bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate Fermentation by Clostridium difficile
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Nakashio Satoshi , Yamakawa Kiyotaka , Tanabe Naomi , Nishida Shoki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBiochemical properties of Clostridium difficile were reinvestigated for the practical identification of the organism in clinical laboratories. Bacterial growth in 2% proteose peptone medium supplemented with 0.01% l‐cysteine · HCl and 0.1% agar supported sufficient growth to read the fermentation results just as well as did pre‐reduced anaerobically sterilized medium. Incubation for 2 days was long enough for determining the ability to ferment fructose, glucose, mannitol, mannose, melezitose, and sorbitol. All of the 82 strains liquefied 2% but not 10% gelatin. The significance of mannitol fermentation and gelatin liquefaction is stressed since C. difficile is the only species fermenting mannitol among the gelatin‐liquefying species of Clostridia having subterminal spores.
Characterization of Cells Infiltrating the Lungs of X‐Irradiated and Nude Mice after Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: Shimomura Emiko , Suzuki Fujio , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAfter X‐irradiated and nonirradiated mice (C3H/He) as well as athymic nude mice and haired littermates (BALB/c) were infected with influenza A virus (Kumamoto strain, H2N2), they were examined for survival period, the development of consolidation in the lungs and the characteristics of the cells infiltrating the lung tissues. In two different T‐cell deficient groups, there was a definite delay in the development of consolidation compared with their respective controls and this was reflected in prolonged survival periods: 5 days longer for irradiated mice and 6 days longer for nude mice. In both T‐cell deficient and normal groups, about 70% of the cells obtained from consolidated lung tissues after virus infection were found to be small lymphoid cells and there were no morphological differences between the T‐cell deficient and normal groups. None of these small lymphoid cells from the peripheral blood or the spleens of T‐cell deficient mice responded to concanavalin A. In the lungs of both X‐irradiated mice and nude mice, however, a definite increase in cells having natural killer activity was found at the late stages of the influenza infection, suggesting their participation in the development of consolidation.
Keratinolytic Fungi in Egyptian Soils
Authors: Abdel‐Fattah Hassan M. , Moubasher Abdel‐Aal H. , Maghazy Soad M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe frequency of occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in seventy soil samples, collected from different sites in Upper Egypt and in the coastal area of the Mediterranean, was determined by baiting with human and animal hairs and pigeon feathers.Twenty‐one species, in addition to an unidentified species, which belong to sixteen genera were collected. Chrysosporium indicum, C. tropicum, C. keratinophilum, and Microsporum gypseum were the most frequent fungal species recovered from the baited soils.The soil samples collected from the salt marshes of the coastal Mediterranean area were completely free from any keratinolytic fungi, whereas the soil samples collected from cultivated soils contributed species, ranging from one to four species.
An Internal View of the Spherical Body of Treponema macrodentium as Revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Umemoto Toshihiko , Namikawa Isamu , Yoshii Zensaku , Konishi Hisanori 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe osmium‐dimethyl sulfoxide‐osmium method for clear visualization of intracellular structure was used to observe the detailed inner structure of the spherical bodies produced in vitro by a human oral treponeme. Scanning electron microscopy of the cracked spherical body revealed no morphological differences between the outer and inner surfaces of the spherical body membrane, and that multiple folded or somewhat linear main bodies adhere closely to the inner surface. In addition, axial flagella partially free from the main bodies spread widely within the body to make a network, and a number of blebs ranging from approximately 1 μm to 0.2 μm in diameter were located near the terminal or subterminal areas of the main bodies. The origin of the blebs and the mechanism of spherical body formation are discussed.
