bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy
Authors: van den Berg Marguerite 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFormer industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.
Insurgent Building: Emerging Spatial Politics in theBedouin–State Conflict inIsrael
Authors: Koensler Alexander 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn the conflict betweenBedouin representatives and government authorities in the southernIsraeliNegev, the term ‘insurgent building’ refers to the construction of buildings erected in the full expectation that they will be demolished by theIsraeli police shortly thereafter. This article analyses how insurgent building is employed as a spatial practice by emerging political actors to claim contestedBedouin landownership. Importantly, insurgent building relies on the ability of media and advocacy organizations to mobilize behind the issue. Most of the relevant scholarship takes the interpretative categories advanced by these actors at face value. Following anthropological debates regarding objectification and categorization, I examine the context of a specific case of insurgent building. Emerging political actors who employ insurgent building often rely on predefined ethnic categories and clear‐cut people–state polarities. This case demonstrates the need for a more differentiated understanding of multilayered local dynamics than the one offered by mainstream linear interpretations. At a more abstract level, political actors contribute to the reproduction of the very categories against which they mobilize.
The evolutionary history of the development of the pelvic fin/hindlimb
Authors: Don Emily K. , Currie Peter D. , Cole Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe arms and legs of man are evolutionarily derived from the paired fins of primitive jawed fish. Few evolutionary changes have attracted as much attention as the origin of tetrapod limbs from the paired fins of ancestral fish. The hindlimbs of tetrapods are derived from the pelvic fins of ancestral fish. These evolutionary origins can be seen in the examination of shared gene and protein expression patterns during the development of pelvic fins and tetrapod hindlimbs. The pelvic fins of fish express key limb positioning, limb bud induction and limb outgrowth genes in a similar manner to that seen in hindlimb development of higher vertebrates. We are now at a point where many of the key players in the development of pelvic fins and vertebrate hindlimbs have been identified and we can now readily examine and compare mechanisms between species. This is yielding fascinating insights into how the developmental programme has altered during evolution and how that relates to anatomical change. The role of pelvic fins has also drastically changed over evolutionary history, from playing a minor role during swimming to developing into robust weight‐bearing limbs. In addition, the pelvic fins/hindlimbs have been lost repeatedly in diverse species over evolutionary time. Here we review the evolution of pelvic fins and hindlimbs within the context of the changes in anatomical structure and the molecular mechanisms involved.
Brain region‐specific immunolocalization of the lipolysis‐stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) and altered cholesterol distribution in aged LSR+/− mice
Authors: Stenger Christophe , Pinçon Anthony , Hanse Marine , Royer Laurent , Comte Audrey , Koziel Violette , Olivier Jean‐Luc , Pillot Thierry , Yen Frances T. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBrain lipid homeostasis is important for maintenance of brain cell function and synaptic communications, and is intimately linked to age‐related cognitive decline. Because of the blood–brain barrier's limiting nature, this tissue relies on a complex system for the synthesis and receptor‐mediated uptake of lipids between the different networks of neurons and glial cells. Using immunofluorescence, we describe the region‐specific expression of the lipolysis‐stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR), in the mouse hippocampus, cerebellum Purkinje cells, the ependymal cell interface between brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid, and the choroid plexus. Colocalization with cell‐specific markers revealed that LSR was expressed in neurons, but not astrocytes. Latency in arms of the Y‐maze exhibited by young heterozygote LSR+/− mice was significantly different as compared to control LSR+/+, and increased in older LSR+/− mice. Filipin and Nile red staining revealed membrane cholesterol content accumulation accompanied by significantly altered distribution of LSR in the membrane, and decreased intracellular lipid droplets in the cerebellum and hippocampus of old LSR+/− mice, as compared to control littermates as well as young LSR+/− animals. These data therefore suggest a potential role of LSR in brain cholesterol distribution, which is particularly important in preserving neuronal integrity and thereby cognitive functions during aging.
Making Security Work for the Majority: Reflections on Two Districts in Jakarta
Authors: SIMONE ABDOUMALIQ , FAUZAN ACHMAD UZAIR 
Published: August 2012

AbstractGlobal urban theory has placed increased emphasis on the ways in which residents from different walks of life have created heterogeneous spaces, livelihoods and political sensibilities. Much of this analysis deals with the importance of discernible forms of belonging, organization, and identity as the tools through which relationships among residents and spaces are managed and secured. For residents of mixed income, mixed use areas of the urban cores of megacities in the so‐called Global South, securing livelihoods have also depended upon sensibilities and practices that open up multiple venues of collaboration among distinct backgrounds, capacities, and interests. They have relied upon intricate local political and social practices that foster more diffuse and uncertain intersections—where time, effort, money, and affiliation are “untied” from their usual social anchors. Taking the phenomena of sporadic explosions of violence in Tanah Tinggi and the everyday piecing together of “nationhood” in Kramat Sentiong—two neighboring districts in central Jakarta—the article explores ways in which it is possible for localities to sustain a plurality of livelihoods and initiatives.
