bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cocaine exposure enhances excitatory synaptic drive to cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
Authors: Kurosawa Ryo , Taoka Naofumi , Shinohara Fumiya , Minami Masabumi , Kaneda Katsuyuki 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAccumulating evidence indicates that the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) is associated with reward processing and addiction. The cholinergic projection from the LDT to the ventral tegmental area is essential for a large dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, which is critically involved in the reinforcing effects of addictive drugs, including cocaine. In contrast to the large number of studies on plasticity induced after cocaine exposure in the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system, it remains unknown whether LDT cholinergic neurons exhibit plastic changes following cocaine administration. To address this issue, we performed ex vivo whole‐cell recordings in LDT cholinergic neurons obtained from rats following cocaine administration. Neurons obtained from 1 day after 5‐day cocaine‐treated rats showed significantly smaller paired‐pulse ratios of evoked EPSCs and higher miniature EPSC frequencies than those from saline‐treated rats, indicating an induction of presynaptic plasticity of increased glutamate release. This plasticity seemed to recover after a 5‐day withdrawal from repeated cocaine exposure, and required NMDA receptor stimulation and nitric oxide production. Additionally, pharmacological suppression of activity of the medial prefrontal cortex inhibited the presynaptic plasticity in the LDT. On the other hand, AMPA/NMDA ratios were not different between saline‐ and cocaine‐treated groups, revealing an absence of postsynaptic plasticity. These findings provide the first direct evidence of cocaine‐induced synaptic plasticity in LDT cholinergic neurons and suggest that the presynaptic plasticity enhances the activity of LDT cholinergic neurons, contributing to the expression of cocaine‐induced addictive behaviors through the dysregulation of the mesocorticolimbic system.
Structure of a bacterial glycoside hydrolase family 63 enzyme in complex with its glycosynthase product, and insights into the substrate specificity
Authors: Miyazaki Takatsugu , Ichikawa Megumi , Yokoi Gaku , Kitaoka Motomitsu , Mori Haruhide , Kitano Yoshikazu , Nishikawa Atsushi , Tonozuka Takashi 
Published: July 2013

Proteins belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 63 (GH63) are found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Although the eukaryotic GH63 proteins have been identified as processing α‐glucosidase I, the substrate specificities of the bacterial and archaeal GH63 proteins are not clear. Here, we converted a bacterial GH63 enzyme, Escherichia coli YgjK, to a glycosynthase to probe its substrate specificity. Two mutants of YgjK (E727A and D324N) were constructed, and both mutants showed glycosynthase activity. The reactions of E727A with β‐d‐glucosyl fluoride and monosaccharides showed that the largest amount of glycosynthase product accumulated when galactose was employed as an acceptor molecule. The crystal structure of E727A complexed with the reaction product indicated that the disaccharide bound at the active site was 2‐O‐α‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐α‐d‐galactopyranose (Glc12Gal). A comparison of the structures of E727A–Glc12Gal and D324N–melibiose showed that there were two main types of conformation: the open and closed forms. The structure of YgjK adopted the closed form when subsite −1 was occupied by glucose. These results suggest that sugars containing the Glc12Gal structure are the most likely candidates for natural substrates of YgjK.DatabaseThe coordinates and structure factors for E727A–Glc12Gal and D324N–melibiose have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession numbers 3W7W and 3W7X, respectively
Negative ageing stereotypes in students and faculty members from three health science schools
Authors: León Soraya , Correa‐Beltrán Gloria , Giacaman Rodrigo A. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo explore the ageing stereotypes held by health students and faculty members in three health science schools in Chile.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study surveyed 284 students and faculty members from the dental, physical therapy and speech therapy schools of the University of Talca, Chile. A validated 15‐question questionnaire about negative stereotypes was used (CENVE). The questions were divided into three categories: (i) health, (ii) social factors and motivation and (iii) character and personality. The scores for each category were grouped into the following categories: (i) positive, (ii) neutral and (iii) negative. Negative stereotypes were compared across genders, socio‐economic status levels, classes, positions (student or faculty member) and schools.ResultsThe majority of the participants held neutral stereotypes towards ageing, followed by positive perceptions. No differences were detected between the genders, schools or classes. While most of the students had neutral perceptions about ageing, the faculty's perceptions were rather positive (p = 0.0182). In addition, people of lower–middle socio‐economic status held more positive stereotypes about ageing than the participants of high and middle status (p = 0.0496).ConclusionStereotypes about ageing held by health‐related students and faculty members appear to be rather neutral. The stereotypes seem to be better among students with some clinical experience, students of lower socio‐economic status and faculty members.
