bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of digital channel network derivation methods in a glaciated subalpine catchment
Authors: Hastings Blaine E. , Kampf Stephanie K. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe digital elevation model (DEM) has become an essential tool for an increasing array of mountain runoff analyses, particularly the derivation and mapping of stream channel networks. This study examines how well commonly applied DEM‐based channel derivation methods at different spatial resolutions can represent the channel network for a glaciated Rocky Mountain headwater catchment. The specific objectives are to (1) examine how differences in gridded DEM resolution affect spatially distributed values of local slope, specific contributing area, and topographic wetness index derived from both eight and infinite directional flow algorithms, (2) map the actual stream channel network to examine the influence of surface variables on channel initiation, and (3) assess accuracy of DEM‐derived networks compared with the field surveyed network. Results show that for the same contributing area threshold, increasing grid cell size leads to increased channelization of modeled networks. A plot of local slope versus contributing area reveals a negative relationship similar to that of prior studies in un‐glaciated areas but with breaks in slope at contributing areas that are too small to represent thresholds for channelization. Field survey results and evaluation of DEM‐derived channel networks suggest that channel network formation is not clearly related to surface topographic variables at Loch Vale. Digitally derived channel networks do not accurately predict low order channel locations, but approximations of the channel network with drainage density and headward extent of channelization similar to the observed network can be derived with both a 1 m and 10 m DEM using a contributing area threshold of approximately 4x104 m2. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative Degradation of Thiaproline Derivatives in Aqueous Solutions Induced by •OH Radicals
Authors: Pogocki Dariusz , Bobrowski Krzysztof 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe participation of neighboring amino and carboxyl groups in thiazolidyne‐4‐carboxylic acid (thiaproline) and its two derivatives, thiazolidyne‐2‐carboxylic acid and thiazolidyne‐2,4‐dicarboxylic acid, is demonstrated during .OH‐radical‐induced oxidation in aqueous solutions. The reaction of .OH radicals with these compounds does not lead to the expected one‐electron oxidized sulfur‐centered radical cations and subsequently to the intermolecularly (S∴S)‐bonded dimeric radical cations (even at very high concentration of thiaprolines (>50 mM)), but rather to the elimination of CO2 with the parallel formation of αN radicals. The latter radicals formed in thiaproline and thiazolidyne‐2,4‐dicarboxylic acid subsequently undergo β‐fragmentation of the CS bond, leading to the thiyl radicals (RS.). The αN and RS. radicals were probed and quantified by one‐electron reduction of p‐nitroacetophenone (PNAP) and by one‐electron oxidation of the monoanion of ascorbic acid (AH−), respectively. The calculated stabilization enthalpies of the αN radicals show that the loss of CO2 is thermodynamically a favorable process. The Gibbs free energies of β‐fragmentation processes in thiaproline and thiazolidyne‐2,4‐dicarboxylic acid are equal to −3.7 and −10.2 kJ mol−1, respectively, showing that at room temperature both are exergonic. A general .OH‐radical‐induced oxidation mechanism of thiaproline derivatives in aqueous solutions is proposed.
