bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction of an Arylethynyl Group onto an Anthracene Bisimide Core for Molecular Design of New π-Conjugated Compounds
Authors: Iwanaga Tetsuo , Tanaka Ryo , Toyota Shinji 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Novel ethynylated anthracene bisimide (ABI) derivatives were synthesized by Sonogashira and Stille couplings, and the electronic spectra of the new compounds were compared with those of molecules with related structures. The absorption spectrum and the electrochemical data of the ABI with a 9-anthrylethynyl group suggested weak electronic interactions between the donor anthracene unit and the acceptor ABI unit.
Long-Term Care, Altruism and Socialization
Authors: Ponthiere Gregory 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The public provision of long-term care (LTC) can replace family-provided LTC when adults are not sufficiently altruistic towards their parents. But State intervention can modify the transmission of values and reduce the long-run prevalence of family altruism. To characterize the optimal LTC policy, we develop a three-period OLG model where the adult population is divided into altruistic and non-altruistic agents, and where the transmission of altruism follows a socialization process `a la Bisin and Verdier (2001, The economics of cultural transmission and the dynamics of preferences. Journal of Economic Theory 97:298–319). It is shown that public LTC benefits, by reducing parental investment in children, make the long-run survival of family altruism less likely. However, whether crowding out arises or not depends on individual preferences and on the socialization mechanism at work. We also study the incompatibility of the optimal short-run LTC benefits with long-run social welfare maximization. Finally, we discuss the robustness of our results to introducing savings and universal LTC benefits.
Reference values of fetal serum β2-microglobulin in the Chinese: evaluation of its clinical usefulness
Authors: Hu Suwei , Wu Jing , Lu Dan , Dai Yan , Mai Mingqin , Wei Ran , Liu Qian , Jiang Wei , Zhong Yanfang 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background: The level of β2-microglobulin was generally used to evaluate the renal function in adults. Elevated levels of β2-microglobulin were also applied to assess the perinatal situations in neonates and fetuses. The aim of our study was to establish and determine the reference values of fetal serum β2-microglobulin in the Chinese and to assess its clinical benefits in abnormal fetuses.

Methods: Data from 308 normal cord blood samples were obtained to calculate the normal reference values of fetal serum β2-microglobulin. According to the equations we obtained, we analyzed the level of β2-microglobulin in four case groups: renal malformation, hydrops, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and rubella virus (RV) infection.

Results: In the normal group, the concentration of β2-microglobulin decreased with the gestational age, with a mean value of 4.35±0.59 mg/L. The upper limit of β2-microglobulin was calculated as 7.55–0.074×gestational age in weeks. The levels of β2-microglobulin were significantly higher in the four case groups than the normal group. For the four groups, the sensitivity is 72.7%, 69.6%, 86.7% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusions: Fetal serum β2-microglobulin may be used as a predictor to evaluate the situations of fetal diseases.
Pressure Dependence of the Thermodynamic Quantities in Phase II of Solid Benzene
Authors: Yurtseven H. , Sevinc E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe thermodynamic quantities such as the thermal expansion (αp), isothermal compressibility (KT) and the specific heat (CP − CV), are predicted at various pressures up to 26 GPa (T = 540 K) in the solid phase II of benzene using volume data from the literature. The Pippard relations are examined using the pressure dependence of αp, KT and CP − CV and the value of the slope dP/dT is deduced for the solid phase II of benzene. The thermodynamic quantities studied here decrease with increasing pressure, as expected, which can be compared with the experimental measurements for the solid phase II of benzene. We find that the Pippard relations are validated within the pressure range considered, in particular, at high pressures for the solid phase II of this molecular crystal.
