bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Claims of Psychiatric Injury After Alleged False Arrest
Authors: Perr IN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Litigation has increased rapidly in the United States; those who feel aggrieved sue readily for damages. Police officers and security people may be sued after arrests or detention followed by unsuccessful prosecution or dropping of criminal charges. Claims of psychiatric injury may be made where there are no discernible damages otherwise. Examiners must keep in mind that physical abuse or grossly inappropriate police behavior may be factors in the ultimate results. This paper reviews 13 cases of claimed psychiatric injury after arrest. Almost all were settled, some for significant amounts. Appropriateness of evaluation, the value of nuisance suits in this type of litigation, the role of attorneys' fees, and the effect of Federal suits as opposed to state suits are discussed.
Terminal Ballistic Characteristics of Hydra-Shok® Ammunition: A Description of Three Cases
Authors: Sperry K , Sweeney ES 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Hydra-Shok® bullet is characterized by a hollow-point construction, with a distinctive central post in the base of the hollow. These features allow such missiles to be easily identified during the course of an autopsy examination of a gunshot victim. Higher velocity loadings of the Hydra-Shok may fragment along the wound path, occasionally forming a ring-like fragment that suggests this ammunition, but this feature cannot be considered unique. Although radiographic examination is helpful in bullet localization, the characteristic central post may be identified by X-ray only if sufficient expansion results in its exposure. Three cases of shooting deaths involving Hydra-Shok bullets are presented and discussed; in each case, the entrance wounds were indistinguishable from entrances associated with conventional ammunition, and in no instance did the missiles exit from the body (including head, chest, and abdominal wounds). Familiarity with relatively unusual ammunition types such as the Hydra-Shok allows for quick identification by the pathologist at the time of autopsy.
The Morphology and Evidential Significance of Human Hair Roots
Authors: Petraco N , Fraas C , Callery FX , De Forest PR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A discussion of the morphology of human hair roots is presented. In addition to descriptions of variants of the root appearance for hairs removed from follicles in the three classical growth phases, several other commonly occurring root configurations are described and illustrated with photomicrographs. The possible evidential significance of each in certain case situations is discussed.
Racial Identification from the Midfacial Skeleton with Special Reference to American Indians and Whites
Authors: Gill GW , Hughes SS , Bennett SM , Miles Gilbert B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Successful approaches to race determination of unidentified human remains have been developed by anatomists and physical anthropologists, but few quantitative methods are available for distinguishing American Indian crania from those of whites. The leading method in use today is particularly ineffective in its placement of American Indian skulls from the western regions of the United States. Recent development and testing of a new metric method suggests a much more effective technique. The method involves six breadth and projection measurements of the midfacial skeleton, the calculation of three indices, and a simple direct reading of results. The method has the additional advantage of use in the autopsy room with minimal dissection of soft tissue required. Based upon a less extensive test of East Asian and Arctic Mongoloid crania, the method appears to be even more effective in separating them from the sharp featured whites. Larger samples of American blacks and Polynesians are presently under study and these also appear to separate quite readily from whites using the same or similar sectioning values.
Age Related Changes in the Human Plastron: A Roentgenographic and Morphologic Study
Authors: McCormick WF , Stewart JH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Characteristic changes that can be demonstrated on roentgenograms occur with increasing age in the plastron (chest plate) of humans. These alterations include progressive ossification in the costal cartilages (located characteristically in the sternal rib end, centrichondrally, and peristernally—often with sex and age distinctive patterns), maturation of the newly formed bone with trabeculation formation, loss of the smooth contour of the costo-manubrial junction, cupping of rib ends, osteoporotic changes, and arthritic changes in the sternal head of the clavicles. The sequence of development of these alterations has been examined by X-ray of 1965 cadavers of 15 years of age or over and correlated with the gross bone and cartilage morphology changes in many cases. This technique allows for age determination within 5 years of real age in 55% of cadavers and within 25% of real age in 95% of all cadavers. The greatest departures from real age are in the over-60-year groups. The same roentgenograms can allow for correct sex prediction in 99% of the population.
The Use of Histomorphology to Estimate Age
Authors: Stout SD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the major factors that can affect age-at-death predictions when using histomorphological methods. Although evidence suggests that some of the currently available methods are more reliable and accurate, and there are a number of factors other than chronological age that can affect bone remodeling, histomorphological methods, when properly applied, are valuable tools for anthropology and forensic medicine. It is suggested that both accuracy and reliability are maximized when the histomorphometrics of as many anatomical sampling sites as possible are sampled and the resultant ages are averaged.
