bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributive Justice: From Steinhaus, Knaster, and Banach to Elster and Rawls — The Perspective of Sociological Game Theory
Authors: Burns Tom , Roszkowska Ewa , des Johansson Nora Machado 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This article presents a relatively straightforward theoretical framework about distributive justice with applications. It draws on a few key concepts of Sociological Game Theory (SGT). SGT is presented briefly in section 2. Section 3 provides a spectrum of distributive cases concerning principles of equality, differentiation among recipients according to performance or contribution, status or authority, or need. Two general types of social organization of distributive judgment are distinguished and judgment procedures or algorithms are modeled in each type of social organization. Section 4 discusses briefly the larger moral landscapes of human judgment – how distribution may typically be combined with other value into consideration. The article suggests that Rawls, Elster, and Machado point in this direction. Finally, it is suggested that the SGT framework presented provides a useful point of departure to systematically link it and compare the Warsaw School of Fair Division, Rawls, and Elster, among others.
How Firms Can Hedge Against Market Risk
Authors: Echaust Krzysztof 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The article presents a problem of proper hedging strategy in expected utility model when forward contracts and options strategies are available. We consider a case of hedging when an investor formulates his own expectation on future price of underlying asset. In this paper we propose the way to measure effectiveness of hedging strategy, based on optimal forward hedge ratio. All results are derived assuming a constant absolute risk aversion utility function and a Black-Scholes framework.
Market Basket Analysis as a Support Tool for The Management of Public Transport
Authors: Sokołowska Dorota 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to characterize a non-standard use of the method of market basket analysis in one of the areas of economy, i.e. public transport. Generally, one of the aims of the market basket analysis method is associating the consumer's market basket – in the case of public transport this being the choice of bus stops in the city area made by passengers. Owing to a new, practical use of this method, it was possible to build an efficient model characterizing the movement of flows of public transport passengers, and assess the degree of transferring (changing lines), thus making it possible to adapt the routes of buses to the needs of people using this particular means of transport, as well as to plot new communication lines.
The data analysis was performed using the Statistica statistical package and its SAL application, i.e. the algorithms used in Data Mining.
Spectral signatures of fluorescence and light absorption to identify crude oils found in the marine environment
Authors: Baszanowska E. , Otremba Z. 
Published: August 2014

To protect the natural marine ecosystem, it is necessary to continuously enhance knowledge of environmental contamination, including oil pollution. Therefore, to properly track the qualitative and quantitative changes in the natural components of seawater, a description of the essential spectral features describing petroleum products is necessary.
This study characterises two optically-different types of crude oils (Petrobaltic and Romashkino) – substances belonging to multi-fluorophoric systems. To obtain the spectral features of crude oils, the excitation-emission spectroscopy technique was applied. The fluorescence and light absorption properties for various concentrations of oils at a stabilised temperature are described. Both excitation-emission spectra (EEMs) and absorption spectra of crude oils are discussed. Based on the EEM spectra, both excitation end emission peaks for the wavelength-independent fluorescence maximum (Exmax/Emmax) – characteristic points for each type of oil – were identified and compared with the literature data concerning typical marine chemical structures.
Magnetic resonance imaging in lumbar gunshot wounds: an absolute contraindication?
Authors: Martinez-del-Campo Eduardo , Rangel-Castilla Leonardo , Soriano-Baron Hector , Theodore Nicholas 
Published: August 2014

Object
Performance of MR imaging in patients with gunshot wounds at or near the lumbar spinal canal is controversial. The authors reviewed the literature on the use of MR imaging in gunshot wounds to the spine. They discuss the results from in vitro and clinical studies, analyze the physical properties of common projectiles, and evaluate the safety and indications for MR imaging when metallic fragments are located near the spinal canal.

Methods
A review of the English-language literature was performed. Data from 25 articles were analyzed, including 5 in vitro studies of the interaction between 95 projectiles and the MR system's magnetic fields, and the clinical outcomes in 22 patients with metallic fragments at or near the spinal canal who underwent MR imaging.

