bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toroidal dipolar responses in a planar metamaterial
Authors: Guo Linyan , Li Minhua , Yang Helin , Huang Xiaojun , Wu Song 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Both the magnetic toroidal dipolar (MTD) response and electric toroidal dipolar (ETD) response have been achieved and studied in the microwave region by designing a feasible planar metamaterial. By changing the polarized direction of a normally incident wave, two different coupling modes are observed, and therefore MTD and ETD responses can be achieved accordingly. It is also confirmed by scattered powers for various multipole moments and field distributions that they dominate over other traditional multipole responses at 5.69 GHz and 11.69 GHz, respectively. In view of the design feasibility of planar metamaterial, these resonance-enhanced MTD and ETD responses could provide an avenue for various interesting phenomena associated with the elusive toroidal moments.
HV2112, a Thorne–Żytkow object or a super asymptotic giant branch star
Authors: Tout Christopher A. , Żytkow Anna N. , Church Ross P. , Lau Herbert H. B. , Doherty Carolyn L. , Izzard Robert G. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The very bright red star HV2112 in the Small Magellanic Cloud could be a massive Thorne–Żytkow object (TŻO), a supergiant-like star with a degenerate neutron core. With a luminosity of over 105 L⊙, it could also be a super asymptotic giant branch (SAGB) star, a star with an oxygen/neon core supported by electron degeneracy and undergoing thermal pulses with third dredge up. Both TŻOs and SAGB stars are expected to be rare. Abundances of heavy elements in HV2112's atmosphere, as observed to date, do not allow us to distinguish between the two possibilities based on the latest models. Molybdenum and rubidium can be enhanced by both the irp-process in a TŻO or by the s-process in SAGB stars. Lithium can be generated by hot bottom burning at the base of the convective envelope in either. HV2112's enhanced calcium could thus be the key determinant. Neither SAGB stars nor TŻOs are known to be able to synthesize their own calcium but it may be possible to produce it in the final stages of the process that forms a TŻO, when the degenerate electron core of a giant star is tidally disrupted by a neutron star. Hence, it is more likely, on a fine balance, that HV2112 is indeed a genuine TŻO.
Sensitivity of the elastic anisotropy and seismic reflection amplitude of the Eagle Ford Shale to the presence of kerogen
Authors: Sayers Colin M. , Guo Shiguang , Silva Josimar 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe Eagle Ford Shale of Central and South Texas is currently of great interest for oil and gas exploration and production. Laboratory studies show that the Eagle Ford Shale is anisotropic, with a correlation between anisotropy and total organic carbon. Organic materials are usually more compliant than other minerals present in organic‐rich shales, and their shapes and distribution are usually anisotropic. This makes organic materials an important source of anisotropy in organic‐rich shales. Neglecting shale anisotropy may lead to incorrect estimates of rock and fluid properties derived from inversion of amplitude versus offset seismic data. Organic materials have a significant effect on the PP and PS reflection amplitudes from the Austin Chalk/Upper Eagle Ford interface, the Upper Eagle Ford/Lower Eagle Ford interface, and the Lower Eagle Ford/Buda Limestone interface. The higher kerogen content of the Lower Eagle Ford compared with that of the Upper Eagle Ford leads to a negative PP reflection amplitude that dims with offset, whereas the PS reflection coefficient increases in magnitude with increasing offset. The PP and PS reflection coefficients at the Austin Chalk/Upper Eagle Ford interface, the Upper Eagle Ford/Lower Eagle Ford interface, and the Lower Eagle Ford/Buda Limestone interface all increase in magnitude with increasing volume fraction of kerogen.
Low‐frequency normal wave propagation in a periodically layered medium with weak contrast in elastic properties
Authors: Roganov Y. , Stovas A. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTWe derive the phase velocity dispersion and the scattering for wave vertically propagating in a periodically weak‐contrast horizontally layered medium with arbitrary number of layers in a period. Phase velocity dispersion is defined as the frequency dependence of vertical travel time, and scattering is defined as a reflection coefficient at the interface between the multilayered system and the corresponding Backus medium. Low‐frequency approximation is used to define a dynamic effective medium with frequency‐dependent phase velocity. The results are compared with those obtained earlier for a gradient medium. We show that the low‐frequency weak‐contrast approximation is valid for models with realistic contrasts in elastic properties.
