bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parent perceptions of managing child behavioural side‐effects of cancer treatment: a qualitative study
Authors: Williams L. K. , McCarthy M. C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundVery little research has examined the role of parenting in managing behavioural side‐effects of cancer treatment. The purpose of this paper was to explore parent perceptions of (a) parenting in the context of childhood cancer; (b) the parenting strategies used in the context of managing child behavioural side‐effects of cancer treatment; and (c) the perceived impact that cancer‐specific parenting strategies have on child behaviour.MethodsParticipants were 15 mothers of children aged 2–6 years in the maintenance phase of treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia at the Royal Children's Hospital Children's Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia. Mothers participated in a one‐on‐one semi‐structured telephone interview using an interview guide which included questions on parenting in the context of childhood cancer, specifically in relation to behavioural side‐effects (problems with behaviour, sleep and eating) and any perceived impact cancer‐specific parenting may have on the ill child.ResultsMany parents reported that following their child's cancer diagnosis, they had to implement a suite of ‘new’ strategies that ‘pre‐diagnosis’ were used only in moderation, if at all. The most salient theme that emerged was parents' perception that their parenting became more lax since their child's diagnosis. Parents further reported specific parenting strategies for each of the main child behavioural side‐effects of cancer treatment.ConclusionData from the current qualitative exploratory study highlight the role of specific parenting strategies in managing or assisting child behavioural side‐effects of cancer treatment. Further quantitative research is needed to more fully examine the association between parenting and child behavioural outcomes in order to develop modifiable approaches to improving child behavioural side‐effects in a paediatric oncology context.
Regulation of cannabinoid receptor gene expression and endocannabinoid levels in lymphocyte subsets by interferon-β: a longitudinal study in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Sánchez López A J , Román-Vega L , Ramil Tojeiro E , Giuffrida A , García-Merino A 
Published: August 2014

Summary
Evidence suggests the involvement of the cannabinoid system in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). We studied cannabinoid receptor (CB)1 and CB2 receptor gene expression in B, natural killer (NK) and T cells from MS patients before and after 1 year of interferon beta therapy, and compared these levels to those of healthy controls. We also measured the production of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and the gene expression of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in these cells. Prior to interferon therapy, MS patients showed significantly elevated CB2 expression in B cells, but not in T or NK cells. These levels decreased gradually within 6 months to 1 year of interferon treatment. CB1 expression was elevated in all cell subsets, but only reached statistical significance in T cells; all levels decreased progressively over time. Before treatment, AEA but not 2-AG levels were significantly elevated in the three cell populations; after 1 year of treatment, all values decreased to control levels. The expression of FAAH was unchanged. The different expression of cannabinoid receptor genes and the increased level of AEA in lymphocytes point to a possible role of the cannabinoid system in MS immune response and its modulation by interferon.
The use of environmental DNA in invasive species surveillance of the Great Lakes commercial bait trade
Authors: Nathan Lucas R. , Jerde Christopher L. , Budny Michelle L. , Mahon Andrew R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOver 180 non‐native species have been introduced in the Laurentian Great Lakes region, many posing threats to native species and ecosystem functioning. One potential pathway for introductions is the commercial bait trade; unknowing or unconcerned anglers commonly release unused bait into aquatic systems. Previous surveillance efforts of this pathway relied on visual inspection of bait stocks in retail shops, which can be time and cost prohibitive and requires a trained individual that can rapidly and accurately identify cryptic species. Environmental DNA (eDNA) surveillance, a molecular tool that has been used for surveillance in aquatic environments, can be used to efficiently detect species at low abundances. We collected and analyzed 576 eDNA samples from 525 retail bait shops throughout the Laurentian Great Lake states. We used eDNA techniques to screen samples for multiple aquatic invasive species (AIS) that could be transported in the bait trade, including bighead (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix), round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), tubenose goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus), Eurasian rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), and goldfish (Carassius auratus). Twenty‐seven samples were positive for at least one target species (4.7% of samples), and all target species were found at least once, except bighead carp. Despite current regulations, the bait trade remains a potential pathway for invasive species introductions in the Great Lakes region. Alterations to existing management strategies regarding the collection, transportation, and use of live bait are warranted, including new and updated regulations, to prevent future introductions of invasive species in the Great Lakes via the bait trade.El Uso del ADN Ambiental en la Vigilancia de Especies Invasoras del Mercado de Carnada Comercial de los Grandes Lagos
Optimal fire histories for biodiversity conservation
Authors: Kelly Luke T. , Bennett Andrew F. , Clarke Michael F. , McCarthy Michael A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFire is used as a management tool for biodiversity conservation worldwide. A common objective is to avoid population extinctions due to inappropriate fire regimes. However, in many ecosystems, it is unclear what mix of fire histories will achieve this goal. We determined the optimal fire history of a given area for biological conservation with a method that links tools from 3 fields of research: species distribution modeling, composite indices of biodiversity, and decision science. We based our case study on extensive field surveys of birds, reptiles, and mammals in fire‐prone semi‐arid Australia. First, we developed statistical models of species’ responses to fire history. Second, we determined the optimal allocation of successional states in a given area, based on the geometric mean of species relative abundance. Finally, we showed how conservation targets based on this index can be incorporated into a decision‐making framework for fire management. Pyrodiversity per se did not necessarily promote vertebrate biodiversity. Maximizing pyrodiversity by having an even allocation of successional states did not maximize the geometric mean abundance of bird species. Older vegetation was disproportionately important for the conservation of birds, reptiles, and small mammals. Because our method defines fire management objectives based on the habitat requirements of multiple species in the community, it could be used widely to maximize biodiversity in fire‐prone ecosystems.Historiales de Incendios Óptimos para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad
Responses to static stretching are dependent on stretch intensity and duration
Authors: Freitas Sandro R. , Vilarinho Daniel , Vaz João Rocha , Bruno Paula M. , Costa Pablo B. , Mil‐homens Pedro 
Published: August 2014

