bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Translational Animal Model of Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias
Authors: Akerman Simon , Goadsby Peter J. 
Published: January 2015

OverviewTrigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) are highly disabling primary headache disorders that involve severe unilateral head pain coupled with significant lateralized cranial autonomic features. Our understanding of these disorders and the development of novel and more effective treatments has been limited by the lack of a suitable animal model to explore their pathophysiology and screen prospective treatments.DiscussionThis review details the development of a novel preclinical model that demonstrates activation of both the trigeminovascular system and parasympathetic projections, thought to be responsible for the severe head pain and autonomic symptoms.ConclusionThis model demonstrates a unique response to TAC specific treatments and highlights the importance of the cranial parasympathetic pathway to the pathophysiology of TACs and as a potential locus of action for treatments. The development of this model opens up opportunities to understand the pathophysiology of these disorders further, the likely involvement of the hypothalamus, as well as providing a preclinical model with which to screen novel compounds.
Hepatitis B virus infection status and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Jian , Shen Yi , Cai Hui , Liu Yan‐Mei , Qin Gang 
Published: January 2015

AimWhether hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is controversial. We carried out a meta‐analysis to evaluate the association between HBV infection status and the risk of T2DM.MethodsThe PubMed, Embase and Ovid databases were searched for relevant studies on an association between HBV infection and the risk of diabetes. Methodological quality was assessed using the adapted Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. A fix‐ or random‐effects model was used to summarize odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsWe included seven cohort studies, four case–control and four cross‐sectional studies, involving 118 530 participants. The prevalence of T2DM differs by HBV infection status. Pooled estimators indicated a nearly twofold excess T2DM risk with hepatitis B cirrhosis (HBC) status. The summary OR of the risk of T2DM for HBC patients was 1.99 (95% CI, 1.08–3.65) when compared with the non‐HBV individuals, and 1.74 (95% CI, 1.43–2.13) when compared with non‐cirrhotic chronic hepatitis B (NC‐CHB) patients. In contrast, no significant correlation was found between asymptomatic HBV carriers or NC‐CHB patients and the incidence of diabetes, compared with non‐HBV controls.ConclusionOur findings suggest that while HBV itself may not be pro‐diabetic, the HBV‐derived cirrhosis is an independent risk factor for T2DM.
Use and misuse of the term ‘glacial relict’ in the Central European biogeography and conservation ecology of insects
Authors: Sommer Robert S. , Thiele Volker , Seppä Heikki 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe argue that the term ?glacial relict? is often misused in Central European biogeography and conservation ecology to refer to tyrphobiotic insect species which occur in peat bogs. There is no evidence to argue that these insect populations represent remnants dating back to the Pleistocene glacial stages. Instead, these insect species are mainly associated with colder local climate, special edaphic conditions, and the specific plant composition of the bogs. Therefore bogs are isolated habitats for cold‐adapted, tyrphobiotic species, in which they have persisted since the early or middle Holocene, and the conservation of the bogs is critically important for the future survival of the boreo‐alpine insect species in Central Europe.
Pemphigus herpetiformis: a case series and review of the literature
Authors: Laws Philip M. , Heelan Kara , Al‐Mohammedi Faisal , Walsh Scott , Shear Neil H. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundPemphigus herpetiformis (PH) is a rare subtype of pemphigus that presents challenges in diagnosis.ObjectiveTo review the presentation, diagnosis, and management of PH.MethodsWe reviewed the charts of all patients diagnosed and treated for PH in an immunobullous referral center between September 2007 and June 2013.ResultsEight patients were identified with a diagnosis of PH. All presented initially with pruritus. Clinical disease was manifest as either urticated erythematous plaques or a vesiculobullous eruption. Histological evaluation demonstrated eosinophilic spongiosis in all patients with acantholysis in half of cases (n = 4/8). Peripheral eosinophilia was noted in three of eight (37.5%) patients. In all cases, direct immunofluorescence showed intercellular deposition of immunoglobulin G in the epidermis. All patients required high‐dose corticosteroid initially. All patients treated with dapsone or sulfasalazine (n = 4) achieved at least partial control. Other effective treatments included intravenous immunoglobulin (n = 2), azathioprine (n = 2), and leflunomide (n = 1). Rituximab was ineffective in two patients.ConclusionThe clinical and histological features of PH develop over time and with treatment, making distinction between pemphigus subtypes challenging and delay in diagnosis common. Diagnosis of PH requires a high index of suspicion and is made on clinical grounds (urticated erythema) in the context of compatible histology and immunofluorescence findings. Treatment may be challenging, although efficacy of sulfonamide derivatives appears to offer a therapeutic effect.
