bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BRIGADOON, OR; MUSICAL COMEDY AND THE PERSISTENCE OF TRADITION IN MELANESIAN ETHNOGRAPHY
Authors: Carrier Achsah H. , Carrier James G. 
Published: February 2015

‘Brigadoon’ is an American musical comedy of the 1940s and early 1950s. The story centres on a village called Brigadoon, in the Scottish Highlands. Two hundred years ago Brigadoon was threatened with an influx of witches. The village priest, fearing the evil of the influx, prayed that God would so change Brigadoon that one night in the village would last one hundred years in the outside world. Thus, to outsiders, Brigadoon appears only one day each century. Brigadoon would thus survive, each centennial appearance being so brief, in the priest's opinion, that the outside world would not affect it. Brigadoon is a picture‐postcard ‘traditional Highlands village’: Highland cattle, milk‐maids, village fairs, kilts, tartans, clans and bagpipe music overwhelm the audience.In ‘The invention of tradition: the Highland tradition of Scotland’, Hugh Trevor‐Roper (1983) demonstrates that the marks of Highlands culture so pronounced in Brigadoon were a late creation. The kilt was invented by a Quaker English ironmaster from Lancashire, Thomas Rawlinson, around 1730; the image of a distinctive Highlands culture was the creation of James McPherson and the Reverend John McPherson in the 1760s; the distinctive clan tartans were created and marketed by cloth merchants in the late 18th and early 19th century, especially the firm of William Wilson & Son, of Bannockburn, and especially in preparation for the visit of George IV to Edinburgh in 1822.
THE CHILDREN'S COUNTRY: ETHICAL STATEMENTS / USEFUL INSTRUCTIONS
Authors: Muecke Stephen 
Published: February 2015

This paper brings a number of post‐structuralist concerns to the analysis of a text in Aboriginal English from Paddy Roe in Broome, Australia. Accordingly the text is reproduced in full as a statement, or set of statements, standing next to the analysis. It deals with issues of Aboriginal land‐rights.The analysis characterises structuralist thought as having a preoccupation with the metaphor of depth in textual analysis, bringing with it the idea of foundational mechanisms for the establishment of meaning. Post‐structuralism, on the other hand, treats texts as surface enactments and statements (rather than sentences), seeing meaning more in shifting relations of context, distribution and circulation of texts. The notion of commentary and the speaking subject are problematised in the (rhetorical) analysis which highlights the ethical dimensions of the text, treating it as a set of enabling statements which construct a certain sort of Aboriginal listener who is then positioned to take over and repeat the discourse for the benefit of land‐rights. In a more general way the paper proposes an ethical dimension to statements in language in general as well as positing indirect or reported speech as a kind of norm.
Rum, seduction and death: ‘Aboriginality’ and alcohol
Authors: Langton Marcia 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTRacism is here examined in relation to its origins in the colonial culture and in the motivations and intents of the colonisers. It is contained in the metaphors and icons, onto which the stereotypical information is projected, which express fear and attempt to tame the native and turn him into a mendicant. Bennelong is shown as the first instance of the British constructing the image of the ‘degenerate native’ the ‘drunken Aborigine’ the ‘urban Aborigine’. Whites are made innocent of the destruction of Aboriginal society because the Aborigines are ‘drinking themselves to death’. This paper asks whether the notion of social pathology has allowed anthropologists to avoid dealing with the realities of Aboriginal social life.
