bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
US Foundations in Brazil and the Funding of the Human Rights Field – Data and Trends from 2003 to 2012
Authors: Nogueira Fernando do Amaral , Alves Mario Aquino , de Mendonça Patricia Maria Emerenciano 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the presence of US philanthropy in Brazil with regards to the field of human rights from 2003 to 2012, using data from the Foundation Center on 1896 grants totaling $336M. Human rights NGOs are especially important in Brazil. Despite recent growth and development, it is a country that still faces many social, political and human rights challenges. But the local field is still largely dependent on international funding, and US foundations play a traditional and vital role in this scenario, thus it is important to understand recent changes on American foundations priorities. The numbers indicate that the US investment in Brazil is concentrated in few areas (environment and human rights account for 50% of the amount invested), and these priorities are clearly different from those in the Brazilian philanthropic agenda (more focused on education, income generation, youth and community development). When we focus on human rights, we must underline that the investment in human rights by American foundations is quite notable. Not only is Brazil the country in which there were more investments in this topic in the last 10 years, but human rights is also the second field of priority in the country, right after Environment. When examining the collected data, there are four large patterns emerging: dependence on big donors, relevance of the strategy of “many small grants”, incipient grants in advocacy and possible existence of thematic niches. Of all these issues, the main challenge is that the field is very dependent on a few very large donors: Ford Foundation, Kellogg Foundation and the Global Fund for Women account for over 65% of the grants and 89% of the amount in US dollars. The Kellogg Foundation has already left Brazil to concentrate on other geographic priorities; should the Ford Foundation take a similar decision, the field of human rights in Brazil might even collapse, since Brazilian donors do not yet demonstrate enthusiasm for the subject.
A quarter century of the Pacific Basin Consortium: looking back to move forward
Authors: Suk William A. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The Pacific Basin Consortium (PBC) was formed 25 years ago to address significant public health challenges to vulnerable populations imposed by environmental threats in the region, including areas surrounding the rim of and in the Pacific Ocean. Originally focused on toxic waste pollution, the PBC has broadened its efforts over the years, embracing a health focus and more of a balance between engineering and public health. This move was informed by the PBC’s close relationship with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Superfund Hazardous Substances Basic Research and Training Program (Superfund Research Program, or SRP), which played a dynamic role in the PBC from its early days. In addition, a sub-focus on children’s environmental health emerged, which helped set the agenda for children’s environmental health research in the region. Progress has also been made in reducing harm from some threats, particularly via extensive interventions to remediate arsenic in drinking water in Bangladesh, western Thailand, and Vietnam. However, many of the environmental health problems in the Pacific Basin region persist, including air pollution, inadequate safe drinking water, undernutrition, and a growing electronic waste problem. In the Pacific Basin and elsewhere, people with the lowest incomes often live in areas with the worst pollution. Although it is difficult to implement, dynamic strategic networking efforts are vital to understanding and correcting the inequities that persist in global environmental health. The PBC can help accomplish this by continuing and expanding its work to foster and enhance collaborations and communications between environmental health and engineering investigators and to integrate investigator-initiated research. As the PBC looks forward, there is also a need to exert increased effort to establish and maintain partnerships, to develop community-based primary-care and health services for vulnerable populations, as well as to connect with researchers in the eastern side of the Pacific basin and those in smaller island states.
