bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modifications of Recognition Memory Processes in Preterm Children: An Event‐Related Potential Study
Authors: Kipp Kerstin H. , Mecklinger Axel , Brunnemann Nicole , Shamdeen Mohammed G. , Meng‐Hentschel Juliane , Gortner Ludwig 
Published: December 2014

Prematurity may cause hippocampal compromise. Therefore, hippocampus‐dependent memory processes (recollection‐based retrieval) may be more impaired than hippocampus‐independent processes (familiarity‐based retrieval). The memory of 18 children born preterm with reduced hippocampal volumes, without neonatal complications (weeks of gestation < 34, weight < 1,600 g), and 15 controls (8–10 years) was tested using an item recognition task. While groups were equal in memory performance, dissociation was found: The event‐related potential (ERP) correlate of familiarity was intact in the preterm group, whereas the correlate of recollection was attenuated. A follow‐up experiment ruled out that this was due to general cognitive deficits. Furthermore, gestational age correlated with the ERP index of recollection. Thus, recognition memory in preterm children may be characterized by a compensation of attenuated recollection by familiarity.
Should aldosterone suppression tests be conducted during a particular phase of the menstrual cycle, and, if so, which phase? Results of a preliminary study
Authors: Ahmed Ashraf H. , Gordon Richard D. , Ward Gregory , Wolley Martin , Kogovsek Cynthia , Stowasser Michael 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackgroundAs renin and aldosterone levels vary during the menstrual cycle, and are critical criteria for interpretation of aldosterone suppression tests to confirm or exclude primary aldosteronism, outcome of testing may vary depending on the menstrual cycle phase. We assessed the effect of timing within the menstrual cycle on levels of renin, aldosterone and female sex steroids during fludrocortisone suppression testing (FST).MethodsIn 22 women undergoing FST who experienced regular menstrual cycles, renin (measured as both plasma renin activity and direct renin concentration), aldosterone (mass spectrometry) and cortisol, progesterone, oestradiol, LH and FSH (immunoassay) levels were compared, relative to phase of cycle. Aldosterone levels were compared to those in age‐matched males undergoing FST.ResultsProgesterone (P < 0·0001) and aldosterone (P = 0·006) levels were higher in nine women (after one of 10 was excluded with anovulatory cycle) studied during the luteal phase than in the 12 studied during the follicular phase. All studied during the luteal phase had positive FST, and all three with negative FST were studied during the follicular phase. There were no significant differences in other parameters measured except FSH, which was higher (P = 0·02) during the follicular phase. Aldosterone was higher (P = 0·01) in women studied in the luteal (but not follicular) phase compared to men.ConclusionThe menstrual cycle may affect the outcome of FST and other suppression testing used to diagnose primary aldosteronism. Larger patient numbers and preferably restudy of the same patient in both phases should clarify this and determine the optimum time in the cycle for testing.
Resonance frequency analysis of implants placed with osteotome sinus floor elevation in posterior maxillae
Authors: Qian Shu‐Jiao , Gu Ying‐Xin , Mo Jia‐Ji , Qiao Shi‐Chong , Zhuang Long‐Fei , Lai Hong‐Chang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo test the reliability and validity of implant stability quotient (ISQ) values used for assessment of the condition of bone‐to‐implant interface in the osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) model and to evaluate the influence of residual bone height (RBH) on ISQ values.Material and methodsForty‐six Straumann® tissue‐level SLA implants (Φ4.8 mm*8 mm, wide neck, standard plus) placed in 39 patients applying OSFE without grafting were included in the study. Patients were assigned to three groups based on the RBH with one implant per patient randomly chosen: (1) 2 ≤ RBH < 4 mm (n = 14); (2) 4 ≤ RBH < 6 mm (n = 15); (3) 6 ≤ RBH < 8 mm (n = 10). ISQ values were determined with Osstell ISQ® at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks postoperation. The reliability of RFA measurements was tested by the degree of dispersion of ISQ values at each time point, and the validity was tested by linear correlation between ISQ and RBH. ISQ values were then compared among groups at all observed time points.ResultsThe implants achieved a mean ISQ value of 63.6 immediately after surgery and reached a higher ISQ level of 70 after 20 weeks with a dip at 4 weeks. A higher degree of dispersion of ISQ values was observed immediately after surgery compared to the other time points. No significant correlations were found between RBH and ISQ values and no significant difference in ISQ values among groups at all the time points.ConclusionWithin the limits of the study, it may be implied that ISQ values are not able to assess the condition of bone‐to‐implant interface and the role of single RFA measurement in determining loading protocol is questionable.