‘Piddington's Indiscretion’:1 Ralph Piddington, The Australian National Research Council and Academic Freedom
Authors: Gray Geoffrey 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe primary aim of this paper is to investigate the question why, particularly in the first half of this century, Australian academics were so supine when it came to public criticism of the treatment, conditions and welfare of Australian Aborigines. Its focus is Ralph Piddington and how he was treated by the Australian academic establishment for his public criticism of the treatment of Aborigines at La Grange Bay, North‐west Australia. It shows how the Executive Committee of the Australian National Research Council (ANRC), A.P. Elkin, Professor of Anthropology at Sydney University from 1933 to 1956 and chairman, from 1933 to 1955, of the Australian National Research Council's Committee for Anthropological Research, and A.O. Neville, Chief Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia, combined to silence and punish Piddington. The ANRC's criticisms of Piddington were fuelled, above all else, by their concern that his action would create a ‘very uncomfortable atmosphere regarding this Council and anthropological research generally.’5 In contrast the Rockefeller Foundation which provided the funding for the ANRC research grants and fellowships took a more lenient view of Piddington's action. It believed from the evidence presented by the ANRC that Piddington had made satisfactory progress toward carrying out the program for which he was given his fellowship and did not believe the charges made against him should impede his fellowship status.
Case Studies in Dual Classification as Process: Childbirth, Headhunting and Circumcision in West Timor
Authors: McWilliam Andrew 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe diverse societies of eastern Indonesia have, for some time, been recognised as important contexts for the study of dual classification. In this region the practice of dual classification is evident in a multitude of social forms. It is found in the range of conventional expressions for category distinctions as well as in the formal organisation of ceremonial contexts and structural patterns of society. This paper examines the expression of certain dual classificatory forms as they appear in three types of ritual processes in West Timorese society. My purpose is to show how this type of classification provides a vital conceptual means to both protect the well‐being of participants in the conduct of the ritual processes, and at the same time, to effect symbolic and celebratory affirmations of life. I argue that in the manipulation and interaction of the dual categories it is possible to recognise a striking commonality of purpose.
‘Narratives of Survival in the Post‐Colonial North’
Authors: Merlan Francesca 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTScholars have recently paid more attention to narratives of colonial contact in Australia, as elsewhere (cf. Hill 1988). Western elements and characters (such as Captain Cook) have been widely documented in Australian Aboriginal narratives which nevertheless are clearly not close accounts of past events. This has promoted reconsideration of the distinction between ‘myth’ and ‘history‘. If we follow Turner's (1988) suggestion that myth is the formulation of ‘essential’ properties of social experience in terms of ‘generic events‘, while ‘history’ is concerned with the level of ‘particular relations among particular events’, we need not restrict ourselves to seeing myth as charter for a social order distinct from western influence. In the paper I examine two stories of cultural and physical survival from the Katherine area, Northern Territory, and seek to identify in them fundamental themes and enduring narrative precipitates of social experience lived in intense awareness of colonial and post‐colonial relationships between Aborigines and whites.
Marae artworks and the reproduction of Maori ethnicity
Authors: Webster Steven 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis essay approaches ethnic process through a description and analysis of the struggle to build a Maori marae at The University of Auckland, New Zealand. One goal is simply to document certain events 1976–1988. This specific history is then examined in terms of the artworks of the marae, and the particular ways in which stuggles to control these works became focused on the issue of authentic Maori culture. Resistance and opportunism among university authorities, uses of the relationship between Maori culture and academic culture, and the ambiguous relationship between tribal affiliations and more mundane political economic interests are briefly examined. A closer look is then taken at struggles to control the bearing of tapu, or taboo restrictions, on the artworks. A central theoretical consideration is the relationship of these struggles over meaning to political economic interests, especially efforts to control the production and work processes of the artworks and thus the meanings, values and opportunities arising from them.
Remembrance of Things Passed: Memory, Body and the Politics of Feasting in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea1
Authors: Eves Richard 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the connection between body and memory for the people of the Lelet Plateau of central New Ireland. Through an examination of the processes by which memories of mortuary feasts are created and circulated, I draw attention to the embodied nature of memory as a central facet in the politics of feasting. The approach taken here differs from other prevailing approaches to the body and memory in its exploration of the ways in which memories are created through and within the body, rather than seeing the body, or things representing the body, as signs that are utilised for remembering. In particular, I examine the forms of sorcery which target the participants' bodies, making them experience diarrhoea as a mnemonic process. It is through this that a significant memory of the feast is created, one which stands out notably from numerous other memories, and is the means by which remembrance of the event is transformed into fame for the host.
