bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penetration of suberized periderm of a woody host by Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: O'Gara E. , Howard K. , McComb J. , Colquhoun I. J. , Hardy G. E. St. J. 
Published: May 2014

The mechanisms by which Phytophthora cinnamomi zoospores infect inundated, above‐ground woody stem tissue are described. Using 4–6‐ and 18‐month‐old jarrah seedlings, the infection courts were identified and the invasion of the stems at sites of zoospore cyst binding were described. Stems were inoculated with a suspension of motile zoospores on the green stem/young periderm region. Light microscopy was used to examine penetration at sites of taxis, and fluorescent microscopy was used to examine penetration sites of seedlings with intact periderm. Two main infection courts were identified on stems: the emerging axillary shoot and the region of stem immediately surrounding an axillary shoot, where the periderm was thin or discontinuous. Invasion also occurred at sites where the developing shoot had not yet emerged but was at the stem surface. At these sites the pathogen also directly invaded through the thin‐walled phellem of the periderm surrounding the shoot. Zoospores of P. cinnamomi were not attracted to stomata on mature leaves or green stems. Penetration of the epidermal cell layer of the axillary bud leaf primordia was inter‐ and intra‐cellular; growth of hyphae in the periderm surrounding the shoot was intercellular; while in collenchyma it was inter‐ and intra‐cellular, being intercellular between polyphenolic‐rich cells. Exposed stem collenchyma was also directly invaded immediately adjacent to the young axillary shoot. Zoospores demonstrated taxis to sites of discontinuous periderm, similar to wounded areas where the outer protective layers of the plant are breached. This study presents the first evidence that P. cinnamomi is capable of intercellular penetration of suberized periderm.
The Kissimmee River Restoration Project and Evaluation Program, Florida, U.S.A.
Authors: Koebel Joseph W. , Bousquin Stephen G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractOver the past decade, restoration of the Kissimmee River in central Florida has received considerable attention from local, state, national, and international media. In terms of areal extent, project cost, and ecological evaluation it is one of the largest and most comprehensive river restoration projects in the world. The goal of reestablishing ecological integrity involves restoring the physical attributes and the hydrologic processes that were lost after channelization of the river in the 1960s. The project is expected to restore over 80 km2 of floodplain wetlands and reestablish over 70 km of river channel. Restoration construction began in 1999; to date, three construction phases have been completed, with the final phase of construction slated for completion in 2019. Restoration evaluation is widely viewed as a critical component of any restoration project. Equally important is the dissemination of information gained from restoration evaluation programs. This introductory article presents a brief overview of project history and outlines the approach and logic of the Kissimmee River Restoration Evaluation Program. The following papers present the results of ecological studies conducted before and after completion of the first phase of restoration construction. This first phase reestablished flow through 23 km of reconnected river channels and seasonally inundated a large portion (approximately 2,900 ha) of the floodplain within the Phase I project area. Although these studies present interim responses prior to full hydrologic restoration, results suggest that the ecosystem is responding largely as predicted by performance measures developed prior to restoration construction.
Interim Responses of Floodplain Wetland Vegetation to Phase I of the Kissimmee River Restoration Project: Comparisons of Vegetation Maps from Five Periods in the River's History
Authors: Spencer Lawrence J. , Bousquin Stephen G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPhase I of the Kissimmee River Restoration Project (KRRP) reestablished intermittent inundation of the river's floodplain by backfilling 12 km of the C‐38 flood control canal in 2001. We compared floodplain vegetation maps based on 2003 and 2008 aerial imagery (2 and 7 years following completion of Phase I, respectively) to vegetation maps from 1954 (pre‐channelization), 1974 (3 years after channelization), and 1996 (25 years after channelization) to evaluate broad‐scale vegetation responses to Phase I restoration. Results indicate that the extent of wetland plant communities expanded rapidly, more than doubling in area within 2 years after completion of Phase I, and that by 2008 wetlands had nearly recovered to pre‐channelization levels. However, full reestablishment of the pre‐channelization wetland mosaic has not yet occurred. Prior to channelization, much of the floodplain was dominated by a broadleaf marsh (BLM) community associated with extended, deep annual flooding, while shorter‐hydroperiod communities dominated the floodplain in 2003 and 2008. Prior to restoration construction, the reestablishment of BLM was predicted to be slow because suitable hydrology is dependent on project components that will not be in place until all restoration components are completed (projected for 2019). Hydrologic data indicate that the duration and variability of floodplain inundation have not yet achieved restoration targets over the entire Phase I study area. Other factors affecting vegetation responses are likely involved, including the age and viability of soil seed banks, the rarity of relict propagule sources following the channelized period, and competition from an invasive wetland shrub species.
