bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust Demand Elasticities for Wine and Distilled Spirits: Meta-Analysis with Corrections for Outliers and Publication Bias
Authors: Nelson Jon P. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis paper conducts a meta-analysis of price and income elasticities for wine and distilled spirits, which correct for outliers and publication bias. The sample of wine elasticities is obtained from 104 primary studies, and the sample of spirits elasticities is obtained from 111 primary studies. Robust weighted-means and meta-regressions are reported that correct for outliers, heterogeneity, heteroskedasticity, dependence, and publication bias. Compared to unweighted averages previously reported in the literature, the analysis yields less-elastic demands for both price and income. Average price elasticities obtained using cumulative meta-analysis are −0.45 for wine and −0.55 for spirits. Average income elasticities are 1.0 for both beverages. Bias due to publication selectivity is important. Country-level differences also are noted for both wine and spirits. Policy implications are discussed for pricing and taxation of alcohol beverages. (JEL Classifications: Q11, C18, I12)
SELF-DEFENCE FOR INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Barber N. W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article reflects on a group of constitutional devices: mechanisms that empower one state institution to defend itself against another. The institution is given a shield to protect against the attentions of another body, or is given a sword it can use to repel an attack. Self-defence mechanisms are interesting for many reasons, but particularly for the light they cast on the separation of powers. These measures seem contrary to the normal prescriptions of that principle, allocating a capacity to a body that it appears ill suited to possess. Understanding why the separation of powers requires these surprising allocations helps explain its operation in ordinary contexts.
AFRICAN AND WORLD HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: MANNING PATRICK 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAfrican history and world history each became substantial fields of historical study in the aftermath of the Second World War. African history organized rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, an era dominated by modernization-thinking. World history developed slowly until the 1990s, then quickly expanded and generated institutional homes in a time of globalization-thinking. This piece considers issues of time, scale, and scholarly diversity within the two fields. The conclusion argues that world historians should pay more attention to Africa and that African historians should do more to set the African past in a global context.
Estimating the time at which commercial broiler flocks in Great Britain become infected withCampylobacter: a Bayesian approach
Authors: GODDARD A. D. , ARNOLD M. E. , ALLEN V. M. , SNARY E. L. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYCampylobacteris a common cause of intestinal disease in humans and is often linked to the consumption of contaminated poultry meat. Despite considerable research on the topic there is a large amount of uncertainty associated withCampylobacterepidemiology. A Bayesian model framework was applied to multiple longitudinal datasets onCampylobacterinfection in UK broiler flocks to estimate the time at which each flock was first infected withCampylobacter. The model results suggest that the day of first infection ranges from 10 to 45 days; however, over half had a time of infection between 30 and 35 days. When considering only those flocks which were thinned, 48% had an estimated day of infection within 2 days of the day of thinning, thus suggesting an association between thinning andCampylobacterinfection. These results demonstrate how knowledge of the time of infection can be correlated to known events to identify potential risk factors for infection.
Peri-operative management of older people undergoing surgery
Authors: Shipway DJH , Harari D , Dhesi JK 
Published: November 2013

SummaryIncreasing numbers of older people are undergoing both emergency and elective surgery. However, they remain at increased risk of adverse outcome in comparison with younger patients. This may relate to the association of ageing with physiological deterioration, multi-morbidity and geriatric syndromes such as frailty, all of which are independent predictors of adverse post-operative outcome. Although there is an emerging evidence base for the identification and management of these predictors, this has not yet translated into routine clinical practice. Older patients undergoing surgery often receive sub-optimal care and surgical pathways are not well suited to complex older patients with multi-pathology. Evidence is emerging for alternative models of care that incorporate the evolving evidence base for optimal peri-operative management of the older surgical patient, including risk assessment and optimization. This article aims to provide a practical overview of the literature to all disciplines working in this field.
Health-related claims on food labels in Australia: understanding environmental health officers’ roles and implications for policy
Authors: Condon-Paoloni Deanne , Yeatman Heather R , Grigonis-Deane Elizabeth 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectiveHealth and related claims on food labels can support consumer education initiatives that encourage purchase of healthier foods. A new food Standard on Nutrition, Health and Related Claims became law in January 2013. Implementation will need careful monitoring and enforcement to ensure that claims are truthful and have meaning. The current study explored factors that may impact on environmental health officers’ food labelling policy enforcement practices.DesignThe study used a mixed-methods approach, using two previously validated quantitative questionnaire instruments that provided measures of the level of control that the officers exercised over their work, as well as qualitative, semi-structured, in-depth interviews.SettingLocal government; Australia.SubjectsThirty-seven officers in three Australian states participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews, as well as completing the quantitative questionnaires. Senior and junior officers, including field officers, participated in the study.ResultsThe officers reported a high level of autonomy and control of their work, but also a heavy workload, dominated by concerns for public health and food safety, with limited time for monitoring food labels. Compliance of labels with proposed health claims regulations was not considered a priority. Lipsky's theory of street-level bureaucracy was used to enhance understanding of officers’ work practices.ConclusionsCompeting priorities affect environmental health officers’ monitoring and enforcement of regulations. Understanding officers’ work practices and their perceptions of enforcement is important to increase effectiveness of policy implementation and hence its capacity to augment education initiatives to optimize health benefits.
