bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron Dynamics of Solvated Ti(OH)4
Authors: Vogel Dayton J. , Kilin Dmitri S. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIncreasing interest in the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 has led to considerations of using TiO2 nanoparticles in energy generation. In order to better understand the electron-hole relaxation of nano scale TiO2 structures, it is important to start with an understanding of TiO2 synthesis building blocks. The solvated titanium (IV) ion is a precursor found in synthesis methods of colloidal TiO2 nanostructures. This simplest test compound may reflect some common basic electronic features for larger structures composed of Ti(IV) coordinated with oxygen. For this computational study, a model of Ti(OH)4 with tetrahedral coordination was created. To simulate the electronic properties of a solution of Ti(IV), the model was surrounded with 27 H2O molecules. The model was explored by means of standard density functional theory (DFT) molecular dynamics (MD) followed by nonadiabatic electron dynamics computed with Reduced Density Matrix approach combined with “on-the-fly coupling”. Results were generated with Vienna ab initio Simulation Package (VASP) using the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional, plane wave basis set, and projector augmented wave (PAW) potentials. The absorption spectra, MD, and electron-hole relaxation rates are presented for the Ti(OH)4 model at various ambient temperatures. The electron-hole relaxation rates show a non-linear dependence on temperature and were found to be near the same order of magnitude as electron-hole relaxation rates in bulk TiO2 calculations. A video of the geometry optimization can be found online.[1]
High-Pressure and High-Temperature Synthesis of a Novel Perovskite Compound: Magnetic and Electric Properties of the Rhodium Oxide SrRhO3
Authors: Yamaura K. , Young D.P. , Takayama-Muromachi E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNovel perovskite compound SrRhO3 was synthesized in a polycrystalline form by high-pressure technique at 6 GPa and 1500°C, followed by measurements of magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, thermopower, and specific heat. Powder x-ray diffraction study found the slightly distorted perovskite structure, GdFeO3-type, to be likely to SrRhO3; space group was Pnma and lattice parameters were α = 5.5394(2) Å, b = 7.8539 (3) Å, and c = 5.5666(2) A. Oxygen vacancies in the perovskite were quantitatively investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and then found either absent or at least insignificant. The title compound shows a Fermi-liquid behavior in its electrical resistivity. The magnetic susceptibility is large [χ(300) ∼1.1x10-3 emu/mol-Rh], and the characteristics seem to be intermediate between enhanced Pauli- and Curie-Weiss-type paramagnetism.
Solid phase crystallization of hot-wire CVD amorphous silicon films
Authors: Young David L. , Stradins Paul , Iwaniczko Eugene , To Bobby , Reedy Bob , Yan Yanfa , Branz Howard M. , Lohr John , Alvarez Manuel , Booske John , Marconnet Amy , Wang Qi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe measure times for complete solid phase crystallization (SPC) of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films that vary eight orders of magnitude, from a few ms to a few days. The time-to-crystallization activation energy is consistent with literature values of approximately 3.4 eV but the prefactor is markedly different for hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) films than for plasma-enhanced (PE) CVD films. The crystallized films were 0.3 – 2 μm thick, and deposited by high deposition rate (10-100 Å/s) HWCVD or standard PECVD onto glass substrates. We annealed these a-Si:H films over a wide temperature range (500 to 1100 °C) using techniques including simple hot-plates and tube furnaces, rapid thermal annealing by a tungsten-halogen lamp, and microwave electromagnetic heating at 2.45 GHz (magnetron) and 110 GHz (gyrotron).
Plasma Generation for Materials Processing
Authors: Lieberman M.A. , Selwyn G.S. , Tuszewski M. 
Published: March 2014

