bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The seasonality of Antarctic sea ice trends
Authors: Holland Paul R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAntarctic sea ice is experiencing a weak overall increase in area that is the residual of opposing regional trends. This study considers their seasonal pattern. In addition to traditional ice concentration and total ice area, temporal derivatives of these quantities are investigated (“intensification” and “expansion,” respectively). This is crucial to the attribution of trends, since changes in forcing directly affect ice areal change (rather than ice area). Diverse regional trends all contribute significantly to the overall increase. Trends in the Weddell and Amundsen‐Bellingshausen regions compensate in magnitude and seasonality. The largest concentration trends, in autumn, are actually caused by intensification trends during spring. Autumn intensification trends directly oppose autumn concentration trends in most places, seemingly as a result of ice and ocean feedbacks. Springtime trends are reconcilable with wind trends, but further study of changes during the spring melting season is required to unravel the Antarctic sea ice increase.
Novel Product Chemistry from Mechanistic Analysis of ent‐Copalyl Diphosphate Synthases from Plant Hormone Biosynthesis
Authors: Potter Kevin , Criswell Jared , Zi Jiachen , Stubbs Alisha , Peters Reuben J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn active‐site water molecule coordinated by conserved histidine and asparagine residues seems to serve as the catalytic base in all ent‐copalyl diphosphate synthases (CPSs). When these residues are substituted by alanine, the mutant CPSs produce stereochemically novel ent‐8‐hydroxy‐CPP. Given the requisite presence of CPSs in all land plants for gibberellin phytohormone biosynthesis, such plasticity presumably underlies the observed extensive diversification of the resulting labdane‐related diterpenoids.
Coordination‐Driven Folding and Assembly of a Short Peptide into a Protein‐like Two‐Nanometer‐Sized Channel
Authors: Sawada Tomohisa , Matsumoto Asami , Fujita Makoto 
Published: May 2014

AbstractShort peptide helices have attracted attention as suitable building blocks for soft functional materials, but they are rarely seen in crystalline materials. A new artificial nanoassembly of short peptide helices in the crystalline state is presented in which peptide helices are arranged three‐dimensionally by metal coordination. The folding and assembly processes of a short peptide ligand containing the Gly‐Pro‐Pro sequence were induced by silver(I) coordination in aqueous alcohol, and gave rise to a single crystal composed of polyproline II helices. Crystallographic studies revealed that this material possesses two types of unique helical nanochannel; the larger channel measures more than 2 nm in diameter. Guest uptake properties were investigated by soaking the crystals in polar solutions of guest molecules; anions, organic chiral molecules, and bio‐oligomers are effectively encapsulated by this peptide‐folded porous crystal, with moderate to high chiral recognition for chiral molecules.
Microflow injection potassium bioassay based on G‐quadruplex DNAzyme‐enhanced chemiluminescence
Authors: Song Lifang , Pan Xiaoyan , Shen Hong , Yu Yaling 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTBy taking advantage of microflow injection chemiluminescence analysis, we developed a distinctive microfluidic bioassay method based on G‐Quadruplex DNAzyme‐enhanced chemiluminescence for the determination of K+ in human serum. AGRO100, the G‐rich oligonucleotide with high hemin binding affinity was primarily selected as a K+ recognition element. In the presence of K+, AGRO100 folded into G‐quadruplex and bound hemin to form DNAzyme, which catalyzed the oxidation of luminol by H2O2 to produce chemiluminescence. The intensity of chemiluminescence increased with the K+ concentration. In the study, the DNAzyme showed both long‐term stability and high catalytic activity; other common cations at their physiological concentration did not cause notable interference. With only 6.7 × 10−13 mol of AGRO100 consumption per sample, a linear response of K+ ranged from 1 to 300 µmol/L, the concentration detection limit 0.69 µmol/L (S/N = 3) and the absolute detection limit 1.38 × 10−12 mol were obtained. The precision of 10 replicate measurements of 60 µmol/L K+ was found to be 1.72% (relative standard deviation). The accuracy of the method was demonstrated by analyzing real human serum samples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of six index constituents and comparative analysis of four ethnomedicines from genus Gentiana using a UPLC‐UV‐MS method
