bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
South Tyrol's Education System: Plurilingual Answers for Monolinguistic Spheres?
Authors: Alber Elisabeth 
Published: September 2012

Résumé La Province autonome bilingue (trilingue) de Bolzano/Bozen-Tyrol du Sud, au nord de l’Italie, est une réussite de vie en commun de ses groupes linguistiques (69.38 % de Germanophones, 26.30 % d’Italophones et 4.32 % parlant ladin), à travers son autonomie territoriale. Le second Statut d’autonomie (1972) organise la coexistence des groupes ethnolinguistiques du Sud-Tyrol. En matière de droits linguistiques, tous les domaines de la vie publique et une partie considérable de ceux de la vie privée sont couverts par un réseau complexe de normes, garanties et recours. Le système éducatif au Sud-Tyrol est fondé sur la séparation et le principe de l’instruction dans la langue maternelle. L’enseignement d’une seconde langue (allemand ou italien) est obligatoire. Un système plurilingue est mis en œuvre dans les vallées ladines. L’éducation supérieure au Sud-Tyrol est fondée également sur le plurilinguisme. Des négociations intensives sur les réformes des politiques éducatives sont présentes en permanence, afin de développer un modèle intégré d’apprentissage des langues. En fait, le système éducatif du Sud-Tyrol doit être envisagé au travers de l’histoire du Sud-Tyrol (annexion à l’Italie en 1919, occupation fasciste, premier et second Statut d’autonomie). En retraçant l’évolution de la politique scolaire au Sud-Tyrol, cet article cherche à mettre en lumière les fondements institutionnels de l’organisation du Tyrol du Sud et comment ils peuvent répondre aux défis du multilinguisme.
Prévention des accidents vasculaires cérébraux et vieillissement
Authors: Bohic Nicole 
Published: September 2012

L’accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) est fréquent et grave. Il concerne trois fois sur quatre une personne de 65 ans et plus. Cet article traite de deux niveaux de prévention, la lutte contre les principaux facteurs de risque de l’AVC au cours du vieillissement (hypertension artérielle, tabagisme, obésité abdominale, alimentation trop riche, manque d’activité physique) et l’appel au 15 lors de sa survenue pour réduire les risques de séquelles. Ils sont impactés par les inégalités sociales de santé (conditions de vie, isolement...) et peuvent être améliorés (contrôle tensionnel, accès aux soins). La prévention de l’AVC, enjeu majeur de santé publique, contribue à considérer la qualité de vie comme un objectif central tout au long de la vie.
Biomechanical and Refractive Results of Transepithelial Cross-linking Treatment in Keratoconic Eyes
Authors: Roberts Cynthia J 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To analyze change in visual acuity (VA), refractive outcomes, corneal compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc), corneal hysteresis (CH) and cornea resistance factor (CRF) after transepithelial cross-linking (CXL) treatment.

Setting
Kudret Eye Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Materials and methods
A total of 32 eyes of 22 patients diagnosed with keratoconus were included in this retrospective study. Changes in VA, spheric and cylinderic refraction for all eyes were analyzed before and 3 months after transepithelial CXL. In addition, a subset of 14 eyes had data acquired using the ocular response analyzer (ORA), and for these eyes, IOPcc, CH and CRF were recorded as well as a measurement of the amplitude of the first peak in the infrared signal (peak 1), used to identify the inward applanation event. The ORA parameters were also compared before and 3 months after treatment.

Results
Uncorrected and best corrected VA increased 1.76 and 1.61 Snellen lines (p < 0.05); spheric and cylinderic refractions improved 0.74 and 0.43 D (p > 0.05) respectively. Mean changes in IOPcc, CRF and CH were not significantly different (p > 0.05). However, mean peak 1 signal value increased significantly (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Transepithelial CXL is effective in VA improvement in the short-term with an increase in the peak 1 signal value which is consistent with an increase in stiffness of cornea, whereas IOPcc, CRF and CH values remained the same.

How to cite this article
Klllç A, Roberts CJ. Biomechanical and Refractive Results of Transepithelial Cross-linking Treatment in Keratoconic Eyes. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2012;1(2):75-78.
Topometric and Tomographic Indices for the Diagnosis of Keratoconus
Authors: Ramos Isaac , Correia Fernando Faria , Lopes Bernardo , Salomão Marcella Q , Correa Rosane O 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To compare topometric (front surface curvature) and tomographic (3D corneal shape) indices for diagnosing keratoconus.