Achieving competency in wound care: an innovative training module using the long‐term care setting
Authors: Williams Evelyn M , Deering Susan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractStructured academic teaching on wound care was developed, based on the long‐term care (LTC) setting, with the goal of ensuring that postgraduate family medicine residents attain competency in assessment and treatment of wounds and pressure ulcers (PUs). The curriculum for the 1‐month learning module was based on clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, assessment, and treatment of PUs and wounds. The learning techniques used include a learners' needs assessment, a small‐group didactic session, interdisciplinary bedside case discussions and a toolkit. The curriculum is delivered in four weekly, 90‐minute interdisciplinary teaching sessions during the mandatory 1‐month geriatrics rotation for postgraduate family medicine trainees. Competency is evaluated by the end of the module by reviewing trainees' documentation of a thorough objective clinical wound assessment, diagnosis of underlying cause, significant contributing risk factors and proposed treatment plan. This approach can be used to train family medicine, hospitalist, and geriatric residents in other acute or LTC teaching facilities where there is a prevalence of PUs.
The impact of foot ulceration and amputation on mortality in diabetic patients. I: From ulceration to death, a systematic review
Authors: Jupiter Daniel C , Thorud Jakob C , Buckley Clifford J , Shibuya Naohiro 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA great deal of emphasis, clinical and financial, is placed on limb salvage efforts in diabetic patients suffering from lower extremity ulceration. This is because of the impression that amputation in such patients may be a proximal cause of death. While amputation is certainly a negative clinical outcome, it is not entirely clear that it causes death.In this systematic review, we examine the available literature to attempt to understand the role that the ulceration itself may play in mortality. In brief, we searched for human studies inOVID,CINAHLand theCOCHRANE CENTRAL DATABASEfrom 1980 to 2013, looking for articles related to ulcer or wound of the foot, in patients with diabetes or peripheral vascular disease, and death. We looked for articles with 5 years of follow‐up, or Kaplan–Meier estimates of 5‐year mortality, and excluded reviews and letters. Articles were assessed for quality and potential bias using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale.We find that while the patient populations studied varied widely in terms of demographics and comorbidities, limiting generalisability, 5‐year mortality rates after ulceration were around 40%. Risk factors for death commonly identified were increased age, male gender, peripheral vascular disease and renal disease.
Suppression of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias by Pacing
Authors: ISRAEL CARSTEN W. , GRÖNEFELD GERIAN , EHRLICH JOACHIM R. , HOHNLOSER STEFAN H. 
Published: January 2015

Pace‐Suppression of AF. Introduction: Treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATs) remains difficult in many patients. Accordingly, new therapeutic approaches for AT suppression are evaluated. Atrial pacing may prevent ATs by modifying the electrophysiologic conditions required for sustained ATs.Methods and Results: New pacing algorithms for prevention of AT are aimed at permanent overdrive suppression of arrhythmic activity, reduction of dispersion of atrial refractoriness produced by short‐long cycles, more aggressive overdrive pacing after spontaneous sinus conversion to prevent early reinitiation of ATs, and prevention of inadequate rate decay in patients with vagally induced ATs. AT prevention may be achieved by dedicated atrial pacing sites, e.g., pacing at the insertion of Bachmann's bundle or biatrial pacing, which compensates for interatrial conduction delay. Preexciting regions of critical conduction delay, pacing at the triangle of Koch or coronary sinus os, and dual‐site right atrial pacing have shown antiarrhythmic effects. Atrial preventive pacing and pharmacologic treatment may work synergistically in the concept of hybrid therapy. To prevent atrial electrical remodeling, early termination of AT seems desirable. This may be achieved by implanted devices that automatically detect ATs and provide atrial antitachycardia pacing for organized ATs. Initial studies showed that regular AT can automatically be terminated in approximately 50% of treated episodes.Conclusion: Pacing for prevention of AT and termination of organized AT episodes may become important steps within the concept of hybrid therapy of AT. However, their clinical efficacy and optimal patient selection remain to be evaluated in prospective, well‐designed clinical trials.
Telocytes transfer extracellular vesicles loaded with microRNAs to stem cells
Authors: Cismasiu Valeriu B. , Popescu Laurentiu M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTelocytes (TCs) are cells ubiquitously distributed in the body and characterized by very long and thin prolongations named telopodes (Tps). Cardiac TCs are the best characterized TCs for the moment. Tps release extracellular vesicles (EVs) in vivo and in vitro suggesting that TCs regulate the activity of other cells by vesicular paracrine signals. TCs have been found within the stem cell niche of several organs. Electron microscopy or electron tomography has shown that Tps are located in close vicinity of stem cells (SC). Since stem cell regulation by niche components involves paracrine signalling, we have investigated if TCs could be part of this mechanism. Using fluorescent labelling of cells and EVs with calcein and Cy5‐miR‐21 oligos, we provide evidence that TCs can modulate SC through EVs loaded with microRNAs. TCs deliver microRNA to cardiac stem cells (CSCs), as well as to other types of SCs (e.g. hematopoietic SC) indicating that this mechanism is not restricted to cardiac tissue. We also found that CSCs deliver microRNA loaded EVs to TCs, suggesting that there is a continuous, post‐transcriptional regulatory signal back and forth between TCs and SC. In conclusion, our data reveal the existence of a reciprocal (bidirectional) epigenetic signalling between TCs and SC.
