bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A scalable anomaly detection and mitigation architecture for legacy networks via an OpenFlow middlebox
Authors: Giotis Kostas , Androulidakis George , Maglaris Vasilis 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the applicability of inserting an OpenFlow middlebox to enhance the remotely triggered black hole routing mechanism, to mitigate distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in legacy networks. Specifically, we propose a modular architecture that exploits the network programmability of software‐defined networking within the context of network functions virtualization, deploying on‐demand virtualized network functions (VNFs) capable to manipulate and filter malicious traffic. Leveraging on the OpenFlow control functionality, we match and handle traffic on a per‐flow level, preserving connectivity to/from the victim while pushing the mitigation process upstream, towards the edge of the affected network. To that end, a multilevel anomaly detection and identification mechanism was developed, pinpointing the victim in case an attack is detected. Subsequently, a virtualized network function instructs the edge router to forward all traffic destined to the victim to an OpenFlow switch, acting as a middlebox capable to filter malicious traffic identified by an OpenFlow controller, while preserving benign flows. The proposed architecture was implemented and evaluated based on the combination of datasets containing traces of real DDoS attacks and normal background traffic from our university campus network. Our analysis illustrated a clear clustering of Internet protocol prefixes used by malicious sources; thus, we implemented a longest common prefix aggregation algorithm to enable scaling of the proposed mitigation process, overcoming constraints due to hardware limitations of OpenFlow devices. Our analysis verifies that the proposed modular and scalable schema can efficiently identify DDoS attack victims and filter malicious traffic, without exhausting system and network resources. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental expression of Kir4.1 in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes of rat somatosensory cortex and hippocampus
Authors: Moroni Ramona Frida , Inverardi Francesca , Regondi Maria Cristina , Pennacchio Paolo , Frassoni Carolina 
Published: October 2015

AbstractKir4.1 is the principal K+ channel expressed in glial cells. It has been shown that it plays a fundamental role in K+‐spatial buffering, an astrocyte‐specific process where excess extracellular concentration of K+ ions, generated by synaptic activity, is spatially redistributed to distant sites via astrocytic syncytia. Experimental and clinical evidence suggested that abnormality of Kir4.1 function in the brain is involved in different neurological diseases such as epilepsy, dysmyelination, and Huntington's disease. Although it has been shown that Kir4.1 is expressed predominantly in astrocytes in certain areas of the rat brain and its transcript is present in the rat forebrain as early as embryonic day E14, no information is available concerning the temporal sequence of Kir4.1 protein appearance during embryonic and post‐natal development.Aim of this work was to study the expression pattern of Kir4.1 channel in rat somatosensory cortex and hippocampus during development and to examine its cellular localization with the glial and oligodendroglial markers S100‐β, GFAP, and Olig‐2. Kir4.1 protein was detected since E20 and a gradual increase of Kir4.1 expression occurred between early postnatal period and adulthood. We showed a gradual shift in Kir4.1 subcellular localization from the soma of astrocytes to distal glial processes. Double immunofluorescence experiments confirmed the cellular localization of Kir4.1 in glial cells. Our data provide the first overview of Kir4.1 developmental expression both in the cortex and hippocampus and support the glial role of Kir4.1 in K+ spatial buffering.
Latest Permian deep-water foraminifers from Daxiakou, Hubei, South China
Authors: Zhang Muhui , Gu Songzhu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA latest Changhsingian (latest Permian) foraminiferal fauna composed of 19 species (belonging to 10 genera) was recovered from the Daxiakou section in Xingshan County, Hubei Province, South China. Compared to contemporaneous faunas in South China, the Daxiakou fauna displays unique features: (1) nodosariids are the dominant forms in abundance and diversity; and (2) the most abundant forms have elongate and flattened tests, and includeGeinitzina,Howchinella, andIchthyolaria. The predominance of flattened elongate tests and their smaller size suggest that these foraminifers possibly lived in an oxygen-depleted, deep-water environment. Seven new species,Nodosaria quinquecostatan. sp.,Howchinella inflatan. sp.,H. hubeiensisn. sp.,H. complanatan. sp.,H. xiangxiensisn. sp.,Ichthyolaria celsan. sp., andPseudotristix elongatan. sp. are described.
