bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of experimental conditions on size control of Au nanoparticles synthesized by atmospheric microplasma electrochemistry
Authors: Huang Xunzhi , Li Yongsheng , Zhong Xiaoxia 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Atmospheric microplasma electrochemistry was utilized to synthesize Au nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized Au NPs were investigated as a function of reduction current, solution temperature, and stirring (or not) by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorbance and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was illustrated that high current promoted the growth of Au NPs with small size, and more Au NPs with large size were synthesized as a rise of temperature. The Au NPs often with small size were synthesized as a result of stirring. The production rate, the electrostatic repulsion, and the residence time of the Au NPs at the interfacial region play an important role in the growth of Au NPs. The results shed light upon the roadmap to control the size and particle size distribution (PSD) of Au NPs synthesized by atmospheric microplasma electrochemistry.
Positive solutions for a class of higher-order singular semipositone fractional differential systems with coupled integral boundary conditions and parameters
Authors: Wang Ying , Liu Lishan , Wu Yonghong 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we study the existence of a class of higher-order singular semipositone fractional differential systems with coupled integral boundary conditions and parameters. By using the properties of the Green’s function and the Guo-Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem, we obtain some existence results of positive solutions under some conditions concerning the nonlinear functions. The method of this paper is a unified method for establishing the existence of positive solutions for a large number of nonlinear differential equations with coupled boundary conditions. In the end, examples are given to demonstrate the validity of our main results.

MSC:34B16, 34B18.
Three-year risk of cardiovascular disease among intensive care patients with acute kidney injury: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Gammelager Henrik , Christiansen Christian Fynbo , Johansen Martin Berg , Tønnesen Else , Jespersen Bente , Sørensen Henrik Toft 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common among intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but follow-up data on subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease remain sparse. We examined the impact of AKI on three-year risk of first-time heart failure, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke among ICU patients surviving to hospital discharge, and whether this risk is modified by renal recovery before hospital discharge.

Methods
We used population-based medical registries to identify all adult patients admitted to an ICU in Northern Denmark between 2005 and 2010 who survived to hospital discharge and who had no previous or concurrent diagnosis of heart failure, MI, or stroke. AKI was defined according to the creatinine criteria in the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes classification. We computed the three-year cumulative risk of hospitalization with heart failure, MI, and stroke for patients with and without AKI and the hazard ratios (HRs), using a Cox model adjusted for potential confounders.

Results
Among 21,556 ICU patients surviving to hospital discharge, 4,792 (22.2%) had an AKI episode. Three-year cumulative risk of heart failure was 2.2% in patients without AKI, 5.0% for AKI stage 1, and 5.0% for stages 2 to 3. The corresponding adjusted HRs were 1.33 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06 to 1.66) for patients with AKI stage 1 and 1.45 (95% CI, 1.14 to 1.84) for AKI stages 2 to 3, compared to patients without AKI. The three-year cumulative MI risk was 1.0% for patients without AKI, 1.8% for patients with AKI stage 1 and 2.3% for patients with AKI stages 2 to 3. The adjusted HR for MI was 1.04 (95% CI, 0.71 to 1.51) for patients with AKI stage 1 and 1.51 (95% CI, 1.05 to 2.18) for patients with AKI stages 2 to 3, compared with patients without AKI. We found no association between AKI and stroke. The increased risk of heart failure and MI persisted in patients with renal recovery before discharge, although it was less pronounced than in patients without renal recovery.

Conclusions
ICU patients surviving any stage of AKI are at increased three-year risk of heart failure, but not stroke. Only AKI stages 2 to 3 are associated with increased MI risk.
Year in review 2013: Critical Care – sepsis
Authors: de Montmollin Etienne , Annane Djillali 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis review presents key publications from the research field of sepsis published in Critical Care and other relevant journals during 2013. The results of these experimental studies and clinical trials are discussed in the context of current scientific and clinical background. The discussion highlights and summarises articles on four main topics: sepsis pathogenesis, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, potential new therapies, and epidemiologic and outcome studies.
