bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Promotes Rapid Maturation of NK Cells Expressing Activating Killer Ig–like Receptor in Patients Transplanted with NKG2C−/− Umbilical Cord Blood
Authors: Della Chiesa Mariella , Falco Michela , Bertaina Alice , Muccio Letizia , Alicata Claudia , Frassoni Francesco , Locatelli Franco , Moretta Lorenzo , Moretta Alessandro 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
NK cells are the first lymphoid population recovering after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and play a crucial role in early immunity after the graft. Recently, it has been shown that human CMV (HCMV) infection/reactivation can deeply influence NK cell reconstitution after umbilical cord blood transplantation by accelerating the differentiation of mature NKG2A−killer Ig-like receptor (KIR)+ NK cells characterized by the expression of the NKG2C-activating receptor. In view of the hypothesis that NKG2C could be directly involved in NK cell maturation driven by HCMV infection, we analyzed the maturation and function of NK cells developing in three patients with hematological malignancies given umbilical cord blood transplantation from donors carrying a homozygous deletion of the NKG2C gene. We show that HCMV infection can drive rapid NK maturation, characterized by the expansion of CD56dimNKG2A−KIR+ cells, even in the absence of NKG2C expression. Interestingly, this expanded mature NK cell subset expressed surface-activating KIR that could trigger NK cell cytotoxicity, degranulation, and IFN-γ release. Given the absence of NKG2C, it is conceivable that activating KIRs may play a role in the HCMV-driven NK cell maturation and that NK cells expressing activating KIRs might contribute, at least in part, to the control of infections after transplantation.
Role of Neutrophils in IL-17–Dependent Immunity to Mucosal Candidiasis
Authors: Huppler Anna R. , Conti Heather R. , Hernández-Santos Nydiaris , Darville Toni , Biswas Partha S. , Gaffen Sarah L. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), caused by the commensal fungus Candida albicans, is an opportunistic infection associated with infancy, AIDS, and IL-17–related primary immunodeficiencies. The Th17-associated cytokines IL-23 and IL-17 are crucial for immunity to OPC, but the mechanisms by which they mediate immunity are poorly defined. IL-17RA–deficient humans and mice are strongly susceptible to OPC, with reduced levels of CXC chemokines and concomitantly impaired neutrophil recruitment to the oral mucosa. Paradoxically, humans with isolated neutropenia are typically not susceptible to candidiasis. To determine whether immunity to OPC is mediated via neutrophil recruitment, mice lacking CXCR2 were subjected to OPC and were found to be highly susceptible, although there was no dissemination of fungi to peripheral organs. To assess whether the entire neutrophil response is IL-17 dependent, IL-17RA−/− and IL-23−/− mice were administered neutrophil-depleting Abs and subjected to OPC. These mice displayed increased oral fungal burdens compared with IL-17RA−/− or IL-23−/− mice alone, indicating that additional IL-17–independent signals contribute to the neutrophil response. WT mice treated with anti–Gr-1 Abs exhibited a robust infiltrate of CD11b+Ly-6GlowF4/80− cells to the oral mucosa but were nonetheless highly susceptible to OPC, indicating that this monocytic influx is insufficient for host defense. Surprisingly, Ly-6G Ab treatment did not induce the same strong susceptibility to OPC in WT mice. Thus, CXCR2+ and Gr-1+ neutrophils play a vital role in host defense against OPC. Moreover, defects in the IL-23/17 axis cause a potent but incomplete deficiency in the neutrophil response to oral candidiasis.
Anti-CD79 Antibody Induces B Cell Anergy That Protects against Autoimmunity
Authors: Hardy Ian R. , Anceriz Nadia , Rousseau François , Seefeldt Matt B. , Hatterer Eric , Irla Magali , Buatois Vanessa , Chatel Laurence E. , Getahun Andrew , Fletcher Ashley , Cons Laura , Pontini Guillemette , Hertzberg Nicole A. , Magistrelli Giovanni , Malinge Pauline , Smith Mia J. , Reith Walter , Kosco-Vilbois Marie H. , Ferlin Walter G. , Cambier John C. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
B cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type I diabetes mellitus, as indicated by the efficacy of B cell–targeted therapies in these diseases. Therapeutic effects of the most commonly used B cell–targeted therapy, anti-CD20 mAb, are contingent upon long-term depletion of peripheral B cells. In this article, we describe an alternative approach involving the targeting of CD79, the transducer subunit of the B cell AgR. Unlike anti-CD20 mAbs, the protective effects of CD79-targeted mAbs do not require cell depletion; rather, they act by inducing an anergic-like state. Thus, we describe a novel B cell–targeted approach predicated on the induction of B cell anergy.
