bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Lipoprotein Particle Number With Ezetimibe/Simvastatin Coadministered With Extended‐Release Niacin in Hyperlipidemic Patients
Authors: Le Ngoc‐Anh , Jin Ran , Tomassini Joanne E. , Tershakovec Andrew M. , Neff David R. , Wilson Peter W.F. 
Published: August 2013

Background

Combination therapy with ezetimibe/simvastatin (E/S) and extended‐release niacin (N) has been reported to be safe and efficacious in concomitantly reducing low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and increasing high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in hyperlipidemic patients at high risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. This analysis evaluated the effect of E/S coadministered with N on low‐density lipoprotein particle number (
LDL
‐P) and high‐density lipoprotein particle number (
HDL
‐P) as assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance (
NMR
) spectroscopy in patients with type
II
a or
II
b hyperlipidemia.

Methods and Results

This was an analysis of a previously reported 24‐week randomized, double‐blind study in type
II
a/
II
b hyperlipidemic patients randomized to treatment with E/S (10/20 mg/day)+N (titrated to 2 g/day) or N (titrated to 2 g/day) or E/S (10/20 mg/day). Samples from a subset of patients (577 of 1220) were available for post hoc analysis of
LDL
‐P and
HDL
‐P by
NMR
spectroscopy. Increases in
HDL
‐P (+16.2%) and decreases in
LDL
‐P (−47.7%) were significantly greater with E/S+N compared with N (+9.8% for
HDL
‐P and −21.5% for
LDL
‐P) and E/S (+12.8% for
HDL
‐P and −36.8% for
LDL
‐P). In tertile analyses, those with the lowest baseline
HDL
‐P had the greatest percent increase in
HDL
‐P (N, 18.4/7.9/2.1; E/S, 19.3/12.2/5.3; and E/S+N, 26.9/13.8/6.9; all
P
<0.001). Individuals in the highest tertile of
LDL
‐P had the greatest percent reduction in
LDL
‐P (N, 18.3/23.1/24.6; E/S, 29.7/38.3/41.8; and E/S+N, 44.3/49.0/50.5; all
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

These results suggest that E/S+N improves lipoprotein particle number, consistent with its lipid‐modifying benefits in type
II
a or
II
b hyperlipidemia patients and may exert the greatest effect in those with high
LDL
‐P and low
HDL
‐P at baseline.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:
NCT00271817
The Historical Roots and Occurrence of Honour-Related Violence in Non-Muslim and Muslim Societies
Authors: Fildis A.T. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Every year, males across the world murder thousands of female family members. The practice is called “honour killing” and it entails the execution of female family member(s) for the perceived misuse of their sexuality.
The main focus of this paper will be to look at the formative phase of religious-legal ethical codes for disciplining of female sexual conduct, which marks the boundaries of the institution of family in Muslim and Non-Muslim societies. Since most of the incidents reported in the local and global media come from Muslim communities living in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, it is necessary to question why honour-killing practices are still present in the Muslim societies. How have most other religions and civilizations managed to dispose attitudes, perceptions and practices, which breed the practice of honour killing of women?
Conflicting Paradigms in Theological Education for Public Ministry in the Church of England: Issues for Church and Academy
Authors: Williams John 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOver recent years the Church of England has been introducing university validated programmes for the ministerial education of its clergy. By drawing on the experience of one region in delivering such a programme, this article identifies a number of tensions in the church’s relationship with higher education and explores how critical academic study might be better understood as a resource for ministerial formation. The article also raises issues for the validating universities arising out of their partnership with church institutions, and argues that both church and academy alike could benefit from a reappraisal of their aims and values as public institutions in the light of their shared involvement in theological education for the church’s public ministers.
Oracles, Trauma, and the Limits of Contextualization: Naming the Witch in Contemporary Kenya
Authors: Blunt Robert 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This article revisits Terence Ranger’s call for scholars of the occult in Africa to better historicize, contextualize, and disaggregate the subject. I argue that Ranger’s imperative fails to define what type of object of study the occult is and take seriously the ‘aggregation’ of the occult as an empirical ethnographic fact. I suggest that ‘the occult’ is often experienced as both a proliferating series of oracular institutions for contending with feelings of affliction, and as invisible forces whose origin and nature are compound. I turn to James Siegel’s work on witchcraft to bring attention to the experiential dimension of the occult, and provide an extended ethnographic account of a moment in which the source, nature, and means of redress of an individual’s occult affliction cannot be determined. I argue, in line with Siegel, that historicization and contextualization, while important, risk denaturing the occult and impairing our understanding of its persistence.
