bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast, exact graph diameter computation with vertex programming
Authors: Pennycuff Corey , Weninger Tim 
Published: July 2015

In graph theory the diameter is an important topological
metric for understanding size and density of a graph. Unfortunately,
the graph diameter is computationally di cult
to measure for even moderately-sized graphs, insomuch that
approximation algorithms are commonly used instead of exact
measurements. In this paper, we present a new algorithm
to measure the exact diameter of unweighted graphs
using vertex programming, which is easily distributed. We
also show the practical performance of the algorithm in
comparison to other, widely available algorithms and implementations,
as well as the unreliability in accuracy of some
pseudo-diameter estimators.
A welfare assessment of methods used for harvesting, hunting and population control of kangaroos and wallabies
Authors: Descovich KA , McDonald IJ , Tribe A , Phillips CJC 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn Australia, several macropod species are subjected to commercial harvesting, recreational hunting and population management, using both lethal and non-lethal measures. Some techniques for killing macropods can cause prolonged and/or severe suffering, and of particular concern is the welfare of remaining pouch young or young-at-foot, when females with dependent young are killed. Non-lethal methods are more widely supported by the general public and include reproductive control and relocation. These methods, however, also have significant associated welfare challenges. This review outlines the welfare concerns for each current method, and concludes that an accurate head-shot by an experienced shooter is least likely to inflict suffering. However, this assumes best practice shooting, which may not be representative of field conditions. Furthermore, many aspects of macropod control and killing still require significant research. These include, but are not limited to: accurate statistics for pouch young and young-at-foot mortality and morbidity in Australian states; data on field-based compliance with National Codes of Practice; safe and remote administration of reproductive control measures; and the impact of using dogs and trapping in wallaby destruction and hunting.
C-Well: The development of a welfare assessment index for captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Clegg ILK , Borger-Turner JL , Eskelinen HC 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe field of welfare science and public concern for animal welfare is growing, with the focus broadening from animals on farms to those in zoos and aquaria. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are the most common captive cetaceans, and relevant regulatory standards are principally resource-based and regarded as minimum requirements. In this study, the farm animal Welfare Quality® assessment was adapted to measure the welfare of bottlenose dolphins, with a similar proportion of animal-based measures (58.3%). The ‘C-Well® ‘ assessment included eleven criterion and 36 species-specific measures developedin situat three marine mammal zoological facilities, tested for feasibility and accuracy, and substantiated by published literature on wild and captive dolphins and veterinary and professional expertise. C-Well® scores can be calculated for each measure or combined to achieve an overall score, which allows for the comparison of welfare among individuals, demographics, and facilities. This work represents a first step in quantifying and systematically measuring welfare among captive cetaceans and can be used as a model for future development in zoos and aquaria, as well as a means to support benchmarking, industry best practices, and certification.
A simple quantitative method for assessing animal welfare outcomes in terrestrial wildlife shooting: the European rabbit as a case study
Authors: Hampton JO , Forsyth DM , Mackenzie DI , Stuart IG 
Published: July 2015

AbstractShooting is widely used to reduce the abundances of terrestrial wildlife populations, but there is concern about the animal welfare outcomes (‘humaneness’) of these programmes. Management agencies require methods for assessing the animal welfare outcomes of terrestrial wildlife shooting programmes. We identified four key issues in previous studies assessing the animal welfare outcomes of shooting programmes: (i) biased sampling strategies; (ii) no direct ante mortem observations; (iii) absence of quantifiable parameters for benchmarking; and (iv) no evaluation of explanatory variables that may cause adverse welfare outcomes. We used methods that address these issues to assess the welfare outcomes of a European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) shooting programme in south-eastern Australia. An independent observer collected ante mortem (distance, timing and outcome of each shot fired) and post mortem (locations of bullet wounds) data. The ante mortem data were used to estimate three critical animal welfare parameters: apparent time to death (ATTD); instantaneous death rate (IDR); and wounding rate (WR). The post mortem data were used to evaluate the location of bullet wounds relative to the Australian national standard operating procedure (SOP). For rabbits, the mean IDR was 0.60, ATTD was 12 s and WR was 0.12. A large proportion of rabbits (0.75) were shot in the cranium or thorax, as required by the SOP. Logistic regression indicated that the proportion of rabbits wounded and missed increased with shooting distance. Hence, reducing shooting distances would increase the humaneness of European rabbit shooting programmes. Our approach enables the animal welfare outcomes of terrestrial shooting programmes to be independently quantified.
