bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cluster Analysis of A-Train Data: Approximating the Vertical Cloud Structure of Oceanic Cloud Regimes
Authors: Bankert Richard L. , Solbrig Jeremy E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractModerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data continue to provide a wealth of two-dimensional, cloud-top information and derived environmental products. In addition, the A-Train constellation of satellites presents an opportunity to combine MODIS data with coincident vertical-profile data collected from sensors on CloudSat and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). Approximating the vertical structure of clouds in data-sparse regions can be accomplished through a two-step process that consists of cluster analysis of MODIS data and quantitative analysis of coincident vertical-profile data. Daytime data over the eastern North Pacific Ocean are used in this study for both the summer (June–August) and winter (December–February) seasons in separate cluster analyses. A-Train data from 2006 to 2009 are collected, and a K-means cluster analysis is applied to selected MODIS data that are coincident with single-layer clouds found in the CloudSat/CALIPSO (“GEOPROF-lidar”) data. The resultant clusters, 16 in both summer and winter, are quantified in terms of average cloud-base height, cloud-top height, and normalized cloud water content profile. A cluster and its quantified characteristics can then be assigned to a given pixel in near real-time MODIS data, regardless of its proximity to the observed vertical-profile data. When applied to a two-dimensional MODIS dataset, these assigned clusters can provide an approximate three-dimensional representation of the cloud scene.
Estimating Lorenz’s Reference State in an Ocean with a Nonlinear Equation of State for Seawater
Authors: Saenz Juan A. , Tailleux Rémi , Butler Edward D. , Hughes Graham O. , Oliver Kevin I. C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe study of the mechanical energy budget of the oceans using the Lorenz available potential energy (APE) theory is based on knowledge of the adiabatically rearranged Lorenz reference state of minimum potential energy. The compressible and nonlinear character of the equation of state for seawater has been thought to cause the reference state to be ill defined, casting doubt on the usefulness of APE theory for investigating ocean energetics under realistic conditions. Using a method based on the volume frequency distribution of parcels as a function of temperature and salinity in the context of the seawater Boussinesq approximation, which is illustrated using climatological data, the authors show that compressibility effects are in fact minor. The reference state can be regarded as a well-defined one-dimensional function of depth, which forms a surface in temperature, salinity, and density space between the surface and the bottom of the ocean. For a very small proportion of water masses, this surface can be multivalued and water parcels can have up to two statically stable levels in the reference density profile, of which the shallowest is energetically more accessible. Classifying parcels from the surface to the bottom gives a different reference density profile than classifying in the opposite direction. However, this difference is negligible. This study shows that the reference state obtained by standard sorting methods is equivalent to, though computationally more expensive than, the volume frequency distribution approach. The approach that is presented can be applied systematically and in a computationally efficient manner to investigate the APE budget of the ocean circulation using models or climatological data.
The Inland Penetration of Atmospheric Rivers over Western North America: A Lagrangian Analysis
Authors: Rutz Jonathan J. , Steenburgh W. James , Ralph F. Martin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Although atmospheric rivers (ARs) typically weaken following landfall, those that penetrate inland can contribute to heavy precipitation and high-impact weather within the interior of western North America. In this paper, the authors examine the evolution of ARs over western North America using trajectories released at 950 and 700 hPa within cool-season ARs along the Pacific coast. These trajectories are classified as coastal decaying, inland penetrating, or interior penetrating based on whether they remain within an AR upon reaching selected transects over western North America. Interior-penetrating AR trajectories most frequently make landfall along the Oregon coast, but the greatest fraction of landfalling AR trajectories that eventually penetrate into the interior within an AR is found along the Baja Peninsula. In contrast, interior-penetrating AR trajectories rarely traverse the southern “high” Sierra. At landfall, interior-penetrating AR trajectories are associated with a more amplified flow pattern, more southwesterly (vs westerly) flow along the Pacific coast, and larger water vapor transport (qυ). The larger initial qυ of interior-penetrating AR trajectories is due primarily to larger initial water vapor q and wind speed υ for those initiated at 950 and 700 hPa, respectively.
