bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sub‐grid scale parameterization of hillslope runoff and erosion processes for catchment‐scale models of semi‐arid landscapes
Authors: Hutton Christopher , Nicholas Andrew , Brazier Richard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe processes of hillslope runoff and erosion are typically represented at coarse spatial resolution in catchment‐scale models due to computational limitations. Such representation typically fails to incorporate the important effects of topographic heterogeneity on runoff generation, overland flow, and soil erosion. These limitations currently undermine the application of distributed catchment models to understand the importance of thresholds and connectivity on hillslope and catchment‐scale runoff and erosion, particularly in semi‐arid environments. This paper presents a method for incorporating high‐resolution topographic data to improve sub‐grid scale parameterization of hillslope overland flow and erosion models. Results derived from simulations conducted using a kinematic wave overland flow model at 0.5 m spatial resolution are used to parameterize the depth–discharge relationship in the overland flow model when applied at 16 m resolution. The high‐resolution simulations are also used to derive a more realistic parameterization of excess flow shear stress for use in the 16 m resolution erosion model. Incorporating the sub‐grid scale parameterization in the coarse‐resolution model (16 m) leads to improved predictions of overland flow and erosion when evaluated using results derived from high‐resolution (0.5 m) model simulations. The improvement in performance is observed for a range of event magnitudes and is most notable for erosion estimates due to the non‐linear dependency between the rates of erosion and overland flow. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contrasting carbon export dynamics of human impacted and pristine tropical catchments in response to a short‐lived discharge event
Authors: Bass Adrian M. , Munksgaard N.C. , Leblanc M. , Tweed S. , Bird M.I. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUtilising newly available instrumentation, the carbon balance in two small tropical catchments was measured during two discharge events at high temporal resolution. Catchments share similar climatic conditions, but differ in land use with one draining a pristine rainforest catchment, the other a fully cleared and cultivated catchment. The necessity of high resolution sampling in small catchments was illustrated in each catchment, where significant chemical changes occurred in the space of a few hours or less. Dissolved and particulate carbon transport dominated carbon export from the rainforest catchment during high flow, but was surpassed by degassing of CO2 less than 4 h after the discharge peak. In contrast, particulate organic carbon dominated export from the cleared catchment, in all flow conditions with CO2 evasion accounting for 5–23% of total carbon flux. Stable isotopes of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the ephemeral rainforest catchment decreased quickly from ~1.5 ‰ to ~ −16 ‰ in 5 h from the flood beginning. A two‐point mixing model revealed that in the initial pulse, over 90% of the DIC was of rainwater origin, decreasing to below 30% in low flow. In the cultivated catchment, δ13CDIC values varied significantly less (−11.0 to −12.2 ‰) but revealed a complex interaction between surface runoff and groundwater sources, with groundwater DIC becoming proportionally more important in high flow, due to activation of macropores downstream. This work adds to an increasing body of work that recognises the importance of rapid, short‐lived hydrological events in low‐order catchments to global carbon dynamics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Streamflow sensitivity analysis to climate change for a large water‐limited basin
Authors: Liang Liqiao , Liu Qiang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPartitioning precipitation (P) between streamflow (Q) and actual evapotranspiration (Ea) on a basin scale is controlled by climate change in combination with catchment characteristics. Fu's formulation of the Budyko framework was used to estimate Q as a function of two meteorological variables, P and potential evaporation (Ep), and one adjustable parameter reflecting characteristics of catchment conditions (ω). Results show that ω reflects the impacts of catchment characteristics on the partitioning of P between Q and Ea for the different water yielding regions. As predicted, Q was more sensitive to P than to comparable changes in Ep for the whole of the Yellow River Basin (YRB), a water‐limited basin, while it was shown to be highly sensitive to changes in P, Ep, and ω in the low water yielding region (LWYR) of the