bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examination of implementing a neural network on a parallel computer — NEOCOGNITRON on NCUBE
Authors: Ito Takayuki , Fukushima Kunihiko , Miyake Sei 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe parallel computer based on the parallel operation of a large number of CPU is now available as a means of realizing a high‐speed computer. Especially, the loosely coupled parallel computer is considered to be interesting as a tool for realizing the neural network model, since it is related closely to the idea of the group of neurons. In such a computer, the efficiency is affected greatly by the assignment of functions to CPU.From such a viewpoint, this paper discusses the realization of a high‐speed neural network model on a loosely coupled parallel computer. The neocognitron is considered as the neural network model; and the structure of the model, together with the feasibility of parallel operation, is discussed. By utilizing the feature of the loosely coupled parallel computer with hypercubic connection, an efficient CPU assignment is considered. Based on those results, a recognition system for handwritten numerals by the neocognitron is realized on the parallel computer NCUBE, and the recognition speed of eight characters/s is realized.Finally, the data transfer method and the load balancing among CPU are discussed, aiming at the realization of an exhaustive connection, which is required, in general, in the neural network model.
Fuzzy majority functions
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshinori , Fujita Shiro 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper proposes a new class of functions, i.e., fuzzy majority functions, based on the fuzzy logic which takes any value in the interval [0, 1] as the truth value of its proposition. Fuzzy majority functions are characterized by weights and thresholds, and may be represented by a logic formula involving constants. Specifically, the proposed class intersects with the well‐known fuzzy logic functions but is not a subset of them. On the other hand, the logic formula of a fuzzy majority function has a close relation with binary threshold functions. From this viewpoint, a theoretical limit in the utility of the fuzzy majority functions is discussed.
Robust three‐factor remote user authentication scheme with key agreement for multimedia systems
Authors: Li Xiong , Niu Jianwei , Khan Muhammad Khurram , Liao Junguo , Zhao Xiaoke 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAs the fast growth of multimedia information, the security of multimedia systems is becoming a rather important topic nowadays. Multimedia systems are often suffering attacks when users access the information and online services. Because of the excellent features of the biometric, many biometric‐based three‐factor remote user authentication schemes have been proposed to provide high level of security for different network‐based application systems. Recently, An pointed out the weaknesses of Das's three‐factor remote user authentication scheme and proposed an improved biometric‐based three‐factor remote user authentication scheme. An's scheme improves the security problems of previous schemes while keeping the efficiency. However, after detailed analysis, we find that An's scheme exists some weaknesses such as vulnerable to denial‐of‐service attack and forgery attack, cannot detect unauthorized login quickly, and does not provide session key agreement. In order to provide high level of security for multimedia systems, we design a robust three‐factor remote user authentication scheme with key agreement using elliptic curve cryptosystem. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constructions of Five Noncovalent‐bonded Supramolecules from Reactions of Cadmium(II) and Zinc(II) with Imidazole/benzimidazole and Carboxylate Ligands
Authors: Jin Shouwen , Luo YiTing , Wang Daqi , Shi Jiazhong , Li SiWei , Shen ShaoHua , Xu YiJie 
Published: March 2014

Abstract Five imidazole/benzimidazole‐based metal complexes, Cd(bim)2(L1)2 (1) [L1 = 2‐methyl‐2‐phenoxypropionate, bim = benzimidazole], Zn(im)2(L2)2 (2) [L2 = 3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)acrylate, im = imidazole], Zn(im)2(L3)2 (3) [L3 = 3,4‐(methylenedioxy)benzoate], [Cd(im)2(L3)2]2·4H2O (4), and Cd(Bim)2(L4)·CH3CH2OH·H2O (5) (L4 = 1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate), were obtained by the introduction of the carboxylates as coligands and are structurally characterized by different techniques including elemental analysis, IR spectra, TG, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The X‐ray crystal structure analyses reveal that these complexes display mononuclear to dinuclear structures with tetrahedral coordination spheres around each central zinc atom, and octahedral coordination sphere around each central cadmium atom. The imidazole ligands in all compounds are coordinated only in a monodentate fashion with their neutral nitrogen groups. The carboxylates coordinate to the metal in monodentate, chelating bidentate, and bridging bidentate fashions. The N–H···O hydrogen bonds from the NH donor of the neutral imidazole were found in all compounds. On the basis of X‐ray crystallographic study the rich intra‐ and intermolecular noncovalent interactions (including classical hydrogen bonds, C–H···O, CH2···O, CH3···O, CH2–N, C–H···π, CH3–π, O–H···π, and π–π interactions) are analyzed. The various nonbonding interactions in these compounds are responsible for different structures such as 3D network, 3D prismatic layer network, and 3D layer network structure.