Efficacy of autologous bone marrow buffy coat grafting combined with core decompression in patients with avascular necrosis of femoral head: a prospective, double-blinded, randomized, controlled study
Authors: Ma Yuanchen , Wang Tao , Liao Junxing , Gu Honglin , Lin Xinpeng , Jiang Qing , Bulsara Max K , Zheng Minghao , Zheng Qiujian 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Avascular necrosis of femoral head (ANFH) is a progressive disease that often leads to hip joint dysfunction and even disability in young patients. Although the standard treatment, which is core decompression, has the advantage of minimal invasion, the efficacy is variable. Recent studies have shown that implantation of bone marrow containing osteogenic precursors into necrotic lesion of ANFH may be promising for the treatment of ANFH.

Methods
A prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine the effect of bone-marrow buffy coat (BBC) grafting combined with core decompression for the treatment of ANFH. Forty-five patients (53 hips) with Ficat stage I to III ANFH were recruited. The hips were allocated to the control group (core decompression + autologous bone graft) or treatment group (core decompression + autologous bone graft with BBC). Both patients and assessors were blinded to the treatment options. The clinical symptoms and disease progression were assessed as the primary and secondary outcomes.

Results
At the final follow-up (24 months), there was a significant relief in pain (P <0.05) and clinical joint symptoms as measured by the Lequesne index (P <0.05) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (P <0.05) in the treatment group. In addition, 33.3% of the hips in the control group have deteriorated to the next stage after 24 months post-procedure, whereas only 8% in the treatment group had further deterioration (P <0.05). More importantly, the non-progression rates for stage I/II hips were 100% in the treatment group and 66.7% in the control group.

Conclusion
Implantation of the autologous BBC grafting combined with core decompression is effective to prevent further progression for the early stages of ANFH.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01613612. Registered 13 December 2011.
Ni-Catalyzed C–C Bond Formation with α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds and Alkynes
Authors: Kurahashi Takuya 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This account reviews the Ni-catalyzed C–C bond-forming reactions of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with alkynes, affording the corresponding trienes, dienes, arenes, bicyclohexenes, and 4H-pyrans. The nickelacycles formed by the oxidative cyclization of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound with an alkyne catalyzed by a Ni(0) complex play important roles as the active intermediates in the reactions. The reactions reported in this review are mechanistically new, and provide new methods for the construction of molecular frameworks using readily available α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and alkynes.
Efficient Synthesis of Tetra-4-pyridylmethane: Pyrolysis of Tri(4-pyridyl)-4-pyridylazomethane
Authors: Inokuchi Daisuke , Matsumoto Kouzou , Kobayashi Kenji , Onishi Koji , Hirao Yasukazu , Kurata Hiroyuki , Kubo Takashi 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Tetra-4-pyridylmethane (1), a useful tetrahedral bridging ligand molecule, was effectively obtained by the pyrolysis of tri(4-pyridyl)-4-pyridylazomethane, which was easily prepared from tri-4-pyridylmethane (2) in one step. The overall yield was 32%, which was about 10 times higher than the first reported synthesis (3% from 2).
The Extinction Coefficient of N-Methylated Aβ30–40 Depends on the Position of N-Methylation
Authors: Ochiai Hironori , Komuro Tomoyuki , Hiramatsu Hirotsugu 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The molar extinction coefficient at 210 nm (ε210) of the N-methylated analogs of Aβ30–40 was analyzed. Additive contributions from a 10-residue peptide main chain (ε210CONH) and modulation caused by N-methylation (Δε210) accounted for the observed results. The observed ε210CONH value was concordant with reported values. The difference in the Δε210 value was explained in terms of changes in electronic structure and conformational restriction resulting from N-methylation.
GaBr3-catalyzed Coupling between α-Iodo Esters with Alkynylstannanes under UV Irradiation
Authors: Suzuki Itaru , Esumi Naoto , Yasuda Makoto , Baba Akio 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A coupling between various alkynylstannanes with α-iodo esters was catalyzed by GaBr3 under UV irradiation conditions, for which a catalytic amount of GaBr3 was essential, and a radical coupling with the generated alkynylgallium species was involved. The desired α-alkynyl esters were selectively obtained even in the presence of an aryl–I bond, which is a reactive site in a conventional palladium-catalyzed system.
