bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Italian Legal Recipe: Basic Ingredients and the Bustle of Time
Authors: Infantino Marta 
Published: September 2015

Many legal systems beyond the classical common/civil law mixed world may show themselves as the result of a historical combination of different paradigms, and of ever changing legal blends. Allegedly ‘pure’ (i.e. unmixed) civilian systems are no exception, as the Italian legal experience demonstrates. The Italian legal system stands as an emblematic illustration of how, in a civilian context, original and foreign (both civil law and common law) inspired legal rules, institutions, and attitudes may interact, develop through time, and synthesize themselves in a complex, yet unified legal culture.As is well-known, from a comparative perspective Italy is commonly conceived as a member of the civilian legal family, and, more in particular, as a mix of XIX-XXth century French and German influences. This is, however, only one side of the picture. Whatever their current respective zones of influences are, the point is that French and German legal models are no more (as they have never been) the only ingredient of the Italian recipe. As a matter of fact, the origin of many components stretches wider both in time and space. In some cases, it stretches back to the fragmented plurality of normative levels which characterized the peninsula’ legal edifice for centuries before political unification. In other cases, the origin of legal rules stretches up to the more recent borrowings from the United States experience: from the plea bargain to the ‘quasi’ adversary criminal trial, from securitization techniques to financial contracts models, from class action devices to the overarching patterns of judicial review.Hence, far from being a purely civilian amalgam, the Italian legal framework presents itself as the fruit of an endless interaction of local patterns with foreign-inspired paradigms. This is why the third legal family lenses can prove extremely useful in looking at the Italian allegedly ‘pure’ legal experience, and in highlighting the multiple ingredients of its somewhat mixed recipes. More generally, third legal family’s perspective may help put countries belonging to civilian legal family in context, and lead to a better understanding not only of the dynamic relationships between this family and other legal families, but also of the cross-fertilization phenomena which endlessly take place within and beyond family borders.
<strong>Las Lejeuneaceae (Hepaticae) de Misiones, Argentina I. Las especies holostipas</strong>
Authors: Reiner-Drehwald María Elena 
Published: September 2015

