bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoabsorption cross‐section measurements of 32S, 33S, 34S, and 36S sulfur dioxide from 190 to 220 nm
Authors: Endo Yoshiaki , Danielache Sebastian O. , Ueno Yuichiro , Hattori Shohei , Johnson Matthew S. , Yoshida Naohiro , Kjaergaard Henrik G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe ultraviolet absorption cross sections of the SO2 isotopologues are essential to understanding the photochemical fractionation of sulfur isotopes in planetary atmospheres. We present measurements of the absorption cross sections of 32SO2, 33SO2, 34SO2, and 36SO2, recorded from 190 to 220 nm at room temperature with a resolution of 0.1 nm (~25 cm−1) made using a dual‐beam photospectrometer. The measured absorption cross sections show an apparent pressure dependence and a newly developed analytical model shows that this is caused by underresolved fine structure. The model made possible the calculation of absorption cross sections at the zero‐pressure limit that can be used to calculate photolysis rates for atmospheric scenarios. The 32SO2, 33SO2, and 34SO2 cross sections improve upon previously published spectra including fine structure and peak widths. This is the first report of absolute absorption cross sections of the 36SO2 isotopologue for the C1B2‐X1A2 band where the amplitude of the vibrational structure is smaller than the other isotopologues throughout the spectrum. Based on the new results, solar UV photodissociation of SO2 produces 34ε, 33Ε, and 36Ε isotopic fractionations of +4.6 ± 11.6‰, +8.8 ± 9.0‰, and −8.8 ± 19.6‰, respectively. From these spectra isotopic effects during photolysis in the Archean atmosphere can be calculated and compared to the Archean sedimentary record. Our results suggest that broadband solar UV photolysis is capable of producing the mass‐independent fractionation observed in the Archean sedimentary record without involving shielding by specific gaseous compounds in the atmosphere including SO2 itself. The estimated magnitude of 33Ε, for example, is close to the maximum Δ33S observed in the geological record.
Dynamic weakening of smectite‐bearing faults at intermediate velocities: Implications for subduction zone earthquakes
Authors: Oohashi Kiyokazu , Hirose Takehiro , Takahashi Miki , Tanikawa Wataru 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe hydrous clay mineral smectite, which is pervasive in sediments on subducting oceanic plates, is thought to weaken and stabilize subduction thrust faults. However, these frictional properties of smectite alone cannot explain the large coseismic slip in the vicinity of a trench. Here we performed friction experiments to demonstrate the rate dependence of friction at slip rates from 30 µm/s to 1.3 m/s for water‐saturated smectite‐quartz mixtures with various smectite contents, so as to shed light on the frictional response of smectite‐bearing faults at intermediate to high slip rates. At slip rates of 30 to 150 µm/s, the friction coefficients decreased gradually from 0.5–0.6 to 0.1 with an increase in smectite content from 20 to 50 wt %. In contrast, at slip rates higher than 1.3 mm/s, friction exhibited marked slip weakening, resulting in low friction coefficients of 0.1–0.05, even for low smectite contents (roughly <30 wt %). Drastic slip weakening occurred at smectite contents of 10–30 wt % at slip rates of ~10 mm/s, which is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than the slip rate at which slip weakening was observed in previous experiments on various rock types. The intermediate velocity weakening could be attributed to a rise in pore pressure caused by both shear‐enhanced compaction and microscopic thermal pressurization of pore fluids. This process could weaken the fault even below seismic slip rates, leading to an acceleration of fault motion and potentially facilitating large coseismic slip and a stress drop in the vicinity of a trench.
