bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Injury to Birds and Diamondback Terrapins Resulting from the Chalk Point Oil Spill, Maryland
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Hinkeldey Heidi , Meade Norman , McGowan Peter 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A pipeline spill of 126,000 gallons of a mixture of No. 6 and No. 2 fuel oils into the Patuxent River on 7 April 2000 affected over-wintering waterfowl, resident birds, and diamondback terrapins, as well as intertidal habitats, fish and shellfish, benthic habitats, and muskrats. The final estimate of bird impacts was the sum of the numbers of birds collected dead, dying in rehabilitation, and estimated to have died after release and in the field. The result was an estimated 495 total birds killed, with 67 known dead. The total terrapin mortality was estimated by projecting: a) the number of terrapin-years lost from mortality of adults and juveniles killed directly (estimated to be 122 animals) by the spill, b) the estimated number of young that would have been born and survived to adults from those directly killed, and c) increased hatchling mortality. The final estimate of direct terrapin mortality was 616 lost discounted terrapin-years (DTYs), while lost production from the next generation contributed 3,793 lost DTYs. The loss due to increased hatchling mortality was 836 DTYs. The total injury to Patuxent River diamondback terrapins was estimated to be a loss of 5,245 DTYs.
Development of Multi-Hazard Contingency Plans and Tools for the National Marine Sanctuary System1
Authors: Symons Lisa C. , Morris Jim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the last few years, incidents such as the crash of Alaska Air Flight #261, the M/V Cape Mohican and SS Jacob Luckenbach spills and over 600 groundings a year in the Florida Keys have highlighted the need for coordinated, multi-hazard contingency planning to safeguard the marine, historical and cultural resources protected by the National Marine Sanctuary System. American waterways are a critical component of heightened homeland security; including the waters encompassed by marine protected areas. The challenge has been to develop consistent contingency plans that address a broad range of hazards from oil spills to hurricanes across 13 sites that are widely divergent in size, geographic location and type of resources. Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary is larger than Yellowstone National Park and protects habitat ranging from coastal dunes to deep-ocean trenches while Fagatele Bay in American Samoa encompasses a coral reef inlet less than one square mile in size. Thunder Bay in Lake Huron and the U.S.S. Monitor sites focus on historical and cultural resources while habitat of humpback whales is the primary concern for the Hawaiian Islands sanctuary. Because of site diversity, regulations and prohibited activities vary widely. Jurisdictional issues are complex with nearly half of the sites incorporating state waters and shorelines. In 2001, NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration and the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries initiated a project to develop and build a suite of contingency plans and tools. This web-based contingency plan and tool set, hosted on a secure Intranet, is called Sanctuaries Hazardous Incident Emergency Logistics Database System (SHIELDS). SHIELDS gives resource managers efficient access to numerous NOAA databases, GIS systems, charts and images providing on-demand information for making critical decisions about environmental tradeoffs during a response.
Practical Initiative by Pemsea / Earl to Promote OPRC in East Asia
Authors: O'Driscoll Declan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The issue of sustainable development is critical for the future prosperity of East Asia. The Region has seen rapid economic progress in recent years but at a cost to the environment. There is significant oil tanker traffic through the seas of East Asia as oil is transported from the Middle East to North Asia. In recent years, there have been a number of significant spills in the region. The oil industry has been active in establishing resources in the region, including East Asia Response Limited, to help with the response to oil spills. A GEF/UNDP/MO initiative PEMSEA (Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia) has been developing and promoting strategies and action plans to ensure better environmental management in East Asia. This can be best achieved by building partnerships amongst all the concerned stakeholders, public and private, at local, national and regional levels. Strengthening the technical and management expertise in environmental issues, including oil spills, of local government officials within the region is a key element in ensuring long term sustainable development. The private sector can play a very useful role in helping to build this expertise. East Asia Response and PEMSEA have been collaborating closely to improve the oil spill response knowledge and expertise of local officials in the region. Delegates to jointly held training courses have come from Brunei, Cambodia, the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. The courses have allowed us a valuable opportunity to present to the delegates the oil industry's approach to oil spill response. Topics, such as the tiered response concept, contingency planning and net environmental benefit analysis have been well received. Delegates will now be better able to promote oil spill response preparedness and response capability in their home country, thereby, contributing to the sustained development of their economy.