Methods
Pentacam data from one eye randomly selected of 200 normals (N) and 177 keratoconus (KC) were analyzed. Tomographic and topometric indices were tested. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated, along with pairwise comparisons.

Results
All tested variables had significant differences among N and KC (Mann-Whitney, p < 0.001). Most accurate tomographic indices had higher AUC than best topometric ones (DeLong, p < 0.05). Belin-Ambrosio D (BAD-D) had AUC of 1.00 (sensitivity 100.0%; specificity 98.5%).

Conclusion
Tomographic data was superior than topometric data to detect keratoconus. The BAD-D was an enhanced approach for detecting keratoconus.

How to cite this article
Correia FF, Ramos I, Lopes B, Salomão MQ, Luz A, Correa RO, Belin MW, Ambrósio R Jr. Topometric and Tomographic Indices for the Diagnosis of Keratoconus. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2012;1(2):92-99.
Descemet Stripping PocketMaker Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Daxer Albert , Bikbova Guzel , Bikbov Mukharram 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To develop a method of producing the transplant for Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty using the PocketMaker device (Dioptex, Austria).

Materials and methods
A new application of the PocketMaker microkeratome (Dioptex) is described for preparing thin grafts for endothelial keratoplasty. We report a case of Descemet's membrane detachment treated with a PocketMaker-prepared graft 110 mK thick.

Results
Visual acuity increased from 0.05 to 0.6. The 106 µm thick (in the center) graft remained attached and clear after Descemet stripping PocketMaker endothelial keratoplasty (DSPEK).

Conclusion
DSPEK is another use for the PocketMaker device, which can create thin endothelial grafts about 100 µm thick.

How to cite this article
Bikbova G, Bikbov M, Daxer A. Descemet Stripping PocketMaker Endothelial Keratoplasty. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2012;1(2):125-127.
Treatment of Stable Keratoconus by Cataract Surgery with Toric IOL Implantation
Authors: Lifshitz Tova , Levy Jaime , Pitchkhadze Anry 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT
We present the case of a 73-year-old patient who underwent successful phacoemulsification and toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation to correct high stable astigmatism due to keratoconus and cataract. Preoperative refraction was −3.25 −4.0 × 98°. A toric IOL (Acrysof SN60T6) with a spherical power of 16.5 D and a cylinder power of 3.75 D at the IOL plane and 2.57 D at the corneal plane was implanted and aligned at an axis of 0°. Uncorrected visual acuity improved from 6/60 to 6/10. Postoperative best corrected visual acuity was 6/6, 6 months after the operation. In conclusion, phacoemulsification with toric IOL implantation can be performed in eyes with keratoconus and cataract.

How to cite this article
Levy J, Pitchkhadze A, Lifshitz T. Treatment of Stable Keratoconus by Cataract Surgery with Toric IOL Implantation. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2012;1(2):128-130.
La remise en cause contemporaine du volontarisme contractuel
Authors: Tabi Tabi Ghislain 
Published: September 2012

