bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Loma morhua (Microsporidia) infection on the cardiorespiratory performance of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (L).
Authors: Powell M D , Gamperl A K 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe microsporidian Loma morhua infects Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the wild and in culture and results in the formation of xenomas within the gill filaments, heart and spleen. Given the importance of the two former organs to metabolic capacity and thermal tolerance, the cardiorespiratory performance of cod with a naturally acquired infection of Loma was measured during an acute temperature increase (2 °C h−1) from 10 °C to the fish's critical thermal maximum (CTMax). In addition, oxygen consumption and swimming performance were measured during two successive critical swimming speed (Ucrit) tests at 10 °C. While Loma infection had a negative impact on cod cardiac function at warm temperatures, and on metabolic capacity in both the CTMax and Ucrit tests (i.e. a reduction of 30–40%), it appears that the Atlantic cod can largely compensate for these Loma‐induced cardiorespiratory limitations. For example, (i) CTMax (21.0 ± 0.3 °C) and Ucrit (~1.75 BL s−1) were very comparable to those reported in previous studies using uninfected fish from the same founder population; and (ii) our data suggest that tissue oxygen extraction, and potentially the capacity for anaerobic metabolism, is enhanced in fish infected with this microsporidian.
Genetic characterization of salmonid alphavirus in Norway
Authors: Hjortaas M J , Bang Jensen B , Taksdal T , Olsen A B , Lillehaug A , Trettenes E , Sindre H 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPancreas disease (PD), caused by salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3), emerged in Norwegian aquaculture in the 1980s and is now endemic along the south‐western coast. In 2011, the first cases of PD caused by marine salmonid alphavirus subtype 2 (SAV2) were reported. This subtype has spread rapidly among the fish farms outside the PD‐endemic zone and is responsible for disease outbreaks at an increasing numbers of sites. To describe the geographical distribution of salmonid alphavirus (SAV), and to assess the time and site of introduction of marine SAV2 to Norway, an extensive genetic characterization including more than 200 SAV‐positive samples from 157 Norwegian marine production sites collected from May 2007 to December 2012 was executed. The first samples positive for marine SAV2 originated from Romsdal, in June 2010. Sequence analysis of the E2 gene revealed that all marine SAV2 included in this study were nearly identical, suggesting a single introduction into Norwegian aquaculture. Further, this study provides evidence of a separate geographical distribution of two subtypes in Norway. SAV3 is present in south‐western Norway, and marine SAV2 circulates in north‐western and Mid‐Norway, a geographical area which since 2010 constitutes the endemic zone for marine SAV2.
Design of a Test Rig for Cleaning Studies and Evaluation of Laboratory‐Scale Experiments Using Pink Guava Puree as a Fouling Deposit Model
Authors: Khalid Nurul Izzah , Nordin Norbismi , Abdul Aziz Nuraini , Ab. Aziz Norashikin , Taip Farah Saleena , Anuar Mohd. Shamsul 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA cleaning‐in‐place (CIP) test rig is commonly used to investigate the cleanability of food apparatus. The main focus of this work was to design a laboratory‐scale cleaning test rig that operates at a fluid velocity of up to 2 m/s (Re = 2.5 × 105) and that is capable of withstanding contact with detergents and disinfectants at temperatures from 20 to 70C. The design followed the standard design of a recirculating water tunnel that includes a test section. Computational fluid dynamic simulation was performed to find the minimum entry length to obtain fully developed flow at the test section. Cleanability of a flat stainless steel plate was investigated using pink guava puree as a physical fouling deposit model. The CIP process only considered the alkaline cleaning stage at cleaning condition of 0–2.0 wt % NaOH, 35–70C and 0.6–1.5 m/s. In general, removal of fouling deposit increased with increasing chemical concentration, temperature and velocity. These findings may be used to improve the CIP for real conditions in the food industry.Practical ApplicationsCleaning‐in‐place (CIP) process is a routine technique in food manufacturing industries to clean the surface of food process equipment and piping from fouling deposits and food residues from previous batch production. There is no standard CIP process that was formulated for all food industries. Short CIP process is favorable to food industries as food industries incur downtime when cleaning is performed. Thorough investigation of CIP performance on different fouling deposits is a must to obtain effective cleaning, and the rig enables this investigation to be carried out economically. Hence, this paper presents an innovative laboratory‐scale cleaning test rig for fouling cleaning research. This rig was designed to closely mimic typical industry flow environment in food piping and has the capability to perform visual inspection. This rig can be used to find an economical CIP process of any food fouling deposits before any formulated process is being implemented at industry levels.
