bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thymic Development of Autoreactive T Cells in NOD Mice Is Regulated in an Age-Dependent Manner
Authors: He Qiuming , Morillon Y. Maurice , Spidale Nicholas A. , Kroger Charles J. , Liu Bo , Sartor R. Balfour , Wang Bo , Tisch Roland 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Inefficient thymic negative selection of self-specific T cells is associated with several autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes. The factors that influence the efficacy of thymic negative selection, as well as the kinetics of thymic output of autoreactive T cells remain ill-defined. We investigated thymic production of β cell–specific T cells using a thymus-transplantation model. Thymi from different aged NOD mice, representing distinct stages of type 1 diabetes, were implanted into NOD.scid recipients, and the diabetogenicity of the resulting T cell pool was examined. Strikingly, the development of diabetes-inducing β cell–specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was regulated in an age-dependent manner. NOD.scid recipients of newborn NOD thymi developed diabetes. However, recipients of thymi from 7- and 10-d-old NOD donor mice remained diabetes-free and exhibited a progressive decline in islet infiltration and β cell–specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. A similar temporal decrease in autoimmune infiltration was detected in some, but not all, tissues of recipient mice implanted with thymi from NOD mice lacking expression of the autoimmune regulator transcription factor, which develop multiorgan T cell–mediated autoimmunity. In contrast, recipients of 10 d or older thymi lacked diabetogenic T cells but developed severe colitis marked by increased effector T cells reactive to intestinal microbiota. These results demonstrate that thymic development of autoreactive T cells is limited to a narrow time window and occurs in a reciprocal manner compared with colonic microbiota–responsive T cells in NOD mice.
Objectively Measured Sleep Patterns in Young Adult Women and the Relationship to Adiposity
Authors: Bailey Bruce W. , Allen Matthew D. , LeCheminant James D. , Tucker Larry A. , Errico William K. , Christensen William F. , Hill Marshall D. 
Published: November 2013

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sleep patterns and adiposity in young adult women. Design. Cross-sectional. Setting. The study took place at two Mountain West region universities and surrounding communities. Subjects. Subjects were 330 young adult women (20.2 ± 1.5 years). Measures. Sleep and physical activity were monitored for 7 consecutive days and nights using actigraphy. Height and weight were measured directly. Adiposity was assessed using the BOD POD. Analysis. Regression analysis, between subjects analysis of variance, and structural equation modeling were used. Results. Bivariate regression analysis demonstrated that sleep efficiency was negatively related to adiposity and that the 7-day standard deviations of bedtime, wake time, and sleep duration were positively related to adiposity (p < .05). Controlling for objectively measured physical activity strengthened the relationship between sleep duration and adiposity by 84% but had a statistically negligible impact on all other relationships that were analyzed. However, multivariate structural equation modeling indicated that a model including sleep efficiency, sleep pattern inconsistency (latent variable consisting of the 7-day standard deviations of bedtime, wake time, and sleep duration), and physical activity was the best for predicting percent body fat. Conclusion. Inconsistent sleep patterns and poor sleep efficiency are related to adiposity. Consistent sleep patterns that include sufficient sleep may be important in modifying risk of excess body fat in young adult women.
