bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing Non-Occupational Risk Factors for Repetitive Stress Injury in the Workplace
Authors: Perez Graciela , Davis-Street Janis , Irikannu Ugochi , Maltchev Kathy 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are adverse health outcomes that affect soft tissues of the body. MSDs typically develop over time and may be associated with a variety of contributing risk factors. Companies have implemented policies, training, processes and systems to address occupational risk factors in the workplace. Unlike other workplace exposures, the contributing risk factors for MSDs exist in every aspect of employees’ lives. This presentation outlines results from a literature review on the effects of non-occupational contributors to MSDs and describes the development of an integrated approach to address non-occupational risk factors for MSCs in the workplace. Following the review of the emerging research addressing non-occupational contributors to MSDs, a gap analysis was conducted on existing discomfort management programs and program enhancements were developed to pilot. Key stakeholders were identified to complete an internal peer review and vet planned program enhancements. An internally published whitepaper was written for employee education, leadership engagement, and to promote a holistic health approach. We describe the results to date of the developed communication plan, including the preliminary feedback and information sharing processes currently in use with business leaders, health, medical, and ergonomic professionals.
Chevron San Ardo Facility Unit (SAFU) Beneficial Produced Water Reuse for Irrigation
Authors: Myers James E. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Chevron San Ardo Facility Unit (SAFU) is a successful example of how brackish produced water can be treated and beneficially reused for freshwater irrigation while increasing domestic oil production. The SAFU produced water reuse is the culmination of a couple of decades of research, pilot testing, and engineering design. The produced water treatment process consists of conventional oil/water separation, reverse osmosis, treatment wetlands and recharge basins. SAFU is located in the mid-coast region of California along the Salinas River near San Ardo. There are many growers in the area producing wine grapes, walnuts, lettuce, spinach, asparagus and other fruits and vegetables. Understanding the local community and stakeholder water needs is as important as the technical treatment side of water reuse.
Developing and Deploying a Global Platform for Monitoring and Evaluating Social Investment
Authors: Kiernan Lisa 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents findings on developing and globally deploying a platform for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of social investment (SI) at one of the world's largest integrated oil and gas companies. This global SI M&E platform has been designed to track the performance of more than $200 million in annual social investment spending and to measure the progress of SI projects against both business and social objectives. This paper illustrates how an SI M&E process and tool can help ensure that all field locations meet the expectation that social investments be managed and deliver results at a highly strategic level comparable to other business functions. Through the presentation of case study findings, this paper also provides practical insights into developing meaningful standardized metrics, coordinating with the field on piloting a process, and working with a third-party to build an online solution.
Progressive Land Reclamation as the Design and Operational Basis for the Kearl Oil Sands Mine
Authors: Neufeld Lori 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Development of the oil sands in northeastern Alberta is an important contributor to the economies of both Alberta and Canada, but this type of hydrocarbon resource is often perceived by some as representing daunting environmental challenges. One particular area of stakeholder focus is the nature of the surface land footprint associated with mineable oil sands developments. This paper will provide the facts and context of progressive reclamation in Canada's mineable oil sands industry with a focus on the Kearl Oil Sands Mine operated by Imperial Oil Resources Ventures Limited (Imperial Oil). It will demonstrate how progressive land reclamation has been integrated into the mine planning process for Kearl from the outset of project planning and how the soil, overburden, groundwater, surface water, vegetation and wildlife resources are considered throughout the life of the mine from a reclamation perspective. Nearly 22,000 ha of land will be disturbed over 40+ years of operation of the Kearl Oil Sands Mine. Imperial Oil is committed to progressive reclamation of the disturbed land throughout the life of the mine. As part of Kearl's long-term vision for reclamation success, Imperial Oil is currently salvaging, segregating and storing soil and collecting and banking native seeds so that these valuable reclamation materials are readily available in the future. Ongoing mine closure planning and the integration of progressive reclamation from the outset of the mine planning process has identified opportunities, vulnerabilities and technical constraints to mine closure.
The Journey to 80 Million Safe Man-Hours
Authors: Morales Marcos J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Gas Process Plant of Habshan 5 is one of the world's largest Natural Gas Processing plants build to date and expected to process 2,000 MMSCFD of Natural Gas and 6,000 Tons/Day of NGL when in full production. Peak manpower of 25,000 workers coming from more than 35 different countries, remote location and site conditions of high temperatures and humidity during summer time provided substantial risks to the overall project safety performance.
