bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unusual Saddle‐like Structure of (2‐MeOC6H4CS)2S: Theoretical Studies and Comparison with its Oxygen Isologues
Authors: Niyomura Osamu , Kito Yuka , Kato Shinzi , Ishida Masaru , Ebihara Masahiro , Hayashi Satoko , Nakanishi Waro 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCompound (2‐MeOC6H4CS)2S (1) showed an unusual saddle structure in which the –C(=S)–S–C(=S)– moiety is planar and two benzene rings lie a face‐to‐face and the distances (3.07 Å) between the central sulfur atom and two 2‐methoxy oxygen atoms are within the sum of van der Waals radii of the both atoms. However, the results of MO calculation at the B3LYP/6‐311+G(2d, p) level showed no orbital interaction between both atoms. From the results of the calculations at the MP2 level, it was deduced that the crystal packing effect is important for such densely packed crystal, due to its less effective volume. On the other hand, the para‐methoxy derivative (4‐MeOC6H4CS)2S (2) in which the two methoxy oxygen atoms are not able to contact with the central sulfur atom shows an L‐shaped structure in which the –C(=S)–S–C(=S)– moiety is not planar. The –C(=O)–S–C(=S)– moiety in compound (2‐MeOC6H4CO)(2‐MeOC6H4CS)S (3b) shows an L‐shaped structure, though the two methoxy oxygen atoms are in intramolecular contact with the central sulfur atom. The deep blue to green colors of compounds 1 and 2 and the deep violet color of compound 3b are due to transitions of the lone‐pair electrons in the HOMO (ψ87) of the thiocarbonyl sulfur atom to the LUMO (ψ89)and of those in the HOMO (ψ83) of the thiocarbonyl sulfur atom to the LUMO (ψ85), respectively.
Physiological characterization of lipid accumulation and in vivo ester formation inGordoniasp. KTR9
Authors: Eberly Jed O , Ringelberg David B , Indest Karl J 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPrevious work has demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo biodiesel synthesis in Escherichia coli, however, ethyl ester formation was dependent on an external fatty acid feedstock. In contrast to E. coli, actinomycetes may be ideal organisms for direct biodiesel synthesis because of their capacity to synthesize high levels of triacylglcerides (TAGs). In this study, we investigated the physiology and associated TAG accumulation along with the in vivo ability to catalyze ester formation from exogenous short chain alcohol sources in Gordonia sp. KTR9, a strain that possesses a large number of genes dedicated to fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis. Total lipid fatty acids content increased by 75 % and TAG content increased by 50 % under nitrogen starvation conditions in strain KTR9. Strain KTR9 tolerated the exogenous addition of up to 4 % methanol, 4 % ethanol and 2 % propanol in the media. Increasing alcohol concentrations resulted in a decrease in the degree of saturation of recovered fatty acid alcohol esters and a slight increase in the fatty acid chain length. A linear dose dependency in fatty alcohol ester synthesis was observed in the presence of 0.5–2 % methanol and ethanol compared to control KTR9 strains grown in the absence of alcohols. An inspection of the KTR9 genome revealed the presence of several putative wax ester synthase/acyl-coenzyme A : diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT) enzymes, encoded by atf gene homologs, that may catalyze the in vivo synthesis of fatty acid esters from short chain alcohols. Collectively, these results indicate that Gordonia sp. KTR9 may be a suitable actinomycete host strain for in vivo biodiesel synthesis.
Fremdadoptionsrecht auch für homosexuelle Lebenspartnerschaften?
Authors: Nave-Herz Rosemarie 
Published: December 2012

ZusammenfassungIm letzten Heft wurde die Rubrik „Zwischenruf“ eingeführt. Sie befasst sich mit laufend aktuellen Bezüge zu gesellschaftlichen Themen und diskutiert diese aus individueller Perspektive. Der aktuelle „Zwischenruf“ behandelt das Fremdadoptionsrecht homosexueller Lebenspartnerschaften. Die Auswirkungen von Adoption auf Kinder werden mit kritischen Nachfragen einer solchen Erweiterung beleuchtet.