New records of Burgess Shale-type taxa from the middle Cambrian of Utah
Authors: Conway Morris Simon , Selden Paul A. , Gunther Glade , Jamison Paul G. , Robison Richard A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCambrian strata of the Laurentian craton contain numerous examples of Burgess Shale–type faunas. Although displaying a more or less concentric distribution around the cratonal margin, most faunal occurrences are in present-day western North America, extending from the Northwest Territories to California. Nevertheless, the soft-bodied and lightly skeletalized fossils in most of these Lagerstätten are highly sporadic. Here, we extend knowledge of such Middle Cambrian occurrences in Utah with reports of four taxa. An arthropod from the Marjum Formation,Dytikosicula desmataegen. et sp. nov., is a putative megacheiran. It is most similar toDicranocaris guntherorum, best known from the younger Wheeler Formation, but differs primarily in the arrangement of pleurae and overall size. Along with a specimen of ?Yohoiasp, a new species ofYohoia,Y. utahanasp. nov., is described. It differs from the type and only known species,Y. tenuis, principally in its larger size and shorter exopods; it is the first description of this genus from outside the Burgess Shale. A new species of a stem-group lophotrochozoan from the Spence Shale,Wiwaxia herkasp. nov., possesses a palisade of dorso-lateral spines that are more robust and numerous than the type species ofWiwaxia,W. corrugata. Another notable taxon isEldonia ludwigifrom the Marjum Formation, which is interpreted as a primitive ambulacrarian (assigned to the cambroernids) and a new specimen of the ?cnidarianCambrorhytiumfrom the Wheeler Shale is illustrated.
The Puzzle of Alfarabi's Parallel Works
Authors: Galston Miriam 
Published: October 2015

AbstractScholars disagree about the correct interpretation of Alfarabi'sPolitical RegimeandVirtuous City, treatises that have striking similarities, yet notable differences. For some, the treatises encapsulate Alfarabi's philosophy; for others, they express only politically salutary opinions. Both interpretations fail to explain why he wrote parallel works. If both reflect Alfarabi's genuine philosophic doctrines, why did he compose separate but parallel treatises, both written when his philosophy was mature? Alternatively, if the treatises are political or rhetorical, why did Alfarabi compose two versions, and why did he choose these two accounts rather than others? To answer these questions, I discuss several overarching differences between the treatises, concluding that each work has an inner coherence and develops a distinctive narrative. I offer suggestions to account for the works’ distinctive orientations, both to persuade doubtful readers of their philosophic significance and to suggest to both groups of scholars reasons for their systematic differences.
Two Concepts of Monism: Axiomatic and Asymptotic
Authors: MacInnis Luke 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAccording to Isaiah Berlin's influential characterization, value monism holds that there are discoverable, axiomatic ethical principles from which all ethical knowledge may be derived, that ethical reasoning is algorithmic and mechanical, and that it seeks permanent, “final solutions” to all ethical conflicts. Berlin's account of monism oversimplifies and distorts the idea of monism and its relation to liberal values. There is a fundamentally distinct conception of monism, “asymptotic” monism, that is not only compatible with liberty and liberal toleration but is required by these values. I present this alternative through an exposition and defense of Immanuel Kant's monistic conception of ethics and public law, where it finds full expression. Berlin's warnings that monism tends to support political despotism ignore the distinctive character of Kant's asymptotic monism.