Testing for Neglected Nonlinearity Using Artificial Neural Networks with Many Randomized Hidden Unit Activations
Authors: Lee Tae-Hwy , Xi Zhou , Zhang Ru 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper makes a simple but previously neglected point with regard to an empirical application of the test of White (1989) and Lee, White, and Granger (LWG, 1993), for neglected nonlinearity in conditional mean, using the feedforward single layer artificial neural network (ANN). Because the activation parameters in the hidden layer are not identified under the null hypothesis of linearity, LWG suggested to activate the ANN hidden units based on the randomly generated activation parameters. Their Monte Carlo experiments demonstrated the excellent performance (good size and power), even if LWG considered a fairly small number (10 or 20) of random hidden unit activations. However, in this paper, we note that the good size and power of Monte Carlo experiments are the average frequencies of rejecting the null hypothsis over multiple replications of the data generating process. The average over many simulations in Monte Carlo smooths out the randomness of the activations. In an empirical study, unlike in a Monte Carlo study, multiple realizations of the data are not possible or available. In this case, the ANN test is sensitive to the randomly generated activation parameters. One solution is the use of Bonferroni bounds as suggested by LWG (1993), which however still exhibits some excessive dependence on the random activations (as shown in this paper). Another solution is to integrate the test statistic over the nuisance parameter space, for which however, bootstrap or simulation should be used to obtain the null distribution of the integrated statistic. In this paper, we consider a much simpler solution that is shown to work very well. That is, we simply increase the number of randomized hidden unit activations to a (very) large number (e.g. 1,000). We show that using many randomly generated activation parameters can robustify the performance of the ANN test when it is applied to a real empirical data. This robustification is reliable and useful in practice and can be achieved at no cost as increasing the number of random activations is almost costless given today’s computer technology.
Asymptotic Behavior of Temporal Aggregates in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Hassler Uwe , Tsai Henghsiu 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe classical aggregation result by Tiao (1972,Asymptotic Behavior of Temporal Aggregates of Time Series, Biometrika 59, 525–531) is generalized for a weak set of assumptions. The innovations driving the integrated processes are only required to be stationary with integrable spectral density. The derivation is settled in the frequency domain. In case of fractional integration, it is demonstrated that the order of integration is preserved with growing aggregation under the same set of assumptions.
Similarity in the generalization of implicitly learned sound patterns
Authors: Cristia Alejandrina , Mielke Jeff , Daland Robert , Peperkamp Sharon 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIt is likely that generalization of implicitly learned sound patterns to novel words and sounds is structured by a similarity metric, but how may this metric best be captured? We report on an experiment where participants were exposed to an artificial phonology, and frequency ratings were used to probe implicit abstraction of onset statistics. Non-words bearing an onset that was presented during initial exposure were subsequently rated most frequent, indicating that participants generalized onset statistics to new non-words. Participants also rated non-words with untrained onsets as somewhat frequent, indicating generalization to onsets that had not been used during the exposure phase. While generalization could be accounted for in terms of featural distance, it was insensitive to natural class structure. Generalization to untrained sounds was predicted better by models requiring prior linguistic knowledge (either traditional distinctive features or articulatory phonetic information) than by a model based on a linguistically naive measure of acoustic similarity.
What determines duration-based rhythm measures: text or speaker?
Authors: Loukina Anastassia , Rosner Burton , Kochanski Greg , Keane Elinor , Shih Chilin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDifferences in rhythm between languages have been often attributed to differences in phonological properties such as syllable structure. This paper uses quantitative analyses to determine whether and how popular duration-based rhythm measures depend on the phonological structure of a language. Native speakers of five languages read a large corpus of comparable texts (approximately 371,000 syllables in total). Phonological properties of each language were specified as 11 variables, computed from the phonetic transcriptions. These variables were compared against published rhythm measures that captured variation in duration of consonantal and vocalic intervals. While the text-based measures discriminated well between languages, the values of rhythm measures overlapped substantially, showing that the languages are more alike in acoustic implementation than in their phonological description. Multilevel models demonstrated that the mapping between phonological properties and acoustics is much weaker than previously assumed: linear effects of the phonological variables explained less than a quarter of the total variance in rhythm measures. Instead, speaker was the main source of variation in those measures. Rhythm, in the sense of durational variability, depends far more on individual timing strategies than on the phonological structure of a language.
