bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of an extruded pea or rice diet on postprandial insulin and cardiovascular responses in dogs
Authors: Adolphe J. L. , Drew M. D. , Silver T. I. , Fouhse J. , Childs H. , Weber L. P. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryPeas are increasing in popularity as a source of carbohydrate, protein and fibre in extruded canine diets. The aim of this study was to test the health effects of two canine diets with identical macronutrient profiles, but containing either yellow field peas or white rice as the carbohydrate source on metabolism, cardiovascular outcomes and adiposity. First, the acute glycemic, insulinemic and cardiovascular responses to the pea‐ or rice‐based diets were determined in normal weight beagles (n = 7 dogs). The glycemic index did not differ between the pea diet (56 ± 12) and rice diet (63 ± 9). Next, obese beagles (n = 9) were fed the yellow field pea diet or white rice diet ad libitum for 12 weeks in a crossover study. Adiposity (measured using computed tomography), metabolic (oral glucose tolerance test, plasma leptin, adiponectin, C‐reactive protein) and cardiovascular assessments (echocardiography and blood pressure) were performed before and after each crossover study period. After 12 weeks on each diet, peak insulin (p = 0.05) and area under the curve (AUC) for insulin after a 10 g oral glucose tolerance test (p = 0.05) were lower with the pea than the rice diet. Diet did not show a significant effect on body weight, fat distribution, cardiovascular variables, adiponectin or leptin. In conclusion, a diet containing yellow field peas reduced the postprandial insulin response after glucose challenge in dogs despite continued obesity, indicating improved metabolic health.
Pre‐Processing in Sentence Comprehension: Sensitivity to Likely Upcoming Meaning and Structure
Authors: DeLong Katherine A. , Troyer Melissa , Kutas Marta 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFor more than a decade, views of sentence comprehension have been shifting toward wider acceptance of a role for linguistic pre‐processing – that is, anticipation, expectancy, (neural) pre‐activation, or prediction – of upcoming semantic content and syntactic structure. In this survey, we begin by examining the implications of each of these ‘brands’ of predictive comprehension, including the issue of potential costs and consequences to not encountering highly constrained sentence input. We then describe a number of studies (many using online methodologies) that provide results consistent with prospective sensitivity to various grains and levels of semantic and syntactic information, acknowledging that such pre‐processing is likely to occur in other linguistic and extralinguistic domains, as well. This review of anticipatory findings also includes some discussion on the relationship of priming to prediction. We conclude with a brief examination of some possible limits to prediction and with a suggestion for future work to probe whether and how various strands of prediction may integrate during real‐time comprehension.
PD‐L1 expression in melanoma shows marked heterogeneity within and between patients: implications for anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 clinical trials
Authors: Madore Jason , Vilain Ricardo E. , Menzies Alexander M. , Kakavand Hojabr , Wilmott James S. , Hyman Jessica , Yearley Jennifer H. , Kefford Richard F. , Thompson John F. , Long Georgina V. , Hersey Peter , Scolyer Richard A. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThis study evaluated the expression of PD‐L1 in immunotherapy‐naïve metastatic melanoma patients to determine longitudinal intrapatient concordance and correlate PD‐L1 status with clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome. PD‐L1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 58 patients (43 primary tumors, 96 metastases). Seventy‐two percent of patients had at least one specimen expressing PD‐L1 in ≥1% of tumor cells. Median positive tumor cell count overall was low (8% in nonzero specimens). PD‐L1 expression was frequently discordant between primary tumors and metastases and between intrapatient metastases, such that 23/46 longitudinal patient specimens were discordant. PD‐L1 was associated with higher TIL grade but not with other known prognostic features. There was a positive univariate association between PD‐L1 expression in locoregional metastases and melanoma‐specific survival, but the effect was not observed for primary melanoma. In locoregional lymph node metastasis, PD‐L1+/TIL+ patients had the best outcome, and PD‐L1+/TIL− patients had poor outcome.
Acoustic prepulse inhibition: One ear is better than two, but why and when?
Authors: Kumari Veena , Hamid Aseel , Brand Andrew , Antonova Elena 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe examined whether monaural prepulses produce more prepulse inhibition (PPI) because they might be more attention capturing (unambiguous to locate) than binaural prepulses. Monaural and binaural PPI was tested under normal and verbal and visuospatial attention manipulation conditions in 55 healthy men, including 29 meditators. Attention manipulations abolished monaural PPI superiority, similarly in meditators and meditation‐naïve individuals, and this was most strongly evident for right ear PPI under visuospatial attention manipulation. Meditators performed better than meditation‐naïve individuals on attention tasks (verbal: more targets detected; visuospatial: faster reaction time). Spatial attention processes contribute to monaural PPI, particularly with the right ear. Better attentional performance, with similar attentional modulation of PPI, may indicate a stronger attentional capacity in meditators, relative to meditation‐naïve individuals.
“Women Like Me Are Bad at Math”: The Psychological Functions of Negative Self‐Stereotyping
Authors: Bell Angela C. , Burkley Melissa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe impact of negative stereotypes can be harmful, and as a result, stigmatized targets are often motivated to deny their accuracy. However, at times, targets of even the most unflattering stereotypes embrace them as valid. Early stigma researchers conceptualized this self‐stereotyping as a form of internalized self‐hatred. However, within the last few decades, stigma researchers have challenged this notion. This more contemporary approach asserts that there are situations where endorsing negative stereotypes can actually be of use to those who are targeted by them. For instance, endorsing negative self‐stereotypes can be used to help justify the status quo, fulfill assimilation and differentiation needs, and protect against personal and social threats. The purpose of the present paper is to review both traditional and contemporary explanations for the causes and consequences of negative self‐stereotyping. In doing so, we highlight strengths and limitations within the self‐stereotyping literature and suggest future directions for research.
Genetic variation and structure in native and invasive Solidago canadensis populations
Authors: Zhao S Y , Sun S G , Dai C , Gituru R W , Chen J M , Wang Q F 
Published: December 2014

