bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutraceuticals and Antioxidant Activity of Prepared for Consumption Commercial Mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus
Authors: Jaworska Grażyna , Pogoń Krystyna , Bernaś Emilia , Duda‐Chodak Aleksandra 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAgaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms (raw or blanched) were prepared for consumption by braising with 10% rapeseed oil. Fresh mushrooms and mushroom products directly after preparation and storage were analyzed. Fresh mushrooms were characterized by typical proximate composition, content of nutraceuticals and antioxidant activity. One hundred grams fresh weight of ready‐made mushrooms fulfilled 2–9%, 10–34%, 7–12% and 1–8% of Recommended Dietary Allowances for adults set by Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization of vitamin B1, B2, B3 and B6, respectively. One hundred grams dry weight of ready‐made mushrooms contained 151–300 mg of catechin equivalents of total polyphenols, 35–98 mg of catechin equivalents of total flavonoids, 2.1–5.5 mg vitamin of C, 0.548–1.004 mg of β‐carotene, 0.336–0.450 mg of lycopene and 40.46–55.16 mg sum of tocopherols and were characterized by high antioxidant activity in 2,2‐azino‐bis[3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid] (ABTS), 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. Blanching resulted in lower levels of nutraceuticals and lower values of antioxidant activity. Storage of mushrooms prepared for consumption led to decreases in the amount of several nutraceuticals and to the growth of microorganisms.Practical ApplicationsCommercial mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus are very popular foods. In Europe, almost 2 kg per person of those mushrooms are consumed every year. As fresh mushrooms are stodgy, they are rarely consumed raw; usually, they are cooked, braised, fried or preserved prior to consumption. The chemical composition and antioxidant properties of fresh mushrooms are widely described in the literature; however, information pertaining to the vitamin content in mushrooms (estimated by high‐performance liquid chromatography techniques) and characteristic of processed mushrooms is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate nutraceutical and antioxidant properties of commercial mushrooms after preparation for consumption by braising. This research provides information as to how braising and storage after treatment affects vitamins, antioxidants and antioxidant activity of commercial mushrooms. It also allows estimating the storage period for mushroom culinary products basing on microbiological evaluation.
Determinants of Trust in Health Care in an Older Population
Authors: Guerrero Natalie , Mendes de Leon Carlos F. , Evans Denis A. , Jacobs Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo explore differences in sociodemographic and psychological correlates of institutional trust in health care in an aging population of African Americans and non‐Hispanic whites.DesignCross‐sectional survey data from the longitudinal Chicago Health and Aging Project.SettingPopulation‐based study of three communities in the Chicago area.ParticipantsAfrican Americans (n = 2,284) and non‐Hispanic whites (1,354) with a mean age of 79.3.MeasurementsDemographic factors, socioeconomic status (SES), healthcare access, cynical hostility, perceived discrimination, depression, and institutional trust in health care.ResultsAfrican Americans reported substantially lower healthcare trust than non‐Hispanic whites (P < .001). After adjustment for demographic variables and SES, only race (P < .001) and age (P = .008) were significantly associated with healthcare trust scores. The association between race and healthcare trust was slightly attenuated after adjusting for cynical hostility, depressive symptoms, and perceived discrimination (P < .001). Each of these variables was negatively associated with healthcare trust, and together these accounted for approximately 15% of racial differences in healthcare trust.ConclusionPsychological factors, not demographic characteristics, SES, or healthcare factors, appear to contribute the most to disparities in healthcare trust between older African Americans and non‐Hispanic whites.
