bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petroleum-refining Methods Available for Wartime Demands
Authors: Thornton J.F. , Dickerman W.C. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Total global war is making extraordinary demands on the oil industry. Hugequantities of 100-octane gasoline, extreme service lubes, toluene and othermiscellaneous products are required. 100-octane gasoline is blended fromisopentane, base stock, and alkylate. Isopentane is fractionated from naturalor refinery gasoline; but since only limited quantities of base stock can bemade in this way, catalytic cracking is rapidly becoming the major source ofbase stock. Alkylate, the most important component, is synthesized fromisobutane and an olefin. Extraordinary demands are forcing the full utilizationof all present sources and the development of new supplies of feed stocks.Fortunately, the United States finds itself with well-developed processesalready available, and this is true of the manufacture of lubricating oil aswell. Toluene is now being produced by new methods from special cutsfractionated from selected crudes or from catalytically processed naphthas.Designers of refinery equipment are modifying past practices to conserve everybit of material possible.
The present world war is making severe demands upon the American petroleumindustry. Not only are large quantities of high-quality fuels and lubricantsrequired but, in addition, the petroleum industry must supply strategiccommodities such as toluene for the manufacture of explosives and stocks forproducing synthetic rubber. The production of these vital raw materials, whichin reality are chemicals, is made possible by years of costly research anddevelopment by the petroleum industry. The vision of its leaders has resultedin the development of a petroleum technology that has expanded the oil businessinto a most highly developed type of chemical industry. This is one of thegreatest assets of our nation in meeting wartime demands.
In considering a program of expansion for the manufacture of additionalvital products, the refiner is faced with an amazing variety of processingmethods. Some of the processes involved are well known and are described in theliterature, while others are just reaching the commercial stage and detailshave not been publicly disclosed. This paper will outline certain processingroutes and discuss the general background involved in the selection of refiningmethods. Needless to say, the nature of the subject will not permit detaileddiscussions of refining methods, but certain generalized ideas will bepresented with regard to the related engineering viewed in light of the presentemergency.
T.P. 1503
Control of Filtration Characteristics of Salt-water Muds
Authors: Gray G.R. , Foster J.L. , Chapman T.S. 
Published: June 2014

The wall-building properties of salt-water drilling muds can be improvedmarkedly by the addition of:natural gums, such as tragacanth, karaya, andghattiseaweeds, such as Irish mossgelatinized starch.
Results oflaboratory tests have been confirmed by field trials. For drilling operationsin which the mud becomes contaminated by salt, either through penetratingsalt-bearing rocks or by addition of sea water to the mud, the added costresulting from the use of one of the substances listed above is more thanoffset by freedom from stuck drill pipe and ease in running casing.

Introduction
It has been recognized for many years that oil production might be seriouslyhampered by infiltration of water from the drilling mud. As knowledge of themechanism of the wall-building process advanced, methods were developed forevaluating the filtration characteristics of muds.
The wall-building properties of freshwater muds are commonly regulated bythe addition of bentonitic clays, or of agents to promote the dispersion of thenatural mud solids. When strata bearing soluble salts are encountered in thecourse of drilling, the salts are incorporated in the mud; the clay solids areflocculated and water loss is increased tremendously. Methods generally used incontrolling filtration of freshwater muds are no longer applicable.
The problem of reducing water loss from salt-water muds is not confined toany particular area, but is acute in parts of West Texas. Salt beds severalhundred feet thick must be penetrated before the oil-bearing formation isreached. Since the formation drilled does not provide mudmaking material, it isnecessary to use large quantities of commercial clays, and even the bestcommercial clay does not afford relief from the problem of high filtration.
A laboratory study has been made of methods of improving the filtrationcharacteristics of salt-water muds, and some of the methods have been used infield practice.
T.P. 1351
Natural Gas Hydrates
Authors: Carson Don B. , Katz Donald L. 
Published: June 2014

Natural gases under pressure form crystalline hydrates with water.Experimental data are reported on four-phase equilibrium for themethane-propane-water, methane-pentane-water, and methane-hexane-water systems.Temperatures and pressures for equilibrium between gas, water-rich liquid, hydrocarbon-rich liquid, and hydrate were measured, as well as the percentagesof methane and propane in the hydrate. The data indicate that natural gashydrate behaves as a solid solution and that pentanes and heavier hydrocarbonsdo not enter into the solid phase. Vapor-solid equilibrium constants arepresented that permit the approximation of the conditions for hydrateformation, from the composition of a gas.

