bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and psychosocial functioning in adolescents and young adults with anorectal malformations and chronic idiopathic constipation
Authors: Athanasakos E P , Kemal K I , Malliwal R S , Scott S M , Williams N S , Aziz Q , Ward H C , Knowles C H 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundFaecal incontinence (FI) and constipation occur following corrective surgery for anorectal malformations (ARMs) and in children or adults with chronic constipation without a structural birth anomaly (chronic idiopathic constipation, CIC). Such symptoms may have profound effects on quality of life (QoL). This study systematically determined the burden of FI and constipation in these patients in adolescence and early adulthood, and their effect on QoL and psychosocial functioning in comparison with controls.MethodsPatients with ARMs or CIC were compared with age- and sex-matched controls who had undergone appendicectomy more than 1 year previously and had no ongoing gastrointestinal symptoms. Constipation and FI were evaluated using validated Knowles–Eccersley–Scott Symptom (KESS) and Vaizey scores respectively. Standardized QoL and psychometric tests were performed in all groups.ResultsThe study included 49 patients with ARMs (30 male, aged 11–28 years), 45 with CIC (32 male, aged 11–30 years) and 39 controls (21 male, aged 11–30 years). The frequency of severe constipation among patients with ARMs was approximately half that seen in the CIC group (19 of 49 versus 31 of 45); however, frequencies of incontinence were similar (22 of 49 versus 21 of 45) (P &lt; 0·001 versus controls for both symptoms). Physical and mental well-being were significantly reduced in both ARM and CIC groups compared with controls (P = 0·001 and P = 0·015 respectively), with generally worse scores among patients with CIC. Both were predicted by gastrointestinal symptom burden (P &lt; 0·001). There were no statistically significant differences in state or trait psychiatric morbidity between groups.ConclusionFI and constipation are major determinants of poor QoL in adolescents and young adults with ARMs and in those with CIC.
The problem of the poor control arm in surgical randomized controlled trials (Br J Surg 2013; 100: 172–173)
Authors: Smart N J 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Uncertainty in ethical consumer choice: a conceptual model
Authors: Hassan Louise , Shaw Deirdre , Shiu Edward , Walsh Gianfranco , Parry Sara 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe market place has seen significant growth in the demand for ‘ethical’ products and services. Yet, consumers often experience knowledge, evaluation and choice uncertainties in decision‐making processes, particularly in relation to products such as ethical clothing. The authors explore this pertinent form of consumer uncertainty through three qualitative studies of ethical consumers that examine their approaches to clothing consumption. In‐depth interviews and focus groups confirm uncertainty arises; the results also identify the causes and consequences of consumer uncertainty in this context. The causes of uncertainty pertain to issues surrounding complexity, ambiguity, conflict and credibility that give rise to uncertainties that result in delaying purchase decisions, compromising beliefs and negative emotions. This study contributes to literature by offering a holistic understanding of the challenges facing consumers when making ethical choices.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biocatalytic Syntheses of Tertiary Alcohols
Authors: Müller Michael 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTertiäre Alkohole finden sich als Strukturmerkmal in einer Vielzahl von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen und Naturstoffen. Die Biosynthese dieser Naturstoffe bietet somit prinzipiell eine gute Möglichkeit zur Identifikation geeigneter enzymatischer Verfahren zur Darstellung enantiomerenreiner oder ‐angereicherter tertiärer Alkohole. Bislang konnten hierfür aber nur relativ wenige enzymatische Methoden in biotechnologische Verfahren umgesetzt werden. Im Gegensatz zur enzymatischen asymmetrischen Synthese chiraler sekundärer Alkohole, die effizient und hoch selektiv durch Reduktion prochiraler Ketone in hohen Ausbeuten bei gleichzeitig breiten Substrat‐ und Enzymspektren erfolgt, gibt es bislang kein allgemein anwendbares Verfahren für die Synthese tertiärer Alkohole. In dem Artikel wird eine Zusammenfassung der bislang identifizierten biokatalytischen Methoden gegeben. Zudem erfolgt eine kritische Diskussion dieser Verfahren im Hinblick auf mögliche biotechnologische Anwendungen.
