bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White matter imaging changes in subjective and mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Selnes Per , Fjell Anders M. , Gjerstad Leif , Bjørnerud Atle , Wallin Anders , Due-Tønnessen Paulina , Grambaite Ramune , Stenset Vidar , Fladby Tormod 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundTo determine whether white matter (WM) memory network changes accompany early cognitive impairment and whether these changes represent early, pathologically independent axonal affection, we combined WM diffusion tensor imaging and cortical morphometric measurements of normal control subjects, patients with only subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), or mild cognitive impairment (MCI).MethodsWe included 66 patients with SCI or MCI and 21 control subjects from a university‐hospital‐based memory clinic in a cross‐sectional study. Morphometric analysis was performed in FreeSurfer, and Tract‐Based Spatial Statistics was used for analysis of diffusion tensor imaging‐derived WM fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity (DR), and mean diffusivity (MD). Relationships between WM measures and stage were assessed with whole‐brain voxelwise statistics and on a region‐of‐interest basis, with subsequent correction for cortical atrophy.ResultsIn SCI patients, as compared with control subjects, there were widespread changes in DR and MD. No significant differences in thickness could be demonstrated. In MCI patients, as compared with control subjects, there were widespread changes in DR, MD, and fractional anisotropy; the precuneal and inferior parietal cortices were thinner; and the hippocampus was smaller. Multiple logistic regression analysis eliminated morphometry as an explanatory variable in favor of DR/MD for all regions of interest, except in the precuneus, where both thickness and DR/MD were significant explanatory variables.ConclusionsWM tract degeneration is prominent in SCI and MCI patients, and is at least in part independent of overlying gray matter atrophy.
White matter atrophy in Alzheimer's disease variants
Authors: Migliaccio Raffaella , Agosta Federica , Possin Katherine L. , Rabinovici Gil D. , Miller Bruce L. , Gorno-Tempini Maria Luisa 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundIn comparison with late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD, onset, >65 years), early‐age‐of‐onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD, onset, <65 years) more often presents with language, visuospatial, and/or executive impairment, often occurring earlier than a progressive memory deficit. The logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lv‐PPA) and posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) have recently been described as possible atypical variants of EOAD. Lv‐PPA is characterized by isolated language deficit, whereas PCA is characterized by predominant visuospatial deficits. Severe hemispheric gray matter (GM) atrophy associated with EOAD, lv‐PPA, and PCA has been described, but regional patterns of white matter (WM) damage are still poorly understood.MethodsUsing structural magnetic resonance imaging and voxel‐based morphometry, we investigated WM damage in patients with EOAD (n = 16), PCA (n = 13), lv‐PPA (n = 10), and LOAD (n = 14) at presentation and 72 age‐matched control subjects.ResultsIn patients with EOAD, PCA, and lv‐PPA, WM atrophy was centered on the lateral temporal and parietal regions, including the cingulum and posterior corpus callosum. Compared with control subjects, patients with lv‐PPA showed more severe left parietal damage, and patients with PCA showed more severe occipital atrophy. Moreover, patients with EOAD had greater cingulum atrophy compared with those with LOAD. LOAD showed WM damage in the medial temporal regions and less extensive hemispheric involvement.ConclusionPatterns of WM damage in EOAD, lv‐PPA, and PCA are consistent with the clinical syndromes and GM atrophy patterns. WM injury in AD atypical variants may contribute to symptoms and disease pathogenesis.
Predictors of prognosis in IgA nephropathy
Authors: Tomino Yasuhiko 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIgA nephropathy (nephropathy with mesangial IgA and IgG deposits, so‐called Berger's disease) is the most common primary chronic glomerulonephritis worldwide, and was first described in 1968. Histopathologically, IgA nephropathy is characterized by expansion of the glomerular mesangial matrix with mesangial cell proliferation and/or mononuclear cell infiltration. Glomeruli typically contain generalized‐diffuse granular mesangial deposits of IgA (mainly IgA1), IgG and C3. This disease, therefore, is considered to be an immune‐complex‐mediated glomerulonephritis although the antigenic agents are still obscure. Clinically, patients with IgA nephropathy show microscopic and macroscopic hematuria and/or proteinuria. Although the clinical course is generally gradual in patients with IgA nephropathy, progression to renal hypertension, renal anemia, and end‐stage kidney disease is not as rare as originally thought. Since pathogenesis and radical treatment for IgA nephropathy are still not established, it is necessary to study them using various clinical findings.
