bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plurality inferences are scalar implicatures: Evidence from acquisition
Authors: Tieu Lyn , Bill Cory , Romoli Jacopo , Crain Stephen 
Published: June 2015

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>This paper provides novel experimental evidence for a scalar implicature approach to the plurality inferences that are associated with English plural morphology (</span><span>Emily fed giraffes </span><span>-&gt; </span><span>Emily fed more than one giraffe</span><span>). Using a Truth Value Judgment Task, we show that both adults and 4–5-year-old children compute more plurality inferences in upward-entailing than downward-entailing environments, but children compute fewer plurality inferences overall than adults do. These findings are consistent with previous research demonstrating children’s relative insensitivity to scalar implicatures. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of plurality inferences, and for the acquisition of scalar inferences more generally. </span></p></div></div></div>
Is 'more possible' more possible in German?
Authors: Herburger Elena , Rubinstein Aynat 
Published: June 2015

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p> </p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>While some modals are clearly gradable (e.g. </span><span>likely</span><span>), the gradablity of possibility modals is controversial. We argue that one of the major reasons to think that possibility modals can be graded, namely the appearance of German </span><span>möglich </span><span>(‘possible’) and </span><span>kann </span><span>(‘can’) in a comparative construction involving </span><span>eher</span><span>, should be rethought. We argue that </span><span>eher </span><span>is not a simple comparative marker and propose an analysis of </span><span>eher möglich </span><span>in which degrees of epistemic commitment are compared, not degrees of possibility. </span></p></div></div></div>
Ramsey Number of Wheels Versus Cycles and Trees
Authors: Raeisi Ghaffar , Zaghian Ali 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLetG1,G2, …,Gtbe arbitrary graphs. The Ramsey numberR(G1,G2, …,Gt) is the smallest positive integernsuch that if the edges of the complete graphKnare partitioned intotdisjoint color classes giving t graphsH1,H2, …,Ht, then at least oneHihas a subgraph isomorphic to Gi. In this paper, we provide the exact value of theR(Tn, Wm) for oddm,n≥m−1, whereTnis either a caterpillar, a tree with diameter at most four, or a tree with a vertex adjacent to at leastleaves, andWnis the wheel onn+ 1 vertices. Also, we determineR(Cn,Wm) for even integersnandm,n≥m+ 500, which improves a result of Shi and confirms a conjecture of Surahmat et al. In addition, the multicolor Ramsey number of trees versus an odd wheel is discussed in this paper.
Draagmoederschap naar Belgisch en Nederlands recht
Authors: Pluym Liesbet 
Published: June 2015

Draagmoederschap naar Belgisch en Nederlands recht
Zowel in België als in Nederland komt draagmoederschap voor. Deze bijdrage heeft tot doel om de houding van de twee buurlanden ten aanzien van dit controversiële fenomeen te onderzoeken en te vergelijken.De wensouders en draagmoeders ervaren meerdere juridische obstakels. Zo blijkt in beide landen de draagmoederschapsovereenkomst niet geldig en evenmin afdwingbaar te zijn. Hoewel in Nederland de mogelijkheid bestaat om het ouderlijk gezag over te dragen van draagmoeder naar wensouders, is het ook daar, net zoals in België, allesbehalve evident om de band tussen kind en wensouders juridisch te verwezenlijken. Noch de oorspronkelijke, noch de adoptieve afstamming is aan het fenomeen aangepast. Vooral voor Nederland is dit vreemd aangezien de Nederlandse wetgeving uitdrukkelijk bepaalt onder welke voorwaarden medisch begeleid draagmoederschap toegelaten is. De wet schept met andere woorden een gezondheidsrechtelijk kader, maar regelt niet de gevolgen van het draagmoederschap. In België is er daarentegen geen enkele wetgeving betreffende draagmoederschap. Dit betekent dat de onaangepaste wetgeving betreffende medisch begeleide voortplanting van toepassing is op draagmoederschap. Over deze toepassing en de gevolgen ervan bestaat evenwel onduidelijkheid. Commercialisering van draagmoederschap leidt ook tot problemen. In Nederland is