Epigenetics for anthropologists: An introduction to methods
Authors: Non Amy L. , Thayer Zaneta M. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe study of epigenetics, or chemical modifications to the genome that may alter gene expression, is a growing area of interest for social scientists. Anthropologists and human biologists are interested in epigenetics specifically, as it provides a potential link between the environment and the genome, as well as a new layer of complexity for the study of human biological variation. In pace with the rapid increase in interest in epigenetic research, the range of methods has greatly expanded over the past decade. The primary objective of this article is to provide an overview of the current methods for assaying DNA methylation, the most commonly studied epigenetic modification. We will address considerations for all steps required to plan and conduct an analysis of DNA methylation, from appropriate sample collection, to the most commonly used methods for laboratory analyses of locus‐specific and genome‐wide approaches, and recommendations for statistical analyses. Key challenges in the study of DNA methylation are also discussed, including tissue specificity, the stability of measures, timing of sample collection, statistical considerations, batch effects, and challenges related to analysis and interpretation of data. Our hope is that this review serves as a primer for anthropologists and human biologists interested in incorporating epigenetic data into their research programs. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:295–303, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced sleep duration and history of work‐related injuries among Washington State adolescents with a history of working
Authors: Graves Janessa M. , Miller Mary E. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundThe relationship between sleep and occupational injury risk has not been adequately explored for working adolescents.MethodsData were analyzed from the 2010 Washington State Healthy Youth Survey of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade public school students. Teens reported average school and weekend night sleep hours and history of work‐related injury that received medical treatment. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between sleep duration and occupational injury.ResultsOf 4,144 working teens, 6.4% reported ever having an occupational injury. Teens who sleep ≤5 hr/school night had greater odds of a history of occupational injury than those sleeping 8 hr (OR:2.91, 95% CI:1.85–4.57). No significant association was observed for weekend night sleep duration.ConclusionsReduced school night sleep was associated with increased odds of work‐related injury in adolescents. Long hours and late night schedules may contribute to decreased sleep time and potentially have other health and developmental impacts for youth. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:464–471, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mortality among sheet metal workers participating in a respiratory screening program
Authors: Welch Laura , Dement John , West Gavin 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundThe Sheet Metal Occupational Health Institute Trust (SMOHIT) established a screening program in 1985 to examine the health hazards of the sheet metal industry in the U.S. and Canada.Methods17,345 individuals with over 20 years in the trade and who participated in the program were followed for causes of death between 1986 and 2010. Both SMRs and Cox proportional hazards models investigated predictors of death due to lung cancer, mesothelioma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).ResultsSignificant excess mortality was seen for mesothelioma and asbestosis. Controlling for smoking, a strong trend for increasing lung cancer risk with increasing chest x‐ray profusion >0/0 was observed. With an profusion score <1/0, FEV1 /FVC <80% was associated with lung cancer risk. COPD risk increased with increasing profusion score.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates asbestos‐related diseases among workers with largely indirect exposures and an increased lung cancer risk with low ILO scores. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:378–391, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atypical functional brain connectivity during rest in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Doyle‐Thomas Krissy A. R. , Lee Wayne , Foster Nicholas E. V. , Tryfon Ana , Ouimet Tia , Hyde Krista L. , Evans Alan C. , Lewis John , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Anagnostou Evdokia ,   for the NeuroDevNet ASD Imaging Group
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveConnectivity atypicalities in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been extensively proposed. The default mode network (DMN) is critical in this study, given the insight it provides for long‐distance connectivity, and the importance of regions in this network for introspection and social emotion processing, areas affected in ASD. However, study of this network has largely been limited to adults; research earlier in development is lacking. The objective of this study was to examine DMN connectivity in children/adolescents with ASD.MethodsA total of 115 children/adolescents, aged 6 to 17 years (71 males with ASD and 44 group age‐matched TD males) were included in these analyses. We examined group differences in (1) functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and regions across the brain, (2) connectivity