bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A critical evaluation of the volume, relevance and quality of evidence submitted by the tobacco industry to oppose standardised packaging of tobacco products
Authors: Hatchard Jenny L , Fooks Gary J , Evans-Reeves Karen A , Ulucanlar Selda , Gilmore Anna B 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesTo examine the volume, relevance and quality of transnational tobacco corporations’ (TTCs) evidence that standardised packaging of tobacco products ‘won't work’, following the UK government's decision to ‘wait and see’ until further evidence is available.DesignContent analysis.SettingWe analysed the evidence cited in submissions by the UK's four largest TTCs to the UK Department of Health consultation on standardised packaging in 2012.Outcome measuresThe volume, relevance (subject matter) and quality (as measured by independence from industry and peer-review) of evidence cited by TTCs was compared with evidence from a systematic review of standardised packaging . Fisher's exact test was used to assess differences in the quality of TTC and systematic review evidence. 100% of the data were second-coded to validate the findings: 94.7% intercoder reliability; all differences were resolved.Results77/143 pieces of TTC-cited evidence were used to promote their claim that standardised packaging ‘won't work’. Of these, just 17/77 addressed standardised packaging: 14 were industry connected and none were published in peer-reviewed journals. Comparison of TTC and systematic review evidence on standardised packaging showed that the industry evidence was of significantly lower quality in terms of tobacco industry connections and peer-review (p<0.0001). The most relevant TTC evidence (on standardised packaging or packaging generally, n=26) was of significantly lower quality (p<0.0001) than the least relevant (on other topics, n=51). Across the dataset, TTC-connected evidence was significantly less likely to be published in a peer-reviewed journal (p=0.0045).ConclusionsWith few exceptions, evidence cited by TTCs to promote their claim that standardised packaging ‘won't work’ lackseitherpolicy relevanceorkey indicators of quality. Policymakers could use these three criteria—subject matter, independence and peer-review status—to critically assess evidence submitted to them by corporate interests via Better Regulation processes.
Should we involve terminally ill patients in teaching medical students? A systematic review of patient's views
Authors: Harris Dylan Gareth , Coles Bernadette , Willoughby Hannah May 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo review available published research that has explored how terminally ill patients feel about being involved in undergraduate medical teaching.MethodsA systematic review using narrative synthesis. Qualitative or quantitative publications were included if they directly explored the views of adult patients, with a terminal diagnosis, about their involvement in undergraduate clinical teaching.ResultsSeven publications met the inclusion criteria: one case report, one qualitative study and five questionnaire-based studies. A total of 269 patients were included across all studies. Patients were predominantly studied in a hospice or hospice day care setting. Both patients who had, and who had not, previously been involved in student teaching were captured by the included publications. In general, the views of patients were highly positive: overall 85%–100% were in favour of involvement in teaching. There were also some negative aspects, such as: concerns about being physically examined by a student; finding involvement in teaching tiring; feeling unable to decline consent to participate.ConclusionsAn assumption that clinical undergraduate medical teaching involving terminally ill patients may be too burdensome is not reflected overall in studies that have sought the views of the patients themselves. Understanding the patient's perspective provides a number of practical points in relation to how clinical teaching should be adapted in this patient group; for example, using smaller student group sizes; direct supervision if physical examination performed; short encounters with multiple patients rather than a longer encounter with one patient; adequate informed consent beforehand and without the students automatically being present.
Adaptive role switching for fair and efficient battery usage in device-to-device communication
Authors: Trifunovic Sacha , Picu Andreea , Hossmann Theus , Hummel Karin Anna 
Published: February 2014

By leveraging device-to-device communication, opportunistic networks promise to complement infrastructure-based networks, by enabling communication in remote areas or during disaster and emergency situations, as well as by giving rise to novel applications, such as location-based sharing. Yet, to become feasible in practice and accepted by users, it is crucial that opportunistic communication be energy-efficient.
Through extensive and detailed measurements and analysis, we show in this paper, that all of today's device-to-device communication technologies suffer from two grave energy consumption problems: very expensive neighbor discovery and unfair connection maintenance. We consider the two most well-known technologies -- Wi-Fi Direct and Bluetooth, and a third solution based on the WLAN access point mode -- WLAN-Opp. We carefully design a measurement setup which allows us to isolate the energy consumption of individual operations (e.g. CPU sleeping/waking up, scanning/listening for neighbors etc) for thesetechnologies and compare the technologies based on these measurements. Our analysis reveals that neighbor discovery can quickly drain a device's battery, depending on the required scanning frequency. In addition, once a connection is established, the "host" of the connection consumes two to five times the energy needed by a "client". To solve this unfairness problem, we propose a strategy that periodically alternates the hosting role among the peers. Further, we minimize the cost of the role switching operation by using the distribution of the residual connection time of two peers to calculate an adaptive switching period. We examine the trade-off between fairness and switching cost on real-world connection traces and show that our scheme largely outperforms static role switching. Finally, we demonstrate that our fair role switching scheme is also effective when run on real devices.
