bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burkitt's Lymphoma of Anterior Skull Base associated with Acute Loss of Vision: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Varshney Varsha , Gupta Gaurav , Grover Mohnish , Devra Vikas 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Burkitt's lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm rarely found in paranasal sinuses and skull base. We report a rare case of Burkitt's lymphoma of anterior skull base associated with acute loss of vision. A 10 years old boy presented with history of headache, diminution of vision in right eye since 15 days. Biopsy showed diffuse NHL of Burkitt's type. After treatment with chemotherapy there was complete recovery in vision.

How to cite this article
Gupta G, Devra V, Grover M, Varshney V. Burkitt's Lymphoma of Anterior Skull Base associated with Acute Loss of Vision: A Rare Case Report. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2014;7(1):28-30.
Mining the Final Frontier: Keeping Earth's Asteroid Mining Ventures from Becoming the Next Gold Rush
Authors: Feinman Matthew 
Published: May 2014

“Space: The Final Frontier.” While that phrase has been a call to arms for generations of science fiction fans and space enthusiasts to look up at the night sky in wonder and amazement, it has increasingly become a siren call for private space pioneers. Since man first went to space, humankind has been pushing the boundaries of experimentation, research, and exploration into the cosmos. Even though Earth’s supply of certain rare and precious metals may be reaching depletion, researchers have found that asteroids are likely to contain vast quantities of these resources. Today, several companies are attempting to tap into this potential wealth of resources for use, both on Earth and in space. Before these companies can begin mining, however, stronger property laws are needed to ensure the Asteroid Belt of our solar system is not described as the next California Gold Rush. This Article argues that the international community must be united on the policies and customs surrounding property ownership in space so these mining operations can be performed in a peaceful and safe manner.
Role of [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography—Computed Tomography, Sonography, and Sonographically Guided Fine–Needle Aspiration Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Axillary Lymph Nodes in Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Sohn Yu-Mee , Hong Il Ki , Han Kyunghwa 
Published: May 2014

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET‐CT) with that of sonography and sonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) for determining the preoperative axillary lymph node (ALN) status and to evaluate the factors related to false‐negative PET‐CT, sonographic, and FNA results in ALN staging of invasive ductal carcinoma.MethodsFrom March 2009 to July 2012, 226 patients had a diagnosis of primary breast cancer. Among these patients, 107 constituted the study population after exclusion of transferred patients and patients with breast cancer other than invasive ductal carcinoma. The diagnostic performance of the modalities was compared with pathologic reports. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between clinicopathologic factors (symptoms, T stage, hormone receptors, and histologic grade), false‐negative results, and true‐negative results on PET‐CT, sonography, and FNA.ResultsOf the 107 patients, 45 (42.1%) had positive results on final pathologic analysis of ALNs. Sonographically guided FNA had a significantly higher specificity, positive predictive value, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve than sonography and PET‐CT (P < .01). When sonography and PET‐CT were combined, the sensitivity was significantly improved (P = .019) compared with sonography alone. When FNA and PET‐CT were combined, the sensitivity and negative predictive value were significantly increased compared with each modality (P < .01).ConclusionsSonographically guided FNA was found to be an excellent diagnostic tool for preoperative evaluation of the ALN status. To obviate the step of sentinel lymph node biopsy for determining the ALN status, combined evaluation of ALNs by these modalities may be more complementary than the use of a single modality.
Modeling extreme “Carrington‐type” space weather events using three‐dimensional global MHD simulations
Authors: Ngwira Chigomezyo M. , Pulkkinen Antti , Kuznetsova Maria M. , Glocer Alex 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThere is a growing concern over possible severe societal consequences related to adverse space weather impacts on man‐made technological infrastructure. In the last two decades, significant progress has been made toward the first‐principles modeling of space weather events, and three‐dimensional (3‐D) global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) models have been at the forefront of this transition, thereby playing a critical role in advancing our understanding of space weather. However, the modeling of extreme space weather events is still a major challenge even for the modern global MHD models. In this study, we introduce a specially adapted University of Michigan 3‐D global MHD model for simulating extreme space weather events with a Dst footprint comparable to the Carrington superstorm of September 1859 based on the estimate by Tsurutani et. al. (2003). Results are presented for a simulation run with “very extreme” constructed/idealized solar wind boundary conditions driving the magnetosphere. In particular, we describe the reaction of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system and the associated induced geoelectric field on the ground to such extreme driving conditions. The model setup is further tested using input data for an observed space weather event of Halloween storm October 2003 to verify the MHD model consistence and to draw additional guidance for future work. This extreme space weather MHD model setup is designed specifically for practical application to the modeling of extreme geomagnetically induced electric fields, which can drive large currents in ground‐based conductor systems such as power transmission grids. Therefore, our ultimate goal is to explore the level of geoelectric fields that can be induced from an assumed storm of the reported magnitude, i.e., Dst∼=−1600 nT.
