bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-time strategy games bot based on a nonsimultaneous human-like movement characteristic
Authors: Novak Damijan , Verber Domen 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis paper discusses how to improve the behaviour of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms during real-time strategy games so as to behave more like human players. If we want to achieve this goal we must take into consideration several aspects of human psychology – human characteristics. Here we focused on the limited reaction times of the players in contrast to the enormous speed of modern computers. We propose an approach that mimics the limitations of the human reaction times. In order to work properly, the AI must know the average reaction times of the players. Some techniques and proposed algorithm outline are presented on how to achieve this.
A Highly Robust Audio Monitoring System for Radio Broadcasting
Authors: Nishan E.D. , Senevirathna W. , Jayaratne K.L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProposing a novel approach for monitoring songs for the radio broadcasting channels is very important for the interest of singers, writers and musicians in the musical industry. Singers, writers and musicians have a claim to intellectual property rights for their songs broadcast over all the radio channels. According to this intellectual property rights act singers, writers and musicians should be paid for their songs broadcast over all the radio channels. Therefore we propose a real time audio monitoring approach to solve this problem which includes our own audio recognition algorithm. It is easy to recognize a song, when you provide the original high quality blueprint of the song as input. But we can’t expect such kind of audio input from radio channels since lots of transformations are possible before reaching the end user or listener. For example, adding environmental effects such as noise, adding commercials on the song as watermarks, playing more than one song as a chain without adding any silence between them, playing a part of the song, playing same song in various speeds and so on. These transformations cause change in the uniqueness of particular song and make the problem even more difficult. The algorithm we proposing is resistant to noise and distortion as well as it is capable of recognizing short segment of song when broadcasting over the radio channels. At the end of the processing our system generates a descriptive report including title of the song, singer of the song, writer of the song, composer of the song, number of times it was played and when it was played for all songs for a particular period for all radio broadcasting channels. We evaluate our system against various types of real time scenarios and achieved overall higher level of accuracy (96%) at the end.
Architectural characteristics of stochastic honeycombs fabricated from varying melt strength polypropylenes
Authors: Hostetter Megan , Hibbard Glenn D. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTStochastic honeycombs are a cellular polymer fabricated through a simple melt‐stretching process. In this study, five polypropylenes (PP) with varying rheological properties were used to fabricate stochastic honeycombs over a range of densities. Rheology tests were performed to determine the melt behavior, while micro‐CT scans were used as a nondestructive characterization technique to determine the internal architecture. The sandwich structure consists of parallel skins separated by a network of interconnected webs. The cross‐sectional area decreased from unit area at the skins to a plateau over the middle third of the honeycomb height where the cross‐sectional area and total edge length of the webs were relatively constant. The rheological properties of the polymer were found to determine the web length per unit area, while the starting areal density of the polymer controlled the mid‐height cross‐sectional area. Other features, such as archways and buttresses, act as secondary structures that support the webs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40074.
The Synthesis of Magnetic Lysozyme‐Imprinted Polymers by Means of Distillation–Precipitation Polymerization for Selective Protein Enrichment
Authors: Cao Jiali , Zhang Xihao , He Xiwen , Chen Langxing , Zhang Yukui 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA protein imprinting approach for the synthesis of core–shell structure nanoparticles with a magnetic core and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) shell was developed using a simple distillation–precipitation polymerization method. In this work, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were first synthesized through a solvothermal method and then were conveniently surface‐modified with 3‐(methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxylsilane as anchor molecules to donate vinyl groups. Next a high‐density MIP shell was coated onto the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles by the copolymerization of functional monomer acrylamide (AAm), cross‐linking agent N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), the initiator azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN), and protein in acetonitrile heated at reflux. The morphology, adsorption, and recognition properties of the magnetic molecularly imprinted nanoparticles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and rebinding experiments. The resulting MIP showed a high adsorption capacity (104.8 mg g−1) and specific recognition (imprinting factor=7.6) to lysozyme (Lyz). The as‐prepared Fe3O4@Lyz‐MIP nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 320 nm were coated with an MIP shell that was 20 nm thick, which enabled Fe3O4@Lyz‐MIP to easily reach adsorption equilibrium. The high magnetization saturation (40.35 emu g−1) endows the materials with the convenience of magnetic separation under an external magnetic field and allows them to be subsequently reused. Furthermore, Fe3O4@Lyz‐MIP could selectively extract a target protein from real egg‐white samples under an external magnetic field.
