bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Governance and Convergence
Authors: FERRIS STEPHEN P. , SCHNATTERLY KAREN 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe debate over convergence in international corporate governance continues to rage, yet the nature of any convergence is far from homogeneous. Convergence can be formal, functional, or even contractual. Further, the degree to which convergence occurs can be comprehensive or more limited, resulting in a hybrid system of governance. Although many researchers claim the superiority of the common law system of governance for maximizing firm value, others challenge the desirability of convergence, noting that such harmonization reduces the ability to respond to national needs, lessens governance diversity, and ignores a more pressing need for the international regulation of global firms.
Skepticism Concerning Human Agency: Sciences of the Self Versus “Voluntariness” in the Law
Authors: Davies Paul Sheldon 
Published: May 2013

AbstractOn the conception of criminal responsibility in the Model Penal Code, the notion ‘voluntariness’ looms large. Application of the Code presupposes that most adults, including those likely to serve as jurors, know that we are agents who sometimes “determine” their actions and also know when our actions are the results of our “determinations”. If this crucial assumption is false, then the law cannot fulfil its function. The thesis of this chapter is that, in light of converging evidence from various sciences of the self, we are faced with a potent form of scepticism concerning our capacities as agents and, in consequence, the law is indeed defective.
Neuroscience, Deviant Appetites, and the Criminal Law
Authors: Gavaghan Colin 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Attempts to measure sexual appetites for legal purposes, while by no means novel, have been rendered particularly topical by some recent high profile controversies. At the same time, a number of papers have demonstrated the potential for fMRI technology to identify and measure sexual interest with potentially greater accuracy than existing technologies, and in a manner that may be seen as less invasive and degrading. In this chapter, I consider whether such technological advances could alleviate all concerns about such testing. While a safety-based case could certainly be made for seeking to identify potential sexual predators, there may remain legitimate causes for unease. Perhaps more importantly, the conflation of appetite with propensity to act threatens to compress the space in which authentically moral decisions are made, i.e. the space in which we opt not to act on our base appetites, but instead to be guided by our higher-order faculties.
Addiction, Choice, and Disease
Authors: Kennett Jeanette 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Are drug addicts helpless in the face of their addiction, compelled by cravings too strong to resist, as some recent work in the neuroscience of addiction has claimed to establish? Or is drug taking voluntary activity that can be ceased at will? In this chapter I examine Gene Heyman’s recent argument against the disease model and his analysis of addiction in terms of supposedly universal principles of motivation and choice. Despite the many virtues of Heyman’s account I suggest that it does not succeed in ruling out the disease model, even on the assumption that addictive choices are voluntary. I then question that assumption and the account of motivation on which it rests. I argue there are significant involuntary aspects to addiction which could mitigate the responsibility of addicts for their choices and that neuroscientific evidence may help to distinguish addicts whose choices are compelled from those who are capable of responding to ordinary incentives.
“This Great Modern Abomination”: Orthodoxy and Heresy in American Religion
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores the unique nature of the Mormon heresy. Taking as a point of departure the claim of Rudolf Otto that the idea of the holy is the precondition for all religious experience, it suggests that Mormonism presents a reconceptualizing of the sacred that is not amenable to Christian orthodoxy. Its thoroughgoing demystification of the numinous, its radical historicizing of Christian origins, constitute a profanation of religion as traditionally conceived and practiced in the West. Mormonism, in other words, is heretical not by virtue of the articles of faith to which it demands adherence, but rather by virtue of the kind of faith it can be said to disable.
“Murder and Mystery—Mormon Style”: The Mormon Image in the Twentieth Century—and Beyond
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter considers recent developments in the representation of Mormons in popular culture. It is a cliché in Mormon studies that Mormonism successfully adapted itself to mainstream culture by the mid-twentieth century. It is argued that just as developments in rhetorical practice facilitated a public campaign against the religion in the nineteenth century, so have more recent developments conspired to restrain and domesticate literature of the hostile imagination in general. Still, the Mormon image in popular fiction was too versatile a tool to abandon once moral indignation became unmasked as bigotry. Recurrent uses to which Mormon characters have been put, in theater, television, and popular fiction, suggest the script may have changed considerably, but the resilient Mormon caricature has found new roles to play.
