bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rebamipide ameliorates indomethacin‐induced small intestinal injury in rats via the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases activity
Authors: Yamada Shinya , Naito Yuji , Takagi Tomohisa , Mizushima Katsura , Horie Ryusuke , Fukumoto Kohei , Inoue Ken , Harusato Akihito , Uchiyama Kazuhiko , Handa Osamu , Yagi Nobuaki , Ichikawa Hiroshi , Yoshikawa Toshikazu 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground and AimThe pathogenesis of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)‐induced small intestinal lesions remains unclear, although it is considered to be quite different from that of upper gastrointestinal tract ulcers due to the absence of acid and the presence of bacteria and bile in the small intestine. The aim of this study was to characterize specific gene expression profiles of intestinal mucosa in indomethacin‐induced small intestinal injury, and to investigate the effects of rebamipide on the expression of these genes.MethodsIntestinal injury was induced in male Wistar rats by subcutaneous administration of indomethacin. Total RNA of the intestinal mucosa was extracted 24 h after indomethacin administration, gene expression was investigated using microarray analysis, and the identified genes were confirmed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, we investigated whether the treatment with rebamipide altered the expression of these identified genes.ResultsThe administration of indomethacin induced small intestine injuries, and these lesions were significantly inhibited by the treatment with rebamipide. Microarray analysis showed that the genes for several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and several chemokine‐related genes were significantly upregulated, and metallothionein 1a (MT1a) was downregulated in the intestinal mucosa after administration of indomethacin. The expressions of these genes were reversed by the treatment with rebamipide.ConclusionThese data suggest that MMPs, chemokines, and MT1a may play an important role in the intestinal mucosal injury induced by indomethacin. In particular, the inhibition of MMP genes and chemokine‐related genes by rebamipide may be important for the therapeutic effect against NSAIDs‐induced small intestinal injury.
Outcome and determinants of mortality in 269 patients with combination anti‐tuberculosis drug‐induced liver injury
Authors: Devarbhavi Harshad , Singh Rajvir , Patil Mallikarjun , Sheth Keyur , Adarsh Channagiri Krishnamurthy , Balaraju Girisha 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground and AimWorldwide anti‐tuberculosis (TB) drug‐induced liver disease (DILI) is an important cause of hepatotoxicity, and drug‐induced acute liver failure (ALF). Reported series on anti‐TB DILI are limited by a mix of cases with mild transaminase elevation or adaptation. Our aim was to analyze the clinical features, laboratory characteristics, outcome, and determine predictors of 90‐day mortality.MethodsSingle center analysis of consecutive cases of anti‐TB DILI following combination anti‐TB drugs exposure from 1997–2011.ResultsOf the 269 patients, 191 (71%) experienced jaundice and 69 (25.7%) accounted for ALF. The mean age and treatment duration was 41.3 years and 1.9 months, respectively; males constituted 55.7%. DILI occurred throughout the course of treatment; three‐quarters occurred within the first 2 months. HIV infection was present in 21 (7.8%). The 90‐day mortality was 22.7%. DILI accompanied by jaundice (n = 191), encephalopathy (n = 69) or ascites (n = 69) resulted in mortality in 30%, 69.6% and 50.7%, respectively (P < 0.001). Age, gender, transaminase levels, HIV or hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status did not influence survival. Treatment duration, encephalopathy, ascites, bilirubin, serum albumin, international normalized ratio (INR), serum creatinine and leukocyte count were associated with mortality (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression model for mortality, incorporating encephalopathy, albumin, bilirubin, INR, and creatinine yielded a C‐statistic of 97%.ConclusionsAnti‐TB DILI occurs throughout treatment duration progressing to ALF in a quarter of patients. The overall mortality is 22.7%, which is higher when accompanied by jaundice, ascites or encephalopathy. An anti‐TB DILI model, incorporating bilirubin, INR, encephalopathy, serum creatinine and albumin predicted mortality with C‐statistic of 97%.
Hepatitis B virus reactivation associated with anti‐neoplastic therapy
Authors: Yeo Winnie , Chan Henry LY 
Published: September 2012

AbstractReactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a known complication during and after anti‐cancer therapy. This condition can affect two patient populations: it is most commonly seen in patients who are seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), but it is also being increasingly reported among patients who are HBsAg‐negative but who have prior infection, as evident by seropositive status for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc), irrespective of their anti‐HBs (antibody to HBsAg) status. The clinical course can vary from asymptomatic hepatitis to fulminant hepatic failure that can be potentially fatal. With the increasing use of biological agents in addition to potent cytotoxic chemotherapy in the armamentarium of anti‐cancer treatments, reactivation of hepatitis B has become a common clinical situation that is faced by both oncologists and hepatologists especially in HBV endemic areas. In this review, we discuss the clinical course of reactivation in the two HBV‐infected sub‐populations, and the role of anti‐virals in the prevention and management of HBV reactivation in association with cytotoxic chemotherapy and biological therapies.
