bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
α5β1 integrin induces the expression of noncartilaginous procollagen gene expression in articular chondrocytes cultured in monolayers
Authors: Tanaka Nobuho , Ikeda Yasuko , Yamaguchi Tetsuo , Furukawa Hiroshi , Mitomi Hiroyuki , Nakagawa Takumi , Tohma Shigeto , Fukui Naoshi 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Articular chondrocytes undergo an obvious phenotypic change when cultured in monolayers. During this change, or dedifferentiation, the expression of type I and type III procollagen is induced where normal chondrocytes express little type I and type III procollagen. In this study, we attempted to determine the mechanism(s) for the induction of such procollagen expression in dedifferentiating chondrocytes.

Methods
All experiments were performed using primary-cultured human articular chondrocytes under approval of institutional review boards. Integrin(s) responsible for the induction of type I and type III procollagen expression were specified by RNAi experiments. The signal pathway(s) involved in the induction were determined by specific inhibitors and RNAi experiments. Adenovirus-mediated experiments were performed to identify a small GTPase regulating the activity of integrins in dedifferentiating chondrocytes. The effect of inhibition of integrins on dedifferentiation was investigated by experiments using echistatin, a potent disintegrin. The effect of echistatin was investigated first with monolayer-cultured chondrocytes, and then with pellet-cultured chondrocytes.

Results
In dedifferentiating chondrocytes, α5β1 integrin was found to be involved in the induction of type I and type III procollagen expression. The induction was known to be mediated by v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) signaling. Among the three AKT isoforms, AKT1 seemed to be most involved in the signaling. Elated RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog (RRAS) was considered to regulate the progression of dedifferentiation by modulating the affinity and avidity of α5β1 integrin to ligands. Echistatin inhibited dedifferentiation of monolayer-cultured chondrocytes. Furthermore, the matrix formed by pellet-cultured chondrocytes more closely resembled that of normal cartilage compared with the controls.

Conclusions
The result of this study has shown, for the first time, that α5β1 integrin may be responsible for the induction of non-cartilaginous collagen expression in chondrocytes undergoing dedifferentiation. Again, this study has shown that the inhibition of ligand ligation to integrins may be an effective strategy to inhibit phenotypic change of cultured chondrocytes, and to improve the quality of matrix synthesized by primary cultured chondrocytes.
Skeletal muscle predicts ventilator-free days, ICU-free days, and mortality in elderly ICU patients
Authors: Moisey Lesley L , Mourtzakis Marina , Cotton Bryan A , Premji Tahira , Heyland Daren K , Wade Charles E , Bulger Eileen , Kozar Rosemary A ,   for the Nutrition and Rehabilitation Investigators Consortium (NUTRIC)
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Introduction
As the population ages, the number of injured elderly is increasing. We sought to determine if low skeletal muscle mass adversely affected outcome in elderly patients following trauma.

Methods
Patients ≥ 65 years of age with an admission abdominal computed tomography scan and requiring intensive care unit (ICU) stay at a Level I trauma center in 2009–2010 were reviewed. Muscle cross-sectional area at the 3rd lumbar vertebra was quantified and muscle index, a normalized measure of muscle mass, was calculated and related to clinical parameters including ventilator-free days, ICU-free days, and mortality. Using previously established sex-specific, muscle index cut-points, patients were then categorized as sarcopenic or non-sarcopenic and differences in clinical outcomes between these two groups were also compared. We also examined muscle index as a continuous variable relative to the same clinical outcomes.

Results
There were 149 severely injured elderly patients (median age 79 years) enrolled in this study of which 71% were sarcopenic. Of the patients who were sarcopenic, 9% were underweight, 44% normal weight, and 47% overweight/obese as per body mass index (BMI) classifications. The overall mortality rate was 27% and univariate analysis demonstrated higher mortality among those who were sarcopenic (32% vs. 14%, P = 0.018). After controlling for age, sex, and injury severity, multiple logistic regression demonstrated that increased muscle index was significantly associated with decreased mortality (OR per unit muscle index = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.875-0.997, P = 0.025). In addition, multivariate linear regression showed that sarcopenia, but not muscle index, was associated with decreased ventilator-free (P = 0.004) and ICU-free days (P = 0.002). Neither BMI, serum albumin nor total adipose tissue on admission were indicative of survival, ventilator-free or ICU-free days.

