bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Technology Rocks the Record/Radio/Retail Relationships
Authors: Sanjek Rick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The records, radio, and retail sectors all benefited from the investment mania of the late 1990s. Then the burst of the dot-com bubble, the Napster-led MP3 file-sharing epidemic, and the recession following 9/11 all contributed to falling retail sales. The industry’s substandard PressPlay and MusicNet offerings; insistence on copy protection contrivances, and ignoring growing consumer preference for single tracks over albums caused further damage to the retail supply chain. Also covered are Apple’s rise to dominance over Liquid Audio, RealNetworks, and the other digital download contenders; the slow collapse of the retail sector; the demise of the record clubs; and the lingering effects of file-sharing. Also addressed are the Telecommunications Act of 1996 that eased station ownership restrictions; station consolidation led by SFX Entertainment; the rise of Clear Channel and Viacom; the fall of Tower Records and other record chains; and the debut of Sirius and XM satellite radio stations.
Special Issues in Children and Older Adults
Authors: Altilio Terry , Lyon Leimena Meagan , Sumser Bridget , Shukraft Allie , Schermer Martha , Bern-Klug Mercedes , Lemke Amy L 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A population that does not take care of the elderly and of the children and the young has no future because it abuses both its memory and its promise.
Jesus and the Closets
Authors: Zaanti Sara 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
I was born in a quaint Midwestern town to what would seem like a typical Midwestern family. I was born a sister to three boys and grew up in the same 1970s ranch house where my parents still live. There are guns in the basement—in a hand made decorative rack, of course—and pegboards full of tools in the garage and basement. When we get together, it’s a blur of nieces and nephews, multiple generations and time-honored traditions like “driveway sitting,” which, to the uninitiated, means literally that the whole family sits in lawn chairs in the driveway, talking, drinking beer, and eating barbecue. Pork is serious business for us Midwesterners—almost as serious as Jesus.
Knowing Reynolds
Authors: Winer Lucy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
It was the summer of 1969 and it was hot, even by Long Island standards. And we were used to the kind of heat and suffocating damp that never quits. In those days heat meant something. It took you over, crushed you, even made you cry. And there was no escape. Air conditioners were still rare, at least in people’s homes, and they didn’t necessarily work. Just made a lot of noise, promising something they never delivered, leaving us gasping for relief. In my mind’s eye, I see clouds of steam coming up from the roadways. But I think I’m making that part up.
On a Subway Platform, a Life Flashes—Here, Gone
Authors: Craigwell Antoine B 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Mark stood at the edge of the subway platform, balancing as if on a seesaw’s fulcrum point, on the uptown side of the local No. 1 train at the 34th Street/Pennsylvania Station in New York City. Most of the soles of his feet hung over the side into the well where the electrified rails ran below him, precariously perched on the sliver of yellow-warning-painted wood at the edge, demarcating that point of no return. Leaning so far forward, he could see the twin lights of the train illumining the darkness of the tunnel and feel the force of the head wind preceding it as it roared into the station. Balanced as he was, any involuntary reflex action, a sneeze or a sudden shudder, could tip him forward directly into the path of the oncoming train and propel him into nothingness, into cementing the past as a single moment, removing the future. Finely balanced, he debated what he should do: should he allow himself to fall forward or should he pull himself back? The image of his mother flashed in his mind, causing him to lean back ever so slightly. Mark felt his heels connect with the solidness of the platform
Taming My Inner Fundamentalist
Authors: Barth Kelly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Though I felt more at ease in a progressive church, fundamentalism was, for me, a dormant virus that lurked in my psyche and waited for lowered spiritual resistance. Each outbreak was usually less severe, but nonetheless debilitating. I regularly woke disoriented and discouraged from dreams about Celeste, a British missionary friend, with whom I had fallen privately in love during my Southwest Bible Church Singles Group years. She had come to the states for a year to provide hospice care to her cranky, toothless American grandmother.
Fix Me Please: I’m Gay!
Authors: Albert Guy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
He looked as if he was straight out of One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Not just one but both of his eyes were lazy. One never knew where he was looking and if indeed he was looking at you. His voice was a slow drawl that took great patience to listen to. And he shuffled along at a turtle’s pace, barely able to motor himself, and he was seemingly constantly absorbed in some kind of trance. I was just beginning my career as a psychologist when I encountered him. I eventually learned of the unfortunate circumstances that led, at least partially, to his unusual demeanor. Early in his adulthood, he had been lobotomized, a procedure that involved inserting a sharp tool through the eye sockets to reach into specific areas of the frontal cortex—that is, the front part of the brain. The now-outdated procedure attempted to alter some mental functions to reduce certain mental health symptoms by removing small segments of gray matter.