Summertime use of natural versus artificial shelter by cattle in nature reserves
Authors: Van laer E , Moons CPH , Ampe B , Sonck B , Vangeyte J , Tuyttens FAM 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWhether cattle grazing in nature reserves in temperate summers ought to be provided with artificial shelter (man-made), in addition to natural shelter (vegetation), is a topic of debate. We have investigated the effect of heat-load on the use of natural versus artificial shelter (with a roof and three walls) by cattle in eight nature reserves in Belgium. GPS collars were used to monitor use of open area, natural and artificial shelter during one or two summers (per 30 min). Cattle location data were coupled to same-time values of climatic ‘heat-stress indices’ calculated from local weather stations’ measurements of air temperature, air humidity, solar radiation and wind speed. Use of open area decreased as heat-load increased. The strength of the effect, and whether the cattle sought natural or artificial shelter, were associated with the amount and spatial distribution of natural shelter in the reserve. When natural shelter was sparse, a more scattered distribution tempered the increased use of shelter with increasing heat-load. If sufficiently available, cattle preferred natural to artificial shelter. When little natural shelter was available, cattle did use the artificial shelter and especially so with increasing heat-load. Microclimatic measurements indicated that solar radiation was blocked by vegetation at least as well as by artificial shelter, and allowed more evaporative cooling. In conclusion, we found no evidence for the added value of additional artificial shelter to protect cattle from heat-load in temperate nature reserves, as long as adequate natural shelter is available.
Four Ways to Get Tangled Up in Russian
Authors: Nordrum Maria 
Published: July 2015

In this paper I will analyze the four Natural Perfectives of the simplex verb путатьipf ‘tangle up’, namely впутатьpf, спутатьpf, перепутатьpf and запутатьpf. According to Janda et al. (2013:103), “prefix variation” is a phenomenon that applies to 27% of all Russian verbs and is caused by the ability of prefixes to “focus the meanings of a simplex verb in different ways” (op. cit.:162). My question is: Is it possible to predict the choice of prefix when there is prefix variation? And, if yes: How? My hypothesis is that the choice of prefix largely depends on the construction in which the verb appears and the semantics of its internal argument. Thus, I consider two factors in my analysis: Factor 1 Constructions and Factor 2 Semantics of the Internal Argument. My findings indicate that both factors are vital and, more specifically, that the choice of prefix for this verb to a large extent can be predicted by six tendencies that I will discuss thoroughly.I will argue that these six tendencies are of great relevance to second language learners, like myself, who often find themselves confused at the number of prefixes and, more specifically, Natural Perfectives available for a given verb. The topic of this paper has been born from a desire to gain insight with practical value in second language learning.
Removal of terrestrial DOC in aquatic ecosystems of a temperate river network
Authors: Wollheim W. M. , Stewart R. J. , Aiken G. R. , Butler K. D. , Morse N. B. , Salisbury J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSurface waters play a potentially important role in the global carbon balance. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes are a major transfer of terrestrial carbon to river systems, and the fate of DOC in aquatic systems is poorly constrained. We used a unique combination of spatially distributed sampling of three DOC fractions throughout a river network and modeling to quantify the net removal of terrestrial DOC during a summer base flow period. We found that aquatic reactivity of terrestrial DOC leading to net loss is low, closer to conservative chloride than to reactive nitrogen. Net removal occurred mainly from the hydrophobic organic acid fraction, while hydrophilic and transphilic acids showed no net change, indicating that partitioning of bulk DOC into different fractions is critical for understanding terrestrial DOC removal. These findings suggest that river systems may have only a modest ability to alter the amounts of terrestrial DOC delivered to coastal zones.