The Challenges of Red Wolf Conservation and the Fate of an Endangered Species Recovery Program
Authors: Murray Dennis L. , Bastille‐Rousseau Guillaume , Adams Jennifer R. , Waits Lisette P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEndangered red wolves (Canis rufus) receive intense conservation efforts in the United States, and to date, population recovery has been challenged by hybridization with closely related coyotes (C. latrans) and illegal human‐caused mortality. Ongoing review of the red wolf program in the single recovery area in North Carolina prompted us to compare demography (survival, recruitment) and cause of death of red wolves and coyotes/hybrids. In most respects, canids had similar demographic rates, although sterilization was effective in controlling coyote reproduction. Comparison of previous (1999‐2007) to contemporary (2009‐2014) causes of death revealed that shooting mortality consistently accounted for ∼25% of wolf mortality. As evidenced by the lack of coyote deaths from strife with wolves, and stationary/declining wolf numbers during the last 15 years, current conditions are inadequate to establish a viable self‐sustaining wolf population. Accordingly, the program review should determine whether: (1) banning coyote hunting will sufficiently benefit wolf survival or recruitment; (2) the wolf population should be considered conservation‐reliant under revised recovery goals; or (3) the recovery program in North Carolina should be abandoned.
Geographic differences in the associations between impaired glucose regulation and cardiovascular risk factors among young adults
Authors: Oya J. , Vistisen D. , Christensen D. L. , Faurholt‐Jepsen D. , Mohan V. , Ramachandran A. , Chew S. K. H. , Shaw J. E. , Jørgensen M. E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimsTo assess geographic differences in the association between BMI, blood pressure and lipid levels with impaired glucose regulation among young adults from various geographical regions.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study including data from 6987 participants aged ≤ 30 years from India, Singapore, Australia, Greenland, Kenya and Tanzania. Impaired glucose regulation was determined by the 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test. For each geographical region, BMI, blood pressure and lipids were examined and compared between participants with normal glucose tolerance and those with impaired glucose regulation. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the association between risk factors and impaired glucose regulation.ResultsIndian and East African people had a higher prevalence of impaired glucose regulation compared with participants from other regions, despite their lower BMI. Compared with the other regions, blood pressure was lower among Indian and Singaporean people but higher in those from Greenland. Greenlanders had the highest, while Indian and East‐African people, had the lowest level of HDL cholesterol. BMI was positively associated with impaired glucose regulation in all regions, and there were no statistically significant geographic differences. In the Indian, Singaporean and Australian participants, there was a positive association between blood pressure and impaired glucose regulation. Triglycerides were positively associated with and HDL cholesterol had no association with impaired glucose regulation in all geographical regions.ConclusionsHigher BMI and triglyceride levels were positively associated with prevalent impaired glucose regulation in all geographical regions. There were geographic differences in the association between impaired glucose regulation and blood pressure and lipids, probably reflecting environmental and genetic factors.
Social Context Modulates Predator Evasion Strategy In Guppies
Authors: Fischer Eva K. , Schwartz Adina J. , Hoke Kim L. , Soares Daphne 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSocial context is a powerful mediator of behavioral decisions across animal taxa, as the presence of conspecifics comes with both costs and benefits. In risky situations, the safety conferred by the presence of conspecifics can outweigh the costs of competition for resources. How the costs and benefits of grouping influence decisions among alternative antipredator behaviors remains largely unexplored. We took advantage of the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) to examine the influence of social context on alternative behavioral responses to threats. We compared the frequency of active (startle) versus passive (freeze) responses to sudden acoustic stimuli in the presence and absence of conspecifics. We found that fish were relatively less likely to startle and more likely to freeze when in a group than when alone, indicating that immediate social context modulates predator evasion strategy in guppies. We suggest that these social context‐dependent changes reflect trade‐offs between survival and energy expenditure. To our knowledge, an effect of immediate social environment on startle probability has not been previously demonstrated in a teleost.
