bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structures of the flax-rust effector AvrM reveal insights into the molecular basis of plant-cell entry and effector-triggered immunity
Authors: Ve Thomas , Williams Simon J. , Catanzariti Ann-Maree , Rafiqi Maryam , Rahman Motiur , Ellis Jeffrey G. , Hardham Adrienne R. , Jones David A. , Anderson Peter A. , Dodds Peter N. , Kobe Bostjan 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Fungal and oomycete pathogens cause devastating diseases in crop plants and facilitate infection by delivering effector molecules into the plant cell. The secreted effector protein AvrM from flax rust, a fungal pathogen that infects flax plants, internalizes into host cells in the absence of the pathogen, binds to phosphoinositides, and is recognized directly by the resistance protein M in flax to initiate effector-triggered immunity. We describe the crystal structure of AvrM and identify functionally important surface regions in the protein, which advances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying how effectors enter host cells and how they are detected by the plant immune system.
Regulation of p53 is critical for vertebrate limb regeneration
Authors: Yun Maximina H. , Gates Phillip B. , Brockes Jeremy P. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Our work establishes that endogenous regulation of the activity of the tumor-suppressor p53 is a critical component in vertebrate limb regeneration and is required for the process to occur. We show that down-regulation of p53 is required for cell cycle reentry of postmitotic differentiated cells, the critical step in the formation of the progenitors for the process of regeneration. We propose that the absence of tumor-suppressors that stabilize p53 and the presence of dominant-negative isoforms, permit regeneration by negative regulation of p53. This research sheds light onto previously unknown molecular mechanisms critical for limb regeneration and offers a new perspective on the functions of the tumour suppressor p53.
Sperm competition drives the evolution of suicidal reproduction in mammals
Authors: Fisher Diana O. , Dickman Christopher R. , Jones Menna E. , Blomberg Simon P. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
In some marsupial genera but in no other mammals, escalating stress hormones during the breeding season cause immune system collapse and synchronized death after mating in all males (suicidal reproduction). In this paper, we resolve the environmental drivers and adaptive mechanism of sexual selection responsible for the repeated evolution of this surprising and extreme life history strategy in mammals. The strategy of synchronized suicidal reproduction in mammals resulting in male death before offspring are born has often been attributed to altruistic or kin-selected paternal suicide to avoid food depletion. We show that rather than altruism or kin-selection, individual sexual selection leads to apparent self-sacrifice in these genera.
Conformational transitions during FtsK translocase activation of individual XerCD–
dif
recombination complexes
Authors: Zawadzki Pawel , May Peter F. J. , Baker Rachel A. , Pinkney Justin N. M. , Kapanidis Achillefs N. , Sherratt David J. , Arciszewska Lidia K. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Insight into the mechanisms that underlie the process of faithful chromosome segregation is of importance for understanding the place of humans in the living world. Bacteria are the most abundant free-living organisms and have important roles in human health and disease. Nevertheless, molecular understanding of bacterial chromosome segregation is in its infancy. In this paper, the action of one conserved molecular machine that acts to coordinate the late steps of chromosome segregation with cell division is analyzed molecule by molecule in real time, using three complementary single-molecule techniques simultaneously. By using normal and mutated proteins, the complete reaction pathway is revealed from assembly of the initial nucleoprotein complex, to its activation by a DNA motor, and to the subsequent steps that lead to chromosome unlinking.
Fast and accurate nonenzymatic copying of an RNA-like synthetic genetic polymer
Authors: Zhang Shenglong , Blain J. Craig , Zielinska Daria , Gryaznov Sergei M. , Szostak Jack W. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
The first cells to have emerged on the early Earth lacked enzymes, and therefore probably relied on spontaneous reactions to copy their genetic material, commonly thought to have been RNA. Here we study a close chemical relative of RNA, known as 3′-phosphoramidate-DNA, in an effort to learn general lessons about nonenzymatic replication. We show that short regions of this polymer can be copied, but that the error rate is unacceptably high. We then show that a single atom change in one of the four nucleotides can restore good copying accuracy. These advances may help to achieve chemical copying of RNA, and also suggest that 3′-phosphoramidate-DNA may be a suitable genetic polymer for use in the construction of simple artificial cells.
Structural analysis for glycolipid recognition by the C-type lectins Mincle and MCL
Authors: Furukawa Atsushi , Kamishikiryo Jun , Mori Daiki , Toyonaga Kenji , Okabe Yuki , Toji Aya , Kanda Ryo , Miyake Yasunobu , Ose Toyoyuki , Yamasaki Sho , Maenaka Katsumi 
Published: October 2013

