bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The State of Political Party Development in Ghana
Authors: Owusu-Mensah Isaac , Debrah Emmanuel , Mathapoly-Codjoe Enock 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Political parties have been instrumental to Ghana’s democratic growth, which has constituted the West African nation as a bastion of democracy in the region and on the continent as a whole. However, inequality between elite and ordinary voters continues to grow as an outcome of parties’ activities. The disparity between electioneering and the delivery of political manifestos has also continued to widen, undermining citizens’ trust in party politics. Since the resurgence of party politics in 1992, only two parties have won elections, effectively institutionalizing a two-party model. Both parties have pursued programmes that reflect both capitalism and social interventions. The growing synergy between active participation and democratic institutionalization provides an optimistic outlook for democratic progress. However, the West African nation confronts extant challenges to democratic consolidation such as inter and intra-party conflicts, excessive partisanship and monetization of the electoral process, and inter-ethnic tensions. This notwithstanding, it is not far-fetched that democratic consolidation is imminent. This chapter reflects on the characteristics, role, and impact of political parties in boosting Ghana’s democracy towards a near consolidation.
Economic Paradigm Shifts for Labour Law
Authors: ter Haar Beryl 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSince the 2008 financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic, the sustainability of the neoliberal free market economy has been questioned. Although this is not new per se, it has resulted in a number of alternative ideas that not only address the sustainability of the neoliberal free market economy, but also anticipate challenges from the technological and green transitions, demographical change, rising inequality, and work and income vulnerabilities. These alternative ideas have many commonalities that suggest a shift to a wellbeing paradigm. Based on these commonalities, new work narratives are being formulated which are radically different from the social market and neoliberal free market paradigms. An analysis of the new work narratives leads to the formulation of new foundational principles, functions, and structure of the labour law system.
Labour Law for Degrowth and Meaningful Work
Authors: Zekić Nuna 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the notions of degrowth and post-growth and draws new implications for labour law. A transition to an economy that is in balance with planetary boundaries will most likely involve some form of degrowth policy. The chapter first explains labour law’s role in the current growth economy. The author then argues that labour law needs to widen its goals to support the shift towards addressing climate change effectively while at the same time reducing inequality and improving wellbeing through meaningful work. Many labour law principles will remain relevant because there will most probably always be ‘necessary labour’.
The Value of Work in Labour Law
Authors: Bueno Nicolas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Since the establishment of labour markets, work has been mainly valued and therefore paid according to its market value. Activities, such as cleaning, taking care of others, or restoring the environment have usually a lower market value than activities serving economic interests of people or firms, such as financial or legal services. This chapter explains how economic ideology has led to this situation and discusses two shortcomings of this value system. On one hand, it can deter individuals from using their skills for non-market activities. On the other hand, it can encourage market activities that may be detrimental for people and the environment. This chapter builds on a post-growth approach and clarifies the notions of essential work and detrimental work. It explains if, how, and when labour law should intervene in the value of work.
Labour Law for Care and Wellbeing
Authors: de Muñagorri Rafael Encinas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Utopias of care work are rare, which is not only due to fatalism or lack of imagination. Even if post-growth theories are giving way to care-oriented societies, we need to get rid of the traditional view that care and domestic work are unproductive and the natural role of women. New welfare economics and feminist studies have stimulated our imaginations to explore new perspectives that promote care work and wellbeing. This chapter outlines these perspectives and examines their possible implications for welfare law and labour law. This is a daunting task as reflecting on the role of care work and wellbeing in labour law requires rethinking labour law at large.
Channelling Technologies to Benefit Employees via Labour Law
Authors: Albin Einat 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Labour law’s existing approach to new technologies is based on a pro-capitalist paradigm that views technologies as part of the employers’ prerogative or as ‘algorithmic bosses’. This approach eventually exacerbates employers’ authority in unprecedented ways and shapes the market to develop technologies that fulfil employers’ interests. There is one exception to this paradigm within the law: that of technologies as accommodations for persons with disabilities. Following a post-work perspective, this chapter argues in favour of adopting the ‘technologies as accommodations’ paradigm regarding all technologies at work, putting forth several justifications for it as an alternative to the pro-capitalist paradigm. Viewed as ‘accommodations’, technological development, design, and use would be based on functions needed to protect and promote the social and welfare values of the workforce, ultimately positively impacting labour relations and workers’ rights while also profiting employers.
