bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Air temperature changes in Svalbard and the surrounding seas from 1865 to 1920
Authors: Przybylak R. , Wyszyński P. , Nordli Ø. , Strzyżewski T. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, air temperature variability in the Svalbard region (74–82°N, 6–30°E) from 1865 to 1920 is presented based on a large amount of early instrumental land and marine data. Measurements were taken during many exploratory and scientific expeditions to the study area. In addition, changes of air temperature from historical times to the present day (1981–2010) were investigated. Present‐day air temperatures for land were taken from regular meteorological stations and from campaign measurements, while for marine environment data were taken from three reanalysis products: 20CR, ERA‐20C and ERA‐Interim.Analysis reveals that Svalbard (land data) in the period 1865–1920 was markedly colder than today (1981–2010, by about 3 °C) in all seasons except summer, when air temperature was similar in both periods. However, the majority of mean monthly air temperatures in historical times still lie within two standard deviations (SDs) from the modern mean. Marine data show good correspondence with land data. The May–September average air temperature for the period 1871–1910 was slightly lower in the seas surrounding Svalbard (by 0.4 °C) than today. About 90% of these mean air temperatures lie within the range of ±3SDs from the ERA‐Interim present‐day mean.Seasonal patterns of air temperature changes in the Svalbard archipelago between historical and standard normal (1961–1990) periods show generally very good correspondence to similar changes, not only for the Atlantic region, but also for some other Arctic regions (e.g. SE Greenland, Canadian Arctic, Barents and Kara seas), as well as for the entire Arctic. All available reconstructions of annual air temperature using isolated series of early instrumental observations reveal that in historical times, air temperatures were colder than the standard normal (1961–1990) by about 0.5–1.0 °C. Compared with the new normal period (1981–2010), those differences rise to about 1.5–2.5 °C.
Delayed withdrawal of the autumn rainy season over central Vietnam in recent decades
Authors: Nguyen‐Le Dzung , Matsumoto Jun 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTA significant delay in the autumn rainy season withdrawal (ARSW) along the central coast of Vietnam (CCV) is detected since 1993, and the associated dynamics are discussed. During 1979–1992, the mean ARSW date was in early December, which is three pentads earlier than that during 1993–2006. Since rainfall over the CCV is primarily produced by cold surge vortices formed by the interaction of easterly waves with the cold surge flow, the ARSW is characterized by a gradual equatorward propagation (retreat) of the northeasterly winter monsoon (tropical easterlies). Therefore, the relatively late ARSW in the recent epoch is determined by the intensification and delayed withdrawal of the tropical easterlies during December, which should cause an increase in the easterly wave activity over the Philippine Sea and South China Sea (SCS), in response to the significant warm sea surface temperature (SST) in the western Pacific and cold SST in the central‐eastern Pacific. Correspondingly, since 1993, remarkable increases of convection and water vapour flux convergence around the CCV have occurred in December. The decadal environmental circulation changes also favour an enhancement of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) activities on 30–60‐, 12–24‐, and 5‐day scales that maintained rainfall along the CCV. Another potential factor is a distinct increase in the number of tropical cyclones (TCs) passing through the southern SCS during 1993–2006 compared with those occurring during 1979–1992, which is related to a strengthening and more westward‐extended sub‐tropical high and a significant SST warming in the tropical western Pacific. This enhanced ISO and TC activity, and the markedly delayed ARSW, originated from the decadal circulation changes, may be attributed to a mean state change in the Pacific basin since the mid‐to‐late 1990s characterized by a grand La Niña‐like pattern, which also results in the simultaneous advance of the Asian summer monsoon onset.
A simple framework to quantitatively describe monthly precipitation and temperature climatology
Authors: Berghuijs Wouter R. , Woods Ross A. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTClimate descriptors and classifications are vital for ordering past, current and future climatic conditions. Yet, these parsimonious descriptors of climatic conditions only capture specific aspects of this climate signal, and lose all other information available in the observations. As a result, climate descriptions are often not physically insightful when they are applied in other studies. In this study, we show that a sinusoidal function with an annual period can adequately describe the vast majority of monthly precipitation and temperature climates around the world. This finding allows us to synthesize intra‐annual monthly precipitation and temperature climatology using five indices that are easy to interpret. The indices describe (1) the mean precipitation rate (), (2) the mean temperature (), (3) the seasonal precipitation amplitude (δP), (4) the seasonal temperature amplitude (ΔT) and (5) the phase difference between the precipitation and temperature regimes (sd). The combination of the five indices describes the relative time series of precipitation and temperature climatology, in contrast to earlier proposed similarity indices that only capture specific aspects of these time series. We demonstrate how the framework can reproduce many earlier proposed indices and classifications, and provide an example how the framework can be used to classify regions. We argue that the framework provides comprehensive insight into global climatology and can function as a quantitative conceptual basis for climate descriptions among different sciences.
