bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of the state of the art technologies for multi‐MW scale offshore wind turbines and beyond
Authors: Natarajan Anand 
Published: May 2013

An overview of technological trends in the design of multi‐mega Watt wind turbines focused on the offshore sector is presented. The state of the art technologies for wind turbine design are multidisciplinary ranging from blade aeroelasticity, power transmission to the generator, to advanced control systems that ensure performance and the design of offshore support structures to minimize cost of energy. Light weight carbon fiber blades, aeroelastic tailoring using bend–twist coupling are discussed in coordination with a multitude of aerodynamic technologies for optimal power capture such as high‐lift airfoils, flaps, and flat‐back airfoil designs. The pitch control of the turbine responsible for rotating the blades about its axis to reduce loads is the primary load reducing mechanism of the wind turbine, for which technologies that enable wind sensing such as forward looking LIDARs and redundancy mechanisms such as individual blade pitch control offer promising advances. The lack of reliability of the gearbox has resulted in drive train technologies to move toward direct drives, whose benefits and liabilities are assessed in combination with generator concepts. The support structures are discussed within an offshore framework for shallow, moderately deep, and deep waters. Fixed substructures such as monopiles, tripods, jackets, as well as floaters such as spar buoys and tension leg platforms are brought forth. The advances in these different component technologies that enable the wind turbine system to be reliable and cost effective are described as a precursor to further in‐depth reviews.This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Science and Materials
Genetic Variability Studies in Seed Biochemical Traits of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Accessions
Authors: Pavithra H. R. , Gowda Balakrishna , Prasanna K. T. , Shivanna M. B. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA genetic variability study of oil content, fatty acid composition and karanjin content of seeds was carried out in candidate plus trees of Pongamia pinnata from selected agro‐ecological zones of southern peninsular India. Significant zonal variation (P < 0.01) for biochemical traits was recorded. Significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) was recorded for latitude with oleic acid. Longitude showed significant negative correlation with palmitic acid and oleic acid. Altitude positively correlated with oleic acid and linolenic acid; negatively correlated with linoleic acid and seed oil content. Phenotypic co‐efficient of variation was higher than the genotypic co‐efficient of variation for all the biochemical traits. The oleic acid positively correlated with seed oil content (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with linoleic acid and linolenic acid (P < 0.01). The zone 1, zone 2, zone 3 and zone 4 showed high heritability and genetic advance for oleic acid, linoleic acid and oleic to linoleic acid ratio. Based on Ward's method, the pongamia accessions were grouped into three major clusters and four sub‐groups depending on their geographical locations. Further, the results obtained in this study could be used as background information for biofuel programs in India and other tropical countries.
Differences in rate of functional decline across three dementia types
Authors: Gill Dawn P. , Hubbard Rebecca A. , Koepsell Thomas D. , Borrie Michael J. , Petrella Robert J. , Knopman David S. , Kukull Walter A. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to estimate differences in rates of functional decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and vascular dementia (VaD) and whether differences vary by age or sex.MethodsData came from 32 U.S. Alzheimer's Disease Centers. The cohort of participants (n = 5848) were ≥60 years of age and had clinical dementia with a primary etiologic diagnosis of probable AD, DLB, or probable VaD; a Clinical Dementia Rating‐Sum of Boxes score <16; and a duration of symptoms ≤10 years. Dementia diagnoses were assigned using standard criteria. Annual mean rate of change of the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) score was modeled using multiple linear regression with generalized estimating equations adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, years since onset, and cognitive status (mean follow‐up = 2.0 years).ResultsFAQ declined more slowly over time in those with VaD compared with AD (difference in mean annual rate of change: −0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −1.68, −0.14). VaD participants also declined at a slower rate than DLB participants, but this difference was not statistically significant (−0.61; 95% CI: −1.45, 0.24). There was no significant difference between DLB and AD. Within each group, rate of decline was more rapid for the youngest participants.ConclusionsIn this sample, findings suggested that VaD patients declined in their functional abilities at a slower rate compared with AD patients and that there were no significant differences in rate of functional decline between patients with DLB compared with those with either AD or VaD. These results may provide guidance to clinicians about average expected rates of functional decline in three common dementia types.
