bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preanalytical errors: a preliminary approach to the point of view of primary health care givers
Authors: Gómez-Salgado Juan , Romero Adolfo , Caparrós Isabel S. , Barba M. Carmen , Reina Margarita , Ruiz-Frutos Carlos 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe presence of errors in the preanalytical phase is a widely studied topic. However, information regarding the perspective of those professionals involved is rather scant.Two focus groups of professionals from Primary Care involved in the preanalytical phase (general practitioners [GP], community nurses [CN], and other auxiliary health workers, including administrative personnel [AHW]) were convened. A qualitative analysis with a phenomenological approach was performed by using the structure of SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis as a guide, and results were categorized by grouping the resultant dimensions according to this structure.Overall, 12 professionals (3 GP, 6 CN, and 3 AHW) were distributed in two groups. Age and gender distribution were similar between groups. The most commented strengths were organizational capability and teamwork. The main weakness was the workload increase (compared to the short time spent on sample collection). Opportunities were related to workload optimization through on-line analytical requests. Threats were related to the long time elapsed between sample drawing at Primary Care and delivery to the Central Laboratory.The phenomenological approach allows revealing those aspects that cannot be entirely elucidated by objective data measurement. Attitudes considered as positive can be exploited by the institution, whereas those considered as negative alert us to possible future problems. Primary Care professionals offered a different point of view to laboratory staff, but both recognized high workload as the main threat and on-line analytical request as the best opportunity. These perspectives may help to improve detection and decrease the number of errors.
A novel biosensor-based microarray assay for the visualized detection of CYP2C19 ∗2, ∗3, ∗4 and ∗5 polymorphisms
Authors: Xiao Jian-Min , Xiong Jie , Kang Guan-Yang , Li Qiang , Jiang Zhong-Yong , Chen Jiu-Hao , Wang Li-Ling , Yao Fu-De , Song Jia-Wu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA number of studies have indicated that the conversion of clopidogrel to its active metabolite is reduced in patients who carry the CYP2C19 *2, *3, *4 or *5 loss-of-function allele, resulting in decreased response of platelet to clopidogrel treatment and worse cardiovascular outcome. The aim of this study was to develop a novel biosensor-based microarray to visually detect CYP2C19 polymorphisms.The target DNA was amplified from regions flanking the respective alleles using 5′-biotinylated reverse primer, and plasmids were prepared for the respective alleles. High stringency reversed hybridization, horseradish peroxidase-labeled streptavidin reaction, and color development, with multiple washes in different steps, were carried out and the results were recorded with an optical camera. The gene chips were tested for specificity, detection limit, intra- and inter-batch variations using the constructed plasmids. Finally, 88 clinical samples were assayed with this microarray as well as direct sequencing.The results could be seen with the naked eye. Concordance tests indicated that for alleles *2, *3, *4, and *5, the κ values between this assay and plasmids all reached 1.000. The detection limit was 5×10This novel biosensor-based microarray assay can amplify the signal in situ so that it can be detected by simple instruments or even the naked eyes. It is promising for clinical application in hospital laboratories.
Furcht vor Verletzungen. Anmerkungen zu Judith Shklars ‚Liberalismus der Furcht‘
Authors: Hirsch Alfred 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In the reflections of Judith Shklar’s ‘Liberalism of fear’ we find the stimulating insight that a theory of freedom can find its main issue in the injury of the human individual. This concept also provides an opening to thinking of the political in general. I would like to elucidate this approach in my essay following the theory of ‘negative freedom’ in the thought of Isaiah Berlin. The reflections of Shklar make for an impressively consistent contribution to theoretical foundation of freedom. While a thorough comprehension evidences a lack of a socio-philosophical basis, it is necessary if we are to find a theory of freedom grounded in a deeply differentiated social and political practice.
Copper-mediated ligand-free Ullmann reaction approach to substituted s-triazines: rationale, synthesis, and biological evaluation
Authors: Shah Dhruvin R. , Lakum Harshad P. , Chikhalia Kishor H. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Two series of s-triazine derivatives were synthesized by copper-catalyzed Ullmann reaction. Facile route was adopted to achieve amination of s-triazines for the first time. The C-N coupling reactions were conducted in water under ligand-free and oxygen-free conditions. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity. Compounds were further subjected to in vitro antitubercular screening against the H37Rv strain. Compared with standard drugs, compound 5b was found to be the most active antimicrobial and antitubercular agent that inhibits Staphylococcus aureus and H37Rv strain with minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.56 and 6.25 μg/mL, respectively.
Recent advances in dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepine synthesis
Authors: Zaware Nilesh , Ohlmeyer Michael 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepine (DBO) derivatives possess an array of pharmacological activities, and are of growing pharmaceutical interest. Twelve recent synthetic protocols to construct DBO and DBO derivatives have been described in this review. The reported methods include cyclocondensation with two precursors exemplified by substituted 2-aminophenols and substituted 2-halobenzaldehydes, substituted 2-nitro-1-bromobenzene and substituted 2-triazolylphenols, substituted 2-nitro-1-bromobenzene and substituted 2-hydrazonamidophenol, substituted 2-nitro-1-bromobenzene and substituted 2-(aminomethyl)phenol, and 2-aminobenzonitrile and 1,4-dichloro-2-nitrobenzene. Other methods include copper catalysis, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, domino elimination-rearrangement-addition sequence, and an Ugi four-component reaction followed by an intramolecular O-arylation. These methods will serve as a guide to chemists in developing DBO derivatives of pharmacological interest.
Irritant contact dermatitis
Authors: Ale Iris S. , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is the most common form of contact dermatitis. It represents the cutaneous response to the toxic/physical effects of a wide variety of environmental agents. Nowadays, it is recognized that irritancy does not represent a single monomorphous entity but rather a complex biologic syndrome with diverse pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. The clinical presentation is highly variable depending on several factors, including properties and strength of the irritant, dose, duration and frequency of exposure, environmental factors, and skin susceptibility. The pathophysiological mechanism depends on activation of the innate immune system and involves skin barrier disruption, cellular changes, and release of proinflammatory mediators that directly recruit and activate T lymphocytes. The diagnosis of irritant contact dermatitis is often clinical, and involves a comprehensive history and examination, as well as the exclusion of allergic contact dermatitis with patch testing. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis as well as better awareness of the clinical significance of ICD will lead to a improved care for our patients.
Phase transformation and Raman spectra in BaTiO3 nanocrystals
Authors: Yu Jian , Meng X. J. , Sun J.L. , Wang G.S. , Chu J.H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this paper, size-induced ferroelectricit yweakening, phase transformation, and anomalous lattice expansion are observed in nanocrystalline BaTiO3 (nc-BaTiO3) deriv ed b y low temperature hydrothermal methods, and they are w ellunderstood using the terms of the long-range interaction and its cooperative phenomena altered by particle size in covalen t ionic nanocrystals. In cubic nc-BaTiO3, five modes centerd at 186, 254, 308, 512 and 716 cm-1 are observed Raman active in cubic nanophase, and they are attributed to local rhombohedral distortion breaking inversion-symmetry in cubic nanophase. The254 and 308 cm-1 modes are significantly affected not only by the concentration of hydroxyl defects, but also their particular configuration. And the 806 cm-1 modes found to be closely associated with OH - absorbed on grain boundaries.
Effects of an Ascorbic Acid–Derivative Dentifrice in Patients With Gingivitis: A Double‐Masked, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Shimabukuro Yoshio , Nakayama Yohei , Ogata Yorimasa , Tamazawa Kaoru , Shimauchi Hidetoshi , Nishida Tetsuya , Ito Koichi , Chikazawa Takashi , Kataoka Shinsuke , Murakami Shinya 
Published: October 2014