Cambrian section in the east of the West Siberian geosyneclise (based on data from Vostok 4 well)
Authors: Kontorovich A.E. , Kontorovich V.A. , Korovnikov I.V. , Saraev S.V. , Sennikov N.V. , Filippov Yu.F. , Varlamov A.I. , Efimov A.S. , Filiptsov Yu.A. , Postnikov A.A. , Terleev A.A. , Karlova G.A. , Nagovitsin K.E. , Tokarev D.A. , Baturina T.P. , Gubin I.A. , Kochnev B.B. , Novozhilova N.V. , Luchinina V.A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The study presents a description of a new type of Cambrian section penetrated in Vostok 4 well in the southeastern part of the West Siberian geosyneclise (Krasnoyarsk Territory). The drilled succession is well characterized by the fossil evidence and can be considered a key section for the east of the WSG. The section comprises all three divisions of the Cambrian and is subdivided into the Oksym, Tyya, Averin, Kolchum, and Evenki Formations, based on the composite log data for an interval of 2262–5105 m. The Oksym Formation (the age equivalent of the Usol’e Formation) and Kolchum Formation are first identified and described in this study. The section is mostly carbonate, argillaceous–carbonate, sulfate–carbonate, and terrigenous sediments deposited in a back-reef setting of the Yenisei salt-bearing basin.
Middle–Late Devonian island-arc volcanosedimentary complexes in northwestern Rudny Altai
Authors: Saraev S.V. , Baturina T.P. , Bakharev N.K. , Izokh N.G. , Sennikov N.V. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
A volcanosedimentary complex of Middle–Late Devonian deposits in northwestern Rudny Altai is described. Analysis of sedimentologic processes, the kind of manifestation and specific composition of volcanism, and petrographic and chemical compositions of sedimentary rocks permitted reconstruction of paleogeographic and geodynamic settings, which confirmed the hypothesis of the island-arc nature of the Rudny Altai zone in the Middle–Late Devonian. Also, an alternative variant of its rift nature is considered. The rift buildings are referred to as local isolated complexes confined to positive paleovolcanic structures rising above the bottom in the fore-arc basin. The denudated part of the rift system is formed mainly by slope facies. Clastics of rift buildings, together with fragments of silicite and felsic-volcanics layers, compose widespread olistostrome breccias. We have established the humid type of lithogenesis, which, together with minor sea level fluctuations, favors karst processes and the formation of red-colored and bauxite-like rocks. The coeval volcanics composing lava flows and tuff layers are mainly rhyolites and are often of ultrafelsic composition.
Diamondiferous Archean rocks of the Olondo greenstone belt (western Aldan–Stanovoy shield)
Authors: Smelov A.P. , Shatsky V.S. , Ragozin A.L. , Reutskii V.N. , Molotkov A.E. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Diamond from metaultramafic rocks of the Mesoarchean (2.96–3.0 Ga) Olondo greenstone belt, located in the western Aldan–Stanovoy shield, has been studied. Diamonds occur in lenses of olivine–serpentine–talc rocks within metaultramafic rocks of intrusive habit, whose composition corresponds to peridotite komatiites. All diamonds from the metaultramafic rocks are crystal fragments 0.3 to 0.5 mm in size. Morphological examination has revealed laminar octahedra, their transitional forms to dodecahedroids, crystals with polycentric faces, and spinel twins. The crystals vary in photoluminescence color: dark blue, green, yellow, red, or albescent. Characteristic absorption bands in crystals point to nitrogen impurities in the form of A and B1 defects and tabular B2 defects. The crystals studied belong to the IaA/B type, common among natural diamonds. The overall nitrogen content varies from &lt;100 to 3800 ppm. The relative content of nitrogen in B1 centers varies from 0 to 94%, pointing to long stay in the mantle. The carbon isotope ratio in the diamonds, 13C = −26‰, is indicative of involvement of subducted crust matter in diamond formation in the Archean.
