bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Predictive of Changes in the Legal Status of Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Anand VS , Ciccone JR , Kashtan I , Seger A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify factors predictive of duration of involuntary hospitalization, i.e., factors that would predict early versus late conversion to voluntary status. Charts of 209 patients admitted involuntarily to an acute psychiatric inpatient unit were studied using a naturalistic, prospective design. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the effect of a number of variables in predicting duration of involuntary hospitalization. Of all variables studied, only smoking preference was found to be a statistically significant predictor of duration of involuntary hospitalization. Smokers were converted to voluntary status earlier than non-smokers. The authors concluded that clinicians may not be using commitment statutes as per recommended legal guidelines. Patients who smoke may be applying overt and covert pressure on clinicians with regard to conversion to voluntary status to gain smoking privileges.
The Use of Oral Fluid and Sweat Wipes for the Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Drivers
Authors: Samyn N , De Boeck G , Verstraete AG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood, urine, oral fluid (by spitting or with a Salivette®), and sweat samples (by wiping the forehead with a fleece moistened with isopropanol) were obtained from 180 drivers who failed the field sobriety tests at police roadblocks. With quantitative GC-MS, the positive predictive value of oral fluid was 98, 92, and 90% for amphetamines, cocaine, and cannabis respectively. The prevalence of opiate positives was low. The SAMHSA cut-off values for oral fluid testing at the workplace, proved their usefulness in this study. The positive predictive value of sweat wipe analysis with GC-MS was over 90% for cocaine and amphetamines and 80% for cannabis. The accuracy of Drugwipe® was assessed by comparing the electronic read-out values obtained on-site after wiping the tongue and the forehead, with the corresponding GC-MS results in plasma, oral fluid, and sweat. The accuracy was always less than 90% except for the amphetamine-group in sweat.
A Comparison of Carboxyhemoglobin Saturation Values in Postmortem Heart Blood and Peripheral Blood Specimens
Authors: Levine B , Moore KA , Titus JM , Fowler D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The following is a study conducted to determine whether there was any significant difference in carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) saturation levels between the heart blood and blood collected from a peripheral site. The average heart blood to peripheral blood COHb saturation level ratio in the 42 cases studied was 1.09. Sixty-two percent (26 of 42) of the cases had a heart blood to peripheral blood ratio between 0.9 and 1.1; 74% (31 of 42) had a ratio between 0.8 and 1.2. Eighty-three percent (35 of 42) had a ratio between 0.7 and 1.3. There were four cases where the heart blood to peripheral blood ratio was either below 0.6 or greater than 1.4. The differences between the two sites were not statistically significant.
Colchicine Poisoning Resulting from Accidental Ingestion of Meadow Saffron (Colchicum Autumnale)
Authors: Sannohe S , Makino Y , Kita T , Kuroda N , Shinozuka T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A rare case of colchicine poisoning resulting from accidental ingestion of meadow saffron (Colchicum Autumnale) is reported. The plant can frequently be found in the woods of the Northern Hemisphere (1), also in Japan. A 48-year-old male was admitted to hospital complaining of vomiting, nausea and diarrhea following ingestion of the plant and died in four days. The most striking histological findings were metaphasic mitotic figures in the mucosa of the large intestine and the liver. Colchicine was detected in the bile with high-performance liquid chromatography/ sonicspray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/SSI-MS).