Results
Properties of 95 civilian and military projectiles were analyzed at a magnet strength of 1, 1.5, 3, and 7 T. The most common projectiles were bullets with a core of lead, either with a copper jacket or unjacketed (73 [76.8%] of 95). Steel-containing (core or jacket) projectiles comprised 14.7%. No field interaction was evident in 78 (96.3%) of the 81 nonsteel projectiles. All steel projectiles showed at least positive deflection forces, longitudinal migration, or rotation. Heating of the projectiles was clinically insignificant. Image artifact was significant in all 9 steel bullets tested, but was not significant in 39 (88.6%) of the 44 nonsteel bullets tested. Overall, 22 patients with complete (82%) and incomplete (14%) spinal cord injury secondary to a projectile lodged inside the spinal canal underwent MR imaging. Discomfort and further physical or neurological deficits were not reported by any patient. Two patients with spinal cord injuries underwent MR imaging studies before surgical decompression and had subsequent, significant neurological improvement.

Conclusions
Metallic implants near or at the spinal canal are a relative contraindication for MR imaging. However, safe MR imaging might be feasible when a projectile's properties and a patient's individualized clinical presentation are considered.
Characterization of physical properties of tissue factor–containing microvesicles and a comparison of ultracentrifuge‐based recovery procedures
Authors: Ettelaie Camille , Collier Mary E. W. , Maraveyas Anthony , Ettelaie Rammile 
Published: August 2014

Microvesicles were isolated from the conditioned media of 3 cell lines (MDA‐MB‐231, AsPC‐1 and A375) by ultracentrifugation at a range of relative centrifugal forces, and the tissue factor (TF) protein and activity, microvesicle number, size distribution and relative density compared. Also, by expressing TF‐tGFP in cells and isolating the microvesicles, the relative density of TF‐containing microvesicles was established. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) indicated that the larger‐diameter microvesicles (>200 nm) were primarily sedimented at 100,000g and possessed TF‐dependent thrombin and factor Xa generation potential, while in the absence of factor VII, all microvesicles possessed some thrombin generation capacity. Immuno‐precipitation of TF‐containing microvesicles followed by NTA also indicated the range of these microvesicles to be 200–400 nm. Analysis of the microvesicles by gradient density centrifugation showed that lower‐density (<1.1 g/ml) microvesicles were mainly present in the samples recovered at 100,000g and were associated with TF antigen and activity. Analysis of these fractions by NTA confirmed that these fractions were principally composed of the larger‐diameter microvesicles. Similar analysis of microvesicles from healthy or patient plasma supported those obtained from conditioned media indicating that TF activity was mainly associated with lower‐density microvesicles. Furthermore, centrifugation of healthy plasma, supplemented with TF‐tGFP‐containing microvesicles, resulted in 67% retrieval of the fluorescent microvesicles at 100,000g, but only 26% could be recovered at 20,000g. Pre‐centrifugation of conditioned media or plasma at 10,000g improved the speed and yield of recovered TF‐containing microvesicles by subsequent centrifugation at either 20,000g or 100,000g. In conclusion, TF appears to be associated with low‐density (1.03–1.08 g/ml), larger‐diameter (200–350 nm) microvesicles.
An audit of diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in Ethiopia
Authors: Ehlers Valerie J. , Aragaw Getahun S. 
Published: August 2014

