bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morel-Lavallée lesion: A closed degloving injury that requires real attention
Authors: Nair Anirudh V , Nazar PK , Sekhar Resmi , Ramachandran PV , Moorthy Srikanth 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMorel-Lavallée lesions are post-traumatic, closed degloving injuries occurring deep to subcutaneous plane due to disruption of capillaries resulting in an effusion containing hemolymph and necrotic fat. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice in the evaluation of Morel-Lavallée lesion. Early diagnosis and management is essential as any delay in diagnosis or missed lesion will lead to the effusion becoming infected or leading to extensive skin necrosis.
MRI imaging of displaced meniscal tears: Report of a case highlighting new potential pitfalls of the MRI signs
Authors: Prasad Abhishek , Brar Rahat , Rana Shaleen 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been found to be an excellent imaging tool for meniscal injuries. Various MRI signs have been described to detect displaced meniscal injuries, specifically the bucket-handle tears. Although these signs are quite helpful in diagnosing meniscal tears, various pitfalls have also been reported for these signs. Double anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) sign refers to presence of a linear hypointense soft tissue anterior to the ACL, which represented the flipped bucket-handle tear of the meniscus. Disproportional posterior horn and flipped meniscus signs represent asymmetrically thickened horns of the menisci due to overlying displaced meniscal fragments. We report a case wherein MRI of the knee showed tear and displacement of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) and vastus medialis complex, medial collateral ligament (MCL), and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) mimicking these signs. To our knowledge, internally displaced MPFL and MCLs have not been described as mimics for displaced meniscal fragments.
Imaging in emphysematous epididymo-orchitis: A rare cause of acute scrotum
Authors: Mandava Anitha , Rao R Prabhakar , Kumar D Anjani , Naga Prasad I Shiva 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEmphysematous epididymo-orchitis is an uncommon, acute inflammatory process of epididymis and testis characterized by the presence of air within the tissue. Patient presents with fever, acute pain, swelling and tenderness in the scrotum. Imaging is needed for rapid accurate diagnosis and to differentiate it from other causes of acute scrotum such as testicular torsion. We report a case of emphysematous epididymo-orchitis with imaging findings on plain radiography, ultrasound, CT and MRI and a brief review of the literature.
Corrosion of Refinery Equipment By Sulfuric Acid and Sulfuric Acid Sludges★
Authors: GROTH V. J. , HAFSTEN R. J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Characteristics of sulfuric acid solutions encountered in refineries, the types and kinds of containers, piping, valves, heaters and other equipment used to handle it are considered by the authors with respect to their corrosion resistance and certain other related qualities. Materials of construction for construction, fabrication and design details of the various vessels and equipment are discussed with relation to the several concentrations, temperatures, pressures, velocities and other peculiarities of the sulfuric acid solutions encountered in petroleum refineries.
Results of field experience and laboratory tests are reported and recommendations are made respecting the selection of materials, optimum design, expected service life, maintenance procedures and economic considerations with respect to many materials. Precautions to be taken with welded and riveted tanks, fabrication and design considerations related to lead and other linings; examples of good and bad service and reasons for failures for containers, pipes, valves, pumps and heater coils are given. Galvanic effects encountered in connection with certain equipment are reported and remedial measures recommended.
Figures showing examples of failures and charts and tables of data are included.
Some Experiences With Cathodic Protection in Chicago
Authors: PLYM L. M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Removal of street car rails in parts of Chicago has necessitated the use of cathodic protection for many sections of lead sheathed telephone cables. For each of several situations data have been collected as follows: 1. Type of power supply. 2. Design of ground bed. 3. Current and voltage requirements. 4. Cable sheath potentials. 5. Amount of cable protected and 6. First cost and power cost.
Oxidation of Plain, Alloyed And Ductile Irons at 1300 Degrees F★
Authors: CAMERON J. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Oxidation tests of up to 4000 hours duration at 1300 degrees F were made on ordinary flake graphite gray irons, ductile iron, and on highly alloyed cast iron having both flake and spheroidal graphite. It is concluded that ductile irons possess resistance to oxidation markedly better than that of flake graphite irons. In highly alloyed irons the difference is less pronounced at this temperature. Specimens exposed in atmospheric tempering furnace equipped with fan for circulation of air.
