bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hysteresis between coral reef calcification and the seawater aragonite saturation state
Authors: McMahon Ashly , Santos Isaac R. , Cyronak Tyler , Eyre Bradley D. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSome predictions of how ocean acidification (OA) will affect coral reefs assume a linear functional relationship between the ambient seawater aragonite saturation state (Ωa) and net ecosystem calcification (NEC). We quantified NEC in a healthy coral reef lagoon in the Great Barrier Reef during different times of the day. Our observations revealed a diel hysteresis pattern in the NEC versus Ωa relationship, with peak NEC rates occurring before the Ωa peak and relatively steady nighttime NEC in spite of variable Ωa. Net ecosystem production had stronger correlations with NEC than light, temperature, nutrients, pH, and Ωa. The observed hysteresis may represent an overlooked challenge for predicting the effects of OA on coral reefs. If widespread, the hysteresis could prevent the use of a linear extrapolation to determine critical Ωa threshold levels required to shift coral reefs from a net calcifying to a net dissolving state.
Reversing pathologically increased EEG power by acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation
Authors: Adamchic Ilya , Toth Timea , Hauptmann Christian , Tass Peter Alexander 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAcoustic Coordinated Reset (CR) neuromodulation is a patterned stimulation with tones adjusted to the patient's dominant tinnitus frequency, which aims at desynchronizing pathological neuronal synchronization. In a recent proof‐of‐concept study, CR therapy, delivered 4–6 h/day more than 12 weeks, induced a significant clinical improvement along with a significant long‐lasting decrease of pathological oscillatory power in the low frequency as well as γ band and an increase of the α power in a network of tinnitus‐related brain areas. As yet, it remains unclear whether CR shifts the brain activity toward physiological levels or whether it induces clinically beneficial, but nonetheless abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns, for example excessively decreased δ and/or γ. Here, we compared the patients' spontaneous EEG data at baseline as well as after 12 weeks of CR therapy with the spontaneous EEG of healthy controls by means of Brain Electrical Source Analysis source montage and standardized low‐resolution brain electromagnetic tomography techniques. The relationship between changes in EEG power and clinical scores was investigated using a partial least squares approach. In this way, we show that acoustic CR neuromodulation leads to a normalization of the oscillatory power in the tinnitus‐related network of brain areas, most prominently in temporal regions. A positive association was found between the changes in tinnitus severity and the normalization of δ and γ power in the temporal, parietal, and cingulate cortical regions. Our findings demonstrate a widespread CR‐induced normalization of EEG power, significantly associated with a reduction of tinnitus severity. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2099–2118, 2014. © 2013 The Authors Human Brain Mapping published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical footprint: A methodological framework for bridging life cycle assessment and planetary boundaries for chemical pollution
Authors: Sala Serenella , Goralczyk Malgorzata 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The development and use of footprint methodologies for environmental assessment are increasingly important for both the scientific and political communities. Starting from the ecological footprint, developed at the beginning of the 1990s, several other footprints were defined, e.g., carbon and water footprint. These footprints—even though based on a different meaning of “footprint”—integrate life cycle thinking, and focus on some challenging environmental impacts including resource consumption, CO2 emission leading to climate change, and water consumption. However, they usually neglect relevant sources of impacts, as those related to the production and use of chemicals. This article presents and discusses the need and relevance of developing a methodology for assessing the chemical footprint, coupling a life cycle-based approach with methodologies developed in other contexts, such as ERA and sustainability science. Furthermore, different concepts underpin existing footprint and this could be the case also of chemical footprint. At least 2 different approaches and steps to chemical footprint could be envisaged, applicable at the micro- as well as at the meso- and macroscale. The first step (step 1) is related to the account of chemicals use and emissions along the life cycle of a product, sector, or entire economy, to assess potential impacts on ecosystems and human health. The second step (step 2) aims at assessing to which extent actual emission of chemicals harm the ecosystems above their capability to recover (carrying capacity of the system). The latter step might contribute to the wide discussion on planetary boundaries for chemical pollution: the thresholds that should not be surpassed to guarantee a sustainable use of chemicals from an environmental safety perspective. The definition of what the planetary boundaries for chemical pollution are and how the boundaries should be identified is an on-going scientific challenge for ecotoxicology and ecology. In this article, we present a case study at the macroscale for the European Union, in which the chemical footprint according to step 1 is calculated for the year 2005. A proposal for extending this approach toward step 2 is presented and discussed, complemented by a discussion on the challenges and the use of appropriate methodologies for assessing chemical footprints to stimulate further research and discussion on the topic. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:623–632. © 2013 SETAC
Life cycle-based water assessment of a hand dishwashing product: Opportunities and limitations
Authors: Van Hoof Gert , Buyle Bea , Kounina Anna , Humbert Sebastien 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
