bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small-Molecule “BRCA1-Mimetics” Are Antagonists of Estrogen Receptor-α
Authors: Ma Yongxian , Tomita York , Preet Anju , Clarke Robert , Englund Erikah , Grindrod Scott , Nathan Shyam , De Oliveira Eliseu , Brown Milton L. , Rosen Eliot M. 
Published: September 2014

Context:
Resistance to conventional antiestrogens is a major cause of treatment failure and, ultimately, death in breast cancer.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to identify small-molecule estrogen receptor (ER)-α antagonists that work differently from tamoxifen and other selective estrogen receptor modulators.

Design:
Based on in silico screening of a pharmacophore database using a computed model of the BRCA1-ER-α complex (with ER-α liganded to 17β-estradiol), we identified a candidate group of small-molecule compounds predicted to bind to a BRCA1-binding interface separate from the ligand-binding pocket and the coactivator binding site of ER-α. Among 40 candidate compounds, six inhibited estradiol-stimulated ER-α activity by at least 50% in breast carcinoma cells, with IC50 values ranging between 3 and 50 μM. These ER-α inhibitory compounds were further studied by molecular and cell biological techniques.

Results:
The compounds strongly inhibited ER-α activity at concentrations that yielded little or no nonspecific toxicity, but they produced only a modest inhibition of progesterone receptor activity. Importantly, the compounds blocked proliferation and inhibited ER-α activity about equally well in antiestrogen-sensitive and antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer cells. Representative compounds disrupted the interaction of BRCA1 and ER-α in the cultured cells and blocked the interaction of ER-α with the estrogen response element. However, the compounds had no effect on the total cellular ER-α levels.

Conclusions:
These findings suggest that we have identified a new class of ER-α antagonists that work differently from conventional antiestrogens (eg, tamoxifen and fulvestrant).
Synthesis of Thienothiadiazole–Benzothiadiazole Alternating Copolymers and Their Application to Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Umeyama Tomokazu , Watanabe Yusuke , Miyata Tetsushi , Imahori Hiroshi 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Novel conjugated polymers incorporating thieno[3,4-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (TTD) and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT) were synthesized. The TTD–BT copolymers displayed broad absorption bands in visible–near-infrared regions with optical band gaps of 1.1–1.2 eV. The HOMO energy levels were lower than those of TTD–oligothiophene alternating copolymers due to the electron-deficient nature of the BT unit. The photovoltaic device consisting of the polymer and a fullerene derivative ([70]PCBM) showed power conversion efficiencies of 0.01–0.08% under simulated AM 1.5G irradiation of 100 mW cm−2.
Comparison of instrumental vaginal births by assisted birth practitioner midwives and medical practitioners
Authors: Davison Margaret Anne , Murray Sarah , Whitaker Lucy , Rendall Lesley , Gammie Nicky , Magowan Brian 
Published: September 2014

