bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of a cladistic analysis
Authors: Franz Nico M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe sequential stages culminating in the publication of a morphological cladistic analysis of weevils in the Exophthalmus genus complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) are reviewed, with an emphasis on how early‐stage homology assessments were gradually evaluated and refined in light of intermittent phylogenetic insights. In all, 60 incremental versions of the evolving character matrix were congealed and analysed, starting with an assembly of 52 taxa and ten traditionally deployed diagnostic characters, and ending with 90 taxa and 143 characters that reflect significantly more narrow assessments of phylogenetic similarity and scope. Standard matrix properties and analytical tree statistics were traced throughout the analytical process, and series of incongruence length indifference tests were used to identify critical points of topology change among succeeding matrix versions. This kind of parsimony‐contingent rescoping is generally representative of the inferential process of character individuation within individual and across multiple cladistic analyses. The expected long‐term outcome is a maturing observational terminology in which precise inferences of homology are parsimony‐contingent, and the notions of homology and parsimony are inextricably linked. This contingent view of cladistic character individuation is contrasted with current approaches to developing phenotype ontologies based on homology‐neutral structural equivalence expressions. Recommendations are made to transparently embrace the parsimony‐contingent nature of cladistic homology.
Enterocutaneous fistulae in familial adenomatous polyposis patients with abdominal desmoid disease
Authors: Xhaja X. , Church J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimEnterocutaneous fistula is a severe complication of intra‐abdominal desmoid disease. It is hard to repair because of the presence of the desmoid itself, the possibility of distal obstruction and the complexity of multiple laparotomies. Here we report the outcome of a series of patients presenting with abdominal desmoid disease and associated enterocutaneous fistula.MethodThis is a retrospective, descriptive study of patients presenting to a hereditary colorectal cancer registry with familial adenomatous polyposis‐related intra‐abdominal desmoid disease and associated enterocutaneous fistulae. Patients were identified through the registry database and aspects of their treatment and outcome were abstracted.ResultsSixteen patients (11 women, five men) were treated. The mean age at index surgery was 25.2 years and mean time to first fistula was 115.6 (± 92.7 standard deviation) months from index surgery. Index surgery included restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch (n = 9), colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (n = 4) and proctocolectomy with end ileostomy (n = 1). One patient had only a small bowel bypass and another did not have any index surgery. Ten patients underwent laparotomy for the enterocutaneous fistula; eight had a repair ± resection, one had a diversion and one a bypass. All eight patients who had a repair healed, and the bypassed fistula was successfully palliated. Three fistulae recurred and two were successfully repaired at a second procedure. One patient was explored but nothing could be done for the fistula. Two surgery patients died of causes unrelated to the fistula. Six patients received medical treatment, four of whom died.ConclusionSelected desmoid‐related enterocutaneous fistulae can be repaired successfully.
A highly aggregated geographical distribution of forest pest invasions in theUSA
Authors: Liebhold Andrew M. , McCullough Deborah G. , Blackburn Laura M. , Frankel Susan J. , Von Holle Betsy , Aukema Juliann E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimGeographical variation in numbers of established non‐native species provides clues to the underlying processes driving biological invasions. Specifically, this variation reflects landscape characteristics that drive non‐native species arrival, establishment and spread. Here, we investigate spatial variation in damaging non‐native forest insect and pathogen species to draw inferences about the dominant processes influencing their arrival, establishment and spread.LocationThe continentalUSA, includingAlaska (Hawaii not included).MethodsWe assembled the current geographical ranges (county‐level) of 79 species of damaging non‐indigenous forest insect and pathogen species currently established in the continentalUSA. We explored statistical associations of numbers of species per county with habitat characteristics associated with propagule pressure and with variables reflecting habitat invasibility. We also analysed relationships between the geographical area occupied by each pest species and the time since introduction and habitat characteristics.ResultsThe geographical pattern of non‐native forest pest species richness is highly focused, with vastly more species in the north‐easternUSA. Geographical variation in species richness is associated with habitat factors related to both propagule pressure and invasibility. Ranges of the non‐native species are related to historical spread; range areas are strongly correlated with time since establishment. The average (all species) radial rate of range expansion is 5.2 km yr−1, and surprisingly, this rate did not differ among foliage feeders, sap‐feeders, wood borers and plant pathogens.Main conclusionsForest pest species are much more concentrated in the north‐eastern region of theUSAcompared with other parts of the country. This pattern most likely reflects the combined effects of propagule pressure (pest arrival), habitat invasibility (pest establishment) and invasion spread. The similarity in historical spread among different types of organisms indicates the importance of anthropogenic movement in spread.
Screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy and incidence of visual loss: a systematic review
Authors: Echouffo–Tcheugui J. B. , Ali M. K. , Roglic G. , Hayward R. A. , Narayan K. M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractScreening for diabetic retinopathy can help to prevent this complication, but evidence regarding frequency of screening is uncertain. This paper systematically reviews the published literature on the relationship between screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy and the incidence of visual loss. The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched until December 2012. Twenty five studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, as these assessed the incidence/prevalence of sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy in relation to screening frequency. The included studies comprised 15 evaluations of real‐world screening programmes, three studies modelling the natural history of diabetic retinopathy and seven cost‐effectiveness studies. In evaluations of diabetic retinopathy screening programmes, the appropriate screening interval ranged from one to four years, in people with no retinopathy at baseline. Despite study heterogeneity, the overall tendency observed in these programmes was that 2‐year screening intervals among people with no diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis were not associated with high incidence of sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy. The modelling studies (non‐economic and economic) assessed a range of screening intervals (1–5 years). The aggregated evidence from both the natural history and cost‐effectiveness models favors a screening interval >1 year, but ≤2 years. Such an interval would be appropriate, safe and cost‐effective for people with no diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis, while screening intervals ≤1 year would be preferable for people with pre‐existing diabetic retinopathy. A 2‐year screening interval for people with no sight threatening diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis may be safely adopted. For patients with pre‐existing diabetic retinopathy, a shorter interval ≤1 year is warranted.
A computerised third molar surgery simulator – results of supervision by different professionals
Authors: Rosen A. , Eliassi S. , Fors U. , Sallnäs E. ‐L. , Forsslund J. , Sejersen R. , Lund B. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to investigate which supervisory approach afforded the most efficient learning method for undergraduate students in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) using a computerised third molar surgery simulator.Fifth year dental students participated voluntarily in a randomised experimental study using the simulator. The amount of time required and the number of trials used by each student were evaluated as a measure of skills development. Students had the opportunity to practise the procedure until no further visible improvements were achieved. The study assessed four different types of supervision to guide the students. The first group was where they were supported by a teacher/specialist in OMS, the second by a teaching assistant, the third group practised without any supervision and the fourth received help from a simulator technician/engineer. A protocol describing assessment criteria was designed for this purpose, and a questionnaire was completed by all participating students after the study.The average number of attempts required to virtually remove a third molar tooth in the simulator was 1.44 times for the group supervised by an OMS teacher; 1.5 times for those supervised by a teaching assistant; 2.8 times for those who had no supervision; and 3.6 times when support was provided only by a simulator technician. The results showed that the most efficient experience of the students was when they were helped by an OMS teacher or a teaching assistant. In a time and cost‐effective perspective, supervision by a teaching assistant for a third molar surgery simulator would be the optimal choice.
Substrate preference in a colonial spider: is substrate choice affected by color morph?
Authors: Fernández Campón Florencia 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAnimals can show preference for a particular background as a way of decreasing visibility. Species with color polymorphism may have morph‐dependent background preference. I test this hypothesis on the orb‐weaving spider Parawixia bistriata. Adult females of P. bistriata present two distinct morphs characterized by brown and yellow opisthosomata. This nocturnal spider can be found in its retreat on the vegetation during the day. In order to examine whether females exhibit substrate preference dependent on their color morph, I first recorded the distribution of color morphs on different substrates (leaf and branch) and then performed a mark and release experiment. Field censuses indicated that the yellow morph was associated with leaves while the brown morph was found on either substrate type. The results of a mark and reciprocal release experiment agreed with the censuses and suggest that the two morphs differ in their association to substrate type: yellow females were associated with the leaf substrate, while brown females showed no association to a particular substrate type. Possible forces behind these differences in substrate choice are discussed.
