bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strong genetic structure over the American continents and transoceanic dispersal in the mangrove genus Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) revealed by broad‐scale nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis
Authors: Takayama Koji , Tamura Mariko , Tateishi Yoichi , Webb Edward L. , Kajita Tadashi 
Published: May 2013

• Premise of the study: The global distribution of mangroves is attributed to interactions between long‐distance propagule dispersal and geographical barriers, which are manifest in genetic structuring. Uncovering this genetic structure thus provides a window into the ecological, evolutionary, and phylogeographic history of mangroves. We used cpDNA and nuclear microsatellites to evaluate transbarrier (transoceanic and transisthmian) linkages in the genus Rhizophora in the Atlantic East Pacific (AEP) and South Pacific region.• Methods: Leaf samples of 756 individuals of Rhizophora mangle, R. racemosa, R. ×harrisonii, and R. samoensis from 36 populations across the AEP supplied material from which we used the cpDNA haplotypes and nine microsatellite markers for population analyses.• Key results: Clear genetic differentiation of cpDNA haplotypes was found between the Pacific and Atlantic populations in R. mangle and R. racemosa, supporting the hypothesis of the Central American Isthmus as a barrier to gene flow. Both cpDNA and microsatellite analyses support the hypothesis of recent and frequent transatlantic propagule dispersal for R. mangle. Finally, we provide strong evidence for genetic similarity of Pacific R. mangle and R. samoensis suggesting trans‐Pacific dispersal of R. mangle.• Conclusion: The American continents are strong geographical barriers to dispersal of Rhizophora, to the point where the Pacific and Atlantic populations are distinct genealogical units, supporting the recommendation to treat the populations as separate conservation and management units. Trans‐Pacific propagule dispersal of Rhizophora has occurred; R. mangle and R. samoensis might be the same species and this question should be resolved with further taxonomic study.
Comparing Influenza and Rsv Viral and Disease Dynamics in Experimentally Infected Adults Predicts Clinical Effectiveness of Rsv Antivirals
Authors: Bagga Bindiya , Woods Christopher W , Veldman Timothy H , Gilbert Anthony , Mann Alex , Balaratnam Ganesh , Lambkin-Williams Robert , Oxford John S , McClain Micah T , Wilkinson Tom , Nicholson Brad P , Ginsburg Geoffrey S , DeVincenzo John P 
Published: May 2013

Background Antivirals reduce influenza viral replication and illness measures, particularly if initiated early, within 48 h of symptom onset. Whether experimental antivirals that reduce respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) load would also reduce disease is unknown. This study compares viral and disease dynamics in humans experimentally infected with influenza or RSV. Methods Clinical strains of RSV-A and influenza A were inoculated intranasally into 20 and 17 healthy volunteers, respectively, on day 0. Symptom scores and nasal washes were performed twice daily, and daily mucus weights were collected. Viral loads in nasal washes were quantified by culture (plaque assay in HEp-2 cells for RSV and by end point dilution in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells for influenza). Results After influenza inoculation, influenza viral load and illness markers increased simultaneously until day 2. Within individual subjects, peak influenza load occurred 0.4 days (95% CI -0.4, 1.3) before peak symptoms. Influenza viral load and disease declined thereafter. After RSV inoculation, a longer incubation period occurred prior to viral detection and symptom onset. RSV load and disease increased together until day 5. Within individual subjects, peak RSV loads occurred 0.2 days (95% CI -0.7, 1.05) before peak symptoms, after which both illness measures and viral load declined together. Conclusions Viral and disease dynamics in experimental human infections suggest that reducing RSV load, if timed similarly to clinically-effective influenza antivirals, might be expected to have a similar or greater window of opportunity for reducing clinical RSV disease.
