bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrieving virtual reflection responses at drill‐bit positions using seismic interferometry with drill‐bit noise
Authors: Liu Yi , Draganov Deyan , Wapenaar Kees , Arntsen Børge 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn the field of seismic interferometry, researchers have retrieved surface waves and body waves by cross‐correlating recordings of uncorrelated noise sources to extract useful subsurface information. The retrieved wavefields in most applications are between receivers. When the positions of the noise sources are known, inter‐source interferometry can be applied to retrieve the wavefields between sources, thus turning sources into virtual receivers. Previous applications of this form of interferometry assume impulsive point sources or transient sources with similar signatures. We investigate the requirements of applying inter‐source seismic interferometry using non‐transient noise sources with known positions to retrieve reflection responses at those positions and show the results using synthetic drilling noise as source. We show that, if pilot signals (estimates of the drill‐bit signals) are not available, it is required that the drill‐bit signals are the same and that the phases of the virtual reflections at drill‐bit positions can be retrieved by deconvolution interferometry or by cross‐coherence interferometry. Further, for this case, classic interferometry by cross‐correlation can be used if the source power spectrum can be estimated. If pilot signals are available, virtual reflection responses can be obtained by first using standard seismic‐while‐drilling processing techniques such as pilot cross‐correlation and pilot deconvolution to remove the drill‐bit signatures in the data and then applying cross‐correlation interferometry. Therefore, provided that pilot signals are reliable, drill‐bit data can be redatumed from surface to borehole depths using this inter‐source interferometry approach without any velocity information of the medium, and we show that a well‐positioned image below the borehole can be obtained using interferometrically redatumed reflection responses with just a simple velocity model. We discuss some of the practical hurdles that restrict the application of the proposed method offshore.
Using Record Linkage to Improve Race Data Quality for American Indians and Alaska Natives in Two Pacific Northwest State Hospital Discharge Databases
Authors: Bigback Kristyn M. , Hoopes Megan , Dankovchik Jenine , Knaster Elizabeth , Warren‐Mears Victoria , Joshi Sujata , Weiser Thomas 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate and adjust for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) racial misclassification in two hospital discharge datasets in the Pacific Northwest.Data Sources/Study SettingOregon (2010‐2011) and Washington (2011) hospital discharge datasets were linked with the Northwest Tribal Registry (NTR), a registry of AI/AN individuals who accessed services at Indian health facilities in the Northwest.Study DesignRecord linkage was used to match state hospital records to the NTR. A state record was considered misclassified if it matched the NTR and was coded as non‐AI/AN or missing race data. Effect of misclassification was evaluated by comparing prelinkage and postlinkage, age‐adjusted hospital discharge rates.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsResearchers used Link Plus 2.0 software (Atlanta, GA, USA) for linkages and SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC, USA) for statistical analyses.Principal FindingsIn Oregon, 55.4 percent of matching records were misclassified (66.5 percent miscoded white, and 22.1 percent were missing race information). In Washington, 44.9 percent of matching records were misclassified (61.8 percent miscoded white, and 32.7 percent were missing race information). Linkage increased ascertainment of AI/AN hospitalizations by 31.8 percent in Oregon and 33.9 percent in Washington. Linkage increased the rate ratio (RR) for AI/AN hospitalizations in comparison to non‐Hispanic whites (NHW) from 0.81 to 1.07 in Oregon, and from 1.21 to 1.62 in Washington.ConclusionCorrection of race in hospital discharge datasets through linkage with a reference file of known AI/AN individuals is an important first step before analytic research on AI/AN health care in the Pacific Northwest can be accomplished with administrative datasets.
Is the Internet gaming‐addicted brain close to be in a pathological state?
