bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acid Biomarkers of Dietary Fat Quality and Endogenous Metabolism Predict Coronary Heart Disease Risk: A Nested Case‐Control Study Within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
Authors: Matthan Nirupa R. , Ooi Esther M. , Van Horn Linda , Neuhouser Marian L. , Woodman Richard , Lichtenstein Alice H. 
Published: August 2014

Background

Although the relationship between dietary fat quality and coronary heart disease (
CHD
) risk has been evaluated, typically using diet questionnaires, results are inconsistent and data in postmenopausal women are limited. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid (
PL
‐
FA
) profiles, reflecting dietary intake and endogenous
FA
metabolism, may better predict diet–
CHD
risk.

Methods and Results

Using a nested case‐control design, we assessed the association between plasma
PL
‐
FA
profiles and
CHD
risk in 2448 postmenopausal women (1224 cases with confirmed
CHD
and 1224 controls matched for age, enrollment date, race/ethnicity, and absence of
CHD
at baseline and after 4.5 years of follow‐up) participating in the Women's Health Initiative observational study.
PL
‐
FA
profile was measured using gas chromatography. Product/precursor ratios were used to estimate stearoyl‐CoA‐desaturase (16:1n‐7/16:0, 18:1n‐9/18:0), Δ6‐desaturase (20:3n‐6/18:2n‐6), and Δ5‐desaturase (20:4n‐6/20:3n‐6) activities, indicators of endogenous
FA
metabolism. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (95% CIs) for
CHD
risk. While no associations were observed for the predominant
PL
fatty acid (16:0, 18:0, 18:1n‐9, and 18:2n‐6), plasma
PL
–saturated fatty acid (1.20 [1.08 to 1.32]) and endogenously synthesized
PL
ω6 fatty acids (20:3n‐6; 3.22 [1.95 to 5.32]), 22:5n‐6; 1.63 [1.20 to 2.23]) and Δ6‐desaturase (1.25 [1.11 to 1.41]) were positively associated with
CHD
risk.
PL
‐ω3 fatty acids (20:5n‐3; 0.73 [0.58 to 0.93], 22:5n‐3; 0.56 [0.33 to 0.94], 22:6n‐3; 0.56 [0.39 to 0.80]), 18:1n‐7 (0.54 [0.29 to 0.99]), and Δ5‐desaturase (0.78 [0.70 to 0.88]) were inversely associated with
CHD
risk. Results support current guidelines regarding regular fish consumption. Additional findings include associations between endogenously synthesized fatty acids and
CHD
risk, which were partly explained by changes in Δ6‐desaturase and Δ5‐desaturase indexes, suggesting that in vivo metabolism may also play an important role in predicting
CHD
risk in this cohort of postmenopausal women.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
http://ClinicalTrials.gov
, Unique identifier: NCT01864122.
Choosing Wisely for Syncope: Low‐Value Carotid Ultrasound Use
Authors: Scott John W. , Schwartz Aaron L. , Gates Jonathan D. , Gerhard‐Herman Marie , Havens Joaquim M. 
Published: August 2014

Background
The United States spends more than $750 billion annually on tests and procedures that do not benefit patients. Although there is no physiological indication for carotid ultrasound in “simple” syncope in the absence of focal neurological signs or symptoms suggestive of stroke, there is concern that this practice remains common for routine syncope workups.

Methods and Results
We used a 5% random‐sample Medicare claims database to evaluate large‐scale national trends in utilization of low‐value carotid ultrasound imaging for simple syncope. We found that 16.5% of all Medicare beneficiaries with simple syncope underwent carotid imaging and 6.5% of all carotid ultrasounds ordered in 2009 were for this low‐value indication. These findings were complemented by a manual chart review of 313 patients at a large academic medical center who underwent carotid ultrasound for simple syncope over a 5‐year period. For the 48 (15.4%) of 313 patients with stenosis ≥50%, carotid ultrasound did not yield a causal diagnosis. Only 2% of the 313 patients imaged experienced a change in medications after a positive study, and <1% of patients underwent a carotid revascularization procedure.

