bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complex impairment of IA muscle proprioceptors following traumatic or neurotoxic injury
Authors: Vincent Jacob A. , Nardelli Paul , Gabriel Hanna M. , Deardorff Adam S. , Cope Timothy C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe health of primary sensory afferents supplying muscle has to be a first consideration in assessing deficits in proprioception and related motor functions. Here we discuss the role of a particular proprioceptor, the IA muscle spindle proprioceptor in causing movement disorders in response to either regeneration of a sectioned peripheral nerve or damage from neurotoxic chemotherapy. For each condition, there is a single preferred and widely repeated explanation for disability of movements associated with proprioceptive function. We present a mix of published and preliminary findings from our laboratory, largely from in vivo electrophysiological study of treated rats to demonstrate newly discovered IA afferent defects that seem likely to make important contributions to movement disorders. First, we argue that reconnection of regenerated IA afferents with inappropriate targets, although often repeated as the reason for lost stretch–reflex contraction, is not a complete explanation. We present evidence that despite successful recovery of stretch‐evoked sensory signaling, peripherally regenerated IA afferents retract synapses made with motoneurons in the spinal cord. Second, we point to evidence that movement disability suffered by human subjects months after discontinuation of oxaliplatin (OX) chemotherapy for some is not accompanied by peripheral neuropathy, which is the acknowledged primary cause of disability. Our studies of OX‐treated rats suggest a novel additional explanation in showing the loss of sustained repetitive firing of IA afferents during static muscle stretch. Newly extended investigation reproduces this effect in normal rats with drugs that block Na+ channels apparently involved in encoding static IA afferent firing. Overall, these findings highlight multiplicity in IA afferent deficits that must be taken into account in understanding proprioceptive disability, and that present new avenues and possible advantages for developing effective treatment. Extending the study of IA afferent deficits yielded the additional benefit of elucidating normal processes in IA afferent mechanosensory function.
Comparative analysis of Meissner's corpuscles in the fingertips of primates
Authors: Verendeev Andrey , Thomas Christian , McFarlin Shannon C. , Hopkins William D. , Phillips Kimberley A. , Sherwood Chet C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMeissner's corpuscles (MCs) are tactile mechanoreceptors found in the glabrous skin of primates, including fingertips. These receptors are characterized by sensitivity to light touch, and therefore might be associated with the evolution of manipulative abilities of the hands in primates. We examinedMCs in different primate species, including common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus,n = 5), baboon (Papio anubis,n = 2), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta,n = 3), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes,n = 3), bonobo (Pan paniscus,n = 1) and human (Homo sapiens,n = 8). Fingertips of the first, second and fourth digits were collected from both hands of specimens, dissected and histologically stained using hematoxylin and eosin. The density (MCs per 1 mm2) and the size (cross‐sectional diameter ofMCs) were quantified. Overall, there were no differences in the densities ofMCs or their size among the digits or between the hands for any species examined. However,MCs varied across species. We found a trend for higher densities ofMCs in macaques and humans compared with chimpanzees and bonobos; moreover, apes had largerMCs than monkeys. We further examined whether the density or size ofMCs varied as a function of body mass, measures of dexterity and dietary frugivory. Among these variables, only body size accounted for a significant amount of variation in the size ofMCs.
Jaw myology and bite force of the monk parakeet (Aves, Psittaciformes)
Authors: Carril Julieta , Degrange Federico J. , Tambussi Claudia P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPsittaciform birds exhibit novelties in jaw bone structure and musculature that are associated with strong bite forces. These features include an ossified arcus suborbitalis and the muscles ethmomandibularis and pseudomasseter. We analyse the jaw musculature of the monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) to enable future studies aimed at understanding craniofacial development, morphology, function and evolution. We estimate bite force based on muscle dissections, physiological cross‐sectional area and skull biomechanical modelling. We also compare our results with available data for other birds and traced the evolutionary origin of the three novel diagnostic traits. Our results indicate that, in Myiopsitta, (i) the arcus suborbitalis is absent and the orbit is ventrally closed by an elongate processus orbitalis and a short ligamentum suborbitale; (ii) the ethmomandibularis muscle is a conspicuous muscle with two bellies, with its origin on the anterior portion of the septum interorbitale and insertion on the medial aspect of the mandible; (iii) the pseudomasseter muscle consists of some fibers arising from the m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis, covering the lateral surface of the arcus jugalis and attaches by an aponeurotic sheet on the processus orbitalis; (iv) a well‐developed adductor mandibulae complex is present; (v) the bite force estimation relative to body mass is higher than that calculated for other non‐psittaciform species; and (vi) character evolution analysis revealed that the absence of the arcus suborbitalis and the presence of the m. pseudomassseter are the ancestral conditions, and mapping is inconclusive about presence of one or two bellies of the m. ethmomandibularis.
