bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systems metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of the chemical chaperone ectoine
Authors: Becker Judith , Schäfer Rudolf , Kohlstedt Michael , Harder Björn J , Borchert Nicole S , Stöveken Nadine , Bremer Erhard , Wittmann Christoph 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe stabilizing and function-preserving effects of ectoines have attracted considerable biotechnological interest up to industrial scale processes for their production. These rely on the release of ectoines from high-salinity-cultivated microbial producer cells upon an osmotic down-shock in rather complex processor configurations. There is growing interest in uncoupling the production of ectoines from the typical conditions required for their synthesis, and instead design strains that naturally release ectoines into the medium without the need for osmotic changes, since the use of high-salinity media in the fermentation process imposes notable constraints on the costs, design, and durability of fermenter systems.ResultsHere, we used aCorynebacterium glutamicumstrain as a cellular chassis to establish a microbial cell factory for the biotechnological production of ectoines. The implementation of a mutant aspartokinase enzyme ensured efficient supply of L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde, the precursor for ectoine biosynthesis. We further engineered the genome of the basicC. glutamicumstrain by integrating a codon-optimized syntheticectABCDgene cluster under expressional control of the strong and constitutiveC. glutamicum tufpromoter. The resulting recombinant strain produced ectoine and excreted it into the medium; however, lysine was still found as a by-product. Subsequent inactivation of the L-lysine exporter prevented the undesired excretion of lysine while ectoine was still exported. Using the streamlined cell factory, a fed-batch process was established that allowed the production of ectoine with an overall productivity of 6.7 g L-1day-1under growth conditions that did not rely on the use of high-salinity media.ConclusionsThe present study describes the construction of a stable microbial cell factory for recombinant production of ectoine. We successfully applied metabolic engineering strategies to optimize its synthetic production in the industrial workhorseC. glutamicumand thereby paved the way for further improvements in ectoine yield and biotechnological process optimization.
Primate lentiviral Nef proteins deregulate T-cell development by multiple mechanisms
Authors: Van Nuffel Anouk , Ariën Kevin K , Stove Veronique , Schindler Michael , O’Neill Eduardo , Schmökel Jan , Van de Walle Inge , Naessens Evelien , Vanderstraeten Hanne , Van Landeghem Kathleen , Taghon Tom , Pulkkinen Kati , Saksela Kalle , Garcia J Victor , Fackler Oliver T , Kirchhoff Frank , Verhasselt Bruno 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
A nef gene is present in all primate lentiviral genomes and is important for high viral loads and progression to AIDS in human or experimental macaque hosts of HIV or SIV, respectively. In these hosts, infection of the thymus results in a decreased output of naive T cells that may contribute to the development of immunodeficiency. We have previously shown that HIV-1 subtype B Nef proteins can block human T-cell development. However, the underlying mechanism(s) and the conservation of this Nef function between different groups of HIV and SIV remained to be determined.

Results
We investigated whether reduction of thymic output is a conserved function of highly divergent lentiviral Nef proteins including those from both types of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2), their direct simian counterparts (SIVcpz, SIVgor and SIVsmm, respectively), and some additional SIV strains. We found that expression of most of these nef alleles in thymocyte progenitors impaired T-cell development and reduced thymic output. For HIV-1 Nef, binding to active p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase (PAK2) was a major determinant of this function. In contrast, selective disruption of PAK2 binding did not eliminate the effect on T-cell development of SIVmac239 Nef, as was shown by expressing mutants in a newly discovered PAK2 activating structural motif (PASM) constituted by residues I117, H121, T218 and Y221, as well as previously described mutants. Rather, down-modulation of cell surface CD3 was sufficient for reduced thymic output by SIVmac Nef, while other functions of SIV Nefs contributed.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that primate lentiviral Nef proteins impair development of thymocyte precursors into T cells in multiple ways. The interaction of HIV-1 Nef with active PAK2 by HIV-1 seem to be most detrimental, and downregulation of CD3 by HIV-2 and most SIV Nef proteins sufficient for reduced thymic output. Since the reduction of thymic output by Nef is a conserved property of divergent lentiviruses, it is likely to be relevant for peripheral T-cell depletion in poorly adapted primate lentiviral infections.