Life Cycle Assessment of a Magazine, Part II: A Comparison of Print and Tablet Editions
Authors: Achachlouei Mohammad Ahmadi , Moberg Åsa 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe rapid development of information and communications technology (ICT) is providing new ways to access media content. Electronic media are sometimes more advantageous from an environmental perspective than paper‐based media solutions, but ICT‐based media can also bring environmental burdens. This study compared the potential environmental impacts in a life cycle perspective of a print edition of a magazine and that of its electronic edition read on a tablet device. Important objectives were to identify activities giving rise to the main environmental impacts for both the print and tablet editions, determine the key factors influencing these impacts, and address data gaps and uncertainties. A detailed assessment of the tablet edition is provided in a previous article (part 1), whereas this article compares it with the print edition. The methodology used was life cycle assessment and the environmental impacts assessed included climate change, cumulative energy/exergy demand, metal depletion, photochemical oxidant formation, particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, marine eutrophication, and fossil depletion. Use of different functional units to compare the print and tablet editions of the magazine resulted in different relative environmental impacts. In addition, emerging (low number of readers and low reading time per copy) and mature (higher number of readers and higher reading time per copy) tablet editions yielded varying results. The emerging tablet edition resulted in higher potential environmental impacts per reader than the print edition, but the mature tablet edition yielded lower impacts per reader in half the impact categories assessed. This illustrates the importance of spreading the environmental impacts over a large number of readers. The electricity mix used in product system processes did not greatly affect the results of tablet/print comparisons, but overall number of readers for the tablet edition, number of readers per copy for the print edition, file size, and degree of use of the tablet device proved crucial for the comparison results.
Why Do Cities Grow? Insights from Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics at the Urban and Global Scales
Authors: Bristow David , Kennedy Christopher 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThis forum article explores thermodynamic understanding of the growth of cities, including theoretical foundations, observations, and analysis. The general theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics is reviewed, recognizing differences in interpretation between Prigogine and Schneider and Kay as well as discussing the hypothesis of maximum entropy production. Calculations of exergy gradients in a few cities and settlements, along with measures of anthropogenic heat loss in further cities, support the notion that cities are dissipative structures. The observation that primary energy use per capita increases in Singapore and Hong Kong as they grow is further evidence to support the thermodynamic understanding of the growth of cities, indicative of an increasing rate of entropy production. At the global scale, the strong linear relationship between global urban population and total global energy use, and the distribution of city sizes according to Zipf's law, can be understood as emergent results based on thermodynamics. Parallel results might be derived from models that represent underlying microscale processes, several of which are reviewed. Issues for future research include: development of nonequilibrium thermodynamic models specific to city growth; further study of exergy flows of cities with consistent methodology, including attention to solar energy exchanges in cities; and further exploration of links between thermodynamic and economic models of urban growth.
Immunohistochemical analysis of sustentacular cells in the adrenal medulla, carotid body and sympathetic ganglion of mice using an antibody against brain‐type fatty acid binding protein (B‐FABP)
Authors: Pakkarato Sawetree , Chomphoo Surang , Kagawa Yoshiteru , Owada Yuji , Mothong Wilaiwan , Iamsaard Sitthichai , Sawatpanich Tarinee , Kondo Hisatake , Hipkaeo Wiphawi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLittle attention has been paid to adrenal sustentacular cells, and several major histology textbooks do not even describe them. This study presents a detailed morphological description of sustentacular cells using immuno‐light microscopy and an antibody against brain‐type fatty acid‐binding protein. The immunopositive sustentacular cells and processes formed lattices with holes of various sizes and compactnesses or openness. In addition, weakly immunostained sheet‐like structures with ill‐defined contours were often associated with the processes and lattices. In the carotid body, which has traditionally been classified under the name of paraganglia in common with the adrenal medulla, immunostained sustentacular cell processes formed lattices in association with the weakly immunostained sheet‐like structures, but the lattices with sheets were more compact and rigid than the adrenal medulla, and appeared like individually distinct compartments. In the ganglion, the immunostained satellite cell processes with the sheets tightly enclosed individual neurons. As a result, the immunostained sheet‐like structures were regarded as en‐face views of thinly flattened sustentacular cytoplasmic envelopes partially covering the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, and widely in the carotid body in a way rather similar to the satellite cells in the ganglion. In brief, the terminal enclosing portions of adrenal sustentacular cell processes, in cut‐views, were too thin/flat to be recognized as distinct lines in immuno‐light microscopy because of its resolution limit. They are recognized in en‐face views as entities of a substantially spacious extension in immuno‐light microscopy.
