bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimethylaminopyridine‐Supported Graft Polymer Catalyst and its Flow System
Authors: Okuno Yoshinori , Isomura Shigeki , Kamakura Takahiro , Sano Fumiaki , Tamahori Kaoru , Goto Takahiro , Hayashida Takahiro , Kitagawa Yuuichi , Fukuhara Ami , Takeda Kazuyoshi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA new heterogeneous organocatalyst, graft polymer supported dimethylaminopyridine (g‐DMAP), is developed. This catalyst has a flexible structure and comprises DMAP anchored to the polyethylene‐graft‐polyacrylic acid (PE‐g‐PAA). It exhibits higher activity than DMAP supported on polystyrene cross‐linked with divinylbenzene and can be recovered in batch mode acetylation. The activity and stability of this catalyst allow its application in continuous flow systems. Continuous acetylation proceeds with excellent conversion, and a turnover number of 560 can be achieved using g‐DMAP. Parallel fixed bed reactors were used to scale up the synthesis of this continuous flow system. Eight parallel fixed bed reactors displayed excellent conversion.
HumanB‐cell and progenitor stages as determined by probability state modeling of multidimensional cytometry data
Authors: Bagwell C. Bruce , Hill Beth L. , Wood Brent L. , Wallace Paul K. , Alrazzak Muaz , Kelliher Abigail S. , Preffer Frederic I. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundHuman progenitor and B‐cell development is a highly regulated process characterized by the ordered differential expression of numerous cell‐surface and intracytoplasmic antigens. This study investigates the underlying coordination of these modulations by examining a series of normal bone marrow samples with the method of probability state modeling or PSM.ResultsThe study is divided into two sections. The first section examines B‐cell stages subsequent to CD19 up‐regulation. The second section assesses an earlier differentiation stage before and including CD19 up‐regulation.Post‐CD19 Antigenic Up‐RegulationStatistical analyses of cytometry data derived from sixteen normal bone marrow specimens revealed that B cells have at least three distinct coordinated changes, forming four stages labeled as B1, B2, B3, and B4. At the end of B1; CD34 antigen expression down‐regulates with TdT while CD45, CD81, and CD20 slightly up‐regulate. At the end of B2, CD45 and CD20 up‐regulate. At the end of B3 and beginning of B4; CD10, CD38, and CD81 down‐regulate while CD22 and CD44 up‐regulate.Pre‐CD19 Antigenic Up‐RegulationStatistical analysis of ten normal bone marrows revealed that there are at least two measurable coordinated changes with progenitors, forming three stages labeled as P1, P2, and P3. At the end of P1, CD38 up‐regulates. At the end of P2; CD19, CD10, CD81, CD22, and CD9 up‐regulate while CD44 down‐regulates slightly.ConclusionsThese objective results yield a clearer immunophenotypic picture of the underlying cellular mechanisms that are operating in these important developmental processes. Also, unambiguously determined stages define what is meant by “normal” B‐cell development and may serve as a preliminary step for the development of highly sensitive minimum residual disease detection systems. A companion article is simultaneously being published in Cytometry Part A that will explain in further detail the theory behind PSM. Three short relevant videos are available in the online supporting information for both of these papers. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Ratio of neutrophilic CD64 and monocytic HLA‐DR: A novel parameter in diagnosis and prognostication of neonatal sepsis
