bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Longitudinal Effects of Physical Activity and Dietary Calcium on Bone Mass Accrual Across Stages of Pubertal Development
Authors: Lappe Joan M , Watson Patrice , Gilsanz Vicente , Hangartner Thomas , Kalkwarf Heidi J , Oberfield Sharon , Shepherd John , Winer Karen K , Zemel Babette 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Childhood and adolescence are critical periods of bone mineral content (BMC) accrual that may have long-term consequences for osteoporosis in adulthood. Adequate dietary calcium intake and weight-bearing physical activity are important for maximizing BMC accrual. However, the relative effects of physical activity and dietary calcium on BMC accrual throughout the continuum of pubertal development in childhood remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of self-reported dietary calcium intake and weight-bearing physical activity on bone mass accrual across the five stages of pubertal development in a large, diverse cohort of US children and adolescents. The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood study was a mixed longitudinal study with 7393 observations on 1743 subjects. Annually, we measured BMC by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), physical activity and calcium intake by questionnaire, and pubertal development (Tanner stage) by examination for up to 7 years. Mixed-effects regression models were used to assess physical activity and calcium intake effects on BMC accrual at each Tanner stage. We found that self-reported weight-bearing physical activity contributed to significantly greater BMC accrual in both sexes and racial subgroups (black and nonblack). In nonblack males, the magnitude of the activity effect on total body BMC accrual varied among Tanner stages after adjustment for calcium intake; the greatest difference between high- and low-activity boys was in Tanner stage 3. Calcium intake had a significant effect on bone accrual only in nonblack girls. This effect was not significantly different among Tanner stages. Our findings do not support differential effects of physical activity or calcium intake on bone mass accrual according to maturational stage. The study demonstrated significant longitudinal effects of weight-bearing physical activity on bone mass accrual through all stages of pubertal development. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Assessment of liver fibrosis using fast strain‐encoded MRI driven by inherent cardiac motion
Authors: Harouni Ahmed A. , Gharib Ahmed M. , Osman Nael F. , Morse Caryn , Heller Theo , Abd‐Elmoniem Khaled Z. 
Published: July 2014

PurposeAn external driver‐free MRI method for assessment of liver fibrosis offers a promising noninvasive tool for diagnosis and monitoring of liver disease. Lately, the heart's intrinsic motion and MR tagging have been utilized for the quantification of liver strain. However, MR tagging requires multiple breath‐hold acquisitions and substantial postprocessing. In this study, we propose the use of a fast strain‐encoded (FSENC) MRI method to measure the peak strain (Sp) in the liver's left lobe, which is in close proximity and caudal to the heart. Additionally, we introduce a new method of measuring heart‐induced shear wave velocity (SWV) inside the liver.MethodsPhantom and in vivo experiments (11 healthy subjects and 11 patients with liver fibrosis) were conducted. Reproducibility experiments were performed in seven healthy subjects.ResultsPeak liver strain, Sp, decreased significantly in fibrotic liver compared with healthy liver (6.46% ± 2.27% vs 12.49% ± 1.76%; P < 0.05). Heart‐induced SWV increased significantly in patients compared with healthy subjects (0.15 ± 0.04 m/s vs 0.63 ± 0.32 m/s; P < 0.05). Reproducibility analysis yielded no significant difference in Sp (P = 0.47) or SWV (P = 0.56).ConclusionAccelerated external driver‐free noninvasive assessment of left liver lobe strain and SWV is feasible using strain‐encoded MRI. The two measures significantly separate healthy subjects from patients with fibrotic liver. Magn Reson Med 74:106–114, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managerial influence on the diffusion of innovations within intra‐organizational networks
Authors: Wunderlich Philipp , Größler Andreas , Zimmermann Nicole , Vennix Jac A. M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study analyzes the dynamics of intra‐organizational innovation implementation processes based on conversion within and migration between groups. We employ a diffusion model that extends often‐used epidemic models in three ways: (i) repeated acceptance and rejection decisions of adopters and non‐adopters; (ii) diffusion within and across groups organized in different network structures; and (iii) management's continuous influence on the diffusion process. The model is used to identify and evaluate senior management's possibilities to steer the diffusion process. Analyses reveal that network structure influences the interplay between the self‐reinforcing dynamics of conversion and the balancing dynamics of migration. Additionally, management can minimize diffusion time and invested resources by considering the proximity of groups to each other and to the network periphery. Providing structural explanations, this study offers insights into why, given various intra‐organizational networks, management policies can yield different results on whether and how innovations are adopted in an organization. Copyright © 2014 System Dynamics Society
Tracheostomy in ancient Egypt
Authors: Blomstedt Patric 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIt has often been reported that the ancient Egyptians performed tracheostomies. An analysis of this claim demonstrates it to be founded on only two depictions from the Protodynastic period (thirty-first centurybc). These depictions are difficult to reconcile with tracheostomy from an anatomical point of view and can more easily be explained as human sacrifices. Considering that Egyptian surgery included only minor procedures even at its zenith during later dynastic periods, it is difficult to imagine that they would have developed such an advanced procedure at such an early date.
