bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Developmental Changes in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 in Elite Pubertal Soccer Players
Authors: Deprez Dieter , Valente-dos-Santos Joao , e Silva Manuel Coelho , Lenoir Matthieu , Philippaerts Renaat M. , Vaeyens Roel 
Published: March 2014

Purpose:To model the development of soccer-specific aerobic performance, assessed by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 in 162 elite pubertal soccer players, age 11–14 y at baseline.Methods:Longitudinal multilevel modeling analyses comprised predictors related to growth (chronological age, body size [height and weight] and composition [fat mass, fat-free mass]), and motor coordination [3 Körperkoordination Test für Kinder subtests: jumping sideways, moving sideways, backward balancing] and estimated biological-maturation groups (earliest [>percentile 33] and latest maturers [>percentile 66]).Results:The best-fitting model on soccer-specific aerobic performance could be expressed as –3639.76 + 369.86 × age + 21.38 × age2 + 9.12 × height – 29.04 × fat mass + 0.06 × backward balance. Maturity groups had a negligible effect on soccer-specific aerobic performance (–45.32 ± 66.28; P > .05).Conclusion:The current study showed that the development of aerobic performance in elite youth soccer is related to growth and muscularity and emphasized the importance of motor coordination in the talentidentification and -development process. Note that biological maturation was excluded from the model, which might endorse the homogeneity in estimated biological-maturation status in the current elite pubertal soccer sample.
Responses to Exercise in Normobaric Hypoxia: Comparison of Elite and Recreational Ski Mountaineers
Authors: Faiss Raphael , von Orelli Claudia , Dériaz Olivier , Millet Grégoire P. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose:Hypoxia is known to reduce maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) more in trained than in untrained subjects in several lowland sports. Ski mountaineering is practiced mainly at altitude, so elite ski mountaineers spend significantly longer training duration at altitude than their lower-level counterparts. Since acclimatization in hypobaric hypoxia is effective, the authors hypothesized that elite ski mountaineers would exhibit a VO2max decrement in hypoxia similar to that of recreational ski mountaineers.Methods:Eleven elite (E, Swiss national team) and 12 recreational (R) ski mountaineers completed an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion in normobaric hypoxia (H, 3000 m, FIO2 14.6% ± 0.1%) and in normoxia (N, 485 m, FIO2 20.9% ± 0.0%). Pulse oxygen saturation in blood (SpO2), VO2max, minute ventilation, and heart rate were recorded.Results:At rest, hypoxic ventilatory response was higher (P < .05) in E than in R (1.4 ± 1.9 vs 0.3 ± 0.6 L · min−1 · kg−1). At maximal intensity, SpO2 was significantly lower (P < .01) in E than in R, both in N (91.1% ± 3.3% vs 94.3% ± 2.3%) and in H (76.4% ± 5.4% vs 82.3% ± 3.5%). In both groups, SpO2 was lower (P < .01) in H. Between N and H, VO2max decreased to a greater extent (P < .05) in E than in R (–18% and –12%, P < .01). In E only, the VO2max decrement was significantly correlated with the SpO2 decrement (r = .74, P < .01) but also with VO2max measured in N (r = .64, P < .05).Conclusion:Despite a probable better acclimatization to altitude, VO2max was more reduced in E than in R ski mountaineers, confirming previous results observed in lowlander E athletes.
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Impairs CD4 T Cell Responses by Reducing Antigen Availability
Authors: Atif Shaikh M. , Winter Sebastian E. , Winter Maria G. , McSorley Stephen J. , Bäumler Andreas J. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi is associated with a disseminated febrile illness in humans, termed typhoid fever, whileSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium causes localized gastroenteritis in immunocompetent individuals. One of the genetic differences between both pathogens is the presence inS. Typhi of TviA, a regulatory protein that shuts down flagellin (FliC) expression when bacteria transit from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal mucosa. Here we investigated the consequences of TviA-mediated flagellum gene regulation on flagellin-specific CD4 T cell responses in a mouse model ofS. Typhimurium infection. Introduction of theS. TyphitviAgene intoS. Typhimurium suppressed antigen presentation of dendritic cells to flagellin-specific CD4 T cellsin vitro. Furthermore, TviA-mediated repression of flagellin expression impaired the activation and proliferation of naive flagellin-specific CD4 T cells in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, which was accompanied by increased bacterial dissemination to the spleen. We conclude that TviA-mediated repression of flagellin expression reduces antigen availability, thereby weakening flagellin-specific CD4 T cell responses.