Air Injection for Prevention of Hydrogen Penetration of Steel★
Authors: BONNER W. A. , BURNHAM H. D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The use of very small amounts of air for the prevention of hydrogen attack leading to blistering and fissuring of equipment is described. This protection is achieved by producing a small amount of polysulfide in situ which converts cyanide to thiocyanate and inhibits the primary corrosion reaction. The method has been used successfully for about two years. Inspections have failed to show any hydrogen damage to equipment protected by adequate air injection; no degradation of product quality has been observed.
In the application of the method, a number of problems arose which have since been solved. These difficulties include: 1) accumulation of oxygen in stagnant vapor areas, 2) accumulation of acidic ammonium thiocyanate leading to high corrosion rates, 3) control of pH in the desired range to prevent deposition of ammonium salts and to prevent decomposition of ammonium polysulfide, and 4) limited reaction rate between oxygen and hydrogen sulfide to form polysulfide.
Several methods are considered for the control of air injection to meet the polysulfide requirement in the system. Hydrogen penetration probes and chemical spot tests for ferrocyanide and free cyanide have been found adequate for this purpose. Complete protection against hydrogen damage has been attained by only infrequent adjustment of the air injection rates.
Test Methods to Determine The Resistance of an Insulating Joint★
Authors: PEARSON E.T. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Test methods for determining the resistance of an insulating joint under a number of conditions are discussed. Consideration is given to the purposes for which insulating joints are commonly used. A detailed study is made of the problem of determining the true resistance of an insulating joint installed between two buried structures when a direct, accurate current measurement is not possible on either structure at the insulating point. The Parallel computation, Delta computation and the Null circuit methods are discussed in connection with this problem.
Construction Materials for Liquid Sodium Systems★
Authors: BRUSH E. G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The use of sodium as a heat transfer agent in nuclear power plants has resulted in a new phase of corrosion technology to evaluate the surface properties of materials of construction for high temperature, irradiated, liquid metal cooled heat transfer systems.
In pure sodium, engineering alloys may be subject to mass transport effects, preferential solution of alloying constituents and diffusion welding of mating surfaces. Trace amounts of impurities which are difficult to remove result in damaging oxidation and also act to accentuate preferential solution phenomena, particularly decarburization and intergranular attack.
The resistnce of alloys to attack by sodium has been investigated in static and dynamic laboratory tests and in pilot plant heat transfer systems. Extensive laboratory data and service performance indicate that the design engineer has a wide selection of materials of construction that will give satisfactory service in high temperature sodium systems.
Induced Alternating Current Used for Cathodic Protection of a Coated Pipe Line★
Authors: BELLASSAI S. J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
After making repairs on a leak on a coated line through a salt marsh and paralleling a high voltage high line, it was learned that although considerable gradients existed in the earth adjacent to the high line there was no correlation in the measured quantities. It had been considered that natural rectification of the induced AC voltage was occurring. After tests with coupons buried near the pipe line showed the pipeline was predominantly positive to earth at the leak location, a test ground bed was constructed to examine the feasibility of rectifying the induced alternating current. Measurement of the rectified voltage between the pipeline and the test ground bed through a 25-ampere, 18-volt selenium rectifier was 5 volts DC available for cathodic protection. A 5-ampere, 15-volt selenium stack, ten 3-inch x 60-inch graphite rods and 500 feet of 1/0 copper cable was calculated to provide circuit resistance of the required value to protect the line cathodically.
Correlation of the Results Obtained With Corrosion Inhibitors in the Laboratory and in the Field★
Authors: PURDY G. E. , RIES WILLIAM J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
One of the responsibilities of the oil field corrosion engineer is to correlate laboratory and field test data. With this in mind the principle factors which influence internal corrosion in oil wells (factors which the corrosion engineer must consider) are reviewed here.
