bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tourism sector in Panama: Regional economic impacts and the potential to benefit the poor
Authors: Klytchnikova Irina , Dorosh Paul 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTourism is one of Latin America's fastest growing industries, but the impact of tourism on the poor and the effects on developing regions are under debate. Many studies have evaluated the growth impacts of the tourism sector but few have analyzed the impact of tourism on the economy and poverty at the subnational level in developing countries. This paper presents the results of a top‐down assessment of the impact of tourism spending on growth and poverty at the regional level in Panama using a Social Accounting Matrix multiplier model. As revealed by this study, the tourism sector has large multiplier effects on the Panamanian economy — higher than the Panama Canal and almost twice as high as the textiles sector or Free Zone of Colon — and has the potential for significant benefits to the poor, but these benefits depend on where and how supply chains are structured and on the way tourists spend their money.
Mountain gorilla tourism generating wealth and peace in post‐conflict Rwanda
Authors: Maekawa Miko , Lanjouw Annette , Rutagarama Eugène , Sharp Douglas 
Published: June 2013

AbstractToday only around 880 mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) inhabit the Afromontane forests shared by Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In this region, mountain gorillas serve as flagship species, attracting public support and international tourists as well as drawing attention to their habitat. This paper examines the prominent issues in mountain gorilla conservation and nature‐based tourism in Rwanda in a post‐conflict recovery context. Also analyzed are the critical issues of restoring and developing the capacities of institutions, improving the transboundary dialogue, and developing cooperation for the management of natural resources.
Abundance estimation with sightability data: aBayesian data augmentation approach
Authors: Fieberg John , Alexander Michael , Tse Scarlett , St. Clair Katie 
Published: June 2013

SummarySteinhorst & Samuel (Biometrics1989;45, 415–425) showed how logistic regression models, fit to detection data collected from radiocollared animals, can be used to estimate and adjust for visibility bias in wildlife population surveys. Population abundance is estimated using a modifiedHorvitz–Thompson (mHT) estimator in which counts of observed animal groups are divided by their estimated inclusion probabilities (determined by plot‐level sampling probabilities and detection probabilities estimated from radiocollared individuals). The sampling distribution of the mHTestimator is typically right‐skewed, and statistical inference relies on asymptotic theory that may not be appropriate with small samples.We develop an alternative, Bayesian model‐based approach which we apply to data collected from moose (Alces alces) inMinnesota. We model detection probabilities as a function of visual obstruction, informed by data from 124 sightability trials involving radiocollared moose. These sightability data, along with counts of moose from a stratified random sample of aerial plots, are used to estimate moose abundance in 2006 and 2007 and the log rate of change between the 2 years.Unlike traditional design‐based estimators, model‐based estimators require assumptions regarding stratum‐specific distributions of the detection covariates, the number of animal groups per plot and the number of animals per animal group. We demonstrate numerical and graphical methods for assessing the validity of these assumptions and compare two different models for the distribution of the number of animal groups per plot, a beta‐binomial model and a logistic‐tmodel.Estimates of the log rate of change (95%CI) between 2006 and 2007 were −0·21 (−0·53, 0·12), −0·24 (−0·64, 0·16), and −0·25 (−0·64, 0·15) for the beta‐binomial model, logistic‐tmodel and mHTestimator, respectively. Plots of posterior‐predictive distributions and goodness‐of‐fit measures both suggest the beta‐binomial model provides a better fit to the data.TheBayesian framework offers many inferential advantages, including the ability to incorporate prior information and perform exact inference with small samples. More importantly, the model‐based approach provides additional flexibility when designing and analysing multi‐year surveys (e.g. rotational sampling designs could be used to focus sampling effort in important areas, and random effects could be used to share information across years).
