bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magmatic expressions of continental lithosphere removal
Authors: Wang Huilin , Currie Claire A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGravitational lithosphere removal in continental interior has been inferred from various observations, including anomalous surface deflections and magmatism. We use numerical models and a simplified theoretical analysis to investigate how lithosphere removal can be recognized in the magmatic record. One style of removal is a Rayleigh‐Taylor‐type instability, where removal occurs through dripping. The associated magmatism depends on the lithosphere thermal structure. Four types of magmatism are predicted: (1) For relatively hot lithosphere (e.g., back arcs), the lithosphere can be conductively heated and melted during removal, while the asthenosphere upwells and undergoes decompression melting. If removal causes significant lithospheric thinning, the deep crust may be heated and melted. (2) For moderately warm lithosphere (e.g., average Phanerozoic lithosphere) in which the lithosphere root has a low density, only the lithosphere may melt. (3) If the lithosphere root has a high density in moderately warm lithosphere, only asthenosphere melt is predicted. (4) For cold lithosphere (e.g., cratons), no magmatism is induced. An alternate style of removal is delamination, where dense lithosphere peels along Moho. In most cases, the lithosphere sinks too rapidly to melt. However, asthenosphere can upwell to the base of the crust, resulting in asthenospheric and crustal melts. In delamination, magmatism migrates laterally with the detachment point; in contrast, magmatism in Rayleigh‐Taylor‐type instability has a symmetric shape and converges toward the drip center. The models may explain the diversity of magmatism observed in areas with inferred lithosphere removal, including the Puna Plateau and the southern Sierra Nevada.
Dust aerosol feedback on the Indian summer monsoon: Sensitivity to absorption property
Authors: Das Sushant , Dey Sagnik , Dash S. K. , Giuliani G. , Solmon F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe examine the sensitivity of dust radiative feedback to the dust absorption property during the Indian summer monsoon (June–September) season from 2005 to 2010 using the Regional Climate Model version 4.1. The dust direct radiative forcing at top of atmosphere switches from cooling to warming for absorbing dust over the Indian subcontinent. The dust‐induced low pressure anomaly plays a crucial role in building up large‐scale convergence particularly over the Arabian Peninsula, which strengthens the monsoon circulation leading to enhanced precipitation over India. The intensity of precipitation and wind field at 850 hPa increases over India by considering more absorbing dust. Air temperature and cloud fraction change by 20–50% in the lower to middle troposphere as a result of dynamic response due to modification in dust absorptive characteristics. Our results demonstrate that the response of monsoon circulation to dust radiative feedback is highly sensitive to dust absorption; and hence, it should be accurately represented in the models for improved simulation of monsoon precipitation. The results have important implications in case of break‐to‐active transition within the Indian summer monsoon season.
Identifying the Culprit: An International Perspective on the National Academy of Sciences Report on Eyewitness Identification Evidence
Authors: Valentine Tim , Fitzgerald Ryan J. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe recent National Research Council report on eyewitness identification evidence includes fifteen recommendations intended to improve the procedures used to obtain eyewitness identification evidence, strengthen its value in court, and improve the scientific basis of research. The report includes some important insights on the applied research and makes some novels proposals, which are critically reviewed. It is argued that the report is limited by a lack of international comparison and by its focus exclusively on lineups rather than a wider range of methods available to identify perpetrators from their face.