A formulation for vertically integrated groundwater flow in a stratified coastal aquifer
Authors: Strack O. D. L. , Ausk B. K. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe present the comprehensive discharge potential for steady three‐dimensional flow in horizontally stratified coastal aquifers with a horizontal base and a vertical coastline. The gradient of this comprehensive potential gives the vertically integrated discharge throughout the aquifer, i.e., the specific discharge vector as a function of three‐dimensional space integrated over the saturated portion of the aquifer. The boundary values of the comprehensive potential along the coast can be computed precisely, given the geometry of the aquifer: the hydraulic conductivities of the strata, the elevations of the horizontal planes that separate the strata, and the elevation of the impermeable base of the aquifer relative to sea level. Boundary conditions of the comprehensive potential may either be given in terms of its gradient, or computed from given heads along the boundaries. The governing equation of the comprehensive potential is the Poisson equation in areas of infiltration and the Laplace equation elsewhere. The computation of interface elevations, piezometric heads, and the vertical distribution of flow requires that an assumption be made regarding the relation between the comprehensive potential and piezometric heads. We adopt the Dupuit‐Forchheimer approximation for this purpose and make use of the Ghyben‐Herzberg equation. We present several applications of the approach and find that the stratification may have a significant effect on the boundary value of the comprehensive potential, and thus on the flow rates in the aquifer.
Potential for real‐time understanding of coupled hydrologic and biogeochemical processes in stream ecosystems: Future integration of telemetered data with process models for glacial meltwater streams
Authors: McKnight Diane M. , Cozzetto Karen , Cullis James D. S. , Gooseff Michael N. , Jaros Christopher , Koch Joshua C. , Lyons W. Berry , Neupauer Roseanna , Wlostowski Adam 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWhile continuous monitoring of streamflow and temperature has been common for some time, there is great potential to expand continuous monitoring to include water quality parameters such as nutrients, turbidity, oxygen, and dissolved organic material. In many systems, distinguishing between watershed and stream ecosystem controls can be challenging. The usefulness of such monitoring can be enhanced by the application of quantitative models to interpret observed patterns in real time. Examples are discussed primarily from the glacial meltwater streams of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Although the Dry Valley landscape is barren of plants, many streams harbor thriving cyanobacterial mats. Whereas a daily cycle of streamflow is controlled by the surface energy balance on the glaciers and the temporal pattern of solar exposure, the daily signal for biogeochemical processes controlling water quality is generated along the stream. These features result in an excellent outdoor laboratory for investigating fundamental ecosystem process and the development and validation of process‐based models. As part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long‐Term Ecological Research project, we have conducted field experiments and developed coupled biogeochemical transport models for the role of hyporheic exchange in controlling weathering reactions, microbial nitrogen cycling, and stream temperature regulation. We have adapted modeling approaches from sediment transport to understand mobilization of stream biomass with increasing flows. These models help to elucidate the role of in‐stream processes in systems where watershed processes also contribute to observed patterns, and may serve as a test case for applying real‐time stream ecosystem models.
