bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach to Achieve Zonal Isolation Objectives for Cementing the Longest 28-in. Surface Casing in Mediterranean Offshore Egypt
Authors: Fayed Mohamed Idris , Mehdiyev Akshin , Geldof Wilco , Bhaisora Devesh , Morsy Ahmed , El-Sawah Khaled 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
An operator spudded an extreme high-pressure/high-temperature (eHP/HT) well in the Mediterranean Sea, offshore Egypt, in 2012. To achieve the well objectives, it was necessary to set 28-in. surface casing at 1183 m, which was the deepest casing point used for such a large casing size in the offshore Mediterranean. The depth and size of the hole required presented numerous challenges, including but not limited to managing the variable deck load, hole stability during long casing running operations, logistic challenges for fluids resulting from significant washouts, etc.
One of the main challenges was related to achieving zonal isolation objectives for this section. These objectives were to cover the casing shoe with good quality cement and to achieve zonal isolation at the seabed and top of casing to help avoid future unexpected shallow flows to the surface. Meeting both of the objectives was paramount for resuming further operations. Typically, both of these objectives can be achieved in a single stage using lead and tail slurries. However, because of the long hole section and significant washouts (up to 300%), bringing cement up to the seabed would require pumping approximately 4,400 bbl of lead slurry and 380 bbl of tail slurry, which is equivalent to approximately 11,700 ft3 (500 MT) of dry cement, and 16 hr of cement pumping time.
To help mitigate the risks associated with a single-stage operation, it was decided to perform the job in two different stages. The first stage was designed to isolate the casing shoe and lower sand body by performing a lead and tail primary cement job. The second stage was a liner top squeeze. This was a multistage operation using several cement types of various particle sizes. The top of the liner was successfully squeezed, and the objectives of the cementing operation were met.
This paper describes the challenges experienced and solution for completing the cementing job, which could be valuable for designing similar offshore high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) wells.
Non-Radioactive Detectable Proppant First Applications in Algeria for Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments Optimization
Authors: Forno Luca Dal , Latronico Roberto , Saldungaray Pedro , Petteruti Ernesto , Fragola Daniele , Allal Mohammed A. , Hachelaf Houari , Albani Danilo , Hamdane Toufik , Carpineta Gabriele 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Bir Rebaa Nord (BRN) and Bir Sif Fatima (BSF) fields, operated by Groupement Sonatrach-Agip (GSA, a JV between ENI and Sonatrach), are located in the Berkine basin in north-eastern Algeria. These fields are characterized by oil-bearing sandstone reservoirs with low to medium petro-physical properties. During the development phase, to counteract the effect of pressure depletion, water and gas injection was implemented for reservoir pressure maintenance. In addition, due to the increasing water cut, artificial lift systems were employed to effectively produce these fields.
Hydraulic fracturing has been implemented in GSA since year 2000 to improve well performance, both in terms of productivity and injectivity for oil producers and water injectors respectively. The fracturing process has been improved over the years regarding operational procedures, enhanced reservoir knowledge and implementation of new technologies towards resolving the many uncovered challenges. Changes to the perforation strategy, fracturing fluids formulation, rock mechanics studies and design of proppant schedules are examples of enhancement to the fracturing practice that have been implemented in the recent years.
One of the uncharted matters in GSA, coming out from the post-job data re-processing, was the necessity of a precise characterization of the hydraulic fractures vertical coverage. The presence of several sandstone layers with different properties brought questions if the fracture had grown into an unwanted zone or may had not properly covered the entire target formation. Moreover, fracture height is an essential parameter for frac models calibration. Its accurate determination drastically reduces the margin of error in treatment net pressure matching, helping to more precisely established fracture half-length and width, stress profile and, last but not least, achieving a calibrated model for future operations in the same area.
This paper describes the successful implementation on two water injector wells of a novel non-radioactive detectable proppant for the first time in Algeria. The taggant material within the proppant has been located by comparing the pulsed neutron capture cased-hole logging passes registered before and after the hydraulic fracturing treatments. The detectable compound does not affect proppant properties and, in addition, its non-radioactive nature reduces the timing for materials delivery and eliminates the HSE risks linked to other tracing methods.