Ischemic preconditioning versus intermittent clamping of portal triad in liver resection: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Zhu Ying , Dong Jian , Wang Wan‐Li , Li Mu‐Xing , Long Zhi‐Da , Zhen Xing‐Long , Lv Yi 
Published: July 2013

AimTo compare the clinical outcome of patients undergoing liver resection under ischemic preconditioning (IP) versus intermittent clamping (IC).MethodsA systematic published work search was conducted to detect randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing IP and intermittent clamping of the portal triad. A meta‐analysis was conducted to estimate postoperative morbidity and mortality, blood loss, transfusion requirement, and liver injury based on the levels of bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Meta‐analysis was performed using either the fixed‐effects model or random‐effects model.ResultsFive RCT published between 2006 and 2012 containing a total of 403 patients were eligible for final analysis. Meta‐analysis of operative time showed it was lower in the IP group than the IC group with weighted mean difference (WMD) of −18.23 (95% confidence interval (CI), −28.58 to −7.87; P = 0.0006). Meta‐analysis of ALT levels indicated lower levels in the IP group on postoperative days 3 and 7 (WMD on day 3: –45.27, 95% CI, −49.92 to −40.62; P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%; WMD on day 7: –24.33, 95% CI, −28.04 to −20.62; P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%). Meta‐analyses revealed no significant difference in blood loss, transfusion requirement, mortality, morbidity, ischemic duration, hospital stay, AST and bilirubin levels on postoperative days 1, 3 and 7, and ALT levels on postoperative day 1 between IP and IC groups.ConclusionOn currently available evidence, IP does not offer a satisfying benefit to patients undergoing hepatic resection. However, they have lower operative time and less liver injury after liver resections.
Predictive factors for improvement of ascites after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with refractory ascites
Authors: Taki Yasuhiko , Kanazawa Hidenori , Narahara Yoshiyuki , Itokawa Norio , Kondo Chisa , Fukuda Takeshi , Harimto Hirotomo , Matsushita Yoko , Kidokoro Hideko , Katakura Tamaki , Atsukawa Masanori , Kimura Yuu , Nakatsuka Katsuhisa , Sakamoto Choitsu 
Published: July 2013

AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the predictive factors for the response of ascites to a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) and the impact of improvement of ascites on the overall prognosis of patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites.MethodsForty‐seven consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis who underwent TIPS for refractory ascites were studied retrospectively. The mean follow‐up period was 615 ± 566 days.ResultsThirty‐six of the patients (77%) were responders at 4 weeks after TIPS (early responders) and 37 (79%) were responders at 8 weeks after TIPS. Of the 11 non‐responders at 4 weeks, four showed an improvement of ascites at 8 weeks. Multivariate analysis showed that only the serum creatinine level before TIPS was an independent predictor of an early response. The cumulative survival rate of early responders was significantly higher than that of non‐responders. The survival of patients grouped according to creatinine level was better in patients with serum creatinine of 1.9 mg/dL or less than in those with serum creatinine of more than 1.9 mg/dL.ConclusionA low serum creatinine level in patients with refractory ascites is associated with an early response to TIPS. An early response of ascites to TIPS provides better survival. A serum creatinine level below 1.9 mg/dL is required for a good response to TIPS.
Brain activity during bladder filling and pelvic floor muscle contractions: A study using functional magnetic resonance imaging and synchronous urodynamics
Authors: Krhut Jan , Holy Petr , Tintera Jaroslav , Zachoval Roman , Zvara Peter 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesTo map the brain activity during bladder filling by functional magnetic resonance imaging using a refined scanning protocol including synchronous urodynamics and pelvic floor muscle contractions.MethodsA total of 23 healthy female volunteers (age 20–68 years) were enrolled. Participants were asked to contract their pelvic floor muscles. This was followed by a urodynamic examination consisting of repeated filling cycles. Brain activity was measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging using a 3T magnetic resonance system. Measurements of brain activity consisted of 120 functional scans during pelvic floor contractions and 210 scans during bladder filling. Each functional magnetic resonance imaging scan covered the brain with 35 slices. Statistical analyses used the general linear model and independent component analysis. Areas of activation were visualized using group statistics.ResultsThe following main clusters of activation were observed during pelvic floor muscle contractions: medial surface of the frontal lobe (primary motor area), bilaterally; supplementary motor area, bilaterally; and left gyrus precentralis. During bladder filling, activation was detected in the inferior frontal lobe bordering the frontal cingulum, left gyrus parietalis superior, left central area, right insula, brainstem and thalamus with subcortical gray matter nuclei.ConclusionsOur work extends an existing functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol for researching the neural control of the lower urinary tract. The present results are consistent with the available literature and agree with the present hypothetical functional model of lower urinary tract neural control.
