bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution of seismic energy rate of tectonic tremors in subduction zones
Authors: Yabe Suguru , Ide Satoshi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe sizes of deep tectonic tremors have never been accurately evaluated as a physical quantity. Here we estimate tremor size as the band‐limited seismic energy rate at 2–8 Hz, with accurate evaluation of the path attenuation and site amplification of seismic waves in four subduction zones: Nankai, Cascadia, Jalisco, and South Chile. The size‐frequency statistics of seismic energy rate, which are characterized by the median measure for each subregion, are spatially variable. The spatial variations are categorized into three types, with each type corresponding to a different tremor migration behavior. In type A regions where tremor zone is wider, seismic energy rates are highly variable in the dip direction, and tremor activities are usually initiated in the less energetic tremor zone. Some of them further penetrate into the energetic tremor zone and subsequently migrate for long distances in the strike direction. Type B regions are characterized by relatively narrow tremor zones, minor variations in energy rates in the dip direction, and long‐distance migration in the strike direction. Type C regions are characterized by isolated clusters of tremor activities without migration and by independent failure of each small tremor cluster. Given that the spatial distributions of tremor energy rates reflect heterogeneities in the strength of the plate interface, such distributions, which would be controlled by the width of tremor zone, may determine the regional style of slow‐earthquake behavior. Some energetic tremor regions act as switches that trigger large slow slip events, especially in type A regions.
Performance evaluation of sum‐of‐cisoids Rice/Rayleigh fading channel simulators with respect to the bit error probability
Authors: Pätzold M. , Rafiq G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSum‐of‐cisoids (SOC) processes provide an important framework for the modeling and simulation of multipath fading channels. In this paper, we analyze the performance of SOC Rice/Rayleigh narrowband fading channel simulators with respect to the bit error probability (BEP) of quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) systems with both coherent and noncoherent demodulation. For the BEP of coherent QPSK and DPSK, exact analytical expressions are derived, which provide insight into the influence of the number of propagation paths and the path gains on the system performance. It will be shown that at least 10 multipath components are required to guarantee that the absolute value of the relative error of the BEP is less than 5%. Regarding the BEP of noncoherent DPSK, we show analytically and by simulations that the system performance reacts very sensitively to the model error caused by an imperfect computation of the channel simulator's Doppler frequencies. Our study is not only important for the performance evaluation of SOC‐based channel simulators but also for the performance evaluation of QPSK and DPSK systems in the presence of a limited number of scatterers. Especially for a small number of propagation paths with unbalanced path gains, where the central limit theorem does not apply, the derived analytical expressions for the BEP reveal their full importance.
Enzymatic Kinetic Determinations
Authors: Hüttl Regina , Frank Nicole 
Published: September 2014

Kinetic methods for analytical applications can be divided into noncatalytic and catalytic methods. Enzyme kinetic determinations are a special type of catalytic methods. Enzymatic reactions are used analytically to determine enzyme activities – for instance, in the diagnosis of diseases, substrate concentrations in the food industry or medicine, and concentrations of effectors – for example, in trace analysis. Owing to the high selectivity of enzymatic analysis, the importance of this method in various fields is growing rapidly. The widest use is observed in clinical chemistry and food chemistry. This article gives only a general survey of the high potential of enzymatic analysis, with references to more detailed literature. Enzymatic reactions are characterized by some special features, explained after the introduction. The theoretical background for kinetic determination is the comprehension of the principles on enzymatic kinetics. In Section 3, the simplest mechanism, outlined by Michaelis and Menten, and several transformations of the equation are described. In this section, two kinetic parameters, enzyme activity and the Michaelis constant, are introduced. Section 4 deals with substances, the so‐called
effectors
, influencing the rate of an enzymatic reaction. Simple mechanisms of these effectors are shown. Different methods for determination of substrates, enzymes, and effectors, illustrated by many examples, are represented in Section 5. While substrate concentrations can be determined using both equilibrium or kinetic methods, the determination of enzymes and effectors can be performed only by kinetic approaches. In the last two sections, the application of enzymes in flow systems and biosensor development are shown.
