bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dislocating Families: The Strasbourg Reversal
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the very first judgment which the European Court of Human Rights rendered in a migrant case; Abdulazis, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdom, which involved three ‘immigration widows’ who were living in the UK without their husbands because immigration rules prevented the latter from joining them. The chapter reviews the ruling, including the facts of the three test cases which the Commission selected for examination; the Court’s confirmation of the absence of a right to family reunion in the Convention; its verdict that the UK violated the prohibition of discrimination on ground of sex; and its opposite finding regarding race. The implications of this unanimous judgment by the plenary Court are then teased out. The chapter concludes that the Court’s resistance to defending even the conventional family lives of migrants means that it is not in a good position to defend migrants’ more unconventional family patterns.
The Voice of the Inter-American Court: Equality as Jus Cogens
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief history of the presence of Mexicans in the United States. It then reviews Advisory opinions nos 16 and 18, with special attention given to the way the Inter-American Court declared itself competent to deliver Advisory opinion no. 16; the way it declared the right to consular information a human right; the way neither the International Court of Justice in Avena and LeGrand nor the European Court of Human Rights in the little known Kimmel followed the Inter-American Court’s lead; the way Advisory opinion no. 18 enlarged the human rights of migrants by declaring the principle of equality and non-discrimination jus cogens; and the four concurring opinions this ruling attracted. This is followed by a comparison between the Inter-American and European Courts. The chapter ends with a discussion of the risks associated with the kind of visionary jurisprudence for which the Inter-American Court has become renown.
The Darkest Case Law: Condoning Rightlessness
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the Bonger v. the Netherlands decision of 2005, where the European Court of Human Rights declared the case of an applicant who had been refused a residence permit for almost ten years despite being de facto stateless as inadmissible. Not a well-known decision, Bonger v. the Netherlands captures the indifference with which the Court greets the problem of lack of secure legal status which affects millions of ‘irregular’ migrants in Europe. It is argued that the Strasbourg Court has no qualms about rejecting complaints which are about ‘the right to have rights’.
Optics in Semiconductors
Authors: Toropov Alexey A. , Shubina Tatiana V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter describes basic optical processes in semiconductor crystals, including interband optical absorption, gain, and emission. The consideration is performed for the two types of crystal structures, zinc-blende and wurtzite, in the framework of a semi-classical approach when the electromagnetic field is treated classically while the electrons are described by the quantum mechanical Hamiltonian and wave functions. Einstein coefficients are introduced in order to define the connection between absorption, stimulated emission, and spontaneous emission. Optical selection rules are obtained in the framework of the k⋅p theory by calculating the interband momentum matrix elements. The concepts of Wannier–Mott excitons and exciton polaritons are discussed in the framework of the effective mass approximation for the case of the direct band-gap semiconductors. The chapter establishes the symmetry classification of excitonic states in the semiconductor crystals in terms of the theory of irreducible group representations.
Dynamic Mechanism Design
Authors: Daniel Krähmer , Roland Strausz 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter explains basic insights in the theory of dynamic mechanism design using initially a single agent framework. The chapter emphasizes the case in which the agent receives multiple signals over time. It is shown that information that arrives before signing a contract has very different incentive implications than private information that arrives after signing a contract. The chapter explores how the methodology of static mechanism design has to be changed to be applicable in the dynamic setting.
When less is more: ‘slicing’ sequencing data improves read decoding accuracy and de novo assembly quality
Authors: Lonardi Stefano , Mirebrahim Hamid , Wanamaker Steve , Alpert Matthew , Ciardo Gianfranco , Duma Denisa , Close Timothy J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Motivation: As the invention of DNA sequencing in the 70s, computational biologists have had to deal with the problem of de novo genome assembly with limited (or insufficient) depth of sequencing. In this work, we investigate the opposite problem, that is, the challenge of dealing with excessive depth of sequencing.
Results: We explore the effect of ultra-deep sequencing data in two domains: (i) the problem of decoding reads to bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones (in the context of the combinatorial pooling design we have recently proposed), and (ii) the problem of de novo assembly of BAC clones. Using real ultra-deep sequencing data, we show that when the depth of sequencing increases over a certain threshold, sequencing errors make these two problems harder and harder (instead of easier, as one would expect with error-free data), and as a consequence the quality of the solution degrades with more and more data. For the first problem, we propose an effective solution based on ‘divide and conquer’: we ‘slice’ a large dataset into smaller samples of optimal size, decode each slice independently, and then merge the results. Experimental results on over 15 000 barley BACs and over 4000 cowpea BACs demonstrate a significant improvement in the quality of the decoding and the final assembly. For the second problem, we show for the first time that modern de novo assemblers cannot take advantage of ultra-deep sequencing data.
Availability and implementation: Python scripts to process slices and resolve decoding conflicts are available from http://goo.gl/YXgdHT; software Hashfilter can be downloaded from http://goo.gl/MIyZHs
Contact: stelo@cs.ucr.edu or timothy.close@ucr.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Homeostatic ‘bystander’ proliferation of human peripheral blood B cells in response to polyclonal T-cell stimulationin vitro
Authors: Jasiulewicz Aleksandra , Lisowska Katarzyna A. , Pietruczuk Krzysztof , Frąckowiak Joanna , Fulop Tamas , Witkowski Jacek M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe mechanisms of maintenance of adequate numbers of B lymphocytes and of protective levels of immunoglobulins in the absence of antigenic (re)stimulation remain not fully understood. Meanwhile, our results presented here show that both peripheral blood naive and memory B cells can be activated strongly and non-specifically (in a mitogen-like fashion) in 5-day in vitro cultures of anti-CD3- or concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy people. This polyclonal, bystander activation of the B cells includes multiple divisions of most of them (assessed here by the flow cytometric technique of dividing cell tracking) and significant antibody [immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG] secretion. Observed proliferation of the CD19 + B cells depends on contact with stimulated T helper (T h ) cells (via CD40–CD40L interaction) and on the response of B cells to secreted interleukins IL-5, IL-10 and IL-4, and is correlated with the levels of these T h -derived molecules, while it does not involve the ligation of the BCR/CD19 complex. We suggest that the effect might reflect the situation occurring in vivo as the homeostatic proliferation of otherwise non-stimulated, peripheral B lymphocytes, providing an always ready pool for efficient antibody production to any new (or cognate) antigen challenge.
Identifying Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Administrative Data
Authors: McIsaac Daniel I. , Gershon Andrea , Wijeysundera Duminda , Bryson Gregory L. , Badner Neal , van Walraven Carl 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAbstract
In approximately 5,000 patients who underwent preoperative polysomnography, 56% met criteria for a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In these patients with known or excluded OSA, none of the health administrative diagnostic codes, diagnostic procedures, or therapeutic interventions by themselves or in combination identified OSA with adequately high sensitivity and specificity. Existing studies using administrative codes to identify OSA should be interpreted with caution.