The Shape of Distributional Analysis
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Rosenberg Jennifer S. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
For developing and emerging countries, many of which face extremely pressing issues of poverty and inequality, the distribution of costs and benefits can have important social impacts. Appropriately accounting for distribution is therefore critical to understanding the effects of policy choices. The authors examine the role of distributional analysis as a complement to cost-benefit analysis and discuss ways in which the distribution of policy impacts could affect valuations. Surveying the options that are available to policymakers to account for distributional concerns, the authors conclude that certain types of distributional analysis are likely to lead to better decision making, but the wisdom of tailoring environmental protections to achieve redistributional goals cannot be determined in the abstract and depends heavily on a range of local factors.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Water Management Initiatives in China
Authors: Mushtaq Shahbaz 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
As new projects must be undertaken to deal with problems related to economic growth, population growth, and climate change, cost-benefit analysis will play a crucial role in identifying projects that offer the greatest return for the expenditure of precious resources. This chapter examines the problem of water scarcity in China and, using cost-benefit analysis, shows that the problem could be at least partially addressed in a cost-effective manner through small, multipurpose reservoirs. Such reservoirs would transfer water from irrigation to higher-value uses by capturing rainfall and storing surplus water from other sources. Governments and investors should develop relatively large water conservation investment projects while limiting size so as to minimize the occurrence of serious environmental and social risks.
The Role of Distributional Analysis in Cost-Benefit Analysis
Authors: Cordero Sarah 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Distributional analysis offers crucial insight into the equity effects of plans and policies. This chapter examines the importance of distributional analysis, using as a case study the cost-benefit analyses of four hydroelectric projects contemplated by the Panamanian government in 2006. Detailed analysis showed that, while they may have some harmful effects, these projects were likely to generate net benefits. But the distribution of those benefits was highly skewed, with the Panamanian government and investors reaping most of the rewards, while local indigenous people and the environment incurred a large portion of the costs. Distributional analysis can help inform policymaking to ensure that equity considerations are given appropriate consideration.
Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Livermore Michael A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
While the potential of cost-benefit analysis as a regulatory tool is almost universally acknowledged, researchers must continue to work to overcome obstacles associated with data collection and discretionary valuation, especially in the context of developing countries. This chapter discusses how developing and emerging countries have challenged, and may be challenged by, cost-benefit analysis. Some of the recurring practical and theoretical issues in cost-benefit analysis in developing countries include the use of benefit-transfer, and how issues like employment can be incorporated into cost-benefit analysis. The question of how cost-benefit analysis fits into the political process is also discussed, drawing on more recent experience in the United States to offer a set of general observations about how politics is likely to affect the future of cost-benefit analysis around the world.
How the Dharma Was Taught and Compiled
Authors: Cabezón José Ignacio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter of the translation discusses the Buddha’s teaching career from both the exoteric and exoteric perspectives. The exoteric teachings are discussed under the rubric of the “three wheels of the doctrine” (when and where it was “turned,” who the patron and audience was, and the subject matter). The tantra or esoteric teachings are discussed using the rubric of where they were taught: e.g., in various heavens or different places on the earth. The chapter then discusses how these teachings were compiled during the different “councils.”
The Mind-Only School
Authors: Cabezón José Ignacio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis is the Lamp’s treatment of the Cittamātra School. Rogben discusses the major tenets and subschools of the Cittamātra and offers a refutation of the various views of this school, including the so-called “three characteristics: or trilakṣaṇa. He also discusses the path, practice, and the effect that is achieved by following the Cittamātra path.
The Outer Tantras
Authors: Cabezón José Ignacio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter deals with vehicles 4-6, the so-called three “outer tantras": kriyā, upāya, and yoga tantra. Each of these various vehicles is treated under four main topics: (1) view, (2) meditation, (3) practice, and (4) result. The discussion of these vehicles ends with Rogben’s refutation of each.