Authors: Pradhan Richeek , Jain Paresh , Paria Anshuman , Saha Anindya , Sahoo Jagdish , Sen Anway , Mukherjee Suchandra , Som Tapas , Hazra Avijit , Warner Noel , Singh Arun K , Chatterjee Mitali 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveApproaches to monitoring of sepsis have traditionally relied upon the pro‐inflammatory component of the sepsis response. This study evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic potential of the ratio of neutrophilic CD64 (nCD64) and monocytic HLA‐DR (mHLA‐DR) median fluorescence index in monitoring of neonatal sepsis.MethodsBlood from 100 neonates suspected of sepsis and 29 healthy controls was collected on clinical suspicion of sepsis, and the expression of nCD64, mHLA‐DR was evaluated by Flow Cytometry; thereby, a derived parameter “Sepsis index,” SI = nCD64/mHLA‐DR × 100 was estimated.ResultsAt day 1, sensitivity and specificity to detect sepsis using nCD64 was 73.01% and 89.18%, respectively, while for SI it was 73.01% and 72.22%, respectively. On Kaplan‐Meier analysis, neonates with SI > cut‐off showed a higher 30 day‐mortality than those with low SI (P = 0.096). On multivariate analysis, the factor associated with mortality in our cohort was Apgar score ≤3, while SI showed a trend toward significance.ConclusionsAt day1, nCD64 is useful for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis whereas mHLA‐DR is beneficial for monitoring patients at a later time point. The SI is a marker of moderate diagnostic sensitivity and supplements the current arsenal of laboratory investigations to detect neonatal sepsis. As a marker of prognosis, a high SI shows a trend towards greater mortality. © 2015 Clinical Cytometry Society
Recent Progress in AlGaN‐Based Deep‐UV LEDs
Authors: HIRAYAMA HIDEKI , FUJIKAWA SACHIE , KAMATA NORIHIKO 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYDeep‐ultraviolet (DUV) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are in demand for a wide variety of potential applications, such as sterilization, water and air purification, medical uses, and so on. We have demonstrated 222–351 nm AlGaN and quaternary InAlGaN‐based DUV‐LEDs by developing a low threading dislocation density (TDD) AlN crystal. We achieved an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of about 4% and an output power greater than 30 mW in DUV‐LEDs for use in sterilization applications by developing new crystal growth techniques.
A High Power InGaN‐LED on an m‐Plane GaN Substrate
Authors: YOKOGAWA TOSHIYA , OYA MITSUAKI , FUJIKANE MASAKI 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYGrowing demands for reduction of energy consumption and environmental impact are rapidly leading to the spread of solid‐state LED lighting with low power consumption and high reliability. To meet these demands, we are developing high efficiency and high power LEDs on GaN substrates. A high optical output power of 1.23 W at 1 A was obtained by using the technologies of epitaxial growth of high‐quality m‐plane InGaN on GaN substrates and low contact resistance electrodes. The m‐plane InGaN‐LED realized a quite small external‐efficiency droop of about 20% up to 500 A/cm2, while major droop occurs in polar c‐plane (0001) InGaN LEDs.
Output Feedback Controller Based on a Complete Quadratic Lyapunov–Krasovskii Functional for Time‐Delay Systems
Authors: MINAGAWA DAIKI , UCHIMURA YUTAKA 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYThis paper describes a stabilizing output feedback controller for a time‐delay system that is derived from a complete quadratic Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. Because the complete quadratic Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional contains nonconstant coefficients for its decision variables, the stabilizing problem is more difficult to solve than the stability problem. Instead, this paper introduces a null term with a value of zero to convert the derivative of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional into a quadratic form and avoid the multiplication of decision variables. The controller design procedure is given by a stability condition based on the linear matrix inequality. The performance of the proposed controller is weighted to consider the dynamics of the controlled plant.
