bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of Experiments for Aeroelastic Analysis
Authors: Smith Natasha , Camberos Jose , Alyanak Edward 
Published: October 2013

The performance of an aircraft in flight is, in part, a result of interactions between aerodynamic forces and structural deformations. Aerodynamic pressures result in elastic deformations which alter the wing shape and thus affect the aerodynamics. Consideration of this multidisciplinary interaction is critical to wing design. In particular, divergence (static elastic instability) and flutter (dynamic resonance) are potential catastrophic effects to be avoided. Performing an aeroelastic analysis requires the combination of static and dynamic structural analysis (often done through finite element analysis) with aerodynamic analysis (typically using some form of computational fluid dynamics, CFD). For large grids, each of these can require a significant computational effort. Resolving the interactions between the two is an iterative process which only magnifies the problem. This is a typical characteristic and drawback of multidisciplinary analysis; it makes exploring a large design space (which may include a large range of wing shape, structural support, and material choices) particularly challenging.
Statistical design of experiments (DOX) is one technique for design space exploration using a limited number of targeted, computational experiments. DOX is useful for identifying the design variables most critical for a relevant response, and for finding sensitivities needed for design optimization. The objectives for this project were (1) to find the most significant geometric, modeling, and material parameters that affect the predicted aeroelastic responses of a simple wing geometry, (2) to develop parsimonious, low-order response surfaces to model effects of interest, (3) and to evaluate the quality of the response surfaces. The computational experiments were performed with MSC Nastran which combines finite element analysis for the structural response with a steady vortex-lattice method for trim aeroelastic analyses. The discussion will include an overview of the experiment design selection process, formulation of an approximation model, and an explanation of key metrics for evaluating the response surface designs. Comprehensive results are presented for the natural frequency responses, as well as a preliminary analysis of aerodynamic trim solutions.
Acheon Project: A Novel Vectoring Jet Concept
Authors: Dumas Antonio , Pascoa Josè , Trancossi Michele , Tacchini Alessandro , Ilieva Galina , Madonia Mauro 
Published: October 2013

This paper presents a general overview of the ACHEON Project (EU FP7 Level 0 - Transport including Aeronautic).
This project presents a novel dynamically controllable Coanda jet using two fluid streams to produce the angular deflection of the jet as a function of their momentum. A control system with electrostatic plasma is used to produce an effective and more precise control of the system.
This paper presents the general guidelines of the project which is going to start and presents expected results.
Improving Corrosion Fatigue and Damage Performance of 410 Stainless Steel via LPB
Authors: Hornbach Douglas J. , Scheel Jeremy E. 
Published: October 2013

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue (CF) of 12% Cr stainless steel components can lead to reduced availability of steam turbines (ST). Significant operation and maintenance (O&M) costs are required to protect against CF and SCC in both aging and new higher efficiency ST systems. Shot peening has been used to reduce the overall operating tensile stresses, however corrosion pits, foreign object damage (FOD), and erosion can penetrate below the relatively shallow residual compression providing initiation sites for SCC and CF. A means of reliably introducing a deep layer of compressive residual stresses in critical ST components will greatly reduce O&M costs by improving CF life, increasing damage tolerance, reducing SCC susceptibility, and extending the service life of components.
Low plasticity burnishing (LPB) is an advanced surface enhancement process providing a means of introducing compressive residual stresses into metallic components for enhanced fatigue, damage tolerance, and SCC performance. LPB processing can be applied as a repair process during scheduled overhauls or on new production components.
High cycle fatigue tests were conducted on Type 410 stainless steel, a common alloy used in critical ST components, to compare the corrosion fatigue benefits of LPB to shot peening. Samples were tested in an active corrosion medium of 3.5% NaCl solution. Mechanical or accelerated corrosion damage was placed in test samples to simulate foreign object damage, pitting damage and water droplet erosion prior to testing. High cycle fatigue and residual stress results are shown. Compression from LPB was much deeper than the damage providing a nominal 100X improvement in fatigue life compared to the shallow compression from SP. Life extension from LPB offers significant O&M cost savings, improved reliability, and reduced outages for ST power generators.
Study of Air Flow Into Ballistic Wounds Using Flow Visualization Experiments and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Hinz Brandon J. , Muci-Küchler Karim H. 
Published: October 2013