The role of the assisted birth practitioner (ABP) midwife is extending the traditional scope of midwifery practice to include instrumental vaginal births. A retrospective cohort study was carried out to examine the 6 months immediately after the introduction of ABP midwives into the middle-grade tier of a medical practitioner rota. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of births by ABP midwives were compared to those by medical practitioner. The results were analysed with a combination of independent (P<0.05), Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests as appropriate. Qualitative data were also collected. Of 57 instrumental vaginal births, 14 were performed by ABP midwives (25%) and 43 by medical practitioners (75%). Baseline demographic characteristics between the two groups were similar. There were no significant differences in maternal outcomes or in neonatal outcomes. Qualitative data were also very positive. These results provide reassurance to both service users and providers. ABP midwives are able to offer a valuable and safe extended role through instrumental births.
Future Development of the Norwegian Forest Industry, Based on Industry Expectations
Authors: Sjølie Hanne K. , Bysheim Kristian , Nyrud Anders Q. , Flæte Per Otto , Solberg Birger 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Forest industries worldwide are facing a range of challenges, such as declining demand for newsprint, fluctuating sawn-wood prices, and society's concern of forestry's negative environmental impacts. On the other hand, the growing interest in bioenergy and renewable products may represent opportunities for the forest sector. Few assessments of the industry's expectations regarding future development of the major external forces driving the forest sector seem to have been carried out. We undertook two participatory surveys of sawn-wood industry managers in Norway in 2010 and 2013, assessing their expectations of how key factors develop until 2020. The respondents expressed beliefs that the demand for sawn-wood and bioenergy will grow and that sawmilling productivity will increase together with international trade. Society's concern for the environment was expected to rise, leading to higher demand for wood products but also more expensive forestry operations. A bioenergy demand increase of 50 percent, very high energy prices, competitive second-generation biofuel, and the first second-generation biofuel plant being established in Norway were perceived to be notably less likely in 2013 than in 2010. The questions were associated with scenarios of the Norwegian forest sector used in quantitative scenario analyses. In the 2013 survey, less support was given to the scenario with high priority on environmental issues and rapid bioenergy deployment. Recent policy and market shifts that imply a lower emphasis on the environment and cheaper fossil fuels may help explain this change. The survey indicates that short-term shifts in policy and economic factors may considerably impact key agents' assumptions about the future.
Potential for Using Essential Oils to Protect Viscoelastic Thermal Compression–Treated Hybrid Poplar
Authors: Scouse Adam , Kamke Frederick A. , Morrell Jeffrey J. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The potential for using pretreatment with cinnamon leaf oil or juniper foliage oil to improve the durability of viscoelastic thermal compression (VTC)–treated hybrid poplar was explored in a field termite test and a laboratory mold test. The addition of oils prior to VTC processing had variable effects on resistance to both mold and termite attack. Subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy assessment of residual oil components in VTC processed material suggested that the heating associated with the process was associated with substantial degradation of oil components that might help explain the lack of protective effect. The results suggest that further attempts to use essential oils to improve the durability of VTC processed materials must first explore less aggressive heating conditions to reduce the potential for thermal degradation of oil components while still achieving the attractive gains in physical properties associated with the process.
Dwelling as an approach to creative pedagogy
Authors: Hughes Dean 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This research article looks to provide an alternate account of creative pedagogy to the predominant view that maintaining change and the generation of options is the bastion of creative teaching. A tenet of modern art is that it eschews continuity of form in favour of ideological disjuncture. The zenith of this paralogical development being the dematerialization of the art object and the conceptual turn in art making. From 1968 onwards, free from material certainties, and aiming itself beyond the commodity address of historic modernism, contemporary art has proved to be an uncomfortable relative of education. Artistic practice has developed a problematic relationship to knowledge. A contested and unshackled pursuit, it possesses no consistent method and its teaching is cloaked in the overtly mythological outline of tacit-knowledge. The resurgence in popularity of Donald Barthelme’s 1987 essay Not-Knowing is symptomatic of the hiatus that is now at the centre of the expansion of artistic pedagogy. This article sees the known and accepted view of the development of art pedagogy subjugating a parallel account of creative development that has stasis, dwelling and the maintaining of a fixed position at its core. This research suggests that an alternate account of artistic creativity can be developed from a number of artists who emerged during early and late 1960s whose artistic contribution was to establish a fixed and defined position that has remained unchanged for over 40 years. This article will look at the artistic work of two British Artists who have long-standing relationships to British and European Art education (Alan Charlton, Roger Ackling) to present a counterpoint to ‘not knowing’.
The problem with making in fine art: A case for the expanded teaching of drawing
Authors: Chorpening Kelly 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Written and verbal skills have risen in prominence within today’s fine art curriculum. Their provision is clearly outlined and quantified, and this is beginning to overshadow what happens ‘in the studio’. This article outlines ‘the problem with making’ in fine art education today by focusing on the teaching of drawing, asking the questions: what exactly are the skills of drawing, what is gained by learning them, and how, in practice, are they intertwined with theory? By establishing the educational value of drawing, we might then influence ways skills in general are perceived and deployed within fine art education today.
Environmental policy and economic growth: the macroeconomic implications of the health effect
Authors: Chen Jhy-hwa , Shieh Jhy-yuan , Chang Juin-jen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper introduces health effects in an endogenous growth model with environmental concerns. To highlight the importance of health effects, we examine the time allocation of households in regard to leisure, labor, and health care, which play a crucial role in affecting the impacts of public abatement and emission taxation. We not only show that the health effect modifies the conventional consequences of environmental policy, but also thoroughly compare the effectiveness of these two distinct environmental policies. We also conduct transition and welfare analyses in a dynamic optimizing model which offers novel policy implications, given that the literature on health effects is silent on these issues.
Investigation on a Soft Tubular Model Reactor Based on Bionics of Small Intestine – Residence Time Distribution
Authors: Deng Renpan , Pang Liqing , Xu Yufen , Li Lin , Wu Xuee , Chen Xiao Dong 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The human small intestine is responsible for virtually all nutrient uptake and more than 95% of the water absorption in digestion, which is attributed to the vast mucosal surface area and the peristalsis of small intestine. Under the broad conceptual framework of bio-inspired chemical process engineering, by mimicking the structure and functions of small intestine, a flexible tubular reactor with villous protrusions distributed evenly on the inner wall was designed and constructed in this study. In order to understand the flow behavior in the reactor, the residence time distribution (RTD) of fluid particles in the reactor was measured by introducing electrochemical active tracer. Also, a simple mechanism of peristalsis was introduced, and its effects on the RTD in the reactor were investigated. The experimental results showed that the tailing of RTD function curve in the small intestine model reactor was extended significantly compared to a normal tubular reactors. The residence time and mixing of fluid (particles) in the reactor can be regulated efficiently by controlling the peristaltic actions (frequency and location).
Giant adenomatous polyp of stomach: Case report of a rare tumor with unusual features
Authors: Dudani Sharmila , Sahai Kavita , KR Rathi , Mehta Ritu 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAdenomatous polyps of the stomach are rare tumors and comprise <10% of gastric polyps. They are usually located in the antrum and arise in a background of chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. These tend to remain asymptomatic, but do carry significant risk of malignant change wherein underlies their importance. The magnitude of the risk of malignancy is not precisely defined, but is considered to be in the range of 5-15%, which increases with the size of the tumor. In this case report, we would like to highlight a large adenoma of stomach measuring 9 cm. This is the first case to the best of our knowledge to have attained such a huge dimension without any associated gastric pathology. Since synchronous carcinomas are known to exist in a large percentage of adenomas greater than 4 cm in size, this association should be kept in mind by both the gastroenterologist and pathologist so that any focus of malignancy if present, is not advertently missed.
Plane Lorentzian and Fuchsian Hedgehogs
Authors: Martinez-Maure Yves 
Published: September 2014

