bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Contemporary Anti‐Elegy
Authors: Spargo R. Clifton 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article describes the measure of the elegy's self-subversions through history, but finds that in its contemporary form it has reached an apex of resistance that plays out in the realm of ethics. Focusing on Elizabeth Bishop, Ann Sexton, and Jorie Graham, the article reveals that contemporary elegy is intensely self-conscious; this self-consciousness plays out not only in the terms of the self-reflexive engagement, but in its acuteness with respect to its own temporality, and to the ethical considerations that are thereby inextricably tied to it. Bishop's poetry explores the provisional negotiations of memory in an effort to establish a continuous self that, despite the best efforts, is far less stable than its everyday capability might lead to suppose. Graham's poetry has been celebrated for its modernist or postmodernist difficulties. The surest sign of anti-elegy resides in its refusal to find restitution in the function of commemoration in culture.
Elegy and the Gothic
Authors: Hogle Jerrold E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article deals with the Gothic, and seeks to broaden the generic horizon of the study of elegy. It also argues that the relationship of the elegy to the Gothic and vice-versa is much more symbiotic, more rooted in deep-seated common grounds, than both their immediate similarities and their obvious differences might suggest. Gray, Richard Bentley, and Walpole revise the elegy and instigate a revisionist ‘Gothic’. John Milton proves to be just as influentially Janus-faced in his extremely classical and thoroughly rebellious use of the funereal pastoral elegy. Gothic works continue to be fed by the elegy, and they therefore continue to find new methods for drawing the inconsistent belief-systems of the times into the vital quest to keep generating meanings in the face of personal and cultural death.
Nationalism, Transnationalism, and the Poetry of Mourning
Authors: Ramazani Jahan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article is about elegy and transnationalism that similarly charts the rich tensions that arise between and within culturally diverse kinds. Elegy's affective content has transnational bearings: wherever there are bonds of family and friendship, death produces grief, mourning, and melancholia. It then distinguishes among varieties of, and develops a taxonomy for, elegiac transnationalism. But first, it dialectically investigates the nationalist and antinationalist strands of elegy. Death is seen not as national but as post-political and post-national. Elegy can be put in the service of nationalism, equivocal nationalism, anti-nationalism, transnationalism, and many combinations of these positions. Elegiac transnationalism can be tracked intrinsically and extrinsically. Its intrinsic factors are assessed. While nations erect hierarchies of grievability, transnational elegy's cross-cultural influences, solidarities, and migrations, its border-crossing influences, forms, and ontologies suggest other ways of mourning death than within physical barriers and conceptual lines patrolled by militaries and enforced by violence.
‘Sweit rois…delytsum lyllie’
Authors: Rudd Gillian 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines metaphorical and real flowers in medieval English verses, focusing on William Dunbar's poem To a Lady. It analyses in detail flowers in a selection of lyrics to show how familiar tropes and typical passages contain elements of the material world rather than just in literary conception. It shows that words and images slide across the boundary between real and symbolic, so much so that we might question how much there is indeed a boundary.
Emergent Englishness
Authors: Stodnick Jacqueline 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines emergent Englishness in pre- and post-Conquest literary culture of England. It describes the strategic relation between ethnicity and the past and suggests that during this period Englishness resists any characterization as emergent, instead being found in association with the antique. It argues that hagiography works to transmit ideas about communal integrity by investigating and instantiating the relation between bodily incorruption and the past.
The City and the Text
Authors: Wiggins Alison 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines London literature during the medieval period. It analyses whether the definition of London literature should be focused around writers or whether it should prioritize dialect, books, texts, scribes, or readers, or perhaps a combination of these. It investigates how geography should be related to literary culture and how locality engages with issues of literary interpretation or interact with methods and modes of reading. It also comments on some notable London literature including Auchinleck Manuscript, The Anonymous Short English Metrical Chronicle, and Bevis of Hamtoun.
Maps and Margins
Authors: Hiatt Alfred 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the relation between maps and margins in medieval English literature. The concept of the margin is relevant to medieval maps and mapping in two ways. First, it was literally in the margins of manuscripts that maps first appeared in the Middle Ages, and second, the literal meaning of the Latin margo had, in classical and medieval formulations, topographical/cartographical applications. This article describes what was shown at the margins of medieval maps and how these margin maps correspond with literary descriptions of travel to and encounter with marginal spaces and peoples.
