bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic High-Throughput Detection of Fluid Inclusions in Thin-Section Images using a Novel Algorithm
Authors: Bennetzen M. V. , Marquez X. , Mogensen K. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Detection and examination of fluid inclusions can lead to insight into diagenesis and history of a hydrocarbon reservoir. Currently, geologists are faced with a large collection of digital images, making manual investigation highly inefficient and time-consuming.
A combination of data acquisition by simple and robust light microscopy and an advanced downstream computational solution is ideal with respect to cost efficiency and stable large-scale and high-throughput ability. Moreover, a strict deterministic algorithm for automatic fluid inclusion detection is not subjected to any human biases that would otherwise violate detection consistency.
A novel algorithm for fluid inclusion detection has been developed and implemented in the statistical scripting language R and the object-oriented programming language C# under the .NET 4.0 computational framework. The algorithm is a result of thorough understanding of the image representation of fluid inclusions and optimized based on empirical correlations. It is based on sequential image section-specific intensity-centric selection criteria, intensity distribution discrimination and conditional statistics. Moreover, a multi-dimensional scoring-scheme has been developed and implemented.
The software was able to successfully identify a series of fluid inclusions on the same thin-section image containing hydrocarbon and aqueous phases, respectively. Due to the modular structure the software is highly flexible and can be tailor-made to specific analytical needs, such as selective identification of solid phases.

Introduction
Fluid inclusions are present as chemical impurities in virtually all crystals. A fluid inclusion is a microscopic sample of fluid (liquid or gas) that is trapped within a crystal (10–40mm), as shown in Figure 1, preserving a record of the physico-chemical conditions prevalent during the crystal growth. Detailed fluid inclusion examinations, in conjunction with classical petrography and geochemical work, are therefore important to help unravel the diagenetic history of e.g. cements that plug pores and reduce the permeability of reservoir rocks. Calcite and anhydrite cement crystals present in reservoir rocks have been shown to contain fluid inclusions that provide data on the nature, composition, temperature and density of the fluids present during diagenesis and hydrocarbon charge.
The Challenges of Extending the Life of UK Offshore Installations
Authors: Russell Jimmy , Keith Ian 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The majority of the oil and gas production infrastructure in the UK sector of the North Sea was installed in the 1980's and 1990's. Typically these installations were designed with a lifespan of 15–25 years, and many of them are now at or beyond their original design life. With higher prevailing oil prices, and continued development via subsea field tie-backs, the economic lifespan of these installations look set to exceed design lives by a considerable margin. In addition, many installations are now processing very different fluids and rates as they enter the mature phases of production.
This paper describes in more detail how the life extension challenge is being managed in Shell UK. It covers the overall process being adopted for managing facilities beyond their design life, as well as describing some of the methods and techniques being used to make key decisions. The key learning's that can be applied in other mature fields includes:Dealing with more stringent environmental legislation than was applied when the facility was built;What detailed structural reviews are carried out to extend the design life;When to apply retrospective design standards;Managing the obsolescence of critical systems in particular the control and automation hardware;How to undertake major projects on an operating asset and dealing with the limited accommodation for the construction teams.
A number of Shell facilities in the North Sea are currently going through this process with the learning being applied in more assets in the coming years.
Imaging The Pre-khuff: Changing The Game With Innovative Seismic Technology
Authors: van der Molen Matthijs , Harvey Craig , Molinaro Matteo , Navarro-Luna Rafael , Stigborg Patrik 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This paper describes how QSUI was able to overcome some of the significant geophysical challenges associated with Pre-Khuff exploration. On legacy seismic data, strong multiples from the layered carbonate overburden overwhelm the relatively weak primary reflections from the deep Pre-Khuff clastics. In order to identify and understand the main generators of coherent seismic noise, Qatar Shell Upstream International (QSUI) has undertaken seismic modeling using VSP data, legacy shot records and full-waveform synthetic modeling. Results of this work informed the reprocessing of existing seismic and the design of a 3D Ocean Bottom Cable (OBC) seismic survey.
