bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Change in take‐off elevation angle after limb autotomy mitigates the reduction in jumping distance in rice grasshoppers Oxya yezoensis
Authors: Tsurui Kaori , Narita Shota , Iwatani Yasushi , Honma Atsushi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAutotomy is the ability to spontaneously self‐amputate a limb or other appendage, often as a reflexive action. This limb amputation typically occurs as a specialized defensive response to an attack from a predator and thereby enables the prey to escape from predation. Despite the benefits of escape, autotomized organisms lose the body part and its associated function. Here, we investigated the jumping behavior and performance of one‐leg‐autotomized and intact rice grasshoppers, Oxya yezoensis, to examine changes in jumping behavior after autotomy. The take‐off elevation of autotomized grasshoppers was 7.8° lower than in intact grasshoppers, resulting in nearly a 45° angle of take‐off, which maximized the jumping distance. Kinematic analyses of the jumping manner revealed that the angle of the femur during jumping differed between intact and autotomized grasshoppers, suggesting that the grasshoppers behaviorally change the take‐off elevation after autotomy. According to analyses of jumping performance, the degree of decline in performance differed between horizontal distance and vertical height. Even though they jumped on only one hind leg, one‐leg‐autotomized grasshoppers realized 69% performance along a horizontal distance relative to intact grasshoppers. In contrast, autotomized grasshoppers realized only a 44% performance in vertical height compared to intact grasshoppers. The difference in take‐off elevation between autotomized and intact grasshoppers is likely related to the observed difference in the magnitude of the decline in performance between horizontal distance and vertical height. These results suggest that rice grasshoppers may alter their take‐off elevation after limb autotomy to minimize the reduction in jumping distance.
Predictors of seizure‐free outcome after epilepsy surgery for pediatric tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Krsek Pavel , Jahodova Alena , Kyncl Martin , Kudr Martin , Komarek Vladimir , Jezdik Petr , Jayakar Prasanna , Miller Ian , Korman Brandon , Rey Gustavo , Resnick Trevor , Duchowny Michael 
Published: October 2013

SummaryPurposeVariable predictors of postsurgical seizure outcome have been reported in children with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). We analyzed a large surgical series of pediatricTSCpatients in order to identify prognostic factors crucial for selection of subjects for epilepsy surgery.MethodsThirty‐three children withTSCwho underwent excisional epilepsy surgery atMiamiChildren'sHospital were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 29 clinical, neuropsychological, electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and surgical variables were analyzed and related to seizure outcomes. UnivariateBarnard's exact test,Wilcoxon's rank‐sum test, and multivariate statisticalCox's model were used to examine the significance of associations between the variables and seizure outcome.Key FindingsEighteen patients (55%) have been seizure‐free 2 years after (final) surgery; postoperative complications occurred in five subjects (15%). Complete removal of epileptogenic tissue detected by bothMRIand intracranialEEG, regional scalp interictalEEGpatterns, and agreement of interictal and ictalEEGlocalization were the most powerful predictors of seizure‐free outcome. Other significant predictors included occurrence of regional scalp ictalEEGpatterns, fewer brain regions affected by tubers, presence of preoperative hemiparesis, and one‐stage surgery. Remaining factors such as age at seizure onset, incidence of infantile spasms or other seizure types, duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency, mental retardation, as well as types and extent of resections did not influence outcome.SignificancePerioperative features rather than preoperative variables are the most important determinants of postsurgical seizure outcome in patients withTSC. Our findings may assist in the surgical management of these patients.
