bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new ontology (structured hierarchy) of human developmental anatomy for the first 7 weeks (Carnegie stages 1–20)
Authors: Bard Jonathan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper describes a new ontology of human developmental anatomy covering the first 49 days [Carnegie stages (CS)1–20], primarily structured around the parts of organ systems and their development. The ontology includes more than 2000 anatomical entities (AEs) that range from the whole embryo, through organ systems and organ parts down to simple or leaf tissues (groups of cells with the same morphological phenotype), as well as features such as cavities. Each AE has assigned to it a set of facts of the form <AE><relationship><parent>, with the relationships including starts_at and ends_at (CSs), part_of (there can be several parents) and is_a (this gives the type of tissue, from an organ system down to one of ~ 80 simple tissues predominantly composed of a single cell kind, which is also specified). Leaf tissues also have a develops_from link to its parent tissue. The ontology includes ~14 000 such facts, which are mainly from the literature and an earlier ontology of human developmental anatomy (EHDAA, now withdrawn). The relationships enable these facts to be integrated into a single, complex hierarchy (or mathematical graph) that was made and can be viewed in the OBO‐Edit browser (oboedit.org). Each AE has an EHDAA2 ID that may be useful in an informatics context, while the ontology as a whole can be used for organizing databases of human development. It is also a knowledge resource: a user can trace the lineage of any tissue back to the egg, study the changes in cell phenotype that occur as a tissue develops, and use the structure to add further (e.g. molecular) information. The ontology may be downloaded from www.obofoundry.org. Queries and corrections should be sent to j.bard@ed.ac.uk.
On the time course of bottom‐up and top‐down processes in selective visual attention: An EEG study
Authors: Schneider Daniel , Beste Christian , Wascher Edmund 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAccording to recent models on visual attention, both the salience of signals (bottom‐up) and the intention to search for particular stimuli (top‐down) are determinants for attentional selection. We investigated these mechanisms by varying the top‐down set of participants that had to detect either luminance or orientation changes of two symmetrically located bars. Irrelevant changes impaired target detection when they were presented spatially separated to the relevant change. Initial attentional selection was represented in posterior N1 asymmetries and was determined by both the relative salience of orientation changes and a subsequent intentional bias towards relevant stimuli. Only when salient orientation changes interfered with luminance target selection in the N1 time window did an N2pc occur. Thus, the selection of relevant information proceeds in a network whose activation is induced by a dynamic interplay of bottom‐up and top‐down processes.
Promoting healthy eating to children: a text message (SMS) feedback approach
Authors: Bech‐Larsen Tino , Grønhøj Alice 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe paper presents the design and results of a goal‐setting and feedback intervention aimed at increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables. The intervention involved 256 Danish adolescents (aged 12), and consisted of a nutrition education programme and an SMS‐based diary and feedback procedure that involved setting and modifying consumption goals. Effects were measured by comparing consumption goals and consumption data from the SMS diaries as well as from pre‐ and post‐intervention surveys. In addition to assessing the effects of the intervention on the consumption of fruits and vegetables, an objective of the study was to evaluate the intervention process in terms of attrition and goal accommodation behaviours. Based on the pre‐intervention survey, the sample was split into two groups consisting of pupils with low vs. high intake of fruits and vegetables. The diary and feedback design resulted in low attrition for both groups of pupils. Contrary to expectations, however, pupils with a high vs. low pre‐intervention intake were not less likely to reduce their intake goals during the intervention. For the pupils with low pre‐intervention intake, the intervention resulted in small but significant increases in consumption frequencies, whereas the partial effect of the SMS routines was only marginally positive. Unexpectedly, the pupils with a high pre‐intervention intake reduced their consumption of fruits and vegetables during the intervention.
Migrants as strategic actors in the European Union's Global Approach to Migration and Mobility
Authors: COLLYER MICHAEL 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe European Union's discourse of ‘partnership’ in the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility and the widely expressed critique of this discourse as a process of ‘externalization’ of EU policy both depend on unitary accounts of the main policy actors involved. Two separate literatures contest such unitary accounts. Within political science and international relations, institutional approaches identify a range of strategic actors involved in policy development; in anthropology, there is a well‐established interest in the strategic behaviour of disempowered actors. In this article, I set out to link these two approaches with an examination of undocumented migrants as strategic actors. I use a case study of events at the borders between Morocco and the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla in late 2005, which have proved extremely influential in the continued development of the EU's global approach, to identify the ways in which even highly marginalized migrants were able to develop transnational social organizations.