Intelligent Tinkering in Ecological Restoration
Authors: Murcia Carolina , Aronson James 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRestoration practitioners adopt a multiplicity of approaches that range from basic trial and error, and site‐specific efforts, to complex experimental designs that test cutting edge theoretical hypotheses. We classify these different strategies to understand how restoration is planned and executed, and to contribute to the discussion on certification and evaluation. We use Aldo Leopold's notion of “intelligent tinkering” as a basis for a typology of four different approaches to restoration based on four parameters: motivation, general strategy, method of inquiry, and temporal and spatial scales of the expected outcomes. We argue that efforts to restore a damaged ecosystem in a skilled and experimental manner should be called “professional intelligent tinkering” versus “amateur intelligent tinkering,” and “careless tinkering.” We compare these three types of tinkering, and a more formal “scientific approach.” In professional intelligent tinkering, interventions and adjustments are done in a logical and careful manner, and with a methodical, experimental mindset. In contrast to the scientific approach, intelligent tinkering does not necessarily follow a formal experimental procedure, with replications and controls that allow extrapolation, nor is it driven by the motivation to publish in peer‐reviewed journals. Rather, it is primarily driven by a desire to solve site‐specific problems even in the absence of sufficient ecological knowledge to apply previously tested knowledge and techniques. We illustrate three approaches with three on‐going restoration projects in southeastern Brazil, two of which are small scale, and one of which is very large scale.
Phylogeny of the familyTrogidae (Coleoptera:Scarabaeoidea) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomalDNAsequence data
Authors: STRÜMPHER WERNER P. , SOLE CATHERINE L. , VILLET MARTIN H. , SCHOLTZ CLARKE H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTrogidae constitute a monophyletic and biologically unique family withinScarabaeoidea, being the only keratinophagous group in the superfamily. Traditionally, the family has been divided into three distinctive genera,PolynoncusBurmeister,OmorgusErichson andTroxFabricius. Although the taxonomy of the group is relatively well studied, changes to the existing classification have recently been proposed and the family as currently constituted has not been subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Here we present a molecular phylogeny for this cosmopolitan family based on three partially sequenced gene regions:16SrRNA,18SrRNAand28SrRNA(domain 2). Included in the analyses are representatives belonging to four of the five extant genera (and three of the four subgenera) from all major zoogeographic regions, representing about 20% of the known trogid species diversity in the family. Phylogenetic analyses performed includedparsimony andBayesianinference. We deduce their historical biogeography by using trogid fossils as calibration points for divergence estimates. Our analyses resolved relationships between and within genera and subgenera that are largely congruent with existing phylogeny hypotheses based on morphological data. We recovered four well‐supported radiations:Polynoncus,Omorgus,HolarcticTroxandAfricanPhoberusMacLeay. On the basis of this study, it is proposed that taxonomic changes to the generic classification of the family be made. The subgeneraTroxandPhoberusshould be elevated to genera to include theHolarctic and all theAfrotropical species, respectively, andAfromorgusreturned to subgeneric rank. Estimates of divergence time are consistent with aPangaean origin of the family in theEarlyJurassic. The subsequent diversification of the major lineages is largely attributed to the break‐up ofPangaea andGondwana in theMiddleJurassic and earlyLateCretaceous, respectively.
Building the Hindu Kush: monazite records of terrane accretion, plutonism and the evolution of the Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet orogen
Authors: Faisal Shah , Larson Kyle P. , Cottle John M. , Lamming Jaida 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn situ U‐Th/Pb (LA‐ICP‐MS) monazite ages from the Hindu Kush of NW Pakistan provide new petrochronologic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet orogen. Monazites from two adjacent garnet + staurolite schist specimens yield multiple age populations that record the major Mesozoic and Cenozoic deformational, magmatic and metamorphic events along the southern margin of Eurasia. These include the accretion of the Hindu Kush–SW Pamir to Eurasia during the Late Triassic, followed by the accretion of the Karakoram terrane in the Early Jurassic. Younger Jurassic and Cretaceous ages record the development of an Andean‐style volcanic arc along the southern Eurasian margin, which ended with the docking of the Kohistan island arc and the emplacement of the Kohistan–Ladakh batholith during the Late Cretaceous. The initial Eocene collision of India with Eurasia was followed by widespread high‐temperature metamorphism and anatexis associated with crustal thickening within the Himalaya system in the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Human and Animal Rabies in Azerbaijan
Authors: Zeynalova S. , Shikhiyev M. , Aliyeva T. , Ismayilova R. , Wise E. , Abdullayev R. , Asadov K. , Rustamova S. , Quliyev F. , Whatmore A. M. , Marshall E. S. , Fooks A. R. , Horton D. L. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe Caucasus is a region of geopolitical importance, in the gateway between Europe and Asia. This geographical location makes the region equally important in the epidemiology and control of transboundary infectious diseases such as rabies. Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus, and although rabies is notifiable and considered endemic, there is little information on the burden of human and animal rabies. Here, we describe a cross‐disciplinary international collaboration aimed at improving rabies control in Azerbaijan. Partial nucleoprotein gene sequences were obtained from animal rabies cases for comparison with those from surrounding areas. Reported human and animal rabies cases between 2000 and 2010 were also reviewed and analysed by region and year. Comparison of rabies virus strains circulating in Azerbaijan demonstrates more than one lineage of rabies virus circulating concurrently in Azerbaijan and illustrates the need for further sample collection and characterization. Officially reported rabies data showed an increase in human and animal rabies cases, and an increase in animal bites requiring provision of post‐exposure prophylaxis, since 2006. This is despite apparently consistent levels of dog vaccination and culling of stray dogs.