“Waren Sie schon bei Beireis?”
Authors: Brandes Georg 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEine der merkwürdigsten Personen des 18. Jahrhunderts war Gottfried Christoph Beireis. Man erzählte über ihn, er sei unvergleichlich reich und besäße eine große Sammlung von Kunstschätzen und Raritäten. Er galt als universell gebildeter Professor. Seine Wirkungsstätte Helmstedt gehörte zu den bedeutendsten protestantischen Universitäten und Professor Beireis verschaffte ihr eine besondere Anziehungskraft.
Neuartige Enzyme
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNatürliche Enzyme sind unübertroffen in ihrer Stereoselektivität, aber sie beherrschen nicht alle Reaktionen, die man in der organischen Synthese gerne katalysieren würde. Vor zwei Jahren gelang das Design einer Diels‐Alderase, und jetzt haben Forscher das Spektrum der enzymatischen Synthesen um die Herstellung des stark gespannten Cyclopropan‐Dreiecks erweitert.
Zweiter Signalweg für Hedgehog
Authors: Feil Sylvia 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDer Hedgehog‐Signalweg steuert die Wanderung, Vermehrung und Spezialisierung von Zellen. Entsprechend wurden Blocker entwickelt, um sie bei der Krebstherapie einzusetzen. In Studien verloren Testpatienten so massiv Gewicht, dass sie die Studie abbrechen mussten. Die Erklärung ist ein nun gefundener, zweiter Signalweg: Hedgehog greift auch in den primären Energiestoffwechsel der Zellen ein.
Cercis siliquastrum Tree Leaves as an Efficient Adsorbent for Removal of Ag(I): Response Surface Optimization and Characterization of Biosorption
Authors: Zolgharnein Javad , Shariatmanesh Tahere , Asanjarani Neda 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe Cercis siliquastrum tree leaves are introduced as a low cost biosorbent for removal of Ag(I) from aqueous solution in a batch system. FT‐IR, XRD analysis, and potentiometric titration illustrate that the adsorption took place and the acidic functional group (carboxyl) of the sorbent was involved in the biosorption process. In addition, it was observed that the pH beyond pHpzc 4.4 is favorable for the removal procedure. The effect of operating variables such as initial pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and sorbent mass on the Ag(I) biosorption was analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The proposed quadratic model resulting from the central composite design approach (CCD) fitted very well to the experimental data. The optimum condition obtained with RSM was an initial concentration of Ag(I) of 85 mg L−1, pH = 6.3 and sorbent mass 0.19 g. The applicability of different kinetic and isotherm models for current biosorption process was evaluated. The isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies showed the details of sorbate‐sorbent behavior. The competitive effect of alkaline and alkaline earth metal ions during the loading of Ag(I) was also considered.
When Home Is No Longer “Sweet”: Family Violence and Sharia Court–Annexed Mediation in Indonesia
Authors: Syukur Fatahillah Abdul , Bagshaw Dale Margaret 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSharia court–annexed mediation was first implemented in the Indonesian judiciary system in 2008. The majority of mediators in Sharia courts are male judges who are obligated by civil procedure law to initially settle disputes amicably prior to the litigation process. The authors argue that court‐annexed mediation has the potential to be the champion of Indonesian legal reform as it has similar characteristics to musyawarah, the indigenous way of resolving conflicts. However, given the prevalence of violence against women in disputes arising from separation and divorce, mediators must have appropriate awareness, knowledge, skills, and techniques to identify, understand, and handle these cases.
Storians: Building on Indigenous Knowledge to Enhance Ni‐Vanuatu Mediative Capacity
Authors: Walker Polly O. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article examines the elicitive style of conflict resolution training implemented in Vanuatu through the Kastom Governance Partnership, an international collaboration between Australian and Ni‐Vanuatu institutions. The workshops sought to elicit and articulate a framework of managing conflict that built on kastom mediation, introduced Western conflict resolution frameworks and skills, and provided critical reflection on both. The aim of the workshops was to build the mediative capacity of Ni‐Vanuatu chiefs in dealing with conflicts impacted by introduced change. The training outcomes indicate both strengths and challenges of elicitive‐style workshops designed to elide the hegemony of Western conflict resolution training.