EspC Promotes Epithelial Cell Detachment by Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli via Sequential Cleavages of a Cytoskeletal Protein and then Focal Adhesion Proteins
Authors: Navarro-Garcia Fernando , Serapio-Palacios Antonio , Vidal Jorge E. , Salazar M. Isabel , Tapia-Pastrana Gabriela 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

EspC is a non-locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded autotransporter produced by enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(EPEC) that is secreted to the extracellular milieu by a type V secretion system and then translocated into epithelial cells by the type III secretion system. Here, we show that this efficient EspC delivery into the cell leads to a cytopathic effect characterized by cell rounding and cell detachment. Thus, EspC is the main protein involved in epithelial cell cytotoxicity detected during EPEC adhesion and pedestal formation assays. The cell detachment phenotype is triggered by cytoskeletal and focal adhesion disruption. EspC-producing EPEC is able to cleave fodrin, paxillin, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), but these effects are not observed when cells are infected with an
espC
isogenic mutant. Recovery of these phenotypes by complementing the mutant with the
espC
gene but not with the
espC
gene mutated in the serine protease motif highlights the role of the protease activity of EspC in the cell detachment phenotype.
In vitro
assays using purified proteins showed that EspC, but not EspC with an S256I substitution [EspC
S256I
], directly cleaves these cytoskeletal and focal adhesion proteins. Kinetics of protein degradation indicated that EspC-producing EPEC first cleaves fodrin (within the 11th and 9th repetitive units at the Q1219 and D938 residues, respectively), and this event sequentially triggers paxillin degradation, FAK dephosphorylation, and FAK degradation. Thus, cytoskeletal and focal adhesion protein cleavage leads to the cell rounding and cell detachment promoted by EspC-producing EPEC.
Induction of Bacterial Antigen-Specific Colitis by a Simplified Human Microbiota Consortium in Gnotobiotic Interleukin-10
−/−
Mice
Authors: Eun Chang Soo , Mishima Yoshiyuki , Wohlgemuth Steffen , Liu Bo , Bower Maureen , Carroll Ian M. , Sartor R. Balfour 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

We evaluated whether a simplified human microbiota consortium (SIHUMI) induces colitis in germfree (GF) 129S6/SvEv (129) and C57BL/6 (B6) interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10
−/−
) mice, determined mouse strain effects on colitis and the microbiota, examined the effects of inflammation on relative bacterial composition, and identified immunodominant bacterial species in “humanized” IL-10
−/−
mice. GF wild-type (WT) and IL-10
−/−
129 and B6 mice were colonized with 7 human-derived inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related intestinal bacteria and maintained under gnotobiotic conditions. Quantification of bacteria in feces, ileal and colonic contents, and tissues was performed using 16S rRNA gene selective quantitative PCR. Colonic segments were scored histologically, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-12p40, and IL-17 levels were measured in supernatants of unstimulated colonic tissue explants and of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells stimulated by lysates of individual or aggregate bacterial strains. Relative bacterial species abundances changed over time and differed between 129 and B6 mice, WT and IL-10
−/−
mice, luminal and mucosal samples, and ileal and colonic or fecal samples. SIHUMI induced colitis in all IL-10
−/−
mice, with more aggressive colitis and MLN cell activation in 129 mice.
Escherichia coli
LF82 and
Ruminococcus gnavus
lysates induced dominant effector
ex vivo
MLN TH1 and TH17 responses, although the bacterial mucosal concentrations were low. In summary, this study shows that a simplified human bacterial consortium induces colitis in ex-GF 129 and B6 IL-10
−/−
mice. Relative concentrations of individual SIHUMI species are determined by host genotype, the presence of inflammation, and anatomical location. A subset of IBD-relevant human enteric bacterial species preferentially stimulates bacterial antigen-specific TH1 and TH17 immune responses in this model, independent of luminal and mucosal bacterial concentrations.