Allele Frequencies of Eight Short Tandem Repeat Loci in Three Visayas Regional Populations of the Philippines
Authors: Tabbada KA , Magno MMF , Delfin FC , Calacal GC , Tan M , C-Ferreon J , Halos SC , De Ungria MCA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Philippine Archipelago, composed of 7,100 islands and more than 70 ethno-linguistic groups, is divided into 15 regions on the basis of geographical, cultural, and political variations. Each region is classified under three major island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The National Capital Region (NCR) is situated south of Luzon, and its population genetic database has been reported (1). However, because the NCR is geographically separated by sea from the rest of the island groups, and because each island group has its own distinct cultural identity, there is a need to study and compare the genetic composition of other regional populations to that of NCR. The present study reports population data at eight short tandem repeat (STR) loci, namely HUMvWA, HUMCSF1PO, HUMTH01, HUMTPOX, HUMF13A01, HUMFES/ FPS, HUMFOLP23, and D8S306 for the Visayas. Visayas refers to the central group of islands in the Philippine Archipelago, where the major language spoken is the Visaya or Bisaya, instead of the more common Filipino (Tagalog) language. It is composed of three political regions, namely, Region VI, VII, and VIII. Blood samples were collected in Region VI (Aklan, Iloilo, n = 114), Region VII (Cebu, n = 140), and Region VIII (Leyte, n = 92) and blotted on FITZCO FTA™ cards. Genomic DNA was purified according to manufacturer's instructions (Flinder's Technology, Massachusetts). PCR amplification was performed as described previously (1). Amplified products were detected with the ALFExpress sequencer and using ALFwin and Allelelinks software (Pharmacia Biotech) using automated flourescence technology. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and linkage equilibrium (LE) were checked by the Exact Test using the DNA View software (2). Homogeneity tests were performed using Popgene ver 1.32 (3).
Population Study of Seven Microsatellites in Alagoas—Northeastern Brazil
Authors: daSilva LAF , Pimentel BJ , de Azevedo DA , da Silva ENP , dos Santos SS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Last decade DNA profiling STR loci has become widely used for human identification in forensic science and other related fields. Data banks for STR loci have not yet been established in Alagoas population, Brazil. The aim of this study was to carry out the analysis of allele frequencies of the loci F13B, LPL, D3S1358, D18S51, D21S11, FGA and D10S2325 in Alagoas, as well as to determine other statistics parameters of forensic and paternity interest. Specimens were collected from over 153 unrelated individuals living in Alagoas region—Northeastern Brazil. DNA was obtained from peripheral blood extracted with Chelex method as previously described (1). PCR reactions were performed and analysis of the products was made by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis silver stained. Allele frequencies and others statistics parameters for forensic and paternity were determined for each locus by the Power Stats software (http://www.promega.com/techserv/apps/hmnid)—Promega Corporation, USA (2). Observed and expected heterozigosity as well as calculations for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium were performed in Arlequin 2.0 software (http://lgb.unige.ch/ arlequin) (3). None of the analyzed loci showed deviations from HWE ( p&gt; 0.05) in the population studied. A more complete data set can be accessed at http://www.mhn.ufal.br/forense.
Allele Frequency Distribution of the STR Locus D20S161 in Indonesians, Tibetans, South African Blacks and South African Whites
Authors: Kido A , Susukida R , Oya M , Fujitani N , Kimura H , Hara M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood samples were collected from 105 unrelated Indonesian individuals living in Surabaya (east region of Java Island), 60 unrelated Tibetan individuals in Katmandu (capital of Nepal), 101 unrelated South African black individuals living in Cape Town (south region of South Africa) and 100 unrelated South African white individuals living in Cape Town. DNA isolation, PCR amplification, detection systems and allele nomenclature for the D20S161 locus have been described in our previous reports (1,2).
Allele Frequencies of D1S80 Locus in the Bharias, a Primitive Indian Tribal Population from Patalkot, India
Authors: Biswas R , Giroti R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
“Bharias” are one of the classified primitive Indians. They are located in Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh, at “Patal Kot” that is situated amidst dense forests surrounded by high hills of “Satpura ranges” lies between 22°-24' and 22°-29' North latitude and 78°-43' and 78°-50' East longitude. “Patal Kot” is a bowl shaped formation on the Satpura hills surrounded on three sides by hill ridges like a straight wall thus making “Patal Kot” almost inaccessible. The total population of “Bharias” comprises of 2012 members belonging to 238 families (1).