Authors: Pan Yu , Shen Tao , Zhang Ji , Zhao Yan‐Li , Wang Yuan‐Zhong , Li Wan‐Yi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMany species from genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae) have a long history of applications as folk medicines in the world. A simple rapid UPLC‐UV‐MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of six index constituents (gentiopicroside, swertiamarin, loganic acid, sweroside, mangiferin and ferulic acid) from the four ethnomedicines (G. rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl., G. rhodantha Franch. ex Hemsl., G. scabra Bunge and G. farreri Balf. f.). The UPLC analysis was performed on Shim‐Pack XR‐ODS III (150 × 2.0 mm, 2.2 µm). The mobile phase was consisted of acetonitrile–0.1% formic acid water using gradient elution. The wavelength 242 nm was chose for the four iridoids as well as mangiferin and 320 nm was set for ferulic acid. Mass spectrometry was applied for identification and quantification for analytes with low concentration. All the regression equations revealed a good linear relationship (R2 > 0.9993). Accuracy and precision were all within the required limits. The chromatogram fingerprints analysis combined with principal component analysis showed the similarity values of the four species were <0.788 while the similarity values of G. scabra Bunge and G. rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl. were >0.993, which provided reasonable foundation for utilization and clinical application of the four ethnomedicines. This developed method appears to be a useful tool for quality control of the four ethnomedicines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time physical deformation and cutting of heterogeneous objects via hybrid coupling of meshless approach and finite element method
Authors: Yang Chen , Li Shuai , Wang Lili , Hao Aimin , Qin Hong 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper advocates a method for real‐time physical deformation and arbitrary cutting simulation of heterogeneous objects with multi‐material distribution, whose originality centers on the tight coupling of domain‐specific finite element method (FEM) and material distance‐aware meshless approach in a CUDA‐centric parallel simulation framework. We employ hierarchical hexahedron serving as basic building blocks for accurate material‐aware FEM simulation. Meanwhile, local meshless systems are designed to support cross‐FEM‐domain coupling and material‐sensitive propagation while respecting the regularity of finite elements. Directly benefiting from the structural regularity and uniformity of finite elements, our hybrid solution enables the local stiffness matrix pre‐computation and dynamic assembling, adaptive topological updating and precise cutting reconstruction. Moreover, our mathematically‐rigorous solver guarantees unconditional stableness. Experiments demonstrate the superiorities of our system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time simulation of ductile fracture with oriented particles
Authors: Choi Min Gyu 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a practical approach for real‐time simulation of large deformation and ductile fracture. We adopt the oriented particles approach for robust and efficient simulation of large deformation and develop a practical model for plastic flow and fracture. The proposed method finds the optimal rotation and the optimal stretch in shape matching. The newly introduced optimal stretch leads to a material strain that can be employed in the plastic flow and fracture criteria. We also propose a graphics processing unit skinning method for real‐time rendering of a deformed, fractured visual mesh. Experimental results show that the proposed method can robustly simulate large, elastoplastic deformation and ductile fracture of large visual meshes in real time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Selective Release System Based on Dual‐Drug‐Loaded Mesoporous Silica for Nanoparticle‐Assisted Combination Therapy
Authors: Wang Wenqian , Wen Yongqiang , Xu Liping , Du Hongwu , Zhou Yabin , Zhang Xueji 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA selective release system was demonstrated with a dual‐cargo loaded MSNs. When stimulated by different signals (UV or H+), this system could selectively release different kinds of cargoes individually. Furthermore, this system has been used to provide a combination of chemotherapy and biotherapy for cancer treatment. This controlled release system could be an important step in the development of more effective and sophisticated nanomedicine and nanodevices, due to the possibility of selective release of a complex multi‐drug.
Extremely Fast Gas/Liquid Reactions in Flow Microreactors: Carboxylation of Short‐Lived Organolithiums
Authors: Nagaki Aiichiro , Takahashi Yusuke , Yoshida Jun‐ichi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCarboxylation of short‐lived organolithiums bearing electrophilic functional groups such as nitro, cyano, and alkoxycarbonyl groups with CO2 to give carboxylic acids and active esters was accomplished in a flow microreactor system. The successful reactions indicate that gas/liquid mass transfer and the subsequent chemical reaction with CO2 are extremely fast.