The Iron-Sensing Fur Regulator Controls Expression Timing and Levels of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Genes in the Course of Environmental Acidification
Authors: Choi Eunna , Kim Hyunkeun , Lee Hwiseop , Nam Daesil , Choi Jeongjoon , Shin Dongwoo 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

In order to survive inside macrophages,
Salmonella
produces a series of proteins encoded by genes within
Salmonella
pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2). In the present study, we report that Fur, a central regulator of iron utilization, negatively controls the expression of SPI-2 genes. Time course analysis of SPI-2 expression after the entry of
Salmonella
into macrophages revealed that SPI-2 genes are induced earlier and at higher levels in the absence of the Fur regulator. It was hypothesized that Fur repressed the SPI-2 expression that was activated during acidification of the phagosome. Indeed, as pH was lowered from pH 7.0 to pH 5.5, the lack of Fur enabled SPI-2 gene expression to be induced at higher pH and to be expressed at higher levels. Fur controlled SPI-2 genes via repression of the SsrB response regulator, a primary activator of SPI-2 expression. Fur repressed
ssrB
expression both inside macrophages and under acidic conditions, which we ascribe to the direct binding of Fur to the
ssrB
promoter. Our study suggests that
Salmonella
could employ iron inside the phagosome to precisely control the timing and levels of SPI-2 expression inside macrophages.
Sialic Acid Residues Are Essential for Cell Lysis Mediated by Leukotoxin from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Munksgaard Peter Svenssen , Skals Marianne , Reinholdt Jesper , Poulsen Knud , Jensen Maria Risager , Yang Chuanxu , Leipziger Jens , Vorup-Jensen Thomas , Praetorius Helle A. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTLeukotoxin (LtxA) fromAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansis known to target and lyse β2-integrin-expressing cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. LtxA is an important virulence factor that facilitates chronic inflammation and is strongly associated with a fast-progressing form of periodontitis caused by the JP2 clone of the bacterium. Here, we show that sialic acid residues are important for LtxA-induced cell lysis, regardless of whether the cell express β2-integrin or not. Clearly, removal of sialic acid groups significantly reduces a β2-integrin-specific LtxA-induced lysis. Moreover, sialic acid presented on alternative proteins, such as, for instance, on erythrocytes that do not express β2-integrin, also makes the cells more sensitive to LtxA. The data also illustrate the importance of the negative charge in order for the sialic acid to associate LtxA with the membrane. Removal of sialic acid is in itself sufficient to significantly reduce the negative charge on the erythrocytes. Moreover, we found that on human erythrocytes there is a positive association between the sensitivity to LtxA and the amount of negative charge caused by sialic acid. Interestingly, these features are not shared by all RTX toxins, since α-hemolysin fromEscherichia coliinduced cell lysis of both β2-integrin-expressing and nonexpressing cells and this lysis is independent of the presence of sialic acid residues. In conclusion, LtxA not only is cytotoxic to β2-integrin-expressing cells but can potentially initiate cell lysis in all cells that present a sufficient density of sialic acid groups on their plasma membrane.
Vesiculovirus Neutralization by Natural IgM and Complement
Authors: Tesfay Mulu Z. , Ammayappan Arun , Federspiel Mark J. , Barber Glen N. , Stojdl David , Peng Kah-Whye , Russell Stephen J. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBecause of its very low human seroprevalence, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has promise as a systemic oncolytic agent for human cancer therapy. However, as demonstrated in this report, the VSV infectious titer drops by 4 log units during the first hour of exposure to nonimmune human serum. This neutralization occurs relatively slowly and is mediated by the concerted actions of natural IgM and complement. Maraba virus, whose G protein is about 80% homologous to that of VSV, is relatively resistant to the neutralizing activity of nonimmune human serum. We therefore constructed and rescued a recombinant VSV whose G gene was replaced by the corresponding gene from Maraba virus. Comparison of the parental VSV and VSV with Maraba G substituted revealed nearly identical host range properties and replication kinetics on a panel of tumor cell lines. Moreover, in contrast to the parental VSV, the VSV with Maraba G substituted was resistant to nonimmune human serum. Overall, our data suggest that VSV with Maraba G substituted should be further investigated as a candidate for human systemic oncolytic virotherapy applications.IMPORTANCEOncolytic virotherapy is a promising approach for the treatment of disseminated cancers, but antibody neutralization of circulating oncolytic virus particles remains a formidable barrier. In this work, we developed a pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) with a glycoprotein of Maraba virus, a closely related but serologically distinct member of the familyRhabdoviridae, which demonstrated greatly diminished susceptibility to both nonimmune and VSV-immune serum neutralization. VSV with Maraba G substituted or lentiviral vectors should therefore be further investigated as candidates for human systemic oncolytic virotherapy and gene therapy applications.
