bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visible‐Light‐Promoted C−S Cross‐Coupling Reaction for Synthesis of Aromatic Thioethers
Authors: Lan Yingjun , Xu Junhua , Lim Chern‐Hooi , Miyake Garret M. , Liu Bin 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents the procedure for the visible‐light‐promoted C–S cross‐coupling reaction for synthesis of aromatic thioethers. Over the last 45 years, numerous procedures have been made for C–S bond formation. The authors investigated and developed a visible‐light‐driven method for C–S bond formation without the use of transition metal catalysts. This synthetic procedure tolerates a broad range of functional groups and a variety of substituted aryl halides can be transformed into the desired products in good yields. Moreover, therapeutics such as indomethacin and fenofibrate can be converted to the corresponding thiolated compounds in good yields. In summary, a practical method for the synthesis of aromatic thioethers is reported. This method features excellent functional group tolerance and good substrate scope.
Synthesis of 2‐Phenyl‐4,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)pyridineviaNH4I/Na2S2O4‐Mediated Cyclization of Ketoxime Acetates
Authors: Huang Huawen , Xu Zhenhua , Deng Guo‐Jun 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents the procedure for synthesis of 2‐phenyl‐4,6‐ bis(trifluoromethyl) pyridine via NH4I/Na2S2O4‐ mediated cyclization of ketoxime acetates. O‐Acyl oximes have been used as versatile building blocks to form N‐containing heterocycles through catalytic N–O bond reduction by transition metal‐mediated oxidative addition. In this work, the authors have developed a NH4I/Na2S2O4‐based reductive system which enables the N–O bond cleavage of oximes and thereby promotes the assembly of pharmacologically significant fluorinated pyridines. Hence, this protocol provides a modular access to 4,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)pyridines by the reductive cyclization of O‐acyl oximes and hexafluoroacetylacetone. Salient features of this method include easily available starting materials, broad functional group compatibility, good yields, and high regio‐ and chemo‐selectivity.
Synthesis of a Furoindoline Scaffold via an Interrupted Fischer Indolization
Authors: Scherer Georgia M. , Gonzalez Jordan , Wonilowicz Laura G. , Garg Neil K. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents the procedure for the synthesis of a furoindoline scaffold via an interrupted Fischer indolization. The interrupted Fischer indolization has been leveraged to access a variety of bioactive natural products and other compounds of medicinal interest. It has also been used to access enantioenriched products via methods that utilize chiral acids and chiral auxiliaries. The interrupted Fischer indolization offers a rapid and efficient method for building fused indoline motifs. Its operational simplicity, convergency and scalability render the transformation an attractive alternative to other methods for the synthesis of fused indoline products. This methodology has been instrumental in accessing complex and bioactive compounds, including natural products that contain the furoindoline scaffold. The further development of this powerful methodology should allow the synthetic community access to valuable, medicinally relevant scaffolds.
Combating misinformation in the age of LLMs: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Chen Canyu , Shu Kai 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMisinformation such as fake news and rumors is a serious threat for information ecosystems and public trust. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has great potential to reshape the landscape of combating misinformation. Generally, LLMs can be a double‐edged sword in the fight. On the one hand, LLMs bring promising opportunities for combating misinformation due to their profound world knowledge and strong reasoning abilities. Thus, one emerging question is:can we utilize LLMs to combat misinformation?On the other hand, the critical challenge is that LLMs can be easily leveraged to generate deceptive misinformation at scale. Then, another important question is:how to combat LLM‐generated misinformation?In this paper, we first systematically review the history of combating misinformation before the advent of LLMs. Then we illustrate the current efforts and present an outlook for these two fundamental questions, respectively. The goal of this survey paper is to facilitate the progress of utilizing LLMs for fighting misinformation and call for interdisciplinary efforts from different stakeholders for combating LLM‐generated misinformation.
