bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
eCall minimum set of data transmission – results from a field test in Finland
Authors: Öörni Risto , Korhonen Timo O. 
Published: July 2014

European in‐vehicle emergency call system eCall aims to save lives and mitigate consequences of road accidents. eCall minimum set of data (MSD) which contains information on the accident vehicle is transmitted in the beginning of the call in the voice channel opened between in‐vehicle system and public safety answering point. The main objectives of the study are to analyse the successfulness of eCall MSD transmission in Finnish fixed‐line and GSM networks and to provide information on factors which contribute to the success rate of MSD transmission. The results of the Wilcoxon rank sum test indicated that the signal strength has no major impact on the success or failure of the MSD transmission when the mobile network signal strength measured by IVS is between −80 and −40 dBm. The analysed data included 12 failed MSD transmission attempts and 214 initiated MSDs in total. However, the test results also indicated that the MSD success rate can still be very different in different real‐life physical mobile and fixed‐line locations.
Subproportion control of double input buck converter for fuel cell/battery hybrid power supply system
Authors: Xian Liang , Wang Gucheng , Wang Youyi 
Published: July 2014

Characterised with more integrated topology, simpler manipulations, less component count, and comparative higher efficiency, multiple‐input converters (MICs) become an attractive candidate in renewable energy hybrid systems (REHSs). To seamlessly and smoothly transit from one operating mode to another is one of the critical issues that the energy management strategy should concern about. Normally, the mode transition (MT) design is usually required for the auxiliary circuits and components, which runs opposite to the MIC's intrinsic advantages and may cause potential problems for the system's reliability and stability. The subproportion control (SPC) approach presented in this study combines two operating modes into a sole control algorithm module without any hardware assistance. The so‐called subproportion (SP) term is an additional control variable served as a certain proportion of the voltage‐regulation duty cycle, dv. The product of SP and dv composes the duty cycle for current limitation of the first power source, beyond which, a seamless and smooth MT can be automatically and spontaneously implemented. The small‐signal modelling for the three most‐commonly‐used topologies in the MIC family showed SPC's universal applicability. It was employed onto a 1 kW double‐input‐buck‐converter‐based fuel cells/battery REHS prototype for the verification of its control performance and auto‐MT capability.
Design and implementation of a high‐frequency LC‐based half‐bridge resonant converter for dielectric barrier discharge ozone generator
Authors: Amjad Muhammad , Salam Zainal 
Published: July 2014

This study describes the design and implementation of a high‐frequency resonant converter based on the transformerless half‐bridge inverter topology. The transformer can be omitted because the voltage gain of the ‘LC’ tank circuit (without transformer) is sufficiently high to overcome the initiation voltage and to maintain steady ozone yield. Another important contribution of the work is the increase in operating frequencies, that is, up to 95 kHz. This increase has two main benefits: (i) smaller resonant component values (which lead to a smaller size of converter) and (ii) lower initiation voltage. To validate the theory, the high‐frequency power converter is designed and tested on a dielectric barrier discharge chamber. It is shown that ozone yield is improved and the ozone formation starts at lower chamber voltages. The experimental and simulation results are found to be in close agreement and hence to validate the design procedures.
Modelling and analysis of modular multilevel converter for solar photovoltaic applications to improve power quality
Authors: Alexander Albert , Thathan Manigandan 
Published: July 2014

The design of control circuit for a solar fed cascaded multilevel inverter to reduce the number of semiconductor switches is presented in this study. The design includes ‘binary’, ‘trinary’ and ‘modified multilevel connection’ (MMC)‐based topologies suitable for varying input sources from solar photovoltaic's (PV). In binary mode, output voltage levels are obtained where Ns is the number of individual inverters. This is achieved by digital logic functions which includes counters, flip‐flops and logic gates. In trinary mode, 3Ns levels are achieved by corresponding look‐up table. MMC intends design in both control and power circuits to provide corresponding output voltage levels by appropriate switching sequences. Hence to obtain a 15‐level inverter, the conventional method requires 28 switches and in binary mode 12 switches are needed. In trinary mode with the same 12 switches, 27 levels can be obtained whereas in MMC only 7 switches are employed to achieve 15 levels. The advantage of these three designs is in the reduction of total harmonic distortion by increasing the levels. Simulations are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and comparisons were made. All the three topologies are experimentally investigated for a 3 kWp solar PV plant and power quality indices were measured.
Prediction of hot spots in protein interfaces using extreme learning machines with the information of spatial neighbour residues
Authors: Wang Lin , Zhang Wenjuan , Gao Qiang , Xiong Congcong 
Published: July 2014

