bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption and childhood/adolescent obesity: a case–control study
Authors: Martin-Calvo Nerea , Martínez-González Miguel-Angel , Bes-Rastrollo Maira , Gea Alfredo , Ochoa Ma Carmen , Marti Amelia 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages (SSCB) and obesity in children and adolescents from Navarra (Spain).DesignWe used a matched case–control study design. The exposure, SSCB consumption (1 serving: 200 ml), was measured with a previously validated FFQ. Anthropometrical measures were taken using standardized protocols. The outcome, obesity, was defined as BMI above the age- and sex-specific 97th percentile according to the Spanish reference charts. In the analysis we used conditional logistic regression. Potential confounders were controlled using a multivariable model.SettingSubjects were recruited in the paediatric departments of the Universidad de Navarra Clinic and the Navarra Hospital Complex, and in three primary health centres of Navarra. Controls were recruited when attending for a routine medical examination or vaccination.SubjectsOne hundred and seventy-four obese children and 174 individually sex- and age-matched controls, 52·87 % boys, with a mean age of 11·6 years. Exclusion criteria were dietary interventions, exposure to hormone treatment, development of secondary obesity due to endocrinopathy and serious intercurrent illness.ResultsIndependently of other factors, high consumption of SSCB (>4 servings/week) was significantly associated with obesity (OR = 3·46; 95 % CI 1·24, 9·62; P = 0·01). Besides, each additional daily serving of SSCB was associated with a 69 % relative increase in the risk of obesity (OR = 1·69; 95 % CI 1·04, 2·73; P = 0·03).ConclusionsWe found a strong and significant association between SSCB consumption and obesity risk. Our results suggest a monotonic dose–response linear shape for this association in children and adolescents (P for trend = 0·02).
The legal recognition of personality: full-face veils and permissible choices
Authors: Marshall Jill 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA woman's freedom to develop her personality or identity as she sees fit is supposed to be legally protected in twenty-first century Europe. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) provides a right to respect for one's private life in Article 8 which has been judicially interpreted to provide a right to identity or personality development. Additionally, Article 14 provides for non-discrimination and Articles 9 and 10 for freedom of expression, including that which is religious. Arguments are examined of some different interpretations of the overall purpose of human rights law − to respect human dignity and human freedom. These are examined by reference to the recent criminalisation of wearing face coverings in public places in certain European countries where the intention is to prevent the wearing of the Islamic full-face veil.1It is argued that each woman's identity is legally recognised when the concepts of human dignity and human freedom are interpreted as empowering and self-determining rather than constraining and paternalistic. Legally banning full-face veils, in liberal democracies in situations where an adult woman says she has freely chosen to wear such a garment, misrecognises her and disrespects her identity or personality: as a human being, as a member of a religious or cultural group and as an individual person capable of subjectively interpreting her own identity or personality as she sees fit.
Systematic Individualized Narrative Language Intervention on the Personal Narratives of Children With Autism
Authors: Petersen Douglas B. , Brown Catherine L. , Ukrainetz Teresa A. , Wise Christine , Spencer Trina D. , Zebre Jennifer 
Published: January 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an individualized, systematic language intervention on the personal narratives of children with autism.MethodA single-subject, multiple-baseline design across participants and behaviors was used to examine the effect of the intervention on language features of personal narratives. Three 6- to 8-year-old boys with autism participated in 12 individual intervention sessions that targeted 2–3 story grammar elements (e.g., problem, plan) and 3–4 linguistic complexity elements (e.g., causal subordination, adverbs) selected from each participant's baseline performance. Intervention involved repeated retellings of customized model narratives and the generation of personal narratives with a systematic reduction of visual and verbal scaffolding. Independent personal narratives generated at the end of each baseline, intervention, and maintenance session were analyzed for presence and sophistication of targeted features.ResultsGraphical and statistical results showed immediate improvement in targeted language features as a function of intervention. There was mixed evidence of maintenance 2 and 7 weeks after intervention.ConclusionChildren with autism can benefit from an individualized, systematic intervention targeting specific narrative language features. Greater intensity of intervention may be needed to gain enduring effects for some language features.