SummaryInformation regarding the effects of stretching intensity on the joint torque–angle response is scarce. The present study examined the effects of three static stretching protocols with different intensities and durations on the passive knee extension torque–angle response of seventeen male participants (age ± SD: 23·9 ± 3·6 years, height: 177·0 ± 7·2 cm, BMI: 22·47 ± 1·95 kg·m2). The stretching intensity was determined according to the maximal tolerable torque of the first repetition: fifty per cent (P50), seventy‐five per cent (P75) and the maximum intensity without pain (P100). Five repetitions were performed for each protocol. The stretch duration of each repetition was 90, 135 and 180 s for P100, P75 and P50, respectively. The rest period between repetitions was 30 s. Passive torque at a given angle, angle, stress relaxation, area under the curve, surface electromyography activity and visual analogue scale score were compared. The significant (P<0·05) results found were as follows: (i) the P50 and P75 did not increase the angle and passive peak torque outcomes, despite more time under stretch; (ii) only the P100 increased the angle and passive peak torque outcomes; (iii) the perception of stretching intensity mainly changed depending on knee angle changes, and not passive torque; (iv) the P50 induced a higher passive torque decrease; (v) when protocols were compared for the same time under stretch, the torque decrease was similar; (vi) the change in torque–angle curve shape was different depending on the stretching protocol. In conclusion, higher stretch duration seems to be a crucial factor for passive torque decrease and higher stretch intensity for maximum angle increase.
Alienated Politics: Labour Insurgency and the Paternalistic State in China
Authors: Friedman Eli 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIs there a labour movement in China? This contribution argues that China does not have a labour movement, but that contestation between workers, state and capital is best characterized as a form of ‘alienated politics’. Widespread worker resistance is highly effective at the level of the firm because of its ability to inflict losses on capital and disrupt public order. But authoritarian politics in China prevent workers from formulating political demands. Despite the spectacular repressive capacity of the state, the central government has in fact responded to highly localized resistance by passing generally pro‐labour legislation over the past decade. The consequence of this is that worker unrest has produced important political shifts at the national level, but these have come about without workers’ direct involvement in the process. In other words, workers are alienated from the political object that they themselves have produced. As a consequence, when the state intervenes in labour politics, it appears to be doing so of its own accord, i.e. paternalistically. This framework helps us to understand how worker unrest in China has become highly antagonistic towards employers and the local state, while maintaining the stability of the system as a whole.
Association between motor functioning and leisure participation of children with physical disability: an integrative review
Authors: Kanagasabai Parimala S , Mulligan Hilda , Mirfin‐Veitch Brigit , Hale Leigh A 
Published: August 2014