SignificanceHere we report the crystal structures of human C-type lectin receptors Mincle (macrophage inducible C-type “calcium-dependent” lectin; CLEC4E) and MCL (macrophage C-type lectin; CLEC4D), both of which are receptors for mycobacterial glycolipid adjuvant cord factor (also called trehalose-6,6′-dimycolate; TDM). Our structural and functional studies clearly reveal the simultaneous recognition of sugar and lipid moieties by Mincle and MCL, distinct from other C-type lectin receptors. Because better adjuvants are desired for enhancing vaccination effects of medical treatments for infectious diseases, cancer, and so forth, these structures provide a framework for the rational design of more effective adjuvants than TDM.
Cellular organization of cortical barrel columns is whisker-specific
Authors: Meyer Hanno S. , Egger Robert , Guest Jason M. , Foerster Rita , Reissl Stefan , Oberlaender Marcel 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Cortical columns are thought to be the elementary functional building blocks of sensory cortices. Here we show that the cellular architecture of cortical “barrel” columns in rodent somatosensory cortex is not stereotypic, but specific for each whisker on the animals’ snout. Our findings challenge the concepts underlying contemporary simulation efforts that build up large-scale network models of repeatedly occurring identical cortical circuits.
Disruption of the expression of the proprotein convertase PC7 reduces BDNF production and affects learning and memory in mice
Authors: Wetsel William C. , Rodriguiz Ramona M. , Guillemot Johann , Rousselet Estelle , Essalmani Rachid , Kim Il Hwan , Bryant Jesse C. , Marcinkiewicz Jadwiga , Desjardins Roxane , Day Robert , Constam Daniel B. , Prat Annik , Seidah Nabil G. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
The 7-membered proprotein convertase (PC) family of basic amino acid-specific proteases is implicated in the cleavage-activation of secretory precursor proteins. Although the in vivo functions of most members have been well studied, those of the seventh member PC7 are largely unknown. Herein, we find that PC7 participates in the generation of mature BDNF both in cells and in specific brain areas such as hippocampus and amygdala. Indeed, PC7 exerts a critical role in the brain: The results of various behavioral tests in normal mice compared with those lacking PC7 expression support an in vivo role for PC7 in the regulation of certain types of cognitive performance, such as emotional memories, in part via BDNF activation.
Structural basis for Spt5-mediated recruitment of the Paf1 complex to chromatin
Authors: Wier Adam D. , Mayekar Manasi K. , Héroux Annie , Arndt Karen M. , VanDemark Andrew P. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
The polymerase associated factor 1 complex (Paf1C) is an RNA polymerase (pol) II accessory factor that broadly influences gene expression by regulating chromatin structure and the recruitment of RNA-processing factors during transcription. This study shows how phosphorylation of a repeated motif within an additional factor, Spt5, is recognized and used by the Plus3 domain within the Paf1C subunit Rtf1 (restores TBP function 1) to promote recruitment of Paf1C to the transcription machinery. Deletions of both the Rtf1 Plus3 domain and the C domain of Cdc73 (Cell Division Cycle 73) are required to abolish Paf1C-mediated histone modifications and chromatin occupancy suggesting that dual attachment points facilitate the association of Paf1C with RNA pol II.
Intrinsic-mediated caspase activation is essential for cardiomyocyte hypertrophy
Authors: Putinski Charis , Abdul-Ghani Mohammad , Stiles Rebecca , Brunette Steve , Dick Sarah A. , Fernando Pasan , Megeney Lynn A. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Cardiac hypertrophy is a pathologic enlargement of the heart, an alteration that leads to contractile dysfunction and eventual organ failure. The hypertrophy phenotype originates from concentric growth of heart muscle cells and shares many biochemical features with programmed cell death, implying a common molecular origin. Here, we show cell-autonomous activation of a mitochondrial cell death pathway during initial stages of muscle cell hypertrophy, a signal that is essential and sufficient to promote hypertrophy. Targeting individual cell death proteins may offer an effective means to limit the initial stage of cardiac disease, and forgo the transition to heart failure.
Optogenetic-mediated increases in in vivo spontaneous activity disrupt pool-specific but not dorsal-ventral motoneuron pathfinding
Authors: Kastanenka Ksenia V. , Landmesser Lynn T. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
The developing nervous systems of birds and mammals exhibit rhythmic waves of electrical activity, but their importance in early circuit formation events, such as initial axon pathfinding, has been unclear. By using flashes of light to activate exogeneously expressed light-sensitive ion channels in intact chick embryos, we show that the two major motoneuron pathfinding decisions (dorsal-ventral and muscle-specific) were differentially sensitive to the precise frequency of waves, with accurate pathfinding requiring the normal control frequency. Thus, many drugs that are known to alter wave frequency in this circuit have the potential to disrupt normal motor circuit formation.
The Czechs and their View of History
Authors: Šubrt Jiří , Vinopal Jiří , Vávra Martin 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
This article aims to provide the first complete overview of the nature and content of the historical consciousness of the Czech population to be based on knowledge gained through tools from quantitative sociological methodology. First there is a snapshot of the population's interest in the history of the Czech Republic as such; then the focus is on general aspects of historical consciousness, particularly people's ideas about the importance of the forces that influence the course of history, and their assessment of the general importance of history. Interpretation of the analysis concludes with evaluations of Czech national history and its various stages and major events. In the final discussion there is a comprehensive interpretation of the empirical knowledge gained, in the context of existing theoretical concepts.
Orientation of cosmic web filaments with respect to the underlying velocity field
Authors: Tempel E. , Libeskind N. I. , Hoffman Y. , Liivamägi L. J. , Tamm A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The large-scale structure of the Universe is characterized by a web-like structure made of voids, sheets, filaments and knots. The structure of this so-called cosmic web is dictated by the local velocity shear tensor. In particular, the local direction of a filament should be strongly aligned with $\hat{e}_3$, the eigenvector associated with the smallest eigenvalue of the tensor. That conjecture is tested here on the basis of a cosmological simulation. The cosmic web delineated by the halo distribution is probed by a marked point process with interactions (the Bisous model), detecting filaments directly from the halo distribution (P-web). The detected P-web filaments are found to be strongly aligned with the local $\hat{e}_3$: the alignment is within 30° for ∼80 per cent of the elements. This indicates that large-scale filaments defined purely from the distribution of haloes carry more than just morphological information, although the Bisous model does not make any prior assumption on the underlying shear tensor. The P-web filaments are also compared to the structure revealed from the velocity shear tensor itself (V-web). In the densest regions, the P- and V-web filaments overlap well (90 per cent), whereas in lower density regions, the P-web filaments preferentially mark sheets in the V-web.
Impact of Risk Assessments on Prophylactic Antiemetic Prescription and the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Kappen Teus H. , Moons Karel G.M. , van Wolfswinkel Leo , Kalkman Cornelis J. , Vergouwe Yvonne , van Klei Wilton A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background:
Clinical prediction models have been shown to have moderate sensitivity and specificity, yet their use will depend on implementation in clinical practice. The authors hypothesized that implementation of a prediction model for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) would lower the PONV incidence by stimulating anesthesiologists to administer more “risk-tailored” prophylaxis to patients.