INNOVATION THROUGH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT
Authors: Backeberg Gerhard R. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTFor irrigation water management, knowledge created through scientific research has to meet the criterion of being useful for decisions and actions. Research projects must therefore be directed and managed according to the innovation cycle. It means that research must be taken further to application of outputs and actually result in outcomes that are socially beneficial. Research‐based innovation is thus about turning opportunities into ideas and thereafter widely used practice, by following the iterative process of creativity, invention and exploitation. Innovation is the instrument of entrepreneurship, which is essential in research management. Decisions must be taken on the allocation of scarce funds for competent scientists to improve the knowledge base. In irrigation water management the key decision variables for efficient food production are measuring water use; reducing canal water losses; estimating crop water requirements; real‐time irrigation scheduling; costing and investment procedures; and selecting appropriate technology for water application. Case studies are presented of research on these priority issues, which were followed by technology transfer projects to review and improve practical application. Training guidelines and manuals were compiled in support of skills development through practical courses and extension programmes. This required a continuous, focused drive to promote technology adoption and implementation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breast conservation therapy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Optimization of a multimodality approach
Authors: Caudle Abigail S. , Kuerer Henry M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNeoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is routinely used in locally advanced breast cancer, but is increasingly used in early stage patients. Even patients with advanced disease can achieve excellent outcomes with breast conservation therapy (BCT) after NAC. The use of NAC followed by BCT is an example of how multimodality therapy can optimize outcomes while limiting morbidity and preserving cosmetic outcomes. Open communication between the multidisciplinary team is crucial to selecting appropriate candidates for this approach. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:32–36. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beyond axial symmetry: An improved class of models for global data
Authors: Castruccio Stefano , Genton Marc G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAn important class of models for data on a spherical domain, called axially symmetric, assumes stationarity across longitudes but not across latitudes. The main aim of this work is to introduce a new and more flexible class of models by relaxing the assumption of longitudinal stationarity in the context of regularly gridded climate model output. In this investigation, two other related topics are discussed: the lack of fit of an axially symmetric parametric model compared with a non‐parametric model and to longitudinally reversible processes, an important subclass of axially symmetric models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Modification of a Hexadentate Amine based Ligand System by N‐Methylation and Effects on Spin State and Redox ­Behavior of the Corresponding Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Heider Silvio , Petzold Holm , Speck J. Matthäus , Rüffer Tobias , Schaarschmidt Dieter 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRecently, the synthesis of hexadentate ligands based on N,N′‐bis‐(2,2′‐bipyridine‐6‐ylmethyl)‐2,2′‐biphenylenediamine (1a–d) and the corresponding iron(II) complexes (3a–d) was reported by our group. In this contribution we present the synthesis of the analogous cobalt(II) complexes 4a–d. Together with the iron(II) complex the electrochemical behavior of the complexes 3 and 4 was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The aminomethyl substructure was identified as the main source of ligand degradation caused by chemical oxidation with air. Upon exposure to air the amine group in complexes 3 and 4 is oxidized to imine and even amide groups. Some examples (8, 9) of the oxidation products were characterized by X‐ray structure analysis. In order to increase the robustness of the FeII and CoII complexes towards oxidation, the ligand scaffold of 1a was modified by N‐methylation of the amino group yielding the tertiary amine 2. The corresponding iron(II) and cobalt(II) complexes employing 2 as ligand were synthesized {[Fe(2)][PF6]2 (5), [Co(2)][PF6]2 (6)} and fully characterized, their redox behavior and spin‐state was investigated by CV and Evans' method. It was found, that the introduced N‐methyl group leads to a substantial anodic shift of the MII–MIII redox potential and the stabilization of FeII and CoII high‐spin state. By means of X‐ray structure analysis these effects could be explained by repulsive steric effects of the methyl group.
Threefold Interpenetrated Cadmium(II) Organic Framework based on 3‐(5‐(Pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)pyridine and 1,1′‐Biphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylate
Authors: Yang Linyan , Wei Xiaohua , Xin Liangliang , Tian Jinlei , Liao Shengyun , Du Peiyao , Zhang Yanping , Lv Rui , Gu Wen , Liu Xin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe coordination polymer [Cd(HL)(BPDA)]n·nH2O (1) based on 3‐(5‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)pyridine (HL) and 1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid (H2BPDA) was hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, XRPD, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The asymmetric unit of compound 1 consists of one crystallographically independent CdII ion, one HL ligand, “two half” BPDA2– ligand, and one lattice water molecule. There are two crystallographically different BDPA2– moieties, but each of them is placed in a symmetry element. The BPDA2– ligands and CdII ions connected to2D sheet, and the 2D sheets are connected to a 3D MOF by the HL ligands. Each dimeric CdII unit links six nearest neighbors through the BPDA2– and HL ligands, and the dimeric CdII units are centrosymmetric. Two parallel HL ligands connect two dimeric CdII units, generating long Cd2–HL–Cd2–HL rings, also centrosymmetric. So we can define the dimeric CdII unit as a 6‐connected node. Thus, the 3D structure can be described as a threefold parallel interpenetrated bsn beta‐Sn topology. In addition, the optical properties of compound 1 and the free ligand HL were investigated.
