bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration control
Authors: Cook‐Martín David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigration control in today's popular and scholarly imaginings generally refers to governments' ability to determine who enters and leaves a country's territory as well as what they do while there. Visas and permits, fraud‐proof passports, consular vetting, documentary proof, border checkpoints, militarized frontiers, and surveillance have been administrative mechanisms used by officials to exercise control over people's movement across borders. A government's capacity to control immigration is often conceived mechanistically as the pulling of levers that open, close, or regulate gates that determine people flows. When circumstances reveal that officials do not have absolute control of borders or territories, the inference is that they are inept, have no political will, or harbor ulterior motives. The assumption of full control is rarely challenged. The capacity to control or legitimately manage the movement of people across borders and the conditions of their permanence within a jurisdiction is a feature of modern state organizations that is taken for granted.
Mobility
Authors: Pooley Colin G. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Most people travel every day: to school, to work, for leisure, or for a multitude of other reasons. The ability to travel freely on a daily basis is usually taken for granted, and is essential to allow modern economies and societies to function. When the ability to travel is restricted (for instance, due to extreme weather, natural disasters, or war) then many aspects of everyday life also cease. While everyday mobility is clearly important, it may not be immediately apparent why it is also relevant to a volume on migration, which is concerned mainly with changes of residence often over very long distances.
Nativism and xenophobia
Authors: Fernandez Lilia 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNativism and xenophobia refer to the preference for native‐born people of a given society and the fear of foreigners or “others” considered to be outsiders based on racial, ethnic, or national origin or religion. Such dynamics often emerge among those individuals who consider themselves to be the original inhabitants or rightful citizens of a given region or nation. Nativism and xenophobia can be directed at immigrants who are newcomers to a country but can sometimes be expressed towards anyone (regardless of nativity or immigrant status) who is perceived to be an outsider, based on physical features/appearance or cultural distinctiveness (in style of dress, language, or religious practice).
Neoliberal globalization and migration
Authors: Márquez Raúl Delgado Wise and Humberto 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The 1970s witnessed the beginning of a new world order conceptualized by leading political economists as neoliberal globalization. This has been accompanied by a profound restructuring of the world's economy under the influence of large multinational corporations, the globe's most powerful governments led by the United States, and a triad of international bodies: the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) (Petras & Veltmeyer 2000). This new scenario has reshaped the scope and nature of contemporary human mobility.
Nigeria, migrations early 20th century to present
Authors: Adeyanju Charles T. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNigeria is the most populous country in Africa with a diverse ethnic and linguistic population. Colonized by Britain from the latter part of the 19th century until 1960, Nigeria as a country struggles with its past. High rates of unemployment, underdevelopment, ethnoreligious conflicts, corruption, violent crime, great socioeconomic inequality, poverty, rural–urban migration, poor public health, and other serious social problems confront contemporary Nigerian society. Along with politically orchestrated assassinations, perversion of justice, and poor infrastructure these problems make Nigeria undesirable to its citizens, and have been identified as motivating factors for both voluntary and involuntary migrations.
North Atlantic migrations in the Viking Age
Authors: Vésteinsson Orri 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere are no contemporary descriptions of the migrations that established a Norse culture in the Northern Isles of Scotland (Shetland and the Orkneys), in Caithness and the Hebrides (the Western Isles) in the 8th–9th centuriesCEor of the apparent continuation of these, the colonization of the previously uninhabited islands of the Faroes, Iceland, and Greenland in the 9th and 10th centuries.
Nurses and health‐care professionals as migrant workers
Authors: Yeates Nicola 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHealth worker migration has been of concern to the international development and health communities since the 1970s when it was linked to the continued underdevelopment of poorer countries (Mejia 1976). In the early 21st century, the migration of skilled health‐care workers returned to global policy agendas, which centered on the scale and dynamics of this migration and its consequences for social and economic development. The inability of poorer countries to retain skilled health workers for their own populations and the recruitment of these labor forces has taken on special significance in the light of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Organizations and conventions: rights of migrants
Authors: Piper Nicola 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In principle, migrant workers (hereafter simply “migrants”) are protected through general norms of non‐discrimination and equality; substantive rights such as labor rights and the right to be free from debt bondage; and identity‐based rights aimed at specific groups, such as women's or children's rights (Piper & Satterthwaite 2007). In other words, there are internationally agreed standards for different roles migrants occupy: as men or women, workers, and non‐citizen migrants. The list of applicable human rights norms include: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Convention of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and their Families (hereafter CRMW). In addition there are a number of International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions relevant to migrant workers. The two ILO migrant worker conventions are: convention no. 97 of 1949 (C97) concerning Migration for Employment and convention no. 143 of 1975 (C143) concerning Migrations in Abusive Conditions and the Promotion of Equality of Opportunity and Treatment of Migrant Workers. (For a full list of conventions relevant to migrant workers, see International Labour Organization (ILO) 2004.)