Frequency of primary cutaneous lymphoma variants in Austria: retrospective data from a dermatology referral centre between 2006 and 2013
Authors: Eder J. , Kern A. , Moser J. , Kitzwögerer M. , Sedivy R. , Trautinger F. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundPrimary cutaneous lymphomas (PCL) are a heterogenous group of rare lymphoid neoplasms with incomplete information on global and regional prevalence. The recently introduced lymphoma classifications define distinctive clinicopathological disease entities that should allow for more accurate epidemiological assessment.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and clinical spectrum of PCL diagnosed and treated at the Department of Dermatology and Venereology in St. Pölten, Lower Austria, a dermatology referral centre providing secondary and tertiary care for a population of about 600 000.MethodsIn this retrospective study pathology reports, electronically archived between 2006 and 2013, were screened for the terms lymphoma, mycosis fungoides (MF) and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP). Patients were diagnosed according to the current WHO‐EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas and results were compared with data from European, US and Asian centres.ResultsAmong 86 patients with PCL (age 58.3 ± 17.35 years, mean ± SD; women 38%, n = 33; men 62%, n = 53) 83% (n = 71) were classified as cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCL) and 17% (n = 15) as cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas (CBCL). Nine patients with CTCL showed associated haematological disorders and malignomas. Among 47 MF patients following variants were observed: pilotropic MF (n = 2), follicular mucinosis (n = 1), unilesional MF (n = 1), large‐cell transformation (n = 3), erythrodermic MF (n = 1), poikilodermatous MF (n = 2) and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (CD8+ MF with gamma/delta phenotype after renal transplantation) (n = 1). One patient had MF concurrent with lymphomatoid papulosis. The group of CBCL comprised six cases (40%) of PCMZL and PCFCL each, 20% (n = 3) were classified as PCLBCL, LT.ConclusionThis study for the first time provides data on the distribution of PCL clinicopathologic variants and stages according to the latest classification and staging systems in an Austrian referral centre.
CEO Stock‐Based Incentive Compensation and Firm Performance: A Quantile Regression Approach
Authors: Li Ming‐Yuan Leon , Yang Tung‐Hsiao , Yu Shang‐En 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis study employs the quantile regression model to examine the non‐monotonic impact of CEO stock‐based compensation on firm performance, using the data for U.S. non‐financial firms from 1993 to 2005. The results indicate that while the impact of CEO stock‐based pay on firm performance is positive for firms in the higher earnings quantile levels, the impact is negative for firms in the lower levels. In addition, the “V‐shaped” relationship between CEO stock‐based pay and firm performance satisfactorily explains the longstanding disagreement among earlier studies with regard to whether CEO stock‐based pay can enhance firm performance. Furthermore, the quantile‐varying pattern of the impact of stock‐based compensation on firm performance is robust after controlling for the industrial and yearly effects. It is also robust to the use of the pay‐for‐performance sensitivity as an alternative explanatory variable or the market‐based measure of performance as the dependent variable, or the consideration of the suspected endogenous problem between firm performance and stock‐based compensation.
The IASB's Discussion Paper on the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting: A Commentary and Research Review
Authors: Gordon Elizabeth A. , Bischof Jannis , Daske Holger , Munter Paul , Saka Chika , Smith Kimberly J. , Venter Elmar R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractConsistent with the mission of the International Association for Accounting Education and Research (IAAER) to “promote global excellence in accounting education and research, and to maximize accounting academics' contribution to the development and maintenance of high‐quality, globally recognized standards of accounting practice,” this paper provides a commentary and research review by an ad hoc committee of the IAAER on the IASB's Discussion Paper DP/2013/1—A Review of the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. The comments focus on four main areas about which prior academic research can inform standard setters in their consideration of the revised Conceptual Framework: (1) recognition and derecognition, (2) measurement, (3) presentation and disclosure, and (4) other comprehensive income. The views expressed here by the ad hoc committee are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect a consensus view of the IAAER membership or its Executive Committee. The paper supports the IASB's general objective of developing one set of globally acceptable accounting standards based on a cohesive and complete Conceptual Framework.