Modifying Attitudes of Arab School Teachers Toward Stuttering
Authors: Abdalla Fauzia , St. Louis Kenneth O. 
Published: January 2014

Purpose
The authors of this quasi-experimental design study explored the effect of an educational documentary video that presented factual and emotional aspects of stuttering on changing attitudes toward stuttering of preservice trainees and in-service public school teachers in Kuwait.

Method
Participants were 99 preservice trainees (48 control, 51 experimental) and 103 in-service teachers (49 control, 54 experimental). All participants completed 22 items from the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes—Stuttering (POSHA–S; St. Louis, 2005; translated into Arabic) and 17 additional items pre and post treatment. Participants in the experimental group viewed the awareness video.

Results
Pretreatment comparisons confirmed that the control and experimental groups did not differ on their attitudes toward stuttering. As predicted, the posttreatment ratings for the control group were not different from the pretreatment ratings. A significant shift in attitudes (mostly in a positive direction) from pre to post treatment was observed for the experimental group of preservice trainees but not for the experimental group of in-service teachers. Interpretation of the difference in outcomes for the experimental preservice group as compared to the experimental in-service group is confounded by gender differences across groups.

Conclusion
The authors of this study demonstrated that it is possible to positively modify preservice trainees' attitudes of people who stutter by using an educational documentary video.
PROTEIN DISULFIDE ISOMERASE LIKE 5-1is a susceptibility factor to plant viruses
Authors: Yang Ping , Lüpken Thomas , Habekuss Antje , Hensel Goetz , Steuernagel Burkhard , Kilian Benjamin , Ariyadasa Ruvini , Himmelbach Axel , Kumlehn Jochen , Scholz Uwe , Ordon Frank , Stein Nils 
Published: January 2014

SignificanceThis work describes a susceptibility factor to plant viruses that belongs to the conservedPROTEIN DISULFIDE ISOMERASE(PDI) gene family. We show that loss-of-functionHvPDIL5-1alleles at the recessiveRESISTANCE TO YELLOW MOSAIC DISEASE 11 (rym11)resistance locus confer broad-spectrum resistance to multiple strains of Bymoviruses and could therefore play a central role in durable virus resistance breeding in barley. The geographic distribution of functional alleles ofrym11in East Asia suggests adaptive selection for resistance in this region. Orthologues ofHvPDIL5-1or related members of thePDIgene family potentially provide susceptibility factors to viruses across animal and plant kingdoms.
A bacteriophage transcription regulator inhibits bacterial transcription initiation by σ-factor displacement
Authors: Liu Bing , Shadrin Andrey , Sheppard Carol , Mekler Vladimir , Xu Yingqi , Severinov Konstantin , Matthews Steve , Wigneshweraraj Sivaramesh 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) appropriate essential processes of bacterial hosts to benefit their own development. The multisubunit bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAp) enzyme, which catalyses DNA transcription, is targeted by phage-encoded transcription regulators that selectively modulate its activity. Here, we describe the structural and mechanistic basis for the inhibition of bacterial RNAp by the transcription regulator P7 encoded by Xanthomonas oryzae phage Xp10. We reveal that P7 uses a two-step mechanism to simultaneously interact with the catalytic β and β’ subunits of the bacterial RNAp and inhibits transcription initiation by inducing the displacement of the σ70-factor on initial engagement of RNAp with promoter DNA. The new mode of interaction with and inhibition mechanism of bacterial RNAp by P7 underscore the remarkable variety of mechanisms evolved by phages to interfere with host transcription.
Enzyme-inducing Anticonvulsants Increase Plasma Clearance of Dexmedetomidine
Authors: Flexman Alana M. , Wong Harvey , Riggs K. Wayne , Shih Tina , Garcia Paul A. , Vacas Susana , Talke Pekka O. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background:
Dexmedetomidine is useful during mapping of epileptic foci as it facilitates electrocorticography unlike most other anesthetic agents. Patients with seizure disorders taking enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants appear to be resistant to its sedative effects. The objective of the study was to compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of dexmedetomidine in healthy volunteers with volunteers with seizure disorders receiving enzyme-inducing anticonvulsant medications.