Interleukin‐17A: a unique pathway in immune‐mediated diseases: psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Kirkham Bruce W. , Kavanaugh Arthur , Reich Kristian 
Published: July 2013

SummaryExperimental evidence points to the importance of the cytokine interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A) in the pathogenesis of several immunoinflammatory diseases including psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Although a principal effector of T helper type 17 cells, IL‐17A is produced by many other cell types including CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells, and is found at high levels associated with mast cells and neutrophils at sites of skin and joint disease in humans. IL‐17A up‐regulates expression of numerous inflammation‐related genes in target cells such as keratinocytes and fibroblasts, leading to increased production of chemokines, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and other mediators that contribute to clinical disease features. Importantly, IL‐17A must be considered within the context of the local microenvironment, because it acts synergistically or additively with other pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor. Several direct IL‐17A inhibitors have shown promising activity in proof of concept and phase 2 clinical studies, thereby providing confirmation of experimental data supporting IL‐17A in disease pathogenesis, although levels of response are not predicted by pre‐clinical findings. IL‐17A inhibitors produced rapid down‐regulation of the psoriasis gene signature and high clinical response rates in patients with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis, consistent with an important role for IL‐17A in psoriasis pathogenesis. Clinical response rates with IL‐17A inhibitors in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, however, were improved to a lesser degree compared with placebo, suggesting that IL‐17A is either important in a subset of patients or plays a relatively minor role in inflammatory joint disease. Ongoing phase 3 clinical trials should provide further information on the role of IL‐17A in these diseases.
Food and beverage advertising on children's web sites
Authors: Ustjanauskas A. E. , Harris J. L. , Schwartz M. B. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
Food and beverage advertising contributes to childhood obesity.
Display advertising on children's web sites is a prominent technique used to promote food to children.
Industry self‐regulation has not substantially improved food marketing to children in other media, such as television and food company web sites.
What this study adds
More than 3 billion display advertisements for food and beverages were viewed on popular children's web sites from July 2009 to June 2010.
Three‐quarters of these advertisements promoted brands that food companies identified as healthier dietary choices to be included in child‐directed food advertising.
However, 84% of these ads promoted products high in fat, sugar and/or sodium.
BackgroundFood marketing contributes to childhood obesity. Food companies commonly place display advertising on children's web sites, but few studies have investigated this form of advertising.ObjectivesDocument the number of food and beverage display advertisements viewed on popular children's web sites, nutritional quality of advertised brands and proportion of advertising approved by food companies as healthier dietary choices for child‐directed advertising.MethodsSyndicated Internet exposure data identified popular children's web sites and food advertisements viewed on these web sites from July 2009 through June 2010. Advertisements were classified according to food category and companies' participation in food industry self‐regulation. The percent of advertisements meeting government‐proposed nutrition standards was calculated.Results3.4 billion food advertisements appeared on popular children's web sites; 83% on just four web sites. Breakfast cereals and fast food were advertised most often (64% of ads). Most ads (74%) promoted brands approved by companies for child‐directed advertising, but 84% advertised products that were high in fat, sugar and/or sodium. Ads for foods designated by companies as healthier dietary choices appropriate for child‐directed advertising were least likely to meet independent nutrition standards.ConclusionsMost foods advertised on popular children's web sites do not meet independent nutrition standards. Further improvements to industry self‐regulation are required.
First‐Principle Calculation and Assignment for Vibrational Spectra of Ba(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 Microwave Dielectric Ceramic
Authors: Diao Chuan‐Ling , Wang Chun‐Hai , Luo Neng‐Neng , Qi Ze‐Ming , Shao Tao , Wang Yu‐Yin , Lu Jing , Shi Feng , Jing Xi‐Ping 
Published: July 2013

Ba(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 ceramic was synthesized using a conventional solid‐state reaction method at 1500°C for 4 h. The face‐centered cubic crystal structure of the material was confirmed by Rietveld refinement of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data, and vibrational modes were obtained by Raman and Fourier transform far‐infrared (FTIR) reflection spectroscopies. First‐principle calculations based on density functional theory with local density approximation were used to calculate Gamma‐point modes and dielectric properties of Ba(Mg1/2W1/2)O3. The Raman spectrum with nine active modes can be fitted with Lorentzian function, and the modes were assigned as F2g(1) (126 cm−1), F2g(2) (441 cm−1), Eg(O) (538 cm−1), and A1g(O) (812 cm−1). Far‐infrared spectrum with 12 infrared active modes was fitted using both the Lorenz three‐parameter classical and four‐parameter semiquantum models. Consequently, the modes were assigned as F1u(1) (144 cm−1), F1u(2) (284 cm−1), F1u(3) (330–468 cm−1), and F1u(4) (593–678 cm−1). The active modes were represented by linear combinations of symmetry coordinates that were obtained by group theory analyses. The Raman mode A1g, which has the highest wave number (812 cm−1) is dominated by the breath vibration of the MgO6 octahedron. The infrared modes F1u(2), that can be described as the inverted vibrations of Mg atoms in the MgO6 octahedron along the xi, yi, and zi axes have the most contributions to the microwave permittivity and dielectric loss.