bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the role of CH4 emissions from alpine wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from two in situ measurements at 4758 and 4320 m above sea level
Authors: Wei Da , Xu‐Ri  , Tarchen Tenzin , Dai Dongxue , Wang Yuesi , Wang Yinghong 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe alpine wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) constitute 30% of China's wetlands, and previous studies have considered these wetlands to be important sources of CH4, based on several swamp measurements from the eastern edges of the plateau. However, the alpine wetlands consist of both swamps (9.5%) and swamp meadows (79.8%). In this study, the CH4 fluxes of a swamp meadow and a swamp were determined. The results showed that the swamp meadow emitted much less CH4 (130.8 ± 123.9 µg m−2 h−1) than the swamp (2795.2 ± 796.4 µg m−2 h−1). The CH4 fluxes within the swamp meadow showed distinct microscale spatial heterogeneity: the hollow terrain released CH4, while the hummocks absorbed CH4; this pattern was explained well by soil moisture. The CH4 emissions in the swamp meadow were highly sensitive to soil temperature variation (Q10 = 3.62), while they were more sensitive to soil moisture in the swamp. By summarizing existing measurements, and considering the differences in CH4 emissions from swamp meadows and swamps, the emissions of CH4 from alpine wetlands across the TP were recalculated to range from 0.215 to 0.412 Tg CH4 a−1, lower than previous studies. By comparison, the CH4 uptake by nonwetland ecosystems ranges from −0.68 to −0.53 Tg CH4 a−1. Therefore, this study conveys a notion that the alpine wetlands on the TP may not be significant CH4 sources. However, further studies are needed to reduce the uncertainty regarding CH4 emissions.
The variable nature of convection in the tropics and subtropics: A legacy of 16 years of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite
Authors: Houze Robert A. , Rasmussen Kristen L. , Zuluaga Manuel D. , Brodzik Stella R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFor over 16 years, the Precipitation Radar of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite detected the three‐dimensional structure of significantly precipitating clouds in the tropics and subtropics. This paper reviews and synthesizes studies using the TRMM radar data to present a global picture of the variation of convection throughout low latitudes. The multiyear data set shows convection varying not only in amount but also in its very nature across the oceans, continents, islands, and mountain ranges of the tropics and subtropics. Shallow isolated raining clouds are overwhelmingly an oceanic phenomenon. Extremely deep and intense convective elements occur almost exclusively over land. Upscale growth of convection into mesoscale systems takes a variety of forms. Oceanic cloud systems generally have less intense embedded convection but can form very wide stratiform regions. Continental mesoscale systems often have more intense embedded convection. Some of the most intense convective cells and mesoscale systems occur near the great mountain ranges of low latitudes. The Maritime Continent and Amazonia exhibit convective clouds with maritime characteristics although they are partially or wholly land. Convective systems containing broad stratiform areas manifest most strongly over oceans. The stratiform precipitation occurs in various forms. Often it occurs as quasi‐uniform precipitation with strong melting layers connected with intense convection. In monsoons and the Intertropical Convergence Zone, it takes the form of closely packed weak convective elements. Where fronts extend into the subtropics, broad stratiform regions are larger and have lower and sloping melting layers related to the baroclinic origin of the precipitation.
SAMI3/SD‐WACCM‐X simulations of ionospheric variability during northern winter 2009
Authors: McDonald S. E. , Sassi F. , Mannucci A. J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe have performed simulations using the Naval Research Laboratory's physics‐based model of the ionosphere, Sami3 is A Model of the Ionosphere (SAMI3), to illustrate how neutral wind dynamics is responsible for day‐to‐day variability of the ionosphere. We have used neutral winds specified from the extended version of the specified dynamics Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (SD‐WACCM‐X), in which meteorology below 92 km is constrained by atmospheric specifications from an operational weather forecast model and reanalysis. To assess the realism of the simulations against observations, we have carried out a case study during January–February 2009, a dynamically disturbed time characterized by a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) commencing 24 January 2009. Model results are compared with total electron content (TEC) from Jet Propulsion Laboratory global ionospheric maps. We show that SAMI3/SD‐WACCM‐X captures longitudinal variability in the equatorial ionization anomaly associated with nonmigrating tides, with strongest contributions coming from the diurnal eastward wave number 2 (DE2) and DE3. Both migrating and nonmigrating tides contribute to significant day‐to‐day variability, with TEC varying up to 16%. Our simulation during the SSW period reveals that at the Jicamarca longitude (285°E) on 27 January 2009 nonmigrating tides contribute to an enhancement of the electron density in the morning followed by a decrease in the afternoon. An enhancement of the semidiurnal eastward wave number 2 (SE2) and SE3 nonmigrating tides, likely associated with the appearance of the SSW, suggests that these tides increase the longitudinal variability of the SSW impact on the ionosphere. The conclusion is that realistic meteorology propagating upward from the lower atmosphere influences the dynamo region and reproduces aspects of the observed variability in the ionosphere.
