bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproduction, birth seasonality, and calf survival of bottlenose dolphins in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand
Authors: Henderson Shaun D. , Dawson Stephen M. , Currey Rohan J. C. , Lusseau David , Schneider Karsten 
Published: January 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the reproductive parameters of very small or declining populations is of clear importance to conservation. From 1995 to 2011 we recorded calf production (n = 71) and calf survival for 27 breeding females in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) population in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand; a population with a recent history of declining abundance. Overall, 67% of calves survived their first year, and 40% survived to 3 yr (or are 2 yr old and still alive). Most calves that died in the first year died in their first month (87%). Multiparous mothers (n = 18) showed high variation in calf survival. The most successful six had all but one of their 20 calves (95%) survive to 1 yr. Fourteen of the 20 (70%) survived to 3 yr, and another four are still alive and are 1 or 2 yr old. In contrast, the least successful seven mothers produced a similar number of calves (21), eight of which (38%) survived to 1 yr, and none to 3 yr. Here we describe calving seasonality and calf survival, observed over 16 yr, and show that large variation in reproductive success of individual females is an example of extreme demographic stochasticity in this small, endangered population.
Who Are You Calling Rude? Honor‐Related Differences in Morality and Competence Evaluations After an Insult
Authors: Shafa Saïd , Harinck Fieke , Ellemers Naomi , Beersma Bianca 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn two studies, we examined honor‐related differences in morality versus competence evaluations as a way to tap into social judgment formation after an insult. In Study 1, we distinguished between high‐honor and low‐honor cultures. Participants' evaluations of a norm transgressor were gathered. Results indicated that high‐honor participants devalued the transgressor more strongly in terms of morality than competence in comparison with low‐honor participants. In Study 2, we distinguished between participants with high‐ and low‐honor values and investigated morality and competence in self‐perception. Participants were asked to respond to different types of insults gathered in Study 1. High‐honor participants were primarily harmed in their morality after being insulted, while this prominence was less apparent in low‐honor participants. Both studies showed that those who value honor highly moralize insults to a greater extent, because they take more offense to them.
Language Style Matching, Engagement, and Impasse in Negotiations
Authors: Ireland Molly E. , Henderson Marlone D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHumans and animals alike are known to mirror the behavior of both allies and opponents. However, existing models of behavior matching focus primarily on its prosocial functions. The current study explores whether both prosocial and adversarial sides of behavior matching can be found at different stages of an egoistic negotiation. In negotiations conducted over instant messenger, 64 dyads attempted to reach an agreement on four issues within 20 minutes while focusing solely on personal gain. We measured behavior matching with the language style matching (LSM) metric, which quantifies function word (e.g., pronouns, articles) similarity between partners. Although pairs with higher LSM throughout negotiations were more socially engaged, they were also less focused on the task and more likely to reach an impasse during the negotiation. Furthermore, early but not late style matching predicted more positive, socially attuned interactions. Implications for negotiation and mimicry research are discussed.
Effects of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation on anorectal physiology in fecal incontinence: a double‐blind placebo‐controlled cross‐over evaluation
Authors: Bouguen G. , Ropert A. , Lainé F. , Pequin P. , Morcet J. , Bretagne J.‐F. , Siproudhis L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundTranscutaneous electrical tibial nerve stimulation (TENS) is of growing interest for the treatment of fecal incontinence (FI), but its mechanism of action remains uninvestigated. We aimed to further assess the anorectal response to TENS in a dynamic model.MethodsWe performed a placebo‐controlled, randomized, double‐blinded crossover study in 19 patients suffering from FI to assess the effects of TENS on anorectal function. Anorectal physiology and perception were recorded through two sequences of rectal isobaric distension using an electronic barostat device to measure anal and rectal pressures, rectal volumes, and perception scores.Key ResultsMaximal rectal pressure and volume variation were affected by TENS, with higher mean maximal rectal pressure (5.33 and 4.06 mmHg in the active and sham TENS respectively, p < 0.0001) and lower volume variation (11.45 and 14.7 mL in the active and sham stimulation respectively, p < 0.05). Rectal compliance was not modified by active TENS. Pressure of the upper anal canal was significantly lower with raised isobaric distension in sequences assigned to active TENS.Conclusions & InferencesAcute TENS modified anorectal physiology by strengthening the myogenic response to distension rather than increasing muscle relaxation and related rectal compliance in patients with FI.