Gelation of Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate by Simple Polysaccharides
Authors: Mikami Takeshi , Nagase Toshihiko , Matsumoto Tatsuji , Suzuki Shigeo , Suzuki Masuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Limulus lysate gelation activity of several simple polysaccharides including yeast mannans and bacterial dextrans was investigated. The mannans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild and mutant strains possessing dense branches showed positive gelation activity at concentrations of 1 μg/ml or more regardless of differences in their chemical structure. However, two synthetic mannans possessing linear structures with α1←2 and α1←6 linkages also gave positive reactions at concentrations of 10 μg/ml or more and 500 μg/ml or more, respectively. The dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides IAM 1046 consisting of a dense branching moiety displayed reactivity at concentrations of 100 μg/ml or more, while the dextrans devoid of such branches were negative in this reaction. The optimal concentration for Limulus lysate gelation could not be determined for any of the polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) tested in this study. The gelation activity of the polysaccharides was stable to treatment with 100 mm NaOH at 30 C for 72 hr. The minimum concentration for the gelation activity of LPS treated with 100 mm NaOH under the same conditions was reduced from 10−6~−9 μg/ml to 1–10 μg/ml. The above findings demonstrate that the major part of Limulus lysate gelation activity of LPS depends on the alkali‐degradable lipid A moiety, and that such simple polysaccharides are also able to participate in this activity even though the extent of participation is very low.
Appearance of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Piglets with Diarrhea in Connection with Feed Changes
Authors: Shimizu Mikio , Terashima Toyoaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwelve weaned piglets (3‐week‐old) were divided into three groups according to the time of feed change and observed for diarrhea during the time they were 3 to 8 weeks of age. A total of 553 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from rectal fecal samples and examined for heat‐labile (LT) and heat‐stable (ST) enterotoxins, pilus antigens (K88, K99, and 987P), hemolysin (Hly), raffinose utilization (Raf) and drug resistance. Enterotoxigenic and/or hemolytic E. coli strains appeared in the rectal feces of 5‐ to 6‐week‐old piglets with diarrhea in connection with feed change and changing temperatures. Most of the isolates showed multiple drug resistance to sulfonamides (Sa), streptomycin (Sm), chloramphenicol (Cp), tetracycline (Tc), kanamycin (Km), spectinomycin (Sp), ampicillin, and/or mercury. Enterotoxigenic E. coli isolates represented four phenotypes: K88+.LT+.Hly+.Raf+.(SaSmCpTcKmSp) (12 strains), K99+.ST+.Raf+.(TcKm) (7 strains), ST+.Raf+.(TcKm) (7 strains), and ST.+(SaSmKm) (25 strains). The drug resistance determinants were transferable concurrently and some of them mobilized the determinants for K88, LT, Hly, and Raf to an E. coli C strain.
Dengue Virus Multiplication in Cultures of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages: Effects of Macrophage Activators
Authors: Hotta Hak , Hotta Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDengue‐2 virus multiplied in cultures of methylcellulose‐induced peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice. The in vitro‐cultivated macrophages from dengue‐1 virus‐immune mice produced larger amounts of dengue‐2 virus than did those from nonimmune controls. The effect of macrophage activators was examined by using nonimmune macrophages. Enhanced virus production was demonstrated in cultures of macrophages pretreated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The number of virus‐infected cells in the pretreated cultures was estimated to be about 0.01% or less of the total macrophages. Continuous treatment of macrophages with PHA before and after virus inoculation brought about the most marked enhancement of dengue‐2 virus multiplication. On the other hand, treatment with concanavalin A or pokeweed mitogen showed little effect on the multiplication of the same virus. Treatment with carrageenan, a specific macrophage blocking agent, markedly suppressed dengue‐2 virus production in both dengue‐1 virus‐immune macrophages and LPS‐treated macrophages. The indirect fluorescent‐antibody (FA) technique revealed dengue‐2 viral antigen in the cytoplasm of infected macrophages, and the FA‐positive macrophages were more numerous in PHA‐treated cultures than in untreated controls. The results obtained are discussed in relation to a possible role of activated monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever.
The Effect of Oxidation‐Reduction Potential on Spore Germination, Outgrowth, and Vegetative Growth of Clostridium tetani, Clostridium butyricum, and Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Hachisuka Yoetsu , Suzuki Ikuo , Morikawa Keisuke , Maeda Shigeaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSpores of Clostridium tetani germinated in liver broth with +580 mV as the starting Eh value, and those of Clostridium butyricum germinated in liver broth with an initial Eh of +400 mV regardless of the presence or absence of a liquid paraffin covering.Spores of Bacillus subtilis germinated in liver broth with −100 mV as the starting Eh value.Also, it was found that there are two ranges of starting Eh values for germination and vegetative growth of Cl. tetani, Cl. butyricum, and B. subtilis. In the first range these spores germinated and grew, but in the second range they only germinated and then died without outgrowth.
