bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reporting carbon losses from tropical deforestation with Pan-tropical biomass maps
Authors: Achard Frédéric , House Joanna I 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The ‘Reduction of Emissions from deforestation and forest degradation’ (REDD+) activities under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are expected to offer results-based payments to developing countries for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from forested lands. It is necessary to determine reference data on forest carbon losses against which future rates of change can be evaluated, and to have reliable methods for monitoring, reporting and verification of such changes. Advances in satellite remote sensing approaches and techniques for measuring purposes are therefore of tremendous interest. A robust example advancing such approaches, applied on the full tropical belt, is provided in the recent paper of Tyukavina et al 2015 (Environ. Res. Lett.
10 074002). Data and methods are no longer an obstacle to the inclusion of REDD+ in a new climate agreement.
Truthing the stretch: non-perturbative cosmological realizations with multiscale spherical collapse
Authors: Neyrinck Mark C. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Here we present a simple, parameter-free, non-perturbative algorithm that gives low-redshift cosmological particle realizations accurate to few-Megaparsec scales, called muscle (MUltiscale Spherical-ColLapse Evolution). It has virtually the same cost as producing N-body-simulation initial conditions, since it works with the ‘stretch’ parameter ψ, the Lagrangian divergence of the displacement field. It promises to be useful in quickly producing mock catalogues, and to simplify computationally intensive reconstructions of galaxy surveys. muscle applies a spherical-collapse prescription on multiple Gaussian-smoothed scales. It achieves higher accuracy than perturbative schemes (Zel'dovich and second-order Lagrangian perturbation theory – 2LPT), and, by including the void-in-cloud process (voids in large-scale collapsing regions), solves problems with a single-scale spherical-collapse scheme. Slight further improvement is possible by mixing in the 2LPT estimate on large scales. Additionally, we show the behaviour of ψ for different morphologies (voids, walls, filaments, and haloes). A python code to produce these realizations is available at http://skysrv.pha.jhu.edu/∼neyrinck/muscle.html.
Biological Health Risks and Economic Development
Authors: Frankenberg Elizabeth , Ho Jessica , Thomas Duncan 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
With populations aging and the epidemic of obesity spreading across the globe, global health risks are shifting toward noncommunicable diseases. Innovative biomarker data from recently conducted population-representative surveys in lower, middle, and higher income countries are used to describe how four key biological health risks—hypertension, cholesterol, glucose, and inflammation—vary with economic development and, within each country, with age, gender, and education. As obesity rises in lower income countries, the burden of noncommunicable diseases will rise in roughly predictable ways, and the costs to society are potentially very large. Investigations that explain cross-country differences in these relationships will have a major impact on advancing the understanding of the complex interplay among biology, health, and development.
Growth Faltering in the First Thousand Days after Conception and Catch-up Growth
Authors: Behrman Jere 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Early-life growth faltering is widespread: approximately170 million children under 5 years old are stunted. Growth faltering in the first thousand days (FTD) after conception is associated negatively with educational, labor market, marriage market, adult health, and intergenerational outcomes. This chapter looks at pertinent questions: is FTD growth faltering immutable, or is catch-up growth possible? Do associations with important subsequent outcomes hold only for FTD nutritional status, or are there also associations of later nutritional status with such outcomes? Do associations between FTD nutritional status and life cycle outcomes imply causality? These questions and the assumptions underlying current analyses lead to a more nuanced understanding of FTD growth faltering suggesting that it is not immutable and that there are significant associations between nutritional status beyond 2 years with important outcomes such as cognitive status. Important underresearched issues remain, including persuasively identifying the causal effects of both FTD and subsequent nutritional status.
Global Perspectives on Economics and Biology
Authors: Meinzer Nicholas J. , Baten Joerg 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This chapter traces global trends in physical stature from the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution to modern times. Major cycles in nutritional status and the biological standard of living can be documented across the course of human history as the amount and quality of nutrition changed. In addition, inequality of living standards increased in the more stratified societies that came into being after the Agricultural Revolution. A second major transformation of living standards began with the Industrial Revolution, putting strain on the biological living standards of many populations, especially when accompanied by population growth, market integration, and rising inequality. A rapid increase in physical stature began in Europe only after the 1870s, about a century after the beginning of modern economic growth. Global studies on height inequality indicate a long-run decline of inequality during the late 19th and early 20th century in Europe. Inequality trends are related to important societal-level outcomes.