Fabrication of Polyurethane and Nylon 66 Hybrid Electrospun Nanofiber Layer for Waterproof Clothing Applications
Authors: AMINI GOLCHEHR , SAMIEE SAMIRA , GHAREHAGHAJI ALI AKBAR , HAJIANI FARIDEH 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTWaterproof textiles have wide applications in many fields such as sportswear, protective clothing, and orthopedic dressing. Breathability is an important factor of clothing comfort. Nanofibrous layers have application in these fields due to their interconnected porous area and high surface area. In this work, two different nanofiber layers were fabricated and examined as waterproof and breathable layers. Polyurethane (PU) and PU/nylon 66 (hybrid) nanofiber layers were produced via electrospinning set up with different electrospinning durations. Some of the samples’ characteristics such as tensile strength, microindentation, air permeability, water vapor permeability (WVP), and contact angle of water were investigated. Moreover, a novel approach was applied for determining the performance of layers against acidic water to simulate acidic rain. The results show that the tensile strength, indentation force, and acidic waterproof ability of the layers increased with increasing the process duration, that is, while air permeability was decreased simultaneously. This work shows that the required force for indentation and strength of the hybrid layer was less than that of PU nanofiber layer. Also, the electrospun hybrid layers show better air permeability than the PU membrane but still have lower WVP, which affects the breathability of the layer.
Musculoskeletal disorders and associated healthcare costs among family members of injured workers
Authors: Asfaw Abay , Pana‐Cryan Regina , Bushnell Tim , Sauter Steven 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundResearch has infrequently looked beyond the injured worker when gauging the burden of occupational injury.ObjectivesWe explored the relationship between occupational injury and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among family members of injured workers.Data and MethodsWe used 2005 and 2006 Truven Health Analytics databases, which contain information on workers' compensation and family healthcare claims. We used descriptive analyses, and negative binomial and two‐part models.ResultsFamily members of severely injured workers had a 15% increase in the total number of MSD outpatient claims and a 34% increase in the mean cost of MSD claims compared to family members of non‐severely injured workers within 3 months after injury. Extrapolating cost results to the national level implies that severe occupational injury would be associated with between $29 and $33 million additional cost of family member outpatient MSD claims.ConclusionOccupational injury can impose a formerly unrecognized health burden on family members of injured workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:1205–1216, 2015. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Isotopic and genetic analyses of a mass grave in centralCalifornia: Implications for precontact hunter‐gatherer warfare
Authors: Eerkens Jelmer W. , Carlson Traci , Malhi Ripan S. , Blake Jennifer , Bartelink Eric J. , Barfod Gry H. , Estes Alan , Garibay Ramona , Glessner Justin , Greenwald Alexandra M. , Lentz Kari , Li Hongjie , Marshall Charla K. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesAnalysis of a mass burial of seven males at CA‐ALA‐554, a prehistoric site in the Amador Valley, CA, was undertaken to determine if the individuals were “locals” or “non‐locals,” and how they were genetically related to one another.MethodsThe study includes osteological, genetic (mtDNA), and stable (C, N, O, S) and radiogenic (Sr) isotope analyses of bone and tooth (first and third molars) samples.ResultsIsotopes in first molars, third molars, and bone show they spent the majority of their lives living together. They are not locals to the Amador Valley, but were recently living to the east in the San Joaquin Valley, suggesting intergroup warfare as the cause of death. The men were not maternally related, but represent at least four different matrilines. The men also changed residence as a group between age 16 and adult years.ConclusionsIsotope data suggest intergroup warfare accounts for the mass burial. Genetic data suggest the raiding party included sets of unrelated men, perhaps from different households. Generalizing from this case and others like it, we hypothesize that competition over territory was a major factor behind ancient warfare in Central California. We present a testable model of demographic expansion, wherein villages in high‐population‐density areas frequently fissioned, with groups of individuals moving to lower‐population‐density areas to establish new villages. This model is consistent with previous models of linguistic expansion. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:116–125, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ontogeny of the male femur: Geometric morphometric analysis applied to a contemporary Spanish population