Sensitivity Mapping – With Flare! An Internet Approach to Environmental Mapping
Authors: Laflamme André , Percy Roger J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During emergencies the ready availability of information on the location and vulnerability of resources at risk is crucial to a successful response and in preventing or minimizing further environmental impacts. Environment Canada, Atlantic Region, has developed over a number of years a computer based GIS mapping system for managing and analyzing environmental information. This stand-alone user friendly mapping application has recently moved to the web; allowing broader access by federal, provincial and industry partners in the spill response field. Enhancements have been made that facilitate better coordination and exchange of data among partners. It incorporates a unique shoreline classification system which can be viewed in concert with biological, human use and logistical data. It includes a spill logging function to manage situation reports, maps, resource summaries, photographs and trajectory model outputs. The system allows thematic layers to be displayed on either topographic maps or hydrographic charts and possesses links to other sites that allow real-time display of weather and ocean current data useful in a response. With an open architecture concept the web mapping system is readily modified; partners are able to digitize on-line and to update their own databases shared on the system. Mapped data for the northeastern United States is also included in the package to facilitate joint response to trans-boundary pollution incidents. Although this paper will highlight the unique features of the web mapping application for planning and responding to environmental emergencies, other partners are using the system for conducting environmental assessments, inland management projects, or planning for nuclear emergencies around the globe.
LASER FLUOROSENSOR DEMONSTRATION FLIGHTS AROUND THE SOUTHERN COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Brown Carl E. , Fingas Mervin F. , Marois Richard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several oil spill remote sensing flights were conducted by Environment Canada off the Southern coast of Newfoundland, Canada in late February, early March 2004. These flights were undertaken to demonstrate the capabilities of the Scanning Laser Environmental Airborne Fluorosensor (SLEAF) in real-life situations in the North Atlantic and Newfoundland coastal regions in late winter weather conditions. Geo-referenced infrared, ultraviolet, color video and digital still imagery was collected along with the laser fluorosensor data. Brief testing of a Generation III night vision camera was also conducted. Flights were conducted in the shipping lanes around the Newfoundland coast, out to the Hibernia and Terra Nova oil platforms and over known oil seep areas. Details of the analysis of laser fluorescence data collected during these flights will be presented along with a summary of the remote sensing flights.
HARMONIZING REQUIREMENTS FOR OILS, NOXIOUS LIQUID SUBSTANCES, AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN SPILL PREPAREDNESS REGULATIONS1
Authors: Yoshioka Gary , Coder Ellinor , Morin Isabelle , Landry Mark , Davis Barbara , Beasley Lynn 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) enforces regulations for vessel response plans and marine transportation-related facility response plans for oil. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforces similar regulations for response plans for non-transportation-related facilities. Proposed USCG rules would require response plans for hazardous substances designated under the authority of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Other USCG regulations implement provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, known as MARPOL 73/78. Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 addresses petroleum pollution, while Annex II identifies and addresses Noxious Liquid Substances (NLSs). The Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2004 gives the USCG authority to require response plans for NLSs under the CWA. There is some overlap, however, in the substances that are listed as NLSs and those that are categorized as oils or designated as CWA hazardous substances. Adding NLSs to the list of substances requiring a response plan has several implications for spill prevention, preparedness, and response programs. Some facilities currently have response plans for oils and may have response plans for CWA hazardous substances in the future. Some NLSs may be hazardous substances under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and response plans for those NLSs must be consistent with spill notification and response requirements under CERCLA. EPA and USCG On-Scene Coordinators must consider these overlapping listings when deciding on the appropriate removal actions for discharges. Facility owners and operators will need to consider their existing response plans when preparing response plans for NLSs. Under the CWA all response plans must be consistent with the National Contingency Plan and Area Contingency Plans.
ADMINISTRACION DE PLANES DE CONTINGENCIA–CASOS DE ÉXITO EN COLOMBIA
Authors: Garcia Diego Fernando Echeverri , Diaz Jaime Alberto Herrera 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Actualmente en Colombia se viene implementando la metodología de Administración de Planes de Contingencia para derrames de hidrocarburos (APC) como esquema estratégico para garantizar el funcionamiento y operatibilidad de estos Planes.
La metodología APC desarrollada por Varichem de Colombia ha permitido a aquellas compañías que la han implementado, obtener altos niveles de gestión y desempeño sobre su plan de contingencia, obteniendo además un modelo administrativo integral que favorece el cumplimiento de los objetivos planteados y el desarrollo de programas de mejoramiento continuo para garantizar la Operatibilidad del plan de contingencia y de todos los elementos que lo constituyen. A través de la APC se garantiza la socialización del plan de contingencia, el entrenamiento integral de las brigadas de combate, la disponibilidad total de todos los equipos de contingencia y la integración adecuada de los sistemas de respuesta.
