bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separating the two components of abundance‐based dissimilarity: balanced changes in abundance vs. abundance gradients
Authors: Baselga Andrés 
Published: January 2013

Summary

Dissimilarity measures can be formulated using matching components that can be defined as the intersection in terms of species composition of both sets (a) and the relative complements of each set (b and c respectively). Previous work has extended these matching components to abundance‐based measures of dissimilarity.

Using these matching components in terms of species abundances I provide a novel partition separating two components of abundance‐based dissimilarity: (i) balanced variation in abundance, whereby the individuals of some species in one site are substituted by the same number of individuals of different species in another site; and (ii) abundance gradients, whereby some individuals are lost from one site to the other.

New indices deriving from the additive partition of Bray‐Curtis dissimilarity are presented, each one accounting separately for these two antithetic components of assemblage variation.

An example comparing the patterns of increase of assemblage dissimilarity with spatial distance in two tropical forests is provided to illustrate the usefulness of the novel partition to discern the different sources of assemblage variation.

The widely used Bray‐Curtis index of dissimilarity is the result of summing these two sources of dissimilarity, and therefore might consider equivalent patterns that are markedly different. Therefore, the novel partition may be useful to assess biodiversity patterns and to explore their causes, as substitution and loss of individuals are patterns that can derive from completely different processes.
Detecting invertebrate responses to fire depends on sampling method and taxonomic resolution
Authors: Teasdale Luisa C. , Smith Annabel L. , Thomas Mailyn , Whitehead Catherine A. , Driscoll Don A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNew knowledge about the responses of species to fire is needed to plan for biodiversity conservation in the face of changing fire regimes. However, the knowledge that is acquired may be influenced by the sampling method and the taxonomic resolution of a study. To investigate these potential sampling biases, we examined invertebrate responses to time since fire in mallee woodlands of southern Australia. Using a large‐scale replicated study system, we sampled over 60 000 invertebrates with large pitfall traps, wet pitfall traps and sweep nets, and undertook analyses at morphospecies and order level. Large pitfalls and sweep nets detected several strong fire effects, whereas wet pitfall traps detected few effects. Invertebrate abundance in sweep nets was highest shortly after fire because of grasshopper outbreaks. Several additional morphospecies showed strong preferences for different stages in the post‐fire succession. In contrast with morphospecies effects, analyses at order level either failed to detect fire effects or were driven by the most abundant species. For fire research to produce credible results with the potential to guide management, it must use a range of sampling techniques and undertake analyses at (morpho)species level. Homogeneous fire management, such as fire suppression in fragmented landscapes or widespread frequent burning for asset protection, is likely to cause declines in fire‐affected invertebrates.
Pre‐pregnancy BMI: Costs associated with maternal underweight and obesity in Queensland
