bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Interpretability in Science and Deep Learning
Authors: Scorzato Luigi 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn recent years, the question of the reliability of Machine Learning (ML) methods has acquired significant importance, and the analysis of the associated uncertainties has motivated a growing amount of research. However, most of these studies have applied standard error analysis to ML models—and in particular Deep Neural Network (DNN) models—which represent a rather significant departure from standard scientific modelling. It is therefore necessary to integrate the standard error analysis with a deeper epistemological analysis of the possible differences between DNN models and standard scientific modelling and the possible implications of these differences in the assessment of reliability. This article offers several contributions. First, it emphasises the ubiquitous role of model assumptions (both in ML and traditional science) against the illusion of theory-free science. Secondly, model assumptions are analysed from the point of view of their (epistemic) complexity, which is shown to be language-independent. It is argued that the high epistemic complexity of DNN models hinders the estimate of their reliability and also their prospect of long term progress. Some potential ways forward are suggested. Thirdly, this article identifies the close relation between a model’s epistemic complexity and its interpretability, as introduced in the context of responsible AI. This clarifies in which sense—and to what extent—the lack of understanding of a model (black-box problem) impacts its interpretability in a way that is independent of individual skills. It also clarifies how interpretability is a precondition for a plausible assessment of the reliability of any model, which cannot be based on statistical analysis alone. This article focuses on the comparison between traditional scientific models and DNN models. However, Random Forest (RF) and Logistic Regression (LR) models are also briefly considered.
International Education’s Academic Benefit: Potential for Community College Virtual International Exchange
Authors: Whatley Melissa 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis study focuses on the potential academic benefit of virtual international exchange for community colleges and the students they enroll through a comparison of virtual exchange and study abroad. Using data from two community colleges in the US Southeast, this study draws upon the notion of socioacademic integration. Specifically, this study theorizes that both virtual exchange and study abroad have a positive relationship with students’ academic outcomes given their potential to foster socioacademic integrative moments. However, given the scalability of virtual international exchange, it was expected that these programs are associated with a greater relationship to students’ academic outcomes in the aggregate. This study’s results generally confirm these expectations, although findings for virtual exchange are less positive compared to study abroad. Results have implications for the establishment and success of both approaches to international education programming at community colleges. The potential for virtual international exchange to reach a larger group of students compared to study abroad, thus having a greater aggregate impact on students’ success and outcomes, has key policy implications particularly for community colleges, for which service to the community is an integral component of institutional mission.
Public attitude toward solar radiation modification: results of a two-scenario online survey on perception in four Asia–Pacific countries
Authors: Sugiyama Masahiro , Asayama Shinichiro , Kosugi Takanobu , Ishii Atsushi , Watanabe Shingo 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSolar geoengineering or solar radiation modification (SRM) is increasingly looming large as a potential response to human-induced climate change. However, it is deeply mired in controversies surrounding environmental risks and social governance challenges. Given the high stakes and uncertain characteristics of SRM, it is essential to understand public perception. However, previous studies on public perception have not explicitly utilized scenarios to frame SRM as an option in the future and mostly have been conducted in the Global North. Here, we present the results of an online survey conducted in Australia, India, Japan, and the Philippines in 2022. In our survey, we showed two different SRM scenarios in which SRM would play different roles in the policy response to the possibility of climate tipping points. Overall, respondents in India and the Philippines were more concerned about climate change and more supportive of SRM, and tended to feel that future scenarios with SRM deployment were more plausible than those in Japan and Australia. Nonetheless, public support of SRM was ambivalent, and many voiced concerns about the environmental and governance risks of SRM. Our findings suggest the significance of explicitly communicating the policy contexts in which SRM might be deployed in the future for capturing more nuanced understandings of SRM among the public.
Eye-controlled endoscopy — a benchtop trial of a novel robotic steering platform — iGAZE2
Authors: Sivananthan Arun , Rubio-Solis Adrian , Darzi Ara , Mylonas George , Patel Nisha 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe endoscopic control system has remained similar in design for many decades The remit of advanced therapeutic endoscopy continues to expand requiring precision control and high cognitive workloads. Robotic systems are emerging, but all still require bimanual control and expensive and large new systems. Eye tracking is an exciting area that can be used as an endoscope control system. This is a study to establish the feasibility of an eye-controlled endoscope and compare its performance and cognitive demand to use of a conventional endoscope. An eye gaze-control system consisting of eye-tracking glasses, customised software and a small motor unit was built and attached to a conventional endoscope. Twelve non-endoscopists used both the eye gaze system and a conventional endoscope to complete a benchtop task in a simulated oesophagus and stomach. Completion of tasks was timed. Subjective feedback was collected from each participant on task load using the NASA Task Load Index. Participants were significantly quicker completing the task using iGAZE2 vs a conventional endoscope (65.02 ± 16.34s vs 104.21 ± 51.31s, p = 0.013) Participants were also significantly quicker completing retroflexion using iGAZE2 vs a conventional endoscope (8.48 ± 3.08 vs 11.38 ± 5.36s, p = 0.036). Participants reported a significantly lower workload (raw NASA-TLX score) when using iGAZE2 vs the conventional endoscope (152.1 ± 63.4 vs 319.6 ± 81.6, p = 0.0001) (Fig. 7). Users found iGAZE2 to have a significantly lower temporal demand, mental demand, effort, mental demand, physical demand, and frustration level. The eye gaze system is an exciting, small, and retrofittable system to any endoscope. The system shows exciting potential as a novel endoscopic control system with a significantly lower workload and better performance in novices suggesting a more intuitive control system.
Advanced Heart Failure Therapies in Neuromuscular Diseases
Authors: Agdamag Arianne Clare , Nandar Phoo Pwint , Tang W. H. Wilson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The main objective of this review article is to discuss the prevalence, utilization, and outcomes associated with advanced heart failure therapies among patients with neuromuscular disorders.

