bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXII.—On the Sexual Phase in certain of the Naididæ. I. The Anatomy of Sexual Individuals of the Genus Dero; with Remarks on Hæmonais. II. The Genital Organs in the Genus Slavina.
Authors: Stephenson J. 
Published: January 2013

The Naididæ are a family of small fresh-water Oligochæta, in which the usual mode of reproduction is the asexual, by fission; sexual forms are, in general, rare, and in the majority of species, and in some whole genera (e.g. Slavina), they have not so far been observed at all. Records of the genital organs are therefore of interest; and if they were available throughout the group it can hardly be doubted that we should be able to judge better of the affinities of genera and species, and consequently to improve our classification; since the diagnoses of species and genera, and the scheme of classification, depend at present to an unduly large extent on one single set of characters, the form and distribution of the setæ.The study of sexual individuals of the genus Dero has resulted also in the discovery of the curious phenomenon of the atrophy of the alimentary canal at sexual maturity; this occurs also in Hæmonais (v. ant.); it has not hitherto been found elsewhere in the Oligochæta, though it is known to occur (apparently in a less extreme form) in a number of Polychætes.
XXVI.—The Anatomy and Affinity of Deparia Moorei, Hook.
Authors: Thompson John M'Lean 
Published: January 2013

Summary and ConclusionsI have no information regarding the gametophyte, nor have I examined the structure of axis and leaf in young plants. It must therefore remain to be seen what light such data may throw upon the problem of the phyletic place of Deparia Moorei. The nature of the stele, the leaf-trace, and the venation, in very young plants, would also present points of value. But it will be at least evident that the vascular system of the axis is, in mature plants, of an advanced type, and it may reasonably be affirmed that the marked variability in the degree of dictyostely is an index of an inherent plasticity. It seems reasonable to suggest that the reductions in size, and simplification of structure in the direction of solenostely shown in fig. 40, is related to the cultural conditions. The plant from which the material was derived had lost ground both in size and healthiness of its leaves.
VI.—On the Fossil Flora of the Staffordshire Coal Fields
Authors: Kidston Robert 
Published: January 2013

On the Fossil Plants collected during the Sinking of the Shaft of the Hamstead Colliery, Great Barr, near Birmingham.The area comprised in the county of Stafford embraces five coal fields—I. The Goldsitch Moss Coal Field, in the extreme north-east of the county.II. The Cheadle and Churnet Valley Coal Field.III. The Wetley and Shafferlong Coal Field.IV. The Coal Field of the Potteries.V. The South Staffordshire Coal Field.The three first mentioned are of small extent, and as I know little of their fossil flora they are omitted from this series of papers on the Carboniferous Flora of the Staffordshire Coal Fields.I, however, devote a separate communication to the fossil plants met with while sinking the shaft of the Hamstead Colliery, Great Barr, as a considerable part of the rocks passed through during this operation is clearly Upper Coal Measures, not Permian, as has been generally stated. The palæontological evidence, therefore, becomes of special importance in determining the age of the red shales occurring in the upper part of this sinking, which have been usually mapped as Permian.
XXIV. Memoir of the Life and Writings of the Honourable Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee
Authors: Alison Archibald 
Published: January 2013

Alexander Tytler was born at Edinburgh, 15th October 1747. He was the eldest son of our late venerable associate William Tytler, Esq. of Woodhouselee, in the county of Mid-Lothian, and of Anne Craig, daughter of James Craig, Esq. of Costerton, in the same county.If the most important education is that which is received beneath the paternal roof,—if it is there that the principles and tastes of future life are chiefly formed, the education of Mr Tytler began under fortunate auspices. His father was a man of high honour, of generous affections, of cultivated taste, and of distinguished eminence in his profession.
IX.—On the Deflection of the Plummet due to Solar and Lunar Attraction.
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: January 2013

