bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Insights into the Genetics of Plasma Triglycerides and Possible Causal Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Johansen Christopher T , MacDonald Austin , Hegele Robert A 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPlasma triglyceride (TG) concentration is an integrated measurement of circulating TG‐rich lipoproteins. The specific lipoprotein fractions and subfractions that contribute to this measurement differ between the fasting and nonfasting states. Although the association between fasting plasma TG concentration and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been controversial, recent studies of nonfasting plasma TG and related biomarkers have rekindled interest in a possible direct causative relationship. Here, we review current understanding of the phenotypic and genetic spectrum of plasma TG concentrations, focusing on recent evidence from Mendelian randomisation studies that seem to implicate nonfasting TG and remnant cholesterol in CVD susceptibility. The totality of evidence suggests that nonfasting TG concentration, perhaps because of its relationship with remnant cholesterol, is causally associated with CVD outcomes.Key Concepts:Susceptibility to clinical hypertriglyceridaemia is determined by a burden of both common and rare variants, on which are superimposed secondary nongenetic factors.The allelic and phenotypic spectrum of plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations explains a variety of TG‐related phenotypes and their phenotypic heterogeneity.Monogenic hypertriglyceridemias are associated with increased pancreatitis risk and result from rare mutations on both alleles of 6 different genes.Nonfasting plasma TG concentration is closely associated with elevated remnant cholesterol concentrations; this may explain the relationship with cardiovascular risk.Mendelian randomisation studies appear to implicate a causal relationship between both nonfasting plasma TG, and more recently remnant cholesterol levels as determinants of CVD risk.The spectrum of genes newly implicated as being involved in plasma triglyceride metabolism has expanded the range of pathways and potential drug targets.
Iterative learning control for robotic manipulators: A bounded‐error algorithm
Authors: Delchev Kamen 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYThis paper presents a model‐based nonlinear iterative learning control (NILC) for nonlinear multiple‐input and multiple‐output mechanical systems of robotic manipulators. An algorithm of a new strategy for the NILC implementation is proposed. This algorithm ensures that trajectory‐tracking errors of the proposed NILC, when implemented, are bounded by a given error norm bound. Both standard and bounded‐error learning control laws with feedback controllers attached are considered. The NILC synthesis is based on a dynamic model of a six degrees of freedom robotic manipulator. The dynamic model includes viscous and Coulomb friction and input generalized torques are bounded. With respect to the bounded‐error and standard learning processes applied to a virtual PUMA 560 robot (Unimation, Inc. Danburry, CT, USA), simulation results are presented in order to verify maximal tracking errors, convergence and applicability of the proposed learning control. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence of pulp stones in historical populations from the middle euphrates valley (Syria)
Authors: Tomczyk Jacek , Komarnitki Julian , Zalewska Marta , Wiśniewska Ewa , Szopiński Kazimierz , Olczyk‐Kowalczyk Dorota 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThere are many reports in the literature concerning pulp stones in contemporary living populations, but there are no descriptions of cases of pulp stones and their prevalence in populations of the past. Here we present a study of pulp stones in a series of archaeologically derived samples from the Middle Euphrates Valley (Syria) obtained from two sites: Terqa and Tell Masaikh. The specimens were assigned to five periods: Early Bronze (2650–2350 BC); Middle Bronze (2200–1700 BC); late Roman (AD 200–400); Islamic (AD 600–1200); and Modern Islamic (AD 1850–1950). A total of 529 teeth representing 117 adult individuals of both sexes were examined. Pulp stones were identified by X‐ray and 10 selected specimens were sectioned for histological study. Pulp stones were found in 99 of 117 individuals (85%) and in 271 of 529 (51%) teeth. Pulp stone prevalence was found to increase with age, for individuals of older age classes have more pulp stones than younger individuals. Intriguingly, the prevalence of single pulp stones was higher among older individuals (36–45, >46), while younger individuals (17–25, 26–35) more often possessed multiple stones. Individuals with moderate to highly advanced dental wear have pulp stones significantly more often than individuals whose tooth wear is limited to invisible or very small facets. Though there is no statistical significance in the prevalence of pulp stones across chronological periods, it appears that a high level of calcium in the diet is accompanied by a greater prevalence of pulp stones. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:103–115, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical Synthesis, 3D Structure, and ASIC Binding Site of the Toxin Mambalgin‐2
