bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate and fat have different effects on plasma leptin concentrations and adipose tissue leptin production
Authors: EVANS Kevin , CLARK Mo L. , FRAYN Keith N. 
Published: August 2015

Leptin is secreted by adipocytes and plays a role in the regulation of food intake. However, the regulation of leptin production by adipose tissue is unclear. We have investigated whether a mixed meal or a high-fat load given orally, or a pure fat load given intravenously, stimulates adipose tissue leptin production. Six volunteers were studied on two occasions following an overnight fast. On one occasion they consumed tomato soup containing 40 g of triacylglycerol (as Intralipid) and 9.6 g of carbohydrate; on the other occasion Intralipid was infused intravenously over 4 h to give the same fat load. A further eight subjects consumed a mixed meal (containing 37 g of fat and 100 g of carbohydrate) after an overnight fast. Paired blood samples were obtained from an arterialized hand vein and a vein draining subcutaneous adipose tissue at baseline and for 6 h following the meals or the start of the infusion. After both the intravenous and oral fat loads, the arterialized and adipose venous plasma leptin concentrations decreased over 6 h (both P< 0.001), as did the leptin veno–arterial difference (P = 0.01). Following the mixed meal, there was a slight increase in the arterialized plasma leptin concentration (P = 0.02) and a more marked increase in the adipose venous plasma leptin concentration (P = 0.03) and in the adipose tissue leptin veno–arterial difference (P = 0.01), all peaking at 240 min. We conclude that the increase in plasma leptin concentration observed after meals is not simply a result of an energy load, but is in response to a signal that is not present following a fat load without carbohydrate.
Selenite protects human endothelial cells from oxidative damage and induces thioredoxin reductase
Authors: MILLER Sue , WALKER Simon W. , ARTHUR John R. , NICOL Fergus , PICKARD Karen , LEWIN Michelle H. , HOWIE A. Forbes , BECKETT Geoffrey J. 
Published: August 2015

The ability of selenium to protect cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) from oxidative damage induced by 100 μM t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) was compared. Preincubation of human endothelial cells for 24 h with sodium selenite at concentrations as low as 5 nM provided significant protection against the harmful effects of 100 μM t-BuOOH, with complete protection being achieved with 40 nM selenite. The preincubation period was required for selenite to exert this protective effect on endothelial cells. When compared with selenium-deficient cells, the activities of cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase (GPX-1), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPX-4) and thioredoxin reductase (TR) were each induced approx. 3–4-fold by 40 nM selenite. HCAEC and HUVEC showed great similarity in their relative abilities to resist oxidative damage in the presence and absence of selenite, and the activities of TR and the GPXs were also similar in these cell types. BAEC were more susceptible to damage by 100 μM t-BuOOH than were human endothelial cells, and could not be protected completely by incubation with selenite at concentrations up to 160 nM. The activity of TR in human endothelial cells was approx. 25-fold greater than that in BAEC of a similar selenium status, but GPX-1 and GPX-4 activities were not significantly different between the human and bovine cells. These studies, although performed with a small number of cultures, show for the first time that selenium at low doses can provide significant protection of the human coronary artery endothelium against damage by oxidative stress. TR may be an important antioxidant selenoprotein in this regard, in addition to the GPXs. The data also suggest that HUVEC, but not BAEC, represent a suitable model system in which to study the effects of selenium on the endothelium of human coronary arteries.
Hydrogen sulfide-mediated cardioprotection: mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Authors: Lavu Madhav , Bhushan Shashi , Lefer David J. 
Published: August 2015

