bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coordinated activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, and autophagy regulates phorbol myristate acetate‐induced differentiation of SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Zogovic Nevena , Tovilovic‐Kovacevic Gordana , Misirkic‐Marjanovic Maja , Vucicevic Ljubica , Janjetovic Kristina , Harhaji‐Trajkovic Ljubica , Trajkovic Vladimir 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe explored the interplay between the intracellular energy sensor AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), and autophagy in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)‐induced neuronal differentiation of SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. PMA‐triggered expression of neuronal markers (dopamine transporter, microtubule‐associated protein 2, β‐tubulin) was associated with an autophagic response, measured by the conversion of microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)‐I to autophagosome‐bound LC3‐II, increase in autophagic flux, and expression of autophagy‐related (Atg) proteins Atg7 and beclin‐1. This coincided with the transient activation of AMPK and sustained activation of ERK. Pharmacological inhibition or RNA interference‐mediated silencing of AMPK suppressed PMA‐induced expression of neuronal markers, as well as ERK activation and autophagy. A selective pharmacological blockade of ERK prevented PMA‐induced neuronal differentiation and autophagy induction without affecting AMPK phosphorylation. Conversely, the inhibition of autophagy downstream of AMPK/ERK, either by pharmacological agents or LC3 knockdown, promoted the expression of neuronal markers, thus indicating a role of autophagy in the suppression of PMA‐induced differentiation of SH‐SY5Y cells. Therefore, PMA‐induced neuronal differentiation of SH‐SY5Y cells depends on a complex interplay between AMPK, ERK, and autophagy, in which the stimulatory effects of AMPK/ERK signaling are counteracted by the coinciding autophagic response.
image
Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induces the expression of dopamine transporter, microtubule‐associated protein 2, and β‐tubulin, and subsequent neuronal differentiation of SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells through AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)‐dependent activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). The activation of AMPK/ERK axis also induces the expression of beclin‐1 and Atg7, and increases LC3 conversion, thereby triggering the autophagic response that counteracts differentiation process.
Fluid resuscitation in acute medicine: what is the current situation?
Authors: Myburgh J. A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe administration of intravenous fluids for resuscitation is the most common intervention in acute medicine. There is increasing evidence that the type of fluid may directly affect patient‐centred outcomes. There is a lack of evidence that colloids confer clinical benefit over crystalloids and they may be associated with harm. Hydroxyethyl starch preparations are associated with increased mortality and use of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients, particularly those with sepsis; albumin is associated with increased mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crystalloids, such as saline or balanced salt solutions, are increasingly recommended as first‐line resuscitation fluids for the majority of patients with hypovolaemia. There is emerging evidence that saline may be associated with adverse outcomes due to the development of hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis, although the safety of balanced salt solutions has not been established. Fluid requirements vary over the course of critical illness. The excessive use of fluids during the resuscitative period is associated with increased cumulative fluid balance and adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. The selection of fluid depends on the clinical context in which it is administered and requires careful consideration of the dose and potential for toxicity. There is an urgent need to conduct further high‐quality randomized controlled trials of currently available fluid therapy in patients with critical illness.
Citrullus lanatus is a New Natural Host of Groundnut ringspot virus in Brazil
Authors: Leão Evelynne Urzêdo , Spadotti David Marques de Almeida , Rocha Kelly Cristina Gonçalves , Pantoja Késsia de Fátima da Cunha , Rezende Jorge Alberto Marques , Pavan Marcelo Agenor , Krause‐Sakate Renate 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn 2012 and 2013, watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) plants from commercial crops in São Paulo State were found showing mosaic, necrotic lesions, leaf deformation and necrotic spots on the fruits, suggestive of tospovirus infection. Leaf and fruit samples were separately tested by PTA‐ELISA and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) against tospovirus was performed. The virus was identified as Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) and was sap transmissible. The host range was similar to isolates of GRSV found naturally infecting Solanaceae, except that this isolate infected watermelon systemically but did not infect tomato cvs. Santa Clara and Mariana. Thrips collected in the field transmitted GRSV to watermelon, sweet pepper and Nicotiana species. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the natural infection of watermelon by GRSV.
