bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo and in vitro effects of neostigmine on gastrointestinal tract motility of horses
Authors: Nieto Jorge E. , Morales Betina , Yamout Sawsan Z. , Stanley Scott D. , Harmon Faye A. , Snyder Jack R. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine the response to neostigmine of the contractile activity of the jejunum and pelvic flexure and the effects of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of neostigmine in horses.
Animals—7 adult horses and tissue from 12 adult horses.
Procedures—A CRI of neostigmine (0.008 mg/kg/h) or placebo was administered to 6 horses in a crossover study design. Gastric emptying was evaluated by the acetaminophen test. The frequency of defecation and urination and the consistency and weight of feces were recorded throughout the experiment. The effect of neostigmine on smooth muscle contractile activity was evaluated in tissues from the jejunum and pelvic flexure. The effect of neostigmine and acetylcholine after incubation with muscarinic receptor antagonists (atropine and DAU 5884) and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (edrophonium) was also investigated in vitro.
Results—No difference was observed between neostigmine and placebo for time to reach peak plasma acetaminophen concentration and absorption rate constant. A CRI of neostigmine increased fecal production and frequency of urination. Neostigmine induced a dose-dependent increase of contractile amplitude in jejunum and pelvic flexure muscle strips. Incubation of muscle strips with atropine and DAU 5884 inhibited the response to acetylcholine and neostigmine. Incubation of smooth muscle strips from the jejunum with edrophonium increased the response to acetylcholine and had no effect on the response to neostigmine in vitro.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A CRI of neostigmine increased fecal production and urination frequency in horses. A CRI of neostigmine did not decrease gastric emptying. Neostigmine stimulated contractile activity of jejunum and pelvic flexure smooth muscle strips in vitro.
Evaluation of plasma diazepam and nordiazepam concentrations following administration of diazepam intravenously or via suppository per rectum in dogs
Authors: Probst Curtis W. , Thomas William B. , Moyers Tamberlyn D. , Martin Tomas , Cox Sherry 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of diazepam administered per rectum via compounded (ie, not commercially available) suppositories and determine whether a dose of 2 mg/kg in this formulation would result in plasma concentrations shown to be effective for control of status epilepticus or cluster seizures (ie, 150 to 300 ng/mL) in dogs within a clinically useful interval (10 to 15 minutes).
Animals—6 healthy mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 3 dogs each in a crossover-design study. Diazepam (2 mg/kg) was administered IV or via suppository per rectum, and blood samples were collected at predetermined time points. Following a 6- or 7-day washout period, each group received the alternate treatment. Plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam were analyzed via reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
Results—Plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam exceeded the targeted range ≤ 3 minutes after IV administration in all dogs. After suppository administration, targeted concentrations of diazepam were not detected in any dogs, and targeted concentrations of nordiazepam were detected after 90 minutes (n = 2 dogs) or 120 minutes (3) or were not achieved (1).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of these results, administration of 2 mg of diazepam/kg via the compounded suppositories used in the present study cannot be recommended for emergency treatment of seizures in dogs.
Assessment of cord dorsum potentials from caudal nerves in anesthetized clinically normal adult dogs without or during neuromuscular blockade
Authors: Campbell James O. , Olby Natasha J. , Hash Jonathan A. , Lascelles B. Duncan X. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Objective—To assess the feasibility of measuring cord dorsum potentials (CDPs) in anesthetized clinically normal dogs after caudal nerve stimulation, determine the intervertebral site of maximum amplitude and best waveform of the CDP, and evaluate the effects of neuromuscular blockade.
Animals—8 male and 4 female dogs (age, 1 to 5 years).
Procedures—Dogs were anesthetized, and CDPs were recorded via needles placed on the dorsal lamina at intervertebral spaces L1–2 through L7–S1. Caudal nerves were stimulated with monopolar electrodes inserted laterally to the level of the caudal vertebrae. Dogs were tested without and during neuromuscular blockade induced with atracurium besylate. The CDP latency and amplitude were determined from the largest amplitude tracings.
Results—CDPs were recorded in 11 of 12 dogs without neuromuscular blockade and in all dogs during neuromuscular blockade. The CDP was largest and most isolated at the L4–5 intervertebral space (3 dogs) or the L5–6 intervertebral space (9 dogs); this site corresponded to the segment of insertion of the first caudal nerve. Onset latencies ranged from 2.0 to 4.7 milliseconds, and there was no effect of neuromuscular blockade on latencies. Amplitudes of the CDPs were highly variable for both experimental conditions.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CDPs were recorded from all dogs tested in the study; neuromuscular blockade was not critical for successful CDP recording but reduced muscle artifact. This technique may be useful as a tool to assess the caudal nerve roots in dogs suspected of having compressive lumbosacral disease or myelopathies affecting the lumbar intumescence.