Children’s Anthropometrics and Later Disease Incidence
Authors: Silventoinen Karri 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Anthropometric measures in childhood predict the risk of metabolic diseases decades later. Low birthweight and short stature are associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes in adulthood, supporting a hypothesis that early malnutrition has long-lasting adverse effects on metabolism. However, in industrialized countries, overnutrition has replaced undernutrition as a major childhood risk factor of metabolic diseases. Subsequently, body mass index is currently the most important childhood anthropometric indicator predicting the risk of adult metabolic diseases. One unit increase of body mass index at 13 years of age was found to increase the risk of coronary heart disease by 20%. Rapid growth in height in infancy, mid-childhood, and at the start of puberty is also associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease. Physical development over childhood is closely related to nutrition and other environmental factors; these associations indicate the importance of childhood environment for healthy adulthood.
Crisis and Human Biology
Authors: Bharadwaj Prashant , Vogl Tom 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis chapter reviews the literature on the effects of aggregate crises on human biological outcomes. The crises considered are acute, severe, and unexpected negative events occurring at the population level: recessions, famines, epidemics, natural and environmental disasters, and wars. A review of the literature suggests that the effects of aggregate crises on human biology are pervasive and long-lasting. More broadly, however, the literature highlights the lasting effects that social, economic, political, environmental, and pathological crises have on the human body. Children, who are never complicit in creating crises, carry the burden of exposure for the rest of their lives. Although advances in methodology and data availability have allowed researchers to uncover these nuanced but powerful effects, much work remains in improving crisis response, especially in poor countries. Such improvements would have beneficial effects long after the acute period of a crisis subsides, on outcomes far beyond its most obvious sequelae.
Topic and Focus Marking in Chinese
Authors: Chen Yiya , Po-lun Lee Peppina , Pan Haihua 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis chapter reviews how the two important notions of information structure—topic and focus—are encoded in Chinese. It first describes the properties of syntactic constructions (e.g. shi/shi . . . de, lian–dou/ye) and semantic particles (e.g. cai, jiu, dou, and zhi) for focus marking. It then discusses how Chinese, a topic-prominent language, conveys topical information via different structures such as base-generated topics, dangling topics, and moved topics. Finally, it provides an overview of how prosodic structure and prominence cues (e.g. pitch register raising, pitch range expansion, and lengthening) complement and enhance focus and topic marking in a variety of Chinese dialects, and how such prosodic reflexes of information structure are constrained by their characteristic sound structures. Lacunae for the studies of focus and topic in Chinese are also identified as important questions for future research.
Molecular genetic contributions to self-rated health
Authors: Harris Sarah E. , Hagenaars Saskia P , Davies Gail , David Hill W , Liewald David CM , Ritchie Stuart J , Marioni Riccardo E ,   METASTROKE consortium, International Consortium for Blood Pressure, CHARGE consortium Aging and Longevity Group, CHARGE consortium Cognitive Group, Sudlow Cathie LM , Wardlaw Joanna M , McIntosh Andrew M , Gale Catharine R , Deary Ian J 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundPoorer self-rated health (SRH) predicts worse health outcomes, even when adjusted for objective measures of disease at time of rating. Twin studies indicate SRH has a heritability of up to 60% and that its genetic architecture may overlap with that of personality and cognition.MethodsWe carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of SRH on 111 749 members of the UK Biobank sample. Univariate genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA)-GREML analyses were used to estimate the proportion of variance explained by all common autosomal SNPs for SRH. Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) score regression and polygenic risk scoring, two complementary methods, were used to investigate pleiotropy between SRH in UK Biobank and up to 21 health-related and personality and cognitive traits from published GWAS consortia.ResultsThe GWAS identified 13 independent signals associated with SRH, including several in regions previously associated with diseases or disease-related traits. The strongest signal was on chromosome 2 (rs2360675, p = 1.77x10−10) close to KLF7, which has previously been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. A second strong peak was identified on chromosome 6 in the major histocompatibility region (rs76380179, p = 6.15x10−10). The proportion of variance in SRH that was explained by all common genetic variants was 13%. Polygenic scores for the following traits and disorders were associated with SRH: cognitive ability, education, neuroticism, BMI, longevity, ADHD, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, lung function, blood pressure, coronary artery disease, large vessel disease stroke, and type 2 diabetes.ConclusionsIndividual differences in how people respond to a single item on SRH are partly explained by their genetic propensity to many common psychiatric and physical disorders and psychological traits.Key MessagesGenetic variants associated with common diseases and psychological traits are associated with self-rated health.The SNP-based heritability of self-rated health is 0.13 (SE 0.006).There is pleiotropy between self-rated health and psychiatric and physical diseases and psychological traits.
