bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifelong Learning
Authors: London Manuel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines lifelong learning from the standpoint of organizational needs and expectations, the importance of learning and development for career growth, individual differences in propensity for continuous learning, and support and reinforcement for development. The chapter starts by examining alternative definitions of lifelong learning for skill development, discovery, and innovation. Trends driving continuous learning include pressures to maintain competitiveness and readiness to meet future needs. Learning is then viewed in relation to life stage and ongoing generativity. Foundational learning theories focus on individual differences affecting learning motivation, life stage models of development, and explanations for how people learn. Support for learning includes the corporate environment and culture, the emergence of learning organizations, empowerment for self-development, and formal and informal methods of development. Technological advances in development include online multisource feedback surveys, just-in-time coaching, and web-based training. The chapter concludes with an agenda for future research and practice, including new modes of education throughout the life cycle, assessments of learning outcomes, ways to meet individual and organizational needs for adaptive, generative, and transformative learning, and forces for future research and practice.
An Overview of Human Factors Psychology
Authors: Kirlik Alex 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents a contemporary overview of human factors psychology, including its origins, core problems, methodological approaches, and overviews of state-of-the-art research in three key areas likely to be relevant to industrial/organizational psychology. These include: human-automation interaction, or HAI; situation awareness, or SA; and distraction, multitasking, and interruption, or DMI. Each of these areas has arisen as a result of the increased challenges and opportunities provided by ever increasing levels of technological sophistication in the workplace. The chapter concludes by noting that human factors researchers are increasingly drawing on, and contributing to, social, in addition to cognitive, psychological research. This trend, motivated by both increasing levels of technological autonomy and opacity, as well as by the fact that social coordination and teamwork is increasingly mediated by information and communication technologies, bodes well for human factors and industrial/organizational psychology to have an even greater symbiotic and mutually informing relationship in the future.
Decision Making in Naturalistic Environments
Authors: Salas Eduardo , Rosen Michael A. , DiazGranados Deborah 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUnderstanding how experts are able to manage the complexity of modern work environments can inform the strategies and tools used to develop and support effective performance. To that end, this chapter provides a comprehensive review of naturalistic decision making (NDM) research for industrial and organizational (I/O) psychologists. The community of NDM researchers focuses on understanding how experts use their experience to make good decisions in complex real-world situations characterized by stress and uncertainty. NDM and the study of expertise in real-world settings is a rich scientific and practically relevant research area that has yet to be integrated with the I/O field. This chapter is intended to facilitate this cross-fertilization of perspectives. In this chapter, six specific goals are addressed: (a) definitions of the core features of NDM as a field of inquiry as well as the fundamental issues in the domain are reviewed; (b) an introduction to the fundamental theoretical perspectives in NDM is provided; (c) perspectives on the methodological approaches employed in the process of understanding complex cognition in the real world are summarized; (d) NDM research findings are synthesized and presented as a set of performance mechanisms of expert individual and team decision making; (e) applications of NDM research to improving decision-making performance in organizations are reviewed with specific attention to training the expert decision maker; and (f) future directions for NDM as a field of inquiry are outlined.
Individual Differences: Challenging Our Assumptions
Authors: Ryan Ann Marie , Sackett Paul R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOrganizational psychologists often make assumptions regarding the variability and stability of individual differences (e.g., ability, personality, interests). In this chapter, we discuss the evidence regarding interindividual variability in individual differences in workplace contexts, intraindividual stability in individual differences across adult working years, and intraindividual variability across attributes (e.g., variability across a profile of ability or personality characteristics). We highlight the ways in which mistaken assumptions may affect conclusions regarding the predictive and explanatory power of individual differences, and we provide suggestions for research to enhance understanding of the variability and stability of commonly assessed individual differences.
Recruitment and Competitive Advantage: A Brand Equity Perspective
Authors: Yu Kang Yang Trevor , Cable Daniel M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLeaders care about applicant reactions to their recruitment and hiring processes due to the profound effect on the organization's future composition and sustained competitive advantage. In addition to causing applicants to select into or out of the organization, recruitment experiences presocialize job seekers about what to expect from the organization (i.e., culture and values) and the job (i.e., required skills and abilities). In this chapter we take a strategic look at recruitment by applying a resource-based view. We argue that firms can use applicant reactions to recruitment and hiring processes to create and sustain competencies that are valuable, rare, and hard to imitate. Recruitment facilitates applicant self-selection because it communicates to them the unique attributes that characterize successful employees in the firm. Drawing upon ideas from person-environment fit, organizational image, and job design, our chapter covers the process and benefits of using the recruitment process to differentially attract a workforce that delivers a consistent and unique product to customers. In this way, recruitment can be a key component of the value creation process that drives a firm's competitive advantage.
