bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motion to Suppress
Authors: Wright Delmar P. , Persky David 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis essay on motion to suppress presents an overview of the procedural context for the motion, its development rooted in precedent from the US Supreme Court, the procedural requirements to successfully present and argue the motion in the pretrial process, and a list of available exceptions to the exclusionary rule that can be raised in the motion hearing by opposing counsel. The essay also considers possible outcomes and benefits that may result from the introduction of a motion prior to trial.
Social Bonding Theory
Authors: Hodwitz Omi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSocial bonding theory is a control theory built upon the assumption that people are inherently self‐interested; therefore, it seeks to explain why some people refrain from crime rather than engage in crime. The theory posits that offending behavior is caused by weakened or broken social bonds with law‐abiding people and institutions. Social bonds consist of four elements (attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief) and the presence of each element facilitates law‐abiding behavior. Social bonding theory caught the attention of theorists and researchers alike, resulting in a wide variety of empirical tests, heated debates, and theoretical growth. It is one of the more prominent control theories found in criminological literature.
Juvenile Street Gangs
Authors: A. Morgan Kirstin , W. Shelley Walter 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Juvenile street gangs are often differentiated from other types of gangs (e.g., biker gangs, prison gangs) due to their less organized nature and younger and less committed member base. Most juvenile crime is committed in groups, making it essential to distinguish between gangs and groups. Responses to youth gangs can be categorized into three types, each of which contains different objectives: prevention (stop youth from becoming gang involved), intervention (get youth to leave the gang), and suppression (police efforts to minimize crime and delinquency through enforcement).
Expanding the Scope of the Organocatalytic Addition of Fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane to Enals: Enantioselective Cascade Synthesis of Fluoroindane and Fluorochromanol Derivatives
Authors: Kim Young Sug , Kim Sun Min , Wang Bing , Companyó Xavier , Li Jing , Moyano Albert , Im Seoyoung , Tošner Zdeněk , Yang Jung Woon , Rios Ramon 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHighly enantioselective cascade reactions for the synthesis of fluoroindanes and chromanols derivatives are described. The cascade reactions consisted of either a double Michael reaction or Michael–hemiacetal formation via the addition of fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane (FBSM) to enals. The final products were obtained in good yields with excellent stereoselectivities.magnified image
Mitochondrial variation among the aymara and the signatures of population expansion in the central Andes
Authors: Batai Ken , Williams Sloan R. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe exploitation of marine resources and intensive agriculture led to a marked population increase early in central Andean prehistory. Constant historic and prehistoric population movements also characterize this region. These features undoubtedly affected regional genetic variation, but the exact nature of these effects remains uncertain.MethodsMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable region I sequence variation in 61 Aymara individuals from La Paz, Bolivia, was analyzed and compared to sequences from 47 other South American populations to test hypotheses of whether increased female effective population size and gene flow influenced the mtDNA variation among central Andean populations.ResultsThe Aymara and Quechua were genetically diverse showing evidence of population expansion and large effective population size, and a demographic expansion model fits the mtDNA variation found among central Andean populations well. Estimated migration rates and the results of AMOVA and multidimensional scaling analysis suggest that female gene flow was also an important factor, influencing genetic variation among the central Andeans as well as lowland populations from western South America. mtDNA variation in south central Andes correlated better with geographic proximity than with language, and fit a population continuity model.ConclusionThe mtDNA data suggests that the central Andeans experienced population expansion, most likely because of rapid demographic expansion after introduction of intensive agriculture, but roles of female gene flow need to be further explored. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:321–330, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oral health of the Paleoamericans of Lagoa Santa, central Brazil