Interannual variations of Kuroshio transport in the East China Sea and its relation to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and mesoscale eddies
Authors: Soeyanto Endro , Guo Xinyu , Ono Jun , Miyazawa Yasumasa 
Published: May 2014

AbstractResults of a data‐assimilative ocean model (JCOPE2) from 1993 to 2012 were used to examine the correlation between the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index and interannual variations of the Kuroshio transport in the East China Sea (ECS) and the influences of mesoscale eddies on this correlation. In a period from 1993 to 2002, the Kuroshio transport estimated from the JCOPE2 reanalysis has a positive correlation with the PDO index. This well‐known correlation became weak or even disappeared when the analysis period was extended from 1993–2002 to 1993–2012. This occurs because the variation range of the PDO index became small during enhanced mesoscale eddy activity southeast of Taiwan in years after 2002. The eddies caused a larger variation in the Kuroshio transport in the years after 2002 than before 2002, and therefore, changed the correlation between the PDO index and Kuroshio transport in the ECS. The influence of mesoscale eddies on the Kuroshio transport has strong regional dependence: the Kuroshio transport from the area east of Taiwan to the midway along the shelf break in the East China Sea depends mainly on eddies arriving from southeast of Taiwan, while transport from the midway along the shelf break to the Tokara Strait depends mainly on the eddies arriving from northeast of Okinawa Island. The combination of PDO‐related signals and eddy‐related signals determines the interannual variations of the Kuroshio transport in the ECS and sufficient attention must be paid to the spatial dependence of the Kuroshio transport in the ECS on eddies.
Linkage between the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the low frequency variability of the Pacific Subtropical Cell
Authors: Hong Lingya , Zhang Liping , Chen Zhaohui , Wu Lixin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe decadal variability of Pacific Subtropical Cell (STC) and its linkages with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) are investigated in the present study based on a Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA 2.2.4). It is found that, on decadal time scales, the western boundary and interior pycnocline transports are anticorrelated and the variation of the interior component is more significant, which is consistent with previous studies. The decadal variability of STC in the Northern Hemisphere is found to be strongly associated with PDO. Associated with a positive (negative) phase of PDO, the relaxation (acceleration) of the northeast trades slows down (spins up) the STC within a few years through baroclinic adjustment in conjunction with the subduction of the cold (warm) mixed‐layer anomalies in the extratropics. The cold (warm) water is then injected into the thermocline and advected further southwestward to the tropics along the isopycnal surfaces, leading to the slowdown (spin‐up) of STC due to zonal pressure gradient change at low latitude. Along with the STC weakening (strengthening), a significant warming (cold) anomaly appears in the tropics and it is advected to the midlatitude by the Kuroshio and North Pacific currents, thus feeding back to the atmosphere over the North Pacific. In contrast to the Northern Hemisphere, it is found the STC in the south only passively responds to the PDO. The mechanism found here highlights the role of the STC advection of extratropical anomalies to the tropics and horizontal gyre advection of the tropical anomalies to the extratropics in decadal variability of the STC and PDO.
A multi tracer analysis of thermosphere to stratosphere descent triggered by the 2013 Stratospheric Sudden Warming
Authors: Bailey S. M. , Thurairajah B. , Randall C. E. , Holt L. , Siskind D. E. , Harvey V. L. , Venkataramani K. , Hervig M. E. , Rong P. , Russell J. M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractArctic winter observations in 2013 by the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) show significant transport from the lower‐thermosphere to the stratosphere of air enriched in nitric oxide, but depleted in water and methane. The transport is triggered by the Stratospheric Sudden Warming (SSW) on 11 January and is continuously tracked for over 3 months. Ultimately, evidence for lower thermospheric air is seen at 40 km in mid‐April. Area integrated nitric oxide (NO) fluxes are compared with previous events in 2004, 2006, and 2009, to show that this event is the second largest in the past 10 years. The SOFIE data are combined with a meteorological analysis to infer descent rates from 40 to 90 km. The descent profile initially peaks near 75 km, shifting downward by approximately 5 km per 10 days. Our work demonstrates the utility of SOFIE tracer measurements in diagnosing vertical transport from the stratosphere to the edge of space.