The Wider Relationships of Australasian Populations: genetic and linguistic evidence
Authors: Jones Alex 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTRecent genetic studies have claimed that the indigenous populations of Australia and New Guinea derive from the earliest split in the part of the modern human stock that spread beyond sub‐Saharan Africa. This paper suggests that conclusion is based on an inappropriate analysis; that on the contrary the genetic affiliations of Australian and New Guinean populations, though obscured by long periods of relative isolation, lie in northeastern Asia; and that linguistic evidence can be shown to support a connection between Australian languages and present day linguistic groupings from that area.
Nostalgia for Rabaul1
Authors: Neumann Klaus 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn September 1994, an eruption of the Rabaul Volcano in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea, devastated the town of Rabaul and many surrounding Tolai villages. Many villagers were resettled or lived in refugee camps far from their homes. Many non‐Tolai residents of Rabaul were repatriated to other parts of Papua New Guinea. Tolai villagers and former residents of Rabaul, be they Papua New Guineans or expatriates, mourned the passing of ‘Rabaul’. This article examines the different nostalgias for Rabaul which are articulated in the Australian print media, by Tolai villagers, and by migrants from the Sepik provinces who had lived in Rabaul prior to the eruption. The article concludes with a reflection on Rabaul as a symbol for the Papua New Guinean nation.
Clan Claims: Land, Law and Violence in the Papua New Guinea Eastern Highlands1
Authors: Westermark George 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTLand has become the source of new end more complex disputes in Papua New Guinea in recent years. Economic opportunities associated with government programs and multinational corporations have altered land values in rural districts. This paper examines how in the context of such shifting attitudes toward land, competing groups in an Eastern Highlands district use both law and violence in their confrontations. One component of the legal strategies pursued includes the elaboration of clan stories to legitimize claims before the courts. Yet, while rural elites and their families may desire the support of the law in their economic pursuits, the realities of intergroup violence set limits on the likely success of this approach.
Review
Authors: Losche Diane 
Published: February 2015

Fragile Traditions: Indonesian Art in Jeopardy. Edited by Paul Michael Taylor. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press. 1994. Pp. 167. Price: $28.00Island Ancestors: Oceanic Art from the Masco Collection. By Allen Wardwell. Photographs by Dirk Bakker. University of Washington Press in Association with The Detroit Institute of Arts. 1995. Pp. 278.
The Construction of Social Meaning and Material Value: a Note on Trade in Melanesia
Authors: GöRlich Joachim 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTMarilyn Strathern has greatly refined the analysis of gift exchange, emphasizing that in gift exchange, units of value understood as metonymic extensions of their donors, are substituted for each other. However, the question still remains of how we should take into account the social meaning and material value of exchange processes usually called barter or trade; especially if we do not want simply to conceive of them as gift exchanges and nothing else. Drawing on fieldwork among the Kobon in the northern fringe of the Highlands of Papua New Guinea, this paper proposes to view barter/trade in Melanesia as a strategic and symbolic interaction that combines aspects of gift and commodity exchange.
REVIEWS
Authors: Cowlishaw Gillian 
Published: February 2015

Fieldwork and Families: constructing new models for ethnographic research Edited by Juliana Flinn, Leslie Marshall and Jocelyn Armstrong University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu 1998Watched by Ancestors: a diary. By Kathy Golski Sceptre, Sydney 1998Dingo: the story of our mob By Sally Dingo Random House, Australia, 1997.