John Flamsteed and the turn of the screw: mechanical uncertainty, the skilful astronomer and the burden of seeing correctly at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Authors: SPIEGEL RICHARD J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCentring on John Flamsteed (1646–1719), the first Astronomer Royal, this paper investigates the ways in which astronomers of the late seventeenth century worked to build and maintain their reputations by demonstrating, for their peers and for posterity, their proficiency in managing visual technologies. By looking at his correspondence and by offering a graphic and textual analysis of the preface to his posthumousHistoria Coelestis Britannica(1725), I argue that Flamsteed based the legitimacy of his life's work on his capacity to serve as a skilful astronomer who could coordinate the production and proper use of astronomical sighting instruments. Technological advances in astrometry were, for Flamsteed, a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the advancement of astronomy. Technological resources needed to be used by the right person. The work of the skilful astronomer was a necessary precondition for the mobilization and proper management of astronomical technologies. Flamsteed's understanding of the astronomer as a skilled actor importantly shifted the emphasis in precision astronomical work away from the individual observer's ability to see well and toward the astronomer's ability to ensure that instruments guaranteed accurate vision.
New optimized grey derivative models for grain production forecasting in China
Authors: LIU L. , WANG Y. , WU J. , WANG J. , XI C. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYAlthough the grey forecasting model has been successfully employed in various fields and demonstrates promising results, the literature shows that its performance could still be improved. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to continue the investigation and derive three hybrid models to predict grain production in China by combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) with the grey linear power index model, the grey logarithm power model and the grey parabola power model. In grey modelling, the use of PSO had the ability to search optimum grey parameters to construct three improved derivative grey models. The results concluded that the improved optimization models with high precision were superior to the traditional models, and PSO contributed more to precision improvement of the three grey models. Furthermore, results from the experiments demonstrated that the optimized models were reliable and valid.
VIII.—Estuarine Development and Sediment Distribution, with particular reference to the Tay
Authors: McManus J. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisEstuarine development was contemporaneous with the onset of glaciation. In the Tay estuary fluvial erosion dominated the downcutting, with minor glacial modification; in the Forth estuary glacial scouring dominated the erosion of rockhead.Extensive subsurface exploration in connection with road improvement and foundations for bridge building and electricity pylon construction have yielded information on the fill of the Tay and Earn valleys. In addition to geophysical investigations the surveys include boreholes along a 20 km long section from Kinfauns to Longforgan, revealing deposition of lodgement tills followed by Arctic Clays, believed to have been deposited partly from floating ice. Above it are coarse sands and gravels, perhaps outwash deposits. Both were deeply dissected during a fall of sea level associated with a channel cut to − 37 m O.D. at Dundee.Erosion and marine planation during lowered sea levels produced laterally extensive buried gravels.A rise of sea level led to burial of the eroded surface by early estuarine sediments which become finer upwards and terminate in peats, dated at 8500 b.p. Further erosion was followed by a second phase of estuarine sedimentation. This produced the carse deposuts whose terminal peats accumulated at 5500 b.p.The modern estuarial deposits partly bury those of the two preceding estuaries, which exert a major control on the migrations and depth of the modern channels.
XII.—The Quality of the Forth Estuary (2)
Authors: Covill R.W. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe introduction indicates the legal position relative to the control of discharges to the Forth estuary. Details are given of the volumes of the known sources of pollution, in 1958; chemical, bacteriological and biological data then follow relative to a survey carried out in August and September of that year. The conclusions, drawn from the 1958 Survey, emphasised the gross pollution existing at that time, and suggested methods whereby the pollution might be reduced. Section 4 of the paper discusses the results of chemical, biological, bacteriological and hydrographical surveys carried out since 1962. The results stress the deterioration in conditions in the estuary compared with the earlier survey, and in particular, the lower dissolved oxygen concentration in inshore waters and the increase in the Coliform and Escherichia coli counts in certain areas. Isolation of Salmonella species implies the possible health hazards existing at the present time. Work so far carried out in respect of the determination of heavy metal concentrations in core samples taken in the intertidal zone along the shore has indicated relatively high concentrations of certain metals and their effect on the ecology of the estuary has yet to be fully assessed. Float tests made over a period emphasise the tendency for the sewage discharges to be confined to inshore waters, resulting in the gross pollution of certain beaches. Present information stresses the need for the continuance of the monitoring programme.