Distinct Transcript‐Level Expression Profiles and Unique Alternative Splicing in Inflammatory Myopathies
Authors: Najjar Rayan , Alessi Hugh , Pinal‐Fernandez Iago , Mammen Andrew L. , Mustelin Tomas 
Published: July 2024

ObjectiveThe pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathies is poorly understood and there is a need to dissect the transcriptome in more granular ways beyond gene expression.MethodsWe used a set of muscle RNA‐sequencing data from different myositis subtypes grouped by their specific autoantibodies (n = 152). We quantified annotated RNA transcripts for each myositis subtype and identified uniquely expressed RNA as well as transcriptional similarities among myositis types. In addition, we quantified event‐based alternative splicing with predicted protein changes. And finally, we searched for cryptic exons.ResultsWe saw considerable overlap in RNA expression among subtypes. In addition, MADCAM1 was previously shown to be uniquely expressed in Mi‐2 myositis; we discovered it was two noncanonical transcripts that predominantly contributed to the observed increased expression. At the transcriptional level, dermatomyositis subtypes were least similar to inclusion body myositis (IBM) or Jo1, followed by HMGCR, then SRP and other dermatomyositis subtype. Additionally, we discovered many alternative splicing events that were unique by myositis subgroup, including events in muscle dystrophy genes and one event in SRP72, which was seen uniquely in SRP myositis. Finally, we looked for previously reported cryptic exons in IBM and did not find them.ConclusionThe large degree of transcriptional overlap among myositis subtypes reinforces the need to use disease (in addition to healthy) controls to find unique features of autoimmune disease. Unique alterations in the transcriptome that are seen in one myositis subtype and not others advance our understanding of distinct disease pathology.
Integrated Bionic Human Retina Process and In‐Sensor RC System Based on 2D Retinomorphic Memristor Array
Authors: Gong Yue , Xing Xuechao , Wang Xingli , Duan Ruihuan , Han Su‐Ting , Tay Beng Kang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe rapid development of machine vision has put forward higher requirements for image perception and visual learning systems. However, limited by the von Neumann bottleneck, traditional artificial vision systems rely on complex optical and circuit designs, and the separate distribution of sensors, memory, and computing modules results in high energy consumption and high latency. Memristor‐based reservoir computing (RC) system with integrated sensing and memory functions provides a solution to effectively improve the computational efficiency of artificial vision networks. Here, a complete artificial visual recognition system based on in‐sensor RC is developed by combining the excellent optoelectronic synaptic properties of 2D WS2 memristor array. Through effectively regulating the conductance of memristors by light or electrical stimulation, image information is converted into high‐dimensional information in the reservoir layer, and the classification can be completed by simple training, significantly reducing the training complexity and cost consumption. With this system, an effective recognition of hand‐written numbers with an accuracy of 88.3% is demonstrated, and a 100% recognition of traffic signals of different colors is achieved. The proposed in‐sensor RC system advances the development and application of artificial vision recognition, paving the way for efficient machine learning and neuromorphic vision systems.
Higher Order Topological Defects in a Moiré Lattice
Authors: Gambari Eugenio , Meyer Sebastian , Guesne Sacha , David Pascal , Debontridder François , Limot Laurent , Scheurer Fabrice , Brun Christophe , Dupé Bertrand , Cren Tristan , Hervé Marie 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTopological defects are ubiquitous, they manifest in a wide variety of systems such as liquid crystals, magnets or superconductors. The recent quest for non‐abelian anyons in condensed matter physics stimulates the interest for topological defects since they can be hosted in vortices in quantum magnets or topological superconductors. In addition to these vortex defects, this study proposes to investigate edge dislocations in 2D magnets as new building blocks for topological physics since they can be described as vortices in the structural phase field. It demonstrates the existence of higher order topological dislocations within the higher order moiré pattern of the van der Waals 2D magnet CrCl3 deposited on Au(111). Surprisingly, these higher order dislocations arise from ordinary simple edge dislocations in the atomic lattice of CrCl3. This study provide a theoretical framework explaining the higher order dislocations as vortices with a winding Chern number of 2. It is expected that these original defects can stabilize some anyons either in a 2D quantum magnet or within a 2D superconductor coupled to it.