Analogue encoding of physicochemical properties of proteins in their cognate messenger RNAs
Authors: Polyansky Anton A. , Hlevnjak Mario , Zagrovic Bojan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBeing related by the genetic code, mRNAs and their cognate proteins exhibit mutually interdependent compositions, which implies the possibility of a direct connection between their general physicochemical properties. Here we probe the general potential of the cell to encode information about proteins in the average characteristics of their cognate mRNAs and decode it in a ribosome-independent manner. We show that average protein hydrophobicity, calculated from either sequences or 3D structures, can be encoded in an analogue fashion by many different average mRNA sequence properties with the only constraint being that pyrimidine and purine bases be clearly distinguishable on average. Moreover, average characteristics of mRNA sequences enable discrimination between cytosolic and membrane proteins even in the absence of topogenic signal-based mechanisms. Our results suggest that protein and mRNA localization may be partly determined by basic physicochemical rationales and interdependencies between the two biomolecules.
The Wiedemann-Franz law in the putative one-dimensional metallic phase of PrBa2Cu4O8
Authors: Bangura A. F. , Xu Xiaofeng , Wakeham N. , Peng N. , Horii S. , Hussey N. E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe nature of the electronic state of a metal depends strongly on its dimensionality. In a system of isolated conducting chains, the Fermi-liquid (quasiparticle) description appropriate for higher dimensions is replaced by the so-called Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid picture characterized by collective excitations of spin and charge. Temperature is often regarded as a viable tuning parameter between states of different dimensionality, but what happens once thermal broadening becomes comparable to the interchain hopping energy remains an unresolved issue, one that is central to many organic and inorganic conductors. Here we use the ratio of the thermal to electrical conductivities to probe the nature of the electronic state in PrBa2Cu4O8 as a function of temperature. We find that despite the interchain transport becoming non-metallic, the charge carriers within the CuO chains appear to retain their quasiparticle nature. This implies that temperature alone cannot induce a crossover from Fermi-liquid to Tomonaga-Luttinger-liquid behaviour in quasi-one-dimensional metals.
High-fidelity gates in quantum dot spin qubits
Authors: Koh Teck Seng , Coppersmith S. N. , Friesen Mark 
Published: November 2013

Significance
This paper addresses a critical issue in the development of a practical quantum computer using semiconducting quantum dots: the achievement of high-fidelity quantum gates in the presence of environmental noise. The paper shows how to maximize the fidelity, which is the key figure of merit, for several different implementations of quantum gates in semiconducting quantum dot qubits. The paper also shows how to optimize the fidelity over the various control parameters, and that the different implementations display an unexpected commonality in how the fidelity depends on these parameters. The optimum fidelity for a given implementation is determined by experimental constraints on the control parameters, which are different for different qubit designs.
Survival and Dispersal of Sonic‐Tagged, Hatchery‐Reared Burbot Released into the Kootenay River
Authors: Stephenson Sarah M. , Neufeld Matthew D. , Ireland Susan C. , Young Shawn , Hardy Ryan S. , Rust Pete 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAs part of recovery efforts for the Kootenay population of Burbot Lota lota, we monitored 109 sonic‐tagged, hatchery‐reared Burbot released at 1–3 years of age throughout Kootenay Lake and the Kootenay River over a 3‐year period. Our objectives were to evaluate broodstock choice, assess differences in survival and dispersal by release site and age, and evaluate spawning movements. Overall, release survival was high (66%) and there was dispersal throughout the system (up to 235 km), involving both lacustrine and riverine habitat. Spawning movements were extensive (up to 59 km/d upstream) and suggest the use of known spawning locations. However, most age‐1 releases had lower survival and remained in the release tributaries for 1 year postrelease, which was longer than expected and which warrants further investigation. Overall, this telemetry study provides a positive outlook on the current aquaculture rehabilitation efforts for Kootenay Burbot and provides direction for further work.