Proposal for a magnetic resonance imaging protocol for the detection of epileptogenic lesions at early outpatient stages
Authors: Wellmer Jörg , Quesada Carlos M. , Rothe Lars , Elger Christian E. , Bien Christian G. , Urbach Horst 
Published: October 2013

SummaryPurposeMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a key technology in the presurgical evaluation of patients with epilepsy. Already at early outpatient stages it can contribute to the identification of patients who are, in the case of pharmacoresistance, good candidates for epilepsy surgery. Yet, “standard head” MRI examinations often fail to displaying therapeutically relevant epileptogenic lesions. The purpose of this study is to identify an epilepsy‐specific MRI protocol, which is likewise sensitive for even small epileptogenic lesions and economical enough to be applied outside specialized epilepsy centers.MethodsBased on a large European presurgical epilepsy program comprising 2,740 patients we identified the spectrum of common epileptogenic lesions and determine the set of MRI sequences that are required for their reliable detection. Relying on a series of small, therapeutically particularly relevant lesions we determined the required slices thickness, slice angulations, and orientations for an epilepsy‐specific MRI protocol.Key FindingsIndispensable for early outpatient epilepsy specific MRI are fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T2‐weighted, T1‐weighted, and hemosiderin/calcification‐sensitive sequences. Slice thickness for T2 and FLAIR must not exceed 3 mm. The T1 image should be acquired in three‐dimensional technique at 1 mm isotropic voxels size. For T2 and FLAIR, at least two slice orientations each must be demanded in hippocampal angulation. We suggest no adaption to a clinical focus hypothesis. The resulting “essential 6” sequence protocol allows the detection of virtually all common epileptogenic lesion entities.SignificanceThe creation of a broadly accepted and abundantly applied MRI protocol for epilepsy outpatients can contribute to improved and earlier identification of potential candidates for epilepsy surgery. Our systematic analysis of MRI requirements for the detection of epileptogenic lesions can serve as basis for protocol negotiations between epileptologists, radiologists, and health care funders.
The utility of magnetoencephalography in the presurgical evaluation of refractory insular epilepsy
Authors: Mohamed Ismail S. , Gibbs Steve A. , Robert Manon , Bouthillier Alain , Leroux Jean‐Maxime , Khoa Nguyen Dang 
Published: October 2013

SummaryPurposeTo study the utility of magnetoencephalography (MEG) in patients with refractory insular epilepsy. Covered by highly functional temporal, frontal, and parietal opercula, insular‐onset seizures can manifest a variety of ictal symptoms falsely leading to a diagnosis of temporal, frontal, or parietal lobe seizures. Lack of recognition of insular seizures may be responsible for some epilepsy surgery failures.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed and analyzed MEG data in 14 patients with refractory insular seizures defined through intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) or by the presence of an epileptogenic lesion in the insula with compatible seizure semiology. MEG was performed as part of the noninvasive presurgical evaluation, using a 275‐channel whole head MEG system. MEG data were analyzed using a single equivalent current dipole model. MEG localization was compared to interictal positron emission tomography (PET) and ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) results and to the resection margin.Key FindingsThree patterns of MEG spike sources were observed. Seven patients showed an anterior operculoinsular clusters and two patients had a posterior operculoinsular cluster. No spikes were detected in one patient, and the remaining four patients showed a diffuse perisylvian distribution. Spike sources showed uniform orientation perpendicular to the sylvian fissure. Nine patients proceeded to insular epilepsy surgery with favorable surgical outcome. Among patients with anterior operculoinsular cluster who proceeded to have surgery, MEG provided superior information to ictal SPECT in four of six patients and to interictal PET in five of six patients.SignificanceMEG is useful in identifying patients who are likely to benefit from epilepsy surgery targeting the insula, particularly if a tight dipole cluster is identified even if other noninvasive modalities fail to produce localizing results.
