bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some “Cloze” Technique Studies of Language Capability in the Deaf
Authors: Odom Penelope B. , Blanton Richard L. , Nunnally Jum C. 
Published: July 2014

The performances of 40 deaf adolescents (18 year olds) and 40 sixth-grade hearing students were compared on a multiple-choice sentence completion test. The deaf subjects' scores were significantly lower than the hearing subjects' scores, particularly for adjectives, prepositions, and conjunctions.
A variation of the “cloze” procedure was administered to 63 deaf subjects from the Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, 93 deaf subjects from the Tennessee School for the Deaf, 95 fifth-grade hearing subjects, and 76 twelfth-grade hearing subjects. Three conditions were used: a printed story with either every third word, every fourth word, or every fifth word deleted. The results indicated that the two deaf groups performed similarly but much lower than either of the hearing groups. There was no general effect of span between deleted words; only the deaf increased in ability to predict the correct form class of function words with increasing span between deleted words. It was suggested that the deaf use quite different types of rules in constructing a sentence than hearing subjects, particularly with regard to function words.
Lingual Function and Relative Length of the Lingual Frenulum
Authors: Fletcher Samuel G. , Meldrum James R. 
Published: July 2014

A procedure for measurement of the lingual frenulum in relation to the dimensions of the anterior, inferior segment of the tongue is described and its reliability established.
The procedure was validated through physiological studies including speech articulation and oral motor coordination in diadochokinetic movements. Forty subjects were selected from a pool of 210 11–12 year old children and separated into two groups of twenty subjects on the basis of relative length of the lingual frenulum. Significant differences were found between these two groups both in speech articulation errors and in diadochokinetic rates of movement. Findings are discussed with respect to reliability and validity of the procedure. The findings are particularly pertinent to the clinical entity called congenital inferior ankyloglossia or “tongue-tie.”
The Influence of Prosody on Stuttering Adaptation
Authors: Besozzi Thomas E. , Adams Martin R. 
Published: July 2014

Recently, Wingate proposed a two-factor theory to explain stuttering adaptation. His first factor consists of the stutterer’s psychophysiological adaptation to a situation. He designated prosodic (practice) variable as the second factor. For Wingate, prosodic adaptation involves the stutterer’s becoming more practiced at making transitional articulatory movements and coordinating articulation and phonation. If such is true, then it logically follows that the more oral reading practice allowed the stutterer, the more he should adapt. We tested this hypothesis.
Our investigation included two conditions. The Control Condition consisted of five consecutive oral readings of a prose passage. In the Experimental Condition a matched passage was read orally on Trials 1 and 5 and silently on Trials 2, 3, and 4. The silent readings were introduced to limit oral reading practice and hence prosodic adaptation. Statistically significant adaptation occurred under both conditions. However, significantly more adaptation was evident in the condition involving the greatest number of oral reading trials.
Stuttering and Its Disappearance
Authors: Sheehan Joseph G. , Martyn Margaret M. 
Published: July 2014

Spontaneous recovery was found in four-fifths of all stuttering cases. Data were obtained from 5138 students at the University of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, of whom 147 had at some time been definitely categorized as stutterers. Severity was the most important factor related to probability of recovery. For those who had never been worse than mild, seven-eights recovered, while for those who had ever been severe, only one-half recovered. When severity was held constant, enrollment in public school therapy had no effect, positive or negative, upon the probability of eventual recovery. The fact that fewer of those who received public school therapy had recovered was primarily attributable to the finding that the severe were more likely to be enrolled.
Parent, teacher, or speech clinician diagnosis of stuttering was significantly related to assignment to public school therapy, while self-diagnosis was inversely related. Those who began with blocking and became severe were more likely to have continued as stutterers, while those who began with syllable repetition were more likely to have recovered. Although familial incidence was higher in stutterers than in normal controls, it did not distinguish those who continued to stutter from those in whom the problem had disappeared.
Speech Therapy and Language Recovery in Severe Aphasia
Authors: Sarno Martha Taylor , Silverman Marla , Sands Elaine 
Published: July 2014