3D‐Printed and Recombinant Spider Silk Particle Reinforced Collagen Composite Scaffolds for Soft Tissue Engineering
Authors: Koeck Kim Sarah , Trossmann Vanessa Tanja , Scheibel Thomas 
Published: July 2024

AbstractCollagen is one main component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in natural tissues and is, therefore, well suited as a biomaterial for tissue engineering. In this study, a method is presented to 3D‐bioprint collagen into a precipitation bath comprising recombinantly produced spider silk protein eADF4(C16) yielding a composite with excellent mechanical properties. The spider silk precipitation bath induced assembly of the collagen into fibrils, and subsequent addition of potassium phosphate buffer lead to the formation of silk particles and stabilization of the collagen fibrils. The produced collagen‐silk composite scaffolds show an internal structure of homogeneously distributed and interacting collagen fibrils and spider silk particles with significantly better mechanical properties compared to plain collagen scaffolds. Further, enzymatic degradation assays of the scaffolds over a 7‐day period show higher stability of the collagen‐silk scaffolds compared to plain collagen scaffolds in the presence of wound proteases. Using the spider silk variant eADF4(C16‐RGD) further increases compressive stress and elastic modulus compared to that of the unmodified variant. Finally, it is shown that the unique collagen‐spider silk composite scaffolds comprising the cell‐binding domains of collagen and the RGD sequence in the spider silk variant represent a promising material for soft tissue regeneration.
Enabling Ultra‐Narrow‐Band Deep‐Blue Light‐Emitting Diode Via Trapping Injected Holes by Carbon Dots
Authors: Shen Jian , Zhang Tianyang , Li Jiacheng , Li Zenan , Yu Haizhou , Yuan Weijie , Huang Hui , Liu Yang , Kang Zhenhui 
Published: July 2024

AbstractNarrow‐band deep‐blue light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) (CIEy coordinate<0.08, full width at half maximum (FWHM)<20 nm) are important for the next generation of LED‐based displays. It remains a significant challenge for the design of narrow‐band deep‐blue emitters. Herein, a new strategy is proposed for constructing narrow‐band deep‐blue LEDs that are not dependent on the narrow‐band deep‐blue emitter, but only need to dope n‐type carbon dots (n‐CDs) in the active emission layer (EML) of the wide‐band blue LEDs. The n‐CDs‐LEDs show an ultra‐narrow deep‐blue emission at 430 nm with the color coordinates of (0.15, 0.04) and the FWHM of 19 nm. Wherein the EML is constructed by doping n‐CDs in Poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐N‐(4‐butylphenyl) diphenylamine) (TFB), which neither changes the band structure of TFB nor produces new energy levels. Transient photovoltage (TPV) and various photoelectrochemical characterizations jointly reveal that n‐CDs can trap holes to realize the carrier injection into a single energy level of TFB and achieve ultra‐narrow deep‐blue light emission. This work provides a brand‐new and simple way to realize the narrow‐band deep‐blue LEDs.
Metal Chloride‐Induced Hydrogen Transfer Enables Efficient Conversion of Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Sodium Storage
Authors: Ji Lichang , Zhao Yun , Qi Xingguo , Li Yong , Wei Zhihong , Han Gaoyi , Shao Zongping 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe cost‐effective synthesis of high‐performance hard carbons (HCs) is a key step of sodium‐ion batteries toward practical applications. Considering the rich resource of low‐value aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., pitch), there is tremendous interesting in its conversion into value‐added HCs. Unfortunately, it still lacks an efficient way for the synthesis, in addition to the time‐consuming oxygen contamination of the carbon framework. Herein, a universal strategy is reported that enables the efficient synthesis of HCs from pitch by modulating hydrogen transfer using metal chlorides. CuCl2 is selected as the model modulator and the effect of different metal chlorides (FeCl3, AlCl3, ZnCl2, and MgCl2) are further explored. Based on material characterizations and density functional theory calculation employing 1‐methylnaphthalene as the model molecule, it shows that the hydrogen capture and chlorination reactions mediated by CuCl2 and FeCl3 are thermodynamically favored, which promote the crosslinking of pitch to form HCs. After optimization, the derived HC exhibits superior performance of reversible capacity of 304.8 mAh g−1 and a high initial Columbic efficiency of 88.4%. These discoveries provide new insights into the synthesis of HCs from aromatic hydrocarbons, facilitating their utilization in electrochemical energy storage.
