bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and properties of sulfonated poly(arylene ether nitrile) copolymers containing carboxyl groups for proton‐exchange membrane materials
Authors: Chen Lan , Pu Zejun , Long Ya , Tang Hailong , Liu Xiaobo 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTA series of sulfonated poly(arylene ether nitrile) copolymers containing carboxyl groups were synthesized via a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction from phenolphthalein, hydroquinone sulfonic acid potassium salt, and 2,6‐difluorobenzonitrile in N‐methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) with K2CO3 as a catalyst. The synthesized copolymers had good solubility in common polar organic solvents and could be easily processed into membranes from solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide, NMP, N,N′‐dimethyl acetylamide, and dimethylformamide. Typical membranes in acid form were gained, and the chemical structures of these membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared analysis. The thermal properties, fluorescence properties, water uptake, ion‐exchange capacity, and proton conductivities of these copolymers were also investigated. The results indicate that they had high glass‐transition temperatures in the range 151–187°C and good thermal stability, with the 10 wt% loss temperatures ranging from 330 to 351°C under nitrogen. The copolymers showed characteristic unimodal ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption and fluorescence emission, and the UV–vis absorption, fluorescence excitation, and emission peaks of the copolymers were obvious. Moreover, the copolymer membranes showed good water uptake and proton conductivities at room temperature and 55% relative humidity because of the introduction of both sulfonic acid groups and carboxyl groups into the copolymers, whose contents were in ranges 18.45–67.86 and 3.4 × 10−4 to 3.0 × 10−3 s/cm, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40213.
The Effect on Rat Embryonic Heart Rate of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ Channel Blockers, and the Human Teratogen Phenytoin, Changes with Gestational Age
Authors: Nilsson Mats F. , Ritchie Helen , Webster William S. 
Published: December 2013

In this study, we compared the effects of four ion channel blockers on rat embryonic heart function during the organogenic period from gestational day (GD) 10 to 15, to determine the changes in dependence on ion channels during rat cardiac development. Rat embryos in culture were exposed to either the human ether‐á‐go‐go‐related gene potassium channel blocker, dofetilide (400 nM); the sodium channel blocker, lidocaine (250 μM); the L‐type calcium channel blocker, nifedipine (1.8 μM); or the multichannel blocker, phenytoin (200 μM). Lidocaine slowed the heart rate (HR) with the effect becoming more severe with increasing GD. Dofetilide slowed the embryonic HR and caused arrhythmias with the most severe effect on GD 11 to 13. Nifedipine primarily caused a negative inotropic effect except on GD 10 when it stopped the heart in most embryos. Phenytoin stopped the heart of most GD 10 to 12 embryos while on GD 13 to 15 phenytoin slowed the heart. The results demonstrate that as the rat heart develops during the organogenic period its functional dependence on ion channels changes markedly. These changes are important for understanding drug effects on the embryo during pregnancy and the methodology used provides a simple procedure for assessing drug effects on the developing heart.
Guilty but mentally ill: An alternative verdict
Authors: Blunt Lynn W. , Stock Harley V. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDespite opposition from professional groups such as the American Psychiatric Association and the American Bar Association, “Guilty But Mentally Ill” (GBMI) statutes now exist in at least 12 states and are being considered in others. This paper reviews the development of the GBMI alternative to the insanity defense from a historical perspective, focusing especially on the reasons for its development in Michigan, the first state to pass GBMI legislation over 9 years ago. Using the Michigan experience, the GBMI statute is reviewed in terms of its perceived purpose and its success in accomplishing that purpose. Then recommendations for future changes are made.
Premenstrual syndrome
Authors: Abplanalp Judith M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper is an overview of research on premenstrual syndrome (PMS), focusing on the key topics of definition of the syndrome and the relationship of PMS to psychiatric illness. The etiology and treatment of PMS is discussed. Medical‐legal implications of PMS are also reviewed with attention directed to the few studies and court cases relating PMS to the concept of diminished criminal responsibility. Researchers are beginning to make some progress with respect to criteria for the diagnosis of PMS. Much work remains concerning the questions of the relationship of PMS to psychiatric disorders and whether PMS should be considered as one syndrome or many.
