bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symbiotic bacteria contribute to increasing the population size of a freshwater crustacean, Daphnia magna
Authors: Peerakietkhajorn Saranya , Tsukada Koji , Kato Yasuhiko , Matsuura Tomoaki , Watanabe Hajime 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe filter‐feeding crustacean Daphnia is a key organism in freshwater ecosystems. Here, we report the effect of symbiotic bacteria on ecologically important life history traits, such as population dynamics and longevity, in Daphnia magna. By disinfection of the daphniid embryos with glutaraldehyde, aposymbiotic daphniids were prepared and cultured under bacteria‐free conditions. Removal of bacteria from the daphniids was monitored by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The population of aposymbiotic daphniids was reduced 10‐folds compared with that of the control daphniids. Importantly, re‐infection with symbiotic bacteria caused daphniids to regain bacteria and increase their fecundity to the level of the control daphniids, suggesting that symbiotic bacteria regulate Daphnia fecundity. To identify the species of symbiotic bacteria, 16S rRNA genes of bacteria in daphniids were sequenced. This revealed that 50% of sequences belonged to the Limnohabitans sp. of the Betaproteobacteria class and that the diversity of bacterial taxa was relatively low. These results suggested that symbiotic bacteria have a beneficial effect on D. magna, and that aposymbiotic Daphnia are useful tools in understanding the role of symbiotic bacteria in the environmental responses and evolution of their hosts.
A survey of etiologic hypotheses among testicular cancer researchers
Authors: Stang A. , Trabert B. , Rusner C. , Poole C. , Almstrup K. , Rajpert‐De Meyts E. , McGlynn K. A. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBasic research results can provide new ideas and hypotheses to be examined in epidemiological studies. We conducted a survey among testicular cancer researchers on hypotheses concerning the etiology of this malignancy. All researchers on the mailing list of Copenhagen Testis Cancer Workshops and corresponding authors of PubMed‐indexed articles identified by the search term ‘testicular cancer’ and published within 10 years (in total 2750 recipients) were invited to respond to an e‐mail‐based survey. Participants of the 8th Copenhagen Testis Cancer Workshop in May 2014 were subsequently asked to rate the plausibility of the suggested etiologic hypotheses on a scale of 1 (very implausible) to 10 (very plausible). This report describes the methodology of the survey, the score distributions by individual hypotheses, hypothesis group, and the participants’ major research fields, and discuss the hypotheses that scored as most plausible. We also present plans for improving the survey that may be repeated at a next international meeting of experts in testicular cancer. Overall 52 of 99 (53%) registered participants of the 8th Copenhagen Testis Cancer Workshop submitted the plausibility rating form. Fourteen of 27 hypotheses were related to exposures during pregnancy. Hypotheses with the highest mean plausibility ratings were either related to pre‐natal exposures or exposures that might have an effect during pregnancy and in post‐natal life. The results of the survey may be helpful for triggering more specific etiologic hypotheses that include factors related to endocrine disruption, DNA damage, inflammation, and nutrition during pregnancy. The survey results may stimulate a multidisciplinary discussion about new etiologic hypotheses of testicular cancer.
The idea of ‘Country’: Reframing post‐disaster recovery in Indigenous Taiwan settings
Authors: Hsu Minna , Howitt Richard , Chi Chun‐Chieh 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn Australian Aboriginal thinking, the idea of ‘Country’ comprises complex ideas about relationships and connection. It simultaneously encompasses territorial affiliation, a social identification and cosmological orientation. It draws attention to what might be glossed as people‐to‐environment, people‐to‐people and people‐to‐cosmos relations. These relations influence disaster responses, but are rarely mobilised explicitly in shaping formal recovery and reconstruction efforts. Colonial disruption of connections to Country imposed new practices and presences into contemporary Indigenous geographies and is often reinforced in disaster settings. This paper considers more recent disruptions arising from post‐disaster recovery in Taiwan, arguing that the idea of Country offers a powerful way of framing cultural and social dimensions of post‐disaster relief and recovery for government agencies, non‐government organisations and research alike.
