bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic constraints and the unlikely evolution of reciprocal cooperation
Authors: André J.‐B. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSocial evolution theory faces a puzzle: a gap between theoretical and empirical results on reciprocity. On the one hand, models show that reciprocity should evolve easily in a wide range of circumstances. On the other hand, empirically, few clear instances of reciprocity (even in a broad sense) have been found in nonhuman animals. In this paper, I aim to suggest and evaluate a novel reason concurring to solve this puzzle. I propose that it is difficult for reciprocity to evolve because it raises an evolutionary problem ofbootstrapping: it requires that two complementary functions: (i) the ability to cooperate and (ii) the ability to respond conditionally to the cooperation of others, arise together and reach a significant frequency, whereas neither of them can be favoured in the absence of the other. I develop analytical models and simulations showing that, for this reason, the evolutionary emergence of reciprocal cooperation is highly unlikely. I then discuss the consequences of this result for our understanding of cooperation.
The ecology of sexual reproduction
Authors: Lively C. M. , Morran L. T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSexual reproduction is widely regarded as one of the major unexplained phenomena in biology. Nonetheless, while a general answer may remain elusive, considerable progress has been made in the last few decades. Here, we first review the genesis of, and support for, the major ecological hypotheses for biparental sexual reproduction. We then focus on the idea that host–parasite coevolution can favour cross‐fertilization over uniparental forms of reproduction, as this hypothesis currently has the most support from natural populations. We also review the results from experimental evolution studies, which tend to show that exposure to novel environments can select for higher levels of sexual reproduction, but that sex decreases in frequency after populations become adapted to the previously novel conditions. In contrast, experimental coevolution studies suggest that host–parasite interactions can lead to the long‐term persistence of sex. Taken together, the evidence from natural populations and from laboratory experiments point to antagonistic coevolution as a potent and possibly ubiquitous force of selection favouring cross‐fertilization and recombination.
Tie‐fibre structure and organization in the knee menisci
Authors: Andrews Stephen H. J. , Rattner Jerome B. , Abusara Ziad , Adesida Adetola , Shrive Nigel G. , Ronsky Janet L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe collagenous structure of the knee menisci is integral to the mechanical integrity of the tissue and the knee joint. The tie‐fibre structure of the tissue has largely been neglected, despite previous studies demonstrating its correlation with radial stiffness. This study has evaluated the structure of the tie‐fibres of bovine menisci using 2D and 3D microscopy techniques. Standard collagen and proteoglycan (PG) staining and 2D light microscopy techniques were conducted. For the first time, the collagenous structure of the menisci was evaluated using 3D, second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. This technique facilitated the imaging of collagen structure in thick sections (50–100 μm). Imaging identified that tie‐fibres of the menisci arborize from the outer margin of the meniscus toward the inner tip. This arborization is associated with the structural arrangement of the circumferential fibres. SHG microscopy has definitively demonstrated the 3D organization of tie‐fibres in both sheets and bundles. The hierarchy of the structure is related to the organization of circumferential fascicles. Large tie‐fibre sheets bifurcate into smaller sheets to surround circumferential fascicles of decreasing size. The tie‐fibres emanate from the lamellar layer that appears to surround the entire meniscus. At the tibial and femoral surfaces these tie‐fibre sheets branch perpendicularly into the meniscal body. The relationship between tie‐fibres and blood vessels in the menisci was also observed in this study. Tie‐fibre sheets surround the blood vessels and an associated PG‐rich region. This subunit of the menisci has not previously been described. The size of tie‐fibre sheets surrounding the vessels appeared to be associated with the size of blood vessel. These structural findings have implications in understanding the mechanics of the menisci. Further, refinement of the complex structure of the tie‐fibres is important in understanding the consequences of injury and disease in the menisci. The framework of meniscus architecture also defines benchmarks for the development of tissue‐engineered replacements in the future.
