bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochronology and Ore‐Forming Fluids of the Baizhangyan W–Mo Deposit in the Chizhou Area, Middle‐Lower Yangtze Valley, SE‐China
Authors: Song Guoxue , Qin Kezhang , Li Guangming , Li Xianhua , Qu Wenjun 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Baizhangyan skarn‐porphyry type W–Mo deposit is located in a newly defined Mo–W–Pb–Zn metallogenic belt, which is in the south of Middle‐Lower Yangtze Valley Cu–Fe–Au polymetallic metallogenic belt in SE China. The W–Mo orebodies occur mainly within the contact zone between fine‐grained granite and Sinian limestone strata. There are two types of W–Mo mineralization: major skarn W–Mo mineralization and minor granite‐hosted disseminated Mo mineralization which was traced by drilling at depth. Eight molybdenite samples from Mo‐bearing ores yield Re–Os dates that overlap within analytical error, with a weighted average age of 134.1 ± 2.2 Ma. These dates are in close agreement with SIMS U–Pb concordant zircon age for fine‐grained granite at 133.3 ± 1.3 Ma, indicating that crystallization of the granite and hydrothermal molybdenite formation were coeval and likely cogenetic. The Baizhangyan W–Mo deposit formed in the Early Cretaceous extensional tectonic setting at the Middle‐Lower Yangtze Valley metallogenic belt and the Jaingnan Ancient Continent. Based on mineral compositions and crosscutting relationships of veinlets, hydrothermal alteration and mineralization, the ore mineral paragenesis of the Baizhangyan deposit is divided into four stages: skarn stage (I), oxide stage (II), sulfide stage (III), and carbonate stage (IV). Fluid inclusions in garnet, scheelite, quartz and calcite from W–Mo ores are mainly aqueous‐rich (L + V) type inclusions. Following garnet deposition at stage I, the high‐temperature fluids gave way to progressively cooler, more dilute fluids associated with tungsten–molybdenite–base metal sulfide deposition (stage II and stage III) (162–360°C, 2.7–13.2 wt % NaCl equivalent) and carbonate deposition (stage IV) (137–190°C, 0.9–5 wt % NaCl equiv.). Hydrogen‐oxygen isotope data from minerals of different stages suggest that the ore‐forming fluids consisted of magmatic water, mixed in various proportions with meteoric water. From stage I to stage IV, there is a systematic decrease in the homogenization temperature of the fluid‐inclusion fluids and calculated δ18O values of the fluids. These suggest that increasing involvement of formation water or meteoric water during the fluid ascent resulted in successive deposition of scheelite and molybdenite at Baizhangyan.
Rare Earth Elements in Hydrothermally Altered Granitic Rocks in theRanong andTakuaPa Tin‐Field, SouthernThailand
Authors: Imai Akira , Yonezu Kotaro , Sanematsu Kenzo , Ikuno Takashi , Ishida Shingo , Watanabe Koichiro , Pisutha‐Arnond Visut , Nakapadungrat Somchai , Boosayasak Jarupong 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGeochemical studies were conducted on the hydrothermally altered granitic rocks in theRanong andTakuaPa tin‐fields in southernThailand in order to investigate the mode of occurrence ofREE(rare earth elements), with emphasis placed on a potentialREEresource associated with granitic rocks in theSoutheastAsianTinBelt. The totalREE(ΣREE) content of altered granitic rocks ranges from 130 to 350 ppm atHaadSonPaen (which is presently mined for kaolin clay) in theRanong tin‐field, and that of altered granitic rocks and kaolinite veinlets reaches up to 424 ppm and 872 ppm, respectively, atNokHook in theTakuaPa tin‐field. Rare earth elements in the altered granitic rocks and kaolinite veinlets show a relatively flat chondrite‐normalized pattern, thus enriched in heavyREEcompared with the original granitic rocks and their weathered crusts. AtNokHook (TakuaPa), the ΣREEcontent of kaolinite separated from an altered granitic rock by elutriation is 1313 ppm, a ΣREEamount