Chemically reactive plasma discharges are widely used to process materials. A plasma is a primarily electrically neutral collection of free charged particles moving in random directions. The simplest plasma consists of electrons and one kind of positive ions. This article deals primarily with plasma discharges, which are plasmas having the following features:(1) They are driven electrically.(2) Charged-particle collisions with neutral-gas molecules are important.(3) There are boundaries at which surface losses are important.(4) Ionization of neutrals sustains the plasma in the steady state.One simple discharge consists of a voltage source that drives current through a low-pressure gas between two conducting plates or electrodes. The gas “breaks down” to form a plasma, usually weakly ionized—that is, the plasma density is only a small fraction of the neutral-gas density.The plasmas used in materials processing present an enormous range of charged-particle densities n and of temperatures Te, Ti, and T for electrons, ions, and processing gas, respectively. High-pressure (atmospheric) discharges are in near-thermal equilibrium (Te ~ Ti ~ T ~ 0.1–2 eV). Plasma temperatures are usually given in equivalent electron-volt units: One eV is equivalent to 11600 K through the Boltzmann constant. As discussed in the article by Boulos and Pfender in this issue of MRS Bulletin, these thermal discharges have high densities n ~ 1014-1019 particles/cm3 and are mainly used as heat sources. Low-pressure (1 mTorr–10 Torr) discharges are not in thermal equilibrium (Te ~ 2–5 eV ≫ Ti ~ T) and have low densities n ~ 109–1012 particles/cm3. As discussed in several of the following articles, these discharges are used as miniature chemical factories in which feedstock gases are broken into positive ions and chemically reactive etchants, deposition precursors, etc., which then flow to and physically or chemically react at the surface of a substrate.
Fracture Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials
Authors: Erdogan F. 
Published: March 2014

In today's highly demanding technological environment, one of the main challenges in new material design is combining seemingly irreconcilable thermomechanical properties in the same component (e.g., high heat and corrosion resistance, high strength in elevated-temperature applications and high resistance to wear, and high toughness in load-bearing elements). In many cases, the problem may be solved by using coatings or by layering dissimilar materials. From a structural viewpoint, a major disadvantage of these techniques, particularly in ceramic coating of metals, has been the resulting high thermal and residual stresses and relatively poor bonding strength. Thus, in thin films, coatings, and layered materials, surface cracking and debonding or delamination have been common forms of mechanical failure. One effective way of reducing residual and thermal stresses and enhancing bonding strength has been to eliminate material-property discontinuities by grading the material composition near the interfaces or through the coating. These new materials, with continuously varying compositions or volume fractions, are known as functionally graded materials (FGMs).In developing FGMs, research on the mechanics, and particularly on the fracture mechanics of these inhomogeneous materials, is needed to provide technical support to materials scientists and to manufacturing and design engineers. In the past, fracture mechanics has been useful both as a screening tool during material processing and as a design and maintenance tool for service-life assessment. Broadly speaking, fracture mechanics involves studying the effect of the applied loads, the component/flaw geometry, and the environmental conditions on the fracture of engineering materials.
Long Fatigue Cracks — Microstructural Effects and Crack Closure
Authors: Liaw P.K. 
Published: March 2014

