bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment Instruments for Impulsivity and Impulse Control Disorders
Authors: Matusiewicz Alexis K. , Reynolds Brady , Lejuez Carl 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides a review of measures used to assess the impulse control disorders (ICDs) included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., DSM-IV) and those proposed for DSM-V, as well as measures used to assess the related psychological construct of impulsivity implicated in the development and maintenance of ICDs. We first present instruments used to assess ICDs including diagnostic interviews, as well as self-report and clinician-rated measures of symptom severity. Second, we present self-report and behavioral measures of impulsivity. The review includes theoretical rationales, procedural details, and empirical evidence, including detailed psychometric data for each measure to provide a comprehensive guide to the assessment of ICDs and the construct of impulsivity.
Impulse Control Disorders and Impulsivity: Future Directions
Authors: Potenza Marc N. , Grant Jon E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Although research funding for impulse control disorders has been lacking, the last several years have seen an explosion in the amount of research and clinical information on these fairly common and debilitating behaviors. This information has been helpful in developing improved prevention and treatment strategies for many people. Despite these advances, substantial gaps remain in our understanding of impulse control disorders. The field of impulse control disorders therefore remains an important frontier in clinical research.
The Development of Complex Societies in Formative-Period Pacific Guatemala and Chiapas
Authors: Love Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the development of complex societies during the Formative period in the Pacific coastal plain, stretching from Chiapas, Mexico, to El Salvador. Data shows that a trend of increasing complexity began soon at the end of the Archaic period and climaxed with the emergence of urbanism and early state societies during the Late Formative period. The long-term trajectory of increasing social complexity was not seamless, however, and there were significant disjunctions that suggest episodes of political cycling at various points within the sequence, manifested in the movement of political centers, economic reorganization, and changes in the ideological justifications of political power.
The Rise of Formative-Period Complex Societies in the Northern Maya Lowlands
Authors: Stanton Travis W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews archaeological evidence on the development of Formative-period communities in the northern Maya lowlands. The earliest data available for a Maya occupation of the northern lowlands indicate a fairly complex society with strong, but distinct, cultural ties to their neighbors to the south. These data have spawned speculations that the northern lowlands were populated by Maya migrating out of the south, but the evidence to date remains ambiguous. It is now known that large sites existed in the Late Formative and that the Maya of the northern lowlands experienced a similar collapse as that documented for the southern lowlands. The pace and pattern of this development, collapse, and transition to the Classic era, however, have yet to be teased out of the archaeological data. Finally, while there is solid evidence that the northern lowland Maya developed the institution of divine kingship in the Early Classic period, there is scant evidence of Teotihuacan “influence” among the northern kingdoms.
The Archaeology of the Late Postclassic Maya Highlands
Authors: Borgstede Greg , Robinson Eugenia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews archaeological evidence of the Late Postclassic period in the Maya highlands. The Maya highlands contain a diverse and complex geography, a diversity that is represented in the material record. While archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence from the central Guatemalan highlands has long dominated discussion of the Late Postclassic period, research has shown that developments outside of this subregion were extremely variable and localized. A focus on the Quiché and Kaqchikel states has resulted in an important and rich body of evidence that has undeniable importance to Maya and Mesoamerica studies, as well as modern Maya peoples.
The Tarascan Empire
Authors: Pollard Helen Pearlstein 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the vast region of western Mexico, social complexity first emerged during the Late Preclassic and Classic periods in the Teuchitlán cultural tradition of Jalisco. But it was during the Postclassic period that unequivocal states and a powerful empire appeared; this was the Tarascan Empire, the most complex polity known to us from western Mexico and a significant enemy of the contemporaneous Aztec Empire. During the Late Postclassic period the Tarascan Empire was the second largest in Mesoamerica (more than 75,000 square kilometers) and was ethnically dominated by a population the Spaniards called Tarascos, who spoke a language known as Tarasco, or Purépecha. This article discusses Tarascan archaeology and ethnohistory, cultural roots of the Tarascan Empire, and the Tarascan state and empire.