International safety studies have agreed that behavioural based safety change is a key component for a Zero Accident/Incident project. JGC engaged an Incident and Injury-Free® (IIF®) program and adopted a one-project, one team philosophy from the early days of the Project. A strong safety culture in which management leadership was aligned among parties and ingrained into various safety practices even including daily Safety Task Analysis and Risk Reduction Talk (STARRT) was pursued.
JGC encouraged subcontractors to embed all levels of site management in daily TBT/STARRT meetings, and organized several competitions in partnership to reach the level of excellence. The Culmination of the STARRT Journey is the STARRT Mastership Tournament; a competition not only between work crews of the respective Subcontractors, but a Grand Final between the winning crews of each Subcontractors to produce the overall champion.
Communication between senior management and the workforce was encouraged and a camp welfare committee established where ad-hoc evening visits were made by senior management to the workforce living areas where workers were invited to openly discuss issues regarding their welfare.
Through weekly IIF patrols on site, both day and night patrols in all the process plant areas with over 5,000 senior and line management site visits took place. Tool Box Meetings (TBM) and STARRT were extensively promoted with senior and line managers attendance almost every day.
Pre-job meetings like STARRT is nothing new, however, by introducing IIF, provoking management leadership for safety and welfare will bring about strong safety culture, in which every body including line manager, supervisor and workers are eagerly integrated into the field of creating safety culture.
Incident Injury-Free has been tailored to the specific requirements of this project, providing a very useful tool in further developing the changes in attitude on site. The achievement of 80 million safe man-hours under the JV operation on December 04th 2012 is a result of the long journey in materializing everybody’s wishes to complete the job and go back home safely. Finally, as of July, 2013, the project recorded over 100 Million Man–Hours without a Lost Time Injury (LTI).
All information provided in the following document is based solely and entirely on information relating to the Habshan 5
Process Plant project. It is important to note that all data, statistics, figures and factual information pertain only to this project and is not in any way intended to represent the entire IGD Habshan 5 project.
Water Management: Concept to Implementation
Authors: Fennessey Karl , Staudt Wilfred , Dell Jan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Water is essential in oil and gas operations. Yet water, particularly fresh water, is a scarce resource in many parts of world now and availability in some regions is predicted to become more constrained in the future. This paper will address industry understanding of water risks and impacts and share examples of water management strategies that are integral to sustainable and efficient operations in the sector.
Utilizing several publically available tools for improving understanding and evaluating risk, ConocoPhillips has continued to advance both our internal understanding of our risks and mitigation plans and contributed to raising the industry and stakeholder awareness of water management risks in the sector. Through our work with IPIECA, GEMI (Global Environmental Management Initiative) and other organizations, this paper showcases the evolution of the industry’s understanding, tools and guidance developed to better manage water risks, impacts and adaptation. As co-leader in the development of these tools, and from experience in their internal implementation, ConocoPhillips will share the evolution of the topic and the impact the following tools had in managing risks: The IPIECA Global Water Tool for Oil and Gas, customized in collaboration with the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), gives an overview and visual output of water use and risks for a global portfolio across the oil and gas value chain.The GEMI Local Water Tool for Oil and Gas provides a local-level understanding of water risk and development of asset-specific management plans.Development of a focused internal water strategy and areas of emphasis (supported by the IPIECA and GEMI tools) is expanding our transparency and internal understanding of water risks.
The paper will share practical implementation results from utilizing these tools, support implementation of good management practices and environmental and operational performance.