Correlation Between Advanced Glycation End‐Products, Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Bladder Dysfunctions in Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: GALÌ Alessandro , MUCCIARDI Giuseppe , BUTTICÈ Salvatore , SUBBA Enrica , D'AMICO Carmela , LEMBO Francesco , MAGNO Carlo 
Published: June 2015

ObjectivesTo explore whether serum and urinary advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) are related to urinary symptoms and bladder dysfunctions in diabetic patients.MethodsForty‐seven patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were enrolled. LUTS evaluation was performed by IPSS (International Prostatic Symptoms Score), QoL (quality of life), OAB (overactive bladder). ICI‐SF (International Consultation on Incontinence – short form) quaestionneires; ultrasound examination, evaluation of postvoid residual (PVR), uroflowmetry, cystometry with pressure‐flow study (PFS) were performed to detect bladder dysfunctions. Serum and urinary AGEs were quantified by ELISA method.ResultsPatients were divided into four subgroups: (i) normal‐detrusor‐contractility + normal‐ detrusor‐activity (1 ♂ [4.8%] and 4 ♀ [21%]), (ii) impaired‐detrusor‐contractility + normal‐detrusor‐ activity (4 ♂ [19.1%] and 0 ♀), (iii) normal‐detrusor‐contractility + detrusor‐overactivity (1 ♂ [4.8%] and 6 ♀ [31.6%]), (iv) impaired‐detrusor‐contractility + detrusor‐overactivity (15 ♂ [71.4%] and 9 ♀ [47.4%]). Serum AGEs were 12.2 ± 5.5 in men and 10.4 ± 5.6 in women; urinary AGEs were 1.5 ± 1.1 in men and 2.5 ± 1.6 in women. Serum AGEs exhibited a positive correlation with IPSS (P < 0.05) and OAB‐q scores (P < 0.01). Increased serum AGEs were associated with a significant reduction in the parameters reflecting impaired detrusor contractility with simultaneous reductions of urinary AGEs (P < 0.01). A greater correlation was observed between serum AGEs and subgroup 4 (P < 0.05).ConclusionsSerum AGEs seem to be early markers of diabetic complications and appear to be related to LUTS and bladder dysfunctions.
GMP synthase is essential for viability and infectivity of Trypanosoma brucei despite a redundant purine salvage pathway
Authors: Li Qiong , Leija Christopher , Rijo‐Ferreira Filipa , Chen Jun , Cestari Igor , Stuart Kenneth , Tu Benjamin P. , Phillips Margaret A. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma brucei, lacks de novo purine biosynthesis and depends on purine salvage from the host. The purine salvage pathway is redundant and contains two routes to guanosine‐5′‐monophosphate (GMP) formation: conversion from xanthosine‐5′‐monophosphate (XMP) by GMP synthase (GMPS) or direct salvage of guanine by hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). We show recombinant T. brucei GMPS efficiently catalyzes GMP formation. Genetic knockout of GMPS in bloodstream parasites led to depletion of guanine nucleotide pools and was lethal. Growth of gmps null cells was only rescued by supraphysiological guanine concentrations (100 μM) or by expression of an extrachromosomal copy of GMPS. Hypoxanthine was a competitive inhibitor of guanine rescue, consistent with a common uptake/metabolic conversion mechanism. In mice, gmps null parasites were unable to establish an infection demonstrating that GMPS is essential for virulence and that plasma guanine is insufficient to support parasite purine requirements. These data validate GMPS as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. The ability to strategically inhibit key metabolic enzymes in the purine pathway unexpectedly bypasses its functional redundancy by exploiting both the nature of pathway flux and the limited nutrient environment of the parasite's extracellular niche.
