bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The developmental control of size in insects
Authors: Nijhout H. Frederik , Riddiford Lynn M. , Mirth Christen , Shingleton Alexander W. , Suzuki Yuichiro , Callier Viviane 
Published: July 2013

The mechanisms that control the sizes of a body and its many parts remain among the great puzzles in developmental biology. Why do animals grow to a species‐specific body size, and how is the relative growth of their body parts controlled to so they grow to the right size, and in the correct proportion with body size, giving an animal its species‐characteristic shape? Control of size must involve mechanisms that somehow assess some aspect of size and are upstream of mechanisms that regulate growth. These mechanisms are now beginning to be understood in the insects, in particular in Manduca sexta and Drosophila melanogaster. The control of size requires control of the rate of growth and control of the cessation of growth. Growth is controlled by genetic and environmental factors. Insulin and ecdysone, their receptors, and intracellular signaling pathways are the principal genetic regulators of growth. The secretion of these growth hormones, in turn, is controlled by complex interactions of other endocrine and molecular mechanisms, by environmental factors such as nutrition, and by the physiological mechanisms that sense body size. Although the general mechanisms of growth regulation appear to be widely shared, the mechanisms that regulate final size can be quite diverse. WIREs Dev Biol 2014, 3:113–134. doi: 10.1002/wdev.124This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
Mismatch Repair Deficiency Screening via Immunohistochemical Staining in Young Asians with Colorectal Cancers
Authors: Chew Min‐Hoe , Koh Poh‐Koon , Tan Melinda , Lim Kiat‐Hon , Carol Loi , Tang Choong‐Leong 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of mismatch repair deficiency in colorectal cancer (CRC) in young people remains unknown in Asians. The present study assessed the clinicopathological features and efficacy of immunohistochemistry screening for Lynch syndrome in young Asian CRC patients.Material and methodsThis was a retrospective review conducted in Singapore General Hospital between January 2006 and December 2010 of 240 unrelated patients under the age of 50. All patients had immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for mismatch repair proteins in resected CRC specimen data retrieved from a prospective computerized database.ResultsA total of 21 % (n = 51) of the patients had abnormal IHC staining. Loss of staining for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 proteins was observed in 10, 4, 6, and 13 % of tumors, respectively. Of the 22 patients who had abnormal staining of MLH1, 13 had concomitant abnormal staining for PMS2. One tumor specimen had abnormal staining in all four proteins. If the Amsterdam criteria alone were to be used, 86 % (n = 44) of the cohort would have not been detected for mismatch repair gene defects.ConclusionsThe overall burden of germline mismatch repair deficiency in the Singapore population may be as high as 21 %. The Amsterdam criteria alone are inadequate to detect Lynch syndrome patients. The use of IHC staining of at least four mismatch repair proteins is a useful screening strategy for Lynch syndrome diagnosis. Routine screening of mismatch repair deficiency may be recommended for all young Asian CRC patients.
Impact of Obesity on Postoperative and Long‐term Outcomes in a General Surgery Population: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Valentijn Tabita M. , Galal Wael , Hoeks Sanne E. , van Gestel Yvette R. , Verhagen Hence J. , Stolker Robert J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackground
The obesity paradox has been demonstrated postoperatively in several surgical populations, but only a few studies have reported long‐term survival. This study evaluates the presence of the obesity paradox in a general surgery population, reporting both postoperative and long‐term survival.MethodsThis retrospective study included 10,427 patients scheduled for elective, noncardiac surgery. Patients were classified as underweight (body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2); normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2); overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2); obesity class I (BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2); obesity class II (BMI 35.0–39.9 kg/m2); and obesity class III (BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2). Study endpoints were 30‐day postoperative and long‐term mortality, including cause‐specific mortality. Multivariable analyses were used to evaluate mortality risks for each BMI category.ResultsWithin 30 days after surgery, 353 (3.4 %) patients died. Overweight was the only category associated with postoperative mortality, showing improved survival [odds ratio 0.7; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.6–0.9]. During the long‐term follow‐up 4,884 (47 %) patients died. Underweight patients had the highest mortality risk [hazard ratio (HR) 1.4; 95 % CI 1.2–1.6), particularly due to high cancer‐related deaths. In contrast, overweight and obese patients demonstrated improved survival (overweight: HR 0.8, 95 % CI 0.8–0.9; obesity class I: HR 0.7, 95 % CI 0.7–0.8; obesity class II: HR 0.7, 95 % CI 0.6–0.9; obesity class III: HR 0.7, 95 % CI 0.5–1.0), mainly because of a strongly reduced risk of cancer‐related death.ConclusionsIn this surgical population the obesity paradox was validated at the long term, mainly because of decreased cancer‐related deaths among obese patients.
