bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reforming the International Monetary System in the 1970s and 2000s: Would a Special Drawing Right Substitution Account Have Worked?
Authors: McCauley Robert N. , Schenk Catherine R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAdvocates of a more pluralistic international monetary and financial system seek to reduce reliance on a single national currency and to bring international liquidity under collective control. One recently revived proposal would transform US dollar official reserves into claims denominated in the IMF's key currency basket, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). Drawing on new archival evidence and simulations, this article highlights issues that derailed earlier agreement on such an account and shortcomings of design and ambition revealed by subsequent developments. One design issue was account losses if US dollar yields failed to exceed SDR yields enough to offset dollar depreciation. In fact, uncovered interest parity did not hold and could well have left the account persistently insolvent. Another shortcoming was ambition: the proposed account proved simply too small to achieve the desired lowering of the dollar's share of foreign exchange reserves. Any new proposal needs to address these shortcomings.
Enhancing Properties in Microwave Ceramics Using a Designer Sintering Aid
Authors: Nicholls Simon J. , Reaney Ian M. , Leisten Oliver P. 
Published: August 2015

It has recently been shown that 0.2CaTiO3–0.8(Li0.5Nd0.5)TiO3 (CTLNT) with the addition of 4 wt% Bi4B2O9 (BBO) as a liquid‐phase sintering aid gives rise to exceptional microwave (MW) dielectric properties, (relative permittivity, εr = 125, quality factor, Qf0 and temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency, τf = 4 ppm/°C) at reduced sintering temperatures (1200°C). In this study, X‐ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy have been used to elucidate the mechanism by which MW dielectric properties are optimized. It is demonstrated that highly polarizable Bi3+ ions enter the perovskite lattice thereby increasing εr. The concomitant ex‐solution of TiO2 as BBO concentration increases implies that ionic compensation occurs through the formation of in the perovskite lattice and infers that Bi3+ substitutes on the A‐site for lower valence ionic species according to the equation: . The residual boron rich material acts as a sintering aid with strongly −ve τf that compensates for the +ve τf of the perovskite matrix. This mechanism points to a new way of utilizing designer sintering aids in the development of microwave ceramics.
Effect of Pressure on Microstructure of <111>‐Oriented β‐SiC Films: Research via Electron Backscatter Diffraction
Authors: Zhang Song , Xu Qingfang , Sun Qingyun , Zhu Peipei , Tu Rong , Hu Zhiying , Han Mingxu , Goto Takashi , Zhang Lianmeng , Yan Jiasheng , Li Shusen 
Published: August 2015

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high‐resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) has been employed to study the microstructure development of <111 > ‐oriented β‐SiC films prepared by laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) with various total pressure (Ptot). The Surface morphology of films evolved from pyramids with sixfold symmetry to needlelike structure by increasing the Ptot. The EBSD results indicated that the higher Ptot (800 Pa) led to the lower neighbor‐pair misorientation and large in‐plane domains in β‐SiC films.
Historical perspectives: a snapshot of women admitted to psychiatric facilities with psychosis or mania after childbirth in the late Victorian and inter‐war periods
Authors: Jefferies Diana , Duff Margaret , Burns Elaine , Nicholls Daniel 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimThis study analysed historical healthcare records to investigate how women diagnosed with mania or psychosis and admitted to two mental health facilities in Australia following childbirth, were described in the late Victorian (1885–1895) and inter‐war period (1925–1935).BackgroundAlthough historians have examined the history of mental health systems in Australia, there is no published scholarship that considers the healthcare records of these women. This was a unique opportunity to explore these documents.DesignAn historical study examining healthcare records. The data collection occurred in 2012.MethodsWomen admitted to mental health facilities with a diagnosis of psychosis or mania were identified in the admission registers found in the State Record Office of New South Wales and, if available, their healthcare record was transcribed verbatim. The records were imported intoNVivo 10 for content analysis to determine the range and scope of information. A further textual analysis was conducted to see if the woman's diagnosis was congruent with the outcome of her admission.Results/findings155 cases were identified across the two periods. Although, demographic data and the description of the women on admission were remarkably similar, 17% of women were physically, rather than mentally, ill and died soon after admission. The findings demonstrate the importance of current practices such as taking a comprehensive healthcare assessment and the use of antibiotics and sanitary measures during labour and in the postnatal period.ConclusionHistorical investigations of healthcare records provide legitimacy for current healthcare practices.