96-Week Resistance Analyses of Rilpivirine in Treatment-Naive, HIV-1-Infected Adults from the Echo and Thrive Phase Iii Trials
Authors: Rimsky Laurence , Van Eygen Veerle , Hoogstoel Annemie , Stevens Marita , Boven Katia , Picchio Gaston , Vingerhoets Johan 
Published: May 2013

Background In the ECHO/THRIVE 96-week efficacy analysis, the response rate was 78% with rilpivirine (RPV) and efavirenz (EFV) plus two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Methods For resistance analyses, virological failures (VFs) were genotyped and/or phenotyped at baseline and failure. Results In the overall 96-week resistance analyses, the proportion of VFs was higher with RPV (96/686, 14%) versus EFV (52/682, 8%), but similar within weeks 48–96 (22/686, 3% versus 16/682, 2%). In genotyped VFs, treatment-emergent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) were as common with RPV (46/86, 53%) versus EFV (20/42, 48%), but nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor RAMs were more common with RPV (48/86, 56%) than EFV (11/42, 26%). In RPV VFs, E138K+M184I remained the most frequent combination. Among RPV VFs with phenotypic RPV resistance, cross-resistance was observed with nevirapine (16/35, 46%), EFV (30/35, 86%) and etravirine (32/35, 91%). Among patients with baseline viral load (VL)≤100,000 copies/ml, there were fewer VFs (RPV: 28/368, 8%; EFV: 20/329, 6%), fewer VFs with treatment-emergent NNRTI RAMs (RPV: 10/27, 37%; EFV: 6/17, 35%), and less phenotypic resistance to RPV and other NNRTIs, than in patients with baseline VL>100,000 copies/ml (VFs: 68/318, 21% [RPV], 32/353, 9% [EFV]; NNRTI RAMs: 36/59, 61% [RPV], 14/32, 56% [EFV]). Among RPV VFs with baseline VL≤100,000 copies/ml observed within weeks 48–96, only 1/7 had phenotypic resistance to RPV. Conclusions During the second year of treatment in ECHO/THRIVE, few VFs with emerging NNRTI RAMs (no new RPV RAMs) occurred.
L'espace kurde entre unité et diversité
Authors: Bozarslan Hamit 
Published: May 2013

Le contexte régional d’avant 2010 se caractérisait par une double radicalisation de l’espace kurde, d’abord dans chacune de ses parties en Turquie, en Iran, en Irak et en Syrie par rapport aux États, puis dans sa dimension transfrontalière, impliquant de nombreuses interactions entre divers acteurs politiques. Mais, depuis juin-juillet 2012, la situation régionale a basculé dans un état de violence. Au cœur de l’espace kurde, terme qu’on pourrait préférer à celui de Kurdistan pour mieux appréhender toutes les ramifications et toute la complexité de la question kurde à l’échelle moyen-orientale, il y a désormais le Kurdistan d’Irak qui dispose du statut d’entité fédérée et qui pourrait, potentiellement du moins, constituer le noyau d’un futur État kurde. Il est évident que l’existence de cette entité suscite autant d’espoir chez les Kurdes que d’inquiétude dans les États où ils se trouvent ; elle sert en tout cas de repère symbolique fort expliquant la radicalisation de l’espace kurde dans sa totalité.
Succès et déboires des séries télévisées turques à l'international. Une influence remise en question.
Authors: Paris Julien 
Published: May 2013

Vieux d’à peine une dizaine d’années, le succès des séries turques à l’international connaît aujourd’hui un tournant : aux performances en termes commercial et d’audience succède une multiplication des réactions venues des pays voisins. En prenant d’abord pour exemple le cas de la diffusion de feuilletons turcs en Grèce et ses effets supposés bénéfiques au « soft power » turc (1), cet article tente d’analyser les atouts et les mécanismes permettant aux fictions audiovisuelles de s’insérer dans un marché régional spécifique en termes de contenus culturels (2), pour enfin constater que les valeurs véhiculées dans ces séries – et qui constituent leurs atouts – sont à la base même des critiques que subit la Turquie sur la scène diplomatique régionale, ce sur plusieurs fronts et dans différents registres (3).
