bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should the annular tendon of the eye be named ‘annulus of Zinn’ or ‘of Valsalva’?
Authors: Zampieri Fabio , Marrone Daniela , Zanatta Alberto 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe annular tendon is commonly named ‘annulus of Zinn’, from the German anatomist and botanist Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727–1759) who described this structure in his Descriptio anatomica oculi humani (Anatomical Description of the Human Eye, 1755). This structure, however, had been previously discovered not by Zinn, but by Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666–1723) some decades before the publication of Zinn, in his Dissertatio anatomica prima and Dissertatio anatomica altera (First and Second Anatomical Dissertations), inside Valsalva's Opera omnia published in 1740. We advance that this structure could be re‐named such as ‘annulus of Valsalva‐Zinn’ because Valsalva, even making a mistake in its functional interpretation, first described this anatomical structure. Likewise, Valsalva, with his discovery, advanced a revolutionary idea for that time on the usefulness of anatomy for clinic and pathology.
Time evolution of active caspase‐3 labelling after in vivo exposure to UVR‐300 nm
Authors: Talebizadeh Nooshin , Yu Zhaohua , Kronschläger Martin , Söderberg Per 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPurposeTo determine the time evolution of active caspase‐3 protein expression in albino rat lens after in vivo exposure to low‐dose UVR‐300 nm, as detected by immunofluorescence.MethodsForty Sprague‐Dawley rats were unilaterally exposed in vivo to 1 kJ/m2 UVR‐300 nm for 15 min. At 0.5, 8, 16 and 24 hr after the UVR exposure, the exposed and contralateral nonexposed lenses were removed and processed for immunohistochemistry. Three mid‐sagittal sections from each lens were stained. The cells labelled for active caspase‐3 in each section of both the exposed and nonexposed lenses were counted and recorded three times. The difference of the proportion of labelling between the exposed and contralateral nonexposed lenses within each animal was calculated. The differences of active caspase‐3 labelling at four different time‐points after exposure were used to determine the time evolution of active caspase‐3 expression.ResultsCaspase‐3 expression was higher in the exposed than in contralateral nonexposed lenses. The mean difference between the exposed and contralateral nonexposed lenses, including all lenses from all time intervals, was 0.12 ± 0.01 (= CI 95%). The mean differences between the exposed and contralateral nonexposed lenses were 0.11 ± 0.02, 0.13 ± 0.02, 0.14 ± 0.01 and 0.09 ± 0.03 (= CI 95%) for the 0.5‐, 8‐, 16‐ and 24‐hr time groups, respectively. The orthogonal comparison showed no difference in the expression of active caspase‐3 between the 0.5‐ and the 24‐hr groups (Test statistic 1.50, F1,36 = 4.11, p < 0.05) or between the 8‐ and the 16‐hr groups (test statistic 0.05, F1,36 = 4.11, p < 0.05). There was a difference when comparing the 0.5‐ and 24‐hr groups to the 8‐ and 16‐hr groups (test statistic 7.01, F1,36 = 4.11, p < 0.05).ConclusionThe expression of active caspase‐3 in the lens epithelium increases after UVR exposure. There is a peak of expression approximately 16 hr after the exposure.
The risk of newly developed visual impairment in treated normal‐tension glaucoma: 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Choi Yun Jeong , Kim Martha , Park Ki Ho , Kim Dong Myung , Kim Seok Hwan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the risk and risk factors for newly developed visual impairment in treated patients with normal‐tension glaucoma (NTG) followed up on for 10 years.MethodsPatients with NTG, who did not have visual impairment at the initial diagnosis and had undergone intraocular pressure (IOP)‐lowering treatment for more than 7 years, were included on the basis of a retrospective chart review. Visual impairment was defined as either low vision (0.05 [20/400] ≤ visual acuity (VA) <0.3 [20/60] and/or 10 degrees ≤ central visual field (VF) <20 degrees) or blindness (VA <0.05 [20/400] and/or central VF <10 degrees) by World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. To investigate the risk and risk factors for newly developed visual impairment, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and generalized linear mixed effects models were utilized.ResultsDuring the 10.8 years mean follow‐up period, 20 eyes of 16 patients were diagnosed as visual impairment (12 eyes as low vision, 8 as blindness) among 623 eyes of 411 patients. The cumulative risk of visual impairment in at least one eye was 2.8% at 10 years and 8.7% at 15 years. The risk factors for visual impairment from treated NTG were worse VF mean deviation (MD) at diagnosis and longer follow‐up period.ConclusionThe risk of newly developed visual impairment in the treated patients with NTG was relatively low. Worse VF MD at diagnosis and longer follow‐up period were associated with development of visual impairment.