about four times higher than that of whole‐rock composition of the altered granitic rock. Chondrite‐normalizedREEpatterns of the elutriated kaolinite and of the altered granite are relatively flat. Sequential extraction experiments suggest that 41 and 85 percent ofREEare present as ion exchangeable‐form in the altered granitic rock, and in the kaolinite veinlets, respectively. In addition, more than 90% ofREEin the kaolinite veinlets are present as the acid‐soluble state. On the other hand, the ΣREEcontent of kaolinite veinlets and of the kaolinite concentrated by elutriation from an altered granitic rock atHaadSomPaen (Ranong) is 70 ppm and 75 ppm, respectively, thus enrichment ofREEin kaolinite was not confirmed. In addition, by the sequential extraction experiments, 23% and 4% ofREEwere extracted from the altered granitic rock and the kaolinite veinlets atHaadSomPaen. In the altered granitic rocks atHaadSomPaen,REEare present as refractory phases, andREEin the acid‐soluble states had been leached by hydrothermal fluid.
Time matters: Some interesting properties of the population differentiation measures GST and D overlooked in the equilibrium perspective
Authors: LENG Liang , ZHANG De‐Xing 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGenetic differentiation of populations has been traditionally quantified by Wright's F‐statistics, typically assuming mutation–migration–drift equilibrium. However, the equilibrium perspective can be unrealistic as many natural populations are likely not yet in equilibrium. Therefore, understanding the behaviors, robustness, and power of the differentiation indexes under non‐equilibrium conditions has important implications. Here, we report an extensive examination of the properties of two major indexes GST and D under non‐equilibrium conditions by theoretical deduction under the infinite allele model (IAM) and simulation under the stepwise mutation model (SMM). Several properties of GST and D valid under both SMM and IAM, which have not been recognized under the equilibrium perspective, were unveiled. First, if gene flow is very weak (e.g., m < 10−4), GST, like D, also takes a fairly long time to reach equilibrium if mutation rate is not very large. When GST (D) is in equilibrium depends on when HS and HT are both in equilibrium. Under IAM and complete isolation, this is determined by the product of µ and t: GST will not approach equilibrium as long as µt ≪ 1. Under SMM, 10−4 appears to be the rough threshold migration rate; when m < 10−4, GST approaches equilibrium much slower and later than HS, whereas the opposite is true when m > 10−4. Second, contrary to the popular belief, µ ≪ m is neither an obligatory request for GST to be an effective differentiation measure nor a sufficient condition for using GST to estimate gene flow level (Nm), if GST is not yet approaching equilibrium. Third, under SMM (but not IAM) and complete isolation, when population size is large (e.g., ≥1000), mutation rate shows a great impact on GST but only a mild influence on D; hence D can be much less sensitive to mutation rate heterogeneity than GST in certain situations. Fourth, whatever the level of gene flow, drift plays a dominant role on GST, whereas gene flow appears to have a stronger influence on D when subpopulations exchange individuals (even only infrequently). Moreover, GST appears to have a larger power to detect recent population genetic events than D. Finally, it is the migration rate (m), not the absolute number of migrants (Nm), that determines the speed at which GST or D approaches equilibrium. These results suggest that GST and D bear unique revealing powers under non‐equilibrium conditions.
Maternal fitness at the onset of the second trimester of pregnancy: correlates and relationship with infant birth weight
Authors: Bisson M. , Alméras N. , Plaisance J. , Rhéaume C. , Bujold E. , Tremblay A. , Marc I. 
Published: December 2012

