bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quelle transition numérique pour les étudiants internationaux ?
Authors: Guichon Nicolas 
Published: May 2015

Cet article fait état d'une recherche qui investigue de quelle façon une catégorie d'étudiants, celle des étudiants internationaux non francophones de niveau avancé, intègre ou non les outils numériques dans ses pratiques sociales et académiques. En s'appuyant sur deux concepts – les littératies numériques et l'intercontextualité – un état des lieux des recherches concernant les usages numériques des étudiants en contexte universitaire est conduit avec un examen des méthodologies utilisées et des questions de recherche récurrentes. Puis, dans une perspective sociocritique des usages numériques en éducation, sont examinées les pratiques rapportées d'un échantillon d'étudiants internationaux afin d'en saisir la nature et l'empan, et de déterminer le potentiel des outils numériques pour leur perfectionnement langagier et académique. Il s'agit en somme d'étudier (1) comment ces nouveaux usages s'inscrivent dans le contexte socio-historique d'une université en proie à la technologisation et soumise à de nouveaux défis organisationnels et pédagogiques et (2) de quelles façons les étudiants internationaux négocient la transition numérique.
Generation of TCR-Engineered T Cells and Their Use To Control the Performance of T Cell Assays
Authors: Bidmon Nicole , Attig Sebastian , Rae Richard , Schröder Helene , Omokoko Tana A. , Simon Petra , Kuhn Andreas N. , Kreiter Sebastian , Sahin Ugur , Gouttefangeas Cécile , van der Burg Sjoerd H. , Britten Cedrik M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The systematic assessment of the human immune system bears huge potential to guide rational development of novel immunotherapies and clinical decision making. Multiple assays to monitor the quantity, phenotype, and function of Ag-specific T cells are commonly used to unravel patients’ immune signatures in various disease settings and during therapeutic interventions. When compared with tests measuring soluble analytes, cellular immune assays have a higher variation, which is a major technical factor limiting their broad adoption in clinical immunology. The key solution may arise from continuous control of assay performance using TCR-engineered reference samples. We developed a simple, stable, robust, and scalable technology to generate reference samples that contain defined numbers of functional Ag-specific T cells. First, we show that RNA-engineered lymphocytes, equipped with selected TCRs, can repetitively deliver functional readouts of a controlled size across multiple assay platforms. We further describe a concept for the application of TCR-engineered reference samples to keep assay performance within or across institutions under tight control. Finally, we provide evidence that these novel control reagents can sensitively detect assay variation resulting from typical sources of error, such as low cell quality, loss of reagent stability, suboptimal hardware settings, or inaccurate gating.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 1 Participates in Macrophage Polarization via Regulating Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Tan Zheng , Xie Na , Cui Huachun , Moellering Douglas R. , Abraham Edward , Thannickal Victor J. , Liu Gang 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The M1 and M2 polarized phenotypes dictate distinctive roles for macrophages as they participate in inflammatory disorders. There has been growing interest in the role of cellular metabolism in macrophage polarization. However, it is currently unclear whether different aspects of a specific metabolic program coordinately regulate this cellular process. In this study, we found that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), a key regulatory enzyme in glucose metabolism, plays an important role in the differential activation of macrophages. Knockdown of PDK1 diminished M1, whereas it enhanced M2 activation of macrophages. Mechanistically, PDK1 knockdown led to diminished aerobic glycolysis in M1 macrophages, which likely accounts for the attenuated inflammatory response in these cells. Furthermore, we found that mitochondrial respiration is enhanced during and required by the early activation of M2 macrophages. Suppression of glucose oxidation, but not that of fatty acids, inhibits this process. Consistent with its inhibitory role in early M2 activation, knockdown of PDK1 enhanced mitochondrial respiration in macrophages. Our data suggest that two arms of the glucose metabolism synergistically regulate the differential activation of macrophages. Our findings also highlight the central role of PDK1 in this event via controlling glycolysis and glucose oxidation.
