bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Online Games Characters, Avatars, and Identity
Authors: Looy Jan Van 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Digital games play an important role in identity construction by offering role models with whom players can identify and whose behavior they can imitate. Unlike traditional media, digital games support monadic identification implying a change in self‐perception during gameplay. Two mechanisms underlie this mental association: perceived similarity and wishfulness, which is driven by the player's desire to be more like their avatar. According to self‐discrepancy theory, identifying with a game character helps a player to feel closer to his or her ideal self and to reduce negative psychological tension. Games function as a virtual laboratory in which players can experiment with different aspects of their selves. Avatar creation can be guided by identity motives or instrumental concerns related to performance in the game. Identification with online groups such as guilds provides an additional motivational layer for engaging in identity play and developing an in‐game social identity.
Online Games, Casual
Authors: Kultima Annakaisa 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis entry discusses the phenomenon of casual games as a “casual turn” that has had considerable impact on digital game cultures and the game industry. An overview of the common examples of games and game genres is provided, together with a consideration of the perspectives of the audience and potential of these games. Eventually, the phenomenon is separated from the more narrow view of casual games as a game industry sector.
Social Media, Mining and Profiling in
Authors: Hu Xia , Liu Huan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe phenomenal rise of social media services in recent years presents new opportunities and challenges to both information consumers and service providers. With its growing popularity, social media has the potential to mine actionable patterns from a large amount of data to understand user behavior and to meet users' information needs. Profiling has the potential to better describe users and their relationships in social media. This entry introduces data mining and profiling in social media and discusses the characteristics of social media data in the context of research that is being undertaken in this area.
Social Media and Apps
Authors: den Bosch Wouter Van 
Published: February 2015

Abstract“Apps” is an abbreviation for software applications developed specifically for use on mobile devices. The market for apps has grown exponentially over the last few years, sustained by rapid changes in hardware and software development methods and the marketing strategies of leading companies. This entry explains the association between mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets and the role of apps in the development of innovative products that are associated with social media platforms and services.
ICT4Dand Participatory Design
Authors: Dearden Andy , Haider Rizvi S. M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractParticipatory interventions and research in social development have long been established as effective approaches for ensuring development for the poor and marginalized at the grassroots. Participation focuses on empowering communities, target groups, or beneficiaries by providing “space” in decision‐making for planning, execution, and evaluation of impacts of programs and schemes. The importance of participation is also realized in technology designing by adopting approaches that are more interactive and agile. Implementing effective participation in information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) requires careful attention to the nature and processes of participation and its human and relational dimensions.
ICT4D
, Regulation and Strategy
Authors: Gillwald Alison 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of telecom reform, starting with the first round which saw the privatization of fixed line incumbents, the liberalization of the mobile market, and the establishment of national regulatory authorities. It tracks what can be regarded as a second round of reform compelled by the public availability of the internet and the convergence of traditionally distinct broadcasting platforms requiring, ultimately, in the current phase of regulatory reform, the regulation of an integrated networks, services, and content value chain – or broadband. This is done from a global South point of view in terms of the common challenges faced in countries with low penetration rates, less mature, generally less competitive markets, facing institutional capacity challenges, limited network extension, and high build‐out costs and with low national incomes.
Law and Technology
Authors: Marsden Christopher T. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This entry explains why technology and network architecture are the subjects of law and regulation, can have law‐like effects on society, and can be used as tools of the law. It includes historical examples from the predigital world to heighten appreciation of the difference the transition from analog to digital has made in this domain. The examples are technical standards for encryption and peer to peer (P2P) technologies, deep packet inspection (DPI) as an element of the traffic management/net neutrality debate, computer security and content censorship as issues that illustrate the relationship between technical issues and other regulatory matters (including digital rights management – DRM), and emerging legal issues. It discusses the various approaches taken by governments around the world, with examples of specific legal, regulatory, or policy approaches or tools from the US, the UK, and Europe. These areas are chosen as the most sophisticated and formally democratically accountable regions, whose lessons generally apply to other regions of the world.
Internet Governance
Authors: Laprise John , Musiani Francesca 
Published: February 2015

