bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TheNorth, the Desert, and the NearEast:LudwigFerdinandClauß and the Racial Cartography of the NearEast
Authors: Wiedemann Felix 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe term ‘anti‐Semitism’ indicates how far the anti‐Jewish literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was charged with themes, figures, and stereotypes from contemporary discourses on theOrient. An increasing tendency to ‘orientalise’ theEuropeanJews had raised questions about the supposed origin of theJewish people in the NearEast and its relationship to other – current or historical – peoples. Focusing on theNazi racial scientistLudwigFerdinandClauß, the article draws attention to the impact of NearEastern anthropology, ethnology, and archaeology in the Age of Empire on modern anti‐Semitism and sheds light on structural convergences and differences between colonial or ‘Orientalist’ discourses and anti‐Semitism in general. With reference to the scholarly literature of the time,Clauß made a sharp distinction between ‘Oriental’ or ‘Semitic’Arabs and ‘NearEastern’Jews. Thereby, the romanticisedArabOrient served as an antipole to a ‘Nordic’Europe, and as such was finally able to advance to a positive alternative. TheJewishOrient, on the other hand, embodied a threatening ambivalence and contrariety, which from the very beginning precluded romanticisation and identification.
Developing a Multiethnic Ethos: How Colonial Legacies, National Policies, and Local Histories Converged in a Gambian Village Charter
Authors: Thomson Steven 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis examination of local government reform in The Gambia asserts that – contra Mamdani's (1996) generalisations that colonial policies of indirect rule in Africa universally determined that ethnicity is the master code through which ordinary people interact with local manifestations of the state – in some cases colonial administration contributed to more pluralist local politics. Further, I argue that the logics of developmentalism have joined with local models of political legitimacy to generate communities that actively choose to define themselves explicitly as multiethnic entities. My case study focuses on the process conducted in one village of drafting a constitution for its Village Development Committee in anticipation of the Local Government Act of 2000. That a local community took advantage of such a critical juncture to reassert its own moral order is not surprising; however, that this local moral order explicitly recognises and protects ethnic diversity runs counter to dominant narratives about Africa that equate ethnic diversity with conflict.
The Legitimation of Ethnicity: The Case of the Cornish
Authors: Husk Kerryn , Williams Malcolm 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this article we examine the complex processes involved in small‐scale ethnicity emergence and legitimation, and highlight the multi‐dimensional elements present in moving from a strong regional identity to an externally legitimate ethnic group. We use Cornwall as a case study: administered as an English county, there has been a historic ethno‐cultural movement for recognition alongside recent inclusion in national statistics; however, legitimation by external elites has been problematic. The first sections outline the Cornish as a group; we argue that however one conceptualises ‘ethnicity’, the people of Cornwall must constitute such a group. We examine the dichotomous effects of the interplay between strong regional assertion and a Cornish ethnicity more formally. In the latter sections we apply these arguments to broader sociological discussions around the legitimation of particular groups, and show that the Cornish are indicative of the wider theoretical literature. In conclusion, we assert that the Cornish are representative of the push/pull mechanisms felt acutely in any core/periphery power relations, and should be seen as central to emerging small‐scale ethnic groups more generally.
Images of the Self and the Other in the Nationalist Writing of Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Authors: Rash Felicity 
Published: October 2012

AbstractHouston Stewart Chamberlain is best known as an anti‐Semite; however, the British‐born independent scholar was also a fervent German nationalist. His major anti‐Semitic work, Die Grundlagen des 19. Jahrhunderts (The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century), was first published in 1899 and masqueraded as a history of Europe. His most important nationalist works were his Kriegsaufsätze (war essays), published beginning in 1914. This article examines the discursive methods used by Chamberlain to create images of the German Self and its enemy Other in both Die Grundlagen and the war essays. The enemy Other in Die Grundlagen was portrayed as the destructive force represented by Jews; the Self was the creative or regenerative will and abilities of Aryans. In the war essays, the enemy Other was, to start with, the Russians, French, and English, and, later on, just the English (Chamberlain did not refer to the British). The war essays were subject to censorship and so could only make negative references to Jews ‘between the lines’; Chamberlain, however, was careful to point out to his readers that they should look for hidden messages.
Applying the Cry of Pain Model as a predictor of deliberate self‐harm in an early‐stage adult male prison population
Authors: Slade Karen , Edelmann Robert , Worrall Marcia , Bray Diane 
Published: October 2012

