bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early, delayed, or late single implant placement: 10‐year results from a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Schropp Lars , Wenzel Ann , Stavropoulos Andreas 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to present the 10‐year clinical and radiographic data from a RCT on single‐tooth implants placed early, delayed, or late after tooth extraction.Materials and MethodsSixty‐three patients were randomly allocated to three groups and received an implant on average 10 days (Ea), 3 months (De), or 17 months (La) after tooth extraction. Second‐stage surgery was performed after 3 months of submerged healing; metal‐ceramic crowns were cemented after one additional month. Standardized periapical radiographs were taken 1 week after implant placement (TP), 1 week (TC) and 1–1.5 year (T1) after crown delivery, and 10 years after implant placement (T10). Pocket depth (PD) and bleeding on probing were registered during controls (TC – T10).ResultsTwo Ea and one De implants failed to osseointegrate. Seven patients (4 Ea, 1 De, and 2 La) were not available at T10. No significant differences were found among groups regarding implant survival or radiographic peri‐implant marginal bone levels (Ea: 1.15 ± 0.77; De: 1.53 ± 1.06; La: 1.42 ± 1.07) at T10. Similarly, no differences were observed among groups in the number of implants with PD ≥5 mm (Ea: 29%; De: 35%; La: 44%) or the average depth of the sites with PD ≥5 mm (Ea: 5.4 ± 0.7; De: 6.1 ± 1.4; La: 5.4 ± 0.5) at T10. Peri‐implant mucositis was found in 70% of the cases; peri‐implantitis was diagnosed only in two implants (1 De, 1 La) corresponding to 4.3%.ConclusionSingle‐tooth implants placed early or delayed after tooth extraction show high survival rates and limited peri‐implant marginal bone resorption or biological complications, similar to what is observed with implants placed according to the conventional (late) protocol.
Rich diversity, strong endemism, but poor protection: addressing the neglect of sandy beach ecosystems in coastal conservation planning
Authors: Harris Linda , Campbell Eileen E. , Nel Ronel , Schoeman David 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimSpatially‐explicit trends in species richness and endemism on sandy shores are quantified to assess representation of beach ecosystems in existing reserve networks. Also, the relative importance of different drivers of species distributions are compared through species distribution modelling.LocationThe South African beaches are among the best‐studied in the world, providing sufficient biological data for the analyses. There is also a well‐established coastal protected‐area network that putatively provides moderate protection to nearly all beach habitats.MethodsSpecies distribution maps of beach‐dependent vertebrates, macrofauna, microflora, and foredune vegetation were compiled from existing sources or modelled using standard techniques. While some data were available for the latter analyses, additional sampling was required to improve bioregional coverage. Each species' distribution was coded to a detailed map of the South African shoreline. Representation of habitats and species in various configurations of existing reserves was determined.ResultsOverall, 535 species have been recorded on the South African sandy shores, including 139 common species. Endemism is variable among taxonomic groups. Notably, two‐thirds of the macrofauna are regional endemics, half of which are endemic to South Africa. For almost all of the common species, < 20 % of their distributions are protected in land‐sea reserves. Protection of beach habitats is similarly poor; conservation targets were not met in all cases, and most habitat types are considered Poorly Protected.Main conclusionsSandy beach communities are considerably more diverse than they are generally acknowledged to be, and comprise a unique suite of biota. Given the species' narrow distributions and high degree of exposure to threats, many probably qualify as threatened/endangered. In spite of this, beaches are poorly represented in coastal reserve networks. To redress this issue, conservation planners need to account for beaches specifically, and to ensure they are represented in contiguous land‐sea protected areas.
