bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD8 T Cell–Evasive Functions of Human Cytomegalovirus Display Pervasive MHC Allele Specificity, Complementarity, and Cooperativity
Authors: Ameres Stefanie , Besold Katrin , Plachter Bodo , Moosmann Andreas 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Immunoevasive proteins (“evasins”) of human CMV (HCMV) modulate stability and localization of MHC class I (MHC I) molecules, and their supply of antigenic peptides. However, it is largely unknown to what extent these evasins interfere with recognition by virus-specific CD8 T cells. We analyzed the recognition of HCMV-infected cells by a panel of CD8 T cells restricted through one of nine different MHC I allotypes. We employed a set of HCMV mutants deleted for three or all four of the MHC I modulatory genes US2, US3, US6, and US11. We found that different HCMV evasins exhibited different allotype-specific patterns of interference with CD8 T cell recognition of infected cells. In contrast, recognition of different epitopes presented by the same given MHC I allotype was uniformly reduced. For some allotypes, single evasins largely abolished T cell recognition; for others, a concerted action of evasins was required to abrogate recognition. In infected cells whose Ag presentation efficiency had been enhanced by IFN-γ pretreatment, HCMV evasins cooperatively impared T cell recognition for several different MHC I allotypes. T cell recognition and MHC I surface expression under influence of evasins were only partially congruent, underscoring the necessity to probe HCMV immunomodulation using specific T cells. We conclude that the CD8 T cell evasins of HCMV display MHC I allotype specificity, complementarity, and cooperativity.
Skin-Resident T Cells Sense Ultraviolet Radiation–Induced Injury and Contribute to DNA Repair
Authors: MacLeod Amanda S. , Rudolph Ross , Corriden Ross , Ye Ivan , Garijo Olivia , Havran Wendy L. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Skin-resident T cells have been shown to play important roles in tissue homeostasis and wound repair, but their role in UV radiation (UVR)–mediated skin injury and subsequent tissue regeneration is less clear. In this study, we demonstrate that acute UVR rapidly activates skin-resident T cells in humans and dendritic epidermal γδ T cells (DETCs) in mice through mechanisms involving the release of ATP from keratinocytes. Following UVR, extracellular ATP leads to an increase in CD69 expression, proliferation, and IL-17 production, and to changes in DETC morphology. Furthermore, we find that the purinergic receptor P2X7 and caspase-1 are necessary for UVR-induced IL-1 production in keratinocytes, which increases IL-17 secretion by DETCs. IL-17, in turn, induces epidermal TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis and growth arrest and DNA damage–associated gene 45, two molecules linked to the DNA repair response. Finally, we demonstrate that DETCs and human skin-resident T cells limit DNA damage in keratinocytes. Taken together, our findings establish a novel role for skin-resident T cells in the UVR-associated DNA repair response and underscore the importance of skin-resident T cells to overall skin regeneration.
Genetic and Intervention Studies Implicating Complement C3 as a Major Target for the Treatment of Periodontitis
Authors: Maekawa Tomoki , Abe Toshiharu , Hajishengallis Evlambia , Hosur Kavita B. , DeAngelis Robert A. , Ricklin Daniel , Lambris John D. , Hajishengallis George 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is induced by a dysbiotic microbiota and leads to inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting connective tissue and bone. The third component of complement, C3, is a point of convergence of distinct complement activation mechanisms, but its involvement in periodontitis was not previously addressed. We investigated this question using two animal species models, namely, C3-deficient or wild-type mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) locally treated with a potent C3 inhibitor (the compstatin analog Cp40) or an inactive peptide control. In mice, C3 was required for maximal periodontal inflammation and bone loss, and for the sustenance of the dysbiotic microbiota. The effect of C3 on the microbiota was therefore different from that reported for the C5a receptor, which is required for the initial induction of dysbiosis. C3-dependent bone loss was demonstrated in distinct models, including Porphyromonas gingivalis–induced periodontitis, ligature-induced periodontitis, and aging-associated periodontitis. Importantly, local treatment of NHPs with Cp40 inhibited ligature-induced periodontal inflammation and bone loss, which correlated with lower gingival crevicular fluid levels of proinflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-17 and RANKL) and decreased osteoclastogenesis in bone biopsy specimens, as compared with control treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first time, for any disease, that complement inhibition in NHPs was shown to inhibit inflammatory processes that lead to osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. These data strongly support the feasibility of C3-targeted intervention for the treatment of human periodontitis.
