bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rivaroxaban versus high dose nadroparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip or knee arthroplasty
Authors: Thermann H. , Heckmann F. , Heckmann M. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryDeep-vein thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism are major complications in total joint arthroplasty of the lower limbs. New oral anticoagulants are increasingly prescribed as thromboprophylaxis due to their simple administration and encouraging phase III marketing studies.In this observational study, we compared the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban with nadroparin in 1302 unselected patients receiving hip or knee arthroplasty.Venous thrombembolism occurred in 3.3% (2.3%; 4.7%, 95% CI, n = 838) of patients receiving rivaroxaban and in 4.3% (2.7%; 6.7%, 95% CI, n = 464) of patients receiving nadroparin resulting in an absolute risk reduction (ARR) of 1.0% (–1.4%; 3.3%, 95% CI).With an odds ratio of 0.6 (0.4; 1.0, 95% CI), rivaroxaban was associated with a decreased perioperative drop in haemoglobin exhibiting an improved thromboprophylactic profile when compared to high dose nadroparin. Furthermore, transfusion rates were 8.8% (−2.7%; 19.9%, 95% CI) lower in patients receiving rivaroxaban. However, as previous studies have shown, low preoperative haemoglobin remains the most predictive factor for postoperative transfusions (OR: 2.4 [1.3; 4.4, 95% CI]).
Environmental education: policy and practice
Authors: Iacob Mihaela 
Published: July 2015

This paper seeks to uncover the realities behind the integration, or lack thereof, of Environmental Education into the core science curriculum as well as suggestions to successfully integrating it. There is an urgent need for transformative environmental education and action-based environmental participation, concerns also echoed by the international community. The schools should be vested with an environmental mission about/for/in the environment. Educational legislation for science education and practice are bridged by a myriad of difficulties to successfully integrating it (Hart, 2002; Metz et al., 2010). Effective strategies for integration as well as teachers’ preparedness and professional development are among the steps towards successful integration.Key-words: Environmental education, science education, knowledge mobilization, scientifically-literate citizens, teachers’ professional development.
The Usefulness of Leukosan SkinLink for Simple Facial Laceration Repair in the Emergency Department
Authors: Kim Hyunjoo , Kim Junhyung , Choi Jaehoon , Jung Woonhyuk 
Published: July 2015

Background Repair of facial laceration in the emergency department can pose a number of difficulties. Children can be uncooperative, but adults can also be if they have sustained head trauma or are intoxicated. Leukosan SkinLink consists of topical adhesive and adhesive tape that can be applied easily to long or tense wounds. In this study, the authors compared conventional suturing with Leukosan SkinLink for facial laceration patients in the emergency department.
Methods The prospective study was carried out from March 2013 to September 2013 with linear facial laceration patients visiting the emergency department. Exclusion criteria were open fractures, joint injuries, skin defects, hairy skin, and mucosa. The author used Leukosan SkinLink for skin closure in the experimental group and used conventional suturing in the control group. The scar evaluation using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) along with satisfaction scores, procedure times, and complications were compared.
Results A total of 77 patients (30 in the control group and 47 in the experimental group) participated and underwent follow-up for 6 months postoperatively. The scar assessment using the POSAS and the satisfaction score in both groups were similar. The average procedure time in the experimental group was shorter. In the control group, there were four cases of wound dehiscence, two of infection, and one of skin necrosis, whereas four cases of wound dehiscence and one allergic reaction occurred in the experimental group.
Conclusions With a simple application technique, Leukosan SkinLink is a new effective method for facial laceration repair especially useful for children and uncooperative adults.
Lateral Oropharyngeal Wall Coverage with Buccinator Myomucosal and Buccal Fat Pad Flaps
Authors: Jung Bok Ki , Song Seung Yong , Kim Se-Heon , Kim Young Seok , Lee Won Jai , Hong Jong Won , Roh Tai Suk , Lew Dae Hyun 
Published: July 2015

Background Reconstruction of oropharyngeal defects after resection of oropharyngeal cancer is a significant challenge. The purpose of this study is to introduce reconstruction using a combination of a buccinator myomucosal flap and a buccal fat pad flap after cancer excision and to discuss the associated anatomy, surgical procedure, and clinical applications.
