bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
R&D Cooperation in Regular Networks with Endogenous Absorptive Capacity
Authors: Correani Luca , Garofalo Giuseppe , Pugliesi Silvia 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this paper we analyze how firms’ R&D investment decisions, firms’ profits and social welfare are affected by absorptive capacity; that is, the ability of a firm to learn from other collaborating firms. The model developed is a strategic regular network where firms have the opportunity to form pair-wise collaborative links with other firms and then compete à la Cournot. Different to the existing literature, we find that firms’ R&D efforts could increase or decrease with the degree of the network, depending on the level of absorptive capacity, the market size and the network dimension. In particular, in the case of small market size and low learning effect, the connection between firms drives up research investments. Moreover, if absorptive capacity is sufficiently low, the research collaboration between firms turns out not to be desirable from a private point of view while, in line with the existing literature, social efficiency requires a complete or intermediate level of collaborative activity. We also show that the complete network is pair-wise stable and socially optimal for an intermediate level of spillover intensity, while the empty network maximizes firms’ profits when absorptive capacity is small, yet it is not pair-wise stable.
The Corporate Governance Movement, Banks, and the Financial Crisis
Authors: Cheffins Brian R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis Article discusses why a “corporate governance movement” that commenced in the United States in the 1970s became an entrenched feature of American capitalism and describes how the chronology differed in a potentially crucial way for banks. The Article explains corporate governance’s emergence and staying power by reference to changing market conditions and a deregulation trend that provided executives with unprecedented managerial discretion as the twentieth century drew to a close. With banking the historical pattern paralleled general trends in large measure. Still, while the “imperial” CEO who achieved prominence in the 1980s became outmoded for the most part after corporate scandals at the start of the 2000s, this was not the case with large financial companies. The continued boldness of “star” CEOs in the financial services industry plausibly contributed to the market turmoil of 2008, but the financial crisis emphatically ended the corporate governance “free pass” banks had enjoyed.
Officers’ and Directors’ Liability Under German Law — A Potemkin Village
Authors: Wagner Gerhard 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe liability regime for officers and directors of German companies combines strict and lenient elements. Officers and directors are liable for simple negligence, they bear the burden of proof for establishing diligent conduct, and they are liable for unlimited damages. These elements are worrisome for the reason that managers are confronted with the full downside risk of the enterprise even though they do not internalize the benefits of the corporate venture. This overly strict regime is balanced by other features of the regime, namely comprehensive insurance and systematic under-enforcement. Even though the authority to enforce claims against the management is divided between three different actors - the supervisory board, the shareholders assembly, and individual shareholders - enforcement has remained the exception. Furthermore, under the current system of Directors’ and Officers’ (D&O) liability insurance, board members do not feel the bite of liability as they are protected by an insurance cover that is contracted and paid for by the corporation. Thus, the current German system may combine the worst of two worlds, i.e., the threat of personal liability for excessively high amounts of damages in exceptional cases, and the practical irrelevance of the liability regime in run-of-the-mill cases. The present Article analyzes the shortcomings of the present regime and submits proposals for reform.
Quack Corporate Governance, Round III? Bank Board Regulation Under the New European Capital Requirement Directive
Authors: Enriques Luca , Zetzsche Dirk 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAfter a crisis, broad and sweeping reforms are enacted to restore trust. Following the 2007-2008 Great Financial Crisis, the European Union has engaged in an ambitious overhaul of banking regulation. One of its centerpieces, the 2013 Fourth Capital Requirements Directive (CRD IV), tackles, amongst other things, the perceived pre-crisis failings in the governance of banks. We focus on the provisions that are aimed at reshaping bank boards’ composition, functioning, and their members’ liabilities, and argue that they are unlikely to improve bank boards’ effectiveness or prevent excessive risk-taking. We criticize some of them for mandating solutions, like board diversity and the separation of chairman and CEO, that may be good for some banks but are bad for others, in the absence of any convincing argument that their overall effect is positive. We also criticize enhanced board liability by showing that it may increase the risk of herd behavior and lead to more serious harm in the event of managerial mistakes. We also highlight that the push towards unfriendly boards will negatively affect board dynamics and make boards as dysfunctional as when the CEO dominates them. We further argue that limits on directorships and diversity requirements will worsen the shortage of bank directors, while requirements for induction and training and board evaluation exercises will more likely lead to tick-the-box exercises than under the current situation in which they are just best practices. We conclude that European policymakers and supervisors should avoid using a heavy hand, respectively, when issuing rules implementing CRD IV provisions with regard to bank boards and when enforcing them.
