bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Profitability Efficiency of Broiler Breeding Projects in Iraq (Baghdad Governorate)
Authors: Mahmood Zahra Hadi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study aimed to assess the efficiency of the stochastic profit boundaries and identify the main economic and social factors affecting the profits of the governorate of Baghdad’s broiler chickens. The model’s parameters were assessed based on the maximum likelihood (ML) method and using border programmer 4.1. The study used the initial data from field sources collected randomly from 64 of the 550 total projects, representing 11.64%. To determine the relationship between total profit and input prices, averages were taken (total production of feeds, cabling, medicines, vaccines, water, and electricity), and social factors such as age, experience, and education were included in the inefficiency model. The estimated coefficients gave the expected sign, which was significant at a 5% level, except for water and electricity variables, which were non-significant. The results revealed that broiler chicken breeders in a given area achieved an average profit efficiency of 76.53%, enabling breeders to increase their profits by 23.47% to achieve optimal efficiency. The results of the Pareto analysis also indicated that the most critical problems facing broiler breeders are importing large quantities of frozen chicken meat and selling it at low prices, as well as the high prices of production requirements, especially feed. Accordingly, breeders must develop their productive abilities in managing inputs to maximize profit efficiency.
Biodegradation of Antibiotics by Immobilized Trichoderma Active Compounds and Biochar
Authors: Jassim Dunia Hussein , Hameed Al-Shammari Rana Hadi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Antibiotics are released into the wastewater daily, most of these antibiotics are also used in the hospital setting thus there is a need to come up with efficient and eco-friendly methods for treating the sewage resulting from treatment. This investigation was intended to separate the fungi from an exceptionally contaminated in a plain water treatment plant situated in Medical City / Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Aspergillus terraces and q Trichoderma viride, of only two, isolate fungi that were able to tolerate antibiotics. The top three common differentials between the percentage of higher strain manufacturers were tetracycline azithromycin ciprofloxacin at increasing concentrations (5; 10; 15, and From the high values of tolerance index found in the highest concentration of 20 ppm for all antibiotics, T. viride was focused on as a treatment agent during biodegradation T. viride was cultured in a mineral enriched liquid culture medium for two weeks at the temperature of 25±2ºC which yielded 20 active compounds were determined using GC-MS and used to evaluate the biodegradation of different antibiotics one strain at a time in flasks containing dry wet T. vivid bio mas(2 As a control, a heated T. viride biomass (killed) controlled flask was added to test the activity of dried T. viride wet biomass and stability against antibiotic action on pathogens causing bovine mastitis. Third-day samples showed removal efficiency percent ranging from 1-5%, fifth-day samples had the percentage of removal reaching 20 – 40 % and on the seventh day, the efficiency of removal was over 90 – 100%. Also, the biomass weight of T.virides increased on their seventh day reaching a maximum value of 4 g. Importantly, many mechanisms are involved in the bioremediation of organic pollutants including sorption and degradation., and 90- 100% on the seventh day. In addition, there was an increase in the biomass weight of T.viride on the seventh day, reaching up to 4 grams. Bioremediation of organic pollutants is achieved by many mechanisms like sorption and degradation, an experiment was conducted within 24 hours. the experiment included four treatments at a concentration of 10 ppm for each antibiotic: the first treatment included 6% Agar agar only, the second treatment included 6% Agar agar and 2g of Biochar, the third treatment included 6% Agar agar with a 1:1 volume of T. viride crude ethyl extract, and the fourth treatment included 6% Agar agar with 2g Biochar and a 1:1 volume of T. viride crude ethyl extract. After 24 hours, 5ml of each sample was tested by HPLC to calculate the removal percentage range. the HPLC results showed that the removal percentages of TR-1 1-3%, TR-2 25-30%, TR-3 65-70%, and TR-4 had the highest removal percentages of 90% for AZI, 90.7% for CIP, and 100% for TET. This study demonstrates a simple, low-cost, and promising method that can be easily applied with high removal efficiency, fast biodegradation rate, easy separation ability, and long-term stability.
