bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of NICE guidance on urinary tract infections in children in primary and secondary care
Authors: Platt Caroline , Larcombe James , Dudley Jan , McNulty Cliodna , Banerjee Jaydip , Gyoffry Gita , Pike Katie , Jadresic Lyda 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimTo audit compliance with the 2007 National Institute of Clinical Excellence guidelines on the management of urinary tract infection in children under the age of 16 years across primary and secondary care services in England.MethodsA retrospective multisite audit of 10 general practice, 3 paediatric, 2 paediatric emergency and 2 emergency general units. Four distinct geographical areas were represented. Data were collected between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2010. Six criteria were audited, which focused on the following: improving the rate of diagnosis, management of the very young child with UTI and selection of children for imaging.ResultsA total of 1149 children were audited (682 from primary care and 467 from secondary care). Overall compliance was as follows: criterion 1: 28%; criterion 2: 68%; criterion 3: 89%; criterion 4: 43%; criterion 5 (comprising 12 subcriteria): 13% and for criterion 6: 45%.ConclusionThe results indicate significant shortcomings in the implementation of NICE guidance on childhood UTI in England. The guidance is complex and this makes its implementation challenging. It was difficult to identify children presenting with nonspecific fever from clinical data systems. Adequate IT systems throughout the NHS are a key step to improving implementation of this and other NICE guidance.
Endocrine care of transpeople part I. A review of cross‐sex hormonal treatments, outcomes and adverse effects in transmen
Authors: Meriggiola Maria Cristina , Gava Giulia 
Published: February 2015

SummaryGender dysphoria (GD) is characterized by discomfort with the assigned or birth gender and the urge to live as a member of the desired sex. The goal of medical and surgical treatment is to improve the well‐being and quality of life of transpeople. The acquisition of phenotypic features of the desired gender requires the use of cross‐sex hormonal therapy (CHT). Adult transmen are treated with testosterone to induce virilization. In adolescents with severe and persistent GD, consideration can be given to arresting puberty at Tanner Stage II and if dysphoria persists, CHT is generally started after 16 years of age. Currently available short‐ and long‐term safety studies suggest that CHT is reasonably safe in transmen. Monitoring of transmen should be more frequent during the first year of cross‐sex hormone administration reducing to once or twice per year thereafter. Long‐term monitoring after sex reassignment surgery (SRS) includes annual check‐ups as are carried out for natal hypogonadal men. In elderly transmen, special attention should be paid to haematocrit in particular. Screening for breast and cervical cancer should be continued in transmen not undergoing SRS.
UV radiation induces CXCL5 expression in human skin
Authors: Reichert Olga , Kolbe Ludger , Terstegen Lara , Staeb Franz , Wenck Horst , Schmelz Martin , Genth Harald , Kaever Volkhard , Roggenkamp Dennis , Neufang Gitta 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCXCL5 has recently been identified as a mediator of UVB‐induced pain in rodents. To compare and to extend previous knowledge of cutaneous CXCL5 regulation, we performed a comprehensive study on the effects of UV radiation on CXCL5 regulation in human skin. Our results show a dose‐dependent increase in CXCL5 protein in human skin after UV radiation. CXCL5 can be released by different cell types in the skin. We presumed that, in addition to immune cells, non‐immune skin cells also contribute to UV‐induced increase in CXCL5 protein. Analysis of monocultured dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes revealed that only fibroblasts but not keratinocytes displayed up regulated CXCL5 levels after UV stimulation. Whereas UV treatment of human skin equivalents, induced epidermal CXCL5 mRNA and protein expression. Up regulation of epidermal CXCL5 was independent of keratinocyte differentiation and keratinocyte‐keratinocyte interactions in epidermal layers. Our findings provide first evidence on the release of CXCL5 in UV‐radiated human skin and the essential role of fibroblast‐keratinocyte interaction in the regulation of epidermal CXCL5.
High Precision Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb Isotopic Compositions of USGS Reference Material BCR‐2
Authors: Jweda Jason , Bolge Louise , Class Cornelia , Goldstein Steven L. 
Published: February 2015

The Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory radiogenic isotope group has been systematically measuring Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐Hf isotopes of USGS reference material BCR‐2 (Columbia River Basalt 2), as a chemical processing and instrumental quality control monitor for isotopic measurements. BCR‐2 is now a widely used geochemical inter‐laboratory reference material (RM), with its predecessor BCR‐1 no longer available. Recognising that precise and accurate data on RMs is important for ensuring analytical quality and for comparing data between different laboratories, we present a compilation of multiple digestions and analyses made on BCR‐2 during the first author's dissertation research. The best estimates of Sr, Nd and Hf isotope ratios and measurement reproducibilities, after filtering at the 2s level for outliers, were 87Sr/86Sr = 0.705000 ± 11 (2s, 16 ppm, n = 21, sixteen digestions, one outlier), 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512637 ± 13 (2s, 25 ppm, n = 27, thirteen digestions, one outlier) and 176Hf/177Hf = 0.282866 ± 11 (2s, 39 ppm, n = 25, thirteen digestions, no outliers). Mean Nd and Hf values were within error of those reported by Weis et al. (2006, 2007) in their studies of RMs; mean Sr values were just outside the 2s uncertainty range of both laboratories. Moreover, a survey of published Sr‐Nd‐Hf data shows that our results fall within the range of reported values, but with a smaller variability. Our Pb isotope results on acid leached BCR‐2 aliquots (n = 26, twelve digestions, two outliers) were 206Pb/204Pb = 18.8029 ± 10 (2s, 55 ppm), 207Pb/204Pb = 15.6239 ± 8 (2s, 52 ppm), 208Pb/204Pb = 38.8287 ± 25 (2s, 63 ppm). We confirm that unleached BCR‐2 powder is contaminated with Pb, and that sufficient leaching prior to digestion is required to achieve accurate values for the uncontaminated Pb isotopic compositions.
Children's night waking among toddlers: relationships with mothers' and fathers' parenting approaches and children's behavioural difficulties
Authors: Zaidman‐Zait Anat , Hall Wendy A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimsTo explore associations between children's sleep problems, and behavioural difficulties and parenting approaches.BackgroundChildren commonly have problematic night waking; however, relationships between parenting cognitions and behaviours and children's sleep problems are rarely examined.DesignLongitudinal children's cohort study from 5–29 months post birth.MethodsData were taken from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (1998–2007) at three phases: 5, 17 and 29 months of age. Thousand four hundred and eighty‐seven families were included in our study based on: participation from phase 1 (5‐months old), both parents' reports on parenting cognitions/behaviours and child behavioural difficulties at 29 months, and mothers' reports of children's sleep at 29 months. In 2013, we conducted repeated measures anovas and manovas including children's gender.ResultsExtended night‐time waking patterns (wakes of ≥20 minutes) were associated with mothers' and fathers' lower sense of parenting impact and higher overprotectiveness and mothers' lower self‐efficacy and higher coerciveness for 29‐month‐old children. In the extended waking group, mothers consistently reported lower self‐efficacy, higher overprotectiveness and lower parenting impact at 5, 17 and 29 months. For those children, fathers were only more overprotective at 5 and 29 months. Regarding 29‐month‐old children's behaviour, children in the extended night waking group had highest scores on externalizing and internalizing behaviours. Girls had higher scores on shyness/inhibition and boys had higher scores on aggression/hyperactivity.ConclusionMothers' and fathers' parenting cognitions and behaviours are affected by 29‐month‐old children's night waking patterns and night waking patterns are associated with children's behavioural problems.
Assessment of Flood Vulnerability Based on CMIP5 Climate Projections in South Korea
Authors: Park Jihoon , Kang Moon Seong , Song Inhong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe objective of this article was to assess flood vulnerability based on the representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios at city and county levels. A quantile mapping method was adopted to correct bias that is inherent in climate change scenarios. A series of proxy variables related to climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity were chosen to assess flood vulnerability. Proxy variables were standardized using the Z‐score method. Principal component analysis was carried out to calculate the weighting of proxy variables. The study area was the Korean peninsula. The spatial resolution was on a city and county basis and the temporal resolution was 1990s, 2025s, 2055s, and 2085s (divided into 1976‐2005, 2011‐2040, 2041‐2070, and 2071‐2100). In the spatial comparison, we found that the areas with high‐level flood vulnerability increased over time in the central region, including metropolitan areas, and near the southern coast. In the temporal comparison, we found that the RCP4.5 scenario showed a tendency to increase steadily and the RCP8.5 scenario showed a tendency to decrease in the 2055s slightly and increase again in the 2085s. The study findings may provide useful data for the determination of priority for countermeasure development, though robustness of these findings with additional future projections should be established.