Response to the Forum
Authors: Kale Madhavi 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMaritime complex, infinite horizon, interregional arena, floating cosmopolis, Afrasian sea, poet's muse, linguistic caravan, coastal zone, superpower battleground, bookseller's highway, aquatic maelstrom, girmit passageway, civilizational basin, trade circuit, piecework carrier, pilgrim path, monsoon corridor, seafarer's route, mobile marketplace, province of pirates, burial ground – the Indian Ocean is all of these things and much more besides. Though historians have long imagined it as a world both unto itself and integral to histories of global capital, nation‐building, imperial rivalry and sustainability in many dimensions, the Indian Ocean and environs have become a preoccupation for scholars from a wide variety of locations, disciplinary and institutional, in the last two decades.
Maritime Worlds and Global History: Comparing the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean through Barcelona and Bombay
Authors: Green Nile 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWhile Indian Ocean and Mediterranean cities are usually examined separately, this essay presents a comparison of the port cities of Bombay and Barcelona between around 1850 and 1920 to assess the usefulness of the maritime worlds model of oceanic historians and the world‐system model of global historians. By tracing the many similarities in the urban, economic, and infrastructural development of two largely unconnected ports, the comparative exercise highlights areas of variability and distinctiveness that become clearer when viewed against a world‐system common background. A case is then made that it is in the cultural arena that historians will find answers to the variability of outcomes that have emerged from what otherwise appears to be the uniform character of modern global history.
South Africa's Indian Ocean – Notes from Johannesburg
Authors: Hofmeyr Isabel 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article reviews the emerging intersections between southern African studies and Indian Ocean studies and the broader contexts enabling this dialogue. South Africa's political transition in 1994 encouraged an interest in South African histories that moved beyond an anti‐apartheid historiography of Black and White, while post‐Cold War imperatives and the rise of transnationalism have directed attention towards post‐area studies and oceanic modes of analysis that can speak to the histories of the global south. The article surveys new work emerging at these intersections. This includes research, which inserts Indian Ocean migrant communities into older historiographies dominated by narratives of African and European; literary scholarship, which rethinks southern African literary traditions by introducing the ocean more prominently; work on transnational Muslim traditions in southern Africa; ideas of transoceanic citizenship and scholarship on southern Africans who travel into the Indian Ocean world.
Enhancement of the phytochemical and fibre content of beef patties with Himanthalia elongata seaweed
Authors: Cox Sabrina , Abu‐Ghannam Nissreen 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe effect of adding Himanthalia elongata seaweed (10–40% w/w) as a source of antioxidants and dietary fibre on physical, chemical, microbial and sensory traits of cooked beef patties was studied throughout chilled storage. Patties with seaweed showed reduced cooking losses and were nearly 50% more tender as compared to patties without seaweed. Microbiological counts and lipid oxidation were significantly lower in patties containing seaweed (P < 0.05), and by day 30 of storage, there was no bacterial growth in samples with ≥20% seaweed and lipid oxidation levels were low (0.61 mg malondialdehyde kg−1 of sample). Seaweed incorporation significantly increased the dietary fibre (1.64 g per 100 g fw in 40% seaweed patties), total phenolic content (up to 28.11 mg GAE per 100 g fw) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (up to 52.32%) of patties compared to the control. Sensory analysis indicated that the seaweed patties were accepted by consumers in terms of aroma, appearance, texture and taste. Patties containing 40% seaweed were rated highest in terms of overall acceptability, most likely due to improvement in texture and mouthfeel. Addition of seaweed in the formulation of beef patties leads to the enhancement of the nutritional and technological quality together with an acceptable sensory quality.
