bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal Dynamics of the Primary Human T Cell Response to Yellow Fever Virus 17D As It Matures from an Effector- to a Memory-Type Response
Authors: Blom Kim , Braun Monika , Ivarsson Martin A. , Gonzalez Veronica D. , Falconer Karolin , Moll Markus , Ljunggren Hans-Gustaf , Michaëlsson Jakob , Sandberg Johan K. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The live attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) 17D vaccine provides a good model to study immune responses to an acute viral infection in humans. We studied the temporal dynamics, composition, and character of the primary human T cell response to YFV. The acute YFV-specific effector CD8 T cell response was broad and complex; it was composed of dominant responses that persisted into the memory population, as well as of transient subdominant responses that were not detected at the memory stage. Furthermore, HLA-A2– and HLA-B7–restricted YFV epitope–specific effector cells predominantly displayed a CD45RA−CCR7−PD-1+CD27high phenotype, which transitioned into a CD45RA+CCR7−PD-1−CD27low memory population phenotype. The functional profile of the YFV-specific CD8 T cell response changed in composition as it matured from an effector- to a memory-type response, and it tended to become less polyfunctional during the course of this transition. Interestingly, activation of CD4 T cells, as well as FOXP3+ T regulatory cells, in response to YFV vaccination preceded the kinetics of the CD8 T cell response. The present results contribute to our understanding of how immunodominance patterns develop, as well as the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the primary human T cell response to a viral infection as it evolves and matures into memory.
Live AttenuatedLeishmania donovanip27 Gene Knockout Parasites Are Nonpathogenic and Elicit Long-Term Protective Immunity in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Dey Ranadhir , Dagur Pradeep K. , Selvapandiyan Angamuthu , McCoy J. Philip , Salotra Poonam , Duncan Robert , Nakhasi Hira L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLeishmaniasis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and no vaccines against this disease are available. Previously, we had shown that the amastigote-specific protein p27 (Ldp27) is a component of an active cytochrome c oxidase complex in Leishmania donovani and that upon deletion of its gene the parasite had reduced virulence in vivo. In this study, we have shown that Ldp27−/− parasites do not survive beyond 20 wk in BALB/c mice and hence are safe as an immunogen. Upon virulent challenge, mice 12 wk postimmunization showed significantly lower parasite burden in the liver and spleen. When mice were challenged 20 wk postimmunization, a significant reduction in parasite burden was still noted, suggesting long-term protection by Ldp27−/− immunization. Immunization with Ldp27−/− induced both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses and activated splenocytes for enhanced leishmanicidal activity in association with NO production. Protection in both short- and long-term immunized mice after challenge with the wild-type parasite correlated with the stimulation of multifunctional Th1-type CD4 and CD8 T cells. Adoptive transfer of T cells from long-term immunized mice conferred protection against virulent challenge in naive recipient mice, suggesting involvement of memory T cell response in protection against Leishmania infection. Immunization of mice with Ldp27−/−also demonstrated cross-protection against Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis infection. Our data show that genetically modified live attenuated Ldp27−/− parasites are safe, induce protective immunity even in the absence of parasites, and can provide protection against homologous and heterologous Leishmania species.
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-positive Primary Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma of the Larynx: A Rare Clinical Entity
Authors: Gupta Sumit , Naik Sudhir , Halkud Rajshekar , Nanjundappa A , Premlatha CS , Ramarao C , Appaji L 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundPrimary lymphomas amount to less than 1% of the primary laryngeal tumors. It is the second most common primary hematologic tumor of the larynx after plasmacytoma. Although squamous cell carcinoma amounts to 90% of the laryngeal tumors, diagnosis of laryngeal lymphoma is very important as nonsurgical management is indicated in all stages of this disease.Case reportA case of 10-year-old boy with hoarseness of voice with direct laryngoscopic biopsy reported as diffuse B-cell lymphoma. The sections were positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), LCA, CD138, CD4 and Mum1 and ALK. He was managed under MCP 842 protocol. He had complete response after the treatment and was symptom free after 13 months of therapy.ConclusionPrimary laryngeal lymphoma is a rare entity and should be managed with current chemotherapeutic protocol. Differentiating it between squamous cell carcinoma is important as management protocol in lymphoma is nonsurgical. Aid of immunohistochemistry helps in early diagnosis and management of these cases.How to cite this articleNaik SM, Nanjundappa A, Halkud R, Premlatha CS, Ramarao C, Appaji L, Gupta S. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-positive Primary Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma of the Larynx: A Rare Clinical Entity. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2012;2(2):57-61.
Pediatric Laryngeal Malignancies: Current Management Protocols and Review of Literature
Authors: Gupta Sumit , Halkud Rajshekar , Nanjundappa A , Chavan Purshottam , Naik Sudhir M , Srihariprasad H 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundMalignant lesions of the larynx are very rare in pediatric population as it accounts for less than 0.1% of all head and neck malignancies in childhood. Apart from human papilloma virus infection, adult risk factors like laryngeal papilloma, gastroesophageal reflux, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, immunosuppressive therapy, smoking, alcohol abuse, poor oral hygiene and a family history of cancer also play a role in pediatric laryngeal cancers.Case reportA 14-year-old boy presented to us with hoarseness of voice since 8 months. He was treated for laryngitis and subacute bacterial laryngitis and later referred to us. He complained of mild dysphagia and the hoarseness of voice. An ulceroproliferative lesion in the left arytenoids and aryepiglottic fold was seen with retroarytenoid extension in the left arytenoids and the left hemilarynx was fixed. The left level II node was enlarged 2 × 2 cm and a staged as carcinoma supraglottis T3/ 4N1Mx. The node aspiration biopsy revealed metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.InterventionThe case was posted for wide field laryngectomy, under ASA grade II. The direct laryngoscopic examination revealed the extent of the tumor, and the frozen sections of biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. The surgery was done with the classical Gluck Sorenson incision and the patient was given postoperative radiotherapy.ConclusionPediatric laryngeal cancers are very rare and studies about the etiology, biology of the tumor, diagnostic and management protocols are not standardized. Formulating a protocol for childhood laryngeal cancers management which includes early diagnosis and accurate treatment is essential.How to cite this articleNaik SM, Nanjundappa A, Srihariprasad H, Halkud R, Chavan P, Gupta S. Pediatric Laryngeal Malignancies: Current Management Protocols and Review of Literature. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2012;2(2):62-65.
Rigid Endoscopic Examination of Neonatal Larynx in OPD as a Screening Procedure
Authors: Pingili Harish Chandra Reddy , Kumar S Ramesh 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Objectives/hypothesis
To describe a novel method of examination of neonatal larynx, using a 70° rigid 4 mm fiber optic endoscope in OPD as a screening procedure for evaluation of neonatal stridor/hoarse cry.