Expression of nestin after renal transplantation in the rat
Authors: Skwirba Michael , Zakrzewicz Anna , Atanasova Srebrena , Wilker Sigrid , Fuchs‐Moll Gabriele , Müller Dieter , Padberg Winfried , Grau Veronika 
Published: April 2014

Chronic allograft injury (CAI) limits the long‐term success of renal transplantation. Nestin is a marker of progenitor cells, which probably contribute to its pathogenesis. We hypothesize that nestin is induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury and acute rejection, main risk factors for CAI. Syngeneic renal transplantation was performed in Lewis rats and allogeneic transplantation in the Fischer 344 to Lewis strain combination, which results in reversible acute rejection and in CAI in the long‐run. The Dark Agouti to Lewis rat strain combination was used to study fatal acute rejection. In untreated kidneys, nestin immunoreactivity was detected in glomeruli and in very few interstitial or microvascular cells. Syngeneic transplantation induced nestin expression within 4 days, which decreased until day 9 and returned to control levels on day 42. Nestin expression was strong during acute rejection and still detected during the pathogenesis of CAI on day 42. Nestin‐positive cells were identified as endothelial cells and interstitial fibroblast‐like cells co‐expressing alpha‐smooth muscle actin. A sub‐population of them expressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In conclusion, nestin is induced in renal grafts by ischemia/reperfusion injury and acute rejection. It is expressed by proliferating myofibroblasts and endothelial cells and probably contributes to the pathogenesis of CAI.
Histolopathologic approach to direct the management of the axilla in early breast cancer patients
Authors: Farid Rola M , Ahmed Naglaa S 
Published: April 2014

Screening mammography improved early detection of breast cancer and since then, the percentage of patients with node involvement is declining. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), although helpful in the diagnostic armamentarium of these patients, has consequential limitations. In these patients, moreover, lymphatic invasion (LI) is of utmost importance to determine the risk of local recurrence. To find an adjuvant histologic approach to assist in pre‐operative analysis of the patient's risk for having LI and thus sentinel ± non‐sentinel axillary lymph node metastasis, one hundred and twenty patients with early invasive duct carcinoma without axillary lymph node metastasis were evaluated. Logistic regression predictive models were built from 80 patients and validated in the remaining 40 patients. The final stepwise multi‐regression analysis identified four sensitive models. In the validation group, model 1 [applicable to tumors grade 3 having micropapillary differentiation (MPD)] correctly identified 92.31% of patients with LI and confirmed LI [positive predictive value (PPV) = 83%], but with moderate sensitivity. Model 2 [applicable to tumors without MPD], model 3 [applicable to tumors grade 1/2], and model 4 [applicable to tumors grade 1/2 having no MPD] all had moderate PPV and a high negative predictive value (NPV) rendering these models reliable negative tests. However, as they had high sensitivity, positive results confirm the presence of LI. Patient with tumors grade 3 and MPD might need SLNB and/or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Patients having tumors grade 1/2, size <2 cm, and no MPD nor extensive retraction artifact, SLNB and/or ALND could be omitted. In tumors grade 1/2 (model 2) and those without MPD (model 3), the proposed models are reliable negative tests rather than a definitive positive one.
