bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lateral inhibition in the human visual system in healthy subjects and in patients with glaucoma
Authors: JUNOY MONTOLIO FG , MEENS W , JANSSENS MSA , STAM L , JANSONIUS NM 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose In glaucoma, the density of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is reduced. It is largely unknown whether and how this influences the spatial interactions between the remaining RGCs. A decrease in lateral inhibition might arise and could result in a larger than expected response to some stimuli, which could mask RGC loss on functional glaucoma testing. The aim of this study was to compare lateral inhibition in the visual system between glaucoma patients and healthy subjects.Methods A case‐control study was performed with 14 glaucoma patients and 50 healthy subjects. Cases were selected to have advanced visual field loss in combination with a normal visual acuity. Controls had to have a negative ophthalmic and family history, normal eye pressure, and a normal acuity. Experiments were performed monocularly. Lateral inhibition was measured psychophysically on a computer screen, with (1) a modified illusory movement experiment and (2) a contrast sensitivity (CS) test. The illusory movement was quantified by nulling it with a real movement; measure of lateral inhibition was the amount of illusory movement. Log CS was measured at 1 and 4 cpd; measure of lateral inhibition was the difference between log CS at 1 and 4 cpd. Both measures of lateral inhibition were compared between cases and controls; analyses were adjusted for age with multiple linear regressionResults There was no difference in lateral inhibition between cases and controls (P=0.76 for illusory movement; P=0.84 for CS testing). Log CS was lower in the cases than in the controls at both 1 (‐0.21; P=0.006) and 4 (‐0.22; P=0.016) cpd.Conclusion Lateral inhibition is not decreased in glaucoma patients, at least not in patients with a normal visual acuity.
Noninvasive drug delivery to the retina
Authors: STEFANSSON E 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn general, only a small fraction of drug administered as eye drops enters the eye. This is due to permeability barriers of the eye as well as effective rinsing of the ocular surface. Additionally, lipophilic drug molecules are difficult to dissolve in adequate concentrations in eye drops. We have developed a drug delivery platform, based on cyclodextrins, which can be used to increase drug delivery with eye drops. The cyclodextrins are lipophilic on the inside and hydrophilic on the outside. This allows formation of water‐soluble complexes of cyclodextrins and lipophilic drug molecules, thereby increasing the possible concentration of drug in the eye drop. Cyclodextrins may also increase drug delivery by enhancing mucoadhesion and by facilitating transport of drug molecules through the unstirred water layer at the surface of the eye. We have formulated and tested cyclodextrin‐dexamethasone eye drops. The eye drops have been shown to decrease diabetic macular edema. A recent study also shows higher and extended concentration of dissolved dexamethasone after using cyclodextrin‐dexamethasone, compared to a regular formulation of dexamethasone.
Commercial interest
The Dublin Uveitis Evaluation Tool (DUET) – an algorithm for earlier diagnosis of spondyloarthropathies by ophthalmologists in acute anterior uveitis.
Authors: O'ROURKE M , HAROON M , RAMASAMY P , FITZGERALD O , MURPHY C 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose The association between anterior uveitis (AU) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) is well established. However, no algorithm exists to advise the ophthalmologist of which patients with AU should be referred to the rheumatolgist as a suspect SpA. Early diagnosis in SpA is key as disease severity and morbidity is related to disease duration. This study firstly establishes the incidence of SpA in an Irish cohort of patients attending eye casualty with previously unknown SpA. It also establishes a highly effective predictive algorithm to advise which patients should be referred to a rheumatologist as potential SpA.Methods 104 consecutive patients with non‐infectious AU were recruited prospectively and subsequently screened by a rheumatologist for SpA. The most statically significant features were used to generate a predictive algorithm which was subsequently validated in a further cohort of 80 patients.Results The incidence of SpA is 41.5% with average duration of backache 9.36 years. Multiple regression analysis with detailed step wise post‐hoc analysis identified that patients <45 years, with backache >3 months should have HLA‐B27 checked. If positive, a referral is appropriate. If negative, a history of psoriasis should be ascertained and if present, the patient should be referred. This algorithm has sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 98%. Validation of this algorithm in a second cohort had comparable sensitivity and specificity.Conclusion The ophthalmologist has a necessary role in identifying SpA. Close collaboration between ophthalmologists and rheumatologists utilizing our algorithm will result in earlier treatment intervention to improve disease outcome.