SummarySolidago canadensis is native to North America, but has become a noxious invasive plant in China. We know only a little about its invasion history and the effects of introductions on its genetic composition. Here, we investigated genetic variation and structure between 15 North American and 13 Chinese populations of S. canadensis using AFLP makers. Four AFLP loci suggested relatively high genetic diversity of this weed and similar genetic variation between the invasive range and the native range. Most genetic variation was within populations across two ranges, but the Chinese range had a higher degree of among‐population variation than the North American range. Multiple tests, including Bayesian assignment, UPGMA analysis, PCoA and analysis of ‘isolation by distance’, showed that the Chinese populations originated from at least two distinct native sources and that secondary introduction or dispersal should be common in China. Also, North American populations were possibly a single genetic group. Overall, S. canadensis in China was probably founded from multiple introductions and then spread through long‐distance dispersal associated with human activities. Genetic variability in the species in the invaded range appears to have favoured establishment and spread and may well provide a challenge to successful control.
Direct Pipe® as Alternative to HDD in Permeable Soil Conditions
Authors: Lang Gerhard , Pfeff Diana 
Published: December 2014

This paper provides an overview of the multiple case histories of the Direct Pipe technology in the US and overseas, including a 42″/48″ casing pipe installation by Michels Directional Crossings. Thereby illustrating the benefits for the owner, engineer and contractor in comparison to HDD in permeable soil conditions.
The Direct Pipe method has been first used in 2007 at the Rhine river crossing in Worms, Germany. Since then, more than 18 crossings have been installed in Europe and the US with great success. The longest installation so far had a total length of 4,600ft (1,400m) and a pipeline diameter of 48″. The peak performance during that installation was 756ft (232m) per day (24hrs).
The first installation in the US was in August 2010, crossing HI 70 in Florida. In 2011 the first 42″ system has been used at a project in Corning, NY by Michels Directional Crossings, for the installation of a casing pipe for a 24″ HDD crossing.
Laney Directional Drilling followed in early 2013 with the first 48″ Direct Pipe system being operated in North America at the Aquashicola crossing for Williams Pipelines in Monroe county, Pennsylvania.
August 2013 Direct Pipe made its debut in Canada at the Beaver River Crossing for Inter Pipeline Fund north of Bonnyville, Alberta.
The largest pipeline currently installed is a 56″ steel pipe in Preston, England with a total length of 2,820ft, serving as casing pipe for a post installed 36″ potable water pipeline (HDPE).
The combination of the well established Microtunneling technique with the Pipe Thruster technology makes it ideal for difficult (permeable) soil conditions which pose a certain risk for frack-outs using the HDD method.
Corrosion Protection of a Pipeline Section Inside an HDD Coastal Landfall
Authors: Antunes Bruno Reis , Santana-Diaz Ernesto , Genaio Monica de C. , Cunha Bruno R. M. , Gouriou Morgan 
Published: December 2014

