bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The HOXB13 G84E Mutation Is Associated with an Increased Risk for Prostate Cancer and Other Malignancies
Authors: Beebe-Dimmer Jennifer L. , Hathcock Matthew , Yee Cecilia , Okoth Linda A. , Ewing Charles M. , Isaacs William B. , Cooney Kathleen A. , Thibodeau Stephen N. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Background: A rare nonconservative substitution (G84E) in the HOXB13 gene has been shown to be associated with risk of prostate cancer. DNA samples from male patients included in the Mayo Clinic Biobank (MCB) were genotyped to determine the frequency of the G84E mutation and its association with various cancers.
Methods: Subjects were genotyped using a custom TaqMan (Applied Biosystems) assay for G84E (rs138213197). In addition to donating a blood specimen, all MCB participants completed a baseline questionnaire to collect information on medical history and family history of cancer.
Results: Forty-nine of 9,012 male patients were carriers of G84E (0.5%). Thirty-one percent (n = 2,595) of participants had been diagnosed with cancer, including 51.1% of G84E carriers compared with just 30.6% of noncarriers (P = 0.004). G84E was most frequently observed among men with prostate cancer compared with men without cancer (P &lt; 0.0001). However, the mutation was also more commonly observed in men with bladder cancer (P = 0.06) and leukemia (P = 0.01). G84E carriers were more likely to have a positive family history of prostate cancer in a first-degree relative compared to noncarriers (36.2% vs. 16.0%, P = 0.0003).
Conclusions: Our study confirms the association between the HOXB13 G84E variant and prostate cancer and suggests a novel association between G84E and leukemia and a suggestive association with bladder cancer. Future investigation is warranted to confirm these associations in order to improve our understanding of the role of germline HOXB13 mutations in human cancer.
Impact: The associations between HOXB13 and prostate, leukemia, and bladder suggest that this gene is important in carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(9); 1366–72. ©2015 AACR.
Mevalonate Pathway Antagonist Suppresses Formation of Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma and Ovarian Carcinoma in Mouse Models
Authors: Kobayashi Yusuke , Kashima Hiroyasu , Wu Ren-Chin , Jung Jin-Gyoung , Kuan Jen-Chun , Gu Jinghua , Xuan Jianhua , Sokoll Lori , Visvanathan Kala , Shih Ie-Ming , Wang Tian-Li 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Statins are among the most frequently prescribed drugs because of their efficacy and low toxicity in treating hypercholesterolemia. Recently, statins have been reported to inhibit the proliferative activity of cancer cells, especially those with TP53 mutations. Because TP53 mutations occur in almost all ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), we determined whether statins suppressed tumor growth in animal models of ovarian cancer.
Experimental Design: Two ovarian cancer mouse models were used. The first one was a genetically engineered model, mogp-TAg, in which the promoter of oviduct glycoprotein-1 was used to drive the expression of SV40 T-antigen in gynecologic tissues. These mice spontaneously developed serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STICs), which are known as ovarian cancer precursor lesions. The second model was a xenograft tumor model in which human ovarian cancer cells were inoculated into immunocompromised mice. Mice in both models were treated with lovastatin, and effects on tumor growth were monitored. The molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of lovastatin were also investigated.
Results: Lovastatin significantly reduced the development of STICs in mogp-TAg mice and inhibited ovarian tumor growth in the mouse xenograft model. Knockdown of prenylation enzymes in the mevalonate pathway recapitulated the lovastatin-induced antiproliferative phenotype. Transcriptome analysis indicated that lovastatin affected the expression of genes associated with DNA replication, Rho/PLC signaling, glycolysis, and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways, suggesting that statins have pleiotropic effects on tumor cells.
Conclusions: The above results suggest that repurposing statin drugs for ovarian cancer may provide a promising strategy to prevent and manage this devastating disease. Clin Cancer Res; 21(20); 4652–62. ©2015 AACR.
Influence of the Monsoon Trough on Westward-Propagating Tropical Waves over the Western North Pacific. Part I: Observations
Authors: Wu Liang , Wen Zhiping , Wu Renguang 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The present study investigates the possible linkage between the monsoon trough and the interannual variability of the activity of westward-propagating tropical waves (WTW) over the western North Pacific (WNP) during July–November for the period 1979–2007. It is shown that the interannual variability of WTW activity is closely related to the location of the monsoon trough. During the years when the enhanced (weakened) monsoon trough extends eastward (retreats westward), the lower-tropospheric WTW activity is above (below) normal within the southeastern quadrant of the WNP. Furthermore, this study evaluates different wave structures and dynamics of two types of WTWs, equatorial Rossby (ER) waves and mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG)–tropical depression (TD)-type waves, in strong monsoon trough (S-MT) and weak monsoon trough (W-MT) years over the WNP. There is a significant change in the three-dimensional structure as those waves propagate westward to the east of the monsoon trough. For the TD–MRG waves, an apparent transition from MRG waves to off-equatorial TD disturbances is identified in the region of the monsoon trough. For the ER waves, their amplitudes have a faster growth, but their structures and propagation characters have no marked change. Differences in the location of the monsoon trough may lead to an east–west contrast in the WTWs. In a companion study (Part II), diagnostics of energetics and numerical experiments are conducted to explain the observed results in the present study.
Observed Changes in the Distributions of Daily Precipitation Frequency and Amount over China from 1960 to 2013
Authors: Ma Shuangmei , Zhou Tianjun , Dai Aiguo , Han Zhenyu 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
In this study, daily precipitation (P) records for 1960–2013 from 632 stations in China were homogenized and then applied to study the changes in the frequency of dry (P = 0) and trace (0 &lt; P &lt; 0.1 mm day−1) days and all precipitation events (P ≥ 0.1 mm day−1), and the frequency and accumulated amount of precipitation at different intensities. Over China as a whole, very heavy precipitation (P ≥ 50 mm day) events have increased significantly from 1960 to 2013, while light (0.1 ≤ P &lt; 10 mm day−1) and moderate (10 ≤ P &lt; 25 mm day−1) events have decreased significantly, accompanying the significant increases of dry days and decreases of trace days. This indicates a shift from light to intense precipitation, implying increased risks of drought and floods over China since 1960. Although the consistent increases of dry days and decreases of trace days and light and total precipitation days are seen over most of China, changes in other precipitation categories exhibit clear regional differences. Over the Yangtze River valley and southeast China, very heavy precipitation events have increased while light precipitation events have decreased. However, positive trends are seen for all precipitation categories over northwest China, while trends are generally negative over southwest, northeast, and northern China. To examine the association with global warming, the dependence of the precipitation change for each intensity category over China on global-mean temperature was analyzed using interannual to decadal variations. Results show that dry and trace days and very light and very heavy precipitation events exhibit larger changes per unit global warming than medium-intensity precipitation events.
Into the Tiger's Den: Japan and the Tripartite Pact, 1940
Authors: Yellen Jeremy A. 
Published: June 2015