The Inner Tantras
Authors: Cabezón José Ignacio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe three inner tantras—mahāyoga, anuyoga, and atiyoga—are the highest tantras of the Nyingma school. This is the subject of chapter 14. As in the previous chapters, the rubric of view, meditation, practice, and result structure the discussion. In his discussion of atiyoga, Rogben mentions some of the systems (lugs) known in his day: the Myang system, Skor system, and So system. After discussing each of the first two tantric classes, Rogben refutes them from the perspective of atiyoga. The atiyoga, Rogben believes, cannot be refuted, but he responds to criticisms of atiyoga or Dzogchen that have been put forward by others. This is his defense of the Great Perfection tradition.
Assembling the 20 Gb white spruce (Picea glauca) genome from whole-genome shotgun sequencing data
Authors: Birol Inanc , Raymond Anthony , Jackman Shaun D. , Pleasance Stephen , Coope Robin , Taylor Greg A. , Yuen Macaire Man Saint , Keeling Christopher I. , Brand Dana , Vandervalk Benjamin P. , Kirk Heather , Pandoh Pawan , Moore Richard A. , Zhao Yongjun , Mungall Andrew J. , Jaquish Barry , Yanchuk Alvin , Ritland Carol , Boyle Brian , Bousquet Jean , Ritland Kermit , MacKay John , Bohlmann Jörg , Jones Steven J.M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
White spruce (Picea glauca) is a dominant conifer of the boreal forests of North America, and providing genomics resources for this commercially valuable tree will help improve forest management and conservation efforts. Sequencing and assembling the large and highly repetitive spruce genome though pushes the boundaries of the current technology. Here, we describe a whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy using two Illumina sequencing platforms and an assembly approach using the ABySS software. We report a 20.8 giga base pairs draft genome in 4.9 million scaffolds, with a scaffold N50 of 20 356 bp. We demonstrate how recent improvements in the sequencing technology, especially increasing read lengths and paired end reads from longer fragments have a major impact on the assembly contiguity. We also note that scalable bioinformatics tools are instrumental in providing rapid draft assemblies.
Availability: The Picea glauca genome sequencing and assembly data are available through NCBI (Accession#: ALWZ0100000000 PID: PRJNA83435). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/83435.
Contact: ibirol@bcgsc.ca
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Spontaneous formation of double bars in dark-matter-dominated galaxies
Authors: Saha Kanak , Maciejewski Witold 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Although nearly one-third of barred galaxies host an inner, secondary bar, the formation and evolution of double barred galaxies remain unclear. We show here an example model of a galaxy, dominated by a live dark matter halo, in which double bars form naturally, without requiring gas, and we follow its evolution for a Hubble time. The inner bar in our model galaxy rotates almost as slowly as the outer bar, and it can reach up to half of its length. The route to the formation of a double bar may be different from that of a single strong bar. Massive dark matter halo or dynamically hot stellar disc may play an important role in the formation of double bars and their subsequent evolution.
Efficacy and Limitations of Pulse Cyclophosphamide Therapy in Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis
Authors: Nagappa M. , Taly A. B. , Sinha S. , Gayathri N. , Bindu P. S. , Mahadevan A. , Yasha T. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Objectives:
To assess the therapeutic response of intravenous (IV) pulse cyclophosphamide therapy in polymyositis and dermatomyositis.

Methods:
Data of 9 patients (M:F = 2:7) who received IV pulse cyclophosphamide therapy were retrospectively analyzed.

Results:
The mean symptom duration was 11.33 ± 10.6 months (range, 2–34 months). The cohort comprised (1) primary idiopathic polymyositis (n = 1), (2) primary idiopathic dermatomyositis (n = 1), (3) childhood type associated with vasculitis (n = 1), and (4) associated with collagen vascular disease (n = 6). All patients improved and became clinically asymptomatic after a mean period of 12.33 ± 6.5 months (range, 4–24 months); 5 remained asymptomatic at the end of a median follow-up period of 22 months. All patients received concomitant steroid therapy, and in 6, steroids could be tapered after the initiation of IV pulse cyclophosphamide therapy.

