bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust Stochastic Stability for a Class of Singular Systems with Uncertain Markovian Jump and Time‐Varying Delay
Authors: Long Shaohua , Zhong Shouming , Liu Zijian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper deals with the problem of the robust stochastic stability for a class of singular systems with uncertain Markovian jump and time‐varying delay. Sufficient conditions on the stochastic stability are presented. The obtained results are formulated in terms of strict linear matrix inequalities. A numerical example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
The adolescent female: Breast and reproductive embryology and anatomy
Authors: Lemaine Valerie , Simmons Patricia S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCongenital breast and genital tract anomalies are seen frequently in the care of children and adolescents. Breast and internal gynecologic anomalies more often present in adolescence than in early childhood. Management is best delivered through a multidisciplinary team approach. Carefully timed surgical intervention is of importance to optimize psychological, aesthetic and functional outcomes. An understanding of the female breast and genital tract embryology and anatomy is important for a meticulous clinical examination and appropriate surgical treatment. This article will review the normal embryology and anatomy of theadolescent female breast and genital tract. Clin. Anat. 26:22–28, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic Blood Pressure Control
Authors: Brands Michael W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractChronic blood pressure is maintained within very narrow limits around an average value. However, the multitude of physiologic processes that participate in blood pressure control present a bewildering array of possibilities to explain how such tight control of arterial pressure is achieved. Guyton and Coleman and colleagues addressed this challenge by creating a mathematical model that integrated the short‐ and long‐term control systems for overall regulation of the circulation. The hub is the renal‐body fluid feedback control system, which links cardiac function and vascular resistance and capacitance with fluid volume homeostasis as the foundation for chronic blood pressure control. The cornerstone of that system is renal sodium excretory capability, which is defined by the direct effect of blood pressure on urinary sodium excretion, that is, “pressure natriuresis.” Steady‐state blood pressure is the pressure at which pressure natriuresis balances sodium intake over time; therefore, renal sodium excretory capability is the set point for chronic blood pressure. However, this often is misinterpreted as dismissing, or minimizing, the importance of nonrenal mechanisms in chronic blood pressure control. This article explains the renal basis for the blood pressure set point by focusing on the absolute dependence of our survival on the maintenance of sodium balance. Two principal threats to sodium balance are discussed: (1) a change in sodium intake or renal excretory capability and (2) a change in blood pressure. In both instances, circulatory homeostasis is maintained because the sodium balance blood pressure set point is reached. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:2481‐2494, 2012.
Ventilatory Failure, Ventilator Support, and Ventilator Weaning
Authors: Tobin Martin J. , Laghi Franco , Jubran Amal 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe development of acute ventilatory failure represents an inability of the respiratory control system to maintain a level of respiratory motor output to cope with the metabolic demands of the body. The level of respiratory motor output is also the main determinant of the degree of respiratory distress experienced by such patients. As ventilatory failure progresses and patient distress increases, mechanical ventilation is instituted to help the respiratory muscles cope with the heightened workload. While a patient is connected to a ventilator, a physician's ability to align the rhythm of the machine with the rhythm of the patient's respiratory centers becomes the primary determinant of the level of rest accorded to the respiratory muscles. Problems of alignment are manifested as failure to trigger, double triggering, an inflationary gas‐flow that fails to match inspiratory demands, and an inflation phase that persists after a patient's respiratory centers have switched to expiration. With recovery from disorders that precipitated the initial bout of acute ventilatory failure, attempts are made to discontinue the ventilator (weaning). About 20% of weaning attempts fail, ultimately, because the respiratory controller is unable to sustain ventilation and this failure is signaled by development of rapid shallow breathing. Substantial advances in the medical management of acute ventilatory failure that requires ventilator assistance are most likely to result from research yielding novel insights into the operation of the respiratory control system. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:2871‐2921, 2012.
The Cellular Building Blocks of Breathing
Authors: Ramirez J.M. , Doi A. , Garcia A.J. , Elsen F.P. , Koch H. , Wei A.D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRespiratory brainstem neurons fulfill critical roles in controlling breathing: they generate the activity patterns for breathing and contribute to various sensory responses including changes in O2and CO2. These complex sensorimotor tasks depend on the dynamic interplay between numerous cellular building blocks that consist of voltage‐, calcium‐, and ATP‐dependent ionic conductances, various ionotropic and metabotropic synaptic mechanisms, as well as neuromodulators acting on G‐protein coupled receptors and second messenger systems. As described in this review, the sensorimotor responses of the respiratory network emerge through the state‐dependent integration of all these building blocks. There is no known respiratory function that involves only a small number of intrinsic, synaptic, or modulatory properties. Because of the complex integration of numerous intrinsic, synaptic, and modulatory mechanisms, the respiratory network is capable of continuously adapting to changes in the external and internal environment, which makes breathing one of the most integrated behaviors. Not surprisingly, inspiration is critical not only in the control of ventilation, but also in the context of “inspiring behaviors” such as arousal of the mind and even creativity. Far‐reaching implications apply also to the underlying network mechanisms, as lessons learned from the respiratory network apply to network functions in general. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:2683‐2731, 2012.