AbstractVariously defined, the label “internet governance” refers to a wide variety of interactions between governments, the private sector, the technical community, and civil society as they pursue courses of action to develop, enhance, and regulate the internet. However, these groups and their members have distinct and sometimes opposing views and goals. Moreover, they have a varying degree of power depending upon particular circumstances and issues. Internet governance is also shaped by historical path dependencies forged during its creation in the United States under the guidance of the US Department of Defense, its subsequent development under US government stewardship, and its privatization and internationalization. Today, this complex scenario serves as the foundation for the global discussions, controversies, and infrastructure based “conflicts” among a vast array of stakeholders, with a variety of instruments at their disposal to shape the internet according to different agendas.
Social Media and Social Capital
Authors: Lampe Cliff 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSocial capital refers to the benefits that people receive through their connections to others in their social network. Various theorists have described the concepts of social capital in different ways, but the common denominator is that people are able to access a variety of resources through their relationships to others, and the nature of these resources depends to some extent on the type of relationship being accessed. Recently, researchers of computer mediated communication more generally and social media, in particular, have identified affordances of online social systems that may facilitate the relationship formation and maintenance activities that lead to social capital generation.
ICTand Gender
Authors: Buskens Ineke 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis entry concerns the relationship between gender and information and communication technology (ICT) in the context of and for the purpose of development. After a brief discussion of gender concepts and a short historical overview of the field, the main research issues and questions are presented. Researchers' perspectives on the information society, their understanding of development, and their intentionalities toward the outcomes of their research define research orientation and design. Since project evaluation and researcher collaboration require acknowledgment of this diversity, this entry discusses these aspects. All stakeholders (researchers, research participants, and donors) are socialized in cultural environments that are grounded in gender inequality and, therefore, sexism in gender and ICT4D (ICT for development) research and the remedies to overcome it are also discussed, suggesting that striving for research quality and the imperative to overcome gender inequality in and through ICT4D projects requires nothing less than a commitment on the part of all stakeholders to become gender aware.
ICT4Dand Political Participation
Authors: Gurumurthy Anita , Chami Nandini 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis entry discusses two approaches in contemporary scholarship to the study of the relationship between information and communication technologies (ICTs) and political participation: (1) sociopolitical changes associated with the impact of mediated electoral participation, participatory governance, and direct action, and (2) the impact of encounters between new forms of mediation and the social structures and cultural norms in the public sphere, rights, and the implications for citizenship in an increasingly informatized world.
Predicting Drug–Drug Interactions Involving Multiple Mechanisms Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling: A Case Study With Ruxolitinib
Authors: Shi JG , Fraczkiewicz G , Williams WV , Yeleswaram S 
Published: February 2015

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to characterize the potential drug–drug interactions for ruxolitinib. A ruxolitinib physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was constructed using all baseline PK data in healthy subjects, and verified by retrospective predictions of observed drug–drug interactions with rifampin (a potent CYP3A4 inducer), ketoconazole (a potent CYP3A4 reversible inhibitor) and erythromycin (a moderate time‐dependent inhibitor of CYP3A4). The model prospectively predicts that 100–200 mg daily dose of fluconazole, a dual inhibitor of CYP3A4 and 2C9, would increase ruxolitinib plasma concentration area under the curve by ∼two‐fold, and that as a perpetrator, ruxolitinib is highly unlikely to have any discernible effect on digoxin, a sensitive P‐glycoprotein substrate. The analysis described here illustrates the capability of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict drug–drug interactions involving several commonly encountered interaction mechanisms and makes the case for routine use of model‐based prediction for clinical drug–drug interactions. A model verification checklist was explored to harmonize the methodology and use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
Targeting Leukocyte Trafficking for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Arseneau KO , Cominelli F 
Published: February 2015

AbstractInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune‐mediated inflammatory disease of the intestine that includes both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and afflicts nearly 1 million people throughout North America. As our understanding of IBD pathogenesis grows, several new therapies have been developed that use monoclonal antibodies to specifically target key mediators and biological pathways implicated in IBD immune dysfunction. One important pathway involves leukocyte trafficking and infiltration into the affected intestinal tissues. This review provides a summary of the different therapies that have been developed to inhibit leukocyte trafficking to the inflamed gut, and evaluates the relative safety and efficacy of these novel drugs within the context of existing medical therapies for IBD.
A proposal for the restructuring of the Eurocode EN 1996‐1‐1 / Ein Vorschlag zur Neustrukturierung des Eurocode EN 1996‐1‐1
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this article an attempt is made to simplify the application of EC 6 by a strict and clear division of the EC 6 into calculation, execution and materials. The calculation engineer does not, therefore, need to get involved with building materials specific parameters, which make it much more difficult to get a view over the variety of possible combinations. The introduction of classes in the characteristics that are relevant for building materials means that the structural engineer specifies suitable quantities necessary for his task, the builder/product manufacturer by suitable methods and choice of unit/mortar combinations achieves the required classes and, the product manufacturer, in particular, should be entitled to have the possibility of the individual specification, e. g. as part of general appraisal certificates.
The First Total Synthesis of Sophoflavescenol, Flavenochromane C, and Citrusinol
Authors: Nguyen Van‐Son , Dong Lin‐Pei , Wang Sheng‐Chun , Wang Qiuan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe first total syntheses of sophoflavescenol (1), flavenochromane C (2), and citrusinol (3) were achieved. These three naturally occurring prenylated or prenyl‐cyclized flavonoids have important biological activities such as cytotoxicity against some cancer cell lines, or are lead compounds for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Starting from 2,4,6‐trihydroxyacetophenone and substituted benzaldehydes, the synthesis involved methoxymethyl protection, aldol condensation, cyclization, oxidation with dimethyldioxirane, O‐prenylation, microwave‐assisted Claisen rearrangement, deprotection, cyclization of the prenyl group, and dehydrogenation with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone. The overall yields of 1, 2, and 3 were 23, 17, and 16 %, respectively. All compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and MS. The key step of the synthetic route was a regioselective microwave‐assisted Claisen rearrangement to form an 8‐prenylated flavonoid from a 5‐O‐prenylflavonoid.
GOD, CAESAR AND MAMMON AT CORONATION HILL
Authors: Maddock Kenneth 
Published: February 2015

Australia is on the brink of a recession, and we have platinum, palladium and 350,000 ozs of gold locked up in Coronation Hill but we cannot go ahead and mine it because, all of a sudden, it has become a sacred site. It was not a sacred site fifty years ago.Barry Coulter, Treasurer of the Northern Territory, 27/8/86
The Impossible Aesthetic: the Abelam, the Moa Bird and Me
Authors: Losche Diane 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the ramifications of encounters which two Abelam men and the author had in the Australian Museum and Taronga Zoo in Sydney, 1982. Rather than place a ready‐made analytic framework on the men's experiences and rather than removing myself from the frame, as is usual in much anthropological analysis, I have chosen to explore the effects of these experiences on my own imagination. In the latter part of the paper I explore the way in which the imaginative entanglement of the Zoo and Museum experiences with my own memories has acted as a path of clues. This path has led to the development of the notion of sign which includes the idea of efficaciousness and transformation.
Biros, Books and Big‐men: Literacy and the Transformation of Leadership in Simbu, Papua New Guinea
Authors: McKeown Eamonn 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis article examines local strategies used to build leadership roles and enlist public support in a newly literate Papua New Guinean highlands rural community. The ethnographic evidence presented shows how the relationship between literacy and local ideas about modernisation and development has facilitated a shift in patterns of local political structures. When literacy is viewed as an unequally distributed and novel resource with inherently modernist connotations it becomes evident why male villagers in a contemporary highlands village endeavour to acquire and exploit it in rivalry with others. And while individual villagers market their reading and writing proficiency as a means to bolster their reputations within the existing socio‐political system, this has significance for traditional leadership and authority patterns, given that village leaders have traditionally been unschooled and therefore do not possess these highly regarded skills. To illustrate these processes I examine the political careers of two prominent villagers with particular attention to their respective claims to head two competing village‐based development projects. An analysis of the agendas they use to legitimate their authority roles in these projects makes clear how the quest to be seen to be literate has become a constitutive component of a prospective leader's repertoire of skills.
Bioactivity and bone healing properties of biomimetic porous composite scaffold:In vitroandin vivostudies
Authors: Veronesi Francesca , Giavaresi Gianluca , Guarino Vincenzo , Raucci Maria Grazia , Sandri Monica , Tampieri Anna , Ambrosio Luigi , Fini Milena 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTissue engineering (TE) represents a valid alternative to traditional surgical therapies for the management of bone defects that do not regenerate spontaneously. Scaffolds, one of the most important component of TE strategy, should be biocompatible, bioactive, osteoconductive, and osteoinductive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological properties and bone regeneration ability of a porous poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold, incorporating MgCO3‐doped hydroxyapatite particles, uncoated (PCL_MgCHA) or coated by apatite‐like crystals via biomimetic treatment (PCL_MgCHAB). It was observed that both scaffolds are not cytotoxic and, even if cell viability was similar on both scaffolds, PCL_MgCHAB showed higher alkaline phosphatase and collagen I (COLL I) production at day 7. PCL_MgCHA induced more tumor necrosis factor‐α release than PCL_MgCHAB, while osteocalcin was produced less by both scaffolds up to 7 days and no significant differences were observed for transforming growth factor‐β synthesis. The percentage of new bone trabeculae growth in wide defects carried out in rabbit femoral distal epiphyses was significantly higher in PCL_MgCHAB in comparison with PCL_MgCHA at 4 weeks and even more at 12 weeks after implantation. This study highlighted the role of a biomimetic composite scaffold in bone regeneration and lays the foundations for its future employment in the clinical practice. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2932–2941, 2015.
Affinity proteomics discovers decreased levels of AMFR in plasma from Osteoporosis patients
Authors: Qundos Ulrika , Drobin Kimi , Mattsson Cecilia , Hong Mun‐Gwan , Sjöberg Ronald , Forsström Björn , Solomon David , Uhlén Mathias , Nilsson Peter , Michaëlsson Karl , Schwenk Jochen M. 
Published: February 2015