Changes in vitreous haze over time with intravitreal sirolimus in noninfectious posterior‐segment uveitis (NI‐PSU): results of SAKURA Study 1
Authors: BODAGHI B , ALI Y , YANG Y , CHERNOCK M , THURAU S , PAVESIO C 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose To evaluate changes in vitreous haze (VH) scores over time in in SAKURA Study 1, a randomized, double‐masked, multicenter, international phase III study of subjects with active NI‐PSU.Methods 347 subjects with active NI‐PSU (VH score ≥1.5+) were randomized to intravitreal sirolimus (44, 440, or 880 µg), given every 2 months. VH scores were assessed at Week 2 and Months 1–5.Results At baseline, the mean (SD) VH scores were 1.9 (0.44) for the 440 µg group and 1.9 (0.50) for the 44 µg group. The risk:benefit profile was most favorable with 440 µg: Significantly more patients achieved a VH score of 0 at Month 5 (the primary endpoint) with 440 µg vs 44 µg (22.8% vs 10.3%; p=.025). 440 µg was also significantly more effective than 44 µg in achieving a VH score of 0/0.5+ (51.8% vs 35%; p=.012). Improvement was seen as early as Week 2 with 440 µg (22.8% with VH=0/0.5+) and continued improvement with this dose was seen at every analysis visit (36.0%, 40.4%, 49.1%, 42.1%, and 51.8% with VH=0/0.5+ at Months 1–5, respectively).Conclusion Intravitreal sirolimus 440 μg significantly improved inflammation in this diverse NI‐PSU population. VH improvement was seen as early as 2 weeks after the first injection and continued through Month 5. Treatment with intravitreal sirolimus 440 µg appears to be effective in treating NI‐PSU, with a balanced safety profile.
Commercial interest
Ghrelin’s effects in diabetic retinopathy: Inhibition of choroid retinal cells migration cultured under a hyperglycemic environment.
Authors: ROCHA DE SOUSA A , SILVA‐GOMES R , PEREIRA‐SILVA P , AZEVEDO‐PINTO S , MOLEIRO A , CONCEIÇÃO G , LEITE‐MOREIRA AF 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of ghrelin in a primate choroid retinal cell line cultured under hyperglycemic conditions and its effect on the early changes of diabetic retinopathy in an animal model of type1 diabetes mellitus (DM1).Methods A RF/6a cell line was used in the in vitro assay. Cell migration was assessed using the wound healing assay under increasing (0‐300mM) glucose concentrations. To test its effect, ghrelin was added (10‐5‐10‐10nM) to the cell cultures for 24h. Positive controls had VEGF added to the medium. For the in vivo studies, diabetic Wistar rats received intravitreal injections of either ghrelin (81nM) or saline every 4 weeks for 3 months. Vascular permeability was assessed using the Evans blue assay.Results Increasing concentrations of glucose show a reduction in cell migration distance. We defined 10 mM of glucose as the basal and 250 mM as the hyperglycemic condition. At a concentration of 10‐8 nM ghrelin potentiates the reduction of migration induced by the hyperglycemic medium, and reduces the migration induced by VEGF. Regarding the in vivo model, diabetic animals treated with intravitreal ghrelin injections showed no alteration in vascular permeability, when compared with diabetic controls.Conclusion Ghrelin reduces cell migration in choroid‐retinal cells under hyperglycemic media, but appears to have no effect on the vascular permeability in a DM1 animal model.
Laser Doppler flowmetrie on small animal
Authors: GEISER M , TRUFFER F , MENTEK M , BERNABEI M , APTEL F , CHIQUET C 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe present a compact fundus camera designed to measure the blood flow in small animals based on laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). The small animal is immobilized on a modified stereotaxic table and the pupil of the LDF device is superposed by translation to the pupil’s eye of the animal. Then rotation centered at the pupil is used to point the probing beam to the optic nerve head (ONH) or on retinal arteries (RA). LDF parameters Vel, Vol and F were assessed with a rotating teflon wheel simulating Doppler signal. Experiments were conducted on anesthetized adult male Wistar and Brown Normay rats. We demonstrated stable LDF parameters over 1 hours on RA and optic ONH for 6 and 10 rats respectively. Reproducibility is good for Vel on RA and ONH and moderate for Vol and F ONH. Transient ocular blood flow was blocked by increasing intra‐ocular pressure (IOP). Vel decreases significantly by 70% of baseline. Vel on RA was recorded during rat euthanasia. Vel decreases to the same level as for increased IOP. Vel measurement on RA are feasible, however measurement on ONH are more difficult probably due to a scare capillary network.
