bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing habitat connectivity for ground‐dwelling animals in an urban environment
Authors: Braaker S. , Moretti M. , Boesch R. , Ghazoul J. , Obrist M. K. , Bontadina F. 
Published: February 2014

To ensure viable species populations in fragmented landscapes, individuals must be able to move between suitable habitat patches. Despite the increased interest in biodiversity assessment in urban environments, the ecological relevance of habitat connectivity in highly fragmented landscapes remains largely unknown. The first step to understanding the role of habitat connectivity in urban ecology is the challenging task of assessing connectivity in the complex patchwork of contrasting habitats that is found in cities.We developed a data‐based framework, minimizing the use of subjective assumptions, to assess habitat connectivity that consists of the following sequential steps: (1) identification of habitat preference based on empirical habitat‐use data; (2) derivation of habitat resistance surfaces evaluating various transformation functions; (3) modeling of different connectivity maps with electrical circuit theory (Circuitscape), a method considering all possible pathways across the landscape simultaneously; and (4) identification of the best connectivity map with information‐theoretic model selection. We applied this analytical framework to assess habitat connectivity for the European hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus, a model species for ground‐dwelling animals, in the city of Zurich, Switzerland, using GPS track points from 40 individuals.The best model revealed spatially explicit connectivity “pinch points,” as well as multiple habitat connections. Cross‐validation indicated the general validity of the selected connectivity model. The results show that both habitat connectivity and habitat quality affect the movement of urban hedgehogs (relative importance of the two variables was 19.2% and 80.8%, respectively), and are thus both relevant for predicting urban animal movements.Our study demonstrates that even in the complex habitat patchwork of cities, habitat connectivity plays a major role for ground‐dwelling animal movement. Data‐based habitat connectivity maps can thus serve as an important tool for city planners to identify habitat corridors and plan appropriate management and conservation measures for urban animals. The analytical framework we describe to model such connectivity maps is generally applicable to different types of habitat‐use data and can be adapted to the movement scale of the focal species. It also allows evaluation of the impact of future landscape changes or management scenarios on habitat connectivity in urban landscapes.
The Relationship Among Foot Posture, Core and Lower Extremity Muscle Function, and Postural Stability
Authors: Cobb Stephen C. , Bazett-Jones David M. , Joshi Mukta N. , Earl-Boehm Jennifer E. , James C. Roger 
Published: February 2014

Context:
Identification of impaired balance as a risk factor for lower extremity injury regardless of injury history has led to subsequent investigation of variables that may adversely affect balance in healthy individuals.

Objectives:
To investigate the relationship among core and lower extremity muscle function, foot posture, and balance.

Design:
Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:
Musculoskeletal injury biomechanics laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 108 individuals (40 men, 68 women; age = 22.8 ± 4.7 years, height = 168.5 ± 10.4 cm, mass = 69.9 ± 13.3 kg) participated in the study.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Core endurance was assessed during 1 time-to-failure trial, and isometric hip and ankle strength were assessed using a handheld dynamometer and isokinetic dynamometer, respectively. Foot structure was quantified using the digital photographic measurement method. Single-limb–stance time to boundary was assessed using a force plate during an eyes-closed condition. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to predict balance using lower extremity strength, foot posture, and core endurance.

Results:
Foot posture (β = −0.22, P = .03) and ankle-inversion strength (β = −0.29, P = .006) predicted mediolateral balance. Increasing arch posture and ankle-inversion strength were associated with decreased mediolateral single-limb–stance balance.

Conclusions:
Increasing arch height was associated with decreased mediolateral control of single-limb stance. The relationship between time to boundary and injury risk, however, has not been explored. Therefore, the relationship between increasing arch height and injury due to postural instability cannot be determined from this study. If authors of future prospective studies identify a relationship between decreased time to boundary and increased injury risk, foot structure may be an important variable to assess during preparticipation physical examinations. The relationship between increasing ankle-inversion strength and decreased balance may require additional study to further elucidate the relationship between ankle strength and balance.
Bilateral Improvements in Lower Extremity Function After Unilateral Balance Training in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Hale Sheri A. , Fergus Andrea , Axmacher Rachel , Kiser Kimberly 
Published: February 2014

Context:
Bilateral improvements in postural control have been reported among individuals with acute lateral ankle sprains and individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) when only the unstable ankle is rehabilitated. We do not know if training the stable ankle will improve function on the unstable side.

Objective:
To explore the effects of a unilateral balance-training program on bilateral lower extremity balance and function in individuals with CAI when only the stable limb is trained.

Design:
Cohort study.