A flexible, single‐arm robotic surgical system for transoral resection of the tonsil and lateral pharyngeal wall: Next‐generation robotic head and neck surgery
Authors: Holsinger F. Christopher 
Published: October 2015

Objectives/HypothesisTo describe the application of a novel flexible robotic surgical system to transoral endoscopic head and neck surgery of the tonsillar fossa and lateral oropharyngeal wall.Study DesignPreclinical anatomic study using three human cadavers.MethodsTransoral resection of the lateral oropharyngeal wall with mucosal and muscular resection of the tonsillar fossa.ResultsThis single‐port flexible robotic system could be used to successfully perform transoral resection of this region. The optimal angle to dock the patient‐side cart was at a 90‐degree angle to the operating room table. The placement of the remote center of the robotic instrument arm was evaluated in three positions. When the cannula tip was placed at 10 to 15 cm, all instruments could be deployed past the first and second joggle joint settings, without collision or restriction of arm movement. Using this position and docking location, all four arms were deployed inside the oral cavity without collision or restriction of movement in all three cadavers. The Da Vinci SP (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) provided sufficient access, reach, and visualization in order to complete a transoral lateral oropharyngectomy.ConclusionThe first preclinical feasibility study of a novel, flexible, single‐arm robotic surgical system is presented for its use in transoral endoscopic head and neck surgery.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 126:864–869, 2016
Super Stable and Tough Hydrogel Containing Covalent, Crystalline, and Ionic Cross‐Links
Authors: Zhai Yunge , Meng Xia , Duan Hongdong , Ding Zhaoyun , Liu Yu , Lucia Lucian 
Published: October 2015

A novel hydrogel with super stability and toughness is obtained by polymerizing acrylamide and maleic acid in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) chains. Then the hydrogel is processed with dry‐anneal and loading with cation solution method in order to construct a polymer network containing covalent, crystalline, and ionic cross‐links. Various hydrogels are measured via tensile and compressive tests to determine the optimal preparation and mechanical properties of hydrogels. The hydrogels show high tensile stress of ≈ 8 MPa and toughness of ≈ 25.4 MJ m−3. The hydrogel exhibits good chemical stability that remained up to 93% of original strength after 12 h soaking in phosphate buffered saline. Finally, an energy dissipation mechanism is discussed.
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How Do I Examine Blepharospasm?
Authors: Colosimo Carlo , Bologna Matteo , Berardelli Alfredo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBlepharospasm, which is the most frequent cranial dystonia, is characterized clinically by bilateral, synchronous, and symmetric involuntary orbicularis oculi muscle contractions. Assessment of motor abnormalities in patients with blepharospasm is an important issue in the clinical practice of movement disorders. This video highlights the most important aspects in the clinical evaluation of blepharospasm. We will show how we approach the main motor abnormalities related to blepharospasm. Additional features that often characterize blepharospasm, such as increased blinking, sensory tricks that can transiently improve muscle spasms, and apraxia of eyelid opening will also be discussed. Then, we will summarize the main aspects that differentiate patients with blepharospasm from other conditions characterized by eyelid disturbances. Finally, we will take into account the possible therapeutic implications of an accurate clinical examination of patients.
MR fingerprinting with simultaneous B1 estimation
Authors: Buonincontri Guido , Sawiak Stephen J. 
Published: October 2015

PurposeMR fingerprinting (MRF) can be used for quantitative estimation of physical parameters in MRI. Here, we extend the method to incorporate B1 estimation.MethodsThe acquisition is based on steady state free precession MR fingerprinting with a Cartesian trajectory. To increase the sensitivity to the B1 profile, abrupt changes in flip angle were introduced in the sequence. Slice profile and B1 effects were included in the dictionary and the results from two‐ and three‐dimensional (3D) acquisitions were compared. Acceleration was demonstrated using retrospective undersampling in the phase encode directions of 3D data exploiting redundancy between MRF frames at the edges of k‐space.ResultsWithout B1 estimation, T2 and B1 were inaccurate by more than 20%. Abrupt changes in flip angle improved B1 maps. T1 and T2 values obtained with the new MRF methods agree with classical spin echo measurements and are independent of the B1 field profile. When using view sharing reconstruction, results remained accurate (error <10%) when sampling under 10% of k‐space from the 3D data.ConclusionThe methods demonstrated here can successfully measure T1, T2, and B1. Errors due to slice profile can be substantially reduced by including its effect in the dictionary or acquiring data in 3D. Magn Reson Med 76:1127–1135, 2016. © 2015 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Reducing slab boundary artifacts in three‐dimensional multislab diffusion MRI using nonlinear inversion for slab profile encoding (NPEN)
Authors: Wu Wenchuan , Koopmans Peter J. , Frost Robert , Miller Karla L. 
