bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combining near‐ and far‐field exposure for an organ‐specific and whole‐body RF‐EMF proxy for epidemiological research: A reference case
Authors: Lauer Oliver , Frei Patrizia , Gosselin Marie‐Christine , Joseph Wout , Röösli Martin , Fröhlich Jürg 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA framework for the combination of near‐field (NF) and far‐field (FF) radio frequency electromagnetic exposure sources to the average organ and whole‐body specific absorption rates (SARs) is presented. As a reference case, values based on numerically derived SARs for whole‐body and individual organs and tissues are combined with realistic exposure data, which have been collected using personal exposure meters during the Swiss Qualifex study. The framework presented can be applied to any study region where exposure data is collected by appropriate measurement equipment. Based on results derived from the data for the region of Basel, Switzerland, the relative importance of NF and FF sources to the personal exposure is examined for three different study groups. The results show that a 24‐h whole‐body averaged exposure of a typical mobile phone user is dominated by the use of his or her own mobile phone when a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 900 or GSM 1800 phone is used. If only Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) phones are used, the user would experience a lower exposure level on average caused by the lower average output power of UMTS phones. Data presented clearly indicate the necessity of collecting band‐selective exposure data in epidemiological studies related to electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 34:366–374, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High throughput cell cycle analysis using microfluidic image cytometry (μFIC)
Authors: Yoo Hyun Ju , Park Jonghoon , Yoon Tae Hyun 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMicrofluidic image cytometry (μFIC) is a novel approach for the cytotoxicity assessment of the cells cultured and treated within microfluidic channels under a precisely controlled chemical environment. Here, following our previous morphology‐, and MTT absorbance‐based μFIC, we are presenting our recent effort to develop, evaluate, and apply a high throughput cell cycle analysis method using fluorescence‐based μFIC. A microfluidic device with a concentrantion gradient generator (CGG) and eight straight cell culture channels was fabricated, optimized, and applied for the assessment of paclitaxel‐induced cell cycle changes of HeLa cells. Throughout this study, we have shown that the cell cycle analysis using fluorescence‐based μFIC was able to provide comparable experimental data with those of flow cytometry. Moreover, cell cycle analysis using μFIC can also provide further advantages over flow cytometry, such as higher throughput, lower assay cost, less generation of toxic waste, and etc., which should have significant implications in pharmaceutical and biological applications as a future high throughput cell cycle analysis platform. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Untersuchungen zum Verbund von Bewehrung in Lagerfugen und Aussparungen
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang , Saenger Dorothea 
Published: February 2013

AbstractÜber den Verbund zwischen Bewehrung und Mörtel in der Lagerfuge existieren zahlreiche Veröffentlichungen. Dagegen gibt es über den Verbund der Bewehrung in Formsteinen und Aussparungen nur wenige Angaben in der Literatur. Neue Untersuchungen an Prüfkörpern mit Kalksandstein‐Formsteinen haben gezeigt, dass die ansetzbaren Verbundspannungen zwischen Mörtel und Bewehrung gemäß DIN 1053‐3 und Eurocode 6 für eine Bewehrung in Formsteinen zu hoch definiert bzw. nicht für alle Mauersteinarten ansetzbar sind. Im Zuge der Überarbeitung der DIN 1053‐3 und vor dem Hintergrund der zukünftigen Einführung des Eurocode 6 sollten die Verbundfestigkeiten von im Mörtel eingebetteter Stahlbewehrung – unter Berücksichtigung material‐ und geometrieabhängiger Einflussfaktoren – überprüft werden. Dies war der Anlass eines Forschungsvorhabens mit umfangreichen experimentellen Untersuchungen, das am Institut für Bauforschung der RWTH Aachen bearbeitet und vom Deutschen Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt) gefördert wurde. Aus den aus der Literatur und den eigenen Untersuchungen gewonnenen Versuchsdaten wurden neue charakteristische Werte für die Übertragung von Verbundspannungen in bewehrtem Mauerwerk abgeleitet. In diesem Beitrag werden die aus den Untersuchungen [1] gewonnenen Erkenntnisse vorgestellt.Research about the bond of reinforcement in the bed joint and in shaped masonry units. There are numerous publications about the bond between reinforcement and mortar in the bed joint. In contrast to this, only a few data about the