bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radical Romanticism Democracy, Religion, and the Environmental Imagination
Authors: Cladis Mark S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWorking at the juncture of religious studies, political theory, and environmental studies, I interrogate and construct a radical Romantic tradition that supports a normative vision of an environmentally responsive democracy that is deeply embodied by its citizens and embedded in its lands. Having investigated the religious, democratic, and environmental dispositions and ideologies that informed eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British Romantic literature and subsequent legacies in America, I now show how this multifarious Romantic legacy, which has already shaped our identity and many of our sensibilities, can assist in the ongoing project of cultivating interrelated democratic and environmental theory, belief, and practice.
"The Princess in the Wooden Body": Israeli Oral Versions of "The Maiden in the Chest" (ATU 510B*) in Light of Incest Victims’ Blogs
Authors: Milo Haya , Raufman Ravit 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Based on the examination of thirteen oral versions of type ATU 510B*, recorded in the Israeli Folktale Archive (IFA), mostly told by women, this article reviews and analyzes the common characteristics shared among these versions and blogs of incest victims, appearing on an Israeli website of sexual abuse victims. The nature of the disguise (a wooden body or the like), and the opening as well as the closing scenes, in which the maiden confronts her lecherous father, are discussed in light of these blogs. The article challenges the idea that we are dealing with an active heroine who takes charge of her life and is able to start over with another man. Instead, the power we find in these tales is fueled by the narrators, who use their stories to voice and externalize female distress and oppression in a patriarchal society.
Incorporating microbial ecology concepts into global soil mineralization models to improve predictions of carbon and nitrogen fluxes
Authors: Fujita Yuki , Witte Jan‐Philip M. , van Bodegom Peter M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractGlobal models of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes become increasingly needed to describe climate change impacts, yet they typically have limited ability to reflect microbial activities that may affect global‐scale soil dynamics. Benefiting from recent advances in microbial knowledge, we evaluated critical assumptions on microbial processes to be applied in global models. We conducted a sensitivity analysis of soil respiration rates (Cmin) and N mineralization rates (Nmin) for different model structures and parameters regarding microbial processes and validated them with laboratory incubation data of diverse soils. Predicted Cmin was sensitive to microbial biomass, and the model fit to observed Cmin improved when using site‐specific microbial biomass. Cmin was less affected by the approach of microbial substrate consumption (i.e., linear, multiplicative, or Michaelis‐Menten kinetics). The sensitivity of Cmin to increasing soil N fertility was idiosyncratic and depended on the assumed mechanism of microbial C:N stoichiometry effects: a C overflow mechanism upon N limitation (with decreased microbial growth efficiency) led to the best model fit. Altogether, inclusion of microbial processes reduced prediction errors by 26% (for Cmin) and 7% (for Nmin) in our validation data set. Our study identified two important aspects to incorporate into global models: site‐specific microbial biomass and microbial C:N stoichiometry effects. The former requires better understandings of spatial patterns of microbial biomass and its drivers, while the latter urges for further conceptual progress on C‐N interactions. With such advancements, we envision improved predictions of global C and N fluxes for a current and projected climate.
Usable solar radiation and its attenuation in the upper water column
Authors: Lee Zhongping , Shang Shaoling , Du Keping , Wei Jianwei , Arnone Robert 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA new radiometric term named as usable solar radiation (USR) is defined to represent the spectrally integrated solar irradiance in the spectral window of 400–560 nm. Through numerical simulations of optically deep waters covering a wide range of optical properties, it is found that the diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling USR, Kd(USR), is nearly a constant vertically for almost all oceanic waters (chlorophyll concentration under ∼3 mg m−3). This feature is quite contrary to the diffuse attenuation coefficient of the photosynthetic available radiation, K(PAR), which varies significantly from surface to deeper depths for oceanic waters. It is also found that the ratio of the photosynthetic utilizable radiation (PUR) to the product of USR and phytoplankton absorption coefficient at 440 nm approximates a constant for most oceanic waters. These results support the use of a single Kd(USR) for each water and each sun angle for accurate estimation of USR propagation, and suggest an efficient approach to estimate PUR(z) in the upper water column. These results further indicate that it is necessary and valuable for the generation of USR and Kd(USR) products from satellite ocean color measurements, which can be used to facilitate the studies of heat transfer and photosynthesis in the global oceans.
