bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental determination of REE partition coefficients between zircon, garnet and melt: a key to understanding high‐T crustal processes
Authors: Taylor R. J. M. , Harley S. L. , Hinton R. W. , Elphick S. , Clark C. , Kelly N. M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe partitioning of rare earth elements (REE) between zircon, garnet and silicate melt was determined using synthetic compositions designed to represent partial melts formed in the lower crust during anatexis. The experiments, performed using internally heated gas pressure vessels at 7 kbar and 900–1000 °C, represent equilibrium partitioning of the middle to heavy REE between zircon and garnet during high‐grade metamorphism in the mid to lower crust. The DREE (zircon/garnet) values show a clear partitioning signature close to unity from Gd to Lu. Because the light REE have low concentrations in both minerals, values are calculated from strain modelling of the middle to heavy REE experimental data; these results show that zircon is favoured over garnet by up to two orders of magnitude. The resulting general concave‐up shape to the partitioning pattern across the REE reflects the preferential incorporation of middle REE into garnet, with DGd (zircon/garnet) ranging from 0.7 to 1.1, DHo (zircon/garnet) from 0.4 to 0.7 and DLu (zircon/garnet) from 0.6 to 1.3. There is no significant temperature dependence in the zircon–garnet REE partitioning at 7 kbar and 900–1000 °C, suggesting that these values can be applied to the interpretation of zircon–garnet equilibrium and timing relationships in the ultrahigh‐T metamorphism of low‐Ca pelitic and aluminous granulites.
Effect of different hydroxyapatite incorporation methods on the structural and biological properties of porous collagen scaffolds for bone repair
Authors: Ryan Alan J. , Gleeson John P. , Matsiko Amos , Thompson Emmet M. , O'Brien Fergal J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractScaffolds which aim to provide an optimised environment to regenerate bone tissue require a balance between mechanical properties and architecture known to be conducive to enable tissue regeneration, such as a high porosity and a suitable pore size. Using freeze‐dried collagen‐based scaffolds as an analogue of native ECM, we sought to improve the mechanical properties by incorporating hydroxyapatite (HA) in different ways while maintaining a pore architecture sufficient to allow cell infiltration, vascularisation and effective bone regeneration. Specifically we sought to elucidate the effect of different hydroxyapatite incorporation methods on the mechanical, morphological, and cellular response of the resultant collagen‐HA scaffolds. The results demonstrated that incorporating either micron‐sized (CHA scaffolds) or nano‐sized HA particles (CnHA scaffolds) prior to freeze‐drying resulted in moderate increases in stiffness (2.2‐fold and 6.2‐fold, respectively, vs. collagen‐glycosaminoglycan scaffolds, P < 0.05, a scaffold known to support osteogenesis), while enabling good cell attachment, and moderate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐mediated calcium production after 28 days' culture (2.1‐fold, P < 0.05, and 1.3‐fold, respectively, vs. CG scaffolds). However, coating of collagen scaffolds with a hydroxyapatite precipitate after freeze‐drying (CpHA scaffolds) has been shown to be a highly effective method to increase the compressive modulus (26‐fold vs. CG controls, P < 0.001) of scaffolds while maintaining a high porosity (~ 98%). The coating of the ligand‐dense collagen structure results in a lower cell attachment level (P < 0.05), although it supported greater cell‐mediated calcium production (P < 0.0001) compared with other scaffold variants after 28 days' culture. The comparatively good mechanical properties of these high porosity scaffolds is obtained partially through highly crosslinking the scaffolds with both a physical (DHT) and chemical (EDAC) crosslinking treatment. Control of scaffold microstructure was examined via alterations in freezing temperature. It was found that the addition of HA prior to freeze‐drying generally reduced the pore size and so the CpHA scaffold fabrication method offered increased control over the resulting scaffolds microstructure. These findings will help guide future design considerations for composite biomaterials and demonstrate that the method of HA incorporation can have profound effects on the resulting scaffold structural and biological response.
Dilated cardiomyopathy in children: Review of all presentations to a children's hospital over a 5‐year period and the impact of family cardiac screening
Authors: Herath Verangi CK , Gentles Thomas L , Skinner Jonathan R 
Published: November 2014