Conclusions:
In this cohort of polymyositis/dermatomyositis, treatment with IV pulse cyclophosphamide was associated with improvement; the therapeutic response was sustained in majority of the patients.
Do Changes in Hospital Outpatient Payments Affect the Setting of Care?
Authors: He Daifeng , Mellor Jennifer M. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveTo examine whether decreases in Medicare outpatient payment rates under the Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) caused outpatient care to shift toward the inpatient setting.Data Sources/Study SettingHospital inpatient and outpatient discharge files from the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration from 1997 through 2008.Study DesignThis study focuses on inguinal hernia repair surgery, one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the United States. We estimate multivariate regressions of inguinal hernia surgery counts in the outpatient setting and in the inpatient setting. The key explanatory variable is the time‐varying Medicare payment rate specific to the procedure and hospital. Control variables include time‐varying hospital and county characteristics and hospital and year‐fixed effects.Principal FindingsOutpatient hernia surgeries fell in response to OPPS‐induced rate cuts. The volume of inpatient hernia repair surgeries did not increase in response to reductions in the outpatient reimbursement rate.ConclusionsPotential substitution from the outpatient setting to the inpatient setting does not pose a serious threat to Medicare's efforts to contain hospital outpatient costs.
Increased apoptosis and suburothelial inflammation in patients with ketamine‐related cystitis: a comparison with non‐ulcerative interstitial cystitis and controls
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Ling , Jiang Yuan‐Hong , Kuo Hann‐Chorng 
Published: May 2013

Objective
To investigate the suburothelial inflammation and urothelial dysfunction that occurs with ketamine‐related cystitis (KC) and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS).
Patients and Methods
Bladder tissues from 16 patients with KC, 17 patients with IC/BPS and 10 control subjects were analysed.
Immunofluorescence staining of the junction protein E‐cadherin was carried out, and tryptase levels and a TUNEL assay were used to assess mast‐cell activation and urothelial apoptosis, respectively.
The fluorescence intensity of E‐cadherin was measured using the ImageJ method. The percentages of activated mast cells and apoptotic cells were calculated as positive cells per unit area (4 μm2).
Results
The mean (sd) ages of the patients in the KC, IC/BPS and control groups were 25.0 (3.8), 41.3 (13.7) and 50.5 (9.6) years, respectively (P < 0.05).
The mean (sd) distributions of E‐cadherin in KC (10.1 [11.2]) and IC/BPS (25.1 [16.3]) tissues were significantly lower than in the control tissues (42.4 [16.7]; both P < 0.05).
The mean (sd) number of activated mast cells, measured by tryptase signals in the KC (6.5 [3.7]) and IC/BPS (4.6 [3.0]) tissues, were significantly higher than in the control tissues (1.3 [1.12]; both P < 0.05).
TUNEL staining showed a significantly higher mean (sd) number of apoptotic cells in KC (4.4 [2.5]) and IC/BPS (2.4 [1.7]) tissues than in control tissues (0.1 [0.3]; both P < 0.05).
Tissues from the KC bladders had significantly lower expression of E‐cadherin (P = 0.024) and significantly higher numbers of apoptotic cells (P = 0.02) compared with the IC/BPS bladder tissues.
Greater numbers of apoptotic cells and lower expression levels of E‐cadherin significantly correlated with maximum bladder capacity in the overall patient samples (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
KC and IC/BPS tissues both showed defective junction protein, increased suburothelial inflammation and increased urothelial cell apoptosis.
Decreased expression of E‐cadherin and increased apoptosis were more severe in KC than in IC/BPS bladder tissues and these findings were associated with the clinical symptoms of KC and IC/BPS.
Prospective evaluation of urinary incontinence, voiding symptoms and quality of life after open and robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy
Authors: Geraerts Inge , Van Poppel Hendrik , Devoogdt Nele , Van Cleynenbreugel Ben , Joniau Steven , Van Kampen Marijke 
Published: May 2013

Objective
To compare functional outcomes, i.e. urinary incontinence (UI), voiding symptoms and quality of life, after open (ORP) and robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP).