MEMENTA—‘Mental healthcare provision for adults with intellectual disability and a mental disorder’. A cross-sectional epidemiological multisite study assessing prevalence of psychiatric symptomatology, needs for care and quality of healthcare provision for adults with intellectual disability in Germany: a study protocol
Authors: Koch Andrea , Vogel Anke , Holzmann Marco , Pfennig Andrea , Salize Hans Joachim , Puschner Bernd , Schützwohl Matthias 
Published: May 2014

IntroductionThe study ‘Mental healthcare provision for adults with intellectual disability and a mental disorder’ (MEMENTA) is a cross-sectional epidemiological study carried out in three different regions of Germany. Its main aim is to assess the prevalence of mental disorders in adults with intellectual disability (ID) as well as quality of mental healthcare for this population.Methods and analysisThe target population are persons aged between 18 and 65 years with a mild or moderate ID. The study population will be recruited through service providers. A representative sample is realised by two-stage sampling. First, institutions providing services for people with ID (sheltered workshops) are selected in a stratified cluster sampling, with strata being (1) types of service-providing non-governmental organisations and (2) sizes of their sheltered workshops. Then persons working in selected sheltered workshops are selected by simple random sampling.An estimated number of 600 adults with ID will be included. Information will be obtained from the group leaders in the sheltered workshops, informal carers or staff members in sheltered housing institutions and the person with ID. Besides the main outcome parameter of psychiatric symptomatology and problem behaviour, other outcome parameters such as needs for care, quality of life, caregiver burden, health services utilisation and costs for care are assessed using well-established standardised instruments. If a comorbid mental disorder is diagnosed, quality of mental healthcare will be assessed with open questions to all interview partners and, in addition, problem-focused interviews with a small subgroup. Analyses will be carried out using quantitative and qualitative methods.Ethics and disseminationApproval of all three local ethics committees was obtained. Research findings will add much needed empirical information in order to improve services provided to this vulnerable group of patients.Trial Registration numberNCT01695395.
Tracing artificialtransfat in popular foods in Europe: a market basket investigation
Authors: Stender Steen , Astrup Arne , Dyerberg Jørn 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo minimise the intake of industrial artificialtransfat (I-TF), nearly all European countries rely on food producers to voluntarily reduce the I-TF content in food. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of this strategy on I-TF content in prepackaged biscuits/cakes/wafers in 2012–2013 in 20 European countries.DesignThe I-TF content was assessed in a market basket investigation. Three large supermarkets were visited in each capital, and in some countries, three additional ethnic shops were included.ResultsA total of 598 samples of biscuits/cakes/wafers with ‘partially hydrogenated vegetable fat’ or a similar term high on the list of ingredients were analysed, 312 products had more than 2% of fat as I-TF, exceeding the legislatively determined I-TF limit in Austria and Denmark; the mean (SD) was 19 (7)%. In seven countries, no I-TF was found, whereas nine predominantly Eastern European countries had products with very high I-TF content, and the remaining four countries had intermediate levels. Of the five countries that were examined using the same procedure as in 2006, three had unchanged I-TF levels in 2013, and two had lower levels. The 18 small ethnic shops examined in six Western European countries sold 83 products. The mean (SD) was 23 (12)% of the fat as I-TF, all imported from countries in Balkan. In Sweden, this type of food imported from Balkan was also available in large supermarkets.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that subgroups of the population in many countries in Europe still consume I-TF in amounts that increase their risk of coronary heart disease. Under current European Union (EU) legislation, the sale of products containing I-TF is legal but conflicts with the WHO recommendation to minimise the intake of I-TF. An EU-legislative limit on I-TF content in foods is expected to be an effective strategy to achieve this goal.
What Ecologists Can Tell Virologists
Authors: Dennehy John J. 