Summary
What is already known about this subject

A healthy life begins in utero and a healthy pregnancy requires a fit and healthy mother.

Physical activity during pregnancy provides a stimulation that is essential for promoting optimal body oxygenation and composition as well as metabolic fitness during pregnancy.

Although a higher maternal fitness is expected to provide a beneficial fetal environment, it is still unclear whether physical fitness during pregnancy contributes to perinatal health.

What this study adds

Participation in sports and exercise previously and at the beginning of pregnancy can benefit maternal health by improving cardiorespiratory fitness during pregnancy, irrespective of maternal body mass index.

Maternal strength, an indicator of muscular fitness, is an independent determinant of infant fetal growth and can positively influence birth weight.
BackgroundIt is still unclear whether maternal physical activity and fitness during pregnancy contributes to perinatal health.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to characterize maternal physical fitness at 16 weeks of pregnancy and to examine its effects on infant birth weight.MethodsMaternal anthropometry (body mass index [BMI] and skin‐folds), physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) and muscular fitness (handgrip strength) were assessed at 16 weeks of gestation in 65 healthy pregnant women. Offspring birth weight was collected from maternal charts after delivery.ResultsA higher VO2peak was associated with physical activity spent at sports and exercise before and in early pregnancy (P = 0.0005). Maternal BMI was negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (P < 0.0001) but positively related to muscular strength (P = 0.0001). Unlike maternal cardiorespiratory fitness, handgrip strength was positively associated with infant birth weight (r = 0.34, P = 0.0068) even after adjustment for confounders (adjusted r = 0.27, P = 0.0480).ConclusionA positive relationship between maternal muscular fitness and infant birth weight highlighted maternal strength in pregnancy as a new determinant of infant birth weight.
Thermoelectric Ceramics for Energy Harvesting
Authors: Koumoto Kunihito , Funahashi Ryoji , Guilmeau Emmanuel , Miyazaki Yuzuru , Weidenkaff Anke , Wang Yifeng , Wan Chunlei 
Published: December 2012

Metal oxides (Ca3Co4O9, CaMnO3, SrTiO3, In2O3), Ti sulfides, and Mn silicides are promising thermoelectric (TE) material candidates for cascade‐type modules that are usable in a temperature range of 300–1200 K in air. In this paper, we review previous studies in the field of TE materials development and make recommendations for each material regarding future research. Furthermore, the R&D of TE modules composed of metal oxide materials and the prospect of their commercialization for energy harvesting is demonstrated.
Effects of Rod‐like Particles on the Microstructure and Strength of Porous Silica Nanoparticle Composites
Authors: Li Wenle , Lu Kathy , Walz John Y. , Anderson Margaret 
Published: December 2012

This study describes the results of an investigation into the effects of the addition of rod‐like silica nanoparticles on the properties of freeze‐cast and sintered bodies formed from silica nanospheres. Rod‐like silica particles with ∼220 nm diameter and tunable aspect ratio from ∼1 to ∼12 (length/diameter) were prepared and added to aqueous suspensions containing 22 nm spherical silica particles. After freeze casting, porous composites were created with all suspensions, which is shown to be consistent with the results of a simple analysis in which the experimental freezing rate is compared with the critical rate at which the dispersed particles can no longer be expelled from the growing ice front. The composites have elongated spherical pores, and the pore size changes slightly with increasing aspect ratio of the nanorods. Finally, it was found that the rod‐like particles improve the flexural strength of the composites at both green and sintered states and this strengthening effect intensifies with increasing aspect ratio. This study provides a strategy for fabricating porous materials of improved properties and performance without compromising the porosity or changing the material composition.
Microstructure and Optical Property in an Irregular Multilayer Comprising Ferroelectric and Paraelectric Materials
Authors: Cong R. , Hu G. J. , Hong X. K. , Yu G. L. , Chu J. H. , Dai N. 
Published: December 2012

