bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Varying Storm Intensity and Consecutive Dry Days on Grassland Soil Moisture
Authors: Hottenstein John D. , Ponce-Campos Guillermo E. , Moguel-Yanes Julio , Moran M. Susan 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Intra-annual precipitation patterns are expected to shift toward more intense storms and longer dry periods because of changes in climate within future decades. Using satellite-derived estimates of plant growth combined with in situ measurements of precipitation and soil moisture between 1999 and 2013, this study quantified the relationship between intra-annual precipitation patterns, annual average soil moisture (at 5-cm depth), and plant growth at nine grassland sites across the southern United States. Results showed a fundamental difference in the response to varying precipitation patterns between mesic and semiarid grasslands. Surface soil moisture in mesic grasslands decreased with an increase of high-intensity storms, whereas in semiarid grasslands, soil moisture decreased with longer dry periods. For these sites, annual average soil moisture was a better indicator of grassland production than total annual precipitation. This improved ability to predict variability in soil moisture and plant growth with changing hydroclimatic conditions will result in more efficient resource management and better-informed policy decisions.
Surfzone Monitoring Using Rotary Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Brouwer Ronald L. , de Schipper Matthieu A. , Rynne Patrick F. , Graham Fiona J. , Reniers Ad J. H. M. , MacMahan Jamie H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the potential of rotary wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to monitor the surfzone. This paper shows that these UAVs are extremely flexible surveying platforms that can gather near-continuous moderate spatial resolution and high temporal resolution imagery from a fixed position high above a study site. The rotary wing UAVs used in this study can fly for ~12 min with a mean loiter radius of 1–3.5 m and a mean loiter error of 0.75–4.5 m. These numbers depend on the environmental conditions, flying style, battery type, and vehicle type. The images obtained from the UAVs, and in combination with surveyed ground control points (GCPs), can be georectified to a pixel resolution between 0.01 and 1 m, and a reprojection error—that is, the difference between the surveyed GPS location of a GCP and the location of the GCP obtained from the georectified image—of O(1 m). The flexibility of rotary wing UAVs provides moderate spatial resolution and high temporal resolution imagery, which are highly suitable to quickly obtain surfzone and beach characteristics in response to storms or for day-to-day beach safety information, as well as scientific pursuits of surfzone kinematics on different spatial and temporal scales, and dispersion and advection estimates of pollutants.
Administrative elites in the Netherlands from 1980 to 2011: making the invisible visible
Authors: Raadschelders Jos , Meer Frits M. Van der 
Published: November 2014

The Dutch top civil service level has seldom been described in ‘elitist’ terms; befitting a country with a strong egalitarian social culture. Though formally open to outside recruitment, in practice the (top) civil service in central government is a rather closed system. There is relatively little occupational mobility between these civil servants and political officeholders, and virtually none between the public and the private sectors. However, some initiatives have recently been taken to improve this external mobility. New Public Management has had little impact upon the structure and functioning of the Dutch administrative elites. More important for the positioning and functioning of these civil servants has been the creation of the Senior Executive Service, and, within the SES, the top management group. By creating this career system at the very top of the civil service at the central level, the elite nature of the top civil servants has been reinforced. Points for practitioners The structure and functioning of the Dutch civil service has not been influenced by New Public Management (NPM). The rotation of positions at the top, through the Senior Public Service, is mainly inspired by the effort to decrease the compartmentalization of government departments. What has changed is the environment in which higher civil servants work, with Parliament, media and citizens demanding fast and tangible results.
Acrylic cement formulations modified with calcium deficient apatite nanoparticles for orthopaedic applications
Authors: Jayasree R , Sampath Kumar TS 
Published: November 2014

Polymethyl methacrylate-based bone cements are used worldwide by the orthopaedic surgeons to secure joint implants with the skeleton. However, the clinical use of this cement is accompanied by complications such as exothermic heat produced during the polymerization reaction, lack of bone bonding ability and shrinkage to name a few. In the present work, the effect of incorporation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the properties of a commercially available orthopaedic bone cement matrix has been investigated. Initial and final setting time of the cement has been found to decrease with calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite nanoparticles addition. The exothermic heat dissipation during the polymerization has been found to significantly decrease with the calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite nanoparticle incorporation in the bone cement. Contact angle study revealed that with the increasing percentage of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite nanoparticle, the composite cement becomes more hydrophilic. In vitro biomineralization study confirmed the bioactivity of the nanocomposite bone cement with the formation of primary and secondary apatite on the cement surface. Present study suggests that the incorporation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite nanoparticle into the orthopaedic bone cements could help to overcome some of the shortcomings of the orthopaedic cement.
Comparing Housing Booms and Mortgage Supply in the Major OECD Countries
Authors: Armstrong Angus , Davis E. Philip 
Published: November 2014