Quality of Dough and Bread Prepared with Sea Salt or Sodium Chloride
Authors: Simsek Senay , Martinez Maribel Ovando 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBread is commonly prepared with salt and, currently, high sodium intake is being regulated because of its negative health effects. Hence, low‐sodium sea salt was investigated as a sodium reduction strategy for bread formulation. Various levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sea salt were used in a bread formulation. NaCl reduced water absorption of the dough as compared with sea salt. Resistance to extension decreased with the use of sea salt; however, extensibility was higher when compared with bread prepared with NaCl. Loaf volume decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in bread with NaCl. Also, crust color became darker with the increase of sea salt, most likely because of the presence of metal ions (potassium and magnesium) in sea salt. Free sugar content in whole bread, crumb and crust portions were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in breads prepared with sea salt than those prepared with NaCl. Overall, sea salt did not affect bread‐making quality, but bread with 0.5% sea salt presented the best quality parameters. These results encourage us to investigate the effects of potassium and magnesium present in sea salt on the structure of gluten proteins, starch behavior and development of color through Maillard reactions.Practical ApplicationsHigh sodium intake is a major health concern. However, elimination or replacement of sodium has considerable effects on the organoleptic and functional properties of bakery products. Salt is a key ingredient in bread baking and these implications must be taken into consideration when reformulating for sodium reduction. This study evaluates the functional effects of a low‐sodium sea salt for use in bread.
Development of a Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay Based on lmo0460 Sequence for Detection of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Liu Zhanmin , Zhu Jiachao , Xia Xueying , Wang Lin , Yang Cuiyun , Li Xiaohong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLoop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) based on lmo0460 sequence in genome of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) was designed for detection of L. monocytogenes, which is an important foodborne kind of pathogenic bacteria causing human and animal disease. The primers set for lmo0460 sequence encoding membrane‐associated lipoprotein consist of four specific primers targeting six regions on specific fragment. The LAMP assay could be optimized and the optimum condition was in 50 min at 63°C. Amplification products were visualized by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Sensitivity of the LAMP assay for detection of L. monocytogenes in pure cultures was 1.7 cfu per reaction. The LAMP assay was 147‐fold higher sensitive than that of the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (251 cfu/reaction). Fifty chicken samples were detected for L. monocytogenes in the method, and the accuracy of LAMP was shown to be 100% when compared with culture biotechnical, while the PCR assay failed to detect L. monocytogenes in one of the positive samples. It is shown that LAMP assay based on lmo0460 sequence can be a highly sensitive, efficient and easy‐to‐perform useful detection tool for L. monocytogenes and will be a potential useful and powerful tool for detection foodborne pathogens.Practical ApplicationsL. monocytogenes contamination in chicken samples has been reported. In developing countries, such as China, the LAMP assay is a suitable, useful tool for rapid detection of L. monocytogenes in food because it is more cost‐effective, simple and high sensitive than PCR.