The identification of hot spots, a small subset of protein interfaces that accounts for the majority of binding free energy, is becoming increasingly important for the research on protein–protein interaction and drug design. For each interface residue or target residue to be predicted, the authors extract hybrid features which incorporate a wide range of information of the target residue and its spatial neighbor residues, that is, the nearest contact residue in the other face (mirror‐contact residue) and the nearest contact residue in the same face (intra‐contact residue). Here, feature selection is performed using random forests to avoid over‐fitting. Thereafter, the extreme learning machine is employed to effectively integrate these hybrid features for predicting hot spots in protein interfaces. By the 5‐fold cross validation in the training set, their method can achieve accuracy (ACC) of 82.1% and Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.459, and outperforms some alternative machine learning methods in the comparison study. Furthermore, their method achieves ACC of 76.8% and MCC of 0.401 in the independent test set, and is more effective than the major existing hot spot predictors. Their prediction method offers a powerful tool for uncovering candidate residues in the studies of alanine scanning mutagenesis for functional protein interaction sites.
Public perceptions of cancer risk factors: a Western Australian study
Authors: MacTiernan Anna , Fritschi Lin , Slevin Terry , Jalleh Geoffrey , Donovan Rob , Heyworth Jane 
Published: July 2014

Issue addressedPeople's perceptions of risk may influence health‐related behaviours. The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of cancer risk factors among Western Australian adults in order to inform health promotion policies.MethodsCross‐sectional surveys of 2094 adults were undertaken in 2007/2008 in which respondents were asked whether they thought factors increased or decreased the risk of cancer. Factors included both established and unestablished risk factors for cancer. The distribution of perceptions was compared according to age and sex.ResultsThe study found high levels of endorsement for some unestablished risk factors (74–91%) and comparatively lower levels of endorsement for many established risk factors (33–80%). The established risk factors of smoking and asbestos received high levels of endorsement (94–98%).ConclusionIt appears that the alignment between scientifically established risk factors and the Western Australian public's perception of cancer risk factors could be improved.So what?Health promotion strategies are needed to improve the public's awareness of cancer risk factors. The high levels of endorsement attributed to unestablished risk factors highlight the need to dispel myths surrounding cancer and to reinforce the key factors in cancer prevention. Ongoing assessment of the alignment between community perceptions of cancer risk and the scientific evidence for cancer risk is important for guiding prioritisation within public health organisations.
Usability and Impact of a Computerized Clinical Decision Support Intervention Designed to Reduce Urinary Catheter Utilization and Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Baillie Charles A. , Epps Mika , Hanish Asaf , Fishman Neil O. , French Benjamin , Umscheid Craig A. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the usability and effectiveness of a computerized clinical decision support (CDS) intervention aimed at reducing the duration of urinary tract catheterizations.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingAcademic healthcare system.Patients.All adult patients admitted from March 2009 through May 2012.Intervention.A CDS intervention was integrated into a commercial electronic health record. Providers were prompted at order entry to specify the indication for urinary catheter insertion. On the basis of the indication chosen, providers were alerted to reassess the need for the urinary catheter if it was not removed within the recommended time. Three time periods were examined: baseline, after implementation of the first intervention (stock reminder), and after a second iteration (homegrown reminder). The primary endpoint was the usability of the intervention as measured by the proportion of reminders through which providers submitted a remove urinary catheter order. Secondary endpoints were the urinary catheter utilization ratio and the rate of hospital-acquired catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).Result.The first intervention displayed limited usability, with 2% of reminders resulting in a remove order. Usability improved to 15% with the revised reminder. The catheter utilization ratio declined over the 3 time periods (0.22, 0.20, and 0.19, respectively; P < .001), as did CAUTIs per 1,000 patient-days (0.84, 0.70, and 0.51, respectively; P < .001).ConclusionsA urinary catheter removal reminder system was successfully integrated within a healthcare system’s electronic health record. The usability of the reminder was highly dependent on its user interface, with a homegrown version of the reminder resulting in higher impact than a stock reminder.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(9):1147-1155
Infection Prevention Practices in Neonatal Intensive Care Units Reporting to the National Healthcare Safety Network
Authors: Hocevar Susan N. , Lessa Fernanda C. , Gallagher Lauren , Conover Craig , Gorwitz Rachel , Iwamoto Martha 
Published: July 2014

