bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International migration, economic problems and policies
Authors: Rieger Narada Luckanachai and Matthias 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
As flows of migrants from developing countries to developed countries continue unabated, international migration has become an important policy area that warrants sound management. This essay reviews existing policies that address five major issues concerning international migration: outward migration, inward migration, transit migration, return migration, and remittances (see Luckanachai & Rieger 2010).
Intolerance and migration, United States
Authors: Vallejo Jody Agius 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Throughout history, the migration of people from one country to another has sparked intolerance in the established population of immigrant‐receiving nations. Intolerance of migrants is commonly referred to as
nativism
, which occurs when racism merges with nationalism, generating intense opposition to migrants who are deemed inferior and foreign (i.e. “un‐American”) (Higham 1974). Intolerance towards immigrants centers on several interrelated themes. Immigrant groups who are subject to nativist movements are thought to be culturally and mentally inferior and are often portrayed as enemies of the nation‐state.
Ireland, migration late 18th century to present
Authors: Gilmartin Mary 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIreland as a place is fundamentally shaped by the process and experience of migration. The long history of migrationfromIreland, which intensified from the mid‐1800s onward, receives most academic and popular attention. However, there is also a long, though less visible, history of migrationtoIreland. The effects of these different movements of people are present in an ongoing debate about Irish identity and its changing relationship to migration.
Japan: Brazilian Nikkeijin women
Authors: Yamamoto Lucia E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The concept of migrant women as passive followers and secondary wage earners is reinforced by emphasizing labor migration as mainly masculine and family reunification as feminine. However, in reality, migrant women are active participants in the migratory contexts when they support their family enterprises by performing unpaid jobs at home; when they are employed by entrepreneurs as part of a low‐wage labor force through their ethnic communities and work in mass production in assembly lines; and when they are hired as domestic workers or entertainers, or in other jobs that are considered “feminine.”
Japan: immigration control policy
Authors: Akashi Junichi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractJapan's immigration control policy, or immigration policy in a broader sense, has often been criticized for its restrictive nature, which immigration scholars tend to attribute to Japanese society's traditionally skeptical attitude toward foreigners. It is said that this attitude arises from the strong belief that Japan is a culturally and ethnically homogeneous society and should be maintained as such. However, in recent policy debates and discourses, think‐tanks, business leaders, and academics have acknowledged the significant role of foreign nationals in sustaining the Japanese economy. Most notably, the term “immigrants,” once regarded as a taboo word with purely negative connotations, now appears frequently in the media, and often in a positive manner. Along with this change in semantics have come challenges to Japan's traditional immigration policy, particularly the conventional concept that membership in Japanese society is based on the degree of one's cultural and ethnic purity. This leads many experts to claim that traditional policy practices and notions of Japanese membership are in the midst of a transformation. Be that as it may, the question of whether the policy reforms in such a radical way as to welcome foreign migrants to Japan remains an open question.
Japan: Nikkeijin migration
Authors: Urano Edson 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The Nikkeijin people are the descendants of Japanese migrants who settled in Latin America, especially Brazil and Peru, and to a lesser extent Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina, who have migrated back to Japan. This migration started gradually in the mid‐1980s with the return of Japanese migrants and second‐generation Japanese descendants with dual nationalities, who were attracted by the employment opportunities of the Japanese labor market. The outlook was very positive at the time, as Japan's economy was growing rapidly. The prosperity, however, was followed by the sudden bursting of the economic bubble in the early 1990s and then the two decade‐long economic recession. In the sending countries of Latin America the migratory movement was propelled by the social and economic crisis of the 1980s.
Japan: undocumented immigrant workers
Authors: Suzuki Eriko 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe population of undocumented immigrant workers in Japan expanded dramatically in the late 1980s. In the aftermath of the Plaza Accords, the dramatic appreciation of the value of the yen, and the growth in economic disparity with nearby Asian nations, the flow of migrants seeking work in Japan's “land of plenty” has increased. In addition, the recession in the oil‐producing nations of the Middle East served as a push factor for foreign workers in search of new destinations.
Jewish migration, 19th century to present
Authors: Alroey Gur 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOne of the most important and far‐reaching changes in the lives of Jews in modern times is the migration from their countries of residence in Europe, Asia, and Africa to the countries of destination that absorbed migration, which opened their doors and allowed Jews to integrate among the surrounding society. There is no nation that had such a high number of migrants in comparison with the Jewish population which remained in its country of origin and did not migrate.