Analysis of Pathogenic Diversity of the Rice Bacterial Blight Pathogen (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) in the Andaman Islands and Identification of Effective Resistance Genes
Authors: Gautam Raj K. , Singh Pankaj K. , Sakthivel Krishnan , Srikumar Muthulingam , Kumar Naresh , Kumar Krishna , Singh Awnindra K. , Roy Sibnarayan Dam 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is a major disease of rice in the tropics for which genetic resistance in the host plants is the only effective solution. This study aimed at identification of resistance gene combinations effective against Xoo isolates and fingerprinting of the Xoo isolates of Andaman Islands (India). Here, we report the reaction of 21 rice BB differentials possessing Xa1 to Xa21 genes individually and in different combinations to various isolates of pathogen collected from Andaman Islands. Pathological screening results of 14 isolates revealed that among individual genes tested across 2 years, Xa4, Xa7 and Xa21 conferred resistance reaction across all isolates, whereas among combinations, IRBB 50 (Xa4 + xa5), IRBB 52 (Xa4 + Xa21) and IRBB 60 (Xa4 + xa5 + xa13 + Xa21) conveyed effective resistance against tested isolates. The nature of genetic diversity among four isolates selected on the basis of geographical isolation in the islands was studied through DNA finger printing. The RAPD primers S111, S119, S1117, S1109, S1103, S109 and S105 were found to be better indicators of molecular diversity among isolates than JEL primers. The diversity analysis grouped 14 isolates into three major clusters based on disease reaction wherein isolate no. 8 was found the most divergent as well as highly virulent. The remaining isolates were classified into two distinct groups. The importance of the study in the context of transfer of resistance gene(s) in the local cultivars specifically for tropical island conditions is presented and discussed.
Emotional Subcultures
Authors: Kolb Kenneth H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractScholars of emotional subcultures have produced a rich body of evidence in regard to how these communities operate and what makes them distinct from the mainstream. To assess the state of the field, I review in‐depth, qualitative investigations into how emotional subcultures indicate their collective identity by abiding by a shared set of norms regarding how members should feel – and display those feelings – in a given context. I organize my review along four dimensions of subcultural identity work (defining, coding, affirming, and policing) in order to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the subfield. In general, the current scholarship has successfully established the role that emotional subcultures play in the reproduction of inequality. However, it has not adequately explored an important domain of social life (namely, religion), it has not treated its core concepts with enough analytic precision, nor has it sufficiently addressed how subcultural feeling and display rules are generated in relation to local and broad structural constraints.
Gender In/equality in Worker‐owned Businesses
Authors: Sobering Katherine , Thomas Jessica , Williams Christine L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGender scholars have developed a significant body of scholarship on the reproduction of gender inequality in work organizations. However, the vast majority of that research has been conducted in non‐profit organizations or in employer‐owned businesses. In this article, we review the existing literature on gender in worker‐owned businesses. We begin by defining three distinctly different types of worker‐owned businesses: companies with employee stock ownership plans, worker cooperatives, and communes. Next we review the limited research on gender inequality in each of these organizational forms. The current literature finds that women benefit from working in these alternative organizations, but gender disparities nevertheless persist due to occupational segregation and the devaluation of domestic work. Exceptions are those organizations with strong ties to feminism and those with formal power‐sharing policies. Granted the scarcity of research on this topic, however, these conclusions are tentative. We conclude with a discussion of areas for further research.