Validation of Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Analysis to Evaluate Hemodynamic Significance of access Stenosis
Authors: Hoganson David M. , Hinkel Cameron J. , Chen Xiaomin , Agarwal Ramesh K. , Shenoy Surendra 
Published: May 2014

Purpose Stenosis in a vascular access circuit is the predominant cause of access dysfunction. Hemodynamic significance of a stenosis identified by angiography in an access circuit is uncertain. This study utilizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model flow through arteriovenous fistula to predict the functional significance of stenosis in vascular access circuits. Methods Three-dimensional models of fistulas were created with a range of clinically relevant stenoses using SolidWorks. Stenoses diameters ranged from 1.0 to 3.0 mm and lengths from 5 to 60 mm within a fistula diameter of 7 mm. CFD analyses were performed using a blood model over a range of blood pressures. Eight patient-specific stenoses were also modeled and analyzed with CFD and the resulting blood flow calculations were validated by comparison with brachial artery flow measured by duplex ultrasound. Results Predicted flow rates were derived from CFD analysis of a range of stenoses. These stenoses were modeled by CFD and correlated with the ultrasound measured flow rate through the fistula of eight patients. The calculated flow rate using CFD correlated within 20% of ultrasound measured flow for five of eight patients. The mean difference was 17.2% (ranged from 1.3% to 30.1%). Conclusions CFD analysis-generated flow rate tables provide valuable information to assess the functional significance of stenosis detected during imaging studies. The CFD study can help in determining the clinical relevance of a stenosis in access dysfunction and guide the need for intervention.
Non-Recognition and Mourning A Means of Change in a Few Interwar Polish Dramas
Authors: Kot Joanna 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The article applies Judith Butler’s socioexistential concepts of “non-recognition” and “mourning” to four plays written by women during the Polish interwar period. The works are: Dom kobiet (House of Women) by Zofia Nałkowska, “Sprawiedliwość” (“Justice”) by Marcelina Grabowska, Sprawa Moniki (Monika’s case) by Maria Morozowicz-Szczepkowska, and Głębia na Zimnej (The deep at Zimna) by Zofia Rylska. At least one character in each play experiences mourning and becomes conscious of her lack of social recognition. In every case the awareness leads to a development and change in the character. Moreover, applying the two concepts in this context broadens Butler’s ideas and shows the great variety of possible interpretations of both of them. More importantly, through this analysis the transitional nature of the Polish interwar period is made more apparent. On the one hand, all of these writers to a large degree accept patriarchal social norms and essentialist male traits as inevitable, and occasionally even as positive. On the other hand, just like the women playwrights of the end of the twentieth century, Nałkowska, Szczepkowska, Grabowska, and Rylska see a crisis within the family and a lack of equality for women. In very different ways—feminist and traditional—they show how the situation of individual women can be improved or at least mitigated.
Cabaret Crusades de Wael Shawky
Authors: Sapiega Jacques 
Published: May 2014

Que veut dire « animer les personnages de l’histoire » lorsque ceux-ci sont interprétés par des marionnettes ? Dans le film de Wael Shawky Cabaret Crusades : The Path to Cairo (2013), libre adaptation cinématographique de l’essai d’Amin Maalouf (Les croisades vues par les Arabes), le processus de manipulation affiche sa portée symbolique et idéologique : sorties du même moule, les marionnettes sont « agies » et « naissent à l’histoire » en rejetant les rhétoriques du Bien et du Mal.
