bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les sources du plaisir de l’art contemporain
Authors: Émond Anne-Marie , Eick de Lima Lisandra , Marin Dominic 
Published: May 2015

L’avènement de l’art contemporain provoque une rupture par rapport aux autres formes d’art qui l’ont précédé, ce qui oblige la population à modifier son regard. Cette situation n’est pas sans conséquences puisque, comme le soulignent plusieurs chercheurs, dont des muséologues, éducateurs et théoriciens de l’art, l’art contemporain est à l’origine d’un malaise éprouvé par la population en général. Un groupe de recherche s’est intéressé à cette problématique et a mis sur pied, en 2006, un programme de recherche intitulé « Étudier et favoriser la réception de l’art contemporain auprès du grand public ». L’objectif principal de la recherche est de mieux comprendre la nature et les sources de ce malaise et, si possible, de le dissiper. Le projet du groupe se concentre non pas sur le rejet, mais sur les sources de plaisir que peut procurer l’appréciation de l’art contemporain. Pressentant l’importance du plaisir dans l’exécution ou le déroulement d’une action, telle que la visite d’une exposition, le groupe de chercheurs a identifié les sources de plaisir qui peuvent émerger chez le grand public, à la suite du traitement d’oeuvres d’art contemporain dans un contexte muséal. Le présent article présente la typologie de ces sources de plaisir.
Active volcanism on Venus in the Ganiki Chasma rift zone
Authors: Shalygin E. V. , Markiewicz W. J. , Basilevsky A. T. , Titov D. V. , Ignatiev N. I. , Head J. W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractVenus is known to have been volcanically resurfaced in the last third of solar system history and to have undergone a significant decrease in volcanic activity a few hundred million years ago. However, fundamental questions remain: Is Venus still volcanically active today, and if so, where and in what geological and geodynamic environment? Here we show evidence from the Venus Express Venus Monitoring Camera for transient bright spots that are consistent with the extrusion of lava flows that locally cause significantly elevated surface temperatures. The very strong spatial correlation of the transient bright spots with the extremely young Ganiki Chasma, their similarity to locations of rift‐associated volcanism on Earth, provide strong evidence for their volcanic origin and suggests that Venus is currently geodynamically active.
Observations of the relationship between ionospheric central polar cap and dayside throat convection velocities, and solar wind/IMF driving
Authors: Bristow W. A. , Amata E. , Spaleta J. , Marcucci M. F. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractConvection observations from the Southern Hemisphere Super Dual Auroral Radar Network are presented and examined for their relationship to solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions, restricted to periods of steady IMF. Analysis is concentrated on two specific regions, the central polar cap and the dayside throat region. An example time series is discussed in detail with specific examples of apparent direct control of the convection velocity by the solar wind driver. Closer examination, however, shows that there is variability in the flows that cannot be explained by the driving. Scatterplots and histograms of observations from all periods in the year 2013 that met the selection criteria are given and their dependence on solar wind driving is examined. It is found that on average the flow velocity depends on the square root of the rate of flux entry to the polar cap. It is also found that there is a large level of variability that is not strongly related to the solar wind driving.
35th Annual David W Smith Workshop on Malformations and Morphogenesis: Abstracts of the 2014 Annual Meeting
Authors: Braddock Stephen R. , Lipinski Robert J. , Williams Marc S. , Carey John C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe 35th Annual David W Smith Workshop on Malformations and Morphogenesis was held on July 25–30, 2014 at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. The conference, which honors the legacy of David Smith, brought together over 130 clinicians and researchers interested in congenital malformations and their underlying mechanisms of morphogenesis. As is the tradition of the meeting, the Workshop highlighted five themes besides mechanisms of morphogenesis: Evolution and Development, Minor Malformations, CHARGE syndrome, Craniofacial Development/ Malformations, and Disorders of Chromatin Remodeling. This Conference Report includes the abstracts presented at the Workshop. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Morphology of a Shape‐Persistent Macrocycle with endo‐Amines and an Inner Tetraethylene Glycol Ether Bridge
Authors: Nie Hui , Geng Yanfang , Luo Dapeng , Liu Miaoqing , Wang Yifei , Liu Zhenyu , Zeng Qingdao , Shu Lijin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA shape‐persistent macrocycle consisting of 2,6‐disubstituted aniline linked by acetylene, butadiyne, and an inner tetraethylene glycol bridge was prepared by Pd/Cu homocoupling oxidation reaction. The morphology of the resulting macrocycle was demonstrated and discussed, indicating the establishment of channels with amine functional groups inside the pores. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) observation of the macrocycle indicated the formation of liquid crystals (LCs) in the heating and cooling processes.