The Apotheosis of White Men?: A Reexamination of Beliefs about Europeans as Ancestral Spirits
Authors: Leavitt Stephen C. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTCriticisms of work on cargo beliefs argue it supports paternalistic colonial projections and patronizes Melanesians. But researchers continue to hear Melanesians asserting that Europeans communicate with ancestral spirits. Such assertions are part of a dynamic religious tradition responding to troubling times. Some have cast cargo beliefs as naive ‐ if rational ‐ attempts to understand bewildering changes. Such work fails to capture the innovative, discriminating tenor of cargo beliefs as a religious ideology that adherents manipulate to address their own needs. Case material comes from the Bumbita Arapesh, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.
Selling is Poverty, Buying a Shame: Representations of Work, Effective Leadership and Market Failures on Wallis
Authors: van der Grijp Paul 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper seeks to answer the question why there is no central market on the Polynesian island Wallis, and relates the answer to indigenous representations of work and to cultural constraints on leadership. The title of this paper ‐ Selling is Poverty, Buying a Shame ‐ contains the answer in a nutshell, requires contextualisation in relation to the main cultural, socioeconomic and political features of the society on this island. More specifically, it raises the following questions: What do we mean when we speak about a market? Have there been markets in the past? Are there (other) market‐like structures today? And what do we mean by representations of work?
The Politics of Incorporation: Masculinity, Spatiality and Modernity among the Ngaing of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Kempf Wolfgang 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn this paper I argue that the way in which masculinity and spatiality are reconstituted among the Ngaing men of Madang Province (Papua New Guinea) is pivotally implicated in how they articulate their ongoing claim to incorporation in modernity. The manner in which they strive for progress is indicative of identifications coupling Christianity and whiteness with the hope of redemption from a condition of blackness, inferiority and marginality. With the help of recent discourses and secret ritual practices, in which Christian components combine with local cultural patterns, the men make clear that indigenous participation in modernity is prefigured on the inside of external manifestations of body and space. This discursive and ritual empowerment of the men rests on a culturally specific construction of the inside and the outside in which the knowledge, power and mobility possessed by whites are construed as an integral part of the local world.
Women's Organizations, Voluntarism, and Self‐Financing in Solomon Islands: a Participant Perspective
Authors: Pollard Alice Aruhe'eta 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTArguing that the capacity to organize is not foreign to Solomon Islands women, this paper demonstrates their resourcefulness, resilience, and significant but neglected national potential by focusing on a key domain of women's practice and management expertise ‐ women's groups, organizations, and associations, most of which are church‐based, and government programs or projects directed to women. The paper surveys the establishment and operation of different categories of women's groupings before and since independence in 1978. It highlights the commitment to voluntarism and self‐financing that has enabled many groups and organizations to function and even flourish despite recent armed conflict and the resultant near collapse of the economy and the state, especially in the capital, Honiara. It exemplifies the priority shift which has seen many women and their organizations supplement the traditional concerns of home economics, health, education, and community service with overt attention to questions of economic development, political participation, and human rights. The paper concludes by considering the problems facing women's groupings in Solomon Islands, including those generated by women's own attitudes and behaviour as well as gendered and other external constraints.
Epilogue
Authors: Jolly Margaret 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis epilogue reflects on five questions raised by the papers in this collection. First, I ask ‘what are women's groups’. Second, I consider the centrality of Christianity in women's groups in colonial and contemporary epochs and review debates about how women's agency has been seen in becoming a Christian and in the perduring reality of Christian commitment. Third, I ponder the expansion of agendas from ‘welfare to empowerment’ and the proposition that even groups with conservative agendas can empower women. Fourth, I review the relation between self‐help and help from others and the associated issue of divergent local and global agendas. Fifth, I consider the differences between women grounded in age, rank, and class, highlighted by several authors. I caution against seeing such differences as irredeemable, irrevocable divisions. In conclusion, I pose the sensitive question of the relation between Western feminist scholars and the diversity of Melanesian women and espouse Teresia Teaiwa's value of Oceanic fluidarity rather than solidarity in coalitions of women.