Impact of seafood regulations forVibrio parahaemolyticusinfection and verification by analyses of seafood contamination and infection
Authors: HARA-KUDO Y. , KUMAGAI S. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYConsumption of seafood contaminated withVibrio parahaemolyticuscauses foodborne infections, which are on the rise owing to increased consumption of raw seafood in Asia, Europe, North America, and other regions.V. parahaemolyticusinfections have been common in Japan since the 1960s. Following an epidemic in 1997, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare instituted regulations for seafood in 1999, which appear to be reducingV. parahaemolyticusinfections. In this review, we describe the scientific findings for these regulations. Analyses of theV. parahaemolyticusserotypes and isolate characteristics in samples from infected patients and contaminated seafood are discussed. In addition, based on the results of a survey, we show that new food safety regulations have led to improvements in food hygiene at many seafood retail shops, food service facilities, and restaurants. This example from Japan could be of immense help to control foodborne infections in other countries.
Evaluating vaccination strategies to control foot-and-mouth disease: a model comparison study
Authors: ROCHE S. E. , GARNER M. G. , SANSON R. L. , COOK C. , BIRCH C. , BACKER J. A. , DUBE C. , PATYK K. A. , STEVENSON M. A. , YU Z. D. , RAWDON T. G. , GAUNTLETT F. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYSimulation models can offer valuable insights into the effectiveness of different control strategies and act as important decision support tools when comparing and evaluating outbreak scenarios and control strategies. An international modelling study was performed to compare a range of vaccination strategies in the control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Modelling groups from five countries (Australia, New Zealand, USA, UK, The Netherlands) participated in the study. Vaccination is increasingly being recognized as a potentially important tool in the control of FMD, although there is considerable uncertainty as to how and when it should be used. We sought to compare model outputs and assess the effectiveness of different vaccination strategies in the control of FMD. Using a standardized outbreak scenario based on data from an FMD exercise in the UK in 2010, the study showed general agreement between respective models in terms of the effectiveness of vaccination. Under the scenario assumptions, all models demonstrated that vaccination with ‘stamping-out’ of infected premises led to a significant reduction in predicted epidemic size and duration compared to the ‘stamping-out’ strategy alone. For all models there were advantages in vaccinating cattle-only rather than all species, using 3-km vaccination rings immediately around infected premises, and starting vaccination earlier in the control programme. This study has shown that certain vaccination strategies are robust even to substantial differences in model configurations. This result should increase end-user confidence in conclusions drawn from model outputs. These results can be used to support and develop effective policies for FMD control.
Indaziflam Herbicidal Action: A Potent Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitor
Authors: Brabham Chad , Lei Lei , Gu Ying , Stork Jozsef , Barrett Michael , DeBolt Seth 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Cellulose biosynthesis is a common feature of land plants. Therefore, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) have a potentially broad-acting herbicidal mode of action and are also useful tools in decoding fundamental aspects of cellulose biosynthesis. Here, we characterize the herbicide indaziflam as a CBI and provide insight into its inhibitory mechanism. Indaziflam-treated seedlings exhibited the CBI-like symptomologies of radial swelling and ectopic lignification. Furthermore, indaziflam inhibited the production of cellulose within &lt;1 h of treatment and in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike the CBI isoxaben, indaziflam had strong CBI activity in both a monocotylonous plant (Poa annua) and a dicotyledonous plant (Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana]). Arabidopsis mutants resistant to known CBIs isoxaben or quinoxyphen were not cross resistant to indaziflam, suggesting a different molecular target for indaziflam. To explore this further, we monitored the distribution and mobility of fluorescently labeled CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins in living cells of Arabidopsis during indaziflam exposure. Indaziflam caused a reduction in the velocity of YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN:CESA6 particles at the plasma membrane focal plane compared with controls. Microtubule morphology and motility were not altered after indaziflam treatment. In the hypocotyl expansion zone, indaziflam caused an atypical increase in the density of plasma membrane-localized CESA particles. Interestingly, this was accompanied by a cellulose synthase interacting1-independent reduction in the normal coincidence rate between microtubules and CESA particles. As a CBI, for which there is little evidence of evolved weed resistance, indaziflam represents an important addition to the action mechanisms available for weed management.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Geranyl Diphosphate-Specific Aromatic Prenyltransferase from Lemon