The Autotaxin–LPA Axis Emerges as a Novel Regulator of Lymphocyte Homing and Inflammation
Authors: Knowlden Sara , Georas Steve N. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a pleiotropic lipid molecule with potent effects on cell growth and motility. Major progress has been made in recent years in deciphering the mechanisms of LPA generation and how it acts on target cells. Most research has been conducted in other disciplines, but emerging data indicate that LPA has an important role to play in immunity. A key discovery was that autotaxin (ATX), an enzyme previously implicated in cancer cell motility, generates extracellular LPA from the precursor lysophosphatidylcholine. Steady-state ATX is expressed by only a few tissues, including high endothelial venules in lymph nodes, but inflammatory signals can upregulate ATX expression in different tissues. In this article, we review current thinking about the ATX/LPA axis in lymphocyte homing, as well as in models of allergic airway inflammation and asthma. New insights into the role of LPA in regulating immune responses should be forthcoming in the near future.
Cutting Edge: FYCO1 Recruitment to Dectin-1 Phagosomes Is Accelerated by Light Chain 3 Protein and Regulates Phagosome Maturation and Reactive Oxygen Production
Authors: Ma Jun , Becker Courtney , Reyes Christopher , Underhill David M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
L chain 3 (LC3)-associated phagocytosis is a process in which LC3, a protein canonically involved in engulfing intracellular materials (autophagy), is recruited to traditional phagosomes during internalization of extracellular payloads. LC3’s association with phagosomes has been implicated in regulating microbial killing, Ag processing, and phagosome maturation; however, the mechanism by which LC3 influences these processes has not been clear. In this study, we report that FYVE and coiled–coil domain containing 1 (FYCO1), a protein previously implicated in autophagosome trafficking, is recruited directly by LC3 to Dectin-1 phagosomes. During LC3-associated phagocytosis, FYCO1 recruitment facilitates maturation of early p40phox+ phagosomes into late LAMP1+ phagosomes. When FYCO1 is lacking, phagosomes stay p40phox+ longer and produce more reactive oxygen.
Tumor bed boost in breast cancer: Brachytherapy versus electron beam
Authors: Roy Sanjoy , Maji Tapas , Chaudhuri Prabir , Lahiri Debarshi , Biswas Jaydip ,   Devleena
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Background: The prospective study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Electron beam or HDR 192Ir Interstitial Implant used as a boost in breast Conservation cases after completion of EBRT. The two therapeutic modalities were compared in terms of the following parameters; i.e. cosmesis, optimization of tumor bed boost, local control, toxicity, and DFS. Materials and Methods: The EBRT dose used was 50 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks time. Target delineation of boost treatment was done by CT scan or by high resolution USG. EBRT will be immediately followed by local boost at the primary tumor bearing site of breast with 8 to12 MeV electron beam to a dose of 15 Gy in 6 fractions (Arm A) or with HDR 192Ir interstitial brachytherapy to a dose of 15 Gy in 3 fractions at 6 hours apart (Arm B). Results: The excellent cosmesis achieved with electron beam therapy in Arm A was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.025). Local relapse was absent in both the arms. One distant metastasis occurred in Arm A within 10 months of initiation of treatment and one distant metastasis in Arm B came out within 3 months of starting of therapy. Conclusion: The study has shown good cosmetic result with electron boost and 100% local control with both the technique. However if there is a more number of patients with longer period of follow up we could have got the actual picture to verify our results and assess long term survival data.
