bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ADH based NAD+ regeneration in a microreactor
Authors: Šalić Anita , Ivanković Mia , Ferk Elvira , Zelić Bruno 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe coenzyme NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is commonly used in biocatalytic oxidations catalysed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). As the price of the coenzyme NAD+ is extremely high, it is essential to regenerate the reduced form of the coenzyme back into the oxidized form. In this work the regeneration of the coenzyme NAD+ was carried out in a microreactor by reversible oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde with the ADH enzyme.RESULTSA 100% conversion of NADH was achieved for a residence time of just τ = 0.8 s when the concentration of acetaldehyde was in excess (ci,NADH = 5.5 mmol dm‐3, ci,acetaldehyde = 44 mmol dm‐3, γi,ADH = 0.2 g dm‐3, 75 mmol dm‐3 glycine‐pyrophosphate buffer pH = 9; T = 25°C). A 2D mathematical model for the description and prediction of microreactor performance was developed. Model simulations were validated using data from independent experiments.CONCLUSIONThe high conversions that were obtained for short residence times mean that the microreactors can be considered as good and efficient methods for coenzyme regeneration. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Priming a Cross‐Category Brand Alliance: The Moderating Role of Attribute Knowledge and Need for Cognition
Authors: Smarandescu Laura , Rose Randy , Wedell Douglas H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTFirms often enter cross‐category advertising brand alliance strategies with the goal to increase their market share by association with popular but noncompeting brand allies. However, firms are often not aware of the effects of these alliances on consumer perceptions of participating brands. This research explores the factors moderating brand attribute inferences following exposure to a cross‐category advertising brand alliance. It is proposed that attributes of a brand ally may serve as anchors that produce assimilation effects and move perceptions of a target brand toward the ally's attribute value, or as standards of comparison that produce contrast. This work provides evidence that attribute judgments in a cross‐category advertising brand alliance are moderated by attribute knowledge and individual differences in information processing motivation as reflected in self‐reported need for cognition (NFC) ratings.
Elastostatic response of a pile embedded in a transversely isotropic half‐space under transverse loading
Authors: Gharahi A. , Rahimian M. , Eskandari‐Ghadi M. , Pak R. Y. S. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYIn the framework of elastostatics, a mathematical treatment is presented for the boundary value problem of the interaction of a flexible cylindrical pile embedded in a transversely isotropic half‐space under transverse loadings. Taking the pile region as a stiffened subdomain of an extended half‐space, the formulation of the interaction problem is reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. The necessary set of Green's functions for the transversely isotropic half‐space is obtained by means of a method of potentials. The resulting Green's functions are incorporated into a numerical procedure for the solution of the integral equation. The theoretical response of the pile is presented in terms of bending moment, displacement and slope profiles for a variety of transversely isotropic materials so that the effect of different anisotropy parameters can be meaningfully discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dysregulation of the mitosis–meiosis switch in testicular carcinoma in situ
Authors: Jørgensen Anne , Nielsen John E , Almstrup Kristian , Toft Birgitte Grønkær , Petersen Bodil Laub , Meyts Ewa Rajpert‐De 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTesticular germ cell tumours (TGCT) of young adults arise from the intratubular precursor, carcinoma in situ (CIS). CIS cells are thought to be developmentally arrested and transformed fetal germ cells that survive through childhood and gain invasive capacity after puberty. Given that germ cell neoplasms arise frequently in undervirilized and dysgenetic gonads and the striking physiological difference between meiotic entry in ovaries (fetal life) versus testes (at puberty), this study aimed to investigate whether errors in regulation of meiosis may be implicated in the pathogenesis of CIS or its invasive progression to TGCT. The main focus was on a key sex differentiation and meiosis regulator, DMRT1, which has also been linked to TGCT risk in recent genetic association studies. Expression patterns of DMRT1 and other meiosis regulators (SCP3, DMC1, STRA8, CYP26B1, NANOS2, NANOS3) were investigated in pre‐ and post‐pubertal CIS samples and TGCT by quantitative RT–PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that meiosis markers and meiosis inhibitors were simultaneously expressed in CIS cells, in both pre‐ and post‐pubertal testis samples. DMRT1 was present in a restricted subset of CIS cells, which was relatively greater in pre‐pubertal (27%) compared to adult (2.6%) samples. In contrast to the majority of CIS cells, DMRT1‐positive CIS cells in adult testes were not proliferating. DMRT1 and most of the other meiosis regulators were absent or expressed at low levels in invasive TGCT, except in spermatocytic seminoma (not derived from CIS). In conclusion, this study indicates that meiosis signalling is dysregulated in CIS cells and that a key regulator of the mitosis–meiosis switch, DMRT1, is expressed in 'early‐stage' CIS cells but is down‐regulated with further invasive transformation. Whether this mixed meiosis signalling in CIS cells is caused by insufficient virilization of the fetal somatic niche or a partial post-pubertal maturation remains uncertain and requires further study.