Variability in under‐ice export fluxes of biogenic matter in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Lalande Catherine , Nöthig Eva‐Maria , Somavilla Raquel , Bauerfeind Eduard , Shevchenko Vladimir , Okolodkov Yuri 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA critical question regarding the organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean is whether the decline in ice extent and thickness and the associated increase in solar irradiance in the upper ocean will result in increased primary production and particulate organic carbon (POC) export. To assess spatial and temporal variability in POC export, under‐ice export fluxes were measured with short‐term sediment traps in the northern Laptev Sea in July‐August‐September 1995, north of the Fram Strait in July 1997, and in the Central Arctic in August–September 2012. Sediment traps were deployed at 2–5 m and 20–25 m under ice for periods ranging from 8.5 to 71 h. In addition to POC fluxes, total particulate matter, chlorophyll a, biogenic particulate silica, phytoplankton, and zooplankton fecal pellet fluxes were measured to evaluate the amount and composition of the material exported in the upper Arctic Ocean. Whereas elevated export fluxes observed on and near the Laptev Sea shelf were likely the combined result of high primary production, resuspension, and release of particulate matter from melting ice, low export fluxes above the central basins despite increased light availability during the record minimum ice extent of 2012 suggest that POC export was limited by nutrient supply during summer. These results suggest that the ongoing decline in ice cover affects export fluxes differently on Arctic shelves and over the deep Arctic Ocean and that POC export is likely to remain low above the central basins unless additional nutrients are supplied to surface waters.
Geomagnetic activity effect on the global ionosphere during the 2007–2009 deep solar minimum
Authors: Chen Yiding , Liu Libo , Le Huijun , Wan Weixing 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this paper the significant effect of weaker geomagnetic activity during the 2007–2009 deep solar minimum on ionospheric variability on the shorter‐term time scales of several days was highlighted via investigating the response of daily mean global electron content (GEC, the global area integral of total electron content derived from ground‐based GPS measurements) to geomagnetic activity index Ap. Based on a case during the deep solar minimum, the effect of the recurrent weaker geomagnetic disturbances on the ionosphere was evident. Statistical analyses indicate that the effect of weaker geomagnetic activity on GEC variations on shorter‐term time scales was significant during 2007–2009 even under relatively quiet geomagnetic activity condition; daily mean GEC was positively correlated with geomagnetic activity. However, GEC variations on shorter‐term time scales were poorly correlated with geomagnetic activity during the solar cycle descending phase of 2003–2005 except under strong geomagnetic disturbance condition. Statistically, the effects of solar EUV irradiance, geomagnetic activity, and other factors (e.g., meteorological sources) on GEC variations on shorter‐term time scales were basically equivalent during the 2007–2009 solar minimum.
MARSIS observations of the Martian nightside ionosphere dependence on solar wind conditions
Authors: Diéval C. , Morgan D. D. , Němec F. , Gurnett D. A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDespite the absence of solar radiation on the Martian nightside, a weak, irregular, and variable ionosphere is produced there. The nightside ionosphere is thought to be maintained by two main sources: dayside‐nightside plasma transport and electron precipitation. Observations by Mars Express (MEX) and Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) have shown that these plasma sources are either hindered or favored by the presence of strong crustal magnetic fields and that these effects are modulated by external parameters, such as the solar wind dynamic pressure and the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). These external drivers are expected to influence the supply of plasma to the nightside and thus the formation of the irregular nightside ionosphere. We here present a statistical study of the Martian ionosphere at solar zenith angle greater than 107° from November 2005 to May 2006, using remote measurements of ionospheric echoes with the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) radar sounder onboard MEX and using MGS‐based proxies for the solar wind dynamic pressure and the IMF clock angle. We find that the peak densities increase with the dynamic pressure and also that cases of very high peak density are almost always associated with Westward IMF orientation. We find that, using MEX/ASPERA‐3 electron data, these cases often seem to be linked to accelerated electrons. Plasma transport is known to be important in the near nightside. On the other hand, electron precipitation prevails when the dynamic pressure is high enough to compress the ionosphere and in vertical field regions where the IMF orientation matters.
