bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of PNPLA3 polymorphisms on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Sato Masaya , Kato Naoya , Tateishi Ryosuke , Muroyama Ryosuke , Kowatari Norie , Li Wenwen , Goto Kaku , Otsuka Motoyuki , Shiina Shuichiro , Yoshida Haruhiko , Omata Masao , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: October 2013

AimThe PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G polymorphism (encoding for I148M) has recently been identified as a susceptibility factor for steatosis‐mediated liver damage. We evaluated the influence of this polymorphism on hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) virus infection.MethodsWe genotyped the rs738409 single nucleotide polymorphism in 358 hepatitis C‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and correlated the age at onset of HCC and the interval between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the development of HCC in patients with each genotype.ResultsThe frequencies of CC, CG and GG genotypes were 27.9% (100/358), 49.2% (176/358) and 22.9% (82/358), respectively, and were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The median age at onset of HCC for the GG genotype was significantly younger compared to for non‐GG genotypes (67.81 vs 69.87 years, P < 0.001), and the median interval between HCV infection and the development of HCC was significantly shorter in patients with the GG genotype (39.96 vs 40.85 years, P = 0.008). PNPLA3 GG genotype was also associated with a higher aspartate aminotransferase level (69.5 vs 59.0 IU/L, P = 0.02), lower prothrombin time (73.0% vs 78.0%, P = 0.008) and a higher prevalence of histological steatosis (40.0% vs. 22.2%, P = 0.01) at the time of HCC onset.ConclusionThe PNPLA3 genotype GG may be associated with accelerated hepatocarcinogenesis in CHC patients through increased steatosis in the liver.
2. CONSTRUCTIONS OF “HOME,”“FRONT,” AND WOMEN'S MILITARY EMPLOYMENT IN FIRST‐WORLD‐WAR BRITAIN: A SPATIAL INTERPRETATION
Authors: ROBERT KRISZTINA 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn First‐World‐War Britain, women's ambition to perform noncombatant duties for the military faced considerable public opposition. Nevertheless, by late 1916 up to 10,000 members of the female volunteer corps were working for the army, laying the foundation for some 90,000 auxiliaries of the official Women's Services, who filled support positions in the armed forces in the second half of the war. This essay focuses on the public debate in which the volunteers overcame their critics to understand how they obtained sufficient popular consent for their martial work. I explain the process in terms of shifting hegemonic understandings of space. As critics' arguments in the debate indicate, the gender attribution of war participation was organized and represented spatially, assigning men to the warlike “front” as warriors and women to the peaceful “home” as civilians. To redefine the meaning of these gendered wartime spaces, women volunteers deployed rival spatial discourses and practices in their campaign for martial employment. The essay explores the progress of these competing definitions through feminist and spatial theories, including gender performativity, discursively constructed and constructive spaces, and heterotopias. I argue that the upheaval caused by the war in gender and spatial norms undermined absolute conceptualizations of space with dichotomous binary areas on which critics drew for their arguments and reinforced more recent, relative spatialities, including the cultural construction of militarized heterotopic sites in between and paralleling both “home” and “front” for soldiers in training or recovery. The volunteers' efforts to gain access to military employment both contributed to and were supported by this shift. Heterotopic sites offered ideal discursive locations for constructing the new gender role of auxiliary soldiering through the performance of martial training and work, and competing spatial definitions provided arguments through which they could justify their activities to both critics and supporters.
7. SPACES, PLACES, AND THE HISTORIANS: A COMMENT FROM A GERMAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: SCHWERHOFF GERD 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis article discusses from a specifically German point of view the “spatial turn” in history and the approaches of this forum. Many recent interventions have suggested that “space” (as opposed to “time”) was for many years a marginalized category in the German historiographical debate because of the ideological contamination of the category “space” by the Nazis. In the context of the vivid, lively “provincial” or “regional” history practiced in Germany, however, “space” has always played an important role. The debates around the spatial turn nevertheless provide the opportunity for deliberate reconceptualization. This comment proposes a relational understanding of “space” as the core of the new approach and identifies some central elements and terms for it: the differentiation of “spaces,”“places,” and “locations”; movement in space; the division of space in the form of boundaries; finally, the ordering and classification of space in the form of written or visual representations.