Millennium Consumption Goals (MCGs) for Rio+20 and beyond: A practical step towards global sustainability
Authors: Munasinghe Mohan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn January 2011, the idea of Millennium Consumption Goals (MCGs) was first proposed at the United Nations, because unsustainable patterns of consumption and production have led to multiple problems threatening the future of humanity. The global economy driven by consumption already uses natural resources equivalent to almost 1.5 planets earth, with the world's richest 1.4 billion consuming almost 85% of global output, which is over 60 fold the consumption of the poorest 1.4 billion. The consumption of the rich is not only ecologically unsustainable, but also “crowding out” the prospects of the poor and exacerbating inequalities that increase the risk of conflict and global unrest.The MCGs provide an innovative future vision and complement the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that aim to help the world's poor. First, the MCGs seek to address the issues of global poverty and inequality by ensuring that the basic consumption needs of over 2 billion poor people are met. Next, the MCGs will provide benchmarks for the consumption of the rich, which will reduce the burden on the world's natural resource base. Instead of viewing the affluent as a problem, the novel approach of the MCGs would persuade them to contribute to the solution without having to reduce their quality of life.The MCGs apply even‐handedly to the rich in all countries. The concept enjoys broad support worldwide and is being promoted by a global coalition called the MCG Initiative (MCGI). A bottom‐up approach has already been started by many pioneering individuals, communities, organizations, firms, cities, regions and nations. They prefer not to wait for broad multilateral agreements and are acting now, to voluntarily pursue their own specific MCGs. A parallel top‐down path is being pursued through mandatory agreements at the United Nations/international level, starting with the Rio+20 Earth Summit and beyond. The MCGs fit in with other major UN initiatives like Agenda 21, the MDGs, green economy, SCP and the Sustainable Development Goals.
Convergence of Genome‐Wide Association and Candidate Gene Studies for Alcoholism
Authors: Olfson Emily , Bierut Laura Jean 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundGenome‐wide association (GWA) studies have led to a paradigm shift in how researchers study the genetics underlying disease. Many GWA studies are now publicly available and can be used to examine whether or not previously proposed candidate genes are supported by GWA data. This approach is particularly important for the field of alcoholism because the contribution of many candidate genes remains controversial.MethodsUsing the Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator, we selected candidate genes for alcoholism that have been frequently examined in scientific articles in the past decade. Specific candidate loci as well as all the reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes were examined in the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE), a GWA study comparing alcohol‐dependent and nondependent subjects.ResultsSeveral commonly reported candidate loci, including rs1800497 in DRD2, rs698 in ADH1C, rs1799971 in OPRM1, and rs4680 in COMT, are not replicated in SAGE (p > 0.05). Among candidate loci available for analysis, only rs279858 in GABRA2 (p = 0.0052, OR = 1.16) demonstrated a modest association. Examination of all SNPs reported in SAGE in over 50 candidate genes revealed no SNPs with large frequency differences between cases and controls, and the lowest p‐value of any SNP was 0.0006.ConclusionsWe provide evidence that several extensively studied candidate loci do not have a strong contribution to risk of developing alcohol dependence in European and African ancestry populations. Owing to the lack of coverage, we were unable to rule out the contribution of other variants, and these genes and particular loci warrant further investigation. Our analysis demonstrates that publicly available GWA results can be used to better understand which if any of previously proposed candidate genes contribute to disease. Furthermore, we illustrate how examining the convergence of candidate gene and GWA studies can help elucidate the genetic architecture of alcoholism and more generally complex diseases.
The Effects of Alcohol Abstinence on BDNF, Ghrelin, and Leptin Secretions in Alcohol‐Dependent Patients with Glucose Intolerance
Authors: Kim JH , Kim SJ , Lee WY , Cheon YH , Lee SS , Ju A , K Min , Kim DJ 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundAlcohol use affecting the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is poorly identified as well as the role of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ghrelin, and leptin in alcohol dependence with T2DM. We tested the hypothesis that alcohol abstinence affects diabetes‐related factors and BDNF, ghrelin, and leptin secretions in alcohol‐dependent patients with glucose intolerance.MethodsA total of 64 male alcohol‐dependent patients were classified into normal glucose tolerance (NGT), pre‐diabetes mellitus (pre‐DM), and diabetes mellitus (DM) groups according to a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). All participants got alcohol dependence rehabilitation treatment for 30 days, and then we compared changes in BDNF, ghrelin, and leptin between pre‐ and post‐alcohol abstinence.ResultsAfter alcohol abstinence, both pre‐DM and DM groups had significantly decreased levels of fasting glucose. All 3 groups exhibited elevated ghrelin levels and reduced leptin levels, but BDNF levels were significantly increased only in the pre‐DM group. The pre‐DM group had large increases in BDNF and ghrelin levels compared with those of the NGT group. Moreover, decreases in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), fasting glucose, and leptin levels in the DM group were larger than those in the NGT group.ConclusionsAlcohol abstinence might influence diabetes‐related factors of alcohol‐dependent patients with glucose intolerance. Further, BDNF, ghrelin, and leptin differently affect this improvement, depending on the stage of DM. In the pre‐DM group, elevated BDNF and ghrelin levels are likely to influence insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, and fasting glucose levels. Further, reduced leptin levels after abstinence might be related to improved glucose kinetics in patients with diabetes.