The acquisition of dual component (2C) Wide-Azimuth (WAZ) OBC data, together with state-of-the art in-house seismic processing led to a break-through in seimsic imaging of the Pre-Khuff reservoir layers. This has demonstrated that the geologic intervals below the Hercynian unconformity exhibit a steeper dip compared to the overlying Khuff and younger sediments, as expected by the geologists and observed in neighboring countries.

Introduction
Qatar Shell Upstream International B.V. (75%) and Petrochina (25%) have signed an EPSA with the State of Qatar for exploring Block D acreage for Pre-Khuff hydrocarbons. The Block D license is operated by Qatar Shell Upstream International B.V. and covers an onshore and shallow offshore/transition zone area of 8,089 km2 adjacent to Ras Laffan Industrial City in the North-East of the country (Fig. 1).
Utilising Integrated Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) and Nitrogen Rejection unit (NRU) technology in Qatar on the Barzan Gas Project
Authors: Al-Kaabi Saad Mo 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Integrated Natural Gas Liquids/Nitrogen Rejection Unit (NGL/NRU) technology will be utilised for the first time in Qatar on the Barzan Gas Project, which is a joint venture project between Qatar Petroleum (QP) and ExxonMobil Barzan Limited.
The North Field Reservoir, which supplies the Barzan Gas Project, contains a high content of inerts, e.g., nitrogen and helium. One challenge was to identify a technology to achieve the required specifications of the sales gas by rejecting the inerts from the feed gas.
RasGas initiated a study to evaluate process licensors' capability to supply an integrated process design for recovering NGL and rejecting nitrogen for the Barzan Gas Project. The requirements are to recover the NGL product stream, containing 95% of the incoming ethane content and essentially 100 per cent of the propane and heavier (C3+) hydrocarbons. One primary component of the technology is to reject nitrogen from the gas stream to achieve an acceptable BTU content and Wobbe Index to meet QP sales gas specifications.
To achieve the above requirements, Chart Energy and Chemicals Inc, as a technology licensor, demonstrated the ability to provide an integrated NGL/NRU licensed process with the following merits:Utilises a proven Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchanger (BAHX) supplier.Takes advantage of the available feed pressure to minimise overall energy consumption without requiring excessiveAluminum / surface area.Utilises high efficiency compression to meet final sales gas delivery requirements.Minimises footprint and plant congestion by installing equipment within sealed cold boxes.Provides a simple exchanger arrangement for easy conversion to various modes of operation.

Introduction
Natural gas is considered a valuable source of clean energy, as it emits lower quantities of greenhouse gases than other fossil fuels, and is also used as a feedstock to chemical plants. 'In addition, when comparing natural gas with other hydrocarbon energy sources, it is the most hydrogen-rich and has higher energy conversion efficiencies '(1).
Natural gas consists primarily of methane as the main element, but it also contains considerable amounts of light and heavier hydrocarbons as well as contaminating compounds of carbon dioxide, nitogen, mercury, helium and hydrogen sulfide (CO2, N2, Hg, He, H2S, etc). Before transporting the gas over long distances to end users, it is necessary to remove all impurities to achieve the required product specifications.
Low Sal/High Sal?: A New Promising Approach of EOR in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Jabbar Muhammad Yousuf 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR), also referred to tertiary oil recovery, is becoming more critical in the industry as oil production from natural reservoirs is declining and its consumption is increasing. Conventional methods of oil production recover less than 30% of initial oil in place; therefore, EOR techniques are becoming more attractive to recover additional oil from the reservoirs.
EOR is generally achieved by injecting either miscible or immiscible fluids into the reservoir including CO2 injection; others are thermal treatment, chemical/surfactant injection, ASP (alkaline-surfactant-polymer) injection and recently low salinity water injection (which is also called dynamic water, smart water and designer water). The main parameters to influence here is pressure, viscosity reduction and interfacial tension reduction, which all contribute to the increase of capillary number and therefore enhance the amount of recoverable oil. Despite some technological challenges, harsh reservoir conditions (carbonate complexity, high-pressure, high-temperature, high-salinity), stringent regulations, and costly implementation that kept oil companies away from using EOR techniques, it is expected that EOR will grow in the next few years and perform extremely well in the world market. However, some challenges remain in understanding the best EOR technique to be used for specific reservoir and what controlling parameters one should focus on for designing the best production/recovery scenario. However with the continuous increase of oil prices and world demand for oil, EOR is quickly becoming more feasible. It is also of interest because of current rising government interest and investment, new innovative technologies, and the availability of required materials such as CO2 and sea water. The market will continue to grow as more countries begin to see EOR results and as it becomes more feasible and common to oil producers.
