bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiin localized populations ofApodemus sylvaticusis linked to population genotype not to population location
Authors: BAJNOK J. , BOYCE K. , ROGAN M. T. , CRAIG P. S. , LUN Z. R. , HIDE G. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYToxoplasma gondiiis a globally distributed parasite infecting humans and warm-blooded animals. Although many surveys have been conducted forT. gondiiinfection in mammals, little is known about the detailed distribution in localized natural populations. In this study, host genotype and spatial location were investigated in relation toT. gondiiinfection. Wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) were collected from 4 sampling sites within a localized peri-aquatic woodland ecosystem. Mice were genotyped using standardA. sylvaticusmicrosatellite markers andT. gondiiwas detected using 4 specific PCR-based markers: SAG1, SAG2, SAG3 and GRA6 directly from infected tissue. Of 126 wood mice collected, 44 samples were positive giving an infection rate of 34·92% (95% CI: 27·14–43·59%). Juvenile, young adults and adults were infected at a similar prevalence, respectively, 7/17 (41·18%), 27/65 (41·54%) and 10/44 (22·72%) with no significant age-prevalence effect (P = 0·23). Results of genetic analysis of the mice showed that the collection consists of 4 genetically distinct populations. There was a significant difference inT. gondiiprevalence in the different genotypically derived mouse populations (P = 0·035) but not between geographically defined populations (P = 0·29). These data point to either a host genetic/family influence on parasite infection or to parasite vertical transmission.
‘At home it's just so much easier to be yourself’: older adults' perceptions of ageing in place
Authors: STONES DAMIEN , GULLIFER JUDITH 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTBy 2050, the number of people in Australia aged over 85 is expected to quadruple. Yet, from a socio-psychological research perspective, little is known about the experiences of people who continue to live at home during late old age (85 years and over), a period when challenging problems associated with ageing escalate and threaten to compromise independence. Utilising a qualitative methodology, the subjective lived experience of 23 very old adults (19 women, four men, with a mean age of 90.7 years, range 85–101 years) who live independently in rural Australia were elicited. The aims of the research were to understand their thoughts and feelings about ageing in place at home, and what psychological, social and practical adaptive strategies they employ to cope with difficulties encountered during very old age. In-depth interviews were analysed in an interpretive phenomenological tradition of thematic analysis, interpretation of paradigm cases and interpretation of exemplars. Participants described how historical, cultural and environmental contexts shaped their everyday thoughts, activities and what was meaningful for them. The findings add to our understanding of the largely unnarrated lives of the very old, suggest a need for person-centred home-care assessment processes and aid significant others (family, friends and neighbours) to understand better what very old adults need to live independently.
Extremal Numbers for Odd Cycles
Authors: FÜREDI ZOLTAN , GUNDERSON DAVID S. 
Published: December 2014

We describe theC2k+1-free graphs onnvertices with maximum number of edges. The extremal graphs are unique forn∉ {3k− 1, 3k, 4k− 2, 4k− 1}. The value ofex(n,C2k+1) can be read out from the works of Bondy [3], Woodall [14], and Bollobás [1], but here we give a new streamlined proof. The complete determination of the extremal graphs is also new.We obtain that the bound forn0(C2k+1) is 4kin the classical theorem of Simonovits, from which the unique extremal graph is the bipartite Turán graph.
Value congruence in health care priority setting: social values, institutions and decisions in three countries
Authors: Landwehr Claudia , Klinnert Dorothea 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMost developed democracies have faced the challenge of priority setting in health care by setting up specialized agencies to take decisions on which medical services to include in public health baskets. Under the influence of Daniels and Sabin’s seminal work on the topic, agencies increasingly aim to fulfil criteria of procedural justice, such as accountability and transparency. We assume, however, that the institutional design of agencies also and necessarily reflects substantial value judgments on the respective weight of distributive principles such as efficiency, need and equality. The public acceptance of prioritization decisions, and eventually of the health care system at large, will ultimately depend not only on considerations of procedural fairness, but also on the congruence between a society’s values and its institutions. We study social values, institutions and decisions in three countries (France, Germany and the United Kingdom) in order to assess such congruence and formulate expectations on its effects.
Incidental physical activity in Melbourne, Australia: health and economic impacts of mode of transport and suburban location
Authors: Beavis Margaret J. , Moodie Marj 
Published: December 2014