Authors: Da‐Gloria Pedro , Larsen Clark Spencer 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe peopling, origins, and early prehistory of the Americas are topics of intense debate. However, few studies have used human remains to document and interpret patterns of health and lifestyle of Paleoamericans. This study provides the first investigation to characterize oral health in a series of early Holocene skeletal remains from Lagoa Santa, Brazil, a locality containing the remains of some of the earliest inhabitants of South America (10,000–7,000 BP). The sample is composed of 949 teeth and 1925 alveoli from an estimated 113 individuals excavated from 17 archaeological sites located in the State of Minas Gerais. We compare dental caries and abscess prevalence at Lagoa Santa to a large sample of human skeletons from the Western Hemisphere Project (WHP) database using both individual and tooth/alveolus count methods. In addition, antemortem tooth loss and tooth wear were analyzed in Lagoa Santa by sex and age. The results show that Lagoa Santa dental caries and abscess prevalence are significantly higher than observed among other hunter–gatherers included in the WHP database, except when abscess prevalence is considered by individual count. Adult females have less tooth wear coupled with higher prevalence of dental caries and antemortem tooth loss than adult males. These results point to an unexpected record of poor oral health at Lagoa Santa, especially among females. A diet based on a highly cariogenic combination of wild tubers and fruits is suggested as an explanation for the elevated rate, characterizing an early adaptation to a tropical environment in South America. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:11–26, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SpinPhox/Iridium(I)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Cyclic α‐Alkylidene Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Liu Xu , Han Zhaobin , Wang Zheng , Ding Kuiling 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOptically active medium‐sized cyclic carbonyl compounds bearing an α‐chiral carbon center are of interest in pharmaceutical sciences and asymmetric synthesis. Herein, SpinPhox/IrI catalysts have been demonstrated to be highly enantioselective in the asymmetric hydrogenation of the CC bonds in the exocyclic α,β‐unsaturated cyclic carbonyls, including a broad range of α‐alkylidene lactams, unsaturated cyclic ketones, and lactones. It is noteworthy that the procedure can be successfully used in the asymmetric hydrogenation of the challenging α‐alkylidenelactam substrates with six‐ or seven‐membered rings, thus affording the corresponding optically active carbonyl compounds with an α‐chiral carbon center in generally excellent enantiomeric excesses (up to 98 % ee). Synthetic utility of the protocol has also been demonstrated in the asymmetric synthesis of the anti‐inflammatory drug loxoprofen and its analogue, as well as biologically important ε‐aminocaproic acid derivatives.
Pseudiline: halogenierte, allosterische Inhibitoren des Enzyms IspD aus dem Mevalonat‐unabhängigen Biosyntheseweg
Authors: Kunfermann Andrea , Witschel Matthias , Illarionov Boris , Martin René , Rottmann Matthias , Höffken H. Wolfgang , Seet Michael , Eisenreich Wolfgang , Knölker Hans‐Joachim , Fischer Markus , Bacher Adelbert , Groll Michael , Diederich François 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDie Enzyme des Mevalonat‐unabhängigen Terpenbiosynthesewegs wurden als attraktive Zielstrukturen mit neuartigen Wirkmechanismen für die Entwicklung von Herbiziden zum Pflanzenschutz und Medikamente gegen Infektionskrankheiten identifiziert. Dieser Biosyntheseweg findet sich in vielen humanpathogenen Organismen und Pflanzen, kommt jedoch in Säugetieren nicht vor. Durch die Verwendung eines Hochdurchsatz‐Screening‐Verfahrens haben wir hochgradig halogenierte, marine Naturstoffe, die Pseudiline, als Inhibitoren gegen das dritte Enzym des Biosynthesewegs, IspD, entdeckt. Deren Aktivität gegen die IspD‐Enzyme aus Arabidopsis thaliana und Plasmodium vivax wurde in photometrischen und NMR‐basierten Assays bestimmt. Kokristallstrukturen zeigten, dass Pseudiline in einer allosterischen Tasche binden und dabei sowohl divalente Metallionen koordinieren, als auch Halogenbindungen ausbilden. Der allosterische Wirkmechanismus, der die Bindung des Kosubstrats (CTP) in der aktiven Tasche verhindert, wurde untersucht. Pseudiline zeigen herbizide Aktivität in Pflanzen‐Assays und antiplasmodiale Aktivität in zellbasierten Assays.