This article reconsiders the birth of the Axis alliance between Japan, Germany, and Italy. Most scholarship correctly suggests that the Tripartite Pact was aimed at the United States of America. But existing scholarship largely neglects what is a surprising undercurrent in the diplomatic history of the Axis pact: the extent to which fears of German designs influenced Japanese leaders to join the Axis powers. As Germany gained ascendancy over much of Europe, many within Japan's foreign policy establishment began to fear that Berlin would seek to control French and Dutch colonies in East Asia. This fear persuaded Japanese leaders to extend their new order to ‘Greater East Asia’ as a precondition to forging an alliance with Germany. In broadening the scope of its sphere of interest to ‘Greater’ East Asia, Japanese leaders sought to deny Germany a hegemonic position in Japan's backyard, and sought to make Japanese preeminence in East and Southeast Asia the precondition for creating any Berlin–Rome–Tokyo axis.
Free Economy! On 3628800 Alternatives of and to Capitalism
Authors: Roth Steffen 
Published: June 2015

Even the sharpest problem focus cannot help but sharpen the problem. Thus, the key to our understanding of alternatives to capitalism and alternative forms of capitalism is not in the ongoing problematization of the dominance of the economic principle. Rather, the question addressed in the present form theoretical argument is about which distinctions we need to draw in order to be able to observe capitalism. Answering this question, we show that the form capitalism can only be unfolded in the medium of functional differentiation. In resituating the economy as only one out of ten function systems, we demonstrate that both pro- and anti-capitalist concepts of society imply an economy-bias and, consequently, a neglect of the remaining function systems. We therefore suggest that the observation of both alternatives to capitalism and alternative capitalisms calls for a stronger focus on the non-economic function systems. Finally, we present an outlook on a way to more than three million alternatives of and to capitalism. JEL: A14, Z13
Case report: Limb-threatening femoral vein thrombosis in a healthy carpet fitter: Carpet fitter’s thrombosis
Authors: Rothnie Alex , Aga Sarah , Vijayaragahavan Santhosh , Nyamekye Isaac 
Published: June 2015

