bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Drilling: Changing the Way the Oil and Gas Industry Manages Safety and Risk
Authors: Caldwell Brian , Hinton Jack 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The oil and gas industry is renowned for its technological advances in the capture and use of data science to find and release new reserves of hydrocarbons to meet the world's ever increasing energy demands. Such uses of the scientific analysis of data and information have enabled hydrocarbons to remain the primary source of energy, worldwide. Data science unlocks patterns typically unseen in typically available information, thus allowing the industry to see hydrocarbons where previously they were not able to confirm their presence. Other industries that specialize in demographic analysis of data, like Google and Yahoo, use data science to see patterns in human interest, which they then make marketable by selling to manufacturers of goods to target increased sales.
Baker Hughes has leveraged what it has been doing for years with data science in its Geoscience expertise, to more completely exploit hydrocarbon reserves; to now better exploit previously untapped revelations from safety incident data. Building on the work that Behavioral Science Technology undertook in 2011 with seven global companies (ExxonMobil, Potash Corp, Shell, BHP Billiton, Cargill, Archer Daniel Midland Company, and Maersk), in their publication “New Findings on Serious Injuries and Fatalities”; and, the further work that ExxonMobil has undertaking with their “Mining the Diamond” approach to safety data analysis, as first reported by Neil Duffin, President – ExxonMobil Development Company, at the 2012 Offshore Technology Conference, Baker Hughes has taken this approach farther. The use of data science applied to safety is revealing previously unseen trends in existing safety incident (near miss and where harm was caused) data. We call this application, “Data Drilling”.
The results of Data Drilling are provocative, as they better guide the business to more clearly understand root cause, which precipitates more accurate intervention strategies and effective management of risk (in a high risk industry). Additionally, the products of Data Drilling present a clear and compelling picture of risk management to executives, enabling stronger safety leadership to their organizations. The results of four retrospective studies, of the industry's experience with Dropped Objects, Wellbore Placement During Drilling, Wireline Pressure Control Equipment, and Coil Tubing Operations, are used as examples of how Data Drilling unlocks meaningful root cause that better targets responsible HSE management. In each case, business leadership was presented with a more accurate assessment of risk than traditional oil and gas industry data trending techniques typically reveal. As a result, decisions to support program and process upgrades and capital expenditures for risk mitigating engineering controls are better made.
Safety Culture Change and Learnings
Authors: Zerafa M. , Shallenberger K. , Hirstius C. , Sistrunk C. , Huber B. , Hebert B. , Turley A. , Satterlee K. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Auger facility was designed, built and installed by Shell, with first oil production on April 15, 1994. It was the first Tension Leg Platform in the Gulf of Mexico, first to support drilling rig, complete production facilities, and world record setting water depth at the time. Auger has continued its strategic role in Shell's Gulf of Mexico portfolio since then with 7 subsea satellite tie-back fields, the most of any in the Shell deep water Gulf of Mexico portfolio. In 2010 and 2011 Auger had 5 recordable injuries per year (TRIF of 6 per million man hours worked).
In this same timeframe, Shell also made a major discovery, Deep Cardamom, 6 miles from Auger. The Cardamom field will increase oil and gas production on Auger back to nearly peak facility production rates and give the facility a new lease on life.
In order to add one more subsea tieback and onboard Cardamom production, many upgrades and facility changes were required. This scope called for simultaneous production, drilling and brown field construction on the asset for 2 ½ years. From a personnel perspective, this required a 20% increase in personnel capacity at Auger with a full-time construction team of 80 to 100 people, in addition to the normal production crew of 100. Shell recognized that the increase in activity level would increase exposure to individuals at Auger. This fact, coupled with the recent safety performance track record, required a step change in safety culture simultaneous with the increase in personnel capacity and hazard exposure.
The Auger/Cardamom team focused on re-invigorating the safety culture offshore; driving visible, vigilant and felt safety leadership; hazard recognition training of the front line work force; improvements in PPE; and improvements in the quality of life and working conditions. The re-invigorated safety program moved beyond compliance to a culture of individual accountability and personal commitment to caring for each other with strong leadership behaviors.
This paper describes the efforts to re-invigorate the safety culture on the facility. The team moved safety culture and performance to one of the best in Shell worldwide, including a Goal Zero year in 2013 with no recordable injuries.