Taxonomy, paleoecology and taphonomy of ground sloths (Xenarthra) from the Fairmead Landfill locality (Pleistocene: Irvingtonian) of Madera County, California
Authors: McDonald H. Gregory , Dundas Robert G. , Chatters James C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Fairmead Landfill locality contains a diverse middle Irvingtonian, (0.78–0.55 Ma), vertebrate fauna that includes three sloths,Megalonyx wheatleyi,Nothrotheriops shastensisandParamylodon harlani. The co-occurrence of these three genera in a single fauna is relatively rare in both the Irvingtonian and Rancholabrean and this is only the fourth documented Irvingtonian fauna to contain all three sloth genera. The presence of the three different sloths, each of which had different ecological requirements, indicates the presence of a variety of different habitats at this time and a heterogeneous landscape. Preliminary analysis of pollen from the site supports the interpretation of the existence of a mosaic of plant communities, but a landscape dominated by a mesic grassland. This interpretation is also supported by the total faunal diversity that includes taxa associated with woodlands as well as open habitat and taphonomic differences in the preservation and relative abundance of the different sloths. Evolutionarily the Fairmead Landfill sloths show a suite of morphological, size and proportional characters that indicate they represent transitional populations between older and younger members of their respective lineages.
ELEMENTS OF LARGE ORDER IN PRIME FINITE FIELDS
Authors: CHANG MEI-CHU 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGiven $f(x,y)\in \mathbb Z[x,y]$ with no common components with $x^a-y^b$ and $x^ay^b-1$, we prove that for $p$ sufficiently large, with $C(f)$ exceptions, the solutions $(x,y)\in \overline {\mathbb F}_p\times \overline {\mathbb F}_p$ of $f(x,y)=0$ satisfy $ {\rm ord}(x)+{\rm ord}(y)\gt c (\log p/\log \log p)^{1/2},$ where $c$ is a constant and ${\rm ord}(r)$ is the order of $r$ in the multiplicative group $\overline {\mathbb F}_p^*$. Moreover, for most $p\lt N$, $N$ being a large number, we prove that, with $C(f)$ exceptions, ${\rm ord}(x)+{\rm ord}(y)\gt p^{1/4+\epsilon (p)},$ where $\epsilon (p)$ is an arbitrary function tending to $0$ when $p$ goes to $\infty $.
Familiality of neural preparation and response control in childhood attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Albrecht B. , Brandeis D. , Uebel H. , Valko L. , Heinrich H. , Drechsler R. , Heise A. , Müller U. C. , Steinhausen H.-C. , Rothenberger A. , Banaschewski T. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundPatients with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit difficulties in multiple attentional functions. Although high heritability rates suggest a strong genetic impact, aetiological pathways from genes and environmental factors to the ADHD phenotype are not well understood. Tracking the time course of deviant task processing using event-related electrophysiological brain activity should characterize the impact of familiality on the sequence of cognitive functions from preparation to response control in ADHD.MethodPreparation and response control were assessed using behavioural and electrophysiological parameters of two versions of a cued continuous performance test with varying attentional load in boys with ADHD combined type (n = 97), their non-affected siblings (n = 27) and control children without a family history of ADHD (n = 43).ResultsChildren with ADHD and non-affected siblings showed more variable performance and made more omission errors than controls. The preparatory Cue-P3 and contingent negative variation (CNV) following cues were reduced in both ADHD children and their non-affected siblings compared with controls. The NoGo-P3 was diminished in ADHD compared with controls whilst non-affected siblings were located intermediate but did not differ from both other groups. No clear familiality effects were found for the Go-P3. Better task performance was further associated with higher CNV and P3 amplitudes.ConclusionsImpairments in performance and electrophysiological parameters reflecting preparatory processes and to some extend also for inhibitory response control, especially under high attentional load, appeared to be familially driven in ADHD and may thus constitute functionally relevant endophenotypes for the disorder.
