bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermic Response to Isoenergetic Protein, Carbohydrate or Fat Meals in Lean and Obese Subjects
Authors: Nair K. S. , Halliday D. , Garrow J. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The thermic response of five lean and five obese subjects was measured by indirect calorimetry before, and for 157.5 min after a meal of protein, carbohydrate or fat, each of which provided 1.25 MJ. The change in plasma glucose, insulin and (in the case of the carbohydrate meal) the rate of exogenous glucose oxidation was also measured.
2. There was no significant difference between the lean and obese groups in the magnitude of the thermic response to any of the three meals. In both weight groups the response was largest and most prolonged after the protein meal (P &lt; 0.01).
3. The obese group showed a higher concentration of fasting plasma insulin (P &lt; 0.01) and a larger increase in plasma glucose (P &lt; 0.05) after the carbohydrate meal, but there was no significant difference in the oxidation of exogenous glucose when compared with the lean group.
4. Previous studies on dietary-induced thermogenesis in lean and obese subjects have given conflicting results. In general reports of decreased thermogenesis in obese subjects are characterized by either (a) high pre-meal metabolic rates in the obese group, especially in diabetic subjects, or (b) a group classified as ‘normal’ who have been selected for their high thermogenic capacity.
Peritubular Capillaries of the Renal Cortex in Experimental Diabetes Mellitus in the Rat
Authors: Pinter G. G. , Stork John E. , Wilson P. David , Fajer Abram B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Microangiopathy affects the peritubular capillaries in experimental diabetes. Five to six months after streptozotocin administration to induce experimental diabetes in rats, a progressive increase of lymph flow and of the entry of albumin from the renal peritubular capillaries into the interstitium was seen.
2. Under these conditions, owing to the alteration of peritubular physical forces, the uptake of tubular reabsorbate into the capillaries can be impaired with potentially severe consequences in diabetic nephropathy.
Effect of Dietary Protein Restriction on the Development of Renal Failure after Subtotal Nephrectomy in Rats
Authors: El-Nahas A. M. , Paraskevakou H. , Zoob S. , Rees A. J. , Evans D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. We have examined the effect of a low protein diet on the development of glomerular sclerosis and progressive renal failure after subtotal nephrectomies in rats.
2. Two groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied after five-sixths nephrectomy; group 1 were maintained on a normal diet (13.5 g day−1 kg−1 body weight) and group 2 were fed with a low protein diet (6 g day−1 kg−1 body weight).
3. Rats maintained on a low protein diet survived for longer, and had significantly less glomerular sclerosis and significantly greater glomerular filtration rates when the experiment ended after 7 months.
4. We conclude that dietary protein influences favourably the development of glomerular scarring and renal failure after subtotal nephrectomy in rats.
The Effect of Vitamin D and Its Metabolites on Fracture Repair in Chicks
Authors: Dekel S. , Salama R. , Edelstein S. 
Published: August 2015

1. One-day-old chicks were depleted of vitamin D. At 3 weeks their right tibiae, and those of a control group given vitamin D3, were fractured and pinned. After fracture the controls were kept on vitamin D3. Another group was left vitamin D-deficient. The remaining depleted chicks, divided into four groups, were given vitamin D3, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] or a combination of 24,25(OH)2D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3.
2. The callus obtained after 9 and 14 days was subjected to torsional stress. The callus of chicks given vitamin D continuously showed the greatest resistance, whereas that of vitamin D-deficient chicks showed the smallest resistance. Repletion with either vitamin D3 or its metabolites increased the strength of the callus. Repletion with the combination of 24,25(OH)2D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 produced the most marked results, in that the callus was even stronger than that of chicks replete with vitamin D3.
3. It is concluded that 24,25(OH)2D3 is essential for bone formation in addition to the known active vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3, and the possible clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Is Dopamine a Physiological Natriuretic Hormone in the Dog?
Authors: Cuche J. L. , Selz F. , Ruget G. , Jondeau G. , Guedon J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Both plasma and urinary dopamine and noradrenaline were measured as free and sulphate conjugates, by a radioenzymatic method, before and during extracellular volume expansion (ECVE) with hypo-, iso- or hyper-tonic fluid (usually sodium chloride solution) in dogs.
