bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
U–Pb zircon age from the radiolarian‐bearing Hitoegane Formation in the Hida Gaien Belt, Japan
Authors: Nuramkhaan Manchuk , Kurihara Toshiyuki , Tsukada Kazuhiro , Kochi Yoshikazu , Obara Hokuto , Fujimoto Tatsuya , Orihashi Yuji , Yamamoto Koshi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe dating of radiolarian biostratigraphic zones from the Silurian to Devonian is only partially understood. Dating the zircons in radiolarian‐bearing tuffaceous rocks has enabled us to ascribe practical ages to the radiolarian zones. To extend knowledge in this area, radiometric dating of magmatic zircons within the radiolarian‐bearing Hitoegane Formation, Japan, was undertaken. The Hitoegane Formation is mainly composed of alternating beds of tuffaceous sandstones, tuffaceous mudstones and felsic tuff. The felsic tuff and tuffaceous mudstone yield well‐preserved radiolarian fossils. Zircon grains showing a U–Pb laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry age of 426.6 ± 3.7 Ma were collected from four horizons of the Hitoegane Formation, which is the boundary between the Pseudospongoprunum tauversi to Futobari solidus–Zadrappolus tenuis radiolarian assemblage zones. This fact strongly suggests that the boundary of these assemblage zones is around the Ludlowian to Pridolian. The last occurrence of F. solidus is considered to be Pragian based on the reinterpretation of a U–Pb sensitive high mass‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) zircon age of 408.9 ± 7.6 Ma for a felsic tuff of the Kurosegawa belt, Southwest Japan. Thus the F. solidus–Z. tenuis assemblage can be assigned to the Ludlowian or Pridolian to Pragian. The present data also contribute to establishing overall stratigraphy of the Paleozoic rocks of the Fukuji–Hitoegane area. According to the Ordovician to Carboniferous stratigraphy in this area, Ordovician to Silurian volcanism was gradually reduced to change the sedimentary environment into a tropical lagoon in the early Devonian. And the quiet Carboniferous environment was subsequently interrupted, throwing it once more into the volcanic conditions in the Middle Permian.
Physiological effect of olfactory stimuli inhalation in humans: an overview
Authors: Angelucci F. L. , Silva V. V. , Dal Pizzol C. , Spir L. G. , Praes C. E. O. , Maibach H. 
Published: October 2013

SynopsisThe importance of odorants in human life has long been recognized. Literature contains different approaches of physiological and psychological effects of odorant compounds, fragrances and essential oils. This work discusses odorants inhalation effect, based on an overview of major studies in humans. Beneficial effect of fragrances is mainly related to human behaviour. Studies document odorants influence in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and neurophysiological brain activity. Moreover, odours compounds can act on the neuroendocrine system, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, influencing psychological behaviour as well as body function. Odorant inhalation modulates physiological pathways, and in some cases, results in skin function regulation. The mechanism is incompletely elucidated. These findings suggest that olfactory system plays a role in central nervous system function beyond that of smell. In this overview, it was observed that odour compounds influenced stress biomarkers, dehydroepiandrosterone, oxidative stress, estradiol, dopamine, cutaneous barrier, sebum secretion and cutaneous immune system in humans. Some can be related with skin function. As the skin is associated with an extensive biochemical cascade and has complex mechanisms, studies have far to go, as there are processes not yet investigated related to skin that may be affected through olfaction. Future researches are needed to further understand and describe the mechanisms of action of physiological effects in fragrance compounds.