It is only recently that life cycle-based indicators have been used to evaluate products from a water use impact perspective. The applicability of some of these methods has been primarily demonstrated on agricultural materials or products, because irrigation requirements in food production can be water-intensive. In view of an increasing interest on life cycle-based water indicators from different products, we ran a study on a hand dishwashing product. A number of water assessment methods were applied with the purpose of identifying both product improvement opportunities, as well as understanding the potential for underlying database and methodological improvements. The study covered the entire life cycle of the product and focused on environmental issues related to water use, looking in-depth at inventory, midpoint, and endpoint methods. “Traditional” water emission driven methods, such as freshwater eutrophication, were excluded from the analysis. The use of a single formula with the same global supply chain, manufactured in 1 location was evaluated in 2 countries with different water scarcity conditions. The study shows differences ranging up to 4 orders in magnitude for indicators with similar units associated with different water use types (inventory methods) and different cause–effect chain models (midpoint and endpoint impact categories). No uncertainty information was available on the impact assessment methods, whereas uncertainty from stochastic variability was not available at the time of study. For the majority of the indicators studied, the contribution from the consumer use stage is the most important (&gt;90%), driven by both direct water use (dishwashing process) as well as indirect water use (electricity generation to heat the water). Creating consumer awareness on how the product is used, particularly in water-scarce areas, is the largest improvement opportunity for a hand dishwashing product. However, spatial differentiation in the inventory and impact assessment model may lead to very different results for the product used under exactly the same consumer use conditions, making the communication of results a real challenge. From a practitioner's perspective, the data collection step in relation to the goal and scope of the study sets high requirements for both foreground and background data. In particular, databases covering a broad spectrum of inventory data with spatially differentiated water use information are lacking. For some impact methods, it is unknown as to whether or not characterization factors should be spatially differentiated, which creates uncertainty in their interpretation and applicability. Finally, broad application of life cycle-based water assessment will require further development of commercial life cycle assessment software. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:633–644. © 2013 SETAC
ECONOMIC RISK ANALYSIS OF TOMATO IRRIGATION USING DESALINATED WATER BY REVERSE OSMOSIS
Authors: Soares T. M. , Almeida C.D.G.C. , Frizzone J. A. , Silva E. F. F. , Duarte S. N. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTGroundwater desalination by reverse osmosis is an alternative being used more and more in Brazil, especially in the north‐east region, and aims to provide fresh water in isolated communities. Desalination to produce water for irrigation is a subject on which there has been minimal study. This research evaluated the economic feasibility of desalination for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) irrigation. By the Monte Carlo method, applied to the net present worth (NPW), a probabilistic analysis of risk was accomplished for tomato irrigation using 21 scenarios, comprising different irrigation waters (EC (electrical conductivity) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 dS m‐1), desalinated water and three yield levels (100, 70 and 40 Mg ha‐1) obtained under non‐saline water conditions. For each scenario, 5000 values of NPW were simulated, and net present worth expectation, E(NPW), was estimated. Desalination for tomato irrigation is just justified for waters with salinity levels higher than its salinity threshold. Tomato irrigation with desalinated water presents economic feasibility dependent on the yield level which would be reached under non‐saline conditions. Even using water with 6 dS m‐1, there was economic feasibility above 75% in desalination for tomato irrigation at all the levels of the designed yield. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pentoxifylline reduces chronic post‐ischaemia pain by alleviating microvascular dysfunction
Authors: Vaigunda Ragavendran J. , Laferrière A. , Khorashadi M. , Coderre T.J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundMicrovascular dysfunction and ischaemia in muscle play a role in the development of cutaneous tactile allodynia in chronic post‐ischaemia pain (CPIP). Hence, studies were designed to assess whether pentoxifylline (PTX), a vasodilator and haemorrheologic agent, relieves allodynia in CPIP rats by alleviating microvascular dysfunction.MethodsLaser Doppler flowmetry of plantar blood flow was used to examine the effects of PTX on CPIP‐induced alterations in post‐occlusive reactive hyperaemia (reflecting microvascular dysfunction), and von Frey testing was used to examine its effects on CPIP‐induced allodynia. Time‐course effects of PTX on allodynia and microvascular dysfunction were assessed early (2–8 days) and late (18–25 days) post‐ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and its effects on allodynia were also tested at 30 days post‐I/R injury.ResultsPTX (25 mg/kg) produced significant anti‐allodynic effects throughout the 21‐day time course, but was not effective 30 days post‐I/R injury. In laser Doppler studies, the reduced reactive hyperaemia in early CPIP rats was significantly improved by PTX (25 mg/kg). Conversely, treatment with PTX at the same dose did not affect reactive hyperaemia in late CPIP rats, likely since reactive hyperaemia was not significantly reduced pre‐drug in these animals.ConclusionSince poor tissue perfusion underlies early stages of CPIP pain, the ameliorative effect of PTX on microvascular dysfunction might account for its anti‐allodynic effect in our experimental model of complex regional pain syndrome type I.