2. During ECVE there was a decrease in plasma catecholamine concentration. For all cases except noradrenaline, this is probably due to a dilution phenomenon since when results were expressed as pg/mg of protein, ECVE had no effect. This change in noradrenaline accounted for the increase in the dopamine/noradrenaline ratio.
3. As expected, there was an increase in the urinary excretion of dopamine during ECVE with both iso- and hyper-tonic fluid. This increase was not observed in the group of dogs given hypotonic fluid, although the increase of fractional excretion of sodium was of a similar order of magnitude.
4. The increase in the urinary excretion of dopamine was apparently not affected by an increase in plasma sodium concentration and/or osmolality.
5. The demonstrated dissociation between sodium and dopamine in urine does not support a physiological role for dopamine in renal handling of sodium during ECVE, and raises the question of its specificity.
General and Regional Haemodynamic Effects of Intravenous Ergotamine in Man
Authors: Tfelt-Hansen P. , Kanstrup I.-L. , Christensen N. J. , Winkler K. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of intravenous ergotamine on general (blood pressure and cardiac output) and regional (splanchnic, renal and muscular) haemodynamics was studied immediately and 3 h after administration in seven male volunteers. Also plasma catecholamines were determined.
2. An increase in blood pressure with a peak just after administration was observed. The cardiac output was unchanged and the pressor effect of ergotamine was due to an increase in total peripheral resistance.
3. Plasma noradrenaline decreased 65% at the peak of the pressor effect whereas plasma adrenaline was unchanged.
4. Hepatic blood flow decreased 34% just after ergotamine administration and was normal after 3 h. Renal blood flow decreased by 29 and 19%. Calf blood flow was unchanged. These results suggest that different vascular beds in man react differently to ergotamine.
Effects of Free Radical Scavengers on Renal Circulation after Ischaemia in the Rabbit
Authors: Hansson R. , Jonsson O. , Lundstam S. , Pettersson S. , Scherstén T. , Waldenström J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The intrarenal erythrocyte distribution, total renal blood flow and renal vascular resistance were studied before and during recirculation after 60 min of warm ischaemia in three groups of rabbits. One group was pretreated with superoxide dismutase, another with catalase and the third group was not pretreated at all.
2. In non-pretreated ischaemic kidneys there was a significant trapping of labelled erythrocytes in the outer stripe of the medulla. This trapping was not seen in non-ischaemic control kidneys and was completely prevented by pretreatment with either superoxide dismutase or catalase.
3. In non-pretreated ischaemic kidneys there was a transient increase in total renal blood flow during the first 5 min of recirculation, after which it returned to preischaemic values. After pretreatment with catalase the postischaemic increase in blood flow was more pronounced but again the blood flow returned to preischaemic values within 30 min. Pretreatment with superoxide dismutase resulted in a rapid postischaemic increase in blood flow which remained high throughout the 30 min period studied.
4. The renal vascular resistance decreased initially during recirculation after ischaemia in both pretreated and non-pretreated kidneys. In the latter it returned to pre-ischaemic values within 10 min whereas a slower increase was observed after catalase pretreatment. After pretreatment with superoxide dismutase the resistance remained low during the 30 min recorded.
Sequential Studies of Oxalate Dynamics in Primary Hyperoxaluria
Authors: Watts R. W. E. , Veall N. , Purkiss P. 
Published: August 2015

1. We have measured the total plasma clearance, renal clearance and equilibrium distribution volume of [14C]oxalate, and the urinary oxalate excretion rate and plasma oxalate levels at approximately 6 month intervals for up to 2.5 years in five patients with primary hyperoxaluria. The renal clearance and distribution volumes of [99mTc]DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetate) were measured simultaneously to provide estimates of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and extracellular fluid volume (ECF). The same measurements were made on each of five normal volunteers.
2. Clearances and distribution volumes were measured with a modified single injection technique.
3. The oxalate clearance was two to three times the simultaneously measured GFR in the patients and control subjects. The renal clearance of oxalate was less than the total plasma clearance in the patients. The oxalate distribution volume was approximately 1.5 times the ECF in both the patients and controls. Only small changes were observed over a 2.5 years period in these particular patients.
