bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Simple Heuristics Explain Moral Inconsistencies?
Authors: Fleischhut Nadine , Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFrom virtue theory to moral psychology to behavioral economics, a range of disciplines have explained behavior in moral situations by states of the individual mind, such as character traits, moral stages, or social preferences. These internal explanations predict that moral behavior is stable across a range of situations and thus struggle with the common observation of inconsistencies in moral judgment and behavior. In contrast, the chapter first outlines how the same heuristic predicts systematically different outcomes, ethical or unethical, depending on differences in the environment. Behavior that appears inconsistent from an internal point of view is actually consistent when the interaction between heuristics and social environments is taken in consideration. Second, this chapter argues that the heuristics determining much of judgment and behavior in moral situations are not specifically moral rules, but morally neutral heuristics that serve particular social goals. Specifying these processes can facilitate understanding when and why humans succeed or fail in pursuing ethical goals. The approach thus emphasizes the relevance of designing better environments, not just better people, in order to effectively promote the ethical goals valued by a society.
Why Simple Heuristics Make Life Both Easier and Harder: A Social–Psychological Perspective
Authors: Fiedler Klaus , Wänke Michaela 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe purpose of the present chapter is to consider social rationality from the perspective of social psychology. According to the dual-process approaches that dominate contemporary social psychology, rationality is only possible in the systematic processing mode, whereas the heuristic processing mode is considered intrinsically flawed, in contrast to the unifying theme of the present volume. This chapter argues that social psychology's old-fashioned distinction of heuristic and systematic processing modes is hardly tenable. At the same time, the chapter shows that empirical and theoretical research in social psychology has distinct implications for all three major facets of rationality: probabilities, utilities, and integration rules. In social environments, the assessment of probabilities depends crucially on the active participation of social beings, who must not be conceived as passive observers but actively search for and often create information in a dynamic interaction with their social and physical environment. Utilities, the other major constituent of decision theories, are also subject to typical social trade-offs and compensation effects. One person's gains are usually other persons' losses; what is pleasant in the short run is often unpleasant in the long run. Last but not least, the integration of probabilities and utilities becomes a social issue because many cognitive functions of remembering, thinking, reasoning, judging, and deciding do not take place within isolated individuals' minds but in dyads, groups, and organizations.
Two Booms Since 1990
Authors: Rohit  
Published: January 2013

AbstractChapter 10 studies in depth the two booms i.e. of the 1990s and 2000s that preceded the current crisis. It shows that these two booms have similarities with the wealth and the debt effects described in the theoretical models respectively. While in the 1990s, it was the stock-market boom led consumption, in the 2000s, it was the housing market boom that helped counter the tendencies towards stagnation. It is interesting to note that that the business cycles follow the asset price cycles in these two markets. This chapter also tracks the government policy during these two booms and their contribution to the growth processes and eventually to the global crisis that followed.
3 Failure to Comply with a Judgment of the Court: Article 260 TFEU
Authors: Andersen Stine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines Article 260 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) concerning failure to comply with judgments of the Court of Justice according to Article 258 TFEU. It begins with a brief discussion of some of the early Community deliberations on sanctions and the eventual introduction of sanctions. It then examines Article 260(2) TFEU, including the amendments introduced by the Maastricht Treaty and the Lisbon Treaty. In doing so, it explains central procedural clarifications provided in case law. The penultimate section appraises the lex specialis provision stipulated in Article 260(3) TFEU concerning failure to notify measures transposing a directive. Drawing from international law literature, the final section discusses the characteristics that make EU sanctions relatively mobile, legitimate, and functional in comparison to sanctions in many international treaty regimes.
6 The Emergence of Non-binding, Auxiliary Enforcement Procedures: Expert Management of Compliance with Directives
Authors: Andersen Stine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the Commission's practice of establishing groups composed of member state experts on implementation. The groups are established on an ad hoc basis and their aim is to identify and clarify issues of interpretation of directives. The chapter is organized as follows: The first section discusses some of the limitations of the general EU infringement procedure and the merits of peer-review from an enforcement viewpoint. Against this background, it looks at implementation expert groups and more specifically at the expert group dealing with the Free Movement Directive. It proceeds to problematize the Commission's turn towards management of compliance through implementation expert groups, arguing that the method may obfuscate the fact that enforcement is also about contested norms. The final section examines Article 70 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. This provision was introduced by the Lisbon Treaty and provides express legal basis for peer-review. Albeit not concerned with directives specifically, the provision addresses some of the general issues discussed in the chapter concerning peer-review.
