bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization of machine‐learning algorithms for wind turbine site suitability modeling in Iowa, USA
Authors: Petrov Andrey N. , Wessling Jordan M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBecause of the current shift away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy sources, it is necessary to plan for the installation of new infrastructure to meet the demand for clean energy. Traditional methods for determining wind turbine site suitability suffer from the selection of arbitrary criteria and model parameters by experts, which may lead to a degree of uncertainty in the models produced. An alternative empirically based methodology for building a wind turbine siting model for the state of Iowa is presented in the study. We employ ‘ecological niche’ principles traditionally utilized to model species allocation to develop a new multicriteria, spatially explicit framework for wind turbine placement. Using information on suitability conditions at existing turbine locations, we incorporate seven variables (wind speed, elevation, slope, land cover, distance of infrastructure and settlements, and population density) into two machine‐learning algorithms [maximum entropy method (Maxent) and Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Prediction (GARP)] to model suitable areas for installation of wind turbines. The performance of this method is tested at the statewide level and a six‐county region in western Iowa. Maxent and GARP identified areas in the Northwest and North Central regions of Iowa as the optimum location for new wind turbines. Information on variable contributions from Maxent illuminates the relative importance of environmental variables and its scale‐dependent nature. It also allows validating existing assumptions about the relationship between variables and wind turbine suitability. The resultant models demonstrate high levels of accuracy and suggest that the presented approach is a possible methodology for developing wind turbine siting applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethnic Disparities in Trauma Mortality Outcomes
Authors: Leow Jeffrey J. , Lim Vanessa W. , Lingam Pravin , Go Karen T. S. , Teo Li Tserng 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundEthnic disparities in trauma mortality outcomes have been demonstrated in the United States according to the US National Trauma Data Bank. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of race/ethnicity on trauma mortality in Singapore.
MethodsThis was a retrospective review of patients aged 18–64 years with an injury severity score (ISS) ≥9 in the Trauma Registry of Tan Tock Seng Hospital, a 1,300‐bed trauma center in Singapore, from 2006 to 2010. Chinese, Malay, and Indian patients were compared with patients of other ethnic groups. Multiple logistic regression analyses determined differences in survival rates after adjusting for demographics, anatomic and physiologic ISS and revised trauma score, mechanism or type of injury.ResultsA total of 4,186 patients (66.4 % of the database) met the inclusion criteria. Most patients were male (76.3 %) and young (mean age 40 years). Using Chinese as the reference group, we found no statistically significant differences in unadjusted or adjusted mortality rates among the ethnic groups. Independent predictors of mortality included age [odds ratio (OR) 1.05, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.06, p < 0.0001], presence of severe head injury (OR 1.75, 95 % CI 1.13–2.69, p = 0.012), and increasing ISS (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsEthnicity is not an independent predictor of trauma mortality outcomes in the Singapore population. Our findings contrast with those from the United States, where race/ethnicity (Black and Hispanic) remains a strong independent risk factor for trauma mortality. This study attests to the success of the Singapore health care/trauma system in delivering the same quality of care regardless of ethnicity.
Ethanol effect on batch and fed-batchArthrospira platensisgrowth
Authors: Bezerra Raquel P , Matsudo Marcelo C , Pérez Mora Lina S , Sato Sunao , de Carvalho João C Monteiro 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe ability of Arthrospira platensis to use ethanol as a carbon and energy source was investigated by batch process and fed-batch process. A. platensis was cultivated under the effect of a single addition (batch process) and a daily pulse feeding (fed-batch process) of pure ethanol, at different concentrations, to evaluate cell concentration (X) and specific growth rate (μ). A marked increase was observed in the cell concentration of A. platensis in runs with ethanol addition when compared to control cultures without ethanol addition. The fed-batch process using an ethanol concentration of 38 mg L−1 days−1 reached the maximum cell concentration of 2,393 ± 241 mg L−1, about 1.5-fold that obtained in the control culture. In all experiments, the maximum specific growth rate was observed in the early exponential phase of cell growth. In the fed-batch process, μ decreased more slowly than in the batch process and control culture, resulting in the highest final cell concentration. Ethanol can be used as a feasible carbon and energy source for A. platensis growth via a fed-batch process.
