bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of New Family of Dialkylaryl Disulfonate Gemini Anionic Surfactant
Authors: Li Z. , Yuan R. , Yin F. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A new family of dialkylaryl disulfonate Gemini-type anionic surfactant were synthesized based on the reaction of olefin sulfonic acid (C14AOS acid) with different aromatics. New synthesis route do not require the conventional alkylation unit and strong acid catalysts, and the resulting Gemini-type anionic surfactant differ from existing products by having the sulfonyl group attached to the alkyl chain rather than the aromatic ring. To optimizing reaction condition, a reliable double-wavelength spectrophotometric method and iodine value method were employed for measurement the conversion of the aromatics. The experimental has confirmed that the reaction time and temperature are mainly the factors of the effect of conversion. Under 150°C, C14AOS acid reacts with different aromatics for 4 or 5 hours to form dialkyaryl disulfonic acid, and dialkyaryl disulfonic acid was then neutralized to dialkyaryl disulfonate Gemini-type anionic surfactant. Some surface active property has been investigated too. The critical micelle concentration of ditetradecylbenzene disulfonate, ditetradecylnaphthalene disulfonate, ditetradecylmethylnaphthalene disulfonate, ditetradecylphenanthrene disulfonate, ditetradecyldiphenylether sulfonate, ditetradecyldiphenylmethane sulfonate and ditetradecylbenzophenone sulfonate were 1.7 × 10−4, 8.082 × 10−6, 2 × 10−5, 2.158 × 10−3, 5.0 × 10−6, 1.0 × 10−5 and 1.33 × 10−5 mol l−1. Above datum showed the aromatics of the surfactant may effect on surface active property obviously. Among these, some dialkylaryl disulfonate gemini anionic surfactant have very higher surface active than conventional dodecylbenzene sulfonate and may be widely used in industry and household.
Role of Heat Treatment on the Performance of Polymers as Iron Oxide Dispersants
Authors: Amjad Z. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The influence of heat treatment on the performance of various polymers as iron oxide dispersants in an aqueous system has been investigated. The polymers evaluated include: homo-polymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid; co-polymer of, acrylic acid:2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid; ter-polymers of acrylic acid:2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid:sulfonated styrene, and acrylic acid:2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid:t-butylacrylamide. It has been found that all polymers lose performance to a varying degree when exposed to thermal treatment (150°C, 200°C, 20hr). The performance data also suggest that sulfonated styrene containing ter-polymer is a better iron oxide dispersant than the ter-polymer containing 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and tertiary butylacrylamide. In the case of co-polymer of acrylic acid:2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, the thermal treatment exhibits strong negative influence on the dispersancy power of the polymer. The results have been explained in terms of loss of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and t-butylacrylamide in the co- and ter-polymers, as determined by FT-IR and NMR methods, leading to the formation of poly(acrylic acid).
Spectrometric Determination of Detergency of Laundry Detergents Using Sudan Red IV as Label
Authors: Li H. , Wang Y. , Hu Y. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A new spectroscopic method was proposed for evaluating detergency of laundry detergents. In the determination process, salad oil labeled by Sudan Red IV was the simulated lipidic dirt, which was distributed on textile by a centrifugal way adding ultrasonic to simulate the washing mechanical force. The residual oil left after washing was determined according to the maximum absorbance of Sudan Red IV at 502nm. The method precision was satisfactory with a relative standard deviation of RSD = 2%. The relative deviation between the spectrometric and the gravimetric method was less than 2%.
