bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motion compensation for in vivo subcellular optical microscopy
Authors: LUCOTTE B. , BALABAN R.S. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIn this review, we focus on the impact of tissue motion on attempting to conduct subcellular resolution optical microscopy, in vivo. Our position is that tissue motion is one of the major barriers in conducting these studies along with light induced damage, optical probe loading as well as absorbing and scattering effects on the excitation point spread function and collection of emitted light. Recent developments in the speed of image acquisition have reached the limit, in most cases, where the signal from a subcellular voxel limits the speed and not the scanning rate of the microscope. Different schemes for compensating for tissue displacements due to rigid body and deformation are presented from tissue restriction, gating, adaptive gating and active tissue tracking. We argue that methods that minimally impact the natural physiological motion of the tissue are desirable because the major reason to perform in vivo studies is to evaluate normal physiological functions. Towards this goal, active tracking using the optical imaging data itself to monitor tissue displacement and either prospectively or retrospectively correct for the motion without affecting physiological processes is desirable. Critical for this development was the implementation of near real time image processing in conjunction with the control of the microscope imaging parameters. Clearly, the continuing development of methods of motion compensation as well as significant technological solutions to the other barriers to tissue subcellular optical imaging in vivo, including optical aberrations and overall signal‐to‐noise ratio, will make major contributions to the understanding of cell biology within the body.
Guanosine protects C6 astroglial cells against azide‐induced oxidative damage: a putative role of heme oxygenase 1
Authors: Quincozes‐Santos André , Bobermin Larissa Daniele , Souza Débora Guerini , Bellaver Bruna , Gonçalves Carlos‐Alberto , Souza Diogo Onofre 
Published: February 2014

AbstractGuanosine, a guanine‐based purine, is an extracellular signaling molecule that is released from astrocytes and shows neuroprotective effects in several in vivo and in vitro studies. Our group recently showed that guanosine presents antioxidant properties in C6 astroglial cells. The heme oxygenase 1 signaling pathway is associated with protection against oxidative stress. Azide, an inhibitor of the respiratory chain, is frequently used in experimental models to induce oxidative and nitrosative stress. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the effect of guanosine on azide‐induced oxidative damage in C6 astroglial cells. Azide treatment of these cells resulted in several detrimental effects, including induction of cytotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction, increased levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and NADPH oxidase, decreased glutamate uptake and EAAC1 glutamate transporter expression, decreased glutathione (GSH) levels, and decreased activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT). The treatment also increased nuclear factor‐κB activation and the release of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α and IL‐1β. Guanosine strongly prevented these effects, protecting glial cells against azide‐induced cytotoxicity and modulating glial, oxidative and inflammatory responses through the activation of the heme oxygenase 1 pathway. These observations reinforce and support the role of guanosine as an antioxidant molecule against oxidative damage.
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Guanosine protects against azide‐induced oxidative damage in C6 astroglial cells. Azide‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction (1); increased reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species levels (2); decreased glutamate uptake (3), GS activity (4), GSH levels (5), and SOD (6) and CAT (7) activities; increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (8) and NADPH oxidase (9) activities and cellular superoxide levels (10); increased NF‐κB activation (11), TNF‐α and IL‐1β levels (12); and induced iNOS expression (13). Guanosine prevented these effects through the HO1 signaling pathway, thus our findings support the antioxidant effects of guanosine.
2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin promotes astrocyte activation and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor‐α via PKC/SSeCKS‐dependent mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Yang , Nie Xiaoke , Tao Tao , Qian Wenbo , Jiang Shengyang , Jiang Junkang , Li Aihong , Guo Aisong , Xu Guangfei , Wu Qiyun 
Published: February 2014