Methods:
A single-center, cluster-randomized trial was performed in 12,032 elective surgical patients receiving anesthesia from 79 anesthesiologists. Anesthesiologists were randomized to either exposure or nonexposure to automated risk calculations for PONV (without patient-specific recommendations on prophylactic antiemetics). Anesthesiologists who treated less than 50 enrolled patients were excluded during the analysis to avoid too small clusters, yielding 11,613 patients and 57 anesthesiologists (intervention group: 5,471 and 31; care-as-usual group: 6,142 and 26). The 24-h incidence of PONV (primary outcome) and the number of prophylactic antiemetics administered per patient were studied for risk-dependent differences between allocation groups.

Results:
There were no differences in PONV incidence between allocation groups (crude incidence intervention group 41%, care-as-usual group 43%; odds ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87–1.1; risk-dependent odds ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.80–1.1). Nevertheless, intervention-group anesthesiologists administered more prophylactic antiemetics (rate ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6–2.4) and more risk-tailored than care-as-usual–group anesthesiologists (risk-dependent rate ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3–2.0).

Conclusions:
Implementation of a PONV prediction model did not reduce the PONV incidence despite increased antiemetic prescription in high-risk patients by anesthesiologists. Before implementing prediction models into clinical practice, implementation studies that include patient outcomes as an endpoint are needed.
Equity tension and new public management policy development and implementation in the water industry
Authors: John Hunt Christopher , Staunton John , Dunstan Keitha 
Published: October 2013

Purpose– Within the new public management (NPM) context, this paper aims to examine the inclusion of equity issues in pricing policy development and implementation in the water industry in Australia.Design/methodology/approach– A review of literature relevant to the pricing of water shows equity issues have four dimensions which tend to be, at best, only implicitly considered. An empirical illustration employing a transaction cost framework is provided of a case in which change in pricing mechanisms was strongly suggested.Findings– An equity paradox emerges as an explanation of why 63.7 per cent of Queensland urban water entities chose not to adopt the user-pays pricing mechanism for water. This suggests that the balance between “equity” and “efficiency” continues to be required in policy development for water pricing. Equity of access and that of distribution continue to be significant factors. As well, equity of interest and of return must be considered, especially under a user-pays pricing mechanism.Practical implications– In respect of NPM considerations, it is argued that consideration of the four dimensions of equity in the implementation of a water pricing policy will resolve contradictions with, and paradoxes met in dealing with efficiency.Originality/value– The argument used in the paper is interdisciplinary. References and terms used include those which are social, economic, and environmental from an accounting and management perspective.
Intra-professional hierarchies: the gendering of accounting specialisms in UK accountancy
Authors: Khalifa Rihab 
Published: October 2013

