bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The History of Law and the History of Disputes
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to engage with various approaches to the history of law. Some scholars, especially historians, have concentrated primarily on royal ideology, legislation, and administration of justice. Others, in part in reaction to such an approach, have concentrated on processes of disputing. Others still have focused on working out legal customs and their development, most notably with regard to landholding. Such studies tend to emphasise the conscious ideas of those involved, as revealed by language and practice. A fourth approach, generally associated with those from a legal background, has been the uncovering of elementary legal ideas and their transformation, often over periods longer than those treated by historians interested in matters involving law. This study is written with an awareness of the value of all four approaches, as well as of the tendency of approach to shape a conclusion on subjects as broad as the chronology of the emergence of the English common law or the causes and nature of legal change. The chapter then discusses contemporary practices of disputing, taking in the extra-judicial, the extra-curial, the extra-legal, and indeed the illegal.
Kings and Law
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The history of the laws of England begins before England was a political entity. King Alfred defeated the Danes who were invading his kingdom of Wessex in the last decades of the ninth century. In the first half of the tenth, his successors, through military and other means, asserted their control over the rest of England. They therefore brought under their power a population upon which Scandinavian settlement had had considerable influence, although it remains uncertain how numerous the Scandinavian settlers were. Then, particularly in the reign of King Edgar (d. 975), king and leading churchmen co-operated in a movement of Church reform, particularly characterised by the promotion of Benedictine monasticism. Kingship was also notable for its administrative power, in judicial matters, and in financial ones. Yet despite such administrative power, internal political divisions continued and the realm was conquered twice by external invaders, Swein and Cnut of Denmark in 1013–16 and William of Normandy in 1066.
Procedure
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter outlines the main stages through which court cases might proceed, whilst noting flexibility and variation. It begins by describing two cases in detail. The first case comes from the Libellus Æthelwoldi, which recounts Bishop Æthelwold's land dealings in relation to the abbey of Ely. The second case comes from Lantfred's Miracles of St Swithun. The chapter then discusses bringing an accusation or claim, ensuring attendance, further pleading and argument, mesne judgment, proof, final judgment, and enforcement.
Theft and Violence
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses offences committed by individuals or small groups primarily against the victim's person or movable goods. It covers types of offence, responsibility and liability, prevention and police, compensation, punishment, and banishment and outlawry. The achievements of the late Anglo-Saxon kings do seem to have been considerable, not least in exercising their control over a much more extensive kingdom. The heightened aspiration of royal action to limit feud may be evidence of a reduction in the role of self-help, an increased use of judicial routes. The very fact that some men pursued their animosities through the courts, for example by bringing false accusations, can be taken as a sign of the importance of royal justice. The association of offences, certainly of theft, with disloyalty, and the consequent use of forfeiture, distinguished law in late Anglo-Saxon England from that of contemporary Francia. These developments underlie the appearance in the Angevin period of notions of felony and of crime.
Conclusion
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter presents conclusions for Part I of the book. The late Anglo-Saxon period gave us our word ‘law’, in the form of the Scandinavian loanword lagu. This made its first appearance for human law in the legislation of Edgar, with reference to the Danes in England. It then comes into wider use from Æthelred's reign, for instance with reference to English as well as Danish areas. Continuity and change from Alfred to 1066, diversity and uniformity, the place of the late Anglo-Saxon period in the development of English law are discussed.
Procedure
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In many aspects of activity there was probably considerable continuity across the Norman Conquest within the types of court that had existed in England before 1066. Even in the new seignorial courts that appeared after the Conquest, widely shared assumptions helped to ensure similarities in procedure between courts. However, continuity across 1066 did not necessarily mean a complete lack of change within the Anglo-Norman period. If the customs retained in the heads of the suitors preserved significant elements of pre-Conquest practice, such memory would have diminished over time, allowing custom and procedure to change. This chapter begins with a discussion of two cases. It then covers bringing an accusation or claim, ensuring attendance, further pleading and argument, mesne judgment, proof, final judgment, and enforcement.
Theft and Violence
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses offences committed by individuals or small groups, primarily against the victim's person or movable goods. It covers types of offence, responsibility and liability, prevention and police, and punishment. Problems of crime and the methods used to tackle them show considerable continuity across 1066. Whereas a new vocabulary was used to describe many aspects of landholding, English words and English proverbs continued to be applied in many matters of crime. Such linguistic evidence suggests the importance of English suitors within many of the courts dealing with offenders, English suitors who preserved or sought relevant custom.