AMPA Receptor antagonist NBQX attenuates later‐life epileptic seizures and autistic‐like social deficits following neonatal seizures
Authors: Lippman‐Bell Jocelyn J. , Rakhade Sanjay N. , Klein Peter M. , Obeid Makram , Jackson Michele C. , Joseph Annelise , Jensen Frances E. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryPurposeTo determine whether AMPA receptor (AMPAR) antagonist NBQX can prevent early mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activation and long‐term sequelae following neonatal seizures in rats, including later‐life spontaneous recurrent seizures, CA3 mossy fiber sprouting, and autistic‐like social deficits.MethodsLong‐Evans rats experienced hypoxia‐induced neonatal seizures (HS) at postnatal day (P)10. NBQX (20 mg/kg) was administered immediately following HS (every 12 h × 4 doses). Twelve hours post‐HS, we assessed mTOR activation marker phosphorylated p70‐S6 kinase (p‐p70S6K) in hippocampus and cortex of vehicle (HS + V) or NBQX‐treated post‐HS rats (HS + N) versus littermate controls (C + V). Spontaneous seizure activity was compared between groups by epidural cortical electroencephalography (EEG) at P70–100. Aberrant mossy fiber sprouting was measured using Timm staining. Finally, we assessed behavior between P30 and P38.Key FindingsPostseizure NBQX treatment significantly attenuated seizure‐induced increases in p‐p70S6K in the hippocampus (p < 0.01) and cortex (p < 0.001). Although spontaneous recurrent seizures increased in adulthood in HS + V rats compared to controls (3.22 ± 1 seizures/h; p = 0.03), NBQX significantly attenuated later‐life seizures (0.14 ± 0.1 seizures/h; p = 0.046). HS + N rats showed less aberrant mossy fiber sprouting (115 ± 8.0%) than vehicle‐treated post‐HS rats (174 ± 10%, p = 0.004), compared to controls (normalized to 100%). Finally, NBQX treatment prevented alterations in later‐life social behavior; post‐HS rats showed significantly decreased preference for a novel over a familiar rat (71.0 ± 12 s) compared to controls (99.0 ± 15.6 s; p < 0.01), whereas HS + N rats showed social novelty preference similar to controls (114.3 ± 14.1 s).SignificanceBrief NBQX administration during the 48 h postseizure in P10 Long‐Evans rats suppresses transient mTOR pathway activation and attenuates spontaneous recurrent seizures, social preference deficits, and mossy fiber sprouting observed in vehicle‐treated adult rats after early life seizures. These results suggest that acute AMPAR antagonist treatment during the latent period immediately following neonatal HS can modify seizure‐induced activation of mTOR, reduce the frequency of later‐life seizures, and protect against CA3 mossy fiber sprouting and autistic‐like social deficits.
Enhancing medical compliance of patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural community: A randomized intervention trial
Authors: Li Juan , Si Yang , Hu Jia , Liu Ling , Deng Ying , He Jun , Zhang Ning‐Mei , Zhou Dong 
Published: October 2013

SummaryPurposeThis randomized intervention trial was to determine whether the implementation of a practical intervention was effective in enhancing medical compliance and improving seizure control among patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural communities in western China.MethodsTwo of four areas were randomly selected for this study and assigned to be the intervention group (IG) and the control group (CG), respectively. An intervention package with four components (intensive education, consultation services, maintenance of an epilepsy tracking card, and repeated reminders) was formulated. Medical compliance included antiepileptic drug (AED) adherence and lifestyle; each was graded on a 6‐point scale with possible scores. Medical compliance and seizure control were measured and compared between the groups before and after the intervention. In addition, correlation of both changes in medical compliance and seizure frequency were investigated.Key FindingsAfter 1‐year follow‐up, 183 patients in the IG (105 male) and 177 in the CG (99 male) remained for the analysis. At the end of the study, the average number of seizures in the IG declined 18.3% compared to that prior to the intervention (after 6‐month phenobarbital monotherapy), nearly twice as much as in CG (9.1%) with statistical difference (p = 0.023). The proportion of patients with a reduction in seizures >50% (including those who were seizure‐free) rose to 79.8% in the IG compared to 61.0% in the CG (p < 0.05). With regard to medical compliance, the majority of the IG members were rated as excellent or very good, but medical compliance remained nearly unchanged for the CG. A moderate correlation was found between the changes in AED adherence and seizure control (r = 0.4, p < 0.05), and a weaker correlation was found between lifestyle and seizure control (r = 0.328, p < 0.05).SignificanceThis intervention package proved to be efficient in enhancing medical compliance and improving seizure control in rural communities of resource‐poor areas.