Successful outcome of mucormycosis in two children on induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Gupta Anshul , Jain Sandeep , Agrawal Charu , Kapoor Gauri 
Published: January 2014

AbstractZygomycetes are one of the less common causes of invasive fungal infections in patients with the hematological malignancies. We report two cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the pediatric age group, complicated by disseminated cutaneous mucormycosis during induction chemotherapy. In one of our cases, cutaneous mucormycosis progressed to osteomyelitis of the proximal ulna while in the other it disseminated to lungs and distant cutaneous site. Aggressive treatment, which included intravenous administration of amphotericin B; radical surgical intervention in the form of serial wound debridement in the former and wedge pulmonary resection in the later, allowed successful salvage, and administration of planned anti-leukemia treatment in both of our cases. High index of suspicion, timely diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are key components of a successful outcome.
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma with paraneoplatic pemphigus: Rare case and a brief review of literature
Authors: Baghmar Saphalta , Kumar Sanjeev , Gupta S Dutta , Raina Vinod 
Published: January 2014

AbstractParaneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is often a fatal autoimmune bullous disease characterized by severe stomatitis, polymorphous skin eruptions, and underlying neoplasms. We describe a patient with PNP associated with follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS), a rare neoplasm originating from follicular dendritic cells, which are non-lymphoid, non-phagocytic accessory cells of the lymphoid system and play an integral role in regulation of the germinal center reaction and present antigens to B-cells. The presence of rich vascularity around the tumor and few hyalanized vascular follicles found in histopathological examination gives the clue that the tumor might have developed from Castleman′s disease (CD). As for the mechanisms by which CD induces PNP, it has been proposed that autoantibodies secreted from the Castleman′s tumor play pivotal role. This hypothesis seems to be supported by the present case, in which CD may have triggered both the FDCS and the PNP.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia relapsing into acute myeloid leukemia-M2 with normal cytogenetics
Authors: Sahoo Ranjit Kumar , Kumar Lalit , Kumar Rajive , Sharma Atul 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe use of all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and combination chemotherapy has made acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) a potentially curable leukemia. Late sequelae of the treatment of APL have therefore become an important consideration in the overall treatment strategy. We report a patient with APL who achieved complete clinical and molecular remission after treatment with daunorubicin and ATRA. Three years later, she developed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), M2 subtype without any evidence of relapse of the APL clone. Karyotypic analysis showed a normal female karyotype.
How Occupational Therapists Engage Adults with Cognitive Impairments in Assessments
Authors: White Amanda , Hocking Clare , Reid Heleen 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: There is little discussion in the multidisciplinary literature about how to engage adults with cognitive impairments in health-related assessments. This qualitative descriptive study used semi-structured interviews to explore how nine occupational therapists working across a range of practice settings addressed this issue. Method: Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Inductive analysis revealed themes, which were refined through an iterative process. Findings: The findings showed that the participants used individually developed strategies to engage clients in assessments. The first theme, ‘Managing a complex process’, described the steps used with clients and families to obtain informed consent, prepare for the assessment, and consider the impact of having a third party present. The second theme, ‘Recruiting cooperation’, addressed how the participants used their relationship with clients to recruit them to engage in the assessment. Conclusion: The findings provided a snapshot of processes employed in practice to determine the needs and capabilities of clients with cognitive impairments, and the compromises therapists make in relation to eliciting informed consent and the integrity of formal assessment tools. The findings have implications for the profession and further research.
The Need for a 7-day Therapy Service on an Emergency Assessment Unit
Authors: Robinson Anna , Lord-Vince Hannah , Williams Rebecca 
Published: January 2014

This practice analysis acknowledges the changing nature of healthcare, recognizing the need for a 7-day therapy service on an Emergency Assessment Unit within the acute sector. A critical reflection on practice is offered to share the experiences of trialling a 7-day therapy service as a solution to managing today's political, economic, and demographic challenges. A 12-month pilot of 4-hour therapy shifts at the weekend demonstrated therapists could discharge 40% of patients assessed on the Emergency Assessment Unit; thus evidencing the need for a permanently funded 7-day service to sustain these results long term. Improved access to therapy on a Saturday and Sunday enhances equality of service provision, patient outcomes and weekend discharge rates. The findings are relevant to all occupational therapists and physiotherapists working in the acute sector.