AimThis study aims to report the aetiology and outcome of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in children from New Zealand and to assess the outcome of protocolised family cardiac investigation introduced in 2007.MethodsRetrospective review of all patients with DCM, aged <15 years, presenting to the children's hospital between 01/01/2007 and 01/03/2012. Oncology patients were excluded. Family screening results were assessed.ResultsThirty‐five patients were identified. Median age 1 year: 26/35 (74%) <5 years. Ethnicity: New Zealand European 14/35 (40%), Maori 11/35 (31%), Pacific Island 5/35 (14%) and other 5/35(14%). Excluding the four cases with biopsy‐proven myocarditis, family cardiac screening was documented in 15/31 (48%). Of these, 7/15 (47%) had a positive family screen. Six previously undiagnosed DCM cases were found in these families. Five of the seven familial DCM cases had evidence of viral infection at presentation. Final aetiology: Myocarditis, 15/35 (43%), with Parvovirus being the commonest virus identified 10/15(67%). Familial, seven (20%), Idiopathic, seven (20%), Others, six (17%). Overall outcome was death 10/35(28%), ongoing dysfunction 16/35 (46%) and normalisation in 9/35 (26%). The median time to death from diagnosis was 1.5 months (3 days to 3 years). Death occurred in 4/7 with familial DCM (57%) compared with 6/28 (21%) among the others (ns). Recovery occurred in 0/7 with familial DCM versus 4/4 with biopsy proven myocarditis (P < 0.05).ConclusionsAlmost half of families screened had evidence of familial DCM, and these children carried a worse prognosis. Maori and Pacific Island children seem to be over‐represented. Family investigation led to the identification of many pre‐symptomatic individuals even when viral aetiology was suspected initially.
Patterns of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among dental patients
Authors: Kummet Colleen M. , Spector Michael L. , Dawson Deborah V. , Fischer Mark , Holmes David C. , Warren John , Nisly Nicole L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesComplementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a diverse collection of approaches used to prevent or treat diseases. The goal of this study was to examine relationships between dental patient characteristics and current usage of CAM therapies.MethodsThe CAM definition encompassed 24 therapies excluding prayer. Associations and trends in usage were assessed for gender, income, education, and age. Multivariable logistic and negative binomial models were used to identify factors impacting the use and number of CAM therapies used.ResultsIn dental patients (n = 402), nearly 67 percent of subjects reported at least one CAM treatment. Gender was significantly associated with recent utilization of CAM, biological, manipulative (all P < 0.01), and mind–body (P = 0.04) therapies, as well as the number (P < 0.01) of therapies used. Higher education levels were significant in usage of any CAM, biological, and mind–body therapies (P < 0.01).ConclusionA large proportion of dental patients reported use of CAM therapies. While CAM therapies and those who use them are diverse, given their widespread use, they clearly have potential impacts on the oral health of the public. Knowledge of the characteristics of dental patients who use CAM therapies is a first step in developing a broader understanding how CAM therapies and associated beliefs may affect oral health and public health programs.
Effect of Chronic Administration of PDE5 Combined with Glycemic Control on Erectile Function in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Choi Woo Suk , Kwon Oh Seong , Cho Sung Yong , Paick Jae-Seung , Kim Soo Woong 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Chronic treatment with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5) is effective in an animal model of diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction (DMED). In addition, recent research indicates that glycemic control can restore DMED.

Aims
We evaluated the effect of chronic administration of PDE5 combined with glycemic control on DMED.

Methods
Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old) were divided into five groups (n = 10 each): normal control (C), diabetes (DM), DM treated with insulin (DM-I), DM treated with PDE5 (DM-P), and DM treated with insulin and PDE5 (DM-I + P). Rats in the diabetic groups received an injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). After 10 weeks of induced diabetes, the DM-I group was treated with a daily injection of neutral protamine Hagedorn, and the DM-P group was treated with a daily dosage of 20 mg/kg PDE5 (DA-8159) for 4 weeks. The DM-I + P group was treated with both treatments simultaneously. After 14 weeks of induced diabetes, an evaluation of erectile function and histological and biochemical markers of corporal tissue was performed.

Main Outcome Measures
Erectile function and histological and biochemical markers in corporal tissue.

Results
Rats in the DM group showed markedly lower erectile parameters than those in the C group, whereas rats in the DM-I and DM-P groups showed intermediate erectile function between the DM and C groups. Rats in the DM-I + P group showed restored erectile function, comparable with group C. A comparison of apoptotic index, expression of the endothelial marker, and phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Akt displayed a similar pattern with the results from cavernosometry (DM &lt; DM-I = DM-P &lt; DM-I + P = C, P &lt; 0.05). The distribution of phosphorylated myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 was in the reverse order.

