bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacodynamics, Clinical Indications, and Adverse Effects of Heparin
Authors: Freedman Michael D. 
Published: March 2013

Heparins are a heterogenous group of naturally occurring glycosaminoglycans characterized by anticoagulant activity and a wide range of molecular weights (low molecular weight or fractionated heparins evolving within the past two decades). Cofactors for endogenous inhibitors of coagulation (antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II), heparin administration results in a hypocoagulable state. Various platelet activities, including inhibition of activity induced by platelet‐derived growth factors on vascular smooth muscle, also have been noted. Divorced of anticoagulant nature, novel applications may include a role in atherosclerosis prevention, acceleration of collateral coronary as well as peripheral circulation (i.e., angiogenesis), and continued (chronic) post‐myocardial infarction therapy. Established indications include treatment of various thrombotic diseases, unstable angina, and thrombosis chemoprophylaxis in medical/surgical patients. The antithrombotic potential of the heparins is used also in thrombosis management related to extracorporeal circulatory assistance or dialysis devices. Heparin's therapeutic potential in the postphlebitic syndrome as well as in acute treatment of myocardial infarction (primarily and adjunctively with various thrombolytic agents) continues to undergo evaluation; however, early data review shows favorable trends for its inclusion in situations that favor thrombus generation (e.g., anterior myocardial infarction).Although associated with thrombocytopenia or hypertransaminasemia, the heparins are relatively well tolerated. In a small subset of patients, a severe thrombocytopenia may ensue, which generally resolves on medication withdrawal. As this class of glycosaminoglycans becomes better characterized, new indications may emerge for both native and the newer fractionated heparins.
SERS signal response and SERS/SERDS spectra of fluoranthene in water on naturally grown Ag nanoparticle ensembles
Authors: Ossig Robert , Kolomijeca Anna , Kwon Yong‐Hyok , Hubenthal Frank , Kronfeldt Heinz‐Detlef 
Published: March 2013

We present experimental results of the time‐dependent Raman signal response of fluoranthene adsorbed on a naturally grown Ag nanoparticle ensemble, which serves as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. In addition, SERS characteristics such as the concentration‐dependent calibration curves and the limit of detection (LOD) for fluoranthene in distilled water will be shown. The SERS substrate was prepared by Volmer–Weber growth under ultrahigh vacuum condition and exhibits a plasmon resonance wavelength at 491 nm. For the measurement of SERS signal response and SERS/shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy spectra of fluoranthene in water, experimental Raman setup containing a microsystem light source with two emission wavelengths (487.61 nm and 487.91 nm) was used. We experimentally demonstrate that the maximum SERS intensity is achieved 9 min after changing the analyte concentration from 0 nmol/l to 600 nmol/l. This response time is explained by a time‐dependent adsorption of the probe molecules onto the nanoparticles.The LOD for fluoranthene in water was evaluated applying shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) at different molecule concentrations. For SERDS, two emission wavelengths of a prototype microsystem light source have been used for Raman excitation. The experimental results reveal that the LOD for the probe molecules is very low. Experimentally, we have detected a fluoranthene concentration of only 4 nmol/l, which is very close to our estimated LOD of 2 nmol/l. Thus, the presented Raman setup, with a SERS substrate, whose plasmon resonance coincides with the excitation wavelength for SERS measurements, is well suited for in‐situ trace detection of pollutant chemicals in water. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free‐Radical Polymerization with Long‐Chain Branching and Scission in a Continuous Stirred‐Tank Reactor
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka 
Published: March 2013

AbstractFree‐radical polymerization that involves the polymer transfer reactions leading to both long‐chain branching and scission, as in the cases of high‐pressure olefin polymerization, is considered. In CSTR, the residence time distribution is broad and the primary polymer chain, whose residence time is large, is subjected to polymer transfer reaction for a longer time, leading to a larger number of branching and scission points. The distributions of both branching and scission density are much broader in a CSTR than in a batch, or equivalently, a PFR. The radius of gyration for larger sized polymers formed in a CSTR tends to be much smaller than that for randomly branched polymers. magnified image
Early Pig Management in the Zagros Flanks: Reanalysis of the Fauna from Neolithic Jarmo, Northern Iraq