The role of IL‐6 on apical periodontitis: a systematic review
Authors: Azuma M. M. , Samuel R. O. , Gomes‐Filho J. E. , Dezan‐Junior E. , Cintra L. T. A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe aim of this review was to examine current knowledge of the role of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in apical periodontitis (AP) pathogenesis as an inflammatory or pro‐inflammatory cytokine. It also looked at whether IL‐6 could serve as a measure for differential diagnosis or as a biomarker that can further predict the progression of bone resorption. A systematic review relating to AP and IL‐6 was made via PubMed, BIOSIS, Cochrane, EMBASE and Web of Science databases using keywords and controlled vocabulary. Two independent reviewers first screened titles and abstracts and then the full texts. The reference lists of the identified publications were examined for additional titles. Eighteen papers were studied in total. In vitro studies (n = 6) revealed that IL‐6 is present in AP, and its levels are proportional to the size of the periapical lesions. Neutrophils and macrophages resident in these lesions can produce IL‐6 in vitro after a bacterial stimulus. Animal studies (n = 5) showed that IL‐6 is present in AP and that osteoblasts can produce IL‐6 in vivo. On the other hand, two studies using IL‐6 knockout mice revealed larger periapical lesions when compared with control groups, demonstrating IL‐6's role as an anti‐inflammatory cytokine. In human studies (n = 7), IL‐6 was identified in AP, and its levels were higher in symptomatic, epithelialized and large lesions than in asymptomatic and small lesions. These data lead to the conclusion that IL‐6 may play a pro‐inflammatory role, increasing its levels and reabsorbing bone in the presence of infections. When IL‐6 is not present, other cytokines such as IL‐1 and TNF‐α induce bone resorption. Further studies about the relationship between AP development and the cytokine network must be performed to establish the exact role of each cytokine in the inflammatory process.
Thermophysical Properties of Short Carbon Fiber/SiC Multilayer Composites Prepared by Tape Casting and Pressureless Sintering
Authors: Yang Wenshu , Biamino Sara , Padovano Elisa , Pavese Matteo , Fino Paolo , Badini Claudio 
Published: October 2013

Csf/SiC multilayer composites for thermal conductivity (TC) test in three directions were successively prepared by tape casting and pressureless sintering. After 1500°C/5 h oxidation treatment, short carbon fibers were oxidized which produced many pores. However, a core area, which was composed by short carbon fiber, SiC, and few SiO2, was still observed. TC properties of Csf/SiC multilayer composites were highly anisotropic. The TC was decreased with the increase in fiber amount. Csf/SiC multilayer composites demonstrated the highest TC along the tape casting direction and the lowest TC through the thickness direction, which is favorable for thermal protection purpose.
Phase Structure, Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3‐LaFeO3 High‐Temperature Dielectric Ceramics
Authors: Cheng Hualei , Zhou Wancheng , Du Hongliang , Luo Fa , Zhu Dongmei , Xu Boxi 
Published: October 2013

The (1‐x)(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3‐xLaFeO3 (abbreviated as (1‐x)KNN‐xLF, x = 0–0.03) ceramics were synthesized by the conventional solid‐state sintering method. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows that the phase structure of the (1‐x)KNN‐xLF ceramics transfers from orthorhombic to pseudocubic with increasing the LF content. The SEM studies reveal that a small amount of LF, as a grain growth inhibitor, has an evident effect on grain size reduction. The (1‐x)KNN‐xLF (x = 0.02) ceramics show high permittivity maximum (near 2000) and low dielectric loss (<5%) in the temperature range of 100–400°C, and the capacitance variation (ΔC/C150°C) is keeping within ±15%, indicating the potential application for the high‐temperature capacitors.
Adsorption of Mercury(II), Lead(II), Cadmium(II) and Zinc(II) from Aqueous Solutions using Mercapto‐Modified Silica Particles
Authors: Košak Aljoša , Lobnik Aleksandra , Bauman Maja 
Published: October 2013

This article presents a novel systematic approach to the fabrication of highly functionalized, silica (SiO2) nanoparticles used for the adsorption of heavy‐metal ions (Hg2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+). Almost monodispersed silica (SiO2) nanoparticles with narrow particle size distributions of around 85 ± 5 nm were formed using the Stöber process. The prepared SiO2 nanoparticles were successfully surface‐treated during a one‐step procedure by the covalent attachment of mercaptopropyl groups onto the surfaces of the SiO2 nanoparticles. A FTIR spectra analysis confirmed that the binding of the mercaptosilane molecules onto the surface of the silica nanoparticles mediated the Si–O–Si and –SH vibrations. TEM/EDXS micrographs indicated the almost monodispersed and spherical morphology of the prepared product with strong signals of Si and S, thus implying that the coating procedure involving the mercapto groups onto the silica surface had been successfully accomplished. The final results for the heavy‐metal (Hg2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+) adsorption showed the strongest affinity within the following sequence Hg2+ (99.9%) > Pb2+ (55.9%) > Cd2+ (50.2%) > Zn2+ (4%). Adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 1 h for all the analyzed samples.
