bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Speed and Efficiency of the Tudor South‐West's Royal Post‐Stage Service
Authors: Cooper Ian 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article examines the roads upon which the Tudor government's postal arrangements rested, the methods deployed by central government for sending and receiving official mail nationwide, and the network of exchequer‐funded post‐stages that connected London with the south‐western periphery of the realm during periods of war, rebellion and political turmoil. The article also uses a large number of postal endorsements to measure objectively the speed and efficiency of the Tudor south‐west's royal post‐stage service. In doing so, the study's primary goal is to demonstrate that this mode of government dispatch was more rapid and reliable than the majority of historians, who have relied on anecdotal subjective evidence, recognize.
Urinary Excretion of C5b‐9 is Associated With the Anti‐Angiogenic State in Severe Preeclampsia
Authors: Guseh Stephanie H. , Feinberg Bruce B. , Dawood Hassan Y. , Yamamoto Hidemi S. , Fichorova Raina N. , Burwick Richard M. 
Published: December 2014

ProblemSevere preeclampsia has been independently linked to complement dysregulation and angiogenic imbalance; however, the relationship between complement and angiogenic factors in human pregnancy is unclear.Method of studyUtilizing existing biomarkers, our study sought to better understand this relationship in active disease. We performed a case–control study, enrolling 25 cases with severe preeclampsia, 25 controls with chronic hypertension, and 25 healthy controls without hypertension. Levels of complement components (C3a, C5a, and C5b‐9) and angiogenic markers [basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1)] were measured simultaneously.ResultsCompared to both hypertensive and non‐hypertensive controls, severe preeclampsia was associated with increased plasma sFlt‐1, decreased plasma VEGF and PlGF, decreased urinary PlGF, and increased urinary C5b‐9. Urinary marker C5b‐9 correlated strongly with the anti‐angiogenic condition. In subjects with detectable urinary excretion of C5b‐9, median plasma levels of sFlt‐1 were significantly greater (32,029 versus 4556 pg/mL, P < 0.0001) and levels of PlGF (15.6 versus 226 pg/mL, P < 0.0001) and VEGF (119 versus 153 pg/mL, P = 0.001) were significantly lower.ConclusionMore so than plasma complement markers, urinary C5b‐9 may a useful measure to link complement dysregulation with angiogenic imbalance in severe preeclampsia.
Extreme weather conditions correspond with localised vegetation death at Cradle Mountain, Tasmania
Authors: Visoiu Micah , Whinam Jennie 
Published: December 2014