Purpose– Concomitant with the trend towards specialisation in UK accountancy and the rise of relatively separate formal spheres of professional work along formal specialisms such as tax, audit and management consultancy, women entered the profession in unprecedented numbers, but not evenly distributed across those specialisms. This paper aims to draw on the sociology of accountancy and feminist studies of the professions to show that specialisms have emerged through and, in turn, have been shaped and recreated by gender as well as other processes.Design/methodology/approach– The paper's research approach combines the sociology of professions with critical gender studies. It draws on interviews, brochures, web pages, and results from a questionnaire survey to investigate professional identities within UK accountancy.Findings– Accountants' self-articulated notions of professionalism in the different specialisms are gendered and ordered hierarchically. Gender is an encompassing conceptual frame for ordering discursive attributes of the different specialisms. Working long and unpredictable hours was central to accountants' understandings of their professional life. Socialising with clients was seen as functional in bringing new opportunities to the firm. Socialising with peers also was deemed important, especially in solving internal frictions and in controlling new entrants' behaviour in firms. The more “public” the ideology of a specialism, the more masculine it was perceived to be.Originality/value– This study challenges the uniform representations of professional identities offered by previous studies. It suggests that gender offers a discursive and ideological frame of reference for accountancy whose relevance extends beyond the working practices of men and women to the very constitution of the profession. It does so with reference to an original mix of qualitative and quantitative data.
The interface of power and charity in the government of poor
Authors: Servalli Stefania 
Published: October 2013

Purpose– Within the interface between power and charity, the purpose of this paper is to enhance an understanding of the role of charities in the administration of poor in local government and to explore how accounting operates in such a context. In this investigation, the paper considers accounting, referring to both financial and non-financial information, inserted in a complex of technologies accomplishing the “government of poverty”.Design/methodology/approach– The paper is based on a historical study referring to the case of MIA, an Italian charity, investigated during the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries, adopting Foucault's “governmentality” framework in a diachronic perspective. This approach, coordinating views coming from Anglo-Foucauldian scholars with alternative Foucault effects expressed in Dean's works, represents a novelty of this investigation.Findings– The paper shows the interface of power (municipality) and charity (MIA) in the “government of poverty”, in a context of ancien regime, pointing out how this interplay was a key element within the “discourse of poor”. The pivotal function of MIA as an “agency of police” and the constitutive role of accounting as a technology of “government of poverty”, representing a social practice able to allow the preservation of the social equilibrium, emerge.Research limitations/implications– The research is based on a single case study and it shows the need for both comparative and interdisciplinary analysis in order to increase an understanding of the interface of power and charity in ancien regime contexts, as well as in contemporary situations of crisis or emergencies.Originality/value– For the first time in the accounting history literature, the work presents an extension of “governmentality” analysis into the domain of the “government of poor” through a series of Municipality Orders and their operationalisation by a charity, which adopted accounting to realise a control on people and resources contributing to reach local government equilibrium aims. The work also offers a reference within the contemporary accounting literature in relation to the debate about the role of charities or similar non-profit organizations in the context of the current financial crisis affecting the world, or in situations of emergencies.
Benchmarking the quality function deployment models
Authors: Vinayak Kalluri , Kodali Rambabu 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– Quality function deployment (QFD) has been used to translate customer requirements into engineering characteristics of a product, while benchmarking was developed to search for the best industry practices, which will lead to exceptional performance through the implementation of these best practices. However, no attempt has been made to integrate QFD with benchmarking to identify the best practices of QFD model. This paper aims to classify the QFD models and thereby applying benchmarking process to propose the best practices of QFD model.

Design/methodology/approach
– The fundamental benchmarking model developed by Camp has been used to benchmark the existing QFD models available in the literature.

Findings
– Benchmarking the QFD models revealed about 36 QFD steps in the first phase of the house of quality. The tools used in solving for each practice are also reported.

Research limitations/implications
– The proposed model is conceptual and it requires validation by implementing the same in an organization to understand its effectiveness.

Originality/value
– Utilizing the benchmarking process to develop the best practices of QFD model is an original concept.