Equals before the Law? Public Religion and Queer Activism in the Age of Judicial Politics in South Africa
Authors: Burchardt Marian 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
On a global scale, the politics around the recognition of same-sex relationships has turned into legal controversies while opposition to it is often framed in religious terms. This article takes the case of Christian mobilization around the legal recognition of same-sex marriage in South Africa to investigate the intertwinement of religious and sexual rights struggles. Linking the anthropology of law, the sociolegal literature on judicialization, and studies of public religion, it argues that both same-sex activism and religious mobilization should be understood in terms of judicial politics. The article analyses religious responses to lesbian and gay judicial activism and presents a typology that reveals the structured diversity of these responses in terms of public discourse, political strategy, and legal argument. Two dimensions are key to conceptualizing these responses: religious communities’ ontological concepts of the world, including ideas about human agency and God, and their relationships to the world, construed in terms of political habitus.
On the Control of the Residual Circulation and Stratospheric Temperatures in the Arctic by Planetary Wave Coupling
Authors: Shaw Tiffany A. , Perlwitz Judith 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIt is well established that interannual variability of eddy (meridional) heat flux near the tropopause controls the variability of Arctic lower-stratospheric temperatures during spring via a modification of the strength of the residual circulation. While most studies focus on the role of anomalous heat flux values, here the impact of total (climatology plus anomaly) negative heat flux events on the Arctic stratosphere is investigated. Utilizing the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) dataset, it is found that total negative heat flux events coincide with a transient reversal of the residual circulation and cooling of the Arctic lower stratosphere. The negative events weaken the seasonally averaged adiabatic warming.The analysis provides a new interpretation of the winters of 1997 and 2011, which are known to have the lowest March Arctic lower-stratospheric temperatures in the satellite era. While most winters involve positive and negative heat flux extremes, the winters of 1997 and 2011 are unique in that they only involved extreme negative events. This behavior contributed to the weakest adiabatic downwelling in the satellite era and suggests a dynamical contribution to the extremely low temperatures during those winters that could not be accounted for by diabatic processes alone. While it is well established that dynamical processes contribute to the occurrence of stratospheric sudden warming events via extreme positive heat flux events, the results show that dynamical processes also contribute to cold winters with subsequent impact on Arctic ozone loss. The results highlight the importance of interpreting stratospheric temperatures in the Arctic in the context of the dynamical regime with which they are associated.
Evaluation of Modeled Stratocumulus-Capped Boundary Layer Turbulence with Shipborne Data
Authors: Yamaguchi Takanobu , Brewer W. Alan , Feingold Graham 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Numerically modeled turbulence simulated by the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) is evaluated with turbulence measurements from NOAA’s high-resolution Doppler lidar on the NOAA Research Vessel Ronald H. Brown during the Variability of the American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS) Ocean–Cloud–Atmosphere–Land Study—Regional Experiment (VOCALS-Rex) field program. A nonprecipitating nocturnal marine stratocumulus case is examined, and a nudging technique is applied to allow turbulence to spin up and come into a statistically stationary state with the initial observed cloud field. This “stationary” state is then used as the initial condition for the subsequent free-running simulation. The comparison shows that the modeled turbulence is consistently weaker than that observed. For the same resolution, the turbulence becomes stronger, especially for the horizontal component, as the length of the horizontal domain increases from 6.4 to 25.6 km. Analysis of the power spectral density shows that, even for the largest domain, the horizontal component of the turbulence is limited by the upper limit of the domain size; supporting evidence from past studies is provided. Results suggest that convergence is expected for (i) energy spectra of turbulence with a sufficiently large domain and (ii) liquid water path with an adequately large domain and fine resolution. Additional tests are performed by changing momentum advection and turning off subgrid-scale diffusion. These exhibit more significant changes in turbulence characteristics compared to the sensitivity to domain size and resolution, suggesting that the model behavior is essentially established by the configuration of the model dynamics and physics and that the simulation only gradually improves when domain size and resolution are increased.