Issue addressedUsing the known health impacts of physical activity (PA), levels of incidental PA in Melbourne were analysed, and after determining key behavioural associations, economic modelling estimated potential long‐term health and economic benefits of changes in active transport (AT) patterns.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey (VISTA07–08) obtained daily travel data from 29 840 individuals of all ages in Melbourne evenly spread over 364 days of the year. Correlates of adequate PA were analysed. The health and economic impact of changes in AT from postulated changes in (1) mode of transport, and (2) transport use by urban sub‐region, were modelled.Results15.1% of individuals had adequate incidental PA. Private vehicle users averaged 10.0 min PA, public transport users 35.2 min and walkers/cyclists 38.3 min daily. Distance from city centre was strongly inversely correlated with adequate PA. Conservative modelling of postulated changes in AT patterns found annual savings of 34–272 deaths, 114–903 new cases of disease and 442–3511 DALYs. Lifetime savings accounted for 17 300–70 100 days of home‐based/leisure time production, and savings of $1.5–12.2 million in the health sector and $2.9–22.9 million in production.ConclusionsPublic transport users, walkers, cyclists and those living closer to the city centre were more likely to gain travel‐related PA sufficient for health benefits. Both transport mode and urban location were associated with levels of travel‐related PA that have significant health and financial impacts.So what?Improving population levels of incidental PA may improve health and economic outcomes. This may require changes in urban and transport infrastructure.
GenePainter v. 2.0 resolves the taxonomic distribution of intron positions
Authors: Mühlhausen Stefanie , Hellkamp Marcel , Kollmar Martin 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Summary: Conserved intron positions in eukaryotic genes can be used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees, to resolve ambiguous subfamily relationships in protein families and to infer the history of gene families. This version of GenePainter facilitates working with large datasets through options to select specific subsets for analysis and visualization, and through providing exhaustive statistics. GenePainter’s application in phylogenetic analyses is considerably extended by the newly implemented integration of the exon–intron pattern conservation with phylogenetic trees.
Availability and implementation: The software along with detailed documentation is available at http://www.motorprotein.de/genepainter and as Supplementary Material.
Contact: mako@nmr.mpibpc.mpg.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Immune escape phenomenon in molluscum contagiosum and the induction of apoptosis
Authors: Yamauchi‐Yamada Akiko , Yamamoto Takenobu , Nakayama Yumi , Ikeda Kazuko , Miyake Tomoko , Yamaguchi Mari , Hirai Yoji , Shirafuji Yoshinori , Morizane Shin , Aoyama Yumi , Iwatsuki Keiji 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMolluscum contagiosum (MC) may persist for many weeks, evading host immunity. We studied the mechanism of immune escape phenomenon in MC, and the possible inducer of apoptosis. Using tissue samples of MC, we examined the numbers of epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), the expression levels of macrophage inflammatory protein‐3α (MIP‐3α) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and the apoptotic signals. After molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) genotyping, we studied the expression of MCV‐encoded MC148 mRNA and MC159 mRNA which correspond to viral antagonist for CCR8 and viral Fas‐linked interleukin (IL)‐1β converting enzyme (FLICE)‐like inhibitor protein (vFLIP), respectively. The nutlin‐3‐induced apoptosis in MC was observed ex vivo. The numbers of CD1a+ or Langerin+ epidermal LC and the expression levels of MIP‐3α were markedly decreased in MC. The expression of TSLP was enhanced in the lesional epidermis of atopic dermatitis and human papillomavirus‐induced warts, whereas the expression was observed locally in MC. All 14 MC samples examined harbored MCV type 1. The MC148 mRNA was detected in all 14 samples and the MC159 mRNA was detected in 13 samples. Apoptotic cells were absent or at a background level in the living layers of MC, but their numbers were increased in the molluscum bodies by overnight incubation with 5 μmol/L nutlin‐3 in culture medium. In conclusion, molluscum bodies are protected from host immune responses and apoptotic signals by being surrounded by LC‐depleted epidermal walls and viral immunosuppressive molecules, but could be eradicated by reagents inducing p53‐dependent apoptosis.
Sustainable harvesting of non‐timber forest products based on ecological and economic criteria
Authors: Hernández‐Barrios Juan C. , Anten Niels P. R. , Martínez‐Ramos Miguel 
Published: December 2014

