bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Zornia (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Dalbergieae)
Authors: Fortuna-Perez Ana Paula , da Silva Marcos José , de Queiroz Luciano Paganucci , Lewis Gwilym Peter , Simões André Olmos , de Azevedo Tozzi Ana Maria Goulart , Sarkinen Tiina , de Souza Anete Pereira 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe genus Zornia has a pantropical distribution and comprises 80 species in two subgenera (Myriadena, Zornia) and three sections (Zornia, Isophylla, Anisophylla). The genus is characterized mainly by flowers arranged in a spiciform inflorescence, with paired peltate bracteoles protecting each flower, and stipules that resemble the bracteoles. Phylogenetically Zornia is a member of the informal Adesmia clade of the Dalbergioid group, being most closely related to the predominantly South American genera Poiretia and Amicia. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the plastid trnL–trnF intron and spacer, including multiple accessions of species of all subgenera and sections, support the monophyly of Zornia and indicate that Poiretia is sister to Zornia. All traditional subgenera and sections of Zornia are resolved as para– or polyphyletic in our study. Nevertheless, two major clades can be recognized. Time–calibrated phylogenetic analyses suggest that most Zornia species diverged 8–10 Ma and reveal that only one migratory event occurred within the genus ca. 5 Ma from America to the Old World probably via long–distance dispersal.
The effect of excision of the radial head and metallic radial head replacement on the tension in the interosseous membrane
Authors: Lanting B. A. , Ferreira L. M. , Johnson J. A. , Athwal G. S. , King G. J. W. 
Published: September 2013

We measured the tension in the interosseous membrane in six cadaveric forearms using an in vitro forearm testing system with the native radial head, after excision of the radial head and after metallic radial head replacement. The tension almost doubled after excision of the radial head during simulated rotation of the forearm (p = 0.007). There was no significant difference in tension in the interosseous membrane between the native and radial head replacement states (p = 0.09). Maximal tension occurred in neutral rotation with both the native and the replaced radial head, but in pronation if the radial head was excised. Under an increasing axial load and with the forearm in a fixed position, the rate of increase in tension in the interosseous membrane was greater when the radial head was excised than for the native radial head or replacement states (p = 0.02). As there was no difference in tension between the native and radial head replacement states, a radial head replacement should provide a normal healing environment for the interosseous membrane after injury or following its reconstruction. Load sharing between the radius and ulna becomes normal after radial head Replacement. As excision of the radial head significantly increased the tension in the interosseous membrane it may potentially lead to its attritional failure over time. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1383–7.
The imaging and classification of severe pelvic ring fractures
Authors: Gabbe B. J. , Esser M. , Bucknill A. , Russ M. K. , Hofstee D-J. , Cameron P. A. , Handley C. , deSteiger R. N. 
Published: September 2013

We describe the routine imaging practices of Level 1 trauma centres for patients with severe pelvic ring fractures, and the interobserver reliability of the classification systems of these fractures using plain radiographs and three-dimensional (3D) CT reconstructions. Clinical and imaging data for 187 adult patients (139 men and 48 women, mean age 43 years (15 to 101)) with a severe pelvic ring fracture managed at two Level 1 trauma centres between July 2007 and June 2010 were extracted. Three experienced orthopaedic surgeons classified the plain radiographs and 3D CT reconstruction images of 100 patients using the Tile/AO and Young–Burgess systems. Reliability was compared using kappa statistics. A total of 115 patients (62%) had plain radiographs as well as two-dimensional (2D) CT and 3D CT reconstructions, 52 patients (28%) had plain films only, 12 (6.4%) had 2D and 3D CT reconstructions images only, and eight patients (4.3%) had no available images. The plain radiograph was limited to an anteroposterior pelvic view. Patients without imaging, or only plain films, were more severely injured. A total of 72 patients (39%) were imaged with a pelvic binder in situ. Interobserver reliability for the Tile/AO (Kappa 0.10 to 0.17) and Young–Burgess (Kappa 0.09 to 0.21) was low, and insufficient for clinical and research purposes. Severe pelvic ring fractures are difficult to classify due to their complexity, the increasing use of early treatment such as with pelvic binders, and the absence of imaging altogether in important patient sub-groups, such as those who die early of their injuries. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1396–1401.
Robust Approximation of Singularly Perturbed Delay Differential Equations
by the hp Finite Element Method
Authors: Nicaise Serge , Xenophontos Christos 
Published: September 2013

Abstract.