Bad Penny
Authors: Ellison J M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
My pockets always contain coins from Palestine. I keep the bills in a drawer with my passport, but the shekel coins escape and mix in with the nickels and dimes of my daily life. They turn up like bad pennies. Inevitably, I must apologize for them to unamused clerks and bus drivers. “Why do you have that in your pocket?” a friend asks, as he hands me the coin I dropped on the floor.
Firestorm
Authors: Ostovar Afshon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the rise of ISIS in Syria and Iraq and of the Houthis in Yemen. ISIS’s blitzkrieg across northern Iraq threatened the government in Baghdad. ISIS’s empowerment was due in part to Iran’s strategy in Syria and the policies of the Maliki government in Iraq, and threatened Iran’s entire regional project. Iran quickly intervened to save the Iraqi state from collapse, sending troops, weapons, and overseeing the operations of its Shia militia proxies, who had now become an adjunct of the state. When the United States also intervened in support of Baghdad, the war against ISIS put Washington and Tehran nominally on the same side, but divergent agendas kept tensions high. In Yemen, the Iran-backed Houthis exploited Arab Spring unrest to gain ascendancy in the capital Sanaa. With their advance toward Aden, the Houthis commenced a military campaign aimed at gaining control of the entire country.
Peninsular Woes
Authors: Ostovar Afshon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how Trump’s laissez-faire approach to the Middle East encouraged bold and reckless policies by regional states. Following the storming of the Saudi consulate in Mashhad by hardliner protestors angered by the kingdom’s execution of the imprisoned Shaykh Nimr al-Nimr, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain broke relations with Iran, and the UAE and other Arab states downgraded ties. Saudi and Emirati tensions with Iran paralleled their growing anger with Qatar, and led to the imposition of a blockade on their GCC neighbor. A Saudi hit team’s assassination of Jamal Khashoggi in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul sparked fury in both Ankara and Washington, and led to a congressional effort to hold Mohammed bin Salman responsible and end weapons sales to Saudi Arabia. Political pressure from Washington, and a stalling campaign, caused the UAE to shift strategy in Yemen and reduce its military footprint in the war.
Inter-State Arbitration
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines the role played by The Hague Peace Conference of 1899, convened by the Russian Empire and the 1907 Conference in the evolution of arbitration between States. The 1907 Conference led to the replacement of the Hague Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes (the 1899 Hague Convention) with the 1907 Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes (the 1907 Hague Convention). These conferences led to the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (‘PCA’), whose existence marks the development of modern inter-state arbitration and, importantly, rejected the concept of an appeal from an arbitral award.
1922
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the years subsequent to the Russian revolution, considerable efforts were made to re-initiate the vast British mining investments of Czarist days. These efforts, which directly involved figures such as Lenin and Stalin, ultimately foundered. In the 1922 negotiations between the British mining magnate Leslie Urquhart and the Soviet Commissar for International Trade, Leonid Krasin, Urquhart insisted on the neutral arbitration of disputes. Soviet leadership was divided. One element was willing to accept neutral arbitration of concession disputes because much-needed foreign capital would not flow without it. One element (principally Lenin and Trotsky) was not, and it was that element which prevailed.
The Lena Goldfields Arbitration
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Lena Goldfields award was a majority award made by a tribunal chaired by Dr Otto Stutzer, professor at the Freiburg School of Mines, jointly appointed by the parties after Lena declined to accept the Russian proposal to appoint Dr Albert Einstein as chairman. Lena appointed Sir Leslie Scott, a British arbitrator. The Russian-appointed arbitrator refused to attend the hearing on orders involving Stalin and Molotov. Nonetheless, the tribunal met, in London, as the arbitration agreement allowed for the possibility of a truncated tribunal. Tribunal applied three innovative and hugely important ideas: (i) the application of a non-national system of law to the merits of a private law dispute, namely, ‘general principles of law’; (ii) the power of the majority of an arbitration tribunal to continue the proceedings in the absence of the minority; and (iii) the legal autonomy or ‘separability’ of an arbitration clause. It dissolved the most important concession granted by the USSR and required it to pay a sum for unjust enrichment of £13 million, plus interest, equivalent nowadays to about £350 million, a very large sum but much less than Lena’s actual loss.
The Alexander Lecture 2015, London 26 November 2015‘What Matters—about Arbitration’
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the successes and alternatives to investor–State arbitration, with a particular look at the proposals of the European Commission to replace investor–State arbitration with a standing international investment court. As the author recognizes, it must be asked whether arbitrators, arbitration practitioners, and arbitral institutions, self-interested as they must be, are credible advocates for arbitration. However, serious questions are raised as to whether there are workable alternatives. It is suggested there is a need for more comprehensive statistical data on arbitration, some continuous monitoring and research to provide reliable data on which to base new law.