Inland- and interior-penetrating AR trajectories maintain large qυ over the interior partially due to increases in υ that offset decreases in q, particularly in the vicinity of topographical barriers. Therefore, synoptic conditions and trajectory pathways favoring larger initial qυ at the coast, limited water vapor depletion by orographic precipitation, and increases in υ over the interior are keys to differentiating interior-penetrating from coastal-decaying ARs.
Hospital Volume and Failure to Rescue after Head and Neck Cancer Surgery
Authors: Mulvey Carolyn L. , Pronovost Peter J. , Gourin Christine G. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between hospital volume and mortality, complications, and failure‐to‐rescue rates among patients undergoing head and neck cancer (HNCA) surgery.Study DesignCross‐sectional analysis.SettingNationwide Inpatient Sample.Subjects and MethodsDischarge data for 159,301 patients who underwent an ablative procedure for a malignant oral cavity, laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, or oropharyngeal neoplasm from 2001 to 2010 were analyzed using cross‐tabulations and multivariate regression modeling. Failure to rescue was defined as death after a major complication, including acute myocardial infarction, acute renal failure, venous thromboembolism, pneumonia, gastrointestinal bleed, pulmonary failure, hemorrhage, or surgical site infection. We compared the incidence of mortality, major complications, and failure‐to‐rescue rates across hospital volume tertiles.ResultsThe majority of hospitals performing HNCA surgery were low‐volume hospitals, which performed a mean of 6 HNCA cases per year (n = 7635). Intermediate‐volume hospitals performed a mean of 37 cases per year (n = 729), and high‐volume hospitals performed a mean of 131 cases (n = 207). High‐volume hospital care was associated with significantly decreased odds of death (odds ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.46‐0.86) and failure to rescue (odds ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.33‐0.97) compared to low‐volume hospital care. However, there was no significant difference in major complication rates between patients undergoing HNCA surgery at high‐volume hospitals and those at low‐volume hospitals.ConclusionPatients with HNCA who receive care at high‐volume hospitals compared with low‐volume hospitals have a 44% lower odds of mortality, which appears to be associated with differences in the response to and management of complications rather than differences in complication rates.
Developing Effective Automated Feedback in Temporal Bone Surgery Simulation
Authors: Wijewickrema Sudanthi , Piromchai Patorn , Zhou Yun , Ioannou Ioanna , Bailey James , Kennedy Gregor , O’Leary Stephen 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveWe aim to test the effectiveness, accuracy, and usefulness of an automated feedback system in facilitating skill acquisition in virtual reality surgery.Study DesignWe evaluate the performance of the feedback system through a randomized controlled trial of 24 students allocated to feedback and nonfeedback groups.SettingThe feedback system was based on the Melbourne University temporal bone surgery simulator. The study was conducted at the simulation laboratory of the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne.Subjects and MethodsThe study participants were medical students from the University of Melbourne, who were asked to perform virtual cortical mastoidectomy on the simulator. The extent to which the drilling behavior of the feedback and nonfeedback groups differed was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the system. Its accuracy was determined through a postexperiment observational assessment of recordings made during the experiment by an expert surgeon. Its usability was evaluated using students’ self‐reports of their impressions of the system.ResultsA Friedman’s test showed that there was a significant improvement in the drilling performance of the feedback group, χ2(1) = 14.450, P <. 001. The postexperiment assessment demonstrated that the system provided timely feedback (when trainee behavior was detected) 88.6% of the time and appropriate feedback (accurate advice) 84.2% of the time. Participants’ opinions about the usefulness of the system were highly positive.ConclusionThe automated feedback system was observed to be effective in improving surgical technique, and the provided feedback was found to be accurate and useful.
