bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecophysiology of Thioploca ingrica as revealed by the complete genome sequence supplemented with proteomic evidence
Authors: Kojima Hisaya , Ogura Yoshitoshi , Yamamoto Nozomi , Togashi Tomoaki , Mori Hiroshi , Watanabe Tomohiro , Nemoto Fumiko , Kurokawa Ken , Hayashi Tetsuya , Fukui Manabu 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Large sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, which accumulate a high concentration of nitrate, are important constituents of aquatic sediment ecosystems. No representative of this group has been isolated in pure culture, and only fragmented draft genome sequences are available for these microorganisms. In this study, we successfully reconstituted the genome of Thioploca ingrica from metagenomic sequences, thereby generating the first complete genome sequence from this group. The Thioploca samples for the metagenomic analysis were obtained from a freshwater lake in Japan. A PCR-free paired-end library was constructed from the DNA extracted from the samples and was sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. By closing gaps within and between the scaffolds, we obtained a circular chromosome and a plasmid-like element. The reconstituted chromosome was 4.8 Mbp in length with a 41.2% GC content. A sulfur oxidation pathway identical to that suggested for the closest relatives of Thioploca was deduced from the reconstituted genome. A full set of genes required for respiratory nitrate reduction to dinitrogen gas was also identified. We further performed a proteomic analysis of the Thioploca sample and detected many enzymes/proteins involved in sulfur oxidation, nitrate respiration and inorganic carbon fixation as major components of the protein extracts from the sample, suggesting that these metabolic activities are strongly associated with the physiology of T. ingrica in lake sediment.
Basics of Statistical Mechanics of Short-Range Interacting Systems
Authors: Campa A. , Dauxois T. , Fanelli D. , Ruffo S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis chapter begins with a rapid introduction to the definition and construction of the statistical ensembles, following the lines that are usually offered in the basics courses on statistical mechanics. The reader is assumed to be already acquainted with thermodynamics and basic statistical mechanics, but the introduction is self-contained. It is then shown that with short-range interactions the ensembles are physically equivalent, even in the presence of phase transitions. This is done by introducing the notions of concave functions, of stable and tempered potentials, and the Legendre-Fenchel transform of thermodynamic functions. The concavity of the entropy is at the basis of ensemble equivalence. Finally, the concepts of microstate and macrostate are analysed; they are very important for the study of ensemble equivalence or inequivalence in long-range systems.
Quantum Long-Range Systems
Authors: Campa A. , Dauxois T. , Fanelli D. , Ruffo S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis chapter opens with the notion of stable interaction in quantum systems, somewhat different from classical systems. It is shown that an unstable classical system can become stable when treated quantum mechanically. The remaining of the chapter is devoted to a brief survey of the main results concerning the stability of Coulomb systems. Explicit evaluations of the total energy show that the exclusion principle is essential for their stability. The final part of the chapter deals with the thermodynamic limit of globally neutral Coulomb systems. The limit exists in spite of the long-range character of the interaction, and contrary to the stability property, the existence of the limit does not require quantum mechanics, being valid also in classical Coulomb systems.
Gravitational Systems
Authors: Campa A. , Dauxois T. , Fanelli D. , Ruffo S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this Chapter the equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium dynamics of self-gravitating systems is discussed. The case of 1D planar systems is in particular investigated and the equilibrium statistical mechanics solution presented in some details. Long-lived quasi stationary states are found and successfully explained with the Lynden Bell statistical mechanics theory. The problem of structure formation in an expanding Universe is also introduced. The classical Vlasov-Poisson model and the adhesion approximation are recovered starting from relevant general relativity setting. In one dimension an exact event-driven scheme can be implemented which enables one to efficiently track the evolution of the system. Different simulations strategies in 3D are shortly discussed.
Cold Coulomb Systems
Authors: Campa A. , Dauxois T. , Fanelli D. , Ruffo S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this Chapter the statistical mechanics of charged particles subject to Coulomb interactions is discussed. The relevant physical parameters are introduced which enable one to classify the different systems under inspection. The classification is drawn for the reference case of globally neutral systems, with two species of charges, one positive and the other negative, equal in magnitude. The case of strongly interacting plasma is discussed and the equilibrium properties analyzed in the framework of the Debye-Huckel theory. In the final part of the Chapter, degenerate electron systems and the concept of Wigner crystal are reviewed.