Implications of early treatment among Medicaid patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Geldmacher David S. , Kirson Noam Y. , Birnbaum Howard G. , Eapen Sara , Kantor Evan , Cummings Alice Kate , Joish Vijay N. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the effect of treatment timing on risk of institutionalization of Medicaid patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to estimate the economic implications of earlier diagnosis and treatment initiation.MethodsNew Jersey Medicaid claims data (1997–2009) were used retrospectively to study the effect of treatment on time to institutionalization. Observed Medicaid payments were used to calculate savings from delayed institutionalization, adjusting for cost offsets resulting from concurrent changes in use of other medical services.ResultsInitiation of existing therapies at earliest symptomatic onset is predicted to delay institutionalization by 91 days, reducing Medicaid costs by $19,108/institutionalized patient. Incorporating an 18.5% cost offset from increased use of other medical services as well as drug costs associated with earlier treatment results in net savings of $12,687/patient. Projected annual Medicaid savings exceed $1 billion.ConclusionEarlier treatment leads to a small delay in institutionalization among AD patients, resulting in significant costs savings to Medicaid.
Evaluation of memory endophenotypes for association with CLU, CR1, and PICALM variants in black and white subjects
Authors: Pedraza Otto , Allen Mariet , Jennette Kyle , Carrasquillo Minerva , Crook Julia , Serie Daniel , Pankratz V. Shane , Palusak Ryan , Nguyen Thuy , Malphrus Kimberly , Ma Li , Bisceglio Gina , Roberts Rosebud O. , Lucas John A. , Ivnik Robert J. , Smith Glenn E. , Graff‐Radford Neill R. , Petersen Ronald C. , Younkin Steven G. , Ertekin‐Taner Nilüfer 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundGenetic variants at the CLU, CR1, and PICALM loci associate with risk for late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in genomewide association studies. In this study, our aim was to determine whether the LOAD risk variants at these three loci influence memory endophenotypes in black and white subjects.MethodsWe pursued an association study between single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes at the CLU, CR1, and PICALM loci and memory endophenotypes. We assessed black subjects (AA series: 44 with LOAD and 224 control subjects) recruited at Mayo Clinic Florida and whites recruited at Mayo Clinic Minnesota (RS series: 372 with LOAD and 1690 control subjects) and Florida (JS series: 60 with LOAD and 529 control subjects). Single nucleotide polymorphisms at the LOAD risk loci CLU (rs11136000), CR1 (rs6656401, rs3818361), and PICALM (rs3851179) were genotyped and tested for association with Logical Memory immediate recall, Logical Memory delayed recall, Logical Memory percent retention, Visual Reproduction immediate recall, Visual Reproduction delayed recall, and Visual Reproduction percent retention scores from the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised using multivariable linear regression analysis, adjusting for age at exam, sex, education, and apolipoprotein E ε4 dosage.ResultsWe identified nominally significant or suggestive associations between the LOAD‐risky CR1 variants and worse Logical Memory immediate recall scores in blacks (P = .068–.046, β = −2.7 to −1.2). The LOAD‐protective CLU variant is associated with better logical memory endophenotypes in white subjects (P = .099–.027, β = 0.31–0.93). The CR1 associations persisted when the control subjects from the AA series were assessed separately. The CLU associations appeared to be driven by one of the white series (RS) and were also observed when the control subset from RS was analyzed.ConclusionThese results suggest for the first time that LOAD risk variants at CR1 may influence memory endophenotypes in blacks. In addition, the CLU LOAD‐protective variant may confer enhanced memory in whites. Although these results would not remain significant after stringent corrections for multiple testing, they need to be considered in the context of the LOAD associations with which they have biological consistency. They also provide estimates for effect sizes on memory endophenotypes that could guide future studies. The detection of memory effects for these variants in clinically normal subjects, implies that these LOAD risk loci might modify memory prior to clinical diagnosis of AD.