Gravity Wave–Fine Structure Interactions. Part I: Influences of Fine Structure Form and Orientation on Flow Evolution and Instability
Authors: Fritts David C. , Wang Ling , Werne Joseph A. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Four idealized direct numerical simulations are performed to examine the dynamics arising from the superposition of a monochromatic gravity wave (GW) and sinusoidal linear and rotary fine structure in the velocity field. These simulations are motivated by the ubiquity of such multiscale superpositions throughout the atmosphere. Three simulations explore the effects of linear fine structure alignment along, orthogonal to, and at 45° to the plane of GW propagation. These reveal that fine structure alignment with the GW enables strong wave–wave interactions, strong deformations of the initial flow components, and rapid transitions to local instabilities and turbulence. Increasing departures of fine structure alignment from the GW yield increasingly less efficient wave–wave interactions and weaker or absent local instabilities. The simulation having rotary fine structure velocities yields wave–wave interactions that agree closely with the aligned linear fine structure case. Differences in the aligned GW fields are only seen following the onset of local instabilities, which are delayed by about 1–2 buoyancy periods for rotary fine structure compared to aligned, linear fine structure. In all cases, local instabilities and turbulence primarily accompany strong superposed shears or fluid “intrusions” within the rising, and least statically stable, phase of the GW. For rotary fine structure, local instabilities having preferred streamwise or spanwise orientations often arise independently, depending on the character of the larger-scale flow. Wave–wave interactions play the greatest role in reducing the initial GW amplitude whereas fine structure shears and intrusions are the major source of instability and turbulence energies.
Circulation, Moisture, and Precipitation Relationships along the South Pacific Convergence Zone in Reanalyses and CMIP5 Models
Authors: Niznik Matthew J. , Lintner Benjamin R. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
One theorized control on the position of the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) is the amount of low-level inflow from the relatively dry southeastern Pacific basin. Building on an analysis of observed SPCZ region synoptic-scale variability by Lintner and Neelin, composite analysis is performed here on two reanalysis products as well as output from 17 models in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Using low-level zonal wind as a compositing index, it is shown that the CMIP5 ensemble mean, as well as many of the individual models, captures patterns of wind, specific humidity, and precipitation anomalies resembling those obtained for reanalysis fields between weak- and strong-inflow phases. Lead–lag analysis of both the reanalyses and models is used to develop a conceptual model for the formation of each composite phase. This analysis indicates that an equatorward-displaced Southern Hemisphere storm track and an eastward-displaced equatorial eastern Pacific westerly (wind) duct are features of the weak-inflow phase although, as indicated by additional composite analyses based on these features, each appears to account weakly for the details of the low-level inflow composite anomalies. Despite the presence of well-known biases in the CMIP5 simulations of the SPCZ region climate, the models appear to have some fidelity in simulating synoptic-scale relationships between low-level winds, moisture, and precipitation, consistent with observations and simple theoretical understanding of interactions of dry air inflow with deep convection.
Gaussian Model Adaptive Processing in Time Domain (GMAP-TD) for Weather Radars
Authors: Nguyen Cuong M. , Chandrasekar V. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The Gaussian model adaptive processing in the time domain (GMAP-TD) method for ground clutter suppression and signal spectral moment estimation for weather radars is presented. The technique transforms the clutter component of a weather radar return signal to noise. Additionally, an interpolation procedure has been developed to recover the portion of weather echoes that overlap clutter. It is shown that GMAP-TD improves the performance over the GMAP algorithm that operates in the frequency domain using both signal simulations and experimental observations. Furthermore, GMAP-TD can be directly extended for use with a staggered pulse repetition time (PRT) waveform. A detailed evaluation of GMAP-TD performance and comparison against the GMAP are done using simulated radar data and observations from the Colorado State University–University of Chicago–Illinois State Water Survey (CSU–CHILL) radar using uniform and staggered PRT waveform schemes.
A Statistical Method for Improving Continental Shelf and Nearshore Marine Climate Predictions
Authors: Oliver Eric C. J. , Holbrook Neil J. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Spatially and temporally homogeneous measurements of ocean temperature variability at high resolution on the continental shelf are scarce. Daily estimates of large-scale ocean properties are readily available from global ocean reanalysis products. However, the ocean models that underpin these reanalysis products tend not to have been designed for the simulation of complex coastal ocean variability. Hence, across-shelf values are often poorly represented. This study involved developing a statistical approach to more accurately and robustly represent SST on the continental shelf informed by large-scale satellite observations and reanalysis data or model output. Using the southeastern Australian shelf region as a case study, this paper demonstrates that this statistical model approach generates more accurate estimates of the inshore SST using (i) offshore SST from Bluelink Reanalysis (BRAN) and (ii) the statistical relationship between inshore and offshore SST in observations from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. SST is separated into the mean, seasonal cycle, and residual variability, and separate models are developed for each component. The offshore locations used to inform the model are determined by taking into account (i) the quality of BRAN at each location, (ii) the strength between the inshore and offshore variability, and (iii) the proximity of the inshore and offshore locations. Model predictions are made for the continental shelf around southeastern Australia. The role of the mean circulation in providing connectivity between the shelf and the offshore regions is discussed, and how this information can be used to better inform the choice of model predictor locations, leading to a hybrid statistical–connectivity model.
