bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building on the positives: A psychometric review and critical analysis of the construct of Psychological Capital
Authors: Dawkins Sarah , Martin Angela , Scott Jenn , Sanderson Kristy 
Published: February 2013

The construct of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) focuses on the positive psychological capacities of self‐efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience and their relationship with a range of desirable work attitudes, behaviours and organizational outcomes. There is now almost a decade of accumulated PsyCap research. However, a critical and synthesized analysis of the construct in terms of its theoretical conceptualization and psychometric properties is yet to appear in the literature. Consequently, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review and analysis of the PsyCap literature, focusing in particular on issues relevant to the psychometric profile of PsyCap as it is currently assessed. Six directives for advancing PsyCap research are proposed as part of an integrated research agenda aimed towards strengthening the conceptualization and measurement of PsyCap.Practitioner points
This article provides a critical and synthesized psychometric‐focused review of the PsyCap construct and its application in the workplace.
Several shortcomings of the construct and its primary measure are highlighted.
Directives are proposed to further enhance the conceptualization and measurement of the construct and thus enhance its utility in the workplace.
Increased salivary immunoglobulin A and reduced α‐amylase activity in whole saliva from spastic cerebral palsy individuals
Authors: Leite Mariana F. , Aznar Lauren Cardoso Alves , Ferreira Maria Cristina D. , Guaré Renata O. , Santos Maria Teresa B. 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundSalivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) together with innate defenses such as α‐amylase, provides the ‘first line of defense’ against pathogens present at mucosal surfaces. This study aimed to evaluate salivary α‐amylase and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in whole saliva of spastic cerebral palsy (CP) individuals.MethodsWhole saliva was collected from 22 CP and 24 sibling volunteers with no neurological damage control groups (CG) (aged 7–14 years). The salivary flow rate, total protein and SIgA concentrations, and α‐amylase activity were determined.ResultsThe CP group presented higher salivary flow rate (35%) and lower total protein concentration (18%) compared with the CG (P ≤ 0.05). CPG had higher absolute (68%, μg SIgA/ml) and relative (55%, μg SIgA/mg prot and 108%, μg SIgA/min) concentrations of IgA compared with the CG (P ≤ 0.05). CPG had lower relative α‐amylase activity (15% mg malt/mg prot and 33%, mg malt/min) compared with the CG (P ≤ 0.05).ConclusionThis study concluded that CP individuals presented alterations in the profile of salivary proteins involved in the defense system of the oral cavity.
Peripatetic in the City: De Quincey’s Confessions of an English Opium‐Eater and the Birth of the Flâneur
Authors: Stanback Emily B 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the distinctive modes of urban spectatorship Thomas De Quincey adopts in his autobiographical Confessions of an English Opium‐Eater (1821). In keeping with De Quincey’s tendency to pastoralize his childhood, Part I of Confessions presents a young man who initially walks and reads London as if it were a village, unwilling, or perhaps unable, to register the cityscape. In these passages, which correspond to his first, 1802–1803 residence in London, De Quincey embodies a recognizably Wordsworthian subjectivity and a recognizably peripatetic perspective. Through a careful reconstruction of his younger self as an urban peripatetic, De Quincey reveals the insufficiency of a rural subjectivity to modernity and the metropolis, and examining Confessions in these terms provides new insight into De Quincey’s richly ambivalent relationship with Wordsworth and The Prelude. When De Quincey depicts his second (1804) stay in London in Part II of Confessions, he depicts a younger self now able to digest – and, one might say, to artistically and sympathetically exploit – the city. In this mode, De Quincey may be properly understood as the earliest flâneur; with characteristic prescience, moreover, De Quincey anticipates the limits of flânerie that Charles Baudelaire would eventually come to register and that Walter Benjamin later described and theorized. In depicting the self as urban peripatetic and (proto‐)flâneur, De Quincey’s Confessions marks a key moment in the history of modern urban spectatorship and practices of walking, constituting a provocative early attempt at negotiating the relationships between the eye and the crowd, the body and the pavement, the self and the modern metropolis.