Genotypic characteristics of multidrug‐resistant Escherichia coli isolates associated with urinary tract infections
Authors: Cao Xiaoli , Zhang Zhifeng , Shen Han , Ning Mingzhe , Chen Junhao , Wei Hongxia , Zhang Kui 
Published: April 2014

Escherichia coli is an important pathogen involved in community‐acquired urinary tract infections (CA‐UTIs). In this study, we analyzed the prevalence of frequently occurring genes and the distribution of integrons in 51 multidrug‐resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates associated with CA‐UTIs. The clonality of these strains was investigated by phylogrouping, multi‐locus sequence typing, and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). All these strains were found to produce two or more resistance determinants, ceftazidime‐hydrolyzing CTX‐M‐type extended‐spectrum β‐lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid‐mediated quinolone resistance determinants were the most prevalent (92.2% and 51.0%, respectively). A sulfhydryl variable‐61‐producing E. coli strain was identified for the first time in China. The prevalence of class 1 integrons was 54.9%, class 2 integrons were detected in three isolates but no isolate contained a class 3 integron. Phylogenetic group D was the dominant, observed in 70.6% of the isolates. PFGE analysis revealed a high level of diversity. Twenty‐four distinctive sequence types (STs) including four major STs (ST648, ST224, ST38, and ST405) were identified. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the characterization of MDR E. coli isolates associated with CA‐UTIs in China; our results suggest that an MDR D‐ST648 clone producing CTX‐M‐ESBLs has emerged as a major clone in the community setting.
Cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibition and endothelium‐dependent vasodilation in younger vs. older healthy adults
Authors: Eisenach John H. , Gullixson Leah R. , Allen Alexander R. , Kost Susan L. , Nicholson Wayne T. 
Published: April 2014

AimA major feature of endothelial dysfunction is reduced endothelium‐dependent vasodilation, which in ageing may be due to decreased production of endothelial prostacyclin, or nitric oxide (NO), or both.MethodWe tested this hypothesis in 12 younger (age 18–38 years, six women) and 12 older healthy adults (age 55–73 years, six post‐menopausal women). Endothelium‐dependent vasodilation was assessed by the forearm vascular conductance (FVC) response to intra‐arterial acetylcholine (ACh) (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 μg dl−1 forearm tissue min−1) before and 90 min after inhibition of the enzyme cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) with oral celecoxib (400 mg), followed by the addition of endothelial NO synthase inhibition with intra‐arterial NG‐monomethyl‐l arginine acetate (L‐NMMA).ResultsAgeing was associated with a significantly reduced FVC response to ACh (P = 0.009, age‐by‐dose interaction; highest dose FVC ± SEM in ageing: 11.2 ± 1.4 vs. younger: 17.7 ± 2.4 units, P = 0.02). Celecoxib did not reduce resting FVC or the responses to ACh in any group. L‐NMMA significantly reduced resting FVC and the responses to ACh in all groups, and absolute FVC values following L‐NMMA were similar between groups.ConclusionIn healthy normotensive younger and older adults, there is minimal contribution of prostacyclin to ACh‐mediated vasodilation, yet the NO component of vasodilation is reduced with ageing. In the clinical context, these findings suggest that acute administration of medications that inhibit prostacyclin (i.e. COX‐2 inhibitors) evoke modest vascular consequences in healthy persons. Additional studies are necessary to test whether chronic use of COX‐2 medications reduces endothelium dependent vasodilation in older persons with or without cardiovascular risk factors.
Patient participation in medication reviews is desirable but not evidence‐based: a systematic literature review
Authors: Willeboordse Floor , Hugtenburg Jacqueline G. , Schellevis François G. , Elders Petra J. M. 
Published: April 2014

AimThe aim of this systematic literature review is to investigate which types of patient participation in medication reviews have been practiced and what is known about the effects of patient participation within the medication review process.MethodsA systematic literature review was performed in multiple databases using an extensive selection and quality assessment procedure.ResultsIn total, 37 articles were included and most were assessed with a weak or moderate quality. In all studies patient participation in medication reviews was limited to the level of information giving by the patient to the professional, mainly on actual drug use. Nine studies showed limited results of effects of patient participation on the identification of drug related problems.ConclusionsThe effects of patient participation are not frequently studied and poorly described in current literature. Nevertheless, involving patients can improve patients' knowledge, satisfaction and the identification of drug related problems. Patient involvement is now limited to information sharing. The profit of higher levels of patient communication and shared decision making is until now, not supported by evidence of its effectiveness.