Appearance of a Cell Surface Antigen Associated with the Activation of Peritoneal Macrophages in Mice
Authors: Akagawa Kiyoko S. , Tokunaga Tohru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA relatively large population of murine peritoneal exudate macrophages induced with viable BCG or heat‐killed Corynebacterium parvum was stained by the antiserum prepared against purified gangliotetraosyl ceramide (asialo GM1), while only a small population of peritoneal resident macrophages or peritoneal exudate macrophages induced with proteose peptone was stained. The cytotoxicity assay of those macrophages with anti‐asialo GM1 plus complement supported these results. Peritoneal macrophages induced with BCG or C. parvum showed strong cytotoxicity for EL4 cells in vitro, while resident or peptone‐induced peritoneal macrophages showed no cytotoxicity. BCG‐ or C. parvum‐induced peritoneal cells contained both NK cells and cytotoxic macrophages, and either in vivo or in vitro pretreatment of the cells with anti‐asialo GM1 and complement abolished the activities of both types of cells. Peptone‐induced peritoneal macrophages incubated with lymphokines (LK) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were cytotoxic for EL4 cells and contained an increased number of cells stained by anti‐asialo GM1. The cytotoxicity of these in vitro activated macrophages was reduced by treatment with anti‐asialo GM1 plus complement. When peptone‐induced peritoneal macrophages were incubated with LK, the number of cells stained by anti‐Ia antiserum increased, but the number did not increase when the macrophages were incubated with LPS. Pretreatment of peptone‐induced macrophages with anti‐asialo GM1 plus complement did not affect the ability of the macrophages to be activated by LK. These results taken together strongly suggest that the antigen (s) reactive with anti‐asialo GM1 is expressed on the cell surface of cytotoxic peritoneal macrophages in mice.
Hapten‐Specific T Cell Response to Azobenzenearsonate‐N‐Acetyl‐L‐Tyrosine (ABA‐tyr) in Lewis Rats: II. Induction and Suppression of ABA‐Specific Helper Cell Activity for Antibody Production
Authors: Miyagawa Nobuyuki , Lawn Chieh Yuan , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: November 2013

AbstractImmunization of Lewis rats with azobenzenearsonate‐N‐acetyl‐l‐tyrosine (ABA‐tyr) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), produces a hapten‐specific helper T cell response measured by an increase in plaque forming cells (PFC) against a different hapten. The response seen is primarily direct (IgM) PFC unless B cells are primed by injection of trinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP‐KLH) prior to immunization with ABA‐tyr. The response requires both ABA and TNP to be on the same carrier molecule which can be as diverse as bovine serum albumin (BSA), poly l‐glutamine‐lysine‐tyrosine (l‐GLT); however, a d‐amino acid polypeptide does not work. The in vitro demonstration of such help was successful only with peritoneal exudate lymphocytes, not spleen or lymph node cells. Repeated pretreatment of rats by intraperitoneal injection of ABA‐tyr in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) induced an unresponsiveness for helper activity to subsequent immunization with the same antigen in CFA. Passive transfer of lymphoid cells from spleens and lymph nodes from rats pretreated with ABA‐tyr in IFA followed by boosting with ABA‐tyr in CFA induced unresponsiveness to subsequent induction of hapten‐specific help.
