bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Zygomycetes with innate immune cells reconsidered with respect to ecology, morphology, evolution and infection biology: a mini‐review
Authors: Park Hea‐Reung , Voigt Kerstin 
Published: September 2014

SummaryZygomycetes are saprophytic fungi found ubiquitously in nature. Generally, fungi are considered as the most common microbes encountered by mammalian hosts due to its ubiquity in nature. Among the fungi, the Zygomycetes represent the most basal terrestrial lineage which can cause infections in humans. They comprise two orders, the Mucorales and the Entomophthorales, which contain human pathogenic species. Members of the Mucorales are responsible for mucormycosis; the second most common mould fungi infection in the world and infection with members of the Entomophthorales can result in basidiobolomycosis and conidiobolomycosis. However, the infection does not occur frequently as we have efficient barriers from immune system against the fungal invasion. In this review, a summary is provided on the current literature available on innate immune cells such as polymorphonuclear leucocytes, macrophages, etc. and their interaction with zygomycetes.
Immunotherapeutic strategies against mucormycosis in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Schmidt Stanislaw , Tramsen Lars , Schneider Andreas , Balan Ada , Lehrnbecher Thomas 
Published: September 2014

SummaryMucormycoses remain a serious complication in patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In these patients, mortality rates of mucormycosis reach up to 90%, which is due, at least in part, to the severe and prolonged immunosuppression after transplantation. Although prolonged neutropaenia is one of the most important risk factors for mucormycosis, other cell populations, such as CD4+ T cells may also provide critical defence mechanisms against this infection. The management of mucormycosis includes antifungal therapy, surgery and, most importantly, the control of the underlying predisposing conditions, such as the correction of an impaired immune system. Here, we review the current data of granulocytes, antifungal T cells and natural killer cells regarding their activity against mucormycetes and regarding a potential immunotherapeutic approach. It is hoped that further animal studies and clinical trials assessing immunotherapeutic strategies will ultimately improve the poor prognosis of allogeneic HSCT recipients suffering from mucormycosis.
The context dependence of beneficiary feedback effects on benefactors in plant facilitation
Authors: Schöb Christian , Callaway Ragan M. , Anthelme Fabien , Brooker Rob W. , Cavieres Lohengrin A. , Kikvidze Zaal , Lortie Christopher J. , Michalet Richard , Pugnaire Francisco I. , Xiao Sa , Cranston Brittany H. , García Mary‐Carolina , Hupp Nicole R. , Llambí Luis D. , Lingua Emanuele , Reid Anya M. , Zhao Liang , Butterfield Bradley J. 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Facilitative effects of some species on others are a major driver of biodiversity. These positive effects of a benefactor on its beneficiary can result in negative feedback effects of the beneficiary on the benefactor and reduced fitness of the benefactor. However, in contrast to the wealth of studies on facilitative effects in different environments, we know little about whether the feedback effects show predictable patterns of context dependence.

We reanalyzed a global data set on alpine cushion plants, previously used to assess their positive effects on biodiversity and the nature of the beneficiary feedback effects, to specifically assess the context dependence of how small‐ and large‐scale drivers alter the feedback effects of cushion‐associated (beneficiary) species on their cushion benefactors using structural equation modelling.

The effect of beneficiaries on cushions became negative when beneficiary diversity increased and facilitation was more intense. Local‐scale biotic and climatic conditions mediated these community‐scale processes, having indirect effects on the feedback effect. High‐productivity sites demonstrated weaker negative feedback effects of beneficiaries on the benefactor.

Our results indicate a limited impact of the beneficiary feedback effects on benefactor cushions, but strong context dependence. This context dependence may help to explain the ecological and evolutionary persistence of this widespread facilitative system.
Linking phytochrome to plant immunity: low red : far‐red ratios increase Arabidopsis susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea by reducing the biosynthesis of indolic glucosinolates and camalexin
Authors: Cargnel Miriam D. , Demkura Patricia V. , Ballaré Carlos L. 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Shade‐intolerant plants respond to low red : far‐red (R : FR) ratios, which signal the proximity of potential competitors, by down‐regulating immune responses. Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying this immune suppression in Arabidopsis.

We used genetic, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to examine the functional connections between R : FR ratio and Arabidopsis resistance to the fungus Botrytis cinerea.