Radio Geopolitics
Authors: Weir Patrick 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRadio is a central technology in both the production and maintenance of the modern world. It continues to be, though, both a medium and a force, not only accessible to the senses but also largely insensible. This article seeks to draw together and reconceptualise geographical approaches to the role of radio in geopolitics. The article proceeds in three sections: The first seeks to briefly situate radio within the broader context of geopolitics and technology. The second shows how the geopolitical status of radio has always been characterised by a shifting topography of human and non‐human elements. The final section looks to the nascent literature on assemblage within geopolitics and international relations that argues for the importance of non‐human objects, infrastructures and forces in the study of geopolitics and, drawing on my own work, offers some speculations as to how research into radio might be conducted in the light of these theoretical developments.
Civic Design: Incorporating Urbanity and Sustainability from the Roots of Chilean Society
Authors: Inzulza‐Contardo Jorge , Cruz‐Gambardella Camilo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractGood city making is defined as a practice that incorporate citizens and civic life as essential variables, in order to rebuild the idea that the city is one of the structural elements that support society as a construct. However, the accelerated changes that many cities in the world have undergone during the past 40 years, have contributed to detract value from urbanity and sustainability as two fundamental aspects of civic life and compromising the role that the city used to play in the development of communal life. This article discusses the ways in which cities are being developed today focusing on the standardisation of urban production undertaken with consequential impact on the socio spatial structure. The main components of civic design are defined and the relationship with the concept of neighbourhood as a primary unit of urban intervention on multiple levels. Empirically, contemporary urban development and growth dynamics resulting from the paradigm shift that the city of Santiago, Chile has undergone since the second half of the 20th century, are critically discussed using Independencia and San Miguel as two key inner neighbourhoods. Finally, reflections on how to address the most relevant aspects of this accelerated socio spatial change through civic design are given as a way to recover the sense of urbanity and sustainability and then reincorporating them to the structure of society.
Imagining a Critical Geopolitical Cartography
Authors: Moore Anna W. , Perdue Nicholas A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWhile maps have long been influential in the dissemination of geopolitical ideas, the critical geopolitical project often frames maps as evidence of the discourse it seeks to displace. As a result, very few maps appear on the pages of the field's most prominent journals. This paper explores this phenomenon and argues that novel approaches to mapping may actually strengthen critical geopolitical scholarship. We argue that scholars can learn much from contemporary approaches in critical cartography to provide geopolitical analysis with new, informative visualizations. We demonstrate this argument with an alternative cartographic representation of Kashmir. This paper makes two key contributions to critical geopolitics: (i) that alternative cartographic representations are well suited to aid in critiques of normative geopolitical ideas and (ii) that the map presented in this paper is but one way to illustrate emerging critical geopolitical scripts. Our hope is that this brief intervention to ‘take back the map’ will encourage like‐minded scholars to (re)consider the merits of maps in articulating geopolitical narratives.
