bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Item Profiles as Predictor of Patient Outcome
Authors: Abdul-Rahim Azmil H. , Fulton Rachael L. , Sucharew Heidi , Kleindorfer Dawn , Khatri Pooja , Broderick Joseph P. , Lees Kennedy R. ,   SITS-MOST Steering Committee, Wahlgren N. , Ahmed N. , Dávalos A. , Ford G.A. , Grond M. , Hacke W. , Hennerici M.G. , Kaste M. , Kuelkens S. , Larrue V. , Roine R.O. , Soinne L. , Toni D. , Vanhooren G. 
Published: September 2015

Background and Purpose—
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) item profiles that were recently proposed and validated may prove useful for clinical prognostication and research studies. We aimed to validate the NIHSS item profiles in hyper-acute stroke patients who received thrombolysis treatment (tissue-type plasminogen activator).

Methods—
We applied the latent class analysis probabilities of the profile membership generated from the derivation study onto NIHSS data from the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke–Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST). We separately considered NIHSS data collected within 3 hours and at ≈24 hours after stroke onset to obtain 2 sets of symptom groupings. The discrimination and calibration of both sets of symptom profiles were assessed from their association with outcomes. The outcome measures included modified Rankin Scale (mRS; using full distribution and dichotomized, mRS 0–1 or back to baseline) at day 90 and mortality by 90 days.

Results—
We obtained data for 6843 patients. Ordinal analysis of mRS showed odds of better outcome across the profiles, for each set of symptom profiles, adjusted for age, sex, and prestroke mRS. Dichotomized outcomes mirrored the ordinal findings. There were significant differences in prognostic discrimination ability for the dichotomized outcome measures between the 2 sets of symptom profiles, with the latter set (ie, 24-hour symptom profiles) performing better.

Conclusions—
The NIHSS item profiles are individually associated with functional outcome and mortality in acute stroke patients treated with tissue-type plasminogen activator. Considering profiles of NIHSS subscores rather than only the total score is informative for prognostication, particularly for assessments collected 24 hours after stroke onset.
Behavioural patterns among female African savannah elephants: the role of age, lactational status, and sex of the nursing calf
Authors: Wisniewska Maggie , Freeman Elizabeth W. , Schulte Bruce A. 
Published: September 2015

For social mammals, phenotypic factors, such as age and reproductive state, and environmental factors, such as competition and requirements for offspring, shape individual resource needs and cause animals to display behavioural patterns most useful in resource acquisition. Female mammals trade off investment in growth and survival against complex and resource-intensive reproductive challenges; thus, they alter behaviours according to changing priorities. To maximize net gain females increase resource intake or limit its expenditure. Behaviours that involve resource acquisition, such as foraging, are potentially rewarding, yet lead to competition, especially in group-living species; whereas behaviours that do not provide resources, such as resting or grooming, encourage sharing and buffer competition. In cooperative species with linear dominance hierarchies such as female African elephants (Loxodonta africana africana), rank is often determined by age and size, which are highly correlated. When compared with younger, competitively disadvantaged individuals, higher ranked animals attain greater access to resources, but other phenotypic and environmental factors may influence their needs. Hence, we examined how lactational status and sex of the nursing offspring influenced time spent on resource acquisition, and we assessed how these factors affect rates of aggression related to age. We conducted the study at Addo Elephant National Park in South Africa from June to December 2010, using 20 min focal animal sampling on reproductively mature females (). Adult females () exhibited aggression more frequently and socialized in a non-aggressive manner less frequently than subadult females (). Lactating females () spent more time foraging, displayed aggression more frequently, socialized in a non-aggressive manner less frequently, and exhibited chemosensory behaviours less frequently than non-lactating conspecifics (). Mothers of female calves () spent more time foraging than mothers of male calves (). The latter spent more time nursing and resting. We show how behavioural patterns, permitted or limited by age (correlated with size and rank) and reproductive condition, pertain to resource needs in female elephants, in contexts not directly related to survival or starvation avoidance. We discuss our findings in the context of female social relationships, for a long-lived, cooperative species.
The Characteristics of an Abstract System for the Transfer of Property in South African Law as Distinguished from a Causal System
Authors: Schutte P.J.W. 
Published: September 2015