Living Beirut's Security Zones: An Investigation of the Modalities and Practice of Urban Security
Authors: FAWAZ MONA , HARB MONA , GHARBIEH AHMAD 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOver the past decade, security has gained enormous attention in the urban literature, reflecting its visibly increasing presence in cities worldwide. It is now widely acknowledged that security is a structuring force for cities both historically and now. Few scholars have however looked at the implications of security on the daily practices of urban dwellers. Based on extensive fieldwork during which we developed a street by street survey of security mechanisms in Beirut (Lebanon), interviewed city dwellers, and worked with artists and local writers reflecting of “security issues”, this paper describes “security” as the accumulation of a set of constructed threats that bring together a multiplicity of forms and agents of securitization, both public and private, and generate new forms of social hierarchies with unequal repercussions on city dwellers. Far from the coherent symbol of an independent sovereign, we argue that security acts in Beirut as a reflection of and a catalyst for social and political divisions.
The Politics of Everyday Life: Mexican Hoosiers and Ethnic Belonging at the Crossroads of America
Authors: VEGA SUJEY 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAs state‐based legislative measures continue to target undocumented immigrants in an all too familiar politics of belonging, the narratives of immigrants themselves remain marginalized. The following argues for the recuperation of voices elided by popular discourse and provides a space to explore the manifestations of belonging for Mexican residents. This type of belonging, what I am terming ethnic belonging, reconciles U.S. nationalism with ethnic solidarity and transnational networks. Ethnic belonging specifically refers to the uncoordinated ways individuals articulate an ethnic sense of belonging that can later impact community activism. I suggest that personal interaction in the workplace, in the classroom, and even at sporting events lay the foundational consciousness of ethnic belonging that critique dominant narratives of exclusion. Importantly, this project highlights the experiences of Mexicans in a small Midwestern town; thus, illustrating how collective resistance through ethnic belonging is critical for contemporary immigrants who settle in “new,” and perhaps unwelcoming, communities.
Screen time is more strongly associated than physical activity with overweight and obesity in 9‐ to 16‐year‐old Australians
Authors: Maher Carol , Olds Tim S , Eisenmann Joey C , Dollman James 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground:  Both reduced moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and increased screen time have been implicated in the aetiology of childhood overweight/obesity. This study aimed to determine which behaviour had the stronger association with overweight/obesity.Method:  2200 randomly selected 9‐ to 16‐year‐old Australians provided four 24‐h use‐of‐time recalls. Participants were classified into weight status categories and as high or low physical active, and high or low screen time according to Australian guidelines (≥60 min MVPA; ≤120 min recreational screen time daily). Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) for overweight/obesity for each screen time and MVPA category.Results:  Increased likelihood of overweight or obese was often associated with high screen time (ORs, 2.13–2.55 for boys and 1.47–1.72 for girls), but only sometimes and less strongly associated with low MVPA (ORs, 0.49–2.55 for boys and 1.06–1.47 for girls). Analyses conducted for combined screen time and MVPA categories showed screen time to be a stronger indicator of weight status than physical activity, especially in boys.Conclusion:  Overweight and obesity were more strongly associated with screen time than physical activity. Screen time may be an important target for interventions aimed at reducing childhood overweight and obesity.
Optimizing Synergism of Binary Mixtures of Selected Alternative Sweeteners
Authors: Heikel Barbara , Krebs Esther , Köhn Ehrhard , Busch‐Stockfisch Mechthild 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to establish whether sugar can be replaced by the natural sweeteners erythritol, rebaudioside A and by the artificial sweetener sucralose without noticeable sensory differences. After previous two‐alternative forced‐choice tests to determine the sweetness of each applied sweetener, the quantitative descriptive analysis was conducted by an experienced sensory panel.Results indicate that the alternative sweeteners do not indicate sucrose‐like flavor and texture profiles but do indicate specific sensory characteristics. Consequently, combinations of bulk and high‐intensity sweeteners (erythritol‐rebaudioside A, erythritol‐sucralose) were sensorially analyzed to investigate if they feature a synergism and mask the unpleasant specific characteristics of each other. The tested combinations indicate sucrose‐like flavor and texture profiles at an adjusted sweetness of 1.0. By changing these optimal combinations with the aim of adjusting the maximum sweetness the unpleasant and characteristic (bitter) taste of the sweeteners can be perceived again. The tests were executed in comparison to a 3% sucrose equivalent value reference sample with a sweetness of 1.0.Practical ApplicationsSugar substitution is a hot topic in current food and beverage development, driven by the intention to influence consumer behavior toward health‐oriented eating. The main objective is to maintain the typical and accepted sucrose sweetness in order to avoid negative impact on acceptability. Based on these purposes and the growing interest in natural food ingredients, this study provides an analysis of sweeteners, focusing on the bulk sweetener erythritol and the high‐intensity sweetener rebaudioside A. However, there is still an intensive use and application of artificial sweeteners in the food industry; hence they cannot be neglected in this study.
