bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time, Mechanisms and Technology: Challenges of Abstraction and Decision in Realist Economic Theory
Authors: Johnson Mark William 
Published: October 2013

Résumé Cet article soutient que la causalité au sens humien (mettant en relief la succession) qui fut la principale cible des critiques du Réalisme Critique de Bhaskar, demeure très présente dans le concept même de “mécanisme”. En effet, le concept de mécanisme implique une abstraction newtonienne du temps ignorée par le Réalisme Critique. Il s’agit cependant d’un problème plus large d’abstraction mécaniste, que cet article analyse simultanément sous l’angle du Réalisme Critique et de la discipline ayant pour objet l’étude des mécanismes, la cybernétique. Comment des descriptions de mécanismes causals peuvent-elles se réconcilier avec leurs propres abstractions? En réponse nous proposons une dissolution du problème du temps au travers de l’expérience vécue. Par ailleurs, nous traitons également des questions liées à la pédagogie de l’enseignement des abstractions, à la mise au point de nouveaux contextes d’interaction et au rôle des technologies dans la mise en place des contextes ludiques. Enfin, nous dégageons des implications plus profondes pour la recherche réaliste, et soulignons la nécessité de traiter conjointement les problèmes d’abstraction et les problèmes pédagogiques et technologiques.
A Package Deal? African American Men’s Perspectives on the Intersection of Marriage and Fatherhood
Authors: Perry Armon R. , Harmon Dana K. , Bright Mikia 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In response to decreasing marriage rates among childbearing couples, public policy has sought to reinforce the notion that marriage and fatherhood are a package deal. However, what remains unclear is whether the ideology and values of the policymakers promoting marriage and fatherhood as a package deal represent the values of the men targeted by the policy initiatives. In an attempt to respond to this question, this preliminary study presents the findings from a qualitative analysis of 33 African American adult males’ attitudes toward marriage and romantic relationships. The findings revealed that most of the sample conceptualized marriage and fatherhood as a package deal, but many of the men’s transition to marriage was facilitated by their engaged fathering, which is contrary to the philosophy espoused in the initiatives promoted by the marriage movement. This disconnect and its implications for policy are also discussed.
Iron‐Catalyzed Generation of α‐Amino Nitriles from Tertiary Amines
Authors: Wagner Alexander , Han Wei , Mayer Peter , Ofial Armin R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe use of iron(II) chloride as catalyst, trimethylsilyl cyanide as source of cyanide ions, and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant enabled the conversion of aromatic, benzylic, and aliphatic tertiary amines into α‐amino nitriles under mild conditions. Chemoselective functionalization of NCH3 to NCH2CN was achieved in the presence of N‐benzyl and N‐alkyl groups. N,N‐Dialkylanilines, PhNR2, with R=Et, Bu, Bn furnished the alkyl(aryl)aminoacetonitriles PhN(R)CH2CN as the main products accompanied by α‐amino nitriles generated by ordinary α‐cyanation of the aniline PhNR2. Formation of PhN(R)CH2CN was rationalized by oxidative degradation of N,N‐dialkylanilines to N‐alkylanilines, their condensation with formaldehyde, generated by oxidation of the solvent methanol, and final trapping of the thus formed iminium ions by cyanide.magnified image
Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome: A distinct genetic entity clinically related to the group of FRAS–FREM complex disorders
Authors: Schanze Denny , Harakalova Magdalena , Stevens Cathy A. , Brancati Francesco , Dallapiccola Bruno , Farndon Peter , Ferraz Victor E. F. , McDonald‐McGinn Donna M. , Zackai Elaine H. , Wright Michael , van Lieshout Stef , Vogel Maartje J. , van Haelst Mieke M. , Zenker Martin 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAblepharon macrostomia syndrome (AMS; OMIM 200110) is an extremely rare congenital malformation syndrome. It overlaps clinically with Fraser syndrome (FS; OMIM 219000), which is known to be caused by mutations in either FRAS1, FREM2, or GRIP1, encoding components of a protein complex that plays a role in epidermal–dermal interactions during morphogenetic processes. We explored the hypothesis that AMS might be either allelic to FS or caused by mutations in other genes encoding known FRAS1 interacting partners. No mutation in either of these genes was found in a cohort of 11 patients with AMS from 10 unrelated families. These findings demonstrate that AMS is genetically distinct from FS. It is proposed that it constitutes a separate entity within the group of FRAS–FREM complex disorders. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Counseling parents before prenatal diagnosis: Do we need to say more about the sex chromosome aneuploidies?