Effect of acute exercise on monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 in untrained and trained Thoroughbreds
Authors: Kitaoka Yu , Endo Yukari , Mukai Kazutaka , Aida Hiroko , Hiraga Atsushi , Takemasa Tohru , Hatta Hideo 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of a single incremental exercise test (IET) on mRNA expression and protein content of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 and MCT4 in the gluteus medius muscle of Thoroughbreds.
Animals—12 Thoroughbreds (6 males and 6 females; age, 3 to 4 years).
Procedures—Horses underwent an IET before and after 18 weeks of high-intensity exercise training (HIT). Horses were exercised at 90% of maximal oxygen consumption for 3 minutes during the initial 10 weeks of HIT and 110% of maximal oxygen consumption for 3 minutes during the last 8 weeks of HIT. Gluteus medius muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from horses before (baseline), immediately after, and at 3, 6, and 24 hours after the IET.
Results—Expression of MCT1 and MCT4 mRNA was upregulated at 3 and 6 hours after the IET in muscle specimens obtained from horses prior to HIT (untrained horses) and at 6 hours after the IET in muscle specimens obtained from horses after HIT (trained horses). For both untrained and trained horses, MCT1 and MCT4 protein contents were increased at 6 hours after the IET and did not differ at 24 hours after the IET, compared with those at baseline.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that a single IET resulted in transient increases in MCT1 and MCT4 mRNA expression and protein content in untrained and trained horses. These results may be important for the elucidation of exercise-induced alterations in lactate metabolism.
Study of Heat Absorption in Thermoforming for Transparent and Filled Polystyrene
Authors: Puehringer J. F. , Zitzenbacher G. , Spreitzer C. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Heating time and temperature distribution of a semi-finished pre-product are key factors for a satisfying final shape in the thermoforming process. The heating is in most cases done by radiation, which is modelled in simulation by the law of Bouguer Beer Lambert. Two material parameters, the reflection of the surface and the optical penetration depth are needed for the application of this law. One prerequisite for this is that the optical penetration depth is independent of the material thickness. In literature it is very often common to trust on that assumption and to determine it via single measurement of a film or plate with one thickness. The validity of this presumption is investigated for two different polystyrene compounds as part of this work. This assumption was fulfilled for a clear unfilled polystyrene (PS) in a wide range of wavelengths. In contradiction to this, the optical penetration depth of the white filled PS compound is dependent on film thickness. Moreover it increases slightly with film thickness. This deviation is correlated to the strong scattering effect of titanium dioxide contained in this compound.
Molecular Dynamics Study on Permeability of Gas Molecules through Amorphous PPX Polymers
Authors: Bian L. , Shu Y. , Xu J. , Wang L. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Amorphous poly-para-xylylene (PPX) polymers were constructed using molecular mechanics (MM) and NVT+NPT-annealing methods. They provide the cut-off free volumes to absorb and transfer gas molecules. The corresponding sorption and diffusion properties were determined via Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC), NVT-Molecular Dynamics (MD) and cluster analysis methods. The results showed that temperature and pressure influence the sorption properties of gases obviously, but not to the diffusion coefficients of gases. Analyzing on the mean square displacement (MSD) data, this work finds that gases walk randomly through amorphous PPX polymers. The relative cluster permeability approaches to the experimental data.
Melting Model for Starve Fed Single Screw Extrusion of Thermoplastics
Authors: Wilczyński K. , Nastaj A. , Wilczyński K. J. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Previous experimental studies of the polymer behavior in a starve fed single screw extrusion process have shown that contiguous solids melting mechanism which is observed for flood fed extrusion was not observed for starve fed extrusion. A new two-stage physical model of polymer melting in a starve fed single screw extrusion has been proposed with conductive mechanism for melting in the partially filled region and dispersed melting mechanism in the fully filled region. Mathematical models have been proposed for melting in both those regions. The models have been validated experimentally.
Radiosurgery for patients with unruptured intracranial arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Ding Dale , Yen Chun-Po , Xu Zhiyuan , Starke Robert M. , Sheehan Jason P. 
Published: March 2013