In a non‐human primate model, aging disrupts the neural control of intestinal smooth muscle contractility in a region‐specific manner
Authors: Tran L. , Greenwood‐Van Meerveld B. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundIncidences of gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders increase with age. However, there is a paucity of knowledge about the aging mechanisms leading to GI dysmotility. Motility in the GI tract is a function of smooth muscle contractility, which is modulated in part by the enteric nervous system (ENS). Evidence suggests that aging impairs the ENS, thus we tested the hypothesis that senescence in the GI tract precipitates abnormalities in smooth muscle and neurally mediated contractility in a region‐specific manner.MethodsJejunal and colonic circular muscle strips were isolated from young (4–10 years) and old (18+ years) baboons. Myogenic responses were investigated using potassium chloride (KCl) and carbachol (CCh). Neurally mediated contractile responses were evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) and were recorded in the absence and presence of atropine (1 μM) or NG‐Nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME; 100 μM).Key ResultsThe myogenic responses to KCl in the jejunum and colon were unaffected by age. In the colon, but not the jejunum, CCh‐induced contractile responses were reduced in aged animals. Compared to young baboons, there was enhanced EFS‐induced contractility of old baboon jejunal smooth muscle in contrast to the reduced contractility in the colon. The effect of atropine on the EFS response was lower in aged colonic tissue, suggesting reduced participation of acetylcholine. In aged jejunal tissue, higher contractile responses to EFS were found to be due to reduced nitregic inhibition.Conclusions & InferencesThese findings provide key evidence for the importance of intestinal smooth muscle and ENS senescence in age‐associated GI motility disorders.
On the fiftieth anniversary Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: mechanisms related to pathogens
Authors: Grover M. , Camilleri M. , Smith K. , Linden D. R. , Farrugia G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundGastrointestinal (GI) infections resulting from bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens predispose to postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI‐IBS) and other functional GI disorders. Existing literature supports the role of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia, serotonin synthesis and reuptake, impaired barrier function, altered immune activation, and potentially mast cell activation in the pathophysiology of PI‐IBS.PurposeThe objective of this review was to summarize from the literature the characteristics of the pathogens commonly implicated in PI‐IBS, their acute enteritis phases, and the changes seen in the postinfectious phase that may contribute toward development of IBS. A limitation of our current understanding is that the postinfectious GI sequelae reported in prior studies followed epidemic diarrheal outbreaks often involving more than one pathogen, or the studies focused on highly selected, tertiary referral patients. Understanding the mechanisms, natural history, and optimized management of individuals suffering PI‐IBS following the more typical sporadic infection requires larger studies of PI‐IBS following GI infections encountered in community settings. These studies should include genetic, physiological, and molecular studies to provide more generalizable information that can ultimately be used to diagnose, manage, and potentially prevent the development of PI‐IBS.
Teilhard's Take
Authors: ELLUL JACQUES 
Published: January 2014

If the 20th Century was the century of physics, the 21st Century is the century of cybernetics, biology and ecology. Technological advance has both crossed new frontiers and discovered old limits.Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine broke new ground with his understanding that nature, including its human component, seeks to establish order out of chaos by “self‐organizing,” not only according to pre‐determined laws, but through random creative choices as well that are responsible for the endless novelty and potentiality of being.The technologically‐armed purposive role of humans in the Anthropocentric Age thus takes on a new significance: “What we do today depends on our image of the future rather than the future depending on what we do today” as Prigogine puts it. “The equations of the future are written in our actions as well as in nature. Time becomes construction.”Nowhere is this truer than in the new science of genomics, which touches the soul, and in the effort to preserve the ecological balance that has enabled humanity to flourish within the narrow band of earth's livable climate.In this section we bring together leading thinkers, scientists and technologists of our age to address these issues of mankind's fate.
The Century of Biology
Authors: VENTER J. CRAIG , COHEN DANIEL 
Published: January 2014

If the 20th Century was the century of physics, the 21st Century is the century of cybernetics, biology and ecology. Technological advance has both crossed new frontiers and discovered old limits.Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine broke new ground with his understanding that nature, including its human component, seeks to establish order out of chaos by “self‐organizing,” not only according to pre‐determined laws, but through random creative choices as well that are responsible for the endless novelty and potentiality of being.The technologically‐armed purposive role of humans in the Anthropocentric Age thus takes on a new significance: “What we do today depends on our image of the future rather than the future depending on what we do today” as Prigogine puts it. “The equations of the future are written in our actions as well as in nature. Time becomes construction.”Nowhere is this truer than in the new science of genomics, which touches the soul, and in the effort to preserve the ecological balance that has enabled humanity to flourish within the narrow band of earth's livable climate.In this section we bring together leading thinkers, scientists and technologists of our age to address these issues of mankind's fate.
