bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles of Legal Interpretation of a Normative Definition of the Term “Building Structure” for the Needs of the Imposition of a Real Estate Tax in Poland
Authors: Pahl Bogumił 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
An essential aim of this study is to present principles of the legal interpretation of the term “building structure” for the needs of the imposition of a real estate tax. The analysis of both administrative courts’ judgments and the subject literature indicates lack of consistency in the scope of this term’s meaning. In my opinion, interpretative discrepancies are caused by incorrect legal interpretation of the legal definition. It should be noticed that numerous controversies connected with the legal interpretation of the term building structure are connected with considerable tax burden of this type of building objects. Taxpayers, for obvious reasons, are therefore “interested” in not finding the objects owned by them to be building structures in the meaning of the Tax Law, or possibly in finding only those objects’ specified parts to be building structures. It is easily apparent particularly in the case of objects of complex structures (e.g. cell phones towers, ski lifts, wind farms, facilities used in power engineering industry etc.). On the other hand, however, for many municipalities in Poland, income from building structures’ taxation creates municipal budgets. This way the practice of applying local tax law encounters numerous disputes between taxpayers and self-government tax authorities.
Judicial Interpretation of the Tax Law Provisions and Protection of the Subjective Rights of Taxpayers – In the Light of Art. 153 of the Act on Proceedings Before Administrative Courts in Poland
Authors: Dumas Anna , Pietrasz Piotr 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This article refers to the issues associated with the crucial significance of the interpretation of tax law provisions made by administrative courts in the course of the judicial inspection of tax decisions, within the context of protecting the subjective rights of taxpayers. The analysis in that regard has been prepared based on the provisions of art. 153 of the Act of 25 July 2002 on Proceedings before Administrative Courts, which expresses the important rule of binding the court and the administrative authority, whose act was the subject of an appeal, with a legal assessment and instructions regarding the further proceedings described in the decision of the administrative court.
As a result of this rule, a decision of an administrative court exerts the results exceeding the scope of judicial administrative proceedings, while its effect also covers the future tax proceedings. If the legal assessment made by the court refers to the regulations that affect the subjective rights of a taxpayer, it means that the administrative court imposes the effects of “its” interpretation of those provisions on a tax authority. In turn, the tax authority is obliged to respect those rights in accordance with the opinions of the court, which usually affects the final resolution of a tax case.
It should be borne in mind that a taxpayer, by submitting an appeal against a tax decision to an administrative court, demands not only an inspection of the acts of tax administration, but also - which should be emphasized - demands the execution of its rights, including its subjective rights. Therefore, we should not forget the crucial role of the administrative courts in the protection of the substantive rights of taxpayers. The instrument that allows the administrative courts to guard the subjective rights of taxpayers, consists in the procedural regulations included in the provisions on proceedings before administrative courts, and in particular art. 153 of the Act on Proceedings before Administrative Courts in Poland.
Purposive Interpretation of the Term “Undertaking” as Defined Under Polish Antitrust Law – Some Observations
Authors: Piszcz Anna 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This paper assesses whether the purposive (functional) interpretation of the term “undertaking” is used by decision-makers in antitrust cases. This article presents a short summary of this research regarding cases related to the abuse of a dominant position. As a rule, priority must be given to the direct meaning of a text. There are, however, important exceptions to the sup- posed rule. A concise examination of the jurisprudence shows that purposive interpretation is used where the provision in question is open to several inter- pretations. This article relates in some form to the problems that arise from the EU-oriented purposive interpretation of the term “undertaking” as defined under Polish antitrust law. The article considers some of them.
Acquisition and Loss of the Public Law Status of Entrepreneur – Interpretation Problems of Public Commercial Law in Poland
Authors: Etel Maciej 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The obligation of the legalization of entrepreneurial activity from Article 14 of The Act of July 2, 2004 on the freedom of entrepreneurial activity caused deliberations regarding constitutive or declarative character of the legalization entry and as a result, created a problem with indication of the moment when the public law status of an entrepreneur is acquired (or respectively - lost). The answer to the question whether Central Register and Information of Entrepreneurial Activity or the register of entrepreneurs of the National Court Register have also the creation function incites many controversies and is subject to discussions, in the process of which two main standpoints were formed. It is also important to note that the resolution of the discussed issue not only holds scientific value, but above all, it has significant importance in practice. Therefore, it is necessary and even essential. Furthermore, it is typical for this issue that concerns related thereto and arguments raised during the discussion have their basis in the legislation in force and in fact, encapsulate the favoured path of its interpretation.