Setting:
University clinical research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 34 volunteers (8 men, 26 women; age = 24.32 ± 4.95 years, height = 167.01 ± 9.45 cm, mass = 77.54 ± 23.76 kg) with CAI were assigned to the rehabilitation (n = 17) or control (n = 17) group. Of those, 27 (13 rehabilitation group, 14 control group) completed the study.

Intervention(s):
Balance training twice weekly for 4 weeks.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI), FADI Sport (FADI-S), Star Excursion Balance Test, and Balance Error Scoring System.

Results:
The rehabilitation and control groups differed in changes in FADI-S and Star Excursion Balance Test scores over time. Only the rehabilitation group improved in the FADI-S and in the posteromedial and anterior reaches of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Both groups demonstrated improvements in posterolateral reach; however, the rehabilitation group demonstrated greater improvement than the control group. When the groups were combined, participants reported improvements in FADI and FADI-S scores for the unstable ankle but not the stable ankle.

Conclusions:
Our data suggest training the stable ankle may result in improvements in balance and lower extremity function in the unstable ankle. This further supports the existence of a centrally mediated mechanism in the development of postural-control deficits after injury, as well as improved postural control after rehabilitation.
Fatigue-Induced Balance Impairment in Young Soccer Players
Authors: Pau Massimiliano , Ibba Gianfranco , Attene Giuseppe 
Published: February 2014

Context:
Although balance is generally recognized to be an important feature in ensuring good performance in soccer, its link with functional performance remains mostly unexplored, especially in young athletes.

Objective:
To investigate changes in balance induced by fatigue for unipedal and bipedal static stances in young soccer players.

Design:
Crossover study.

Setting:
Biomechanics laboratory and outdoor soccer field.

Patients or Other Participants:
Twenty-one male soccer players (age = 14.5 ± 0.2 years, height = 164.5 ± 5.6 cm, mass = 56.8 ± 6.8 kg).

Intervention(s):
Static balance was assessed with postural-sway analysis in unipedal and bipedal upright stance before and after a fatigue protocol consisting of a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test (2 × 15-m shuttle sprint interspersed with 20 seconds of passive recovery, repeated 6 times).

Main Outcome Measure(s):
On the basis of the center-of-pressure (COP) time series acquired during the experimental tests, we measured sway area, COP path length, and COP maximum displacement and velocity in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions.

Results:
Fatigue increased all sway values in bipedal stance and all values except COP velocity in the mediolateral direction in unipedal stance. Fatigue index (calculated on the basis of RSA performance) was positively correlated with fatigue/rest sway ratio for COP path length and COP velocity in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions for nondominant single-legged stance.

Conclusions:
Fatigued players exhibited reduced performance of the postural-control system. Participants with better performance in the RSA test appeared less affected by balance impairment, especially in single-legged stance.
A Proposal to Unify the Classification of Breast and Prostate Cancers Based on the Anatomic Site of Cancer Origin and on Long-term Patient Outcome
Authors: Tabár László , Dean Peter B. , Yen Amy M.-F. , Tarján Miklós , Chiu Sherry Y.-H. , Chen Sam L.-S. , Fann Jean C.-Y. , Chen Tony H.-H. 
Published: February 2014

The similarity between the structure and function of the breast and prostate has been known for a long time, but there are serious discrepancies in the terminology describing breast and prostate cancers. The use of the large, thick-section (3D) histology technique for both organs exposes the irrationality of the breast cancer terminology. Pathologists with expertise in diagnosing prostate cancer take the anatomic site of cancer origin into account when using the terms AAP (acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate) and DAP (ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate) to distinguish between the prostate cancers originating primarily from the fluid-producing acinar portion of the organ (AAP) and the tumors originating either purely from the larger ducts (DAP) or from both the acini and the main ducts combined (DAP and AAP). Long-term patient outcome is closely correlated with the terminology, because patients with DAP have a significantly poorer prognosis than patients with AAP. The current breast cancer terminology could be improved by modeling it after the method of classifying prostate cancer to reflect the anatomic site of breast cancer origin and the patient outcome. The long-term survival curves of our consecutive breast cancer cases collected since 1977 clearly show that the non-palpable, screen-detected breast cancers originating from the milk-producing acini have excellent prognosis, irrespective of their histologic malignancy grade or biomarkers. Correspondingly, the breast cancer subtypes of truly ductal origin have a significantly poorer outcome, despite recent improvements in diagnosis and therapy. The mammographic appearance of breast cancers reflects the underlying tissue structure. Addition of these “mammographic tumor features” to the currently used histologic phenotypes makes it possible to distinguish the breast cancer cases of ductal origin with a poor outcome, termed DAB (ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast), from the more easily managed breast cancers of acinar origin, termed AAB (acinar adenocarcinoma of the breast), which have a significantly better outcome. This simple and easily communicable terminology could lead to better communication between the diagnostic and therapeutic team members and result in more rational treatment planning for the benefit of their patients.
The Occupational Performance Measure of Food Activities: Item Pool Development and Measurement Properties
Authors: Plastow Nicola Ann , Spiliotopoulou Georgia , Atwal Anita , Gilhooly Mary 
Published: February 2014