Conclusions
Chronic administration of PDE5 or glycemic control with insulin resulted in restoration of overt DMED. The combination of both treatments was superior to monotherapy with insulin or PDE5.
Congruent signals of population history but radically different patterns of genetic diversity between mitochondrial and nuclear markers in a mountain lizard
Authors: Ferchaud Anne‐Laure , Eudeline Rémy , Arnal Véronique , Cheylan Marc , Pottier Gilles , Leblois Raphaël , Crochet Pierre‐André 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHistorical factors, current population size, population connectivity and selective processes at linked loci contribute to shaping contemporary patterns of neutral genetic diversity. It is now widely acknowledged that nuclear and mitochondrial markers react differently to current demography as well as to past history, so the use of both types of markers is often advocated to gain insight on both historical and contemporary processes. We used 12 microsatellite loci genotyped in 13 populations of a mountain lizard (Iberolacerta bonnali) to test whether the historical scenario favoured by a previous mitochondrial study was also supported by nuclear markers and thereby evaluated the consequences of postglacial range movements on nuclear diversity. Congruent signals of recent history were revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial markers using an Approximate Bayesian computation approach, but contemporary patterns of mtDNA and nuclear DNA diversity were radically different. Although dispersal in this species is probably highly restricted at all spatial scales, colonization abilities have been historically good, suggesting capability for reestablishment of locally extinct populations except in fully disconnected habitats.
Linking nonstructural carbohydrate dynamics to gas exchange and leaf hydraulic behavior in Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma
Authors: Woodruff David R. , Meinzer Frederick C. , Marias Danielle E. , Sevanto Sanna , Jenkins Michael W. , McDowell Nate G. 
Published: November 2014

Summary

Leaf hydraulics, gas exchange and carbon storage in Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma, two tree species on opposite ends of the isohydry–anisohydry spectrum, were analyzed to examine relationships between hydraulic function and carbohydrate dynamics.

Leaf hydraulic vulnerability, leaf water potential (Ψl), leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content were analyzed throughout the growing season.

Leaf hydraulic vulnerability was significantly lower in the relatively anisohydric J. monosperma than in the more isohydric P. edulis. In P. edulis, Ψl dropped and stayed below 50% loss of leaf hydraulic conductance (P50) early in the day during May, August and around midday in September, leading to sustained reductions in Kleaf. In J. monosperma, Ψl dropped below P50 only during August, resulting in the maintenance of Kleaf during much of the growing season. Mean A and gs during September were significantly lower in P. edulis than in J. monosperma. Foliar total NSC was two to three times greater in J. monosperma than in P. edulis in June, August and September.

