bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes Related to Hypo- and Hyperkalemia in Patients With Severe Heart Failure Treated With a Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist
Authors: Vardeny Orly , Claggett Brian , Anand Inder , Rossignol Patrick , Desai Akshay S. , Zannad Faiez , Pitt Bertram , Solomon Scott D. 
Published: May 2014

Background—
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure but can cause hyperkalemia, which contributes to reduced use of these drugs. Hypokalemia also leads to worse outcomes in patients with heart failure and may be attenuated by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.

Methods and Results—

We assessed incidence and predictors of hyperkalemia (potassium ≥5.5 mmol/L) and hypokalemia (potassium <3.5 mmol/L) and the relationship to outcomes in 1663 patients with class III or IV heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction <35% randomized to treatment with spironolactone 25 mg or placebo in the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES) trial. All-cause mortality rates and the influence of potassium levels on the effectiveness of spironolactone were assessed in a landmark analysis and in relation to time-varying potassium levels. After 1 month, mean potassium levels increased in the spironolactone group but not in the placebo group (4.54±0.49 versus 4.28±0.50 mmol/L;
P
<0.001) and remained elevated during the trial. Although the extremes of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia at 4 weeks were associated with increased risk of mortality in both treatment arms, participants in the spironolactone arm had lower mortality rates at all potassium levels throughout the duration of the trial. The treatment benefit of spironolactone was maintained at least until potassium exceeded 5.5 mmol/L.

Conclusions—
With appropriate surveillance of potassium and creatinine, the use of spironolactone was associated with less hypokalemia and improved survival in patients with severe heart failure even in the setting of moderate hyperkalemia.
The Scaffold Protein Muscle A-Kinase Anchoring Protein β Orchestrates Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophic Signaling Required for the Development of Heart Failure
Authors: Kritzer Michael D. , Li Jinliang , Passariello Catherine L. , Gayanilo Marjorie , Thakur Hrishikesh , Dayan Joseph , Dodge-Kafka Kimberly , Kapiloff Michael S. 
Published: May 2014

Background—
Cardiac myocyte hypertrophy is regulated by an extensive intracellular signal transduction network. In vitro evidence suggests that the scaffold protein muscle A-kinase anchoring protein β (mAKAPβ) serves as a nodal organizer of hypertrophic signaling. However, the relevance of mAKAPβ signalosomes to pathological remodeling and heart failure in vivo remains unknown.

Methods and Results—

Using conditional, cardiac myocyte–specific gene deletion, we now demonstrate that mAKAPβ expression in mice is important for the cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload and catecholamine toxicity. mAKAPβ targeting prevented the development of heart failure associated with long-term transverse aortic constriction, conferring a survival benefit. In contrast to 29% of control mice (n=24), only 6% of mAKAPβ knockout mice (n=31) died in the 16 weeks of pressure overload (
P
=0.02). Accordingly, mAKAPβ knockout inhibited myocardial apoptosis and the development of interstitial fibrosis, left atrial hypertrophy, and pulmonary edema. This improvement in cardiac status correlated with the attenuated activation of signaling pathways coordinated by the mAKAPβ scaffold, including the decreased phosphorylation of protein kinase D1 and histone deacetylase 4 that we reveal to participate in a new mAKAP signaling module. Furthermore, mAKAPβ knockout inhibited pathological gene expression directed by myocyte-enhancer factor-2 and nuclear factor of activated T-cell transcription factors that associate with the scaffold.

Conclusions—
mAKAPβ orchestrates signaling that regulates pathological cardiac remodeling in mice. Targeting of the underlying physical architecture of signaling networks, including mAKAPβ signalosome formation, may constitute an effective therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of pathological remodeling and heart failure.
Long‐term Cardiovascular Risks Associated With an Elevated Heart Rate: The Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Ho Jennifer E. , Larson Martin G. , Ghorbani Anahita , Cheng Susan , Coglianese Erin E. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Wang Thomas J. 
Published: May 2014

Background
Higher heart rate has been associated with an adverse prognosis, but most prior studies focused on individuals with known cardiovascular disease or examined a limited number of outcomes. We sought to examine the association of baseline heart rate with both fatal and nonfatal outcomes during 2 decades of follow‐up.