Theft and Violence
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the years of Glanvill and the early plea rolls, whilst noting some earlier changes. The main focus is on serious offences, most judged before the eyre. Treatment of such offences is not only the best recorded, but also the area of most significant change. It discusses types of offence, prevention and police, procedure, punishment of serious offences, lesser offences and trespass, and amercements.
The Language of Oeconomy
Authors: Harvey Karen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter explore the concepts which shaped contemporaries’ understanding of men's relationship with the house and household. Focusing on printed works, it establishes the discourse of ‘oeconomy’ as the key to understanding men's (and women's) engagements with the domestic in the eighteenth century. The chapter shows that a language of strict order and deference dominated during the long eighteenth century, created from a fusion of older patriarchalism and classical republican theories of household. The content and audience of this discourse did change, however. Becoming a language of the smaller householder rather than the large landowner in the early 1700s, before shifting focus from the 1770s from estate management and political governance to citizenship for the middling‐sort, ‘oeconomy’ subsequently became a potent expression of political engagement that emphasized frugality and honest virtue in a national community. Throughout, the house remained closely connected to the economy and polity.
Words into Practice
Authors: Harvey Karen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter shows how in their writing and speech middling‐sort men gave meaning to their actions using the language of ‘oeconomy’. The chapter argues that men lived oeconomically, as well as wrote about living oeconomically. Men used the word and the concept to judge the actions of themselves and other men. The chapter also shows that men of the middling‐sort were involved in the household at different levels, but particularly at the macro level. A close analysis of men's manuscripts, particularly their accounts, reveals that men managed the resources of the household economy — economic and otherwise — at a global level. Moreover, men's engagements with many aspects of family life were shaped through these accounting practices, suggesting that men did indeed view the house as an oeconomical unit. Carefully written and copied over many hours, these manuscripts express the cultural authority of men's domestic management.
Keeping House
Authors: Harvey Karen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the domestic objects and spaces that were meaningful for men and explores how men's domestic engagement and domestic authority was legitimized by the material culture of the house. In ‘keeping house’, men managed goods and people over which they exercised proprietorship, even if legally they did not own them. In doing so, the chapter shows, men rooted themselves and their authority in the physical body of the house. Men engaged with objects as property, inheritance, symbols, makers of memory and relationships, as well as commodities. They consumed low‐value and mundane items alongside larger and intermittent purchases, and the possession and management of these domestic objects created and maintained authority. In their careful management of property and personal investment in meaningful domestic things, the chapter argues, men of the middling‐sorts grounded their identities in the material culture of their domestic lives.
Resources
Authors: Wierda Marieke , Triolo Anthony 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter considers the means that are made available for the execution of the mandate. It provides a comprehensive overview of funding mechanisms and budgets of international tribunals as well as internal cost allocation between the different court organs. It also ‘follows the money’ and presents cost tabulations and comparisons. After nearly twenty years of experimenting it is clear that international criminal justice does not come cheap.
Structure and Management
Authors: Townsend Gregory 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the organizational structures that the prosecutors have established for their offices at the international criminal tribunals and courts. It also analyses the management of international prosecution offices. These offices have faced knotty management challenges — some of which are common to all the tribunals — including setting up, establishing a productive office structure, recruiting and retaining highly skilled staff, securing evidence and the cooperation of witnesses, managing vast quantities of data, and effectively communicating with stakeholders. Sections 2 to 12 of the chapter describe and analyse in turn the structures, organization, and management of the eleven different international prosecution offices from that set up in Nuremberg in 1945 until the time of this writing. Section 13 concludes that the organizational structures of these offices have been varied and adapting over time, and that the results were driven, more than by any other factor, by the qualities and skills of the individuals involved rather than the structure or hierarchy in place.
Arrest and Detention
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the problem of securing arrest and detention. As international prosecutors know all too well, it is one thing to issue an indictment (and warrant of arrest) but another to get custody of an accused because international tribunals typically do not have arrest powers of their own. When it comes to arrest, the prosecutor ought to be a clever political operator rather than a stellar lawyer. The most he can do himself is to inform the international community about the presence of an accused in a particular state and request arrest and surrender from that state. Compliance is essentially tied to states' political willingness and international political pressure.