Brave New World: A Proposal for Institutional Investors
Authors: Hannes Sharon 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this Article is to consider a novel framework for institutional shareholders’ activism in the United States. This new activism framework would be aimed at improving, at minimal costs, the performance of the portfolio companies in which institutional shareholders invest. The Article begins by laying out this new activism framework and then compares the proposed framework with the prevalent mode of activism through hedge funds. The Article concludes with a discussion of certain implementation challenges, and calls for future research into the proposed activism framework.
The Reaction of CH2OH Radicals with O2 Studied by Laser Magnetic Resonance Technique
Authors: Dóbé S. , Temps F. , Böhland T. , Wagner H.Gg. 
Published: February 2015

The reaction of CH2OH with O2 was studied in an isothermal flow system at 296 K. A rate coefficient, K1(296 K) = (6.4 ± 1.5) x 1012 cm3 mol-1 s-1, has been determined for the overall reaction
CH2OH + O2 → product(s) (1)
by monitoring the decay of the LMR signal of the CH2OH radical. A value of (6.3 ± 2.8) x 1012 cm3 mol-1 s-1 has been obtained for the overall rate coefficient by following the formation of the product HO2 radicals in the specific reaction channel
CH2OH + O2 -> HO2 + CH2O . (1a)
No dependence on pressure of k1 observed in the pressure range 0.69≦ P/mbar ≦ 6.50 studied. A complex mechanism has been proposed for the formation of HO2 and CH2O in the reaction.
CNDO/S-CI-Rechnungen zum Circulardichroismus von Disulfidbrücken in Proteinen im nahen UV
Authors: Niephaus Herbert , Schleker Wolfgang , Fleischhauer Jörg 
Published: February 2015

CNDO/S-CI-calculations of rotational strengths of the disulfide moieties in Ribonuclease A, 2-zinc- and 4-zinc-insuline-dimers based on X-ray data have been performed. Appropriate R2S2- conformations (R = H, CH3 , C2H5 , CH2CH(NH2)CHO) have been considered as models for the disulfide linkages.
The sign of the calculated rotatory strength of the longest wavelength transition coincides in most cases with that predicted by the quadrant rule for disulfides. For dihedral angles near 90° the energies of the two longest wavelength transitions are found to be nearly degenerate. However there is a net contribution of their rotatory strengths whereas with the quadrant rule this is expected to be negligible.
Schwingungsberechnungen der käfigstrukturierten Moleküle α–P4S4, As4S4 und As4Se4
Authors: Ohse L. , Somer M. , Brockner W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A normal coordinate analysis for the cage-like molecules α-P4S4, As4S4 and As4Se4 is performed, based on a simple initial force field with three numerical parameters and valence coordinates including redundancies. The force field is refined by adjusting the symmetry force constants to fit the observed frequencies. The final force field, potential energy distribution (PED), mean amplitudes of vibration and the standard thermodynamic functions from spectroscopic data are also given for the title compounds.
Notizen: Anisotropic Anomalous Dispersion in Cuprite, Cu2O
Authors: Eichhorn Klaus , Kirfel Armin H. , Fischer Karl F. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The paper reports the observation of significant "resonance peaks" in the intensity vs. energy curves around the Cu-K-absorption edge for forbidden reflections in centro-symmetric cubic Cu2O. A qualitative interpretation is given in terms of an anisotropic anomalous dispersion model based on ƒ′, ƒ″-tensors compatible with the symmetry at the Cu-site.
Intramolecular Rotational Phase-Transition in Bulk and Adsorbed Fe(CO)5 on (0001) Graphite*
Authors: Brener R. , Shechter H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Mossbauer spectroscopy results on bulk iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO)5 and as adsorbate on (0001) graphite display a sharp transition at ~ 110K. related to intramolecular hindered rotations of CO-ligands, with no associated structural changes. The hysteresis in the temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting and the abrupt change in the spectral intensity suggest a cooperative first-order phase transition.