A General Approach towards Catechol and Pyrogallol through Ruthenium‐ and Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Hydroxylation by Weak Coordination
Authors: Yang Xinglin , Sun Yonghui , Chen Zhang , Rao Yu 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn efficient ruthenium(II)‐ and palladium(II)‐catalyzed CH hydroxylation of aryl carbamates has been developed for the facile synthesis of catechols and pyrogallols. The reaction demonstrates excellent reactivity, regio‐ and chemoselectivity, good functional group compatibility and high yields. The practicality of this method has been proved by a gram‐scale synthesis.magnified image
Reactivity of 3‐Substituted Fluorobenzenes in Palladium‐ Catalysed Direct Arylations with Aryl Bromides
Authors: Yan Tao , Zhao Liqin , He Mian , Soulé Jean‐François , Bruneau Christian , Doucet Henri 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe influence of both electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating substituents such as nitro, nitrile, chloro, bromo and methoxy at C‐3 on fluorobenzenes for their palladium‐catalysed direct C‐2 arylation has been explored. With electron‐withdrawing substituents, the reaction proceeds nicely using 2–4 mol% of an air‐stable palladium complex and potassium pivalate/dimethylacetamide (PivOK/DMA) as catalytic system; and in general, a very regioselective arylation at C‐2 was observed. Moreover, a variety of substituents on the aryl bromide coupling partner, such as benzoyl, formyl, nitro, nitrile, chloro and methyl, and also heteroaryl bromides were tolerated.magnified image
The Oxidative Annulation of Tertiary Benzyl Alcohols with Internal Alkynes using an (Electron‐Deficient η5‐Cyclopenta‐ dienyl)Rhodium(III) Catalyst under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Fukui Miho , Hoshino Yuki , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro , Tanaka Ken 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIt has been established that a dinuclear (electron‐deficient η5‐cyclopentadienyl)rhodium(III) complex catalyzes the oxidative annulation of tertiary benzyl alcohols with internal alkynes via sp2 CH/OH functionalization under ambient conditions (at room temperature under air) to give substituted isochromenes in good yields. The preference for annulation across electron‐rich substrates over electron‐deficient substrates was observed using this electron‐deficient rhodium(III) complex.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Acyloxylation of 2‐Substituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles via Direct sp2 CH Bond Activation
Authors: Wang Zechao , Kuang Chunxiang 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed acyloxylation of 2‐substituted 1,2,3‐triazoles with acids via direct sp2 CH bond activation is described. This reaction is applied to a wide variety of 2‐substituted 1,2,3‐triazoles and exhibits excellent functional group tolerance. The route is found to be efficient for the preparation of 2‐substituted 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives.magnified image
Formal SN‐Type Reactions in Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed CH Bond Activation
Authors: Kuhl Nadine , Schröder Nils , Glorius Frank 
Published: May 2014

Abstract(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium (RhCp*)‐catalyzed CH transformations have emerged as a prosperous field in CH bond activation. Recent advances in this area have significantly focused on the development of new strategies for CC and Cheteroatom bond formation that are characterized by the novel reactivity of the RhCp* catalyst to undergo formal SN‐type reactions with electrophilic substrates. This review is intended to give an overview on this rather new class of RhCp*‐catalyzed CH transformations, covering recent CC and Cheteroatom bond‐forming reactions. The nature of the reaction partner in these CH functionalization reactions serves as a guideline throughout this article and, combined with selected descriptions of mechanistic proposals, should emphasize general characteristics of transformations within this novel reaction class.magnified image
Thermal properties and crystallization behavior of fractionated blocky and random polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers from mixed microbial cultures
Authors: Laycock Bronwyn , Arcos‐Hernandez Monica V. , Langford Alexandra , Buchanan Jessica , Halley Peter J. , Werker Alan , Lant Paul A. , Pratt Steven 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThis study represents the first detailed analysis of the thermal, morphological, and crystallization properties of the blend components within a range of mixed‐culture polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), with 3‐hydroxyvalerate content in the as‐produced materials and in the fractions ranging from low (12 mol %) to high (91 mol %). Both coarse and fine fractionation of the as‐produced copolymers confirmed that they were blends of nominally blocky and/or random copolymers of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate), with very broad compositional distributions as governed by the PHA accumulation strategy. The crystallization kinetics and thermal properties of the fractions were found to be very significantly different from each other, consistent with the hypothesis that the overall mechanical properties were primarily controlled by the more rapidly crystallizing components. Two materials produced using an alternating feeding strategy demonstrated unique crystallization and thermal properties in their fractions, which are considered to have contributed to distinctly more elastic mechanical properties in these particular samples. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40836.