Prevalence of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in Chinese patients with Budd‐Chiari syndrome or portal vein thrombosis
Authors: Qi Xingshun , He Chuangye , Han Guohong , Yin Zhanxin , Wu Feifei , Zhang Qing , Niu Jing , Wu Kaichun , Fan Daiming 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground and AimRoutine screening for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) in patients with Budd‐Chiari syndrome (BCS) or portal vein thrombosis (PVT) has been recommended in Western countries. However, little is known about whether the routine screening test should be necessary in Chinese patients with BCS or PVT. We conducted a prospective observational study to examine the prevalence of PNH in these patients.MethodsPatients with primary BCS or non‐malignant PVT who were consecutively admitted to our department or regularly followed up between September 2009 and December 2011 were eligible for the study and detected the expression of CD55 and CD59 on erythrocytes and granulocytes. The CD55 or CD59 deficiency was considered as the proportion of erythrocytes or granulocytes with normal expression of CD55 or CD59 was less than 90%. PNH was diagnosed by both CD55 and CD59 deficient clone at flow cytometry of peripheral blood cells.ResultsCD55 and/or CD59 deficiencies were found in 1.6% (2/127) of patients with primary BCS, 1.0% (1/100) of non‐malignant and non‐cirrhotic patients with PVT, and 4.7% (4/85) of cirrhotic patients with PVT. Only one patient had both CD55 and CD59 deficiencies on granulocytes. But he had been diagnosed with PNH before BCS.ConclusionsParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria was very rare in Chinese patients with BCS or PVT, suggesting that routine screening for PNH should not be indiscriminately performed in such patients.
Trainee impact on advanced diagnostic bronchoscopy: An analysis of 607 consecutive procedures in an interventional pulmonary practice
Authors: STATHER DAVID RYAN , MACEACHERN PAUL , CHEE ALEX , DUMOULIN ELAINE , TREMBLAY ALAIN 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Complications during advanced diagnostic bronchoscopy are rare and include: pneumothorax, bleeding, mediastinitis and lymphadenitis. Increased complications have been demonstrated in patients undergoing routine bronchoscopy procedures performed by trainees. This study aimed to determine the impact of trainees during advanced diagnostic bronchoscopy on procedure time, sedation use and complications.Methods:  A retrospective review of a quality improvement database including consecutive pulmonary procedures performed by an interventional pulmonologist (D.R.S.) at the University of Calgary, from 1 July 2007 to 1 April 2011.Results:  Six hundred seven (55.2%) of the 1100 procedures involved an advanced diagnostic procedure defined as: endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA), electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) and/or peripheral EBUS. A trainee participated in 512 (84.3%) procedures. A complication occurred in 25 patients (4.1%), with a trend towards increased complication rates in the trainee group (4.7% vs 1.1%, difference 3.6%, P = 0.076). Significant differences were seen when a trainee participated versus when no trainee participated for procedure length (58.32 min vs 37.69 min, difference 20.63 min (95% confidence interval: 19.07–22.19), P = 0.001) and for the dose of propofol (178.3 mg vs 137.1 mg, difference 41.2 mg (95% confidence interval: 19.81–63.38), P = 0.002).Conclusions:  In an academic interventional pulmonology practice utilizing the apprenticeship model, trainee participation in advanced diagnostic bronchoscopy increased procedure time, increased the amount of sedation used and resulted in a trend to increased complications. Attempts to modify trainee procedural training to reduce the burden of procedural learning for patients are warranted.
Obesity and addiction: neurobiological overlaps
Authors: Volkow N. D. , Wang G.‐J. , Tomasi D. , Baler R. D. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryDrug addiction and obesity appear to share several properties. Both can be defined as disorders in which the saliency of a specific type of reward (food or drug) becomes exaggerated relative to, and at the expense of others rewards. Both drugs and food have powerful reinforcing effects, which are in part mediated by abrupt dopamine increases in the brain reward centres. The abrupt dopamine increases, in vulnerable individuals, can override the brain's homeostatic control mechanisms. These parallels have generated interest in understanding the shared vulnerabilities between addiction and obesity. Predictably, they also engendered a heated debate. Specifically, brain imaging studies are beginning to uncover common features between these two conditions and delineate some of the overlapping brain circuits whose dysfunctions may underlie the observed deficits. The combined results suggest that both obese and drug‐addicted individuals suffer from impairments in dopaminergic pathways that regulate neuronal systems associated not only with reward sensitivity and incentive motivation, but also with conditioning, self‐control, stress reactivity and interoceptive awareness. In parallel, studies are also delineating differences between them that centre on the key role that peripheral signals involved with homeostatic control exert on food intake. Here, we focus on the shared neurobiological substrates of obesity and addiction.