Helena Lumbreras’ Field for Men (1973): Midway between Latin American Third Cinema and the Barcelona School
Authors: Ledesma Eduardo 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In 1973, Barcelona-based film-makers Helena Lumbreras and Mariano Lisa made a clandestine documentary called Field for Men (El campo para el hombre), which denounced the dismal conditions in rural Spain under Franco’s dictatorship, foregrounding the need for agrarian reform and land redistribution. The film is executed in a style midway between militant Third Cinema and 1960s European experimental and art cinemas. On account of her interstitial position between European ‘Second Cinema’ and Latin American ‘Third Cinema’, Lumbreras articulated a hybridized counter-ideological cinema that integrated experimentalism and political commitment. This article examines how Field for Men bridges both documentary and experimental genres, while expressing the need for economic, political and formal liberation. Additionally, it argues that Lumbreras’ intermediality is a political manoeuvre that associates, on a formal level, the concepts of medium purity and specificity as socially alienating, while aligning medium hybridity with utopian dreams of liberation.
Bedeutung von Polysemie, Antonymie und Assoziationen im Spracherwerb – Zweisprachigkeit in der Sprachförderung und Sprachtherapie von sprachentwicklungsverzögerten und spracherwerbsgestörten Kindern im Grundschulalter
Authors: Wahn Claudia 
Published: October 2014

Zusammenfassung
Von Kindern mit Spezifischer Spracherwerbsstörung (SSES) wird häufig berichtet, dass sie umfangreiche Schwierigkeiten im Sprachverstehen sowie in der Ausdifferenzierung des Lexikons haben (vgl. Bishop 1979; Leonard 1998; McGregor et al. 2002). Diese Schwierigkeiten kommen besonders dann zum Tragen, wenn sie Informationen in einen Kontext einbetten müssen, um beispielsweise implizite Bedeutungen zu erschließen (vgl. Norbury and Bishop 2002) oder um ambige (mehrdeutige) sowie semantisch differenzierte bzw. anspruchsvolle Äußerungen aufzulösen (vgl. Norbury 2004). Die vorliegende Untersuchung knüpft an eine Arbeit zum Erwerb des semantisch- lexikalischen Systems an (vgl. Wahn 2013) und geht der Frage nach, welche Bedeutung mehrdeutigen Wörtern im Zweitspracherwerb sowie der Strukturierung des Lexikons zukommt. Zur Klärung dieser Frage wurde eine Population von zweisprachigen Kindern (N = 19) im Alter von 7;0 bis 10;11 Jahren unter Berücksichtigung der Sprachgenese (sprachunauffällig vs. sprachauffällig / SSES) mit Hilfe eines Arbeitsinstrumentes untersucht (vgl. Wahn 2013). Der t-Test für abhängige Stichproben zeigt, dass sich zweisprachige sprachunauffällige 7–10-Jährige von zweisprachigen sprachauffälligen 7–10-Jährigen hinsichtlich der Fähigkeit zur Nutzung von Kontextinformation und hinsichtlich der Antonymie als wichtiges Organisationsprinzip des Lexikons unterscheiden. Darüber hinaus erbrachten multifaktorielle Varianzanalysen eine signifikante Hauptwirkung für die Sprachgenese bei der Überprüfung des Kontextwissens durch Polyseme, für Antonyme (gegensätzliche sprachliche Ausdrücke) sowie eine signifikante Wechselwirkung für die Sprachgenese und den Spracherwerbstyp hinsichtlich der Fähigkeit zu assoziieren in der Gesamtstichprobe (vgl. Wahn 2013). Die Ergebnisse implizieren, dass der Fokussierung auf Antonyme und mehrdeutige Wörter eine hohe praktische Bedeutung für die sprachspezifische Förderung und Therapie zweisprachiger Risikokinder oder Kinder mit SSES, die einen Schwerpunkt im semantisch-lexikalischen Bereich besitzen, zukommt.