Coherent intraseasonal oceanic variations in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and in the Lombok and Ombai Straits from observations and a high‐resolution OGCM
Authors: Iskandar Iskhaq , Masumoto Yukio , Mizuno Keisuke , Sasaki Hideharu , Affandi Azhar K. , Setiabudidaya Dedi , Syamsuddin Fadli 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOngoing acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) observation in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and a recent International Nusantara Stratification and Transport (INSTANT) experiment in the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) straits have shown coherent intraseasonal oceanic variations in this region. The intraseasonal variations are dominated by 30–70 day variations, with a tendency for the observed currents in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean to lead those at the Lombok and Ombai Straits. Phase speed of these eastward propagating signals estimated using lag correlation analysis does not correspond to one particular baroclinic mode, though it is in the range expected for the first two baroclinic modes. In this study, the dynamics underlying this intraseasonal coherency is evaluated using output from a high‐resolution ocean general circulation model developed for the Earth Simulator (OFES). The results from model simulation of January 2001 through December 2007 show that the first two baroclinic modes dominate the intraseasonal variations in this region. While the first and second baroclinic modes have comparable contribution to the intraseasonal oceanic variations in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and in the Ombai Strait, the intraseasonal oceanic variations in the Lombok Strait are dominated by the first baroclinic mode. Moreover, the analysis reveals that the intraseasonal variability at all mooring sites is mostly confined in the upper layer above ∼100 m depth. Both equatorial wind from the Indian Ocean and alongshore winds off Sumatra and Java play important roles in generating intraseasonal variations in the Lombok and Ombai Straits.
Postlaunch performance of the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) nadir sensors
Authors: Seftor C. J. , Jaross G. , Kowitt M. , Haken M. , Li J. , Flynn L. E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe prelaunch specifications for nadir sensors of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) were designed to ensure that measurements from them could be used to retrieve total column ozone and nadir ozone profile information both for operational use and for use in long‐term ozone data records. In this paper, we will show results from our extensive analysis of the performance of the nadir mapper (NM) and nadir profiler (NP) sensors during the first year and a half of OMPS nadir operations. In most cases, we determined that both sensors meet or exceed their prelaunch specifications. Normalized radiance (radiance divided by irradiance) measurements have been determined to be well within their 2% specification for both sensors. In the case of stray light, the NM sensor is within its 2% specification for all but the shortest wavelengths, while the NP sensor is within its 2% specification for all but the longest wavelengths. Artifacts that negatively impacted the sensor calibration due to diffuser features were reduced to less than 1% through changes made in the solar calibration sequence. Preliminary analysis of the disagreement between measurements made by the NM and NP sensors in the region where their wavelengths overlap indicates that it is due to shifts in the shared dichroic filter after launch and that it can be corrected. In general, our analysis indicates that both the NM and NP sensors are performing well, that they are stable, and that any deviations from nominal performance can be well characterized and corrected.
Evaluation of the Sensor Data Record from the nadir instruments of the Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite (OMPS)
Authors: Wu Xiangqian , Liu Quanhua , Zeng Jian , Grotenhuis Michael , Qian Haifeng , Caponi Maria , Flynn Larry , Jaross Glen , Sen Bhaswar , Buss Richard H. , Johnsen William , Janz Scott , Pan Chunhui , Niu Jianguo , Beck Trevor , Beach Eric , Yu Wei , Rama Varma Raja M. K. , Stuhmer Derek , Cumpton Daniel , Owen Cristina , Li Wen‐Hao 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper evaluates the first 15 months of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Sensor Data Record (SDR) acquired by the nadir sensors and processed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Interface Data Processing Segment. The evaluation consists of an inter‐comparison with a similar satellite instrument, an analysis using a radiative transfer model, and an assessment of product stability. This is in addition to the evaluation of sensor calibration and the Environment Data Record product that are also reported in this Special Issue. All these are parts of synergetic effort to provide comprehensive assessment at every level of the products to ensure its quality. It is found that the OMPS nadir SDR quality is satisfactory for the current Provisional maturity. Methods used in the evaluation are being further refined, developed, and expanded, in collaboration with international community through the Global Space‐based Inter‐Calibration System, to support the upcoming long‐term monitoring.
