bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the bereavement effect after the death of a spouse in the Amish: a population-based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Seifter Ari , Singh Sarabdeep , McArdle Patrick F , Ryan Kathleen A , Shuldiner Alan R , Mitchell Braxton D , Schäffer Alejandro A 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveThis study investigates the association between bereavement and the mortality of a surviving spouse among Amish couples. We hypothesised that the bereavement effect would be relatively small in the Amish due to the unusually cohesive social structure of the Amish that might attenuate the loss of spousal support.DesignPopulation-based cohort study.SettingThe USA.Participants10 892 Amish couples born during 1725–1900 located in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana. All the participants are deceased.Outcome measuresThe survival time is ‘age’; event is ‘death’. Hazard ratios (HRs) of widowed individuals with respect to gender, age at widowhood, remarriage, the number of surviving children and time since bereavement.ResultsWe observed HRs for widowhood ranging from 1.06 to 1.26 over the study period (nearly all differences significant at p<0.05). Mortality risks tended to be higher in men than in women and in younger compared with older bereaved spouses. There were significantly increased mortality risks in widows and widowers who did not remarry. We observed a higher number of surviving children to be associated with increased mortality in men and women. Mortality risk following bereavement was higher in the first 6 months among men and women.ConclusionsWe conclude that bereavement effects remain apparent even in this socially cohesive Amish community. Remarriage is associated with a significant decrease in the mortality risk among Amish individuals. Contrary to results from previous studies, an increase in the number of surviving children was associated with decreased survival rate.
Protocol for a longitudinal qualitative study: survivors of childhood critical illness exploring long-term psychosocial well-being and needs—The SCETCH Project
Authors: Manning Joseph C , Hemingway Pippa , Redsell Sarah A 
Published: January 2014

IntroductionLife-threatening critical illness affects over a quarter of a million children and adolescents (0–18 years old) annually in the USA and the UK. Death from critical illness is rare; however, survivors and their families can be exposed to a complex array of negative physical, psychological and social problems. Currently, within the literature, there is a distinct paucity of child and adolescent survivor self-reports, thus limiting our understanding of how survivors perceive this adversity and subsequently cope and grow in the long-term following their critical illness. This study aims to explore and understand psychosocial well-being and needs of critical illness survivors, 6–20 months post paediatric intensive care admission.Methods and analysisA longitudinal, qualitative approach will provide a platform for a holistic and contextualised exploration of outcomes and mechanisms at an individual level. Up to 80 participants, including 20 childhood critical illness survivors and 60 associated family members or health professionals/teachers, will be recruited. Three interviews, 7–9 weeks apart, will be conducted with critical illness survivors, allowing for the exploration of psychosocial well-being over time. A single interview will be conducted with the other participants enabling the exploration of contextual information and how psychosocial well-being may inter-relate between critical illness survivors and themselves. A ‘tool box’ of qualitative methods (semi-structured interviews, draw and tell, photo-elicitation, graphic-elicitation) will be used to collect data. Narrative analysis and pattern matching will be used to identify emergent themes across participants.Ethics and disseminationThis study will provide an insight and understanding of participants’ experiences and perspectives of surviving critical illness in the long term with specific relation to their psychosocial well-being. Multiple methods will be used to ensure that the findings are effectively disseminated to service users, clinicians, policy and academic audiences. The study has full ethical approval from the East Midlands Research Ethics Committee and has received National Health Service (NHS) governance clearance.