Background: Despite the existence of national tuberculosis guidelines (NTG) in Ethiopia, the incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis did not decline markedly. Audits could attempt to determine whether or not healthcare professionals actually implemented these guidelines, as non-implementation could contribute to suboptimal tuberculosis treatment outcomes.Aim: To evaluate healthcare providers’ implementation of Ethiopia’s NTG during the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in order to enhance tuberculosis treatment outcomes.Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was used.Results: Healthcare providers implemented the NTG during tuberculosis diagnosis for female (60.9%; n = 67) and male (56.1%; n = 69) patients. The correct numbers of anti-tuberculosis pills, complying with the NTG recommendations, were prescribed for 91.8% (n = 101) of the women and for 90.2% (n = 111) of the men. However, both over- and under-prescriptions of anti-tuberculosis drugs occurred. There was an over-diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Only 2.6% (n = 2) of the 76 smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients had been diagnosed correctly.Conclusion: Implementation of the NTG should be enhanced, especially with regard to the diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients and the correct prescription of anti-tuberculosis drugs. This would help to increase the number of correctly-diagnosed and -treated tuberculosis patients, improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes, decrease the spread of tuberculosis and prevent the development of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis strains.
Attitudes and Perceptions of Pediatric Residents on Transitioning to CPOE
Authors: Webber E.C. , Shriner A.R. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackground: Many resident physicians have experienced transitioning from traditional paper documentation and ordering to an electronic process during their training.Objective: We sought to investigate the attitudes and perceptions of residents related to implementation of computer provider order entry (CPOE) and clinical decision support (CDS).Methods: Pediatric residents completed web-based surveys prior to CPOE implementation and at 6 months and 12 months after implementation. The survey assessed resident attitudes and perceptions related to CPOE and the use of CDS tools. Additionally, at 6 and 12 months, residents were asked how electronic medical record (EMR) resources might impact future career decisions.Results: Prior to CPOE implementation, 70% of residents were looking forward to CPOE, but 28% did not want to transition from paper ordering. At 12 months post-implementation, 80% of residents favored CPOE over paper ordering and only 3.33% wished to revert to paper ordering. Residents reported an increase in time needed to enter admission orders 6-months after CPOE implementation. By 12 months post-implementation, there was no significant difference in perceived time to complete admission orders when compared to pre-CPOE responses. Most residents (91.67%) identified that overall EMR resources were an important factor when considering future employment opportunities. The most important factors included the degree of EMR implementation, technology resources and the amount of support staff. The least important factors included patient portal access and which EMR product is used.Conclusions: Overall, residents demonstrated a preference for CPOE compared to traditional paper order entry. Many residents remained unaware of CDS tools embedded within CPOE at the 12 month follow-up, but a majority of residents did find them helpful and felt more knowledgeable about current guidelines. EMR resources, including degree of EMR implementation, technology resources and support staff are likely to be important factors as residents take future employment opportunities into consideration.Citation: Shriner AR, Webber EC. Attitudes and perceptions of pediatric residents on transitioning to CPOE. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 721–730http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-04-RA-0045
Fundamentos em processamento de linguagem natural: uma proposta para extração de bigramas
Authors: Silva Edson Marchetti da , Souza Renato Rocha 
Published: August 2014