HOW TO CHANGE HISTORY
Authors: Koditschek Theodore 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe recent death of Eric Hobsbawm provides a fitting occasion to take stock of the entire trajectory of his work. Taking his final book, How to Change the World, as its starting point, this essay considers Hobsbawm's effort to change the way history was written. It divides his career into three main phases: 1) during the 1940s and 50s when he served his apprenticeship and emerged as a leading labor historian of modern Britain. Working in conjunction with colleagues in the Communist Party Historian's group, Hobsbawm helped to raise Marxist history to academic respectability; 2) during the 1960s and 70s, Hobsbawm reached the apogee of his career, publishing the first two volumes of his synoptic history of modern capitalism, as well a multitude of more specialized and critical works. No longer just one among a group of Marxist scholars, he—along with E. P. Thompson—became one of the most famous and influential historians in the world. 3) For Hobsbawm, as for other Marxists, the 1980s and 1990s were a time of crisis, when Marxism was destabilized and communism collapsed. Ironically, this essay argues, it was during this challenging period that Hobsbawm's most influential work appeared—most notably, his studies of modern nationalism and his analysis of the “invention of tradition”. Whereas the early Hobsbawm had worked to bring Marxist history into the academy, the later Hobsbawm (perhaps inadvertently) showed how the academy could absorb analytical elements initially formulated in a Marxist framework by translating them into non‐Marxist terms. Whatever one thinks of Hobsbawm's intellectual legacy, one must acknowledge his status as a polymathic giant who wrote global history that was at once theoretically grounded, publicly accessible, and historiographically consequential.
Factors influencing patient satisfaction with antimuscarinic treatment of overactive bladder syndrome: Results of a real‐life clinical study
Authors: Akino Hironobu , Namiki Mikio , Suzuki Koji , Fuse Hideki , Kitagawa Yasuhide , Miyazawa Katsuhito , Fujiuchi Yasuyoshi , Yokoyama Osamu 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesTo investigate patient satisfaction with antimuscarinic treatment of overactive bladder syndrome, and to identify factors having a significant influence on satisfaction.MethodsA cross‐sectional questionnaire survey was carried out to assess treatment satisfaction among male and female patients with overactive bladder (age ≥20 years) in the Hokuriku district of Japan. The overactive bladder symptom scores, treatment efficacies, adverse events (dry mouth and constipation), and patient satisfaction scores were investigated and compared among patients using different antimuscarinic therapeutics.ResultsIn total, 977 survey respondents (52.6% men; mean age 73.6 years) received antimuscarinic treatment. The mean overactive bladder symptom score of these patients was 6.17; in addition, 32.3% patients were satisfied with their treatment, but 33.1% were dissatisfied. Factors having a significant influence on treatment satisfaction were sex (men were less satisfied), efficacy, adverse events and the overactive bladder symptom score. Constipation negatively influenced patient satisfaction to a greater extent than did dry mouth. Patient satisfaction varied according to the drug used. Constipation was less severe with the immediate‐release‐type agents (imidafenacin and oxybutynin) than with the extended‐release‐type (propiverine, solifenacin or tolterodine).ConclusionsJust one‐third of Japanese Hokuriku patients with overactive bladder seem to be satisfied with their antimuscarinic treatment. Patient satisfaction is impaired by poor efficacy and the presence of adverse events; furthermore, constipation should be recognized as an adverse event that negatively influences patient satisfaction to a greater extent than dry mouth. Patient satisfaction differs according to the antimuscarinic agent used, with higher patient satisfaction being associated with less severe constipation.
