Abstract P6-07-02: Amplified DERE-mediated epigenetic repression in ERα-mediated breast tumorigenesis
Authors: Hsu Pei-Yin , Hsu Hang-Kai , Chen Yi-dong , Jin Victor X , Sharp Zelton D , Huang Tim H-M 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Epidemiological studies reveal that maternal exposure to estrogenic chemicals during pregnancy results in higher risk of breast cancer in offspring. One of possible causal mechanisms is epigenetic reprogramming, but how estrogen/ERα signaling contributes to tumorigenesis through epigenetic machinery remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the epigenetic modulation mediated by estrogen-driven amplification of distant-acting regulatory elements, or enhancers, may be an explanation addressing to this question. Enhancers contain transcription factor binding sites known to remotely regulate transcription through chromatin looping or transvection. Using our in vitro model to mimic maternal estrogen exposure and a "Seq-to-Seek" strategy integrating three next-generation sequencing approaches, we comprehensively mapped distant estrogen response elements (DEREs) that remotely control transcription of target genes through chromatin proximity. Surprisingly, a densely mapped DERE region located on chromosome 20q13 frequently amplifies in ERα-positive breast cancer with poor prognosis. Progressive accumulation of DERE copies was observed in normal breast progenitor and cancer cells chronically exposed to estrogen. Upon estrogen stimulation, these aberrantly amplified DEREs are clustered as a potential transcriptional depot for suppressing target gene expression through altering chromatin interactions, leading to accumulation of repressive histone marks (e.g. trimethylated H3K27 and H3K9), polycomb repressive complex 2, the presence of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) and DNA methylation, following prevention of RNA polymerase II and active histone mark- H3K4me3 binding. Furthermore, neutralization of HP1 function can significantly attenuate estrogen-driven DERE clustering and DERE-mediated repressive chromatin interactions, resulting in inhibition of cell proliferation. Deletion of the interested DERE regions using CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing system further demonstrated that DERE-driven remote transcriptional control play a crucial role in tumor cell growth. Our data support a model in which amplified DEREs preferentially induce repressive epigenetic modulation of target genes. These findings indicate that 20q13 DERE region is a potential transcriptionally repressive domain whose aberrant amplification can result in suppressing expression of tumor suppressor genes, leading to tumorigenesis. In summary, our findings suggest that amplification of DNA regulatory elements can profoundly alter target transcriptome during tumorigenesis and amplified DEREs can be used as potential prognostic markers for endocrine resistance and predicative for progeny at risk of breast cancer.
Citation Format: Pei-Yin Hsu, Hang-Kai Hsu, Yi-dong Chen, Victor X Jin, Zelton D Sharp, Tim H-M Huang. Amplified DERE-mediated epigenetic repression in ERα-mediated breast tumorigenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-07-02.