bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Pestalotiopsis clavispora Causing Leaf Spot of Carya illinoensis in Brazil
Authors: Lazarotto M. , Muniz M. F. B. , Poletto T. , Dutra C. B. , Blume E. , Harakawa R. , Poletto I. 
Published: August 2012

Conspicuous leaf spots in combination with fruit spots were observed for the first time in April and May 2010 on a 30-ha pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] orchard in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Initially, tiny grey spots were observed on leaves and, over time, the spots expanded to become gray to light brown circles surrounded by a dark brown border, followed by leaves falling. Eventually, fruits were also attacked, with typical symptoms beginning with tiny water soaked spots which then became necrotic. The disease was also observed in pecan nursery and field seedlings. Isolation of the pathogen from symptomatic leaves and morphological identification by conidia characters (number of cells, color, hyaline terminal cells, number of appendages) revealed Pestalotiopsis sp. (2) as the causal agent of the disease. Conidia constituted of transverse septa with four dark intermediate sections and two hyaline terminal sections. One of the terminal sections presented two or three apical appendages. Conidia averaged 6.88 μm wide × 31.00 μm long, not considering the apical appendages. Primers ITS 1 and ITS 4 were used to amplify the internal transcribes spacer ITS 1-5.8S-ITS 2 region. Nucleotide sequences were 99% similar to Pestalotiopsis clavispora (G.F. Atk.) Steyaert. Conidia produced on potato dextrose agar medium were used to inoculate 8 plants with a spore suspension of 2.0 × 106 conidia/ml. Eight additional plants were used as control (non-inoculated). The inoculation was performed by spraying the suspension onto the leaves of Pecan seedlings and the plants were incubated for 72 h in a humid chamber (1). All inoculated plants showed symptoms 25 days after inoculation and the fungus was reisolated. The pathogenicity test was repeated once. Ten more isolates collected from four different cities in the same state were identified as Pestalotiopsis spp. by morphological characterization and pathogenicity was confirmed. Because this disease causes losses on production of nuts indirectly by reducing photosynthetically active area when the pathogen attacks leaves and directly when attacking fruits, it may restrict the production where the pathogen occurs. On some orchards in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the attack rate reached 80% of the plants. P. clavispora has been reported causing stem end-rot of avocado in Chile (3), but this note constitutes the first report, to our knowledge, of P. clavispora causing leaf spot on C. illinoensis in Brazil. References: (1) A. C. Alfenas and F. A. Ferreira. Page 117 in: Métodos em Fitopatologia. A. C Alfenas and R. G. Mafia (eds.). Editora: UFV, Viçosa, 2007. (2) S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura et al. Fungal Diversity 50:167, 2011. (3) A. L. Valencia et al. Plant Dis. 95:492, 2011.
First Report of Botryosphaeria dothidea Causing Fruit Rot of Plum in Spain
Authors: Roca L. F. , Raya M. C. , Trapero A. 
Published: August 2012

Species in the Botryosphaeriaceae are known to produce cankers, dieback, blights, and leaf spots on many hosts, mainly under stress conditions. Several Botryosphaeria spp. may also cause pre- or post-harvest decay of stone fruit, such as peaches (2). In June 2012, fruit of plum (Prunus domestica cv. Golden Japan) showing soft, brown, and slightly sunken necrotic lesions were observed in several orchards affected by hail in Cordoba province (southern Spain). Symptomatic fruit were collected and incubated at 25°C and 100% relative humidity. Isolations were done on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Mycelium and black pycnidia developed on the surface of incubated fruit and on PDA plates. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, and fusoid. According to morphological criteria, the fungus was identified as Fusicoccum aesculi, the anamorph of Botryosphaeria dothidea (3). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with primers ITS4/ITS5 and sequenced. BLAST analysis of the 528-bp fragment showed 100% homology with the sequence of B. dothidea. Pathogenicity tests were performed on immature healthy fruit (2 weeks before harvest) of the same cultivar from the same orchards. Fruit were washed in deionized water with Tween 20 (Polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaureate 99%, 0.1 ml/liter) and surface sterilized in 10% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min. Twenty-four fruit were inoculated using mycelial-agar discs. Twelve fruit were previously wounded with a sterile 0.5-mm-diameter needle. The same number of fruit, wounded and unwounded, served as a control. All fruit were incubated at 25°C and 100% relative humidity. Seven days after inoculation, 83% of wounded inoculated fruit showed rot symptoms. After 9 days, fruit rot symptoms started to appear on unwounded inoculated fruit. Twenty days after inoculation, 100% of wounded and unwounded fruit showed rot symptoms that led to mummification of the fruit. Pycnidia developed on inoculated fruit and the fungus was reisolated. No symptoms developed on control fruit. These results demonstrate that B. dothidea is pathogenic on plum and that wounds favor infection, although they are not needed. To our knowledge this is the first report of B. dothidea causing fruit rot of plum in Spain. This pathogen is well known in southern Spain causing a serious fruit rot of olive (1) and could have a great impact on plum production in this region, especially when there is damage to the fruits as occurred this year with hail. References: (1) J. Moral et al. Phytopathology 100:1340, 2010. (2) J. M. Ogawa et al. Compendium of Stone Fruit Diseases. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, 1995. (3) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 96:83, 2004.
