bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristic morphological and syntactic features of English in Kenya: a corpus study (ice)
Authors: Budohoska Natalia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Natalia Budohoska. Characteristic Morphological and Syntactic Features of English inKenya: A Corpus Study (ICE). Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 45-56.
This study discusses characteristic morphological and syntactic features of English in Kenya on the basis of the International Corpus of English (ICE) for Kenya. It contains a list of typical traits compiled following the universal criteria for describing varieties of English set up by Kortmann (2008: xxv-xxix). The features found were confronted with the Szmrecsanyi & Kortmann (2009: 68) concept of the inherent simplification of the new varieties of English. Finally, the amount of variation found in the ICE was placed into a wider context of other postcolonial varieties of English. The results of this analysis add to the discussion of recognizing English in Kenya as an emancipated variety of English (Budohoska 2011a, b). This study presents a high degree of characteristic features of English in Kenya, many of them shared with other recognized varieties of English. It also reveals tendencies of simplification common to New Englishes. The estimated frequencies of these features, however, are too low to reveal stigmatized forms of Kenyan English.
The problem of syntactic ambivalence in corpus linguistics
Authors: Kida Ireneusz 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Ireneusz Kida. The Problem of Syntactic Ambivalence in Corpus Linguistics. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 57-63.
The purpose of this article is to present a technique of dual annotation of Old English ambivalent structures in diachronic annotated corpus linguistics. In languages there are often structures which are ambivalent, and it is difficult to establish whether they are main or dependent. These clauses are problematic for a corpus linguist annotating them for computer analysis of word order configurations. As a solution to this problem we suggest that such structures be annotated in two ways, namely on the one hand as main and on the other hand as dependent. Such a procedure allows one to obtain more objective results from word order analysis. Moreover, dual annotation is more flexible and is able to grasp the changeable nature of language
A communicative community of agents
Authors: Lipowska Dorota 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Dorota Lipowska. A Communicative Community of Agents. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 77-87.
Computer modelling is becoming an increasingly important tool for researching the problem of origin and evolution of language. Afundamental technique is that of multi-agent modelling, which simulates a system of dynamically interacting individuals called agents, equipped with strictly defined properties and rules governing their behaviour or evolution. In such a population (a communicative community), as a result only of local interactions between agents, a process of self-organization occurs and some kind of global property emerges, such as linguistic coherence. Presented here are two models of the naming game type, in which agents exchange names of objects, gradually establishing a common vocabulary. In the evolutionary version there was observed a very strong link between biological and linguistic processes, being a clear manifestation of Baldwin’s effect - genetic assimilation of the ability to learn (a language, for example). In the multi-object version the development of homonymy and synonymy was studied, as well as the effect of noise on a developing language.
On the question of transitive and intransitive verbs in Swahili
Authors: Schönhof-Wilkans Agnieszka 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Agnieszka Schönhof-Wilkans. On the Question of Transitive and Intransitive Verbs in Swahili. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 89-97.
Swahili does not always make a clear distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs. The question seems to be complicated by the elaborate voice system of this agglutinative language. Subcategories of the Swahili verb such as stative, reciprocal, reflexive, causative, applicative and passive are marked by appropriate affixes. Swahili also applies infixes to signify objects within transitive verbs. Although modern Swahili dictionaries include information about verbal transitivity (TUK I 2001, 2004), it is far from complete. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the problem of transitive and intransitive verbs in Swahili taking into consideration some of the verbal categories, with particular emphasis on the relation of the category of voice to the category of transitivity. The current state of research on the category of transitivity in Swahili will be briefly presented. The material for the analysis has been obtained from various sources, such as Swahili grammars and dictionaries, Tanzanian newspapers and websites, as well as the author’s own field notes.
Differences in the level of literacy between Minoan and Mycenaean societies in the light of the analysis of types and probable use of inscribed objects
Authors: Zadka Małgorzata 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Małgorzata Zadka. Differences in the Level of Literacy between Minoan and MycenaeanSocieties in the Light of the Analysis of Types and Probable use of Inscribed Objects. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. T he P oznań Society for the A dvancement of the A rts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 133-138.
The aim of this paper is to present the suspected differences in the level of literacy between Minoan and Mycenian populations. Through the analysis of the number and type of preserved objects, which were inscribed in Linear A and comparing the results with the type of artefacts inscribed in Linear B we are able to define the original function of script in both cultures. The preserved epigraphic and archaeological material may indicate that the writing skills were more prevalent in the earlier Minoan than in the Mycenaean era.
