bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced Seismic Interpretation in Structural and Stratigraphic Complex Environments
Authors: Rondon Aldrin A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The ultimate goal of the seismic interpretation, is to better understand, and therefore accurately define the structural/stratigraphic framework of the field to aid the understanding for hydrocarbon migration and trapping mechanisms, therefore, fluid distribution patterns.
For this, a good understanding of the depositional environment, stratigraphy and structural development of the basin, gives the basis for a reliable and comprehensive seismic interpretation.
In the field case of this study, most of the oil reservoirs lie within the Apsheron Sill, this huge anticlinal structure extends from Baku in Azerbaijan to the Cheleken Peninsula in Turkmenistan on the Eastern border of the South Caspian Sea.
Within Dragon's concession area, this Apsheron sill developed into four regional synsedimentary structural anticlines as a consequence of the major transpressional event ruling the whole basin, these anticlines are bounded by big, long, rooted almost vertical strike slip faults, reservoirs are within an extremely faulted/fractured popped up wedge.
This together with a paleo fluvio-deltaic depositional environment and syn-depositional structural mechanism, developed into an exceptional, interesting and complex structural and stratigraphic settings combination.
In Dragon Oil, the use of advanced and complete seismic interpretation techniques allowed us to define a detailed and reliable structural framework, this incorporates multiple and complex attribute analysis, seismic inversion, production figures, drilling history, well log correlations and seismic data and also considers the theoretical basin model of the field, the Petroleum System and all the stratigraphic and sedimentological elements which defined, in the first place, the architecture of the reservoirs in terms of primary and secondary migration and trapping mechanisms.
This technical paper shows some of the techniques, general workflow and approach followed to generate a coherent and reliable structural framework as a result of a comprehensive seismic interpretation which serves as the basis for static and dynamic modelling of the reservoirs within Dragon Oil's concession area to improve the field development plan accordingly.
This report aims to mention general interpretation approaches and techniques; acquisition and processing techniques are just mentioned but not described in details.
Ultrastructure of Pancreatic B Cells in Severely Diabetic Dogs
Authors: Volk Bruno W , Lazarus Sydney S 
Published: December 2014

The ultrastructural distribution of β cell ballooning degeneration was studied in 50 per cent depancreatized dogs which were rendered severely diabetic by daily growth hormone administration varying from ten to twenty-eight days. At ten days most β cells showed infiltration by glycogen granules, distortion of mitochondria, prominence of Golgi complex and presence of small, empty, membrane-bound vacuoles. The vacuoles increased in size and number parallel with the duration of the diabetic state. After twenty-one days of treatment many β cells were riddled with numerous membrane-bound vacuoles frequently separated by thin septa. The intervening cytoplasm still showed presence of glycogen. There was extensive β cell de granulation noticeable, although some cells still contained a few residual or newly formed granules indicating active insulinogenesis. At four weeks of treatment the septa separating the vacuoles were frequently broken so that several vesicles merged to form larger spaces. The α cells were intact, except for two animals in which they contained glycogen. The δ cells were not definitely identified. The ductal epithelium was intact. However, the cytoplasm frequently contained glycogen and small, membrane-bound granules.
It is hypothesized that the vacuoles originate most likely from distended vesicular ergastoplasm although the possibility that they arise from distended Golgi vesicles or vacuolated mitochondria cannot be ruled out. The present study suggests that vacuolization of β cells is the ultramicroscopic equivalent of the ballooning degeneration previously observed by light microscopy. They also confirm the previously established hypothesis that β cell glycogenization is a lesion independent from ballooning degeneration.
The Nature and Occurrence of Pre-Beta-Lipoprotein in Diabetic Children and Pregnant Women: An Electrophoretic and Ultracentrifugal Study of Serum Lipoproteins
Authors: Pantelakis S N , Fosbrooke A S , Lloyd J K , Wolff O H 
Published: December 2014