Antibacterial Properties of Nutmeg Oil in Pork and Its Possible Mechanism
Authors: Cui Haiying , Zhang Xuejing , Zhou Hui , Zhao Chengting , Xiao Zhihong , Lin Lin , Li Changzhu 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial characteristics and mechanisms of nutmeg oil. In this paper, 54 chemical compositions of nutmeg oil were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The major volatile components of nutmeg oil were sabinene (39.12%) and alpha‐pinene (11.96%). In addition, nutmeg oil showed significant antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericide concentration of seven pathogens are 0.05 and 0.1%, respectively, and the nutmeg oil also had a significant effect on inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphyloccocus aureus in phosphate buffer saline and pork. Subsequently, in order to reveal the possible antibacterial mechanisms of nutmeg oil against pathogens, the damage of cell membrane was observed by scanning electron microscopy, the loss of 260 nm absorbing material was tested by ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and the cellular adenosine triphosphate concentrations were measured by the Surface Hygiene Test Kit. Finally, the decrease of nucleic acid was evaluated by inverted fluorescence microscope. These results indicated that the antibacterial mechanisms of the nutmeg oil against bacteria might be interpreted as disrupting cell membrane and inhibiting synthesis of DNA.Practical ApplicationsAs a natural and safe antibacterial agent, nutmeg oil exhibited good antimicrobial activity against a wide range of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. Meanwhile, the antimicrobial activity of nutmeg oil has been proved on pork. Based on the results, we believe that nutmeg oil can be applied in meat storage and preservation.
Polymorphism G1359A of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1): allelic frequencies and influence on cardiovascular risk factors in a multicentre study of Castilla‐Leon
Authors: de Luis D. A. , Ballesteros M. , Lopez Guzman A. , Ruiz E. , Muñoz C. , Penacho M. A. , Iglesias P. , Maldonado A. , San Martin L. , Izaola O. , Delgado M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundA polymorphism (1359 G/A) of the CNR1 gene was reported as a common polymorphism in Caucasian populations and was related to cardiovascular risk factors. The present study aimed to investigate the allelic distribution of polymorphism (G1359A) of the CB1 receptor gene in a geographical area of Spain (Community of Castilla y Leon) and to evaluate the influence of this polymorphism on obesity anthropometric parameters and cardiovascular risk factors in the fasted state in obese patients.MethodsA population of 341 obese subjects was analysed. Tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance measurement, blood pressure measurement, a serial assessment of nutritional intake with 3 days of written food records and a biochemical analysis were all performed.ResultsOne hundred and seventy‐seven patients (51.9%) had the genotype G1359G (wild‐type group) and 164 (48.1%) patients were A carriers: G1359A (136 patients; 39.9%) or A1359A (28 patients; 8.2%) (mutant type group). The Health Area of Palencia had a lower frequency of wild‐type genotype and G allelic frequency than all the other Health Areas. Segovia and Burgos Areas had a higher frequency of wild‐type genotype and G allelic frequency than the other Health Areas. High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was higher in the mutant type group and blood tryglicerides were lower in the same group.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the novel finding of the present study is the association of the mutant type group G1359A and A1359A with a better lipid profile (triglycerides and HDL cholesterol) than the wild‐type group. The frequencies of this polymorphism are different among Health Areas of Castilla y Leon (Spain).
Direct estimation of austenitic grain dimensions in heat affected zones of a martensitic steel from EBSD images
Authors: ALTENDORF H. , FAESSEL M. , JEULIN D. , LATOURTE F. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryIn the context of automated analyses of electron‐backscattered‐diffraction images, we present in this paper a novel method to automatically extract morphological properties of prior austenitic grains in martensitic steels based on raw crystallographic orientation maps. This quantification includes the estimation of the mean chord length in specific directions, with in addition the reconstruction of the mean shape of austenitic grains inducing anisotropic shape properties. The approach is based on the morphological measure of covariance on a decision curve of grain fidelity per disorientation angle. These efforts have been motivated by the need of realistic microstructures to perform micromechanical studies of grain boundary localized damage phenomenons in steels, one example being the type IV fracture phenomenon occurring in welded joints of grade P91/P92 steel. This failure is attributed to a change of the microstructure due to thermal gradients arising during the welding process. To precisely capture the relationships between microstructural changes and mechanical fields localization in a polycrystalline aggregate, we first need to achieve a reasonable stochastic model of its microstructure, which relies on a detailed knowledge of the microstructural morphology. As martensitic steels possess multiscale microstructures composed of prior austenitic grains, packets and laths, a relevant modelling strategy has to be proposed to account for the observed hierarchies. With this objective, this paper focuses on the larger scale entities present in the microstructure, namely, the austenitic grains.