Fracture mechanics technology is an effective tool for characterizing the rates of fatigue crack propagation. Generally, fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) in each loading cycle can be presented as a function of stress intensity range (ΔK), where ΔK=Kmax—Kmin,KmaxandKminare the maximum and the minimum stress intensities, respectively. A typical fatigue crack growth rate curve ofda/dNversus ΔKcan be divided into three regimes, i.e., Stage I (near-threshold), Stage II (Paris), and Stage III (fast) crack growth regions, as shown in Figure 1.Depending on the region of crack growth, fatigue crack growth behavior can be sensitive to microstructure, environment, and loading conditions [e.g.,R(load) ratio =Kmin/Kmax]. In the nearthreshold region, fatigue crack growth rates are very slow, ranging from approximately 10−10to 10−8m/cycle. In this region, the fatigue crack growth rate curve eventually reaches a threshold stress intensity range, ΔKth, below which the crack would not grow or grow at an extremely slow rate. Typically, the value of ΔKthis operationally defined as the stress intensity range which gives a corresponding crack growth rate of 10−10m/cycle. In the nearthreshold region, the influence of microstructure, environment, and load ratio on the rates of crack propagation is very significant.
MOCVD grown MWIR HgCdTe detectors for high operation temperature conditions
Authors: Martyniuk P. , Koźniewski A. , Kębłowski A. , Gawron W. , Rogalski A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe paper reports on photoelectrical performance of the mid-wave infrared HgCdTe detector for high operating temperature condition. Detector structure was simulated with APSYS numerical platform by Crosslight Inc. The comprehensive analysis of the detector performance such as dark current, detectivity, time response vs. device architecture and applied bias has been performed. The N+pP+n+ HgCdTe heterostructure photodiode operating in room temperature at a wavelength range of 2.6–3.6 μm enabled to reach: detectivity ∼8.7×1010 cmHz1/2/W, responsivity ∼1.72 A/W and time response ∼ 145 ps (V = 200 mV).
Association of dorsal inferior frontooccipital fasciculus fibers in the deep parietal lobe with both reading and writing processes: a brain mapping study
Authors: Motomura Kazuya , Fujii Masazumi , Maesawa Satoshi , Kuramitsu Shunichiro , Natsume Atsushi , Wakabayashi Toshihiko 
Published: March 2014

Alexia and agraphia are disorders common to the left inferior parietal lobule, including the angular and supramarginal gyri. However, it is still unclear how these cortical regions interact with other cortical sites and what the most important white matter tracts are in relation to reading and writing processes.
Here, the authors present the case of a patient who underwent an awake craniotomy for a left inferior parietal lobule glioma using direct cortical and subcortical electrostimulation. The use of subcortical stimulation allowed identification of the specific white matter tracts associated with reading and writing. These tracts were found as portions of the dorsal inferior frontooccipital fasciculus (IFOF) fibers in the deep parietal lobe that are responsible for connecting the frontal lobe to the superior parietal lobule. These findings are consistent with previous diffusion tensor imaging tractography and functional MRI studies, which suggest that the IFOF may play a role in the reading and writing processes. This is the first report of transient alexia and agraphia elicited through intraoperative direct subcortical electrostimulation, and the findings support the crucial role of the IFOF in reading and writing.
Anterior inferior petrosectomy: defining the role of endonasal endoscopic techniques for petrous apex approaches
Authors: Van Gompel Jamie J. , Alikhani Puya , Tabor Mark H. , van Loveren Harry R. , Agazzi Sivero , Froelich Sebastien , Youssef A. Samy 
Published: March 2014

Object
Historically, surgery to the petrous apex has been addressed via craniotomy and open microscopic anterior petrosectomy (OAP). However, with the popularization of endoscopic approaches, the petrous apex can further be approached endonasally by way of an endoscopic endonasal anterior petrosectomy (EAP). Endonasal anterior petrosectomy is a relatively new procedure and has not been compared anatomically with OAP. The authors hypothesized that the EAP and OAP techniques approach different portions of the petrous apex and therefore may have different applications.

Methods
Four cadaveric heads were used. An OAP was performed on one side and an EAP was performed on the contralateral side; the limits of bony resection were defined. The extent of bony resection was then evaluated using predissection and postdissection thin-slice CT scans. The comparative resection was then reconstructed using 3D modeling on Brainlab workstations.

Results
The average resection volumes for EAP and OAP were 0.297 cm3 and 0.649 cm3, respectively, representing a comparative percentage of 46% (EAP/OAP). An EAP and OAP achieved resection of 29% and 64% of the total petrous apex volume, respectively. Indeed, EAP addressed the inferior portion of the petrous apex located adjacent to the petroclival suture more completely than OAP, where 45% of the bone overlying the petroclival suture (petroclival angle to the jugular foramen) was resected with the EAP, while 0% was resected with the OAP.