Abstract2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that could induce significant toxic effects in the human nervous system. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been entirely elucidated. Reactive astrogliosis has implicated in various neurological diseases via the production of a variety of pro‐inflammatory mediators. Herein, we investigated the potential role of TCDD in facilitating astrocyte activation and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We showed that TCDD induced rapid astrocyte activation following TCDD exposure, which was accompanied by significantly elevated expression of Src‐Suppressed‐C Kinase Substrate (SSeCKS), a protein involved in protein kinase C (PKC)‐mediated Nuclear Factor kappa B signaling, suggesting a possible involvement of PKC‐induced SSeCKS activation in TCDD‐triggered reactive astroglia. In keeping with the finding, we found that the level of phosphorylated Nuclear Factor kappa B p65 was remarkably increased after TCDD treatment. Furthermore, interference of SSeCKS attenuated TCDD‐induced inducible nitric oxide synthase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, phospho‐p65 expression, and tumor necrosis factor‐α secretion in astrocytes. In addition, pre‐treatment with PKC inhibitor also attenuated TCDD‐induced astrocyte activation, as well as SSeCKS expression. Interestingly, we found that TCDD treatment could lead to SSeCKS perinuclear localization, which could be abolished after treatment with PKC inhibitor. Finally, we showed that inhibition of PKC activity or SSeCKS expression would impair TCDD‐triggered tumor necrosis factor‐α secretion. Our results suggested that TCDD exposure could lead to astrocyte activation through PKC/SSeCKS‐dependent mechanisms, highlighting that astrocytes might be important target of TCDD‐induced neurotoxicity.
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2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) elicits neurotoxic effects. Here, we show TCDD induces pro‐inflammatory responses in astrocytes. TCDD initiates an increase of [Ca2+]i, followed by the activation of PKC, which then induces the activation of Src‐suppressed C‐kinase substrate (SSeCKS). SSeCKS promotes NF‐κB activation and the secretion of TNF‐α and nitric oxide in astrocytes.
Tensions of difference: reconciling organisational imperatives for risk management with consumer‐focused care from the perspectives of clinicians and managers
Authors: Clancy Leonie , Happell Brenda 
Published: February 2014

Aims and objectivesTo understand the impact of risk management and assessment on the delivery of mental health care from the perspectives of managers and clinicians.BackgroundThe concept of risk is now embedded in contemporary mental health services. A focus on risk has been identified as a barrier to the provision of consumer‐focused care; however, there is a paucity of research in this area, particularly being drawn from key stakeholders in the field.DesignQualitative exploratory methods.MethodsIn‐depth interviews were conducted with managers and clinicians from a large metropolitan aged‐care mental health service in Australia. The participants represented a range of disciplines and expertise across practice settings (community, inpatient and residential).ResultsThe theme tensions of difference emerged from this research. This theme referred to the tensions between accountability and attending to risk issues and consumer‐centred care, with concerns being raised that procedural and bureaucratic accountability influence (often negatively) the provision of care. Differences in the perspectives of clinicians and managers were also evident in the perceived contribution of evidence‐based practice in relation to risk.ConclusionsPrioritising risk management may be interfering with the capacity of clinicians and managers to provide quality and consumer‐focused mental health care.Relevance to clinical practiceA deeper examination and reconceptualisation of the role and importance of risk in mental health care are needed to ensure the focus of service delivery remains consumer‐focused.
Intensive care nurses' experiences of providing end‐of‐life care after treatment withdrawal: a qualitative study
Authors: Efstathiou Nikolaos , Walker Wendy 
Published: February 2014