Adjoint-based control of loud events in a turbulent jet
Authors: Kim Jeonglae , Bodony Daniel J. , Freund Jonathan B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEfforts to reduce the noise from turbulent jets at fixed flow conditions, with aircraft noise as the principal technological motivation, have generally involved some degree of parametric empiricism often based upon a series of trial-and-error testing. As a result, it is unclear if the modest reductions found, in rare cases that do not greatly affect the flow field or incur prohibitive losses, are near the limit of what can be accomplished or if there are undiscovered opportunities for more substantive reductions with better designs or active control. We assess this using an adjoint-based optimization procedure in conjunction with an experimentally validated large-eddy simulation of a Mach 1.3 turbulent jet. The adjoint solution provides a definitive direction in which to adjust a model control actuation in order to reduce noise, providing guidance that seems lacking by any other current means. It is found that three conjugate-gradient iterations in the control space provide ∼3.5 dB of reduction, comparable to other reductions found empirically. The control seems to work by disrupting the coherence of acoustically efficient axisymmetric flow structures. The control and noise-reduction mechanisms are informative, but also suggest that any significantly quieter state would not be a simple perturbation from the uncontrolled jet. Additional iterations might reduce noise more significantly, but there might be only modest opportunities to reduce the sound from simple round turbulent jets without radical changes or relatively sophisticated controls. Though it is difficult to prove any behaviour in a global space of actuations, there does not seem to be a direct route based upon a local sensitivity gradient to substantially quieting a jet, even with an unrealistically flexible actuation. More complex jets or other noisy flows may be more amenable to control, in which case the adjoint-based optimization procedure demonstrated here could provide invaluable engineering guidance.
Is the tapeworm able to affect tissue Pb-concentrations in white rat?
Authors: ČADKOVÁ ZUZANA , MIHOLOVÁ DANIELA , SZÁKOVÁ JIŘINA , VÁLEK PETR , JANKOVSKÁ IVANA , LANGROVÁ IVA 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYThe effect of gastrointestinal helminths on Pb accumulation in the host body is ambiguous. A laboratory experiment withRattus norvegicus/Hymenolepis diminutamodel was conducted to determine Pb toxicokinetics in a terrestrial host-parasite system. The ET-AAS or ICP–OES techniques were used to determine Pb concentrations (CPb) in both tapeworms and host tissues (kidney, liver, bone, testes, muscle and intestinal wall). Concerning the entire host-parasite system, the highest CPbwere detected inH. diminuta. Rat kidneys and bone were the only two tissues whose mean Pb levels were lower in parasitized animals than they were in non-infected subjects after both levels of exposure. At low Pb exposure, parasitization slightly changed the Pb toxicokinetics in the host body. However, with respect to tissue at the same exposure level, no significant differences were detected between the parasitized and non-parasitized animals and no significant correlations were found between CPbin tapeworms and those of host tissues. The results of this study indicate thatH. diminutadoes not protect rat from elevated Pb exposure even if tapeworm accumulates a higher portion of ingested Pb dose compared with that of the most Pb-loaded host soft tissue. The portion of Pb dose accumulated inH. diminutacorrelates positively with parasite biomass.
Distribution ofEscherichia colistrains harbouring Shiga toxin-producingE. coli(STEC)-associated virulence factors (stx1, stx2, eae, ehxA) from very young calves in the North Island of New Zealand
Authors: IRSHAD H. , COOKSON A. L. , PRATTLEY D. J. , DUFOUR M. , FRENCH N. P. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to determine the distribution of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) virulence markers (stx1,stx2,eae,ehxA) inE. colistrains isolated from young calves aged fewer than 7 days (bobby calves). In total, 299 recto-anal mucosal swabs were collected from animals at two slaughter plants and inoculated onto tryptone bile X-glucuronide and sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with cefixime and potassium tellurite. Isolates were analysed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detectstx1,stx2,eaeandehxAgenes. The most common combination of virulence markers wereeae, ehxA(n = 35) followed byeae(n = 9). In total, STEC and atypical enteropathogenicE. coli(aEPEC) were isolated from 8/299 (2·6%) and 37/299 (12·3%) calves, respectively. All the isolates could be assigned to 15 genotype clusters with >70% similarity cut-off usingXbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. It may be concluded that healthy calves from the dairy industry are asymptomatic carriers of a diverse population of STEC and aEPEC in New Zealand.
Does “Religious Violence” Exist?: An Argument Against Essentialism with Particular Reference to the Conquest of the Americas
Authors: Osborn Ronald E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSince the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, there has been a dramatic increase in social scientific literature on the topic of “religious violence,” much of it arguing that there is a uniquely intense and disturbing connection between religion and political conflict and bloodshed. In this article, I challenge mainstream accounts of “religious violence” with an illustrative example from the 16th century of the theoretical and empirical problems with all such essentialist claims. The terms employed in the construction of “religious violence” might today just as easily be applied to the violence of the putatively “secular” nation-state. Furthermore, framing the debate in these sharp binary terms, as William Cavanaugh compellingly demonstrates, is itself part of a political project that had a very particular historical beginning and that conceals as much as it reveals about the nature of violence, both in the past and in the present.