Adverse childhood experiences and premature all-cause mortality
Authors: Kelly-Irving Michelle , Lepage Benoit , Dedieu Dominique , Bartley Mel , Blane David , Grosclaude Pascale , Lang Thierry , Delpierre Cyrille 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Events causing stress responses during sensitive periods of rapid neurological development in childhood may be early determinants of all-cause premature mortality. Using a British birth cohort study of individuals born in 1958, the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and mortality ≤50 year was examined for men (n = 7,816) and women (n = 7,405) separately. ACE were measured using prospectively collected reports from parents and the school: no adversities (70 %); one adversity (22 %), two or more adversities (8 %). A Cox regression model was carried out controlling for early life variables and for characteristics at 23 years. In men the risk of death was 57 % higher among those who had experienced 2+ ACE compared to those with none (HR 1.57, 95 % CI 1.13, 2.18, p = 0.007). In women, a graded relationship was observed between ACE and mortality, the risk increasing as ACE accumulated. Women with one ACE had a 66 % increased risk of death (HR 1.66, 95 % CI 1.19, 2.33, p = 0.003) and those with ≥2 ACE had an 80 % increased risk (HR 1.80, 95 % CI 1.10, 2.95, p = 0.020) versus those with no ACE. Given the small impact of adult life style factors on the association between ACE and premature mortality, biological embedding during sensitive periods in early development is a plausible explanatory mechanism.
Computerized Virtual Surgery Demonstrates Where Acetabular Rim Osteophytes Most Reduce Range of Motion following Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Rodriguez-Elizalde Sebastian , Yeager Alyssa M. , Ravi Bheeshma , Lipman Joseph D. , Salvati Eduardo A. , Westrich Geoffrey H. 
Published: July 2013

Background Acetabular osteophytes are common findings during total hip arthroplasty (THA). Purpose This study was designed to determine the extent to which osteophytes may limit range of motion (ROM) and in which locations impingement is likely to occur if osteophytes are not removed during surgery. Methods Computer-aided design was used to compare ROM of a modern hip implant in four cadaver models with and without 10-mm acetabular rim osteophytes added. A clock face, with 12 o'clock at the superior pole of the right acetabulum, was used to map impingement. Results The osteophyte model limited ROM in flexion (101° v. 113°, p = 0.03), 90° of flexion with internal rotation (16.7° v. 31.6°, p = 0.01), and external rotation (30.4° v. 49.5°, p = 0.01). Impingement occurred between 7 and 8 o'clock in external rotation and 1 and 2 o'clock in the other two motions. Conclusions Osteophytes in these positions have the greatest impact on ROM and should be removed during THA.