We consider the finite element approximation of the solution to a singularly
perturbed second order differential equation with a constant delay. The
boundary value problem can be cast as a singularly perturbed transmission
problem, whose solution may be decomposed into a smooth part, a boundary
layer part, an interior/interface layer part and a remainder. Upon
discussing the regularity of each component, we show that under the
assumption of analytic input data, the hp version of the finite element
method on an appropriately designed mesh yields robust exponential
convergence rates. Numerical results illustrating the theory are also included.
The Effect of TiO2 Contained within a Titanium Silicalite (TS-1) Catalyst and on the Selective Oxidation of Ammonia
Authors: Deniz Celal Utku , Akmaz Solmaz , Yasar Muzaffer 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The selective oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine using titanium silicalite-1 as a catalyst with an increasing content range of 1–2.5 wt% TiO2 was systematically investigated in a batch reactor. The hydroxylamine yielded 33, 43, 52 and 62% at reaction temperatures of 50, 60, 70 and 80°C, respectively, for 8 min using a TS-1a catalyst, which contained 2.5% TiO2. The molar ratio of 15 NH3/H2O2 was kept during these reactions. Experiments were also conducted with different amounts of NH3/H2O2 in molar ratios, which were between 7 and 60 to investigate the effect of NH3/H2O2 molar ratio on the reactions. Reactions with higher ratios of NH3/H2O2 were seen to have a higher yield at the end of the reaction performance time.
Impact of minocycline on neurodegenerative diseases in rodents: a meta-analysis
Authors: Li Chaoyun , Yuan Kunxiong , Schluesener Hermann 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Minocycline is a semisynthetic second-generation tetracycline derivative, and many publications provide evidence of its successful neuroprotection in a variety of animal models. We searched PubMed and Chinese CNKI databases from January 1992 to May 2012 for studies on minocycline in neurodegenerative diseases in rodents. A meta-analysis that adopted weighted Cohen’s d effect sizes, percent overlap, Fail-Safe N statistics, and confidence intervals was conducted. In total, 16 English and 3 Chinese articles with high or medium quality were included in this meta-analysis. The treatment benefits for rodents from low-dose (5 mg/kg/day), moderate-dose (45, 50, or 55 mg/kg/day), and high-dose (90 mg/kg/day) minocycline were larger in Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke mouse models, respectively. In rats, a moderate dose (45 mg/kg/day) of minocycline was most effective. In conclusion, minocycline exerts neuroprotective effects in rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases. Anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant activities are discussed as the basis of this effect. However, there is insufficient information from these animal models on side effects of minocycline therapy.
Why Do Some Parents Refuse Consent for Lumbar Puncture on Their Child? A Qualitative Study
Authors: Narchi Hassib , Ghatasheh Ghassan , Al Hassani Noora , Al Reyami Layla , Khan Qudsiya 
Published: September 2013

Objective:
Qualitative analysis of the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of parents who refuse consent for lumbar puncture (LP) on their child.

Methods:
We performed prospective, semistructured, face-to-face interviews with 24 families declining consent for LP in their child (aged between 1 month and 10 years of age), in 2 hospitals, over a 1-year period in the United Arab Emirates. The questionnaire included open-ended questions to allow parents to discuss their beliefs, concerns, and expectations. Content analysis of the transcripts was performed on how parents experienced the issue: their behavior, perceptions, and beliefs, as well as their opinions on what might have made them consent. Identified themes resulting from that analysis were labeled and coded before reducing them into categories and generating a Pareto chart.

