bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Licht wo Licht gebraucht wird
Authors: Hellmig Jochen , Moench Holger , Miller Michael 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAktive Infrarot (IR)‐Beleuchtung wird in Kamerasystemen zur besseren Identifizierung von Zeichen, Objekten und Personen eingesetzt. IR‐Beleuchtung ermöglicht Aufnahmen mit hoher Geschwindigkeit oder von schnell bewegten Objekten (z. B. Lesen von Kfz‐Kennzeichen an fahrenden Fahrzeugen). Sie kann zudem Schatten und die Variabilität des Umgebungslichts reduzieren oder eliminieren. Gegenüber sichtbarem Licht verbessert IR‐Beleuchtung die Sichtbarkeit bei schwierigen Witterungsverhältnissen wie Nebel, Regen und Schneefall (Abb. 1). Eine passende aktive Lichtquelle erweitert den Einsatzbereich fast aller Kameraanwendungen.
Durchblick bei Tag und Nacht
Authors: Vandersmissen Raf 
Published: September 2013

AbstractRund um die Uhr bei jedem Wetter einsetzbare Aufklärungsmittel bieten für Wehrtechnik und Rettungsdienste entscheidende Einsatzvorteile. Gegenüber anderen Technologien zeigen SWIR (short wave infrared light)‐Kameras durchgängig gute Resultate, die sie für den praktischen Einsatz empfehlen. Für die gleichzeitige Erkennung und Verfolgung sowohl thermisch strahlender als auch reflektierender Objekte lassen sich SWIR‐ und thermische LWIR (long wave infrared)‐Kameras leicht kombinieren.
PID‐Lampen kontrollieren Luftverschmutzung
Authors: Jenek Torsten , Hornung Daniela 
Published: September 2013

AbstractLuftverschmutzung durch Ozon, Stickstoffdioxid, flüchtige organische Verbindungen und Feinstaub, vorwiegend aus Fahrzeugemissionen, belastet die Umwelt und beeinträchtigt die Gesundheit. Sie kann sogar zu einer verringerten Lebenserwartung führen. Echtzeitüberwachung der Luftqualität ist wichtig, um die Faktoren und Wirkungsweisen der Luftverschmutzung besser zu verstehen. Dazu wird am Londoner Flughafen Heathrow und in dessen Umgebung ein neues Messsystem getestet.
Scheinwerfer der Zukunft
Authors: Fischer Bernd , Kaup Marc 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDurch den Vormarsch effizienter Lichtquellen auf Halbleiterbasis ist auch die Kraftfahrzeugbeleuchtung aktuell einem Paradigmenwechsel unterzogen – und das ganz im Sinne der HiTec‐Strategie des Bundes. Die Forschung und Entwicklung versucht funktionalorientiert die Sicherheit im Straßenverkehr durch fahrzeugeigene Beleuchtung und lichtbasierte Fahrassistenzsysteme stetig zu steigern. Eine mindestens ebenso wichtige Rolle spielt dabei die technologische Umsetzung von Funktionalitäten im Hinblick auf Machbarkeit, Energieeffizienz und Design.
On the failure of silicone breast implants: new insights by mapping the mechanical properties of implant shells
