bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Rapid Microtechnique for the Detection of Trace Metals from Gunshot Residues
Authors: Bosen SF , Scheuing DR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The detection of primer and gunshot residues is important to the criminalist. Several techniques to detect trace materials have been proposed as providing definitive proof that primer or gunshot residue is present [1–8]. While the dermal nitrate-nitrite test has been shown to yield misleading information [1], tests based on the detection of one or more of the metals lead, barium, antimony, and copper appear to be much more reliable [8].
Time of Firing of Shot Shells
Authors: Sinha JK 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Estimation of the time lapse since a cartridge or a firearm was fired is an important aspect of forensic ballistics. In the past efforts have been made to correlate the time lapse with the chemical changes of the firearm discharge residues. Both qualitative and quantitative variation of the combustion products with the passage of time have been studied by examining barrel washings and dry swabs pushed through the barrel [1,2]. Such examinations, however, did not yield satisfactory results, because, besides the time factor, chemical changes of the discharge residues were found to be significantly influenced by the atmospheric conditions. It was also difficult to extract the total quantity of combustion products by dry or wet methods for correct quantitative estimation. Various other phenomena, such as presence of carbon monoxide, mercury vapour, and pollen grains, have also been utilized by various workers to ascertain the time of firing [2,3]. Their limitations in correlating the time lapse are well known.
A Review of “Forensic Geology”
Authors: Thornton JL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Soil and mineral evidence is encountered with moderate frequency in civil and criminal investigations. In recognition of this fact, the text in question attempts to depict the state of the art in the forensic characterization of geological materials. A tripartite audience is intended by the authors: (1) criminalists, (2) attorneys, both prosecuting and defense, and (3) geologists and soil scientists who may wish to become involved with the forensic area. Since each of these three groups will approach this book with different backgrounds and expectations, it is to be expected that each group will respond to the text in a somewhat different manner.
Detection of Urinary Cannabis Metabolites: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Kelley JA , Arnold KP 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Cannabis sativa, in the form of marihuana or hashish, is perhaps the most widely used illicit psychoactive drug in the world. Controversy about its pharmacological effects and potential for harm has prompted a flood of research in the past decade [1ߝ3]. In spite of this concentrated research effort the metabolism of the active constituents of Cannabis is incompletely elucidated, and analytical methods to supply hard chemical information about marihuana ingestion for both forensic and pharmacological purposes are woefully lacking.
Forensic Anthropology and Crimes Involving Children
Authors: Kerley ER 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Most of the skeletons examined by forensic anthropologists are those of adults, partly because there are more adults than children and partly because adults are more frequently the victims of crimes and transportation accidents. Despite this, many children are the victims of crime and their skeletons are often examined by forensic anthropologists. Not infrequently, crimes are perpetrated by children, but it is the victim rather than the criminal who may come to the attention of the forensic anthropologist. The anthropologist generally deals with the identification of unknown remains, including those of children, and with indications of the circumstances at the time of death.
The Computer and the Law: Coordinate Analysis of Skull Shape and Possible Methods of Postmortem Identification
Authors: Walker GF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
After death, the human body usually disintegrates quite rapidly. The rate of disintegration depends mainly on the temperature and humidity to which the body is exposed. Under extremely cold conditions the process of cell digestion or proteolysis is virtually halted, and bodies found in glaciers or arctic conditions can often be identified many years later.
Radioimmunoassay Technology in Mass Drug Screening: An Evaluation of an Absorbent Paper Disk Transport System
Authors: Noe ER , Lathrop GD , Ainsworth CA , Merritt JH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The military screening program for the drugs of abuse requires the shipment of approximately 3 million urine specimens annually to regionalized testing laboratories in the United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Shipments are made by parcel post, air freight, bus, and other forms of ground transportation, incurring considerable expense. The space required for storing these specimens during the processing and reporting period creates a logistical problem due to the bulk of the material being handled. Based on this, a method for transporting urine specimens for the military that would obviate the time and expense incurred in shipping large volumes of urine was highly desirable.
Mechanical Addressing Methods
Authors: Kessell TR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Addressing machines are a very specialized method of printing. Whereas most other printing methods are intended for long runs of one item, the purpose of the addressing apparatus is to make just one copy of several different items. Addressing machines were designed for addressing envelopes, but their uses have since been extended to many other areas of business, especially with payrolls, billing, and other office functions.
The Identification of Quinazolinones on the Illicit Market
Authors: Daenens P , Van Boven M 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The abuse of hypnotics of the quinazolinone series is well known. Methaqualone [2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4 (3H)-quinazolinone] in both licit and illicit tablets is encountered with increasing frequency. Several papers have discussed the identification of this drug in tablets and biological materials. Its metabolism has been studied in man [1–4] and animals [5,6]. Concentrations in urine, blood, and organs in cases of poisoning have been established [7–11].