The behavior of noble-metal admixtures during fractional crystallization of As- and Co-containing Cu–Fe–Ni sulfide melts
Authors: Sinyakova E.F. , Kosyakov V.I. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
To study the behavior of macrocomponents and admixtures during the fractional crystallization of sulfide melts and the influence of As on noble metals in this process, we performed a quasi-equilibrium directional crystallization of melt of composition (at.%): Fe—35.5, Ni—4.9, Cu—10.4, and S—48.3, with admixtures of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, As, and Co (each 0.1 at.%), which imitates the average (by Cu contents) compositions of massive ores at the Noril’sk Cu-Ni deposits. The following sequence of phase formation from melt has been established: mss (zone I) / mss + iss (zone II) / iss (zone III) (mss is (FezNi1–z)S1+δ, iss is (FexCuyNi1–x–y)zS1–z); it corresponds to the distribution of main elements along the sample (primary zoning). Distribution curves for macrocomponents in zones I and II of the sample were constructed, as well as the dependencies of their partition coefficients (k) between solid solutions and sulfide melt on the fraction of crystallized melt. The secondary (mineral) zoning resulted from subsolidus phase transformations has been revealed. Five subzones have been recognized: mss + cp (Ia) / mss + cp + pn (Ib) / mss + pc + pn (IIa) / mss + pc + pn + bn (IIb) / pc + bn + pn + unidentified microphases (III). Admixture species in the sample were studied: (1) admixtures dissolved in primary solid solutions and in main minerals resulted from solid-phase transformations and (2) admixtures forming their own mineral phases. The partition coefficients of Co, Rh, and Ru (mss/L), Ru, Ir, and Rh (mss/cp), and Co, Rh, and Pd (mss/pn) were determined. Minerals of noble metals have been recognized: Pt3Fe, PtFe, Au, (Ag,Pd), (Au,Pt), Ag, Ag3Cu, Au3(Cu,Ag,Pd,Pt), etc., and the regularities of their distribution in the sample have been established. It is shown that some noble-metal admixtures are prone to interact with As. Mineral arsenides and sulfoarsenides of noble metals produced during fractional crystallization have been recognized: PtAs2, Pd3As, (RhAsS), (IrAsS), and (Ir,Rh)AsS. The discovered drop-like inclusions of noble-metal arsenides suggest the separation of the initial sulfide-arsenide melt into two immiscible liquids. By indirect features, the micromineral inclusions are divided into primary, crystallized from melt, and secondary, produced in solid-phase reactions. The results of study are compared with literature experimental data obtained by the isothermal-annealing method and with the behavior of noble metals and As during the formation of zonal massive orebodies at the Noril’sk- and Sudbury-type deposits.
The Ms = 7.0 Uureg Nuur earthquake of 15.05.1970 (Mongolian Altai): the aftershock process and current seismicity in the epicentral area
Authors: Emanov A.F. , Emanov A.A. , Leskova E.V. , Kolesnikov Yu.I. , Yankaitis V.V. , Filina A.G. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The aftershock process induced by the Ms = 7.0 Uureg Nuur earthquake, one of the largest events in the Altai, has been studied comprehensively. As an additional experiment, a temporary local network of seismic stations was deployed in 2006 in the epicentral area of the earthquake to gain more insights into the current tectonic activity. The aftershocks of the Uureg Nuur event were restricted to small faults in the interior of fault blocks rather than those being localized along border faults. Seismic activity across the directions of large faults has apparently been generated by a fault (in the Tsagaan Shuvuut Range) reactivated during the Uureg Nuur earthquake. The aftershock process, at its final phase, involved an adjacent crust block.