Authors: Schubert Dirk W , Kaschta Joachim , Horch Raymund E , Walter Bastian L , Daenicke Jonas 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis review summarizes the knowledge on rupture (in vivo as well as under laboratory conditions) of gel‐filled silicone breast implants, which has been an open question since the first implantation in 1962. We present recent progress which has been made by a mapping of the mechanical properties of the shell material together with a statistical failure analysis by means of a Weibull fit. Reference implants and intact as well as ruptured explants are tested after several years in vivo using tensile tests. Up to 110 dumbbell‐shaped specimens per implant are measured allowing a detailed mapping of the mechanical properties of the silicone shell. Therefore, it is possible to illustrate the results of the tensile tests by mapping the measured values of the implants in the form of a contour plot revealing novel insights. The contour plots clearly display that the mechanical behaviour (e.g. stress at break) varies significantly over the shell. Additionally, a map is proposed which clearly shows separated clusters for different manufacturers and product categories. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
IMPACT OF CHANGING HYDROLOGY ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN HIGH ARCTIC RIVERS
Authors: Blaen P. J. , Milner A. M. , Hannah D. M. , Brittain J. E. , Brown L. E. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTDespite the importance of river nutrient retention in regulating downstream water quality and the potential alterations to nutrient fluxes associated with climate‐induced changes in Arctic hydrology, current understanding of nutrient cycling in Arctic river systems is limited. This study adopted an experimental approach to quantify conceptual water source contributions (meltwater, groundwater), environmental conditions and uptake of NO3−, NH4+, PO43− and acetate at 12 headwater rivers in Svalbard and so determine the role of changing hydrology on nutrient uptake in these Arctic river systems. Most rivers exhibited low demand for NO3− and PO43−, but demand for NH4+ and acetate was more variable and in several rivers comparable with that measured in sub‐Arctic regions. The proportion of meltwater contributing to river flow was not significantly related to nutrient uptake. However, NH4+ uptake was associated positively with algal biomass, water temperature and transient storage area, whereas acetate uptake was associated positively with more stable river channels. Mean demand for NH4+ increased when added with acetate, suggesting NH4+ retention may be facilitated by labile dissolved organic carbon availability in these rivers. Consequently, nutrient export from Arctic river systems could be influenced in future by changes in hydrological and environmental process interactions associated with forecasted climate warming. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dose‐finding design using mixed‐effect proportional odds model for longitudinal graded toxicity data in phase I oncology clinical trials
Authors: Doussau Adélaïde , Thiébaut Rodolphe , Paoletti Xavier 
Published: September 2013