The Distribution of Medusae in the Scottish Area
Authors: Fraser J. H. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe distribution of about 80 species of medusae from the Scottish and neighbouring areas over the periods 1935–1939 and 1946–1968 is given. A method of charting has been adopted to give an average picture over the 28-year period so as to reduce as far as possible the effects of variations in annual and seasonal sampling intensity. When the occurrence of a species has, in any one year, been particularly different from the average this has been noted in the text and it is hoped that the average picture given here can be used as a basis for comparison in future years.
The Structure and Physical Environment of Loch Leven, Scotland
Authors: Smith I. R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThis paper describes the environment, structure and internal physical conditions of the loch. The first section deals with structure, land use and climate of the catchment area. The structure of the loch itself is then considered together with a brief description of the sediments. The bulk of the paper is devoted to the effect of sun, rain and wind on the loch, e.g., radiation and water temperature, water balance and hydraulic conditions. It ends with a summary of the influence of environmental factors on phytoplankton production and higher trophic levels.
Waterfowl at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Allison A. , Newton I. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisA large water surface, suitable islands for nesting, extensive shallows, rich adjoining farmland and comparative peace help to make Loch Leven internationally important for waterfowl. It has long held the largest concentration of breeding ducks in Britain, consisting in 1966–72 mainly of tufted duck (500–600 pairs) and mallard (400–450 pairs), but also of gadwall (20–30 pairs), wigeon (25–30 pairs), shelduck (5–18 pairs), shoveller (up to 10 pairs) and teal (up to 10 pairs). In winter, it was important for mallard, teal, pochard and in some years for shoveler, and held good numbers of wigeon and goldeneye. These various species differed in the proportion of their food which they obtained from the loch itself. The loch also acted as a winter roost for up to 5000 greylag geese, up to 12 500 pinkfeet and up to 430 whooper swans, all of which fed entirely in nearby fields. The numbers of most species underwent regular seasonal fluctuations, with peaks and troughs in the same months each year; but different species reached peak numbers in different months. In general, waterfowl numbers were greatest in autumn, when the loch held up to 20 000 birds.The status of several species at the loch has changed markedly during the last 100 years. Some such changes were linked with general changes in the ranges and status of the species concerned, but other (more recent) ones with the reduction in macrophytes following eutrophication.
IV.—The Storage of Red Cells
Authors: Blagdon J. 
Published: March 2014

In 1967 when Tullis opened a discussion on ‘Methods and standards of blood transfusion’ he said that the discovery of citrate, which made it possible to store blood for a few days before transfusion, was perhaps the worst step that ever took place, because it made it possible for clinicians to abuse blood. Now they could collect it in a bottle, put it in a refrigerator for a few days and fully inactivate many labile components such as platelets, anti-haemophilic globulin, leucocytes and lipoproteins [1].When blood is stored prior to transfusion there is a deterioration in the viability of the red cell in addition to other components. This has been assessed mainly on the post-transfusion survival, but in recent years more interest has been shown in the oxygen-carrying capacity.
A new computation method for the force-closure workspace of cable-driven parallel manipulators
Authors: Ouyang Bo , Shang Wei-Wei 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYFor cable-driven parallel manipulators (CDPMs), it is known that maintaining positive cable tension is critical in constraining the moving platform. Hence, the force-closure workspace of CDPMs represents a set of poses where the cable tensions can balance arbitrary external wrench applied on the moving platform, proposed by researchers. A new computation method for the force-closure workspace of CDPMs is developed in this paper, and the new method is realized by calculating the null space of the structure matrix and solving the linear matrix inequalities. The detailed calculation procedures of the force-closure workspace for the incompletely restrained, completely restrained, and redundantly restrained CDPMs are given, respectively, and the advantages of the new method are analyzed according to the time complexity. The simulation experiments of the force-closure workspace computation are implemented on a six-degree of freedom (6-DOF) CDPM with eight cables, and then the superiority of the new method over the existing algorithm is studied.
Feedback control for compass-like biped robot with underactuated ankles using transverse coordinate transformation
Authors: Yan Gangfeng , Tang Chong , Lin Zhiyun , Malloci Ivan 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThis paper deals with the walking control problem of a compass-like biped robot with underactuated ankles in the framework of hybrid control systems. The compass-like biped robot is equipped with a constraint mechanism to lock the hip angle when the swing leg retracts. First, based on the Poincare return map, a limit cycle gait is obtained, and the stability of the gait is also checked. Then, a method based on transverse coordinate transformation is introduced to transform the problem of tracking a desired limit cycle into the stabilization problem of a linear time-invariant impulsive system. A feedback control design for stabilizing the walking gait is then presented. Finally, comparisons to several existing approaches for the similar model are provided to demonstrate the advantages of our proposed approach.