PurposeDeliberate self‐harming behaviour is more prevalent within the prison environment than in community samples, with those in the first weeks of imprisonment at greatest risk. Research in this area has been largely atheoretical and a unifying model may improve the predictability of assessment and the development of intervention approaches. This study applied William and Pollock's (2001) Cry of Pain model as the theoretical process of deliberate self‐harm in the early stages of imprisonment.MethodsA prospective study of new arrivals at an adult male prison. Participants (n = 181) completed questionnaires and it was hypothesized that the factors derived from the model (perceived stress, defeat, entrapment, and absence of rescue factors) would be predictive of future deliberate self‐harm. Prisoners with active psychosis and non‐English speakers were excluded. All participants were followed up for 4 months for instances of self‐harm. Eighteen participants engaged in self‐harm during this period.ResultsThe Cry of Pain model was supported in the analysis. Hierarchical binary logistic regression confirmed that all features of the model were supported as predictive of future self‐harm in prison, even after controlling for previous self‐harm, depression, and hopelessness.ConclusionThe Cry of Pain model is supported as a predictive model for deliberate self‐harm in prison. Suggestions are offered as to the impact on assessment and intervention directions in prison.
Clinical Characteristics, Mortality, Cardiac Hospitalization, and Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients Undergoing CRT‐D Implantation: Results of the ACTION‐HF Study
Authors: BOTTO GIOVANNI LUCA , DICANDIA COSIMO DAMIANO , MANTICA MASSIMO , ROSA CONCETTO LA , D’ONOFRIO ANTONIO , BONGIORNI MARIA GRAZIA , MOLON GIULIO , VERLATO ROBERTO , VILLANI GIOVANNI QUINTO , SCACCIA ALBERTO , RACITI GIOVANNI , OCCHETTA ERALDO 
Published: October 2012

CRT Patient Characteristics and Outcomes. Introduction: The characteristics and outcomes of patients who undergo cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device implantation in current clinical practice may differ from those of reference trial populations. Study objectives were to assess 2‐year outcomes in a population implanted with a CRT plus defibrillator device in accordance with the standard of care and to evaluate any independent association between clinical variables and outcome.
Methods and Results:
A total of 406 patients enrolled at 35 centers in Italy were followed up prospectively for 2 years. All patient management decisions were left to the treating physician's discretion, in accordance with clinical practice. ACTION‐HF patients had a better baseline clinical status than patients enrolled in the COMPANION study: shorter HF history (1 vs 3.5 years, P < 0.01), less advanced NYHA functional class (III–IV: 73% vs 100%, P < 0.01), higher LVEF (26% vs 21%, P < 0.01), higher SBP (122 vs 112 mmHg, P < 0.01), and less diabetes (27% vs 41%, P < 0.01). This status was reflected in lower mortality (11.5% vs 26%) and a lower incidence of appropriate ICD shocks (12.1% vs 19.3%). AF history was an independent predictor of the combination of all‐cause mortality and cardiac‐cause hospitalization (HR: 3.31; P < 0.001). Recurrent or new atrial arrhythmias were independently associated with the development of ventricular arrhythmias (HR: 3.4; P < 0.001).
Conclusions

: This population appears clinically less compromised and had a lower incidence of adverse clinical outcomes than those of reference trials. However, we recorded a substantial burden of atrial arrhythmias, which was independently associated with a higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 173‐181, February 2013)
Oospore Wall Ornamentation in the Genus Tolypella (Charales, Charophyceae)
Authors: Urbaniak Jacek , Langangen Anders , van Raam Joop 
Published: October 2012