Conclusions
Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in the elderly population with traumatic injuries. Traditional measures of nutritional assessment, such as BMI and serum albumin, do not accurately predict outcome in the injured elderly. Sarcopenia, however, represents a potential new predictor for mortality, discharge disposition, and ICU utilization. Measurement of muscularity allows for the early identification of at-risk patients who may benefit from aggressive and multidisciplinary nutritional and rehabilitative strategies.
Cyrface: An interface from Cytoscape to R that provides a user interface to R packages
Authors: Gonçalves Emanuel , Saez-Rodriguez Julio 
Published: September 2013

There is an increasing number of software packages to analyse biological experimental data in theRenvironment. In particular,Bioconductor, a repository of curated R packages, is one of the most comprehensive resources for bioinformatics and biostatistics. The use of these packages is increasing, but it requires a basic understanding of the R language, as well as the syntax of the specific package used. The availability of user graphical interfaces for these packages would decrease the learning curve and broaden their application. Here, we present aCytoscapeplug-in termedCyrfacethat allowsCytoscapeplug-ins to connect to any function and package developed inR.Cyrfacecan be used to runRpackages from within theCytoscapeenvironment making use of a graphical user interface. Moreover, it links the R packages with the capabilities of Cytoscape and its plug-ins, in particular network visualization and analysis. Cyrface’s utility has been demonstrated for two Bioconductor packages (CellNOptR and DrugVsDisease), and here we further illustrate its usage by implementing a workflow of data analysis and visualization. Download links, installation instructions and user guides can be accessed from theCyrfacehomepage (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/saezrodriguez/cyrface/).
Staging Authenticity
Authors: Leistra-Jones Karen 
Published: September 2013

AbstractJoseph Joachim, Johannes Brahms, and other members of their circle were important figures in the ascendancy of the Werktreue paradigm of performance in the second half of the nineteenth century. This article explores the ways in which their approach to Werktreue intersected with a broader ideal of “authentic” subjectivity. An authentic performer, according to this ideal, would be true to himself or herself, absorbed in the music, oblivious of the audience, and restrained in gestures and overall expressivity. I examine how these musicians performed authenticity in different types of self-representation, including autobiographical writings, portraits, and musical performances. Furthermore, I explore the connection between the subjectivity modeled in their performances and the aesthetic ideology of nonprogrammatic instrumental music. Concerns about authenticity played an important role in the struggle over the ownership of the Austro-German musical tradition; debates about which performers were “authentic” often hinged on the question of who could claim the cultural and spiritual aptitude necessary to inhabit the thoughts of master composers. In this context, the performative strategies associated with authenticity also evoked social codes associated with gender, nationality, and race during a period in which participation in Germanic culture was being conceived of in increasingly exclusive terms.
Spreading the Gospel of Singbewegung
Authors: Berger Anna Maria Busse 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFrom 1931 to 1939, Franz Rietzsch, a German missionary, worked with the Nyakyusa in Tanganyika. He differed from most other missionaries in two respects: first, he was invested in the German Singbewegung, a movement that played a central role in the revival of early-music performance and scholarship; and second, he had a background in comparative musicology, which shared the ideals of the early-music movement by emphasizing authenticity and musical universals. Rietzsch observed that the tonal system of the Wanyakyusa is derived from overtones over one fundamental and set out to write music for the service in what he called “African style.” Yet even though his settings use the pentatonic system of the Nyakyusa, they sound as if they were written in the early fifteenth century. Rietzsch's story sits at the intersection of three seemingly distinct but surprisingly connected worlds in the 1920s and 1930s: that of the founders of comparative musicology; that of interwar Protestant missionaries; and that of the scholars and musicians working on early Euro-pean music. All three searched for the origins of music in an authentic mode and feared that hybrid forms of music (African-European or old music played in too modern a way) would be inauthentic.
Molecular Phylogeography of a Human Autosomal Skin Color Locus Under Natural Selection
Authors: Canfield Victor A , Berg Arthur , Peckins Steven , Wentzel Steven M , Ang Khai Chung , Oppenheimer Stephen , Cheng Keith C 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDivergent natural selection caused by differences in solar exposure has resulted in distinctive variations in skin color between human populations. The derived light skin color allele of the SLC24A5 gene, A111T, predominates in populations of Western Eurasian ancestry. To gain insight into when and where this mutation arose, we defined common haplotypes in the genomic region around SLC24A5 across diverse human populations and deduced phylogenetic relationships between them. Virtually all chromosomes carrying the A111T allele share a single 78-kb haplotype that we call C11, indicating that all instances of this mutation in human populations share a common origin. The C11 haplotype was most likely created by a crossover between two haplotypes, followed by the A111T mutation. The two parental precursor haplotypes are found from East Asia to the Americas but are nearly absent in Africa. The distributions of C11 and its parental haplotypes make it most likely that these two last steps occurred between the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent, with the A111T mutation occurring after the split between the ancestors of Europeans and East Asians.
Dissecting Genome-Wide Association Signals for Loss-of-Function Phenotypes in Sorghum Flavonoid Pigmentation Traits
Authors: Morris Geoffrey P , Rhodes Davina H , Brenton Zachary , Ramu Punna , Thayil Vinayan Madhumal , Deshpande Santosh , Hash C Thomas , Acharya Charlotte , Mitchell Sharon E , Buckler Edward S , Yu Jianming , Kresovich Stephen 
Published: September 2013