Fitnesstraining als Bestandteil aktiver Gesundheitsförderung
Authors: Allmann Bernhard 
Published: May 2013

Einleitung
Die Gesundheitsbranche ist ein Wirtschaftszweig mit Innovationskraft und ökonomischer Bedeutung. So beliefen sich die Gesundheitsausgaben im Jahr 2010 auf rund 278 Milliarden Euro - das entspricht einem Anteil von 11,6 Prozent des Bruttoinlandsprodukts (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, 2013). Alleine im „2. Gesundheitsmarkt“, der privat finanzierte Produkte und Dienstleistungen rund um die Gesundheit umfasst, wurden 2008 ca. 64 Mrd. Euro (Neumann et al., 2007) umgesetzt.
The Human Comedy in Westminster: The House of Commons, 1604–1629
Authors: Cogswell Thomas 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe completion of the House of Commons, 1604–1629, a sprawling research project involving over a dozen scholars who have toiled in the archival vineyards for the past quarter century, is a development of fundamental importance for the study of early Stuart history. This essay highlights some of its many findings and suggests some directions for further research, deploying the riches in these six volumes.
Sinking Feelings: Representing and Resisting theTitanicDisaster in Britain, 1914–ca.1960
Authors: Wells Andrew 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe apparent lack of representations of theTitanicdisaster in Britain between the start of the First World War and the end of the 1950s was due, not to a lack of interest, but to active resistance to such representations. Shipping interests, the press, government, and the public all opposed portrayals of the catastrophe, but their opposition depended much on the medium by which the sinking was to be represented, on the broader international context, and on the nature and status of individual memories of the events of 1912. Questions of fact, fiction, national prestige, and the ethics of representation dominated the first half century of theTitanic's cultural history in the United Kingdom.
Ethnicity, Prejudice, and Justice: The Treatment of the Irish at the Old Bailey, 1750–1825
Authors: King Peter 
Published: May 2013

AbstractUsing a unique source on offenders' place of birth, in combination with trial reports and newspapers, this article offers the first systematic analysis of how the Irish were treated by the English criminal justice system when they came as witnesses, prosecutors and accused. Although the Irish were massively over-represented amongst the accused, in the vast majority of Old Bailey cases – i.e. those involving property crime – they were no more likely to be convicted than other groups and overall the sentences they received were slightly less severe. However, doubts about their evidence and their reputation for violence meant that they were less successful as prosecutors and were more heavily punished when they were accused of violent offences. Thus the Irish were on the receiving end of both justice and prejudice and their treatment was intimately linked to contemporary English discourses about the Irish.
Magnetothermodynamic Peristaltic Flow of Bingham Non-Newtonian Fluid in Eccentric Annuli with Slip Velocity and Temperature Jump Conditions
Authors: El-Sayed M. F. , Eldabe N. T. M. , Ghaly A. Y. , Sayed H. M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we studied the peristaltic flow and heat transfer of an incompressible, electrically conducting Bingham Non-Newtonian fluid in an eccentric uniform annulus in the presence of external uniform magnetic field with slip velocity and temperature jump at the wall conditions. The viscous and Joule dissipations are taken into account. The inner tube is rigid and moving with a constant axial velocity, while the outer tube has a sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall. Under zero Reynolds number condition with the long wavelength approximation, the axial velocity and the stream function are obtained analytically. A numerical solution for the governing partial differential equation of energy is performed in order to analyze the temperature distribution. The effects of all parameters of the problem are numerically discussed and graphically explained.
Influence of Annealing Temperature in the Course of Mechanical-Thermal Treatment upon the Steady-State Creep Rate of Metals
Authors: Rusinko Andrew 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe influence of annealing temperature in the course of mechanical-thermal treatment on the steady-state creep of metals is discussed and modeled. The synthesis theory of irrecoverable deformation is taken as a mathematical apparatus. Results obtained in terms of the generalized synthetic theory give good agreements with experimental data.