The house price and lending boom of the 2000s is widely considered to be the main cause of the financial crisis that began in 2007. However, looking to the past, we find a similar boom in the late 1980s which did not lead directly to a global systemic banking crisis – there were widespread banking difficulties in the early 1990s but these were linked mainly to commercial property exposures. This raises the question whether the received wisdom is incorrect, and other factors than the housing boom caused the crisis, while macroprudential policy is overly targeted at the control of house prices and lendingper se.Accordingly, in this paper we compare and contrast the cycles in house prices over 1985–94 with 2002–11. There are more similarities than contrasts between the booms. Stylised facts include a similar rise in real house prices where booms took place, and a marked rise in the real mortgage stock along with real incomes. The aftermath periods are also comparable in terms of house price changes. Econometrically, determinants of house prices are similar in size and sign from the 1980s to date.There remain some contrasts. Leverage rose far more in the later episode and did not contract in the aftermath. Mean reversion of house prices is greater in the earlier period. The earlier boom period showed differences with average house price behaviour which was not mirrored in the most recent boom and inflation was higher. Despite the contrasts, on balance we reject the idea that the recent boom was in some way unique and hence the key cause of the crisis. There is a need for further research to capture distinctive structural and conjunctural factors underlying the recent crisis which differ from the earlier boom and some suggestions are made.
Visibility and economy as dimensions of metaphoric language
Authors: Sullivan Karen 
Published: November 2014

Metaphoric language can be examined either from the standpoint of conceptual structure or from the perspective of linguistic form. The role of conceptual metaphor in metaphoric language has received considerable attention, notably in Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Blending Theory, but the impact of linguistic form remains less well understood. Brooke-Rose’s A Grammar of Metaphor (1958) presents subjective impressions of various forms, and more recently, cognitive linguists have examined the metaphoric uses of individual grammatical constructions. However, Stockwell offers the most methodical and comprehensive comparison of metaphorically used constructions along a specified parameter, that of ‘visibility’ (1992, 2000, 2002). On the cline of visibility, constructions range from the most visible constructions, such as simile, to the least visible, such as allegory. The current article draws on Sullivan’s (2013) study of the role of grammatical constructions in metaphoric language to examine and refine Stockwell’s cline of visibility, inputting the syntactic characteristics of Stockwell’s metaphoric constructions into a multidimensional scaling analysis. The results support Stockwell’s dimension of ‘visibility’, but suggest that the distinctions between metaphorically used constructions are better accounted for in a two-dimensional analysis that considers the dimension of ‘economy’ – the linguistic complexity required to express a conceptual metaphor – alongside ‘visibility’.
Reducing mental illness stigma in health care students and professionals: a review of the literature
Authors: Stubbs Alison 
Published: November 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of interventions designed to reduce mental illness stigma among healthcare students and professionals. Method: A literature search was conducted using the Cochrane Library and PubMed. Results: Randomised controlled trial level evidence demonstrated that interventions involving direct contact, indirect filmed contact or an educational email effectively reduced stigma in the short term. Role play was the only intervention with randomised controlled trial level evidence demonstrating no effect. There was not enough evidence to suggest that any intervention can maintain stigma reduction over time. Conclusions: Stigma reduction in healthcare students and professionals needs to be sustained over time if it is to result in positive changes for people living with mental illness. Further research is needed to determine which interventions, if any, can achieve this. Only then will large-scale implementation of a stigma reduction intervention be feasible and beneficial to people living with mental illness.
Edutainment for Sustainable Development
Authors: Katsaliaki Korina , Mustafee Navonil 
Published: November 2014

Background. The ever-increasing demand for natural resources has led to the continuing depletion of resources. Reversing this trend will require knowledge of effective environmental management strategies and adoption of sustainable development practices by society at large. Thus, it is critical that citizens increase their awareness of sustainability and acquire managerial skills required to effect change. Use of decision games for teaching sustainable development is a step in this direction. Games present great opportunities as tools of edutainment (educational entertainment) for teaching and training, with positive effects on learning outcomes. Aim and Method. In this article, we undertake a methodological review of games on sustainable development, analyzing their underlying characteristics, including the stated focus of the games, game availability, number of players and their roles, their target age, game validation and evaluation, stakeholder involvement in game development, learning outcomes, and so on. A total of 49 games are included in this survey. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that the games used for teaching sustainable development have generally increased players’ understanding of issues around sustainability and have enhanced their knowledge of sustainable development strategies. Our classification of the games’ characteristics assists educational instructors and potential learners in identifying games that are best suited for their teaching and learning needs.
Measuring Game Engagement
Authors: Martey Rosa Mikeal , Kenski Kate , Folkestad James , Feldman Laurie , Gordis Elana , Shaw Adrienne , Stromer-Galley Jennifer , Clegg Ben , Zhang Hui , Kaufman Nissim , Rabkin Ari N. , Shaikh Samira , Strzalkowski Tomek 
Published: November 2014