Time to initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV‐infected patients diagnosed with an opportunistic disease: a cohort study
Authors: Deconinck L , Yazdanpanah Y , Gilson RJ , Melliez H , Viget N , Joly V , Sabin CA 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to identify factors associated with the time between opportunistic disease (OD) diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in HIV‐infected patients presenting for care with an OD, and to evaluate the outcomes associated with any delay.MethodsA multicentre cohort study was undertaken in London, Paris and Lille/Tourcoing. The medical records of patients diagnosed from 2002 to 2012 were reviewed.ResultsA total of 437 patients were enrolled in the study: 70% were male, the median age was 40 years, 42% were from sub‐Saharan Africa, 68% were heterosexual, the median CD4 count was 40 cells/μL, and the most common ODs were Pneumocystis pneumonia (37%), tuberculosis (24%), toxoplasmosis (12%) and Kaposi's sarcoma (11%). Of these patients, 400 (92%) started ART within 24 weeks after HIV diagnosis, with a median time from OD diagnosis to ART initiation of 30 [interquartile range (IQR) 16–58] days. Patients diagnosed between 2009 and 2012 had a shorter time to ART initiation than those diagnosed in earlier years [hazard ratio (HR) 2.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.58–2.72]. Factors associated with a longer time to ART initiation were a CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/μL (HR 0.30; 95% CI 0.20–0.44), tuberculosis (HR 0.40; 95% CI 0.30–0.55) and diagnosis in London (HR 0.62; 95% CI 0.48–0.80). Patients initiating ‘deferred’ ART (by ≥ 30 days) exhibited no difference in disease progression or immunovirological response compared with patients who had shorter times to ART initiation. Patients in the ‘deferred’ group were less likely to have ART modifications (HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.48–1.00) and had shorter in‐patient stays (mean 14.2 days shorter; 95% CI 8.9–19.5 days) than patients in the group whose ART was not deferred.ConclusionsThe time between OD diagnosis and ART initiation remains heterogeneous and relatively long, particularly in individuals with a high CD4 count or tuberculosis or those diagnosed in London. Deferring ART was associated with fewer ART modifications and shorter in‐patient stays.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of the Capsular Warning Syndrome: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Camps-Renom Pol , Delgado-Mederos Raquel , Martínez-Domeño Alejandro , Prats-Sánchez Luís , Cortés-Vicente Elena , Simón-Talero Manuel , Arboix Adrià , Ois Ángel , Purroy Francisco , Martí-Fàbregas Joan 
Published: December 2014

Background The capsular warning syndrome is defined as recurrent transient lacunar syndromes that usually precede a capsular infarction. Several aspects regarding the clinical management are controversial. We report the clinical and radiological characteristics of a multicenter series of patients with capsular warning syndrome, as well as their functional outcome during the follow-up. Aims We sought to describe the clinico-radiological spectrum of the capsular warning syndrome and to report the functional outcomes and recurrences of these patients during the follow-up. Methods We conducted a multicenter study that collected clinical and radiological data from patients with capsular warning syndrome during 2003–2013. Capsular warning syndrome was defined as the succession of three or more motor or sensory-motor lacunar syndromes within a period of 72 h, with complete recovery between them. We recorded the functional outcome (favorable when Rankin scale score ≤2) and recurrences during follow-up. Results Our study included 42 patients whose mean age was 66·4 ± 10 years; 71·4% of them were men. The mean number of episodes before a permanent neurological impairment occurred or before a complete recovery of symptoms was 5·1 ± 2·3. Up to 30 patients (71·2%) had an acute infarct visible on the neuroimaging (computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging). The internal capsule was the most frequent infarct location (50%), but other locations were noted. Twelve patients (28·6%) received thrombolysis in the acute phase. A favorable outcome was observed in 39 patients (92·9%). After a mean follow-up of 35 ± 29 months, only one patient suffered a recurrent ischemic stroke. Conclusions Capsular warning syndrome preceded an ischemic infarction in 71·2% of patients. In addition to the internal capsule, other locations were noted. The most effective treatment remains unclear. The functional prognosis is favorable in most patients and recurrences are rare.
Energy Transfer Study on Dense Eu3+/Tb3+‐Coactivated Oxyfluoride Borogermanate Scintillating Glasses
Authors: Sun Xin‐Yuan , Ye Zi‐Piao , Zhang Zhi‐Jun , Liu Li‐Wan , Chen Dan‐Ping , Zhao Jing‐Tai 
Published: December 2014

Tb3+‐, Eu3+‐activated, and Eu3+/Tb3+‐coactivated oxyfluoride borogermanate scintillating glasses with the density of about 6.50 g/cm3 were successfully synthesized by a melt‐quenching method. The structure and optical properties including transmittance, photoluminescence (excitation and emission spectra), photoluminescence decay, and X‐ray excited luminescence behaviors were studied in detail. Our results reveal that the energy‐transfer efficiency from Tb3+ to Eu3+ ions increases with an increase in Eu3+ concentration. The energy‐transfer mechanism is also discussed by Dexter's and Reisfeld's semiexperimental methods.