Background.Patients in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are at high risk for healthcare-associated infections. Variability in reported infection rates among NICUs exists, possibly related to differences in prevention strategies. A better understanding of current prevention practices may help identify prevention gaps and areas for further research.MethodsWe surveyed infection control staff in NICUs reporting to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) to assess strategies used to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) transmission and central line–associated bloodstream infections in NICUs.ResultsStaff from 162 of 342 NICUs responded (response rate, 47.3%). Most (92.3%) NICUs use central line insertion and maintenance bundles, but maintenance practices varied, including agents used for antisepsis and frequency of dressing changes. Forty-two percent reported routine screening for MRSA colonization upon admission for all patients. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) use for central line care for at least 1 indication (central line insertion, dressing changes, or port/cap antisepsis) was reported in 82 NICUs (51.3%). Among sixty-five NICUs responding to questions on CHG use restrictions, 46.2% reported no restrictions.ConclusionsOur survey illustrated heterogeneity of CLABSI and MRSA prevention practices and underscores the need for further research to define optimal strategies and evidence-based prevention recommendations for neonates.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(9):1126-1132
The European Union and its Competition Law and Institutions
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter sketches the history of the EU and its institutions in order to set the competition rules in context. It then discusses the competition provisions themselves, and explains the way in which those rules are applied and enforced. The EU competition rules are primarily contained in Title VII, Chapter 1 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The two main competition articles are Article 101 TFEU, which applies to agreements between undertakings, and Article 102, which applies to the conduct of undertakings in a ‘dominant position’. Articles 101 and 102 are supplemented by Article 106 (public undertakings and undertakings with special or exclusive rights), and by articles concerned with powers and procedures.
Vertical Agreements
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter, which discusses EU competition policy towards vertical agreements, begins by outlining the choices available to a supplier when deciding how best to market and sell its products or services to customers, and the impact that the competition rules may have on a supplier's choice. It then discusses the EU approach to vertical restraints; the application of Article 101(1) and Article 101(3) to vertical agreements; sub-contracting agreements; and the possible application of Article 102 to distribution agreements.
Licensing Agreements and Other Agreements Involving Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter examines some of the different types of intellectual property rights (IPRs) before outlining the relationship between intellectual property and both EU competition law and the EU free movement rules. It focuses, however, on IP licensing agreements and their treatment under Article 101. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 3 traces the development of EU competition policy to IP licensing agreements. Sections 4 and 5 examine the current Technology Transfer Block Exemption, Regulation 772/2004 (TTBER) and the Guidelines in detail (noting where significant changes might occur in 2014). Sections 6, 7, and 8 deal with trade mark licences, trade mark delimitation agreements, and copyright (other than software) licences not covered by the TTBER and Guidelines. Section 9 outlines issues arising in cases involving IPRs under Article 102, while Section 10 concludes.
Mergers
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses the following: the purposes of merger control; the history of the European merger control regulation; the scheme of the European merger control regulation; jurisdiction; procedure; substantive appraisal of concentrations under the European Union Merger Regulation (EUMR); EUMR statistics; appeals; and international issues.
International Aspects
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter first examines the question of competition law and extraterritoriality, particularly in relation to the EU and the USA. It then looks at the ‘internationalization’ of competition law and the efforts to deal with competition issues on a global perspective to match the global operations of undertakings on world markets.
Quantifying mesh resistance to opening of netting panels: experimental method, regression models, and parameter estimation strategies
Authors: de la Prada Amelia , González Manuel 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The increased mesh resistance to opening of netting panels manufactured with thick and stiff twines has a notable impact in the structural response and selective performance of the fishing gears. The only available method to quantify the mesh resistance to opening of netting panels was described in Sala et al. (in Experimental method for quantifying resistance to the opening of netting panels. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1573–1578, 2007b). We present an alternative method with a similar methodology: we attempt to estimate the mechanical and geometrical properties of a netting material that best fits the experimental measurements of a netting panel. We introduce three major contributions: (i) a considerably simpler uniaxial experimental set-up, which stretches a netting sample in the normal direction of the meshes while leaving free its deformation in the transverse direction; (ii) more accurate theoretical models for mesh resistance to opening; and (iii) new strategies to estimate the parameters of the models. We present the results of the analysis of polyethylene, compacted polyethylene, single-twine, and double-twine netting. Some of the assessed combinations of estimation strategies and theoretical models have an excellent goodness of fit with experimental data. The method proved to be a simple yet accurate way to quantify the mesh resistance to opening of netting panels.