Impact of Critical Care Medicine Training Programs' Palliative Care Education and Bedside Tools on ICU Use at the End of Life
Authors: Saft Howard L. , Richman Paul S. , Berman Andrew R. , Mularski Richard A. , Kvale Paul A. , Ray Daniel E. , Selecky Paul , Ford Dee W. , Asch Steven M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Intensive care unit (ICU) use at the end of life is rising. Little research has focused on associations among critical care fellows' training, institutional support, and bedside tools with ICU use at the end of life.

Objective
We evaluated whether hospital and critical care medicine program interventions were associated with ICU use in the last 6 months of life for patients with chronic illness.

Methods
Our observational, retrospective study explored associations between results from a survey of critical care program directors and hospital-level Medicare data on ICU use in the last 6 months of life. Program directors evaluated quality of palliative care education in their critical care fellowships and reported on the number of bedside tools and the presence or absence of an inpatient palliative care consultation service.

Results
For the 89 hospitals and 71 affiliated training programs analyzed, there were statistically significant relationships between 2 of the explanatory variables—the quality of palliative care education and the number of bedside tools—in ICU use. Each level of increased educational quality (1–5 Likert scale) was associated with a 0.57-day decrease in ICU days, whereas, for each additional, evidence-based bedside tool, there was a 0.31-day decrease. The presence of an inpatient palliative care program was not a significant predictor of ICU use.

Conclusions
We found that the quality of palliative care training in critical care medicine programs and the use of bedside tools were independently associated with reduced ICU use at the end of life.
How Close Is Your Government to Its People? Worldwide Indicators on Localization and Decentralization
Authors: Ivanyna Maksym , Shah Anwar 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper provides a unique data set on local governance. This dataset measures government decisionmaking at the local level, i.e. the level of government closest to the people. By contrast, the existing literature has focused on decisionmaking at the “sub-national” level. The data set covers 182 countries, and it captures institutional dimensions of political, fiscal and administrative autonomy enjoyed by local governments. These dimensions are then aggregated to develop a “decentralization index” and are then adjusted for heterogeneity to develop a “government closeness index”.
Effect of Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cell Paracrine Signaling on Keloid Fibroblasts
Authors: Arno Anna I. , Amini-Nik Saeid , Blit Patrick H. , Al-Shehab Mohammed , Belo Cassandra , Herer Elaine , Jeschke Marc G. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Keloid scars are abnormal benign fibroproliferative tumors with high recurrence rates and no current efficacious treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) have antifibrotic properties. Paracrine signaling is considered one of the main underlying mechanisms behind the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells. However, the paracrine signaling effects of WJ-MSCs on keloids have not yet been reported. The aim of this study is to investigate paracrine signaling effects of human WJ-MSCs on keloid fibroblasts in vitro. Human umbilical cords and keloid skin samples were obtained, and WJ-MSCs and keloid fibroblasts were isolated and cultured. One-way and two-way paracrine culture systems between both cell types were investigated. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-I and transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) transcripts were upregulated in keloid fibroblasts cultured with WJ-MSC-conditioned medium (WJ-MSC-CM) and cocultured with inserts, while showing lower TGF-β3 gene expression. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2 protein expression was also enhanced. The WJ-MSC-CM-treated keloid fibroblasts showed higher proliferation rates than their control keloid fibroblasts with no significant change in apoptosis rate or migration ability. In our culture conditions, the indirect application of WJ-MSCs on keloid fibroblasts may enhance their profibrotic phenotype.