AbstractGenome-wide association studies are a powerful method to dissect the genetic basis of traits, although in practice the effects of complex genetic architecture and population structure remain poorly understood. To compare mapping strategies we dissected the genetic control of flavonoid pigmentation traits in the cereal grass sorghum by using high-resolution genotyping-by-sequencing single-nucleotide polymorphism markers. Studying the grain tannin trait, we find that general linear models (GLMs) are not able to precisely map tan1-a, a known loss-of-function allele of the Tannin1 gene, with either a small panel (n = 142) or large association panel (n = 336), and that indirect associations limit the mapping of the Tannin1 locus to Mb-resolution. A GLM that accounts for population structure (Q) or standard mixed linear model that accounts for kinship (K) can identify tan1-a, whereas a compressed mixed linear model performs worse than the naive GLM. Interestingly, a simple loss-of-function genome scan, for genotype-phenotype covariation only in the putative loss-of-function allele, is able to precisely identify the Tannin1 gene without considering relatedness. We also find that the tan1-a allele can be mapped with gene resolution in a biparental recombinant inbred line family (n = 263) using genotyping-by-sequencing markers but lower precision in the mapping of vegetative pigmentation traits suggest that consistent gene-level resolution will likely require larger families or multiple recombinant inbred lines. These findings highlight that complex association signals can emerge from even the simplest traits given epistasis and structured alleles, but that gene-resolution mapping of these traits is possible with high marker density and appropriate models.
Exercise Program-Induced Mood Improvement and Improved Eating in Severely Obese Adults
Authors: Annesi James J. , Tennant Gisèle A. 
Published: September 2013

Background: Using a practical setting, this study aimed to test exercise and nutrition interventions' effects on negative mood, self-regulation, and self-efficacy to control eating; and to assess the ability of mood change to predict changes in eating behavior, while accounting for changes in self-regulation and self-efficacy. Methods: Severely obese adults participated in a cognitive-behavioral exercise support treatment paired with either nutrition education ( n = 140) or cognitive-behavioral methods applied to improved eating ( n = 146). They were assessed on measures of overall negative mood, self-regulatory skill usage, self-efficacy to control eating when negative moods are present, and fruit and vegetable consumption at baseline and Week 26. Results: Significant improvements in each psychosocial variable and fruit and vegetable intake were found. Improved mood significantly predicted fruit and vegetable consumption change, R2 = 0.12, P < 0.001. Entry of changes in self-regulation and self-efficacy into the multiple regression equation significantly strengthened the variance explained, R2 = 0.18, P < 0.001. Discussion: Findings suggest that exercise-induced improvements in mood improve eating behaviors, with increases in self-regulation and self-efficacy adding to this effect.
Comparison of Alpha- and Beta-Cell Secretory Responses in Islets Isolated with Collagenase and in the Isolated Perfused Pancreas of Rats
Authors: Norfleet William T , Pagliara Anthony S , Haymond Morey W , Matschinsky Franz 
Published: September 2013