Characterization of regulatory dendritic cells differentiated from the bone marrow of UV‐irradiated mice
Authors: Ng Royce L. X. , Scott Naomi M. , Bisley Jackie L. , Lambert Misty J. , Gorman Shelley , Norval Mary , Hart Prue H. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryWhen antigen‐loaded dendritic cells (DCs) differentiated from the bone marrow (BM) of UV‐irradiated mice (UV‐BMDCs) were adoptively transferred into naive mice or mice pre‐sensitized with that antigen, the recipients exhibited a reduced immune response following antigen challenge. Hence, UV‐BMDCs are poorly immunogenic and can suppress pre‐existing immunity. The UV‐induced effect on BM‐derived DCs was rapid (observed 1 day after UV radiation), long‐lasting (observed 10 days after UV radiation) and UV dose‐dependent. The mechanism by which UV‐BMDCs could regulate immunity was investigated. The CD11c+ cells, differentiated using granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor + interleukin‐4, were confirmed to be DCs because they did not express the myeloid‐derived suppressor cell marker, Gr1. UV‐BMDCs did not display altered antigen uptake, processing or ability to activate T cells in vitro. When gene expression in UV‐BMDCs and DCs differentiated from the BM of non‐irradiated mice (control‐BMDCs) was examined, Ccl7, Ccl8 and CSF1R (CD115) mRNA transcripts were up‐regulated in UV‐BMDCs compared with control‐BMDCs. However, neutralizing antibodies for Ccl7 and Ccl8 did not abrogate the reduced immunogenicity of UV‐BMDCs in vivo. Moreover, the up‐regulation of CSF1R transcript did not correspond with increased receptor expression on UV‐BMDCs. The phenotypes of UV‐BMDCs and control‐BMDCs were similar, with no difference in the expression of CD4, CD8α, CD103, B220 or F4/80, or the regulatory molecules CCR7 (CD197), FasL (CD95L), B7H3 (CD276) and B7H4. However, PDL1 (CD274) expression was reduced in UV‐BMDCs compared with control‐BMDCs following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. In summary, UV‐BMDCs do not express the classical phenotypic or gene expression properties of DCs reported by others as ‘regulatory’ or ‘tolerogenic’.
A Toll‐like receptor 2 ligand, Pam3CSK4, augments interferon‐γ‐induced nitric oxide production via a physical association between MyD88 and interferon‐γ receptor in vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Tsolmongyn Bilegtsaikhan , Koide Naoki , Jambalganiin Ulziisaikhan , Odkhuu Erdenezaya , Naiki Yoshikazu , Komatsu Takayuki , Yoshida Tomoaki , Yokochi Takashi 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe effect of Pam3CSK4, a Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand, on interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) ‐induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse vascular endothelial END‐D cells was studied. Pre‐treatment or post‐treatment with Pam3CSK4 augmented IFN‐γ‐induced NO production via enhanced expression of an inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA. Pam3CSK4 augmented phosphorylation of Janus kinase 1 and 2, followed by enhanced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) at tyrosine 701. Subsequently, the enhanced STAT1 activation augmented IFN‐γ‐induced IFN‐regulatory factor 1 expression leading to the iNOS expression. Pam3CSK4 also induced the activation of p38 and subsequent phosphorylation of STAT1 at serine 727. A pharmacological p38 inhibitor abolished the augmentation of IFN‐γ‐induced NO production by Pam3CSK4. Surprisingly, Pam3CSK4 enhanced a physical association of MyD88 and IFN‐γ receptor. Together, these findings suggest that Pam3CSK4 up‐regulates IFN‐γ signalling in vascular endothelial cells via the physical association between MyD88 and IFN‐γ receptor α, and p38‐dependent serine 727 STAT1 phosphorylation.