An explanation for phonological word-final vowel shortening: Evidence from Tokyo Japanese
Authors: Nakai Satsuki 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper offers an account for the cross-linguistic prevalence of phonological word-final vowel shortening, in the face of phonetic final lengthening, also commonly observed across languages. Two contributing factors are hypothesized: (1) an overlap in the durational distributions of short and long vowel phonemes across positions in the utterance can lead to the misidentification of phonemic vowel length and (2) the direction of bias in such misidentification is determined by the distributional properties of the short and long vowel phonemes in the region of the durational overlap. Because short vowel phonemes are typically more frequent in occurrence and less variable in duration than long vowel phonemes, long vowel phonemes are more likely to be misidentified than short vowel phonemes. Results of production and perception studies in Tokyo Japanese support these hypotheses.
Adipose Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 and Obesity
Authors: Sell Henrike , Blüher Matthias , Klöting Nora , Schlich Raphaela , Willems Miriam , Ruppe Florian , Knoefel Wolfram Trudo , Dietrich Arne , Fielding Barbara A. , Arner Peter , Frayn Keith N. , Eckel Jürgen 
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE
To study expression of the recently identified adipokine dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of patients with various BMIs and insulin sensitivities, as well as to assess circulating DPP4 in relation to obesity and insulin sensitivity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
DPP4 expression was measured in SAT and VAT from 196 subjects with a wide range of BMIs and insulin sensitivities. DPP4 release was measured ex vivo in paired biopsies from SAT and VAT as well as in vivo from SAT of lean and obese patients. Circulating DPP4 was measured in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant BMI-matched obese patients.

RESULTS
DPP4 expression was positively correlated with BMI in both SAT and VAT, with VAT consistently displaying higher expression than SAT. Ex vivo release of DPP4 from adipose tissue explants was higher in VAT than in SAT in both lean and obese patients, with obese patients displaying higher DPP4 release than lean controls. Net release of DPP4 from adipose tissue was also demonstrated in vivo with greater release in obese subjects than in lean subjects and in women than in men. Insulin-sensitive obese patients had significantly lower circulating DPP4 than did obesity-matched insulin-resistant patients. In this experiment, DPP4 positively correlated with the amount of VAT, adipocyte size, and adipose tissue inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS
DPP4, a novel adipokine, has a higher release from VAT that is particularly pronounced in obese and insulin-resistant patients. Our data suggest that DPP4 may be a marker for visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome.
Influence of Apolipoproteins on the Association Between Lipids and Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Baldi Simona , Bonnet Fabrice , Laville Martine , Morgantini Cecilia , Monti Lucilla , Hojlund Kurt , Ferrannini Ele , Natali Andrea ,   on behalf of the RISC Investigators
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE
We evaluated whether the association of insulin sensitivity with HDL cholesterol (HDL) and triglycerides is influenced by major plasma apolipoproteins, as suggested by recent experimental evidence.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study included a cross-sectional analysis of the RISC Study, a multicenter European clinical investigation in 1,017 healthy volunteers balanced in sex (women 54%) and age strata (range 30–60 years). Insulin sensitivity (M/I in µmol ⋅ min−1 ⋅ kgFFM−1 ⋅ nM−1) was measured by the clamp technique and apolipoproteins (ApoB, -C3, -A1, and -E) by Multiplex Technology.

RESULTS
The center-, sex-, and age-adjusted standardized regression coefficients (STDβ) with M/I were similar for HDL and triglycerides (+19.9 ± 1.9 vs. −20.0 ± 2.0, P &lt; 0.0001). Further adjustment for triglycerides (or HDL), BMI, and adiponectin (or nonesterified fatty acid) attenuated the strength of the association of M/I with both HDL (STDβ +6.4 ± 2.3, P &lt; 0.01) and triglycerides (−9.5 ± 2.1, P &lt; 0.001). Neither ApoA1 nor ApoE and ApoB showed any association with M/I independent from plasma HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. ApoC3, in contrast, in both men and women, was positively associated with M/I independently of plasma lipids. A relative enrichment of plasma lipids with ApoC3 is associated with lower body fat percentage and lower plasma alanine amino transferase.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that HDL cholesterol modulates insulin sensitivity through a mechanism that is partially mediated by BMI and adiponectin but not by ApoA1. Similarly, the influence of triglycerides on insulin sensitivity is in part mediated by BMI and is unrelated to ApoE or ApoB, but it is significantly modulated by ApoC3, which appears to protect from the negative effect of plasma lipids.