Assessment of the Toxicity Effects of Inhalation Exposure to Kerosene and Naphtha Fumes on some Liver and Kidney Parameters in Rats
Authors: Kadum Aya Ammar , Al-Hakkak Zaid Makki 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Exposure to petroleum compounds and vapours has been shown to have harmful effects on many different organs and systems of the body, especially the liver. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of kerosene & naphtha vapours on some liver and kidney parameters in rats. Twenty male Wistar albino rats were used in the study; the rats were separated into four groups, each with five rats: three for testing and one for control. Using an altered nose-inhalation exposure approach, rats were exposed to kerosene vapours for six hours daily for 15, 30 and 45 days. The study measured the parameters of blood in rats after they were sacrificed. The study revealed a significant rise (P≥0.01) in the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (A.S.T.), alkaline phosphatase (A.L.P.), and alanine aminotransferase catalase (A.L.T.) in rats exposed to kerosene and naphtha fumes for 15, 30, and 45 days, as compared to the control group. The findings also indicated a statistically significant (P≥0.01) increase in the serum bilirubin levels of rats exposed to kerosene and naphtha fumes for 15, 30, and 45 days compared to the control group. The findings demonstrated a statistically significant increase (p≥0.05) in serum creatinine and serum urea levels in rats exposed to kerosene and naphtha fumes for 25, 30, and 45 days compared to the control group. Additionally, the study demonstrated a significant increase (p≥0.05) in serum creatinine levels in rats exposed to kerosene fumes for 45 days compared to rats exposed for 15 and 30 days. It may be concluded that the liver parameters were negatively impacted by inhaling fumes containing Kerosene and naphtha.
Using O. aureus and C. zillii as Bio Indicators in the Marsh of Dalmaj Southern Iraq
Authors: Jabbar Sattar Nadhim , Abed Alasady Raid Kadhim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Due to of ongoing industries, humans cause water pollution and discharge of sewage into the water, which have contributed to the decline in the number of animals in the Dalmaj Marsh, which is home to thousands of species. Metals for instance mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead pose a significant danger to public health and other animals such as fish, leading to carcinogenicity and renal failure. We can deduce that O. aureus acts as a highly efficient bio-indicator for heavy metals, including Pb, Mg, Cr, and Cd, in comparison to C. zillii. These metals also have impact on water quality and can interact with environmental variables, so in the current study we used procedures approved by the World Health Organization to evaluate concentrations of Lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury in some fish species namely C. zillii and Oreochromis aureus as vital indicators of environmental pollution and monitoring environmental pollution in general to preserve biodiversity in the marsh of Dalmaj located in Al-Diwaniyah town area/Iraq from the period of August 2023 to January 2024. A difference in the concentrations of heavyweight metals accumulated in fish parts during all months of the study has been indicated, and all metals levels were within the internationally permissible limits. In addition, there was a slight increase in some heavy elements in the two studied types of fish species found in the Dalmaj marsh from one month to another. Our findings provide crucial basic data that reflects the quality of water in the Dalmaj Marsh. We recommend conducting more studies every year to screen heavy metal effluence in the waters of the Marsh of Dalmaj.
Theoretical Determination of Lead Availability and Speciation in Laboratory-Prepared Groundwater
Authors: Tawfiq Jebril Nadia Mahmoud , Al-Mamoori Noor Hadi Obaid , Hussain Alhussainy Oras Abdulsayed Mahdi , Saeed Sadeq Farah Mohammed , Alkareem Hawraa Abd , Razzak AL-Taee Sara Ali 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Geochemical equilibrium models are useful tools for predicting metal solubility and speciation prior to appropriate decisions on remediation possibilities. Therefore, for lead (Pb) bioremediation purposes from artificial groundwater are critical to predicting its availability and speciation. This study assesses to predict the solubility and speciation of Pb in laboratory-prepared groundwater under the change in pH, and calcium, phosphate, and humic acid effects using thermodynamic calculation (MINTEQ program). In the results, lead availability declined with an increase in pH, calcium, phosphate, and humic acid of AGW. Rendering to the MINTEQ program, lead binds to some cations exit fewer free ions accessible in AGW such as Pb(SO4)2, PbCl+, HA1-Pb, FA1-Pb, FA2-Pb, and HA2-Pb. It is suggested that pH in AGW is maintained at low pH intended for the best obtainability of lead and remediation possibilities.