Optimization of vehicle suspension kinematics
Authors: Porteš Petr 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTI
Članek popisuje optimalizaci kinematickych charakteristik zavěšeni kol automobilu. Vypracovana metoda zohledňuje specificke požadavky na optimalizaci kinematickych vlastnosti napravy a na proces konstrukčniho navrhu a to jak v etapě vyvoje před vyrobenim prvniho prototypu, tak v etapě testovani a dolaďovani vlastnosti vozidla na zakladě jizdnich testů. Přiklad aplikace metody konkretizuje jednotlive dilči ulohy vedouci k dosaženi optimalnich hodnot parametrů napravy.
A contribution to shock absorber modelling and analysis of their influence on vehicle ride characteristics
Authors: Demic Miroslav , Belingardi Giovanni 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTI
Tlumiče jsou zakladni časti zavěšeni vozidel. Zavěšeni kola zajišťuje spravne chovani vozidla a pohodli řidiče. Pro optimalni využiti adheze při pohonu i brzděni je nutne, aby sily mezi pneumatikou a vozovkou byly pokud možno ustalene. Žadne z kol by nemělo ztratit kontakt s vozovkou. Pohodli znamena, že vibrace od profilu vozovky se budou jen minimalně přenašet do kabiny na cestujici. Při navrhu noveho vozidla, je velke usili věnovano spravnemu naladěni podvozku - volbě vhodnych parametrů tuhosti a tlumeni.
Članek představuje některe vysledky z experimentalnich zkoušek provaděnych na třech tlumičich od vyrobce Magneti -Marelli, ktere jsou v současne době ve vyrobnim programu. Experimenty byly provaděny při nahodnem buzeni. V zavislosti na charakteristikach, ktere zobrazuji sily v zavislosti na kinematickych veličinach (posun, rychlost, zrychleni) byl pomoci metody “black box” vyvinut matematicky model odezvy tlumiče.
Vliv tlumiče na vlastnosti vozidla jsou analyzovany pomoci sledovani odezvy vozidla na polyharmonicke buzeni.
Description of the transformation of chemical species using a combination of chemical kinetics and chemical equilibrium
Authors: Hvězda Jiří 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ
Tato prace prezentuje novy přistup k numericke simulaci chemicke přeměny složek v průběhu hořeni. V připadech abnormalně rychlych chemickych reakci je kineticke schema kombinovano se schematem rovnovažnym. Timto způsobem jsou řešeny važne vypočetni problemy jako je strnulost soustavy rovnic na straně jedne či numericka nestabilita na straně druhe. Navržena procedura je ověřena na připadu hořeni vodiku popsaneho reakčnim mechanismem obsahujicim 23 paralelně probihajicich obecně vratnych reakci. Funkčni sub-model chemicke transformace bude implementovan do vice-zonoveho modelu spalovani pro řešeni chemickych procesů ve frontě plamene a post-plamennych oblastech.
Reasoning with Computer Code: a new Mathematical Logic
Authors: Pissanetzky Sergio 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A logic is a mathematical model of knowledge used to study how we reason, how we describe
the world, and how we infer the conclusions that determine our behavior. The logic presented
here is natural. It has been experimentally observed, not designed. It represents knowledge as a
causal set, includes a new type of inference based on the minimization of an action functional,
and generates its own semantics, making it unnecessary to prescribe one. This logic is suitable
for high-level reasoning with computer code, including tasks such as self-programming, objectoriented
analysis, refactoring, systems integration, code reuse, and automated programming from
sensor-acquired data.
A strong theoretical foundation exists for the new logic. The inference derives laws of
conservation from the permutation symmetry of the causal set, and calculates the corresponding
conserved quantities. The association between symmetries and conservation laws is a fundamental
and well-known law of nature and a general principle in modern theoretical Physics. The conserved
quantities take the form of a nested hierarchy of invariant partitions of the given set. The logic
associates elements of the set and binds them together to form the levels of the hierarchy. It is
conjectured that the hierarchy corresponds to the invariant representations that the brain is known
to generate. The hierarchies also represent fully object-oriented, self-generated code, that can be
directly compiled and executed (when a compiler becomes available), or translated to a suitable
programming language.
The approach is constructivist because all entities are constructed bottom-up, with the
fundamental principles of nature being at the bottom, and their existence is proved by construction.
The new logic is mathematically introduced and later discussed in the context of transformations
of algorithms and computer programs. We discuss what a full self-programming
capability would really mean. We argue that self-programming and the fundamental question
about the origin of algorithms are inextricably linked. We discuss previously published, fully
automated applications to self-programming, and present a virtual machine that supports the logic,
an algorithm that allows for the virtual machine to be simulated on a digital computer, and a fully
explained neural network implementation of the algorithm.