Conclusions
These data suggest that carotid ultrasound for patients with uncomplicated syncope are still commonly ordered and may be an easy target for institutions striving to curtail low‐value care.
Predictions of Climate Several Years Ahead Using an Improved Decadal Prediction System
Authors: Knight Jeff R. , Andrews Martin B. , Smith Doug M. , Arribas Alberto , Colman Andrew W. , Dunstone Nick J. , Eade Rosie , Hermanson Leon , MacLachlan Craig , Peterson K. Andrew , Scaife Adam A. , Williams Andrew 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Decadal climate predictions are now established as a source of information on future climate alongside longer-term climate projections. This information has the potential to provide key evidence for decisions on climate change adaptation, especially at regional scales. Its importance implies that following the creation of an initial generation of decadal prediction systems, a process of continual development is needed to produce successive versions with better predictive skill. Here, a new version of the Met Office Hadley Centre Decadal Prediction System (DePreSys 2) is introduced, which builds upon the success of the original DePreSys. DePreSys 2 benefits from inclusion of a newer and more realistic climate model, the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 3 (HadGEM3), but shares a very similar approach to initialization with its predecessor. By performing a large suite of reforecasts, it is shown that DePreSys 2 offers improved skill in predicting climate several years ahead. Differences in skill between the two systems are likely due to a multitude of differences between the underlying climate models, but it is demonstrated herein that improved simulation of tropical Pacific variability is a key source of the improved skill in DePreSys 2. While DePreSys 2 is clearly more skilful than DePreSys in a global sense, it is shown that decreases in skill in some high-latitude regions are related to errors in representing long-term trends. Detrending the results focuses on the prediction of decadal time-scale variability, and shows that the improvement in skill in DePreSys 2 is even more marked.
PISTE: A Snow-Physics Model Incorporating Human Factors for Groomed Ski Slopes*
Authors: Howard Rosie , Stull Roland 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Accurately calculating snow-surface temperature and liquid water content for a groomed ski run, known as a ski piste, is crucial to the preparation of fast skis for alpine racing. Ski technicians can use forecasts of these variables to reduce ski–snow friction by applying layers of wax ahead of time. A new one-dimensional numerical Lagrangian snowpack model, Prognostic Implementation for Snow Temperature Estimation (PISTE), is presented that solves the heat-, liquid water–, and ice-budget equations to calculate these snow variables. In addition, the human effects of skiing and grooming are modeled. Meteorological measurements from a 5-day, clear-sky case study at a ski piste on Whistler Mountain, British Columbia, Canada, are prescribed to PISTE as boundary conditions. Because of a lack of interior snowpack measurements, PISTE was spun up from a dry, isothermal snowpack using repeated boundary conditions from 1 day of measurements. Initial conditions for the main model run that used the subsequent 4 days were taken from this spinup. Simulated and measured snow-surface temperatures show very good agreement, with slight cold daytime and warm nighttime biases (averaging 0.5° and 1°C, respectively). The modeled behavior of snowpack temperature and liquid water content profiles is consistent with previous literature having similar radiative boundary conditions. The case study indicates that PISTE is useful under simple conditions. It shows the potential to be developed into a more sophisticated model that can incorporate complex boundary conditions such as cloudiness and precipitation and can be driven by numerical weather prediction output.
Facial Palsy in Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome and Bell’s Palsy
Authors: Sun Baochun , Zhou Chengyong , Han Zeli 
Published: August 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare genetic predilection and recurrence tendency between facial palsy in Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) and Bell’s palsy Methods: We carried out an investigation on patients with facial palsy in MRS and those with Bell’s palsy who visited the outpatient department in our hospital between February 2009 and February 2013. They were asked about familial history and whether it was the first episode, with the results recorded and compared. Results: There were 16 patients with facial palsy in MRS and 860 patients with Bell’s palsy involved in the study. Familial history was positive in 5 of 16 patients (31.3%) with facial palsy in MRS and 56 of 860 patients (6.5%) with Bell’s palsy ( P < .01). Twelve of 16 cases (75%) with facial palsy in MRS and 88 of 860 cases (10.2%) with Bell’s palsy had a history of facial palsy in the past ( P < .01). Conclusion: Compared to Bell’s palsy, facial palsy in MRS has an obvious genetic predilection and recurrence tendency.
Xenograft Model for Therapeutic Drug Testing in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Authors: Ahn Julie , Bishop Justin A. , Akpeng Belinda , Pai Sara I. , Best Simon R.A. 
Published: August 2014