The Role of Vitamin Supplementation in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Events
Authors: Desai Chirag K. , Huang Jennifer , Lokhandwala Adil , Fernandez Aaron , Riaz Irbaz Bin , Alpert Joseph S. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe production, sale, and consumption of multiple vitamins is a multibillion‐dollar industry. Most Americans take some form of supplement ostensibly for prevention of cardiovascular disease. It has been claimed that vitamin A retards atherogenesis. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and is thought to possibly decrease free radical‐induced endothelial injury, which can lead to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Vitamin E has been extensively studied for its possible effects on platelet function as well as inhibition of foam‐cell formation. Low levels of vitamin D have been thought to negatively impact myocardial structure and increase the risk for cardiovascular events. Increased intake of vitamin B6, B12, and folate has been associated with reduction of homocysteine levels; elevated homocysteine blood levels have been associated with the occurrence of stroke, heart attack, and cardiovascular death. The purpose of this study was to review the currently available literature for vitamin supplementation with respect to prevention of cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, the current evidence suggests no benefit exists with vitamin supplementation in the general US population. Further research is needed to evaluate whether there are specific populations that might benefit from vitamin supplementation.
Challenges and Approaches for High‐Voltage Spinel Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Jung‐Hyun , Pieczonka Nicholas P. W. , Yang Li 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLithium‐ion (Li‐ion) batteries have been developed for electric vehicle (EV) applications, owing to their high energy density. Recent research and development efforts have been devoted to finding the next generation of cathode materials for Li‐ion batteries to extend the driving distance of EVs and lower their cost. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) high‐voltage spinel is a promising candidate for a next‐generation cathode material based on its high operating voltage (4.75 V vs. Li), potentially low material cost, and excellent rate capability. Over the last decade, much research effort has focused on achieving a fundamental understanding of the structure–property relationship in LNMO materials. Recent studies, however, demonstrated that the most critical barrier for the commercialization of high‐voltage spinel Li‐ion batteries is electrolyte decomposition and concurrent degradative reactions at electrode/electrolyte interfaces, which results in poor cycle life for LNMO/graphite full cells. Despite scattered reports addressing these processes in high‐voltage spinel full cells, they have not been consolidated into a systematic review article. With this perspective, emphasis is placed herein on describing the challenges and the various approaches to mitigate electrolyte decomposition and other degradative reactions in high‐voltage spinel cathodes in full cells.
Reactivity of Graphene and Hexagonal Boron Nitride In‐Plane Heterostructures with Oxygen: A DFT Study
Authors: Nguyen Manh‐Thuong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA density‐functional study has been undertaken to investigate the chemical properties of in‐plane heterostructures of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride. The interactions of armchair and zigzag linking edges with oxygen are looked at in detail. The results of the calculations indicate that the linking edges are highly reactive to oxygen atoms and predict that oxygen molecules can accordingly be adsorbed dissociatively. Furthermore, because oxygen atoms cooperatively interact with the heterostructures, the process can lead to opening of the linking edges, thus splitting the two materials.
Assessing exceedance of ozone standards: a space‐time downscaler for fourth highest ozone concentrations
Authors: Berrocal V.J. , Gelfand A.E. , Holland D.M. 