SummaryA chance observation of a drought‐related plant mortality event in early 2014 in a normally wet and cool alpine area was matched with local weather data providing a unique insight into this event. The observed plant death was largely indiscriminate in areas that were topographically predisposed to being susceptible to drought. The weather conditions surrounding this event included 5 weeks with very little rain, an extreme heatwave and subsequent brief periods where warm temperatures and dry air combined to produce highly evaporative conditions. Extreme weather conditions such as this are expected to occur with increasing frequency as a result of climate change. Observing and reporting on real‐world examples of how extreme weather events affect native vegetation is integral to improved climate change risk assessment and to inform future management actions.
African histoplasmosis: the first report of an indigenous case in India
Authors: Ravindran Sheeba , Sobhanakumari Kunjumani , Celine Machiyanickel , Palakkal Seena 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectivesAfrican histoplasmosis, caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii, is an invasive fungal infection endemic in Central and West Africa. Cases seen outside Africa are generally imported. We report a disseminated purely cutaneous form of this infection in an otherwise healthy person from Kerala, in southern India.MethodsA 59‐year‐old farmer presented with asymptomatic, generalized, reddish skin lesions of five months in duration. Dermatologic examination revealed multiple erythematous papules and plaques of varying sizes, predominantly over the trunk and upper limbs. The patient was otherwise in good health. Systemic examination including the pulmonary and musculoskeletal systems revealed no abnormalities.ResultsSkin biopsy was performed from a lesion on the thigh. Histopathologic examination revealed epithelioid and suppurative granulomas in the upper dermis, with lymphocytes, neutrophils, and plenty of giant cells. Fite–Faraco staining for Mycobacterium leprae was negative. Fungus cultured from the specimen was identified as H. capsulatum var. duboisii, the rarer variant of H. capsulatum. The patient was treated with ketoconazole 200 mg/day for four months and attained complete clearance. No relapse has been detected over two years of follow‐up.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this case represents the first instance of African histoplasmosis to be reported from India. The occurrence of such a rare infection in an immunocompetent individual, who had not travelled elsewhere, raises the possibility of the indigenous existence of H. capsulatum var. duboisii in Kerala. Further studies of the ecology and epidemiology of this rare infection are essential.
Sleep duration and associated factors in a community sample of elderly individuals in Korea
Authors: Kim Won‐Hyoung , Kim Byung‐Soo , Kim Shin‐Kyum , Chang Sung‐Man , Lee Dong‐Woo , Cho Maeng‐Je , Bae Jae‐Nam 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study estimates the duration of sleep and its relationships with clinical correlates in a community sample of elderly individuals in Korea.MethodsA total of 1924 individuals aged 65 and over were interviewed in Korea. Sleep durations were classified into five categories: 5.00 h or less, 6.00 h per day, 7.00 h per day, 8.00 h per day, and 9.00 h or more per day. Sleep disturbance was classified into four sleep complaints: difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, early‐morning awakening, and non‐restorative sleep. The Mini‐Mental Status Examination, the Geriatric Depression Scale, and questionnaires about the presence of cardiovascular disease were employed.ResultsThe most frequent self‐reported sleep duration was 7.00 h. The mean sleep duration was 6.46 h. Female subjects, subjects between the ages of 75 and 79, and subjects with current depression were associated with sleeping for 6.00 h or less or 9.00 h or more. Subjects who lived alone and those with cardiovascular disease were associated with sleeping for 5.00 h or less. Subjects aged 80 and over, formally educated subjects, current smokers, and subjects with cognitive dysfunction were associated with sleeping for 9.00 h or more. Sleep disturbances according to sleep duration has a U‐shaped distribution. We found that all sleep disturbances were significantly related to sleep durations of 6.00 h or less compared to sleep durations of 7.00 h. We also found that non‐restorative sleep was significantly related to sleep durations of 8.00 h or more compared to sleep durations of 7.00 h.ConclusionA relatively high prevalence of short or long sleep duration was identified. Various sociodemographic variables influenced sleep duration. Depression, cognitive dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease were associated with short or long sleep duration. Careful attention should be paid to the health of elderly individuals who are short or long sleepers.
STUDIES IN THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. VIII. NEURAL BALANCE AND REFLEX REVERSAL, WITH A NOTE ON PROGRESSION IN THE DECEREBRATE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Brown T. Graham 
Published: December 2014

1. In the normal guinea‐pig there is sometimes a dilemma of reaction in the act of the hind limb in response to mechanical stimulation of the femoral fold of skin.2. The reaction is sometimes one of flexion and sometimes one of extension. The determining factor seems to be the assumption of an active posture. If the active posture is flexion the reaction is more likely to be flexion; if it is extension the reaction will most likely be extension.3. Amongst the methods of procuring these active postures of peculiar interest are passive bendings of the neck.4. This reversal of reflex action may be obtained after the complete removal of both cerebral hemispheres. It may therefore take place in the absence of cortical disturbing factors.5. The reversal here described seems to differ in its causation from that described by Sherrington, Magnus, and v. Uexküll. To v. Uexküll's rule of reflex reversal—that the stretching of a muscle increases the likelihood that that muscle will contract in cases where a dilemma of reaction is possible—may be added another rule: a stimulus which may throw into activity either of twin antagonistic centres (and depress the activity of the other) will tend to activate that which at the time is already in a state of relatively raised activity.6. Besides this transient reversal by means of the assumption of an active posture there is described in this paper a more permanent tilting of the central balance. This is seen after removal of the cortex on one side—as has been described in a previous paper. In general, flexion reactions are made more likely on the side of the cortical lesion, and extension reactions upon the other side. This is seen even more markedly after section of one crus cerebri—when the posture of the body becomes asymmetrical.7. To explain these phenomena it may be supposed that one cortex, or cerebral hemisphere, exercises opposite influences on the centres situated on different sides of the body. When both hemispheres are removed, or the cortex is removed on both sides, the tilting of the central balance seems to be in the direction of extension on both sides of the body. This phenomenon may be explained by supposing that the cortical, or cerebral, influence of one side more than counterbalances the antagonistic influence from the cortex, or hemisphere, of the other side.8. In general it may be supposed that the activity and the reflex excitability of a centre—or of a pair of antagonistic centres—go hand in hand, and that they are the resultant of innumerable excitatory and inhibitory influences which continually play upon the centre. This resultant may be termed the “neural balance.” The central balance may be tilted for a time in one direction by the temporary preponderance of one of the influences which play upon it. And it may be permanently upset by a permanent alteration in the value of the influences which compose the balance.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON BLOOD COAGULATION TIME
Authors: Simpson Sutherland , Rasmussen A. T. 
Published: December 2014