Colonialism, Decolonisation, and the Right to be Human: Britain and the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees
Authors: Mayblin Lucy 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees is central to scholarship on refugee and asylum issues. It is the primary basis upon which asylum seekers make their claims to the majority of host states today and, as a key text of the human rights framework, has come to be associated with the very idea of a universalised rights‐bearing human being. Yet British asylum policy today is characterized by efforts to limit access to the right to asylum. Many scholars believe this is because asylum seekers today are different, in character and number, to previous cohorts of applicants. This article goes back to the founding of the refugee rights regime and investigates the exclusions of colonized peoples from access to the right to asylum. Using Chimni's concept of the “myth of difference”, the article demonstrates that asylum seekers have long existed outside of Europe, and that their exclusion from international rights has been both longstanding and intentional. This historical sociology suggests that the basis for critical work on the issue of asylum policy today must be one which takes colonial histories into account.
The Prevalence of Coronary Sinus and Left Circumflex Artery Overlap in Relation to the Mitral Valve
Authors: SPENCER JULIANNE H. , PRAHL GARRETT , IAIZZO PAUL A. 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesCharacterize where the circumflex artery crosses between the coronary sinus and mitral valve in order to minimize the occurrence of coronary compression during percutaneous indirect mitral valve interventions.BackgroundTreatment of mitral valve regurgitation using an indirect percutaneous approach via access through the coronary sinus remains under active research and development. Characterization of anatomical locations where the circumflex artery crosses between the coronary sinus and mitral valve is important for mitigation of serious ischemic complications.MethodsMagnetic resonance images were obtained for 65 perfusion‐fixed human hearts. Three‐dimensional reconstructions of anatomical orientations of the coronary sinus, circumflex artery, and mitral valve annulus were generated. The prevalence and location of sites where the circumflex artery coursed between the coronary sinus and mitral valve were assessed.ResultsThe circumflex artery coursed between the coronary sinus and mitral valve in 88% of specimens. Overlaps between the circumflex artery and coronary sinus were less prevalent more proximal to the coronary sinus ostium. The coronary sinus did not lie in the same plane as the mitral annulus in roughly 20% of the hearts.ConclusionThe prevalence of circumflex overlap between the coronary sinus and mitral valve was common across the sample size. The large variability in anatomy confirms the value of imaging individual patient cardiac anatomy prior to performing indirect percutaneous mitral valve annuloplasty to avoid impairment to the circumflex artery. This novel database can be utilized in the development of additional cardiac therapies that require access to the coronary sinus, such as therapeutic ablations. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:308–316)
Fish assemblage structure on sandy beaches with different anthropogenic influences and proximity of spawning grounds
Authors: Pereira Hamilton H , Neves Leonardo M , da Costa Marcus R , Araújo Francisco G 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFish assemblages in an insular (preserved) and a continental (disturbed) sandy beach were compared to assess any changes that could be attributed to anthropogenic influences and/or the proximity of the fish spawning grounds. We expected that the closer geographical position to the spawning grounds and the small amount of anthropogenic disturbance on the insular beach would be likely to provide more suitable conditions for early fish development compared with the continental beach. A total of 192 samples (96 in each beach) were taken, yielding 68 fish species, mostly young‐of‐the‐year. Fish assemblage structure differed significantly between the two beaches. Moreover, the insular beach had higher number of species, number of individuals and biomass compared with the continental beach. The commercially important Clupeiformes Harengula clupeola, Anchoa tricolor and Anchoa januaria, Perciformes Micropogonias furnieri and Mugiliformes Mugil liza were typical species on the insular beach, partitioning the seasonal use of the beach. On the other hand, a few abundant non‐commercial species, mainly the Atheriniformes Atherinella brasiliensis and the Perciformes Eucinostomus argenteus and Diapterus rhombeus, occurred all year round at the continental beach. The high fish richness and abundance and the more conspicuous species turnover across seasons on the insular beach are probable indications of more complex and dynamic organization of the communities favored by better geographical position and less anthropogenic disturbance in the area.
