bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Product Market Competition and Audit Fees
Authors: Wang Yuequan , Chui Andy C. W. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARY
Existing theories posit two contradictory predictions on the relation between product market competition and audit fees. On the one hand, product market competition can mitigate agency problems between shareholders and managers and increase the accuracy of financial reporting, thus decreasing auditors' assessments of audit risk. Hence, auditors tend to charge lower fees to firms in a more competitive industry. On the other hand, product market competition can increase auditors' assessments of business risk. Therefore, audit fees are expected to increase with industry competitiveness. This study empirically tests the relation between product market competition and audit fees and finds that auditors charge more to firms in a more competitive industry.
JEL Classifications: D4, G30, M41, M42.
Are Juries More Likely to Second-Guess Auditors under Imprecise Accounting Standards?
Authors: Kadous Kathryn , Mercer Molly 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARY
U.S. auditors are concerned that less precise accounting standards will cause more second-guessing of their judgments and thus greater legal liability. We report the results of an experiment that tests the validity of this concern. We manipulate the aggressiveness of the client's reporting decision and the precision of the accounting guidance related to the reporting decision. When the client's reporting is conservative, we observe more second-guessing of auditor judgments under the imprecise standard than the precise standard. However, when the auditor allows aggressive client reporting, we observe less tendency toward second-guessing under the imprecise standard. Indeed, rather than being overly harsh, juries appear to be overly lenient when auditors allow aggressive accounting under an imprecise standard. Our results suggest a need for tools to help jurors evaluate auditor judgments under imprecise standards.
What Does “Say on Pay” Say about Audit Risk?
Authors: Bordere X. Jasmine , Ciccotello Conrad S. , Grant C. Terry 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARY
This paper examines a sample of 36 firms that received a majority of negative shareholder votes on their executive compensation plan in the first round of Dodd-Frank mandated “say-on-pay” voting in 2011. Relative to a control group, the 36 firms tend to perform poorly and have high CEO pay in the pre-vote period, and especially in 2010. We find that about 20 percent of the rejected firms also had income-decreasing restatements that impact the five-year period before the vote, compared to only 3 percent for a control group. The rejected firm sample also has weaker internal controls, as well as greater increases in audit fees in the year before the vote. The voting highlights how rejected firms tend to have higher audit risk environments in the years preceding the say-on-pay vote. In addition, since over half of the restatements occur after the say-on-pay vote, the findings also suggest that auditors should use voting as an input to their risk assessments.
Noise Analysis of Differential Multiport Networks – the Wave Approach
Authors: Dobrowolski Janusz A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In this paper there is presented and discussed a general analysis method for noise characterization of noisy multiport differential networks. It is based on mixed mode, differential and common mode, noise waves representation of noise, generalized mixed-mode scattering parameters and generalized mixed-mode noise wave correlation parameters for the network. There are derived analytical relation between the noise figure for a given output port and the noise matrix and the scattering parameters of the network, as well as the correlations between the input port noise waves. The signal to noise ratio degradation factor is derived and discussed, too. Presented results can be implemented directly in a CAD software noise analysis of differential microwave multiport networks with differential as well as with conventional single ended ports.
Morphometrics of the tribe <i>Merremieae</i> Austin (Convolvulacae) from India
Authors: Deshmukh S. A. , Shimpale Vinod B. 
Published: December 2014

Sixteen species of the tribe Merremieae Austin (Convolvulaceae) from India were morphometrically analyzed with the help of Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis to explain the relationship between them. PCA showed that quantitative characters like corolla breadth, fruit breadth and length of paracot leaf play important role in bringing together all the species in the same tribe while the characters like leaf length, leaf breadth, petiole length, pedicel length, calyx length and calyx breadth play vital role in the delimitation of taxa within the tribe Merremieae. Cluster analysis and dendrogram revealed that, the genus Operculina S. Manso is segregated from Merremia Denns. ex Endlich.; genus Hewittia Wight. & Arn. is very close to Merremia, probably originated from M. aegyptia (L.) Urban and M. dissecta (Jacq.) Hall. f. cluster and genus Xenostegia Austin & Staples is isolated in the separate cluster.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v21i2.21350Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 21(2): 121-128, 2014 (December)
L'impact de la justice organisationnelle sur la fidélisation : étude longitudinale auprès de travailleurs du secteur des TIC au Canada
Authors: Renaud Stéphane , Tremblay François Alexandre , Morin Lucie 
Published: December 2014

