bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The polyamidation process in the solid state
Authors: Volokhina A. V. , Kudryavtsev G. I. , Skuratov S. M. , Bonetskaya A. K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPolyamidation is an example of rather rare reactions that can take place in the solid phase. These reactions are of considerable theoretical and practical interest. In a study of the general laws of polycondensation in the solid phase an investigation was undertaken of the polycondensation kinetics of three aliphatic ω‐amino acids, aminoenanthoic, aminopelargonic, and aminoundecanoic, and three hexamethylenediamine salts of adipic, thiodivaleric, and terephthalic acids with respect to temperature. In preliminary runs the kinetics were followed by continuous weighing of a test tube with the monomer and in this way, by measurement of the quantity of water liberated. At present a detailed calorimetric study of the reactions is being carried out, using a differential calorimeter of high sensitivity. The rate of reaction at a given moment is determined by the intensity of the absorbed heat influx (the reactions are endothermal at 170–190°). The work is at present finished with regards to aminoenanthoic and aminopelargonic acids and in general has confirmed the results of the preliminary experiments. As a result of the work carried out one may consider the following to be established. (1) Polycondensation of the amino acids in the solid phase proceeds at a noticeable rate over a rather short temperature range lying close to the melting point of the acids. (2) The rate of the polycondensation reaction in the solid phase has a very high temperature coefficient. (3) With respect to the effective activation energy of the process the amino acids arrange themselves in the series: aminoundecanoic acid < aminoenanthoic acid < aminopelargonic acid. Common to all the amino acids is the high value for activation energies of solid phase polycondensation. In the presence of a liquid phase the activation energy falls sharply. (4) The higher the melting temperature of the hexamethylene diamine salt of the dicarboxylic acid, the larger the temperature range of polycondensation in the solid phase and the lower the temperature coefficient of the rate of polycondensation. A study has been made of the catalytic action of various substances of acidic, basic and neutral nature on the process. Many substances have been found to accelerate solid phase polycondensation. A kinetic series has been established with respect to the efficiency of the various catalytic additions.
Neutralization of residual catalyst in polydimethylsiloxane. effect of neutralization on the thermal stability of the polymer
Authors: Kučera M. , Láníková J. , Jelínek M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIt is known that the thermal stability of polydimethylsiloxane is adversely affected by the presence in the siloxane polymer of active chain ends (i.e., by residual catalyst). The presence of catalyst causes the degradation reactions to proceed through an ionic mechanism (as opposed to the free‐radical mechanism typical of the “pure” polymer). Since ionic reactions take place at temperatures at least 100°C. below those at which free‐radical reactions occur, the thermal stability is thus strongly impaired. Degradation reactions occurring in polydimethylsiloxanes exposed to elevated temperatures fall roughly into two groups: (1) depolymerization (i.e., reactions involving the cleavage of the siloxane bonds) and (2) degradation proper, which results in profound changes in the chemical structure of the polymer (i.e., reactions involving carbon substituents on the Si atom, their splitting off, oxidation, etc.). Depolymerization of polydimethylsiloxane at temperatures of 150°C. and higher has been studied in vacuo and in air. The rate of depolymerization was followed quantitatively by means of weight losses; changes in the molecular weight of the polymer were taken as indicative of changes in polymer structure. The dependence of the rate of depolymerization of polydimethylsiloxane on the catalyst (KOH) concentration in the polymer was measured. It was found that the residual basic catalyst can be neutralized by acids. The neutralized polymer is characterized by a high resistance to depolymerization. The kind of acid used for the neutralization has a strong influence on the resistance of substituents toward high temperature and oxidative atmosphere. Benzoic acid and H2SO4, suppress the depolymerization almost completely, but strong mineral acids considerably decrease the resistance of substituents toward oxidation. It was found that very advantageous stabilizing properties are displayed by hydroxides of the Al(OH)3 type. The amphoteric nature of these hydroxides makes them suitable for stabilization of polydimethylsiloxane produced by anionic as well as cationic polymerization.
