bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging Ethical Issues in Dementia Care
Authors: Lingler Jennifer H. , Arias Jalayne J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition affecting over 6 million Americans. As a disorder with no known cure or means of prevention, AD has been ranked the most feared disease among older adults. Despite recent advances in AD pharmacotherapeutics, most current FDA-approved treatments are regarded as symptomatic and do not prevent those affected from progressing to the final stages of dementia. Indeed, the overwhelming majority of dementia care provision remains nonpharmacological in nature and includes assisting individuals with the performance of instrumental and, as the disease progresses, basic activities of daily living (ADL), including medication taking, meal preparation, and self-care. ADL assistance as well as nonpharmacologic behavioral management of persons with AD can be distinctly characterized as nursing care. Nurses on the frontline of dementia care occupy a corresponding frontline role in the identification of and initial response to ethical dilemmas that manifest during dementia care. The purpose of this chapter is to review the shifting and expanding landscape of ethical issues in dementia care, and to argue that as the field transitions to an era of preventive care for AD, nurses will continue to have a key role in identifying and responding to emerging ethical dilemmas, including those arising during pre-test counseling for biomarker tests of AD risk. In doing so, the authors argue that a unique form of bias, called hypercognitivism, has not only tainted the extant bioethics literature on dementia, but represents a threat to the analysis of emerging issues in dementia ethics.
Collaborative Quality Improvement to Promote Evidence-based Surfactant for Preterm Infants
Authors: Kharrat Ashraf , Shah Prakesh S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Although earlier surfactant administration was believed to reduce the risk of death and pneumothorax among preterm infants, administration was frequently delayed. This cluster randomized trial explored whether a multifaceted quality improvement intervention would improve timeliness of surfactant administration among infants 23 to 29 weeks’ gestation. One hundred fourteen neonatal intensive care units from the Vermont Oxford Network participated, enrolling 6039 infants. Infants in intervention hospitals were more likely to receive surfactant in the delivery room (adjusted odds ratio 5.38, 95% CI 2.84 to 10.20) and received surfactant sooner after birth (median 21 versus 78 minutes; adjusted hazard ratio 1.57, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.07, p &lt;0.001). There was no impact on mortality or pneumothorax.
Kangaroo Mother Versus Traditional Care for Newborn Infants &lt;2000 Grams
Authors: Murki Srinivas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is promoted as a caring alternative for low birth weight infants. This trial randomized 746 infants to either KMC (with early discharge to home, regardless of weight or gestational age, to spend 24 hours per day in an upright position, in skin-to-skin contact and “firmly” attached to the mother’s chest) or standard care. Mother–infant dyads in the KMC group were transferred from the birth hospital upon randomization, to receive training in KMC at a separate hospital prior to discharge to home. The risk of mortality by 41 weeks’ postmenstrual age did not differ between the groups (relative risk 0.59, 95% confidence interval 0.22 to 1.6), and growth indices were similar. Infants receiving standard care experienced longer hospital stays with more nosocomial infections.
Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Curley Anna E. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Full-term newborn infants at the Cincinnati General Hospital were randomly assigned to prophylactically receive 1 of 2 doses of IM vitamin K (100 μg or 5 mg of menadione sodium bisulfite) or saline placebo. Bleeding was recorded daily. When bleeding occurred, coagulation screens were performed. The incidence of any bleeding in infants was 5.3% (100 μg vitamin K) and 5.7% (5 mg vitamin K), compared with 7.5% (placebo) (p &lt;0.025). Serious bleeding occurred only in the placebo group (0.7%; p &lt;0.0005). There was 15 to 20 times more moderate and severe bleeding among breastfed infants who received no vitamin K compared with formula-fed infants.
Hypothermia for Moderate or Severe Neonatal Encephalopathy in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Murki Srinivas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This trial was among the first to evaluate the safety and efficacy of therapeutic hypothermia in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), with concerning results. It enrolled 408 infants ≥36 weeks’ gestation with moderate or severe neonatal encephalopathy, with randomization within 6 hours of life to either receive whole-body hypothermia or standard care. There was no difference in the primary outcome of proportion of infants who either died or survived with moderate or severe disability. Mortality was higher with therapeutic hypothermia (42% versus 31%; risk ratio 1.35, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.76, p = 0.022). These results call into question the use of therapeutic hypothermia as currently practiced in this setting.