Chiral‐Squaramide‐Catalyzed Sulfa‐Michael/Aldol Cascade Reactions for Asymmetric Synthesis of Spirothiochromanones
Authors: Zhao Bo‐Liang , Du Da‐Ming 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn efficient, asymmetric sulfa‐Michael/aldol cascade reaction catalyzed by a chiral squaramide catalyst has been developed. This organocatalytic cascade reaction provides easy access to highly functionalized spirothiochromanones with three contiguous stereocenters, including one quaternary center, in excellent yields of up to 99 % with excellent diastereoselectivity up to >99:1 d.r. and enantioselectivity up to 98 % ee. In addition, the key to the present method is introducing indenones that are readily accessible as hydrogen‐bond acceptors with very low catalyst loading of 0.5 mol %.
A prospective randomized cohort study evaluating 3 weeks vs 6 weeks of oral antibiotic treatment in the setting of “maximal medical therapy” for chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Sreenath Satyan B. , Taylor Robert J. , Miller Justin D. , Ambrose Emily C. , Rawal Rounak B. , Ebert Charles S. , Senior Brent A. , Zanation Adam M. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundSurprisingly, little literature exists evaluating the optimal duration of antibiotic treatment in “maximal medical therapy” for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). As such, we investigated whether 3 weeks vs 6 weeks of antibiotic therapy resulted in significant differences in clinical response.MethodsA prospective, randomized cohort study was performed with patients assigned to 3‐week or 6‐week cohorts. Our primary outcome was failure of “maximal medical therapy” and surgical recommendation. Secondary outcomes included changes in pretherapy and posttherapy scores for the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI), Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS), and computed tomography (CT)‐based Lund‐Mackay (LM) evaluation. Analyses were substratified based on presence of nasal polyps.ResultsForty patients were randomized to the 3‐week or 6‐week treatment cohorts, with near‐complete clinical follow‐up achieved. No significant difference was found between the proportion of patients who failed medical therapy and were deemed surgical candidates between the 2 cohorts (71% vs 68%, p = 1.000). No significant difference was found in the change of RSDI or CSS scores in the 3 vs 6 weeks of treatment groups (mean ± standard error of the mean [SEM]; RSDI: 9.62 ± 4.14 vs 1.53 ± 4.01, p = 0.868; CSS: 5.75 ± 4.36 vs 9.65 ± 5.34, p = 0.573). Last, no significant difference was found in the change of LM scores (3.35 ± 1.11 vs 1.53 ± 0.81, p = 0.829).ConclusionBased on this data, there is little difference in clinical outcomes between 3 weeks vs 6 weeks of antibiotic treatment as part of “maximal medical therapy” for CRS. Increased duration of antibiotic treatment theoretically may increase risk from side effects and creates higher healthcare costs.
Epidemiology and economic burden of asthma
Authors: Loftus Patricia A. , Wise Sarah K. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundThe “asthma epidemic” is on the rise, with the Center for Disease Control (CDC) epidemiological studies reporting a 3.0% asthma prevalence in the United States in 1970, 5.5% in 1996, and 7.8% in 2006 to 2008. This results in an immense economic burden, with asthma costing an estimated $56 billion in the United States in 2007, which is a 6% increase from the $53 billion that was spent in 2002.MethodsA review of the current literature and CDC reports were used to thoroughly examine and summarize the epidemiology and economic burden of asthma domestically and globally.ResultsAsthma shows a male predominance before puberty, and a female predominance in adulthood. Studies show Puerto Ricans to be the most commonly affected ethnicity, and a higher prevalence of asthma is found in lower income populations. Asthma is related to some of the more common otolaryngologic diseases such as allergy and obstructive sleep apnea. The condition results in significant morbidity, such as an increase in emergency department visits and a decrease in productivity due to missed school and works days.ConclusionEpidemiological statistics report an undisputable increase of asthma both domestically and worldwide, which means the economic burden of this disease is also on the rise. Better access to healthcare, improved asthma education, and bridging the gap between ethnic and racial disparities in the treatment and management of asthma may help to control this epidemic, promote better outcomes, and prevent continued rising costs related to the management of this widespread disease.