Detection of Gunshot Residue by Use of the Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Nesbitt RS , Wessel JE , Jones PF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Current methods used to determine whether or not an individual has fired a handgun are based on analyses of samples taken from various regions of the hand for total content of antimony, barium, and often lead. High amounts of these elements are considered to be characteristic of gunshot residue [1–11]. However, the ability to identify residue conclusively has been severely restricted by the environmental occurrence of these same elements. Results of the studies described in this paper indicate that, by combining information about the morphology of gunshot residue particles with elemental analysis of individual particles [obtained by using an X-ray analyzer with the scanning electron microscope (SEM)], it is possible to reach a conclusion of increased significance concerning the presence of residue as distinguished from environmental contamination. The results of extensive studies of residue particles and analyses of numerous hand samples are presented here. It has become apparent that the new technique is a major improvement and that it is moderately rapid when performed by a trained microscopist.
Evaluation of Automobile Paint Flakes as Evidence
Authors: Gothard JA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Paint, normally in the form of dried flakes, is one of the most common types of evidence encountered by the forensic chemist. It may be from sources such as buildings, tools (frequently while being used to enter buildings), and most importantly, motor vehicles. It may be desired to identify the make and color of a suspect vehicle from paint left at the scene or on the clothing of a hit-run victim. Alternatively, it is frequently necessary to compare such paint flakes with reference flakes from a suspect vehicle.
A Death from an Air Gun
Authors: Barnes FC , Helson RA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Air and spring actuated guns firing spherical or elongated projectiles are widely used for target practice and pest shooting. Although their ability to inflict physical injury is well recognized, the fact that some of these guns are potentially lethal is surprising to those not familiar with their history and ballistics. The Austrian armies, for example, used air rifles against the French during the Napoleonic wars of 1799–1809 [1]. These were rifles of 12.8-mm (1.50-in.) caliber and had an effective range between 100 and 150 yards (91 and 137 m). An air rifle of unknown caliber was also carried by the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804–1806 [2] and was used on occasion to kill deer-size animals as well as birds and small game.
A Review of “Methodology for Analytical Toxicology”
Authors: Standefer JC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This volume represents a revision and expansion of the 1971 edition of the CRC Manual of Analytical Toxicology. The introductory section has been expanded to include information regarding specimen collection, patient history, and interpretation of the analytical result. The second section presents detailed descriptions of approximately 100 different methods, with 35 to 40 of the methods being new to this edition. The complexity of the methods range from relatively simple qualitative tests to more sophisticated methods requiring gas chromatography with prior derivatization, and in most cases more than one method is listed for each substance. The third section contains some useful information on enzyme and radioimmunosassays, heavy metal detection, gas and thin-layer chromatography, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
A Review of “The Year Book of Pathology and Clinical Pathology—1975”
Authors: Peterson GF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The Year Book series was originated around the turn of the century to make available to the practicing physician a digest of the best of the then-current medical literature. In the intervening years the series has expanded to cover every major medical specialty, several subspecialties, and dentistry. The apparent goal of the Year Book series is to make available to the reader the largest amount of significant medical literature in a particular area with a minimum of reading time investment. The success of the series would seem to indicate that this goal has largely been accomplished.
Forensic Applications of Sapphire Cell-Infrared Spectroscopy: Companion to the Diamond Cell in Explosive and Leg Wire Identification
Authors: Kopec RJ , Washington WD , Midkiff CR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The application of the diamond cell sample holder to the infrared examination of trace evidence has been reported by several investigators. Materials examined by this technique have included paints [1–4], blasting cap leg wire insulation [5], and explosives [6,7]. With the diamond cell, the usable infrared spectral region is approximately 1800 to 200 wave numbers (cm-l). While this region allows the characterization of many materials, the analyst may desire examination of the range 4000 to 200 cm-1. With a sapphire cell, the region 4000 to 1600 cm-1, which is partially opaque to the diamond, can be used to obtain complete coverage of the desired working range [8]. A sapphire window sample holder compatible with the diamond cell holder mount is commercially available and is appreciably less expensive than the diamond cell. A blank spectrum obtained with the sapphire cell is shown in Fig. 1. In practice, a sample can be transferred manually from the diamond cell to the sapphire cell to obtain the total infrared spectrum. All spectra were obtained on a Perkin-Elmer Model 621 Grating Infrared Spectrophotometer equipped with a 4 × all-reflecting beam condenser and sapphire cell sample holder. An unattenuated signal of 4 to 6% was attenuated in the reference beam to 75 to 80% transmittance. Instrument operating settings and parameters were slits, 1100; gain, 8; attenuator speed, 1000; scan time, 10 min; suppression, 0; source current, 0.8A; and slits at 2 × programmed. When the sapphire cell is used excessive pressure should be avoided since the softer window material is more easily fractured than the diamond.