Introduction
Natural gas hydrates have been the object of considerable research in recentyears, because of the trouble they have caused in the natural-gas andnatural-gasoline industries. Natural gas hydrates are white crystallinecompounds of water and gas, which, under pressure, exist at temperaturesconsiderably above the freezing point of water. Because of the relatively hightemperatures at which the hydrates exist, they become a nuisance inhigh-pressure gas operations where water is present, since their formationcauses partial or complete plugging of valves and pipes. From a practicalstandpoint, the trouble incident to hydrate formation has been solved bydehydration of the gas before it enters the plant or pipe line, or by otherremedial measures.
Extensive work on gas hydrates in the latter part of the nineteenth century, by Villard and others, gave data on methane hydrate and on ethane hydrate.Schroeder summarized these theoretical studies, Hammerschmidt introduced theinformation on gas hydrates to the gas industry, and Deaton and Frost gathereda considerable number of data on the behavior of natural gas hydrates. Recentpapers have extended both the data and the theory of these hydrates.
At present, data are available on temperatures and pressures of hydrateformation for pure methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, methane-ethane mixtures, methane-propane mixtures, methane-butane mixtures, and some 15 natural gases, all in the presence of excess water. However, up to the present time no methodhas been available for predicting the temperature at given pressures or thepressure at given temperatures at which natural gases will form hydrates ifsaturated with water.
T.P. 1371
Pressure Prediction for Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Bruce W.A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the essentials of a mathematical method of studying thepressure beha vior of an oil reservoir as the fluids are withdrawn. Methods areshown whereby the behavior of a reservoir can be used to predict the futurerelationship between withdrawals and pressure. The oil reservoir is consideredas a small part of a large porous continuum, which contains for the most partwater. The expansion of this water resulting from a decrease of pressure in theoil zone causes a movement of water that is an important factor in therelationship between fluid withdrawals and reservoir pressure. Examples aregiven to illustrate the methods of pressure prediction for a circular reservoircontaining undersaturated crude, the pressure distribution over a field that has a uniform production rate, theeffect of a fault line near a field, the mutual interference of near-by fields, and the perturbing influence of a gas cap. Applications of the analysis towell-spacing problems are shown.

Introduction
The pressure-prediction methods to be described here are based upon theconception of an oil pool as a small part of a large porous continuum, containing for the most part water. The formation containing this water may bethought of as extending over an area of many square miles and having one ormore small bodies of oil or gas trapped in high spots or reservoirs. It will betreated as having the general aspect of a thin, flat sheet with an over-alltilt to the horizontal and with numerous small high spots, tight zones, andirregularities. This porous continuum will be treated as being much moreextensive than the oil or gas zones, but will be recognized as terminating atsuch large boundaries as a general fault, outcrop, unconformity, orpinch-out.
Throughout the greater part of this limited porous continuum it is likelythat there is a hydraulic connection. If this is true, the removal of fluid inone place will cause a disturbance that eventually will travel to all parts ofthe continuum.
This picture has led to the recognition of water as the major fluid in theporous continuum and in many cases the expansive nature of this water as themain driving force producing the oil. The next step is the solution of thegeneral problem of compressible liquid behavior in porous media.
T.P. 1454
Analysis of Reservoir Performance
Authors: Old R.E. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Through the use of pressure and production records, formation properties andbottom-hole sample data, the performance of an oil reservoir may be studiedanalytically to define and evaluate the natural forces acting on and within thereservoir. Use is made of material-balance methods and the equations fornatural water encroachment to estimate reserves. Methods for calculation ofpressures are given.
A study of the Jones sand, Schuler field, Arkansas, has been made and isgiven here to illustrate the value of the methods discussed.

