bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcium concentration in leaf litter affects the abundance and survival of crustaceans in streams draining warm–temperate forests
Authors: Ohta Tamihisa , Niwa Shigeru , Hiura Tsutom 
Published: December 2013

Summary

Stream ecosystems receive large quantities of nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems that influence community dynamics. However, few studies have investigated the effects of subsidiary calcium, an essential element of animals, on stream ecosystems.

We focused on differences in calcium concentrations of leaf litter between tree species. In particular, litter of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) has a higher concentration of calcium than other taxa, and the tree is planted in many parts of Japan. Therefore, we predicted that a C. japonica plantation would affect the supply of subsidiary calcium to stream ecosystems.

We compared calcium concentration of leaf litters, soils, stream water and stream benthic invertebrates sampled at nine sites in catchments composed of cedar plantations, evergreen broad‐leaved forest and clear‐cut areas. In addition, we placed 10 Gammarus nipponensis in each of 10 nylon cages in the nine streams and after one month surveyed the number of surviving individuals.

Calcium concentration in stream water and soil, and the density and survival of the dominant crustacean (Gammarus nipponensis) were significantly higher at sites dominated by C. japonica compared with other forest types. Furthermore, invertebrate community composition was correlated with total calcium and nitrate in stream water, indicating that terrestrial vegetation can affect stream invertebrate communities, particularly crustaceans.
Priming effect and microbial diversity in ecosystem functioning and response to global change: a modeling approach using the SYMPHONY model
Authors: Perveen Nazia , Barot Sébastien , Alvarez Gaël , Klumpp Katja , Martin Raphael , Rapaport Alain , Herfurth Damien , Louault Frédérique , Fontaine Sébastien 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIntegration of the priming effect (PE) in ecosystem models is crucial to better predict the consequences of global change on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and its feedbacks on climate. Over the last decade, many attempts have been made to model PE in soil. However, PE has not yet been incorporated into any ecosystem models. Here, we build plant/soil models to explore how PE and microbial diversity influence soil/plant interactions and ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) dynamics in response to global change (elevated CO2 and atmospheric N depositions). Our results show that plant persistence, soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation, and low N leaching in undisturbed ecosystems relies on a fine adjustment of microbial N mineralization to plant N uptake. This adjustment can be modeled in the SYMPHONY model by considering the destruction of SOM through PE, and the interactions between two microbial functional groups: SOM decomposers and SOM builders. After estimation of parameters, SYMPHONY provided realistic predictions on forage production, soil C storage and N leaching for a permanent grassland. Consistent with recent observations, SYMPHONY predicted a CO2‐induced modification of soil microbial communities leading to an intensification of SOM mineralization and a decrease in the soil C stock. SYMPHONY also indicated that atmospheric N deposition may promote SOM accumulation via changes in the structure and metabolic activities of microbial communities. Collectively, these results suggest that the PE and functional role of microbial diversity may be incorporated in ecosystem models with a few additional parameters, improving accuracy of predictions.
The Impact of State Lotteries and Casinos on State Bankruptcy Filings
Authors: Grote Kent R. , Matheson Victor A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractOver the past half century, there has been an increasing prevalence of legalized gambling in the U.S. At the same time, there is a general recognition, empirically supported in the economics literature, that spending on lottery and gaming products tends to be regressive in nature. In addition, gambling addiction is a widely acknowledged social problem. This raises the question of whether the increased presence of casinos and state lotteries results in relatively more bankruptcy filings in the states that offer them. This paper adds to the existing literature by comparing the relative impact of the presence of lotteries to that of casinos on both personal and business bankruptcies. States that adopted lotteries and casinos prior to 1995 experienced significantly higher personal bankruptcy rates while the effect of lottery and casino adoption on personal bankruptcies has disappeared since that time.
The Inside and Outside Revenue Impact of Regional Gambling Taxes in Spain
Authors: Leal Andrés , López‐Laborda Julio , Rodrigo Fernando 
Published: December 2013