The pulsed neutron measurements evaluation provided valuable information regarding fractures confinement, avoidance of contact with undesired layers and possible presence of cement channeling. Furthermore, combined with sonic logs and cores data, it helped refining the geo-mechanical model for future interventions design in the same reservoirs.
Insights of Wellbore Imaging and Lithology & Mineralogy Wireline logs to minimize the Uncertainty Regarding Bit selection and Design, Engineering Approach
Authors: El Sherbeny Wael , Madkour Ali , Nuic Ivo , Richards Alun 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Formation drillability is one of the most important aspects for planning and designing a new oil/gas well since the factors affecting the drilling performance have complex relationships between formation properties, drill bit design and operational parameters. In view of high operating cost of drilling rigs, if Rate of Penetration (ROP) can be enhanced, it will reduce open-hole formation exposure time and complications associated with it resulting in significant savings in drilling time and cost can be realized
Normally bit engineers utilize the assumed lithology from mud logs, detailed depth wise lithology of offset wells. The lithology can also be interpreted from conventional logging data such as Sonic, Gamma and Density. Furthermore, the rock's compressive strength is calculated using Compressional / Shear travel time (Sonic log), Bulk density (Density log) and Shale content (Gamma log).
These utilized tools to detect the lithology and rock mechanical properties have an extent of uncertainty due to effects either related to borehole or drilling fluids that require extensive corrections. That degree of uncertainty subsequently can affect the drill bit design criteria, selection and viability of performance-enhancing features.
This present paper reveals a new practical approach as a solution to minimize uncertainty in terms of bit design and selection by utilizing wellbore imaging and lithology & mineralogy wireline logs to precisely deliver an accurate input data to the drill bit design software modules.
Comprehensive Investigation of Effects of Nano-Fluid Mixtures to Enhance Oil Recovery
Authors: Tarek Mohamed , El-Banbi Ahmed H. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Using mixtures of metal oxides nano-particles suspended in water to form an injectable nano-fluid (rather than single nano-fluid) has been investigated. The use of mixtures nano-fluids proved its ability as an EOR agent and its advantages over single nano-fluids. This paper investigates the different parameters that affect the oil recovery when using nano-fluids mixtures to suggest an optimum scenario for applying this technique.
Four sandstone cores were used in the experiments. The first core was used to test effect of the dispersing fluid salinity on the oil recovery. A core was flooded three successive times, each time till oil production stopped completely, with the same mixture of nano-particles but dispersed in different brine concentration. It was concluded that dispersing fluid salinity has negligible effect on ultimate oil recovery.
The usage of nano-fluid injection after water flooding was tested on the second core. The core was water flooded with one pore volume followed by nano-fluid injection. The results of the experiments show the possible successful formation of an oil bank and sustaining oil production when nano-fluid mixture is used after waterflooding.
The third core was used to check the possibility of using a nano-fluid slug instead of continuous injection due to its economical advantage. The experiments proved the viability from recovery point of view and the advantages from an economic point of view of using slugs of nano-fluid mixtures rather than continuous injection of nano-fluids.
Finally, combining between low salinity technique and nano-fluid injection was tested in the fourth core. The experimental results show that combining low salinity and nano-fluid mixtures injection (in different slugs) can add additional reserves.