An Exploration of How Midwives and Physicians Manage the Third Stage of Labor in the United States
Authors: Schorn Mavis N. , Minnick Ann , Donaghey Beth 
Published: January 2015

IntroductionCare of the woman during the third stage of labor is a critical component of good patient outcomes. The type and extent of activities used in the United States, including those suggested for active management of the third stage of labor, are unknown. This study obtained preliminary data for the development of a national study of interventions used by US birth attendants during the third stage of labor, work that will ultimately lead to a study examining links between activities and outcomes. The specific aims were to identify provider‐reported assessments and interventions used during the third stage of labor and to examine which management steps or interventions providers believe should always be used during the third stage of labor.MethodsFour provider‐specific focus groups (certified nurse‐midwives, certified professional midwives, obstetricians, and family practice physicians) were held using a nominal group technique. Two researchers analyzed audio‐recorded transcriptions independently.ResultsMore than 100 assessments, 110 interventions, and 65 “always used” activities were identified. There was variation within and across groups. Midwife groups were more likely to specify maternal preference activities, and physician groups were more likely to specify drug‐related actions.DiscussionSurveys of third‐stage labor practices must include large numbers of actions to represent what may be the state of US practices. Survey design may need to include a multiple‐forms approach to avoid participant burden. Designs should include the exploration of differences by provider type as well as within provider variation.
Circadian timing of metabolism in animal models and humans
Authors: Dibner C. , Schibler U. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMost living beings, including humans, must adapt to rhythmically occurring daily changes in their environment that are generated by the Earth's rotation. In the course of evolution, these organisms have acquired an internal circadian timing system that can anticipate environmental oscillations and thereby govern their rhythmic physiology in a proactive manner. In mammals, the circadian timing system coordinates virtually all physiological processes encompassing vigilance states, metabolism, endocrine functions and cardiovascular activity. Research performed during the past two decades has established that almost every cell in the body possesses its own circadian timekeeper. The resulting clock network is organized in a hierarchical manner. A master pacemaker, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, is synchronized every day to the photoperiod. In turn, the SCN determines the phase of the cellular clocks in peripheral organs through a wide variety of signalling pathways dependent on feeding cycles, body temperature rhythms, oscillating bloodborne signals and, in some organs, inputs of the peripheral nervous system. A major purpose of circadian clocks in peripheral tissues is the temporal orchestration of key metabolic processes, including food processing (metabolism and xenobiotic detoxification). Here, we review some recent findings regarding the molecular and cellular composition of the circadian timing system and discuss its implications for the temporal coordination of metabolism in health and disease. We focus primarily on metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, although circadian misalignments (shiftwork or ‘social jet lag’) have also been associated with the aetiology of human malignancies.
Effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on Prevotella intermedia lipopolysaccharide‐induced production of proinflammatory mediators in murine macrophages
Authors: Choi E.‐Y. , Choe S.‐H. , Hyeon J.‐Y. , Choi J.‐I. , Choi I. S. , Kim S.‐J. 
Published: January 2015

Background and ObjectiveCaffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has numerous potentially beneficial properties, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory activities. However, the effect of CAPE on periodontal disease has not been studied before. This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of CAPE in ameliorating the production of proinflammatory mediators in macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Prevotella intermedia, a pathogen implicated in periodontal disease.Material and MethodsLPS from P. intermedia ATCC 25611 was isolated by using the standard hot phenol–water method. Culture supernatants were assayed for nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐6. We used real‐time polymerase chain reaction to quantify inducible NO synthase, IL‐1β, IL‐6, heme oxygenase (HO)‐1 and suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 mRNA expression. HO‐1 protein expression and levels of signaling proteins were assessed by immunoblot analysis. DNA‐binding activities of NF‐κB subunits were analyzed by using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay‐based kits.ResultsCAPE exerted significant inhibitory effects on P. intermedia LPS‐induced production of NO, IL‐1β and IL‐6 as well as their mRNA expression in RAW264.7 cells. CAPE‐induced HO‐1 expression in cells activated with P. intermedia LPS, and selective inhibition of HO‐1 activity by tin protoporphyrin IX attenuated the inhibitory effect of CAPE on LPS‐induced NO production. CAPE did not interfere with IκB‐α degradation induced by P. intermedia LPS. Instead, CAPE decreased nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p65 and p50 subunits induced with LPS, and lessened LPS‐induced p50 binding activity. Further, CAPE showed strong inhibitory effects on LPS‐induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 3 phosphorylation. Besides, CAPE significantly elevated SOCS1 mRNA expression in P. intermedia LPS‐stimulated cells.ConclusionModulation of host response by CAPE may represent an attractive strategy towards the treatment of periodontal disease. In vivo studies are required to appraise the potential of CAPE further as an immunomodulator in the treatment of periodontal disease.