Further Development of a Neurobehavioral Profile of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Mattson Sarah N. , Roesch Scott C. , Glass Leila , Deweese Benjamin N. , Coles Claire D. , Kable Julie A. , May Philip A. , Kalberg Wendy O. , Sowell Elizabeth R. , Adnams Colleen M. , Jones Kenneth Lyons , Riley Edward P. 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundHeavy prenatal alcohol exposure (AE) results in a broad array of neurobehavioral deficits. Recent research has focused on identification of a neurobehavioral profile or profiles that will improve the identification of children affected by AE. This study aimed to build on our preliminary neurobehavioral profile to improve classification accuracy and test the specificity of the resulting profile in an alternate clinical group.MethodsA standardized neuropsychological test battery was administered to 3 groups of children: subjects with AE (n = 209), typically developing controls (CON, n = 185), and subjects with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, n = 74). We assessed a large sample from 6 sites in the United States and South Africa, using standardized methodology. Data were analyzed using 3 latent profile analyses including (i) subjects with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and controls, (ii) subjects with AE without FAS and controls, and (iii) subjects with AE (with or without FAS) and subjects with ADHD.ResultsClassification accuracy was moderate but significant across the 3 analyses. In analysis 1, overall classification accuracy was 76.1% (77.2% FAS, 75.7% CON). In the second analysis, overall classification accuracy was 71.5% (70.1% AE/non‐FAS, 72.4% CON). In the third analysis, overall classification accuracy was 73.9% (59.8% AE, 75.7% ADHD). Subjects that were misclassified were examined for systematic differences from those that were correctly classified.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that the neuropsychological effects of AE are clinically meaningful and can be used to accurately distinguish alcohol‐affected children from both typically developing children and children with ADHD. Further, in combination with other recent studies, these data suggest that approximately 70% of children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure are neurobehaviorally affected, while the remaining 30% are spared these often‐devastating consequences, at least those in the domains under study. Refining the neurobehavioral profile will allow improved identification and treatment development for children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure.
Anticoagulation Bridging Around Device Surgery: Compliance with Guidelines
Authors: PERRIN MARK J. , VEZI BRIAN Z. , HA ANDREW C. , KEREN ARIEH , NERY PABLO B. , BIRNIE DAVID H. 
Published: September 2012

Background:

Current guidelines recommend bridging anticoagulation in patients undergoing cardiac rhythm device surgery with a “moderate to high risk” of thromboembolism. Patients at “low risk” are advised to stop oral anticoagulation without bridging to the procedure. This study examines real world adherence to accepted guidelines and the clinical sequelae of nonadherence.
Methods:

We performed a review of all patients undergoing device surgery receiving chronic anticoagulation over a prespecified time period of 14 months. Patients were classified per American College of Chest Physician guidelines as “moderate/high risk” or “low risk” of thromboembolism. We then compared perioperative management of anticoagulation to guideline recommendations and assessed the rate of perioperative bleeding and thromboembolism.
Results:

One hundred and twenty‐nine patients were included in this study. Sixty‐two (48%) were classified as “moderate/high risk” and 67 (52%) “low risk.” In the “moderate/high risk” group 47/62 (76%) received perioperative anticoagulation but only 25/62 (40%) were bridged both pre‐ and postprocedure or maintained on uninterrupted warfarin. In the “low risk” group, 22/67 (33%) received bridging therapy. Device pocket hematoma or perioperative bleeding occurred in 10/129 (8%) with 4/10 receiving inappropriate bridging for a calculated low risk of thromboembolism. There were no perioperative thromboembolisms.
Conclusions:

Our study identified significant underutilization of bridging, particularly in the postoperative period, in patients at “moderate/high risk” of thromboembolism. Conversely, bridging was overused in “low risk” patients and associated with bleeding complications. Physicians should be urged to follow current expert guidelines in regard to bridging anticoagulation for cardiac rhythm device surgery. (PACE 2012;35:1480–1486)
Patient Understanding of Emergency Department Discharge Instructions: Where Are Knowledge Deficits Greatest?
Authors: Engel Kirsten G. , Buckley Barbara A. , Forth Victoria E. , McCarthy Danielle M. , Ellison Emily P. , Schmidt Michael J. , Adams James G. 