Study Regarding the Effectiveness of Manual Lymphatic Drainage in the Case of Patients with Breast Cancer that Present Lymphedema
Authors: Mioc Alexandru , Pantea Corina 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Lymphedema is defined as a persistent increase of tissue volume caused by the blocked or absent lymphatic drainage. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effectiveness of lymphatic drainage in the treatment of lymphedema after a mastectomy, with the aim of reducing the volume of the lymphedema and improving overall symptomatology, as well as providing information regarding the impact of this treatment on quality-of-life and the physical limitations of these patients. With these objectives in mind, a series of articles evaluating the effectiveness of manual lymphatic drainage in the case of patients with breast cancer and lymphedema have been studied. The parameters under observation were: duration of lymphedema reduction and improved symptomatology (pain, a feeling of swelling of the upper limb, functional limitation, and patient dissatisfaction towards their body image). Following this analysis, one can conclude that the association of manual lymphatic drainage to physical exercise and physiotherapy has produced changes in the volume of the limb affected by the lymphedema; however, its isolated use has not resulted in significant changes
A Statistical and Technical-Tactical Study of the Dribbles Conducted by Three Midfielders in Three 1st League matches, in the 2011-2012 Competitive Year
Authors: Brîndescu Sorin 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Technical preparation implies training increasingly skilled players, with an ever-improving capacity of performing, in order to succeed and cope with the demands of contemporary football. In order to achieve this objective, a continuous increase of quality and efficiency when selecting the players is needed; furthermore, the optimization of the process of preparation and discovery of the most efficient methods in the training process are also necessities to be dealt with. By observing the various technical executions made by the players on the football field, one can obtain practical demonstrations and optimal solutions of how to improve the technical-tactical way of playing of the entire team and can foreground the problematic areas and the less skilled executions of each player and of the entire team
Recovery and Rehabilitation in Football
Authors: Firiţeanu Vasile D.N. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The main purpose of game analysis is to provide the coach with information about the team or the individual performances. This way, the coach as well as the players, noticing the former performances, obtain detailed information about the aspects of the game that could be improved. Nine games have been analysed, on three different age groups (under 12, under 14, under 15). Three games of each age group have been analysed. The specific instructions given to the goalkeepers about the team’s tactic or the weather conditions are not available in this study. For the analysis of every game, a specific system of manual notes has been developed. Concisely, the short throws, like passes and throws (under the arm, as well as over the arm) are more successful than the long throws, in the matter of keeping possession as well as producing passes. Accordingly, the short throws that lead to longer successions of passes, tend to lead to improvements in the players’ technical abilities. Although, the implications for coaches have been underlined as follows, they have to be aware of the specific value of this type of throws and encourage their use when it is required.
Diversity and Community Structure of Oribatid Mites (Acari, Oribatei) at Memorial Complexes of a Megapolis
Authors: Kolodochka L. A. , Shevchenko O. S. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
In different types of substrate (soil, litter, lichens and mosses) collected at three memorial complexes (cemeteries) of Kyiv (Ukraine), 70 species from 57 genera, 34 families of oribatid mites were found. A few eurytopic species capable of tolerance to different types of pollution make up an essential part in each species complex. The species diversity and complexity of oribatid community structure at researched areas increased with distance from the city center. There was no direct relation between the degree of dominance of most common species and the cemetery’s relative remoteness from the center of the city.
Review of the Short-Winged Mold Beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae) of the Crimea (Ukraine)
Authors: Krivosheyev R. E. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Twenty species of the Pselaphinae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) are recorded for the first time from Crimean Peninsula. Bryaxis moczarskii (Winkler, 1911) is redescribed and illustrated for the first time after its original description. Brachygluta guillemardi (Saulcy, 1876), Bryaxis longulus (Kiesenwetter, 1849) and Claviger colchicus Motschulsky, 1837 are recorded for the first time from Ukraine. In total, 34 species of ten genera and one unrecognizable nominal species are recorded from Crimea.