Formation of DNA:RNA Hybrid G‐Quadruplexes of Two G‐Quartet Layers in Transcription: Expansion of the Prevalence and Diversity of G‐Quadruplexes in Genomes
Authors: Xiao Shan , Zhang Jia‐yu , Wu Jun , Wu Ren‐yi , Xia Ye , Zheng Ke‐wei , Hao Yu‐hua , Zhou Xiang , Tan Zheng 
Published: September 2014

AbstractG‐quadruplexes are implicated in important cellular processes. Previous studies mostly focused on intramolecular G‐quadruplexes of three or more G‐quartets. Those composed of two G‐quartets were only shown to form in single‐stranded oligonucleotides. On the basis of electrophoresis, DMS footprinting, fluorescence labeling, and photo‐cross‐linking, we detected the formation of DNA:RNA hybrid G‐quadruplexes (HQs) of two G‐quartets during the transcription of DNA duplexes. These HQs have a lifetime on the minute scale and are stabilized by a stabilizing ligand. They are far shorter‐lived than the HQs of three G‐quartets, which last for hours. The occurrence of putative formation motifs of such HQs shows a transcription‐dependent strand‐biased selection, thus supporting their formation and function in genomes. They are present in almost all human genes in large amounts. We speculate that the two‐G‐quartet HQs may be a distinct type of G‐quadruplexes that may play a role in timely responsive processes and for purposes of fine‐tuning.
An N‐Heterocyclic Silylene‐Stabilized Digermanium(0) Complex
Authors: Shan Yu‐Liang , Yim Wai‐Leung , So Cheuk‐Wai 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of an N‐heterocyclic silylene‐stabilized digermanium(0) complex is described. The reaction of the amidinate‐stabilized silicon(II) amide [LSiN(SiMe3)2] (1; L=PhC(NtBu)2) with GeCl2⋅dioxane in toluene afforded the SiII–GeII adduct [L{(Me3Si)2N}Si→GeCl2] (2). Reaction of the adduct with two equivalents of KC8 in toluene at room temperature afforded the N‐heterocyclic carbene silylene‐stabilized digermanium(0) complex [L{(Me3Si)2N}Si→ GeGe←Si{N(SiMe3)2}L] (3). X‐ray crystallography and theoretical studies show conclusively that the N‐heterocyclic silylenes stabilize the singlet digermanium(0) moiety by a weak synergic donor–acceptor interaction.
Density Functional Theory Calculations on Oxidative CC Bond Cleavage and NO Bond Formation of [RuII(bpy)2(diamine)]2+ via Reactive Ruthenium Imide Intermediates
Authors: Guan Xiangguo , Law Siu‐Man , Tse Chun‐Wai , Huang Jie‐Sheng , Che Chi‐Ming 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDFT calculations are performed on [RuII(bpy)2(tmen)]2+ (M1, tmen=2,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐butanediamine) and [RuII(bpy)2(heda)]2+ (M2, heda=2,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐hexanediamine), and on the oxidation reactions of M1 to give the CC bond cleavage product [RuII(bpy)2(NH=CMe2)2]2+ (M3) and the NO bond formation product [RuII(bpy)2(ONCMe2CMe2NO)]2+ (M4). The calculated geometrical parameters and oxidation potentials are in good agreement with the experimental data. As revealed by the DFT calculations, [RuII(bpy)2(tmen)]2+ (M1) can undergo oxidative deprotonation to generate Ru‐bis(imide) [Ru(bpy)2(tmen‐4 H)]+ (A) or Ru‐imide/amide [Ru(bpy)2(tmen‐3 H)]2+ (A′) intermediates. Both A and A′ are prone to CC bond cleavage, with low reaction barriers (ΔG≠) of 6.8 and 2.9 kcal mol−1 for their doublet spin states 2A and 2A′, respectively. The calculated reaction barrier for the nucleophilic attack of water molecules on 2A′ is relatively high (14.2 kcal mol−1). These calculation results are in agreement with the formation of the RuII‐bis(imine) complex M3 from the electrochemical oxidation of M1 in aqueous solution. The oxidation of M1 with CeIV in aqueous solution to afford the RuII‐dinitrosoalkane complex M4 is proposed to proceed by attack of the cerium oxidant on the ruthenium imide intermediate. The findings of ESI‐MS experiments are consistent with the generation of a ruthenium imide intermediate in the course of the oxidation.
