bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chromatin‐remodeling factor AtINO80 plays crucial roles in genome stability maintenance and in plant development
Authors: Zhang Chi , Cao Lin , Rong Liang , An Zengxuan , Zhou Wangbin , Ma Jinbiao , Shen Wen‐Hui , Zhu Yan , Dong Aiwu 
Published: April 2015

SummaryINO80 is a conserved chromatin‐remodeling factor in eukaryotes. While a previous study reported that the Arabidopsis thaliana INO80 (AtINO80) is required for somatic homologous recombination (HR), the role of AtINO80 in plant growth and development remains obscure. Here, we identified and characterized two independent atino80 mutant alleles, atino80‐5 and atino80‐6, which display similar and pleiotropic phenotypes, including smaller plant and organ size, and late flowering. Under standard growth conditions, atino80‐5 showed decreased HR; however, after genotoxic treatment, HR in the mutant increased, accompanied by more DNA double‐strand breaks and stronger cellular responses. Transcription analysis showed that many developmental and environmental responsive genes are overrepresented in the perturbed genes in atino80‐5. These genes significantly overlapped with the category of H2A.Z body‐enriched genes. AtINO80 also interacts with H2A.Z, and facilitates the enrichment of H2A.Z at the ends of the key flowering repressor genes FLC and MAF4/5. Our characterization of the atino80‐5 and atino80‐6 mutants confirms and extends the previous AtINO80 study, and provides perspectives for linking studies of epigenetic mechanisms involved in plant chromatin stability with plant response to developmental and environmental cues.
Augmented reflex cutaneous vasodilatation following short‐term dietary nitrate supplementation in humans
Authors: Levitt Erica L. , Keen Jeremy T. , Wong Brett J. 
Published: April 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Nitrate supplementation via beetroot juice has been shown to have several benefits in healthy humans, including reduced blood pressure and increased blood flow to exercising muscle. Whether nitrate supplementation can improve blood flow to the skin in heat‐stressed humans has not been investigated.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Similar to previous studies, we found that nitrate supplementation reduces blood pressure. Nitrate supplementation increased vasodilatation in the skin of heat‐stressed humans but did not directly increase skin blood flow.

Nitrate supplementation has been shown to increase NO‐dependent vasodilatation through both NO synthase (NOS)‐dependent and NOS‐independent pathways. We hypothesized that nitrate supplementation would augment reflex cutaneous active vasodilatation. Subjects were equipped with two microdialysis fibres on the forearm randomly assigned as control (Ringer solution) or NOS inhibition (20 mm l‐NAME). Whole‐body heating was performed to raise core temperature by 0.8°C above baseline core temperature. Maximal cutaneous vasodilatation was achieved via 54 mm sodium nitroprusside and local heating to 43°C. Skin blood flow (measured by laser‐Doppler flowmetry) and blood pressure were measured. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as skin blood flow divided by mean arterial pressure (MAP) and expressed as a percentage of maximal CVC (%CVCmax). Subjects underwent heat stress before and after nitrate supplementation (3 days of beetroot juice; 5 mm, 0.45 g nitrates per day). During heat stress, MAP was reduced following nitrate supplementation compared with the control conditions (before 88 ± 3 mmHg versus after 78 ± 2 mmHg; P < 0.05); however, resting MAP was not different between conditions (before 88 ± 3 mmHg versus after 83 ± 2 mmHg; P = 0.117). Nitrate supplementation increased plateau CVC at control sites (before 67 ± 2%CVCmax versus after 80 ± 5%CVCmax; P = 0.01) but not at l‐NAME‐treated sites (before 45 ± 4%CVCmax versus after 40 ± 5%CVCmax; P = 0.617). There was no change in the calculated percentage of NOS‐dependent vasodilatation before and after supplementation (before 59 ± 4% versus after 64 ± 6%; P = 0.577). These data suggest that nitrate supplementation augments CVC and reduces MAP during heat stress.
Design of a Supplementary-Fired Heat Recovery Module for Cogeneration Applications
Authors: Smith Kenneth O. , Dobos Charles J. 
Published: April 2015

The conceptual design of a Heat Recovery Module (HRM) for cogeneration applications is described. The HRM is a prepackaged, pretested and skid-mounted system sized for the 500 to 1000 kW class of industrial gas turbine. Key features of the module include:
• a highly compact, once-through boiler fabricated using finned Incoloy 800 tubing
• a dual-fuel supplementary burner for greater system operating flexibility
• a prepackaged water treatment system incorporating feedwater softening rather than deionization
• a fully integrated microprocessor-based control system
Design criteria and operating characteristics are presented.
Extension of Gas Turbine Disc Life by Retrofitting a Supplemental Cooling System
Authors: Little D. , Wilson J. , Liburdi J. 
Published: April 2015