Methods:
Dexmedetomidine was administered using a step-wise, computer-controlled infusion to healthy volunteers (n = 8) and volunteers with seizure disorders (n = 8) taking phenytoin or carbamazapine. Sedation and dexmedetomidine plasma levels were assessed at baseline, during the infusion steps, and after discontinuation of the infusion. Sedation was assessed by using the Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale, Ramsay Sedation Scale, and Visual Analog Scale and processed electroencephalography (entropy) monitoring. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on both groups, and differences between groups were determined using the standard two-stage approach.

Results:
A two-compartment model was fit to dexmedetomidine concentration–time data. Dexmedetomidine plasma clearance was 43% higher in the seizure group compared with the control group (42.7 vs. 29.9 l/h; P = 0.007). In contrast, distributional clearance and the volume of distribution of the central and peripheral compartments were similar between the groups. No difference in sedation was detected between the two groups during a controlled range of target plasma concentrations.

Conclusion:
This study demonstrates that subjects with seizure disorders taking enzyme-inducing anticonvulsant medications have an increased plasma clearance of dexmedetomidine as compared with healthy control subjects.
Fast Principal Component Analysis of Large-Scale Genome-Wide Data
Authors: Abraham Gad , Inouye Michael 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPrincipal component analysis (PCA) is routinely used to analyze genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, for detecting population structure and potential outliers. However, the size of SNP datasets has increased immensely in recent years and PCA of large datasets has become a time consuming task. We have developedflashpca, a highly efficient PCA implementation based on randomized algorithms, which delivers identical accuracy in extracting the top principal components compared with existing tools, in substantially less time. We demonstrate the utility offlashpcaon both HapMap3 and on a large Immunochip dataset. For the latter,flashpcaperformed PCA of 15,000 individuals up to 125 times faster than existing tools, with identical results, and PCA of 150,000 individuals usingflashpcacompleted in 4 hours. The increasing size of SNP datasets will make tools such asflashpcaessential as traditional approaches will not adequately scale. This approach will also help to scale other applications that leverage PCA or eigen-decomposition to substantially larger datasets.
Chronic cutaneous varicella zoster virus infection complicating dermatomyositis
Authors: Hoesly Fridolin J. , Sluzevich Jason C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractChronic cutaneous varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection has not been previously reported or characterized as a complication of dermatomyositis. Two patients with non‐malignancy‐associated dermatomyositis, treated with long‐term prednisone and methotrexate, developed persistent, painless ulcers ultimately established to be secondary to chronic VZV. The absence of pain or a history suggestive of acute VZV, and the lack of characteristic histopathology, resulted in a lengthy delay in diagnosis. Polymerase chain reaction and tissue immunohistochemistry were positive for VZV, and treatment with valacyclovir resulted in complete clearance. Diagnostic testing for VZV should thus be considered in the evaluation of ulcerative lesions in patients with dermatomyositis. The increased incidence of acute VZV in combination with the nature and duration of immunosuppressive treatment in this patient population may be contributory.
Framing Ethnic Variations in Alcohol Outcomes from Biological Pathways to Neighborhood Context
Authors: Chartier Karen G. , Scott Denise M. , Wall Tamara L. , Covault Jonathan , Karriker‐Jaffe Katherine J. , Mills Britain A. , Luczak Susan E. , Caetano Raul , Arroyo Judith A. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundHealth disparities research seeks to eliminate disproportionate negative health outcomes experienced in some racial/ethnic minority groups. This brief review presents findings on factors associated with drinking and alcohol‐related problems in racial/ethnic groups.MethodsThose discussed are as follows: (i) biological pathways to alcohol problems, (ii) gene × stress interactions, (iii) neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and access to alcohol, and (iv) drinking cultures and contexts.ResultsThese factors and their interrelationships are complex, requiring a multilevel perspective.ConclusionsThe use of interdisciplinary teams and an epigenetic focus are suggested to move the research forward. The application of multilevel research to policy, prevention, and intervention programs may help prioritize combinations of the most promising intervention targets.