This study was designed to investigate whether speech therapy enhances language recovery in severe aphasia and whether or not the method of speech therapy used affects recovery if it occurs.
Thirty-one post CVA, severe expressive-receptive aphasics were assigned to one of three groups: programmed instruction, nonprogrammed instruction, and no treatment. All groups were comparable with respect to age, duration of symptoms, sex distribution, and education.
Patients were initially tested to establish their level of functional language skills and ability to perform the terminal behaviors to be taught. Patients in the treatment groups received up to 40 hours of therapy. Posttests were administered individually after each terminal behavior was taught. All posttests were readministered at the termination of treatment and again one month after termination to determine the degree to which a behavior had been retained. There were no significant differences in outcome under the three treatment conditions
Results strongly suggest that current speech therapy does not modify verbal behavior in this population. A more realistic approach to the overall rehabilitation management of the severe aphasic, and more careful selection of patients who will receive speech therapy is suggested.
The Attribution of Personality Traits
Authors: Turnbaugh Karen , Guitar Barry , Hoffman Paul 
Published: July 2014

Three videotaped recordings were made of an adult male speaking in an interview situation. Tapes differed as a function of the fluency exhibited by the interviewed speaker (i.e., fluent speech, primary stuttering, secondary stuttering). Three audiotapes were recorded from the videotapes yielding six stimulus tapes. Independent groups of college students saw and/or heard one of the stimulus tapes, each described as an interview with a "male who stutters." The fluent audio- and videotapes were replayed to two additional groups but were described only as an interview with a "male." Groups rated the personality of the speaker after tape presentation. Results revealed no difference in personality trait assignment as a function of experimental variables.
However, in a second experiment two groups of college students rated a hypothetical normal speaker and a hypothetical stutterer as significantly different in personality attributes. Results are discussed with reference to stereotyping behavior.
Spectrographic Analysis of Vowel and Word Duration in Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Collins Michael , Rosenbek John C. , Wertz Robert T. 
Published: July 2014

Most nomml speakers of English reduce the duration of the stem word vowel as words increase in length. Theoretically, this durational reduction reflects low-level linguistic knowledge. We posed two questions in this study: First, do speakers with apraxia of speech progressively reduce vowel durations as words increase in length, and, second, do these vowel and word durations differ significantly from normal productions?
We asked 11 apraxia of speech patients and 11 normal speakers to repeat three sets of three words which progressively increased in length, and we analyzed these productions spectrographically. Our results revealed that both groups reduced vowel duration its words increased in length. Word and vowel duration for apraxia of speech patients, however, were often significantly longer than those for normal speakers. Our results suggest that vowel reduction is a robust phenomenon which resists impairment in apraxia of speech, despite often significant disturbances in motor programming.
Recognizing Famous Voices
Authors: Schweinberger Stefan R. , Herholz Anja , Sommer Werner 
Published: July 2014

