bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incisional hernia repair after caesarean section: a population‐based study
Authors: Shand Antonia W. , Chen Jian Sheng , Schnitzler Margaret , Roberts Christine L. 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundIncisional hernias occur at surgical abdominal incision sites, but the association with caesarean section (CS) has not been examined.AimTo determine whether CS is a risk factor for incisional hernia repair.Materials and MethodsPopulation‐based cohort study in Australia using linked birth and hospital data for women who gave birth from 2000 to 2011. Survival analysis was used to explore the association between CS and subsequent incisional hernia repair. Analyses were adjusted for confounding factors, including other abdominal surgery. The main outcome measure was surgical repair of an incisional hernia.ResultsOf 642,578 women, 217,555 (33.9%) had at least one CS and 1,554 (0.2%) women had a subsequent incisional hernia repair. The rate of incisional hernia repair in women who had ever had a caesarean section was 0.47%, compared to 0.12% in women who never had a caesarean section. After controlling for the duration of follow‐up and known explanatory variables (eg other abdominal surgery, parity and multiple pregnancy), the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) was 2.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.45–3.06, P < 0.001). Incisional hernia repair risk increased with number of caesarean sections: women with two CS had a threefold increased risk of incisional hernia repair, which increased to sixfold after five CS (aHR = 6.29, 95% CI 3.99–9.93, P < 0.001) compared to women with no CS.ConclusionsThere was a strong association between maternal CS and subsequent incisional hernia repair, which increased as the number of CSs increased, but the absolute risk of incisional hernia repair was low.
Temperate forests in continental East Asia
Authors: Liu Hongyan , Bruelheide Helge , Ewald Jörg , Chytrý Milan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this editorial, we introduce a Special Feature focusing on various aspects of temperate forest vegetation on the East Asian mainland (China and Korea). The papers included in this Special Feature encompass a range of topics, including plot‐based vegetation survey, analysis of vegetation change along broad‐scale environmental gradients and dynamics of both successional and climax forests.
Counterfactual Consent and the Use of Deception in Research
Authors: Wilson Alan T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe use of deception for the purposes of research is a widespread practice within many areas of study. If we want to avoid either absolute acceptance or absolute rejection of this practice then we require some method of distinguishing between those uses of deception which are morally acceptable and those which are not. In this article I discuss the concept of counterfactual consent, and propose a related distinction between counterfactual‐defeating deception and counterfactual‐compatible deception. The aim is to show that this proposed distinction will be useful in furthering the debate regarding the use of deception for the purposes of research.
Abnormal bone marrow histopathology in paediatric mastocytosis
Authors: Carter Melody C. , Metcalfe Dean D. , Clark Alicia S. , Wayne Alan S. , Maric Irina 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe diagnostic criteria for paediatric mastocytosis are largely based on adult studies and bone marrow findings are not well described in children. We evaluated use of the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the diagnosis of systemic disease in paediatric mastocytosis. In addition, we identified unique clinico‐histopathological features within the biopsies. One hundred and thirteen children with paediatric mastocytosis were evaluated at the National Institutes of Health between 1986 and 2013. Complete bone marrow evaluations were performed in 50 cases. Seven children had repeat procedures. Bone marrows were analysed by histopathology, flow cytometry and for KIT D816V. Bone marrow biopsies displayed mild atypical haematopoietic maturation, increased haematogones and hypocellularity in a sub‐set of patients with urticaria pigmentosa, diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis and indolent systemic mastocytosis. Hypocellularity was most pronounced in those with urticaria pigmentosa. Haematogones were highest, on average, in patients with diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis or mastocytomas. There was no evidence of peripheral blood cytopenias, myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative neoplasm or leukaemia within this cohort. The WHO criteria are applicable for the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis in paediatrics. Although unsuspected bone marrow findings typically seen in myeloproliferative disorders are frequent in paediatric mastocytosis, patients within this study remained clinically stable without progression to a more aggressive variant.
Progress in understanding the pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: back to Histiocytosis X?