The effect of interventions on balance self-efficacy in the stroke population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tang Ada , Tao Amy , Soh Michelle , Tam Carolyn , Tan Hannah , Thompson Jessica , Eng Janice J 
Published: February 2015

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of clinical trials that examined the effectiveness of interventions on balance self-efficacy among individuals with stroke. Design: Systematic review. Summary of review: Searches of the following databases were completed in December 2014: MEDLINE (1948–present), CINAHL (1982–present), EMBASE (1980–present) and PsycINFO (1987–present) for controlled clinical trials that measured balance self-efficacy in adults with stroke. Reference lists of selected articles were hand-searched to identify further relevant studies. Review methods: Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and assessed the methodological quality of the studies using the Physical Therapy Evidence Database Scale. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated. Results: A total of 19 trials involving 729 participants used balance self-efficacy as a secondary outcome. Study quality ranged from poor ( n = 3) to good ( n = 8). In the meta-analysis of 15 trials that used intensive physical activity interventions, a moderate beneficial effect on balance self-efficacy was observed immediately following the programs (SMD 0.44, 95% CI 0.11–0.77, P = 0.009). In the studies that included follow-up assessments, there was no difference between groups across retention periods (eight studies, SMD 0.32, 95% CI −0.17–0.80, P = 0.20). In the four studies that used motor imagery interventions, there was no between-group difference in change in balance self-efficacy (fixed effects SMD 0.68, 95% CI −0.33–1.69, P = 0.18). Conclusions: Physical activity interventions appear to be effective in improving balance self-efficacy after stroke.
Intracellular lipid in clear cell renal cell carcinoma tumor thrombus and metastases detected by chemical shift (in and opposed phase) MRI: radiologic-pathologic correlation
Authors: Moosavi Bardia , Shabana Wael M , El-Khodary Mohamed , van der Pol Christian B , Flood Trevor A , McInnes Mathew DF , Schieda Nicola 
Published: February 2015

Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RRC) characteristically contain intracellular lipid which is also detectable in tumor thrombus and metastases. Purpose To assess the incidence of intracellular lipid in clear cell RCC metastases and tumor thrombus using chemical shift MRI. Material and Methods With REB approval, 33 consecutive patients with clear cell RCC and tumor thrombus/metastatic disease underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over a 10-year period. Diagnosis was established by histopathology for tumor thrombi ( n = 25) and metastases ( n = 15) or growth for metastases ( n = 14). Two blinded radiologists independently assessed for a signal intensity (SI) drop at chemical shift MRI (indicative of intracellular lipid) and a third radiologist established consensus. Chemical shift SI (CS-SI) index ([SItumorIP – SItumorOP]/SITumorIP x 100) was calculated. Inter-observer agreement was assessed using intra-class correlation (ICC) and tests of association were performed using the Chi-square test and Spearman correlation. Results Using CS-MRI, intracellular lipid was detected in 36.4% of clear cell RCC, with moderate agreement, (ICC = 0.5). Intracellular lipid was detected in 20% of tumor thrombi and 20% of metastases with strong agreement (ICC = 0.73). Intracellular lipid within tumor thrombi/metastases was not associated with lipid within the primary tumor ( P = 0.09). There was a correlation in CS-SI index between primary tumor and thrombi/metastases when lipid was detected in both lesions (r = 0.91, P = 0.005); however, there was no correlation when lipid was not detected in both lesions (r = –0.09, P = 0.72). Conclusion The presence of intracellular lipid in tumor thrombus and metastases from clear cell RCC is uncommon and, is not necessarily associated with lipid within the primary tumor at chemical shift MRI.
Experimental measurement of roller slip in end-pivoted roller follower valve train
Authors: Khurram Muhammad , Mufti Riaz A , Zahid Rehan , Afzal Naqash , Bhutta Usman 
Published: February 2015

Direct-acting tappets and end-pivoted roller followers are the two main types of valve train configurations widely used in passenger car engines. Considerable theoretical and experimental work has been carried out on the direct-acting valve train. However, due to complex nature of the end-pivoted rollers, limited work has been carried out in this area. In roller follower valve train, the roller rotation has a direct impact on the performance in terms of component durability and friction. Roller rotation minimizes the chances of fatigue failure by even distribution of wear, improves the lubrication, and influences the valve train power loss. In this research work, the effect of lubricant rheology and operating conditions on the performance of end-pivoted roller follower has been studied experimentally in detail. Tests have been carried out on real production engine, avoiding any major modification to the components under investigation. The tests revealed presence of roller slip at certain operating conditions. Lubricant viscosity played a key role in the slippage of roller at lower temperatures, however, at high temperatures, negative slip was observed indicating that component inertia has a role to play in roller slip. High camshaft operating speeds and roller inertia increased the tendency of slippage. The study of roller slip was not possible without the development of a new method of measuring roller performance, also reported in this paper. The experimental set up, roller rotation measurement system, test procedure, and results are presented and discussed in detail.