Authors: Watson Melanie , Howell Stuart , Johnston Trisha , Callaway Leonie , Khor Sue‐Lynne , Cornes Sue 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundThe economic costs of maternal obesity and underweight have not been described. We aim to assess the effect of maternal underweight and obesity on hospital utilisation and hospital costs.MethodsData from the Queensland Perinatal Data Collection and Queensland Hospital Admitted Patient Data Collection were analysed for 2008. The sample included 37,912 Queensland resident mothers with a singleton pregnancy who gave birth in a public facility. Outcome measures were hospital length of stay (LOS) and hospital costs accrued during the birth admission and during pre‐ and postnatal admissions within 90 days of the birth admission.ResultsThere were 1,581 (4.2%) underweight, 17,175 (45.3%) normal weight, 10,155 (26.8%) overweight and 9,001 (23.7%) obese women. Maternal obesity was associated with significantly longer stays although effect sizes were modest (≤0.5 days) and specific to women who delivered vaginally. LOS was significantly higher among babies born to underweight mothers when compared to those born to normal weight women. Maternal obesity was associated with a total increase of $5 million in mothers' hospital costs when compared to those amongst normal weight women; the corresponding figure for underweight mothers was $385,734. The total hospital costs for babies born to underweight women were $1.6 million higher than those born to mothers in the normal weight category. Maternal obesity was not associated with an increase in babies' hospital costs.ConclusionsMaternal obesity contributed to an increase in mothers' hospital LOS and hospitalisation costs. Maternal underweight contributed to an increase in babies' hospital costs.
Surgical management of cystic lesions in the liver
Authors: Garcea Giuseppe , Rajesh Arumugam , Dennison Ashley R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundLiver cysts are common, occurring in up to 5% of the population. For many types of cysts, a variety of different treatment options exist and the preferred management is unclear.MethodsA PubMed and Medline literature review was undertaken and articles pertaining to the diagnosis and management of cystic lesions within the liver were retrieved.ResultsTherapy for symptomatic cysts may incorporate aspiration with sclerotherapy or de‐roofing. Polycystic liver disease presents a unique management problem because of the high morbidity and mortality rates from intervention and high rates of recurrence. Careful patient counselling and assessment of symptom index is essential before embarking on any treatment. New medical treatments may ameliorate symptoms. Acquired cystic lesions in the liver require a thorough work‐up to fully characterize the abnormality and direct appropriate treatment. Hydatid cysts are best treated by chemotherapy, followed by some form of surgical intervention (either aspiration and sclerotherapy or surgery). Liver abscesses can be effectively treated by aspiration or drainage.ConclusionAll patients with cystic lesions in the liver require discussion at multidisciplinary meetings to confirm the diagnosis and determine the most appropriate method of treatment.
Oximetry in glaucoma: correlation of metabolic change with structural and functional damage
Authors: Vandewalle Evelien , Abegão Pinto L , Olafsdottir Olof B. , De Clerck Eline , Stalmans Peter , Van Calster Joachim , Zeyen Thierry , Stefánsson Einar , Stalmans Ingeborg 
Published: January 2013