Aggregate Australian Takeovers: A Review of Markov Regime Switching Models
Authors: Duong Lien 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article reviews the case of modeling merger waves in the Australian market for the period 1972–2004. Three Markov switching models are examined, the Gaussian AR(1), Poisson AR(1), and State‐Space autoregressive moving average (ARMA) (1,1), to find which gives the best fit. The State‐Space Markov switching ARMA(1,1) model is found to be the best for describing Australian takeover activity as estimation results based on it have a lower Bayesian information criterion score than the other two models. Each model's ability to predict a ‘wave’ is then tested by including its estimated probability in a macroeconomic model to explain merger activity. The State‐Space model also performs better because the inclusion of its estimated probability substantially increases the explanatory power of the regression model (measured by the regression adjusted R2). In addition, it predicted a takeover wave in 2009, which was closer to the actual incidents of takeover activity in the market at that time than the predictions of the other two models. The results are robust when the measure of takeover activity is changed from the number of takeover bids to the proportion of takeover bids relatively to the number of exchange‐listed companies.JEL classification: G34, C32.
Abundances of Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, Rhenium and Platinum‐Group Elements in Eighteen Reference Materials by Isotope Dilution Sector‐Field ICP‐MS and Negative TIMS
Authors: Wang Zaicong , Becker Harry 
Published: October 2013

Geological reference materials (RMs) with variable compositions and NIST SRM 612 were analysed by isotope dilution mass spectrometry for bulk rock concentrations of chalcogen elements (sulfur, selenium and tellurium), rhenium and platinum‐group elements (PGEs: Ru, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt), including the isotope amount ratios of 187Os/188Os. All concentrations were obtained from the same aliquot after HCl‐HNO3 digestion in a high pressure asher at 320 °C. Concentrations were determined after chemical separation by negative TIMS, ICP‐MS and hydride generation ICP‐MS (Se, Te). As in previous studies, concentrations of the PGEs in most RMs were found to be highly variable, which may be ascribed to sample heterogeneity at the < 1 g level. In contrast, S, Se and Te displayed good precision (RSD < 5%) in most RMs, suggesting that part of the PGE budget is controlled by different phases, compared with the chalcogen budget. The method may minimise losses of volatile chalcogens during the closed‐system digestion and indicates the different extent of heterogeneity of chalcogens, Re and PGEs in the same sample aliquot. OKUM, SCo‐1, MRG‐1, DR‐N and MAG‐1 are useful RMs for the chalcogens. NIST SRM 612 displays homogenous distribution of S, Se, Te, Pt and Pd in 30 mg aliquots, in contrast with micro‐scale heterogeneity of Se, Pd and Pt.
Diversification across the New World within the ‘blue’ cardinalids (Aves: Cardinalidae)
Authors: Bryson Robert W. , Chaves Jaime , Smith Brian Tilston , Miller Matthew J. , Winker Kevin , Pérez‐Emán Jorge L. , Klicka John 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimTo examine the history of diversification of ‘blue’ cardinalids (Cardinalidae) across North and South America.LocationNorth America (including Middle America) and South America.MethodsWe collected 163 individuals of the 14 species of blue cardinalids and generated multilocus sequence data (3193 base pairs from one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes) to infer phylogeographical structure and reconstruct time‐calibrated species trees. We then estimated the ancestral range at each divergence event and tested for temporal shifts in diversification rate.ResultsTwenty‐five lineages of blue cardinalids clustered into two major clades: one confined to North America, and a second concentrated in South America. Blue cardinalids probably originated in North America, but reconstructions were influenced by how migrant taxa were assigned to biogeographical regions. Most of the pre‐Pleistocene divergences between extant taxa occurred in the North American clade, whereas most divergences in South America and adjacent Middle America occurred during the Pleistocene. Despite these differences, the rate of diversification for both clades has been similar and relatively constant over the past 10 million years, with little geographical exchange between North and South America outside the Panamanian isthmus region.Main conclusionsOur reconstruction of the diversification history of blue cardinalids indicates a role of both Neogene and Quaternary events in generating biotic diversity across North and South America. Although ancestral area reconstruction suggests a possible North American origin for blue cardinalids, the occurrence of seasonal migration in this group and their relatives limits inference. Our study highlights the importance of considering ecological and behavioural characteristics together with palaeogeological events in order to gain an understanding of the diversification history of widespread, mobile taxonomic groups.