SummaryHarvesting of highly valuable non‐timber forest products (NTFPs) has been considered a win‐win strategy where local people profit while conserving forest biodiversity ecosystem services. Nevertheless the sustainability ofNTFPharvesting has been debated as the nature ofNTFPs harvesting regimes scale of commercialization are highly heterogeneous, few studies have evaluated the cumulative ecological economic effects of such regimes. Here we assessed the medium‐term (10 years) sustainability ofNTFPharvesting usingChamaedoreapalm leaves a majorNTFPfrom Mesoamerica that is highly valued in the international floral industry as a case study.We used an experimental ecological study and an economic assessment to analyse the sustainability of leaf harvesting inC. ernesti‐augustii. A 4‐year leaf removal experiment was conducted to assess effects of increasing levels of defoliation (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% leaf removal, biannually) on palm survivorship, leaf production and leaf quality. Results of this experiment were combined with estimations of harvest economic value to make projections of the availability of leaves and profit per unit area. Finally, we determined harvesting regimes that maximize profit while maintaining medium‐term viability of exploited populations.Palms tolerated up to 50% chronic defoliation, but higher defoliation levels reduced survivorship, leaf production and leaf quality. In the long term, this 50% defoliation level maximized harvest volume and profit without significantly affecting palm survival and leaf quality. Our results show that harvesters face the dilemma of either maximizing short‐term income leading to rapid exhaustion of stocks, or maintaining exploited populations but maximizing income in the long term.Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that intermediate harvesting levels (≤50% leaf removal) are needed to achieve long‐term sustainability ofChamaedoreapalm leaves. Results of this study have an immediate application for the amendment of the official Mexican law, which enables higher harvesting intensities ofChamaedorealeaves, and for the design of sustainable management strategies. Applications of such strategies should consider community‐based management, fair markets, regulating norms, as well as a thorough communication among stakeholders.
Smooth brome invasion increases rare soil bacterial species prevalence, bacterial species richness and evenness
Authors: Piper Candace L. , Siciliano Steven D. , Winsley Tristrom , Lamb Eric G. 
Published: December 2014

Summary

Plant and soil communities are tightly linked, but the mechanisms by which the invasion of an exotic plant and the resulting shifts in plant diversity and productivity influence soil bacterial community structure remain poorly understood.

We investigated the effects of invasive smooth brome (Bromus inermis) on grassland soil bacterial community structure using massively parallel sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to determine bacterial community richness, evenness, composition and beta diversity (UniFrac indices) of soils collected along a gradient of smooth brome abundance. We evaluated several hypotheses including: (a) that the declines in native plant diversity associated with smooth brome invasion would cause declines in bacterial community diversity and (b) that mechanisms driving smooth brome effects on bacterial community structure involved altered soil edaphic properties rather than preferential invasion in areas of high soil nitrogen and distinct soil microbial communities.