Flexural Characteristic of Rubberized Hybrid Concrete Reinforced With Steel and Synthetic Fibers
Authors: Park Yeonho , Abolmaali Ali , Mohammadagha Mohammad , Lee Swoo-Heon 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
To enhance the low strain capacity and brittleness of concrete, several researchers have already reported on the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete, which lead to reduced environmental concerns, direct cost reduction, low unit weight, high toughness, and improved absorption of impact. However, to overcome the drawbacks of low flexural strength and the low stiffness of rubberized concrete and to improve the crack resistance, steel, or synthetic (polypropylene) fibers, or both, were added into the rubberized concrete in this study. Based on the flexural performance test according to ASTM C1018 and ASTM C1609, this study investigates the combination of crumb rubber, steel or synthetic fibers, or both, in zero-slump concrete mixtures used in the dry-cast production method for concrete pipes. A series of concrete mixes were examined with the variation of the fiber volume fraction (Vf) (steel: 0.17 % and 0.33 %/synthetic-polypropylene: 0.17 %, 0.33 %, and 0.52 %), and crumb rubber with different replacement ratios of 3 % to 20 % (by volume) for sand (fine aggregate) in the concrete mixture. Seventeen rubberized mixtures were developed by incorporating different dosages of steel and polypropylene fibers and their combinations. The influence of fiber type, dosages of fibers, and rubber are analyzed on the basis of experimental results. Results indicate that the effect of hybrid reinforcement using both steel and polypropylene fiber in rubberized concrete is considerable in terms of increase in both peak load and toughness. The specimen of hybrid fiber-reinforced rubberized concrete (HYFRC) with 44 lb/yd3 (0.33 %:Vf) of steel fiber, 8 lb/yd3 (0.33 %: Vf) of polypropylene fiber and 3 % of crumb rubber (replacement with fine aggregates) showed higher peak load, modulus of rupture, and toughness than other mixtures. However, excessive replacement of rubber into the specimens had a negative effect on the flexural properties (strength and toughness).
Measuring Stress Fields in Connecting Rods Using Laser Interferometry (ESPI)
Authors: Vaz Bruno F. , Ferracini Elcio , Santos Auteliano A. , Gonçalves Raquel 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Connecting rods often fail when subjected to stresses greater than their yield limits. They are designed to support both compressive (usually more intense) and tractive forces. Engineers have used finite element simulations to create new conrod shapes, but the original design still follows the one developed several decades ago. The validation of the results is usually performed through experimental destructive tests or through field evaluations. Thus, a cheaper, non-destructive tool that could expedite the validation process would benefit test engineers and designers. The stress field of a part might be obtained from several methods, the most common of which is through the use of strain gages. In this work, we evaluate the application of electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) to measure stresses in conrods. The measurements were performed on the flat surface in the conrod web and the results were compared with those from finite element simulations. The region examined corresponds to the inner portion of the rod body, excluding only its slightly thicker edges. To eliminate or at least reduce the influence of the uncontrollable factors (noise) on the results, an experimental design was developed, based mainly on the concepts of the design of experiments (DOE). The tests were performed with a conventional forged connecting rod submitted to compressive stresses. The measurements of the stress and strain fields obtained by the ESPI technique were in accordance with the simulations, showing that this technique is a useful tool for design engineers, improving the safety of engine applications.