Detentiebeleving van strafrechtelijk gedetineerden zonder verblijfsrecht
Authors: Kox Mieke , de Ridder Steven , Vanhouche An-Sofie , Boone Miranda , Beyens Kristel 
Published: May 2015

Detention experiences of criminal foreign national prisoners without legal residence
The detention experiences of male criminal foreign national prisoners without legal residence receive little attention in penological literature. A qualitative study amongst 30 prisoners with and 16 prisoners without legal residence in the penitentiary institution Tilburg shows that contacts with the social network and the preparation of the reintegration in society are (more) complicated for foreign national prisoners without legal residence. Besides, communication with the staff is more difficult for this group. These factors have negative impact on their detention experiences. The results show that both deprivation and importation theory apply to foreign national prisoners without legal residence. However, importation aspects – especially the lack of legal residence – may substantially and systematically increase the deprivation and result in additional exclusion and isolation mechanisms for this particular group.
Regards des habitants de Kangiqsujuaq sur leurs albums de photographies de famille (1960-2012)
Authors: Antomarchi Véronique 
Published: May 2015

Cet article présente un terrain effectué en juillet 2012 dans un village du Nunavik (Nord Québec) dans le cadre d’un projet sur l’imagibilité inuit. Mené en accord avec la municipalité de Kangiqsujuaq, ce projet a fédéré une dizaine d’habitants qui ont choisi et commenté quelques photos de leurs albums de famille. Les 35 clichés recueillis ont été scannés et déposés à l’Institut culturel inuit Avataq à Montréal en vue d’assurer la protection et la conservation de ce patrimoine photographique « ordinaire ». Ces clichés ont ensuite été agrandis et viennent de faire l’objet d’une exposition dans la communauté afin de permettre la transmission intergénérationnelle autour de la mémoire collective, familiale, individuelle des habitants du village. L’enjeu essentiel de ce projet repose sur la prise en compte du regard des habitants qui permet une représentation plus appropriée du territoire. La question est de savoir dans quelle mesure ce patrimoine photographique pourrait rentrer en ligne de compte dans l’aménagement muséographique des centres de transmission des parcs nationaux, comme ici, en ce qui concerne le parc des Pingualuit, présenté comme l’icône touristique du Nunavik.
Speed-dating à Bruxelles
Authors: Wauthier Pierre-Yves 
Published: May 2015

Le speed-dating est un dispositif destiné à produire de la rencontre
hétérosexuelle à connotation sentimentale. Il s’organise en tournantes de rencontre de
quelques minutes entre inconnus du sexe opposé. Il s’adresse a priori à des
célibataires urbains à la recherche d’un partenaire. Il témoigne de changements sociaux
affectant la conjugalité. Lorsque la relation significative antérieure est rompue et lorsque
le réseau social semble vide de partenaire envisageable, le speed-dating apparaît
comme un moyen sécurisé de rencontrer des inconnus afin de résoudre l’injonction moderne du
« libre choix du conjoint », dans un contexte contradictoire qui valorise à la fois la
famille nucléaire et le mode désirant. L’article discute la parenté en tant qu’objet
anthropologique. Il discute également de l’apport du sociologue Jean-Claude Kaufmann sur
l’inversion sexe/amour.
Recovering paleoearthquake slip record in a highly dynamic alluvial and tectonic region (Hope Fault, New Zealand) from airborne lidar
Authors: Manighetti I. , Perrin C. , Dominguez S. , Garambois S. , Gaudemer Y. , Malavieille J. , Matteo L. , Delor E. , Vitard C. , Beauprêtre S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractKnowing the slip amplitudes that large earthquakes produced in prehistorical times is one key to anticipate the magnitude of large forthcoming events. It is long known that the morphology is preserving remnants of paleoearthquake slips in the form of fault‐offset landforms. However, the measured offsets that can be attributed to the most recent paleoearthquakes are generally few along a fault, so that they rarely allow recovering the slip distributions and largest slips of these earthquakes. We acquired ~1 m resolution airborne lidar data on a 30 km stretch of a fast‐slipping strike‐slip fault (eastern Hope Fault, New Zealand) located in a region of high alluvial dynamics where landforms are rapidly evolving. Data analysis reveals >200 offset landforms; only 30% allow a good to moderate quality offset measurement. From these good to moderate quality measures, we recover the slip‐length distributions and largest slips of the four most recent large paleoearthquakes and find evidence of 4–6 prior events. The record suggests that large earthquake slip recurred in multiples of about 4 m along the 30 km stretch. Although they have larger uncertainties, the more numerous lower‐quality offsets that we also measured reveal a similar earthquake slip record. This shows that, although offset landforms are partly degraded in dynamically active landscapes, they store valuable information on paleoearthquake slips. This information might be recovered provided that the morphology is analyzed at high resolution and “continuously” over a significant fault length. Remote lidar data are powerful to perform such analyses.