A Comparison of the J‐1 Visa Waiver and Loan Repayment Programs in the Recruitment and Retention of Physicians in Rural Nebraska
Authors: Opoku Samuel T. , Apenteng Bettye A. , Lin Ge , Chen Li‐Wu , Palm David , Rauner Thomas 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPurposeThere is a dearth of literature evaluating the effectiveness of programs aimed at recruiting and retaining physicians in rural Nebraska. Taking advantage of the Nebraska Health Professional Tracking System, this study attempts to comparatively assess the effectiveness of the J‐1 visa waiver and state loan repayment programs in the recruitment and retention of physicians in rural Nebraska.MethodsA mixed methods approach was used. We tracked 240 physicians who enrolled in the J‐1 visa waiver and state loan repayment programs between 1996 and 2012 until 2013. In addition, key informant interviews were conducted to obtain perspectives on the recruitment and retention of physicians in rural Nebraska through the 2 programs.FindingsResults from multilevel survival regression analysis indicated that physicians enrolled in the J‐1 visa waiver program were more likely to leave rural Nebraska when compared with those enrolled in the state loan repayment program. Participants in the qualitative study, however, cautioned against declaring one program as superior over the other, given that the 2 programs addressed different needs for different communities. In addition, results suggested that fostering the integration of physicians and their families into rural communities might be a way of enhancing retention, regardless of program.ConclusionThe findings from this study highlight the complexity of recruitment and retention issues in rural Nebraska and suggest the need for more holistic and family‐centered approaches to addressing these issues.
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Triggered by Clobazam: A Case Report in a 13‐Year‐Old Girl
Authors: Dang Chuong D. , Beets‐Shay Linda , Kahn Estelle C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe present a case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) triggered by clobazam in a 13‐year‐old girl who was subsequently treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. In December 2013 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration released a warning that clobazam might cause “serious skin reactions” such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome or TEN and approved label changes.
T‐Spot.TB outperforms tuberculin skin test in predicting development of active tuberculosis among household contacts
Authors: Leung Chi Chiu , Yam Wing Cheong , Ho Pak Leung , Yew Wing Wai , Chan Chi Kuen , Law Wing Sze , Lee Shuk Nor , Chang Kwok Chiu , Tai Lai Bun , Tam Cheuk Ming 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveIn Hong Kong, neonatal Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccination is practiced with 99% coverage. This study was to compare the performance of T‐Spot.TB and tuberculin skin test (TST) in predicting tuberculosis (TB) among household contacts.MethodsFrom 1 March 2006 to 31 July 2010, 1049 asymptomatic household contacts of smear‐positive patients were simultaneously tested with T‐Spot.TB and TST, and then followed for up to 5 years for development of TB. Attending clinicians and subjects were blinded to the results of T‐Spot.TB.ResultsT‐Spot.TB gave a significantly higher positive rate (32.7% vs 22.1%) and better association with exposure time than TST at the 15 mm cut‐off. Agreement between T‐Spot.TB and TST using cut‐offs of 5, 10 and 15 mm were relatively poor (kappa 0.25–0.41) irrespective of presence or absence of BCG scar. Only T‐Spot.TB positivity was negatively associated with BCG scar. Both T‐Spot.TB (incidence rate ratio between test‐positive and test‐negative subjects, IRR: 8.2) and TST (IRR: 4.1, 6.1 and 2.8, using cut‐offs of 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm, respectively) helped to predict TB. Using a TST cut‐off of 15 mm, 56% of future TB cases and 62.5% of bacteriologically confirmed cases were missed. Lowering the TST cut‐off to 10 mm or 5 mm could achieve sensitivity comparable with that of T‐Spot.TB, but at the expense of lower specificities, with more positive tests (thus requiring treatment) per case of TB predicted.ConclusionsT‐Spot.TB outperformed TST in predicting TB among household contacts in a high‐income area with widespread BCG vaccination coverage.
Positive‐Themed Suicide Prevention Messages Delivered by Adolescent Peer Leaders: Proximal Impact on Classmates' Coping Attitudes and Perceptions of Adult Support
Authors: Petrova Mariya , Wyman Peter A. , Schmeelk‐Cone Karen , Pisani Anthony R. 
Published: February 2015