A common type of battlefield injury involves high speed fragments of different sizes and shapes hitting the human body, particularly the extremities. Gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in those injuries can result in better strategies for providing medical care. One aspect that still requires additional research is the contamination of ballistic wounds. Studies published in the open literature have shown that in perforating projectile wounds airborne debris such as skin, cloth, and soil particles are introduced into the wound by either the projectile or by the suction created due to the formation of the temporary wound cavity. These debris can transport bacteria resulting in infection, delayed wound healing, or other complications. The amount of suction and ultimately the bacteria distribution in ballistic wounds can vary depending on parameters such as projectile velocity, caliber, mass, and location of injury. Numerical models can be used to study the influence of various parameters on the suction effect but experimental data is needed to validate the simulation results.
This paper presents an experiment developed to provide an initial evaluation of numerical models of the air flow and suction effect in perforating projectile wounds. The experiment used rectangular prism (cuboid) targets made of ballistic gelatin which is a common soft-tissue surrogate material used in ballistic research. These targets were shot with 11.43 mm (0.45 in) caliber round lead projectiles fired from air rifles at approximately 230 m/s. The air flow into the temporary cavity of the tissue surrogate targets was visualized using a vapor curtain placed at the projectile entry location. A high speed digital camera captured the movement of the vapor curtain and the formation of the temporary wound cavity during the tests. To simulate the experiment, a Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) model was run using Abaqus/Explicit. In the model, the mechanical behavior of the soft-tissue surrogate target was represented using a hyper-elastic constitutive relation. A small pre-made cylindrical channel was added to the targets to avoid using techniques such as element erosion or considering material failure when modeling the passage of the projectile through the material. Qualitative and limited quantitative results from the model were compared with the results from the laboratory tests.
Standard Chain Lever Load Binder
Authors: Barnett Ralph L. , Liber Theodore 
Published: October 2013

The standard chain lever load binder that is used for truck cargo securement operates on an over-center principle that has been used for over a century on suitcases, tool boxes and camera cases. The safety hazards associated with the uses and misuses of the load binder were identified decades ago and various inventors patented innovations that eliminated or mitigated the safety shortcomings. Furthermore, their ideas were not only effective, they were economical, versatile, and efficient. These patents are now in the public domain and many companies manufacture and/or distribute entire lines of securement that include not only the standard chain lever load binder but most of the alternative designs as well. This case study takes the position that the standard chain lever load binder should be banished. Since the appropriate bodies, after all these years, have not arranged for its demise, this paper appeals to the product liability system for safety relief. Engineering analysis and tests are provided to the legal profession to help them protect us by making the cost advantage of the standard binder too expensive. This paper explores some of the remarkable properties of the standard load binder, e.g.,
• Load binders develop very large chain tensions and very high levels of recoverable energy. The standard chain lever load binder does not enable the tension and energy levels to be safely maintained or released.
• The handle slack on the standard load binder cannot be fine-tuned; consequently, a scenario is frequently encountered where the chain is either too loose or too tight to secure with the binder handle. This is the major motivation for resorting to a “cheater bar.”
• A complete analysis of the securement forces acting on the cargo and load binder is seldom possible because the system is a “moving target.” The handle loading is randomly applied by human exertion which changes with handle orientation. The boundary conditions depend not only on the cargo and securement strategy, but on the loading itself. Unknown friction characteristics of the loading affect the distribution of chain forces.
• On one side of the load binder the chain tension can always be predicted using only the handle torque. This cable tension is independent of the boundary conditions and any axial handle force components.
• When the load binder system is rigid, it gives rise to three singularities. The mechanical advantage is unbounded at the two extreme handle orientations. When the binder is suspended in a taut condition, any lateral force on the binder develops infinite cable forces.
• Handle slack has a profound effect on the handle resistance, the resilience, the chain tension, and the latching capability.
Automated Recharging Station for Swarm of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Leonard Jeremie , Aldhaher Samer , Savvaris Al , Tsourdos Antonios 
Published: October 2013