Removal of Acid Yellow 34 from Aqueous Solution by Activated Charcoal of Animal Bones
Authors: Bangash F. K. , Alam S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Activated charcoal prepared from the animal bones at different temperatures (600–1000°C) was characterized for surface area, pore volume and by FTIR, EDS, SEM and XRD techniques. The surfaces contained functional groups like carboxyl's and ketones which disappeared at above 800°C, favoring exposure of porous structural surfaces; resulting in enhancement of the adsorption capacity. At the high temperatures the carbon content in the charcoal increased while oxygen got decreased. Adsorption kinetics of acid yellow 34 on the prepared activated charcoal was studied at 10°C and 45°C. Bangham and Parabolic diffusion kinetic models fitted the adsorption data. The two components of the intraparticle diffusion plots suggested that the adsorption process proceeded by surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion. The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption, such as rate constant (kad), activation energy (DE¿), enthalpy (DH¿) and entropy (DS¿) were evaluated from the first order rate kinetics. The enthalpy of activation (DH¿) indicated that the process was endothermic in nature and its values decreased with the increase in activation temperature. The negative entropy of activation DS¿ reflect the affinity of charcoal toward dye and it decreased with the increase in activation temperature indicating that the dye molecules take more oriented position on the surface of charcoal.
Vesicles and Vesicle Gels – Structure and Solubilisation Properties
Authors: Hufnagl A. , Kinzel S. , Gradzielski M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Vesicles are self-aggregating systems that exhibit a rich structural variety and are able to encapsulate active molecules. Once their effective volume fraction exceeds a certain value the formation of vesicle gels will occur. The details of the vesicular structure and also the rheological properties of vesicle gels are controlled to a large extent by the molecular composition of the amphiphilic system. Some particular examples of such vesicle gels are discussed in this article which were characterised by phase studies, measurements of their rheological behaviour, and comprehensive scattering experiments in order to obtain a detailed structural picture which can be correlated with the macroscopic properties.
Alkyl Triphenylphosphonium Bromide Surfactant Mediated Reactions of p-Nitrophenyl Acetate
Authors: Moore S. , Palepu R. M. , Bal S. , Ghosh K. K. , Dafonte P. R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Kinetic measurements were performed for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate as a model compound in micellar media. This reaction was studied both in the presence and absence of various α-effect nucleophiles, and in depth analyses were performed using acetohydroxamic acid (AHA). Rate surfactant profiles were obtained in the absence and presence of the AHA nucleophile for the alkyl triphenylphosphonium bromides (CnPPh3Br) surfactant series. All rate surfactant profiles were analyzed using the pseudophase model and modified pseudophase model (In the presence of nucleophile) in order to obtain the regression parameters, including binding constants and rate constants in the micellar pseudophase. Studies in the presence of acetohydroxamic acid and the alkyl triphenylphosphonium surfactants were also conducted as a function of pH to obtain the pKa value of the acetohydroxamic acid in the micellar media.
Dissolution Rate of Sodium Fatty Alcohol Sulfate FAS – Surfactants
Authors: Abdel-Rahem R. , Al-Hawarin J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
We represent an applicable problem that arises when long chain surfactant fatty alcohol sulfate FAS is used in washing process. Octadecyl fatty alcohol sulfate C18-FAS is known for its strong washing performance, however it has the disadvantages of high Krafft point and its long dissolution rate. We demonstrate the factors that affect dissolution rates of FAS-surfactants, and how one can vary these factors in order to achieve particular dissolution rate. In this study, we have used a reproducible method for determining the rate of dissolution of anionic surfactants tablet and the effect of, temperature, hardness of FAS-tablets, stirring rate, FAS chain length, mixing with other surfactants and additives on the rate of dissolution of FAS have been studied.
Study on the Synthesis and Surface Activities of Disodium of Mono-Alkyl Polyoxyethylene Ether Citrate
Authors: Zhou Z.-C. , Yang X.-Q. , Sun G.-J. , Cheng Y.-M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A synthetic process of Disodium of Mono-Alkyl polyoxyethylene Ether Citrate was developed in this paper. The structure of intermediate and products were indicated by infrared spectroscopy. The physico-chemical properties of aqueous solution of products were also investigated. The results show that products are excellent emulsifiers, with the low surface tension in 27–30 mN/m and good wetting power, and possess different foaming behavior in hard water and distilled water.