Automatic Reservoir Model Identification using Artificial Neural Networks in Pressure Transient Analysis
Authors: AlMaraghi Ahmad M. , El-Banbi Ahmed H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPressure transient well test analysis is commonly used to help characterize oil and gas reservoirs. In a typical well test, interpretation of rate/pressure data usually yield information about permeability, skin factor, boundary conditions, and character of the reservoir. Some well tests, however, suffer from ambiguity and non-unique interpretation. The objective of this study is to apply the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technology to identify the reservoir model. A multilayer neural network, with back propagation optimization algorithm, is used to identify the reservoir model. The required training and test datasets were generated by using the analytical solutions of commonly used reservoir models. Nine ANN networks were constructed with each one capable of differentiating among six boundary models. Most commonly found reservoir models of different inner, outer boundary and reservoir medium are included (e.g. vertical, fractured and horizontal wells; homogenous, dual porosity and radial composite reservoirs; and infinite, one sealing fault, two sealing faults, rectangle and circle boundaries).Each of the ANN of the nine networks has been constructed by one input layer, two hidden layers; and one output layer with six nodes characterizing the different reservoir boundary models. Different network structures and training intensity were tested during this work to arrive at optimum network design.The performance of the proposed ANN was tested against simulated noisy and smooth datasets. The results indicate that the proposed multilayer neural network can recognize the reservoir models with acceptable accuracy even with complex models. The comprehensive testing of different ANN designs showed that success rate increases significantly by distributing the commonly used reservoir models into nine networks. This ANN design can still yield good results even with some noise in the pressure data. After testing the ANN, they were then used in the interpretation of several field cases (including complex tests) and results are presented in the paper.
Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) Technology Provides the Industry's Most Precise Pipe Integrity and Corrosion Evaluation, Accurately Characterizing Casing and Tubing Strength. Technology Overview and Case History
Authors: El Sherbeny Wael , Nuic Ivo , Hasan Gasser , Abdesslam Abba , Hassane Tharwat 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) Technique is the most commonly used technique to inspect large diameter transmission pipelines. A typical MFL inspection system uses permanent magnets to apply an axially oriented magnetic field to the ferromagnetic pipe material. The magnetic field is perturbed by a metal-loss region (usually caused by corrosion) to produce flux leakage outside the pipe, which can be measured by field sensors.
The magnetization system in an MFL inspection system should ideally produce a magnetic field that is strong enough to cause a measurable amount of magnetic flux to leak from the pipe material at metal-loss regions, uniform from inside to the outside surface of the wall thickness so that the measured signal is more linearly related to metal-loss depth, and consistent in magnitude along the length of a pipe so that flux leakage measurements can be compared at different locations during an inspection run.
In general, the field strength most strongly affects detection of metal loss defects while characterization of defect geometry requires a field that is strong, uniform, and consistent.
Improvements in the downhole hardware also provide more flexible and efficient data acquisition, reducing operating time while improving data accuracy and operational safety. In conventional magnetic flux leakage (MFL) tools, the flux leakage sensors are coils; in the “high-resolution” tool, the coil is replaced by multiple “Hall Effect” sensors.
The HR Vertilog service uses MFL measurements to identify and quantify internal and external corrosion defects. The overlapping arrays of flux-leakage sensors and discriminator sensors offer full circumferential inspection of the tubing or casing string. This process differentiates between metal-loss (corrosion) and metal-gain (hardware) Features, and distinguishes between general corrosion and isolated pitting. Paper represents technology overview and field cases history
EOS Tuning – Comparison between Several Valid Approaches and New Recommendations
Authors: Ali Mahmoud T. , El-Banbi Ahmed H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGas condensates and volatile oil reservoirs are simulated using compositional simulation or modified black-oil (MBO) approaches to account for composition changes in the reservoir1. The current approach in the industry is to use a tuned EOS model to represent the fluid phase behavior and volumetric properties. However; there is no consensus on how to tune an EOS model, how many pseudo-components to use, or what weight factors to apply to experimental data when tuning an EOS model for use in compositional and MBO reservoir simulation studies.Regarding the EOS tuning parameters, for example, some investigators prefer to regress on the binary interaction parameters (BIP) and the (Ω's) parameters of the EOS. Others have chosen the volume shift, BIP's, and critical parameters as matching parameters. Also, there is a newer approach where some investigators have chosen to vary the plus fraction molecular weight followed by the volume shift parameters.In this study, we have constructed an EOS model program to perform the five commonly used tuning approaches. We have investigated the different tuning approaches using a large data base of PVT samples spanning the range of black-oils through volatile oils and gas condensates (including rich gas condensates and lean wet gases). We have compared the different tuning approaches based on two criteria: (1) the quality of match after applying the tuning procedure, as indicated by the absolute average error (AAE), and (2) the percentage deviation in the tuning parameters from their original values.The tuning of many reservoir fluids using the different approaches has shown that some approaches were more superior to others and usually yielded excellent matches. While the other tuning approaches gave moderate to good matches. Based on this work, we were also able to give practical recommendations on tuning approaches that yield consistent EOS models.