Leptospirosis and its complications
Authors: Easom Nicholas , Arnold Amber , Moore David 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Leptospirosis infection commonly passes unnoticed, as shown by high seroprevalence rates in endemic areas. However, severe disease may rarely occur as exemplified in the case presented here. Complications including pulmonary haemorrhage, jaundice, renal impairment, myocarditis, and uveitis are all possibilities. The differential diagnosis of a returning traveller with pulmonary symptoms and fever are discussed along with the diagnosis, including serology, and management of severe leptospirosis including antibiotic choice.
HIV and prevention of mother-to-child transmission
Authors: Hegazi Aseel , Hay Phillip 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV in the UK is now a rare event due to routine screening for HIV in pregnancy, the commencement of antiretroviral therapy, viral load testing, and consideration of the need for caesarean section. However, seroconversion in late pregnancy may occur, as in the case presented. Diagnosis and management of seroconversion in late pregnancy are discussed with particular regard to interventions that have been shown to reduce MTCT. Ways of reducing the viral load rapidly, for example with the use of newer agents like the integrase inhibitor raltegravir, are also discussed.
HIV: opportunistic infections and immune reconstitution
Authors: Dwyer Ellen , Arnold Amber , Macallan Derek 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA late-stage diagnosis of HIV continues to present considerable management issues due to multiple concomitant pathologies and the immune reconstitution syndrome (IRIS). This chapter presents a case where a patient is diagnosed with late-stage HIV complicated by Mycobacterium avium intracellare (MAI) infection and histoplasmosis. A discussion focusing on unmasking IRIS follows.
Candida infection in the intensive care unit
Authors: Moore Luke , Schelenz Silke 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This chapter illustrates a classic case of candidaemia occurring in the intensive care setting. The combination of abdominal surgery, central venous line, TPN and broad-spectrum antibiotics are all classic risk factors for the development of Candida bloodstream infection, and dissemination of the yeast to other sites is not unusual. Involvement of the eye is one of the most common infection-related complications, followed by endocarditis and bone or joint infection. However, cerebral abscesses are a rare event in adults. The diagnosis and management of Candida infection (in this case the germ tube negative C. glabrata) is discussed with particular regard to screening for carriage, and testing for susceptibility to and choice of antifungal agents such as fluconazole and echinafungin.
Tropical liver abscess: diagnosis and management
Authors: Eder Marcus , Arnold Amber , Moore Elinor 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThere is a broad differential for a patient returning from the tropics with an infection. Physicians must focus on the timing (i.e. the possible incubation period of the disease), the person (i.e. risk factors for acquiring disease), and the place (i.e. exact geography of travel) to make a realistic differential diagnosis. In this chapter a case of amoebic liver abscess (ALA) in a returning traveller is presented. Diagnosis of ALA and differentiating between amoebic and pyogenic liver abscess is included. The management of amoebic liver abscesses is discussed including the role of antimicrobial therapy, as well as the assessment of fever in a returning traveller.
Severe falciparum malaria: treatment options in the UK
Authors: Eder Marcus , Arnold Amber , Moore Elinor 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Malaria is the first consideration in any unwell patient who has been in a malaria-endemic area within the last year. A case of severe falciparum malaria is presented here with particular focus on issues related to the treatment and recognition of this condition in the UK. In the UK, poor outcomes come from a delay in the diagnosis; therefore the most important step in improving outcomes is to remember and test for this common tropical disease. Although malaria blood films are the gold standard in diagnosis and give additional information than just the diagnosis, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are extremely useful, particularly in laboratories unfamiliar with looking at a malaria film. It is important to make an assessment of the severity of infection to identify those with a risk of a poor outcome. A discussion focusing on the choice of antimalarial agent for severe malaria infection, including a comparison of artesunate and quinine, follows the case.
Imported Plasmodium vivax
Authors: Wise Emily , Doherty Tom 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Infection with Plasmodium vivax has traditionally be viewed as ‘benign’. However, severe and complicated infection has increasingly been recognized. Plasmodium vivax has the potential to relapse if the hypnozoite phase is not treated appropriately. A case of travel-related acute and relapsed infection is presented here and the management and diagnosis discussed.
Typhoid fever: antibiotic treatment choices
Authors: Feasey Nicholas , Parry Chris 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi) and is a common cause of fever in a returning traveller. Treatment options have become more complicated with increasing antibiotic resistance including the emergence of isolates with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Treatment options include the third-generation cephalosporins and azithromycin. The risk of relapse is considered. A case of typhoid fever in a UK resident is presented and the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management with particular emphasis on antibiotic choices are discussed.