Cette étude longitudinale analyse l’impact différencié de la justice distributive et de la justice procédurale sur l’intention de rester des salariés. Le modèle d’analyse positionne l’engagement organisationnel affectif comme variable médiatrice entre la justice et l’intention de rester. Les données ont été colligées auprès de salariés canadiens d’une grande entreprise internationale du secteur des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC). Les résultats indiquent que la justice distributive et la justice procédurale augmentent indirectement l’intention de rester des salariés via l’effet médiateur de l’engagement organisationnel. Les résultats des analyses multivariées longitudinales démontrent également que la justice procédurale affecte davantage l’intention de rester que la justice distributive via l’engagement organisationnel. La discussion présente aux managers des préconisations sur les pratiques de fidélisation du personnel.
TRIF-Dependent Innate Immune Activation Is Critical for Survival to Neonatal Gram-Negative Sepsis
Authors: Cuenca Alex G. , Joiner Dallas N. , Gentile Lori F. , Cuenca Angela L. , Wynn James L. , Kelly-Scumpia Kindra M. , Scumpia Philip O. , Behrns Kevin E. , Efron Philip A. , Nacionales Dina , Lui Chao , Wallet Shannon M. , Reeves Westley H. , Mathews Clayton E. , Moldawer Lyle L. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Current evidence suggests that neonatal immunity is functionally distinct from adults. Although TLR signaling through the adaptor protein, MyD88, has been shown to be critical for survival to sepsis in adults, little is known about the role of MyD88 or TRIF in neonatal sepsis. We demonstrate that TRIF−/− but not MyD88−/− neonates are highly susceptible to Escherichia coli peritonitis and bacteremia. This was associated with decreased innate immune recruitment and function. Importantly, we found that the reverse was true in adults that MyD88−/− but not TRIF−/− or wild-type adults are susceptible to E. coli peritonitis and bacteremia. In addition, we demonstrate that TRIF but not MyD88 signaling is critical for the TLR4 protective adjuvant effect we have previously demonstrated. These data suggest a differential requirement for the survival of neonates versus adults to Gram-negative infection, and that modulation of TRIF in neonates can be used to augment survival to neonatal sepsis.
Protective Role for Caspase-11 during Acute Experimental Murine Colitis
Authors: Oficjalska Katarzyna , Raverdeau Mathilde , Aviello Gabriella , Wade Siobhan C. , Hickey Ana , Sheehan Katherine M. , Corr Sinead C. , Kay Elaine W. , O’Neill Luke A. , Mills Kingston H. G. , Creagh Emma M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Activation of the noncanonical inflammasome, mediated by caspase-11, serves as an additional pathway for the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Noncanonical inflammasome activity occurs during host defense against Gram-negative bacteria and in models of acute septic shock. We propose that the noncanonical inflammasome is activated in mice during acute intestinal inflammation elicited by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), a model of experimental colitis. We find that caspase-11−/− mice display enhanced susceptibility to DSS, because of impaired IL-18 production. The impaired IL-18 levels observed are shown to result in reduced intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and increased cell death. We also suggest that a novel type II IFN–dependent, type I IFN-TRIF–independent signaling pathway is required for in vivo caspase-11 production in intestinal epithelial cells during DSS colitis. Collectively, these data suggest that IFN-γ–mediated caspase-11 expression has a key role maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in vivo during experimentally induced acute colitis.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Adaptor Protein ERAdP Initiates NK Cell Activation via the Ubc13-Mediated NF-κB Pathway
Authors: Chen Jun , Hao Lu , Li Chong , Ye Buqing , Du Ying , Zhang Honglian , Long Bo , Zhu Pingping , Liu Benyu , Yang Liuliu , Li Peifeng , Tian Yong , Fan Zusen 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
NK cells play a pivotal role in innate immune responses against pathogenic infections. However, the underlying mechanisms driving defined NK functions remain largely elusive. In this study, we identified a novel endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein, ER adaptor protein (ERAdP), which is constitutively expressed in human and mouse NK cells. ERAdP is expressed at low levels in peripheral NK cells of hepatitis B virus–associated hepatocellular carcinoma patients. We show that ERAdP initiates NK cell activation through the NF-κB pathway. Notably, ERAdP interacts with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 13 (Ubc13) to potentiate its charging activity. Thus, ERAdP augments Ubc13-mediated NF-κB essential modulator ubiquitination to trigger the Ubc13-mediated NF-κB pathway, leading to NK cell activation. Finally, ERAdP transgenic mice display hyperactivated NK cells that are more resistant to pathogenic infections. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of ERAdP-mediated NK cell activation will provide strategies for treatment of infectious diseases.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an unusual complication in Orientia tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus).
Authors: Basheer Aneesh , Padhi Somanath , Boopathy Vinoth , Mallick Saumyaranjan , Nair Shashikala , Varghese Renu G'Boy , Kanungo Reba 
Published: December 2014