Authors: Lalatta Faustina , Tint G Stephen 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSex chromosome trisomies (SCT), an extra X chromosome in females (triple X, XXX), males with an extra X chromosome (Klinefelter syndrome, XXY) or an extra Y chromosome (XYY) occur because of errors during meiosis and are relatively frequent in humans. Their identification has never been the goal of prenatal diagnosis (PD) but they almost never escape detection by any of the methods commonly in use. Despite recommendations and guide‐lines which emphasize the importance of structured counseling before and after PD, most women remain unaware that testing for serious genetic abnormalities is more likely to uncover these trisomies. With the increasing use of PD more and more prospective parents receive a diagnosis of sex chromosome trisomies and are faced with the dilemma of whether to terminate the pregnancy or to carry it to term. Despite the dramatic and emotionally devastating consequences of having to make such a decision, they have little opportunity to consider in advance the possible outcomes of such a pregnancy and, rather than relying on their own feelings and judgements, are forced to depend on the advice of counseling professionals who may or may not themselves be fully aware of what having an extra sex chromosome can mean to the development of a child. We address here the principles of reproductive autonomy together with an analysis of the major issues that ought to be discussed with the parents before a PD is carried out in order to minimize detrimental effects caused by this unexpected finding. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functionalized N‐(4‐hydroxy phenyl) maleimide monomers: Kinetics of thermal polymerization and degradation using model‐free approach
Authors: Pitchaimari G. , Vijayakumar C. T. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTN‐(4‐Hydroxy phenyl) maleimide (HPMI) is prepared and is functionalized with acryloyl, methacryloyl, allyl, propargyl, and cyanate groups. The structural and thermal characterizations of the materials are done using FTIR, NMR, DSC, and TGA. Curing and degradation kinetics are performed using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Vyazovkin, and Friedman methods. Activation energies (Ea) for the polymerization of the synthesized monomers varied and are dependent on the nature of the functional group present in HPMI. The propargyl functionalized monomer shows the highest Ea values whereas the methacryloyl functionalized monomer shows the lowest Ea values. In the case of thermal degradation of the polymerized materials, the apparent Ea values for acryloyl, methacryloyl and cyanate functionalized materials are slightly higher than that of poly‐HPMI (PHPMI). The thermally cured allyl and propargyl functionalized materials show a different trend and may be attributed to the complications arising due to Claisen rearrangement reaction during the thermal curing. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39935.
Encapsulated phase structure and morphology evolution during quiescent annealing in ternary polymer blends with PA6 as matrix
Authors: Dou Rui , Wang Wei , Zhou Yan , Gong Lei , Yin Bo , Yang Ming‐bo 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis work is aim to study the encapsulated morphology development in ternary blends of polyamide 6/high density polyethylene/maleic anhydride‐grafted‐ethylene propylene diene monomer (PA6/HDPE/EPDM‐g‐MA) and polyamide 6/maleic anhydride‐grafted‐high density polyethylene/ethylene propylene diene monomer (PA6/HDPE‐g‐MA/EPDM) through thermodynamically control described by Harkins spreading theory. The phase morphology was confirmed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and selective solvent extraction revealed that PA6/HDPE/EPDM‐g‐MA blend having a composition of 70/15/15 vol % is constituted of polyamide 6 matrix with dispersed composite droplets of HDPE subinclusions encapsulated by EPDM‐g‐MA phase, while for PA6/HDPE‐g‐MA/EPDM blend with the same composition is constituted of polyamide 6 matrix with dispersed composite droplets of HDPE‐g‐MA subinclusions encapsulated by EPDM phase. Quiescent annealing test revealed that for PA6/HDPE/EPDM‐g‐MA blend, a perfect core–shell structure with one HDPE particle encapsulated by EPDM‐g‐MA phase was formed during annealing, and for PA6/HDPE‐g‐MA/EPDM blend, a novel complete inverting HDPE‐g‐MA/EPDM core/shell structure was achieved. Moreover, quantitative analysis about coalescent behaviors of HDPE‐g‐MA and HDPE subinclusions during quiescent annealing were investigated by image analysis and the result suggested that the grafted maleic anhydride group in HDPE‐g‐MA, acted as a role of steric repulsion, could suppress coalescence effects, thus leaded to a lower coalescent rate than that of HDPE subinclusions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39937.
