bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Disasters and Climate Change
Authors: Ohdedar Birsha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the legal framework for environmental disasters in India in the context of intensifying climate impacts. The Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DMA) is the primary legal framework governing disasters. In addition, other areas of law, regulation and policy are relevant to each disaster, such as flood plain zoning legislation for floods. The links between these laws and the disaster management framework are significant in providing a coherent response to disasters. This chapter analyses the law and policy framework for environmental disasters through a broad lens by examining disaster-specific laws and broader environmental law and policy. The chapter first analyses the DMA and outlines the institutional and policy framework it produces. It then examines laws relating to specific disasters, such as floods and droughts. Finally, a case study is provided of coastal disasters, which outlines the challenges in coordinating a coherent framework to respond effectively to disasters.
Mining and the Environment
Authors: Sinha Sarvajeet Kumar , Madhav Roopa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Mining impacts the environment and the ecosystem. It poses critical challenges for regulators with a range of issues to be addressed: sustainable practices, pollution, mine closure and reclamation, and benefit sharing to balance negative externalities for the present and future generations. This chapter reviews the interface between mining and environmental regulation and examines six key areas in depth: (a) the challenge of making extractive industries align with sustainability goals; (b) protecting the corpus of mineral resources to ensure equitable distribution of resource wealth and also inter-generational equity; (c) efforts to curb illegal mining which contributes to unregulated extraction and significant damage to the environment; (d) preventive measures through the environmental impact assessment mechanism; and finally (e) the institutional effectiveness of regulatory bodies, the robustness of which can ensure long-term environmental protection.
The Bhopal Disaster and the Environment
Authors: Kodiveri Arpitha , Tripathi Salil 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The industrial disaster in Bhopal, India, in 1984 was catastrophic: nearly 2,000 people died in the immediate hours, and thousands more over the next few years. The Indian subsidiary of an American corporation owned the plant. The Indian government negotiated a settlement with the US corporation, but the compensation process was bureaucratised and many victims are still seeking redress. The chapter highlights how environmental governance and law had to evolve to address concerns relating to industrial disasters. The changes in India’s environmental laws are important, but not sufficient to prevent the recurrence of such incidents. Post-liberalization, India has amended erstwhile strong laws which raise the risk of future accidents.
Penalties and Compensation
Authors: Mehta Dhvani , Sinha Debadityo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the different legislative and judicial routes for the imposition of penalties and the award of compensation for harm to the environment. An important aspect is the development of the standard of absolute liability by the Supreme Court of India, the incorporation of the polluter pays principle, and the creation of long-term mechanisms to remediate the long-term harms of activities like the diversion of forest land and mining. The chapter focuses on the manner in which the National Green Tribunal assesses damage to the environment and quantifies compensation. It argues that the Tribunal continues to be influenced by some of the mechanisms used by the Supreme Court to grant compensation, such as the use of expert committees, and calculating compensation as a percentage of the project cost. It further argues that Indian environmental regulation needs compliance and enforcement mechanisms other than the criminal penalties prescribed under its statutes.
Courts and Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas
Authors: Gill Kaveri 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the invocation of the meta-narrative of the environment in urban governance and solid waste management. It outlines key interventions by the Supreme Court of India resulting in the framing of rules governing solid waste management. It then explores the implications of public interest litigation (PIL). It draws on a particular PIL concerning the informal plastic waste recycling market of Delhi. The chapter uses this to set out an empirical critique of law in action. It explores the PIL’s workings as process, as providing a solution, and as resulting in specific policy and practice. The chapter concludes by pointing to the dangers of the judiciary using the trope of the environment to exercise fiat via the instrument of PIL cases related to solid waste management, not just to disproportionately disregard the well-being and livelihoods of the poor, but ironically, to the actual detriment of the environment.
Economic Instruments and Economic Regulators
Authors: Murty M. N. , Murty Sushama 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Laws and policies governing environmental management in India make it mandatory for the regulators: government, market, and communities to use various economic instruments for efficient management of the environment. The government uses taxes, prices, and quantities as economic instruments. The market provides incentives to consumers, producers, and stockholders to control pollution through market prices. Local and international communities assume importance in the context of efficient management of local and global commons. Government, market, and communities complement each other with their environmental management policies. In case of market failure, government intervention in the market, and in case of both market and government failure collective action assume importance. Government uses budgetary policy instruments and direct environmental policy instruments. Collective action takes place either as group action to deal with general environmental problems or as community action for the management of local or global common property resources.
PRESENTISM AND THE POLITICS OF HISTORY: REVISITING THE 2022 JAMES SWEET AFFAIR
Authors: Maza Sarah 
Published: July 2024

