bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Tomo‐PIV study of the effects of freestream turbulence on stall delay of the blade of a horizontal‐axis wind turbine
Authors: Lee Hsiao Mun , Wu Yanhua 
Published: April 2014

AbstractVolumetric velocity fields were measured using tomographic particle image velocimetry on a model of the blade of a 5 kW horizontal‐axis wind turbine to study the effects of freestream turbulence levels (FTLs) at 0.4%, 4% and 13% on stall delay phenomenon at two different global tip speed ratios of 3 and 5 with Reynolds number (Re) ࣈ 5000. Static pressures were measured, and results illustrated that FTL has stronger effect on the surface pressures of the static airfoil. Magnitudes of the absolute velocities within the separated flows above the static airfoil's suction surface increase significantly with higher FTL, while the changes of these velocities above the rotating blade's surface are less obvious. Radial flows from rotating blade's root to tip were also observed with strong spanwise velocity component located in the vicinities of the vortices. At the root and middle sections of the rotating blade, the flows with strong radial velocity component, w, become wider with higher FTL near to the rotating blade's leading edge when the angles of attack (AOAs) are large. At large AOAs, the strength and size of the vortices shed from the rotating blade's leading and trailing edges decrease significantly with higher FTL. However, at small AOAs, the size and coherence of the vortices near the rotating blade's trailing edge increase significantly with higher FTL. Surface streamlines of the rotating blade illustrated that at the rotating blade's root region and at large AOAs, the streamlines tend to lean toward the rotating blade's trailing edge at higher FTL. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Withanolides are Potent Novel Targeted Therapeutic Agents Against Adrenocortical Carcinomas
Authors: Subramanian Chitra , Zhang Huaping , Gallagher Robert , Hammer Gary , Timmermann Barbara , Cohen Mark 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundAdrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis, as a majority of patients present with advanced disease. Current adjuvant strategies for metastatic patients include mitotane or other cytotoxic agents and carry a significant morbidity as well as a low (<10 %) 5‐year survival. Withanolides, including withaferin A, are novel chemotherapeutic agents with potent targeted effects in medullary thyroid cancer and a number of solid malignancies with low toxicity in vivo. We hypothesize that novel naturally derived withanolides will have potent targeted anti‐cancer activity against ACCs.MethodsIn vitro cell viability of ACC cell lines (Y1 and SW13) was measured using MTS cell proliferation assay. Cell cycle and apoptotic analysis studied using annexin V/propidium iodide staining on flow cytometry (FC) and targeted molecular mechanisms of withanolide cytotoxicity were assessed using standard Western blot analysis.ResultsAll the withanolides potently reduced ACC cell viability on MTS assay with 7‐ to 185‐fold higher selectivity than normal fibroblasts. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated a shift in cell cycle arrest from G1/G0 to G2/M with induction of apoptosis at nanomolar concentrations of withanolides. Unlike current ACC therapeutics, withanolides modulated expression of several key oncogenic pathway proteins in ACCs by Western blot, including Jagged 1, MAPK, and Akt/mTOR pathway proteins in a dose‐dependent manner after 24 h drug treatment of SW13 cells.ConclusionThese results demonstrate the first evidence of the anticancer efficacy of withanolides in ACC cells and provide support for future translational evaluation of these compounds as novel therapeutic agents for ACC patients.
History and Evolution of Surgical Ethics: John Gregory to the Twenty‐first Century
Authors: Namm Jukes P. , Siegler Mark , Brander Caroline , Kim Tae Yeon , Lowe Christian , Angelos Peter 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAs surgery grew to become a respected medical profession in the eighteenth century, medical ethics emerged as a response to the growing need to protect patients and maintain the public’s trust in physicians. The early influences of John Gregory and Thomas Percival were instrumental in the formulation of patient‐centered medical ethics. In the late nineteenth century, the modern surgical advances of anesthesia and antisepsis created the need for a discipline of ethics specific to surgery in order to confront new and evolving ethical issues. One of the founding initiatives of the American College of Surgeons in 1913 was to eliminate unethical practices such as fee‐splitting and itinerant surgery. As surgery continued to advance in the era of solid organ transplantation and minimally invasive surgery in the latter half of the twentieth century, surgical innovation and conflict of interest have emerged as important ethical issues moving forward into the twenty‐first century. Surgical ethics has evolved into a distinct branch of medical ethics, and the core of surgical ethics is the surgeon–patient relationship and the surgeon’s responsibility to advance and protect the well‐being of the patient.