Authors: Price M. D. , Arbuckle B. S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we present a reanalysis of pig (Sus scrofa) remains from the Neolithic site of Qalat Jarmo, originally excavated in the 1940s and 1950s. Employing modern zooarchaeological techniques, not available during the initial analyses, we explore the nature of swine exploitation strategies and demonstrate that pigs were most likely managed by the early 7th millennium (Pottery Neolithic) and perhaps earlier. Comparing biometric data with those from other sites in the region, we show that the Jarmo pigs exhibit evidence for size decrease associated with intensive management, but had not yet achieved the degree of dental or post‐cranial size reduction seen in later Neolithic domestic populations. Although samples from the earliest (Pre‐Pottery) occupation of the site are small, there is some evidence to suggest that domestic pigs were present at Jarmo as early as the late 8th millennium cal. bc. In either case, Jarmo likely represents the earliest appearance of pig husbandry along the Zagros flanks, and we discuss the mechanisms by which Neolithic technologies, including domesticated animals, spread to new regions. This project emphasises the value of curated faunal assemblages in shedding new light on the spread of Neolithic economies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physician perceptions and beliefs of phase I trials in pediatric oncology
Authors: Gilliam Margaux B. , Madan‐Swain Avi , Adams Julia M. , Pressey Joseph G. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe identification and referral of candidate patients for phase I trials relies heavily on pediatric oncologists who must balance their own perceptions of phase I trials with the desires of the patient and his/her family. A survey was sent to 419 physicians practicing pediatric oncology at 30 different institutions. Results indicated significant differences between physicians who practiced at institutions that participated in phase I consortia versus those who did not. The findings of the survey may be used to enhance the design and execution of phase I trials and to educate oncologists about the goals of phase I trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:E67–E69. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Rapid Method for Total Β‐Escin Analysis in Dry, Hydroalcoholic and Hydroglycolic Extracts of Aesculus hippocastanum L. by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
Authors: Dutra Lidiane S. , Leite Magda N. , Brandão Marcos A. F. , de Almeida Priscila Aparecida , Vaz Fernando A. S. , de Oliveira Marcone A. L. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTIntroductionSeeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L. are used in European phytotherapy to treat inflammatory and vascular problems, and also to help in the regulation of the microcirculation. Thus, the quality control of herbal medicines using this species is important.ObjectiveTo develop and to optimise a capillary zone electrophoresis method to determine total β‐escin in different extracts of A. hippocastanum L.MethodsThe optimal condition found through chemometric approach was: 25 mmol/L of bicarbonate–carbonate buffer, pH 10.3; +20 kV of voltage; 20°C of cartridge temperature; direct ultraviolet detection at 226 nm; 13 mbar injection for 5 s and analysis time within 6 min.ResultsRepeatability, coefficient of variation (CV; %) = 3.19, 3.07 and 1.89 (n = 12), and intermediate precision, CV (%) = 3.05, 3.53 and 2.99 (n = 24) for dry, hydroalcoholic and hydroglycolic extracts, respectively were achieved. The accuracy was evaluated through recovery tests in concentration levels of 100, 150 and 200 g/L, ranging from 98.17 to 104.68%. The proposed method exhibited linearity (r = 0.9983) in the concentration range from 101.4 to 907.2 g/L and limits of detection and quantification equal to 11.63 and 38.76 g/L respectively.ConclusionA fast and reliable methodology for determination of total β‐escin was successfully validated and applied on extracts of A. hippocastanum L. demonstrating its usefulness to quality control of medicines containing this plant species. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses and properties of poly(diethyl vinylphosphonate) initiated by lanthanide tris(borohydride) complexes: Polymerization controllability and mechanism
Authors: Li Jing , Ni Xufeng , Ling Jun , Shen Zhiquan 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTPolymerization of diethyl vinylphosphonate (DEVP) is achieved by using lanthanide tris(borohydride) complexes, Ln(BH4)3(THF)3 (Ln = Y, La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Lu) as an initiator. The characteristics and mechanism of polymerization as well as the properties of the resulting poly(diethyl vinylphophonate)s (PDEVPs) are studied. The effects of the lanthanide elements, the molar ratios of monomer to initiator ([M]/[ln]), reaction temperature and time on polymerization have been investigated in detail. The optimized polymerization conditions are 40 °C, 1 h in bulk with [M]/[ln] = 300. The kinetic study indicates that the polymerization of DEVP undergoes a controlled manner as the molecular weights (MWs) of PDEVPs increase with monomer conversion linearly maintaining moderate MW distribution (1.7–1.9). Additionally, a coordination anionic polymerization mechanism is proved by end‐group analysis with ESI mass and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The obtained PDEVPs have low glass transition temperature (Tg = −62 °C) and high thermal decomposition temperature (Td > 300 °C) determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis respectively. The thermosensitive behavior of PDEVP is characterized by evaluating the lower critical solution temperature of PDEVP in water by ultraviolet transmittance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2409–2415
Cationic cyclopolymerization of divinyl ethers with norbornane‐, norbornene‐, or adamantane‐containing substituents: Synthesis of cyclopoly(divinyl ether)s with bulky rigid side chains leading to high glass transition temperature