Vemurafenib Cooperates with HPV to Promote Initiation of Cutaneous Tumors
Authors: Holderfield Matthew , Lorenzana Edward , Weisburd Ben , Lomovasky Lisa , Boussemart Lise , Lacroix Ludovic , Tomasic Gorana , Favre Michel , Vagner Stephan , Robert Caroline , Ghoddusi Majid , Daniel Dylan , Pryer Nancy , McCormick Frank , Stuart Darrin 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Treatment with RAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib causes the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC) or keratoacanthomas as a side effect in 18% to 30% of patients. It is known that RAF inhibitors activate the mitogen—activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and stimulate growth of RAS-mutated cells, possibly accounting for up to 60% of cSCC or keratoacanthoma lesions with RAS mutations, but other contributing events are obscure. To identify such events, we evaluated tumors from patients treated with vemurafenib for the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA and identified 13% to be positive. Using a transgenic murine model of HPV-driven cSCC (K14-HPV16 mice), we conducted a functional test to determine whether administration of RAF inhibitors could promote cSCC in HPV-infected tissues. Vemurafenib treatment elevated MAPK markers and increased cSCC incidence from 22% to 70% in this model. Furthermore, 55% of the cSCCs arising in vemurafenib-treated mice exhibited a wild-type Ras genotype, consistent with the frequency observed in human patients. Our results argue that HPV cooperates with vemurafenib to promote tumorigenesis, in either the presence or absence of RAS mutations. Cancer Res; 74(8); 2238–45. ©2014 AACR.
Intrinsic Subtypes from PAM50 Gene Expression Assay in a Population-Based Breast Cancer Cohort: Differences by Age, Race, and Tumor Characteristics
Authors: Sweeney Carol , Bernard Philip S. , Factor Rachel E. , Kwan Marilyn L. , Habel Laurel A. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Shakespear Kaylynn , Weltzien Erin K. , Stijleman Inge J. , Davis Carole A. , Ebbert Mark T.W. , Castillo Adrienne , Kushi Lawrence H. , Caan Bette J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Background: Data are lacking to describe gene expression–based breast cancer intrinsic subtype patterns for population-based patient groups.
Methods: We studied a diverse cohort of women with breast cancer from the Life After Cancer Epidemiology and Pathways studies. RNA was extracted from 1 mm punches from fixed tumor tissue. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR was conducted for the 50 genes that comprise the PAM50 intrinsic subtype classifier.
Results: In a subcohort of 1,319 women, the overall subtype distribution based on PAM50 was 53.1% luminal A, 20.5% luminal B, 13.0% HER2-enriched, 9.8% basal-like, and 3.6% normal-like. Among low-risk endocrine-positive tumors (i.e., estrogen and progesterone receptor positive by immunohistochemistry, HER2 negative, and low histologic grade), only 76.5% were categorized as luminal A by PAM50. Continuous-scale luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and normal-like scores from PAM50 were mutually positively correlated. Basal-like score was inversely correlated with other subtypes. The proportion with non-luminal A subtype decreased with older age at diagnosis, PTrend &lt; 0.0001. Compared with non-Hispanic Whites, African American women were more likely to have basal-like tumors, age-adjusted OR = 4.4 [95% confidence intervals (CI), 2.3–8.4], whereas Asian and Pacific Islander women had reduced odds of basal-like subtype, OR = 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3–0.9).
Conclusions: Our data indicate that over 50% of breast cancers treated in the community have luminal A subtype. Gene expression–based classification shifted some tumors categorized as low risk by surrogate clinicopathologic criteria to higher-risk subtypes.
Impact: Subtyping in a population-based cohort revealed distinct profiles by age and race. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(5); 714–24. ©2014 AACR.
