bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of available transfer capability with implication of cascading collapse uncertainty
Authors: Salim Nur Ashida , Othman Muhammad Murtadha , Serwan Mohd Salleh , Fotuhi‐Firuzabad Mahmud , Safdarian Amir , Musirin Ismail 
Published: January 2014

Available transfer capability (ATC) provides important information for power marketers and planning sectors in restructured power systems. The stochastic nature of power system behaviour, however, made ATC determination a difficult and complicated task. A stochastic framework has been established for ATC calculation with implication of uncertainties in transmission failures, hourly peak loads and system cascading collapse. The proposed ATC calculation framework is based on parametric bootstrap technique which enables generating random samples of system operating condition with uncertainty at a predefined confidence interval. The IEEE RTS‐96 network is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. The results presented indicate the significant impact of uncertainties on ATC value.
Medical interventions in the management of hamstring muscle injury
Authors: Robinson Matthew , Hamilton Bruce 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAcute muscle belly injuries to the semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris (the ‘hamstring’ muscles) remain a common problem in the sporting population. Physiotherapy‐led rehabilitation remains the mainstay of treatment, and the physician's input is often minimal. Anecdotally, many different topical, oral and injectable therapies are used around the world in an effort to accelerate the healing of these injuries and to prevent their recurrence. This article reviews the evidence available to support some of the most commonly used medical therapies and the pathophysiological basis for their use. It also presents the evidence behind some of the more promising future treatments for muscle injury, including stem cell therapy, growth factor delivery and potential novel uses of current medication not traditionally used in the musculoskeletal setting.
Bisulfighter: accurate detection of methylated cytosines and differentially methylated regions
Authors: Saito Yutaka , Tsuji Junko , Mituyama Toutai 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Analysis of bisulfite sequencing data usually requires two tasks: to call methylated cytosines (mCs) in a sample, and to detect differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between paired samples. Although numerous tools have been proposed for mC calling, methods for DMR detection have been largely limited. Here, we present Bisulfighter, a new software package for detecting mCs and DMRs from bisulfite sequencing data. Bisulfighter combines the LAST alignment tool for mC calling, and a novel framework for DMR detection based on hidden Markov models (HMMs). Unlike previous attempts that depend on empirical parameters, Bisulfighter can use the expectation-maximization algorithm for HMMs to adjust parameters for each data set. We conduct extensive experiments in which accuracy of mC calling and DMR detection is evaluated on simulated data with various mC contexts, read qualities, sequencing depths and DMR lengths, as well as on real data from a wide range of biological processes. We demonstrate that Bisulfighter consistently achieves better accuracy than other published tools, providing greater sensitivity for mCs with fewer false positives, more precise estimates of mC levels, more exact locations of DMRs and better agreement of DMRs with gene expression and DNase I hypersensitivity. The source code is available at http://epigenome.cbrc.jp/bisulfighter.
Genome-wide quantification of homeolog expression ratio revealed nonstochastic gene regulation in synthetic allopolyploid Arabidopsis
Authors: Akama Satoru , Shimizu-Inatsugi Rie , Shimizu Kentaro K. , Sese Jun 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Genome duplication with hybridization, or allopolyploidization, occurs commonly in plants, and is considered to be a strong force for generating new species. However, genome-wide quantification of homeolog expression ratios was technically hindered because of the high homology between homeologous gene pairs. To quantify the homeolog expression ratio using RNA-seq obtained from polyploids, a new method named HomeoRoq was developed, in which the genomic origin of sequencing reads was estimated using mismatches between the read and each parental genome. To verify this method, we first assembled the two diploid parental genomes of Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera and Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. petraea (Arabidopsis petraea subsp. umbrosa), then generated a synthetic allotetraploid, mimicking the natural allopolyploid Arabidopsis kamchatica. The quantified ratios corresponded well to those obtained by Pyrosequencing. We found that the ratios of homeologs before and after cold stress treatment were highly correlated (r = 0.870). This highlights the presence of nonstochastic polyploid gene regulation despite previous research identifying stochastic variation in expression. Moreover, our new statistical test incorporating overdispersion identified 226 homeologs (1.11% of 20 369 expressed homeologs) with significant ratio changes, many of which were related to stress responses. HomeoRoq would contribute to the study of the genes responsible for polyploid-specific environmental responses.
The PR-Set7 binding domain of Riz1 is required for the H4K20me1-H3K9me1 trans-tail ‘histone code’ and Riz1 tumor suppressor function
Authors: Congdon Lauren M. , Sims Jennifer K. , Tuzon Creighton T. , Rice Judd C. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
PR-Set7/Set8/KMT5a is the sole histone H4 lysine 20 monomethyltransferase (H4K20me1) in metazoans and is essential for proper cell division and genomic stability. We unexpectedly discovered that normal cellular levels of monomethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me1) were also dependent on PR-Set7, but independent of its catalytic activity. This observation suggested that PR-Set7 interacts with an H3K9 monomethyltransferase to establish the previously reported H4K20me1-H3K9me1 trans-tail ‘histone code’. Here we show that PR-Set7 specifically and directly binds the C-terminus of the Riz1/PRDM2/KMT8 tumor suppressor and demonstrate that the N-terminal PR/SET domain of Riz1 preferentially monomethylates H3K9. The PR-Set7 binding domain was required for Riz1 nuclear localization and maintenance of the H4K20me1-H3K9me1 trans-tail ‘histone code’. Although Riz1 can function as a repressor, Riz1/H3K9me1 was dispensable for the repression of genes regulated by PR-Set7/H4K20me1. Frameshift mutations resulting in a truncated Riz1 incapable of binding PR-Set7 occur frequently in various aggressive cancers. In these cancer cells, expression of wild-type Riz1 restored tumor suppression by decreasing proliferation and increasing apoptosis. These phenotypes were not observed in cells expressing either the Riz1 PR/SET domain or PR-Set7 binding domain indicating that Riz1 methyltransferase activity and PR-Set7 binding domain are both essential for Riz1 tumor suppressor function.
AUF1 contributes to Cryptochrome1 mRNA degradation and rhythmic translation
Authors: Lee Kyung-Ha , Kim Sung-Hoon , Kim Hyo-Jin , Kim Wanil , Lee Hwa-Rim , Jung Youngseob , Choi Jung-Hyun , Hong Ka Young , Jang Sung Key , Kim Kyong-Tai 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the mouse core clock gene cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) at the post-transcriptional level, particularly its translational regulation. Interestingly, the 3′UTR of Cry1 mRNA decreased its mRNA levels but increased protein amounts. The 3′UTR is widely known to function as a cis-acting element of mRNA degradation. The 3′UTR also provides a binding site for microRNA and mainly suppresses translation of target mRNAs. We found that AU-rich element RNA binding protein 1 (AUF1) directly binds to the Cry1 3′UTR and regulates translation of Cry1 mRNA. AUF1 interacted with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit B and also directly associated with ribosomal protein S3 or ribosomal protein S14, resulting in translation of Cry1 mRNA in a 3′UTR-dependent manner. Expression of cytoplasmic AUF1 and binding of AUF1 to the Cry1 3′UTR were parallel to the circadian CRY1 protein profile. Our results suggest that the 3′UTR of Cry1 is important for its rhythmic translation, and AUF1 bound to the 3′UTR facilitates interaction with the 5′ end of mRNA by interacting with translation initiation factors and recruiting the 40S ribosomal subunit to initiate translation of Cry1 mRNA.
The Origins and the Evolution of Language
Authors: Mufwene Salikoko S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter is a selective comparative and critical survey of speculations/hypotheses, since Antiquity, on the phylogenetic emergence of language in mankind. It highlights topics and explanations that have been recurring, how some of them have been refined and/or enriched by modern thinking about hominin evolution since Charles Darwin’s account of the process by natural selection under specific ecological pressures. It also shows how some questions have been shaped by the manifold evolution of linguistics itself since the nineteenth century, including variation on what counts as language, and by intellectual exchanges between linguistics and other disciplines such as primatology, neurology, and paleontology. It concludes with an itemization of accomplishments, after articulating a long list of question-begging accounts and still unanswered questions.
The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics
Authors: Daniels Peter T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEvery writing system represents a “native-speaker analysis” of a language, and as such at every stage of its development it reflects what its users consciously “know” about their language. The histories of the developments of writing systems on the one hand, and the categories represented by writing systems on the other, reveal that “knowledge” and thus are keys to the “folk linguistics” of written languages, and also provide insight into the mental representations of language.
History of the Study of Gesture
Authors: Kendon Adam 
Published: January 2014

AbstractInterest in “Gesture” in the West is surveyed from Antiquity to the present day. First discussed as a part of rhetoric, from the seventeenth century gesture was seen as a possible universal language and as the form in which language first arose. The expansion of anthropology in the nineteenth century brought accounts of elaborate gesture use in many different cultures, including North America and Australia, where forms of sign language were observed. Sign language among the deaf also began to be studied. In the twentieth century interest in gesture declined, but was revived from about 1980, when it became of interest for cognitive psychology, the study of language acquisition, and for its role in communication in co-present interaction. Gesture study is thought to be relevant for understanding symbolic expression and conceptual processes. Its intimate involvement with speaking has implications for conceptions of language.
Nineteenth-Century Study of Sound Change from Rask to Saussure
Authors: Burridge Kate 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the major developments within historical linguistics during the nineteenth century. It addresses some of the general thoughts on the nature of language and language structure, but with a focus on phonological change, the genetic relationship between IE languages and the comparative method. While scholars of earlier periods had addressed these concepts to some degree, it is the linguists of this century who are credited with their discovery; certainly they gave coherence to these ideas and their major breakthroughs and achievements remain part of everyday linguistic knowledge today.
A History of Sound Symbolism
Authors: Magnus Margaret 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe fundamental paradox underlying the field of sound symbolism is this: on the one hand, if the form of a word affects its meaning, we should be able to understand a word just by hearing it, and on the other, since this is not true, we would expect the relationship between the sound of a word and its meaning to be arbitrary. But it has been demonstrated repeatedly on a large scale in many unrelated languages that the relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is not arbitrary. This chapter views the history of sound symbolism as the evolution of our attempts to resolve this paradox.
East Asian Linguistics
Authors: Chung Karen Steffen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe story of the development of linguistic thought in the major cultures of East Asia centers to a great extent on each country’s response to influence from a respected non-related language. In the case of China before the period of European influence, it was Sanskrit, the language of the Buddhist scriptures; for Korea and Japan, it was Chinese, and to a lesser degree also Sanskrit. Both Korean and Japanese borrowed vocabulary extensively from Chinese, as well as the Chinese writing system, and in more recent times, Chinese has borrowed heavily back from Japanese, reflecting the ebb and flow of power between the countries. Korea and Japan later developed their own writing systems, both of which show strong influence from Chinese and Sanskrit. In all three cultures, the formal study of grammar does not begin until the nineteenth century, under European influence.
Linguistics in India
Authors: Scharf Peter M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA strong tradition of linguistic analysis developed in India associated with the composition and preservation of the ancient Vedic hymns in the first millennium BCE and continued uninterrupted to modern times. Fields of metrics, lexicography, phonetics, and grammar were recognized first. By the early fourth century BCE, Pāṇini composed a complete grammar of Sanskrit that generates utterances from basic elements under semantic and co-occurrence conditions. The grammar utilizes sophisticated techniques of reference, a formal meta-language, and abstract principles of rule precedence. The long tradition of grammatical commentary investigated subtleties of verbal cognition in discussion with well-developed philosophical disciplines of logic and ritual exegesis. Linguistic analysis of Sanskrit inspired similar analysis of middle Indic and early modern Indian languages.
General or Universal Grammar from Plato to Chomsky
Authors: Maat Jaap 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter offers an overview of the history of philosophical, or universal, or general grammar, in the Western tradition. Proceeding chronologically, the chapter first sketches the contributions of Plato, Aristotle, and ancient grammarians to this tradition. Next, the medieval theory of modistic grammar is surveyed, and the work of Scaliger and Sanctius in the sixteenth century. Moving on to the seventeenth century, the chapter discusses several universal grammars, notably the Port Royal grammar, as well as schemes for a universal and philosophical language made by Dalgarno, Wilkins, and Leibniz. Eighteenth-century work is reviewed by looking at the grammairiens-philosophes in France, works by Harris, Priestley, Monboddo, and Horne Tooke in Britain, and ideas on universal grammar of Wolff and Meiner in Germany. The chapter concludes with a brief look at twentieth-century theories proposed by Chomsky and Montague.
European Linguistics since Saussure
Authors: Graffi Giorgio 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe chapter firstly deals with Saussure, then with the scholars most directly influenced by Saussure’s linguistic thought, the schools of Geneva, Prague, and Copenhagen, and finally with other European linguists essentially independent from it, but who are nevertheless labeled as “structuralist”: the Frenchmen Guillaume and Tesnière, and the London school. Saussure’s views are summarized by means of his four classical “dichotomies” (langue vs. parole, synchrony vs. diachrony, signifiant vs. signifié, associative vs. syntagmatic relations). They were differently developed by Saussure’s followers: the Geneva school (Bally, at least) and the Prague school choose a functionalist approach. The Prague school also aimed at overcoming the synchrony/diachrony dichotomy, especially in the domain of phonology, where its most important contributions lie (by Trubetzkoy, Jakobson, and Martinet). On the other hand, the Copenhagen school (whose leader was Hjelmslev) adopted a strictly formal approach. Guillaume’s and Tesnière’s approaches differ from those of the just mentioned schools by focusing on syntax rather than on morphology and phonology. The London school (especially its leader, Firth) worked out a particular approach to phonology (“prosodic phonology”).