A Multilevel Model of Organizational Health Culture and the Effectiveness of Health Promotion
Authors: Lin Yea-Wen , Lin Yueh-Ysen 
Published: November 2013

Purpose. Organizational health culture is a health-oriented core characteristic of the organization that is shared by all members. It is effective in regulating health-related behavior for employees and could therefore influence the effectiveness of health promotion efforts among organizations and employees. This study applied a multilevel analysis to verify the effects of organizational health culture on the organizational and individual effectiveness of health promotion. Design. At the organizational level, we investigated the effect of organizational health culture on the organizational effectiveness of health promotion. At the individual level, we adopted a cross-level analysis to determine if organizational health culture affects employee effectiveness through the mediating effect of employee health behavior. Setting. The study setting consisted of the workplaces of various enterprises. Subjects. We selected 54 enterprises in Taiwan and surveyed 20 full-time employees from each organization, for a total sample of 1011 employees. Measures. We developed the Organizational Health Culture Scale to measure employee perceptions and aggregated the individual data to formulate organization-level data. Organizational effectiveness of health promotion included four dimensions: planning effectiveness, production, outcome, and quality, which were measured by scale or objective indicators. The Health Promotion Lifestyle Scale was adopted for the measurement of health behavior. Employee effectiveness was measured subjectively in three dimensions: self-evaluated performance, altruism, and happiness. Analysis. Following the calculation of descriptive statistics, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to test the multilevel hypotheses. Results. Organizational health culture had a significant effect on the planning effectiveness (β = .356, p < .05) and production (β = .359, p < .05) of health promotion. In addition, results of cross-level moderating effect analysis by HLM demonstrated that the effects of organizational health culture on three dimensions of employee effectiveness were completely mediated by health behavior. Conclusion. The construct connections established in this multilevel model will help in the construction of health promotion theories. The findings remind business executives that organizational health culture and employee health behavior help improve employee effectiveness.
PACES: A Physical Activity Campus Environmental Supports Audit on University Campuses
Authors: Horacek Tanya M. , White Adrienne A. , Byrd-Bredbenner Carol , Reznar Melissa M. , Olfert Melissa D. , Morrell Jesse S. , Koenings Mallory M. , Brown Onikia N. , Shelnutt Karla P. , Kattelmann Kendra K. , Greene Geoffrey W. , Colby Sarah E. , Thompson-Snyder Carrie A. 
Published: November 2013

Purpose. This study evaluated the policy and built and recreation environmental supports for physical activity on 13 university campuses. Design. Environmental audit survey. Setting. Thirteen U.S. universities, 2009. Subjects. University policies, recreation programs and facilities, and at least five additional buildings per campus. Measures. The Physical Activity Campus Environmental Supports Audit was developed for this study. Analysis. Analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey's B and χ2 assessed differences by institution and building type. Results. The mean obesogenic policy score was significantly lower than the desired score, ≥ 7 (p = .002), with only one campus scoring 10. The mean built environment audit score (5.4 ± 1.7) was low, with significant differences between institutions (p < .001) and only three campuses scoring above the desired score, ≥ 7. Although generally stairwells were clean and well lighted, there was a lack of signage to encourage stair use (p < .001). Overall, recreation programs (7.1 ± .7) and facilities (7.1 ± 1.2) scored well, but amenities scores were lower for satellite (2.8 ± 1.6) versus main (4.1 ± 1.8) recreation facilities (p = .04). Conclusion. On these 13 university campuses, recreation programs and facilities were supportive of healthful lifestyles for obesity prevention, but policies and the built environment were not. This physical activity environmental audit survey requires testing in a wider sample of postsecondary institutions to corroborate its utility and provide evidence to support initiatives to improve campus environments for physical activity.
Physical Activity Moderates the Association between Nicotine Dependence and Depression among U.S. Smokers
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. , Walker Jerome F. , Kane Christy , Cardinal Bradley J. 
Published: November 2013

Purpose. Research demonstrates that nicotine dependence and depression are associated and that physical activity is effective in reducing depression symptoms. However, our understanding of the potential beneficial effects of physical activity on depression in current smokers is more limited. The purpose of this study was to examine whether physical activity moderates the association between nicotine dependence and depression in U.S. smokers. Design. Cross-sectional. Setting. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006. Subjects. Four hundred forty-one current adult smokers. Measures. Participants wore an accelerometer for at least 4 days and completed questionnaires to assess nicotine dependence and depression. Analysis. Effect modification and statistical interaction models were used. Results. Both models were significant. With regard to the statistical interaction model, and after controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, comorbidity index, homocysteine, cotinine, total cholesterol, sedentary behavior, and vitamins C, D, and E, objectively measured physical activity moderated the association between nicotine dependence and depression (interaction variable: odds ratio = 3.43; 95% confidence interval: 1.02–11.51; p = .04). Conclusion. In this national sample of current smokers, physical activity moderated the association between nicotine dependence and depression. These results suggest that those individuals with nicotine dependence and who are less physically active are more likely to be depressed than what would be expected on the basis of the individual effects of nicotine and physical inactivity separately.