Authors: Park Chang‐hyun , Chun Ji‐Won , Cho Huyn , Jung Young‐Chul , Choi Jihye , Kim Dai Jin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractInternet gaming addiction (IGA) is becoming a common and widespread mental health concern. Although IGA induces a variety of negative psychosocial consequences, it is yet ambiguous whether the brain addicted to Internet gaming is considered to be in a pathological state. We investigated IGA‐induced abnormalities of the brain specifically from the network perspective and qualitatively assessed whether the Internet gaming‐addicted brain is in a state similar to the pathological brain. Topological properties of brain functional networks were examined by applying a graph‐theoretical approach to analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired during a resting state in 19 IGA adolescents and 20 age‐matched healthy controls. We compared functional distance‐based measures, global and local efficiency of resting state brain functional networks between the two groups to assess how the IGA subjects' brain was topologically altered from the controls' brain. The IGA subjects had severer impulsiveness and their brain functional networks showed higher global efficiency and lower local efficiency relative to the controls. These topological differences suggest that IGA induced brain functional networks to shift toward the random topological architecture, as exhibited in other pathological states. Furthermore, for the IGA subjects, the topological alterations were specifically attributable to interregional connections incident on the frontal region, and the degree of impulsiveness was associated with the topological alterations over the frontolimbic connections. The current findings lend support to the proposition that the Internet gaming‐addicted brain could be in the state similar to pathological states in terms of topological characteristics of brain functional networks.
When One Is Company and Two Is a Crowd: Why Some Children Prefer Solitude
Authors: Coplan Robert J. , Ooi Laura L. , Nocita Gabriella 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this article, we examine research on conceptualizing and assessing individual differences in children's preference for solitude. Social withdrawal is typically defined as the process whereby a child removes himself or herself from opportunities for social interaction with peers. Most research has focused on shy children (whose retreat into solitude is driven by social fear or anxiety), but some children may instead prefer solitary activities. We aim to clarify the distinction between unsociability (i.e., a nonfearful affinity for solitude) and social avoidance (i.e., a preference for solitude driven by actively avoiding social interaction). We also provide suggestions for further research, drawing on related perspectives from personality and clinical psychology.
Intraoperative Measurement of the Distance from the Bottom of Osteotomy to the Mandibular Canal Using a Novel Ultrasonic Device
Authors: Zigdon‐Giladi Hadar , Saminsky Michael , Elimelech Rina , Machtei Eli E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn our previous study, we found that a novel ultrasound (US) device may serve as a useful intraoperative tool to measure the distance from osteotomy to the inferior alveolar canal (IAC).PurposeTo validate our previous results in a larger group of osteotomies in the posterior mandible.MethodsDuring dental implant placement surgery, osteotomies were created using a standardized 2‐mm‐diameter pilot drill. The distance from the bottom of the osteotome to the IAC was assessed using an ultrasonic device and compared with a standard panoramic radiograph used to measure the same residual distance. The total distance from the crestal bone to the IAC was measured on a preoperative computed tomography (CT) and compared with total US measurements by summing the drill depth with residual depth measurements.ResultsMean radiographic and US residual distances were 5.19 ± 1.95 mm, 5.01 ± 1.82 mm, p = 0.79 respectively. These measurements presented strong positive correlations (r = 0.61, p = .01). Mean total CT distance was 13.48 ± 2.66 mm; mean total US calculation was 13.69 ± 2.51 mm. No significant difference was found (p > .05).ConclusionsThe results support our previous pilot study and confirm that the tested US device identifies the IAC and measures the distance from the osteotomy to the roof of the mandibular canal.
Movement of three stream‐resident balitoroid loaches and a goby in a Hong Kong hillstream
Authors: Ho Bill S.K. , Dudgeon David 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe undertook a mark–recapture study of three pool‐dwelling balitoroid loaches and a nonmigratory goby in a Hong Kong hillstream, which extended over a 35‐week period. The target species were Pseudogastromyzon myersi and Liniparhomaloptera disparis (Balitoridae), Schistura fasciolata (Nemacheilidae) and Rhinogobius duospilus (Gobiidae). Recapture rates of tagged individuals were high (58% overall), especially for the abundant R. duospilus (70% of 412 tagged) and P. myersi (57% of 762 tagged). At the end of the study, most recaptured individuals (78% of gobies, 62% of P. myersi, 42% of L. disparis and 67% of S. fasciolata) were within the pools where they had been released. Of those that had moved elsewhere, maximum displacements ranged from 46 m (R. duospilus) to 101 m (P. myersi), giving rise to a strongly leptokurtic distribution of movement distances. Mean displacements after 35 weeks ranged from only 2.9 m (R. duospilus) to 10.0 m (L. disparis). The sedentary behaviour of these species was more marked than most other small benthic fishes, although our study excluded the breeding period and wet season when high flows might have stimulated movement. Among the mobile P. myersi individuals, most travelled upstream, whereas mobile gobies tended to move downstream. Juveniles of P. myersi and R. duospilus, as well as large adult P. myersi, were especially sedentary, while mobile adult P. myersi that travelled further showed smaller growth increments. The highly sedentary habits of all four fishes suggest that they may exert persistent local top‐down control of benthic communities within pools in Hong Kong streams.