4. The plasma oxalate concentration was derived from the urinary oxalate excretion rate and the plasma [14C]oxalate clearance. It was raised in the patients. The oxalate removal rate was derived from the total plasma clearance and the plasma oxalate concentration.
Influence of Age on Pulmonary Haemodynamics at Rest and during Supine Exercise
Authors: Ehrsam Rolf E. , Perruchoud André , Oberholzer Martin , Burkart Felix , Herzog Heinrich 
Published: August 2015

1. To determine the effects of age on the pulmonary circulation at rest and on exercise we analysed the results of right heart catheterization studies performed in 125 asymptomatic subjects aged 14-68 years, who were healthy or had indispositions which did not impair cardiac or pulmonary function.
2. Age accounted for less than 10% of total variation in resting values of right atrial, pulmonary artery and wedge pressures, and of cardiac output.
3. The pulmonary artery-wedge pressure gradient and flow resistance at rest significantly increased with age.
4. On exercise there were significant increases with age in right atrial, pulmonary artery and wedge pressures, pulmonary to wedge pressure gradient and flow resistance, but cardiac output was not influenced by age.
5. Pulmonary circulation variables at rest are mainly influenced by sex and size, but during exercise significant effects of age are apparent.
The Comparative Blood Clearance Kinetics of Modified Radiolabelled Erythrocytes
Authors: Peters A. M. , Walport M. J. , Elkon K. B. , Reavy H. J. , Ferjencik P. P. , Lavender J. P. , Hughes G. R. V. 
Published: August 2015

1. The rate of clearance from blood of 111In-labelled heat damaged autologous erythrocytes (HD-RBC) has been compared with that of simultaneously injected autologous 99mTc-labelled erythrocytes (IgG-RBC) coated with a Rhesus anti-D antibody. In 17 studies, the number of antibody molecules coating the erythrocytes was 9000 (high coating) and in nine studies the number was 5000 (low coating).
2. On gamma camera imaging, IgG-RBC uptake, at both levels of coating, could be visualized only in the spleen. HD-RBC were predominantly taken up by the spleen, although slight 111In activity was visible in the liver.
3. The blood clearance of IgG-RBC was mono-exponential, whereas that of HD-RBC was bi-exponential. The reciprocal of the t1/2 (the time taken for the 3 min value to fall by 50%) of the HD-RBC clearance correlated rather poorly with the rate constant of the simultaneous IgG-RBC clearance (r = 0.47, P &gt; 0.05 at high coating; r = 0.75, P &lt; 0.05 at low coating). The rate constant of the second exponential of the HD-RBC clearance showed a correlation with the rate constant of IgG-RBC clearance that was closer than the reciprocal of the t1/2 of HD-RBC clearance (r = 0.89, P &lt; 0.001 at high coating; r = 0.76, P &lt; 0.05 at low coating) but significantly closer only at high coating.
4. Splenic blood flow, measured using indium labelled platelets in ten subjects, correlated closely with the initial slope of HD-RBC clearance (r = 0.93, P&lt;0.001).
5. By using splenic blood flow based either on platelets or on the initial slope of the HD-RBC clearance, an estimate was made of splenic IgG-RBC extraction ratio. The normal extraction ratio at high coating was about 50% and at low coating about 30%. Some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis appeared to have abnormally low extraction ratios.
6. It was concluded that HD-RBC and IgG-RBC are not interchangeable as markers of splenic reticuloendothelial function; HD-RBC clearance is mainly dependent on splenic blood flow whereas IgG-RBC clearance is dependent both on splenic blood flow and splenic macrophage function. The simultaneous use of the two markers allows therefore an estimate of the splenic IgG-RBC extraction ratio, which potentially is a more specific index of splenic reticuloendothelial function than the clearance rate of either marker used alone.
Glycogen Content and Activities of Key Glycolytic Enzymes in Muscle Biopsies from Control Subjects and Patients with Chronic Alcoholic Skeletal Myopathy
Authors: Martin F. C. , Levi A. J. , Slavin G. , Peters T. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The capacity for glycolysis in muscle biopsies obtained from long-term heavy alcohol drinking patients has been compared with tissue from control subjects by assay in vitro of the total activities of glycogen phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, key regulatory enzymes in the anaerobic glycolytic pathway.