A marked increase in pre-beta-lipoprotein was found in eleven of twenty-one untreated diabetic children and six of twenty treated diabetic children. In both diabetic and nondiabetic pregnant women there was a steady increase in the amount of this lipoprotein after the sixteenth week of pregnancy whereas earlier in pregnancy a marked increase was found only in a small group of diabetic women (five of fifty-two).
A detailed study of the nature of pre-beta-lipoprotein showed that the protein moiety is immunochemically the same as that of beta-lipoprotein, but that the lipid moiety contains more triglyceride and less cholesterol than that of beta-lipoprotein. Pre-beta-lipoprotein as defined by paper electrophoresis was found, on ultracentrifugal separation using the salt density gradient method, to have a flotation rate of Sf15–100. Paper electrophoresis provides a useful though rough means of recognizing excessive amounts of this lipoprotein. A marked pre-beta band suggests the presence of more than 125 mg. per 100 ml. of Sf15–100 lipoprotein-lipid.
Studies of the lipid composition of Sf15–100, 10–15, 3–9 and high-density lipoproteins showed that, for each fraction, the lipid composition remains constant irrespective of the amount of total lipid within the fraction and irrespective of whether the individual is diabetic or nondiabetic, pregnant or nonpregnant.
The Effects of Glucocorticoids on Insulin Action: Hormonal Modifiers of Insulin Action, New York Diabetes Association Symposium, Part II, October 12, 1963
Authors: Ashmore James 
Published: December 2014

The effects of insulin and glucocorticoids on carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism of various isolated tissues have been summarized. Insulin is required for maximum glucose utilization by liver, muscle and adipose tissue, but is not required by the brain and nervous tissue. Glucocorticoids do not oppose or antagonize the primary effect of insulin which is to increase the permeability of cells to glucose. However, glucose phosphorylation by muscle is decreased by the presence of pituitary and adrenal cortical hormones in the absence of insulin.
Insulin and the glucocorticoids do appear to play opposing roles in the mobilization of fatty acids (FFA). Many hormones promote FFA release from adipose tissue; however, the full lipolytic effect is not achieved in the absence of the adrenal cortex. Insulin, on the other hand, inhibits the lipolytic effect of catecholamines, glucagon, and ACTH.
Ketosis is not observed in experimental diabetes if FFA mobilization is prevented by removal of the adrenals or pituitary. On the other hand, mobilization of FFA does not lead to ketosis if adequate insulin is available. An important aspect of glucocorticoid action in diabetes is probably in the area of FFA mobilization and ketone body production. However, the role of the adrenal cortex in protein catabolism and gluconeogenesis is of equal concern. Overproduction as well as under-utilization of glucose remains the central problem in attempting to regulate the diabetic patient.
A Possible Explanation for Falsely Positive Hydrocortisone Glucose Tolerance Tests During Pregnancy
Authors: Mestman Jorge H , Anderson Gail V , Smale Milton , Nelson Don H 
Published: December 2014

Twenty-three pregnant subjects have been studied by means of the oral glucose tolerance test to compare the effect of hydrocortisone and prednisolone on blood glucose levels. In four patients an additional GTT, using twice the standard dose of prednisolone before the glucose load, was compared with the previous tests. In another two patients, the effect on glucose excretion was compared when hydrocortisone or prednisolone was administered.
The results suggest a potentiation in the biologic effect of hydrocortisone during pregnancy, but not with prednisolone as has been reported in nonpregnant subjects receiving estrogens. It appeared that to duplicate the glucocorticoid effect of hydrocortisone, a ratio of potency of prednisolone to hydrocortisone in pregnancy may be 2:1 rather than the 4:1 ratio observed during the nonpregnant state.
Prednisolone instead of hydrocortisone, as the provocative agent for the detection of subclinical diabetes in pregnancy, may be useful, or perhaps a smaller dose of hydrocortisone should be employed than is required for the nonpregnant subjects.
On the Cobalt-concentrating Ability of Pancreatic Islet Tissue: A Histological, Histochemical, and Autoradiographical Investigation
Authors: Falkmer Sture , Knutson Folke , Voigt Gerhard E 
Published: December 2014

In experiments on the marine teleost Cottus scorpius using recently modified autoradio graphic and histochemical procedures it was possible to localize the easily dissolvable cobalt compounds that accumulate in pancreatic islet tissue. It was found that the β cells, and possibly also the α1 cells, concentrate the metal. The α2 cells and the agranular parenchymal cells showed no affinity for cobalt.
It was tentatively supposed that the cobalt-concentrating ability of the β cells might be related to the high power of cobalt to crystallize insulin and that parts of the cobaltinduced blood glucose fluctuations might be due to transient β-cell changes induced by the complex-forming capacity of cobalt with sulfhydryl compounds.
No account can be given for the biological significance of the possible cobalt accumulation in the α1 cells.
It is concluded that the well-known transient hydropic changes seen in some mammalian glucagon-producing. α2 cells, and the blood glucose fluctuations are not thought to be due to a direct cellular action of cobalt on the α2 cells.
The Contribution of the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt to Cerebral Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Moss Gerald 
Published: December 2014