Biotransformation of 1‐Nitropyrene in Intestinal Anaerobic Bacteria
Authors: Kinouchi Takemi , Manabe Yoshiki , Wakisaka Kazumi , Ohnishi Yoshinari 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMutagenic nitroaromatic compounds have recently been found in photocopies, urban atmosphere, automobile exhaust and wastewater. 1‐Nitropyrene (1‐NP) is readily formed when pyrene, ubiquitous in the environment, is exposed to nitrogen dioxide in the urban atmosphere or in automobile exhaust, and is highly mutagenic, inducing 449 his+ revertants/plate/nmol from Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 in the absence of S9 fraction in the Salmonella‐microsome test. It is possible to swallow sputum or some food containing 1‐NP and it would come into contact with the normal bacterial flora. We determined the 1‐NP nitroreductase activity in environmental and laboratory bacterial strains. We found that the mutagenicity of 1‐NP mixed with the feces of a healthy man or a culture of anaerobic bacteria was decreased. The product proved to be 1‐aminopyrene (1‐AP), based on its fluorescence spectrum, its mass spectrum, and its characteristic thin layer chromatographic and high performance liquid chromatographic patterns. The 1‐NP nitroreductase activity of aerobic bacteria was low, but crude extracts from the anaerobic bacteria, i.e., Bacteroides fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus, Fusobacterium mortiferum, F. nucleatum, Clostridium perfringens, C. sporogenes, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. bifidum, Eubacterium lentum, E. limosum, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, all easily converted 1‐NP to 1‐AP and proportionally decreased the mutagenic activity of 1‐NP.
Production by Cultured Spleen Cells of Inflammatory Substances and Other Lymphokines that Mediate Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity in Mice
Authors: Tamura Shin‐Ichi , Tsuru Sumiaki , Chiba Joe , Kojima Asato 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn vitro cultivation of normal mouse spleen cells with human serum albumin generated effector cells that mediate the delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. The cultured cells, when incubated in a serum‐free medium for a further 24 hr, released substances (FPRF) which caused a footpad inflammatory reaction at a maximum of 6 hr after injection into normal syngeneic or allogeneic strains of mice, as well as macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) and macrophage activating factor (MAF). The DTH‐effector cells in the culture were fractionated in the low density layers by discontinuous bovine serum albumin density gradient centrifugation. The effector cells in the low density layers were further enriched in the Lyt 1 subpopulation of T cells when fractionated on a fluorescence activated cell sorter. Cells capable of producing the inflammatory substances (FPRF), MIF and MAF were also enriched in the same fraction containing DTH‐effector cells. These results suggest that low density, Lyt 1‐positive T cells mediating the DTH reaction produce FPRF as well as MIF and MAF.
Antigenic Relationship between Downy and Granular Forms of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum
Authors: Shukla Narmada Prasada , Agarwal Ganga Prasada 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOne strain each of granular and downy varieties of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and two strains each of granular and floccose colonial types of Trichophyton rubrum were used for preparation of antigens. The antigens were analyzed by double diffusion against homologous and heterologous antisera raised in rabbits. A total of 17 distinct antigens were recognized, seven of which were common to the two dermatophytes. Granular and downy varieties of these Trichophyton species produced one additional line of nonidentity. Cross reactions failed to establish any relationship between similar morphologic forms of different dermatophytes. One isolate of T. rubrum, which was originally the floccose culture type but changed into the granular form after artificial infection, showed an antigenic relationship to the floccose culture.
Numerical Classification of 280 Strains of Slowly Growing Mycobacteria
Authors: Tsukamura Michio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNumerical classification of 280 strains of slowly growing mycobacteria was carried out by testing each strain for 76 characters. The following fourteen clusters were observed: 1. M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti; 2. M. haemophilum; 3. M. ulcerans; 4. M. xenopi; 5. M. kansasii; 6. M. szulgai; 7. M. gordonae; 8. M. gastri; 9. M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. scrofulaceum, and M. asiaticum; 10. M. marinum; 11. M. simiae; 12. M. nonchromogenicum, “M. novum,” M. terrae, and M. triviale; 13. M. malmoense; 14. M. shimoidei.The clusters composed of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti, of M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. scrofulaceum, and M. asiaticum, and of M. nonchromogenicum, “M. novum,” M. terrae, and M. triviale appeared to be reduced to a single species each. The names having priority for each species should be M. tuberculosis, M. avium, and M. nonchromogenicum, respectively. However, the clusters may, in practice, be called the M. tuberculosis series (complex), the M. avium series (complex), and the M. nonchromogenicum series (complex). The type species of these series are M. tuberculosis, M. avium, and M. nonchromogenicum, respectively. These series were characterized in this study.