Methods and Results

Our study included 4058 Framingham Heart Study participants (mean age 55 years, 56% women). Cox models were performed with multivariable adjustment for clinical risk factors and physical activity. A total of 708 participants developed incident cardiovascular disease (303 heart failure, 343 coronary heart disease, and 216 stroke events), 48 received a permanent pacemaker, and 1186 died. Baseline heart rate was associated with incident cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15 per 1 SD [11 bpm] increase in heart rate, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.24,
P
=0.0002), particularly heart failure (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.48,
P
<0.0001). Higher heart rate was also associated with higher all‐cause (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.24,
P
<0.0001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.33,
P
=0.01). Spline analyses did not suggest a lower threshold beyond which the benefit of a lower heart rate abated or increased. In contrast, individuals with a higher heart rate had a lower risk of requiring permanent pacemaker placement (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.79,
P
=0.001).

Conclusions
Individuals with a higher heart rate are at elevated long‐term risk for cardiovascular events, in particular, heart failure, and all‐cause death. On the other hand, a higher heart rate is associated with a lower risk of future permanent pacemaker implantation.
Temporal Trends in Pulse Pressure and Mean Arterial Pressure During the Rise of Pediatric Obesity in US Children
Authors: Zachariah Justin P. , Graham Dionne A. , de Ferranti Sarah D. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Newburger Jane W. , Mitchell Gary F. 
Published: May 2014

Background

Somatic growth in childhood is accompanied by substantial remodeling of the aorta. Obesity is associated with increased aortic stiffness and flow and may interfere with aortic remodeling during growth. Wide pulse pressure (
PP
) indicates mismatch between aortic impedance and pulsatile flow and increases risk for future systolic hypertension and cardiovascular disease (
CVD
). We hypothesized that the rise of pediatric obesity would be associated with a temporal trend to higher
PP
.

Methods and Results

We analyzed demographic, anthropometric, and blood pressure (
BP
) data for 8‐ to 17‐year‐old children (N=16 457) from the cross‐sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (
NHANES
) for 1976 through 2008. Multivariable adjusted survey regression was used to examine temporal trends in
PP
and mean arterial pressure (
MAP
) and the relation to obesity. Across this period, unadjusted
PP
was higher (0.29 mm Hg/y, 95%
CI
0.26 to 0.33 mm Hg/y;
P
<0.0001), while
MAP
was lower (−0.24 mm Hg/y, 95%
CI
−0.27 to −0.20 mm Hg/y;
P
<0.0001) across examinations. Adjusting for body mass index partially attenuated the temporal trend for
PP
by 32% (
P
<0.0001). Obesity amplified the relation between taller height and higher
PP
(from 0.23 [95% CI 0.19 to 0.28] to 0.27 [95% CI 0.21 to 0.34] mm Hg/cm height in boys and from 0.08 [95% CI 0.04 to 0.13] to 0.22 [95% CI 0.13 to 0.31] mm Hg/cm height in girls;
P
<0.01 for both).

Conclusions

PP
has increased during the rise of pediatric obesity. Higher
PP
may indicate mismatch between aortic diameter, wall stiffness, and flow in obese children during a period of rapid somatic growth when the aorta is already under considerable remodeling stress.
Effect of Diet or Diet Plus Physical Activity Versus Usual Care on Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: The Early ACTivity In Diabetes (ACTID) Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Thompson Dylan , Walhin Jean‐Philippe , Batterham Alan M. , Stokes Keith A. , Cooper Ashley R. , Andrews Robert C. 
Published: May 2014

Background
Inflammation plays a major role in diabetes‐associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is uncertainty whether diet and physical activity interventions can be successfully integrated into healthcare settings and reduce markers of inflammation and risk of CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods and Results