Published: October 2015

PurposeTo propose a method to reduce the slab boundary artifacts in three‐dimensional multislab diffusion MRI.MethodsBloch simulation is used to investigate the effects of multiple factors on slab boundary artifacts, including characterization of residual errors on diffusion quantification. A nonlinear inversion method is proposed to simultaneously estimate the slab profile and the underlying (corrected) image.ResultsCorrection results of numerical phantom and in vivo data demonstrate that the method can effectively remove slab boundary artifacts for diffusion data. Notably, the nonlinear inversion is also successful at short TR, a regimen where previously proposed methods (slab profile encoding and weighted average) retain residual artifacts in both diffusion‐weighted images and diffusion metrics (mean diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy).ConclusionThe nonlinear inversion for removing slab boundary artifacts provides improvements over existing methods, particularly at the short TRs required to maximize SNR efficiency. Magn Reson Med 76:1183–1195, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Synthetic Studies on Tricyclic Diterpenoids: Direct Allylic Amination Reaction of Isopimaric Acid Derivatives
Authors: Timoshenko Mariya A. , Kharitonov Yurii V. , Shakirov Makhmut M. , Bagryanskaya Irina Yu. , Shults Elvira E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA selective synthesis of 7‐ or 14‐nitrogen containing tricyclic diterpenoids was completed according to a strategy in which the key step was the catalyzed direct allylic amination of methyl 14α‐hydroxy‐15,16‐dihydroisopimarate with a wide variety of nitrogenated nucleophiles. It was revealed that the selectivity of the reaction depends on the nature of nucleophile. The catalyzed reaction of the mentioned diterpenoid allylic alcohol with 3‐nitroaniline, 3‐(trifluoromethyl)aniline, and 4‐(trifluoromethyl)aniline yield the subsequent 7α‐, 7β‐ and 14αnitrogen‐containing diterpenoids. The reaction with 2‐nitroaniline, 4‐nitro‐2‐chloroaniline, 4‐methoxy‐2‐nitroaniline, phenylsulfamide, or tert‐butyl carbamate proceeds with the formation of 7α‐nitrogen‐substituted diterpenoids as the main products.
Getting Students Hooked on the Reading Habit
Authors: Gambrell Linda B. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe know that students who enjoy reading are likely to choose to read more often than students who do not enjoy reading. We also know that the more students read the better readers they become. The bottom line is that reading proficiency has been linked to a better and more productive academic, social, and civic life. We really don't need to be convinced that reading is a good thing for our students. The larger question is how do we help out students develop the reading habit? Recent research suggests three promising practices for supporting and nurturing the reading habit: design reading instruction based on principles of motivation, make reading relevant to the real world, and provide reading texts and tasks that are high‐interest and moderately challenging.
Introducing carbon structural adjustment: energy productivity and decarbonization of the global economy
Authors: Hargroves Karlson ‘Charlie’ , Desha Cheryl , von Weisaecker Ernst 
Published: October 2015

In the 21st century, much of the world will experience untold wealth and prosperity that could not be conceived only some three centuries before. However as with most, if not all, of the human civilizations, increases in prosperity have accumulated significant environmental impacts that threaten to result in environmentally induced economic decline. A key part of the world's response to this challenge is to rapidly decarbonise economies, with options to achieve 60–80% improvements (i.e., in the order of Factor 5) in energy and water productivity now available and proven in every sector. Drawing upon the 2009 publication ‘Factor 5’, in this article we discuss how to realize such large‐scale improvements, involving complexity beyond technical and process innovation. We begin by considering the concept of greenhouse gas stabilization trajectories that include reducing current greenhouse gas emissions to achieve a ‘peaking’ of global emissions, and subsequent ‘tailing’ of emissions to the desired endpoint in ‘decarbonising’ the economy. Temporal priorities given to peaking and tailing have significant implications for the mix of decarbonising solutions and the need for government and market assistance in causing them to be implemented, requiring careful consideration upfront. Within this context, we refer to a number of examples of Factor 5 style opportunities for energy productivity and decarbonization, and then discuss the need for critical economic contributions to take such success from examples to central mechanisms in decarbonizing the global economy. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:57–67. doi: 10.1002/wene.181This article is categorized under:

Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy
Energy and Climate > Systems and Infrastructure
Long-term trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: A critical overview
Authors: Shmukler A.B. , Gurovich I.Y. , Agius M. , Zaytseva Y. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundCognitive disturbances are widely pronounced in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Whilst cognitive deficits are well established in the prodromal phase and are known to deteriorate at the onset of schizophrenia, there is a certain discrepancy of findings regarding the cognitive alterations over the course of the illness.MethodsWe bring together the results of the longitudinal studies identified through PubMed which have covered more than 3 years follow-up and to reflect on the potential factors, such as sample characteristics and stage of the illness which may contribute to the various trajectories of cognitive changes.ResultsA summary of recent findings comprising the changes of the cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients along the longitudinal course of the illness is provided. The potential approaches for addressing cognition in the course of schizophrenia are discussed.ConclusionsGiven the existing controversies on the course of cognitive changes in schizophrenia, differentiated approaches specifically focusing on the peculiarities of the clinical features and changes in specific cognitive domains could shed light on the trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and spectrum disorders.