In vitro effects of tamoxifen on adipose‐derived stem cells
Authors: Pike Steven , Zhang Ping , Wei Zhengyu , Wu Nan , Klinger Aaron , Chang Shaohua , Jones Robert , Carpenter Jeffrey , Brown Spencer A , DiMuzio Paul , Tulenko Thomas , Liu Yuan 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIn breast reconstructive procedures, adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) that are present in clinical fat grafting isolates are considered to play the main role in improving wound healing. In patients following chemotherapy for breast cancer, poor soft tissue wound healing is a major problem. However, it is unclear if tamoxifen (TAM) as the most widely used hormonal therapeutic agent for breast cancer treatment, affects the ASCs and ultimately wound healing. This study evaluated whether TAM exposure to in vitro human ASCs modulate cellular functions. Human ASCs were isolated and treated with TAM at various concentrations. The effects of TAM on cell cycle, cell viability and proliferation rates of ASCs were examined by growth curves, MTT assay and BrdU incorporation, respectively. Annexin V and JC‐1 Mitochondrial Membrane Potential assays were used to analyze ASC apoptosis rates. ASCs were cultured in derivative‐specific differentiation media with or without TAM (5 uM) for 3 weeks. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation levels were measured by quantitative RT‐PCR and histological staining. TAM has cytotoxic effects on human ASCs through apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in dose‐ and time‐dependent manners. TAM treatment significantly down‐regulates the capacity of ASCs for adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation (p<0.05 vs. control), and inhibit the ability of the ASCs to subsequently formed cords in Matrigel. This study is the first findings to our knowledge that demonstrated that TAM inhibited ASC proliferation and multi‐lineage ASC differentiation rates. These results may provide insight into the role of TAM with associated poor soft tissue wound healing and decreased fat graft survival in cancer patients receiving TAM.
Kv1.2 mediates heterosynaptic modulation of direct cortical synaptic inputs in CA3 pyramidal cells
Authors: Hyun Jung Ho , Eom Kisang , Lee Kyu‐Hee , Bae Jin Young , Bae Yong Chul , Kim Myoung‐Hwan , Kim Sooyun , Ho Won‐Kyung , Lee Suk‐Ho 
Published: June 2015

Key points
We investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying mossy fibre‐induced heterosynaptic long‐term potentiation of perforant path (PP) inputs to CA3 pyramidal cells.
Here we show that this heterosynaptic potentiation is mediated by downregulation of Kv1.2 channels.
The downregulation of Kv1.2 preferentially enhanced PP‐evoked EPSPs which occur at distal apical dendrites.
Such enhancement of PP‐EPSPs required activation of dendritic Na+ channels, and its threshold was lowered by downregulation of Kv1.2.
Our results may provide new insights into the long‐standing question of how mossy fibre inputs constrain the CA3 network to sparsely represent direct cortical inputs.
AbstractA short high frequency stimulation of mossy fibres (MFs) induces long‐term potentiation (LTP) of direct cortical or perforant path (PP) synaptic inputs in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells (CA3‐PCs). However, the cellular mechanism underlying this heterosynaptic modulation remains elusive. Previously, we reported that repetitive somatic firing at 10 Hz downregulates Kv1.2 in the CA3‐PCs. Here, we show that MF inputs induce similar somatic firing and downregulation of Kv1.2 in the CA3‐PCs. The effect of Kv1.2 downregulation was specific to PP synaptic inputs that arrive at distal apical dendrites. We found that the somatodendritic expression of Kv1.2 is polarized to distal apical dendrites. Compartmental simulations based on this finding suggested that passive normalization of synaptic inputs and polarized distributions of dendritic ionic channels may facilitate the activation of dendritic Na+ channels preferentially at distal apical dendrites. Indeed, partial block of dendritic Na+ channels using 10 nm tetrodotoxin brought back the enhanced PP‐evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (PP‐EPSPs) to the baseline level. These results indicate that activity‐dependent downregulation of Kv1.2 in CA3‐PCs mediates MF‐induced heterosynaptic LTP of PP‐EPSPs by facilitating activation of Na+ channels at distal apical dendrites.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Fish Nervous Necrosis Virus Isolated from Sea Perch (
Lateolabrax japonicus
) in China
Authors: Jia Peng , Jia Kun-Tong , Yi Mei-Sheng 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

We sequenced and analyzed the complete genome of a fish nervous necrosis virus isolated from diseased sea perch (
Lateolabrax japonicus
) in Guangdong Province, China. The virus genome contains RNA1 (3,103 bp) and RNA2 (1,433 bp). Phylogenetic analysis shows that the virus belongs to the redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus genotype of betanodavirus.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Biowarfare Simulant Bacillus atrophaeus Strain 930029
Authors: Eng Catherine , Blouin Yann , Ding Nicolas , Larigauderie Guilhem , Ramisse Vincent , Pujol Céline 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

We report here the draft genome sequence of
Bacillus atrophaeus
strain 930029. Strain 930029 shows evidence of drift, based on a comparison to the corresponding source strain publicly available today.
Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. persicae NCPPB 2254
Authors: Zhao Wenjun , Jiang Hongshan , Tian Qian , Hu Jie 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas syringae
pv. persicae is a pathogen that causes bacterial decline of stone fruit. Here, we report the draft genome sequence for
P. syringae
pv. persicae, which was isolated from
Prunus persica
.
Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain MT11, Which Represents a New Lineage
Authors: Aboubaker Osman Djaltou , Phelippeau Michael , Musso Didier , Robert Catherine , Michelle Caroline , Croce Olivier , Drancourt Michel 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

We sequenced the genome of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strain MT11, which exhibits a specific 16S rRNA gene mutation found in 6% of French Polynesian
M. tuberculosis
isolates. It comprises a 4,110,293-bp chromosome with 65.15% G+C content, and it encodes 3,949 proteins and contains 85 predicted RNA genes. The TbD1 region is absent in strain MT11 as in modern
M. tuberculosis
strains.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Protease-Producing Strains of
Arsukibacterium
, Isolated from Two Cold and Alkaline Environments
Authors: Lylloff Jeanette E. , Hansen Lea B. S. , Jepsen Morten , Hallin Peter F. , Sørensen Søren J. , Stougaard Peter , Glaring Mikkel A. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Arsukibacterium ikkense
GCM72
T
and a close relative,
Arsukibacterium
sp. MJ3, were isolated from two cold and alkaline environments as producers of extracellular proteolytic enzymes active at high pH and low temperature. This report describes the two draft genome sequences, which may serve as sources of future industrial enzymes.
Draft Genome Sequence of Rice Endophyte-Associated Isolate Kosakonia oryzae KO348
Authors: Meng Xianfa , Bertani Iris , Abbruscato Pamela , Piffanelli Pietro , Licastro Danilo , Wang Changhai , Venturi Vittorio 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Kosakonia oryzae
KO348 is an endophytic and plant growth-promoting strain isolated from the roots of rice in Italy. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Kosakonia oryzae
KO348.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Burkholderia
sp. MR1, a Methylarsenate-Reducing Bacterial Isolate from Florida Golf Course Soil
Authors: Pawitwar Shashank S. , Utturkar Sagar M. , Brown Steven D. , Yoshinaga Masafumi , Rosen Barry P. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

To elucidate the environmental organoarsenical biocycle, we isolated a soil organism,
Burkholderia
sp. MR1, which reduces relatively nontoxic pentavalent methylarsenate to the more toxic trivalent methylarsenite, with the goal of identifying the gene for the reductase. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Burkholderia
sp. MR1.
