bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DECISION TIME, CONSIDERATION TIME, AND STATUS QUO BIAS
Authors: Geng Sen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEconomists increasingly appreciate the value of studying the time taken to make decisions in order to provide insights into decision makers' choices. This article shows that studying how time is allocated among individual options is also valuable in helping researchers to understand the impact default options have on decision makers' attention allocation, as approximated by how the time is allocated. The study of this impact generates new insights into the well‐known choice phenomenon of status quo bias, which typically refers to decision makers' tendency to stick to a default option. By designing a series of novel experiments, I find that this bias arises even when the choice is among prizes of fixed monetary value expressed in arithmetic form. I also find asymmetric attention (i.e., more time devoted to default options) and strikingly asymmetric choice errors; specifically, decision makers fail to select an alternative better than the default 28% of the time, while they incorrectly select an alternative worse than the default only 11% of the time; and provide evidence supporting a causal relationship between asymmetric attention and asymmetric errors. (JEL D03, D12, D83)
Meta‐analysis of anthropogenic habitat disturbance effects on animal‐mediated seed dispersal
Authors: Fontúrbel Francisco E. , Candia Alina B. , Malebrán Javiera , Salazar Daniela A. , González‐Browne Catalina , Medel Rodrigo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAnthropogenic habitat disturbance is a strong biodiversity change driver that compromises not only the species persistence but also the ecological interactions in which they are involved. Even though seed dispersal is a key interaction involved in the recruitment of many tree species and in consequence critical for biodiversity maintenance, studies assessing the effect of different anthropogenic disturbance drivers on this interaction have not been performed under a meta‐analytical framework. We assessed the way habitat fragmentation and degradation processes affect species diversity (abundance and species richness) and interaction rates (i.e., fruit removal and visitation rates) of different groups of seed‐disperser species at a global scale. We obtained 163 case studies from 37 articles. Results indicate that habitat degradation had a negative effect on seed‐disperser animal diversity, whereas habitat fragmentation had a negative effect on interaction rates. Birds and insects were more sensitive in terms of their diversity, whereas mammals showed a negative effect on interaction rates. Regarding habitat, both fragmentation and degradation had a negative effect on seed‐disperser animal diversity only in temperate habitats, and negative effects on interaction rates in tropical and temperate habitats. Our results indicate that the impact of human disturbance on seed‐disperser species and interactions is not homogeneous. On the contrary, the magnitude of effects seems to be dependent on the type of disturbance, taxonomic group under assessment, and geographical region where the human impact occurs.
Extending spatial modelling of climate change responses beyond the realized niche: estimating, and accommodating, physiological limits and adaptive evolution
Authors: Catullo Renee A. , Ferrier Simon , Hoffmann Ary A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimSpatial models of the impacts of climate change generally assume that species are restricted to their realized niche, and will persist only if that niche remains accessible through time. However, species often have physiological limits beyond the range of environmental conditions experienced in their present realized niche, and these limits may also be extended further through evolution in response to the selection pressure provided by climate change. Our aim was to develop a general framework for incorporating key parameters relating to physiological limits and adaptive evolution into models of the impact of climate change.LocationGlobal.MethodsFour types of parameter are defined in our framework: the realized limit, the current physiological limit, the evolutionary physiological limit and the rate of adaptive evolution. These parameters can be estimated or predicted using a variety of information sources, and can be applied to a diverse range of modelling approaches.ResultsWe illustrate the utility of this approach by describing how parameters can be measured directly for model species, and by exploring how minimal information on phylogeny and distribution might enable parameter estimation for less well‐studied species. We outline a general strategy for deriving these parameters from ongoing research, involving a cascading hierarchy of information ranging from direct observations of traits closely linked to the parameters of interest (e.g. from physiological or evolutionary experimentation) through to more distal indicators (e.g. ecological traits such as niche position or range size).Main conclusionsThe incorporation of adaptive capacity into spatial modelling of biological responses to climate change is now eminently achievable. Significant sources of data are available that can be used as predictors or indicators of physiological limits and the capacity for adaptive evolution in non‐model organisms. These data offer a common currency for addressing one of the most important limitations of current efforts to model the impacts of climate change on biological distributions.