A forensic perspective of the AFL investigation into peptides: an antidoping investigation case study
Authors: Harcourt Peter Rex , Marclay Francois , Clothier Brett 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is introducing enhancements to doping investigations in its 2015 Code, which include improved sharing of information between antidoping organisations (including sporting bodies) and enhanced accountability of athlete support staff. These additions will improve the control of links between sports doping and organised crime. In February 2013 the Australian Crime Commission released a report that linked several professional sporting codes, professional athletes with links to organised crime, performance enhancing drugs and illicit substances. Following this report the Australian Football League (AFL) partnered the Australian national antidoping organisation to investigate peptide use in Australian football.MethodsThis review compared the model proposed by Marclay, a hypothetical model for anti-doping investigations that proposed a forensic intelligence and analysis approach, to use the forensic capabilities of the AFL investigation to test the model's relevance to an actual case.ResultsThe investigation uncovered the use of peptides used to enhance athlete performance. The AFL investigation found a high risk of doping where athlete support staff existed in teams with weak corporate governance controls. A further finding included the need for the investigation to provide a timely response in professional team sports that were sensitive to the competition timing. In the case of the AFL the team was sanctioned prior to the finals as an interim outcome for allowing the risk of use of performance-enhancing substances. Doping violation charges are still being considered.DiscussionAntidoping strategies should include the investigation of corporate officers in team doping circumstances, the mandatory recording of all athlete substance use during competition and training phases, the wider sharing of forensic intelligence with non-sporting bodies particularly law enforcement and collaboration between antidoping and sporting organisations in doping investigations.ConclusionsThe AFL investigation illustrated the importance of the 2015 WADA Code changes and highlighted the need for a systematic use of broad forensic intelligence activities in the investigation of doping violations.
Machine-learning prediction of cancer survival: a retrospective study using electronic administrative records and a cancer registry
Authors: Gupta Sunil , Tran Truyen , Luo Wei , Phung Dinh , Kennedy Richard Lee , Broad Adam , Campbell David , Kipp David , Singh Madhu , Khasraw Mustafa , Matheson Leigh , Ashley David M , Venkatesh Svetha 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesUsing the prediction of cancer outcome as a model, we have tested the hypothesis that through analysing routinely collected digital data contained in an electronic administrative record (EAR), using machine-learning techniques, we could enhance conventional methods in predicting clinical outcomes.SettingA regional cancer centre in Australia.ParticipantsDisease-specific data from a purpose-built cancer registry (Evaluation of Cancer Outcomes (ECO)) from 869 patients were used to predict survival at 6, 12 and 24 months. The model was validated with data from a further 94 patients, and results compared to the assessment of five specialist oncologists. Machine-learning prediction using ECO data was compared with that using EAR and a model combining ECO and EAR data.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSurvival prediction accuracy in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).ResultsThe ECO model yielded AUCs of 0.87 (95% CI 0.848 to 0.890) at 6 months, 0.796 (95% CI 0.774 to 0.823) at 12 months and 0.764 (95% CI 0.737 to 0.789) at 24 months. Each was slightly better than the performance of the clinician panel. The model performed consistently across a range of cancers, including rare cancers. Combining ECO and EAR data yielded better prediction than the ECO-based model (AUCs ranging from 0.757 to 0.997 for 6 months, AUCs from 0.689 to 0.988 for 12 months and AUCs from 0.713 to 0.973 for 24 months). The best prediction was for genitourinary, head and neck, lung, skin, and upper gastrointestinal tumours.ConclusionsMachine learning applied to information from a disease-specific (cancer) database and the EAR can be used to predict clinical outcomes. Importantly, the approach described made use of digital data that is already routinely collected but underexploited by clinical health systems.