High‐resolution microendoscope imaging of inverted papilloma and normal sinonasal mucosa: evaluation of interobserver concordance
Authors: Parasher Arjun K. , Kidwai Sarah M. , Schorn Victor J. , Goljo Erden , Weinberg Alan D. , Richards‐Kortum Rebecca , Sikora Andrew G. , Iloreta Alfred Marc , Govindaraj Satish , Miles Brett A. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundHigh‐resolution microendoscopy (HRME) enables real‐time imaging of epithelial tissue. The utility of this novel imaging modality for inverted papilloma has not been previously described. This study examines the ability of otolaryngologists to differentiate between images of inverted papilloma and normal sinonasal mucosa obtained with a HRME.MethodsInverted papilloma and normal sinonasal mucosa specimens were stained with a contrast agent, proflavine. HRME images were subsequently captured. Histopathological diagnosis was obtained for each sample. Quality‐controlled images were used to assemble a training set. After reviewing the training images, 6 otolaryngologists without prior HRME experience reviewed and classified test images.ResultsFive samples of inverted papilloma and 2 normal sinonasal mucosa samples were collected. Four representative images from each specimen were used for the 28‐image test set. The mean accuracy among all reviewers was 89.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.3% to 94.0%). The sensitivity to correctly identify inverted papilloma was 86.7% (95% CI, 79.2% to 92.2%), and the specificity was 92.9% (95% CI, 89.0% to 100.0%). The Fleiss kappa interrater reliability score was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.89).ConclusionInverted papilloma and normal sinonasal mucosa have distinct HRME imaging characteristics. Otolaryngologists can be successfully trained to distinguish between inverted papilloma and normal sinonasal mucosa. HRME is a feasible tool for identification of inverted papilloma. By conducting future in vivo trials, HRME potentially may enable real‐time surgical margin determination during surgical excision of inverted papilloma.
The Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test–22 as a tool to identify chronic rhinosinusitis in adults with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Habib Al‐Rahim R. , Quon Bradley S. , Buxton Jane A. , Alsaleh Saad , Singer Joel , Manji Jamil , Wicox Pearce G. , Javer Amin R. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is becoming increasingly prevalent in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), as the median age of survival rises for these individuals. Delayed identification of CRS may contribute to worsening health‐related quality of life and increased treatment burden. Our objective was to investigate the utility of the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) as a tool to identify CRS in adults with CF.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, participants were sampled from an adult‐specific CF clinic in Vancouver, Canada, between September 2013 and April 2014. CRS was determined by use of standardized diagnostic guidelines. Participants completed the SNOT‐22 and medical charts were reviewed for additional predictor variables. Logistic regression was used to compare the SNOT‐22 as a univariable predictor variable to a multivariable prediction model, in order to best differentiate CRS and non‐CRS participants.ResultsNinety‐three of 101 adults provided written informed consent. The prevalence of CRS was 56.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.9% to 66.3%). Individuals with CRS reported significantly higher SNOT‐22 scores than non‐CRS participants (mean difference: 13.9; 95% CI, 6.1 to 21.7). The optimal SNOT‐22 score to differentiate CRS was 21 out of 110 (sensitivity: 76%, specificity: 61%, positive predictive value: 71%, likelihood ratio: 1.9).ConclusionCompared to the current diagnostic gold standard, SNOT‐22 scores greater than 21 sufficiently identified adults with CF presenting with concomitant CRS. The SNOT‐22 is a simple instrument that can easily be implemented in adult CF clinics to assist care providers identify individuals requiring more detailed assessment or referral to a sinus clinic.
TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 and pathological subtype of Alzheimer's disease impact clinical features