Utopia, Power, and Free Labour
Authors: Gamonal C. Sergio 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter will study the relationship between utopia, power, and labour law, proposing a utopia for the twenty-first century based on Free Labour of radical republicanism during the nineteenth century in the US. The notion of power is complex and ranges from coercion to domination, manipulation, and symbolic power. The chapter focuses on how to operate with the power to achieve a utopia and maintain it once completed. It also discusses how power has interrelated with labour law and its regulatory techniques. Finally, the utopia of Free Labour is proposed with a new interpretation for today’s globalized world of subordinate, informal, migrant, and gig economy workers.
What do we really know about Gothic breaking?
Authors: Howell Robert B. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A characteristic feature of Gothic is ‘breaking’, the lowering (or non-raising) of PGmc. */i/, */e/, */u/ before &lt;h&gt;, &lt;ƕ&gt;, and &lt;r&gt;. We have only clues regarding the phonetic qualities represented by these three graphemes, making it difficult to isolate what is going on in the breaking process. This study pursues two avenues of inquiry: (1) Gothic-internal evidence indicating that Gothic /r/ was an apical trill which, along with most rhotics, has a low F3, which can cause assimilatory lowering of a preceding vowel. Gothic &lt;h&gt;, &lt;ƕ&gt; were very weak and are frequently lost or assimilated in sandhi, implying that they were glottal fricatives, before which vowel lowering is cross-linguistically frequent. (2) Other early Germanic dialects show similar vocalic lowering (and backing) before NWGmc. */r/ and */h/, in the latter case followed by widespread loss of the /h/. Parallels are drawn between these lowerings in NWGmc. dialects and Gothic breaking.
Gothic fidurdōgs ‘four days old’ and some traces of denominal s-stems in Germanic
Authors: Thöny Luzius 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The element -dōgs in Gothic fidurdōgs ‘four-days-old’ is related to the simplex noun Gothic dags m. ‘day’ &lt; *daǥa-, although it is unclear exactly how. This chapter presents an overview of etymologically related forms attested in other Old Germanic languages, mainly Old Norse and Old English, and reviews previous attempts to explain the data. It is argued that the attested forms are best explained from a PGmc. s-stem *dōǥi/az- n., an unusual formation in that it appears to be a denominative derivation, whereas the usual type of s-stem in Germanic is a deverbal abstract with an e-grade root like Gothic sigis n. ‘victory’. The stem *dōǥiz- has a parallel in *χōnís- n. ‘fowl’ to *χanan- m. ‘cock’, and *χrōþiz- n. ‘glory’, built to an a- or i-stem *χrōþa/i-, implied by Gothic hrōþeigs* ‘triumphant’. These nominal stems may be interpreted as substantivized adjectives, in some cases based on Vrddhi-derivations.
A prefix–particle verb cycle for Germanic?
Authors: Watts Sheila 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of preverbs in Germanic languages from a model of prefixation to the systematic use of verb–particle combinations. Both prefixes and particles are originally free adverbs which cliticize to verbs, modifying their meaning and generating new verbal lexemes. Their original directional sense is weakened and lost, and new directional adverbs are drawn into first free, then fixed combinations as phrasal, prepositional, and particle verbs. These processes share elements of both lexicalization and grammaticalization and together form a predictable cycle of changes illustrated with data from both Gothic and Old Saxon. The latter is on a trajectory which will produce separable prefixes in later Middle Low German, whereas the route which the former might have taken cannot be confirmed because Gothic lacks an ulterior history.
Pan-African solidarity and international reputation
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Uganda is one of the poorest countries in the world but hosts one of the largest numbers of refugees worldwide, mostly fleeing from the civil war in South Sudan. Chapter 7 demonstrates that Uganda’s open border policy, as it is pursued by the authoritarian government of Yoweri Museveni, is inspired by a Pan-African and anti-colonial identity construction and the pursuit of international prestige. Uganda’s borders are interpreted as artificial, dating back to the time of colonialism. In this way, the boundary of belonging is extended beyond the Ugandan nation-state, and refugees are included in the definition of the “we.” In addition, the government frames admitting refugees as a question of international recognition, which helps to offset international criticisms of Uganda’s authoritarian regime. Despite some specific criticisms, the government’s refugee policy is by and large supported by the opposition parties in the Ugandan parliament.