Cracking Shale: Prospects in India vis-a-vis Global Scenario
Authors: Aslam Usman Syed 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Conventional sources are expensive, polluting or drying up. Shale gas has proven to be a game changer in the US energy market, significantly reducing the country's dependence on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). China has auctioned the first batch of shale blocks and expected to start production by 2016. Where does India stand in the energy hunger race although having estimated reserves that could yield as high as 529 tcf of shale gas that satisfies the domestic need?
Being the world's fourth largest energy consumer, it's our paramount interest to reduce our import dependency and to work on domestically viable solutions. With this motto, public and private ventures of over billions of dollars are in a continuous race of mapping out these reserves accurately that has proven India's strand as a potentially viable shale rich basin. Technical, safety, and environmental standards for hydro-fracturing process including prevention of collateral damage to other geological resources, sourcing water and disposal thereof has to be taken into consideration. Shale gas exploration and development can bring about a revolution upgrading our shale gas reserve potential with further exploratory drilling. The industry and the government need to join hands to come up with a shale gas exploration policy that not only encourages foreign investment but also enhances domestic economic growth.
Thus, to arrange the puzzle, the author has compared the database available for Indian shale gas reserves with its counterparts and these studies strongly suggest that India could be a future shale destination. As we are in the initial stages of exploration, this paper would illustrate the possibility of shale gas commercialization, the challenges in its findings and economical implications as a replacement of conventional domestic needs.
Van Wyk Grumbach Syndrome-A rare case report
Authors: Ashraf Fatema , Nandi Eva Rani , Akhter Pervin , Yasmin Nilofer 
Published: March 2015

Van Wyk and Grumbach syndrome is a rare condition characterized by breast development, uterine bleeding and multicystic ovaries in the presence of long-standing primary hypothyroidism. The patient with this syndrome was admitted in Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital in November 2013. Here this rare and interesting case was reported.Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2015;2(1):24-27DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v2i1.22586
Comparison of Primary Hip Spica with Crossed Retrograde Intramedullary Rush Pins for the Management of Diaphyseal Femur Fractures in Children: A Prospective, Randomized Study
Authors: Ruhullah Mohammad , Shah Sanjay , Singh Hare Ram , Shrestha Dipak 
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Femoral fractures are common in children between 2 and 12 years of age, and 75% of the lesions affect the femoral shaft. We compared primary hip spica with closed reduction and fixation with retrogradely crossed Rush pins for diaphyseal femur fracture in 25 children of age group 3 to 13 years randomly distributed in each group.Methods: Fifty children with femoral fractures were evaluated; 25 of them underwent conservative treatment using immediate hip spica (group A) and 25 were treated with crossed retrograde Rush pins (group B). The patients ages ranged from 3 to 13 years (mean age 5.6Â±3.57 yrs).Results: Mean clinico-radiological consolidation was within 15 weeks in group A and 12 weeks in group B. Mean duration of weight bearing 7 weeks in group B and 14 weeks in group A. Mean hospital stay were 8 days in group B and 4 days in group A. Mean follow up period in group A was 16 months and group B was 17 months. Complications like angulation, shortening, infection were compared. Bursitis and penetration of pins at the site of Rush pin insertion is complication associated with this method of treatment.Â Conclusions: Intra-medullary crossed Rush pinning is an effective method of paediatric diaphyseal femur fracture fixation as compared to primary hip spica in terms of early weight bearing and restoration of normal anatomy.
