bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The occurrence of autophagic cell death in the tegument of rabbits pre‐infested withRhipicephalus sanguineusand exposed to selamectin (active principle of acaricide pfizer revolution®)
Authors: Bozzatto Vlamir , Oliveira PatrÍCia Rosa De , Furquim Karim Christina Scopinho , Camargo‐Mathias Maria Izabel 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTTicks ofRhipicephalus sanguineusspecies have great medical and veterinary importance for being a vector of various diseases. In an attempt to minimize their action on the host, people have resorted to chemical control by using various acaricides, such as selamectin. Although previous studies have demonstrated its toxic action in domestic animals, no studies focused on the detection of cell death when exposed to selamectin. For this reason, the technique for detecting autophagic cell death was used in order to demonstrate the responses of rabbits' skin tissues pre‐infested withR. sanguineusand exposed to different concentrations of selamectin. The obtained results when exposed to 100 and 80% concentrations of selamectin showed a strong mark of acid phosphatase on the cells of the connective tissue of the dermis and hair follicles, whereas the ones exposed to the 50% concentration had a weak mark on the cells of the connective tissue of the dermis and moderate staining in hair follicles. It became clear that, when used at high concentrations (100 and 80%), selamectin is capable to induce a large scale occurrence of the autophagic cell death process. On the other hand, the concentration of 50% causes minor morphophysiological changes in the skin of rabbit hosts when evaluated the cell death process. Therefore, the data confirms that selamectin is a powerful dose‐dependent toxic agent causes increased activity of the enzyme acid phosphatase.Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:1171–1176, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonhydrostatic nested climate modeling: A case study of the 2010 summer season over the western United States
Authors: Lebassi‐Habtezion Bereket , Diffenbaugh Noah S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe potential importance of local‐scale climate phenomena motivates development of approaches to enable computationally feasible nonhydrostatic climate simulations. To that end, we evaluate the potential viability of nested nonhydrostatic model approaches, using the summer climate of the western United States (WUSA) as a case study. We use the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to carry out five simulations of summer 2010. This suite allows us to test differences between nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic resolutions, single and multiple nesting approaches, and high‐ and low‐resolution reanalysis boundary conditions. WRF simulations were evaluated against station observations, gridded observations, and reanalysis data over domains that cover the 11 WUSA states at nonhydrostatic grid spacing of 4 km and hydrostatic grid spacing of 25 km and 50 km. Results show that the nonhydrostatic simulations more accurately resolve the heterogeneity of surface temperature, precipitation, and wind speed features associated with the topography and orography of the WUSA region. In addition, we find that the simulation in which the nonhydrostatic grid is nested directly within the regional reanalysis exhibits the greatest overall agreement with observational data. Results therefore indicate that further development of nonhydrostatic nesting approaches is likely to yield important insights into the response of local‐scale climate phenomena to increases in global greenhouse gas concentrations. However, the biases in regional precipitation, atmospheric circulation, and moisture flux identified in a subset of the nonhydrostatic simulations suggest that alternative nonhydrostatic modeling approaches such as superparameterization and variable‐resolution global nonhydrostatic modeling will provide important complements to the nested approaches tested here.