The Bismuth Hydrogen Sulfate [Bi2(SO4)2(dmso)8](HSO4)2
Authors: Wrobel Lydia , Miersch Linda , Schlesinger Maik , Rüffer Tobias , Lang Heinrich , Mehring Michael 
Published: March 2014

Abstract The reaction of the basic bismuth nitrate [Bi6O4(OH)4(NO3)6]·H2O with either thiosalicylic acid or sulfuric acid gave the novel bismuth hydrogen sulfate [Bi2(SO4)2(dmso)8](HSO4)2 (1) (DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide). The formation of sulfate ions is observed in the presence of either Bi3+ or [Bi6O4(OH)4]6+ indicating bismuth‐induced oxidation of thiosalicylic acid. Compound 1 was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis (TGA), and temperature dependent in situ X‐ray powder diffraction. Crystals suitable for single crystal structure analysis were obtained from a DMSO/acetone solution. The title compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$ with the following lattice parameters: a = 9.5240(4) Å, b = 9.9535(4) Å, c = 12.6620(5) Å, α = 109.943(4)°, β = 93.952(3)°, γ = 102.868(3)°, V = 1086.17(8) Å3, and Z = 1. Analysis of the thermally induced decomposition revealed the formation of Bi2O(SO4)2 and Bi2O2(SO4) as intermediate products and Bi28O32(SO4)10 as final product.
A dmp‐type Microporous Cadmium(II)‐Isonicotinate: Synthesis, Structure and CO2 Adsorption Property
Authors: Zhang Zhihua 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe 4‐connected dmp‐type cadmium(II)‐isonicotinate framework [Cd(isonic)2(H2O)]n·n(DMA) (1) (isonic = isonicotinate, DMA = N,N′‐dimethylacetamide) was obtained by the solvothermal reactions of Cd(NO3)2 and isonicotinic acid (Hisonic). Compound 1 features a 3D porous framework with the opened channels occupied by the lattice DMA molecules. Thermal analysis reveals that such framework remains much stable after removal the free DMA molecules. CO2 adsorption measurement shows that such framework exhibits notable CO2 adsorption behavior.
Development of a Numerical Based Correlation for Performance Losses due to Surface Roughness in Axial Turbines
Authors: Moshizi S. A. , Nakhaei M. H. , Kermani M. J. , Madadi A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn the present work, a recently developed in-house 2D CFD code is used to study the effect of gas turbine stator blade roughness on various performance parameters of a two-dimensional blade cascade. The 2D CFD model is based on a high resolution flux difference splitting scheme of Roe (1981). The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are closed using the zero-equation turbulence model of Baldwin-Lomax (1978) and two-equation Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. For the smooth blade, results are compared with experimental data to validate the model. Finally, a correlation between roughness Reynolds number and loss coefficient for both turbulence models is presented and tested for three other roughness heights. The results of 2D turbine blade cascades can be used for one-dimensional models such as mean line analysis or quasi-three-dimensional models e.g. streamline curvature method.
Flow Features of a Conducting Fluid Near an Accelerated Vertical Plate in Porous Medium with Ramped Wall Temperature
Authors: Kundu P. K. , Das K. , Acharya N. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe unsteady MHD free convection and mass transfer boundary layer flow of an incompressible electrically conducting fluid past an accelerated infinite vertical flat plate embedded in porous medium with ramped wall temperature is considered here. It is assumed that the plate accelerates in its own plane in the presence of thermal radiation incorporating first order chemical reaction. The governing equations are solved analytically using the Laplace transformation technique. The flow phenomenon has been characterized with the help of flow parameters such as permeability parameter, Hartmann number, phenomenon has been characterized with the help of flow parameters such as permeability parameter, Hartmann number, thermal radiation parameter etc. The influences of these parameters on the velocity, temperature field and concentration distribution have been studied and the results are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively. Also, the effects of the various parameters on the skin friction coefficient, the rate of heat and mass transfer at the surface are discussed.