The ultrastructural features of oospore wall ornamentation in the genus Tolypella were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The taxonomic relationships among several species were discussed on the basis of oospore ultrastructure and measurements. In the case of T. glomerata and T. nidifica, our results support the status of separate species. Close relationships and transitional forms may exist between T. nidifica and T. normaniana, and not only in oospore wall ornamentation. Oospores of T. hispanica exhibited the same distinct type of reticulate oospore wall as previously reported, but our results do not support the recognition of T. hispanica as a separate species. Ultrastructure of the oospore walls of T. prolifera and T. intricata was almost identical, suggesting that these species are closely related. We therefore reject previous suggestions that morphological characteristics of oospores as observed in SEM are sufficient for identification of individual species. Although significant differences were found among oospores in individual species of Tolypella, large variation among populations, and among individuals belonging to the same population, caused substantial overlap among species.
Environmental Optima for Seven Strains of Pseudochattonella (Dictyochophyceae, Heterokonta)
Authors: Skjelbred Birger , Edvardsen Bente , Andersen Tom 
Published: October 2012

The ichthyotoxic flagellate Pseudochattonella has formed recurrent blooms in the North Sea, Skagerrak and Kattegat since 1998. Five strains of Pseudochattonella farcimen and two strains of P. verruculosa were examined in an assay comparing the light response of specific growth rates over a range of temperatures and salinities to get further knowledge on the autecology of members of this genus. Temperature optima were lower in P. farcimen (9°C–15°C) than in P. verruculosa (12°C–20°C). P. farcimen also showed a somewhat lower salinity optimum (18–26) than P. verruculosa (20–32). All strains showed light‐dependent growth responses reaching saturation between 18 and 52 μmol · photons · m−2 · s−1 at optimal temperature and salinity conditions. Compensation point estimates ranged from 4.2 to 15 μmol · photons · m−2 · s−1. Loss rates increased with temperature and were lowest at salinities close to optimal growth conditions. Blooms of P. farcimen have been recorded in nature under conditions more similar to those minimizing loss rates rather than those maximizing growth rates in our culture study.
High‐resolution colonic manometry accurately predicts colonic neuromuscular pathological phenotype in pediatric slow transit constipation
Authors: Giorgio V. , Borrelli O. , Smith V. V. , Rampling D. , Köglmeier J. , Shah N. , Thapar N. , Curry J. , Lindley K. J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground  Severe pediatric slow transit constipation (STC) is commonly due to intrinsic colonic neuromuscular disease. We sought to correlate neuromuscular histological phenotypes in pediatric STC with colonic manometric phenotypes using high‐resolution manometry (HRM). We tested the hypothesis that failure of motor quiescence (FQ) between bisacodyl‐induced high amplitude propagating sequences (HAPSs) might predict neuromuscular pathology.Methods  Eighteen children (10 males, median age: 7.5 years) with refractory STC underwent stationary colonic HRM before segmental colonic resection. Six age‐matched constipated children with normal colonic transit served as controls. Colonic resection specimens underwent histopathological analysis. Conventional manometric parameters and area under the curve (AUC) during a 1‐min period following bisacodyl‐induced HAPSs [PBAUC1], as measure of FQ, were calculated.Key Results  Numbers of postbisacodyl HAPSs in descending and sigmoid segments were lower in patients than controls (P < 0.01, respectively). Low amplitude propagating sequences (LAPSs) were common prebisacodyl in controls and rare in STC (P < 0.001), whereas postbisacodyl LAPS were more common in STC (P < 0.001). Postbisacodyl, both retrograde propagating contractions and bursts of contractions were present in STC patients only (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01). Postbisacodyl simultaneous pressurization was seen only in STC (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, in descending and rectosigmoid segments). Histological abnormalities were present in 17/18. Fourteen were neurogenic, one neuro‐myogenic, and two myogenic. In segments with HAPS, PBAUC1 was predictive of colonic neuropathy using a cutoff of 205 mmHg.s‐1 (Sensitivity 100%, specificity 86%, PPV92%, NPV100%).Conclusions & Inferences  PBAUC1 is increased in multiple colonic segments in neuropathic pediatric STC and constitutes a sensitive and specific biomarker of neuropathy.