Motivation and Workplace Incentives
Authors: Wyatt-Johnson Claudia , Johnson Richard , Kohler Jim 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A pay-for-performance structure can drive and reward behaviors needed to ensure better patient outcomes. Focusing on greater productivity creates tremendous pressure on providers, leading to burnout, dissatisfaction, and turnover. It is important to pay attention to lifestyle needs and build appreciation of the value of nonfinancial rewards. Total rewards programs (TRP) are both economic and psychosocial in nature. They deliver all cash and non-cash compensation, benefits, and learning offerings in an integrated way. An effective TRP is comprehensive, effective, creative, flexible, and simple. The goals of a total rewards framework include embracing health and well-being, integrating work–life balance, championing career development and professional growth, and rewarding performance. Engagement of institutional leadership and supervisors for support and using a multichannel approach are keys to success.
Informed Consent, Autonomy, and Shared Decision-Making
Authors: Micah Hester D. , Leding Emily 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Informed consent is a fundamental ethical requirement in medical decision-making. It is predicated on a patient’s autonomy (self-determination) and decisional capacity (the ability to make intelligent decisions). Clinicians have a legal and moral obligation to garner valid informed consent (or refusal) from a patient before proceeding with (or avoiding) medical care. This obligation includes more than disclosure of information to the patient, however. Instead, clinicians are required to get to know patients well enough to support them in partnering in decision-making, helping them to make medical decisions that fit well with the patient’s own values and interests.
The Patient’s Bill of Rights and Discrimination Against Healthcare Providers
Authors: Allen Ebony Renee , Shaw Margie Hodges 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The enactment of Medicare in 1965 was the catalyst that led to the adoption of the first Patient’s Bill of Rights. Though these rights promote patient autonomy and dignity, patients have sometimes used the concept of autonomy as a way to discriminate against healthcare providers. Discrimination by patients can lead to detrimental effects on healthcare providers and the healthcare system as a whole. While patient experience is important, the narratives and experiences of those caring for patients is essential as well. Healthcare organizations are obligated to provide their employees with a work environment free from hostility. By establishing internal policies, healthcare organizations can support and improve the well-being of its providers, which leads to better patient outcomes.
Ethical Dilemmas of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Nichol Ariadne A. , Burgart Alyssa 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights numerous public health ethical dilemmas. During the long public health emergency, knowledge, prevention, and treatment options for COVID-19 are evolving, creating novel challenges which in turn give rise to new issues that require ethical deliberation. In this chapter, learners explore three of these critical dilemmas: approaching the allocation of scarce resources, addressing vaccine hesitancy, and evaluating healthcare workers’ duty to treat. Each of these dilemmas provides an occasion to apply foundational ethical principles in the provision of healthcare during a public health emergency. The authors discuss approaches to creating a public health emergency response plan, recognizing values embedded in a limited resource allocation framework, defining distributive justice, and identifying vulnerable groups and protected classes under the law.
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Authors: Juve Amy Miller , Zisblatt Lara 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Bloom’s taxonomy is one of the most widely used educational taxonomies to date. The cognitive domain is the most well-known and developed domain of the three in the taxonomy. It is used to support the acquisition and utilization of knowledge and provides a useful framework to aid in the development of educational objectives, curriculum, and assessment tools. While the cognitive domain can be used to support learning in a broad array of educational settings with learners ranging in skill from novice to expert, caution should be taken to assure learning is not structured as a purely linear experience and that learning activities are identified based on learner competence and not years of experience.
The Pros and Cons of the Socratic Method
Authors: Moser Karen A. , Khan Jawaria 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Socratic method is frequently cited as a technique used in health sciences education, but it is difficult to define. When considered as part of a broader spectrum of inquiry-based didactic techniques, several fundamental principles emerge. Systematic questions posed by educators can identify knowledge gaps and promote discovery of new ideas and connections during group discussion. Successful use of the Socratic method requires a psychologically safe environment, learners who are willing to reveal their thought processes and risk giving a wrong answer, and a willingness by all team members to be changed by the shared experience. There is no role for questions intended to humiliate or shame learners in an effective inquiry-based learning environment. Finally, the process of asking and answering questions can help faculty share their own knowledge gaps and model strategies for self-directed learning that are needed for continuous development as a health science professional. Incorporating all of these basic principles can make inquiry-based learning a rewarding educational experience for teachers and learners alike.
Assessment of Learners
Authors: O’Connor Meghan , Richards Boyd 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
56.This chapter explores the concepts of learner assessment and evaluation by presenting a case in which a medical student participates in a year-long clinical experience with a preceptor. Using various data points and direct observation, the student is given both formative and summative assessments throughout the learning experience, providing them with information needed to guide their learning and improve their clinical skills. As the case progresses, questions are posed to help identify key concepts in learner assessment and explore the interconnectivity between assessment, evaluation, feedback, and grading. The information presented will help educators identify and develop effective assessment strategies that support learner development and growth.