Allele Frequencies for Two STR Loci D1S1676, D2S2735 in Chinese Population
Authors: Gao YZ , Ying BW , Hou YP , Li YB , Wu J , Zhang J , Tang JP , Yan J , Yu HL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood samples were collected from unrelated individuals of Chinese Han ethnic group in Chengdu of China. DNA was extracted using Chelex method (1). PCR amplification conditions can be accessed at http://www.legalmed.org/dna/d1s1676.htm. The volume of PCR reaction for each locus was 37.5 μL. The PCR products were analyzed by horizontal non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with discontinuous buffer system and visualized by silver staining (2). Data were analyzed using POWERSTATS program (3). The genotype distribution was analyzed for HardyWeinberg equilibrium according to Hou's method (4) and no deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed.
Review of: Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method, Theory, and Archaeological Perspectives
Authors: Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book is an extension of and supplement to the editors' previous volume, Forensic Taphonomy. It consists of a series of chapters contributed by some of the leading lights in forensic anthropology and forensic taphonomy (if this can now be considered a distinct discipline): the editors themselves, William Haglund and Marcella Sorg, Don Brothwell, Wayne Lord, Jon Nordby, William Rodriguez, Paul Sledzik, and Douglas Ubelaker. The chapters by the less-well-known contributors are uniformly excellent. The chapters are of two types: expositions of general principles and case studies. Case studies by their very nature are narrowly focused and frequently contain unique features that cannot be generalized to other investigations. However, the case studies presented in this volume are particularly apposite and illuminate more general principles.
Review of Introduction to Forensic Anthropology: A Textbook
Authors: Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is a very good book. In 1998 Steven Byers started to teach an undergraduate course in forensic anthropology. He quickly came to the conclusion that no suitable text for this purpose existed. While there are a number of excellent texts that have been published in this field, virtually all are directed at graduate students or experienced physical anthropologists. I can attest to the accuracy of this assessment. In the undergraduate course in forensic science that I teach I have been forced to rely on materials that I have prepared myself, supplemented by journal articles and by information available on internet websites.
Review of: Human Factors in Traffic Safety
Authors: Batterman SC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is a new book on human factors related to traffic safety and is divided into four major parts, with chapters as follows: Part 1: The Driver consists of eight chapters: Perception and Information Processing; Driver Perception-Response Time; Where Do Drivers Look While Driving (and for How Long?); Individual Differences; Fatigue and Driving; Alcohol and Drugs; Age Differences-Drivers Old and Young; Neuropsychological, Medical and Psychiatric Disorders Affecting Motor Vehicle Operations. Part 2: The Vehicle consists of two chapters: Vehicle Design; Visibility with Motor Vehicle Headlights. Part 3: The Roadway Environment consists of four chapters: Roadway Design; Traffic Control Devices, Visibility under Roadway Lighting; Environmental Factors. Part 4: Accident Causation and Remediation consists of seven chapters: Railroad Grade Crossing Accidents, Highway Work Zones, Pedestrians and Bicyclists, Left Turn and Gap Acceptance Crashes, Single-Vehicle Accidents; Why Witnesses to Accidents Make Mistakes-The Cognitive Psychology of Human Memory; Human Factors in Traffic Accident Litigation.
Review of: Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault: A Forensic Handbook
Authors: Logan BK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A handbook should be portable, comprehensive and accessible to people on many levels, and in all respects this book succeeds. The topic of drug facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) has risen in our consciousness in the last few years, initially because of the scare propagated in the popular media about flunitrazepam (Rohypnol ®). While that drug turned out to account for only a handful of such cases, it brought attention to the larger problem of the use of alcohol and drugs to incapacitate a victim prior to sexual assault.