An investigation of economic costs of schizophrenia in two areas of China
Authors: Zhai Jinguo , Guo Xiaofeng , Chen Min , Zhao Jingping , Su Zhonghua 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
Schizophrenia is a severe psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions and behavior. Even if it is not a very frequent disorder, but it is the most burdensome and costly illnesses worldwide. The total population was approximate 1.3 billion and there are approximate 8 million schizophrenic patients in China. Despite the wide-ranging financial and social burdens associated with schizophrenia, but there have been few cost-of-illness studies of this illness in China.

Objective
To evaluate the economic cost of schizophrenic patients in China.

Methodology
356 schizophrenic patients who met with DSM-IV criteria were enrolled and investigated with the Economic Burden Questionnaire(EBQ), 299 schizophrenic patients completed the study for 12 months. All the data were combined and classified by researcher. EBQ include all kinds of cost such as direct cost, indirect cost and total cost as well. It was filled in by patients and their close caregivers. Comparison of cost was made between not only out-patients and in-patients but also urban patients and rural patients. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was made to identify the main influence factors of total cost.

Results
(i) The per case per annum total costs, direct costs and indirect costs of schizophrenia amounted to US$2586.21, US$862.81(33.4%) and US$1723.40(66.6%) respectively. The per case total cost, direct cost and direct medical cost of in-patients were more higher than out-patients (P < 0.05). (ii) There was significant difference in per case per annum total cost, direct cost, direct medical cost, cost due to lost working-days and disability between urban and rural schizophrenic patients (P < 0.05), the former is higher than the latter. (iii) The results of multivariate stepwise regression analysis show that five variables were significantly correlated with higher cost: professional status(cadre), diagnostic subtype(residual schizophrenia), urban or rural patients(urban patients), in-patients or out-patients(in-patients) and researcher centre(southern center). The standardized regression coefficient were 0.308, 0.218, 0.212, 0.156 and 0.149 respectively, the correlation of determination R square was 0.2741, F = 15.651, P < 0.0000. These characteristics explain 27.41% of the variability in the total cost.

Conclusion
(i) Economic cost of schizophrenia were serious, we must pay close attention to it. (ii) The indirect cost are the majority of the total cost. The cost of urban patients are more higher than the cost of rural patients, the cost of in-patients are more higher than the cost of out-patients.
Structural updates of alignment of protein domains and consequences on evolutionary models of domain superfamilies
Authors: Mutt Eshita , Rani Sudha Sane , Sowdhamini Ramanathan 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
Influx of newly determined crystal structures into primary structural databases is increasing at a rapid pace. This leads to updation of primary and their dependent secondary databases which makes large scale analysis of structures even more challenging. Hence, it becomes essential to compare and appreciate replacement of data and inclusion of new data that is critical between two updates. PASS2 is a database that retains structure-based sequence alignments of protein domain superfamilies and relies on SCOP database for its hierarchy and definition of superfamily members. Since, accurate alignments of distantly related proteins are useful evolutionary models for depicting variations within protein superfamilies, this study aims to trace the changes in data in between PASS2 updates.

Results
In this study, differences in superfamily compositions, family constituents and length variations between different versions of PASS2 have been tracked. Studying length variations in protein domains, which have been introduced by indels (insertions/deletions), are important because theses indels act as evolutionary signatures in introducing variations in substrate specificity, domain interactions and sometimes even regulating protein stability. With this objective of classifying the nature and source of variations in the superfamilies during transitions (between the different versions of PASS2), increasing length-rigidity of the superfamilies in the recent version is observed. In order to study such length-variant superfamilies in detail, an improved classification approach is also presented, which divides the superfamilies into distinct groups based on their extent of length variation.