Structure Preserving Manipulation and Interpolation for Multi‐element 2D Shapes
Authors: Yang Wenwu , Feng Jieqing , Wang Xun 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a method that generates natural and intuitive deformations via direct manipulation and smooth interpolation for multi‐element 2D shapes. Observing that the structural relationships between different parts of a multi‐element 2D shape are important for capturing its feature semantics, we introduce a simple structure called a feature frame to represent such relationships. A constrained optimization is solved for shape manipulation to find optimal deformed shapes under user‐specified handle constraints. Based on the feature frame, local feature preservation and structural relationship maintenance are directly encoded into the objective function. Beyond deforming a given multi‐element 2D shape into a new one at each key frame, our method can automatically generate a sequence of natural intermediate deformations by interpolating the shapes between the key frames. The method is computationally efficient, allowing real‐time manipulation and interpolation, as well as generating natural and visually plausible results.
Accurate Translucent Material Rendering under Spherical Gaussian Lights
Authors: Yan Ling‐Qi , Zhou Yahan , Xu Kun , Wang Rui 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this paper we present a new algorithm for accurate rendering of translucent materials under Spherical Gaussian (SG) lights. Our algorithm builds upon the quantized‐diffusion BSSRDF model recently introduced in [dI11]. Our main contribution is an efficient algorithm for computing the integral of the BSSRDF with an SG light. We incorporate both single and multiple scattering components. Our model improves upon previous work by accounting for the incident angle of each individual SG light. This leads to more accurate rendering results, notably elliptical profiles from oblique illumination. In contrast, most existing models only consider the total irradiance received from all lights, hence can only generate circular profiles. Experimental results show that our method is suitable for rendering of translucent materials under finite‐area lights or environment lights that can be approximated by a small number of SGs.
Annual Research Review: Resilience – clinical implications
Authors: Rutter Michael 
Published: September 2012

Background: It is a universal finding that there is huge heterogeneity in people’s responses to all kinds of stress and adversity. Resilience is an interactive phenomenon that is inferred from findings indicating that some individuals have a relatively good outcome despite having experienced serious adversities.Methods: Resilience can only be inferred if there has been testing of environmental mediation of risks and quantification of the degree of risk. The use of ‘natural experiments’ to test environmental mediation is briefly discussed. The literature is then reviewed on features associated with resilience in terms of (a) those that are neutral or risky in the absence of the risk experience (such as adoption); (b) brief exposure to risks and inoculation effects; (c) mental features (such as planning, self‐regulation or a sense of personal agency); (d) features that foster those mental features; (e) turning point effects; (f) gene‐environment interactions; (g) social relationships and promotive effects; and (h) the biology of resilience.Results: Clinical implications are considered with respect to (a) conceptual implications; (b) prevention; and (c) treatment.Conclusion: Resilience findings do not translate into a clear programme of prevention and treatment, but they do provide numerous leads that focus on the dynamic view of what may be involved in overcoming seriously adverse experiences.
Common genetic and nonshared environmental factors contribute to the association between socioemotional dispositions and the externalizing factor in children
Authors: Taylor Jeanette , Allan Nicholas , Mikolajewski Amy J. , Hart Sara A. 
Published: September 2012

Background:  Childhood behavioral disorders including conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co‐occur. Prior twin research shows that common sets of genetic and environmental factors are associated with these various disorders and they form a latent factor called Externalizing. The developmental propensity model posits that CD develops in part from socioemotional dispositions of Prosociality, Negative Emotionality, and Daring; and recent research has supported the expected genetic and environmental associations between these dispositions and CD. This study examined the developmental propensity model in relation to the broader Externalizing factor that represents the covariance among behavior disorders in children.Methods:  Parents of 686 six‐ to twelve‐year‐old twin pairs rated them on symptoms of CD, ADHD, and ODD using the disruptive behavior disorder scale and on Prosociality, Negative Emotionality, and Daring using the Child and Adolescent Dispositions Scale. A latent factor multivariate Cholesky model was used with each disposition latent factor comprised of respective questionnaire items and the Externalizing factor comprised of symptom dimensions of CD, ADHD inattention, ADHD hyperactivity/impulsivity, and ODD.Results:  Results supported the hypothesis that the socioemotional dispositions and the Externalizing factor have genetic factors in common, but there was not a single genetic factor associated with all of the constructs. As expected, nonshared environment factors were shared by the dispositions and Externalizing factor but, again, no single nonshared environmental factor was common to all constructs. A shared environmental factor was associated with both Negative Emotionality and Externalizing.Conclusions:  The developmental propensity model was supported and appears to extend to the broader externalizing spectrum of childhood disorders. Socioemotional dispositions of prosociality, negative emotionality, and (to a lesser extent) daring may contribute to the covariation among behavioral disorders and perhaps to their comorbid expression through common sets of primarily genetic but also environmental factors.