Directional boring commonly known as Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is a technique widely employed in landfall areas. HDD provides advantages of crossing considerable lengths with local soil disturbance and low environmental impact, which has contributed to turn it into one of the preferred techniques between various authorities.
In despite of these advantages, the corrosion protection of the HDD is complex due to the unfeasibility of installation of sacrificial anodes distributed uniformly along the HDD, which would require a remote protection engineering solution as an alternative. The remote solution adopted, the level of coating damage on the pipeline after the installation, the corrosiveness and resistivity of the surrounding environment, in particular when very different environments encounter, i.e. sea-sand-rock, are major uncertainties that must be considered on the design. In addition, the lack of recommendation on international standards and the difficulties involved with the direct inspection of the pipeline section inside the HDD increases the robustness required for the design and its verification.
This paper presents the corrosion protection system of a gas line section inside a HDD in a landfall area, describing the combination of pipeline coating and cathodic protection systems both specified to resist the service life of the pipeline. After a brief review of published works related to this subject, this paper will focus on the coating and cathodic protection design presenting not only the premises, design data and methodology adopted, but also associated results and installation issues. Computing modeling and recommended practices are used to identify the best and the most feasible solution. Finally, conclusions and recommendations will be presented in order to support future projects with similar challenges.
Analysis of Two Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Full-Scale Fracture Propagation Tests
Authors: Cosham Andrew , Jones David G. , Armstrong Keith , Allason Daniel , Barnett Julian 
Published: December 2014

Two full-scale fracture propagation tests have been conducted using dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2)-rich mixtures at the Spadeadam Test Site, United Kingdom (UK). The tests were conducted on behalf of National Grid Carbon, UK, as part of the COOLTRANS research programme.
The semi-empirical Two Curve Model, developed by the Battelle Memorial Institute in the 1970s, is widely used to set the (pipe body) toughness requirements for pipelines transporting lean and rich natural gas. However, it has not been validated for applications involving dense phase CO2 or CO2-rich mixtures. One significant difference between the decompression behaviour of dense phase CO2 and a lean or rich gas is the very long plateau in the decompression curve.
The objective of the two tests was to determine the level of ‘impurities’ that could be transported by National Grid Carbon in a 914.0 mm outside diameter, 25.4 mm wall thickness, Grade L450 pipeline, with arrest at an upper shelf Charpy V-notch impact energy (toughness) of 250 J. The level of impurities that can be transported is dependent on the saturation pressure of the mixture. Therefore, the first test was conducted at a predicted saturation pressure of 80.5 barg and the second test was conducted at a predicted saturation pressure of 73.4 barg.
A running ductile fracture was successfully initiated in the initiation pipe and arrested in the test section in both of the full-scale tests.
The main experimental data, including the layout of the test sections, and the decompression and timing wire data, are summarised and discussed.
The results of the two full-scale fracture propagation tests demonstrate that the Two Curve Model is not (currently) applicable to liquid or dense phase CO2 or CO2-rich mixtures.
Fiber Optic Monitoring of Pipeline Subsidence: Analysis of Effective Sensor Cable Deployments
Authors: DuToit Dana , Ryan Kent , Rice John , Bay James , Peralta Jorge 
Published: December 2014

Long range, distributed fiber optic sensing systems have been an available tool for more than a decade to monitor pipeline subsidence integrity challenges. Effective deployment scenarios are an important decision to be factored into the selection of this monitoring equipment and typologies relative to specific project needs. In an effort to analyze the effectiveness of various fiber optic deployment conditions, a controlled field experiment was conducted. Within this field experiment, a variety of distributed fiber optic sensors and point sensors were deployed in predefined positions. These positions relative to the pipeline were selected to support a range of deployment needs including new construction or retrofitting of existing pipelines. A 16-inch diameter by 60-meter long epoxy coated pipeline that was capable of being pressurized to mimic operating conditions was utilized. This test pipe was installed in a typical trench setting. Conventional point gauges were installed at key locations on the pipeline. Fiber optic sensor cables were installed at key locations providing 14 alternative scenarios in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and cost.
After construction of the test pipeline, real time continuous monitoring via the array of conventional and fiber optic sensors commenced. A deep trench was excavated adjacent and parallel to the central portion of the pipeline which began to induce subsidence in the test pipeline. Continued monitoring of the various sensors produced real time visualization of the evolving subsidence. A comparison of the reaction of the sensors is compiled to provide an intelligent selection criteria for integrity managers in terms of accuracy, deployment, and costs for pipeline subsidence monitoring projects. In addition, further analysis of this sensor data should provide more insight into pipeline/soil interaction models and behaviors.
Prevention of Pipeline Dent Failure Under Fatigue Loading Conditions
Authors: Fontanabona Julien , Van Ky Dang , Gaffard Vincent , Moumni Zied , Wiet Paul 
Published: December 2014