ChronicIn VivoImaging of Ponto-Cerebellar Mossy Fibers Reveals Morphological Stability during Whisker Sensory Manipulation in the Adult Rat
Authors: Rylkova Daria , Crank Aidan R. , Linden David J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe cerebellum receives extensive disynaptic input from the neocortex via the basal pontine nuclei, the neurons of which send mossy fiber (MF) axons to the granule cell layer of the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere. Although this cortico-cerebellar circuit has been implicated in tasks such as sensory discrimination and motor learning, little is known about the potential role of MF morphological plasticity in the function of the cerebellar granule cell layer. To address this issue, we labeled MFs with EGFP via viral infection of the basal pons in adult rats and performedin vivotwo-photon imaging of MFs in Crus I/II of the cerebellar hemisphere over a period of several weeks. Following the acquisition of baseline images, animals were housed in control, enriched, or deprived sensory environments. Morphological dynamics were assessed by tracing MF axons and their terminals, and by tracking the stability of filopodia arising from MF terminal rosettes. MF axons and terminals were found to be remarkably stable. Parameters derived neither from measurements of axonal arbor geometry nor from the morphology of individual rosettes and their filopodial extensions significantly changed under control conditions over 4 weeks of imaging. Increasing whisker stimulation by manipulating the sensory environment or decreasing such stimulation by whisker trimming also failed to alter MF structure. Our studies indicate that pontine MF axons projecting to Crus I/II in adult rats do not undergo significant structural rearrangements over the course of weeks, and that this stability is not altered by the sustained manipulation of whisker sensorimotor experience.
The balance of Id3 and E47 determines neural stem/precursor cell differentiation into astrocytes
Authors: Bohrer Christian , Pfurr Sabrina , Mammadzada Könül , Schildge Sebastian , Plappert Leandra , Hils Miriam , Pous Lauriane , Rauch Katharina S , Dumit Verónica I , Pfeifer Dietmar , Dengjel Jörn , Kirsch Matthias , Schachtrup Kristina , Schachtrup Christian 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAdult neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs) of the subventricular zone (SVZ) are an endogenous source for neuronal replacement in CNS disease. However, adult neurogenesis is compromised after brain injury in favor of a glial cell fate, which is mainly attributed to changes in the NSPC environment. Yet, it is unknown how this unfavorable extracellular environment translates into a transcriptional program altering NSPC differentiation. Here, we show that genetic depletion of the transcriptional regulator Id3 decreased the number of astrocytes generated from SVZ‐derived adult NSPCs in the cortical lesion area after traumatic brain injury. Cortical brain injury resulted in rapid BMP‐2 and Id3 up‐regulation in the SVZ stem cell niche. Id3−/− adult NSPCs failed to differentiate into BMP‐2‐induced astrocytes, while NSPCs deficient for the Id3‐controlled transcription factor E47 readily differentiated into astrocytes in the absence of BMP‐2. Mechanistically, E47 repressed the expression of several astrocyte‐specific genes in adult NSPCs. These results identify Id3 as the BMP‐2‐induced transcriptional regulator, promoting adult NSPC differentiation into astrocytes upon CNS injury and reveal a molecular link between environmental changes and NSPC differentiation in the CNS after injury.
Pedicled perforator flaps for covering the elbow region. A case report
Authors: Dumitrascu Dinu I. , Georgescu Alexandru V. 
Published: October 2015