Published: May 2014

The US Environmental Protection Agency is required to monitor, regulate, and set national ambient air quality standards for ozone. To investigate ozone exposure, the Environmental Protection Agency utilizes monitoring devices along with estimates of gridded ground level ozone concentration produced by a deterministic air quality model, the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model. These two sources of information enable inference regarding spatial exceedance of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone, which is given in terms of the level of the annual fourth highest ozone concentration.Here, we extend previous downscaling work to propose a spatial fourth highest extreme value downscaling model to assimilate annual fourth highest ozone concentration data at geo‐coded locations with estimates at grid cell level derived from the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model model output. The resulting inference enables us to make probabilistic statements, with associated uncertainty, about the spatial variation in the chance of exceeding the standard. We apply our approach to data in the Eastern USA during years 2001–2008 and compare its predictive performance to that of downscaler models based on Gaussian processes applied to daily data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling Polymer Solubility: Polyfluorenes with Branched Semiperfluorinated Side Chains for Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Pevzner Leonid , Auer Manuel , Trattnig Roman , Klapper Markus , List‐Kratochvil Emil J. W. , Müllen Klaus 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA series of novel polyfluorenes, soluble exclusively in perfluorinated solvents, were prepared. The new materials were studied with regard to orthogonal processing of organic electronic materials. The desired solubility was achieved by introducing semifluorinated side chains to the fluorene monomers. Since the use of long perfluoroalkyl chains (RF) is restricted due to public health concerns, a synthetic route for polyfluorenes with short RF chains branched by aromatic units has been developed. The photophysical behavior of the resulting polymers was investigated in solution and thin films by UV/Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The photoluminescence quantum yields were found to be in the range of those of alkylated polyfluorenes. The electroluminescent properties were studied in single‐layer polymer light‐emitting diodes, with the new polymers as active materials, which exhibited similar characteristics to previously published single‐layer devices with polyfluorenes containing long RF. The wetting properties of different polyfluorene films containing fluorinated, polar, polyethylene glycol, or nonpolar alkyl groups were investigated by contact angle measurements.
A new catalogue of tropical cyclones of the northern Bay of Bengal and the distribution and effects of selected landfalling events in Bangladesh
Authors: Alam Edris , Dominey‐Howes Dale 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTTropical cyclones devastate large areas, take numerous lives and damage extensive property in Bangladesh. Research on landfalling tropical cyclones affecting Bangladesh has primarily focused on events occurring since AD 1960 with limited work examining earlier historical records. We rectify this gap by developing a new tropical cyclone catalogue that maximizes the use of available sources. The catalogue consists of 304 tropical cyclones that occurred between AD 1000 and AD 2009 and made landfall along the coasts of Bangladesh, eastern India and Myanmar. One hundred and ninety‐three events directly struck Bangladesh between AD 1484 and AD 2009, although the precise landfall location of six events is unknown. Of the remaining 187 events, Cox's Bazar, Chittagong, Noakhali, Barisal and Khulna were struck by 30, 46, 19, 41 and 51 tropical cyclones, respectively. There is a paucity of data about tropical cyclones before AD 1900 and this increases the further back in time we go. Inconsistencies in reported storm surge height, wind speed and exaggerations in the reporting of deaths are identified and discussed. Some 20 72 509 human deaths in Bangladesh are associated with 71 tropical cyclones that occurred between AD 1484 and AD 2009. Between AD 1923 and AD 2009, 11 tropical cyclones caused 94 35 000 people to become homeless and between AD 1961 and AD 2009, 10 tropical cyclones resulted in economic damage of over US$ 4.6 billion. Analysis of the deaths and damage associated with tropical cyclones in AD 1970, AD 1991 and AD 2007 indicates that while the number of deaths decreased between events, economic damage and the number of people made homeless increased. There are positive and significant correlations between increasing storm surge height and increasing human fatalities (r = 0.60, p < 0.01) and increasing human injuries and greater wind speed (r = 0.45, p < 0.01). Despite our best efforts, the catalogue is incomplete. As such, we suggest further ‘deep’ archival research coupled with regional geological studies of palaeostorm events to gain a more sophisticated understanding of the hazard. Our results have implications for both risk assessment and disaster risk reduction.
Poly(exTTF): A Novel Redox‐Active Polymer as Active Material for Li‐Organic Batteries
Authors: Häupler Bernhard , Burges René , Friebe Christian , Janoschka Tobias , Schmidt Daniel , Wild Andreas , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: May 2014

The first polymer bearing exTTF units intended for the use in electrical charge storage is presented. The polymer undergoes a redox reaction involving two electrons at −0.20 V vs Fc/Fc+ and is applied as active cathode material in a Li‐organic battery. The received coin cells feature a theoretical capacity of 132 mAh g−1, a cell potential of 3.5 V, and a lifetime exceeding more than 250 cycles.