Systemic markers of inflammation were determined in a 12‐month, real‐world, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial that investigated the effect of diet, diet plus physical activity, and usual care in 593 individuals with newly diagnosed T2D. During the first 6 months, serum
C
‐reactive protein (
CRP
) improved by −21 (−36 to −1.4)% and −22 (−38 to −3.1)% in diet and diet plus physical activity arms versus usual care. There were also improvements in adiponectin and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1). Though medication‐adjusted
CRP
was improved between 6 and 12 months for usual care, both interventions were more successful in reducing the relative risk of a high‐risk
CRP
level of >3 mg/L (risk ratios of 0.72 [0.55 to 0.95] for diet versus usual care and 0.67 [0.50 to 0.90] for diet plus activity versus usual care). Furthermore, sICAM‐1 (a marker of vascular risk), remained substantially lower than usual care in both intervention arms at 12 months.

Conclusions
Motivational, unsupervised diet and/or diet plus physical activity interventions given soon after diagnosis in real‐world healthcare settings improve markers of inflammation and cardiovascular risk in patients with T2D, even after accounting for the effect of adjustments to medication to try and control blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, and lipids.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
http://www.controlled-trials.com/
. Unique identifier: ISRCTN92162869.
Book review: ‘Two Girls’ and Other Essays, written by Roberto Schwarz
Authors: Cevasco Maria Elisa Burgos 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The piece is a review of Roberto Schwarz’s ‘Two Girls’ and Other Essays, edited by Francis Mulhern, and published by Verso. It gives the reader an overview of Roberto Schwarz’s intellectual project and formation. It comments on the essays and tries to substantiate the claim that Schwarz is ‘the finest dialectical critic since Adorno’. This is done mainly through a discussion of one the key categories that organise his thought, objective form, and also by a discussion of his practice of spatial dialectics.
Buxus holttumiana of Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand is a variety of B. cochinchinensis (Buxaceae)
Authors: Julius Avelinah 
Published: May 2014