Authors: Schroeder Christina I. , Rash Lachlan D. , Vila‐Farrés Xavier , Rosengren K. Johan , Mobli Mehdi , King Glenn F. , Alewood Paul F. , Craik David J. , Durek Thomas 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMambalgins are a novel class of snake venom components that exert potent analgesic effects mediated through the inhibition of acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs). The 57‐residue polypeptide mambalgin‐2 (Ma‐2) was synthesized by using a combination of solid‐phase peptide synthesis and native chemical ligation. The structure of the synthetic toxin, determined using homonuclear NMR, revealed an unusual three‐finger toxin fold reminiscent of functionally unrelated snake toxins. Electrophysiological analysis of Ma‐2 on wild‐type and mutant ASIC1a receptors allowed us to identify α‐helix 5, which borders on the functionally critical acidic pocket of the channel, as a major part of the Ma‐2 binding site. This region is also crucial for the interaction of ASIC1a with the spider toxin PcTx1, thus suggesting that the binding sites for these toxins substantially overlap. This work lays the foundation for structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies and further development of this promising analgesic peptide.
A Pyrene Derivative for Hg2+‐Selective Fluorescent Sensing and Its Application in In Vivo Imaging
Authors: Wang Guang Ke , Mi Qi Li , Zhao Li Yun , Hu Jun Jie , Guo Lin E , Zou Xiao Ju , Liu Bo , Xie Xiao Guang , Zhang Jun Feng , Zhao Qi Hua , Zhou Ying 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAn Hg2+‐selective fluorescent sensor (1) bearing pyrene as a fluorophore was synthesized. A sandwich‐stacking binding mode was formed during the binding process, which increased the excimer fluorescence 22‐fold at 490 nm. Compound 1 was successfully applied in in vivo imaging to trace the enrichment and distribution of mercury in the nervous system, digestive system, and reproductive system of Caenorhabditis elegans, as well as the organs of zebrafish.
Electrical load forecasting by exponential smoothing with covariates
Authors: Göb Rainer , Lurz Kristina , Pievatolo Antonio 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn the past, studies in short‐term electrical load forecasting have been rather sceptical on the use of meteorological covariates like temperature for short‐term forecasting purposes. The main reasons were time delays in data provision and the poor precision of meteorological forecasts. Both arguments have lost their impact, as new recent studies have shown. We explore the use of meteorological covariates in short‐term load forecasting based on the rather new method of exponential smoothing with covariates (ESCov). The existing ESCov model is refined by including multiple seasonalities. The method is empirically explored in the hourly prediction of the electrical consumption of customers from provinces of an Italian region. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tort of outrage: Recovery for the intentional infliction of mental distress
Authors: Merrick Robert A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe recognition and development of an independent cause of action with respect to the intentional infliction of emotional distress is discussed. The current state of the law is also presented. In the majority of jurisdictions, an individual can recover for severe emotional distress resulting from extreme and outrageous conduct on the part of the actor.
Cocaine—review of current literature and interface with the law
Authors: Busch Katie A. , Schnoll Sidney H. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCocaine use in the United States has currently reached epidemic proportions. This has resulted in syndromes of intoxication, overdose, and withdrawal, meeting all DMS‐III criteria for a substance that can cause dependence as well as abuse syndromes. This paper reviews the current epidemiology of cocaine, its history and pharmacology with major focus on clinical syndromes. This is followed by a review of the current knowledge of the relationship between cocaine and violence and the forensic‐psychiatric issues surrounding cocaine.