Emotional distress in tort law
Authors: Twiford J. Rainer 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAlthough judges and legislators increasingly provide compensation for claims of emotional injury, laws have evolved in an arbitrary and inflexible fashion. A number of judicial barriers to these claims have been developed and applied in ways that unfairly prevent compensation. Likewise, frivolous claims are occasionally granted. Judicial and legislative approaches to this problem should involve enough flexibility to accommodate the facts peculiar to each case. A flexible approach is also responsive to the rapid developments that are occurring in the behavioral and medical sciences which are often consulted in solving disputes involving claims for emotional distress.
Psycholegal standards and the role of psychological assessment in personal injury litigation
Authors: Weissman Herbert N. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractConceptual and procedural aspects of the forensic practitioner's role in personal injury litigation are identified relative to the provision of evaluative, consultative, and court‐related services. A model is presented for comprehensive clinical and psychodiagnostic assessment consistent with concepts of legal relevance and probative value. The model facilitates rendering psycholegal formulations and opinions regarding compensatory damages when retained to examine mental and emotional elements entered as causes of action in tort.The differential contribution of state and trait level conditions, and of proximate, pre‐existing, and coexisting factors to the causal nexus of impairment is considered in this context toward establishing preincident baseline functioning and making pre‐post comparisons. Approaches toward delineating the range and severity of impairments that are related to the instant event, and separating these from nonproximate factors and from the dynamics of primary and secondary gain, are considered.
Neuropsychological evaluation in the assessment of personal injury
Authors: Wasyliw Orest E. , Golden Charles J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractNeuropsychological evaluation offers unique potentials in the assessment of personal injury claims. Strengths and limitations of major approaches to testing are reviewed, and special attention is given to applications in the particular forensic areas of head injury, toxic environments, physical disease, and malpractice. The varieties of cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal damages which may occur with brain injury are described. Suggestions are provided for forensically appropriate neuropsychological assessment, as well as guidelines offered for discerning inappropriate practices. Issues of neurological malingering, credentialing of the expert, and forensic roles of the neuropsychologist in rehabilitation are discussed.
Congressional review of national problems in drug abuse and its control
Authors: Kurke Martin I. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe addition of a psychologist to its staff provided the United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control with an opportunity to add survey technology to its traditional oversight information gathering armamentarium. Surveys of state and local drug abuse program managers, law enforcement and prosecutorial officials, state attorneys general, and members of congress itself provided the Select Committee with information that supplemented that obtained by hearings and congressionally sponsored conferences. Answers to different questions in the different surveys were in general agreement with each other and with information obtained through hearings, providing a rough measure of the reliability and utility of the technique for oversight purposes. Survey results were incorporated in committee reports and are credited with providing information necessary to sustain the Select Committee's recommendations for drug abuse and control to the Congress.
Narcotics and crime: An analysis of existing evidence for a causal relationship
Authors: Speckart George , Anglin M. Douglas 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe research literature investigating criminality and narcotics addiction is reviewed for evidence concerning the nature of their etiologic relationship. An emphasis is placed upon empirical investigations published after 1960 and upon existing literature reviews of this field. Citing various approaches and paradigms utilized by prior researchers, an attempt is made to converge qualitatively distinct lines of research to a common conclusion. It is shown that (1) pre‐ and post‐addiction studies show increases in property crime contiguous with the onset of addiction; (2) first arrest generally precedes narcotics addiction; (3) pre‐ and during treatment studies, as well as during and post‐treatment studies, show relative decreases in property crimes during methadone maintenance; and (4) property crime increases monotonically with level, or intensity, of narcotics use throughout the addiction career when analyzed in aggregate form. It is concluded that, although a substantial number of addicts are criminally involved prior to addiction, addiction is a criminogenic agent in contemporary American society and that narcotics use levels are the most direct and plausible explanation for the high aggregate levels of property crime exhibited by research subjects when addicted. In addition, prescriptions for future research methodologies are discussed.
Health and legal issues in undercover narcotics investigations: Misrepresented evidence
Authors: Girodo Michel 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper outlines some types of psychological disturbances found to occur in narcotics agents who use undercover investigative methods. Research results and other clinical findings dismiss popular notions of multiple personalities as a mental injury caused by prolonged role played pseudoidentities. Coping strategies for dealing with certain paranoid reactions are seen as potential sources of contamination in the gathering of evidence of criminal activity. Issues related to questions of health versus operative talents in selecting for personal suitability for undercover work are presented.
Clinical dimensions of adult sexual abuse of children
Authors: Conte Jon R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article identifies some of the more commonly held traditional clinical concepts employed by community based mental health professionals in work with adults who sexually abuse children. The manuscript suggests why these concepts appear to be not helpful to therapists in community settings. These traditional concepts include the idea that all offenders may be thought of as either fixated or regressed, incest or pedophilic, or that there is a typical offender profile of adults who have sex with children. The article suggests that a more useful way to think about adults who sexually abuse children is to think of them in terms of a number of clinical dimensions, characteristics of the problem of adults' sexual use of children. These dimensions include denial, sexual arousal, sexual fantasies, cognitive distortions, social skills deficits, and other problems. The manuscript discusses the empirical support for each of these dimensions as an important aspect of adult sexual use of children.
Organic treatments for the male sexual offender
Authors: Bradford John M. W. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThere are three significant organic treatments for the sexual offender: antiandrogen or other hormonal agents; surgical castration; and stereotaxic neurosurgery. All are interrelated, and an understanding of the complex neurohormonal actions of the androgens is fundamental to their application. The relationship between the three treatments is dependent on the complex interactions between higher central nervous system functions and neuroendocrine mechanisms mediated via the hypothalmic‐pituitary axis, the testes, and their various feedback mechanisms. This paper discusses all three treatments, including a detailed description of background material and related studies, as well as the appropriate use of the treatments in the various types of male sexual offenders.
Structure‐Dependent Binding of Arylimidamides to the DNA Minor Groove
Authors: Chai Yun , Munde Manoj , Kumar Arvind , Mickelson Leah , Lin Sen , Campbell Nancy H. , Banerjee Moloy , Akay Senol , Liu Zongying , Farahat Abdelbasset A. , Nhili Raja , Depauw Sabine , David‐Cordonnier Marie‐Hélène , Neidle Stephen , Wilson W. David , Boykin David W. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHeterocyclic diamidines are strong DNA minor‐groove binders and have excellent antiparasitic activity. To extend the biological activity of these compounds, a series of arylimidamides (AIAs) analogues, which have better uptake properties in Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruizi than diamidines, was prepared. The binding of the AIAs to DNA was investigated by Tm, fluorescence displacement titration, circular dichroism, DNase I footprinting, biosensor surface plasmon resonance, X‐ray crystallography and molecular modeling. These compounds form 1:1 complexes with AT sequences in the DNA minor groove, and the binding strength varies with substituent size, charge and polarity. These substituent‐dependent structure and properties provide a SAR that can be used to estimate K values for binding to DNA in this series. The structural results and molecular modeling studies provide an explanation for the differences in binding affinities for AIAs.
Lewis Acid Assisted Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Metathesis Reactions
Authors: Lübbe Christa , Dumrath Andreas , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias , Kadyrov Renat 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe combination of a ruthenium–arene complex, a noncoordinating salt, and a Lewis acid facilitates access to a highly active and selective in situ metathesis catalyst. The catalyst is formed from an inexpensive ruthenium precursor and olefins are used as the substrates. RCM=Ring‐closing metathesis, acac=acetylacetonate.