Decolonising Pacific research, building Pacific research communities and developing Pacific research tools: The case of the talanoa and the faafaletui in Samoa
Authors: Suaalii‐Sauni Tamasailau , Fulu‐Aiolupotea Saunimaa Ma 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn building Samoan academic researcher capacity in Samoa, we argue that there is a need to first establish the kind of researcher community advocated by Linda Tuhiwai Smith, and to do so through developing research tools, such as the talanoa and faafaletui, in partnership with researcher capacity‐building initiatives such as the applied postgraduate social and health research methods course (coded PUBX731‐HSA505) run by the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, in partnership with the National University of Samoa. This paper offers a commentary on the talanoa and faafaletui as Pacific research methodologies, and asks what its value might be for researchers in Samoa. It reflects on the learning experiences of staff and students of the applied social and health research methods course in relation to the talanoa and faafaletui as Pacific research methodologies or methods. It concludes that developing Pacific research and researcher capacity in Pacific Island countries, such as Samoa, must include opening up spaces within these communities to critically engage what is Pacific or Samoan or indigenous about these research tools, methods or methodologies, and how they might differ in form or substance from other methods or methodologies.
Measuring development through public policy evaluation? The case of the North Province in New Caledonia
Authors: Sourisseau Jean‐Michel , Bosc Pierre‐Marie , Bouard Séverine , Gaillard Catherine , Bélières Jean‐François , Passouant Michel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPolicies designed for sustainable development are becoming ever more complex and ambiguous. Assessments should thus incorporate development representations and values, rather than only relying on economic and financial normative indicators. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that acknowledges the plurality of the various stakeholders' viewpoints. We suggest that evaluation of grassroots development policies could provide an innovative and more integrative way to measure development by broadening the scope to encompass both livelihood and welfare dimensions. Based on the assessment of a development scheme in New Caledonia, we argue that this cognitive and shared approach could be used to obtain a contextualised measurement of development. Two conditions further strengthen this approach: combining the use of different types of measurement tools, and adopting a rigorous quantitative measurement approach, in line with the collective representations. This promising approach may be applied to gain insight into the ability of implemented policies to address local development choices.
Miao migrants toShanghai: Multilocality, invisibility and ethnicity
Authors: Tapp Nicholas C.T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper reports on a recent research project into rural–urban labour migrants inShanghai,China, who are members of ethnic minorities, inquiring into the role of ethnicity in national labour migration. It introduces some of the main features of the ethnic nationalities (minzu) inChina and considers some of the literature on rural–urban migration inChina which may be considered as relevant to ethnicity. The case of aMiao minority family in Shanghai is described in detail to argue that what remains important to them in the city is not their formal ethnic affiliation (minzu) so much as a sub‐ethnic identity of connectedness and intimacy, importantly related to kinship and place.
Low expression of the antibacterial factor L‐amino acid oxidase in bovine mammary gland
Authors: Nagaoka Kentaro , Zhang Haolin , Arakuni Masahiro , Taya Kazuyoshi , Watanabe Gen 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn the mouse, L‐amino acid oxidase (LAO) produces hydrogen peroxide by utilizing free amino acids and is a proven antibacterial factor in mammary glands. Mastitis, a bacterial infection of the mammary gland, is the most frequent disease in dairy cattle. Here, we investigate whether LAO is expressed in the mammary gland of dairy cattle and is antibacterial. In dairy cattle, the expression level of LAO mRNA in the mammary gland was considerably lower than that in mice, and LAO activity was not observed in cattle milk that produced hydrogen peroxide. The expression of LAO mRNA was also low in Japanese Black cattle, the same as in Holstein cattle. A higher LAO mRNA expression was observed in the mastitis glands than in the lactating glands. Furthermore, spleen and lymph nodes expressed high levels of LAO mRNA in dairy cattle. We conclude that mammary glands in dairy cattle have lower ability to express the LAO gene compared to that in mice, which may result in a high incidence of mastitis.