The climate of daily precipitation in the Alps: development and analysis of a high‐resolution grid dataset from pan‐Alpine rain‐gauge data
Authors: Isotta Francesco A. , Frei Christoph , Weilguni Viktor , Perčec Tadić Melita , Lassègues Pierre , Rudolf Bruno , Pavan Valentina , Cacciamani Carlo , Antolini Gabriele , Ratto Sara M. , Munari Michela , Micheletti Stefano , Bonati Veronica , Lussana Cristian , Ronchi Christian , Panettieri Elvio , Marigo Gianni , Vertačnik Gregor 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIn the region of the European Alps, national and regional meteorological services operate rain‐gauge networks, which together, constitute one of the densest in situ observation systems in a large‐scale high‐mountain region. Data from these networks are consistently analyzed, in this study, to develop a pan‐Alpine grid dataset and to describe the region's mesoscale precipitation climate, including the occurrence of heavy precipitation and long dry periods. The analyses are based on a collation of high‐resolution rain‐gauge data from seven Alpine countries, with 5500 measurements per day on average, spanning the period 1971–2008. The dataset is an update of an earlier version with improved data density and more thorough quality control. The grid dataset has a grid spacing of 5 km, daily time resolution, and was constructed with a distance‐angular weighting scheme that integrates climatological precipitation–topography relationships. Scales effectively resolved in the dataset are coarser than the grid spacing and vary in time and space, depending on station density. We quantify the uncertainty of the dataset by cross‐validation and in relation to topographic complexity, data density and season. Results indicate that grid point estimates are systematically underestimated (overestimated) at large (small) precipitation intensities, when they are interpreted as point estimates. Our climatological analyses highlight interesting variations in indicators of daily precipitation that deviate from the pattern and course of mean precipitation and illustrate the complex role of topography. The daily Alpine precipitation grid dataset was developed as part of the EU funded EURO4M project and is freely available for scientific use.
Selenium accumulation and speciation in biofortified chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Mediterranean conditions
Authors: Poblaciones Maria J , Rodrigo Sara , Santamaria Oscar , Chen Yi , McGrath Steve P 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDMillions of people have Se‐deficient diets and Se‐biofortified crops could prevent such deficiency. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of chickpea for use in Se fertilization programs in order to increase available Se. Two foliar Se fertilizers (sodium selenate and sodium selenite) at four rates (0, 10, 20, 40 g ha−1) were tested in the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing seasons in a field experiment conducted under semiarid Mediterranean conditions.RESULTSSodium selenate was much more effectively taken by plants than sodium selenite, and there was a strong and linear relationship between total Se content and Se rate for both. For each gram of Se fertilizer, applied either as sodium selenate or sodium selenite, the increases of total Se concentration in grain were 126 and 87, and 25 and 19 µg Se kg−1 dry weight, in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, respectively. Se was found to be incorporated into chickpea grains mainly (>70%) as selenomethionine.CONCLUSIONSe‐enriched chickpeas would be a good candidate for inclusion in biofortification programs under semiarid Mediterranean conditions and for promotion as a ‘functional food’. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of ensiling treatment on secondary compounds and amino acid profile of tropical forage legumes, and implications for their pig feeding potential
Authors: Martens Siriwan D , Hoedtke Sandra , Avila Patricia , Heinritz Sonja N , Zeyner Annette 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDSmallholders in the tropics depend on local protein supplements to balance pig diets. Thus, various tropical forage legumes are a potential feeding option. Ensiling allows converting forages into a ready‐to‐feed‐out choice, but the lactic acid fermentation may influence various (anti)nutritional components. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sucrose (SU) and a tropical Lactobacillus plantarum strain (LAB) as ensiling treatments (control, SU, LAB, LAB + SU) on the potential nutrient availability of 10 forage legume species.RESULTSEnsiling commonly reduced antinutritional compounds such as tannins (by 49–84%) and trypsin inhibitory activity (by 74–78%), as well as oxalic acid (by 51–100%). An improved potential absorbability of protein and minerals for pigs is thus inferred. There was no major loss in total amino acids. In general, the species effect was stronger than the treatment effect. A clear effect of the treatments SU, LAB and LAB + SU over all 10 forage species was only observed for oxalic acid, single amino acids and trypsin inhibitory activity.CONCLUSIONEnsiling is a viable option to enhance nutrient utilization of tropical forages for pigs. Species‐specific treatment of forage legumes is recommended. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Study on discrimination of white tea and albino tea based on near‐infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics
Authors: Chen Yi , Deng Jing , Wang Yuanxing , Liu Boping , Ding Jian , Mao Xuejin , Zhang Juan , Hu Haitao , Li Jing 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDWhite tea and albino tea have their own nutritional characteristics, but from the appearance they are quite similar to each other. It is not easy to distinguish them with existing analytical tools or by visual inspection. The current study proposed a rapid method to discriminate them based on near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy associated with supervised pattern recognition methods.RESULTSFor this purpose, discriminant partial least‐squares (DPLS) and discriminant analysis (DA) were employed to build classification models on the basis of a reduced subset of wavenumbers and different pretreatment methods. A completely independent validation set was also used to test the model performance. The results of the DA model showed that with the SNV Karl Norris derivative spectral pre‐treatment samples from the two different origins could be 100% correctly discriminated. Similarly, for the DPLS model, the best classification results were obtained with the multiplicative scattering correction (MSC) + first derivative spectral pre‐treatments; the accuracy of identification was 98.48% for the calibration set and 100% for the validation set.CONCLUSIONThe overall results demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy with pattern recognition could be successfully applied to discriminate white tea and albino tea quickly and non‐destructively without the need for various analytical determinations. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of Chain Structure and Swelling on the Elasticity of Rubbery Materials: Localization Model Description
Authors: Douglas Jack F. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryClassical network elasticity theories are based on the concept of flexible volumeless network chains fixed into a network in which there are no excluded volume, or even topological, interactions between the chains and where the chains explore accessible configurations by Brownian motion. In this type of ‘classical’ model of rubber elasticity, the elasticity of the deformed network derives from the entropic changes that arise from a deformation of the network junction positions. The shortcoming of this approach is evident from the observation that unswollen rubbery materials are nearly incompressible, reflecting the existence of strong intermolecular interactions that restrict the polymer chains to the exploration of their local tube‐like molecular environments along their chain contours. The imposition of a deformation of these solid rubbery materials then necessitates a consideration of how the local molecular packing constraints become modified under deformation and the impact of these changes in chain confinement on the macroscopic elasticity of the material as a whole. Many researchers have struggled with this difficult many‐body problem. The present paper focuses on the simple ‘localization model’ (LM) of rubber elasticity of Gaylord and Douglas (GD), which provides a simple minimal model for the network elasticity of rubbery materials in the dense polymer state. Particular emphasis in the present paper is given to the implications of this model for describing how network elasticity changes with solvent swelling, a phenomenon for which large deviations from classical elasticity have been observed and a situation highly relevant to numerous applications that involve rubbery materials. We also discuss the physical nature of ‘entanglement’ based on the same molecular packing picture and deduce general conditions for entanglement in terms of molecular parameters. Our predictions accord rather well with experimental correlations relating chain molecular structure to the entanglement molecular mass, changing elasticity with swelling, etc.
Combined Electrostatic and Covalent Polymer Networks for Cell Microencapsulation
Authors: Mahou Redouan , Kolláriková Gabriela , Gonelle‐Gispert Carmen , Meier Raphael , Schmitt Frederic , Tran Nhu Mai , Dufresne Murielle , Altimari Ilaria , Lacík Igor , Bühler Léo , Juillerat‐Jeanneret Lucienne , Legallais Cécile , Wandrey Christine 
Published: August 2013

SummaryTwo types of hydrogel microspheres have been developed. Fast ionotropic gelation of sodium alginate (Na‐alg) in the presence of calcium ions was combined with slow covalent cross‐linking of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives. For the first type, the fast obtainable Ca‐alg hydrogel served as spherical matrix for the simultaneously occurring covalent cross‐linking of multi‐arm PEG derivative. A two‐component interpenetrating network was formed in one step upon extruding the mixture of the two polymers into the gelation bath. For the second type, heterobifunctional PEG was grafted onto Na‐alg prior to gelation. Upon extrusion of the polymer solution into the gelation bath, fast Ca‐alg formation ensured the spherical shape and was accompanied by cross‐linker‐free covalent cross‐linking of the PEG side chains. Thus, one‐component hydrogel microspheres resulted. We present the physical properties of the hydrogel microspheres and demonstrate the feasibility of cell microencapsulation for both types of polymer networks.