Recent Findings
Neuromuscular disorders often have multisystem involvement with a high prevalence of cardiovascular pathology. With the improvement in management of respiratory related complications, heart failure is now the leading cause of mortality in this patient population. Advanced heart failure therapies with durable left ventricular assist devices and heart transplantation have proven to be feasible and safe treatment options in selected patients.

Summary
Management of neuromuscular disease involves multidisciplinary team involvement given the systemic nature of the disease. Early recognition and close monitoring of these patients will allow for timely initiation of advanced heart failure therapies that can lead to successful outcomes.
Screening for Atrial Fibrillation: Risks, Benefits, and Implications On Future Clinical Practice
Authors: Ilyas Muhammad Haris , Sharih Amaan Mohammad , Tukur Jido Jamila , Ali Abdul Rahman Zulfiqar , Khoshnaghsh Ava , Nadeem Mehak , Zahra Syeda Anum 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Purpose of the Review
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly encountered arrhythmia in clinical practice with constantly rising prevalence due to an overall increased ageing population with multiple co-morbidities. Since AF predisposes patients to debilitating and life-threatening complications such as stroke and coronary artery disease (CAD), much emphasis has been placed recently on early recognition and management of the disease to prevent complications. Hence, the focus of this review is deliberate on the potential risks and benefits of screening initiatives for AF and their ultimate impact on healthcare systems the associated disease burden.

Recent Findings
Due to lack of clarity on the matter, implementation of national screening programmes for AF are not currently recommended by health authorities in the UK and USA. Nevertheless, recent multicentre studies such as AF-SCREEN and STROKESTOP have concluded that select groups may benefit from screening for this disease. Research in the use of electrocardiographs (ECGs) and wearable smart devices for early detection of AF has also demonstrated a marked decrease in AF-associated thromboembolic events

Summary
Although there is a dire need for further robust clinical trials to investigate various screening modalities and develop a robust criterion for AF screening, current literature supports the implementation of a national screening programme to combat the rate of AF-associated complications which continue to challenge the healthcare system.
Comparison between surgical and non-surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy: a systematic review
Authors: Eli Shezifi , Gal Shlomo Gozlan , Adnan Zaina 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Purpose
The management of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) during pregnancy may be surgical or conservative. This study compared adverse outcomes between surgical and non-surgical treatments. Additionally, the study investigated the correlation between serum calcium values and complication rates.

Methods
A systematic review of retrospective studies, case series, and case reports. Biochemical parameters, interventions, and outcomes of each pregnancy were recorded. The study population comprised two groups: the non-surgical and surgical groups. Adverse outcomes were categorized as maternal, obstetric, or neonatal.

Results
The surgical and non-surgical groups consisted of 163 and 185 patients, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between the mean maternal gestational calcium value and both maternal and obstetric complication. Neonatal complications were more prevalent in patients treated conservatively across all maternal calcium values (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in maternal outcomes and overall obstetric outcomes between the study groups, albeit a higher mean serum calcium value in the surgical group (12.3 mg/dL) compared with the non-surgical group (11.1 mg/dL).