A Microscopic Theory of a SingleHydrogen Centre in Niobium
Authors: Hau K. , Frodl P. , Sommer F. , Wahl F. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A microscopic theory of a single hydrogen centre embedded in a Niobium crystal lattice is given. The electronic structure is investigated on the basis of a special energy difference procedure devel­oped by Wahl et al. This procedure, here applied in its lowest approximation, yields the change in the electronic energy and electronic density distribution due to the embedded hydrogen atom. From these quantities, the dipole force tensor, the displacement of the ions close to the interstitial (nearest and next nearest neighbours) and the heat of solution are calculated. The computed results show good agreement with experimental data.
Homoclinic and Heteroclinic Bifurcations in rf SQUIDs
Authors: Bruhn B. , Koch B. P. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The Melnikov method is used to discuss the parameter dependence of homoclinic and heteroclinic bifurcations for the rf SQUID system. Also the case of strong damping is treated. Because of the complicated potential the resulting integrals have to be evaluated numerically. For some selected parameter sets the theoretical predictions are compared with numerical solutions of the equation of motion. Very good agreement of both methods is found.
Structural Study on Molten (7Li, K)Cl and (7Li, Na, K)Cl of the Eutectic Composition by Pulsed Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Endoh Akira , Yamaguchi Toshio , Tamura Yusuke , Odawara Osamu , Okada Isao , Ohtaki Hitoshi , Misawa Masakatsu 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Pulsed neutron diffraction Pulsed neutron diffraction measurements have been performed on molten (7Li, K)C1 and (7Li, Na, K)Cl mixtures of the eutectic composition to determine the nearest neighbour distance between Li+ and Cl- ions. Owing to the negative scattering length of the 7Li nucleus, this contribu­tion becomes negative in the radial distribution function and can be separated from the other contributions. The nearest neighbour distance between Li+ ion and Cl- ion is found to be 240 pm in both the binary and ternary mixtures.
A New Model System for the Study of Complex Dynamical Enzyme Reactions. II. Oscillations in a Reaction-Diffusion-Convection System
Authors: Baier Gerold , Urban Peter , Wegmann Klaus 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A nonlinear enzyme reaction in a chemical gradient with an artificial feed-back loop is modified by the application of a constant temperature gradient leading to laminar convective motion of the fluid at an electrode. The complete system is shown to undergo a bifurcation into a limit cycle as a function of the applied temperature gradient. The effect of other parameters on the oscillation is described. More complicated types of behavior are expected in parameter space.
Anomalous Distribution of K-lsotopes During Countercurrent Electromigration in Molten ( L i,K )NO3
Authors: Okada Isao , Haibara Teruo , Odawara Osamu , Nomura Masao , Okamoto Makoto 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The previously presented theory that, in countercurrent electromigration of molten common anion binary mixtures, the lighter isotope of the less mobile cation should anomalously enrich in a zone next to the anode, has been substantiated for the K isotopes in molten (Li, K)NO3.
Parametrically Driven One-Dimensional Sine-Gordon Equation and Chaos
Authors: Herbst B. M. , Steeb W.-H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The chaotic behaviour of the parametrically driven one-dimensional sine-Gordon equation with periodic boundary conditions is studied. The initial condition is u(x, 0) = ƒ(x), ut (x, 0) = 0 where ƒ is the breather solution of the one-dimensional sine-Gordon equation at t = 0. We vary the amplitude of the driving force, the frequency of the driving force and the damping constant. For appropriate values of the driving force, frequency and damping constant chaotic behaviour with respect to the time-evolution of w(x = fixed, t) can be found. The space structure u(t = fixed, x) changes with increasing driving force from a zero mode structure to a breather-like structure consisting of a few modes.
A Comparative Study of Variational Techniques for Schrödinger Equations. Pointwise Quality Criteria
Authors: Yurtsever E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Different variational schemes for solving the Schrodinger equation are tested for the model potential of Kratzer-Fues. Wavefunctions are analyzed in terms of their global (expectation values) and local properties which are expressed as functions of coordinates. The Rayleigh-Ritz variation almost uniformly produces the most accurate expectation values. However the point properties show qualitatively different behaviour for different regions of the coordinate space. To define the local quality, a set of criteria is proposed.
