bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economics of Power Production from Forward Osmosis
Authors: Jacob Matthieu , Garnier Olivier Francois , Lebas Genevieve 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) uses an osmostic pressure gradient to induce a net flow of water from the solution feed (low salt concentration solution) into the draw solution (higher salt concentration solution) through a semi-permeable membrane. The osmotic pressure can then be converted into a hydraulic pressure used to run a Pelton turbine and to produce green electricity. The permeate flow is then always kept at high pressure (15–30 bars) to feed the turbine using a pressure exchanger; this technology is called Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO). Oil terminals are rejecting to sea large quantities of salty produced water (above 100 g/l) and there is a potential for the application of PRO using this produced water as the draw solution and the sea water, river or lagoon water as the low-salt feed solution. Forward osmosis between sea water and production water could be used to produce electricity with low additional environmental impact. A technico-economical study was launched to evaluate the potential interest of PRO technology to produce electricity on the Djeno oil terminal site situated in Congo. The calculated technical cost of electricity is from 350 to 650 euros/Mwhr, which is not competitive with other green energies. This high cost is mainly due to required bulk equipments and their related electrical consumption, the membrane cost being only 10% of the technical cost. So though the technology seems promising, a technical breakthrough on membrane permeability and mechanical resistance is needed to promote PRO as a competitive clean energy.

1.Generalities on forward osmosis
Osmosis is a natural phenomenon which occurs when a water-permeable membrane separates two solutions of unequal salinity. The pure water diffuses from the less concentrated to the more concentrated region. The energy of this motion can be captured and converted to green electricity. This process, firstly described by S.Loeb in the seventies [1–3], is usually referred as pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). Considering two fluids referenced as Feed solution (F) and Draw solution (D) of different salinity (and thus osmotic pressure) separated by a FO membrane, the water from the less saline compartment F will transfer through the FO membrane to dilute the more saline compartment D (equation 1 and equation 2). The compartment D flow is then canalized and divided into two streams, one going through a turbine to generate energy (equation 3) and the other going to a pressure exchanger where it increases the pressure of the saline (draw) solution (see Figure 1). PRO process requires a back pressure on the high salinity draw solution that generates power by depressurizing the solution through a turbine. To maintain a steady operation of the turbine, the permeate flow should always been kept at high pressure (15–35 barg) to feed the turbine. The water permeate flowrate (Jp) against the applied back pressure Pdraw depends on the osmotic pressure difference, which thereby converts the chemical potential energy into mechanical work.
Qatar Petroleum Experience in Implementing the Measurement Strategies for Custody Transfer, Allocation and Royalties.
Authors: Bolivar Carlos 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
From the reservoir to the final consumer sales point, the flow and quality related to energy is estimated, quantified, or in an ideal situation is measured with very low uncertainty. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) reference basket averaged $107.52/b in August, and the world oil demand growth was revised in 2013 by 25 tb/d (1), in the longer term, prices may reach $155/b by 2035 (2), additionally, energy consumption has been estimated to increase 54% from 2010 to 2035, fossil fuel will account with 82% (2). Considering these short and long term estimations, the proper management of the uncertainty levels related to measurement systems in the energy sector has an intrinsic financial risk exposure that has to be addressed, and in most of the cases, a clear framework has to be established and led by the reserves owners.