Development of Ce‐PSZ‐/Y‐PSZ‐Toughened Alumina Inserts for High‐Speed Machining Steel
Authors: Mondal Biswanath , Mandal Nilrudra , Doloi Biswanath 
Published: October 2013

The nanocomposite CeO2/Y2O3 partially stabilized zirconia (Ce‐PSZ/Y‐PSZ)‐toughened alumina was prepared by wet chemical simultaneous coprecipitation process. The thermal stability of phases and morphology of powders were characterized by TG‐DTA, FTIR, and FESEM. The microstructure, stabilization of phases and compositional analysis with different mol% CeO2/Y2O3‐doped zirconia in alumina are characterized by FESEM, XRD, and EDAX spectra. Significant improvement in fracture toughness and flexural strength has been observed in 10 vol% of partially stabilized zirconia (2.5 mol% Y2O3 in ZrO2/9 mol% CeO2 in ZrO2)‐toughened alumina, which is suitable for high‐speed machining applications.
The Great Crystallite Versus Random Network Controversy: A Personal Perspective
Authors: Wright Adrian C. 
Published: October 2013

An account is presented of the history of the controversy between supporters of the crystallite and random network theories, which dominated the structural theories of network glasses for approximately 50 years, and is very poorly, if not inaccurately, covered in many textbooks. The development of the various theories proposed to explain the constitution and structure of oxide glasses is outlined, starting with theearly crystallite theoryof 1835. The true origin of therandom network theoryis revealed, and a short summary is given of the arguments that led to themodern crystalliteorcybotactic theoryand of the reconciliation between the supporters of the (early) crystallite and random network theories. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the present status of the theories of the constitution and structure of oxide glasses, in light of the data provided by modern experimental and computer modelling/simulation techniques.
Dermatological manifestations of individuals infected with human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I)
Authors: Dantas Lorena , Netto Eduardo , Glesby Marshall J. , Carvalho Edgar M. , Machado Paulo 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundHuman T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I) is associated with specific manifestations such as adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL), HTLV‐I‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), HTLV‐I‐associated uveitis, and infective dermatitis associated with HTLV‐I (IDH). Although ATLL and IDH are considered specific manifestations of HTLV‐I infection, several dermatological manifestations have been described in HTLV‐I seropositive patients.ObjectivesThis study was conducted to determine the prevalences of skin lesions in patients infected with HTLV‐I in an area of Brazil endemic for HTLV‐I infection and to compare these prevalences with those in seronegative individuals in the same region.MethodsA prevalence study was conducted between 2008 and 2010 with two groups of individuals comprising, respectively, 179 HTLV‐I seropositive (positive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and positive Western blot analysis) and 193 HTLV‐I seronegative individuals (ELISA‐negative). The subjects were selected on a random basis and evaluated using a questionnaire to obtain epidemiological and clinical data. A physical examination was performed to verify the presence of skin lesions.ResultsSuperficial mycoses were found in 54 (30.2%) seropositive subjects and in 26 (13.5%) of the seronegative group (P < 0.001). Xerosis was found in 39.1% of HTLV‐I infected subjects and in 9.3% of seronegative controls (P < 0.001). Ichthyosis was diagnosed in nine (5.0%) HTLV‐I seropositive subjects but in none of the control group (P = 0.001). A diagnosis of seborrheic dermatitis was made in 43 (24.0%) HTLV‐I infected subjects and in 24 (12.4%) seronegative controls (P = 0.004). Furthermore, dermatological manifestations were more intense in the HTLV‐I seropositive group.ConclusionsSeveral dermatological manifestations are more common and more severe in HTLV‐I seropositive subjects. The presence of these manifestations in an area endemic for HTLV‐I infection may provide some clues in the investigation of this infection.