Current revision of the international classification of corneal dystrophies (IC3D)
Authors: LISCH W 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe International classification of corneal dystrophies (CD) was published by the International committee for classification of corneal dystrophies (IC3D) in the Journal CORNEA in 2008. In the meantime, we propose some revisions. I`d like to present the main points: 1. New general classification of CD 2. Spliting of ERED (epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy) into distinct entities 3. The so‐called epithelial‐stromal TGFBI dystrophies 4. Revision of Thiel‐Behnke CD 5. Lattice lines in granular CD, type 2 ? 6. Revision of congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED): the so‐called CHED 1 = eponym of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD).
Preclinical scheduling for metastatic ocular melanoma treatment by using a xenograft model approach
Authors: LEMAITRE S , NEMATI F , THULEAU A , LABIOD D , RODRIGUES M , DE PLATER L , PIPERNO S , SASTRE X , MARIANI P , ROMAN ROMAN S , GENTIEN D , DECAUTIN D , CASSOUX N 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurpose The prognosis for patients with disseminated ocular melanoma is poor. Responses to standard chemotherapy are low and serious toxicities are common. Here, we determine the feasibility of treating melanoma xenograft models in mice in order to guide the selection of treatments in metastatic patients.Methods A patient‐derived xenograft model was established in SCID mice for metastatic choroidal and conjunctival melanoma. Mice bearing growing tumors were randomly assigned to the control or treatment groups. Mice were treated with dacarbazine and everolimus in the choroidal melanoma model. Dacarbazine and dabrafenib were used in the conjunctival melanoma model.Results Everolimus resulted in tumor stasis in the choroidal melanoma model while dacarbazine had no antitumor effect. In the conjunctival melanoma model the relative tumor volumes in mice treated with dacarbazine and dabrafenib were similar to the control group. Since this is a feasibility study we included only a limited number of cancer drugs. More drugs will have to be screened in future studies. The oncologists in our institution were aware of the results but it had no influence on the choice of treatments for the patients. To our knowledge this is the first report of a conjunctival melanoma xenograft model in SCID mice.Conclusion Our results suggest that ocular melanoma xenograft models can be used to determine which drugs achieve antitumor activity. These data could help oncologists in the choice of treatments for metastatic patients.
Retinal Oxygen distribution in normal and pathological cases; animal models and humans
Authors: POURNARAS C 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe distribution of PO2 close to the vitreoretinal interface is heterogeneous, found higher near the arteriolar wall. Preretinal and transretinal PO2 profiles indicate that O2 diffusion from the arterioles affects the PO2 in the juxta‐arteriolar preretinal region. Both the preretinal and inner retinal PO2 recorded far from the vessels remain constant in all retinal areas. The oxygen tension (PO2) in the inner half of the retina remains largely unaffected by moderate changes in perfusion pressure. In addition a constant PO2 is observed during systemic PaO2 changes induced either by hyperoxia or hypoxia. However, an increase of PaCO2 (hypercapnia), as well as an intravenous injection of acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) can both lead to an increase of preretinal PO2 due to retinal vessels dilatation. In the case of eyes with experimental branch retinal vein occlusion, PO2 values, within the inner retinal layers, are indicative of hypoxic conditions, whereas in adjacent unaffected retinal areas the PO2 remain normal. In diabetic patients undergoing vitrectomy, reports have shown a lowered vitreal POg in the affected retinal areas. Occlusion of the retinal circulation renders most of the inner retina anoxic.
Physiopathology of neovascular glauoma and preventive Anti VEGF injections
Authors: ZOGRAFOS L 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNeovascular glaucoma is a major complication after proton therapy of uveal melanomas, and is provoked by vasoproliferative agents produced by the tumor or ischemic retina. Risk factors for the presence of an ischemic retina at presentation are largest tumor diameter (LTD) tumor height and the extent of retinal detachment. In a prospective study the efficacy of preventive anti VEGF treatment was estimated following Proton Beam radiotherapy of uveal Melanomas associated with an ischemic retinal detachment. None of the treated cases and 32% of the controlled group developped an neovascular glaucoma. The anti VEGF treatment was completed with and extensive laser photocoagulation of the ischemic retina. Anti VEGF treatment associated to retina photocoagulation appears as valuable therapeutic modality in selected cases of uveal Melanomas following Protom Beam radiotherapy.