Clinicopathological and genetic heterogeneity of the head and neck solitary fibrous tumours: a comparative histological, immunohistochemical and molecular study of 36 cases
Authors: Kao Yu‐Chien , Lin Po‐Chun , Yen Shao‐Lun , Huang Shih‐Chiang , Tsai Jen‐Wei , Li Chien‐Feng , Tai Hui‐Chun , Lan Jui , Chuang I‐Chieh , Yu Shih‐Chen , Huang Hsuan‐Ying 
Published: July 2015

AimsSolitary fibrous tumour (SFT) harbours recurrent inv12(q13q13)‐derived NAB2–STAT6 fusions, resulting in STAT6 nuclear expression. SFTs affecting the head and neck are rare, for which we reported their clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic features.Methods and resultsWith 19 cases assessable for NAB2–STAT6 fusions, 36 head and neck SFTs (18 males; 18 females) diagnosed between 13 and 79 years (median, 47 years) of age were analysed for clinicopathological features and STAT6 immunoexpression. These SFTs, ranging from 5 to 80 mm (median, 25 mm), affected the oral cavity/pharynx (12), orbit (11), sinonasal structures (seven), and somatic soft tissues or skull (six). Histologically, 20 SFTs were conventional, six were giant‐cell angiofibroma‐like, one was fat‐forming, four were cellular/atypical, and five were malignant (two developing metastases). STAT6 distinctively decorated the tumoral nuclei in 35 (97.2%) SFTs, but not in 29 site‐relevant histological mimics categorized into 12 entities. Sixteen (84.2%) SFTs showed NAB2–STAT6 fusions with highly heterogeneous exon compositions, including NAB2ex6–STAT6ex17 in four cases, NAB2ex4–STAT6ex2 in three cases, NAB2ex2–STAT6ex2, NAB2ex4–STAT6ex4, NAB2ex6–STAT6ex16 and NAB2ex6–STAT6ex18 in two cases each, and NAB2ex3–STAT6ex19 in one case.ConclusionsNuclear STAT6 immunoexpression is sensitive and specific for distinguishing SFT from mimics. However, considerable heterogeneity exists in the head and neck SFTs regarding the locations, histological patterns, and NAB2–STAT6 fusion variants.
Barriers to positive policy change that aims to increase access to medicines through reclassification: the case of oseltamivir in New Zealand
Authors: Shaw John P , Gauld Natalie , Kelly Fiona 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Objectives
This study aims to identify and explore emergent barriers to consumers accessing oseltamivir without prescription following policy change introduced in New Zealand to increase access via community pharmacies.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 community pharmacists immediately following the first season of oseltamivir availability without prescription in October 2007. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded using a framework approach to identify themes.

Key findings
Non-prescription sales of oseltamivir were slow during this period. Participants acknowledged that they may have missed opportunities to recommend oseltamivir and attributed this to a range of reasons. Pharmacy-related barriers identified included limited pharmacist confidence, concerns about efficacy and safety of the product, location of the product in the pharmacy, affordability and the role of support staff. Many pharmacists adopted a ‘risk-benefit analysis’ that balanced symptom severity with perceived value for money. Consumer barriers included cost, limited awareness of availability and limited ability to correctly self-diagnose and manage influenza.

Conclusions
Complexity in the factors that influenced pharmacist motivation to supply oseltamivir without prescription highlighted the potential for positive policy change to be hindered by multiple barriers. Greater understanding of such barriers is important for effective transition of medicines from prescription to non-prescription availability to achieve increased consumer access through reclassification. Concerns that pharmacists are influenced by commercial priorities when medicines are newly reclassified were not substantiated in this study.