Low R : FR ratios reduced the concentration of indol‐3‐ylmethyl glucosinolate (I3M) (an indolic glucosinolate, iGS) and camalexin in plants inoculated with B. cinerea, and attenuated the I3M response triggered by jasmonate elicitation. These effects on metabolite abundance correlated with reduced expression of iGS and camalexin biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, the effect of low R : FR increasing Arabidopsis susceptibility to B. cinerea was not present in mutants deficient in the biosynthesis of camalexin (pad3) or metabolism of iGS (pen2). Finally, in a mutant deficient in the JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN‐10 (JAZ10) protein, which does not respond to low R : FR with increased susceptibility to B. cinerea, supplemental FR failed to down‐regulate iGS production.

These results indicate that suppression of Arabidopsis immunity against B. cinerea by low R : FR ratios is mediated by reduced levels of Trp‐derived defenses, and provide further evidence for a functional role of JAZ10 in the link between phytochrome and jasmonate signaling.
Split Median Raphe: Case Series and Brief Literature Review
Authors: Valerio Enrico , Cutrone Mario 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe describe three cases of split median raphe of the penis (SMR) from our hospital newborn records from 2004 to 2013. One case was associated with median raphe cyst, one with skin hypochromia, and one with a scar‐like aspect of the region of interest. SMR is thought to be the result of defective fusion of ectodermal tissue in the urethra and scrotum area or of defective growth of the perineal mesoderm around the urethra during gestation. Although SMR associated with other major penile congenital defects (epispadias, hypospadias, penile torsion, bifid scrotum, chordee) is common, isolated SMR is probably an underdiagnosed (although not rare) malformative condition. Recognizing SMR in a newborn may be of educational value to neonatologists because it leads to the search for and exclusion of the above‐mentioned pathologic conditions.
Market Trends in Baby Skin Care Products and Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: Gao Xiang , Simpson Eric L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlthough the U.S. pediatric skin care market is a $1.7 billion industry, little is known regarding the usage pattern of skin care products in very young children. We have begun to recognize that common over‐the‐counter skin care products may have positive or negative effects on skin barrier function. Thus, knowing what and how skin care products are used early in life is important. The goal of the current study was to better understand skin care product use in the United States using market research data. We found that the prevalence of use was greater than 50% for all skin care product categories and age groups. Premoistened cleansing wipes and cloths were the most frequently used product, followed by baby oil and lotion and body and baby powder. Baby bath and shampoo products were used at least five times per week per household, and caregivers generally preferred products that were fragrance‐free and made for sensitive skin. Lower‐income households reported a higher frequency of product use and were less likely to purchase fragrance‐free products or ones that were made for sensitive skin. Our findings suggest that the prevalence of pediatric skin care product use is high and conflicts with current recommended skin care guidelines. Product use and preferences may also vary according to race and ethnicity and household income level.
With partners like you, who needs strangers? Ostracism involving a romantic partner
Authors: ARRIAGA XIMENA B. , CAPEZZA NICOLE M. , REED JASON T. , WESSELMANN ERIC D. , WILLIAMS KIPLING D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBeing ostracized by others threatens the satisfaction of fundamental needs, although less so when individuals first are reminded of a close relationship. What remains unknown is the effect of being ostracized directly by a relationship partner, which may vary depending on attachment security. We examined how a partner's involvement in ostracism affects need satisfaction and relationship evaluations, and explored attachment security. One hundred and twenty‐seven couple members played Cyberball in a between‐subjects experiment manipulating ostracism and partner involvement. Need satisfaction was more strongly affected by the partner's presence (vs. absence). Individuals evaluated their relationship more negatively as a function of partner ostracism and high attachment avoidance. Attachment anxiety was associated with lower need satisfaction. The results highlight relational expectations and influences on belonging needs.
Capacity building in pediatric transplant infectious diseases: An international perspective
Authors: Danziger‐Isakov Lara , Evans Helen M. , Green Michael , McCulloch Mignon , Michaels Marian G. , Posfay‐Barbe Klara M. , Verma Anita , Allen Upton 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTransplant infectious diseases is a rapidly emerging subspecialty within pediatric infectious diseases reflecting the increasing volumes and complexity of this patient population. Incorporating transplant infectious diseases into the transplant process would provide an opportunity to improve clinical outcome and advocacy as well as expand research. The relationship between transplant physicians and infectious diseases (ID) specialists is one of partnership, collaboration, and mutual continuing professional education. The ID CARE Committee of the International Pediatric Transplant Association (IPTA) views the development and integration of transplant infectious diseases into pediatric transplant care as an international priority.
Regulatory capitalism and its discontents: Bilateral interdependence and the adaptability of regulatory styles
Authors: Yasuda John Kojiro , Ansell Christopher 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe expansion of global trade has produced new challenges for the effective governance of product safety. We argue that many of these challenges arise at the bilateral level from the interaction of more or less adaptable national regulatory styles. When regulatory styles are unadaptable they produce gaps in risk management, slow and contested resolutions to crises, and limited regulatory cooperation. To examine these claims empirically, we study bilateral food safety regulation in four major exporter–importer dyads: China–Japan; Canada–United States (US), China–European Union (EU), and the US–Japan. The China–Japan dyad is the most adaptable, combining China's “export segmentation” regulatory style with Japan's strongly “risk‐averse, interventionist” style. The Canada–US dyad operates effectively, bringing together Canada's “global market–conforming” regulatory style with the US strategy of “sovereign regulator.” The China–EU dyad is less adaptable because the EU's “harmonization” regulatory style makes it difficult for the EU to adapt to the weaknesses of the Chinese food safety system. Finally, the US's sovereign regulator style clashes with Japan's interventionist style, making them the least adaptable of the four dyads. The paper concludes with a discussion of the broader relevance of our findings for the development of regulatory capitalism.
High lipid order of Arabidopsis cell‐plate membranes mediated by sterol and DYNAMIN‐RELATED PROTEIN1A function
Authors: Frescatada‐Rosa Márcia , Stanislas Thomas , Backues Steven K. , Reichardt Ilka , Men Shuzhen , Boutté Yohann , Jürgens Gerd , Moritz Thomas , Bednarek Sebastian Y. , Grebe Markus 
Published: September 2014