The Flora of Peninsular Malaysia project was initiated in 2005 (Kiew & Rafidah 2007, Saw & Chung 2007), and aims to document the entire flora of the region formerly known as Malaya or Malay Peninsula. As part of this project, the present author is revising the Buxaceae for the Flora, represented in Peninsular Malaysia by the single genus Buxus Linnaeus (1753: 983). The genus was last revised by Hatusima in 1942, and in his revision, Hatusima recognized three species in Peninsular Malaysia [viz. Buxus holttumiana Hatusima (1942: 270), B. malayana Ridley (1926: 475) and B. rupicola Ridley (1911: 166)]. All three taxa are confined to limestone forests at 20–450 m above sea level, and Hatusima (1942) considered all species as endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. In his revision, however, Hatusima described B. holttumiana from a single collection gathered in 1938 from Kaki Bukit, Perlis (Kiah SFN 35239, see Figure 1A & B) and considered the thicker, shining leaves with fewer veins, the longer, erect (not strongly recurved and divaricating) styles as diagnostic characters for this species. Hatusima (1942), however, stated that he did not compare his new taxon with material of B. cochinchinensis Pierre ex Gagnepain (1921: 481), and his description of the latter was more or less a verbatim transcription of Gagnepain’s (Gagnepain 1921).
A Mass Budget Analysis on the Interannual Variability of the Polar Surface Pressure in the Winter Season
Authors: Yu Yueyue , Ren Rongcai , Hu Jinggao , Wu Guoxiong 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This study reports a mass budget analysis on the year-to-year variability of the winter [December–February (DJF)]-mean Arctic (60°–90°N) surface pressure (Ps) using the 33-yr daily Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim; 1979–2011). The analysis reveals that the interannual variability of mass transported into the Arctic region in upper layers plays a dominant role in the interannual variability of the winter-mean Arctic Ps anomalies. When winter-mean Arctic Ps anomalies are positive, both the transport of mass into the Arctic region in the upper layer by the poleward branch of meridional mass circulation and the transport of mass out of the Arctic region in the lower layer by the equatorward branch tend to strengthen and vice versa. In the earlier winter months from November to December, mass anomalies transported in overwhelm those transported out, explaining the mass source of winter-mean Arctic Ps anomalies. The coupling between adiabatic mass transport by meridional mass circulation and diabatic processes explains why, over the Arctic region, yearly variations of winter Ps are positively correlated with mass anomalies in the upper layer (above 290 K) and near the surface (below 260 K) but negatively correlated with mass anomalies in the middle and lower troposphere (between 260 and 290 K). In winters with positive (negative) Arctic Ps anomalies, wave activity, particularly in wavenumbers 1 and 2, is stronger (weaker) in the extratropical stratosphere in the earlier winter months from November to January, coincident with the interannual variability of the meridional mass circulation intensity in winter seasons.
Langmuir–Submesoscale Interactions: Descriptive Analysis of Multiscale Frontal Spindown Simulations
Authors: Hamlington Peter E. , Van Roekel Luke P. , Fox-Kemper Baylor , Julien Keith , Chini Gregory P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe interactions between boundary layer turbulence, including Langmuir turbulence, and submesoscale processes in the oceanic mixed layer are described using large-eddy simulations of the spindown of a temperature front in the presence of submesoscale eddies, winds, and waves. The simulations solve the surface-wave-averaged Boussinesq equations with Stokes drift wave forcing at a resolution that is sufficiently fine to capture small-scale Langmuir turbulence. A simulation without Stokes drift forcing is also performed for comparison. Spatial and spectral properties of temperature, velocity, and vorticity fields are described, and these fields are scale decomposed in order to examine multiscale fluxes of momentum and buoyancy. Buoyancy flux results indicate that Langmuir turbulence counters the restratifying effects of submesoscale eddies, leading to small-scale vertical transport and mixing that is 4 times greater than in the simulations without Stokes drift forcing. The observed fluxes are also shown to be in good agreement with results from an asymptotic analysis of the surface-wave-averaged, or Craik–Leibovich, equations. Regions of potential instability in the flow are identified using Richardson and Rossby numbers, and it is found that mixed gravitational/symmetric instabilities are nearly twice as prevalent when Langmuir turbulence is present, in contrast to simulations without Stokes drift forcing, which are dominated by symmetric instabilities. Mixed layer depth calculations based on potential vorticity and temperature show that the mixed layer is up to 2 times deeper in the presence of Langmuir turbulence. Differences between measures of the mixed layer depth based on potential vorticity and temperature are smaller in the simulations with Stokes drift forcing, indicating a reduced incidence of symmetric instabilities in the presence of Langmuir turbulence.
An Energy Compartment Model for Propagation, Nonlinear Interaction, and Dissipation of Internal Gravity Waves
Authors: Eden Carsten , Olbers Dirk 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The recently proposed Internal Wave Dissipation, Energy and Mixing (IDEMIX) model, describing the propagation and dissipation of internal gravity waves in the ocean, is extended. Compartments describing the energy contained in the internal tides and the near-inertial waves at low, vertical wavenumber are added to a compartment of the wave continuum at higher wavenumbers. Conservation equations for each compartment are derived based on integrated versions of the radiative transfer equation of weakly interacting waves. The compartments interact with each other by the scattering of tidal energy to the wave continuum by triad wave–wave interactions, which are strongly enhanced equatorward of 28° due to parametric subharmonic instability of the tide and by scattering to the continuum of both tidal and near-inertial wave energy over rough topography and at continental margins. Global numerical simulations of the resulting model using observed stratification, forcing functions, and bottom topography yield good agreement with available observations.
Understanding service demand for mental health among Australians aged 16 to 64 years according to their possible need for treatment
Authors: Harris Meredith G , Diminic Sandra , Burgess Philip M , Carstensen Georgia , Stewart Gavin , Pirkis Jane , Whiteford Harvey A 
Published: May 2014