Hot Plasma
Authors: Campa A. , Dauxois T. , Fanelli D. , Ruffo S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this Chapter a short introduction to the physics of hot plasma is given. The concepts of Debye shielding and quasi-neutrality are in particular discussed. The Vlasov-Maxwell equations are derived following the Klimontovich approach. Working within the collisionless Vlasov picture, the case of electrostatic waves is presented and the phenomenon of linear Landau damping reviewed in some details. The non linear regime of the wave-particles interaction is also briefly analyzed. Explicit reference is made to the collective BGK and Case-van Kampen modes.
Wave–Particles Interaction
Authors: Campa A. , Dauxois T. , Fanelli D. , Ruffo S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this Chapter an alternative derivation of the self-consistent Vlasov-Maxwell equations for wave-particles interaction is given. The analysis is carried out under a rigorous Hamiltonian framework and targeted to modeling the dynamics of the Free Electron Laser. A universal one dimensional Hamiltonian is eventually recovered which proves of interest in all domains of applications where particles and waves are mutually interacting. The same Hamiltonian is obtained via an heuristic derivation that moves from the concept of Langmuir waves, as introduced in the preceding Chapter. The physics of Free Electron Laser is then discussed and the large deviation method applied to determine the intensity of the laser at equilibrium. The Lynden-Bell theory returns adequate predictions for the average laser intensity and bunching degree in the quasi stationary regime. Finally, the analogies between Free Electron Laser, plasma and Travelling Wave Tubes are discussed.
From smart specialisation to smart specialisation policy
Authors: Foray Dominique 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to focus on the distinction between smart specialisation and smart specialisation policy and it studies under what conditions a smart specialisation policy is necessary.Design/methodology/approach– A conceptual framework is built based on historical evidence of successful dynamics of structural changes at regional level qualified as “smart specialisation”. The identification of market and coordination failures that are likely to impede the occurrence of spontaneous process of smart specialisation makes a good case for a smart specialisation policy.Findings– The paper highlights important design principles for the policy process that should help to minimise potential risks of policy failures and policy capture.Research limitations/implications– The paper does assess the effect of smart specialisation on innovation and growth at regional level because it is too early to observe and measure effects. The paper confines itself to conjectures about the effects of such a policy.Practical implications– The paper makes recommendations and explains some of the practicalities about the implementation of the policy at regional level.Originality/value– The paper is one of the first dealing with the topic of smart specialisation policy.
Is the French sociology of organisations specifically French?
Authors: Frederic Livian Yves 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to study the contribution of French sociology of organisations (mainly represented by M. Crozier, E. Friedberg and J.D. Reynaud) to the knowledge of organisations in the French context, specially through the “bureaucratic phenomenon”.Design/methodology/approach– The author shows that the work has provided a relevant picture of some of the main characteristics of a “French way of organising”, but shows in a second part that French specificities are only a part of the authors’ scientific project, and discusses some of the reasons why it did not get a large international recognition in the English-speaking literature.Findings– The article provides a summary of the analysis and a discussion of its relevance to the French context today. It opens a reflection about the question as to whether a sociological school based on field studies can be used outside of its original context of conception.Research limitations/implications– The author does not have the ambition of an exhaustive overview of the international impact of this school.Practical implications– The author aims at a reevaluation of the contribution, for English-speaking academics, and at a development of the thinking about the use of the “strategic analysis” model.Originality/value– An examination of the today relevance of the “bureaucratic” model in France, and a better knowledge of the interest of this school outside France.
Broadcasting, reacting, engaging – three strategies for CSR communication in Twitter
Authors: Etter Michael 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– Symmetric communication and relationship building are core principles of public relations, which have been highlighted for CSR communication. The purpose of this paper is to develop three different communication strategies for CSR communication in Twitter, of which each contributes differently to the ideals of symmetric communication and relationship building. The framework is then applied to analyze how companies use the micro-blogging service Twitter for CSR communication.Design/methodology/approach– Social network analysis is used to identify the 30 most central corporate accounts in a CSR Twitter network.Findings– From the social network analysis 40,000 tweets are extracted and manually coded. Anova is applied to investigate differences in the weighting of CSR topics between the different strategies.Originality/value– So far not much is known about how social media, such as Twitter, contribute to the core principles of public relations, if companies use social media to foster symmetric communication and relationship management, or which CSR topics they address.
Broadband Internet adoption challenge
Authors: Miri Lavassani Kayvan , Movahedi Bahar , Parry Glenn 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to investigate empirically how broadband has been implemented at the business level and what are the potential adoption benchmarks. Several recent studies have called for the development of frameworks of broadband adoption, particularly at the business level, to help policy makers, communities and businesses with their strategic decision-making process.Design/methodology/approach– This paper opens the discussion by presenting concerns and challenges of Internet adoption. Internet adoption is viewed as the current challenge facing businesses, communities and governments. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) techniques are used to create, analyze and develop Internet adoption models.Findings– Based on the Internet usage data from a number of states across the USA, measurement models are developed using EFA and CFA. The findings indicate that for our sample, a three-factor model is the most appropriate for the representation of Internet adoption in the tourism sector, while a five-factor model can best describe Internet adoption in the sample of manufacturing organizations.Research limitations/implications– The availability of data on Internet usage at the business/organizational level is one of the main constraints. Industry/community-specific data can also provide valuable insights about the Internet adoption and support the development of industry/community-specific adoption models.Practical implications– The findings and the employed research method can be used by businesses, communities and government managers and policy makers as benchmarks to examine broadband adoption based on gap-opportunity criteria.Originality/value– This is the first study that provides Internet adoption models based on an empirical study at the business level. The benefits of broadband Internet have been investigated by many researchers in the past decade. There seems to be a consensus among practitioners and scholars about the role of broadband Internet in gaining competitive advantage. However, there have not been any previous studies that investigate how broadband has been implemented and what the potential adoption benchmarks at the business level are.
Factors affecting longitudinal trajectories of plasma sphingomyelins: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Authors: Mielke Michelle M. , Bandaru Veera Venkata Ratnam , Han Dingfen , An Yang , Resnick Susan M. , Ferrucci Luigi , Haughey Norman J. 
Published: October 2014

SummarySphingomyelin metabolism has been linked to several diseases and to longevity. However, few epidemiological studies have quantified individual plasma sphingomyelin species (identified by acyl‐chain length and saturation) or their relationship between demographic factors and disease processes. In this study, we determined plasma concentrations of distinct sphingomyelin species in 992 individuals, aged 55 and older, enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Participants were followed, with serial measures, up to 6 visits and 38 years (3972 total samples). Quantitative analyses were performed on a high‐performance liquid chromatography‐coupled electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer. Linear mixed models were used to assess variation in specific sphingomyelin species and associations with demographics, diseases, medications or lifestyle factors, and plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. We found that most sphingomyelin species increased with age. Women had higher plasma levels of all sphingomyelin species and showed steeper trajectories of age‐related increases compared to men. African Americans also showed higher circulating sphingomyelin concentrations compared to Caucasians. Diabetes, smoking, and plasma triglycerides were associated with lower levels of many sphingomyelins and dihydrosphingomyelins. Notably, these associations showed specificity to sphingomyelin acyl‐chain length and saturation. These results demonstrate that longitudinal changes in circulating sphingomyelin levels are influenced by age, sex, race, lifestyle factors, and diseases. It will be important to further establish the intra‐individual age‐ and sex‐specific changes in each sphingomyelin species in relation to disease onset and progression.
Toll‐like Receptor‐Mediated Responses by Placental Hofbauer Cells (HBCs): A Potential Pro‐Inflammatory Role for Fetal M2 Macrophages
Authors: Young Omar M. , Tang Zhonghua , Niven‐Fairchild Tracy , Tadesse Serkalem , Krikun Graciela , Norwitz Errol R. , Mor Gil , Abrahams Vikki M. , Guller Seth 
Published: October 2014

ProblemMicrobial‐driven responses in placenta are linked with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The role of Toll‐like receptor (TLR) function in Hofbauer cells (HBCs) and fetal macrophages of the placental villous core remains understudied.Method of StudyFlow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to establish the phenotype of HBCs. Regulation of cytokine secretion in response to treatment with TLR agonists and expression levels of TLRs and co‐activators were compared in HBCs, placental fibroblasts (FIBs), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using ELISA and qPCR.ResultsAlthough flow cytometry and IHC revealed HBCs to be M2 (anti‐inflammatory) macrophages, LPS and polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] treatments markedly enhanced IL‐6 secretion by HBCs, and expression of TLR‐2, TLR‐3, TLR‐4, CD14, and MD‐2 was the highest in HBCs.ConclusionThese results indicate that although HBCs are M2 macrophages, inflammatory responses are induced through TLR‐3 and TLR‐4 in this cell type, suggesting a role in microbial‐driven placental/fetal inflammation.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Frugivorous Hornbill Movements in Central Africa and their Implications for Rain Forest Conservation