Conflict Resolution: The Faksoro Custom of the Rotumans of the South Pacific
Authors: Appiah‐Marfo Samuel Yaw 
Published: April 2013

AbstractGeographically, Rotuma is located at approximately 12° S latitude and 177° E longitude on the western margins of Polynesia. The island lies about 300 miles north of the Republic of Fiji. Politically, Rotuma's administration was under the authority of a district officer, who was responsible to a commissioner, and a governor in Fiji. Rotuma is a disputatious society but does not use violent means to resolve differences. There are five different conflict resolution mechanisms practiced on this island. These are the belief in immanent justice, avoidance of confrontation, mediation, arbitration courts, and the custom of faksoro. This article will focus on the faksoro custom by examining the ritual processes, understanding their cosmological meanings, and exploring their overall potency in resolving conflicts. Also implications of faksoro outside Rotuma society are discussed. My data analysis was based on re‐storying with critical examination of the faksoro custom as the “ritual apology” of the indigenous people of Rotuma in the South Pacific.
Conflict Resolution Practices of Arctic Aboriginal Peoples
Authors: Gendron Renée , Hille Charlotte 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article presents an overview of the conflict resolution practices of indigenous populations in the Arctic. Among the aboriginal groups discussed are the Inuit, the Aleut, and the Saami. Having presented the conflict resolution methods, the authors discuss the types of conflicts that are currently present in the Arctic, including interpersonal, intercultural, environmental, and economic. The authors argue the need to develop culturally appropriate conflict resolution mechanisms.
Reaction of the Silylene PhC(NtBu)2SitBu with 4,4′‐Bis(dimethylamino)thiobenzophenone and Treatment of the Silylene PhC(NtBu)2SiC(SiMe3)3 with 3,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐o‐benzoquinone
Authors: Azhakar Ramachandran , Roesky Herbert W. , Holstein Julian J. , Dittrich Birger 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe reaction of LSitBu [L = PhC(NtBu)2] (1) with 4,4′‐bis(dimethylamino)thiobenzophenone resulted in the [1+2]‐cycloaddition product silathiacyclopropane 3, bearing a three‐membered SiCS ring. The reaction of LSiC(SiMe3)3 (2) with 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐o‐benzoquinone leads to the [1+4]‐cycloaddition product 4. In 3 the silicon atom is five‐ and in 4 it is four‐coordinate. Compounds 3 and 4 were characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The molecular structures of 1, 3, and 4 were unequivocally established by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis.
Small‐Molecule Activation at Uranium(III)
Authors: Gardner Benedict M. , Liddle Stephen T. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOver the last 15 years or so, it has been shown that low‐valent, electron‐rich uranium(III) complexes exhibit a wide variety of reactivity towards small molecules. As a result, the field of uranium‐mediated small‐molecule activation chemistry has undergone significant development in recent years. The classical organometallic reactivity patterns of oxidative addition and reductive elimination that dominate the chemistry of transition‐metal complexes are much less common for uranium. Owing to the invocation of the 5f orbitals for bonding and the highly polarising nature of the actinide centre, the prevalent reactivity observed for non‐aqueous uranium compounds is that of migratory insertion, σ‐bond metathesis and redox activity, and this can account for the often unexpected chemistry encountered with these species. This microreview focuses on the activation chemistry of trivalent uranium complexes towards the important small molecules dinitrogen (N2), nitric oxide (NO), azide (N3–), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Next generation biorefineries will solve the food, biofuels, and environmental trilemma in the energy–food–water nexus
Authors: Zhang Y.‐H Percival 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe future roles of biomass and carbohydrate for meeting needs of food/feed, renewable materials, and transportation fuels (biofuels) remain controversial due to numerous issues, such as increasing food and feed needs, constraints of natural resources (land, water, phosphate, biomass, etc.), and limitations of natural photosynthesis, as well as competing energy conversion pathways and technologies. The goal of this opinion article is to clarify the future roles of biomass and biorefineries using quantitative data other than adjective words. In most scenarios, human beings could have enough biomass resource from plant photosynthesis for meeting the three goals at the same time: feeding 9 billion people, providing renewable materials, and producing transportation biofuels that could replace nearly all fossil fuel‐based liquid fuels used in the land transportation in 2050. Land transport means will pass through transitions from internal combustion engines plus liquid fuels, to hybrid systems, to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), while battery electric vehicles (BEVs) could play a minor role. Next generation biorefineries based on artificial photosynthesis featuring ultra‐high energy efficiency and low‐water consumption could produce a large amount of carbohydrate and/or other biocommodities from hydrogen/electricity andCO2. In conclusion, it is time to develop next generation biorefineries, which will efficiently utilize nonfood biomass for the coproduction of multiple products from biofuels, biochemicals, to food/feed, and even store electricity/hydrogen by fixingCO2to carbon‐containing chemicals and biofuels. Next generation biorefineries will address the food, biofuels, and environment trilemma at the same time.