Developing a self‐consistent description of Titan's upper atmosphere without hydrodynamic escape
Authors: Bell Jared M. , Hunter Waite J. , Westlake Joseph H. , Bougher Stephen W. , Ridley Aaron J. , Perryman Rebecca , Mandt Kathleen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this study, we develop a best fit description of Titan's upper atmosphere between 500 km and 1500 km, using a one‐dimensional (1‐D) version of the three‐dimensional (3‐D) Titan Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model. For this modeling, we use constraints from several lower atmospheric Cassini‐Huygens investigations and validate our simulation results against in situ Cassini Ion‐Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) measurements of N2, CH4, H2, 40Ar, HCN, and the major stable isotopic ratios of 14N/15N in N2. We focus our investigation on aspects of Titan's upper atmosphere that determine the amount of atmospheric escape required to match the INMS measurements: the amount of turbulence, the inclusion of chemistry, and the effects of including a self‐consistent thermal balance. We systematically examine both hydrodynamic escape scenarios for methane and scenarios with significantly reduced atmospheric escape. Our results show that the optimum configuration of Titan's upper atmosphere is one with a methane homopause near 1000 km and atmospheric escape rates of 1.41–1.47 ×1011 CH4 m−2 s−1 and 1.08 ×1014 H2 m−2 s−1 (scaled relative to the surface). We also demonstrate that simulations consistent with hydrodynamic escape of methane systematically produce inferior fits to the multiple validation points presented here.
The effect of the thermosphere on quiet time plasmasphere morphology
Authors: Krall J. , Huba J. D. , Denton R. E. , Crowley G. , Wu T.‐W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe Naval Research Laboratory SAMI3 (Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere) code is used to model observed plasmasphere dynamics for 1–5 February 2001, a period of quiet time refilling. The SAMI3 model is driven at high latitudes by the magnetospheric potential calculated by the Weimer05 empirical model, using the observed solar wind. At middle‐to‐low latitudes, the self‐consistent dynamo potential is included, driven by specified winds. During this quiet period we find that the shape of the plasmasphere, at any given time, varies significantly with the wind model even as a similar degree of model‐data agreement is recovered for each of the three wind models used. Diurnal oscillations in the model electron density, which are strong when plotted at fixed magnetic local time, are consistent with the degree of variation seen in the measured densities. In all three cases, SAMI3 compares favorably to the electron density measured in situ by the Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration spacecraft. Results with no winds or with specific wind effects excluded show that wind‐driven E × B drifts shape the plasmasphere, relative to a round plasmasphere with no winds, and reduce the refilling rate, relative to the higher refilling rate found without winds.
Jointly deriving NMR surface relaxivity and pore size distributions by NMR relaxation experiments on partially desaturated rocks
Authors: Mohnke O. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry is a geophysical method widely used in borehole and laboratory applications to nondestructively infer transport and storage properties of rocks and soils as it is directly sensitive to the water/oil content and pore sizes. However, for inferring pore sizes, NMR relaxometry data need to be calibrated with respect to a surface interaction parameter, surface relaxivity, which depends on the type and mineral constituents of the investigated rock. This study introduces an inexpensive and quick alternative to the classical calibration methods, e.g., mercury injection, pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR, or grain size analysis, which allows for jointly estimating NMR surface relaxivity and pore size distributions using NMR relaxometry data from partially desaturated rocks. Hereby, NMR relaxation experiments are performed on the fully saturated sample and on a sample partially drained at a known differential pressure. Based on these data, the (capillary) pore radius distribution and surface relaxivity are derived by joint optimization of the Brownstein‐Tarr and the Young‐Laplace equation assuming parallel capillaries. Moreover, the resulting pore size distributions can be used to predict water retention curves. This inverse modeling approach—tested and validated using NMR relaxometry data measured on synthetic porous borosilicate samples with known petrophysical properties (i.e., permeability, porosity, inner surfaces, pore size distributions)—yields consistent and reproducible estimates of surface relaxivity and pore radii distributions. Also, subsequently calculated water retention curves generally correlate well with measured water retention curves.
The concept of field capacity revisited: Defining intrinsic static and dynamic criteria for soil internal drainage dynamics
Authors: Assouline Shmuel , Or Dani 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAcross many soil types and conditions, post wetting soil internal drainage exhibits predictable dynamics that lead to a stable and repeatable hydration state termed “field capacity” (FC). Soil regulation of internal drainage toward FC has long been recognized as producing a useful hydrologic benchmark for modeling and for estimation of plant available soil water. To overcome ambiguities and inconsistencies in various ad hoc definitions of FC, we propose using a soil intrinsic characteristic length (a matric potential value derived from drainable soil pore size distribution) to characterize the loss of hydraulic continuity associated with the attainment of FC. The resulting static criterion for FC was extended to formulate a self‐consistent dynamic criterion based on soil internal drainage dynamics. A systematic evaluation of the proposed definitions of FC using numerical simulations and experimental data reveals remarkable consistency and predictability across a wide range of soil types. The new metrics add definitiveness and robustness of this widely used concept with potential expansion to additional agronomic, hydrologic, ecological, and climatic applications.