A laboratory corrosion test method is discussed. Corrosion rate data obtained in the laboratory with three West Texas crude oil and brine systems and the corrosion inhibition obtained in these systems with two organic inhibitors are analyzed and compared. Field corrosion test data for the same three fields are presented. The correlation of laboratory and field test data is discussed in relation to the many variables encountered.
It is concluded that the evaluation of the use of inhibitors in some cases may be difficult and may require considerable experience and judgment on the part of the corrosion engineer.
Role of Minor Elements In the Oxidation of Metals★
Authors: GULBRANSEN EARL A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An analysis is made of the role of impurities in the oxidation of metals. The various impurities are considered in terms of their effects on the physical and chemical structure of the oxide, oxide-metal interface and metal. Eight types of effects are discussed and where experimental data are available these data are used to illustrate the nature of the effect. The eight types of effects are: (1) formation of new oxide of impurity atoms in outer layer, (2) formation of mixed oxides or spinels, (3) formation of impurity atom oxide in inner layer, (4) change in conductivity of oxide film, (5) change in physical properties and adhesive properties of oxide and oxide-alloy interface, (6) formation of inclusions and other defects in the metal, (7) concentration of impurities at the grain boundaries of the metal and (8) surface oxide-impurity atom reaction with volatile reaction product. 3.7.2
The Conductometric Method Applied to the High Temperature Oxidation of Iron
Authors: FRYBURG GEORGE C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The conductometric method is used to study the oxidation of pure iron in the region of 600 C. Iron ribbons of known thickness were used in the tests and the conductance of the central portion of the specimens measured by the potentiometer method. A constant current of 50 ma, small enough to prevent heating even in vacuum, was used. It was found that the conductivity method gives a true measure of the thickness of iron oxidized and yields results that are in agreement with those obtained by the gravimetric method.
An analytical method of measuring the amount of unoxidized iron remaining in specimens is described briefly.
Dealuminization of Aluminum Bronze
Authors: SCHUSSLER MORTIMER , NAPOLITAN D. S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Though rarer than dezincification in brass, dealuminization can occur in aluminum bronze, and such attack can constitute a failure hazard. A case of a dealuminization failure in a cylinder valve is cited. This failure was attributable to selective corrosion of the aluminum-rich phase in an aluminum silicon bronze having a duplex structure.
In the process of selecting a more suitable material for the cylinder valves, dealuminization studies were carried out on samples of single and two phase aluminum bronzes which were exposed to aqueous hydrofluoric acid, the corrosive agent to which the valve failures were affixed. Alpha aluminum bronze suffered no harmful attack; the duplex aluminum bronze, regardless of its heat treated structure, suffered a selective dealuminization attack which caused a severe loss in ductility.
Aqueous Corrosion of Aluminum
Authors: DRALEY J. E. , RUTHER W. E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Aluminum alloy 1100 corrodes uniformly in nearly pure water at rates which increase with temperature. The reaction is characterized by an initial period of relatively rapid corrosion, followed by a constant lower rate of corrosion. The slope of the linear part of the curve or the “corrosion rate” changes from about 0.02 to 2.5 mg/dm2-day (.01 to 1.3 mil/yr) from 50 to 200 C. Above 200 C intergranular attack occurs, with resultant more rapid penetration and deterioration of the metal.
The corrosion rate can be reduced by the addition of an acid to the water. The solution pH of minimum corrosive attack on aluminum goes down with increasing temperature. It is of the order of 6.5 at 50 C and 3 at 300 C.
Corrosion in slightly alkaline solutions (pH 8.5) is more rapid than in neutral water at all temperatures. At 100 C the difference shown in stagnant tests is very slight, but increases considerably if the temperature is increased to the order of 200 C. Presumably the effect of solution flow rate would be greater in the case of alkaline water than in neutral water.
At 200 C the addition of dichromate ion increased the rate of corrosion. A small concentration of sodium silicate resulted in a higher corrosion rate at pH 9.4, while at pH 3.5 it reduced the rate significantly. Chloride ion (5 ppm) caused some pitting and increased the corrosion rate slightly.