NOTIONS OF ADDICTION IN THE TIME OF THE FIRST OPIUM WAR
Authors: CAQUET P. E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article explores whether the British decision-makers and public were conscious of the habit-forming nature of opium at the time of the Chinese war of 1839–42, the First Opium War. While most political historians have assumed that the British authorities understood the nature of the drug, social historians argue that notions of addiction only arose, in Britain, at the end of the nineteenth century. Examining the abundant press, pamphlet, and parliamentary literature generated by the war debate, this article examines in what terms opium use was characterized. It considers the groups that intervened on both sides of the debate and draws lessons from the arguments they deployed for and against the war. Situating the source literature within the context of early Victorian values and mores, finally, it argues that the British leaders and political nation were aware of the drug's habit-forming properties. Not only was it widely recognized that it was something dangerous that was being introduced, at the point of a gun, into China, but there can be said to have existed, in Britain, a layman's notion of drug addiction.
CONTESTED HERITAGE: MULTI-LAYERED POLITICS AND THE FORMATION OF THE SACRED SPACE – THE CHURCH OF GETHSEMANE AS A CASE-STUDY
Authors: HALEVI MASHA 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe article analyses the processes that preceded the construction of sanctuaries in the Holy Land through the prism of the Church of Gethsemane in Jerusalem, deconstructing and uncovering layers of political power struggles which led to its formation and present shape. This study, based on extensive archival research and a field survey, demonstrates how the reconstruction of the basilica of Gethsemane, and hence the concretization in stone of some of the most depicted evangelical traditions, was not merely the result of an ecumenical consideration. In fact, it reflects the narrow, and sometimes very down-to-earth, interests of various denominations and political forces. The study also demonstrates how the unique setting of the Holy Land encouraged simultaneous multi-layered political processes, comparing the case-study of the Church of Gethsemane to those of other symbolic and national religious monuments: the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the basilica of Sacré-Coeur in Paris, and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN g LOADINGS AND HERITABILITY IN RUSSIA
Authors: Voronin Ivan , Te Nijenhuis Jan , Malykh Sergey B. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe study focused on the extent to which the general factor of intelligence g and heritability coefficients of the subtests of an IQ battery correlate. Modest to strong positive correlations were found in five studies from Western countries and six studies from a Japanese meta-analysis. The results for Russian twins were compared with those of the Western and Japanese studies. Data from 402 twins aged 13 and 296 twins aged 16 showed correlations of r=−0.45 and r=−0.60, respectively. It is concluded that the two data points are clearly not in line with established findings. It may be that the link between g loadings and heritabilities is more complex than previously thought.
Depression in Mexican Americans with diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes
Authors: Olvera R. L. , Fisher-Hoch S. P. , Williamson D. E. , Vatcheva K. P. , McCormick J. B. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundDepression and diabetes commonly co-occur; however, the strength of the physiological effects of diabetes as mediating factors towards depression is uncertain.MethodWe analyzed extensive clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data from n = 2081 Mexican Americans aged 35–64 years, recruited from the community as part of the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC) divided into three groups: Diagnosed (self-reported) diabetes (DD, n = 335), Undiagnosed diabetes (UD, n = 227) and No diabetes (ND, n = 1519). UD participants denied being diagnosed with diabetes, but on testing met the 2010 American Diabetes Association and World Health Organization definitions of diabetes. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression (CES-D) scale. Weighted data were analyzed using dimensional and categorical outcomes using univariate and multivariate models.ResultsThe DD group had significantly higher CES-D scores than both the ND and UD (p ⩽ 0.001) groups, whereas the ND and UD groups did not significantly differ from each other. The DD subjects were more likely to meet the CES-D cut-off score for depression compared to both the ND and UD groups (p = 0.001), respectively. The UD group was also less likely to meet the cut-off score for depression than the ND group (p = 0.003). Our main findings remained significant in models that controlled for socio-demographic and clinical confounders.ConclusionsMeeting clinical criteria for diabetes was not sufficient for increased depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that the ‘knowing that one is ill’ is associated with depressive symptoms in diabetic subjects.