Enduring Powers of Attorney: Promoting attorneys' accountability as substitute decision makers
Authors: Tilse Cheryl , Wilson Jill , White Ben , Willmott Lindy , McCawley Anne‐Louise 
Published: June 2013

AimThe misuse and abuse of Enduring Powers of Attorney (EPAs) by attorneys, particularly in relation to financial decision‐making, is a growing concern. This paper explores the opportunities to enhance accountability of attorneys at the time of the execution of the document in Queensland.MethodA four‐stage multi‐method design comprised a critical reference group; semi‐structured interviews with 32 principals or potential principals, attorneys and witnesses; two focus groups with service providers and a state‐wide survey of 76 principals, attorneys and witnesses.ResultsAcross all methods and user groups, understanding the role and obligations of the attorney in an EPA was consistently identified as problematic.ConclusionsPromoting accountability and understanding can be addressed by greater attention to the role of the attorney in the forms/ guidelines and in the structure and witnessing of the forms, increased direction about record keeping and access to appropriate advice and support.
Exhumations: The Search for the Dead and the Resurgence of the Uncanny in Contemporary Spain
Authors: Sime Jennifer 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThis essay examines the efforts in Spain that began in the year 2000 to recover and identify the bodies buried in mass graves from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and the immediate postwar period, with a particular focus on the failed search to recover the remains of Federico García Lorca. The essay critically analyzes the public and academic discourse surrounding the exhumations, paying particular attention to the notion of the “recovery of memory” and how such recovery is understood to allow for both personal and national closure from trauma. As a counterpoint to the concept of recovery, this essay makes recourse to the uncanny in order to provide an alternative way of understanding the memories that surface in the context of exhumations and move beyond therapeutic discourse to open up a critical space for examining the place of the dead in contemporary Spain.
Overexpression of nucleolin and different expression sites both related to the prognosis of gastric cancer
Authors: Qiu Wensheng , Zhou Fang , Zhang Qian , Sun Xiaoxiao , Shi Xiaoli , Liang Ye , Wang Xiumei , Yue Lu 
Published: June 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of nucleolin in tumorous tissues and corresponding non‐malignant tissues in gastric cancer (GC), and the correlation of different expression sites with clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis. Immunohistochemistry was used for detecting the expression levels of nucleolin in GC tissues and corresponding non‐malignant tissues from 124 gastrectomy specimens with stage I–III. Staining results were correlated with clinicopathologic features and survival. Both GC tissues and corresponding non‐malignant tissues showed nucleolar staining for nucleolin. Nucleolin expression was higher in GC tissues than in non‐malignant tissues. Among the 124 GCs, 85 (68.5%) were nucleolin‐high. No significant correlation between nucleolin expression and other clinicopathologic parameters was found. The Cox univariate analysis indicated that both cytoplasmic staining and nucleolar staining of nucleolin expression correlated with patients' prognosis (log‐rank, p < 0.0001; p = 0.0075, respectively). It was concluded in the study that nucleolin was overexpressed in GCs. A high level of nucleolar expression of nucleolin was an independent prognostic marker for better survival while high cytoplasmic staining was closely associated with worse prognosis for GC patients.
The relative importance of hormonal therapy and biological effective dose in optimizing prostate brachytherapy treatment outcomes
Authors: Stock Richard G. , Buckstein Michael , Liu Jerry T. , Stone Nelson N. 
Published: June 2013

Objectives
To compare the relative importance of radiation dose escalation vs androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the definitive treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma.
Patients and Methods
In total, 2427 patients with prostate adenocarcinoma were treated with definitive brachytherapy or brachytherapy with external beam radiation with or without ADT.
Over the 20‐year period of the present study (median follow‐up of 78 months), patients were treated with a range of doses that were converted to the biological effective dose (BED) and/or ADT as the treatment paradigms were optimized.
Using univariate and multivariate analysis, the relative impact on the biochemical control and post‐treatment prostate biopsy results of BED vs ADT was determined.
Results
The 10‐year freedom from biochemical failure (FBF) was significantly affected by BED group: ≤150 Gy2 (64%), >150–200 Gy2 (88%), >200–220 Gy2 (89%) and >220 Gy2 (89.5%) (P < 0.001). When stratified into dose groups, ADT improved FPF on multivariate analysis for the BED group (<150 Gy2, hazard ratio = 0.55; >150–200 Gy2, hazard ratio = 0.39) but not for the higher BED groups.