Automated maintenance has become a necessity for UAV systems to allow human operators to concentrate on higher-level tasks. By reducing the need for a human interaction, such systems could be set to function in remote environments for an extended period of time and take care of a higher number of vehicles. This paper describes the work carried out to design, test and construct an autonomous charging station for battery-powered quadrotors. In the effort to fit swarm behaviors, the focus has been to shorten the charging phase of a single quadrotor platform. By designing safer electrical contacts and adding a cell balancer to the system, the station can supply considerably more current to charge the vehicle’s battery. Once the vehicle has landed, voltage and current probes transmit the current state-of-charge to a controller for optimum charging cycle. To support even more applications, the system was equipped with the capability of wireless power transfer. Energy is transferred from a power transmitter in the docking station to a power receiver on-board the vehicle based on resonant inductive coupling. Minimizing the internal losses of the DC/AC inverter and AC/DC rectifier in the transmitter and receiver will allow for higher power levels to be transmitted and will maximize the efficiency.
With the continuous monitoring of the process and the advanced charging technologies allowing for a balanced high-current charge, the Flying/Charging ratio of the vehicle could reach 1.
Evaluation, Optimization, and Verification of the Wrist Mechanism of a New Cooperatively Controlled Bimanual ENT Microsurgery Robot
Authors: He Chao , Olds Kevin , Akst Lee M. , Ishii Masaru , Chien Wade W. , Iordachita Iulian , Taylor Russell 
Published: October 2013

This paper reports the evaluation, optimization, and verification of five different design proposals for the wrist system of a new microsurgery robot. The robot targets three main types of Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) surgeries. These surgeries require a compact design and configuration synthesis to decrease collisions, provide high precision and stiffness, and accommodate the clinical requirements of each surgery type. The system is composed of two 6 DOF active robots, each composed of a 3 DOF linear stage and a 3 DOF rotary wrist mechanism. The linear stage uses a 3 DOF parallel design to increase the accuracy and stiffness of the whole system while minimizing size and weight. However, to remain compact, this parallel mechanism introduces the problem of limited linear range of motion.
Five different kinematic arrangements have been considered, and the evaluation and optimization of these configurations is discussed in detail. The main parameters considered in the evaluation include the range of motion of each DOF, the required linear movement to implement a virtual remote center of motion (RCM), and the environment occupation near the surgical tool. The optimal design of the wrist mechanism was determined by evaluating each design with respect to these parameters, and comparing the results.
A prototype of the resulting optimal kinematic arrangement was mounted on a 3 DOF linear robot to verify the results of this optimization process. A series of verification experiments was performed. These experiments successfully verified the validity of the selected design.
Simulations of Thermo-Mechanical Characteristics in Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Shen Ninggang , Chou Kevin 
Published: October 2013

In the direct digital metal manufacturing, Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM) has been used to fabricate sophisticated metallic parts, in a layer by layer fashion, by sintering and/or melting metal powders. In principle, EBAM utilizes a high-energy electron beam to melt and fuse metal powders to build solid parts with various materials, such as Ti-6Al-4V which is very difficult to fabricate using conventional processes. EBAM is one of a few Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies capable of making full-density metallic parts and has drastically extended AM applications.
The heat transfer analysis has been conducted in a simple case of a single-scan path with the effect of powder porosity investigated. In the actual EBAM process, the scan pattern is typically alternate raster. In this study, a coupled thermo-mechanical finite element model was developed to simulate the transient heat transfer, part residual stresses of alternate raster during the EBAM process subject to a moving heat source with a Gaussian volumetric distribution. The developed model was first examined against literature data. The coupled mechanical simulation is able to capture the evolution of the part residual stresses in EBAM.
Reconstruction and Analysis of Human Walking Patterns Using a Computer 3D Vision System
Authors: Arellano-González Juan C. , Medellín-Castillo Hugo I. , Cárdenas-Galindo J. Antonio 
Published: October 2013

Human walking analysis is an important research area of biomedical engineering since it provides accurate information for medical rehabilitation procedures and design of rehabilitation equipment, medical diagnosis and orthopedics, pathological and aging evaluation, design of human prosthesis, and design of humanoid robots. In some applications, such as the design of prosthesis and rehabilitation systems in biomedical engineering, and equipment design and performance analysis in sports engineering, human walking reconstruction under several conditions is required in order to optimize the design. Human walking process is smooth and efficient but it varies from one person to another depending on age, height, gender, weight, health condition, and walking conditions. Most of the research work in the literature has been focused on the analysis of gait patterns of healthy and unhealthy people under normal walking conditions, and they use 2D reconstruction of human walking trajectories.
The aim of this paper is to reconstruct and analyse human walking patterns of normal young adults under different gait conditions. A computer vision system to reconstruct 3D human walking trajectories is developed and presented in this paper. Several experiments with young adults walking under several conditions such as carrying a front load, carrying a lateral load, ascending, etc., are conducted. The results of these experiments have shown that human walking patterns vary according to the walking condition and therefore these variations should be considered in the design of prosthesis or rehabilitation systems.
Mechanical Wheelchair Propulsion System for Patients With Arthrogryposis
Authors: Garza Allison N. , Song Joseph L. , Gogola Gloria R. , Saterbak Ann , Wettergreen Matthew A. , Houchens Brent C. 
Published: October 2013