Long‐term performance of in‐stream restoration measures in boreal streams
Authors: Marttila Maare , Louhi Pauliina , Huusko Ari , Mäki‐Petäys Aki , Yrjänä Timo , Muotka Timo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractStudies on the effectiveness of in‐stream restoration have generally reported increased habitat heterogeneity, but biological responses have been more variable. One hypothesis states that the restored habitat structure does not persist through time, resulting in fading biological responses. We studied the durability of in‐stream restoration in northern and central Finland by assessing short‐term (0–1 years) and long‐term (≥10 years) changes in habitat structure after restoration. In 2010, we repeated the field surveys first conducted in the 1990s in 27 stream reaches. We also made similar habitat measurements in ten near‐pristine sites. Restoration caused significant changes in the stream habitat that either remained unaltered or were reinforced through time, with several of the restored sites resembling closely the near‐pristine reference sites 10–20 years post‐restoration. Cover of aquatic mosses initially decreased sharply but recovered close to near‐pristine level within about 15 years. However, substrate variability still remained somewhat lower in the restored than in near‐pristine streams. Individual restoration structures had changed little over time. The most evident failures were the disappearance and entrenchment of gravel beds. Restoration of our study sites had shifted the sites to a trajectory towards more natural habitat conditions, and our results do not support the hypothesis that gradual destruction of the restored habitat might partly explain weak biological responses. From the perspective of channel evolution, the restorations were still fairly recent, and only long‐term monitoring will tell if the sites will continue on the trajectory to hydromorphological and ecological recovery. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality evaluation of cold‐pressed edible oils from Macedonia
Authors: Kostadinović Veličkovska Sanja , Brühl Ludger , Mitrev Saša , Mirhosseini Hamed , Matthäus Bertrand 
Published: April 2015

The chemical composition and quality of eight pure cold‐pressed oils and two blend oils from Macedonia were examined in this work. The highest level of oleic acid was determined in apricot kernel oil and rapeseed oil with abundance of 70.9 and 59.2%, respectively. The highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acids was seen for flaxseed and hemp seed oil with abundance of α‐linolenic acid of 55.1% for flaxseed oil and linoleic acid of 57.4% for hemp seed oil. Apricot kernel oil and roasted sesame seed oil had the highest oxidative stability with induction times of 7.6 and 10.9 h. Apricot oil, hemp seed oil, and flaxseed oil had the highest level of total vitamin‐E‐active compounds with 58.8, 58.1, and 69.7 per 100 g of oil with predomination of γ‐tocopherol. The highest peroxide number was detected in blend oils (oil 2 and oil 8) with values over 10 meq O2/kg of oil. The highest FFA was detected in rapeseed oil (1.57%). Roasted and unroasted sesame seed oils had relatively high specific extinction (K232 values 3.55 and 3.33, respectively). However, the highest UV extinction had a blend of pumpkin seed oil and sunflower oil with a value of 3.84.Practical applications: The results of this study can be applied for determination of the most important major and minor components responsible for quality evaluation of cold‐pressed oils. Statistical results indicated a strong relationship between the level of monounsaturated fatty acids in the oil and their oxidative stability. The level of tocopherols and other vitamin‐E‐related compounds was in strong relationship with the antioxidant activity of the oils measured by the DPPH method. Phytosterols, as minor compounds present in the oils, did not contribute significantly to the total antioxidant potential of the oils but, their levels in particular oils, together with fatty acids, can be useful and reliable markers for the purity of the oils and determination of the composition of blends.Score plot of fatty acid profile, induction time, peroxide number, FFA, specific extinction, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, DPPH and TEAC assay, vitamin‐E‐active compounds, and phytosterols of ten cold‐pressed edible oils from Macedonia.
Synthesis of Rigid Analogues of Flavone by Intramolecular Heck Reaction
Authors: Hou Chuanwei , Chen Hao , Xu Xing , Zhu Fangxia , Guo Lei , Jiang Min , Yang Chunhao , Deng Lianfu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA novel concise method to synthesize rigid analogues of flavone by an intramolecular Heck reaction with wide substrate scope was developed. The key intermediates 3‐(2‐bromobenzyl)‐4H‐chromen‐4‐ones were prepared easily in two steps. Most compounds were obtained with moderate to good yields (34–90 % yield, 19 examples).
Iron‐Catalyzed α‐Methylenation of Ketones with N,N‐Dimethylacetamide: An Approach for α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Li Yi‐Ming , Lou Shao‐Jie , Zhou Qin‐Hua , Zhu Lian‐Wen , Zhu Long‐Feng , Li Lei 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this study, we developed a general iron‐catalyzed α‐methylenation of ketones by using N,N‐dimethylacetamide as the one‐carbon source. Various ketones, including aryl and alkyl ketones, enones, and dicarbonyl compounds were well tolerated to yield the corresponding α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of an iron catalyst, peroxides, and N,N‐dimethylacetamide under aerobic conditions.