Redox signal regulation via nNOS phosphorylation at Ser847 in PC12 cells and rat cerebellar granule neurons
Authors: Kasamatsu Shingo , Watanabe Yasuo , Sawa Tomohiro , Akaike Takaaki , Ihara Hideshi 
Published: February 2014

Phosphorylation is considered a main mechanism modulating nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase) function to reduce NO production. In the present study, the effects of nNOS phosphorylation on redox signalling, including that of NO, ROS (reactive oxygen species), and 8-nitro-cGMP (8-nitroguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate), a downstream messenger of redox signalling, were investigated. In vitro experiments revealed that a phosphorylation-mimic mutant of nNOS (Ser847 replaced with aspartic acid, 847D) increased uncoupling to produce a superoxide. In addition, nicotine, which triggers an influx of Ca2+, induced more ROS and 8-nitro-cGMP production in 847D-expressing PC12 cells than WT (wild-type)-expressing cells. Additionally, nicotine-induced phosphorylation of nNOS at Ser847 and increased ROS and 8-nitro-cGMP production in rat CGNs (cerebellar granule neurons). In CGNs, the NOS (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) and superoxide dismutase completely inhibited ROS and 8-nitro-cGMP production, whereas the CaMK (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor KN93 mildly reduced this effect. Nicotine induced HO-1 (haem oxygenase 1) expression in CGNs and showed cytoprotective effects against apoptosis. Moreover, 8-nitro-cGMP treatment showed identical effects that were attenuated by KN93 pre-treatment. The present paper provides the first substantial corroboration for the biological effects of nNOS phosphorylation at Ser847 on redox signalling, including ROS and intracellular 8-nitro-cGMP generation in neurons, which possibly play roles in neuroprotection.
Design and properties of a cryogenic dip-stick scanning tunneling microscope with capacitive coarse approach control
Authors: Schlegel R. , Hänke T. , Baumann D. , Kaiser M. , Nag P. K. , Voigtländer R. , Lindackers D. , Büchner B. , Hess C. 
Published: February 2014

We present the design, setup, and operation of a new dip-stick scanning tunneling microscope. Its special design allows measurements in the temperature range from 4.7 K up to room temperature, where cryogenic vacuum conditions are maintained during the measurement. The system fits into every 4He vessel with a bore of 50 mm, e.g., a transport dewar or a magnet bath cryostat. The microscope is equipped with a cleaving mechanism for cleaving single crystals in the whole temperature range and under cryogenic vacuum conditions. For the tip approach, a capacitive automated coarse approach is implemented. We present test measurements on the charge density wave system 2H-NbSe2 and the superconductor LiFeAs which demonstrate scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy data acquisition with high stability, high spatial resolution at variable temperatures and in high magnetic fields.
Enhanced thermoelectric performance via carrier energy filtering effect in β-Zn4Sb3 alloy bulk embedded with (Bi2Te3)0.2(Sb2Te3)0.8
Authors: Zou T. H. , Qin X. Y. , Li D. , Ren B. J. , Sun G. L. , Dou Y. C. , Li Y. Y. , Li L. L. , Zhang J. , Xin H. X. 
Published: February 2014

In Pb-free β-Zn4Sb3 based composites incorporated with (Bi2Te3)0.2(Sb2Te3)0.8, we concurrently realize ∼30% increase in thermoelectric power factor through an energy filtering effect caused by carrier scattering at interface barriers, and ∼15% reduction in thermal conductivity due to interface scattering, allowing the figure of merit to reach 1.1 at 648 K in the composite system with 1 vol. % of (Bi2Te3)0.2(Sb2Te3)0.8.
Evidence for an evolutionary relationship between the large adaptor nucleoporin Nup192 and karyopherins
Authors: Stuwe Tobias , Lin Daniel H. , Collins Leslie N. , Hurt Ed , Hoelz André 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are proteinaceous transport channels gating transport of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope. Nup192 is one of five members of an adaptor nucleoporin complex (ANC) that is believed to be integral for linking the NPC subcomplexes and accommodating the dilations of the central transport channel. We present the structure of the N-terminal half of Nup192 that uncovers similarities with karyopherins, suggesting an evolutionary relationship. Using biochemical and in vivo data, we generated an interaction map of the ANC, providing a starting point for its mechanistic dissection.
Thioredoxin targets fundamental processes in a methane-producing archaeon,
Methanocaldococcus jannaschii
Authors: Susanti Dwi , Wong Joshua H. , Vensel William H. , Loganathan Usha , DeSantis Rebecca , Schmitz Ruth A. , Balsera Monica , Buchanan Bob B. , Mukhopadhyay Biswarup 
Published: February 2014

Significance
This study extends thioredoxin (Trx)-based oxidative redox regulation to the archaea, the third domain of life. Our study suggests that Trx is nearly ubiquitous in anaerobic methanogens, enabling them to recover from oxidative stress and synchronize cellular processes, including methane biogenesis, with the availability of reductants. As methane is a valuable fuel, an end product of anaerobic biodegradation and a potent greenhouse gas, Trx may now be considered a critical participant in the global carbon cycle, climate change, and bioenergy production. Because methanogenesis developed before the oxygenation of the earth, our work raises the possibility that Trx functioned in a complex redox regulatory network in anaerobic prokaryotes at least 2.5 billion years ago.