Thomas Willis, a pioneer in translational research in anatomy (on the 350th anniversary ofCerebri anatome)
Authors: Arráez‐Aybar Luis‐Alfonso , Navia‐Álvarez Pedro , Fuentes‐Redondo Talia , Bueno‐López José‐L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe year 2014 marked the 350th anniversary of the publication in London ofCerebri anatome,a ground‐breaking work of neuroscience heavily influenced by the political and cultural context of Baroque Europe and mid‐17th century England. This article aims to review the work of the English physician and anatomist Thomas Willis, specifically with regard to the contents of hisCerebri anatome. Willis's academic and professional career was influenced by the turbulent period of the English Civil War during which he studied medicine. Willis went from chemistry to dissection arguably because of his need to justify the body‐brain‐soul relationship. As a result, he became a fellow of a select club of eminent experimentalists, and afterward was a Fellow of the Royal Society. Later on, he went to London, leaving the academic life to dedicate himself fully to the profession of medicine. As a physician, Willis did not base his practice on aphorisms but on a ‘bench to bedside’ approach to medicine, while studying neuroanatomy – covering embryology, comparative anatomy and pathological anatomy – as a basis for the comprehension of neurological pathology. He developed innovative anatomical methods for the preservation and dissection of the brain, injection of coloured substances and illustration of his findings. InCerebri anatome, Willis recognized the cerebral cortex as the substrate of cognition. He also claimed that the painful stimuli came from the meninges, but not from the brain itself. He explained for the first time the pathological and functional meaning of the brain's circular arterial anastomosis, which is named after him. He also specified some features of the cranial origin of the sympathetic nerves and coined the term ‘neurologie’.Cerebri anatomemarked the transition between the mediaeval and modern notions of brain function, and thus it is considered a cornerstone of clinical and comparative anatomy of the nervous system. The new contributions and methods employed by Willis justify his place as a father of neurology and a pioneer of translational research.
Tooth counts through growth in diapsid reptiles: implications for interpreting individual and size‐related variation in the fossil record
Authors: Brown Caleb Marshall , VanBuren Collin S. , Larson Derek W. , Brink Kirstin S. , Campione Nicolás E. , Vavrek Matthew J. , Evans David C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTooth counts are commonly recorded in fossil diapsid reptiles and have been used for taxonomic and phylogenetic purposes under the assumption that differences in the number of teeth are largely explained by interspecific variation. Although phylogeny is almost certainly one of the greatest factors influencing tooth count, the relative role of intraspecific variation is difficult, and often impossible, to test in the fossil record given the sample sizes available to palaeontologists and, as such, is best investigated using extant models. Intraspecific variation (largely manifested as size‐related or ontogenetic variation) in tooth counts has been examined in extant squamates (lizards and snakes) but is poorly understood in archosaurs (crocodylians and dinosaurs). Here, we document tooth count variation in two species of extant crocodylians (Alligator mississippiensis and Crocodylus porosus) as well as a large varanid lizard (Varanus komodoensis). We test the hypothesis that variation in tooth count is driven primarily by growth and thus predict significant correlations between tooth count and size, as well as differences in the frequency of deviation from the modal tooth count in the premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary. In addition to tooth counts, we also document tooth allometry in each species and compare these results with tooth count change through growth. Results reveal no correlation of tooth count with size in any element of any species examined here, with the exception of the premaxilla of C. porosus, which shows the loss of one tooth position. Based on the taxa examined here, we reject the hypothesis, as it is evident that variation in tooth count is not always significantly correlated with growth. However, growth trajectories of smaller reptilian taxa show increases in tooth counts and, although current samples are small, suggest potential correlates between tooth count trajectories and adult size. Nevertheless, interspecific variation in growth patterns underscores the importance of considering and understanding growth when constructing taxonomic and phylogenetic characters, in particular for fossil taxa where ontogenetic patterns are difficult to reconstruct.