Aims and objectivesTo explore the experiences of intensive care nurses who provided end‐of‐life care to adult patients and their families after a decision had been taken to withdraw treatment.BackgroundEnd‐of‐life care following treatment withdrawal is a common phenomenon in intensive care. Less is known about nurses' experiences of providing care for the dying patient and their family in this context, when compared to specialist palliative care.DesignDescriptive exploratory qualitative study.MethodsA purposive sample of 13 intensive care nurses participated in a semistructured face‐to‐face interview. Transcribed data were analysed using the principles of interpretative phenomenological analysis.ResultsThe essence of nurses' experiences of providing end‐of‐life care after the withdrawal of treatment was interpreted as ‘doing the best to facilitate a comfortable and dignified death’. Four master themes included the following: caring for the dying patient and their family; providing and encouraging presence; reconnecting the patient and family; and dealing with emotions and ambiguity. Uncertainties were evident on processes and actions involved in treatment withdrawal, how to reconnect patients and their family effectively and how to reduce the technological environment.ConclusionsProviding end‐of‐life care after a decision has been taken to withdraw treatment was a common aspect of intensive care. It was evident that nurses were doing their utmost to support patients and families at the end of life, despite the multiple challenges they faced.Relevance to clinical practiceThe interpretive findings from this study should assist intensive care unit nurses to better understand and develop their role in providing high‐quality end‐of‐life care after treatment withdrawal. Practice guidelines should be developed to reduce ambiguity and support the delivery of high‐quality care for adults as they approach the final stages of life in intensive care units.
Perspectives of patients with acute abdominal pain in an emergency department observation unit and a surgical assessment unit: a prospective comparative study
Authors: Schultz Helen , Qvist Niels , Mogensen Christian B , Pedersen Birthe D 
Published: February 2014

Aims and objectivesTo investigate the patient perspective when admitted with acute abdominal pain to an emergency department observation unit compared with the perspective when admitted to a surgical assessment unit.BackgroundAn increase in emergency department observation units has led to more short‐term admissions and has changed the patient journey from admission to specialised wards staffed by specialist nurses to stays in units staffed by emergency nurses.DesignA comparative field study.MethodsThe study included 21 patients. Participant observation and qualitative interviews were performed, and the analyses were phenomenological–hermeneutic.ResultsEmergency department observation unit patients had extensive interaction with health professionals, which could create distrust. Surgical assessment unit patients experienced lack of interaction with nurses, also creating distrust. Emergency department observation unit patients had more encounters with fellow patients than the surgical assessment unit patients did, which was beneficial when needing assistance, but disturbing when needing rest. The limited contact with other patients in the surgical assessment unit revealed the opposite effect. In both units, there was nonpersonalised care, making it difficult for patients to make informed decisions.ConclusionThe multibedded rooms in the emergency department observation unit had a positive influence on patient–nurse interaction, but a negative influence on privacy; the opposite was found in the surgical assessment unit with its rooms with fewer beds. The extensive professional–patient interactions in the emergency department observation unit created distrust. The limited professional–patient interaction in the surgical assessment unit did the same. That the emergency department observation unit was staffed by emergency nurses seemed to have a positive influence on the length of patient–nurse interactions, while the surgical assessment unit staffed by specialist nurses seemed to have the opposite effect. There was lack of information and personalised care in both units.Relevance to clinical practiceUnits receiving acute patients need to provide personalised care and information about how the unit functions and about care and treatment to improve the patients' ability to make decisions during admission.
User involvement in structured violence risk management within forensic mental health facilities – a systematic literature review
Authors: Eidhammer Gunnar , Fluttert Frans A J , Bjørkly Stål 
Published: February 2014