Foraging behaviour of the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus under intraguild predation risk by Macrolophus pygmaeus
Authors: Velasco‐Hernández María Concepción , Ramirez‐Romero Ricardo , Sánchez‐Hernández Carla , Biondi Antonio , Muñoz‐Urias Alejandro , Desneux Nicolas 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIntraguild predation (IGP), predation between species that use a common resource, can affect the populations of a pest, of the pest's natural enemy (IG prey) and of the predator of the pest's natural enemy (IG predator). In this study, we determined whether the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) (IG prey), modifies its foraging behaviour under the risk of IGP by Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) (IG predator). Parasitoid behaviour was analysed using two bioassays (choice and no‐choice) with the following treatments: (i) control, tomato leaf infested with whitefly nymphs; and (ii) PEP, tomato leaf infested with whitefly nymphs and previously exposed to the IG predator; and (iii) PP, tomato leaf infested with whitefly nymphs, with both, the IG predator and the IG prey present.RESULTSIn both bioassays, we found that E. eremicus did not significantly modify the number of ovipositions, time of residence, duration of oviposition or behavioural sequence. However, in the no‐choice bioassay, the number of attacks was higher and their duration shorter in the PEP treatment than in the control.CONCLUSIONOur results indicate that the parasitoid may detect IGP risk to a certain extent, but it did not significantly modify its foraging behaviour, suggesting that simultaneous release of the two natural enemies can be successfully employed. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Fault estimation and active fault tolerant control for linear parameter varying descriptor systems
Authors: Shi Fengming , Patton Ron J. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryStarting with the baseline controller design, this paper proposes an integrated approach of active fault tolerant control based on proportional derivative extended state observer (PDESO) for linear parameter varying descriptor systems. The PDESO can simultaneously provide the estimates of the system states, sensor faults, and actuator faults. The L2 robust performance of the closed‐loop system to bounded exogenous disturbance and bounded uncertainty is achieved by a two‐step design procedure adapted from the traditional observer‐based controller design. Furthermore, an LMI pole‐placement region and the L2 robustness performance are combined into a multiobjective formulation by suitably combing the appropriate LMI descriptions. A parameter‐varying system example is given to illustrate the design procedure and the validity of the proposed integrated design approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LQR‐based optimal topology of leader‐following consensus
Authors: Ma Jingying , Zheng Yuanshi , Wang Long 
Published: November 2014

SummaryIn this paper, we consider the optimal topology for leader‐following consensus problem of continuous‐time and discrete‐time multi‐agent systems based on linear quadratic regulator theory. For the first‐order multi‐agent systems, we propose a quadratic cost function, which is independent of the interaction graph, and find that the optimal topology is a star topology. For the second‐order multi‐agent systems, a quadratic cost function is also constructed, whereas the optimal topology for second‐order leader‐following consensus problem is an unevenly weighted star topology. The universality of these findings means that if each follower is connected with the leader, the information exchange between followers is unnecessary and insufficient. Simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying the most appropriate expansion of acronyms used in wikipedia text
Authors: Choi Dongjin , Kim Pankoo 
Published: November 2014

SummaryDuring the past several years, many studies have been conducted to determine the expansions (the expanded forms or definitions) of acronyms used in specific texts by using linguistic and syntactical approaches to overcome disambiguation problems. An acronym is an abbreviation formed of the initial components of multiple words. Using only these initial parts can result in huge mistakes when a machine conducts experiments to determine an acronym's meaning in given texts. Finding expansions of acronyms is currently not a major concern. However, identifying how a polysemous acronym is precisely being used in a specific text is difficult. To solve disambiguation problem acronyms have, this paper proposes a method to identify the most appropriate expansions of an acronym by analysing co‐occurrence words found in articles on Wikipedia. Our goal is not to find an acronym's definition or expansion but to identify the most appropriate expansion of a given acronym as it is used in a given text. Through experiments, we demonstrate the proposed method's efficiency and performance by comparing several results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of programming language statement frequency in C, C++, and Java source code