CYP1A expression in liver and gills of roach (Rutilus rutilus) after waterborne exposure to two phenanthrene derivatives, 1-methylphenanthrene and 4-methylphenanthrene
Authors: Wolińska Lidia , Brzuzan Paweł , Woźny Maciej , Łuczyński Michał K. , Góra Maciej 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Phenanthrenes (Phs) substituted with alkyl groups are a class of compound present in the environment, and they appear to be toxic to developing fish. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of waterborne exposure to two monomethyl derivatives of phenanthrene, 1-methylphenanthrene (1M-Ph) and 4-methylphenanthrene (4M-Ph), on cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene expression in fish gills and liver. Juvenile common roaches (Rutilus rutilus) were exposed to water with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions of 1M-Ph, 4M-Ph, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP; positive control), each at a dose of 100 µg/L, or to water with DMSO alone (negative control group) for 2 d and 7 d. Significant CYP1A responses with regard to treatment and exposure duration were noted (2-way analysis of variance [ANOVA]) in gills (p = 0.013 and p = 0.003, respectively) and liver (p &lt; 0.001). The 2 monomethyl Phs did not induce consistent gene expression changes, except for 4-MPh, which elevated the CYP1A messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) level in the liver at the end of the treatment (almost 4-fold; p &lt; 0.05; 7 d). As was expected, exposure to BaP resulted in elevation of CYP1A mRNA expression in treated fish compared with the control group. Expressions after 2 d and 7 d were approximately 220- and 180-fold higher in liver and 8- and 6-fold higher in gills respectively. The CYP1A protein levels remained stable in both tissues, with one notable exception in roach liver treated for 2 d with BaP (∼ 6-fold increase; p &lt; 0.05). The different effects of the 1- and 4-methylphenanthrenes on CYP1A gene expression in roach liver suggest a relationship between chemical or 3-D structure of the differentially substituted monomethyl Phs and their biological activity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1604–1610. © 2013 SETAC
Statistical reporting deficiencies in environmental toxicology
Authors: Bosker Thijs , Mudge Joseph F. , Munkittrick Kelly R. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Null hypothesis significance testing is one of the most widely used forms of statistical testing in environmental toxicology. In this short communication, the authors show that the reporting of statistical information when using null hypothesis significance testing is frequently inadequate in environmental toxicology research. The authors demonstrate this by analyzing the statistical information reported for papers employing t tests or analyses of variance in the Environmental Toxicology section of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in 2010, which comprised 68% of papers published by this journal in that year. Of these papers, 60% fail to report exact p values, 85% fail to provide degrees of freedom, and 90% fail to report critical effect sizes. Statistical power was reported in only &lt;2% of the published papers. The insufficient provision of statistical information makes interpretation of study results by reviewers and readers difficult. Consistently reporting exact p values with degrees of freedom, considering and explicitly stating biologically relevant critical effect sizes, and reporting statistical power associated with nonsignificant results would be easy to implement and would promote scientific progress in environmental toxicology through increased statistical transparency. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1737–1739. © 2013 SETAC
Observations of limited secondary effects to benthic invertebrates and macrophytes with activated carbon amendment in river sediments