Atheist, Adulterer, Sodomite, Thief, Murderer, Lyer, Perjurer, Witch, Conjuror or Brute Beast? Discovering the Ungodly in Shakespeare’s England
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe “turn to religion” in early modern scholarship has rewritten critical understandings of the 16th century English Reformation by exposing confessional divides in politics, culture, and literature (Jackson & Marotti, 167–90). Such scholarly interest in religious division, however, has paid less attention to how the “ungodly,” a designation for those allegedly hostile to the foundational tenets of all versions of Christianity, shadowed religious belief from the 1530s onwards in England. This may be because of LucienFebvre’sinfluential account that declared the “unthinkability” of atheism in the 16th century. More recent attention to unbelief has challenged his judgment and shown the ungodly to be a persistent, and troubling, presence in early modern England. Frequently, this work adduces its most compelling evidence from the drama of Shakespeare’s infamous contemporary, Christopher Marlowe. This article aims to pursue further the representation of the “ungodly” by thinking about how their absent presence might affect not only arguments about religion but also the arguments that we make about epistemology, language, and what counts as the human in Shakespeare as well as his contemporaries.
Surrealism, Beat Literature and the San Francisco Renaissance
Authors: Pawlik Joanna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the reception of Surrealism in postwar American poetry, focussing on Beat and San Francisco Renaissance writers’ responses to the movement. Whilst Surrealism’s influence is frequently asserted the article suggests that its impact remains only partially explored. Existing scholarship on Surrealism’s presence in twentieth century American poetry has tended to differentiate between the small number of writers who joined Breton’s circle, and the large number of poets whose work testifies to the movement’s protean yet extensive influence on modern and postmodern verse. Taking Beat and San Francisco Renaissance writers as a case study, this article seeks to interrogate such classifications, arguing that a writer’s ‘distance’ from the epicentre of the movement is not necessarily a reliable guide to the nature of their interactions with Surrealism. Within Beat and San Francisco avant‐gardes we can find evidence of writers who joined the movement but who subjected its poetics, principles or politics to substantial modification, their particular versions of Surrealism not entirely congruent with Breton’s. Conversely, there are many writers who, it has been claimed, are influenced by the movement, yet this influence exceeded simply seasoning their work with the odd ‘surreal’ juxtaposition. For instance, though not a member of the group per se, Allen Ginsberg had extensive contact with the movement and he and his Beat colleagues helped redefine Surrealism’s postwar currency and profile. A‐historical assertions of basic similarities or differences between Beat writers and narrow definitions of Surrealism cannot capture the dynamics and complexities of these dialogues.
“News from another World”: Career and Critical Responses to Cormac McCarthy
Authors: Monk Nicholas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article offers a short analytical overview of the career and work of Cormac McCarthy, provides a brief and necessarily selective discussion of the criticism, and suggests future directions for study. The aim of the piece is to guide those new – or relatively new – to McCarthy to the areas of the fiction, plays, films, and criticism, that will best match their interests. The article lays heavy emphasis on Cormac McCarthy’s writing style, but also recognizes the themes he develops as being of central importance in US and world culture in the early twenty‐first century: war, violence, ecology, crises of masculinity, the spiritual. McCarthy’s fiction addresses these important areas in a way that is generically close to realism, but through its picaresque tendencies and almost supernatural relationship with landscape and animals, produces a vivid collection of semi‐fantastic worlds that are hugely productive for reader and critic.
The Man, the Butterfly, and the Heaven above: A Comparative Look at Robert Browning and Chinese Philosophy
Authors: Lai Shu‐Fang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis comparative study begins with Robert Browning’s cultural encounters, including his reading of Chinese subjects and meeting a Chinese ambassador and poet, and his feeling “deepest sympathy” between the oriental poet‐brother and himself for both writing “enigmatic” poems. Being preoccupied with many philosophical issues such as truth, time, the universe, the meaning of life, living and aging, love and many puzzling issues, the poet thinker or acclaimed “interpreter of life” is seen to reveal ideas paralleling some Chinese philosophical ideas. From a global and comparative point of view, the paper examines Browning in relation to Chinese philosophy, particularly ideas analogous with Confucius’ teaching and Taoism. For example, the 16th‐century alchemist in Browning’s Paracelsus reveals ideas about intellect, learning and progressive development that juxtapose Confucius’s ideas about learning. In the later poem, “Amphibian,” the narrator, when swimming in the sea, imagines himself becoming a butterfly in the sky and ponders upon the relationships between the self and the butterfly, and the flesh and soul, and other issues about the meaning of life that correspond to certain ideas of Daoism.