SummaryMembranes of eukaryotic cells contain high lipid‐order sterol‐rich domains that are thought to mediate temporal and spatial organization of cellular processes. Sterols are crucial for execution of cytokinesis, the last stage of cell division, in diverse eukaryotes. The cell plate of higher‐plant cells is the membrane structure that separates daughter cells during somatic cytokinesis. Cell‐plate formation in Arabidopsis relies on sterol‐ and DYNAMIN‐RELATED PROTEIN1A (DRP1A)‐dependent endocytosis. However, functional relationships between lipid membrane order or lipid packing and endocytic machinery components during eukaryotic cytokinesis have not been elucidated. Using ratiometric live imaging of lipid order‐sensitive fluorescent probes, we show that the cell plate of Arabidopsis thaliana represents a dynamic, high lipid‐order membrane domain. The cell‐plate lipid order was found to be sensitive to pharmacological and genetic alterations of sterol composition. Sterols co‐localize with DRP1A at the cell plate, and DRP1A accumulates in detergent‐resistant membrane fractions. Modifications of sterol concentration or composition reduce cell‐plate membrane order and affect DRP1A localization. Strikingly, DRP1A function itself is essential for high lipid order at the cell plate. Our findings provide evidence that the cell plate represents a high lipid‐order domain, and pave the way to explore potential feedback between lipid order and function of dynamin‐related proteins during cytokinesis.
Cytosine deaminase as a negative selectable marker for the microalgal chloroplast: a strategy for the isolation of nuclear mutations that affect chloroplast gene expression
Authors: Young Rosanna E. B. , Purton Saul 
Published: September 2014

SummaryNegative selectable markers are useful tools for forward‐genetic screens aimed at identifying trans‐acting factors that are required for expression of specific genes. Transgenic lines harbouring the marker fused to a gene element, such as a promoter, may be mutagenized to isolate loss‐of‐function mutants able to survive under selection. Such a strategy allows the molecular dissection of factors that are essential for expression of the gene. Expression of individual chloroplast genes in plants and algae typically requires one or more nuclear‐encoded factors that act at the post‐transcriptional level, often through interaction with the 5′ UTR of the mRNA. To study such nuclear control further, we have developed the Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase gene codA as a conditional negative selectable marker for use in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We show that a codon‐optimized variant of codA with three amino acid substitutions confers sensitivity to 5‐fluorocytosine (5‐FC) when expressed in the chloroplast under the control of endogenous promoter/5′ UTR elements from the photosynthetic genes psaA or petA. UV mutagenesis of the psaA transgenic line allowed recovery of 5‐FC‐resistant, photosynthetically deficient lines harbouring mutations in the nuclear gene for the factor TAA1 that is required for psaA translation. Similarly, the petA line was used to isolate mutants of the petA mRNA stability factor MCA1 and the translation factor TCA1. The codA marker may be used to identify critical residues in known nuclear factors and to aid the discovery of additional factors required for expression of chloroplast genes.
Transient Operation in Pipeline Compressor Stations
Authors: Kurz Rainer , White Robert C. , Brun Klaus 
Published: September 2014