The inhibitory actions of somatostatin (100 ng./ml.) on insulin release, stimulated by high glucose (20 mM), and on glucagon release, stimulated by arginine (15 mM), were studied with two in vitro systems: the isolated perifused rat islets prepared by the collagenase procedure and the isolated perfused rat pancreas. Suppression of arginine-induced glucagon release by glucose (20 mM) and glyceraldehyde (5 mM) was also assessed in both systems. With the perfused pancreas, somatostatin caused 32 per cent inhibition of glucose-mediated insulin release and inhibited arginine-induced glucagon release by 72 per cent. In the same system, glucose and glyceraldehyde were similarly potent inhibitors of arginine-induced glucagon secretion. In contrast to the isolated perfused pancreas, there was no significant somatostation suppression of glucose-induced insulin release or arginine-induced glucagon release whether the inhibitor was present prior to or was added during stimulation by glucose or arginine. Furthermore, glucose was only minimally active and glyceraldehyde ineffective in inhibiting glucagon secretion due to arginine in the perifusion system.
The most plausible explanation for the difference in the endocrine response of islet cells in the two types of widely used in vitro systems is that the alpha and beta cells have lost inhibitory receptors in the plasma membrane as a result of the collagenase isolation technic.
Growth Hormone Kinetics in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Navalesi R , Pilo A , Vigneri R , Del Chicca M G , Lenzi A , Cecchetti P 
Published: September 2013

Several reports have shown that average plasma GH concentrations in insulin-treated and in juvenile diabetics are elevated in respect to normal values: these findings have been alternatively attributed to an increased pituitary GH secretion or to a lower GH catabolism induced by the disease.
To reinvestigate the problem we studied GH kinetics in twentyfour diabetics using 125I-GH. The patients were all normal in body weight and their fasting blood sugar did not exceed 190 mg. per 100 ml.; fourteen normal subjects were included as a control group.
After single injection of the tracer, the plasma disappearance curve of labeled hormone was obtained. Starting from this curve, metabolic clearance rate (MCR), fractional catabolic rate (FCR), initial distribution volume (IDV), and total distribution volume (TDV) were computed; MCR and plasma concentration of endogenous GH in plasma samples were used to estimate the amount of hormone irreversibly lost during the experiment (IHL240).
The major points that result from the comparison of the values obtained in diabetic patients with those in the normal group are: MCR values in diabetics do not differ from those found in normals (63.6 ± 19.6 and 64.6 ± 24.3 ml./min./m.2 respectively*). The higher plasma concentrations of endogenous GH in diabetics together with a normal MCR, yield hormone loss values (IHL240) significantly larger than normal (46.4 ± 29.5 μg/240 min. as compared to 23.7 ± 24.5) thus indicating that an increased GH secretion is present in diabetics.
TDV, fairly constant in normals, (5.8 ± 0.9 L./m.2) tends to decrease in diabetic patients as the disease progresses; in fact the values of TDV are significantly reduced (P&lt;0.005) in long-term diabetics (&gt;10 yrs. of disease) while TDV of short-term diabetics (&lt;10 yrs.) does not differ from the normal value (4.6 ± 1.16 L./m.2 and 5.8 ± 0.9 L./m.2, respectively).
Progestogen-induced Diabetes in the Dog
Authors: Sloan J M , Oliver I M 
Published: September 2013