Short term versus conventional Catheterisation after Genital Prolapse Surgery
Authors: Tahmin Khurshida , Begum Shamsun Nahar 
Published: February 2013

This Randomised controlled clinical trial was undertaken to determine the suitable time of catheter removal after urogenital prolapse surgery in order to reduce the catheter related UTI and its long term sequel. Method: Total 80 patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy with pelvic floor repair were enrolled and randomised into two equal groups by lottery method. Trans-urethral catheter was removed on 2nd & 5th post operative day in group I (n=40) and in group II (n=40) respectively. Post voidal residual urine volume before operation and after removal of catheter was measured in all patients by ultrasound scanning. Re-catheterisation was done for three more days if residual volume > 200ml after removal of catheter. Urine samples were taken before removal of catheter and send for routine microscopic examination and culture & sensitivity test to detect UTI.Results: Removal of catheter on 2nd post-operative day lead to significant reduction of rate of UTI. The rate of UTI following removal of catheter was 7.5% versus 42.5% in group I and in group II (p<0.001). But need for recatheterisation was significantly higher in group I (15%) than in group II (2.5%). The mean duration of catheterisation was 47.63 (±0.628) and 119.35 (±0.864) hours in group I and group II respectively. Majority of the patients in group I did not require prolongation of catheterisation. Mean duration of hospital stay after operation was 5 days in group I and 7.95 days in group II (p<0.001). Conclusion: Short period catheterisation is associated with lower rate of UTI and shorter hospital stay. Disadvantages of prolonged catheterisation outweigh the advantages. Therefore removal of the catheter on the 2nd post-operative day after genital prolapse surgery is preferable than 5 days catheterization DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v26i2.13782 Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2011; Vol. 26(2) : 68-71
Is Surrogate LH Surge Essential in All Induced Cycles?
Authors: Begum Mosammat Rashida , Ehsan Mariya , Begum Mosammat Shahina , Khan Farzana , Siddiqi Maruf , Baby Hosne Ara 
Published: February 2013

Objective: Aim of this study was to identify the necessity of use of exogenous or surrogate LH for triggering of ovulation in induced cycles. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in Infertility Care and Research Center (ICRC) Dhaka, Bangladesh. Three hundred anovulatory patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) were the target population for this study. The patients were treated by different ovulation inducing agents to produce mature follicles. When follicle got the size of 18 mm or more LH was given to 150 patients (Group A) and 150 patients did not receive LH (Group B). Follicular rupture was monitored by USG. Main outcome measure was rupture of the follicle.Result: In group A 33.33% and in group B 34.67% patients responded by letrozole only, whereas 66.66% in group A and 65.34% in group B needed additional drugs like metformin glucocorticoids and gonadotropins. In both the groups response was similar in terms of number of follicular recruitment, follicular maturity, endometrial development and hormone production. Follicular rupture rate was similar in both hCG and non-hCG treated group. LUFS was detected only in 2.67% in group A and 2% cases in group B.Conclusion: If follicular development is adequate exogenous LH is not necessary for triggering of ovulation in all stimulated cycles. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v26i2.13783 Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2011; Vol. 26(2) : 72-76
A Systematic Review Assessing the Effectiveness of Alendronate in Reducing Periprosthetic Bone Loss After Cementless Primary THA
Authors: Zeng Yi , Lai Oujie , Shen Bin , Yang Jing , Zhou Zongke , Kang Pengde , Pei Fuxing 
Published: February 2013

Periprosthetic bone loss, especially in the proximal part of the femur, is common after cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA). To determine the short- and long-term effect of alendronate on periprosthetic bone mineral density after THA, we conducted computerized searches for randomized, controlled trials evaluating the use of alendronate in patients treated with cementless primary THA. A review of PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Embase from their inception to May 2010 was completed, and we assessed methodological quality and abstracted relevant data. Of 310 citations that were initially identified, 5 studies assessing 146 patients were reviewed. Those studies showed that significantly less periprosthetic bone loss had occurred in the alendronate-treated group than in the placebo-treated group during the short-term period after THA. For long-term investigation, the studies reported that the periprosthetic bone density was a bit higher in the alendronate-treated group compared to the placebo-treated group, but the differences did not reach statistical significance.
This systematic review suggests that alendronate has a beneficial effect with regard to preservation of periprosthetic bone short-term after cementless THA. However, the studies could not provide enough evidence that the positive effect noted in the early postoperative period is maintained long-term. A longer follow-up with a larger number of participants is needed to confirm the outcome of cementless THA patients treated with alendronate.
Hip Morphologic Measurements in an Egyptian Population
Authors: Aly Tarek A. 
Published: February 2013

The study of acetabular morphology has shown that there are geographic differences in the morphology and prevalence of acetabular dysplasia among different ethnic groups. However, few data exist on the shape of the acetabulum in various populations around the world. In this study, we examined samples of pelvic radiographs from Egyptian adults. Acetabular dysplasia in adults is characterized by a shallow and relatively vertical acetabulum.