AbstractParts of the Brunn–Minkowski theory can be extended to hedgehogs, which are envelopes of families of affine hyperplanes parametrized by their Gauss map. F. Fillastre introduced Fuchsian convex bodies, which are the closed convex sets of Lorentz–Minkowski space that are globally invariant under the action of a Fuchsian group. In this paper, we undertake a study of plane Lorentzian and Fuchsian hedgehogs. In particular, we prove the Fuchsian analogues of classical geometrical inequalities (analogues that are reversed as compared to classical ones).
BICEP2 and the Gravitino Mass: The Questionable Result
Authors: Tahan AC 
Published: September 2014

The gravitino has been explained to exist with a low mass (Tahan 2013). BICEP2 results support a mass close to 1014GeV. Though the BICEP2 conclusions have been celebrated by numerous physicists with fewer scientists indicating problems with the data, from BICEP2 (BICEP2 Collaboration 2014) can be understood improbable by simply focusing on the mass of the gravitino. This manuscript presents a method involving increasing string vibrations to measure the gravitino mass in the laboratory.
Late summer net community production in the central Arctic Ocean using multiple approaches
Authors: Ulfsbo Adam , Cassar Nicolas , Korhonen Meri , van Heuven Steven , Hoppema Mario , Kattner Gerhard , Anderson Leif G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLarge‐scale patterns of net community production (NCP) were estimated during the late summer cruise ARK‐XXVI/3 (TransArc, August/September 2011) to the central Arctic Ocean. Several approaches were used based on the following: (i) continuous measurements of surface water oxygen to argon ratios (O2/Ar), (ii) underway measurements of surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), (iii) discrete samples of dissolved inorganic carbon, and (iv) dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate. The NCP estimates agreed well within the uncertainties associated with each approach. The highest late summer NCP (up to 6 mol C m−2) was observed in the marginal sea ice zone region. Low values (<1 mol C m−2) were found in the sea ice‐covered deep basins with a strong spatial variability. Lowest values were found in the Amundsen Basin and moderate values in the Nansen and Makarov Basins with slightly higher estimates over the Mendeleev Ridge. Our findings support a coupling of NCP to sea ice coverage and nutrient supply and thus stress a potential change in spatial and temporal distribution of NCP in a future Arctic Ocean. To follow the evolution of NCP in space and time, it is suggested to apply one or several of these approaches in shipboard investigations with a time interval of 3 to 5 years.
Observations and estimates of wave‐driven water level extremes at the Marshall Islands
Authors: Merrifield M. A. , Becker J. M. , Ford M. , Yao Y. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWave‐driven extreme water levels are examined for coastlines protected by fringing reefs using field observations obtained in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The 2% exceedence water level near the shoreline due to waves is estimated empirically for the study sites from breaking wave height at the outer reef and by combining separate contributions from setup, sea and swell, and infragravity waves, which are estimated based on breaking wave height and water level over the reef flat. Although each component exhibits a tidal dependence, they sum to yield a 2% exceedence level that does not. A hindcast based on the breaking wave height parameterization is used to assess factors leading to flooding at Roi‐Namur caused by an energetic swell event during December 2008. Extreme water levels similar to December 2008 are projected to increase significantly with rising sea level as more wave and tide events combine to exceed inundation threshold levels.
Coherent pan‐Asian climatic and isotopic response to orbital forcing of tropical insolation
Authors: Battisti D. S. , Ding Qinghua , Roe G. H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe oxygen‐18 isotope composition of calcite in stalagmites across southern and eastern Asia are highly correlated to one another on orbital time scales: large negative excursions are coincident with maxima in summer insolation in the subtropics of the Northern Hemisphere (NH). These isotopic excursions reflect changes in the precipitation‐weighted isotopic composition of precipitation, δ18Op. We present results from two core experiments using an isotope‐enabled climate model—the“high‐insolation” and “low‐insolation” experiments—in which the model is forced by extrema in NH summer insolation. Compared to the low‐insolation experiment, the high‐insolation climate features profound, large‐scale changes in the pattern of monsoon precipitation spanning from Africa to Southeast Asia that are due to changes in the relative contributions of temperature and moisture to the near‐surface equivalent potential temperature θe. Under high insolation, a more rapid increase in land surface temperature in early summer causes the greatest θe (and hence precipitation) to shift from the oceans in low insolation (such as today) to be over land in high insolation (such as the early Holocene). The model captures the general pattern of isotopic excursions seen in caves spanning from Israel to western China, including large drops in δ18Op over eastern Tibet (−7‰), the Arabian Peninsula, and northeast Africa (−4‰). Although there are large changes in precipitation over Tibet, the change in δ18Op is due to changes in the δ18O of water vapor that is delivered and subsequently precipitated; it does not inform on local precipitation amount or intensity.