Authors: Morita Kazuhiro , Hashimoto Tamotsu , Urushisaki Michio , Sakaguchi Toshikazu 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTCationic cyclopolymerizations of 2,2‐bis(vinyloxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (1), 5,5‐bis(vinyloxymethyl)‐2‐bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene (2), and 2,2‐bis(vinyloxymethyl)tricyclo[3.3.1.1]3, 7decane (3), divinyl ethers with a norbornane, norbornene, or adamantane unit, respectively, were investigated with the HCl/ZnCl2 initiating system in toluene and methylene chloride at −30 °C. All the reactions proceeded quantitatively to give gel‐free, soluble polymers in organic solvents. The number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymers increased in direct proportion to monomer conversion and further increased on addition of a fresh monomer feed to the almost completely polymerized reaction mixture. The contents of the unreacted vinyl groups in the produced soluble polymers were less than ∼10 mol %, and therefore, the degree of cyclization of the polymers was determined to be over ∼90%. These facts show that cyclopolymerization of 1, 2, and 3 exclusively occurred and the poly(vinyl ether)s with the cyclized repeating units and polycyclic pendants were obtained with their molecular weights being regulated. BF3OEt2 initiator also caused cyclopolymerization of 1, 2, and 3 to give the corresponding high‐molecular‐weight cyclopolymers quantitatively. Glass transition temperatures (Tg's) of poly(1) and poly(2) were 165–180 °C, and Tg's of poly(3) were 211–231 °C; these values are very high as vinyl ether polymers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2445–2454
Protein Adhesion on Atmospheric Plasma Deposited Quaternary Ammonium Salt Coatings
Authors: Donegan Mick , Dowling Denis P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis study investigates protein adhesion on nm thick helium atmospheric plasma deposited quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) coatings. The adhesion of the proteins BSA, IgG and Fg was evaluated on coated and uncoated silicon wafer substrates. This study was carried out in PBS solution, under flow conditions using ellipsometry. The QAS was found to exhibit a low level of solubility in PBS over time (approx. 2 nm h−1). On addition of both the IgG and Fg proteins, it was found that a protective protein layer of 7 and 2 nm respectively was formed, which prevented further dissolution of the QAS. In contrast the 1 nm thick BSA protein layer, which formed on the QAS, was insufficiently thick to prevent the slow dissolution of the salt. It was concluded that the charge and structure of the protein influences its adhesion on the QAS surface. magnified image
Elimination of E. Faecalis by a New Non‐Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Handheld Device for Endodontic Treatment. A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Jablonowski Lukasz , Koban Ina , Berg Marie H. , Kindel Eckhard , Duske Kathrin , Schröder Karsten , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter , Kocher Thomas 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (PJ) for endodontic treatment and to compare the antimicrobial efficiency with conventional irrigation solutions (chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)) against intracanal bacteria (E. faecalis) using a standardized simulated root canal model. The disinfection efficiency was determined by number of colony forming units. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the effect of the treatment procedures on bacteria inside the root canal. The PJ achieved a significantly higher microbial reduction than chemical CHX irrigation and a comparable one with NaOCl. The application of PJ for endodontic treatment could provide a new possibility of controlling endodontic infection. magnified image
Polarization dependent photocurrent spectroscopy for identification of quantum confined interband transitions in type‐II InAs/GaSb superlattices
Authors: Gautam Nutan , Barve Ajit Vijay , Krishna Sanjay 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe report on the use of polarization sensitive photocurrent spectroscopy for identifying the participating transitions in type‐II superlattices based on InAs/GaSb system. Prominent features in measured transverse magnetic and transverse electric photocurrent response on photodetectors have been analyzed to unambiguously predict the correct ordering of hole minibands as heavy and light hole minibands. Measurements carried out on both midwave infrared as well as long wave infrared superlattice detectors reveal the order of the participating valence minibands as: heavy‐hole1, light‐hole1and light‐hole2, with the increasing energy. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A practical MGA‐ARIMA model for forecasting real‐time dynamic rain‐induced attenuation
Authors: Gong Shuhong , Gao Yifeng , Shi Houbao , Zhao Ge 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe novel and practical modified genetic algorithm (MGA)‐autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model for forecasting real‐time dynamic rain‐induced attenuation has been established by combining genetic algorithm ideas with the ARIMA model. It is proved that due to the introduction of MGA into the ARIMA(1,1,7) model, the MGA‐ARIMA model has the potential to be conveniently applied in every country or area by creating a parameter database used by the ARIMA(1,1,7) model. The parameter database is given in this paper based on attenuation data measured in Xi'an, China. The methods to create the parameter databases in other countries or areas are offered, too. Based on the experimental results, the MGA‐ARIMA model has been proved practical for forecasting dynamic rain‐induced attenuation in real time. The novel model given in this paper is significant for developing adaptive fade mitigation technologies at millimeter wave bands.