Unsteady Flow and Heat Transfer of a MHD Micropolar Fluid Over a Porous Stretching Sheet in the Presence of Thermal Radiation
Authors: Shit G. C. , Haldar R. , Sinha A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA non-linear analysis has been made to study the unsteady hydromagnetic boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a micropolar fluid over a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium. The effects of thermal radiation in the boundary layer flow over a stretching sheet have also been investigated. The system of governing partial differential equations in the boundary layer have reduced to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations using a suitable similarity transformation. The resulting non-linear coupled ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by using an implicit finite difference scheme. The numerical results concern with the axial velocity, micro-rotation component and temperature profiles as well as local skin-friction coefficient and the rate of heat transfer at the sheet. The study reveals that the unsteady parameter S has an increasing effect on the flow and heat transfer characteristics.
The Domestic Politics of the International Dollar Standard: A Statistical Analysis of Support for the Reserve Currency, 2000–2008
Authors: Shih Victor , Steinberg David A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract.Why did most central banks continue to purchase dollar reserves during the 2000s even though they suffered mounting financial losses as a result of this policy? This paper argues that domestic political considerations determine whether policy makers accumulate or dump the reserve currency. We hypothesize that central bank independence decreases support for the dollar because independent central banks reduce the political clout of exporters and increase the salience of financial performance. This argument is tested using data on countries' holdings of US Treasury securities between 2000 and 2008. The statistical results indicate that countries with independent central banks were more likely to sell and less likely to purchase US treasuries. Our findings suggest that a complete understanding of the international dollar standard requires greater attention to domestic politics and how political institutions influence the balance of power between competing interest groups.Résumé.Pourquoi est-ce que la plupart des banques centrales ont continué à acheter des réserves de dollars au cours des années 2000, même quand ils souffraient des pertes financières en raison de cette politique? Cet article soutient que des considérations de politiques nationale déterminent si les responsables des politiques décident d'accumuler ou de vider leurs monnaie de réserve. Nous émettons l'hypothèse que l'indépendance de la banque centrale décourage le soutien pour le dollar, car les banques centrales indépendantes réduise la puissance politique des exportateurs et augmente l'importance de la performance financière. Cet argument est testé en utilisant des données sur la quantité de titres du Trésor américain possédée par pays entre 2000 et 2008. Les résultats statistiques démontrent que les pays avec des banques centrales indépendantes étaient plus susceptibles de vendre et moins susceptibles d'acheter des obligations du Trésor américain. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'une compréhension complète de l'étalon dollar international exige une plus grande attention à la politique nationale, et comment les institutions politiques influencent l'équilibre du pouvoir entre les groupes d'intérêts concurrents.
Beyond Parochialism and Domestic Preoccupation: The Current State of Comparative Politics in Canada
Authors: Tremblay Reeta Chowdhari 
Published: May 2013

Abstract.The response of the comparativists to Canadian scholars' call to build Canadian politics into our comparative framework has to be first, that we, the comparativists engage in a broader dialogue about our sub-discipline and move away from our self-imposed parochialism with respect to the scope and objectives of our research, our methods of theory generation and of empirical analysis. Our house is a divided, fragmented house. Having said this, we do have a fertile ground and share a common conducive infrastructure, methodological and thematic, across the two sub-disciplines to start our engagement with the Canadianists.Résumé.Notre réponse, de nous qui faisons la politique comparée, à cet appel que nous lancent les canadianistes, soit d'incorporer dans notre grille comparative des elements de politique canadienne, doit se consister tout d'abord en ce que nous nous engagions dans un dialogue élargi portant sur notre sous-discipline et à renoncer à cet esprit de clocher en ce qui concerne les objectifs et l'étendu de nos recherches ainsi que les methodes que nous utilisons pour engendrer nos theories et poursuivre nos recherches empiriques. Notre maison est une maison divisée, fragmentée. Ceci dit, nous sommes, toutefois, dotés d'une terre fertile; et que nos deux sous-disciplines se partagent une infrastructure méthodologique et thématique favorise bien le début d'un engagement avec les canadianistes.