2. Biopsies from 13 of 22 patients had type II fibre atrophy, and the activities of all three enzymes were reduced in these biopsies, when expressed in terms of DNA content, the most striking reduction being in phosphofructokinase activity.
3. The amount of glycogen in the tissue correlated closely with these enzyme activities and was slightly lower in the most atrophic tissue, when expressed in terms of DNA content.
4. The activities of acid and neutral α-glucosidases were similar in biopsies from control subjects and patients with various severities of alcohol myopathy.
5. The reduced activities are consistent with a reduced proportion of type II fibre muscle mass in these patients, and suggest that there may be a reduced capacity for glycolysis with resultant reduced lactate production. Whether the changes in enzyme activities are primary to the selective atrophy remains to be established.
Fatty Acid Oxidation in Mitochondria from Needle Biopsy Samples of Human Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Gohil K. , Jones D. A. , Edwards R. H. T. 
Published: August 2015

1. Activities for the oxidation of palmitoyl-carnitine, of palmitoyl-CoA and of carnitine palmitoyltransferase were measured in mitochondria prepared from needle biopsy samples of human skeletal muscle. Results are presented for nine normal subjects and 18 patients in whom there was evidence of mitochondrial abnormality.
2. Palmitoylcarnitine and palmitoyl-CoA oxidation were measured spectrophotometrically by following the reduction of added cytochrome c in the presence of cyanide.
3. Because of large variations in the activities between subjects it was essential to express the three activities per unit of cytochrome c oxidase activity to demonstrate unambiguous specific alterations in the activities.
4. In most of the patients the order of the three activities was similar to that in the normal subjects. However, in five cases the activity for palmitoylcarnitine oxidation was less than 4% of the mean normal value. In two of these patients, the low activity could be accounted for by very low (&lt;10% normal) activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT). In another two patients the activity of CPT was normal but that of palmitoyl-CoA dehydrogenase (a measure of β-oxidation) was very low.
Hypercalcaemia of Malignancy: Evidence for a Non-Parathyroid Humoral Agent with An Effect on Renal Tubular Handling of Calcium
Authors: Ralston S. H. , Fogelman I. , Gardner M. D. , Dryburgh F. J. , Cowan R. A. , Boyle I. T. 
Published: August 2015

1. The renal handling of calcium was examined in 31 patients with hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Results were compared with those from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and normal controls rendered hypercalcaemic by calcium infusion.
2. On relating the urinary calcium excretion indices to serum calcium values, inappropriately low rates of urinary calcium excretion were generally found in patients with malignancy associated hypercalcaemia. Further, the pattern of urinary calcium excretion in these subjects was similar to that found in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.
3. These observations suggest that, in many solid tumours, the development of hypercalcaemia may be attributable to a humoral mediator with a parathyroid hormone-like effect on renal tubular calcium reabsorption.
4. The relatively frequent occurrence of hypercalcaemia in malignant disease thus may be partially explained by the presence of this humoral agent, which may impair the renal excretion of an increase in filtered calcium load, whether due to bone metastases, or humorally mediated osteolysis.
Effect of Molecular Charge on the Induction of Proteinuria and Glomerular Ultrastructural Damage in Hyperalbuminaemic Female Wistar Rats
Authors: Lawrence Gillian M. , Brewer D. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Intraperitoneal injection of anionic carbamylated bovine albumin derivatives induced glomerular epithelial cell foot process loss and increased urinary protein excretion, the severity of which rose with the dose administered.
2. The effects induced at a given albumin dose were significantly lower than those previously measured after the administration of normal bovine albumin.
3. The amount of epithelial cell foot process loss induced after the injection of carbamylated bovine albumin derivatives correlated well with the level of induced proteinuria but, at a given level of proteinuria, the amount of foot process was lower in these rats compared with those given normal bovine albumin.
4. The results obtained are consistent with the interpretation that the more anionic carbamylated bovine albumin derivatives were not only filtered less readily at the glomerulus than their less negatively charged counterparts but were also reabsorbed to a lesser extent by the tubular epithelium.