Between an anti-Socialist foreign policy and the historical memory of dictatorship
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chile hosts many Venezuelan refugees who escaped political instability and socioeconomic crisis under the Socialist regime of Nicolás Maduro. Chile’s right-wing President Sebastián Piñera pursued a rather ambivalent policy as an advocate of displaced Venezuelans without granting them protection under international refugee law. This ambivalent policy was based on emphasizing different aspects of Chile’s identity. Chile was framed as an economically successful model and systemic rival of Maduro’s far-left Socialist regime in Venezuela, welcoming displaced Venezuelans as political allies against a common enemy. However, the government also emphasized national sovereignty and a limited willingness to comply with international refugee law. Accordingly, Venezuelans were not framed as “refugees” under international law but as “migrants” and evaluated in terms of their economic contribution to the Chilean economy. The left-wing opposition in Chile was highly critical of the government’s rhetorical commitment to displaced Venezuelans, considering it a political maneuver to delegitimize the left.
The liberal script on refugee admission and the significance of national cultural repertoires
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Admitting refugees fleeing war and persecution underpins the liberal script as the last resort for protecting the right to individual self-determination in a world of sovereign nation-states. This obligation is well justified in liberal political theory and inscribed in contemporary world culture, whose core principles became enshrined in international law after World War II. Against this background, Chapter 10 summarizes our empirical findings and shows that governments and opposition parties only rarely refer to liberal principles and international law when debating whether to admit refugees. Moreover, the least liberal countries in our analysis—Uganda and Turkey—seem to be the most “open” in terms of admitting refugees. This indicates that rather than the degree of adherence to (or rejection of) the liberal script explaining countries’ different responses to admitting refugees, it is the national context, country-specific cultural repertoires, and the way political actors frame the “we” and the “others.”
Theories of Recognition
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Since the early nineteenth century, legal scholarship has been trying to explain the role of recognition in international law. Two major schools of thought have emerged in this regard: the constitutive doctrine, which insists on the crucial role of recognition in creating statehood, and the declaratory view, which posits that statehood exists regardless of recognition. Neither school is uniform in its approach and constitutivist and declaratist views have been expressed with considerable variations. This chapter summarises and reflects on the views of the major proponents of both positions and examines the value of ‘mixed’ theories that cannot easily be attributed to either school.
When Recognition is Constitutive
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
If there exists no rule of international law applicable to a given situation that would make an entity’s statehood opposable to other States, then opposability could only be based on recognition. International law does not require States to engage in recognition, but it will authorise recognition if the principles of effectivity and legality have been respected. Effectivity means that the recipient of recognition must meet the requirements of material statehood with a reasonable degree of stability so that recognition would not be premature, whereas legality necessitates that the creation of the new State did not entail violations of international law, especially jus cogens. If recognition is given while respecting both principles, then it may be regarded as lawful and will render its object opposable to the recognising State.
Statehood Beyond Recognition
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The fact that a State does not enjoy recognition by others, nor can its legal statehood be established by means other than recognition, does not mean that it exists in a legal vacuum. In claiming statehood, the newcomer is assuming the legal duties incumbent upon all States and essentially engaging in ‘self-recognition’. It will therefore be bound by the rules of general international law, especially jus cogens, in all its activities, including towards non-recognising States if their own statehood is opposable to it. This chapter considers the obligations of States even if they do not enjoy recognition from any other State, especially under international humanitarian law and international human rights law.
Voiceless Subalterns
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This short chapter considers those voices missing from the book, usually the subaltern voices of the weak. What we know about resistance derives, in the main, from the extant records of those subaltern groups that either succeeded or left accounts of their resistance. But by and large history is written by the victors and most definitely is not written by the huge mass of people who either lived or died at the hands of their oppressors, and sometimes those resisting them. It starts with a personal acknowledgement to those silenced by my own historical narrative and procedures to illustrate the wider point through a brief review of similar acts of silencing.
Labour Law in Supply Chains
Authors: Hyde Alan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Supply chains are organizations, created by lead firms, that permit goods sold under the lead firm’s name to be manufactured by notionally independent, though functionally controlled, factories, typically in the developing world, typically with labour conditions well below those in facilities owned by the lead firm. Lead firms are rarely held legally responsible for labour conditions in the suppliers they control, even conditions that are dangerous or human rights violations. Legal devices for extending liability up the supply chain are evaluated. These include: treating the supply chain as a legal entity; doctrines like vicarious liability, nondelegable duties, joint employment, and enterprise liability; human rights due diligence statutes; statutes imposing labour responsibility on various entities that contract with others; and voluntary assumption of responsibility in contracts such as the International Accord for Health and Safety in the Textile and Garment Industry.