In the dog variation in the temperature of the blood, before it is withdrawn from the artery, between the limits of 25° C. and 45·1° C., does not appear to affect its coagulation time provided it is kept at a constant (25° C.) temperature afterwards.Prolonged etherisation does not affect the coagulation time appreciably.Changes in the temperature of the blood, after it is withdrawn from the body, produce a marked affect on its coagulation time. From 10° C. to about 40° C. the time is shortened as the temperature rises, and beyond this from 40° C. upwards, it is lengthened. At 55° C. or 56° C. the blood does not coagulate at all.
EXPERIMENTAL MODIFICATION OF THE ACCESSORY SEXUAL APPARATUS IN THE HEN
Authors: Greenwood Alan W. , Blyth J. S. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. Peculiarities of form and function in the accessory sexual apparatus of a number of experimental pullets, derived from eggs injected with œstrone at an early stage of incubation, are described and discussed.2. Only one of a group of 6 females laid normal eggs when sexually mature, the remainder producing eggs devoid of shell or lacking both shell and egg membranes. This phenomenon is ascribed to an abnormality of the oviduct.3. All the experimental birds autopsied possessed two oviducts which showed incomplete development both as regards total length and length of component parts.4. The total weight of the two ducts approximated that of the single left oviduct in the normal hen.5. It is suggested that either the œstrone injection to the egg interfered with the normal processes of differentiation of the mullerian duct into the sex duct in the embryo, rendering it incapable of efficient response to the hormone stimulus subsequently supplied by the functional ovary of the individual, or that the normal level of secretion of female hormone by the fowl's ovary is sufficient only for the complete development of a single duct.
THE EFFECT OF REMOVAL OF THE POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY ON THE INHIBITION OF WATER‐DIURESIS BY EMOTIONAL STRESS
Authors: O'Connor W. J. , Verney E. B. 
Published: December 2014

1. The inhibition of water‐diuresis by emotional stress in the dog is largely reduced after removal of the posterior lobe of the pituitary body.2. Consideration is given to the method of assaying the post‐pituitary antidiuretic hormone by intravenous injection during water‐diuresis.3. Comparison of the post‐pituitary extract equivalent of the emotional inhibition before, with that after, removal of the posterior lobe shows that only about 5 per cent. of the antidiuretic function of the neuro‐hypophysis, as expressed in the inhibition by emotional stress, remains when the posterior lobe has been removed.4. This residuum of function is apparently adequate to constrain the output of urine within normal limits.5. The bearing of these results on the neuro‐hypophyseal control of water‐excretion is discussed.Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society for defraying part of the expenses incurred in this work.
THE ANTIDIURETIC ACTION OF MORPHINE: ITS SITE AND MODE OF ACTION IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS OF THE DOG
Authors: Duke H. N. , Pickford M. , Watt J. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Observations made on dogs show that morphine sulphate administered during the course of a water diuresis is antidiuretic, whether it is given intravenously (0·08 mg./ kg.) to the unanæsthetized animal, or injected into the supraoptic nuclei (4‐32 ug.) under chloralose ancesthesia.2. After section of the supraoptic tracts the injection of morphine sulphate intravenously into the unanæsthetized dog does not cause antidiuresis.3. The release of adrenaline from the suprarenal medulla is not a factor in the antidiuretic action of morphine.4. In unanæsthetized dogs into whose supraoptic nuclei DFP has previously been injected, the intravenous administration of morphine sulphate consistently causes an inhibition of the rate of urine flow.5. Acute tolerance of the antidiuretic response to morphine is not seen on giving two or three small doses in the course of a few hours.6. Consideration of the results leads to the conclusion that morphine induces antidiuresis by a direct effect on the supraoptic cells, causing the release of the antidiuretic hormone of the posterior lobe of the pituitary. This effect of morphine is unrelated to cholinesterase.
The role of the Janus-faced transcription factor PAX5-JAK2 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Schinnerl Dagmar , Fortschegger Klaus , Kauer Maximilian , Marchante João R. M. , Kofler Reinhard , Den Boer Monique L. , Strehl Sabine 
Published: December 2014