basin, followed by YRB and the high water yielding region of the basin. The high sensitivity of Q to P, Ep, and ω in LWYR indicates that the management of catchments within these zones is critical to the management of overall basin flow, mitigating impacts of climate change on Q. The Budyko framework, incorporating the adjustable parameter ω, outlines interactions between Q, climate, and characteristics specific to different water yielding regions. It also provides a new approach in understanding hydrological process response to climate change. Due to the obscure physical attributes of ω, an explanation of the parameter using soil or vegetation characteristics will aid in the understanding of the eco‐hydrological behaviour of catchments and help to provide more detailed catchment management options for which to mitigate climate change with respect to concerns regarding agricultural water usage. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morning types are less sensitive to pain than evening types all day long
Authors: Jankowski K.S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundDiurnal variations in pain have been observed in experimental protocols, post‐surgery states and pathological conditions. Chronotype is considered to have the most profound effect on diurnal variations, and in addition, previous studies suggest that evening types may be more vulnerable to pain than morning types. This study aimed to examine whether or not morning and evening chronotypes differ in terms of their daily levels and diurnal fluctuations of pain sensitivity.MethodsA total of 16 morning‐healthy and 15 evening‐healthy men were selected using the Morningness‐Eveningness Questionnaire and underwent nine measurements during 1 day (between 08:15 and 20:15 h), each consisting of five heat stimuli situated at the ventral side of the wrist.ResultsA marked difference between chronotypes was found, with morning types showing less sensitivity to pain than evening types all day long [M = 50.1; standard error (SE) = 1 and M = 47.2; SE = 1, respectively; pain thresholds in centigrade]. Diurnal variations in pain were not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe results showed that chronotype could be an important factor determining sensitivity to pain, regardless of time of day.
Effects of antiresorptive therapies on glucose metabolism: Results from the FIT, HORIZON-PFT, and FREEDOM trials
Authors: Schwartz Ann V , Schafer Anne L , Grey Andrew , Vittinghoff Eric , Palermo Lisa , Lui Li-Yung L , Wallace Robert B , Cummings Steven R , Black Dennis M , Bauer Douglas C , Reid Ian R 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

In rodent models, undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) acts as a hormone that promotes insulin sensitivity and secretion. If ucOC plays a similar role in humans, then antiresorptive therapies, which reduce ucOC levels, may increase the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes. We tested whether antiresorptive therapies result in higher fasting glucose, increased weight, or greater diabetes incidence in post hoc analyses of three randomized, placebo-controlled trials in postmenopausal women: Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT) (N = 6151) of alendronate (4 years), Health Outcomes and Reduced Incidence with Zoledronic Acid Once Yearly Pivotal Fracture Trial (HORIZON-PFT) (N = 7113) of zoledronic acid (3 years), and Fracture Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis Every 6 Months (FREEDOM) trial (N = 7076) of denosumab (3 years). Fasting glucose was measured annually in FIT and HORIZON in a subset of women, and every 6 months in FREEDOM in all participants. Weight was measured annually in all trials. Incident diabetes was identified from adverse event reports, initiation of diabetes medication, or elevated fasting glucose. Differences in fasting glucose changes from randomization to trial conclusion between treatment and placebo groups were not statistically significant: −0.47 mg/dL in FIT, 0.20 mg/dL in HORIZON-PFT, and 0.09 mg/dL in FREEDOM, all p &gt; 0.6. Weight change differed between treatment and placebo groups in FIT (0.32 kg, p = 0.003) and FREEDOM (0.31 kg, p = 0.023) but not in HORIZON-PFT (0.15 kg, p = 0.132). In the three trials combined, diabetes occurred in 203 and 225 women assigned to treatment or placebo, respectively. Diabetes incidence was not increased in any of the treatment groups or in the pooled estimate (pooled relative risk [RR] = 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74–1.10). Antiresorptive therapy does not have a clinically important effect on fasting glucose, weight, or diabetes risk in postmenopausal women. Contrary to predictions from mouse models, reduced bone turnover does not appear to play a significant role in glucose metabolism in humans.