A Theory of Presidential Government Formation in New Democracies
Authors: Lee Don S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a theory of presidential cabinet formation in new democracies, focusing on the chief executive’s pressures and dilemmas in dealing with key political institutions surrounding the president, namely the legislature, the ruling party, the party system, and the bureaucracy. When presidents are more constrained by these institutions, they are more likely to accommodate the latter’s interests by appointing candidates representing them to cabinet. However, when presidents have stronger command over these institutions, they have greater discretion in choosing top executive appointees from outside the institutions. Building on this argument, this chapter extends the discussion of the president’s appointment strategy when facing various conditions shaping the president’s strength vis-à-vis each of the four institutions, and then sets out the observable implications for the theory. The chapter also discusses the possible interaction between different institutions and provides predictions of how such interaction may constrain the president’s cabinet choices.
Legislative Challenges and Presidential Cabinet Choices
Authors: Lee Don S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter empirically tests the theory of presidential strategy in connection with the legislature. It argues that, facing a powerful legislature, the president tends to appoint ministers from the legislature to secure its support, but facing a weak legislature, the president is more likely to appoint nonpartisan ministers who can manage the implementation of the president’s reform agenda. The results of statistical analysis show that in circumstances where presidents face more intense challenges from the legislature, they are more likely to concede cabinet posts to other legislative parties in order to build coalitional support. However, when presidents are more effectively able to control the legislature and thus secure legislative support, they are more likely to appoint ministers from outside the legislature, that is, nonpartisan ministers. Furthermore, when facing stronger challenges from the legislature, presidents are more likely to allocate posts in key policy areas to other legislative parties.
Intraparty Tension and Presidential Cabinet Selection
Authors: Lee Don S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines presidents’ appointment strategy in dealing with the ruling party. The theory of the chapter predicts that when facing more pressing demands from within the ruling party, presidents are more likely to tap into the pool of copartisan ministers in order to increase party unity. However, with greater control over the ruling party, presidents have more freedom to choose ministers beyond the ruling party, that is, nonpartisan ministers. Quantitative analysis of data on presidential government formation and ministerial appointments in Asia supports this prediction. Presidents tend to appoint ministers from the ruling party in more institutionalized ruling parties, but are more likely to choose nonpartisan ministers in inchoate ruling parties. Moreover, an additional analysis adds robustness and nuance to this finding, showing that presidents are more likely to assign cabinet posts of the highest importance to copartisans as ruling parties become more institutionalized.
Prologue
Authors: Jenks Tom 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Prologue covers the author’s background, growing up white in racist Virginia, contemporaneous with the time setting of Baldwin’s story set in Harlem and the racial divide it described. The Prologue also contains thoughts about fictional masterpieces, of which “Sonny’s Blues” is one, and about what makes a great story great, with references to Tolstoy, W. H. Auden, Eudora Welty, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Raymond Carver. Aspects of voice, lyricism, and musicality, which are primary elements in “Sonny’s Blues,” are introduced. There are also thoughts on the author’s professional life as an editor and what goes into reading works of literature.
Act II
Authors: Jenks Tom 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Act II explores the structure and effects that Baldwin creates in Act II of “Sonny’s Blues,” which is composed of backstory in several nested stories, one within another, revealing painful family history and perspectives that the older brother did not know because his parents had protected him from knowing, thus inculcating a habit of denial with which to withstand the white world’s indifference, fear, and hatred. Comparison is made to Baldwin’s later book-length essay The Fire Next Time, which reveals how he drew on material from his own life in order to create particular yet universal motifs that would elicit the sympathy of readers, especially ones not necessarily previously disposed to understanding the suffering of Black people. Discussion is given to how the character interactions (impasse and rupture between the brothers) dramatized in this chapter provide for the depth of reproachment in the following chapter, and how the brothers’ conflict offers an implicit analogy to the societal division between Black and white and elicits a natural human desire for healing. The chapter includes a recollection of a reading Baldwin gave at 92nd St. Y in Manhattan and his tense response to a question from the audience, challenging his fidelity to the struggle for equality.