Biomimetic RNA‐Silencing Nanocomplexes: Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Cells
Authors: Wang Zhongliang , Wang Zhe , Liu Dingbin , Yan Xuefeng , Wang Fu , Niu Gang , Yang Min , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRNA interference (RNAi) is an RNA‐dependent gene silencing approach controlled by an RNA‐induced silencing complex (RISC). Herein, we present a synthetic RISC‐mimic nanocomplex, which can actively cleave its target RNA in a sequence‐specific manner. With high enzymatic stability and efficient self‐delivery to target cells, the designed nanocomplex can selectively and potently induce gene silencing without cytokine activation. These nanocomplexes, which target multidrug resistance, are not only able to bypass the P‐glycoprotein (Pgp) transporter, due to their nano‐size effect, but also effectively suppress Pgp expression, thus resulting in successful restoration of drug sensitivity of OVCAR8/ADR cells to Pgp‐transportable cytotoxic agents. This nanocomplex approach has the potential for both functional genomics and cancer therapy.
A Mass Spectrometric Approach for Probing the Stability of Bioorganic Radicals
Authors: Tan Lei , Hu Hanfeng , Francisco Joseph S. , Xia Yu 
Published: January 2014

AbstractGlycyl radicals are important bioorganic radical species involved in enzymatic catalysis. Herein, we demonstrate that the stability of glycyl‐type radicals (X‐.CH‐Y) can be tuned on a molecular level by varying the X and Y substituents and experimentally probed by mass spectrometry. This approach is based on the gas‐phase dissociation of cysteine sulfinyl radical (X‐Cys‐Y) ions through homolysis of a CαCβ bond. This fragmentation produces a glycyl‐type radical upon losing CH2SO, and the degree of this loss is closely tied to the stability of the as‐formed radical. Theoretical calculations indicate that the energy of the CαCβ bond homolysis is predominantly affected by the stability of the glycyl radical product through the captodative effect, rather than that of the parent sulfinyl radical. This finding suggests a novel experimental method to probe the stability of bioorganic radicals, which can potentially broaden our understanding of these important reactive intermediates.
Peierls‐Distorted Monoclinic MnB4with a MnMn Bond
Authors: Knappschneider Arno , Litterscheid Christian , George Nathan C. , Brgoch Jakoah , Wagner Norbert , Beck Johannes , Kurzman Joshua A. , Seshadri Ram , Albert Barbara 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTetraborides of chromium and manganese exhibit an unusual boron‐atom framework that resembles the hypothetical tetragonal diamond. They are believed to be very hard. Single crystals of MnB4have now been grown. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system (space groupP21/c) with a structure that has four crystallographically independent boron‐atom positions, as confirmed by11B MAS‐NMR spectroscopy. An unexpected short distance between the Mn atoms suggests a double Mn–Mn bond and is caused by Peierls distortion. The structure was solved using group‐subgroup‐relationships. DFT calculations indicate MnIcenters and paramagnetism, as confirmed by magnetic measurements. The density of states shows a pseudo‐band gap at the Fermi energy and semiconducting behavior was observed for MnB4.
The Existence of Hexafluoroarsenic(V) Acid
Authors: Axhausen Joachim , Lux Karin , Kornath Andreas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe homogeneous mixture of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride aHF and antimony pentafluoride AsF5 is known as a superacidic system. The high acidity is derived from the formation of [H2F]+ [AsF6]−. No experimental evidence exists for the existence of the free acid molecule HAsF6. The reaction of trimethylsilyl N,N‐dimethylcarbamate in the binary system aHF/AsF5 led to decomposition of trimethylsilyl N,N‐dimethylcarbamate at −50 °C to dimethylammonium hexafluoridoarsenate and cocrystallization of HAsF6. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure displays an HAsF6 molecule involved in an asymmetric hydrogen bridge to the hexafluoridoarsenate anion. As a result of the incalculable situation in the crystal lattice, the molecular structure of HAsF6 is calculated by quantum chemical structure optimization of the extreme cases of [FHF‐AsF5]− (strong hydrogen bond) and HAsF6 (no hydrogen bond) at the PBE1PBE/6‐311G(3df,3pd) level of theory.
Solvent‐Driven Chiral‐Interaction Reversion for Organogel Formation
Authors: Qing Guangyan , Shan Xingxing , Chen Wenrui , Lv Ziyu , Xiong Peng , Sun Taolei 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFor chiral gels and related applications, one of the critical issues is how to modulate the stereoselective interaction between the gel and the chiral guest precisely, as well as how to translate this information into the macroscopic properties of materials. Herein, we report that this process can also be modulated by nonchiral solvents, which can induce a chiral‐interaction reversion for organogel formation. This process could be observed through the clear difference in gelation speed and the morphology of the resulting self‐assembly. This chiral effect was successfully applied in the selective separation of quinine enantiomers and imparts “smart” merits to the gel materials.
Ambient Lithium–SO2 Batteries with Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes
Authors: Xing Huabin , Liao Chen , Yang Qiwei , Veith Gabriel M. , Guo Bingkun , Sun Xiao‐Guang , Ren Qilong , Hu Yong‐Sheng , Dai Sheng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLi‐SO2 batteries have a high energy density but bear serious safety problems that are associated with pressurized SO2 and flammable solvents in the system. Herein, a novel ambient Li‐SO2 battery was developed through the introduction of ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes with tailored basicities to solvate SO2 by reversible chemical absorption. By tuning the interactions of ILs with SO2, a high energy density and good discharge performance with operating voltages above 2.8 V were obtained. This strategy based on reversible chemical absorption of SO2 in IL electrolytes enables the development of the next generation of ambient Li‐SO2 batteries.
“All‐or‐None” Versus “Most‐or‐Some” Options in Risky Choice: Effects of Domain and Handedness
Authors: Christman Stephen D. , Jasper John D. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTTwo methodological variants of Kahneman and Tversky's Asian disease scenario were investigated. One variant involved replacing the “all‐or‐none” outcome scenarios of the risky choice with “most‐or‐some” scenario outcomes, and the second variant involved replacing the negative domain of lives lost with a positive domain of jobs created. In addition, the effects of strength of handedness, a variable related to individual differences in risk perception, were examined. Results indicated that standard framing effects were obtained across both domains, with a decrease in risky choice under the gain domain. Scenario type also interacted with handedness, such that the all‐or‐none scenario yielded framing effects for consistent (strong)‐handers only, whereas the most‐or‐some scenario yielded framing effects for inconsistent (mixed)‐handers only (consistent‐handers are those who use the same hand exclusively for almost all activities). These results demonstrate that framing effects are strongly influenced by the presence versus absence of extreme/absolute outcomes and that individuals (in this case, decision makers with varying degrees of handedness strength) are differentially sensitive to different pieces of information. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatic hydration activity assessed by selective spectrophotometric detection of alcohols: A novel screening assay using oleate hydratase as a model enzyme
Authors: Hiseni Aida , Medici Rosario , Arends Isabel W. C. E. , Otten Linda G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) are high‐added‐value compounds, which are incorporated in polymers, lubricants, emulsifiers and stabilizers and have potential medicinal use. In nature, HFAs are regio‐specifically synthesized by several enzymes, including P450 monooxygenases, lipoxygenases, hydratases, 12‐hydroxylases, and diol synthases. The growing demand for HFAs warrants the development of simple and efficient analytical methods that enable high‐throughput detection of the hydroxylated product in the presence of its unsaturated precursor. Herein a novel high‐throughput assay for the detection of alcohols is described using oleate hydratase (OHase, EC 4.2.1.53) from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica as the model enzyme. The developed assay is based on the selective spectrophotometric detection of alkyl nitrites formed upon the reaction between the hydroxyl group and nitrous acid. The assay proved to discriminate between unsaturated fatty acids as well as small cyclic and acyclic unsaturated alkenes and their corresponding alcohols. Lower detection limits were 1.5–3 mM with excellent Z'‐factors. Enzymatic reactions using OHase with oleic acid resulted in somewhat lower Z‐factors for various enzyme preparations. This small scale assay can enable fast discovery of new microorganisms or improved enzymes from mutant libraries and will be useful for biocatalytic strategies involving fatty acid (de)hydrating enzymes.
Preoperative serum hyaluronic acid level as a prognostic factor in patients undergoing hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Mima K , Beppu T , Ishiko T , Chikamoto A , Nakagawa S , Hayashi H , Watanabe M , Sakamaki K , Baba H 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundHyaluronic acid (HA) probably plays a critical role in tumorigenesis. The clinical significance of serum HA concentration in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains to be elucidated. This study analysed the relationship between preoperative serum HA levels and prognosis after hepatic resection in patients with HCC.MethodsConsecutive patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC between September 1999 and March 2012 were included in this retrospective study. Serum HA levels were measured within 4 weeks before surgery by an immunoturbidimetric automated latex assay. The cut-off level for preoperative serum HA was validated using a time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The prognostic impact of preoperative serum HA levels was analysed using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsA total of 506 patients of median age 66 years (405 men, 80·0 per cent) were analysed. The median length of follow-up was 32 months. High serum HA levels (100 ng/ml or above) were associated with shorter recurrence-free survival (P &lt; 0·001) (hazard ratio (HR) 1·50, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·17 to 1·93; P = 0·002) and overall survival (P = 0·001) (HR 1·46, 1·03 to 2·07; P = 0·033). In patients with HCC without severe liver fibrosis, serum HA level was correlated with multiple tumours (P = 0·039), early recurrence (P = 0·033), and poor recurrence-free (P &lt; 0·001) and overall (P = 0·024) survival.ConclusionHigh preoperative serum HA levels predict poor prognosis in patients with HCC after hepatic resection, and may serve as a future biomarker.
Getting started in the scholarship of teaching and learning: A “how to” guide for science academics
Authors: Rowland Susan L. , Myatt Paula M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSoTL stands for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. The acronym, said “sottle” or “sote—all,” describes research that involves rigorous examination of teaching and learning by faculty who are actively involved in the educational process. The number of natural‐science faculty engaged in SoTL is increasing, and their important work has broad implications for the measurement and improvement of college teaching and learning outcomes. The data show, however, that many faculty who conduct SoTL projects in science departments begin their education research careers with no training in SoTL research methodologies, and find they are working alone, with few colleagues who can nurture (or even understand) their efforts. In this article we provide a guide intended to help natural‐science faculty initiate SoTL projects while they negotiate the mechanics and politics of developing and maintaining a SoTL research program in a science department. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(1):6–14, 2014
Rare Bisindole Alkaloids from the Amazonian Tree Raputia simulans
Authors: Vougogiannopoulou Konstantina , Travasarou Aikaterini , Fokialakis Nikolas , Skaltsounis Alexios L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe stem bark of Raputia simulans (Rutaceae) has been reported to contain simple and dimeric indole alkaloids. Further phytochemical investigation of R. simulans stem bark resulted in the isolation of three new alkaloids. These compounds represent a relatively new category of dimeric indole alkaloids with a cyclohexene moiety in their core. Their structure elucidations were based on NMR and HR‐MS techniques, while structural aspects concerning their relative configuration were investigated using molecular mechanics calculations and NOESY experiments.
Cytotoxic Polyphenols from a Sponge‐Associated Fungus Aspergillus versicolor Hmp‐48
Authors: Wang Xiao , Mou Yanhua , Hu Jiangchun , Wang Nan , Zhao Li , Liu Li , Wang Shujin , Meng Dali 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA new dibenzo[1,4]dioxin 1, and two new prenylated diphenyl ethers, 2 and 3, together with six known compounds, 4–9, were isolated from a sponge‐associated fungus Aspergillus versicolor Hmp‐F48 by bioactivity‐guided fractionation. Their structures were elucidated by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, and MS analyses. The compounds showed potent cell growth inhibitory activities against HL‐60 cell line.