Phase I oncology clinical trials are designed to identify the optimal dose that will be recommended for phase II trials. This dose is typically defined as the dose associated with a certain probability of severe toxicity during the first cycle of treatment, although toxicity is repeatedly measured over cycles on an ordinal scale. We propose a new adaptive dose‐finding design using longitudinal measurements of ordinal toxic adverse events, with proportional odds mixed‐effect models. Likelihood‐based inference is implemented. The optimal dose is then the dose producing a target rate of severe toxicity per cycle. This model can also be used to identify cumulative or late toxicities. The performances of this approach were compared with those of the continual reassessment method in a simulation study. Operating characteristics were evaluated in terms of correct identification of the target dose, distribution of the doses allocated and power to detect trends in the risk of toxicities over time. This approach was also used to reanalyse data from a phase I oncology trial.Use of a proportional odds mixed‐effect model appears to be feasible in phase I dose‐finding trials, increases the ability of selecting the correct dose and provides a tool to detect cumulative effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Missing Links in the Sulfate Chemistry of Group 15 Elements: As(S2O7)(HS2O7), Sb2(SO4)2(S2O7), and Bi2(S2O7)3 from Reactions in Oleum under Harsh Conditions
Authors: Logemann Christian , Kleineberg Henrike , Ohlert Jan , Wickleder Mathias S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe reactions of As2O3, SbCl3, and (BiO)2CO3 with oleum (65 % SO3) yielded single crystals of As(S2O7)(HS2O7) [monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 4, a = 16.549(1), b = 6.6743(5), c = 9.9498(6) Å, β = 102.672(8)°, V = 1072.672(8) Å3], Sb2(SO4)2(S2O7) [monoclinic, P21/n, Z = 4, a = 9.1586(2), b = 6.9981(2), c = 17.7956(4) Å, β = 100.9690(8)°, V = 1119.73(5) Å3], and Bi2(S2O7)3 [triclinic, P$\bar{1}$, Z = 2, a = 6.5734(1), b = 10.1954(2), c = 11.5121(2) Å, α = 90.996(1)°, β = 96.976(1)°, γ = 94.870(1)°, V = 762.75(2) Å3]. As(S2O7)(HS2O7) shows the arsenic atoms in a trigonal pyramidal coordination of the oxygen atoms of one chelating S2O72– and one monodentate HS2O7– group. The distinct As(S2O7)(HS2O7) molecules are connected with each other by hydrogen bonds to form layers. Sb2(SO4)2(S2O7) shows the Sb3+ cations in a seesaw‐type coordination of oxygen atoms from both anions. In Bi2(S2O7)3 the Bi3+ cations are in a square prismatic oxygen coordination of disulfate units. The antimony and the bismuth compounds exhibit complex three‐dimensionally linked structures. The syntheses and the crystal structures, as well as the thermal decomposition of Sb2(SO4)2(S2O7) are presented.
Genetic diversity and population structure ofSynthesium pontoporiae(Digenea, Brachycladiidae) linked to its definitive host stocks, the endangered Franciscana dolphin,Pontoporia blainvillei(Pontoporiidae) off the coast of Brazil and Argentina
Authors: Marigo J. , Cunha H.A. , Bertozzi C.P. , Souza S.P. , Rosas F.C.W. , Cremer M.J. , Barreto A.S. , de Oliveira L.R. , Cappozzo H.L. , Valente A.L.S. , Santos C.P. , Vicente A.C.P. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPontoporia blainvillei(Gervais and d'Orbigny, 1844) is an endangered small cetacean endemic to South America with four Franciscana Management Areas (FMA) recognized as different population stocks. The role of the intestinal parasiteSynthesium pontoporiae(Digenea: Brachycladiidae) as a possible biological marker to differentiateP. blainvilleistocks was evaluated using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers. Internal transcribed sequence 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) regions ofS. pontoporiaedid not show intraspecific variability. The mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences suggested lack of population structure inS. pontoporiaeand population expansion. The apparent panmixia ofS. pontoporiaemay be due to the high mobility of one or more of its intermediary hosts. Alternatively, it may be due to the small sample size. This result is incongruent with the previously proposed FMA.
Debye-sheath properties in the Tonks–Langmuir discharge with warm neutrals
Authors: KOS L. , TSKHAKAYA D. D. , KUHN S. , JELIĆ N. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA kinetic theory of the Debye sheath in the Tonks–Langmuir model of the plasma-wall transition layer with hot neutrals is presented. The plasma, consisting of Boltzmann-distributed electrons and singly charged ions, is in contact with an absorbing negative wall. Dependencies of electric-potential characteristics on neutrals temperature are investigated for the first time. The results can be generalized to other sheath models.
Sick sinus syndrome: a family study
Authors: Rogińska Natalia , Bieganowska Katarzyna 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA case of related individuals affected by sick sinus syndrome is presented in this study. The clinical and electrocardiographic signs of sinus node dysfunction and the most common causes of this disease are presented. Subsequently, the article includes descriptions of sinus node disease in three related children as well as details of the disease in their relatives. A literature review of the genetics of familial sinus node dysfunction concludes the study.
Laws in Progress? Reconceptualizing Accountability Strategies in the Era of Framework Norms
Authors: Korkea-aho Emilia 
Published: September 2013