Methods In our study, a combination of a buccinator myomucosal flap with a buccal fat pad flap was utilized for reconstruction after resection of oropharyngeal cancer, performed between 2013 and 2015. After oropharyngectomy, the defect with exposed vital structures was noted. A buccinator myomucosal flap was designed and elevated after an assessment of the flap pedicle. Without requiring an additional procedure, a buccal fat pad flap was easily harvested in the same field and gently pulled to obtain sufficient volume. The flaps were rotated and covered the defect. In addition, using cadaver dissections, we investigated the feasibility of transposing the flaps into the lateral oropharyngeal defect.
Results The reconstruction was performed in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. The largest tumor size was 5 cm×2 cm (length×width). All donor sites were closed primarily. The flaps were completely epithelialized after four weeks, and the patients were followed up for at least six months. There were no flap failures or postoperative wound complications. All patients were without dietary restrictions, and no patient had problems related to mouth opening, swallowing, or speech.
Conclusions A buccinator myomucosal flap with a buccal fat pad flap is a reliable and valuable option in the reconstruction of oropharyngeal defects after cancer resection for maintaining functionality.
Functional Outcomes of Multiple Sural Nerve Grafts for Facial Nerve Defects after Tumor-Ablative Surgery
Authors: Lee Myung Chul , Kim Dae Hee , Jeon Yeo Reum , Rah Dong Kyun , Lew Dae Hyun , Choi Eun Chang , Lee Won Jai 
Published: July 2015

Background Functional restoration of the facial expression is necessary after facial nerve resection to treat head and neck tumors. This study was conducted to evaluate the functional outcomes of patients who underwent facial nerve cable grafting immediately after tumor resection.
Methods Patients who underwent cable grafting from April 2007 to August 2011 were reviewed, in which a harvested branch of the sural nerve was grafted onto each facial nerve division. Twelve patients underwent facial nerve cable grafting after radical parotidectomy, total parotidectomy, or schwannoma resection, and the functional facial expression of each patient was evaluated using the Facial Nerve Grading Scale 2.0. The results were analyzed according to patient age, follow-up duration, and the use of postoperative radiation therapy.
Results Among the 12 patients who were evaluated, the mean follow-up duration was 21.8 months, the mean age at the time of surgery was 42.8 years, and the mean facial expression score was 14.6 points, indicating moderate dysfunction. Facial expression scores were not influenced by age at the time of surgery, follow-up duration, or the use of postoperative radiation therapy.
Conclusions The results of this study indicate that facial nerve cable grafting using the sural nerve can restore facial expression. Although patients were provided with appropriate treatment, the survival rate for salivary gland cancer was poor. We conclude that immediate facial nerve reconstruction is a worthwhile procedure that improves quality of life by allowing the recovery of facial expression, even in patients who are older or may require radiation therapy.
Decoupling of net community and export production on submesoscales in the Sargasso Sea
Authors: Estapa M. L. , Siegel D. A. , Buesseler K. O. , Stanley R. H. R. , Lomas M. W. , Nelson N. B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDeterminations of the net community production (NCP) in the upper ocean and the particle export production (EP) should balance over long time and large spatial scales. However, recent modeling studies suggest that a horizontal decoupling of flux‐regulating processes on submesoscales (≤10 km) could lead to imbalances between individual determinations of NCP and EP. Here we sampled mixed‐layer biogeochemical parameters and proxies for NCP and EP during 10, high‐spatial resolution (~2 km) surface transects across strong physical gradients in the Sargasso Sea. We observed strong biogeochemical and carbon flux variability in nearly all transects. Spatial coherence among measured biogeochemical parameters within transects was common but rarely did the same parameters covary consistently across transects. Spatial variability was greater in parameters associated with higher trophic levels, such as chlorophyll in >5.0 µm particles, and variability in EP exceeded that of NCP in nearly all cases. Within sampling transects, coincident EP and NCP determinations were uncorrelated. However, when averaged over each transect (30 to 40 km in length), we found NCP and EP to be significantly and positively correlated (R = 0.72, p = 0.04). Transect‐averaged EP determinations were slightly smaller than similar NCP values (Type‐II regression slope of 0.93, standard deviation = 0.32) but not significantly different from a 1:1 relationship. The results show the importance of appropriate sampling scales when deriving carbon flux budgets from upper ocean observations.