The Lion King and the Hyaena Queen: large carnivore interactions and coexistence
Authors: Périquet Stéphanie , Fritz Hervé , Revilla Eloy 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTInteractions among species, which range from competition to facilitation, have profound effects on ecosystem functioning. Large carnivores are of particular importance in shaping community structure since they are at the top of the food chain, and many efforts are made to conserve such keystone species. Despite this, the mechanisms of carnivore interactions are far from understood, yet they are key to enabling or hindering their coexistence and hence are highly relevant for their conservation. The goal of this review is thus to provide detailed information on the extents of competition and facilitation between large carnivores and their impact in shaping their life histories. Here, we use the example of spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) and lions (Panthera leo) and provide a comprehensive knowledge of their interactions based on meta‐analyses from available literature (148 publications). Despite their strong potential for both exploitation and interference competition (range and diet overlap, intraguild predation and kleptoparasitism), we underline some mechanisms facilitating their coexistence (different prey‐age selection and scavenging opportunities). We stress the fact that prey abundance is key to their coexistence and that hyaenas forming very large groups in rich ecosystems could have a negative impact on lions. We show that the coexistence of spotted hyaenas and lions is a complex balance between competition and facilitation, and that prey availability within the ecosystem determines which predator is dominant. However, there are still many gaps in our knowledge such as the spatio‐temporal dynamics of their interactions. As both species' survival becomes increasingly dependent on protected areas, where their densities can be high, it is critical to understand their interactions to inform both reintroduction programs and protected area management.
Synthesis and Bio‐Evaluation of New 18F‐Labeled Pyridaben Analogs with Improved Stability for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Mice
Authors: Mou Tiantian , Zhao Zuoquan , Zhang Pu , Fang Wei , Peng Cheng , Lu Jie , Wang Qian , Ma Yunchuan , Zhang Xianzhong 
Published: December 2014

To improve the stability of 18F‐labeled pyridaben analogs for myocardial perfusion imaging, three new analogs of pyridaben ([18F]FPTP2, [18F]FPTP‐P2, and [18F]FPTP‐P3) were synthesized with ‘side chain’ modifications. The radiolabeled tracers and corresponding non‐radioactive compounds were obtained by substituting tosyl group with 18/19F. The effect of structure modification on myocardial targeting and physicochemical properties of new tracers were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The total radiosynthesis time of these tracers was approximately 70–90 min with high decay‐corrected radiochemical yields (36–65%) and good radiochemical purity (> 98%). These lipophilic tracers exhibited obvious improved stability in water. Studies of their biodistribution in normal Kunming mice demonstrated that [18F]FPTP2 exhibited very high initial heart uptake (39.70 ± 2.81 %ID/g at 2 min after injection) and low background in the liver, blood, and soft tissues. The heart‐to‐liver, heart‐to‐lung, and heart‐to‐blood ratios were 3.59, 19.34, and 67.34 at 15 min postinjection, respectively. Favorable myocardial targeting property and remarkable improvement of stability of [18F]FPTP2 suggest that the substitution of the phenyl ‘sidechain’ with other non‐phenyl rings has no effect on the myocardial targeting property of 18F‐labeled pyridaben analogs.