Hypertension: Physiology and Pathophysiology
Authors: Hall John E. , Granger Joey P. , do Carmo Jussara M. , da Silva Alexandre A. , Dubinion John , George Eric , Hamza Shereen , Speed Joshua , Hall Michael E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDespite major advances in understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension and availability of effective and safe antihypertensive drugs, suboptimal blood pressure (BP) control is still the most important risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and is globally responsible for more than 7 million deaths annually. Short‐term and long‐term BP regulation involve the integrated actions of multiple cardiovascular, renal, neural, endocrine, and local tissue control systems. Clinical and experimental observations strongly support a central role for the kidneys in the long‐term regulation of BP, and abnormal renal‐pressure natriuresis is present in all forms of chronic hypertension. Impaired renal‐pressure natriuresis and chronic hypertension can be caused byintrarenalorextrarenalfactors that reduce glomerular filtration rate or increase renal tubular reabsorption of salt and water; these factors include excessive activation of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, increased formation of reactive oxygen species, endothelin, and inflammatory cytokines, or decreased synthesis of nitric oxide and various natriuretic factors. In human primary (essential) hypertension, the precise causes of impaired renal function are not completely understood, although excessive weight gain and dietary factors appear to play a major role since hypertension is rare in nonobese hunter‐gathers living in nonindustrialized societies. Recent advances in genetics offer opportunities to discover gene‐environment interactions that may also contribute to hypertension, although success thus far has been limited mainly to identification of rare monogenic forms of hypertension. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:2393‐2442, 2012.
Exercise Training and Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Haas Tara L. , Lloyd Pamela G. , Yang Hsiao‐Tung , Terjung Ronald L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPeripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common vascular disease that reduces blood flow capacity to the legs of patients. PAD leads to exercise intolerance that can progress in severity to greatly limit mobility, and in advanced cases leads to frank ischemia with pain at rest. It is estimated that 12 to 15 million people in the United States are diagnosed with PAD, with a much larger population that is undiagnosed. The presence of PAD predicts a 50% to 1500% increase in morbidity and mortality, depending on severity. Treatment of patients with PAD is limited to modification of cardiovascular disease risk factors, pharmacological intervention, surgery, and exercise therapy. Extended exercise programs that involve walking approximately five times per week, at a significant intensity that requires frequent rest periods, are most significant. Preclinical studies and virtually all clinical trials demonstrate the benefits of exercise therapy, including improved walking tolerance, modified inflammatory/hemostatic markers, enhanced vasoresponsiveness, adaptations within the limb (angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and mitochondrial synthesis) that enhance oxygen delivery and metabolic responses, potentially delayed progression of the disease, enhanced quality of life indices, and extended longevity. A synthesis is provided as to how these adaptations can develop in the context of our current state of knowledge and events known to be orchestrated by exercise. The benefits are so compelling that exercise prescription should be an essential option presented to patients with PAD in the absence of contraindications. Obviously, selecting for a lifestyle pattern that includes enhanced physical activity prior to the advance of PAD limitations is the most desirable and beneficial. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:2933‐3017, 2012.