The Impact of the Depth of Embryo Replacement into the Uterine Cavity under Transabdominal Ultrasound Guidance on In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer Outcome
Authors: Ivanovski Mitko , Popovska Slavjanka 
Published: March 2015

Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the importance of the depth of embryo replacement into the uterine cavity (upper or lower half endometrial cavity) on the implantation clinical pregnancy rates.Material and Methods: In this prospective observational were included 160 patients underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation followed by IVF/ICSI and embryo transfer. On the day of embryo transfer under direct transabdominal ultrasound guidance, the transfer catheter was advanced to a defined distance from the uterine fundus, up to the point estimated for transfer: 10 Â± 2.5 mm (Group A) and 15 Â± 2.5 mm (Group B).Results: In total, 160 patients, aged 24-42 years were included in the study. Overall clinical pregnancy rate were 41.2%. Analysis of our results demonstrated that pregnancy rate is significantly influenced by transfer distance from the fundus where theÂ pregnancy rate decreases from 48.7% in group B to 34.5%Â in group A (p<0.05). There was not significantly difference in abortion rate between the two groups.Conclusion: In conclusion, our results suggest that depth of embryo replacement inside the uterine cavity may influence the pregnancy rates and should be considered as an important factor to improve the success of IVF cycles.
Fractional Flow Reserve Method in Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory without Cardiosurgical Backup: Initial Experiences
Authors: Simic Ivan , Zdravkovic Vladimir , Vucic Rada , Iric-Cupic Violeta , Davidovic Goran , Ignjatovic Vladimir , Bankovic Dragic 
Published: March 2015

Background: Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of death in a modern world. This dictates the development a network of Catheterization laboratories without cardiosurgical capabilities.Aim: We postulate that the most valuable tool in the decision process on myocardial revascularization is fractional flow reserve (FFR), especially when we deal with borderline coronary lesions.Material and Methods: A total of 72 patients with 94 intermediate coronary stenosis (30%-70% diameter reduction) were included in this study. We tested FFR and angiography based decision model on myocardial revascularization.Results: Â Mean FFR value on left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was lower than in others two arteries (p=0.017). FFR after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was significantly better (p<0.0001). The decision for PCI predominates before FFR diagnostics, but after FFR the decision is quite opposite. There is a weak negative correlation between FFR and diameter of stenosis assessed by angiography (r= - 0.245 p=0.038) and positive correlation between diameter of stenosis assessed by angiography and by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) (r=0.406 p<0.0005).Conclusion: Â Our results strongly suggest that FFR is necessary tool in centers without possibilities of heart team onsite consultation and that prevents numerous unnecessary PCI.
Public Health Aspects of Human Brucellosis in the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Zdravkovska Milka , Stojmanovski Zharko , Taleski Vaso , Jovevska Svetlana , Markovski Velo 
Published: March 2015

Background: The Republic of Macedonia is an endemic area where brucellosis is a dominant zoonosis with high morbidity and enormous economic loss.Aim: To determine the incidence rate, prevalence rate and development tendency of infected people with brucellosis in R. Macedonia in the period from 01.01.1999 to 31.12.2009, to register and analyse the epidemiological characteristics of the infected with brucellosis according to gender, age and regional distribution.Materials and methods: The data about the infected people with brucellosis were taken from the register of individual cases as well as monthly and annual reports for infectious diseases prepared by the Institute for Public Health of Republic of Macedonia.Results:Â According to the survey the highest number of incidence of human brucellosis in R. Macedonia was found in 2008, 23.94/100,000 people, and the lowest number of infected people was in 2009, about 13.99/100,000 people. Human brucellosis has a decreasing tendency.Conclusion: Human brucellosis remains a public health problem in Republic of Macedonia.
The Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E Syndromes: A Literature Review
Authors: Hristomanova Slavica , Spiroski Mirko 
Published: March 2015

The hyper-immunoglobulin E (IgE) syndromes (HIES) are primary immunodeficiencies characterized by the recurrent staphylococcal abscesses, recurrent pneumonia and highly elevated serum IgE levels. There are two forms of HIES: a dominant form (AD-HIES) and a recessive form (AR-HIES). AD form of HIES is caused by mutations in STAT3 and the AR form is caused by mutations in DOCK8 and TYK2. These syndromes have different clinical presentations and outcomes. AD-HIES is a multisystem disorder that includes abnormalities of the skin, lungs, musculo-skeletal system and dental system. In contrast, these symptoms in patients with AR-HIES are missing. AR-HIES patients have severe viral infections and may develop neurological complications. ThisÂ reviewÂ article discusses the clinical presentation and laboratory findings in both forms of HIES, as well as the establishment of diagnose, inheritance, molecular genetics and immunological abnormalities of HIES.
IL-17A, But Not IL-17F, Is Indispensable for Airway Vascular Remodeling Induced by Exaggerated Th17 Cell Responses in Prolonged Ovalbumin-Challenged Mice
Authors: Lu Shan , Li Hequan , Gao Rundi , Gao Xuan , Xu Fei , Wang Qing , Lu Guohua , Xia Dajing , Zhou Jianying 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
We previously demonstrated an essential role of Th17 cells in excessive mucous secretion and airway smooth muscle proliferation in a prolonged OVA-challenged C57BL/6 mouse model. However, the impact of Th17 cells in vascular remodeling, another characteristic feature of airway remodeling in asthma, remains elusive. This issue was further investigated in this study. The time-course experiments showed that progressively increasing levels of Th17 cells and IL-17A (not IL-17F) in the lungs of prolonged allergen-challenged mice were positively correlated with microvessel density in peribronchial tissues. In addition, exaggerated airway vascular remodeling in this mouse model was exacerbated by airway administration of IL-17A or adoptive transfer of Th17 cells. This effect was dramatically alleviated by the administration of anti–IL-17A Ab, but not anti–IL-17F Ab. Boyden chamber assays indicated that IL-17A accelerates endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) migration. Furthermore, EPC accumulation in the airways of allergen-exposed mice after adoptive transfer of Th17 cells was eliminated by blockade of IL-17A. We found that IL-17A promoted tubule-like formation rather than proliferation of pulmonary microvascular endothelia cells (PMVECs) in vitro. In addition, IL-17A induced PMVEC tube formation via the PI3K/AKT1 pathway, and suppression of the PI3K pathway markedly reduced the formation of tubule-like structures. Collectively, our results indicate that Th17 cells contribute to the airway vascular remodeling in asthma by mediating EPC chemotaxis, as well as PMVEC tube formation, via IL-17A rather than IL-17F.
Fasciola hepaticaFatty Acid Binding Protein Inhibits TLR4 Activation and Suppresses the Inflammatory Cytokines Induced by Lipopolysaccharide In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Martin Ivelisse , Cabán-Hernández Kimberly , Figueroa-Santiago Olgary , Espino Ana M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTLR4, the innate immunity receptor for bacterial endotoxins, plays a pivotal role in the induction of inflammatory responses. There is a need to develop molecules that block either activation through TLR4 or the downstream signaling pathways to inhibit the storm of inflammation typically elicited by bacterial LPS, which is a major cause of the high mortality associated with bacterial sepsis. We report in this article that a single i.p. injection of 15 μg fatty acid binding protein from Fasciola hepatica (Fh12) 1 h before exposure to LPS suppressed significantly the expression of serum inflammatory cytokines in a model of septic shock using C57BL/6 mice. Because macrophages are a good source of IL-12p70 and TNF-α, and are critical in driving adaptive immunity, we investigated the effect of Fh12 on the function of mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages (bmMΦs). Although Fh12 alone did not induce cytokine expression, it significantly suppressed the expression of IL-12, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β cytokines, as well as inducible NO synthase–2 in bmMΦs, and also impaired the phagocytic capacity of bmMΦs. Fh12 had a limited effect on the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced in response to other TLR ligands. One mechanism used by Fh12 to exert its anti-inflammatory effect is binding to the CD14 coreceptor. Moreover, it suppresses phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK. The potent anti-inflammatory properties of Fh12 demonstrated in this study open doors to further studies directed at exploring the potential of this molecule as a new class of drug against septic shock or other inflammatory diseases.