The importance of shallow hydrothermal island arc systems in ocean biogeochemistry
Authors: Hawkes Jeffrey A. , Connelly Douglas P. , Rijkenberg Micha J. A. , Achterberg Eric P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHydrothermal venting often occurs at submarine volcanic calderas on island arc chains, typically at shallower depths than mid–ocean ridges. The effect of these systems on ocean biogeochemistry has been under‐investigated to date. Here we show that hydrothermal effluent from an island arc caldera was rich in Fe(III) colloids (0.02–0.2 µm; 46% of total Fe), contributing to a fraction of hydrothermal Fe that was stable in ocean water. Iron(III) colloids from island arc calderas may be transferred into surrounding waters (generally 0–1500 m depth) by ocean currents, thereby potentially stimulating surface ocean primary productivity. Hydrothermal Fe oxyhydroxide particles (>0.2 µm) were also pervasive in the studied caldera and contained high concentrations of oxyanions of phosphorus (P), vanadium (V), arsenic (As), and manganese (Mn). Hydrothermal island arcs may be responsible for > 50% of global hydrothermal P scavenging and > 40% V scavenging, despite representing <10% of global hydrothermal fluid flow.
Evidence for coral island formation during rising sea level in the central Pacific Ocean
Authors: Kench Paul S. , Owen Susan D. , Ford Murray R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe timing and evolution of Jabat Island, Marshall Islands, was investigated using morphostratigraphic analysis and radiometric dating. Results show the first evidence of island building in the Pacific during latter stages of Holocene sea level rise. A three‐phase model of development of Jabat is presented. Initially, rapid accumulation of coarse sediments on Jabat occurred 4800–4000 years B.P. across a reef flat higher than present level, as sea level continued to rise. During the highstand, island margins and particularly the western margin accreted vertically to 2.5–3.0 m above contemporary ridge elevations. This accumulation phase was dominated by sand‐size sediments. Phase three involved deposition of gravel ridges on the northern reef, as sea level fell to present position. Jabat has remained geomorphically stable for the past 2000 years. Findings suggest reef platforms may accommodate the oldest reef islands in atoll systems, which may have profound implications for questions of prehistoric migration through Pacific archipelagos.
The impact of different external sources of iron on the global carbon cycle
Authors: Tagliabue Alessandro , Aumont Olivier , Bopp Laurent 
Published: January 2014

AbstractVariable supply of iron to the ocean is often invoked to explain part of past changes in atmospheric CO2 (CO2atm). Using model simulations, we find that CO2atm is sensitive on the order of 15, 2, and 1 ppm to sedimentary, dust, and hydrothermal iron input. CO2atm is insensitive to dust because it is not the major iron input to the Southern Ocean. Modifications to the relative export of Si(OH)4 to low latitudes are opposite to those predicted previously. Although hydrothermalism is the major control on the iron inventory in ~25% of the ocean, it remains restricted to the deep ocean, with minor effects on CO2atm. Nevertheless, uncertainties regarding the iron‐binding ligand pool can have significant impacts on CO2atm. Ongoing expansion of iron observations as part of GEOTRACES will be invaluable in refining these results.
First direct observation of sputtered lunar oxygen
Authors: Vorburger A. , Wurz P. , Barabash S. , Wieser M. , Futaana Y. , Holmström M. , Bhardwaj A. , Asamura K. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe present the first direct measurement of neutral oxygen in the lunar exosphere, detected by the Chandrayaan‐1 Energetic Neutral Analyzer (CENA). With the lunar surface consisting of about 60% of oxygen in number, the neutral oxygen detected in CENA's energy range (11 eV−3.3 keV) is attributed to have originated from the lunar surface, where it was released through solar wind ion sputtering. Fitting of CENA's mass spectra with calibration spectra from ground and in‐flight data resulted in the detection of a robust oxygen signal, with a flux of 0.2 to 0.4 times the flux of backscattered hydrogen, depending on the solar wind helium content and particle velocity. For the two solar wind types observed, we derive subsolar surface oxygen atom densities of N0= (1.1 ± 0.3) · 107m−3 and (1.4 ± 0.4) · 107m−3, respectively, which agree well with earlier model predictions and measured upper limits. From these surface densities, we derive column densities of NC= (1.5 ± 0.5) · 1013 m−2and (1.6 ± 0.5) · 1013 m−2. In addition, we identified for the first time a helium component. This helium is attributed to backscattering of solar wind helium (alpha particles) from the lunar surface as neutral energetic helium atoms, which has also been observed for the first time. This identification is supported by the characteristic energy of the measured helium atoms, which is roughly 4 times the energy of reflected solar wind hydrogen, and the correlation with solar wind helium content.