Authors: Chasar Anthony , Harrigan Ryan J. , Holbrook Kimberly M. , Dietsch Thomas V. , Fuller Trevon L. , Wikelski Martin , Smith Thomas B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTropical forest conservation and restoration require an understanding of the movements and habitat preferences of important seed dispersers. With forests now being altered at an unprecedented rate, avian frugivores are becoming increasingly vital for forest regeneration. Seed movement, however, is highly dependent on the behavioral characteristics of their dispersers. Here, we examined the movements, habitat preferences, and range sizes of two African frugivores: the Black‐casqued (Ceratogymna atrata) and the White‐thighed (Bycanistes albotibialis) Hornbill, in the lowland rain forests of southern Cameroon. Using satellite transmitters, we tracked eight hornbills for 3 yr to characterize their movements and relate them to environmental landscape features. Hornbill movements differed significantly, with B. albotibialis ranging over larger areas (mean = 20,274 ha) than C. atrata (mean = 5604 ha), and females of both species covering over 15 times the area of males. Evidence suggests that movements are irruptive during particular periods, perhaps driven by low resource availability. In addition, hornbills often returned to the same localities within a year, although movements were not characterized as migratory. Both species displayed significant differences in habitat preference, with B. albotibialis utilizing disturbed habitat more frequently than C. atrata (t = −22.04, P = 2.2 × 10−16). Major roads were found to act as barriers for C. atrata, but not for B. albotibialis. The ability of both hornbill species to move large distances suggests hornbills will play a vital role in the maintenance and regeneration of rain forests in Central Africa as forest fragmentation increases and terrestrial vertebrates decline in numbers.
Impacts of Vegetation and Precipitation on Throughfall Heterogeneity in a Tropical Pre‐Montane Transitional Cloud Forest
Authors: Teale Natalie G. , Mahan Hayden , Bleakney Sarah , Berger Amélie , Shibley Nicole , Frauenfeld Oliver W. , Quiring Steven M. , Rapp Anita D. , Roark E. Brendan , Washington‐Allen Robert 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPrecipitation throughfall (TF) plays an important role in the water balance of tropical forests. This study used 164 gauges to quantify precipitation andTFvariability in a tropical pre‐montane transitional cloud forest on the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera Tilarán, Costa Rica, to identify the ecological and meteorological drivers of this variability. DailyTFmeasurements were taken from 28 June to 17 July 2012 and 12 June to 16 July 2013, for a total of 39 precipitation events. The total meanTFwas 87.9 percent andTFat individual gauges ranged from 22.7 percent to 245.7 percent. Leaf area index (LAI) was calculated above each gauge using hemispheric photography for a mean study‐siteLAIof 7.7. There was no statistically significant relationship betweenLAIandTF. However, the amount ofTFwas positively correlated with precipitation intensity, while the variability ofTFwas negatively correlated with precipitation intensity. Our calculations indicate that at least 61 gauges are required to obtain meanTFestimates with less than 5 percent error. This study demonstrates thatTFis highly spatially heterogeneous due to multiple compounding effects.
An evidence‐based approach to the management of snoring in adults
Authors: Al‐Hussaini A. , Berry S. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundSnoring is frequently encountered by the otolaryngologist. Given its significant impact on quality of life and that it is a symptom of sleep‐related breathing disorders, diagnosis and treatment are of major importance. In particular, the diagnosis should aim to distinguish between simple snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea. This article aims to provide a systematic, concise and evidence‐based method of managing the adult patient with snoring.MethodThis review was based on a literature search last undertaken on 30 June 2014. The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched using the subject headings snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea in adults in combination with classification, diagnosis, investigations, management, treatment and surgery. Results were limited to English language articles including case series, clinical trials, randomised controlled trials, meta‐analyses, systematic reviews and review articles. Relevant references from selected articles were also reviewed.ResultsThe majority of published literature for snoring is of level II/III evidence and that for obstructive sleep apnoea being of level I/II, with 36 relevant randomised controlled trials identified. The diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea involves thorough clinical assessment and typically a sleep study. Snoring may be managed with lifestyle modification, intra‐oral devices or by surgical intervention, with continuous positive airway pressure being the treatment of choice for moderate‐to‐severe obstructive sleep apnoea.ConclusionsA structured history of snoring and its associated symptoms, comprehensive examination including flexible laryngoscopy and sleep studies where relevant, in addition to targeted investigations, should lead to the correct diagnosis and appropriate management.