Health professionals’ decision‐making in wound management: a grounded theory
Authors: Gillespie Brigid M. , Chaboyer Wendy , St John Winsome , Morley Nicola , Nieuwenhoven Paul 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimTo develop a conceptual understanding of the decision‐making processes used by healthcare professionals in wound care practice.BackgroundWith the global move towards using an evidence‐base in standardizing wound care practices and the need to reduce hospital wound care costs, it is important to understand health professionals’ decision‐making in this important yet under‐researched area.DesignA grounded theory approach was used to explore clinical decision‐making of healthcare professionals in wound care practice.MethodsInterviews were conducted with 20 multi‐disciplinary participants from nursing, surgery, infection control and wound care who worked at a metropolitan hospital in Australia. Data were collected during 2012–2013. Constant comparative analysis underpinned by Strauss and Corbin's framework was used to identify clinical decision‐making processes.FindingsThe core category was ‘balancing practice‐based knowledge with evidence‐based knowledge’. Participants’ clinical practice and actions embedded the following processes: ‘utilizing the best available information’, ‘using a consistent approach in wound assessment’ and ‘using a multidisciplinary approach’. The substantive theory explains how practice and evidence knowledge was balanced and the variation in use of intuitive practice‐based knowledge versus evidence‐based knowledge. Participants considered patients’ needs and preferences, costs, outcomes, technologies, others’ expertise and established practices. Participants’ decision‐making tended to be more heavily weighted towards intuitive practice‐based processes.ConclusionThese findings offer a better understanding of the processes used by health professionals’ in their decision‐making in wound care. Such an understanding may inform the development of evidence‐based interventions that lead to better patient outcomes.
Chemical Response of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Against Grazing by Three Species of Zooplankton
Authors: Dang Lin‐Xi , Li Yue , Liu Fei , Zhang Yong , Yang Wei‐Dong , Li Hong‐Ye , Liu Jie‐Sheng 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe investigated the toxicity of Karenia mikimotoi toward three model grazers, the cladoceran Moina mongolica, the copepod Pseudodiaptomus annandalei, and the crustacean Artemia salina, and explored its chemical response upon zooplankton grazing. An induction experiment, where K. mikimotoi was exposed to grazers or waterborne cues from the mixed cultures revealed that K. mikimotoi might be toxic or nutritionally inadequate toward the three grazers. In general, direct exposure to the three grazers induced the production of hemolytic toxins and the synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Both EPA and the hemolytic toxins from K. mikimotoi decreased the survival rate of the three grazers. In addition, the survival rates of M. mongolica, P. annandalei, and A. salina in the presence of induced K. mikimotoi that had previously been exposed to a certain grazer were lower than their counterparts caused by fresh K. mikimotoi, suggesting that exposure to some grazers might increase the toxicity of K. mikimotoi. The chemical response and associated increased resistance to further grazing suggested that K. mikimotoi could produce deterrents to protect against grazing by zooplankton and that the substances responsible might be hemolytic toxins and EPA.
Techniques for RNA in vivo imaging in plants
Authors: TILSNER JENS 
Published: December 2014

SummarySince the discovery of small RNAs and RNA silencing, RNA biology has taken a centre stage in cell and developmental biology. Small RNAs, but also mRNAs and other types of cellular and viral RNAs are processed at specific subcellular localizations. To fully understand cellular RNA metabolism and the various processes influenced by it, techniques are required that permit the sequence‐specific tracking of RNAs in living cells. A variety of methods for RNA visualization have been developed since the 1990s, but plant cells pose particular challenges and not all approaches are applicable to them. On the other hand, plant RNA metabolism is particularly diverse and RNAs are even transported between cells, so RNA imaging can potentially provide many valuable insights into plant function at the cellular and tissue level. This Short Review briefly introduces the currently available techniques for plant RNA in vivo imaging and discusses their suitability for different biological questions.