The role of flow dependency and water availability in fish assemblage homogenization in tributaries of the Chattahoochee River, Alabama, USA
Authors: Lawson Katelyn M. , Johnston Carol E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe availability of water is becoming more variable as flow regime alterations intensify both locally and on a global scale. This pattern has been observed in the tributaries of the central Chattahoochee River System as water withdrawal and natural drought have caused flows to diminish. Stream discharge has steadily decreased in the study area by 31% over the last 50 years, and during this time, fish assemblage homogenization has occurred throughout the system. Our primary objective was to assess whether spawning mode and water availability are catalysts for fish assemblage change in tributaries of the Chattahoochee River System. We found that species which prefer or have adapted to low flow conditions (e.g. blacktail shiner Cyprinella venusta, redbreast sunfish Lepomis auritus and blackbanded darter Percina nigrofasciata) are becoming dominant and replacing historically dominant fluvial specialists. When examining short‐term changes between a dry year (2009) and a wet year (2010), some species preferring higher flows such as the highscale shiner Notropis hypsilepis were detected during the wet year, suggesting that the amount of water is important for the presence of these species in upstream reaches where they were historically abundant. Species that can reproduce successfully in low flow conditions are thriving and expanding their native ranges as more habitat becomes suitable. Species that require higher flows for part of their life cycle, however, appear to be declining from upstream areas as water availability continues to decrease, despite temporary recovery from downstream refugia during wet years.
Warning Signal Efficacy: Assessing the Effects of Color, Iridescence, and Time of Day in the Field
Authors: Pegram Kimberly V. , Han Hanh A. , Rutowski Ronald L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWarning coloration deters predators from attacking distasteful or toxic prey. Signal features that influence warning color effectiveness are not well understood, and in particular, we know very little about how effective short‐wavelength and iridescent colors are as warning color elements in nature and how warning signal effectiveness changes throughout the day. We tested the effect of these factors on predation risk in nature using specimens of the distasteful pipevine swallowtail butterfly, Battus philenor. B. philenor adults display both iridescent blue and diffusely reflecting orange components in their warning signal. We painted B. philenor wings to create five different model types: all‐black, only‐iridescent‐blue, only‐orange, iridescent‐blue‐and‐orange (intact signal), and matte‐blue‐and‐orange. We placed 25 models in each of 14 replicate field sites for 72 h and checked for attacks three times each day. Model type affected the likelihood of attack; only‐orange models were, the only model attacked significantly less than the all‐black model. Iridescence did not enhance or decrease warning signal effectiveness in our experiment because matte‐blue‐and‐orange models were attacked at the same rate as iridescent‐blue‐and‐orange models. Time of day did not differentially affect model type. Video recordings of attacks revealed that insectivorous birds were responsible. The results of this experiment, when taken with previous work, indicate that the response to blue warning coloration is likely dependent on predator experience and context, but that iridescence per se does not affect warning signals in a natural context.