Aspects of individuation
Authors: Cowper Elizabeth , Hall Daniel Currie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter sheds light on the crosslinguistically robust, but not total, complementarity between plurality and classifiers by proposing a formal representation of plurality and classification as two separate aspects of individuation, the semantic property that characterizes count nouns cross-linguistically. Drawing on data from English, Mandarin, Cantonese, Armenian, Korean, and Persian, the chapter argues that the differences among these languages can be reduced to a small number of differences in a) which features the language makes use of, b) which of those features can project as syntactic heads, and c) the status of non-projecting features as modifiers or head features. Under the proposed analysis, it is not necessary that a language be characterizable, as a whole, as a classifier language or as a plural-marking language. Rather, classifiers and plural marking may coexist in a language as long as only one appears in any given nominal.
11 The lexical representation of path curvature in motion expressions: a three‐way path curvature distinction
Authors: Nikanne Urpo , Van Der Zee Emile 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter shows that verbs describing paths of motion can be neutral in their specification of curvature, or that they can specify curvature at a local or global level of granularity. It demonstrates that this three-way distinction is encoded differently in the lexico-grammatical systems of Dutch and Finnish, and that this distinction makes it possible to formulate both constraints and constructions (Fillmore and Kay, 1996; Goldberg, 2006; Jackendoff, 2003; Fried and Östman, 2004; Nikanne, 2005) within the Dutch and Finnish grammars.
Plutarch On The Difference Between The Pyrrhonists And The Academics
Authors: Bonazzi Mauro 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA clarification of Plutarch's attitude towards scepticism will help us to assess his Platonist stance. But his attitude is not clear and scholars diverge, ranging from the view that Plutarch was not interested at all in scepticism to the hypothesis that he might have had a sceptical phase or even that his entire philosophy was sceptical. A solution can be found if Plutarch's interpretation of the Hellenistic Academy is correctly reconstructed and if its difference from Pyrrhonism is considered. Plutarch claims that Pyrrhonism is nothing but the result of an empiricist ontology and epistemology, whereas what distinguishes Academic scepticism is an anti-empiricist stance. More precisely, an analysis of the treatise Against Colotes shows that Academic polemics against Epicurean empiricism involve the acknowledgment of the dualism between the sensible and the intelligible which is distinctive of all Platonist philosophy. If one considers only the senses and the sensible dimension life would be impossible; but the very fact that we live shows, according to Plutarch's interpretation of Arcesilaus, that something else, the intelligible, exists. By exploiting the so-called apraxia argument and by interpreting Arcesilaus' philosophy against the background of dualism, Plutarch can therefore claim that also the Hellenistic Academics can be regarded as loyal heirs of Plato.
Dopamine: Another “Magic Bullet” for Caregiver Responsiveness?
Authors: Mileva-Seitz Viara , Afonso Veronica M. , Fleming Alison S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMammalian mothering is complex and multidimensional, regulated by many hormonal, neurochemical, and neural changes occurring during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. This chapter outlines the maternal phenotype in both humans and rats—a common animal model for mothering. Next, the chapter examines the role of hormones in maternal behavior. It then discuss the role of the dopamine (DA) system in regulation of mothering and mothering-related systems including attention, motivation, mood, and reward. It does this by first presenting a wealth of neuroanatomical, physiological, and genetic evidence from rats that exemplifies specific effects of dopamine dysregulation on maternal behavior. The chapter concludes by outlining the current state of human research on DA and mothering. This includes some correlational neuroanatomical work with magnetic resonance imaging, as well as several genetic association studies.
Selsior Dancing Films, 1912–1917
Authors: Bottomore Stephen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn the years immediately preceding the First World War, an Austro-Hungarian émigré in London, Oszkár Rausch, developed a system for presenting dance films in sync with a live orchestra. The technique involved filming a group of dancers performing to music, and placing the conductor so as to appear in the corner of the frame. Then in the theatre a live orchestra would play the same music to the film and keep in time by watching the conductor’s image. Rausch made over a dozen short films with this system under the company name Selsior. The films were widely reviewed, and very popular with audiences throughout the United Kingdom, who seem to have enjoyed seeing both the dancers and the conductor in the corner. But Rausch got into financial trouble, was declared bankrupt, and during the First World War was interned as an enemy alien by the British authorities.