Influence of magnetic fields on the hydration process of amino acids: Vibrational spectroscopy study of L‐phenylalanine and L‐glutamine
Authors: De Ninno Antonella , Castellano Agostina Congiu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAttenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the effect of weak electromagnetic fields on the structure of L‐glutamine (L‐Gln) and L‐phenylalnine (L‐Phe) in aqueous solution. It has been found that the exposure to a DC field or a 50 Hz AC field, for a short time induces modifications in the spectra of exposed samples in agreement with our preceding observations on glutamic acid. Furthermore, the acid–base equilibrium has been investigated by using the ratio of the intensity of the deprotonated on protonated species. In the case of L‐Phe, the exposure induces a measurable shift of acid dissociation constant pKa1 out of the experimental errors, while in case of L‐Gln, the effect is under the limit detectable with this method. The phenomenon of the shift of the acid–base equilibrium has been connected elsewhere to modification of the water–water hydrogen bonds in the water around both the backbone and the residue (R). Here we suggest that the magnetic field modifies the water structure around the molecules and changes the hydrophobic interactions allowing the molecules of amino acids to aggregate. The differences observed in the behavior of L‐Phe and L‐Gln may be related to the differences in the polarity of their residues. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:129–135, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electric field‐induced effects on yeast cell wall permeabilization
Authors: Stirke Arunas , Zimkus Aurelijus , Ramanaviciene Almira , Balevicius Saulius , Zurauskiene Nerija , Saulis Gintautas , Chaustova Larisa , Stankevic Voitech , Ramanavicius Arunas 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe permeability of the yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to lipophilic tetraphenylphosphonium cations (TPP+) after their treatment with single square‐shaped strong electric field pulses was analyzed. Pulsed electric fields (PEF) with durations from 5 to 150 µs and strengths from 0 to 10 kV/cm were applied to a standard electroporation cuvette filled with the appropriate buffer. The TPP+ absorption process was analyzed using an ion selective microelectrode (ISE) and the plasma membrane permeability was determined by measurements obtained using a calcein blue dye release assay. The viability of the yeast and the inactivation of the cells were determined using the optical absorbance method. The experimental data taken after yeasts were treated with PEF and incubated for 3 min showed an increased uptake of TPP+ by the yeast. This process can be controlled by setting the amplitude and pulse duration of the applied PEF. The kinetics of the TPP+ absorption process is described using the second order absolute rate equation. It was concluded that the changes of the charge on the yeast cell wall, which is the main barrier for TPP+, is due to the poration of the plasma membrane. The applicability of the TPP+ absorption measurements for the analysis of yeast cells electroporation process is also discussed. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:136–144, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure from GSM mobile phones
Authors: Calderón Carolina , Addison Darren , Mee Terry , Findlay Richard , Maslanyj Myron , Conil Emmanuelle , Kromhout Hans , Lee Ae‐kyoung , Sim Malcolm R. , Taki Masao , Varsier Nadège , Wiart Joe , Cardis Elisabeth 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAlthough radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones have received much attention, relatively little is known about the extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields emitted by phones. This paper summarises ELF magnetic flux density measurements on global system for mobile communications (GSM) mobile phones, conducted as part of the MOBI‐KIDS epidemiological