The late Pleistocene glaciation in the Bogchigir Valleys (Pamir, Tajikistan) based on 10Be surface exposure dating
Authors: Röhringer Ines , Zech Roland , Abramowski Uwe , Sosin Pjotr , Aldahan Ala , Kubik Peter W. , Zöller Ludwig , Zech Wolfgang 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGlacial chronologies from the Pamir may not only provide insights into past changes in temperature, but also into past changes in precipitation related to the northern-hemispheric westerlies and the monsoonal circulation. We present 18 new exposure ages from the Bogchigir Valleys that complement and refine our previous studies in these valleys. The most extensive dated glaciation in the area occurred ~ 100 ka, during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5, and indicates increased precipitation likely from both the westerlies and the monsoonal circulation. A subsequent glacier advance, which deposited characteristic ‘chukur’ moraine lobes, occurred at ~ 80–75 ka. Circumstantial evidence points to glacial advances at ~ 65 and 40 ka, the latter likely also documenting increased monsoonal moisture supply during MIS 3. Less extensive glacial advances occurred during MIS 2 at ~ 28 and 24 ka and reflect the aridization trend during the course of the last glacial cycle. Deglaciation started ~ 21 ka, interrupted by minor stillstands or readvances at ~ 16 and 12 ka. Local calibration sites and glacier-climate modeling would be very helpful to reduce the systematic methodological uncertainties (still at least 10%) and to draw more detailed paleoclimatic conclusions.
Seasonal trends and spatial differences in marine mammal occurrence in Broadhaven Bay, north-west Ireland
Authors: Anderwald Pia , Haberlin Michael Damien , Coleman Mary , Ó Cadhla Oliver , Englund Anneli , Visser Fleur , Cronin Michelle 
Published: September 2012

Long-term monitoring programmes of a comparatively small area complement larger scale, but temporally limited surveys and can provide extensive datasets on seasonal occurrence and fine-scale habitat use of multiple species. A marine mammal monitoring programme, involving year-round, land-based observations, has been conducted in Broadhaven Bay candidate Special Area of Conservation, north-west Ireland, during 2002, 2005 and 2008–2011. Nine cetacean and two seal species have been recorded, with grey seal, harbour porpoise, common and bottlenose dolphins, and minke whale present throughout the year. Generalized additive models, taking into account observer effort, sighting conditions (sea state) and interannual variation, did not reveal any significant seasonal patterns in the occurrence of grey seals, bottlenose dolphins and minke whales. On the other hand, common dolphin presence in Broadhaven Bay was highest during autumn and winter. Bottlenose dolphins could be separated spatially from both common dolphins and minke whales in a classification tree by their preferential use of the shallower inshore areas of the bay (<30 m depth). However, common dolphins and minke whales, which occurred mainly in the deeper outer section of Broadhaven Bay, could not be spatially distinguished from each other, and grey seals were distributed over the entire bay. Broadhaven Bay represents an important marine mammal habitat with respect to overall species diversity and the regular occurrence of bottlenose dolphin, harbour porpoise, grey and harbour seals (all listed under Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive).
Congenital and oral transmission of American trypanosomiasis: an overview of physiopathogenic aspects
Authors: SÁNCHEZ LAURA VIVIANA , RAMÍREZ JUAN DAVID 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYChagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is a pathology affecting about 8–11 million people in Mexico, Central America, and South America, more than 300 000 persons in the United States as well as an indeterminate number of people in other non-endemic countries such as USA, Spain, Canada and Switzerland. The aetiological agent isTrypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan transmitted by multiple routes; among them, congenital route emerges as one of the most important mechanisms of spreading Chagas disease worldwide even in non-endemic countries and the oral route as the responsible of multiple outbreaks of acute Chagas disease in regions where the vectorial route has been interrupted. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent research and advances in host-pathogen interaction making a model of how the virulence factors of the parasite would interact with the physiology and immune system components of the placental barrier and gastrointestinal tract in order to establish a response againstT. cruziinfection. This review also presents the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic features of congenital and oral Chagas disease in order to update the reader about the emerging scenarios of Chagas disease transmission.
Theoretical aspect of enhancement and saturation in emission from laser produced plasma
Authors: Rai V.N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a simplified theoretical model for the study of emission from laser produced plasma to better understand the processes and the factors involved in the onset of saturation in plasma emission as well as in increasing emission due to plasma confinement. This model considers that plasma emission is directly proportional to the square of plasma density, its volume, and the fraction of laser pulse absorbed through inverse Bremsstrahlung in the pre-formed plasma plume produced by the initial part of the laser. This shows that plasma density and temperature (that means the electron-ion collision frequency νei) decide the threshold for saturation in emission, which occurs for νei ≥ 1013 s−1, beyond which plasma shielding effects become dominant. Any decrease in plasma sound (expansion) velocity shows drastic enhancement in emission supporting the results obtained by magnetic as well as spatial confinement of laser produced plasma. The temporal evolution of plasma emission in the absence and presence of plasma confinement along with the effect of laser pulse duration are also discussed in the light of this model.