Electrical coupling to more cathodic materials, such as graphite, zirconium or stainless steel produced no undesirable effects in distilled water at 200 C. At 315 C, the corrosion life of samples was extended by such coupling. 6.4.2
Some Experiences With Sodium Silicate As a Corrosion Inhibitor in Industrial Cooling Waters★
Authors: WOOD J. W. , BEECHER J. S. , LAURENCE P. S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The use of sodium silicate as a corrosion control agent for open-recirculating cooling water systems is discussed. Emphasis is placed on the results of tests made with low-carbon steel coupons in eight operating plants. The normal development of silica films, effect of prior corrosion and the influence of pH, water temperature and magnesium hardness are discussed.
Long-term test data indicated that crystalloidal silica is highly effective in stopping corrosion of mild steel by a wide variety of industrial cooling waters. Thirty to forty ppm of total crystalloidal silica provided adequate protection in waters containing upwards of 500 ppm of chlorides and sulfates. Magnesium hardness in concentrations above 250 ppm as CaCOa was found to greatly reduce the inhibitive action. 5.8.2
Corrosion and Adsorption Studies Using Sulfonate Inhibitors★
Authors: ROEBUCK A. H. , GANT P. L. , RIGGS O. L. , SUDBURY J. D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The existing literature pertaining to the use of sulfonates as corrosion inhibitors is reviewed briefly. An account is given of radiometric adsorption and desorption studies made of sodium and amine salts of sulfonic acids. Corrosion inhibitor studies also were made of these salts in H2S and CO2 environments; some of the variables encountered include the effect of: (1) concentration, (2) solubility, (3) molecular weight, and (4) extent of neutralization of sulfonic acid. A simplified explanation of the mechanism of sulfonate inhibitors also is given. 5.8.3
The Static Electrode Potential Behavior Of Aluminum and the Anodic Behavior of the Pure Metal And Its Alloys in Chloride Media
Authors: KHAIRY E. M. , HUSSEIN M. KAMAL 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The electrode potential behavior of aluminum investigated in buffer solutions of pH 4-8 containing varying concentrations of chloride ions, shows that the electrode potential does not respond to variations of pH. It changes linearly with pCl yielding a more or less constant Eo′ value of —0.54 volt. The corroding effect of the chloride ions supposedly is restricted to the adsorption of these ions on the surface and the electrode behaves as one of the second type.
The oscillograms obtained both with the pure metal and with its alloys indicate that the surface oxide resists the corrosive effect up to a 0.1-N [CI–]. At higher concentrations, the electrode surface is appreciably activated acquiring relatively high double layer capacities, prominent passivity being achieved only on passing appropriate amounts of electricity. 6.4.2
A Concentrator For Coordinated Corrosion Testing—A Contribution to the Work of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-4B on Corrosion of Cable Sheaths(1)
Authors: Henderson Oliver , Horvath Louis 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A concentrator for coordinated corrosion testing is described with which 19 simultaneous voltage readings can be made and which requires only one suitable voltmeter.
The test box contains nineteen 4 mf capacitors, each of which accepts a charge from one of the external test circuits. At the desired instant of testing, the external circuits are all disconnected from the capacitors by the opening of gang-type relays. The voltage standing on each capacitor is then the corresponding voltage of the particular external circuit at the instant of disconnection. By means of a rotary switch, these voltages can be taken off in sequence and read out on a suitable external voltmeter at the convenience of the observer.