High-performance Hypoiodite/Hydrogen Peroxide Catalytic System for the Oxylactonization of Aliphatic γ-Oxocarboxylic Acids
Authors: Uyanik Muhammet , Suzuki Daisuke , Watanabe Mizu , Tanaka Hiroyasu , Furukawa Kikuo , Ishihara Kazuaki 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Highly efficient hypoiodite-catalyzed oxylactonization of aliphatic γ-oxocarboxylic acids to the corresponding γ-acyl-γ-butyrolactones was developed. Highly dilute reaction conditions and slow addition of the oxidant are both highly effective for promoting the high-performance hypoiodite/hydrogen peroxide catalytic oxidation system.
Plasmon-enhanced Water Splitting Utilizing the Heterojunction Synergistic Effect between SrTiO3 and Rutile-TiO2
Authors: Zhong Yuqing , Ueno Kosei , Mori Yuko , Oshikiri Tomoya , Misawa Hiroaki 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A plasmon-enhanced water splitting system using a gold nanostructured strontium titanate (SrTiO3) single-crystal photoelectrode with a titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film heterojunction was developed. Simultaneous evolution of hydrogen and oxygen was observed in separate reaction chambers under visible light irradiation. The substrate composed of single-crystal SrTiO3 with a rutile TiO2 thin film heterojunction exhibited enhanced water splitting activity compared with the electrode without the TiO2 thin film because the synergistic effect may prevent the back-electron-transfer reaction.
Boron-doped Nanodiamond Powder Prepared by Solid-state Diffusion Method
Authors: Kondo Takeshi , Okada Narumi , Yamaguchi Yuki , Urai Junichi , Aikawa Tatsuo , Yuasa Makoto 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A method based on solid-state diffusion has been developed for the preparation of conductive nanodiamond (ND) powder that should be useful for application as a chemically inert electrode material with a large specific surface area. Heat treatment of a ND/boron powder mixture in H2 atmosphere at 900 °C increased the conductivity from 2.0 × 10−6 to 2.7 × 10−3 S cm−1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements implied that the enhancement of conductivity originated from the solid-state diffusion of boron into ND from the surface.
Expression of the proinflammatory marker CD34 in varicose leg veins
Authors: Samsonava I.V. , Galishevich M. M. , Sushkou S. A. 
Published: February 2015

Summary
Objective: To study the CD34 expression in the leg veins with primary varicose veins.
Material and Methods: The study included 18 patients with lower limbs varicose veins and deep vein valves insufficiency of C3 and C4 clinical classes (CEAP). To correct blood flow phlebectomy was accompanied by posterior tibial veins resection. Using immunohistochemistry, we compared the expression of CD34 in resected posterior tibial veins specimens and vena saphena magna distal fragment.
Results: Posterior tibial veins wall in patients with lower limb varicosity and deep veins valves insufficiency vary the CD34 degree expression comparing with the control group. Total area of expression was significantly greater than in control sample. CD34 expression area was also significantly greater in vena saphena magna than in control group. CD34 expression comparison in the specimens from patients with varicose veins showed its significantly higher degree in the vena saphena magna than in tibial veins.
Conclusion: With primary varicose veins superficial and deep leg veins develop unidirectional increase of CD34 expression, that can be assumed as a pathogenetic factors of further disease progression and involvement of deep vein valves.
