bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Optical Rotation, and Absolute Configurations of Santinols
Authors: Wu Wen‐Ju , Chen Hui‐Jun , You Jun , Wu Yikang , Liu Bo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSantinols A1 and A2, two of the asymmetric 1,3‐diacylglycerols (1,3‐diacylglycerides) recently isolated from Helichrysum italicum subsp. microphyllum, were synthesized for the first time. The synthetic samples showed essentially the same 1H and 13C NMR spectra as reported for natural santinols. The optical rotations were also consistent with those for their natural counterparts, but only for less than an hour after the preparation of the sample solution; the sign of the optical rotation may reverse after a more prolonged time, revealing some so far unknown yet very interesting phenomena that deserve particular attention with regard to assignments of absolute configurations for asymmetric 1,3‐diacylglycerols by comparison of specific rotations. Also of interest is that acylation of the C‐2 OH groups in asymmetric 1,3‐diacylglycerols with 2‐(phenylamino)benzoic acid led to substantially “magnified” specific rotations and thus may help in characterization/identification and rapid estimation of the optical purities of asymmetric 1,3‐diacylglycerols.
Acetamidoarenediazonium Salts: Opportunities for Multiple Arene Functionali­zation
Authors: Schmidt Bernd , Elizarov Nelli , Riemer Nastja , Hölter Frank 
Published: August 2015

AbstractUnlike their ortho counterparts, meta‐ and para‐acetamidoanilines can be converted into the corresponding acetamidoarenediazonium salts. These offer various opportunities for multiple Pd‐catalyzed arene functionalization reactions, such as Matsuda–Heck‐, Suzuki–Miyaura‐ or Fujiwara–Moritani couplings.
Square Wave Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of the Anticancer Drugs Flutamide and Irinotecan in Biological Fluids Using Renewable Pencil Graphite Electrodes
Authors: Temerk Yassien M. , Ibrahim Hossieny S. M. , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA sensitive electrochemical method based on square wave cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWCASV) using pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) was developed for the individual and simultaneous determination of the anticancer drugs flutamide (Flu) and irinotecan (Irino) in biological fluids. Calibration curves showed an excellent linear response with limits of detection of 1.68×10−9 and 1.55×10−8 M Irino and Flu, respectively. The statistical evaluation of within‐day repeatability (n=5) and day to day precision (n=5) showed satisfactory accuracy and precision. SWCASV using a PGE for individual and simultaneous determination of both drugs in bulk form, human urine and serum samples was demonstrated.
Thermal Imaging of Body Surface Temperature Distribution in Women with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Chudecka Monika , Lubkowska Anna 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe drastic reduction in body weight observed in anorexia nervosa (AN) leads to various endocrine changes and consequently to disturbance in thermoregulation mechanisms and body temperature. Thermography allows for a noninvasive diagnosis of the distribution of skin surface temperatures, which is especially important for difficult patients such as women with AN, who are often very sensitive and difficult to treat. The main aim of this study was to measure the mean temperatures (Tmean) of selected body areas in young women diagnosed with AN and identify those areas where the temperature differences were particularly significant between healthy women and them. Additionally, we determined the relationships between body mass index, body composition (especially subcutaneous and VFM) and the value of mean surface temperature (Tmean) in AN woman. In the subjects with AN, Tmean of the abdomen, lower back and thighs were significantly higher than in the reference group, while Tmean of the hands were significantly lower. Among other things, analysis showed a significant negative correlation between Tmean of the abdomen, lower back and thighs, and the mass of subcutaneous and visceral fat. The lower Tmean of the hand was directly proportional to the reduced anthropomorphic parameters. The direct evaluation of body surface temperature distribution could provide clinical implications for the treatment of anorexic patients, including the potential use of thermotherapy in stimulating the circulatory system, especially in hypothermia, bradycardia and hypotension. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Relational learning and transitive expression in aging and amnesia