Abstract.Purpose:  To determine whether retinal vessel oxygen saturation in patients with glaucoma is associated with structural optic disc and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) changes and visual field (VF) defects.Methods:  Fifty‐nine patients with confirmed glaucoma were recruited at University Hospitals Leuven. Retinal oxygen saturation in patients with glaucoma was measured with a noninvasive spectrophotometric retinal oximeter (Oxymap ehf, Reykjavik, Iceland). VF and Heidelberg retinal tomographies (HRTs) were performed on the same day. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t‐test and Pearson’s or Spearman correlation coefficient.Results:  The mean oxygen saturation in venules was higher in patients with severe VF defects compared to those patients with mild VF defects (69 ± 3% versus 65 ± 6% respectively; p = 0.0003; n = 59). Accordingly, the arteriovenous (AV) difference in oxygen saturation was lower in patients with worse VF compared to those with better VF (29 ± 3% versus 33 ± 6% respectively; p = 0.002). The oxygen saturation in venules correlated with the VF mean defects (r = −0.42; p = 0.001; n = 59) as well as with the structural HRT parameters rim area and RNFL thickness (r = −0.39; p = 0.008 and r = −0.26; p = 0.05 respectively; n = 53). The AV difference decreased significantly as the VF defect worsened (r = 0.38; p = 0.003), as the rim area diminished (r = 0.29; p = 0.03) and as the RNFL thickness decreased (r = 0.27; p = 0.05). No correlation was found between the oxygen saturation in retinal arterioles and either of these parameters.Conclusion:  Severe glaucomatous damage is associated with increased oxygen saturation in retinal venules and decreased AV difference in oxygen saturation. These data suggest that in eyes with severe glaucomatous damage, reduced retinal oxygen consumption is consistent with tissue loss.
Pain management of neonatal intensive care units in Japan
Authors: Ozawa Mio , Yokoo Kyoko 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo describe current neonatal pain management and individual and organizational factors that can improve neonatal pain practice from the viewpoints of both head nurses and head neonatologists in Japan.MethodsAn anonymous questionnaire was sent to general perinatal maternal and child medical centres that had level 3 units across Japan.ResultsA total of 61 of 89 head nurses and 54 of 89 head neonatologists replied. The responses of head nurses and head neonatologists were almost the same. More than 60% of units (head nurses, 65%; head neonatologists, 61%) did not use pain scales, and about 63% units (both head nurses and head neonatologists) had no rules for health care professionals on the best methods for implementing pain relief for painful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Only 17% of head nurses and 24% of head neonatologists considered that nurses and physicians in their units collaborated in pain management, and <20% of units (both head nurses and head neonatologists) had written guidelines for their unit on neonatal pain management.ConclusionThis study suggested that Japanese neonatal intensive care units need national guidelines for pain management, and these might improve collaboration between nurses and physicians in minimizing neonatal pain.
Central adrenal insufficiency in young adults with Prader‐Willi Syndrome
Authors: Grugni Graziano , Beccaria Luciano , Corrias Andrea , Crinò Antonino , Cappa Marco , De Medici Clotilde , Di Candia Stefania , Gargantini Luigi , Ragusa Letizia , Salvatoni Alessandro , Sartorio Alessandro , Spera Sabrina , Andrulli Simeone , Chiumello Giuseppe , Mussa Alessandro ,   the Genetic Obesity Study Group of the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (ISPED)
Published: January 2013