Prevention of neovascular glaucoma by endoresection of the uveal melanoma scar after proton beam therapy
Authors: CASSOUX N 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe conservative treatment of uveal melanoma by proton beau or plaque irradiation can induce severe side effects such as exudative retinal detachment, hard exudates, neovascular glaucoma. Part of these complications is not due to the irradiation itself but to a tumor necrosis. The scar releases factors not fully discovered (VGEF, TNF…) producing these complications called “toxic tumor syndrome”. The goal of the surgery in this case is to remove the necrotic scar and to prevent long term somplications leading to secondary enucleation. The risk of “tumor toxic syndrome” is correlated to initial tumor volume. This surgical technique could be proposed in tumors of more than 8 mm thick but with a diameter of less than 16 mm, without ciliary body or optic nerve invasion. The surgical technique and the results will be described in this paper.
Prevention of neovascular glaucoma by transcleral resection of the uveal melanoma
Authors: BECHRAKIS N 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRadiation treatment of large uveal melanomas especially when they are infiltrating the ciliary body is often followed by the development of neovascular glaucoma. The reason for this is associated with the development of large hypoxic retinal areas and also necrosis of the irradiated tumor, that has been defined as “toxic tumor syndrome”. Resection of the tumour after successful irradiation is a very helpful way of treating this potential post irradiation complication. Prevention of the development of secondary glaucoma is even better for log‐term preservation of visual function. Especially when the tumor is located anteriorly where tumor endoresection is hazardous due to ciliary body hemorrhage, transscleral resection is a very helpful alternative. On the long term patients that have undergone this combined treatment regiment have a larger probability of eye and visual function preservation.
A journey to Berlin, Utrecht, Paris and London in the footsteps of a cosmopolitan ophthalmologist of the second half of the 19th century
Authors: KESTELYN P 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRichard Liebreich was born in Prussia in 1830. He studied medicine and graduated at Halle in 1853. He spent several months with Donders in Utrecht to refine his skills in optics and refraction. As a student of Helmholtz he witnessed the invention of the ophthalmoscope and took one of the first instruments to von Graefe’s clinic in Berlin. From Berlin Liebreich moved to Paris, where he achieved great succes. After the fall of Napoleon in 1870, Liebreich moved to London, where he became the head of ophthalmology at St. Thomas hospital and medical school. Following several personal attacks in the medical literature, Liebreich returned to Paris, where he gradually retired from medical practice, yet continued a creative life as an artist. Richard Liebreich improved the ophthalmocope,created the first ophthalmoscope utilized for demonstration purposes, devised a binocular corneal microscope which was a forerunner of the slitlamp, was a pioneer in fundus photography, and wrote the first paper on ophthalmic genetics. However, his lasting claim to fame was the creation of the first atlas of ophthalmoscopy.
Influence of cerebrospinal fluid pressure and its composition around the optic nerve on the development of glaucoma. Overview
Authors: DE GROOT V , WOSTIYN P , VAN DAM D , AUDENAERT K , DE DEYN PP 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGrowing evidence in the literature provides strong support for the concept that cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) plays a role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. The CSFP forms the counterbalance to the intraocular pressure (IOP) across the optic disc. The pressure difference across the lamina cribrosa seems to be more important than the IOP on its own. This trans‐lamina cribrosa pressure difference depends on the imbalance between the IOP and the CSFP, and their fluctuations . Several studies have demonstrated that this pressure difference is higher in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG), providing an explanation for the mystery of NTG. Secondly, the CSF around the optic nerve may have a deficient clearance. Possible compartmentalization of this subarachnoidal space around the optic nerve has been documented. Also changes in general CSF circulatory physiology result in decreased CSF turnover, decreased CSFP and CSF stasis. Given the central role of CSF turnover in the clearance of potentially toxic metabolites from the brain, one might expect that CSF circulatory dysfunction could ultimately result in reduced neurotoxin clearance in the subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerve and lead to glaucomatous damage.