Molybdenum thin films via pulsed laser deposition technique for first mirror application
Authors: Mostako A.T.T. , Khare Alika 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMirror like Molybdenum thin films on SS substrate in vacuum (10−3Pa) and in Helium environment has been achieved by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) Technique. The PLD thin films of Molybdenum have been characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). The specular reflectivity was recorded with Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometer and UV-Visible spectrometer. The optical quality of the thin films was tested via interferometric technique. At the optimum deposition parameters, the crystal orientation was in Mo(110) phase. The FIR-UV-Visible reflectivity of the mirror was found to be closed to that of the polished bulk Molybdenum and Stainless Substrate (SS) substrate.
A large-signal theory of bunching in the triaxial klystron amplifier
Authors: Qi Zumin , Zhang Jun , Zhong Huihuang , Zhang Zehai 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA large-signal theory of bunching of an intense relativistic electron beam with both velocity and density modulation in the triaxial klystron has been derived in this paper. The theory presents both the harmonic current and the transient velocity in the bunching process, and expresses the velocity modulation directly by the modulation voltage that is easier to be attained and controlled in practice. A few checks are performed on the large-signal theory by particle-in-cell simulation that suggested the large-signal theory of bunching can successfully predict the first-order harmonic current and the velocity on a beam, with both velocity and density modulation, after interacting with a modulation voltage on the order of magnitude with the beam voltage. The theory described in this paper can accommodate general situations such as the bunching of a modulated beam after interacting with a buncher cavity of the Triaxial klystron amplifier.
On the interaction of focused electromagnetic beams and space-charge fields in laser-plasma systems
Authors: Bonatto Alexandre , Pakter Renato , Rizzato Felipe Barbedo , Bonatto Cristian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the present analysis we study the weakly nonlinear coupled dynamics involving focused radiation beams and space-charge fields in laser-plasmas systems. We direct the analysis to regimes evolving with the co-moving coordinate of the beam frame, but do not make any assumptions on paraxial or underdense conditions. The model thus constructed allows us to investigate equilibrium and nonequilibrium regimes alike. Dependence of equilibrium profiles on control parameters is examined, and beam stability and evolution is investigated as one adds small mismatches to the ideally matched equilibrium. Details of beam evolution depend on initial conditions. However, independently of the precise form of initial conditions, mismatched beams evolve to incoherent space-time patterns.
Epidemiological features and risk factors ofSalmonellagastroenteritis in children resident in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: THOMPSON C. N. , PHAN V. T. M. , LE T. P. T. , PHAM T. N. T. , HOANG L. P. , HA V. , NGUYEN V. M. H. , PHAM V. M. , NGUYEN T. V. , CAO T. T. , TRAN T. T. N. , NGUYEN T. T. H. , DAO M. T. , CAMPBELL J. I. , NGUYEN T. C. , TANG C. T. , HA M. T. , FARRAR J. , BAKER S. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYNon-typhoidalSalmonellaare an important but poorly characterized cause of paediatric diarrhoea in developing countries. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in children aged <5 years in Ho Chi Minh City to define the epidemiology and examine risk factors associated withSalmonelladiarrhoeal infections. From 1419 diarrhoea cases and 571 controls enrolled between 2009 and 2010, 77 (5·4%) diarrhoea cases were stool culture-positive for non-typhoidalSalmonella.Salmonellapatients were more likely to be younger than controls (median age 10 and 12 months, respectively) [odds ratio (OR) 0·97; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·94–0·99], to report a recent diarrhoeal contact (8·1% cases, 1·8% controls; OR 5·98, 95% CI 1·8–20·4) and to live in a household with >2 children (cases 20·8%, controls 10·2%; OR 2·32, 95% CI 1·2–4·7). Our findings indicate thatSalmonellaare an important cause of paediatric gastroenteritis in this setting and we suggest that transmission may occur through direct human contact in the home.