Framing the Atmospheric Film Prologue in Britain, 1919–1926
Authors: Brown Julie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn the late 1910s and 1920s, film prologues were often dramatic and/or musical performances presented live on stage immediately before a feature film. Directly related to the feature and intended to bridge the gap between “the world of actuality” and the world of the feature, they sometimes consisted of live enactments of plot summaries or involved a short scene from the film performed on stage by members of the film cast itself, though they might equally have involved a thematically related operatic scena or simply a song performance. This chapter focuses on the ubiquitous film trade-paper reporting of the phenomenon in Britain. To read against the grain is to discover a different story about the prologue’s genealogy (early special presentation in Britain, pre-Rothapfel) and its embrace in Britain (less widespread than implied) than the one told by the industry publicity.
Workers’ Rights and Performing Rights: Cinema Music and Musicians Prior to Synchronized Sound
Authors: Davison Annette 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the role of the trade union and the collecting agency in relation to music in cinemas though the “silent” period and on to the emergence of synchronized sound. A brief history of the Musician’s Union and its relationship with other unions is followed by an investigation of the union’s role in supporting cinema musicians, and its negotiations with the principal employers’ organization, the Cinematograph Exhibitors’ Association. This is followed by an introduction to the Performing Right Society (PRS), the institution established by publishers and composers in 1914 to collect revenue for the public performance of their music. Here the vital role that cinemas played in the establishment and survival of the PRS during its infancy is highlighted, alongside the periodically difficult relationship between the Musicians’ Union and the PRS, in part due to the society’s classification system for the licensing of music in cinemas.
“What Children Need”
Authors: Garrett Frances 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the care of children in Tibetan culture as seen in several works on the medical and ritual treatment and defence of children. These texts describe a remarkably broad range of technologies for healing and protecting children, recommending the feeding of pills, soups, butters, beers, or texts to children, parents, or deities; physically manipulative techniques, such as surgery, washing, anointing, fumigating, or massaging; the wearing of all manner of amulets, talismans, strings, papers, ointments, or letters; and the theatrical staging of elaborate hospitality or ransom dramas. Through an examination of the making and use of these therapeutic and protective objects, the chapter proposes that studying the material culture of childhood may be a fruitful method for understanding the child as a category in Tibet.
Marrying the “Thought of Enlightenment”
Authors: Lewis Todd , Emmrich Christoph 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBefore they reach puberty, girls from most Buddhist families of the Newar community in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal undergo a ritual called ihi, literally “wedding,” at the center of which stands the liturgical handling of a citrus fruit. Both the religious identity of the fruit and the social, political, and doctrinal modalities, origins, and effects of the performance have produced a variety of ways to make sense of this ritual and illuminate how Buddhist Newars understand childhood in its preparation of and development toward ritual competence, social maturity, and political agency. Taking one singular late twentieth-century performance as its starting point, this chapter analyzes the ways Newar Buddhist practitioners, literati, and those who once as children were themselves at the center of the event weave a dense tapestry of myths, soteriologies, reformist agendas, and personal recollections in which the expectations of and toward the emerging woman are enmeshed with the hopes and projections of a renewed Buddhist life.
The Liberal Response
Authors: Knight John Allan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes liberal responses to the falsification challenge, which tended to be a version of one of two sorts. For noncognitivists, religious or theological utterances were never straightforward assertions, but are to be understood symbolically, or as expressions of an intention to follow a certain way of life, or as expressions of an internalized spiritual principle. Cognitive responses, on the other hand, argued that some religious or theological utterances are indeed straightforward assertions. Some argued that theological assertions could in principle be falsified, but in fact have not been (at least not all of them). Others argued that such assertions are meaningful because some things count as evidence against them, despite their invulnerability to conclusive empirical falsification. Yet both sorts of responses agreed with Flew that if religious or theological language is to be meaningful, it must meet the descriptivist requirements described in chapter one. This chapter considers the noncognitive response of R.M. Hare and the cognitive responses of Basil Mitchell, I.M. Crombie and Schubert M. Ogden. Though different from each other, liberal responses all assumed a descriptivist view of religious and theological language.