Seventeen species of holostipous (underleaves undivided) Lejeuneaceae (Jungermanniales) found in the province of Misiones, Argentina, are described and illustrated. The species are members of the subfamilies Lejeuneoideae and Ptychanthoideae and belong to the genera Anoplolejeunea, Lejeunea, leucolejeunea, Omphalanthus, Acanthocoleus, Archilejeunea, Brachiolejeunea, Bryopteris, Caudalejeunea, Frullanoides, lopholejeunea, Marchesinia, Mastigolejeunea, Odontolejeunea and Schiffneriolejeunea. All of the species are new records for Misiones and, with exception of Omphalanthus filiformis and Frullanoides densifolia (known for the province of Salta), all of them are new records for Argentina. For each taxon the habitat and the geographical distribution are indicated. A key to the species and a synopsis of their systematic position are also provided.
Climatic Consequences of a Pine Island Glacier Collapse
Authors: Green J. A. M. , Schmittner A. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
An intermediate-complexity climate model is used to simulate the impact of an accelerated Pine Island Glacier mass loss on the large-scale ocean circulation and climate. Simulations are performed for preindustrial conditions using hosing levels consistent with present-day observations of 3000 m3 s−1, at an accelerated rate of 6000 m3 s−1, and at a total collapse rate of 100 000 m3 s−1, and in all experiments the hosing lasted 100 years. It is shown that even a modest input of meltwater from the glacier can introduce an initial cooling over the upper part of the Southern Ocean due to increased stratification and ice cover, leading to a reduced upward heat flux from Circumpolar Deep Water. This causes global ocean heat content to increase and global surface air temperatures to decrease. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) increases, presumably owing to changes in the density difference between Antarctic Intermediate Water and North Atlantic Deep Water. Simulations with a simultaneous hosing and increases of atmospheric CO2 concentrations show smaller effects of the hosing on global surface air temperature and ocean heat content, which the authors attribute to the melting of Southern Ocean sea ice. The sensitivity of the AMOC to the hosing is also reduced as the warming by the atmosphere completely dominates the perturbations.
The Collection Efficiency of Shielded and Unshielded Precipitation Gauges. Part II: Modeling Particle Trajectories
Authors: Colli Matteo , Lanza Luca G. , Rasmussen Roy , Thériault Julie M. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The use of windshields to reduce the impact of wind on snow measurements is common. This paper investigates the catching performance of shielded and unshielded gauges using numerical simulations. In Part II, the role of the windshield and gauge aerodynamics, as well as the varying flow field due to the turbulence generated by the shield–gauge configuration, in reducing the catch efficiency is investigated. This builds on the computational fluid dynamics results obtained in Part I, where the airflow patterns in the proximity of an unshielded and single Alter shielded Geonor T-200B gauge are obtained using both time-independent [Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)] and time-dependent [large-eddy simulation (LES)] approaches. A Lagrangian trajectory model is used to track different types of snowflakes (wet and dry snow) and to assess the variation of the resulting gauge catching performance with the wind speed. The collection efficiency obtained with the LES approach is generally lower than the one obtained with the RANS approach. This is because of the impact of the LES-resolved turbulence above the gauge orifice rim. The comparison between the collection efficiency values obtained in case of shielded and unshielded gauge validates the choice of installing a single Alter shield in a windy environment. However, time-dependent simulations show that the propagating turbulent structures produced by the aerodynamic response of the upwind single Alter blades have an impact on the collection efficiency. Comparison with field observations provides the validation background for the model results.
Thermally Forced Transients in the Thermohaline Circulation
Authors: Spall Michael A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe response of a convective ocean basin to variations in atmospheric temperature is explored using numerical models and theory. The results indicate that the general behavior depends strongly on the frequency at which the atmosphere changes relative to the local response time to air–sea heat flux. For high-frequency forcing, the convective region in the basin interior is essentially one-dimensional and responds to the integrated local surface heat flux anomalies. For low-frequency forcing, eddy fluxes from the boundary current into the basin interior become important and act to suppress variability forced by the atmosphere. A theory is developed to quantify this time-dependent response and its influence on various oceanic quantities. The amplitude and phase of the temperature and salinity of the convective water mass, the meridional overturning circulation, the meridional heat flux, and the air–sea heat flux predicted by the theory compare well with that diagnosed from a series of numerical model calculations in both strongly eddying and weakly eddying regimes. Linearized analytic solutions provide direct estimates of each of these quantities and demonstrate their dependence on the nondimensional numbers that characterize the domain and atmospheric forcing. These results highlight the importance of mesoscale eddies in modulating the mean and time-dependent ocean response to atmospheric variability and provide a dynamical framework with which to connect ocean observations with changes in the atmosphere and surface heat flux.