Xenorhabdus bovienii Strain Diversity Impacts Coevolution and Symbiotic Maintenance with
Steinernema
spp. Nematode Hosts
Authors: Murfin Kristen E. , Lee Ming-Min , Klassen Jonathan L. , McDonald Bradon R. , Larget Bret , Forst Steven , Stock S. Patricia , Currie Cameron R. , Goodrich-Blair Heidi 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Microbial symbionts provide benefits that contribute to the ecology and fitness of host plants and animals. Therefore, the evolutionary success of plants and animals fundamentally depends on long-term maintenance of beneficial associations. Most work investigating coevolution and symbiotic maintenance has focused on species-level associations, and studies are lacking that assess the impact of bacterial strain diversity on symbiotic associations within a coevolutionary framework. Here, we demonstrate that fitness in mutualism varies depending on bacterial strain identity, and this is consistent with variation shaping phylogenetic patterns and maintenance through fitness benefits. Through genome sequencing of nine bacterial symbiont strains and cophylogenetic analysis, we demonstrate diversity among
Xenorhabdus bovienii
bacteria. Further, we identified cocladogenesis between
Steinernema feltiae
nematode hosts and their corresponding
X. bovienii
symbiont strains, indicating potential specificity within the association. To test the specificity, we performed laboratory crosses of nematode hosts with native and nonnative symbiont strains, which revealed that combinations with the native bacterial symbiont and closely related strains performed significantly better than those with more divergent symbionts. Through genomic analyses we also defined potential factors contributing to specificity between nematode hosts and bacterial symbionts. These results suggest that strain-level diversity (e.g., subspecies-level differences) in microbial symbionts can drive variation in the success of host-microbe associations, and this suggests that these differences in symbiotic success could contribute to maintenance of the symbiosis over an evolutionary time scale.

IMPORTANCE
Beneficial symbioses between microbes and plant or animal hosts are ubiquitous, and in these associations, microbial symbionts provide key benefits to their hosts. As such, host success is fundamentally dependent on long-term maintenance of beneficial associations. Prolonged association between partners in evolutionary time is expected to result in interactions in which only specific partners can fully support symbiosis. The contribution of bacterial strain diversity on specificity and coevolution in a beneficial symbiosis remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that strain-level differences in fitness benefits occur in beneficial host-microbe interactions, and this variation likely shapes phylogenetic patterns and symbiotic maintenance. This highlights that symbiont contributions to host biology can vary significantly based on very-fine-scale differences among members of a microbial species. Further, this work emphasizes the need for greater phylogenetic resolution when considering the causes and consequences of host-microbe interactions.
Development of a Model System for Tick-Borne Flavivirus Persistence in HEK 293T Cells
Authors: Mlera Luwanika , Offerdahl Danielle K. , Martens Craig , Porcella Stephen F. , Melik Wessam , Bloom Marshall E. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
We devised a model system to study persistent infection by the tick-borne flavivirus Langat virus (LGTV) in 293T cells. Infection with a molecularly cloned LGTV strain produced an acute lytic crisis that left few surviving cells. The culture was repopulated by cells that were ~90% positive for LGTV E protein, thus initiating a persistent infection that was maintained for at least 35 weeks without additional lytic crises. Staining of cells for viral proteins and ultrastructural analysis revealed only minor differences from the acute phase of infection. Infectious LGTV decreased markedly over the study period, but the number of viral genomes remained relatively constant, suggesting the development of defective interfering particles (DIPs). Viral genome changes were investigated by RNA deep sequencing. At the initiation of persistent infection, levels of DIPs were below the limit of detection at a coverage depth of 11,288-fold, implying that DIPs are not required for initiation of persistence. However, after 15 passages, DIPs constituted approximately 34% of the total LGTV population (coverage of 1,293-fold). Furthermore, at this point, one specific DIP population predominated in which nucleotides 1058 to 2881 had been deleted. This defective genome specified an intact polyprotein that coded for a truncated fusion protein containing 28 N-terminal residues of E and 134 C-terminal residues of NS1. Such a fusion protein has not previously been described, and a possible function in persistent infection is uncertain. DIPs are not required for the initiation of persistent LGTV infection but may play a role in the maintenance of viral persistence.

IMPORTANCE
Tick-borne flaviviruses are significant infectious agents that cause serious disease and death in humans worldwide. Infections are characterized by severe neurological symptoms, such as meningitis and encephalitis. A high percentage of people who get infected and recuperate from the acute phase of infection continue to suffer from chronic debilitating neurological sequelae, most likely as a result of nervous tissue damage, viral persistence, or both. However, little is known about mechanisms of viral persistence. Therefore, we undertook studies to investigate the persistence of Langat virus, a member of the tick-borne flavivirus group, in a mammalian cell line. Using next-generation sequencing, we determined that defective viral genomes do not play a role in the initiation of persistence, but their occurrence seems to be nonstochastic and could play a role in the maintenance of viral persistence via the expression of a novel envelope-NS1 fusion protein.