Asymmetrical Resource Ownership Increases Owners’ and Reduces Non‐Owners’ Motivation to Fight in the Mangrove Rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus
Authors: Huang Wei‐Lin , Hsu Yuying 
Published: July 2015

AbstractResource ownership often increases an individual's aggressiveness and its probability of defeating a competitor. Individuals contesting resource owners could therefore incur higher costs, making individuals reluctant to compete with owners. We tested the hypothesis that animals use asymmetry in resource ownership as a cue for contest costs and adjust contest decisions accordingly. Using a mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus), we staged (1) contests with a randomly assigned asymmetry in resource ownership (one fish was provided with a shelter) and (2) contests in which neither fish had a shelter. Owners that were in their shelters at the contest start showed a greater tendency to fight and won more contests than their intruder opponents; those outside the shelter at the start did not. Compared with fish in contests with no shelters at stake, shelter owners had a higher tendency to fight whether or not they were in their shelters at the start; intruders, however, had a lower tendency to fight only against owners that were inside the shelter at the start. These results demonstrate (1) that ownership status influences both owners’ and intruders’ contest decisions (and in opposite directions), producing a detectable ownership advantage and (2) that intruders required confirmation of their opponents’ ownership status before retreating without challenging them. Ownership status per se is therefore important to the fish's contest decisions.
Aortic rupture causing cardiac tamponade in a 24‐day‐old Friesian colt with concurrent colonic Chlamydiosis and Balantidiasis
Authors: Diel de Amorim M. , Nielsen K. , McKell B. , Huang Y. , Card C. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryA 24‐day‐old Friesian colt died suddenly and a physical examination the morning the foal died showed no abnormalities and serum IgG levels >8.0 g/l. Necropsy examination revealed haemopericardium and a 2 cm transverse tear at the root of the aorta. The foal was also found to have Chlamydophila spp. in the epithelium and Balantidium coli on the mucosal surface of the large colon. An aortic rupture is a novel finding in a foal, colonic Chlamydiosis has not been previously reported in horses and Balantidium coli has not been reported in equids in North America.
Annual variation in otolith increment widths of walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) larvae in Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Kano Yota , Takatsu Tetsuya , Hashimoto Yutaro , Inagaki Yuta , Nakatani Toshikuni 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTo clarify relationships between year‐class strength and larval growth of walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), and oceanographic conditions in the Pacific stock off Hokkaido and Tohoku, Japan, we undertook conductivity/temperature/depth (CTD) observations and investigated larval densities, larval otolith increment widths and larval prey densities (of copepod nauplii) of the 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 yr classes in Funka Bay. Oyashio Coastal Water (OCW) flowed into the bay in late February in 2008, 2010 and 2011, and the mean water temperatures decreased to 1.9–3.1 °C in March. OCW was not observed in 2009, and it was warm in late February (≥3.4 °C). Increment widths of lapillar otoliths during the yolk‐sac stage were wide in 2009 and 2011, medium in 2010 and narrow in 2008. Increment widths during the first‐feeding stage tended to become wider as the hatch month progressed, and the annual variation during the first‐feeding stage was larger than that of the yolk‐sac stage. The densities of the primary food for the larvae were high in 2008 when larval increment widths were narrowest, so the effect of prey abundance on larval growth appeared to be small. The ranking of the larval abundance in March was nearly coincident with that of the increment width during the larval stage. We, therefore, suggest that the larval growth rate is associated with the mortality rate and that the growth–mortality hypothesis may be applicable to walleye pollock in Funka Bay. Feeding success under warm water conditions may be an important factor that contributes towards high growth rates.
Resetting the river template: the potential for climate‐related extreme floods to transform river geomorphology and ecology
Authors: Death Russell G. , Fuller Ian C. , Macklin Mark G. 
Published: July 2015

Summary

Climate change is expected to alter the occurrence of extreme climatic events, including major floods. Future shifts in the frequency and intensity of extreme floods will vary by region and could modify the geomorphological character of riverine habitat.

The geomorphological structure of rivers determines the quality and quantity of habitat available for resident biota, and thus, changes to morphology from more extreme floods are likely to affect river ecology over and above the direct effects of the flood events themselves.

Extreme floods can exacerbate the effect of multiple anthropogenic stressors, with potentially dramatic effects on freshwater ecosystems. For instance, high flows mobilise nutrients, sediment and toxic chemicals, and aid dispersal of invasive species, whereas land‐use change and channelisation impair flood refugia and constrain recolonisation pathways.