Allelic variation in HMW glutenins in Spanish wheat landraces and their relationship with bread quality
Authors: Giraldo P. , Rodriguez-Quijano M. , Simon C. , Vazquez J. F. , Carrillo J. M. 
Published: November 2013

The allelic variation of high molecular weight glutenins as principal determinants of bread quality has been analyzed in 165 Spanish wheat ( Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare L.) landraces provided by the Plant Genetic Resources Centre. The identification by standard electrophoresis techniques has been supported by a new PCR screening method, allowing the identification of the 2•• glutenin subunit from the Glu-A1 locus in some landraces. The relation of high molecular weight glutenins and bread quality has been evaluated by SDS-sedimentation tests and mixographs. A positive influence on quality has been found for the 2•• glutenin subunit from the Glu-A1 locus, pairs 7 + 8 and 13 + 16 from the Glu-B1 locus, and pair 5 + 10 from the Glu-D1 locus. The presence of a wide range of values for quality traits in landraces with the same high molecular weight glutenin composition points to the possible influence of other prolamins such as the low molecular weight glutenins. Their influence on bread quality will be assessed in future studies. A complete description of the high molecular weight glutenin composition and quality values of all the landraces analyzed in this study is provided for use in wheat breeding programs.
Evaluation of soil nitrogen availability by growing tufts of nitrophilic species in an intensively grazed biodiverse legume-rich pasture
Authors: Rodrigues M. A. , Gomes V. , Dias L. G. , Pires J. , Aguiar C. , Arrobas M. 
Published: November 2013

Biodiverse legume-rich pastures (BLRP) have been recommended for extensive animal production since they can improve productivity and pasture quality. However, the consequences for the N balance within the agro-system, due to the increase in biological N 2 fixation, must be monitored. A field trial was carried out to evaluate the soil N availability in a BLRP in comparison with an adjacent unsown pasture. The field experiment consisted of growing tufts of nitrophilic species (turnip, Brassica campestris and rye, Secale cereale) in the pastures rounded by PVC rings. Soil inorganic-N levels were monitored during a period of one year. The potentially available soil N was determined by growing ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in a pot experiment and carrying out several chemical extraction methods. The mean values of N recovered by field-grown turnip and rye were, respectively, 30.6 and 31.1 kg ha–1 in BLRP, not statistically higher than that recovered in the unsown pasture. This is consistent with the very low levels of soil inorganic-N observed both in BLRP and the unsown pasture. Nitrogen recovered by ryegrass grown in pots was significantly higher in the soil collected from the BLRP than in soil from the unsown pasture. In this study, plant-available inorganic-N appeared as a strong limiting factor for the growth of the non-legume component. The BLRP seems to be currently environmentally sound, since the risk of N loss is practically non-existent. However, the potentially mineralisable organic N is increasing, which requires a further monitoring of the soil N dynamic as the pasture ages.
Phosphorous and nitrogen changes in compost-amended schist soils in vineyards in the D.O. Priorat wine-producing area (NE Spain)
Authors: Ramos M. C. , Oliva E. , Nacci S. 
Published: November 2013

The impact, on nitrogen and phosphorous dynamics, of applying compost at different rates was investigated in soils developed on schist in new terraced vineyards (NTV) and in undisturbed areas (NC). Repacked soil columns amended with 0 (control), 50 t ha –1 (T1) and 100 t ha–1 (T2) of compost were studied under laboratory conditions simulating both situations. The columns were maintained for 1 year, during which time a total of 300 mm of simulated rainfall was applied in ten 30 mm applications. Soil organic matter (OM), nitrogen and phosphorous contents were analysed at the end of the study period and leachates were analysed after each simulated rainfall event. Significant differences in nitrate leaching were observed between the control and the treated soils and these differences were greater in the NC (control = 1.368 g, T1 = 1.526 g and T2 = 1.686 g) than in the NTV soils (control = 0.61 g, T1 = = 1.068 g and T2 = 1.283 g). The relative effect was greater in the NTV soils (T1/control = 1.11 vs. 1.75 and T2/control = 1.23 vs. 2.1 for NC and NTV, respectively). The nitrate concentration in the leached water reached up to 400 mg L–1, which implied a risk of groundwater pollution. Phosphorous losses through leaching were very low with concentrations of < 0.15 mg L–1, without any significant differences between treatments. The phosphorous concentrations in the surface horizon increased by 50.8% in T1 and by 66.8% in T2 in the NC soils, compared with increases of 20.3% and 38%, respectively, in the NTV soils. Due to the high infiltration capacity of the study soils, leaching effects must be considered in order to prevent groundwater pollution.