A Closer Look at Effects of the Loading Rate on Fracture Toughness in the Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Regime of a Ferritic Steel
Authors: Schindler Hans-Jakob , Kalkhof Dietmar 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn increased loading rate causes not only a shift of the ductile-to-brittle transition curve, but also a slight change of the shape of this curve. The latter tends to become steeper as the loading rate increases. This effect was observed even at loading rates that are considered to be quasi-static according to ASTM E1921-13: Standard Test Method for Determination of Reference Temperature, T0, for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013. Actually, the coefficient 0.019 in the exponent of the MC turned out to be substantially higher at elevated loading rates. This means that a basic assumption of the evaluation procedure of ASTM E1921 is not met, which leads to an increased uncertainty of T0 or T0,x, respectively. This effect of is most pronounced in testing at elevated loading rates using the single-temperature option. An improved method to determine the reference temperature is proposed, where the exponent in the median transition curve in ASTM E1921 is considered to be an open parameter. The resulting reference temperatures, denoted as T100 andT100,x, respectively, are expected to be more accurate than standard T0, which is confirmed by comparison with experimental data. Furthermore, the validity requirements for T100 are less restrictive and more suitable than those in ASTM E1921, since they do not depend on the outcome of the tests. Based on the improved data, an improved estimation formula for the rate-induced shift of T0 is derived. Suggestions are made for improvement of ASTM E1921.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Buried Dielectric Cylinders by Asynchronous Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Lee Wei-Tsong , Sun Chi-Hsien , Chiu Chien-Ching , Li Jyun-Fu 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the study of time domain inverse scattering for a two-dimensional inhomogeneous dielectric cylinder buried in a slab medium via the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and the asynchronous particle swarm optimization (APSO) method. For the forward scattering part, the FDTD method was employed to calculate the scattered E fields. Base on the scattering fields, these inverse scattering problems were transformed into optimization problems. The APSO method was applied to reconstruct the permittivity of the two-dimensional inhomogeneous dielectric cylinder. In addition, the effects of Gaussian noise on the reconstruction results were investigated. Numerical results show that even when the measured scattered fields were contaminated with Gaussian noise, APSO was able to yield good reconstructed quality.
Method of Processing Ultrasonic In-line Monitoring Signals in Polymer Mixing Extrusion to Determine Mixing State
Authors: Zhao Xia , Chen Youxing , Wang Zhaoba , Jin Yong , Liu Bin 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The polymer mixing status along a screw channel has significant impacts the quality of the polymer extrusion process. The development of the techniques for monitoring the polymer mixing status is highly desirable for controlling polymer extrusion results. Therefore, we developed a system equipped with ultrasonic probes for fast data acquisition capability and carried out extrusion experiments on different polymers. Results show that the amplitude of the resulting ultrasonic signals is affected by the mixing status of the polymers; these results can be used to monitor the polymer mixing process along the extruder channel. In this study, we use both rank and low pass filtering to correct amplitude differences in acquired raw signals that arise due to the influence of temperature. We employ the correlation coefficient method to ensure that our comparison of the amplitudes of the acquired signals is reflected from the same screw position. Subsequently, we define signal fluctuation coefficients to investigate the polymer's mixing state. The results show that this method is highly effective for monitoring the inline mixing processes of polymers.
Numerical Study on the Effect of Coarse-Aggregate Morphology on Shear Performance
Authors: Zhang Dong , Huang Xiaoming , Zhao Yongli 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The effect of coarse-aggregate morphology on shear performance was investigated by the discrete element modeling in this paper. An algorithm was developed first to compact aggregates without the need to know the void content. This algorithm uses four steps (aggregate generation, gravity compaction, wall accelerated compaction, and wall uniform compaction) to compact a coarse-aggregate sample. The triaxial shear test was then simulated to evaluate the shear performance of coarse aggregates. Effects of the aggregate angularity, surface texture, flat and elongated ratio, and flat and elongated particle content on the shear performance of coarse aggregates were finally studied based on the results of the triaxial shear test.
Viscous Fingering in LAPONITE® and Mud
Authors: Maleki-Jirsaraei N. , Erfani M. , Ghane-Golmohamadi F. , Ghane-Motlagh R. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
We have studied the Saffman–Taylor instability for LAPONITE® and mud in a rectangular Hele–Shaw cell. The experiments showed several fingering patterns that did not obey the classical theory of Saffman–Taylor instability. LAPONITE® fingers at high and low shear rates showed shear thinning and shear thickening behavior, respectively. This result is in agreement with rheological analyses. The results of both rheology and Hele–Shaw experiments show a diversion point in the shear viscosity diagram at a specific shear rate. The generalized Darcy’s law for shear thinning fluid in which the viscosity is a function of shear rate can be used to measure viscosity. The validity of this approach was tested using three Newtonian fluids (detergent, oil, and clothing conditioner) and one non-Newtonian fluid (LAPONITE®). These analyses on LAPONITE® as a non-Newtonian fluid verified that the generalized Darcy’s law is in good agreement with rheological analysis in the shear thinning region. In contrast, the mud suspension showed Newtonian behavior at all pressure gradients.