Long‐term changes in quality of life after endoscopic resection of sinonasal and skull‐base tumors
Authors: Derousseau Taylor , Manjunath Lakshman , Harrow Brian , Zhang Song , Batra Pete S. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundMinimally invasive endoscopic resection (MIER) has emerged as the new standard for surgical treatment of sinonasal and skull‐base tumors. The objective of the present study was to evaluate quality of life (QOL) 2 years after MIER.MethodsProspective 20‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐20) data was accrued on 104 patients over 4 years. The study cohort included 72 patients with sinonasal malignancy, while 32 patients with inverted papilloma (IP) served as controls.ResultsThe overall and rhinologic subdomain SNOT‐20 scores for cancer patients did not statistically improve at 2 years (p = 0.12). They had statistically significant improvement in the psychological subdomain scores at 1 year (p = 0.03) and 2 years (p = 0.03). Similarly, the sleep subdomain scores improved at 1 year (p = 0.04) and 2 years (p = 0.03). In contrast, IP patients had statistically significant improvement in overall SNOT‐20 (p = 0.01), rhinologic (p = 0.01), and sleep (p = 0.05) subdomain scores at 6 months, which remained stable at 2 years. Analysis of various factors demonstrated that history of prior smoking adversely affected QOL scores in cancer patients, with higher total SNOT‐20 scores than nonsmokers (p = 0.01). Smokers also had higher psychological (p = 0.04), sleep (p = 0.01), and ear/facial (p = 0.001) domain scores than nonsmokers at 2 years.ConclusionThe long‐term effects of MIER for sinus cancer showed improved psychological and sleep scores at both 1 year and 2 years. Unfortunately, rhinologic QOL did not statistically improve at any of the measured time points. History of smoking was noted to be the most important predictor of QOL 2 years after MIER for sinonasal malignancy.
Expression profile of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Chueh Hee Won , Park Seong Kook , Hur Dae Young , Bae Woo Yong 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundA disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) is a multifunctional gene family that contributes to the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix, transduction of specific intracellular signals, organogenesis, inflammation, tissue remodeling, adhesion, and cell migration. ADAM17 is the best characterized sheddase, with widespread putative substrates, including various inflammatory modulators. ADAM10 is the most similar ADAM to ADAM17 in terms of both protein sequence and the structural properties of their catalytic domains. The objective of this work was to assess the expression of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in allergic rhinitis to gain insight into their respective roles.MethodsThe expression of ADAM10 and ADAM17 was investigated in the nasal mucosa under allergic and nonallergic conditions. Tissue samples were evaluated by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blotting, and data were analyzed semiquantitatively with densitometry.ResultsThe ADAM17 messenger RNA (mRNA) level was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in the allergic nasal mucosa than in the nonallergic nasal mucosa, whereas the ADAM10 mRNA level was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in the nonallergic nasal mucosa. The ADAM17 protein levels were also significantly (p < 0.001) lower in the allergic nasal mucosa, whereas the ADAM10 protein levels were lower in the nonallergic nasal mucosa (p = 0.002).ConclusionDecreased expression of ADAM17 and increased expression of ADAM10 may contribute to the development of allergic rhinitis through unknown pathways. We suggest that understanding the expression profile of ADAM17 and ADAM10 might help to elucidate the mechanism of allergic rhinitis.