SummaryObjectiveA high prevalence (60%) of central adrenal insufficiency (CAI) has been reported in Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) using the metyrapone test. We have assessed CAI in adults with PWS using the low‐dose short synacthen test (LDSST).DesignBasal cortisol and ACTH, and 30‐min cortisol after the administration of 1 μg synacthen, were determined in 53 PWS adults (33 females). A peak cortisol value of ≥500 nmol/l was taken as normal. Hormonal profiles were analysed in relation to gender, genotype and phenotype. Deficient patients were retested by high‐dose short synachten test (HDSST) or a repeat LDSST.ResultsMean ± SD basal cortisol and ACTH were 336·6 ± 140·7 nmol/l and 4·4 ± 3·7 pmol/l respectively. Cortisol rose to 615·4 ± 135·0 nmol/l after LDSST. Eight (15·1%) patients had a peak cortisol response <500 nmol/l, with a lower mean ± SD (range) basal cortisol of 184·9 ± 32·0 (138·0–231·7) compared with 364·1 ± 136·6 (149·0–744·5) in normal responders (P < 0·001). Seven of the eight patients underwent retesting, with 4 (7·5%) showing persistent suboptimal responses. Basal and peak cortisol correlated in females (r = 0·781, P < 0·001). Logistic regression revealed that only female gender and baseline cortisol were predictors of cortisol peaks (adjusted R square 0·505).ConclusionsAlthough CAI can be part of the adult PWS phenotype, it has a lower prevalence (7·5%) than previously reported. Clinicians are advised to test PWS patient for CAI. Our study also shows that basal cortisol is closely correlated with adrenal response to stimulation, indicating that its measurement may be helpful in selecting patients for LDSST.
Intranasal contact points as a cause of facial pain or headache: a systematic review
Authors: Harrison L. , Jones N.S. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundThere is a body of opinion in the clinical literature advocating the removal of intranasal contact points to treat facial pain.ObjectivesTo review the evidence that intranasal mucosal contact points cause facial pain or headache and their removal is therapeutic.Type of reviewSystematic review.Search strategyA systematic search of the available literature was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library and NHS Evidence from inception to September 2011. Terms used include facial pain and contact point (3628), rhinologic headache (6) contact point and surgery/endoscopy (38).Evaluation methodInclusion criteria applied. Assessment of papers were undertaken by one reviewer and checked by the second. A narrative review of each study was performed and results recorded in tables.ResultsIn one study, 973 consecutive patients with a provisional diagnosis of rhinosinusitis were divided into groups with (42%) and without facial pain. There was a 4% prevalence of nasal contact in both groups, which was unrelated to the presence of facial pain. In another study of 100 patient's coronal paranasal sinus CT scans, 29% had headache and 55% had a contact point but their presence was inversely related to the presence of pain.1 In a further study, ten healthy volunteers had palpation, adrenaline, substance P and placebo applied to different areas throughout the nasal cavity and none of these stimuli caused facial pain. Nineteen studies were identified where nasal mucosal contact points had been removed surgically for the treatment of facial pain. They were small case series, not randomised and subject to selection bias, had no control group, a limited follow‐up and were open to observer bias with level IV evidence. Seven studies had a statistically significant improvement in pain postoperatively compared with preoperative questionnaire results but the majority had residual facial pain.ConclusionThe majority of people with contact points experience no facial pain. The presence of a contact point is not a good predictor of facial pain. The removal of a contact point rarely results in the total elimination of facial pain making the theory that a contact point is responsible unlikely. The improvement in postoperative symptoms following the removal of contact points in some patients may be explained by cognitive dissonance or neuroplasticity. A randomised, controlled and blinded trial with a followed up period of over 12 months is needed to assess the place of surgery in the removal of a contact point for the treatment of facial pain.
Long‐term continence disturbance after lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Garg P. , Garg M. , Menon G. R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimA systematic review was carried out to analyse continence at 2 years or more after lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) for chronic anal fissure (CAF).MethodPubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Ovid, SCI, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Google Scholar were used to search the literature from 1969–2012 for studies reporting a follow‐up of more than 2 years after LIS for CAF. The primary outcome parameter analysed was continence. The secondary outcome parameters included success rate, recurrence, incidence of postoperative abscess and fistula formation and patient satisfaction.ResultsOf 324 studies screened, 22 (n = 4512) were included. The mean follow‐up period ranged from 24–124 months. The overall continence disturbance rate was 14% (95% CI 0.09–0.2). Weighted analysis showed flatus incontinence in 9% (95% CI 0.04–0.16), soilage/seepage in 6% (95% CI 0.03–0.1), accidental defaecation in 0.91% (95% CI 0.003–0.02), incontinence to liquid stool in 0.67% (95% CI 0.001–0.02) and incontinence to solid stool in 0.83% (95% CI 0.003–0.02) of patients.ConclusionThe long‐term risk of continence disturbance after lateral internal sphincterotomy is significant. Randomized controlled trials with a long follow‐up are needed to substantiate these findings and to redefine its role in the treatment of chronic anal fissure.
Microwave‐assisted dyeing of poly(butylene terephthalate) fabrics with disperse dyes
Authors: Öner Erhan , Büyükakinci Yeşim , Sökmen Nihal 
Published: January 2013