Biodegradation of Difenoconazole Using Fungal-Bacterial Consortia
Authors: Wared Musa Hassan Abdul , Abass Mohammed Hamza , Al-Farttoosy Alaa Hassan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Pesticides are used all over the world in agricultural operations to reduce the damage of pests and to improve the productivity of agricultural crops. The excessive use of these chemical compounds has led to the deterioration of soil and increase the level of pollution of water and air resources. Moreover, the continuous use and non-target toxicity of pesticides has become a major concern to the agricultural ecosystem that directly hinders the productivity of agricultural products. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and identify fungal and bacterial species with the ability to biodegrade fungicide via conducting preliminary tests to find out which of them have the ability to grow in a treated medium with a fungicide Difenoconazole, which belongs to the group of the pesticides Triazoles. The fungi and bacteria that succeeded in growing were as follow Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Bacillus cereus S1 and Bacillus cereus S2 were identified by extracting their genomic DNA and applying the primers ITS and 16s rRNA for both examined fungi and bacteria, respectively. The fungi were laboratory adapted to multiple concentrations reaching the highest concentration of 550 mgL-1, while bacteria reached 1200 mgL-1 laboratory to break down the pesticide. The results of the combinations tested as the B. cereus S1 and B. cereus S2 were the fastest growing in the liquid medium PDB at the concentration of 325 mgL-1. While the combination A. flavus and B. cereus S1 had the highest biodegrading ability at the same concentration, which led to the disappearance of the pesticide Difenoconazole turbidity in the liquid medium as a result of its consumption by fungal and bacterial isolates. As for the treatment of the pesticide in the solid PDA medium to know its effect on the growth of fungi and the formation of spores, the results revealed that fungal isolates increase their vegetative growth when the concentration increases, the production of fungal spores decreases, and indicates the ability of the fungi to use the pesticide as an energy source.
Heavy Metal Maps of Gypsiferous Soil and Its Assessment Using Geomatic and Pollution Indices in Baiji City
Authors: Ahmed Hayyood Ezzulddin M. , Khalaf Ayad Abdullah , Obiad Mijbil M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the contamination of gypsiferous soil with heavy metals in the areas surrounding the Baiji oil refinery in Salah al-Din Governorate, Iraq. 56 soil samples were obtained from the surface layer of soil (0–20) cm, distributed randomly over the area of the study is 85.24 km2. Soil samples were prepared, and the total heavy metal content was estimated using an X-ray fluorescence device. The study included the estimation of 11 heavy elements (Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Mo, Pb, Zn, and Mn) and compared them with international standard and calculated the following pollution indicators: Contamination Factor (CF) and Geological Accumulation Index (Igeo) and the degree of contamination (CD), the Numero pollution index (PIn), the enrichment factor (EF), and the environmental potential risk index (PERI). The results of the study indicated that the contamination factor (CF) for all sites was highly polluted with nickel and molybdenum, high to significant with chromium, and moderate for the rest of the elements. As for Igeo, its results indicated that all sites were moderately to highly polluted with the elements molybdenum, nickel, and chromium and not polluted with the rest of the elements. While the CD results indicate that all sites were highly polluted, as the same is true for the rest of the indicators. We conclude from the above that all sites were highly polluted with the element’s chromium, nickel, and molybdenum. As for the elements (Ti, Fe, Co, Cu, As, Pb, Zn, and Mn), they varied in degree of contamination from severe to no contamination based on the standard used in the evaluation. As for the cadmium element, it did not appear in any of the measured samples.