Combined Fish Oil and High Oleic Sunflower Oil Supplements Neutralize their Individual Effects on the Lipid Profile of Healthy Men
Authors: Hlais Sani , El‐Bistami Dunia , El Rahi Berna , Mattar Mélanie A. , Obeid Omar A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBoth n‐3 and n‐9 fatty acids share a common metabolic pathway and can potentially and individually improve cardiovascular disease risk factors. Dietary n‐6 is known to weaken the efficacy of n‐3 fatty acids due to competition for the same enzymes. Still unclear is whether a similar competition exists between n‐3 and n‐9 fatty acids. Thus, a 12‐week intervention study was conducted to investigate the effect of different combinations of fish oil and high‐oleic sunflower oil (OSO) on healthy subjects. Included were five groups (98 subjects): three groups received a fixed amount of n‐9 (8 g/day) with varying amounts of n‐3 (1, 2 or 4 g/day), one group was given n‐3 fatty acids only (2 g/day) and another was given n‐9 only (8 g/day). We found that fish oil supplement (2 g/day) was able to decrease TAG by about 13 %, this effect was diminished with the co‐ingestion of n‐9 (OSO). Intake of OSO (8 g/day) reduced both total and LDL cholesterol by about 10 %, this effect was reduced by the addition of fish oil. Both fish oil and OSO failed to have any significant effect on both glycemic and blood pressure parameters. In conclusion; the impact of oleic acid (n‐9) on total and LDL cholesterol was altered by the addition fish oil (n‐3). These effects may have been the result of enzymatic competition between the two types of fatty acids.
Googling the WTO: What Search-Engine Data Tell Us About the Political Economy of Institutions
Authors: Pelc Krzysztof J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHow does international law affect state behavior? Existing models addressing this issue rest on individual preferences and voter behavior, yet these assumptions are rarely questioned. Do citizens truly react to their governments being taken to court over purported violations? I propose a novel approach to test the premise behind models of international treaty-making, using web-search data. Such data are widely used in epidemiology; in this article I claim that they are also well suited to applications in political economy. Web searches provide a unique proxy for a fundamental political activity that we otherwise have little sense of: information seeking. Information seeking by constituents can be usefully examined as an instance of political mobilization. Applying web-search data to international trade disputes, I provide evidence for the belief that US citizens are concerned about their country being branded a violator of international law, even when they have no direct material stake in the case at hand. This article constitutes a first attempt at utilizing web-search data to test the building blocks of political economy theory.
Brain games: Toward a neuroecology of social behavior
Authors: Gariépy Jean-François , Chang Steve W. C. , Platt Michael L. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn the target article, Schilbach et al. defend a “second-person neuroscience” perspective that focuses on the neural basis of social cognition during live, ongoing interactions between individuals. We argue that a second-person neuroscience would benefit from formal approaches borrowed from economics and behavioral ecology and that it should be extended to social interactions in nonhuman animals.
Merging second-person and first-person neuroscience
Authors: Longo Matthew R. , Tsakiris Manos 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSchilbach et al. contrast second-person and third-person approaches to social neuroscience. We discuss relations between second-person and first-person approaches, arguing that they cannot be studied in isolation. Contingency is central for converging first- and second-person approaches. Studies of embodiment show how contingencies scaffold first-person perspective and how the transition from a third- to a second-person perspective fundamentally involves first-person contributions.
What we can learn from second animal neuroscience
Authors: Nephew Benjamin C. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThere are several facets of second-person neuroscience which can benefit from comparisons with animal behavioral neuroscience studies. This commentary addresses the challenges involved in obtaining quantitative data from second-person techniques, the role of stress in inducing robust responses, the use of interactive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and the value of applying interactive methods to studies of aggression and depression.
Toward a neuroscience of interactive parent–infant dyad empathy
Authors: Swain James E. , Konrath Sara , Dayton Carolyn J. , Finegood Eric D. , Ho S. Shaun 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn accord with social neuroscience's progression to include interactive experimental paradigms, parents' brains have been activated by emotionally charged infant stimuli – especially of their own infant – including baby cry and picture. More recent research includes the use of brief video clips and opportunities for maternal response. Among brain systems important to parenting are those involved in empathy. This research may inform recent studies of decreased societal empathy, offer mechanisms and solutions.
From the bottom up: The roots of social neuroscience at risk of running dry?