Stability of Nitrobenzodiazepines in Postmortem Blood
Authors: Robertson MD , Drummer OH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Studies were undertaken to determine the stability of nitrobenzodiazepines and their 7-amino metabolites in water and blood. At 22°C nitrazepam and clonazepam were stable in sterile fresh blood containing preservative over 28 days, whereas 25% of flunitrazepam was degraded. At 37°C all three drugs were substantially lost over 9 h (29–51%). There was only a small loss observed for the 7-amino metabolites and no substantial amounts of parent drug and 7-amino metabolite were degraded in water under these conditions. In the absence of preservative substantial amounts (25–50%) of parent drugs were lost in fresh blood over 10 days at 22°C. In bacterially-contaminated postmortem blood all three drugs were completely degraded over 8 h at 22°C with almost all drug completely converted to the respective 7-amino metabolite. These metabolites were also partially degraded (10–20%) over 45 h at 22°C. All 3 nitrobenzodiazepines were stable in blood stored for up to 24 months at −20°C, or 4°C over 10 months. Their respective 7-amino metabolites were, however, relatively unstable at −20°C with a significant loss (29%) after 2 months. At 4°C a 21% loss occurred after 1 month. Freeze/thawing was found not to affect the concentration of nitrobenzodiazepine and 7-amino metabolites. These results show that the nitrobenzodiazepines and their metabolites are unstable chemically and metabolically in blood. We advise that blood collected for the purpose of nitrobenzodiazepine determinations should be preserved with sodium fluoride, stored at −20°C and assayed as soon as practicable, preferably within a week of collection.
Postmortem Distribution and Redistribution of Nitrobenzodiazepines in Man
Authors: Robertson MD , Drummer OH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The distribution of the nitrobenzodiazepines, flunitrazepam, clonazepam and nitrazepam, and their respective 7-amino metabolites were examined in blood, serum, vitreous humor, liver, bile and urine of decedents taking these drugs. Peripheral blood, serum and liver concentrations were not significantly different to each other. However, vitreous concentrations were one-third of blood, while bile concentrations were 5–12 fold higher. Blood, serum and vitreous contained predominantly the 7-amino metabolite, liver contained only the metabolite, while bile contained significant concentrations of both the parent drug and the 7-amino metabolite. Urine contained only small concentrations of parent drug, however, as expected a number of metabolites were detected. Redistribution studies compared the drug concentrations of femoral blood, taken at body admission to the mortuary, with femoral blood taken at autopsy approximately 39 h later in 48 cases. The concentrations of 7-amino metabolites were not significantly different, however the concentrations of parent nitrobenzodiazepines were significantly higher in the admission specimens. In 6 cases in which subclavian blood was taken, the concentrations were not significantly different to the concentrations in admission blood. Similar findings were observed when femoral and subclavian blood concentrations were compared in 6 cases. There was also no apparent difference in total blood concentrations of nitrobenzodiazepines when blood concentrations taken in hospital shortly prior to death were compared to postmortem blood. Postmortem diffusion into peripheral blood is therefore not a confounding factor in the interpretation of nitrobenzodiazepine concentrations.
Drug Concentration in Selected Skeletal Muscles
Authors: Langford AM , Taylor KK , Pounder DJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We evaluated the homogeneity of drug concentrations in muscle in 14 cadavers, comprising 11 drug overdoses and three cases of chronic therapeutic drug use. Analyses were performed on samples from twelve named muscles and femoral venous blood. Standard analytical techniques and instrumentation were used throughout. There was marked within-case variability in drug concentrations with highest:lowest concentrations ranging up to 21.7. Overall highest concentrations were found in the diaphragm and mean diaphragm:blood ratios ranged from 1.1 (temazepam, two cases) and 1.2/1.3 (paracetamol, six cases) up to 6.5/13.5 (amitriptyline, three cases) and 5.3/21.3 (propoxyphene, four cases). Excluding the diaphragm, mean muscle:blood ratios ranged from 0.4 (prothiaden), 0.5 (temazepam), and 0.7 (paracetamol) up to 3.7 (temazepam), 4.3 (propoxyphene) and 5.7 (amitriptyline). We suggest that muscle is suitable for qualitative analysis but not for quantitative corroboration of a blood sample or as a quantitative alternative to blood.