Determinants of survival in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia treated in the new era of oral therapy: findings from a UK population-based patient cohort
Authors: Smith A G , Painter D , Howell D A , Evans P , Smith G , Patmore R , Jack A , Roman E 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo examine contemporary survival patterns in the general population of patients diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), and to identify patient groups with less than optimal outcomes.DesignProspective population-based cohort.SettingThe UK's Haematological Malignancy Research Network (catchment population 3.6 million, with >2000 new haematological malignancies diagnosed annually).ParticipantsAll patients newly diagnosed with CML, from September 2004 to August 2011 and followed up to 31 March 2013.Main outcome measureIncidence and survival.ResultsWith a median diagnostic age of 59 years, the CML age standardised (European) incidence was 0.9/100 000 (95% CIs 0.8 to 0.9), 5-year overall survival was 78.9% (72.3 to 84.0) and 5-year relative survival 88.6% (81.0 to 93.3). The efficacy of treatment across all ages was clearly demonstrated; the relative survival curves for those under 60 and over 60 years being closely aligned. Survival findings were similar for men and women, but varied with deprivation; the age and sex adjusted HR being 3.43 (1.89 to 6.22) for deprivation categories 4–5 (less affluent) versus 1–3 (more affluent). None of these differences were attributable to the biological features of the disease.ConclusionsWhen therapy is freely provided, population-based survival for CML is similar to that reported in clinical trials, and age loses its prognostic significance. However, although most of the patients with CML now experience close to normal lifespans, those living in more deprived areas tend to have poorer outcomes, despite receiving the same clinical care. A significant improvement in overall population outcomes could be achieved if these socioeconomic differences, which may reflect the treatment compliance, could be eliminated.
Dealing with dark desires
Authors: Knight Andrew 
Published: January 2014

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved.In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Dealing with dark desires’, was submitted and is discussed by Andrew Knight. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Pest or patient?’, which was published in the November/December issue of In Practice, appears on page 55.The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
End-stage heart failure non-pharmacological therapy: recent advances in pacemakers, pressure monitors, pumps and other devices
Authors: Warriner David R , Sheridan Paul J 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Heart failure is a common, expensive and fatal condition and yet, until recently, there was a paucity of treatment options for patients with end-stage heart failure (ESHF), other than pharmacotherapy or heart transplant. Recent advances mean there is now an array of non-pharmacological therapies available for such patients; two such examples are cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), which improve pump function, symptoms, exercise capacity or reduce the risk of arrhythmic death, respectively. Furthermore, prior to transplant or if they are deemed unsuitable, patients now have the option of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) or total artificial heart (TAH), where available, before heart transplant needs to be considered. The concept of remote monitoring is increasingly popular, and while recording parameters such as blood pressure and weight are not new, what is new is how implantable remote monitoring devices are now able to detect clinical decompensation before even the patient is symptomatic and relay this information onto the clinician. Other more novel therapies for ESHF include nerve stimulators to reduce sympathetic tone, the risk of arrhythmia and augment reverse cardiac remodelling and, perhaps the most novel of all, cardiac contractility modulation, stimulating the heart paradoxically during the absolute refractory period that serves to improve cardiac contractility.
Targeting STAT5 in Hematologic Malignancies through Inhibition of the Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal (BET) Bromodomain Protein BRD2
Authors: Liu Suhu , Walker Sarah R. , Nelson Erik A. , Cerulli Robert , Xiang Michael , Toniolo Patricia A. , Qi Jun , Stone Richard M. , Wadleigh Martha , Bradner James E. , Frank David A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The transcription factor signal STAT5 is constitutively activated in a wide range of leukemias and lymphomas, and drives the expression of genes necessary for proliferation, survival, and self-renewal. Thus, targeting STAT5 is an appealing therapeutic strategy for hematologic malignancies. Given the importance of bromodomain-containing proteins in transcriptional regulation, we considered the hypothesis that a pharmacologic bromodomain inhibitor could inhibit STAT5-dependent gene expression. We found that the small-molecule bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 decreases STAT5-dependent (but not STAT3-dependent) transcription of both heterologous reporter genes and endogenous STAT5 target genes. JQ1 reduces STAT5 function in leukemia and lymphoma cells with constitutive STAT5 activation, or inducibly activated by cytokine stimulation. Among the BET bromodomain subfamily of proteins, it seems that BRD2 is the critical mediator for STAT5 activity. In experimental models of acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemias, where activated STAT5 contributes to leukemia cell survival, Brd2 knockdown or JQ1 treatment shows strong synergy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in inducing apoptosis in leukemia cells. In contrast, mononuclear cells isolated form umbilical cord blood, which is enriched in normal hematopoietic precursor cells, were unaffected by these combinations. These findings indicate a unique functional association between BRD2 and STAT5, and suggest that combinations of JQ1 and TKIs may be an important rational strategy for treating leukemias and lymphomas driven by constitutive STAT5 activation. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(5); 1194–205. ©2014 AACR.