Role of Slip Velocity on the Oscillatory Flow of Blood Through a Porous Vessel in the Presence of Heat Source and Chemical Reaction
Authors: Sinha A. , Shit G. C. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTOf concern in this paper is a problem motivated towards studying the influence of slip velocity on heat and mass transfer in the unsteady flow of blood through a porous vessel, when the lumen of the vessel has turned into a porous structure with internal heat generation or absorption in the presence of chemical reaction. It is assumed that the influence of a uniform magnetic field acts normal to the flow and the permeability of the porous medium fluctuates with time. The suction velocity is also taken to be oscillates periodically. The problem is solved numerically by using Crank-Nicolson scheme. The computational results are presented graphically for the velocity, temperature and concentration distribution as well as the variation of skin-friction co-efficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number for various values of the parameters involved in this analysis. The study reveals that the flow is appreciably influenced by the presence of a magnetic field and slip velocity.
Improved weather-based late blight risk management: comparing models with a ten year forecast archive
Authors: BAKER K. M. , LAKE T. , BENSTON S. F. , TRENARY R. , WHARTON P. , DUYNSLAGER L. , KIRK W. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYAgroecosystem decision support systems typically rely on some types of weather data. Although many new digital weather and forecast datasets are gridded data, the current authors feel that evaluating previous methods with data of increased archive length is critical in aiding the transition to new datasets that lack extensive archives. To that end, the present paper reviews the improvements made to an artificial neural network for forecasting weather-based potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) risk at 26 locations in the Great Lakes region. Accuracies of predictions made using an early model, developed in 2007, are compared with accuracies of predictions made using a new 10-year hourly optimized model. In nearly every comparison by month, forecast lead time and spatial region, the newly optimized model is more accurate, especially when the weather is conducive to high disease levels.
Levels of infection, pathology and nodule size ofOnchocerca flexuosa(Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from northern Spain
Authors: Hidalgo M.R. , Martínez A. , Carreño R.A. , González S. , Ferreras M.C. , Díez N. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBetween 2005 and 2007, the presence ofOnchocerca flexuosa(Wedl, 1856) was discovered and investigated in 110 red deer (Cervus elaphus) shot in the Riaño Regional Hunting Reserve, in the province of León (north-western Spain). Nodules containingO. flexuosawere located in the dorsal region and flanks of the deer. These were collected and measured, and some adult parasites were extracted from the nodules and identified by morphology and by obtaining mitochondrial 12S rDNA sequences, which were identical to those of previously published sequences forO. flexuosa. Some nodules were prepared for histology, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with haematoxylin–eosin. Histologically, the worms were found in several compartments separated by an infiltrated fibrous tissue. These compartments were inhabited by several females and males, surrounded by a fibrous capsule. A total of 85.45% (95% confidence interval (CI): 78.86–92.04%) of red deer were parasitized, with a mean intensity of 9.53 ± 12.27 nodules/host, ranging between 1 and 74 nodules/deer. Significant differences in prevalence and intensity of infection were found between young and adult red deer, and also between seasons. However, no significant differences between males and females were observed. Five hundred and ninety-seven nodules were measured (15.81 ± 3.94 mm) and classified by sizes into small ( < 10 mm), medium (10–20 mm) and large (>20 mm). No relation was found between the size of the nodules and the time of infection. The high values found in the studied parameters show that northern Spain is an area of high-intensity infection for deer.
