bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MAY ’68 AND THE ETHICAL TURN IN FRENCH THOUGHT
Authors: ROBCIS CAMILLE 
Published: March 2014

It has become somewhat of a cliché to refer to May 1968 in France as an “interpretation in search of an event.” As many critics have pointed out, this designation fails to account for the real significance of the “events,” for the fact that May ’68 was one of the largest mass movement in French history—numerically, geographically, and sociologically—and one of the most acute political crises in postwar France. Yet, to refer to May ’68 as an interpretation does capture the extent to which the historiography of May ’68 has appeared, almost from the beginning, indistinguishable from its history, or, as Kristin Ross has put it, the extent to which May ’68 cannot be considered separately from its memory. At the risk of reducing some of these rich historiographical debates, we could say that, broadly speaking, two main issues have divided historians, philosophers, political theorists, and sociologists over the past forty years. The first has to do with the scope of the events, the degree to which the student leaders, the workers on strike, or the cultural legacy “mattered” more, or whether any of it mattered at all. The second line of contention has centered on the legacy of May ’68. According to some, May ’68 represented the acceleration of capitalism and modernization and it inaugurated an era of individualism and/or narcissism and political disengagement. In the eyes of these critics, ’68 was thus ultimately a conservative, or at least a libertarian, revolution. According to others, this was instead a truly radical period—socially, culturally, and politically—and this radicalism began to run out of steam towards the late 1970s. Instead of revolution, many intellectuals who had participated in May ’68 began to talk about ethics, morality, human rights, and the rule of law. Not surprisingly, commentators have once again differed on their reading of this “turn,” either condemning it or celebrating it, depending on their political bent. This “condemning” position has been articulated particularly forcefully by Kristin Ross in her excellent May ’68 and Its Afterlives. According to Ross, the “turn to ethics” marked a conscious “retreat from politics . . . that distorted not only May's ideology but much of its memory as well.” Ross's book is thus devoted to the analysis of this political radicalism—a radicalism that she situates in the union of intellectual contestation and workers’ struggle around what she calls “a polemics of equality”—and to the critique of its betrayal after 1976. On the other side of the spectrum, historians such as Tony Judt and Sunil Khilnani have praised this “ethical turn” as the moment in which French intellectuals were finally able to exorcise the (communist) revolutionary ideal that had haunted them throughout the twentieth century and to embrace liberalism.
Leichte kognitive Störungen und Demenz bei Patienten mit Morbus Parkinson
Authors: Kalbe Elke , Petrelli Annette 
Published: March 2014

Neuropsychologische Defizite bei Parkinsonpatienten sind häufig und umfassen typischerweise exekutive Störungen, Gedächtnis- (v. a. strategische Enkodier- und Abruf‐) Defizite, visuell-räumliche sowie Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen. Die Punktprävalenz der leichten kognitiven Störungen bei Parkinsonpatienten (Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson′s Disease, PD-MCI), für die 2012 Forschungskriterien publiziert wurden, wird im Mittel auf 27 % geschätzt werden; die Punktprävalenz der Parkinson-Demenz (Parkinson′s Disease Dementia, PDD) wird mit etwa 30 % angegeben. Longitudinal entwickeln die meisten Parkinsonpatienten während ihrer Erkrankung eine kognitive Störung. Aufgrund ihrer Häufigkeit und Relevanz ist es wichtig, diese zu diagnostizieren. Für die Therapie der PDD ist der Acetylcholinesterasehemmer Rivastigmin zugelassen; andere zugelassene Behandlungsmöglichkeiten existieren derzeit nicht. Die Evidenzlage zu nicht-pharmakologischen Interventionsansätzen ist bislang unzureichend; erste Studien zur Wirksamkeit kognitiven Trainings sowie physischer Aktivität sind jedoch vielversprechend.
Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease – Comparison of two Modes of Classification
Authors: Lehrner Johann , Zach Heidemarie , Moser Doris , Gleiß Andreas , Auff Eduard , Pirker Walter , Pusswald Gisela 
Published: March 2014

Early detection of dementia in Parkinson’s disease is becoming increasingly important. The goal of this study was to establish prevalence of mild cognitive impairment subtypes in Parkinson’s disease using two different modes of mild cognitive impairment classification. Categorizing patients into mild cognitive impairment subtypes according to the minimum mode of mild cognitive impairment classification revealed the following results: three patients (2.5 %) were categorized as cognitively healthy, whereas 117 patients (97.5 %) met the criteria for mild cognitive impairment. When categorizing patients according to the mean mode of mild cognitive impairment classification, 41.7 % of the patients were categorized as cognitively healthy, whereas 58.3 % met the criteria for mild cognitive impairment. Frequency of mild cognitive impairment varies substantially, depending on how impairment is defined.
Regulation of biofilm formation in Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species
Authors: Fazli Mustafa , Almblad Henrik , Rybtke Morten Levin , Givskov Michael , Eberl Leo , Tolker‐Nielsen Tim 
Published: March 2014

SummaryIn the present review, we describe and compare the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia. Our current knowledge suggests that biofilm formation is regulated by cyclic diguanosine‐5′‐monophosphate (c‐di‐GMP), small RNAs (sRNA) and quorum sensing (QS) in all these bacterial species. The systems that employ c‐di‐GMP as a second messenger regulate the production of exopolysaccharides and surface proteins which function as extracellular matrix components in the biofilms formed by the bacteria. The systems that make use of sRNAs appear to regulate the production of exopolysaccharide biofilm matrix material in all these species. In the pseudomonads, QS regulates the production of extracellular DNA, lectins and biosurfactants which all play a role in biofilm formation. In B. cenocepacia QS regulates the expression of a large surface protein, lectins and extracellular DNA that all function as biofilm matrix components. Although the three regulatory systems all regulate the production of factors used for biofilm formation, the molecular mechanisms involved in transducing the signals into expression of the biofilm matrix components differ between the species. Under the conditions tested, exopolysaccharides appears to be the most important biofilm matrix components for P. aeruginosa, whereas large surface proteins appear to be the most important biofilm matrix components for P. putida, P. fluorescens, and B. cenocepacia.
Warfarin‐induced erythroderma
Authors: Rowe Casey J , Robertson Ivan , James Daniel , McMeniman Erin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractErythroderma is a potentially serious and life‐threatening skin disease with a number of possible aetiologies. Drug reactions are well‐documented causes, with carbamazepine, penicillin and allopurinol being the most commonly implicated. This case describes a unique presentation of warfarin‐induced erythroderma in a 78‐year‐old female patient.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐II: its role in metabolic and endocrine disease
Authors: Livingstone Callum , Borai Anwar 
Published: March 2014

SummaryInsulin‐like growth factor‐II (IGF‐II) is a widely expressed 7·5 kDa mitogenic peptide hormone. Although it is abundant in serum, understanding of its physiological role is limited compared with that of IGF‐I. IGF‐II regulates foetal development and differentiation, but its role in adults is less well understood. Evidence suggests roles in a number of tissues including skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, bone and ovary. Altered IGF‐II expression has been observed in metabolic conditions, notably obesity, diabetes and the polycystic ovary syndrome. This article summarizes what is known about the actions of IGF‐II and its dysregulation in metabolic and endocrine diseases. The possible causes and consequences of dysregulation are discussed along with the implications for diagnostic tests and future research.