Foot orthoses for the prevention of lower limb overuse injuries in naval recruits: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bonanno Daniel R. , Murley George S. , Munteanu Shannon E. , Landorf Karl B. , Menz Hylton B. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundFoot orthoses are frequently used for the prevention of lower limb overuse injuries but evidence for their effectiveness is limited. The primary aim of this study is to determine if prefabricated foot orthoses reduce the incidence of lower limb overuse injuries in naval recruits undertaking 11 weeks of basic training.MethodsThis study is a participant and assessor blinded, parallel‐group, randomised controlled trial. The trial will recruit participants undertaking 11 weeks of basic training at the Royal Australian Navy Recruit School, Cerberus, Victoria, Australia. Participants will be randomised to a control group (flat insole) or an intervention group (prefabricated foot orthosis). Over the 11 weeks of basic training, participants will document the presence and location of pain in weekly self‐report diaries. The end‐point for each participant will be the completion of 11 weeks of basic training. The primary outcome measure will be the combined incidence of four lower limb injuries (medial tibial stress syndrome, patellofemoral pain, Achilles tendinopathy, and plantar fasciitis/plantar heel pain) which are common among defence members. Secondary outcome measures include: (i) overall incidence of lower limb pain, (ii) severity of lower limb pain, (iii) time to injury, (iv) time to drop‐out due to injury, (v) adverse events, (vi) number of lost training days, (vii) shoe comfort, and (viii) general health status. Data will be analysed using the intention‐to‐treat principle.DiscussionThis randomised controlled trial will evaluate the effectiveness of prefabricated foot orthoses for the prevention of common lower limb overuse injuries in naval recruits.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12615000024549.
Did the Intergenerational Solidarity Pact increase the employment rate of older workers in Belgium? A macro-econometric evaluation
Authors: Dejemeppe Muriel , Smith Catherine , der Linden Bruno Van 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn December 2005, the Belgian government adopted the law on the Intergenerational Solidarity Pact (ISP) aimed at increasing the employment rate of older workers. The main policies of the ISP consist of a pension bonus, reductions in employers’ social security contributions and measures discouraging early retirement while encouraging working time reductions at the end of the career. We aim at evaluating the overall effectiveness of the ISP in raising the employment rate of older workers. To that purpose, we compare the actual evolution of the employment rate after the implementation of the policies to its predicted (counterfactual) evolution based on the estimation of a macro-econometric model in a period prior to the ISP. The results suggest a slight positive impact of the ISP on the employment rate of older workers but to the detriment of the younger workers. However, there is a lack of statistical power to draw firm conclusions on the overall effect of the ISP.JEL classification:J21, J26, H53, E32
HDAC5-mTORC1 Interaction in Differential Regulation of Ghrelin and Nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2)/Nesfatin-1
Authors: Ma Liangxiao , Tang Hong , Yin Yue , Yu Ruili , Zhao Jing , Li Yin , Mulholland Michael W. , Zhang Weizhen 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Sodium valporate (VPA), a broad-spectrum inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs), increased ghrelin whereas decreased nesfatin-1 in mice fed normal chow diet or high-fat diet. Alterations in ghrelin and nucleobindin 2/nesfatin-1 were mediated by HDAC5 but not HDAC4. Activation of mTORC1 significantly attenuated the effect of VPA on ghrelin and nesfatin-1 levels. HDAC5 coimmunoprecipitated with raptor. Inhibition of HDAC5 by VPA, trichostatin A, or siHDAC5 markedly increased acetylation of raptor Lys840 and subsequent phosphorylation of raptor Ser792, resulting in suppression of mTORC1 signaling. A raptor mutant lacking the Lys840 acetylation site showed a decrement in phosphorylation of raptor Ser792 and subsequent increase in mTORC1 signaling. These alterations were associated with reciprocal changes in ghrelin and nucleobindin 2/nesfatin-1 expression. These findings reveal HDAC5-mTORC1 signaling as a novel mechanism in the differential regulation of gastric ghrelin and nesfatin-1.
Galactosylsphingosine (psychosine)-induced demyelination is attenuated by sphingosine 1-phosphate signalling
Authors: O'Sullivan Catherine , Dev Kumlesh K. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease) is a rare infantile neurodegenerative disorder. Krabbe disease is caused by deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC) resulting in accumulation, in the micromolar range, of the toxic metabolite galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) in the brain. Here we find that psychosine induces human astrocyte cell death probably via an apoptotic process in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (EC50∼15 μM at 4 h). We show these effects of psychosine are attenuated by pre-treatment with the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist pFTY720 (fingolimod) (IC50∼100 nM). Psychosine (1 μM, 10 μM) also enhances LPS-induced (EC50∼100 ng/ml) production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse astrocytes, which is also attenuated by pFTY720 (1 μM). Most notably, for the first time, we show that psychosine, at a concentration found in the brains of patients with Krabbe disease (EC50∼100 nM), directly induces demyelination in mouse organotypic cerebellar slices in a manner that is independent of pro-inflammatory cytokine response and that pFTY720 (0.1 nM) significantly inhibits. These results support the idea that psychosine is a pathogenic agent in Krabbe disease and suggest that sphingosine 1-phosphate signalling could be a potential drug target for this disorder.
Implementation of Didactic Principles of Students’ Research Potential Development in Subject Oriented Education
Authors: Макотрова  , Makotrova Galina 
Published: September 2015