Synthese und Festkörperstruktur eines Ga‐substituierten Distibens und eines Sb‐Analogons von Bicyclo[1.1.0]butan
Authors: Tuscher Lars , Ganesamoorthy Chelladurai , Bläser Dieter , Wölper Christoph , Schulz Stephan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRGa {R=HC[C(Me)N(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)]2} reagiert mit Sb(NMe2)3 unter Insertion in die Sb‐N‐Bindung und der Eliminierung von RGa(NMe2)2 (2), gefolgt von der Bildung eines Ga‐substituierten Distibens R(Me2N)GaSbSbGa(NMe2)R (1). Die Thermolyse von 1 verläuft unter Eliminierung von RGa und 2 und darauffolgend unter Bildung des Bicyclo[1.1.0]butan‐Analogons [R(Me2N)Ga]2Sb4 (3).
Growth of High‐Quality, Thickness‐Reduced Zeolite Membranes towards N2/CH4 Separation Using High‐Aspect‐Ratio Seeds
Authors: Huang Yi , Wang Lei , Song Zhuonan , Li Shiguang , Yu Miao 
Published: August 2015

AbstractGreatly improved zeolite membranes were prepared by using high‐aspect‐ratio zeolite seeds. Slice‐shaped seeds with a high aspect ratio (AR) facilitated growth of thinner continuous SAPO‐34 membranes of much higher quality. These membranes showed N2 permeances as high as (2.87±0.15)×10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 at 22 °C while maintaining a decent N2/CH4 selectivity (9–11.2 for equimolar mixture). On the basis of these thinner high‐quality SAPO‐34 membranes, fine‐tuning the local crystal structure by incorporating more silicon further increased the N2 permeance by 1.4 times without sacrificing the N2/CH4 selectivity. We expect that application of large AR zeolite seeds might be a viable strategy to grow thin high‐quality zeolite membranes. In addition, fine‐tuning of the crystal structure by changing the crystal composition might be a feasible way for further improving the separating performance of high‐quality zeolite membranes.
Seltenerdnitridophosphate durch Hochdruckmetathese
Authors: Kloß Simon David , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDie Erschließung eines großen Spektrums neuer Verbindungen durch eine neue Synthesemethode kann zu faszinierenden Entdeckungen führen. Hier berichten wir über die Synthese des ersten Seltenerdnitridophosphats, LiNdP4N8. Durch Festkörpermetathese zwischen LiPN2 und NdF3 wurde unter Hochdruck ein makrokristallines Produkt erhalten. Wir vermuten, dass in situ gebildetes LiF als thermodynamische Triebkraft und als Flux wirkt. Das Wachstum von für Kristallstrukturanalyse geeigneten Einkristallen wird durch den Flux unterstützt. Die von Nd3+ stammenden magnetischen Eigenschaften wurden mit SQUID‐Magnetometrie gemessen. LiNdP4N8 fungiert als Modellsystem für die Erforschung von Seltenerdnitridophosphaten, die möglicherweise auch auf Übergangsmetalle erweitert werden kann. Unsere Hochdruckmetathese ermöglicht die systematische Untersuchung der unbekannten Gebiete innerhalb nitridbasierter Materialien, die interessante Eigenschaften aufweisen können.
Biocatalytic Feedback‐Driven Temporal Programming of Self‐Regulating Peptide Hydrogels
Authors: Heuser Thomas , Weyandt Elisabeth , Walther Andreas 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSwitchable self‐assemblies respond to external stimuli with a transition between near‐equilibrium states. Although being a key to present‐day advanced materials, these systems respond rather passively, and do not display autonomous dynamics. For autonomous behavior, approaches must be found to orchestrate the time domain of self‐assemblies, which would lead to new generations of dynamic and self‐regulating materials. Herein, we demonstrate catalytic control of the time domain of pH‐responsive peptide hydrogelators in a closed system. We program transient acidic pH states by combining a fast acidic activator with the slow, enzymatic, feedback‐driven generation of a base (dormant deactivator). This transient state can be programmed over orders of magnitude in time. It is coupled to dipeptides to create autonomously self‐regulating, dynamic gels with programmed lifetimes, which are used for fluidic guidance, burst release, and self‐erasing rapid prototyping.