A silica‐calcium‐phosphate nanocomposite drug delivery system for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: In vivo study
Authors: Swet Jacob H. , Pacheco Hernando J. , Iannitti David A. , El‐Ghanam Ahmed , McKillop Iain H. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is notoriously difficult to treat with systemic chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate a silica‐calcium‐phosphate nanocomposite (SCPC75) drug delivery system (DDS) as a means to localize cisplatin treatment within the tumor, while reducing systemic toxicity, in a rat model of HCC. The SCPC75 was prepared and loaded with cisplatin and Fourier transform infrared analyses demonstrated even drug distribution within the SCPC75. A rat model of subcutaneous HCC formation was established and animals treated by either systemic cisplatin injection (sCis) or with SCPC75‐Cis hybrid placed adjacent (ADJ) to or within (IT) the tumor. Five days after implantation, 50–55% of the total cisplatin loaded had been released from the SCPC75‐Cis hybrids resulting in an approximately 50% decrease in tumor volume compared with sCis treatment. sCis‐treated animals exhibited severe side effects, including rapid weight loss and decreased liver and kidney function, effects not observed in SCPC75‐Cis‐treated animals. Analysis of cisplatin distribution demonstrated drug concentrations in the tumor were 21 and 1.5 times higher in IT and ADJ groups, respectively, compared with sCis‐treated animals. These data demonstrate the SCPC75 DDS can provide an effective, localized treatment for HCC with significantly reduced toxicity when compared with systemic drug administration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 190–202, 2014.
Does Physical Activity in Adolescence Have Site-Specific and Sex-Specific Benefits on Young Adult Bone Size, Content, and Estimated Strength?
Authors: Duckham Rachel L , Baxter-Jones Adam DG , Johnston James D , Vatanparast Hassanali , Cooper David , Kontulainen Saija 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

The long-term benefits of habitual physical activity during adolescence on adult bone structure and strength are poorly understood. We investigated whether physically active adolescents had greater bone size, density, content, and estimated bone strength in young adulthood when compared to their peers who were inactive during adolescence. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) was used to measure the tibia and radius of 122 (73 females) participants (age mean ± SD, 29.3 ± 2.3 years) of the Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study (PBMAS). Total bone area (ToA), cortical density (CoD), cortical area (CoA), cortical content (CoC), and estimated bone strength in torsion (SSIp) and muscle area (MuA) were measured at the diaphyses (66% tibia and 65% radius). Total density (ToD), trabecular density (TrD), trabecular content (TrC), and estimated bone strength in compression (BSIc) were measured at the distal ends (4%). Participants were grouped by their adolescent physical activity (PA) levels (inactive, average, and active) based on mean PA Z-scores obtained from serial questionnaire assessments completed during adolescence. We compared adult bone outcomes across adolescent PA groups in each sex using analysis of covariance followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni adjustments. When adjusted for adult height, MuA, and PA, adult males who were more physically active than their peers in adolescence had 13% greater adjusted torsional bone strength (SSIp, p &lt; 0.05) and 10% greater adjusted ToA (p &lt; 0.05) at the tibia diaphysis. Females who were more active in adolescence had 10% larger adjusted CoA (p &lt; 0.05), 12% greater adjusted CoC (p &lt; 0.05) at the tibia diaphysis, and 3% greater adjusted TrC (p &lt; 0.05) at the distal tibia when compared to their inactive peers. Benefits to tibia bone size, content, and strength in those who were more active during adolescence seemed to persist into young adulthood, with greater ToA and SSIp in males, and greater CoA, CoC, and TrC in females. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Renal safety in patients treated with bisphosphonates for osteoporosis: A review
Authors: Miller Paul D , Jamal Sophie A , Evenepoel Pieter , Eastell Richard , Boonen Steven 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Bisphosphonates are widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis and are generally well tolerated. However, the United States Food and Drug Administration safety reports have highlighted the issue of renal safety in bisphosphonate-treated patients. All bisphosphonates carry labeled “warnings” or a contraindication for use in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance &lt;30 or &lt;35 mL/min). Data from pivotal trials and their extension studies of bisphosphonates approved for the management of osteoporosis were obtained via PubMed, and were reviewed with support from published articles available on PubMed. Renal safety analyses of pivotal trials of oral alendronate, risedronate, and ibandronate for postmenopausal osteoporosis showed no short-term or long-term effects on renal function. Transient postinfusion increases in serum creatinine have been reported in patients receiving intravenous ibandronate and zoledronic acid; however, studies showed that treatment with these agents did not result in long-term renal function deterioration in clinical trial patients with osteoporosis. All bisphosphonate therapies have “warnings” for use in patients with severe renal impairment. Clinical trial results have shown that even in elderly, frail, osteoporotic patients with renal impairment, intravenous bisphosphonate therapy administration in accordance with the prescribing information did not result in long-term renal function decline. Physicians should follow guidelines for bisphosphonate therapies administration at all times. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