The Utility of Deliberate Practice During and After Medical Training
Authors: Goldfarb Tally , Ambardekar Aditee , Kimatian Stephen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Achievement of expertise in healthcare contributes to excellent patient care, job satisfaction, and longevity of career. Medical training is simply not long enough for healthcare professionals to fully develop mastery in their trade. Initially used to describe expertise in other fields, Ericsson’s research in the development of expertise provides a useful framework for healthcare professionals both in training and after. Paired with important concepts in adult learning, intentional and focused practice has utility in skill acquisition, remediation of the challenged learner, maintenance of skill and expertise, and lifelong learning. Simple, regular practice alone is not sufficient. Deliberate practice is highly structured and labor-intensive and requires learner motivation, personalized learning plans, formative feedback, and preferably a coach or mentor. This chapter discusses the utility of deliberate practice at various stages of the career. Rapid-cycle deliberate practice has been shown to be useful in low-incidence but clinically significant and high-risk events. Beneficial during training and beyond, deliberate practice supports continued mastery and lifelong learning, which is essential to the provision of excellent patient care and a long and productive career.
Identity, Professionalism, and Education via Social Media in Medicine
Authors: Sienna Julianna , Chan Teresa M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Social media has infiltrated health professions education and represents an exciting opportunity to create and foster dynamic communities for the rapid distribution of knowledge, research collaboration, health advocacy, and inspiring and spreading health innovation. This chapter serves as a primer for health professionals to learn about how the power of social media can be harnessed by health professionals, with particular attention paid to how it can enhance education and advance careers. The chapter defines digital identify formation, describes strategies for social media teaching and learning, and lists the benefits and risks of engaging audiences through social media. The authors also explore professional and ethical challenges to developing the digital self.
Human Factors Affecting Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Lee Deborah , Wilt Jeffrey 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Significant medical errors resulting in increased patient harm and mortality can occur from decisions made by individual providers based on their healthcare organization’s standards. Developing standardized care in medicine reduces the potential for errors in patient care, but this challenges the provider in making independent clinical judgments about each patient based on their presentation. Human factors such as fatigue, situational awareness, psychological stress, and physical stress can result in unreliable delivery of best practice. Increased awareness of human factors is the first step to minimizing error. Human factor analysis can also provide a helpful framework for determining barriers in reliable delivery of care and steps for improving patient safety.
Electronic Distractions in Healthcare
Authors: Ehrenfeld Jesse M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Across all healthcare settings, there are a growing number of opportunities for electronic distraction and interruptions in patient care. Common sources of electronic distraction include personal electronic devices (e.g., smartphones and tablets), communication tools (e.g., pagers), computer workstations, the electronic health record itself, and medical equipment (e.g., infusion pumps). While noise and distractions have been studied in a variety of settings, there is growing concern about the particular effects and impact of electronic distraction and interruptions on cognitive processing, task performance, and patient outcomes. It is therefore important to understand the sources of electronic distraction, their impact, and potential mitigation strategies.
Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Diederich Nico J. , Goetz Christopher G. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, all due to basal gangliar dopaminergic deficits. Behavioral and autonomic non-motor symptoms accompany the core motor syndrome. The precise pathophysiology of PD is incompletely understood, and the hypothesis of an ascending proteinopathy cannot explain the temporal parallelism of motor and non-motor syndromes. The authors reconsider PD from an evolutionary perspective, noting that PD occurs only in humans. At the anatomical level, the vulnerable dysfunctioning nuclei of PD are evolutionarily old and overburdened by human telencephalization. While taking over new tasks and enduring continuous, energy requiring, challenges due to human longevity, the structural composition of these archaic areas has remained largely unchanged over millions of years. At the functional level, reflex, immediate reactions to environmental stimuli are primarily affected. An evolutionary focus on PD encourages exploration of involved circuitries and transmitters beyond the best-explored dopaminergic deficits.
Addiction
Authors: Sullivan Roger , Hagen Edward 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors draw on insights from evolutionary ecology to point out that “drugs,” in the form of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), are ubiquitous in natural environments and are utilized by plants as a toxic chemical defense against plant eaters. This evolved dynamic emphasizes punishment rather than reward—plants deploy PSMs to poison their predators, which in turn do their best to avoid chemical defenses or to find ways to use them to their own advantage. The authors argue that the punishment dynamic ubiquitous in nature has also affected people, both in the present and in the evolutionary past. They explore the implications of a “punishment model” for conventional perspectives of drug abuse and addiction, particularly in regard to neurobiological reward models. They conclude that a “punishment” perspective contradicts fundamental assumptions about drug use and addiction but offers several novel avenues for future research.
