bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methodological and clinical aspects of alloimmunization after granulocyte transfusion in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Flaxa J. , Rosner A. , Hölig K. , Bornhäuser M. , Wassmuth R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), granulocyte transfusions (GT) may be required in immunocompromised, neutropenic patients. In this context, alloimmunization against alloantigens may occur and affect HSCT outcome. Anti‐human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and ‐MHC class I chain related antigens A (MICA) antibody response after the administration of GT in 29 patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT (n = 27) encompassing 109 sera was investigated by multianalyte microbead assay before and up to 6 month after HSCT. Anti‐HLA class I and II antibodies emerged de novo in 11 (38%) and 4 (14%) patients, respectively. Similarly, preformed antibodies were observed in four cases (14%) for anti‐HLA class I and also four patients for anti‐HLA class II antibodies. Anti‐MICA antibodies were observed in eight granulocyte recipients of which three patients developed anti‐MICA antibodies after GT, whereas preformed antibodies were seen in five patients. The conversion to positivity for any of the investigated antibodies did not significantly affect overall survival or the incidence of GVHD. GT‐associated alloantibody conversion observed did not significantly correlate with outcome. Thus, surveillance of anti‐HLA antibodies in the course of GT in the context of HSCT may not be required routinely. The role of MICA antibodies in HSCT and GT, however, requires further study.
THE COAGULATION TIME OF THE BLOOD IN MAN
Authors: Addis T. 
Published: December 2014

1. There are four conditions which must be fulfilled by any method which is to yield results which can be relied upon. (a) There must be a uniform method of obtaining the blood. (b) The temperature must be the same during each experiment. (c) The amount of contact with foreign bodies must be always the same. (d) The end‐point must be clear and definite and such as always to indicate the same degree of coagulation.2. A method is described which conforms to these conditions.3. Other methods which have been employed are reviewed, and, where necessary, the result of work undertaken to test their accuracy is given.4. The general conclusion of this testing is that no one of these methods fulfils all the conditions mentioned above, and that in particular all fail to comply with the essential condition that in comparative observations exactly the same temperature must be maintained throughout.5. The effect of variations of temperature is described, and it is shown that at about the normal temperature of the body the coagulation time is shortest, becoming gradually longer at temperatures above 40° C. and below 36° C.6. The coagulation time is constant for the same individual at different times of the day, and even on different days. The daily variations which have been described do not exist, but are due to fallacies in connection with the methods which have been employed.7. The conclusion that calcium and citric acid, when administered by the mouth, have no effect on the coagulation time, is referred to.I wish to express my thanks to Professor Schäfer and to Dr Cramer for advice and criticism during the progress of these investigations.The expenses entailed have been defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh.
FATIGUE STUDIED IN REACTION TIME EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Milroy T. H. 
Published: December 2014