Authors: Zhu Xiaoyan , Whitehead E. James , Sadowski Caitlin , Song Qinbao 
Published: November 2014

SummaryStatement frequency data can inform programming language research and provide a solid basis for frequency‐based code analysis. This paper presents an analysis of programming language statement frequency in a large corpus of C, C++, and Java source code, comprised of more than 54 million lines of code. Across these languages, the top four work‐performing statement types are Method/Function Call, Assignment, If, and Return. As compared to studies of Formula Translating System, Common Business Oriented Language and Programming Language One in the 1970s, the main change is the prevalence of method/function calls. Statement use frequency across languages is remarkably similar, and within each individual language, most statement types have a frequency distribution that occupies a small range. A more detailed examination of assignment and looping statement types shows that many assignments simply involve copying of data and that C++/Java useforstatements more than C. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Helix-Loop-Helix Protein Id1 Controls Stem Cell Proliferation During Regenerative Neurogenesis in the Adult Zebrafish Telencephalon
Authors: Viales Rebecca Rodriguez , Diotel Nicolas , Ferg Marco , Armant Olivier , Eich Julia , Alunni Alessandro , März Martin , Bally-Cuif Laure , Rastegar Sepand , Strähle Uwe 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe teleost brain has the remarkable ability to generate new neurons and to repair injuries during adult life stages. Maintaining life-long neurogenesis requires careful management of neural stem cell pools. In a genome-wide expression screen for transcription regulators, the id1 gene, encoding a negative regulator of E-proteins, was found to be upregulated in response to injury. id1 expression was mapped to quiescent type I neural stem cells in the adult telencephalic stem cell niche. Gain and loss of id1 function in vivo demonstrated that Id1 promotes stem cell quiescence. The increased id1 expression observed in neural stem cells in response to injury appeared independent of inflammatory signals, suggesting multiple antagonistic pathways in the regulation of reactive neurogenesis. Together, we propose that Id1 acts to maintain the neural stem cell pool by counteracting neurogenesis-promoting signals. Stem Cells 2015;33:892–903
Concise Reviews: Assisted Reproductive Technologies to Prevent Transmission of Mitochondrial DNA Disease
Authors: Richardson Jessica , Irving Laura , Hyslop Louise A. , Choudhary Meenakshi , Murdoch Alison , Turnbull Douglass M. , Herbert Mary 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
While the fertilized egg inherits its nuclear DNA from both parents, the mitochondrial DNA is strictly maternally inherited. Cells contain multiple copies of mtDNA, each of which encodes 37 genes, which are essential for energy production by oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations can be present in all, or only in some copies of mtDNA. If present above a certain threshold, pathogenic mtDNA mutations can cause a range of debilitating and fatal diseases. Here, we provide an update of currently available options and new techniques under development to reduce the risk of transmitting mtDNA disease from mother to child. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), a commonly used technique to detect mutations in nuclear DNA, is currently being offered to determine the mutation load of embryos produced by women who carry mtDNA mutations. The available evidence indicates that cells removed from an eight-cell embryo are predictive of the mutation load in the entire embryo, indicating that PGD provides an effective risk reduction strategy for women who produce embryos with low mutation loads. For those who do not, research is now focused on meiotic nuclear transplantation techniques to uncouple the inheritance of nuclear and mtDNA. These approaches include transplantation of any one of the products or female meiosis (meiosis II spindle, or either of the polar bodies) between oocytes, or the transplantation of pronuclei between fertilized eggs. In all cases, the transferred genetic material arises from a normal meiosis and should therefore, not be confused with cloning. The scientific progress and associated regulatory issues are discussed. Stem Cells 2015;33:639–645