Mapping bone cell distributions to assess ontogenetic origin of primate midfacial form
Authors: Smith Timothy D. , Kentzel Ethan S. , Cunningham Jayna M. , Bruening Amanda E. , Jankord Kathryn D. , Trupp Sara J. , Bonar Christopher J. , Rehorek Susan J. , DeLeon Valerie B. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTMidfacial reduction in primates has been explained as a byproduct of other growth patterns, especially the convergent orbits. This is at once an evolutionary and developmental explanation for relatively short snouts in most modern primates. Here, we use histological sections of perinatal nonhuman primates (tamarin, tarsier, loris) to investigate how orbital morphology emerges during ontogeny in selected primates compared to another euarchontan (Tupaia glis). We annotated serial histological sections for location of osteoclasts or osteoblasts, and used these to create three‐dimensional “modeling maps” showing perinatal growth patterns of the facial skeleton. In addition, in one specimen we transferred annotations from histological sections to CT slices, to create a rotatable 3D volume that shows orbital modeling. Our findings suggest that growth in the competing orbital and neurocranial functional matrices differs among species, influencing modeling patterns. Distinctions among species are observed in the frontal bone, at a shared interface between the endocranial fossa and the orbit. The medial orbital wall is extensively resorptive in primates, whereas the medial orbit is generally depositional in Tupaia. As hypothesized, the orbital soft tissues encroach on available interorbital space. However, eye size cannot, by itself, explain the extent of reduction of the olfactory recess. In Loris, the posterior portion of medial orbit differed from the other primates. It showed evidence of outward drift where the olfactory bulb increased in cross‐sectional area. We suggest the olfactory bulbs are significant to orbit position in strepsirrhines, influencing an expanded interorbital breadth at early stages of development. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:424–435, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temporal trends in femoral diaphyseal torsional asymmetry among the Arikara associated with postural behavior
Authors: Wescott Daniel J. , Cunningham Deborah L. , Hunt David R. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTAverage femoral torsion has been reported to differ among populations, and several studies have observed a relatively high prevalence of femoral anteversion asymmetry in Native Americans, especially females. This study investigates sexual dimorphism and temporal trends in femoral torsional asymmetry among the Arikara from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century. To establish if there are population differences, femoral torsion was first measured using a direct method on a diverse comparative sample of Native Americans from the Southwest, Midwest, and Great Plains as well as American Whites and Blacks. To examine temporal trends among the Arikara, femoral torsion was examined using the orientation of the maximum bending rigidity at subtrochanteric in 154 females and 164 males from three temporal variants of the Arikara Coalescent tradition. There is significant sexual dimorphism in femoral torsional directional and absolute asymmetry among most Native American samples, but not among American Whites and Blacks. Among the Arikara there is significant sexual dimorphism in femoral torsional asymmetry in all three temporal variants, and asymmetry in femoral torsional asymmetry increased significantly from the protohistoric to the early historic period among females. The increased femoral torsional asymmetry is likely associated with a common side‐sitting posture observed in historic photographs of Great Plains females. Historic Arikara females may have habitually sat in this compulsory position for extended periods while conducting domestic chores. The dramatic change from the protohistoric to historic period suggests a cultural change in sitting posture among females that was widespread across the Northern Plains. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:512–524, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluorescence methods (VistaCam iX proof and DIAGNODent pen) for the detection of occlusal carious lesions in teeth recovered from archaeological context
Authors: Tomczyk Jacek , Komarnitki Julian , Zalewska Marta , Lekszycki Tomasz , Olczak‐Kowalczyk Dorota 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTDiagnosis of occlusal enamel caries in archaeologically derived collections remains a controversial problem because the accumulation of contaminants in fissures can interfere with diagnosis. Certain novel light‐induced fluorescence methods, such as the DIAGNODent pen 2190 (DD) and VistaCam iX Proof (VC), have been used to detect dental caries in clinical settings. In this study, the abilities of DD and VC to detect initial enamel caries in archaeologically derived material is determined and compared with those of other methods (visual inspection, X‐ray, histology, and micro‐CT). Dental material encompassing the remains of 58 individuals, including a total of 380 teeth from each of three historical periods: modern Islamic (AD 1850–1950), Islamic (AD 600–1200) and late Roman (AD 200–400), obtained from two archaeological sites (Terqa and Tell Masaikh) located in the Middle Euphrates valley (Syria), were analyzed. VC was found to have excellent sensitivity (98), while DD obtained lower sensitivity (76) in detecting dental caries in its early stages. The results obtained by VC and micro‐CT, considered the most reliable imaging technique, were not statistically significant (P = 0.3068). By contrast, results obtained by DD and micro‐CT results, and DD and VC results were statistically significant (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0015, respectively). However the presence of dirt, stain, calculus, and plaque in the pits and fissures of the occlusal surface compromise correct diagnosis of caries by VC and DD. Consequently, for teeth recovered from archaeological contexts where staining, calculus and plaque are present, the best solution remains micro‐CT. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:525–534, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.