AimThe aim of this integrative review is to synthesize the evidence of association between motor functioning and leisure participation of children with physical disability.MethodWe conducted a systematic electronic search of key databases from the period 1 January 2001 to 30 April 2014 using relevant keywords. The Mixed Method Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of the qualitative and quantitative studies included and carried out in children with physical disability aged 6 to 12 years. We synthesized and compared information from both type of studies to identify the extent, and way by which, motor functioning influences leisure participation.ResultsThirty‐five studies were included and analyzed for this review. Twenty‐four studies used quantitative and 11 studies used qualitative methodology. We identified the association between motor functioning and six dimensions of participation including diversity, intensity, context, preferences, enjoyment and quality of participation. Motor functioning was found to have a weak to moderate association with involvement in specific leisure activity types and dimensions. We developed a conceptual framework to illustrate the influence of motor functioning on leisure participation from this review.InterpretationWhether motor functioning poses a barrier to leisure participation for children with physical disability appears to depend on the functional movement required to participate in a particular leisure activity.
Dental students' peer assessment: a prospective pilot study
Authors: Tricio J. , Woolford M. , Thomas M. , Lewis‐Greene H. , Georghiou L. , Andiappan M. , Escudier M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntroductionPeer assessment is increasingly used in health education. The aims of this study were to evaluate the reliability, accuracy, educational impact and student's perceptions of undergraduate pre‐clinical and clinical dental students' structured and prospective Peer assessment and peer feedback protocol.Materials and methodsTwo Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) forms were modified for use in pre‐clinical and clinical peer assessment. Ten year two dental students working in a phantom‐heads skills laboratory and 16‐year five dental students attending a comprehensive care clinic piloted both peer DOPS forms. After training, pairs of students observed, assessed and provided immediate feedback to each other using their respective peer DOPS forms as frameworks. At the end of the 3‐month study period, students anonymously provided their perceptions of the protocol.ResultsYear 2 and year 5 students completed 57 and 104 peer DOPS forms, respectively. The generalizability coefficient was 0.62 for year 2 (six encounters) and 0.67 for year 5 (seven encounters). Both groups were able to differentiate amongst peer‐assessed domains and so detect improvement in peers' performance over time. Peer DOPS scores of both groups showed a positive correlation with their mean end‐of‐year examination marks (r ≥ 0.505, P ≥ 0.051) although this was not statistically significant. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.094) between the end‐of‐year examination marks of the participating students and the rest of their respective classes. The vast majority of both groups expressed positive perceptions of the piloted protocol.DiscussionThere are no data in the literature on the prospective use of peer assessment in the dental undergraduate setting. In the current study, both pre‐clinical and clinical students demonstrated the ability to identify those domains where peers performed better, as well as those which needed improvement. Despite no observable educational impact, most students reported positive perceptions of the peer DOPS protocol.ConclusionsThe results of this pilot study support the need for and the potential benefit of a larger‐ and longer‐term follow‐up study utilising the protocol.
The potential for indirect effects between co‐flowering plants via shared pollinators depends on resource abundance, accessibility and relatedness
Authors: Carvalheiro Luísa Gigante , Biesmeijer Jacobus Christiaan , Benadi Gita , Fründ Jochen , Stang Martina , Bartomeus Ignasi , Kaiser‐Bunbury Christopher N. , Baude Mathilde , Gomes Sofia I. F. , Merckx Vincent , Baldock Katherine C. R. , Bennett Andrew T. D. , Boada Ruth , Bommarco Riccardo , Cartar Ralph , Chacoff Natacha , Dänhardt Juliana , Dicks Lynn V. , Dormann Carsten F. , Ekroos Johan , Henson Kate S.E. , Holzschuh Andrea , Junker Robert R. , Lopezaraiza‐Mikel Martha , Memmott Jane , Montero‐Castaño Ana , Nelson Isabel L. , Petanidou Theodora , Power Eileen F. , Rundlöf Maj , Smith Henrik G. , Stout Jane C. , Temitope Kehinde , Tscharntke Teja , Tscheulin Thomas , Vilà Montserrat , Kunin William E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCo‐flowering plant species commonly share flower visitors, and thus have the potential to influence each other's pollination. In this study we analysed 750 quantitative plant–pollinator networks from 28 studies representing diverse biomes worldwide. We show that the potential for one plant species to influence another indirectly via shared pollinators was greater for plants whose resources were more abundant (higher floral unit number and nectar sugar content) and more accessible. The potential indirect influence was also stronger between phylogenetically closer plant species and was independent of plant geographic origin (native vs. non‐native). The positive effect of nectar sugar content and phylogenetic proximity was much more accentuated for bees than for other groups. Consequently, the impact of these factors depends on the pollination mode of plants, e.g. bee or fly pollinated. Our findings may help predict which plant species have the greatest importance in the functioning of plant–pollination networks.
Validating screening tools for depression in epilepsy
Authors: Fiest Kirsten M. , Patten Scott B. , Wiebe Samuel , Bulloch Andrew G.M. , Maxwell Colleen J. , Jetté Nathalie 
Published: August 2014