Timing of elective delivery in gastroschisis: a decision and cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Harper L. M. , Goetzinger K. R. , Biggio J. R. , Macones G. A. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo determine the most cost‐effective timing of delivery in pregnancies complicated by gastroschisis, using a decision‐analytic model.MethodsWe created a decision‐analytic model to compare planned delivery at 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39 weeks' gestation. Outcomes considered were stillbirth, death within 1 year of birth and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Probability estimates of events (stillbirth, complex gastroschisis and RDS for each gestational age at delivery and risk of death with simple and complex gastroschisis), utilities and costs assigned to the outcomes were obtained from the published literature. Cost analysis was assessed from a societal perspective, using a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $100 000 per surviving infant. Outcomes and costs were considered throughout 1 year of postnatal life. Multiway sensitivity analysis was performed to address uncertainties in baseline assumptions.ResultsIn the base–case analysis, delivery at 38 weeks' gestation was the most cost‐effective strategy. Planned delivery at 35 weeks was associated with the fewest stillbirths and deaths within 1 year of delivery, owing largely to a lower ongoing risk of stillbirth. In Monte Carlo simulation when every variable was varied over its entire range, delivery at 38 weeks was cost‐effective compared to delivery at 39 weeks in 76% of trials and delivery at 37 weeks was cost‐effective in 69% of trials. Delivery at 38 weeks resulted in three additional cases of RDS for every 100 stillbirths or deaths within 1 year that were prevented.ConclusionsFor pregnancies complicated by gastroschisis, the most cost‐effective timing of delivery is at 38 weeks. Few additional cases of RDS are caused for every one stillbirth or death within 1 year that was prevented with delivery at 37–38 weeks compared with at 39 weeks. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Open challenges in magnetic drug targeting
Authors: Shapiro Benjamin , Kulkarni Sandip , Nacev Aleksander , Muro Silvia , Stepanov Pavel Y. , Weinberg Irving N. 
Published: November 2014

The principle of magnetic drug targeting, wherein therapy is attached to magnetically responsive carriers and magnetic fields are used to direct that therapy to disease locations, has been around for nearly two decades. Yet our ability to safely and effectively direct therapy to where it needs to go, for instance to deep tissue targets, remains limited. To date, magnetic targeting methods have not yet passed regulatory approval or reached clinical use. Below we outline key challenges to magnetic targeting, which include designing and selecting magnetic carriers for specific clinical indications, safely and effectively reaching targets behind tissue and anatomical barriers, real‐time carrier imaging, and magnet design and control for deep and precise targeting. Addressing these challenges will require interactions across disciplines. Nanofabricators and chemists should work with biologists, mathematicians, and engineers to better understand how carriers move through live tissues and how to optimize carrier and magnet designs to better direct therapy to disease targets. Clinicians should be involved early on and throughout the whole process to ensure the methods that are being developed meet a compelling clinical need and will be practical in a clinical setting. Our hope is that highlighting these challenges will help researchers translate magnetic drug targeting from a novel concept to a clinically available treatment that can put therapy where it needs to go in human patients. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2015, 7:446–457. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1311This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Enhanced deacidification activity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe by genome shuffling
Authors: Ding Su , Zhang Ying , Zhang Jing , Zeng Wei , Yang Ying , Guan Jingxi , Pan Lixia , Li Wei 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA problem frequently occurring in making some kinds of wines, particularly Vitis quinquangularis Rehd wine, is the presence of malic acid at high concentrations, which is detrimental to the quality of wines. Thus, there is a need of the ways for effectively reducing the malic acid levels in wine. This study aimed to generate shuffled fusants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe with enhanced deacidification activity for reducing the excessive malic acid content in wine. Sz. pombe CGMCC 2.1628 was used as the original strain. The starting mutant population was generated by UV treatment. The mutants with higher deacidification activity