Developing a one‐stop tinnitus service: outcomes of a joined up management strategy: a retrospective observational cohort study
Authors: Farr Matthew R. B. , Moraleda Deleito Javier , Xu Yanmin , Ray Jaydip 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThe pressure to deliver quality care with finite resources means that dealing with single‐symptom conditions like tinnitus in an efficient and individualized manner has never been more important. Both primary and secondary care practitioners have an obligation to explore efficient delivery of simple management pathways. Commissioners of health care are in a unique position to affect evidence‐based strategic change in the management of uncomplicated tinnitus. This study is an attempt to explore one such option. We present the outcomes of a tinnitus patient pathway designed for one‐stop management, thereby minimizing unnecessary additional appointments.MethodA retrospective observational cohort study of 452 patients referred to a NHS one‐stop tinnitus clinic from 2008 to 2012. Clinical care guided was through the use of a structured approach to history taking, neurotological examination and management.Results294 out of 452 (65%) of patients referred had unilateral tinnitus. The most common associated complaints were hearing loss (387/452, 86%) and hyperacusis (329/452, 73%). 210 (46%) of patients had their presenting complaint dealt with in a single clinic visit.ConclusionA structured system for referral and management of tinnitus within the health system ensures patients have timely access to evidence‐based investigation and treatment. A consistent approach to imaging aimed at identifying retrocochlear pathology can benefit patients through early diagnosis of central pathology and the reassurance provided by a negative scan.
Perspectives on clinical possibility: elements of analysis
Authors: Chiffi Daniele , Zanotti Renzo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPossibility is one of the most common modalities in reasoning and argumentation. Various kinds of modal concepts have been identified in philosophical and logical discussion of the metaphysics of modality. We focus here on the concept of clinical possibility. A critical analysis of what is intended as clinical possibility has not yet received sufficient examination, although the concept is extensively used in clinical reasoning. We present arguments to emphasize some desirable features associated with the concept of clinical possibility. We argue that almost all clinical possibilities are potentialities, that is, possibilities that may be actualized by effective, appropriate and feasible interventions. However, in some limited cases, even mere possibilities – which may or may not be actualized, since we do not have the required knowledge – may be involved in clinical reasoning, and we present some examples in this paper. We then introduce some basic views on the nature of possibility showing their validity and limitations when applied to the concept of clinical possibility. Lastly, we conjecture that clinical possibility is a normative modality that can be formalized in a multimodal system with epistemic and deontic logical operators.
Distinct binding of amyloid imaging ligands to unique amyloid‐β deposited in the presubiculum of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ji Bin , Chen Chun‐Jen , Bando Kazunori , Ashino Hiroki , Shiraishi Hideaki , Sano Hiroaki , Kasahara Hiroyuki , Minamizawa Takao , Yamada Kazutaka , Ono Maiko , Zhang Ming‐Rong , Seki Chie , Farde Lars , Suhara Tetsuya , Higuchi Makoto 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNon‐invasive determination of amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) deposition with radioligands serves for the early diagnosis and clarification of pathogenetic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The polymorphic binding site on multimeric Aβ for current radioligands, however, is little understood. In this study, we investigated the binding of several radioligands including 11C‐Pittsburgh Compound B (11C‐PiB), 3H‐AZD2184, and two recently developed compounds, 125I‐DRM106 and 125I‐DRK092, with unique presubicular Aβ deposits lacking interaction with the commonly used amyloid dyes FSB. 11C‐PiB, 3H‐AZD2184, and 125I‐DRK092 showed overt binding to presubicular Aβ deposits, while 125I‐DRM106 barely bound to these aggregates despite its strong binding in the hippocampal CA1 sector. Unlike neuritic plaques in the CA1, Aβ lesions in the presubiculum were not accompanied by inflammatory gliosis enriched with 18‐kDa translocator protein (TSPO). Thus, there are at least two different components in Aβ aggregates providing distinct binding sites for the current amyloid radioligands, and one of these binding components is distinctly present in the presubicular Aβ deposits. Amyloid radioligands lacking affinity for this component, such as 125I‐DRM106, may selectively capture Aβ deposits tightly associated with TSPO neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration as exemplified by CA1 neuritic plaques. Hence, comparative autoradiographic assessments of radioligand binding in CA1 and presubiculum could serve for the development of an amyloid PET imaging agent visualizing neurotoxicity‐related Aβ pathologies.
image
Non‐invasive determination of amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) serves for the early diagnosis and clarification of pathogenetic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that there are at least two different amyloid components in hippocampal CA1 and presubiculum providing distinct binding sites for the current amyloid radioligands. Comparative analysis for radioligand binding in these two regions could serve for developing novel imaging agents selectively visualizing neurotoxicity‐related Aβ pathologies.