Factors Influencing the Shear and Tensile Moduli of Smectic Polydomain Networks
Authors: Yu Ziniu , Hedden Ronald C. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe molecular and mesoscale factors affecting the shear and tensile moduli of smectic main chain liquid crystal networks (MCLCN) were investigated. Polydomain smectic MCLCN having several different crosslinker concentrations were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) linewidth measurements. The shear and tensile moduli in the smectic state are dominated by the energy cost for deforming smectic layers, while the isotropic shear modulus is governed by the usual entropic cost of deforming elastic network chains.
Exploring the Effect of Maximum Cure Temperature on the Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties of Polybenzoxazine Networks
Authors: Jungman Matthew J. , Cobb Jared S. , Lawler Daniel J. , Sholar Jamie D. , Johnson Charles B. , Patton Derek L. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe thermal and thermomechanical properties of two commercially available polybenzoxazine materials were investigated as a function of maximum temperature employed in the cure profile. Cationic ring‐opening polymerization of Araldite 35600 and Araldite 35900 was carried out at 180 °C, 200 °C, 220 °C, and 240 °C. FTIR and differential scanning analysis results show maximum conversion in each monomer system is achieved at 180 °C or 200 °C, and that higher cure temperatures were unnecessary. Thermal stability of the polybenzoxazine materials prepared under both low and high temperature cure profiles, as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis results, was minimally affected with increasing cure temperatures. Dynamic mechanical analysis results indicate that despite an increase in the rubbery storage modulus as a function of maximum cure temperature, higher cure temperatures employed in ambient atmosphere ovens result in detrimental effects on the glass transition temperature of the network. In the case of Araldite 35600, a 12 °C decrease in Tg was observed when the cure temperature was increased from 180 °C to 240 °C. The combined FTIR, DSC, and DMA data for Araldite 35600 and Araldite 35900 show that optimized conversion and thermomechanical properties can be achieved at lower cure temperatures. Thus, a judicious choice of cure profile must be considered to avoid degradative processes and to achieve the maximum properties of polybenzoxazine systems.
Thermoresponsive and Biodegradable Dextran Based Microgels: Synthesis and Structural Investigation
Authors: Ghugare Shivkumar V. , Chiessi Ester , Sakai Victoria Garcia , Telling Mark T. F. , Wadgaonkar Prakash P. , Paradossi Gaio 
Published: August 2013

SummaryNanostructured objects, often ranging from hundreds of nanometers to few microns, support a number of functions directly linked to their structural features. They are, or they will be, protagonists in biomedical applications where miniaturized activities are required. These include the interface with living systems as tissues and cells, where targeted release of drug molecules occurs, or molecular imaging methods monitoring the drug trafficking in specific cell districts. The potentials of such devices, far to be fully understood, will be assessed only when a close correlation of their functions with their structure will be established.In this contribution we present a dextran based microdevice responsive to temperature and biodegradable. Both thermoresponsivity and biodegradability are of relevance for the potential use as drug carrier and controlled release device. The temperature behaviour, overall structure and internal architectures have been addressed with different methods.
Liquid‐Crystalline Epoxy Resins as Matrices in Nanocomposites with Anisotropic Fillers
Authors: Mossety‐Leszczak Beata , Włodarska Magdalena , Kowalik Marcin , Łokaj Krzysztof 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe curing of compositions comprising liquid crystalline diepoxy monomer LCEM with central triaromatic mesogenic group is described. LCEM was crosslinked with 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) and pimelic acid (PA) with or without external magnetic field. Diphenyl aluminum phosphate nanorods (NR) were used as filler. The crosslinking process of the compositions was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry DSC to compare it to the analogous liquid crystalline systems not containing filler. The properties of the cured resin and the composites are reported and discussed. The structures of all products were evaluated with use of polarization microscope and by WAXS analysis. Thermal properties of cured compositions were determined by DSC. In all cases, solid and thermally stable products were obtained, but the anisotropic properties remained only in compositions cured with pimelic acid.