The article deals with the essence of the concept of &#34;development of students’ research potential&#34;, shows the relationship between didactic regularities
and principles of development of students’ research potential, specifies the ways to implement the didactic principles of high school students’ research
potential development in subject oriented educational practice.
Hypoxia-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Root-Tip Meristematic Cells of Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Pang Nan , Zhang Feixiong 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In this study, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots were treated with hypoxic water. The staining of cell preparations with DAPI revealed morphological changes of the cells such as nuclear condensation, deformation and fragmentation. Under TEM, cellular membrane shrinkage and breakage, chromatin condensation and apoptotic-like bodies were displayed. The number of mitochondria increased dramatically; their cristae were damaged; the interior became a cavitation and only some flocculent materials were distributed. Indirect immunofluorescence staining indicated that cytochrome C diffused from mitochondria to nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. TUNEL positive nuclei indicated double strand breaks of DNA. DAB staining was used for the identification of hydrogen peroxide and examination showed that the longer the treating time, the darker the staining of the meristematic zones of the roots which suggested the increased accumulation of these Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The elevation of hydrogen peroxide production was paralleled with the increase of SOD and POD activities. A negative correlation between the exposure time under hypoxia and the contents of soluble proteins was found. No obvious effect of hypoxia on MDA was established. The obtained results demonstrate that hypoxia causes programmed cell death in the root-tip meristematic cells of Triticum aestivum L. which is most probably attributed to the accumulation of large amounts of ROS.
The Alleviation of the Adverse Effects of Salt Stress in the Tomato Plant by Salicylic Acid Shows A Time- and Organ-Specific Antioxidant Response
Authors: Tari Irma , Csiszár Jolán , Horváth Edit , Poór Péter , Takács Zoltán , Szepesi Ágnes 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In the last decade contradictory results have been published as to whether exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can increase salt stress tolerance in cultivated plants by inducing an antioxidant response. Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10−4 M), low concentrations were ineffective. An efficient accumulation of Na+ in older leaves is a well-known response to salt stress in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Rio fuego) but it remains largely unexplored whether young and old leaves or root tissues have a distinct antioxidant status during salt stress after hardening with 10−7 M or 10−4 M SA. The determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity revealed that the SA-induced transient increases in these enzyme activities in young leaf and/or root tissues did not correlate with the salt tolerance of plants. Salt stress resulted in a tenfold increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities of young leaves and significant increases in APX and glutathione reductase (GR) activities of the roots hardened with 10−4 M SA. Both total ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione pools reached their highest levels in leaves after 10−7 M SA pre-treatment. However, in contrast to the leaves, the total pool of AsA decreased in the roots under salt stress and thus, due to low APX activity, active oxygen species were scavenged by ascorbate non-enzymatically in these tissues. The increased GR activities in the roots after treatment with 10−4 M SA enabled plants to enhance the reduced glutathione (GSH) pool and maintain the redox status of AsA under high salinity, which led to increased salt tolerance.
Surface Waxes as a Plant Defense Barrier Towards Grain Aphid
Authors: Wójcicka Agnieszka 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe electrical penetration graph (EPG) method was used to quantify the effect of surface waxes on probing behaviour of the grain aphidSitobion avenaeF. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The experiments showed that wax removal significantly affected probing behaviour ofS. avenae. Generally, the aphids feeding on the plants without wax had a shortened non-probing (EPG-pattern np) and prolonged penetration of peripheral tissues – epidermis and mesophyll (EPG-pattern C). The EPG tests also showed that the three tested extracts of surface waxes from waxy plants RAH 122 were active as aphicides against the grain aphid.
Do Environmental Regulations Increase Bilateral Trade Flows?
Authors: Tsurumi Tetsuya , Managi Shunsuke , Hibiki Akira 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The argument that stringent environmental regulations are generally thought to harm export flows is crucial when determining policy recommendations related to environmental preservation and international competitiveness. By using bilateral trade data, we examine the relationships between trade flows and various environmental stringency indices. Previous studies have used energy intensity, abatement cost intensity, and survey indices for regulations as proxies for the strictness of environmental policy. However, they have overlooked the indirect effect of environmental regulations on trade flows. If the strong version of the Porter hypothesis is confirmed, we need to consider the effect of environmental regulation on gross domestic product (GDP), because GDP induced by environmental regulation affects trade flows. The present study clarifies the effects of regulation on trade flows by distinguishing between the indirect and direct effects. Our results indicate an observed non-negligible indirect effect of regulation, implying that the overall effect of appropriate regulation benefits trade flows.
Estimation of aerobic fitness among young men without exercise test
Authors: Tanskanen Minna M. , Kyröläinen Heikki , Santtila Matti , Tammelin Tuija 
Published: September 2015