Objective: Identifying effective treatment for papillomatosis is limited by a lack of animal models, and there is currently no preclinical model for testing potential therapeutic agents. We hypothesized that xenografting of papilloma may facilitate in vivo drug testing to identify novel treatment options. Methods: A biopsy of fresh tracheal papilloma was xenografted into a NOD- scid-IL2Rgammanull (NSG) mouse. Results: The xenograft began growing after 5 weeks and was serially passaged over multiple generations. Each generation showed a consistent log-growth pattern, and in all xenografts, the presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV) genome was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Histopathologic analysis demonstrated that the squamous architecture of the original papilloma was maintained in each generation. In vivo drug testing with bevacizumab (5 mg/kg i.p. twice weekly for 3 weeks) showed a dramatic therapeutic response compared to saline control. Conclusion: We report here the first successful case of serial xenografting of a tracheal papilloma in vivo with a therapeutic response observed with drug testing. In severely immunocompromised mice, the HPV genome and squamous differentiation of the papilloma can be maintained for multiple generations. This is a feasible approach to identify therapeutic agents in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.
DSM-IV and DSM-5 social anxiety disorder in the Australian community
Authors: Crome Erica , Grove Rachel , Baillie Andrew J , Sunderland Matthew , Teesson Maree , Slade Tim 
Published: August 2014

Objective: Current and accurate estimates of prevalence, correlates, comorbid concerns and treatment-seeking behaviours associated with disorders are essential for informing policy, clinical practice and research. The most recent snapshot of social anxiety disorder in Australia was published more than a decade ago, with significant changes to the accessibility of mental health treatment services and diagnostic measures occurring during this period. This paper aims to (i) update the understanding of social anxiety disorder, its associations and patterns of treatment-seeking behaviours in the Australian population, and (ii) explore the impact of revised diagnostic criteria detailed in the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) on prevalence estimates. Methods: The National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB) was conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2007, collecting information from a nationally representative random sample of 8841 Australians aged 16–85 years. The presence of social anxiety disorder diagnostic criteria and related disorders were assessed over 12 months and lifetime periods using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Profiles of social anxiety disorder were consistent with previous estimates, with higher prevalence in females and younger age groups. Of the 8.4% of Australians meeting criteria for social anxiety disorder at some point in their lifetime (12-month prevalence 4.2%), a majority also experienced comorbid mental health concerns (70%). The revised performance-only specifier included in the DSM-5 was applicable to only 0.3% of lifetime cases. Just over 20% of people reporting social anxiety disorder as their primary concern sought treatment, most commonly through general practitioners. Conclusions: Social anxiety disorder continues to be prevalent in the Australian population and highly related to other disorders, yet few people experiencing social anxiety disorder seek treatment
Objectively measured sleep and β-amyloid burden in older adults: A pilot study
Authors: Spira Adam P , Yager Christopher , Brandt Jason , Smith Gwenn S , Zhou Yun , Mathur Anil , Kumar Anil , Brašić James R , Wong Dean F , Wu Mark N 
Published: August 2014