As the means for making observations on the heavenly bodies become more and more exact, astronomers are compelled to introduce new refinements into their calculations; new inequalities are discovered, and the computation of those whose sources are already known has to be carried to a greater number of approximative steps.Discussions on the amount of solar parallax, of aberration and of nutation, are now carried on to the third and fourth decimal fraction of a second; with such a refinement of computation, it seems almost impossible to proceed too far in the refinement of theoretical deductions, and on that account, it may not be inopportune to discuss the influence which the sun's and moon's attraction exert upon the direction of the plumb-line.
XXIII.—On some Laws of the Sterility of Women
Authors: Duncan J. Matthews 
Published: January 2013

Before commencing the discussion of the subject, it is necessary to make some definitions, with a view to avoiding the confusion which extensively prevails, from the neglect of the all-important definition of terms. I might be even more exact than I shall be, and excuse myself from adopting such a seeming improvement, on the ground that further refinement of definition would itself cause confusion in the present stage of advancement of our knowledge.Absolute sterility, I shall hold to mean the condition of a woman who, under ordinary favourable cirumstances for breeding, produces no living or dead child, nor any kind of abortion.Sterility, I shall hold to mean the condition of a woman who, under ordinary favourable circumstances for breeding, adds not even one to the population, or produces no living and viable child.Relative sterility, I shall hold to mean the condition of a woman who, while she may or may not be absolutely sterile, while she may or may not be sterile, is, under ordinary favourable circumstances for breeding, sterile in relation to the circumstance of time; or, in other words, in relation to her age, and the duration of her married life.
XXIX.—A Notice of Recent Measures at the Great Pyramid, and some Deductions flowing therefrom
Authors: Smyth C. Piazzi 
Published: January 2013

Mr President and Gentlemen,—I beg to thank you for the favourable opportunity which you have kindly afforded, and the facilities you have granted, for enabling me now to try to lay before you some short and simple account of my chief employments last winter at the Great Pyramid of Jeezeh.My object in going there, was not to excavate, nor to collect antiquities, but merely to inquire instrumentally, and by my own individual labour, into the very discrepant, and sometimes mutually contradictory, accounts which have been published of the form and detail of that ancient monument by writers of almost all nations; and as one chief source of their unfortunate variations seems to have been the usually short and hurried character of their visits, my first care was to apply for leave, from His Highness the Viceroy of Egypt, to occupy the ground at the Pyramid with a permanent establishment, and to stay there as long as might be necessary for the work in hand. His Highness, as I am extremely happy to confess, and with the best of my thanks to acknowledge, was most liberal in his condescensions; conveyed our party, at his own expense to the Pyramids; lent us tents for the period of our stay; and sent a force of twenty men for a month to clean out the interior of the Great Pyramid, or otherwise prepare its more than classic walls for the examination to be made, and which lasted from that time uninterruptedly for a period of four months.
VI.—The Significance of Maximum Specific Electrical Conductivity in Chemistry
Authors: Gibson John 
Published: January 2013

The first step made in this investigation was the recognition of increased specific electrical conductivity as a general characteristic of photochemical action. It was argued that if there be any common characteristic in photochemical changes it must be found in the simplest as well as in the more familiar and more complex reactions which are characteristic of the metabolism of plants.No chemically simpler case suggested itself than the increase in electric conductivity of crystalline selenium under the influence of light. This change might indeed be held almost to lie outside the range of chemistry proper, and to belong to the class of change often spoken of as merely physical change. But no sharp line can be drawn between physical and chemical changes, and the clue proved most useful.
XXIV.—The Innervation of the Human Quiescent Nipple, with Notes on Pigmentation, Erection, and Hyperneury
Authors: Cathcart E. P. , Gairns F. W. , Garven H. S. D. 
Published: January 2013