Traitement solvothermique superficiel de la biomasse lignocellulosique dans les liquides ioniques–hygroscopicité, morphologie et propriétés mécaniques
Authors: Chérif Hadj‐Ahmed , Chaala Abdelkader , Rodrigue Denis , Larachi Faical 
Published: September 2014

Le traitement thermique superficiel du bois permet de rehausser ses propriétés hydrophobe, antifongique et anti‐gonflement contribuant à le mettre à l'abri des aléas naturels. Nous avons étudié la pertinence d'un traitement solvothermique d'éprouvettes de bois d'épinette noire imprégnées de liquides ioniques hydrophile ([EMIM][OTf]) et hydrophobe ([HMIM][TF2N]) comparativement à un traitement thermique simple sous balayage à l'azote. Les éprouvettes ont été soumises à des tests d'adsorption d'humidité, d'absorption d'eau, de gonflement, et de propriétés mécaniques après des traitements réalisés dans les gammes de température et de temps suivantes: [180 °C–260 °C] et [30 min–4 h]. Les tests ont montré une diminution notable de la teneur ultime en humidité et de prise d'eau liquide lorsque les échantillons de bois sont préalablement imprégnés de liquide ionique hydrophobe et que la température de traitement reste inférieure à 200 °C. Cependant, les tests de propriétés mécaniques ont montré que les modules d'élasticité et de rupture des éprouvettes affichaient une tendance à la baisse avec l'augmentation de la température et du temps de traitement. L'imprégnation de liquide ionique ne changeait rien à ce comportement même si en général une fragilisation accrue des éprouvettes pouvait être notée à cause de la solubilisation partielle des principaux composants de bois.Surface heat treatment of wood improves its hydrophobic, antifungal, and anti‐swelling properties, and strengthens its resistance to the vagaries of natural exposure. We investigated the relevance of a superficial solvothermal treatment of wood specimens impregnated with hydrophilic ([EMIM][OTf]) and hydrophobic ([EMIM][OTf]) ionic liquids which we compared to a conventional heat treatment under nitrogen atmosphere over the following treatment temperature and time ranges: [180 °C – 260 °C] and [30 min – 4 h]. The treated specimens were subjected to moisture adsorption, water absorption, swelling, and mechanical properties testing. The results revealed a notable decrease in ultimate moisture content and water uptake of the samples, provided they were impregnated with a hydrophobic ionic liquid before heat treatment at temperatures less than 200 °C. However, the mechanical properties testing showed that the elastic and rupture moduli of specimens decreased with increasing treatment temperature and time irrespective of using ionic liquids. However, the impregnated samples suffered in general increased breakability which was ascribed to partial solubilization of wood components in the ionic liquid.
Aurora A is a prognostic marker for breast cancer arising in BRCA2 mutation carriers
Authors: Aradottir Margret , Reynisdottir Sigridur T , Stefansson Olafur A , Jonasson Jon G , Sverrisdottir Asgerdur , Tryggvadottir Laufey , Eyfjord Jorunn E , Bodvarsdottir Sigridur K 
Published: September 2014

AbstractOverexpression of the Aurora A kinase has been shown to have prognostic value in breast cancer. Previously, we showed a significant association between AURKA gene amplification and BRCA2 mutation in breast cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic impact of Aurora A overexpression on breast cancer arising in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Aurora A expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on breast tumour tissue microarrays from 107 BRCA2 999del5 mutation carriers and 284 of sporadic origin. Prognostic value of Aurora A nuclear staining was estimated in relation to clinical markers and adjuvant treatment, using multivariate Cox's proportional hazards ratio regression model. BRCA2 wild‐type allele loss was measured by TaqMan in BRCA2 mutated tumour samples. All statistical tests were two sided. Multivariate analysis of breast cancer‐specific survival, including proliferative markers and treatment, indicated independent prognostic value of Aurora A nuclear staining for BRCA2 mutation carriers (hazards ratio = 7.06; 95% confidence interval = 1.23–40.6; p = 0.028). Poor breast cancer‐specific survival of BRCA2 mutation carriers was found to be significantly associated with combined Aurora A nuclear expression and BRCA2 wild type allele loss in tumours (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated independent prognostic value of both positive Aurora A nuclear staining (hazards ratio = 10.09; 95% confidence interval = 1.19–85.4, p = 0.034) and BRCA2 wild type allele loss (hazards ratio = 9.63; 95% confidence interval = 1.81–51.0, p = 0.008) for BRCA2 mutation carriers. Aurora A nuclear expression was found to be a significant prognostic marker for BRCA2 mutation carriers, independent of clinical parameters and adjuvant treatment. Our conclusion is that treatment benefits for BRCA2 mutation carriers and sporadic breast cancer patients with Aurora A positive tumours may be enhanced by giving attention to Aurora A targeted treatment.