Smooth brome invasion led to increased soil nitrogen, soil carbon and root biomass. Bacterial evenness and bacterial richness increased with increasing smooth brome cover, while bacterial beta diversity declined. We found no evidence of a dominant direct link between the alteration of soil edaphic properties by brome and the changes in the soil bacterial community. Rather, the main controls on the soil bacterial community were direct effects of pH and smooth brome that could not be linked to the edaphic changes. The most important effect of brome on the bacterial community was the selective suppression of dominant bacterial species, which allowed rarer bacteria to increase in relative abundance.

Synthesis. Here, we show that plant community composition influences bacterial community structure at a very fine scale, but that these changes are not due to altered soil total nitrogen or carbon content. The dominant direct effect of smooth brome invasion on soil communities suggests non‐edaphic, that is inter‐ and intratrophic, interactions among smooth brome and non‐bacterial components of the soil ecosystem are key drivers of soil community structure.
Nursing Diagnoses in Inpatient Psychiatry
Authors: Frauenfelder Fritz , van Achterberg Theo , Needham Ian , Müller Staub Maria 
Published: December 2014

PurposeThis study explored how well NANDA‐I covers the reality of adult inpatient psychiatric nursing care.MethodsPatient observations documented by registered nurses in records were analyzed using content analysis and mapped with the classification NANDA‐I.FindingsA total of 1,818 notes were examined and contained 46 different patient responses. Twenty‐nine patient responses were recognizable as NANDA‐I diagnoses at the level of definitions, 15 as diagnoses‐related factors, and 12 did not match with any NANDA‐I diagnosis.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that NANDA‐I describes the adult inpatient psychiatric nursing care to a large extent. Nevertheless, further development of the classification is important.Implications for Nursing PracticeThe results of this study will spur nursing research and further classification development.
Red cell transfusion and the immune system
Authors: Hart S. , Cserti‐Gazdewich C. M. , McCluskey S. A. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryUnderstanding the complex immunological consequences of red cell transfusion is essential if we are to use this valuable resource wisely and safely. The decision to transfuse red cells should be made after serious considerations of the associated risks and benefits. Immunological risks of transfusion include major incompatibility reactions and transfusion‐related acute lung injury, while other immunological insults such as transfusion‐related immunomodulation are relatively underappreciated. Red cell transfusions should be acknowledged as immunological exposures, with consequences weighed against expected benefits. This article reviews immunological consequences and the emerging evidence that may inform risk‐benefit considerations in clinical practice.
Management of peri‐operative anti‐thrombotic therapy
Authors: van Veen J. J. , Makris M. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe management of antithrombotic therapy in the peri‐operative setting is a common problem, balancing haemorrhagic risk with continued treatment and thrombotic risk when discontinued. High‐quality evidence is lacking regarding the optimal approach for patients on oral anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents. This review discusses the available evidence for the management of patients on warfarin, non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant drugs, and antiplatelet therapy in the peri‐operative setting. Bridging therapy for patients on warfarin should be considered for those at highest risk of thrombosis, whereas it may not be necessary for those on non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant drugs given the reduced time off anticoagulation and their more predictable pharmacokinetics. Aspirin can be continued for most procedures. Dual antiplatelet agents for patients with a recently inserted coronary artery stent should be continued if possible but decisions should be individualised and taken after multidisciplinary discussion.
Management of traumatic haemorrhage – the European perspective
Authors: Schöchl H. , Voelckel W. , Schlimp C. J. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryTrauma‐induced coagulopathy represents a life‐threatening complication in severely injured patients. To avoid exsanguination, rapid surgical bleeding control coupled with immediate and aggressive haemostatic treatment is mandatory. In most trauma centres, coagulation therapy is established with transfusion of high volumes of fresh frozen plasma. Due to logistic issues, only busy trauma facilities store pre‐thawed plasma ready for immediate transfusion. Thus, substantial time delays have been reported between the first unit of red blood cells transfused and the administration of fresh frozen plasma. An alternative for rapid improvement of haemostatic capacity is purified coagulation factor concentrates. They contain a well‐defined concentration of coagulation proteins, carry a low risk for transfusion‐related lung injury and virus transmission, and are available for immediate use without the need for blood group matching. In some European trauma centres, treatment algorithms have been developed for the administration of coagulation factor concentrates based on visco‐elastic test results.