Rain-Call Dialects of the Chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs (Fringillidae), in Ukraine
Authors: Tsvelykh A. N. , Yablonovska-Grishchenko E. D. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Four types of Chaffinch rain-calls were found in Ukraine: “rülsch” - a trill signal widely spread in Europe; “hui” - a whistle signal that occurs in North-Western and Central Europe; “Crimean” whistle signal known only from Crimean peninsula and “Caucasian” signal occurring in Caucasus, Asia Minor and Balkans. Sonograms of rendition versions are given for all of the call types. Distribution of dialects of Chaffinch rain-calls in Ukraine was examined. “Rülsch”- dialect occurs at most of the plane Ukraine and Carpathians. Owing to colonizing artificial afforestations in steppe zone this dialect population’s range expanded southward to the coast of the Black and Azov seas. “Hui”-dialect is spread in the Lower Danube region. At the North-Eastern Danube delta Chaffinch’s with “hui”- and “rülsch”- rain-calls are found together and a bird was found that uttered both signals alternately but hybrid signals were not registered. It may attest to recent invasion by “rülsch”- population of Chaffinch’s there. “Crimean” dialect is distributed in mountainous Crimea and in most of the Crimean steppe zone. “Caucasian” rain-call renditions are registered in cases of individual vagrant birds in eastern Crimea and Lower Danube region
Age and Seasonal Aspects of Sexual Differences in Social Vole, Microtus socialis, (Rodentia, Arvicolinae), in the South of Ukraine
Authors: Sinyavskaya I. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Expression of sexual differences in social vole populations of virgin steppe reserve “Askania Nova” analyzed in the article. It is established that the severity of the sexual differences of value morphological features depending on the age of the animals and to a lesser degree on the season.
Introduction : les équivoques du rire
Authors: Morin Olivier 
Published: August 2013

Ce numéro de Terrain envisage l’expression du rire dans toute la variété de ses dimensions – cognitive, sociale, politique. Cette introduction tente de mettre en lumière un aspect du rire (et de ce qui le provoque) qui semble apparaître sous chacun de ces angles : l’ambiguïté. Les théories à l’heure actuelle les plus abouties du mécanisme cognitif du rire (qui reprennent un modèle philosophique bien plus ancien) en font une réaction sophistiquée à la résolution d’une ambiguïté. D’un coup, une stimulation incongrue, qui offrait plusieurs interprétations possibles, n’en admet plus qu’une. L’usage social du rire, tel que l’explore l’anthropologie, montre cependant que le rire ne se limite pas à cette seule fonction (signaler une ambiguïté résolue). Il permet au contraire de mettre en valeur, et parfois de créer, des situations équivoques et des intentions incertaines. Dans la sphère politique, cette ambivalence constitutive du comique en fait un outil particulièrement difficile à prendre en main, aussi bien pour le pouvoir politique que pour ceux qui le contestent. Une anthropologie politique du rire (qui s’esquisse dans plusieurs contributions à ce numéro) est en mesure de montrer que la subversion comique ne se restreint pas aux sociétés dominées par des États ; même dans ces dernières, elle est loin de ne servir que les adversaires des hiérarchies en place.