A new method to detect Lonsdalea quercina in infected plant tissues by real‐time PCR
Authors: Shang J. , Liu B. L. , He W. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryPresymptomatic and accurate diagnoses of pathogens are essential for disease prediction and the timely application of bactericide. The bacterium Lonsdalea quercina (=Brenneria quercina) has been reported as the causal agent of drippy nut and bark canker disease on oak in California (US) and Europe. In recent years, it is also found on Populus × euramericana trees in Henan province of China. This bacterium causes longitudinal cankers of a few centimetres in size on the bark surface of the upper trunk. In this study, we developed two species‐specific PCR assays using primer pairs LqfF/LqfR and LqgF/LqgR for the rapid and accurate detection of the pathogenic bacteria in diseased plant tissues. The results show that the LqfF/LqfR primers amplified only a single PCR band of approximately 382 bp and the LqgF/LqgR primers yielded a PCR product of approximately 286 bp. The two primers were successfully adapted to real‐time PCR based on SYBR Green I used with the ABI 7500 system. The detection limit of the reaction was 0.1 pg genomic DNA per 20 μl PCR reaction volumes. The pathogen was mainly detected in the phloem of cankers as well as in the exudates of diseased trees, but was not found in the xylem or leaves. The size of pathogen in distribution was larger than the lesion. The results demonstrate that real‐time PCR assays can be used to detect the pathogen by extracting DNA directly from infected plant tissues. This method is a rapid, reliable method for the presymptomatic and accurate detection of L. quercina, providing a useful insight into epidemiological studies.
Occurrence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’ in apple trees in China
Authors: Li Z.‐N. , Bai Y.‐B. , Liu P. , Zhang L. , Wu Y.‐F. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryYoung apple trees exhibiting symptoms of little leaf, margin involute and yellows were observed in an open‐air nursery in Yangling, Shaanxi, China. Transmission electron microscopy showed typical phytoplasma bodies in the sieve tube elements of symptomatic leaf samples. In two nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, products of expected size of 1.1 and 1.2 kb were separately generated from the total DNAs of symptomatic samples. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the purified 1.2 kb PCR products indicated that the disease associated with apple trees was ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ziziphi’. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ziziphi’ infecting apple trees in China.
Human cellular differences in cAMP ‐ CREB signaling correlate with light‐dependent melatonin suppression and bipolar disorder
Authors: Gaspar Ludmila , van de Werken Maan , Johansson Anne‐Sophie , Moriggi Ermanno , Owe‐Larsson Björn , Kocks Janwillem W. H. , Lundkvist Gabriella B. , Gordijn Marijke C. M. , Brown Steven A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractVarious lines of evidence suggest a mechanistic role for altered cAMP‐CREB (cAMP response element ‐ binding protein) signaling in depressive and affective disorders. However, the establishment and validation of human inter‐individual differences in this and other major signaling pathways has proven difficult. Here, we describe a novel lentiviral methodology to investigate signaling variation over long periods of time directly in human primary fibroblasts. On a cellular level, this method showed surprisingly large inter‐individual differences in three major signaling pathways in human subjects that nevertheless correlated with cellular measures of genome‐wide transcription and drug toxicity. We next validated this method by establishing a likely role for cAMP‐mediated signaling in a human neuroendocrine response to light – the light‐dependent suppression of the circadian hormone melatonin – that shows wide inter‐individual differences of unknown origin in vivo. Finally, we show an overall greater magnitude of cellular CREB signaling in individuals with bipolar disorder, suggesting a possible role for this signaling pathway in susceptibility to mental disease. Overall, our results suggest that genetic differences in major signaling pathways can be reliably detected with sensitive viral‐based reporter profiling, and that these differences can be conserved across tissues and be predictive of physiology and disease susceptibility.