The current investigation measured the effects of increasing stimulus duration on listeners′ ability to recognize famous voices. In addition, the investigation studied the influence of different types of cues on the naming of voices that could not be named before. Participants were presented with samples of famous and Unfamiliar voices and were asked to decide whether or not the samples were spoken by a famous person. The duration of each sample increased in seven steps from 0.25 s up to a maximum of 2 s. Voice recognition improvements with stimulus duration were with a growth function. Gains were most rapid within the first second and less pronounced thereafter. When participants were unable to name a famous voice, they were cued with either a second voice sample, the occupation, or the initials of the celebrity. Initials were most effective in eliciting the name only when semantic information about the speaker had been accessed prior to cue presentation. Paralleling previous research on face naming, this may indicate that voice naming is contingent on previous activation of person-specific semantic information.
Structure of β-galactosidase at 3.2-Å resolution obtained by cryo-electron microscopy
Authors: Bartesaghi Alberto , Matthies Doreen , Banerjee Soojay , Merk Alan , Subramaniam Sriram 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Atomic resolution models for proteins and protein complexes are usually obtained using X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy, and in selected instances, by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of ordered protein assemblies. The vast majority of high-resolution structures obtained using cryo-EM have been typically restricted to large, well-ordered entities such as helical or icosahedral assemblies or two-dimensional crystals. We show here that emerging methods in single-particle cryo-EM now allow structure determination at near-atomic resolution, even for much smaller protein complexes with low symmetry, by determining the structure of the 465-kDa enzyme β-galactosidase. In addition, by quantitative comparison of density maps obtained at different electron dosages, we demonstrate preferential sensitivity of residues such as Asp and Glu to damage upon irradiation with electrons.
Single-molecule FRET reveals a corkscrew RNA structure for the polymerase-bound influenza virus promoter
Authors: Tomescu Alexandra I. , Robb Nicole C. , Hengrung Narin , Fodor Ervin , Kapanidis Achillefs N. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
The genome of the influenza virus consists of eight single-stranded segments of RNA with highly conserved 5′ and 3′ termini. These termini associate to form double-stranded structures that act as promoters for viral transcription and replication. Structural information on the polymerase-bound promoter currently does not exist, so to address this we developed a sensitive single-molecule FRET assay that allowed us to measure distances between fluorescent dyes located on the promoter and map its structure. The distances obtained are consistent with the polymerase-bound RNA promoter being in a “corkscrew” conformation, in which the 5′ and 3′ termini form short hairpins. This work has implications for the development of inhibitors that target polymerase–promoter interactions in this important group of pathogens.
Calorie restriction does not elicit a robust extension of replicative lifespan inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Huberts Daphne H. E. W. , González Javier , Lee Sung Sik , Litsios Athanasios , Hubmann Georg , Wit Ernst C. , Heinemann Matthias 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceCalorie restriction (CR) has been shown to extend the lifespans of various organisms. Consequently, a considerable amount of research has been performed to elucidate its mechanisms, especially in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we show that due to small sample sizes, large variation exists between measurements. In addition, the effect of CR on lifespan has been routinely overestimated in yeast due to the use of short-lived experimental controls, which together may explain why contradictory mechanisms were found to mediate CR-induced lifespan extension. Moreover, we did not observe any lifespan-enhancing effect of CR using an alternative measurement technique. The inability of CR to robustly extend lifespan suggests that calories alone do not modulate the lifespan of this important model organism.
KCNJ10 determines the expression of the apical Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) in the early distal convoluted tubule (DCT1)
Authors: Zhang Chengbiao , Wang Lijun , Zhang Junhui , Su Xiao-Tong , Lin Dao-Hong , Scholl Ute I. , Giebisch Gerhard , Lifton Richard P. , Wang Wen-Hui 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Loss of function mutations in the potassium channel KCNJ10 causes a salt-wasting syndrome. The phenotype resembles Gitelman syndrome, which results from loss of sodium chloride transport along the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), but the mechanisms involved are not clear. Here, we perform experiments in the kidney from Kcnj10 knockout mice and demonstrate that Kcnj10 is a main contributor to the basolateral potassium conductance in the DCT and that the potassium channel activity regulates the expression of ste20-related proline–alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and determines Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) expression. Our study suggests the possibility that the regulation of basolateral Kcnj10 activity in the DCT may be the first step in response to a variety of physiological stimuli for initiating SPAK-WNK-dependent modulation of NCC expression in the kidney.
Progression of coronary artery calcification seems to be inevitable, but predictable - results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) study
Authors: Erbel Raimund , Lehmann Nils , Churzidse Sofia , Rauwolf Michael , Mahabadi Amir A. , Möhlenkamp Stefan , Moebus Susanne , Bauer Marcus , Kälsch Hagen , Budde Thomas , Montag Michael , Schmermund Axel , Stang Andreas , Führer-Sakel Dagmar , Weimar Christian , Roggenbuck Ulla , Dragano Nico , Jöckel Karl-Heinz 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Aim
Coronary artery calcification (CAC), as a sign of atherosclerosis, can be detected and progression quantified using computed tomography (CT). We develop a tool for predicting CAC progression.