Background. Engagement has been identified as a crucial component of learning in games research. However, the conceptualization and operationalization of engagement vary widely in the literature. Many valuable approaches illuminate ways in which presence, flow, arousal, participation, and other concepts constitute or contribute to engagement. However, few studies examine multiple conceptualizations of engagement in the same project. Method. This article discusses the results of two experiments that measure engagement in five different ways: survey self-report, content analyses of player videos, electro-dermal activity, mouse movements, and game click logs. We examine the relationships among these measures and assess how they are affected by the technical characteristics of a 30-minute, custom-built, educational game: use of a customized character, level of narrative complexity, and level of art complexity. Results. We found that the five measures of engagement correlated in limited ways, and that they revealed substantially different relationships with game characteristics. We conclude that engagement as a construct is more complex than is captured in any of these measures individually and that using multiple methods to assess engagement can illuminate aspects of engagement not detectable by a single method of measurement.
Influence of Crosslinking on the Wear Performance of Polyethylene Within Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Bischoff Jeffrey E. , Fryman J. Craig , Parcell Jerry , Orozco Villaseñor Diego A. 
Published: November 2014

Background: Wear debris of polyethylene within joint replacement systems can result in clinical complications including osteolysis and component loosening. Highly crosslinked polyethylene (HXPE) was introduced to improve these outcomes, and has been shown to result in improved wear performance in several joint replacement systems. However, bearing couples within total ankle replacement (TAR) systems have historically used conventional polyethylene (CPE) articulating on metal. The extent to which HXPE would result in a reduction of polyethylene wear compared to CPE in the ankle has not been studied. The hypothesis motivating this study was that use of HXPE within TAR will result in significantly lower wear rate than CPE. Methods: HXPE and CPE inserts within a semiconstrained, bicondylar TAR system were manufactured for this study. Samples were subjected to 5.0 million cycles of wear on an in vitro wear simulator. Testing was performed within a physiological environment, using kinematic and kinetic loading profiles characteristic of walking gait. Samples were weighed at regular intervals to determine gravimetric mass loss, and the morphology of wear particles was analyzed. Results: The wear rates for CPE and HXPE samples were 7.4 ± 1.3 and 1.9 ± 0.3 mg/Mc (mean ± SD), respectively. HXPE samples exhibited a significant ( P < .01) wear rate reduction of 74% when compared with the CPE. Debris morphology trends between HXPE and CPE were consistent with what has been observed in other joint systems. Conclusion: Use of HXPE significantly reduces wear of TAR as compared to CPE, based on in vitro wear testing. Clinical Relevance: Highly crosslinked polyethylene may reduce clinical complications of total ankle replacement that are linked to polyethylene wear.
Variation of community consultation and public disclosure for a pediatric multi-centered “Exception from Informed Consent” trial
Authors: Holsti Maija , Zemek Roger , Baren Jill , Stanley Rachel M , Mahajan Prashant , Vance Cheryl , Brown Kathleen M , Gonzalez Victor , King Denise , Jacobsen Kammy , Shreve Kate , van de Bruinhorst Katrina , Jones Anne Marie , Chamberlain James M 
Published: November 2014

Background: The US federal regulation “Exception from Informed Consent for Emergency Research,” 21 Code of Federal Regulations 50.24, permits emergency research without informed consent under limited conditions. Additional safeguards to protect human subjects include requirements for community consultation and public disclosure prior to starting the research. Because the regulations are vague about these requirements, Institutional Review Boards determine the adequacy of these activities at a local level. Thus, there is potential for broad interpretation and practice variation. Aim: To describe the variation of community consultation and public disclosure activities approved by Institutional Review Boards, and the effectiveness of this process for a multi-center, Exception from Informed Consent, pediatric status epilepticus clinical research trial. Methods: Community consultation and public disclosure activities were analyzed for each of the 15 participating sites. Surveys were conducted with participants enrolled in the status epilepticus trial to assess the effectiveness of public disclosure dissemination prior to study enrollment. Results: Every Institutional Review Board, among the 15 participating sites, had a varied interpretation of Exception from Informed Consent regulations for community consultation and public disclosure activities. Institutional Review Boards required various combinations of focus groups, interviews, surveys, and meetings for community consultation, and news releases, mailings, and public service announcements for public disclosure. At least 4335 patients received information about the study from these efforts. In all, 158 chose to be included in the “Opt Out” list. Of the 304 participants who were enrolled under Exception from Informed Consent, 12 (5%) had heard about the study through community consultation or public disclosure activities. The activities reaching the highest number of participants were surveys and focus groups associated with existing meetings. Public disclosure activities were more efficient and cost-effective if they were part of an in-hospital resource for patients and families. Conclusion: There is substantial variation in Institutional Review Boards’ interpretations of the federal regulations for community consultation and public disclosure. One of the goals of community consultation and public disclosure efforts for emergency research is to provide community members an opportunity to opt out of Exception from Informed Consent research; however, rarely do patients or their legally authorized representatives report having learned about a study prior to enrollment.
Clinical Accuracy of a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System With an Advanced Algorithm
Authors: Bailey Timothy S. , Chang Anna , Christiansen Mark 
Published: November 2014