AbstractEU law is teeming with framework norms – ‘laws in progress’. They provide little clarity for those to whom they apply, engendering rule-making in networks to assist those charged with implementing and applying laws at the national level. Taking as its specific focus the particular process through which the concept of an ‘article’ was constructed and constituted in a set of negotiations around the EU Chemicals Regulation, REACH, this article shows that networks not only make framework norms operational but also transform them in the process. The fact that networks have an important role in laying out what the law says throws the effectiveness of traditional forms of accountability in doubt. In particular, judicial control is in need of rethinking in order to accommodate norms that change and the networks that change them. This article suggests looking at the connections between internal peer control and externally operating judicial control as a way to keep up with the progress of laws in progress.
Crystal structure of the TRIM25 B30.2 (PRYSPRY) domain: a key component of antiviral signalling
Authors: D’Cruz Akshay A. , Kershaw Nadia J. , Chiang Jessica J. , Wang May K. , Nicola Nicos A. , Babon Jeffrey J. , Gack Michaela U. , Nicholson Sandra E. 
Published: September 2013

TRIM (tripartite motif) proteins primarily function as ubiquitin E3 ligases that regulate the innate immune response to infection. TRIM25 [also known as Efp (oestrogen-responsive finger protein)] has been implicated in the regulation of oestrogen receptor α signalling and in the regulation of innate immune signalling via RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I). RIG-I senses cytosolic viral RNA and is subsequently ubiquitinated by TRIM25 at its N-terminal CARDs (caspase recruitment domains), leading to type I interferon production. The interaction with RIG-I is dependent on the TRIM25 B30.2 domain, a protein-interaction domain composed of the PRY and SPRY tandem sequence motifs. In the present study we describe the 1.8 Å crystal structure of the TRIM25 B30.2 domain, which exhibits a typical B30.2/SPRY domain fold comprising two N-terminal α-helices, thirteen β-strands arranged into two β-sheets and loop regions of varying lengths. A comparison with other B30.2/SPRY structures and an analysis of the loop regions identified a putative binding pocket, which is likely to be involved in binding target proteins. This was supported by mutagenesis and functional analyses, which identified two key residues (Asp488 and Trp621) in the TRIM25 B30.2 domain as being critical for binding to the RIG-I CARDs.
Gender Categorization in Cochlear Implant Users
Authors: Massida Zoé , Marx Mathieu , Belin Pascal , James Christopher , Fraysse Bernard , Barone Pascal , Deguine Olivier 
Published: September 2013

Purpose
In this study, the authors examined the ability of subjects with cochlear implants (CIs) to discriminate voice gender and how this ability evolved as a function of CI experience.

Method
The authors presented a continuum of voice samples created by voice morphing, with 9 intermediate acoustic parameter steps between a typical male and a typical female. This method allowed for the evaluation of gender categorization not only when acoustical features were specific to gender but also for more ambiguous cases, when fundamental frequency or formant distribution were located between typical values.

Results
Results showed a global, though variable, deficit for voice gender categorization in CI recipients compared with subjects with normal hearing. This deficit was stronger for ambiguous stimuli in the voice continuum: Average performance scores for CI users were 58% lower than average scores for subjects with normal hearing in cases of ambiguous stimuli and 19% lower for typical male and female voices. The authors found no significant improvement in voice gender categorization with CI experience.

Conclusions
These results emphasize the dissociation between recovery of speech recognition and voice feature perception after cochlear implantation. This large and durable deficit may be related to spectral and temporal degradation induced by CI sound coding, or it may be related to central voice processing deficits.
Auditory Middle Latency Responses in Chronic Smokers Compared to Nonsmokers: Differential Effects of Stimulus and Age
Authors: Ramkissoon Ishara , Beverly Brenda L. 
Published: September 2013

PurposeEffects of clicks and tonebursts on early and late auditory middle latency response (AMLR) components were evaluated in young and older cigarette smokers and nonsmokers.MethodParticipants (n= 49) were categorized by smoking and age into 4 groups: (a) older smokers, (b) older nonsmokers, (c) young smokers, and (d) young nonsmokers. Monaural, 2-channel AMLRs were acquired from Fz and Cz electrodes with 3 stimuli (clicks, 500 Hz, and 3000 Hz).ResultsGroup differences included significantly higher V–Na amplitude in young adults and shorter Pb latency in older nonsmokers. Young smokers had a significantly higher Nb–Pb amplitude and shorter Nb latency than other groups. Toneburst stimuli yielded significantly longer V, Na, and Pa latencies compared to clicks. Pb latency was shorter at Fz than at Cz. Relative amplitudes were significantly higher at Fz than at Cz overall; Pa–Nb and Nb–Pb were significantly lower for 3000 Hz than for 500 Hz and clicks.ConclusionsResponses from young smokers revealed a higher amplitude and shorter latency for later AMLR waves, reflecting an arousal effect of smoking in cortical and subcortical generators. AMLR differences in older adults may be due to age-related neurochemical changes in the central nervous system. Stimulus and electrode differences plus smoking and aging effects can guide neurodiagnostic AMLR protocols, especially in young adult smokers.
Effect of Sustained Maternal Responsivity on Later Vocabulary Development in Children With Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Brady Nancy , Warren Steven F. , Fleming Kandace , Keller Juliana , Sterling Audra 
Published: September 2013