The Conquest of Mexico
Authors: Oudijk Michel R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the sources describing the Spanish conquest of Mexico. Historians all have continuously asked the same question: How was it possible for five hundred Spaniards to conquer a Mexican empire? In trying to resolve the question, historians have applied all kinds of methodological instruments but particularly they have critically analyzed the sources. All have recognized the obvious subjectivity of the main sources of Hernán Cortés, López de Gómara, and Díaz del Castillo. The response has been either to verify the information given by these authors with that of archival documents and other accounts by Spanish conquerors, or to confront the Spanish sources with indigenous ones. These have been very useful methods that have clarified many of the doubts and mistakes represented in the main sources, but they have always confirmed the main story line of the Spanish conquest of Mexico.
Mesoamerica and the Southwest/Northwest
Authors: McGuire Randall H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the parallels between the southwest of the United States and the northwest of Mexico (the Southwest/Northwest) and Mesoamerica. Parallels occur in cosmology, iconography, metaphor, and ritual. While a profound degree of shared cosmology, iconography, metaphor, and ritual between the two regions has been identified, the societies of the two regions remain qualitatively different. Resolving this paradox begins by realizing that the parallels between the two areas have different histories and origins. Some of them transcend both regions.
Central Mexican States and Imperial Tribute Systems
Authors: Berdan Frances F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses central Mexican tribute systems. Tribute in central Mexican prehistory consisted of one-way movements of goods and labor from conquered polities to their conquerors. Military conquests were frequent, especially during the Postclassic period, and repeated aggressive excursions often resulted in conquest states or, more extensively, in empires. A common goal of conquest was control over economic resources and production, and this goal was achieved through the imposition of tribute demands on conquered peoples. Tribute payments consisted of both raw materials and manufactured goods, with an emphasis on manufactured items. Conquerors demanded materials and items that were readily available to the conquered people. As the empire expanded geographically, more and more luxuries were demanded in tribute.
Historical Archaeology in Central and Western Mesoamerica
Authors: Fournier G. Patricia , Charlton Thomas H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRecently there has been increasing interest in historical archaeology on a worldwide scale. A number of papers have been published dealing with the emergence and growth of historical archaeology in Mexico in general, and in western and northern Mesoamerica specifically, considering the characteristics of diverse research strategies and the incorporation of different approaches as used by historical archaeology in these regions. Other studies have addressed historical archaeology briefly or focused on particular topics of interest. This article summarizes background information relevant to the development of historical archaeology in Mexico, and presents key research themes to examine the current status of historical archaeology in central and western Mesoamerica.
Bubbles in Asset Prices
Authors: Malkiel Burton G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article addresses three topics. First, it describes what economists mean when they use the term “bubble,” and contrasts the behavioral finance view of asset pricing with the efficient market paradigm in an attempt to understand why bubbles might persist and why they may not be arbitraged away. Second, it reviews some major historical examples of asset-price bubbles as well as the (minority) view that they may not have been bubbles at all. It also examines the corresponding changes in real economic activity that have followed the bursting of such bubbles. Finally, it examines the most hotly debated aspect of any discussion of asset-price bubbles: what, if anything, should policy makers do about them? Should they react to sharp increases in asset prices that they deem to be unrelated to “fundamentals?” Should they take the view that they know more than the market does? Should they recognize that asset-price bubbles are a periodic flaw of capitalism and conduct their policies so as to temper any developing excesses? Or should they focus solely on their primary targets of inflation and real economic activity? The discussion pays particular attention to bubbles that are associated with sharp increases in credit and leverage.
Direct Investments in Private Firms by Institutional Investors: Issues And Evidence
Authors: Nielsen Kasper Meisner 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the intermediation model and focuses on direct investments by institutional investors. It also introduces “indirect investments,” which refer to investments that are made through funds of funds. The first section presents some evidence of direct investments in private firms from various countries around the world. It then discusses the relevant issues that surround direct investments. This article determines that there are implications for the governance and success connected to the use of different private equity structures.
The Size and Internal Structure of Private Equity Firms
Authors: Knyphausen-Aufsess Dodo Zu , Koehnemann Marc 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the internal structure and size of private equity firms. It notes that private equity firms are getting larger and identifies the factors that affect the size and structure of private equity funds. It studies the consequences of having a large size and structure, as well as the implications for listed private equity. It also considers the structures of private equity funds and listed private equity funds.
Private Equity Governance and Financing Decisions
Authors: Zambelli Simona 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the structure, governance, and performance of leveraged buyouts in Italy. It defines the term “private equity” as an expansion financing of existing firms. It notes that Italy has previously experienced periods of exhausting regulation over such transactions. The discussion analyzes the governing and financing behavior used by private equity investors in order to manage investment risks and related agency problems. From there it turns to a study of how venture capitalists affect the governance of their portfolio companies within the private equity market of Italy.