Background: Reactive oxygen species might be associated with the onset and progression of gingival inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a dentifrice containing l‐ascorbic acid 2‐phosphate magnesium salt (APM), a long‐acting ascorbic acid derivative with antioxidant properties, on gingival inflammation.Methods: The clinical effects of APM were investigated in a multicenter, randomized, parallel‐group, controlled clinical trial comprising 300 individuals with gingivitis. Half of the participants were given an APM‐containing dentifrice and half were given a control dentifrice. The primary outcome was the gingival index (GI) at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included gingival redness as an indicator of the degree of local gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding as a measure of the gingivitis severity index, and total antioxidant activity of the saliva.Results: Under the intent‐to‐treat analysis, GI did not significantly differ between the groups (P = 0.12). However, under the per‐protocol analysis, GI was significantly lower in the APM group (P = 0.01) than in the control group. In the APM group, gingival redness was significantly lower, and the difference from the baseline gingivitis severity index was significantly greater (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively). The total antioxidant activity of the saliva was significantly higher in the APM group (P = 0.03). The incidence of adverse events did not significantly differ between the groups (P >0.15).Conclusion: These findings indicate that the regular application of an APM‐containing dentifrice could reduce gingival inflammation.
Evaluating New Definitions of Acute and Early HIV Infection from HIV Surveillance Data
Authors: Buskin Susan E , Fida Neway G , Bennett Amy B , Golden Matthew R , Stekler Joanne D 
Published: October 2014