Analysis of Benzonatate Overdoses Among Adults and Children from 1969–2010 by the United States Food and Drug Administration
Authors: McLawhorn Melinda W. , Goulding Margie R. , Gill Rajdeep K. , Michele Theresa M. 
Published: January 2013

Study ObjectiveTo augment the December 2010 United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Drug Safety Communication on accidental ingestion of benzonatate in children less than 10 years old by summarizing data on emergency department visits, benzonatate exposure, and reports of benzonatate overdoses from several data sources.DesignRetrospective review of adverse‐event reports and drug utilization data of benzonatate.Data SourcesThe FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database (1969–2010), the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System—Cooperative Adverse Drug Event Surveillance Project (NEISS‐CADES, 2004–2009), and the IMS commercial data vendor (2004–2009).PatientsAny patient who reported an adverse event with benzonatate captured in the AERS or NEISS‐CADES database or received a prescription for benzonatate according to the IMS commercial data vendor.Measurements and Main ResultsPostmarketing adverse events with benzonatate were collected from the AERS database, emergency department visits due to adverse events with benzonatate were collected from the NEISS‐CADES database, and outpatient drug utilization data were collected from the IMS commercial data vendor. Of 31 overdose cases involving benzonatate reported in the AERS database, 20 had a fatal outcome, and five of these fatalities occurred from accidental ingestions in children 2 years of age and younger. The NEISS‐CADES database captured emergency department visits involving 12 cases of overdose from accidental benzonatate ingestions in children aged 1–3 years. Signs and symptoms of overdose included seizures, cardiac arrest, coma, brain edema or anoxic encephalopathy, apnea, tachycardia, and respiratory arrest and occurred in some patients within 15 minutes of ingestion. Dispensed benzonatate prescriptions increased by approximately 52% from 2004 to 2009.ConclusionAlthough benzonatate has a long history of safe use, accumulating cases of fatal overdose, especially in children, prompted the FDA to notify health care professionals about the risks of benzonatate overdose. Pharmacists may have a role in preventing benzonatate overdoses by counseling patients on signs and symptoms of benzonatate overdose, the need for immediate medical care, and safe storage and disposal of benzonatate.
Therapeutic Effect of Conivaptan Bolus Dosing in Hyponatremic Neurosurgical Patients
Authors: Marik Paul E. , Rivera Racquel 
Published: January 2013

Study ObjectiveTo determine the natremic response of a single 20‐mg bolus dose of conivaptan, an arginine vasopressin antagonist, in hyponatremic neurosurgical patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).DesignRetrospective medical record review.SettingNeurosurgical intensive care unit of a tertiary care referral hospital.PatientsThirty‐two hyponatremic patients with SIADH who were admitted to the neurosurgical intensive care unit and received a single 20‐mg bolus dose of conivaptan between January and December 2011.Measurements and Main ResultsEach patient's natremic response over 48 hours was determined. The primary end point was an increase in serum sodium level of 4 mEq/L or greater over the first 24 hours. The mean ± SD baseline serum sodium level was 129.8 ± 3.4 mEq/L, which increased to 133.1 ± 3.2 mEq/L at 6 hours after administration of the bolus dose of conivaptan. The serum sodium level at 24 hours was 134.2 ± 3.2 mEq/L, indicating a 24‐hour natremic response of 4.3 ± 2.6 mEq/L (range 1–13 mEq/L) from baseline (p<0.001). Eighteen patients (56%) met the primary end point. The mean ± SD fluid balance over the first 24 hours was –783 ± 440 ml. The mean ± SD change in serum sodium level from 24 to 48 hours was 0.5 ± 1.3 mEq/L. No adverse effects or injection‐site reactions were noted. The patients who failed to reach the primary end point were treated with repeated doses of conivaptan plus other agents.ConclusionWe recommend a single 20‐mg dose of conivaptan as the preferred initial approach to treating patients with SIADH who are in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. The 24‐hour natremic response should then dictate whether additional doses of conivaptan or other therapeutic interventions are required. We believe that such an approach is safe and will result in a controlled and predictable increase in the serum sodium concentration.