On use of partial area under the ROC curve for evaluation of diagnostic performance
Authors: Ma Hua , Bandos Andriy I. , Rockette Howard E. , Gur David 
Published: March 2013

Evaluation of diagnostic performance is a necessary component of new developments in many fields including medical diagnostics and decision making. The methodology for statistical analysis of diagnostic performance continues to develop, offering new analytical tools for conventional inferences and solutions for novel and increasingly more practically relevant questions.In this paper, we focus on the partial area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve or pAUC. This summary index is considered to be more practically relevant than the area under the entire ROC curve (AUC), but because of several perceived limitations, it is not used as often. To improve interpretation, results for pAUC analysis are frequently reported using a rescaled index such as the standardized partial AUC proposed by McClish (1989).We derive two important properties of the relationship between the ‘standardized’ pAUC and the defined range of interest, which could facilitate a wider and more appropriate use of this important summary index. First, we mathematically prove that the ‘standardized’ pAUC increases with increasing range of interest for practically common ROC curves. Second, using comprehensive numerical investigations, we demonstrate that, contrary to common belief, the uncertainty about the estimated standardized pAUC can either decrease or increase with an increasing range of interest.Our results indicate that the partial AUC could frequently offer advantages in terms of statistical uncertainty of the estimation. In addition, selection of a wider range of interest will likely lead to an increased estimate even for standardized pAUC. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visual search
Authors: Chan Louis K.H. , Hayward William G. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractVisual search is the act of looking for a predefined target among other objects. This task has been widely used as an experimental paradigm to study visual attention, and because of its influence has also become a subject of research itself. When used as a paradigm, visual search studies address questions including the nature, function, and limits of preattentive processing and focused attention. As a subject of research, visual search studies address the role of memory in search, the procedures involved in search, and factors that affect search performance. In this article, we review major theories of visual search, the ways in which preattentive information is used to guide attentional allocation, the role of memory, and the processes and decisions involved in its successful completion. We conclude by summarizing the current state of knowledge about visual search and highlight some unresolved issues.WIREs Cogn Sci2013, 4:415–429. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1235This article is categorized under:Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics
Behavior and turbine avoidance rates of eagles at two wind farms in Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Hull Cindy L. , Muir Stuart C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the interaction between eagles and wind farms is essential for the development of strategies to minimize collision risk, and to quantify avoidance rates for collision risk modeling. The purpose of our study was to measure the avoidance rates of Tasmanian wedge‐tailed eagles (Aquila audax fleayi) and white‐bellied sea‐eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster) using a new method, and to examine factors affecting these rates. We conducted eagle surveys at the Musselroe Wind Farm (undeveloped and used as a control); Studland Bay Wind Farm during commissioning and operational stages; and Bluff Point Wind Farm during the operational stage, all in northern Tasmania, Australia. Observers documented flight tracks and behavior of eagles over 875 days during the period 2006–2008. Both species demonstrated a distinct avoidance of the turbines, preferring to fly midway between them. Avoidance rates were 81%–97%, and differed significantly between species and sites, with white‐bellied sea‐eagles avoiding at a higher rate than wedge‐tailed eagles. Eagles at Bluff Point had a higher avoidance rate than those at Studland Bay, even though the sites were only 3 km apart. Both species altered their avoidance rates in response to stages in the wind‐farm development, but only the wedge‐tailed eagle altered its rate in response to weather conditions, demonstrating a higher avoidance rate during wet and windy conditions. Our study found that the interaction of eagles and wind turbines is complex, which highlights the need for further study of avoidance rates in species at different sites. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Birds and wind projects across the pond: A UK perspective
Authors: Langston Rowena H. W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWind‐energy generation is expanding globally, largely in response to climate change predictions, in an attempt to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels. The increasing demand for locations with suitable wind resource places pressure on bird species and sites of conservation importance. Our understanding of the effects of wind‐energy generation on birds is growing, but ambitious targets for wind‐energy production mean that we need to apply best available information in smarter ways now, refining our approaches as evidence accrues. This applies especially to the offshore “windrush,” which is taking place in Europe, notably the United Kingdom, which currently leads the world in installed capacity offshore. This paper presents UK experience and European studies, onshore and offshore, to consider lessons learned, especially in view of the fledgling offshore industry in the USA. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.