Many pipelines are not operated under steady state conditions. This is in particular true for pipelines that are highly integrated with other pipelines, or have many different feed or gas take-off points. In many cases, the demand changes frequently, and cannot always be planned with a long time horizon.
In this study, a simplified transient pipeline model, together with a high fidelity model of a compressor installation and its control system are used to evaluate control strategies that can optimize the fuel consumption and reaction time in these transient situations. The model for the compressor installation contains an accurate representation of the compressor and driver performance, together with the capability to simulate different, but realistic control strategies.
This allows specific and general recommendations on the use of control algorithms.
Film Cooling and Shock Interaction: An Uncertainty Quantification Analysis With Transonic Flows
Authors: Carnevale Mauro , D’Ammaro Antonio , Montomoli Francesco , Salvadori Simone 
Published: September 2014

This work shows an Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) study of film cooling with shock impingement. A numerical method is proposed to use high order polynomials for the reconstruction of the stochastic output, without the instabilities characteristic of UQ with shock dominated flows. At the same time it is shown that the region with highest uncertainty is driven by a complex flow physics involving shock–boundary layer interaction and the generation of tornado vortices that merge with kidney ones.
High-pressure turbine stages are characterized by transonic conditions with the suction side of the nozzle affected by the shock shed by the trailing edge of the adjacent aerofoil. Due to manufacturing deviations and in service degradation the geometrical parameters, such as trailing edge thickness and hole diameter, are subjected to random variations, changing the shock location and the heat transfer loading on the stator nozzle. For these reasons an UQ methodology has been used in this study to model the interaction between the impinging shock and film cooling. The variability of the geometrical parameters has been represented with uniform probability distributions and the stochastic output is obtained using Probabilistic Collocation Method with Padè’s polynomials. Transonic flows are challenging in Uncertainty Quantification because a better reconstruction of the stochastic output can be achieved increasing the order of polynomials but higher order polynomials become unstable for the Runge’s phenomenon. This work proposes a method that allows the application of high order Padè’s polynomial without having instabilities in the stochastic output. The proposed methodology can be applied to other transonic configurations in gas turbines, requiring only a limited number of simulations to reconstruct the stochastic output. The results show that the maximum level of uncertainty is located downstream the region of interaction between shock and boundary layer. In particular the shock generates complex flow structures that develop into tornado vortices, highly dependent on the uncertainty input.
Tip Gap Variation on a Transonic Rotor in the Presence of Tip Blowing
Authors: Guinet Cyril , Streit J. Anton , Kau Hans-Peter , Gümmer Volker 
Published: September 2014

High stability and efficiency are the main two objectives in the design of an axial-flow compressor. Stability usually reduces at higher stage loading, and the stability margin critically drops in transient operation and through the life cycle of an engine. A major reason for this to happen is the growing tip gap. A recirculating tip blowing casing treatment has shown the ability to enhance stability. To be able to use it as a stability control system at varying tip clearances in aircraft engines, the behavior of this casing treatment at different tip clearances was considered important and investigated in this paper.
The present study investigates in depth the ability of a tip blowing casing treatment to postpone stall at three different tip clearances. The results prove a substantial beneficial effect for design and increased tip gaps and show some negative impact of the casing treatment for a small tip gap. The study is carried out on a 1.5 stage research compressor. The investigated rotor was already investigated with an axial-slot casing treatment for different tip gap heights at the Institute for Flight Propulsion. The design of a recirculating tip blowing casing treatment is simulated with an equivalent numerical setup. A tip blowing casing treatment consists of a bleed port connected to a tip blowing upstream of the rotor. The streamwise pressure gradient drives the tip blowing with a high injection velocity.
A design speed line is simulated for three tip clearance values with and without the tip blowing casing treatment. The impact of the interaction between the tip blowing and the tip gap vortex is analyzed. A detailed analysis of the passage flow is conducted. A comparison of the stall margin is made. The study is carried out using URANS simulations.
Modeling and Simulation of the Start-Up Operation of a Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine by Using NARX Models
Authors: Asgari Hamid , Chen XiaoQi , Sainudiin Raazesh , Morini Mirko , Pinelli Michele , Spina Pier Ruggero , Venturini Mauro 
Published: September 2014

In this study, nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) models of a heavy-duty single-shaft gas turbine (GT) are developed and validated. The GT is a power plant gas turbine (General Electric PG 9351FA) located in Italy.
The data used for model development are three time series data sets of two different maneuvers taken experimentally during the start-up procedure. The resulting NARX models are applied to three other experimental data sets and comparisons are made among four significant outputs of the models and the corresponding measured data.
The results show that NARX models are capable of satisfactory prediction of the GT behavior and can capture system dynamics during start-up operation.