Conservation Agreements: Integrating Social and Environmental Investments in Liberia
Authors: Anwar Nadeem , Howard Deddeh , Donovan-Allen Jessica , Sayon Borwen , Niesten Eduard , Weikel Marielle Canter , Betre Mahlette 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Social investments by the energy sector are often pursued separately from environmental programs, which can miss opportunities for mutually-reinforced outcomes. Since 2012, "Chevron Liberia Limited" (therafter referred as "Chevron Liberia") and Conservation International (CI) have partnered in Liberia to develop community-level integrated social and environmental projects with the Barcoline community through Conservation Agreements (CAs). CAs are negotiated with local communities and include a package of social benefit investments as an incentive for environmental conservation commitments and performance. CI has conducted feasibility assessments for CAs with 12 villages comprising the Barcoline community just east of the port city of Buchanan. Villagers have committed to conservation activities such as protecting mangroves and sea-turtle nesting beaches and more sustainable hunting and fuelwood collection. In exchange, with support from Chevron Liberia, CI is working with development partners to develop and deliver benefit packages that include investments in social services (e.g. health, education, water and sanitation) and livelihoods (e.g. new agroforestry products, small-scale tourism and hospitality ventures), as well as training, equipment and stipends for community efforts to protect resources. Preliminary work has already increased awareness of local communities as to how their activities are impacting their local environment and how behavior changes might help improve their lives as well as protect natural resources. The communities, Chevron Liberia, CI and government agencies are positioning these CAs as demonstrations of replicable structure for relationships between local communities and companies, informing the design of a national conservation and development program for Liberia. A national CA program inspired by Chevron Liberia and CI’s demonstration project with the Barcoline community could serve as a model to support and assist broad distribution of the benefits of Liberia’s natural resource wealth, and also serve as a model for other countries. Although the Conservation Agreement approach has been implemented in more than 25 projects in 15 countries with support from 8 companies, this is the first time it has been used with an energy company. Bringing this model of integrated environmental and social investment projects to the sector could spur greater delivery of social and environmental benefits to communities and countries with energy exploration and development, as well as companies seeking to enhance their environmental and social performance.
Facts Behind the $18 Billion Ecuador Judgment for Environmental Damages
Authors: McMillen Sara J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Over the course of 20 years of litigation regarding former oil operations in Ecuador, numerous allegations have been made about purported impacts to people and the environment. Specific allegations have included drinking water contamination, extinction of entire indigenous groups, increased cancer rates, massive deforestation, biodiversity loss, and improper soil remediation. These allegations have been repeated by some NGOs and the international press as if they were facts. However, extensive research into each of these alleged impacts has proven them all to be false. In spite of the overwhelming evidence that the claims were false, in February, 2011, an Ecuadorian court awarded a judgment of USD $18 billion for these alleged damages.
Texaco Petroleum spent six years conducting audits, remediation, infrastructure improvements, and donating funds for socioeconomic projects. All of this work was done with government oversight and inspection resulting in a final settlement agreement absolving Texpet of any liability in 1998. Yet even after this major effort, a new lawsuit was filed in 2003. As part of that case, thousands of water and soil samples, historical records, decades of satellite imagery, government census and mortality data, and field surveys of biota have been compiled and analyzed by a team of experts including epidemiologists, anthropologists, chemists, biologists, economists, remediation specialists, human health risk assessors, and environmental engineers. The results of this research have been submitted to the courts in Ecuador.This paper will summarize the highlights of this unprecedented case and the tremendous volume of evidence collected to refute the claims that were part of an emotionally-charged, high-stakes litigation and NGO press campaign.
Intervention Program to Control Cardiovascular and Musculoskeletal Risks for Oil and Gas Industry Employees
Authors: Acevedo R. Gloria , Claros Liliana , Rodriguez Paola , Ulloa J. Hernan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a serious public health problem worldwide, occupying the first place among the causes of morbidity and mortality and also with a high potential for disability. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular disease deaths represent 30% of all deaths worldwide. The oil and gas industry is not an exception to this problem, with statistics for an oilfield services company over the last 10 years showing that more than 150 employees died of cardiovascular disease; 95% from heart attack and 5% from stroke.
In Colombia it was found in 2012 that a high percentage of the working population of the oilfield services company had one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease: 48.5% for overweight and obesity, 32% for lipid disorders, and 81% for physical inactivity (sedentarism). In consideration that many of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease are modifiable, such as improving one’s lifestyle concerning diet and exercise, a program named Ergoday was structured and implemented to focus on providing an individual diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring of the modifiable risk factors. With an emphasis on weight control, muscle strength, and flexibility in addition to the control of cardiovascular risk factors, the aim of the Ergoday program is to control both cardiovascular risk and musculoskeletal disorders, which were also prevalent in the Colombia workforce.