PurposeThis research explored whether sustained maternal responsivity (a parent–child interaction style characterized by warmth, nurturance, and stability as well as specific behaviors, such as contingent positive responses to child initiations) was a significant variable predicting vocabulary development of children with fragile X syndrome through age 9 years.MethodFifty-five mother–child dyads were followed longitudinally when children were between 2 and 10 years of age. Measures of maternal responsivity and child vocabulary were obtained at regular intervals starting at age 2.9 years. Sustained responsivity was indicated by the average responsivity measured over Observations 2–5. Responsivity at the 1st time period, autism symptoms, and cognitive development were used as control variables.ResultsAfter controlling for development and autism symptoms, the authors found significant effects for sustained responsivity on receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, and the rate of different words children produced through age 9.ConclusionsMaternal responsivity, which is typically a variable of interest during early childhood, continues to be a significant variable, predicting vocabulary development through the middle childhood period. Thus, responsivity is a potential target for language interventions through this age period.
Toward a statistically explicit understanding of de novo sequence assembly
Authors: Howison Mark , Zapata Felipe , Dunn Casey W. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Motivation: Draft de novo genome assemblies are now available for many organisms. These assemblies are point estimates of the true genome sequences. Each is a specific hypothesis, drawn from among many alternative hypotheses, of the sequence of a genome. Assembly uncertainty, the inability to distinguish between multiple alternative assembly hypotheses, can be due to real variation between copies of the genome in the sample, errors and ambiguities in the sequenced data and assumptions and heuristics of the assemblers. Most assemblers select a single assembly according to ad hoc criteria, and do not yet report and quantify the uncertainty of their outputs. Those assemblers that do report uncertainty take different approaches to describing multiple assembly hypotheses and the support for each.
Results: Here we review and examine the problem of representing and measuring uncertainty in assemblies. A promising recent development is the implementation of assemblers that are built according to explicit statistical models. Some new assembly methods, for example, estimate and maximize assembly likelihood. These advances, combined with technical advances in the representation of alternative assembly hypotheses, will lead to a more complete and biologically relevant understanding of assembly uncertainty. This will in turn facilitate the interpretation of downstream analyses and tests of specific biological hypotheses.
Contact: mhowison@brown.edu
Promoting child development
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 3 emphasizes the central role of parents in promoting child development, defines helpful parenting, describes the Sure Start programme, sets out the growing evidence that education for parenthood is effective, considers the primary prevention of behavioural and psychological disorders, reviews the relationship between depression, social isolation, and child development, stresses the importance of post-natal depression and mental illness associated with pregnancy and the post-natal period, describes how language acquisition and literacy skills could be encouraged, examines child protection and the prevention of child abuse, reviews the overall effectiveness of primary prevention and intervention programmes, and presents a concept of ‘school readiness’ in terms of an ‘outcome measure for community intervention programmes.
Laboratory and radiological screening tests
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 9 cover phenylketonuria and hypothyroidism, other metabolic disorders, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, urine analysis and urine infections, reflux, haemoglobinopathies, liver disease in infancy, hypercholesterolaemia, lead poisoning, neuroblastoma, and coeliac disease.
Children with disabilities and special educational needs
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 14 reviews the legislative framework for children with disabilities and special educational needs, statutory duties and underlying principles, joint agency working, service planning, service provision for individuals, standards for services for disabled children and for child development centres, disability registers, special educational needs (SEN), and the role of the designated doctor for liaison with the education authority.
Children in special circumstances
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 16 considers the needs of children in special circumstances, including ssylum seekers, refugees, and international adoptions, entitlements, emotional health and health care, screening and management of health problems, immunizations for children with no records, health care needs of traveller families, homeless families, and children and young people in prison.
Anthropometry, physique, body composition, and maturity
Authors: Claessens Albrecht
                L. , Beunen Gaston , Malina Robert
                M. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The appropriate normalization of exercise performance data for differences in body size underpins the clarification of growth and maturational influences on physiological function. Therefore, scaling is an issue of fundamental importance for all paediatric exercise scientists. The selection and application of a scaling method appropriate for the data and research question being addressed is at least as important as ensuring that the methodology used to collect the data is valid, reliable, and appropriate for use with young people. Several scaling methods are available and some methods can be applied in different ways. Unfortunately, taken as a whole, the extant literature presents a confusing picture as to which of these techniques is preferable, how they should be applied, and the meaning of the results obtained. The aim of this chapter is to clarify these issues through a description of the techniques available for analysing both cross-sectional and longitudinal data sets, highlighting their statistical and theoretical derivations.