Object
The appropriate management of unruptured intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains controversial. In the present study, the authors evaluate the radiographic and clinical outcomes of radiosurgery for a large cohort of patients with unruptured AVMs.

Methods
From a prospective database of 1204 cases of AVMs involving patients treated with radiosurgery at their institution, the authors identified 444 patients without evidence of rupture prior to radiosurgery. The patients' mean age was 36.9 years, and 50% were male. The mean AVM nidus volume was 4.2 cm3, 13.5% of the AVMs were in a deep location, and 44.4% were at least Spetzler-Martin Grade III. The median radiosurgical prescription dose was 20 Gy. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to determine risk factors associated with obliteration, postradiosurgery hemorrhage, radiation-induced changes, and postradiosurgery cyst formation. The mean duration of radiological and clinical follow-up was 76 months and 86 months, respectively.

Results
The cumulative AVM obliteration rate was 62%, and the postradiosurgery annual hemorrhage rate was 1.6%. Radiation-induced changes were symptomatic in 13.7% and permanent in 2.0% of patients. The statistically significant independent positive predictors of obliteration were no preradiosurgery embolization (p < 0.001), increased prescription dose (p < 0.001), single draining vein (p < 0.001), radiological presence of radiation-induced changes (p = 0.004), and lower Spetzler-Martin grade (p = 0.016). Increased volume and higher Pittsburgh radiosurgery-based AVM score were predictors of postradiosurgery hemorrhage in the univariate analysis only. Clinical deterioration occurred in 30 patients (6.8%), more commonly in patients with postradiosurgery hemorrhage (p = 0.018).