Work Design: Creating Jobs and Roles That Promote Individual Effectiveness
Authors: Cordery John , Parker Sharon K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, our objective is to review existing knowledge relating to the psychological impact of work design (task, job, and work role characteristics) on individuals, and to set a clear, specific agenda for future research. Our starting point is an analysis of emergent trends in the characteristic nature of tasks and work roles within major contemporary and developing forms of work and occupation. This is necessary, as recent decades have witnessed dramatic shifts in how work is typically organized and performed within most occupations and industries, reflecting broader societal, environmental, technological, and economic changes. Following this analysis, we review key historical perspectives on work design before presenting an integrative theoretical model for considering the effects of work design on people. The chapter then moves to a consideration of the primary psychological processes and states, linking three broad categories of work design characteristics (task-related, relational, and contextual characteristics) to individual effectiveness outcomes. Our concern here is to update and expand theory relating to the effects of work design, integrating major recent bodies of research and theory, such as those dealing with motivational states and goal striving, self-determination, regulatory focus, work engagement, and social identity. The chapter concludes with a comprehensive research agenda for the years to come.
Organizational Culture and Climate
Authors: Zohar Dov , Hofmann David A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlthough there have been several attempts to address the conceptual ambiguities in the literature discussing organizational climate, organizational culture, and their interrelationship, there remains much confusion and a general lack of clarity about what these two constructs represent, as well as how they may interrelate. In order to provide some clarity, we provide a comprehensive review of both constructs and conclude with a model describing how organizational climate can be viewed as a bottom-up (i.e., flowing from employee perceptions) indicator of the underlying core values and assumptions that form the organization's culture. Recommendations for researchers seeking to investigate organizational climate and culture, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed throughout the chapter.
CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE G1 Is Associated with the Spliceosome to RegulateCALLOSE SYNTHASE5Splicing and Pollen Wall Formation inArabidopsis
Authors: Huang Xue-Yong , Niu Jin , Sun Ming-Xi , Zhu Jun , Gao Ju-Fang , Yang Jun , Zhou Que , Yang Zhong-Nan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractArabidopsis thaliana CYCLIN-DEPEDENT KINASE G1 (CDKG1) belongs to the family of cyclin-dependent protein kinases that were originally characterized as cell cycle regulators in eukaryotes. Here, we report that CDKG1 regulates pre-mRNA splicing of CALLOSE SYNTHASE5 (CalS5) and, therefore, pollen wall formation. The knockout mutant cdkg1 exhibits reduced male fertility with impaired callose synthesis and abnormal pollen wall formation. The sixth intron in CalS5 pre-mRNA, a rare type of intron with a GC 5′ splice site, is abnormally spliced in cdkg1. RNA immunoprecipitation analysis suggests that CDKG1 is associated with this intron. CDKG1 contains N-terminal Ser/Arg (RS) motifs and interacts with splicing factor Arginine/Serine-Rich Zinc Knuckle-Containing Protein33 (RSZ33) through its RS region to regulate proper splicing. CDKG1 and RS-containing Zinc Finger Protein22 (SRZ22), a splicing factor interacting with RSZ33 and U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP) component U1-70k, colocalize in nuclear speckles and reside in the same complex. We propose that CDKG1 is recruited to U1 snRNP through RSZ33 to facilitate the splicing of the sixth intron of CalS5.