Objective To report a case of femoral vein thrombosis in a carpet fitter and to highlight this as an occupational hazard. Method Case presentation and literature review. Results An otherwise fit 21-year-old carpet fitter with no past medical history presented with acute thrombosis of his left common femoral, superficial femoral and great saphenous veins. Attempted catheter directed thrombolysis was unsuccessful. Due to severe pain and the threat of venous gangrene he was treated by emergency surgical thrombectomy with excision of chronic venous scarring and vein-patch repair that led to resolution of his symptoms. Conclusions Deep vein thrombosis is typically associated with factors such as increasing age and prolonged periods of immobility; however, certain ‘active’ occupations can increase its risk. Crouched and cramped working conditions including repetitive active movement with flexed hips and knees can predispose to increased risk of venous thromboembolism.
Expression of delta-like 4 (Drosophila) and vascular endothelial growth factor A in colon cancer and association with tumour angiogenesis
Authors: Zheng Yongbin , Hao Zhinan , Ding Yu , Wang Qiushuang , Li Shengbo , Xiao Gaochun , Luo Haiping , Shi Qiang , Tong Shilun 
Published: June 2015

Objective Angiogenesis depends on interaction between a variety of promoting and inhibiting factors, and is known to involve vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A and the Notch signaling pathway. The present study investigated the expression of Notch ligand delta-like ( DLL) 4 (Drosophila), and VEGFA in colon cancer and colorectal adenoma tissue, and the association with tumour angiogenesis. Methods Protein level DLL4, VEGFA and CD34 molecule ( CD34) expression was detected immunohistochemically in tissue sections from patients with colon cancer and colorectal adenoma. Results Out of 80 cases (35 with colon cancer, 45 with colorectal adenoma) DLL4 and VEGFA expression was closely related to tumour diameter, clinical stage, histological grade and lymph node metastasis. DLL4 expression was significantly higher in colon cancer tissue than colorectal adenoma tissue. Conclusion High levels of DLL4 expression were closely related to metastasis and prognosis in patients with colon cancer. The results of the present study support the conclusion that prognosis of colon cancer is significantly correlated with angiogenesis.
Modeling Zinc Intake for Intervention and Scenario Analysis
Authors: Abbaspour Nazanin , Amini Manouchehr , Hurrell Richard , Schulin Rainer 
Published: June 2015

Background: A large number of illnesses, afflicting one-third of the world’s population, have been attributed to zinc deficiency. Inadequate dietary intake of bioavailable forms of zinc is considered the most frequent cause of zinc deficiency, which is most common in arid regions of developing countries. Objective: To employ a modeling approach in a test population to analyze how best to eliminate zinc deficiency using different plausible dietary scenarios. Methods: A comprehensive database was built upon food consumption patterns of two population groups residing in a village and a suburb in semiarid central Iran near Isfahan city. A database was created on zinc and phytic acid concentrations of different foods and ingredients consumed by the study populations. A zinc intake model was constructed and parameterized accounting for bioavailability and model input uncertainties. Results: The zinc intake of about one-third of both study populations, which did not differ significantly in their rates of zinc deficiency, was below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for zinc. Scenario analyses predicted that at the current rate of food consumption, it would take up to 60 years for 97.5% of the population to meet their zinc EARs. Fortification of wheat flour and biofortification of wheat grains would result in 93% and 88% of the population, respectively, achieving their EARs in 15 years. Conclusions: The modeled results suggest that fortification and biofortification are the most effective and sustainable strategies to combat zinc deficiency. The methodology developed in this study is general and is shown to be a useful tool for the analysis of possible future trends and intervention scenarios.
Is There an Enabling Environment for Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture in South Asia? Stakeholder Perspectives from India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan
Authors: van den Bold Mara , Kohli Neha , Gillespie Stuart , Zuberi Samar , Rajeesh Sangeetha , Chakraborty Barnali 
Published: June 2015

