‘NDEP’), respectively. Global patterns of EWUE trends under different scenarios suggest that (i) EWUE‐CO2 shows global increases, (ii) EWUE‐CLIM increases in mainly high latitudes and decreases at middle and low latitudes, (iii) EWUE‐NDEP displays slight increasing trends except in west Siberia, eastern Europe, parts of North America and central Amazonia. The data‐driven MTE model, however, shows a slight decline of EWUE during the same period (−0.0005 g C m−2 mm−1 yr−1), which differs from process‐model (0.0064 g C m−2 mm−1 yr−1) simulations with all drivers taken into account. We attribute this discrepancy to the fact that the nonmodeled physiological effects of elevated CO2 reducing stomatal conductance and transpiration (TR) in the MTE model. Partial correlation analysis between EWUE and climate drivers shows similar responses to climatic variables with the data‐driven model and the process‐oriented models across different ecosystems. Change in water‐use efficiency defined from transpiration‐based WUEt (GPP/TR) and inherent water‐use efficiency (IWUEt, GPP×VPD/TR) in response to rising CO2, climate change, and nitrogen deposition are also discussed. Our analyses will facilitate mechanistic understanding of the carbon–water interactions over terrestrial ecosystems under global change.
In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)
Authors: Castello M. , Stefanova K. , Nichols P. G. H. , Nutt B. J. , Revell C. K. , Croser J. S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH4Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.
Diamine Oxidase rs10156191 and rs2052129 Variants Are Associated With the Risk for Migraine
Authors: García‐Martín Elena , Martínez Carmen , Serrador Mercedes , Alonso‐Navarro Hortensia , Ayuso Pedro , Navacerrada Francisco , Agúndez José A. G. , Jiménez‐Jiménez Félix Javier 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundHistamine has been implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine. We investigated the possible association between functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the diamine oxidase gene (DAO; chromosome 7q36.1, involved in histamine metabolism) and the risk for migraine.MethodsWe studied the frequency of the rs2052129, rs10156191, rs1049742, and rs1049793 genotypes and allelic variants in 197 patients with migraine and 245 healthy controls using a TaqMan‐based qPCR Assay.ResultsThe DAO SNP rs10156191, which is related to decreased DAO enzyme activity, is associated with the risk of developing migraine, particularly in women. The odds ratio (OR) for the defect allele positivity is 1.61 (95% confidence interval 1.31‐2.37) for overall migraine patients and 2.08 (1.29‐3.36) for women suffering from migraine. The association was not influenced by confounders such as the age at onset, the presence of aura, positivity of alcohol as a triggering factor, positive family history of aura, or family history of allergy. Multiple regression analyses did not confirm association with the rest of genetic factors.ConclusionOur findings, which should be framed as hypothesis generating, suggest that DAO genotypes and allelic variants are associated with the risk for migraine in Caucasian Spanish people, especially in women.
Effects of pulsed electric field on selected properties of L‐tryptophan
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Hong , Yu Qian , Zeng Xin‐An , Han Zhong , Sun Da‐Wen , Muhammad‐Aadil Rana 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) treatment on the solubility, surface tension and fluorescence spectra of L‐tryptophan were systematically investigated using a range of PEF intensities (0–50 kV cm−1) and a number of pulses (0–216). PEF frequency and pulse width used in this experiment were 1000 Hz and 40 μs, respectively. Under these conditions, the solubility, pH value and maximum relative fluorescence value (RFV) of L‐tryptophan were generally increased and then decreased with both increasing the PEF intensity and pulse number. Conductivity of the solution was insensitive to changes but still increased slightly with increasing the PEF intensity. In addition, surface tension was decreased at higher PEF intensity and pulse number. Results from the mass spectrum analysis confirmed that after the PEF treatment, the basic structure of L‐tryptophan remained unchanged. These results suggested that PEF treatment induced some function alteration to the isolated L‐tryptophan without changing the basic structure.