The Effect of Biological and Physicochemical Factors on the Water Quality of the Al-Warar System in the City of Ramadi, Western Iraq
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Hadeel Mahmoud , Yassin Hanaa Abdullatif , Mahdi Al-Tamimi Abdul-Nasir Abdulla 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Background: Surface water bodies are essential sources of water for human consumption, residential use, agriculture, industrial operations, as well as for aquatic life and ecosystems. Materials and Methods: Water samples were collected from 4 sites of the Al-Warar water system, west of Ramadi, during the summer and winter seasons from October 2022 until July 2023; bacteriological and physicochemical parameters were analyzed for water samples also isolation and identification of bacteria. Results: Ranged values of Temperture, pH, turbidity, Chloride, TDS, Sodium, EC, TH, sulphate, DO, BOD, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and FC during winter season and summer were 12°C, 7.2-7.6, 5.5-10.5 NTU, 167-274 (mg L-1) 975-1331 (mg L-1), 140-208 (mg L-1), 1453-1996 (μS/cm), 129-155(mg L-1), 388-597(mg L-1), 4-8 (mg L-1), 8.5-15.5(mg L-1), 1-3 (mg L-1), 2.80-10.70(mg L-1), 0.05-0.14(mg L-1), and 3.19-5.83 (colony per ml), respectively. The corresponding values during the summer season were 33°C, 7.6-7.8, 6-12NTU, 232-288 (mg L-1), 1062-1518 (mg L-1), 165-225 (mg L-1), 1960-2705 (μS/cm), 127-145 (mg L-1), 416-686 (mg L-1), 5.8-7.9 (mg L-1), 9-14 (mg L-1), 0.35-1.70 (mg L-1), 0.66-0.81 (mg L-1), 0.14-1.27 (mg L-1), and 5.10-14.11 (colony per ml), respectively. The highest rate of coliform bacteria was recorded throughout the study period in the summer, and the lowest rate was recorded during the winter, where (5) species of the Enterobacteriaceae family were diagnosed with different percentages: Escherichia coli 37% and then Klebsiella pneumonia at 25%. Enterobacter closes at a rate of 15%, then Enterobacter ludwigii at a rate of 13%, then Aeromonas veronica at a rate of 10%. Escherichia coli bacteria also dominated all study sites, indicating microbial contamination of Al-Warar water system.
The Effect of Vegetation Cover on Air Temperature Data for Weather Stations Intended for Agricultural Purposes
Authors: Jasim Maysam Alaa , Abdulkareem Asraa Kahtan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
According to what is stated in the scientific literature, vegetation cover affects air temperatures in the areas in which it is found and works to reduce them through the processes of evaporation and transpiration, whether from the plant itself or wet surfaces within a specific area. Knowing the exact extent of the effect helps in choosing the most appropriate places to install stations for agricultural monitoring to be truly representative of the agricultural reality, and also helps in knowing the most appropriate safety for planting vegetation within cities. We chose two stations that were installed for agricultural purposes in agricultural areas within the city of Baghdad: Abu Ghraib station (A) in Abu Ghraib district and Al-Rashidiya station (B) in Rashidiya district. The monthly average air temperature for stations A and B was obtained from the Agricultural Meteorological Center of the Ministry of Agriculture for a period of 5 years (2018–2022). The results of this research showed, in general, that station (A) recorded values very close to (B), and in some periods, (B) recorded values higher than (A), and it was not recorded that (A) was higher except in a few months., and statistical analysis of the data shows that the highest difference between them was (1.48) in May 2018, and the lowest difference between them was (0.01). In September 2022, to study the effect of vegetation on temperature, the Natural Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was created and NDVI circular maps were made around each station, the first case with a radius of 10/km with an area of (315)/km2 and the second case with a radius of 2/km. With an area of (12.56)/km2. In both areas, no clear effect of vegetation on the temperatures recorded by the two stations was observed, despite the abundance of plants, water bodies, and barren lands surrounding the station. It was found that the most noticeable effect was the vegetation cover closest to the station at a distance ranging from 150 to 200 meters, and this was clearly shown in (A).