Conclusions
Radiosurgery afforded a reasonable chance of obliteration of unruptured AVMs with relatively low rates of clinical and radiological complications.
Wildfire Impacts on Red Imported Fire Ant Captures Around Forest Ponds in the Lost Pines Ecoregion of Texas
Authors: Brown Donald J. , Preston Devin B. , Ozel Emrah , Forstner Michael R.J. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The impacts of high-intensity wildfires on red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta abundances in forest systems are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a high-intensity wildfire around pond edges on red imported fire ant captures in the Lost Pines ecoregion of Texas, which provides habitat for most of the remaining endangered Houston toads Bufo houstonensis. The red imported fire ant is a known predator of Houston toads, and thus there is interest in understanding the potential and realized impacts of this species on Houston toad survivorship. Our results suggest the wildfire did not directly impact captures-per-unit-effort, but it had indirect positive impacts through reductions in canopy cover due to overstory tree mortality. The results of this study indicate that both area occupied by red imported fire ants and site-specific red imported fire ant densities could increase dramatically in the Lost Pines as a result of the wildfire and subsequent human-based recovery efforts.
Murine NK Cell Intrinsic Cytokine-Induced Memory-like Responses Are Maintained following Homeostatic Proliferation
Authors: Keppel Molly P. , Yang Liping , Cooper Megan A. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Several recent studies have demonstrated that innate immune NK cells exhibit memory-like properties with enhanced nonspecific and specific recall responses. Cytokine activation alone of murine NK cells induces the differentiation of memory-like cells that are more likely to produce IFN-γ, a key NK cell cytokine important for activation of the immune response. Using an adoptive cotransfer system, we first show that cytokine-induced memory-like responses are NK intrinsic. However, engraftment of donor NK cells in NK-competent hosts is poor because of homeostatic control mechanisms. Therefore, we used alymphoid Rag- and common γ-chain–deficient mice as recipients and observed homeostatic expansion of cotransferred cytokine-activated and control donor NK cells. Despite proliferation of all cells, NK cells derived from those cells originally activated by cytokines retained an intrinsic enhanced capacity to produce IFN-γ when restimulated in vitro with cytokines or target cells. These NK cell memory-like responses persisted for at least 4 wk in alymphoid hosts and 12 wk in NK-competent hosts. These findings indicate that memory-like NK cells can readily self-renew and maintain enhanced function in a lymphopenic host for at least a month.
Adiponectin Deficiency Suppresses Lymphoma Growth in Mice by Modulating NK Cells, CD8 T Cells, and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
Authors: Han Sora , Jeong Ae Lee , Lee Sunyi , Park Jeong Su , Kim Kwang Dong , Choi Inpyo , Yoon Suk Ran , Lee Myung Sok , Lim Jong-Seok , Han Seung Hyun , Yoon Do Young , Yang Young 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPreviously, we found that adiponectin (APN) suppresses IL-2–induced NK cell activation by downregulating the expression of the IFN-γ–inducible TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and Fas ligand. Although the antitumor function of APN has been reported in several types of solid tumors, with few controversial results, no lymphoma studies have been conducted. In this study, we assessed the role of APN in immune cell function, including NK cells, CTLs, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, in EL4 and B16F10 tumor-bearing APN knockout (KO) mice. We observed attenuated EL4 growth in the APNKO mice. Increased numbers of splenic NK cells and splenic CTLs were identified under naive conditions and EL4-challenged conditions, respectively. In APNKO mice, splenic NK cells showed enhanced cytotoxicity with and without IL-2 stimulation. Additionally, there were decreased levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation in the EL4-bearing APNKO mice. Enforced MHC class I expression on B16F10 cells led to attenuated growth of these tumors in APNKO mice. Thus, our results suggest that EL4 regression in APNKO mice is not only due to an enhanced antitumor immune response but also to a high level of MHC class I expression.
Normal Dendritic Cell Mobilization to Lymph Nodes under Conditions of Severe Lymphatic Hypoplasia
Authors: Platt Andrew M. , Rutkowski Joseph M. , Martel Catherine , Kuan Emma L. , Ivanov Stoyan , Swartz Melody A. , Randolph Gwendalyn J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTo address the requirement for lymphatic capillaries in dendritic cell (DC) mobilization from skin to lymph nodes (LNs), we used mice bearing one inactivated allele of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) where skin lymphatic capillaries are reported absent. Unexpectedly, DC mobilization from the back skin to draining LNs was similar in magnitude, and kinetics to control mice and humoral immunity appeared intact. By contrast, DC migration from body extremities, including ear and forepaws, was ablated. An evaluation in different regions of skin revealed rare patches of lymphatic capillaries only in body trunk areas where migration was intact. That is, whereas the ear skin was totally devoid of lymphatic capillaries, residual capillaries in the back skin were present though retained only at ∼10% normal density. This reduction in density markedly reduced the clearance of soluble tracers, indicating that normal cell migration was spared under conditions when lymphatic transport function was poor. Residual lymphatic capillaries expressed slightly higher levels of CCL21 and migration of skin DCs to LNs remained dependent on CCR7 in Chy mice. DC migration from the ear could be rescued by the introduction of a limited number of lymphatic capillaries through skin transplantation. Thus, the development of lymphatic capillaries in the skin of body extremities was more severely impacted by a mutant copy of VEGFR3 than trunk skin, but lymphatic transport function was markedly reduced throughout the skin, demonstrating that even under conditions when a marked loss in lymphatic capillary density reduces lymph transport, DC migration from skin to LNs remains normal.
Transition from Heterotypic to Homotypic PDK1 Homodimerization Is Essential for TCR-Mediated NF-κB Activation
Authors: Kang Jung-Ah , Jeong Sang Phil , Park Daeho , Hayden Matthew S. , Ghosh Sankar , Park Sung-Gyoo 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Strong NF-κB activation requires ligation of both the CD28 coreceptor and TCR. Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) acts as a scaffold by binding both protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) and CARMA1, and is therefore essential for signaling to NF-κB. In this article, we demonstrate the importance of PDK1 Thr513 phosphorylation in regulating the intermolecular organization of PDK1 homodimers. Thr513 is directly involved in heterotypic PDK1 homodimer formation, in which binding is mediated through the pleckstrin homology (PH) and kinase domains. Upon activation, phosphorylated Thr513 instead mediates homotypic intermolecular binding through the PH domains. Consequently, cell-permeable peptides with a Thr513 to Ile derivative (protein transduction domain [PTD]-PDK1-Thr513-Ile) bound the kinase domain, whereas a Thr513-to-Asp peptide (PTD-PDK1-Thr513-Asp) bound the PH domain. PTD-PDK1-Thr513-Ile blocked binding between PDK1 and PKCθ, phosphorylation of PKCθ Thr538, and activation of both NF-κB and AKT. In contrast, PTD-PDK1- Thr513-Asp selectively inhibited binding between PDK1 and CARMA1, and blocked TCR/CD28-induced NF-κB activation. Therefore, Thr513 phosphorylation regulates a critical intermolecular switch governing PDK1 homodimer structure and the capacity to interact with downstream signaling pathway components. Given the pleiotropic functions of PDK1, these data may open the door to the development of immunosuppressive therapies that selectively target the PDK1 to NF-κB pathway in T cell activation.
A Comparison of the Kampala Trauma Score with the Revised Trauma Score in a Cohort of Colombian Trauma Patients
Authors: Clarkson Colin A , Clarkson Cain , Rubiano Andres M , Borgaonkar Mark 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
To date, no trauma scoring system has emerged as the gold standard for use in developing countries, where limited resources for data collection are a major issue. The purpose of this study is to compare the relatively recently developed and simply calculated KTS (Kampala Trauma Score) with the more widely used RTS (Revised Trauma Score) within a cohort of Colombian trauma patients.