Partitioning of the feeding niche along spatial, seasonal and size dimensions by the fish community in a tropical Bay in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Guedes Ana Paula P. , Araújo Francisco G. , Pessanha André L. M. , Milagre Rosana R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFeeding guilds and spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic changes in the diets of 24 fish species in a tropical bay in Southeastern Brazil were examined. The hypotheses tested were that groups of species form specific trophic guilds and that the feeding partitioning differs along the niche dimensions. Five trophic guilds (Polychaeta, Copepoda, Teleostei, Teleostei/Crustacea and Polychaeta/Crustacea) and two species with specialised feeding, one teleost (Aspistor luniscutis) and one bivalvia (Sphoeroides testudineus), were found. Polychaeta was the most important resource for nine fish species, followed by Copepoda (6 spp.), Teleostei (5 spp.) and Caprelidae Amphipoda (3 spp.). Polychaeta was the most used resource for species in the inner bay zone, and Crustaceans in the outer bay zone. We detected a predominance of Polychaeta between the spring and autumn, whereas crustaceans were consumed at a greater rate in the winter. The most conspicuous changes in diet occurred along the spatial and seasonal dimensions, rather than the size dimensions. The hypotheses tested were accepted. Identifying and incorporating information about the bay food web is a first step towards developing management strategies that are sensitive to this particular ecosystem.
Temporal and spatial zonation of macroepiphytes on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile leaves in a meadow off Tunisia
Authors: Mabrouk Lotfi , Ben Brahim Mounir , Hamza Asma , Bradai Med‐Najmeddine 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe aim of this survey was to study the cover and the composition of macroepiphytic species on the leaves of Posidonia oceanica in the east of Tunisia. Surveys were conducted in December 2009 (winter period), March (spring period) and August 2010 (summer period) in a fringing reef located in Chebba. At each sampling date, 15 adult leaves were randomly collected and divided into basal and apical parts. The inner face of each part was examined with ocular glasses and microscope to estimate species cover by orthogonal projection. PERMANOVA and ANOSIM were used to test for differences of cover between sampling dates and leaf parts. SIMPER, cluster analysis, and PCA were used to ordinate species assemblages. Comparison of epiphytic cover along leaf blades showed significant differences for all groups, except cyanophycea, with high cover of hydrozoans and bryozoans in the basal part and high cover of algae in the apical part. The species composition and cover also vary with sampling date; minimum values were detected in December and the epiphytic community was composed of a few pioneer species, whereas maximum epiphytic cover values were registered in August, with the epiphytic community being composed of a more mature and more diverse community, termed ‘climax’. The main regulatory factors for this distribution are discussed.
Research report appraisal: how much understanding is enough?
Authors: Lipscomb Martin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWhen appraising research papers, how much understanding is enough? More specifically, in deciding whether research results can inform practice, do appraisers need to substantively understand how findings are derived or is it sufficient simply to grasp that suitable analytic techniques were chosen and used by researchers? The degree or depth of understanding that research appraisers need to attain before findings can legitimately/sensibly inform practice is underexplored. In this paper it is argued that, where knowledge/justified beliefs derived from research evidence prompt actions that materially affect patient care, appraisers have an epistemic duty to demand high (maximal) rather than low (minimal) levels of understanding regards finding derivation (i.e. appraisers have a duty to seek a superior epistemic situation). If this argument holds assumptions about appraiser competence/ability and the feasibility of currentUKconceptions of evidence based practice are destabilized.