Effect of β‐glucan on MUC4 and MUC5B expression in human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Kim Yong‐Dae , Bae Chang Hoon , Song Si‐Youn , Choi Yoon Seok 
Published: May 2015

Backgroundβ‐Glucan is found in the cell walls of fungi, bacteria, and some plant tissues, and is detected by the innate immune system. Furthermore, this recognition is known to worsen respiratory symptoms in patients with allergic and inflammatory airway diseases. However, the means by which β‐glucan affects the secretion of major mucins by human airway epithelial cells has not been elucidated. Therefore, in this study, the effect and signaling pathway of β‐glucan on mucins MUC4 and MUC5B were investigated in human airway epithelial cells.MethodsIn NCI‐H292 cells and human normal nasal epithelial cells, the effect and signaling pathway of β‐glucan on MUC4 and MUC5B expression were investigated using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), real‐time PCR, enzyme immunoassay, and immunoblot analysis with specific inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA).Resultsβ‐Glucan increased MUC4 and MUC5B expression and activated the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB). SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; a NF‐κB inhibitor) inhibited β‐glucan–induced MUC4 and MUC5B expression. In addition, siRNA knockdown of p38 MAPK blocked β‐glucan–induced MUC4 and MUC5B mRNA expression and β‐glucan–activated phosphorylation of NF‐κB. Furthermore, Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA expression was increased by β‐glucan, and siRNA knockdown of TLR4 blocked β‐glucan–induced MUC4 and MUC5B mRNA expression and β‐glucan–activated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and NF‐κB.ConclusionThese results demonstrate that in human airway epithelial cells β‐glucan induces MUC4 and MUC5B expression via the TLR4–p38 MAPK–NF‐κB signaling pathway.
Evaluation of curing and thermal behaviors of konjac glucomannan–chitosan–polypeptide adhesive blends
Authors: Shang Jin , Liu Hongling , Qi Chusheng , Guo Kangquan , Tran Van Cuong 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTAn environmentally friendly wood adhesive has been achieved through novel blending of konjac glucomannan and chitosan with polypeptide. Tensile tests reveal an optimal curing temperature of 130°C. Both viscoelastic properties of the adhesive blends during curing process, and the structural variation of chemical components induced by curing temperature, were defined by using dynamic rheometry, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results show both storage and loss modulus increase markedly from 90 to 105°C because of the reactions occurred between konjac glucomannan, chitosan, and polypeptide with formation of amide. Increased polypeptide content not only strengthens intermolecular hydrogen bonds but also enhances covalent reactions occurred between the components. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses indicate good miscibility of components in the adhesive blends and improved thermal stability with added polypeptide. Hydrogen bonds between polysaccharides and polypeptide break at 125 ± 10°C. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42202.
Effect of urea and formamide plasticizers on starch/PVA bioblend sheets
Authors: Yan Jiaan , Tian Huafeng , Zhang Yahui , Xiang Aimin 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) bioblend sheets containing urea and formamide as plasticizers were prepared through melt processing in presence of water. The experiments indicated that urea and formamide plasticizers could form strong hydrogen bonds with starch/PVA molecules. Urea exhibited better plasticizing effect than formamide. Urea also could greatly destroy the crystal structures of PVA component in the blends, leading to the decreased crystallinity of the blends. Formamide was a good solvent for urea and could prevent urea separating from the blends, resulting in the improved stability of plasticizing systems. The blends exhibited good flexibility. Therefore, the incorporation of both urea and formamide into starch/PVA blends could exhibit synergistic effects to ensure the blends with both good plasticizing effect and the stability of the plasticizing systems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42311.