Preoperative serum cholesterol is an independent prognostic factor for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
Authors: de Martino Michela , Leitner Carmen V. , Seemann Christoph , Hofbauer Sebastian L. , Lucca Ilaria , Haitel Andrea , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Klatte Tobias 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the prognostic role of preoperative serum cholesterol in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), as increasing evidence suggests that alterations in the lipid profile are associated with the development, progression and prognosis of various cancers.Patients and MethodsWe analysed 867 patients, who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy for RCC between 2002 and 2012. Preoperative total cholesterol levels were determined in serum using colorimetric analysis (CHOD‐PAP method). The association with cancer‐specific survival (CSS) was assessed with Cox models. Discrimination was quantified with the C‐index. The median follow‐up was 52 months.ResultsThe median (interquartile range) serum cholesterol was 195 (166–232) mg/dL. Decreasing serum cholesterol was associated with more advanced T, N and M stages (P < 0.001), higher grades (P = 0.001) and presence of tumour necrosis (P = 0.002). Continuously coded cholesterol was associated with CSS in both univariable (hazard ratio [HR] 0.87, P < 0.001) and multivariable analyses (HR 0.93, P = 0.001). The discrimination of a multivariable base model increased significantly from 88.3% to 89.2% following inclusion of cholesterol (P = 0.006). In patients with clinically localised disease (T1–3N0/+M0), cholesterol remained associated with CSS in multivariable analysis (HR 0.90, P = 0.002) and increased the discrimination from 74.6% to 76.9% (P = 0.002).ConclusionsPreoperative serum cholesterol is an independent prognostic factor for patients with RCC, with lower levels being associated with worse survival. Its use increases the discrimination of established prognostic factors. As cholesterol is a broadly available routine marker, its use may provide a meaningful adjunct in clinical practice. The biological rationale underlying this association remains to be clarified.
Drug effects on multiple and concurrent schedules of ethanol‐ and food‐maintained behaviour: context‐dependent selectivity
Authors: Ginsburg B C , Lamb R J 
Published: April 2014

Background and PurposeDrugs that more potently or effectively reduce ethanol‐maintained behaviour versus an alternative are considered selective and are considered promising pharmacotherapies for alcoholism. Such results are often obtained using separate groups or multiple schedules where ethanol and the alternative are available alone or sequentially. Recently, we observed that when ethanol and food were available sequentially under a multiple schedule, fluvoxamine and varenicline were selective; yet this selectivity disappeared when ethanol and food were concurrently available.Experimental ApproachWe examined the generality of these findings by comparing doses of several drugs required to decrease ethanol‐ and food‐maintained responding under a multiple schedule and under a concurrent schedule. Effects were determined for chlordiazepoxide, 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodoamphetamine (DOI), meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), morphine, naltrexone and d‐amphetamine.Key ResultsUnder the multiple schedule, ED50 values for decreases in ethanol‐maintained responding were significantly different and lower than ED50s for decreases in food‐maintained responding (demonstrating selectivity) for each drug except for chlordiazepoxide (which was equipotent) and naltrexone (which did not affect responding). However, this selectivity vanished or even inverted under the concurrent schedule, such that ED50 values for decreasing ethanol‐ and food‐maintained responding were not different (or, following DOI, the ED50 for food‐maintained responding was lower than for ethanol‐maintained responding).Conclusions and ImplicationsResults are consistent with those seen following fluvoxamine and varenicline administration, and suggest that selectivity is assay‐dependent. These results indicate the need for careful interpretation of selective drug effects, especially when obtained in situations where ethanol or the alternative is the only programmed reinforcement available.
