bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New York in Fiscal Federalism
Authors: Ward Robert B. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article explores New York State's dollars-and-cents relationship with Washington and the nation in the context of broad changes over time in the respective fiscal roles of Washington and the states. The 1970s brought what many participants and observers called the “New Federalism,” in which Washington provided “more fiscal aid on a more flexible basis to state and local governments in the form of revenue sharing and block grants.” Furthermore, it turns to a description of broad fiscal policies and trends in the Empire State itself. Seeking new federal funding is a basic part of annual budget strategy. Federal funding was a significant source of assistance for cities in the 1970s, but has not kept pace with growth in overall budgets since then. Issues of federalism will continue to produce important impacts on the scope, nature, cost, and quality of public services in New York and the nation.
The State and Its Localities
Authors: Hattery Michael R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article addresses some traditional arguments about local government reform in New York. Counties, cities, towns, and villages are the four types of general purpose governments authorized by state law. The significant overlap in the size distribution for the four major municipal classes is noted. Home rule or the recognition of a sphere of local self-governing authority has a long history in New York's state-local partnership. Within the context of continued home rule, a number of problem areas exist in the state-local partnership that requires attention. The public choice approach underlines the significance of flexibility and effectiveness in dealing with revenue alternatives, innovation, regional approaches, and management in reforming local government. New York has made significant investments in shared management capacity and technology transfer. New York State government is an inseparable and influential partner in the intergovernmental web of service provision.
The Public Fisc in New York State
Authors: Brecher Charles 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article elaborates on the understanding of New York's public fiscal position. The choice of counting rules has a dramatic impact on the understanding of the size of government and interpretation of its fiscal health. The decentralized character of New York's public fiscal position derives from impacts of policy practices in four key areas: social welfare, education, public employee pensions, and collective bargaining. Debt is both a useful and respected tool of public finance and a dangerous temptation for elected officials. New York is among the most heavily indebted states in the nation. With respect to Medicaid and public assistance, the City of New York and virtually all counties favor increased state financing. The area with the greatest potential for change is the heavy decentralization of public fiscal matters in New York.
New York State Education Policy and Politics
Authors: Buckley Jack , Armour-Garb Allison 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article introduces the organization of prekindergarten to twelfth grade (P-12) education in New York. It reviews the history and recent developments in the areas of accountability, school finance policy, teacher policy and the role of the unions, and policies regarding school choice and educational alternatives to traditional public schooling. State-level institutions and actors play the greatest role in shaping New York's education system. New York has a reputation for holding students to high academic standards. The mayor's evidence for closing the achievement gap in New York City seems to be drawn in part from an analysis of data from New York's statewide testing program. The education system in New York City changed markedly over the long period of litigation. It is arguable that the most important improvements that New York can make to its education systems are improvements in the ways in which it collects, analyzes, and uses information.
Mental Health Policy in New York State
Authors: Pulice Richard T. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article examines mental health policy in New York State. Mental health policy in New York State is driven by several complicated, interrelated, historically rooted components. The primary functions of the New York State Office of Mental Health (OMH) are addressed. OMH made a major commitment to funding community residences. The development of residential alternatives remains a high priority for OMH. The emerging role of the consumer in mental health policy was a move to ensure the civil rights of those suffering from mental illness. Timothy's Law served to provide parity between health and mental health care. OMH's inclusion of consumers' views on what is necessary for the development of sound public policy for the care of persons who are recovering from a mental illness represents a major step in the right direction.
Welfare Policy in New York State
Authors: Johnson Cathy M. , Gais Thomas L. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article examines the welfare policy in New York State. In a new period of tight public resources, New York confronted the fact that making work pay is costly and does not address the entire problem of poverty. The Welfare Reform Act of 1997 authorized two major cash assistance programs—Family Assistance and Safety Net Assistance. Despite the growing economic needs since the early 2000s, state cash assistance programs are not serving a large number of the individuals hit by recession. Food stamps are an important resource for poor and low-income families and a central element of a “make work pay” strategy. New York's experience in recent years shows limits to what even a wealthy, historically liberal, and highly urbanized state can do to support and reward work among low-income families.