The delay in response towards the close of reaction time experiments is evidently due to fatigue affecting some higher central process which is concerned in the maintenance of a close linkage between the central terminations of the sensory tracts and the so‐called voluntary motor centres. This is judged to be the case for the following reasons :—1. An intermittent and prolonged series of auditory stimuli towards which attention does not require to be sharply directed has no distinct fatiguing effect on succeeding reaction time responses for hearing. Hence, one concludes that the delay in response, which occurs after a prolonged series of reaction times (hearing), is not due to a fatigue of the auditory path.2. If, in a series of reaction time experiments, the sensory tracts be changed, as in passing from reaction time (sight) to reaction time (hearing) and then back again to sight, one finds that fatigue is apparently more marked at the close than if the stimulated sensory tracts remained the same throughout. At least, there is no sign of recuperation.As in this case the motor channel remains the same while the higher central one only varies to the extent of being directed towards a different “sensory centre,” the sensory path alone being changed, the fatigue effects must be due to alterations in the higher central links or in the motor path.They are evidently not due to alterations in the last‐mentioned path, as there are no signs of fatigue when this motor path is kept in slight activity of the same type as that existing in reaction time experiments. That is to say, the mere voluntary tapping of the Morse key at the rate of 10 per minute produces no appreciable fatigue.3. The effects of unexpected stimuli are more easily explained on the supposition that the time interval in reaction time is most largely dependent upon the close central linkage.4. The effect of disposition upon the duration of reaction time is most readily understood when one recognises the importance of the central linkage.5. The feelings of fatigue, such as sleepiness, difficulty in keeping the attention fixed, etc., which a person suffers from at the close of a long series, point to a central disturbance affecting the connecting links between sensory and motor channels.
ON THE DILATATOR PUPILLÆ OF THE HUMAN IRIS
Authors: Schäafer E. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. The dilatator pupillas of the human iris consists of a thin stratum of radially disposed, riband‐shaped, plain muscle‐cells: this stratum covers the posterior surface of the iris‐stroma.2. At the peripheral zone of the iris the dilatator is somewhat thickened, and its cells, in place of being in a single layer as is the case over the greater part of the iris, are two or three deep.3. The dilatator is not separated from the uveal pigment by a basement membrane.4. The uveal pigment which covers the back of the iris is composed of two strata not very closely adherent to one another. The more superficial or posterior stratum, which is formed of large columnar cells, is in thin sections relatively easily detached from the deeper or anterior stratum. This last is composed of cells which are spindle‐shaped in radial sections; they are arranged over the greater part of the iris in a single layer, but here and there, especially near the periphery, may be two deep. The deeper stratum of the pigmented epithelium is intimately adherent to the adjacent layer which forms the dilatator muscle, but, at least in the adult, the cell‐elements of the two layers are differentiated from one another and do not form a part of the same tissue.
ON THE MECHANISM OF CYTOLYSIS IN PARAMECIUM
Authors: Wulzen Rosalind 
Published: December 2014

1. The same agents which cause cytolysis in the sea‐urchin egg and the red blood‐corpuscle produce also cytolysis in Paramecium.2. The formation of a membrane is an essential step in this cytolysis The membrane is raised in vesicles by an increase in intracellular osmotic pressure. This pressure is due to the production of some soluble colloid by the action of the cytolytic agent upon the protoplasm.3. The intracellular change indicated by vesicle‐formation renders the cell‐wall soluble in the cytolytic agent, and the cell‐contents are thus extruded.4. In complete cytolysis the protoplasm is entirely dissolved.5. The membranes about both contractile vacuoles and nucleus are probably membranes of precipitation.6. These membranes resist lipoid solvents to such an extent that they probably contain but little lipoid.To Professor Loeb's kind suggestions is owing anything in this paper which may be of value.
THE TRACT OF GOWERS
Authors: Bruce A. Ninian 
Published: December 2014

1. In the term “Gowers' bundle” or “tract” all the ascending ventro‐lateral fibres should be included and not the spino‐cerebellar fibres only.2. If a lesion in the lower thoracic region injures only ventro‐lateral fibres, it is found on tracing the resulting degeneration upwards that there is a gradual transference of spino‐cerebellar fibres from the region of Gowers' bundle to that of Flechsig's, these transferred fibres being distributed to the cerebellum by way of the restiform body along with the other fibres of Flechsig's tract.3. The ventral spino‐cerebellar fibres arise from the lower cells of Clarke's column of the same side. These cells become chromatolysed as the result of ventro‐lateral lesions which involve the bundle of Gowers only. On the other hand, if the dorsal cerebellar tract of the cord alone is injured, or the inferior cerebellar peduncle divided, most of the cells at the lower extremity of Clarke's column do not undergo chromatolysis.4. The dorsal and ventral spino‐cerebellar fibres must no longer be regarded as two distinct and separate systems. They form parts of one and the same system, and connect the cells of Clarke's column of the same side with the cerebellum. This system divides at the level of the medulla oblongata, the greater number of fibres passing to the vermis cerebelli by the inferior cerebellar peduncle, a smaller number passing to the vermis by the superior cerebellar peduncle.5. The ventral cerebellar fibres lie mostly at the periphery of Gowers' bundle, and are not appreciably different in size from the dorsal cerebellar fibres. The fibres lying more centrally are, for the most part, smaller and finer. These do not pass to the cerebellum but to successive segments of the cord, to the lateral nucleus of the medulla oblongata, to the pons, to the anterior and posterior colliculus of both sides, to the substantia nigra of the same side, and to the thalamus of the same side.6. The spino‐vestibular tract, and the dorsal and ventral collateral plexuses, which have been considered to arise from the dorsal cerebellar tract, may take origin also from the transferred fibres of the tract of Gowers.7. Section of the spino‐cerebellar tracts in the spinal cord of the monkey produces no permanent physiological effect.
THE EFFECTS UPON GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF THE ADDITION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF OVARIAN TISSUE, PITUITARY, AND THYROID TO THE NORMAL DIETARY OF WHITE RATS
Authors: Schäfer E. A. 
Published: December 2014