Abstract:
This article revisits the debate over presentism in historical writing touched off by American Historical Association President James Sweet in an August 2022 column for the Association’s newsletter. Sweet’s statement, expressing concern that historians motivated by today’s political concerns sometimes distort historical evidence, sparked a flurry of responses, mostly from detractors in public and supporters in private. Leaders in the profession and writers in the popular press articulated in response a mainstream compromise position: present-day concerns are an entirely legitimate point of departure for historians but must be held in check by respect for research integrity. This article challenges the rhetorical binary between presentism and strict empiricism, arguing that framing the issue in this way downplays the most important characteristic of ‘good history’, interpretive originality. Neither political passion nor scrupulous research suffice to produce great works of history which typically originate in creatively counter-intuitive thinking.
The Political Economy of Seigneurial Lordship in Flanders, c.1250–1570
Authors: Buylaert Frederik , Lambrecht Thijs , Van Gelder Klaas , Cappelle Kaat 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The recent debate between Chris Wickham and Shami Ghosh exposes different interpretations of the political economy of Europe, with Wickham arguing for the persistence of the feudal economy up to about 1700, and Ghosh imagining a distinct phase in which economic development was not yet capitalist but was no longer decisively shaped by the demands of lords. This article contributes to the discussion with the story of Flanders, where two contrasting trajectories interlocked. On the one hand, coastal Flanders saw the rise of agrarian capitalism from the fourteenth century onwards, when small-scale farms were amalgamated into large agricultural enterprises that relied on the wage-labour of dispossessed peasants and their descendants as well as temporary labour migration from nearby regions. Inland Flanders, by contrast, saw the persistence of a peasant society dominated by small-scale landownership. ‘Middle-class lordship’ was critically important for this divergence. The peasants of inland Flanders acquired an unusual measure of control over seigneurial courts and their regulatory capacities, using them to stimulate the commercialization of society while thwarting experiments with agrarian capitalism. The Flemish evidence thus complicates narratives about feudalism in Europe, showing that the spectrum of possibilities in the political economy of lordship deserves closer scrutiny.
What is in a Day? Investigating the Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Quality of Life Among Caregivers of Children With Autism
Authors: Robeson Mackenzie , Hayes Katey , Rossetti Kristina , Ahlich Erica , Zlomke Kimberly 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and quality of life (QOL), or overall level of well-being, in caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on the daily level.

Method:
This study utilizes mobile ecological momentary assessment (mEMA) to capture daily experiences of caregivers of children with ASD over a period of 14 days. Utilizing mEMA, this study examines relations between sleep quality and QOL and the role of mood and physical health as mediators on the daily level, specifically for caregivers of children with ASD (n = 51). The data were analyzed using multilevel modeling by MLMed macro.

Results:
The results suggest that there is a significant positive relation between sleep quality and QOL across individuals. Surprisingly, there was a negative relation between sleep quality and QOL within individuals. The positive relationship between sleep quality and QOL across participants was explained through positive mood across individuals. Furthermore, this relationship also occurred through better physical health across and within individuals.

