bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Full‐Density Mg‐Ferrite/Fe–Ni Permalloy Nanocomposites with a High‐Saturation Magnetization Density of 1 T
Authors: Hirota Ken , Obatal; and?> Motoki , Kato Masaki , Taguchi Hideki 
Published: October 2012

Dense nanocomposites consisting of spinel Mn‐doped Mg‐ferrite and permalloy, (Mg[Fe1 − xMnx]2O4(0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4)/53Fe–47Ni), have been fabricated from powder mixtures of MgO/α‐Fe2O3/MnO and N2‐atomized metal particles utilizing high‐pressure cold isostatic press (CIP), pulsed electric current pressure sintering (PECPS), and capsule‐free hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Metal particles were coated with the mixed oxide powders homogeneously under high shear compression in Ar. The coated powders were densified into relative densities of 83–85% by high pressure CIPing (1 GPa). They were then presintered at 823 K for 3 min under uniaxial pressure of 100 MPa in Ar using a PECPS. The pre‐sintered bodies had relative densities of 93–95% composed of spinel ferrite and permalloy; the mixed metal oxides were changed into magnesium ferrites by heating briefly at low temperature. Then, HIP (1123 K/6 h/196 MPa‐Ar) was adopted to densify the pre‐sintered bodies into a nearly full density; furthermore, a sintering atmosphere control was performed using ferrite muffles to maintain both phases. Sintered materials consisting of granular metal particles (φ 8.5 μm) isolated and surrounded by a thin ferrite discontinuous layer (0.2–1.3 μm) with a relative density ≥99.5% revealed both a saturation magnetization density ≥1 T and moderate permeability values of 30–35 at 1 MHz.
Body Mass Index and Risk of Total and Type-Specific Stroke in Chinese Adults: Results from a Longitudinal Study in China
Authors: Wang Chunxiu , Liu Yunhai , Yang Qidong , Dai Xiuying , Wu Shengping , Wang Wenzhi , Ji Xunming , Li Lin , Fang Xianghua 
Published: October 2012