Procedural Transparency
Authors: Delaney Joachim , Magraw Daniel Barstow 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the transparency and public participation opportunities that should be provided at each stage of the arbitral process to ensure that (a) the public is appropriately informed and (b) information, perspectives, and arguments provided by the public can appropriately be considered by arbitral tribunals. Section 1 briefly describes the increasing use of arbitration in investment disputes (both disputes between States and disputes between investors and States); the process of arbitration in the context of international investment; and the different arbitral rules and institutions typically used or available for investment arbitrations, including the institution's rules and practices regarding transparency and public participation and including how these issues have been handled under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Section 2 examines the issue of transparency in investment arbitrations, discussing how the courts of several countries have dealt with the related issues of privacy and confidentiality in arbitration; the role of transparency in international investment arbitration disputes; various arbitral tribunals' consideration of transparency; and the advantages and disadvantages of transparency at the different stages of the arbitration proceedings, drawing in part on the experience of trade dispute settlement mechanisms. Section 3 addresses the practical role of public participation in the proceedings by way of pleadings and other submissions from non-arbitrating parties and the tribunal's obligation or discretion to accept such submissions, including consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of public participation and the means of improving public participation. Finally, the chapter presents very brief conclusions with respect to transparency and public participation in investment arbitrations.
Independence, Impartiality, and Duty of Disclosure of Arbitrators.
Authors: Malintoppi Loretta 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the issues of independence and impartiality of members of investment tribunals and offers some further reflections on this subject. Section 1 reviews ICSID provisions on the methodology of appointment of arbitrators and their independence and impartiality, and provides a summary review of some available precedents in investment arbitrations (under ICSID, UNCITRAL, and ad hoc proceedings). Section 2 examines how the question is treated by reference to a sample of institutional rules, model laws, and professional guidelines. Section 3 analyses the approach adopted under the practice directions of the International Court of Justice. Section 4 provides an overview of the NAFTA and WTO codes of conduct. Section 5 contains a summary review of national laws on the subject, while Section 6 looks at the contribution of professional associations. The concluding section compares these rules to assess the extent to which they can provide a model for investment arbitration. Finally, some preliminary conclusions and recommendations are put forward.
Consent to Arbitration
Authors: Schreuer Christoph 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on mixed arbitration, that is, arbitration between a host State and a foreign investor. It discusses five methods to give consent to arbitration: consent by direct agreement, consent through host state legislation, consent through bilateral investment treaties, consent through multilateral treaties, and consent under most-favoured-nation clauses. The chapter then looks at temporal issues of consent and interpretation of consent.
Ars Prædicandi: Theories and Practice
Authors: Kneidel Gregory 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article is primarily concerned with the theories and practice of the Christian Scriptures. It is divided into two main sections, the first being the theory and practice of Scriptures before 1200, where it examines Augustine's legacy and contribution to the history of preaching. The second part of the article is on the theory and practice of Scriptures after 1200. Here the article discusses the theoretical manuals and standardization of preaching that emerged, and introduces the thematic sermon.
Preaching and Context: John Donne's Sermon at the Funerals of Sir William Cokayne
Authors: McCullough Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article serves as a case study that combines historical research and close formal analysis. It looks at a study of John Donne's sermons, but focuses on the moment of the sermon's delivery. It also provides some contextual detail on the setting and dramatis personae in Sir William Cokayne's funerals that included Donne's sermon.
Preaching at the Court of Charles II: Court Sermons and the Restoration Chapel Royal
Authors: Jenkinson Matt 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses preaching at the court of Charles II, which was notorious and had a reputation for indulging in the sins of the flesh and the mind. It first describes the court sermons that were conducted and published during the reign of Charles II. It then moves on to examine the court preachers, Catholicism, and Protestant nonconformity. The article ends with a section on one of the most dangerous satirical and learned challenges to Christian morality and Restoration churchmen.
Constrained by Commonsense
Authors: Smith Laurajane , Waterton Emma 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the ways in which the multiplicity of the meaning of heritage is overshadowed, so much so that a particular idea about ‘heritage’ has come to represent the dominant and legitimized way of thinking, writing, and talking about heritage management practices. It argues that the dominant way of seeing heritage – ‘authorized heritage discourse’ – has become so comfortable and commonplace within heritage management practices that wider debate over heritage is significantly constrained. Indeed, so pervasive is this air of inevitability that any new debates are ultimately unlikely to lead to changes in heritage management and planning practices. Although the article is illustrated with English policy and management debates, the general issues of the way authorizing notions and discourses of heritage operate have a wider application, both in other national contexts and in international heritage agencies.