Analysis of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and S. aureus levels in edentulous mouths prior to and 6 months after placement of one‐piece zirconia and titanium implants
Authors: Siddiqi Allauddin , Milne Trudy , Cullinan Mary P. , Seymour Gregory J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundIt has been suggested that completely edentulous patients harbour fewer periodontopathic bacteria compared with dentate patients, due to the removal of the subgingival periodontal environment. However, reappearance of certain microbes has been reported after the placement of implants in these patients.AimThe aim of this study was to determine whether the periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, as well as the non‐periodontopathic bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, emerged in edentulous patients 6 months after placement of one‐piece zirconia and titanium implants.Materials and methodsTwenty‐six patients were included in the study (titanium = 13, zirconia = 13). Microbial samples were collected from the tongue prior to implant placement and 6 months after implant placement from both the tongue and from around the implants. A qRT‐PCR assay using SYBR green/ROX chemistry was used for the detection and quantification of rgp, nuc and karilysin single‐copy gene of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and S. aureus, respectively. Positive controls used in the study were pure bacterial gDNA purified from cultures of P. gingivalis and S. aureus, a cloned sequence of the karilysin gene for T. forsythia, a plaque sample positive for P. gingivalis and T. forsythia, and nasal gDNA for S. aureus.ResultsThe results show that prior to implant placement, all three bacterial species were below the lower limit of quantification in all edentulous patients. The samples collected from the tongue and around the implants remained below the lower limit of quantification for each of the three species. However, all positive controls used in the study were detectable in the samples. qPCR standard curves showed correlation coefficients >0.97 and efficiencies >94.5% (slope range −3.19 to −3.46) for each of the SYBR green PCR assays.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that the tested organisms did not emerge 6 months after implant placement irrespective of the nature of the implant biomaterial. A further follow‐up of at least 2 years post‐implantation of these patients is suggested to determine whether there are any changes in the oral microbiota and whether such changes are associated with the development of peri‐implant disease.
Single symptomatic colonic metastasis as first presentation of a pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Authors: Franco Inês , Tente David , Coutinho Daniel , Linhas Rita , Antunes Ana , Barroso Ana 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMetastatic lesions in the large bowel are rare. A case of single symptomatic colonic metastasis as first presentation of pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is described. A 62‐year‐old male was admitted with constipation and rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy revealed extrinsic compression at sigmoid colon, and microscopy suggested a secondary origin. Subsequent chest computed tomography confirmed a right perihilar mass invading posterior mediastinum, carina and esophagus, and also a second consolidation on right lower lobe and ipsilateral mediastinal and subcarinal lymph nodes. After pathologic evaluation of a transthoracic biopsy specimen, the diagnosis of pulmonary high‐grade MEC, stage IV (T4, N3, M1b – 7th ed. TNM), was established. Chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel was initiated, and disease progression occurred after two cycles with increasing colonic mass. Palliative surgery was rejected because of advanced stage, and the patient was submitted to palliative pelvic radiotherapy. Second‐line chemotherapy with gemcitabine was initiated, but clinical status worsened and the patient died because of severe lung failure. Clinical, pathological and therapeutic aspects of this uncommon site of extrathoracic metastatic disease are discussed, emphasizing the important contribution of special stains and immunohistochemistry to the diagnosis.
Skin cancer evaluation in transplant patients: a physician opinion survey with recommendations
Authors: Lloyd Amanda , Klintmalm Goran , Qin Huanying , Menter Alan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundNon‐melanoma skin cancer is the most common malignancy in transplant patients. However, routine skin cancer evaluation is currently not the standard of care.ObjectiveTo investigate the current barriers among transplant physicians to skin cancer screening in their patients. To provide recommendations for appropriate routine skin surveillance.MethodsA web‐based survey was conducted among Baylor, Dallas transplant physicians. Thirty‐seven of 46 responses were received, and 13 physicians (28%) were classified as “high screeners.”ResultsThe univariate analysis revealed three main barriers including the perception of difficulty in seeing a dermatologist (p = 0.017), skin cancer evaluation is not an important aspect of transplant care (p = 0.038), and thirdly, the belief that there is insufficient evidence to warrant universal skin cancer screening in transplant patients (p = 0.013). The fully adjusted multivariable analysis resulted in two significant conclusions; the most important predictor was the perceived lack of medical evidence for skin cancer screening.LimitationsThe small sample size and all responses being from the same institution in Texas.ConclusionThe dermatologic evidence for regular skin cancer screening in transplant patients needs dissemination to our transplant colleagues. This is a significant practice gap which can be appropriately closed by integrating dermatologists into the transplant team.