Backward Stochastic H2/H∞ Control with Random Jumps
Authors: Zhang Qixia 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with H2/H∞ control of a new class of stochastic systems. The most distinguishing feature, compared with the existing literature, is that the systems are described by backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) with Brownian motion and random jumps. It is shown that the backward stochastic H2/H∞ control under consideration is associated with the of the corresponding uncontrolled backward stochastic perturbed system. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a unique solution to the control problem under consideration is derived. The resulting solution is characterized by the solution of an uncontrolled forward backward stochastic differential equation (FBSDE) with Brownian motion and random jumps. When the coefficients are all deterministic, the equivalent linear feedback solution involves a pair of Riccati‐type equations and an uncontrolled BSDE. In addition an uncontrolled forward stochastic differential equation (SDE) is given.
Molecular determinants of the binding specificity of BH3 ligands to BclXL apoptotic repressor
Authors: Bhat Vikas , Olenick Max B. , Schuchardt Brett J. , Mikles David C. , McDonald Caleb B. , Farooq Amjad 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTB‐cell lymphoma extra‐large protein (BclXL) serves as an apoptotic repressor by virtue of its ability to recognize and bind to BH3 domains found within a diverse array of proapoptotic regulators. Herein, we investigate the molecular basis of the specificity of the binding of proapoptotic BH3 ligands to BclXL. Our data reveal that while the BH3 ligands harboring the LXXX[A/S]D and [R/Q]XLXXXGD motif bind to BclXL with high affinity in the submicromolar range, those with the LXXXGD motif afford weak interactions. This suggests that the presence of a glycine at the fourth position (G+4)—relative to the N‐terminal leucine (L0) within the LXXXGD motif—mitigates binding, unless the LXXXGD motif also contains arginine/glutamine at the −2 position. Of particular note is the observation that the residues at the +4 and −2 positions within the LXXX[A/S]D and [R/Q]XLXXXGD motifs appear to be energetically coupled—replacement of either [A/S]+4 or [R/Q]‐2 with other residues has little bearing on the binding affinity of BH3 ligands harboring one of these motifs. Collectively, our study lends new molecular insights into understanding the binding specificity of BH3 ligands to BclXL with important consequences on the design of novel anticancer drugs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 573–582, 2014.
Transcriptome dynamics of transgene amplification in Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Vishwanathan Nandita , Le Huong , Jacob Nitya M. , Tsao Yung‐Shyeng , Ng Sze‐Wai , Loo Bernard , Liu Zhong , Kantardjieff Anne , Hu Wei‐Shou 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTDihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) system is used to amplify the product gene to multiple copies in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells for generating cell lines which produce the recombinant protein at high levels. The physiological changes accompanying the transformation of the non‐protein secreting host cells to a high producing cell line is not well characterized. We performed transcriptome analysis on CHO cells undergoing the selection and amplification processes. A host CHO cell line was transfected with a vector containing genes encoding the mouse DHFR (mDHFR) and a recombinant human IgG (hIgG). Clones were isolated following selection and subcloned following amplification. Control cells were transfected with a control plasmid which did not have the hIgG genes. Although methotrexate (MTX) amplification increased the transcript level of the mDHFR gene significantly, its effect on both hIgG heavy and light chain genes was more modest. The subclones appeared to retain the transcriptome signatures of their parental clones, however, their productivity varied among those derived from the same clone. The transcript levels of hIgG transgenes of all subclones fall in a narrower range than the product titer, alluding to the role of many functional attributes, other than transgene transcript, on productivity. We cross examined functional class enrichment during selection and amplification as well as between high and low producers and discerned common features among them. We hypothesize that the role of amplification is not merely increasing transcript levels, but also enriching survivors which have developed the cellular machinery for secreting proteins, leading to an increased frequency of isolating high‐producing clones. We put forward the possibility of assembling a hyper‐productivity gene set through comparative transcriptome analysis of a wide range of samples. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 518–528. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phase 1 and pharmacodynamic trial of everolimus in combination with cetuximab in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Ciunci Christine A. , Perini Rodolfo F. , Avadhani Anjali N. , Kang Hyunseon C. , Sun Weijing , Redlinger Maryann , Harlacker Kathleen , Flaherty Keith T. , Giantonio Bruce J. , Rosen Mark A. , Divgi Chaitanya R. , Song Hee Kwon , Englander Sarah , Troxel Andrea , Schnall Mitchell , O'Dwyer Peter J. 