Background: Almost half of all children in South Asia are stunted. Although agriculture has the potential to be a strong driver of undernutrition reduction and serves as the main source of livelihood for over half of South Asia’s population, its potential to reduce undernutrition is currently not being realized. Objective: The Leveraging Agriculture for Nutrition in South Asia (LANSA) research consortium seeks to understand how agriculture and agrifood systems can be better designed to improve nutrition in South Asia. In 2013 and 2014, LANSA carried out interviews with stakeholders influential in, and/or knowledgeable of, agriculture–nutrition policy in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, to gain a better understanding of the institutional and political factors surrounding the nutrition sensitivity of agriculture in the region. Methods: Semistructured interviews were carried out in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan with a total of 56 stakeholders representing international organizations, research, government, civil society, donors, and the private sector. Results: The findings point to mixed perspectives on countries’ policy sensitivity toward nutrition. There was consensus among stakeholders on the importance of political commitment to nutrition, improving nutrition literacy, strengthening capacities, and improving the use of financial resources. Conclusions: Although there are different ways in which South Asian agriculture can improve its impact on nutrition, sensitizing key influencers to the importance of nutrition for the health of a country’s population appears as a critical issue. This should in turn serve as the premise for political commitment, intersectoral coordination to implement nutrition-relevant policies, adequately resourced nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive programs, and sufficient capacities at all levels.
Role of Urban–Rural Linkages in Promoting Sustainable Urbanization
Authors: Sietchiping Remy , Kago Jackson , Zhang Xing Quan , Augustinus Clarissa , Tuts Raf 
Published: June 2015

The interconnection between rural and urban areas is growing. The large-scale urbanization and the implications of this type of development on rural areas calls for a renewed attention in fostering linkages between the urban, peri-urban and rural contexts. The limited land resources creates intense competition for different uses, including urbanization, protection of the environment and the improvements over land. This paper argues for the imperative to foster an effective interaction between urban and rural areas. Using selected case studies and learning interventions in the urban–rural continuum from various organizations, this paper argues that there is a need for strengthening partnerships, research and knowledge development on developing land and spatial planning systems and tools for a balanced urban and rural development. This paper presents the rationale for the renewed interest in the issue of urban–rural linkages. It also highlights the findings of the literature review and various organization positions and interventions on urban–rural linkages. Finally, this paper suggests the possible priority areas for enhancing urban–rural linkages. 农村和城市地区之间的相互联系越来越密切。大规模的城镇化和这种类型的开发对农村的影响正在呼吁重新重视培育城市、郊区和农村大环境之间的联系。有限的土地资源造成了不同用途之间的激烈竞争，包括城市化、环境保护和土地改善。本文认为必须促进城乡之间的有效互动。通过有选择的案例研究，并学习各种组织在城乡连续性中的干预，本文认为有必要加强土地开发和空间规划体系及其工具之间的协作、研究和学科发展，从而获得均衡的城乡发展。本文提出了在城乡联系问题上的新的研究焦点的理论依据。本文同时也强调了文献综述和各种组织对城乡联系的定位和干预的结果。最后，为了加强城乡联系，本文提出了可能的优先区域。
Urban Mega Projects and Land Conversion in Peri-urban Areas—Impact on Vegetable Production Due to Outer Ring Road in Hyderabad, India
Authors: Ramachandraiah C. 
Published: June 2015