Uniquely human self‐control begins at school age
Authors: Herrmann Esther , Misch Antonia , Hernandez‐Lloreda Victoria , Tomasello Michael 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHuman beings have remarkable skills of self‐control, but the evolutionary origins of these skills are unknown. Here we compare children at 3 and 6 years of age with one of humans’ two nearest relatives, chimpanzees, on a battery of reactivity and self‐control tasks. Three‐year‐old children and chimpanzees were very similar in their abilities to resist an impulse for immediate gratification, repeat a previously successful action, attend to a distracting noise, and quit in the face of repeated failure. Six‐year‐old children were more skillful than either 3‐year‐olds or chimpanzees at controlling their impulses. These results suggest that humans’ most fundamental skills of self‐control – as part of the overall decision‐making process – are a part of their general great ape heritage, and that their species‐unique skills of self‐control begin at around the age at which many children begin formal schooling.
Drift in children's categories: when experienced distributions conflict with prior learning
Authors: Kalish Charles W. , Zhu XiaoJin , Rogers Timothy T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPsychological intuitions about natural category structure do not always correspond to the true structure of the world. The current study explores young children's responses to conflict between intuitive structure and authoritative feedback using a semi‐supervised learning (Zhu et al., 2007) paradigm. In three experiments, 160 children between the ages of 4 and 8 learned a one‐dimensional decision criterion for distinguishing yummy and yucky ‘alien fruits’. They then categorized a large number of new fruits without corrective feedback. The distribution of the new fruits was manipulated such that the natural boundary in the stimuli did not always correspond to the learned boundary. Children changed their decision criteria to reflect the structure of the new stimuli, effectively unlearning the original boundary. Younger children were especially swayed by the distributional information, being relatively insensitive to feedback that the original non‐natural boundary was, in fact, still correct. Results are discussed in terms of children's ability to selectively attend to specific information (i.e. feedback vs. distribution), and their interests in forming generally useful representations of experience.
Trends in outcomes, complications, and hospitalization costs for hemispherectomy in the United States for the years 2000–2009
Authors: Lin Yimo , Harris Dominic A. , Curry Daniel J. , Lam Sandi 
Published: December 2014

SummaryObjectiveHemispherectomy is an established surgical treatment for carefully selected pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy. Published perioperative data report low mortality rates and seizure reduction rates of 50–89%. This study investigates trends in the demographics, hospital utilization, and in‐hospital complication rates of patients undergoing hemispherectomy over the past decade in the United States, using the nationally representative Kids' Inpatient Database (KID).MethodsThe KID was queried for all discharges with the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) procedure code for hemispherectomy in the years 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009. The patient cohorts from these four time points were compared, analyzing differences in demographic data, insurance and payer status, total cost, length of stay, in‐hospital mortality, and complications. National estimates and 95% confidence intervals are reported given the weighted sample design of KID.ResultsThis study identified an estimated total of 552 hospital admissions for hemispherectomy surgery during the years studied in this cohort. The incidence of this procedure increased from 1.2/100,000 admissions in 2000 to 2.2/100,000 in 2009 (p = 0.05). Mean age was 6.7 years (range 0–20). There were no significant changes in demographics (age, gender, or race), hospital descriptors (size or type), insurance type, or zip code income quartile. There was a significant increase in total cost, from $42,807 in 2003 to $57,443 in 2009 (p = 0.015) (adjusted to 2009 dollars). There were no trends in postoperative complications. In‐hospital mortality occurred in five subjects (0.9%). Ventricular shunt placement during hemispherectomy hospitalizations increased over time from 6.7% to 16.5% (p = 0.056). Hospitals that performed two or more hemispherectomies yearly had a significantly decreased incidence of in‐hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 0.08, p = 0.04) and an increased incidence of blood transfusion (OR 3.7, p = 0.01) compared to hospitals that performed 0–1 procedures a year.SignificanceHemispherectomy procedures increased slightly in frequency over the past decade, with no change in demographic characteristics of the patients over time. Rates of mortality and perioperative complications remained low. Total costs have increased significantly over time. In‐hospital mortality was lower in higher volume hospitals.