within the DMN as a function of age and intelligence quotient (IQ), and (3) the association between DMN connectivity and empathic accuracy.ResultsIndividuals with ASD, relative to controls, showed either stronger or weaker connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and DMN regions, depending on the region, but also showed stronger connectivity with non‐DMN regions. A significant group‐by‐age interaction was observed in functional connectivity between the PCC and medial prefrontal cortex; connectivity increased with age in controls, but decreased in individuals with ASD. No effects of IQ were found. There was a significant group difference in the relation between DMN connectivity and empathic accuracy.InterpretationDifferences in functional connectivity may suggest the presence of neural atypicalities that impact the development of typical connectivity in ASD. In addition to affecting DMN dynamics, these atypicalities may also impact social–cognitive abilities. Ann Neurol 2015;77:866–876
Fyn inhibition rescues established memory and synapse loss in Alzheimer mice
Authors: Kaufman Adam C. , Salazar Santiago V. , Haas Laura T. , Yang Jinhee , Kostylev Mikhail A. , Jeng Amanda T. , Robinson Sophie A. , Gunther Erik C. , van Dyck Christopher H. , Nygaard Haakon B. , Strittmatter Stephen M. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveCurrently no effective disease‐modifying agents exist for the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD). The Fyn tyrosine kinase is implicated in AD pathology triggered by amyloid‐ß oligomers (Aßo) and propagated by Tau. Thus, Fyn inhibition may prevent or delay disease progression. Here, we sought to repurpose the Src family kinase inhibitor oncology compound, AZD0530, for AD.MethodsThe pharmacokinetics and distribution of AZD0530 were evaluated in mice. Inhibition of Aßo signaling to Fyn, Pyk2, and Glu receptors by AZD0530 was tested by brain slice assays. After AZD0530 or vehicle treatment of wild‐type and AD transgenic mice, memory was assessed by Morris water maze and novel object recognition. For these cohorts, amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism, synaptic markers (SV2 and PSD‐95), and targets of Fyn (Pyk2 and Tau) were studied by immunohistochemistry and by immunoblotting.ResultsAZD0530 potently inhibits Fyn and prevents both Aßo‐induced Fyn signaling and downstream phosphorylation of the AD risk gene product Pyk2, and of NR2B Glu receptors in brain slices. After 4 weeks of treatment, AZD0530 dosing of APP/PS1 transgenic mice fully rescues spatial memory deficits and synaptic depletion, without altering APP or Aß metabolism. AZD0530 treatment also reduces microglial activation in APP/PS1 mice, and rescues Tau phosphorylation and deposition abnormalities in APP/PS1/Tau transgenic mice. There is no evidence of AZD0530 chronic toxicity.InterpretationTargeting Fyn can reverse memory deficits found in AD mouse models, and rescue synapse density loss characteristic of the disease. Thus, AZD0530 is a promising candidate to test as a potential therapy for AD. Ann Neurol 2015;77:953–971
A Tailor‐Made Specific Anion‐Binding Motif in the Side Chain Transforms a Tetrapeptide into an Efficient Vector for Gene Delivery
Authors: Li Mao , Schlesiger Stefanie , Knauer Shirley K. , Schmuck Carsten 
Published: February 2015

AbstractArginine‐rich cell‐penetrating peptides are widely utilized as vectors for gene delivery. However, their transfection efficacy still needs to be optimized. To accomplish this, guanidinocarbonylpyrrole groups, which are tailor‐made anion binding sites, were introduced into the side chains of tetralysine to obtain the peptide analogue 1. In contrast to the common strategy of adding a lipophilic tail to peptide vectors, this novel method most likely enhances transfection efficacy through more specific interactions between the binding motifs and DNA or the cell membrane. Tetrapeptide analogue 1 is thus the smallest peptidic transfection vector that has been reported to date. The transfection efficacy of 1, which on average has less than two positive charges under physiological conditions, is even better than that of polyethylenimine (PEI). Furthermore, 1 exhibits only negligible cytotoxicity, which makes it an interesting candidate for further development.
Examination of radio‐opacity enhancing additives in shape memory polyurethane foams
Authors: Weems Andrew C. , Raymond Jeffery E. , Wacker Kevin T. , Gustafson Tiffany P. , Keller Brandis , Wooley Karen L. , Maitland Duncan J. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThree microparticle additives, tungsten (W), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), and barium sulfate (BaSO4) were selected to enhance the radio‐opacity in shape memory polymer (SMP) foam biomaterials. The addition of filler causes no significant alterations of glass transition temperatures, density of the materials increases, pore diameter decreases, and total volume recovery decreases from approximately 70 times in unfilled foams to 20 times (4% W and 10% ZrO2). The addition of W increases time to recovery; ZrO2 causes little variation in time to shape recovery; BaSO4 increases the time to recovery. On a 2.00 mean X‐ray density (mean X.D.) scale, a GDC coil standard has a mean X.D. of 0.62; 4% W enhances the mean X.D. to 1.89, 10% ZrO2 to 1.39 and 4% BaSO4 to 0.74. Radio‐opacity enhancing additives could be used to produce SMP foams with controlled shape memory kinetics, low density, and enhanced X‐ray opacity for medical materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42054.