Technology has been evolving to manage better levels of uncertainty, but it is an endless journey trying to find the "true value" in order to safeguard the net profits of the shareholders. In the case of National Oil Companies (NOC), this challenge is translated in major strategic paths that are fully linked to the long term vision of an entire nation, and if we consider the nations where the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is propelled by the Oil and Gas sector, the discrepancies related to product measurement may create a tremendous impact in the domestic economy. In consequence, around the supply chain, where different parties are directly involved in energy custody transfer process, the transparency and clear measurement terms are required for the buying and sales transactions. In many of those cases, royalties payment is involved, this issue must be fully monitored and controlled by the NOCs, but clear terms has to be agreed with the International Oil Companies (IOCs) in order avoid financial losses due to sub-optimal measurement practices.
Qatar Petroleum (QP) has embarked in an ambitious task to implement a "Measurement Strategy", to be applied to all the Joint Ventures and Production Sharing Agreements Operators that are located in the State of Qatar (SoQ). One of the key elements in the Measurement Strategy is the creation of a common framework to operate the measurement systems in the SoQ. The complexity lies to boost this initiative in an environment where different players have already an intrinsic risk related to their own operations in terms of hydrocarbon imbalances due to measurement uncertainties, and every single operator could operates the measurement system with a different asset management strategy. This paper will present the case and the lessons learned from this implementation process in order to deploy an unique framework to manage the measurement systems, where, the approach utilized to manage the diversity from the managerial perspective was based in the Kotter method.
Intelligent-Field Technologies on a Mass Scale: Change for Efficiency Improvement
Authors: Al-Khelaiwi Faisal T. , Zarea Marwan A. , Al-Khamis Mohammad N. , Al-Ghamdi AbdulRahman A. , Al-Amri Meshal A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Northern Area Oil Operations of Saudi Aramco has embarked on the installation of Intelligent Field equipment and innovative technologies on a mass scale for the past decade. It was noticed that the initial performance and utilization of such technologies were lower than expected. Therefore; a plan comprised of the following was devised to tackle these deficiencies:Launching a major organizational restructure and assigning a dedicated team of specialists to look after the Intelligent-Field equipment and the real-time data transmission to the databases.Establishing a tailored maintenance service contract with the providers of such technologies.Developing an in-house training program for specialization in the operation, maintenance and utilization of Intelligent-Field equipment.Launching of an innovative technology deployment and evaluation program where each technology is assigned to a technical champion who assumes full responsibility of the technology deployment process.Initiating and maintaining state-of-the-art knowledge management system to track the progress, document the procedures and processes, and capture the lessons learned from the application of each technology.
The implementation of these steps resulted in enhanced Intelligent-Field equipment performance efficiency. In addition, the utilization of real-time data — in advanced production and reservoir engineering analysis; such as automated well rate validation and allocation, production optimization and sweep monitoring — has improved due to the high availability and quality of the transmitted data.
This paper will provide details of the holistic approach developed by Saudi Aramco for the installation and maintenance of Intelligent-Field equipment and all the implemented changes in the work processes to maximize their performance and tangible benefits. The success and value-added by implementing this generic approach will be illustrated through the high efficiency of Saudi Aramco&apos;s Intelligent-Field equipment, which has been maintained at 99%.
An Adapted Uncertainty Management Methodology and Tool for Fast-Track Approaches: Light-Up
Authors: AHN S. , SCHIRMER P. , TAWILE E. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The global workflow of Light-Up
Light-Up (for Light Uncertainty Process) is part of TOTAL's in-house tools for uncertainty management. Light-Up provides (1) the assessment of the probabilized HIIP distribution and (2) the methodology and tool to build "tailor-made" models that feed fluid flow simulation for reserves evaluation with or without dynamic uncertainties. Because the uncertainty workflow of Light-Up is pragmatic and fast, Light-Up has been used for several years on a large panel of TOTAL operational cases. The uncertainty workflow which includes Light-Up, composed of 4 main steps, constitutes an integrated workflow.