The experiments related in this paper have been carried out on groups of white rats fed on a normal diet of bread and milk, to which, after a certain preliminary period, small quantities of the glandular substance of the ovary, pituitary body, or thyroid were respectively added. Determinations were made in each group of the rate of growth, the amount of food consumed, the amount of nitrogen excreted and retained, and the amounts of P2O5, Ca, and Mg excreted. The following are the chief results obtained:—1. Addition of ovarian or pituitary tissue in small amounts to the normal dietary of growing rats has little or no effect on their growth or metabolism.2. Addition of similar amounts of thyroid tissue causes a great increase of food consumption, especially in quite young animals, with acceleration of growth and retention of nitrogen in the body. At the same time, the nitrogenous metabolism is greatly increased, as is indicated by the large augmentation of nitrogen in the excreta—especially in the urine.3. Certain differences are observable in the two sexes.4. The excretion of phosphorus appears to be uninfluenced by ovarian or pituitary addition, but there is an increase with thyroid when the addition of this to the food is increased beyond a certain amount.5. There appears to be an increased excretion of Ca and Mg in pituitary‐ and thyroid‐fed animals as compared with those to the food of which ovarian tissue is added. But the variations in different experiments are considerable, and render this result doubtful.
THE EFFECT OF NERVE‐FUSION ON THE PATTERNS OF NERVES CONTAINING DEGENERATED FIBRES
Authors: Feiss Henry O. 
Published: December 2014

(1) Nerves containing degenerated tracts do not have their anatomical pattern much altered by the interposition of surgical neuromata produced by nerve fusion; the empty sheaths do not become refilled.(2) In the neuromata themselves marked distortion of pattern may occur, as in cases where normal nerves have been fused, but this is only a local thing and does not affect the anatomical pattern of the nerves below it. At the same time, such fibres as were not affected by the original lesion may form new central connections.(3) Taken all in all, these experiments give us data which are reconcilable with recognised views on nerve regeneration and chemotaxis. This being so, the evidence is to be regarded as rather unfavourable for justifying nerve anastomosis after lesions in the cord or roots, unless possibly the time‐interval between the original lesion and the anastomosis is very short.
ON THE COAGULATION OF BLOOD
Authors: Cramer W. , Pringle Harold 
Published: December 2014