PurposeAffinity proteomic approaches by antibody bead arrays enable multiplexed analysis of proteins in body fluids. In the presented study, we investigated blood plasma within osteoporosis to discovery differential protein profiles and to propose novel biomarkers candidates for subsequent studies.Experimental designStarting with 4608 antibodies and plasma samples from 22 women for an untargeted screening, a set of 72 proteins were suggested for further analysis. Complementing these with targets from literature and other studies, a targeted bead array of 180 antibodies was built to profile for 92 proteins in plasma samples of 180 women from two independent population‐based studies.ResultsDifferential profiles between osteoporosis patients and matched controls were discovered for 12 proteins in at least one of the two study sets. Among these targets, the levels of autocrine motility factor receptor (AMFR) were concordantly lower in plasma of female osteoporosis patients. Subsequently, verification of anti‐AMFR antibody selectivity was conducted using high‐density peptide and protein arrays, and Western blotting.Conclusions and clinical relevanceFurther validation in additional study sets will be needed to determine the clinical value of the observed decrease in AMFR plasma levels in osteoporosis patients, but AMFR may aid our understanding of disease mechanisms and could support existing tools for diagnosis and monitoring of patient mobility within osteoporosis.
Quantitative surface scanning by Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry
Authors: Häbe Tim T. , Morlock Gertrud E. 
Published: February 2015

RATIONALEOnly a few ambient ionization sources have been demonstrated to work quantitatively for surface scanning. A modification of the Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) interface is needed to improve the precision during the scanning of a high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) plate or any other surface or planar substrate, especially for quantitation without an internal standard correction.METHODSThe substrate movement relative to the ion source outlet and the mass spectrometer inlet was optimized to improve the desorption, ionization, and capture of analytes. The substrate carrier was mounted at an angled position, thus reducing collisions between the deflected gas stream and the inner transfer tube wall. A special transfer tube, whose edge was angled towards the substrate and allowed a narrow set‐up of the ambient air gap, captured the deflected DART gas stream.RESULTSFor the repeated DART‐MS scanning along five identical deposited bands of butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzoate a mean precision of 2.7% was obtained. A signal decay of 62% was observed after five scans. After HPTLC of methyl‐4‐hydroxybenzoate and butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzoate, mean determination coefficients of 0.9937 and 0.9906 were obtained for five calibrations on five plates, respectively. The mean recovery of two control standards was 94% with a mean repeatability of 9% (%RSD, n = 5) obtained on five different plates.CONCLUSIONSThe DART SVPA‐3DS system remained compact and the access to the substrate was kept wide open despite the optimized scan lane (spatial resolution at full width at half maximum 0.8 mm, height 3 mm). The performance data showed that the quantitative surface scanning was improved as well as the desorption efficacy and detectability using this modified DART‐MS interface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.