Thermal, mechanical, and corrosion resistance properties of vinyl ester/clay nanocomposites for the matrix of carbon fiber‐reinforced composites exposed to electron beam
Authors: Razavi Seyed Mohammad , Dehghanpour Negar , Ahmadi Seyed Javad , Rajabi Hamaneh Mahdi 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTVinyl ester/clay nanocomposites with 1, 3, and 5% nanoclay contents were prepared. X‐ray diffractography patterns and Scanning Electron micrographs showed that nanocomposites with the exfoliated structure were formed. Thermogravimetric analysis, water absorption test, and Tafel polarization method, respectively, revealed the improvements in thermal resistance, water barrier properties, and corrosion resistance properties of the samples with an increase in the amount of the incorporated nanoclay. Tensile tests showed that nanoclay also enhanced the mechanical properties of the polymer, so that the tensile strength of the samples with 5% nanoclay was more than 3 times higher than tensile strength of pure vinyl ester samples. Overall, the best properties were observed for the samples containing 5% nanoclay. Pure vinyl ester and nanocomposite with 5% nanoclay content were exposed to the electron beam radiation and their mechanical properties improved up to 500 kGy irradiation dose. Finally, pure vinyl ester and vinyl ester/nanoclay (5%) matrixes were reinforced with carbon fiber and the effect of electron beam irradiation on their mechanical properties was examined. The tensile strength and the modulus of the samples initially increased after exposure to the radiation doses up to 500 kGy and then a decrease was observed as the irradiation dose rose to 1000 kGy. Moreover, nanoclay moderated the effect of the irradiation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42393.
Long‐Term Therapy With Omega‐3 Ameliorates Myonecrosis and Benefits Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Mdx Mice
Authors: Apolinário Leticia Montanholi , De Carvalho Samara Camaçari , Santo Neto Humberto , Marques Maria Julia 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn Duchenne muscle dystrophy (DMD) and in the mdx mouse model of DMD, a lack of dystrophin leads to myonecrosis and cardiorespiratory failure. Several lines of evidence suggest a detrimental role of the inflammatory process in the dystrophic process. Previously, we demonstrated that short‐term therapy with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), at early stages of disease, ameliorated dystrophy progression in the mdx mouse. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a long‐term therapy with omega‐3 later in dystrophy progression. Three‐month‐old mdx mice received omega‐3 (300 mg/kg) or vehicle by gavage for 5 months. The quadriceps and diaphragm muscles were removed and processed for histopathology and Western blot. Long‐term therapy with omega‐3 increased the regulatory protein MyoD and muscle regeneration and reduced markers of inflammation (TNF‐α and NF‐kB) in both muscles studied. The present study supports the long‐term use of omega‐3 at later stages of dystrophy as a promising option to be investigated in DMD clinical trials. Anat Rec, 298:1589–1596, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbon‐Centered Radical Addition to C=X Bonds for C−X Bond Formation
Authors: Liu Dong , Liu Chao , Lei Aiwen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAmong various kinds of radical reactions, the addition of carbon‐centered radicals to unsaturated bonds represents a powerful tool for the construction of different C−C and C−X (X=N, O, S, etc.) bonds, in which typically applied unsaturated bonds include alkenes, alkynes, imines, carbonyls, and even thiocarbonyls. When C=X bonds are utilized as the radical acceptors, reactions usually occur at the carbon position to generate a heteroatom radical, during which C−C coupling products are formed. This reaction mode has dominated this field for several decades. However, there is also another unconventional type of radical addition mode, in which carbon‐centered radicals attack the heteroatom position of C=X bonds to generate carbon radicals, during which selective C−X bond formation is achieved. This reaction mode demonstrates an effective method for the construction of different C−X bonds, such as C−O, C−N, and C−S bonds. This Focus Review gives an overview of recent advances in this unconventional field.