The Barthian Project in Postliberal Perspective
Authors: Knight John Allan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes Barth’s influence on postliberal theology. It does so by analyzing Hans Frei’s doctoral dissertation, which described Barth’s methodological break with liberal theology. Frei elucidates three themes in Barth, all of which are designed to move Barth’s theological thinking away from its anthropological starting point. First, Barth prioritizes ontology over epistemology. In Barth’s view, one of the things that made liberal theology subject to Feuerbach’s critique was that it began with epistemological considerations, and then refused to make claims that could not meet its epistemic criteria. After the break, Barth insists that theology must begin with ontological affirmations about God, as these affirmations are given in the Incarnation and the testimony to it in the Bible. Second, after the break, Barth insists that theological method must be subordinate to and governed by positive ontological statements about God. This implies that theology cannot be systematic, because Barth believes that all true systematizing will be anthropologically and epistemologically driven. Third, Barth insists that interpretive method must be governed by his methodological commitments and his ontological affirmations about God. All these themes will drive Frei’s later work, as I’ll describe in subsequent chapters.
A Tale of Two Dead Ends
Authors: Knight John Allan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPrevious chapters have described liberalism’s relationship to descriptivist understandings of language and postliberalism’s relationship to Wittgenstein. This chapter describes serious problems with descriptivism, on the one hand, and Wittgensteinian understandings of meaning, on the other. The chapter argues that the most influential descriptivist theory of meaning, that of Donald Davidson, is fatally flawed. The chapter then argues that satisfaction of descriptive senses cannot be either universally necessary or sufficient for successful reference. Thus, descriptivism is an inadequate account of either meaning or reference. The chapter then provides an analysis and critique of the later Wittgenstein’s understanding of meaning as use. The chapter discusses prominent criticisms of Wittgenstein’s understanding of meaning and concludes that at best it is too vague to be either defended or conclusively refuted. At worst, its problems can be resolved only by abandoning Wittgenstein’s central commitments. Postliberal appropriations of Wittgenstein raise additional serious problems. These center around the failure to distinguish semantics from speech acts and the refusal to allow reference any role in determining meaning. These postliberal moves deprive Frei and Lindbeck of the ability to argue for the truth of theological claims and leave them vulnerable to charges of fideism.
essaMEM: finding maximal exact matches using enhanced sparse suffix arrays
Authors: Vyverman Michaël , De Baets Bernard , Fack Veerle , Dawyndt Peter 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Summary: We have developed essaMEM, a tool for finding maximal exact matches that can be used in genome comparison and read mapping. essaMEM enhances an existing sparse suffix array implementation with a sparse child array. Tests indicate that the enhanced algorithm for finding maximal exact matches is much faster, while maintaining the same memory footprint. In this way, sparse suffix arrays remain competitive with the more complex compressed suffix arrays.
Availability: Source code is freely available at https://github.ugent.be/ComputationalBiology/essaMEM.
Contact: Michael.Vyverman@UGent.be
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Development of high‐density SNP genotyping arrays for white spruce (Picea glauca) and transferability to subtropical and nordic congeners
Authors: Pavy Nathalie , Gagnon France , Rigault Philippe , Blais Sylvie , Deschênes Astrid , Boyle Brian , Pelgas Betty , Deslauriers Marie , Clément Sébastien , Lavigne Patricia , Lamothe Manuel , Cooke Janice E.K. , Jaramillo‐Correa Juan P. , Beaulieu Jean , Isabel Nathalie , Mackay John , Bousquet Jean 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHigh‐density SNP genotyping arrays can be designed for any species given sufficient sequence information of high quality. Two high‐density SNP arrays relying on the Infinium iSelect technology (Illumina) were designed for use in the conifer white spruce (Picea glauca). One array contained 7338 segregating SNPs representative of 2814 genes of various molecular functional classes for main uses in genetic association and population genetics studies. The other one contained 9559 segregating SNPs representative of 9543 genes for main uses in population genetics, linkage mapping of the genome and genomic prediction. The SNPs assayed were discovered from various sources of gene resequencing data. SNPs predicted from high‐quality sequences derived from genomic DNA reached a genotyping success rate of 64.7%. Nonsingleton in silico SNPs (i.e. a sequence polymorphism present in at least two reads) predicted from expressed sequenced tags obtained with the Roche 454 technology and Illumina GAII analyser resulted in a similar genotyping success rate of 71.6% when the deepest alignment was used and the most favourable SNP probe per gene was selected. A variable proportion of these SNPs was shared by other nordic and subtropical spruce species from North America and Europe. The number of shared SNPs was inversely proportional to phylogenetic divergence and standing genetic variation in the recipient species, but positively related to allele frequency in P. glauca natural populations. These validated SNP resources should open up new avenues for population genetics and comparative genetic mapping at a genomic scale in spruce species.