Background The prevalence rate of overweight and obese has been escalating over the past two decades in China. Even so, the association between obesity and stroke still remains unclear to some extent. Aims The aim of this study was to elucidate the association between body mass index and stroke in a large Chinese population cohort. Methods A cohort of 26 607 Chinese people, aged over 35 years, was investigated in 1987. Baseline information of body weight and height was used to calculate BMI (weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, kg/m2). Cox proportional hazards model was fitted to estimate hazard ratios of stroke adjusted for age, educational level, smoking and alcohol consumption. Results The 11-year follow-up revealed (241 149 person-years) a total of 1108 stroke events (614 ischemic, 451 hemorrhagic, and 44 undefined stroke). Body mass index ≥ 30·0 was an independent risk factor for stroke both in men and women. Compared with normal weight, hazard ratios for total stroke were 0·74 in men underweight (95% confidence interval: 0·53∼1·03), 1·63 overweight (95% confidence interval: 1·35∼1·96), and 2·20 with obesity (95% confidence interval: 1·47∼3·30); and with ischemic stroke, hazard ratios were 0·52 in those underweight (95% confidence interval: 0·30∼0·89), 208 overweight (95% confidence interval: 1·65∼2·62), and 3·80 with obesity (95% confidence interval: 2·47∼5·86). In women, the corresponding hazard ratios for total stroke were 0·79 underweight (95% confidence interval: 0·58∼1·07), 1·42 overweight (95% confidence interval: 1·16∼1·73), and 1·57 with obesity (95% confidence interval: 1·06∼2·31); and for those with ischemic stroke, 0·92 underweight (95% confidence interval: 0·59∼1·43), 1·90 overweight (95% confidence interval: 1·44∼2·50), and 2·42 with obesity (95% confidence interval: 1·50∼3·93). There appeared an evident dose-response relationship between body mass index and the risk of developing stroke, which still appeared, however, adjusted low for hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease. Decreased risk for stroke in the leanest group was confined to men only. No association was found between body mass index and hemorrhagic stroke in both genders. Conclusions Our data suggest that body mass index was an independent risk factor for total and ischemic stroke but not for hemorrhagic stroke in both genders. Association between body mass index and stroke was extremely mediated by hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease. Decreased risk for the leanest group was confined to men.
Indirect supportive evidence for diagnosis of tuberculosis‐related uveitis: from the tuberculin skin test to the new interferon gamma release assays
Authors: Llorenç Víctor , González‐Martin Julian , Keller Johannes , Rey Amanda , Pelegrín Laura , Mesquida Marina , Adán Alfredo 
Published: October 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate clinical and paraclinical parameters for the indirect diagnosis of tuberculosis‐related uveitis (TRU).Methods:  Prospective 2‐year study in a tertiary referral centre. Patients with clinically suspected TRU were recruited. Demographical and clinical data were recorded. QuantiFERON®‐TB Gold (QFT), tuberculosis skin test (TST) and pulmonary X‐ray were performed, and other possible uveitis aetiologies were ruled out. Further investigations were also performed case by case after consultation. After final assessment, standard antituberculosis therapy was started if TRU was considered highly probable. Finally, diagnosis of TRU was established according to current criteria and set as gold standard. Strength of association for TRU was determined by odds ratio and compared by appropriate tests. Concordance and binary classification tests were also assessed.Results:  The study included 103 patients, 54 men and 49 women. Mean age 45.6 years. Sixty‐eight patients were Spanish‐born and 35 were foreign‐born. Final diagnosis included 33 (32%) cases of TRU and 70 (67%) cases with other diagnoses. Asian origin (OR = 3.50, p = 0.046), previous tuberculosis (TB) contact (OR = 2.61, p = 0.026), TB in the past (OR = 6.18, p = 0.004) and associated retinal vasculitis (OR = 7.85, p < 0.001) were significantly related to TRU. Sensitivity (S) and specificity (Sp) of the TST and QFT did not differ significantly (S 87% versus 90% and Sp 85% versus 82%, respectively) with fair agreement (k = 0.607).Conclusion:  In a Western urban multi‐ethnic population, patients from Asia, TB history or contact in the past and vasculitis are at higher risk of TRU. TST and QF are complementary providing enough S and Sp to support the diagnosis.
Global Health and the New Bottom Billion: What do Shifts in Global Poverty and Disease Burden Mean for Donor Agencies?
Authors: Glassman Amanda , Duran Denizhan , Sumner Andy 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAfter a decade of rapid growth in average incomes, many countries have attained middle income country (MIC) status. At the same time, poverty has not fallen as much as one might expect and as a result most of the world’s poor now live in MICs. In fact, there are up to a billion poor people or a ‘new bottom billion’ living not in the world’s poorest countries but in MICs. Not only has the global distribution of poverty shifted to MICs, so has the global disease burden. This article examines the implications of this ‘new bottom billion’– the fact that up to a billion of the world’s poorest people now live in MICs – for global health efforts, and recommends a tailored middle income strategy for the Global Fund and GAVI. The article describes trends in the global distribution of poverty, preventable infectious diseases, and health aid response to date; revisits the rationale for health aid through agencies like GAVI and the Global Fund; and proposes a new MICs strategy and components, concluding with recommendations.Policy Implications

Eliminating the country income threshold as an across‐the‐board criterion for allocating global health funding.

Setting up regional pooled procurement or pricing mechanisms.

Building evidence based, priority setting institutions in MICs.

Establishing increased accountability mechanisms and providing technical support for MICs.

Increasing the allocative efficiency of health aid while ensuring equity.
Physical activity behaviours of highly active preschoolers
Authors: Howie E. K. , Brown W. H. , Dowda M. , McIver K. L. , Pate R. R. 
Published: October 2012

Summary
What is already known about this subject
Many preschool children do not participate in adequate physical activity, despite physical activity being a critical behaviour for obesity prevention.
Environmental factors such as indoor and outdoor settings affect physical activity levels.
Direct observation and accelerometry are valid and complementary methods for assessing physical activity.