Kite flying: Ancient tradition or death trap?
Authors: Singh Suvir , Peters Nitin James , Samuel Clarence , Bhatti William , Ghosh Dhruv Nath 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundKite flying has been popular in India since ancient times, especially during harvest festivals of Lohri, Basant and Makar Sankranti. It often takes form of a competitive sport and in recent times has been associated with multiple, sometimes fatal injuries. This prognostic study was conducted to try and understand the epidemiology and factors associated with kite flying injuries in the state of Punjab, India.MethodsCase reports of patients who presented to the ED with trauma as a result of kite flying were reviewed. The study included patients reporting to the Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, between January 2005 and January 2010. Details of the type and mode of injury, and outcomes were recorded.ResultsThe highest incidence of injuries occurred during months of the kite flying festivals. The most common mode of injury was fall from heights, associated with traumatic brain injury. The mortality rate in this series was 6.25%.ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of kite flying injuries as a common mode of injury in children and adolescents. It is an easily preventable mode of injury with simple safety regulations and possibly stronger legislation.
Target enrichment of ultraconserved elements from arthropods provides a genomic perspective on relationships among Hymenoptera
Authors: Faircloth Brant C. , Branstetter Michael G. , White Noor D. , Brady Seán G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGaining a genomic perspective on phylogeny requires the collection of data from many putatively independent loci across the genome. Among insects, an increasingly common approach to collecting this class of data involves transcriptome sequencing, because few insects have high‐quality genome sequences available; assembling new genomes remains a limiting factor; the transcribed portion of the genome is a reasonable, reduced subset of the genome to target; and the data collected from transcribed portions of the genome are similar in composition to the types of data with which biologists have traditionally worked (e.g. exons). However, molecular techniques requiring RNA as a template, including transcriptome sequencing, are limited to using very high‐quality source materials, which are often unavailable from a large proportion of biologically important insect samples. Recent research suggests that DNA‐based target enrichment of conserved genomic elements offers another path to collecting phylogenomic data across insect taxa, provided that conserved elements are present in and can be collected from insect genomes. Here, we identify a large set (n = 1510) of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) shared among the insect order Hymenoptera. We used in silico analyses to show that these loci accurately reconstruct relationships among genome‐enabled hymenoptera, and we designed a set of RNA baits (n = 2749) for enriching these loci that researchers can use with DNA templates extracted from a variety of sources. We used our UCE bait set to enrich an average of 721 UCE loci from 30 hymenopteran taxa, and we used these UCE loci to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships spanning very old (≥220 Ma) to very young (≤1 Ma) divergences among hymenopteran lineages. In contrast to a recent study addressing hymenopteran phylogeny using transcriptome data, we found ants to be sister to all remaining aculeate lineages with complete support, although this result could be explained by factors such as taxon sampling. We discuss this approach and our results in the context of elucidating the evolutionary history of one of the most diverse and speciose animal orders.
Satisfaction of patients’ next of kin in a ‘Hub & Spoke’ ICU network
Authors: Chieregato A. , Paci G. , Portolani L. , Ravaldini M. , Fabbri C. , Martino C. , Russo E. , Simini B. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThis study aimed to gauge the opinions of patients' next of kin regarding transfer of patients from the specialist ‘Hub’ intensive care unit, to ‘Spoke’ intensive care units near home. We included 213 consecutive patients with severe trauma or severe acute neurological conditions admitted to the Hub intensive care unit over a 21‐month period, who were repatriated to Spoke intensive care units for ongoing intensive care. One year after admission to the Hub intensive care unit, two thirds of patients' next of kin said they would have preferred patients to have been treated only in the Hub intensive care unit, and not repatriated. They perceived Hub intensive care unit care to be important, and would have preferred that their relatives be hospitalised there until intensive treatment was completed. The next of kin's preference was associated with severe acute neurological conditions (p ≤ 0.0001). Although centralised Hub & Spoke intensive care unit networks are appropriate to ensure specialised care, repatriation to local hospitals may not be appropriate for patients with severe neurological conditions.