Background:
Health administrative (HA) databases are increasingly used to identify surgical patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) for research purposes, primarily using diagnostic codes. Such means to identify patients with OSA are not validated. The authors determined the accuracy of case-ascertainment algorithms for identifying patients with OSA with the use of HA data.

Methods:
Clinical data derived from an academic health sciences network within a universal health insurance plan were used as the reference standard. The authors linked patients to HA data and retrieved all claims in the 2 yr before surgery to determine the presence of any diagnostic codes, diagnostic procedures, or therapeutic interventions consistent with OSA.

Results:
The authors identified 4,965 patients (2003 to 2012) who underwent preoperative polysomnogram. Of these, 4,353 patients were linked to HA data; 2,427 of these (56%) had OSA based on diagnosis by a sleep physician or the apnea hypopnea index. A claim for a polysomnogram and receipt of a positive airway pressure device had a sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio (+LR) for OSA of 19, 98, and 10.9%, respectively. An International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, code for sleep apnea in hospitalization abstracts was 9% sensitive and 98% specific (+LR, 4.5). A physician billing claim for OSA (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, 780.5) was 58% sensitive and 38% specific (+LR, 0.9). A polysomnogram and a positive airway pressure device or any code for OSA was 70% sensitive and 36% specific (+LR, 1.1).

Conclusions:
No code or combination of codes provided a +LR high enough to adequately identify patients with OSA. Existing studies using administrative codes to identify OSA should be interpreted with caution.
Behavioral Modification of Intraoperative Hyperglycemia Management with a Novel Real-time Audiovisual Monitor
Authors: Sathishkumar Subramanian , Lai Manda , Picton Paul , Kheterpal Sachin , Morris Michelle , Shanks Amy , Ramachandran Satya Krishna 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAbstract
Real-time audiovisual notification is associated with a significant increase in desirable intraoperative glycemic management behavior and may help achieve tighter intraoperative glycemic control.

Background:
Hyperglycemia, defined as blood glucose (BG) levels above 200 mg/dl (11.1 mM), is associated with increased postoperative morbidity. Yet, the treatment standard for intraoperative glycemic control is poorly defined for noncardiac surgery. Little is known of the interindividual treatment variability or methods to modify intraoperative glycemic management behaviors. AlertWatch (AlertWatch, USA) is a novel audiovisual alert system that serves as a secondary patient monitor for use in operating rooms. The authors evaluated the influence of use of AlertWatch on intraoperative glycemic management behavior.