Morphine‐induced internalization of the L83I mutant of the rat μ‐opioid receptor
Authors: Cooke A E , Oldfield S , Krasel C , Mundell S J , Henderson G , Kelly E 
Published: April 2014

Background and PurposeNaturally occurring single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within GPCRs can result in alterations in various pharmacological parameters. Understanding the regulation and function of endocytic trafficking of the μ‐opioid receptor (MOP receptor) is of great importance given its implication in the development of opioid tolerance. This study has compared the agonist‐dependent trafficking and signalling of L83I, the rat orthologue of a naturally occurring variant of the MOP receptor.Experimental ApproachCell surface elisa, confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation assays were used to characterize the trafficking properties of the MOP‐L83I variant in comparison with the wild‐type receptor in HEK 293 cells. Functional assays were used to compare the ability of the L83I variant to signal to several downstream pathways.Key ResultsMorphine‐induced internalization of the L83I MOP receptor was markedly increased in comparison with the wild‐type receptor. The altered trafficking of this variant was found to be specific to morphine and was both G‐protein receptor kinase‐ and dynamin‐dependent. The enhanced internalization of L83I variant in response to morphine was not due to increased phosphorylation of serine 375, arrestin association or an increased ability to signal.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese results suggest that morphine promotes a specific conformation of the L83I variant that makes it more liable to internalize in response to morphine, unlike the wild‐type receptor that undergoes significantly less morphine‐stimulated internalization, providing an example of a ligand‐selective biased receptor. The presence of this SNP within an individual may consequently affect the development of tolerance and analgesic responses.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Scale‐dependent effects of landscape variables on gene flow and population structure in bats
Authors: Razgour Orly , Rebelo Hugo , Puechmaille Sébastien J. , Juste Javier , Ibáñez Carlos , Kiefer Andreas , Burke Terry , Dawson Deborah A. , Jones Gareth 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimA common pattern in biogeography is the scale‐dependent effect of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of species. We tested the role of climatic and land cover variables in structuring the distribution of genetic variation in the grey long‐eared bat, Plecotus austriacus, across spatial scales. Although landscape genetics has been widely used to describe spatial patterns of gene flow in a variety of taxa, volant animals have generally been neglected because of their perceived high dispersal potential.LocationEngland and Europe.MethodsWe used a multiscale integrated approach, combining population genetics with species distribution modelling and geographical information under a causal modelling framework, to identify landscape barriers to gene flow and their effect on population structure and conservation status. Genotyping involved 23 polymorphic microsatellites and 259 samples from across the species' range.ResultsWe identified distinct population structure shaped by geographical barriers and evidence of population fragmentation at the northern edge of the range. Habitat suitability (as captured by species distribution models, SDMs) was the most important landscape variable affecting genetic connectivity at the broad spatial scale, while at the fine scale, lowland unimproved grasslands, the main foraging habitat of P. austriacus, played a pivotal role in promoting genetic connectivity.Main conclusionsThe importance of lowland unimproved grasslands in determining the biogeography and genetic connectivity in P. austriacus highlights the importance of their conservation as part of a wider landscape management for fragmented edge populations. This study illustrates the value of using SDMs in landscape genetics and highlights the need for multiscale approaches when studying genetic connectivity in volant animals or taxa with similar dispersal abilities.
Training‐induced recovery of low‐level vision followed by mid‐level perceptual improvements in developmental object and face agnosia
Authors: Lev Maria , Gilaie‐Dotan Sharon , Gotthilf‐Nezri Dana , Yehezkel Oren , Brooks Joseph L. , Perry Anat , Bentin Shlomo , Bonneh Yoram , Polat Uri 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLong‐term deprivation of normal visual inputs can cause perceptual impairments at various levels of visual function, from basic visual acuity deficits, through mid‐level deficits such as contour integration and motion coherence, to high‐level face and object agnosia. Yet it is unclear whether training during adulthood, at a post‐developmental stage of the adult visual system, can overcome such developmental impairments. Here, we visually trained LG, a developmental object and face agnosic individual. Prior to training, at the age of 20, LG's basic and mid‐level visual functions such as visual acuity, crowding effects, and contour integration were underdeveloped relative to normal adult vision, corresponding to or poorer than those of 5–6 year olds (Gilaie‐Dotan, Perry, Bonneh, Malach & Bentin, 2009). Intensive visual training, based on lateral interactions, was applied for a period of 9 months. LG's directly trained but also untrained visual functions such as visual acuity, crowding, binocular stereopsis and also mid‐level contour integration improved significantly and reached near‐age‐level performance, with long‐term (over 4 years) persistence. Moreover, mid‐level functions that were tested post‐training were found to be normal in LG. Some possible subtle improvement was observed in LG's higher‐order visual functions such as object recognition and part integration, while LG's face perception skills have not improved thus far. These results suggest that corrective training at a post‐developmental stage, even in the adult visual system, can prove effective, and its enduring effects are the basis for a revival of a developmental cascade that can lead to reduced perceptual impairments.