Authors: Berres Marie‐Luise , Merad Miriam , Allen Carl E. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryLangerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), the most common histiocytic disorder, is characterized by the accumulation of CD1A+/CD207+ mononuclear phagocytes within granulomatous lesions that can affect nearly all organ systems. Historically, LCH has been presumed to arise from transformed or pathologically activated epidermal dendritic cells called Langerhans cells. However, new evidence supports a model in which LCH occurs as a consequence of a misguided differentiation programme of myeloid dendritic cell precursors. Genetic, molecular and functional data implicate activation of the ERK signalling pathway at critical stages in myeloid differentiation as an essential and universal driver of LCH pathology. Based on these findings, we propose that LCH should be re‐defined as an inflammatory myeloid neoplasia. Increased understanding of LCH pathogenesis will provide opportunities to optimize and personalize therapy through improved risk‐stratification, targeted therapy and assessment of therapy response based on specific molecular features and origin of the pathological myeloid cells.
A prospective study of erectile function after transrectal ultrasonography‐guided prostate biopsy
Authors: Murray Katie S. , Bailey Jason , Zuk Keegan , Lopez‐Corona Ernesto , Thrasher J. Brantley 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveTo prospectively evaluate the effect of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided prostate biopsy on erectile and voiding function at multiple time‐points after biopsy.Patients and MethodsAll men who underwent TRUS‐guided prostate biopsy completed a five‐item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5) and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) before and at 1, 4 and 12 weeks after TRUS‐guided biopsy. Statistical analyses used were a general descriptive analysis, continuous variables using a t‐test and categorical data using chi‐square analysis. A paired t‐test was used to compare each patient's baseline score to their own follow‐up survey scores.ResultsIn all, 220 patients were enrolled with a mean age of 64.1 years and PSA level of 6.7 ng/dL. At initial presentation, 38.6% reported no erectile dysfunction (ED), 22.3% mild ED, 15.5% mild‐to‐moderate ED, 10% moderate ED, and 13.6% severe ED. On paired t‐test there was a statistically significant reduction in IIEF‐5 score at 1 week after biopsy compared with before biopsy (18.2 vs 15.5; P < 0.001). This remained significantly reduced at 4 (18.4 vs 17.3; P = 0.008) and 12 weeks (18.4 vs 16.9, P = 0.004) after biopsy.ConclusionsThe effects of TRUS‐guided prostate biopsy on erectile function have probably been underestimated. It is important to be aware of these transient effects so patients can be appropriately counselled. The exact cause of this effect is yet to be determined.
Permian–TriassicOsteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution
Authors: Romano Carlo , Koot Martha B. , Kogan Ilja , Brayard Arnaud , Minikh Alla V. , Brinkmann Winand , Bucher Hugo , Kriwet Jürgen 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThePermian andTriassic were key time intervals in the history of life onEarth. Both periods are marked by a series of biotic crises including the most catastrophic of such events, the end‐Permian mass extinction, which eventually led to a major turnover from typicalPalaeozoic faunas and floras to those that are emblematic for theMesozoic andCenozoic. Here we review patterns inPermian–Triassic bony fishes, a group whose evolutionary dynamics are understudied. Based on data from primary literature, we analyse changes in their taxonomic diversity and body size (as a proxy for trophic position) and explore their response toPermian–Triassic events. Diversity and body size are investigated separately for different groups ofOsteichthyes (Dipnoi,Actinistia, ‘Palaeopterygii’, ‘Subholostei’,Holostei,Teleosteomorpha), within the marine and freshwater realms and on a global scale (total diversity) as well as across palaeolatitudinal belts. Diversity is also measured for different palaeogeographical provinces. Our results suggest a general trend from low osteichthyan diversity in thePermian to higher levels in theTriassic. Diversity dynamics in thePermian are marked by a decline in freshwater taxa during theCisuralian. An extinction event during the end‐Guadalupian crisis is not evident from our data, but ‘palaeopterygians’ experienced a significant body size increase across theGuadalupian–Lopingian boundary and these fishes upheld their position as large, top predators from theLatePermian to theLateTriassic. Elevated turnover rates are documented at thePermian–Triassic boundary, and two distinct diversification events are noted in the wake of this biotic crisis, a first one during theEarlyTriassic (dipnoans, actinistians, ‘palaeopterygians’, ‘subholosteans’) and a second one during theMiddleTriassic (‘subholosteans’, neopterygians). The origination of new, small taxa predominantly among these groups during theMiddleTriassic event caused a significant reduction in osteichthyan body size. Neopterygii, the clade that encompasses the vast majority of extant fishes, underwent another diversification phase in theLateTriassic. TheTriassic radiation ofOsteichthyes, predominantly ofActinopterygii, which only occurred after severe extinctions amongChondrichthyes during theMiddle–LatePermian, resulted in a profound change within global fish communities, from chondrichthyan‐rich faunas of thePermo‐Carboniferous to typicalMesozoic andCenozoic associations dominated by actinopterygians. This turnover was not sudden but followed a stepwise pattern, with leaps during extinction events.