Results:
Seven (29%) families were unfamiliar with LP indications and 3 had the impression that LP was also therapeutic. The emerged themes were fear of complications by 18 (75%), perception that LP was unnecessary by 5 (21%), and distrust of the motives behind the request for consent. Fear of paralysis and conviction that LP is unnecessary encompassed 80% of the causes for refusal. Eleven families (46%) stated that nothing would have made them consent, and 10 (42%) would agree only if the child looked unwell or deteriorated.

Conclusions
A better understanding of parents’ perceptions, beliefs, and fears will help develop appropriate solutions to their refusal of LP consent.
When and How Pediatric History and Physical Diagnosis Are Taught in Medical School: A Survey of Pediatric Clerkship Directors
Authors: Guiot Amy B.L. , Baker Raymond C. , Dewitt Thomas G. 
Published: September 2013

Backround:
History and physical diagnosis skills (HPDS) are required curriculum in medical schools (MS) with pediatric HPDS (PHPDS) necessitating instruction in addition to adult HPDS. Perceived deficiencies in these skills on the pediatric clerkship prompted investigation of when and how other MS taught PHPDS. The concern of whether medical students are adequately taught PHPDS needed to be addressed.

Methods:
With the use of the Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics listserv, pediatric clerkship directors from 129 US, 15 Canadian, and 2 Puerto Rican MS were contacted via e-mail to complete an anonymous online questionnaire, focused on MS demographics, PHPDS timing, teaching methods, and barriers.

Results:
Seventy-two (49%) of 146 MS responded to the survey; 18.1% of MS responders did not offer PHPDS in the first 2 years. Methodologies used to educate students included didactic lectures, physician shadowing, hands-on with patients, pairing with preceptor, instructional video, and examination of newborns. Each teaching method had &lt;3 hours dedicated to medical students during their first 2 years at a majority of the MS. Of the responders, 85.1% concurred that medical students should be exposed to PHPDS before starting the clerkship. Barriers to providing PHPDS included MS time allotment, preceptor availability, and total number of students to accommodate.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrated striking variability among MS in how and when medical students were taught PHPDS. Clarification of the role of PHPDS instruction in preclinical years and standardized effective approaches to PHPDS instruction are both needed so that MS curriculum optimizes physician training.
Pediatric Hospitalist Perceptions of the Impact of Duty Hour Changes on Education and Patient Care
Authors: O’Toole Jennifer K. , Solan Lauren G. , Yau Connie , Weiser Jason , Sucharew Heidi , Simmons Jeffrey M. 
Published: September 2013

Objective:
The goal of this study was to measure the impact of the new 2011 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty hour standards (DHS) on education, patient care, and overall satisfaction as perceived by pediatric hospitalist faculty.

Methods:
We undertook a nonrandomized but controlled study of 23 pediatric hospitalist faculty members during a trial of the new DHS in 2011. During the intervention (January), residents piloted schedules that complied with the new DHS, and in the control period (February), resident schedules complied with previous DHS. Daily surveys solicited faculty perceptions of the amount and quality of teaching provided, time with patients, quality of patient care, and overall faculty satisfaction. Faculty were also surveyed on their years of experience as a hospitalist and clinical teaching activity. Multiple logistic regression analysis with generalized estimating equations was used to examine outcome associations after adjusting for census and accounting for multiple attending reports.

Results:
Census volumes were higher in the control group. During the intervention, faculty were less likely to rate their quality of teaching (odds ratio [OR]: 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18–0.88]) and overall satisfaction with the shift (OR: 0.23 [95% CI: 0.08–0.66]) as good/excellent compared with controls. During the intervention, more years of experience as a hospitalist were associated with rating quality of patient care provided as good/excellent (OR: 1.77 [95% CI: 1.23–2.54]).

