bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF THE SERUM AGAINST NATURAL HÆMOLYSIN
Authors: Lee Jui‐Shuan , Tsai Chiao 
Published: December 2014

1. Rabbit serum exhibits an inhibitory behaviour towards the hæmolytic action of dog serum on rabbit cells. The protective power of rabbit serum increases after the destruction of its complement by heating.2. Rabbit serum may hæmolyse its own cells after the latter have b een sensitized by heated dog serum.3. Rabbit serum, either fresh or heated, is able to reduce or abolish the sensitizing action of dog serum, presumably due to the existence of a thermostable anti‐sensitizing factor in the rabbit serum.4. It is therefore concluded that the protective action afforded by rabbit serum against the hæmolytic action of dog serum on rabbit cells may be attributed to two factors: the anti‐complementary factor, which, according to our previous investigation, is largely due to cholesterol and allied substances, and an anti‐sensitizing factor, which inhibits the sensitization of rabbit cells by dog serum, and thus prevents the rabbit serum from becoming hæmolytic to its own cells. The exact nature of the anti‐sensitizing factor is unknown.
A STUDY OF ARSINE POISONING
Authors: Levvy G. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. In experiments in which the arsenic in the carcases of miceexposed to arsine was determined, the percentage of the gas inhaled which was absorbed appeared to be approximately the same (64 percent.) over a hundredfold range in gas concentration.2. The median lethal dose of arsine for mice, in terms of the gas absorbed, increased with decreasing concentration inhaled, suggesting that arsine is rapidly detoxicated in the body. At the highest concentration studied, the median lethal dose was 0–67 mg. AsH3/kg.3. The ventilation rate in mice appeared to be different in exposures to arsine of different durations. From this, peculiarities in the median lethal exposure curve may be explained.4. The arsenic in tissues from rabbits killed immediately after short exposures to arsine was determined. Although the tissues were freed from blood before hæmolysis commenced, some organs, in particular the liver, contained considerable amounts of arsenic. It is suggested that this arsenic reached the tissues as arsine, unchanged by reaction with the erythrocytes.5. Intraperitoneal injection of 17 mg./kg. of ethane‐1:2‐dithiol doubled the duration of the exposure to 0·50 mg. AsH3 per litre required for 50 per cent. mortality in mice. The median lethal dose of the dithiol alone was about 55 mg./kg. It was effective several hours after exposure to arsine.6. Factors in gas chamber design of importance in carrying out toxicity determinations were studied, and a new type of chamber which permitted accurately controlled exposures of short duration was constructed.7. It is concluded that the high toxicity of arsine in the higher concentration range may in part be due to the action on vital organs of unchanged gas, reaching them in physical solution in the blood plasma.The author wishes to express his thanks to the late Professor A. J. Clark and to Professor G. F. Marrian for encouragement in carrying out this work, to Professor J. H. Gaddum for suggestions regarding the interpretation of certain of the results, to the late George Abbot and to Charles Bell for technical assistance, and to N. E. Condon for the construction of gas chambers. Permission from the Director General of Scientific Research (Defence), Ministry of Supply, to publish these results is gratefully acknowledged.
SPONTANEOUS INTRACORPUSCULAR INACTIVATION AND REACTIVATION OF HÆMOGLOBIN
Authors: Fegler G. 
Published: December 2014

1. The intracorpuscular inactivation of hæmoglobin (presumably methæmoglobin formation) occurred in the suspensions of the horse r.b.c. (pH 7·4–7·3) when these were exposed to gas mixtures of air + CO2, oxygen + CO2, and N2 + CO2 for different periods of time (2–15 minutes). Also inactivation occurred in the r.b.c. suspensions in buffer solutions of pH 7·2–7·1 when exposed to air or nitrogen.2. The reactivation (reduction of methæmoglobin) succeeds the inactivation if the exposure to N2 + CO2 or N2 lasts longer than several minutes. The phenomenon may be expressed by a U‐shaped curve showing the phases of inactivation, equilibrium, and reactivation.3. The extent of reactivation depends on the degree of deoxygenation, while the intracellular decrease in pH is a main factor of the inactivation.4. Temperatures in the region of 38°C. favour the inactivation as well as the reactivation.5. Attempts were made to imitate in vitro the changing conditions to which the blood is exposed in the vascular bed by subjecting the suspensions to suitable changes of gas phase.6. The results obtained were discussed in relation to in vivo conditions.
THE ACTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON ISOLATED PERFUSED DOG LUNGS
Authors: Duke Helen N. 
Published: December 2014