Authors: Hamon-Hill Cindy , Gadbois Simon 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA second-person neuroscience, as an emerging area of neuroscience and the behavioral sciences, cannot afford to avoid a bottom-up, subcortical, and conative-affective perspective. An example with canid social play and a modern motivational behavioral neursocience will illustrate our point.
Popular Science Magazines in Interwar Britain: Authors and Readerships
Authors: Bowler Peter J. 
Published: July 2013

ArgumentThis article is based on a detailed survey of three British popular science magazines published during the interwar years. It focuses on the authors who wrote for the magazines, using the information to analyze the ways in which scientists and popular writers contributed to the dissemination of information about science and technology. It shows how the different readerships toward which the magazines were directed (serious or more popular) determined the proportion of trained scientists who provided material for publication. The most serious magazine,Discovery, featured almost exclusively material written by professional scientists, while the most popular,Armchair Science, favored writers who were not professional scientists, but who probably had some technical knowledge. Another magazine,Conquest, tried to provide a balance between authoritative and popular articles; however, it survived for only a few years.
The composition of cigarette smoke determines inflammatory cell recruitment to the lung in COPD mouse models
Authors: John Gerrit , Kohse Katrin , Orasche Jürgen , Reda Ahmed , Schnelle-Kreis Jürgen , Zimmermann Ralf , Schmid Otmar , Eickelberg Oliver , Yildirim Ali Önder 
Published: July 2013

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is caused by exposure to toxic gases and particles, most often CS (cigarette smoke), leading to emphysema, chronic bronchitis, mucus production and a subsequent decline in lung function. The disease pathogenesis is related to an abnormal CS-induced inflammatory response of the lungs. Similar to active (mainstream) smoking, second hand (sidestream) smoke exposure severely affects respiratory health. These processes can be studied in vivo in models of CS exposure of mice. We compared the acute inflammatory response of female C57BL/6 mice exposed to two concentrations [250 and 500 mg/m3 TPM (total particulate matter)] of sidestream and mainstream CS for 3 days and interpreted the biological effects based on physico-chemical differences in the gas and particulate phase composition of CS. BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) was obtained to perform differential cell counts and to measure cytokine release. Lung tissue was used to determine mRNA and protein expression of proinflammatory genes and to assess tissue inflammation. A strong acute inflammatory response characterized by neutrophilic influx, increased cytokine secretion [KC (keratinocyte chemoattractant), TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor α), MIP-2 (macrophage inflammatory protein 2), MIP-1α and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1)], pro-inflammatory gene expression [KC, MIP-2 and MMP12 (matrix metalloproteinase 12)] and up-regulated GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) production was observed in the mainstream model. After sidestream exposure there was a dampened inflammatory reaction consisting only of macrophages and diminished GM-CSF levels, most likely caused by elevated CO concentrations. These results demonstrate that the composition of CS determines the dynamics of inflammatory cell recruitment in COPD mouse models. Different initial inflammatory processes might contribute to COPD pathogenesis in significantly varying ways, thereby determining the outcome of the studies.
Vagus nerve stimulation improves left ventricular function in a canine model of chronic heart failure
Authors: Hamann Jason J. , Ruble Stephen B. , Stolen Craig , Wang Mengjun , Gupta Ramesh C. , Rastogi Sharad , Sabbah Hani N. 