La doctrine libérale, volontariste et individualiste pense qu’en vertu du consentement exprimé les prestations obligationnelles doivent recevoir exécution. En dehors des situations qui sont légalement prévues, nul ne peut se plaindre du défaut ou du déficit d’intérêt une fois que le contrat est conclu. L’équilibre contractuel est alors réalisé par le simple fait de l’acceptation des deux parties de contracter. Il s’agit de la coexistence des intérêts qui est caractéristique de la responsabilisation des contractants. Au demeurant critiqué, le principe de l’autonomie de la volonté ne peut plus être l’unique paradigme de gestion des relations obligationnelles. Leur configuration contemporaine est caractérisée par la prédominance de l’unilatéralisme et des pouvoirs contractuels. Cette double réalité contrarie la théorie du consentement. Phénomène déjà connu avec l’arrivée des contrats d’adhésion, la contractualisation de masse engendre aujourd’hui des contrats de dépendance encore appelés des « contrats de pouvoir ». L’objectif à atteindre est la maximisation des profits, soit l’efficience économique. Le contrat contemporain est donc malade de ses rapports de pouvoir et de dépendance, malade dans l’un de ses éléments essentiels qui est le consentement, malade par la presque négation des intérêts de la partie qui se trouve en situation de vulnérabilité, malade pour tout dire dans sa théorie générale. D’un contrôle de l’équilibre contractuel axé sur le rapport d’obligations, il serait souhaitable d’opérer un décentrement de cette vérification vers les pouvoirs contractuels.
Metal Foaming Studied In Situ by Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Diffraction of Synchrotron Radiation, X‐Ray Radioscopy, and Optical Expandometry
Authors: Jiménez Catalina , Garcia‐Moreno Francisco , Pfretzschner Beate , Kamm Paul Hans , Neu Tillmann Robert , Klaus Manuela , Genzel Christoph , Hilger André , Manke Ingo , Banhart John 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThree synchronized methods are combined for studying in situ the foaming process of AlSi11 powder precursors containing either as‐received TiH2 or pre‐oxidized TiH2−x. The phase transformations are followed by energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction (ED‐XRD) of synchrotron radiation. The internal structure of the foam is monitored by X‐ray radioscopy and a video camera records the overall foam expansion. Complementary mass spectrometry follows the H2 gas release. Phase transformations of TiH2 and TiH2−x particles inside Al–Si foams are reported in this work for the first time and they are different than the ones observed for loose powders under Ar flow because the solid metal matrix initially retards H2 outgassing, but also because after melting the liquid reacts with TiH2 forming the ternary compounds Ti(AlxSi1−x)2 in the semi‐solid state and Ti(Al1−xSix)3 in the liquid state of the alloy. Further reasons for the larger expansion obtained when using pre‐oxidized TiH2−x are revealed as well. The oxide shell of pre‐oxidized TiH2−x not only shifts the onset of H2 release towards higher temperatures, but it also hinders the reaction between blowing agent and melt, stabilizing the structure of TiH2−x thus preserving its role as a good blowing agent for foaming Al‐based alloys.
Health belief model to predict sharps injuries among health care workers at first level care facilities in rural Pakistan
Authors: Yousafzai Mohammad Tahir , Siddiqui Amna Rehana , Janjua Naveed Zafar 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundWe assessed the frequency and predictors of sharp injuries (SIs) among health care workers (HCWs) at first level care facilities (FLCF) in rural Pakistan.MethodHCWs working at public clinic (PC), privately owned licensed practitioners' clinic (LPC) and non‐licensed practitioners' clinic(NLC) were interviewed on universal precautions (UPs) and constructs of health belief model (HBM) to assess their association with SIs through negative‐binomial regression.ResultsFrom 365 clinics, 485 HCWs were interviewed. Overall annual rate of SIs was 192/100 HCWs/year; 78/100 HCWs among licensed prescribers, 191/100 HCWs among non‐licensed prescribers, 248/100 HCWs among qualified assistants, and 321/100 HCWs among non‐qualified assistants. Increasing knowledge score about bloodborne pathogens (BBPs) transmission (rate‐ratio (RR): 0.93; 95%CI: 0.89–0.96), fewer years of work experience, being a non‐licensed prescriber (RR: 2.02; 95%CI: 1.36–2.98) licensed (RR: 2.86; 9%CI: 1.81–4.51) or non‐licensed assistant (RR: 2.78; 95%CI: 1.72–4.47) compared to a licensed prescriber, perceived barriers (RR: 1.06; 95%CI: 1.03–1.08), and compliance with UPs scores (RR: 0.93; 95%CI: 0.87–0.97) were significant predictors of SIs.ConclusionImproved knowledge about BBPs, compliance with UPs and reduced barriers to follow UPs could reduce SIs to HCWs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:479–487, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: White David P. , Younes Magdy K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by repetitive collapse of the pharyngeal airway during sleep. Control of pharyngeal patency is a complex process relating primarily to basic anatomy and the activity of many pharyngeal dilator muscles. The control of these muscles is regulated by a number of processes including respiratory drive, negative pressure reflexes, and state (sleep) effects. In general, patients with OSA have an anatomically small airway the patency of which is maintained during wakefulness by reflex‐driven augmented dilator muscle activation. At sleep onset, muscle activity falls, thereby compromising the upper airway. However, recent data suggest that the mechanism of OSA differs substantially among patients, with variable contributions from several physiologic characteristics including, among others: level of upper airway dilator muscle activation required to open the airway, increase in chemical drive required to recruit the pharyngeal muscles, chemical control loop gain, and arousal threshold. Thus, the cause of sleep apnea likely varies substantially between patients. Other physiologic mechanisms likely contributing to OSA pathogenesis include falling lung volume during sleep, shifts in blood volume from peripheral tissues to the neck, and airway edema. Apnea severity may progress over time, likely due to weight gain, muscle/nerve injury, aging effects on airway anatomy/collapsibility, and changes in ventilatory control stability. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:2541‐2594, 2012.
Adiposity of Korean school‐age children measured by national and international growth charts
Authors: Ahn Youngmee , Choi Sunha , Sohn Min 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe study was conducted to explore adiposity levels of Korean children using body mass index (BMI) and comparing how three BMI charts define adiposity. The charts used were the growth standard of the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the growth references of the World Health Organization and the International Obesity Task Force. The percentage of children at different adiposity levels varied depending on which chart was used. These discrepancies arose from the different cut‐offs for adiposity and the different characteristics of the populations that were used to develop the charts. Research is needed to identify which growth charts and cut‐offs for children are most associated with health risks in later life. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 36:16–25, 2013
Role of electronic excitation in phase‐change memory materials: A brief review
Authors: Li X.‐B. , Liu X. Q. , Han X. D. , Zhang S. B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPhase‐change memory (PCM) materials, such as chalcogenide alloys, have the ability for fast and reversible transition between their amorphous and crystalline states. Owing to the large optical/electrical contrast of the two states, PCM materials have been developed for data storage. It has been generally accepted that thermal effects, caused by laser irradiation or electrical pulses, control the amorphization by melting the sample and subsequent quenching, while crystallization is realized by thermal annealing. An important element that has not been considered extensively, however, is the role of electronic excitation by optical or electrical pulse. Strictly speaking, until electrons and holes recombine, the system under external stimulus is in a non‐equilibrium environment, especially when the excitation intensity is high. This raises an important question: can the excitation alone induce phase transition for PCM data storage without the usual thermal melting? Here, we will review the recent experimental and theoretical indications and evidence in support of the electronic excitation‐induced phase change in PCM materials and discuss potential ramifications of the athermal phase‐change phenomenon for data storage.
BENEFITS OF PHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATION: THE CASE OF SIMVASTATIN IN CANADA
Authors: Thanh Nguyen Xuan , Chuck Anderson W. , Ohinmaa Arto , Jacobs Philip 
Published: September 2012