In this study, conventional heating and microwave dielectric heating in the exhaust dyeing of poly(butylene terephtalate) fabrics with disperse dyes were studied in order to determine whether microwave heating could be used to increase the dyeability of poly(butylene terephtalate) fibre in shorter processing times and enable dyeings of adequate wet fastness to be obtained. Accordingly, the samples of 100% poly(butylene terephtalate) single jersey knitted fabric were dyed withCIDisperse Yellow 160 andCIDisperse Yellow 42,CIDisperse Red 177 andCIDisperse Red 91,CIDisperse Blue 79:1 andCIDisperse Blue 54 at 98 °C with or without microwave dielectric heating. The colouristic properties, colour fastnesses and the tensile properties of the dyed fabrics were investigated and compared with each other. Microwave dielectric heating is regarded as a tool for ‘green chemistry’ and provides many advantages over conventional heating without any deterioration in the properties of the dyed materials. Microwave heat dyeing enhances the exhaustion and the fixation of dye, and good colour fastnesses and repeatability in dyeings are achieved in short heating times of the dyebath.
Family involvement with the diabetes regimen in young people: the role of adolescent depressive symptoms
Authors: Wu Y. P. , Hilliard M. E. , Rausch J. , Dolan L. M. , Hood K. K. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimsIn young people with Type 1 diabetes, depressive symptoms and shared responsibility for management of diabetes impact upon diabetes management and control. However, the simultaneous effects of both depressive symptoms and parental involvement on diabetes self‐care and glycaemic control have not been examined. Thus, the aim of the current study was to examine the relationships between parental involvement and adolescent depressive symptoms in predicting blood glucose monitoring and glycaemic control.MethodsOne hundred and fifty young people with Type 1 diabetes (mean age 15.3 years) and their parents completed responsibility sharing and depressive symptom assessments, meter assessment of blood glucose monitoring and HbA1c at baseline and then 6, 12 and 18 months.ResultsParental involvement affected HbA1c through blood glucose monitoring only at low levels of adolescent depressive symptoms (score ≤ 6), which made up only 20% of the sample. In the presence of more depressive symptoms, parental involvement no longer was related to HbA1c through blood glucose monitoring. This was the relationship in the majority of the sample (80%).ConclusionsWhile most young people in this sample are not showing evidence of high levels of depressive symptoms, even modest levels of distress interfere with parental involvement in diabetes management. By addressing adolescent depressive symptoms, interventions promoting parental involvement in these families may be more effective.
Inhibition of the sodium glucose co‐transporter‐2: its beneficial action and potential combination therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Chen L. H. , Leung P. S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSodium glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are an emerging class of glucose‐lowering drugs in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this context, SGLT2 is a low‐affinity, high‐capacity transporter that is expressed predominantly in the proximal renal tubules. The rationale for using SGLT2 inhibition as a drug for T2DM is derived from early evidence obtained from individuals with familial renal glycosuria, due to a SGLT2 mutation, which exhibits decreased renal tubular reabsorption of glucose in the absence of hyperglycaemia or any other signs of dysfunction. Thus, reduction of glucose reabsorption by SGLT2 inhibition represents a novel T2DM treatment approach. In light of the emerging role of SGLT2 inhibition in controlling glucose homeostasis, the current review provides a critical appraisal of the rationale, overviews of structural differences between SGLT2 inhibitors and summarizes recent preclinical and clinical studies. The physiological actions of SGLT2 inhibition in relation to insulin sensitivity, islet morphology, inflammation, body weight and blood pressure are reviewed. Finally, the safety and tolerability of SGLT2 inhibitors are also discussed in relation to their potential to provide insulin independence and enhance β‐cell function, as well as their potential for synergistic/additive effects if used in combination with other antidiabetic drugs.
Introduced northern pike predation on salmonids in southcentral Alaska
Authors: Sepulveda Adam J. , Rutz David S. , Ivey Sam S. , Dunker Kristine J. , Gross Jackson A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNorthern pike (Esox lucius) are opportunistic predators that can switch to alternative prey species after preferred prey have declined. This trophic adaptability allows invasive pike to have negative effects on aquatic food webs. In Southcentral Alaska, invasive pike are a substantial concern because they have spread to important spawning and rearing habitat for salmonids and are hypothesised to be responsible for recent salmonid declines. We described the relative importance of salmonids and other prey species to pike diets in the Deshka River and Alexander Creek in Southcentral Alaska. Salmonids were once abundant in both rivers, but they are now rare in Alexander Creek. In the Deshka River, we found that juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) dominated pike diets and that small pike consumed more of these salmonids than large pike. In Alexander Creek, pike diets reflected the distribution of spawning salmonids, which decrease with distance upstream. Although salmonids dominated pike diets in the lowest reach of the stream, Arctic lamprey (Lampetra camtschatica) and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) dominated pike diets in the middle and upper reaches. In both rivers, pike density did not influence diet and pike consumed smaller prey items than predicted by their gape‐width. Our data suggest that (1) juvenile salmonids are a dominant prey item for pike, (2) small pike are the primary consumers of juvenile salmonids and (3) pike consume other native fish species when juvenile salmonids are less abundant. Implications of this trophic adaptability are that invasive pike can continue to increase while driving multiple species to low abundance.