Patients and Methods
Between September 2009 and July 2011, 180 consecutive patients underwent radical prostatectomy; of these, 116 underwent ORP and 64 underwent RARP. We prospectively assessed the functional outcomes of each group during the first year of follow‐up.
We measured UI on the 3 days before surgery (24‐h pad test) and daily after surgery until total continence, defined as 3 consecutive days of 0 g urine leak, was achieved. Additionally, all patients were assessed before surgery and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ).
All patients received pelvic floor muscle training until continence was achieved.
Kaplan–Meier analyses and Cox regression with correction for covariates were used to compare time to continence. A Mann–Whitney U‐test was used to assess IPSS and KHQ.
Results
Patients in the RARP group had a significantly lower D'Amico risk group allocation and underwent more nerve‐sparing surgery. Other characteristics were similar. Patients in the RARP group regained continence sooner than those in the ORP group (P = 0.007). In the RARP group, the median time to continence (16 vs 46 days, P = 0.026) was significantly shorter and the median amount of first day UI (44 vs 186 g, P < 0.01) was significantly smaller than in the ORP group. After correction for all covariates, the difference remained significant (P = 0.036, hazard ratio [HR] 1.522 (1.027–2.255). In addition, younger men, men with positive surgical margins and men without preoperative incontinence achieved continence sooner.
A comparison of time to continence between groups with a sufficient number of patients (intermediate risk and/or bilateral nerve‐sparing) still showed a faster return of continence after RARP, but the effect decreased in size and was nonsignificant (HR>1.2, P > 0.05).
Only six patients (two in the RARP and four in the ORP group) still had UI after 1 year.
Patients in the RARP group had significantly better IPSS scores at 1 (P = 0.013) and 3 (P = 0.038) months, and scored better in almost all KHQ aspects.
Conclusion
In this prospective trial, patients treated with RARP tended to regain urinary continence sooner than patients treated with ORP, but in subgroup analyses statistical significance disappeared and effect size decreased dramatically, indicating that the results must be interpreted with caution.
“Where there's a will …”: Reforming postsecondary education in Canada's and the European Union's decentralized systems
Authors: Haskel Barbara 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe Bologna Process that created the European Higher Education Area is an elaborate open method of coordination (OMC)‐type process involving the member states, interested parties, social partners and experts. It is the product of the incentives of the actors who created and who sustain it; it embodies a purpose. Is such a process relevant for policy making on postsecondary education in the Canadian federal system? One would need to know if there is a compelling vision, objective or anxiety that motivates the key actors.
A high antithymocyte globulin dose increases the risk of relapse after reduced intensity conditioning HSCT with unrelated donors
Authors: Remberger Mats , Ringdén Olle , Hägglund Hans , Svahn Britt‐Marie , Ljungman Per , Uhlin Michael , Mattsson Jonas 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe study included 110 consecutive patients with hematological malignancies receiving fludarabine‐based reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from matched unrelated donors. The median age was 55 yr (range 11–68) and all but 15 patients received peripheral blood stem cell grafts. Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) (Thymoglobulin, Genzyme) at a total dose of 6 mg/kg (n = 66) or 8 mg/kg (n = 44) was given to all patients according to protocol. The ATG dose did not affect time‐to‐neutrophil or platelet engraftment. The incidences of acute GVHD grades II–IV were 34% and 18% (p = 0.11) and of chronic GVHD were 40% and 26% (p = 0.46) in patients receiving 6 and 8 mg/kg of ATG, respectively. The five‐yr relapse‐free survival (RFS) was 61% and 36% (p = 0.14) in patients, given low and high ATG dose, respectively. In patients given low‐dose ATG, the incidence of relapse was lower compared to those given high‐dose ATG, 19% vs. 41% (p = 0.04). In multivariate analysis, age >50 yr (p < 0.001), absence of acute (p < 0.001) and chronic GVHD (p = 0.001) were correlated to relapse, and low‐dose ATG was associated with improved RFS (p < 0.05). A high dose (8 mg/kg) of ATG in RIC HSCT with unrelated donors increased the risk for relapse and reduced the RFS.