Conclusions
An objective study in terms of transition between the database updates, detailed investigation of the new/old members and examination of their structural alignments is non-trivial and will help researchers in designing experiments on specific superfamilies, in various modelling studies, in linking representative superfamily members to rapidly expanding sequence space and in evaluating the effects of length variations of new members in drug target proteins. The improved objective classification scheme developed here would be useful in future for automatic analysis of length variation in cases of updates of databases or even within different secondary databases.
Perspective éco-critique: La nature dans trois romans de Roumain, Zobel et Condé
Authors: Rehill Annie 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
In postcolonial Caribbean literature, a tendency to mimic the European Edenic paradigm (to disrupt it) has often been noted. But there is another aspect that is useful from an eco-critical perspective: human life is frequently portrayed in a less anthropocentric way than in its European counterpart. Antillean authors show evidence of a deeper understanding that humans are only one of the life forms that earth supports. Three novels analysed in this article – Roumain’s Gouverneurs de la rosée, Zobel’s La rue cases-nègres and Condé’s Traversée de la mangrove – illustrate a predisposition to perceive nature in a way that appears closer to Amerindian and African ideas than to those originating from European culture, insofar as the ability to live with, not only to exploit, nature. This represents a state of mind that is essential in helping to change the approach of modern enterprises towards planet Earth.
Dans les écrits postcoloniaux des Antilles, on a souvent remarqué une tendance à mimer (pour le perturber) le paradigme édénique européen. Mais il y a un autre aspect qui est utile aux efforts éco-critiques: la vie humaine est considérée d’une manière souvent moins anthropocentrique que dans la littérature européenne. De ce point de vu, il est clair que les auteurs antillais comprennent plus profondément que la vie humaine n’est qu’une des formes de vie que soutient la terre. Trois romans analysés dans cet article – Gouverneurs de la rosée de Roumain, La rue cases-nègres de Zobel et Traversée de la mangrove de Condé – illustrent une prédisposition à comprendre la nature d’une façon plus proche des idées amérindiennes et africaines que celles qui proviennent de l’Europe, en tant que la capacité de vivre avec, pas seulement d’exploiter, la nature. Ceci représente un état d’esprit qui est essentiel dans les efforts contemporains vers un changement des paradigmes de l’entreprise moderne en ce qui concerne la terre.
The passion for origins in the epic poems of Édouard Glissant
Authors: Poiana Peter 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Entre l’idée, avancée par Lorna Burns, selon laquelle la créolisation est essentiellement un processus positif de devenir-antillais, et l’insistance, chez John Drabinski, sur l’expérience traumatisante qui le précède historiquement et ontologiquement, s’ouvre un espace où la poésie de Glissant s’affirme comme un mode de constitution de la conscience antillaise. Car la poésie, bien plus que les essais et les romans qui occupent la part belle de la littérature antillaise, dévoile le cadre affectif où l’histoire improbable d’une survie peut se déployer pleinement. En effet, la poésie de Glissant crée les conditions discursives sous lesquelles la souffrance des premières sociétés esclavagistes, loin de se dialectiser ou de se hypostasier, se révèle dans sa nécessité paradoxale. L’obsession du poète qui s’obstine à reprendre le cri primitif est largement admise. Chez Glissant, elle apparaît sous la guise d’une folie ou d’une passion de l’origine, terme que nous empruntons à Jacques Derrida en nous inspirant de son traitement de la notion de trace. Cette étude tente d’approfondir ces questions en examinant de près trois poèmes épiques de Glissant: Le Sel noir, Les Indes et Pays rêvé, pays réel, en relevant notamment trois motifs qui leur sont communs: le poème comme séparation, le poème comme trace, et le poème comme souffrance./ Between Lorna Burns’s description of Glissant’s creolization as a positive process of ‘becoming-Caribbean’ and John Drabinski’s foregrounding of the trauma that precedes it historically and ontologically, a space opens up in which Glissant’s poetry establishes itself as a mode of construction of Caribbean consciousness. For poetry, more than the essays and novels that proliferate in Caribbean literature, lays bare the emotional framework of the implausible story of survival. Indeed, Glissant’s poetry creates the discursive conditions in which the suffering of the first slave communities is not dialecticized or hypostasized, but made to reveal itself in its paradoxical necessity. The poet’s obsession to repeat the original cry is a familiar one. In Glissant’s poetry, it takes the form of a folly or passion for origins, understood here in terms of Jacques Derrida’s treatment of the notion of the trace. This study attempts to further our understanding of this passion by examining three epic poems by Glissant, Le Sel noir, Les Indes and Pays rêvé, pays réel, focusing in particular on three common motifs: the poem as separation, the poem as trace, and the poem as suffering.