Pipeline dents fatigue life prediction is a subject of high interest for pipelines operating companies.
Empreinte is an in-house developed pre and post processor to ABAQUS Finite Element Calculations dedicated to pipeline integrity assessment. Empreinte was first developed and experimentally validated for dents assessments under static loading conditions.
As oil but also gas transmission pipelines are submitted to cyclic loading conditions (internal pressure variations, shutdowns, temperature variations …), it was decided to introduce a fatigue life criterion in Empreinte based on the Dang Van theory assuming that local mesoscopic stresses drive fatigue crack initiation.
Full scale tests performed for PRCI projects PR-201-927, PR-201-9324 and MD-4-2 were used to validate the proposed fatigue assessment methodology:
- the first full scale fatigue test was performed in 1994 on an X52 pipe. For this test, limited material and test data were available.
- the second full scale fatigue test was performed in 2007 on an X52 pipe. For this test, material characterization (in particular tensile tests with full stress strain curves) and test data (strain gages measurements, indenter geometry …) were available.
Fatigue life assessments were performed following three main steps:
1. using available data: non linear kinematic hardening constitutive laws were identified for the two pipes materials;
2. finite elements elastic-plastic modeling of the denting processes were carried out;
3. fatigue calculations were performed following a new approach using Dang Van criterion for which the parameters were determined from literature data.
The elastic shakedown assumption allowed the determination of the local stress cycle from the macroscopic stress cycle. The fatigue criterion integrating the combined influences of shear and hydrostatic stresses was checked on all points of the pipe.
Good agreement between experimental and calculated fatigue lives and fatigue crack initiation points was reached. This opens a promising way to assess pipeline defects fatigue life.
Efforts are now focused on the standardization of a testing method to identify the Dang Van criterion of a pipeline material at least in air environment.
In Line Inspection of Geotechnical Hazards
Authors: Westwood Stephen , Jungwirth Dan , Nickle Randy , Dewar Doug , Martens Michael 
Published: December 2014

Four North American pipeline operators and a pipeline inspection company have been working together on a research project assessing the feasibility of using an electromagnetic non-contacting strain measurement tool capable of being deployed during ILI inspection to measure axial strain in pipelines. The axial strain sensor is the TSC StressProbe. It is an electromagnetic technique which makes use of the fact that when a steel structure is loaded, its electromagnetic properties change. Monitoring the changes in magnetic properties allows one to measure changes in strain.
The use of in-line inspection high resolution inertial survey tool data in the determination of bending strain in operating pipelines is well developed and understood. The missing component in determining the total strain in the pipeline is to understand the component of axial strain that the pipeline is experiencing without the need to expose the pipeline for the installation of surficial pipe monitoring (primarily strain gauges) or destructive testing (such as cut-outs). Many current methods of stress/strain measurement including the installation of strain gauges only allows for the determination of change in strain going forward from the date of install; whereas, the StressProbe responds to total strain at the time of inspection.
This paper will present the technology implementation, inspection feasibility and discuss preliminary results from case studies in determining the ability of the in-line inspection axial strain measurement to correlate with known changes in strain in pipelines being influenced by ground movements.
Development of API Grade Pipeline Steel With Improved Toughness on a Compact Strip Production (CSP) Line
Authors: Kendrick Vance , Frye Brian , McClure Jake , Holtman Mark , Stalheim Douglas G. 
Published: December 2014

Oil and gas exploration around the world continues at a rapid pace. This rapid pace of oil and gas exploration in North America has been fueled primarily thorough the development of horizontal drilling and the “fracking” process of underground shale formations. The demand for various grades and dimensions of API casing and pipe has and will continue to increase in the foreseeable future as these shale formations are exploited.
To support this demand in North America, Gallatin Steel has embarked on a program to develop API casing and pipe coil skelp via their Compact Strip Plant (CSP). A key characteristic of API grade pipeline steels is excellent fracture toughness. This is one area where historically CSP facilities have struggled, especially in gauges greater than 8.8 mm (0.350″) due to overall lack of reduction from the thin slab design of a CSP facility. In addition, utilizing the typical Thermomechanical Control Processing (TMCP) separating recrystallized and non-recrystallized rolling used in API coil skelp production for strength and toughness of a traditional HSM or plate mill is difficult to achieve in the continuous CSP facility. Gallatin Steel has successfully developed, through a controlled combination of slab quality, alloy design, process modifications and process control, excellent toughness in both charpy and DWTT performance from a 65 mm (2.56″) slab in final coil thicknesses up to 12.7 mm (0.500″).
This paper will describe the results achieved to date on various thicknesses from 7.6 mm to 12.7 mm API skelp development at Gallatin Steel. Mechanical property performance along with microstructures/grain size will be presented. In addition, future work that Gallatin Steel will undertake to further improve the capability to produce quality API coil skelp will be discussed.