The Stability and Decomposition of Gaseous [Mn(CO)5]2(μ-SiH2)
Authors: Stauf G.T. , La Graffe D. , Dowben P. A. , Emrich K. , Barfuss S. , Hirschwald W. , Boag N. M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The ionic decomposition of gaseous bridge-bonded dimanganese silyl carbonyl [Mn(CO)5]2(μ-SiH2) has been investigated via photon and electron induced ionization mass spectroscopy, as well as gas-phase photoabsorption measurements. The thermodynamic cycle incorporating ionic fragments has been constructed from these results. The thermodynamic cycle illuminates the decomposition process of this organometallic compound. This has potential application in the production of silicide Mn2Si coatings by both pyrolysis and by patterned photolysis using an UV laser.
Plasma Parameters and Weakly Non-Ideal Behaviour of a High Density, Super-Atmospheric 2kA Cascade Arc in Argon
Authors: Timmermans C. J. , Kroesen G. M. W. , Vallinga P. M. , Schram D. C. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Experimental results are reported for simultaneous pressure and current pulses up to 14 bar and 2200 A superimposed on an atmospheric pressure 60 A dc cascade arc. A current density over 108 A/m2, previously 107 A/m2 (power density 1012W m3, previously 1010W/m3) has been ob­tained. The electron temperature of the thermal plasma was deduced from the end-on measured radiance of argon lines, and the electron density from the absolute continuum emission. The values found for the quantities mentioned during the quasi-stationary phase of the current pulse, lasting ~ 1 ms, were 27000 K and 3 · 1023 m-3, respectively, at a pressure of ~ 1.5 bar (ionization degree 100%), and 18000 K and > 1024 m-3, respectively, for a pressure of 14 bar (ionization degree 60%). These values satisfy the LTE relation. Deviations from the Spitzer conductivity have been observed in this weakly non-ideal plasma.
In general, the high ionized thermal plasma studied with its composition of neutral, singly ionized and doubly ionized argon atoms can serve as a useful medium for spectroscopic studies of highly ionized systems and as a valuable source of radiation in the visible a well as in the near and far ultraviolet parts of the spectrum.
Analysis of Dispersion and Damping of Ion Waves in Plasma
Authors: Turky A.-A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Experimental results are presented on the dispersion and damping of ion waves having a frequency range extending up to the ion plasma frequency. It was found that the Landau damping rate increases exponentially when the frequency of the ion wave approaches the ion plasma frequency ; while its phase velocity decreases slightly. The experimental results agree reasonably with previous theoretical predictions. The study indicates significant changes in Landau damping even with small variations in the wave velocity.
Resolution of the Ehrenfest Paradox in the Dynamic Interpretation of Lorentz Invariance
Authors: Winterberg F. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In the dynamic Lorentz-Poincare interpretation of Lorentz invariance, clocks in absolute motion through a preferred reference system (resp. aether) suffer a true contraction and clocks, as a result of this contraction, go slower by the same amount. With the one-way velocity of light unobservable, there is no way this older pre-Einstein interpretation of special relativity can be tested, except in cases involving rotational motion, where in the Lorentz-Poincare interpretation the interaction symmetry with the aether is broken. In this communication it is shown that Ehrenfest’s paradox, the Lorentz contraction of a rotating disk, has a simple resolution in the dynamic Lorentz-Poincare interpretation of Lorentz invariance and can perhaps be tested against the prediction of special relativity.
Coion-Interactions in Molten Salt Systems (M1 ,M2 )X3
Authors: Klemm Alfred , Schäfer Lutz 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The association-model of binary molten salt systems (M1,M2)X3 is critizised and the friction coefficients r1,3, and r23 of the system (6Li, 7Li)Cl are calculated from ancient mobility mea-surements, showing that the coion-interactions, represented by r12, are about as strong as the ion-counterion-interactions, represented by r13 and r23.