Three‐dimensional ultrasound does not improve diagnosis of retained placental tissue compared to two‐dimensional ultrasound
Authors: Belachew Johanna , Axelsson Ove , Eurenius Karin , Mulic‐Lutvica Ajlana 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe study objective was to improve ultrasonic diagnosis of retained placental tissue by measuring the volume of the uterine body and cavity using three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound. Twenty‐five women who were to undergo surgical curettage due to suspected retained placental tissue were included. The volume of the uterine body and cavity was measured using the VOCAL imaging program. Twenty‐one women had retained placental tissue histologically verified. Three of these had uterine volumes exceeding the largest volume observed in the normal puerperium. Seventeen of the 21 women had a uterine cavity volume exceeding the largest volume observed in the normal puerperium. In all 14 cases examined 28 days or more after delivery the cavity volume exceeded the largest volume observed in the normal puerperium. A large cavity volume estimated with 3D ultrasound is indicative of retained placental tissue. However, 3D ultrasound adds little or no diagnostic power compared to 2D ultrasound.
How bold is blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging of the kidney? Opportunities, challenges and future directions
Authors: Niendorf T. , Pohlmann A. , Arakelyan K. , Flemming B. , Cantow K. , Hentschel J. , Grosenick D. , Ladwig M. , Reimann H. , Klix S. , Waiczies S. , Seeliger E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRenal tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia are key elements in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury and its progression to chronic kidney disease. Yet, in vivo assessment of renal haemodynamics and tissue oxygenation remains a challenge. Many of the established approaches are invasive, hence not applicable in humans. Blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers an alternative. BOLD‐MRI is non‐invasive and indicative of renal tissue oxygenation. Nonetheless, recent (pre‐) clinical studies revived the question as to how bold renal BOLD‐MRI really is. This review aimed to deliver some answers. It is designed to inspire the renal physiology, nephrology and imaging communities to foster explorations into the assessment of renal oxygenation and haemodynamics by exploiting the powers of MRI. For this purpose, the specifics of renal oxygenation and perfusion are outlined. The fundamentals of BOLD‐MRI are summarized. The link between tissue oxygenation and the oxygenation‐sensitive MR biomarker is outlined. The merits and limitations of renal BOLD‐MRI in animal and human studies are surveyed together with their clinical implications. Explorations into detailing the relation between renal and renal tissue partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) are discussed with a focus on factors confounding the vs. tissue pO2 relation. Multi‐modality in vivo approaches suitable for detailing the role of the confounding factors that govern are considered. A schematic approach describing the link between renal perfusion, oxygenation, tissue compartments and renal is proposed. Future directions of MRI assessment of renal oxygenation and perfusion are explored.
The role of adenylyl cyclase isoform 6 in β‐adrenoceptor signalling in murine airways
Authors: Birrell Mark A , Bonvini Sara J , Wortley Michael A , Buckley James , Yew‐Booth Liang , Maher Sarah A , Dale Nicole , Dubuis Eric D , Belvisi Maria G 
Published: September 2014

Background and PurposeAdenylyl cyclase (AC) is a key signalling enzyme for many GPCRs and catalyses the conversion of ATP to cAMP which, in turn, is a crucial determinant of many biological responses. β‐Adrenoceptor agonists are prescribed as bronchodilators for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and it is commonly assumed that they elicit their actions via AC‐dependent production of cAMP. However, empirical evidence in support of this is lacking and the exact mechanism by which these drugs acts remains elusive. This is partly due to the existence of at least 10 different isoforms of AC and the absence of any truly selective pharmacological inhibitors. Here, we have used genetically modified mice and model systems to establish the role of AC isoforms in the airway responses to β‐adrenoceptor agonists.Experimental ApproachReceptors mediating responses to β‐adrenoceptor agonists in airway smooth muscle (ASM) and sensory nerve were identified in isolated tissue systems. Expression of mRNA for the AC isoforms in ASM and neurones was determined by qPCR. Functional responses were assessed in AC isoform KO mice and wild‐type controls.Key ResultsAirway and vagal tissue expressed mRNA for various isoforms of AC. AC6 was the most prominent isoform. Responses to β‐adrenoceptor agonists in tissues from AC6 KO mice were virtually abolished.Conclusions and ImplicationsAC6 played a critical role in relaxation of ASM to β1‐adrenoceptor agonists and in modulation of sensory nerves by β1‐3‐adrenoceptor agonists. These results further unravel the signalling pathway of this extensively prescribed class of medicine.