Tapasin Facilitation of Natural HLA-A and -B Allomorphs Is Strongly Influenced by Peptide Length, Depends on Stability, and Separates Closely Related Allomorphs
Authors: Geironson Linda , Thuring Camilla , Harndahl Mikkel , Rasmussen Michael , Buus Søren , Røder Gustav , Paulsson Kajsa M. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Despite an abundance of peptides inside a cell, only a small fraction is ultimately presented by HLA-I on the cell surface. The presented peptides have HLA-I allomorph-specific motifs and are restricted in length. So far, detailed length studies have been limited to few allomorphs. Peptide–HLA-I (pHLA-I) complexes of different allomorphs are qualitatively and quantitatively influenced by tapasin to different degrees, but again, its effect has only been investigated for a small number of HLA-I allomorphs. Although both peptide length and tapasin dependence are known to be important for HLA-I peptide presentation, the relationship between them has never been studied. In this study, we used random peptide libraries from 7- to 13-mers and studied binding in the presence and absence of a recombinant truncated form of tapasin. The data show that HLA-I allomorphs are differentially affected by tapasin, different lengths of peptides generated different amounts of pHLA-I complexes, and HLA-A allomorphs are generally less restricted than HLA-B allomorphs to peptides of the classical length of 8–10 aa. We also demonstrate that tapasin facilitation varies for different peptide lengths, and that the correlation between high degree of tapasin facilitation and low stability is valid for different random peptide mixes of specific lengths. In conclusion, these data show that tapasin has specificity for the combination of peptide length and HLA-I allomorph, and suggest that tapasin promotes formation of pHLA-I complexes with high on and off rates, an important intermediary step in the HLA-I maturation process.
Retinoid X Receptor Agonists Modulate Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell and Th17 Cell Differentiation with Differential Dependence on Retinoic Acid Receptor Activation
Authors: Takeuchi Hajime , Yokota-Nakatsuma Aya , Ohoka Yoshiharu , Kagechika Hiroyuki , Kato Chieko , Song Si-Young , Iwata Makoto 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) enhances TGF-β–dependent differentiation of Foxp3+ inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs) and inhibits Th17 differentiation by binding to the RA receptor (RAR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimer. The major physiologic RA, all-trans-RA, binds to RAR but not to RXR at physiological concentrations. It remained unclear whether RXR-mediated stimulation affected the iTregs and Th17 differentiation. We found in this study that the RXR agonists, PA024 and tributyltin, augmented the ability of all-trans-RA or the RAR agonist Am80 to enhance CD4+CD25− T cells to acquire Foxp3 expression and suppressive function. However, they failed to enhance Foxp3 expression in the presence of the RAR antagonist LE540, suggesting that the effect depends on RAR-mediated signals. They exerted the effect largely by augmenting the ability of all-trans-RA to suppress the production of IL-4, IL-21, and IFN-γ that inhibited Foxp3 expression. Agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver X receptors (LXRs), permissive partners of RXR, failed to enhance Foxp3 expression. In contrast, RXR agonists and LXR agonists suppressed IL-17 expression. The RXR-mediated suppression was not canceled by blocking RAR stimulation but was likely to involve permissive activation of LXRs. All-trans-RA and an agonist of RXR or LXR additively suppressed IL-17 expression when the all-trans-RA concentration was low. RXR agonists also suppressed Ccr6 expression that is essential for Th17 cells to enter the CNS. Accordingly, tributyltin treatment of mice ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through regulating Th17 cell activities. These results suggest that RXR stimulation modulates Foxp3+ iTreg and Th17 differentiation with differential dependence on RAR-mediated stimulation.
Insights into the Role of Bcl6 in Follicular Th Cells Using a New Conditional Mutant Mouse Model
Authors: Hollister Kristin , Kusam Saritha , Wu Hao , Clegg Ninah , Mondal Arpita , Sawant Deepali V. , Dent Alexander L. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Bcl6 controls development of the follicular Th cell (TFH) lineage, but the precise mechanisms by which Bcl6 regulates this process are unclear. A model has been proposed whereby Bcl6 represses the differentiation of T cells into alternative effector lineages, thus favoring TFH cell differentiation. Analysis of T cell differentiation using Bcl6-deficient mice has been complicated by the strong proinflammatory phenotype of Bcl6-deficient myeloid cells. In this study, we report data from a novel mouse model where Bcl6 is conditionally deleted in T cells (Bcl6fl/flCreCD4 mice). After immunization, programmed death -1 (PD-1)high TFH cells in Bcl6fl/flCreCD4 mice are decreased &gt;90% compared with control mice, and Ag-specific IgG is sharply reduced. Residual PD-1highCXCR5+ TFH cells in Bcl6fl/flCreCD4 mice show a significantly higher rate of apoptosis than do PD-1highCXCR5+ TFH cells in control mice. Immunization of Bcl6fl/flCreCD4 mice did not reveal enhanced differentiation into Th1, Th2, or Th17 lineages, although IL-10 expression by CD4 T cells was markedly elevated. Thus, T cell–extrinsic factors appear to promote the increased Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses in germline Bcl6-deficient mice. Furthermore, IL-10 may be a key target gene for Bcl6 in CD4 T cells, which enables Bcl6 to promote the TFH cell phenotype. Finally, our data reveal a novel mechanism for the role of Bcl6 in promoting TFH cell survival.