En Colombia empresas como Petrobras—UNCOL han sido participes de los beneficios y alcances que pueden obtenerse a través de la APC. En menos de dos años de gestión con la APC se han logrado consolidar brigadas integrales de respuesta a emergencias, altos niveles de socialización e integración del plan de contingencia, desarrollo de proyectos específicos enfocados al mejoramiento de cada área, bodegas de respuesta 100% operativas y con equipos totalmente disponibles y una positiva conciencia de la importancia del plan de contingencia sobre las operaciones normales de la compañía.
La APC puede significar una nueva tendencia en gestión y planeación y se espera que en el corto plazo más resultados evidenciables ratifiquen su conveniencia para la industria.
THE DYNAMICS OF ORIMULSION IN WATER WITH VARYING ENERGY, SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE
Authors: Fingas Merv , Fieldhouse Ben , Wang Zhendi , Landriault Mike 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Orimulsion is an oil-in-water emulsion of Venezuelan bitumen. Orimulsion was found to behave predictably in salt (33°/oo NaCl) and fresh water, driven by buoyancy to rise in salt water and sink in fresh water; but behaviour in brackish water (20°/oo NaCl) was difficult to predict. Temperature has also been indicated as having an influence on Orimulsion behaviour. The current study extended experimentation down to lower temperatures, and a variety of mixing energies.
This study resulted in new information on the behaviour of Orimulsion spills in salt, fresh, and brackish water with salinity values of 20 and 33 degrees at temperatures of 5 and 15 degrees Celsius. Energy was varied by adjusting the applied rotational field and measurement with thermal probes. Depletion rates and characteristics were determined by adding Orimulsion to a 300-L tank of water, taking a time series of samples, and determining the concentration of bitumen and the particle size distribution. Changes in bitumen concentration and particle size distribution as a function of time were also measured. Using these data, simple equations were developed to describe and predict the concentration of bitumen in the water column as a function of time. Similarly nomograms showing the amount of oil on the bottom and on the water surface are presented.
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF AN UNKNOWN SPILL (2002) FROM QUEBEC BY THE MULTI-CRITERION ANALYTICAL APPROACH AND LAB SIMULATION OF THE SPILL SAMPLE
Authors: Wang Zhendi , Hollebone B. , Yang C. , Fingas M. , Landriault M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a case study of an oil spill into Canal Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec in 2002. In response to this specific oil identification need, a lab spill simulation was designed to obtain simulated spill samples from the suspected source samples. The integrated multi-criterion approach using GC/MS and GC/FID was then applied for fingerprinting and identifying the spill oil samples. The distribution patterns of hydrocarbons in the spill and suspected source samples were recognized and compared. Analysis of oil-characteristic biomarkers and the extended suite of parent and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were performed. A variety of diagnostic ratios of “source-specific marker” compounds for interpreting chemical fingerprinting data were determined and analyzed. Finally, the major components in suspected source samples were identified. The detailed chemical characterization data highlight that: (1) the spilled oil 264 is diesel fuel, while the suspected source sample 265 is an emulsified Bunker C type fuel; (2) another suspected source sample 266 is a de greaser-type “pine oil” product; (3) the synthetic spill sample from 265 and 266 has a completely different GC profile and chemical composition from the spill sample 264. No component of sample 266 was found and recognized in sample 264.
OIL SPILL RESPONSE AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE BTC PIPELINE SYSTEM IN TURKEY
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. , Cekirge Murat , Castle Robert , Reid Hamish , Sutherland Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The BTC (Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan) Project includes a 42 in (107 cm) crude oil pipeline extending west from the Caspian Sea across Azerbaijan (433 km, 260 mi), through Georgia (250 km, 150 mi), and then southward through eastern Turkey (1076 km, 645 mi) to a new marine terminal at Ceyhan on the Mediterranean Sea. In Turkey, the pipeline crosses significant mountainous terrain (&gt;2800 m, 8,500 ft), several major rivers as well as five fault zones. The marine terminal includes 7 storage tanks and a 2.7 km (1.6 mi) jetty able to handle two 300,000-dwt tankers simultaneously. The system is designed to transport 1 million barrels per day (∼145,000 t/day).