1. Isolated dog lungs under negative or positive pressure ventilation have been perfused with blood through the pulmonary artery at constant volume inflow. The response of the pulmonary vessels to various concentrations of CO2 in the ventilating gas has been observed.2. The capacity of the pulmonary blood‐vessels is markedly diminished by increasing the concentration of CO2 inhaled from the small percentage present in atmospheric air to 5 or 10 per cent., and the pulmonary arterial pressure frequently shows a 5 to 20 per cent. increase.3. The lung blood‐volume shows an inverse relationship to the CO2 content of the arterial blood.4. The effect of adrenaline on the pulmonary vessels is not altered during ventilation of the lungs with 5 per cent. CO2 in air.5. The response to CO2 is not inhibited by ergotoxine or by atropine.6. The possible site of action of CO2 is discussed.
THE PROTEIN‐SPARING EFFECT OF CARBOHYDRATE IN NORMAL AND BURNED RATS
Authors: Lathe G. H. , Peters R. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Studies of the nitrogen excretion of tube‐fed rats have been made under different dietary conditions, and following a standard burn.2. Substitution of carbohydrate for the fat of a 25 per cent. fat diet, without changing the caloric intake, results in a reduced nitrogen excretion.3. In unburned animals a sucrose supplement given with the meals substantially reduces the nitrogen excretion on a non‐fat diet during a 3‐day period, following which it rises toward its previous level.4. The data obtained upon the effect of sucrose supplements after burning, when examined statistically, did not permit of a decision either way.5. The significance of these findings is discussed.
THE RENAL CLEARANCE OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL PREGNANCY
Authors: Loraine J. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Estimates of the renal clearance of C. G. have been made in 12 normally pregnant women, 7 pregnant diabetics, 29 cases of pre‐eclamptic toxæmia, 9 cases of essential hypertension in pregnancy, and 5 cases of essential hypertension with superimposed toxæmia. In all estimations the prostatic weight method of assay was used.2. In all types of cases the mean clearance of C. G. was found to be less than 1·00 ml./min. Such a low figure is typical of protein clearance.3. In normal and diabetic pregnancy, constant figures for clearance were obtained in the three trimesters of pregnancy.4. The mean clearances in severe cases of pre‐eclamptic toxæmia and in pregnant diabetics were found to be significantly lower than those in normal pregnancy.5. In all groups of cases the concentration in the urine was on the average, very nearly exactly equal to the concentration in the serum.
THE RELATION OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE VARIATIONS TO THE ACTIVITY OF AFFERENT PULMONARY VASCULAR FIBRES
Authors: Pearce J. W. , Whitteridge D. 
Published: December 2014

1. A method of recording pulmonary arterial pressure in animals with closed chests and spontaneous respiration is described.2. The activity of pulmonary vascular fibres is shown to bear a direct relationship to the pulmonary arterial pulse pressure. Some evidence is put forward for the belief that the receptors of these fibres are situated on the arterial side of the pulmonary vascular bed.
COMPARISON OF SOME OF THE ACTIONS OF ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE ON THE KIDNEY
Authors: Pickford M. , Watt J. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Observations were made on conscious dogs of the effect on water excretion during diuresis of both single injections and infusions of adrenaline and noradrenaline. The renal clearances of creatinine and diodone were also measured.2. Adrenaline, before and after atropinization, decreased the rate of urine flow, the renal plasma flow and the glomerular filtration rate. Before atropine the heart was slowed, but after atropine it was accelerated.3. Noradrenaline before atropine decreased the rate of urine flow, the renal plasma flow and the pulse rate, but increased the glomerular filtration rate. After atropine the urine flow and pulse rate decreased as before, but both renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate increased.4. It is concluded that neither adrenaline nor noradrenaline has a direct action on kidney activity, but affects it by altering the conditions of the systemic circulation.
THE OXIDATION OF OXYHÆMOGLOBINS FROM DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES
Authors: Eggleton Philip , Fegler George 
Published: December 2014