study. The main challenge is to identify a small number of generic phone models that can be used to classify the ELF exposure for the different phones reported in the study. Two‐dimensional magnetic flux density measurements were performed on 47 GSM mobile phones at a distance of 25 mm. Maximum resultant magnetic flux density values at 217 Hz had a geometric mean of 221 (+198/−104) nT. Taking into account harmonic data, measurements suggest that mobile phones could make a substantial contribution to ELF exposure in the general population. The maximum values and easily available variables were poorly correlated. However, three groups could be defined on the basis of field pattern indicating that manufacturers and shapes of mobile phones may be the important parameters linked to the spatial characteristics of the magnetic field, and the categorization of ELF magnetic field exposure for GSM phones in the MOBI‐KIDS study may be achievable on the basis of a small number of representative phones. Such categorization would result in a twofold exposure gradient between high and low exposure based on type of phone used, although there was overlap in the grouping. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:210–221, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lanthanide Metal–Organic Frameworks Showing Luminescence in the Visible and Near‐Infrared Regions with Potential for Acetone Sensing
Authors: Dang Song , Min Xue , Yang Weiting , Yi Fei‐Yan , You Hongpeng , Sun Zhong‐Ming 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe luminescent properties of a family of lanthanide metal–organic frameworks LnL (Ln=Y, La–Yb, except Pm; L=4,4′‐({2‐[(4‐carboxyphenoxy)methyl]‐2‐methylpropane‐1,3‐diyl}bis{oxy})dibenzoic acid) have been explored, and the energy‐transfer process in the compounds has been carefully analyzed. The visible‐emitting Tb0.08Gd0.92L and the near‐infrared (NIR)‐luminescent Yb0.10Gd0.90L show excellent optical performances and can be considered as fluorescent probes for acetone sensing based on luminescence quenching effects arising from host–guest interactions. Moreover, GdL exhibits a strong second harmonic generation (SHG) signal 6.1 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and an outstanding phase‐matchable effect. These lanthanide compounds combining fluorescent and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties could meet further requirements as multifunctional materials.
Structural Diversity of Copper(I)–N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes; Ligand Tuning Facilitates Isolation of the First Structurally Characterised Copper(I)–NHC Containing a Copper(I)–Alkene Interaction
Authors: Lake Benjamin R. M. , Willans Charlotte E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe preparation of a series of imidazolium salts bearing N‐allyl substituents, and a range of substituents on the second nitrogen atom that have varying electronic and steric properties, is reported. The ligands have been coordinated to a copper(I) centre and the resulting copper(I)–NHC (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene) complexes have been thoroughly examined, both in solution and in the solid‐state. The solid‐state structures are highly diverse and exhibit a range of unusual geometries and cuprophilic interactions. The first structurally characterised copper(I)–NHC complex containing a copper(I)–alkene interaction is reported. An N‐pyridyl substituent, which forms a dative bond with the copper(I) centre, stabilises an interaction between the metal centre and the allyl substituent of a neighbouring ligand, to form a 1D coordination polymer. The stabilisation is attributed to the pyridyl substituent increasing the electron density at the copper(I) centre, and thus enhancing the metal(d)‐to‐alkene(π*) back‐bonding. In addition, components other than charge transfer appear to have a role in copper(I)–alkene stabilisation because further increases in the Lewis basicity of the ligand disfavours copper(I)–alkene binding.