Background :The U.S. HIV staging system is being revised to more comprehensively track early and acute HIV infection (AHI). We evaluated our ability to identify known cases of AHI using King County (KC) HIV surveillance data.Methodology :AHI cases were men who have sex with men (MSM) with negative antibody and positive pooled nucleic acid amplification (NAAT) tests identified through KC testing sites. We used KC surveillance data to calculate inter-test intervals (ITI, time from last negative to first positive test) and the serologic algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion (STARHS). For surveillance data, AHI was defined as an ITI of ≤ 30 days and early infection as an ITI ≤ 180 days or STARHS recent result. Dates of last negative HIV tests were obtained from lab reports in the HIV surveillance system or data collected for HIV Incidence Surveillance.Results :Between 2005 and 2011, 47 MSM with AHI were identified by pooled NAAT. Of the 47 cases, 36% had ITI < 1 day, 60% had an ITI < 30 days, and 70% (95% CI=55-82%) had an ITI ≤ 6 months and would have been identified as early HIV infection. Of the 47, 38% had STARHS testing and 94% were STARHS recent.Conclusion :MSM with known AHI were not identified by proposed definitions of AHI and early infection. These known AHI cases were frequently missed by HIV surveillance because concurrent negative antibody tests were not reported. Successful implementation of the revisions to the HIV staging system will require more comprehensive reporting.
Biological Restorations as an Alternative to Reconstructing Posterior Teeth: A Case Report
Authors: Albuquerque NLG , Mendonça JS , Fonteles CSR , Pereira JC , Santiago SL 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARY
This article reports on a three-year follow-up of two biological restorations performed on a 15-year-old female patient. After clinical evaluation, tooth fragments from extracted permanent molars were obtained from a Human Teeth Bank and were autoclaved, adjusted to the prepared cavity, and bonded to the remaining tooth structure with dual resin cement. The technical aspects are described and the benefits and disadvantages of biological restorations as an alternative treatment for rehabilitation of severely destroyed permanent molars are discussed.
Different Enzymatic Activities in Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) as Potential Biomarkers of Exposure to the Pesticide Methomyl
Authors: Hernández-Moreno David , de la Casa-Resino Irene , Maria Flores José , González-Gómez Manuel José , María Neila Carlos , Soler Francisco , Pérez-López Marcos 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study investigated the influence of the pesticide methomyl on different enzymatic activities in carp. The fish were exposed to a sub-lethal concentration (0.34 mg L-1) of methomyl for 15 days. On days 4 and 15, catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were measured in the liver and gills. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain and muscle was also determined. Liver catalase activity slightly increased in exposed fish when compared to controls, but it was statistically significant only at the beginning of the experiment. No changes in CAT activity in the gills of exposed and control animals were observed (mean values were in the range 10.7-11.7 nmol min-1 per mg of protein). Liver GST activity was slightly inhibited in the exposed animals at the beginning of the study; however, it was significantly inhibited in the gills. Brain AChE activity was diminished throughout the experiment and significantly decreased after 96 h of exposure compared to controls (0.041 vs. 0.075 nmol min1 per mg of protein; p<0.001). Our findings suggest that CAT, GST, and AChE are reliable biomarkers of effect after exposure to methomyl.
Physical Therapist Practice in the Emergency Department Observation Unit: Descriptive Study
Authors: Plummer Laura , Sridhar Sowmya , Beninato Marianne , Parlman Kristin 
Published: October 2014