Two divergent systems are usually differentiated between when it comes to the way in which real rights are transferred from one person to another, namely abstract and causal systems. In this article the features of each system, the respect in which they differ from each other, and the practical implications of the distinction are established. It appears that in a causal system real rights are transferred by conclusion of the obligatory agreement, which should be valid and enforceable. The mutual intention to transfer and to receive real rights is not construed as an independent real agreement as it is contained in the obligatory agreement. In a causal system the transferor finds himself in a favourable position in relation to other parties while bona fide third parties undoubtedly get the worst of the deal since they have no protection against the disadvantageous consequences of delivery owing to a void obligation.
In an abstract system the obligatory agreement is not sufficient for the transfer of real rights, the thing should also be delivered and there should be a valid real agreement which consists merely of the mutual intention to transfer and to receive real rights. The real agreement is a characteristic of an abstract system which distinguishes it from a causal system. Compared with the position of those in the causal system, the transferee and third parties find themselves in a favourable position vis-à-vis the transferor.
In a causal system the concept iusta causa refers to a valid and enforceable obligatory agreement or other juridical fact which obliges the transferee to deliver the thing. In an abstract system it serves no purpose to describe the causa with reference to the obligatory agreement, since it is not a substantive law requirement for the transfer of real rights. The causa concept refers rather to the mutual intention to transfer and to receive real rights, which is nothing less than the real agreement. Since the causa is contained in the real agreement it is no longer of any use in an abstract system and should be abandoned.
The Dutch system displays the characteristics of an abstract system in that a separate act of delivery should exist and a valid real agreement is a requirement for the transfer of real rights. On the other hand it also displays characteristics of a causal system, since a valid obligatory agreement is a requirement for the transfer of real rights.
Annotated Checklist of California Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: ZUPARKO ROBERT L. 
Published: September 2015