Aims and objectivesTo examine empirical literature on user involvement in collaboration between patients and nurses. The scope of the review was limited to structured violence risk management interventions in forensic mental health settings.BackgroundViolence in forensic mental health settings represents a significant problem for patients and staff. Structured violence risk management interventions in forensic mental health have been reported to ignore patient participation, despite the growing attention on user involvement in clinical practice.DesignA systematic review.MethodSearches were conducted in six databases: the Cochrane Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, CINAHL, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and PsycINFO. Papers were assessed according to a predetermined set of inclusion and exclusion criteria.ResultsAfter searches of the reference lists of retrieved articles were conducted, only three papers met the inclusion criteria.ConclusionsThis review has shown that empirical research on the topic of risk management interventions in which patients are involved is scarce.Relevance to clinical practiceThere is barely any research evidence of the clinical effect of user involvement approaches on violence risk management in forensic mental health practice. Therefore, we suggest that clinicians may learn from positive experiences concerning user involvement in general psychiatry and carefully adapt and test them out in the forensic treatment context.
Local Venturing as Compassion Organizing in the Aftermath of a Natural Disaster: The Role of Localness and Community in Reducing Suffering
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , Williams Trenton A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn contrast to models of compassion within existing organizations, this grounded theory study examines how ventures emerge relying on localness and community in direct response to ‘opportunities’ to alleviate suffering in the aftermath of a natural disaster. While a natural disaster is a surprising disruptive event devastating a local community, that local community is nested within a broader community, which can be a source of abundant resources. Ventures created in the aftermath of a natural disaster, given local knowledge and unencumbered by pre‐existing systems, procedures, and capabilities, are highly effective at connecting the broader community with the local community through customizing resources to meet victims' needs and to quickly delivering these resources to alleviate suffering.
Regional Reliability of Quantitative Signal Targeting with Alternating Radiofrequency (STAR) Labeling of Arterial Regions (QUASAR)
Authors: Tatewaki Yasuko , Higano Shuichi , Taki Yasuyuki , Thyreau Benjamin , Murata Takaki , Mugikura Shunji , Ito Daisuke , Takase Kei , Takahashi Shoki 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEQuantitative signal targeting with alternating radiofrequency labeling of arterial regions (QUASAR) is a recent spin labeling technique that could improve the reliability of brain perfusion measurements. Although it is considered reliable for measuring gray matter as a whole, it has never been evaluated regionally. Here we assessed this regional reliability.METHODSUsing a 3‐Tesla Philips Achieva whole‐body system, we scanned four times 10 healthy volunteers, in two sessions 2 weeks apart, to obtain QUASAR images. We computed perfusion images and ran a voxel‐based analysis within all brain structures. We also calculated mean regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) within regions of interest configured for each arterial territory distribution.RESULTSThe mean CBF over whole gray matter was 37.74 with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of .70. In white matter, it was 13.94 with an ICC of .30. Voxel‐wise ICC and coefficient‐of‐variation maps showed relatively lower reliability in watershed areas and white matter especially in deeper white matter. The absolute mean rCBF values were consistent with the ones reported from PET, as was the relatively low variability in different feeding arteries.CONCLUSIONSThus, QUASAR reliability for regional perfusion is high within gray matter, but uncertain within white matter.
Identifying the Start of Multiple Sclerosis Injury: A Serial DTI Study
Authors: Ontaneda Daniel , Sakaie Ken , Lin Jian , Wang Xiaofeng , Lowe Mark J. , Phillips Michael D. , Fox Robert J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe events leading up to the development of new multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions on conventional imaging are unknown. The purpose of this study is to use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate prelesional changes in MS to better understand the pathological changes that lead to lesion development.METHODSTwenty‐one patients with relapsing MS starting natalizumab therapy underwent serial DTI for 12‐18 months. Regions of interest were outlined within normal‐appearing white matter and new gadolinium‐enhancing lesions that developed over the course of the study. Images from all time points were coregistered and nonparametric regression was used to assess DTI changes prior to lesion appearance.RESULTSA total of 31 newly enhancing lesions were identified. Significant changes in transverse diffusivity (TD) (P < .001), longitudinal diffusivity (LD) (P  = .025), mean diffusivity (MD) (P < .001), and fractional anisotropy (FA) (P = .04) were observed prior to gadolinium enhancement. A progressive increase in TD and LD occurred up to 10 months prior to lesion development. DTI measures in normal appearing white matter remained unchanged over the study period.CONCLUSIONSA significant change in diffusion measures can be seen prior to gadolinium enhancement. Changes in TD drove changes in FA and MD, providing evidence for impaired myelin integrity prior to gadolinium enhancement. DTI may be a sensitive measure for early detection of inflammatory disease activity in MS.
PSYCHOSOCIAL DISTRESS IN PATIENTS WITH END‐STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE
Authors: White Ciara , McDonnell Harvey 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYThis is the first paper in a two‐part Continuing Education (CE) series focusing on psychosocial care of patients with end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD), which addresses a variety of psychological responses experienced by patients when adapting to the challenges posed by living with this long‐term condition. The second paper will examine further the issues of coping and adjustment to ESKD and the need for renal supportive care to ensure person‐centred holistic care is provided to patients.
Preparation and evaluation of oral controlled-release cilostazol formulation: pharmacokinetics and antithrombotic efficacy in dogs and healthy male Korean participants
Authors: Shin Kwang-Hyun , Yoon Goo , Yoon In-Soo , Park Jin Woo 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Objectives
To prepare oral controlled-release cilostazol formulations and evaluate their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in dogs and humans compared with a commercial twice-daily immediate-release formulation (Pletal), thereby showing the potential for the development of an improved once-daily cilostazol formulation.