Anaerobic Biodegradation of Surfactants – Scientific Review
Authors: Berna J. L. , Cassani G. , Hager C.-D. , Rehman N. , López I. , Schowanek D. , Steber J. , Taeger K. , Wind T. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe anaerobic biodegradation of surfactants is used as an acceptability criterion in some environmental pieces of legislation (eco-label, risk assessment, etc.), without a proper evaluation of the relevance of such a characteristic. Available screening test methods to assess the anaerobic biodegradation do not simulate the real conditions prevailing in these anaerobic compartments but rather reflect more stringent conditions, due to the high test substance/biomass ratio, possibility of inhibitory effects and limited possibility for adaptation. Therefore positive results are indicative of a similar behaviour under environmental conditions, while a negative result cannot be necessarily interpreted as inherent anaerobic recalcitrance. The majority of surfactants entering the environment will be exposed to and degraded under aerobic conditions, and only less than 20 % will potentially reach temporarily anaerobic environmental compartments. In contrast to the well documented adverse effects observed in the absence of aerobic biodegradation, the lack of anaerobic biodegradation does not seem to be correlated with any apparent environmental problem for most compartments after more than 40 years of widely use of such products. The scientific review concluded that anaerobic biodegradability does not have the same environmental relevance as the aerobic one. Anaerobic biodegradability should not, therefore, be used as a pass/fail property for the environmental acceptability of surfactants which are readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions.
Interaction of Amphoteric Collector with Silica and Hematite Surfaces
Authors: El-Rahiem F. H. Abd , El-Midany A. A. , Selim K. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The silica represents the main gangue mineral in iron ore deposits. Different surfactants were used for separation of silica from iron ores. In the current work, an amphoteric collector was used as an alternative for the current reagents. Pure minerals of silica and hematite were used to investigate the mechanism of the amphoteric collector adsorption on both minerals. It was found that the adsorption density of collector was pH dependent. Preferential adsorption of collector was found to be at acidic pH range. The mechanism of collector interaction with the mineral surface was found to proceed via electrostatic interaction. Zeta potential measurements have indicated the possibility of collector adsorption by electrostatic interaction under the conditions where mineral surface and collector are oppositely charged.
Biologically Active Tin Compounds Based on Aziridine and Azepane Derivatives
Authors: Ali H. El-Sharkawy 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Four of new tin(IV) compounds derived from aziridine and azepane substituents have been synthesized and characterization by elemental microanalysis, atomic absorption, FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. These tin-derived compounds exhibited biocidal activities on four different microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The use of common and effective biocides depends on the surfactant molecules. On this basis, surface tension measurements were used to determine the critical micellar concentration (cmc), the minimum average area per surfactant molecule (Amin) and the surface excess concentration (Γ∞). A direct relationship has found between the antimicrobial efficacy and Γ∞.
Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis of Aromatic Halides by Raney Nickel in the Presence of Different Surfactants
Authors: Ilikti H. , Benabdallah T. , Boukreris S. , Aouad M. R. , Ashry E. S. H. El 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Electrocatalytic hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation of 4-halophenols, 4-chloroaniline and chloronitrobenzene have been investigated in aqueous media using different surfactant agents on two kinds of cathodes investigated on, Raney nickel electrode and carbon electrode.
Synthesis of an Imidazoline Phosphate Surfactant and its Application on Corrosion Inhibition
Authors: Xiao L. , Qiao W. , Guo H. , Qu J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
An imidazoline phosphate surfactant is designed and synthesized, and its application on corrosion inhibition is evaluated from the following aspects: (1) concentration of inhibitor; (2) temperature; (3) concentration of acid. The imidazoline phosphate is also mixed with KI as an assistant agent, and the results from weight loss measurement show better inhibition efficiency.