AbstractUsing panel data methods, for all the Spanish Autonomous Communities and for the period 1999–2009, the present study estimates the revenue of the casinos in each Autonomous Community on the basis of four variables of interest related to the taxation of gambling in each Community, the taxation in the neighboring Autonomous Communities and the expansion of online gambling, and certain economic and sociodemographic control variables. The estimation performed permits the verification of the hypotheses that the taxation of gaming in a region and the expansion of online gambling negatively affect the revenue accrued by the casinos located in that region, but does not offer evidence that the effect produced by the differences in taxation among neighboring regions is significant. The results obtained also confirm the expected impact on the casinos' revenue of the existence of “type” gamblers (young males, and tourists) and of the economic situation (income and unemployment).
Access to Legal Gambling and the Incidence of Crime: Evidence from Alberta
Authors: Humphreys Brad R. , Soebbing Brian P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMuch research examines the positive and negative impacts of gambling in specific areas, including the relationship between gambling, such as casinos and electronic gaming, on crime. Since Grinols and Mustard, the academic literature finds a mixed relationship. The present research examines the relationship between video lottery terminals (VLTs) and casino gambling and crime in the province of Alberta from 1977 to 2008 using data from the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. Estimates from a two‐way fixed effect regression indicate little association between gambling and crime. However, some positive and negative crime‐specific effects are found for both casinos and VLTs.
CAR T cells: driving the road from the laboratory to the clinic
Authors: Cheadle Eleanor J. , Gornall Hannah , Baldan Vania , Hanson Vivien , Hawkins Robert E. , Gilham David E. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryBlockbuster antibody therapies have catapulted immune‐based approaches to treat cancer into the consciousness of mainstay clinical research. On the back of this, other emerging immune‐based therapies are providing great promise. T‐cell therapy is one such area where recent trials using T cells genetically modified to express an antibody‐based chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeted against the CD19 antigen have demonstrated impressive responses when adoptively transferred to patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The general concept of the CAR T cell was devised some 20 years ago. In this relatively short period of time, the technology to redirect T‐cell function has moved at pace facilitating clinical translation; however, many questions remain with respect to developing the approach to improve CAR T‐cell therapeutic activity and also to broaden the range of tumors that can be effectively targeted by this approach. This review highlights some of the underlying principles and compromises of CAR T‐cell technology using the CD19‐targeted CAR as a paradigm and discusses some of the issues that relate to targeting solid tumors with CAR T cells.
Hematopoietic stem cells for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Gschweng Eric , De Oliveira Satiro , Kohn Donald B. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryHematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) provide an attractive target for immunotherapy of cancer and leukemia by the introduction of genes encoding T‐cell receptors (TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) directed against tumor‐associated antigens. HSCs engraft for long‐term blood cell production and could provide a continuous source of targeted anti‐cancer effector cells to sustain remissions. T cells produced de novo from HSCs may continuously replenish anti‐tumor T cells that have become anergic or exhausted from ex vivo expansion or exposure to the intratumoral microenvironment. In addition, transgenic T cells produced in vivo undergo allelic exclusion, preventing co‐expression of an endogenous TCR that could mis‐pair with the introduced TCR chains and blunt activity or even cause off‐target reactivity. CAR‐engineered HSCs may produce myeloid and natural killer cells in addition to T cells expressing the CAR, providing broader anti‐tumor activity that arises quickly after transplant and does not solely require de novo thymopoiesis. Use of TCR‐ or CAR‐engineered HSCs would likely require cytoreductive conditioning to achieve long‐term engraftment, and this approach may be used in clinical settings where autologous HSC transplant is being performed to add a graft‐versus‐tumor effect. Results of experimental and preclinical studies performed to date are reviewed.
Design and implementation of adoptive therapy with chimeric antigen receptor‐modified T cells
Authors: Jensen Michael C. , Riddell Stanley R. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryA major advance in adoptive T‐cell therapy (ACT) is the ability to efficiently endow patient's T cells with reactivity for tumor antigens through the stable or regulated introduction of genes that encode high affinity tumor‐targeting T‐cell receptors (TCRs) or synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Case reports and small series of patients treated with TCR‐ or CAR‐modified T cells have shown durable responses in a subset of patients, particularly with B‐cell malignancies treated with T cells modified to express a CAR that targets the CD19 molecule. However, many patients do not respond to therapy and serious on and off‐target toxicities have been observed with TCR‐ and CAR‐modified T cells. Thus, challenges remain to make ACT with gene‐modified T cells a reproducibly effective and safe therapy and to expand the breadth of patients that can be treated to include those with common epithelial malignancies. This review discusses research topics in our laboratories that focus on the design and implementation of ACT with CAR‐modified T cells. These include cell intrinsic properties of distinct T‐cell subsets that may facilitate preparing therapeutic T‐cell products of defined composition for reproducible efficacy and safety, the design of tumor targeting receptors that optimize signaling of T‐cell effector functions and facilitate tracking of migration of CAR‐modified T cells in vivo, and novel CAR designs that have alternative ligand binding domains or confer regulated function and/or survival of transduced T cells.
Einleitung: Die Rolle eines staatlichen sozialen Basisschutzes bei der Ausweitung der sozialen Sicherheit auf alle
Authors: Hagemejer Krzysztof , McKinnon Roddy 
Published: December 2013