Authors: Ryan Jennifer D. , D'Angelo Maria C. , Kamino Daphne , Ostreicher Melanie , Moses Sandra N. , Rosenbaum R. Shayna 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTAging has been associated with a decline in relational memory, which is critically supported by the hippocampus. By adapting the transitivity paradigm(Bunsey and Eichenbaum (1996) Nature 379:255‐257), which traditionally has been used in nonhuman animal research, this work examined the extent to which aging is accompanied by deficits in relational learning and flexible expression of relational information. Older adults' performance was additionally contrasted with that of amnesic case DA to understand the critical contributions of the medial temporal lobe, and specifically, the hippocampus, which endures structural and functional changes in healthy aging. Participants were required to select the correct choice item (B versus Y) based on the presented sample item (e.g., A). Pairwise relations must be learned (A‐>B, B‐>C, C‐>D) so that ultimately, the correct relations can be inferred when presented with a novel probe item (A‐>C?Z?). Participants completed four conditions of transitivity that varied in terms of the degree to which the stimuli and the relations among them were known pre‐experimentally. Younger adults, older adults, and DA performed similarly when the condition employed all pre‐experimentally known, semantic, relations. Older adults and DA were less accurate than younger adults when all to‐be‐learned relations were arbitrary. However, accuracy improved for older adults when they could use pre‐experimentally known pairwise relations to express understanding of arbitrary relations as indexed through inference judgments. DA could not learn arbitrary relations nor use existing knowledge to support novel inferences. These results suggest that while aging has often been associated with an emerging decline in hippocampal function, prior knowledge can be used to support novel inferences. However, in case DA, significant damage to the hippocampus likely impaired his ability to learn novel relations, while additional damage to ventromedial prefrontal and anterior temporal regions may have resulted in an inability to use prior knowledge to flexibly express indirect relational knowledge.© 2015 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
True Gold or Pyrite: A Review of Reference Point Indentation for Assessing Bone Mechanical Properties In Vivo
Authors: Allen Matthew R , McNerny Erin MB , Organ Jason M , Wallace Joseph M 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

Although the gold standard for determining bones' mechanical integrity is the direct measure of mechanical properties, clinical evaluation has long relied on surrogates of mechanical properties for assessment of fracture risk. Nearly a decade ago, reference point indentation (RPI) emerged as an innovative way to potentially assess mechanical properties of bone in vivo. Beginning with the BioDent device, and then followed by the newer generation OsteoProbe, this RPI technology has been utilized in several publications. In this review we present an overview of the technology and some important details about the two devices. We also highlight select key studies, focused specifically on the in vivo application of these devices, as a way of synthesizing where the technology stands in 2015. The BioDent machine has been shown, in two clinical reports, to be able to differentiate fracture versus nonfracture patient populations and in preclinical studies to detect treatment effects that are consistent with those quantified using traditional mechanical tests. The OsteoProbe appears able to separate clinical cohorts yet there exists a lack of clarity regarding details of testing, which suggests more rigorous work needs to be undertaken with this machine. Taken together, RPI technology has shown promising results, yet much more work is needed to determine if its theoretical potential to assess mechanical properties in vivo can be realized. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Site-Dependent Reference Point Microindentation Complements Clinical Measures for Improved Fracture Risk Assessment at the Human Femoral Neck
Authors: Jenkins Thomas , Coutts Louise V , D'Angelo Stefania , Dunlop Douglas G , Oreffo Richard OC , Cooper Cyrus , Harvey Nicholas C , Thurner Phillipp J ,   and the Observational Study Examining Osteoporosis (OStEO) group
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

In contrast to traditional approaches to fracture risk assessment using clinical risk factors and bone mineral density (BMD), a new technique, reference point microindentation (RPI), permits direct assessment of bone quality; in vivo tibial RPI measurements appear to discriminate patients with a fragility fracture from controls. However, it is unclear how this relates to the site of the most clinically devastating fracture, the femoral neck, and whether RPI provides information complementary to that from existing assessments. Femoral neck samples were collected at surgery after low-trauma hip fracture (n = 46; 17 male; aged 83 [interquartile range 77–87] years) and compared, using RPI (Biodent Hfc), with 16 cadaveric control samples, free from bone disease (7 male; aged 65 [IQR 61–74] years). A subset of fracture patients returned for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessment (Hologic Discovery) and, for the controls, a micro-computed tomography setup (HMX, Nikon) was used to replicate DXA scans. The indentation depth was greater in femoral neck samples from osteoporotic fracture patients than controls (p &lt; 0.001), which persisted with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and height (p &lt; 0.001) but was site-dependent, being less pronounced in the inferomedial region. RPI demonstrated good discrimination between fracture and controls using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.79 to 0.89), and a model combining RPI to clinical risk factors or BMD performed better than the individual components (AUC = 0.88 to 0.99). In conclusion, RPI at the femoral neck discriminated fracture cases from controls independent of BMD and traditional risk factors but dependent on location. The clinical RPI device may, therefore, supplement risk assessment and requires testing in prospective cohorts and comparison between the clinically accessible tibia and the femoral neck. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
FGF23 Regulates Bone Mineralization in a 1,25(OH)2D3 and Klotho-Independent Manner
Authors: Murali Sathish Kumar , Roschger Paul , Zeitz Ute , Klaushofer Klaus , Andrukhova Olena , Erben Reinhold G 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (Fgf23) is a bone-derived hormone, suppressing phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D hormone (1,25(OH)2D3) production in the kidney. It has long been an enigma why lack of Fgf23 or of Klotho, the coreceptor for Fgf23, leads to severe impairment in bone mineralization despite the presence of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Using Fgf23-/- or Klotho-/- mice together with compound mutant mice lacking both Fgf23 or Klotho and a functioning vitamin D receptor, we show that in Klotho-/- mice the mineralization defect is solely driven by 1,25(OH)2D3-induced upregulation of the mineralization-inhibiting molecules osteopontin and pyrophosphate in bone. In Fgf23-/- mice, the mineralization defect has two components, a 1,25(OH)2D3-driven component similar to Klotho-/- mice and a component driven by lack of Fgf23, causing additional accumulation of osteopontin. We found that FGF23 regulates osteopontin secretion indirectly by suppressing alkaline phosphatase transcription and phosphate production in osteoblastic cells, acting through FGF receptor-3 in a Klotho-independent manner. Hence, FGF23 secreted from osteocytes may form an autocrine/paracrine feedback loop for the local fine-tuning of bone mineralization. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Nonenzymatic Glycation and Degree of Mineralization Are Higher in Bone From Fractured Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Farlay Delphine , Armas Laura AG , Gineyts Evelyne , Akhter Mohammed P , Recker Robert R , Boivin Georges 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT Low-energy fractures are frequent complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients (T1DM). Modifications of bone intrinsic composition might be a potential cause of fragility observed in diabetic subjects. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were found in numerous connective tissues from T1DM patients. However, whether AGEs are present at high levels in bone matrix from diabetic subjects is unknown. Moreover, whether elevated AGEs in the bone matrix impair mineralization has not been addressed in humans. The purposes of this study were 1) to determine whether bone matrix from fracturing and nonfracturing T1DM contained more AGEs than bone from healthy patients (CTL), and 2) to compare the degree of mineralization of bone and hardness between fracturing and nonfracturing T1DM versus CTL. We analyzed iliac crest bone biopsies from 5 fracturing T1DM patients, 5 nonfracturing T1DM patients, and 5 healthy subjects, all age- and sex-matched. AGEs (pentosidine) in bone matrix was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography separately in trabecular and cortical bone. The degree of mineralization of bone (DMB) was assessed by digitized microradiography, and mechanical properties by micro- and nanohardness tests. Trabecular bone from fracturing T1DM exhibited significantly higher levels of pentosidine than CTL (p = 0.04) and was more mineralized than nonfracturing T1DM (p = 0.04) and CTL (p = 0.04). Trabecular bone was not significantly different in pentosidine between nonfracturing T1DM and CTL. Cortical bone from nonfracturing T1DM was not significantly different from CTL. Positive correlations were found between HbA1c and pentosidine (r' = 0.79, p &lt; 0.003) and between HbA1c and DMB (r' = 0.64, p &lt; 0.02). Both modifications could lead to less flexible bone (reduced modulus of elasticity) and a tendency toward low-energy fractures in T1DM patients. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Long-Term Exercise and Bone Mineral Density Changes in Postmenopausal Women—Are There Periods of Reduced Effectiveness?
Authors: Kemmler Wolfgang , Engelke Klaus , von Stengel Simon 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

There is increasing evidence that physical exercise can prevent fractures in postmenopausal women. However, even with careful adaptation of the exercise program to subjects' changing bone, health, and fitness status, effectivity may still decrease over the time. This could be specifically the case where the limitations of higher age collide with the specification of the exercise program. Thus, the aim of this study was to monitor bone mineral density (BMD) changes over a 16-year period of supervised exercise. Our hypothesis was that BMD differences at lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) between exercisers (EG) and nontraining controls (CG) increased throughout the intervention with significant differences for each of the four 4-year observation periods. Sixty-seven (EG, n = 39 versus CG, n = 28) initially early-postmenopausal osteopenic women of the Erlangen Fitness and Osteoporosis Prevention Study (EFOPS) with complete BMD data sets for baseline (1998) and 4-, 8-, 12-, and 16-year follow-up were included in the analysis. The exercise protocol initially focused on a high-intensity strategy that addressed bone but increasingly shifted to a more comprehensive intervention. LS-BMD differences between the EG and CG continuously increased (year 4: 2.4% (95%- Confidence Interval 1.0% to 3.8%), year 8: 3.1% (1.6% to 4.7%), year 12: 3.9% (1.9% to 5.8), year 16: 4.5% (2.5% to 6.6%). Correspondingly, rising differences for FN-BMD (0.9% (–0.2% to 2.1%) versus 1.9% (0.4% to 3.3%) versus 2.0% (0.5% to 3.8%) versus 3.0% (1.0% to 5.0%)) were observed. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, group differences within the four 4-year periods were not consistently significant (LS, p = 0.001 to 0.097; FN, p = 0.026 to 0.673); further, BMD kinetics among the groups varied between LS and FN. Of particular importance, significant differences (p ≤ 0.030) for both regions were still found in the final period. We conclude that exercise—even when adapted for subjects' decreasing bone, health, and fitness status—is consistently effective in favorably affecting BMD in (initially) early-postmenopausal osteopenic women without any leveling-off effect after 16 years of exercise. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Noninvasive Assessment of Skeletal Microstructure and Estimated Bone Strength in Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Cusano Natalie E , Nishiyama Kyle K , Zhang Chengchen , Rubin Mishaela R , Boutroy Stephanie , McMahon Donald J , Guo X Edward , Bilezikian John P 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

In hypoparathyroidism, areal bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is above average, and skeletal indices by bone biopsy are abnormal. We used high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) and finite element analyses (FEA) to further investigate skeletal microstructure and estimated bone strength. We studied 60 hypoparathyroid subjects on conventional therapy using DXA, HRpQCT, and FEA of the distal radius and tibia compared with normative controls from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. In hypoparathyroid women and men, areal BMD was above average at the lumbar spine and hip sites by DXA; radial BMD was also above average in hypoparathyroid women. Using HRpQCT, cortical volumetric BMD was increased in the hypoparathyroid cohort compared with controls at both the radius and tibia. Cortical porosity was reduced at both sites in pre- and postmenopausal women and at the tibia in young men with a downward trend at the radius in men. At the tibia, trabecular number was increased in premenopausal women and men and trabecular thickness was lower in women. Ultimate stress and failure load at both sites for the hypoparathyroid subjects were similar to controls. Using a linear regression model, at both radius and tibia, each increment in age decreased ultimate stress and failure load, whereas each increment in duration of hypoparathyroidism increased these same indices. These results provide additional evidence for the critical role of parathyroid hormone in regulating skeletal microstructure. Longer disease duration may mitigate the adverse effects of age on estimated bone strength in hypoparathyroidism. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A 3D Cosserat point element (CPE) for nonlinear orthotropic solids: Generalization for an initially distorted mesh and an arbitrary orientation of material orthotropy
Authors: Jabareen M. , Mtanes E. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThe objective of the present paper is to develop a Cosserat point element (CPE) formulation for the numerical solution of three‐dimensional problems of general hyperelastic orthotropic materials under finite deformations with initially distorted element shapes. Generally speaking, the accuracy of the CPE depends on the constitutive coefficients of the strain energy function that controls the inhomogeneous deformations. In the present study, a new methodology for the determination of the constitutive coefficients is presented, which allows the CPE to model any elastic material including isotropic, orthotropic, and anisotropic materials and with initially distorted element geometry. A number of example problems are considered, which verify and compare the performance of the developed CPE with other 3D brick elements that exist in the commercial finite element package ABAQUS. These examples demonstrate that the developed CPE is accurate, robust, free of hourglass instabilities, and can be used for modeling both 3D and thin structures that undergo large deformations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer‐assisted surgical planning and intraoperative guidance in fetal surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Pratt Rosalind , Deprest Jan , Vercauteren Tom , Ourselin Sebastien , David Anna L. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFetal surgery has become a clinical reality, with interventions for twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and spina bifida demonstrated to improve outcome. Fetal imaging is evolving, with the use of 3D ultrasound and fetal MRI becoming more common in clinical practise. Medical imaging analysis is also changing, with technology being developed to assist surgeons by creating 3D virtual models that improve understanding of complex anatomy, and prove powerful tools in surgical planning and intraoperative guidance.We introduce the concept of computer‐assisted surgical planning, and present the results of a systematic review of image reconstruction for fetal surgical planning that identified six articles using such technology.Indications from other specialities suggest a benefit of surgical planning and guidance to improve outcomes. There is therefore an urgent need to develop fetal‐specific technology in order to improve fetal surgical outcome. © 2015 The Authors. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Intestinal, portal, and peripheral profiles of daikenchuto (TU‐100)'s active ingredients after oral administration
Authors: Watanabe Junko , Kaifuchi Noriko , Kushida Hirotaka , Matsumoto Takashi , Fukutake Miwako , Nishiyama Mitsue , Yamamoto Masahiro , Kono Toru 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA pharmaceutical grade Japanese traditional medicine, daikenchuto (TU‐100), consisting of Japanese pepper, processed ginger, and ginseng, has been widely used for various intestinal disorders in Japan and now under development as a new therapeutic drug in the US. It is suggested that TU‐100 ingredients exert pharmacological effects on intestines via two routes, from the luminal side before absorption and the peripheral blood stream after absorption. Therefore, in order to fully understand the pharmacological actions of TU‐100, it is critically important to know the intraluminal amounts and forms of ingested TU‐100 ingredients. In the present study, after administrating TU‐100 to rats, the concentrations of TU‐100 ingredients and their conjugates in the peripheral and portal blood and ileal contents were determined by LC‐MS/MS. Next, TU‐100 was administered to patients with ileostomy bags, but whose small intestines are diagnosed as healthy, and the ingredients/conjugates in the ileal effluent were analyzed. The results suggest that: (1) Pepper ingredients hydroxysanshools are rapidly absorbed and enter systemic circulation, (2) Ginseng ingredients ginsenosides are transported to the colon with the least absorption, (3) Ginger ingredients gingerols are absorbed and some conjugated in the small intestine and transported via the portal vein. While only a small amount of gingerols/gingerol conjugates enter systemic circulation, considerable amounts reappear in the small intestine. Thus, the effect of TU‐100 on the intestines is believed to be a composite of multiple actions by multiple compounds supplied via multiple routes.