Properties of Oxyethylenated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Ethyl Esters; Hydrolysis, Critical Micelle Concentrations and Foaming
Authors: Šmidrkal J. , Vokáčová M. , Poláková L. , Filip V. , Machková K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Oxyethylenated fatty acid methyl esters are considered to be a promising alternative to oxyethylenated fatty alcohols widely used in laundry detergent productions. Oxyethylenated fatty acid methyl esters display propensity to hydrolysis in alkaline washing solutions, which might affect the washing process. The hydrolysis of oxyethylenated fatty acid methyl esters was found to be innocuous towards the washing process since only 10% of the overall amount was hydrolyzed at 60°C, pH = 12 in 1 hour. The cmc depends on a degree of oxyethylenation. The cmc of methyl ester and ethyl ester bearing 10 oxyethylene groups is 0.8 mmol · L−1. The cmc of esters bearing 20 oxyethylene groups is 1.2 mmol · L−1. The foaming properties of oxyethylenated methyl esters bearing between 10 and 20 oxyethylene groups is constant. In case of oxyethylenated ethyl esters the foaming was increasing with the number of oxyethylene groups.
The Impact of Fluorescent Compounds on the Change in Shade of Pastel Colored PES/Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Pušić T. , Soljačić I. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Functionalization of textiles in the finishing and care processes is an outstanding topic today. Ultraviolet (UV) protective properties of textiles can be improved by the implementation of fluorescent compounds in the finishing and laundering processes. The investigation described is focused on the addition of a fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) and an UV absorber (UVA) during frequent laundering of bleached and pastel colored polyester/cotton fabrics in the reference ECE detergent at 40°C. The effect of the UVA containing detergent includes improved whiteness of bleached textiles and excellent UV protection properties during multiple cycles. The bleaching performance of the FWA is similar in offering good UV protection. In the case of the pastel colored fabrics after the launderings, UV protection is excellent too, but the negative impact of the fluorescent compounds on the changes in shade is evident.
A Physical Method for Measuring the Drying Performance in Household Dishwashers
Authors: Rummler B. , Stamminger R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A physical method for measuring the drying performance in household dishwashers, consisting of a hardware setup for automatically measuring the water reduction during the drying phase in a dishwasher programme cycle and a suitable physical model, is presented. The hardware setup is basically composed of a high precision scale connected to the baskets within a given household dishwasher. The time-varying weight values measured by this scale generate a weight function corresponding to water reduction during the drying phase. This weight function is subsequently subdivided in a draining phase and a vaporisation phase, modelled by a hyperbolic and by an exponential function, respectively. Using a least mean square optimization approach to different time intervals of the weight function, two well reproducible characteristic parameter sets are derived which are able to differentiate different rinsing products very well. Compared to the results of a conventional method for assessing drying performance by “counting drops” a good correlation with the performance of the rinsing products is obtained.
Biological Activity of Some Novel Cationic Germanium and Titanium Metal Based Surfactants
Authors: Morsy S. M. I. , Badawi A. M. , Jajte J. M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Two new derivatives (A) and (B) of cationic germanium metal based surfactants have been synthesized. Their formulas are: [GeCl2(R)4]2+FeCl4
2− and [GeCl2(R\)4]2+SnCl4
2−·2H2O where R = hexamine and R\ = isothiouronium. A third derivative (C) of cationic titanium metal based surfactant was also synthesized and its formula is: [TiCl2(R\\)2]2+CoCl4
2−·6H2O where R\\ = triphenylphosphine. The presence of complex anions with metals was confirmed by inductive coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP), IR spectrum and elemental analysis. Surface properties of the prepared surfactants, surface tension and critical micelle concentration were evaluated. Cytotoxic activities of these three metallo-surfactants were tested on human cell lines: leukemia lymphoblastic NALM-6 cells, promyelocytic HL-60 cells and breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. The obtained data revealed that the compound A did not exert cytotoxicity toward normal lymphocytes and was also inactive against all tumor cell lines tested. However, compounds B and C displayed high cytotoxicity in tumor cells and low toxicity in human normal lymphocytes, with concurrent high genotoxicity in all kinds of cells. All of these synthesized metallo-surfactants (A, B and C) induced oxidative DNA damage as detected by alkaline comet assay. Therefore, novel cationic germanium and titanium metal based surfactants (B and C) may be considered for use as anticancer drugs but further studies should be performed.