Psychiatric and neurologic risk factors for incident cases of new‐onset epilepsy in older adults: Data from U.S. Medicare beneficiaries
Authors: Martin Roy C. , Faught Edward , Richman Joshua , Funkhouser Ellen , Kim Yongin , Clements Kay , Pisu Maria 
Published: June 2014

SummaryObjectiveNeurologic diseases such as stroke are risk factors for new‐onset epilepsy in older adults. Recent evidence suggests that psychiatric disorders independently predict epilepsy in older male veterans. Our aim was to examine the relationship between these disorders in a population‐based study of older adults that also included women and minorities.MethodsWe used a national 5% random sample of 2005 Medicare beneficiaries including all 50 US states and Washington, DC. Beneficiaries were 65 years of age or older, with continuous Medicare Part A and Part B coverage and not in managed care plans. Epilepsy cases were identified from claims for physician visits, hospitalizations, and outpatient procedures. We used logistic regressions for the overall sample and stratified by gender to determine whether risk of new‐onset epilepsy was associated with prior history of psychiatric (i.e., depression, psychosis, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), adjustment disorder, and substance abuse/dependence) and neurologic conditions (i.e., cerebrovascular disease, dementia, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor, metastatic cancer).ResultsPreexisting psychiatric disorders were significantly associated with new‐onset epilepsy in the study population as were the neurologic conditions evaluated. Five of the seven psychiatric disorders examined were independently associated with new‐onset epilepsy; substance abuse, psychosis, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and depression. Gender interaction effects were found for substance abuse/dependence and brain tumors.SignificanceBoth neurologic and psychiatric factors significantly predicted new‐onset epilepsy in a population‐based sample of male and female older adults. These results support earlier findings and extend the understanding of risk models for new‐onset epilepsy in broader older adult populations.A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
The pivotal role of the supplementary motor area in startle epilepsy as demonstrated by SEEG epileptogenicity maps
Authors: Job Anne‐Sophie , De Palma Luca , Principe Alessandro , Hoffmann Dominique , Minotti Lorella , Chabardès Stephan , David Olivier , Kahane Philippe 
Published: June 2014

SummaryStartle seizures belong to reflex epilepsy syndromes. They usually occur in patients with mental deficiency and showing widely extended cortical lesions, often involving the sensorimotor area. Here we report three cases who did not fulfill these criteria, and in whom stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG) recordings demonstrated the prominent involvement of the supplementary motor area (SMA). Visual analysis was complemented by time‐frequency analysis of SEEG signals using a neuroimaging approach (Epileptogenicity Maps), which showed at seizure onset a significant increase of high frequency oscillations (HFOs, 60–100 Hz) over the premotor and prefrontal areas. Critically, in all cases, the SMA showed ictal HFOs at seizure onset and was included in the surgical resection. All patients became seizure‐free after surgery, and histopathological examinations showed no specific lesion. These cases suggest the prominent but not exclusive role of SMA in startle seizures, and highlight the fact that surgery can be considered even in the absence of any magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion.
Once‐daily USL255 as adjunctive treatment of partial‐onset seizures: Randomized phase III study
Authors: Chung Steve S. , Fakhoury Toufic A. , Hogan R. Edward , Nagaraddi Venkatesh N. , Blatt Ilan , Lawson Balduin , Arnold Stephan , Anders Bob , Clark Annie M. , Laine Dawn , Meadows R. Shawn , Halvorsen Mark B. ,   the PREVAIL Study Group
Published: June 2014

SummaryObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of USL255, Qudexy™ XR (topiramate) extended‐release capsules, as an adjunctive treatment for refractory partial‐onset seizures (POS) in adults taking one to three concomitant antiepileptic drugs.MethodsIn this global phase III study (PREVAIL; NCT01142193), 249 adults with POS were randomized 1:1 to once‐daily USL255 (200 mg/day) or placebo. The primary and key secondary efficacy endpoints were median percent reduction in weekly POS frequency and responder rate (proportion of patients with ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency). Seizure freedom was also assessed. Safety (adverse events, clinical and laboratory findings), as well as treatment effects on quality of life (QOLIE‐31‐P) and clinical global impression of change (CGI‐C), were evaluated.ResultsAcross the entire 11‐week treatment phase, USL255 significantly reduced the median percent seizure frequency and significantly improved responder rate compared with placebo. Efficacy over placebo was observed early in treatment, in patients with highly refractory POS, and in those with the most debilitating seizure types (i.e., complex partial, partial secondarily generalized). USL255 was safe and generally well tolerated with a low incidence of neurocognitive adverse events. USL255 was associated with significant clinical improvement without adversely affecting quality of life.SignificanceThe PREVAIL phase III clinical study demonstrated that once‐daily USL255 (200 mg/day) significantly improved seizure control and was safe and generally well tolerated with few neurocognitive side effects.