Prevalence of and Factors That Influence Board Certification Among Pharmacy Practice Faculty at United States Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy
Authors: Toussaint Kimberly A. , Watson Kristin , Marrs Joel C. , Sturpe Deborah A. , Anderson Sarah L. , Haines Stuart T. 
Published: January 2013

Board certification is a means of demonstrating expertise above the minimum licensing standards. For many health care professionals, this credential is a necessity. As pharmacists become involved in more advanced patient care services, board certification becomes an essential component to ensuring quality care. The prevalence of United States pharmacy practice faculty members who are board certified, however, is unknown. In addition, to our knowledge, factors that serve to motivate or discourage faculty from obtaining board certification have not been previously described; thus, 900 pharmacy practice faculty members listed in the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) online directory were invited to complete an online survey regarding motivators and barriers for board certification. In addition, a list of board‐certified pharmacists, obtained from the Board of Pharmacy Specialties, was used to check the board certification status of all pharmacy practice faculty members listed in the AACP directory. In 2011, the prevalence of board certification among the 2867 pharmacy practice faculty members was 37% (1063 pharmacists), with the highest prevalence found among assistant professors (39.4%). A total of 322 faculty members (36% response rate) completed the survey; of these, 308 self‐identified as pharmacy practice faculty, and their responses were included in the analysis. Current board certification in pharmacy specialties was reported by 163 respondents (52.9%); 14 (4.5%) were previously certified. Among the 308 respondents, the most common perceived reason why pharmacy practice faculty become board certified was the desire to be recognized as an expert in the field (71.5%). Those who were currently board certified indicated personal growth as the most important reason (60.1%). Those previously certified indicated no perceived benefit as the most common reason for not recertifying (71.4%). Among those never certified, no perceived need (52.0%) or benefit (44.8%) were the most common reasons for not becoming certified; however, a majority of those never certified (68%) stated that they would become board certified if there was no associated cost and they were confident they would pass. To increase the prevalence of board certification in pharmacy practice faculty at U.S. schools and colleges of pharmacy, the benefits of this credential must be addressed at each institution. Steps should be taken to assist and encourage board certification.
Posaconazole Pharmacokinetics in a 2‐Year‐Old Boy with Rhino‐Cerebral‐Orbital Zygomycosis
Authors: Egelund Eric F. , Egelund Tosha A. , Ng John S. , Wassil Sarah K. , Peloquin Charles A. 
Published: January 2013

Posaconazole is a triazole antifungal agent used as adjuvant or salvage therapy for the treatment of zygomycosis, an invasive fungal infection associated with high mortality. Oral posaconazole absorption is highly variable. We describe the pharmacokinetics of oral posaconazole in a 2‐year‐old boy with rhino‐cerebral‐orbital zygomycosis. Seven days after induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, he was brought to the emergency department because of left eyelid swelling and was admitted to the hospital. Zygomycosis was diagnosed 12 days later. After we conducted a literature search and consulted with antifungal drug experts, a triple‐antifungal regimen consisting of liposomal amphotericin B, caspofungin, and posaconazole was started. Given the severity of the disease, we aimed for posaconazole plasma trough concentrations greater than 1.25 µg/ml; the dosage necessary to achieve this goal was posaconazole 200 mg 4 times/day. After a difficult 105‐day stay in the hospital and stabilization of the fungal infection, the patient was discharged. Caspofungin was discontinued at time of discharge, but the patient continued to receive amphotericin B lipid complex 7.5 mg/kg/day intravenously and posaconazole 200 mg orally 4 times/day. This is one of the few case reports describing posaconazole pharmacokinetics in a child younger than 8 years. In patients with extensive zygomycosis, a triple‐antifungal regimen, combined with therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole, may be helpful.