Leveraged Buyouts and Control-Oriented Investments in Asia
Authors: Fleming Grant , Takeuchi Mai 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article looks at Asia's leveraged buyouts and control-oriented investments. It describes buyout activity throughout Asia along with the governance mechanisms that are used to create value. It studies the institutional development of Asian LBO markets while referring to historical comparative studies. It then analyzes the financial returns to Asian LBOs and growth investments using data from returns to going-private transactions and realized private equity investments. This article concludes with evidence on governance and operational change in Asian LBOs and features a new data set that is composed of company-level data across all major Asian economies.
Venture Capital Reputation
Authors: Krishnan C.N.V. , Masulis Ronald W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe reputations of venture capital firms that operate in a highly fragmented private equity industry are examined in several recent studies, and this evidence is further developed in this article. The relations of a large number of suggested venture capitalist (VC) reputation measures to the probability of future successful initial public offers (IPOs) are analyzed, as well as four well-known measures of firm long-run performance: the rate of return on assets, market-to-book ratio, firm survival, and abnormal stock return. The primary finding is that a VC's past market share of VC-backed IPOs consistently shows a significant positive relation with the probability of future IPOs as well as with all four post-IPO issuer long-run performance measures investigated. This result holds after controlling for VC backing, VC banks, underwriter reputation, and issue and issuer characteristics. There is also evidence that more reputable VCs select stronger portfolio firms. However, the relation of VC reputation to firm performance continues to hold after adjusting for self-selection using well-known approaches. Thus after taking VC selectivity into account, strong evidence is found that more reputable VCs do add value to their portfolio firms after they go public.
Philanthropic Venture Capital From A Global Perspective: Definition and Investment Strategy
Authors: Scarlata Mariarosa , Alemany Luisa 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe aim of this article is threefold. First, it provides a definition of the philanthropic venture capital concept and presents different typologies of philanthropic venture capitalists in terms of the social enterprises they support and the outcomes to which they tend to give rise. Second, it describes the investment model adopted by philanthropic venture capitalists. And third, it presents the investment policy that characterizes the emerging philanthropic venture capital industry, with a special focus on the composition of its portfolio.
Capital Structure Determinants In Growth Firms Accessing Venture Funding
Authors: Balboa Marina , Martí José , Tresierra-Tanaka Álvaro Edmundo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the determinants of the capital structure of venture capital (VC)-backed firms before the entrance of the VC investors. The analyses are carried out on a large representative sample of Spanish VC-backed firms, which is also free of survivorship bias. The results are compared with those obtained in a matched sample of similar non-VC-backed firms. The article contributes to identifying, if any, the existence of specific economic and financial characteristics of firms in which venture capitalists invest later, prior to the initial investment event.
Venture Capital Staging: Domestic Versus Foreign Vc-Led Investments
Authors: Li Yong , Yao Beiqing 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article serves two purposes: to review how the agency and real options perspectives inform us about the venture capital staging decision, and to examine whether the staging decision differs between domestic venture capitalist (VC)-led and foreign VC-led investment projects. The article proceeds as follows. First, it reviews how agency theory informs venture capital staging decisions and analyzes whether domestic VCs and foreign VCs differ in using staged financing to address agency concerns. Then it considers how real options theory informs venture capital staging decisions, and examines whether domestic VCs and foreign VCs differ in using staged financing to tackle project-specific uncertainty and market volatility. It discusses the methods for the empirical test and presents empirical results. It concludes with a discussion of the study for research and practice.
Follow-On Financing of Venture Capital–Backed Companies
Authors: Vanacker Tom , Seghers Arnout , Manigart Sophie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article empirically investigates the different sources of finance raised by young companies after they received their first round of venture capital finance. It begins with a discussion of the theoretical background and development of the hypotheses. Next it discusses the data set and describes the data sources used, how finance events are defined, and how the independent variables are measured. It then presents the main research findings, which provide stylized facts about how growth-oriented entrepreneurial companies finance their operations after having received venture capital. This is followed by a discussion and conclusion.