The Identification of Battered-Infant Skeletons
Authors: Kerley ER 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The physical anthropologist dealing with forensic cases often examines the skeletons of children who have died either from accidental or natural causes or under circumstances suspicious of homicide. Also, the skeletal remains of infants and children of prehistoric populations are commonly examined. However, even experienced forensic anthropologists are not always familiar with the skeletal signs of an increasingly common phenomenon: the battered child [1–4]. It is improbable that a case of child abuse that did not result in fractures would be detected in skeletal remains, but severe cases involving multiple antemortem fractures in various stages of healing in anatomically regional patterns should be sufficient indication of prolonged, severe child abuse. If numerous fractures occurring about the time of death are present, the possibility of homicide must be considered. The following case is unusual in that three infants from the same family showed evidence of severe abuse and possible homicide.
The Forensic Toxicology of Cocaine (1971–1976)
Authors: Finkle BS , McCloskey KL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
It is the general purpose of this study-report to assess the role of cocaine in postmortem, medieolegal investigation, and a primary, particular objective is to determine whether cocaine is significant as a causative agent in a growing number of sudden, unexplained deaths. The significance can be evaluated in terms of either the absolute number of deaths directly attributable to cocaine ingestion or relative to fatalities caused by other abused and misused drugs. A total of only 111 cases involving cocaine occurred at 27 study sites, encompassing a jurisdictional population of 79.2 million over a five- to six-year period ending in mid-1976. Further, of the total cases, only 26 involved cocaine alone.
Analysis of Illicit Drug Exhibits by Hydrogen-1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Kram TC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Positive identification of most illicit laboratory exhibits routed to the Special Testing and Research Laboratory of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) for the identification of unknown constituents has been rapidly achieved with the aid of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. This technique often provides valuable quantitative data as well. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the hydrogen atom provides information on the chemical nature of a single hydrogen atom (or group of atoms) within a molecule, the number of hydrogen atoms in a particular group, and the number and relative position of hydrogen atoms in neighboring groups.
Premature Deaths in Persons with Seizure Disorders—Subtherapeutic Levels of Anticonvulsant Drugs in Postmortem Blood Specimens
Authors: Bowerman DL , Levisky JA , Urich RW , Wittenberg PH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to point out the possibility of death occurring prematurely in epileptics from apparently inadequate anticonvulsant therapy. Moreover, the information may be useful to the forensic pathologist faced with the “difficult autopsy” [1] where no definite cause of death is found. Toxicology is most useful in demonstrating deaths resulting from overdoses. However, subtherapeutic or negative anticonvulsant drug levels in a known epileptic may have equal usefulness in establishing a probable cause of death. The potential problem for the pathologist may be emphasized if he realizes there are approximately 1.7 million epileptics living in the United States today [2]. Rarely does the death of an epileptic make headlines in a major newspaper.
Modification of Fingerprint Powder with Coumarin 6 Laser Dye
Authors: Thornton JI 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In previous articles in this journal, Menzel and co-workers [1,2] have described the use of the argon-ion laser for the visualization of latent fingerprints by inherent luminescence or by dusting with a dye which fluoresces when excited by the laser beam. These workers found that finely ground laser dye powders, while attractive from the standpoint of sensitivity and position of excitation and emission maxima, do not have the adhering properties desired of a fingerprint powder.
Alternatives in Psychiatric Testimony on Dangerousness
Authors: Smith JT , English MJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the District of Columbia, as in many state jurisdictions, psychiatrists are likely to encounter the issue of testifying in a court regarding their “predictions of future dangerousness” in two situations: (a) during the process of involuntary civil commitment or commitment after a finding of not guilty by reason of insanity in a criminal case and (b) upon petition for a conditional or unconditional release after commitment in a criminal case [1ߝ3]. The criteria for civil commitment in the District of Columbia are mental illness and a finding that the mentally ill individual is likely to injure himself or others because of his mental illness [4]. The standard is similar after a finding of not guilty by reason of insanity [5, 6].