Among patients receiving ADT, a significant difference in 10‐year FBF was seen when stratifying BED into groups ≤150 Gy2 (78%) vs >150 Gy2 (87%) (P = 0.01).
On logistic regression, ADT had a significant impact on obtaining a negative biopsy (hazard ratio = 0.21) with BED <200 Gy2, although there was no difference with BED >200 Gy2.
Conclusions
When treated with brachytherapy with or without EBT, ADT improves FBF only in the setting of lower doses.
The benefit of ADT may be primarily as an enhancer of local control, explaining why high radiation doses can compensate for its absence.
Recurrence and complications after transperineal bulboprostatic anastomosis for posterior urethral strictures resulting from pelvic fracture: a retrospective study from a urethral referral centre
Authors: Fu Qiang , Zhang Jiong , Sa Ying‐Long , Jin San‐Bao , Xu Yue‐Min 
Published: June 2013

Objective
To describe the complications of transperineal end‐to‐end anastomotic urethroplasty in patients with posterior urethral strictures resulting from pelvic fracture.
Materials and Methods
A total of 573 patients, who underwent bulboprostatic anastomosis for posterior urethral strictures, were enrolled in this study. Distraction defects were measured using retrograde urethrography combined with voiding cysto‐urethrography.
All patients underwent perineal excision and primary anastomotic urethroplasty. The urethroplasty was considered successful if the patient was free of stricture‐related obstruction and did not require any further intervention.
The degree of stress incontinence was assessed daily by pad testing.
The prevalence of pre‐ and postoperative sexual disorders was investigated using the International Index of Erectile Function‐5 questionnaire.
Results
Of 573 bulboprostatic anastomosis procedures performed, 504 (88%) were successful and 69 (12%) were not successful.
The mean (sd) maximum urinary flow rate, assessed by uroflowmetry 4 weeks after surgery, was 20.52 (5.1) mL/s.
Intraoperative rectal injury was repaired primarily in 28 cases. Recurrence of urethral strictures was observed in 10 (1.7%) patients during the first 6 months after surgery, and in 45 patients from 6 months to 1 year. All of these patients underwent re‐operation.
Twenty‐four (4.2%) patients had mild urge incontinence and 28 (4.9%) had mild stress incontinence.
Erectile dysfunction (ED) was present in two (<0.1%) patients before trauma and in 487 (85%) patients after trauma. There was no statistical difference between the incidences of preoperative and postoperative ED (85 vs 86%, P > 0.05).
Nine (1%) patients were found to have false passage between the posterior urethra and bladder neck.
Conclusion
The majority of complications associated with transperineal bulboprostatic anastomosis can be avoided as long as meticulous preoperative evaluation to define the anatomy and careful intra‐operative manipulation are ensured.
A synthesis of the push‐pull fatigue behaviour of plain and notched stainless steel specimens by using the specific heat loss
Authors: Meneghetti G. , Ricotta M. , Atzori B. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe energy dissipated to the surroundings as heat in a unit volume of material per cycle, Q, was recently proposed as fatigue damage index, and it was successfully applied to rationalise fatigue data obtained by carrying out stress‐controlled and strain‐controlled fatigue tests on AISI 304 L stainless steel plain and hole specimens. In this paper, it is shown that the Q parameter is independent on thermal and mechanical boundary conditions occurring during experiments. After that, additional stress‐controlled fatigue tests on plain and notched specimens characterised by smaller notch tip radii than those tested previously have been performed. Present data have been compared with previous ones, and it was found that all available results can be synthesised in terms of the energy parameter Q into a unique scatter band, independently on the testing conditions (stress‐controlled or strain‐controlled) and on the specimens' geometry (plain or notched). About 100 data were included in the statistical analysis to characterise the energy‐based scatter band of the material. Finally, some limitations of applicability of the experimental technique adopted in the present paper are discussed.