H2S (hydrogen sulfide), viewed with dread for more than 300 years, is rapidly becoming a ubiquitously present and physiologically relevant signalling molecule. Knowledge of the production and metabolism of H2S has spurred interest in delineating its functions both in physiology and pathophysiology of disease. Although its role in blood pressure regulation and interaction with NO is controversial, H2S, through its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, has demonstrated significant cardioprotection. As a result, a number of sulfide-donor drugs, including garlic-derived polysulfides, are currently being designed and investigated for the treatment of cardiovascular conditions, specifically myocardial ischaemic disease. However, huge gaps remain in our knowledge about this gasotransmitter. Only by additional studies will we understand more about the role of this intriguing molecule in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Long time-course monitoring of ZFP809-mediated gene silencing in transgene expression driven by promoters containing MLV-derived PBS
Authors: Ichida Yu , Utsunomiya Yuko , Tomikawa Junko , Nakabayashi Kazuhiko , Sato Toshinori , Onodera Masafumi 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Expression of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)-typed retroviral vectors is strictly suppressed in immature cells such as embryonic stem cells. The phenomenon known as gene silencing is primed by the sequence-specific binding of the zinc finger protein 809 (ZFP809) to the primer-binding site of the vectors. However, it has yet to be determined whether the ZFP809-mediated gene silencing is maintained over a long period. In this study, we established an experimental system that can monitor gene silencing during a long-term cell culture using flow cytometry technology combined with fluorescent reporters for the expression of ZFP809 and the transgene expression driven by the promoters of interest. Time-course analysis using our system revealed that ZFP809 maintains gene silencing effect even at a longtime period. Furthermore, our system was useful for the monitoring of ZFP809-mediated gene silencing regardless of the types of vectors and cell lines.
HIV Care Continuum Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Persons Who Inject Drugs in India: Barriers to Successful Engagement
Authors: Mehta Shruti H. , Lucas Gregory M. , Solomon Suniti , Srikrishnan Aylur K. , McFall Allison M. , Dhingra Neeraj , Nandagopal Paneerselvam , Kumar M. Suresh , Celentano David D. , Solomon Sunil S. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Background.  We characterize the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care continuum for men who have sex with men (MSM) and persons who inject drugs (PWID) across India.
Methods.  We recruited 12 022 MSM and 14 481 PWID across 26 Indian cities, using respondent-driven sampling (September 2012 to December 2013). Participants were aged ≥18 years and either self-identified as male and reported sex with a man in the prior year (MSM) or reported injection drug use in the prior 2 years (PWID). Correlates of awareness of HIV-positive status were characterized using multilevel logistic regression.
Results.  A total of 1146 MSM were HIV infected, of whom a median of 30% were aware of their HIV-positive status, 23% were linked to care, 22% were retained before antiretroviral therapy (ART), 16% had started ART, 16% were currently receiving ART, and 10% had suppressed viral loads. There was site variability (awareness range, 0%–90%; suppressed viral load range, 0%–58%). A total of 2906 PWID were HIV infected, of whom a median of 41% were aware, 36% were linked to care, 31% were retained before ART, 20% had started ART, 18% were currently receiving ART, and 15% had suppressed viral loads. Similar site variability was observed (awareness range: 2%–93%; suppressed viral load range: 0%–47%). Factors significantly associated with awareness were region, older age, being married (MSM) or female (PWID), use of other services (PWID), more lifetime sexual partners (MSM), and needle sharing (PWID). Ongoing injection drug use (PWID) and alcohol use (MSM) were associated with lower awareness.
Conclusions.  In this large sample, the major barrier to HIV care engagement was awareness of HIV-positive status. Efforts should focus on linking HIV testing to other essential services.
Clinical Trials Registration.  NCT01686750.
Electromagnetic Guided Postpyloric Tube Placement in Children
Authors: Koot Bart G.P. , Limpens Arnoldus N.J.M. , Westerhout Renée , Benninga Marc A. , Duflou Anne C.E.M. , Singels Lydia C.M. , van Rijn Rick R. , Mathus‐Vliegen Elisabeth M.H. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Postpyloric feeding tube (PPFT) placement can be cumbersome. Fluoroscopic and endoscopic placements are required when unguided placement fails. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of PPFT placement in children, using an electromagnetic (EM) guided system as a rescue strategy in case unguided tube insertion fails.Methods:In a single‐center prospective study, we included all the children (weight >2.5 kg) in whom unguided PPFT placement failed between 2009 and 2012. EM guided PPFT placement was attempted before regular fluoroscopic and endoscopic placement was attempted, respectively.Results:Forty‐nine children were included (mean age 3.5 years). EM guided PPFT placement was successful in 82% of the children. No adverse events occurred. Age or indication for the PPFT did not influence the success rate of the procedure. A trend of a learning curve of 25 patients was noticed. Costs of EM placement were slightly higher than those of fluoroscopic placement in our hospital setting.Conclusion:With enough expertise, EM guided PPFT placement seems safe and can prevent fluoroscopic or endoscopic tube placement in 82% of children.
Prevalence and Clinical, Endoscopic, and Pathological Features of Duodenitis in Children
Authors: Alper Arik , Hardee Steven , Rojas‐Velasquez Danilo , Escalera Sandra , Morotti Raffaella A. , Pashankar Dinesh S. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Although gastritis and esophagitis are well studied in children, there is very limited literature on duodenitis in children. We aimed to assess the prevalence, etiology, clinical, endoscopic, and pathological features in a large cohort of unselected children with duodenitis.Methods:We reviewed the pathology reports of all the upper endoscopies performed at our institution during 5 years to identify children with duodenitis. Biopsy sections were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of duodenitis. Demographic, clinical, endoscopic data, and the presence of associated gastritis and esophagitis were noted in all of the children with duodenitis. The etiology of duodenitis was correlated with the patients’ clinical diagnosis.Results:Out of 2772 children who had endoscopy, 352 had duodenitis with the prevalence rate of 12.7%. Gastritis was seen in 64% of children with duodenitis compared with 46% of children without duodenitis (P < 0.001). Common indications for endoscopy in children with duodenitis were abdominal pain, positive celiac serology, and diarrhea. The most common etiology was celiac disease (32%), followed by Crohn disease (13%), ulcerative colitis (3%), and Helicobacter pylori infection (6%). In 63% of cases, the endoscopic appearance of duodenum was normal. Cryptitis, villous changes, and cellular infiltration were noted on histology.Conclusions:Prevalence of duodenitis is 12.7% in children undergoing endoscopy. Celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease are common causes of duodenitis. Associated gastritis is common in children with duodenitis, and the correlation of endoscopic appearance with histology is poor.
Head and Neck Cancer and Sexuality
Authors: Rhoten Bethany Andrews 
Published: August 2015