Background: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an uncommon, potentially fatal, hyperinflammatory syndrome that may rarely complicate the clinical course of Orientia tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus). Methods: We describe here the clinicopathological features, laboratory parameters, management, and outcome data of three adult patients (1 female, 2 males) with scrub typhus associated HLH from a tertiary center with a brief and concise review of international literature. Results: All three patients satisfied the HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria; one had multi organ dysfunction with “sky high” ferritin level; and all had a dramatic recovery following doxycyclin therapy. Literature review from January 1990 to March 2014 revealed that scrub typhus associated HLH were reported in 21 patients, mostly from the scrub endemic countries of the world. These included 11 females and 10 males with mean age of 35 years (range; 8 months to 81 years). Fifteen of 17 patients (where data was available) had a favorable outcome following early serological diagnosis and initiation of definitive antibiotic therapy with (N=6) or without (N=9) immunosuppressive/immunomodulator therapy. Mutation analysis for primary HLH was performed in one patient only, and HLH-2004 protocol was used in two patients. Conclusion: We suggest that HLH should be considered in severe cases of scrub typhus especially if associated with cytopenia (s), liver dysfunction, and coagulation abnormalities. Further studies are required to understand whether an immunosuppressive and/or immunomodulator therapy could be beneficial in those patients who remain unresponsive to definitive antibiotic therapy.
Morphological and antioxidant characteristics of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) and chinese quince fruit (Pseudocydonia sinensis Schneid.)
Authors: Monka Anton , Grygorieva Olga , Chlebo Peter , Brindza Ján 
Published: December 2014

Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) is a fruit species, whose fruits have a high therapeutic value and therefore are used in many countries in traditional medicine. Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis Schneid.) is a lesser used species, although it is a relative of quince. The aim of the study was to evaluate some morphological characters of both kinds of fruit and antioxidant activity of morphological parts of the fruit. For these experiments, two genotypes were used from each species growing in the Arboretum Mlyňany (Slovakia). We determined the antioxidant activity of different parts by the DPPH method. In the genotypes from the evaluated species C. oblonga/P. sinensis we determined the average weight of the fruit in the fresh condition to be in the range 147.61 - 253.27 g / 197.85 - 466.38 g, the exocarp weight 28.50 - 43.89 g / 24.85 - 45.10 g, the mesocarp weight 116.36 - 204.99 g / 160.30 - 389.80 g, the seed weight 1.05 - 1.54 g / 9.22 - 17.42 g, the height of fruit 74.09 - 80.88 mm / 98.06 - 124.48 mm, average of fruit 60.11 - 81.51 mm / 62.33 - 88.64 mm. In aqueous extracts we determined antioxidant activity of the species C. oblonga / P. sinensis in dry exocarp in the range 43.52 - 67.73% / 52.76 - 82.20%, in fresh mesocarp 7.36 -14.78% / 15.30 - 23.50%, in dry mesocarp 30.92 - 41.30% / 41.68 - 50.15% and dry endocarp 55.19 - 76.44% / 91.20 - 92.72%. We determined antioxidant activity in methanolic extracts of the species C. oblonga / P. sinensis in dry exocarp in the range 93.29 - 93.32% / 91.87 - 93.25%, in fresh mesocarp 10.29 - 36.0% / 17.10 - 17.11%, in dry mesocarp 54.55 - 74.11% / 80.39 - 84.11% and in dry endocarp 95.14 - 95.39% / 94.97 - 95.62%. Results document that the fruits of both species can be practically used in the preparation of many dishes, while they can be used as raw material for pharmaceutical and cosmetic use.
Utility of Immunohistochemistry in the Pancreatobiliary Tract
Authors: Lin Fan , Eric Chen Zongming , Wang Hanlin L. 
Published: December 2014