Conclusions:
Faculty were less likely to rate their quality of teaching and overall satisfaction as good/excellent during a trial of the 2011 DHS. In addition, more experienced faculty were more likely to rate the quality of care highly.
Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of a Maize Association Mapping Panel Developed for the Identification of New Sources of Resistance to Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Accumulation
Authors: Warburton Marilyn L. , Williams W. Paul , Windham Gary L. , Murray Seth C. , Xu Wenwei , Hawkins Leigh K. , Duran Jorge Franco 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTMaize (Zea mays L.) susceptibility to ear rot by Aspergillus flavus (Link:Fr) and aflatoxin accumulation causes global economic and human health damage. Host plant resistance is an ideal solution, but commercial varieties lack sufficient resistance to solve the problem. Due to general lack of resistant maize germplasm, no currently available association mapping panels are expected to contain significant variation for the trait. A new association mapping panel containing the majority of aflatoxin accumulation resistant maize lines at the time of compilation is presented here along with genetic and phenotypic characterization data. Phenotypic data from testcrossed lines include aflatoxin levels, days to silking, and corn earworm [Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)] damage measured in seven environments and fungal biomass of kernels measured in three. In addition to identifying previously reported aflatoxin resistant lines, new resistant lines were discovered, which may be used for breeding improved germplasm. The Mexican landrace Tuxpeño is the progenitor or one main contributor for most of the resistant lines and likely the source of resistance, but a few other sources may allow additional novel resistance to be pyramided into future breeding lines. Genetic characterization of kinship, genetic diversity, and substructure analysis presented here will allow this resource to be used for association mapping of aflatoxin and identification of factors responsible for this challenging quantitative trait.
Effect of Shading on Cotton Yield and Quality on Different Fruiting Branches
Authors: Lv Fengjuan , Liu Jingran , Ma Yina , Chen Ji , Keyoumu·Abudurezikekey Abudou , Wang Youhua , Chen Binglin , Meng Yali , Zhou Zhiguo 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTReduced radiation from air pollutants has become a major challenge to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. Field experiments were conducted using two cotton cultivars at three shading levels during boll development in Nanjing (32°02′ N, 118°50′ E), China, to determine the effect of shading on cotton yield and quality. Lint yield, distributions of yield within the plant and that of biomass within bolls, and the quality of fiber and seed were analyzed. Shading reduced lint yield (decreased by 17–22% and 35–38% under shading conditions S1 and S2, respectively) through reducing boll number and boll weight, but increased proportion of lint yield on the bottom five fruiting branches (FB1–5) by 2.1 to 2.4% and 3.4 to 4.3% under S1 and S2, respectively. The proportion of fiber biomass in the boll decreased significantly, whereas proportion of seed biomass increased with enhanced shading. Fiber was the most sensitive boll component to shading, the biomass of which under shading condition (S1, S2) decreased by 5.9 to 6.9% and 8.8 to 11.9%, respectively. Shading increased oil content but decreased protein content of the seed on FB3. Seed oil and protein contents on FB7 and FB12 responded opposite to those on FB3. Simultaneously, shading was advantageous to fiber length and micronaire but disadvantageous to fiber strength. The greater the shading enhanced, the more the abovementioned measurements were affected. Shading due to air pollutants alters biomass distribution within bolls and lint yield distribution within the plant. Bolls on the bottom fruiting branches are more tolerant of shading.
Comorbidity Burden and Perioperative Complications for Living Kidney Donors in the United States
Authors: Schold Jesse D. , Goldfarb David A. , Buccini Laura D. , Rodrigue James R. , Mandelbrot Didier A. , Heaphy Emily L.G. , Fatica Richard A. , Poggio Emilio D. 
Published: September 2013

Background and objectives
Since 1998, 35% of kidney transplants in the United States have been derived from living donors. Research suggests minimal long-term health consequences after donation, but comprehensive studies are limited. The primary objective was to evaluate trends in comorbidity burden and complications among living donors.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used to identify donors from 1998 to 2010 (n=69,117). Comorbid conditions, complications, and length of stay during hospitalization were evaluated. Outcomes among cohorts undergoing appendectomies, cholecystectomies and nephrectomy for nonmetastatic carcinoma were compared, and sample characteristics were validated with the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR). Survey regression models were used to identify risk factors for outcomes.