Background
An upward trend in the number of hospital emergency department (ED) visits frequently results in ED overcrowding. The concept of the emergency department observation unit (EDOU) was introduced to allow patients to transfer out of the ED and remain under observation for up to 24 hours before making a decision regarding the appropriate disposition. No study has yet been completed to describe physical therapist practice in the EDOU.

Objective
The objectives of this study were: (1) to describe patient demographics, physical therapist management and utilization, and discharge dispositions of patients receiving physical therapy in the EDOU and (2) to describe these variables according to the most frequently occurring diagnostic groups.

Design
This was a descriptive study of patients who received physical therapist services in the EDOU of Massachusetts General Hospital during the months of March, May, and August 2010.

Methods
Data from 151 medical records of patients who received physical therapist services in the EDOU were extracted. Variables consisted of patient characteristics, medical and physical therapist diagnoses, and physical therapist management and utilization derived from billing data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data.

Results
The leading EDOU medical diagnoses of individuals receiving physical therapist services included people with falls without fracture (n=30), back pain (n=27), falls with fracture (n=22), and dizziness (n=22). There were significant differences in discharge disposition, age, and total physical therapy time among groups.

Limitations
This was a retrospective study, so there was no ability to control how data were recorded.

Conclusions
This study provides information on common patient groups seen in the EDOU, physical therapist service utilization, and discharge disposition that may guide facilities in anticipated staffing needs associated with providing physical therapist services in the EDOU.
Surgical outcomes following encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis in North American adults with moyamoya
Authors: Agarwalla Pankaj K. , Stapleton Christopher J. , Phillips Michael T. , Walcott Brian P. , Venteicher Andrew S. , Ogilvy Christopher S. 
Published: October 2014

Object
Moyamoya disease/syndrome (MMD/S) is a progressive, occlusive vasculopathy of the intracranial vasculature that leads to ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Significant debate exists regarding the role of indirect cerebrovascular bypass surgery in its management. The authors review their institution's experience with indirect bypass in the surgical management of patients with MMD/S.

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective review of patients with MMD/S who underwent encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS), a form of indirect bypass, from 1996 to 2013.

Results
A total of 37 patients (52 hemispheres) underwent an EDAS procedure for MMD/S; 21 patients received revascularization of both hemispheres. Patients presented with the following: 49% with stroke, 35% with transient ischemic attack, 13% with hemorrhage, and 3% with seizure. The mean Suzuki grade was 3.46. The number of patients with a modified Rankin Scale score of 0–1 improved from 21 to 29 (p = 0.002) from the time of surgery to the time of last follow-up. The number of neurological events (i.e., transient ischemic attacks, strokes, and hemorrhages) decreased from a mean of 1.7 events per patient to 0.14 (p < 0.001). The mean length of follow-up was 32.8 months.