Cannabis Use Among High‐Risk Youth inIsrael (2004–2011): An Examination of Gender and Country of Origin Status
Authors: Isralowitz Richard , Reznik Alexander 
Published: October 2013

ProblemScant knowledge exists about high‐risk adolescents who are school dropouts in treatment for substance abuse.PurposeThis study aims to examine the patterns of cannabis (i.e., marijuana and hashish) use among school dropouts receiving substance abuse treatment based on their gender and country of origin status (i.e.,Israeli and formerSovietUnion—FSU).Methods A total of 628 dropouts referred to a residential substance abuse treatment facility inIsrael from 2004 to 2011 were studied. Chi‐square andttest analyses were used to determine the impact of gender and country of origin status on cannabis use.FindingsSignificant differences exist for age of first, lifetime, and last 30‐day cannabis use.FSUyouths begin cannabis at an earlier age. Cannabis use tends to be higher among males and those with Israeli country of origin status. Furthermore, cannabis use among dropouts is much higher than those attending school.ConclusionsGender and country of origin status have implications that should be of concern to healthcare professionals treating adolescent substance abuse. Further research is needed to validate the study findings both inIsrael and other countries for policy, training, and treatment purposes.
Postpartum Women's Sleep Quality and Its Predictors in Taiwan
Authors: Ko Shu–Hua , Chen Chung–Hey , Wang Hsiu–Hung , Su Yu–ting 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore postpartum women's sleep quality and its predictors in Taiwan.DesignCross‐sectional design.MethodsPostpartum women (N = 327) were recruited during their postnatal check‐ups in Taiwan. Data were collected from October 2008 to July 2009 using a demographic form, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Physical Symptoms Checklist, Perceived Stress Scale, and Postpartum Social Support Scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to analyze data.ResultsMost participants (87.5%) reported poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5). Postpartum sleep quality was predicted by postpartum physical symptoms, frequency of nighttime awakening, co‐sleeper disturbance, marital satisfaction, perceived stress, and baby sleep status, which explained 29.9% of the total variance.ConclusionsMost postpartum women did not sleep well due to physical discomfort, perceived stress, co‐sleeper disturbance, and marital dissatisfaction.Clinical RelevanceEvaluation of sleep quality should be a routine part of postnatal check‐ups. Information on women's sleep problems, marital satisfaction, stress, co‐sleepers, and baby sleep status can be used to individualize intervention protocols for sleep‐disturbed women.
Effect of the systematised critical pathway protocol on emptying failure as a secondary complication of radical hysterectomy due to uterine cervix cancer
Authors: Oh Jin Kyu , Park Noh‐Hyun , Oh Seung‐June 
Published: October 2013

Aims and objectivesTo evaluate the usefulness of this pathway in managing postoperative emptying failure as a secondary complication of radical hysterectomy.BackgroundPostoperative urological management after radical hysterectomy has not been effective. We designed and prospectively applied a critical pathway for effective postoperative urological management after radical hysterectomy, based on early catheter removal and application of clean intermittent catheterisation.DesignRetrospective qualitative study.Materials and methodsRetrospective review of results from a database of patients who underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for the treatment of uterine cervical cancer from 2004–2008 and analysis of questionnaires from ward nurses (Appendix 1) who were directly involved in patient care for measuring the clinical effectiveness.ResultsData from a total of 185 patients were analysed. Mean period of the indwelling catheter was 8·3 (SD 1·1), 13·0 (SD 1·1) and 13·1 (SD 3·3) days in the critical pathway (CP), parallel control (PC) and historical control (HC) groups, respectively. Among CP, HC and PC groups, the overall hospital stays were 14·1 (SD 4·8), 20·2 (SD 10) and 18·2 (SD 8·8) days and the periods of time for the indwelling catheters were 8·31 (SD 1·1), 13·1 (SD 3·3) and 13·0 (SD 1·1) days, respectively. Significant differences in the overall hospital stay and the postoperative hospital stay were observed between CP group and the other groups. Analysis of the questionnaires showed that 67% of nurses agreed that the critical pathway was more effective than the previous management pathway system.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that CP is an effective treatment modality for the management of postoperative emptying failure after radical hysterectomy.Relevance to clinical practiceOur critical pathway may be applicable to postoperative urological management of radical pelvic surgeries. It may help patients in understanding their hospital course of treatment and encourage patients to participate in their postoperative care.