A Cross‐Sectional Survey to Assess the Migraineur's Medication Decision‐Making Beliefs: Determining When a Migraine Is Triptan‐Worthy
Authors: Landy Stephen H. , Turner Ira M. , Runken M. Chris , Lee Mechele , Sulcs Ellen , Bell Christopher F. 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesTo investigate the factors that influence a migraineur's beliefs regarding oral triptans for the acute treatment of migraines and to provide further insight into patients' decision‐making process when faced with migraine.MethodsA multicenter, cross‐sectional, observational study of subjects currently prescribed an oral triptan medication for the acute treatment of migraine headaches. Subjects were recruited from 6 headache clinics and one primary care practice in the United States. Enrolled subjects completed a questionnaire that could be completed either at the site as part of the visit or at home. The questionnaire comprised 27 questions assessing demographic characteristics, migraine history, migraine frequency and severity, and general beliefs about migraine treatments. The study population was stratified into 2 cohorts (Early Treatment and Delayed Treatment) based on how they typically use their oral triptan to treat a typical migraine.ResultsA total 506 subjects were enrolled in the study, of which 502 were stratified into the Early Treatment cohort (41.2%) and Delayed Treatment cohort (58.8%). Demographic and clinical characteristics were generally similar between the 2 cohorts. In terms of general treatment patterns, there were notable differences between the Delayed and Early Treatment cohorts, with the Delayed Treatment cohort significantly more likely to take an over‐the‐counter (OTC) or non‐triptan medication first (P ≤ .001) and only take a triptan if the OTC or non‐triptan medication did not work (P ≤ .001). Furthermore, 55% of the Delayed Treatment cohort delayed taking a triptan to be certain that the headache was a migraine (vs 32% of the Early Treatment cohort; P ≤ .001). When asked to specify the reasons for delaying treatment with a triptan, the Delayed Treatment cohort had, in general, greater concerns about using their oral triptan in comparison with the Early Treatment cohort. In particular, respondents were primarily concerned with running out of their triptan medication with 35% of the Delayed Treatment cohort expressing this concern compared with 22% of the Early Treatment cohort (P ≤ .001). Statistically significant differences were also noted for concerns about taking medications (P ≤ .001), side effects (P ≤ .05), expense (P ≤ .01), and taking prescription medications (P ≤ .001).ConclusionsResults build upon previously published studies and suggest that patient beliefs directly influence how migraineurs manage their migraines and have implications for patient outcomes. Such insights should be used to facilitate physician–patient communication and reinforce the need for patient‐centered care to improve patient outcomes.
Recurrence and survivals following hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal/hepatic vein tumor thrombus
Authors: Zhang Tao , Huang Ji‐Wei , Bai Yan‐nan , Wu Hong , Zeng Yong 
Published: June 2013

AimTo compare the recurrence and survivals between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with major portal vein tumor thrombus (TT) and major hepatic vein TT after hepatic resection (HR).MethodsA retrospective study was carried out with the medical records of 272 patients who underwent hepatic resection and thrombectomy for HCC with major portal vein (group A) or hepatic vein (group B) TT. The clinicopathological parameters, recurrence, survivals and prognostic significance associated with major portal or hepatic vein TT were analyzed.ResultsPatients in group A had a better median survival compared with their counterparts in group B (52 vs 38 weeks; P < 0.001). One‐, 2‐ and 3‐year survival rates were markedly greater in group A than in group B (50% vs 38.8%, 26% vs 15.9% and 11.4% vs 6.1%, respectively). There was no statistical difference in recurrence‐free survival rate but extrahepatic recurrences were more often seen in group B. In multivariate analysis, TT location (hepatic veins vs portal veins), type of resection (anatomical vs non‐anatomical) and liver cirrhosis (none/mild vs moderate/severe) were significant prognostic factors.ConclusionPatients with HCC and major hepatic vein TT had higher incidence of extrahepatic metastases and worse overall survival after hepatic resection compared with patients with major portal vein TT. With preserved liver function, patients can receive aggressive treatments and survivals could be prolonged.