It has been known from antiquity that involution of the uterus is aided by putting the child to the breast, and the work of Moir (1933) has demonstrated conclusively that suckling brings about waves of contraction of the puerperal uterus. Since suckling must necessarily involve stimulation of the nipple, it seemed of interest to know what sensory apparatus is present in the nipple to receive these stimuli. While histological studies of the mammary gland itself have been numerous, only slight attention has been paid to the histological structure of the areola and the nipple.It must be appreciated from the outset that the present study is devoted to the innervation of the nipple in the quiescent breast. There may be considerable change during pregnancy and lactation, not only in the size of the organ and its epithelium but also in the other structures. It has been shown that there is an increase in the number of nerve-fibres in the actively secreting mammary tissue, and it is possible that there is an increase in the nerve-structures of the nipple also. The richness of the innervation in the quiescent nipple certainly makes a further study of these nerve-structures during pregnancy and lactation of great interest.
XXIII.—Some Account of the Recent Progress of Sanskrit Studies
Authors: Muir J. 
Published: January 2013

In compliance with the desire which the Council have done me the honour to express, I have drawn up the following account of the recent progress and present state of Sanskrit studies, prefixing such an outline of the earlier history of these researches as may serve to complete the review, and render it more easily intelligible.In this sketch I do not profess to communicate anything new, but merely seek to present such a summary of the results already obtained, as may convey to those who have not bestowed any special attention on the subject some idea of the character and affinities of the Sanskrit language, and of the nature and contents of Indian literature, as well as of the advances which have of late years been made in the principal branches of the study.
XXXIII.—On Superposition
Authors: Kelland Philip 
Published: January 2013

In my former paper on the subject, I selected the following problem:—From a given square, one quarter is cut off, to divide the remaining gnomon into four such parts that they shall be capable of forming a square.The gnomon is, I assume, incapable of being formed into a square by being cut into three parts, and consequently the number of different ways in which it can be so formed, by cutting it into four parts, must be very limited. But, to show the fertility of the method of superposition, I exhibited the solution of the problem in twelve different manners. Many of these, no doubt, have much that is in common, whilst, on the other hand, some (such as the 12th) differ in every feature from the rest. I had thoughts of following up my plea for the study of the old geometry, by exhibiting the solutions of the 47th proposition of Euclid's first book in their beautiful variety. I have indeed temptation to do so. The modification which I gave of the demonstration of this proposition in the notes to my edition of Playfair's Geometry (edition 1846, p. 273), has had the honour of being exhibited in two different mechanical forms. The first by two rotations without sliding, whereby the two squares on the sides, when placed together, are converted into the square on the hypothenuse; the second, by two transpositions (slidings) without rotation, whereby the same change is effected The former is obvious enough, and could have escaped nobody. The latter is described by Professor De-Morgan in the “Quarterly Journal of Mathematics,” vol. i. p. 236.
XXXVIII.—On the Morphological Relationships of the Molluscoida and Cœlenterata, and of their leading Members, inter se
Authors: MacDonald John Denis 
Published: January 2013

Few departments of zoology have recently suffered more remarkable changes, both in classification and accepted views of structure, than the Polypi or Cœlenterata, and their immediate allies in the ascending scale, the Molluseoida,—greatly depending upon the more extended study of those animals of late years. We have been thus enabled to discover natural affinities which prima facie evidence would scarcely ever have indicated, as well as intrinsic differences which the same kind of evidence has hitherto been incapable of revealing to the mind.Leading from the Protozoa to the Mollusca proper, the Cœlenterata and Molluscoida constitute an unbroken series of animals forming a considerable section of invertebrata, distinguished from the Protozoa by the development of true ova, and from the Mollusca by the property of gemmation developing compound examples of the principal types. Furthermore, the motion of the blood, or its equivalent, is effected either by ciliary action or by a propulsive organ; but when the latter occurs it is unfurnished with valves, so that the course of the circulation may be reversible in the same canals.
XXXIX.—On the Great Drift Beds with Shells in the South of Arran
Authors: Watson Robert Boog 
Published: January 2013