Metagenomic investigation of the geologically unique Hellenic Volcanic Arc reveals a distinctive ecosystem with unexpected physiology
Authors: Oulas Anastasis , Polymenakou Paraskevi N. , Seshadri Rekha , Tripp H. James , Mandalakis Manolis , Paez‐Espino A. David , Pati Amrita , Chain Patrick , Nomikou Paraskevi , Carey Steven , Kilias Stephanos , Christakis Christos , Kotoulas Georgios , Magoulas Antonios , Ivanova Natalia N. , Kyrpides Nikos C. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryHydrothermal vents represent a deep, hot, aphotic biosphere where chemosynthetic primary producers, fuelled by chemicals from Earth's subsurface, form the basis of life. In this study, we examined microbial mats from two distinct volcanic sites within the Hellenic Volcanic Arc (HVA). The HVA is geologically and ecologically unique, with reported emissions of CO2‐saturated fluids at temperatures up to 220°C and a notable absence of macrofauna. Metagenomic data reveals highly complex prokaryotic communities composed of chemolithoautotrophs, some methanotrophs, and to our surprise, heterotrophs capable of anaerobic degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Our data suggest that aromatic hydrocarbons may indeed be a significant source of carbon in these sites, and instigate additional research into the nature and origin of these compounds in the HVA. Novel physiology was assigned to several uncultured prokaryotic lineages; most notably, a SAR406 representative is attributed with a role in anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation. This dataset, the largest to date from submarine volcanic ecosystems, constitutes a significant resource of novel genes and pathways with potential biotechnological applications.
Association between interpregnancy interval and future risk of maternal cardiovascular disease—a population‐based record linkage study
Authors: Ngo AD , Roberts CL , Figtree G 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo examine the associations between interpregnancy interval and later maternal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.DesignPopulation‐based record linkage study.SettingNew South Wales, Australia, 1994–2011.Population216 467 women having first and second liveborn singleton infants, excluding those with an existing or pregnancy‐related CVD risk factor.MethodsWe linked birth records of mothers to the mothers' subsequent CVD (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular events, and chronic heart failure) hospitalisation or death. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) [95% confidence interval (CI)], accounting for maternal age, parity, socioeconomic status, and smoking during pregnancy.Main outcome measuresThe first occurrence of a CVD hospitalisation or death after the second birth.ResultsIn comparison with mothers with an interpregnancy interval of 18–23 months (reference category), the AHR among mothers with interpregnancy interval of <12 months was 1.56 (95% CI 1.18–2.07) and of 12–17 months was 1.13 (95% CI 0.84–1.51). The AHRs were 1.40 (95% CI 1.07–1.82), 1.87 (95% CI 1.21–2.89), and 3.41 (95% CI 1.07–10.91), corresponding to interpregnancy intervals of 24–59, 60–119, and ≥120 months, respectively. AHRs of specific CVD categories showed a similar pattern.ConclusionsInterpregnancy interval is associated with the risk of subsequent maternal CVD in a J‐shaped fashion. The association is independent of the existing and pregnancy‐related CVD risk factors analysed. Both short and long interpregnancy intervals can be used as risk markers to identify women with an elevated CVD risk later in life.Tweetable abstractInterpregnancy interval is associated with the risk of subsequent maternal cardiovascular disease in a J‐shaped fashion.
Bolder science needed now for protected areas
Authors: Watson James E. M. , Darling Emily S. , Venter Oscar , Maron Martine , Walston Joe , Possingham Hugh P. , Dudley Nigel , Hockings Marc , Barnes Megan , Brooks Thomas M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRecognizing that protected areas (PAs) are essential for effective biodiversity conservation action, the Convention on Biological Diversity established ambitious PA targets as part of the 2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity. Under the strategic goal to “improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity,” Target 11 aims to put 17% of terrestrial and 10% of marine regions under PA status by 2020. Additionally and crucially, these areas are required to be of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative, and well‐connected and to include “other effective area‐based conservation measures” (OECMs). Whereas the area‐based targets are explicit and measurable, the lack of guidance for what constitutes important and representative; effective; and OECMs is affecting how nations are implementing the target. There is a real risk that Target 11 may be achieved in terms of area while failing the overall strategic goal for which it is established because the areas are poorly located, inadequately managed, or based on unjustifiable inclusion of OECMs. We argue that the conservation science community can help establish ecologically sensible PA targets to help prioritize important biodiversity areas and achieve ecological representation; identify clear, comparable performance metrics of ecological effectiveness so progress toward these targets can be assessed; and identify metrics and report on the contribution OECMs make toward the target. By providing ecologically sensible targets and new performance metrics for measuring the effectiveness of both PAs and OECMs, the science community can actively ensure that the achievement of the required area in Target 11 is not simply an end in itself but generates genuine benefits for biodiversity.