Key PointsPAX5-JAK2 is the first nuclear DNA-binding JAK2 fusion protein with kinase activity. JAK2 inhibitors block the kinase activity of PAX5-JAK2.
MicroRNA-486 regulates normal erythropoiesis and enhances growth and modulates drug response in CML progenitors
Authors: Wang Li-Sheng , Li Ling , Li Liang , Chu Su , Shiang Keh-Dong , Li Min , Sun Hui-Yan , Xu Jun , Xiao Feng-Jun , Sun Guihua , Rossi John J. , Ho YinWei , Bhatia Ravi 
Published: December 2014

Key PointsmiR-486-5p is expressed in megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors and regulates growth and survival by regulating FOXO1 and AKT. miR-486-5p is overexpressed in CML progenitors and enhances their growth, survival, and response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Levantamento Taxonômico e Sazonalidade de Calliphoridae, Muscidae e Fanniidae (Insecta: Diptera) em Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Monteiro Thayana Teles , Da Silva Evandro Nascimento , Bravo Freddy Ruben 
Published: December 2014

Os dípteros necrófagos utilizam matéria orgânica em decomposição como fonte proteica em ao menos uma fase de sua vida. Deste modo o conhecimento taxonômico dessa fauna se torna importante para estudos forense, sanitário e médico. Os dípteros das famílias Calliphoridae, Muscidae e Fanniidae possuem espécies necrófagas associadas ao ambiente humano, estando entre os insetos de maior destaque nesse aspecto e até então nunca foram estudados na cidade de Feira de Santana, Bahia. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento da fauna de dípteros necrófagos das famílias Calliphoridae, Muscidae e Fanniidae de Feira de Santana, Bahia. Para isso, foram realizadas coletas mensais ao longo de um ano em três áreas da cidade com um total de cinco armadilhas iscadas (com 24 horas de exposição) por área, resultando em um subconjunto de 60 armadilhas/área e um total de 180 amostras. Foram coletados 4.818 dípteros, pertencentes a 20 espécies das três famílias estudadas: Calliphoridae (seis espécies), Fanniidae (três espécies) e Muscidae (11 espécies). A maior abundância das famílias ocorreu no outono e a menor no verão. Observou-se que treze das vinte espécies coletadas, possuem interesse forense e sanitário descritos na literatura.
Taxonomic Survey and Seasonality of Calliphoridae, Muscidae and Fanniidae (Insecta: Diptera) in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil

Abstract. Taxonomic studies in necrphagous Diptera is relevant because of its importance for forensic, health and medical purposes, since they feed in decaying organic matter as protein source, at least in one stage of their lives. Synantropic Diptera, such us some species of Calliphoridae, Muscidae and Fannidae had not been studied in Feira de Santana, BA. The aim of this study was to do an inventory of necrophagous Diptera belonging to the families cited above. Five baited traps (24 hours of exposure) were placed in three sites in the town, once a month, resulting in a subset of 60 traps per site and a total of 180 samples. A total of 4.818 specimens were collected, belonging to 20 species: Calliphoridae (six species), Fannidae (three species) and Muscidae (11 species). The abundance of synantropic Diptera showed seasonality being the fall the season with higher abundance while in the summer the abundance was significant lower. Thirteen out of the twenty species collected were cited in the literature as being of forensic importance.
Model parameter estimation of linear time-invariant systems from
combined data of forced and initial condition responses
Authors: Guo Ya , Tan Jinglu 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Many systems can be represented as linear time-invariant (LTI) systems in
state space with ordinary differential equations (ODE). Forced responses are
often used for model parameter estimation; however, some models are not
uniquely identifiable from the data of forced responses, or experiments with
pure forced response may not be the optimal design. It is thus meaningful to
look for other types of data for model parameter estimation through
redesigning experiments. In this work, we compare the influence of forced and initial
condition responses on the deterministic identifiability of LTI systems in
state space with ODEs as model structure. It is clearly
demonstrated that one initial condition vector is equivalent to one column
vector of the control matrix for constraining system eigenvectors. The
combination of forced and initial condition responses can improve the
identifiability of models that are not identifiable only from forced
responses. Explicit formulations and an algorithm are derived to identify
model parameters from the combined data of forced and initial condition
responses.
Sirolimus therapy in a patient with severe hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia due to a compound heterozygous ABCC8 gene mutation
Authors: Shah Pratik , Arya Ved Bhushan , Flanagan Sarah E. , Morgan Kate , Ellard Sian , Senniappan Senthil , Hussain Khalid 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH) is the most common cause of severe and persistent hypoglycaemia in neonates. The treatment of severe diazoxide unresponsive HH involves near total pancreatectomy. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that regulates cellular proliferation. mTOR inhibitors are used in cancer patients and recently found to be effective in the treatment of insulinoma and HH patients.A 36 weeks large for gestational age neonate presented with severe hypoglycaemia on day 1 of life. The hypoglycaemia screen confirmed HH and genetic testing revealed compound heterozygousWe report the first case of compound heterozygous
Ionic conductivity study of LiI-Ga2S3-GeS2 chalcogenide glasses using a random-walk approach
Authors: Patil Deepak S. , Konale Manisha S. , Kolar Jakub , Shimakawa Koichi , Zima Vitezslav , Wagner Tomas 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Electrical properties of a set of lithium-ion conducting sulfide glasses with general formula 20LiI-xGa2S3-(80-x)GeS2 (x = 10, 15 and 20) is studied in the present article. The experimental data obtained using impedance spectroscopy are analyzed by means of a random-walk (RW) model assuming that the conduction takes place by a random motion of Li+ ions. The influences of added gallium on the structural network and on the conductivity of prepared glasses are also analyzed using the RW model. The results are further confirmed by Raman spectral analysis. The results obtained by the random-walk model and by a conventional equivalent electric circuit model are in a good agreement. We observed that the addition of Ga2S3 contributed to phase separation in the prepared glassy system and negatively influenced the conductivity of the studied glasses. Factors contributing to the total conductivity with respect to the amount of both LiI and Ga2S3 are also reported.
Splitting the sḏm.n⸗f? A Discussion of Written Forms in Coffin Texts
Authors: Stauder Andréas 
Published: December 2014

Summary:
The paper discusses the written forms of II.red in Coffin Texts adduced by Wolfgang Schenkel in support of his hypothesis of two morphologically distinct forms of the sḏm.n⸗f. Also examined are the case of ult.n
non-II.red, which had only a secondary role in Schenkel’s original proposal, and the case of the high-frequency verb wnn, which is special. The conclusion is that none of these written forms supports the hypothesis of two distinct forms of the sḏm.n⸗f, just as none contradicts it. In the course of the argument, various issues of broader interest are touched upon: the representation of verbal morphology in writing, the individual verbs (notably ngigi/ngg “cackle,” originally a N-stem based on an onomatopoietic segment), the morphology of wnn, and aspects of the dynamics of textual variation in Coffin Texts (notably the extraordinarily complex case afforded by CT I 73c–74f; Spell 24).