Relevance of methodological choices for accounting of land use change carbon fluxes
Authors: Hansis Eberhard , Davis Steven J. , Pongratz Julia 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAccounting for carbon fluxes from land use and land cover change (LULCC) generally requires choosing from multiple options of how to attribute the fluxes to regions and to LULCC activities. Applying a newly developed and spatially explicit bookkeeping model BLUE (bookkeeping of land use emissions), we quantify LULCC fluxes and attribute them to land use activities and countries by a range of different accounting methods. We present results with respect to a Kyoto Protocol‐like “commitment” accounting period, using land use emissions of 2008–2012 as an example scenario. We assess the effect of accounting methods that vary (1) the temporal evolution of carbon stocks, (2) the state of the carbon stocks at the beginning of the period, (3) the temporal attribution of carbon fluxes during the period, and (4) treatment of LULCC fluxes that occurred prior to the beginning of the period. We show that the methodological choices result in grossly different estimates of carbon fluxes for the different attribution definitions.
A space and time scale‐dependent nonlinear geostatistical approach for downscaling daily precipitation and temperature
Authors: Jha Sanjeev Kumar , Mariethoz Gregoire , Evans Jason , McCabe Matthew F. , Sharma Ashish 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA geostatistical framework is proposed to downscale daily precipitation and temperature. The methodology is based on multiple‐point geostatistics (MPS), where a multivariate training image is used to represent the spatial relationship between daily precipitation and daily temperature over several years. Here the training image consists of daily rainfall and temperature outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 50 and 10 km resolution for a 20 year period ranging from 1985 to 2004. The data are used to predict downscaled climate variables for the year 2005. The result, for each downscaled pixel, is daily time series of precipitation and temperature that are spatially dependent. Comparison of predicted precipitation and temperature against a reference data set indicates that both the seasonal average climate response together with the temporal variability are well reproduced. The explicit inclusion of time dependence is explored by considering the climate properties of the previous day as an additional variable. Comparison of simulations with and without inclusion of time dependence shows that the temporal dependence only slightly improves the daily prediction because the temporal variability is already well represented in the conditioning data. Overall, the study shows that the multiple‐point geostatistics approach is an efficient tool to be used for statistical downscaling to obtain local‐scale estimates of precipitation and temperature from General Circulation Models.
Impact of prescribed burning on blanket peat hydrology
Authors: Holden Joseph , Palmer Sheila M. , Johnston Kerrylyn , Wearing Catherine , Irvine Brian , Brown Lee E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFire is known to impact soil properties and hydrological flow paths. However, the impact of prescribed vegetation burning on blanket peatland hydrology is poorly understood. We studied 10 blanket peat headwater catchments. Five were subject to prescribed burning, while five were unburnt controls. Within the burnt catchments, we studied plots where the last burn occurred ∼2 (B2), 4 (B4), 7 (B7), or greater than 10 years (B10+) prior to the start of measurements. These were compared with plots at similar topographic wetness index locations in the control catchments. Plots subject to prescribed vegetation burning had significantly deeper water tables (difference in means = 5.3 cm) and greater water table variability than unburnt plots. Water table depths were significantly different between burn age classes (B2 > B4 > B7 > B10+) while B10+ water tables were not significantly different to the unburnt controls. Overland flow was less common on burnt peat than on unburnt peat, recorded in 9% and 17% of all runoff trap visits, respectively. Storm lag times and hydrograph recession limb periods were significantly greater (by ∼1 and 13 h on average, respectively) in the burnt catchments overall, but for the largest 20% of storms sampled, there was no significant difference in storm lag times between burnt and unburnt catchments. For the largest 20% of storms, the hydrograph intensity of burnt catchments was significantly greater than those of unburnt catchments (means of 4.2 × 10−5 and 3.4 × 10−5 s−1, respectively), thereby indicating a nonlinear streamflow response to prescribed burning. Together, these results from plots to whole river catchments indicate that prescribed vegetation burning has important effects on blanket peatland hydrology at a range of spatial scales.