Participants in the program become aware of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) and the need for physical fitness to improve their quality of life. To achieve long-term success, the intervention includes specific recommendations to reduce or eliminate the risk factors and regular monitoring to assess compliance and impact of the recommendations given.
Upstream Nigeria Telemedicine Pilot Program
Authors: Dim Susan , Aliyu Bello 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Background: The quest for oil and gas has necessitated personnel movement into remote locations including offshore. Typical challenges for medical emergency response in remote locations are: adverse weather conditions and logistical problems.
Employees of ExxonMobil Upstream Affiliates in Nigeria stepped into the future of medicine with the deployment of innovative telemedicine technology by the Medicine and Occupational Health (MOH) Department in Nigeria. This Upstream Nigeria Telemedicine Pilot Program became a reality in March 2010 with commencement of teleconsultations by the specialists across our locations. Thus, they became the first ExxonMobil affiliate to successfully deploy such a Pilot Program.
Objective: This innovation is aimed at ensuring specialist on-line interactions with patients in remote locations such as off shore and reducing patient transfer across our locations.
Methods: The telemedicine equipment in this pilot includes Physician Small Studios (PSS) at the Mobil House and MHE Clinics; a Telemedicine cart (T-cart) at the Qua Iboe Terminal (QIT) clinic and a B3 Zero suitcase on a medic manned offshore location: OSO complex.
An on-line log of teleconsultations is kept on a daily basis while monthly total of the records is also documented.
Over one hundred and sixty-one (161) personnel across Eket, Lagos, QIT and OSO complex have had teleconsultations with physical evaluations done by means of the diagnostic scopes system. A client satisfaction survey was deployed in August 2010 to increase the metrics.
Conclusion: Some of the health needs addressed during such sessions include: fever, upper respiratory infections (URUI), pharyngitis, acute abdomen, gastroenteritis with dehydration, skin lesions, cellulitis, hypertension, and review of blood work. In most cases, personnel returned to work although some of the cases were placed on observation and some referrals to designated hospitals were made.
Effect of Pore Size Distribution and Connectivity on Phase Behavior and Gas Condensate Production from Unconventional Resources
Authors: Sanaei Alireza , Jamili Ahmad , Callard Jeffrey 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Transport properties and mechanisms as well as phase behavior under nanoscale confinement exhibit significant deviations from their bulk behavior. This is due to the significant effect of molecule-wall interactions as well as molecule-molecule interactions in shale formations which are mainly characterized by nanopores. Consequently, production from shale gas reservoirs is strongly influenced by pore sizes and their effects on phase behavior and transport properties.
In this study, we focus on analyzing and determining the effect of phase behavior and transport properties change due to pore proximity on production from a shale gas condensate reservoir. Additionally, the effect of different connectivities between pore sizes on production is studied. The effect of pore size on phase behavior is considered by using modified critical properties for different pore sizes in the phase behavior calculations.
A shale gas condensate reservoir with a ternary mixture of methane (80 mol%), n-butane (10 mol%), and n-octane (10 mol%) as the reservoir fluid is modeled. The reservoir pressure and temperature are 5000 psia and 180 °F, respectively. The dew point pressure is 3600 psia. Pore sizes change between 5-150nm. Based on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies on shale reservoir rocks, the pore volume of the reservoir was divided into five regions: bulk (stimulated area and pore sizes more than 50nm (17% PV)), 20-50nm (4% of PV), 15-20nm (6% of PV), 10-15nm (45% of PV), and less than 10nm (28% of PV). Three different types of connectivities between pores were considered: 1- completely random distribution 2- pore sizes from smallest to largest connected to the SRV in series, and 3- pore sizes from largest to smallest connected to the SRV in series.
Our study has shown that by decreasing the pore size, dew point pressures decrease between 5 to 17%. Also by decreasing pore size, two-phase region shrinks therefore condensate drop-out and near wellbore permeability impairment are reduced. After 10 years of production, condensate saturation around SRV is 6-10% less under confinement effects. Gas and condensate viscosities under confinement decrease 3-16% and 10-45% respectively. Considering effect of confinement did not affect gas production significantly but the liquid production increased significantly and doubled. The effect of different pore size connectivities caused a 20% change in liquid productions.
The results of this study can have a significant impact on our understanding of gas condensation and transport in shale formations thereby enabling improved field planning, well placement, completions design and facilities management.