Diagnostic accuracy of nitric oxide measurements to detect primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Boon Mieke , Meyts Isabelle , Proesmans Marijke , Vermeulen Francois L. , Jorissen Mark , De Boeck Kris 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundPrimary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is an orphan disease characterized by recurrent respiratory infections and an increased prevalence of situs inversus and male infertility. Low nasal Nitric Oxide (nNO) is used as a new test to diagnose PCD. The test sensitivity is good, but specificity has not been studied widely. Therefore, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of low nNO to diagnose PCD in a large cohort, including healthy patients and different disease controls.Materials and methodsNasal nitric oxide was measured during plateau exhalation against resistance (nNOplat) and during tidal breathing (nNOtid). Moreover, we measured fractional exhaled NO (FENO). We included 226 patients: 38 with PCD, 49 healthy controls, and 139 disease controls (cystic fibrosis, humoral immunodeficiency, and asthma).ResultsThe nNOplat cut‐off value of 300 ppb provided the best sensitivity (89·5%) and specificity (87·3%) to detect PCD. There was overlap between PCD and disease controls: 16·5% of disease controls had a false‐positive result. nNOtid correlated with nNOplat (r = 0·912), but values differed (P = 0·0001). The nNOtid cut‐off of 200 ppb had a sensitivity of 89·5% and a specificity of 80·6% to detect PCD. The FENO cut‐off of 10 ppb had an acceptable sensitivity (89·5%), but a low specificity (58·3%). Positive and negative likelihood ratios were suboptimal for all tests.ConclusionsnNOplat, nNOtid and FENO measurements overlap between PCD and disease controls. Sensitivity is comparable for the three tests. Applying composite scores slightly improves diagnostic accuracy. Given the less than 90% test sensitivity, PCD should be considered in patients with intermediate results.
Potential for passive internal dispersal: eggs of an aquatic leaf beetle survive passage through the digestive system of mallards
Authors: LAUX JAN‐JAKOB , KÖLSCH GREGOR 
Published: March 2014

Long‐distance dispersal of aquatic invertebrates is in many cases facilitated by resistant life stages surviving the passage through the gut of water birds. While this is well known for taxa like crustaceans and bryozoans, it has only very rarely been documented for aquatic insects.
The fully aquatic leaf beetle Macroplea mutica shows a remarkably wide distribution throughout the whole Palearctic region, despite showing very little potential for active dispersal. The aim of this study was to test the potential for endozoochorous dispersal in Macroplea mutica by feeding beetle eggs to mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). It was hypothesised that eggs of these water beetles might survive internal transport within birds.
Approximately 1% of ingested M. mutica eggs could be retrieved from faeces of mallards 2–8 h after ingestion. Larvae hatched from 20% of the retrieved eggs after gut passage.
These results represent one of the first documented cases of insects surviving the gut passage through a water bird, and the first experimental evidence of the potential for bird‐mediated endozoochorous dispersal of aquatic beetles. The possibility of internal transport could help to explain the remarkably wide distribution of an otherwise strikingly immobile beetle species.
Microglia shape corpus callosum axon tract fasciculation: functional impact of prenatal inflammation
Authors: Pont‐Lezica Lorena , Beumer Wouter , Colasse Sabrina , Drexhage Hemmo , Versnel Marjan , Bessis Alain 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMicroglia colonise the brain parenchyma at early stages of development and accumulate in specific regions where they participate in cell death, angiogenesis, neurogenesis and synapse elimination. A recurring feature of embryonic microglial is their association with developing axon tracts, which, together with in vitro data, supports the idea of a physiological role for microglia in neurite development. Yet the demonstration of this role of microglia is lacking. Here, we have studied the consequences of microglial dysfunction on the formation of the corpus callosum, the largest commissure of the mammalian brain, which shows consistent microglial accumulation during development. We studied two models of microglial dysfunction: the loss‐of‐function of DAP12, a key microglial‐specific signalling molecule, and a model of maternal inflammation by peritoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide at embryonic day (E)15.5. We also took advantage of the Pu.1−/− mouse line, which is devoid of microglia. We performed transcriptional profiling of maternally inflamed and Dap12‐mutant microglia at E17.5. The two treatments principally down‐regulated genes involved in nervous system development and function, particularly in neurite formation. We then analysed the developmental consequences of these microglial dysfunctions on the formation of the corpus callosum. We show that all three models of altered microglial activity resulted in the defasciculation of dorsal callosal axons. Our study demonstrates that microglia display a neurite‐development‐promoting function and are genuine actors of corpus callosum development. It further shows that microglial activation impinges on this function, thereby revealing that prenatal inflammation impairs neuronal development through a loss of trophic support.