Results
The NIS captured 89% (69,117 of 77,702) of living donors in the United States. Donor characteristics were relatively concordant with those noted in SRTR (mean age, 40.1 versus 40.3 years [P=0.18]; female donors, 59.0% versus 59.1% [P=0.13]; white donors, 68.4% versus 69.8% [P<0.001] for NIS versus SRTR). Incidence of perioperative complications was 7.9% and decreased from 1998 to 2010 (from 10.1% to 7.6%). Men (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20 to 1.56) and donors with hypertension (AOR, 3.35; 95% CI, 2.24 to 5.01) were more likely to have perioperative complications. Median length of stay declined over time (from 3.7 days to 2.5 days), with longer length of stay associated with obesity, depression, hypertension, and pulmonary disorders. Presence of depression (AOR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.12), hypothyroidism (AOR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.11), hypertension (AOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.27 to 1.49), and obesity (AOR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.11) increased over time. Complication rates and length of stay were similar for patients undergoing appendectomies and cholecystectomies but were less than those with nephrectomies for carcinoma.

Conclusions
The NIS is a representative sample of living donors. Complications and length of stay after donation have declined over time, while presence of documented comorbid conditions has increased. Patients undergoing appendectomy and cholecystectomy have similar outcomes during hospitalization. Monitoring the health of living donors remains critically important.
Neuropragmatism, knowledge, and pragmatic naturalism
Authors: Shook John 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Neuropragmatism is a research program taking sciences about cognitive development and learning methods most seriously, in order to reevaluate and reformulate philosophical issues. Knowledge, consciousness, and reason are among the crucial philosophical issues directly affected. Pragmatism in general has allied with the science-affirming philosophy of naturalism. Naturalism is perennially tested by challenges questioning its ability to accommodate and account for knowledge, consciousness, and reason. Neuropragmatism is in a good position to evaluate those challenges. Some ways to defuse them are suggested here, along with recommendations about the specific kind of naturalism, a pluralistic and perspectival naturalism, that neuropragmatism should endorse.
Against representation: A brief introduction to cultural affordances
Authors: Solymosi Tibor 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Cognitive science and its philosophy have been far too long consumed with representation. This concern is indicative of a creeping Cartesianism that many scientists and philosophers wish to evade. However, their naturalism is often insufficiently evolutionary to fully appreciate the lessons of pragmatism. If cognitive neuroscience and pragmatism are to be mutually beneficial, the representational-friendly scientists and the anti-representational pragmatists need an alternative to representation that still accounts for what many find so attractive about representation, namely intentionality. I propose that instead of representations we philosophers and scientists begin thinking in terms of cultural affordances. Like Gibsonian affordances, cultural affordances are opportunities for action. However, unlike Gibsonian affordances, which are merely biological and available for immediate action in the immediately present environment, cultural affordances also present opportunities for thinking about the past and acting into the future—tasks typically attributed to representations.
Algorithms and stories
Authors: Teed Rockwell W. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
For most of human history, human knowledge was considered to be something that was stored and captured by words. This began to change when Galileo said that the book of nature is written in the language of mathematics. Today, Dan Dennett and many others argue that all genuine scientific knowledge is in the form of mathematical algorithms. However, recently discovered neurocomputational algorithms can be used to justify the claim that there is genuine knowledge which is non-algorithmic. The fact that these algorithms use prototype deployment, rather than mathematics or logic, gives us good reason to believe that there is a kind of knowledge that we derive from stories that is different from our knowledge of algorithms. Even though we would need algorithms to build a system that can make sense out of stories, we do not need to use algorithms when we ourselves embody a system that learns from stories. The success of the Galilean perspective in the physical sciences has often resulted in an attempt to mathematize the humanities. I am arguing that the dynamic neurocomputational perspective can give us a better understanding of how we get knowledge and wisdom from the stories told by disciplines such as Literature, History, Anthropology and Theology. This new neurological data can be used to justify the traditional pedagogy of these disciplines, which originally stressed the telling of stories rather than the learning of algorithms.