Women's work interruptions and career prospects in Germany and Sweden
Authors: Evertsson Marie , Grunow Daniela 
Published: August 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on two welfare state regimes with differing degrees of de‐familialisation strategies, Germany and Sweden, to study whether and how women's career interruptions influence their labour market prospects. By comparing women with continuous careers to those with discontinuous careers due to: parental leave or homemaking; unemployment; or other reasons, the authors explore the support for the skill depreciation hypothesis and signalling theory. Depending on the type of welfare state regime, the authors expect women to be subject to varying degrees of career punishment for time spent out of the labour market.Design/methodology/approachCox proportional hazard regression models of the transition rate of an upward or downward occupational move among women in the labour market were estimated.FindingsFocusing on upward career moves, the results show no significant relationship between a career interruption and upward occupational moves in Germany. In Sweden, the longer the accumulated duration of family leave, the lower the transition rate to an upward move. Overall occupational mobility is higher in Sweden, and in a policy regime where almost all women work, extended leaves may have a more negative effect on career prospects than in Germany, where many mothers drop out of the labour force altogether. In Germany, on the other hand, the authors find traces of unemployment to be scarring, as the risk of downward moves increases with increased unemployment experience.Originality/valueThe paper explores the impact of policies in shaping women's career trajectories and critically examines the often‐cited skill depreciation hypothesis.
Internationalization pathways among family‐owned SMEs
Authors: Kontinen Tanja , Ojala Arto 
Published: August 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to increase understanding of the internationalization of family firms; to investigate how the framework by Bell et al. on the internationalization patterns of firms could explain the internationalization pathways taken by family‐owned small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs); and to identify typical patterns and features in the various pathways taken by family‐owned SMEs.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reports findings from an in‐depth multiple case study with eight Finnish family‐owned SMEs.FindingsThe ownership structure had the most important role in defining the internationalization pathways followed by the family‐owned SMEs: a fragmented ownership structure led to traditional internationalization pathway whereas a concentrated ownership base led to born global or born‐again global pathways.Practical implicationsFamily entrepreneurs should carefully consider the division of ownership and seek to build new relationships in foreign markets, in addition to their primary co‐operators.Originality/valueThe authors extend the integrative model of small firm internationalization by Bell et al. toward family‐owned SMEs and highlight the most important dimensions in the different internationalization pathways of family SMEs. The ownership dimension is integrated within discussion on differing internationalization pathways. The authors utilize a family business specific perspective (the stewardship perspective), in order to understand the specific features of internationalization among family SMEs, and also how these features differ between family SMEs and other firms.
Early internationalization and performance of small high‐tech “born‐globals”
Authors: Li Lee , Qian Gongming , Qian Zhengming 
Published: August 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the early internationalization and the performance of small firms in technology‐intensive industries.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 278 small US firms in technology‐intensive industries, this paper employs quantitative methodologies to test hypotheses.FindingsThe findings indicate that such organizational variables as firm size and international experience have a non‐linear, inverted U‐shaped relationship with these firms’ early internationalization. Some strategic variables, such as R&D intensity, have significant impacts, whereas others, such as advertising intensity and strategic alliances, have none. However, the interactions between these strategic variables have a more significant influence upon these firms’ early internationalization than do the individual strategic variables in isolation. Moreover, early internationalization has significant and positive impacts on the performance of these firms.Practical implicationsThe paper’s findings have important managerial implications. The paper identifies the driving forces for the early globalization of small firms and provides useful guidelines for managers to manage these factors in their efforts to maximize firm performance.Originality/valueThe paper differentiates organizational factors from strategic factors against the background of small “born globals” in technology industries and investigates the interactions among these internal factors and external factors, i.e. the environments of technology industries. Findings of non‐linear relationships among these factors shed light on the strategy determinants of a unique group of small to medium‐sized enterprises and their performance.