What this study adds
This study uses both direct observation and accelerometry to describe a unique pattern of physical activity in high‐active children.
High‐active children are more active than lower‐active children while indoors.
High‐active children participate in different movement types throughout the school day compared with lower‐active children.
BackgroundUnderstanding the physical activity behaviour of young children who are highly active may provide important guidance for promoting physical activity in preschools.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to describe the movement characteristics of high‐active (HA) children during attendance at preschools.MethodsChildren in 20 preschools (n = 231) wore accelerometers and were classified into tertiles of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity. Children's movement characteristics were observed using the Observational System for Recording Physical Activity in Children – Preschool Version. Mixed‐model analyses compared movement types between HA children and lower‐active (LA) children during the total school day.ResultsHA (n = 77) children were observed to be more active than LA children (n = 154) indoors (P < 0.001), but no differences were observed outdoors. HA children were more frequently observed running, crawling, climbing, jumping, skipping, swinging and throwing across the total school day than LA children. Outdoors, HA children participated in more swinging and throwing and less jumping or skipping than LA children. Indoors, HA children spent more time pulling, pushing and running, and less time walking than LA children.ConclusionsHA children have unique activity patterns. Further interventions to increase physical activity of all preschoolers should increase the time spent outside and include varied activity types throughout the entire school day.
Physical activity in children and adolescents with autism assessed by triaxial accelerometry
Authors: Memari A. H. , Ghaheri B. , Ziaee V. , Kordi R. , Hafizi S. , Moshayedi P. 
Published: October 2012

Summary
What is already known about this subject
Individuals with disabilities are more likely to be sedentary compared to the general population.
Individuals with ASD show several impairments in motor and physical functioning.
Lack of opportunity is the primary factor that brings minimal physical activity to children with ASD.