Effect of High Sodium Intake on Tissue Distribution of Endogenous Digitalis-Like Material in the Rat
Authors: Castan̂eda-Hernandez G. , Godfraind T. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of a high sodium intake on the endogenous digitalis-like activity of several tissues was determined, after extraction, by digoxin radioimmunoassay in rats.
2. The high sodium intake increased the digitalis-like activity in serum but not in adrenals, brain or heart.
The Dilator Response to K+ Is Reduced in the Forearm Resistance Vessels of Men with Primary Hypertension
Authors: Phillips R. J. W. , Robinson B. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. The dilator response to local infusion of K+ has been assessed in the forearm resistance vessels of 17 men with primary hypertension and 11 controls, by using a standard plethysmographic method.
2. The response to infusion of K+ at 0.1 mmol/min was smaller in the patients with hypertension than in the normal controls (P&lt;0.03).
3. The results are consistent with the view that the activity of the sodium pump is depressed in the resistance vessels of patients with hypertension, but they yield no evidence as to whether or not this abnormality contributes to the elevation of the peripheral resistance.
Investigations on the Na+, K+-pump in Erythrocytes of Patients with Renal Hypertension
Authors: Brod J. , Schaeffer J. , Hengstenberg J. H. , Kleinschmidt T. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The ouabain-sensitive 42K+ flux from an artificial medium into erythrocytes was measured in 29 control subjects, 66 patients with chronic parenchymatous renal disease and in 32 subjects with primary hypertension.
2. The ouabain-sensitive 42K+ influx was reduced in subjects with chronic renal disease by about 20%, even when they were normotensive. The reduction in these patients was greater than that in patients with essential hypertension.
3. The changes in 42K+ influx and Na+ content with a decrease in the 42K+ influx/Na+ content ratio suggest an inhibition of the Na+ pump in the patients with chronic renal disease.
4. The inhibition of the Na+ pump may be secondary to the hypervolaemia which we suggest is the initial event leading to renal hypertension.
Serial Blood Water Estimations and in-Line Blood Viscometry: The Continuous Measurement of Blood Volume during Dialysis Procedures
Authors: Greenwood R. N. , Aldridge C. , Cattell W. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. It has been shown in vitro that serial measurements of blood water during ultrafiltration accurately reflect changing blood volume.
2. It has been shown that minute changes in blood hydration produce detectable changes in blood viscosity.
3. An ‘in-line’ capillary viscometer has been constructed which can be placed in parallel with an extracorporeal circuit to give a continuous semi-quantitative measure of blood viscosity during ultrafiltration or haemodialysis. By making serial measurements of blood water each ‘viscometer curve’ can be corrected to permit calculation of blood volume provided that the starting blood volume is known.
4. Blood volume changes of less than 1% can be detected in vitro and provided that blood volume changes solely as a result of the removal or influx of water it can be measured continuously to within an accuracy of 4% for volume changes up to 30% irrespective of starting packed cell volume or blood water.
Cardiac sensitivity to isoprenaline, lymphocyte β-adrenoceptors and age
Authors: Fitzgerald D. , Doyle V. , Kelly J. G. , O'Malley K. 
Published: August 2015

1. The heart rate response to isoprenaline in 11 subjects aged 19–46 years was compared with lymphocyte β-adrenoceptor numbers and lymphocyte cyclic AMP responsiveness.
2. The dose of isoprenaline required to increase heart rate by 25 beats/min (CD25) increased as a function of age (r 0.79; P &lt; 0.01). Lymphocyte receptor numbers also correlated directly with age (r 0.61; P&lt;0.05), but there was no true correlation between CD25 and lymphocyte receptor numbers.
3. Baseline and maximum lymphocyte cyclic AMP concentrations in response to isoprenaline stimulation in vitro were unrelated to age, CD25 or receptor numbers.
4. This study confirms previous findings of a reduced responsiveness with age and a rise in receptor numbers in young and middle-aged adults. However, the decline in the heart response to isoprenaline was unrelated to any measurable change in j3-adrenoceptor concentration or responses, at least in the isolated lymphocyte.