A system of axiomatic set theory—Part I
Authors: Bernays Paul 
Published: March 2014

Introduction. The system of axioms for set theory to be exhibited in this paper is a modification of the axiom system due to von Neumann. In particular it adopts the principal idea of von Neumann, that the elimination of the undefined notion of a property (“definite Eigenschaft”), which occurs in the original axiom system of Zermelo, can be accomplished in such a way as to make the resulting axiom system elementary, in the sense of being formalizable in the logical calculus of first order, which contains no other bound variables than individual variables and no accessory rule of inference (as, for instance, a scheme of complete induction).The purpose of modifying the von Neumann system is to remain nearer to the structure of the original Zermelo system and to utilize at the same time some of the set-theoretic concepts of the Schröder logic and of Principia mathematica which have become familiar to logicians. As will be seen, a considerable simplification results from this arrangement.The theory is not set up as a pure formalism, but rather in the usual manner of elementary axiom theory, where we have to deal with propositions which are understood to have a meaning, and where the reference to the domain of facts to be axiomatized is suggested by the names for the kinds of individuals and for the fundamental predicates.On the other hand, from the formulation of the axioms and the methods used in making inferences from them, it will be obvious that the theory can be formalized by means of the logical calculus of first order (“Prädikatenkalkul” or “engere Funktionenkalkül”) with the addition of the formalism of equality and the ι-symbol for “descriptions” (in the sense of Whitehead and Russell).
Congruence relations, filters, ideals, and definability in lattices of α-recursively enumerable sets
Authors: Lerman Manuel 
Published: March 2014

Throughout this paper, α will denote an admissible ordinal. Let (α) denote the lattice of α-r.e. sets, i.e., the lattice whose elements are the α-r.e. sets, and whose ordering is given by set inclusion. Call a set A ∈ (α)α*-finite if it is α-finite and has ordertype < α* (the Σ1-projectum of α). The α*-finite sets form an ideal of (α), and factoring (α) by this ideal, we obtain the quotient lattice *(α).We will fix a language ℒ suitable for lattice theory, and discuss decidability in terms of this language. Two approaches have succeeded in making some progress towards determining the decidability of the elementary theory of (α). Each approach was first used by Lachlan for α = ω. The first approach is to relate the decidability of the elementary theory of (α) to that of a suitable quotient lattice of (α) by a congruence relation definable in ℒ. This technique was used by Lachlan [4, §1] to obtain the equidecidability of the elementary theories of (ω) and *(ω), and was generalized by us [6, Corollary 1.2] to yield the equidecidability of the elementary theories of (α) and *(α) for all α. Lachlan [3] then adopted a different approach.
Scott's interpolation theorem fails for Lω1, ω
Authors: Africk Henry 
Published: March 2014

In [1] we proved the following interpolation theorem for first-order (finitary) logic:Theorem (Scott). Let A and B be sentences. There is an -sentence C such that A → C and C → B iff whenever and are -isomorphic structures and satisfies A then satisfies B.We show here that the Theorem holds for A and B in Lω1, ω only if we permit the interpolant C to be in L(2ω)+, ω, where (2ω)+ is the successor of 2ω.Our language contains the usual logical symbols and the relation symbols Ri, is i ∈ J. If I ⊆ J define an I-sentence to be a sentence containing only relations with subscripts in I. If define an -sentence to be a boolean combination of I-sentences with , i.e., a sentence consisting of I-sentences, for various I's in , joined together by ∨, ∧ and ⌝; e.g., ∀xR1(x) ∨ ∀xR2(x)is a{{1}, {2}}-sentence but ∀x(R1(x) ∨ R2(x)) is not. If is a structure let , be the structure obtained by restricting to just the relations with subscripts in I. We say that is -isomorphic to if is isomorphic to for each .
On the interpretation of non-finitist proofs—Part I
Authors: Kreisel G. 
Published: March 2014

1. The purpose of the present paper is to formulate the problem of non-finitist proofs, and to solve it for certain extensions of the predicate calculus, and for analysis with the exclusion of the theory of sets of points. The corresponding problem for general formal systems is discussed in another publication [1].To fix ideas we introduce the problem by examples from analysis. The general formulation is given in the text. Also, we shall use in the introduction the concepts decidable, verifiable, finitist without much formal explanation, because the reader is probably familiar with them, and they are defined early on in the text.The paper presupposes some knowledge of the methods and results in the theory of proofs. These enable one to state the general problem rather more precisely.