Covering the elbow soft tissue defects is a difficult task for the plastic surgeon. Because of, the important anatomical structures situated superficially and the high tendency for stiffness of the elbow, the reconstructive method must be chosen carefully. Traditionally the free flaps were the choice method for elbow reconstruction. In our department, we use the perforator pedicled flaps for covering elbow defects, as a viable alternative to the free microsurgical transfer. This paper presents a successful case of covering an elbow soft tissue defect in a male patient. By using a local pedicled flap we replaced “like with like” to obtain a very good cosmetic result. The lack of microsurgical anastomosis allowed an early physical therapy.
Risk Factors for Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
Authors: Duque-Silva Alexandra , Robsky Katherine , Flood Jennifer , Barry Pennan M. 
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVES:
To describe the epidemiology and factors associated with pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) in California from 1993 to 2011.

METHODS:
We analyzed California TB registry data for persons aged ≤18 years, comparing CNS TB cases versus non-CNS TB cases reported from 1993 to 2011. Factors associated with CNS TB and TB deaths were identified by using multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS:
A total of 200 CNS TB cases were reported. Compared with non-CNS TB case patients, CNS TB case patients were more likely to be aged &lt;5 years (72.0% vs 43.6%; odds ratio [OR]: 3.8 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4–5.9]), US-born (82.0% vs 58.2%; OR: 3.3 [CI: 2.3–4.7]), and Hispanic (75.0% vs 63.2%; OR: 1.7 [CI: 1.3–2.4]). Among US-born CNS TB case patients (during 2010–2011), 76.5% had a foreign-born parent. Tuberculin skin test results were negative in 38.2% of 170 CNS TB cases tested. In multivariate analysis, age &lt;5 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.3 [CI: 2.0–5.4]), US birth (aOR: 1.8 [CI 1.2–2.7]), and Hispanic ethnicity (aOR: 1.5 [CI: 1.1–2.1]) were associated with an increased risk of developing CNS TB. For deaths, CNS TB (aOR: 3.8 [CI: 1.4–9.9]) and culture positivity (aOR: 6.2 [CI: 2.2–17.3]) were associated with increased risk of death, whereas tuberculin skin test positivity (aOR: 0.1 [CI: 0.04–0.2]) was associated with decreased risk.

CONCLUSIONS:
Subsets of children are at increased risk for CNS TB in California and may benefit from additional prevention efforts.
Hospital Use in the Last Year of Life for Children With Life-Threatening Complex Chronic Conditions
Authors: Ananth Prasanna , Melvin Patrice , Feudtner Chris , Wolfe Joanne , Berry Jay G. 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Although many adults experience resource-intensive and costly health care in the last year of life, less is known about these health care experiences in children with life-threatening complex chronic conditions (LT-CCCs). We assessed hospital resource use in children by type and number of LT-CCCs.METHODS:A retrospective analysis of 1252 children with LT-CCCs, ages 1 to 18 years, who died in 2012 within 40 US children’s hospitals of the Pediatric Health Information System database. LT-CCCs were identified with International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Using generalized linear models, we assessed hospital admissions, days, costs, and interventions (mechanical ventilation and surgeries) in the last year of life by type and number of LT-CCCs.RESULTS:In the last year of life, children with LT-CCCs experienced a median of 2 admissions (interquartile range [IQR] 1–5), 27 hospital days (IQR 7–84), and $142 562 (IQR $45 270–$410 087) in hospital costs. During the terminal admission, 76% (n = 946) were mechanically ventilated; 36% (n = 453) underwent surgery. Hospital use was greatest (P &lt; .001) among children with hematologic/immunologic conditions (99 hospital days [IQR 51–146]; cost = $504 145 [IQR $250 147–$879 331]) and children with ≥3 LT-CCCs (75 hospital days [IQR 28–132]; cost = $341 222 [IQR $146 698–$686 585]).CONCLUSIONS:Hospital use for children with LT-CCCs in the last year of life varies significantly across the type and number of conditions. Children with hematologic/immunologic or multiple conditions have the greatest hospital use. This information may be useful for clinicians striving to improve care for children with LT-CCCs nearing the end of life.
Testing for Abuse in Children With Sentinel Injuries
Authors: Lindberg Daniel M. , Beaty Brenda , Juarez-Colunga Elizabeth , Wood Joanne N. , Runyan Desmond K. 
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE:Child physical abuse is commonly missed, putting abused children at risk for repeated injury and death. Several so-called sentinel injuries have been suggested to be associated with high rates of abuse, and to imply the need for routine testing for other, occult traumatic injuries. Our objective was to determine rates of abuse evaluation and diagnosis among children evaluated at leading children’s hospitals with these putative sentinel injuries.METHODS:This is a retrospective secondary analysis of the Pediatric Health Information System database. We identified 30 355 children with putative sentinel injuries. We measured rates of abuse diagnosis and rates of testing commonly used to identify occult injuries.RESULTS:Among all visits for children &lt;24 months old to Pediatric Health Information System hospitals, the rate of abuse diagnosis was 0.17%. Rates of abuse diagnosis for children with at least 1 putative sentinel injury ranged from 3.5% for children &lt;12 months old with burns to 56.1% for children &lt;24 months with rib fractures. Rates of skeletal survey and other testing that can identify occult traumatic injury were highly variable between centers and for different injuries.CONCLUSIONS:Several putative sentinel injuries are associated with high rates of physical abuse. Among eligible children with rib fracture(s), abdominal trauma, or intracranial hemorrhage, rates of abuse were more than 20%. Future work is warranted to test whether routine testing for abuse in these children can improve early recognition of abuse.
DIABETES MELLITUS — A DANGEROUS TREAT TO THE MANKIND
Authors: Dedov I. I. 
Published: October 2015