Cubic Pyrochlore Bismuth Zinc Niobate Thin Films for High‐Temperature Dielectric Energy Storage
Authors: Michael Elizabeth K. , Trolier‐McKinstry Susan 
Published: January 2015

Thin films of cubic pyrochlore bismuth zinc niobate, a lead‐free dielectric, were fabricated using a solution chemistry based upon the Pechini method. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the films are smooth and mostly dense. The films exhibit a dielectric constant of 145 ± 5, a low dielectric loss of 0.00065 ± 0.0001, and a room temperature, 1 kHz maximum field of approximately 4.7 MV/cm. At frequencies of 100 Hz and 10 kHz, the maximum field sustained by the material increased to 5.0 MV/cm and 5.1 MV/cm, although the dielectric loss increased to 0.0065 ± 0.001. At a measurement frequency of 10 kHz, the maximum energy storage density was ~60.8 ± 2.0 J/cm3, while at a measurement frequency of 100 Hz, the maximum energy storage was ~46.7 ± 1.7 J/cm3. As the temperature was increased to 200°C, the breakdown strength of the films decreased, while the loss tangent remained modest. At 200°C and a measurement frequency of 100 Hz, the maximum energy storage density was ~23.1 ± 0.8 J/cm3, and at 10 kHz, the maximum energy storage density was ~27.3 ± 1.0 J/cm3.
Desert Rose‐Shaped Zircon Synthesized by Low‐Temperature Hydrothermolysis
Authors: Lei Binglong , Qin Wu , Kang Guiluan , Peng Cheng , Wu Jianqing 
Published: January 2015

This study has presented synthesis, characterization, and formation mechanism of a kind of novel porous zircon with desert rose‐shaped morphology, which was hydrothermally fabricated by a two‐step quasi‐in situ reaction in a system of silica hydrogel and well‐dispersed ZrO2 precursor microspheres. The micro–mesoporous zircon product possesses a sole crystalline phase of hydroxyl‐fluorinated ZrSiO4 without unreacted ZrO2 or SiO2 in the final resultant. It has a specific surface area exceeding 120 m2/g and can maintain more than 50% micro‐mesoporic pores after calcination at 800°C due to its magnificent thermal stability. A four‐stage formation mechanism has been proposed to elucidate the process of quasi‐in situ crystallization and growth for the rose‐shaped zircon.
Effects of Annealing Temperature on the Structure and Capacitive Performance of Nanoscale Ti/IrO2–ZrO2 Electrodes
Authors: Shao Yan‐Qun , Yi Zhao‐Yu , He Chong , Zhu Jun‐Qiu , Tang Dian 
Published: January 2015

Electrodes consisting of coating of the Iridium oxide–Zirconium oxide (70%IrO2–30%ZrO2) binary oxide were formed on Ti substrates by thermal decomposition and annealing at 340°C–450°C. The effects of the annealing temperature on the structure, surface morphology, surface composition, and capacitive performance of the coatings were investigated using X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The XRD and TEM analyses showed that 360°C is greater than but very close to the crystallization temperature of the 70%IrO2–30%ZrO2 oxide coating. The 70%IrO2–30%ZrO2 oxide coatings annealed at this temperature consisted of an amorphous matrix containing a few IrO2 nanocrystalline particles (diameter of 1–2 nm). The degree of crystallinity of the coatings was approximately 13.2%. EIS analysis showed that the electrode annealed at 360°C exhibited the highest specific capacitance, which was much higher than that of the electrode annealed at 340°C (which had a purely amorphous structure) as well as those of the electrodes annealed at 380°C and 400°C (which had higher degrees of crystallinity). On the basis of the obtained results, the following conclusion can be drawn: oxide coatings prepared at temperatures slightly higher than the crystallization temperature of the oxide and containing conductive nanocrystalline particles exhibit the best capacitive performance. We suggest that this phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the electronic conductivity of the coating is greatly improved by the presence of the homogeneously distributed conductive nanocrystalline particles in the amorphous matrix. Furthermore, the protonic conductivity and loose atomic configuration of the amorphous structure of the electrode are not adversely affected by the annealing treatment.