Authors: Munakata Ryosuke , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Koeduka Takao , Karamat Fazeelat , Olry Alexandre , Sugiyama Akifumi , Takanashi Kojiro , Dugrand Audray , Froelicher Yann , Tanaka Ryo , Uto Yoshihiro , Hori Hitoshi , Azuma Jun-Ichi , Hehn Alain , Bourgaud Frédéric , Yazaki Kazufumi 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Prenyl residues confer divergent biological activities such as antipathogenic and antiherbivorous activities on phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, coumarins, and xanthones. To date, about 1,000 prenylated phenolics have been isolated, with these compounds containing various prenyl residues. However, all currently described plant prenyltransferases (PTs) have been shown specific for dimethylallyl diphosphate as the prenyl donor, while most of the complementary DNAs encoding these genes have been isolated from the Leguminosae. In this study, we describe the identification of a novel PT gene from lemon (Citrus limon), ClPT1, belonging to the homogentisate PT family. This gene encodes a PT that differs from other known PTs, including flavonoid-specific PTs, in polypeptide sequence. This membrane-bound enzyme was specific for geranyl diphosphate as the prenyl donor and coumarin as the prenyl acceptor. Moreover, the gene product was targeted to plastid in plant cells. To our knowledge, this is the novel aromatic PT specific to geranyl diphosphate from citrus species.
Deconstructing resistance to organizational change: a social representation theory approach
Authors: Andersén Jim , Andersén Annelie 
Published: July 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how social representation theory (SRT) can be used to understand the concept of resistance to change. SRT is a growing theory in social psychology research. SRT is about how individuals co-construct representations of various objects in different social settings. These social representations govern the attitudes and actions of individuals and groups. In spite of the growing interest in SRT in various fields, no studies have used SRT to understand resistance to organizational change.Design/methodology/approach– This study reviews the relevant literature on resistance to change and SRT to develop a conceptual framework for understanding resistance from the standpoint of SRT.Findings– The authors develop a model that illustrates how three interrelated objects, i.e. the organizational process and the pre-and post-change situation, are co-constructed in social contexts. Also, the authors discuss how representations of these objects can co-exist (cognitive polyphasia). Our study illustrates the complexity of resistance to change by deconstructing the concept.Originality/value– Application of SRT to analyze resistance to organizational change is a novel approach that provides several new insights. For example, where most publications regard advocates of change as sense-givers in the change recipient’s sense-making process, the authors argue for a more constructionist approach. Thus, all actors involved in the change process will affect each other and together co-construct the social representations. These social representations govern attitudes to change.
Culpable insiders – the enemy within, the victim without
Authors: Simser Jeffrey 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of the culpable insider and the predatory criminal in fraud and deception.

Design/methodology/approach
– Two groupings of fraud are considered in this paper. Insider fraud consists of a person within an organization misusing their position for corrupt self-dealing, asset misappropriation and financial statement fraud. Case studies are discussed, offering differing perspectives on the role of insiders. Fraudsters use technology, like malware, to take on the mantle of an insider to facilitate their larceny. This paper also looks at the role of the insider with predatory frauds.

Findings
– Most enterprises, be they public entities or private firms, are at risk of internal fraud. Internal financial controls are the first line of defence. In tougher economic times, when enterprises run on the tightest of margins, control mechanisms are at risk of being weakened at the altar of efficiency. Firms can also adopt cultures that deter frauds, either through policies on whistle-blowers or through simple employee screening procedures. For predatory frauds, the basic warning flag can be summed up with the cliché: if something seems too good to be true, it probably is.

Originality/value
– This paper synthesizes research on fraud and the role that an insider can play as well as the role of a predatory fraudster.
Mis-alignment between IT knowledge/skills importance and IT knowledge/skills integration level into the accounting curriculum in Egypt
Authors: M. Sabry Nokhal Ayman , Azizi Ismail Noor 
Published: July 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to investigate the alignment between the information technology (IT) knowledge/skills importance or required by the business environment and the IT knowledge/skills integration level in the accounting curriculum in the specific context of Egyptian universities.Design/methodology/approach– Data were collected from a survey of 249 accountant lecturers by emails.Findings– The results indicate that the most important technologies are generalized audit software, embedded audit modules/real-time modules, small business accounting software, computer-aided systems engineering tools, test data and tax return preparation software, and the most technologies integrated in the accounting curriculum in Egypt are wording processing, electronic spreadsheets and electronic presentations. These results mean there is a gap between what is required and what is integrated in the accounting curriculum.Originality/value– This study is the first attempt to investigate the alignment between the IT required and integrated in the accounting curriculum, especially in Egypt.