Living with Landscapes of Heritage
Authors: Garden Mary-Cate E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article uses the fundamental notions of place and place-making, and explores both within the context of heritage places. Although both the established sites and the ‘new’ places are discussed, a number of developing trends argue for a priority on the ‘new’ places. Among these is the scale of change that has lately taken place in the way in which new museums are designed and older museums refitted, and in the redrawing of the landscape as a result of urban regeneration and modernization. All of these have had an effect on the way in which individuals use, understand, and negotiate these places of the past. Understanding how this works in the context of these new heritage spaces has yet to find a home within the heritage and museums literature.
People and Landscape
Authors: Schofield John , Kiddey Rachael , Lashua Brett 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article considers how people can engage with the historic environment, understanding and appreciating its character and grain, its depth, its subtle folds and weaves; and how the same public can influence change through the increasingly democratic and participatory nature of local government. It focuses on planning, management, and change, and the key role the public can and should play in managing the historic environment and shaping the places and landscapes of the future. The article elaborates on the meaning of ‘public’, recognizing that a diversity of interest groups now exist, defined by ethnicity, sexual preference, cultural and religious affiliation, gender, age, and class. Public archaeology describes public participation, and public involvement in matters concerning the historic environment and the material remains within it. The historic environment matters to all sorts of people, and in this light, it is based on the principle that everyone's view counts.
Enhancing Public Archaeology Through Community Service Learning
Authors: Nassaney Michael Shakir 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Public archaeologists are turning to community service learning (CSL) as a model for resolving the perceived learning crisis in the field, and to redress the limitations of archaeological pedagogy and practice. Examples drawn from various projects in the United States show how the CSL approach encourages students who practise archaeology to become civically engaged, capable of confronting real-world problems, and empowered to see themselves as catalysts for change. Service-learning practitioners emphasize research problems that emanate from the community, the learning experiences of students who are committed to civic engagement, and the opportunity for the community to collaborate fully in the teaching and the research. The reform in archaeological pedagogy and practice through CSL will keep the discipline of archaeology cognizant of its anthropological roots and allow it to contribute theoretically, methodologically, and substantively to the social sciences while serving to expand the current scope of service learning.
Parlements and Provincial Estates
Authors: Swann Julian 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
After the King and his councils, the French parlements and provincial estates stood out as two of the most prestigious political, legal, and administrative institutions in the kingdom. By the eighteenth century, there were no fewer than thirteen parlements, proudly dominating the social, cultural, and even economic lives of cities such as Aixen-Provence, Besancon, Rennes, and Toulouse. It was, however, the Parlement of Paris that was generally recognized as the senior court, with a jurisdiction covering approximately one-third of France, including provinces such as Auvergne, Champagne, and Poitou as well as the major cities of Orleans and Lyon. The Paris Parlement and its many ardent apologists frequently claimed that it “was as old as the monarchy” and a direct descendant of the Frankish assemblies that had once met on the Champs de Mars. It was an argument that placed the Parlement above the Estates-General as the French national representative body, but it was, in reality, little more than antiquarian wishful thinking and the Parlement was of more recent vintage, having been founded during the fourteenth century. The various provincial parlements had been established later, often when formerly independent provinces had been absorbed into France.
Bourgeoisie
Authors: Maza Sarah 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The concept of a group called “the bourgeoisie” is unusual in being both central to early modern and modern European history, and at the same time highly controversial. In old regime France, people frequently used the words “bourgeois” or “bourgeoisie” but what they meant by them was very different from the meaning historians later assigned to those terms. In the nineteenth century the idea of a “bourgeoisie” became closely associated with Marxian historical narratives of capitalist ascendancy. Does it still make sense to speak of a “bourgeoisie”? This article attempts to lay out and clarify the terms of the problem by posing a series of questions about this aspect of the social history of Ancien Régime France, with a brief look across the Channel for comparison. It considers first the problem of definition: what was and is meant by “the bourgeoisie” in the context of early modern French history? Second, what is the link between eighteenth-century economic change and the existence and nature of such a group, and can we still connect the origins of the French Revolution to the “rise” of a bourgeoisie? And finally, can the history of perceptions and representations of a bourgeoisie or middle class help us to understand why the concept has been so problematic in the longer run of French history?