bond between reinforcement and mortar in cavities of masonry units can be found in the literature. Recent studies on specimens with calcium silicate shaped masonry units have shown that the values of the permissible bond stresses between reinforcement and mortar defined in DIN 1053‐3 and Eurocode 6 for reinforcement in shaped masonry units are higher than they should be or at least are not applicable on all masonry unit types. During the revision of DIN 1053‐3 and looking forward to the upcoming introduction of the Eurocode 6 the permissible anchorage stresses for the anchoring of reinforcing steel bars in masonry should be revised, taking into account the material and geometry‐dependent factors. This was the reason for a research project performed at the Institute of Building Materials Research (ibac) of the RWTH Aachen University and funded by the German Institute for Building Technology (DIBt). In this research project extensive experimental investigations were carried out. From the experimental data obtained from the literature and own investigations, new characteristic values for the anchorage strength of reinforcement in masonry were derived. The knowledge gained from this study [1] will be presented in this paper.
High temperatures properties of barite concrete with cathode ray tube funnel glass
Authors: Ling Tung‐Chai , Poon Chi‐Sun 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTHeavyweight concrete has been used for different types of radiation shielding applications. Research studies have been performed to determine the mechanical properties of heavyweight concrete. However, relatively little information is available on the fire performance of heavyweight concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures. This study investigates the effects of elevated temperatures (25, 300, 500, 600 and 800 °C) on the residual density, compressive strength and water sorptivity of heavyweight barite concrete. A control mix of normal granite concrete was produced for comparison. The influence of using treated cathode ray tube (CRT) funnel glass cullets as a fine aggregate replacement in the barite concrete was also examined. The results show that the type of aggregate used had a significant influence on the residual properties of concrete mainly because of their physical and mineralogical transformation upon heating. Incorporation of CRT glass in barite concrete seemed to increase the risk of explosive spalling after exposure to 500 °C. However, as the temperature was increased from 600 to 800 °C, the loss of mechanical properties of the concrete containing CRT glass was smaller because of the molten glass being able to fill the pores/cracks, which was followed by resolidification upon cooling. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Aptian paleoenvironmental evolution of the Bab Basin at the southern Neo‐Tethys margin: Response to global carbon‐cycle perturbations across Ocean Anoxic Event 1a
Authors: Yamamoto Kazuyuki , Ishibashi Masatoshi , Takayanagi Hideko , Asahara Yoshihiro , Sato Tokiyuki , Nishi Hiroshi , Iryu Yasufumi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLower Aptian carbonates in the Bab Basin at the southern Neo‐Tethys margin record significant environmental changes across Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE1a). A long‐lasting negative shift of carbon‐isotope ratios (δ13C) associated with a distinct decrease in oxygen‐isotope ratios (δ18O) in orbitolinid‐rich carbonates characterizes the onset of OAE1a (Livello Selli), supporting a hypothesis that a long‐lasting volcanic CO2 emission is the main cause of OAE1a, inducing global warming. A bloom of microencrusters (Lithocodium and Bacinella) across the proto–Bab Basin occurred synchronously at the beginning of the subsequent positive δ13C excursion, responding to the global carbon‐cycle perturbations. The carbonates, formed during the OAE1a, show higher strontium‐isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) compared with those of global seawater; this was likely caused by a local influx of isotopically heavier strontium, along with nutrients, into the proto–Bab Basin. These biotic proliferations were triggered by an increased nutrient supply induced by intensified continental weathering due to the global warming suggested by the increase in δ18O values. Spatial variations in the δ13C values among sites in the Bab Basin and its surrounding platform are related to local environmental factors, such as the degree of mixing of basin water with ocean water and local removal of 12C by metabolic activity at the platform‐top. The δ13C profile of the studied core indicates global removal of organic carbon of OAE1a began during the early stage of the second‐order transgression and lasted until the early stage of the highstand after the OAE1a. The Livello Selli corresponds to the early stage of this transgression.