Heterogeneous Beliefs and the Demand for D&O Insurance by Listed Companies
Authors: Egger Peter , Radulescu Doina , Rees Ray 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis article introduces a new rationale for the existence of “directors’ and officers” (D&O) insurance. We use a model with volatile stock markets where shareholders design compensation schemes that incentivize managers to stimulate short‐term increases in stock prices that do not maximize long‐run stock market value. We show that D&O insurance provides a convenient instrument for the initial shareholders of a company to take advantage of differences in beliefs between insiders and outsiders in capital markets. The empirical results support the idea that both the insurance coverage and the premium are higher in the presence of new shareholders and volatile markets. The results prove robust in various empirical model specifications.
A Pilot Study on Function and Disability of Aging People with Down Syndrome in Italy
Authors: Covelli Venusia , Meucci Paolo , Raggi Alberto , Fontana Giulia , Leonardi Matilde 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAn increased life expectancy of people with Down syndrome (DS) and the occurrence of early aging are now recognized. However, few data exist on functioning and disability profile of early‐aging people with DS, which takes into account how health conditions interact with environmental factors. Based on the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), the authors collected preliminary data describing functioning and disability about early aging from 31 adults with DS aged 45 and older residing in the greater Milan, Italy, area. ICF checklist was used to collect data. Of the 31, 18 were women (mean age = 51.1), all were unmarried, 21 lived with their family, and 23 never worked. Few problems in body functions (e.g., vision and hearing, cognitions) and body structures (e.g., ear and eye structures, cardiovascular, endocrine, and digestive systems, skin structures) were reported. ICF categories within Activity and Participation domain emphasized the facilitating effect of environmental factors on activities related to domestic life (e.g., doing housework, acquisition of goods and services, preparation of meals). Within the Environmental Factors domain there are few barriers, mainly with respect to labor services, and very strong facilitating factors, particularly related to product of technology (for personal indoor and outdoor mobility and transportation) and the support of family members. The authors note that the findings can set out premises for further study on aging people with DS and their caregivers at national and international levels.
Utility of closely related taxa for genetic studies of adaptive variation and speciation: Current state and perspectives in plants with focus on forest tree species
Authors: Żukowska Weronika B. , Wachowiak Witold 
Published: August 2015

AbstractStudies of adaptation and speciation have greatly benefited from rapid progress of DNA sequencing and genotyping technologies. Comparative genomics of closely related taxa has great potential to advance evolutionary research on genetic architecture of adaptive traits and reproductive isolation. Such studies that utilized closely related plant species and ecotypes have already provided some important insights into genomic regions and/or genes that are potentially involved in local adaptation and speciation. The choice of an appropriate species model for such research is crucial. The paper discusses current approaches used to reveal the patterns of intra‐ and interspecific divergence due to natural selection. Its outcomes in herbaceous plants and forest trees are briefly summarized and compared to reveal general regularities concerning evolutionary processes. We then highlight the importance of multispecies studies and discuss the utility of several related pine taxa as fine candidates for evolutionary inferences. Genetically similar but ecologically and phenotypically diverged taxa seem a promising study system to search for genomic patterns of speciation and adaptive variation.
Role of DetR in defence is critical for virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Nguyen Minh‐Phuong , Park Jongchan , Cho Man‐Ho , Lee Sang‐Won 
Published: August 2015

SummaryLike other bacteria, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight disease in rice, possesses intracellular signalling systems, known as two‐component regulatory systems (TCSs), which regulate pathogenesis and biological processes. Completion of the genome sequences of three Xoo strains has facilitated the functional study of genes, including those of TCSs, but the biological functions of most Xoo TCSs have not yet been uncovered. To identify TCSs involved in Xoo pathogenesis, we generated knockout strains lacking response regulators (RRs, a cytoplasmic signalling component of the TCS) and examined the virulence of the RR knockout strains. This study presents a knockout strain (detR−) lacking the PXO_04659 gene which shows dramatically reduced virulence relative to the wild‐type. Our studies to elucidate detR function in Xoo pathogenesis revealed a reduction in extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), intolerance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and deregulation of iron homeostasis in the detR− strain. Moreover, gene expression of regulatory factors, including other RRs and transcription factors (TFs), was altered in the absence of DetR protein, as determined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and/or real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR analyses. All evidence leads to the conclusion that DetR is essential for Xoo virulence through the regulation of the Xoo defence system including EPS synthesis, ROS detoxification and iron homeostasis, solely or cooperatively with other regulatory factors.