Controversial Ethical Issues in Forensic Psychiatry: A Survey
Authors: Weinstock R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A survey was conducted of members of the Psychiatry and Behavioral Science section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) to determine their ethical concerns about controversial items. Issues were included in the survey from the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and AAFS Code of Ethics. Strong support was found for those issues. Some AAPL items from a previous version of their guidelines did not receive support. Fortunately, they have been modified in a later AAPL draft, after AAPL received this survey's results. Clarification was obtained on some ambiguous items from a previous AAFS survey. The present survey showed strong support for addressing in forensic psychiatry's ethical guidelines some issues previously considered too controversial.
Predicting the Effectiveness of Treatment for Pedophilia
Authors: Rowan EL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Assessment of progress in a treatment program for pedophiles and the prediction of risk of future offenses are based upon change along four parameters: decreased objective sexual arousal to child stimuli based on negative conditioning and penile tumescence monitoring, decreased emotional congruence with children, improvement in meaningful adult relationships, and effective therapy for disinhibiting factors. The latter three are measured by rating scales completed by both patients and staff. Although statistical analysis of recidivism is in progress, it may not reflect the true frequency of reoffenses. The ability to predict successful treatment is still limited to theoretical and subjective indices.
Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) Characterization of the Ethyl Acetate Complex of O6-Acetylmorphine
Authors: Beckstead HD , Neville GA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The solid-state infrared spectral features of the (1:1) O6-acetylmorphine-ethyl acetate complex are compared to those of its host, O6-acetylmorphine base, and to its very similar analog, O3,O6-diacetylmorphine (heroin). The formation of a stable complex appears to be unique to O6-acetylmorphine for neither morphine nor its closely related derivatives, codeine, thebaine, heroin, or O3-acetylmorphine form isolable adducts during ethyl acetate extraction. Factors affecting formation of this complex during workup and extraction of forensic science exhibits are discussed.
Micromethod for MN Antigen Grouping of Dried Bloodstains
Authors: Berns B , Lötterle J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A micromethod based on the absorption elution technique was shown to be applicable to the detection of M and N blood groups of dried bloodstains on cotton cloth. Each antigen M and N was tested using two different types of antisera. Two hundred different bloodstains, stored up to six months, were analyzed. Conclusive results were obtained for M typing on 2.5-mm-long bloodstained threads. For N typing, some cross-reactivity of homozygous M stains with anti-N sera was observed. This may be explained by the structure of the M and N antigens on the red cell membrane.
Sudden Death in a Neonate as a Result of Herpes Simplex Infection
Authors: Traisman ES , Young S , Lifschultz BD , Traisman HS , Benuck I , Chasnoff I 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper describes a case of a neonate with disseminated herpes simplex born to a 14-year-old asymptomatic mother. The infant's physical examination was normal at birth, and subsequent abnormalities were so subtle that infection was not recognized during life. Postmortem cultures of liver and spleen grew herpes simplex virus, and immunofluorescent direct antibody typing revealed Type 2. A cervical culture of the mother obtained after the infant's death was negative.
Cranial Arteriovenous Malformation: Suicide by Exsanguination
Authors: Gauger GE , Herrmann PW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Arteriovenous malformations of the scalp are potential sources of serious bleeding because of their location, inherent weakness, and high flow rates. A 40-year-old man used his vascular lesion as a means of suicide. Selected aspects of the historical background, diagnosis, and treatment of these vascular disorders are described.
A Review of Encyclopedia of Health Information Sources, First Edition
Authors: Jones AM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The scope of this work, to include citations of information on the entire gamut of health related subjects, is extremely ambitious. More than 450 subjects have been included and these are cross-referenced. In many instances, 12 different information sources have been given. These sources include abstract services, annuals, reviews, yearbooks, professional societies or associations, bibliographies, directories, encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks, manuals, on-line data bases, periodicals, research centers, institutes, and textbooks.
The Examination of Illicit Cocaine
Authors: LeBelle M , Lauriault G , Callahan S , Latham D , Chiarelli C , Beckstead H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A laboratory system of examination of illicit cocaine exhibits is described. Separation and identification of many of the components in exhibits are achieved by the use of capillary column gas chromatography and a Finnigan ion trap detector. Further examination and quantitation of the components of exhibits is achieved using two high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) systems. Both of these systems use identical reverse phase C8 columns. System 1 employs a solvent composed of 40% acetonitrile, 10% tetrahydrofuran and 50% 0.1% v/v aqueous triethylamine. The eluant is monitored at 280 nm. This system is preferred for routine quantitative analysis of cocaine and related alkaloids in exhibits. System 2 employs a solvent composed of 30% acetonitrile and 70% 0.05M phosphate buffer (pH = 5.0). The eluant from this system is monitored at both 220 and 280 nm. This system offers advantages in sensitivity. The relative retention times of a number of relevant substances as determined with gas chromatography and the two HPLC systems are given. The utility of the methodology for the identification and comparison of exhibits is demonstrated.