Expressions of C5a and Its Receptor CD88 After Spinal Cord Injury in C3‐deficient Mice
Authors: Guo Q. , Cheng J. , Zhang H. , Zhang J. , Su B. , Bian C. , Lin S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe activation of complement system can aggravate the secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). Our previous study indicates that the interception of complement activation by C3 deficiency can reduce the secondary injury and improve the regeneration and functional recovery after SCI. However, recently, it was reported that C5a which was generated during the complement activation pathways also had a protective effect on neurons, but whether it has the similar effect after SCI is unknown. To investigate the possibility and mechanism of the protective effect of C5a on neurons, it is necessary to study the expression profiles of C5a and its receptor CD88 after SCI and the influence on their expression when C3 was knocked out. By immunohistochemistry and Western blot, we found that in wild‐type (WT) mice, both the expression of C5a and its receptor CD88 increased significantly, and there were two peaks during their expression after SCI. However, in C3‐deficient mice, the expression of C5a still increased after SCI, although it was lower than that in WT group at every time points after SCI, and the expression of CD88 remained stable. Our study suggests that the expressions of C5a and CD88 can be inhibited in different degrees after SCI when the activation of complement system is blocked through C3 deficiency, which can reduce the secondary injury caused by C5a after SCI on one hand but deprive neurons of the possible protective effect from C5a on the other hand.
SUCROSE TRANSPORTER 5 supplies Arabidopsis embryos with biotin and affects triacylglycerol accumulation
Authors: Pommerrenig Benjamin , Popko Jennifer , Heilmann Mareike , Schulmeister Sylwia , Dietel Katharina , Schmitt Bianca , Stadler Ruth , Feussner Ivo , Sauer Norbert 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe Arabidopsis SUC5 protein represents a classical sucrose/H+ symporter. Functional analyses previously revealed that SUC5 also transports biotin, an essential co‐factor for fatty acid synthesis. However, evidence for a dual role in transport of the structurally unrelated compounds sucrose and biotin in plants was lacking. Here we show that SUC5 localizes to the plasma membrane, and that the SUC5 gene is expressed in developing embryos, confirming the role of the SUC5 protein as substrate carrier across apoplastic barriers in seeds. We show that transport of biotin but not of sucrose across these barriers is impaired in suc5 mutant embryos. In addition, we show that SUC5 is essential for the delivery of biotin into the embryo of biotin biosynthesis‐defective mutants (bio1 and bio2). We compared embryo and seedling development as well as triacylglycerol accumulation and fatty acid composition in seeds of single mutants (suc5, bio1 or bio2), double mutants (suc5 bio1 and suc5 bio2) and wild‐type plants. Although suc5 mutants were like the wild‐type, bio1 and bio2 mutants showed developmental defects and reduced triacylglycerol contents. In suc5 bio1 and suc5 bio2 double mutants, developmental defects were severely increased and the triacylglycerol content was reduced to a greater extent in comparison to the single mutants. Supplementation with externally applied biotin helped to reduce symptoms in both single and double mutants, but the efficacy of supplementation was significantly lower in double than in single mutants, showing that transport of biotin into the embryo is lower in the absence of SUC5.
Positron emission mammography (PEM): Effect of activity concentration, object size, and object contrast on phantom lesion detection
Authors: MacDonald Lawrence R. , Wang Carolyn L. , Eissa Marna , Haseley David , Kelly Mary M. , Liu Franklin , Parikh Jay R. , Beatty J. David , Rogers James V. 
Published: October 2012