Materials and methods
Data on over 2,200 patients was derived from a newly developed trauma registry in Colombia. A statistical analysis was done using SPSS software, and included simple linear and logistical regression as appropriate.

Results
Both the KTS and RTS were statistically significant in terms of their ability to predict death and length of stay in hospital with the KTS being a better predictor of both. The simplest model predicting death used only the neurologic component of the KTS. However, none of these three scores explained a very large amount of the variation in the dataset.

Conclusion
Although statistically significant, neither the KTS nor the RTS performed well at predicting death or length of hospital stay. However, the simpler KTS did perform somewhat better than the slightly more complex RTS. Using the extremely simple neurologic component of the KTS on its own proved to be the best predictor of length of hospital stay, and also outperformed the RTS in regards to death prediction. It is clear from this study that the optimal injury scoring system for use in under resourced environments remains allusive with further research warranted.

How to cite this article
Clarkson CA, Clarkson C, Rubiano AM, Borgaonkar M. A Comparison of the Kampala Trauma Score with the Revised Trauma Score in a Cohort of Colombian Trauma Patients. Panam J Trauma Critical Care Emerg Surg 2012;1(3):146-149.
Sensibilidad del Eco Doppler en el Trauma Vascular de Miembros Inferiores. Experiencia en el Hospital ‘Dr Domingo Luciani’
Authors: Nuñez Carlos , Cabrera Edward , Torres Patricia , Cova Tamarys , Castro Omar 
Published: March 2013

RESUMEN

Objetivo general
Determinar la sensibilidad del Eco Doppler en las lesiones vasculares por trauma de miembros inferiores en pacientes ingresados con esta impresión diagnóstica en el Hospital Dr Domingo Luciani durante el período Abril 2008-Diciembre 2011.

Objetivos específicos
Determinar Grupo etario y sexo del paciente con lesión vascular. Definir el mecanismo de trauma de los pacientes sometidos a Eco Doppler por lesión vascular. Mencionar los hallazgos ecográficos de los pacientes ingresados con lesión vascular. Conocer la lesión vascular más frecuente. Precisar los hallazgos quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a Eco doppler por lesión vascular. Correlacionar los hallazgos quirúrgicos con los ecográficos.

Método de investigación
Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo. Basado en la base de datos de la Unidad de Politraumatizados y en los Servicios de Cirugía General del hospital ‘Dr Domingo Luciani’. Lapso 2008-2011.

Criterios de inclusión
Paciente mayor de 18 años con impresión diagnóstica de lesión vascular de miembros inferiores por trauma. Eco Doppler realizado por las mismas residentes del Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico del Hospital.

Criterios de exclusión
Pacientes con lesión vascular de miembros superiores. Pacientes hemodinámicamenteinestables. Eco Doppler realizado por residentes del Servicio de Radiodiagnósticos no incluidos en la investigación.