The aim of this study was to examine acetabular morphology to determine the prevalence of hip dysplasia in adult Egyptians. This included 244 adults, 134 men and 110 women between 18 and 60 years, who were used to measure center edge angle, acetabular Sharp angle, acetabular head index on anteroposterior radiographic views of the hip joints, and vertical center anterior margin angle on false profile views. The radiographs were taken of patients with no hip complaints at Tanta University Hospital.
The results were statistically studied according to the age, height, and weight of patients. The prevalence of acetabular dysplasia was 2.25% for Egyptian men and 3.6% for women with respect to center edge angles, vertical center anterior margin angle, and acetabular head index.
We concluded that gender variations in the morphology of the acetabulum and sex influences geometrical measurements of the acetabulum. Egyptian women were more dysplastic than men using the 4 parameters of hip measurements. There are also racial variations in hip morphology.
Cancer-Produced Metabolites of 5-Lipoxygenase Induce Tumor-Evoked Regulatory B Cells via Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor α
Authors: Wejksza Katarzyna , Lee-Chang Catalina , Bodogai Monica , Bonzo Jessica , Gonzalez Frank J. , Lehrmann Elin , Becker Kevin , Biragyn Arya 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Breast cancer cells facilitate distant metastasis through the induction of immunosuppressive regulatory B cells, designated tBregs. We report in this study that, to do this, breast cancer cells produce metabolites of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway such as leukotriene B4 to activate the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (PPARα) in B cells. Inactivation of leukotriene B4 signaling or genetic deficiency of PPARα in B cells blocks the generation of tBregs and thereby abrogates lung metastasis in mice with established breast cancer. Thus, in addition to eliciting fatty acid oxidation and metabolic signals, PPARα initiates programs required for differentiation of tBregs. We propose that PPARα in B cells and/or tumor 5-lipoxygenase pathways represents new targets for pharmacological control of tBreg-mediated cancer escape.
Ephrin-B–Dependent Thymic Epithelial Cell–Thymocyte Interactions Are Necessary for Correct T Cell Differentiation and Thymus Histology Organization: Relevance for Thymic Cortex Development
Authors: Cejalvo Teresa , Munoz Juan J. , Tobajas Esther , Fanlo Lucía , Alfaro David , García-Ceca Javier , Zapata Agustín 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Previous analysis on the thymus of erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte kinases (Eph) B knockout mice and chimeras revealed that Eph-Eph receptor–interacting proteins (ephrins) are expressed both on T cells and thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and play a role in defining the thymus microenvironments. In the current study, we have used the Cre-LoxP system to selectively delete ephrin-B1 and/or ephrin-B2 in either thymocytes (EfnB1thy/thy, EfnB2thy/thy, and EfnB1thy/thyEfnB2thy/thy mice) or TECs (EfnB1tec/tec, EfnB2tec/tec, and EfnB1tec/tecEfnB2tec/tec mice) and determine the relevance of these Eph ligands in T cell differentiation and thymus histology. Our results indicate that ephrin-B1 and ephrin-B2 expressed on thymocytes play an autonomous role in T cell development and, expressed on TECs, their nonautonomous roles are partially overlapping. The effects of the lack of ephrin-B1 and/or ephrin-B2 on either thymocytes or TECs are more severe and specific on thymic epithelium, contribute to the cell intermingling necessary for thymus organization, and affect cortical TEC subpopulation phenotype and location. Moreover, ephrin-B1 and ephrin-B2 seem to be involved in the temporal appearance of distinct cortical TECs subsets defined by different Ly51 levels of expression on the ontogeny.
Anti–IFN-γ and Peptide-Tolerization Therapies Inhibit Acute Lung Injury Induced by Cross-Reactive Influenza A–Specific Memory T Cells
Authors: Wlodarczyk Myriam F. , Kraft Anke R. , Chen Hong D. , Kenney Laurie L. , Selin Liisa K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Viral infections have variable outcomes, with severe disease occurring in only few individuals. We hypothesized that this variable outcome could correlate with the nature of responses made to previous microbes. To test this, mice were infected initially with influenza A virus (IAV) and in memory phase challenged with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which we show in this study to have relatively minor cross-reactivity with IAV. The outcome in genetically identical mice varied from mild pneumonitis to severe acute lung injury with extensive pneumonia and bronchiolization, similar to that observed in patients who died of the 1918 H1N1 pandemic. Lesion expression did not correlate with virus titers. Instead, disease severity directly correlated with and was predicted by the frequency of IAV-PB1703– and IAV-PA224–specific responses, which cross-reacted with LCMV-GP34 and LCMV-GP276, respectively. Eradication or functional ablation of these pathogenic memory T cell populations, using mutant-viral strains, peptide-based tolerization strategies, or short-term anti–IFN-γ treatment, inhibited severe lesions such as bronchiolization from occurring. Heterologous immunity can shape outcome of infections and likely individual responses to vaccination, and can be manipulated to treat or prevent severe pathology.