One‐step synthesis of a thienylenepyridazinylenethienylene‐based coil‐rod‐coil copolymer with enhanced emission and improved fluorescence stability
Authors: Wu Wei , Xu Haibo , Shen Dezhi , Qiu Tian , Fan Li‐Juan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA new coil‐rod‐coil copolymer is synthesized via Sonogashira coupling using one‐step methodology. The copolymer PEG‐OEPETPT‐PEG constitutes of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the coil block, and oligo[p‐(ethynylenephenyleneethynylene)‐alt‐(thienylenepyridazinylenethienylene)] (OEPETPT) as the rod segment. The conjugated polymer PEPETPT with the same conjugated building blocks is also synthesized for comparison. The structures of both polymers are confirmed by NMR, combined with other characterizations. PEG‐OEPETPT‐PEG has a 12 nm blue‐shift in the emission maximum compared with that of PEPETPT, and a higher quantum yield of fluorescence in THF. PEG‐OEPETPTE‐PEG tolerates up to 20% water content in H2O/THF mixed solvent without significantly changing the emission wavelength and intensity, while the fluorescence of PEPETPT is dramatically quenched by a very small quantity of water. Further photophysical studies about these two polymers indicate that the introduction of PEG coils onto the conjugated block retards the water‐induced‐aggregation and therefore improves the fluorescence stability of PEG‐OEPETPT‐PEG. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Preparation and Performance of a HNIW/TNT Cocrystal Explosive
Authors: Yang Zongwei , Li Hongzhen , Huang Hui , Zhou Xiaoqing , Li Jinshan , Nie Fude 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA novel cocrystal explosive composed of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitrohexaazaiso‐wurtzitane (HNIW) and 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) in a 1 : 1 molar ratio was effectively prepared by solvent/nonsolvent cocrystallization adopting dextrin as modified additive. The structure, thermal behavior, sensitivity, and detonation properties of HNIW/TNT cocrystal were studied. The morphology and structure of the cocrystal were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and single crystal X‐ray diffraction (SXRD). SEM images showed that the cocrystal has a prism type morphology with an average size of 270 μm. SXRD revealed that the cocrystal crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pbca, and is formed by hydrogen bonding interactions. The properties of the cocrystal including sensitivity, thermal decomposition, and detonation performances were discussed in detail. Sensitivity studies showed that the cocrystal exhibits low impact and friction sensitivity, and largely reduces the mechanical sensitivity of HNIW. DSC and TG tests indicated that the heterogeneous exothermic decomposition of the cocrystal occurs in the temperature range from 170 °C to 265 °C with peak maxima at 220 °C and 250 °C and significantly increases the melting point of TNT by 54 °C. The cocrystal has excellent detonation properties with a detonation velocity of 8426 m s−1 and a calculated detonation pressure of 32.3 MPa at a charge density of 1.76 g cm−3, respectively. Moreover, the results suggested that the HNIW/TNT cocrystal not only has unique performance itself, but also effectively alters the properties of TNT and HNIW. Therefore, the cocrystal formed by HNIW and TNT could provide a new and effective method to modify the properties of certain compounds to yield enhanced explosives for further application.