1H and 19 F NMR Studies on Molecular Motions in Two Solid Phases of t-Butylammonium Tetrafluoroborate
Authors: Ishida Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) and the second moment (M2) of 1H and 19F NMR were studied in (CH3)3CNH3BF4 and (CH3)3CND3BF4 . DTA and DSC revealed a solid-solid phase transition at 219 K for (CH3)3CNH3BF4 and at 221 K for (CH3)3CND3BF4 . The motions of cations and anions in the two solid phases were studied by T1 and M2 experiments. The motional modes of the ions and their motional parameters were determined.
Particular Solutions for a (3+1)-dimensional Generalized Shallow Water Wave Equation
Authors: Gao Yi-Tian , Tian Bo , Hong Woopyo 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The shallow water wave equations (SWWEs) are of current interest in nonlinear sciences. In this paper we obtain a new family of soliton-like solutions for a (3-1)-dimensional generalized SWWE. Samples are given.
„BaNb3O6“ ist ein Perowskit BaNbO3, eine Korrektur und ein Beitrag zu BaxNbO3/“BaNb3O6“ is a Perovskite BaNbO3, a Correction and a Contribution to BaxNbO3
Authors: Grin Y. , Müller-Buschbaum Hk. , Schnering H. G. von 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
It is shown that the trigonal compound “BaNb3O6” described earlier actually is the cubic perovskite BaNbO3 with an unusually small lattice constant of 4.039 A. Furthermore, the refinement of the single crystal data prepared by CO2-LASER techniques did not reveal defects at the Ba position, but defects at the positions of niobium and oxygen, corresponding to the composition Ba(NbO3)0.9 or Ba1.08NbO3.
AgSr[B7O12]: Das erste wasserfreie quaternäre Silber(I)-Borat mit vierfach koordiniertem Silberion und einem neuartigen Boratanion/ AgSr[B7O12]: The First Anhydrous Quaternary Silver(I)-Borate with Fourfold Coordinated Silver Ion and a New
Authors: Wiesch A. , Bluhm K. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Single crystals of AgSr[B7O12] were obtained by using a B20 3 flux-technique and Ag2CO3 and SrCO3 as starting materials in a silver ampoule at 800 °C. X-ray investigations on single crystals led to the space group C 2/c with a = 664.2(5); b = 1153.6(3); c = 2198.0(6) pm; β = 92,52(3)°; Z = 8. Ag+ is fourfold coordinated by oxygen atoms and forms distorted AgO4 tetrahedra while Sr2+ has nine nearest neighbours. The compound contains a hitherto unknown two dimensional borate anion [B7O12]3-which contains four trigonal planar BO3 groups and three BO4 tetrahedra per unit.
The Molecular Structures and Conformational Preferences of Bis(dimethylstibyl)- Oxane, -Sulfane and -Selane, E(SbMe2)2, E = O, S or Se, Me = CH3, by Density Functional Theory Calculations and Gas Electron Diffraction
Authors: Haaland Arne , Ivanovitch Sokolov Vasili , Vidar Volden Hans , Breunig Hans Joachim , Denker Michael , Rösler Roland 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Density Functional Theory calculations on E(SbMe2)2, E = O, S or Se, Me = CH3, indicate that the equilibrium structures are syn-syn or near syn-syn conformers with over-all C2 symmetry. The barriers restricting rotation about E-Sb bonds are very low, the equilibrium values for the dihedral angles ϕ(Sb-E-Sb-lp) where lp denotes the direction of the electron lone pair on one of the Sb atoms are probably less than 45°. The calculations further indicate the existence of syn-anti conformers some 4 kJ mol-1 above the more stable syn-syn. Gas electron diffraction data show that both conformers are present in gaseous O(SbMe2)2, while the presence of the syn-anti conformer in gaseous Se(SbMe2)2 is uncertain; least-squares refinements yielded the mole fraction χ = 0.27(18). The Sb-O and Sb-Se bond distances are 197.6(14) and 255.1(5) pm respectively, the valence angles of the syn-syn conformers are <SbOSb = 122.3(16)° and <SbSeSb = 96.3(11)°. It is suggested that the wide <SbOSb angle is due to across-angle repulsion between the Sb atoms.