Identification and functional analysis of a Masculinizer orthologue in Trilocha varians (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
Authors: Lee J. , Kiuchi T. , Kawamoto M. , Shimada T. , Katsuma S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe recently showed that the Masculinizer gene (Masc) plays a primary role in sex determination in the lepidopteran model insect Bombyx mori. However, it remains unknown whether this Masc protein‐dependent sex determination system is conserved amongst lepidopteran insects or within the family Bombycidae. Here we cloned and characterized a Masc homologue (TvMasc) in Trilocha varians (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), a species closely related to B. mori. To elucidate the role of TvMasc in the sex determination cascade of T. varians, TvMasc expression was knocked down in early embryos by the injection of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that targeted TvMasc mRNAs. Both female‐ and male‐type splice variants of Tvdsx, a doublesex (dsx) homologue in T. varians were observed in control siRNA‐injected embryos. By contrast, only female‐type splice variants were observed in TvMasc siRNA‐injected embryos. These results indicate that the TvMasc protein directly or indirectly regulates the splicing patterns of Tvdsx. Furthermore, we found that male‐type splice variants of B. mori dsx (Bmdsx) were produced in TvMasc‐overexpressing BmN4 cells. The mRNA level of B. mori Imp, a gene whose product induces male‐specific Bmdsx splicing also increased. These results suggest that Masc genes play similar roles in the sex‐determination cascade in Bombycidae.
Amoxicillin diminishes the thickness of the enamel matrix that is deposited during the secretory stage in rats
Authors: de Souza Juliana Feltrin , Gramasco Marina , Jeremias Fabiano , Santos‐Pinto Lourdes , Giovanini Allan Fernando , Cerri Paulo Sérgio , Cordeiro Rita de Cássia Loiola 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundThe use of amoxicillin during early childhood has been associated with molar incisor hypomineralization.AimThe objective of this study was to determine whether the use of amoxicillin interferes with enamel development, during secretion and early mineralization stages.DesignFifteen pregnant rats were randomly assigned to three groups that received physiological solution (sham group), 100 mg/kg/day amoxicillin (A100G), and 500 mg/kg/day amoxicillin (A500G). After birth, the pups in each group received the same treatment until post‐natal day 7 or 12. The upper first molars were analyzed histomorphometrical and immunostaining with amelogenin on day 7, and MMP‐20 on day 12 was performed using a semiquantitative method (H‐score).ResultsAt 7 days, several vacuolar structures were observed in the ameloblasts in the A100G and A500G groups. A significant reduction of the enamel thickness (P < 0.001) was found in amoxicillin‐treated rats compared with the sham group. Significant differences were not observed in enamel thickness (P > 0.05) between the groups of 12‐day‐old rats. Moreover, significant differences were not observed in the number of amelogenin‐ and MMP‐20‐immunolabeled ameloblasts (P > 0.05) between groups.ConclusionThe present results suggest that amoxicillin interferes with the initial stages of amelogenesis by causing structural changes in the ameloblasts and a reduction of the enamel matrix.
Stochastic effects in adaptive reconstruction of body damage: implied the creativity of natural selection
Authors: Xiao Bo , Cui Li‐Qiang , Chen Tian‐Ming , Lian Bin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAfter an injury occurs, mechanical/biochemical loads on muscles influence the composition and structure of recovering muscles; this effect likely occurs in other tissues, cells and biological molecules as well owing to the similarity, interassociation and interaction among biochemical reactions and molecules. The ‘damage and reconstruction’ model provides an explanation for how an ideal cytoarchitecture is created by reducing components not suitable for bearing loads; in this model, adaptive changes are induced by promoting the stochasticity of biochemical reactions. Biochemical and mechanical loads can direct the stochasticity of biochemical reactions, which can in turn induce cellular changes. Thus, mechanical and biochemical loads, under natural selection pressure, modify the direction of cell‐ and tissue‐level changes and guide the formation of new structures and traits, thereby influencing microevolution. In summary, the ‘damage and reconstruction’ model accounts for the role of natural selection in the formation of new organisms, helps explain punctuated equilibrium, and illustrates how macroevolution arises from microevolution.