Auszug Im Juni 2011 verabschiedete die Internationale Arbeitskonferenz (IAK) eine Resolution sowie Schlussfolgerungen, um die neue Strategie der Organisation zur sozialen Sicherheit auf den Weg zu bringen. Es geht darum, die Mitglieder beim Aufbau und der Erhaltung umfassender Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit auf der Basis eines zweidimensionalen Ansatzes zu unterstützen: (1) („horizontale“ Dimension) Schnellstmögliche Einführung – und diesem Punkt wird Priorität zugewiesen – eines national definierten Pakets von Garantien der sozialen Sicherheit, die eine Grundsicherung für alle bereitstellen, welche einen solchen Schutz benötigen; (2) („vertikale“ Dimension) möglichst rasche Ausweitung der Reichweite und des Niveaus der Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit gemä
ß der Konvention Nr. 102 (1952) und anderer bestehender Normen für soziale Sicherheit auf so viele Menschen wie möglich. Im Juni 2012 ergänzte die IAK diese Strategie durch eine neue internationale Arbeitsnorm, die Empfehlung Nr. 202 betreffend den staatlichen sozialen Basisschutz. Die Empfehlung gilt als Durchbruch in der globalen Sozialpolitik. Die Einführung eines staatlichen sozialen Basisschutzes könnte bestehende Deckungslücken schließen und den Ländern helfen, effektiv gegen Armut und soziale Gefährdung vorzugehen. Diese Sonder‐Doppelausgabe analysiert den Prozess, der in der Verabschiedung der Empfehlung seinen Höhepunkt erreichte, und befasst sich mit praktischen haushaltspolitischen, rechtlichen, politischen und institutionellen Herausforderungen, die angegangen werden müssen, damit die Ziele der Empfehlung erfolgreich umgesetzt werden können.
Sozialer Basisschutz und globale Sozial‐Governance: Hin zu politischer Synergie und Zusammenarbeit unter internationalen Organisationen
Authors: Deacon Bob 
Published: December 2013