Published: May 2014

I pictured myself as a virus…and tried to sense what it would be like. —Jonas Salk Ecology as a science evolved from natural history, the observational study of the interactions of plants and animals with each other and their environments. As natural history matured, it became increasingly quantitative, experimental, and taxonomically broad. Focus diversified beyond the Eukarya to include the hidden world of microbial life. Microbes, particularly viruses, were shown to exist in unfathomable numbers, affecting every living organism. Slowly viruses came to be viewed in an ecological context rather than as abstract, disease-causing agents. This shift is exemplified by an increasing tendency to refer to viruses as living organisms instead of inert particles. In recent years, researchers have recognized the critical contributions of viruses to fundamental ecological processes such as biogeochemical cycling, competition, community structuring, and horizontal gene transfer. This review describes virus ecology from a virus's perspective. If we are, like Jonas Salk, to imagine ourselves as a virus, what kind of world would we experience?
Treatment of Auricular Seroma
Authors: Nemade Sanjana V. , Naik Chetana S. 
Published: May 2014

Objective: Auricular seroma is a cystic swelling filled with serous fluid. It occurs spontaneously or following trauma. Successful treatment of the seroma remains a challenge because this disease has a high propensity for recurrence. The aim was to study the results of the Plaster of Paris (POP) cast in treatment of seroma in terms of complete resolution of swelling, recurrence, and auricular aesthesis. Study Design: Prospective. Setting: Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 patients with auricular seroma were studied. They were treated with aspiration of the cyst followed by compression dressing with a POP cast, taking the contour of the pinna. The POP cast was kept for 3 days. The patients were followed up for 6 months for recurrence. Results: Out of 48 patients, 43 patients had complete resolution of the swelling in a single application of the POP cast. Five patients needed 2 applications of the POP cast. Not a single patient had recurrence. Temporary discoloration or thickening of the pinna was noted in 8 patients. No major complications like perichondritis were noted. Conclusion: Aspiration and contour dressing using POP is an innovative and effective treatment for management of auricular seroma as it prevents surgical trauma and recurrence and gives cosmetically excellent results.
Do AAO‐HNSF CORE Grants Predict Future NIH Funding Success?
Authors: Eloy Jean Anderson , Svider Peter F. , Kanumuri Vivek V. , Folbe Adam J. , Setzen Michael , Baredes Soly 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo determine (1) whether academic otolaryngologists who have received an American Academy of Otolaryngology— Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO‐HNSF) Centralized Otolaryngology Research Efforts (CORE) grant are more likely to procure future National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding; (2) whether CORE grants or NIH Career Development (K) awards have a stronger association with scholarly impact.Study Design and SettingHistorical cohort.MethodsScholarly impact, as measured by the h‐index, publication experience, and prior grant history, were determined for CORE‐funded and non–CORE‐funded academic otolaryngologists. All individuals were assessed for NIH funding history.ResultsOf 192 academic otolaryngologists with a CORE funding history, 39.6% had active or prior NIH awards versus 15.1% of 1002 non–CORE‐funded faculty (P <. 0001). Higher proportions of CORE‐funded otolaryngologists have received K‐series and R‐series grants from the NIH (P‐values <. 05). K‐grant recipients had higher h‐indices than CORE recipients (12.6 vs 7.1, P <. 01). Upon controlling for rank and experience, this difference remained significant among junior faculty.ConclusionsA higher proportion of academic otolaryngologists with prior AAO‐HNSF CORE funding have received NIH funding relative to their non–CORE‐funded peers, suggesting that the CORE program may be successful in its stated goals of preparing individuals for the NIH peer review process, although further prospective study is needed to evaluate a “cause and effect” relationship. Individuals with current or prior NIH K‐grants had greater research productivity than those with CORE funding history. Both cohorts had higher scholarly impact values than previously published figures among academic otolaryngologists, highlighting that both CORE grants and NIH K‐grants awards are effective career development resources.
Exploring the association between volition and participation in daily life activities with older adults living in the community
Authors: Pritchard Elizabeth K , Brown G Ted , Barker Anna L , Haines Terry P 
Published: May 2014

Objective: To explore the association between volition and participation in daily activities with older adults living in the community. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Community-dwelling, residing in Victoria (Australia). Participants: A total of 244 adults, of 70 years and older, drawn from a convenience sample, living in their own homes. Main measures: Individuals’ participation in daily activities was obtained via phone interviews, from the completion of the Phone-FITT survey. Levels of volition (identified under three items; personal causation, values and interests) were collected using the Volition Scale. Analyses were completed through linear regression. Results: The participants’ mean age was 77.5 years (SD 5.7) with 60% being female. Higher levels of participation were associated with higher levels of volition in light housework ( n = 225, p = 0.008), shopping ( n = 239, p = 0.018), lifting weights to strengthen legs ( n = 23, p = 0.031), walking for exercise ( n = 163, p < 0.001) and gardening ( n = 183, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Increased volition is associated with increased participation in physical activities with community-dwelling older adults.