Ë senso comum que o texto escrito é uma importante forma de registrar as informações e que atualmente grande parte desse conteúdo informacional está disponível em meio digital. Entretanto, de maneira geral, os computadores lidam com o texto como sendo uma cadeia de caracteres que não têm nenhum significado. A área de Processamento de Linguagem Natural (PLN) vem se empenhando em extrair significados do texto. Nesse sentido este trabalho apresenta uma revisão desse tema e propõe um método automatizado que utiliza uma heurística determinística denominada Heudet que visa extrair bigramas do texto. A meta é extrair o significado do texto através de um conjunto de expressões multipalavras identificadas. Os resultados obtidos foram melhores se comparados com aqueles que utilizam-se das técnicas de medidas de associação estatística obtidas pelo software Ngram Statistics Package (NSP).
Fault zone regulation, seismic hazard, and social vulnerability inLos Angeles,California:Hazardor urban amenity?
Authors: Toké Nathan A. , Boone Christopher G. , Arrowsmith J. Ramón 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPublic perception and regulation of environmental hazards are important factors in the development and configuration of cities. Throughout California, probabilistic seismic hazard mapping and geologic investigations of active faults have spatially quantified earthquake hazard. In Los Angeles, these analyses have informed earthquake engineering, public awareness, the insurance industry, and the government regulation of developments near faults. Understanding the impact of natural hazards regulation on the social and built geography of cities is vital for informing future science and policy directions. We constructed a relative social vulnerability index classification for Los Angeles to examine the social condition within regions of significant seismic hazard, including areas regulated as Alquist‐Priolo (AP) Act earthquake fault zones. Despite hazard disclosures, social vulnerability is lowest withinAPregulatory zones and vulnerability increases with distance from them. Because theAPAct requires building setbacks from active faults, newer developments in these zones are bisected by parks. Parcel‐level analysis demonstrates that homes adjacent to these fault zone parks are the most valuable in their neighborhoods. At a broad scale, a Landsat‐based normalized difference vegetation index shows that greenness nearAPzones is greater than the rest of the metropolitan area. In the parks‐poor city of Los Angeles, fault zone regulation has contributed to the construction of park space within areas of earthquake hazard, thus transforming zones of natural hazard into amenities, attracting populations of relatively high social status, and demonstrating that the distribution of social vulnerability is sometimes more strongly tied to amenities than hazards.
Feeding humanity through global food trade
Authors: D'Odorico Paolo , Carr Joel A. , Laio Francesco , Ridolfi Luca , Vandoni Stefano 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe recent intensification of international trade has led to a globalization of food commodities and to an increased disconnection between human populations and the land and water resources that support them through crop and livestock production. Several countries are not self‐sufficient and depend on imports from other regions. Despite the recognized importance of the role of trade in global and regional food security, the societal reliance on domestic production and international trade remains poorly quantified. Here we investigate the global patterns of food trade and evaluate the dependency of food security on imports. We investigate the relationship existing between the trade of food calories and the virtual transfer of water used for their production. We show how the amount of food calories traded in the international market has more than doubled between 1986 and 2009, while the number of links in the trade network has increased by more than 50%. Likewise, global food production has increased by more than 50% in the same period, providing an amount of food that is overall sufficient to support the global population at a rate of 2700–3000 kcal per person per day. About 23% of the food produced for human consumption is traded internationally. The water use efficiency of food trade (i.e., food calories produced per unit volume of water used) has declined in the last few decades. The water use efficiency of food production overall increases with the countries' affluence; this trend is likely due to the use of more advanced technology.
Recent variability of the global ocean carbon sink
Authors: Landschützer P. , Gruber N. , Bakker D. C. E. , Schuster U. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe present a new observation‐based estimate of the global oceanic carbon dioxide (CO2) sink and its temporal variation on a monthly basis from 1998 through 2011 and at a spatial resolution of 1°×1°. This sink estimate rests upon a neural network‐based mapping of global surface ocean observations of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas database. The resulting pCO2 has small biases when evaluated against independent observations in the different ocean basins, but larger randomly distributed differences exist particularly in high latitudes. The seasonal climatology of our neural network‐based product agrees overall well with the Takahashi et al. (2009) climatology, although our product produces a stronger seasonal cycle at high latitudes. From our global pCO2 product, we compute a mean net global ocean (excluding the Arctic Ocean and coastal regions) CO2 uptake flux of −1.42 ± 0.53 Pg C yr−1, which is in good agreement with ocean inversion‐based estimates. Our data indicate a moderate level of interannual variability in the ocean carbon sink (±0.12 Pg C yr−1, 1σ) from 1998 through 2011, mostly originating from the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Accounting for steady state riverine and Arctic Ocean carbon fluxes our estimate further implies a mean anthropogenic CO2 uptake of −1.99 ± 0.59 Pg C yr−1 over the analysis period. From this estimate plus the most recent estimates for fossil fuel emissions and atmospheric CO2 accumulation, we infer a mean global land sink of −2.82 ± 0.85 Pg C yr−1 over the 1998 through 2011 period with strong interannual variation.
Long‐term lava extrusion after the 2011 Shinmoe‐dake eruption detected by DInSAR observations
Authors: Miyagi Yousuke , Ozawa Taku , Kozono Tomofumi , Shimada Masanobu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn January 2011, the latest eruption began at Shinmoe‐dake volcano, Japan, and lava accumulated in the crater. Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) observations after the end of main eruption indicated continuous uplift on the lava surface. We estimated the volume increase of lava, and the volume change rate has decreased exponentially. Results from long‐term DInSAR processing indicate slow subsidence outside the crater. We interpret that this subsidence is caused by deflation of a shallow source located beneath the crater, which is a reaction to the extrusion of lava. Between November 2011 and May 2013, the total volume of extruded lava within the crater is estimated to be 6.7 ± 0.1 × 104 m3, which is comparable to the deflation volume of the shallow source. The system is not closed within the shallow source to the crater; thus, long‐term lava extrusion can be explained by continuous injection from a deeper source to the shallow source.
Pathways of basal meltwater from Antarctic ice shelves: A model study
Authors: Kusahara Kazuya , Hasumi Hiroyasu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe investigate spreading pathways of basal meltwater released from all Antarctic ice shelves using a circumpolar coupled ice shelf‐sea ice‐ocean model that reproduces major features of the Southern Ocean circulation, including the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Several independent virtual tracers are used to identify detailed pathways of basal meltwaters. The spreading pathways of the meltwater tracers depend on formation sites, because the meltwaters are transported by local ambient ocean circulation. Meltwaters from ice shelves in the Weddell and Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Seas in surface/subsurface layers are effectively advected to lower latitudes with the ACC. Although a large portion of the basal meltwaters is present in surface and subsurface layers, a part of the basal meltwaters penetrates into the bottom layer through active dense water formation along the Antarctic coastal margins. The signals at the seafloor extend along the topography, showing a horizontal distribution similar to the observed spreading of Antarctic Bottom Water. Meltwaters originating from ice shelves in the Weddell and Ross Seas and in the Indian sector significantly contribute to the bottom signals. A series of numerical experiments in which thermodynamic interaction between the ice shelf and ocean is neglected regionally demonstrates that the basal meltwater of each ice shelf impacts sea ice and/or ocean thermohaline circulation in the Southern Ocean.
Multiple‐model adaptive robust dynamic surface control with estimator resetting
Authors: Gan Minggang , Chen Jie , Li Zhiping 
Published: August 2014