Background:The benefits of pharmaceutical innovations are widely diffused; they accrue to the healthcare providers, patients, employers, and manufacturers. We estimate the societal monetary benefits of simvastatin in Canada and its distribution among different beneficiaries overtime.Methods:Monetary benefits to developing and generic manufacturers were estimated by calculating public and private revenues minus the development costs of simvastatin and the contribution toward further research and development. We used a dynamic Markov model to estimate monetary benefits to healthcare and employment sectors in terms of cost avoidance associated with prevented cardiovascular events, including stroke and myocardial infarction, and lost productivity due to disability and premature death in working population.Results:Cumulative monetary benefits of simvastatin from 1990 to 2009 were $4.8 billion (2010 CA$), of which developing and generic manufacturers, and healthcare and employment sectors accounted for 32 percent, 27 percent, 32 percent, and 9 percent, respectively. The yearly trend showed that after the patent expired in 2002 the generic manufacturers became dominant in the market. Benefits for the healthcare sector started to decrease from 2003 corresponding to the decreasing population taking simvastatin during the same time period. Sensitivity analysis showed the higher the compliance or the efficacy, the larger the benefits to healthcare and employment sectors, while monetary benefits for manufacturers were unchanged.Conclusions:Societal monetary benefits of simvastatin are significant and the distributions of the benefits have changed overtime. Patent, compliance, and efficacy play a vital role in the estimation of the benefits. Analysis of all beneficiaries separately overtime is important when assessing the value of pharmaceutical innovation.
Role of the French Rescue Teams in Diquini Hospital: Port-au-Prince, January 2010
Authors: Benner Patrick , Stephan Jérome , Renard Aurélien , Petitjean Frédérique , Larger Denis , Pons Dominique , Paklepa Bruno , Deniel Cécile , LeDreff Pierre 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOn January 12, 2010, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, was shattered by a violent earthquake that killed or injured thousands of its citizens. Local emergency services became overwhelmed and international assistance was required. French relief teams were deployed to assist local hospitals in caring for the victims. The medical care activity of the team at Diquini Hospital from January 17-26 was analyzed.Priority was given to surgery, leading to the creation of a pre- and post-operative area and a medical care unit. Special attention was required for infection prevention, pain relief, minor surgery, and pre-surgery triage. The continual influx of accompanied victims necessitated the creation of a receiving area.In spite of the assistance from several foreign surgical teams, some patients had to be evacuated to French or American facilities, particularly children, patients with spinal cord injuries, and those needing intensive care.Analysis of the actions undertaken highlights the importance of well-prepared and flexible medical teams and the ability to provide local and regional anesthesia, including the necessary medical supplies and equipment. Medical care activity, especially post-surgical care, was a predominant, ongoing need. The ability to provide medical care required organization and cooperation among local health care providers and other relief workers.BennerP, StephanJ, RenardA, PetitjeanF, LargerD, PonsD, PaklepaB, DenielC, LeDreffP. Role of the French rescue teams in Diquini Hospital: Port-au-Prince, January 2010. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(6):1-5.
Angiotensin II potentiates α-adrenergic vasoconstriction in the elderly
Authors: Barrett-O’Keefe Zachary , Witman Melissa A. H. , Mcdaniel John , Fjeldstad Anette S. , Trinity Joel D. , Ives Stephen J. , Conklin Jamie D. , Reese Van , Runnels Sean , Morgan David E. , Sander Mikael , Richardson Russell S. , Wray D. Walter 
Published: September 2012