Extreme floods may also benefit riverine and riparian biota, overwhelming current anthropogenic constraints and infrastructure to increase habitat complexity and floodplain area.

Management to protect human life and infrastructure from severe river flooding can alter channel geomorphology, habitat quality and ecology. However, flood prevention engineering that incorporates the natural form of rivers could potentially mitigate anthropogenic flood damage, in turn restoring habitat and historical ecosystem functioning.

We examine potential changes in river channel and floodplain geomorphological characteristics resulting from altered extreme flooding regimes and consider likely implications for the management of the world's freshwater biota.
Exploring soil microbial 16S rRNA sequence data to increase carbon yield and nitrogen efficiency of a bioenergy crop
Authors: Pitombo Leonardo M. , do Carmo Janaína B. , de Hollander Mattias , Rossetto Raffaella , López Maryeimy V. , Cantarella Heitor , Kuramae Eiko E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCrop residues returned to the soil are important for the preservation of soil quality, health, and biodiversity, and they increase agriculture sustainability by recycling nutrients. Sugarcane is a bioenergy crop that produces huge amounts of straw (also known as trash) every year. In addition to straw, the ethanol industry also generates large volumes of vinasse, a liquid residue of ethanol production, which is recycled in sugarcane fields as fertilizer. However, both straw and vinasse have an impact on N2O fluxes from the soil. Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas that is a primary concern in biofuel sustainability. Because bacteria and archaea are the main drivers of N redox processes in soil, in this study we propose the identification of taxa related with N2O fluxes by combining functional responses (N2O release) and the abundance of these microorganisms in soil. Using a large‐scale in situ experiment with ten treatments, an intensive gas monitoring approach, high‐throughput sequencing of soil microbial 16S rRNA gene and powerful statistical methods, we identified microbes related to N2O fluxes in soil with sugarcane crops. In addition to the classical denitrifiers, we identified taxa within the phylum Firmicutes and mostly uncharacterized taxa recently described as important drivers of N2O consumption. Treatments with straw and vinasse also allowed the identification of taxa with potential biotechnological properties that might improve the sustainability of bioethanol by increasing C yields and improving N efficiency in sugarcane fields.
Does gender or mode of HIV acquisition affect virological response to modern antiretroviral therapy (ART)?
Authors: Saunders P , Goodman AL , Smith CJ , Marshall N , O'Connor JL , Lampe FC , Johnson MA 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesPrevious UK studies have reported disparities in HIV treatment outcomes for women. We investigated whether these differences persist in the modern antiretroviral treatment (ART) era.MethodsA single‐centre cohort analysis was carried out. We included in the study all previously ART‐naïve individuals at our clinic starting triple ART from 1 January 2006 onwards with at least one follow‐up viral load (VL). Time to viral suppression (VS; first viral load < 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL), virological failure (VF; first of two consecutive VLs > 200 copies/mL more than 6 months post‐ART) and treatment modification were estimated using standard survival methods.ResultsOf 1086 individuals, 563 (52%) were men whose risk for HIV acquisition was sex with other men (MSM), 207 (19%) were men whose risk for HIV acquisition was sex with women (MSW) and 316 (29%) were women. Median pre‐ART CD4 count and time since HIV diagnosis in these groups were 298, 215 and 219 cells/μL, and 2.3, 0.3 and 0.3 years, respectively. Time to VS was comparable between groups, but women [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.32; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–4.22] and MSW (aHR 3.28; 95% CI 1.91–5.64) were at considerably higher risk of VF than MSM. Treatment switches and complete discontinuation were also more common among MSW [aHR 1.38 (95% CI 1.04–1.81) and aHR 1.73 (95% CI 0.97–3.16), respectively] and women [aHR 1.87 (95% CI 1.43–2.46) and aHR 3.20 (95% CI 2.03–5.03), respectively] than MSM.ConclusionsAlthough response rates were good in all groups, poorer virological outcomes for women and MSW have persisted into the modern ART era. Factors that might influence the differences include socioeconomic status and mental health disorders. Further interventions to ensure excellent response rates in women and MSW are required.