Methods:
AlertWatch displays historical patient data (risk factors and laboratory results) from multiple networked information systems, combined with the patient’s live physiologic data. The authors extracted intraoperative data for 19 months to evaluate the relationship between AlertWatch usage and initiation of insulin treatment for hyperglycemia. Outcome associations were adjusted for physical status, case duration, procedural complexity, emergent procedure, fasting BG value, home insulin therapy, patient age, and primary anesthetist.

Results:
Overall, 2,341 patients had documented intraoperative hyperglycemia. Use of AlertWatch (791 of 2,341; 33.5%) was associated with 55% increase in insulin treatment (496 of 791 [62.7%] with and 817 of 1,550 [52.7%] without AlertWatch; adjusted odds ratio [95% CI], 1.55 [1.23 to 1.95]; P < 0.001) and 44% increase in BG recheck after insulin administration (407 of 791 [51.5%] with AlertWatch and 655 of 1,550 [42.3%] in controls; adjusted odds ratio [95% CI], 1.44 [1.14 to 1.81]; P = 0.002).

Conclusion:
AlertWatch is associated with a significant increase in desirable intraoperative glycemic management behavior and may help achieve tighter intraoperative glycemic control.
Predictors of Failure of Awake Regional Anesthesia for Neonatal Hernia Repair
Authors: Frawley Geoff , Bell Graham , Disma Nicola , Withington Davinia E. , de Graaff Jurgen C. , Morton Neil S. , McCann Mary Ellen , Arnup Sarah J. , Bagshaw Oliver , Wolfler Andrea , Bellinger David , Davidson Andrew J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAbstract
In a secondary analysis of the General Anesthesia compared to Spinal anesthesia study, data from 339 infants younger than 60 weeks postmenstrual age receiving spinal or caudal anesthesia for herniorrhaphy were examined. Failure of regional anesthesia requiring general anesthesia occurred in 10% of cases, and its only predictor was bloody tap on the first attempt at lumbar puncture.

Background:
Awake regional anesthesia (RA) is a viable alternative to general anesthesia (GA) for infants undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Benefits include lower incidence of postoperative apnea and avoidance of anesthetic agents that may increase neuroapoptosis and worsen neurocognitive outcomes. The General Anesthesia compared to Spinal anesthesia study compares neurodevelopmental outcomes after awake RA or GA in otherwise healthy infants. The aim of the study is to describe success and failure rates of RA and report factors associated with failure.

Methods:
This was a nested cohort study within a prospective, randomized, controlled, observer-blind, equivalence trial. Seven hundred twenty-two infants 60 weeks or less postmenstrual age scheduled for herniorrhaphy under anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive RA (spinal, caudal epidural, or combined spinal caudal anesthetic) or GA with sevoflurane. The data of 339 infants, where spinal or combined spinal caudal anesthetic was attempted, were analyzed. Possible predictors of failure were assessed including patient factors, technique, experience of site and anesthetist, and type of local anesthetic.

Results:
RA was sufficient for the completion of surgery in 83.2% of patients. Spinal anesthesia was successful in 86.9% of cases and combined spinal caudal anesthetic in 76.1%. Thirty-four patients required conversion to GA, and an additional 23 patients (6.8%) required brief sedation. Bloody tap on the first attempt at lumbar puncture was the only risk factor significantly associated with block failure (odds ratio = 2.46).

Conclusions:
The failure rate of spinal anesthesia was low. Variability in application of combined spinal caudal anesthetic limited attempts to compare the success of this technique to spinal alone.
A 17-Year-Old Girl With Acute Onset of Hemiparesis
Authors: Morrissey Michael , Ciorciari Anthony J. , Cunningham Sandra J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The presentation of acute-onset hemiparesis in a teenager can be challenging and offers a wide differential diagnosis. We discuss the approach to the patient (which should begin with thorough history taking and physical examination) and advanced imaging as directed by the patient’s signs and symptoms. We report the case of an otherwise well 17-year-old girl who presented to the pediatric emergency department with a 2-day history of left-sided weakness and difficulty ambulating. Her eventual diagnosis of Balo concentric sclerosis, a rare form of multiple sclerosis, is discussed.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the Csu pili CsuC–CsuA/B chaperone–major subunit pre-assembly complex fromAcinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Pakharukova Natalia , Tuittila Minna , Paavilainen Sari , Zavialov Anton 
Published: May 2015