Clinical features, proximate causes, and consequences of active convulsive epilepsy inAfrica
Authors: Kariuki Symon M. , Matuja William , Akpalu Albert , Kakooza‐Mwesige Angelina , Chabi Martin , Wagner Ryan G. , Connor Myles , Chengo Eddie , Ngugi Anthony K. , Odhiambo Rachael , Bottomley Christian , White Steven , Sander Josemir W. , Neville Brian G. R. , Newton Charles R. J. C. ,   SEEDS writing group
Published: October 2013

SummaryPurposeEpilepsy is common in sub‐SaharanAfrica (SSA), but the clinical features and consequences are poorly characterized. Most studies are hospital‐based, and few studies have compared different ecological sites inSSA. We described active convulsive epilepsy (ACE) identified in cross‐sectional community‐based surveys inSSA, to understand the proximate causes, features, and consequences.MethodsWe performed a detailed clinical and neurophysiologic description ofACEcases identified from a community survey of 584,586 people using medical history, neurologic examination, and electroencephalography (EEG) data from five sites inAfrica:SouthAfrica;Tanzania;Uganda;Kenya; andGhana. The cases were examined by clinicians to discover risk factors, clinical features, and consequences of epilepsy. We used logistic regression to determine the epilepsy factors associated with medical comorbidities.Key FindingsHalf (51%) of the 2,170 people withACEwere children and 69% of seizures began in childhood. Focal features (EEG, seizure types, and neurologic deficits) were present in 58% ofACEcases, and these varied significantly with site. Status epilepticus occurred in 25% of people withACE. Only 36% received antiepileptic drugs (phenobarbital was the most common drug [95%]), and the proportion varied significantly with the site. Proximate causes ofACEwere adverse perinatal events (11%) for onset of seizures before 18 years; and acute encephalopathy (10%) and head injury prior to seizure onset (3%). Important comorbidities were malnutrition (15%), cognitive impairment (23%), and neurologic deficits (15%). The consequences ofACEwere burns (16%), head injuries (postseizure) (1%), lack of education (43%), and being unmarried (67%) or unemployed (57%) in adults, all significantly more common than in those without epilepsy.SignificanceThere were significant differences in the comorbidities across sites. Focal features are common inACE, suggesting identifiable and preventable causes. Malnutrition and cognitive and neurologic deficits are common in people withACEand should be integrated into the management of epilepsy in this region. Consequences of epilepsy such as burns, lack of education, poor marriage prospects, and unemployment need to be addressed.
Vertical perithalamic hemispherotomy: A single‐center experience in 40 pediatric patients with epilepsy
Authors: Dorfer Christian , Czech Thomas , Dressler Anastasia , Gröppel Gudrun , Mühlebner‐Fahrngruber Angelika , Novak Klaus , Reinprecht Andrea , Reiter‐Fink Edith , Traub‐Weidinger Tatjana , Feucht Martha 
Published: October 2013

SummaryPurposeThe current concept for hemispherotomy includes various lateral techniques and the vertical perithalamic hemispherotomy introduced by Delalande in 1992. We have chosen the vertical approach because of advantages that possibly influence outcome: the possibility to completely disconnect the hemisphere at the level of the thalamus obviating both the need to resect the insula and the need to open and dissect the subarachnoid space of the Sylvian fissure.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected data of all patients who underwent vertical hemispherotomy at the Vienna pediatric epilepsy center. Seizure outcome was classified according to the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) proposal 2001.Key FindingsFollow‐up data of 40 patients (22 male/18 female; median age 5.5 years; range 4.4 months to 20.1 years) were analyzed. Hemispherotomy was left in 26 and right in 14 patients. The underlying pathology was ischemic vascular in 19, malformation of cortical development (MCD) in 11, and other pathology in 10. No serious intraoperative complications were encountered. Only two infants (5.0%) needed blood replacement. There was one death on the fourth day after surgery caused by intractable hyponatremic brain edema. Three patients developed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) disturbances, but only one needed a permanent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt (2.5%). For outcome analysis we included 37 of 40 children with at least 12 months of follow‐up. Thirty‐four (91.9%) of 37 children were seizure‐free (class 1a) after a median follow‐up time of 3.7 years (range 12 month to 14.8 years).SignificanceWe confirm the efficacy and safety of vertical parasagittal hemispherotomy as described by Delalande in a consecutive series of patients treated at our center since 1998. In addition, complete disconnection of the hemisphere in patients with MCD and/or patients with significant involvement of the insula was possible without the complications usually reported with other techniques.