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUNDPreclinical and clinical studies suggest mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors may have metabolic and antiangiogenic effects, and synergize with epidermal growth factor pathway inhibitors. Therefore, a phase 1/pharmacodynamic trial of everolimus with cetuximab was performed.METHODSA total of 29 patients were randomized to a run‐in of oral everolimus (30, 50, or 70 mg) or cetuximab (400 mg/m2 loading, 250 mg/m2 maintenance) weekly, followed by the combination in this dose‐escalation study. Primary endpoints were phase 2 dose and toxicity characterization. [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) was performed as a pharmacodynamic marker of mTOR inhibition, and dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) was performed as an indicator of tumor perfusion changes, at 3 time points.RESULTSEverolimus and cetuximab were tolerable at full doses, with an expected toxicity profile. Dose‐limiting toxicities in the everolimus 70 mg group included grade 3 skin toxicity in 2 patients, and mucositis in 1 patient. Of 16 patients evaluable for response, 5 had stable disease lasting 4 to 19 months. Mean change in maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) for those treated initially with everolimus was −24% (2% to −54%), and with cetuximab was −5% (−23 to 36%). The Ktrans measured by DCE‐MRI did not decrease, regardless of run‐in drug.CONCLUSIONSEverolimus and cetuximab can be safely administered at standard doses, and are associated with prolonged disease control. The recommended phase 2 dose of oral weekly everolimus is 70 mg in combination with standard cetuximab. Imaging studies reveal that metabolic inhibition by everolimus alone and in combination with cetuximab predominates over changes in tumor perfusion in this patient population. Cancer 2014;120:77–85. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Effect of the thrombin receptor antagonist (PAR‐1) vorapaxar on QT/QTc interval in healthy volunteers: A randomized, placebo‐ and positive‐controlled, parallel group trial
Authors: Kosoglou Teddy , Hunt Thomas L. , Xuan Fengjuan , Kumar Bharath , Statkevich Paul , Hanson Mary E. , Cutler David L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn a randomized, double‐blind (vorapaxar and placebo), placebo‐ and positive‐controlled (moxifloxacin 400 mg) parallel group study, the effect of single‐dose vorapaxar 120 mg on QT/QTc interval was assessed in 120 adults 18–50 years. Twelve‐lead digital ECGs were obtained in triplicate using Mortara H12+ Holter monitors at 9 timepoints over 24 hours. If the largest upper bound of the 95% one‐sided CI for the mean difference in QTcF between vorapaxar and placebo was <10 milliseconds, vorapaxar was considered to have no potential for QT/QTc prolongation of regulatory concern. Vorapaxar was well‐tolerated. The lower bound of the 95% CI for the difference in QTcF between moxifloxacin and placebo was >5 milliseconds, confirming study sensitivity. Vorapaxar had no significant effect on QTcF. At all timepoints the upper 95% CI for the mean difference between placebo and vorapaxar was ≤3.8 milliseconds (mean difference ≤1.0 milliseconds). Vorapaxar does not prolong the QT/QTc interval in healthy subjects.