Conclusion:
For caregivers of children with ASD, daily positive mood and better physical health explain the relationship between daily sleep quality and QOL. Understanding daily experiences of caregivers of children with ASD may inform interventions and practices aimed at improving sleep and its associated outcomes to ultimately improve caregiver well-being.
Relationship between intra-operative urine output and postoperative acute kidney injury in paediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: Bie Dongyun , Li Yinan , Wang Hongbai , Liu Qiao , Dou Dou , Jia Yuan , Yuan Su , Li Qi , Wang Jianhui , Yan Fuxia 
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND
Intra-operative urine output (UO) has been shown to predict postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in adults; however, its significance in children undergoing cardiac surgery remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE
To explore the association between intra-operative UO and postoperative AKI in children with congenital heart disease.

DESIGN
A retrospective observational study.

SETTING
A tertiary hospital.

PATIENTS
Children aged >28 days and <6 years who underwent cardiac surgery at Fuwai Hospital from 1 April 2022 to 30 August 2022.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
AKI was identified by the highest serum creatinine value within postoperative 7 days using Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria.

RESULTS
In total, 1184 children were included. The incidence of AKI was 23.1% (273/1184), of which 17.7% (209/1184) were stage 1, 4.2% (50/1184) were stage 2, and others were stage 3 (1.2%, 14/1184). Intra-operative UO was calculated by dividing the total intra-operative urine volume by the duration of surgery and the actual body weight measured before surgery. There was no significant difference in median [IQR] intra-operative UO between the AKI and non-AKI groups (2.6 [1.4 to 5.4] and 2.7 [1.4 to 4.9], respectively, P = 0.791), and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that intra-operative UO was not associated with postoperative AKI [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.971; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.930 to 1.014; P = 0.182]. Regarding the clinical importance of severe forms of AKI, we further explored the association between intra-operative UO and postoperative moderate-to-severe AKI (adjusted OR 0.914; 95% CI, 0.838 to 0.998; P = 0.046).

CONCLUSIONS
Intra-operative UO was not associated with postoperative AKI during paediatric cardiac surgery. However, we found a significant association between UO and postoperative moderate-to-severe AKI. This suggests that reductions in intra-operative urine output below a specific threshold may be associated with postoperative renal dysfunction.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT05489263.
Optimal Teicoplanin Trough Concentration With Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Hanai Yuki , Oda Kazutaka , Ueda Takashi , Matsumoto Kazuaki , Murakami Lisa , Uekusa Shusuke , Ohashi Hayato , Nishimura Koji , Takesue Yoshio , Matsuo Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Teicoplanin is used to treat serious Gram-positive bacterial infections. However, the optimal trough concentrations for pediatric patients remain unclear owing to the lack of monitoring guidelines. This study aimed to determine the optimal teicoplanin trough concentration for treating Gram-positive bacterial infections in children.

Methods:
A systematic review was conducted using 4 databases. Stepwise cutoffs within the range of 10–30 mcg/mL were used for efficacy and safety. Studies were included if they reported treatment success rates and/or all-cause mortality, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and thrombocytopenia according to the trough concentration.

Results:
The meta-analysis included 12 studies involving 830 pediatric patients. Teicoplanin cutoff values of 10, 15, 20, and 30 mcg/mL were reported in 9, 8, 9, and 2 studies, respectively. Trough concentrations <10 mcg/mL significantly reduced the treatment success rate, with an odds ratio of 0.07 and a 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.01 to 0.40. The overall treatment success rate was 50.0% versus 95.7% observed at concentrations ≥10 mcg/mL. However, no significant difference was observed at the 15-, 20-, and 30-mcg/mL cutoffs, when compared with lower concentrations. Trough concentrations <20 mcg/mL were associated with a decreased risk of nephrotoxicity (odds ratio = 0.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.08–0.55). However, hepatotoxicity and thrombocytopenia showed no significant associations with trough concentration ranges between 10 and 30 mcg/mL.