Adolescents' competency to make informed birth control and pregnancy decisions: An interface for psychology and the law
Authors: Carter Patricia I. , St. Lawrence Janet S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper explores the interface between psychology and the law as it relates to the informed consent doctrine and adolescents' legal competency to make informed decisions regarding birth control and pregnancy terminations. The complicated developmental, clinical, ethical, and legal issues have stimulated the courts to express their need for empirical evidence on the issue. To date, no such investigation has been reported in the literature. A research strategy is proposed which could address the courts' need for substantive data upon which to base legal decisions regarding adolescents' competency to reach reproductive decisions.
Psychological treatment of pedophiles
Authors: Langevin Ron , Lang Reuben A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe main treatment problem of pedophilia is motivating the offender to change. Reasons for the perpetrator's resistance to therapy and strategies for motivating them to change are discussed. Current assumptions about the etiology of this sexual anomaly are examined. Results from a databank of sex offenders are reviewed to show that it is uncommon for pedophiles to be victims of sexual abuse, including incest, and few need pornography as stimulants. Therapeutic difficulties include the egocentric, egosyntonic, and erotically gratifying nature of pedophilia to the perpetrator, his unwillingness to give up his behavior, his tendency to rationalize his acts, and to see the child as consenting. Group therapy and a variety of clinical imagery procedures with case examples are discussed as ways of overcoming the poor motivational state of pedophiles for treatment.
Drugs in the workplace: A commentary
Authors: Bensinger Peter B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe increasingly serious problem of substance abuse in the workplace is reviewed. New initiatives to deal with this major public health problem in the United States are presented. The concerns of industry regarding alcohol and drug abuse in the workplace are discussed: health and safety, accidents, absenteeism, and medical and insurance costs. Employers' rights and responsibilities in insuring a safe work environment are presented. The development of employee assistance programs sensitive to the medical, legal, and work‐related issues raised by substance abuse in the workplace is reviewed. Specific suggestions for employers concerned with the drug problem in industry are comprehensively discussed.
Sentencing severity with mock jurors: Predictive validity of three variable categories
Authors: Osborne Yvonne Hardaway , Rappaport Neil B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPrevious studies have identified three categories of variables which influence decisions of mock jurors: type of crime, defendant characteristics, and personal characteristics of jurors. This study manipulated the following variables towards the ends of assessing their influence on mock jurors' sentencing severity: premeditated vs. unpremeditated murder, black vs. white defendant, low SES vs. high SES defendant. Only defendant SES predicted sentencing severity: low SES defendants were assigned significantly longer sentences than high SES defendants. None of the measures of juror characteristics correlated with sentencing severity. Failure to replicate significant relationships with most of these variables and sentencing severity suggest that results of studies which manipulate only one variable dimension may overestimate the influence of these variable dimensions in mock jurors' decisions.
Enantioselective Preparation of δ‐Valerolactones with Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Díaz‐Rodríguez Alba , Iglesias‐Fernández Javier , Rovira Carme , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHorse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH) has been found to be a versatile biocatalyst for the desymmetrization of prochiral 3‐arylpentane‐1,5‐diols, based on a two‐step one‐pot oxidation. This procedure has allowed the formation of valuable (S)‐lactones in good to excellent conversions and enantiomeric excess. The catalytic performance of HLADH has been studied using several cofactor regeneration systems and cosolvents, finding great improvements in terms of activity with L‐lactate dehydrogenase, while the stereoselectivity of the process was significantly improved when using tetrahydrofuran. Docking studies has revealed the pattern substitution importance in the selectivity and activity of this oxidative process.
Hexaazatrinaphthylenes with Different Twists
Authors: Choudhary Sunil , Gozalvez Cristian , Higelin Alexander , Krossing Ingo , Melle‐Franco Manuel , Mateo‐Alonso Aurelio 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA synthetic strategy that allows the induction of twist angles of different sizes in 5,6,11,12,17,18‐hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATNA) chromophores is reported. The different twist angles are accompanied by measurable changes in the emission and electrochemical characteristics of HATNA.