La course vers le milieu des régions. Compétition et politiques régionales d'éducation en France et en Allemagne
Authors: Dupuy Claire 
Published: May 2013

Résumé.La régionalisation de l'action publique est l'une des évolutions les plus marquantes des États européens depuis les années 1970. Cette évolution présente une opportunité pour examiner, dans le contexte européen, les théories de la compétition interrégionale. C'est ce que cet article se propose de faire à partir de la comparaison de deux cas les plus différents : les politiques d'éducation en France, un État anciennement centralisé où les régions disposent de compétences relativement étroites, et en Allemagne, un État fédéral où les régions possèdent des compétences étendues. L'article montre que ni une course vers le bas, ni une course vers le haut ne s'enclenchent. C'est au contraire une course vers le milieu qui caractérise les relations compétitives entre les régions françaises et allemandes, respectivement, où les gouvernements régionaux tentent de montrer qu'ils font comme les autres afin d'éviter le blâme des électeurs et de l'État central.Abstract.The regionalization of public policy is one of the most remarkable transformations European states have undergone since the 1970s. Through an examination of this particular development, the article explores theories of interregional competition in two very different cases: education policy in France, a decentralized unitary state where regional governments are entrusted with limited policy competences in this field, and Germany, a federal state where regions have exclusive responsibility over secondary education. The paper shows that, in both cases, interregional competition lends itself neither to a race to the bottom nor a race to the top, but rather to a race to the middle. Regional governments aim, in fact, to demonstrate that they adopt similar policies to other regions so as to avoid being blamed by both the electorate and the central state.
Albian syndepositional block rotation and its geological consequences, Basque–Cantabrian Basin (western Pyrenees)
Authors: AGIRREZABALA LUIS MIGUEL , DINARÈS-TURELL JAUME 
Published: May 2013

AbstractStratigraphic, structural, palaeocurrent and palaeomagnetic analyses of Upper Albian deep-water deposits in and around the Deba block (Northern Iberia) are presented. Results indicate an anticlockwise vertical-axis rotation of this block by 35° during a maximum time span of c. 1 Ma (Late Albian intra-C. auritus ammonite Subzone). This Albian syndepositional block rotation is interpreted to be the consequence of the coeval activity of conjugate major sinistral strike-slip faults and minor (antithetic) dextral strike-slip faults, which border the Deba block. On the base of conservative estimations, a minimum block-rotation rate of 35° Ma−1 and a sinistral strike-slip rate of 1.2 km Ma−1 are calculated. As a consequence of the interaction of the rotated Deba block with adjacent non-rotated blocks, its corners experienced coeval transpressive (NW and SE corners) and transtensional deformations (SW and, possibly, NE corners). At the transtensional SW corner, two domal high-reflective seismic structures have been recorded and interpreted as high-level magmatic laccoliths. These magmatic intrusions triggered the development of a mineralizing hydrothermal system, which vented to the Late Albian seafloor warm to hot hydrocarbon-rich fluids. Vented hydrocarbon was generated from Albian organic-rich sediments by contact alteration with hydrothermal fluids.
Ownership Dynamics with Large Shareholders: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Donelli Marcelo , Larrain Borja , Francisco Urzúa I. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe study the empirical determinants of corporate ownership dynamics using a unique, hand-collected 20-year data set on the ownership structure of Chilean companies. Controllers’ blockholdings are on average high and stable over time. Controllers still make changes to their holdings through issuance and block trades. In a typical year controllers’ blockholdings decrease (increase) by 5 percentage points or more in approximately 6% (7%) of firms. We find that the separation between controllers’ voting and cash-flow rights reduces the likelihood of ownership dilution. Dilution is preceded by high stock returns and predicts low stock returns in the future when done through issuance.