bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planning Vs. Execution During a “Real” Spill Incident: Plan Vs. Reality
Authors: Neilson David E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The paper uses a current, significant spill incident (November 1997, Cork, Ireland) to discuss a number of planning and spill management issues. The paper demonstrates how the adoption of certain simple but crucial spill management techniques can allow the cleanup of the spill to proceed successfully. Comment is made on the significance of unwieldy spill management systems.
The incident occurred at a single site refinery operation in Cork, Ireland. The incident involving fuel oil spilt from the refineiy will highlight pertinent issues as they existed in that local area, the state, and European community.
The primary questions asked in the paper are: did the existing plan work? Was it executed correctly? How was the spill managed initially? How was the spill managed in the subsequent weeks?, The main content of the paper will be given to discussion about how the refinery's staff and support organisations initial response and how—with the adoption of simple but workable management systems—the situation was brought under control. More specific issues such as how a small volume of a persistent oil can be more problematic than first understood by less-experienced responders; Actually understanding the numbers of personnel and equipment resources that are required; and resources necessary for shoreline cleanup, especially in an area of difficult foreshore access and differing shoreline types. The importance of resource management and financial control from the very outset of the response activities will be highlighted in the paper. Conclusions will be made on cost comparison of cleanup of other spills at the time and whether large response management systems are effective in certain situations.
Packaging of Tier 3 Oil Spill Equipment for a Faster Response
Authors: Read Scott Jeremy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To mount an effective world wide response, oil spill clean-up equipment and experienced personnel need to quickly reach the scene. The distance and often remoteness of the incident from an International response centre (Tier 3) dictates that to achieve this rapid response air transport will be required.
Speed, flexibility and frequency of scheduled flights combined with increased availability on the charter market have made air transport a realistic option to most areas of the world. Chartered aircraft are most likely to be side-loading cargo jets and as such response equipment needs to be suited both in size and ease of loading/offloading.
To assist in the air transportation of response equipment, a specialised aircraft pallet system has been developed. The system comprises of four pallet modules per aircraft pallet station which have been profiled to fit within the most commonly used cargo jets. Pre-packing the pallet modules decreases loading times considerably, they can also be declared as known cargo helping move them through the air cargo security procedures.
An assessment of type and quantity of equipment required will be made before dispatch, these small packages present maximum flexibility and allow “mix and match” of different pallet modules to create the final load.
The modules can be delivered to airports with low capacity offloading equipment. This is enhanced by a specialist self build rapid equipment delivery and deployment system.
Antipol 97-Totem 97: A Large-Scale Exercise in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Calonne Eric , Rousseau Christophe 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To implement the national POLMAR Plan, the French maritime and terrestrial authorities organise yearly large oil spill exercises called “Antipol.” Antipol 97 was of a greater scale than any other operation conducted in the past 10 years in the Mediterranean sea.
During the 2 days of the exercise, major spill response capabilities were deployed on the sea with ten ships, including French Navy ships, together with the 280,000-tons tanker Iseult, owned by TOTAL. In the air, were five planes, including one of OSRL's C 130s flown in from Southampton and an Italian reconnaissance plane, as well as five helicopters.
Various response actions were conducted at sea and on the shoreline: evacuation of injured crew from the tanker, tanker towing, lightering operation, deployment of boom and recovery equipment, shoreline cleanup using FOST co-operative resources and strike team.
In parallel a large crisis management exercise called “Totem 97,” supported by TOTAL and prepared and conducted by CEDRE (Centre for Documentation, Research, and Experimentation in the Field of Accidental Water Pollution), mobilised crisis management teams in Toulon, Paris, Marseilles, Nantes, and Brest.
This major operation had a triple objective:To test the efficiency of the new POLMAR Plan, the TOTAL Group, and France Shipmanagement emergency plansTo update and improve the procedures laid down in those plansTo demonstrate the collective crisis management performance of the three key players: the public authorities, the ship operator and the oil company
For added realism Totem 97 included a unit run by CEDRE, that simulated reactions from the media, lobby groups, and the general public.