Influence of different dietary zinc levels on cashmere growth, plasma testosterone level and zinc status in male Liaoning Cashmere goats
Authors: Liu H. Y. , Sun M. H. , Yang G. Q. , Jia C. L. , Zhang M. , Zhu Y. J. , Zhang Y. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different levels of zinc (Zn) on cashmere growth, plasma testosterone and Zn profile in male Cashmere goats. Twenty‐eight male Liaoning Cashmere goats, 3 years old and body weight at 56.2 ± 2.45 kg, were assigned to four groups. The animals were fed a basal diet containing of 45.9 mg Zn/kg dry matter (DM) basis and supplemented with 0, 20, 40 or 80 mg Zn (reagent grade ZnSO4·7H2O) per kg DM for 90 days. There was no significant effect on growth and diameter of cashmere fibre for Zn supplemented in diets. However, the length and growth rate of wool were improved (p < 0.05) with dietary Zn. The length and growth rate of wool were higher (p < 0.05) for the groups supplemented with 40 or 80 mg Zn/kg DM compared with that of 20 mg Zn/kg DM treatment group. Plasma testosterone concentration was increased for Zn supplemented in diets, and the testosterone concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in goats fed on the diet supplemented with 40 or 80 mg Zn/kg DM compared with those fed on basal diet. Plasma Zn concentrations increased (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary Zn and supplemented with 40 and 80 mg Zn/kg DM groups improved plasma Zn concentration (p < 0.05) more than 20 mg Zn/kg DM group. Fibre Zn content was higher (p < 0.05) in groups supplemented with 40 or 80 mg Zn/kg DM compared with control group, but no difference between Zn‐supplemented groups (p > 0.05). The activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase was increased (p < 0.05) due to dietary Zn supplementation; however, no difference was found between supplemented treatment groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, Zn content (45.9 mg Zn/kg DM) in control diet was insufficient for optimal wool growth performance, and we recommended the level of dietary Zn for such goats is 86 mg/kg DM during the breeding season and cashmere fibre growing period.
Detection of Annotation Errors in Corpora
Authors: Dickinson Markus 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper surveys methods for annotation error detection and correction. Methods can broadly be characterized as to whether they detect inconsistencies with respect to some statistical model based only on the corpus data or whether they detect inconsistencies with respect to a grammatical model, in general, some external information source. Two extended examples are presented, illustrating these different techniques: (1) the variation n‐gram method, which searches for inconsistences in annotation for identical strings; and (2) a method of ad hoc rule detection, for syntactic annotation, which compares treebank rules to a grammar to determine which are anomalous. Methods for detecting annotation errors have developed much over the last decade, and thus corpus practitioners can benefit greatly from them, while at the same time NLP researchers can learn more about the nuances of the annotation they use and see how error correction methods intersect with NLP techniques.
Incorporation of water into olivine during nebular condensation: Insights from density functional theory and thermodynamics, and implications for phyllosilicate formation and terrestrial water inventory
Authors: Asaduzzaman Abu , Muralidharan Krishna , Ganguly Jibamitra 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUsing density functional theory, we have examined the hydration mechanism of olivine with the objective of understanding the reaction pathways toward the formation of crystalline serpentine and brucite. It is found that further supply of water beyond saturation of the adsorption sites on olivine surfaces leads to the formation of amorphous brucite and serpentine molecules, with the latter forming in the subsurface domain. The calculated activation energy for this process is ~25 kJ mol−1, which permits formation of the amorphous materials well within the life span of the solar nebula. In addition, molecular dynamic simulations show that the adsorbed water in olivine is stable at least up to 900 K—a finding that is in accord with independent experimental studies. Thus, adsorption plus subsurface reaction of H2O in olivine could have taken place at temperatures considerably higher than the stability limit of hydrous minerals in the nebular condition. Using the DFT derived enthalpy of adsorption data, and reasonable approximation for the entropy of adsorption, we have calculated the fractional coverage of the reactive surface sites of olivine grains of spherical geometry by adsorbed water, and the corresponding ocean equivalent water (OEW) that could have been accreted into the Earth. These results suggest that adsorption and the associated subsurface hydroxylation of olivine grains might have been responsible for a significant fraction of the Earth's water budget. The adsorption of water into olivine crystals in the solar nebula might also have led to the delivery of water to other planetary bodies.