Melatonin decreases duodenal epithelial paracellular permeability via a nicotinic receptor–dependent pathway in rats in vivo
Authors: Sommansson Anna , Nylander Olof , Sjöblom Markus 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIntestinal epithelial intercellular tight junctions (TJs) provide a rate‐limiting barrier restricting passive transepithelial movement of solutes. TJs are highly dynamic areas, and their permeability is changed in response to various stimuli. Defects in the intestinal epithelial TJ barrier may contribute to intestinal inflammation or leaky gut. The gastrointestinal tract may be the largest extrapineal source of endogenous melatonin. Melatonin released from the duodenal mucosa is a potent stimulant of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion (DBS). The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of melatonin in regulating duodenal mucosal barrier functions, including mucosal permeability, DBS, net fluid flux, and duodenal motor activity, in the living animal. Rats were anesthetized with thiobarbiturate, and a ~30‐mm segment of the proximal duodenum with an intact blood supply was perfused in situ. Melatonin and the selective melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole were perfused luminally or given intravenously. Effects on permeability (blood‐to‐lumen clearance of 51Cr‐EDTA), DBS, mucosal net fluid flux, and duodenal motility were monitored. Luminal melatonin caused a rapid decrease in paracellular permeability and an increase in DBS, but had no effect on duodenal motor activity or net fluid flux. Luzindole did not influence any of the basal parameters studied, but significantly inhibited the effects of melatonin. The nonselective and noncompetitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine abolished the effect of melatonin on duodenal permeability and reduced that on DBS. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that melatonin significantly decreases duodenal mucosal paracellular permeability and increases DBS. The data support the important role of melatonin in the neurohumoral regulation of duodenal mucosal barrier.
Chloroplast protection in plum pox virus‐infected peach plants by L‐2‐oxo‐4‐thiazolidine‐carboxylic acid treatments: effect in the proteome
Authors: CLEMENTE‐MORENO MARÍA JOSÉ , DÍAZ‐VIVANCOS PEDRO , RUBIO MANUEL , FERNÁNDEZ‐GARCÍA NIEVES , HERNÁNDEZ JOSÉ A. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTSharka, a disease caused by plum pox virus (PPV), has a significant economic impact on fruit tree production. In this work, we analysed the effect of (2,1,3)‐benzothiadiazole (BTH) and L‐2‐oxo‐4‐thiazolidine‐carboxylic acid (OTC) on plant growth and virus content. OTC reduced sharka symptom, stimulated plant growth and alleviated PPV‐induced oxidative stress, indicated by a lack of changes in some oxidative stress parameters. PPV infection reduced chloroplast electron transport efficiency. However, in the presence of BTH or OTC, no changes in the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were observed. PPV produced an alteration in chloroplast ultrastructure, giving rise to a decrease in starch contents that was less dramatic in OTC‐treated plants. Furthermore, PPV reduced the abundance of proteins associated with photosynthesis, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and photorespiration. These changes did not take place in OTC‐treated plants, and increases in the expression of proteins related with the aforementioned processes, including ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase, were produced, which correlated with the lower decrease in starch contents observed in PPV‐infected plants treated with OTC. The results suggested that OTC treatment provides protection to the photosynthetic machinery and/or the chloroplast metabolism in PPV‐infected peaches. Thus, OTC could have practical implications in agriculture in improving the vigour of different plant species as well as in immunizing plants against pathogens.