Reducing Project Risks Through Enhanced Evaluation of Societal Risks
Authors: Wall Caleb 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Risk management—reducing a project's exposure to a range of internal and external risks—is often thought of as a purely “technical” issue. This paper presents evidence and examples of how project risks can also be managed through a thorough evaluation of societal risks. These societal or non-technical risks (NTRs) are important. Research suggests that the majority of project delays in large oil and gas projects are caused by NTRs, a higher percentage than purely technical causes of delays.
In managing adverse social impacts and in maximizing social benefits, a project can look to map and engage with surrounding stakeholders. In doing this, projects are better able to understand their impacts to surrounding communities and to understand which mitigations can increase societal acceptability and thus decrease societal risks. Such NTR management could be by better siting project facilities, smarter mapping of receptors in designing discharge points, or through adaptive planning. By reducing a project's social impact it is possible to help a project reduce its risk exposure, thus to better manage NTRs such as permitting delays.
This paper examines the way in which projects can adopt a more informed approach to understanding and managing societal risks for oil and gas developments. Using social impact assessment as an upfront planning tool—rather than a permitting process after key planning, design, and siting decisions have been made—is essential to this approach. While reducing the physical footprint of a project is not always possible the social footprint (the effect of a project on surrounding communities and stakeholders) can be an important form of mitigation.
By looking at social impact assessment as a risk management tool, rather than a response to regulatory requirements, this allows projects to be more in control of the decisions they are making. Although development impacts may be unavoidable, the risks these impacts pose to surrounding communities—and thus the risks to the project—can be managed and mitigated in a way that allows for more constructive community relationships and better management of external project risks.
Safety Culture in Oil and Gas Operations: A Risk Analysis Framework to Address Communication and Interoperation of Multiple Interacting Organizations
Authors: Tabibzadeh Maryam , Meshkati Najmedin 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
According to a most recent (June 2014) report by the US Chemical Safety Board (CSB) that investigated the BP Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout, inadequate management systems and poor safety culture were major underlying causes of that blowout. This analysis has been corroborated by many other seminal reports on the DWH accident. In fact, lack of safety culture has been identified as a common contributing cause of many accidents in the oil and gas industry.
In response to the above serious fact, there are strong recommendations that the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) of the U.S. Department of the Interior, as the responsible regulatory agency for offshore operations in the Outer Continental Shelf, has to promote safety culture. In addition, the BSEE director, in his speech for the fourth anniversary of the DWH accident in April 2014, emphasized the importance of fostering a culture of safety among all involved in offshore operations so that it becomes part of the way business is conducted.
Safety culture can be defined through its five primary composing elements/pillars, characteristics or sub-cultures, which include an informed culture, a reporting culture, a learning culture, a just culture, and a flexible culture. Reporting culture, as one of the five pillars of safety culture, creates organizations in which people are prepared to report their errors and near-misses. In this regard, interoperation and interaction of multiple organizations play a critical role.
This paper, by focusing on the foregoing reporting pillar, introduces a risk assessment framework to analyze multi-organizational interactions with the focus on ineffective communication. This framework models the interactions of involved organizations and key players in four different layers: the level of meta-system interactions, bi-lateral organizational interactions level, bi-lateral work interactions level, and the level of work site operations interactions.
Our extensive literature review indicates that few studies have applied risk analysis to interactions among multiple organizations, with even more limited application to the oil and gas industry, particularly offshore operations. We further show the viability of our framework by using it to develop a risk assessment model based on the investigation of the DWH accident and to analyze the interactions of key players in that case.
Assessing the Ecological Integrity of Wetland Functionality in Response to Energy Exploration and Production Operations on the Upper Texas Gulf Coast
Authors: Kinney Erin , Glenn Stephanie , Neish Brad , Chen Likun , Bare Ryan 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Description of the material
HARC analyzed the response of ecological integrity of wetland functionality to energy exploration and production operations on the Upper Texas Gulf Coast. A decision support tool that will aid the oil and gas industry in minimizing loss of wetland function during energy exploration and production operations is the end result of this project.

Application/Development
We analyzed impacts of oil and gas exploration and production (e.g. transportation infrastructure, pipelines, and exploration and drilling site impacts) on wetlands, specifically Upper Texas Gulf Coast Wetlands; prioritizing these impacts specific to wetland function (such as coastal flooding mitigation or density of wintering waterfowl). The decision support tool contains land use/land cover classifications, wetland type and function, and prioritization of functions depending on wetland type and production stressors.