De Novo Design and Synthesis of a γ‐Turn Peptidomimetic Scaffold and Its Application as JNK3 Allosteric Ligand
Authors: Kim Mi‐hyun , Lee Junghun , Hah Jung‐Mi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAs a way to develop a neuroprotective agent for the JNK3‐JIP1‐binding site, peptidomimetics of JIP‐1 as JNK3 allosteric regulators have been examined. The study consisted of in silico scaffold hopping, molecular docking, solution and solid‐phase peptide syntheses, and Kd measurements using surface plasmon resonance. As a peptidomimetic of JIP1, heptamer mimetic 16 (Kd=2.72 μm) displayed a higher affinity than decamer JIP1 (Kd=23.6 μm). The high affinity of 16 implies that the characteristic γ‐turn mimetic structure, “”Φ‐X‐Φ“ hydrophobic motif in 16, increased its affinity toward the JIP‐site of JNK3.
Bias in closed‐form gamma parameter estimates for disdrometer data
Authors: Brawn Dan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBias in a recently introduced closed‐form estimator for gamma parameters is described via simulations over a wide range of feasible parameters. The simulated data are lower truncated and grouped with a Joss‐Waldvogel disdrometer bin regime. A crude model for the bias in a ratio of adjacent moments is sufficient to eliminate most of the gamma parameter bias. This provides confidence in the parameter estimates, at least for near gamma distributed data and larger sample sizes.
A new logit‐artificial neural network ensemble for mode choice modeling: a case study for border transport
Authors: Gazder Uneb , Ratrout Nedal T. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryLogit model is one of the statistical techniques commonly used for mode choice modeling, while artificial neural network (ANN) is a very popular type of artificial intelligence technique used for mode choice modeling. Ensemble learning has evolved to be very effective approach to enhance the performance for many applications through integration of different models. In spite of this advantage, the use of ANN‐based ensembles in mode choice modeling is under explored. The focus of this study is to investigate the use of aforementioned techniques for different number of transportation modes and predictor variables. This study proposes a logit‐ANN ensemble for mode choice modeling and investigates its efficiency in different situations. Travel between Khobar‐Dammam metropolitan area of Saudi Arabia and Kingdom of Bahrain is selected for mode choice modeling. The travel on this route can be performed mainly by air travel or private vehicle through King Fahd causeway. The results show that the proposed ensemble gives consistently better accuracies than single models for multinomial choice problems irrespective of number of input variables. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global abnormalities in lymphatic function following systemic therapy in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Bains S K , Peters A M , Zammit C , Ryan N , Ballinger J , Glass D M , Allen S , Stanton A W B , Mortimer P S , Purushotham A D 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Background
Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is a result of interaction between several pathophysiological processes, and is not simply a ‘stopcock’ effect resulting from removal of axillary lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that there is a constitutional ‘global’ lymphatic dysfunction in patients who develop BCRL.

Methods
Lower-limb lymphoscintigraphy was performed in 30 women who had undergone axillary lymph node dissection at least 3 years previously, of whom 15 had BCRL and 15 did not. No patient had any clinical abnormality of the lower limb. The control group comprised 24 women with no history of cancer or lower-limb lymphoedema. 99mTc-Nanocoll was injected subcutaneously into the first webspace of each foot, followed by whole-body imaging. Scans were reported as abnormal if there was delay in lymph transport or rerouting through skin or deep system. Quantification was expressed as the percentage injected activity accumulating in ilioinguinal nodes.

Results
Mean(s.d.) ilioinguinal nodal accumulation at 150 min was significantly lower in women with BCRL than in those without (2·7(2·5) versus 5·9(4·8) per cent respectively; P = 0·006). Abnormal findings on lower-limb lymphoscintigraphy were observed in 17 of the 30 patients: ten of the 15 women who had BCRL and seven of the 15 who did not. None of the 24 control subjects had abnormal scan findings.

Conclusion
Women with BCRL had reduced lower-limb lymph drainage, supporting the hypothesis of a predisposition to BCRL. A surprisingly high proportion of patients with breast cancer also demonstrated lymphatic dysfunction, despite clinically normal lower limbs. Possible explanations could be a systemic effect of breast cancer or its treatment, or an unidentified association between breast cancer and lymphatic dysfunction. Registration number: ISRCTN84866416 (http://www.isrctn.com).