Turning the Tide Against Cancer Through Sustained Medical Innovation: The Pathway to Progress
Authors: Abernethy Amy , Abrahams Edward , Barker Anna , Buetow Ken , Burkholder Randy , Dalton William S. , Foti Margaret , Frueh Felix , Gaynor Richard B. , Kean Marcia , Khan Zeba , Lessor Tracy , Lichtenfeld J. Leonard , Mendelsohn John , van't Veer Laura 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
An ever-expanding understanding of the molecular basis of the more than 200 unique diseases collectively called cancer, combined with efforts to apply these insights to clinical care, is forming the foundation of an era of personalized medicine that promises to improve cancer treatment. At the same time, these extraordinary opportunities are occurring in an environment of intense pressure to contain rising healthcare costs. This environment presents a challenge to oncology research and clinical care, because both are becoming progressively more complex and expensive, and because the current tools to measure the cost and value of advances in care (e.g., comparative effectiveness research, cost-effectiveness analysis, and health technology assessments) are not optimized for an ecosystem moving toward personalized, patient-centered care. Reconciling this tension will be essential to maintaining progress in a cost-constrained environment, especially because emerging innovations in science (e.g., increasing identification of molecular biomarkers) and in clinical process (implementation of a learning healthcare system) hold potential to dramatically improve patient care, and may ultimately help address the burden of rising costs. For example, the rapid pace of innovation taking place within oncology calls for increased capability to integrate clinical research and care to enable continuous learning, so that lessons learned from each patient treated can inform clinical decision making for the next patient. Recognizing the need to define the policies required for sustained innovation in cancer research and care in an era of cost containment, the stakeholder community must engage in an ongoing dialogue and identify areas for collaboration. This article reflects and seeks to amplify the ongoing robust discussion and diverse perspectives brought to this issue by multiple stakeholders within the cancer community, and to consider how to frame the research and regulatory policies necessary to sustain progress against cancer in an environment of constrained resources. Clin Cancer Res; 20(5); 1081–6. ©2014 AACR.
Stroke Outcomes Measures Must Be Appropriately Risk Adjusted to Ensure Quality Care of Patients
Authors: Fonarow Gregg C. , Alberts Mark J. , Broderick Joseph P. , Jauch Edward C. , Kleindorfer Dawn O. , Saver Jeffrey L. , Solis Penelope , Suter Robert , Schwamm Lee H. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract—
Because stroke is among the leading causes of death, disability, hospitalizations, and healthcare expenditures in the United States, there is interest in reporting outcomes for patients hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke. The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, as part of its commitment to promote high-quality, evidence-based care for cardiovascular and stroke patients, fully supports the development of properly risk-adjusted outcome measures for stroke. To accurately assess and report hospital-level outcomes, adequate risk adjustment for case mix is essential. During the development of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 30-day stroke mortality and 30-day stroke readmission measures, concerns were expressed that these measures were not adequately designed because they do not include a valid initial stroke severity measure, such as the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. These outcome measures, as currently constructed, may be prone to mischaracterizing the quality of stroke care being delivered by hospitals and may ultimately harm acute ischemic stroke patients. This article details (1) why the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services acute ischemic stroke outcome measures in their present form may not provide adequate risk adjustment, (2) why the measures as currently designed may lead to inaccurate representation of hospital performance and have the potential for serious unintended consequences, (3) what activities the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association has engaged in to highlight these concerns to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and other interested parties, and (4) alternative approaches and opportunities that should be considered for more accurately risk-adjusting 30-day outcomes measures in patients with ischemic stroke.
Leukoaraiosis Predicts Cortical Infarct Volume After Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Authors: Henninger Nils , Khan Muhib A. , Zhang Jiaying , Moonis Majaz , Goddeau Richard P. 
Published: February 2014

Background and Purpose—
Leukoaraiosis (LA) predominantly affects the subcortical white matter, but mounting evidence suggests an association with cortical microvascular dysfunction and potentially decreased cortical ischemic tolerance. Thus, we sought to assess whether preexisting LA is predictive of the cortical infarct volume after middle cerebral artery branch occlusion and whether it relates to a worse outcome.

Methods—
We analyzed data from 117 consecutive patients with middle cerebral artery branch occlusion as documented by admission computed tomography angiography. Baseline clinical, laboratory, and outcome data, as well as final cortical infarct volumes, were retrospectively analyzed from a prospectively collected database. LA severity was assessed on admission computed tomography using the van Swieten scale grading the supratentorial white matter hypoattenuation. Infarct volume predicting a favorable 90-day outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2) was determined by receiver operating characteristic curves. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of the final infarct volume and outcome.

Results—

Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated that a final infarct volume of ≤27 mL best predicted a favorable 90-day outcome. Severe LA (odds ratio, 11.231; 95% confidence interval, 2.526–49.926;
P
=0.001) was independently associated with infarct volume >27 mL. Severe LA (odds ratio, 3.074; 95% confidence interval, 1.055–8.961;
P
=0.040) and infarct volume >27 mL (odds ratio, 9.156; 95% confidence interval, 3.191–26.270;
P
<0.001) were independent predictors of a poor 90-day outcome (modified Rankin Scale, 3–6).

Conclusions—
The presence of severe, subcortical LA contributes to larger cortical infarct volumes and worse functional outcomes adding to the notion that the brain is negatively affected beyond LA’s macroscopic boundaries.