professionele bemiddeling en het openbaar maken van vraag en aanbod met betrekking tot draagmoederschap strafbaar gesteld. Daarnaast kunnen de omstandigheden van een zaak waarin het kind als het ware verkocht wordt aan de wensouders zowel in België als in Nederland leiden tot andere misdrijven. Gelet op dit alles begeven sommige wensouders zich naar het buitenland om daar beroep te doen op draagmoederschap. Wensen zij terug te keren met het kind naar het land van herkomst, dan leidt dit in beide buurlanden tot internationaalprivaatrechtelijke problemen.Door het gebrek aan een algemeen wettelijk kader, is het draagmoederschapsproces in beide landen vaak een calvarietocht. Dit leidt tot rechtsonzekerheid. Oproepen tot een wettelijk ingrijpen bleven tot nu toe echter onbeantwoord.Surrogacy is practiced in Belgium and the Netherlands. The aim of this contribution is to compare the many legal aspects of the phenomenon. In both countries legal problems surround surrogacy: the surrogacy contract is unenforceable; it is difficult for the intended parents to become the legal parents; commercial surrogacy can result in criminal sanctions and cross-border surrogacy leads to limping legal relations. The main differences between the two legal systems are that in Belgium there is no regulation at all, while in the Netherlands, professional mediation and advertising in surrogacy are explicitly forbidden and Dutch law provides a limited health law regulation. In both countries scholars have pressed the need for legal change.
COLUMN TESSELLATIONS
Authors: Nguyen Linh Ngoc , Weiss Viola , Cowan Richard 
Published: June 2015

A new class of non facet-to-facet random tessellations in three-dimensional space is introduced -- the so-called column tessellations. The spatial construction is based on a stationary planar tessellation; each cell of the spatial tessellation is a prism whose base facet is congruent to a cell of the planar tessellation. Thus intensities, topological and metric mean values of the spatial tessellation can be calculated from suitably chosen parameters of the planar tessellation.
CD4:CD8 ratio as a frontier marker for clinical outcome, immune dysfunction and viral reservoir size in virologically suppressed HIV‐positive patients
Authors: Lu Wei , Mehraj Vikram , Vyboh Kishanda , Cao Wei , Li Taisheng , Routy Jean‐Pierre 
Published: June 2015

IntroductionAbsolute CD4 T cell count and plasma viral load have been established as predictors of HIV disease progression, and CD4 T cell count is used as an indicator for initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Following long‐term therapy, patients generally present with significant CD4 T cell recovery contrasting with persistently elevated CD8 T cell counts, which leads to a partial restoration of CD4:CD8 ratio. This review focuses on the relevance of the CD4:CD8 ratio on clinical outcomes, immune dysfunction and HIV reservoir size in long‐term treated patients.MethodWe conducted a comprehensive literature review of publications in English language using major electronic databases. Our search was focused on factors contributing to CD4:CD8 T cell ratio and clinical outcome in adult HIV‐positive patients in the context of treated infection.DiscussionLow CD4:CD8 ratio has been linked to ageing and acts as a predictor of mortality in the general population. This ratio may represent the combined effects of inflammation and immunological changes called “inflammaging.” Although the mechanisms underlying partial correction of the CD4:CD8 ratio and persistently elevated CD8 T cell count in long‐term treated patients remain poorly understood, it has been recently indicated that patients with optimal CD4 T cell recovery and low CD4:CD8 ratio still harbour increased immune activation, an immune senescent phenotype and have a higher risk of non‐AIDS morbidity and mortality. This review reconsiders CD4:CD8 ratio in the light of advances in the understanding of immune dysfunction and examines its pathophysiological features and implications on clinical outcome and HIV reservoir size in long‐term treated HIV‐positive adults.ConclusionThe CD4:CD8 ratio can contribute to the immunological evaluation of treated patients in a long‐term follow‐up and may be applied for monitoring both immune dysfunction and viral reservoir size in immune‐based clinical trials.