Methods
Six different controlled-release preparations were formulated using a micronized cilostazol, solubilizer/absorption enhancer and erodible hydrogel. In-vitro drug release profiles were tailored by varying hydrogel viscosity. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic (antithrombotic) efficacy were evaluated in beagle dog model of arterial thrombosis. Finally, their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were also evaluated in healthy human volunteers after single and multiple oral administrations.

Key findings
Hydrogel viscosity-dependent sustained drug release profiles were observed with zero-order release kinetics during 8–12 h. In dogs and humans, compared with Pletal, prolonged drug absorption profiles were observed in the two controlled-release formulations studied. In dogs, the controlled-release formulations showed greater antithrombotic efficacy than twice-daily Pletal. In humans, the antithrombotic efficacy of the selected once-daily cilostazol formulation was equivalent to that of twice-daily Pletal after single and multiple administrations.

Conclusions
The prepared oral controlled-release cilostazol formulation may provide prolonged drug absorption and sufficient therapeutic efficacy, potentially serving as an oral once-daily cilostazol formulation to improve patient compliance.
Relationship Between Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia/Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Total Serum Testosterone Level in Healthy Middle-Aged Eugonadal Men
Authors: Lee Jun Ho , Kim Yooseok , Park Yeon Won , Lee Dong-Gi 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Scant data are available concerning the relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)/benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and total serum testosterone level (TT) in eugonadal state.

Aim
We performed this study to evaluate the relationship between LUTS/BPH and TT in eugonadal men.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted that included a total of 2,308 eugonadal (TT ≥ 3.0 ng/mL) male police officers aged 40–59 years who had participated in a health examination. LUTS/BPH were assessed by prostate-specific antigen level, international prostate symptom score (IPSS), total prostate volume (TPV), maximal flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), and a full metabolic workup. We then investigated their relationship using the Spearman correlation test, multiple linear regression, and logistic regression analyses.

Main Outcome Measures
Associations of TT with IPSS, Qmax, and PVR.

Results
The median age and TT level were 49.0 years and 5.37 ng/mL, respectively. The TT level showed significant positive correlations with Qmax (r= 0.043,P= 0.048) and a significant negative correlation with PVR (r= −0.050,P= 0.022). No significant correlation was found between TT and TPV or IPSS. However, Qmax and PVR as well as TPV and IPSS did not significantly correlate with TT after adjusting for age and/or metabolic syndrome. On logistic regression, no significant difference was found in surrogate measures of LUTS/BPH (TPV &gt; 30 mL, IPSS &gt; 7, Qmax &lt; 15 mL/second, and PVR &gt; 50 mL) between the highest quartile TT group (median: 7.07 ng/mL) and the lowest quartile group (median: 3.92 ng/mL).

Conclusion
In our study, TT was not clearly correlated with LUTS/BPH in middle-aged eugonadal men.