Effect of Phorbol Myristate Acetate, a Tumor‐Promoting Agent, on the Growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in the Mouse Footpad
Authors: Tomioka Haruaki , Saito Hajime 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPhorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a potent inflammatory agent with tumor‐promoting activity, was examined for its effect on the growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) in the left hind footpad of mice. When the animals were infected with 104 MLM and received multiple injections of 3 μg of PMA in the infection site weekly during the first 2 months and biweekly thereafter, the growth of the bacilli was markedly enhanced. PMA injection in the infection site resulted in severe footpad swelling accompanied by inflammatory signs such as redness, edema, induration, and sometimes ulcer. Acetic acid, as potent an inflammatory and hyperplastic agent as PMA but without any appreciable tumor‐promoting action, did not stimulate MLM growth when it was injected biweekly in the site of infection with MLM at a dose of 30 μmol per injection. When mice were infected with 108 MLM, proper elimination of bacilli from the infection site was observed during the first 3 months. In this case, multiple injections of PMA in the infection site resulted in the enhancement of the elimination of MLM by host defense mechanisms, although PMA caused as severe inflammation as that observed when MLM infection was produced with a small inoculum (104 MLM). In both cases, dexamethasone was synergistic with, but indomethacin and L‐1‐tosylamide‐2‐phenyl‐ethylchloromethyl ketone were antagonistic to, the effect of PMA.
Cytotoxin Production by Clostridium sordellii Strains
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Tanabe Naomi , Yamakawa Kiyotaka , Nishida Shoki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA total of 55 strains of Clostridium sordellii, 21 lethal toxin‐positive and 34 lethal toxin‐negative, were tested for cytotoxin production in brain heart infusion medium supplemented with 0.2% Na2HPO4 (m‐BHI) and cooked‐meat‐glucose (CMG) medium using baby hamster kidney (BHK‐21/WI‐2) cells as indicator cells. The m‐BHI medium was preferred to CMG medium and 24 hr of incubation was sufficient for cytotoxin production. Nineteen of the 21 toxigenic strains were also cytotoxigenic, and the strength of the cytotoxigenicity was approximately parallel with that of the lethal toxigenicity. Clostridium difficile antitoxin neutralized C. sordellii cytotoxin and also C. sordellii antitoxin neutralized C. difficile cytotoxin.
Physicochemical Characterization of Tween 80‐Hydrolyzing Esterases Produced by Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
Authors: Tomioka Haruaki , Yoneyama Toshimi , Asano Kyoko , Watanabe Takashi , Saito Hajime 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTween 80‐hydrolyzing esterases produced by various species of rapidly growing mycobacteria were partially purified from sonicated cell lysates by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose and subsequent Sephadex G‐150 column chromatographies. The amount of the esterase produced per gram of bacterial cells varied markedly with each species. Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. chelonei, and M. phlei were high producers and M. chitae and M. diernhoferi were low producers of Tween‐hydrolyzing esterase. The resistance of each mycobacterial strain to oleic acid correlated well with their esterase‐producing ability. All the esterases studied were adsorbed on DEAE cellulose in 50 mM Tris‐HCl buffer (pH 7.5), indicating that they are acidic proteins. Esterases of M. smegmatis, M. chitae, M. fortuitum, and M. phlei were eluted from DEAE at high concentrations (0.11–0.18 m) of ammonium sulfate, while those of M. parafortuitum and M. diernhoferi were eluted at lower concentrations (0.05–0.08 m). With Sephadex G‐150 gel filtration, all esterases were shown to have similar molecular weights (36,000 to 58,000). On the basis of heat‐stability and trypsin‐ or chymotrypsin‐sensitivity, these esterases were divided into three groups: one was heat‐stable and protease‐sensitive (M. smegmatis and M. fotuitum), another was heat‐labile and protease‐resistant (M. chelonei), and the other was the intermediate of the above two groups (M. diernhoferi).