Aging is characterized by increased sympatho-excitation, expressed through both the α-adrenergic and RAAS (renin–angiotensin–aldosterone) pathways. Although the independent contribution of these two pathways to elevated vasoconstriction with age may be substantial, significant cross-talk exists that could produce potentiating effects. To examine this interaction, 14 subjects (n=8 young, n=6 old) underwent brachial artery catheterization for administration of AngII (angiotensin II; 0.8–25.6 ng/dl per min), NE [noradrenaline (norepinephrine); 2.5–80 ng/dl per min] and AngII with concomitant α-adrenergic antagonism [PHEN (phentolamine); 10 μg/dl per min]. Ultrasound Doppler was utilized to determine blood flow, and therefore vasoconstriction, in both infused and contralateral (control) limbs. Arterial blood pressure was measured directly, and sympathetic nervous system activity was assessed via microneurography and plasma NE analysis. AngII sensitivity was significantly greater in the old, indicated by both greater maximal vasoconstriction (−59±4% in old against −48±3% in young) and a decreased EC50 (half-maximal effective concentration) (1.4±0.2 ng/dl per min in old against 2.6±0.7 μg/dl per min in young), whereas the maximal NE-mediated vasoconstriction was similar between these groups (−58±9% in old and −62±5% in young). AngII also increased venous NE in the old group, but was unchanged in the young group. In the presence of α-adrenergic blockade (PHEN), maximal AngII-mediated vasoconstriction in the old was restored to that of the young (−43±8% in old and −39±6% in young). These findings indicate that, with healthy aging, the increased AngII-mediated vasoconstriction may be attributed, in part, to potentiation of the α-adrenergic pathway, and suggest that cross-talk between the RAAS and adrenergic systems may be an important consideration in therapeutic strategies targeting these two pathways.
Helping the General Education Team Support Students Who Use AAC
Authors: Zangari Carole 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
To be successful, students who use AAC and attend general education classes require extensive supports and frequent practice with their communication systems. In this article, I explore the challenges faced by educational teams and discuss strategies for helping general education teachers, paraprofessionals, and others provide the AAC learning and practice opportunities these students need to maximize their communication skills and academic achievement.