The Environment in New York State
Authors: Gerrard Michael B. , Woods Claire H. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article explores the environmental policy in New York State. Science is significant as a driver of environmental policy, but public opinion is even more important. The story of the New York State's water supply is dominated by the historic quest to supply water to New York City. The State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) has been the most fertile source of environmental litigation in New York State courts. New York's solid waste expenditures have soared as it has had to pay commercial landfills and incinerators to take waste that had previously been cheaply dumped at Fresh Kills. New York began the modern era as a vigorous and innovative leader in environmental protection measures, but since the early 1990s, the paralyzing partisanship in the legislature and inconsistent leadership in the governor's office have moved the state considerably further back in the national pack on many environmental issues.
Transportation Policy and Politics in New York State
Authors: Derrick Peter , Paaswell Robert , Petretta Danielle 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article presents a description on the transportation policy, politics and network in New York State. As the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) and New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) plans confirm, the primary challenge facing New York is the maintenance and improvement of the current transportation infrastructure. The key transportation issues facing New York State in 2010 are discussed. It is noted that the new roads, together with the parkways and expressways, continued the transformation of the structure of the state's metropolitan areas. By 1980, the emphasis of transportation policy and politics in New York State shifted from expansion to rehabilitation and upgrading of existing capital assets. Much of the money used for transportation maintenance and improvement has come from the issuance of long-term debt. The state significantly increased its investment in capital renewal and improvement projects for the road and transit systems since the 1980s.
The Politics of Energy in New York State
Authors: DeCotis Paul A. , Ferguson Sean 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article deals with energy policy in New York State. It first introduces New York's interest in developing energy resources, dating back to the early part of the twentieth century. The Power Authority provides financial discounts to businesses and institutions to decrease their electricity costs through the Recharge New York program. The environmental benefits of pursuing clean energy development were consistent with efforts required under the federal Clean Air Act to reduce criteria pollutant emissions. The relationship among the state's energy agencies and authorities is examined. New York succeeded in decreasing dependence on oil for electricity generation, but did not follow through on offering incentives for the conversion of oil plants to coal. The leadership and vision demonstrated by governors and legislative leaders as well as individuals in government and special interest groups has collectively managed to guide and direct energy policy for the past few decades.
The Person and the Corpse
Authors: Olson Eric 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the relation between the person and the corpse in the context of death. It analyzes whether the alternative to life after death is annihilation and discusses several arguments related to the person–corpse connection. These include the person/body argument, the essentialism argument, the psychological-continuity argument, and the dead-animal argument. The chapter also explains the concepts of corpse survivalism and corpse eliminativism.
Death in Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
Authors: Matthews Gareth B. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the views of death by ancient Greek philosophers including Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato. It suggests that Aristotle offered no cheerful optimism similar to Socrates in his “Apology” and did not provide any arguments about the immortality of the soul like Plato in “Phaedo.” What Aristotle attempted to do was to help us face immortality that can enhance our chances of living worthy lives.
When Death Is There, We Are Not
Authors: Mitsis Phillip 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the view of Greek philosopher Epicurus on the relation between death and pleasure. It explains Epicurus's views about death and their place in his overall ethical theory, and describes how ancient Epicureans conceived of a pleasurable life within the wider context of their ethical thinking. The chapter also discusses some features of Epicurus's hedonism to evaluate the kind of support it offers for his arguments about death.
The Badness of Death and the Goodness of Life
Authors: Broome John 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This chapter, which examines the goodness of life and the badness of death, also analyzes what people lose by dying and explains the principle of the constant-length additively separable theories. It suggests that when people die, what they lose is the rest of their life, and suggests that the badness of this loss or death can be measured by how good the life was.
The Symmetry Problem
Authors: Sorensen Roy A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the symmetry problem related to the philosophy of death. It offers solutions to the trilemma that “your posthumous nonexistence is bad for you,” “your prevital nonexistence is not bad for you” and “there is no relevant difference between your posthumous nonexistence and your prevital nonexistence.” The chapter also discusses several symmetry arguments, which include the symmetricized no-subject argument, reversing the symmetry, and the Nagelian Renaissance. It furthermore suggests that we care more about “personal time” than about time itself.