Associations Between Family Structure Change and Child Behavior Problems: The Moderating Effect of Family Income
Authors: Ryan Rebecca M. , Claessens Amy , Markowitz Anna J. 
Published: September 2014

This study investigated conditions under which family structure matters most for child well‐being. Using data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 3,936), a national sample of U.S. families, it was estimated how changes in family structure related to changes in children's behavior between age 3 and 12 separately by household income level to determine whether associations depended on families' resources. Early changes in family structure, particularly from a two‐biological‐parent to single‐parent family, predicted increases in behavior problems more than later changes, and movements into single and stepparent families mattered more for children of higher versus lower income parents. Results suggest that for children of higher income parents, moving into a stepfamily may improve, not undermine, behavior.
B7x/B7-H4 modulates the adaptive immune response and ameliorates renal injury in antibody-mediated nephritis
Authors: Pawar R D , Goilav B , Xia Y , Herlitz L , Doerner J , Chalmers S , Ghosh K , Zang X , Putterman C 
Published: September 2014

Summary
Kidney disease is one of the leading causes of death in patients with lupus and other autoimmune diseases affecting the kidney, and is associated with deposition of antibodies as well as infiltration of T lymphocytes and macrophages, which are responsible for initiation and/or exacerbation of inflammation and tissue injury. Current treatment options have relatively limited efficacy; therefore, novel targets need to be explored. The co-inhibitory molecule, B7x, a new member of the B7 family expressed predominantly by non-lymphoid tissues, has been shown to inhibit the proliferation, activation and functional responses of CD4 and CD8 T cells. In this study, we found that B7x was expressed by intrinsic renal cells, and was up-regulated upon stimulation with inflammatory triggers. After passive administration of antibodies against glomerular antigens, B7x−/− mice developed severe renal injury accompanied by a robust adaptive immune response and kidney up-regulation of inflammatory mediators, as well as local infiltration of T cells and macrophages. Furthermore, macrophages in the spleen of B7x−/− mice were polarized to an inflammatory phenotype. Finally, treatment with B7x-immunoglobulin (Ig) in this nephritis model decreased kidney damage and reduced local inflammation. We propose that B7x can modulate kidney damage in autoimmune diseases including lupus nephritis and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Thus, B7x mimetics may be a novel therapeutic option for treatment of immune-mediated kidney disease.
Optimizing the selection of patients with low rectal cancer for intersphincteric resection by evaluating vertical invasion to the levator and external sphincter
Authors: Narui K. , Ichikawa Y. , Ike H. , Ota M. , Saito S. , Fujii S. , Sasaki T. , Nozawa A. , Shimada H. , Endo I. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimThe indications for intersphincteric (ISR) anterior resection are not clearly defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate vertical extension of T2 or T3 low rectal cancer treated by rectal amputation to optimize patient selection for ISR.MethodThe abdominoperineal excision specimens of T2 or T3 low rectal cancer from 53 patients treated between 1992 and 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Vertical invasion was quantified by measuring the shortest distance between the tumour and the striated muscle (T‐SM), assuming that this represented the surgical margin that would have be achieved had an ISR been performed.ResultsInvolvement of the dentate line (DL) and intramural distal spread were independent risk factors for T‐SM ≤ 2 mm. The T‐SM was less when the inferior border of the tumour was on the distal side of the DL (r = 0.572, P < 0.001). The probability of involvement of the DL, intramural distal spread or either one of these being associated with T‐SM ≤ 2 mm was 43, 46 and 43%, respectively. All patients without both intramural distal spread and involvement of the DL had T‐SM > 2.ConclusionWe recommend that ISR should only be performed for patients with T2 or T3 low rectal cancer in whom the lowest edge of the tumour is above the DL and there is no intramural distal spread. Such patients are relatively unlikely to have a T‐SM ≤ 2 mm.