Published: July 2013

AimsAutonomic dysfunction is a feature of chronic heart failure (HF). This study tested the hypothesis that chronic open‐loop electrical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) improves LV structure and function in canines with chronic HF.Methods and resultsTwenty‐six canines with HF (EF ∼35%) produced by intracoronary microembolizations were implanted with a bipolar cuff electrode around the right cervical vagus nerve and connected to an implantable pulse generator. The canines were enrolled in Control (n = 7) vs. VNS therapy (n = 7) or a crossover study, with crossovers occurring at 3 months (C × VNS, n = 6; VNS × C, n = 6). After 6 months of VNS, LVEF and LV end‐systolic volume (ESV) were significantly improved compared with Control (ΔEF Control −4.6 ± 0.9% vs. VNS 6.0 ± 1.6%, P < 0.001) and (ΔESV Control 8.3 ± 1.8 mL vs. VNS −3.0 ± 2.3 mL, P = 0.002. Plasma and tissue biomarkers were also improved. In the crossover study, VNS also resulted in a significant improvement in EF and ESV compared with Control (ΔEF Control −2.3 ± 0.65% vs. VNS 6.7 ± 1.1 mL, P < 0.001 and ΔESV Control 3.2 ± 1.2 mL vs. VNS −4.0 ± 0.9 mL, P < 0.001). Initiation of therapy in the Control group at 3 months resulted in a significant improvement in EF (Control −4.7 ± 1.4% vs. VNS 3.7 ± 0.74%, P < 0.001) and ESV (Control 1.5 ± 1.2 mL vs. NS −5.5 ± 1.6 mL, P = 0.003) by 6 months.ConclusionsIn canines with HF, long‐term, open‐looped low levels of VNS therapy improves LV systolic function, prevents progressive LV enlargement, and improves biomarkers of HF when compared with control animals that did not receive therapy.
Modelling ecological responses of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) to future climate change and its uncertainty
Authors: Ito Shin-ichi , Okunishi Takeshi , Kishi Michio J. , Wang Muyin 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Ito, S-I., Okunishi, T., Kishi, M. J., and Wang, M. 2013. Modelling ecological responses of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) to future climate change and its uncertainty. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 980–990. An ecosystem-based bioenergetics model was used to investigate the responses of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) to global warming. The model was forced by the projected sea surface temperature (SST) generated by climate models that formed the bases for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth Assessment Report (IPCC-AR4). Twelve climate models, which reproduced the Pacific Decadal Oscillation well compared with observations, were selected and B1, A1B, and A2 emissions scenarios were used. In total, 33 ensemble simulations were conducted, of which 24 (73%) showed a decrease in wet weight of Pacific saury. The migration pattern was modified in 11 (33%) cases. In these cases, higher SST and size reduction under global warming prevented or delayed the southern migration of saury in winter. As a result, egg production was enhanced by the higher availability of prey plankton in the modified spawning region. A case study to separate the direct temperature effects was conducted, in which prey plankton density was assumed to be the same as the control run. The results suggest that an SST increase will directly reduce juvenile growth, whereas a prey plankton density decrease has an influence on the growth of adults and migration pattern, and hence egg production.
Optimal reinsurance analysis from a crop insurer's perspective
Authors: Porth Lysa , Seng Tan Ken , Weng Chengguo 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the optimal reinsurance contract structure from the crop insurer's perspective.Design/methodology/approachA very powerful and flexible empirical‐based reinsurance model is used to analyze the optimal form of the reinsurance treaty. The reinsurance model is calibrated to unique data sets, including private reinsurance experience for Manitoba, and loss cost ratio (LCR) experience for all of Canada, under the assumption of the standard deviation premium principle and conditional tail expectation risk measure.FindingsThe Vasicek distribution is found to provide the best statistical fit for the Canadian LCR data, and the empirical reinsurance model stipulates that a layer reinsurance contract structure is optimal, which is consistent with market practice.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the empirical reinsurance model is able to reproduce the optimal shape of the reinsurance treaty, the model produces some inconsistencies between the implied and observed attachment points. Future research will continue to explore the reinsurance model that will best recover the observed market practice.Practical implicationsPrivate reinsurance premiums can account for a significant portion of a crop insurer's budget, therefore, this study should be useful for crop insurance companies to achieve efficiencies and improve their risk management.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper to show how a crop insurance firm can optimally select a reinsurance contract structure that minimizes its total risk exposure, considering the total losses retained by the insurer, as well as the reinsurance premium paid to private reinsurers.