Sonic mobilizations from the margins of the Caribbean colonial text
Authors: O’Dell Gretchen 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
During colonial times, especially during the time period surrounding the abolition of slavery and World War II, rumours and other oral discursive strategies dominated in Guadeloupe and Martinique, in spite of colonial attempts to fix both the identity of colonized subjects and the meaning of contemporary events. This article will use Judith Butler’s essentially deconstructive notion of censorship to examine discursive strategies practiced by the French colonizers and the Franco-Caribbean colonized to illustrate interdependence and co-creation of meaning in this context of uncertainty and desire for access to information.
Pendant l’époque coloniale, en particulier pendant l’abolition de l’esclavage et la deuxième guerre mondiale, les rumeurs et d’autres stratégies discursives dominaient la Martinique et la Guadeloupe, malgré le désir colonial de fixer à la fois l’identité des colonisés et la signifiance des événements contemporains. Cet article va se servir de la notion plutôt déconstructive de Judith Butler à propos de la censure pour examiner les stratégies discursives effectuées par les colonisateurs et les colonisés franco-antillais; le but va être d’illustrer l’interdépendance et la co-création de la signifiance dans ce contexte d’incertitude et de désir pour l’accès à l’information.
Bengal: The French connection
Authors: Majumdar Margaret A. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The subject of this article is the relationship between France and Bengal. It concentrates on the specific characteristics that distinguish the French connection with Bengal from that of other French territories in India. It briefly traces the history of the French presence in Chandernagore, before focusing on the early twentieth century and the important role that Chandernagore played in the Indian independence movement. It examines the practical effects on this struggle of the presence of the French in this part of India. Beyond these, it questions the extent of French influence on the political theory and practice of the Bengali revolutionaries. It ends more broadly by assessing the French legacy in Bengal today.
Cet article traite des rapports entre la France et le Bengale. Il souligne les aspects spécifiques qui relèvent de la situation particulière de Chandernagore et qui sont à distinguer de ceux qui touchent d’autres territoires français, comme Pondicherry. Après avoir tracé rapidement l’histoire de la présence française à Chandernagore, il examine le rôle important que cette ville a pu jouer dans le mouvement indépendantiste de l’Inde, surtout au début du XXe siècle. Il s’agit des effets pratiques sur cette lutte de l’existence de ce territoire français tout proche de Calcutta et, au-delà, de la possibilité d’une influence française sur la théorie et la pratique politique des révolutionnaires bengalais. L’article se termine par une évaluation de l’héritage culturel de la France au Bengale contemporain.
Materiality, modernity and the dialectics of reading in Amin Maalouf’s Mediterranean
Authors: Doshi Neil 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
This article reads Amin Maalouf’s novel Léon l’Africain (1986) to address the relationship between fiction-writing and the broader notion of Mediterranean identity that Maalouf advocates in his critical work. Conventional readings consider the representation of the early-modern Mediterranean in Maalouf’s oeuvre as recuperating a lost, and mythical Mediterranean that sustains a political call for conflict resolution in the present. This article argues that such readings overlook the historical critique articulated in the novel, which dismisses the golden-age thinking of a peaceful Andalusia. Second, through focus on the mise en abyme of the writer in the novel -the protagonist Leon who writes the text – this article suggests that the novel models a ‘Mediterranean mode’ of writing that at once preserves the notion of Mediterranean connectivity while making visible possibilities for reflexive critique.