Conclusions:
Although further prospective studies are required for validation, the authors' findings suggest that 10- to 20-mcg/mL teicoplanin is the optimal trough concentration for enhanced clinical success and reduced toxicity in pediatric patients.
Association of Atopic Dermatitis and Risk of Glaucoma Surgery: A Global Population-Based Study
Authors: Chu Yung-Yu , Lee Chia-Yi , Huang Wei-Yu , Lin Ju-Kuo , Liu Ching-Chih , Lin Hsing-Ying , Ho Chung-Han , Chen Yi-Chen , Kuo Shu-Chun 
Published: July 2024

Précis:
Severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in patients with glaucoma heightens the risk of requiring surgical intervention, necessitating prompt specialist care and strict surveillance.

Objective:
The impact of AD on the prognosis of patients with glaucoma is rarely studied. This study aims to assess the risk of requiring glaucoma surgery among patients with glaucoma with and without AD.

Materials and Methods:
In this retrospective cohort analysis, we assessed patients with glaucoma initially diagnosed from December 5, 2003 to December 3, 2018 using the TriNetX database, dividing them into AD and non-AD cohorts. 1:1 propensity-score matching created balanced groups for baseline traits and comorbidities. We compared the cohorts’ risk and cumulative incidence of needing glaucoma surgery (minimally invasive glaucoma surgery, trabeculectomy, aqueous shunt, or transscleral cyclophotocoagulation). A subgroup analysis was also conducted for patients with severe AD.

Results:
Out of 528,469 patients with glaucoma, 2624 were in the AD group. Among the AD group, 584 had severe AD. The AD group showed a comparable risk of requiring surgery to the non-AD group (hazard ratio: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.47). In contrast, the severe AD group demonstrated a significantly greater risk and cumulative incidence of surgery (hazard ratio: 2.80; 95% CI: 1.37, 5.73; log-rank P = 0.003) compared with the non-AD group.

Conclusion:
Patients with glaucoma with severe AD are significantly more likely to need surgical intervention, with AD severity being a correlating factor for increased risk.
Assessing Clinical Judgment and AACN Domains in Self-Reflection of Video Recorded High-Fidelity Simulation Scenarios
Authors: Bussard Michelle E. , Jacobs Lisa 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Clinical judgment is the hallmark of safe patient care. Nurse educators continue to explore best practices to assist prelicensure nursing students in developing clinical judgment.

Purpose:
The 3-part purpose of this study was to identify what students learned about themselves related to clinical judgment after viewing their video-recorded high-fidelity simulation scenarios, to assess if video recording is an effective post-debriefing teaching strategy, and to evaluate if the 2021 American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) Domains can be assessed longitudinally.

Methods:
Qualitative interpretive description study of 37 prelicensure nursing students.

Results:
Ten codes were derived from 314 excerpts: communication, body language, confidence in self, putting data together, collaboration, leadership, safety, skillfulness, areas of improvement, and growth.

Conclusions:
Longitudinal data showcased the development of clinical judgment, effectiveness of self-evaluation of video recorded simulations as a teaching strategy, and assessment of 5 AACN Domains.
Non-inferiority Study Design: Application to Clinical Trials
Authors: Wong Gordon C. , Kotsis Sandra V. , Kim H. Myra , Chung Kevin C. 
Published: July 2024

SUMMARY
Non-inferiority trials, a distinct category within randomized controlled trials, are garnering increased attention in medical research. Their unique and evolving role comes to the forefront in scenarios where new treatments, despite not surpassing the efficacy of an existing standard, bring additional benefits like reduced side effects, enhanced compliance, or cost savings. As the field of surgery witnesses a growing number of published non-inferiority trials, it becomes imperative for surgeons to grasp the intricacies of this trial type to accurately decipher and interpret their outcomes.
The Effects of COVID-19 in Kidney Transplantation: Evidence From Tissue Pathology
Authors: Nankivell Brian J. , P’ng Chow , Tran Thomas , Draper Jenny , Ko Danny , Luu Ivan , Basile Kerri , Kable Kathy , Sciberras Frederika , Wong Germaine , Kok Jen 
Published: July 2024

Background.
The biological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in transplanted kidneys are uncertain with little pathological information.