Study design
Examination technique and safety profile of a novel method of examination of neonatal larynx in OPD using widely available 70° rigid 4 mm endoscope.

Results
Ten neonates, underwent laryngoscopy as described below, whose age and weight in kilograms were recorded. The pulse rate, O2 saturation levels and mean arterial pressure were recorded during the procedure to know the effect of the procedure on hemodynamics and respiration of the neonates. Time taken for the procedure for satisfactory view of larynx is also recorded and tabulated.

Conclusion
The novel method of examination of neonatal larynx using 70° 4 mm rigid endoscope in OPD/ward is a safe procedure and gives excellent view/recording of neonatal larynx in its native anatomical and functional status.

How to cite this article
Pingili HCR, Kumar SR. Rigid Endoscopic Examination of Neonatal Larynx in OPD as a Screening Procedure. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2012;2(2): 74-76.
Stridor due to Bilateral Implant Migration 5 Years after Bilateral Medialization Laryngoplasty
Authors: Shukla Sunita Chhapola 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Implants like silastic, titanium, Gore-Tex and autologous cartilage have been used for type I laryngoplasty. Though rare, implant extrusion or migration, wound infection and airway compromise are some of the complications of medialization laryngoplasty surgery irrespective of the implant used. We document a rare case of bilateral implant migration in a patient who had undergone bilateral medialization laryngoplasty 5 years ago. Gore-Tex extrusion resulted in stridor 5 years after the initial surgery. Endoscopic removal of the extruded implant is advised, if feasible, without the need for tracheostomy or transcervical approach. An update on current knowledge and management of implant extrusion or migration is discussed. How to cite this article: Nerurkar NK, Shukla SC. Stridor due to Bilateral Implant Migration 5 Years after Bilateral Medialization Laryngoplasty. Int J Phonosurg and Laryngol 2012;2(2):82-84.
Implantation of Resorbable Gentamicin Sponges in Addition to Irrigation and Debridement in 34 Patients with Infection Complicating Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Kuiper Jesse W.P. , Brohet Richard M. , Wassink Sander , van den Bekerom Michel P.J. , Nolte Petrus A. , Vergroesen Diederik A. 
Published: January 2013