SummaryA multiple‐model adaptive robust dynamic surface control with estimator resetting is investigated for a class of semi‐strict feedback nonlinear systems in this paper. The transient performance is mainly considered. The multiple models are composed of fixed models, one adaptive model, and one identification model that can be obtained when the persistent exciting condition is satisfied. The transient performance of the final tracking system can be improved significantly by designing proper switching mechanism during the parameter tuning procedure. The semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded stability of the closed‐loop system can be easily achieved because of the framework of adaptive robust dynamic surface control. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multiple‐model controller. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selektive Bildung und ungewöhnliche Reaktivität von Tetraarsabicyclo[1.1.0]butan‐Komplexen
Authors: Schwarzmaier Christoph , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Balázs Gábor , Scheer Manfred 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDie selektive Bildung der zweikernigen Butterflykomplexe [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2(μ,η1:1‐E4)] (E=P (1 a), As (1 b)) und [{Cp*Cr(CO)3}2(μ,η1:1‐E4)] (E=P (2 a), As (2 b)) als neue Vertreter dieser seltenen Verbindungsklasse wurde durch die Reaktion von E4 mit den entsprechenden dimeren Carbonylkomplexen gefunden. Die Komplexe 1 a und 2 b repräsentieren die ersten As4‐Butterflyverbindungen in einer verbrückenden Koordinationsform. Überdies werden erste Studien zur Reaktivität von 1 und 2 b präsentiert, die die Bildung der präzedenzlosen As8‐Cuneankomplexe [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2{Cp′′′Fe(CO)}2(μ4,η1:1:2:2‐As8)] (3 b) und [{Cp*Cr(CO)3}4(μ4,η1:1:1:1‐As8)] (4) zeigen. Die Verbindungen sind vollständig durch NMR‐ und IR‐Spektroskopie sowie durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert. Zusätzlich geben DFT‐Rechnungen Einsicht in den Umwandlungsweg von der E4‐Butterflystruktur zum entsprechenden Strukturmotiv des Cuneans.