Electrospun fibrous membranes for efficient heavy metal removal
Authors: Huang Yunpeng , Miao Yue‐E , Liu Tianxi 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTHeavy metal pollution is a growing environmental problem in recent decades, which requires immediate and urgent action. In this article, we provide an overview of the works published in the last decade concerning the development of electrospinning‐based micro‐ and nano‐porous membranes for efficient heavy metal removal. Apart from their super‐high surface‐to‐volume ratio, electrospun nanofibers possess a variety of surface groups which enable their further functionalization and functional nanoparticle incorporation. Compared to typical adsorbents, electrospun fibrous membranes are superior in many ways like higher permeation flux, lower pressure drop, flexible component adjustment, and even multi‐target adsorption. Therefore, electrospun‐based fibrous membranes hold great potential on the treatment of heavy metal contaminants. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40864.
Toughening of poly(lactic acid) with the renewable bioplastic poly(trimethylene malonate)
Authors: Eyiler Ersan , Chu I‐Wei , Walters Keisha B. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was to enhance poly(lactic acid)'s (PLA) flexibility and ductility by blending it with another bioplastic. Poly(trimethylene malonate) (PTM), developed as part of this study, was synthesized from 1,3‐propane diol and malonic acid via melt polycondensation. Blend films of PLA and PTM were prepared by solvent casting from chloroform. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were used to show shifted phase transitions and a single glass‐transition temperature, indicating miscibility of PTM in the blend films. Morphology and mechanical characterizations of the PLA/PTM blend films were performed by atomic force microscopy using a quantitative nanomechanical property mapping mode, tensile testing, and scanning electron microscopy. Miscible blends exhibited Young's modulus and elongation at break values that can significantly extend the usefulness of PLA in commercial applications. The blending of PTM with PLA resulted in films with a 27‐fold increase in toughness compared with neat PLA film. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40888.
Development and evaluation of oil in water nanoemulsions based on polyether silicone as demulsifier and antifoam agents for petroleum
Authors: Fraga Assis K. , Souza Luiz F. I. , Magalhães Jeniffer Rayane , Mansur Claudia R. E. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTOil in water (o/w) nanoemulsions were synthesized in order to be evaluated as an alternative to petroleum emulsions destabilization processes and inhibition of foam formed in the crude oil. The nanoemulsions were prepared by the high energy method through High Pressure Homogenizer (HPH), utilizing poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and xylene solvent as oil phase and different polarity polyether silicone surfactants samples. These nanoemulsions were evaluated in respect to their efficiency in the petroleum demulsification process. The results of these tests showed that nanoemulsions performance on the destabilization of petroleum emulsions is influenced by the utilized surfactant's polarity. The nanoemulsions and pure samples of PPG and xylene solvent were evaluated concerning capacity of formed foam inhibition in petroleum (antifoam test), and the results showed no significant influence of samples on foam stability. Petroleum/saline water added interfacial tension measurements, added or not the nanoemulsions were executed and showed that the additives adsorption in the interface is related to the surfactant's polarity and nanoemulsion drop size. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40889.