bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faults in Linux 2.6
Authors: Palix Nicolas , Thomas Gaēl , Saha Suman , Calvès Christophe , Muller Gilles , Lawall Julia 
Published: July 2014

In August 2011, Linux entered its third decade. Ten years before, Chou et al. published a study of faults found by applying a static analyzer to Linux versions 1.0 through 2.4.1. A major result of their work was that the drivers directory contained up to 7 times more of certain kinds of faults than other directories. This result inspired numerous efforts on improving the reliability of driver code. Today, Linux is used in a wider range of environments, provides a wider range of services, and has adopted a new development and release model. What has been the impact of these changes on code quality?
To answer this question, we have transported Chou et al.’s experiments to all versions of Linux 2.6; released between 2003 and 2011. We find that Linux has more than doubled in size during this period, but the number of faults per line of code has been decreasing. Moreover, the fault rate of drivers is now below that of other directories, such as arch. These results can guide further development and research efforts for the decade to come. To allow updating these results as Linux evolves, we define our experimental protocol and make our checkers available.
Language support for lightweight transactions
Authors: Harris Tim , Fraser Keir 
Published: July 2014

Concurrent programming is notoriously difficult. Current abstractions are intricate and make it hard to design computer systems that are reliable and scalable. We argue that these problems can be addressed by moving to a declarative style of concurrency control in which programmers directly indicate the safety properties that they require.
In our scheme the programmer demarks sections of code which execute within lightweight software-based transactions that commit atomically and exactly once. These transactions can update shared data, instantiate objects, invoke library features and so on. They can also block, waiting for arbitrary boolean conditions to become true. Transactions which do not access the same shared memory locations can commit concurrently. Furthermore, in general, no performance penalty is incurred for memory accesses outside transactions.
We present a detailed design of this proposal along with an implementation and evaluation. We argue that the resulting system (i ) is easier for mainstream programmers to use, (ii ) prevents lock-based priority-inversion and deadlock problems and (iii ) can offer performance advantages.
Risk Factors Associated with Hemodialysis Central Venous Catheter Malfunction; A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ward David R , Moist Louise M , MacRae Jennifer M , Scott-Douglas Nairne , Zhang Jianguo , Tonelli Marcello , Lok Charmaine E , Soroka Steven D , Hemmelgarn Brenda R 
Published: July 2014

Background: We previously reported a reduction in central venous catheter (CVC) malfunction when using once-weekly recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (rt-PA) as a locking solution, compared with thrice-weekly heparin. Objectives: To identify risk factors for CVC malfunction to inform a targeted strategy for rt-PA use. Design: Retrospective analysis. Setting: Canadian hemodialysis (HD) units. Patients: Adults with newly placed tunnelled upper venous system CVCs randomized to a locking solution of rt-PA (1 mg/mL) mid-week and heparin (5000 u/ml) on the other HD sessions, or thrice-weekly heparin (5000 u/ml). Measurements: CVC malfunction (the primary outcome) was defined as: peak blood flow less than 200 mL/min for thirty minutes during a HD session; mean blood flow less than 250 mL/min for two consecutive HD sessions; inability to initiate HD. Methods: Cox regression was used to determine the association between patient demographics, HD session CVC-related variables and the outcome of CVC malfunction. Results: Patient age (62.4 vs 65.4 yr), proportion female sex (35.6 vs 48.4%), and proportion with first catheter ever (60.7 vs 61.3%) were similar between patients with and without CVC malfunction. After multivariate analysis, risk factors for CVC malfunction were mean blood processed < 65 L when compared with ≥ 85 L in the prior 6 HD sessions (HR 4.36; 95% CI, 1.59 to 11.95), and mean blood flow < 300 mL/min, or 300 – 324 mL/min in the prior 6 HD sessions (HR 7.65; 95% CI, 2.78 to 21.01, and HR 5.52; 95% CI, 2.00 to 15.23, respectively) when compared to ≥ 350 mL/min. Limitations: This pre-specified post-hoc analysis used a definition of CVC malfunction that included blood flow, which may result in an overestimate of the effect size. Generalizability of results to HD units where trisodium citrate locking solution is used may also be limited. Conclusions: HD session characteristics including mean blood processed and mean blood flow were associated with CVC malfunction, while patient characteristics were not. Whether targeting these patients at greater risk of CVC malfunction with rt-PA as a locking solution improves CVC longevity remains to be determined.
Innate immune cell networking in hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Saha Banishree , Szabo Gyongyi 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTPersistent viral infection, such as HCV infection, is the result of the inability of the host immune system to mount a successful antiviral response, as well as the escape strategies devised by the virus. Although each individual component of the host immune system plays important roles in antiviral immunity, the interactive network of immune cells as a whole acts against the virus. The innate immune system forms the first line of host defense against viral infection, and thus, virus elimination or chronic HCV infection is linked to the direct outcome of the interactions between the various innate immune cells and HCV. By understanding how the distinct components of the innate immune system function both individually and collectively during HCV infection, potential therapeutic targets can be identified to overcome immune dysfunction and control chronic viral infection.
Duodenal CCK Cells from Male Mice Express Multiple Hormones Including Ghrelin
Authors: Sykaras Alexandros G. , Demenis Claire , Cheng Lei , Pisitkun Trairak , Mclaughlin John T. , Fenton Robert A. , Smith Craig P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEnteroendocrine (EEC) cells have a pivotal role in intestinal nutrient sensing and release hormones that orchestrate food digestion and regulate appetite. EEC cells are found scattered throughout the intestine and have typically been classified based on the primary hormone they contain. I cells represent a subset of EEC cells that secrete cholecystokinin (CCK) and are mainly localized to the duodenum. Recent studies have shown that I cells express mRNAs encoding several gut hormones. In this study, we investigated the hormonal profile of murine fluorescence-activated cell sorting-sorted duodenal I cells using semiquantitative RT-PCR, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and immunostaining methods. We report that I cells are enriched in mRNA transcripts encoding CCK and also other key gut hormones, including neurotensin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), secretin, peptide YY, proglucagon, and ghrelin (Ghrl). Furthermore, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified I cells and immunostaining confirmed the presence of these gut hormones in duodenal I cells. Immunostaining highlighted that subsets of I cells in both crypts and villi coexpress differential amounts of CCK, Ghrl, GIP, or peptide YY, indicating that a proportion of I cells contain several hormones during maturation and when fully differentiated. Our results reveal that although I cells express several key gut hormones, including GIP or proglucagon, and thus have a considerable overlap with classically defined K and L cells, approximately half express Ghrl, suggesting a potentially important subset of duodenal EEC cells that require further consideration.
Sequential Search and Learning from Rank Feedback: Theory and Experimental Evidence
Authors: Palley Asa B. , Kremer Mirko 
Published: July 2014