Viscometric Behaviour and Micellization of Complexes of Copper (II) Stearate with N-donor Heterocyclic Dyes
Authors: Mathur N. , Ojha K. G. , Imran A. , Pooja S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Colloido-chemical behavior of copper (II) stearate and N-donor ligands in benzene-methanol mixture of varying composition has been investigated by viscometric measurements. The critical micelle concentration values depend upon the composition of solvent mixture and are to be found in close agreement with each other. The general trend observed is that the viscometric parameters with concentration are quite different and the plots are obtained with curvature at a definite concentration corresponding to critical micelle concentration at which there is marked change in the aggregation of the complex molecules. The results of phenylthiourea and benzothiazole complexes in regards to solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions in mixed solvent systems have been discussed in terms of the equations proposed by Moulik and Jones-Dole. The complexes were synthesized with N-donor ligands and copper (II) stearate and characterized by their elemental analysis, molecular weight, melting point, IR and NMR spectral studies. Due to the surface-active properties of copper stearate, the complexes show remarkable applications in industries and are used as emulsifiers, dispersing agents, foaming and wetting agents. N-donor ability of ligands make them useful as intermediates for many organic compounds such as colorants, agrochemical and pharmaceutical. They are good antiviral, antibacterial and antimalerial agents.
Isolation of Phytosterols from Deodorizer Distillate and their Utilization in Preparation of Surface-active Agent
Authors: Ware A. M. , Ambawade K. D. , Bhowmick D. N. , Momin S. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Phytosterols are minor constituents of vegetable oils, which are being removed in the vegetable oil refining process such as deodorization. Deodorizer distillate is obtained in deodorization process, which contains about 4–8% of phytosterols. In the present study the aim was to utilized vegetable oil refining byproducts into valuable specialty surfactants. Phytosterols were isolated from deodorizer distillate of soybean oil using two different methods. In the first method methyl ester of deodorizer distillate was prepared and phytosterols isolated by crystallization. In the second method calcium soap of deodorizer distillate was prepared and unsaponifiable matter extracted using solvent. Phytosterols were isolated by crystallization in hexane from unsaponifiable matter. The phytosterols thus obtained was used for synthesis of sulfosuccinate surfactant. Surface active properties of phytosterols sulfosuccinate were evaluated and shows good surface active properties.
Thermo-responsive Metal-chelating Surfactants: Properties and Use in Cloud Point Extraction of Uranyl Nitrate∗
Authors: Prévost S. , Coulombeau H. , Baczko K. , Berthon L. , Zorz N. , Desvaux H. , Testard F. , Zemb Th. , Larpent C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The properties of new thermo-responsive functional surfactants, capable of forming a metal chelate, synthesized by grafting a diamide group (amino-acid residue) to the tip hydrophilic endgroup or in a branched position to polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants [CiEj: CiH2i+1(OCH2CH2)jOH)], are studied. Their use in cloud point extraction of uranyl nitrate is tested. The reversible temperature-dependent behavior of classical non-ionic surfactants associated to phase separation of micellar solutions known as clouding behavior is exploited for separation based on cation specific binding to the chelating group. The functional surfactants under investigation combine surface-active properties and characteristic thermoreversible behavior with a capacity to bind uranyl cation. The influence of the complexation on the cloud points of functional surfactants is determined. The chelating surfactants are found efficient for the cloud point extraction of uranyl nitrate at low surfactant-to-uranyl ratio. These new thermoresponsive surfactants with chelating properties hold most promise for the development of new solvent free extraction processes.