Methods and results
In 3481 participants (45–74 years, 53.1% women) CAC percentiles at baseline (CACb) and after five years (CAC5y) were evaluated, demonstrating progression along gender-specific percentiles, which showed exponentially shaped age-dependence. Using quantile regression on the log-scale (log(CACb+1)) we developed a tool to individually predict CAC5y, and compared to observed CAC5y. The difference between observed and predicted CAC5y (log-scale, mean±SD) was 0.08±1.11 and 0.06±1.29 in men and women. Agreement reached a kappa-value of 0.746 (95% confidence interval: 0.732–0.760) and concordance correlation (log-scale) of 0.886 (0.879–0.893). Explained variance of observed by predicted log(CAC5y+1) was 80.1% and 72.0% in men and women, and 81.0 and 73.6% including baseline risk factors. Evaluating the tool in 1940 individuals with CACb&gt;0 and CACb&lt;400 at baseline, of whom 242 (12.5%) developed CAC5y&gt;400, yielded a sensitivity of 59.5%, specificity 96.1%, (+) and (−) predictive values of 68.3% and 94.3%. A pre-defined acceptance range around predicted CAC5y contained 68.1% of observed CAC5y; only 20% were expected by chance. Age, blood pressure, lipid-lowering medication, diabetes, and smoking contributed to progression above the acceptance range in men and, excepting age, in women.

Conclusion
CAC nearly inevitably progresses with limited influence of cardiovascular risk factors. This allowed the development of a mathematical tool for prediction of individual CAC progression, enabling anticipation of the age when CAC thresholds of high risk are reached.
Quantifying sequence and structural features of protein–RNA interactions
Authors: Li Songling , Yamashita Kazuo , Amada Karlou Mar , Standley Daron M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIncreasing awareness of the importance of protein–RNA interactions has motivated many approaches to predict residue-level RNA binding sites in proteins based on sequence or structural characteristics. Sequence-based predictors are usually high in sensitivity but low in specificity; conversely structure-based predictors tend to have high specificity, but lower sensitivity. Here we quantified the contribution of both sequence- and structure-based features as indicators of RNA-binding propensity using a machine-learning approach. In order to capture structural information for proteins without a known structure, we used homology modeling to extract the relevant structural features. Several novel and modified features enhanced the accuracy of residue-level RNA-binding propensity beyond what has been reported previously, including by meta-prediction servers. These features include: hidden Markov model-based evolutionary conservation, surface deformations based on the Laplacian norm formalism, and relative solvent accessibility partitioned into backbone and side chain contributions. We constructed a web server called aaRNA that implements the proposed method and demonstrate its use in identifying putative RNA binding sites.
Crucial role of the Rcl1p–Bms1p interaction for yeast pre-ribosomal RNA processing
Authors: Delprato Anna , Kadri Yasmine Al , Pérébaskine Natacha , Monfoulet Cécile , Henry Yves , Henras Anthony K. , Fribourg Sébastien 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The essential Rcl1p and Bms1p proteins form a complex required for 40S ribosomal subunit maturation. Bms1p is a GTPase and Rcl1p has been proposed to catalyse the endonucleolytic cleavage at site A2 separating the pre-40S and pre-60S maturation pathways. We determined the 2.0 Å crystal structure of Bms1p associated with Rcl1p. We demonstrate that Rcl1p nuclear import depends on Bms1p and that the two proteins are loaded into pre-ribosomes at a similar stage of the maturation pathway and remain present within pre-ribosomes after cleavage at A2. Importantly, GTP binding to Bms1p is not required for the import in the nucleus nor for the incorporation of Rcl1p into pre-ribosomes, but is essential for early pre-rRNA processing. We propose that GTP binding to Bms1p and/or GTP hydrolysis may induce conformational rearrangements within the Bms1p-Rcl1p complex allowing the interaction of Rcl1p with its RNA substrate.
An archaeal family-B DNA polymerase variant able to replicate past DNA damage: occurrence of replicative and translesion synthesis polymerases within the B family
Authors: Jozwiakowski Stanislaw K. , Keith Brian J. , Gilroy Louise , Doherty Aidan J. , Connolly Bernard A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA mutant of the high fidelity family-B DNA polymerase from the archaeon Thermococcus gorgonarius (Tgo-Pol), able to replicate past DNA lesions, is described. Gain of function requires replacement of the three amino acid loop region in the fingers domain of Tgo-Pol with a longer version, found naturally in eukaryotic Pol ζ (a family-B translesion synthesis polymerase). Inactivation of the 3′–5′ proof-reading exonuclease activity is also necessary. The resulting Tgo-Pol Z1 variant is proficient at initiating replication from base mismatches and can read through damaged bases, such as abasic sites and thymine photo-dimers. Tgo-Pol Z1 is also proficient at extending from primers that terminate opposite aberrant bases. The fidelity of Tgo-Pol Z1 is reduced, with a marked tendency to make changes at G:C base pairs. Together, these results suggest that the loop region of the fingers domain may play a critical role in determining whether a family-B enzyme falls into the accurate genome-replicating category or is an error-prone translesion synthesis polymerase. Tgo-Pol Z1 may also be useful for amplification of damaged DNA.
Characteristics and Prognostic Analysis of 69 Patients With Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
Authors: Lin Yongbin , Yang Han , Cai Qingqing , Wang Daofeng , Rao Huilan , Lin Suxia , Long Hao , Fu Jianhua , Zhang Lanjun , Lin Peng , Xu Guangchuan , Rong Tiehua , Xiong Xiaoxing , Ma Guowei , Liang Ying 
Published: July 2014