Juvenile Paget's disease in an Iranian kindred with vitamin D deficiency and novel homozygous TNFRSF11B mutation
Authors: Saki Forough , Karamizadeh Zohreh , Nasirabadi Shiva , Mumm Steven , McAlister William H , Whyte Michael P 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Juvenile Paget's disease (JPD) is a rare heritable osteopathy characterized biochemically by markedly increased serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity emanating from generalized acceleration of skeletal turnover. Affected infants and children typically suffer bone pain and fractures and deformities, become deaf, and have macrocranium. Some who survive to young adult life develop blindness from retinopathy engendered by vascular microcalcification. Most cases of JPD are caused by osteoprotegerin (OPG) deficiency due to homozygous loss-of-function mutations within the TNFRSF11B gene that encodes OPG. We report a 3-year-old Iranian girl with JPD and craniosynostosis who had vitamin D deficiency in infancy. She presented with fractures during the first year-of-life followed by bone deformities, delayed development, failure-to-thrive, and pneumonias. At 1 year-of-age, biochemical studies of serum revealed marked hyperphosphatasemia together with low-normal calcium and low inorganic phosphate and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Several family members in previous generations of this consanguineous kindred may also have had JPD and vitamin D deficiency. Mutation analysis showed homozygosity for a unique missense change (c.130T&gt;C, p.Cys44Arg) in TNFRSF11B that would compromise the cysteine-rich domain of OPG that binds receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Both parents were heterozygous for this mutation. The patient's serum OPG level was extremely low and RANKL level markedly elevated. She responded well to rapid oral vitamin D repletion followed by pamidronate treatment given intravenously. Our patient is the first Iranian reported with JPD. Her novel mutation in TNFRSF11B plus vitamin D deficiency in infancy was associated with severe JPD uniquely complicated by craniosynostosis. Pamidronate treatment with vitamin D sufficiency can be effective therapy for the skeletal disease caused by the OPG deficiency form of JPD.
High‐order absorbing boundary conditions for the meshless radial point interpolation method in the frequency domain
Authors: Kaufmann Thomas , Engström Christian 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYThe meshless radial point interpolation method (RPIM) in frequency domain for electromagnetic scattering problems is presented. This method promises high accuracy in a simple collocation approach using radial basis functions. The treatment of high‐order non‐reflecting boundary conditions for open waveguides is discussed and implemented up to fourth‐order. RPIM allows the direct calculation of high‐order spatial derivatives without the introduction of auxiliary variables. High‐order absorbing boundary conditions offer a choice of absorbing angles for each degree of spatial derivatives. For general applications, a set of these absorbing angles is calculated using global optimization. Numerical experiments show that at the same computational cost, the numerical reflections of the absorbing boundary conditions are much lower than conventional perfectly matched layers, especially at high angles of incidence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aero‐elastic bearing effects on rotor dynamics: a numerical analysis
Authors: Barzem L. , Bou‐Said B. , Rocchi J. , Grau G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTIn recent decades, numerous models for airfoil bearings have been developed. However, these models are not sufficiently accurate for rotor response prediction in the presence of nonlinearities. It is essential to control the instabilities due to the nonlinear behaviour in order to quantify the energy dissipation in the bearings. By means of a variational approach, the flexible structure is modelled as a thin medium subject to a compressible fluid pressure, under isothermal conditions, in the laminar and turbulent regimes. The model is constructed using the finite element method for the structure response. Internal dry friction is taken into account with Coulomb's law and an updated Lagrangian method. The structure model is coupled with Reynolds equation to obtain the rotor displacement, using the equations of motion for the complete mechanical system.This work is performed to show the influence of the thin structure approach on the rotor behaviour and the field pressure. The link between deflection of the bumps and dry friction is established. The structure buckling is increased by both friction between the sheets and energy dissipation. A second objective is to identify the subsynchronous frequencies in order to establish the relevance of the new airfoil model for nonlinear and instability investigations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chloride intracellular channel 4 involves in the reduced invasiveness of cancer cells treated by photodynamic therapy