Conclusions
This series demonstrates that EDAS is an effective procedure for MMD/S in a North American cohort of patients.
Influence of debris-rich basal ice on flow of a polar glacier
Authors: Pettit Erin C. , Whorton Erin N. , Waddington Edwin D. , Sletten Ronald S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAt Taylor Glacier, a cold-based outlet glacier of the East Antarctic ice sheet, observed surface speeds in the terminus region are 20 times greater than those predicted using Glen’s flow law for cold (–17°C), thin (100 m) ice. Rheological properties of the clean meteoric glacier ice and the underlying deformable debris-rich basal ice can be inferred from surface-velocity and ablation-rate profiles using inverse theory. Here, with limited data, we use a two-layer flowband model to examine two end-member assumptions about the basal-ice properties: (1) uniform softness with spatially variable thickness and (2) uniform thickness with spatially variable softness. We find that the basal ice contributes 85–98% to the observed surface velocity in the terminus region. We also find that the basal-ice layer must be 10–15 m thick and 20–40 times softer than clean Holocene-age glacier ice in order to match the observations. Because significant deformation occurs in the basal ice, our inverse problem is not sensitive to variations in the softness of the meteoric ice. Our results suggest that despite low temperatures, highly deformable basal ice may dominate flow of cold-based glaciers and rheologically distinct layers should be incorporated in models of polar-glacier flow.
Measuring glacier surface roughness using plot-scale, close-range digital photogrammetry
Authors: Irvine-Fynn Tristram D.L. , Sanz-Ablanedo Enoc , Rutter Nick , Smith Mark W. , Chandler Jim H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGlacier roughness at sub-metre scales is an important control on the ice surface energy balance and has implications for scattering energy measured by remote-sensing instruments. Ice surface roughness is dynamic as a consequence of spatial and temporal variation in ablation. To date, studies relying on singular and/or spatially discrete two-dimensional profiles to describe ice surface roughness have failed to resolve common patterns or causes of variation in glacier surface morphology. Here we demonstrate the potential of close-range digital photogrammetry as a rapid and cost-effective method to retrieve three-dimensional data detailing plot-scale supraglacial topography. The photogrammetric approach here employed a calibrated, consumer-grade 5 Mpix digital camera repeatedly imaging a plot-scale (≤25 m2) ice surface area on Midtre Lovénbreen, Svalbard. From stereo-pair images, digital surface models (DSMs) with sub-centimetre horizontal resolution and 3 mm vertical precision were achieved at plot scales ≤4 m2. Extraction of roughness metrics including estimates of aerodynamic roughness length (z0) was readily achievable, and temporal variations in the glacier surface topography were captured. Close-range photogrammetry, with appropriate camera calibration and image acquisition geometry, is shown to be a robust method to record sub-centimetre variations in ablating ice topography. While the DSM plot area may be limited through use of stereo-pair images and issues of obliquity, emerging photogrammetric packages are likely to overcome such limitations.
In Defence of Holy Days: The Peasantry's Opposition to the Reduction of Holy Days in Early Modern Sweden
Authors: Malmstedt Göran 
Published: October 2014

During the early modern period most of the holy days celebrated in the late Middle Ages were abolished – although the rate of elimination varied between different confessions and areas. In comparison with other states, both Protestant and Catholic, the development in Sweden was characterized by a pronounced conservative tendency. This most likely reflects the views of the Swedish peasantry, as well as their ability to influence the course of events. My analysis of the peasantry's defence of holy days focuses on religious concerns and on the importance of a pre-modern worldview. Three interconnected motives are highlighted: the continuing cults of saints, the need for rituals to ensure the orderly behaviour of nature, and the conception of a contractual relationship with God and the resulting fear of God's wrath. Since the Swedish peasantry, along with most sections of society, continued to inhabit an enchanted world throughout the period, there was a strong need for methods of invoking heavenly support and fulfilling divine obligations. In finding their own ways of doing this, for example, by means of celebrating abolished holy days or the sanctifying of Saturdays, peasants demonstrated independence as well as a striking perseverance.