The whole southern part of Arran forms a field by itself, and whatever may be the deeper connections of the agencies that have fashioned the north and the south of the island, the result is a trappean area to the south, as distinct as if it lay in another hemisphere from the north, with its granitic nucleus, and encompassing rings of stratified rock.This district is little visited, and is almost, if not quite, undescribed; it presents, however, much beautiful scenery, and for the geologist, problems of extreme difficulty and interest, which deserve more attention than they have got.It may be divided into two belts of tilled land and moorland, above which are the hill tops. This division corresponds roughly to three regions, the lowest chiefly of sandstone, the middle where felstone prevails over the sandstone, and the highest of greenstone.
XLII.—Biographical Sketch of Adam Ferguson, LL.D., F.R.S.E., Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh
Authors: Small John 
Published: January 2013

The Memoir now submitted to the Society, while it details the chief events in the life of a man who occupied a distinguished place in the literature of Scotland, at a period when it had attained a high reputation, cannot claim to be so complete as might be desired. His life was prolonged for several years after nearly all of his early friends had passed away; and since his death many papers have been destroyed or have fallen aside, which would now be of the greatest interest.Whilst in this way much has been lost that might have given greater completeness to these pages, still, the recent publication of the Diary of his friend Dr Carlyle of Inveresk, has furnished many additional details, and afforded further evidence of the estimation in which he was held by his literary associates.Several letters selected from the lives of his distinguished friends, and from the Manuscript Collection of the University, in addition to information derived from the short notices of his life already printed, have afforded the materials for preparing this sketch of one, whose career was more varied, while his public labours and literary connections were not less important and extensive, than those of any of his contemporaries.
IX. Description of a Human Male Monster, illustrated by Tables, with Remarks
Authors: Monro Alexander 
Published: January 2013

This monster, of which the mother was delivered by Mr Thomas Anderson, surgeon in Leith, after the birth of a complete child at the full time, had its proper membranes and a placenta, with a short umbilical cord.The following parts were wanting in it; to wit, the bones of the head; the brain, with the organs of sight, hearing, smell and taste; the neck; about one half of the ribs; the larynx, trachea and lungs; the heart; the pharynx, œsophagus and stomach, with all the small intestines, except the end of the ilium; the anus; the liver, spleen, pancreas and omenta; the renal glands; terminations of the ureters; the middle part of the urethra; the right testicle; both arms; both patellæ; with several of the bones of the feet and toes.
XXXIV.—On the Figures of Equilibrium in Liquid Films
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: January 2013

In repeating some of the beautiful experiments of Professor Plateau, on the Equilibrium of Liquid Films, contained in seven Memoirs, published in the “Transactions of the Royal Belgic Academy,” and in prosecuting my experiments on the colours of the soap-bubble, I observed several new phenomena which may have escaped the notice of the Belgian philosopher.In plunging a wire cube in a solution of soap, and lifting it up vertically, Professor Plateau found that there was formed within it a polyhedron, as shown in Plate XXXIV. Fig. 1, consisting of twelve similar liquid films adhering by capillary attraction to the twelve wires which compose the cube, and a small quadrangular film suspended in the middle of them. In many cases M. Plateau found that the vertical quadrangular film was often horizontal, as in Fig. 2; and M. Van Rees discovered, that by blowing very lightly upon one of its sides it was reduced to a simple line, and then reproduced in a horizontal position, from which it could be blown again into a vertical position, as in Fig. 1.
XLVI.—On an Application of Mathematics to Chemistry
Authors: Brown Alexander Crum 
Published: January 2013

Since reading this paper, I have seen Sir Benjamin Brodie's paper on “The Calculus of Chemical Operations,” read before the Royal Society of London.The two papers resemble one another, merely in being applications of mathematical language to chemistry. They entirely differ in method, object, and result.I may here mention, what I have omitted to state explicitly in the paper, that I have no idea of attempting to substitute a functional notation for that in common use. I only propose to use a functional notation to express certain general and serial relations in those cases where the common atomic notation is inconvenient or obscure.
XII.—Of the Third Pair of Nerves, being the first of a series of papers in explanation of the difference in the origins of the Nerves of the Encephalon, as compared with those which arise from the Spinal Marrow
Authors: Bell Charles 
Published: January 2013