Swing phase kinematics of horses trotting over poles
Authors: Brown S. , Stubbs N. C. , Kaiser L. J. , Lavagnino M. , Clayton H. M. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyTrotting over poles is used therapeutically to restore full ranges of limb joint motion. The mechanics of trotting over poles have not yet been described, hence quantitative evidence for the presumed therapeutic effects is lacking.ObjectivesTo compare limb kinematics in horses trotting over level ground, over low poles and over high poles to determine changes in joint angulations and hoof flight arcs.Study designRepeated measures experimental study in sound horses.MethodsStandard motion analysis procedures with skin‐fixed reflective markers were used to measure swing phase kinematics from 8 horses trotting on level ground, over low (11 cm) and high (20 cm) poles spaced 1.05 ± 0.05 m apart. Spatiotemporal variables and peak swing phase joint flexion angles were compared using repeated measuresANOVA(P<0.05) withBonferroni correction for pairwisepost hoctesting.ResultsPeak heights of the fore and hind hooves increased significantly and progressively from no poles (fore: 13.8 ± 3.8 cm; hind: 10.8 ± 2.4 cm) to low poles (fore: 30.9 ± 4.9 cm; hind: 24.9 ± 3.7 cm) and to high poles (fore: 41.0 ± 3.9 cm; hind: 32.7 ± 4.0 cm). All joints of the fore‐ and hindlimbs contributed to the increase in hoof height through increased swing phase flexion. The hooves cleared the poles due to increases in joint flexion rather than by raising the body higher during the suspension phases of the stride.ConclusionsThe increases in swing phase joint flexions indicate that trotting over poles is effective for activating and strengthening the flexor musculature. Unlike the use of proprioceptive stimulation devices in which the effects decrease over time due to habituation, the horse is required to elevate the hooves to ensure clearance whenever poles are present. The need to raise the limbs sufficiently to clear the poles and place the hooves accurately requires visuomotor coordination, which may be useful in the rehabilitation of neurological cases.The Summary is available in Chinese – seeSupporting information.
Chronic progressive lymphoedema in draught horses
Authors: de Keyser K. , Janssens S. , Buys N. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe objective of this review was to summarise and evaluate the current state of knowledge about chronic progressive lymphoedema in draught horses. Clinical signs of this multifactorial disorder are mainly restricted to the lower limbs, comprising progressively deteriorating skin, swelling and deformation. Although typical lesions were first reported at the beginning of the 20th century, chronic progressive lymphoedema was recognised as a specific syndrome only in 2003, and since then research has driven forward. Despite the high prevalence in some breeds and the serious economic impact, the pathogenesis is not fully understood, and the available treatment options remain symptomatic and noncurative. There is a need to improve diagnostic techniques and to develop selection tools.
Between the State and the People: Civil Society Organizations in Interwar Japan
Authors: Law Ricky 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article provides an overview of civil society organizations as a venue for investigating the politics, culture, and society of interwar Japan. Whereas extant scholarship on the Japanese government and certain notable individuals from the period is diverse and sophisticated, there is a lacuna in attention on unofficial organizations beyond specific types like labor unions. Yet during the moment of liberalization in the 1920s and early 1930s, many Japanese took advantage of the relative freedom of association to found or participate in voluntary organizations with few governmental ties or concrete agendas. Moreover, these groups used the measured latitude in expression to engage in public discussions through hosting lectures and publishing the talks as pamphlets. This essay introduces the most influential of the associations and calls attention to their publications as underutilized sources. By scrutinizing these organizations, historians can contribute to a more nuanced analysis of interwar Japan and elaborate the relations between the governing and the governed.