Are Evolutionary Concepts Helpful in Designing Preventive Strategies for Brain Diseases?
Authors: Levy Gilberto , Levin Bruce 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes how two evolutionary concepts, selection shadow and evolutionary mismatch, as integrated into an overarching causation framework, may naturally lead to preventive strategies for brain diseases. According to the evolutionary theory of aging, the force of natural selection acting on age-specific genetic effects declines with increasing adult age. The age at which natural selection becomes all but ineffective to eliminate deleterious mutations marks the onset of selection shadow. Evolutionary mismatch, in turn, results from the discordance between the human genetic makeup, which was selected in past environments, and the environment of modern life. Through the evolution-based model of causation, it is possible to conceptualize how selection shadow and evolutionary mismatch are related to the preventive strategies of postponed aging, involving a modification of the fundamental processes of aging, and evolutionary health promotion, involving prevention research and potentially health recommendations based on evolutionary principles.
Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
Authors: Brüne Martin , Diederich Nico J. , Goetz Christopher G. , Amunts Katrin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The present multi-authored volume covers a lot of ground in regard of healthy brain function and mechanisms of break down from an evolutionary point of view. We view this volume as a compendium of relevant and archetypal examples of the role of evolutionary science to a modern discussion of health and brain disease. Our major premise stressed throughout the book is that the brain, even though meticulously adapted to the environmental conditions of our evolutionary past, is vulnerable to dysfunction and disease. This vulnerability is, in part, related to “modern” lifestyles, which include (in industrialised countries) an over-supply of energy, lack of physical activity, and heightened exposure to stress, foremost social stress. An essential conclusion from the contributions to this volume is that, in spite of differences in onset and manifestation, the medical fields of neurology and psychiatry are much more intimately linked to one another than is currently taught at medical schools. It is the hope of the editors that the present book can help build bridges between the two disciplines in the interest of medical science.
Introduction
Authors: Besag Frank M. C. , Vasey Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
It could be argued that perhaps one of the greatest advances in the management of epilepsy, alongside the growth of genetics, antiseizure medication, and surgical options, has been the recognition of the importance of the coexisting cognitive, psychological and psychiatric, and psychosocial conditions. This book brings together leaders in the field to provide an overview of the current evidence and thinking in this area.
The impact of surgery on comorbidities in epilepsy
Authors: Vakharia Vejay N. , Brownstone Robert M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
One-third of people fail to achieve long-term seizure remission with antiseizure medications. In these individuals, if the epileptogenic zone can be identified and removed or disconnected, epilepsy surgery may result in long-term seizure remission. The neurological, neuropsychological, and neuropsychiatric morbidities associated with surgery are dependent on the brain regions involved in the epileptogenesis. This chapter reviews comorbidities of surgery for epilepsy, focusing primarily on the most common type of surgery: resections for temporal lobe epilepsy. It also briefly considers surgery for other types of epilepsy (frontal, insular, parietal, or occipital lobe epilepsy), which are rarer entities and carry their own unique challenges. The chapter discusses the effects on seizure outcomes, and focuses on comorbidities, both negative and positive, including effects on visual fields, memory, language, cognitive function, neuropsychiatric function, and quality of life. Overall, epilepsy surgery can be highly effective for drug-refractory epilepsy, with modern neurosurgical techniques continuing to improve seizure remission rates while reducing neurological complications.
Epilepsy, employment, and work
Authors: Brown Ian 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Epilepsy and worklessness are related as unemployment is up to twice as high in individuals with epilepsy. This chapter explores why this situation exists and what factors drive this unemployment rate. The reasons are multifactorial and can be related to both extrinsic and intrinsic factors, which are discussed with the best remedial solutions. The greatest obstacle to work is pharmacoresistant epilepsy where seizure control is poor or erratic although this in itself can be related to a number of interrelated factors, some of which have remedial solutions. The potential stigma of epilepsy is also examined in detail and how nomenclature affects opinion. Individuals may also (paradoxically) discriminate against themselves. The various barriers to employment are classified and each is discussed in turn. This chapter also discusses the employee who develops epilepsy in the course of their employment, employing individuals who declare epilepsy, and sensible restrictions and when these can be lifted.