Results, Observations, and Conclusions
Our objectives are to prioritize wetland functions dependent on wetland type, wetland location and availability of function; cross-reference these functions with possible energy exploration and production operation impacts on the wetlands and then using this information in a decision support tool that will aid managers in determining best management practices in determining where to drill, technical alternatives to mitigate certain impacts, and choosing the options that will have most mitigation effect given limited financial resources.

Significance of Subject Matter
Wetlands provide many positive benefits to surrounding coastal ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic. These environmentally sensitive areas are often found in drilling and exploration territories in the Upper Texas Gulf Coast; providing options to decisions makers in terms of technical alternatives or BMPs will enable resources to be developed in a more environmentally sound manner.
Evaluation of the Respirable Crystalline Silica Content in Common Oilfield Minerals
Authors: Okhrimenko A. , Thuriere A. , Tyczynski P. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The amount of the respirable fraction of crystalline silica is a concern within the oilfield and other industries using mineral products. Current measurement and reporting techniques typically identify total silica content, but do not test for, or report, the respirable fraction. In order to address this situation, special measurement techniques have been employed to more accurately report the respirable crystalline silica (RCS) values.
Crystalline silica is a commonly occurring impurity in most mined minerals and its presence as fine respirable particles (smaller than 16 μm) in a material can necessitate specific hazardous warning labels due to the potential health effects. Mineral additives are added to drilling fluids in large quantities, creating a need for the industry to monitor associated RCS levels.
This study establishes a useful technique to determine typical RCS values encountered for two ubiquitous oilfield commodities, barite and calcium carbonate, which are known to contain naturally occurring silica. Isolating the respirable fraction of these materials from the bulk is possible using a sedimentation technique with the fine particulate analyzed for its crystalline silica content by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
Barite and calcium carbonate from various worldwide sources were tested using this improved method. This paper will present the data to establish observed levels of RCS for the analyzed samples. Additionally, this paper will demonstrate the suitability of the methodology applied in this study to support the evaluation of RCS in other oilfield minerals.
Safety Observations: Improving Impact With Feedback
Authors: Weiss Stephanie 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Behavior-based safety observations are an important tool for helping build awareness critical to creating an interdependent safety culture. One way to encourage employees to observe safe and unsafe behaviors is to set a quota of observations for some time period until observations become “habit,” at which point the quota can be relaxed without eliminating the high-quality observations that assist in continuous safety improvement. However, any emphasis on quantity risks disengaging employees from the fundamental purpose of making observations. In addition, if the observations do not result in feedback or changes in the organization, employees may not recognize their value of the observations to their workplace safety, their co-workers lives, and the company as a whole.
In this study, 40 oilfield service company employees were encouraged to submit three observations per month, for six months, to an online observation database. At the beginning of the study, some of the employees answered a questionnaire about their safety practices, safety observations, perceptions about the value of safety observations, and general ‘engagement’ level at work. The full study group then submitted safety observations to an online database. For approximately one-third of the study group, observations were tallied without additional feedback other than that triggered normally by the observation content. Another one-third of the group received generic feedback about the purpose and value of safety observations. The final one-third received specific feedback about the value of each observation. A follow-up questionnaire assessed changes in the employees' attitudes.
The time commitment required to provide feedback and changes in the quantity, quality, and proactivity of observations over the study period are discussed.
Hydraulic Fracturing-Safe, Environmentally Responsible Energy Development
Authors: Todd Bridget M. , Kuykendall Dina C. , Peduzzi Matthew B. , Hinton Jack 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The safe and responsible development of oil and gas resources is essential to meet the complex energy demands facing us today and enhance public acceptance of expanding industry activity. While use of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques in shale formations has resulted in rapid growth in oil and gas production in the United States and a transformed world energy outlook, these practices have also presented concerns associated with impacts from industrial activities. Extracting energy from shale has required more complex hydraulic fracturing operations, with a corresponding increase in equipment, personnel and materials, including water.
A comprehensive suite of technologies and best practices provides our industry with solutions to improve the efficiency of hydraulic fracturing operations, while addressing safety risks, environmental stewardship and community concerns. Environmental and social challenges are varied and significant, with community and regulatory stakeholders focused on reducing emissions, noise, truck traffic and water use while safeguarding water quality. The ultimate goal is to reduce the footprint of hydraulic fracturing activities and to do so at a reasonable cost, to ensure energy remains affordable for communities, industry and overall economic growth.