Purpose:To characterize the relationship between lesion detection sensitivity and injected activity as a function of lesion size and contrast on the PEM (positron emission mammography) Flex Solo II scanner using phantom experiments.Methods:Phantom lesions (spheres 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 mm diameter) were randomly located in uniform background. Sphere activity concentrations were 3 to 21 times the background activity concentration (BGc). BGc was a surrogate for injected activity; BGc ranged from 0.44–4.1 kBq/mL, corresponding to 46–400 MBq injections. Seven radiologists read 108 images containing zero, one, or two spheres. Readers used a 5‐point confidence scale to score the presence of spheres.Results:Sensitivity was 100% for lesions ≥12 mm under all conditions except for one 12 mm sphere with the lowest contrastand lowest BGc (60% sensitivity). Sensitivity was 100% for 8 mm spheres when either contrast or BGc was high, and 100% for 4 mm spheres only when both contrast and BGc were highest. Sphere contrast recovery coefficients (CRC) were 49%, 34%, 26%, 14%, and 2.8% for the largest to smallest spheres. Cumulative specificity was 98%.Conclusions:Phantom lesion detection sensitivity depends more on sphere size and contrast than on BGc. Detection sensitivity remained ≥90% for injected activities as low as 100 MBq, for lesions ≥8 mm. Low CRC in 4 mm objects results in moderate detection sensitivity even for 400 MBq injected activity, making it impractical to optimize injected activity for such lesions. Low CRC indicates that when lesions <8 mm are observed on PEM images they are highly tracer avid with greater potential of clinical significance. High specificity (98%) suggests that image statistical noise does not lead to false positive findings. These results apply to the 85 mm thick object used to obtain them; lesion detectability should be better (worse) for thinner (thicker) objects based on the reduced (increased) influence of photon attenuation.
The radiobiological P+ index for pretreatment plan assessment with emphasis on four‐dimensional radiotherapy modalities
Authors: Roland Teboh , Tryggestad Erik , Mavroidis Panayiotis , Hales Russell , Papanikolaou Nikos 
Published: October 2012

Purpose:Radiation treatment modalities will continue to emerge that promise better clinical outcomes albeit technologically challenging to implement. An important question facing the radiotherapy community then is the need to justify the added technological effort for the clinical return. Mobile tumor radiotherapy is a typical example, where 4D tumor tracking radiotherapy (4DTRT) has been proposed over the simpler conventional modality for better results. The modality choice per patient can depend on a wide variety of factors. In this work, we studied the complication‐free tumor control probability (P+) index, which combines the physical complexity of the treatment plan with the radiobiological characteristics of the clinical case at hand and therefore found to be useful in evaluating different treatment techniques and estimating the expected clinical effectiveness of different radiation modalities.Methods:4DCT volumes of 18 previously treated lung cancer patients with tumor motion and size ranging from 2 mm to 15 mm and from 4 cc to 462 cc, respectively, were used. For each patient, 4D treatment plans were generated to extract the 4D dose distributions, which were subsequently used with clinically derived radiobiological parameters to compute theP+ index per modality.Results:The authors observed, on average, a statistically significant increase inP+ of 3.4% ± 3.8% (p < 0.003) in favor of 4DTRT. There was high variability among the patients with a <0.5% up to 13.4% improvement in P+.Conclusions:The observed variability in the improvement of the clinical effectiveness suggests that the relative benefit of tracking should be evaluated on a per patient basis. Most importantly, this variability could be effectively captured in the computedP+. The index can thus be useful to discriminate and hence point out the need for a complex modality like 4DTRT over another. Besides tumor mobility, a wide range of other factors, e.g., size, location, fractionation, etc., can affect the relative benefits. Application of the P+ objective is a simple and effective way to combine these factors in the evaluation of a treatment plan.
Mixed-Strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections and the Implications for Tuberculosis Treatment and Control
Authors: Cohen Ted , van Helden Paul D. , Wilson Douglas , Colijn Caroline , McLaughlin Megan M. , Abubakar Ibrahim , Warren Robin M. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARY

Numerous studies have reported that individuals can simultaneously harbor multiple distinct strains of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. To date, there has been limited discussion of the consequences for the individual or the epidemiological importance of mixed infections. Here, we review studies that documented mixed infections, highlight challenges associated with the detection of mixed infections, and discuss possible implications of mixed infections for the diagnosis and treatment of patients and for the community impact of tuberculosis control strategies. We conclude by highlighting questions that should be resolved in order to improve our understanding of the importance of mixed-strain
M. tuberculosis
infections.