Case of disseminated pyomyositis in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Tanabe Akihito , Kaneto Hideaki , Kamei Shinji , Hirata Yurie , Hisano Yuki , Sanada Junpei , Irie Shintaro , Kinoshita Tomoe , Tatsumi Fuminori , Shimoda Masashi , Kohara Kenji , Mune Tomoatsu , Kaku Kohei 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPrimary pyomyositis is a pyogenic and uncommon infection of skeletal muscle, which is mainly observed in tropical areas and/or human immunodeficiency virus patients. In non‐human immunodeficiency virus infected patients, the most common cause is diabetes mellitus. Because of its rarity, the accurate diagnosis is often challenging. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative bacteria. According to the severity, pyomyositis is divided into three stages, and the late stage is occasionally lethal. The present case was compatible with the most advanced stage. Therefore, it was very difficult to save her life without precise and timely diagnosis. Furthermore, in the invasive stage, surgical drainage and broad‐spectrum antibiotics should be given for a long enough period. Here, we report a case of a Japanese woman who developed disseminated abscesses under poorly controlled diabetic conditions accompanied by ketoacidosis, but was successfully treated without any sequelae.
Alcohol and cardiovascular diseases: where do we stand today?
Authors: Klatsky A. L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFor centuries, multiple medical risks of heavy alcohol drinking have been evident with simultaneous awareness of a less harmful or sensible drinking limit. The increased risks of heavy drinking, defined as three or more standard‐sized drinks per day, are both cardiovascular (CV) and non‐CV. The CV risks include the following: (i) alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM), (ii) systemic hypertension, (iii) atrial arrhythmias, (iv) haemorrhagic stroke and, probably, ischaemic stroke. By contrast, modern epidemiological studies have shown lower morbidity and mortality amongst light–moderate drinkers, due mostly to a reduced risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), with contributions from ischaemic stroke and heart failure (HF). A low level of alcohol drinking has no clear relation to increased risk of any CV condition, except for haemorrhagic stroke. There is good evidence that supports the existence of mechanisms by which alcohol might protect against CAD, but the mechanisms for other alcohol–CV associations remain unclear. Interrelationships amongst the CV conditions affect the individual alcohol–disease relationships; for example, lower CAD risk in light–moderate drinkers is to a large extent responsible for the reduced HF risk. International comparison data plus the presence of proposed beneficial nonalcohol components in wine (particularly in red wine) suggest that this beverage type might afford extra CAD protection. However, the effect of beverage choice is confounded by a healthier drinking pattern and more favourable risk traits in wine drinkers. Debate persists about methodological and public health issues related to the epidemiology of alcohol‐related CV disease.
Species‐specific responses to island connectivity cycles: refined models for testing phylogeographic concordance across a Mediterranean Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex
Authors: Papadopoulou Anna , Knowles L. Lacey 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe contribution of Pleistocene sea level changes to diversification patterns in archipelagos around the world, and specifically whether the repeated cycles of island connectivity and isolation acted as a ‘species pump’ is debated. The debate has been perpetuated in part because of the type of evidence used to evaluate the species‐pump hypothesis. Specifically, existing tests of the ‘Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex’ (PAIC) model of diversification interpret the lack of concordant divergence times among multiple codistributed taxa as a rejection of the PAIC model. However, the null expectation of concordance disregards taxon‐specific ecological traits and geographic characteristics that may affect population persistence and gene flow among islands. Here, we study the factors affecting population divergence in thirteen flightless darkling beetle species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) across the PAIC system of the Cycladic plateau in the Aegean archipelago. Based on isolation‐by‐resistance analyses, hierarchical amova and the degree of genealogical sorting on individual islands, we identify a major effect of bathymetry and habitat stability on the levels of genetic divergence across the PAIC, with island size and body size playing a secondary role as well. We subsequently use bathymetric maps and habitat association to generate predictions about the set of islands and group of taxa expected to show phylogeographic concordance. We test these predictions using hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation and show how our interpretations regarding the role of PAICs as drivers of divergence change when relying on a null expectation of concordance compared to a refined model that takes geography and ecological traits into account.