Background/aims: Although disturbed sleep is associated with cognitive deficits, the association between sleep disturbance and Alzheimer’s disease pathology is unclear. In this pilot study, we examined the extent to which sleep duration, sleep quality, and sleep-disordered breathing are associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brains of living humans. Methods: We studied 13 older adults (8 with normal cognition and 5 with mild cognitive impairment). Participants completed neuropsychological testing, polysomnography, and Aβ imaging with [11C]-Pittsburgh compound B. Results: Among participants with mild cognitive impairment, higher apnea–hypopnea index and oxygen desaturation index were associated with greater Aβ deposition, globally and regionally in the precuneus. There were no significant associations between sleep-disordered breathing and Aβ deposition among cognitively normal participants. There were no significant associations between sleep duration or sleep fragmentation and Aβ deposition. Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that among older adults with mild cognitive impairment, greater sleep-disordered breathing severity is associated with greater Aβ deposition.
Grain size dependence of low-temperature remanent magnetization in natural and synthetic magnetite: Experimental study
Authors: Smirnov Aleksey V. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Magnetic measurements at cryogenic temperatures (<300 K) proved to be useful in paleomagnetic and rock magnetic research, stimulating continuous interest to low-temperature properties of magnetite and other magnetic minerals. Here I report new experimental results on a grain size dependence of the ratio (R
LT) between a low-temperature (20 K) saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) imparted in magnetite after cooling in a 2.5 T field (field cooling, FC) and in a zero field environment (zero field cooling, ZFC). Synthetic magnetite samples ranged in mean grain size from 0.15 to 100 μm, representing nearly single-domain (SD), pseudosingle-domain (PSD), and multidomain (MD) magnetic states. The R
LT ratio monotonically increases from 0.58 to 1.12 with the decreasing mean grain size, being close to unity for PSD grains (0.15-5 μm) and smaller than unity for MD magnetite (12-100 μm). The R
LT ratio of 1.27 is observed for acicular magnetite characterized by nearly SD behavior. These observations indicate that within the range of ~0.15 to ~5 μm, the low-temperature SIRM may be higher than that expected from “normal” magnetic domain wall displacement. Such a behavior can be caused by the presence of a SD-like component in the magnetization of these grains, which origin, however, is uncertain. The natural rocks containing nearly stoichiometric magnetite manifest a dependence of the R
LT ratio on magnetic domain state identical to that observed from synthetic magnetites. Therefore, the comparison of FC SIRM and ZFC SIRM at very low temperatures may allow a crude estimate of magnetic domain state in some magnetite-bearing rocks, such as shallow mafic intrusions or some marine sediments.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ir and Rh Complexes Supported on Layered K4Nb6O17 as a Heterogeneous Photocatalyst for Visible-Light-Induced Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Kawashima Masayoshi , Mori Kohsuke , Aoyama Junya , Yamashita Hiromi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Immobilization of photosensitizer cyclometalated iridium(III) ([Ir(ppy)2(bpy)]+) and proton reduction catalyst tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)rhodium(III) ([Rh(bpy)3]3+) complexes onto layered niobate (K4Nb6O17) has been achieved with the aim of developing a photocatalyst for H2 production under visible light irradiation. Ir LIII-edge and Rh K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure measurements suggest that the Ir and Rh complexes are easily immobilized with little effect on the surrounding ligand structure. The photoluminescence emission of the immobilized Ir complex near 550 nm decreases with increasing amounts of adjacent Rh complex, suggesting direct electron transfer from Ir to Rh. The Ir–Rh/K4Nb6O17 acts as a heterogeneous photocatalyst enabling both visible light sensitization and H2 production from an aqueous solution without an electron relay reagent. Leaching and agglomeration of the active metal complexes are not observed after catalytic reactions, and the recovered photocatalyst can be repeatedly recycled without deterioration in its catalytic activity. Moreover, use of exfoliated K4Nb6O17 nanosheets is proven to significantly enhance photocatalytic activity.
How to Calculate the Number of Stereoisomers of Inositol Homologs
Authors: Yajima Arata 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
It is well known that there are nine stereoisomers of inositol that are composed of seven achiral compounds with a pair of enantiomers. However, there is no report regarding larger inositol homologs, contiguously substituted cycloalkane polyols; therefore, the numbers of stereoisomers of such compounds are unknown. This study provides a simple method to calculate the number of stereoisomers of inositol homologs with any carbon number. The established formulae may be useful in attracting novice students to the field of organic chemistry.
Microstructure and the Mobility of Fluorinated Carbon Chain of Reversed Micelles Formed by Cationic Polyfluorinated Surfactant
Authors: Nagashima Minoru , Tsukamoto Takamasa , Shimada Tetsuya , Tryk Donald A , Takagi Shinsuke , Inoue Haruo 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Cationic polyfluorinated surfactants (CnF2n+1CONH(CH2)2N+(CH3)2(CH2)15CH3Br−; CnF (n = 1–3)) form reversed micelles in organic solvents such as toluene. The reversed micelle formation and their properties were studied by 1H NMR and 19F NMR measurements. The cmc (critical reversed micelle concentration) and the aggregation numbers of reversed micelles formed by fluorinated surfactants were determined. The aggregation numbers of reversed micelles formed by fluorinated surfactant were calculated to be 9–12 in toluene. According to the analysis of NMR longitudinal relaxation time T1, the polyfluorinated reversed micelles were shown to have a very unique microstructure, in which the perfluoroalkyl chains orientate at the interface between organic and water phase, and the mobility of perfluoroalkyl chains in reversed micelles was relatively larger than that of micelles and vesicles. The 19F-T1 values of fluorine nuclei in the terminal trifluoromethyl group of were 750 ± 23, 740 ± 29, and 855 ± 93 ms for C1F, C2F and C3F, respectively.
Micropapillary Pattern and Poorly Differentiated Clusters Represent the Same Biological Phenomenon in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Barresi Valeria , Branca Giovanni , Vitarelli Enrica , Tuccari Giovanni 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives:
Colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) with a micropapillary pattern and those showing high counts of poorly differentiated clusters (PDCs) are characterized by a higher probability to develop nodal metastases and have a worse prognosis. In light of the morphologic similarity to the micropapillary component, we aimed to verify whether PDCs also display an inverted secretory pattern.