A special sequence of multilayer, consisting of PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 and SrTiO3 films, was fabricated using a simple chemical solution deposition. X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) measurement reveals that each film in this multilayer has been crystallized into the single perovskite phase. The high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) image shows that the obtained SrTiO3/PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 multilayer contains three components with different optical thicknesses: dense and porous PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 layers, together with dense SrTiO3 layers. This multilayer system exhibits superior optical performance, with a peak reflectivity of∼95% and a bandwidth of ∼113 nm, rendering its promising candidate as dielectric mirrors, optical cavities, and selective filters.
Estimating patterns of reptile biodiversity in remote regions
Authors: Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Bonardi Anna , Sindaco Roberto , Padoa‐Schioppa Emilio 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimThe incompleteness of information on biodiversity distribution is a major issue for ecology and conservation. Researchers have made many attempts to quantify the amount of biodiversity that still remains unknown. We evaluated whether models that integrate ecogeographical variables with measures of the effectiveness of sampling can be used to estimate biodiversity patterns (species richness) of reptiles in remote areas that have received limited surveys.LocationThe Western Palaearctic (Europe, Northern Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia).MethodsWe gathered data on the distribution of turtles, amphisbaenians and lizards. We used regression models integrating spatial autocorrelation (spatial eigenvector mapping and Bayesian autoregressive models) to analyse species richness, and identified relationships between species richness, ecogeographical features and large‐scale measures of accessibility.ResultsThe two regression techniques were in agreement. Known species richness was dependent on ecogeographical factors, peaking in areas with high temperature and annual actual evapotraspiration, and intermediate cover of natural vegetation. However, richness declined sharply in the least accessible areas. Our models revealed regions where reptile richness is likely to be higher than currently known, particularly in the biodiversity hotspots in the south of the Arabian Peninsula, the Irano‐Anatolian region, and the Central Asian mountains. An independent validation data set, with distribution data collected recently throughout the study region, confirmed that combining accessibility measures with ecogeographical variables allows a good estimate of reptile richness, even in remote areas that have received limited monitoring so far. Some remote regions that support very rich communities are covered very little by protected areas.Main conclusionsIntegrating accessibility measures into species distribution models allows biologists to identify areas where current knowledge underestimates the actual richness of reptiles. Our study identifies regions requiring future biodiversity research, proposes a novel approach to biodiversity prediction in poorly studied areas, and identifies potential regions for conservation.
Efficacy and safety of combinations of first‐line topical treatments in chronic plaque psoriasis: a systematic literature review
Authors: Hendriks A.G.M. , Keijsers R.R.M.C. , de Jong E.M.G.J. , Seyger M.M.B. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackground  Most psoriasis patients suffering from mild to moderate disease are treated with first‐line topical treatments, including corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, topical retinoids and calcineurin inhibitors. Although evidence‐based guidelines on combinations are lacking, the majority of patients will be treated with combinations of these popular topicals at some point during their life‐long treatment.Objectives  We intended to systematically review all available literature on the efficacy and safety of combinations of first‐line topicals in chronic plaque psoriasis, and ultimately, to propose recommendations for combined regimens concerning first‐line treatments.Methods  Databases used as data sources were PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trial Register. According to standardized procedures, literature searches were performed and a level of evidence was determined.Results  In total, 2918 publications on topical combination therapy were revealed, of which 45 articles on first‐line combinations were included. The combination of potent and superpotent corticosteroids with vitamin D analogues provides an improvement of psoriasis within 2 weeks, reaching a maximal improvement after 4 weeks in the majority of patients. The two‐compound product permits once‐daily treatment and therefore is a good solution for chronic plaque psoriasis including scalp psoriasis. Combinations of corticosteroids, with tazarotene or with calcineurin inhibitors do not provide an advantage above corticosteroid monotherapy.Conclusion  The combination of potent corticosteroids with calcipotriol has been studied most extensively and should be regarded as an efficacious and safe treatment option with the two‐compound products as the most practical solution.
The effect of CD34+ cell‐containing autologous platelet‐rich plasma injection on pattern hair loss: a preliminary study