Whole‐exome sequencing in an individual with severe global developmental delay and intractable epilepsy identifies a novel, de novo GRIN2A mutation
Authors: Venkateswaran Sunita , Myers Ken A. , Smith Amanda C. , Beaulieu Chandree L. , Schwartzentruber Jeremy A. ,   FORGE Canada Consortium, Majewski Jacek , Bulman Dennis , Boycott Kym M. , Dyment David A. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryWe present a 4‐year‐old girl with profound global developmental delay and refractory epilepsy characterized by multiple seizure types (partial complex with secondary generalization, tonic, myoclonic, and atypical absence). Her seizure semiology did not fit within a specific epileptic syndrome. Despite a broad metabolic and genetic workup, a diagnosis was not forthcoming. Whole‐exome sequencing with a trio analysis (affected child compared to unaffected parents) was performed and identified a novel de novo missense mutation in GRIN2A, c.2449A>G, p.Met817Val, as the likely cause of the refractory epilepsy and global developmental delay. GRIN2A encodes a subunit of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor that mediates excitatory transmission in the central nervous system. A significant reduction in the frequency and the duration of her seizures was observed after the addition of topiramate over a 10‐month period. Further prospective studies in additional patients with mutations in GRIN2A will be required to optimize seizure management for this rare disorder. This report expands the current phenotype associated with GRIN2A mutations.A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Seizure frequency and patient‐centered outcome assessment in epilepsy
Authors: Choi Hyunmi , Hamberger Marla J. , Munger Clary Heidi , Loeb Rebecca , Onchiri Frankline M. , Baker Gus , Hauser W. Allen , Wong John B. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryObjectiveSeizure frequency represents a commonly assessed epilepsy status, but in the context of the growing trend toward patient‐centered care, we examined the adequacy of seizure frequency as a measure of epilepsy status as perceived by the patient.MethodsBetween 2006 and 2008, we assessed seizure frequency, mood, and preference‐based health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) measured with the visual analog scale metric in 182 adult patients sampled consecutively. Using nonparametric tests and Monte Carlo computer simulations, we analyzed the relationship between preference‐based HRQOL and seizure frequency, and using regression analyses, we tested for significant predictors of preference‐based HRQOL.ResultsOnly patients who had been seizure‐free for >1 year had significantly higher preference‐based HRQOL (p < 0.0001) than those who experienced any recurrent seizure, regardless of their seizure frequency. Among patients with recurrent seizures, preference‐based HRQOL and seizure frequency were not monotonically, linearly related. For patients with similar seizure frequency, preference‐based HRQOL varied substantially with large overlaps in preference‐based HRQOL across different seizure frequency categories. The Monte Carlo simulation found that seizure frequency was a poor predictor of preference‐based HRQOL about one third of the time. The presence of depressive symptoms was an independent predictor of preference‐based HRQOL measure, accounting for 33.5% of the variation in scores between patients.SignificanceOur findings highlight the importance of attaining complete seizure freedom and the substantial variation in preference‐based HRQOL among patients with similar seizure frequencies. To improve assessment of patient‐centered outcomes in epilepsy, we encourage adding direct measurement of preference‐based HRQOL into clinical care..A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Responses by Central‐Place Foragers to Manipulations of Brood Size: Parent Flickers Respond to Proximate Cues but do not Increase Work Rate
Authors: Gow Elizabeth A. , Wiebe Karen L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractManipulations of brood size measure the willingness or ability of parents to invest in offspring and different reproductive roles may lead to differences in feeding effort between the sexes. Parental investment in birds is usually assessed by quantifying feeding rates, but this provides an incomplete picture of parental effort because it fails to account for how parents collect food on the landscape. We studied northern flickers (Colaptes auratus), a woodpecker in which males provide the majority of parental care and used a repeated measures design and short‐term (24 h) brood enlargements (N = 35) and reductions (N = 27) to assess effects of treatment on feeding rates to nestlings and parental foraging behaviour. Parents of enlarged broods did not significantly increase feeding rate, resulting in a decline in nestling mass. Parents of reduced broods decreased their feeding rates by 84%, but increased per capita feeding rates, resulting in nestling mass gain. The variation in feeding rates to enlarged broods was not influenced by feather corticosterone, body condition, feather re‐growth rate or mass change between the incubation and nestling periods. Foraging pattern on the landscape remained the same during the enlarged treatment for both sexes. We conclude that flickers respond to proximate cues in brood demands, but do not increase feeding rates to enlarged broods, at least in the short term. A literature review suggested that this lack of response is atypical for short‐lived species. We hypothesize that parents in species with large home ranges and long nestling periods face energetic limitations that constrain their ability to respond to enlarged broods. We encourage future studies to assess foraging behaviour on the landscape to document important trade‐offs for parents such as predation risk and energy expenditure while feeding offspring.