Development and validation of TLC‐densitometric method for determination of lipid A adjuvant as a bulk and in solid fat nanoemulsions
Authors: Minz Sunita , Kaurav Monika , Sahu Kantrol Kumar , Mandal Vivekananda , Pandey Ravi Shankar 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA simple, sensitive, selective and precise high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic method was developed for determination of lipid A (MPLA) adjuvant as a bulk and in solid fat nanoemulsions. Chromatographic separations were performed on thin‐layer chromatography aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60 F‐254 as stationary phase and chloroform–methanol–ethyl acetate solution (10:2:4, v/v/v) as mobile phase. With this solvent system, compact spots for MPLA at Rf value 0.80 ± 0.02 were obtained. Densitometric analysis of MPLA was carried out in absorbance mode at 357 nm. Linear regression analysis for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with r = 0.9996 in the concentration range of 20–100 ng/spot. The mean values (±SD) of slope and intercept were found to be 7.355 ± 0.006 and 109.52 ± 0.170, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were observed at 3.096 and 9.382 ng/spot, respectively.The method was validated for precision, accuracy, robustness and recovery as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Statistical analysis proved that the developed method for quantification of MPLA as a bulk and in solid fat nanoemulsions is reproducible, selective and economical. This method could be applied for quantitative assay of MPLA in lipid‐based vaccine formulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge‐Based Conceptual Synthesis of Industrial‐Scale Downstream Processes for Biochemical Products
Authors: Backhaus Karin , Lochmüller Mirka , Arndt Markus Christian , Riechert Ole , Schembecker Gerhard 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA generic, knowledge‐based guideline assisting downstream process synthesis for biochemical products is presented. It offers process designers a structured process design methodology supporting them in capturing potentially relevant information, which might be beyond their expertise. The guideline is based on heuristic knowledge which was collected, structured in a generic way, and clearly represented. The generation of alternative downstream routes as starting points for experiments, simulation, and cost calculation is hereby accelerated. The application of the guideline is demonstrated on the example of penicillin V downstream processing from fermentation broth.
An Optically and Thermally Switchable Electronic Structure Based on an Anthracene–BODIPY Conjugate
Authors: Aotake Tatsuya , Suzuki Mitsuharu , Tahara Kazuaki , Kuzuhara Daiki , Aratani Naoki , Tamai Naoto , Yamada Hiroko 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAn optically and thermally responsive boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dye, namely, meso‐2‐(9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐ethanoanthracene‐11,12‐dione) (DK)‐linked, bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene (BCOD)‐fused BODIPY (BCOD‐DK), was synthesized. The weakly luminous structure of BCOD‐DK can be changed quantitatively to that of the strongly fluorescent BODIPY BCOD‐Ant by optical excitation at the DK unit, which induces double decarbonylation of the DK unit to give an anthracene unit. The solvent effect on the fluorescence properties of BCOD‐DK suggests that the dramatic change in fluorescence intensity is controlled by intramolecular electron transfer from the BODIPY moiety to the meso‐DK substituent. BCOD‐DK is converted to meso‐DK benzene‐fused BODIPY (Benzo‐DK) by heating at 220 °C with 64–70 nm redshift of absorption and fluorescence peaks without changing the fluorescence quantum yield of ΦF=0.08 in dichloromethane. Benzo‐DK can be converted to strongly fluorescent meso‐anthracene benzene‐fused BODIPY Benzo‐Ant by optical excitation. Thus, BCOD‐DK can show four different optical performances simply by irradiation and heating, and hence may be applicable for optical data storage and security data encryption.
From Spherical to Leaf‐Like Morphologies: Tunable Supramolecular Assembly of Alkynylgold(I) Complexes through Variations of the Alkyl Chain Length
Authors: Hong Eugene Yau‐Hin , Wong Hok‐Lai , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA series of luminescent polynuclear alkynylgold(I) complexes with different lengths of alkyl chains attached at the N‐heterocyclic carbene moieties has been synthesised and demonstrated to display intriguing self‐assembly behaviours through a cooperative growth mechanism. Variation of the alkyl chain length was found to cause drastic morphological differences in the aggregates and to strongly affect the thermodynamic parameters as revealed by the nucleation–elongation model.