The advantages derived from the use of the test box are as follows: (1) One meter observer can duplicate the work of up to nineteen observers on a meter-per-circuit basis;
(2) One accurate voltmeter, having a high input impedance, can be selected for use rather than using an assemblage of 19 meters; (3) Despite fluctuation in measured voltages, the data obtained are more accurate than ordinarily can be obtained by direct readings of a meter on a test circuit; (4) The readings are truly simultaneous; (5) The use of one observer and one meter avoids variances formerly introduced by human characteristics and meter dissimilarities. 4.5.3
Interpretation of Tubing Caliper Surveys★
Authors: MAXWELL VICTOR W. , PARK BEN D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An arithmetical interpretation of tabulated data is derived in an effort to obtain the maximum utilization of tubing caliper surveys. Analysis of consecutive surveys allows the engineer to determine the corrosion status of a string of oil well or gas well tubing and to assess a treatment efficiency. Limits assigned were based on field experience of grading tubing. Limits are therefore not inflexible and may be changed to meet specifications of any company or can be standardized throughout the industry as more information is compiled. The proposed method offers a simple yardstick to the corrosion engineer which previously was not available in the area of tubing caliper surveys. 2.1.2
Corrosion of Aluminum In High Purity Water
Authors: LOBSINGER R. J. , ATWOOD J. M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In-reactor corrosion rates of 1245 and M-388 aluminum alloys were determined in demineralized water at temperatures up to 200 C. A correlation between corrosion rates and the effective aluminum surface temperature is presented. The effect of increased hydrogen ion concentration on corrosion rates is also discussed. 4.6.1
The Formation of Oxide Films On Chromium and 18 Cr-8 Ni Steels
Authors: YEARIAN H. J. , DERBYSHIRE W. D. , RADAVICH J. F. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The formation of oxide films on simple chromium steels and 18-8 stainless steels oxidized in air at temperatures of 300 C to 700 C has been studied by electron microscopy, electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction methods. A thin uniform film forms in the first few minutes of oxidation and grows very slowly thereafter. As oxidation proceeds the protectiveness of the base film fails at randomly distributed positions, permitting the rapid growth of localized polycrystalline nodules of oxide. These nodules continue to grow and new ones are formed until the base film is completely covered. The rate at which the process proceeds depends on alloy composition and temperature in the same way as does the scaling rate at higher temperatures.
There is no evidence that the failure is due to cracking of the base film. There seems to be no detrimental effect produced by the usual amounts of minor constituents in the alloys. Local failure may be due to blistering or recrystallization.
The principal component of the base film is a solid solution of ferric and chromic oxides preferentially oriented with the (111) plane parallel to the surface. The degree of the orientation and the chromic oxide content of the solution increase with time of oxidation. A small amount of spinel may be present also. In the case of the 18Cr-8Ni alloy the spinel contains some Ni. The nodules are principally αFe2O3 or a low chrome ferric-chromic oxide solution and contain somewhat more spinel than does the base film. 3.2.3
Cavity Formation in Iron Oxide
Authors: JUENKER D. W. , MEUSSNER R. A. , BIRCHENALL C. E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A study is made of the deep oxidation of iron at high temperatures and in an oxygen atmosphere. Large cavities are always found in specimens whose total oxygen content has been brought to that of FeO. The scale thickness of such specimens, along with other evidence, implies that FeO is plastic in the temperature range in which it is stable, while one or both of the higher oxides is relatively rigid. Evidence is presented which indicates that iron is transported to its surrounding scale with little or no body diffusion path; the mechanism involved is not identified. An expression, analogous to the parabolic rate law for scaling of plane specimens, is developed for application to cylindrical geometry. 3.2.3
Records Related to a Natural Gas Distribution Corrosion Control Program★
Authors: HILL LEONARD C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This paper is concerned with general policy procedure and useful recording of data relative to corrosion control in some 169 retail distribution systems. Some 115 of these systems are all painted and wrapped and under complete cathodic protection; the remaining 54 towns are spot protected. Since 1944 all new construction has been painted and wrapped, isolated into convenient sections, all meter sets insulated and cathodic protection applied. Recording procedure is discussed and illustrated as is also the manner in which leakage data are kept.
Annual current and potential surveys are made by a corrosion technician and monthly potential checks are made by district personnel. Occasional training schools are responsible for the satisfactory maintenance of protection by district personnel with a minimum of assistance from corrosion technicians. Illustrations of data use and records are discussed.
Practical aspects of this program are considered briefly although cost records are not specifically discussed. 8.4.2