Phantom earthquakes and triggered aseismic creep: Vertical partitioning of strain during earthquake sequences in Iran
Authors: Barnhart William D. , Lohman Rowena B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe present evidence for significant aseismic fault slip at shallow depth above a pair of mainshock‐aftershock sequences in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. The two Mw 5.9 earthquakes are each spanned by high‐quality geodetic imagery and have well‐recorded sequences of aftershocks that occurred beneath a salt décollement. Earlier studies of the geodetic data inferred that the mainshocks were located above the décollement, requiring a ~10 km spatial separation between aftershock cluster and earthquake centroid. We find that the geodetic data simultaneously allow two slip sources of similar magnitude: one within the basement, collocated with aftershocks, and one shallow source (also equivalent to Mw 6) responsible for the primary signal apparent in the geodetic imagery. Should this phenomenon be widespread in the Zagros, it would partially explain a previously noted discrepancy between observed seismic moment release in the Zagros and current convergence rates between the Arabian and Eurasian plates.
Real‐time cellular analysis as a novel approach for in vitro cytotoxicity testing of medical device extracts
Authors: Garcia Sandra N. , Gutierrez Leslie , McNulty Amy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCytotoxicity measurements are often performed to evaluate the biocompatibility of medical device materials. Here, we describe the use of a real‐time cell analyzer (RTCA) system for the investigation of biocompatibility of medical devices by comparing RTCA results to two distinct methods described in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guidelines. Mouse L‐929 fibroblast proliferation was assessed every 15 min from 24 to 100 h during the pretreatment and postextract addition period. Simultaneously, we performed quantitative cytotoxicity analyses using water‐soluble tetrazolium salt (WST‐1) and qualitatively scored cytotoxicity by examining changes in morphology at 24‐h intervals. The RTCA uses electrical impedance to measure cell viability quantified as a normalized cellular index (CI) which was converted in this study to a reactivity grade. Results from microscopic analyses were expressed as a reactivity grade, based on morphology as defined by the ISO 10993‐5:2009. There was a clear correlation between addition of cytotoxic agents and, both, decreased normalized CI and concomitant cell layer destruction observed by microscopy. Results obtained from the colorimetric WST‐1 assays also correlated with normalized CI at various time points tested. The results indicate that RTCA allows for automated and accurate assessment of biocompatibility of medical devices and biomaterials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Intrahost genetic variability of human herpes virus‐8
Authors: Leao Jair Carneiro , de Faria Andreza Barkokebas Santos , Fonseca Déborah Daniela Diniz , Gueiros Luiz Alcino Monteiro , Silva Igor Henrique Morais , Porter Stephen R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractStudies were conducted to determine whether HHV‐8 hyperactivity could be the consequence of the propensity of the host to multiple HHV‐8 infection. The aim of the present work was to investigate HHV‐8 intrahost genetic variability. HHV‐8 subgenomic DNA was amplified by PCR from patients infected with HIV, health care workers (HCW) and bone marrow transplant recipients (BMT), and from oral lesional tissues of AIDS‐Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) patients. As controls, blood from HIV‐negative health care workers, and the cell lines BC‐1, BC‐2, and BCP‐1 were used. Clones derived from amplicons originating from DNA fragments in open reading frame (ORF) 26 and ORF K1 were isolated. For each ORF, intra‐specimen nucleotide sequence differences were determined. The extent of HHV‐8 variation in clones derived from blood of patients infected with HIV was significantly higher than in blood from health care workers or post‐bone marrow transplantation patients or in AIDS‐KS tissue. Among the clones derived from the latter three categories of specimens, sequence variations were not significant. It is concluded that HIV‐infected individuals can have multiple of HHV‐8, but AIDS‐KS lesions are associated with infection by a single HHV‐8 variant or a small group of related variants. J. Med. Virol. 85:636–645, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Global existence and large time behavior of solutions for the bipolar quantum hydrodynamic models in the quarter plane