Working Time
Authors: Davies A.C.L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers three modern problems of working time. First, there are new versions of the familiar problem of long-hours working: the use of technology to drive an ‘always-on’ culture in which workers are expected to be available to employers at all times, and the blurring of boundaries between work and home generated by the shift to hybrid working. Second, there are ongoing challenges of maintaining a balance between work and family life, addressed in some legal systems by giving workers a right to request flexible working. Third, precarious workers face many issues: not having enough hours to make a living, being expected to spend time waiting for work without getting paid, and being called in to work at short notice. The chapter examines whether traditional legal strategies to limit working time are capable of meeting these new challenges, or whether new regulatory approaches are required.
Race and the Workplace
Authors: Green Llezlie L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Race in the workplace is complex and nuanced. Racial subordination and exploitation manifest not only in the hiring and terms of employment regulated by traditional civil rights statutes, but also in the racialized application of workplace laws that do not explicitly contemplate race. The racial exploitation of low-wage workers is grounded in the racist historical and structural underpinnings of workplace regulations that continue to subordinate Black and brown workers. In the US, this enduring racial subordination is particularly acute in low-wage worker workplaces. The COVID-19 pandemic elevated ‘essential workers’, many of whom were Black and brown workers toiling in low-wage jobs. This shift in the narrative around low-wage work should have created an opportunity to improve workers’ legal protections and ameliorate their racial subordination, yet few long-term changes occurred. This chapter proffers racial capitalism as a theoretical lens to explain why countering racism in the low-wage workplace remains elusive.
Age Discrimination and Mandatory Retirement
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines emerging issues in age discrimination law in the workplace and mandatory retirement. While age discrimination laws have been passed in many countries, there are still fundamental tensions regarding how such laws are framed and implemented. Our ambivalence towards age and age equality limits the drafting and implementation of age discrimination laws. There is a need for age discrimination law scholarship to continue to engage with questions of intersectionality and intergenerational solidarity in the world of work. To better address ageism at work, and meaningfully achieve age equality, requires moving beyond a reliance on individual enforcement of discrimination law, and demands us to reprioritize age and age equality in the workplace.
Trafficking, ‘Modern Slavery’, and Forced Labour
Authors: Kotiswaran Prabha 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the overlap between the law of work and the criminal law in addressing the most exploitative forms of labour exploitation in the twenty-first century, also referred to as trafficking, modern slavery, and forced labour. The chapter tracks the development of anti-trafficking law and discourse since 2000 and whether and how its shifting focus over the past twenty years can reduce extreme forms of labour exploitation by addressing structural inequalities in global labour markets and supply chains. In the absence of systemic approaches to reducing workers’ vulnerability to trafficking, the chapter argues that the anti-‘modern slavery’ rhetoric does more to legitimize humanitarian efforts of global elites than support workers’ rights.
Freedom of Speech at and Away from Work
Authors: Fisk Catherine L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Laws addressing work-related speech are both more ubiquitous than ever, and more hotly contested. Organizational hierarchy normalizes the idea that those at the top have the right to control any worker expression that might plausibly be attributed to or harm the organization, yet as whistleblower laws make clear, there are strong reasons to allow at least some speech that may be perceived as harmful. The challenge of regulation stems from the fact that there are libertarian and egalitarian arguments both for and against legal restraint on workplace speech of both workers and managers. The difficulty is compounded by the absence of trust, among people of widely different political orientations, in the institutions, including courts, corporations, and educational institutions, that are empowered to make judgements about which speech to allow and to prohibit.
Trade Agreements and Labour Law
Authors: Compa Lance 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how labour provisions in trade agreements can drive reforms in countries’ domestic labour law systems. It first analyses reforms that occur during the negotiation stage and later under enforcement mechanisms. Case studies include US trade agreements beginning with NAFTA in 1994; post-NAFTA trade pacts that followed; trans-Pacific agreements; and EU agreements with Canada, Vietnam, Korea, and others. Special attention is paid to the North American USMCA trade agreement, which brought far-reaching labour law reforms in Mexico and whose unique ‘rapid response’ enforcement mechanism fosters independent union organizing. In conclusion, this chapter cautions that the question of causality is nuanced, and that trade negotiations can promote labour reforms only with pressure from other actors as well. These include national and global trade unions, political parties, ILO, and civil society advocates. Most important, trade-labour negotiations and enforcement must accompany efforts by workers to exercise rights that labour chapters in trade agreements seek to protect.