Gold‐Catalysed Synthesis of Exocyclic Vinylogous Amides and β‐Amino Ketones: A Detailed Study on the 5‐exo/6‐endo‐dig Selectivity, Methodology and Scope
Authors: Scarpi Dina , Begliomini Stefano , Prandi Cristina , Oppedisano Alberto , Deagostino Annamaria , Gómez‐Bengoa Enrique , Fiser Béla , Occhiato Ernesto G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe gold(I)‐catalysed reaction of N‐Boc‐protected 6‐alkynyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyridines, which gives synthetically useful vinylogous amides (β‐enaminones), has been studied in detail, in order to optimize the reaction conditions, enlarge the scope and gain insight into the mechanism and the structural features that selectively favour the 6‐endo‐dig oxyauration of the triple bond. Experimental studies and DFT calculations demonstrate that the 6‐endo‐dig approach is exclusive with substituted alkynes, whereas with terminal alkynes the 5‐exo‐dig cyclization prevails, despite the large angle (120°) at C‐6. The same selectivity was observed with N‐Cbz‐protected 2‐alkynylpiperidines. With these compounds, β‐amino ketones are obtained as a consequence of the 6‐endo‐dig attack onto a substituted triple bond. Sedamine alkaloids are easily obtained by this approach.
Flow Synthesis of Fluorinated α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Vukelić Stella , Ushakov Dmitry B. , Gilmore Kerry , Koksch Beate , Seeberger Peter H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFluorinated α‐amino acids are versatile compounds that are used for many purposes in medicinal and biochemistry. However, their synthesis remains a significant hurdle, often requiring multiple steps, multiple protecting groups, and/or the use of highly toxic reagents. These challenges have limited the application of fluorinated α‐amino acids. A convenient, protecting‐group‐free and semi‐continuous process for the synthesis of racemic fluorinated α‐amino acids from fluorinated amines is described. Following a singlet‐oxygen‐driven photooxidative cyanation, an acid‐mediated hydrolysis of the intermediate α‐amino nitrile yields the desired α‐amino acid. Aliphatic, benzylic, and homobenzylic residues with different fluorination degrees are tolerated, providing good overall yields (50–67 %). This semi‐continuous process is particularly advantageous for an aliphatic amine, the intermediate α‐amino nitrile of which decomposes upon isolation.
Effect of grapefruit and lavender essential oil scents on pancreatic sympathetic nerve activity and plasma glucose in rats
Authors: Horii Yuko , Maeda Keiko , Shen Jiao , Fujisaki Yoshiyuki , Nagai Katsuya 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe previously found that olfactory stimulation of rats with the scent of grapefruit oil (SGFO) elevated the activity of the sympathetic nerves innervating the adrenal glands, kidneys and white adipose tissue, blood pressure and the plasma glycerol level, whereas olfactory stimulation with the scent of lavender oil (SLVO) suppressed these same physiological values. In this study, we examined the effects of olfactory stimulation with SGFO and SLVO on the efferent pancreatic sympathetic nerve activity (pancreatic‐SNA) in urethane‐anaesthetized rats, hyperglycemia induced by intracranial injection of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2DG) in rats and hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats which had been administered oral glucose. Olfactory stimulation with SGFO markedly elevated pancreatic‐SNA and significantly increased the plasma glucose level after the 2DG injection, whereas olfactory stimulation with SLVO markedly inhibited pancreatic‐SNA and significantly reduced the plasma glucose level after the 2DG injection. Furthermore, olfactory stimulation with SLVO suppressed the increase in the plasma glucose level after oral glucose loading in STZ‐diabetic rats. These findings suggest that scent stimulation with SGFO and SLVO may affect the plasma glucose level via changes in the autonomic nervous system in rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluoxetine induces input‐specific hippocampal dendritic spine remodeling along the septotemporal axis in adulthood and middle age
Authors: McAvoy Kathleen , Russo Craig , Kim Shannen , Rankin Genelle , Sahay Amar 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTFluoxetine, a selective serotonin‐reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is known to induce structural rearrangements and changes in synaptic transmission in hippocampal circuitry. In the adult hippocampus, structural changes include neurogenesis, dendritic, and axonal plasticity of pyramidal and dentate granule neurons, and dedifferentiation of dentate granule neurons. However, much less is known about how chronic fluoxetine affects these processes along the septotemporal axis and during the aging process. Importantly, studies documenting the effects of fluoxetine on density and distribution of spines along different dendritic segments of dentate granule neurons and CA1 pyramidal neurons along the septotemporal axis of hippocampus in adulthood and during aging are conspicuously absent. Here, we use a transgenic mouse line in which mature dentate granule neurons and CA1 pyramidal neurons are genetically labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to investigate the effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment (18 mg/kg/day) on input‐specific spine remodeling and mossy fiber structural plasticity in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus in adulthood and middle age. In addition, we examine levels of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, maturation state of dentate granule neurons, neuronal activity, and glutamic acid decarboxylase‐67 expression in response to chronic fluoxetine in adulthood and middle age. Our studies reveal that while chronic fluoxetine fails to augment adult hippocampal neurogenesis in middle age, the middle‐aged hippocampus retains high sensitivity to changes in the dentate gyrus (DG) such as dematuration, hypoactivation, and increased glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) expression. Interestingly, the middle‐aged hippocampus shows greater sensitivity to fluoxetine‐induced input‐specific synaptic remodeling than the hippocampus in adulthood with the stratum‐oriens of CA1 exhibiting heightened structural plasticity. The input‐specific changes and circuit‐level modifications in middle‐age were associated with modest enhancement in contextual fear memory precision, anxiety‐like behavior and antidepressant‐like behavioral responses. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flexibility decline contributes to similarity of past and future thinking in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: El Haj Mohamad , Antoine Pascal , Kapogiannis Dimitrios 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTA striking similarity has been suggested between past and future thinking in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a similarity attributable to abnormalities in common modular cognitive functions and neuroanatomical substrates. This study extends this literature by identifying specific executive function deficits underlying past and future thinking in AD. Twenty‐four participants with a clinical diagnosis of probable (mild) AD and 26 older controls generated past and future events and underwent tests of binding and the executive functions of flexibility, inhibition, and updating. AD patients showed similar autobiographical performances in past and future event generation, and so did control participants. In each group, the similarity of past and future thinking was predicted by flexibility. Furthermore, AD patients with low flexibility showed higher similarity of past and future thinking than those with high flexibility. These findings are interpreted in terms of involvement of the hippocampus and frontal lobes in future thinking. Deficits in these brain regions in AD are likely to compromise the ability to recombine episodic information into novel and flexible configurations as scenarios for the future. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aquaporin‐4 knockdown ameliorates hypoxic‐ischemic cerebral edema in newborn piglets
Authors: Yang Chao , Liu Zhengjuan , Li Hongjie , Zhai Fangbing , Liu Jing , Bian Jie 
Published: April 2015

AbstractEmerging evidence indicates that the water channel protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4) plays an essential role in water homeostasis and is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain edema. This study aimed to understand the physiological role of AQP4 in hypoxia–ischemia‐mediated cytotoxic brain edema. We specifically knocked down AQP4 expression by intracerebral injection of a plasmid containing AQP4 siRNA into a neonatal piglet model. The success of the hypoxia–ischemia‐induced piglet model was confirmed by conventional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion‐weighted imaging. AQP4 knockdown led to reduced brain edema accompanied by a higher apparent diffusion coefficient value, compared to the control group injected with a plasmid containing scrambled siRNA. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that AQP4 siRNA significantly reduced AQP4 mRNA and protein expression. Finally, neurological function analysis revealed that AQP4 knockdown significantly improved neurobehavioral manifestation of the piglets after exposure to hypoxia‐ischemia. Taken together, these results indicate that AQP4 plays an important role in mediating brain edema in hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy. Therefore, AQP4 could be a therapeutic target to ameliorate early‐stage brain edema. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(3):182–190, 2015
Econometric Methods for Modelling Systems With a Mixture ofi(1) andi(0) Variables
Authors: Fisher Lance A. , Huh Hyeon‐Seung , Pagan Adrian R. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThis paper considers structural models with bothI(1) andI(0) variables. The structural shocks associated with either set of variables could be permanent or transitory. We classify the shocks as (P1,P0) and (T1,T0), where P/T distinguishes permanent/transitory, while 1/0 means they are attached to structural equations with eitherI(1) orI(0) variables as their ‘dependent’ variable. We show that P0 shocks can affect cointegration analysis and provide a formula to compute the permanent component if they are present. Finally, we reformulate a well‐known empirical structural vector autoregression showing the impact of P0 shocks when there are just long‐run parametric and sign restrictions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.