The turbine disc lives in some industrial gas turbines are limited to much less than 100,000 hours by the formation of high temperature creep cracks when the engine is operated continuously at full load. Turbine users have experienced many costly repairs and even a wreck due to this recurring problem. The problem can be eliminated and the existing uncracked disc lives extended well beyond the 100,000 hour milestone by the retrofit of a supplemental disc cooling system.
The engineering work involved in properly identifying the cause and designing the cooling modification, including performance, aerodynamic, cooling network, finite element heat transfer, and stress analysis is explained. The build and test of the prototype cooling air system on a mechanical drive unit is discussed and test results demonstrating the success of the method given.
The concept of adding a supplemental disc cooling system to extend the expiring turbine disc lives of many mature frames has been demonstrated to be both practical and economical.
AGT 101: Advanced Gas Turbine Technology Update
Authors: Kidwell J. R. , Kreiner D. M. 
Published: April 2015

The Garrett/Ford AGT101 program has made significant progress during 1984 in ceramic component and engine test bed development, including initial ceramic engine testing. All ceramic components for the AGT101 [1644K (2500F)] engine are now undergoing development. Ceramic structures have been undergoing extensive analysis, design modification, and rig testing. AGT101 [1644K (2500F)] start capability has been demonstrated in rig tests. Also, 1644K (2500F) steady-state testing has been initiated in the test rigs to obtain a better understanding of ceramics in that environment.
The ceramic turbine rotor has progressed through cold spin test 12,040 rad/sec (115,000 rpm) and hot turbine rig test, and is currently in initial phases of engine test. Over 400 hours of engine testing is expected by March, 1985, including approximately 150 hours of operation and 50 starts on the 1422K (2100F) engine. All activities are progressing toward 1644K (2500F) engine testing in mid 1985.
Improvement of Pump Performance at Off-Design Conditions
Authors: Paulon J. , Fradin C. , Poulain J. 
Published: April 2015

Industrial pumps are generally used in a wide range of operating conditions from almost zero mass flow to mass flows larger than the design value.
It has been often noted that the head-mass flow characteristic, at constant speed, presents a negative bump as the mass flow is somewhat smaller than the design mass flows.
Flow and mechanical instabilities appear, which are unsafe for the facility.
An experimental study has been undertaken in order to analyze and if possible to palliate these difficulties. A detailed flow analyzis has shown strong three dimensional effects and flow separations.
From this better knowledge of the flow field, a particular device was designed and a strong attenuation of the negative bump was obtained.
The Effect of Fuel Composition Upon Combustion Performance in a Rolls Royce Tyne Combustor
Authors: Bowden T. T. , Pearson J. H. 
Published: April 2015

The combustion performance of a wide range of fuel types has been examined utilizing a single combustor from a Rolls-Royce Tyne gas-turbine engine. The results provide further evidence to suggest that fuel total hydrogen content provides a better indication of fuel combustion perfomance than does aromatic content. However, an even better prediction of fuel combustion performance is given by smoke point, although the acknowledged imprecision of the smoke point test does militate against its use as a primary specification requirement.
Analysis of certain fuels by 13C NMR and low resolution mass spectroscopy demonstrates that it is those fuels with high concentrations of polycyclic aromatics whose combustion performance in terms of flame radiation and exhaust emissions, is underpredicted by fuel total hydrogen content. There are indications that low concentrations of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatics may substantially impair combustion performance.
A New Approach to the Calculation of Transonic Flow Through Two Dimensional Turbomachine Blade Rows
Authors: Denton J. D. , Xu L. 
Published: April 2015

All methods of solving the Euler equations face the problem of errors in entropy. These errors are especially important at the leading edge of blade rows where any numerical errors will cause entropy to be produced and to convect downstream to influence the downstream flow, especially that on the blade surfaces.
A new numerical method is described which overcomes this problem by solving a conservation equation for entropy. This equation effectively replaces the usual momentum equation along streamlines. Sources of entropy are introduced to allow for shock loss with the magnitude of the source being determined from the Rankine-Hugoniot relations. A semi-implicit scheme is used to solve the continuity equation whilst the entropy and flow direction are updated by conventional explicit methods.
The flow through a selection of test cascades has been calculated with this new method and its predictions compared with exact solutions as well as with experimental data and with a conventional Euler solver. The results show that the new method is more accurate than the conventional one, it converges in fewer iterations but requires slightly longer computer times.
Design and Experimentation of a Combustor for High Combustion Intensity
Authors: Mestre André , Cadiou Anne 
Published: April 2015