According to the WHO and the UN definitions, diabetes mellitus is a non-infectious disease that has an epidemic spread rate, this has led to the UN 2006 resolution against diabetes mellitus. A special diabetologic service has been established in Russia which includes Federal and regional diabetes centres, endocrinologic clinics, equipped with modern diagnostic and treatment equipment for diabetes and its vascular complications handling. Planning of diabetologic service functioning is based on State diabetes mellitus register data, according to which nowadays in Russia 3 268 871 patients have been registered. This article contains data from control-and-epidemiological studies from various regions of Russia which have shown real spread of the disease. This article also contains information about innovative technologies of treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications, international and national foreground studies, as well as discussion of diabetologic service development perspectives.
MODERN APPROACHES TO DIAGNOSTICS AND SURGICAL CORRECTION OF BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERIES DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
Authors: Bokeriya L. A. , Pirtshalaishvili Z. K. , Sigaev I. Yu. , Darvish N. A. , Serguladze T. N. 
Published: October 2015

The main causes of morbidity in Russia are ischemic heart and cerebrovascular disease. The mortality rate of these conditions accounts for almost 50% of all the lethality causes of the Russian population. The frequency of associated coronary and brachiocephalic arteries disorders varies from 18 to 54%. The complex evaluation of the anatomical and functional features of the disorder, as well as of the perfusion and functional heart and brain reserves allows to choose the appropriate methods of surgical treatment of patients with associated coronary and carotid disorders and to decrease the risk of intra- and postoperative cerebral and cardiac complications. The modern approaches of myocardium and cerebral revascularization enable to safely and effectively eliminate the myocardial and cerebral ischemia, to significantly decrease the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke development and to ensure the long ability to work among this group of patients. Over 500 patients with ischemic heart disease and associated brachiocephalic arteries disorders have been operated at the A.N. Bakoulev Scientific Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery for the last 5 years. The results of these operations are comparable to the ones of the leading European clinics.
CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PARALLELS IN MITRAL VALVE DISORDERS IN INFANTS WITH ATRIOVENTRICULAR DEFECT
Authors: Sukhacheva T. V. , Abduvokhidov B. U. , Lashneva A. S. , Serov R. A. , Kim A. I. , Bokeriya L. A. 
Published: October 2015

Mitral valves tissue samplings from children with complete (13 patients) and partial (6 patients) atrioventricular defects at the age of from 1 month to 3 years old were examined. The biopsy material was received during the repeat surgical operation on mitral valve, performed due to residual mitralvalve regurgitation grade 3-4 at the period of time from 2 days to 1 year after radical defect correction. On histological examination the areas of myxomatous tissue degeneration occupying more than 50% of mitral valves surface were found in 6 (32%) of the 19 patients. There were dispersed star-shaped cells, architectonics disturbances, deposition of acid mucopolysaccharides and increased contentof matrix metalloproteinase 13 in such areas of myxomatous degeneration. The sizes of these areas correlated with mitral valve regurgitation grade. After the radical correction of atrioventricular defect the sutures on the folds and fibrous ring of the mitral valve “cut through” reliably more often in patients with wider areas of myxomatous degeneration, which indicates poor prognosis.According to the ultrastructural classification the majority of mitral valve cells regarded as fibroblasts; there also were found cells with the signs of myogenic differentiation – myofibroblasts and isolated hystiocytes. According to the immunohistochemistry assay the cells phenotype regarded asfibroblastic and endothelial differentiation; in some patients there were found cells of smooth muscle origin.
SELECTIVE EFFECTS OF PULMONARY SURFACTANT ON VARIOUS SUBPOPULATIONS OF ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES IN THE MODEL OF EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Erokhin V. V. , Lepekha L. N. , Erokhina M. V. , Bocharova I. V. , Kurynina A. V. , Onishchenko G. E. 
Published: October 2015