Korea, migration late 19th century to present
Authors: Lie John 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe making of modern Korea in the turbulent 20th century unleashed massive migrations. In 2010 ethnic Koreans living outside of North and South Korea (usually calledkyop’oortongp’oin Korean) is estimated to number 7 million (the combined population of the two Koreas is roughly 70 million). The top three countries – China (2.5 million), US (2 million), Japan (900,000) – account for three‐quarters of the Korean diaspora, followed by Canada (220,000), Russia (220,000), Uzbekistan (175,000), Australia (125,000), the Philippines (115,000), Kazakhstan (100,000), Vietnam (85,000), and Brazil (48,000) (KIS 2010; MOFAT 2010). Long a sender country, South, though not North, Korea may become a multiethnic society; the number of non‐ethnic Koreans in South Korea exceeded one million by 2010.
Labor migration, Europe 1980–2010
Authors: Collett Elizabeth 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the scale and complexity of migration to (and within) Europe, and within and beyond the European Union has increased significantly. Until the mid‐1980s, Europe experienced more emigration than immigration; yet, by 2010, 80 percent of population growth within the EU was due to international migration (Münz & Collett 2010). A great deal of this change can be attributed to economic migration during this period, and shifting government approaches for managing these migration dynamics.
Latin America: agriculture and migration
Authors: Useche Pilar 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBeginning with the post–World War II era, there have been two main policy approaches to economic development within Latin America, one with an import substitution industrialization (ISI) focus, and the other with a structurally adjusted, export‐driven open economy focus. These two strategies have had differing and sometimes contrasting impacts on, inter alia, human migration patterns and the agricultural sector in Latin America. This essay examines the interface between human migration and the transformation of agriculture in the context of the respective economic development strategies.
Latin America: gender and migration
Authors: Herrera Gioconda 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe international migration of women within and from Latin America and throughout the world has grown considerably from the mid‐20th century to the turn of the 21st century. In Latin America, the expansion of women migrants has been most concentrated in South America, specifically the Andes region, where poverty and demand for workers in a range of labor markets has expanded precipitously while gender and family roles have provided new opportunities for women to enter the workforce.
Indigenous Mexican‐origin immigration to the United States, historical and intersectional perspective
Authors: Barajas Manuel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLatin (“Indo”) American and Asian immigrants surpassed the number of European foreign‐born migrants in 1990 for the first time in US history, and now represent respectively 53.1 and 27.7 percent of the total immigrant population of 38.5 million (Grieco & Trevelyan 2010: 2). This population change and growth produced much interest in the causes and implications of this migration, particularly from Mexico, which accounts for a third of the total migration (Massey et al. 2002; Portes & Rumbaut 2006). Much of the scholarly literature, however, misses the uniqueness and internal diversity of the continuous forced migration of Mexican (Indo‐American) people (notable exceptions are Kearney 1996; Fox & Rivera‐Salgado 2004; Stephen 2007; Cornelious et al. 2009). Mexican‐origin migration is distinct from European migration in its causes and its form of incorporation into the United States. This essay shows that (1) the traditional theories fall short in explaining Mexican‐origin migration, and (2) Indo‐American migration is not a new phenomenon.
Latin America: internal migration
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey H. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This essay is a review of the literature on internal migration, with a primary focus on Latin America. International migration dominates debates on mobility and development and has grown in importance in debates on migration. Yet, the number of movers traveling within the sovereign nations of Latin America rivals flows between countries that share borders (Ratha & Shaw 2007). This literature review of Latin American internal migration signifies the importance of population mobility to understanding economic, social, and cultural processes in the region.
Letters of immigrants
Authors: Cancian Sonia 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBefore the invention of the telephone and the Internet, the immigrant letter was the most important and the most popular form of communication used by migrants and corresponding families and friends. Migration, a phenomenon characterized by human mobility across lands and oceans, both within and outside a nation, has for centuries spurred the practice of letter‐writing among diverse populations. Letter‐writing was a useful tool for working‐class families during the mass movements of people from Europe and Asia to the Americas (including the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina). For literate writers, separation in migration provided an opportunity to stay in touch via pen and paper. Less skillful writers also remained connected on paper. With the assistance of a more educated letter‐writer, such as a priest, teacher, family member, or friend, or even a young child attending school, letters were drafted on their behalf.