Arctic sea ice and freshwater sensitivity to the treatment of the atmosphere‐ice‐ocean surface layer
Authors: Roy François , Chevallier Matthieu , Smith Gregory C. , Dupont Frédéric , Garric Gilles , Lemieux Jean‐François , Lu Youyu , Davidson Fraser 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGlobal simulations are presented focusing on the atmosphere‐ice‐ocean (AIO) surface layer (SL) in the Arctic. Results are produced using an ocean model (NEMO) coupled to two different sea ice models: the Louvain‐La‐Neuve single‐category model (LIM2) and the Los Alamos multicategory model (CICE4). A more objective way to adjust the sea ice‐ocean drag is proposed compared to a coefficient tuning approach. The air‐ice drag is also adjusted to be more consistent with the atmospheric forcing data set. Improving the AIO SL treatment leads to more realistic results, having a significant impact on the sea ice volume trend, sea ice thickness, and the Arctic freshwater (FW) budget. The physical mechanisms explaining this sensitivity are studied. Improved sea ice drift speeds result in less sea ice accumulation in the Beaufort Sea, correcting a typical ice thickness bias. Sea ice thickness and drag parameters affect how atmospheric stress is transferred to the ocean, thereby influencing Ekman transport and FW retention in the Beaufort Gyre (BG). Increasing sea ice‐ocean roughness reduces sea ice growth in winter by reducing ice deformation and lead fractions in the BG. It also increases the total Arctic FW content by reducing sea ice export through Fram Strait. Similarly, increasing air‐ice roughness increases the total Arctic FW content by increasing FW retention in the BG.
Vertical distribution of precipitation particles in Baiu frontal stratiform intense rainfall around Okinawa Island, Japan
Authors: Oue M. , Ohigashi T. , Tsuboki K. , Nakakita E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe vertical distribution of precipitation particles in an intensely precipitating stratiform cloud associated with the Baiu front around Okinawa Island was observed. X‐band polarimetric radar, disdrometer, and hydrometeor videosonde data were used to examine the precipitation processes. The cloud top was approximately 12 km above sea level, as convection was depressed while stratiform regions developed near Okinawa Island. In the rain region below 3 km, the mean median volume diameter of the raindrop size distribution (DSD) estimated from the radar variables was 1.55 mm, and the mean normalized intercept parameter was 104.12 mm−1 m−3 with a mean radar reflectivity of 40.5 dBZe. The DSD indicates that the stratiform precipitation was characterized by higher number concentrations of smaller drops than observed previously in convective cells in a Baiu frontal convective precipitation region around Okinawa Island. The DSD also suggests the presence of larger raindrops than in convective cells embedded in a Baiu frontal stratiform precipitation region around Okinawa Island. In the ice region at 5–6 km, just above the melting layer and 6 km below the cloud top, the differential reflectivity and specific differential phase showed positive values, and videosonde measurements revealed that the number concentration of column‐, plate‐, and capped‐column‐like crystals (maximum dimensions of ≥0.1 mm) was 112 L−1. The high number concentration of these crystals contributed to the intense stratiform rainfall associated with the Baiu front.
Surface vector mapping of magnetic anomalies over the Moon using Kaguya and Lunar Prospector observations
Authors: Tsunakawa Hideo , Takahashi Futoshi , Shimizu Hisayoshi , Shibuya Hidetoshi , Matsushima Masaki 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe have provided preliminary global maps of three components of the lunar magnetic anomaly on the surface applying the surface vector mapping (SVM) method. The data used in the present study consist of about 5 million observations of the lunar magnetic field at 10–45 km altitudes by Kaguya and Lunar Prospector. The lunar magnetic anomalies were mapped at 0.2° equi‐distance points on the surface by the SVM method, showing the highest intensity of 718 nT in the Crisium antipodal region. Overall features on the SVM maps indicate that elongating magnetic anomalies are likely to be dominant on the Moon except for the young large basins with the impact demagnetization. Remarkable demagnetization features suggested by previous studies are also recognized at Hertzsprung and Kolorev craters on the farside. These features indicate that demagnetized areas extend to about 1–2 radii of the basins/craters. There are well‐isolated central magnetic anomalies at four craters: Leibnitz, Aitken, Jules Verne, and Grimaldi craters. Their magnetic poles through the dipole source approximation suggest occurrence of the polar wander prior to 3.3–3.5 Ga. When compared with high‐albedo markings at several magnetic anomalies such as the Reiner Gamma anomalies, three‐dimensional structures of the magnetic field on/near the surface are well correlated with high‐albedo areas. These results indicate that the global SVM maps are useful for the study of the lunar magnetic anomalies in comparison with various geological and geophysical data.