Managing older workers during a period of tight labour supply
Authors: TAYLOR PHILIP , MCLOUGHLIN CHRISTOPHER , BROOKE ELIZABETH , DI BIASE TIA , STEINBERG MARGARET 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis article reports on a recent survey of employer attitudes and policies towards older workers in Australia at a time of sustained economic growth and ongoing concerns about labour shortages. Findings from a survey of 590 employers with more than 50 employees in the State of Queensland point to an unusually strong orientation towards the recruitment of older workers among respondents, although the retraining of older workers is not prioritised by the majority. The issue of workforce ageing is viewed as being of medium-term importance by the majority of respondents, although for a substantial number the issue is of immediate concern. Both sector and organisation size are predictive of the application of a broad range of policies targeting older workers, with public-sector and larger organisations more likely to be active. Concerns about workforce ageing and labour supply are predictive of employer behaviours regarding older workers, suggesting that sustained policy making may be emerging in response to population ageing over and above more immediate concerns about labour shortages and that this broad thrust of organisational policy making may be immune to the point in the economic cycle. This study found no evidence that the flexible firm will not countenance an ageing workforce.
Shuffle turning in humanoid robots through load distribution control of the soles
Authors: Koeda Masanao , Ito Toshitatsu , Yoshikawa Tsuneo 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a novel shuffle turning method for a humanoid robot that controls the load distribution of the soles of the robot's feet. Turning motions of a humanoid robot are conventionally performed through a repeated foot stepping motion. However, this motion is inefficient and time-consuming. In our method, the feet are slid along the floor without a stepping movement. In order to reduce the friction with the floor and to achieve the correct shuffle turning motion, a non-uniform load distribution of the soles is controlled. Experiments using a humanoid robot were conducted on two floors with differing friction amounts, and the validity of the proposed method was verified.
Effect of dose prescription and block margin on small field treatment planning
Authors: Chaudhari Summer R. , Reynolds Margaret , Higgins Patrick D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackground and purpose: We evaluated the effect of block margin on small fields when point dose prescription (ICRU) or isodose line prescription (RTOG) formats are used.Material and methods: A total of 11 clinical SBRT cases, one 4-field prostate case and 2 phantom cases using 0, 0.5 or 1 cm block margins were analysed. Integral dose and target coverage were compared using DVHs and isodose volumes for either isodose line prescription (100% Rx dose to 95% PTV volume) or isocenter point prescription (100% Rx dose to the isocenter) were calculated.Results: Tight planning target margins using isodose line prescription leads to good target coverage but high dose heterogeneity with hot spots possibly exceeding 140% of the prescription dose for small target volumes. As block margin is increased, target coverage converges for the two methods but point dose prescriptions result in better dose homogeneity. For a given block margin, integral doses are consistently larger for isodose line prescription over point prescription, but are similar when block margins are adjusted to produce equal target coverage. As target size increases dose heterogeneity and integral dose differences disappear.Conclusions: For small targets, the ICRU point prescription method can produce comparable PTV coverage to the isodose line prescription method with less dose heterogeneity and comparable integral dose. Reduction of hot spots in potentially normal tissue and reporting clarity makes this internationally recommended prescription standard preferable.
Conversations with Emeritus Professor Stroud Francis Charles (Toby) Milsom: A Journey from Heretic to Giant in English Legal History
Authors: Dingle Lesley 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLesley Dingle, founder of the Eminent Scholars Archive at Cambridge, gives a further contribution in this occasional series concerning the lives of notable legal academics. On this occasion, the focus of her attention is Stroud Francis Charles (Toby) Milsom QC BA who retired from his chair of Professor of Law at the University of Cambridge in 2000 after a distinguished career as a legal historian at the universities of Oxford, London School of Economics and St John's College Cambridge. His academic life and contentious theories on the development of the Common Law at the end of the feudal system in England were discussed in a series of interviews at his home in 2009. At the core are aspects of his criticism of the conclusions of the nineteenth century historian Frederick William Maitland, upon which the teaching of the early legal history of England was largely based during much of the 20th century. Also included are insights into his research methods in deciphering the parchment Plea Rolls in the Public Records Office, and anecdotes relating to his tenure as Dean at New College Oxford (1956–64) as well as associations with the Selden Society: he was its Literary Director, and later President during its centenary in 1987. Professor Milsom also briefly talked of his memories of childhood during WWII and his inspirational studies as a student at the University of Pennsylvania (1947–48).