Prevalence of obesity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cortese Samuele , Moreira Maia Carlos Renato , Rohde Luis Augusto , Morcillo-Peñalver Carmen , Faraone Stephen V 
Published: March 2014

IntroductionAn increasing number of clinical and epidemiological studies suggest a possible association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity/overweight. However, overall evidence is mixed. Given the public health relevance of ADHD and obesity/overweight, understanding whether and to what extent they are associated is paramount to plan intervention and prevention strategies. We describe the protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at assessing the prevalence of obesity/overweight in individuals with ADHD versus those without ADHD.Methods and analysisWe will include studies of any design (except case reports or case series) comparing the prevalence of obesity and/or overweight in children or adults with and without ADHD (or hyperkinetic disorder). We will search an extensive number of databases including PubMed, Ovid databases, Web of Knowledge and Thomson-Reuters databases, ERIC and CINAHL. No restrictions of language will be applied. We will also contact experts in the field for possible unpublished or in press data. Primary and additional outcomes will be the prevalence of obesity and overweight, respectively. We will combine ORs using random-effects models in STATA V.12.0. The quality of the study will be assessed primarily using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Subgroup meta-analyses will be conducted according to participants’ age (children vs adults) and study setting (clinical vs general population). We will explore the feasibility of conducting meta-regression analyses to assess the moderating effect of age, gender, socioeconomic status, study setting, geographic location of the study (low-income, middle-income countries vs high-income countries), definition of obesity, method to assess ADHD, psychiatric comorbidities and medication status.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical issues are foreseen. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at national and international conferences of psychiatry, psychology, obesity and paediatrics.RegistrationPROSPERO-National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42013006410).
Benefits of family planning: an assessment of women's knowledge in rural Western Kenya
Authors: Mutombo Namuunda , Bakibinga Pauline , Mukiira Carol , Kamande Eva 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe last two decades have seen an increase in literature reporting an increase in knowledge and use of contraceptives among individuals and couples in Kenya, as in the rest of Africa, but there is a dearth of information regarding knowledge about benefits of family planning (FP) in Kenya.ObjectivesTo assess the factors associated with knowledge about the benefits of FP for women and children, among women in rural Western Kenya.MethodsData are drawn from the Packard Western Kenya Project Baseline Survey, which collected data from rural women (aged 15–49 years). Ordinal regression was used on 923 women to determine levels of knowledge and associated factors regarding benefits of FP.ResultsWomen in rural Western Kenya have low levels of knowledge about benefits of FP and are more knowledgeable about benefits for the mother rather than for the child. Only age, spousal communication and type of contraceptive method used are significant.ConclusionsWomen's level of knowledge about benefits of FP is quite low and may be one of the reasons why fertility is still high in Western Kenya. Therefore, FP programmes need to focus on increasing women's knowledge about the benefits of FP in this region.
A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF CONTROLLED PASSIVE MOBILIZATION VS. PLACE AND ACTIVE HOLD EXERCISES AFTER ZONE 2 FLEXOR TENDON REPAIR
Authors: Farzad Maryam , Layeghi Fereydoun , Asgari Ali , Ring David C. , Karimlou Masoud , Hosseini S. Ali 
Published: March 2014

Purpose: The rehabilitation program after flexor tendon repair of zone II laceration varies. We designed a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of controlled passive mobilization (modified Kleinert) vs. Place and active hold exercises after zone 2-flexor tendon repair by two-strand suture (Modified kessler).Methods: Sixty-four fingers in 54 patients with zone 2 flexor tendon modified Kessler repairs were enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing place and active hold exercises to controlled passive mobilization (modified Kleinert). The primary outcome measure was total active motion eight weeks after repair as measured by an independent and blinded therapist.Results: Patients treated with place and active hold exercises had significantly greater total active motion (146) eight weeks after surgery than patients treated with controlled passive mobilization (114) (modified Klinert). There were no ruptures in either group.Conclusions: Place and hold achieves greater motion than controlled passive mobilization after a two-strand repair for zone 2 flexor tendon repairs.