Authors: Chiang Pei‐Chi , Chou Ruey‐Hwang , Chien Hsiung‐Fei , Tsai Tsuimin , Chen Chin‐Tin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe mechanisms of photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been studied on the cellular and tissue levels. However, the cellular behaviors of cancer cells survived from PDT are still not clear. Previously, we have found that PDT‐derived variants A375/3A5 and A375/6A5 have reduced invasion ability. This study attempted to further elucidate the possible molecules associated with the altered invasiveness in the PDT‐derived variants and cancer cells treated with PDT.Study Design/Materials and MethodsScratch wound healing assay and invasion assay were performed to evaluate the migration and invasion ability of human A375 melanoma and MDA‐MB‐231 breast adenocarcinoma cells. Single colony selection and microarray analysis were performed to examine the differentially expressed transcripts in parental A375 and PDT‐derived variants. RT‐PCR and Western blots analysis were performed to examine the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4). The MMP9 activity was examined by Zymography assay. CLIC4 expressing construct was used to examine the influence on MMP9 expression and invasion ability of cancer cells treated with PDT.ResultsCorrelated with the reduced invasiveness, we found that A375/3A5 and A375/6A5 cells have decreased production of MMP9. Microarray analysis and RT‐PCR showed CLIC4 was down‐regulated in the PDT‐derived variants. Furthermore, down‐regulation of CLIC4 and MMP9 was found in cancer cells treated with PDT. Transfection of surviving cancer cells with a plasmid vector encoding CLIC4 increased MMP9 expression and cell invasion. Furthermore, overexpression of CLIC4 in A375 and MDA‐MB‐231 cancer cells constrains PDT‐induced suppression of invasiveness.ConclusionOur results showed that the reduced expression of CLIC4 could further down‐regulate MMP9 and result in the suppression of invasion in cancer cells treated with PDT. These results provide an insight into a new mechanism by which PDT affects the metastatic potential of cancer cells through down‐regulation of MMP9 by CLIC4. Lasers Surg. Med. 45: 38–47, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanostructured Films of Block Copolymers Functionalized With Photolabile Protected Amino Groups
Authors: Stadermann Jan , Riedel Maria , Voit Brigitte 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTwo phase separating block copolymers with photolabile protected amino groups in one block have been synthesized through RAFT polymerization followed by efficient click modification. Techniques like NMR, GPC, and DSC were applied for the characterization of these functional materials. The block copolymers were used for the preparation of thin films where they assemble to form distinct nanostructures as detected by AFM analysis.
New Water‐Soluble Cationic Poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) Derivative: the Interaction with DNA and Selective Fluorescence Enhancement Induced by ssDNA
Authors: Zhang Wenjun , Xu Li , Qin Jingui , Yang Chuluo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA new cationic cyano‐substituted poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) (N‐CNPPV) is synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation. The water‐soluble polymer shows different emission spectra in different solvents and displays unique fluorescent behaviors in the mixed solvents of water and THF. The new polymer can form a complex with ssDNA by adopting a more planar conformation, exhibiting red shift of emission wavelength and enhancement of fluorescence intensity. By investigating the fluorescent response of N‐CNPPV to various surfactants, we demonstrate that the hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction result in the selective response of N‐CNPPV to ssDNA. This is the first report on selective fluorescence enhancement of conjugated polyelectrolyte induced by ssDNA.