SummaryObjectiveDepression is a common comorbidity of epilepsy, and its timely identification in persons with epilepsy is essential. The use of screening tools to detect depression is common in epilepsy, but some scales in current use have not been validated using a gold standard in this population. The present study aims to validate three commonly used depression‐screening scales and assess new cut points for scoring in those with epilepsy.MethodsPersons with epilepsy (n = 300) from the only epilepsy clinic in a large urban health region completed questionnaires (e.g., sociodemographics, adverse event profile) and three depression‐screening tools (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]; Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ]‐9 and PHQ‐2). One hundred eighty‐five patients participated in a gold‐standard structured clinical interview to assess depression. The diagnostic accuracy of the depression scales was assessed comparing a variety of scoring cut points to the gold‐standard diagnosis of depression.ResultsThe prevalence of current depression in this population, according to the gold‐standard, was 14.6%. The scale with the highest sensitivity (84.6%) was the HADS with a cut point of 6 and the scale with the highest specificity (96.2%) was the PHQ‐9 algorithm scoring method. Overall, the PHQ‐9 at a cut point of 9 and the HADS at a cut point of 7 resulted in the greatest balance of sensitivity and specificity (area under the curve: 88% and 90%, respectively).SignificanceThe PHQ‐9 at a cut point of 9 and the HADS at a cut point of 7 had the best overall balance of sensitivity and specificity. However, for screening purposes the PHQ‐9 algorithm method is ideal (optimizing specificity), whereas for case finding the HADS at a cut point of 6 performed best (optimizing sensitivity). Appropriate scale cut points should be chosen based on the study's goals and available resources. Disease‐specific scale cut points are recommended for future studies assessing depression in persons with epilepsy.
A review of anhidrosis in horses
Authors: MacKay R. J. , Mallicote M. , Hernandez J. A. , Craft W. F. , Conway J. A. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryHorses with anhidrosis are defined by signs of impaired thermoregulation caused by sweating that is inadequate for the ambient conditions. Anhidrosis has been recognised since the early twentieth century; affected horses have been variably described as nonsweaters, drycoats, blowers or puffers. The condition affects horses of all age groups, breeds, coat colours, genders and activities and is common among horses in hot, humid environments. Despite the enormous financial and emotional costs of anhidrosis, the causes and pathogenesis of the condition are largely unknown and no consistently effective treatment has been found.
Selective herbivory by an invasive cyprinid, the rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus
Authors: Kapuscinski Kevin L. , Farrell John M. , Stehman Stephen V. , Boyer Gregory L. , Fernando Danilo D. , Teece Mark A. , Tschaplinski Timothy J. 
Published: August 2014

Summary

Herbivory by non‐native animals is a problem of growing concern globally, especially for ecosystems where there were few native herbivores or where they have been replaced by non‐natives. The rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) is an omnivorous cyprinid (native to Europe) now very widespread due to human introductions, yet it is unknown whether the invasive rudd feeds selectively among aquatic macrophyte species common in North America.

We tested feeding selectivity by rudd using five species of aquatic macrophytes: Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Najas flexilis, Stuckenia pectinata and Vallisneria americana. Fish were presented with known quantities of each macrophyte species in a randomized complete block design, and we measured the mean per cent mass remaining in each case. We also quantified differences in the chemical attributes of the five macrophyte species and determined whether feeding by rudd was related to dry matter content (DMC), per cent C by dry mass (%C), per cent N by dry mass (%N), and the concentrations of total soluble proteins, two organic acids (aconitic and oxalic acid), total soluble phenolic compounds (<1000 Da), nine soluble phenolic metabolites and total phenolic compounds.

Rudd fed selectively, with consumption declining in the order N. flexilis > E. canadensis > S. pectinata > V. americana > C. demersum. Selection was positively related to %C and atomic C : N, but not DMC, %N or concentration of total soluble proteins, contrary to the expectation that rudd would select the most nutritious plants available. The concentration of aconitic acid was greatest in N. flexilis, a preferred macrophyte, contrary to the expectation that this compound provides resistance to herbivory. The concentration of oxalic acid, which negatively affects palatability, was highest in C. demersum, the least preferred macrophyte.

Selection was also positively related to the concentration of total (and some specific) soluble phenolic compounds. The concentrations of caffeic acid, trans‐caftaric acid and quercetin were positively related to macrophyte preference by rudd, whereas concentrations of cis‐4‐O‐ and trans‐4‐O‐ferulic acid glucoside were negatively related.

Selective feeding by rudd (which can be very numerous in North American fresh waters) could evidently alter macrophyte assemblages and hinder attempts to restore plant communities.