The Sixth Giant? Environmental Policy and the Labour Government, 1945–51
Authors: FITZPATRICK TONY 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe connections between social and environmental policies have a longer and more fertile history than is often appreciated. Ignoring that history is not just unfortunate in its own terms but may mean that we deprive ourselves of resources that could be useful in the future. Unfortunately, social policy histories avoid discussion of the natural environment, just as environmental histories avoid discussion of welfare services. This article therefore seeks to open up new debates and a new field of research. It focuses upon one of the key periods in the development of UK state welfare, the Labour government of 1945–51. It argues that Labour displayed an ambivalence toward the natural environment. Land nationalisation had long been an aspiration, but Labour drew back from its more radical ambitions. In policy terms, this gave rise to a dualism. Town and country planning became one of its enduring legacies, but more socialistic, redistributive measures fell by the wayside.
Geographic measures of retail food outlets and perceived availability of healthy foods in neighbourhoods
Authors: Barnes Timothy L , Freedman Darcy A , Bell Bethany A , Colabianchi Natalie , Liese Angela D 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo examine associations between geographic measures of retail food outlets and perceived availability of healthy foods.DesignCross-sectional.SettingA predominantly rural, eight-county region of South Carolina, USA.SubjectsData from 705 household shoppers were analysed using ordinary least-squares regression to examine relationships between geographic measures (presence and distance) of food outlets obtained via a geographic information system and perceived availability of healthy foods (fresh fruits and vegetables and low-fat foods).ResultsThe presence of a supermarket within an 8·05 km (5-mile) buffer area was significantly associated with perceived availability of healthy foods (β=1·09,P=0·025) when controlling for all other food outlet types. However, no other derived geographic presence measures were significant predictors of perceived availability of healthy foods. Distances to the nearest supermarket (β=−0·16,P=0·003), dollar and variety store (β=−0·15,P=0·005) and fast-food restaurant (β=0·11,P=0·015) were all significantly associated with perceptions of healthy food availability.ConclusionsOur results suggest that distance to food outlets is a significant predictor of healthy food perceptions, although presence is sensitive to boundary size. Our study contributes to the understanding and improvement of techniques that characterize individuals’ food options in their community.
Rate of CRL4CRBN substrate Ikaros and Aiolos degradation underlies differential activity of lenalidomide and pomalidomide in multiple myeloma cells by regulation of c-Myc and IRF4
Authors: Bjorklund C C , Lu L , Kang J , Hagner P R , Havens C G , Amatangelo M , Wang M , Ren Y , Couto S , Breider M , Ning Y , Gandhi A K , Daniel T O , Chopra R , Klippel A , Thakurta A G 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRecent discoveries suggest that the critical events leading to the anti-proliferative activity of the IMiD immunomodulatory agents lenalidomide and pomalidomide in multiple myeloma (MM) cells are initiated by Cereblon-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of substrate proteins Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3). By performing kinetic analyses, we found that the downregulation or proteasomal degradation of Ikaros and Aiolos led to specific and sequential downregulation of c-Myc followed by IRF4 and subsequent growth inhibition and apoptosis. Notably, to ensure growth inhibition and cell death, sustained downregulation of Ikaros and Aiolos, c-Myc or IRF4 expression was required. In addition, we found that the half-maximal rate, rather than the final extent of Ikaros and Aiolos degradation, correlated to the relative efficacy of growth inhibition by lenalidomide or pomalidomide. Finally, we observed that all four transcription factors were elevated in primary MM samples compared with normal plasma cells. Taken together, our results suggest a functional link between Ikaros and Aiolos, and the pathological dysregulation of c-Myc and IRF4, and provide a new mechanistic understanding of the relative efficacy of lenalidomide and pomalidomide based on the kinetics of substrate degradation and downregulation of their downstream targets.