Madagascar and Africa, Austronesian migration
Authors: Beaujard Philippe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNo large movements of Austronesians similar to that of the Lapita culture expansion in the Pacific are to be found in the Indian Ocean. However, Austronesian migrations towards the western Indian Ocean did occur in ancient periods. The discovery of phytoliths ofMusa(plantains of genome AAB. A is forMusa acuminataColla, B forMusa balbisianaColla, the main two species at the origin of the domesticated banana cultivars) in Cameroon dated c.500/400BCE(Mbida et al. 2001) constitutes evidence for the arrival of Austronesians on the East African coast probably at the beginning of the 1st millenniumBCE, where they may have also introduced the taro and the water yam (Blench 2009). Moreover, the East African highlands are a place of great genetic diversity for triploids AAA, the genome of which derives from a source between Java and New‐Guinea (Perrier et al. 2009). The East African coast also reveals a large variety of cultivars that were probably introduced more recently (AA, AAA, AB, AAB, ABB), partly in the first millennium of the Christian era (CE). The presence of a wild diploid (AA) banana on Pemba Island provides another clue of an early Austronesian presence, although it is impossible to date its arrival (a wild banana of insular Southeast Asian origin has also been found in northeast Madagascar).
Great Invasions, map showing origins of
Authors: Goffart Walter 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Since the 16th century and even before, the invasions of the late Roman empire by mainly Germanic barbarians, from the 4th to the 6th century
CE
, have been perceived as a pivotal historical event, shattering the ancient world and initiating the “middle ages” out of which, in more than a millennium, the modern European order emerged: “an incalculable crowd of barbarians spread over the Roman Empire, ruined it from the ground up, and established on its rubble the main states that share Europe today” (1772). Current specialists are less categorical on this subject; many are less catastrophic. But popular accounts of the transition from ancient to medieval times tend still to subscribe to the simple formulation just quoted. Their narratives are often accompanied by a map with the title “the barbarian invasions” or a variant wording. This map, dramatic in its serpentine lines and arrows, graces historical atlases, textbooks of Western civilization, general histories of the Middle Ages, and similar works. Many people are exposed to it, however briefly.
Maritime migrations
Authors: Feys Torsten 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFrom the beginning, water surfaces shaped human mobility. They initially posed obstacles to migration influencing the overland migratory routes. Yet, technological innovations gradually turned rivers, lakes, and oceans into vehicles for all kinds of human interactions, including migration. Seas and oceans, which cover 71 percent of the globe's surface, were the last to be subdued by human invention. Maritime migrations are therefore closely connected to evolutions in the shipping world.
Medieval era migration: an overview
Authors: Borgolte Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe term Middle Ages designates the period of European history between antiquity and modern times. It covers approximately the time span from 500CEup to 1500CE. This periodization is also applied to other regions of the world. Apart from travel, expansion of empires, and long‐distance trade, mass migrations constitute the most significant factor of global entanglement (cf. Bentley 1996). In historiography, they attracted interest mainly with regard to the early history of the European peoples. Today, however, scholarly attention has shifted to the impact of migrations on the long‐term transformation of cultures.
Mediterranean historical migrations
Authors: Clancy‐Smith Julia 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPopulation movements constitute the bedrock of deep Mediterranean history and have assumed a wide range of guises: epic wanderings, pilgrimage, pastoral nomadism, transhumance, voluntary relocation, forced expatriation, trade diaspora, travel, tourism, and labor movements of many kinds, notably slavery. In taxonomies of motion, the critical elements are the relative presence or absence of force, the motivations and objectives of those favoring departure over staying put, the duration and patterns of expatriation, and whether the place of exile became over time a space of belonging. To these considerations must be added variables, such as gender, age and generation, social class, family structure, religion, and race, that determined how individuals or groups perceived their subjective situation and embraced the idea of temporary or permanent expatriation, however alluring or frightening. Of course, until (and even after) 19th‐century abolition in Europe and the Ottoman empire, countless people crossed the sea against their own will. These diverse manifestations of trans‐ Mediterranean mobilities were not necessarily distinct; yet no matter how or why they departed, the people in motion brought wide‐ranging social changes to new lands or host societies as well as to those left behind (Gabaccia 2000; Hoerder 2002; Abulafia 2003).
Memory and migration: research
Authors: Wirth Christa 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe “cultural turn” of the 1980s led to a shift within history and other related disciplines. New methodological and theoretical paradigms consolidated this linguistically inspired turn, which, among other objectives, aims to deconstruct the master‐narratives in historiography. Memory studies is one of the products which spun off the turn. “Individual,” “communicative,” “collective,” “social,” “public,” and “private” memories have been vividly and broadly debated in the past twenty years. The purpose of this article is to outline how the memory paradigm has been received in migration research. The focus lies on the following questions: How do migrants and their descendants construct memories of migration, settlement, and “integration”? What experiences have been forgotten? How do nations remember (or in some cases forget) and commemorate their migrant histories? How do individuals and groups, who are mobile, carry or challenge national master‐narratives? What sources have researchers relied on to unwind the strands of memory? And what theoretical frameworks were applied? Memory and migration in this article are discussed within the time frame of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.