This paper studies the effect of limited information in a sequential search setting where a single selection is to be made from a set of random potential options. We consider both a full-information problem, where the decision maker observes the exact value of each option as she searches, and a partial-information problem, in which the decision maker only learns the rank of the current option relative to the options that have already been observed. We develop a model that allows for a sharp contrast between search behavior in the two information settings, both theoretically and empirically. We present the results of an experiment that tests, and supports, the key prediction of our model analysis—limited information induces longer search. Our data further suggest systematic deviations from the theoretical benchmarks in both informational settings. Importantly, subjects in our partial-information conditions are prone to stop prematurely during early stages of the search process and to suboptimally continue the search during late stages. We propose a simple model that succinctly captures the interplay of two symmetric choice and judgment biases that have asymmetric (but opposing) effects on the length of search. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1902 . This paper was accepted by Teck-Hua Ho, behavioral economics.
A comparison of two total contact cast constructs with variable body mass
Authors: Pirozzi Kelly , McGuire James , Meyr Andrew J. 
Published: July 2014

Objective: There is a growing body of evidence implicating obesity as having a negative effect on the development and treatment of diabetic foot disease. The aim of this study was to increase the body of knowledge on the effects of obesity on foot function, specifically as it relates to peak plantar pressures in the total contact cast (TCC). Our investigational objectives were to compare the effect of two different TCC designs on mean peak plantar pressures, and to evaluate the efficacy of two TCC constructs with increasing body mass. Method: The primary outcome measure was mean peak plantar pressure in the heel, midfoot, forefoot and first metatarsal as measured with an in-shoe pressure measurement system. The variables were patient weight (from ‘normal’ body mass index (BMI) to ‘overweight’, ‘obese’ and ‘morbidly obese’) and the TCC construct (with both a standard and alternate cast design). The standard TCC is considered the gold standard for off-loading of the diabetic foot. The alternate TCC was designed to use the essential offloading component of the traditional TCC, namely the total contact leg section, with use of an open cell polyurethane foam to transfer load from the foot to the lower leg, thereby offloading the foot by suspending it within a padded fiberglass walking cast. Results: We did not observe statistically significant differences in mean peak plantar pressures in any plantar foot anatomic area or with any body mass between the two TCC designs. Conclusion: Based on the results, we concluded that the alternate TCC design provides another viable TCC construct option for practitioners working with the neuropathic foot. This investigation also provides specific data on changes that occur in peak plantar pressures with use of the total contact cast and variable BMIs. Declaration of interest: none
An ancient oxidoreductase making differential use of its cofactors
Authors: Blüher Doreen , Reinhardt-Tews Annekathrin , Hey Martin , Lilie Hauke , Golbik Ralph , Breunig Karin D. , Anders Alexander 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Many transcription factors contribute to cellular homeostasis by integrating multiple signals. Signaling via the yeast Gal80 protein, a negative regulator of the prototypic transcription activator Gal4, is primarily regulated by galactose. ScGal80 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been reported to bind NAD(P). Here, we show that the ability to bind these ligands is conserved in KlGal80, a Gal80 homolog from the distantly related yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. However, the homologs apparently have diverged with respect to response to the dinucleotide. Strikingly, ScGal80 binds NAD(P) and NAD(P)H with more than 50-fold higher affinity than KlGal80. In contrast to ScGal80, where NAD is neutral, NAD and NADP have a negative effect in KlGal80 on its interaction with a KlGal4-peptide in vitro. Swapping a loop in the NAD(P) binding Rossmann-fold of ScGal80 into KlGal80 increases the affinity for NAD(P) and has a significant impact on KlGal4 regulation in vivo. Apparently, dinucleotide binding allows coupling of the metabolic state of the cell to regulation of the GAL/LAC genes. The particular sequences involved in binding determine how exactly the metabolic state is sensed and integrated by Gal80 to regulate Gal4.
Trapping MBD5 to understand 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome
Authors: Kwon Deborah Y , Zhou Zhaolan 
Published: July 2014