Authors: Pujol Aniol , Rissech Carme , Ventura Jacint , Turbón Daniel 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo describe the morphological changes of the male femur during the adolescent growth spurt and to compare the pattern obtained with that reported previously for females.Material and MethodsTwo hundred and forty males from a Spanish population aged between 9 and 16 years were analysed, based on telemetries. Size and shape variation of the femur was quantified by 22 2D‐landmarks and analysed using geometric morphometric methods. Likewise, the variation of neck–shaft and bicondylar angles were also determined and evaluated by Student's t‐test. Sexual differences were analysed by comparing results here obtained on boys with those corresponding to girls reported in a previous study.ResultsIn males, both size and shape varied significantly with age, with males having larger dimensions than females. In general terms, these changes are generally characterised by an increase in robustness of the femur and shape modifications in the epiphyses. During growth, the neck–shaft angle decreases and the size of the greater and lesser trochanters increase. A significant increase of distal epiphyseal dimensions was recorded, mainly in the medial condyle. The angular remodeling of both the neck and the bicondylar regions of the male femur continues until 16 and 15 years, respectively. Female and male femur each followed divergent growth trajectories. Males showed a greater variability in neck–shaft and bicondylar angles than females.DiscussionThe timing, morphology and growth trajectories provided on the femur during development can be very helpful in anthropological, paleoanthropological and evolution studies. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:146–163, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure, Biosynthesis, and Occurrence of Bacterial Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
Authors: Schimming Olivia , Challinor Victoria L. , Tobias Nicholas J. , Adihou Hélène , Grün Peter , Pöschel Laura , Richter Christian , Schwalbe Harald , Bode Helge B. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are widespread plant natural products with potent toxicity and bioactivity. Herein, the identification of bacterial PAs from entomopathogenic bacteria using differential analysis by 2D NMR spectroscopy (DANS) and mass spectrometry is described. Their biosynthesis was elucidated to involve a non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase. The occurrence of these biosynthesis gene clusters in Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria indicates an important biological function in bacteria.
Isoniazid@Fe2O3‐Nanocontainer mit antibakterieller Wirkung auf Tuberkulose‐Mykobakterien
Authors: Leidinger Peter , Treptow Jens , Hagens Kristine , Eich Jacqueline , Zehethofer Nicole , Schwudke Dominik , Oehlmann Wulf , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Goldmann Oliver , Schaible Ulrich E. , Dittmar Kurt E. J. , Feldmann Claus 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIsoniazid‐gefüllte, nanoskalige Fe2O3‐Hohlkugeln (INH@Fe2O3, Durchmesser <30 nm, 48 Gew.‐% INH‐Beladung) werden erstmals vorgestellt und für die Tuberkulose‐Therapie vorgeschlagen. Nach Dextran‐Funktionalisierung zeigen die INH@Fe2O3@DEX‐Nanocontainer hohe Aktivität gegenüber Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.) und M.tb.‐infizierten Makrophagen. Die Nanocontainer können als “Trojanisches Pferd” aufgefasst werden und zeigen effiziente, aktive Aufnahme in M.tb.‐infizierte Makrophagen und sogar in mykobakterielle Zellen.
Festkörper‐NMR‐Studien an der Membrananker‐Domäne von YadA in der bakteriellen Außenmembran
Authors: Shahid Shakeel A. , Nagaraj Madhu , Chauhan Nandini , Franks Trent W. , Bardiaux Benjamin , Habeck Michael , Orwick‐Rydmark Marcella , Linke Dirk , van Rossum Barth‐J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMAS‐NMR‐Spektroskopie wurde verwendet, um die Struktur und Dynamik der Membrananker‐Domäne von YadA (YadA‐M) direkt in der bakteriellen Außenmembran zu untersuchen, in der das Protein exprimiert wurde. YadA ist ein Adhäsin des Pathogens Yersinia enterocolitica, das an Interaktionen mit Wirtszellen beteiligt ist und darüber hinaus auch als Modellprotein zu Studien des Autotransportprozesses dient. Mithilfe von 13C‐13C‐DARR‐und PDSD‐Spektren bei unterschiedlichen Mischzeiten konnten wir existierende chemische Verschiebungen für einen weiten Bereich von YadA‐M in der Lipidmembran übertragen. Die chemischen Verschiebungen von YadA‐M waren in den meisten Regionen im Vergleich zu denen in mikrokristallinen Präparationen, auf deren Basis bereits eine Struktur gelöst wurde, unverändert. Das trifft insbesondere auf die ASSA‐Region zu, die vermutlich als Übergangszustand während des Transports der löslichen Domäne eine Haarnadelstruktur einnimmt. Vergleiche der Dynamik zwischen mikrokristallinen und in der Membran eingebetteten Proben zeigen eine höhere Flexibilität der ASSA‐Region in den Außenmembran‐Präparationen bei physiologischen Temperaturen. Diese Studie wird den Weg für die MAS‐NMR‐basierte Strukturberechnung von Membranproteinen und für ein besseres Verständnis der Funktion von dynamischen Proteinbereichen in nativen Membranen bereiten.