Provider‐to‐provider communication in dermatology and implications of missing clinical information in skin biopsy requisition forms: a systematic review
Authors: Comfere Nneka I. , Sokumbi Olayemi , Montori Victor M. , LeBlanc Annie , Prokop Larry J. , Murad M. Hassan , Tilburt Jon C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundVarious components of the skin biopsy requisition form (SBRF) may contribute to accurate dermatopathologic interpretation.MethodsA search of electronic databases, including those of Ovid MEDLINE In‐Process & Other Non‐Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus, was conducted from inception to October 2011. Two authors independently screened all articles for eligibility. Inclusion criteria required material to represent original studies on skin biopsy and pathology requisition forms. Data abstracted from each article that met the inclusion criteria included details of the study characteristics, including the study location, type of pathology practice, specimen type, type of dermatoses, medical specialty of the requesting provider, suggested clinical components, and format of the SBRF.ResultsOf 32 titles and abstracts reviewed, seven articles were included. From these, we determined that dermatologists, general practitioners and surgeons completed SBRFs. Commonly included components were patient demographics and requesting clinician characteristics. Clinical information and differential diagnosis were provided in 4% (two of 48 surgeons) to 36% (18 of 50 dermatologists) of requisitions. Most SBRFs did not include information on specimen type, clinical morphology, photographs or clinical history.ConclusionsThe limited medical literature demonstrates variation in the content of SBRFs across clinicians and practices, and suggests an important target for improvement in the quality of communication and dermatologic care by requesting clinicians and pathologists.
Effect of air temperature, slice thickness and pretreatment on drying and rehydration of tomato
Authors: Doymaz İbrahim , Özdemir Özlem 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe effect of air temperature, pretreatment with alkaline emulsion of ethyl oleate (AEEO) and slice thickness on drying and rehydration characteristics of tomato slices was studied. Drying time decreased with pretreatment, but it increased considerably with the increase in air temperature and slice thickness of tomato. Besides, pretreatment was found to improve the rehydration ratio of tomato slices. The experimental drying curves obtained show only falling rate period. To estimate and select the suitable form of drying curves, five different mathematical models were applied to the experimental data. Among the mathematical models investigated, the Midilli et al. and logarithmic models satisfactorily described the drying characteristics of tomato slices with highest R2 and lowest χ2 and root mean square error. The effective moisture diffusivity varied from 3.123 to 10.03 × 10−11 m2 s−1 over the temperature range studied, and the activation energy values varied from 59.6 to 70.2 kJ mol−1.
Optimisation of vacuum impregnation of blackcurrant‐infused apple cubes: application of response surface methodology
Authors: Diamante Lemuel M. , Hironaka Kazunori , Yamaguchi Yukiko , Nademude Erihemu 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of blackcurrant concentrate level, vacuum pressure and time on the mass transfer and nutritional properties of vacuum‐impregnated apple cubes. There were higher water loss and weight reduction in the samples at the middle‐level vacuum pressure, but the other factors had no effect on these properties. The higher the vacuum pressure and time, the higher the solids gain of the samples. There was opposing results of the antioxidant capacity of the samples in the middle and high blackcurrant concentrate level and vacuum pressure when compared with the low blackcurrant concentrate level and high vacuum pressure. The middle blackcurrant concentrate level gave higher ascorbic acid content of the samples, while the middle vacuum pressure gave lower values. The optimised conditions for vacuum impregnation of the apple cubes were 18–20% blackcurrant concentrate level, 77–80 kPa vacuum pressure and 38–45 min vacuum time.