ContextImmunohistochemistry has become a useful ancillary study in the identification and classification of pancreatic neoplasms. The diagnostic accuracy has been significantly improved because of the continuous discoveries of tumor-associated biomarkers and the development of effective immunohistochemical panels.ObjectivesTo identify and classify pancreatic neoplasms by immunohistochemistry.Data SourcesLiterature review and authors' research data and personal practice experience were used.ConclusionsTo better guide therapeutic decisions and predict the prognostic outcome, it is crucial to make an accurate diagnosis of a pancreatic neoplasm. Application of appropriate immunohistochemical panels enables pathologists to differentiate pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinomas from reactive conditions and to identify rare types of pancreatic neoplasms. Knowing the utilities and pitfalls of each tumor-associated biomarker is essential to avoiding a potential diagnostic error because an absolutely cancer-specific biomarker does not exist. This article reviews frequently used tumor-associated biomarkers, provides lists of effective immunohistochemical panels, and recommends a diagnostic algorithm as a standard approach to pancreatic neoplasms.
Immunohistochemistry in Dermatopathology
Authors: Ferringer Tammie 
Published: December 2014

ContextImmunohistochemistry is not a diagnostic test but a highly valuable tool that requires interpretation within a context.ObjectiveTo review the current status and limitations of immunohistochemistry in dermatopathology.Data SourcesEnglish-language literature published between 1980 and 2014.ConclusionsAlthough immunohistochemistry is rarely completely specific or sensitive, it is an important adjunctive technique in dermatopathology and can be helpful in a series of diagnostic dilemmas.
A Novel Use of Biomarkers in the Modeling of Cancer Activity Based on the Theory of Endobiogeny
Authors: Buehning Laura J. , Hedayat Kamyar M. , Sachdeva Aarti , Golshan Shahrokh , Lapraz Jean Claude 
Published: December 2014

Introduction: Cancer is a complex disorder whose detection and monitoring remains challenging. A biological modeling system, the biology of functions (BoF), claims to be able to evaluate physiologic elements related to carcinogenic activity. A pilot study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of the BoF in detecting differences between cancer cases and matched controls. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case control study was performed using the BoF analyses of 46 patients with all types of solid and hematgenous cancers, active and inactive (total cases), and 46 controls from a private practice. The standard BoF panel of 17 biomarkers was evaluated. Sixty-two of 150 BoF indices derived from these biomarkers were pre-selected for analysis based on their relationship to cancer physiology. The data was analyzed with the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test using SPSS software. Results: Of the 62 indices, 7 were found to be statistically significant in comparing total cancer cases to controls: βMSH/αMSH, Estrogen Fraction #5, Comparative Genital Androgeny, Thyroid, Genito-thyroid, Catabolism/Anabolism and Pro-inflammatory. Conclusions: In a small retrospective case control study, statistically significant differences were found between cancer cases and controls in 7 BoF indices. These indices are indicators of physiological conditions consistent with cancer growth. These results warrant further study of this biological modeling system in cancer patients.
Patient Expectations of Acupuncture in Pregnancy
Authors: Soliday Elizabeth , Hapke Patrice 
Published: December 2014