Effects of dietary star anise (Illicium verum Hook f) supplementation during gestation and lactation on the performance of lactating multiparous sows and nursing piglets
Authors: Wang Gong Ying , Yang ChongWu , Yang Zaibin , Yang Weiren , Jiang Shuzhen , Zhang Guiguo , Guo Yixuan , Wei Maolian 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThirty‐two sows were allocated to four treatments to evaluate the effect of dietary star anise (SA) supplementation during gestation and lactation on the lactational performance of sows. At 85 days of gestation, sows were randomly allotted to one of two diets supplemented with 0.5% SA or basal diet. After farrowing, sows were further allotted to one of two lactation diets supplemented with 0.5% SA or basal diet. On a weekly basis, body weight (BW) of sows and piglets was measured. Blood and milk samples were obtained from the sows and piglets. Number of days from weaning to estrus, milk yield and feed intake were also recorded. Weight gain of piglets from sows fed the SA‐supplemented diet during lactation was greater between days 7 and 14, days 14 and 21 and the overall experimental period compared with control groups. Supplementation of SA during lactation improved weaning weight of piglets, milk yield and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of sows. The SA diet increased concentrations of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) in ordinary milk and prolactin (PRL) in serum of sows. In conclusion, this study has indicated the beneficial effects of dietary SA addition in improving the lactation performance of sows.
Effects of nitrate addition to a diet on fermentation and microbial populations in the rumen of goats, with special reference to Selenomonas ruminantium having the ability to reduce nitrate and nitrite
Authors: Asanuma Narito , Yokoyama Shota , Hino Tsuneo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of dietary nitrate addition on ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbial populations in goats. The involvement of Selenomonas ruminantium in nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen was also examined. As the result of nitrate feeding, the total concentration of ruminal volatile fatty acids decreased, whereas the acetate : propionate ratio and the concentrations of ammonia and lactate increased. Populations of methanogens, protozoa and fungi, as estimated by real‐time PCR, were greatly decreased as a result of nitrate inclusion in the diet. There was modest or little impact of nitrate on the populations of prevailing species or genus of bacteria in the rumen, whereas Streptococcus bovis and S. ruminantium significantly increased. Both the activities of nitrate reductase (NaR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) per total mass of ruminal bacteria were increased by nitrate feeding. Quantification of the genes encoding NaR and NiR by real‐time PCR with primers specific for S. ruminantium showed that these genes were increased by feeding nitrate, suggesting that the growth of nitrate‐ and nitrite‐reducing S. ruminantium is stimulated by nitrate addition. Thus, S. ruminantium is likely to play a major role in nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen.
A comparative study of zinc protoporphyrin IX‐forming properties of animal by‐products as sources for improving the color of meat products
Authors: Wakamatsu Jun‐ichi , Murakami Naoko , Nishimura Takanori 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to obtain fundamental data for improving the color of meat products by using animal by‐products. We investigated zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP)‐forming properties of various internal organs from pigs and chickens. ZnPP was formed in the liver, heart and kidney, whereas the porcine spleen and bile, which are involved in the metabolism of heme, did not have ZnPP‐forming properties. The optimum pH values were different among the internal organs and the ZnPP‐forming properties of porcine organs were better than those of chicken organs. The porcine liver showed the greatest ZnPP‐forming properties among all of the internal organs investigated in this study. The optimum pH value for ZnPP formation in the liver was lower than that of skeletal muscle. Oxygen did not inhibit the formation of ZnPP in the liver, unlike in skeletal muscle. Animal by‐products such as the liver have good ability for the formation of ZnPP and might be useful for improving the color of meat products.