Poor Glycemic Control Is Related to Increased Nitric Oxide Activity Within the Renal Circulation of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Schneider Markus P. , Ott Christian , Schmidt Stephanie , Kistner Iris , Friedrich Stefanie , Schmieder Roland E. 
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE
Experimental studies have shown that glucose releases endothelial nitric oxide (NO) and that NO contributes to renal hyperperfusion in models of diabetes. To examine whether this translates into the human condition, we studied the relationship between glycemic control and renal NO activity in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 113 patients with type 2 diabetes and a wide range of HbA1c concentrations were included. Renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were determined by constant infusion input clearance. Functional NO activity in the renal circulation was determined as change of RPF to infusion of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) (4.25 mg/kg). As additional markers, we measured urinary excretion of NO (UNOx) and l-arginine–to–asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) ratio in plasma.

RESULTS
Subjects within the highest tertile of HbA1c concentration had increased RPF (low, medium, and high tertiles 576 ± 17 vs. 585 ± 22 vs. 627 ± 33 mL/min/m2, P = 0.05 by one-way ANOVA), while GFR was similar across tertiles. The response of RPF to NOS blockade was augmented in subjects with higher HbA1c levels (−55 ± 7 vs. −64 ± 8 vs. −86 ± 8 mL/min, P = 0.04 by one-way ANOVA). Further, l-arginine–to–ADMA ratio and UNOx were increased in subjects with higher HbA1c levels.

CONCLUSIONS
In line with experimental evidence, we could demonstrate in humans that poor glycemic control is related to higher NO activity and hyperperfusion of the kidney. The renal NO system may thus be a novel therapeutic target for improving renal hemodynamics in patients with diabetes.
Earlier Onset of Complications in Youth With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Dart Allison B. , Martens Patricia J. , Rigatto Claudio , Brownell Marni D. , Dean Heather J. , Sellers Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the risk of complications in youth with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Population-based cohorts of 342 youth (1–18 years of age) with prevalent type 2 diabetes, 1,011 youth with type 1 diabetes, and 1,710 nondiabetic control youth were identified between 1986 and 2007 from a clinical registry and linked to health care records to assess long-term outcomes using ICD-9CM and ICD-10CA codes.

RESULTS
Youth with type 2 diabetes had an increased risk of any complication (hazard ratio 1.47 [95% CI 1.02–2.12]). Significant adverse clinical factors included age at diagnosis (1.08 [1.02–2.12]), HbA1c (1.06 [1.01–1.12]), and, surprisingly, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitor use (1.75 [1.27–2.41]). HNF-1α G319S polymorphism was protective in the type 2 diabetes cohort (0.58 [0.34–0.99]). Kaplan-Meier statistics revealed an earlier diagnosis of renal and neurologic complications in the type 2 diabetes cohort, manifesting within 5 years of diagnosis. No difference in retinopathy was seen. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were rare; however, major complications (dialysis, blindness, or amputation) started to manifest 10 years after diagnosis in the type 2 diabetes cohort. Youth with type 2 diabetes had higher rates of all outcomes than nondiabetic control youth and an overall 6.15-fold increased risk of any vascular disease.

CONCLUSIONS
Youth with type 2 diabetes exhibit complications sooner than youth with type 1 diabetes. Younger age at diagnosis is potentially protective, and glycemic control is an important modifiable risk factor. The unexpected adverse association between RAAS inhibitor use and outcome is likely a confounder by indication; however, further evaluation in young people is warranted.