Three‐dimensional reconstructions of pallial eyes in Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Authors: Malkowsky Yaron , Jochum Adrienne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRecent methodological and technical developments in comparative morphology have broadened understanding of evolutionary traits in molluscs. Scientists are capable of reconstructing organ systems and entire architectural physiologies with utmost precision. The pallial eyes of Pectinidae are amongst the most complex visual systems found in molluscs and have aroused scientific curiosity for decades. This investigation presents the most comprehensive description of pallial eye morphology in four major groups of Pectinidae: Aequipectini group, Pectininae, Chlamydinae and Palliolinae. The cornea, lens, retinae and branching of the optic nerve are depicted in topographic detail. Three‐dimensional reconstructions of microtome sections enable the comparison of whole eyes and structures in contrast to single‐section analysis. Here, we demonstrate two significant findings: (i) the morphology of corneae and lenses varies in scallop species and (ii) the retinae are innervated in different ways in different species. Moreover, we show how morphological characteristics such as the hyperbolic shape of the lens can be overlooked if only single sections are investigated.
Morphological and histochemical characterization of the pectoral fin muscle of the stripped weakfish, Cynoscion guatucupa
Authors: Devincenti Clelia V. , Longo Maria V. , González Castro Mariano , Díaz Alcira O. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe fibres of superficial and deep abductor muscles of the pectoral fins of the stripped weakfish, Cynoscion guatucupa have been studied using histochemical techniques: succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) for mitochondria, periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) for glycogen, myosin‐adenosintriphosphatase (mATPase) to identify different fibre types based on the contraction speed and modified ATPase to identify capillaries. The fibre diameters were measured, and the capillaries of the main fibre types – red, pink and white— were counted. The two muscles showed both macroscopically and microscopically two well‐differentiated zones with predominant white fibres. The area of insertion of muscles into the fin rays had red, pink and white fibres. The origin zone of the muscle into the bone was composed by white fibres only. Both zones of white muscle evidenced a mosaic of small, medium and large polygonal white fibres. Red, pink and white muscles showed a wide histochemical diversity of fibre subtypes. The area per peripheral capillary increased from the red to the white muscles. Due to the predominance of white fibres, the pectoral fins of C. guatucupa were mainly involved in rapid movements to stop/discontinue and stabilize the body during swimming.
The prevalence of thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue on SPECT/CT following 131I ablation therapy after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer
Authors: Barber Thomas W. , Cherk Martin H. , Topliss Duncan J. , Serpell Jonathan W. , Yap Kenneth S. K. , Bailey Michael , Kalff Victor 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue on SPECT/CT and to assess the contribution of this tissue to total neck radioactive iodine (RAI) activity in patients given 131I ablation therapy after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer.Patients and MethodsEighty‐three consecutive patients with thyroid cancer treated with total thyroidectomy underwent whole‐body planar and SPECT/CT imaging of the neck following initial RAI ablation. On SPECT/CT, thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue was defined as RAI in the anterior neck, superior to the thyroid bed in close proximity to the midline without evidence of localization to lymph nodes. Quantification was performed using region of interest analysis on planar imaging following localization on SPECT/CT. SPECT/CT, and planar images were classified by two reviewers as positive, negative or equivocal with interobserver agreement quantified using a Kappa score. Disagreement was resolved using a third reviewer.ResultsThyroglossal tract thyroid tissue was present in 39/83 (47%; 95%CI: 36–58%) patients on SPECT/CT. In these 39 patients, this tissue contributed to a significant amount of total neck activity (median = 50%; IQR 19–74%). Interobserver agreement for the presence of thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue was substantial on SPECT/CT (Kappa = 0·73) and fair on planar imaging (Kappa = 0·31).ConclusionThyroglossal tract thyroid tissue was present in one half of our study population and contributed to a significant amount of total neck RAI activity. Given the high prevalence of this tissue, our results suggest that total neck RAI activity on planar imaging may not be suitable to assess the completeness of thyroid bed surgery.
Epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in children enrolled in a study of influenza vaccine effectiveness
Authors: Dierig Alexa , Heron Leon G. , Lambert Stephen B. , Yin Jiehui Kevin , Leask Julie , Chow Maria Yui Kwan , Sloots Theo P. , Nissen Michael D. , Ridda Iman , Booy Robert 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundInfluenza‐like illness (ILI) confers a high annual morbidity in young children. We report the epidemiology of ILIs in children who participated in an influenza vaccine effectiveness study during the 2010 Southern Hemisphere influenza season in Sydney, Australia.MethodsChildren aged 0·5–3 years were prospectively recruited from child care centres (CCCs). We classified them as fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated and unvaccinated according to their receipt of unadjuvanted vaccines containing influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. For 13 weeks commencing 30 July 2010, parents reported when their children developed an ILI (fever ≥37·8°C/feverishness plus ≥1 respiratory symptom) and collected nose and/or throat swabs for multiplex respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Health impacts were assessed by telephone interview at enrolment and two weeks after each ILI.ResultsThere were 124 ILIs reported in 105 of 381 enrolled children. Swabs were taken in 117 ILIs: 175 viruses were identified from 103 swabs. Adeno‐ and rhinoviruses were most frequently identified; 44% of swabs yielded multiple viruses. No virus was associated with more severe symptoms, although rhinovirus‐related ILIs lasted longer. Nose swabs had a higher virus detection rate than throat swabs.Influenza‐vaccinated children were 1·6 times (P = 0·001) more likely than unvaccinated children to have a non‐influenza ILI.ConclusionAdeno‐ and rhinoviruses were the most common viruses causing ILI. Swabs taken by parents are an effective method for sample collection. Influenza‐like illness was more common in children vaccinated against influenza in this observational study, but prior health‐seeking behaviour may have contributed to this difference.
Positive effect of protein‐supplemented hospital food on protein intake in patients at nutritional risk: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Munk T. , Beck A. M. , Holst M. , Rosenbom E. , Rasmussen H. H. , Nielsen M. A. , Thomsen T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundNew evidence indicates that increased dietary protein ingestion promotes health and recovery from illness, and also maintains functionality in older adults. The present study aimed to investigate whether a novel food service concept with protein‐supplementation would increase protein and energy intake in hospitalised patients at nutritional risk.MethodsA single‐blinded randomised controlled trial was conducted. Eighty‐four participants at nutritional risk, recruited from the departments of Oncology, Orthopaedics and Urology, were included. The intervention group (IG) received the protein‐supplemented food service concept. The control group (CG) received the standard hospital menu. Primary outcome comprised the number of patients achieving ≥75% of energy and protein requirements. Secondary outcomes comprised mean energy and protein intake, body weight, handgrip strength and length of hospital stay.ResultsIn IG, 76% versus 70% CG patients reached ≥75% of their energy requirements (P = 0.57); 66% IG versus 30% CG patients reached ≥75% of their protein requirements (P = 0.001). The risk ratio for achieving ≥75% of protein requirements: 2.2 (95% confidence interval = 1.3–3.7); number needed to treat = 3 (95% confidence interval = 2–6). IG had a higher mean intake of energy and protein when adjusted for body weight (CG: 82 kJ kg−1 versus IG: 103 kJ kg−1, P = 0.013; CG: 0.7 g protein kg−1 versus 0.9 g protein kg−1, P = 0.003). Body weight, handgrip strength and length of hospital stay did not differ between groups.ConclusionsThe novel food service concept had a significant positive impact on overall protein intake and on weight‐adjusted energy intake in hospitalised patients at nutritional risk.