Scenario tree reduction in stochastic programming with recourse for hydropower operations
Authors: Xu Bin , Zhong Ping‐An , Zambon Renato C. , Zhao Yunfa , Yeh William W.‐G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA stochastic programming with recourse model requires the consequences of recourse actions be modeled for all possible realizations of the stochastic variables. Continuous stochastic variables are approximated by scenario trees. This paper evaluates the impact of scenario tree reduction on model performance for hydropower operations and suggests procedures to determine the optimal level of scenario tree reduction. We first establish a stochastic programming model for the optimal operation of a cascaded system of reservoirs for hydropower production. We then use the neural gas method to generate scenario trees and employ a Monte Carlo method to systematically reduce the scenario trees. We conduct in‐sample and out‐of‐sample tests to evaluate the impact of scenario tree reduction on the objective function of the hydropower optimization model. We then apply a statistical hypothesis test to determine the significance of the impact due to scenario tree reduction. We develop a stochastic programming with recourse model and apply it to real‐time operation for hydropower production to determine the loss in solution accuracy due to scenario tree reduction. We apply the proposed methodology to the Qingjiang cascade system of reservoirs in China. The results show: (1) the neural gas method preserves the mean value of the original streamflow series but introduces bias to variance, cross variance, and lag‐one covariance due to information loss when the original tree is systematically reduced; (2) reducing the scenario number by as much as 40% results in insignificant change in the objective function and solution quality, but significantly reduces computational demand.
Understanding large‐extent controls of soil organic carbon storage in relation to soil depth and soil‐landscape systems
Authors: Mulder Vera L. , Lacoste Marine , Martin Manuel P. , Richer‐de‐Forges Anne , Arrouays Dominique 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this work we aimed at developing a conceptual framework in which we improve our understanding of the controlling factors for soil organic carbon (SOC) over vast areas at different depths. We postulated that variability in SOC levels may be better explained by modeling SOC within soil‐landscape systems (SLSs). The study was performed in mainland France, and explanatory SOC models were developed for the sampled topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (>30 cm), using both directed and undirected data‐mining techniques. With this study we demonstrated that there is a shift in controlling factors both in space and depth which were mainly related to (1) typical SLS characteristics and (2) human‐induced changes to SLSs. The controlling factors in relation to depth alter from predominantly biotic to more abiotic with increasing depth. Especially, water availability, soil texture, and physical protection control deeper stored SOC. In SLSs with similar SOC levels, different combinations of physical protection, the input of organic matter, and climatic conditions largely determined the SOC level. The SLS approach provided the means to partition the data into data sets that were having homogenous conditions with respect to this combination of controlling factors. This information may provide important information on the carbon storage and sequestration potential of a soil.
Dissolution patterns and mixing dynamics in unstable reactive flow
Authors: Hidalgo Juan J. , Dentz Marco , Cabeza Yoar , Carrera Jesus 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe study the fundamental problem of mixing and chemical reactions under a Rayleigh‐Taylor‐type hydrodynamic instability in a miscible two‐fluid system. The dense fluid mixture, which is generated at the fluid‐fluid interface, leads to the onset of a convective fingering instability and triggers a fast chemical dissolution reaction. Contrary to intuition, the dissolution pattern does not map out the finger geometry. Instead, it displays a dome‐like, hierarchical structure that follows the path of the ascending fluid interface and the regions of maximum mixing. These mixing and reaction hot spots coincide with the flow stagnation points, at which the interfacial mixing layer is compressed and deformed. We show that the deformation of the boundary layer around the stagnation points controls the evolution of the global scalar dissipation and reaction rates and shapes the structure of the reacted zones. The persistent compression of the mixing layer explains the independence of the mixing rate from the Rayleigh number when convection dominates.