Inducing malignant transformation of endometriosis in rats by long‐term sustaining hyperestrogenemia and type II diabetes
Authors: Wang Chang‐Ting , Wang Dan‐Bo , Liu Kui‐Ran , Li Yan , Sun Chun‐Xiao , Guo Cui‐Shan , Ren Fang 
Published: November 2014

This study aimed to induce malignant transformation of endometriosis in Sprague–Dawley rats by hyperestrogenemia and type II diabetes and evaluate its similarity with human disease in biological features. Rats with surgically induced endometriosis were randomized into two groups: those treated with estradiol (5 mg/kg three times/week after surgery), streptozotocin (25 mg/kg, 1 month after surgery), and high carbohydrate‐and‐fat feed (Es group); and those treated with placebo saline and standard feed (control group). All rats were randomly killed 2, 4, or 8 months after surgery. The endometriosis lesions and the corresponding eutopic endometria were subjected to morphological evaluation, TUNEL, and immunohistochemical analysis for the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, phosphatase and tensin homolog, phosphorylated protein kinase B, and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin proteins. In the Es group, three cases (6.0%) of endometriosis showed atypical hyperplasia accompanied by simple hyperplastic eutopic endometria, and two cases (4.0%) of endometriosis showed endometrioid carcinoma accompanied by atypical hyperplastic eutopic endometria. In the Es group, the activity of organelles and the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, phosphorylated protein kinase B, and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin increased, and the level of phosphatase and tensin homolog and TUNEL positivity decreased progressively in the order of endometriosis, atypical endometriosis, and malignant endometriosis. The same tendency was found in the corresponding eutopic endometria. The induced malignant endometriosis showed similarities with human disease in the pathological process and histomorphological and molecular biological features. The method is feasible. The malignant transformations of endometriosis and eutopic endometria may have correlations and similarities, but the former may suffer a higher risk of canceration.
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia
Authors: Ho J. , Bailey M. , Zaunders J. , Mrad N. , Sacks R. , Sewell W. , Harvey R. J. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryBackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease.MethodsA cross‐sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45+Lin−CD127+CD4−CD8−CRTH2(CD294)+CD161+ cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45+ cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score.Results35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non‐eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil‐dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann–Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co‐existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).Conclusion and clinical relevanceAs ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Immunological profiling in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps reveals distinct VEGF and GM‐CSF signatures during symptomatic exacerbations
Authors: Divekar R. D. , Samant S. , Rank M. A. , Hagan J. , Lal D. , O'Brien E. K. , Kita H. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe mechanisms and immune pathways associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are not fully understood. Immunological changes during acute exacerbation of CRS may provide valuable clues to the pathogenesis and perpetuation of the disease.ObjectiveTo characterize local and systemic immune responses associated with acute worsening of sinonasal symptoms during exacerbation in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) compared to controls.MethodsThis was a non‐interventional prospective study of individuals with CRSwNP and normal controls. Subjects underwent a baseline visit with collection of nasal secretions, nasal washes, and serum specimens. Within 3 days of acute worsening of sinonasal symptoms, subjects underwent a study visit, followed by a post‐visit 2 weeks later. The sinonasal outcome test‐22 (SNOT‐22) scores and immunological parameters in the specimens were analysed using a novel, unsupervised learning method and by conventional univariate analysis.ResultsBoth CRSwNP patients and control subjects showed a significant increase in SNOT‐22 scores during acute exacerbation. Increased nasal levels of IL‐6, IL‐5, and eosinophil major basic protein were observed in CRSwNP patients. A network analysis of serum specimens revealed changes in a set of immunological parameters, which are distinctly associated with CRSwNP but not with controls. In particular, systemic increases in VEGF and GM‐CSF levels were notable and were validated by a conventional analysis.ConclusionsCRSwNP patients demonstrate distinct immunological changes locally and systemically during acute exacerbation. Growth factors VEGF and GM‐CSF may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of subjects with CRS and nasal polyps experiencing exacerbation.