The attachment of many Gram-negative pathogens to biotic and abiotic surfaces is mediated by fimbrial adhesins, which are assembledviathe classical, alternative and archaic chaperone–usher (CU) pathways. The archaic CU fimbrial adhesins have the widest phylogenetic distribution, yet very little is known about their structure and mechanism of assembly. To elucidate the biogenesis of archaic CU systems, structural analysis of the Csu fimbriae, which are used byAcinetobacter baumanniito form stable biofilms and cause nosocomial infection, was focused on. The major fimbriae subunit CsuA/B complexed with the CsuC chaperone was purified from the periplasm ofEscherichia colicells co-expressing CsuA/B and CsuC, and the complex was crystallized in PEG 3350 solution using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Selenomethionine-labelled CsuC–CsuA/B complex was purified and crystallized under the same conditions. The crystals diffracted to 2.40 Å resolution and belonged to the hexagonal space groupP6422, with unit-cell parametersa=b= 94.71,c = 187.05 Å, α = β = 90, γ = 120°. Initial phases were derived from a single anomalous diffraction (SAD) experiment using the selenomethionine derivative.
Influence of palm oil, canola oil and blends on characteristics of fried plantain crisps
Authors: Mba Ogan I. , Dumont Marie-Josée , Ngadi Michael 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of crude palm oil (PO), canola oil (CO) and their blends on characteristics of fried plantain crisps at two different stages of ripening.

Design/methodology/approach
– Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) samples were peeled, sliced into 3 mm slices, blanched at 70 °C for 3 min and dried. The slices were deep fried at 180 °C for different times.

Findings
– There was no significant difference (p
>
0.05) in the moisture loss rate and the crispiness of the crisps produced using PO and CO. Significant differences (p
<
0.05) existed in the fat uptake and color properties of the crisps fried in the two oils. PO fried crisps absorbed 15 percent less oil in the unripe crisps samples and 21 percent less oil in the fully ripened crisps than CO. The browning index showed that the PO crisps had greater color changes than the crisps fried using CO. The difference between the crisps from 50:50 blends of PO: CO and CO was not statistically significant, while 70:30 blends improved the qualities of the crisps better than CO alone. Analysis of kinetics data showed that moisture loss, oil uptake and browning index followed a first-order kinetics model.

Originality/value
– Understanding the interactions between ripening and processing methods is enhanced and use of crude PO for industrial deep-fat frying is encouraged.
Paying to see a bug on my food
Authors: de-Magistris Tiziana , Pascucci Stefano , Mitsopoulos Dimitrios 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of the European Novel Food Regulation (ENFR) on consumers’ acceptance of and willingness to pay (WTP) for radical food innovations. The research question is focussed on determining whether the ENFR is hampering the market potential of insect-based food products in the European Union (EU). The authors position this question within the domain of regulatory barriers related to food innovations.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using a choice experiment, the authors assess the presence and relevance of these failures through the analysis of consumers’ acceptance and WTP for insect-based food products with different product attributes directly imposed by the ENFR. Namely, the authors assess the effect of the visualization of insects in the product, the use of logo, and nutritional information.

Findings
– The results show that consumers prefer and are willing to pay a premium price for insect-based products with a nutritional health claim and logo, but they are not willing to pay for a product with a visualized insect.

Originality/value
– This paper highlights the risk of regulatory failures for novel foods in the EU, such as insect-based food products due to the ENFR.
How knowledgeable are high school students about food safety? Results from a predominantly minority Chicago charter school
Authors: Burke Anne , Dworkin Mark 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– High school students are at an age where food handling may occur for themselves and as entry level workers in food service. An estimated 21 percent of food and beverage service workers are aged 16-19 years. The purpose of this paper is to determine baseline food safety knowledge and associated factors among high school students.

Design/methodology/approach
– A convenience sample of 231 Chicago high school students was approached to participate in a 34-question survey to obtain information about their food safety knowledge, behaviors, and personal hygiene. Frequencies of correct answers to each knowledge question were examined to determine knowledge gaps. Bivariate analyses were performed to identify student variables associated with knowledge score and regression models were used to examine the associations between eligible factors and knowledge score.

Findings
– Among the 195 participating students, 70 percent described themselves as Hispanic/Latino and 15 percent as non-Hispanic Black. In all, 12 percent of the students had restaurant employment experience. The overall student mean knowledge score was 37 percent. Students demonstrated substantial knowledge gaps regarding the temperatures for cooking, mechanisms for thawing food, cross-contamination, and vulnerable populations for foodborne disease. In the final linear regression model, Hispanic ethnicity and experience cooking seafood were significantly associated with lower knowledge score and experience cooking meat and cooking alone were significantly associated with higher knowledge score (p
<
0.05).

Research limitations/implications
– Students demonstrated substantial knowledge gaps regarding the temperatures for cooking, mechanisms for thawing food, cross-contamination, and vulnerable populations for foodborne disease. In the final linear regression model, Hispanic ethnicity and experience cooking seafood were significantly associated with lower knowledge score and experience cooking meat and cooking alone were significantly associated with higher knowledge score (p
<
0.05).

Originality/value
– These data demonstrate substantial knowledge gaps in a predominantly minority high school student population. Given that high school students are a substantial proportion of the food service workforce, they are especially important to target for food safety education.