An Experimental Investigation of the Relative Validity and Utility of the Polygraph Technique and Three Other Common Methods of Criminal Identification
Authors: Widacki J , Horvath F 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Although the polygraph (“lie detector”) technique is frequently used for other purposes its major application is in criminal investigation and identification. In such applications even the harshest critics acknowledge the usefulness and potential of the technique [1]. Nevertheless, there is still considerable controversy with respect to practitioners' claims that the technique has a nearly perfect validity [2,3]. The research reported to date, although suggestive of very high validity, does not compellingly demonstrate that the validity, at least in field situations, is as high as practitioners claim [4,5]. None of that research, however, whether laboratory- or field-based, examined the validity and utility of the polygraph technique in comparison to other commonly used methods of criminal identification. The need for such a comparison was made explicit by Reid and Inbau [6, p. v] in their claim that the polygraph technique “possesses a degree of accuracy commensurate with, and even superior to, most of the presently approved forms of evidence, scientific as well as non-scientific, that feature in criminal and civil trials.”
Bullet Residue as Distinguished from Powder Pattern
Authors: Messler HR , Armstrong WR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
It is often necessary to determine the distance and direction from which a gun was fired at an object. This is easily accomplished by observing the position and dimensions of any powder pattern deposited. The presence of a powder pattern usually indicates a close-proximity firing. A ease involving a rifle used to fire through a window and shade on a door was presented for such a routine investigation. Contrary to the initial opinions of the investigating officer at the scene, laboratory tests showed that the pattern was not a powder pattern but instead a lead residue appearing much like a powder pattern, yet having distinctive and reproducible characteristics, These lead residues can occur at long distances from the muzzle (that is, 9 m or 30 ft) and are always present on the opposite side of the target, if it is penetrated. Information regarding the case which lead to the investigation is presented. Equipment devised to reproduce the test is described, and photographs of the patterns produced are presented. Included are points of difference between conventional powder tattooing and the lead residue observed by us. Some discussion is given to the effects of varying distances, calibers, and bullet compositions.
Correlation of Antemortem and Postmortem Digoxin Levels
Authors: Vorpahl TE , Coe JI 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The dynamics of digoxin metabolism have been well studied since the introduction of sensitive radioimmunoassay procedures capable of detecting low biologic levels of this compound [1]. The value of monitoring digoxin therapy through serum levels has been widely accepted, and toxic effects are frequently observed when the serum level of adult individuals exceeds 2 ng/ml [2,3]. Beller et al [4] reported a twofold increase in mortality among hospitalized patients having digitalis toxicity.
Cardiac Hemangioma: A Rare (or Possible) Cause of Sudden Death in Children
Authors: Krous HF , Chapman AJ , Altshuler G 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Recently we had occasion to study an apparently healthy 13-year-old girl who died suddenly and unexpectedly. Necropsy revealed that her death was most likely caused by an arrhythmia induced by hemangiomatous involvement of the ventricular conduction system. Cardiac neoplasms have commonly been described in literature of the English language [1], but hemangiomas, especially those of small size, have rarely been reported [1–9]. This lack of reports may be attributed to a failure of detection. It would appear from published cases that some lesions, whether or not hemangiomatous, may be so diminutive as to pass unnoticed even at necropsy examination [1,10–13]. For this reason, as well as the rarity of our encounter, we report the following case.
The Identification of Smokeless Powders and Their Residues by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography
Authors: Newlon NA , Booker JL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The identification and characterization of smokeless powders by means of gas chromatographic examination of their pyrolysis products is possibly the most significant method of selective identification available to the forensic examiner. Minor constituent analysis has been established as a rapid and accurate means of distinguishing various powders from each other [1], but the inherent limitations resulting from the amount of sample necessary for examination and the chemical changes associated with the burning of surface coatings restrict the utility to situations where grains of virtually unaltered powder can be obtained. The examination of powders by thermoanalytical methods [2,3] introduces the advantage of reduced sample size, but these techniques are not so selective and have limitations when partially burned powder is being examined. Pyrolysis gas chromatography, on the other hand, is advantageous in that it requires only small samples and the examination is primarily of homogeneous constituents that exhibit considerable variations among different lots of powder.
Application of Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy to the Examination of Paints
Authors: Boudreau AJ , Cortner GV 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The value of paint flakes as evidence has been described throughout the forensic science literature. Experimental procedures and techniques as well as testing sequences have been reported in some detail by May and Porter [1], Crown [2], and Gothard [3]. Modern instrumental methods such as neutron activation analysis [2, 4], X-ray fluorescence [5], atomic emission spectroscopy [2, 6], pyrolysis gas chromatography [3, 7], and spectrophotometry [1, 2, 8] have been applied to effect a greater degree of discrimination. The use of solubility testing, color change with acids and bases, and thin-layer chromatography has been advocated for some time [6, 9]. The most prosaic of tests, microscopic comparison of color, layer sequence, and surface texture, has recently received attention by Gothard [3] and Fouweather et al [10].