Local immunоcorrection with MMSC‐like limbal cells in high‐risk keratoplasty patients
Authors: TONAEVA H , BORZENOK SA , ONISHENKO NA 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground. Local immunosuppressive therapy resistance in over that 45% of recipients in high‐risk keratoplasty determines search for the new methods of immune reaction suppression by activation of physiological tolerance mechanisms based on the cell technologies. With this in view mesenchymal stem/progenitor limbal cells with phenotype and properties of bone marrow MMSCs are of great interest as they form an outer cell‐tissue niche of the eyeball, accomplish local immunity regulation, physiological and reparative corneal regeneration. Purpose. To evaluate cadaveric donor graft survival rate in high‐risk recipients by co‐transplantation of pre‐cultured allogenic limbal transplants. Materials and methods. As a first step limbal transplants taken from the cadaver eye were cultured for 25,0±3,0 days in the medium (Borzenok‐Moroz). Functional activity of the cells was monitored by the content of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in the culture medium by ELISA. Phenotype of the cells after culturing was determined by flow cytometry with a panel of antibodies to MMSCs. At the second (clinical) step penetrating keratoplasties were carried out in 69 high‐risk patients. Experimental group (1st) comprised of 36 patients whom cultured limbal cells and cadaver corneas were transplanted simultaneously. In the 2nd (control) group (n=33) standard penetrating keratoplasty was performed. Results. The results of observation during the first 12 months after the surgery showed that in the 1st group transplant survival rate was much higher than in the 2nd group, 31 recipient (86,1%) and 23 recipient (69,7%), respectively. Endothelial cell loss was also much higher in the control group as opposed to the experimental group, 23,8±1,4% and 14,1±0,57%, respectively. Conclusion. Limbal transplants preserve their viability, demonstrate immune‐regulatory activity, and contribute to reprogramming of pro‐inflammatory to anti‐inflammatory local immune response after keratoplasty. Inhibition of local immune reactions by limbal cells co‐transplantation contributes to long‐term survival rate of the corneal grafts and preserved endothelial cells.
Simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty and artificial iris‐lens diaphragm implantation
Authors: POZDEYEVA N , PASHTAYEV NP 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMaterials and methods: Forty four eyes of 44 patients with aniridia after penetrating corneal injuries and traumatic post radial keratotomy wound dehiscences have undergone penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) and simultaneous artificial iris‐lens diaphragm (ILD) implantation. The average age was 36 years (8‐60 years). Time since trauma ranged from 3 months to 17 years. In 27 eyes intraocular pressure (IOP) was normal preoperatively, while 17 eyes were diagnosed with glaucoma. IOP was managed medically in 9 of these eyes, and 8 eyes had been operated for glaucoma before PKP + ILD. PKP was performed with the assistance of femtosecond laser in 10 eyes, and 34 eyes were operated with the use of Barron vacuum trephine. Five eyes had previous successful retinal detachment surgery, and 8 eyes had subtotal vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage. Results: Preoperatively mean non‐corrected distance visual acuity (NCDVA) was 0.03 ± 0.04 (m ± SD), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was 0.04 ± 0.07, preoperative corneal astigmatism was 8.3 ± 5.8 diopters (D). Twelve months after the surgery mean NCDVA after traditional PKP was 0.08 ± 0.09, CDVA was 0.2 ± 0.19, corneal astigmatism was 4.7±3.9 D; and after femtolaser‐assisted PKP NCDVA was 0.1 ± 0.12, CDVA 0.3 ± 0.28, corneal astigmatism was 3.9 ± 3.1 D. In the group of 8 eyes previously operated for glaucoma only 1 eye experienced worsening of IOP control, requiring 2 extra filtering procedures including drainage device implantation. In the glaucoma medical management group of 9 eyes 1 eye required filtering surgery 1 month after PKP + ILD, while four more had to be operated for glaucoma as late as 9 to 24 months. Due to transplant failure cornea had to be regrafted in 6 of 9 patients in the glaucoma medical management group, and only in 2 of 8 patients who were previously operated for glaucoma. Conclusion: In patients after simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty and artificial iris‐lens diaphragm implantation surgery corneal transplant failure rate increases with IOP decompensation. Previous glaucoma surgery improves IOP control.