1. BASIC DATA
Firstly, the selection of the Base Case geomodel is performed through an in-house non-ergodicity diagnosis. Once uncertainty ranges of static parameters (such as fluid contact, structure, facies proportions, geobody extension and petrophysics) are defined, mono-sensitivity runs are conducted and HIIP is computed for each run. A Tornado Chart is then built to rank the uncertainty level of key parameters on HIIP.

2. STATIC ASPECT
Then, an innovative in-house formula combined with Monte Carlo runs within the Tornado Chart allows computing the probabilized HIIP distribution with the determination of Q10, Q50 and Q90 volumes as well as its dispersion.

3. DYNAMIC ASPECT
Secondarily, because dynamic uncertainties studies for reserves and resources estimation (lead by EST) need to be fed with alternative models (called "tailor-made" models), Light-Up provides a robust methodology and tools (called the Quantile Extraction method) to build these models. This method lies on the uncertainty level control of each uncertain parameter with a weighted variations of parameter quantiles.

4. DETERMINISTIC MODELS
Finally, following the dynamic uncertainties assessment, the Quantile Extraction process of Light-Up allows the construction of deterministic static geomodels which have Low, Best and High dynamic responses for a given dynamic setup (Low, Best and High dynamic setups).
Innovative Integrated Process Scheme For Native CO2 Recovery
Authors: Weiss C. , Pousse F. , Ghodasara K. , Linicus M. , Jüngst E. , Fränkel Stefan 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
While considering CO2 emission from a gas plant, native CO2 significantly contributes to the total amount. Capturing this native CO2 can reduce a lot the green house gases emission and captured CO2 can be valorized for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Due to this, Oil and Gas operators are more and more interested in improving native CO2 recovery technologies.
Usually when natural gas contains both CO2 and H2S, they are removed together and sent to Sulfur Recovery Unit resulting in a tail gas containing mainly Nitrogen and CO2. CO2 can then be separated by use of solvent (using MEA e.g.).
TOTAL and Air Liquide have developed and patented an innovative process scheme recovering native CO2 and reducing the operating and investment costs. Claus unit fed with pure oxygen instead of air leads to a tail gas stream, containing mainly CO2 and H2. Then, CO2 purification unit allows recovering a CO2 rich stream with purity even up to 99.9%. This purification unit can be either membrane, cryogenic or adsorption technologies, or a combination of them. This paper also discusses about the integration of Oxygen-based Claus technology (OxyClaus), tail gas treatment unit (TGTU) and CO2 purification.
The scheme has been studied in detail for specific application to optimize the overall integration. It has been also compared to conventional CO2 capture scheme to highlight its benefits leading to significantly lower CO2 recovery cost. This scheme contributes in many aspects to the current technical knowledge which may include low-cost CO2 capture, use of pure oxygen in the Claus, CO2 purification for EOR etc. Other benefits also include the size reduction of the Claus/TGTU, production of nitrogen stream to be valorized and separated H2-rich stream from CO2 purification unit.
This paper will comprise the overall scheme description and discuss some results for the specific case study.
Virtual Outcrop Geology - A Case Study on Effective Learning and Data Preservation
Authors: AhmadZamri Ahmad F. , Al-Mannai Ahmad S. , Strohmenger Christian J. , Foeken Jurgen P. T. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The use of a terrestrial laser scanner to capture outcrop information has grown in popularity in recent years as a complementary method to geological field work. Laser scanning technology provides a huge volume of geo-referenced data which can be integrated with other datasets. It not only allows 3-D visualisation of the scanned outcrops but also complex qualitative and quantitative analysis of outcrop information.
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology was used as the basis for development of an interactive 3-D stereoscopic module of ancient outcrop analogs for Khuff Formation deposited in Eastern Arabian Peninsula. Seven of these outcrops, located in Wadi Bih and Wadi Hagil (Ras Al-Khaimah, U.A.E.) and representing carbonates of the Permo-Triassic Bih, and the Triassic Hagil and Ghail formations were captured using LiDAR technology.
In order to obtain the highest quality dataset for visualisation purposes, a terrestrial laser scanner with mounted calibrated digital camera was used to capture outcrop information. The outcrops show lateral and vertical facies variations and stacking patterns comparable to Khuff Formation carbonates of the subsurface of the Middle East. Thicker-bedded, shallow subtidal, high-energy grain-dominated carbonates developing around high-frequency maximum flooding surfaces and thinner-bedded peritidal, low-energy mud-dominated and often microbial-laminated carbonates underlying parasequence boundaries and high-frequency sequence boundaries are features that can be well observed in this dataset. Structural features such as fracture networks, collapse features, vertical low-offset faults and mechanical stratigraphy observed at the outcrops are also captured and documented to help understand fluid flow behavior.
All supporting geological interpretation and information are linked interactively to the LiDAR dataset using point-and-click menus to enhance its effectiveness. The 3-D virtual product captures the valuable knowledge of LiDAR scanned outcrops in a fashion that can be used for self-study, training, and pre-field trip and workshop discussions.