Oxalate plasma, when prepared with certain precautions and filtered through a Berkefeld filter, does not clot on the addition of calcium chloride.An investigation of this fact has led to the following conclusions:—Plasma separated from the corpuscular elements in the ordinary way by centrifugalisation at a moderate speed still contains some blood‐platelets. The addition of soluble calcium salts to such plasma brings about in the first instance a breaking down of the platelets. This leads to the liberation of a substance (thrombokinase of Morawitz, thromboplastin of Howell) which is essential for the production of a clot. This substance is not present in freshly prepared oxalate blood in which the platelets have remained intact, and therefore no coagulation takes place on the addition of calcium salts to such plasma, which has been completely freed from platelets by filtration through a Berkefeld filter.Soluble calcium salts, in addition to the primary effect on the platelets, have also a secondary effect in contributing to the formation of fibrin under the influence of the substance liberated by the platelets.Since numerous experiments on blood coagulation have been carried out by previous observers with plasma which was not cell free, but still contained blood‐platelets, it follows that a number of phenomena which have been attributed to the chemical or physical properties of the unorganised constituents of the plasma are in reality due to the behaviour of living cellular elements. The conclusions based on experiments with such plasma require to be revised. In the present paper we have discussed the following phenomena:—The fact that blood remains fluid when caught in paraffined tubes (Freund's method) is explained by the fact that under these conditions the platelets remain intact. The observation of Bordet and Gengou, that plasma obtained from such blood will coagulate when it is transferred to glass vessels, is due to the presence of platelets in such plasma. These platelets disintegrate when brought into contact with glass. The phenomena described by Nolf under the terms “thromboplastic agencies” and “centres of coagulation” are also due to the presence of platelets in the plasma with which he was working. Platelet‐free plasma is not susceptible to the action of “thromboplastic agencies.”
ON THE EFFECTS OF ADMINISTRATION OF EXTRACTS OF PITUITARY BODY AND CORPUS LUTEUM TO MILCH COWS
Authors: Gavin W. 
Published: December 2014

1. That under conditions of ordinary farm practice no commercial benefit arises from the administration to dairy cows of these glandular extracts, whether given by the mouth, by subcutaneous injection, or by intravenous injection.2. That intravenous injection of pituitary extract may be followed by an increased collection of milk in the lower portions of the udder, but that, in spite of this, no alteration in the total quantity per diem or in the quality of the milk occurs.It must, be emphasised that these results were obtained for commercial purposes, and apply only to ordinary farm practice. The cows were fed as usual, and milked twice a day only. Further observations would be required to determine whether an increase could be gained by simultaneous high feeding or frequent removal of the milk during the injection period.The author wishes to express his thanks to Professor Schäfer for advice, material, and assistance, without which it would have been impossible for him to carry out the above work.
THE VASCULARITY OF THE LIVER. XI. THE MOTOR REACTION IN THE PORTAL RADICLES OF THE LIVER
Authors: Burton‐Opitz Russell 
Published: December 2014

1. By using adrenaline during the perfusion of the portal system of the liver it has been shown that the radicles of this vein possess motor activity.2. Stimulation of the distal end of the hepatic plexus during the perfusion, as well as in an animal possessing a normal portal circulation, has proved that this motor mechanism is innervated by the aforesaid plexus.3. It has also been established that the portal mechanism is distinct from the one located in the terminals of the hepatic artery, and that it embraces not only the distributing tubules, but also extensive areas of the central or collecting channels.
ON AN ACCUMULATION OF GAS IN THE TISSUES OF THE FROG AS A RESULT OF PROLONGED SUBMERSION IN WATER
Authors: Cameron A. T. , Brownlee T. I. 
Published: December 2014

(1) Specimens of R. pipiens immersed in Winnipeg tap‐water during late winter and spring will live on the average sixteen days. The extreme periods observed are three and fifty‐two days.(2) The frogs remain perfectly normal for some time, but at a variable period before death ensues—usually several days—they commence to swell. The swelling is due in all cases to the absorption of water, and in most cases this is accompanied by retention of absorbed nitrogen, resulting in a degree of buoyancy which tends to keep the frogs at the surface of the water. If the frogs are removed from the water at any stage before death occurs, they recover completely in a few days. If allowed to remain, death ultimately takes place, and is presumably connected, physically or chemically, with the distension.(3) The causes of the phenomena are discussed, and other experiments described which throw some further light upon them.In conclusion, we wish to thank Professor Swale Vincent for the interest he has taken in the work throughout its course.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALIN ON MUSCULAR FATIGUE IN LEPTODACTYLUS OCELLATUS (L. GIR.) AND IN BUFO MARINUS
Authors: Guglielmetti John 
Published: December 2014

