bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ru2hot?: A public health education campaign for men who have sex with men to increase awareness of symptoms of acute HIV infection
Authors: Stekler Joanne D , Baldwin Heather D , Louella Michael W , Katz David A , Golden Matthew R 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesTeach HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) symptoms of acute HIV infection (AHI) and direct them to nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) though Public Health—Seattle & King County (PHSKC).DesignCross-sectional surveys, retrospective database analysis and chart review.MethodsBeginning in June 2009, the ru2hot? campaign described AHI symptoms and NAAT. Two preintervention and two postintervention surveys assessed campaign visibility, symptom knowledge, and healthcare-seeking behaviour. Regression analyses evaluated secular trends in case-finding.Results366 MSM completed surveys. In survey 4, 23% of 100 men reported seeing the campaign, and 25% knew ‘ru2hot?’ referred to AHI. From survey 1 to survey 4, the proportion of subjects who knew ≥2 symptoms or that AHI was a ‘flu-like’ illness was unchanged (61% vs 57%, p=0.6). However, in survey 4, 13 (72%) of 18 subjects who saw the campaign named fever as a symptom of AHI compared with 19 (35%) of 55 subjects who had not seen the campaign (p=0.005). From 9/2003 to 12/2010, 622 (2.2%) of 27 661 MSM tested HIV-positive, and 111 (18%) were identified by the Public Health—Seattle & King County NAAT programme. In terms of the impact of the campaign on case-finding, diagnosis of EIA-negative/NAAT-positive and OraQuick-negative/EIA-positive cases increased from six in 2004 to 20 in 2010 (p=0.01), but postcampaign numbers were unchanged. 23 (51%) of 45 cases identified before and 8 (44%) of 18 cases identified after the campaign reported symptoms at initial testing (p=0.6).ConclusionsAlthough a quarter of MSM surveyed saw the campaign and knowledge of fever (the symptom of emphasis) was high, case-finding was unchanged. Increasing campaign visibility could have had greater impact.
Biofilm Formations in Nasopharyngeal Tissues of Patients with Nasopharyngeal Osteoradionecrosis
Authors: Tsai Yih‐Jeng , Lin Yu‐Chi , Wu Wen‐Bin , Chiu Po‐Han , Lin Brian J. , Hao Sheng‐Po 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveDetermine the presence of nasopharynx biofilms in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and osteoradionecrosis (ORN) and patients with NPC but no ORN.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingTertiary referral medical center.Subjects and MethodsWe enrolled 27 patients with NPC from our outpatient clinic during January 2010 to June 2012. These patients were diagnosed with NPC between 1980 and 2012, and all had received radiotherapy. Of these 27 patients, 15 presented with ORN, and 12 did not. The nasopharynx biopsied specimens were processed and analyzed within 2 hours of collection with the FilmTracer LIVE_DEAD Biofilm Viability Kit (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California). A blinded investigator determined the formation of biofilms by fluorescence microscopy. Bacterial cultures were collected.ResultsEleven of 15 (73%) ORN patients had biofilm formations in nasopharynx biopsy specimens. Five of these samples (45%) yielded positive cultures, and 4 of these cultures indicated the presence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Only 1 of 12 NPC patients without ORN had nasopharynx biofilm formation, and all culture results were negative.ConclusionBiofilm formations were common in nasopharynx samples of NPC patients with ORN but rare in samples of NPC patients without ORN. The presence of biofilms, especially MRSA, may have a role in the disease progression of ORN or may contribute to the chronicity and resistance to antibiotic treatment.
Prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn’s disease: Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside versus mesalazine
Authors: Ren Jianan , Wu Xiuwen , Liao Nansheng , Wang Gefei , Fan Chaogang , Liu Song , Ren Huajian , Zhao Yunzhao , Li Jieshou 
Published: January 2013