Analysis of convergent flow tracer tests in a heterogeneous sandy box with connected gravel channels
Authors: Molinari Antonio , Pedretti D. , Fallico C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe analyzed the behavior of convergent flow tracer tests performed in a 3‐D heterogeneous sandbox in presence of connected gravel channels under laboratory‐controlled conditions. We focused on the evaluation of connectivity metrics based on characteristic times calculated from experimental breakthrough curves (BTCs), and the selection of upscaling model parameters related to connectivity. A conservative compound was injected from several piezometers in the box, and depth‐integrated BTCs were measured at the central pumping well. Results show that transport was largely affected by the presence of gravel channels, which generate anomalous transport behavior such as BTC tailing and double peaks. Connectivity indicators based on BTC peak times provided better information about the presence of connected gravel channels in the box. One of these indicators, β, was defined as the relative temporal separation of the BTCs peaks from the BTCs centers of mass. The mathematical equivalence between β and the capacity coefficient adopted in mass transfer‐based formulations suggests how connectivity metrics could be directly embedded in mass transfer formulations. This finding is in line with previous theoretical studies and was corroborated by reproducing a few representative experimental BTCs using a 1‐D semianalytical bimodal solution embedding a mass transfer term. Model results show a good agreement with experimental BTCs when the capacity coefficient was constrained by measured β. Models that do not embed adequate connectivity metrics or do not adequately reproduce connectivity showed poor matching with observed BTCs.
Energy considerations in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM)
Authors: Williamson David L. , Olson Jerry G. , Hannay Cécile , Toniazzo Thomas , Taylor Mark , Yudin Valery 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAn error in the energy formulation in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) is identified and corrected. Ten year AMIP simulations are compared using the correct and incorrect energy formulations. Statistics of selected primary variables all indicate physically insignificant differences between the simulations, comparable to differences with simulations initialized with rounding sized perturbations. The two simulations are so similar mainly because of an inconsistency in the application of the incorrect energy formulation in the original CAM. CAM used the erroneous energy form to determine the states passed between the parameterizations, but used a form related to the correct formulation for the state passed from the parameterizations to the dynamical core. If the incorrect form is also used to determine the state passed to the dynamical core the simulations are significantly different. In addition, CAM uses the incorrect form for the global energy fixer, but that seems to be less important. The difference of the magnitude of the fixers using the correct and incorrect energy definitions is very small.
Physical growth of the shuar: Height, Weight, and BMI references for an indigenous amazonian population
Authors: Urlacher Samuel S. , Blackwell Aaron D. , Liebert Melissa A. , Madimenos Felicia C. , Cepon‐Robins Tara J. , Gildner Theresa E. , Snodgrass J. Josh , Sugiyama Lawrence S. 
Published: June 2015

ObjectivesInformation concerning physical growth among small‐scale populations remains limited, yet such data are critical to local health efforts and to foster basic understandings of human life history and variation in childhood development. Using a large dataset and robust modeling methods, this study aims to describe growth from birth to adulthood among the indigenous Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador.MethodsMixed‐longitudinal measures of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were collected from Shuar participants (n = 2,463; age: 0–29 years). Centile growth curves and tables were created for each anthropometric variable of interest using Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS). Pseudo‐velocity and Lambda‐Mu‐Sigma curves were generated to further investigate Shuar patterns of growth and to facilitate comparison with United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention and multinational World Health Organization growth references.ResultsThe Shuar are small throughout life and exhibit complex patterns of growth that differ substantially from those of international references. Similar to other Amazonians, Shuar growth in weight compares more favorably to references than growth in height, resulting in BMI curves that approximate international medians. Several additional characteristics of Shuar development are noteworthy, including large observed variation in body size early in life, significant infant growth faltering, extended male growth into adulthood, and a markedly early female pubertal growth spurt in height. Phenotypic plasticity and genetic selection in response to local environmental factors may explain many of these patterns.ConclusionsProviding a detailed reference of growth for the Shuar and other Amazonian populations, this study possesses direct clinical application and affords valuable insight into childhood health and the ecology of human growth. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:16–30, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pediatric brain death in a Japanese pediatric hospital
Authors: Toida Chiaki , Muguruma Takashi 
Published: June 2015

AimThe Organ Transplantation Act was revised in Japan in 2010, which permitted the organs of children younger than 15 years to be donated after brain death. As of August 2012, 2 years after the Act was revised, only two children had become brain dead donors.In our hospital, we used a basic determination of brain death in order to predict the neurological outcome. We evaluated the incidence and characteristics of pediatric brain death treated at our hospital in order to investigate why there are so few pediatric brain deaths in Japan.MethodsWe evaluated the characteristics of patients undergoing a basic determination of brain death and the procedure for the determination was compared retrospectively by reviewing their medical records. We enrolled 3,721 patients aged younger than 15 years who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit between 2008 and 2012.ResultsA basic determination of brain death had been enacted in 35 patients. Many of the patients undergoing the determination were admitted after resuscitation (pre‐group / post‐group, 50%/74%) and many of them had been transferred from the emergency department (94%/89%). After revision of the Act, only three children were deemed to be brain dead in our hospital, which was 0.1% of total pediatric intensive care unit admissions and 7% of total pediatric intensive care unit deaths.ConclusionsThe low incidence of pediatric brain death in Japan may be due to differences in exclusion criteria for determination of brain death and personal views regarding life and death compared with other countries.