Engineering Synergetic Fe‐Co Atomic Pairs Anchored on Porous Carbon for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wu Lingmin , Chen Yumi , Shao Chunfeng , Wang Liming , Li Baitao 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe rational design of heteronuclear dual‐atom catalyst (DAC) is intricate due to the random dispersion of metal atoms under thermal treatment. Herein, a novel precursor pre‐orientation strategy is reported to construct Fe‐Co diatomic sites atomically dispersed on nitrogen doped carbon (Fe‐Co‐NC) via cubic Prussian blue analogue as metal source. Due to the specific synergy between Fe and Co centers, the obtained Fe‐Co‐NC catalyst renders outstanding oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance with positive half‐wave potential and good durability in wide pH range. Density functional theory further clarifies the active centers and reveals that the Fe‐Co‐NC dual atomic catalyst follows the modulation mechanism, where the intermediates tended to adsorb on Fe site, while the neighboring Co atom can assist by lowering the d‐band center of Fe site. Experimentally and theoretically emphasizes the priority of heteronuclear diatomic Fe‐Co catalysts over homonuclear Fe‐Fe‐NC and Co‐Co‐NC DAC. Moreover, the Zn‐Air battery (ZAB) and microbial fuel cell (MFC) assembled with Fe‐Co‐NC cathodes both exhibit splendid power density (382 mW cm−2 for ZAB, 2034 ± 103 mW m−2 for MFC) as well as excellent stability. This work provides a new perspective for rational construction and precise regulation for heteronuclear dual‐atom catalysts.
Multiple Dynamic Hydrogen Bonding Networks Boost the Mechanical Stability of Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhu Siyuan , Jin Xi , Tan Wenyan , Zhang Yu , Zhao Guijie , Wang Xinyue , Yang Yuxuan , Zhou Chao , Tang Zhaoheng , Wu Xiaoxue , Gong Xueyuan , Zhu Cheng , Chen Qi , Liu Zonghao , Song Peng , Li Minghua , Hu Jinsong , Liang Qijie , Ding Yong , Jiang Yan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFlexible perovskite solar cells often experience constant or cyclic bending during their service life. Catastrophic failure of devices may occur due to the crack of polycrystalline perovskite films and delamination at the perovskite and the substrate interfaces, posing a significant stability concern. Here, a multiple dynamic hydrogen bonding polymer network is developed to enhance the mechanical strength of flexible perovskite solar cells in two ways. The main chain of poly(acrylic acid) decreases the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion between the perovskite and the substrate by 16.7% through its flexibility and spatial occupation. The dopamine branch chains provide multiple dynamic hydrogen bonding sites, which contribute to increased energy dissipation upon stress deformation and reduce Young's modulus of perovskite by 54.3%. The inverted flexible perovskite solar cells achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 23.02% and retain 81.3% of the initial PCE over 2000 h under continuous 1‐sun equivalent illumination. Moreover, devices show excellent mechanical stability by remaining 90.2% of the original value after 5000 bending cycles.
Extremely Stable, Multidirectional, All‐in‐One Piezoelectric Bending Sensor with Cycle up to Million Level
Authors: Yan Chao , Li Xiangming , Wang Xiaopei , Liu Guifang , Yang Zhengjie , Tian Hongmiao , Wang Chunhui , Chen Xiaoliang , Shao Jinyou 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFlexible bending sensors are crucial components of flexible/wearable electronics. However, their broad application is restricted by their difficulty in sensing different bending directions and, more importantly, their significant output attenuation after long cycles. Herein, a new design of an All‐in‐One piezoelectric bending sensor is proposed, in which double‐deck, cross‐over 3D interdigital microelectrodes (silver nanowires (Ag NWs)) are embedded in a piezoelectric polymer film (poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene (P(VDF‐TrFE))). The piezoelectric film with the embedded 3D microelectrodes exhibits a high anisotropy coefficient ( > 1) based on dual piezoelectric modes (d31 and d33), which renders it more sensitive to different bending directions. More importantly, the homogeneous interconnected interface and heterogeneous microinterlocked interface formed inside the sensor significantly enhance its interface mechanical properties, with at least a tensile strength of 51 MPa, a shear strength of 28 MPa, and an interfacial toughness of 300 J m−2, which are nearly two orders of magnitude greater than those of conventional sandwich architectures. The prepared All‐in‐One sensor shows an extremely stable piezoelectric output over as many as 16 00 000 bending cycles, which represents a remarkable breakthrough. Furthermore, a single sensor can be used to remotely control the multidirectional motion of a smart car, demonstrating enormous potential in practical applications.