Information and the Cost of Capital in a Mean‐Variance Efficient Market
Authors: Johnstone D.J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBefore information ϕ arrives, market observers must be uncertain whether the stock price conditioned on ϕ will be higher or lower than the current price. Otherwise there is an obvious arbitrage opportunity. By assuming this minimal condition of efficient markets, it is shown under the mean‐variance CAPM that information that leaves the future value of a firm more certain, in the sense that its perceived covariance with the market is reduced towards zero, can lead to a higher expected return on that asset. A further result is that it is theoretically possible that the required return on the stock will necessarily fall after observing signal ϕ, or (in other circumstances) that it will necessarily rise. In general, information that allows better discrimination between firms leads some firms to have higher costs of capital and other firms to have lower costs of capital. Less obviously, better discrimination between firms can induce a higher average cost of capital across the market.
Evolutionary affinities of the ‘Lost World’ mouse suggest a late Pliocene connection between the Guiana and Brazilian shields
Authors: Leite Yuri L. R. , Kok Philippe J. R. , Weksler Marcelo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimTo investigate the biogeographical history of the Pantepui region based on the phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates of a tepui‐endemic small mammal: the Roraima mouse, Podoxymys roraimae. This mouse is one of the rarest and most restricted mammals in terms of geographical distribution, and its evolutionary position has never been evaluated within a rigorous phylogenetic framework.LocationThe Pantepui biogeographical region of northern South America, which harbours a remarkable flora and fauna in one of the most dramatic landscapes on Earth.MethodsWe used maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian analyses of mitochondrial (cytb) and nuclear (irbp) DNA sequences from a specimen of P. roraimae to infer phylogenetic affinities and estimate divergence times of Podoxymys from its closest relatives based on a relaxed molecular clock model.ResultsPodoxymys lies within the Akodontini tribe of the rodent subfamily Sigmodontinae, closely related to Thalpomys and Necromys, two taxa found on the Brazilian Plateau. The divergence of Podoxymys from its closely related genera was estimated at 2.47–3.68 Ma, at the end of the Neogene (Pliocene) and before the start of the Pleistocene climatic oscillations.Main conclusionsPodoxymys roraimae is a relict species restricted to tepui summits, and its closest relatives are taxa found in open‐vegetation biomes, especially the Cerrado vegetation on the Brazilian Plateau. Our results do not conform to the predictions of currently proposed models of Pantepui faunal evolution, but instead indicate a possible relationship between the Guiana and Brazilian shields during the Pliocene.
Living alongside more affluent neighbors predicts greater involvement in antisocial behavior among low‐income boys
Authors: Odgers Candice L. , Donley Sachiko , Caspi Avshalom , Bates Christopher J. , Moffitt Terrie E. 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundThe creation of economically mixed communities has been proposed as one way to improve the life outcomes of children growing up in poverty. However, whether low‐income children benefit from living alongside more affluent neighbors is unknown.MethodProspectively gathered data on over 1,600 children from the Environmental Risk (E‐Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study living in urban environments is used to test whether living alongside more affluent neighbors (measured via high‐resolution geo‐spatial indices) predicts low‐income children's antisocial behavior (reported by mothers and teachers at the ages of 5, 7, 10, and 12).ResultsResults indicated that low‐income boys (but not girls) surrounded by more affluent neighbors had higher levels of antisocial behavior than their peers embedded in concentrated poverty. The negative effect of growing up alongside more affluent neighbors on low‐income boys' antisocial behavior held across childhood and after controlling for key neighborhood and family‐level factors.ConclusionsFindings suggest that efforts to create more economically mixed communities for children, if not properly supported, may have iatrogenic effects on boys' antisocial behavior.
Contact allergy to finished woods in furniture and furnishings: a small allergic contact dermatitis epidemic to western red cedar in sauna interior decoration
Authors: Huilaja L. , Kubin M.E. , Riekki R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundAllergic contact dermatitis caused by wood dust remains uncommon and most cases are occupational. Contact allergy to finished wooden products is even more rare and only few cases of contact dermatitis to wooden furnishings and furniture are described.ObjectiveDuring 2012–2014 surprisingly many patients with dermatitis associated to sauna baths were referred to our clinic.MethodsWe report three novel cases with allergic contact dermatitis to western red cedar due to exposure during sauna baths.ResultsThree cases of non‐occupational contact dermatitis to western red cedar were confirmed by patch testing.ConclusionAllergic contact dermatitis to interior decoration or furniture is a rarity, but can be induced by novel exposures, like western red cedar in sauna interior decoration.