Observation of the microstructural evolution of snow under uniaxial compression using X‐ray computed microtomography
Authors: Wang Xuan , Baker Ian 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe relationship between snow microstructure and its mechanical properties is crucial for modeling the microstructural cause of snow avalanches. In this paper, the knowledge gap between snow microstructural evolution and overburden is bridged by combining compression tests with X‐ray computed microtomography (micro‐CT). Continuous compression tests and interrupted compression tests were performed on three types of snow (fresh low‐temperature snow, fresh high‐temperature snow, and sintered low‐temperature snow with densities ranging from 100 to 350 kg/m3) to investigate the effects of initial structure on both the stress‐displacement curve and structural changes during the compression test. Three‐dimensional micro‐CT images and scanning electron microscopy images showed that well‐connected structures of sintered snow contribute to a more rapid stress increase during deformation. By combining the analyses of the specific surface area, structure model index, and structure thickness, it is shown that compression tests at a fixed temperature, loading rate, and density snow metamorphism can be regarded as an accelerated pressure sintering process. However, when extremely low‐density snow (50 kg/m3) was subjected to compression testing, the same evolution of structure parameters was again found, but fracture of snowflakes was also observed. The overall process of low‐density snow deformation can be explained as a combination of fracturing and sintering but with the sintering predominating.
Nutritional correlates of the “lean season”: Effects of seasonality and frugivory on the nutritional ecology of diademed sifakas
Authors: Irwin Mitchell T. , Raharison Jean‐Luc , Raubenheimer David , Chapman Colin A. , Rothman Jessica M. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPrimate field studies often identify “lean seasons,” when preferred foods are scarce, and lower‐quality, abundant foods (fallback foods) are consumed. Here, we quantify the nutritional implications of these terms for two diademed sifaka groups (Propithecus diadema) in Madagascar, using detailed feeding observations and chemical analyses of foods. In particular, we sought to understand 1) how macronutrient and energy intakes vary seasonally, including whether these intakes respond in similar or divergent ways; 2) how the amount of food ingested varies seasonally (including whether changes in amount eaten may compensate for altered food quality); and 3) correlations between these variables and the degree of frugivory. In the lean season, sifakas shifted to non‐fruit foods (leaves and flowers), which tended to be high in protein while low in other macronutrients and energy, but the average composition of the most used foods in each season was similar. They also showed dramatic decreases in feeding time, food ingested, and consequently, daily intake of macronutrients and energy. The degree of frugivory in the daily diet was a strong positive predictor of feeding time, amount ingested and all macronutrient and energy intakes, though season had an independent effect. These results suggest that factors restricting how much food can be eaten (e.g., handling time, availability, or intrinsic characteristics like fiber and plant secondary metabolites) can be more important than the nutritional composition of foods themselves in determining nutritional outcomes—a finding with relevance for understanding seasonal changes in behavior, life history strategies, competitive regimes, and conservation planning. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:78–91, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: A proposed method for the assessment of pubertal stage in human skeletal remains using cervical vertebrae maturation