The Ambivalent Chemistry of a Free Anionic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Decorated with a Malonate Backbone: The Plus of a Negative Charge
Authors: César Vincent , Labat Stéphane , Miqueu Karinne , Sotiropoulos Jean‐Marc , Brousses Rémy , Lugan Noël , Lavigne Guy 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe anionic heterocycle “[maloNHC]−”, ([1]−), is the archetype of a growing family of N‐heterocyclic carbenes incorporating an anionic backbone; here, a malonate group. A comprehensive experimental exploration of its chemistry as a free entity (in the form of its lithium salt [1]⋅Li) is presented, and rationalized using DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6‐31+G** level of theory. For the sake of comparison, similar computations were performed on other representative carbene types. Reactions of [1]⋅Li with a broad series of electrophilic reagents were used to ascertain its intrinsic nature as a nucleophilic carbene. Unexpectedly, [1]⋅Li was also seen to react with the nucleophilic tert‐butylisocyanide, to give an anionic ketenimine, which could be subsequently derivatized, either into an imine by protonation of the ketenimine moiety, or into a neutral ketenimine by alkylation of the intracyclic malonate moiety. Further experiments on the electrophilic behavior of [1]⋅Li revealed its unexpected reactivity toward p‐chlorobenzaldehyde, resulting in a formal CH activation and the first structurally characterized keto‐tautomer of the Breslow intermediate. Finally, [1]⋅Li remarkably activates polar EH bonds, including NH bonds from ammonia and amines, SiH bonds, and BH bonds. Importantly, DFT calculations indicate the importance of counterion effects. In particular, the key to the observed reactivity appears to be a modulation of energy levels associated with a dynamic variability of the LiO distance between the remote malonate group and the counterion.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of teneligliptin in subjects with hepatic impairment
Authors: Halabi Atef , Maatouk Haidar , Siegler Karl Ernst , Faisst Nadja , Hinrichsen Holger 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of teneligliptin was compared in 3 groups of 8 subjects assigned according to their degree of hepatic impairment (mild, moderate, or matched healthy subjects). Hepatic impairment was associated with an increase in maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) and overall exposure (AUC0–∞) to teneligliptin. Geometric least square mean ratios for Cmax in subjects with mild and moderate hepatic impairment were 25% and 38% higher than in healthy subjects, and those for AUC0–∞ were 46% and 59% higher than in healthy subjects, respectively. For both parameters, the upper limit of the 90% confidence intervals was outside the 80%–125% “no effect” limit, but below the FDA‐recommended “dose‐adjustment” boundary of 200%. The lower mean total clearance in subjects with mild (9.79 L/h) or moderate (8.57 L/h) hepatic impairment resulted in longer mean half‐lives (27.9 and 30.9 hours, respectively) than in healthy subjects (clearance: 13.11 L/h, half life: 24.8 hours). Protein binding ranged between 36.9% and 47.5% in subjects with hepatic impairment and between 32.5% and 34.5% in healthy subjects. Overall, teneligliptin was well tolerated by subjects with hepatic impairment. These results may indicate that caution will be needed when administering teneligliptin to subjects with hepatic impairment.
Carbamate Stabilities of Sterically Hindered Amines from Quantum Chemical Methods: Relevance for CO2 Capture
Authors: Gangarapu Satesh , Marcelis Antonius T. M. , Zuilhof Han 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe influence of electronic and steric effects on the stabilities of carbamates formed from the reaction of CO2 with a wide range of alkanolamines was investigated by quantum chemical methods. For the calculations, B3LYP, M11‐L, MP2, and spin‐component‐scaled MP2 (SCS‐MP2) methods were used, coupled with SMD and SM8 solvation models. A reduction in carbamate stability leads to an increased CO2 absorption capacity of the amine and a reduction of the energy required for solvent regeneration. Important factors for the reduction of the carbamate stability were an increase in steric hindrance around the nitrogen atom, charge on the N atom and intramolecular hydrogen bond strength. The present study indicates that secondary ethanolamines with sterically hindering groups near the N atom show significant potential as candidates for industrial CO2‐capture solvents.