How leadership for an ICT reform is distributed within a school
Authors: Ng Foo Seong David , Ho Jeanne Marie 
Published: August 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the process of information communication technology (ICT) reform in a government school in Singapore. The focus is on the distributed leadership actions performed by various individuals, and how the multiple leaders and their leadership practices interacted with one another.Design/methodology/approachA naturalistic inquiry approach was adopted, involving the case study of a school in the process of implementing an instructional reform involving the use of ICT.FindingsIt was found that distributed leadership for ICT implementation requires a combination of transformational leadership and instructional leadership to develop teachers’ capacity to enhance their instruction with ICT, emotional leadership to support teachers’ effort to change, and strategic management of resources to sustain teachers’ change efforts. Transformational leadership is performed mainly by senior management (SM). Instructional leadership is performed mainly by middle management (MM). Both senior and middle management provided emotional leadership and strategic resource management. In addition, SM provided second‐order changes leadership, while MM provided first‐order changes leadership.Originality/valueThe paper rectifies the current disproportionate focus on the role of the Principal by uncovering the leadership actions performed by other school members, and how these leadership actions are interrelated. In particular, the paper provides insight into how leadership was distributed in a school reform involving the use of ICT for instruction.
Do the managerial characteristics of schools influence their performance?
Authors: Agasisti Tommaso , Bonomi Francesca , Sibiano Piergiacomo 
Published: August 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of governance and managerial characteristics of schools. More specifically, the aim is to individuate the factors that are associated to higher schools’ performances, as measured through student achievement.Design/methodology/approachThe research is conducted by means of a survey in the private junior‐secondary schools in one Italian region (Lombardy).FindingsThe results show that some features characterize the group of “high‐performing” schools: the presence of structured tests to measure student’ achievement; specific services for disabled and foreign students; a high level of principal's autonomy in strategic decision making; the use of assessment for defining strategies; and a high collaborative attitude among teachers.Research limitations/implicationsThe present paper focused only on the private sector, because non‐public schools benefit from a substantial autonomy in their organizational and managerial profile. Some of the indicators collected in this study could be included in the Italian standardized tests’ protocol, by creating an ad hoc school's questionnaire.Originality/valueThis paper answers to the call by educational research, applied economic research and present institutional assessment activities for a renewed desire to build reliable indicators about schools’ performance in Italy. In this paper an analytical framework is developed to collect relevant information about schools’ characteristics.
The impact of transformational leadership style on innovation as perceived by public employees in Jordan
Authors: Nusair Naim , Ababneh Raed , Kyung Bae Yun 
Published: August 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this empirical study is to provide a deeper understanding of how transformational leadership relates to followers' innovative behavior in the Jordanian public sector.Design/methodology/approachPerceptual data were collected from 358 employees working in different public sector organizations located in the Northern region of Jordan.FindingsResults demonstrate that transformational leadership accounted for 47 percent in the variation of followers' innovative behavior in the Jordanian public sector. Additionally, the findings showed that place of work variable had significant impact on the attitudes of the respondents toward the transformational leadership behavior of their managers and their innovative behavior.Practical implicationsOrganizations should invest in transformational leadership training and in the selection of supervisors with this leadership style before initiating the implementation of innovations.Originality/valueThe paper is one of the first to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership and followers' innovative behavior in developing countries.
Re‐examination of Hofstede's work value orientations on perceived leadership styles in Jordan
Authors: Sabri Hala A. 
Published: August 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of work values on leadership styles and to introduce new findings when Hofstede's work value orientations are applied to other different cultural domains (i.e. Jordan).Design/methodology/approachA survey of 235 Jordanian managers was undertaken using two instruments of measurement: the “Cultural Attitude Inventory” and the “T‐P Leadership Questionnaire: An Assessment of Style.”FindingsResults confirmed the anticipated relation between “task” leadership style and Jordanian managers' values of power distance and uncertainty avoidance, but they did not confirm the anticipated relation between “people” leadership style and collectivist values of Jordanian managers.Originality/valueThe results have important implications for the management of international and transnational organizations who may need to consider whether promoting a consistent world‐wide leadership style would be more or less beneficial than adopting a style that matches the needs of different cultures. Main recommendations of the research were that theories of culture should be re‐evaluated and updated periodically and that increased awareness into the various characteristics of culture and leadership style may assist in understanding human resources behavior, identifying necessary organizational changes and developing a more efficient organization.