Understanding Policy Coherence: Analytical Framework and Examples of Sector–Environment Policy Interactions in the EU
Authors: Nilsson Måns , Zamparutti Tony , Petersen Jan Erik , Nykvist Björn , Rudberg Peter , McGuinn Jennifer 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a framework for analysing policy coherence in a European Union setting through the perspective of policy interaction. Building on a simple policy‐analytical approach and theories of institutional interaction, the framework develops a three‐step analytical approach, consisting of the inventory of policy objectives, the screening matrix and a more in‐depth analysis of key interactions. Central to the analytical framework is the identification of synergy and conflict at three levels: policy objectives, policy instruments and implementation practices, also taking into account as far as possible outcome and impacts. The paper presents illustrative examples from EU renewable energy and cohesion policies in relation to different environmental policy areas such as biodiversity, habitats, resource efficiency and water. It finds that policies are often coherent at the level of objectives, but that associated instruments and in particular implementation practices cause concern for policy conflict in all three examples. Finally, the paper identifies emerging challenges in the application of policy coherence analysis and a need for further development of the analytical approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Visible‐Light‐Driven Generation of High‐Valent Oxo‐Bridged Dinuclear and Tetranuclear Manganese Terpyridine Entities Linked to Photoactive Ruthenium Units of Relevance to Photosystem II
Authors: Castillo Carmen E. , Romain Sophie , Retegan Marius , Leprêtre Jean‐Claude , Chauvin Jérôme , Duboc Carole , Fortage Jérôme , Deronzier Alain , Collomb Marie‐Noëlle 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe report on a new heterobimetallic manganese–ruthenium complex, in which a MnII bis(terpyridine) centre is covalently linked to two RuII tris(bipyridine) units. By electro‐ or photoinduced oxidation of this Mn centre, high‐valent multinuclear oxo‐bridged manganese species can be generated. These were unambiguously identified by electrochemistry and UV/Vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In a CH3CN solution of water (1 M), the dinuclear core, [(H2O)(terpy)MnIII(μ‐O)2MnIV(terpy)(H2O)]3+ (terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine) is first obtained by dimerisation, and can be further oxidised to give rise to the tetranuclear core, [(H2O)(terpy)MnIV(μ‐O)2MnIV(terpy)(μ‐O)(terpy)MnIV(μ‐O)2MnIV(terpy)(H2O)]6+. These cores are connected to two and four [Ru(bpy)3]2+ units, respectively. The second dimerisation process is prevented when coordinating CF3CO2– anions are present in solution, as oxidation of the initially generated species, [(CF3CO2)(terpy)MnIII(μ‐O)2MnIV(terpy)(CF3CO2)]+, produces the stable dinuclear [(CF3CO2)(terpy)MnIV(μ‐O)2MnIV(terpy)(CF3CO2)]2+. All these species are generated in high yields either by exhaustive electrolysis or continuous visible‐light irradiation. A diazonium salt is required as the irreversible electron acceptor for photochemical experiments. Molecular mechanics calculations confirm that the formation of the higher nuclearity complex with a tetranuclear Mn central core linked to four Ru unit is feasible. The Ru–Ru distances are long enough to preclude possible steric hindrance of the Ru units.
DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE IN THE UK RETAIL INDUSTRY: A COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE REGRESSION AND GENERALIZED REGRESSION NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: Abdou Hussein A. , Kuzmic Andzelika , Pointon John , Lister Roger J. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYFirms need to rely on different financing sources, but the question is how capital structure is determined for a particular industry. Our aim is to undertake an investigation into the factors which determine capital structure in the UK retail industry. Our initial sample consists of 163 (final sample: 100) UK retail companies, using data from 2000 in order to analyse capital structure from 2002 to 2006. Nonlinear models tend to be unduly neglected in capital structure research, and so we apply generalized regression neural networks (GRNNs), which are compared with conventional multiple regressions. We utilize a hold‐out sample for the multiple regressions to make them comparable with the GRNNs. Stability of the data is also confirmed. Our main findings are: net profitability and the depreciation‐to‐sales ratio are key determinants of capital structure based on GRNNs, while two more variables are added in the multiple regressions, namely size and quick ratio; there is strong support for the pecking‐order theory; both root‐mean‐square errors and mean absolute errors are much lower for the GRNNs than those for the multiple regressions for overall, training and testing datasets. The potential benefit of this research to financial managers and investors in the UK retail sector is the identification of the overriding role of net profitability in reducing the financial risk from high levels of gearing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shift in the timing of respiratory syncytial virus circulation in a subtropical megalopolis: Implications for immunoprophylaxis