The “True” Affinities of Metal Cations to p‐Sulfonatocalix[4]arene: A Thermodynamic Study at Neutral pH Reveals a Pitfall Due to Salt Effects in Microcalorimetry
Authors: Francisco Vitor , Piñeiro Angel , Nau Werner M. , García‐Río Luis 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA microcalorimetric study on the inclusion of monovalent and divalent metal cations by p‐sulfonatocalix[4]arene was performed. The thermodynamic parameters for the complexation of alkali metal cations and Ag+ were obtained for the first time at neutral pH. The Na+ cation is routinely present as counterion of the calixarene in neutral aqueous solution, and this must be taken into account in the determination of the thermodynamic parameters for the complexation of Na+ and the other cations by considering a sequential or a competitive binding scheme. The ΔH° and ΔS° values show that the inclusion process is entropically driven, although an influence of the temperature on the complexation reaction indicates that the enthalpic term is also an important contributor. The results also reveal that enthalpy/entropy compensation balances the gain in one contribution against a corresponding loss in the other. The obtained thermodynamic data are in contrast to the results from previous microcalorimetric studies, which showed binding constants that were orders of magnitude smaller and complexations, which were in part enthalpically driven but which neglected the influence of the alkali metal counterions.
Gold‐Catalyzed [2+2+1] Cycloaddition of 1,6‐Diyne Carbonates and Esters with Aldehydes to 4‐(Cyclohexa‐1,3‐dienyl)‐1,3‐dioxolanes
Authors: Rao Weidong , Chan Philip Wai Hong 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA synthetic method to stereoselectively prepare 4‐(cyclohexa‐1,3‐dienyl)‐1,3‐dioxolanes in good to excellent yields by gold(I)‐catalyzed [2+2+1] cycloaddition of 1,6‐diyne carbonates and esters with aldehydes is described. The cascade process involves 1,2‐acyloxy migration followed by cyclopropenation and cycloreversion. This leads to an unprecedented [2+2+1] cycloaddition of the resulting alkenylgold carbenoid species, examples of which are extremely rare, with two aldehyde molecules at catalyst loadings as low as 1 mol %. The usefulness of this cycloisomerization chemistry was further demonstrated by the transformation of one example to the corresponding phenol.
Baseline prostate inflammation is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat prostate biopsy: Results from the REDUCE study
Authors: Moreira Daniel M. , Nickel J. Curtis , Gerber Leah , Muller Roberto L. , Andriole Gerald L. , Castro‐Santamaria Ramiro , Freedland Stephen J. 
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUNDThe current study was performed to evaluate whether baseline acute and chronic prostate inflammation among men with an initial negative biopsy for prostate cancer (PCa) increased the risk of subsequent PCa detection in a clinical trial with systematic biopsies.METHODSA retrospective analysis was performed of 6238 men aged 50 years to 75 years with prostate‐specific antigen levels between 2.5 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL and a prior negative biopsy in the REduction by DUtasteride of PCa Events study who completed a 2‐year biopsy. PCa, acute prostate inflammation, and chronic prostate inflammation were assessed by central review. The association between inflammation in baseline prostate biopsies and positive 2‐year and 4‐year repeat biopsies was evaluated with the chi‐square test and logistic regression analysis adjusting for baseline covariates.RESULTSAcute and chronic inflammation and both were detected in 46 baseline biopsies (1%), 3931 baseline biopsies (63%), and 892 baseline biopsies (14%), respectively. Acute and chronic inflammation were found to be significantly associated with each other (P < .001). Acute inflammation at baseline biopsy was associated with younger age, lower prostate‐specific antigen levels, and a smaller prostate (all P < .01), whereas chronic inflammation was associated with older age and larger prostate glands (all P < 0.01). At the 2‐year biopsy, the prevalence of PCa was 14% (N = 900 patients). On univariable and multivariable analysis, both acute and chronic inflammation were found to be significantly associated with a lower PCa risk (acute univariable: odds ratio [OR], 0.65 [P < .001] and multivariable: OR, 0.75 [P = .012] and chronic univariable: OR, 0.61 [P < .001] and multivariable: OR, 0.65 [P < .001]). At the time of 4‐year biopsy, only acute inflammation was found to be associated with a lower PCa risk.CONCLUSIONSBaseline acute and chronic inflammation were both found to be independently associated with a lower PCa risk. From a clinical standpoint, inflammation in negative biopsies for PCa may lower the risk of subsequent PCa detection. Cancer 2014;120:190–196. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