Act III
Authors: Jenks Tom 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Act III traces how “Sonny’s Blues” embodies Baldwin’s transition from having been a child preacher to taking up literature as a more likely means of contributing to human enlightenment, and how his dramatization of Sonny’s jazz performance mirrors a cultural shift from lamentation expressed in blues to triumph expressed in modal forms of jazz. Discussion is given to Baldwin’s appeal for constant attention to be paid to choosing love instead of fear as the medium of human interaction and his prophetic warning of the dire consequences otherwise, a warning that would prove out in violent racial discord in the late 1960s and today. The pattern of meaning in the story developed by Baldwin’s use of biblical allusions and a totality of imagistic, lyric, and character-based effects throughout the piece.
Winter 1940–1941
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Work for the Red Crescent; the second wedding of Princess Rabia; visit to Hyderabad; meeting with Sarojini Naidu; life in Hyderabad and richness of the Nizam; meeting with Salar Jang; moving to Aurangabad; visiting Ellora and Ajanta; back to Bhopal’s affairs.
Epistemic Blame
Authors: Boult Cameron 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This book is about our practice of criticizing one another for epistemic failings. We clearly evaluate and critique one another for forming unjustified beliefs, harboring biases, and pursuing faulty methods of inquiry. But what is the nature of this criticism? Does it ever rise to the level of blame? The question is puzzling because there are competing sources of pressure in our intuitions about “epistemic blame,” ones not easy to reconcile. The more blame-like a response is, the less at home in the epistemic domain it seems—but the more at home in the epistemic domain a response is, the less blame-like it seems. These competing sources of pressure constitute a puzzle about epistemic blame. The most promising solution to this puzzle focuses on the interpersonal side of epistemic normativity. Members of an epistemic community stand in an “epistemic relationship,” and epistemic blame is a way of modifying this relationship. Understanding epistemic blame as a distinctive kind of relationship modification locates a response that is both robustly blame-like, and entirely at home in the epistemic domain. Epistemic relationships can also illuminate a unique set of issues in the “ethics of epistemic blame,” ones that mirror corresponding issues in the ethics of moral blame. The book examines the scope of appropriate epistemic blame, standing to epistemically blame, and the value of epistemic blame in our social and political lives. Throughout the investigation, a better understanding of the parallels and points of interaction between the epistemic and other normative domains emerges.
The Significance and Fittingness of Epistemic Blame
Authors: Boult Cameron 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
By linking the motivational component of epistemic blame to relationship modification, the relationship-based account can tell us something deeper about the nature of epistemic blame than the previous accounts. The chapter defends this claim in three main stages. First, it is argued that epistemic relationship modification can account for epistemic blame’s significance. Second, it is argued that epistemic relationship modification is at home in the epistemic domain. Third, the chapter advertises some further advantages of the account over its competitors, and responds to the most pressing remaining objections—including appeals to cool blame, self-blame, and blame of the dead and distant. This completes the argument that the relationship-based account can resolve the puzzle of epistemic blame.
A Promised Land
Authors: Jortner Adam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A Promised Land: Jewish Patriots, the American Revolution, and the Birth of Religious Freedom highlights the key role Jews and Judaism played in the American Revolution and the founding of the United States. As the most visible non-Christian religion, Judaism was central to the debate over religious freedom in America at a critical juncture. The decision to extend citizenship to all religions existed as a debate during the Founding generation. However, the debate was unambiguously decided against the idea of the nation being defined exclusively by Christianity. A Promised Land discusses the key struggle of early America to achieve the broadest possible definition of religious liberty in line with the separation of church and state.
Conclusion
Authors: Jortner Adam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This final chapter considers the legacy of the American Revolution. It highlights how religious freedom and religious diversity were baked into the American founding. Almost every place where Jews lived in the early American republic got rid of its religious restrictions on citizenship directly after the revolution. Religious freedom did not and does not require a theological acceptance of all faiths as equally valid, so American patriots accepted Jews as citizens without accepting Judaism. Indeed, advocates of religious freedom noted with satisfaction that broad religious freedom aided Christianity in America far more than state churches ever had. The chapter argues that the history of the American Revolution cannot be understood without the patriot Jews. It is the story of how the first generation of Americans handled religious nationalism and the challenge of a multireligious democracy. It is a case study of how the American Revolution created freedoms where there were none before.
Introduction
Authors: Craft Elizabeth T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Laying out the framework and key ideas of the book, this introduction offers a new understanding of who George M. Cohan was and how his shows embodied the vitality and turbulence of the United States during the early twentieth century. Cohan was remarkable—then and since—for his multiplicity of talents and roles: he was a composer, lyricist, playwright, performer, director, theater owner, and producer. His shows helped tell Americans who they were, what the United States was, to whom the nation belonged and who would be excluded, at a time when each of these questions was contested. The introduction also positions Cohan, as an Irish American, and his theatrical upbringing as part of the family vaudeville troupe the Four Cohans, within the racial politics of the day.