Fragment‐Based Discovery of a Dual pan‐RET/VEGFR2 Kinase Inhibitor Optimized for Single‐Agent Polypharmacology
Authors: Frett Brendan , Carlomagno Francesca , Moccia Maria Luisa , Brescia Annalisa , Federico Giorgia , De Falco Valentina , Admire Brittany , Chen Zhongzhu , Qi Wenqing , Santoro Massimo , Li Hong‐yu 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOncogenic conversion of the RET (rearranged during transfection) tyrosine kinase is associated with several cancers. A fragment‐based chemical screen led to the identification of a novel RET inhibitor, Pz‐1. Modeling and kinetic analysis identified Pz‐1 as a type II tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is able to bind the “DFG‐out” conformation of the kinase. Importantly, from a single‐agent polypharmacology standpoint, Pz‐1 was shown to be active on VEGFR2, which can block the blood supply required for RET‐stimulated growth. In cell‐based assays, 1.0 nM of Pz‐1 strongly inhibited phosphorylation of all tested RET oncoproteins. At 1.0 mg kg−1 day−1 per os, Pz‐1 abrogated the formation of tumors induced by RET‐mutant fibroblasts and blocked the phosphorylation of both RET and VEGFR2 in tumor tissue. Pz‐1 featured no detectable toxicity at concentrations of up to 100.0 mg kg−1, which indicates a large therapeutic window. This study validates the effectiveness and usefulness of a medicinal chemistry/polypharmacology approach to obtain an inhibitor capable of targeting multiple oncogenic pathways.
10‐Step Asymmetric Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Elucidation of (+)‐Dragmacidin D
Authors: Jackson Jeffrey J. , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Steffens Sophia D. , Zakarian Armen 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe asymmetric synthesis of dragmacidin D (1) was completed in 10 steps. Its sole stereocenter was set by using direct asymmetric alkylation enabled by a C2‐symmetric tetramine and lithium N‐(trimethylsilyl)‐tert‐butylamide as the enolization reagent. A central Larock indole synthesis was employed in a convergent assembly of the heterocyclic subunits. The stereochemical evidence from this work strongly supports the predicted S configuration at the 6′′′ position, which is consistent with other members of the dragmacidin family of natural products.
A Mixed‐Valence Tri‐Zinc Complex, [LZnZnZnL] (L=Bulky Amide), Bearing a Linear Chain of Two‐Coordinate Zinc Atoms
Authors: Hicks Jamie , Underhill Emma J. , Kefalidis Christos E. , Maron Laurent , Jones Cameron 
Published: June 2015

AbstractReduction of a variety of extremely bulky amido Group 12 metal halide complexes, [LMX(THF)0,1] (L=amide; M=Zn, Cd, or Hg; X=halide) with a magnesium(I) dimer gave a homologous series of two‐coordinate metal(I) dimers, [L′MML′] (L′=N(Ar†)(SiMe3), Ar†=C6H2{C(H)Ph2}2Pri‐2,6,4); and the formally zinc(0) complex, [L*ZnMg(MesNacnac)] (L*=N(Ar*)(SiPri3); Ar*=C6H2{C(H)Ph2}2Me‐2,6,4; MesNacnac=[(MesNCMe)2CH]−, Mes=mesityl), which contains the first unsupported ZnMg bond. Two equivalents of [L*ZnMg(MesNacnac)] react with ZnBr2 or ZnBr2(tmeda) to give the mixed valence, two‐coordinate, linear tri‐zinc complex, [L*ZnIZn0ZnIL*], and the first zinc(I) halide complex, [L*ZnZnBr(tmeda)], respectively. The analogues [L*ZnMZnL*] (M=Cd or Hg), were also prepared, the Cd species contains the first ZnCd bond in a molecular compound. Metal–metal bonding was studied by DFT calculations.