A new arrangement of Z‐source AC–AC converter and its closed‐loop control system
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Soreshjani Mohsen , Abjadi Navidreza , Arab Markadeh Gholamreza 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIn this study, a Z‐source alternating current‐to‐alternating current (AC–AC) converter with a specific topology, which can provide both buck and boost modes, is investigated. This converter, which can be implemented easily, utilizes only two switches with complemented commands. A comparison between the Z‐source AC–AC converter and a conventional thyristor voltage controlled one is presented here, and it shows that in the most areas, the Z‐source converter provides a faster response and lower total harmonic distortion of the output currents than the conventional one. Moreover, the Z‐source converter is also extended to the multiphase systems. In addition, a new arrangement of this converter is proposed here to remove the isolated single‐phase sources. Furthermore, an open‐loop method is proposed for soft‐starting applications. Finally, a closed‐loop control system is also suggested for a three‐phase Z‐source converter to soft start and control the speed of an induction motor. Computer simulations show the validity and effectiveness of the proposed schemes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon–Phosphorus Bond Formation by Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylation of Diphenylphosphine Oxide
Authors: Zhang Liang , Liu Wei , Zhao Xiaoming 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe enantioselective Pd‐catalyzed allylation of diaryl‐substituted allylic carbonates and diphenylphosphine oxide was investigated. This method gave allylic diphenylphosphine oxides in yields up to 95 % with 97 % ee. Pd‐catalyzed allylation of (E)‐methyl allyl carbonates with diisopropyl phosphonate was also examined.
Differential time course of NGF‐induced hyperalgesia to heat versus mechanical and electrical stimulation in human skin
Authors: Weinkauf B. , Obreja O. , Schmelz M. , Rukwied R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundNerve growth factor (NGF) causes early heat and delayed mechanical hyperalgesia. Axonal transport might contribute to lasting responses. Temporal hyperalgesia development was investigated by administering NGF in paraspinal skin. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is up‐regulated by NGF and chemical responsiveness to cinnamon aldehyde (TRPA1 agonist) was quantified.MethodsEight healthy volunteers received 1 μg human recombinant NGF (i.d. 50 μL) to L4/L5 processi spinosi skin. Mechanical, thermal and electrical sensitization was assessed at 3–6 h and at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21, and pain upon cinnamon aldehyde (20%, 60 μL) recorded at days 3 and 21.ResultsHeat hyperalgesia developed with an initial maximum at 3 h [heat pain threshold −3.9°; peak pain ratings +22 visual analogue scale (VAS)] that decreased by day 1, subsequently increased to a maximum around day 5 (−5 ± 0.2 °C, +41 ± 4 VAS), and thereafter declined to ∼20% at day 21. Mechanical and electrical hyperexcitability developed within 3 days and gradually increased to peak between days 14 and 21. Pain intensity upon cinnamon aldehyde stimulation was doubled at the NGF site at day 3 and was still increased by about 50% at day 21.ConclusionsNGF causes immediate heat hyperalgesia probably linked to an up‐regulation and sensitization of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and possibly other proteins involved in heat transduction. The delayed mechanical hyperalgesia is apparently independent of the time required for axonal transport of NGF receptor complexes. Local mRNA translation at axonal terminals and protein accumulation is hypothesized being involved in sustained NGF‐evoked hyperalgesia.