A cross‐system meta‐analysis reveals coupled predation effects on prey biomass and diversity
Authors: Katano Izumi , Doi Hideyuki , Eriksson Britas Klemens , Hillebrand Helmut 
Published: July 2015

Predator diversity and abundance are under strong human pressure in all types of ecosystems. Whereas predator potentially control standing biomass and species interactions in food webs, their effects on prey biomass and especially prey biodiversity have not yet been systematically quantified. Here, we test the effects of predation in a cross‐system meta‐analysis of prey diversity and biomass responses to local manipulation of predator presence. We found 291 predator removal experiments from 87 studies assessing both diversity and biomass responses. Across ecosystem types, predator presence significantly decreased both biomass and diversity of prey across ecosystems. Predation effects were highly similar between ecosystem types, whereas previous studies had shown that herbivory or decomposition effects differed fundamentally between terrestrial and aquatic systems based on different stoichiometry of plant material. Such stoichiometric differences between systems are unlikely for carnivorous predators, where effect sizes on species richness strongly correlated to effect sizes on biomass. However, the negative predation effect on prey biomass was ameliorated significantly with increasing prey richness and increasing species richness of the manipulated predator assemblage. Moreover, with increasing richness of the predator assemblage present, the overall negative effects of predation on prey richness switched to positive effects. Our meta‐analysis revealed strong general relationships between predator diversity, prey diversity and the interaction strength between trophic levels in terms of biomass. This study indicates that anthropogenic changes in predator abundance and diversity will potentially have strong effects on trophic interactions across ecosystems.SynthesisThe past centuries we have experienced a dramatic loss of top–predator abundance and diversity in most types
of ecosystems. To understand the direct consequences of predator loss on a global scale, we quantitatively summarized experiments testing predation effects on prey communities in a cross‐system meta‐analysis. Across ecosystem types, predator presence significantly decreased both biomass and diversity of prey, and predation effects were highly similar. However, with increasing predator richness, the overall negative effects of predation on prey richness switched to positive ones. Anthropogenic changes in predator communities will potentially have strong effects on prey diversity, biomass, and trophic interactions across ecosystems.
Is ABO mismatch another risk factor for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric thalassemic patients?
Authors: Atay Didem , Erbey Fatih , Akcay Arzu , Ozturk Gulyuz 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe ABO incompatibility between donor and recipient is not considered a barrier to successful allogeneic HSCT. Nevertheless, conflicting data still exist about the influence of ABO incompatibility on transplant outcome in pediatric patients with thalassemia. Fifty‐one children with beta‐thalassemia major who underwent allogeneic HSCT were enrolled this study. Twenty‐three of them (45%) received an ABO‐incompatible transplant [minor ABO mismatch: six (26%), major ABO mismatch: fourteen (61%), and bidirectional mismatch: three (13%)]. In this study, ABO incompatibility did not significantly impair GVHD, VOD, neutrophil and platelet engraftment, TRM, OS and TFS. Particularly in major and bidirectional ABO‐mismatched patients, a delayed erythroid recovery was recorded as compared to the group receiving an ABO‐compatible graft (median time, 31 and 38 days vs. 19.5 days; p: 0.02 and p: 0.03). Median time to red cell transfusion independence was significantly longer in major ABO‐incompatible patients (median time, 87 days vs. 32 days; p: 0.001). Therefore, whenever feasible, major ABO‐mismatched donors should be avoided in HSCT recipients, to prevent delayed erythroid recovery with prolonged RBC transfusion needs and impaired quality of life.
Race and STEM Degree Attainment
Authors: Ma Yingyi , Liu Yan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper reviews the key literature on racial disparities in entry and persistence to attain a STEM bachelor's degree. Overall, the literature provides quite consistent evidence that Black and Hispanic students are well represented in college major choices in STEM, which testifies to the interest of racial minorities in STEM fields. However, they are left behind during college, and many are left without a STEM degree or any degree whatsoever. We emphasize that although racial minority students may seem to be left behind during college in STEM fields, the problem dates further back to pre‐college. We need to examine college and pre‐college studies in an integrative manner, in order to achieve full understanding and come up with the right solution to the problem of racial disparity in STEM attainment.