We evaluated a prosthesis-retaining treatment protocol for prosthetic joint infection in patients presenting at a mean of 116 days (range 10-1216 days) after primary arthroplasty. Our regime involved irrigation and debridement followed by implantation of biodegradable gentamicin loaded sponges which do not require removal after implantation. Of 34 patients with a deep infection after total hip arthroplasty, Twenty-five were treated successfully, with a mean follow-up of 35 months. There were no permanent complications. This success rate is comparable to earlier studies. Early initiation of treatment demonstrated a tendency for better results, and late chronic infections had a worse outcome. Because the sponges are degradable, a number of further surgical procedures were avoided.
Riparazione Laparoscopica di Fistola Enterovescicale in Paziente Portatore di Megauretere sx
Authors: Parma Paolo , Samuelli Alessandro , Dall'Oglio Bruno 
Published: January 2013

Introduction Enterovesical fistula (EVF) is an abnormal communication between the intestine and the bladder. We present the case of EVF secondary to diverticular disease in a male with congenital megaureter. A laparoscopic repair of the colon vesical fistula was performed with colon resection. Materials and Methods With the patient in the Trendelenburg position −30° degrees on the right side, 5 trocars are positioned trans-peritoneally. The exploration of the abdominal cavity shows the sigmoid diverticular disease adhering tenaciously to the posterior wall of the bladder. The intestinal loops are medialized. The inferior mesenteric vein is isolated, clipped and divided. The mesosigma is isolated and the inferior mesenteric artery is closed 2 cm from its emergence from the aorta with EndoGIA™ 45 stapler. The left colon is isolated from its splenic flexure to the mesorectum. The peritoneum between the bladder and sigmoid colon at the site of the tenacious adhesions is incised. The left megaureter is isolated from the diverticular disease and the bladder is opened on the site of the fistula, to permit a wide resection of the fistula. The posterior wall of the bladder is then closed with double running sutures. Section of the rectum with EndoGIA™ 45 stapler. Extraction of 20 cm of sigma comprising diverticular disease by a 5 cm suprapubic laparotomy. The sigma is cut and the proximal head of the circular stapler is inserted and closed with a running suture. The left colon is put back in place into the peritoneal cavity. The laparotomy is closed and the surgery is reconverted into laparoscopy. A colorectal end-to-end anastomosis according to Knight Griffen is performed with ILS 29 circular stapler. The anastomosis is tested for leakage with hydropneumatic test: no evidence of spillage. A laminar drainage is placed close to the anastomosis and the incisions are closed. Results The operative time was 240 minutes. There were no intra- or post-operative complications. The bladder catheter was removed on day 7 after cystography. The patient was discharged asymptomatic on the 8th post-operative day. Conclusions Laparoscopic treatment of enterovesical fistulas for benign disease is a safe and standardized procedure. It remains a difficult procedure with a conversion rate higher than laparoscopy for uncomplicated diverticulitis or malignancy. The procedure in a single session with intracorporeal bowel anastomosis is the standard.
The role of culture in quality improvement in the intensive care unit: A literature review
Authors: Soh Kim Lam , Soh Kim Geok , Davidson Patricia M 
Published: January 2013

Improving the quality of patient care and patient outcomes is a major concern internationally. In a developing health care system, implementing quality improvement is challenging due not only to resource and workforce issues but also cultural factors. Using the method of a focussed literature review, this paper discusses the importance of assessing a societal view of culture, social mores and customs, and power relationships in quality improvement activities using the intensive care unit as an exemplar. We conclude that implementing quality improvement strategies in a developing health care system needs to address the broader perspectives of social and cultural systems particularly hierarchical relationships and issues of non-disclosure.
Evaluation of an Amniotic Membrane-Collagen Dermal Substitute in the Management of Full-Thickness Skin Defects in a Pig
Authors: Kim Hyunji , Son Daegu , Choi Tae Hyun , Jung Samhyun , Kwon Sunyoung , Kim Junhyung , Han Kihwan 
Published: January 2013