Organized crime and migration: the Lombroso Mafia myth
Authors: Woodiwiss Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMost media outlets, governments, and international organizations in the early 21st century tend to favor descriptions that identify the term “organized crime” with large‐scale conspiratorial entities such as the Mafia, the Triads, and Colombian – or Mexican – drug “cartels.” When definitions are used to describe organized crime, as they were in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC of 2003), they tend to be formulated as groups of people who combine in structured organizations to commit crimes. Many academics agree, however, that the complexity of systematic illegal activity makes a satisfactory definition elusive, and some would claim that the constant repetition of centralizing demonologies conceals more than it reveals about the problem.
Pakistan, migration 1970s to present
Authors: Azam Farooq 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Ranked 7th among the top countries of emigration and 13th among the top immigration countries by the World Bank in 2010, Pakistan is a leading migration country in the world; in terms of incoming cash remittances Pakistan is ranked 11th (World Bank 2011). Labor migration occupies a central place in Pakistan's economy as it is one of the main sources of absorbing the country's fast‐growing labor force and generating badly needed foreign exchange in the form of workers' remittances. Migration into the country consists mainly of Bangladeshi and Burmese nationals, who are there mainly in an “illegal” capacity, while a large number of Afghan nationals are also present, who are essentially regarded as refugees by Pakistan government (Azam 2009).
Penal colonies
Authors: Toth Stephen A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe practice of transporting common‐law convicts to lands that served as overseas penal colonies came into being in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Penal colonization was an attempt on the part of many European powers to build new societies on the labor of convicts. All nations who engaged in the practice believed that convict labor could be made productive in the colonies while also serving as the primary means by which the prisoner was morally reformed.
Philippine migration to Japan
Authors: Piquero‐Ballescas Maria Rosario 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Philippines is among the world's major labor‐sending countries, with Japan a leading destination for overseas Filipinos. In 2010, an estimated 9,452,984 Filipinos lived overseas, of whom 4,423,680 were permanent, 4,324,388 temporary, and 704,916 irregular (undocumented) migrants. In the same year, the top 10 countries of destination of Filipino migrants were, in descending order, the United States, Saudi Arabia, Canada, UAE, Australia, Malaysia, Japan, UK, Hong Kong, and Kuwait (Commission on Filipinos Overseas 2011a).
Philippines, migration, 1948 to present
Authors: III Jose Gutierrez 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The Philippines, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia. To its north lies Taiwan; to its west, Vietnam; to its south, Indonesia; and to its east, the vastness of the Pacific Ocean. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is endowed with natural resources which made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. With an estimated population of about 92 million people, the Philippines are the world's twelfth most populous country; an additional 11 million Filipinos live overseas.
Phoenician and Carthaginian migrations
Authors: Sagona Claudia 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAfter the economic disruption that impacted on the lands of the Mediterranean at the end of the Bronze Age (c.1200BCE), the indigenous societies of Canaan along the Levantine coast gradually rose to importance. Several city‐states, among them Tyre, Sidon, Arwad, and Sarepta, grew wealthy through the mercantile interests of their people and the lively economic competition they generated (Markoe 2000: 257–282). Though each was independent, it was the ancient Greeks who coined the collective name,Phoiníke, for their combined territories andphoínikesfor its people – the Phoenicians in modern literature. Over the course of a millennium, the Phoenicians achieved significant economic standing in the Near East, ultimately turning to the coastal regions of the greater Mediterranean for commercial expansion and settlement, a process that unfolded through a series of human migrations. As a modern field of investigation, it is made complex by the considerable areas involved and the gamut of languages in which such research is published. Investigations are further complicated by numerous international borders, some fraught with ongoing political tensions; it is still true to say that we know more about the Phoenicians in the west than we do of their homeland city states in Lebanon and Syria.