Missing Teeth: Reviewing the Sociology of Oral Health and Healthcare
Authors: Kleinberger Jessica A. , Strickhouser Sara M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBoth the US Surgeon General and the World Health Organization have called for further social scientific research on the social determinants of oral health. Oral disease can have detrimental effects on quality of life, having been linked with physical, mental, and social impairments. This article reviews the recent literature pertaining to the sociology of oral health and healthcare. The purpose of this review is to summarize and revive a necessary field. In order to maintain a focus on the United States and expand into other social science disciplines, relevant anthropological works were also included. The review discusses five key areas in both the sociology and anthropology of oral health. Of the 25 included articles, research maintained a focus on the dental profession, the construction of oral health, the mouth and the social self, social factors in dental care, and cultural assumptions of oral health. While the reviewed studies have aided in closing the gap, much of the research has been conducted outside of the United States, has used oral health as a case study for larger arguments, and has not considered the role of social inequality. Future research is necessary to more fully frame oral health and healthcare in society.
Moving Beyond Agency: A Review of Gender and Intimate Relationships in Conservative Religions
Authors: Irby Courtney Ann 
Published: October 2014

AbstractStudies of gender regimes within conservative religion have often focused on the dynamics of intimate relationships to separately analyze women's agency and men's authority. By bridging studies of men and women in a variety of intimate relationships, this article provides a relational analysis of how gender and religion intersect in daily life. Given the importance of marriage within conservative religions, I first review studies of married women and married men to illustrate the varied ways these institutions intersect. Next, I present findings from the limited but burgeoning scholarship on those who have not yet or cannot live up to the religious goal of heterosexual marriage: unmarried heterosexuals and gay and lesbian relationships.
Nodding syndrome since 2012: recent progress, challenges and recommendations for future research
Authors: Colebunders R. , Post R. , O'Neill S. , Haesaert G. , Opar B. , Lakwo T. , Laudisoit A. , Hendy A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe aim to review the current epidemiology of nodding syndrome (NS) and discuss relevant gaps in research. NS and convulsive epilepsy of unknown aetiology are clustered within the same villages and families in onchocerciasis‐endemic areas. They are therefore potentially different clinical expressions of the same disease. It has been difficult to perform full autopsies on NS patients who die in remote villages. Adequate fixation of tissue immediately after death is critical for the examination of brain tissue. Therefore, post‐mortem transsphenoidal brain biopsies, performed immediately after death by trained nurses, will provide the best option for obtaining tissue for analysis. We suspect that certain blackflies in onchocerciasis‐endemic areas may transmit a novel pathogen that could cause NS and epilepsy. This is supported by a recent drop in the number of new NS cases coinciding with vector control activities aimed at reducing blackfly populations in northern Uganda. We propose that metagenomic studies of human samples, blackflies and microfilariae are conducted to screen for pathogens, and that a clinical trial is planned to evaluate the impact of larviciding against NS and epilepsy epidemics.
Reevaluation of confirmatory tests for human T‐cell leukemia virus Type 1 using a luciferase immunoprecipitation system in blood donors
Authors: Furuta Rika A. , Ma Guangyong , Matsuoka Masao , Otani Satoshi , Matsukura Harumichi , Hirayama Fumiya 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundRecently, Japanese Red Cross blood centers have changed the confirmatory test method from an indirect immunofluorescence (IF) technique to Western blotting (WB) for antibodies against human T‐cell leukemia virus Type 1 (HTLV‐1). In this study, these HTLV‐1 tests were assessed using another sensitive method, that is, a luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS), to identify a better confirmatory test for HTLV‐1 infection.Study Design and MethodsPlasma samples from 54 qualified donors and 114 HTLV‐1 screening–positive donors were tested by LIPS for antibodies against HTLV‐1 Gag, Tax, Env, and HBZ recombinant proteins. The donors were categorized into six groups, namely, (Group I) qualified donors, screening positive; (Group II) IF positive; (Group III) IF negative; (Group IV) WB positive; (Group V) WB negative; and (Group VI) screening positive in the previous blood donation, but WB‐indeterminate during this study period.ResultsIn Groups II and IV, all plasma samples tested positive by LIPS for antibodies against Gag and Env proteins. In Group V, all samples tested negative by LIPS, whereas some Group III samples reacted with single or double antigens in LIPS. In Group VI, the LIPS test identified a donor with suspected HTLV‐1 infection. The first case of a blood donor with plasma that reacted with HBZ was identified by LIPS.ConclusionReevaluation of the current HTLV‐1 screening method using the LIPS test showed that both confirmatory tests had similar sensitivity and specificity only when WB indeterminate results were eliminated. LIPS is a promising method for detecting and characterizing HTLV‐1 antibodies.