Caffeine and chlorogenic acids intake from coffee brew: influence of roasting degree and brewing procedure
Authors: Tfouni Silvia A. V. , Carreiro Larissa B. , Teles Camila R. A. , Furlani Regina P. Z. , Cipolli Katia M. V. A. B. , Camargo Mônica C. R. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe influence of coffee cultivar, roasting degree and brewing procedure in the presence and transfer of caffeine and caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) from ground roasted coffee to the brew was evaluated. Two coffee cultivars were roasted in three roasting degrees and brewed using two different procedures. Compounds were determined simultaneously by HPLC‐DAD. Caffeine levels ranged from 87.3 to 122.5 mg/100 mL for Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí Amarelo and from 123.3 to 192.0 mg/100 mL for C. canephora cv. Apoatã. The sum of CQA isomers ranged from 24.2 to 41.3 mg/100 mL for brews prepared with dark roasted coffee and from 187.7 to 295.6 mg/100 mL for light roasted ones. Brews prepared by boiling showed higher content of the compounds than the corresponding filtered ones. C. arabica cv. Catuaí Amarelo light roasted coffee brew presented the lowest caffeine/CQA ratio, regardless of the brewing procedure used, in comparison with the highest ratio of the dark boiled brews.
Influence of βS allele in the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity parameters
Authors: Shimauti E. L. T. , Belini Junior E. , Baracioli L. M. da S. V. , de Souza E. M. , Granzotto D. , de Almeida E. A. , Silva D. G. H. , Ricci Junior O. , Bonini‐Domingos C. R. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryIntroductionThe oxidative process plays a fundamental role in the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia (SCA), and population and environmental characteristics may influence redox balance. The aim of this study was to evaluate lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity in Brazilian Hb S carriers undergoing different therapies.MethodsBlood samples from 270 individuals were analyzed (Hb SS, n = 68; Hb AS, n = 53, and Hb AA, n = 149). Hemoglobin genotypes were assessed through cytological, electrophoretic, chromatographic, and molecular methods. Plasma lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity were measured by spectrophotometric methods.ResultsPatients with SCA who used iron‐chelating drugs combined with hydroxyurea, associated with regular transfusions, showed lower levels of TBARS (P ≤ 0.05), higher levels of TEAC (P ≤ 0.01), and lower TBARS/TEAC ratio (R = 255.8). The redox profile of Hb AS subjects was not statistically different (P > 0.05) from that of Hb AA subjects.ConclusionThe data suggest that oxidative stress is lower in the patients with SCA who received regular blood transfusions associated with the combined use of HU and iron chelators than the group received only HU. The redox system of the Hb AS carriers is compatible with the control group.
Pharmacists’ views on and experiences with bowel cancer screening kits in Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Martini Nataly , Basdew Kamlika , Kammona Ala , Shen Amy , Taylor Caragh , McIntosh Timothy R , Barnes Joanne 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Objectives
To explore the views of New Zealand pharmacists on bowel cancer screening, particularly with regards to faecal occult blood testing (FOBT) kits, self-perceived knowledge on FOBT kits and barriers, motivators and experiences with selling and counselling consumers with respect to FOBT kits.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted face to face or by telephone with 20 community pharmacists in the Auckland region. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and data were coded and analysed using NVivo software to identify key themes.

Key findings
Participant pharmacists believed that they were well placed to provide advice on FOBT kits to consumers. Barriers to selling the kits included cost and perceived lack of test sensitivity of the kits, poor consumer demand, pharmacists’ lack of training and information, and a belief that selling FOBT kits was outside the pharmacists’ scope of practice. Motivators to selling the kits included customer convenience, ease of use, confidence in the kits and embracing new roles for pharmacists. Pharmacists were concerned that use of the kits may increase the burden on the public health system through customer anxiety over test results; however, they agreed that there was a need for bowel cancer screening and awareness and that people concerned about bowel cancer should make visiting their general practitioner a priority.

Conclusions
Pharmacists’ views were mixed. Pharmacists’ training and competence with respect to the provision of bowel cancer kits, and how a bowel cancer screening service can be developed to optimise public health outcomes, need to be addressed.