Extracting mobility pattern from target trajectory in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Misra Sudip , Singh Sukhchain , Khatua Manas , Obaidat Mohammad S. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYTarget tracking in wireless sensor networks is a well‐known application. In real life scenario, target mobility can be predicted using well‐known filters. In this paper, we explain an approach to model the pattern of movement of a target on the basis of target data available. This method utilizes filter techniques to predict the target and a curve‐fitting algorithm to model the mobility of a target in both linear and non‐linear motion patterns. Two alternate strategies to achieve mobility approximation have been proposed and compared. The efficacy of the algorithm is, further, adjudged by comparing its mobility prediction vis‐a‐vis the Kalman filter. Simulation results show that with sufficient data, the mobility pattern of the target can be fairly calculated even if the target moves unpredictably. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strong species‐environment feedback shapes plant community assembly along environmental gradients
Authors: Jiang Jiang , DeAngelis Donald L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn aim of community ecology is to understand the patterns of competing species assembly along environmental gradients. All species interact with their environments. However, theories of community assembly have seldom taken into account the effects of species that are able to engineer the environment. In this modeling study, we integrate the species' engineering trait together with processes of immigration and local dispersal into a theory of community assembly. We quantify the species' engineering trait as the degree to which it can move the local environment away from its baseline state towards the optimum state of the species (species‐environment feedback). We find that, in the presence of immigration from a regional pool, strong feedback can increase local species richness; however, in the absence of continual immigration, species richness is a declining function of the strength of species‐environment feedback. This shift from a negative effect of engineering strength on species richness to a positive effect, as immigration rate increases, is clearer when there is spatial heterogeneity in the form of a gradient in environmental conditions than when the environment is homogeneous or it is randomly heterogeneous. Increasing the scale over which local dispersal occurs can facilitate species richness when there is no species‐environment feedback or when the feedback is weak. However, increases in the spatial scale of dispersal can reduce species richness when the species‐environment feedback is strong. These results expand the theoretical basis for understanding the effects of the strength of species‐environment feedback on community assembly.
Seismic transect across the Lomonosov and Mendeleev Ridges: Constraints on the geological evolution of the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Jokat Wilfried , Ickrath Michele , O'Connor John 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe report on seismic and petrological data that provide new constraints on the geological evolution of the Amerasia Basin. A seismic reflection transect across the Makarov Basin, located between the Mendeleev and Lomonosov Ridges, shows a complete undisturbed sedimentary section of Mesozoic/Cenozoic age. In contrast to the Mendeleev Ridge, the margin of the Lomonosov Ridge is wide and shows horst and graben structures. We suggest that the Mendeleev Ridge is most likely volcanic in origin and support this finding with a 40Ar/39Ar isotopic age for a tholeiitic basalt sampled from the central Alpha/Mendeleev Ridge. Seismic reflection data for the Makarov Basin show no evidence of compressional features, consistent with the Lomonosov Ridge moving as a microplate in the Cenozoic. We propose that the Amerasia Basin moved as a single tectonic plate during the opening of the Eurasia Basin.
EFFECTS OF WATER STORAGE IN DEEPER SOIL LAYERS ON GROWTH, YIELD, AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF COTTON (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L.) IN ARID AREAS OF NORTHWESTERN CHINA
Authors: Luo Honghai , Zhang Hongzhi , Han Huanyong , Hu Yuanyuan , Zhang Yali , Zhang Wangfeng 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn order to understand how the available water stored prior to planting (ASWp) affects cotton yield and the relative physiological parameters, we designed two ASWp levels in columns, well‐watered (P90) and no watering (P0), combined with different water management scenarios during the cotton‐growing period, 70% of field capacity (FC) during the third leaf to boll opening stage (I70) and changed the third leaf to flowering stage in 55% of FC and 80% of FC thereafter (I55‐80). P90 enhanced root length density (RLD), surface area density (RSD), and root activity, which in turn increased the efficiency of ASWp usage. A significantly higher leaf water potential, net photosynthesis rate, above‐ground dry matter (DM), and yield were found in P90 than in P0. Under well‐watered conditions, I55‐80 had a higher RLD in the 40–120 cm layer compared with I70. However, root mass density (RMD) and DM in I55‐80 were significantly decreased that led to marked decreases in yield and, to a lesser extent, in water productivity (WP). Under no watering conditions, yield and WP were significantly increased in I70 relative to I55‐80. It showed that sufficient water in deeper soil layers and a sustained 65–75% of FC could be an appropriate drip irrigation mode for the local cotton field. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.