Conclusions
In anatomically normal cadavers, OAP achieved nearly a 50% larger volumetric resection than EAP. Furthermore, while OAP appears to completely address the superior portion of the petrous apex, EAP appears to have a niche in approaches to lesions in the inferior petrous apex. Given these results, the authors propose that OAP be redefined as the “superior anterior petrosectomy,” while EAP be referred to as the “inferior anterior petrosectomy,” which more clearly defines the role of each approach in anterior petrosectomy.
Resolution-dependent performance of grounding line motion in a shallow model compared with a full-Stokes model according to the MISMIP3d intercomparison
Authors: Feldmann J. , Albrecht T. , Khroulev C. , Pattyn F. , Levermann A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMaking confident statements about the evolution of an ice-sheet–shelf system with a numerical model requires the capability to reproduce the migration of the grounding line. Here we show that the shallow-ice approximation/shallow-shelf approximation hybrid-type Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM), with its recent improvements, is capable of modeling the grounding line motion in a perturbed ice-sheet–shelf system. The model is set up according to the three-dimensional Marine Ice-Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (MISMIP3d), and simulations are carried out across a broad range of spatial resolutions. Using (1) a linear interpolation of the grounding line with locally interpolated basal friction and (2) an improved driving-stress computation across the grounding line, the reversibility of the grounding line (i.e. its retreat after an advance forced by a local perturbation of basal resistance) is captured by the model even at medium and low resolutions (∆x > 10 km). The transient model response is qualitatively similar to that of higher-order models but reveals a higher initial sensitivity to perturbations on very short timescales. Our findings support the application of PISM to the Antarctic ice sheet from regional up to continental scales and on relatively low spatial resolutions.
The endocytosis gene END3 is essential for the glucose‐induced rapid decline of small vesicles in the extracellular fraction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Giardina Bennett J. , Stein Kathryn , Chiang Hui‐Ling 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundProtein secretion is a fundamental process in all living cells. Gluconeogenic enzymes are secreted when Saccharomyces cerevisiae are grown in media containing low glucose. However, when cells are transferred to media containing high glucose, they are internalized. We investigated whether or not gluconeogenic enzymes were associated with extracellular vesicles in glucose‐starved cells. We also examined the role that the endocytosis gene END3 plays in the internalization of extracellular proteins/vesicles in response to glucose addition.MethodsTransmission electron microscopy was performed to determine the presence of extracellular vesicles in glucose‐starved wild‐type cells and the dynamics of vesicle transport in cells lacking the END3 gene. Proteomics was used to identify extracellular proteins that associated with these vesicles.ResultsTotal extracts prepared from glucose‐starved cells consisted of about 95% small vesicles (30–50 nm) and 5% large structures (100–300 nm). The addition of glucose caused a rapid decline in small extracellular vesicles in wild‐type cells. However, most of the extracellular vesicles were still observed in cells lacking the END3 gene following glucose replenishment. Proteomics was used to identify 72 extracellular proteins that may be associated with these vesicles. Gluconeogenic enzymes fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, as well as non‐gluconeogenic enzymes glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and cyclophilin A, were distributed in the vesicle‐enriched fraction in total extracts prepared from cells grown in low glucose. Distribution of these proteins in the vesicle‐enriched fraction required the integrity of the membranes. When glucose was added to glucose‐starved wild‐type cells, levels of extracellular fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, and cyclophilin A were reduced. In contrast, in cells lacking the END3 gene, levels of these proteins in the extracellular fraction remained high.ConclusionThe END3 gene is required for the rapid decline of extracellular proteins and vesicles in response to glucose addition.
Impact of flexible body surface coil and patient table on PET quantification and image quality in integrated PET/MR
Authors: Souvatzoglou M. , Martinez-Möller A. , Schwaiger M. , Ziegler S. I. , Fürst S. , Nekolla S. G. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe surface coils of the Biograph mMR integrated PET/MR system were optimised for PET, but are otherwise unaccounted for. The patient table is still more massive than those of PET/CT devices. The goal was to assess those hardware effects on quantification, count statistics, image quality and scan time both with phantoms and in patients and to investigate their clinical relevance. Patients, material, methods: PET phantom data were acquired with and without the patient table. Image noise was expressed as relative standard deviation and compared to a state-of-the-art PET/CT scanner. Protocols of the phantom/patient study regarding the surface coils were similar. Thoraces/ab- domens of 11 patients were scanned with and without a coil (1 BP, 4 min). Mean uptake and standard deviation in a cubical VOI were derived and expressed as SUV. Results: The patient table reduced the number of true coincidences (trues) by 19% (PET/MR) and by 11% (PET/CT). The scan duration for the mMR had to be increased by approximately 30% to achieve a noise level comparable to that of the PET/CT. Decreased SUVs with coil observed in the phantom were confirmed by the patient study. By removing the coil, the mean liver SUV increased by (6 ± 2)%. With (+3 ± 14)%, the average change was similar in lesions, but exceeded 20% in almost one fifth of them. The number of trues grew by (6 ± 1)% for the patients and by 7% for the phantom. Conclusion: Due to the additional attenuation caused by MR hardware, PET scan durations would have to be increased compared to current PET/CTs to provide similar image noise levels. The effect of the coils is mostly in the order of statistical fluctuations. In tumour lesions, it is more pronounced and shows a larger variability. Therefore, coils should be included in the attenuation correction to ensure accurate quantification and thus comparability across PET/MR and PET/CT scanners and within patient populations.
Association between Lung Function and Metabolic Syndrome Independent of Insulin in Japanese Men and Women
Authors: Yamamoto Yayoi , Oya Junko , Nakagami Tomoko , Uchigata Yasuko 
Published: March 2014