Transvaginal repair of recurrent pouch–vaginal fistula
Authors: Sagar R. C. , Thornton M. , Herd A. , Brayshaw I. , Sagar P. M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimPouch–vaginal fistula is an uncommon but unpleasant complication. The chance of successful repair with various surgical procedures is around 50% and the early promise of collagen button plugs was not followed by good long‐term results. We report a series of patients who underwent transvaginal repair of pouch–vaginal fistula after failed collagen plugs accompanied by a video to show the operative technique.MethodPatients were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patient demographics, operation notes, complications and ultimate outcome were recorded.ResultsEleven patients, each of whom had previously undergone an attempt to close the fistula with a collagen button plug, underwent transvaginal repair. Nine (81%) were successful at a median follow‐up of 14 (6–56) months. The remaining two patients reported symptomatic improvement.ConclusionPouch–vaginal fistula can be successfully closed by the transvaginal technique after a failed button plug procedure.
Diastolic function improves after resolution of takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Waldenborg Micael , Bhumireddy Priya , Ramkissoon Keshwar , Loiske Karin , Innasimuthu Antony L. , Grodman Richard S. , Heitner John F. , Emilsson Kent , Lazar Jason M. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryBackgroundTakotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is a condition of reversible left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. However, the diastolic function (DF) manifestations of TTC have not been widely investigated. We performed a bicentric study with retrospective analysis of DF in patients with TTC, during onset and at follow‐up.MethodsTwenty‐eight patients with TTC (64 ± 10 years, F 24) were included. All underwent echocardiograms acutely and at the recovery phase (average three months later). Diastolic and systolic function parameters were recorded, including E‐wave velocity (E), A‐wave velocity, E/A ratio, relaxation (e′) and contractility (S′) based on tissue Doppler velocities of the mitral annuli, ejection fraction (EF), left atrial (LA) size and DF stages.ResultsRecovery, including the mean difference with 95% confidence interval, was associated with tending improvement (i.e. uncorrected significance) in E [13 cm s−1 (−24, −2·3), P = 0·02] and in E/A ratio [0·2 (−0·41, −0·02), P = 0·04], as well as significant improvement (after multiple comparison correction) in mean e′ [2·0 cm s−1 (−3·3, −1·2), P<0·001] and in A‐wave duration [29 ms (−46·7, −12·7), P = 0·002]. LA area tended to decrease during recovery [−2 cm² (0·33, 2·4), P = 0·01]. Improvement in DF stages was significant between the phases (21% versus 58% defined as normal DF, P = 0·016). Improvement in LVEF correlated with improvement in mean e′ (r = 0·52, P = 0·02).ConclusionsTTC is associated with an acute impairment of conventional DF variables, which improves during recovery. DF recovery seems to occur in parallel with systolic recovery in patients with TTC.
The View from Way Below: Inter‐Species Encounter, Membranes, and the Reality of Christ
Authors: Dahill Lisa E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractViewing modern life from the perspective and world of those whose lives are treated as expendable commodities in our current economic systems—humans and creatures of every other species—creates, Bonhoeffer asserts, the most reliable hermeneutical standpoint for seeing and living in reality. This essay attempts to fashion in broad strokes a Christian theology of creaturely re‐engagement: learning to live again “way below,” in literal and metaphoric touch with reality. I assert that Bonhoeffer's theology of I/Thou encounter as the means of humans’ ethical formation has the potential to ground a broader theology of inter‐species encounter as well.