Oxidative Coupling of 1‐Naphthols over Noble and Base Metal Catalysts
Authors: Maphoru Mabuatsela V. , Heveling Josef , Pillai Sreejarani K. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBismuth‐promoted platinum catalysts were tested for the oxidative coupling of 2‐ and 4‐substituted 1‐naphthols at different temperatures and ambient pressure. The principal final products are the 3,3′‐substituted 1,1′‐binaphthalenylidene‐4,4′‐diones and the 4,4′‐substituted 2,2′‐binaphthalenylidene‐1,1′‐diones, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide was used as the oxidant. Only naphthols with electron‐donating substituents reacted. The corresponding binaphthalenyl diols can be considered as reaction intermediates. Yields of up to 99 % were obtained from 2‐methyl‐1‐naphthol as the starting material within 20 minutes. Probably for steric reasons, the diol is the final product obtained from 2‐ethyl‐1‐naphthol. For 4‐methoxy‐1‐naphthol the outcome is determined by the reaction temperature. At 25 °C the expected 1,1′‐dione is the major product, whereas at 60 °C 1′‐hydroxy‐4′‐methoxy‐2,2′‐binaphthalenyl‐1,4‐dione is formed; the loss of one methoxy unit and the preservation of the hydroxy group can be explained by the competitive cleavage of one of the two OMe bonds at higher temperature. Unpromoted platinum and a range of other metallic catalysts, including gold and Raney nickel, were also found to be active. The products obtained are brightly colored solids that could be used as dyes. The method described is truly catalytic and environmentally benign. The potential of the technique justifies further research to expand on the applicability of this novel method.
Analysis of cooperative and competitive spectrum sharing for heterogeneous networks based on differential dynamics model
Authors: Zhu Xiaorong , Dianati Mehrdad , Zhu Hongbo 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYThe heterogeneous networks belonging to different service providers form a coalition system for maximizing the profit, where they may either compete or cooperate with each other. In this paper, we introduce the Lokta–Volterra model, a differential dynamics model, to build the competitive and cooperative mechanisms of heterogeneous networks. It considers the natural growth rate of the network itself and competitive and cooperative effects among networks. Then, according to the ordinary differential principle, the stability of the proposed model and its equilibrium points are analyzed. And finally, system performances are evaluated by Vensim that is used for developing, analyzing, and packaging dynamic feedback models. Analysis and simulation results show that the natural growth rate of the network cannot increase its profit, but effective cooperative mechanism among heterogeneous networks can increase the profit of each network. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proof of cannabis administration by sensitive detection of 11‐nor‐Delta(9)‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐9‐carboxylic acid in hair using selective methylation and application of liquid chromatography‐ tandem and multistage mass spectrometry
Authors: Thieme Detlef , Sachs Hans , Uhl Michael 
Published: November 2013

The identification of 11‐nor‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐9‐carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in hair represents an exceptional forensic analytical challenge due to low target concentrations in a complex matrix. Several dedicated techniques [gas chromatography – negative chemical ionization‐ tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐NCI‐MS/MS) or GC‐GC‐MS couplings] were specifically introduced into forensic toxicology aiming to a selective and sensitive identification of THCCOOH in hair. The combination of liquid‐chromatography (LC) and MS/MS gained an outstanding relevance in forensic toxicology (including the detection of cannabinoids). However, its application to hair matrix is characterized by a lack of specificity which is due to the unspecific decarboxylation as most abundant fragmentation reaction.Therefore, various chemical modifications of the carboxyl and/or phenolic hydroxyl groups were examined to improve the selectivity. The selective methylation of the 9‐carboxyl‐group proved to be the most efficient derivatization procedure. Hair extracts were redissolved in acetonitrile and after addition of few milligrams of solid sodium carbonate derivatized with 25 μL methyl iodide. The resulting THC‐9‐carboxymethylester was separated by conventional reverse phase LC and selectively detected using negative electrospray ionization by recording the fragmentation reactions 357➔325 and 357➔297. Resulting limits of quantification were below 100 fg/mg. A further significant improvement was achieved by application of the multistage MS3 fragmentation 357➔325➔297. To verify the validity of this procedure, a systematic quantitative comparison of THCCOOH concentrations in hair with data from a well established GC‐NCI‐MS/MS technique was performed. Both techniques proved to be in good accordance (R2 =0.647, p = <0.001) and equally suitable for hair testing of THCCOOH. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.