The oil spill contingency plan is designed to protect sensitive areas, catchment basins, and to prevent the migration of spilled oil. Sensitive features were determined by pre-construction surveys and risk analyses, and updated by additional fieldwork focusing on the potential movement and impacts of spilled oil. Response guidelines based on risk and logistics determined the location of equipment depots and the level of equipment necessary to recover Tier 2 spill volumes. Pipeline equipment and depots are selected to rapidly recover spilled oil and to prevent its downslope and downstream movement. The marine response strategy focuses on protection of adjacent lagoons by on-water containment at the berthing area using an oil spill response vessel (OSRV), tugboats, and other workboats, and various lengths and types of booms, skimmers and storage capabilities.
TRAINING, TESTING, DEMONSTRATING COMPETENCY AND AUDITING A DRILL OR SPILL RESPONSE: DRILLTRAC
Authors: Storey Elin , Pilkey-Jarvis Linda 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The State of Washington developed DRILLTRAC, a training and competency program for managing oil spills and drills. DRILLTRAC represents an organizational commitment to stand-up a well qualified team at spills of all levels in order to fulfill a fundamental trust responsibility to protect public health, safety and the environment. The agency intends to hold itself to the same high standards that are expected from the regulated community. In addition, through the development of a well qualified team, the agency will be able to assist those unregulated spillers with providing an initial spill management team. DRILLTRAC consists of training and testing, required performance demonstrations at drills and spills, seeded staff to coach performance, response auditing and finally training and outreach to the community. The Program centers around a manual that is based on the 2000 Field Operations Guide (FOG), but is greatly enhanced with coaching tips, information flow diagrams and guidance on what actions need to be taken between the meetings. The manual is available on-line. During the first month it became available, the manual was downloaded over a thousand times. Some of the key training points under DRILLTRAC are:How do you ensure adequate staffing?How do you resolve conflict within unified command?How are critical decisions made by unified command documented?How does a trustee organization ensure that the interests of the state are consistently and adequately protected through the incident command system?How do you develop and measure an aggressive response?How do you ensure that the process being followed leads to the development of an aggressive, objective driven Incident Action Plan?How do you ensure consistent drill evaluation and drill design?
This paper will discuss the development of the program, the goals and some of the points of organizational resistance in the implementation. DRILLTRAC builds confidence, accountability and mutual trust in spill management. It is mission driven for the state of Washington.
RESEARCH NEEDS IN OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Newman Kimberly S. , Manen Carol-Ann , Kinner Nancy E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As funding for spill research and development (R&D) has declined in recent years, partnerships among relevant federal and state agencies, industry and academia have increased in importance. In order to encourage thinking about spill R&D, develop agreement on research needs and foster these partnerships, the Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC), a cooperative program between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the University of New Hampshire (UNH), hosted a three day workshop in November 2003 to identify applied science needs that could improve decision making across the continuum of oil spill preparedness, response and recovery. The emphasis was on research that could decrease the impact of spills on NOAA trust resources or enhance the recovery of the impacted resources.
More than 30 experts in the areas of spill processes, response techniques and habitat restoration participated in the three day workshop. The group included scientists from federal and state agencies, industry and academia. The goals of the workshop were to identify knowledge gaps in the area of spill response and restoration and determine the best approach for addressing these gaps.
Starting with six categories: Fate and Transport of Released Materials; Effects of Spills and Spill Response on Organisms; Effects of Spills and Spill Response on Habitats; Social and Economic Concerns and Needs; Quantitative Metrics for Use in Injury Determination and Restoration; and Restoration Methods, the participants identified over 80 areas of need, including a broad category of communication, and evaluated them with respect to their technical feasibility and potential impact on resource recovery.
DEVELOPING A COMPREHENSIVE INTERNATIONAL CURRICULUM IN OIL SPILL DISPERSANT OPERATIONS1
Authors: Rubini Jeffrey H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Governments and industry, both national and international, contend that dispersants are an effective and practical response option under certain circumstances. However, a comprehensive training and education program in dispersant operations used to establish a baseline of understanding among responders and stakeholders is lacking.
Dispersant operations have played a positive and significant role on numerous oil spills in both national and international waters, yet a curriculum in dispersant operations remains a minor component of oil spill response course curricula. This may suggest that decision makers, responders and ultimately the public and environment are being shortchanged of alternative response technology training and education, which essentially fails to meet the needs of regional response teams, area committees, natural resource trustees, and the general oil spill response community's future decision makers.
Supported through case study analyses and critical argumentation, this paper presents an oil spill dispersant operations curriculum that governments and industry, both national and international, can adapt.