Introduction
With the decreasing rate of discovery of new oil reserves, attention isnecessarily focused on the efficient development, evaluation, and production ofexisting reserves. From the nation's viewpoint, the necessity of conservingresources is obvious. From the operator's viewpoint, the problem is to lengthenthe period of profitable operation, in an attempt to increase the return on hisinvestment. To do this the operator must take advantage of the natural forcesacting on and within the reservoir. Natural water encroachment, the nemesis ofprofitable operation in the past, can be and is being harnessed to produce agreater oil recovery during the stage of flowing production. Proper evaluationof water encroachment rates and a fuller understanding of reservoir behaviordictate the appropriate production procedures.
Complacency in hit and miss production is obsolete. Oil production must andwill approach the efficiency of other businesses, such as manufacturing. Amanufacturer will not place an article on the market until he has fullyinvestigated the processes involved, additional investment in equipment, costsof production, and expected profits. These may be modified by actual experienceat a later date, but at least he begins with an idea of expected return. It isjust as logical that an oil operator should investigate these same factorsduring the development and the early period of production of an oilreserve.
The complexity of the problems existing in oil reservoirs should not beunderestimated. Conversely, they should not be regarded as insoluble. Manycompletely defy solution, but there are others that can be solved completely orattacked intelligently to yield approximate results.
T.P. 1529
Gravitational Drainage of Liquids from Unconsolidated Wilcox Sand
Authors: Stahl Roscoe F. , Martin W.A. , Huntington R.L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A marked gravitational segregation of liquid has been observed to take placein a number of volumetric fields toward the later stages of their oil-producingperiods. This phenomenon has been pronounced in thick, highly permeable sandformations such as those of the Wilcox zone in Oklahoma City. This observationhas prompted considerable research directed toward the semiquantitativedetermination of the equilibrium saturation distribution of oil verticallythroughout a formation at final depletion. In this paper, data are alsopresented showing the transient distribution of liquid at different stages ofthe depletion period. Other experimental results show the effect of temperatureon the drainage rates of water, Wilcox crude oil, and a close-cut heptanefraction. Intermittent drainage of liquid produced saturation gradients thatmight well be expected from the flow theories involved. Yields of the variousliquids varied from 50 to 75 per cent of the original fluid content of thesand-packed (4 in. by 8 ft.) vertical tube.

Introduction
In certain volumetric oil fields the performance of the reservoir during thelatter part of its producing life is governed to a large extent by the downwardmovement of liquid due to the force of gravity. This is especially true offormations having thick or tilting beds of uniformly high permeability, free ofshale breaks. Leverett and Katz have presented original data and discussed thetheory relating to the capillary and gravitational forces acting on liquidscontained in a sand body. These investigators have pointed out the importanceof such studies in the estimation of future reserves as well as the originalfluid content of a reservoir.
In this previous work, no data have been reported showing the history ofsaturation distributions during the drainage period. Since a knowledge of thesetransients is helpful in obtaining crude oil from such a reservoir, the authorshave obtained these data during this investigation.
T.P. 1548
The Nature of Hastings Drilling Mud by Supercentrifuge and X-ray Analysis
Authors: Fancher George H. , Oliphant S.C. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Two samples of drilling mud from the Hastings oil field, Texas, were tested, and the solids in each were separated into small fractions of a limited rangein particle size. The mineral composition of each fraction by X-ray analysis isreported, and the results are interpreted in relation to other measuredquantities, such as the physical properties of the original samples and thedensity of the various fractions. It was found that only 7 to 8 per cent byweight of the solids was of colloidal dimensions and that neither of thesamples contained montmorillonite but did contain illite. Considerable calcitewas also found. These data should be useful to the geologist interested in theorigin and history of sedimentary strata as well as to the petroleumengineer.
The physical and chemical properties of clay suspensions, it is difficult todefine precisely a drilling mud, and much more difficult to say whatconstitutes a good mud.
It is generally believed that the smaller particles of a drilling mud greatlyaffect its physical properties. In fact, it is customary to blame the colloidsin a mud for nearly everything that goes amiss, because colloidal propertieshave effects out of all usual proportion on viscosity, filtration rate andreaction to electrolytes. It is germane to know whether drilling muds possesscolloids and if so, the quantity and kind.

Introduction
The questions, What is good drilling mud? What constitutes bad drilling mud?are pertinent, because the proper use and control of drilling fluids has been afactor of great importance in the successful drilling and completion of oilwells since the days of Captain Lucas. Adequate control of the characteristicsof drilling fluids has assumed greater significance comparatively recentlybecause of the problems introduced by caving formations in deep wells, costlyblowouts and impressive mud bills.
T.P. 1531
Deeper Drilling Prospects in the Mid-Continent
Authors: Denison A.R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Several productive areas in the Mid-Continent are broadly and briefly examinedwith respect to the present depth of drilling on productive structures, and thethickness of sediments remaining untested. Evidence is offered to show that avertical mile to two miles of untested but prospective formation remain withinreach of the drill. In no case would a well deeper than 15,000 ft. be required, and in most cases to no greater depth than 10,000 ft. Recent outstandingsuccess of deeper prospecting in West Texas demonstrates the merits of deeperdrilling on known structure.