Comprehensive Genomic Analysis of Rhabdomyosarcoma Reveals a Landscape of Alterations Affecting a Common Genetic Axis in Fusion-Positive and Fusion-Negative Tumors
Authors: Shern Jack F. , Chen Li , Chmielecki Juliann , Wei Jun S. , Patidar Rajesh , Rosenberg Mara , Ambrogio Lauren , Auclair Daniel , Wang Jianjun , Song Young K. , Tolman Catherine , Hurd Laura , Liao Hongling , Zhang Shile , Bogen Dominik , Brohl Andrew S. , Sindiri Sivasish , Catchpoole Daniel , Badgett Thomas , Getz Gad , Mora Jaume , Anderson James R. , Skapek Stephen X. , Barr Frederic G. , Meyerson Matthew , Hawkins Douglas S. , Khan Javed 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDespite gains in survival, outcomes for patients with metastatic or recurrent rhabdomyosarcoma remain dismal. In a collaboration between the National Cancer Institute, Children's Oncology Group, and Broad Institute, we performed whole-genome, whole-exome, and transcriptome sequencing to characterize the landscape of somatic alterations in 147 tumor/normal pairs. Two genotypes are evident in rhabdomyosarcoma tumors: those characterized by the PAX3 or PAX7 fusion and those that lack these fusions but harbor mutations in key signaling pathways. The overall burden of somatic mutations in rhabdomyosarcoma is relatively low, especially in tumors that harbor a PAX3/7 gene fusion. In addition to previously reported mutations in NRAS, KRAS, HRAS, FGFR4, PIK3CA, and CTNNB1, we found novel recurrent mutations in FBXW7 and BCOR, providing potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, alteration of the receptor tyrosine kinase/RAS/PIK3CA axis affects 93% of cases, providing a framework for genomics-directed therapies that might improve outcomes for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma.Significance: This is the most comprehensive genomic analysis of rhabdomyosarcoma to date. Despite a relatively low mutation rate, multiple genes were recurrently altered, including NRAS, KRAS, HRAS, FGFR4, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, FBXW7, and BCOR. In addition, a majority of rhabdomyosarcoma tumors alter the receptor tyrosine kinase/RAS/PIK3CA axis, providing an opportunity for genomics-guided intervention. Cancer Discov; 4(2); 216–31. ©2014 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 131
Prediction of Consensus Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecast Error
Authors: Goerss James S. , Sampson Charles R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The extent to which the tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecast error of IVCN and S5YY, consensus models routinely used by forecasters at the National Hurricane Center and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, respectively, can be predicted is determined. A number of predictors of consensus intensity forecast error, which must be quantities that are available prior to the official forecast deadline, were examined for the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basins for 2008–11 and the western North Pacific basin for 2012. Leading predictors were found to be forecast TC intensity and intensity change, initial intensity and latitude of the TC, and consensus model spread, defined to be the average of the absolute intensity differences between the member forecasts and the consensus forecast. Using stepwise linear regression and the full pool of predictors, regression models were found for each forecast length to predict the IVCN and S5YY TC intensity forecast errors. Using the regression models, intervals were determined centered on the IVCN and S5YY forecasts that contained the verifying TC intensity about 67% of the time. Based on the size of these intervals, a forecaster can determine the confidence that can be placed upon the IVCN or S5YY forecasts. Independent data testing yielded results only slightly degraded from those of dependent data testing, highlighting the capability of these methods in practical forecasting applications.