Rethinking Cultural Genocide: Aboriginal Child Removal and Settler‐Colonial State Formation
Authors: van Krieken Robert 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the use of the concept of cultural genocide to understand one particular episode in Australian legal, political and social history, the removal of Aboriginal children from their families, mostly during the 20th century. After outlining the approach of Australian courts to the idea of cultural genocide, the paper examines the construction of the UN Genocide Convention, particularly the clause concerning the forcible removal of children, which illustrates the underlying instability of the boundary between a cultural and a physical understanding of genocide. It then explores how this instability was manifested in the development of early 20th century Australian legislation concerning the ‘protection’ of Aborigines, indicating the underlying racially‐oriented coerciveness of conceptions of Aboriginal ‘welfare’, and concludes by reflecting on the wide range of ways in which the concept of genocide can and should be used, especially in capturing the experience of Indigenous peoples under settler‐colonialism.
Land, Life and Labour: Indo‐Fijian Claims to Citizenship in a Changing Fiji
Authors: Trnka Susanna 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTSince the coup of May 2000 an estimated 24,000 Indo‐Fijians have left Fiji, the majority of them moving to Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the US. Those who remain in Fiji have faced increasing marginalisation as the government of Prime Minister Qarase has proposed significant reforms to both the administration of land and Constitutional arrangements of political representation. The situation has been further compounded through Qarase's recently proposed ‘Unity Bill’, which would grant amnesty to some of those responsible for the 2000 coup. These reforms are all part of an effort to ensure the ‘paramountcy’ of indigenous Fijians as well as to limit Indo‐Fijian participation in Fijian national politics. In this paper, I employ Greenhouse's concept of ‘empirical citizenship’ to analyse Indo‐Fijian responses to their political marginalisation in Fiji. After considering how national identities and sentiments of belonging are expressed in Indo‐Fijian discourse through the symbolic inter‐connection of the land and the Indo‐Fijian body, I argue that even if Indo‐Fijians are openly willing to recognize indigenous Fijian supremacy in national politics and the project of nation‐making, assertions of their right to live and labour on Fijian land constitute claims to ‘citizenship’ that are highly contestable in Fiji's current political climate.
Necrotic cell death caused by exposure to graphitic carbon‐coated magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Kim Jung‐Hee , Sanetuntikul Jakkid , Shanmugam Sangaraju , Kim Eunjoo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe synthesized graphitic carbon‐coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe@C NPs) and evaluated their physicochemical properties and mechanism of cytotoxicity in vitro. The structure of these nanocomposites consisted of an iron core encapsulated by a graphitic‐carbon shell. The diameter of these Fe@C NPs was 81 ± 14 nm, and the thickness of the carbon layer encapsulating the core was 7.0 ± 0.5 nm. Inhibition of cell proliferation was induced by exposure to Fe@C NPs at doses above 50 μg mL−1. The exposed cells did not show increased activation of apoptosis biomarkers such as PARP, caspase‐3, caspase‐7, and caspase‐9, and apoptosis‐specific responses such as DNA laddering and annexin V binding to the cell membranes. In addition, the expression levels of autophagy‐specific biomarkers such as ATG5 and LC3 after exposure were not enhanced, either. Instead, we observed increased release of lactate dehydrogenase in the culture media and red‐fluorescent cell cytosol stained with ethidium homodimer I after the exposure. These results indicated enhanced cell membrane permeability after exposure to Fe@C NPs, probably caused by necrosis. The analysis of the regulatory molecules of cell cycling and proliferation, ERK, p53, and AKT, implied that cell cycle arrest was initiated and the cells were sensitized to necrosis. This necrotic cell death was also observed in carbon shells from Fe@C NPs obtained by removing the metal core. In conclusion, the graphitic carbon‐encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles synthesized by one‐pot synthesis induced necrotic cell death to human HEK293 cells, which was caused by graphitic carbon surface encapsulating the metal core. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2875–2887, 2015.