Introduction
Knowledge and technology are key resources and long recognised as being of central importance to any organization and contributing to business success. In oil and gas sectors, knowledge and technology have helped companies to sustain their positions and adapt themselves to the challenging operating environments and declining resources. Ability of these companies to reduce operating costs and maximizing recovery is significantly impacted by the quality of knowledge and technology employed into the development plan, especially in the assessment of subsurface environments.
An Assessment of the Influence of Micro-porosity for Effective Permeability Using Local Flux Analysis on Tomographic Images
Authors: Apourvari Saeid Norouzi , Arns Christoph H. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Carbonates are typically heterogeneous over multiple length scales. Due to varying connectivity of pore space features at different scales for carbonates, exhibiting bi-modal or multi-modal pore size distributions, the reliability of petrophysical cross-correlations for predicting the transport properties is reduced. The recent emergence of high resolution micro-CT technology in conjunction with robust numerical methods helps to address this problem.
Due to the finite resolution of X-ray images current pore scale flow models only consider macro-pores; the pores which are resolved at the image resolution. The importance of micro-pores in fluid flow and solute transport has been proved, although qualitatively, in many applications including hydrocarbon production from carbonate rocks, CO2 storage and subsurface groundwater remediation. In this study we quantify the effect of microporosity on effective permeability for different porous media with exhibiting a varying amount of micro- and macro-porosity. We combine Gaussian random fields (GRF) and particle based models to construct model structures with dual-scale pore types. The Brinkman equation is solved directly on the images to calculate the effective permeability via the lattice Boltzmann method while quantifying the flux through the micro-porous regions.
Connectivity analysis conducted on the samples revealed the connectedness of macro-pores through micro-pores. Micro-porosity incorporation increased the connectivity of the macro-pores and consequently the effective permeability of the whole system. This paper introduces a methodology to quantify the effect of microporosity on the fluid flow and incorporate it into the macropores. The approach was first tested on three homogeneous model structures and images of two sandstone rocks, before being implemented on more heterogeneous model structures with bi-modal pore size distribution. The work presented here enables us to couple the effect of sub-resolution pores and macropores in a physically meaningful way. This approach might have important applications to the calculation of permeability for unconventional reservoir rocks.
A New Treatment Technique of Produced Water from Polymer Flooding
Authors: Wang X. , Liu R. , shao Z. , Miller J. H. , Wakasiki S. , Lisana R. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
After the water flooding process or secondary oil extraction, the tertiary oil extraction has been widely used in Chinese oilfield in recent years. Although this technology can enhance the oil recovery by up to 12%, it also produces more and more polymer-flooding wastewater as byproduct per year. Without proper treatment, the oil pollutant pollutes and poisons the water and atmospheric environment. Removing polymer and oil from the oilfield produced water is an important aspect of pollution control in oil and gas industry of China.
One of the major technical requirements of the crude oil exploitation industry is to minimize the concentration of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), crude oil and suspended solid (SS) in the oilfield polymer-flooding wastewater and realize the reuse of this wastewater. In this study, the membrane technology was used to achieve this goal in laboratory-scale dead-end test unit with flat polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (MW 100 kDa). We systematically inspected the membrane fouling mechanism, the variety of total membrane resistance, total fouling resistance, the dominant resistance, membrane fouling driving force and the filtration proceeds in the filtration process.
The orthogonal method and multivariate linear regression method were applied to analyze the influencing degree of the main pollutant concentration on the critical flux. According to comparison of the average rates of change of the critical flux for the HPAM concentration, oil concentration and SS concentration in single solute solution, double solute solution and oilfield polymer-flooding wastewater, HPAM can decrease the average rate of change of the critical flux for other two solutes and has the crucial effect on the critical flux.
According to this research, the ultrafiltration membrane technique can be efficiently used to treat synthetic oilfield polymer-flooding wastewater. A standard procedure is developed to be a methodology reference for the wastewater treatment.
From feasibility to seismic operations: a time-lapse seismic pilot project on Al Khalij field - Offshore Qatar
Authors: Pagliccia Bruno , Cantin Fabrice , Brechet Emmanuelle , Brosille Eddy , Blanco Benoit , Charron Patrick , Emang Michael , Radigon Michel 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Time lapse seismic survey (aka 4D seismic) is a geophysical tool used by the industry to guide and maximize field development. It has been proven successful mainly in clastic deposits environment (Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Guinea, North sea,…) but sparsely tested on carbonate fields because of seismic quality concerns.
Total E&P Qatar engaged in 2012 a "proof of concept" 4D pilot study on its operated Al Kahlij field - offshore Qatar- to demonstrate the value of information provided by a 4D seismic in a middle-east carbonate field under development. This study is made of:
A feasibility study which aims to quantify the expected 4D effect by using a petro-elastic model and several chosen depletion scenarii. These input data are used to compute a synthetic time-lapse seismic dataset through a massive seismic modeling.
A 4D pilot seismic survey shot in summer 2012 (monitor) which was designed to repeat the first seismic survey shot in 1998 (base).
A dedicated seismic processing of both base and monitor in Total's 4D processing dedicated center followed by a specific inversion process (time warping) to extract the awaited 4D signal.
The main objective on Al Khalij field is to validate that 4D seismic is able to calibrate the reservoir model and make it more predictive.
If successful, the time-lapse seismic survey concept can be envisaged for other carbonates field in Qatar and in the Arabic Gulf area for field development optimization.

Introduction
The Al Khalij field is an oil producing field located in Block6, offshore Qatar (Figure 1). Total E&P Qatar has been developing the field with Qatar Petroleum since 1996. A 3D seismic survey was shot in 1998 and has been processed several times until 2009 to build the reservoir model used to monitor and further develop the field.
The Al Khalij field is situated in transition zone, its water production rapidly increased to reach around 90% water-cut. Water arrival on the field is complex and implies several kinds of phenomena: short and long range injections, bottom and edge aquifer, large scale conductive events bringing water influx, etc. The field yields however large remaining reserves and it is planned to redevelop it. A better understanding of the water behavior is needed at a larger than well scale. Time-lapse seismic is a proven technique in clastic environments to assess fluid saturation changes both in time and space. Its efficiency in carbonate environments is still to be demonstrated in the Arabian gulf area.