Authors: Paiva Terezinha M. , Ishida Maria A. , Benega Margarete A. , Constantino Clóvis R.A. , Silva Daniela B.B. , Santos Kátia C.O. , Oliveira Maria I. , Barbosa Helena A. , Carvalhanas Telma R.M.P. , Schuck‐Paim Cynthia , Alonso Wladimir J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of severe respiratory infections worldwide, and an important cause of childhood bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and mortality. Although prevention of RSV infection by immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab has proved effective, a precise understanding of the timing of RSV outbreaks is necessary to ensure that infants are protected when RSV is circulating. In this study a consistent shift in the seasonal patterns of RSV circulation in southeast Brazil (São Paulo) is reported based on the analysis of 15 years of viral surveillance. Surveillance was conducted from 1996 to 2010 and involved the collection of samples from children with symptoms of acute respiratory infection. Putative changes in school terms, in the proportion of RSV genotypes infecting children and in the seasonal dynamics of several climatic parameters during the period were also investigated. The results revealed a progression in the timing of RSV seasons, with a shift in the onset and peak of RSV epidemics from 2007 onwards. Although lower rainfall and temperatures were associated with the onset of outbreaks, there was no evidence of changes in climate, school terms or in the relative proportion of genotypes in the period analyzed. These findings have direct implications for improving the prophylactic use of palivizumab, and stress the importance of fine tuning prophylaxis with recent surveillance data. In the case of São Paulo, palivizumab prophylaxis should be initiated earlier than suggested currently. Similar adjustments may be necessary in other regions. J. Med. Virol. 84:1825–1830, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance of five FDA‐approved rapid antigen tests in the detection of 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus
Authors: Sutter Deena E. , Worthy Sue A. , Hensley Donna M. , Maranich Ashley M. , Dolan Donna M. , Fischer Gerald W. , Daum Luke T. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRapid antigen tests are commonly used by clinicians for rapid, simple, point‐of‐care testing. Five rapid antigen tests were shown to have low sensitivity (40.3–58.8%) when compared to real‐time RT‐PCR using nasal wash specimens from patients with influenza‐like‐illness (N = 167) that were collected previously and confirmed as 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1)‐positive by PCR. Rapid antigen test sensitivity correlated with virus levels in nasal secretions when comparisons were made to cycle threshold (CT) values obtained from real‐time RT‐PCR. When CT values are <25 (equating to viral concentrations of >104 TCID50/ml) sensitivity for all five rapid antigen kits was high (range: 83–94% positive); however, when CT values are >30 (102 TCID50/ml), sensitivities of only 16–18% were observed for four of five rapid antigen kits. The Directigen EZ Flu A + B test detected more positive samples (35%) at lower viral concentrations with CT values >30 when compared with other commercial kits (P = 0.05). Rapid antigen test results must be interpreted with caution, and negative specimens may need confirmation by sensitive molecular assays. J. Med. Virol. 84:1699–1702, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distribution of JC polyomavirus genotypes in Tunisian renal transplant recipients between January 2008 and January 2011
Authors: Boukoum Hanen , Nahdi Imen , Abid Nabil , Foulongne Vincent , Sahtout Wissal , Zallema Dorsaf , Skiri Habib , Aloui Sabra , Achour Abdelatif , Segondy Michel , Aouni Mahjoub 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) is a ubiquitous virus in humans, causing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a fatal demyelinating disease. JCPyV propagates in the adult kidney and excretes its progeny in urine, from which its DNA can be recovered readily. JCPyV isolates worldwide can be classified into 14 subtypes or genotypes, each associated with a specific geographical region. The European genotypes EU‐a‐b‐c are spread throughout Europe and Mediterranean areas. The major African genotype Af2 is spread not only throughout Africa but also in West and South Asia. A minor African genotype (Af1) occurs in Central and West Africa. Partially overlapping domains in Asia were occupied by various genotypes (e.g., B1‐a, ‐b, ‐d, B2, CY, MY, and SC). To characterize the subtypes of JCPyV prevalent in Tunisia, the presence of the virus was investigated by real‐time PCR in urine samples from 98 renal transplant recipients. For subtype identification, a 610 bp typing region of the JCPyV genome was amplified from each urine sample, and its DNA sequence was determined. In the patients studied, the major African subtype Af2 was the predominant (62.5%), followed by the European subtype EU (33.5%). Only one case clustering with the Asian genotype SC (4%) was identified. The presence of the European subtype with high prevalence in this population suggests that the epidemiological distribution of JCPyV virus sequences in North Africa is related partially to the epidemiological data in Europe. J. Med. Virol. 84:1818–1824, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnosis of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by EV71 and other enteroviruses by a one‐step, single tube, duplex RT‐PCR
Authors: Jiang Bingfu , Zhang Jianhua , You Xianhui , Dong Chen , Cheng Xianfeng , Dai Xing , Meng Jihong 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is caused mainly by enterovirus 71 (EV71) and other enteroviruses (EVs) such as Coxsackie A16 in China. EV71 infection can lead to severe clinical manifestations and even death. Other EVs, however, generally cause mild symptoms. Thus, early and accurate distinction of EV71 from other EVs for HFMD will offer significant benefits. A one‐step, single tube, duplex RT‐PCR assay is described in the present study to detect simultaneously EV71 and other EVs. The primers used for the duplex RT‐PCR underwent screening and optimization. The detection threshold was 0.001 TCID50/ml for EV71 and 0.01 TCID50/ml for other EVs. The positive rate of enterovirus detection in 165 clinical samples reached 68.5%, including 46.1% for EV71 and 22.4% for other EVs. Of all the severe HFMD cases, EV71 was responsible for 85.3% cases. The positive rate of EV71 fell markedly by day 8 after onset. In addition, sequencing of EV71 specific amplicons from duplex RT‐PCR revealed that C4a was the predominant subgenotype of EV71 circulating in Nanjing, China. The accuracy and reliability of the assay suggest strongly that the one‐step, single tube, duplex RT‐PCR will be useful for early diagnosis and monitoring of EV71 and other EV infections. J. Med. Virol. 84:1803–1808, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.