Authors: Li Yeping 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss a bipolar transient quantum hydrodynamic model for charge density, current density, and electric field in the quarter plane. This model takes the form of a classical Euler–Poisson system with the additional dispersion terms caused by the quantum (Bohn) potential. We show global existence of smooth solutions for the initial boundary value problem when the initial data are near the nonlinear diffusive waves, which are different from the steady state. We also show the asymptotical behavior of the global smooth solution towards the nonlinear diffusive waves and obtain the algebraic decay rates. These results are proved by elaborate energy methods. Finally, using the Fourier analysis, we obtain the optimal convergence rates of the solutions towards the nonlinear diffusion waves. As far as we known, this is the first result about the initial boundary value problem of the one‐dimensional bipolar quantum hydrodynamic model in the quarter plane. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pullback attractors for nonautonomous 2D Bénard problem in some unbounded domains
Authors: Anh Cung The , Son Dang Thanh 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we study the 2D Bénard problem, a system with the Navier–Stokes equations for the velocity field coupled with a convection–diffusion equation for the temperature, in an arbitrary domain (bounded or unbounded) satisfying the Poincaré inequality with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions and nonautonomous external force and heat source. The existence of a weak solution to the problem is proved by using the Galerkin method. We then show the existence of a unique minimal finite‐dimensional pullback Dσ‐attractor for the process associated to the problem. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of PDA shunt and systemic blood flow in newborns using cardiac MRI
Authors: Broadhouse Kathryn M. , Price Anthony N. , Durighel Giuliana , Cox David J. , Finnemore Anna E. , Edwards A. David , Hajnal Joseph V. , Groves Alan M. 
Published: February 2013

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) remains common in preterm newborns, but uncertainty over optimal management is perpetuated by clinicians' inability to quantify its true haemodynamic impact. Our aim was to develop a technique to quantify ductal shunt volume and the effect of PDA on systemic blood flow volume in neonates.Phase contrast MRI sequences were optimized to quantify left ventricular output (LVO) and blood flow in the distal superior vena cava (SVC) (below the azygos vein insertion), descending aorta (DAo) and azygos vein. Total systemic flow was measured as SVC + DAo − azygos flow. Echo measures were included and correlated to shunt volumes.75 infants with median (range) corrected gestation 33+6 (26+4–38+6) weeks were assessed. PDA was present in 15. In 60 infants without PDA, LVO matched total systemic flow (mean difference 2.06 ml/kg/min, repeatability index 13.2%). In PDA infants, ductal shunt volume was 7.9–74.2% of LVO. Multiple linear regression analysis correcting for gestational age showed that there was a significant association between ductal shunt volume and decreased upper and lower body flow (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001). However, upper body blood flow volumes were within the control group 95% confidence limits in all 15 infants with PDA, and lower body flow volumes within the control group limits in 12 infants with PDA. Echocardiographic assessment of reversed diastolic flow in the descending aorta had the strongest correlation with ductal shunt volume.We have demonstrated that quantification of shunt volume is feasible in neonates. In the presence of high volume ductal shunting the upper and lower body flow volume are somewhat reduced, but levels remain within or close to the normal range for preterm infants. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of networked polymers by crosslinking reactions of polybenzoxazine bearing allyl group in the side chain
Authors: Oie Hiroaki , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA polybenzoxazine bearing allyl group in the side chain was synthesized by the ring‐opening polymerization of N‐allyl‐benzoxazine and was crosslinked by the two different processes, (1) thermally induced oligomerization of the allyl side chains and (2) radical addition of dithiol (thiol‐ene reaction) to the allyl side chains. The former process was promoted by adding 2,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐di(tert‐butylperoxy)hexane as a radical source, leading to the improved yield of the networked polymer isolated as acetone‐insoluble fraction. The thiol‐ene reaction with using 1,6‐hexanedithiol was also an efficient method for crosslinking the polybenzoxazine. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Aqueous RAFT polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide‐mediated with hydrophilic macro‐RAFT agent: Homogeneous or heterogeneous polymerization?