Arthrogryposis is a congenital disorder characterized by extreme joint stiffness that inhibits strength and flexibility in upper and lower extremities. Cases vary in severity, but this research focuses on those in which patients require a wheelchair for mobility. Currently, two conventional designs exist: mechanical and electric wheelchairs. For most arthrogryposis patients, existing mechanical wheelchairs are insufficient for independent propulsion as their joints are severely impaired, prohibiting them from reaching the outer handrails on the wheels and expending enough force to propel and steer. Existing devices that improve the mechanical advantage of wheelchairs are insufficient for the needs of these patients who have very limited and specific ranges of motions, which are not compatible with the required force inputs. Though electric wheelchairs allow independent mobility, they are expensive to maintain and not easily portable, limiting their use by socioeconomically disadvantaged patients.
Arthrogryposis patients require a lightweight, portable and durable mechanical wheelchair that takes advantage of the user’s specific strengths, and is easily maneuvered in all directions without assistance. A design is presented for a socioeconomically disadvantaged teenage client with arthrogryposis. After taking data regarding the ranges of motion and strength of the client, a new propulsion system was designed and retrofitted to a conventional wheelchair. Prototye I has been tested and a second-generation design which fits the needs of a wider audience suffering from arthrogryposis is presented.
Implementation of Lean Tools and Methodologies in Design
Authors: El-Sayed Mohamed E. M. 
Published: October 2013

Research efforts in lean design are usually focused on enabling lean manufacturing or managing the product development processes. Very few efforts, however, have been directed towards the design process itself. While the most successful lean applications started with the manufacturing process, due to its nature and the ability to identify the process wastes, the full impact of lean thinking can only be achieved when applied at the beginning of the product development process starting with early design phases. Considering that the first and most fundamental principle in lean thinking is to realize value from the customer’s perspective, it is essential that a lean product development process implementation assures the flow of this value throughout the process. This can only be accomplished when lean principles, tools, and methodologies are utilized in all phases from concept development in the design phase to manufacturing in the production phase.
In this paper, the utilization of lean principles, tools, and methodologies during the design process is discussed. In addition, the adaptation of several lean tools and methodologies to assist in applying the lean principles throughout the different phases of the design process is demonstrated. To illustrate the concepts, adaptation process, and implementation some examples are presented.
A System Level Analysis of the Framework and Feasibility for Dual Air and Road Mode Vehicle
Authors: Jetti Siddhartha , Motevalli Vahid 
Published: October 2013

The dual mode air-road vehicle is one of those concepts that have intrigued travelers and inventors for a long time. The quest for a vehicle that can be driven on the roads and flown in the sky started as early as the development of airplane by Wright brothers in 1906. With the ever growing traffic and congestion on the roads, increased security procedures at airports and airline hub-spoke system, the travel times for certain range of distances have increased in recent times creating a need for a dual mode vehicle. In the US, for the mid-range distances (200–500 mile), travel options available are limited for other than large population centers. Transportation by train or bus is often limited and involves multi-stops between desired destinations. Therefore, the mid-range travel is more likely accomplished by a car or an airline or sometimes both. Travel by car or airline for this ranged can consumes considerable time because of road, airport and air traffic congestions, security procedures and wait times. A survey published in 2004 by Bureau of Transportation Statistics [1] reveals that 200–500 mile trips account for about 31.8% of the total trips taken in the US.
With the premise that a dual mode vehicle could be a potential solution for mid-range travel, particularly around a 300 mile distance, the present work aims at establishing a frame-work and performance envelope for this type vehicle, In other words, the roadable aircraft or the flying car. These vehicles are neither a high performance car nor a high performance aircraft. They are vehicles that have the capability to be driven on the roads and flown in the sky. The present study focuses on identifying the technical, operational and acceptability challenges that have to be overcome to build a dual mode vehicle. This paper also covers some preliminary design aspects like power-fuel requirements, wing-airfoil parameters and an approach to address the road mode issues arising due to the wing.