Objectives To explore effectiveness and safety of polyglycosides of Tripterygium wilfordii (GTW) and mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid [5-ASA]) in preventing postoperative clinical and endoscopic recurrence of Crohn’s disease. Methods In this prospective, single-centre, single-blind study, postoperative Crohn’s disease patients in remission were randomized to receive 1 mg/kg GTW daily, orally, or 4 g 5-ASA daily, orally, for 52 weeks. Patients underwent physical examinations, ileocolonoscopies and biochemical analyses at baseline and weeks 13, 26 and 52, or when clinical recurrence was suspected. Outcome measures were proportion of patients showing clinical or endoscopic recurrence at week 52, and changes in Rutgeerts’ and Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores. Results Twenty-one patients were assigned to receive GTW and 18 to 5-ASA; two patients on GTW and one on 5-ASA were withdrawn. Clinical and endoscopic recurrences were less common in the GTW group ( n = 4) versus the 5-ASA group ( n = 9). There were improvements in Rutgeerts’ scores for those taking GTW. Mean between-group CDAI scores were similar. No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion These findings indicate that GTW appears to be an effective, well-tolerated prophylactic regimen, superior to oral 5-ASA, for preventing clinical and endoscopic recurrence in postsurgical Crohn’s disease.
Lawn Mower Injuries to the Lower Extremity
Authors: Greenhagen Robert M. , Raspovic Katherine M. , Crim Brandon E. , Ryan Michael T. , Gruen Gary G. 
Published: January 2013

Introduction. Lawn mower injuries occur frequently in the United States and oftentimes result in extensive trauma to the lower extremities. These injuries can be quite devastating and cause there to be loss of function and amputation. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are specific factors that would help determine the best treatment protocol, patient outcomes, and prognosis after lawn mower injury to the foot and ankle. Material and Methods. A retrospective review of medical records was performed on all patients treated at a university level 1 trauma center from 2000 to 2010. Only subjects 18 years or older who sustained an injury below the level of the knee were included for review. Results. Seventy-three patients were included in this review. The results revealed that patients who developed a complication were significantly older than the group of patients without complications ( P = .03). Digits were found to be injured most often but the odds of developing a complication were much higher if these injuries involved the plantar foot, dorsal foot, or ankle. Interestingly, patients on prolonged antibiotic therapy had a significantly higher risk of developing complications. The presence of comorbidities significantly increased the risk of complication ( P = .008); the greatest risk factors were cardiovascular disease ( P = .001) and diabetes ( P = .06). Discussion. The authors present the largest cohort of lawn mower injuries in the medical literature, which demonstrates that factors such as age, location of injury, and the presence of comorbidities influence the outcome and increase the risk of injury to the foot and ankle. These results may be useful in determining the best treatment plan possible for patients with these severe injuries. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV, Retrospective case series
Three-dimensional culture model to distinguish normal from malignant human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Fessart Delphine , Begueret Hugues , Delom Frederic 
Published: January 2013

In the present study, we have developed anin vitrothree-dimensional model to differentiate normal lung cells from lung cancer cells in order to study the mechanisms resulting in lung cancer.Using a reconstituted laminin-rich basement membrane (Matrigel), we were able to culture normal human bronchial epithelial cells and a subset of malignant cells. The two cell types can be readily distinguished by the ability of normal cells to express a structurally and functionally differentiated phenotype within Matrigel. Human bronchial epithelial cells embedded in Matrigel as single cells were able to form multi-cellular spherical colonies with a final size close to that of true aciniin situ. Sections of mature spheres revealed a central lumen surrounded by polarised epithelial cells. In contrast, none of malignant cells tested, cell lines and lung biopsies responded to basement membrane by lumen formation.These results demonstrated that thisin vitroglandular tumour model can be useful for studies of bronchial oncogene. Indeed, these findings may provide the basis for a rapid assay to discriminate normal human bronchial epithelial cells from their malignant counterparts.In conclusion, the three-dimensional tumour bronchial epithelial acinar-like sphere represents a novelin vitromodel to further investigate pathophysiological functions resulting in lung cancer.
Airway and systemic inflammation in obese children with asthma
Authors: Jensen Megan E. , Gibson Peter G. , Collins Clare E. , Wood Lisa G. 
Published: January 2013