Completion
Authors: Heller Kevin Jon 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
With the exception of the International Criminal Court, all of the past or present international tribunals have either completed their work or are scheduled to complete their work in the relatively near future. In some cases, such as the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) was intimately involved in planning the final phase of the Tribunal's existence. In others, such as the Special Panels for Serious Crimes in East Timor, the OTP played little or no role in the decision-making process. In every case, though, the decision to close a tribunal has had a significant impact on the OTP's ability to fulfil its mandate, however defined. This chapter explores that impact. Section 2 describes the various strategies that tribunals have pursued to complete their work. Section 3 provides a comprehensive analysis of the ways in which those strategies have threatened, and continue to threaten, the legitimacy, independence, and effectiveness of the prosecutorial function. Finally, Section 4 discusses the lessons that current and future tribunals can learn from those completion strategies.
The syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia
Authors: Zeman Adam , Butler Chris , Hodges John , Kapur Narinder 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Epilepsy reflects a disturbance of a fundamental aspect of brain function, the synchronized rhythmic activity of large populations of neurons. As human memory also depends upon the synchronized rhythmic activity of large populations of neurons, it should not be surprising that epilepsy is commonly associated with memory disturbance, nor that there is an intimate relationship between the brain mechanisms for memory in the medial temporal lobes (MTLs) and the pathogenesis of seizures. This chapter reviews what is known of the disruptive effects of a variety of seizure-types on memory, before focusing on a form of epilepsy of which, unusually, the main manifestation is amnesia.
Neuropsychological assessment of memory in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Djordjevic Jelena , Jones-Gotman Marilyn 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter reviews the most widely used episodic memory tests and presents key aspects of the authors' approach to memory assessment, developed at the Montreal Neurological Institute. The guiding principles are: nonverbal memory tests must be truly nonverbal; learning paradigms ensure proper encoding; verbal and nonverbal tests should be matched and polarized; repeated testing requires alternate test forms, translated tests require test modifications and norm adjustments; and normative data are essential for interpreting results. Neuropsychologists are confronted with using commercially available tests that may not be effective in the context of patients with epilepsy versus constructing tests specifically tailored for this population. A recent survey of neuropsychologists shows that both approaches are prominent within the profession. The construction of new tests for advancing the field further is advocated here in this chapter.
Structural imaging and neuropathological correlates of memory in epilepsy
Authors: Richardson Mark 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter presents a narrative review of studies examining the effects of regional brain abnormalities on memory function in epilepsy. Studies were selected for review if pre-operative epilepsy patients were included, and if quantitative neuroimaging or neuropathological variables were correlated with memory test scores; thirty-three studies are described. The literature is heavily biased towards studies of long-term episodic memory in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Only modest and limited conclusions can be reached: the hippocampus is involved in long-term episodic memory processes, and the left hippocampus may be specialized for verbal memory processes. Further insight from this literature is limited by a number of weaknesses and confounds, such as drawing inference on the basis of qualitative associations only, failing to recognize the widespread nature of pathology, and failing to take into account the brain's adaptive processes. Improvements in study design will likely improve this field in the near future.
Functional imaging of memory in epilepsy
Authors: Frings Lars , Wagner Kathrin 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Previous studies on declarative memory function in epilepsy using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have primarily pursued two aims: the localization or lateralization of the seizure focus and the reorganization of declarative memory functions; and the pre-surgical prediction of memory outcome after surgical resection within the temporal lobe (TL). It has been demonstrated that medial temporal lobe (MTL) activation patterns differ between left- and right-sided MTL epilepsy patients, which in turn can be differentiated from healthy control subjects. It has further been shown that the functional integrity of the ipsilesional as well as the contralesional MTL can contribute to the prediction of memory outcome after surgery. Recently, the evaluation of alterations of MTL connectivity patterns, as assessed with fMRI, has gained some attention. It has been demonstrated that circumscribed brain damage, like hippocampal sclerosis, may exert effects on functionally connected but remote regions. However, in contrast to pre-surgical language fMRI, memory fMRI in most centres has not been established as a standard pre-surgical diagnostic tool. This chapter argues in favour of further development of the technique and considers memory fMRI to be potentially informative, especially regarding pre-operative prediction of memory outcome and, therefore, patient counselling.