Forming Stereogenic Centers in Acyclic Systems from Alkynes
Authors: Vabre Roxane , Island Biana , Diehl Claudia J. , Schreiner Peter R. , Marek Ilan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe combined carbometalation/zinc homologation followed by reactions with α‐heterosubstituted aldehydes and imines proceed through a chair‐like transition structure with the substituent of the incoming aldehyde residue preferentially occupying a pseudo‐axial position to avoid the two gauche interactions. The heteroatom in the axial position produces a chelated intermediate (and not a Cornforth–Evans transition structure for α‐chloro aldehydes and imines) leading to a face differentiation in the allylation reaction. This method provides access to functionalized products in which three new carbon–carbon bonds and two to three stereogenic centers, including a quaternary one, were created in acyclic systems in a single‐pot operation from simple alkynes.
Role of acrylic acid in the synthesis of core‐shell fluorine‐containing polyacrylate latex with spherical and plum blossom‐like morphology
Authors: Li Kunquan , Zeng Xingrong , Li Hongqiang , Lai Xuejun 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe core‐shell fluorine‐containing polyacrylate latex was successfully synthesized by two‐stage semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), butylacrylate (BA), acrylic acid (AA), and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA). The fluorine‐containing polyacrylate latex was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effects of AA content on monomer conversion, polymerization stability, particle size, corsslinking degree, carboxyl groups distributions (latex surface, aqueous phase or buried in latex), as well as mechanical properties and water absorption rate of latex film were investigated. The obtained fluorine‐containing polyacrylate latex exhibited core‐shell structure with a particle size of 120–150 nm. The introduction of AA was beneficial for the increase of monomer conversion and the polymerization stability, and had little effects on the mechanical property of latex film. However, the hydrophilicity of AA made the water resistance of latex film get bad. With the increase of AA content, the carboxyl groups preferred to distribute on aqueous phase, and the possibility of homogeneous nucleation increased and more oligomers particles were formed. Moreover, the oligomers would distribute to the latex and continued to grow up, making the latex morphology changed from spherical to plum blossom‐like. The core‐shell latex had two Tg corresponding to the rubber polyacrylate core and hard fluorine‐containing polyacrylate shell, and the latex film possessed excellent thermal stability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42527.
Study on flax fiber toughened poly (lactic acid) composites
Authors: Xia Xuelian , Liu Wentao , Zhou Liyong , Liu Hao , He Suqin , Zhu Chengshen 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTPoly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a renewable and biodegradable polymer with high modulus, high strength but low toughness. Blending PLA with plant fiber has been believed an available strategy to improve the toughness of PLA. PLA/Flax composites were fabricated by extrusion and injection molding processes. The flax fiber surfaces were modified before blending to improve the compatibility, and the chemical structures of both untreated and treated fiber were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results of mechanical test showed that the impact strength and elongation at break of PLA/Flax composites were remarkably higher than PLA. The impact fractures of PLA/Flax composites were also observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed uniform dispersion of fibers in PLA matrix and good compatibility between treated fibers and PLA matrix. Moreover, it can be observed that crazing propagation was hindered by fibers and transcrystalline developed along fibers by polarized optical microscope. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis was carried out to study the crystallinity of PLA and it was found that incorporation of fiber improved the crystallinity of PLA. The toughening mechanism of PLA/Flax composites was discussed according to the results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42573.