Background:
Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a rare malignancy.

Methods:
A total of 69 patients with PSC treated at a single institution in southern China with long-term follow-up were evaluated in this study. We analyzed the clinical characteristics, immunohistochemical profiles, epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status, K-RAS mutation status, treatments, and prognosis.

Results:
PSC mainly occurred in young male patients with a history of smoking. Most patients received multimodality treatments and the majority had early-stage disease. The median survival time was 19.1 months, and the 5-year survival rate was 17.4%. The patients without distant metastasis, with normal or higher body mass index (≥18.5), with normal hemoglobin, with smaller tumor size (≤4 cm), and those who received complete resection had significantly better overall survival (P<0.05). The patients with pleomorphic carcinoma had much worse prognosis. In a Cox regression model, M stage, pathology, and having received a complete resection were independent prognostic factors (P<0.05).

Conclusions:
PSC is a unique lung malignancy with poor prognosis. Patients receiving complete resection had better prognosis, likely a reflection of early-stage disease. Neither neoadjuvant nor adjuvant chemotherapy improved patient survival for those with early-stage disease. The retrospective design and small sample size limited the generalizability. Future multicenter collaborations may be necessary to determine the optimal treatment.
Use of Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Elderly Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
Authors: Rajan Suja S. , Cai Yi , Yi Min , Tsai Chu-Lin , Du Xianglin L. 
Published: July 2014

Objectives:
Hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) are essential for successful completion of chemotherapy in lung cancer patients. However, because of their adverse effects, clinical guidelines recommend their use in only selective clinical scenarios. This study, for the first time, explores patient characteristics and temporal trends associated with HGF utilization among elderly lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

Methods:
This is a retrospective analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked data containing 80,940 patients, aged 65 years and older, diagnosed with stage I to IV lung cancer between 1992 and 2009, and who received chemotherapy. Descriptive statistics and logistic regressions were used to examine the characteristics associated with 2 types of HGFs—colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs).

Results:
Twenty-five percent of the patients received CSFs and 42% received ESAs. Temporal variations were most predictive of HGF utilization, with an increase from 2.6% in 1992 to 47.3% in 2009 for CSFs and 1.3% to 30.5% for ESAs. Higher chemotherapy-based risk profiles increased the odds of HGF receipt 2 to 3 times (P<0.0001). Even after controlling for relevant clinical characteristics, unexplained sociodemographic associations persisted, suggesting lack of compliance with HGF guidelines.

Conclusions:
There has been a significant increase in the use of HGFs over time. Although chemotherapy-based risk profiles were significant predictors of HGF receipt, the study results suggest possible lack of compliance with treatment guidelines, which should be investigated. Given the high cost of HGFs, future studies are also needed to determine cost-effectiveness of these drugs among lung cancer patients.