Novel β-carbolines against colorectal cancer cell growth via inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling
Authors: Li X , Bai B , Liu L , Ma P , Kong L , Yan J , Zhang J , Ye Z , Zhou H , Mao B , Zhu H , Li Y 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWnt signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in a variety of cancers, especially in colorectal cancer (CRC), because of mutations in the genes encoding adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), β-catenin and Axin. Small-molecule antagonists of Wnt/β-catenin signaling are attractive candidates for developing effective therapeutics for CRC. In this study, we have identified a novel Wnt signaling inhibitor, isopropyl 9-ethyl-1- (naphthalen-1-yl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3- carboxylate (Z86). Z86 inhibited Wnt reporter activities and the expression of endogenous Wnt signaling target genes in mammalian cells and antagonized the second axis formation of Xenopus embryos induced by Wnt8. We showed that Z86 treatment inhibits GSK3β (Ser9) phosphorylation, leading to its overactivation and promoting the phosphorylation and degradation of β-catenin. In vitro, Z86 selectively inhibited the growth of CRC cells with constitutive Wnt signaling and caused obvious G1-phase arrest of the cell cycle. Notably, in a nude mouse model, Z86 inhibited dramatically the xenografted tumor growth of CRC. Daily intraperitoneal injection of Z86 at 5 mg/kg resulted in >70% reduction in the tumor weight of HCT116 cell origin that was associated with decreased GSK3β (Ser9) phosphorylation and increased β-catenin phosphorylation. Taken together, our findings provide a novel promising chemotype for CRC therapeutics development targeting the canonical Wnt signaling.
BH3-Only protein bmf is required for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in an in vivo model of HNF1α-MODY diabetes
Authors: Pfeiffer S , Halang L , Düssmann H , Byrne MM , Prehn JHM 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHeterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF-1α) gene can lead to diminished amounts of functional HNF-1α, resulting in the onset of a particularly severe form of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). We have previously shown that induction of a dominant-negative mutant of HNF-1α (DNHNF-1α) results in the activation of the bioenergetic stress sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), preceding the onset of apoptosis and the induction of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 homology domain-3-only protein Bmf (Bcl-2-modifying factor) as a mediator of DNHNF-1α-induced apoptosis. Through the knockout of bmf in a transgenic mouse model with DNHNF-1α suppression of HNF-1α function in pancreatic beta-cells, this study aimed to examine the effect of loss-of-function of this BH3-only protein on the disease pathology and progression, and further elucidate the role of Bmf in mediating DNHNF-1α-induced beta-cell loss. Morphological analysis revealed an attenuation in beta-cell loss in bmf-deficient diabetic male mice and preserved insulin content. Surprisingly, bmf deficiency was found to exacerbate hyperglycemia in both diabetic male and hyperglycemic female mice, and ultimately resulted in a decreased glucose-stimulated insulin response, implicating a role for Bmf in glucose homeostasis regulation independent of an effect on beta-cell loss. Collectively, our data demonstrate that Bmf contributes to the decline in beta-cells in a mouse model of HNF1A-MODY but is also required for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in vivo.
Discordant temporal development of bacterial phyla and the emergence of core in the fecal microbiota of young children
Authors: Cheng Jing , Ringel-Kulka Tamar , Heikamp-de Jong Ineke , Ringel Yehuda , Carroll Ian , de Vos Willem M , Salojärvi Jarkko , Satokari Reetta 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The colonization pattern of intestinal microbiota during childhood may impact health later in life, but children older than 1 year are poorly studied. We followed healthy children aged 1–4 years (n=28) for up to 12 months, during which a synbiotic intervention and occasional antibiotics intake occurred, and compared them with adults from the same region. Microbiota was quantified with the HITChip phylogenetic microarray and analyzed with linear mixed effects model and other statistical approaches. Synbiotic administration increased the stability of Actinobacteria and antibiotics decreased Clostridium cluster XIVa abundance. Bacterial diversity did not increase in 1- to 5-year-old children and remained significantly lower than in adults. Actinobacteria, Bacilli and Clostridium cluster IV retained child-like abundances, whereas some other groups were converting to adult-like profiles. Microbiota stability increased, with Bacteroidetes being the main contributor. The common core of microbiota in children increased with age from 18 to 25 highly abundant genus-level taxa, including several butyrate-producing organisms, and developed toward an adult-like composition. In conclusion, intestinal microbiota is not established before 5 years of age and diversity, core microbiota and different taxa are still developing toward adult-type configuration. Discordant development patterns of bacterial phyla may reflect physiological development steps in children.