Background To minimize the inflammatory reaction and improve healing, a new modified dermal substitute composed of an atelocollagen, chondroitin-6-sulfate, and amniotic membrane (AM) was applied to full-thickness skin defects in a pig. Atelocollagen was extracted from bovine skin, and two modified dermal substitutes were generated according to the cross-linking type.
Methods The AM-collagen dermal substitutes were characterized and compared with currently used dermal substitutes in a pig skin defect model. There were five experimental groups: dehydrothermal (DHT) cross-linking atelocollagen with the AM on the top (AM-DHT), DHT and chemical cross-linking atelocollagen with the AM on the top (AM-DHT/chemical), Terudermis, Integra, and AlloDerm. After 3×3 cm full-thickness skin defects on the back of a pig were created, each dermal substitutes dermal substitutes was randomly grafted on the defects. Two weeks after grafting, autologous partial-thickness skin was over-grafted on the neodermis. The take rate of the dermal substitutes, skin, and histological sections were all assessed at 1, 2, and 4 weeks postoperatively.
Results More rapid healing and a higher take rate were evident in the AM-DHT and Terudermis groups. Histological examination revealed fewer inflammatory cells and more fibroblast hyperplasia in these two groups. Four weeks after surgery, the amount of newly formed collagen was significantly more appropriate in the AM-DHT group.
Conclusions These observations provide supporting evidence that a newly developed amniotic-collagen dermal substitute may inhibit inflammatory reactions and promote wound healing.
Reconstruction of Abdominal Wall of a Chronically Infected Postoperative Wound with a Rectus Abdominis Myofascial Splitting Flap
Authors: Bae Sung Kyu , Kang Seok Joo , Kim Jin Woo , Kim Young Hwan , Sun Hook 
Published: January 2013

Background If a chronically infected abdominal wound develops, complications such as peritonitis and an abdominal wall defect could occur. This could prolong the patient's hospital stay and increase the possibility of re-operation or another infection as well. For this reason, a solution for infection control is necessary. In this study, surgery using a rectus abdominis muscle myofascial splitting flap was performed on an abdominal wall defect.
Methods From 2009 to 2012, 5 patients who underwent surgery due to ovarian rupture, cesarean section, or uterine myoma were chosen. In each case, during the first week after operation, the wound showed signs of infection. Surgery was chosen because the wounds did not resolve with dressing. Debridement was performed along the previous operation wound and dissection of the skin was performed to separate the skin and subcutaneous tissue from the attenuated rectus muscle and Scarpa's fascial layers. Once the anterior rectus sheath and muscle were adequately mobilized, the fascia and muscle flap were advanced medially so that the skin defect could be covered for reconstruction.
Results Upon 3-week follow-up after a rectus abdominis myofascial splitting flap operation, no major complication occurred. In addition, all of the patients showed satisfaction in terms of function and esthetics at 3 to 6 months post-surgery.
Conclusions Using a rectus abdominis myofascial splitting flap has many esthetic and functional benefits over previous methods of abdominal defect treatment, and notably, it enabled infection control by reconstruction using muscle.
Lower Lip Reconstruction after Wide Excision of a Malignancy with Barrel-Shaped Excision or the Webster Modification of the Bernard Operation
Authors: Seo Hyung Joon , Bae Seong Hwan , Nam Su Bong , Choi Soo Jong , Kim Joo Hyoung , Lee Jae Woo , Bae Yong Chan 
Published: January 2013

Background Because there are numerous methods for reconstruction of the lower lip, it is not easy to choose the optimal method. In choosing the surgical method for lower lip reconstruction, we obtained acceptable outcomes based on our treatment strategy, which included either a barrel-shaped excision or the Webster modification of the Bernard operation. We report on the surgical outcomes based on our treatment strategy.
Methods This study included 26 patients who underwent lower lip reconstructive surgery from September 1996 to September 2010. The operation was done using either a barrel-shaped excision or the Webster modification, considering the location of the defect, the size of the defect, and the amount of residual tissue on the lateral side of the vermilion after excision.
Results In our series, 3 patients underwent a single barrel-shaped excision, and nine patients underwent a double barrel-shaped excision. In addition, the unilateral Webster modification was performed on in 6 patients, and there were eight cases of bilateral Webster modification. All of the patients except one were satisfied with the postoperative shape of the lip. In one case both recurrence and dehiscence occurred. One patient had a good postoperative lip shape, but had difficulty wearing a denture, and also underwent commissuroplasty. Furthermore, there were two patients who complained of drooling, and 4 with paresthesia.
Conclusions A soft tissue defect resulting from wide excision of a lower lip malignancy can be successfully reconstructed using only one of two surgical methods: the barrel-shaped excision or the Webster modification of the Bernard operation.
Radiofrequency Ablation and Excision of Multiple Cutaneous Lesions in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Kim Seong-Hun , Roh Si-Gyun , Lee Nae-Ho , Yang Kyung-Moo 
Published: January 2013