Published: September 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:1035–1044 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Many patients are discharged from the emergency department (ED) with an incomplete understanding of the information needed to safely care for themselves at home. Patients have demonstrated particular difficulty in understanding post‐ED care instructions (including medications, home care, and follow‐up). The objective of this study was to further characterize these deficits and identify gaps in knowledge that may place the patient at risk for complications or poor outcomes.Methods:  This was a prospective cohort, phone interview–based study of 159 adult English‐speaking patients within 24 to 36 hours of ED discharge. Patient knowledge was assessed for five diagnoses (ankle sprain, back pain, head injury, kidney stone, and laceration) across the following five domains: diagnosis, medications, home care, follow‐up, and return instructions. Knowledge was determined based on the concordance between direct patient recall and diagnosis‐specific discharge instructions combined with chart review. Two authors scored each case independently and discussed discrepancies before providing a final score for each domain (no, minimal, partial, or complete comprehension). Descriptive statistics were used for the analyses.Results:  The study population was 50% female with a median age of 41 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 29 to 53 years). Knowledge deficits were demonstrated by the majority of patients in the domain of home care instructions (80%) and return instructions (79%). Less frequent deficits were found for the domains of follow‐up (39%), medications (22%), and diagnosis (14%). Minimal or no understanding in at least one domain was demonstrated by greater than two‐thirds of patients and was found in 40% of cases for home care and 51% for return instructions. These deficits occurred less frequently for domains of follow‐up (18%), diagnosis (3%), and medications (3%).Conclusions:  Patients demonstrate the most frequent knowledge deficits for home care and return instructions, raising significant concerns for adherence and outcomes.
The Current State of Ultrasound Training in Canadian Emergency Medicine Programs: Perspectives From Program Directors
Authors: Kim Daniel J. , Theoret Jonathan , Liao Michael M. , Hopkins Emily , Woolfrey Karen , Kendall John L. 
Published: September 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:1073–1078 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  There is a paucity of data about emergency ultrasound (EUS) training in emergency medicine (EM) residency programs accredited by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (Royal College) and the College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC). Historically the progress of EUS in Canada has been different from that in the United States. We describe the current state of EUS training in both Royal College and CFPC‐EM programs.Methods:  All Royal College EM program directors and all CFPC‐EM program directors were invited to participate in a website‐based survey. Main outcome measures were characteristics of currently offered EUS training.Results:  The response rate of the survey was 100% (30/30). EUS is part of the formal residency curriculum in 100% (13/13) of Royal College EM programs and in 88% (15/17) of CFPC‐EM programs. EM resident rotations in ultrasound (US) are provided by 77% (10/13) of Royal College programs but only 47% (8/17) of CFPC‐EM programs. There are specific requirements for numbers of EUS exams to be completed by graduation in 77% (10/13) of Royal College programs and 47% (8/17) of CFPC‐EM programs. EM faculty and residents make clinical decisions and patient dispositions based on their EUS interpretation without a consultative study by radiology in 100% (13/13) of Royal College programs and 88% (15/17) of CFPC‐EM programs. However, 69% (9/13) of Royal College programs and 53% (9/17) of CFPC‐EM programs have no formal quality assurance program in place.Conclusions:  EUS training in Canadian EM programs is prevalent, but there are considerable discrepancies among residency programs in scope of training, curricula, determination of proficiency, and quality assurance. These findings suggest variability in both the level and the quality of EUS training in Canada.
Charisma, Liminality, and Freedom: Toward a Theory of the Everyday Extraordinary
Authors: Seale‐Collazo James 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFollowing the metaphor of “boulders in the stream” of anthropology proposed by Stephan Schwartz (2000) and carried on by subsequent articles in Anthropology of Consciousness, this article proposes an alternate set of “boulders” that may serve the study of consciousness: Weberian charisma (as developed by Charles Lindholm), Turner's liminality, and Johannes Fabian's notion of “moments of freedom.” These constructs highlight how individuals, even entire communities, at times create new institutions, relationships, and identities despite inhibiting constraints of discourse and power. Ethnographic evidence from a Puerto Rican Protestant church‐sponsored school suggests that, though short‐lived, these instances are sufficiently common to merit the term “everyday extraordinary.” The article argues that this framing, like George P. Hansen's “Trickster,” may help anthropologists of consciousness account for phenomena that have hitherto been unexplainable by positivist science; additionally, it may help anthropologists “catch” important aspects of contemporary social and political processes characterized by charisma, liminality, and freedom.
Society for the Anthropology of Consciousness Distinguished Lecture: Consciousness, “Symbolic Healing,” and the Meaning Response
Authors: Moerman Daniel E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSymbolic healing, that is, responding to meaningful experiences in positive ways, can facilitate human healing. This process partly engages consciousness and partly evades consciousness completely (sometimes it partakes of both simultaneously). This paper, presented as the Society for the Anthropology of Consciousness Distinguished Lecture at the 2011 AAA meeting in Montreal, reviews recent research on what is ordinarily (and unfortunately) called the “placebo effect.” The author makes the argument that language use should change, and the relevant portions of what is often called the placebo effect should be referred to as the “meaning response.”