Summary
Study aim: to develop and estimate the validity of non-exercise methods to predict VO2max among young male conscripts entering military service in order to divide them into the different physical training groups.

Material and methods: fifty males (age 19.7 ± 0.3 years) reported their physical activity before military service by IPAQ and SIVAQ questionnaires. Furthermore, Jackson’s non-exercise method was used to estimate VO2max. Body mass and height were measured, body mass index calculated and VO2max measured directly in a maximal treadmill test. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The results of the Group 1 (N = 25) were used to develop a regression equation to estimate VO2max. The results of the Group 2 (N = 25) were used to evaluate the validity of the developed non-exercise methods and Jackson’s non-exercise methods to estimate VO2max by Bland and Altman plot. The validity was further evaluated by comparing the results to 12-minute running test performed by 877 male conscripts (age 19.6 ± 0.2 years).

Results: the developed models explained 68–74% of the variation in VO2max. Mean difference between directly measured and estimated VO2max was not significant, while Jackson’s method overestimated VO2max (p &#60; 0.001). Both developed models were equally valid to divide conscripts into tertile group of fitness. However, 5% of the conscripts were classified into the highest fitness group based on both methods, but they were actually in the lowest fitness group based on a running test.

Conclusion: in practice, these findings suggest that developed methods can be used as a tool to divide conscripts into different fitness groups in the very beginning of their military service.
Review of the PE Metrics cognitive assessment tool for fifth grade students
Authors: Hodges Michael , Lee Chong , Lorenz Kent A. , Cipriani Daniel 
Published: September 2015

Summary
Study aim: this study examined the item difficulty and item discrimination scores for the HRFK PE Metrics cognitive assessment tool for 5th-grade students.

Materials and methods: ten elementary physical education teachers volunteered to participate. Based on convenience, participating teachers selected two 5th grade physical education classes. Teachers then gave students (N = 633) a 28-question paper and pencil HRFK exam using PE Metrics Standards 3 and 4. Item difficulty and discrimination analysis and Rasch Modeling were used data to determine underperforming items.

Results: analysis suggests that at least three items are problematic. The Rasch Model confirmed this result and identified similar items with high outfit mean square values and low Point Biserial correlation values.

Conclusions: teachers are in need of valid and reliable HRFK assessment tools. Without the removal of three items in the PE Metrics HRFK exam for 5th-grade students, complete use of the exam could offer incorrect conclusions.