What this study adds
There was a substantial reduction in level of PA across the adolescent years in ASD.
A decline in PA level and opportunities at school can contribute to a reduction in individual's total PA in ASD.
Household structure, sedentary activities, comorbidities and obesity are associated with PA level in children and adolescents with ASD.
ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine physical activity (PA) patterns in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as well as to address PA determinant factors by employing triaxial accelerometry.MethodsIn a school‐based cross‐sectional study of 80 children and adolescents with ASD (mean = 9.6, standard deviation = 1.8), we investigated demographics, children's behavioural and clinical profile, and their PA data as objectively measured using an Actigraph GT3X on the right hip for seven consecutive days. All activity measures were expressed as counts per minute (c.p.m.).ResultsThere was a substantial reduction in activity across the adolescent years in ASD. Girls were significantly less active than boys with ASD. Participants were remarkably less active in school compared to after‐school, and there was a PA decline during weekdays compared to weekends, which was not significant. Household structure, sedentary pursuits, comorbidities and obesity were identified as other determinants of PA in children with ASD.ConclusionsGiven the limited objective assessment of PA in children with ASD, our findings stressed the need for improving PA programmes, particularly for girls and older children with ASD. This study also provided important information for counselling clinicians, families and school policy‐makers about health issues in ASD.
Genetic parameters of milk production traits and fatty acid contents in milk for Holstein cows in parity 1 – 3
Authors: Bastin C. , Soyeurt H. , Gengler N. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of milk, fat, and protein yields, fat and protein contents, somatic cell count, and 17 groups and individual milk fatty acid (FA) contents predicted by mid‐infrared spectrometry for first‐, second‐ and third‐parity Holstein cows. Edited data included records collected in the Walloon region of Belgium from 37 768 cows in parity 1, 22 566 cows in parity 2 and 8221 in parity 3. A total of 69 (23 traits for three parities) single‐trait random regression animal test‐day models were run. Approximate genetic correlations among traits were inferred from pairwise regressions among estimated breeding values of cow having observations. Heritability and genetic correlation estimates from this study reflected the origins of FA: de novo synthetized or originating from the diet and the body fat mobilization. Averaged daily heritabilities of FA contents in milk ranged between 0.18 and 0.47. Average daily genetic correlations (averaged across days in milk and parities) among groups and individual FA contents in milk ranged between 0.31 and 0.99. The genetic variability of FAs in combination with the moderate to high heritabilities indicated that FA contents in milk could be changed by genetic selection; however, desirable direction of change in these traits remains unclear and should be defined with respect to all issues of importance related to milk FA.
Incidence and magnitude of bacteraemia caused by flossing and by scaling and root planing
Authors: Zhang William , Daly Christopher G. , Mitchell David , Curtis Brad 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAim(1) Investigate incidence, magnitude and bacterial diversity of bacteraemia due to flossing compared with scaling and root planing (SRP) and (2) Identify any associations with clinical parameters.Materials and MethodsFull‐mouth flossing and single quadrant SRP were performed at separate visits for 30 patients with chronic periodontitis. Baseline blood samples and at 30 s and 10 min. after completion of flossing, 5 min. after initiation of SRP and 30 s and 10 min. after completion of SRP were obtained. Total bacteraemia and viridans streptococcal bacteraemia (VSB) were investigated.ResultsTotal bacteraemia incidence was 30% for flossing and 43.3% for SRP (no significant difference; p = 0.21). Flossing and SRP caused the same incidence of VSB (26.7%). Flossing caused a higher mean magnitude of total bacteraemia than SRP (7.4 ± 16.2 CFU/ml versus 2 ± 3.4 CFU/ml), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.2). Flossing caused a higher mean magnitude of VSB than SRP (1.2 ± 1.6 CFU/ml versus 0.4 ± 0.2 CFU/ml), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.09). Viridans streptococci comprised 11.4% of flossing bacteraemia isolates and 7.6% in SRP. No correlations were found between clinical parameters and incidence or magnitude of bacteraemia following flossing. Gingival inflammation was significantly associated with incidence of total bacteraemia (p = 0.01) and VSB (p = 0.001) following SRP. No correlations were found for any parameter and magnitude of total bacteraemia or VSB following SRP.ConclusionsNo differences were found between flossing and SRP in the incidence or magnitude of total bacteraemia or VSB. This finding is important in the ongoing re‐evaluation of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infective endocarditis.
Costs and benefits of plant health measures against Diabrotica: experiences and estimations for Germany