Conclusions
Given the significantly lower neonatal adverse outcomes in the surgical group compared to the non-surgical group, along with non-inferior maternal and obstetric outcomes in the surgical group, the overall data of this study suggest that parathyroidectomy is favorable to non-surgical management even in cases of mild hypercalcemia.
Silicon and Potassium-Induced Modulations in Leaf Carbohydrate Metabolism Confer Freezing Tolerance in Satsuma Mandarin
Authors: Iqbal Shahid , Balal Rashad Mukhtar , Seleiman Mahmoud F. , Mattia Matthew , Chater John M. , Shahid Muhammad Adnan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractFreezing temperatures are a severe issue in North Florida, primarily due to occasional cold snaps and frost events in winter and early spring that cause damage to citrus groves, resulting in reduced fruit yield. The apoplasm is the primary cell component that interacts with environmental stress and is essential for plant tolerance to freezing temperatures. The present study was conducted to gain insight into how the application of silicon (Si) and potassium (K) are involved in the leaf apoplasm contributes to freezing stress tolerance, and regulates carbohydrate metabolism. We used Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.), the most successful commercially grown citrus cultivar in North Florida, and treated trees with two concentrations of Si and K (50 and 100 ppm) both individually and combined as foliar spray to determine their effect as they relate to improving cold hardiness. Freezing stress (-6 °C) caused a severe reduction in photosynthesis, and modulations in leaf carbohydrate metabolism resulted in inhibited plant growth. The exogenous application of Si and K both improved the photosynthesis rate, soluble sugars, and activities of enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism such as fructokinase, phosphofructokinase, hexokinase, sucrose and phosphate synthase, and acid and neutral invertase. Applying Si (100 ppm) and combined treatment (Si + K-50) showed the best response by inducing the maximum tolerance to freeze stress. Our data demonstrated the ameliorative effect of Si and K under freezing stress in citrus is associated with modification in carbohydrate metabolism in the leaf apoplasm. This study provides direction for future research to investigate the effect of Si and K on the transcriptome and metabolome in citrus plants and their tissues under freezing stress.
Graphical Abstract
Comparative analysis of volatile profiles and antimicrobial activities of freeze-dried and oven-dried pomegranate seeds: implications for waste valorization in a circular economy
Authors: Kubáleková Jana , Bajerová Petra , Stará Ivana , Fawole Olaniyi Amos , Bajer Tomáš 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPomegranate (Punica granatum), an ancient and well-recognized fruit, is highly valued in traditional medicine and the food industry for its rich composition of phytochemicals. This research investigated the effect of freeze-drying (FD) and oven-drying (OD) on the aroma profile and antibacterial activity of pomegranate seed essential oils (EOs). The aromatic compounds were evaluated using four different extraction techniques—hydrodistillation (HD), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and simultaneous hydrodistillation extraction (SHDE) for comparison. Antibacterial activity of the EO was tested in 7 microorganisms, including 3 Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus), 3 Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae), and yeast (Candida albicans). A total 93 compounds (FD) and 55 compounds (OD) were identified, belonging to groups such as carbonyls, fatty acids, esters, furans, alcohols, lactones, and other unspecified categories. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the antimicrobial properties of the EOs between the two drying methods. E. coli exhibited the highest resistance to the tested EOs as its growth remained uninhibited. K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa demonstrated resistance, with no inhibitory effects observed except at the highest concentrations tested (4550 µg∙g−1 and 4580 µg∙g−1). Among the Gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus was inhibited at 4550 µg∙g−1 and 4580 µg∙g−1, B. cereus at 4550 µg∙g−1 and 2425–4580 µg∙g−1, and E. faecalis at 2275 µg∙g−1 and 2425–4850 µg∙g−1, while C. albicans was the most susceptible (1138 µg∙g−1 and 1213 µg∙g−1). SFE proved effective in extracting fatty acids, particularly saturated fatty acids (SFAs), while HD and SHDE were most effective in extracting carbonyl compounds.
Positive effects of intercrop yields in farms from across Europe depend on rainfall, crop composition, and management
Authors: Brooker Rob W. , Pakeman Robin J. , Adam Eveline , Banfield-Zanin Jennifer A. , Bertelsen Inger , Bickler Charlotte , Fog-Petersen Jesper , George David , Newton Adrian C. , Rubiales Diego , Tavoletti Stefano , Villegas-Fernández Ángel Ma , Karley Alison J. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractModern “intensive” agriculture drives the biodiversity-climate crisis but is also central to global food security. Future farming needs management approaches that maintain (or even enhance) food production while reducing negative climate and biodiversity impacts. Intercrops could provide part of the solution, increasing biodiversity and boosting production with fewer inputs. However, barriers remain to their wide-scale uptake, in particular tailoring intercrops to local equipment, management practice, and environment. We analyze data from multiple trials of cereal-legume intercrops conducted on farms across Europe between 2018 and 2021. Our study is the first attempt, to our knowledge, to quantify the yield benefits of cereal-legume intercropping undertaken at commercially relevant scales for farms across Europe. We used crop performance ratio (CPR)—the ratio of the observed intercrop yield compared to the expected yield based on monoculture yields—as our metric of intercrop performance. Using CPR, we found a roughly 30% yield gain across all sites. However, CPR was modulated by a number of factors. CPR was not strongly affected by management except for the negative effects of direct drilling and the positive effects of organic fertilizer addition. CPR also depended on intercrop composition (number and identity of components), background yields (being highest where yields were lower), and rainfall (being higher with higher rainfall). Our findings allow us to reduce uncertainty about how intercrops will perform in realistic local farm conditions, give guidance for tailoring intercrops to local farming conditions, and provide key goals for further work to integrate intercrops into sustainable farming systems.
Virtual Interviewing and Diversity Among Psychiatry Residents
Authors: Lesanpezeshki Mohammad , Chifamba Lincoln , Haynie Hannah , Bonfine Natalie , Welton Randon S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Objective
Psychiatry residency program directors were surveyed regarding their impression of the impact virtual interviewing had on the perceived and actual diversity of individuals selected for interviews and residency training.