The hexose monophosphate shunt mechanism was found to be a (and probably the) major pathway for in vivo bovine cerebral glucose oxidation. Isotope studies showed a 6.5:1 (5.0-7.2:1) ratio for the contributions of glucose C-1 and C-6, respectively, to cerebral CO2. HTO production from glucose-6-T paralleled C-14-O2 produced from glucose-6-C-14.
Arterially isolated brain perfusion was accomplished with fresh homologous arterial blood, utilizing calves as experimental animals. Albumin-I-131 leakage studies and perfusion angiography confirmed the completeness of cerebral arterial isolation during perfusion of a single common carotid artery at +20 mm. Hg pressure above systemic arterial pressure. Plastic injection models of the bovine cephalic arterial tree demonstrated anastomoses adequate to permit the necessary flow alterations.
Augmentation of Insulin Activity: Physiological Implications of a Property of Human Serum Revealed by Dilution
Authors: Power Lawrence , Lucas Charles , Conn Jerome W , Arbor Ann , Shuman John 
Published: December 2014

Dilution of human serum does not lead to the expected reduction of its insulin-like activity (ILA) as measured by the epididymal fat pad. Dilution of a solution of Crystalline Insulin does, however, reduce activity arithmetically. Because the addition of Crystalline Insulin to diluted serum results in levels of ILA greater than expected (augmentation), the failure of ILA to fall arithmetically with dilution may reflect this augmentation effect on endogenous ILA.
The augmentation effect, as revealed by dilution and the addition of Crystalline Insulin, has been shown to increase in the serum of normal subjects after glucose loading, and to be deficient in fasting serum from the untreated diabetic patient.
Carbohydrate Metabolism in People Living in Chronic Hypoxia
Authors: Calderón Rolando , Llerena L Alberto 
Published: December 2014

Carbohydrate metabolism was studied in a group of twenty-three normal men, age forty to seventy years, born and living at an altitude of 14,900 feet with a barometric pressure of 445.8 mm. Hg; an alveolar p02 of 46 mm. Hg, an arterial p02 of 45.1 mm. Hg, and an arterial blood oxygen saturation of 80.1 per cent. For comparison, a group of thirty-two normal men born and living at sea level was studied.
During the intravenous glucose tolerance test a low level of fasting blood glucose in the chronic hypoxia group was confirmed, but only minor differences were found in the net changes of glucose. A slightly greater “K” value was found in the chronic hypoxia group.
No difference was found during the intravenous tolbutamide test when the net changes from fasting blood glucose were considered. During the intravenous glucagon test there was a statistically significant lesser hyperglycemic response in the hypoxia group. From these studies it would appear that glucose homeostasis is maintained in the chronic hypoxia group with a lower fasting blood glucose.
Effects of Hyperglycemia on Beta Granulation in Pancreatic Islets of Fetuses from Diabetic Rats
Authors: Kim Jae Nam 
Published: December 2014

Fetuses from ten normal and twenty-two alloxan-diabetic rats removed by cesarean section at day twenty of pregnancy were compared with litter-mates removed at autopsy on day twenty-two.
In the normal group, granulated beta cells constituted 21.7 per cent of total islet cells at cesarean section and 27.9 per cent at autopsy.
Beta cells in fetal islets were markedly de granulated within two days after the initiation of hyperglycemia. One diabetic group was treated with adequate amounts of insulin to control hyperglycemia until cesarean section when insulin treatment was discontinued. This increased the blood sugar level from 203 to 333 mg. per 100 ml. and produced a decrease in granulated beta cells from 18.0 per cent at cesarean section to 6.7 per cent at autopsy. Vacuolated islet cells were 0.3 per cent at cesarean section and 0.4 per cent at autopsy.
Degranulated beta cells in fetal islets acquired granules within two days, if normoglycemia was established. A diabetic group was treated with inadequate amounts of insulin with an abrupt increase in dosage immediately after cesarean section. This caused a decrease in blood sugar level from 365 to 123 mg. per 100 ml. and led to an increase in granulated beta cells from 3.2 per cent at cesarean section to 38.3 per cent at autopsy. Vacuolated islet cells were 1.3 per cent of the total islet cells at cesarean section and 1.1 per cent at autopsy.
Production of Alloxan Diabetes and Ketoacidosis in the Laboratory Rat
Authors: Prahl James W , Steenrod William J 
Published: December 2014