"Play is the thing!": Shakespeare, Language Play and Drama Pedagogy in the Early Years
Authors: Winston Joe 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In this article I present an argument for introducing the stories and language of Shakespeare to children in the earliest years of compulsory schooling. The evidence is drawn from a project on The Tempest with a class of four- and five-year-old children led by the education department of the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2010. One of the striking results of the project was the noticeable effect the work had on children’s use of language in the classroom. Drawing on the work of Peter and Iona Opie and the applied linguist Guy Cook, I examine how children’s enjoyment of nursery rhymes and other forms of language play helped them access and internalize language drawn from Shakespeare’s original text. I then explain and illustrate how the aesthetics of play, as theorized by Roger Caillois, can help us draw parallels between the playful pedagogy of the teachers involved in the project and the playfulness at the heart of Shakespeare’s own work. Central to my argument is the contention that attending to the aesthetic appeal of the form of language can be more powerful to young children’s learning than merely concentrating on its potential for transactional meaning.
Cholelithiasis in Jamaican patients with homozygous sickle cell disease
Authors: McCall Iain W. , Desai Patricia , Serjeant Beryl E. , Serjeant Graham R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe prevalence of cholelithiasis in Jamaican adults with SS disease was studied by plain abdominal radiograph in 206 patients and by oral cholecystogram in 126 (61%) of these patients. Gallstones were found in 57 (28%) of patients, were more common in females than males, and increased with age and hemolytic rate. The majority of gallstones were visible on the plain abdominal radiograph, only 17% of patients with gallstones having only radiolucent stones. Nonfunctioning oral cholecystograms were common (10%) in agreement with observations by previous workers. Gallstones were noted in the common bile duct in 2 patients. In general there was no clear relationship between the presence of cholelithiasis and clinical symptomatology. Complications, such as pancreatitis and malignant change in the gall bladder, recognized to be associated with cholelithiasis in the general population, have not been clearly related to cholelithiasis in SS disease. More information is needed before a logical policy can be evolved for surgical intervention in cholelithiasis in SS disease.
Levels of erythropoietin in patients with the anemias of chronic diseases and liver failure
Authors: Wallner S. F. , Kurnick J. E. , Vautrin R. M. , White M. J. , Chapman R. G. , Ward H. P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTwo mechanisms are felt to be responsible for the production of anemia in patients with chronic diseases. The first is failure to produce adequate amounts of erythropoietin (EP), and the second is failure to deliver iron to the bone marrow in amounts sufficient to support normal erythropoiesis. In order to evaluate these hypotheses we studied urine and serum EP levels and levels of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate in normal subjects, in patients with the anemia of chronic diseases, in patients with chronic liver disease, and in patients with a variety of other anemias. Based on the results, we propose first that insufficient production of EP is one of the major mechanisms responsible for anemia in patients with chronic diseases. Second, insufficient production of EP is, in part, responsible for anemia seen in patients with chronic liver disease. Third, serum and urine EP levels decrease with aging, and this correlates with the fall of hemoglobin levels seen in older normal subjects.
Amphotericin inhibition of hematopoiesis in vitro
Authors: Koeffler H. Phillip , Golde David W. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe effect of amphotericin B on human and murine hematopoiesis was studied in vitro using assays for erythroid and myeloid colony‐forming cells. Amphotericin consistently inhibited colony formation by erythroid and granulocyte‐monocyte progenitor cells. Clear effects were observable at amphotericin concentrations of 1.0 μg/ml, and concentrations of 2.0 μg/ml caused approximately 50‐60% inhibition of cloning of both murine and normal human bone marrow. These data suggest that amphotericin, in concentrations achieved in therapy, can impair hematopoiesis by a direct effect on precursor cells.
Changes in distribution of platelet membrane glycoproteins in patients with myeloproliferative disorders
Authors: Bolin Robert B. , Okumura Tadayoshi , Jamieson G.A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractGlycoproteins have been discovered to be important to platelet function both in normal and pathological states. We have studied membrane glycoprotein patterns in 16 patients with various myeloproliferative disorders. There was an abnormal ratio of glycoprotein I glycoprotein IV in patients with myeloproliferative disease compared with controls. There was no discernible correlation between glycoprotein pattern and aggregation response or platelet count, but patients with megathrombocytes had higher values for glycoprotein IV than those without megathrombocytes. These experiments suggest that patients with myeloproliferative disorders may have alterations in membrane glycoproteins that could alter platelet function.
Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura by exchange transfusion
Authors: Pisciotta Anthony V. , Garthwaite Thomas , Darin Joseph , Aster Richard H. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThree successive patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) were treated by exchange transfusion on a total of 5 occasions in addition to receiving more conventional therapy such as corticosteroids, platelet inhibitors, heparin, and splenectomy. Dramatic relief of symptoms and objective improvement in hematologic values occurred within 24 hours of each exchange. One patient subsequently died of complications resulting from a massive hemorrhage, but in hematologic remission. The remaining 2 are now apparently well. These observations appear to confirm recent reports of a beneficial effect of exchange transfusion in TTP. Although the reason for its effectiveness is not yet known, exchange transfusion may be a highly useful adjunct in the treatment of this disorder and further evaluation of this form of therapy appears warranted.
Frequencies and patterns of bone marrow involvement in non‐hodgkin lymphomas: Observations on the value of bilateral biopsies
Authors: Coller Barry S. , Chabner Bruce A. , Gralnick Harvey R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPretreatment bone marrow biopsies and aspirations from 85 consecutive patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma were reviewed. All patients had at least one adequate biopsy. Criteria for involvement with lymphoma were clearly defined. The frequencies and morphologic patterns of involvement correlated with the lymph node diagnoses assigned according to Rappaport's classification. Diffuse, well‐differentiated lymphocytic and diffuse mixed lymphocytic‐histiocytic lymphoma were most frequently involved (100%), followed by diffuse, poorly differentiated lymphocytic (56%), nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic (39%), diffuse undifferentiated (33%), diffuse histiocytic (25%), and nodular mixed lymphocytic‐histiocytic lymphoma (23%). Each of the histologic subtypes tended to have an identifiable pattern of bone marrow involvement. Most striking was a predominance of paratrabecular localization of lymphoma in patients with nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. Biopsies were superior to both clot sections and aspirate smears in making the diagnosis of lymphoma in all subtypes, but discrepancies were more common in the nodular than in the diffuse lymphomas. A total of 52 pretreatment bilateral bone marrow biopsies from patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma were reviewed for concordance of diagnoses. In five patients, one biopsy was positive for lymphoma while the other was negative. Four of the five patients had histiocytic lymphoma, and the other had nodular mixed lymphoma. In two of these patients the bone marrow examination obviated the need for more invasive procedures to establish stage IV disease. We concluded that bone marrow biopsies are necessary for staging non‐Hodgkin lymphomas and that bilateral biopsies are most useful in the histiocytic subclass.
Inappropriate erythropoietin secretion in polycythemia vera
Authors: Chikkappa G. , Burlingtont H. , Chanana A. D. , Chandra P. , Cronkite E. P. , Reincke U. , Zanjani E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA patient with classical polycythemia vera (PV) was found to have an inappropriately elevated serum erythropoietin (Ep) level. Investigations did not reveal any lesion or blood abnormality known to be associated with excessive Ep production and erythrocytosis. Sudden withdrawal of blood to reduce the Hb and Hct from 18.5 gm% and 56% to 13.6 gm% and 41.5%, respectively, resulted in an increment of serum Ep to abnormal level. With iron treatment there was a brisk return of Hb and Hct to prebleeding levels which was associated with reduction in the serum Ep. The inverse relationship between the EP and Hb or Hct is inconsistent with the presence of excessive Ep‐producing lesion. These results suggested that the threshold for Ep secretion from normal Ep‐secreting tissue to Hb and Hct levels is set at an abnormal level.This patient's marrow cells when cultured in vitro in the absence of Ep, unlike other PV patients' (except one) marrow cells, did not grow erythroid colonies. In the presence of Ep, however, the colonies comparable to those formed from normal marrow cultures were obtained. These results suggested that his marrow erythropoietic cells were neither Ep independent nor Ep‐hyperresponsive, as has been suggested by some investigators for erythropoiesis in PV. This patient presents phenomena that hitherto have not been reported.