Methods.
This single-center, prospective observational study evaluated kidney transplant biopsies from recipients of deceased donors with COVID-19, current recipients contracting SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in 2022, against prior BK virus (BKV) infection and uninfected (without SARS-CoV-2 or BKV) samples, as respective positive and negative comparators (n = 503 samples).

Results.
We demonstrated nonvirus tubular injury in implanted tissue from infected donors and prevalent recipients with mild acute COVID-19 and acute kidney injury, excluding direct viral infection as a cause of kidney damage. COVID particles were absent in 4116 ultrastructural images of 295 renal tubules from 4 patients with acute COVID-19. No viral cytopathic effect, viral allograft nephropathy, or SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in acute tissues, nor in 128 sequential samples from infected donors or recipients with COVID-19. Following recipient COVID-19 (mean 16.8 ± 12.0 wk post-infection), the biopsy-prevalence of rejection was 33.0% (n = 100 biopsies) versus 13.4% for contemporaneous uninfected controls (n = 337; P < 0.001). Prior COVID-19 was an independent risk factor for incident rejection using multivariable generalized estimating equation adjusted for competing risks (odds ratio, 2.195; 95% confidence interval, 1.189-4.052; P = 0.012). Landmark and matched-pair analyses confirmed an association of SARS-CoV-2 with subsequent transplant rejection, with a similar pattern following BKV infection.

Conclusions.
Transplantation from COVID-19+ deceased donors yielded good recipient outcomes without evidence of viral tissue transmission. Acute kidney injury during COVID-19 was mediated by archetypical tubular injury and infection correlated with an increased risk of subsequent rejection.
Analysis of Immunological Biomarkers Associated With Rejection After Uterus Transplantation in Human
Authors: Carbonnel Marie , Petit Maxime , Tarantino Nadine , Morin Veronique , Corneau Aurélien , Tourne Morgan , Gueguan Justine , Mölne Johann , Akouri Randa , Broecker Verena , Vinit Angélique , Racowsky Catherine , Brännström Mats , Ayoubi Jean-Marc , Vieillard Vincent 
Published: July 2024

Background.
Uterus transplantation (UTx) is an emerging therapy for women with uterine infertility. However, critical questions remain with this procedure including the mechanisms involved in graft rejection.

Methods.
In this study, we analyzed the immune profile of ectocervical biopsies from 5 patients after UTx before and during their first episode of rejection using RNA sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and imaging mass cytometry.

Results.
We identified 530 upregulated and 207 downregulated genes associated with graft rejection. Enrichment databases revealed abnormalities of skin-associated genes and the immune system, in particular activation of T and B lymphocytes, and macrophages. Imaging mass cytometry confirmed these observations; in cervical biopsies of 3 women, rejection was associated with the presence of B-cell structures linked to tertiary lymphoid structures, and 2 biopsies from 1 woman with severe rejection episodes and poor prognosis of graft function (repeated miscarriage and implantation failures) were associated with an accumulation of HLA-DR− macrophages, producing granzyme B at the surface of the epithelium.

Conclusions.
We showed that rejection of a UTx graft was associated with major alterations of immune markers including the involvement of tertiary lymphoid structures, the most organized of which may be a sign of chronic rejection, and with an increase in HLA-DR− macrophages expressing granzyme B in the case of grade 3 rejection episodes according Mölne’s classification. We identified potential emerging biomarkers to predict or diagnose graft rejection (Keratin 1 granzyme B, IL1β). These findings could lead to development of improved strategies for the identification, prevention, and/or treatment of uterus graft rejection.