Spatial and temporal patterns of global burned area in response to anthropogenic and environmental factors: Reconstructing global fire history for the 20th and early 21st centuries
Authors: Yang Jia , Tian Hanqin , Tao Bo , Ren Wei , Kush John , Liu Yongqiang , Wang Yuhang 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFire is a critical component of the Earth system, and substantially influences land surface, climate change, and ecosystem dynamics. To accurately predict the fire regimes in the 21st century, it is essential to understand the historical fire patterns and recognize the interaction among fire, human, and environment factors. Until now, few efforts are put on the studies regarding to the long‐term fire reconstruction and the attribution analysis of anthropogenic and environmental factors to fire regimes at global scale. To fill this knowledge gap, we developed a 0.5° × 0.5° data set of global burned area from 1901 to 2007 by coupling Global Fire Emission Database version 3 with a process‐based fire model and conducted factorial simulation experiments to evaluate the impacts of human, climate, and atmospheric components. The average global burned area is ~442 × 104 km2 yr−1during 1901–2007 and our results suggest a notable declining rate of burned area globally (1.28 × 104 km2 yr−1). Burned area in tropics and extratropics exhibited a significant declining trend, with no significant trend detected at high latitudes. Factorial experiments indicated that human activities were the dominant factor in determining the declining trend of burned area in tropics and extratropics, and climate variation was the primary factor controlling the decadal variation of burned area at high latitudes. Elevated CO2and nitrogen deposition enhanced burned area in tropics and southern extratropics but suppressed fire occurrence at high latitudes. Rising temperature and frequent droughts are becoming increasingly important and expected to increase wildfire activity in many regions of the world.
CMIP5 historical simulations (1850–2012) with GISS ModelE2
Authors: Miller Ron L. , Schmidt Gavin A. , Nazarenko Larissa S. , Tausnev Nick , Bauer Susanne E. , DelGenio Anthony D. , Kelley Max , Lo Ken K. , Ruedy Reto , Shindell Drew T. , Aleinov Igor , Bauer Mike , Bleck Rainer , Canuto Vittorio , Chen Yonghua , Cheng Ye , Clune Thomas L. , Faluvegi Greg , Hansen James E. , Healy Richard J. , Kiang Nancy Y. , Koch Dorothy , Lacis Andy A. , LeGrande Allegra N. , Lerner Jean , Menon Surabi , Oinas Valdar , Pérez García‐Pando Carlos , Perlwitz Jan P. , Puma Michael J. , Rind David , Romanou Anastasia , Russell Gary L. , Sato Makiko , Sun Shan , Tsigaridis Kostas , Unger Nadine , Voulgarakis Apostolos , Yao Mao‐Sung , Zhang Jinlun 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObservations of climate change during the CMIP5 extended historical period (1850–2012) are compared to trends simulated by six versions of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE2 Earth System Model. The six models are constructed from three versions of the ModelE2 atmospheric general circulation model, distinguished by their treatment of atmospheric composition and the aerosol indirect effect, combined with two ocean general circulation models, HYCOM and Russell. Forcings that perturb the model climate during the historical period are described. Five‐member ensemble averages from each of the six versions of ModelE2 simulate trends of surface air temperature, atmospheric temperature, sea ice and ocean heat content that are in general agreement with observed trends, although simulated warming is slightly excessive within the past decade. Only simulations that include increasing concentrations of long‐lived greenhouse gases match the warming observed during the twentieth century. Differences in twentieth‐century warming among the six model versions can be attributed to differences in climate sensitivity, aerosol and ozone forcing, and heat uptake by the deep ocean. Coupled models with HYCOM export less heat to the deep ocean, associated with reduced surface warming in regions of deepwater formation, but greater warming elsewhere at high latitudes along with reduced sea ice. All ensembles show twentieth‐century annular trends toward reduced surface pressure at southern high latitudes and a poleward shift of the midlatitude westerlies, consistent with observations.
Promoter Fusions to Study Gene Expression
Authors: Ma Jun 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