Microbial Groundwater Sampling Protocol for Fecal‐Rich Environments
Authors: Harter Thomas , Watanabe Naoko , Li Xunde , Atwill Edward R. , Samuels William 
Published: June 2014

AbstractInherently, confined animal farming operations (CAFOs) and other intense fecal‐rich environments are potential sources of groundwater contamination by enteric pathogens. The ubiquity of microbial matter poses unique technical challenges in addition to economic constraints when sampling wells in such environments. In this paper, we evaluate a groundwater sampling protocol that relies on extended purging with a portable submersible stainless steel pump and Teflon® tubing as an alternative to equipment sterilization. The protocol allows for collecting a large number of samples quickly, relatively inexpensively, and under field conditions with limited access to capacity for sterilizing equipment. The protocol is tested on CAFO monitoring wells and considers three cross‐contamination sources: equipment, wellbore, and ambient air. For the assessment, we use Enterococcus, a ubiquitous fecal indicator bacterium (FIB), in laboratory and field tests with spiked and blank samples, and in an extensive, multi‐year field sampling campaign on 17 wells within 2 CAFOs. The assessment shows that extended purging can successfully control for equipment cross‐contamination, but also controls for significant contamination of the well‐head, within the well casing and within the immediate aquifer vicinity of the well‐screen. Importantly, our tests further indicate that Enterococcus is frequently entrained in water samples when exposed to ambient air at a CAFO during sample collection. Wellbore and air contamination pose separate challenges in the design of groundwater monitoring strategies on CAFOs that are not addressed by equipment sterilization, but require adequate QA/QC procedures and can be addressed by the proposed sampling strategy.
Historians of the Late Medieval English Parliament
Authors: Dodd Gwilym 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWhat accounts for the emergence of the medieval parliament? What were its main functions? Whose interests did parliament serve and how powerful were the Commons? These are straightforward questions, but historians have been debating the answers for well over a hundred years, since Archbishop William Stubbs published hisConstitutional Historyin 1875. This discussion surveys the main contributions to this discussion, tracing the rise and fall, and rise again, of the historiography of medieval parliaments. More recent work has demonstrated that the antecedents of parliamentary assemblies can be traced back to before the Conquest, but the focus of this discussion lies in the later medieval period and, particularly, the late 13th and 14th centuries, the period which has attracted most attention and discussion in modern scholarship.
Liberalism and Constitutionalism in Latin America in the 19th Century
Authors: Adelman Jeremy 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFor generations, 19th century Latin American history has been portrayed as a period of anarchic turmoil, wasted energy, and pointless division. It was the age of caudillos and of political breakup. But recent evidence paints a very different picture. More and more historians see the period from 1821 (when the wars of independence ended) to 1860s as an era of experimentation and innovation, of building new institutions to replace the old. This essay reprises some of the primary lines of investigation. It explores the ways in which Latin Americans built a hybrid model of constitutionalism, adapted from elements circulating around the Atlantic world. It explores how people charted new meanings of citizenship by applying new legal tools and practices of public organization in the civic sphere. It examines the experiments in political organizing and vertical alliances. Finally, it suggests that older intellectual and ideological coordinates of secular vs religious, liberal vs conservative, fail to capture the very strong emphasis on pragmatic republican strains in 19th century statebuilders.