Enriching life with creative expression
Authors: Ford Claire 
Published: August 2012

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to identify the benefits for individuals with dementia from participating in highly creative engagement activities. It also aims to analyse the ways of promoting access for this generation in settings such as museums and galleries, identifying the various ways the USA and UK differ when providing new opportunities for this generation. It also seeks to depict how the USA measures and acknowledges creativity, alongside the decrease of cognitive ability.Design/methodology/approachThe Winston Churchill Travelling Fellowship study was carried out in six cities across the USA; these were Milwaukee, Chicago, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco and Washington, DC. Data, observations and knowledge were gathered from various access programmes in museums and galleries, creative access organisations and in alternative environments from hospitals, to day centres and residential care.FindingsThis article highlights the benefits of coordinating creative activities within a healthcare setting, looking at ways of changing cultural views and improving the health service.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was limited to the USA and its six biggest cities. The results presented are predominantly qualitative and the results rely on extensive evaluation.Practical implicationsCollaboration between health staff and artists can prove difficult so it is essential to utilize practitioners that share the same values and visions of the end goal. Both leadership and job roles need to be discussed in great detail before beginning any access project.Social implicationsArts in a healthcare context will bridge the gap between age and ability, altering the views of today's general culture. Instead the “elderly” will be seen as creative, innovative and pro‐active. The arts can transform the stereotypical views that today's culture have of the elderly, from negative to positive. The arts will inspire intergenerational collaboration between the young and old which will enhance self‐esteem, respect and knowledge for both age groups.Originality/valueThis paper will promote the arts as a positive tool to improve the quality of life for individuals with dementia. Providing guidelines, insight and access programmes to health care staff, carers and individuals with dementia. This information and support will boost dementia care, lowering medical costs and allow for a better environment for the third age to be a part of.
Rethinking a framework for dementia 1: a journey
Authors: Minghella Edana , Schneider Kate 
Published: August 2012

PurposeThis is the first of two papers that aim to propose a revised model of care for dementia based on the combined findings of a number of projects undertaken by the authors.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a conceptual discussion based on the findings from a series of projects in which the key methodologies included listening to people with dementia and carers, non‐participant observation of services, and reviews of good practice, policy and literature.FindingsThis paper reports on key messages received from people living with dementia, a revised values‐base for service development and identifying the dementia journey from the perspective of those living with dementia. The framework moves away from the medical model towards understanding dementia as a long term condition that affects a number of dimensions.Practical implicationsThrough understanding the dementia journey from the perspective of people living with dementia, it is possible to design and implement a range of services that help people plan for and manage their own journeys, provide interventions proactively and help prevent crises. Person‐centred outcomes can be identified, linked to, or cutting across, each of the phases the journey. Experiences are likely to improve, and resources can be targeted more efficiently and effectively.Originality/valueThe authors identify a six‐phase dementia journey from the perspective of people living with dementia, based on a set of values informed by people who have dementia and their carers.
Understanding the older entrepreneur
Authors: Small Malcolm 
Published: August 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to gain insight into the prevalence of entrepreneurial activity amongst older people, and whether such activity may be an option for them to extend their working lives.Design/methodology/approachResearch was conducted amongst the Policy Voice database of respondents at the Institute of Directors, members who have volunteered their time to answer research questions on a variety of public policy issues. Undertaken electronically, a series of questions were asked of respondents relating to their age and business activities. Amplification by verbatim comments was requested, which gave qualitative context to the quantitative answers received. Over 1,200 responses to the survey were received.FindingsStarting, running or continuing in individual business or entrepreneurial activity would appear to be surprisingly commonplace amongst the research sample, suggesting that there might be more older entrepreneurs amongst the population as a whole than might have previously been supposed. For those with the requisite skills and personal attributes, entrepreneurship in later life would appear to be a valid option for extending working lives.Research limitations/implicationsResearch responses were from a membership base biased towards A, B, and C1 socio‐economic groups.Originality/valueThere have been very limited studies of entrepreneurial and business activity amongst older people.