Temporal Trends in Health-Related Quality of Life after Stroke: Analysis from the South London Stroke Register 1995–2011
Authors: Sheldenkar Anita , Crichton Siobhan , Douiri Abdel , Rudd Anthony G. , Wolfe Charles D. A. , Chen Ruoling 
Published: March 2014

Background Survival after stroke has dramatically increased in the last two decades as the treatment of stroke has improved. However, time-trend analyses of health-related quality of life in stroke patients covering this time period are still not well investigated. Aims The study aims to examine temporal trends in mental and physical health-related quality of life of stroke survivors between the period of 1995 and 2011. Methods First in a lifetime strokes were registered in the South London Stroke Register between 1995 and 2011. Using the Short Form-12 Health Survey, trends in self-reported health-related quality of life at one-year after stroke were assessed over a 17-year period using linear regression, adjusting for socio-demographics, risk factors, and case-mix variables. Analyses stratifying by age, gender, race-ethnicity, and functional impairment were also performed. Results The overall trends of mental and physical health-related quality of life scores at one-year after stroke remained relatively unchanged over the period 1995–2011. However, mental health-related quality of life scores significantly improved between the period of 1995–2007 [β = 0·94 (95% CI; 0·15 to 1·74), P = 0·02], after which scores deteriorated [β = −2·02 (–3·82 to −0·22), P = 0·03]. Physical health-related quality of life scores remained stable until 2007, after which scores declined [β = −1·63 (–3·25 to −0·01), P = 0·05]. Conclusions Despite declining health-related quality of life trends within the general population, stroke survivors' overall health-related quality of life remained unchanged, possibly due to lower expectations of health among stroke survivors. However, in recent years there has been a significant unexplained decline in both physical and mental health-related quality of life, suggesting that despite stroke policy aims to improve health-related quality of life, more needs to be done to target this decline.
Two Soybean Plant Introductions Display Slow Leaf Wilting and Reduced Yield Loss under Drought
Authors: Pathan S. M. , Lee J.‐D. , Sleper D. A. , Fritschi F. B. , Sharp R. E. , Carter T. E. , Nelson R. L. , King C. A. , Schapaugh W. T. , Ellersieck M. R. , Nguyen H. T. , Shannon J. G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDue to high costs of irrigation, limited availability of irrigation water in many locations and/or lack of irrigation capabilities, genetic improvement for drought tolerance is an effective method to reduce yield loss in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Slow wilting and minimal yield reduction under drought are important traits in evaluating drought tolerance. Two maturity group III soybean plant introductions (PIs, PI 567690 and PI 567731) and two elite cultivars (DKB38‐52 and Pana) were evaluated with and without irrigation on a sandy soil. Drought was imposed by withholding irrigation at full bloom and continued until moderate wilting was shown by the fast leaf wilting in the check cultivar, Pana. Then, irrigation was resumed until maturity. Genotypes were scored for leaf wilting during the stress period, and yields were assessed at the end of the growing season and used to calculate a drought index. Yields of the exotic PIs were lower than those of the checks under both drought and well‐watered conditions. However, the PIs exhibited significantly lower wilting and less yield loss under drought (higher drought index) than check cultivars. The two PIs may have useful genes to develop drought‐tolerant germplasm and cultivars and maybe useful in genetic and physiological studies to decipher mechanisms responsible for improving yield under limited water availability.
Porous Mullite Ceramics Formed by Direct Consolidation Using Native and Granular Cold‐Water‐Soluble Starches
Authors: Talou Mariano H. , Moreno Rodrigo , Camerucci M. Andrea 
Published: March 2014

In this article, the processing and microstructures of porous mullite bodies prepared by modifying the conventional route of the starch consolidation casting method were studied. The proposed route, called the “soluble route”, involves the use of native starches (i.e., potato, cassava, and corn starches) and a synthesized granular cold‐water‐soluble (GCWS) starch. Stable aqueous mullite‐starch suspensions (0.25 starch volume fraction of 40 vol% total solids) were prepared by mixing. The total starch content was a mixture of ungelatinized native starch and GCWS starch with a 1:10 ratio of GCWS starch to total starch. Steady‐state shear flow properties of the suspensions were analyzed by measuring viscosity. The addition of CGWS starch increased the starting suspension viscosity and thus prevented the particle segregation. Porous mullite bodies were obtained by heating (80°C, 2 h) the suspensions in metallic molds and by drying (40°C, 24 h) and sintering (1650°C, 2 h) the green disks after burning out the starch (650°C, 2 h). Green bodies obtained before and after the burning‐out process, and the sintered disks were characterized with density and porosity measurements (Archimedes method) and microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy. The phases generated after the sintering process were determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis, and pore size distributions were studied by Hg‐porosimetry. The obtained results showed that the use of the GCWS starch made the shaping of homogeneous mullite bodies without cracks or deformations possible along with the development of controlled porous microstructures.