The Varied Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on Pacific Island Climates
Authors: Murphy Bradley F. , Power Scott B. , McGree Simon 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives interannual climate variability in many tropical Pacific island countries, but different El Niño events might be expected to produce varying rainfall impacts. To investigate these possible variations, El Niño events were divided into three categories based on where the largest September–February sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies occur: warm pool El Niño (WPE), cold tongue El Niño (CTE), and mixed El Niño (ME), between the other two.
Large-scale SST and wind patterns for each type of El Niño show distinct and significant differences, as well as shifts in rainfall patterns in the main convergence zones. As a result, November to April rainfall in many Pacific island countries is significantly different among the El Niño types. In western equatorial Pacific islands, CTE events are associated with drier than normal conditions whereas ME and WPE events are associated with significantly wetter than normal conditions. This is due to the South Pacific convergence zone and intertropical convergence zone moving equatorward and merging in CTE events. Rainfall in the convergence zones is enhanced during ME and WPE and the displacement is smaller. La Niña events also show robust impacts that most closely mirror those of ME events.
In the northwest and southwest Pacific strong CTE events have much larger impacts on rainfall than ME and WPE, as SST anomalies and correspondingly large-scale surface wind and rainfall changes are largest in CTE. While variations in rainfall exist between different types of El Niño and the significant impacts on Pacific countries of each event are different, the two extreme CTE events have produced the most atypical impacts.
Future Change of Northern Hemisphere Summer Tropical–Extratropical Teleconnection in CMIP5 Models*
Authors: Lee June-Yi , Wang Bin , Seo Kyong-Hwan , Kug Jong-Seong , Choi Yong-Sang , Kosaka Yu , Ha Kyung-Ja 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Two dominant global-scale teleconnections in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropics during boreal summer season (June–August) have been identified: the western North Pacific–North America (WPNA) and circumglobal teleconnection (CGT) patterns. These teleconnection patterns are of critical importance for the NH summer seasonal climate prediction. Here, how these teleconnections will change under anthropogenic global warming is investigated using representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) experiments by 20 coupled models that participated in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The six best models are selected based on their performance in simulation of the two teleconnection patterns and climatological means and variances of atmospheric circulation, precipitation, and sea surface temperature. The selected models capture the CGT and its relationship with the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) reasonably well. The models can also capture the WPNA circulation pattern but with striking deficiencies in reproducing its associated rainfall anomalies due to poor simulation of the western North Pacific summer monsoon rainfall. The following changes are anticipated in the latter half of twenty-first century under the RCP4.5 scenario: 1) significant weakening of year-to-year variability of the upper-level circulation due to increased atmospheric stability, although the moderate increase in convective heating over the tropics may act to strengthen the variability; 2) intensification of the WPNA pattern and major spectral peaks, particularly over the eastern Pacific–North America and North Atlantic–Europe sectors, which is attributed to the strengthening of its relationship with the preceding mature phase of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO); and 3) weakening of the CGT due to atmospheric stabilization and decreasing relationship with ISM as well as weakening of the ISM–ENSO relationship.
Representing Variability in Subgrid Snow Cover and Snow Depth in a Global Land Model: Offline Validation
Authors: Nitta T. , Yoshimura K. , Takata K. , O’ishi R. , Sueyoshi T. , Kanae S. , Oki T. , Abe-Ouchi A. , Liston G. E. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Subgrid snow cover is one of the key parameters in global land models since snow cover has large impacts on the surface energy and moisture budgets, and hence the surface temperature. In this study, the Subgrid Snow Distribution (SSNOWD) snow cover parameterization was incorporated into the Minimal Advanced Treatments of Surface Interaction and Runoff (MATSIRO) land surface model. SSNOWD assumes that the subgrid snow water equivalent (SWE) distribution follows a lognormal distribution function, and its parameters are physically derived from geoclimatic information. Two 29-yr global offline simulations, with and without SSNOWD, were performed while forced with the Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis (JRA-25) dataset combined with an observed precipitation dataset. The simulated spatial patterns of mean monthly snow cover fraction were compared with satellite-based Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations. The snow cover fraction was improved by the inclusion of SSNOWD, particularly for the accumulation season and/or regions with relatively small amounts of snowfall; snow cover fraction was typically underestimated in the simulation without SSNOWD. In the Northern Hemisphere, the daily snow-covered area was validated using Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) snow analysis datasets. In the simulation with SSNOWD, snow-covered area largely agreed with the IMS snow analysis and the seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere was improved. This was because SSNOWD formulates the snow cover fraction differently for the accumulation season and ablation season, and represents the hysteresis of the snow cover fraction between different seasons. The effects of including SSNOWD on hydrological properties and snow mass were also examined.