Authors: Josephs Keith A. , Whitwell Jennifer L. , Tosakulwong Nirubol , Weigand Stephen D. , Murray Melissa E. , Liesinger Amanda M. , Petrucelli Leonard , Senjem Matthew L. , Ivnik Robert J. , Parisi Joseph E. , Petersen Ronald C. , Dickson Dennis W. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether the frequency of TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) differs across pathologically defined AD subtypes (hippocampal sparing [HpSp]; typical and limbic) and further examine the relationship between TDP‐43, pathological subtype, and clinical features in AD.MethodsWe identified all cases with pathologically confirmed AD (NIA‐Reagan intermediate‐high probability, Braak stage IV–VI) independent of cognitive status (n = 188). Neurofibrillary tangle counts were performed using thioflavin‐S microscopy in hippocampus and three neocortical regions, and all cases were subtyped: HpSp AD pathology (n = 19); typical AD pathology (n = 136); and limbic AD pathology (n = 33). TDP‐43 immunoreactivity was performed in multiple brain regions to assess for the presence of TDP‐43 and TDP‐43 stage. All cases were clinically subclassified at presentation as amnestic AD dementia versus atypical AD dementia. Statistical analysis was performed using linear and penalized logistic regression to assess associations with pathological subtype, and the effects of TDP‐43, accounting for possible interactions between pathological subtype and TDP‐43.ResultsTDP‐43 deposition was frequent in typical (59%) and limbic AD pathologies (67%), but not HpSp AD pathology (21%; p = 0.003). The observed associations of TDP‐43 with greater memory loss, naming and functional decline, and smaller hippocampal volumes, closest to death, did not differ across AD pathological subtype. Clinical presentation was associated with pathological subtype (p = 0.01), but not TDP‐43 (p = 0.69).InterpretationAlthough the frequency of TDP‐43 deposition in AD varies by pathological subtype, the observed effects of TDP‐43 on clinical/magnetic resonance imaging features are consistent across pathological subtypes. Clinical presentation in AD is driven by pathological subtype, not by TDP‐43. Ann Neurol 2015;78:Ann Neurol 2015;78:679–696
Femtosecond laser ablation of polystyrene: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Huang Yanhua , Song Chengwei , Zhang Junjie , Sun Tao 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work we perform molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the thermodynamic mechanisms of amorphous polystyrene ablated by a femtosecond laser pulse. The utilized width and fluence of the laser pulse are 10 fs and 1012 W/cm2, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of chain length on the microscopic material removal mechanisms and related macroscopic evolutions of system quantities is studied. Simulations results indicate that the ultra‐short laser pulse irradiation introduces significant instabilities into the target material because of the lattice perturbation, which leads to the relaxation of lattice destabilizations after the pulse through evaporation from the top surface and expansion within the bulk. It is found that the competition between the two mechanisms of evaporation and expansion is strongly influenced by the chain length. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42713.
Surface Segregated AgAu Tadpole‐Shaped Nanoparticles Synthesized Via a Single Step Combined Galvanic and Citrate Reduction Reaction
Authors: da Silva Anderson G. M. , Lewis Edward A. , Rodrigues Thenner S. , Slater Thomas J. A. , Alves Rafael S. , Haigh Sarah J. , Camargo Pedro H. C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNew AgAu tadpole nanocrystals were synthesized in a one‐step reaction involving simultaneous galvanic replacement between Ag nanospheres and AuCl4−(aq.) and AuCl4−(aq.) reduction to Au in the presence of citrate. The AgAu tadpoles display nodular polycrystalline hollow heads, while their undulating tails are single crystals. The unusual morphology suggests an oriented attachment growth mechanism. Remarkably, a 1 nm thick Ag layer was found to segregate so as to cover the entire surface of the tadpoles. By varying the nature of the seeds (Au NPs), double‐headed Au tadpoles could also be obtained. The effect of a number of reaction parameters on product morphology were explored, leading to new insights into the growth mechanisms and surface segregation behavior involved in the synthesis of bimetallic and anisotropic nanomaterials.
Facile Microwave‐Assisted Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Nitrogen–Sulfur‐Codoped Carbon Quantum Dots for Cellular Imaging Applications
Authors: Wang Yong , Zhuang Qianfen , Ni Yongnian 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCarbon quantum dots (CQDs) have recently attracted significant attention for both their fundamental science and technological applications as a new class of fluorescent zero‐dimensional nanomaterials with a size below 10 nm. However, the reported methods of synthesis were generally less suitable for the large‐scale production of the CQDs with high‐fluorescent quantum yield (QY). In the paper, a novel one‐pot microwave‐assisted drying synthesis approach was presented to prepare CQDs with high QY of 61.3 % for the first time. The production yield of CQDs was 35±3 % in weight. The as‐prepared CQDs were characterized by various techniques such as TEM, AFM, XRD, XPS, FTIR spectroscopy, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that the high QY of CQDs was largely attributed to the dual doping of nitrogen and sulphur into CQDs. Such CQDs were then used as live‐cell imaging reagents due to their high QY, good water dispersibility, fine biocompatibility, high photostability, and low cytotoxicity.