The synergistic action of dehydroascorbic acid and alloxan in producing a diabetes mellitus-like state in the laboratory rat is utilized. Results of this method, in which the diabetogenic agents are administered subcutaneously, are compared with those in a series of rats made diabetic by intravenously administered alloxan. With experience it is possible to produce diabetes in greater than 90 per cent of the animals by either technic. Approximately 55 per cent of the animals died in the first month after alloxanization; the major causes of death were drug toxicity and iatrogenic hyperinsulinism, in that order. With improvement in technic and control, the mortality in the first month decreased to approximately 30 per cent.
Induction of ketoacidosis was attempted by simultaneous withdrawal of insulin and institution of a ketogenie (high fat) diet. By such a regimen, ketosis could be attained in 75 per cent or more of those diabetic animals tried, whereas the incidence of ketoacidosis was considerably lower. Insulin withdrawal and continuation of the routine (high carbohydrate) diet was followed by ketosisbut only sporadic ketoacidosis. The behavior of populations of diabetic laboratory rats is presented in graphic form.
Alcohol Hypoglycemia: IV: Current Concepts of Its Pathogenesis
Authors: Freinkel Norbert , Arky Ronald A , Singer David L , Cohen Alex K , Bleicher Sheldon J , Anderson John B , Silbert Cynthia K , Foster Angela E 
Published: December 2014

Attempts to characterize the hypoglycemia that may follow alcohol ingestion have disclosed the following: The hypoglycemia can be reproduced with pure ethanol and it occurs at blood alcohol levels which do not exceed the range of mild intoxication. It is not attended by plasma changes characteristicof liver damage or peripheral “insulin-like” actions. Circulating immunologically-reactive insulin does not increase and pancreatic responsiveness to islet cell secretogogues such as glucose and tolbutamide is preserved. The hypoglycemia cannot be terminated by glucagon. From infusion experiments, it cannot be ascribed to enhanced peripheral utilization of glucose.
In normal humans or dogs, induction of experimental alcohol hypoglycemia with alcohol requires several days of preliminary fasting; in patients with diminished gluconeogenic reserve, regardless of etiology, lesser dietary deprivation is required. Ethanol can also attenuate the prevailing hyperglycemia in fasted “juvenile” diabetics from whom insulin has been withheld to the point of early ketoacidosis.
In vitro studies have corroboratedthat at least some of the blood sugar lowering actions of alcohol may be ascribed to a direct impairment in the endogenous formation of glucose from smaller precursors. Oxidative-decarboxylation of added substrates by slices of human, rabbit or rat liver is invariably reduced in the presence of alcohol.Under appropriate conditions, a concomitant inhibition of gluconeogenesis isobserved. It has been proposed that the effects of alcohol upon gluconeogenesis by cellular preparation may be conditioned by the alternative pathways available for reoxidizing the cytoplasmic NADH2 which is generatedduring alcohol oxidation.
A pivotal role has been assigned to the prevailing intrahepatic availability and turnover of pyruvate.
Studies Concerning the Hyperglycemic Effects of Diazoxide and Its Mode of Action
Authors: Yabo R , Viktora J , Staquet M , Wolff F 
Published: December 2014

Diazoxide in doses of 200 mg. per kg. was administered orally to normal, adrenalectomized, hypophysectomized, and partially pancreatectomized rats. The hyperglycemic effect was studied five hours after drug administration.
It was observed that: (1) Diazoxide produced no hyperglycemia in adrenalectomized animals. (2) Diazoxide hyperglycemia was lower in hypophysectomized animals, disappearing entirely one month after hypophysectomy. (3) Diazoxide hyperglycemia in partially pancreatectomized animals diminished with prolonged drug administration over a period of twenty-two days.
These experiments in partially pancreatectomized rats are being continued.
Growth Hormone-induced Diabetes and High Levels of Serum Insulin in Dogs
Authors: Campbell James , Rastogi Krishna Sudha 
Published: December 2014