CreatingQungasvik(A Yup'ik Intervention “Toolbox”): Case Examples from a Community‐Developed and Culturally‐Driven Intervention
Authors: Rasmus Stacy M. , Charles Billy , Mohatt Gerald V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper describes the development of a Yup'ik Alaska Native approach to suicide and alcohol abuse prevention that resulted in the creation of theQungasvik, a toolbox promoting reasons for life and sobriety among youth. TheQungasvikis made up of thirty‐six modules that function as cultural scripts for creating experiences in Yup'ik communities that build strengths and protection against suicide and alcohol abuse. TheQungasvikmanual represents the results of a community based participatory research intervention development process grounded in culture and local process, and nurtured through a syncretic blending of Indigenous and Western theories and practices. This paper will provide a description of the collaborative steps taken at the community‐level to develop the intervention modules. This process involved university researchers and community members coming together and drawing from multiple sources of data and knowledge to inform the development of prevention activities addressing youth suicide and alcohol abuse. We will present case examples describing the development of three keystone modules;Qasgiq(The Men's House),Yup'ik Kinship Terms, andSurviving Your Feelings. These modules each are representative of the process that the community co‐researcher team took to develop and implement protective experiences that: (1) create supportivecommunity, (2) strengthenfamilies, and (3) giveindividualstools to be healthy and strong.
Biological cycle of silicon in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forests in central Japan
Authors: Umemura Mitsutoshi , Takenaka Chisato 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSilicon (Si) has various biogeochemical functions, such as regulating soil formation and species composition, not only in terrestrial ecosystems but also in aquatic ones. Bamboo stands accumulate large quantities of amorphous Si. Evaluating Si dynamics in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forests, which are currently spreading through eastern Asia, is important in understanding their biogeochemical function as a supply source of phytoliths. We conducted a study on the organic accumulation and biological cycle of Si in three P. pubescens stands in central Japan with different site characteristics. The amounts of Si accumulation aboveground and underground were 200–360 and 180–460 kg/ha, respectively. These values indicate that Si accumulation underground was comparable to that aboveground. Silicon supply to the forest floor through litterfall was 77–330 kg/ha/year corresponding to 165–706 kg/ha/year as phytoliths (SiO2), and 72–88 % was supplied as leaf litter. These results showed that a huge biogenic Si pool derived from bamboo plants exists in the floor of bamboo forests. Furthermore, we estimated the Si turnover time in P. pubescens forests as being 1.3–12.2 years, although this variation may depend on forestry conditions such as soil water content or stem density.
A Primary Method for the Determination of Hydroxyl Value of Polyols by Fourier Transform Mid‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Tavassoli‐Kafrani M. H. , Curtis J. M. , van de Voort F. R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA primary Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method was developed to determine the hydroxyl value (OHV) of polyols produced from edible oils. The method is a modification of American Society for Testing and Materials 1899‐08, using toluene as the solvent to dissolve the sample and to carry the reactive reagent p‐toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (TSI). TSI reacts with OH groups to produce a carbamate, a functional group that can be measured spectrally between ~1780 and 1690 cm−1 in the differential spectrum that is obtained from spectra collected before and after the reaction. Commercially available 1‐nonanol, which has a defined OHV, is used to develop a calibration. The OHV for a variety of 1° and 2° alcohols, as well as petrochemical and lipid‐based polyols, were then measured to evaluate the performance of the method and to assess the effects of moisture on the results. The FTIR OHV were in accord with the results obtained by AOCS method Cd 13‐60 and were demonstrated to be unaffected by the presence of moisture in the sample. The new TSI‐FTIR method is simpler, much faster (~10 min), and more reproducible and accurate than the AOCS OHV titrimetric methods and is not affected by carboxylic acids, amines or moisture.
Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition from Different Populations of Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Barbosa Mariana Oliveira , de Almeida‐Cortez Jarcilene Silva , da Silva Suzene Izídio , de Oliveira Antonio Fernando Morais 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCalotropis procera is a soft‐wooded, evergreen, perennial shrub species which grows in a variety of environments including dry habitats such as the Brazilian semi‐arid region. This study aimed to evaluate the variation in the oil content and fatty acid composition of C. procera seeds from four climatically different locations in the state of Pernambuco in the northeast of Brazil. The seed oil content of C. procera ranged from 19.7 to 24.0 %. Five main fatty acids were identified, with a predominance of unsaturated linoleic and oleic acids (approximately 70 %). Our results suggesting that environmental conditions influenced the seed oil biosynthesis of C. procera, because the localities with high temperature and low precipitation had increased oil content and total biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids. Multivariate analysis showed high similarity among three localities which share certain physiographic characteristics and climatic conditions such as temperature and precipitation values. The oil profile of C. procera presents interesting features that highlight its potential as a future alternative for the biodiesel market, especially in semi‐arid regions.