Obese asthma presentsviaaltered airway and systemic inflammation in adults. This has not been comprehensively described in children. The aim of the present study was to compare airway and systemic inflammation in obese and nonobese asthmatic children and controls.In a cross-sectional study, children aged 8–17 years were assigned to one of four groups: obese asthma (OA, n=74); nonobese asthma (NOA, n=249); obese control (OC, n=9); nonobese control (NOC, n=29). Lung function, and both sputum and systemic inflammatory biomarkers were measured.Non-eosinophilic asthma was more prevalent among OA females (60.0%)versusOA males (30.8%). However, there were no differences in the percentage of eosinophils or neutrophils between OA and NOA. Leptin was higher in OC, but not OA,versusNOA and NOC, while adiponectin was reduced in OAversusNOC only. Expiratory reserve volume was reduced in OA,versusNOC. Residual volume (RV) and RV/total lung capacity were reduced in OCversusOA, and OCversusOA and NOA, respectively.Obesity was associated with significant lung restriction in children with and without asthma. Obesity was not associated with significantly altered airway or systemic inflammation in asthmatic children. However, the higher prevalence of non-eosinophilic asthma in female obese asthmatics, compared to males, warrants further investigation.
Early patterns of wheezing in asthmatic and nonasthmatic children
Authors: Cano Garcinuño Alfredo , Mora Gandarillas Isabel ,   the SLAM Study Group
Published: January 2013

The aim of this study was to describe the time patterns of wheezing in both asthmatic and nonasthmatic children during the first 36 months of life, and to determine whether there are asthma-related breakpoints in the incidence of wheezing.Data from a historical cohort of children followed from birth to 6 years (SLAM cohort) were used. Wheezing episodes until 36 months and asthma at 6 years were both recorded by a doctor. Monthly mean incidence rate of wheezing and rate ratio were calculated. Joinpoint regression models were built to identify breakpoints in the risk of wheeze.Complete information was available for 3739 children. Wheezing in the first 36 months was more frequent in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic children (rate ratio 2.62, 95% CI 1.81–3.78). Differences were appreciable within the first months and increased steadily thereafter because of a persistently high rate in asthmatic children. No breakpoint in the rate ratio could be identified. Asthmatic children exhibited a one-phase curve of incidence and nonasthmatic children exhibited a two-phase curve. However, children with allergic asthma also displayed a two-phase curve.There is no identifiable breakpoint during the first 36 months of life at which the incidence of wheezing in asthmatic children begins to stand out.
Brazilin isolated from Caesalpinia sappan L. acts as a novel collagen receptor agonist in human platelets
Authors: Chang Yi , Huang Steven Kuan-Hua , Lu Wan-Jung , Chung Chi-Li , Chen Wei-Lin , Lu Shun-Hua , Lin Kuan-Hung , Sheu Joen-Rong 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background
Brazilin, isolated from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L., has been shown to possess multiple pharmacological properties.

Methods
In this study, platelet aggregation, flow cytometry, immunoblotting analysis, and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry were used to investigate the effects of brazilin on platelet activation ex vivo. Moreover, fluorescein sodium-induced platelet thrombi of mesenteric microvessels was also used in in vivo study.

Results
We demonstrated that relatively low concentrations of brazilin (1 to 10 μM) potentiated platelet aggregation induced by collagen (0.1 μg/ml) in washed human platelets. Higher concentrations of brazilin (20 to 50 μM) directly triggered platelet aggregation. Brazilin-mediated platelet aggregation was slightly inhibited by ATP (an antagonist of ADP). It was not inhibited by yohimbine (an antagonist of epinephrine), by SCH79797 (an antagonist of thrombin protease-activated receptor [PAR] 1), or by tcY-NH2 (an antagonist of PAR 4). Brazilin did not significantly affect FITC-triflavin binding to the integrin αIIbβ3 in platelet suspensions. Pretreatment of the platelets with caffeic acid phenethyl ester (an antagonist of collagen receptors) or JAQ1 and Sam.G4 monoclonal antibodies raised against collagen receptor glycoprotein VI and integrin α2β1, respectively, abolished platelet aggregation stimulated by collagen or brazilin. The immunoblotting analysis showed that brazilin stimulated the phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC)γ2 and Lyn, which were significantly attenuated in the presence of JAQ1 and Sam.G4. In addition, brazilin did not significantly trigger hydroxyl radical formation in ESR analysis. An in vivo mouse study showed that brazilin treatment (2 and 4 mg/kg) significantly shortened the occlusion time for platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules.

Conclusion
To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that brazilin acts a novel collagen receptor agonist. Brazilin is a plant-based natural product, may offer therapeutic potential as intended anti-thrombotic agents for targeting of collagen receptors or to be used a useful tool for the study of detailed mechanisms in collagen receptors-mediated platelet activation.
Molecular and functional characterization of hemocyanin of the giant African millipede,Archispirostreptus gigas
Authors: Damsgaard Christian , Fago Angela , Hagner-Holler Silke , Malte Hans , Burmester Thorsten , Weber Roy E. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryIn contrast to other terrestrial arthropods where gaseous O2 that fuels aerobic metabolism diffuses to the tissues in tracheal tubes, and most other metazoans where O2 is transported to tissues by circulating respiratory proteins, the myriapods (millipedes and centipedes) strikingly have tracheal systems as well as circulating hemocyanin (Hc). In order to elucidate the evolutionary origin and biological significance of millipede Hc we report the molecular structure (subunit composition and amino acid sequence) of multimeric (36-mer) Hc from the forest-floor dwelling giant African millipede Archispirostreptus gigas and its allosteric oxygen binding properties under various physico-chemical conditions. A. gigas Hc consists of only a single subunit type with differential glycosylation. Phylogenic analysis reveals that millipede Hc is a sister group to centipede HcA, which supports an early divergence of distinct Hc subunits in myriapods and an ancient origin of multimeric Hcs. A. gigas Hc binds O2 with a high affinity and shows a strong normal Bohr effect. O2 binding is moreover modulated by Ca2+ ions, which increase the O2 affinity of the Hc in the T (tense; deoxygenated) as well as the R (relaxed; oxygenated) states, and by (L)-lactate, which modulates Hc-O2 affinity by changing the allosteric equilibrium constant, L. Cooperativity in O2-binding at half O2-saturation (n50) is pH-dependent and maximal at pH ~7.4 and the number of interacting O2 binding sites (q) is markedly increased by binding Ca2+. The data is discussed in the light of the role of mutually supplementary roles of Hc and the tracheal system for tissue O2 supply.
Snapshots in ants? New interpretations of paradigmatic experiments
Authors: Wystrach Antoine , Mangan Michael , Philippides Andrew , Graham Paul 
Published: January 2013

Summary
Ants can use visual information to guide long idiosyncratic routes and accurately pinpoint locations in complex natural environments. It has often been assumed that the world knowledge of these foragers consists of multiple discrete views that are retrieved sequentially for breaking routes into sections controlling approaches to a goal. Here we challenge this idea by using a model of visual navigation that does not store and use discrete views to replicate the results from paradigmatic experiments which have been taken as evidence that ants navigate using such discrete snapshots. Instead of sequentially retrieving views, the proposed architecture gathers information from all experienced views into a single memory network, and uses this network to determine the most familiar heading at a given location. This algorithm is consistent with the navigation of ants in both laboratory and natural environments, and provides a parsimonious solution to deal with visual information from multiple locations.
Dreistufiger Kolbenkompressor mit vorgeschaltetem Drehkolbenkompressor: Teil 2, Regelung
Authors: Glück Tobias , Kemmetmüller Wolfgang , Zanolin Patrick , Kugi Andreas 
Published: January 2013