Engineering Single‐Atom Catalysts on Conjugated Porphyrin Polymer Photocatalysts via E‐Waste for Sustainable Photocatalysis
Authors: Bayarkhuu Bolormaa , Cho Hyekyung , Cho Gaeun , Hong Jeeho , Hong Yeongran , Baek Se‐Woong , Yang Sungeun , Yavuz Cafer T. , Kim Han Seul , Byun Jeehye 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis study presents a surface engineering strategy utilizing electronic waste (e‐waste) to incorporate single‐atom catalysts on conjugated polymers. Employing a conjugated porphyrin polymeric photocatalyst, gold single‐atom‐site catalysts are successfully introduced using the acidic metal leachates from e‐waste, where metal speciation and composition are regulated during the metal loading processes. The resulting photocatalyst with gold single atoms demonstrates a remarkable hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) selectivity of up to 97.56%, yielding a pure H2O2 solution at 73.3 µm h−1 under white LED illumination. The produced H2O2 is activated to •OH radicals on the same polymer with mixed gold and iron atoms, enabling a photo‐Fenton reaction and the complete degradation of toxic microcystin‐LR within 10 min under visible light. This study highlights the universal applicability of the metal mining strategy in various photoreactions. It is believed that this discovery pioneers sustainable photocatalysis, allowing the tuning of reactivity and selectivity on photocatalytic surfaces using metal waste.
Controlled Release of Ceria and Ferric Oxide Nanoparticles via Collagen Hydrogel for Enhanced Osteoarthritis Therapy
Authors: Chen Xian , Wang Lili , Zhang Jingting , Yan Huiyu , Wang Shenghong , Xiao Jianxi 
Published: July 2024

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA), characterized by chronic inflammation and cartilage degeneration, significantly affects over 500 million people globally. Nanoparticles have emerged as promising treatments for OA; however, current strategies often employ a single type of nanoparticle targeting specific disease stages, limiting sustained therapeutic efficacy. In this study, a novel collagen hydrogel is introduced, thiol crosslinked collagen‐cerium oxide‐poly(D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) microspheres encapsulating nanoparticles (CSH‐CeO2‐pFe2O3), designed for the controlled release of cerium oxide (CeO2) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles for comprehensive OA management. The sulfhydryl cross‐linked collagen matrix embeds CeO2 nanoparticles and poly(D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres encapsulating Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The CSH‐CeO2‐pFe2O3 hydrogel exhibits enhanced mechanical strength and remarkable injectability, along with a significant promotion of cell adhesion, proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation. Notably, the hydrogel demonstrates intelligent responsiveness to high levels of reactive oxygen species, initiating the rapid release of CeO2 nanoparticles to address the intense inflammatory responses of early‐stage OA, followed by the sustained release of Fe2O3 nanoparticles to facilitate cartilage regeneration during the proliferative phase. In a rat model with cartilage defects, the hydrogel significantly alleviates inflammation and enhances cartilage regeneration, holding substantial potential for effectively managing the pathologically complex OA.
Synergistic Strategies of Biomolecular Transport Technologies in Transdermal Healthcare Systems
Authors: Han Jieun , Choi Yi‐Jeong , Kang Seung‐Kyun 
Published: August 2024

AbstractTransdermal healthcare systems have gained significant attention for their painless and convenient drug administration, as well as their ability to detect biomarkers promptly. However, the skin barrier limits the candidates of biomolecules that can be transported, and reliance on simple diffusion poses a bottleneck for personalized diagnosis and treatment. Consequently, recent advancements in transdermal transport technologies have evolved toward active methods based on external energy sources. Multiple combinations of these technologies have also shown promise for increasing therapeutic effectiveness and diagnostic accuracy as delivery efficiency is maximized. Furthermore, wearable healthcare platforms are being developed in diverse aspects for patient convenience, safety, and on‐demand treatment. Herein, a comprehensive overview of active transdermal delivery technologies is provided, highlighting the combination‐based diagnostics, therapeutics, and theragnostics, along with the latest trends in platform advancements. This offers insights into the potential applications of next‐generation wearable transdermal medical devices for personalized autonomous healthcare.