Metathesis of 1‐Butene to Propene over Mo/Al2O3@SBA‐15: Influence of Alumina Introduction Methods on Catalytic Performance
Authors: Zhang Dazhou , Li Xiujie , Liu Shenglin , Zhu Xiangxue , Chen Fucun , Xu Longya 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA series of Mo‐based catalysts for 1‐butene metathesis to propene were prepared by supporting Mo species on SBA‐15 premodified with alumina. The effects of the method of introduction of the alumina guest to the host SBA‐15 on the location of the Mo species and the corresponding metathesis activity were studied. As revealed by N2 adsorption isotherms and TEM results, well‐dispersed alumina was formed on the pore walls of SBA‐15 if the ammonia/water vapor induced hydrolysis (NIH) method was employed. The Mo species preferentially interacted with alumina instead of SBA‐15, as evidenced by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine. Furthermore, new Brønsted acid sites favorable for the dispersion of the Mo species and low‐temperature metathesis activity were generated as a result of the effective synergy between the alumina and SBA‐15. The Mo/Al2O3@SBA‐15 catalyst prepared by the NIH method showed higher metathesis activity and stability under the conditions of 120 °C, 0.1 MPa, and 1.5 h−1 than catalysts prepared by other methods.
Investigation on the Cyclability of Lithium‐Oxygen Cells in a Confined Potential Window using Cathodes with Pre‐filled Discharge Products
Authors: Geng Dongsheng , Ding Ning , Hor T. S. Andy , Chien Sheau Wei , Liu Zhaolin , Zong Yun 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWith new chemistry and advantageous configuration, the lithium‐oxygen (Li‐O2) battery promises a much higher specific energy than traditional lithium‐ion batteries. The limited understanding on the complicated battery reactions therein, however, has become a major bottleneck of its development for applications requiring a high energy efficiency and long cycle‐life. Herein, in a confined potential window with negligible electrolyte degradation, we studied the rechargeability of Li‐O2 cathodes with pre‐filled well‐defined discharge products of Li2O2, Li2CO3, LiOH, or their combinations. Our results suggest Li2CO3 as the most difficult species to be electrochemically decomposed among the three lithium compounds, whereas the presence of LiOH notably increases the initial charge potential. The clearly visible difference in the charge behavior and cycling stability of these artificially “discharged” electrodes provides a guideline for the development of future high‐performance Li‐O2 batteries.
Efficient and Stable MoS2/CdSe/NiO Photocathode for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation from Water
Authors: Dong Yuming , Chen Yanmei , Jiang Pingping , Wang Guangli , Wu Xiuming , Wu Ruixian , Zhang Chi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA novel CdSe/NiO heteroarchitecture was designed, prepared, and used as a photocathode for hydrogen generation from water. The composite films were structurally, optically, and photoelectrochemically characterized. The deposition of CdSe on the NiO film enhanced light harvesting in the visible‐light region and photoelectrochemical properties. Moreover, the CdSe/NiO photoelectrode showed superior stability both in nitrogen‐saturated and air‐saturated neutral environments. The CdSe/NiO photoelectrode after MoS2 modification retained the stability of the CdSe/NiO electrode and exhibited higher photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performances than the unmodified CdSe/NiO electrode. In pH 6 buffer solution, an average hydrogen‐evolution rate of 0.52 μmol h−1 cm−2 at −0.131 V (versus reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE) was achieved on a MoS2/CdSe/NiO photocathode, with almost 100 % faradaic efficiency.
The Role of Intentionally Introduced Defects on Electrode Materials for Alkali‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Uchaker Evan , Cao Guozhong 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSimple defect modification is a powerful means to improve material intercalation capabilities. It has received considerable interest lately as it can directly alter both the chemical and structural characteristics; techniques of note include cationic disordering, amorphization, doping, partial cation reduction, and manipulation of intrinsic defects. Defects can reduce the stress and the electrostatic repulsion between adjacent oxygen layers, which can directly alter the migration energy and diffusion barriers the alkali ion must overcome during intercalation. Complementary to experimental observations, theoretical predictions are paramount to developing a detailed understanding of material‐defect chemistry. This focus review aims to demonstrate that the optimized design of stable intercalation compounds could lead to substantial improvements in energy‐storage applications by overcoming intrinsic limitations.