Inbred and furious: negative association between aggression and genetic diversity in highly inbred fish
Authors: Ellison Amy , de Leaniz Carlos Garcia , Consuegra Sofia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAggressive behaviour plays an important role in securing resources, defending against predators and shaping social interactions. Although aggression can have positive effects on growth and reproductive success, it is also energetically costly and may increase injury and compromise survival. Individual genetic diversity has been positively associated with aggression, but the cause for such an association is not clear, and it might be related to the ability to recognize kin. To disentangle the relationships between genetic diversity, kinship and aggression, we quantified aggressive behaviour in a wild, self‐fertilizing fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) with naturally variable degrees of genetic diversity, relatedness and familiarity. We found that in contrast to captive fish, levels of aggression among wildK. marmoratusare positively associated with individual homozygosity, but not with relatedness or familiarity. We suggest that the higher aggression shown by homozygous fish could be related to better kin discrimination and may be facilitated by hermaphrodite competition for scarce males, given the fitness advantages provided by outcrossing in terms of parasite resistance. It seems likely that the relationship between aggression and genetic diversity is largely influenced by both the environment and population history.
The NRT2.5 and NRT2.6 genes are involved in growth promotion of Arabidopsis by the plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) strain Phyllobacterium brassicacearum STM196
Authors: Kechid Maya , Desbrosses Guilhem , Rokhsi Wafaa , Varoquaux Fabrice , Djekoun Abdelhamid , Touraine Bruno 
Published: February 2013

Summary

The Phyllobacterium brassicacearum STM196 strain stimulates Arabidopsis thaliana growth and antagonizes high nitrate inhibition of lateral root development. A previous study identified two STM196‐responsive genes, NRT2.5 and NRT2.6 (Mantelin et al., 2006, Planta 223: 591–603).

We investigated the role of NRT2.5 and NRT2.6 in the plant response to STM196 using single and double Arabidopsis mutants. The single mutants were also crossed with an nrt2.1 mutant, lacking the major nitrate root transporter, to distinguish the effects of NRT2.5 and NRT2.6 from potential indirect effects of nitrate pools.

The nrt2.5 and nrt2.6 mutations abolished the plant growth and root system architecture responses to STM196. The determination of nitrate content revealed that NRT2.5 and NRT2.6 do not play an important role in nitrate distribution between plant organs. Conversely, NRT2.5 and NRT2.6 appeared to play a role in the plant response independent of nitrate uptake. Using a nitrate reductase mutant, it was confirmed that the NRT2.5/NRT2.6‐dependent plant signalling pathway is independent of nitrate‐dependent regulation of root development.

Our findings demonstrate that NRT2.5 and NRT2.6, which are preferentially expressed in leaves, play an essential role in plant growth promotion by the rhizospheric bacterium STM196.
Neither Irrationalist Nor Apologist: Revisiting Faith and Reason in Kierkegaard
Authors: Buben Adam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOne of the most hotly contested debates in Kierkegaard studies concerns his sense of the relationship between faith and reason. Often caricatured as a proponent of irrational fideism, scholarship in recent decades has tried to present a more nuanced account of Kierkegaard’s position. Two likely interpretive options have emerged: supra‐rationalism and anti‐rationalism. On the former view, Kierkegaard believes that while the achievement of faith is beyond the capabilities of reason, there are still ways that reason can aid the maintenance of faith once reason’s limits are recognized. On the latter view, faith is a constant struggle against rationalizing justification, and thus, any attempt to use reason to assist in the maintenance of faith is a mistake. Interestingly, a comparison with Pascal can help one arbitrate between these two responses to the dubious irrationalist reading of Kierkegaard.
Normal fault displacement dislocating a Roman aqueduct of Ephesos, western Turkey
Authors: Passchier Cees W. , Wiplinger Gilbert , Güngör Talip , Kessener Paul , Sürmelihindi Gül 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA 38‐km‐long ancient aqueduct channel that servedRomanEphesos,Turkey was dislocated vertically over 3 m by a single seismic event on a normal fault. A new channel was constructed downstream from the fault in Roman times, next to and partly on top of the original channel. Archaeological investigations and study of carbonate deposits suggest a causative seismic event in the second half of the second centuryCE, probably in 178CE, after the original channel had functioned for <35 years. The İçme Tepe fault was identified as responsible for the displacement and may still constitute a seismic and tsunami hazard for the Turkish west coast, specifically for the city of Kuşadası. Ancient aqueducts, of which more than 1400 are presently known, are a promising and almost untapped archive for archaeoseismic studies, especially in the Mediterranean area.
Protein deficiency alters CX3CL1 and endothelin‐1 in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi‐induced cardiomyopathy
Authors: Martins Régia F. , Martinelli Patrícia M. , Guedes Paulo M. M. , da Cruz Pádua Bruno , dos Santos Fabiana M. , Silva Marcelo Eustáquio , Bahia Maria T. , Talvani Andre 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveChagas heart disease is developed as a result of the infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Protein malnutrition contributes to secondary immunodeficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of a low protein diet on the production of endothelin‐1 and CX3CL1 in blood and cardiac tissue samples in an experimental model with T. cruzi infection.MethodsFisher rats were submitted to low protein (6%) and normal protein (15%) diets and then infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi. At days 15 and 120, parasites and immune cells were evaluated.ResultsThe low protein diet reduced body weight and circulating serum proteins, but promoted elevation of CX3CL1 and endothelin‐1 levels in infected animals, which were unable to control blood parasitemia replication. In heart tissue, the low protein diet reduced cardiac CX3CL1, endothelin‐1 and leucocyte infiltration in the acute phase, in particular CD68 and CD163 macrophage phenotypes.ConclusionTogether, these results highlight the participation of endothelin‐1 and CX3CL1 in the inflammatory process of Chagas diesease, both being mediators partially controlled by the host nutritional status.
Quality of antenatal and childbirth care in selected rural health facilities in Burkina Faso, Ghana and Tanzania: similar finding
Authors: Duysburgh E. , Zhang W‐H. , Ye M. , Williams A. , Massawe S. , Sié A. , Williams J. , Mpembeni R. , Loukanova S. , Temmerman M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo measure pre‐intervention quality of routine antenatal and childbirth care in rural districts of Burkina Faso, Ghana and Tanzania and to identify shortcomings.MethodsIn each country, we selected two adjoining rural districts. Within each district, we randomly sampled 6 primary healthcare facilities. Quality of care was assessed through health facility surveys, direct observation of antenatal and childbirth care, exit interviews and review of patient records.ResultsBy and large, quality of antenatal and childbirth care in the six districts was satisfactory, but we did identify some critical gaps common to the study sites in all three countries. Counselling and health education practices are poor; laboratory investigations are often not performed; examination and monitoring of mother and newborn during childbirth are inadequate; partographs are not used. Equipment required to provide assisted vaginal deliveries (vacuum extractor or forceps) was absent in all surveyed facilities.ConclusionQuality of care in the three study sites can be improved with the available human resources and without major investments. This improvement could reduce maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity.
Cardiac Na+–Ca2+ exchanger: dynamics of Ca2+‐dependent activation and deactivation in intact myocytes
Authors: Ginsburg Kenneth S. , Weber Christopher R. , Bers Donald M. 
Published: February 2013

Key points
Calcium‐dependent Na+–Ca2+ exchange (NCX) activation undergoes bidirectional up/down control in intact rabbit cardiomyocytes.
In rested cells with normal [Na+]i, NCX was initially inactive, but activated after field stimulation causing Ca2+ entry.
Increased [Na+]i strongly promoted Ca2+‐dependent activation.
A fully co‐operative fourth‐order dynamic NCX activation model, incorporated into a ventricular cell model, predicted our observations.
The model further predicted that activation increased with increasing pacing frequency.
Abstract  Cardiac Na+–Ca2+ exchange (NCX) activity is regulated by [Ca2+]i. The physiological role and dynamics of this process in intact cardiomyocytes are largely unknown. We examined NCX Ca2+ activation in intact rabbit and mouse cardiomyocytes at 37°C. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function was blocked, and cells were bathed in 2 mm Ca2+. We probed Ca2+ activation without voltage clamp by applying Na+‐free (0 Na+) solution for 5 s bouts, repeated each 10 s, which should evoke [Ca2+]i transients due to Ca2+ influx via NCX. In rested rabbit myocytes, Ca2+ influx was undetectable even after 0 Na+ applications were repeated for 2–5 min or more, suggesting that NCX was inactive. After external electric field stimulation pulses were applied, to admit Ca2+ via L‐type Ca2+ channels, 0 Na+ bouts activated Ca2+ influx efficaciously, indicating that NCX had become active. Calcium activation increased with more field pulses, reaching a maximum typically after 15–20 pulses (1 Hz). At rest, NCX deactivated with a time constant typically of 20–40 s. An increase in [Na+]i, either in rabbit cardiomyocytes as a result of inhibition of Na+–K+ pumping, or in mouse cardiomyocytes where normal [Na+]i is higher vs. rabbit, sensitized NCX to self‐activation by 0 Na+ bouts. In experiments with the SR functional but initially empty, the activation time course was slowed. It is possible that the SR initially accumulated Ca2+ that would otherwise cause activation. We modelled Ca2+ activation as a fourth‐order highly co‐operative process ([Ca]i required for half‐activation K0.5act = 375 nm), with dynamics severalfold slower than the cardiac cycle. We incorporated this NCX model into an established ventricular myocyte model, which allowed us to predict responses to twitch stimulation in physiological conditions with the SR intact. Model NCX fractional activation increased from 0.1 to 1.0 as the frequency was increased from 0.2 to 2 Hz. By adjusting Ca2+ activation on a multibeat time scale, NCX might better maintain a stable long‐term Ca2+ balance while contributing to the ability of myocytes to produce Ca2+ transients over a wide range of intensity.
A NATIONAL SURVEY EXPLORING VIEWS AND EXPERIENCE OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS ABOUT TRANSFERRING PATIENTS FROM CRITICAL CARE HOME TO DIE
Authors: Darlington A S E , Long-Sutehall T , Addington-Hall J , Richardson A , Coombs M A 
Published: February 2013

IntroductionProgress has been made towards enabling patients to die in their preferred place of care. However, it is not clear how this might apply in the context of those dying in critical care. We conducted a national survey targeting critical care staff to investigate experiences and attitudes towards transferring critical care patients home to die (HtD).Aims and MethodsAn online survey was developed informed by the literature and analysis of six focus groups with Health Care Professionals (HCPs) to assess (1) experience and (2) views. The lead consultant and lead nurse of 409 critical care units in the UK were invited, by e-mail, to take part.ResultsA total of 180 HCPs completed the online survey (response rate 24%). Experience with transferring HtD was reported by 36%. The majority agreed that transferring patients HtD is a good idea in principle (89%) and that transfer is important in terms of preferred place of death (PPD) (82%). 36% agreed that it would be unethical to prolong a patient's life to facilitate a transfer and 13% agreed that a transfer was not worth the risk of dying in the ambulance. Statistically significant differences for some views were found for physicians and nurses, and for those with and without experience of transferring HtD.ConclusionsThis study is the first to explore views of health care professionals about transferring patients from critical care HtD. Respondents' views were generally positive, particularly about honouring PPD but reservations were expressed in terms of ethical concerns and the risk of dying on route.