One important tool in molecular biology takes advantage of promoter fusions where the expression of one gene is controlled by the promoter or regulatory elements of another gene. Promoter fusions engineered
in vitro
can help to determine how gene expression is regulated in cells and whole organisms. Promoter fusions generated
in vivo
, for example, by promoter trapping, can help to identify new genes and generate useful genetic resources for dissecting important biological processes. A binary effector–reporter system can be used to direct the production of a protein of interest in specific cells of an organism for functional studies. It can also be used to direct the production of interference
ribonucleic acid
molecules that can inhibit the activity of their target genes in specific cells of an organism. The GAL4–UAS version of this binary system is a valuable genetic tool for investigations of mechanisms that control development.

Key Concepts:

The first step towards expressing a gene is transcription.

Gene transcription is controlled by regulatory DNA sequences (elements) that contain binding sites for regulatory proteins.

The regulatory DNA element of one gene can exert its effect on the expression of another gene in a chimaeric (fusion) construct.

Engineered fusion constructs can be introduced to cells or whole organisms.

Reporter genes are used in fusion constructs because their encoded proteins can be monitored or assayed easily.

Reporter fusion constructs can be used to analyse the functions of the regulatory DNA elements.

An effector–reporter system can be used to study the relationship between a regulatory DNA element and the regulatory proteins that bind to it.

Promoter trapping and enhancer trapping are useful techniques to generate genome‐scale resources for genetic studies.

A binary effector–reporter system (a version of which is commonly known as the GAL4–UAS system) is a powerful genetic tool.
Two‐Hybrid Systems to Measure Protein–Protein Interactions
Authors: Finley Russell L , Mairiang Dumrong 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

To understand how proteins function to control cellular processes, their interactions with other proteins must be identified and characterised. The yeast two‐hybrid system is a simple and efficient assay for protein–protein interactions. In a yeast two‐hybrid assay, two proteins are expressed in a yeast nucleus with each protein fused to one‐half of a transcription activator. If the two hybrid proteins interact, the transcription activator is reconstituted and turns on easily detectable reporter genes. This assay has been used to identify tens of thousands of protein interactions, to map protein interaction domains and to characterise mutant variants of proteins. A variety of related assays have been developed, all based on the ability of two interacting hybrid proteins to activate a reporter system. These assays along with the original two‐hybrid assay are contributing to the characterisation of the protein interactions – or protein interactome – for humans and several model organisms.

Key Concepts:

The role that most proteins play in cells involves interacting with one or more proteins.

A binary interaction is a physical interaction between two proteins.

Understanding a protein's function requires charting its binary interactions.

Interactome is a term used to refer to all of the protein interactions for a particular cell or an entire organism.

Two‐hybrid assays are assays for binary protein interactions, where two test proteins are expressed in cells as hybrids fused to protein moieties that when brought into proximity via the protein interaction produces a detectable signal.

In a yeast two‐hybrid assay, the two proteins to be tested for interaction are fused to the two halves of a transcription factor in yeast, which activates reporter genes if the proteins interact.