Pilgrimage
Authors: Swatos, William H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA good case can be made that pilgrimage and sacrifice stand as two of the most primitive forms of religious action, and in many cases they were intentionally combined – that is, one made a journey to a site in order to offer a sacrifice there and/or pilgrimage itself was considered a form of sacrifice. Pilgrimage is still recognized as an important religious act in at least some branches of all major world religions, and it is enjoined explicitly by the founders of Islam and Buddhism. In this sense, pilgrimage has a well‐established place in the history of travel and migration – and one that has grown significantly in numbers during the second half of the 20th century and continues into the present, inasmuch as air travel has allowed far greater numbers to make a pilgrimage in a considerably shorter period of time. The purported “decline of religion” notwithstanding, more and more people are making pilgrimage to more and more sites, and religious authorities are themselves not only taking note of this but also working to facilitate the process by restoring historic shrines and creating what are in effect tour routes around Europe, for example, by “bundling” a series of sites into a pilgrimage itinerary that can be completed in time frames consistent with vacation periods of different lengths, leading also to the phenomenon of “religious tourism.”
Police raids, detention, and deportation of migrants
Authors: Tazreiter Claudia 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This essay focuses on the securitization of migrants as a range of strategies that have accelerated in the last two decades as states assert control in their “border zones.” While the various processes of globalization (Bauman 1998) have had the effect of challenging the power and sovereignty of the state, it can be argued that migration control is one area of policy and administration where the state has reasserted authority – at times with great force (Sassen 1999, 2006; Huysmans 2006). This essay will contextualize these developments and explore them in the context of two dominant events that have shaped migration control, first the end of the Cold War, and second the September 11, 2001 terrorist bombings in New York and Washington and the “war on terror” that followed. The essay outlines the categories of migrant that have been subject to such securitization as well as an analytic framework to consider the responses to migrants.
Political economy of refugees
Authors: Novak Paolo 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The study of refugees necessarily starts from law, because despite episodes of politically motivated migration, as well as the notion of asylum being a constant feature throughout history, the modern refugee institution is a legal one. As stated in Article 1A(2) of the 1951 UN Convention on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons, a refugee is a person who can, on a case‐ by‐case or group basis, be determined to have a well‐founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, or membership of a particular social group or political opinion; who is outside the country of his nationality; and who is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country (UNHCR 2005: 55).
Public health and development
Authors: Acevedo Gregory 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe relationship between development and public health is crucially intertwined with the conditions of migration and its effects on sender and receiver communities. There is a powerful association between public health and development (Shaffer et al. 2005; Waitzkin et al. 2005). The association between public health and development is complicated by their interaction with the dynamics of migration. Migration and development are inextricably linked (van Naerssen et al. 2008). In addition, migration has direct effects on public health conditions (Carballo & Mourtala 2005). This essay will conclude with a discussion of current trends in migration and development, and their implications for public health and governance in a globalized world.
Ethnic selection in immigration to Latin America
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Argentine intellectual Juan Bautista Alberdi observed in 1879 that “to govern is to populate.” Alberdi's observation is emblematic of the critical importance that attracting millions of immigrants played in creating the Argentine nation state, but his maxim applies in varying degrees throughout Latin America and beyond. In selecting who shall enter and who shall be excluded, immigration policies reveal the kind of nation that governments seek to create. From 1800 to 1970, approximately 13.8 million immigrants entered Latin America. Nearly 60 percent hailed from southern Europe, 15 percent from elsewhere in Europe, and 11 percent from Asia. Argentina, Brazil, and Cuba were the major countries of immigration through the 1920s. In the decade following World War II, Argentina and Brazil re‐emerged as significant countries of immigration, along with Venezuela. Throughout this period, Mexico, Central America, and the Andean states were unable to attract mass European immigration despite their best efforts. Europeans generally preferred countries with temperate climates, political stability, economic growth, and small indigenous or black populations. Yet whether immigrants came in numbers large or small, governments throughout Latin America sought to “whiten” their populations through ethnic selection until most disavowed racism in the mid‐ to late 20th century.
Race, nationality, and migration
Authors: Kil Sang Hea 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Between the 16th and the 18th centuries, race was a folk idea in the English language and was similar to terms like “kind,” “type,” and “breed.” By the end of the 17th century in North America, the term “race” had emerged as a way to refer to different populations like Africans, Native Americans, and Europeans. By the early 18th century, “race” became more commonly used to refer to distinct peoples (Smedley & Smedley 2005). By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, race played a major role in the myths of national origin (Banton 1987; Miles 1987). In this sense, race and nationality are historically linked and help to constitute each other in references to, for example, a “British race” or “German race” of people.