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Regelung eines dreistufigen Kolbenkompressors mit vorgeschaltetem Drehkolbenkompressor. Ausgehend von dem im ersten Teil dieses Beitrags vorgestellten vollständigen Modell wird in diesem zweiten Teil ein vereinfachtes Entwurfsmodell für den Reglerentwurf abgeleitet, das die Periodizität der Systemgrößen des Kolbenkompressors gezielt nutzt. Zur Regelung des Drucks sowie zum Ausgleich der thermischen Belastung des Kolbenkompressors wird eine nichtlineare Regelungsstrategie vorgeschlagen. Simulationsstudien zeigen die Güte der entworfenen Regelungsstrategie.
First Application of Progressing Cavity Pumps for Appraisal Well Testing in the Ugandan Albertine Graben Basin
Authors: Sathyamoorthy S.. , Steyn A.. , McGilvray J.. , Fuchs H.. , Ainebyona B.. , Kyomugisha P.. , Vijapurapu S.. , Kagga N.. , Rindfuss R.. , Basiima D.. 
Published: January 2013

Summary
Over 28 production well tests and two interference tests have been conducted in the Albertine Graben basin in Uganda since the first oil discovery in 2006. The Uganda crude is moderately viscous, and low-gas/oil ratio (GOR), and later discoveries were mostly in shallow lower-energy systems. In addition, Uganda crude has relatively high pour points and wax appearance temperatures (WATs), which result in flow-assurance challenges during production testing operations. Production challenges brought about by the low energy scenario are offset by high formation permeability (mostly in the multi-Darcy range).
Field X was discovered in 2008 by Well X-1, and subsequently appraised by several wells. Zone 1 of Well X-1 was production tested under natural flow without a rig. Although hydrocarbons were brought to surface successfully during the testing operation, the maximum flow rate achieved was approximately 262 BOPD, and a stable flow rate could not be sustained. Fluid-segregation effects distorted the early-time data. In addition, flow-assurance challenges prevented acquisition of late-time response from the pressure buildup (PBU). Therefore, important dynamic information, particularly in regard to flow barriers, was not obtained.
A change in completion philosophy was proposed after detailed analysis of the test results. Well X-1 was retested with a new completion design incorporating real-time surface-readout (SRO) pressure and temperature monitoring capability, a hydraulically controlled inflow control valve (ICV), a progressing cavity pump (PCP), and a surface-controlled electrical heat trace system. High-quality well-test data was acquired, and the real-time data was used extensively throughout operations to optimize flow and buildup periods and well operating envelopes. Several challenges were faced during the first completion run, leading to the use of the contingent insert PCP system to retest Zone 1.
This paper highlights the first application of a PCP completion in Uganda and describes the challenges faced during the completion and well-testing operation. The experience from Well X-1 has demonstrated that high-quality exploration and appraisal well-test data can be acquired using a PCP completion. Similar well-completion designs will be used in Uganda for appraisal of other discoveries.
Do ray cells provide a pathway for radial water movement in the stems of conifer trees?
Authors: Barnard David M. , Lachenbruch Barbara , McCulloh Katherine A. , Kitin Peter , Meinzer Frederick C. 
Published: January 2013

• Premise of the study: The pathway of radial water movement in tree stems presents an unknown with respect to whole‐tree hydraulics. Radial profiles have shown substantial axial sap flow in deeper layers of sapwood (that may lack direct connection to transpiring leaves), which suggests the existence of a radial pathway for water movement. Rays in tree stems include ray tracheids and/or ray parenchyma cells and may offer such a pathway for radial water transport. This study investigated relationships between radial hydraulic conductivity (ks‐rad) and ray anatomical and stem morphological characteristics in the stems of three conifer species whose distributions span a natural aridity gradient across the Cascade Mountain range in Oregon, United States.• Methods: The ks‐rad was measured with a high‐pressure flow meter. Ray tracheid and ray parenchyma characteristics and water transport properties were visualized using autofluorescence or confocal microscopy.• Key results: The ks‐rad did not vary predictably with sapwood depth among species and populations. Dye tracer did not infiltrate ray tracheids, and infiltration into ray parenchyma was limited. Regression analyses revealed inconsistent relationships between ks‐rad and selected anatomical or growth characteristics when ecotypes were analyzed individually and weak relationships between ks‐rad and these characteristics when data were pooled by tree species.• Conclusions: The lack of significant relationships between ks‐rad and the ray and stem morphologies we studied, combined with the absence of dye tracer in ray tracheid and limited movement of dye into ray parenchyma suggests that rays may not facilitate radial water transport in the three conifer species studied.