The Impact of Noisy Physics on the Stability and Accuracy of Physics–Dynamics Coupling
Authors: Hodyss Daniel , Viner Kevin C. , Reinecke Alex , Hansen James A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe coupling of the dynamical core of a numerical weather prediction model to the physical parameterizations is an important component of model design. This coupling between the physics and the dynamics is explored here from the perspective of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). It will be shown that the basic properties of the impact of noisy physics on the stability and accuracy of common numerical methods may be obtained through the application of the basic principles of SDEs. A conceptual model setting is used that allows the study of the impact of noise whose character may be tuned to be either very red (smooth) or white (noisy). The change in the stability and accuracy of common numerical methods as the character of the noise changes is then studied. Distinct differences are found between the ability of multistage (Runge–Kutta) schemes as compared with multistep (Adams–Bashforth/leapfrog) schemes to handle noise of various characters. These differences will be shown to be attributable to the basic philosophy used to design the scheme. Additional experiments using the decentering of the noisy physics will also be shown to lead to strong sensitivity to the quality of the noise. As an example, the authors find the novel result that noise of a diffusive character may lead to instability when the scheme is decentered toward greater implicitness. These results are confirmed in a nonlinear shear layer simulation using a subgrid-scale mixing parameterization. This subgrid-scale mixing parameterization is modified stochastically and shown to reproduce the basic principles found here, including the notion that decentering toward implicitness may lead to instability.
The Seasonal Cycle of Blocking and Associated Physical Mechanisms in the Australian Region and Relationship with Rainfall
Authors: Pook M. J. , Risbey J. S. , McIntosh P. C. , Ummenhofer C. C. , Marshall A. G. , Meyers G. A. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The seasonal cycle of blocking in the Australian region is shown to be associated with major seasonal temperature changes over continental Antarctica (approximately 15°–35°C) and Australia (about 8°–17°C) and with minor changes over the surrounding oceans (below 5°C). These changes are superimposed on a favorable background state for blocking in the region resulting from a conjunction of physical influences. These include the geographical configuration and topography of the Australian and Antarctic continents and the positive west to east gradient of sea surface temperature in the Indo-Australian sector of the Southern Ocean. Blocking is represented by a blocking index (BI) developed by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. The BI has a marked seasonal cycle that reflects seasonal changes in the strength of the westerly winds in the midtroposphere at selected latitudes. Significant correlations between the BI at Australian longitudes and rainfall have been demonstrated in southern and central Australia for the austral autumn, winter, and spring. Patchy positive correlations are evident in the south during summer but significant negative correlations are apparent in the central tropical north. By decomposing the rainfall into its contributions from identifiable synoptic types during the April–October growing season, it is shown that the high correlation between blocking and rainfall in southern Australia is explained by the component of rainfall associated with cutoff lows. These systems form the cyclonic components of blocking dipoles. In contrast, there is no significant correlation between the BI and rainfall from Southern Ocean fronts.
Design of a Dynamical Core Based on the Nonhydrostatic “Unified System” of Equations*
Authors: Konor Celal S. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This paper presents the design of a dry dynamical core based on the nonhydrostatic “unified system” of equations. The unified system filters vertically propagating acoustic waves. The dynamical core predicts the potential temperature and horizontal momentum. It uses the predicted potential temperature to determine the quasi-hydrostatic components of the Exner pressure and density. The continuity equation is diagnostic (and used to determine the vertical mass flux) because the time derivative of the quasi-hydrostatic density is obtained from the predicted potential temperature. The nonhydrostatic component of the Exner pressure is obtained from an elliptic equation. The main focus of this paper is on the integration procedure used with this unique dynamical core. In the implementation described in this paper, height is used as the vertical coordinate, and the equations are vertically discretized on a Lorenz-type grid. Cartesian horizontal coordinates are used along with an Arakawa C grid. A detailed description of the discrete equations is presented in the supplementary material, along with the rationale behind the decisions made during the discretization process. Only a short description is given here. To demonstrate that the model is capable of simulating a wide range of dynamical scales, the results from cyclone- and cloud-scale simulations are presented. The solutions obtained for the selected cloud-scale simulations are compared to those from a fully compressible, anelastic, and pseudo-incompressible models that (as far as possible) uses the same schemes used in the unified dynamical core. The results show that the unified dynamical core performs reasonably well in all these experiments.