were selected and subjected to recursive protoplast fusion. The resulting fusants were screened by using the indicator of malic acid concentration of fermentation supernatants on 96‐well microtitre plates, measured with bromocresol green. After three rounds of genome shuffling, the best‐performing fusant, named GS3‐1, was obtained. Its deacidification activity (consumed 4.78 g/l malic acid within 10 days) was increased by 225.2% as compared to that of original strain. In the Vitis quinquangularis Rehd wine fermentation test, GS3‐1 consumed 4.0 g/l malic acid during the whole cycle of fermentation, providing up to 185.7% improvement in malic acid consumption compared with that of the original strain. This study shows that GS3‐1 has great potential for improving the quality of Vitis quinquangularis Rehd wine. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Usefulness of entrainment mapping using the activation sequence of the last captured excitation in complex dual‐loop atrial tachycardia
Authors: Fujiki Akira , Yoshioka Ryozo , Sakabe Masao 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundElectroanatomical mapping is useful for locating the atrial reentrant circuit, but analysis of the dynamic relation of the reentrant circuit is sometimes difficult. This article describes three cases of complex dual‐loop reentrant atrial tachycardia analyzed by entrainment mapping using not only the postpacing interval (PPI) but also the activation sequence of the last captured beats.MethodsCase 1 was dual‐loop reentry consisting of the tricuspid annulus (TA) and a localized atrial reentry at the coronary sinus (CS) ostium with different exit sites to the right and the left atrium that was cured by catheter ablation at the CS ostium showing fractionated potential. Case 2 was dual‐loop reentry around the TA and the superior trans‐septal incision line. Case 3 was dual‐loop reentry around the TA and longitudinal dissociation along the cavo‐tricuspid isthmus.ResultsIn Cases 1 and 2, entrainment with a shorter pacing cycle length demonstrated antidromic penetration to the circuit and changed the activation sequence of the last captured beat depending on the anatomical relation of the reentrant circuit. In Cases 1–3 with dual‐loop reentry, the excitation wavefront induced by stimulation entered one circuit after going around the other; thus, the penetration to the other reentry circuit became the second beat after the stimulus (one lap behind).ConclusionsThe PPI is obtained from the pacing site only, but the last captured beat could be obtained from all electrodes. It is advantageous to use the information from all available electrode recordings to determine the dynamic relation between complex dual‐loop reentrant circuits.
Making sense of governance
Authors: Colebatch H K 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Governance is a term which is widely, but not always precisely, used, and this article seeks to clarify what the term is being used to mean. In particular, it is concerned with whether it denotes a particular mode of government, or whether is a broad category encompassing all modes of government. It focuses on the arguments about political practice on which the original claims about governance were based, and the evidence that there has been a change is political practice which demands a new label. It concludes with a discussion of the way that accounts of government are used in the practice of governing, and the incentives that this gives both participants and observers to adopt the warm but fuzzy term ‘governance’.
A-type granites and related rocks: Petrogenesis and classification
Authors: Grebennikov A.V. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The problems of identification of A-type granitoids are analyzed. These rocks occur in different geodynamic settings. Owing to their mantle nature, they show distinct REE specialization. These are acid intrusive rocks, whose volcanic products are of crucial scientific and practical significance. However, neither the great number of proposed classification schemes and diagrams, including those based on expensive analytical data, nor hot scientific discussions of their identification and the ambiguity of the term A-granitoids helped to determine their classification features in full measure. A principally new discriminant diagram is proposed for the classification of igneous A-type rocks, based on the analysis of earlier obtained results and the petrochemical composition of these rocks. A comparative analysis of subdivision of granites and related felsic volcanic rocks (SiO2&gt; 67 wt.%), based on the ternary (Na2O + K2O)–Fe2O3* × 5–(CaO + MgO) × 5 and other widely applied diagrams, has shown the advantage of the proposed discriminant diagram for the classification of A-type granitoids from different geodynamic settings.