Introduction: Occupational therapists have the knowledge and skills to improve nutritional risk in community-living older adults by improving performance of food-related occupations. However, few tools are available to evaluate these interventions. We developed the first item pool that measures community-living older adults' occupational performance of food activities. Method: In Phase 1 of the research we developed an item pool within a qualitative exploratory study with five older adults. In Phase 2 we designed the Occupational Performance Measure of Food Activities. In Phase 3 we formally assessed the measurement properties of the 15-item measure, using survey responses from 77 community-living older adults. Construct validity, reliability, and utility were evaluated. Findings: A 13-item measure of the occupational performance of food activities showed acceptable validity and reliability in three subscales (Cronbach's α ranged from .70 to .75). The item pool demonstrated good utility. We had comparable results for administration via self-completion survey (n = 38) and interview (n = 39). Conclusion: This unique item pool showed promising validity and reliability for the measurement of the occupational performance of food activities. Occupational therapists are cautioned against modifying existing measurement tools without thorough testing of the resulting new measure of occupational performance.
The World Turned Upside Down:
Authors: Leighten Patricia 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
L'assiette au beurre, a leading pre-World War I Parisian journal of satire, constituted a crossroads for anarchism and modernism. In a period of rising censorship, the journal's artists employed strategies of inversion, allowing for pointed commentary, humor, and prosecutorial protection. This study reveals how modernist aesthetics were adaptable to political cartoons for working-class publications and the mutually reinforcing impact of political cartoons on modernist art. First discussing the anarchist movement in Paris and the role L'assiette au beurre played, this article explores these two modes of production through Kees Van Dongen's and Juan Gris's practice of ‘inversion’ in both realms.
FromBoostertoBolero:
Authors: Gifford James 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis article historicizes a network of authors that coalesced around a post-surrealist aesthetic before World War II. These anarchists were destined to be overshadowed by the war, by hostile predecessors who wrote them out of history, and by progenitors who assumed the mantle of the Beats or Angry Young Men. Yet they sustained their vision from the 1940s to the 60s, and challenged the statist politics of the high modernists and Auden Generation. Anarchism was in tune with the literary interests of the 1960s, though it proved difficult for potential allies to recognize a kindred spirit.
The Archaeological Signature of Stews or Grease Rendering in the Historic Period
Authors: Heinrich Adam R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSmall bone fragments have often been interpreted as the residues of stews or grease extraction. In international historical archaeological research, stew interpretations have often focused on enslaved or underclass groups or on those who had limited access to sufficient amounts of food or faced nutritional deficiencies. These analyses have widely been uncritical, and the small fragment sizes can be better explained as the products of taphonomic processes such as weathering, trampling, and carnivore scavenging. This work presents results from experimentally chopped long bones from cows, sheep, goats, and pigs that identify butchery and fracture patterns that can be used to evaluate past stew interpretations and provide comparative models for future analyses.
Mobilizing Archaeologists
Authors: Austin Anne 
Published: February 2014

AbstractData collection takes up much of the already limited time archaeologists have to excavate and often requires additional time to digitize. Moreover, despite efforts to standardize data, archaeologists often find errors such as blank or incorrectly recorded fields. To avoid these issues, several projects have made use of tablet computers to streamline and digitize data, but this process can be opaque, specialized, and expensive. Previous research has addressed neither the general feasibility of developing and utilizing mobile devices for data collection nor the quality and quantity of these data. In this article, I review existing methods and practices for integrating data collection on mobile devices in order to evaluate the costs and feasibility of transitioning to a mobile-based data collection system. Through a case study using OsteoSurvey, a series of bioarchaeological data collection forms for Android tablets, I assess the efficacy of data collection on mobile devices. An experiment comparing OsteoSurvey to traditional paper forms demonstrates that participants saved time and made fewer mistakes using the OsteoSurvey forms, resulting in the collection of 21–32 percent more data. Consequently, data collection with mobile devices can significantly increase the overall productivity and quality of archaeological research
Spending of HIV resources in Asia and Eastern Europe: systematic review reveals the need to shift funding allocations towards priority populations
Authors: Craig Andrew P , Thein Hla‐Hla , Zhang Lei , Gray Richard T , Henderson Klara , Wilson David , Gorgens Marelize , Wilson David P 
Published: February 2014