Death, Value, and Desire
Authors: Belshaw Christopher 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the connection between value and desire with regard to death. It argues that having categorical desires is a necessary condition for death to be bad for those who die, and that the degree to which death is bad bears a close relation to the number and strength of those desires. The chapter also analyzes the principles espoused by Jeff McMahan in his book “The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life.”.
Death and Rational Emotion
Authors: Draper Kai 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter, which examines the relation between rational emotion and death, considers the question of whether one's own death can merit self-interested emotional distress and investigates whether it is rational to fear death. It also analyzes the relevance of Lucretius's symmetry argument and argues that the crucial notion of an emotion being merited by its object is both puzzling and problematic.
The Wrongness of Killing and the Badness of Death
Authors: Hanser Matthew 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the wrongness of killing and the badness of death in the context of Jeff McMahan's so-called Equal Wrongness (of Killing) Thesis, explaining that McMahan's formulation of the thesis contains an open-ended list of factors said to be irrelevant to the strength of the pro tanto objection to killing. The analysis reveals that The Equal Wrongness of Killing Thesis is meant to hold only for those cases where the respect-based pro tanto objection arises.
Capital Punishment
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the issue of death in relation to capital punishment in homicide cases. It argues that there are indeed good reasons to adopt a death-penalty system for homicide according to the most plausible version of retributive thinking. The chapter also explains that the death penalty can save the lives of potential victims, can spare some people from becoming murderers, and can save the lives of patients in vital need of organs. It furthermore compares the deterrent effect of the death penalty and long terms in prison.
Employment in Black Urban Labor Markets
Authors: Hellerstein Judith K. , Neumark David 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines the roles of place and race in determining black employment rates in urban areas. It begins by presenting some of the basic facts on labor market problems with respect to black urban employment. It then reviews evidence on the explanations for these facts, with an eye toward understanding the potential contributions of place-based policies to ameliorating these problems. New evidence establishes an important racial dimension to spatial mismatch—termed “racial mismatch”, which suggests that simply creating more jobs where blacks live, or moving blacks to where jobs are located, is unlikely to make a major contribution to increasing black employment. Some newer policies are considered that have attempted to blend place-based policies with targeting of incentives and other expenditures on the people residing in the targeted locations. There is some evidence that these policies may have been more effective, and one reason may be that they moved beyond a pure focus on location and in so doing took advantage of labor market networks. The article concludes by discussing the potential implications of this evidence for thinking about policies to do more to reduce these labor market problems for urban blacks, as well as for addressing similar problems faced by other minority groups—including immigrants—in both the United States and other countries.
Antipoverty Programs for Poor Children and Families
Authors: Currie Janet 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article reviews research on the effects of programs that attempt to remediate the effects of poverty on children. It suggests that cash-benefit programs are unlikely to ever do enough to remediate the effects of child poverty. Instead, we need programs targeted to the specific problems facing poor children. It discusses the lessons learned about programs that work to reduce the effects of poverty.
Poverty, Health, and Healthcare
Authors: Gaskin Darrell J. , Roberts Eric T. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article discusses the relationship between poverty status and healthcare. The article is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the empirical literature on the relationship between poverty and health. Section 3 discusses and gives an overview of Medicaid, the nation's public health insurance program for poor and disabled individuals. It then discusses five major issues that health economists have studied about the Medicaid program, including its impact on health outcomes for the poor and the extent to which it crowds out private insurance. Section 4 offers a conceptual framework to explain the relationships between poverty and health, and poverty and healthcare. Section 5 presents analyses of the association between poverty status and health and healthcare utilization by using the 2009 National Health Interview Survey and 2006 Medical Expenditure Survey. Section 6 concludes with a discussion of how public policy can address the problems created by the poverty-health and poverty-healthcare relationships.
Geographical Price Variation, Housing Assistance, and Poverty
Authors: Early Dirk W. , Olsen Edgar O. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines the impact of correcting official poverty rates for geographical differences in the cost of living and housing. It calculates revised poverty thresholds by using improved housing-price indexes and by including in household resources the market value of housing subsidies. High housing costs increase poverty thresholds and the poverty rate, other things being equal. Subsidized housing increases household resources and reduces the poverty rate, other things being equal. Each of these factors working separately and together can impact poverty rates across regions, demographic groups, and selected cities. Adjusting thresholds and adding the market value of housing subsidies would reduce the aggregate poverty rate by 0.6 percentage points. Including the market value housing assistance would decrease the poverty rate for blacks and female-headed households by two percentage points. A voucher entitlement program is proposed that would cost no more than what is currently spent on housing assistance. While the impact of this program on the poverty rate is ambiguous theoretically, a positive by-product is that it would reach more of the poorest households.