Background: We assessed the performance of a modified Dexcom G4 Platinum system with an advanced algorithm, in comparison with frequent venous samples measured on a laboratory reference (YSI) during a clinic session and in comparison to self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) during home use. Methods: Fifty-one subjects with diabetes were enrolled in a prospective multicenter study. Subjects wore 1 sensor for 7-day use and participated in one 12-hour in-clinic session on day 1, 4, or 7 to collect YSI reference venous glucose every 15 minutes and capillary SMBG test every 30 minutes. Carbohydrate consumption and insulin dosing and timing were manipulated to obtain data in low and high glucose ranges. Results: In comparison with the laboratory reference method (n = 2,263) the system provided a mean and median absolute relative differences (ARD) of 9.0% and 7.0%, respectively. The mean absolute difference for CGM was 6.4 mg/dL when the YSIs were within hypoglycemia ranges (≤ 70 mg/dL). The percentage in the clinically accurate Clarke error grid A zone was 92.4% and in the benign error B zone was 7.1%. Majority of the sensors (73%) had an aggregated MARD in reference to YSI ≤ 10%. The MARD of CGM-SMBG for home use was 11.3%. Conclusions: The study showed that the point and rate accuracy, clinical accuracy, reliability, and consistency over the duration of wear and across glycemic ranges were superior to current commercial real-time CGM systems. The performance of this CGM is reaching that of a self-monitoring blood glucose meter in real use environment.
Gender differences in symptoms in partial responders to proton pump inhibitors for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Vakil N , Niklasson A , Denison H , Rydén A 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundGender differences may exist in the symptom experience of patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) who have a partial response to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to analyse gender differences in partial responders to PPIs.MethodsPatients with GERD who responded partially to PPIs (n  = 580; NCT00703534) completed the Reflux Symptom Questionnaire 7‐day recall (RESQ‐7) and the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS). Anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.ResultsWomen had significantly higher RESQ‐7 domain scores than men for Heartburn (frequency: 4.3 vs 3.9; intensity: 3.1 vs 2.8), Burping (frequency: 4.9 vs 4.4; intensity: 3.1 vs 2.8) and Hoarseness, cough and difficulty swallowing (frequency: 2.6 vs 2.2; intensity: 1.8 vs 1.5), and had higher GSRS domain discomfort scores than men for Abdominal pain (3.51 vs 3.23), Indigestion (3.80 vs 3.45) and Constipation (2.69 vs 2.17) (all p  < 0.05). Anxiety and depression were significantly more prevalent in women than in men.ConclusionIn this population of partial responders, women had more frequent/intense heartburn and extra‐oesophageal symptoms and more discomfort from abdominal pain, indigestion and constipation than men. Comorbid anxiety and depression may contribute to the increased symptom burden in women.
Controlling the morphological, structural, and optical properties of one-dimensional PCDTBT nanotubes by template wetting
Authors: Bakar Nor Asmaliza , Supangat Azzuliani , Sulaiman Khaulah 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In this study, the synthesis of poly [N-9′-heptadecanyl-2, 7-carbazole-alt-5, 5-(4′, 7′-di-2-thienyl-2′, 1′, 3′-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) nanotubes via a templating method is reported. PCDTBT nanotubes were successfully grown by immersing the porous alumina template into 15 mg/ml of solution concentration for 2- and 24-h periods and annealed at 50°C. Changes in morphological and optical properties between nanotubes of different infiltration times (2 and 24 h) as well as its thin films are observed. The longer infiltration time of 24 h produced nanotubes with enhanced morphological, structural, and optical properties. Nanotubes that are formed between 2 and 24 h of infiltration show enhancement in absorption, photoluminescence, and shift in Raman peak if compared to their thin films.