Evaluation of focus laterality in temporal lobe epilepsy: A quantitative study comparing double inversion‐recovery MR imaging at 3T with FDG‐PET
Authors: Morimoto Emiko , Okada Tomohisa , Kanagaki Mitsunori , Yamamoto Akira , Fushimi Yasutaka , Matsumoto Riki , Takaya Shigetoshi , Ikeda Akio , Kunieda Takeharu , Kikuchi Takayuki , Paul Dominik , Miyamoto Susumu , Takahashi Ryosuke , Togashi Kaori 
Published: October 2013

SummaryPurposeTo quantitatively compare the diagnostic capability of double inversion‐recovery (DIR) with F‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) for detection of seizure focus laterality in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).MethodsThis study was approved by the institutional review board, and written informed consent was obtained. Fifteen patients with TLE and 38 healthy volunteers were enrolled. All magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired using a 3T‐MRI system. Voxel‐based analysis (VBA) was conducted for FDG‐PET images and white matter segments of DIR images (DIR‐WM) focused on the whole temporal lobe (TL) and the anterior part of the temporal lobe (ATL). Distribution of hypometabolic areas on FDG‐PET and increased signal intensity areas on DIR‐WM were evaluated, and their laterality was compared with clinically determined seizure focus laterality. Correct diagnostic rates of laterality were evaluated, and agreement between DIR‐WM and FDG‐PET was assessed using κ statistics.Key FindingsIncreased signal intensity areas on DIR‐WM were located at the vicinity of the hypometabolic areas on FDG‐PET, especially in the ATL. Correct diagnostic rates of seizure focus laterality for DIR‐WM (0.80 and 0.67 for the TL and the ATL, respectively) were slightly higher than those for FDG‐PET (0.67 and 0.60 for the TL and the ATL, respectively). Agreement of laterality between DIR‐WM and FDG‐PET was substantial for the TL and almost perfect for the ATL (κ = 0.67 and 0.86, respectively).SignificanceHigh agreement in localization between DIR‐WM and FDG‐PET and nearly equivalent detectability of them show us an additional role of MRI in TLE.
Resting state networks in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Cataldi Mauro , Avoli Massimo , de Villers‐Sidani Etienne 
Published: October 2013

SummaryTemporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is typically described as a neurologic disorder affecting a cerebral network comprising the hippocampus proper and several anatomically related extrahippocampal regions. A new level of complexity was recently added to the study of this disorder by the evidence that TLE also appears to chronically alter the activity of several brain‐wide neural networks involved in the control of higher order brain functions and not traditionally linked to epilepsy. Recently developed brain imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis of resting state connectivity, have greatly contributed to these observations by allowing the precise characterization of several brain networks with distinct functional signatures in the resting brain, and therefore also known as “resting state networks.” These significant advances in imaging represent an opportunity to investigate the still elusive origins of the disabling cognitive and psychiatric manifestations of TLE, and could have important implications for its pathophysiology and, perhaps, its therapy. Herein we review recent studies in this field by focusing on resting state networks that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment in patients with epilepsy: the default mode network, the attention network, and the reward/emotion network.
Evidence for Caste Differences in Anal Droplet Alarm Pheromone Production and Responses in the Eusocial Thrips Kladothrips intermedius
Authors: De Facci Monica , Svensson Glenn P. , Chapman Thomas W. , Anderbrant Olle 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThrips (Thysanoptera) are tiny insects that produce anal secretions when threatened. Several studies have shown that, depending on the species, the droplets may contain alarm pheromones and/or repellents against enemies. In the eusocial gall‐inducing thrips Kladothrips intermedius both larvae and adults produce such droplets. There are two castes of adults in this species, soldiers (the sub‐fertile and gall‐bound defenders) and dispersers (winged and capable of initiating a gall). We tested the proclivity of secreting anal droplets by the two castes and whether the anal droplets induce different behavioural responses in relation to the emitter–receiver's caste in a contact chemoreception bioassay. Although secretion patterns were similar between castes, exposure to anal droplets emitted by different castes elicited different behavioural responses in adults in the bioassay. When exposed to soldiers’ anal droplets, dispersers significantly reduced the distance moved while soldiers significantly increased the distance moved, compared to when they were exposed to hexane control. In contrast, no differences in the distance moved were observed for any caste when exposed to dispersers’ anal droplets versus hexane control. Increased activity in soldiers when exposed to their own anal droplets is a predicted response to enhance the overall defence of the gall when under threat, whereas dispersers should slow down their activity when exposed to such ‘warning signal’. Thus, the behavioural data indicate that the anal droplets emitted by soldiers are likely to contain an alarm pheromone.