In a protein complementation assay, the two proteins are fused to separate halves of a reporter protein like an enzyme, which will be reconstituted if the two halves are brought into close proximity via the protein–protein interaction.

False positives are interactions that are detected in the assay even though they do not occur under normal conditions
in vivo
.

Protein interaction assays can also result in missed interactions or false negatives.

Use of multiple different protein interaction assays can reduce the number of false negatives and provide cross‐validation to rule out false positives.
Expanding Applications of Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Tekriwal Anand , Keshavan Arjuna , Halpern Casey H , Baltuch Gordon H 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) has proved to be a highly effective therapy for multiple types of movement disorders. Because of its well‐tolerated procedure, low side effect profile and high degree of titratability, it has been increasingly explored as an adjunctive therapy for patients refractory to conventional care. This article examines the potential efficacy of DBS for neurological and psychiatric disorders currently under investigation. Pilot studies and clinical trials have been instructive in guiding clinicians and researchers as they seek to elucidate whether DBS is efficacious for indications like epilepsy, Tourette syndrome, addiction and even obesity. Continuing refinement of patient selection protocols and stimulatory parameters, as well as advances in stimulatory tools and surgical procedures, has contributed to these expanding applications of DBS.Key Concepts:Titratability is one of the key strengths of DBS as it allows clinicians the ability to adjust the ‘dose’ of stimulation at any point after implantation.The refractory nature of neuropsychiatric disorders has created the need for direct, brain‐targeted treatments like DBS that can address treatment‐resistant cases.Parkinson disease, a disorder resulting from the degeneration of dopamine‐producing cells in the substantia nigra, has been well treated by DBS for more than a decade.Clinical trials, such as the SANTE trials, are crucial for demonstrating the efficacy of an experimental treatment like DBS.Closed‐loop systems incorporate cortical EEG monitoring to time stimulatory pulses with pathological neural activity, prospectively increasing the efficacy of DBS for conditions like epilepsy.The ‘psychiatric armamentarium’ describes the treatments and tools, mostly pharmaceuticals, available with clinicians in order to treat patients diagnosed with neuropsychiatric disorders.
Transition from π Radicals to σ Radicals: Substituent‐Tuned Cyclization of Hydrazonyl Radicals
Authors: Duan Xiao‐Yong , Zhou Neng‐Neng , Fang Ran , Yang Xiu‐Long , Yu Wei , Han Bing 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHydrazonyl radicals are known for their π‐electronic structures; however, their σ‐electronic structures have not been reported as yet. Herein, we show that readily accessible β,γ‐ and γ,δ‐unsaturated N‐trichloroacetyl and N‐trifluoroacetyl hydrazones can be conveniently converted into hydrazonyl σ radicals, which subsequently undergo 5‐exo‐trig radical cyclization at the N1 or N2 atom to form pyrazolines and azomethine imines, respectively.
Room‐Temperature Amination of Deactivated Aniline and Aryl Halide Partners with Carbonate Base Using a Pd‐PEPPSI‐IPentCl‐ o‐Picoline Catalyst
Authors: Pompeo Matthew , Farmer Jennifer L. , Froese Robert D. J. , Organ Michael G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCurrent state‐of‐the‐art protocols for the coupling of unreactive amines (e.g., electron‐poor anilines) with deactivated oxidative‐addition partners (e.g., electron‐rich and/or hindered aryl chlorides) involve strong heating (usually >100 °C) and/or tert‐butoxide base, and even then not all couplings are successful. The aggressive base tert‐butoxide reacts with and in many instances destroys the typical functional groups that are necessary for the function of most organic molecules, such as carbonyl groups, esters, nitriles, amides, alcohols, and amines. The new catalyst described herein, Pd‐PEPPSI‐IPentCl‐o‐picoline, is able to aminate profoundly deactivated coupling partners when using only carbonate base at room temperature.