Prognostic factors for risk stratification of adult cancer patients with chemotherapy‐induced febrile neutropenia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Yee Mei , Lockwood Craig 
Published: June 2013

Chemotherapy‐induced febrile neutropenia patients are heterogeneous in their risk of adverse outcomes. Management strategies are tailored according to level of risk. Many emerging predictors for risk stratification remain controversial being based on single studies only. A systematic review was conducted to determine the strength of association of all identified predictors. Studies were obtained from electronic databases, grey literatures and reference lists.Methodological quality of studies was assessed for internal validity and representativeness. Seven studies (four prospective and three retrospective cohorts) investigating 22 factors were reported. Fixed effects meta‐analysis showed: hypotension and thrombocytopenia were significant predictors for high‐risk. Additional predictors that might enhance performance of current models include: tachypnoea, presence of central venous catheter, duration and severity of neutropenia. Further research to investigate new factors/markers is needed to develop a robust prognostic model, which is the key to enhance patient safety.
“Wiping the Refugee Dust from My Feet”: Advantages and Burdens of Refugee Status and the Refugee Label
Authors: Ludwig Bernadette 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThere are two dominant contrasting images of refugees in scholarship and popular discourse: refugees as powerless victims or beneficiaries of generous welfare packages. While it is true that an individual who enters the United States with legal refugee status has – at least at first glance – many advantages over those arriving as immigrants. Unlike immigrants, refugees are entitled to numerous government benefits, thus putting her or him in a privileged position compared to those who lack the official status of refugee. On the other hand refugees' depiction as being need of services and protection can also perpetuate an image of them as victims without agency. This ethnographic study of Liberian refugees in Staten Island, New York shows how refugees themselves and their co‐ethnics who are in the US under a variety of other legal statues regard the term “refugee”. This paper establishes the advantages that are associated with the legal refugee status and the burdens with the informal label “refugee”. This analysis will clarify how the legal refugee status can be beneficial and the informal label refugee, burdensome not just for Liberian, but for refugees in general and as such have significant policy implications.
Labour, Legality and shifts in the Public/Private divide
Authors: van Walsum Sarah 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the changing role that work performed in private homes has played, and continues to play, in migration law in the Netherlands and at theEUlevel. It explores to what degree work performed in the home is defined as (exploitative) contractual labour or as inherent to family life, and what this means for claims to residence rights as a precursor to citizenship. It does this by reviewing case law of the European Court of Justice (CJEU) and of the European Court of Human Rights (EctHR) against the background of the Dutch case. It reveals tension between how citizenship is constructed and reproduced at the national level and how it is constructed and reproduced at theEUlevel. Following Adam McKeown, this article concludes that different perspectives on (reproductive) labour as a qualificationforcitizenship may reflect different perspectives on (reproductive) labour and the qualityofcitizenship.Policy ImplicationsThird Country Nationals must be allowed to reside in the EU with their EU children, to ensure the latter's effective enjoyment of fundamental rights.Policies to combat trafficking of domestic workers must respect family life.Family migration policies must allow individual family members enough scope to resist exploitation within families.Policies concerning labour protection, social protection and migration should no longer take the breadwinner‐citizen as point of departure, but the current reality of flexible labour relations in which the distinctions between home and work, and between employment and self‐employment, are no longer sharply defined.
Characteristics of Natural Mentoring Relationships From the Perspectives of Homeless Youth
Authors: Dang Michelle T. , Miller Elizabeth 
Published: June 2013

ProblemHomeless youth experience high risks for poor mental health outcomes. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the characteristics of natural mentoring relationships among homeless youth and to identify possible mechanisms that can enhance social support for this population.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 23 homeless youth aged 14–21 who had natural mentors. The interviews focused on how youth met their natural mentors, the function of these relationships, and how natural mentoring relationships differed from other relationships in the youth's social networks.FindingsMain themes that emerged from the interviews included parental absence, natural mentors as surrogate parents, and social support from mentors.ConclusionsFindings suggest that social supports provided by mentors enhance youth's adaptive functioning and may promote resilience, thus the use of natural mentors may be an important untapped asset in designing interventions to improve outcomes for homeless youth.