The Reproductive Biology of the Common Thresher Shark in the Western North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Natanson Lisa J. , Gervelis Brian J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractReproductive organs from 130 male and 256 female Common Thresher Sharks Alopias vulpinus were examined to describe the reproductive characteristics and determine size at maturity and reproductive seasonality for the species in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Males ranged in size from 78 to 237 cm FL and females ranged from 62 to 263 cm FL. The onset of maturity in males was best described by an inflection in the relationship of clasper length to FL in combination with the degree of clasper calcification. Males matured between 181 and 198 cm FL, and estimated median size at maturity was 188 cm FL. In females, changes in the relationship between ovary and uterus length and width with FL were used to estimate the size at maturity. Females matured between 208 and 224 cm FL; the estimated median size at maturity was 216 cm FL. Litter sizes averaged 3.7 young. The period of parturition is protracted, spanning late spring to late summer (May–August). As in other Lamniformes, young are nourished through oophagy. The proportion of mature females in the resting, pregnant, and postpartum stages provides evidence that indicates that the Common Thresher Shark does not reproduce annually.
Estuarine Environments as Rearing Habitats for Juvenile Coho Salmon in Contrasting South‐Central Alaska Watersheds
Authors: Hoem Neher Tammy D. , Rosenberger Amanda E. , Zimmerman Christian E. , Walker Coowe M. , Baird Steven J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFor Pacific salmon, estuaries are typically considered transitional staging areas between freshwater and marine environments, but their potential as rearing habitat has only recently been recognized. The objectives of this study were two‐fold: (1) to determine if Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were rearing in estuarine habitats, and (2) to characterize and compare the body length, age, condition, and duration and timing of estuarine occupancy of juvenile Coho Salmon between the two contrasting estuaries. We examined use of estuary habitats with analysis of microchemistry and microstructure of sagittal otoliths in two watersheds of south‐central Alaska. Juvenile Coho Salmon were classified as estuary residents or nonresidents (recent estuary immigrants) based on otolith Sr : Ca ratios and counts of daily growth increments on otoliths. The estuaries differed in water source (glacial versus snowmelt hydrographs) and in relative estuarine and watershed area. Juvenile Coho Salmon with evidence of estuary rearing were greater in body length and condition than individuals lacking evidence of estuarine rearing. Coho Salmon captured in the glacial estuary had greater variability in body length and condition, and younger age‐classes predominated the catch compared with the nearby snowmelt‐fed, smaller estuary. Estuary‐rearing fish in the glacial estuary arrived later and remained longer (39 versus 24 d of summer growth) during the summer than did fish using the snowmelt estuary. Finally, we observed definitive patterns of overwintering in estuarine and near shore environments in both estuaries. Evidence of estuary rearing and overwintering with differences in fish traits among contrasting estuary types refute the notion that estuaries function as only staging or transitional habitats in the early life history of Coho Salmon.
Common Predator, Rare Prey: Exploring Juvenile Striped Bass Predation on Delta Smelt in California's San Francisco Estuary
Authors: Nobriga Matthew L. , Loboschefsky Erik , Feyrer Frederick 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThere is growing concern that predation by juvenile (ages 1–3) Striped Bass Morone saxatilis may negatively affect the population dynamics of Delta Smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, an imperiled species listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and endangered under the state of California's Endangered Species Act. We explored the potential predator–prey interaction between juvenile Striped Bass and Delta Smelt in California's San Francisco Estuary. Specifically, we addressed two study questions. (1) Is juvenile Striped Bass abundance correlated with Delta Smelt survival? (2) What is the estimated peak monthly consumption of Delta Smelt by juvenile Striped Bass during summer? We addressed the first study question using regression techniques and the second with functional responses to estimate per capita Striped Bass consumption of Delta Smelt using Delta Smelt biomass densities estimated from trawl surveys as input to the functional responses. We found no evidence for a correlation between juvenile Striped Bass abundance and Delta Smelt survival. Based upon available data, we estimated that consumption of Delta Smelt may range from a level not discernibly different from 0 g·Striped Bass−1·month up to about 11 g·Striped Bass−1·month−1. These are the first estimates of potential Striped Bass consumption of Delta Smelt.