Based on examination of the literature and specimens, 208 described species in 90 genera of Encyrtidae are listed from California. Data on the original publication, deposition of types, geographic distribution and host records of these species are presented. Forty-three species were established in biocontrol programs, 157 are presumed native, 7 appear to be adventitious introductions, and the origin of one is undetermined. An additional 276 morphospecies are also listed as present in the state within an additional 21 described genera and potentially up to 20 undescribed genera. Altogether, 31 new genera and 36 new species are recorded for the state, as well as 70 new parasitoid-host records. Errors pertaining to California taxa in previously published papers are corrected. Metaphycus immaculatus (Howard) is reported as a new combination (from Aphycus Mayr). Three appendices are included: a host/parasitoid listing for the described species present in the state, a listing of taxa previously reported from California under invalid names, and a list of taxa either erroneously reported from the state, or unsuccessful biocontrol introductions.
A Global Assessment of the Spatial Distribution of Precipitation Occurrence
Authors: Smalley Mark , L’Ecuyer Tristan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe spatial distribution of precipitation occurrence has important implications for numerous applications ranging from defining cloud radiative effects to modeling hydrologic runoff, statistical downscaling, and stochastic weather generation. This paper introduces a new method of describing the spatial characteristics of rainfall and snowfall that takes advantage of the high sensitivity and high resolution of the W-band cloud precipitation radar aboard CloudSat. The resolution dependence of precipitation occurrence is described by a two-parameter exponential function defined by a shape factor that governs the variation in the distances between precipitation events and a scale length that represents the overall probability of precipitation and number density of distinct events.Geographic variations in the shape factor and scale length are consistent with large-scale circulation patterns and correlate with environmental conditions on local scales. For example, a large contrast in scale lengths between land and ocean areas reflects the more extensive, widespread nature of precipitation over land than over ocean. An analysis of warm rain in the southeast Pacific reveals a shift from frequent isolated systems to less frequent but more regularly spaced systems along a transect connecting stratocumulus and trade cumulus cloud regimes. A similar analysis during the Amazon wet season reveals a relationship between the size and frequency of convection and zonal wind direction with precipitation exhibiting a more oceanic character during periods of westerly winds. These select examples demonstrate the utility of this approach for capturing the sensitivity of the spatial characteristics of precipitation to environmental influences on both local and larger scales.
EGF augments TGFβ-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting SHP2 binding to GAB1
Authors: Buonato Janine M. , Lan Ingrid S. , Lazzara Matthew J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
In many epithelial cells, epidermal growth factor (EGF) augments the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) that occurs when cells are treated with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). We demonstrate that this augmentation requires activation of SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2; also known as PTPN11), a proto-oncogene. In lung and pancreatic cancer cell lines, reductions in E-cadherin expression, increases in vimentin expression and increases in cell scatter rates were larger when cells were treated with TGFβ and EGF versus TGFβ or EGF alone. SHP2 knockdown promoted epithelial characteristics basally and antagonized EMT in response to TGFβ alone or in combination with EGF. Whereas EGF promoted SHP2 binding to tyrosine phosphorylated GAB1, which promotes SHP2 activity, TGFβ did not induce SHP2 association with phosphotyrosine-containing proteins. Knockdown of endogenous SHP2 and reconstitution with an SHP2 mutant with impaired phosphotyrosine binding ability eliminated the EGF-mediated EMT augmentation that was otherwise restored with wild-type SHP2 reconstitution. These results demonstrate roles for basal and ligand-induced SHP2 activity in EMT and further motivate efforts to identify specific ways to inhibit SHP2, given the role of EMT in tumor dissemination and chemoresistance.
Synthesis of Functionalized 3-Bromoindenes via Pd(II)-catalyzed Tandem Reactions of o-(Alkynyl)styrenes: Taking Dioxygen as Sole Oxidant
Authors: Zhou Peng , Liu Weibing , Qiu Huihua 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This paper introduced an economic and environmental approach to 3-bromoindenes from simple and readily available o-(alkynyl)styrenes via a Pd-catalyzed cascade cyclization including bromopalladation/Heck cross-coupling/β-H elimination. With O2 as the sole oxidant and KBr as bromide source, a series of poly-substituted 3-bromoindenes were synthesized with high chemoselectivity avoiding the use of CuBr2.