Targeted agri‐environment schemes significantly improve the population size of common farmland bumblebee species
Authors: Wood Thomas J. , Holland John M. , Hughes William O. H. , Goulson Dave 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChanges in agricultural practice across Europe and North America have been associated with range contractions and local extinction of bumblebees (Bombus spp.). A number of agri‐environment schemes have been implemented to halt and reverse these declines, predominantly revolving around the provision of additional forage plants. Although it has been demonstrated that these schemes can attract substantial numbers of foraging bumblebees, it remains unclear to what extent they actually increase bumblebee populations. We used standardized transect walks and molecular techniques to compare the size of bumblebee populations between Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) farms implementing pollinator‐friendly schemes and Entry Level Stewardship (ELS) control farms. Bumblebee abundance on the transect walks was significantly higher on HLS farms than ELS farms. Molecular analysis suggested maximum foraging ranges of 566 m for Bombus hortorum, 714 m for B. lapidarius, 363 m for B. pascuorum and 799 m for B. terrestris. Substantial differences in maximum foraging range were found within bumblebee species between farm types. Accounting for foraging range differences, B. hortorum (47 vs 13 nests/km2) and B. lapidarius (45 vs 22 nests/km2) were found to nest at significantly greater densities on HLS farms than ELS farms. There were no significant differences between farm type for B. terrestris (88 vs 38 nests/km2) and B. pascuorum (32 vs 39 nests/km2). Across all bumblebee species, HLS management had a significantly positive effect on bumblebee nest density. These results show that targeted agri‐environment schemes that increase the availability of suitable forage can significantly increase the size of wild bumblebee populations.
Garstige Affinitäten
Authors: Shah Mira 
Published: March 2015

Was ist der Mensch und was ist ihm der Affe? In diesem Aufsatz wird der Fokus auf die subtile Konstruktion einer Affinität von Frauen und Affen in Goethes Roman gelegt. Vor dem Hintergrund anthropologischer Umbrüche und gesellschaftspolitischer Veränderungen rücken Affen und Frauen in eine überraschende Nähe zueinander: Durch ihre Beschäftigung mit Affen werden Luciane und Ottilie zu Repräsentationen einer Auseinandersetzung mit Diskursen, die Affen und Frauen im Zuge einer krisenhaften Epochenschwelle um 1800 unter der Drohung des Monströsen zu Topoi der Differenzierung werden lassen. Anhand dieser Beschäftigung mit Affen zeigt sich die Ablösung alter durch neue Geschlechterrollen ebenso wie die Instrumentalisierung des Affen für die Überschneidungsmengen von ästhetischen, Bildungs‐ und Geschlechterdiskursen. Dabei wird der Affe als nächster Verwandter des Menschen zum sittlichen Problem für ein neues Frauenideal.
The Authentic and Artificial Histories of Mechanical Reproduction in E. L. Doctorow's Ragtime
Authors: Johnson Allan 
Published: March 2015

This article reads the motifs of repetition and reincarnation in E. L. Doctorow's Ragtime alongside the text's appraisal of mechanical reproduction in the years of the Second Industrial Revolution, the so‐called Gilded Age of American wealth and collective buoyancy. As this article argues, Doctorow provocatively combines authentic and artificial histories of three icons of mechanical reproduction as a means to test his narrator's understanding of self as much as of history. In overlaying authentic and artificial histories of mechanical reproduction, the novel evaluates what might potentially fill the void in emptied‐out mechanical art, and defines the iterability of humans as an unsustainable industrial and aesthetic fantasy.