Surgical Treatment of Cavernous Angiomas in the Pineal Gland – Case Report
Authors: Chenisz Joseph , Yokoi Douglas , Fudalli Francine , Luvison Larissa , Mattozo Carlos 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPineal cavernous angioma is a vascular malformation that has a prevalence lower than 1%. The etiology is debated. It is believed that it is originated from an autosomal dominant inheritance or from radiotherapeutic treatment. Complete resection enables the cure and prevents complications of the natural evolution of the lesion, mainly hemorrhagic events. A female patient, with 67 years of age, presented mental confusion and visual acuity deficit, which evolved to periods of psychomotor agitation. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the head showed a lobulated mass lesion in the pineal region with hypersignal on T1 and hyposignal on the susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) sequence. Hydrocephalus was also noticed. The patient underwent a microsurgery for complete lesion resection though a supracerebellar/supratentorial access. The anatomopathology revealed an arteriovenous malformation compatible with cavernous angioma. The pineal cavernous angioma is a rare malformation that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of expansive lesions of the pineal gland.
Hierarchical Organisation in Perception of Orientation
Authors: Spinelli Donatella , Antonucci Gabriella , Daini Roberta , Martelli Maria Luisa , Zoccolotti Pierluigi 
Published: October 2015

According to Rock [1990, in The Legacy of Solomon Asch (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates)], hierarchical organisation of perception describes cases in which the orientation of an object is affected by the immediately surrounding elements in the visual field. Various experiments were performed to study the hierarchical organisation of orientation perception. In most of them the rod-and-frame-illusion (RFI: change of the apparent vertical measured on a central rod surrounded by a tilted frame) was measured in the presence/absence of a second inner frame. The first three experiments showed that, when the inner frame is vertical, the direction and size of the illusion are consistent with expectancies based on the hierarchical organisation hypothesis. An analysis of published and unpublished data collected on a large number of subjects showed that orientational hierarchical effects are independent from the absolute size of the RFI. In experiments 4 to 7 we examined the perceptual conditions of the inner stimulus (enclosure, orientation, and presence of luminance borders) critical for obtaining a hierarchical organisation effect. Although an inner vertical square was effective in reducing the illusion (experiment 3), an inner circle enclosing the rod was ineffective (experiment 4). This indicates that definite orientation is necessary to modulate the illusion. However, orientational information provided by a vertical or horizontal rectangle presented near the rod, but not enclosing it, did not modulate the RFI (experiment 5). This suggests that the presence of a figure with oriented contours enclosing the rod is critical. In experiments 6 and 7 we studied whether the presence of luminance borders is important or whether the inner upright square might be effective also if made of subjective contours. When the subjective contour figure was salient and the observers perceived it clearly, its effectiveness in modulating the RFI was comparable to that observed with luminance borders.
Contrastive studies of cohesion and their impact on our knowledge of translation (English-German)
Authors: Steiner Erich 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article starts from the claim that knowledge about contrastive systems of cohesion and textual instantiations of these systems between English and German is important for translation, but that this knowledge is still fragmentary and insufficiently supported by empirical studies. This claim will be followed by three generalizing assumptions about contrastive differences in English-German cohesion which relate to (1) different degrees of local encoding of ambiguity in texts in terms of co-reference, (2) different degrees of registerial distinctions along the written-spoken and formal-informal distinctions, and (3) different orientations of discourses along the explicitness and information-density dimensions. These assumptions are being tested in corpus-based work in our group, and the currently available results will be summarized. The summary will be followed by a discussion and exemplification of implications for translation in both directions between English and German. As will be seen, an awareness of the main differences between English and German cohesion, between registers within these two languages and between written and spoken modes in particular are an important background for guiding translation strategies.