Intense and specialized dendritic localization of the fragile X mental retardation protein in binaural brainstem neurons: A comparative study in the alligator, chicken, gerbil, and human
Authors: Wang Yuan , Sakano Hitomi , Beebe Karisa , Brown Maile R. , de Laat Rian , Bothwell Mark , Kulesza Randy J. , Rubel Edwin W 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTNeuronal dendrites are structurally and functionally dynamic in response to changes in afferent activity. The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an mRNA binding protein that regulates activity‐dependent protein synthesis and morphological dynamics of dendrites. Loss and abnormal expression of FMRP occur in fragile X syndrome (FXS) and some forms of autism spectrum disorders. To provide further understanding of how FMRP signaling regulates dendritic dynamics, we examined dendritic expression and localization of FMRP in the reptilian and avian nucleus laminaris (NL) and its mammalian analogue, the medial superior olive (MSO), in rodents and humans. NL/MSO neurons are specialized for temporal processing of low‐frequency sounds for binaural hearing, which is impaired in FXS. Protein BLAST analyses first demonstrate that the FMRP amino acid sequences in the alligator and chicken are highly similar to human FMRP with identical mRNA‐binding and phosphorylation sites, suggesting that FMRP functions similarly across vertebrates. Immunocytochemistry further reveals that NL/MSO neurons have very high levels of dendritic FMRP in low‐frequency hearing vertebrates including alligator, chicken, gerbil, and human. Remarkably, dendritic FMRP in NL/MSO neurons often accumulates at branch points and enlarged distal tips, loci known to be critical for branch‐specific dendritic arbor dynamics. These observations support an important role for FMRP in regulating dendritic properties of binaural neurons that are essential for low‐frequency sound localization and auditory scene segregation, and support the relevance of studying this regulation in nonhuman vertebrates that use low frequencies in order to further understand human auditory processing disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2107–2128, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Particle in Cell/Monte Carlo Collision Method for Simulation of RF Glow Discharges: Effect of Super Particle Weighting
Authors: Erden E. , Rafatov I. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA parallel Particle in Cell/Monte Carlo Collision (PIC/MCC) numerical code for glow discharge plasma simulations is developed and verified. This method is based on simultaneous solution of the Lorentz equations of motion of super particles, coupled with the Poisson's equation for electric field. Collisions between the particles are modelled by the Monte Carlo method. Proper choice of particle weighting is critically important in order to perform adequate and efficient PIC simulations of plasma. Herein, effects of particle weighting on the simulations of capacitive radio‐frequency argon plasma discharges are studied in details. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Die Herstellung von Leichtgranulaten aus Mauerwerkbruch
Authors: Müller Anette , Schnell Alexander , Rübner Katrin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHeterogene und feinkörnige Bauabfälle aus Mauerwerkbruch lassen sich heute nur auf einem sehr geringen Qualitätsniveau verwerten. Um diese Situation zu überwinden, wird deren Verwendung als Ausgangsstoff für die Herstellung von leichten Gesteinskörnungen vorgeschlagen, die ähnlich wie Blähtone und Blähschiefer in einem thermischen Prozess erzeugt werden. Dafür wurde zunächst die grundsätzliche Eignung von Mauerwerkbruch bewertet. Es folgten experimentelle Untersuchungen, in welchen nachgewiesen werden konnte, dass Leichtgranulate mit definierten, einstellbaren Eigenschaften aus Mauerwerkbruch herstellbar sind. Sie sind in ihren Eigenschaften den leichten Gesteinskörnungen aus natürlichen Rohstoffen mindestens ebenbürtig. Die daraus hergestellten, gefügedichten Leichtbetone erzielen durchweg vergleichbare Werte wie die Leichtbetone mit herkömmlichem Blähton. Leichtgranulate aus Mauerwerkbruch stellen ein Produkt dar, dessen Herstellung nahezu ohne Primärrohstoffe auskommt. Das Verfahrensprinzip scheint außerdem prädestiniert für die hochwertige Verwertung auch anderer mineralischer Reststoffe zu sein.Production of lightweight aggregate from masonry rubble. At present, heterogeneous and fine‐grained masonry rubble can only be recycled at very low quality. To overcome this limitation, the material was employed as feedstock for the production of lightweight aggregates in a thermal process similar to that used in the manufacture of expanded clay and expanded slate. To that end, the fundamental suitability of masonry rubble as a raw material was evaluated. Experiments were carried out which indicated that lightweight granules with defined, modifiable proper‐ties on a par with to those of natural‐material‐ based aggregates could be manufactured from masonry rubble. Structural lightweight concretes produced with these secondary aggregates achieved comparable performance to lightweight concretes produced with conventional expanded clay. Lightweight recycled building material aggregates represent a product that hardly requires any primary resources in its manufacture. In principle, the technique also seems to be well suited for high‐quality recycling of other mineral waste materials.