Poverty
Authors: Forrest Alan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Poverty was an endemic condition across Europe from the later middle ages until the end of the eighteenth century. It was the most intractable of the social problems which beset Europeans and offered a constant rebuke to monarchs and church leaders alike, proving almost as difficult to define as it was impossible to cure. This was an age before social science or social medicine, when there were still no agreed definitions of what constituted poverty, no clear sense of who was and was not poor; and there was little understanding of basic levels of subsistence in terms of protein or diet. Nor were there serious attempts before the eighteenth century to count the poor, or to assess the extent and pervasiveness of poverty. This is partly a question of social and religious attitudes. Poor relief was seen as a matter for the church and for clerical charity. The assumption that poverty was a problem for governments to legislate on still lay in the future, while the almost obsessive concern with statistics which characterizes modern government began only during the French revolutionary and Napoleonic period.
Demography
Authors: Goldstone Jack A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on demographic trends during the Ancien Régime. During the Ancien Régime, the upper limits of population size appear to have remained unchanged for many centuries. Thus the peak population within the modern borders of France at the beginning of the fourteenth century, before the Black Death, was probably between eighteen and twenty million people. Some historians of France have suggested that, while population had its ups and downs, the same basic economic and demographic limits persisted across the Ancien Régime —an histoire immobile. It is certainly true that the same basic conditions of peasant landholding, family formation, mortality-determined population growth, and a society whose output was limited by the basic inputs of land and human and animal labour persisted across, indeed defined, the demography of the Ancien Régime. Yet to the people who lived through this period, conditions were far from constant; indeed they usually seemed to be rapidly changing.
Agriculture
Authors: Jones Peter M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The agricultural history of the Ancien Régime is inseparable from the socio-economic history of France between 1660 and 1789 if only for the reason that husbandry remained the principal wealth-generating activity and by far the largest sector of the economy. Even after 1789 this situation would not alter radically. Notwithstanding the collapse of Bourbon absolutism, the broad thrust of change in the countryside proceeded without major interruption. The agrarian history of western Europe in the early modern period provides scant evidence of climactic moments, and researchers are in general agreement that its rhythms can only be discerned over a time span of many decades. In France specifically there were no agricultural breakthroughs in the eighteenth century—whether in land-use, tenurial practice, agronomic technique, or institutional reform.
The Established Church
Authors: Aston Nigel 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Ancien Régime Europe had an ineradicably Christian character that was publicly embodied and expressed in its established churches. It was and remained a divided continent confessionally after the Peace of Westphalia (1648) with the churches of the Reformation established (sometimes precariously) in Scandinavia, Britain, Switzerland, much of Germany, and parts of eastern Europe; Roman Catholicism predominated elsewhere except within Russia and inside the Ottoman Empire where various forms of Orthodoxy were the primary form of Christian expression. Irrespective of confessional variations, every European state c .1700 exhibited and upheld an established church, at once a fundamental component and final sanction of its institutional life. The concept of establishment found different legal expression from state to state, from a kingdom the size of France to the tiny principalities of Protestant Germany and the Swiss cantons, and it was not necessarily the confession of the majority population, as the instances of early modern Ireland and Bohemia indicate.
The Napoleonic Regimes
Authors: Broers Michael 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The Napoleonic regimes, the Consulate of 1799–1804, and then the First French Empire from 1804 to 1815, have always proved baffling. Napoleon was anything but a convenient stereotype, and it stands to reason that his political creation soon comes apart in the hands of those who think in neat categories. This is not to say that close scrutiny cannot shed light on them, or even produce a reasonable definition of “Napoleonism” It is to say, however, that the path is not straight. Nevertheless, the fundamental role played by the Consulate and Empire in shaping modern Europe makes it all the more desirable to attempt to define them, if possible. True to this convoluted spirit of enquiry, any examination of the nature of Napoleonic rule, whether in the context of defining the Ancien Régime or not, must be undertaken with a cardinal caveat always in mind: The choice of the plural—Napoleonic regimes—is not pedantic. Napoleonic rule was ever evolving during its short life—hence its slippery nature.