Absence of VIII AHF response to adrenalin in hemophilia A
Authors: Eyster M. Elaine , Dranchak Margaret , Haverstick Judy , Rogers John S. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractProportionate twofold or greater increases in both Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII AHF) and Factor VIII‐like antigen (VIII AGN) have been observed to follow the administration of adrenalin in normal individuals.Levels of factor VIII procoagulant or clot‐promoting activity (VIII AHF) and VIII AGN were measured immediately before and one hour after the subcutaneous injection of adrenalin (0.35 ml) in ten adults with hemophilia A documented by low VIII AHF levels (ranging from 0.01‐0.25 units/ml, normal VIII AGN levels, and normal VIII VWF levels as measured by the washed‐platelet ristocetin assay). Eighteen normal adults served as controls. Results were analyzed by the paired t test.It was shown that VIII AGN increased significantly, while VIII AHF did not change, in hemophiliacs after adrenalin stimulation, regardless of the base line level. This fixed rate of VIII AHF production, release, or activation may help to explain the constancy of VIII AHF levels in individual hemophiliacs and their affected family members.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Shashaty George G. , Rath Charles E. , Britt E. James 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThree patients are reported in whom autoimmune hemolytic anemia developed during the course of ulcerative colitis. A review of the literature yielded 11 additional cases, and the clinical, immunologic, and therapeutic characteristics are summarized. The results of steroid therapy and splenectomy are similar to those for idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The cause and effect relationship between these two diseases is not clear, but colectomy appears to produce remission in hemolysis when the latter is refractory to both steroids and splenectomy.
Wet‐spun, photoinitiator‐modified polyacrylonitrile precursor fibers: UV‐assisted stabilization
Authors: Morales Marlon S. , Ogale Amod A. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThe role of dilute concentrations (∼1 wt %) of a photoinitiator, 4,4′‐bis(diethylamino)benzophenone, on the processability and properties of the resulting wet‐spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers are reported. Rheology measurements show no adverse effect on the viscosities of solutions by the addition of the photoinitiator. Fibers containing photoinitiator were successfully wet‐spun from PAN–DMSO solution. FTIR results prove that 4,4′‐bis(diethylamino)benzophenone was retained in the fibers after coagulation and post‐stretching. SEM micrographs show no deterioration of the post‐stretched fiber microstructure due to the presence of photoinitiator. Tensile testing results show a small reduction in the strain‐at‐break of post‐stretched fibers containing photoinitiator when compared with pure (control) PAN fibers. After UV treatment, fibers with 4,4′‐bis(diethylamino)benzophenone display a higher tensile modulus compared with the other sets. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction results show no significant decrease in interplanar spacing and size of the crystals within the fibers containing photoinitiator, but such fibers retain a higher extent of molecular orientation after being UV treated. Conversion indices were measured from the WAXD spectra and compared with conventional thermal stabilized fibers. This correlation confirms that the addition of 1 wt % photoinitiator to PAN followed by 5 min of UV treatment leads to a conversion index that is observed in control fibers after more than an hour, which could reduce the conventional thermo‐oxidative stabilization time significantly. These results indicate the potential of the dual stabilization route in generating precursor fibers with higher molecular orientation, and possibly reducing the thermo‐oxidation time during carbon fiber processing. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2494–2503, 2013
Non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics and morphology of mica particles filled biodegradable poly(butylene succinate)
Authors: Zhang Ning , Qu Jinping , Tan Bin , Lu Xiang , Huang Jintao , Zhang Guizhen , Zhao Yongqing , Jin Gang 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTBiodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/mica composites were prepared by melt blending. The non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics, spherulitic morphology, and crystalline structure were investigated by DSC, POM, and WAXD, respectively. The concepts of ‘’crystallization rate coefficient'' and ‘’crystallization rate parameter'' were employed. The non‐isothermal crystallization behavior was successfully analyzed by Avrami and Liu methods while the Ozawa method failed to describe it. The WAXD and POM results showed that the addition of mica did not alter the crystalline structure, but increased the number of nuclei and reduced the size of the spherulites. In addition, the activation energy was also obtained from Hoffman–Lauritzen theory. These results showed that the addition of mica into PBS matrix played a dual role: they acted as nucleation agents to promote the process of nucleation, while acted as physical impediments to retard the growth of crystal. The former was dominating as the crystallization rates of mica/PBS composites were accelerated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2544–2556, 2013