Mental health and migration
Authors: Koehn Peter H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMental health should be conceptualized as a state of psychological well‐being and not merely the absence of mental illness. Considerations of mental health and migration encompass issues, conditions, opportunities, and constraints related to the psychological well‐being of mobile persons, including proactive and reactive movers. The mental health of migrants influences the capacity to realize personal aspirations and affects caregivers, families left behind, communities, and sending and receiving societies.
Mesopotamian and Persian migrations
Authors: Potts D. T. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Migration is a phenomenon that was frequently adduced in 19th and early 20th‐century archaeological and historical literature as an explanation for the diffusion of specific cultural traits, such as pottery styles. The fact that written (epigraphic or literary) confirmation of migration was in almost every case lacking, combined with the probability that alternative explanations (trade, artistic influence of one area on another, changing fashions) could account for the appearance of similar material culture in widely separated locales, meant that such diffusionist explanations went out of fashion after the mid‐20th century. Having said that, migration undoubtedly did occur in some situations, even though documentary evidence is lacking.
Mexican migration to the United States, 1880s to present
Authors: Henderson Timothy J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMexicans began migrating to the United States in significant numbers owing to a remarkable confluence of changes that took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During the 1880s, tracks were completed linking Mexico's rail system to that of the United States. Railroads in Mexico made it easier for Mexicans to travel to the US border, while those in the United States provided construction and maintenance jobs for Mexicans. Moreover, US railroads linked the American Southwest to markets in the Midwest and East, helping to spur a boom in that region's agriculture. Also contributing to that boom was the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902, which provided federal funding for ambitious irrigation projects in the Southwest, and the advent of refrigerated railroad cars that made it possible to ship produce to those far away markets. To the consternation of southwestern farming and railroad interests, the agricultural boom in their region coincided with a surge in xenophobia that led to the exclusion of Asian immigrants and severely curtailed immigration from southern and eastern Europe. This meant a drastic decline in what had been a leading source of low‐cost labor, inspiring southwestern employers increasingly to look southward to fulfill their labor needs.
Middle East, labor migration
Authors: Hanieh Adam 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Labor migration in the Middle East refers to the mobility of people in the region primarily for the purposes of employment. These labor migrations may be contractual and documented or, as increasingly the case in the early 21st century, involve undocumented transit of people without legal status in destination countries. The vast majority of labor migration that occurs internal to the Middle East is temporary in nature; residency requirements are linked to employment and obtaining citizenship is very difficult for non‐nationals. In general, the category of labor migrant is not applied to large Middle East diasporas such as the Lebanese, who have migrated over generations for a variety of reasons and often settled permanently in their country of destination. This can present conceptual difficulties, however, as these diasporas frequently retain close linkages with their countries of origin and may remit significant amounts of money to dependent relatives. Labor migration in the Middle East overlaps considerably with patterns of forced migration, particularly in the cases of Palestinian and Iraqi refugees. The very large migration flows from outside the Middle East to the Gulf – primarily from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and the Philippines – generally do not move internally within the region and fall outside the scope of this essay.
Migration and agrarian change
Authors: Roberts Kenneth 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIf one considers that migration and agrarian change underlie economic history from the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution through the 20th century, the need to closely define our topic becomes evident. Agrarian change generally increases output per laborer, allowing movement of people from the countryside to the city. Without increased agricultural productivity, the agricultural sector will not produce the surplus to drive industrial growth. Thus, as W. Arthur Lewis says, “agricultural and industrial revolutions always go together” (Lewis 1954).
Migration and development, global South/Mexico‐Morocco
Authors: Iskander Natasha N. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn recent years, the relationship between migration and development has received renewed attention, and analysts, policy‐makers, and development experts have returned to the question of how to use emigration to foster economic growth in countries and communities of origin. The main thrust of this inquiry has focused on how to use remittances – the monies that migrants send back home – to support economic activity (de la Garza & Orozco 2002; Orozco 2002; Munzele Maimbo & Ratha 2005; Ratha 2005). However, among countries with high emigration rates, a handful of governments have expanded their emphasis past remittances to create policies that link emigration and development in a more comprehensive way (Castles & Delgado Wise 2008). Morocco and Mexico feature prominently among them. Both countries have policies to link emigration with local and national economic transformation that reach beyond a narrow focus on remittances, and that, more importantly, are creative, participatory, and dynamic (Iskander 2010). At their outset, however, the policies were as single‐minded in their focus on remittances as any of the more mercenary examples of today.