Distributions in Motion
Authors: Ferreira Francisco H. G. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines the relationships among growth, poverty, and inequality. If poverty is measured via an absolute poverty line, then the change in the poverty rate can be decomposed into two components: the first depends on the growth rate of average income and the second depends on changes in inequality. This fact places a restriction on what we can learn from macroeconomic data. Cross-country macroeconomic studies only reveal correlations between the three measures. A “meso-economic” approach uses data on subnational units for individual countries to examine how growth across sectors (primary, secondary, and tertiary) of the economy affects poverty. An insight of this approach is that not all growth is the same. In many countries, the response of poverty to growth differs across sectors. Further disaggregation permits consideration of full distributions of income or consumption expenditures in order to uncover more systematic sources of distributional change over time by examining the incidence of growth at different points in the income (or wealth) distribution. The analytical tool used in this method is the growth incidence curve (GIC). Changes in poverty, growth, and inequality are all alternative aggregations of the information in the GIC.
Poverty Transitions
Authors: Stevens Ann Huff 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines factors that determine transitions into and out of poverty using household data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Two key factors drive poverty transitions: changes in household structure and changes in labor market attachment at the individual or household level. For children, women, and men, a change in the household head is the single biggest factor in initiating or ending poverty spells. On average, poverty spells are longer for blacks, for those who are less educated, and for those who live in female-headed households. Poverty re-entry rates for these groups are also higher. The number of weeks worked annually by the household head is an important determinant of poverty exit, entry, and re-entry probabilities.
Obesity, Poverty, and the Ability to Pay for Calories
Authors: Averett Susan L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status (SES) for adults. It presents evidence indicating that women and white and Hispanic men with incomes below the poverty line are disproportionately more likely to be obese and that this is a particularly acute problem for black and Hispanic women. The article is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses measures of obesity used in the social science literature. Section 3 uses data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to examine trends in obesity across time by SES, race and sex. Section 4 presents an economic framework for considering why the poor are more likely to be obese. Section 5 uses data from the 2005 cross-section of the BRFSS to explore these socioeconomic status differences in obesity by using the economic framework developed in Section 4 as a guide. Section 6 examines several other explanations for the rising obesity rates in the United States. Finally, Section 7 summarizes the findings and makes suggestions for future research.
Environmental Justice
Authors: Gray Wayne B. , Shadbegian Ronald J. , Wolverton Ann 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines whether poor and minority groups are “exposed to disproportionately higher levels of environmental hazards.” Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Census Bureau is used to test whether the demographic characteristics of the community surrounding manufacturing plants located within 50 miles of four major cities (Los Angeles, Boston, Columbus, and Houston) influence the number of regulatory actions against the plants or the amount of harmful pollutants emitted from the plants. There is little evidence that regulatory activity is less intense in plants located near disadvantaged demographic groups. Plants located in minority neighborhoods, however, are inspected less often and face fewer enforcement actions, but these effects are nearly always insignificant, and plants located in lower-income areas seem to face more regulatory activity. Thus, there is little or no evidence for an environmental justice effect on the regulatory activity related to air pollution, as directed toward these plants.
Female Trust in Government and Gender Income Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Elu Juliet U. , Price Gregory N. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines the extent to which a regional government's ability to secure and enforce property rights for females in sub-Saharan Africa matters for a particular type of inequality—regional female income inequality. It considers the implications of a Hobbesian theory of government in which trust in its ability to secure and enforce property-rights matters for the distribution of female wealth and income relative to male wealth and income. With data from the Afrobarometer survey on households in 16 sub-Saharan African countries, the effects that trust in regional government has on the regional distribution of income for females relative to males are estimated. The study finds a positive and statistically significant relationship between a woman's trust in government and her position in the regional male distribution of income.