Neo‐Modern Ecology
Authors: TOURAINE ALAIN 
Published: January 2014

If the 20th Century was the century of physics, the 21st Century is the century of cybernetics, biology and ecology. Technological advance has both crossed new frontiers and discovered old limits.Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine broke new ground with his understanding that nature, including its human component, seeks to establish order out of chaos by “self‐organizing,” not only according to pre‐determined laws, but through random creative choices as well that are responsible for the endless novelty and potentiality of being.The technologically‐armed purposive role of humans in the Anthropocentric Age thus takes on a new significance: “What we do today depends on our image of the future rather than the future depending on what we do today” as Prigogine puts it. “The equations of the future are written in our actions as well as in nature. Time becomes construction.”Nowhere is this truer than in the new science of genomics, which touches the soul, and in the effort to preserve the ecological balance that has enabled humanity to flourish within the narrow band of earth's livable climate.In this section we bring together leading thinkers, scientists and technologists of our age to address these issues of mankind's fate.
Theology not Ecology
Authors: BAHRO RUDOLF 
Published: January 2014

If the 20th Century was the century of physics, the 21st Century is the century of cybernetics, biology and ecology. Technological advance has both crossed new frontiers and discovered old limits.Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine broke new ground with his understanding that nature, including its human component, seeks to establish order out of chaos by “self‐organizing,” not only according to pre‐determined laws, but through random creative choices as well that are responsible for the endless novelty and potentiality of being.The technologically‐armed purposive role of humans in the Anthropocentric Age thus takes on a new significance: “What we do today depends on our image of the future rather than the future depending on what we do today” as Prigogine puts it. “The equations of the future are written in our actions as well as in nature. Time becomes construction.”Nowhere is this truer than in the new science of genomics, which touches the soul, and in the effort to preserve the ecological balance that has enabled humanity to flourish within the narrow band of earth's livable climate.In this section we bring together leading thinkers, scientists and technologists of our age to address these issues of mankind's fate.
I Hope Artificial Intelligence Is Nice to Us
Authors: MUSK ELON 
Published: January 2014

If the 20th Century was the century of physics, the 21st Century is the century of cybernetics, biology and ecology. Technological advance has both crossed new frontiers and discovered old limits.Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine broke new ground with his understanding that nature, including its human component, seeks to establish order out of chaos by “self‐organizing,” not only according to pre‐determined laws, but through random creative choices as well that are responsible for the endless novelty and potentiality of being.The technologically‐armed purposive role of humans in the Anthropocentric Age thus takes on a new significance: “What we do today depends on our image of the future rather than the future depending on what we do today” as Prigogine puts it. “The equations of the future are written in our actions as well as in nature. Time becomes construction.”Nowhere is this truer than in the new science of genomics, which touches the soul, and in the effort to preserve the ecological balance that has enabled humanity to flourish within the narrow band of earth's livable climate.In this section we bring together leading thinkers, scientists and technologists of our age to address these issues of mankind's fate.
CYP3A5 genotypes affect tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and infectious complications in Chinese pediatric liver transplant patients
Authors: Xue Feng , Han Longzhi , Chen Yikuan , Xi Zhifeng , Li Qigen , Xu Ning , Xia Yun , Streicher Katie , Zhang Jianjun , Xia Qiang 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLittle information is available regarding the impact of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 on the metabolism of TAC in infant LTx. Therefore, the CYP3A5 genotype of Chinese pediatric recipients (intestine) as well as donors (graft liver) was performed for the purpose of establishing an optimal dosage regimen in children. Sixty‐four patients were divided according to CYP3A5 genotype (expression of *1 allele: EX and NEX) for each recipient (R) and donor (D), EX‐R/EX‐D (n = 21), EX‐R/NEX‐D (n = 8), NEX‐R/EX‐D (n = 8) and NEX‐R/NEX‐D (n = 27). Results indicated that initial TAC daily dose requirement was higher among EX‐R/EX‐D children compared with those who did not express CYP3A5 (0.28 ± 0.10 vs. 0.19 ± 0.08 mg/kg/day, p < 0.01). CYP3A5 expression contributed an overall of 38.35% to its C/D ratios, and graft liver was a key determinant. Additionally, the EX‐R/EX‐D group showed significantly higher incidence of infectious complications, lower immune response and was an independent risk factor for the development of infections (odds ratio 3.86, p = 0.025). Donor CYP3A5 expression partially explains TAC dose requirement, the effect of CYP3A5 variation may influence clinical outcomes; therefore, monitoring immune response may be important for preventing risks associated with under‐ and over‐immunosuppression.