Pulmonary surfactant is necessary component for maintenance of high level of phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages. Tuberculosis inflammation reduces the production of surfactant by type II cells and phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages. The effects of exogenous pulmonary surfactant on the ultrastructural changes of various subpopulations of alveolar macrophages were studied by TEM-method. For investigations the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid from guinea pigs infected of M. tuberculosis and treated by isoniazid or isoniazid + exogenous pulmonary surfactant were used. It was shown that isoniazid + exogenous pulmonary surfactant normalizes the heterogeneous population of alveolar macrophages providing stimulating effects on their maturation and phagocytic activity more effectively than isoniazid therapy.
INTRAHEPATIC INDUCTION OF ENDOGENOUS S-ADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF VARIOUS WAYS OF ADMINISTRATION OF METHIONINE-SUCCINATE COMPLEX AND ITS ROLE IN DRUG-INDUCED LIVER LESION CORRECTION
Authors: Sukhanov D. S. , Petrov A. Yu. , Kovalenko A. L. , Romantsov M. G. 
Published: October 2015

A comparative study of the level of endogenous S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) with other hepatoprotectors in pharmacological correction of liver drug lesion. Among 117 male rats. It has been shown that among antituberculous drugs only Remaxol and Runihol were causing significant increase in endogenic SAM. Taking into account the amelioration of lab results as well as histological condition of the liver against the background of Remaxol treatment as well as positive effect of Runihol treatment upon cholestasis, one can draw a conclusion upon the importance of succinic acid together with SAM induction as a part of hepatoprotective effect of the drug. Reamberin, which contains succinic acid without methionine also shows hepatoprotective qualities and doesn’t induce endogenous SAM production. Positive therapeutic effect of exogenous SAM regardless the way of administration doesn’t correlate with endogenous SAM induction, and is associated with the external hepatocyte cell membrane restoration.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF IODINE-125 LABELED ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN IN THE ANIMAL ORGANISM AND ITS ACCUMULATION IN THE TUMOR
Authors: Severin S. E. , Moskaleva E. Yu. , Kulakov V. N. , Severin E. S. , Slobodyanik I. I. , Klimova T. P. 
Published: October 2015

The distribution of iodine-125 labeled human alpha-fetoprotein in mice was studied after its intravenous injection. The maximal accumulation of alpha-fetoprotein in different tissues and organs of animals was observed mainly 5 hours after injection. Then the protein was gradually eliminated from the body. In the liver, intestine and blood of intact animals 125I-alpha-fetoprotein persists for at least three days. Accumulation of alpha-fetoprotein in various tissues and organs may determine the different biological effects of this protein. In the mice with transplanted lymphatic leukemia cells P388 the high level of alpha-fetoprotein accumulation was detected in the tumor tissue, reaching 6% of the injected amount per 1 g of tissue. This allows considering the radionuclide-labeled alpha-fetoprotein as a promising medical radionuclide marker for the radiological detection of malignant tumors.
OXYGEN-TRANSPORT FUNCTION OF BLOOD AT PREGNANT, TRANSFERRED THE AGGRAVATION OF THE HERPESVIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Lutsenko M. T. , Andrievskaya I. A. , Ishutina N. A. 
Published: October 2015

Factors which may influence on erythrocytes in peripheral blood while exacerbation of herpes infection are studied. The data showed that herpes infection changed quantative spectrum of proteins in erythrocytes. In cellular membranes of erythrocytes lipid peroxidation increases that results in increase of microviscosity of membranes. Disconnection of hemoglobin with 2, 3-DPhG was defined. This results in decreased hemoglobin oxygenation and change of erythrocytes form. The data showed that herpes virus in exacerbation leads to tissue hypoxia in pregnant women.