Treatment of high risk pregnancies
Authors: Becker R , Breitkopf M , Baumgarten S , Halis G , Höhne A , Jantke A , Kießling-Rau C , Kuhlmann K , Kunert S , Entezami M , Peet DJ , Reißig M , Ristau B , Schmidt FP , Sydow P , Tabor-Wessel P , Yüksel E , Duncker R , Münchow R , Röding A , Clausnitzer S , Giers FH , Hubatsch M , Maas S , Moeller K-T , Stellmacher A , Zöllner M , Kiesewetter H 
Published: February 2015

SummaryIntroduction: The efficacy of a therapy with certoparin; also in combination with aspirin and prednisolone; in high-risk pregnancies has been examined prospectively.Method: Data of 616 pregnancies have been analyzed. 238 patients injected Mono Embolex 3000; 239 patients Mono Embolex 8000 only. 62 patients injected Mono Embolex 8000 and took aspirin 50–100 mg daily; 60 Mono Embolex 3000 and aspirin 50–100 mg daily. 30 patients took aspirin 50–100 mg; prednisolone 2.5–5 mg and 17 injected mono Embolex 8000; 13 Mono Embolex 3000 daily from the start of their pregnancy. The target variable was the life birth rate.When given aspirin the HPA-status of the partner is measured if the pregnant woman is negative for HPA 1a or 5b. In HPA-negative mothers and HPA-positive fathers a test for HPA-antibodies is performed posterior week 16.Result: Applied early; a mean life birth rate of 95 % has been achieved in the monotherapy with Mono Embolex. Where heparin and aspirin were applied before pregnancy week 17 a life birth rate of 100 % was achieved. In patientswith a combination of aspirin and prednisolone a life birth rate of 87 % was achieved. Considering the life birth rate the status of thrombophilia gene-polymorphisms is irrelevant. The HPA-status was examined in 139 patients. In one of the HPA 5a-negative and 3 of the HPA 5b-negative women an immunization occurred but the platelet count of the fetus was not decreased. 3.3 % showed local allergic reaction and 0.5 % slight bleeding.Conclusion: Certoparin, aspirin and prednisolone are safe drugs to increase life birth rate.
Materials for mourning: Bereavement literature and the afterlife of clothes
Authors: Simpson Judith M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
While the Judeao-Christian tradition has tended to regard clothing as ephemeral, its role in mourning and memorialization suggests that this is not the case. Using written accounts of bereavement, I demonstrate that clothing shapes and maintains relationships between the living and the dead, allowing mourners to process loss and translate the memory of those who have died into ancestor myths.
The Lula girl as ‘sublime and childlike’: nostalgic investments in contemporary fashion magazines
Authors: Laing Morna 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Since the 1980s, the figure of the ‘girl’ has become one of the most prominent subject positions offered up in British fashion magazines (Jobling 1999). This way of constructing femininity harks back to the observation made by Roland Barthes, in 1967, that the rhetoric of fashion ‘reproduces, on the level of clothing, the mythic situation of Women in Western civilization, at once sublime and childlike’ (1990: 242). This article argues that both facets – the sublime and the childlike – continue to inform constructions of femininity in contemporary fashion magazines, with the niche publication, Lula, girl of my dreams, being a particularly marked example. Methods of textual and discourse analysis are employed to make sense of written and visual excerpts, drawing from issues of Lula spanning 2006 to 2012. Discourses on Romantic childhood and discourses on ‘high’ fashion – both of which construct their objects as ‘pure’ – are shown to intersect on the pages of Lula thus producing the Lula girl as otherworldly creature, while disavowing the less palatable aspects of the fashion industry that bring her into being. Inviting nostalgic recollection of childhood, the Lula girl is shown not to recall childhood in any objective sense but rather to reconstruct childhood through the mythic tropes of Romantic innocence. The possible appeal of this vision of womanhood for both magazine producers and consumers is theorized through the concept of ‘investment’ as well as recent debates on pleasure and politics in feminist media studies. Ultimately, the Lula girl is shown to facilitate imaginary solutions for real-life frustrations by dissolving the contradictions of normative femininity as well as encompassing elements excluded from contemporary definitions of adulthood.