Interrelationships between epilepsy, sleep, and memory
Authors: Axmacher Nikolai 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter first summarizes data on the neural correlate of the initial step of declarative memory formation, i.e., of encoding which either leads to a feeling of familiarity or to conscious recollection. It summarizes evidence showing that the relationship between the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal (recorded with fMRI) and the underlying neural activity appears to be particularly ambiguous in the medial temporal lobe (MTL); in particular, the BOLD signal does not convey clear information about the level of excitation or inhibition in this brain region. The chapter focuses on electrophysiological recordings in animals and intracranial EEG data from epilepsy patients. It argues that memory formation relies on an inhibitory signal in the medial temporal lobe, which renders hippocampal and neocortical stimulus representations sparser, and on oscillatory activity in the gamma and theta frequency ranges. The second part of the chapter discusses the relationship of these phenomena to epileptiform activity and to memory impairments in epilepsy patients. It gives a brief overview on the neural patterns underlying the second step of memory formation, consolidation. It then describes overlapping neural phenomena during consolidation and epilepsy, such as sharp waves and ripples/fast ripples.
Effects of amygdalohippocampectomy versus corticoamygdalohippocampectomy on memory and nonmemory cognitive functions
Authors: Banks Sarah J. , Jones-Gotman Marilyn 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In recent years, selective resection from medial temporal lobe (TL) structures has become a preferred approach at many centres that offer surgery as a treatment for intractable TL epilepsy. This operation — selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SAH) — differs from the traditional TL surgery (corticoamygdalohippocampectomy; CAH) in that it spares temporal neocortex, which is removed in addition to amygdala and hippocampus in CAH. Because SAH is a smaller resection, it has been expected to cause less cognitive deficit, but as the targeted structures in SAH are critical for memory, this operation could result in important memory deficits. On the other hand, one might expect some sparing of certain nonmemory skills mediated by temporal neocortex. A growing number of studies have attempted to determine whether CAH and SAH differ in cognitive outcome, most focusing on memory outcome. This chapter reviews that literature and present results from investigations on this issue.
The Exiles of the Younger Julia, D. Junius Silanus, and the poet Ovid
Authors: Pettinger Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Chapter Seven offers a new explanation for the treatment of the younger Julia, D. Junius Silanus and Ovid in ad 8 — a popular topic for scholars. It is shown that their punishment was not related to either the relegation of Agrippa or the conviction of Julia’s husband, L. Aemilius Paullus. The affair was not political, but moral. This chapter re-considers the evidence, and posits that Julia and Silanus were in a relationship, possibly marriage, a circumstance which, when it became known, infuriated Augustus. Ovid was punished for having knowledge of the affair. To explain Julia’s harsh treatment, a radical solution is proposed: Julia had been adopted by Augustus.
“Did You Hear About Agrippa?”
Authors: Pettinger Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter proposes a solution to the question: who ordered the killing of Agrippa? Rumour that Agrippa and Augustus were reconciled shortly before the latter’s death is shown to belong to ad 16, not ad 14. The rumour was invented by supporters of the pseudo-Agrippa, i.e. Clemens. It is argued that neither Augustus nor Tiberius nor Livia gave the order to execute Agrippa. The order came instead from Augustus’ chief political operative Sallustius Crispus, who was in Rome when Augustus died. Tiberius’ decision not to have a senatorial inquiry left him without a workable defence. Rumour that Tiberius was complicit therefore affected his approach to the succession: he wanted to show that supreme power was his by universal consent, not murder.
Alternative Government
Authors: Pettinger Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Chapter Twelve offers a new interpretation for the destruction of Drusus Libo. It is argued that Drusus Libo was a problem for Tiberius in ad 14. He was wooed by Agrippa’s supporters, but finally accepted an offer from Tiberius to form a political alliance. Feeling more secure, Tiberius formally acknowledged his position as Princeps. The alliance was, however, awkward and unstable and fell apart in ad 16. Drusus Libo turned instead to Tiberius’ enemies, who were planning to overthrow the government using a pseudo-Agrippa (i.e. Clemens). It is proposed that the conspirators were planning to dismantle the Principate and call free elections: an open rebuke of Augustus’ legacy and Tiberius’ domination.