Single injection of growth hormone (3 mg. per kilogram of body) in fasting dogs did not appreciably alter serum insulin and glucose concentrations within five hours. However, serum free fatty acids (FFA) decreased initially, then rose to two- and fourfold the initial at five and twenty-four hours. Following intravenous injection of glucose (1 gm. per kilogram of body) in the control period, serum insulin rose fourfold in 15 min. then regressed exponentially to the initial. Glucose/insulin remained unchanged during the two-hour test period, despite great alterations in the concentrations of glucose and insulin. Serum FFA decreased, then returned to or above the initial at one to two hours. Single injection of growth hormone did not alter these responses to the infusion of glucose.
During the daily administration of 2 mg. of growth hormone per kilogram of body per day: (1) Mean serum insulin concentrations, in the postabsorptive periods, increased to two-, six- and eightfold the control value after one, two and four days, respectively, in six dogs, and thereafter the values remained high during seven to eleven days of observation in four dogs, while two developed resistance. (2) Serum insulin increased before an appreciable rise in serum glucose occurred. (3) Due to a greater rise in insulin than in glucose, the glucose/insulin ratio decreased. (4) After two days of injection the increase in serum insulin was most pronounced in those dogs that exhibited hyperglycemia and glycosuria. (5) Serum FFA increased greatly after one day of injection and remained high. During this growth hormone treatment, in one hour after injection of growth hormone with the ingestion of a meal, serum insulin rose, with lesser rise in glucose (further decrease in glucose/insulin), and fall in FFA. In the control period, however, no appreciable changes in serum insulin or glucose occurred following a meal.
During daily growth hormone treatment, following glucose infusion: (1) Mean peak concentrations of serum insulin increased sevenfold in four days. (2) The rate of regression of serum insulin decreased. (3) Areas under the serum insulin curves increased up to tenfold the control value. (4) The mean rate of regression of serum glucose decreased, from the control value k — 4.28 per cent to —1.14 per cent after seven days. (5) The serum glucose/insulin ratio was unaltered, although the initial (fasting) values decreased. (6) The decline in serum FFA in 15 to 30 min. was more marked, but the levels remained above control.
The changes in glucose/insulin indicate that growth hormone administration altered homeostatic control of pancreatic beta cells, such that at any given concentration of glucose in blood a greater rate of insulin secretion occurred. It is concluded that the “hyperinsulinemia” induced by the daily administration of growth hormone was associated with sustained increase in insulin secretion, and with augmentation of insulin secretion in response to a meal and to the infusion of glucose.
Tongue Surface Test as a Screening Procedure for Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Giza Tadeusz , Fedeczko Danuta , Pietrzykowa Bogumila 
Published: December 2014

A simple method to estimate blood sugar indirectly is presented. Shreds of tissue paper saturated with glucose-oxidase (Tes-Tape, Lilly) are put on the surface of the tongue and the change in color from yellow into green is observed.
In normal subjects all the tests were negative. In diabetics the test was positive in the presence of protracted hyperglycemia.
Hyperketonemia Induced in Man by Medium-chain Triglyceride
Authors: Bergen Stanley S , Hashim Sami A , Van Itallie Theodore B 
Published: December 2014

The effect of a medium chain triglyceride (MCT) preparation on blood ketones was determined in fourteen normal subjects and six patients with diabetes mellitus of the maturity-onset type. Ingestion of 100 gm. of the MCT (containing 86 per cent C8 and 14 per cent C10 fatty acids) was followed by a small but statistically significant rise in blood ketones in each of the groups. The rise in ketones was slightly but significantly higher in the diabetic patients than in the normal subjects. In all subjects, ketone rises were negligible after ingestion of 100 gm. of corn oil.
The ketogenic effect of MCT may result in part from its rapid absorption from the gut, with a high proportion of the component fatty acids traveling in the portal vein directly to the liver in the free acid form. In the liver, these fatty acids appear to be rapidly degraded and converted in part to ketones. The predictable mild hyperketonemia induced by MCT makes this glyceride a useful tool in the study of ketogenesis.