Purpose We examined the cross-sectional association between lung function and metabolic syndrome (MetS), independent of fasting immunoreactive insulin (F-IRI). Methods A total of 3,072 middle-aged, apparently healthy subjects who participated in a general health check-up were included. Lung function, which was expressed as forced vital capacity (%FVC predicted) or forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1% predicted) was examined. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between lung function and MetS. Results Men with the lowest quartile of FVC% predicted, or those with the lowest quartile of FEV1% predicted, had a 3.5-fold or 2.6-fold increased risk of MetS, respectively, compared with those with the highest quartile of FVC% predicted or FEV1% predicted. F-IRI had a positive, significant, and independent association with MetS in both sexes. Conclusion Impaired lung function increased the risk of MetS, independent of F-IRI and smoking in men, but not in women.
(R)Evolutionary Teaching:
Authors: Duncan Kathryn , Bolich Cecilia 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Written by a professor and her former student, this article describes a senior-level class that studied early British literature from the perspective of evolutionary psychology in Spring 2009. Both writers conclude that the experience was a positive one for students and a healthy challenge for all involved. The interdisciplinary work of the course provided an opportunity to “teach the conflicts” and to prepare students for the potential conflicts they faced in graduate programs as they applied the controversial theory of evolutionary psychology.
Teaching Cervantes'sDon Quixotefrom a Cognitive Historicist Perspective
Authors: Jaén Isabel 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWhen approaching Cervantes's Don Quixote from a cognitive historicist perspective, we make better sense of the work and the context in which it was conceived, the early modern exploration of the mind. Such an approach takes us to a higher epistemological level: by considering Cervantes's account of cognition in parallel with those other thinkers working in the realm of medical philosophy (such as Juan Luis Vives and Huarte de San Juan), we transcend our first level of inquiry, the actual literary work, and place our students in a position to gain a deeper and more cohesive knowledge of early modern culture. This article proposes a model for a course that connects Cervantes's masterpiece to the cognitive ideas of his time while emphasizing process-centered, close-interaction pedagogical strategies. Content is organized around three main themes: (1) psychiatry (the senses, perception and delusion, emotional imbalance), (2) differential psychology (typology of wits, humoral theory, gender difference), and (3) human development (from animal to rational, the cognitive faculties) and includes a balanced combination of primary and secondary sources coming both from the humanities and the sciences. Benefits and pitfalls of the course are considered and a course reading list and sample class activity are provided.