Salience Not Status: How Category Labels Influence Feature Inference
Authors: Johansen Mark K. , Savage Justin , Fouquet Nathalie , Shanks David R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTwo main uses of categories are classification and feature inference, and category labels have been widely shown to play a dominant role in feature inference. However, the nature of this influence remains unclear, and we evaluate two contrasting hypotheses formalized as mathematical models: the label special‐mechanism hypothesis and the label super‐salience hypothesis. The special‐mechanism hypothesis is that category labels, unlike other features, trigger inference decision making in reference to the category prototypes. This results in a tendency for prototype‐compatible inferences because the labels trigger a special mechanism rather than because of any influences they have on similarity evaluation. The super‐salience hypothesis assumes that the large label influence is due to their high salience and corresponding impact on similarity without any need for a special mechanism. Application of the two models to a feature inference task based on a family resemblance category structure yields strong support for the label super‐salience hypothesis and in particular does not support the need for a special mechanism based on prototypes.
Multi‐Unit Bayesian Auction with Demand or Budget Constraints
Authors: Deng Xiaotie , Goldberg Paul W. , Tang Bo , Zhang Jinshan 
Published: November 2014

We consider the problem of revenue maximization on multi‐unit auctions where items are distinguished by their relative values; any pair of items has the same ratio of values to all buyers. As is common in the study of revenue maximizing problems, we assume that buyers' valuations are drawn from public known distributions and they have additive valuations for multiple items. Our problem is well motivated by sponsored search auctions, which made money for Google and Yahoo! in practice. In this auction, each advertiser bids an amount bi to compete for ad slots on a web page. The value of each ad slot corresponds to its click‐through‐rate, and each buyer has her own per‐click valuations, which is her private information. Obviously, a strategic bidder may bid an amount that is different with her true valuation to improve her utility. Our goal is to design truthful mechanisms avoiding this misreporting.We develop the optimal (with maximum revenue) truthful auction for a relaxed demand model (where each buyer i wants at most di items) and a sharp demand model (where buyer i wants exactly di items). We also find an auction that always guarantees at least half of the revenue of the optimal auction when the buyers are budget constrained. Moreover, all of the auctions we design can be computed efficiently, that is, in polynomial time.
Transient cardiac injury during H7N9 infection
Authors: Han Jie , Mou Yun , Yan Dong , Zhang Yun‐Tao , Jiang Tian‐An , Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , Zhou Yi‐Jiang , Sun Ze‐Wei , Jiang Dong‐Mei , Chen Yan , Liang Wei‐Feng , Li Lan‐Juan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundRecent reports have characterized virological and clinical features of the novel reassortant avian‐origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. However, cardiovascular involvement during H7N9 infection is still unclear. In this study, we evaluate cardiac injury among H7N9‐infected patients.Materials and MethodsA total of 40 patients who were laboratory‐confirmed with H7N9 infection were retrospectively included and grouped by Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score into four subgroups I(0–10), II(11‐20), III(21‐30) and IV(31‐71). Cardiovascular complications and markers of cardiac injury including creatinine kinase (CK), CK iso‐enzyme (CK‐MB), cardiac troponin I (cTNI) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were assessed. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography (ECHO) were also performed.ResultsHalf of patients manifested with cardiovascular complications, with hypotension (47·5%) and heart failure (40·0%) the most prevalent. CK, CK‐MB and cTNI showed marked increase with H7N9 virus infection but significantly decreased after H7N9 viral tests turned negative. More than half of patients presented with an abnormal ECG, but most of them are benign changes. ECHO examination showed different degree of impairment of cardiac function. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure was increased in all groups. Cardiac damage was more evident in patients with higher APACHE II score.ConclusionsH7N9 virus exerts a transient impairment on the cardiovascular system. Patients with a higher APACHE II score are more susceptible to cardiac damage.
How reliable and consistent are subjective measures of welfare in Europe and Central Asia?
Authors: Cojocaru Alexandru , Diagne Mame Fatou 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper analyses the reliability and consistency of subjective well‐being measures, using the Life in Transition Survey. Drawing on two life satisfaction questions with alternative scales, our results do not reveal substantial biases in accounts of life satisfaction due to framing. Subjective individual assessments of household relative income position, on the other hand, do not appear to be reliable predictors of objective poverty or wealth. We find that subjective relative income position is only weakly correlated with objective welfare measures. There are differences in evaluations of the household's relative standing across different household members, and these differences are correlated with respondent characteristics.