Low plasma levels of antithrombin III in the early post‐operative period following pediatric liver transplantation: Should they be replaced? A single‐center pilot study
Authors: Quintero Jesús , Ortega Juan , Miserachs Mar , Bueno Javier , Bilbao Itxarone , Charco Ramón 
Published: January 2014

AbstracteHAT after LT remains a life‐threatening complication. In the majority of anticoagulation protocols, heparin is used to prevent thromboses. Our study aimed to monitor AT‐III levels in the early post‐LT period to assess the need for the administration of AT‐III concentrate to ensure the effectiveness of heparin. We monitored coagulation daily by measuring INR, APTT, fibrinogen, platelets, and AT‐III. Anticoagulation therapy consisted of LMWH, AT‐III, and dipyridamole. AT‐III concentrate was administered when AT‐III activity was ≤60%. DUS was performed daily for the first five post‐operative days or whenever vascular thrombosis was suspected. Between October 2007 and October 2011, 39 LT were performed in our center. The median age was 26 months (6–196) with a median weight of 9 kg (5.5–49). AT‐III activity was ≤60% in 27 patients. Lower levels were particularly observed in partial grafts and recipients weighing less than 10 kg. Patent arterial flow was present in all 39 LT during the first five post‐operative days. AT‐III levels were low in 70% of pediatric patients following LT, thereby risking heparin ineffectiveness. These results may implicate low AT‐III levels in the etiology of eHAT post‐LT. However, this is a small single‐center pilot study and further larger prospective trials are required to confirm these results.
Growth following solid organ transplantation in childhood
Authors: Laster M. L. , Fine R. N. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOne of the ultimate goals of successful transplantation in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients is the attainment of optimal final adult height. This manuscript will discuss the attainment of height following solid organ transplantation in pediatric recipients of kidney, liver, heart, lung, and small bowel transplantation. Age is a primary factor with younger recipients exhibiting the greatest immediate catch up growth. Graft function is a significant contributory factor with a reduction in glomerular filtration rate correlating with poor growth in kidney recipients and the need for re‐transplantation with impaired growth in liver recipients. The known adverse impact of steroids on growth has led to modification of steroid dosage and even to steroid withdrawal and steroid avoidance. In kidney and liver recipients, this has been associated with the development on occasion of acute rejection episodes. In infant heart transplantation, avoidance of maintenance corticosteroid immunosuppression is associated with normal growth velocity in the majority of patients. With marked improvement in patient and graft survival rates in pediatric organ graft recipients, it is timely that the quality of life issues, such as normal adult height, receive paramount attention. In general, normal growth post‐transplantation should be an achievable goal that results in normal adult height for many solid organ transplantation recipients.
Liver transplantation in an adolescent with acute liver failure from acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Reddi D. M. , Barbas A. S. , Castleberry A. W. , Rege A. S. , Vikraman D. S. , Brennan T. V. , Ravindra K. V. , Collins B. H. , Sudan D. L. , Lagoo A. S. , Martin A. E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe most common identifiable causes of acute liver failure in pediatric patients are infection, drug toxicity, metabolic disease, and autoimmune processes. In many cases, the etiology of acute liver failure cannot be determined. Acute leukemia is an extremely rare cause of acute liver failure, and liver transplantation has traditionally been contraindicated in this setting. We report a case of acute liver failure in a previously healthy 15‐yr‐old male from pre‐B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. He underwent liver transplantation before the diagnosis was established, and has subsequently received chemotherapy for pre‐B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. He is currently alive 31 months post‐transplantation. The published literature describing acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a cause of acute liver failure is reviewed.
Reduced ATG‐F dosage for induction in pediatric renal transplantation: A single‐center experience
Authors: Shang Wenjun , Feng Guiwen , Gao Shilin , Wang Zhigang , Pang Xinlu , Li Jinfeng , Liu Lei , Feng Yonghua , Xie Hongchang , Zhang Shuijun , Qiao Baoping 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG‐F) is an extensively used induction agent. To our knowledge, no study to date has assessed reduced ATG‐F dosage in children undergoing renal transplantation. This was a retrospective analysis of pediatric renal recipients in the Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, from May 2007 to February 2013. Thirty‐nine children underwent renal transplantation including 25 living related and 14 cardiac deceased donor transplantation. Each recipient received ATG‐F 1.5 mg/kg/d once daily for 4 days. Of the 39 recipients, five (12.8%) showed delayed graft function, including one of 25 recipients (4%) of living donor and four of 14 recipients (28.6%) of deceased donor transplantation (p < 0.05). Six of the 39 recipients (15.4%) showed acute rejection on renal biopsy. Follow‐up in these children ranged from 6 to 87 months. The one‐, three‐, and five‐yr recipients and grafts survival rates postoperation were each 94.9% and 97.3%, 97.3%, and 94.6%, respectively. The incidence of postoperative infection was 35.9% (14/39), and did not differ significantly in the living related and deceased donor groups (p > 0.05). Low‐dose ATG‐F can be safely used as an immune induction agent in pediatric renal transplantation.