Introduction
New fields discovered during 1942 equaled or exceeded the number in anypreceding year. The total amount of oil found by these discoveries was lessthan in any previous 'year, for which accurate records are available. Thismeans that the pools now being discovered are much smaller than in past years.This is to be expected, since the prospects available during 1942 were largelythose overlooked in the earlier years and therefore represent a second or thirdorder (in quality) of structural feature. This failure to find pools of goodsize and quality raises grave doubt as to the security of our future oilsupply. With military needs rising almost daily, and the period of heaviestconsumption in our war effort still in the future, there is even a growingdoubt as to our ability to supply the amount needed for our ultimate victory.This does not mean that our reserves are inadequate, but rather that our"capacity to produce" may be inadequate. Lacking large fields withflush production, our capacity to produce is rapidly approaching our currentneeds, Since the industry is unable to find the large new fields necessary tokeep a safe margin of "capacity to produce," other means are needed. Itseems obvious that one of these should be deeper prospecting on the large, proven, productive structural features now known.
The exploratory wildcat is drilled primarily in search of a trap and the reasonfor failure to find oil and gas in nine out of ten cases is due to the absenceof a suitable trap under the drill site. Therefore, deeper drilling on a knownstructural feature that is productive largely eliminates the greatest hazard inwildcat drilling. While by no means all the oil known today is found instructural traps-in fact, some have estimated that less than half is so locatedthe fact remains that structural traps are far more commonly the oil fieldsthat have multiple horizons of production superimposed one over the other.Outstanding examples are the Eldorado field in Kansas, the Tonkawa and Cushingfields in Oklahoma, the Louden and Salem pools of Illinois, and the richest andmost prolific of all structural traps, the Long Beach, Ventura and othersimilar fields of California.
T.P. 1650
Engineering Features of the Schuler Field and Unit Operation
Authors: Kaveler H.H. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A summary of the reservoir engineering and related geologic data on the Schulerfield, Union County, Arkansas, is presented here in a manner intended tointerest both technical and nontechnical readers.
The Cotton Valley formation and the Reynolds oolite are oil-productiveformations in the Schuler field, but the Jones sand pool, at a depth of 7500ft., developed with I46 wells on 20-acre spacing, is the reservoir of principalinterest.
The Jones sand sandstone reservoir is an anticlinal trap typically gas-drive ordepletion type in performance. The core analyses from 88 per cent of the wellsdrilled, together with drilling time and electric-log data, yield an accurateestimate of the "productive" sand thickness and its areal distributionover the pool. Accurate production statistics, monthly reservoir-pressuresurveys, and bottom-hole sample analyses when correlated by the "material-balance equation" show unusually good agreement with thatprinciple. Estimates of oil initially in place made by the material-balancemethod and the sand-volume method are in good agreement at 1I6 to I20 millionbarrels. The reservoir-pressure history of the pool reflects the reaction of areservoir to production, proration and secondary-recovery practices.
The cost of the extensive program of reservoir study in the Jones sand pool hasbeen estimated, in order to emphasize the value derived from such an investmentthrough better understanding of a reservoir's reaction to productionpractices.
Unit operation of I40 of the I46 Jones sand wells made possible an effectiveunitized gas injection pressure-maintenance program. Reservoir-pressure declinewas arrested, natural flow was maintained, and pumping and lease equipment wereconserved. An increased ultimate recovery of 20 million barrels beyond theestimated 34 million barrels primary recovery is indicated at present.
Extension of the Jones sand unit to include the undeveloped Cotton Valleyformation will permit additional recovery of otherwise uneconomic reserves ofoil through wells no longer required in the Jones sand operations.

Introduction
The Schuler field comprises approximately 4000 acres in and about sec. 18, T.Ig S., R. 17 W. in west central Union County, Arkansas. Three reservoirs areproductive of oil and gas: the Cotton Valley formation, the Jones sand, and theReynolds oolite section of the Smackover limestone. The Jones sand pool is themost important reservoir from an engineering viewpoint. It possesses thetraditional and somewhat classic characteristics usually associated with ananticlinal trap. Development and operations have followed the dictates ofadvanced 'engineering practices. maintenance operation now being carriedout.
T.P. 1605