Required Rates of Return and Financial Contracting for Entrepreneurial Ventures
Authors: Smith Richard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on determining the appropriate discount rate to be used by an entrepreneur who is deciding whether or not to proceed with a prospective venture. First, it analyzes the investment decision from the perspective of a venture capitalist (VC). It shows that the discount rates commonly used by VCs are consistent with the discount rates implied by financial economic theory. It then draws on the same financial economic theory to infer the required rate of return (i.e., opportunity cost of capital) for an entrepreneur who is undertaking a venture that will require commitment of substantially all of the entrepreneur's wealth and effort. Among other things, it concludes that the required return on the entrepreneur's investment is higher than the required return of a VC who represents well-diversified investors and is considering a similar financial claim. The analysis is extended to consider the required return for an entrepreneur who is able to divide total wealth between the venture and a well-diversified portfolio of market assets. It is shown that the required rate of return to the entrepreneur depends on the allocation of wealth between the venture and the market portfolio. Thus, to an extent, by selecting the asset allocation between the two, the entrepreneur can control the required rate of return on the venture. The article includes a discussion of methods of implementation, along with an illustration of one approach. It concludes by focusing on the design of value-maximizing financial contracts between entrepreneurs and outside investors.
Venture Capital in Germany: The Role of Venture Capital Firms' Experience, Ownership Structure, and Agency Problems
Authors: Antonczyk Ron Christian , Breuer Wolfgang , Brettel Malte 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes empirically the relevance of direct measures for incentive problems in German venture capital (VC) financial contracting, and investigates whether differences in experience or ownership structure across firms remain relevant even for given realizations of direct measures of incentive problems. It also asks whether risk perception in itself depends on experience and/or ownership structure. The article is organized as follows. It presents the database and describes the relative frequencies of several contractual terms in Germany and the role of debt financing as a determinant of the utilization of different covenants. It introduces independent variables and then analyzes how experience and ownership structure of a VC firm influence its utilization of contractual terms and its perception of incentive problems.
Value Added by Angel Investors through Postinvestment Involvement: Exploratory Evidence and Ownership Implications
Authors: Chua Jess , Wu Zhenyu 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article uses data from The Performance Project: Group Angel Investor, released by the Kauffman Foundation and the Angel Capital Education Foundation in 2007 to investigate the value added by angels through their postinvestment involvement (PII) with ventures. In contrast with findings showing that venture capitalist PII may not significantly affect venture performance, the results show that the PII of angels contributes significantly to value creation. The value added is due to involvement related to mentoring rather than monitoring. This resultant value added has a very important implication for the ownership share that angel investors deserve or, conversely, the share that the entrepreneurship retains. It is an important factor missing in current discussions about the ownership share that entrepreneurs must surrender in exchange for equity capital. The article discusses the implication conceptually and proposes an adjustment to the model proposed in the literature to determine the theoretical ownership share that entrepreneurs deserve to retain.
The Impact of Venture Capital on the Long-Term Performance of IPO Firms: Evidence from Korea
Authors: Lee Jaeho 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) in Korea during the rapidly changing dot-com bubble-and-bust period (1999–2001). Specifically, it analyzes the impact on long-term performance of the extent of venture capital involvement in the IPO, and of the ownership characteristics of the venture capital companies themselves, in 372 firms that went public during the period 1999–2001 in KOSDAQ. The study measures VC participation in terms of pre-IPO share ownership by VC firms and attempts to differentiate IPO impacts between VCs grouped in terms of their reputation (measured by their dominance of the VC market) and their affiliation with financial institutions (in terms of ownership of VCs by banks and security companies). The article is organized as follows. It first provides an institutional description of the venture capital industry in Korea in comparison with the U.S. and U.K. industries. After reviewing the related literature, it describes the data set and document the methodology used. It then discusses the main characteristics of the IPO samples and reports the univariate and multivariate analysis on long-term performance.
Spread, Scope, and Scale in Venture Capital Globalization: A Clustered Globalization Model
Authors: Madhavan Ravi , Iriyama Akie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews some recent developments in the literature on venture capital (VC) globalization. It then develops a conceptual model addressing the spread, scope, and scale of globalization in this critical industry that is central to innovation and entrepreneurship. It proposes the clustered globalization model as a unifying construct that brings together the spread, scope, and scale of VC globalization, and provides a baseline framework for thinking about globalization in the VC industry. In clustered globalization, the geographical spread of VC will continue but not in a “world is flat” sense; rather the emergence of more clusters worldwide is expected, and the organizational linkages between them will consist of loosely coupled VC firm families rather than integrated VC multinationals.