IgG Subclass Specificity Discriminates Restricted IgM Rheumatoid Factor Responses From More Mature Anti–Citrullinated Protein Antibody–Associated or Isotype‐Switched IgA Responses
Authors: Falkenburg Willem J. J. , van Schaardenburg Dirkjan , Ooijevaar‐de Heer Pleuni , Wolbink Gertjan , Rispens Theo 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the presence and patterns of specific IgG subclass recognition by IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM‐RF) and IgA‐RF with a newly developed enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can discriminate between polyspecific and restricted RF responses.MethodsPolyspecific and restricted RF responses were determined with our ELISA, which uses individually coated recombinant IgG subclasses instead of polyclonal IgG as target antibodies. Fine specificity was determined using target antibodies with single amino acid mutations in the Fc region.ResultsIn a screening panel of 93 sera that were previously found to be IgM‐RF positive in a conventional RF assay, we were able to discriminate between sera with polyspecific IgM‐RF responses (i.e., RF responses directed against all 4 IgG subclasses) and those with restricted IgM‐RF responses, with low or absent relative reactivity against IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. We found the largest variation for anti‐IgG3 reactivity. Samples without detectable anti‐IgG4 reactivity formed an independent group from the other restricted RF responses and the polyspecific RF responses. The specificity of these anti‐IgG4–negative sera could be pinpointed to single amino acid differences between IgG1 and IgG4. Polyspecific RF responses more often showed signs of RF response maturation, with more isotype switching to IgA‐RF, as compared to restricted RF responses. In a cohort of IgM‐RF+ and/or anti–citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)–positive arthralgia patients, we found restricted RF responses in 35% (49 of 140) of RF+/ACPA– patients, while RF+/ACPA+ patients, who have a much higher risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, virtually always (123 of 128 [96%]) showed a polyspecific RF response.ConclusionIgG subclass–specific RF distinguishes between immature restricted RF responses and potentially more pathogenic, ACPA‐associated polyspecific responses.
Brief Report: Lack of Replication of an Association Between Anti–Citrullinated Fibrinogen and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Montes Ariana , Corrales Alfonso , Calaza Manuel , Lopez‐Mejias Raquel , Parra Jose A. , González‐Gay Miguel A. , González Antonio 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveResults of a recent study suggested that the excess cardiovascular (CV) risk observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) could be partially explained by the presence of immune complexes of antibodies against citrullinated proteins that locally promote and perpetuate inflammation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. The present study was undertaken to attempt to replicate one of the observations supporting this hypothesis, i.e., association between anti–citrullinated fibrinogen (anti–Cit‐fibrinogen) positivity and subclinical atherosclerosis.MethodsThree surrogate markers of atherosclerosis were assessed in 124 RA patients with no previous history of CV events: carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT) assessed by carotid ultrasonography, carotid plaques assessed by carotid ultrasonography, and Coronary Artery Calcification Score (CACS) determined by multidetector computed tomography (CT) scanning. We analyzed the relationship of these 3 subclinical atherosclerosis markers to the presence and levels of autoantibodies, including anti–Cit‐fibrinogen, anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (anti–CCP‐2), and rheumatoid factor (RF).ResultsCarotid plaques and CIMT >0.90 mm were present in 69.4% and 15.3%, of the patients, respectively, and the CACS was moderate or high in 21.0%. None of these surrogate markers of atherosclerosis showed a significant association with positivity for or the level of anti–Cit‐fibrinogen antibodies (either against the whole protein [present in 33.9% of the patients] or against an immunodominant peptide [present in 23.4%]), anti–CCP‐2 (present in 60.7%), or RF (present in 58.1%) in this series of patients with RA.ConclusionOur results do not support the notion that there is a relationship between anti–Cit‐fibrinogen antibodies and subclinical atherosclerosis in RA, thus calling into question the claim that these antibodies have a role in the increased risk of CV disease observed in patients with RA.
Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Annulation of Azavinyl Carbenes Through Ring‐Expansion of 1,3,5‐Trioxane: Rapid Access to Nine‐Membered 1,3,5,7‐Trioxazonines
Authors: Pospech Jola , Ferraccioli Raffaella , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe rhodium(II)‐catalyzed denitrogenative coupling of N‐alkylsulfonyl 1,2,3‐triazoles with 1,3,5‐trioxane led to nine‐membered‐ringed trioxazonines in moderate‐to‐good yields. 1,3,5‐Trioxane, acting as an oxygen nucleophile, reacted with the α‐aza‐vinylcarbene intermediate, giving rise to ylide formation, which was probably the key step in the reaction. Triazoles that contained aryl substituents with various electronic and steric features on the C4 carbon atom were well‐tolerated. The synthesis of trioxazonine derivatives was achieved through a one‐pot, two‐step procedure from 1‐mesylazide and a terminal alkyne by combining CuI‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition and rhodium‐catalyzed transformations.