Parental perceptions of barriers to mental health services for young people
Authors: Iskra Wendy , Deane Frank P. , Wahlin Tim , Davis Esther L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimThis study explores a range of barriers that parents encountered in accessing mental health services. The study also explored whether parents experienced similar barriers to accessing services in 2003 and 2013.MethodsOne hundred and thirty‐four parents of young people attending an initial assessment at a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) or headspace centre completed a questionnaire assessing 10 general barriers to care. These data were compared to those collected from 129 participants at CAMHS in 2003.ResultsThe ranking of barriers to mental health care for their children was similar for both survey years, with ‘wait time being too long’ and ‘help being too expensive’ the two highest ranked barriers. Cost factors were related to not knowing that the services did not charge fees and having to take time off work to attend appointments. Multiple referral steps and uncertain wait times were the main concerns regarding wait times. The overall strength with which barriers were endorsed remained relatively low; however, at least 40% of the sample agreed they had experienced four of the barriers in both years.ConclusionsDespite relatively low endorsement of barriers, there are substantial proportions of parents who experienced some barriers to services, and services should continue working to reduce them to facilitate timely access. There is a particular need for more service‐related information to clarify that public sector mental health services do not charge fees. Methods such as rapid initial assessment and actively managing wait lists may go some way to reducing perceived wait time barriers.
A relative crack opening time correlation for corrosion fatigue crack growth in offshore structures
Authors: Adedipe O. , Brennan F. , Kolios A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA considerable amount of research has been carried out on the prediction of mean stress effects on fatigue crack growth in structures. Newer types of structure are now being developed for use in highly dynamic, harsh marine environments, particularly for renewable energy applications. Therefore, the extent to which mean stresses can enhance corrosion‐assisted fatigue damage in these structures needs to be better understood. A new theoretical model that accounts for mean stress effects on corrosion fatigue crack growth is proposed. The model is developed based on the relative crack opening period per fatigue cycle and by considering only the damaging portion of the stress cycle. The baseline data for the modelling exercise are the data obtained at a stress ratio of 0.1 in air and seawater tests conducted on compact tension specimens. The model is validated by comparison with experimental data and with other fatigue crack propagation models. The proposed model correlates fairly well with experimental data and the other models examined.
Delayed renal dysfunction and flash pulmonary edema post endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair
Authors: Carron Pierre‐Louis , Piliero Nicolas , Heitz Morgane , Kribs Marc , Rodière Mathieu , Jousse Patrick , Gunther‐Calvino Silvia , Thony Frédéric 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAfter endovascular aortic repair (EVAR), the deterioration in long‐term renal function is probably multifactorial. Preoperative renal failure is an independent risk factor. Postoperative renal dysfunction can be associated with inadvertent renal artery occlusion, renal artery complications as stenosis, plaque dislodgement, or dissection. Ischemic nephropathy can accelerate hypertension and circulatory congestion. We report a case of coverage of the renal arteries symptomatic with flash pulmonary edema and renal failure 15 months after EVAR, suggesting a delayed endograft migration. The patient had complete resolution of symptoms and renal function after renal artery stenting with placement between endograft and aneurysm to the left renal artery.
The association between higher body mass index and poor school performance in high school students
Authors: Tonetti L. , Fabbri M. , Filardi M. , Martoni M. , Natale V. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackground/objectiveThis study aimed to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and school performance in high school students by controlling for relevant mediators such as sleep quality, sleep duration and socioeconomic status.MethodsThirty‐seven high school students (mean age: 18.16 ± 0.44 years) attending the same school type, i.e. ‘liceo scientifico’ (science‐based high school), were enrolled. Students' self‐reported weight and height were used to calculate BMI. Participants wore an actigraph to objectively assess the quality and duration of sleep. School performance was assessed through the actual grade obtained at the final school‐leaving exam, in which higher grades indicate higher performance.ResultsBMI, get‐up time, mean motor activity, wake after sleep onset and number of awakenings were negatively correlated with the grade, while sleep efficiency was positively correlated. When performing a multiple regression analysis, BMI proved the only significant (negative) predictor of grade.ConclusionsWhen controlling for sleep quality, sleep duration and socioeconomic status, a higher BMI is associated with a poorer school performance in high school students.