EMIC waves observed by Cluster near the plasmapause
Authors: Liu Y. H. , Fraser B. J. , Menk F. W. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe analyze a long‐duration electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave event seen in the inner magnetosphere in order to understand the propagation characteristics of these waves in the vicinity of the plasmapause. The study takes advantage of the south to north orbit of the four‐satellite Cluster constellation as it passed through perigee at L ~ 4.2 at ~08 magnetic local time on 2 November 2001. Cluster traversed from a low‐density magnetosphere (<20 cm−3) through a gradual plasmapause into a high‐density plasmasphere (~80 cm−3) where the waves were seen over about 50 min and ceased on exiting the plasmapause in the Northern Hemisphere. The waves were observed over 1.8–3.5 Hz, above the local helium cyclotron frequency, between magnetic latitudes ±18°, and confined to a radial source region size estimated at 0.77 RE. Wave polarization appeared to be associated with plasma density, with left hand in the equatorial region, right hand at higher latitudes nearer the plasmapause, and a mixture between. Wave normal angles were typically <60°, and Poynting flux measurements show that wave energy was predominantly directed along the geomagnetic field toward high latitudes in both hemispheres. These results suggest that the plasma density and its gradient play a significant role in confining the wave source region and affecting the wave properties, which will help understand wave generation and propagation mechanisms in the magnetosphere plasma environment.
Split dynamic MRI: Single bolus high spatial–temporal resolution and multi contrast evaluation of breast lesions
Authors: Grøvik Endre , Bjørnerud Atle , Storås Tryggve H. , Gjesdal Kjell‐Inge 
Published: August 2013

PurposeTo test the feasibility of a novel “split dynamic” method in which high temporal and high spatial resolution dynamic MR images are acquired during a single bolus injection.Materials and MethodsHigh temporal resolution images were acquired using a three‐dimensional (3D) dual‐echo EPI sequence. The high spatial resolution images were acquired using a 3D T1‐weighted turbo field echo sequence. Simulations were performed to test the split dynamic method in terms of accuracy relative to a continuous acquisition and for temporal sampling requirements for accurate estimation of kinetic parameters. The method was tested in four patients where pharmacokinetic parameters were extracted from the high temporal resolution data.ResultsThe split dynamic method enabled quantitative evaluation of both T1‐ and T2*‐weighted characteristics. Simulations showed that splitting the dynamic acquisition does not significantly influence the reliability of parameter estimations. Simulation showed a required temporal resolution of 13, 16, and 8 s for accurate estimates of Ktrans, ve, and vp, respectively, and an optimal sampling interval between 2 and 6 s for peak R2*.ConclusionThe split dynamic sequence enabled detailed assessment of dynamic T1‐ and T2*‐weighted contrast kinetics without compromising guidelines concerning spatial resolution. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:673–682. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial precipitation patterns and trends in The Netherlands during 1951–2009
Authors: Daniels E. E. , Lenderink G. , Hutjes R. W. A. , Holtslag A. A. M. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTSignificant increases in precipitation have been observed in The Netherlands over the last century. At the same time persistent spatial variations are apparent. The objective of this study is to analyse and explain these spatial patterns, focussing on changes in means and extremes for the period 1951–2009. To investigate different possibilities for the causes of spatial variations, a distinction was made between six regions based on mean precipitation, soil type and elevation, and four zones at different distances to the coast. Spatial maxima in mean precipitation inland and over elevated areas are mainly formed in winter and spring, while maxima along the coast are generated in autumn. Daily precipitation maxima are found in the central West coast and over elevated areas. Upward trends in daily precipitation are highest from February to April and lowest from July to September. The strongest and most significant increases are found along the coast. For several seasonal and climatological periods diverging behaviour between coastal and inland zones is observed. We find that distance to the coast gives a more consistent picture for the seasonal precipitation changes than a classification based on surface characteristics. Therefore, from the investigated surface factors, we consider sea surface temperature to have the largest influence on precipitation in The Netherlands.