Child anxiety and parenting in England and Italy: the moderating role of maternal warmth
Authors: Raudino Alessandra , Murray Lynne , Turner Corinne , Tsampala Eirini , Lis Adriana , De Pascalis Leonardo , Cooper Peter J. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundParenting factors have been implicated in the aetiology and maintenance of child anxiety. Most research has been correlational with little experimental or longitudinal work. Cross‐cultural comparison could be illuminating. A comparison of Italian and British children and their mothers was conducted.MethodsA sample of 8‐ to 10‐year old children, 60 Italian and 49 English, completed the Spence Child Anxiety Scale. Mothers also completed two questionnaires of parenting: the Skills of Daily Living Checklist (assessing maternal autonomy granting) and the Parent–Child Interaction Questionnaire (assessing maternal intrusiveness). Parenting was assessed in two video‐recorded blindly rated mother–child interaction tasks, the ‘belt‐buckling tasks and the ‘etch‐a‐sketch’, providing objective indices of overcontrol, warmth, lack of autonomy granting, and overprotection.ResultsThere were no differences between the children in overall anxiety and specific forms of anxiety. Parenting, however, was markedly different for the two countries. Compared to English mothers, on the two questionnaires, Italian mothers were significantly less autonomy granting and more intrusive; and in terms of the observed indices, a significantly greater proportion of the Italian mothers displayed a high level of both overprotection and overcontrol, and a low level of autonomy granting. Notably, Italian mothers evidenced significantly more warmth than English mothers; and maternal warmth was found to moderate the impact of self‐reported maternal intrusiveness on the level of both overall child anxiety and the level of child separation anxiety; and it also moderated the relationship between both observed maternal intrusiveness and overall child anxiety and observed maternal overprotectiveness and child separation anxiety.ConclusionsAlthough, compared to the British mothers, the Italian mothers were more likely to evidence high levels of parenting behaviours previously found to be anxiogenic, the high levels of warmth displayed by these mothers to their children appears to have neutralised the adverse impact of these behaviours.
ATTRACTING GLOBAL TALENT AND THEN WHAT? OVEREDUCATED IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Beckhusen Julia , Florax Raymond J.G.M. , Poot Jacques , Waldorf Brigitte S. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThis research assesses the prevalence and determinants of job–education mismatches among male immigrants in the United States between 1980 and 2009. The results suggest that educational attainment levels do not match occupational education requirements for almost half of all immigrants. Overeducation among high‐skilled immigrants vastly exceeds that of comparable natives. Probit models of overeducation suggest that: (i) personal characteristics operate in similar fashion for immigrants and natives; (ii) immigrant brain waste is above average in gateway states, metropolitan areas and in prosperous high‐wage areas; and (iii) proficiency in English and length of residence reduce the overeducation risk among high‐skilled immigrants.
Shakespeare and the ‘Spatial Turn’
Authors: Dustagheer Sarah 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article examines the effect of the ‘spatial turn’ on the study of Shakespeare and early modern drama. In recent years, there has been a new attentiveness to space in the humanities – the so‐called spatial turn – prompted by the work of philosophers Michel Foucault, Henri Lefebvre, Michel de Certeau and Gaston Bachelard. Such work demonstrates that spaces are political, cultural and imaginative entities for the societies who create them. This thinking has affected the study of early modern drama and its relationship with spaces, like the playhouse and the city, and spatial developments, such as the advances in cartography. The article outlines the key terms from this critical field, including ‘spatial practice’, ‘representational space’ and ‘cultural geography’. Scholarship in this area has been important not only because performance is spatial art but also because many political and economic developments represented on the Shakespearean stage concern society's changing use and experience of space.
“An Unfollowable World”:Beowulf, English Poetry, and the Phenomenalism of Language
Authors: Christie E. J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis essay traces a history ofBeowulfcriticism, specifically focusing on the cultural value and literary merit that are always to some extent opposed in describing the poem's worth. It investigates assumptions about the relationships between language, poetry, and culture that informed, and sometimes continue to inform,Beowulfcriticism. On the one hand,Beowulfis taken to represent an essential Englishness, while on the other hand it is linguistically alien to modern speakers.Beowulfthus forms an ideal litmus test for foundational questions such as “what makes language literary?” and “what makes a poem an English poem?” AlthoughBeowulfis often represented as an outlier, a poem which we must learn to understand in its own terms, this survey demonstrates thatBeowulfcriticism reflects predictable trends in the evolution of thought about the relationship between language, literature, and culture.