Authors: Kehlenbeck H. , Krügener S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDiabrotica virgifera virgifera has been found in Germany since 2007, and mandatory EU plant health measures must be applied. To evaluate information on the appropriateness of these measures, we analysed benefits and costs for the two control strategies eradication and containment by ex ante data estimations and observed experiences. As a ‘no official control’ scenario, we considered that maize is grown without plant health measures where growers start to apply insecticides 5 years after D. v. virgifera damage becomes obvious. The eradication strategy consists of crop rotation with additional insecticide treatments, and the containment strategy assumes crop rotation (two times maize within 3 years) or insecticide applications against adults (two applications per year). Spread of D. v. virgifera was calculated over 15 years based on the model of Baufeld and Enzian (2005, Symposium Proceedings No. 81: Introduction and Spread of Invasive Species, 149–154), and corresponding costs for the estimated accumulated areas were analysed. Additionally, the observed spread from 2007 to 2011 in Germany and resulting costs were compared with the estimated costs of the simulated ex ante scenarios.Eradication by crop rotation proved to be the most cost‐effective strategy for single outbreaks and a low maize density in the safety zone. In contrast, both containment strategies led to a moderate cost‐effectiveness whereof crop rotation is expected to be the more sustainable approach leading to less environmental impacts and resistance problems in the long term. Observed data showed that the range expansion of D. v. virgifera in Southern Germany was more rapid than expected from the low beetle numbers of the pheromone trappings leading to the assumption that both long‐distance dispersal and continuous short‐distance diffusion are involved. The observed average spread rate per year from 2007 to 2011 was estimated at 30 km. In Bavaria, the containment zone comprised in 2011 about 210 000 ha of maize production leading to much higher containment costs compared to the ex ante simulations.
Staurolite porphyroblast controls on local bulk compositional and microstructural changes during decompression of a St–Bt–Grt–Crd–And schist (Ancasti metamorphic complex, Sierras Pampeanas, W Argentina)
Authors: VERDECCHIA S. O. , RECHE J. , BALDO E. G. , SEGOVIA‐DIAZ E. , MARTINEZ F. J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe staurolite–biotite–garnet–cordierite–andalusite–plagioclase–muscovite–quartz metapelitic mineral assemblage has been frequently interpreted in the literature as a result of superimposition of various metamorphic events, for example, in polymetamorphic sequences. The assemblage was identified in schists from the Ancasti metamorphic complex (Sierras Pampeanas of Argentina) where previous authors have favoured the polymetamorphic genetic interpretation. A pseudosection in the MnNCKFMASH system for the analysed XRF bulk composition predicts the stability of the sub‐assemblage staurolite–biotite–garnet–plagioclase–muscovite–quartz, and the compositional isopleths also agree with measured mineral compositions. Nevertheless, the XRF pseudosection does not predict any field with staurolite, andalusite and cordierite being stable together. As a result of more detailed modelling making use of the effective bulk composition concept, our interpretation is that the staurolite–biotite–garnet–plagioclase–muscovite–quartz sub‐assemblage was present at peak metamorphic conditions, 590 °C and 5.2 kbar, but that andalusite and cordierite grew later along a continuous P–T path. These minerals are not in mutual contact and are observed in separate microstructural domains with different proportions of staurolite. These domains are explained as a result of local reaction equilibrium subsystems developed during decompression and influenced by the previous peak crystal size and local modal distribution of staurolite porphyroblasts that have remained metastable. Thus, andalusite and cordierite grew synchronously, although in separate microdomains, and represent the decompression stage at 565 °C and 3.5 kbar.
Petrofabric and strength of SiO2 near the quartz‐coesite phase boundary
Authors: ZHANG J. F. , SHI F. , XU H. J. , WANG L. , FENG S. Y. , LIU W. L. , WANG Y. F. , GREEN H. W. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractQuartz and coesite constitute an important portion of deep subducted continental upper crust. However, the rheology and petrofabric of quartz and coesite are not well constrained under high‐pressure (HP)/ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic conditions both in laboratory and in nature. We report here the first deformation microstructure and lattice preferred orientations of garnet, omphacite, interstitial coesite, quartz and rutile in UHP eclogites from the Yangkou Bay, Sulu UHP terrane, as well as fabric development of quartz and coesite in shear experiments at P–T conditions near the quartz‐coesite phase boundary. Our results show: (i) garnet and coesite develop weak to random fabric while omphacite, quartz and rutile develop pronounced fabrics in deformed natural eclogites; (ii) quartz develops fabrics in responding to a dominant c‐slip with increasing shear strain under HP/UHP conditions; (iii) coesite develops fabrics in responding to a dominant [100](010) slip with increasing shear strain under UHP conditions; and (iv) the relative strengths of major constituent minerals in continental deep subduction zones are quartz < omphacite < coesite. These results are consistent with the rheology determined in the laboratory for quartz, jadeite/omphacite and coesite. We propose that jadeite/omphacite dominates the rheology and seismic anisotropy of deeply subducted continental crust.
TRPC6 inhibited NMDA receptor activities and protected neurons from ischemic excitotoxicity
Authors: Li Hongyu , Huang Junbo , Du Wanlu , Jia Caixia , Yao Hailan , Wang Yizheng 
Published: October 2012

AbstractExcitotoxicity induced by NMDA receptor‐mediated intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) overload is a major cause of delayed neuronal death in cerebral ischemia. Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) 6 protects neurons from ischemic brain damage. However, the mechanisms by which TRPC6 protects neurons are largely unknown. Here, we reported that TRPC6 suppressed the [Ca2+]i elevation induced by NMDA and protected neurons from excitotoxicity. Over‐expressing or down‐regulating TRPC6 suppressed or aggravated Ca2+ overload under excitotoxicity, respectively. TRPC6 protected cultured neurons from damage caused by NMDA toxicity or oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). Moreover, the infarct volume in TRPC6 transgenic (Tg) mice was smaller than that in wild‐type (WT) littermates. The TRPC6 Tg mice had better behavior performance and lower mortality than their WT littermates. Thus, TRPC6 inhibited NMDA receptor‐triggered neurotoxicity and protected neurons from ischemic brain damage. Increase in TRPC6 activity could be a potential strategy for stroke prevention and therapy.