Totalsynthese von (+)‐Rubriflordilacton A
Authors: Goh Shermin S. , Chaubet Guilhem , Gockel Birgit , Cordonnier Marie‐Caroline A. , Baars Hannah , Phillips Andrew W. , Anderson Edward A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractZwei enantioselektive Totalsynthesen des Nortriterpenoid‐Naturstoffs Rubriflordilacton A werden beschrieben. Sie verlaufen über Palladium‐ oder Cobalt‐katalysierte Cyclisierungsrouten zu den CDE‐Ringen und werden kurz vor Ende der Syntheseroute zusammengeführt. Das Grundgerüst für den Schlüsselschritt wird durch die konvergente Kupplung einer gemeinsamen Diinkomponente mit einem entsprechenden AB‐Ring‐Aldehyd gebildet. Eine Strategie, die den Weg für die Synthesen anderer Mitglieder der Naturstofffamilie ebnet.
Cyclobutane and Cyclobutene Synthesis: Catalytic Enantioselective [2+2] Cycloadditions
Authors: Xu Yao , Conner Michael L. , Brown M. Kevin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCyclobutanes and cyclobutenes are important structural motifs found in numerous biologically significant molecules, and they are useful intermediates for chemical synthesis. Consequently, [2+2] cycloadditions to access cyclobutanes and cyclobutenes have been established to be particularly useful transformations. Within the last 10 years, an increase in the frequency of publications for catalytic enantioselective [2+2] cycloadditions has occurred. These reactions provide access to a wide array of enantiomerically enriched chemical diversity that was not previously attainable. Described in this review are the advances made in catalytic enantioselective [2+2] cycloadditions to access cyclobutanes and cyclobutenes.
A Two‐Coordinate Cobalt(II) Imido Complex with NHC Ligation: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity
Authors: Du Jingzhen , Wang Linbo , Xie Meihua , Deng Liang 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe synthesis, structural characterization, and reactivity of the first two‐coordinate cobalt complex featuring a metal–element multiple bond [(IPr)Co(NDmp)] (4; IPr=1,3‐bis(2′,6′‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene; Dmp=2,6‐dimesitylphenyl) is reported. Complex 4 was prepared from the reaction of [(IPr)Co(η2‐vtms)2] (vtms=vinyltrimethylsilane) with DmpN3. An X‐ray diffraction study revealed its linear CCoN core and a short CoN distance (1.691(6) Å). Spectroscopic characterization and calculation studies indicated the high‐spin nature of 4 and the multiple‐bond character of the CoN bond. Complex 4 effected group‐transfer reactions to CO and ethylene to form isocyanide and imine, respectively. It also facilitated EH (E=C, Si) σ‐bond activation of terminal alkyne and hydrosilanes to produce the corresponding cobalt(II) alkynyl and cobalt(II) hydride complexes as 1,2‐addition products.
Ortho CH Acylation of Aryl Iodides by Palladium/Norbornene Catalysis
Authors: Dong Zhe , Wang Jianchun , Ren Zhi , Dong Guangbin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractReported herein is a palladium/norbornene‐catalyzed ortho‐arene acylation of aryl iodides by a Catellani‐type CH functionalization. This transformation is enabled by isopropyl carbonate anhydrides, which serve as both an acyl cation equivalent and a hydride source.