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Quantitative muscle ultrasound in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A comparison of techniques
Authors: Shklyar Irina , Geisbush Tom R. , Mijialovic Aleksandar S. , Pasternak Amy , Darras Basil T. , Wu Jim S. , Rutkove Seward B. , Zaidman Craig M. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIntroductionMuscle pathology in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) can be quantified using ultrasound by measuring either the amplitudes of sound‐waves scattered back from the tissue [quantitative backscatter analysis (QBA)] or by measuring these backscattered amplitudes after compression into grayscale levels (GSL) obtained from the images. Methods: We measured and compared QBA and GSL from 6 muscles of 25 boys with DMD and 25 healthy subjects, aged 2‐14 years, with age and, in DMD, with function (North Star Ambulatory Assessment). Results: Both QBA and GSL were measured reliably (intraclass correlation ≥ 0.87) and were higher in DMD than controls (P < 0.0001). In DMD, average QBA and GSL measured from superficial regions of muscle increased (rho ≥ 0.47, P < 0.05) with both higher age and worse function; in contrast, GSL measured from whole regions of muscle did not. Conclusions: QBA and GSL measured from superficial regions of muscle can similarly quantify muscle pathology in DMD. Muscle Nerve 51: 207–213, 2015
Bariatric surgery‐induced weight loss causes remission of food addiction in extreme obesity
Authors: Pepino Marta Yanina , Stein Richard I. , Eagon J. Christopher , Klein Samuel 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo test the hypotheses that bariatric surgery‐induced weight loss: induces remission of food addiction (FA), and normalizes other eating behaviors associated with FA.MethodsForty‐four obese subjects (BMI= 48 ± 8 kg/m2) were studied before and after ∼20% weight loss induced by bariatric surgery (25 Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, 11 laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, and eight sleeve gastrectomy). We assessed: FA (Yale Food Addiction Scale), food cravings (Food Craving Inventory), and restrictive, emotional and external eating behaviors (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire).ResultsFA was identified in 32% of subjects before surgery. Compared with non‐FA subjects, those with FA craved foods more frequently, and had higher scores for emotional and external eating behaviors (all P‐values <0.01; all Cohen's d >0.8). Surgery‐induced weight loss resulted in remission of FA in 93% of FA subjects; no new cases of FA developed after surgery. Surgery‐induced weight loss decreased food cravings, and emotional and external eating behaviors in both groups (all P‐values < 0.001; all Cohen's d ≥ 0.8). Restrictive eating behavior did not change in non‐FA subjects but increased in FA subjects (P < 0.01; Cohen's d>1.1).ConclusionBariatric surgery‐induced weight loss induces remission of FA and improves several eating behaviors that are associated with FA.
RNA‐Seq and expression microarray highlight different aspects of the fetal amniotic fluid transcriptome
Authors: Zwemer Lillian M. , Hui Lisa , Wick Heather C. , Bianchi Diana W. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the complexity of the amniotic fluid supernatant cell‐free fetal transcriptome as described by RNA Sequencing (RNA‐Seq) and gene expression microarrays.MethodsCell‐free fetal RNA from the amniotic fluid supernatant of five euploid mid‐trimester samples was divided and prepared in tandem for analysis by either the Affymetrix HG‐U133 Plus 2.0 Gene Chip microarray or Illumina HiSeq. Transcriptomes were assembled and compared on the basis of the presence of signal, rank‐order gene expression, and pathway enrichment using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). RNA‐Seq data were also examined for evidence of alternative splicing.ResultsWithin individual samples, gene expression was strongly correlated (R = 0.43–0.57). Fewer expressed genes were observed using RNA‐Seq than gene expression microarrays (4158 vs 8842). Most of the top pathways in the ‘Physiological Systems Development and Function’ IPA category were shared between platforms, although RNA‐Seq yielded more significant p‐values. Using RNA‐Seq, examples of known alternative splicing were detected in several genes including H19 and IGF2.ConclusionsIn this pilot study, we found that expression microarrays gave a broader view of overall gene expression, while RNA‐Seq demonstrated alternative splicing and specific pathways relevant to the developing fetus. The degraded nature of cell‐free fetal RNA presented technical challenges for the RNA‐Seq approach. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.