Background Von Recklinghausen disease or neurofibromatosis type 1 is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder of chromosome 17q11.2. The most common characteristic findings of NF 1 include multiple and recurrent cutaneous neurofibromas associated with psychosocial distress.
Methods Sixteen patients (9 female, 7 male; average age, 31 years; range, 16 to 67 years) with multiple cutaneous neurofibromas between March 2010 and February 2012 were included in the study. All patients were treated with radiosurgical ablation and excision under general anesthesia.
Results All 16 patients were satisfied with the results, when questioned directly during the outpatient department follow-up. The only complaint from a few patients was minimal scarring, but acceptable results were obtained in the end.
Conclusions The radiofrequency procedure is almost bloodless and quick, creating a smaller necrotizing zone. Therefore, instead of employing the time consuming traditional surgery, such as laser therapy and electrosurgical excision, that produces uncertain results and can affect normal adjacent tissue, treatment of neurofibromas with radiofrequency ablation and excision can be an alternative choice of treatment for patients with a large number of neurofibromas.
Carcinogenic Agents
Authors: Pfau Wolfgang 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Carcinogenesis

3.

Genotoxic Mechanisms

3.1.

Metabolic Activation

3.2.

DNA Binding

3.3.

DNA Repair

3.4.

Molecular Targets in the Genome

3.4.1.

Oncogenes

3.4.2.

Tumor‐Suppressor Genes

4.

Nongenotoxic Mechanisms

4.1.

Tumor Promoters

4.2.

Hormones

4.3.

Peroxisome Proliferators

4.4.

Epigenetics

5.

Identification of Carcinogenic Agents

5.1.

Animals Tests (in Vivo)

5.1.1.

Short‐Term Assays

5.1.2.

Omics

5.2.

In Vitro Assays

5.3.

Modeling

5.4.

Epidemiological Studies

5.5.

Molecular Epidemiology

6.

Predisposing Factors

7.

Classes of Carcinogenic Agents

7.1.

N
‐Nitroso Compounds

7.2.

Benzene

7.3.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

7.4.

Nitroaromatic Compounds

7.5.

Aromatic Amines

7.6.

Halogenalkyls

7.7.

Aldehydes

7.8.

Oxygen Damage

7.9.

Alkylating Agents

7.10.

Metals

7.11.

Natural Compounds

7.12.

Hormones

7.13.

Mixtures

7.14.

Mineral Fibers

7.15.

Viruses and Other Biological Agents

7.16.

Nonionizing Radiation

7.17.

Ionizing Radiation

7.18.

Electromagnetic Fields

8.

Human Carcinogens

9.

Forms of Exposure

9.1.

Occupational Exposure

9.2.

Environmental Exposure

9.3.

Lifestyle

9.4.

Diet

9.5.

Drugs

9.6.

Exposure Levels in Developing Countries

9.7.

Safe Handling of Carcinogenic Agents
Polyamides
Authors: Herzog Ben , Kohan Melvin I. , Mestemacher Steve A. , Pagilagan Rolando U. , Redmond Kate 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Nomenclature3.General Considerations in Polyamidation3.1.Molecular Mass3.2.Equilibrium and Rate Constants3.3.Effects of Monomer Structure3.4.Amide Interchange3.5.Structure‐Property Considerations4.Other Polymerization Techniques4.1.Variants of Hydrolytic Polymerization4.2.Interfacial and Solution Polymerization4.3.Ionic Polymerization4.4.Solid‐Phase Polymerization5.Commercial Processes5.1.PA 465.2.PA 665.2.1.Batch Production5.2.2.Continuous Production5.3.Other AABB‐Polyamides5.4.PA 65.5.PA 115.6.PA 126.Properties6.1.Properties of Unmodified Polyamides6.2.Copolymerization6.3.Modification by Additives6.3.1.Filled and Reinforced Polyamides6.3.2.Blends and Alloys6.3.3.Flame‐Retardant Polyamides6.3.4.Conductive Polyamides6.3.5.Other Formulations7.Processing8.Uses9.Ecological Aspects and Toxicology9.1.Recycling9.2.Polyamide Monomers9.3.Other Aspects10.Economic Aspects