Indian megacities are witnessing significant changes in land use in their peri-urban areas due to the location of large infrastructure and development projects such as airports, special economic zones, information technology parks, real estate ventures and ring roads. The location of such projects and consequent land acquisition from rural farmers have serious impacts on vegetable cultivation and their livelihood security in the peri-urban areas. The present article deals with land acquisition for an outer ring road, a 159-km-long eight-lane express highway, around the Hyderabad city and its impact on loss of vegetable cultivation. Based on secondary and primary data, the study brings out that the loss of land had an adverse impact on the extent of vegetable cultivation and the economic security of the rural folks. Though the incomes from vegetable cultivation were not very high, they were earning incomes regularly from this activity and were able to support their families including children’s education, clearing small debts, meeting household expenses, etc. The loss of such regular income has adversely affected their livelihood security. With the loss of land, they have also lost income from cattle rearing and dairying. Many of them could not cultivate their remaining lands as the massive new road separated them from those lands with reduced access. A good number of them have become poorer and became unskilled workers in the nearby factories or construction sites as they have no knowledge of any occupation other than agricultural work. The Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Policy for the project-affected families (PAFs) introduced by the Government of Andhra Pradesh is not applicable to the outer ring road as it is not an irrigation project. As a consequence, the affected people in the villages did not qualify for R&R benefits under this policy except cash compensation for the lost lands. The Master Plan for Hyderabad Metropolitan Region-2031 also does not mention the preservation of vegetable cultivation areas in the zoning regulations. 印度巨型城市的郊区正在经历土地利用的巨大变化，这与大型基础设施和发展项目的选址有关，包括机场、特殊经济区、信息技术园区、房地产投资、环城公路等项目。这些项目的选址以及随之而来的农民土地收购对于郊区蔬菜种植和民生保障产生了显著影响。本文主要涉及围绕 Hyderabad 市的外环公路土地征收及其对蔬菜种植的损失造成的影响，这条公路长 159 公里，包括 8 条车道。基于一手和二手的数据，研究指出土地流失对蔬菜种植和农民经济安全造成了不利影响。虽然农民从蔬菜种植当中获得的收入并不是很高，但他们定期从蔬菜种植中获得的收入能够支撑他们的家庭，包括子女教育、偿还小额债务、满足家庭开支等。这种固定收入的丧失对他们的生活保障造成了不利影响。随着土地的流失，他们也失去了牛的饲养和乳品的收入。他们当中的许多人没办法再到他们的剩余土地上去耕种，因为大量新的道路导致他们和剩余土地之间的通道减少从而被隔离开来。相当数量的人变得贫穷，在附近的工厂或建筑工地上成为非技术工人，因为他们除了务农并不掌握其他技能。由 Andhra Pradesh 政府提出的受项目影响家庭的移民安置政策 (PAFS) 并不适用于外环路项目，因为它不是一个灌溉工程。其结果是，受影响村民除了土地流转的现金补偿以外，在现行政策下并不能从 R&R（村民安置和村庄复兴计划）中获得好处。2031 Hyderabad 都市圈总体规划在分区规划中也没有提及蔬菜种植区的保护问题。
Mission Swachh Bharat
Authors: Ranjan Rakesh 
Published: June 2015

Launching of ‘Mission Swachh Bharat’—a time-bound programme for making India clean by 2 October 2019 by the federal government has been hailed by many as much needed intervention, even though city cleanliness is a municipal subject. However, for any cleanliness mission to succeed, its strategy needs to have three important elements: first, there is a need to constantly engage the citizenry. Second, it must have a strategy to reduce waste. Third, and quite importantly, success would critically depend on the improvement of processing of the waste. The paper argues that while the programme has been successfully launched as a mass movement with great deal of visibility, much is required to be done towards reducing and processing of waste. Unless this is done, our cities and towns may give a semblance of cleanliness, but they would continue to inflict incalculable damages to their surroundings. “Swachh Bharat 任务” 是一项设置了时间限制的工作，目的是在2019年10月2日前使印度变得清洁，虽然清洁问题是城市课题，联邦政府仍然提供了尽可能多的急需的干预。然而，对于任何想要取得成功的清洁任务来说，它的战略都应包括三个重要的要素：第一，有必要不断与公民建立紧密联系。其次，必须有减少废弃物的战略。第三，也是非常重要的，计划能否成功将主要取决于废弃物处理的工艺改进。本文认为，虽然任务作为一项具有较大知名度的群众运动已经成功推出，但在减少废弃物和处理加工方面需要更进一步的努力。除非做到这一点，不然我们的城市、城镇和村庄可能只是徒有清洁的外表，会继续对周围的环境造成难以估量的破坏。 本文不是有关卫生方面的技术文件。文中清楚地表明我们进行到何种阶段，面临着什么挑战，以及我们应该达到什么目标。尽管相关结果已经广为人知，本文的目的主要是研究在资金以及政治支持下我们为什么无法取得稳定的进展。为了明确这一原因，我们试图把讨论的主要关注点放在那些需要整理的议题上，从而为清洁问题制定一个可信的战略。 印度在废弃物管理方面存在着根深蒂固的偏见和管理体系上的缺陷，如果不解决这个问题，尽管拥有最好的意图和最高程度的资源，也无法产生一个最佳结果。这个问题开始于给卫生和供水设定一个比目前社会普遍水平高的标准。随着人们对市政服务的期望不断上升，城市政府面临着压力。与此同时，寻求解决城市基础设施不足的宏大而巧妙的技术解决方案已经使得许多城市政府变得盲目，他们应当在下水道、化粪池和固体废弃物管理方面寻找更便宜的和分散的解决方案。