Efficacy, Safety, and Predictors of Intradiscal Methylene Blue Injection for Discogenic Low Back Pain: Results of a Multicenter Prospective Clinical Series
Authors: Kallewaard Jan Willem , Geurts José W. , Kessels Alphons , Willems Paul , van Santbrink Henk , van Kleef Maarten 
Published: March 2015

AbstractStudy DesignProspective clinical study of intradiscal methylene blue injection for the treatment of lumbar discogenic pain.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to collect information about efficacy, safety, and acceptability of the intervention, gain and burden of outcome measures, and sample size assumptions for a potential following randomized controlled trial (RCT). If the pilot study demonstrates that this treatment is potentially effective and safe, and the methods and procedures used in this study are feasible, a RCT follows.Summary of Background DataLow back pain (LBP) is a highly common problem with a lifetime prevalence of more than 70%. A substantial part of chronic LBP is attributable to degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc. A recently published RCT assessing the treatment intradiscal injection of methylene blue for chronic discogenic LBP, showed exceptionally good results.MethodsPatients were selected on clinical criteria, magnetic resonance imaging, and a positive provocative discogram. The primary outcome measure was mean pain reduction at 6 months.ResultsFifteen consecutive patients with chronic lumbar discogenic pain enrolled in a multicenter prospective case series in two interventional pain treatment centers in the Netherlands. Six months after the intervention, 40% of the patients claimed at least 30% pain relief. In patients who responded, physical function improved and medication use diminished. We observed no procedural complications or adverse events. Predictors for success were Pfirrmann grading of 2 or less and higher quality of life mental component scores.ConclusionsOur findings of 40% positive respondents, and no complications, give reason to set up a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, trial.
DEBATE: Should Dialysis at Home be Mandatory for All Suitable ESRD Patients?
Authors: Mendelssohn David C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOutcomes are similar between hospital‐based hemodialysis and less expensive home‐based therapies, especially home peritoneal dialysis. Because of this, some have argued that all suitable patients should be forced to these less expensive modalities. However, such an approach would violate the ethical principles of autonomy and maleficence, and would run counter to the movement toward patient‐centered care. Therefore, from a North American perspective, home dialysis should be actively promoted for suitable patients, but should not be mandatory. Extending these arguments into newer paradigms of home‐ and community‐based dialysis, with paid assistance, will be a challenge as traditional cost effectiveness arguments may not be definitive and effective. Nephrology will need to embrace new methods for evaluation of therapies and to develop and endorse sophisticated principles of advocacy to influence health care policy and funding decision makers to maximize nonhospital‐based, patient‐centered care and improve outcomes in the future.
Barriers to using molecularly typed minority red blood cell donors in support of chronically transfused adult patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Karafin Matthew S. , Field Joshua J. , Gottschall Jerome L. , Denomme Gregory A. 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDMuch effort and resources have been devoted to programs that provide transfusion support for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). The focus of many donor programs is to prevent alloimmunization by recruiting racially matched African American donors to limit the red blood cell (RBC) antigenic differences that exist between Caucasian donors and patients with SCD.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSIn this study, we evaluated the RBC antigen characteristics of both the recipient population with SCD and the African American donor population from 2010 to 2013. We evaluated the genotype‐derived predicted antigen frequencies of the donors and compared these frequencies with those of the population supported by these units. Specific attention was given to the alloimmunization rate over the 3 years and the number of D– units provided to D+ patients.RESULTSWe recruited 6066 African American donors during the 3‐year study period with 77.3% of these donors donating no more than twice. The observed genotype‐derived predicted antigen frequencies were similar to the expected frequencies, and the antigen frequencies of a cohort of 54 adult patients with SCD (p > 0.05). Twelve patients (22.2%) with SCD had alloantibodies and five of these patients developed these antibodies while receiving Rh and K antigen–matched blood during the study interval. Finally, we found that 607 (37.1%) D– units were diverted to D+ patients.CONCLUSIONSNew recruitment and prevention strategies are needed to increase the pool of available antigen‐matched RBCs and decrease alloimmunization risk for this patient population.