Application of Object-Based Time-Domain Diagnostics for Tracking Precipitation Systems in Convection-Allowing Models
Authors: Clark Adam J. , Bullock Randy G. , Jensen Tara L. , Xue Ming , Kong Fanyou 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Meaningful verification and evaluation of convection-allowing models requires approaches that do not rely on point-to-point matches of forecast and observed fields. In this study, one such approach—a beta version of the Method for Object-Based Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE) that incorporates the time dimension [known as MODE time-domain (MODE-TD)]—was applied to 30-h precipitation forecasts from four 4-km grid-spacing members of the 2010 Storm-Scale Ensemble Forecast system with different microphysics parameterizations. Including time in MODE-TD provides information on rainfall system evolution like lifetime, timing of initiation and dissipation, and translation.
The simulations depicted the spatial distribution of time-domain precipitation objects across the United States quite well. However, all simulations overpredicted the number of objects, with the Thompson microphysics scheme overpredicting the most and the Morrison method the least. For the smallest smoothing radius and rainfall threshold used to define objects [8 km and 0.10 in. (1 in. = 2.54 cm), respectively], the most common object duration was 3 h in both models and observations. With an increased smoothing radius and rainfall threshold, the most common duration became shorter. The simulations depicted the diurnal cycle of object frequencies well, but overpredicted object frequencies uniformly across all forecast hours. The simulations had spurious maxima in initiating objects at the beginning of the forecast and a corresponding spurious maximum in dissipating objects slightly later. Examining average object velocities, a slow bias was found in the simulations, which was most pronounced in the Thompson member. These findings should aid users and developers of convection-allowing models and motivate future work utilizing time-domain methods for verifying high-resolution forecasts.
A national survey of attitudes to research in Scottish General Surgery Trainees
Authors: Roxburgh CS , Richards CH , O’Neill S , Ramsay G , Velineni R , Robson AJ , Watt DG , Mittapalli D , Milburn JA , Robertson AG , Jamieson NB 
Published: January 2014

Introduction Given the importance placed on awareness and participation in research by Speciality and Training organisations, we sought to survey Scottish trainee attitudes to exposure to research practice during training and research in or out of programme. Methods An online survey was distributed to core and specialist trainees in general surgery in Scotland. Results Over a 4-month period, 108 trainees (75 ST/SPRs and 33 CTs) completed the survey. In their current post, most were aware of ongoing research projects (77%) and 55% were aware of trial recruitment. Only 47% attend regular journal clubs. Most believe that they are expected to present (89%) and publish (82%) during training. Most (59%) thought that participation in research is well supported. 57% were advised to undertake time out of programme research, mostly by consultants (48%) and training committee (36%). Of the 57 with time out of programme research experience, most did so in early training (37%) or between ST3-5 (47%). 28 out of the 36 (78%) without a national training number secured one after starting research. Most undertook research in a local academic unit (80%) funded by small grants (47%) or internally (33%). Most research (69%) was clinically orientated (13/55 clinical, 25/55 translational). 56% of those completing time out of programme research obtained an MD or PhD. About 91% thought that research was relevant to a surgical career. Conclusions Most trainees believe that research is an important part of training. Generally, most trainees are exposed to research practices including trial recruitment. However, <50% attend regular journal clubs, a pertinent point, given the current ‘exit exam’ includes the assessment of critical appraisal skills.