It is not a little remarkable, that in an age which assumes to itself the character of devotion to science, in anatomy, a science which embraces the best interests of humanity, this question should remain unanswered; What is the meaning of the nerves of the spinal marrow being in regular order and perfectly symmetrical: whilst the ten nerves arising from the brain present no similarity one to another, and agree neither in origin, size, nor distribution?It is plain that we must be in the dark, not only with respect to the knowledge of the nervous system, but of the animal frame generally, whilst such a question is open and courts inquiry, and yet remains without an effort being made towards its solution. We must, I fear, attribute this neglect in part only to the difficulty of the inquiry, and much to the indifference to all that does not tend directly to profit; on which account it has the better demand on the attention of a learned and philosophical Society.
XVII.—Results of Observations made with Whewell's Anemometer
Authors: Rankine John 
Published: January 2013

The following observations of the direction and force of the wind, were made with an anemometer lately invented by Professor Whewell of Cambridge.In this instrument the only part that is fixed is a japanned cylinder, on which the points of the compass are marked by black lines dividing it in its whole length into compartments, corresponding to the spaces intervening between any two double points. On this the other parts are supported by means of a strong rod which runs down the centre of the cylinder, and, terminating in a sharp point, turns easily round as the wind changes. A single broad vane, having the rod running down the centre of the cylinder for its axis, presents to the wind a fly resembling the sails of a wind-mill, and causes the moveable part of the instrument to revolve round the fixed cylinder as the wind changes; so that the aërial current, come from what quarter it may, blows against the circular disk of the fly, and turns it with a velocity proportional to the force of the wind at the time.
XXIV.—Notice of Two Storms which swept over the British Islands during the last week of November 1838
Authors: Milne David 
Published: January 2013

Previously to the 25th and 26th November 1838, there had prevailed in Great Britain and Ireland, for more than a week, a steady wind from the NE., accompanied with frosts, a progressively rising barometer, and tolerably clear weather. The same sort of weather existed on the Continent, and over a large portion of northern Europe, both on sea and land.This state of things was changed, by the arrival of two storms from southern latitudes, which passed over the British isles during the last week of November. These two storms, until they reached this part of the globe, were separate. The first one reached the British seas, about thirty-six hours before the other. But the second moved with about double the velocity of the first, and overtook the first somewhere about the north of Ireland and south-west of Scotland. Accordingly, in the southern parts of England, there were distinct indicia of two different storms, each having its own period of arrival, veering, and cessation;—whilst towards the north, these indicia became gradually less distinguishable, and were at length significant of only a general gale.
II. A Description of some Remarkable Effects of Unequal Refraction, observed at Bridlington Quay, in the Summer of 1826
Authors: Scoresby W. 
Published: January 2013

In the session of 1820–21, I had the honour of communicating to the Royal Society, a description of some remarkable atmospheric refractions observed in the Greenland Sea. Since that period, additional opportunities for observation, under circumstances peculiarly favourable, afforded a great number of other examples of a similar kind, along with some still more singular. Among these, the most extraordinary was the inverted image of a ship, which appeared in the lower part of the atmosphere, so distinctly and beautifully defined, that I could venture to pronounce it to be the representation of my father's ship, as, indeed, it proved to be, though we were then distant from each other about 28 miles, and some leagues beyond the limit of direct vision. But an account of the principal of these extraordinary appearances is already before the puplic, and I merely allude to them, in consequence of their similarity to the refractions I have now to describe, that occurred upon our own coasts.These phenomena occurred during the last summer about Bridlington Bay, and were seen from my residence at Bridlington Quay.