High performance Zn–Sn–O thin film transistors with Cu source/drain electrode
Authors: Lee Chul‐Kyu , Park Se Yeob , Jung Hong Yoon , Lee Chang‐Kyu , Son Byeong‐Geun , Kim Hyo Jin , Lee Young‐Joo , Joo Young‐Chang , Jeong Jae Kyeong 
Published: January 2013

AbstractZn–Sn–O (ZTO) thin film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated with a Cu source/drain electrode. Although a reasonably high mobility (μFE) of 13.2 cm2/Vs was obtained for the ZTO TFTs, the subthreshold gate swing (SS) and threshold voltage (Vth) of 1.1 V/decade and 9.1 V, respectively, were inferior. However, ZTO TFTs with Ta film inserted as a diffusion barrier, exhibited improved SS and Vth values of 0.48 V/decade and 3.0 V, respectively as well as a high μFE value of 18.7 cm2/Vs. The improvement in the Ta‐inserted device was attributed to the suppression of Cu lateral diffusion into the ZTO channel region. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sotalol as first‐line treatment for fetal tachycardia and neonatal follow‐up
Authors: van der Heijden L. B. , Oudijk M. A. , Manten G. T. R. , ter Heide H. , Pistorius L. , Freund M. W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTObjectivesIn fetal tachycardia, pharmacological therapy with digoxin, flecainide and sotalol has been reported to be effective. In a recent retrospective multicenter study, sotalol was considered to be less effective than the other drugs in treatment of fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). The aim of this study was to re‐evaluate the efficacy and safety of maternally administered sotalol in the treatment of fetal tachycardia.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of the records of 30 consecutive fetuses with tachycardia documented on M‐mode echocardiography between January 2004 and December 2010 at Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, a tertiary referral university hospital. Patients were subdivided into those diagnosed with supraventricular tachycardia and those with atrial flutter (AF) and presence of hydrops was noted. Other variables investigated included QTc interval measured on maternal electrocardiogram before and after initiation of antiarrhythmic therapy, fetal heart rhythm and heart rate pre‐ and postnatally, oral maternal drug therapy used, time to conversion to sinus rhythm (SR), percentage of fetuses converted following transplacental treatment, maternal adverse effects, presence or absence of tachycardia as noted on postnatal ECG, postnatal therapy or prophylaxis and neonatal outcome. Findings are discussed with reference to the literature.ResultsA total of 28 patients (18 with SVT, 10 with AF) were treated with sotalol as first‐line therapy. Fetal hydrops was present in six patients (five with SVT, one with AF). All hydropic patients converted antenatally to SR (67% with sotalol as a single‐drug therapy, 33% after addition of flecainide). Of the non‐hydropic patients, 91% converted to SR (90% with sotalol only, 10% after addition of flecainide or digoxin). In 9% (with AF) rate control was achieved. There was no mortality. No serious drug‐related adverse events were observed. Postnatally, rhythm disturbances were detected in 10 patients, two of whom still had AF. In eight, SVT was observed within 3 weeks postnatally, and in five of these within 72 hours.ConclusionsSotalol can be recommended as the drug of first choice for treatment of fetal AF and has been shown to be an effective and safe first‐line treatment option for SVT, at least in the absence of hydrops. Postnatal maintenance therapy after successful prenatal therapy is not necessarily indicated, as the risk of recurrence is low beyond 72 hours of age. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Usability of virtual‐reality simulation training in obstetric ultrasonography: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Burden C. , Preshaw J. , White P. , Draycott T. J. , Grant S. , Fox R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess the usability of virtual‐reality (VR) simulation for obstetric ultrasound trainees.MethodsTwenty‐six participants were recruited: 18 obstetric ultrasound trainees (with little formal ultrasonography training) and eight certified experts. All performed five sequential VR‐simulated crown–rump length (CRL) scans in a single session and three repetitions of biparietal diameter (BPD), occipitofrontal diameter (OFD) and femur length (FL) measurements. Outcome measures included mean percentage deviation from target for all measurements. Time taken to perform each type of scan was recorded.ResultsThe mean percentage difference for the first scan was significantly greater for the trainee group than for the expert group for BPD (P = 0.035), OFD (P = 0.010) and FL (P = 0.008) and for time taken for the first CRL (P < 0.001) and fetal biometry (including BPD, OFD and FL measurements) scan (P < 0.001), demonstrating that trainees were initially significantly less accurate and less efficient. Over subsequent scans, the trainees became more accurate for all measurements with a significant improvement shown for OFD and FL (P < 0.05). The time taken for trainees to complete CRL and fetal biometry scans decreased significantly (all P < 0.05) with repetition, to near‐expert efficiency.ConclusionsAll participants were able to use the simulator and produce clinically meaningful biometry results. With repetition, beginners quickly approached near‐expert levels of accuracy and speed. These data demonstrate that obstetricians with minimal experience can improve their ultrasonographic skills with short‐phase VR‐simulation training. The speed of improvement suggests that VR simulation might be useful as a warm‐up exercise before clinical training sessions in order to reduce their impact on clinical service. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.