Lexicography from Earliest Times to the Present
Authors: Hanks Patrick 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA dictionary is an inventory of the words of a language, with explanations or translations. All major languages and many others have dictionaries. This chapter traces the development of dictionaries for over 2,000 years, starting with China, India, Persia, classical Greece, and Rome. Arabic and Hebrew dictionaries in the Middle Ages were of comparable cultural importance. A major impact was the invention of printing. During the Renaissance, the Latin dictionaries of Calepino and Estienne set standards for future lexicography. The prescriptive aims of European Academies during the Enlightenment are contrasted with Johnson’s descriptive principles. The historical principles of OED are contrasted with the synchronic principles of dictionaries intended as a collective cultural index and dictionaries as aids for foreign learners. In Russia (unlike America), lexicography developed harmoniously with linguistics. The relationships between dictionaries and language development in different countries are discussed. The chapter concludes with a summary of the impact of computer technology, corpora, and changing business models on lexicography.
Post-structuralist and Cognitive Approaches to Meaning
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter describes the development of semantics (with an emphasis on lexical semantics) after structuralist semantics. After an introductory sketch of the main lines of development of post-structuralist semantics, the main part of the chapter is devoted to the two main theoretical trends of late twentieth century and early twenty-first century lexical semantics: neostructuralist approaches on the one hand, cognitive and functional ones on the other. The chapter closes with an overview of contemporary trends, with an emphasis on current corpus-based methodological developments.
Computational Linguistics
Authors: Hirst Graeme 
Published: January 2014

AbstractComputational linguistics grew out of early projects in machine translation. Initially it was conceived of as a branch of artificial intelligence with the goal of complete human-like language understanding, and was concerned with symbolic methods of parsing and semantic analysis. In recent years, because of more powerful computers, the development of machine-learning algorithms, and the rise of the World Wide Web, computational linguistics has taken an empiricist view of language processing that is based on corpora and statistical methods. It emphasizes practical applications with a tolerance for some degree of error.
Navigating the Self in Diverse Work Contexts
Authors: Roberts Laura Morgan , Creary Stephanie J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNavigating the self is critical for working in a diverse world, in which different identities interact in social space. This chapter presents five theoretical perspectives on how individuals navigate the self in diverse organizational contexts—social identity, critical identity, (role) identity, narrative-as-identity, and identity work. We review these five prominent theoretical perspectives on identity processes in diverse contexts to explicate various ways in which individuals actively participate in the co-construction of their identities in diverse contexts. As a next step in research, identity, diversity, and relationship scholars are encouraged to inquire into the generativity of proposed tactics for navigating the self in order to identify pathways for cultivating more positive identities in diverse work settings. The examination of positive relational identities is considered a promising path for further inquiry in this domain.
Diversity as Knowledge Exchange: The Roles of Information Processing, Expertise, and Status
Authors: Phillips Katherine W. , Duguid Michelle , Thomas-Hunt Melissa , Uparna Jayaram 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAs part of an effort to understand diversity’s influence on group processes and performance, some researchers have explored diversity from an information processing perspective. This perspective suggests that because individuals in heterogeneous groups have a broader range of knowledge, skills, and abilities than homogeneous groups, they will also have greater access to a variety of task-relevant information and expertise, which can enhance group decision making. This chapter summarizes the findings of empirical research from this perspective and extends the tenets of this perspective, acknowledging the limitations of the original formulation. Included in the review is research on minority and majority influence processes and the integration of expert knowledge in groups. Finally, the chapter integrates this new information processing view with work that focuses on the effect of status differences on the processing of information in diverse environments.
Understanding How Context Shapes Team Diversity Outcomes
Authors: Joshi Aparna , Roh Hyuntak 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The study of diversity context offers many opportunities and also represents many challenges. In this chapter we present a research agenda that exploits some opportunities and attempts to overcome the challenges in conducting contextualized diversity research. We offer a tripartite definition of diversity context comprising its structural, relational, and normative components, and discuss a theoretical framework for identifying the effect of context on categorization and elaboration-based processes within work teams. We conclude by suggesting directions for future research that we hope will be a road map for future research in this area.
Considering Diversity as a Source of Competitive Advantage in Organizations
Authors: Richard Orlando C. , Miller Carliss D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter serves as a research framework for academics and practicing managers interested in understanding the conditions in which diversity, especially visible attributes such as race, gender, age, and nationality, positively or negatively affects organizational performance. This chapter differs from previous articles and books with a predominantly micro approach because the focus shifts from the individual, dyadic, and team diversity levels of analysis to diversity in large groups, subunits, and organizations. The key assumption throughout this chapter is that diversity represents a unique and valuable resource for organizations. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research on other contextual factors that might aid in unleashing a “diversity advantage.”