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Li Shentong , Su Yang , Huo Fei , Zhang Wangqing 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAqueous RAFT polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) mediated with hydrophilic macro‐RAFT agent is generally used to prepare poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)‐based block copolymer. Because of the phase transition temperature of the block copolymer in water being dependent on the chain length of the PNIPAM block, the aqueous RAFT polymerization is much more complex than expected. Herein, the aqueous RAFT polymerization of NIPAM in the presence of the hydrophilic macro‐RAFT agent of poly(dimethylacrylamide) trithiocarbonate is studied and compared with the homogeneous solution RAFT polymerization. This aqueous RAFT polymerization leads to the well‐defined poly(dimethylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA‐b‐PNIPAM‐b‐PDMA) triblock copolymer. It is found, when the triblock copolymer contains a short PNIPAM block, the aqueous RAFT polymerization undergoes just like the homogeneous one; whereas when the triblock copolymer contains a long PNIPAM block, both the initial homogeneous polymerization and the subsequent dispersion polymerization are involved and the two‐stage ln([M]o/[M])‐time plots are indicated. The reason that the PNIPAM chain length greatly affects the aqueous RAFT polymerization is discussed. The present study is anticipated to be helpful to understand the chain extension of thermoresponsive block copolymer during aqueous RAFT polymerization. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Facile synthesis for well‐defined A2B miktoarm star copolymer of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and poly(methyl methacrylate) by the combination of anionic polymerization and click reaction
Authors: Park Jicheol , Moon Hong Chul , Kim Jin Kon 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe have introduced a facile synthetic route for well‐defined A2B miktoarm star copolymer composed of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and poly(methyl methacrylate) ((P3HT)2PMMA) by the combination of anionic polymerization and click reaction. First, we synthesized PMMA terminated with 1,3,5‐tris(bromomethyl)benzene (PMMA‐(Br)2) by anionic polymerization, and two bromines attached to the end of the PMMA chains were replaced by azides (PMMA‐(N3)2). Also, monoethynyl‐capped P3HT was synthesized by Grignard metathesis polymerization and post‐end functionalization. Then, copper(I)‐catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition click reaction between monoethynyl‐capped P3HT and PMMA‐(N3)2 was performed to synthesize (P3HT)2PMMA. We used a slightly excess amount of monoethynyl‐capped P3HT so that all of the azide groups at the end of the PMMA chains completely reacted with monoethynyl‐capped P3HT. After complete removal of unreacted monoethynyl‐capped P3HT by column chromatography, pure (P3HT)2PMMA with narrow molecular weight distribution (the polydispersity of 1.18) was obtained. The weight fraction of P3HT and the total molecular weight of (P3HT)2PMMA are 0.48 and 16,000, respectively. To investigate the effect of the chain architecture on optical property and thin‐film morphology, we synthesized two linear P3HT‐b‐PMMAs (P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐L and P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐H) with similar weight fraction of P3HT block (0.48 for P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐L and 0.45 for P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐H) but two different total molecular weights (7900 for P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐L and 15,300 for P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐H). UV–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectrum and the fibril width of (P3HT)2PMMA thin film were similar to those of P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐L thin film. However, UV–vis spectrum for P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐H thin film was red‐shifted and the fibril width of P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐H was much larger than that of (P3HT)2PMMA. This indicates that the π–π interaction between P3HT arms in (P3HT)2PMMA is strong enough to arrange two P3HT backbone chains in (P3HT)2PMMA to stack one by one along the nanofibril axis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013