Fine‐tuning levels of heterologous gene expression in plants by orthogonal variation of the untranslated regions of a nonreplicating transient expression system
Authors: Meshcheriakova Yulia A. , Saxena Pooja , Lomonossoff George P. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryA transient expression system based on a deleted version of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) RNA‐2, termed CPMV‐HT, in which the sequence to be expressed is positioned between a modified 5′ UTR and the 3′ UTR has been successfully used for the plant‐based expression of a wide range of proteins, including heteromultimeric complexes. While previous work has demonstrated that alterations to the sequence of the 5′ UTR can dramatically influence expression levels, the role of the 3′ UTR in enhancing expression has not been determined. In this work, we have examined the effect of different mutations in the 3′UTR of CPMV RNA‐2 on expression levels using the reporter protein GFP encoded by the expression vector, pEAQexpress‐HT‐GFP. The results showed that the presence of a 3′ UTR in the CPMV‐HT system is important for achieving maximal expression levels. Removal of the entire 3′ UTR reduced expression to approximately 30% of that obtained in its presence. It was found that the Y‐shaped secondary structure formed by nucleotides 125–165 of the 3′ UTR plays a key role in its function; mutations that disrupt this Y‐shaped structure have an effect equivalent to the deletion of the entire 3′ UTR. Our results suggest that the Y‐shaped secondary structure acts by enhancing mRNA accumulation rather than by having a direct effect on RNA translation. The work described in this paper shows that the 5′ and 3′ UTRs in CPMV‐HT act orthogonally and that mutations introduced into them allow fine modulation of protein expression levels.
Evolutionary and biotechnology implications of plastid genome variation in the inverted‐repeat‐lacking clade of legumes
Authors: Sabir Jamal , Schwarz Erika , Ellison Nicholas , Zhang Jin , Baeshen Nabih A , Mutwakil Muhammed , Jansen Robert , Ruhlman Tracey 
Published: March 2014

SummaryLand plant plastid genomes (plastomes) provide a tractable model for evolutionary study in that they are relatively compact and gene dense. Among the groups that display an appropriate level of variation for structural features, the inverted‐repeat‐lacking clade (IRLC) of papilionoid legumes presents the potential to advance general understanding of the mechanisms of genomic evolution. Here, are presented six complete plastome sequences from economically important species of theIRLC, a lineage previously represented by only five completed plastomes. A number of characters are compared across theIRLCincluding gene retention and divergence, synteny, repeat structure and functional gene transfer to the nucleus. The loss ofclpPintron 2 was identified in one newly sequenced member ofIRLC,Glycyrrhiza glabra. Using deeply sequenced nuclear transcriptomes from two species helped clarify the nature of the functional transfer ofaccDto the nucleus inTrifolium, which likely occurred in the lineage leading to subgenusTrifolium. Legumes are second only to cereal crops in agricultural importance based on area harvested and total production. Genetic improvement via plastid transformation ofIRLCcrop species is an appealing proposition. Comparative analyses of intergenic spacer regions emphasize the need for complete genome sequences for developing transformation vectors for plastid genetic engineering of legume crops.
Introgression of phenoxy herbicide resistance from Raphanus raphanistrum into Raphanus sativus
Authors: Jugulam Mithila , Walsh Michael , Hall John Christopher 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPhenoxy herbicides such as 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4‐D) and 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy acetic acid (MCPA) are selective herbicides used extensively in agriculture for weed control. Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) is a problem weed across the globe and heavily infests crop fields in Australia. Phenoxy herbicides are used to selectively control dicot weeds, including wild radish. As a result of selection, phenoxy‐resistant wild radish populations evolved in Western Australia. In this research, introgression of phenoxy resistance from wild radish to cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus) was investigated following classical breeding procedures. F1 progeny were generated by crossing MCPA‐resistant R. raphanistrum and MCPA‐susceptible R. sativus. F1 hybrids were screened for MCPA resistance. The MCPA‐resistant F1 hybrids were used to produce three generations of backcross progeny. Genetic analyses of F1 and backcross progeny demonstrated introgression of the MCPA‐resistant trait from wild radish to cultivated radish. Implications of phenoxy resistance introgression into cultivated radish include potential development of herbicide‐tolerant radish cultivars or other members of the Brassicaceae family.