A subset of thalamocortical projections to the retrosplenial cortex possesses two vesicular glutamate transporter isoforms, VGluT1 and VGluT2, in axon terminals and somata
Authors: Oda Satoko , Funato Hiromasa , Sato Fumi , Adachi‐Akahane Satomi , Ito Masanori , Takase Kenkichi , Kuroda Masaru 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTVesicular glutamate transporter isoforms, VGluT1–VGluT3, accumulate glutamate into synaptic vesicles and are considered to be important molecules in glutamatergic transmission. Among them, VGluT2 mRNA is expressed predominantly throughout the dorsal thalamus, whereas VGluT1 mRNA is expressed in a few thalamic nuclei. In the thalamic nuclei that project to the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), VGluT1 mRNA is expressed strongly in the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (AD), is expressed moderately in the anteroventral and laterodorsal thalamic nuclei, and is not expressed in the anteromedial thalamic nucleus. Thus, it has been strongly suggested that a subset of thalamocortical projections to RSC possesses both VGluT1 and VGluT2. In this study, double‐labeled neuronal somata showing both VGluT1 and VGluT2 immunolabelings were found exclusively in the ventral region of AD (vAD). Many double‐labeled axon terminals were also found in two major targets of vAD, the rostral part of the reticular thalamic nucleus and layers Ia and III–IV of the retrosplenial granular b cortex (RSGb). Some were also found in layer Ia of the retrosplenial granular a cortex (RSGa). These axon terminals contain significant amounts of both VGluTs. Because the subset of thalamocortical projections to RSC has a unique molecular basis in the glutamatergic transmission system, it might play an important role in the higher cognitive functions processed in the RSC. Furthermore, double‐labeled axon terminals of a different type were distributed in RSGb and RSGa. Because they are small and the immunoreactivity of VGluT2 is significantly weaker than that of VGluT1, they seemed to be a subset of corticocortical terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2089–2106, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reflectance versus transmittance: The effects of light scattering on red colorants (carmine, amazonian red annatto, and peruvian cochinilla rojo and rosada) in biological, textile, and museum science
Authors: Swatland H. J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSpectra were strongly influenced by the way they were measured but, in general, carmine, cochinilla rojo and rosada, and red annatto all had strong transmittance and reflectance of red light (>640 nm), and strong absorbance of green light (520–560 nm). Spectra for carmine and cochinilla rosada both had secondary peaks for transmittance and reflectance (around 420 and 450 nm for stains, respectively), whereas secondary peaks were not found for cochinilla rojo and red annatto. Both cochinilla rosada and rojo stained skeletal myofibers, but only cochinilla rojo withstood alcohol dehydration and mounting as a general stain for paraffin sections. Carmine was ideal for enhancing the appearance of pork because its spectrum was similar to that of myoglobin, thus increasing the absorbance of green light without producing unnatural colors like cochinilla rosada and rojo. Cochinilla rojo dyed alpaca wool orange, and cochinilla rosada dyed wool pink. The scale of the measurement (micro‐ vs. macroscopic) and the type of measurement (transmittance vs. reflectance) were of minor importance in colorimetry, whereas a major effect was detected for light scattering in the sample. A ratio indicative of scattering (400/700 nm) was strongly correlated with chromaticity coordinate x, r = −0.86, P < 0.001, n = 18. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 599–606, 2014