Early Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin, Ukraine. Part 4. Cordibia, a new protocolonial genus
Authors: Fedorowski Jerzy , Ogar Viktor V. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Cordibia pumila gen. et sp. nov. (Aulophyllidae, Dibunophyllinae) from the Lower Bashkirian E 1 Limestone of the Donets Basin, Ukraine is described. The term “protocolony” is formally defined as a growth form intermediate between the solitary and colonial. Protocolonies consist of protocorallites and verticils of non-reproductive offsets [i.e., the lost structures]. The early ontogeny of a protocorallite is compared to the blastogeny in the same species in order to establish characters in common during both processes and to document the usefulness of blastogeny for phylogenetic reconstructions. The short duration and abundance of the occurrence (Limestones E1up acme, E11 ) of that species also makes it a good marker for the lowest Feninian (= Krasnopolyanian) strata in the Donets Basin.
Stability and controllability of switched systems
Authors: Klamka J. , Czornik A. , Niezabitowski M. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The study of properties of switched and hybrid systems gives rise to a number of interesting and challenging mathematical problems. This paper aims to briefly survey recent results on stability and controllability of switched linear systems. First, the stability analysis for switched systems is reviewed. We focus on the stability analysis for switched linear systems under arbitrary switching, and we highlight necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability. After that, we review the controllability results.
Parameter selection of an adaptive PI state observer for an induction motor
Authors: Białoń T. , Lewicki A. , Pasko M. , Niestrój R. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The paper discusses problems connected with the parameters selection of the proportional-integral observer, designed for reconstruction of magnetic fluxes and angular speed of an induction motor. The selection is performed in several stages that are focused on different criteria. The first stage consists in selecting observer’s gains and provides desired dynamical properties, taking into consideration immunity to disturbances and parameter variations of observed system. The second stage prevents an observer from DC-offset cumulation and instability. The last stage consists in setting the parameters of a speed adaptation mechanism. The impact of different settings on the properties of an observer is illustrated with experimental results, obtained in the multiscalar control system of an induction motor
Numerical and experimental investigation on internal membrane pressure wave inside sealed structure
Authors: Barnat W. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The article presents an approach to modeling the internal membrane pressure wave inside a sealed structure. During an explosion near a vehicle when a pressure wave reaches a hull, a pressure wave inside arises due to the hull’s bottom and the deformation of sides. They act like the piston - membrane. This membrane transfers the pressure impulse into the vehicle’s interior. A pressure increase causes the damage of internal organs or even death of occupants. In case of an armor penetration the pressure increase may be even larger. One of basic methods to protect a crew is to open hatches. However, such a method cannot be used in a contaminated area.
Effective throughput of AX.25 protocol
Authors: Zieliński B. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
AX.25 protocol belongs to the HDLC protocols family and is used, among others, as a data link layer in an amateur Packet Radio network. The paper presents a simple analytical model developed on the basis of protocol frame exchange rules. Then, we compare analytical results to the experimental ones achieved using various different types of TNC controllers that act as network interfaces for Packet Radio network. In the experimental part we focus on both hardware and software properties of TNC that have influence on the effective throughput of the network.
The sensitivity of sensor structures with oxide graphene exposed to selected gaseous atmospheres
Authors: Pustelny T. , Drewniak S. , Setkiewicz M. , Maciak E. , Urbańczyk M. , Procek M. , Gut K. , Opilski Z. , Jagiello J. , Lipinska L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The paper presents the results of investigations on the resistive structure with a graphene oxide (GO) sensing layer. The effects of dangerous gases (hydrogen and nitrogen dioxide) on the structure were studied; the resistance changes were examined during the flow of the selected gas in the atmosphere of synthetic air. Measurements were performed with a special emphasis on the detection of low concentrations of the analyzed gases. The reactions of the sensing structure to the effect of nitrogen and synthetic air at different humidity were also tested. Much attention was also paid to the fast response of the sensor to the changes in the gas atmosphere. The thin palladium layer (~2 nm) has been applied in order to improve the sensing properties of the structure. The investigations were performed in the temperature range from RT to 120°C and the analyzed gases in synthetic air were batched alternately with pure synthetic air.