Environmental Method of Distilling Gasoline Based on ASTM D86: A Comparative Study
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Mohammed Al-Khafaj Hussain Abed , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Al-Turaihi Ahmed S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
According to ASTM D86, the traditional device used for distilling petroleum products under atmospheric pressure has significant adverse environmental consequences and affects workers in different petroleum companies. The process of distillation measurement commences upon the initial application of heat to the lower region of the distillation flask. The fuel vapor ascends from the distillation flask and traverses the condensation bath as the distillate undergoes heating and initiates the boiling process. The receiving cylinder collects condensate. Distillation properties are critical for both automobiles and aircraft, affecting ignition initiation, warm-up, and the tendency for steam to rise at high operating temperatures. The results of the study revealed a significant disparity in the acquired values, hence suggesting an absence of accuracy in the traditional apparatus employed for the analysis of gasoline samples. On another hand, using the automatic device, we can notice that all the results were close. Due to the utilization of a precise and eco-friendly apparatus, together with the presence of all necessary safety measures, this approach is deemed secure and devoid of any detrimental effects on the well-being of personnel. Furthermore, the automatic device is considered environmentally friendly and free of harm to the health of laboratory workers.
Reviewing on Risks of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material Exposure on the Environment in Oil and Gas Field
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz , Mohammed Al-Khafaj Hussain Abed , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Al-Turaihi Ahmed S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The hazards associated with Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) encompass the possibility of absorption, ingestion, and external exposure in situations where there is a substantial collection of scales. TENORM and/or NORM are generated when fluids (Oil and natural gas) extracted from reservoirs introduce sulphates into the environment’s atmosphere. The term “Diffuse NORM” is the recognized categorization in certain states, such as North Dakota. Smaller atoms including radium-226 as well as radium-228 can be accommodated within larger compounds like barium, calcium, and strontium sulphates. These smaller atoms can then be transported through the fluids produced by these compounds. 222Rn is a radioactive inert gas that can be found in different amounts in natural gas and oil deposits. Without the presence of natural gas (NG), 222Rn is distributed between the (light) hydrocarbon (NGL) and/or aqueous phase. When generated alongside oil and gas, 222Rn typically accompanies the gas flow. There are other potential sources of exposure, such as equipment decontamination, transportation of waste and contaminated devices, and general maintenance. Comparable levels of exposure can also arise during the process of decommissioning facilities utilized for the production of oil and gas, as well as for waste treatment. The primary external source of gamma rays for oil workers in the sector comes from the short-lived descendants of 226Ra and 228Ra, which are present in scale, sludge, and sand. Additionally, one of the most crucial methods to prevent the entry of pollutants into the environment or human bodies is through the use of containment measures. Radioactive material is differentiated from radioactive pollution when it is confined within its specified enclosure. A location is deemed “contaminated” when the presence of radioactive elements may be detected beyond a containment area.
Determination of Heavy Metals Concentration in the Blood Samples of some Farmers at Al-Diwaniyah Governorate/Iraq
Authors: Ghazi Abdullah Muhammad , Marhoon Khitam Abbas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Heavy metals are one of the reasons that cause many diseases in humans. Using an atomic spectrometer, we measured heavy metals (cu, Hg, zn, cd, bp) in blood samples collected from farmers in the districts and districts of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate. The results showed that all samples collected contained concentrations higher than the permissible limit. The main reason for this increase is attributed to contamination of the food chain with insect pests, chemical fertilizers, and wastewater.
Study of Heavy Metals in the Bottom Ash that is Left Over from Burning Medical Waste at Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Jabbar Ahmed Thamer , Marhoon Khitam Abbas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the amounts of barium, silver, lead, and chromium in the ash from medical incinerators at Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital and to provide an estimate of the heavy elements produced by these incinerators. At a concentration of 12.50 mg/kg, the results showed that silver was the lowest and barium the highest. Medical waste at Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital is typically incinerated, which can be harmful to both humans and the environment. The study’s results show that the current methods of medical waste disposal at Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital in Diwaniyah Governorate are harmful to both humans and the environment.