T Cell CD3ζ Deficiency Enables Multiorgan Tissue Inflammation
Authors: Deng Guo-Min , Beltran Jessica , Chen Chen , Terhorst Cox , Tsokos George C. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Although a population of T cells with CD3ζ chain deficiency has been found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and infectious disease, the role of CD3ζ chain in the disease pathogenesis remains unknown. To understand the contribution of CD3ζ deficiency to the expression of organ injury, we have performed the following studies. We used CD3ζ-deficient mice to investigate the role of CD3ζ in the pathogenesis of organ tissue inflammation. We found that the CD3ζ−/− mice can spontaneously develop significant organ inflammation that can be accelerated following the administration of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid or allogeneic cells (graft versus host). T cells from CD3ζ−/− mice display increased expression of the adhesion molecules CD44 and CCR2 and produce increased amounts of IFN-γ blockade, which mitigates tissue inflammation. Our results demonstrate that CD3ζ deficiency bestows T cells with the ability to infiltrate various tissues and instigate inflammation. Decreased CD3ζ expression noted in T cells from various diseases contributes independently to tissue inflammation and organ damage. Approaches to restore CD3ζ expression of the surface of T cells should be expected to mitigate tissue inflammation.
The CD226/CD155 Interaction Regulates the Proinflammatory (Th1/Th17)/Anti-Inflammatory (Th2) Balance in Humans
Authors: Lozano Ester , Joller Nicole , Cao Yonghao , K. Kuchroo Vijay , Hafler David A. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
CD226 costimulatory signals strongly promote Th1 differentiation, enhancing IFN-γ production by naive T cells. We recently reported that knockdown of CD226 on human T cells resulted in a decrease in T-bet and IFN-γ expression. However, the role of CD226 on Th2 and Th17 cells remains unknown. In this study, we found that CD226 and its ligand CD155 were decreased on Th2-polarized naive T cells, whereas both were highly expressed under Th17 conditions. Most IFN-γ– and IL-17–producing cells expressed high levels of CD226, but production of IL-13 did not correlate with CD226 expression. CD226 knockdown by lentiviral transduction resulted in increased STAT-6 phosphorylation, enhanced GATA3 expression, and consequently higher production of IL-4 and IL-13. Under Th17 conditions, CD226-depleted cells showed slightly impaired IL-17 secretion, suggesting that CD226 contributes, in part, to IL-17 production but is dispensable for Th17 cell generation. In line with these results, CD226 blockade with neutralizing Abs efficiently inhibited T cell activation and proliferation and production of IFN-γ and IL-17, whereas IL-13 secretion remained functional. Taken together, our results establish an important role for CD226 in differentially regulating the proinflammatory (Th1/Th17)/anti-inflammatory (Th2) balance, suggesting that the CD226/CD155 interaction could potentially be targeted in therapeutic approaches to human autoimmune diseases.
Merleau-Ponty the Metaphysician: The Living Body as a Plurality of Forces
Authors: Wilkerson William 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
We should not read Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception as an implicit or oblique ontology (as some have) but, rather, as a work of fundamental and explicit ontology continuous with The Structure of Behavior. Merleau-Ponty's masterwork presents an entirely new metaphysics built around the notion of Form: the body–world system comprises a plurality of forces striving for an equilibrium that is continually overcome. This new interpretation changes how we understand the living body and consciousness in Merleau-Ponty's work, as we see afresh how his new metaphysics displaces the older metaphysics built on the dualisms of subject/object and mind/body.