Nutrient Transport in Beaches Subjected to Freshwater Input and Tides
Authors: Boufadel Michel C. , Suidan Makram T. , Rauch Christian H. , Ahn Chang-Hoon , Venosa Albert D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Bioremediation of oil spills on beaches commonly involves the addition of nutrients to stimulate the growth of indigenous oil-degrading bacteria. The selection of the best application strategy of nutrients requires an understanding of the physical factors affecting beach hydraulics and hydrodynamics. The authors investigated these factors here using a laboratory beach and a numerical model that is able to simulate density-dependent flows in two-dimensional variably-saturated media. The authors found that beach geometry plays a major role in beach hydraulics and hydrodynamics because the flow lines are perpendicular to the beach surface. Under tidal action, the authors found that seawater enters the beach from the top and causes the entrapment of less saline water in the beach. Guidelines for the selection of the best application strategy of nutrients are provided.
Spill of National Significance Exercise 1997: Testing a New Organizational Concept1
Authors: O'Malley Mark 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Following the Exxon Valdez spill, the need for an effective organization to manage a spill of such magnitude was readily apparent. The publication of a revised NC? reflected this need by defining a Spill of National Significance (SONS) as a spill that, because of its severity, size, location, or actual or potential impact on the public health and welfare or the environment, the necessary response effort is so complex that it requires extraordinary coordination of federal, state, local, and responsible party (RP) resources to contain and clean up the discharge.
The U.S. Coast Guard adopted the Incident Command System (ICS) as the response management organization for oil and hazardous substance incidents in 1996. An integral part of ICS is the Area Command concept, which provides a level of strategic management and support for the existing Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) response organization. This concept was evaluated for its suitability at a SONS exercise held on 16–18 September 1997 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D.C. The exercise was also designed to assess interagency policy and cooperation with regard to emergency response by having the participants deliberate on critical issues in a collegial setting, as opposed to a stress-elevating, oil spill equipment deployment and command center organization drill. This paper examines the makeup of the unique design of the exercise and discusses several issues that arose during the exercise.
Why Spill Response Software Should Emulate a Fire Extinguisher
Authors: Evans Mary , Lehr Bill , Wesley David , Simecek-Beatty Debra 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A software development team in the Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/HAZMAT) implemented software usability engineering techniques to design a new version of NOAA's oil weathering and spill management program, ADIOS II™. Their purpose was to ensure that both novices and experts can easily use the program for their own work. To achieve this end, team members used design features intended to help novices, without impeding experts. These features included progressive disclosure, incorporation of documentation into the program interface, and error-checking safeguards. The team empirically checked the effectiveness of their design in a series of usability tests, in which they observed spill responders and planners using a prototype to complete realistic tasks. Team members recorded problems encountered by test participants, as well as participants' suggestions and comments. The team then used these findings to improve the ADIOS II interface. The NOAA team believes that usability engineering has proved to be an effective tool for ADIOS II design.
Transportation of Fuels By Pipelines—A Successful Experience
Authors: Rodrigues Torres Carlos Alberto , Constantino Alves Aníbal José , de Seta Filho Jayme , de Lira Filho Lourival Pereira 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the Oil Spill Prevention and Control Program, developed by DTCS (Dutos e Terminais do Centro-Oeste e São Paulo), a subdivision of the Transportation Department of Petrobras, which is fundamentally based on the following approaches: maintain the integrity of the system, operate safely and with respect for the environment, and prepare for emergency control. As a result of these actions, we have obtained a constant decrease in occurrences of oil leaks in pipelines, reaching the zero mark in 1997.
Maximizing The Resource Tracking Effort
Authors: Hielscher Al , McCreery Scott 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Tracking resources in emergency response situations can be a time consuming and laborious undertaking. Many times the Resource Unit within the Incident Command System (ICS) is in the unenviable position of playing “catch-up” with what is occurring in the field. Implementation of National Interagency Incident Management System (NIIMS) ICS tracking methods help to streamline this complex task. Participation in numerous oil spill drills and actual spill incidents has helped Environmental Compliance Options (ECO) and Genwest Systems, Inc. personnel observe, develop, and adopt methods and tools to make response resource tracking more accurate and efficient.
Oil Spill Management—The Brazoria County, Texas Approach
Authors: Salinas Jimmy A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Brazoria County, Texas has established a partnership of government, industry, and the public to ensure that management of spills in this county considers the local expertise, resources, and concerns when developing protection strategies and implementing spill response plans. In 1990 the Mega Borg oil spill, which occurred in the Gulf of Mexico, was initially projected to impact Brazoria County beaches and wetlands. In response to this threat the Brazoria County Judge, who is the Local On-Scene Coordinator (LOSC) for the county during emergencies, convened a meeting of the local emergency planning committee (LEPC) and the county's emergency management office. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the spill threat and determine what action, if any, could be taken. The Judge also called on various county officials, industry specialists, local federal trustees, and local environmentalists to participate. The meeting resulted in the establishment of an Oil Spill Subcommittee (OSS) to the LEPC. This subcommittee worked quickly to develop a protection plan should the oil spill threat become a reality. Specific protection priorities for the county's coastal areas was developed and included a contingency of county and industry responders who were prepared to initiate protective measures if required. The County Judge delivered the county's plan, concerns, and support to the Unified Incident Command (UIC) in Galveston, Texas.