Associations between socioeconomic position and correlates of sedentary behaviour among youth: a systematic review
Authors: Gebremariam M. K. , Altenburg T. M. , Lakerveld J. , Andersen L. F. , Stronks K. , Chinapaw M. J. , Lien N. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryExisting research evidence indicates that children and adolescents of parents with a low socioeconomic position spend more time on sedentary behaviour than their counterparts. However, the mechanisms driving these differences remain poorly understood. The main aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence regarding the association between socioeconomic position and correlates of sedentary behaviour among youth (0–18 years) from developed countries. The literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO. A total of 37 studies were included. All but three studies examined screen‐based sedentary behaviours only. Methodological quality ranged from low to moderate. Education was the most commonly used indicator of socioeconomic position, followed by income. Socioeconomic position was inversely related to the presence of a TV in the child's bedroom, parental modelling for TV viewing, parental co‐viewing and eating meals in front of the TV. We found no/indeterminate evidence for an association between socioeconomic position and rules and regulations about screen time. The findings suggest possible factors that could be targeted in future intervention studies to decrease screen‐based sedentary behaviour in lower socioeconomic groups in particular.
Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis and pyomyositis: Rare complications of rotavirus gastroenteritis
Authors: Aldemir‐Kocabaş Bilge , Karbuz Adem , Kara Tuğçe Tural , Çiftçi Ömer , Uçar Tayfun , Fitöz Suat , Çiftçi Ergin , İnce Erdal 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRotavirus may cause life‐threatening complications in untreated patients during the course of gastroenteritis. Electrolyte imbalance, bacteremia and sepsis are the most common complications of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RG). It is believed that translocation of intestinal microorganisms as a result of intestinal epithelium dysfunction is the underlying mechanism of bacteremia in RG. Although Gram‐negative bacteremia has been noted as a complication in RG, Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis have not been reported previously. A 22‐month‐old boy was admitted with complaints of fever, diarrhea and dehydration. He was diagnosed with RG complicated with S. aureus bacteremia, pyomyositis and endocarditis. We call attention to these complications in patients with prolonged or late‐onset fever during RG as rare complications of the disease.
Erythromelalgia with a linear pattern in a 12‐year‐old girl
Authors: Huh Seokwon , Jung Mo Kyung , Eun Lucy Youngmin , Jung Jo Won , Choi Jae Young 
Published: August 2015

AbstractErythromelalgia is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by erythema, increased temperature, and severe burning pain that can be aggravated by warmth or relieved by cold. Erythromelalgia occurs either as a primary, idiopathic form, or secondary to a number of diseases and conditions. Although fairly well studied in adults, the characteristics, pathogenesis, and natural history are poorly characterized in the pediatric age group. Different therapeutic options have been tried, but no optimal treatment has been suggested for erythromelalgia. We report a rare case of linear erythromelalgia in a 12‐year‐old girl involving her central body from the peripheral extremities, which seemed to be secondary due to vasculitis. Clinical progress waxed and waned on maintenance aspirin and propranolol.
Diamond burr debridement of 34 canine corneas with presumed corneal calcareous degeneration
Authors: Nevile Jessica C. , Hurn Simon D. , Turner Andrew G. , Morton John 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the signalment, presence of systemic and/or ocular comorbidities, times to detected healing and probabilities of recurrence after diamond burr debridement (DBD) of eyes with presumed corneal calcareous degeneration and secondary ulceration and/or ocular pain.Animals studiedTwenty‐six dogs with 42 eyes affected, 34 eyes treated with DBD.MethodsA case series was conducted using medical records from a private veterinary ophthalmology referral practice. Dogs were included if they had white or gray corneal opacity consistent with corneal calcareous degeneration with either erosive or superficial ulceration and/or ocular pain in at least one eye and had at least one such eye treated with DBD. DBD was performed with a battery‐operated handheld motorized burr (The Alger Company, Inc. Lago Vista, TX, USA), and a bandage contact lens was placed in the majority of eyes (30/34). Eyes were considered healed when the cornea was fluorescein negative, and there were no signs of ocular pain. Patient data (signalment, recurrence) were extracted from medical records.ResultsDogs were first re‐examined 7–62 days after treatment (median: 13 days). All DBD‐treated eyes healed within 62 days (% healed: 100%; one‐sided 97.5% CI: 90–100%, median: 14 days), 82% of eyes (28/34) were healed at first re‐examination (median: 13 days after treatment), and all were healed by their second examination (median: 24 days). Of the 34 treated eyes, 11 were lost to follow up; 11 of the remaining 23 eyes recurred. Estimated 1‐year recurrence probability was 58% (95% CI: 35–83%). Seven dogs had systemic disease; 7 had a history of prior ocular disease or intraocular surgery.ConclusionsDiamond burr debridement is a safe and effective treatment for rapid resolution of superficial corneal ulceration and ocular pain secondary to presumed corneal calcareous degeneration in dogs.