Methods
A link to an anonymous survey was sent to 299 psychiatry residencies. Psychiatry program directors provided information about their programs and rated their perception of the impact of virtual interviewing on candidates they interviewed and matched. They also reported the demographic information of incoming residency classes for 2020–2023. This data was assessed for differences in the average number of residents by each diversity category and interview format (i.e., in person or virtual) and between diversity categories and cohorts. A linear trend analysis assessed whether the number of residents in each demographic category had a significant change over time.

Results
Sixty-five program directors (21.7%) provided at least partial data. Half of the responding program directors believed that virtual interviewing had increased the diversity of interviewed applicants, but there were no statistically significant differences in the average number of incoming residents who were identified as women or were in an Underrepresented in Medicine category when comparing the in-person interview year (2020) and the virtual interview years (2021–2023).

Conclusions
The analyzed data demonstrated that the type of interview (in-person vs virtual) did not appear to affect the diversity of incoming psychiatry residents. Ongoing efforts to increase diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging should be paired with measurements of their impact.
Technostresserleben in der stationären medizinischen Versorgung in deutschen und schweizerischen Kliniken: aktueller Forschungsstand
Authors: Bail Clara , Marquardt Berit , Harth Volker , Mache Stefanie 
Published: June 2024

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung der aktuellen Studienlage zur Prävalenz und Ausprägung von Technostresserleben in der stationären medizinischen Versorgung in deutschen und schweizerischen Kliniken. Dieses stellt ein aufkommendes Risiko im Zusammenhang mit dem zunehmenden Einsatz von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) im Gesundheitswesen dar.

Methodik
Mithilfe einer systematischen Literaturrecherche wurden unter Verwendung von Schlüsselbegriffen vordefinierten Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien 49 Artikel identifiziert, von denen 9 Studien einbezogen worden sind.

Ergebnisse
Theoretische Grundlage der in dieser Arbeit analysierten Studien bildet überwiegend das Technostress-Konzept von Ragu-Nathan et al. (2008) mit den Subkategorien Techno-overload, Techno-complexity, Techno-insecurity, Techno-uncertainty und Techno-invasion. Bei fast allen Studien handelt es sich um Querschnittsstudien, welche sich auf die Ausprägung von Technostress unter Ärzt:innen, seltener Pfleger:innen und anderen Gesundheitsberufen konzentriert haben sowie auf die Analyse der auslösenden und abschwächenden Faktoren von Technostress und Auswirkungen auf organisationale und gesundheitsbezogene Outcomes (u. a. Produktivität, Arbeitszufriedenheit, Burnout). Die aktuelle Studienlage spricht hierbei für ein moderates Level von Technostress, wobei die höchsten Ausprägungen für die Subkategorien „Techno-overload“ und „Techno-uncertainty“ erhoben worden sind.

Schlussfolgerung
Ärzt:innen und Pfleger:innen zeigen die höchsten Ausprägungen von Technostresserleben, gefolgt von Medizinisch-technischen, Medizinisch-therapeutischen und anderen Berufen (z. B. Sozialarbeiter:innen, Psycholog:innen, Hebammen). Es mangelt jedoch an empirischen Studien zu nichtärztlichen Gesundheitsberufen sowie an Interventionsstudien, die insbesondere Coping-Strategien im Umgang mit arbeitsbezogenem Technostresserleben evaluieren und darauf basierende Handlungsempfehlungen für Gesundheitsorganisationen aussprechen.
Reinforcement learning inclusion to alter design sequence of finite element modeling
Authors: Ciklamini Marek , Cejnek Matous 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe study explores possibilities on how to approach cross-field methods, such as the design of mechanical systems via finite element modeling, with the contribution of reinforcement learning as a machine learning technique for guidance in design space. The application of the epsilon-greedy algorithm for optimizing parametric finite element model is illustrated by simulations through practical examples, namely the design of a cantilever beam and a JetVest. The results obtained clearly show that this approach can be beneficial in the field of rapid prototyping.