1. Hæmoglobin solutions derived from horse, ox, and dog blood were treated with graded amounts of (a) ferricyanide and (b) iodine, and the resulting methæmoglobin formation measured spectrophoto‐metrically.2. It was found that when oxyhæmoglobin solutions are partially oxidized with iodine at pH 5·8 a considerable proportion of iodine oxidizes some part of the molecule other than the hæm.3. When the iodine added is enough to produce 50 per cent. oxidation of the hæm, the globin has reduced 2 equivalents (horse), 4·5 equivalents (ox), and 6·5 equivalents (dog) of iodine respectively.
THE EFFECT OF INSULIN ON THE SECRETION OF GASTRIC JUICE IN THE GOAT
Authors: Hill K. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. In goats provided with innervated pouches of the abomasum, the intramuscular injection of insulin was followed by a depression of volume‐rate and of the free and total acidity of the secretion.2. No relation was observed between the degree of hypoglycæmia and the depression of gastric secretion, or between the degree of hypoglycæmia produced by a given dose of insulin and the previous duration of fasting.
Multiscale Simulation of Nano-Fluidic Networks
Authors: Stephenson Dave , Lockerby Duncan A. , Borg Matthew K. , Reese Jason M. 
Published: December 2014

We present a hybrid molecular-continuum method for the simulation of general nano-fluidic networks, which consist of a multiscale system of channels with high aspect ratios. This develops on the hybrid molecular-continuum internal multiscale method recently devised by Borg et al. [1, 2] with three main additions: a) method generalisation to accurately model any nano-fluidic network, rather than just serial channel systems; b) density correction, enabling the modelling of compressible fluids; and c) utilisation as a design tool, rather than just a simulation tool, by replacing pressure boundary conditions for the network with mass flow rate boundary conditions (inlet/outlet pressures are the output of the simulation).
We compare our multiscale method with a full molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for a bifurcating channel network, and show that it converges quickly, within 3 iterations, and with good agreement. The multiscale method produces errors of < 2%, while providing a computational speed up of 2.1. The speed up demonstrated is far more modest than it would be for larger networks, but our validation case is restricted by the need to perform a full MD simulation.
Finite Element Modeling of Micro-Particle Separation Using Ultrasonic Standing Waves
Authors: Büyükkoçak Süleyman , Çetin Barbaros , Özer Mehmet Bülent 
Published: December 2014

Acoustophoresis which means separation of particles and cells using acoustic waves is becoming an intensive research subject. The method is based on inducing an ultrasonic compression standing wave inside a microchannel. A finite element approach is used to model the acoustic and electro-mechanical behavior of the piezoelectric material, the micro-channel geometry as well as the fluid inside the channel. The choices of silicon and PDMS materials are investigated as the chip materials for the resonator.
A separation channel geometry which is commonly used in the literature is implemented in this study and the fluid flow inside the microchannel geometry is simulated using computational fluid dynamics. The acoustic field inside the fluid channel is also be simulated using the finite element method. For the separation process to be successful micro-particles of different diameter groups should end up in different channels of the micro-separator. In order to simulate real life scenarios, each particle size group have a size distribution within themselves. For realistic simulation results the particles will be released into the micro separator from a different starting locations (starting location distribution). The results of this Monte-Carlo based finite element simulation approach will be compared with the reported experimental results.
Investigation of the Hydrodynamics of Suspended Cells for Reliable Inkjet Cell Printing
Authors: Cheng Eric , Ahmadi Ali , Cheung Karen C. 
Published: December 2014

Reliable inkjet drop-on-demand dispensing of cells has numerous applications including cell assays and tissue engineering. Previous work on inkjet cell printing has demonstrated that the cell count per droplet is inhomogeneous and does not follow the expected Poisson distribution. In the present work, the flow-induced cell behaviour is characterised to better understand the hydrodynamic mechanisms behind unreliable cell printing. A glass piezoelectric inkjet nozzle with an 80 μm diameter orifice is mounted on a PDMS cast which acts as a refractive index matching material for cell tracking through an inverted microscope. Droplet formation is achieved by a bipolar waveform. A high-speed camera focused on the centre plane of the nozzle captures images which are then analysed by a cell tracking algorithm to obtain the horizontal and vertical position of the cells over time. High-speed tracking of cells within a transparent inkjet nozzle revealed three possible cell behaviours caused by the formation and break-off of droplets. These behaviours are cell travel, cell ejection and cell reflection, determined as a function of the position of the cell at the onset of droplet formation. The first behaviour, cell travel, is characterised as the displacement of the cell towards the orifice during droplet formation followed by a small backwards motion due to the retracting meniscus after droplet pinch-off. Cell travel results in a net forward displacement of the cell towards the nozzle orifice. The second observed cell behaviour is cell ejection, where a cell is ejected with a droplet and can no longer be observed within the nozzle after the droplet break-off. The third observed cell behaviour is cell reflection. In this case, hydrodynamic forces produced during droplet ejection acts on the cell to move it further away from the nozzle orifice resulting in a net displacement of the cell away from the orifice after droplet ejection. Through the cell tracking information, it is hypothesized that cell reflection is caused by fluid flow reversal during the droplet ejection process.
As a result of cell reflection, certain cells within a region close to the orifice will not be printed; instead they are pushed to a location further away from the orifice. Therefore, mapping of cell positions before droplet formation is performed to identify regions within the nozzle that exhibit a high probability of cell ejection and reflection. Overall, the results from this study will greatly contribute to our understanding of the cell printing process, which will allow us to optimize current inkjet systems for cell printing applications.
Falling Film Evaporation of Binary Refrigerant Mixture in Vertical Rectangular Minichannels Consisting of Serrated-Fins
Authors: Ohara Junichi , Koyama Shigeru 
Published: December 2014