Experimental manipulation of flowers to determine the functional modes and fitness consequences of self‐fertilization: unexpected outcome reveals key assumptions
Authors: Dart Sara , Eckert Christopher G. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryReproductive assurance is often invoked to explain the repeated transition from outcrossing to selfing among plants. The most common experimental test of this hypothesis uses floral emasculation (anther removal) to manipulate the capacity of flowers for autogamous self‐pollination.The coastal dune endemicCamissoniopsis cheiranthifoliaexhibits striking variation in floral morphology and the mating system across its geographic range inCalifornia, and reproductive assurance is likely to have played a role in the transition from large flowers and predominant outcrossing to small flowers and predominant selfing. To compare variation in the timing of self‐pollination and the extent to which it provides reproductive assurance in large‐ vs. small‐flowered populations, we emasculated flowers at different times during anthesis and measured the effects on both seed production and the proportion of seeds self‐fertilized vs. outcrossed estimated using marker genes. We also manipulated large‐ vs. small‐flowered phenotypes within two morphologically variable populations.As predicted from floral development, small‐flowered plants self‐pollinated before flowers open, whereas large‐flowered phenotypes did not. Comparing flowers that were emasculated before closing suggested that a seemingly well‐developed mechanism for delayed selfing (anthers contacting the stigma when flowers close) does not increase seed production.Using emasculation to manipulate selfing assumes that removing anthers from flowers does not compromise outcrossing. However, while not affecting the capacity of flowers to produce seed, emasculation shortened floral longevity, thereby reducing opportunities for outcrossing. Genetic estimation of the mating system revealed a negative effect of emasculation on the proportion of seed outcrossed, even in small‐flowered populations, further suggesting that flowers lacking anthers are unattractive to pollinators. These side effects of emasculation prevent a clear interpretation of the reproductive assurance value of selfing.Given that much of what we know about reproductive assurance in natural populations comes from emasculation experiments, our results suggest that the assumptions of this approach, which are rarely verified, require much more serious consideration.
Stature Estimation from Various Foot Dimensions Among Slovak Population
Authors: Uhrová Petra , Beňuš Radoslav , Masnicová Soňa 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe foot measurements are important in forensic field as they can be used as body height predictors for an individual. The morphology of human feet shows the variations and therefore the aim of this study was to find the relation between stature and foot measurements and to generate population‐specific equations. We measured the stature and bilateral foot measurements of 71 volunteers ranging in age between 18 and 27 years using standard measurements technique. The results revealed nonsignificant bilateral differences in all sex groups (p < 0.05). Sex differences were found to be significant in all foot measurements (p < 0.001). The highest significant and positive correlation coefficients with stature were observed for foot length in males (r = 0.759), in females (r = 0.722), and in the sex‐mixed group (r = 0.865). According to the nonsignificant sex effects on the relation between stature and foot dimensions, the regression equations were computed only for the pooled mixed‐sex group. Our study provides equations that can help to estimate stature from foot measurements among Slovaks.
Legal, Technical, and Interpretational Considerations in the Forensic Analysis of Viruses
Authors: Wilson Mark R. , Weaver Scott C. , Winegar Richard A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe forensic evaluation of viruses presents new challenges to the forensic science community. Although many criminal cases have been adjudicated involving the deliberate transmission of viruses, especially HIV, this review provides a general approach to viral forensics, especially in light of significant biodefense challenges. Newly emerging techniques of nucleic acid sequencing are discussed in a forensic context. Human mitochondrial DNA analysis, wherein mixed profiles are routinely assessed in a forensic context, provides the groundwork for an interpretational approach to the issue of mixed DNA sequences. The importance of phylogenetic classification is discussed as both providing an integrated graphical depiction of the structure of viral nucleic acid variation as well as offering a tool that can be used to assess the relatedness of complex populations of nucleic acids.
Integrating resource selection information with spatial capture–recapture
Authors: Royle J. Andrew , Chandler Richard B. , Sun Catherine C. , Fuller Angela K. 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Understanding space usage and resource selection is a primary focus of many studies of animal populations. Usually, such studies are based on location data obtained from telemetry, and resource selection functions (RSFs) are used for inference. Another important focus of wildlife research is estimation and modeling population size and density. Recently developed spatial capture–recapture (SCR) models accomplish this objective using individual encounter history data with auxiliary spatial information on location of capture. SCR models include encounter probability functions that are intuitively related to RSFs, but to date, no one has extended SCR models to allow for explicit inference about space usage and resource selection.

In this paper we develop the first statistical framework for jointly modeling space usage, resource selection, and population density by integrating SCR data, such as from camera traps, mist‐nets, or conventional catch traps, with resource selection data from telemetered individuals. We provide a framework for estimation based on marginal likelihood, wherein we estimate simultaneously the parameters of the SCR and RSF models.