Authors: Kang J.‐S. , Zheng Z. , Choi M.J. , Lee S.‐H. , Kim D.‐Y. , Cho S.B. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackground  Mobilized CD34+ cells in peripheral blood have angiogenic potential, which is an important factor in active hair growth. In addition, activated autologous platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has been reported to induce the proliferation of dermal papilla cells.Objectives  To investigate the clinical efficacy of interfollicular injection of CD34+ cell‐containing PRP preparation for pattern hair loss.Patients and methods  CD34+ cell‐containing PRP preparation was injected on the scalps of 13 patients with pattern hair loss, and 13 patients were treated with interfollicular placental extract injection as a control. The numbers of platelets in PRP were microscopically counted and CD34+ cells were evaluated with flow cytometry.Results  Three months after the first treatment, the patients presented clinical improvement in the mean number of hairs, 20.5 ± 17.0% (P < 0.0001), mean hair thickness, 31.3 ± 30.1% (P < 0.0001), and mean two‐point score, 84.4 ± 51.7% (P < 0.0001) compared with baseline values. At 6 months, the patients presented clinical improvement in mean hair count, 29.2 ± 17.8% (P < 0.0001), mean hair thickness, 46.4 ± 37.5% (P < 0.0001), and mean two‐point score, 121.3 ± 66.8% (P < 0.0001) compared with baseline. The MIXED procedure revealed that CD34+ cell‐containing PRP treatment presented a higher degree of improvement than placental extract treatment in hair thickness (P = 0.027) and overall clinical improvement (P = 0.023).Conclusion  Our data suggest that the interfollicular injection of autologous CD34+ cell‐containing PRP preparation has a positive therapeutic effect on male and female pattern hair loss without remarkable major side‐effects.
Gene flow across a hybrid zone maintained by a weak heterogametic incompatibility and positive selection of incompatible alleles
Authors: Wang R.‐X. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHybridization between incipient species is more likely to produce sterile or inviableF1offspring in the heterogametic (XYorZW) sex than in the homogametic (XXorZZ) sex, a phenomenon known asHaldane's rule. Population dynamics associated withHaldane's rule may play an important role in early speciation of sexually reproducing organisms. The dynamics of the hybrid zone maintained by incomplete hybrid inferiority (sterility/inviability) in the heterogametic sex (a ‘weak’Haldane's rule) caused by aBateson–Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibility was modelled. The influences and interplays of the strengths of incompatibility, dispersal, density‐dependent regulation (DDR) and local adaptation of incompatible alleles in a scenario of short‐range dispersal (the stepping‐stone model) were examined. It was found that a partial heterogametic hybrid incompatibility could efficiently impede gene flow and maintain characteristic clinal noncoincidence and discordance of alleles. Density‐dependent regulation appears to be an important factor affecting hybrid zone dynamics: it can effectively skew the effects of the partial incompatibility and dispersal as measured by effective dispersal, clinal structures and density depression. Unexpectedly, local adaptation of incompatible alleles in the parental populations, which would be critical for the establishment of the incompatibility, exerts little effect on hybrid zone dynamics. These results strongly support the plausibility of the adaptive origin of hybrid incompatibility and ecological speciation: an adaptive mutation, if it confers a marginal fitness advantage in the local population and happens to cause epistatic inferiority in hybrids, could efficiently drive further genetic divergence that may result in the gene becoming an evolutionary hotspot.
Fitness and morphological outcomes of many generations of hybridization in the copepod Tigriopus californicus
Authors: Pritchard V. L. , Knutson V. L. , Lee M. , Zieba J. , Edmands S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHybridization between genetically divergent populations is an important evolutionary process, with an outcome that is difficult to predict. We used controlled crosses and freely mating hybrid swarms, followed for up to 30 generations, to examine the morphological and fitness consequences of interpopulation hybridization in the copepod Tigriopus californicus. Patterns of fitness in two generations of controlled crosses were partly predictive of long‐term trajectories in hybrid swarms. For one pair of populations, controlled crosses revealed neutral or beneficial effects of hybridization after the F1 generation, and hybrid swarm fitness almost always equalled or exceeded that of the midparent. For a second pair, controlled crosses showed F2 hybrid breakdown, but increased fitness in backcrosses, and hybrid swarm fitness deviated both above and below that of the parentals. Nevertheless, individual swarm replicates exhibited different fitness trajectories over time that were not related in a simple manner to their hybrid genetic composition, and fixation of fitter hybrid phenotypes was not observed. Hybridization did not increase overall morphological variation, and underlying genetic changes may have been masked by phenotypic plasticity. Nevertheless, one type of hybrid swarm exhibited a repeatable pattern of transgressively large eggsacs, indicating a positive effect of hybridization on individual fecundity. Additionally, both parental and hybrid swarms exhibited common phenotypic trends over time, indicating common selective pressures in the laboratory environment. Our results suggest that, in a system where much work has focused on F2 hybrid breakdown, the long‐term fitness consequences of interpopulation hybridization are surprisingly benign.