Developing science‐based communication guidance and positive‐themed messages for suicide prevention are important priorities. Drawing on social learning and elaboration likelihood models, we designed and tested two positive‐focused presentations by high school peer leaders delivered in the context of a suicide prevention program (Sources of Strength). Thirty‐six classrooms in four schools (N = 706 students) were randomized to (1) peer leader modeling of healthy coping, (2) peer leader modeling plus audience involvement to identify trusted adults, or (3) control condition. Students' attitudes and norms were assessed by immediate post‐only assessments. Exposure to either presentation enhanced positive coping attitudes and perceptions of adult support. Students who reported suicide ideation in the past 12 months benefited more than nonsuicidal students. Beyond modeling alone, audience involvement modestly enhanced expectations of adult support, congruent with the elaboration likelihood model. Positive peer modeling is a promising alternative to communications focused on negative consequences and directives and may enhance social–interpersonal factors linked to reduced suicidal behaviors.
Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Prediction of Heat Transfer With Film Cooling
Authors: Fougères J. M. , Helder R. 
Published: February 2015

Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes calculations have been performed on various geometries in the presence of discrete-hole injection. The quality of the aerodynamic and thermal predictions of the flow is assessed by comparison to experiments.
The code used for the calculations is developed at ONERA and has previously been presented by various authors (Billonnet et al., 1992). It solves the unsteady set of three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, completed by a mixing-length turbulence model, using a finite volume technique.
The multi-domain approach of the code has facilitated the treatment of this type of geometry. The injection holes are discretized on cylindrical subdomains which overlap the mesh of the main flow.
Two applications of the code are presented in this paper. First, a calculation was performed on a row of hot jets injected into a flat plate turbulent boundary layer. Secondly, the code was tested on a plane nozzle guide vane grid with multiple injections. Heat transfer rates, temperature and velocity profiles are compared to experimental data.
Development of a 6 MW-Class High-Efficiency Gas Turbine M7A-01
Authors: Sugimoto T. , Ikesawa K. , Kajita S. , Karasawa W. , Kojima T. , Nagal K. 
Published: February 2015

The M7A-01 gas turbine is a newly developed 6 MW class single-shaft machine. With its high simple-cycle efficiency and high exhaust gas temperature. it is particularly suited for use in electric power generation and co-generation applications.
An advanced high efficiency axial-flow compressor, six can-type combustors, and a high inlet temperature turbine has been adopted. This results in a high thermal efficiency of 31.5% at the gas turbine output shaft and a high overall thermal efficiency of co-generation system.
In addition, low NOx emissions from the combustors and a long service life permit long-term continuous operation under various environmental limitations.
The results of the full load shop test, accelerated cyclic endurance test and extra severity tests verified that the performance, the mechanical characteristics and the emission have satisfied the initial design goals.
Development of Centrifugal Compressor for 100 kW Automotive Ceramic Gas Turbine
Authors: Uchida Hiroshi , Shiraki Mutsuo , Bessho Akinobu , Yagi Yoichi 
Published: February 2015