iNuc-PseKNC: a sequence-based predictor for predicting nucleosome positioning in genomes with pseudo k-tuple nucleotide composition
Authors: Guo Shou-Hui , Deng En-Ze , Xu Li-Qin , Ding Hui , Lin Hao , Chen Wei , Chou Kuo-Chen 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Motivation: Nucleosome positioning participates in many cellular activities and plays significant roles in regulating cellular processes. With the avalanche of genome sequences generated in the post-genomic age, it is highly desired to develop automated methods for rapidly and effectively identifying nucleosome positioning. Although some computational methods were proposed, most of them were species specific and neglected the intrinsic local structural properties that might play important roles in determining the nucleosome positioning on a DNA sequence.
Results: Here a predictor called ‘iNuc-PseKNC’ was developed for predicting nucleosome positioning in Homo sapiens, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster genomes, respectively. In the new predictor, the samples of DNA sequences were formulated by a novel feature-vector called ‘pseudo k-tuple nucleotide composition’, into which six DNA local structural properties were incorporated. It was observed by the rigorous cross-validation tests on the three stringent benchmark datasets that the overall success rates achieved by iNuc-PseKNC in predicting the nucleosome positioning of the aforementioned three genomes were 86.27%, 86.90% and 79.97%, respectively. Meanwhile, the results obtained by iNuc-PseKNC on various benchmark datasets used by the previous investigators for different genomes also indicated that the current predictor remarkably outperformed its counterparts.
Availability: A user-friendly web-server, iNuc-PseKNC is freely accessible at http://lin.uestc.edu.cn/server/iNuc-PseKNC.
Contact: hlin@uestc.edu.cn, wchen@gordonlifescience.org, kcchou@gordonlifescience.org
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
US‐Guided Percutaneous Liver Biopsy in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients
Authors: Mandal Soma , Miraglia Roberto , Maruzzelli Luigi , Liotta Rosa , Tuzzolino Fabio , Spada Marco , Riva Silvia , Luca Angelo 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:The present study assesses the safety of ultrasound (US)‐guided percutaneous liver biopsies (PLBs) within pediatric liver allograft recipients, describes the pathological results according to early (≤12 months) and late (>12 months) posttransplantation periods, and analyzes the value of liver function tests (LFTs) and Doppler US variables in determining these results.Methods:A total of 219 US‐guided PLBs in 85 pediatric patients with liver transplant (mean age 7 ± 5 years, range: 6 months to 18 years) performed between March 2005 and May 2012 were retrospectively evaluated at a single institution. Doppler US and LFT evaluation (including total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ‐glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase) occurred within 1 day of early (n = 92, 42%) and late term (n = 127, 58%) posttransplantation biopsies.Results:The rate of major complications (hemorrhage requiring blood transfusion) was 0.91% (n = 2). The early versus late term biopsy results, respectively, included: cholestasis at 36% versus 18% (P = 0.003), minimal changes 16% versus 24% (not significant [NS]), acute rejection 13% versus 5% (P = 0.027), inflammatory diseases 15% versus 15% (NS), indeterminate acute rejection 11% versus 7% (NS), chronic rejection 4% versus 14% (P = 0.017), fibrotic diseases 4% versus 12% (NS), and other 0% versus 5% (NS). Neither LFT nor US variables were correlated with pathological outcomes.Conclusions:The rate of complications in pediatric patients after US‐guided liver biopsy is low. A range of pathological results exists between early and late posttransplantation liver biopsies. LFT and Doppler US findings are not predictors of pathological results.
Biochemical ‘Cambrian’ explosion-implosions: the generation and pruning of genetic codes
Authors: Wallace Rodrick 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTlusty’s topological analysis of the genetic code suggests ecosystem changes in available metabolic free energy that predated the aerobic transition enabled a punctuated sequence of increasingly complex genetic codes and protein translators. These coevolved via a ‘Cambrian explosion’ until, very early on, the ancestor of the present narrow spectrum of protein machineries became evolutionarily locked in at a modest level of fitness reflecting a modest embedding metabolic free energy ecology. Similar biochemical ‘Cambrian singularities’ must have occurred at different scales and levels of organizaron on Earth, with competition or chance-selected outcomes frozen at a far earlier period than the physical bauplan Cambrian explosion. Other examples might include explosive variations in mechanisms of photosynthesis and subsequent oxygen metabolisms. Intermediate between Cambrian bauplan and genetic code, variants of both remain today, even after evolutionary pruning, often protected in specialized ecological niches. This suggests that, under less energetic astrobiological ecologies, a spectrum of less complicated reproductive codes may also survive in specialized niches.