Developmental expression of the calcium‐activated chloride channels TMEM16A and TMEM16B in the mouse olfactory epithelium
Authors: Maurya Devendra Kumar , Menini Anna 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTCalcium‐activated chloride channels are involved in several physiological processes including olfactory perception. TMEM16A and TMEM16B, members of the transmembrane protein 16 family (TMEM16), are responsible for calcium‐activated chloride currents in several cells. Both are present in the olfactory epithelium of adult mice, but little is known about their expression during embryonic development. Using immunohistochemistry we studied their expression in the mouse olfactory epithelium at various stages of prenatal development from embryonic day (E) 12.5 to E18.5 as well as in postnatal mice. At E12.5, TMEM16A immunoreactivity was present at the apical surface of the entire olfactory epithelium, but from E16.5 became restricted to a region near the transition zone with the respiratory epithelium, where localized at the apical part of supporting cells and in their microvilli. In contrast, TMEM16B immunoreactivity was present at E14.5 at the apical surface of the entire olfactory epithelium, increased in subsequent days, and localized to the cilia of mature olfactory sensory neurons. These data suggest different functional roles for TMEM16A and TMEM16B in the developing as well as in the postnatal olfactory epithelium. The presence of TMEM16A at the apical part and in microvilli of supporting cells is consistent with a role in the regulation of the chloride ionic composition of the mucus covering the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium, whereas the localization of TMEM16B to the cilia of mature olfactory sensory neurons is consistent with a role in olfactory signal transduction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 657–675, 2014
Total Synthesis of (–)‐Isoamericanin A and (+)‐Isoamericanol A
Authors: Pilkington Lisa I. , Barker David 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe enantioselective total synthesis of the biologically active 1,4‐benzodioxane lignans isoamericanin A (2) and isoamericanol A (3) has been achieved in 11 and 12 steps, respectively. These benzodioxane lignan natural products, and others that contain 9‐hydroxymethyl group, show a wide range of biological properties. The 1,4‐benzodioxane ring was formed by an acid‐catalysed cyclisation, which gave the desired trans isomer exclusively. This method will allow the synthesis of a number of benzodioxane compounds containing a 9‐hydroxymethyl group
Three‐Step One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyrazolo[4,3‐b]indoles Using Copper Catalysis
Authors: Liu Hailong , Zhang Lei , Zhao Fei , Liu Hong 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA convenient three‐step one‐pot copper‐catalysed method has been developed for the preparation of pyrazolo[4,3‐b]indoles, new indole‐based compounds with potential biological activity. Treatment of various hydrazines, including alkyl hydrazines, with indole‐2‐carbaldehydes generated the corresponding products in moderate to good yields without protection of the indole N‐1 moiety. In addition, LiOH was used as a base in the copper‐catalysed coupling reaction. Microwave heating was used to accelerate the iodination of indoles and the C–N bond formation.