AuszugDieser Artikel befasst sich mit dem Einfluss der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (IAO) auf andere internationale Organisationen und Agenturen, der zu deren Unterstützung für das Konzept des sozialen Basisschutzes (Social Protection Floor – SPF) geführt hat. 2012 wurde das Konzept von den Vereinten Nationen in Form der SPF‐Initiative des Koordinierungsrats (UN Chief Executives Board – CEB) gutgeheißen, von der Weltbank in ihrer neuen Sozialschutz‐ und Arbeitsstrategie und vom G20‐Gipfel in Cannes. Außerdem hatte sich der IWF bereit erklärt, mit der IAO zusammenzuarbeiten, um die Optionen für die Schaffung von Haushaltsraum in Ländern zur Finanzierung von SPF auszuloten. Die Sonderberichterstatter des Menschenrechtsrats (UN Human Rights Council) hatten 2012 ebenfalls die Errichtung eines globalen Fonds für Sozialschutz gefordert, um ärmeren Ländern die Entwicklung eines Mindestniveaus zu ermöglichen. 2012 wurde eine neue Koordinierungsstelle, der Rat für interinstitutionelle Zusammenarbeit im Bereich des sozialen Schutzes (Social Protection Inter‐Agency Cooperation Board – SPIAC‐B), ins Leben gerufen, um die Zusammenarbeit unter den Organisationen zu erleichtern. Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt und erklärt, wie diese Entwicklungen zustande kamen. Er fragt, ob die Realität vermehrter globaler sozialer Governance‐Zusammenarbeit im Bereich des Sozialschutzes so wirksam ist, wie sie scheint, oder ob es neue Widersprüche, Überschneidungen und rivalisierende Aufträge und politische Uneinigkeit auf globaler Ebene gibt.
Empfehlung zum sozialen Basisschutz, 2012 (Nr. 202): Ausweitung der Standards, um die Deckungslücke zu schließen
Authors: Kulke Ursula , Guilbault Emmanuelle Saint‐Pierre 
Published: December 2013

AuszugIm Juni 2012 verabschiedete die Internationale Arbeitskonferenz (IAK) bei ihrer 101. Tagung die Empfehlung für einen sozialen Basisschutz, 2012 (Nr. 202). Dieser Artikel untersucht die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Empfehlung Nr. 202 und den zuvor existierenden Standards für die soziale Sicherheit der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (IAO). Die Frage, ob die zuvor existierenden Standards der sozialen Sicherheit der IAO in Zukunft nicht mehr relevant sind und ob die neue Empfehlung die bisherigen Standards ersetzen soll, beantwortet dieser Artikel damit, dass die neue Empfehlung die existierenden Richtlinien für die soziale Sicherheit nicht nur ergänzt, sondern erweitert und bekräftigt. Gemeinsam werden die Empfehlung Nr. 202 und die bisherigen Übereinkommen der IAO zur sozialen Sicherheit als vollständiger und adäquater normativer Rahmen angesehen, um umfassende Systeme für die soziale Sicherheit zu errichten und langfristig zu erhalten.
The Effect of Electric Field on Sintering and Electrical Conductivity of Titania
Authors: Jha Shikhar K. , Raj Rishi 
Published: December 2013

The effect of DC electric field on sintering, and on the electrical conductivity of undoped rutile, TiO2 (99.99%), has been investigated at fields ranging from 0 V to 1000 V/cm. The experiments were carried out at a constant heating rate of 10°C/min with the furnace temperatures reaching up to 1150°C. The sintering behavior falls into two regimes: at lower fields, up to 150 V/cm, sintering is enhanced, but densification occurs gradually with time (Type A or FAST sintering). At higher fields sintering occurs abruptly, and is accompanied by a highly nonlinear increase in conductivity, which has been called flash sintering (Type B or FLASH sintering). Arrhenius plots of conductivity yield an activation energy of 1.6 eV in Type A and 0.6 eV in Type B behavior; the first is explained as ionic and the second as electronic conductivity. The evolution of grain size under both types of sintering behavior are reported. These results highlight that the dominant mechanism of field‐assisted sintering can change with the field strength and temperature. We are in the very early stages of identifying these mechanisms and mapping them in the field, frequency, and temperature space.
Effects of RE3+ Ionic Radius on Monoclinic Phase Content of 8 mol% REO1.5 Partially Stabilized ZrO2 (RE = Yb, Y, Gd, and Nd) Powder Compacts after Annealing at High Temperature
Authors: Jiang Kuo , Liu Songbai , Li Yuan , Li Yaofei 
Published: December 2013