Evaluation of tomato accessions for flavour and flavour-contributing components
Authors: Panthee Dilip R. , Labate Joanne A. , Robertson Larry D. 
Published: December 2012

Flavour is one of the most highly demanded consumer traits of tomato at present; poor flavour is one of the most commonly heard complaints associated with modern varieties of tomato. In order to combine flavour with other desirable fruit traits in improved cultivars, it is important to determine how much variability exists in the crucial compounds that contribute most to flavour. The objective of the present study was to determine the variability of flavour-contributing components including total soluble solids (TSS) and total titratable acids (TTA) among other subjective traits related to flavour in a core collection of tomato accessions. The core collection was comprised of 173 tomato accessions with a wide genetic background from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Services (ARS) Plant Genetic Resources Unit repository. The TTA varied from 0.20 to 0.64%, whereas the TSS ranged from 3.4 to 9.0%, indicating the availability of broad variation for these traits. Rinon (PI 118783), Turrialba, Purple Calabash and LA2102 were among the high TTA (>0.45%) containing accessions, whereas those with high TSS (>7.0%) were AVRDC#6, Sponzillo and LA2102. A positive correlation of overall flavour with TTA (r= 0.33; P< 0.05) and TSS (r= 0.37; P< 0.05) indicated that these two components play an important role in determining the overall flavour in tomato. Subjectively measured other traits including fruity odour and fruity flavour had positive correlations with overall flavour. Overall flavour is discussed in the context of other traits including fruit firmness. Information obtained from this study may be useful for tomato breeders aiming to improve tomato flavour.
Variable behavior in pycnocline mixing over shelf seas
Authors: Palmer M. R. , Polton J. A. , Inall M. E. , Rippeth T. P. , Green J. A. M. , Sharples J. , Simpson J. H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractVertical mixing, driven by turbulence in the ocean, underpins many of the critical interactions that allow life on earth to flourish since vertical buoyancy flux maintains global overturning circulation and vertical nutrient fluxes are critical to primary production. Prediction of the ocean system is therefore dependent on accurate simulation of turbulent processes that, by their very nature, are chaotic. A growing evidence base exists that provides insight into these complex processes and permits investigation of turbulence relative to better determined, and therefore predictable, parameters. Here we examine three time series of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (ε) in “stability space”. We reveal an ordered structure within the mean distribution of ε that compares well to a variety of proposed models of oceanic turbulence. The requirement for differing site‐specific tuning and only partial success however raises questions over “missing physics” within such models and the validity of measurement techniques.
Interseismic deformation and creep along the central section of the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey): InSAR observations and implications for rate‐and‐state friction properties
Authors: Kaneko Y. , Fialko Y. , Sandwell D. T. , Tong X. , Furuya M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe present high‐resolution measurements of interseismic deformation along the central section of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in Turkey using interferometric synthetic aperture radar data from the Advanced Land Observing Satellite and Envisat missions. We generated maps of satellite line‐of‐sight velocity using five ascending Advanced Land Observing Satellite tracks and one descending Envisat track covering the NAF between 31.2°E and 34.3°E. The line‐of‐sight velocity reveals discontinuities of up to ∼5 mm/yr across the Ismetpasa segment of the NAF, implying surface creep at a rate of ∼9 mm/yr; this is a large fraction of the inferred slip rate of the NAF (21–25 mm/yr). The lateral extent of significant surface creep is about 75 km. We model the inferred surface velocity and shallow fault creep using numerical simulations of spontaneous earthquake sequences that incorporate laboratory‐derived rate and state friction. Our results indicate that frictional behavior in the Ismetpasa segment is velocity strengthening at shallow depths and transitions to velocity weakening at a depth of 3–6 km. The inferred depth extent of shallow fault creep is 5.5–7 km, suggesting that the deeper locked portion of the partially creeping segment is characterized by a higher stressing rate, smaller events, and shorter recurrence interval. We also reproduce surface velocity in a locked segment of the NAF by fault models with velocity‐weakening conditions at shallow depth. Our results imply that frictional behavior in a shallow portion of major active faults with little or no shallow creep is mostly velocity weakening.