Authors: Beckingham Barbara , Buys David , Vandewalker Heather , Ghosh Upal 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Amendment of activated carbon to sediments has been shown to effectively reduce the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants, but concerns have been raised about the potential toxicological impacts of administering a strong sorbent into sediments. The present study provides a summary of several investigations carried out as part of a pilot-scale study in a river to understand the secondary effects of activated carbon added to reduce the bioavailability of sediment-associated polychlorinated biphenyls. While some previous laboratory amendment studies have found reduced lipid content in freshwater worms exposed to activated carbon-treated sediments, the authors did not observe an impact with fine-granular activated carbon-amended sediments aged in the field. Benthic community studies did not find differences between control and activated carbon-treated field sites over 3 yr of postapplication monitoring. Laboratory studies with submerged aquatic plants indicated reduced growth in sediments amended with ≥5% activated carbon, which was attributed to volume dilution of nutritional sediment or bulk density changes and was also observed when the sediment was amended with biochar and inert perlite. Since in situ sorbent amendment is likely to be implemented in depositional sediment environments, potential negative impacts will likely be short-term if the treated site is slowly covered with new sediment over time. Overall suitability of activated carbon amendment for a site will depend on balancing ecosystem and human health benefits from contaminant bioavailability reduction with any potential negative impacts expected under field conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1504–1515. © 2013 SETAC
Development of underground construction engineering in the Czech Republic / Entwicklung des unterirdischen Ingenieurbaus in der Tschechischen Republik
Authors: Barták Jir̆í , Hilar Matouš , Pruška Jan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe following paper is divided into three parts. The first part recounts the history of tunnelling in the Czech Republic (CR). There is mention of the extensive underground spaces below several historic towns, the unique Rudolf's gallery constructed in 1582 to 1593 on the direct order of Hapsburg Emperor Rudolf II, and the first sewerage system in Prague with a sewage treatment plant completed in 1907, designed by the English engineer W.H. Lindley. More than 16 railway tunnels older than 150 years are still in operation in the CR, the oldest being the three Nelahozeves Tunnels from 1848 (two older tunnels, Tr̆ebovický and Slavíc̆, were closed). The second part of the paper is devoted to tunnelling technologies used in the CR. Major technologies are mentioned – e.g. the ring method connected with Prague metro construction and the NATM – the prevailing tunnelling method in the CR since the 1990s. The last part of the paper presents some important non‐transport underground structures in the CR (i.e. structures for water, power and utility purposes).Dieser Artikel ist in drei Abschnitte unterteilt. Der erste Teil geht auf die Geschichte des Tunnelbaus in der Tschechischen Republik ein. Zunächst werden die weiten unterirdischen Systeme beschrieben, die es unterhalb vieler historischer Städte gibt, so die einzigartigen Stollen Rudolfs, erbaut von 1582 bis 1593 auf direkten Befehl des Habsburger Kaiser Rudolf II, und das erste Kanalisationsnetz der Republik in Prag mit einer Abwasserbehandlungsanlage, entworfen vom englischen Ingenieur W.H. Lindley und fertiggestellt 1907. In der Tschechischen Republik sind noch immer mehr als 16 Eisenbahntunnel älter als 150 Jahre in Betrieb, die ältesten sind die drei Nelahozeves Tunnel von 1848 (zwei ältere Tunnel, Tr̆ebovický und Slavíc, wurden bereits stillgelegt). Der zweite Teil des Artikels widmet sich den Tunnelbaumethoden, die in der Tschechischen Republik eingesetzt wurden. Wichtige Bauweisen werden erwähnt, z.B. die Ringmethode, die verbunden wird mit der Konstruktion der Prager Metro, und die Neue Österreichische Tunnelbauweise, die am weitesten verbreitete Tunnelbauweise in der Tschechischen Republik seit den 1990er‐Jahren. Der letzte Teil des Artikels präsentiert einige wichtige unterirdische Konstruktionen der Tschechischen Republik unabhängig vom Transportwesen (Wasser‐, Elektrizitäts‐ und Versorgungswesen).