IntroductionIt is increasingly important to prioritize the most cost‐effective HIV interventions. We sought to summarize the evidence on which types of interventions provide the best value for money in regions with concentrated HIV epidemics.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of peer‐reviewed and grey literature reporting measurements of cost‐effectiveness or cost‐benefit for HIV/AIDS interventions in Asia and Eastern Europe. We also collated HIV/AIDS spending assessment data from case‐study countries in the region.ResultsWe identified 91 studies for inclusion, 47 of which were from peer‐reviewed journals. Generally, in concentrated settings, prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission programmes and prevention programmes targeting people who inject drugs and sex workers had lower incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios than programmes aimed at the general population. The few studies evaluating programmes targeting men who have sex with men indicate moderate cost‐effectiveness. Collation of prevention programme spending data from 12 countries in the region (none of which had generalized epidemics) indicated that resources for the general population/non‐targeted was greater than 30% for eight countries and greater than 50% for five countries.ConclusionsThere is a misalignment between national spending on HIV/AIDS responses and the most affected populations across the region. In concentrated epidemics, scarce funding should be directed more towards most‐at‐risk populations. Reaching consensus on general principles of cost‐effectiveness of programmes by epidemic settings is difficult due to inconsistent evaluation approaches. Adopting a standard costing, impact evaluation, benefits calculation, analysis and reporting framework would enable cross comparisons and improve HIV resource prioritization and allocation.
Wireless Learning Technology in Higher Education – a Case Study in Singapore
Authors: Bhati Abhishek , Lundberg Anita , Toe Teoh Teik , Carter Margaret 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWireless Learning Technologies (WLTs) are set to replace the traditional methods of information sharing and set the trend for future information presentation and collaborative multiuser sharing. Wireless learning technologies (WLTs) used in education include mobile technologies such as smartphones, tablets and laptops as well as systems designed to be used specifically in technology-rich collaborative learning spaces. Such spaces are networked both technologically as well as through student-to-student interactions.This paper undertakes a literature review of wireless learning technologies for multi-platform compatibility over a multitude of personal devices and operating systems. It discusses the use of WLT for new collaborative spaces of learning. The paper further undertakes a comparative descriptive analysis between a space recently discussed in the teaching and learning literature with a case study of one classroom based on the authorial team’s participation and observation.
Mental Health and Family Status
Authors: Lodge Amy C. , Umberson Debra 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In this entry we apply a life course perspective to examine the ways in which family status shapes mental health. We provide an overview of contemporary research on the effects of marriage and parenthood on mental health as well as the ways in which parents shape their children's mental health. Although some evidence suggests that married people, children raised in two‐parent families, and the childless have better mental health than the unmarried, children raised in other family forms, and parents, contemporary research also suggests that the quality of family relationships is as important for mental health as the presence or absence of family ties. In addition, a variety of other factors, including age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and social norms and meanings, also matter in determining the mental health costs and benefits of particular family ties. Finally, contemporary research suggests that the costs and benefits of particular family ties on mental health are cumulative over the life course.
Aging and Stress
Authors: Berkowsky Ronald W. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
There exists an interplay between the process of aging and the experience of stress such that an individual's physical and mental health can be greatly affected by the stressful events that are experienced over time. While some of these events can be considered normal and expected occurrences of an individual moving through the life course, others can be described as a product of the historical context in which the individual resides. The combination of these stressful events, whether in the form of major role transitions, the development of chronic conditions, or the perpetuation of daily hassles, can have significant consequences on the health of aging individuals, and these consequences can be mediated by a host of other factors such as individual control of events, coping strategies, and social support.
Asian Americans, Health of
Authors: Trinh‐Shevrin Chau , Park Rebecca 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Although Asian Americans may share common experiences in the United States, this rapidly growing population represents nearly 50 countries and ethnic groups with distinct cultures, histories, dialects, and languages. Additionally, due to variables in resources, knowledge, and power, health disparities continue to exist in these underserved communities. The diversity of this underserved population calls for an understanding of the social determinants of health that impact Asian Americans. Collaborations between communities, academia, government, and health professionals working to identify and address the most pressing health challenges facing Asian Americans today may further improve health care delivery, data collection and analysis, research and development, and public health practices.
Illness Behavior
Authors: R. Quah Stella 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
What is “illness behavior”? The brief answer is what people do when they first become aware that “something is wrong” with their health or what people do in response to symptoms. I will discuss the conceptual and empirical importance of illness behavior in clinical and sociocultural research on health and illness, identifying some important trends that impinge upon the effectiveness of health services utilization and medical treatment.