Nutritional improvement following growing rod surgery in children with early onset scoliosis
Authors: Myung Karen S. , Skaggs David L. , Thompson George H. , Emans John B. , Akbarnia Behrooz A. ,   Growing Spine Study Group
Published: April 2014

Purpose We aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of children with early onset scoliosis (EOS) and to determine if treatment with growing rod instrumentation improves weight percentile. Methods Data was retrospectively collected on 88 EOS patients treated with growing rods at six institutions. Mean age at surgery was 5.8 years, and mean Cobb angle was 75°. All patients were followed for at least 2 years (mean 4 years). Weights were converted to normative percentiles based on the patients’ age and gender. Results Preoperatively, 47 % (41/88) of patients were <5 percentile for weight, thus failing to thrive. There was a significant increase in mean postoperative weight percentiles at latest follow-up ( p = 0.004). 49 % of patients gained weight, with a mean of 18 percentile. A significant relationship exists between age at initial surgery and percentile weight gain ( p < 0.005), with children <4 years old not demonstrating postoperative improvement. This relationship was not confounded by preoperative weight, preoperative Cobb angle, or years of follow-up ( p > 0.05). Children with neuromuscular and syndromic diagnoses do not appear to improve their mean nutritional status after surgery when compared to patients with idiopathic or congenital/structural scoliosis ( p = 0.006). Conclusion Following growing rod treatment, there was significant improvement in nutritional status in approximately 50 % of patients, similar to that reported with VEPTR. Neuromuscular and syndromic patients did not experience nutritional improvement post-operatively. These findings support the theory that growing rods improve the clinical status of EOS patients, as nutritional improvement is one outcome of improved clinical status. The relationship between age at initial surgery and nutritional improvement is intriguing.
Immunoglobulin G4‐related disease presenting with obstructive jaundice
Authors: Li Yuan‐Rung , Pan Chan‐Feng , Chan Hoi‐Hung , Lai Kowk‐Hung , Hsu Ping‐I 
Published: April 2014

SummaryA 48‐year‐old male presented with diffuse abdominal fullness for 1 month and tea‐colored urine for 10 days. Abdominal computed tomography/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed diffuse enlargement of the pancreas and unusual soft tissue density around the left ureter. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography demonstrated lumen narrowing of the distal common bile duct and irregularity of the pancreatic duct. Markedly elevated serum immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) was also noted. Biopsy of soft tissue from the area surrounding the left ureter identified lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with high concentrations of IgG4‐positive plasma cells accompanied by obliterative phlebitis, compatible with IgG4‐related disease. The patient was administered steroid therapy and his symptoms improved. Clinicians should be aware of possible IgG4‐related disease in a patient presenting with obstructive jaundice and diffuse pancreatic enlargement because glucocorticoid administration can achieve good response.
Analgesic effect of premedication with meperidine in patients undergoing colonoscopy without sedation
Authors: Tsai Ming‐Chang , Chen Tan‐Hsia , Lai Hsin‐Wu , Chen Tzy‐Yen , Chang Ming‐Huei , Lin Chun‐Che 
Published: April 2014

SummaryBackgroundColonoscopy is a standard and useful examination in the diagnosis of colorectal diseases; however, it usually causes pain to patients. Some patients receive narcotic drugs, e.g., meperidine, for pain relief if a colonoscopy is carried out without sedation. Whether the administration of such analgesic drugs to patients without sedation facilitates the performance of the colonoscopy or reduces pain remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of meperidine as premedication for patients undergoing a colonoscopy without sedation.Patients and MethodsA total of 217 patients (109 men, 108 women) undergoing a diagnostic colonoscopy without sedation were analyzed prospectively. The procedures were carried out by three experienced endoscopists in a medical center. The patients could opt to receive analgesic drugs, with 25 mg of meperidine being given intramuscularly prior to the procedure if requested by either the doctor or patient. The colonoscopic examination was performed by one person using the short‐axis method. Questionnaires to evaluate abdominal pain during or after colonoscopy without sedation were collected and analyzed for patients who used meperidine as premedication (Group A) and for those who did not receive meperidine (Group B). Abdominal pain was evaluated using a visual analog scale from 0 to 10. The cecal intubation rate, total insertion time, and the patient's willingness to receive another colonoscopy in the future if needed were also analyzed.ResultsIn both groups, the cecal intubation rate was more than 99% with no significant difference between groups. The mean ± standard deviation insertion time was 7.14 ± 5.45 minutes in Group A and 6.24 ± 4.24 minutes in Group B (p = 0.309). The visual analog pain score was 3.54 ± 3.13 in Group A and 2.46 ± 2.75 in Group B (p = 0.009). After adjusting for age and sex, the pain score was 3.51 ± 3.21 in Group A (p = 0.055). Multivariate analysis showed that female sex and the individual endoscopist performing the colonoscopy were associated with abdominal pain during the examination.ConclusionIn our study, premedication with meperidine or no premedication was not associated with a reduction in abdominal pain during colonoscopy without sedation. The insertion time and cecal intubation rate showed no difference between patients with or without additional analgesic drugs prior to the procedure. However, as self‐selection bias could not be ruled out, further randomized, placebo‐controlled trials are needed to confirm our findings.