The characteristics of heat transfer are investigated experimentally for the vertical falling film evaporation of binary refrigerant mixture HFC134a/HCFC123 in a rectangular minichannels consisting of offset strip fins. The refrigerant liquid is uniformly supplied to the channel through a distributor. The liquid flowing down vertically is heated electrically from the rear wall of the channel and evaporated. To observe the flow patterns during the evaporation process directly, the small circular window is set at the center of every section on the front wall. The experimental parameters are as follows: the mass velocity G = 28∼70 kg/(m2s), the heat flux q = 30∼50 kW/m2 and the pressure P ≈ 100∼260 kPa. In the case of large mass velocity G ≥ 55 kg/(m2s), the value of heat transfer coefficient becomes lower with increase of mass fraction of low-boiling component HFC134a wb in the region of x ≥ 0.3. The main reason for this inclination of α is considered that shearing force acts on the liquid-vapor interface becomes smaller because of vapor velocity suppressed by higher pressure in the test evaporator in the case of larger mass fraction of low-boiling component. Additionally, mass diffusion resistances formed on each side of vapor and liquid phase along the liquid-vapor interface are considered as a possible cause of reduction in the heat transfer coefficient α with increase of mass fraction wb. In the region of x ≥ 0.8, α descend rapidly despite the difference in the value of wb. It can be attributed to dry-out state of heat transfer area.
Heat transfer coefficient derived from experiments is compared with that calculated from empirical correlation equation for heat transfer coefficient of pure refrigerant in a vertical falling film plate-fin evaporator.
The design and user-testing of a question prompt list for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Ahmed Rana , Raynor David K , McCaffery Kirsten J , Aslani Parisa 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesThis study involved the development of a question prompt list (QPL) booklet designed to facilitate communication and shared decision-making between parents/carers of children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their clinicians; and user-testing of the QPL to assess its usability.DesignBest practice in information writing and design was used to format the QPL content into a 16-page booklet. We then applied user-testing, which uses mixed methods to assess document performance with small cohorts of participants and then improves it in an iterative process. Individual interviews assessed the ability of QPL users to locate and understand key points of information, followed by a semistructured questionnaire, to ascertain their general views about the booklet.Setting and participantsTesting was undertaken with two cohorts of 10 parents/carers of children with ADHD (n=20); matched on age, gender and educational attainment.Tested documentsIn round 1, we tested 15 key points of information related to the QPL. Participant responses and feedback from round 1 informed a revised version of the booklet, tested in a subsequent round.Primary outcome measureThe target was for 8/10 of the participants to be able to find and demonstrate an understanding of all key information points, in accordance with European guidelines for medicine leaflet testing.ResultsAfter round 1, problems related to 4/15 information points were identified (booklet purpose; preparing for appointments; asking about a second medical opinion; selecting which questions to ask). Participants also made suggestions regarding the booklet's layout and design. After round 2, all information points were located and understood by at least 8/10 participants.ConclusionsThis is the first study to have developed a usable ADHD-specific QPL for use by parents/carers of children with ADHD during clinical consultations, and the first demonstration of the utility of user-testing methods in ensuring QPL usability.
Use of medical students in a flipped classroom programme in nutrition education for fourth-grade school students
Authors: McEvoy Christian S , Cantore Kathryn M , Denlinger LeAnn N , Schleich Michele A , Stevens Nicole M , Swavely Steven C , Odom Anne A , Novick Marsha B 
Published: December 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a flipped classroom progamme, designed and implemented by medical students, in communicating nutrition education to fourth-grade school students aged 9–10 years and to characterise teachers’ assessments of the progamme, which was designed to minimise the burden placed on teachers. Design: Each student–participant served as control before and as case after exposure to the novel healthSLAM (hS) curriculum. The results on the pre-tests and post-tests were matched and compared. Teachers completed a one-time survey after observing the new curriculum. Setting: The study was conducted in 2013 in the fourth-grade classrooms of an elementary school in Derry Township, Pennsylvania, USA. Methods: The hS progamme included a web-based video that delivered nutrition education didactics and a classroom portion in which medical students guided exercises to reinforce nutrition concepts discussed in the video. A pre-test and post-test were given to students, and teachers completed a survey to determine the effects of the curriculum on nutrition knowledge, and teacher surveys were administered to assess the appropriateness and acceptability of the curriculum. In all, 166 students’ pre- and post-tests from nine different classrooms were analysed. Results: Significant improvements in nutrition knowledge in both median and mean test scores were found ( p < .001), and the raw pre-test and post-test score distributions were found to be homogeneous across the nine different classrooms studied. Teachers reported the new curriculum to be feasible and grade-appropriate. Conclusion: The hS programme, rooted in flipping pedagogy using a video didactic lecture and an activity-based classroom session to reinforce concepts, appeared to communicate nutrition information successfully and was seen as both feasible and acceptable by teachers.
A Potential Tsunami impact assessment of submarine landslide at Baiyun Depression in Northern South China Sea
Authors: Yongfu Sun , Bolin Huang 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Background
With mature hydrocarbon industry, Northern South China Sea (NSCS) is a hot spot for future economic development. However, the local government and researchers lack of estimations about damages brought by a submarine landslide-generated tsunami. According to oceanographic surveys, eleven landslides in different scale have been discovered in Baiyun Depression of NSCS. Hence, the need to study potential tsunamis generated by submarine landslides in NSCS is urgent and necessary. This research, focused on potential threat linked to local tsunami sources, is in its early stage in China but it is of capital importance for the local people, local government and offshore economics.

Finding
Taking landslide S4 for example, the formation, spreading and run-up are predicted. As calculated, the greatest height of tsunami generated by Landslide S4 is 17.5 m, occurring near Dongsha Islands, and the greatest run-up formed on the coastal line is 5.3 m, occurring near Shanwei City; the general height of waves attacking the coastal line is no more than 1.5m, but abnormally high waves might occur in 32 regions.

Conclusions
Prediction of tsunami generated by Landslide S4 suggests that local landslides in NSCS may trigger tsunami hazards. Therefore, more efforts shall be made to investigate potential damages caused by a submarine landslide, particularly the submarine landslides at Baiyun Depression in NSCS.