Statistical study of auroral fragmentation into patches
Authors: Hashimoto Ayumi , Shiokawa Kazuo , Otsuka Yuichi , Oyama Shin‐ichiro , Nozawa Satonori , Hori Tomoaki , Lester Mark , Johnsen Magnar Gullikstad 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe study of auroral dynamics is important when considering disturbances of the magnetosphere. Shiokawa et al. (2010, 2014) reported observations of finger‐like auroral structures that cause auroral fragmentation. Those structures are probably produced by macroscopic instabilities in the magnetosphere, mainly of the Rayleigh‐Taylor type. However, the statistical characteristics of these structures have not yet been investigated. Here based on observations by an all‐sky imager at Tromsø (magnetic latitude = 67.1°N), Norway, over three winter seasons, we statistically analyzed the occurrence conditions of 14 large‐scale finger‐like structures that developed from large‐scale auroral regions including arcs and 6 small‐scale finger‐like structures that developed in auroral patches. The large‐scale structures were seen from midnight to dawn local time and usually appeared at the beginning of the substorm recovery phase, near the low‐latitude boundary of the auroral region. The small‐scale structures were primarily seen at dawn and mainly occurred in the late recovery phase of substorms. The sizes of these large‐ and small‐scale structures mapped in the magnetospheric equatorial plane are usually larger than the gyroradius of 10 keV protons, indicating that the finger‐like structures could be caused by magnetohydrodynamic instabilities. However, the scale of small structures is only twice the gyroradius of 10 keV protons, suggesting that finite Larmor radius effects may contribute to the formation of small‐scale structures. The eastward propagation velocities of the structures are −40 to +200 m/s and are comparable with those of plasma drift velocities measured by the colocating Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radar.
Correlated Pc4–5 ULF waves, whistler‐mode chorus, and pulsating aurora observed by the Van Allen Probes and ground‐based systems
Authors: Jaynes A. N. , Lessard M. R. , Takahashi K. , Ali A. F. , Malaspina D. M. , Michell R. G. , Spanswick E. L. , Baker D. N. , Blake J. B. , Cully C. , Donovan E. F. , Kletzing C. A. , Reeves G. D. , Samara M. , Spence H. E. , Wygant J. R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTheory and observations have linked equatorial VLF waves with pulsating aurora for decades, invoking the process of pitch angle scattering of tens of keV electrons in the equatorial magnetosphere. Recently published satellite studies have strengthened this argument, by showing strong correlation between pulsating auroral patches and both lower‐band chorus and tens of keV electron modulation in the vicinity of geosynchronous orbit. Additionally, a previous link has been made between Pc4–5 compressional pulsations and modulation of whistler‐mode chorus using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms. In the current study, we present simultaneous in situ observations of structured chorus waves and an apparent field line resonance (in the Pc4–5 range) as a result of a substorm injection, observed by Van Allen Probes, along with ground‐based observations of pulsating aurora. We demonstrate the likely scenario being one of substorm‐driven Pc4–5 ULF pulsations modulating chorus waves, and thus providing the driver for pulsating particle precipitation into the Earth's atmosphere. Interestingly, the modulated chorus wave and ULF wave periods are well correlated, with chorus occurring at half the periodicity of the ULF waves. We also show, for the first time, a particular few‐Hz modulation of individual chorus elements that coincides with the same modulation in a nearby pulsating aurora patch. Such modulation has been noticed as a high‐frequency component in ground‐based camera data of pulsating aurora for decades and may be a result of nonlinear chorus wave interactions in the equatorial region.