Cet article traite du roman Léon l’Africain (1986) d’Amin Maalouf pour examiner le rapport entre ses oeuvres littéraires et les concepts «d’identité méditerranéenne » que l’écrivain développe dans ses essais. En ce qui concerne la représentation de la Méditerranée du début de l’époque moderne dans ses textes, la critique actuelle a tendance à considérer que l’oeuvre de Maalouf reprend la vision d’une Méditerranée multiculturelle qui soutient ses efforts pour favoriser la paix dans cette région. Cet article suggère qu’une telle compréhension de sa démarche ignore l’esprit critique du roman qui en fait rejette l’idée d’un âge d’or de la Méditerranée. Suivant une analyse de la mise-en-abime de l’écrivain, c’est-à-dire une discussion du positionnement du protagoniste Léon comme écrivain, cet article suggère que le roman formule un modèle d’écriture méditerranéenne qui à la fois préserve le concept d’une Méditerranée interconnectée, mais qui s’ouvre quand même à l’autocritique.
Changes in brown seaweed distributions in Lough Hyne, SW Ireland: a long-term perspective
Authors: Trowbridge Cynthia D. , Little Colin , Dlouhy-Massengale Brittney , Stirling Penny , Pilling Graham M. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Distributions of brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae: Fucales, Laminariales and Tilopteridales) were surveyed in 2011 in Europe’s first marine reserve, Lough Hyne in SW Ireland, and compared with distributions from three historical surveys (1930, 1955 and 1980). The most salient phycological differences were the incursion of the low intertidal and shallow subtidal species Fucus serratus, Himanthalia elongata and Saccharina latissima into the north basin of the marine reserve after the recent mass mortality of the purple urchin (Paracentrotus lividus). Monitoring surveys (1990–2012) at ten sites in the lough indicated that populations of S. latissima peaked in 1994, abruptly crashed in 1996 and then slowly recovered. As well as documenting the expansion of kelp, our annual, whole-lough snorkel surveys (2004–2012) demonstrated the recent proliferation of the introduced Sargassum muticum and native Cystoseira foeniculacea. Although the causal role of top-down factors (fishing ban and/or urchin population crash), bottom-up factors (nutrient enhancement), climatic variables (warming vs. episodic cooling) and pathogens (urchin and algal) is being widely debated, decadal-scale and inter-annual changes are clearly detectable and most consistent with a release from herbivory within the marine protected area.
Determination of Flow Stress Using Parametric Linearity Relationship of Arrhenius Power Law
Authors: Maheshwari Amit Kumar 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this study, hot workability aspect for modeling the flow stress at specified deformation level is investigated. The proposed model contains the basic parametric relationship of Arrhenius power law. The developed mathematical model is validated on Al 2024 alloy to check its feasibility over a wide range of strain rate, strain, and temperature. When compared with Johnson-Cook (JC) model, it is found to give a more perceptible experimental output by limited evaluation of arbitrary constants. The proposed model uses the input from hot compression test without the necessacity to go to torsion experiment. This proves its supremacy over JC model which require both the inputs. It also limits the number of constants, so produces a forwarding mark to N.S. Babu Model which needs 48 numbers of constants to define the constitutive aspect of deformation.
Review of RT-LAB and Steps Involved for Implementation of a Simulink Model from MATLAB to REAL-TIME
Authors: Mikkili Suresh , Panda Anup Kumar 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
In recent days, every researcher wants to develop his/her model in real-time. Simulation tools have been widely used for the design and improvement of electrical systems since the mid-twentieth century. The evolution of simulation tools has progressed in step with the evolution of computing technologies. Now a days, computing technologies have improved dramatically in performance and become widely available at a steadily decreasing cost. Consequently, simulation tools have also seen dramatic performance gains and steady cost decreases. Researchers and engineers now have access to affordable, high-performance simulation tools that were previously too cost prohibitive, except for the largest manufacturers and utilities.This article has introduced a specific class of digital simulator known as a real-time simulator by answering the questions “What is real-time simulation?” “Why is it needed” and “How it works”. The latest trend in real-time simulation consists of exporting simulation models to FPGA. In this article, the steps involved for implementation of a model from MATLAB to REAL-TIME are provided in detail. The detailed real-time results are presented to support the feasibility of real-time digital simulator.