Powders of zirconia doped with 8 mol% REO1.5 (RE = Yb, Y, Gd, and Nd) were synthesized by using the sol–spray pyrolysis method. The effects of RE3+ ionic radius on monoclinic (m) phase content of powders were investigated. The XRD results showed that the metastable tetragonal (t′) phase underwent a complete phase change to form m and cubic (c) phases after a heat treatment of 50–100 h at 1450°C. A cation size‐dependent reduction in the m phase content of the REO1.5 partially stabilized ZrO2 powders was observed. The SEM–EDS analysis of the powders revealed that the RE3+ concentrations in the c phases decreased with decreasing the RE3+ ionic radius. These results indicate that the stabilizer concentration of the c phase can be attributed to RE3+ ionic radii, resulting in different m phase contents. Compared to the REO1.5 single doped ZrO2, the m phase contents of 8 mol% (RE0.5Yb0.5)–ZrO2 (RE = Y, Gd, and Nd) powders were significantly reduced. The results prove that the stabilizer with a lower RE3+ size is effective in reducing the m phase content of partially stabilized ZrO2 after annealing at high temperatures.
Structural and Luminescence Studies on Barium Sodium Borosilicate Glasses Containing Uranium Oxides
Authors: Mishra Raman K. , Sudarsan Vasanthakumaran , Jain Savita , Kaushik Chetan P. , Vatsa Rajesh K. , Tyagi Avesh K. 
Published: December 2013

Barium sodium borosilicate glasses containing different amounts of uranium oxides were prepared by conventional melt quench method and investigated for their structural aspects by 29Si and 11B MAS NMR technique combined with steady‐state luminescence and lifetime measurements. Based on MAS NMR studies, it is confirmed that uranium ions act as network modifier up to 15 wt% and beyond which a separate uranium containing phase is formed. From the luminescence studies, it is inferred that uranyl species is in a highly distorted environment. For more than 15 wt% uranium oxide incorporation, weaker U–O–U linkages are formed at the expense stronger U–O–Si/B linkages, as suggested by the excited state lifetime value of the uranyl species as well as red shift in emission peak maximum. For glass samples containing more than 25 wt% uranium oxides, crystalline barium uranium silicate gets phase separated from glass matrix as confirmed by XRD studies.
Clinical practice guidelines for nurse‐administered procedural sedation and analgesia in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: a modified Delphi study
Authors: Conway Aaron , Rolley John , Page Karen , Fulbrook Paul 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo develop clinical practice guidelines for nurse‐administered procedural sedation and analgesia in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.BackgroundNumerous studies have reported that nurse‐administered procedural sedation and analgesia is safe. However, the broad scope of existing guidelines for the administration and monitoring of patients who receive sedation during medical procedures without an anaesthetist present means there is a lack of specific guidance regarding optimal nursing practices for the unique circumstances where nurse‐administered procedural sedation and analgesia is used in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.MethodsA sequential mixed methods design was used. Initial recommendations were produced from three studies conducted by the authors: an integrative review; a qualitative study; and a cross‐sectional survey. The recommendations were revised according to responses from a modified Delphi study. The first Delphi round was completed by nine senior cardiac catheterization laboratory nurses. All but one of the draft recommendations met the predetermined cut‐off point for inclusion with 59 responses to the second round. Consensus was reached on all recommendations.Implications for nursingThe guidelines that were derived from the Delphi study offer 24 recommendations within six domains of nursing practice: Pre‐procedural assessment; Pre‐procedural patient and family education; Pre‐procedural patient comfort; Intra‐procedural patient comfort; Intra‐procedural patient assessment and monitoring; and Postprocedural patient assessment and monitoring.ConclusionThese guidelines provide an important foundation towards the delivery of safe, consistent and evidence‐based nursing care for the many patients who receive sedation in the cardiac catheterization laboratory setting.
Earnings Volatility and Earnings Prediction: Analysis and UK Evidence
Authors: Clubb Colin , Wu Guoli 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper confirms that US evidence of a negative relationship between earnings persistence and earnings volatility applies to UK firms over the period 1991–2010. Our analytical framework highlights the possibility that this result may reflect downward estimation bias in earnings persistence (and persistence of cash flow and accruals components of earnings) related to transitory earnings elements. Out‐of‐sample forecasts, based on models estimated for earnings volatility quartiles, suggest significant improvement in earnings forecasts for lower volatility firms. The results also suggest that the negative association between earnings persistence and volatility may be due to both estimation bias and variation in core earnings persistence.