Despite genetic evidence implicating MBD5 as the only overlapping gene between various 2q23.1 microdeletions, the function of MBD5 and its causality to 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome, a disorder characterized by developmental delay and autistic features, has yet to be determined. In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Camarena et al generate an Mbd5 gene‐trap mouse model and show for the first time that mice with reduced MBD5 expression develop behavioral abnormalities with neuronal function deficits, mimicking symptoms in 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome, thus supporting a causal role for MBD5 haploinsufficiency in the disorder.
Mortality Associated With Pulmonary Hypertension in Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Authors: Toizumi Michiko , Motomura Hideki , Vo Hien Minh , Takahashi Kensuke , Pham Enga , Nguyen Hien Anh Thi , Le Tho Huu , Hashizume Masahiro , Ariyoshi Koya , Dang Duc Anh , Moriuchi Hiroyuki , Yoshida Lay-Myint 
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE:Outbreaks of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) continue to arise in various countries where a rubella-containing vaccine is not included in the national immunization program. After a large-scale rubella outbreak in 2011, CRS cases emerged in Vietnam. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical features of these cases with an emphasis on cardiovascular complications and outcomes.METHODS:From October 2011 to September 2012, we conducted a prospective surveillance study of infants &lt;12 months of age who had manifestations suggesting CRS at the only referral hospital in Khanh Hoa Province. These infants underwent standard examinations, echocardiography, cranial ultrasonography, automated auditory brainstem responses, blood cell count measurements, and rubella-specific antibody testing. Detected cardiovascular defects were regularly followed with echocardiography.RESULTS:We enrolled 38 cases of CRS characterized by a low birth weight (71%), cardiovascular defects (72%), cataracts (13%), hearing impairment (93%), purpura (84%), hepatosplenomegaly (68%), and thrombocytopenia (76%). Patent ductus arteriosus, the most common cardiovascular complication, was often associated with progressive pulmonary hypertension (PH). As of January 2013, 13 infants (34%) had died, and PH was significantly more frequent among the fatalities (P = .004); however, therapeutic closure of the ductus reversed the PH in several cases.CONCLUSIONS:PH-associated mortality is high among infants who have CRS in Vietnam. Providing proper assessments, continuous follow-up, and timely intervention for cardiovascular defects is critical for the management of CRS patients. Echocardiography is of diagnostic and prognostic value and can support better clinical management of CRS, even in a developing country setting.
Fabrication of Uranium Dioxide Microspheres by Classic and Novel Sol-Gel Processes
Authors: Deptuła A. , Brykala M. , Rogowski M. , Smolinski T. , Olczak T. , Łada W. , Wawszczak D. , Chmielewski A. , Goretta K.C. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTUranium dioxide (UO2) microspheres were fabricated by two sol-gel processes. First used was a classical process variant, as developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, consisting of (1) reduction of commercial uranyl to U(IV) nitrate; (2) preparation of a sol by precipitation of uranium hydroxide, its peptization, and solvent extraction of nitrates; and (3) gelation to microspheres by extraction of water through addition of a dewatered 2-ethyl-1-hexanol emulsion. Substantial improvement in microsphere production was achieved by application of a sol-gel process in which ascorbic acid was used as strong complexing agent. In this method, the reduction step was omitted and uranyl (VI) ascorbate sols/hydroxyl sols were formed from a suspension of either a uranium trioxide or a uranyl nitrate solution. Gelation through water extraction yielded perfect microspheres. Other metals can be easy added to these sols. Thermal treatment of the UO2 microspheres by calcination and reduction in hydrogen atmosphere was designed on the basis of differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis.
A Study of Intercropping of Maize with Sweet Basil and Borage
Authors: Bagheri M. , Zaefarian F. , Bicharanlou B. , Ghanizadeh H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Intercropping is one of the environmental friendly ways to improve the use of resources and weed control. A field experiment was performed on maize intercropped with sweet basil and borage under weed free and infestation conditions. The experimental design was a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. Factors included weed infestation levels (weed free and weed infestated) and intercropping ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25: 75, and 0:100, maize: sweet basil or borage). The intercroppping treatments decreased weeds biomass compared to the monocultures of borage and sweet basil. The weeds biomass and density in maize monoculture was lower than the monocultures of the other two plants. Under sole crop condition, the plants yield was higher than intercropping treatments. Weed interference decreased the yield of plants, while this decrease was less in intercropping treatments. Area-time equivalent ratio value showed that the ratios of 50:50 maize: sweet basil, maize: borage and 25:75 maize: borage provided the yield advantages of 11%, 11% and 36% under weed infestation, respectively. Also, area-time equivalent ratio values were higher in weed infestation compared to weed free treatments. The leaves essential oil of sweet basil under intercropping treatments, especially in weedy condition, was further than monocropping treatments. Intercropping of maize with sweet basil was more successful than intercropping with borage in reducing weeds biomass and density. In general, the intercropping of maize with sweet basil was more efficient compared to intercroppping with borage.
Legislation on The Protection of Agricultural Land in the context of the implementation of the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection in Slovak Conditions
Authors: Palšová Lucia 
Published: July 2014