Fullfield EOR Design for One Oilfield
Authors: Pang Wei , Zhang Tongyi , Deng Dawei , Du Juan , Sun Mingguang 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Girasol oilfield is the first oilfield of Mansarovar Energy Colombia Ltd. (MECL) employing horizontal wells. With first well drilled in 2004 and commercial development started in 2008, this typical heavy oilfield have been produced for 10 years, but the current recovery factor is only 5.09%, and that is much lower than that of similar oilfields.
Girasol oilfield is at the medium stage of the cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) with 5.3 cycles and remaining reserves of 40.54 MMbbl. Based on characteristics of typical mid-shallow inter-bedded reservoirs with heavy oil in Girasol oilfield, by applying methodology of reservoir engineering and numerical reservoir simulation, the development status of Girasol oilfield is analyzed through full utilization of the geologic, logging and production performance data, and etc. Five potentials for production enhancement are researched including (1) Potential for well pattern improvement: except layer A12 and A9-Upper, other layers exist 30%∼70% of uncontrolled regions in transition part between vertical and horizontal wells, near-boundary, low permeability areas; (2) Potential for well infilling: the well spacing is about 150m, while heating radius is about 50m, so there exist oils hard to exploit between wells. Numerical simulation shows the average heating area is only 33.07%. (3) Potential for CSS parameter optimization: compared with other similar blocks, the steam injection parameter is unoptimized, and there is a good potential for steam injection parameters adjustment; (4) Potential for horizontal lateral optimization: the current horizontal lateral of 600m on average is too long for thermal production because it will leads to high heat loss, un-uniform steam adsorption and poor steam injection effect; (5) Potential for steam flooding.
Aiming at the development potentials of Girasol oilfield, Sector models based on numerical simulation are carried out to optimize thermal mode, well pattern type, well spacing, injection-production parameters and horizontal lateral length for vertical wells and horizontal wells separately. Full field EOR conceptual designs are conducted and 7 development schemes are simulated.
Results show increasing periodic steam injection amount for CSS to 2 times can get much better production performance; the optimized horizontal well lateral length is 300-400 meters. Steam flooding is a very promising EOR method for Girasol oilfield and it can lead to 43.73% of recovery under current well pattern to year 2030; it can get 45% more oils by only adjusting CSS injection parameters and improving well pattern with 12 new wells, so it's recomended under current production period.
This paper constructs a framework and technical route for fullfield EOR enhancement design of heavy oil reservoir from potential analysis, sector simulation to fullfield scale implementation.
Effects of fixed labial orthodontic appliances on speech sound production
Authors: Paley Jonathan S. , Cisneros George J. , Nicolay Olivier F. , LeBlanc Etoile M. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To explore the impact of fixed labial orthodontic appliances on speech sound production.

Materials and Methods:
Speech evaluations were performed on 23 patients with fixed labial appliances. Evaluations were performed immediately prior to appliance insertion, immediately following insertion, and 1 and 2 months post insertion. Baseline dental/skeletal variables were correlated with the ability to accommodate the presence of the appliances.

Results:
Appliance effects were variable: 44% of the subjects were unaffected, 39% were temporarily affected but adapted within 2 months, and 17% of patients showed persistent sound errors at 2 months. Resolution of acquired sound errors was noted by 8 months post–appliance removal. Maladaptation to appliances was correlated to severity of malocclusion as determined by the Grainger’s Treatment Priority Index. Sibilant sounds, most notably /s/, were affected most often.