Victorian Murder: Complex Problems and Academic Interdisciplinarity
Authors: Tromp Marlene 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMurder has horrified and fascinated us for centuries. Victorian murder not only marked the period but also has been the subject of countless contemporary movies, books, and plays, as well as a focus of academic study across a range of subfields, including gender studies, urban studies, genre studies, historical studies, and criminological studies. In some cases, particular murderers or their methodologies have been the focus. While some scholarship has crossed disciplinary lines, few studies have done so in a robust way. Scholarship on murder would have greater intellectual complexity, nuance, and efficacy if it traversed disciplinary boundaries and drew on the work in a greater variety of subfields.
The English Fabliau in the 15th and 16th Centuries
Authors: Parsons Ben 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn the fifteenth and 16th centuries, the fabliau attained a belated vogue in English. This paper offers a review of existing criticism on the English fabliaux, outlining the main issues it addresses, as well as suggesting the future directions scholarship might take. In particular, it offers a detailed analysis of how English writers after Chaucer tried to bring the fabliau genre into line with 15th‐century notions of orthodoxy, a project which caused them to confront the challenges of the Lollard heresy in subtle but pervasive ways. It also notes that the very tactics used by the fabliaux to uphold late‐medieval orthodoxy against Wycliffism rendered them all the more popular after the Reformation, despite their obvious Catholic sympathies. It is concluded that these two elements in the texts merit closer study, as they resonate with recent assessments of the period and its culture.Video abstract (click to view)
BRAF V600E expression and distribution in desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma/ganglioglioma
Authors: Koelsche C. , Sahm F. , Paulus W. , Mittelbronn M. , Giangaspero F. , Antonelli M. , Meyer J. , Lasitschka F. , von Deimling A. , Reuss D. 
Published: July 2013

AimsDesmoplastic infantile astrocytoma/ganglioglioma (DIA/DIG) is a rare primary neuroepithelial brain tumour typically affecting paediatric patients younger than 24 months. Knowledge about genetic alterations in DIA/DIG is limited. However, a previous study on BRAF V600E mutation in paediatric glioma revealed a BRAF mutation in one of two tested DIAs/DIGs. The limited number of cases in that study did not allow any conclusion about mutation frequency of BRAF in this tumour entity.MethodsWe collected a series of 18 DIAs/DIGs for testing BRAF V600E mutational status by BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry (clone VE1). Cases with sufficient DNA were tested for BRAF V600E mutation by pyrosequencing.ResultsThree out of 18 DIAs/DIGs presented with VE1 binding. A considerable proportion of BRAF V600E mutated tumour cells was detected in the cortical tumour component, whereas the pronounced leptomeningeal tumoural stroma was predominantly negative for VE1 binding. Pyrosequencing confirmed BRAF V600E mutation in two of three VE1‐positive cases.ConclusionBRAF V600E mutation affects a subset of DIAs/DIGs and offers new therapeutic opportunities.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Recently Implanted Pacemakers
Authors: FRIEDMAN HANNAH L. , ACKER NANCY , DALZELL CONNIE , SHEN WIN K. , ASIRVATHAM SAMUEL J. , CHA YONG‐MEI , HODGE DAVID , FELMLEE JOEL , WATSON ROBERT , FRIEDMAN PAUL A. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundRecent studies have shown that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with pacemakers can be safely performed under careful monitoring, but they excluded patients with recently implanted devices. Patients with recent implants may be at a greater risk for complications during MRI imaging due to lack of lead and wound maturity.MethodsWe implemented a clinical protocol for MRI imaging of patients with implanted cardiac devices, and prospectively collected data. For this study, we retrospectively analyzed two groups of patients: those with recently implanted (≤42 days) and nonrecently implanted (>42 days) leads at the time of MRI scanning. All devices were interrogated before and after scanning, and were reprogrammed during the scan as per protocol.ResultsOf the 219 scans (in 171 patients), eight included patients with recently implanted (range: 7–36 days) and 211 with only nonrecently implanted pacemaker leads. During the scan, there were no complications in the early or late group. In one patient imaged 79 days postimplant, frequent premature ventricular complexes were noted during the scan, requiring no action. No patient reported pain during or immediately after the procedure. No clinically significant changes in function were seen at subsequent follow up (average 104 days post‐MRI). Compared to patients with nonrecently implanted leads, there was no difference in any parameter between the two groups.ConclusionsWith a strong clinical indication and with careful monitoring, MRI imaging is feasible in patients with recently implanted pacemakers, although experience is limited.