Variability of internal tides and near‐inertial waves on the continental slope of the northwestern South China Sea
Authors: Xu Zhenhua , Yin Baoshu , Hou Yijun , Xu Yongsheng 
Published: December 2012

AbstractStructure and variability of internal tides (IT) and near‐inertial waves (NIW) on the continental slope of the northwestern South China Sea were investigated, based on 9‐month moored current observations from autumn to early summer in 2008 and 2009. The diurnal IT kinetic energy, dominant over that of semidiurnal tides, is found to exhibit apparent seasonal variability—strongest in summer and weakest in winter—whereas the semidiurnal variance remained nearly uniform throughout the observation period. Moreover, the diurnal IT were more coherent (i.e., phase‐locked to the astronomical forcing) than the semidiurnal constituents. Coherent diurnal variance accounts for about 40% of diurnal motions, but semidiurnal tides contain a much smaller fraction (10%) of coherent motions. Further analysis demonstrates that the diurnal IT are dominated by the first mode, whereas the semidiurnal tides show a variable multimodal structure: the second mode is dominant in summer and comparable to the first mode in spring and autumn, but the first mode predominates in winter. Multimodal semidiurnal IT are more influenced by varying stratification structures and background currents and thus exhibit highly incoherent and intermittent behavior, which may wash out seasonal variability during their long propagation from the generation source. The observed NIW are seasonally independent and comparable to the semidiurnal motions. During the passage of Typhoon Hagupit, however, the NIW became the most energetic component of the inertia‐gravity waveband motions. NIW energy and shear were significantly enhanced and exceeded tidal counterparts by a factor of 2 to 3 in the upper layer.
Uric acid and prognosis in angiography‐proven coronary artery disease
Authors: Ndrepepa Gjin , Braun Siegmund , King Lamin , Fusaro Massimiliano , Tada Tomohisa , Cassese Salvatore , Hadamitzky Martin , Haase Hans‐Ullrich , Schömig Albert , Kastrati Adnan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe optimal uric acid (UA) level associated with the lowest mortality and the strength of association between UA and mortality in various subgroups of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are unknown.Materials and methodsThis study included 13 273 patients with angiographic confirmation of CAD and UA measurements available. The primary outcome analysis was 1‐year mortality.ResultsBased on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the best cut‐off of UA for mortality prediction was 7·11 mg/dL. Using this cut‐off, patients were divided into two groups: the group with UA ≤ 7·11 mg/dL (n = 9075) and the group with UA > 7·11 mg/dL (n = 4198). Cardiac mortality was 6·3% (256 deaths) in patients with UA > 7·11 mg/dL and 2·3% (201 deaths) in patients with UA ≤ 7·11 mg/dL [hazard ratio (HR) = 2·82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·36–3·36; P < 0·001]. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, UA remained an independent correlate of cardiac mortality (HR = 1·20, 95% CI 1·08–1·34; P = 0·001, for each standard deviation increase in the logarithmic scale of UA). The relationship between cardiac or all‐cause mortality and UA showed a J‐shaped pattern with lowest mortality in patients with UA between 5·17 and 6·76 mg/dL. UA predicted mortality across all subgroups of patients, with strongest association in women and patients without arterial hypertension.ConclusionsUA predicted an increased risk of cardiac mortality across all subgroups of patients with CAD. The association between UA and cardiac or all‐cause mortality had a ‘J‐shaped’ pattern with lowest risk of death in patients with UA levels between 5·17 and < 6·76 mg/dL.