Methods:
The immunohistochemical expression of MUC1 and E-cadherin was assessed in a cohort of CRCs with PDCs and compared with that observed in CRCs without PDCs.

Results:
PDCs in our cases always displayed an inverted MUC1 pattern. In addition, we found abnormal (lost or cytoplasmic) expression of E-cadherin in PDCs.

Conclusions:
The altered expression of MUC1 and E-cadherin may account for the aggressive behavior and higher metastatic potential of CRCs with high PDC counts and indicate an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Our findings suggest that regardless of the morphologic aspect, PDCs and the micropapillary component may reflect the same biological phenomenon in CRCs. Thus, we wonder whether the micropapillary areas should be considered a variant of CRCs or more objectively counted as PDCs to predict prognosis. We also believe that the term PDC better describes the biological phenomena underlying this peculiar morphologic aspect in comparison with the misnomer micropapillary.
Comparison Between Invasive Breast Cancer With Extensive Peritumoral Vascular Invasion and Inflammatory Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Manfrin Erminia , Remo Andrea , Pancione Massimo , Cannizzaro Claudia , Falsirollo Francesca , Pollini Giovanni Paolo , Pellini Francesca , Molino Annamaria , Brunelli Matteo , Vendraminelli Roberto , Ceccarelli Michele , Pagnotta Stefano Maria , Simeone Ines , Bonetti Franco 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives:
Extensive peritumoral neoplastic lymphovascular invasion (ePVI) is a marker of aggressiveness in invasive breast carcinoma (BC).

Methods:
We explored the impact of ePVI on different BC subtypes. In a total of 2,116 BCs, 91 ePVI-BCs, 70 inflammatory breast carcinomas (IBCs), and 114 casual BCs as a control group (CG-BC) were recruited.

Results:
Patients affected by ePVI-BC were younger, had larger tumors, higher histologic grade, elevated Ki-67 score, Her2/neu overexpressed, and more lymph node metastases compared with CG-BC (P &lt; .001). Interestingly, only younger mean age at diagnosis differentiated patients with ePVI-BC from patients affected by IBC. ePVI-BC showed a clinical outcome intermediate between the prognoses of IBC and CG-BC.

Conclusions:
Results suggest that ePVI-BC and IBC may share some pathologic processes, providing a novel perspective on the heterogeneity of BC. Epidemiologic data and molecular studies on gene expression features are needed to rationally classify these tumors into their identified subtypes.
Developmental evolution and the origins of phenotypic variation
Authors: Lickliter Robert 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBecause of the variability of relevant developmental resources across different environments, and because only a portion of the genome is expressed in any individual organism as a result of its specific developmental context and experience, what is actually realized during the course of individual development represents only one of many possibilities. One conclusion to be drawn from this insight is that the origin of phenotypic traits and their variation can be traced to the process of development. In this conceptual overview, I briefly explore how recent efforts to integrate genetic, epigenetic, and environmental levels of analysis through a developmental lens is advancing our understanding of the generation of the stability and variability of phenotypic outcomes observed within and across generations. A growing body of evidence indicates that phenotypes are the outcomes of the whole developmental system, comprised of the organism, with its particular genetic and cellular make-up in its specific physical, biological, and social environments. I conclude that the emergent products of development are epigenetic, not just genetic, and evolutionary explanation cannot be complete without a developmental mode of analysis.