Comparison of the Terminal Ballistics of Full Metal Jacket 7.62-mm M80 (NATO) and 5.56-mm M193 Military Bullets: A Study in Ornance Gelatin
Authors: Ragsdale BD , Sohn SS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Great controversy has surrounded the replacement of the 7.62-mm caliber by the reduced 5.56-mm caliber as the standard U.S. military rifle. Although its relevance to human wounding can be debated, the terminal ballistics of military small arms in ordnance gelatin remains a convenient medium for comparative testing. In the present study, 7- by 10- by 24-in. (18 by 25 by 61 cm) blocks of 20% ordnance gelatin were fired upon from a range of 19 ft (6 m) under high-speed cinemagraphic surveillance. The tendency of the M193 5.56-mm full metal jacket projectile to break up in soft tissue simulant was confirmed as a fundamental difference from the 7.62-mm M80 NATO ball.
Processing Photographic Films by Infrared Inspection
Authors: Jones SP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Modern advancements in the electronics industry have made infrared (IR) night vision instruments valuable tools in the photographic laboratory. Because the majority of black-and-white and color films are not sensitive in the IR portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, they can be handled and processed with the aid of infrared inspection devices. The overwhelming advantages of processing by IR inspection are numerous, but the primary benefit is to watch the latent image develop before your eyes.
An Improved Method for the Histological Preparation of Single Hairs and Dust Samples—Morphological and Immunological Examination
Authors: Tanabe R , Ishiyama I , Itakura Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An improved method of the serological and morphological investigation of human hair is reported. The hair was firmly fixed onto a microscopic slide with cellophane tape and observed microscopically to confirm the cuticula images and the presence of the medulla. A piece of the hair containing the medulla was dissected, embedded in paraffin, and a cross section of this hair was prepared. By treating the sample with immunohistochemistry (biotin-antibiotin ABC technique), the blood type of the hair was confirmed definitively. Dust containing shaved beard can be examined in the same way.
Methylene Blue Revisited: The Search for a Trouble-Free Erasure Sensitive Powder
Authors: Riker MA , Lewis GW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It is well recognized that the powdered mixture of methylene blue and starch is highly sensitive for the purpose of detecting physical erasure sites which are virtually undetectable by other methods. Also well known are the problems associated with this method, for example, permanent discoloration of the document upon assimilation of moisture. This paper details the successful search for a formula possessing the sensitivity of the methylene blue/starch mixture minus its disadvantages.
An Examination of a Contaminated Seminal Stain Using Absorption-Elution and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Authors: Bolton S , Thorpe J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A semen stain, apparently contaminated with a detergent cleanser, was received for examination. The contamination interfered with the normal biochemical reactions of such stains. Treatment of the sample enabled ABO groups to be determined.
An Unusual, Deep Lingual Hemorrhage as a Consequence of Ligature Strangulation
Authors: Sperry K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During the course of the daily practice of forensic pathology, little or no attention is generally devoted to the tongue (if it is even removed at all during the autopsy examination) except in a handful of relatively well-defined situations. In some other instances, such as injuries involving the neck and laryngopharyngeal organs, the tongue may be removed, but examined in only a cursory manner, since the serious pathology which caused or contributed to death is most often located in adjacent structures. While the postmortem examination was being carried out on a victim of ligature strangulation who exhibited relatively sparse external and laryngeal findings of significance, a unique and apparently heretofore undescribed patterned hemorrhage was discovered within the deep musculature of the tongue, having an appearance and contour identical to that of the curved edge of the subjacent hyoid bone. In difficult cases where strangulation is suspected as well as other potentially medicolegal problems with trauma involving the neck organs, a detailed inspection of the tongue through an easily accomplished dissection technique may provide invaluable information as to the mechanism of injury.
Death from Pool Chlorine—An Unusual Case
Authors: Rao VJ , Hearn WL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A tank truck containing bulk pool chlorinating solution overturned. A man was trapped beneath the truck, and a ruptured seam in the tank released a continuous flow of sodium hypochlorite over him. He survived for 10 min as the caustic solution extensively eroded soft tissue exposed to the chemical flow.
Traumatic False Aneurysm of Descending Aorta with Aortoesophageal Fistula
Authors: Swanson SA , Gaffey MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We report a case of traumatically induced false aneurysm with secondary bacterial aortitis of the descending aorta and fistula formation between the aorta and esophagus. This lesion was diagnosed at autopsy and caused death in a 68-year-old female 19 years after an automobile accident. Aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) formation as a result of any cause is rare. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of traumatic aortic aneurysm as a result of an automobile accident with subsequent AEF formation.