A comparison of the patterns of movement between indigenous and displaced brown trout (Salmo trutta L) in a small shallow loch
Authors: Tytler P. , Machin D. , Holliday F. G. T. , Priede I. G. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe patterns of movements of indigenous and displaced trout (Salmo trutta) in a small loch were obtained by ultrasonic tracking techniques. Comparisons of these were made by developing stochastic simulations of their movements based on an analysis of the frequency distributions of step lengths, angles of turn and the percentage time spent actively swimming.The dispersal and escape of displaced fish from an unfamiliar area of the loch can be explained principally in terms of random turning. Nose plugging appears to influence the distribution of the angles of turn without significantly altering the time taken to escape and return home.Indigenous trout show a strong preference for turns of 180°, indicating a tendency to turn in their tracks. Although a simulation of the indigenous fish shows slower dispersion than displaced fish, it is insufficient to explain the containment of movement within a home range. It is probable that successive steps are not independent and there may be some association between step lengths and subsequent angles of turn. The implications of their autocorrelation are discussed.
Energy flow in the flora and meiofauna of sandy beaches
Authors: Munro A. L. S. , Wells J. B. J. , McIntyre A. D. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisInvestigation of a temperate and tropical beach has shown that, based on chlorophyllaanalyses, an epipsammic diatom population present in the temperate beach is absent in the tropical beach. Comparison of community respiration rates for the two beach populations excluding macrofaunal respiration shows that the tropical beach rates (which were constant over the period January-March) were about 9 times the winter rates of the temperate beach and about twice the summer rates. Annual microbial production is estimated at 15 gC/m2for the temperate beach and 72 gC/m2for the tropical beach. The greatly increased rate of production in the tropical beach was considered to be a function of increased water flow into that beach. In comparison, meiofauna and macrofauna biomass are less in the tropical beach and their respective production likely to be at most no more than in the temperate beach. It is proposed from experimental studies that the failure of animal populations fully to utilise microbial production in sandy beaches is due to the relative degree of exposure stripping significant quantities of microbial growth from this system. This proposal is discussed as a means of explaining mechanisms of control of animal production in sandy beaches.
Seaducks in the Moray Firth: a review of their current status and distribution
Authors: Campbell L. H. , Barrett J. , Barrett C. F. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisFive species of seaduck were counted in the Moray Firth in 1981/82 and 1982/83. Over 20,000 seaducks were recorded each winter, using at least four different main sites. With the exception of long-tailed duck the majority were found within 5 km of the shore. A review of available data showed that the relative importance of each site varied from year to year and it is argued that the whole firth should be considered as a single large site. This site is shown to hold the largest numbers of seaduck in Britain and to be of international importance for three different species. The vulnerability of seaduck flocks to oil pollution in this area may be greater than that of other seabirds.
Pollution control and environmental planning for the Beatrice Oilfield and Nigg Oil Terminal
Authors: Shaw D. M. , Batt S. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe Beatrice Field development presented particular challenges in the area of environmental protection. Planning and development consents were greatly dependent on the development of a viable and credible environmental protection plan. The overall plan was based on an impact study followed by baseline environmental studies which formed the basis for a continuing monitoring programme. The scope of this is summarised and the scope and extent of plans for pollution prevention and control described.
Hydrocarbon and pollutant levels in the Cromarty Firth
Authors: Brown J. S. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisData on hydrocarbon levels in sediments and waters of the Cromarty Firth are presented for samples collected during the period 1979–81. Use of this data as a baseline for subsequent studies on hydrocarbon levels in the firth is discussed. Data are presented on organic pollution of the firth by industrial and domestic wastes and on a chronic pollution incident involving polychlorinated biphenyls. In general, hydrocarbon levels are low and have remained low with increasing industrial expansion on the shores of the firth. Organic pollution is localised but significant. Pollution from polychlorinated biphenyls appears to be diminishing but requires further investigation.
Changes in hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Japan
Authors: TOYODA H. , KUMADA T. , TAKAGUCHI K. , SHIMADA N. , TANAKA J. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYGenotypes are associated with the natural course of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and response to antiviral therapy for HCV. HCV genotype 1b has been the dominant genotype in Japan, where the prevention of HCV transmission through blood transfusion or nosocomial infection has been established since 1990. The distribution of HCV genotype was investigated based on patient's birth year in 5515 HCV-infected Japanese individuals at three institutions from different areas of Japan. At all three institutions, the proportion of HCV genotype 1b decreased and was <50% in individuals born after 1970. By contrast, the percentage of HCV genotype 2b increased in subsequent birth cohorts after 1920–1929. Significant changes in HCV genotype distribution were observed across Japan regardless of area.