Since its inception the OSS has been active responding to spill threats, and participating in area wide National Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) Exercises in the county. The uniqueness of the OSS is that it draws expertise from different stake holders in the county and melds a local partnership that brings a vast amount of knowledge, experience, and resources in a unified effort. The Brazoria County OSS continues to improve its organization and stands ready to assist spill management when an incident threatens Brazoria County.
Oil Spill Monitoring By Satellite: The Ways Towards Making a Reality Out of a Dream
Authors: Girin Michel , Calabresi Gianna , Lichtenegger Juerg , Petrocchi Andrea , Febvre Alain , Lecat Camille 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Despite the good results obtained in a series of experiments performed jointly by satellite image providers and pollution response authorities in Northern Europe, the reluctance to acknowledge the spaceborne data contribution to oil spill surveillance is still considerable. The authors, in part counter pollution professionals, in part experts in satellite imagery interpretation, started to collaborate with background ranging from strong doubts on the suitability of satellite imagery to support pollution control activities, to substantial experience in using radar satellites such as ERS for ocean features detection. Building on their different languages, priorities, and views, they compared satellite imagery with airborne collected information and identified areas where today, unavoidably, using satellite imagery would be disappointing (such as emergency monitoring of major pollution events), areas where satellite imagery can offer a service not satisfied through airplane surveillance (such as wide, synoptic area surveillance together with complementary control of anchorage areas and collection of statistical information on major deballasting routes), areas of potential synergy between satellite and airplane imagery (such as the
The Sea Empress Oil Spill: Environmental Impact and Recovery
Authors: Edwards Ron , White Ian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
72,000 tonnes of light crude oil were released from the Sea Empress at the entrance to Milford Haven, South Wales over a 7-day period in February 1996, in an area of exceptional environmental value for wildlife, tourism and natural beauty. Natural factors (time of year, wind direction) coupled with effective cleanup at sea (through chemical dispersion) and on shore, minimised environmental impact. Nevertheless, there were adverse effects on fisheries, wildlife—particularly overwintering birds, tourism and amenity. (Human health studies have not been completed.) Recovery, although not complete, has been encouraging although some wildlife populations remain depleted and further monitoring is needed, including offish stocks.
The U.K. Government has responded to recommendations by the Sea Empress Environmental Evaluation Committee (SEEEC), agreeing to continued monitoring and research, as well as reviews of aspects of operational response and cleanup and to the need for national and local contingency plans for impact assessment.
Achieving an Industry Standard in the Assessment of Environmental Risk: Oil Spill Risk Management and the Mira Method
Authors: Jødestøl Kjell Andreas , Fredheim Bjørge , Hoell Espen Edward , Wakili Sami , Vinnem Jan Erik , Myhrvold Arne Uno , Hasle Jon Rytter , Ytterborg Gina 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A quantitative approach to assess environmental risks from offshore petroleum activities is developed in this paper. Taking into account both reservoir- and project-specific data, different kinds of oil spill scenarios are analyzed. Oil characteristics and weathering properties are incorporated in a standardized geographical information system (GIS)-based oil spill modeling system, simulating oil trajectories based on wind and current data.
Mapping of environmental resources is combined with a sensitivity evaluation and protection value classification. Nationally accepted criteria in Norway for identification of valued ecosystem components (VECs) are adopted to select a limited number of high priority risk indicators. Oil spill statistics are combined with occurrences of VEC resources on a seasonal basis. Oil pollution effect and damage keys have been established based on past oil spill incidents and scientific documentation.
Impact assessments are based on available specific resource data and provide results related to the recovery potential of each resource component included. The recovery time is adopted as a general stand-alone parameter that allows classification of severity and ecological significance of acute oil pollution incidents.