Impact of fermentation residues on the thermal, structural, and rheological properties of polyhydroxy(butyrate‐co‐valerate) produced from cheese whey and olive oil mill wastewater
Authors: Hilliou Loic , Machado Diogo , Oliveira Catarina S. S. , Gouveia Ana R. , Reis Maria A. M. , Campanari Sabrina , Villano Marianna , Majone Mauro 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe effects of recovered residues on the characteristics of polyhydroxy(butyrate‐co‐valerate) (PHBV) produced from mixed microbial cultures (MMCs) fed with cheese whey, olive oil mill wastewater, or a synthetic mixture of acetic and propionic acid were investigated. The different types of MMC PHBVs were extracted and purified with different downstream routes; this enabled the recovery of polymers with different hydroxyvalerate contents and different residue types and levels, ranging from 0 to 11%. The results indicate overall that the recovery of residues together with the biopolymer brought benefits to the melt processability of these MMC PHBVs. Impurities triggered thermal degradation at smaller temperatures, promoted melting at lower temperatures, acted as thermal stabilizers, improved the melt viscosity, and enhanced the shear thinning. The degree of crystallinity of the aged samples was not affected by the impurities, but the crystallites size increased. MMC PHBVs recovered with residues containing more proteins showed better thermal stability, whereas MMC PHBVs containing more inorganic residues showed better melt viscoelastic properties. The results of this study show that impurities recovered together with the MMC PHBVs introduced changes to their thermal, semicrystalline, and rheological properties; these changes, in some cases, were detrimental, but they were also potentially advantageous to the processing and conversion of these materials into products such as packages. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42818.
Two‐stage drawing process to prepare high‐strength and porous ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene fibers: Cold drawing and hot drawing
Authors: Liu Hongli , Lv Fei , Li Jing , Cao Tian , Wan Caixia , Zhang Wenhua , Li Liangbin , Zheng Guoqiang , Shen Changyu 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTHigh‐strength and porous ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers have been prepared through a two‐stage drawing process. Combined with tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering, the mechanical properties, porosity, and microstructural evolution of the UHMWPE fibers were investigated. The first‐stage cold drawing of the gel‐spun fibers and subsequent extraction process produced fibers with oriented lamellae stacks on the surface and plentiful voids inside but with poor mechanical properties. The second‐stage hot drawing of the extracted fibers significantly improved the mechanical properties of the porous fibers because of the formation of lamellar backbone networks on the surface and microfibrillar networks interwoven inside to support the voids. With various processing conditions, the optimized mechanical properties and porosity of the prepared UHMWPE fibers were obtained a tensile strength of 1.31 GPa, a modulus of 10.1 GPa, and a porosity of 35%. In addition, a molecular schematic diagram is proposed to describe structural development under two‐stage drawing, including void formation and lamellar evolution. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42823.
High‐level extracellular secretion of organophosphorous hydrolase of Flavobacterium sp. in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS
Authors: Falahati‐Pour Soudeh Khanamani , Lotfi Abbas Sahebghadam , Ahmadian Gholamreza , Baghizadeh Amin , Behroozi Reza , Haghighi Fereshteh 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOrganophosphorus (OPs) compounds are widely used in many pesticides, insecticides, and chemical nerve agents. These compounds are hazardous for humans and the environment. There are many reports on detoxification of these compounds, among them enzymatic cleavage of these compounds with organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) has been taken into more consideration. Several studies have been performed to improve OPH secretion in Escherichia coli by different signal peptides, but have not been successful. In this study, to achieve the extracellular secretion of OPH in E. coli, the complete opd gene along with its native signal peptide was codon optimized and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. The culture medium showed OPH activity after 2, 4, and 6 H of induction time. The extracellular secretion of OPH was also confirmed by SDS‐PAGE and Western blot analysis. The effects of different factors in growth medium were also investigated regarding expression and extracellular secretion of OPH. It appears that the secretion of OPH into the extracellular medium is highly affected by culture conditions. Therefore, our results revealed that the recombinant OPH was successfully secreted into the extracellular medium. This secretion system can be considered as a high efficiency biocatalyst for detoxification of OPs compounds.