Background: Expectations for treatment have been associated with outcomes. Expectations in acupuncture treatment have rarely been addressed, and due to the unique concerns of pregnancy and childbirth, obstetric patients merit special attention. Primary Study Objective: Assess treatment expectations of acupuncture clinic patients treated for obstetric and related concerns. Methods/Design: Descriptive follow-up involving a patient-completed survey; chief treatment concern and number of treatment sessions were validated against patient records. Participants: Of 265 former clinic patients, 137 (51.7%) completed the internet survey. Main Outcome Measures: Self-reported demographic variables; responses to open-ended questions on treatment expectations; general treatment variables. Results: Using standard qualitative data analytic strategies, we identified five major treatment expectations, for example, affecting labor and delivery, benefiting the whole system, and treating specific symptoms. Limitations: Retrospective method and recall bias may have influenced reported expectations. Conclusion: Obstetric acupuncture patients’ expectations overlap with other subgroups in terms of symptom treatment. They also indicate a distinct interest in taking an active role in childbirth and in replacing conventional interventions, warranting further inquiry into obstetric acupuncture effects and safety in childbearing women.
The Positive Impact of Integrative Medicine in the Treatment of Recalcitrant Chronic Daily Headache: A Series of Case Reports
Authors: Amoils Steve , Amoils Sandi , Lester Tiffany , Woolford Liz , Gallagher Lisa 
Published: December 2014

People who suffer from recalcitrant chronic daily headache (CDH)—a primary, episodic headache occurring at least 15 days per month, and lasting four or more hours per day for at least three consecutive months1—have generally tried many pain relief medications with few positive results. These patients often continue to add more and more medications and travel from clinician to clinician seeking help, without relief. Patients with recalcitrant CDH are often caught in a vicious cycle of increasing pain which results in a substantial impact from their disease on productivity and quality of life. Studies in the United States and Europe indicate that four to five percent of the general population has recalcitrant CDH,2 which encompasses transformed migraine and chronic tension-type headache.3 The disability associated with recalcitrant CDH is substantial, as patients have a significantly diminished quality of life and mental health, as well as impaired physical, social, and occupational functioning.4,5 Research shows that CDH may not be treated effectively with conventional medicine (CM). Integrative medicine (IM) offers a complex, personalized intervention necessary to treat CDH. Many integrative therapies have shown benefit, effectiveness, cost effectiveness and low side effect profile in patients with both chronic headache and chronic pain.6—17 Yet even within the IM community, clinicians often struggle with the balance between providing evidence-based therapy and patient-centered, complex, personalized integrative approaches, which may use popular but unproven therapies. In this article, we present a series of cases comprising patients with CDH who had previously been recalcitrant to CM approaches. In each case, employing a five-pronged treatment algorithm resulted in the successful IM treatment of CDH. By using this five-pronged approach, clinicians can offer the standardized protocols and scientific rationale they are accustomed to when employing CM options while additionally offering the benefit of IM possibilities.
Arsenic Compounds
Authors: Doak G. O. , Long G. Gilbert , Freedman Leon D. , by Staff Updated 
Published: December 2014

AbstractArsenic is the third member of the nitrogen family of elements. In the majority of arsenic compounds the arsenic atom is in the tetrahedral valence state. A variety of inorganic and organic compounds are used in commerce, however, arsenic trioxide is the most consumed of all the compounds. China is the world leader in arsenic trioxide production. This article gives physical properties, preparation, and uses of many inorganic compounds of arsenic, eg, halides, hydrides, oxides, acid, and sulfides, and organic compounds, eg, arsines, haloarsines, diarsines, arsenin, arsonic acid, and arsine oxides. Arsenic compounds must be considered extremely poisonous. Arsenic compounds are used in fertilizers, herbicides, preparation of wood preservative (CCA), fireworks, insecticides, and pharmaceuticals.