AIDSStochastic Models
Authors: Tan Wai‐Yuan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTo model the HIV epidemic, there are four different approaches: The deterministic models, the stochastic models, the statistical models, and the state space models. The last three models treat the HIV epidemic as random processes. This article presents a systematic review of these random processes. It illustrates how to develop stochastic models and statistical models of the HIV epidemic and how to combine these models into state space models. Using a homosexual population as an example, it illustrates how to develop stochastic equations for the state variables and how to use the state space models to develop a generalized Bayesian method to estimate the unknown parameters and the state variables. The methodology is illustrated by using the AIDS incidence data of the San Francisco homosexual population.
Statistical Signal Processing
Authors: Kannan Nandini , Kundu Debasis 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStatistical signal processing is an important area of research with extensive applications in the fields of communication theory, array processing, seismology, and medical diagnosis. The goal of signal processing is to recover characteristics of the underlying process from observed data. The random nature of the signals underscores the need for statistical techniques in model formulation, estimation, and data analysis. A brief discussion of two models that have been widely studied in the signal processing literature is provided. In addition, different methods of estimation are presented, and some unique characteristics of these models are highlighted.
Probabilistic and Statistical Models for Conception
Authors: Scarpa Bruno 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStatistical models of fertility studies play a crucial role in understanding the biology of conception. Heterogeneity in women and men's requires specific statistical methods to be used in order to allow for the variability in behavioral and physical characteristics, as well as for the variability in frequency and timing of sexual intercourse and for the progressive selection of patients during the fertility studies that provide data. A review of the most used models is offered, starting from classical population models, based only on aggregated data we then discuss time to pregnancy models and the models that predict the day‐specific probability of conception.
Interrater Agreement
Authors: Choudhary Pankaj K. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAs the technology advances, new methods of measuring a continuous clinical variable become available that may be cheaper or less invasive than the old ones. But before a new method is adopted for general use, it is validated by evaluating its agreement with an established standard. This article presents a comparative discussion of the various approaches for measuring agreement between two measurement methods. Their application is illustrated using a blood pressure data from the literature.
Sample Size Determination for Clinical Trials
Authors: Tang Man‐Lai 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this article, we will present some useful sample size formulas that guarantee to achieve a pre‐specified power level of a test at a chosen nominal level or control a pre‐specified confidence width of a confidence interval estimator at a chosen coverage level (wherever available) for some popular topics in general clinical trials. Topics include: (a) one‐sample problem for mean and proportion; (b) two‐sample problem for comparing means and proportions; (c) multiple‐sample problem for comparing means and proportions; (d) multiple‐arm dose response trials for trend; (e) multiple regression analysis; and (f) multiple logistic regression analysis.
Centralized Genomic Control: A Simple Approach Correcting for Population Structures
Authors: Zhang Hong , Li Qizhai , Zang Yong , Yang Yaning , Zheng Gang 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The case‐control study is a useful design for testing for genetic association. However, it may yield spurious associations due to population structure. Population stratification (PS) and cryptic relatedness (CR) are two common population structures under which the trend test for association may be biased and its variance may be distorted. Genomic control and delta centralization are two simple approaches to correct for the variance distortion and the bias, respectively, using unlinked null genetic markers. An alternative simple method, centralized genomic control (CGC), that corrects for both bias and variance distortions simultaneously using unlinked null markers is studied. It can also handle studies with a small number of subjects and a small number of null markers. This approach requires the allele frequencies of the markers of interest roughly to match those of unlinked null markers in control samples. This matching and the effectiveness of various approaches under the matching are investigated by simulation studies. Applications to two real datasets (a candidate gene study and a genome‐wide association study) illustrate that the CGC outperforms the existing methods which correct for either the variance distortion or the bias due to PS or CR.