Quantitative risk results are used to describe and rank environmental risks issued from different sources and scenarios, covering different seasons and activity plans. The ranking also is used to identify high priority resources and geographic areas for contingency actions. The variability in presence and vulnerability of natural resources gives the operator the possibility of adjusting activity plans according to the time-window providing the lowest environmental risk. Contingency plans can be designed for and focused on periods or geographic areas with increased risk. The results are further used in combination with oil spill statistics to determine specific requirements for oil spill contingency systems. Requirements for key factors—such as response time, equipment, functional capability, and efficiency with respect to weather, oil type, and oil quantity—also are established. The overall efficiency of contingency systems is assessed and the risk reanalyzed to identify the potential for risk reduction.
Further developments are proposed advising that risk reduction should be considered in combination with costs involved in investments, maintenance and exercises, as well as real combat action costs and compensation costs. Cost-benefit could then be assessed for different contingency arrangements, providing a basis for selection of optimal solutions for contingency systems according to the ALARP principle—“as low as reasonably practicable”—where costs of countermeasures are weighted against potential risk reduction.
Planning for Chemical Spills
Authors: Lunel Tim , Corps Jenny 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During a spill and at the contingency planning phase, there are three main stages to consider in dealing with a chemical incident at sea: risk identification, risk assessment, and emergency response. The incident of the multitank Ascania is used in the paper to illustrate how this decision process works in a real spill using 24-hours-a-day, 7-days-a-week, 366-days-a-year response services. The role of software tools for providing rapid, reliable, and relevant information is discussed within the context of these tools being used by trained emergency responders. The paper then illustrates how scenario analysis and running marine chemical spill exercises can be used to plan for a response to chemical spills.
Response Operations to the Union Faith Release
Authors: Long Michael C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On August 4, 1999, U.S. Coast Guard Manne Safety Office (MSO) New Orleans pollution investigators responded to a chronic sheen appearing adjacent to the Riverwalk, New Orleans' popular riverfront shopping and tourist destination. The oil eventually was identified surfacing near the middle of the Mississippi River. A bottom survey conducted by the MSO and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE) utilizing side-scanning sonar, magnetometers, and fathometers identified a large anomaly that was later determined to be the Taiwanese-flagged freighter Union Faith,. On April 6, 1969, this vessel had been involved in a tragic collision and subsequently sank with an estimated 6,000 barrels of bunker fuel onboard.
Removing heavy oil from a badly deteriorated wreck with zero visibility and dangerous currents proved an enormous challenge. Repeated attempts to locate the source of oil within the ship's maze of holds were unsuccessful and internal recovery efforts proved extremely problematic. External hull operations were determined to be the most effective way to remove the oil. This strategy entailed charting the boundaries of the trapped oil and then cold tapping through the hull at strategic locations. A specially designed drilling and pumping apparatus was then subsequently placed at these cold tapped areas. Also, three internal tanks were accessed externally and emptied of their contents.
Other obstacles to overcome were staging a diving support platform in the middle of a congested waterway serving one of the busiest ports in the world, sensitivity to a ship designated as a “watery grave” for 26 deceased mariners, and managing a high level of publicity/scrutiny surrounding an effort of this scale underway directly in front of a major tourist attraction, cruise ship moorings, ferryboat landings, and a local TV station's corporate office.
Developing a National Oil Spill Response System in the Caspian Region: Turkmenistan Case Study1
Authors: Taylor Peter Mark , Thornborough James Anthony , Nazari Mehrdad 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The collapse of the former Soviet Union a decade ago has led to increasing interest in the Caspian region as a source of crude oil and gas for global markets. This paper explains the project scope and the framework under which a sustainable national oil spill response system is being developed in Turkmenistan, a former Soviet Republic and one of the Caspian's littoral states.
The key success factors of the oil spill contingency planning project in Turkmenistan, which are believed to be relevant for similar activities under development in other parts of the Caspian region, include the support of high-level government representation; a participatory and cross-sectoral approach; adopting a standardized process based on international guidance and Conventions; alliance of local and international experts to provide input and support the progress of the project; and accumulation of knowledge and its dissemination using digital media.
U.S. NEED FOR AN INTEGRATED INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL RESPONSE POLICY1
Authors: Adams Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The United States has several international oil pollution response agreements for which the U.S. Coast Guard serves as lead agency for implementation. However, the United States does not have an integrated plan for implementing these agreements, the criteria to use in determining what level of cooperation is needed, or a strategy for prioritizing which countries with which to engage to forge new agreements.
This paper outlines a strategy for international engagement that allows the United States to participate in response-related expertise exchange to ensure appropriate capabilities are available for spills that threaten U.S. interests. Obstacles to developing and implementing the strategy and ways to overcome them also are identified.