Involvement of Selenium in Protective Mechanisms of Plants under Environmental Stress Conditions – Review
Authors: Sieprawska Apolonia , Kornaś Andrzej , Filek Maria 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn recent years there has been growing interest in selenium (Se) as an important micronutrient not only for animals and humans but also for plants. In particular, its protective effect in plants exposed to stress conditions has been suggested. In spite of many studies, the mechanism of Se action is not fully understood. In this review, possible ways of interaction of Se with stress factors leading to optimal growth and development of plants are presented. As the majority of experiments have focused on the effects of Se application under stress conditions induced by heavy metals, special attention is paid to the results obtained in such studies. Changes of physiological and biochemical properties of plant cells, with particular regard to the influence of Se on the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants under this stress, are summarized. Experiments in which Se was used in some other environmental stresses (drought, UV, cold and high temperature) are also cited. On the basis of the presented literature it is suggested that a positive effect of Se depends on both its doses and on chosen plant genotypes and is mainly connected with activation of antioxidative defense in plant cells.
Characterisation of cubic oak specimens from the Vasa ship and recent wood by means of quasi-static loading and resonance ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS)
Authors: Vorobyev Alexey , Arnould Olivier , Laux Didier , Longo Roberto , van Dijk Nico P. , Gamstedt E. Kristofer 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The cylindrical orthotropy, inherent time-dependency response, and variation between and within samples make the stiffness characterisation of wood more challenging than most other structural materials. The purpose of the present study is to compare static loading with resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) and to investigate how to combine the advantages of each of these two methods to improve the estimation of the full set of elastic parameters of a unique sample. The behavior of wood as an orthotropic mechanical material was quantified by elastic engineering parameters, i.e. Poisson’s ratios and Young’s and shear moduli. Recent and waterlogged archaeological oak impregnated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) from the Vasa warship built in 1628 was in focus. The experimental results were compared, and the difference between RUS and static loading was studied. This study contributes additional information on the influence of PEG and degradation on the elastic engineering parameters of wood. Finally, the shear moduli and Poisson’s ratios were experimentally determined for Vasa archaeological oak for the first time.
Effect of γ→α Phase Transformation on Refining Austenite Grains of Microalloyed Steel in Continuous Casting by Simulation
Authors: Liu Jiang , Wen Guanghua , Li Yunfeng , Tang Ping , Luo Linqing 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The formation of coarse prior austenite grain is a key factor to promote transverse crack, and the transverse crack susceptibility can be reduced by refining the austenite grain size. In the present study, the high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to simulate and study the effect of two γ→α phase transformation conditions on the refinement of the prior austenite grains. Under the condition of the uniform distribution of the second phase precipitation, the effect of the distribution of the proeutectoid ferrite at different cooling rates and refinement of prior austenite grain were investigated. The results indicate that, at a cooling rate of 5.0°C s–1, the austenite grain size undergoing TH1 thermal cycle was 31% smaller than the austenite grain undergoing TH0 thermal cycle. Under TH0 cooling system, the proeutectoid ferrite was uniformly distributed in the austenite matrix; under TH1 cooling, the proeutectoid ferrite precipitated and mainly concentrated along the austenite grain boundaries to form developed-film-like ferrite, which is favorable to break the prior austenite grain boundaries. After the first phase transformation, the film-like ferrite improved the nucleation conditions of new austenite grains, thus more new austenite grains splitted the prior austenite grains, ultimately refining the prior austenite grains.
Determinants of cigarette smoking among school adolescents on the island of Java, Indonesia
Authors: Bigwanto Mouhamad , Mongkolcharti Aroonsri , Peltzer Karl , Laosee Orapin 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Background:
The Integrated Model of Change has successfully explained the behavior change process. Cigarette smoking is a social phenomenon, which needs to be understood for devising effective preventive strategies.