Breaking the Spiral of Violence
Authors: París Pombo María Dolores 
Published: January 2014

The political culture of the Copala Triqui region has been characterized by factionalism and armed confrontation among leaders, neighborhoods, and political organizations. The political violence has led to the emigration of more than half of the population. Many families have settled in colonies close to the agricultural regions of northwestern Mexico. While migration has allowed the Triqui to overcome factionalism and armed conflict, another violence—almost invisible, unrecognized, or even considered part of everyday life, normalized—brings hunger, disease, despair, and humiliation. En la región triqui de Copala, la cultura política se ha caracterizado por el faccionalismo y la confrontación armada entre líderes, barrios y organizaciones políticas. La situación de violencia política ha provocado la emigración de más de la mitad de la población. Muchas familias se han asentado en colonias cercanas a las regiones agrícolas del noroeste de México. Si bien la migración al noroeste de México ha permitido al pueblo triqui superar el faccionalismo, eludir los enfrentamientos armados y los asesinatos políticos, otra violencia—casi invisible, no reconocida o incluso admitida como parte de la cotidianidad, normalizada—provoca el hambre, la enfermedad, la desesperación y la humillación.
Narcoaesthetics in Colombia, Mexico, and the United States
Authors: Rojas-Sotelo Miguel L. 
Published: January 2014

The production of the visual artists Juan Obando (Colombia), José Ignacio García (United States–Mexico), and the Narcochingadazo collective (United States–Mexico–Colombia) under the umbrella of what they call “narcoaesthetics” is linked to contemporary democratic processes in Colombia and Mexico and the implementation of branding techniques aimed at offsetting these countries’ bad image due to the drug issue. From a decolonizing reading of their work a definition of “narcoculture” emerges that, along with other cultural forms, complements an understanding of the ways in which the narco phenomenon is reshaping the region after the consolidation of the late phase of modernity. La obra de los artistas visuales Juan Obando (Colombia), José Ignacio García (México–Estados Unidos) y la colectiva Narcochingadazo (Estados Unidos–México–Colombia) pertenece a la categoría de lo que ellos llaman la “narcoestética” y está vinculada a procesos democráticos contemporáneos en Colombia y México, al igual que a la aplicación de técnicas destinadas a contrarrestar la mala imagen de estos países en el tema de las drogas. Una perspectiva decolonizadora nos brinda una definición de “narcocultura” que, junto con otras formas culturales, ayuda a entender las maneras en que el fenómeno del narco está remodelando a la región después de la consolidación de la última fase de la modernidad.
Swallowing Disorders in the Ambulatory Medical Setting
Authors: Mahboubi Hossein , Verma Sunil P. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesThe aims of this cross‐sectional study were to explore the nationwide number and demographics of patient visits due to dysphagia and to investigate potential differences in their management between otolaryngologists and other physicians in the outpatient setting.Study DesignCross‐sectional.SettingNational Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.Subjects and MethodsThe data sets from 2007 to 2010 were queried to extract all cases with dysphagia as a reason for visit. Data regarding demographics, imaging studies, nonmedication therapies, diagnoses, medications, and patient disposition were compared between otolaryngologists, primary care physicians, and other specialists.ResultsAnnually, 1,875,187 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1,443,876‐2,307,204) outpatient visits were due to dysphagia, comprising 0.19% of all visits (95% CI, 0.14%‐0.23%) and 1.55% (95% CI, 1.10%‐2.0%) of the visits to otolaryngologists. The visits were mostly distributed between primary care physicians and other specialists, while 16.4% (95% CI, 11.3%‐21.6%) visited an otolaryngology office. Otolaryngologists, primary care physicians, and other specialists ordered imaging studies in 22.8%, 10.2%, and 24.0% (P =. 02); performed aerodigestive‐specific procedures in 20.8%, 4.0%, and 36.2% (P <. 0001); and referred the patient to another physician in 5.8%, 14.8%, and 2.8% (P =. 003) of the visits, respectively.ConclusionsAlmost 0.2% of office visits to physicians have a complaint of dysphagia. Otolaryngologists are involved in the care of a minority of these visits. The differences in the management of dysphagic patients may be due to different etiologies of the disease.