Rainforests and migration
Authors: Hazarika Sanjoy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe term “rainforest” refers to the forests of the wet‐evergreen tropics where there is no, or only minimal, seasonal water shortage. Spread across the equatorial regions of four continents – South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania – and stretching from northeastern India through parts of Myanmar/Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, southwest China and into the Malaysian peninsula, Indonesian archipelago, and Australia, these swathes of jungle have long been acknowledged as the lungs of the earth. After hundreds of years of human despoiling of these sensitive ecological regions that are essential to the survival of humans and other species, rainforests are extensively threatened or damaged.
Reconquista
Authors: Maser Matthias 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn 711CEMuslim troops from North Africa invaded the Iberian peninsula. Within a few years they had conquered the former Visigothic kingdom of Toledo and made the land, which they called al‐Andalus, part of the pan‐Islamic caliphate. As a result of this invasion Christian rule was abruptly reduced to a small residual area in the Iberian northwest. A military re‐expansion of Christian dominion could be achieved only in slow steps: it took almost eight hundred years until in 1492 Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in the Iberian peninsula, fell back into the hands of the Christians. Western historical narratives often portray this centuries‐long Christian (re‐)expansion as a monolithic “reconquest,” an incessant process of territorial recuperation and the moral recovery of a “Spanish nation” (Tolan 2002). This highly ideological view presents the Reconquista as the most defining event of the Iberian Middle Ages, and even in scientific parlance the term “reconquest” is frequently used as a synonym for the whole epoch. This equation, however, is problematic: During the Middle Ages the Iberian peninsula witnessed a multitude of migrations, settlements, and cultural entanglements, which were far more varied than the biased narrative of a unidirectional Christian “reconquest” suggests.
Regularization programs
Authors: Zavodny Pia M. Orrenius and Madeline 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUnauthorized immigration is the fastest growing form of international migration, with an estimated 2.5 to 4 million migrants crossing international borders without authorization each year (Sunderhaus 2007). As of 2005, the global stock of unauthorized immigrants was estimated at 30 to 40 million (Papademetriou 2005a). Unauthorized immigration presents both benefits and challenges to host countries. Unauthorized immigrants are often a flexible and relatively cheap source of labor, which benefits their employers and consumers. Challenges arise, however, when policy‐makers face the need to extend labor protections and social services to these workers and their families. At this point, government authorities have to decide whether and how to allow these migrants to regularize their status. Regularization programs for unauthorized immigrants have occurred in many countries in the post‐World War II period. This chapter offers an overview of those programs and their effects.
Remittances and poverty alleviation, Ecuador and Bangladesh
Authors: Velásquez Pritam Singh and Shirley 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDuring the past few years, there has been a significant resurgence in the interest of one of the most visible outcomes of migration – remittances sent home by migrant workers abroad. This interest has been generated by a remarkable increase in remittances and its importance as a source of development. For instance, cross‐country analysis of 71 developing countries suggested that a “10% increase in per capita official international remittances will lead to a 3.5% decline in the share of people living in poverty” (Adams & Page 2005: 1645).
Remittances and undocumented migration
Authors: Pena Anita Alves 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRemittances are transfers, of money and goods, across geographic boundaries, often internationally by migrants in a destination country to their family, friends, or communities in a source country. This essay presents data and critically reviews literature and empirical evidence on remittances, drawn from a number of countries, as to their magnitudes, causes, and effects, especially those originating from undocumented workers.
Remittances and development finance
Authors: Julca Alex 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
International remittances flows are born out of immigrants’ savings, which are part of wages earned for work performed abroad. Remittances are private transfers received by families to be used mainly on private consumption, saved, or invested in health, education (social investment), real estate, or small businesses. However, the circulation of remittances does not end after they have been spent
Reparations and refugees
Authors: Ludwig Bernadette 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe scarcity of scholarly research on reparations for refugees may easily lead to an inaccurate conclusion that they are either uncommon or unimportant in the aftermath of refugee crises. This essay seeks to dispel this myth by examining reparations in a refugee context, their historical development, and the recent trend toward using reparations in peace processes.