Bifunctional Perovskite Oxide Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution in Alkaline Media
Authors: Gupta Shiva , Kellogg William , Xu Hui , Liu Xien , Cho Jaephil , Wu Gang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractOxygen electrocatalysis, namely of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), governs the performance of numerous electrochemical energy systems such as reversible fuel cells, metal–air batteries, and water electrolyzers. However, the sluggish kinetics of these two reactions and their dependency on expensive noble metal catalysts (e.g, Pt or Ir) prohibit the sustainable commercialization of these highly innovative and in‐demand technologies. Bifunctional perovskite oxides have emerged as a new class of highly efficient non‐precious metal catalysts (NPMC) for oxygen electrocatalysis in alkaline media. In this review, we discuss the state‐of‐the‐art understanding of bifunctional properties of perovskites with regards to their OER/ORR activity in alkaline media and review the associated reaction mechanisms on the oxides surface and the related activity descriptors developed in the recent literature. We also summarize the present strategies to modify their electronic structure and to further improve their performance for the ORR/OER through highlighting the new concepts relating to the role of surface redox chemistry and oxygen deficiency of perovskite oxides for the ORR/OER activity. In addition, we provide a brief account of recently developed advanced perovskite–nanocarbon hybrid bifunctional catalysts with much improved performances.
Microwave‐Assisted Hydrothermal Rapid Synthesis of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Mesoporous Microspheres Using Adenosine 5′‐Diphosphate and Application in pH‐Responsive Drug Delivery
Authors: Qi Chao , Zhu Ying‐Jie , Sun Tuan‐Wei , Wu Jin , Chen Feng 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHerein we report a rapid and green strategy for the preparation of amorphous calcium phosphate mesoporous microspheres (ACP‐MSs) using adenosine 5′‐diphosphate disodium salt (ADP) as an organic phosphorus source by a microwave‐assisted hydrothermal method. The effects of the pH value, the reaction time, and temperature on the crystal phase and morphology of the product are investigated. The ADP biomolecules used in this strategy play an important role in the formation of ACP‐MSs. The as‐prepared ACP‐MSs are efficient for anticancer drug delivery by using doxorubicin (Dox) as a model drug, and the Dox‐loaded ACP‐MSs show a high ability to damage cancer cells. Moreover, the ACP‐MSs drug delivery system exhibits a pH‐responsive drug‐release behavior due to the degradation of ACP‐MSs at a low pH value, thus, it is promising for applications in pH‐responsive drug delivery.
Exploring Sustainable Rocket Fuels: [Imidazolyl−Amine−BH2]+‐Cation‐Based Ionic Liquids as Replacements for Toxic Hydrazine Derivatives
Authors: Huang Shi , Qi Xiujuan , Zhang Wenquan , Liu Tianlin , Zhang Qinghua 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe application of hypergolic ionic liquids as propellant fuels is a newly emerging area in the fields of chemistry and propulsion science. Herein, a new class of [imidazolyl−amine−BH2]+‐cation‐based ionic liquids, which included fuel‐rich anions, such as dicyanamide (N(CN)2−) and cyanoborohydride (BH3CN−) anions, were synthesized and characterized. As expected, all of the ionic liquids exhibited spontaneous combustion upon contact with the oxidizer 100 % HNO3. The densities of these ionic liquids varied from 0.99–1.12 g cm−3, and the heats of formation, predicted based on Gaussian 09 calculations, were between −707.7 and 241.8 kJ mol−1. Among them, the salt of compound 5, that is, (1‐allyl‐1H‐imidazole‐3‐yl)−(trimethylamine)−dihydroboronium dicyanamide, exhibited the lowest viscosity (168 MPa s), good thermal properties (Tg<−70 °C, Td>130 °C), and the shortest ignition‐delay time (18 ms) with 100 % HNO3. These ionic fuels, as “green” replacements for toxic hydrazine‐derivatives, may have potential applications as bipropellant formulations.