Observations and modeling of hillslope throughflow temperatures in a coastal forested catchment
Authors: Leach J. A. , Moore R. D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA growing body of research on stream thermal regimes has highlighted the importance of heat advection associated with surface water and groundwater interactions, such as hyporheic exchange, groundwater discharge, and hillslope throughflow inputs. Existing catchment models that predict stream temperature use a variety of approaches to estimate throughflow temperatures, but none has been evaluated against field measurements of throughflow temperature. In this study, throughflow temperatures were monitored over two winters at 50 locations adjacent to a headwater stream (11 ha catchment area) located in the rain‐on‐snow zone of the Pacific Northwest. Existing approaches to estimate throughflow temperature under or overpredicted throughflow temperatures by up to 5°C, or were unable to represent the influence of transient snow cover. Therefore, a conceptual‐parametric model that is computationally efficient was developed that simulates hillslope hydrology and throughflow temperatures. The model structure includes an upslope reservoir that drains into a downslope reservoir that, in turn, drains into the stream. Vertical and lateral energy and water fluxes are simulated using simplified process representations. The model successfully predicts throughflow temperatures and highlights the dominant role of throughflow advection and the influence of snow cover on stream thermal regimes during high flow periods and rain‐on‐snow events.
Optimizing irradiance estimates for coastal and inland water imaging spectroscopy
Authors: Thompson David R. , Seidel Felix C. , Gao Bo Cai , Gierach Michelle M. , Green Robert O. , Kudela Raphael M. , Mouroulis Pantazis 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNext generation orbital imaging spectrometers, with advanced global remote sensing capabilities, propose to address outstanding ocean science questions related to coastal and inland water environments. These missions require highly accurate characterization of solar irradiance in the critical 380–600 nm spectral range. However, the irradiance in this spectral region is temporally variable and difficult to measure directly, leading to considerable variance between different models. Here we optimize an irradiance estimate using data from the NASA airborne Portable Remote Imaging Spectrometer (PRISM), leveraging spectrally smooth in‐scene targets. We demonstrate improved retrievals for both PRISM and the Next Generation Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer.
Bubbles attenuate elastic waves at seismic frequencies: First experimental evidence
Authors: Tisato Nicola , Quintal Beatriz , Chapman Samuel , Podladchikov Yury , Burg Jean‐Pierre 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe migration of gases from deep to shallow reservoirs can cause damageable events. For instance, some gases can pollute the biosphere or trigger explosions and eruptions. Seismic tomography may be employed to map the accumulation of subsurface bubble‐bearing fluids to help mitigating such hazards. Nevertheless, how gas bubbles modify seismic waves is still unclear. We show that saturated rocks strongly attenuate seismic waves when gas bubbles occupy part of the pore space. Laboratory measurements of elastic wave attenuation at frequencies <100 Hz are modeled with a dynamic gas dissolution theory demonstrating that the observed frequency‐dependent attenuation is caused by wave‐induced‐gas‐exsolution‐dissolution (WIGED). This result is incorporated into a numerical model simulating the propagation of seismic waves in a subsurface domain containing CO2‐gas bubbles. This simulation shows that WIGED can significantly modify the wavefield and illustrates how accounting for this physical mechanism can potentially improve the monitoring and surveying of gas bubble‐bearing fluids in the subsurface.
Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short‐lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol
Authors: Hossaini R. , Chipperfield M. P. , Saiz‐Lopez A. , Harrison J. J. , von Glasow R. , Sommariva R. , Atlas E. , Navarro M. , Montzka S. A. , Feng W. , Dhomse S. , Harth C. , Mühle J. , Lunder C. , O'Doherty S. , Young D. , Reimann S. , Vollmer M. K. , Krummel P. B. , Bernath P. F. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe have developed a chemical mechanism describing the tropospheric degradation of chlorine containing very short‐lived substances (VSLS). The scheme was included in a global atmospheric model and used to quantify the stratospheric injection of chlorine from anthropogenic VSLS ( ) between 2005 and 2013. By constraining the model with surface measurements of chloroform (CHCl3), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4), trichloroethene (C2HCl3), and 1,2‐dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl), we infer a 2013 mixing ratio of 123 parts per trillion (ppt). Stratospheric injection of source gases dominates this supply, accounting for ∼83% of the total. The remainder comes from VSLS‐derived organic products, phosgene (COCl2, 7%) and formyl chloride (CHClO, 2%), and also hydrogen chloride (HCl, 8%). Stratospheric increased by ∼52% between 2005 and 2013, with a mean growth rate of 3.7 ppt Cl/yr. This increase is due to recent and ongoing growth in anthropogenic CH2Cl2—the most abundant chlorinated VSLS not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.
Statistics of intense dawn‐dusk currents in the Earth's magnetotail
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Petrukovich A. A. , Nakamura R. , Zelenyi L. M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe consider Cluster observations of events with an intense current density (>5 nA/m2) in the magnetotail current sheet. We use measurements by Cluster mission in the central magnetotail (X <− 16 RE, |Y|<10 RE, and |Bx|<10 nT) in the 2003 season when the spacecraft separation was about ∼300 km. For this season, when Cluster can probe very small scale currents, we collect the statistics of observations of strong current densities jy (in GSM coordinate system) and compare curlometer data with plasma parameters. The most intense currents are observed under disturbed conditions (plasma flow vx>300 km/s). We introduce the parameter vD/vTi (where vD=jy/ene, ne is an electron density, and vTi is a proton thermal velocity) and show that cases with vD/vTi∼1 correspond to the most intense currents observed in the vicinity of the reconnection regions. The comparison of electron and proton velocities demonstrates that electron often carry almost the entire current measured by a curlometer technique. The strong electron temperature anisotropy Te∥/Te⊥>1.2 corresponds to large magnitudes of By component of the magnetic field. We conclude that intense current sheets are often characterized by significant (more than 30%) contribution of electron curvature currents to the cross‐tail current. The comparison of observations and models shows that the electron anisotropy level is likely controlled by competition of two processes: the electron scattering on fluctuations generated by fire‐hose instability and the acceleration in sheared magnetic field configurations. We also suggest that current sheets embedded into the strong plasma flows (vx/vTi>0.1) can be balanced by ion flow anisotropy.
Shallow ocean response to tropical cyclones observed on the continental shelf of the northwestern South China Sea
Authors: Yang Bing , Hou Yijun , Hu Po , Liu Ze , Liu Yahao 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBased on observed temperature and velocity in 2005 in northwestern South China Sea, the shallow ocean responses to three tropical cyclones were examined. The oceanic response to Washi was similar to common observations with 2°C cooling of the ocean surface and slight warming of the thermocline resulted from vertical entrainment. Moreover, the wavefield was dominated by first mode near‐inertial oscillations, which were red‐shifted and trapped by negative background vorticity leading to an e‐folding timescale of 12 days. The repeated reflections by the surface and bottom boundaries were thought to yield the successive emergence of higher modes. The oceanic responses to Vicente appeared to be insignificant with cooling of the ocean surface by only 0.5°C and near‐inertial currents no larger than 0.10 m/s as a result of a deepened surface mixed layer. However, the oceanic responses to Typhoon Damrey were drastic with cooling of 4.5°C near the surface and successive barotropic‐like near‐inertial oscillations. During the forced stage, the upper ocean heat content decreased conspicuously by 11.65% and the stratification was thoroughly destroyed by vertical mixing. In the relaxation stage, the water particle had vertical displacement of 20–30 m generated by inertial pumping. The current response to Damrey was weaker than Washi due to the deepened mixed layer and the destroyed stratification. Our results suggested that the shallow water oceanic responses to tropical cyclones varied significantly with the intensity of tropical cyclones, and was affected by local stratification and background vorticity.