Background:
Individuals treated for head and neck cancer are at risk of sexual problems, particularly given the probability for disfigurement, body image disturbance, depressive symptoms, and functional difficulties that result from treatment. Because oncology nurses are an important source of information and support for patients, it is important that they be familiar with the current literature as well as opportunities for research.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to present a review of the literature on head and neck cancer and sexuality.

Methods:
PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Ovid databases were searched using the terms “head and neck cancer” and “sexuality.” Publications had to be peer-reviewed, empirical studies, written in English, and published within the last 10 years. Selected publications were compared based on study aims, leading investigator, study location, conceptual framework, study design, sample, instruments, and study findings.

Results:
Nine publications were analyzed in this review. Incidence of individuals reporting a negative effect of head and neck cancer on sexuality varied from 24% to 100% depending on the study.

Conclusions:
There is a paucity of data regarding sexuality among patients with head and neck cancer. Existing studies indicate that sexuality is of considerable significance, particularly after treatment for head and neck cancer.

Implications for Practice:
Holistic care includes information about sexuality during and after treatment for head and neck cancer. Oncology nurses should be aware that this topic is of importance to many patients, and they should familiarize themselves with available resources. It is also important that nurse scientists facilitate research in the area of sexuality.
A Systematic Review of the Symptom Distress Scale in Advanced Cancer Studies
Authors: Stapleton Stephen J. , Holden Janean , Epstein Joel , Wilkie Diana J. 
Published: August 2015

Background:
The 13-item Symptom Distress Scale (SDS) is a widely used symptom measurement tool, yet a systematic review summarizing the symptom knowledge generated from its use in patients with advanced cancer is nonexistent.