Abstract (EN)
Protecting the qualitative aspect of the agricultural land is in the interest of European Union policies and Slovakia as well. The EU adopted in 2006 a Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection to ensure protection and sustainable use of land, including agricultural land. The aim of this paper is to analyze and evaluate legislation protecting agricultural land in the context of the implementation of the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection in Slovakia. The basic legislation for the protection of agricultural land in Slovakia is the Act No. 220/2004 Coll. on the conservation and use of agricultural land and amending Act No. 245/2003 Coll. concerning integrated pollution prevention and control and amending certain laws, as amended, which provides a basic framework for conservation of the agricultural land. In terms of preserving, agricultural land has significant importance in the Common Agricultural Policy -pillar I and II which stipulate cross-compliance requirements, requirements for agri-environmental measures for applicants for single area payment scheme, for applicants for support under agri-environmental measures respectively.
WTO Agreement on Agriculture and its Implication on Rural Development Policies in Russia
Authors: Erokhin Vasily 
Published: July 2014

Abstract (EN)
The paper aims at overview of the history and major contents of the Agreement on Agriculture of the World Trade Organization. Special attention is paid to implications of the Agreement for agricultural and trade policies in developing countries, including Russia, recently accessed the WTO. The differential treatment that developing countries receive under the agreement is investigated. The paper includes an overview of the recently adopted State Program of the Russian Federation for Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Agricultural Commodities Markets in 2013-2020. The research considers four applications of the given State Program: compliance with WTO requirements, state support of agriculture, provision of food security, and ensurance of sustainable rural development. The paper results in the conclusion that state policies in the sphere of rural development have to evolve beyond the traditional, sector-based model, with its almost exclusive focus on agriculture. Contemporary set of tools to ensure sustainable rural development should be based on the multi-sectoral strategies and programs that identify and better exploit the development potential of rural area through a variety of factors: national food security, agricultural production, liberalization of trade and foreign economic activities, support of local producers and rural households, rural infrastructure, environmental and recreational potential.
Effectiveness of Selected Fitness Exercises on Stress of Femoral Neck using Musculoskeletal Dynamics Simulations and Finite Element Model
Authors: Qian Jing-Guang , Li Zhaoxia , Zhang Hong , Bian Rong , Zhang Songning 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to establish a dynamics model and a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model to analyze loading characteristics of femoral neck during walking, squat, single-leg standing, and forward and lateral lunges. One male volunteer performed three trials of the five movements. The 3D kinematic data were captured and imported into the LifeMOD to establish a musculoskeletal dynamics model to obtain joint reaction and muscle forces of iliacus, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, psoas major and adductor magnus. The loading data LfeMOD were imported and transformed into a hip finite-element model. The results of the finite element femur model showed that stress was localized along the compression arc and the tension arc. In addition, the trabecular bone and tension lines of the Ward's triangle also demonstrated high stress. The compact bone received the greatest peak stress in the forward lunge and the least stress in the squat. However, the spongy bone in the femoral neck region had the greatest stress during the walk and the least stress in the squat. The results from this study indicate that the forward lunge may be an effective method to prevent femoral neck fractures. Walking is another effective and simple method that may improve bone mass of the Ward's triangle and prevent osteoporosis and femoral neck fracture.