Preparations for Severe Winter Conditions by Emergency Health Personnel in Turkey
Authors: Çalışkan Cüneyt , Algan Aysun , Koçak Hüseyin , Biçer Burcu Küçük , Şengelen Meltem , Çakir Banu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveEmergency and core ambulance personnel work under all environmental conditions, including severe weather condtions. We evaluated emergency medical personnel in Çanakkale, Turkey, for their degree of preparedness.MethodsA descriptive study was conducted in Çanakkale, Turkey, within 112 emergency service units and their 17 district stations. Surveys were developed to measure the level of preparedness for serious winter conditions that individual workers made for themselves, their homes, and their cars.ResultsOf the 167 survey participants, the mean age was 29.8 ± 7.9 years; 52.7% were women; more than half (54.75%) were emergency medical technicians; and 53.3% were married. Only 10.4% of those who heated their homes with natural gas had carbon monoxide detectors. Scores relating to household and individual preparation for severe winter conditions increased by participants’ age (P < .003), being married (P < .000) and working in the city center (P < .021); and for men whose cars were equipped with tow ropes, extra clothing, and snow tires (P < .05). Absenteeism was higher for central-city personnel than district workers because they were less prepared for harsh winter conditions (P = .016).ConclusionMany of the surveyed emergency health personel demonstrated insufficient preparations for serious winter conditions. To increase the safety and efficiency of emergency medical personnel, educational training programs should be rountinely conducted. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-4)
COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH, DELIBERATION, AND INNOVATION
Authors: Wray K. Brad 
Published: April 2014

AbstractI evaluate the extent to which we could learn something about how we should be conducting collaborative research in science from the research on groupthink. I argue that Solomon has set us in the wrong direction, failing to recognize that the consensus in scientific specialties is not the result of deliberation. But the attention to the structure of problem-solving that has emerged in the groupthink research conducted by psychologists can help us see when deliberation could lead to problems for a research team. I argue that whenever we need to generate alternative solutions or proposals, groupthink is a genuine threat, and research teams would be wise to allow individuals opportunities to work alone. But the benefits of team work emerge when scientists seek to evaluate the various proposals generated, and determine a course of action. Then the group is less prone is groupthink, and the interaction of group members can be an epistemic asset.
Good Kings, Bloody Tyrants, and Everything In Between: Representations of the Monarchy in Post-Genocide Rwanda
Authors: Jessee Erin , Watkins Sarah E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSince assuming power after the 1994 genocide, President Paul Kagame and his political party, the Rwandan Patriotic Front, have struggled to unite Rwanda’s citizens using, among other initiatives, a simplified version of Rwandan history to diminish the ethnic tensions that made the 1994 genocide possible. As a result, Rwanda’s history has become highly politicized, with vastly divergent versions of the nation’s past narrated in private settings, where it is more politically appropriate for Rwandans to share their experiences. This paper focuses on divergent representations of Rwandan monarchical figures – often unnamed – whom the narrators imbue with values according to their individual political affiliations, lived experiences, and identity. These narratives are indicative of the broader ways that modern Rwandans narrate their experiences of history in response to Rwanda’s current official history, as well as previous official histories. Careful analysis reveals much about the current political climate in post-genocide Rwanda: most notably, that Rwandans continue to see their nation’s past through vastly different lenses, demonstrating the enormous challenges facing the Rwandan government as it seeks to reconcile its population using current methods. It also highlights the ongoing need on the part of historians to approach contemporary sources critically, informed by sources produced and debated in the pre-genocide period.
Irradiation uniformity at the Laser MegaJoule facility in the context of the shock ignition scheme
Authors: Temporal Mauro , Canaud Benoit , Garbett Warren J. , Ramis Rafael , Weber Stefan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe use of the Laser MegaJoule facility within the shock ignition scheme has been considered. In the first part of the study, one-dimensional hydrodynamic calculations were performed for an inertial confinement fusion capsule in the context of the shock ignition scheme providing the energy gain and an estimation of the increase of the peak power due to the reduction of the photon penetration expected during the high-intensity spike pulse. In the second part, we considered a Laser MegaJoule configuration consisting of 176 laser beams that have been grouped providing two different irradiation schemes. In this configuration the maximum available energy and power are 1.3 MJ and 440 TW. Optimization of the laser–capsule parameters that minimize the irradiation non-uniformity during the first few ns of the foot pulse has been performed. The calculations take into account the specific elliptical laser intensity profile provided at the Laser MegaJoule and the expected beam uncertainties. A significant improvement of the illumination uniformity provided by the polar direct drive technique has been demonstrated. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic calculations have been performed in order to analyse the magnitude of the azimuthal component of the irradiation that is neglected in two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations.