bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recycled crustal zircons from podiform chromitites in the Luobusa ophiolite, southern Tibet
Authors: Yamamoto Shinji , Komiya Tsuyoshi , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Kaneko Yoshiyuki , Terabayashi Masaru , Katayama Ikuo , Iizuka Tsuyoshi , Maruyama Shigenori , Yang Jingsui , Kon Yoshiaki , Hirata Takafumi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe have measured the U–Pb age of zircon grains separated from podiform chromitites from the Luobusa ophiolite, Southern Tibet, using laser ablation microprobe – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA‐IC‐PMS), to determine the age relationship between the podiform chromitites and the host mantle peridotite. Spot analyses with LA‐IC‐PMS, assisted by cathodoluminescence images gave a wide age range, from the Cretaceous to the Late Archean (ca 100–2700 Ma). The minimum ages of ca 100 Ma, plotted on the concordia curve, were slightly lower than the metasomatic (magmatic) event in the supra‐subduction zone (120 ± 10 Ma), suggesting that the zircons suffered some Pb loss. However, most of the ages found are much older than those of the chromitite and ophiolite formation. Laser Raman spectroscopy analyses revealed that the zircons recovered from the chromitites contain crustal mineral inclusions, such as quartz and K‐feldspar, but lack mantle minerals (e.g., olivine, pyroxene, and chromite), suggesting that they had a crustal origin. The results indicate that crustal zircons in chromitites had a xenocrystic origin and resided in the mantle peridotite for a long period before being entrained into the chromitite during its formation. This indicates that the mantle peridotite under the Neo‐Tethys Ocean was affected by the crustal material contamination. Our results are consistent with previous reports that mid‐oceanic ridge basalts in the Indian Ocean have the isotopic signature of crustal material contamination. From these results, and previous isotopic studies on Gondwana geology, we conclude that ancient zircons from podiform chromitites could provide evidence of crustal material being recycled through the upper mantle.
Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate
Authors: Latz Stefan , Ellinger Jörg , Goltz Diane , Marx Christian , Leuschner Ivo , Müller Stefan C , Fechner Guido 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare variant of the embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, mostly occurring in childhood. Only a few cases are described in adults. To date, no case of the spindle cell subtype of the prostatic embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma has been published. We report on a 23‐year‐old man, initially presenting with obstructive micturition problems, perineal pain and night sweat. After diagnosis by transrectal biopsy of the prostate, radiochemotherapy within the CWS 2002 P study was applied: nine cycles of vincristine, doxorubicin, actinomycin D, ifosfamide, and fractionated radiotherapy of the tumor and suspect lymph nodes (final dose 50.4 Gy). The tumor initially shrank, but an early local recurrence arose. Second‐line chemotherapy was applied, followed by a salvage radical cytoprostatectomy. The patient died of disseminated disease 14 months after diagnosis.
Interleukin‐33 and alveolar macrophages contribute to the mechanisms underlying the exacerbation of IgE‐mediated airway inflammation and remodelling in mice
Authors: Mizutani Nobuaki , Nabe Takeshi , Yoshino Shin 
Published: January 2013

SummaryAllergen‐specific IgE has long been regarded as a major molecular component of allergic asthma. Additionally, there is increasing evidence of the important roles of interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) in the disease. Here, we show that IL‐33 and alveolar macrophages play essential roles in the exacerbation of IgE‐mediated airway inflammation and remodelling. BALB/c mice passively sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA)‐specific IgE monoclonal antibody (mAb) were challenged with OVA seven times intratracheally. The seventh challenge exacerbated airway inflammation and remodelling compared with the fourth challenge; furthermore, markedly increased expression of IL‐33 in the lungs was observed at the fourth and seventh challenges. When anti‐IL‐33 or anti‐ST2 antibody was administered during the fourth to seventh challenge, airway inflammation and remodelling were significantly inhibited at the seventh challenge. Because increases of IL‐33+ and ST2+ alveolar macrophages and ST2+ CD4+ T cells in the lungs were observed at the fourth challenge, the roles of macrophages and CD4+ cells were investigated. Depletion of macrophages by 2‐chloroadenosine during the fourth to seventh challenge suppressed airway inflammation and remodelling, and IL‐33 production in the lung at the seventh challenge; additionally, anti‐CD4 mAb inhibited airway inflammation, but not airway remodelling and IL‐33 production. Meanwhile, treatment with 2‐chloroadenosine or anti‐CD4 mAb decreased IL‐33‐induced airway inflammation in normal mice; airway remodelling was repressed only by 2‐chloroadenosine. These results illustrate that macrophage‐derived IL‐33 contributes to the exacerbation of IgE‐mediated airway inflammation by mechanisms associated with macrophages and CD4+ cells, and airway remodelling through the activation of macrophages.
A Path‐Specific SEIR Model for use with General Latent and Infectious Time Distributions
Authors: Porter Aaron T. , Oleson Jacob J. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryMost current Bayesian SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Removed (or Recovered)) models either use exponentially distributed latent and infectious periods, allow for a single distribution on the latent and infectious period, or make strong assumptions regarding the quantity of information available regarding time distributions, particularly the time spent in the exposed compartment. Many infectious diseases require a more realistic assumption on the latent and infectious periods. In this article, we provide an alternative model allowing general distributions to be utilized for both the exposed and infectious compartments, while avoiding the need for full latent time data. The alternative formulation is a path‐specific SEIR (PS SEIR) model that follows individual paths through the exposed and infectious compartments, thereby removing the need for an exponential assumption on the latent and infectious time distributions. We show how the PS SEIR model is a stochastic analog to a general class of deterministic SEIR models. We then demonstrate the improvement of this PS SEIR model over more common population averaged models via simulation results and perform a new analysis of the Iowa mumps epidemic from 2006.
Water and International Security
Authors: Kreamer David K. 
Published: January 2013

“Water, like religion and ideology, has the power to move millions of people. Since the very birth of human civilization, people have moved to settle close to it. People move when there is too little of it. People move when there is too much of it. People journey down it. People write, sing and dance about it. People fight over it. And all people, everywhere and every day, need it.”                   –Mikhail Gorbachev
Water Modeling Technologies: A Key to Unlocking Water Conflict in the Middle East?
Authors: Nasser Al‐Sharif Nasser Bin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract:Several cases of armed conflict in the Middle East have a root cause in competition over resources, with water being the focus of conflict. Water will increasingly become a critical trigger for future conflict as supplies become scarcer and as population pressures continue to grow. With existing talks between riparian countries surrounding the Jordan River and the Tigris‐Euphrates Basins either being absent or ineffective, there is a pressing need to develop a new approach to resolve water issues in the Middle East. In this context, water modeling technologies may offer a new and unique tool for regional discussions.
Irrigation Outreach in Afghanistan: Exposure to Afghan Water Security Challenges
Authors: Reich Denis , Pearson Calvin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract:The authors, from Colorado State University were invited by the United Sates Department of Agriculture's Foreign Agriculture Service and Afghanistan's Ministry for Agriculture Irrigation and Livestock to lead a “train‐the‐trainer” workshop with Afghanistan's best and brightest irrigation outreach professionals. The six day workshop on the outskirts of Kabul helped clarify that prolonged conflict has damaged agriculture's access to what should be a plentiful supply of irrigation water. The violence of two wars still lingers today continuing to inhibit foreign aid's ability to rebuild Afghanistan's water resources infrastructure. In spite of these challenges participants in the workshop demonstrated remarkable resourcefulness and courage helping producers throughout Afghanistan take advantage of improvements as they came online. With continued assistance from Western researchers and extension professionals that is sensitive to the traditional methods of water administration, there is reason to be hopeful for the future success of Afghanistan's agricultural sector.
Development of an Army Water Security Strategy: Stateside Component
Authors: Koch Paul , Kodack Marc 
Published: January 2013

Abstract:In October 2010, the Army Environmental Policy institute initiated the development of an Army water security strategy, which was ultimately published in December 2011. The purpose of this effort was to; (1) provide a complete workable definition for Army water security, (2) conduct the first comprehensive study of water security management in the Army, and (3) identify the key issues on which Army leadership can focus to ensure that the Army has enough water of suitable quality for the foreseeable future. A review of key policy drivers was followed by a series of interviews of personnel inside and outside the Army. The culminating effort identified four major goal areas, three of which apply to stateside military installations: (1) water resources sustainability – preserve sources, protect rights, (2) reduce demand, and (3) maintain infrastructure integrity and security. This paper provides a condensed view of the objectives associated with each of these three goals.
The Past, Present, and Future of Water Conflict and International Security
Authors: Kreamer David K. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract:Water stress and scarcity has affected, and will continue to affect, the stability of communities. An overview of global water security challenges indicates profound difficulties and potential flashpoints. There are many examples of struggles in supplying clean water throughout the world, and how water has been both a strategic tool and object of conflict in the past. Water has been an instrument of ethnic and religious conflict, and has recently been used in regional and local clashes. Transboundary water disputes are also potentially dangerous in several regions of the world and stresses from climate change and variability increase the uncertainty of clean water supplies. Potential ways to move positively forward and increase international security include: anticipating future regions of conflict over water, cooperation among water users, proper policy and regulatory structures, and infrastructure solutions.
Relationship of milk intake and physical activity to abdominal obesity among adolescents
Authors: Abreu S. , Santos R. , Moreira C. , Santos P. C. , Vale S. , Soares‐Miranda L. , Autran R. , Mota J. , Moreira P. 
Published: January 2013

Summary
What is already known about this subject
Diet and physical activity (PA) are recognized as important factors to prevent abdominal obesity (AO).
Studies have found an inverse relationship between milk intake or milk products and body weight and/or body fat in children and adolescents.
Evidence suggests that low levels of PA are associated with AO in youth.

What this study adds
Our study explored the combined association of milk intake and PA on AO in adolescents, which are most often studied in isolation.
Our findings suggested that adolescents with high milk intakes, regardless of whether they were active or low active, were less likely to have AO.
Our findings could have a great epidemiological interest and bring important evidence in the field of AO management among adolescents.
BackgroundDiet and physical activity (PA) are recognized as important factors to prevent abdominal obesity (AO), which is strongly associated with chronic diseases. Some studies have reported an inverse association between milk consumption and AO.ObjectiveThis study examined the association between milk intake, PA and AO in adolescents.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted with 1209 adolescents, aged 15–18 from the Azorean Archipelago, Portugal in 2008. AO was defined by a waist circumference at or above the 90th percentile. Adolescent food intake was measured using a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and milk intake was categorized as ‘low milk intake’ (<2 servings per day) or ‘high milk intake’ (≥2 servings per day). PA was assessed via a self‐report questionnaire, and participants were divided into active (>10 points) and low‐active groups (≤10 points) on the basis of their reported PA. They were then divided into four smaller groups, according to milk intake and PA: (i) low milk intake/low active; (ii) low milk intake/active; (iii) high milk intake/low active and (iv) high milk intake/active. The association between milk intake, PA and AO was evaluated using logistic regression analysis, and the results were adjusted for demographic, body mass index, pubertal stage and dietary confounders.ResultsIn this study, the majority of adolescents consumed semi‐skimmed or skimmed milk (92.3%). The group of adolescents with high level of milk intake and active had a lower proportion of AO than did other groups (low milk intake/low active: 34.2%; low milk intake/active: 26.9%; high milk intake/low active: 25.7%; high milk intake/active: 21.9%, P = 0.008). After adjusting for confounders, low‐active and active adolescents with high levels of milk intake were less likely to have AO, compared with low‐active adolescents with low milk intake (high milk intake/low active, odds ratio [OR] = 0.412, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.201–0.845; high milk intake/active adolescents, OR = 0.445, 95% CI: 0.235–0.845).ConclusionHigh milk intake seems to have a protective effect on AO, regardless of PA level.
Screening for genetic variants in BDNF that contribute to childhood obesity
Authors: Zegers D. , Hendrickx R. , Verrijken A. , Van Hoorenbeeck K. , Van Camp J. K. , de Craemer V. , Rooman R. P. , Desager K. N. , Massa G. , Van Gaal L. F. , Van Hul W. , Beckers S. 
Published: January 2013

Summary
What is already known about this subject

BDNF is involved in the regulation of food intake and body weight.

BDNF deficient animal models are obese.

Chromosomal abnormalities cause obesity in humans.

What this study adds

Evaluation of point mutations in BDNF.

Identification of BDNF mutations in obese children.

Point mutations in BDNF are not a common cause of childhood obesity.
IntroductionThere is ample evidence that BDNF has a role in the regulation of food intake and body weight. Study of various mouse models gave a clear indication that BDNF deficiency leads to the development of obesity. Functional loss of one copy of the BDNF gene, due to chromosomal rearrangements or microdeletions, can cause an obesity phenotype in humans. Therefore, we wanted to investigate whether point mutations in the gene also result in a comparable phenotype.MethodsWe screened 554 severely overweight and obese children and adolescents and 565 lean adults for mutations in the coding region of BDNF. Mutation screening was performed by high‐resolution melting curve analysis and direct sequencing.ResultsScreening of obese patients led to the identification of two synonymous variations (V37V and H65H) and two non‐synonymous coding mutations (T2I and V46M) in the BDNF gene. When we subsequently screened our control population, we found T2I with comparable frequency and confirmed that this is a rare and non‐pathogenic variant. In addition, we found another non‐synonymous mutation (N187S) in the control population.ConclusionsIn silico analysis of the V46M variant did not support a clear disease‐causing effect and no family data were available in order to determine whether the mutation segregates with obesity. However, we cannot rule out a possible pathogenic effect for this variant. In general, we tend to conclude that mutations in the coding region of BDNF are uncommon in obese patients and are therefore not likely to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of childhood obesity.
Transplantation of embryonic stem cells improves the regeneration of periodontal furcation defects in a porcine model
Authors: Yang Jenn‐Rong , Hsu Chia‐Wen , Liao Shih‐Chung , Lin Yu‐Ting , Chen Lih‐Ren , Yuan Kuo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectivesStem cell‐based therapy promises to regenerate lost tissue. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent and may provide a virtually unlimited source for transplantation. We investigated whether ES cell transplantation improved the regeneration of furcation defects in a porcine model.Material and MethodsExperimental periodontitis was induced in the buccal furcations of the bilateral mandibular 2nd premolars of six minipigs. After 4 weeks, the lesions were surgically debrided and implanted with collagen matrix alone (control site) or collagen matrix overlaid with porcine ES cells expressing green fluorescent protein (pES/GFP+) (test site). After 3 months of healing, the clinical parameters were measured again. The treated teeth with adjacent tissue, and part of the major organs, were processed for GFP immunohistochemistry.ResultsWe found no obvious teratoma or rejection. The test group had significantly better clinical parameters. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed that transplanted pES/GFP+ cells had differentiated to new periodontal ligament and cementum in the test sites. Surprisingly, GFP+ cells were also detectable in the repaired control cementum and remote organs.ConclusionsWe conclude that using ES cells to improve the regeneration of periodontal furcation defects is feasible. More studies are required to assess this potential treatment's efficacy and safety.
Filtration of sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, copepodids by the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, and the Atlantic sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, under different flow, light and copepodid‐density regimes
Authors: Bartsch A , Robinson S M C , Liutkus M , Ang K P , Webb J , Pearce C M 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPopulation management of Lepeophtheirus salmonis in Canada currently relies on chemotherapeutants to remove attached stages of the ectoparasite. However, some populations of L. salmonis are developing resistance to chemotherapeutants making alternate management measures necessary. This article explores the ability of filter‐feeding shellfish [i.e. blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Atlantic sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus)] to consume the copepodid stages of L. salmonis in the laboratory under static and flowing water conditions, with variable copepodid densities, and with the aid of a light attractant. Mytilus edulis consumed copepodids under both static and flowing water conditions, and the proportion of individuals ingested was similar at low and high copepodid densities, suggesting that M. edulis was not saturated at the concentrations tested. Also, M. edulis consumed more copepodids when a light attractant was present, suggesting that lights may be useful to concentrate widely dispersed copepodids around cultured shellfish in the field. Finally, P. magellanicus consumed the same number of copepodids as an equivalent total wet weight of M. edulis. During each of the four separate experiments, shellfish consumed between 18 and 38% of the copepodids presented per hour, suggesting that both species are well suited for low level removal of copepodids over time.
Automated classification and visualization of fluorescent live cell microscopy images
Authors: URISH K. L. , DEASY B. M. , HUARD J. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryRobotic, high‐throughput microscopy is a powerful tool for small molecule screening and classifying cell phenotype, proteomic and genomic data. An important hurdle in the field is the automated classification and visualization of results collected from a data set of tens of thousands of images. We present a method that approaches these problems from the perspective of flow cytometry with supporting open‐source code. Image analysis software was created that allowed high‐throughput microscopy data to be analysed in a similar manner as flow cytometry. Each cell on an image is considered an object and a series of gates similar to flow cytometry is used to classify and quantify the properties of cells including size and level of fluorescent intensity. This method is released with open‐source software and code that demonstrates the method's implementation. Accuracy of the software was determined by measuring the levels of apoptosis in a primary murine myoblast cell line after exposure to staurosporine and comparing these results to flow cytometry.
First comparative study of primate morphological and molecular evolutionary rates including muscle data: implications for the tempo and mode of primate and human evolution
Authors: Diogo Rui , Peng Zuogang , Wood Bernard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHere we provide the first report about the rates of muscle evolution derived from Bayesian and parsimony cladistic analyses of primate higher‐level phylogeny, and compare these rates with published rates of molecular evolution. It is commonly accepted that there is a ‘general molecular slow‐down of hominoids’, but interestingly the rates of muscle evolution in the nodes leading and within the hominoid clade are higher than those in the vast majority of other primate clades. The rate of muscle evolution at the node leading to Homo (1.77) is higher than that at the nodes leading to Pan (0.89) and particularly to Gorilla (0.28). Notably, the rates of muscle evolution at the major euarchontan and primate nodes are different, but within each major primate clade (Strepsirrhini, Platyrrhini, Cercopithecidae and Hominoidea) the rates at the various nodes, and particularly at the nodes leading to the higher groups (i.e. including more than one genera), are strikingly similar. We explore the implications of these new data for the tempo and mode of primate and human evolution.
Presumptive Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in Multiple Sclerosis after Natalizumab Therapy
Authors: Eisele Philipp , Szabo Kristina , Hornberger Eva , Griebe Martin , Hennerici Michael G. , Kieseier Bernd C. , Gass Achim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSETo describe a patient with relapsing remitting MS who was treated with natalizumab for 36 months. First symptoms of presumptive progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) appeared 14 weeks after her last natalizumab infusion.METHODSNeurological examination, MRI and CSF analysis were performed.RESULTSThe lack of anti‐inflammatory treatment response, clinical course, and serial MRI examinations showed lesion development typical for PML on diffusion‐weighted and FLAIR MRI. CSF analysis for JC virus was tested negative twice.CONCLUSIONSThis case represents a presumptive PML after discontinuation of natalizumab treatment—similar to the definition established for PML in HIV patients.