Risk factor‐related lifestyle habits of hospital‐admitted stroke patients – an exploratory study
Authors: Oikarinen Anne , Engblom Janne , Kääriäinen Maria , Kyngäs Helvi 
Published: February 2015

Aims and objectivesTo describe and explain the lifestyle habits of hospital‐admitted stroke patients by identifying relationships between the different lifestyle habits and by examining associations between them and clinical measurements.BackgroundStroke is associated with several risk factors that are closely intertwined. However, lifestyle factors have profound effects on its incidence. It has been shown that healthy lifestyle habits are associated with a reduced stroke risk both in combination and independently.DesignA cross‐sectional, exploratory study.MethodsData were collected from stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients (n = 150) in an acute neurology unit in Finland between January 2010 and October 2011 using the Lifestyle Instrument. Data analysis was performed by cross‐tabulation of variables, factor analysis, analysis of variance and logistic regression.ResultsPatients with a mean age of 56·5 participated. Based on their body mass index, most were overweight (43·2%) or obese (31·8%). Their waist circumference levels indicated significant health problems in most cases (70%). Their mean glucose (5·6 mmol/l) and blood pressure (149·9/86·7 mmHg) levels were also above the guideline values. The participants had diverse risk factor‐related lifestyle habits. There were several statistically significant differences between the different lifestyle habits and most of the clinical data were at least partly explained by the lifestyle habits.ConclusionsThe participants in this study had many lifestyle habits that are associated with stroke risk factors, exposing them to an elevated risk of a new stroke in the future.Relevance to clinical practiceIt is an important obligation for nursing staff courageously to bring up the lifestyle habits at the hospital phase and point out that there is a relationship between them and stroke incidence and that secondary stroke can be prevented or made less likely by adopting a healthy lifestyle.
Safety of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation in a Hospital With Visiting On‐Site Cardiac Surgery
Authors: GAFOOR SAMEER , SIROTINA MARGARITA , DOSS MIRKO , FRANKE JENNIFER , PIAYDA KERSTIN , LAM SIMON , BERTOG STEFAN , VASKELYTE LAURA , HOFMANN ILONA , SIEVERT HORST 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesTo describe the feasibility and safety of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) with a visiting on‐site cardiac surgery program for surgical back‐up.BackgroundBoth European and American guidelines recommend institutional cardiac surgery back‐up for TAVI. However, the conversion to cardiac surgery is very rare, many complications of TAVI can be managed by catheter techniques and a visiting team can also provide surgical stand‐by. Therefore, the need for institutional cardiac surgery (by a surgeon who routinely performs conventional surgical valve replacement at the institution performing TAVI) has been questioned.MethodsA retrospective review of consecutive TAVI cases with visiting on‐site cardiac surgery was performed. Key demographic, echocardiographic, and procedural data were collected prospectively.ResultsA total of 97 patients (81.9 ± 6.3 years) with high‐risk criteria (log Euroscore 21.6 ± 14.4, chronic renal failure 39.2%, severe systolic dysfunction 24.7%) underwent TAVI with visiting on‐site cardiac surgery at our institution. Local anesthesia with or without conscious sedation was used in 94.8% of patients. Procedural technical success was 100%, with 2 episodes of tamponade (both treated with pericardiocentesis) and a 16.5% vascular complication rate (all treated conservatively or percutaneously). Thirty‐day mortality was 3.1%, with 5.2% rate of stroke and 8.2% rate of major bleeding. There were no conversions to surgery.ConclusionsTAVI can be done safely in the setting of a hospital with visiting on‐site cardiac surgery. This requires careful patient selection, experienced operators and surgeons in experienced centers with well‐established criteria and processes of care. In this setting, it may be an option for hospitals without institutional cardiac surgery. (J Interven Cardiol 2015;28:76–81)