Conclusions:
(1) Insertion of fixed labial appliances has an effect on speech sound production. (2) Sibilant and stopped sounds are affected, with /s/ being affected most often. (3) Accommodation to fixed appliances depends on the severity of malocclusion.
Identification of Bile Duct Paucity in Alagille Syndrome: Using CK7 and EMA Immunohistochemistry as a Reliable Panel for Accurate Diagnosis
Authors: Herman Haley K. , Abramowsky Carlos R. , Caltharp Shelley , Metry Diana , Cundiff Caitlin A. , Romero Rene , Gillespie Scott E. , Shehata Bahig M. 
Published: September 2015

Bile duct paucity is the absence or marked reduction in the number of interlobular bile ducts (ILBD) within portal tracts. Its syndromic variant, Alagille syndrome (ALGS), is a multisystem disorder with effects on the liver, cardiovascular system, skeleton, face, and eyes. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait due to defects in NOTCH signaling pathway. ALGS is characterized by vanishing ILBD with subsequent chronic obstructive cholestasis in approximately 89% of cases. Cholestasis stimulates formation of new bile ductules through a process of neoductular reaction, making it difficult to evaluate the presence or absence of ILBD. Therefore, finding a method to differentiate clearly between ILBD and the ductular proliferation is essential for accurate diagnosis. A database search identified 28 patients with confirmed diagnosis of ALGS between 1992 and 2014. Additionally, 7 controls were used. A panel of two immunostains, cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), was performed. CK7 highlighted the bile duct epithelium of ILBD and ductular proliferation, while EMA stained only the brush border of ILBD. In our ALGS group, the ratio of EMA-positive ILBD to identified portal tracts was 12.6% (range, 0%–41%). However, this same ratio was 95.0% (range, 90%–100%) among control cases ( P < 0.001). We propose a panel of two immunostains, CK7 and EMA, to differentiate ILBD from ductular proliferation in patients with cholestasis. With this panel, identification of bile duct paucity can be achieved. Additional studies, including molecular confirmation and clinical correlation, would provide a definitive diagnosis of ALGS.
Del socio inglés a la asociación estratégica con China: Argentina y el realismo periférico
Authors: Bolinaga Luciano Damián 
Published: September 2015

Desde la perspectiva teórica del realismo periférico se analiza la política comercial y exterior de los países periféricos en una coyuntura de cambio internacional. Así, el periodo 1989-2014 es relevante porque se produce el cambio del epicentro económico mundial hacia el Pacífico Norte y se acelera el ascenso de China como gran potencia. El caso argentino expone como un país periférico reorienta su política comercial y exterior hacia los nuevos centros de poder internacional. Asímismo, el factor estructural sale a la luz al estudiar las relaciones bilaterales de Argentina con Inglaterra, bajo el epicentro económico del Atlántico europeo, y con Estados Unidos, ya con el eje económico sobre el Atlántico Norte. El estudio de tendencias recurrentes del sistema resulta de un alto valor instrumental para el diseño e implementación políticas comerciales y exteriores. Argentina aprovechó su vínculo bilateral y la complementación comercial con Inglaterra. Frente al ascenso de Estados Unidos optó por confrontar y tuvo que lidiar con estructuras productivas competitivas. Ante la emergencia de China como una gran potencia cabe preguntarse qué tipo de vínculos comerciales y políticos mantuvo la Argentina con el país asiático.
A Finite Volume Scheme for Three-Dimensional Diffusion Equations
Authors: Lai Xiang , Sheng Zhiqiang , Yuan Guangwei 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe extension of diamond scheme for diffusion equation to three dimensions is presented. The discrete normal flux is constructed by a linear combination of the directional flux along the line connecting cell-centers and the tangent flux along the cell-faces. In addition, it treats material discontinuities by a new iterative method. The stability and first-order convergence of the method is proved on distorted meshes. The numerical results illustrate that the method appears to be approximate second-order accuracy for solution.