Characteristics of nursing home residents and physical restraint: a systematic literature review
Authors: Hofmann Hedi , Hahn Sabine 
Published: October 2013

Aims and objectivesTo analyse and to summarise factors associated with nursing home residents' characteristics which could lead to physical restraint, and to investigate the consequences of physical restraint use for this population.BackgroundEven though the application of physical restraint is highly controversial, prevalence rates show that it is a common intervention in nursing homes. Residents' characteristics seem to be important to predict the use of physical restraint. Evidence suggests that restrained nursing home residents may have physical and psychological disadvantages as a consequence of being restrained.MethodsA systematic literature research involving the databases PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, ISI Web of Science and Cochrane Library was carried out for articles published from January 2005–November 2011. Nine Studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and the quality assessment.ResultsRestrained residents had low activities of daily living (ADL) scores and severe cognitive impairment. Residents with low cognitive status and serious mobility impairments were at high risk to be restrained, as well as residents with previous fall and/or fracture. Repeated verbal and physical agitation was found to be positively associated with restraint use. Possible consequences of physical restraint were as follows: lower cognitive and ADL performance, higher walking dependence, furthermore falls, pressure ulcers, urinary and faecal incontinence.ConclusionsThis systematic literature review reveals notable resident‐related factors for physical restraint use. The consequences of restraint seem to negatively influence residents' physical and psychological well‐being. Physical restraint seems to be an important risk factor for residents' further health problems.Relevance to clinical practiceResident's characteristics appear to be decisive factors for the use of physical restraint. Nurses need a high level of expertise and competence in evaluating the individual residents′ situation and deciding further steps, with respect for the autonomy and dignity of the person.
The qualitative findings from an online survey investigating nurses' perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care
Authors: McSherry Wilfred , Jamieson Steve 
Published: October 2013

Aims and objectivesTo provide an opportunity for members to express their understandings of spirituality and spiritual care.BackgroundThe role and place of spirituality within nursing have been contested by academics and wider society. One argument posited is supporting patients with their spiritual needs is not the responsibility of nurses. This is despite a clear professional requirement for nurses to achieve competence in the delivery of spiritual care.DesignThe Royal College of Nursing (RCN) conducted an online survey of its membership to ascertain their perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care identifying current practice.MethodsThis article presents the findings from the final part of the survey that asked respondents to use a free‐text facility to add comments on the subjects of spirituality and spiritual care.ResultsOverall, 4054 RCN members responded, of these 2327 provided additional comments. These comments were analysed using keyword and content/thematic analysis. Five broad themes emerged: (1) theoretical and conceptual understanding of spirituality, (2) fundamental aspects of nursing, (3) notion of integration and integrated care, (4) education and professional development and (5) religious belief and professional practice. Findings suggest that nurses have diverse understandings of spirituality and the majority consider spirituality to be an integral and fundamental element of the nurses' role.ConclusionGenerally, nurses had a broad, inclusive understanding of spirituality considering this to be ‘universal’. There was some uncertainty and fear surrounding the boundaries between personal belief and professional practice. Respondents advocated formal integration of spirituality within programmes of nurse education.Relevance to clinical nursingThe concept of spirituality and the provision of spiritual care are now recognised as fundamental aspects of the nurse's role. There is a need for greater clarity between personal and professional boundaries to enable nurses to feel more confident and competent in delivering spiritual care.