The pepper MLO gene, CaMLO2, is involved in the susceptibility cell‐death response and bacterial and oomycete proliferation
Authors: Kim Dae Sung , Hwang Byung Kook 
Published: August 2012

SummaryLoss‐of‐function alleles of the mildew resistance locus O (MLO) gene provide broad‐spectrum powdery mildew disease resistance. Here, we identified a pepper (Capsicum annuum) MLO gene (CaMLO2) that is transcriptionally induced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) infection. Topology and subcellular localization analyses reveal that CaMLO2 is a plasma membrane‐anchored and amphiphilic Ca2+‐dependent calmodulin‐binding protein. CaMLO2 expression is up‐regulated by Xcv and salicylic acid, as well as abiotic stresses. Silencing of CaMLO2 in pepper plants confers enhanced resistance against virulent Xcv, but not against avirulent Xcv. This resistance is accompanied by a compromised susceptibility cell‐death response and reduced bacterial growth, as well as an accelerated reactive oxygen species burst. Virulent Xcv infection drastically induces expression of the salicylic acid‐dependent defense marker gene CaPR1 in CaMLO2‐silenced leaves. CaMLO2 over‐expression in Arabidopsis enhances susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Leaves of plants over‐expressing CaMLO2 exhibit a susceptibility cell‐death response and high bacterial growth during virulent Pst DC3000 infection. These are accompanied by enhanced electrolyte leakage but compromised induction of some defense response genes and the reactive oxygen species. Together, our results suggest that CaMLO2 is involved in the susceptibility cell‐death response and bacterial and oomycete proliferation in pepper and Arabidopsis.
High Susceptibility for Enterovirus Infection and Virus Excretion Features in Tunisian Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Driss Nadia , Ben-Mustapha Imen , Mellouli Fethi , Ben Yahia Ahlem , Touzi Henda , Bejaoui Mohamed , Ben Ghorbel Mohamed , Triki Henda , Barbouche Mohamed-Ridha 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTTo estimate the susceptibility to enterovirus infection and the frequency of long-term poliovirus excreters in Tunisian patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), enteroviruses were assessed in stool specimens of 82 patients with humoral, combined, and other PIDs. Isolated viruses were typed and intratyped by standard molecular techniques, and the whole VP1 region of poliovirus isolates was sequenced. Polioviruses were detected in 6 patients; all isolates were vaccine related. Five patients rapidly stopped excretion; one excreted a poliovirus type 1 isolate for several months, and the isolate accumulated up to 14 mutations in the VP1 region. Nonpolio enteroviruses were identified in 6 patients; 4 of them kept excreting the same strain for more than 6 months. The rate of enterovirus infection was 13.4% of the PID patients and 20.7% of those with an IgG defect; it greatly exceeded the rates generally found in Tunisian supposed-immunocompetent individuals (4.1% during the study period;P= 0.001 andP< 0.0001, respectively). Interestingly, patients with combined immunodeficiencies were at a higher risk for enterovirus infection than those with an exclusively B cell defect. A major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen expression defect was found in 54% of enterovirus-positive patients and in the unique long-term poliovirus excreter. The study results also suggest that substitutive immunoglobulin therapy may help clearance of a poliovirus infection and that most PID patients have the ability to stop poliovirus excretion within a limited period. However, the high susceptibility of these patients to enterovirus infection reinforces the need for enhanced surveillance of these patients until the use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is stopped.
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Pregnant Women in Different Countries
Authors: Ramos Nubia L. , Sekikubo Musa , Dzung Dang Thi Ngoc , Kosnopfel Corinna , Kironde Fred , Mirembe Florence , Brauner Annelie 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common during pregnancy and can be associated with negative outcomes for both the mother and fetus. Increased risk of infection among these patients has been attributed to physiological changes, and less focus has been placed on
Escherichia coli
, the most frequent causative agent. We investigated the virulence properties of isolates causing UTI in pregnant women in Sweden, Uganda, and Vietnam, as well as nonpregnant women in Sweden. Although phylogenetic group B2 was the most prevalent group, more Ugandan isolates belonged to group B1, associated with commensal strains, than isolates from other countries. Adherence to and invasion of urothelial cells, key events in the infection process, were low among group B1 isolates from pregnant Swedish women compared to those from nonpregnant patients. Similar levels of adherence and invasion were seen in isolates from pregnant women in Uganda and Vietnam. More biofilm was formed by group B2 isolates than by those belonging to group B1 and by Ugandan group B2 isolates than by those from pregnant Swedish and Vietnamese women. The antigen 43a-encoding gene,
fluA
CFT073
, was most prevalent among Ugandan isolates. Expression of the biofilm components, curli and cellulose, was low among all isolates. Multidrug resistance was more common among isolates from Uganda and Vietnam than among those from Swedish patients. We suggest that while bacterial virulence properties play an important role in UTI during pregnancy, physiological changes in the host may contribute more to the incidence of infection caused by less virulent
E. coli
.