On Grothendieck–Serre’s conjecture concerning principal -bundles over reductive group schemes: I
Authors: Panin I. , Stavrova A. , Vavilov N. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLet$k$be an infinite field. Let$R$be the semi-local ring of a finite family of closed points on a$k$-smooth affine irreducible variety, let$K$be the fraction field of$R$, and let$G$be a reductive simple simply connected$R$-group scheme isotropic over$R$. Our Theorem 1.1 states that for any Noetherian$k$-algebra$A$the kernel of the map$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{\acute{\text{e}}\text{t}}^{1}(R\otimes _{k}A,G)\rightarrow H_{\acute{\text{e}}\text{t}}^{1}(K\otimes _{k}A,G)\end{eqnarray}$$induced by the inclusion of$R$into$K$is trivial. Theorem 1.2 for$A=k$and some other results of the present paper are used significantly in Fedorov and Panin [A proof of Grothendieck–Serre conjecture on principal bundles over a semilocal regular ring containing an infinite field, Preprint (2013),arXiv:1211.2678v2] to prove the Grothendieck–Serre’s conjecture for regular semi-local rings$R$containing an infinite field.
Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses for BC-3781 Using Phase 2 Data from Patients with Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections
Authors: Rubino C. M. , Xue B. , Bhavnani S. M. , Prince W. T. , Ivezic-Schoenfeld Z. , Wicha W. W. , Ambrose P. G. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
BC-3781, a pleuromutilin antimicrobial agent, is being developed for the treatment of patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Data from a phase 2 study of patients with ABSSSI were used to refine a previous population pharmacokinetic (PK) model and explore potential predictors of PK variability. The previously derived population PK model based on data from three phase 1 studies was applied to sparse sampling data from a phase 2 ABSSSI study and modified as necessary. Covariate analyses were conducted to identify descriptors (e.g., body size, renal function, age) associated with interindividual variability in PK. All population PK analyses were conducted by using Monte Carlo parametric expectation maximization implemented in S-ADAPT 1.5.6. The population PK data set contained 1,167 concentrations from 129 patients; 95% of the patients had 5 or more PK samples (median, 11). The previous population PK model (three-compartment model with first-order elimination and nonlinear protein binding) provided an acceptable and unbiased fit to the data from the 129 patients. Population PK parameters were estimated with acceptable precision; individual clearance values were particularly well estimated (median individual precision of 9.15%). Graphical covariate evaluations showed no relationships between PK and age or renal function but modest relationships between body size and clearance and volume of distribution, which were not statistically significant when included in the population PK model. This population PK model will be useful for subsequent PK-pharmacodynamic analyses and simulations conducted to support phase 3 dose selection. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01119105.)
Association of Class 1 and 2 Integrons with Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii International Clones and Acinetobacter nosocomialis Isolates
Authors: Martins Natacha , Picão Renata Cristina , Adams-Sapper Sheila , Riley Lee W. , Moreira Beatriz Meurer 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

The
Acinetobacter baumannii
clonal complex 113/79 (CC113/79) and class 2 integrons predominate in Latin America; a relationship between these characteristics was explored. The presence of integrases was determined in successive hospital
Acinetobacter
isolates (163
A. baumannii
isolates and 72
Acinetobacter nosocomialis
isolates). Most isolates had integrons, but class 1 and 2 integrons were present significantly more often in CC109/1 and CC113/79, respectively. The high prevalence of CC113/79 in Latin America may account for the predominance of class 2 integrons.