A New Disubstituted Polyacetylene Bearing 6‐Benzylaminopurine Moieties: Postfunctional Synthetic Strategy and Sensitive Chemosensor Towards Copper and Cobalt Ions
Authors: Ou Daxin , Zhang Liang , Huang Yanfen , Lou Xiaoding , Qin Jingui , Li Zhen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA new 6‐benzylaminopurine‐functionalized disubstituted polyacetylene (P2) with strong green fluorescence is successfully synthesized by utilizing the postfunctional method. The polymer is soluble in common organic solvents, and its strong green fluorescence can be quenched by copper and cobalt ions with a detection limit down to 1.0 × 10−8 (0.64 ppb) and 3.3 × 10−8 mol L−1 (1.94 ppb), respectively. Moreover, not much interference is observed from other metal ions, including Li+, Na+, K+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Ag+, and Cr3+. Furthermore, P2 can be put into application using test strips, making P2 a practical, sensitive, and selective copper and cobalt probe.magnified image
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fibers prepared using conical dies with varying dimensions
Authors: Yeh Jen‐Taut , Wang Chuen‐Kai , Zhou Qin , Zhou Huo‐Peng , Tsai Chih‐Chen , Lai Yu‐Ching , Tsou Chi‐Hui , Chen Kan‐Nan , Huang Chi‐Yuan , Lee Kuei‐Chi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDimensions of conical dies were found to have a significant influence on thermal, morphological, orientation, ultradrawing, and dynamic mechanical properties of the as‐prepared and/or drawn ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber specimens prepared in this study. Many demarcated “micro‐fibrils” were found paralleling to fiber direction of the as‐prepared UHMWPE fiber specimens. The percentage crystallinity, melting temperatures, orientation factor (fo) and achievable draw ratio (Dra) values of each as‐prepared UHMWPE fiber specimen prepared at a fixed length of outlet land reach a maximum value, as the entry angles of the conical die approach the optimum value at 75°. The maximum fo and Dra values obtained for each F2075‐y as‐prepared fiber series specimens prepared using the optimum entry angle reach another maximum value as their length of outlet land approach the optimum value of 6.5 mm. The ultimate tensile strengths and moduli of the drawn UHMWPE fibers prepared at the optimum entry angle and length of outlet land are significantly higher than those of fibers prepared at other conditions but stretched to the same draw ratio. Possible reasons accounting for the above interesting properties were discussed in this study. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
A stochastic approach for continuous and discontinuous crack growth in polycarbonate under cyclic loading
Authors: Matsuda Shinya , Ogi Keiji 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article presents a stochastic approach to predict fatigue crack propagation (FCP) diagrams of continuous crack growth (CCG) and discontinuous crack growth (DCG) in polycarbonate (PC) under cyclic loading. First, it is assumed that the macroscopic fatigue crack propagates stochastically. The transition probability is then expressed in conjunction with the craze fibril breakdown model for CCG. Second, the stochastic process is applied to DCG assuming that DCG occurs because of an unstable crack growth in the craze zone. A fracture criterion using a stress intensity factor is introduced for the unstable crack growth. As a result, we obtain an FCP diagram where the rate in CCG is lower than that in DCG. The stress intensity factor range for the DCG–CCG transition can be theoretically determined. Finally, to verify the present approach, the experimental data of DCG and CCG of PC are fitted to the Paris equation. In addition, the relationship between the DCG band size and the number of cycles required for DCG is predicted in order to compare it with the experiment data. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Modification of Enamel and Dentin Surfaces by Non‐Thermal Atmospheric Plasma
Authors: Lehmann Antje , Rueppell André , Schindler Axel , Zylla Isabella‐Maria , Seifert Hans Jürgen , Nothdurft Frank , Hannig Matthias , Rupf Stefan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTooth material surface chemical and micromechanical properties are important for success and sustainability in restorative dentistry. Modification by cold atmospheric plasma jet treatment may help to improve presently existing shortcomings as a part of future restorative therapies. The present study has been focused on changes of surface properties of tooth substances by this approach. Polished and etched enamel and dentin slices from the vestibular face of bovine incisors are used. A plasma jet modifies these surfaces at a distance of 2 mm and with a scan velocity of 5.5 mm · s−1. The treatment parameters are: helium process gas flow 3.525 slm, plasma excitation by 2.45 GHz with an average pulsed microwave power of 2 W, single pulse power of 250 W, pulse width 5 µs. The surface modifications are subjected to laser scanning microscope roughness‐measurement, contact angle measurements, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis and morphological visualization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Plasma treatment causes changes of surface roughness and morphological alterations on dentin, while no such changes are measureable on etched dentin and polished and etched enamel surfaces. Plasma causes contact angle reductions for both, water and ethylene glycol. XPS analyses show significant carbon reduction on enamel surfaces after plasma treatment. Admixture of 30% of hydrogen peroxide or deionized water, respectively, as precursors in the plasma jet processing gas flow generates measureable amounts of CO‐bindings at the surfaces assigned to hydrophilic groups. Surface modifications by plasma treatment might enable interesting new options for dental procedures in all areas of interaction between tooth substance and restorative materials. magnified image