Objectives:
This was a systematic review of the research literature in which investigators utilized the SDS as the measure of symptoms in patients with advanced cancer.

Methods:
We searched PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Web of Science for primary research studies published between 1978 and 2013 that utilized the SDS as the measurement tool in patients with advanced cancer. Nine hundred eighteen documents were found. Applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 21 articles and 2 dissertations were included.

Results:
The majority of investigators utilized descriptive, cross-sectional research designs conducted with convenience samples. Inconsistent reporting of SDS total scores, individual item scores, age ranges and means, gender distributions, cancer types, cancer stages, and psychometric properties made comparisons difficult. Available mean SDS scores ranged from 17.6 to 38.8. Reports of internal consistency ranged from 0.67 to 0.88. Weighted means indicated fatigue to be the most prevalent and distressing symptom. Appetite ranked higher than pain intensity and pain frequency.

Conclusions:
The SDS captures the patient’s symptom experience in a manner that informs the researcher or clinician about the severity of the respondents’ reported symptom distress.

Implications for Practice:
The SDS is widely used in a variety of cancer diagnoses. The SDS is a tool clinicians can use to assess 11 symptoms experienced by patients with advanced cancer.
“Micro” versus “small” family businesses: a multinational analysis
Authors: Lussier Robert N. , Sonfield Matthew C. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to compare “micro” enterprise (0-9 employees) to “small” enterprise (10-49 employees) family businesses with regard to 12 important managerial characteristics in eight countries: Argentina, Croatia, Egypt, France, Kosovo, Kuwait, Serbia, and the USA (n=601).Design/methodology/approach– The research methodology was survey research. To statistical test 12 hypotheses, MANCOVA was run to compare differences between micro and small family business, while controlling for years in business.Findings– Six significant differences were: “small” firms are more likely to employ non-family member managers, are more likely to engage in the formulation of succession plans, are more likely to utilize outside advisory services, make greater use of sophisticated financial management methods, and have a more formal management style than “micro” firms; but the influence of the founder is greater in “micro” firms.Practical implications– For practitioners and consultants the findings of this study should enable family business owner/managers, and their advisors, to better understand the possible impacts of moving from a “micro” level to a “small” size level, and thus lead to more effective family business management.Originality/value– This research fills a gap in the literature, as there has been minimal prior research with the specific focus of comparing “micro” vs “small.” Thus, it develops a foundation for further study in this area.
Entrepreneurially oriented in what? A business model approach to entrepreneurship
Authors: Andersén Jim , Ljungkvist Torbjörn , Svensson Lotten 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to illustrate and argue for the necessity of deconstructing the entrepreneurship concept by analyzing entrepreneurial orientation (EO) at various levels of the business model.Design/methodology/approach– Literature review supplemented with five illustrative cases.Findings– A business model approach to entrepreneurship enables identification of the component of the business model in which entrepreneurship was started. This has several implications for analysis of the EO-performance relationship and for the identification of antecedents to EO.Originality/value– The EO of firms has generally been analyzed at a generic level, i.e. the concept has been used to measure and analyze the overall entrepreneurship of firms. In this paper, the authors argue that EO can be present in various dimensions of a business and that firms can be entrepreneurial in certain areas and conservative in other areas.
A communicative efficiency and effectiveness model for using metaphor and metonymy in financial news reporting