Human Cytomegalovirus Resistance to Deoxyribosylindole Nucleosides Maps to a Transversion Mutation in the Terminase Subunit-Encoding Gene
UL89
Authors: Gentry Brian G. , Phan Quang , Hall Ellie D. , Breitenbach Julie M. , Borysko Katherine Z. , Kamil Jeremy P. , Townsend Leroy B. , Drach John C. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can cause severe illnesses, including encephalopathy and mental retardation, in immunocompromised and immunologically immature patients. Current pharmacotherapies for treating systemic HCMV infections include ganciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet. However, long-term administration of these agents can result in serious adverse effects (myelosuppression and/or nephrotoxicity) and the development of viral strains with reduced susceptibility to drugs. The deoxyribosylindole (indole) nucleosides demonstrate a 20-fold greater activity
in vitro
(the drug concentration at which 50% of the number of plaques was reduced with the presence of drug compared to the number in the absence of drug [EC
50
] = 0.34 μM) than ganciclovir (EC
50
= 7.4 μM) without any observed increase in cytotoxicity. Based on structural similarity to the benzimidazole nucleosides, we hypothesize that the indole nucleosides target the HCMV terminase, an enzyme responsible for packaging viral DNA into capsids and cleaving the DNA into genome-length units. To test this hypothesis, an indole nucleoside-resistant HCMV strain was isolated, the open reading frames of the genes that encode the viral terminase were sequenced, and a G766C mutation in exon 1 of
UL89
was identified; this mutation resulted in an E256Q change in the amino acid sequence of the corresponding protein. An HCMV wild-type strain, engineered with this mutation to confirm resistance, demonstrated an 18-fold decrease in susceptibility to the indole nucleosides (EC
50
= 3.1 ± 0.7 μM) compared to that of wild-type virus (EC
50
= 0.17 ± 0.04 μM). Interestingly, this mutation did not confer resistance to the benzimidazole nucleosides (EC
50
for wild-type HCMV = 0.25 ± 0.04 μM, EC
50
for HCMV pUL89 E256Q = 0.23 ± 0.04 μM). We conclude, therefore, that the G766C mutation that results in the E256Q substitution is unique for indole nucleoside resistance and distinct from previously discovered substitutions that confer both indole and benzimidazole nucleoside resistance (D344E and A355T).
Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Resident Glucosidases Impairs Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Human Coronavirus NL63 Spike Protein-Mediated Entry by Altering the Glycan Processing of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme 2
Authors: Zhao Xuesen , Guo Fang , Comunale Mary Ann , Mehta Anand , Sehgal Mohit , Jain Pooja , Cuconati Andrea , Lin Hanxin , Block Timothy M. , Chang Jinhong , Guo Ju-Tao 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident glucosidases I and II sequentially trim the three terminal glucose moieties on the N-linked glycans attached to nascent glycoproteins. These reactions are the first steps of N-linked glycan processing and are essential for proper folding and function of many glycoproteins. Because most of the viral envelope glycoproteins contain N-linked glycans, inhibition of ER glucosidases with derivatives of 1-deoxynojirimycin, i.e., iminosugars, efficiently disrupts the morphogenesis of a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses. However, like viral envelope proteins, the cellular receptors of many viruses are also glycoproteins. It is therefore possible that inhibition of ER glucosidases not only compromises virion production but also disrupts expression and function of viral receptors and thus inhibits virus entry into host cells. Indeed, we demonstrate here that iminosugar treatment altered the N-linked glycan structure of angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which did not affect its expression on the cell surface or its binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein. However, alteration of N-linked glycans of ACE2 impaired its ability to support the transduction of SARS-CoV and human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) spike glycoprotein-pseudotyped lentiviral particles by disruption of the viral envelope protein-triggered membrane fusion. Hence, in addition to reducing the production of infectious virions, inhibition of ER glucosidases also impairs the entry of selected viruses via a post-receptor-binding mechanism.