Combining super‐orthogonal space‐frequency trellis coding, constellation shaping by shell mapping, and OFDM for high data rate broadband mobile communications
Authors: Vlădeanu Călin , Bănică Ion , Hogstad Bjørn Olav , Pätzold Matthias , Sterian Corneliu Eugen D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we seamlessly combine three transmission techniques to design an improved performance broadband mobile communication system with two transmit antennas. In so doing, we took inspiration from the V.34 data modem toolbox designed for public switched telephone network. We modified the constellation shaping by shell mapping algorithm to apply it only to the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) frame sent by the first antenna, in such a way that the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) is also reduced for the second antenna. We use a 24‐point quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal constellation on each subcarrier, while the reference system employs 16 QAM for the same data rate. The 24 QAM constellation is partitioned into four subsets and six rings of four two‐dimensional points each. Two adjacent OFDM frequencies form with the symbols transmitted on them the entries of a 2 × 2 matrix similar to Alamouti's scheme. Two rings corresponding to adjacent OFDM frequencies form a super‐ring. The constellation shaping algorithm is applied to shells made up of super‐rings instead of rings as usual. Super‐orthogonal space‐frequency trellis coding is used on pairs of subcarriers. The proposed system was simulated using two channel models, and the performance was evaluated against the uncoded OFDM reference system. It has both reduced PAPR, and better bit error rate and frame error rate performances. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of dissociation rate constant of CO2 hydrate in water flow
Authors: Fukumoto Ayako , Sean Wu‐Yang , Sato Toru , Yamasaki Akihiro , Kiyono Fumio 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDissociation processes of CO2 hydrate under water flow conditions were investigated by experimental measurements and numerical calculation. Dissociation experiments were carried out with a CO2 hydrate ball (diameter 10 mm) mounted in a flow cell, and the overall dissociation rate of CO2 hydrate without bubble formation was measured under various conditions of temperature, pressure, and water flow rate. A linear phenomenological rate equation in the form of the product of the dissociation rate constant and the molar Gibbs free energy difference, between the hydrate phase and the ambient aqueous phase, was derived by considering the Gibbs free energy difference as the driving force for the dissociation. The molar Gibbs free energy difference was expressed by the logarithm of the ratio of the concentration of CO2 dissolved in water at the hydrate surface to the solubility of CO2 in the aqueous solution in equilibrium with the hydrate. The dissociation rate constant was determined from the experimental results of the overall dissociation rate combined with the numerical simulation results of the concentration profile of CO2 constructed by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The obtained dissociation rate constant at the same pressure was found to be dependent on the temperature with the apparent activation energy of 97.51 kJ/mol. A general form with product of the dissociation rate constant times driving force is proposed to calculate the dissociation rate of CO2 hydrate in the water. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Harmonic Distributions for Equitable Partitions of a Hypercube
Authors: Hyun Jong Yoon 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe provide general criteria for orthogonal arrays and t‐designs on equitable partitions of a hypercube by exploring harmonic distributions. Generalized harmonic weight enumerators for real‐valued functions of are introduced and applied to eigenfunctions of the adjacency matrix of . Using this, expressions for harmonic distributions are established for every cell of an equitable partition π of . Moreover, for any given cell in the partition π, the strength of the cell as an orthogonal array is explicitly expressed, and also a characterization of a t‐design of that cell is established. We also compute strengths of cells and find t‐designs from cells based on constructions of Krotov, Borges, Rifa, and Zinoviev.
The Effect of Self Efficacy and Meaning in Life on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Severity Among Veterans
Authors: Blackburn Laura , Owens Gina P. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveThe current study examined the relationships among combat exposure, presence of and search for meaning in life, general and social self‐efficacy, and both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptom severity for a Veteran sample (N = 93).MethodParticipants completed an online survey comprising the Combat Exposure Scale, Meaning in Life Questionnaire, Self‐Efficacy Scale, Depression subscale of the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales‐21, and PTSD Checklist‐Specific Stressor version. The majority of participants were male and Caucasian. Participants served in various service erasResultsTo determine factors that predicted PTSD and depression severity, separate hierarchical linear regressions were performed. In the final PTSD model, rank, combat exposure, and general self‐efficacy were significant predictors, with officer rank, lower combat exposure, and higher general self‐efficacy associated with lower PTSD severity. The interaction between combat exposure and general self‐efficacy was also significant, with self‐efficacy moderating the relationship between combat exposure and PTSD severity. For depression, rank, presence of meaning in life, and general self‐efficacy were significant predictors in the model, with officer rank, higher presence of meaning in life, and general self‐efficacy associated with lower depression severity.ConclusionA focus on strengthening self‐efficacy may assist with lower levels of PTSD and depression symptomatology after combat trauma.