Skin‐to‐skin care for dying preterm newborns and their parents – a phenomenological study from the perspective of NICU nurses
Authors: Kymre Ingjerd G. , Bondas Terese 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundConsequences of separation between preterm newborns and their parents have been discussed in many aspects, thus skin‐to‐skin care (SSC) has become common practice in Scandinavian Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) since the 1980s. The International workshop on Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC), 2009, recommends implementation of continuous KMC as the gold standard pervading all medical and nursing care, based on empirical studies and clinical guidelines and they suggest that KMC may be used during terminal care in agreement with parents. Parents have a strong desire to be near their child and give support and emotional comfort when the condition of the child requires it, and it has been suggested that medical staff expect parents to be with the neonates, and therefore, encourages them to hold the neonate while it is dying. The practice of SSC at the end of life has been under‐researched, however.AimThe aim of this study, which is part of a larger study on neonatal nursing care, was to describe the phenomenon of how nurses enact SSC for dying preterm newborns and their parents.DesignA phenomenological reflective life world design.Setting and participantsA purposive sample of 18 nurses from three Scandinavian NICUs.FindingsThe essential meaning of the phenomenon was expressed as strong belief in the urgency of SSC in providing mutual proximity and comfort for dying preterm newborns and their parents. The nurses act upon this belief and upon an engagement in securing the best possible present and future experiences of being close, in which the SSC is understood as a necessary premise in achieving the intended optimal conditions. The findings are elaborated in relation to previous caring and nursing research and phenomenology.ConclusionsSkin‐to‐skin care for dying preterm newborns and their parents is the preferred caring practice among Scandinavian NICU nurses who consider it of major importance to facilitate proximity and comfort through SSC when the newborn is still alive. The authors suggest this practical knowledge from NICU nurses perspective to be acknowledged in discussions concerning end‐of‐life care for preterm newborns and their parents and we recommend more formal establishment of this practice. Further research is needed on parents' experiences of skin‐to skin caring in this vulnerable end of life situation of ‘being with’ their dying newborn.
Plant‐available soil phosphorus. Part II: the response of arable crops to Olsen P on a sandy clay loam and a silty clay loam
Authors: Johnston A. E. , Poulton P. R. , White R. P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe increasing cost of fertilizer has prompted farmers to ask whether soils could be maintained at lower levels of plant‐available phosphorus (Olsen P) than currently recommended, without limiting yield. To help answer this question, critical levels of Olsen P have been determined for spring barley, winter wheat, potatoes and sugar beet grown on a sandy clay loam and a poorly structured heavy textured silty clay loam. On each soil, there were plots with a range of well‐established levels of Olsen P and, in one experiment, two levels of soil organic matter (SOM). For each crop and each year, the response curve relating yield to Olsen P was fitted statistically to determine the asymptotic yield and the Olsen P associated with 98% of that yield, that is, the critical Olsen P. Maximum yield of all four crops varied greatly from year to year, in part due to applied nitrogen (N) where it was tested, and in part to seasonal variation in weather, mainly rainfall. The wide range in critical Olsen P, from 8 to 36 mg/kg, between years was most probably as a result of differences in soil conditions that affected root growth and thus acquisition of available soil phosphorus (P). Generally, a larger asymptotic yield was not necessarily associated with a larger critical Olsen P. Spring barley and winter wheat given little N required more Olsen P, 20–34 mg/kg, to achieve the asymptotic yield, compared to 10–17 mg/kg where ample N was given; presumably, more roots were needed to search the soil for the smaller amounts of available N and root growth is affected by the amount of plant‐available soil P. In a field experiment on one soil type, soil with little SOM required 2–3.5 times more Olsen P to produce the same yield as that on soil with more organic matter. Soil organic matter most probably improved soil structure and hence the ability of roots to grow and search for nutrients in field conditions because when these soils were cropped with ryegrass in controlled conditions in the glasshouse, the yields of grass were independent of SOM and there was the same critical Olsen P for both soils. Overall, the data confirm that, for these soil types, the current recommendations for Olsen P for arable crops in England, Wales and Northern Ireland are appropriate.
Compulsory voting and the dynamics of partisan identification
Authors: Singh Shane , Thornton Judd 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCompulsory rules are known to have far‐reaching effects beyond boosting electoral participation rates. This article examines the relationship between compulsory voting and partisan attachments. A theory of attachment formation and strength is engaged that argues that compulsory voting boosts the likelihood that one will identify with a party and, in turn, the strength of party attachments among identifiers. The statistical model accounts for both the hierarchical structure of the data (individuals in elections) and the dual nature of the dependent variable (individuals report a strength of attachment only for the party with which they identify). Using data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, it is demonstrated that compulsory voting does indeed increase both the incidence and the strength of partisanship.