In Japan, a program of research and development of a 100 kW automotive ceramic gas turbine (CGT) has been carried out in the Petroleum Energy Center with active cooperation of petroleum, automobile and ceramics industries as well as other related industries. As a part of this research and development program, we have studied and developed a centrifugal compressor with variable inlet guide vanes for CGT engines. There has been a strong demand for a compressor with a high efficiency and a wide flow range. The compressor performance goals are an adiabatic efficiency of 81% and a surge margin of 8% under maximum power operating conditions.
This paper describes the methods for designing impellers, diffusers and variable inlet guide vanes, and presents the results of compressor performance tests. The test results reveal that the surge margin and compressor efficiency at partial load are improved by using inlet guide vanes.
Measurements of the Flow in an Idealized Turbine Tip Gap
Authors: Sjolander S. A. , Cao D. 
Published: February 2015

To gain further insights into the details of the tip-gap flow in axial turbines, a test section has been constructed with a single, idealized, large-scale tip gap. The single “blade” forms a circular arc with 90 degrees of turning and has a constant thickness of 78 mm. For a plain, flat tip four clearances have been examined, varying from 0.292 to 0.667 of the blade thickness (corresponding to physical gap heights of 22.8 to 52.1 mm). The large proportions made it possible to obtain very detailed measurements inside the gap.
The paper discusses the structure of the gap flow in some detail. One new feature, involving multiple vortices on the tip, probably helps to explain the “burnout” which sometimes occurs on turbine tips near the pressure side. Quantitative results are presented for the static pressures, total pressures and velocity vectors through the gap. In addition, contraction coefficients for the flow at the separation bubble, discharge coefficients for the gap, and the gap losses have been extracted for comparison with the assumptions made in recent gap-flow models.
Development of 300kW Class Ceramic Gas Turbine (CGT303)
Authors: Ohhashi Issel , Arakawa Sadao 
Published: February 2015

CCT303 is a two-shaft regenerative ceramic gas turbine with rotary heat exchangers for the purpose of mobile power generator. It is also widely adaptable for industrial machinery and construction machinery as well. The development program of CGT303 is funded by New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).
The maximum output power of 300kW and thermal efficiency of 42% at TiT 1350C are the objectives of this development. The high TiT requires for the material of all gas passage components to use ceramics which are designed appropriately to keep sufficient strength by using sophisticated computer analysis.
Hot spin tests on ceramic turbine rotors and thermal shock tests on stationary ceramic components have been carried out to prove their strength. The paper covers the design concept of CGT303 and results of analysis.
The Advanced Gas Turbine Systems Research Program: A Model for Industry, University and Government Cooperation
Authors: Allen Roy P. , Michell Paul L. 
Published: February 2015

An integral part of the U. S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Turbine Systems Program is the Industry/University consortium, formed to strengthen the gas turbine technology base among American universities. The Advanced Gas Turbine Systems Research program is sponsored by DOE, directed by industry leaders, and the universities conduct the research. This close alliance assures that the research is accomplished in a timely fashion, in areas critical to industry needs.
In the past year and a half the consortium has been organized, members solicited, Requests For Proposals issued, and contracts awarded. Some 60 universities in the U. S. are participating. This paper will discuss how the program was initiated, how it functions, and will review some of the interesting research that is under way in support of the overall ATS goals.
Determining Failure Laws for Ceramic Materials
Authors: Smart John , Fok Siu L. 
Published: February 2015

For determining the failure probability of ceramic components in a varying stress field, there are many theories which are based on the Weibull “weakest-link” ideas. However, the difference between the predictions for many stress systems is small and because of the scatter in the failure loads for ceramic materials and the inevitable experimental errors, it has been difficult to decide which is most suitable.
In this paper, a testing regime is described which spreads the predictions from the various theories to allow the most suitable theory for a given material to be chosen. This will give more confidence when designing with ceramics.
Tests are also described on a reactor grade graphite and it is shown that of the theories examined the maximum non-coplanar strain energy release rate is the most suitable criterion although the results indicate that current ‘weakest-link’ ideas may not be suitable to describe all loading situations. Reasons for this are discussed.