Background: To inform decisions about mental health resource allocation, planners require reliable estimates of people who report service demand (i.e. people who use or want mental health services) according to their level of possible need. Methods: Using data on 6915 adults aged 16–64 years in Australia’s 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, we examined past-year service demand among respondents grouped into four levels of possible need: (a) 12-month mental disorder; (b) lifetime but no 12-month mental disorder; (c) any other indicator of possible need (12-month symptoms or reaction to stressful event, or lifetime hospitalisation); (d) no indicator of possible need. Multivariate logistic regression analyses examined correlates of service demand, separately for respondents in each of levels 1–3. Results: Sixteen per cent of Australian adults reported service demand, of whom one-third did not meet criteria for a 12-month mental disorder (equivalent to 5.7% of the adult population). Treatment patterns tended to follow a gradient defined by level of possible need. For example, service users with a 12-month disorder received, on average, 1.6–3.9 times more consultations than their counterparts in other levels of possible need, and had 1.9–2.2 times higher rates of psychologist consultation. Service users with a lifetime but not 12-month disorder or any other indicator of need consumed a similar average number of services to people with mild 12-month mental disorders, but received relatively fewer services involving the mental health sector. Service demand was associated with increased suicidality and psychological distress in all levels of possible need examined, and with poorer clinical and functional status for those with 12-month or lifetime disorders. Conclusions: Many Australians reporting service demand do not meet criteria for a current mental disorder, but may require services to maintain recovery following a past episode or because they are experiencing symptoms and significant psychological distress.
Spatial Access to Faith-based Diabetes Intervention for Guyanese Adults in Schenectady, New York
Authors: Hosler Akiko S. , Michaels Isaac H. 
Published: May 2014

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine whether travel distance would pose a barrier to participation in proposed diabetes intervention programs for Guyanese immigrants at faith-based organizations (FBOs). This study also suggests the most collectively accessible set of FBOs that could serve as intervention sites. Methods Data were extracted from a cross-sectional health interview survey conducted in Schenectady, New York, in 2011. The shortest driving distances from homes to FBOs and to the city’s only diabetes education center (DEC) were analyzed among Guyanese and non-Guyanese adults with diabetes and prediabetes (n = 238), using spatial algorithms and Geographic Information System resources. Results The Guyanese were more likely to belong to a FBO than the non-Guyanese (77.8% vs 61.2%). The mean driving distance to FBO was 1.19 miles (95% CI, 0.98-1.39) for the Guyanese, which was significantly shorter than that for the non-Guyanese (2.87 miles, 95% CI, 1.93-3.82). The Guyanese had uniformly shorter mean and median driving distances in all sociodemographic and health status subcategories as well. Moreover, a higher percentage of the Guyanese lived closer to FBO than to DEC compared to non-Guyanese (52.2% vs 34.7%). It was found that having diabetes intervention at the 4 most popular FBOs (2 Hindu temples and 2 Christian churches) and DEC would provide the most collectively accessible arrangement for the Guyanese. Conclusions The results suggest that the short driving distance to FBO is a likely enabler that can encourage regular utilization of the faith-based intervention for the Guyanese.
Intraclass Correlations and Covariate Outcome Correlations for Planning Two- and Three-Level Cluster-Randomized Experiments in Education
Authors: Hedges Larry V. , Hedberg E. C. 
Published: May 2014

Background: Cluster-randomized experiments that assign intact groups such as schools or school districts to treatment conditions are increasingly common in educational research. Such experiments are inherently multilevel designs whose sensitivity (statistical power and precision of estimates) depends on the variance decomposition across levels. This variance decomposition is usually summarized by the intraclass correlation (ICC) structure and, if covariates are used, the effectiveness of the covariates in explaining variation at each level of the design. Objectives: This article provides a compilation of school- and district-level ICC values of academic achievement and related covariate effectiveness based on state longitudinal data systems. These values are designed to be used for planning group-randomized experiments in education. The use of these values to compute statistical power and plan two- and three-level group-randomized experiments is illustrated. Research Design: We fit several hierarchical linear models to state data by grade and subject to estimate ICCs and covariate effectiveness. The total sample size is over 4.8 million students. We then compare our average of state estimates with the national work by Hedges and Hedberg.