Authors: Shapland Fiona , Lewis Mary E. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe assessment of age‐at‐death in non‐adult skeletal remains is under constant review. However, in many past societies an individual's physical maturation may have been more important in social terms than their exact age, particularly during the period of adolescence. In a recent article (Shapland and Lewis: Am J Phys Anthropol 151 (2013) 302–310) highlighted a set of dental and skeletal indicators that may be useful in mapping the progress of the pubertal growth spurt. This article presents a further skeletal indicator of adolescent development commonly used by modern clinicians: cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM). This method is applied to a collection of 594 adolescents from the medieval cemetery of St. Mary Spital, London. Analysis reveals a potential delay in ages of attainment of the later CVM stages compared with modern adolescents, presumably reflecting negative environmental conditions for growth and development. The data gathered on CVM is compared to other skeletal indicators of pubertal maturity and long bone growth from this site to ascertain the usefulness of this method on archaeological collections. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:144–153, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Künstliche genetische Systeme bestehend aus vergrößerten Basenpaaren
Authors: Winnacker Malte , Kool Eric T. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWir beschreiben in diesem Kurzaufsatz die Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen von künstlichen genetischen Systemen, die aus Basenpaaren bestehen, die länger sind als die Basen der natürlichen Watson‐Crick‐Architektur. Derartige Systeme werden von mehreren Arbeitsgruppen untersucht, um fundamentale chemische Fragen bezüglich der Funktion der genetischen Speichersysteme und somit des Ursprungs und der Entwicklung des Lebens zu erforschen. Beispielsweise, ist die irdische DNA‐Struktur die einzig mögliche oder können andere Architekturen genauso funktionieren? Das Arbeiten jenseits der Beschränkungen der Purin‐Pyrimidin‐Geometrie ermöglicht mehr chemische Flexibilität im Design, und die zusätzliche Größe ergänzt das System um nützliche Eigenschaften wie hohe Bindungsaffinität, Helix‐Stabilität sowie Fluoreszenz. Diese Eigenschaften sind nützlich für die Untersuchung von fundamentalen biochemischen Fragestellungen sowie für die Entwicklung neuer biotechnologischer, biomedizinischer und nanostruktureller Werkzeuge und Methoden.
Den entatischen Zustand im Griff – ein Duo von Kupfer‐Komplexen
Authors: Hoffmann Alexander , Binder Stephan , Jesser Anton , Haase Roxana , Flörke Ulrich , Gnida Manuel , Salomone Stagni Marco , Meyer‐Klaucke Wolfram , Lebsanft Benjamin , Grünig Lara Elena , Schneider Simon , Hashemi Maryam , Goos Arne , Wetzel Alina , Rübhausen Michael , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDie Struktur von zwei Typen von Guanidin‐Chinolin‐Kupfer‐Komplexen wurde mittels Einkristallröntgenstrukturanalyse, K‐Kanten‐Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (XAS), Resonanz‐Raman‐ und UV/Vis‐Spektroskopie, Cyclovoltammetrie und Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) untersucht. Unabhängig vom Oxidationszustand weisen beide Strukturen sowohl im Festkörper als auch in Lösung nahezu die gleiche Struktur auf und können durch einen reversiblen Elektronentransfer bei 0.33 V ineinander überführt werden. Durch eine resonante Anregung der beiden entatischen Kupferkomplexe kann der Übergangszustand des Elektronentransfers über die Schwingungsmoden, die entweder den Metall‐Ligand‐Charge‐Transfer‐Zustand (MLCT) oder den Ligand‐Metall‐Charge‐Transfer‐Zustand (LMCT) verbinden, untersucht werden.
Genomic Imprinting—The Struggle of the Genders at the Molecular Level
Authors: Jurkowska Renata Z. , Jeltsch Albert 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGenomic imprinting, the parent of origin‐dependent expression of genes, has been discovered as a fascinating example of the control of gene expression by epigenetic processes in the human body. It affects about 100 genes, which are often involved in growth and development. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms leading to the generation of gender‐specific imprints in form of DNA methylation marks, their preservation during growth and development of the organism, and the processes that translate parental methylation marks into monoallelic gene expression. We discuss the gender‐specific dimorphic nature of imprints from an evolutionary point of view and present the prevalent model that molecular imprinting mediates a conflict of interest between the parents that occurs in viviparous animals. Finally, we summarize the relevance of parental imprinting for human health.