Dragging Deaths: A Case in Point
Authors: Dix JD , Bolesta S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A 16-year-old boy was riding his bicycle when he was struck by a truck. He was dragged over 2½ miles (4 km) before he was deposited on the side of the road. The injuries evident at autopsy revealed the boy died from dragging and not from the initial impact. The scene, and the autopsy findings, will be discussed.
Alleged Tampering with Mail of Dr. Yelena Bonner
Authors: Grantham SM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In July 1985, the U.S. Congress requested that the FBI Laboratory examine five postcards written by Dr. Yelena Bonner, wife of Dr. Andrei Sakharov, noted Soviet dissident and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Relatives residing near Boston, Massachusetts, claimed that Soviet authorities were tampering with the mail in an effort to deceive those concerned about the fates of the Sakharovs, who were living in exile in Gorki, U.S.S.R. Examination under oblique, infrared, and ultraviolet illumination revealed several alterations to one postcard, which, when considered with other facts, indicated that the mail had been tampered with to conceal the involuntary hospitalization of Dr. Sakharov, who was being force-fed, to end one of his periodic hunger strikes. The questioned postcard became the object of considerable interest and was the subject of congressional testimony by the author on 18 March 1986.
A Review of The Study of Latent Fingerprints—A Science
Authors: Black M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The contents of this book were not in agreement with what the author stated in the preface, “This book deals directly with latent (finger) print identification.” It is overflowing with experiences the author has had in the Latent Print Section of the Los Angeles Police Department. It was difficult to identify the audience to which the material was addressed. The author suggests instructors will be using it, presumably as a textbook; however, the lack of illustrations of certain topics (incipient ridges, abnormal ridge structure, fingerprint reversals, and so forth) could baffle someone unfamiliar with these areas of fingerprint science. When deciding not to include additional illustrations, the author should have taken into consideration that besides instructors, others may have an occasion to read the text.
A Review of The Automobile Theft Investigator
Authors: Jack Cadman W 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The author has directed this book, “… to those just starting out in the field of automobile theft investigation and/or those who are contemplating entering this field.” He has made an attempt to cover the areas of major concern based on his own experiences. The content of each of the chapters is very basic, but the author has attempted to make it clear that there is much more to learn than could be covered in a book of this size. He repeats this caveat at the end of most of the 17 chapters. However, a major failing of the book is that no bibliography is given which would enable the neophyte to follow up and learn more from the original sources. The author has suggested that the student call on the proper agencies and associations to obtain additional information.
A Review of Scientific Evidence in Criminal Cases, 3rd edition
Authors: Strong JW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This volume is the third edition of a work which, since its first appearance in 1973, has become the classic short treatment of its subject. The two senior authors, Professors Moenssens and Inbau, have long been associated with forensic science and have collaborated on the treatise since its inception. They are joined on the present edition by Professor James E. Starrs, also an experienced and well-known author on forensic science matters.
A Review of A Manual of Forensic Entomology
Authors: Rodriguez WC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Since the late 1800s the application of forensic entomology to the determination of “time since death” has been sporadically used in Europe, and to a greater degree in the United States, with ever increasing success. Most of the previously published texts on forensic medicine and death investigation have provided little if any practical information on the use and practice of forensic entomology, as much of the research and case studies concerning this subject have been primarily published in entomological journals. The publication of this book can be considered as a significant contribution to the forensic science community, as it is the first text in English to deal exclusively with the application of entomology to the forensic sciences.
Medical Evaluation of the Victims of the 1986 Lake Nyos Disaster
Authors: Wagner GN , Clark MA , Koenigsberg EJ , Decata SJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A cloud of carbon dioxide gas, with an estimated volume of 1 km3 was released from Lake Nyos, a volcanic crater lake in Cameroon, Africa, causing 1700 to 2000 human fatalities as well as killing thousands of livestock and wild animals. At the request of the Cameroonian Government, the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance of the U.S. Department of State sent a multidisciplinary team which included 2 forensic pathologists to assist the Government of Cameroon in investigating this natural disaster. The medical evaluation was concentrated in 3 areas: the autopsy of human and animal fatalities, examination and interview of survivors, and examination of the scene of the disaster. Toxicologic specimens were obtained at autopsy, and numerous samples of lake water were collected. The autopsy findings were consistent with asphyxia. The results of chemical analyses excluded many volatiles but not carbon dioxide as the toxic agent. The exact source of this gas continues to be a subject of a heated geologic debate, but termentation of organic materials in the lake water has been eliminated on the basis of C14 isotope studies. This investigation underlines the value of forensic pathologists in epidemiological studies and in the examination of living persons.