Pollen viability and meiotic behaviour in intraspecific hybrids of Hydrangea aspera subsp. aspera Kawakami group x subsp. sargentiana
Authors: Crespel Laurent , Morel Philippe 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPollen viability and male meiosis in intraspecific hybrids of Hydrangea aspera subsp. aspera Kawakami group (2n = 2x = 36) and subsp. sargentiana (2n = 2x = 34) were investigated. Although it had been assumed that they were sterile, pollen viability was observed; it varied from 2.5% to 12.1%. The production of gametes with different chromosome numbers was implied by the analysis of the dispersion of the diameter distribution of pollen grains. Analysis of male meiosis made it possible to identify the origins with two major categories of meiotic aberrations: abnormal chromosome distribution (early chromosome migration at metaphase, lagging chromosomes at anaphase, micronuclei at telophase), leading to the formation of unbalanced tetrads and/or ones with supernumerary microspores; and abnormal spindle orientation in metaphase II (tripolar, fused and parallel spindles), leading to the formation of dyads or triads. The mode of 2n pollen formation is of the First Division Restitution type. The high level of parental heterozygosity that is normally associated with them should facilitate the transfer of a polygenic trait in breeding programme.
Environment as a risk factor in delayed development in premature, low‐birthweight and mild asphyxia children
Authors: Yanuarti Hestu Putri , Rusmil Kusnandi , Effendi Sjarif Hidajat 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundPremature infants with low birthweight (LBW) and asphyxia are at high risk of delay of language and visual–motor development. Environmental risk factors contributing to the delay include parents' education, family income, number of children in the family, exclusive breast‐feeding, and the mother's parenting time. Lack of research in Indonesia on premature, LBW and mild asphyxia children minimizes information to parents on the importance of an optimal environment. The aim of this study was to observe the role of the environment as a risk factor for delay in language and visual–motor development.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out from June to December 2011 of 12–24‐month‐old children born premature, with LBW and mild asphyxia at the Hasan Sadikin, Bandung City, and Muhammadiyah Hospitals. Language and visual–motor development were measured by Capute scales. Risk factors were analyzed using chi‐squared test and multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsOf the 70 subjects, 49% had language and visual–motor delay. Environmental factors related to the delay were low parental education, low family income, non‐exclusive breast‐feeding (P < 0.001) and full‐time maternal parenting (P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis non‐exclusive breast‐feeding was associated with a 175‐fold risk (prevalence rate [PR], 174.756; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.407–2934.516, P < 0.001), and low family income, a 0.042‐fold risk (PR 0.042; 95%CI: 0.005–0.321, P < 0.05).ConclusionLow family income and non‐exclusive breast‐feeding are risk factors for delay in language and visual–motor development in 12–24‐month‐old children born premature, with LBW and mild asphyxia.
Depressive symptoms in children with chronic gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Jayanath Subhashini , Lee Way Seah , Chinna Karuthan , Boey Christopher CM 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundChildren with chronic illness may have depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms among children attending a pediatric gastroenterology outpatient clinic in Malaysia, and whether it differed by age, gender and diagnosis.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study, with data collected over a 16 month period (April 2010–July 2011). Patients aged 7–17 years on follow up at the pediatric gastroenterology clinic at University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, were recruited consecutively. They were classified into high, average and low scores based on responses to questions in the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; high, T‐score >55; average, T‐score 45–55; low, T‐score <45). Children with high scores were considered to have depressive symptoms.ResultsThe response rate was 93%. One hundred children (44 boys; 56 girls) were studied. Major diagnoses were: functional abdominal pain (n = 22), inflammatory bowel disease (n = 26), biliary atresia (n = 17) and miscellaneous gastrointestinal conditions (n = 35). The overall prevalence of high CDI for depressive symptoms was 27.0%, while 43.0% and 30.0% had average and low scores, respectively. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of high scores among children with different diagnoses.ConclusionsDepressive symptoms were common among children attending a pediatric gastroenterology clinic. It is important to recognize symptoms of depression in children with gastrointestinal disorders.