Our method leads to increases in precision for estimating parameters of ordinary SCR models. Importantly, we also find that SCR models alone can estimate parameters of RSFs and, as such, SCR methods can be used as the sole source for studying space‐usage; however, precision will be higher when telemetry data are available.

Finally, we find that SCR models using standard symmetric and stationary encounter probability models may not fully explain variation in encounter probability due to space usage, and therefore produce biased estimates of density when animal space usage is related to resource selection. Consequently, it is important that space usage be taken into consideration, if possible, in studies focused on estimating density using capture–recapture methods.
Critical Appraisal of Emergency Medicine Educational Research: The Best Publications of 2011
Authors: Fisher Jonathan , Lin Michelle , Coates Wendy C. , Kuhn Gloria J. , Farrell Susan E. , Maggio Lauren A. , Shayne Philip 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to critically appraise and highlight medical education research studies published in 2011 that were methodologically superior and whose outcomes were pertinent to teaching and education in emergency medicine (EM).MethodsA search of the English language literature in 2011 querying PubMed, Scopus, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and PsychInfo identified EM studies that used hypothesis‐testing or observational investigations of educational interventions. Six reviewers independently ranked all publications based on 10 criteria, including four related to methodology, that were chosen a priori to standardize evaluation by reviewers. This method was used previously to appraise medical education published in 2008, 2009, and 2010.ResultsForty‐eight educational research papers were identified. Comparing the literature of 2011 to that of 2008 through 2010, the number of published educational research papers meeting the criteria increased over time from 30, to 36, to 41, and now to 48. Five medical education research studies met the a priori criteria for inclusion as exemplary and are reviewed and summarized in this article. The number of funded studies remained fairly stable over the past 3 years, at 13 (2008), 16 (2009), 9 (2010), and 13 (2011). As in past years, research involving the use of technology accounted for almost half (n = 22) of the publications. Observational study designs accounted for 28 of the papers, while nine studies featured an experimental design.ConclusionsForty‐eight EM educational studies published in 2011 and meeting the criteria were identified. This critical appraisal reviews and highlights five studies that met a priori quality indicators. Current trends and common methodologic pitfalls in the 2011 papers are noted.
Common Hand Sanitizer May Distort Readings of Breathalyzer Tests in the Absence of Acute Intoxication
Authors: Ali Syed S. , Wilson Michael P. , Castillo Edward M. , Witucki Peter , Simmons Todd T. , Vilke Gary M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe use of alcohol‐based hand sanitizers has recently become widespread. To the authors' knowledge, no previous study has examined whether application of ethanol‐based hand sanitizers by the person operating a common breathalyzer machine will affect the accuracy of the readings. This was a prospective study investigating whether the use of hand sanitizer applied according to manufacturer's recommendations (Group I), applied improperly at standard doses (Group II), or applied improperly at high doses (Group III) had an effect on breathalyzer readings of individuals who had not ingested alcohol.MethodsThe participants of the prospective study were divided into three groups to assess the effect of hand sanitizer on breathalyzer readings. Group I used one pump (1.5 mL) of hand sanitizer (Purell), allowing the hands to dry per manufacturer's recommendations; Group II used one pump (1.5 mL), without allowing the hands to dry; and Group III used two pumps (3 mL), without allowing the hands to dry. Breathalyzer measures for each group are presented as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR) and ranges. Differences between each sequential group (I vs. II and II vs. III) were assessed using a Mann‐Whitney U‐test (p < 0.05 significant).ResultsThere were 25 study participants in each group for a total of 75 participants. The initial breathalyzer readings of all study participants were 0.000 g/dL. The median breathalyzer reading was 0.004 g/dL in Group I (IQR = 0.001 to 0.008 g/dL), 0.051 g/dL in Group II (IQR = 0.043 to 0.064 g/dL), and 0.119 g/dL in Group III (IQR = 0.089 to 0.134 g/dL). Measures between each subsequent group were all statistically different (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe use of common alcohol‐based hand sanitizer may cause false‐positive readings with a standard hospital breathalyzer when the operator uses the hand sanitizer correctly. The breathalyzer readings are further elevated if more sanitizer is used or if it is not allowed to dry appropriately.