Stimuli‐Responsive Properties of Nanocomposite Gels Comprising (2‐methoxyethylacrylate‐co‐N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) Copolymer‐Clay Networks
Authors: Haraguchi Kazutoshi , Murata Kazutaka , Takehisa Toru 
Published: August 2013

SummaryStimuli‐responsive properties of nanocomposite gels (MD–NC gels) consisting of (2‐methoxyethylacrylate‐co‐N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) copolymer and inorganic clay were investigated. The MDx–NCn gels were synthesized with different ratios of monomer (x) and clay content (n) by in situ free‐radical polymerization of two monomers in the presence of exfoliated clay in aqueous media. The resulting MDx–NCn gels were always uniform, but the network structure (or clay morphology) and the mechanical and swelling properties were largely dependent on the ratio of x and n. Also, well‐defined stimuli‐responsive properties such as changes in transparency and gel volume by altering the temperature and salt concentration were observed in the MDx–NCn gels, particularly with intermediate x (e.g., 10–50) and relatively small n (e.g., 2–5). Further, the reversible change in the gel size and the stress generation therefrom were observed in repeated runs. In addition, thermo‐responsive release of drugs (or chemicals) from MDx–NCn gels was observed.
Deuterium isotope effects on 13C chemical shifts of negatively charged NH…N systems
Authors: Pietrzak Mariusz , Grech Eugeniusz , Nowicka‐Scheibe J. , Hansen Poul Erik 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTDeuterium isotope effects on 13C chemical shifts are investigated in anions of 1,8‐bis(4‐toluenesulphonamido)naphthalenes together with N,N‐(naphthalene‐1,8‐diyl)bis(2,2,2‐trifluoracetamide) all with bis(1,8‐dimethylamino)napthaleneH+ as counter ion. These compounds represent both “static” and equilibrium cases. NMR assignments of the former have been revised. The NH proton is deuteriated. The isotope effects on 13C chemical shifts are rather unusual in these strongly hydrogen bonded systems between a NH and a negatively charged nitrogen atom. The formal four‐bond effects are found to be negative indicating transmission via the hydrogen bond. In addition, unusual long range effects are seen. Structures, 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts and changes in nuclear shieldings upon deuteriation are calculated using density functional theory methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cognitive model‐based approach for autonomic fault management in OpenFlow networks
Authors: Kim Sungsu , Kang Joon‐Myung , Seo Sin‐seok , Hong James Won‐Ki 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYAutonomic network management is an approach to the management of complex networks and services that incorporates the detection, diagnosis and reconfiguration, as well as optimization, of their performance. A control loop is fundamental as it facilitates the capture of the current state of the networks and the reconfiguration of network elements without human intervention. For new networking architectures such as software‐defined networking and OpenFlow networks, in which the control plane is moved onto a centralized controller, an efficient control loop and decision making are more crucial. In this paper, we propose a cognitive control loop based on a cognitive model for efficient problem resolving and accurate decision making. In contrast to existing control loops, the proposed control loop provides reactive, deliberative and reflective loops for managing systems based on analysis of current status. In order to validate the proposed control loop, we applied it to fault management in OpenFlow networks and found that the protection mechanism provides fast recovery from single failures in OpenFlow networks, but it cannot cover multiple‐failure cases. We therefore also propose a fast flow setup (FFS) algorithm for our control loop to manage multiple‐failure scenarios. The proposed control loop adaptively uses protection and FFS based on analysis of failure situations. We evaluate the proposed control loop and the FFS algorithm by conducting failure recovery experiments and comparing its recovery time to those of existing methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.