Authors: O'Mara-Shimek Michael 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to propose a model to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of metaphor when used in financial news media reporting.Design/methodology/approach– Theory in Cognitive Linguistics, Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Frame Semantics are used to demonstrate metaphor’s central role shaping human thought and understanding, producing conceptual frameworks used to understand abstract concepts in not only financial news media but also all human discourse. The deontological principles of the major financial news sources are presented which demonstrate a commitment to common core principles, such as “balance” and “accuracy”, yet few consider the potential role of metaphor toward achieving them. This research presents a minimum source domain model for describing stock market phenomenon to increase “interpretation reliability” based on the concepts of communicative efficiency and effectiveness.Findings– This research presents a model for communicative efficiency and effectiveness of metaphor and metonymy (CEEMM) in financial reporting by presenting a minimum source domain model for describing stock market phenomenon to increase “interpretation reliability” when metaphor is used in financial news media sources.Research limitations/implications– While evidence for the role of metaphor and metonymy on behavior has been provided and in economic contexts, more research into the role that it plays in financial news media and the dynamics of how it influences consumer decisions is necessary.Practical implications– CEEMM provides news media sources with a tool for standardizing the modes they use to semantically create and communicate knowledge of the stock market and stock market phenomenon. Reporting on stock market phenomenon will have, for the first time, objective parameters for using metaphor toward the fulfillment of journalism deontological principles.Social implications– CEEMM has the potential to increase clarity in the metaphors used, as they require less creative exploration on the part of readers. This results in greater levels of trust in news media sources and permits news consumers to make more well-informed financial decisions, as their perceptions of events will be less subjective to creative interpretation. This research should urge news media companies to publicly declare principles for metaphor and metonymic practice in their communication of financial data.Originality/value– The paper presents the first model for increasing the communicative efficiency and effectiveness in the use of metaphor in financial news media.
Determination of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Postmortem Samples in Ectopic Pregnancies
Authors: Palmiere Cristian , Lesta Maria del Mar , Fanton Laurent , Ventura Francesco , Bonsignore Alessandro , Reggiani Bonetti Luca 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIncreased human chorionic gonadotropin levels (HCG) can be detected in femoral blood, bile, and vitreous humor collected during autopsy of pregnant women using a standard kit designed for living patients. In the study herein, the concentrations of HCG were measured in postmortem serum, vitreous, bile, cerebrospinal, and pericardial fluids in 4 cases of fatal ectopic pregnancy and 40 controls using a quantitative electrochemiluminescence immunoassay designed for living patients. No false‐negative cases were identified in any of the analyzed samples in any of the ectopic pregnancy cases. No correlations were found between total HCG levels in postmortem serum and the other tested specimens. The results of this study would suggest that higher HCG in bile, vitreous, pericardial, and cerebrospinal fluids may confirm the existence of ectopic pregnancy and therefore identify other situations in which this hormone is increased, although gestational age cannot be reliably estimated using these values.
Metabolic syndrome in first‐time hospitalized patients with depression: a 1‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Nyboe L. , Vestergaard C. H. , Lund H. , Møller M. K. , Videbech P. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveStudies on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in younger patients with depression are few. We examined the prevalence and progression of MetS in first‐time hospitalized patients with depression during 1 year of follow‐up. Furthermore, we explored putative risk factors of MetS.MethodWe evaluated MetS and its components in first‐time hospitalized patients with depression (N = 52) and healthy controls (N = 50) (18–45 years). Physical activity, aerobic fitness, sleeping disturbances, smoking and dietary habits, and psychopharmacological treatment were recorded at baseline for all participants and after 1 year for the patients.ResultsPatients had significantly higher waist circumference (WC) and lower high‐density lipoproteins compared with healthy controls (P < 0.05). Patients had higher prevalence of MetS, but this was not significant when adjusted for age. Patients had significant increase in WC and triglycerides and a non‐significant increase in the prevalence of MetS. Antipsychotic medication (OR 10.5, 95% CI 1.18–94.14) and low aerobic fitness (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.68–0.93) were significantly correlated with MetS (P < 0.05).ConclusionMetabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in younger, severely depressed patients and the incidence increases during 1 year of follow‐up. Low aerobic fitness and use of atypical antipsychotics are strongly correlated with MetS.