Extensive research and development has produced cost-efficient technologies that support safe, environmentally responsible hydraulic fracturing operations. Case studies of widely applicable technologies presently used in various shales throughout the United States will be reviewed to demonstrate such benefits as: Replacing diesel with cleaner-burning natural gas for engines, with examples of up to 70% reduced diesel use;Eliminating truck trips to supply materials including diesel and water, reducing community traffic;Reusing up to 100% of flowback water and using produced water rather than fresh water through advanced treatment technologies;Reducing well site emissions, in some cases decreasing nitrogen oxides (NOx) 50%, particulate matter 70%, carbon monoxide (CO) 100%, and carbon dioxide 32%;Developing measurably greener chemistries for downhole fracturing fluids; andPromoting greater transparency in the chemistries used in fracturing fluids
Technology innovations must be combined with operational best practices and continued collaboration among industry partners, communities and other key stakeholders. Together, this can promote the sustainability of hydraulic fracturing operations and build public trust.
Managing HSE Performance Through Sustainability Reporting
Authors: Murphy Helen , Janus Bertrand 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The oil and gas sector continues to provide essential energy supply for society's economic development. Managing sustainability impacts associated with producing these fuels and other energy products is an important responsibility. This includes addressing the challenges associated with climate change, and operating in remote and sensitive areas of the world. An important practice is sustainability reporting. Clear and consistent reporting helps companies create a solid platform for productive engagement and performance improvement.
For oil and gas companies, sustainability reporting provides a platform for describing how strategic issues—such as climate change and energy—are being addressed through long-term plans and current initiatives. As well as building external trust and confidence in a company, the process of reporting involving stakeholder engagement, data collection, analysis, communication and results can provide extensive opportunities for performance improvements.
The gathering and analyses of performance data and information can highlight areas of weakness that require management attention on an ongoing basis. The process of measuring and tracking procedures to collect data enable in-depth analysis of company performance and can be used as a decision making tool. Organizational strategy and policy can be adjusted on the basis of results to improve performance. Ultimately sustainability reporting can lead to a status quo of continual improvement and better data management, which can improve business performance, operational efficiency and lead to cost savings.
This paper will explore the various ways in which companies can improve HSE performance from the benefits provided by sustainability reporting which can include:
– enhanced business value as investor confidence grows in response to evidence that the company is managing important risks and positioning itself to take advantage of emerging opportunities; – improved operations as employees develop a deeper understanding of a company's sustainability values, and performance indicators provide insight to support continuous improvement; – strengthened relationships as local community leaders, civil society representatives, government officials and regulators, and other key stakeholders learn how the company responsibly manages sustainability issues; and – enhanced trust and credibility as customers, suppliers and the wider society understand the company's brand, operations and products.
The Work of One Association's Safety, Environment Legislation (SEL) Committee: A Trade Association's Approach to SEL Issues Affecting its Members
Authors: Hough Nicholas , Bugler Jane 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) is the international trade association for offshore, marine and underwater engineering companies representing over 1000 member companies worldwide. With its membership actively involved in offshore construction activities primarily for the oil and gas industry, IMCA and its members have been keen to develop appropriate tools to support the industry and drive improvements in safety worldwide. Safety, Environment & Legislation (SEL) is an IMCA core activity. The SEL committee's primary purpose is to promote the sharing of experience and safety and environmental related information among members with the aim of reducing incidents by continuously reinforcing good practice. It also offers good practice guidance to the industry by way of documents, seminars and dialogue.
Since 1997 IMCA has been publishing safety flashes from information provided by its members on incidents and potential hazards and lessons learnt from them. This could be faulty equipment, gaps in procedures, reminders of the need for basic safety awareness, and near misses. All safety flashes are available from the IMCA website and the information provided is analyzed to identify trends and whether there is need for industry guidance on topics. The paper will review specific safety flashes and discuss how IMCA has used the information to develop new or review and update its existing guidance.
IMCA also collects safety statistics for its contractor members, enabling marine contractors to benchmark their safety performance against other similar sized companies and other stakeholders such as drilling contractors and E&P companies. The paper will highlight some of the trends identified over the last 17 years of data collection, how the data collected has been extended and refined and the recent addition of the collection of environmental information.
The paper will explain IMCA's 5 year plan for 2014 to 2019 how the SEL committee has reviewed its work to better define its aims and deliverables to the industry. The paper will discuss how the committee has been restructured to broaden participation from members and drive forward deliverables for the industry.