Local and Lake‐Scale Habitat Effects on Abundance, Lengths, and Diets of Age‐0 Largemouth Bass and Bluegill in Indiana Temperate Lakes
Authors: Middaugh Christopher R. , Foley Carolyn J. , Höök Tomas O. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLittoral zones of lentic systems are important nursery habitats for age‐0 fish as they provide foraging habitat and refuge from predation. While local habitat characteristics in a lake's littoral zone can affect abundances, mean lengths, and trophic interactions of age‐0 fish, lake‐scale characteristics may also influence these factors. Given that local and lake‐scale characteristics are probably related, it may be difficult to interpret perceived associations between habitat characteristics and fish population metrics, as well as elucidate consequences of anthropogenic alterations of habitat. We used classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to evaluate relationships between local and lake‐scale habitat characteristics, abundances, and mean lengths of age‐0 Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides and Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus collected from glacial lakes in northern Indiana during 2009 and 2010. We also evaluated habitat influences on stomach contents of age‐0 Largemouth Bass. Our results suggest there are complex, multiscale interactions among habitat characteristics and population and diet metrics of age‐0 fish. Site‐specific abundances of both fishes were most strongly associated with local‐scale characteristics (e.g., high densities of Bluegills at sites with dense submerged vegetation), while mean lengths were associated with lake‐scale characteristics (e.g., greater mean length of age‐0 Bluegills and Largemouth Bass in small, shallow lakes). Diet composition of age‐0 Largemouth Bass was strongly related to individual fish length, though local (e.g., percent coverage by vegetation) and lake‐scale (e.g., lake depth) habitat characteristics also affected the type of prey consumed. We suggest that managers consider both local and lake‐scale features when undertaking habitat improvement activities, selecting stocking locations, or otherwise jointly managing habitat and age‐0 lentic fish populations.
Lateral and Longitudinal Displacement of Stream‐Rearing Juvenile Bull Trout in Response to Upstream Migration of Spawning Adults
Authors: Pinto Madalena C. , Post John R. , Paul Andrew J. , Johnston Fiona D. , Mushens Craig J. , Stelfox Jim D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOntogenetic shifts in fish habitat use often occur to reduce the risk of predation or cannibalism. We examined the large‐ and small‐scale spatial behavior of juvenile Bull TroutSalvelinus confluentusduring the spawning migration of adfluvial adult Bull Trout into a tributary (Smith‐Dorrien Creek, Alberta) where juveniles rear. We evaluated whether juvenile spatial behavior suggested a direct response to adults that may be interpreted as an attempt to reduce predation risk. Our results showed that the juvenile response to the influx of adults was size dependent, with larger juveniles migrating downstream into Lower Kananaskis Lake and smaller juveniles moving into shallower reaches and margins of the creek. From 1992 to 2002, the downstream migration of juveniles occurred after the upstream migration of spawning adults. Juveniles migrating downstream into the lake were predominantly age 3, with some age‐2 individuals. The lateral movement of juvenile Bull Trout in the creek in response to the presence of adult Bull Trout spawners was also assessed by comparing water depths occupied before, during, and after the spawning period. Median depths of water used by juveniles decreased when adults were present and then shifted to prespawning water depths once spawners had left the creek to return to the lake. These results suggest that behaviorally driven habitat segregation of juvenile and adult Bull Trout occurs at both a small scale (within the creek) and a large scale (within the watershed), likely to reduce cannibalism and to maximize juvenile survival.
Fish Assemblages in the Oligohaline Stretch of a Southwest Florida River during Periods of Extreme Freshwater Inflow Variation
Authors: Stevens Philip W. , Greenwood Marin F. D. , Blewett David A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMaintenance or restoration of the oligohaline stretch (i.e., salinity 0.5–5 psu) of coastal rivers is becoming an increasingly important goal of water managers striving to balance human consumption of water with the ecological integrity of estuaries. The objectives of this study were to compare fish assemblage structure and species abundance of the oligohaline stretch to those of the lower river mouth during periods of varying freshwater inflow (wet and dry periods) in one of southwest Florida's largest rivers, the Peace River. The abundance of several estuarine residents and estuarine transients captured in 21.3‐m seines—Sand Seatrout Cynoscion arenarius, Tidewater Mojarra Eucinostomus harengulus, Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus, and Spot Leiostomus xanthurus—were similar between river sections, which is consistent with the premise that the oligohaline stretch is an extension of the juvenile habitat known to be important for fish in lower rivers. Estuarine residents known to have affinities for marsh habitat—Eastern Mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki, Rainwater Killifish Lucania parva, and Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna—were at least an order of magnitude more abundant in the oligohaline stretch, probably the result of greater production at low salinity, greater marsh area, or less competition. During a dry period, the oligohaline fish assemblage became more similar to the assemblage of the lower river mouth. Reductions in the abundance of species characteristic of the oligohaline stretch were offset by increases in the abundance of Bay Anchovy Anchoa mitchilli. This study provides information to managers that can be used in the restoration of oligohaline waters by identifying characteristic fishes in the oligohaline stretch of a large river, providing insight into how this river section functions as fish habitat, and determining the changes in fish assemblages that occur during low freshwater inflow conditions.