Cause and Manner of Death in Fatalities Involving Methamphetamine
Authors: Logan BK , Fligner CL , Haddix T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We reviewed a series of deaths in which methamphetamine was detected in the decedent's blood. Analysis of postmortem whole blood was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with a limit of quantitation of 0.05 mg/L. Methamphetamine was detected in 146 cases; 52 were drug caused, i.e., a death in which the direct toxic effects of the drug caused or contributed to the death, 92 were classified as drug related, i.e., a death in which the drug was demonstrated in the blood, but did not directly cause death. A large proportion of the deaths resulted from homicidal (27%) or suicidal (15%) violence. An examination of methamphetamine concentrations in drug related deaths (n = 92), suggests that the range of concentrations in the recreational abusing population is substantial (0.05–9.30 mg/L) but with a median concentration of 0.42 mg/L, and with 90% of that population having concentrations less than 2.20 mg/L. There was substantial overlap in methamphetamine concentration between drug related deaths and drug caused deaths, although the highest concentrations were seen in the unintentional (accidental or undetermined) drug caused deaths. Methamphetamine related traffic deaths (n = 17) showed patterns of driving behavior consistent with reports elsewhere, and showed blood methamphetamine concentrations ranging from 0.05–2.60 mg/L (median 0.35 mg/L).
The data show that most methamphetamine deaths occur with blood concentrations greater than 0.5 mg/L, but can occur with levels as low as 0.05 mg/L, though usually in conjunction with other drugs or significant natural disease. Neither apparently toxic nor therapeutic concentrations should be used in isolation to establish conclusively whether a death was caused by methamphetamine; proper classification of deaths involving methamphetamine requires complete death investigation, including investigation of the scene and circumstances of death, and a complete autopsy.
Homicide or Suicide: The Killing of Suicidal Persons by Law Enforcement Officers
Authors: Wilson EF , Davis JH , Bloom JD , Batten PJ , Kamara SG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper presents 15 deaths of suicidal persons in Oregon and Florida who, by their behavior, sufficiently provoked law enforcement officers into killing them. Four deaths were certified as suicide, one as undetermined and ten as homicide. All of the deaths are individually described in detail and their case characteristics are presented in a table.
The method of study is a descriptive analysis of the case characteristics, including 21 variables which are determined to be relevant to the classification of death. The variables were grouped into six categories: (a) personal information; (b) criminal behavior during the fatal incident; (c) dangerous behavior during the fatal incident; (d) toxicological data; (e) mental illness information; and (f) certification data. From the analysis, reasons for the opinions on manner of death classification are presented.
All incidents were perceived as life-threatening to law officers, family members, or hostages. All victims were male except one, and all were Caucasian except two. All victims resisted arrest and verbally threatened homicide during the fatal incident. Two-thirds of the victims took hostages. All victims possessed an apparent handgun or other weapon (knife, iron bar). All victims posed their weapon and threatened others during the incident. 60% of victims actually used the weapon with apparent intent to inflict damage to others, 40% of victims were intoxicated with alcohol but other drug-involvemen was uncommon. Seven of 15 had previous suicide attempts, 40% had medically documented psychiatric diagnoses and 60% had reasonable historical evidence of psychiatric diagnoses, most commonly depression or substance abuse.
One of the co-authors presents the case for some of the deaths to be certified as suicides, whereas two present the case for all to be certified as homicide. A brief discussion of psychiatric issues is also presented concerning individuals who use others to commit suicide and who may engage in dangerous and/or criminal behavior to do so.
A major conclusion is that there is lack of a unified opinion on death certification procedures for individuals who have provoked law enforcement officers to kill them. For such cases, it is recommended that professional organizations of medical examiners/coroners develop guidelines to promote consistency in death certification practices including manner of death classification and selection of death certificate wording so that “police-assisted suicide” may be appropriately reported and studied.
Taking Account of Peak Areas when Interpreting Mixed DNA Profiles
Authors: Evett IW , Gill PD , Lambert JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper establishes a logical framework for taking account of peak areas when interpreting mixed DNA STR profiles. The principles apply wherever such data are available but they are illustrated here by means of data which have been collected from made up mixtures of known concentrations analyzed at short tandem repeat loci. The data have led to some modeling assumptions which are used for numerical examples. In actual casework the proportions of the various components will not be known and there is a discussion of whether they should be allowed for by integrating over a prior distribution. This is a conceptual paper, rather than a prescription for casework, and the scope for further work is outlined.