Consistently lower levels of total NSC in P. edulis suggest that its isohydric strategy pushes it towards the exhaustion of carbon reserves during much of the growing season.
Consequences of obesity and weight loss: a devil's advocate position
Authors: Brown R. E. , Kuk J. L. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryObesity is associated with multiple negative health consequences and current weight management guidelines recommend all obese persons to lose weight. However, recent evidence suggests that not all obese persons are negatively affected by their weight and that weight loss does not necessarily always improve health. The purpose of this review is not to trivialize the significant health risks associated with obesity, but to discuss subpopulations of obese people who are not adversely affected, or may even benefit from higher adiposity, and in who weight loss per se may not always be the most appropriate recommendation. More specifically, this review will take a devil's advocate position when discussing the consequences of obesity and weight loss for adults with established cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, weight cyclers, metabolically healthy obese adults, youth, older adults and obese individuals who are highly fit.
Role of Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) in Arabidopsis thaliana defence against the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas viridiflava
Authors: Rossi F. R. , Marina M. , Pieckenstain F. L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPolyamine biosynthesis starts with putrescine production through the decarboxylation of arginine or ornithine. In Arabidopsis thaliana, putrescine is synthesised exclusively by arginine decarboxylase (ADC), which exists as two isoforms (ADC1 and 2) that are differentially regulated by abiotic stimuli, but their role in defence against pathogens has not been studied in depth. This work analysed the participation of ADC in Arabidopsis defence against Pseudomonas viridiflava. ADC activity and expression, polyamine levels and bacterial resistance were analysed in null mutants of each ADC isoform. In non‐infected wild‐type (WT) plants, ADC2 expression was much higher than ADC1. Analysis of adc mutants demonstrated that ADC2 contributes to a much higher extent than ADC1 to basal ADC activity and putrescine biosynthesis. In addition, adc2 mutants showed increased basal expression of salicylic acid‐ and jasmonic acid‐dependent PR genes. Bacterial infection induced putrescine accumulation and ADC1 expression in WT plants, but pathogen‐induced putrescine accumulation was blocked in adc1 mutants. Results suggest a specific participation of ADC1 in defence, although basal resistance was not decreased by dysfunction of either of the two ADC genes. In addition, and as opposed to WT plants, bacterial infection increased ADC2 expression and ADC activity in adc1 mutants, which could counterbalance the lack of ADC1. Results demonstrate a major contribution of ADC2 to total ADC activity and the specific induction of ADC1 in response to infection. A certain degree of functional redundancy between the two isoforms in relation to their contribution to basal resistance is also evident.
Is there still hope for single therapies: How do we set up experimental systems to efficiently test combination therapies?
Authors: Joos Guy F. , Gabazza Esteban C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSevere asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are chronic lung diseases with a clear need for development of new and more efficient therapy. In preclinical research, the mouse model has been instrumental in advancing our knowledge of the biology and immunology. However, it has been proven rather difficult and time consuming to develop new treatments that can impact on the clinical course of these diseases. Many challenges need to be overcome for upgrading the quality of currently available experimental disease models in order to enhance the translation rate of basic research to clinical practice. Establishment of transgenic mouse overexpressing disease‐causing genes may provide tools to discover new pathological pathways and to evaluate the possibility of molecular targeted therapy in chronic lung diseases. Personalized medicine, if developed, might be the solution for ‘disease heterogeneity’ and for improving clinical outcome.
Peritoneal Cavity is a Route for Gut‐Derived Microbial Signals to Promote Autoimmunity in Non‐Obese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Emani R. , Alam C. , Pekkala S. , Zafar S. , Emani M. R. , Hänninen A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMacrophages play a crucial role in innate immune reactions, and peritoneal macrophages (PMs) guard the sterility of this compartment mainly against microbial threat from the gut. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which gut microbiota and gut immune system appear to contribute to disease pathogenesis. We have recently reported elevated free radical production and increased permeability of gut epithelium in non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Impaired barrier function could lead to bacterial leakage to the peritoneal cavity. To explore the consequences of impaired gut barrier function on extra‐intestinal immune regulation, we characterized peritoneal lavage cells from young newly weaned NOD mice. We detected a rapid increase in the number of macrophages 1–2 weeks after weaning in NOD mice compared to C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Interestingly, this increase in macrophages was abrogated in NOD mice that were fed an antidiabetogenic diet (ProSobee), which improves gut barrier function. Macrophages in young (5‐week‐old) NOD mice displayed a poor TNF‐α cytokine response to LPS stimulation and high expression of interleukin‐1receptor‐associated kinase‐M (IRAK‐M), indicating prior in vivo exposure to TLR‐4 ligand(s). Furthermore, injection of LPS intraperitoneally increased T cell CD69 expression in pancreatic lymph node (PaLN), suggestive of T cell activation. Leakage of bacterial components such as endotoxins into the peritoneal cavity may contribute to auto‐reactive T cell activation in the PaLN.
The trxG family histone methyltransferase SET DOMAIN GROUP 26 promotes flowering via a distinctive genetic pathway
Authors: Berr Alexandre , Shafiq Sarfraz , Pinon Violaine , Dong Aiwu , Shen Wen‐Hui 
Published: November 2014

SummaryHistone methylation is a major component in numerous processes such as determination of flowering time, which is fine‐tuned by multiple genetic pathways that integrate both endogenous and environmental signals. Previous studies identified SET DOMAIN GROUP 26 (SDG26) as a histone methyltransferase involved in the activation of flowering, as loss of function of SDG26 caused a late‐flowering phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the SDG26 function and the underlying molecular mechanism remain largely unknown. In this study, we undertook a genetic analysis by combining the sdg26 mutant with mutants of other histone methylation enzymes, including the methyltransferase mutants Arabidopsis trithorax1 (atx1), sdg25 and curly leaf (clf), as well as the demethylase double mutant lsd1‐like1 lsd1‐like2 (ldl1 ldl2). We found that the early‐flowering mutants sdg25, atx1 and clf interact antagonistically with the late‐flowering mutant sdg26, whereas the late‐flowering mutant ldl1 ldl2 interacts synergistically with sdg26. Based on microarray analysis, we observed weak overlaps in the genes that were differentially expressed between sdg26 and the other mutants. Our analyses of the chromatin of flowering genes revealed that the SDG26 protein binds at the key flowering integrator SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1/AGAMOUS‐LIKE 20 (SOC1/AGL20), and is required for histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) at this locus. Together, our results indicate that SDG26 promotes flowering time through a distinctive genetic pathway, and that loss of function of SDG26 causes a decrease in H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 at its target gene SOC1, leading to repression of this gene and the late‐flowering phenotype.