1. Subcutaneous or intravenous injection of adrenalin in the frog, Leptodactylus ocellatus, and the toad, Bufo marinus, produces recovery of muscular contractions which have been abolished by previous fatigue. Perfusion experiments show the same result.2. Within certain limits, the period of duration of the recovery curve depends upon the quantity of adrenalin used, on the frequency of excitation, and on the weight lifted by the muscle.3. The height of the recovery curve is generally lower than that of the initial curve, but sometimes higher.4. Given sufficient doses, recovery may be obtained in muscles which have been wholly exhausted, but if a certain interval has elapsed after the fatigue was complete, this result is inconstant.5. If the first dose is small and the second one much greater (ten times), two consecutive recoveries can be obtained.6. A dose of adrenalin so small as to be unable to influence the fatigue curve may nevertheless render the muscle less sensitive to a succeeding dose.7. The manner in which the stimulus is applied, whether through the nerve or directly to the muscle, does not modify the phenomena.8. When administered by the perfusion method, similar results are obtained, but fatigue supervenes much more rapidly.9. Recovery is more usually obtained when the adrenalin is made to act early upon the preparation.10. Frogs are more sensitive to adrenalin when they are fasting.11. The sensitivity of the frog, Leptodactylus ocellatus, is about five times greater than that of the toad, Bufo marinus.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN RELATION TO THE THYROID GLAND. IV.: THE EFFECT OF THYROID FEEDING ON THE GASEOUS METABOLISM OF THYROIDECTOMISED RATS
Authors: Cramer W. , M' Call R. 
Published: December 2014

Rats in which hypothyroidism has been produced by removal of the thyroid gland react to thyroid feeding by an increased metabolism. Two stages of experimental hypothyroidism have been distinguished in a previous paper as occurring in rats. If thyroid gland is administered in the early stage in which the metabolism is reduced, the effect is to bring the metabolism back to that of a normal animal. In this respect there is an essential similarity between this stage of experimental hypothyroidism and pathological hypothyroidism. If thyroid feeding takes place after the later stage has set in, the condition of the metabolism is similar to that produced in a normal animal by thyroid feeding. This confirms the suggestion made in a previous paper, that this later stage is due to a compensatory mechanism, and does not really represent a condition of true hypothyroidism.The rise in metabolism produced by thyroid feeding occurs also in the absence of preformed carbohydrate in the food.The relation of protein metabolism to carbohydrate metabolism in experimental hyperthyroidism is discussed. It is pointed out again that all the changes in metabolism can be explained as being the result of the disturbance of the glycogenic function.It is suggested that in Graves' disease a diet rich in carbohydrates is indicated to counteract the loss of flesh, which is one of the features of the disease.
THE ACTION OF AMYL NITRITE ON THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Authors: McDowall R. J. S. 
Published: December 2014

It is shown that amyl nitrite causes a lowering of pulmonary blood‐pressureEvidence is brought forward to show that there is direct action on the pulmonary blood vessels, and this is supported by the findings in the auricles. The existence of a vasodilator mechanism in the lungs is rendered probable.A revision of the present position of nitrites in the treatment of certain lung diseases is suggested by the results of these experiments.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE ON LEFT AURICULAR PRESSURE
Authors: McDowall R. J. S. 
Published: December 2014

Experiments have been carried out which demonstrate the different factors which affect the pressure changes in the left auricle when adrenaline is injected.These are seen to be the action of the vagus, of the right ventricle, of the pulmonary vessels, of the left ventricle, of the anaesthetic and of the artificial respiration.After the vagi have been cut it is usual to get a fall in left auricular pressure with adrenaline. This fall is shown to be due largely to constriction of the pulmonary vessels by the adrenaline ; often, but not always, supplemented by increased action of the left ventricle.This research was assisted by a grant from the British Medical Association.I wish to thank Messrs, Parke, Davis and Co., for their kindness in providing me with adrenaline for the investigation.