The use of strong and weak form sustainability to assist in rate development for the valuation of exhaustible resources (part II)
Authors: Grissom T.V. , McCord M. , Davis P. , McCord J. 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
–This paper is the second of a two part series which offers new theoretical and empirical insights investigating the rates structures appropriate for exhaustible resources with a particular emphasis on urban land, based upon the differentiation of strong- and weak-form sustainability concepts constrained by the objectives of the sustainable criterion of Daly and Cobb (1994). The integration of the concepts and objectives allow the theoretical formulation of discount and capitalization rates that can be empirically tested. This empirical application employs data from 12 diverse national economies. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper integrates the concepts of discount rate development for environmental and long-term assets and discounted utility analysis to the policy concerns associated with the valuation of public and sustainable resources. The new approach empirically shows the diverse issues of competing sustainable objectives across nations.

Findings
– The potential and degree of strong-form or weak-form sustainability application in each nation enabled the identification as to whether alternative capital as defined by the modified Ramsey model used per nation, or the marginal rate of resource return as defined by strong form objective of a constant natural resource endowment, can identify which form of capital becomes the major constraint on the resource valuation and allocation decision appropriate within each nation. The findings showed constraints on nation resource endowments relative to population needs and the culture preferences endemic across nations.

Originality/value
– The findings serve as a basis for future research on the optimal levels of sustainable development appropriate for different nations, the impactions of the timing and level of capital re-switching associated with the application of strong- or weak-form sustainability and the develop of rate and risk measures that can assist in the consideration of sustainable resource as a distinct asset class.
Review article: the nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery
Authors: Stein J. , Stier C. , Raab H. , Weiner R. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBackgroundObesity surgery is acknowledged as a highly effective therapy for morbidly obese patients. Beneficial short‐term effects on common comorbidities are practically undisputed, but a growing data pool from long‐term follow‐up reveals increasing evidence of potentially severe nutritional and pharmacological consequences.AimsTo assess the prevalence, causes and symptoms of complications after obesity surgery, to elucidate and compare therapy recommendations for macro‐ and micronutrient deficiencies, and to explore surgically‐induced effects on drug absorption and bioavailability, discussing ramifications for long‐term therapy and prophylaxis.MethodsPubMed, Embase and MEDLINE were searched using terms including, but not limited to, bariatric surgery, gastric bypass, obesity surgery and Roux‐en‐Y, coupled with secondary search terms, e.g. anaemia, micronutrients, vitamin deficiency, bacterial overgrowth, drug absorption, pharmacokinetics, undernutrition. All studies in English, French or German published January 1980 through March 2014 were included.ResultsMacro‐ and micronutrient deficiencies are common after obesity surgery. The most critical, depending on surgical technique, are hypoalbuminemia (3–18%) and deficiencies of vitamins B1 (≤49%), B12 (19–35%) and D (25–73%), iron (17–45%) and zinc (12–91%). Many drugs commonly administered to obese patients (e.g. anti‐depressants, anti‐microbials, metformin) are subject to post‐operative and/or PPI‐associated changes affecting bioavailability and absorption.ConclusionsComplications are associated with pre‐operative and/or post‐operative malnutrition or procedure‐related changes in intake, absorption and drug bioavailability. The high prevalence of nutrient deficiencies after obesity surgery makes life‐long nutritional monitoring and supplementation essential. Post‐operative changes to drug absorption and bioavailability in bariatric patients cast doubt on the validity of standard drug dosage and administration recommendations.
Development of integument and cutaneous glands in larval, juvenile and adult toads (Rhinella granulosa): a morphological and morphometric study
Authors: Chammas Sérgio M. , Carneiro Sylvia M. , Ferro Rafael S. , Antoniazzi Marta M. , Jared Carlos 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this study, the development of integument and cutaneous glands in the toad Rhinella granulosa (Bufonidae) at different larval stages and in postmetamorphic and adult forms was examined. The analyses were conducted using histological, ultrastructural and morphometric methods. The results showed that cellular aggregations of precursor epidermal glands start to appear in stage 31 of (Herpetologica, 16, 1960 and 183) and then proliferate and invade the dermis. After stage 41, granular and mucous glands are very similar to those found in adults. The granular glands are syncytial and are surrounded by a distinct layer of myoepithelial cells. In the region of parotoid macroglands, the granular glands accumulate and their alveoli progressively increase until they reach adult size. An analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed the inner distribution of the syncytial nuclei and the myoepithelial cells. The morphological changes observed in the integument of tadpoles are associated with the gradual adaptation to terrestrial environments by preparing the individual for future chemical defence against predators and micro‐organisms.