The development of diabetes in a small percentage of female beagles receiving large doses of synthetic progestogen for one year is described. The abnormalities in blood sugar and plasma insulin responses to oral glucose arising during induction of diabetes are presented.
After a two-year period of diabetes, two animals were examined histologically. Lesions in the kidney and retina, similar to early lesions associated with human diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy, were present. Histologic changes related to the diabetes were also seen in the pancreas and pituitary. The means of induction of the diabetes is discussed. The study supports the view that the dog is a useful species in which to study the long-term pathology of diabetes.
Electrical and Secretory Manifestations of Glucose and Amino Acid Interactions in Rat Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Pace Caroline S , Stillings Susan N , Hover Barbara A , Matschinsky Franz M 
Published: September 2013

Interactions between glucose and amino acids in rat pancreatic islets were studied by recording the intracellular membrane potential and spike discharges from single islet cells and by measuring insulin release from the isolated perfused pancreas. It was found that L-isoleucine requires the presence of basal glucose (5 mM) in Order to increase spike discharge from islet cells and depolarize the cell membrane. Similarly basal glucose is needed for insulin release by L-isoleucine. A physiological mixture of twenty amino acids also required the presence of basal glucose in order to increase spike activity and insulin release. In contrast to L-isoleucine the amino acid mixture did not depolarize the β-cells. Iodoacetate, at concentrations previously shown to block glycolysis completely, did not interfere with any of these permissive actions of glucose, nor did iodoacetate alter the well known electrical manifestations of high levels of glucose itself (i.e. depolarization and increased spike discharge).
These data show that glucose plays a pre-eminent role as regulator of islet cell function, governing the efficacy of amino acids as β-cells stimulants. The results are most easily interpreted if one assumes that glycolysis is not required for glucose to exert its action.
Comparison of the Value of the Two- and One-hour Glucose Levels of the Oral GTT in the Diagnosis of Diabetes in Pima Indians
Authors: Rushforth Norman B , Bennett Peter H , Steinberg Arthur G , Miller Max 
Published: September 2013

In many population and screening studies of diabetes, the onehour glucose level of the GTT has been used to define the diabetic status of subjects. The one-hour postglucose load determination has been preferred over the two-hour value by many investigators primarily because of convenience and justified on the basis of the high correlation between the two values.
Venous plasma glucose levels, one and two hours after a 75-gm. carbohydrate load, were determined on over 1,600 Pima Indians. In most sex and age groups, the frequency distributions of both the one-hour and two-hour glucose levels were clearly bimodal. By the logarithms of the glucose values these distributions were consistent with a model of two overlapping Gaussian distributions. The data indicate that for the Pima the amount of overlap of the distributions was greater for the one-hour than for the two-hour values. For each sex and decade the probabilities of misclassification of a normal as “hyperglycemic” and vice versa were smaller for the two-hour than for the one-hour values. Such misclassifications for the two-hour levels averaged 6.6 per cent and 11.6 per cent for the one-hour levels.
The reproducibility of the GTT taken one to three weeks apart in a sample of ninety-nine Puna Indians showed that the two-hour level was superior to the one-hour level as measured by the mean values of the absolute difference between log GTT levels for test and retest values. The one-hour measurements also gave more disagreements between the classifications of diabetic status than the two-hour test values.
If a single measure of glucose tolerance is to be selected for the diagnosis of diabetes among Pima Indians, these data provide a mathematical rationale for preferring the two-hour level to the one-hour determination.
Hyperosmolar Nature of Diabetic Coma
Authors: Fulop Milford , Rosenblatt Andrew , Kreitzer Stephen M , Gerstenhaber Brett 
Published: September 2013

Stupor in patients with nonketotic hyperglycemia has been ascribed to hyperosmolarity, but the cause of depressed consciousness in patients with ketoacidosis has been puzzling. In this study, blood pH, serum glucose and sodium concentrations, and serum osmolality were measured in eighty-five consecutive episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis and forty-seven of nonketotic hyperglycemia. In the acidotic patients, as in those with nonketotic hyperglycemia, stupor closely paralleled hyperosmolarity and not the severity of acidemia. Indeed, the mean elevations of serum osmolarity were almost the same in the ketotic and in the nonketotic patients who were deeply obtunded.
It seems likely that depression of consciousness in patients with severely uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, if not due to a nonmetabolic disorder, such as acute stroke, is attributable to hyperosmolarity, whether or not ketoacidosis is present.