Objectives:
The study aims to apply the Integrated Model of Change to determine predictive factors of cigarette smoking behavior among school adolescents in Indonesia.

Methods:
A school-based cross-sectional study was designed to collect data in Banten, Indonesia. A total of 698 students from eight high schools were recruited by multi-stage cluster sampling. The association between cigarette smoking and the independent variables was examined by multiple logistic regressions.

Results:
The majority of respondents (86.4%) were between the ages of 15 and 17 years (Mean=16.4 years; SD=1.01). Approximately half (48.8%) of the students ever tried a cigarette while 29.6% were current smokers. Curiosity was reported as the main reason for experimenting with cigarettes (32%). The significant factors regarding current cigarette smoking were attitude [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.68], social norms (AOR=12.80), self-efficacy (AOR=15.85), and accessibility (AOR=4.39).

Conclusion:
The study revealed social influence and self-efficacy that were strongly associated with cigarette smoking can help authorities in guiding possible intervention programs for school adolescents.
Clinical chorioamnionitis at term V: umbilical cord plasma cytokine profile in the context of a systemic maternal inflammatory response
Authors: Romero Roberto , Chaemsaithong Piya , Docheva Nikolina , Korzeniewski Steven J. , Tarca Adi L. , Bhatti Gaurav , Xu Zhonghui , Kusanovic Juan P. , Chaiyasit Noppadol , Dong Zhong , Yoon Bo Hyun , Hassan Sonia S. , Chaiworapongsa Tinnakorn , Yeo Lami , Kim Yeon Mee 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMicrobial invasion of the fetus due to intra-amniotic infection can lead to a systemic inflammatory response characterized by elevated concentrations of cytokines in the umbilical cord plasma/serum. Clinical chorioamnionitis represents the maternal syndrome often associated with intra-amniotic infection, although other causes of this syndrome have been recently described. The objective of this study was to characterize the umbilical cord plasma cytokine profile in neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term, according to the presence or absence of bacteria and/or intra-amniotic inflammation.A cross-sectional study was conducted, including patients with clinical chorioamnionitis at term (n=38; cases) and those with spontaneous term labor without clinical chorioamnionitis (n=77; controls). Women with clinical chorioamnionitis were classified according to the results of amniotic fluid culture, broad-range polymerase chain reaction coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS) and amniotic fluid interleukin (IL)-6 concentration into three groups: 1) no intra-amniotic inflammation; 2) intra-amniotic inflammation without detectable microorganisms; or 3) microbial-associated intra-amniotic inflammation. A fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) was defined as an umbilical cord plasma IL-6 concentration >11 pg/mL. The umbilical cord plasma concentrations of 29 cytokines were determined with sensitive and specific V-PLEX immunoassays. Nonparametric statistical methods were used for analysis, adjusting for a false discovery rate of 5%.1) Neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term (consideredNeonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term had higher concentrations of umbilical cord plasma cytokines than those born to mothers without clinical chorioamnionitis. Even neonates exposed to clinical chorioamnionitis but not to intra-amniotic inflammation had elevated concentrations of multiple cytokines, suggesting that intrapartum fever alters the fetal immune response.
Colloidal magnetic nanocrystal clusters: variable length-scale interaction mechanisms, synergetic functionalities and technological advantages
Authors: Kostopoulou Athanasia , Lappas Alexandros 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMagnetic particles of optimized nanoscale dimensions can be utilized as building blocks to generate colloidal nanocrystal assemblies with controlled size, well-defined morphology, and tailored properties. Recent advances in the state-of-the-art surfactant-assisted approaches for the directed aggregation of inorganic nanocrystals into cluster-like entities are discussed, and the synthesis parameters that determine their geometrical arrangement are highlighted. This review pays attention to the enhanced physical properties of iron oxide nanoclusters, while it also points to their emerging collective magnetic response. The current progress in experiment and theory for evaluating the strength and the role of intra- and inter-cluster interactions is analyzed in view of the spatial arrangement of the component nanocrystals. Numerous approaches have been proposed for the critical role of dipole-dipole and exchange interactions in establishing the nature of the nanoclusters’ cooperative magnetic behavior (be it ferromagnetic or spin-glass like). Finally, we point out why the purposeful engineering of the nanoclusters’ magnetic characteristics, including their surface functionality, may facilitate their use in diverse technological sectors ranging from nanomedicine and photonics to catalysis.
Defect-rich ZnO quantum dots as a potential multifunctional sunscreen and cosmetic active ingredient
Authors: Asok Adersh , Kulkarni Ajit R. , Gandhi Mayuri N. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In sunscreens, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) are used as inorganic UV filter which have a prominent band edge emission in the UVA region (~385 nm). When applied to biological surface, this highly penetrating UVA emission from ZnO NPs would enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative stress. Therefore, the elimination of this harmful UVA emission from ZnO NPs are much sought after for the development of safer sunscreens. In this paper we introduce the use of defect-rich ZnO (D-ZnO) quantum dots (QDs) as a multifunctional active ingredient in sunscreen/cosmetic application. These D-ZnO QDs make use of their defect energy levels to emit in visible region by bypassing their harmful band edge emission at UVA region. The D-ZnO QDs also showed prominent visible luminescence which matches well with the autofluorescence of in vivo human skin. Hence, this visible luminescence could be useful for camouflaging, thereby enabling its potential as a biologically safe active ingredient for both cosmetic and UV screening applications.