The length and volume requirements of small gas turbines for missiles or propelled targets lead to combustor designs with high combustion intensity and large value of the air loading parameter Ω.
The conventional combustors have used conditions corresponding to Ω values in the 1 to 10 kg m−3s−1 range. The increase of Ω required for combustors in missiles conduces for existing liners to a decrease of combustion efficiency and to an increase of pressure losses.
Technical solutions have been worked out to make a combustor operating with a large air loading parameter: 25kgm-3s-1⩽Ω⩽50kgm-3s-1 and a correct combustion efficiency (η = 0.955). Test performed at atmospheric pressure with direct visualization of the combustion zone has shown a uniform primary flame and a moderately heated liner that can withstand short duration flights.
Energy Efficient Operation of Gas Turbine Compressor Sets
Authors: Boyce M. P. , Bowman J. C. , Meher-Homji C. B. , Focke A. B. 
Published: April 2015

This paper presents techniques in which greater productivity and fuel savings can be achieved by the use of online monitoring and diagnostic systems and compressor management systems applied to turbo-compressors. With maintenance life cycle costs for gas turbines being about one-fifth of fuel life cycle costs, the incentives for maintaining good operating efficiency is high. An online monitoring and diagnostic system can go a long way in pin-pointing areas in which performance decrements occur. There is also large monetary savings by operating load compressors with minimum recirculation. Secondary benefits of such systems include automated vibration analysis and automated diagnostic of common faults.
This paper also covers some case histories that illustrate benefits and generic system diagrams that illustrate such systems.
A Review and Analysis of Boundary Layer Transition Data for Turbine Application
Authors: Gaugler Raymond E. 
Published: April 2015

A Symposium on Transition in Turbines was held recently at the NASA Lewis Research Center. One recommendation of the working groups was the collection of existing transition data to provide standard cases against which models could be tested. This paper represents a preliminary response to that recommendation.
A number of data sets from the open literature that include heat transfer data in apparently transitional boundary layers, with particular application to the turbine environment, were reviewed and analyzed to extract transition information from the heat transfer data. The data were analyzed using a version of the STAN5 two-dimensional boundary layer code. The transition starting and ending points were determined by adjusting parameters in STAN5 until the calculations matched the data. The results are presented as tables of the deduced transition location and length as functions of the test parameters. The data sets reviewed cover a wide range of flow conditions, from low speed, flat plate tests to full scale turbine airfoils operating at simulated turbine engine conditions. The results indicate that free stream turbulence and pressure gradient have strong, and opposite, effects on the location of the start of transition and on the length of the transition zone.
Transonic Blade to Blade Calculations in an Axial, Radial or Mixed Flow Cascade Equipped With Splitter Blades
Authors: Bertheau Fernand , Ribaud Yves , Millour Valérie 
Published: April 2015

A general computer code for pseudo-unsteady Euler equations integration in turbomachinery cascades has been developed. A quasi-three-dimensional flow hypothesis is assumed and only blade to blade calculation is considered here.
Cascades may be axial, radial or mixed flow type. First the computerized quasi-orthogonal network is shown. This network takes into account splitters and is designed to reduce the computation time.
Then, the numerical method is described and the major difficulties of this problem, which are boundary conditions, leading edge and trailing edge treatments, are presented. Finally, examples of calculations on turbines and compressors are given with emphasis on graphic representation.
Development of a Gas Turbine Combustion System for Medium-BTU Fuel
Authors: Savelli J. F. , Touchton G. L. 
Published: April 2015

The Cool Water Coal Gasification Project requires a gas turbine combustion system to burn a high hydrogen medium-Btu coal gas produced in an oxygen-blown gasifier. The gas turbine selected for this demonstration plant is a General Electric Company MS7001E unit. The plant is located in Daggett, California, a location requiring compliance with stringent environmental regulations; that is, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) at 63.5 kg/hr and carbon monoxide (CO) at 35.0 kg/hr in the machine exhaust.
The plant operating configuration requires fuel gas to be supplied at 330 °K and 477 °K with 20%/vol moisture blended. A combustion system was developed enabling the gas turbine to operate from full speed no load to full load on both fuel gas configurations. Distillate oil capability was also incorporated to facilitate safe machine startup and shutdown.
Emissions requirements for NOx were met with steam injection, “CO” by combustor design, and sulfur oxides are met by fuel gas cleanup.
A conventional combustion liner sleeve with a standard air admission schedule was used. A unique fuel nozzle, based upon past low-Btu fuel work, was designed incorporating the latest low erosion oil nozzle.
One combustor of the 10 fitted to an MS7001E was tested at full pressure and airflow. Test results indicate, as predicted analytically, that NOx prediction varies substantially between cold dry fuel gas and hot wet gas. NOx compliance was attainable with little degradation of other design considerations. Carbon monoxide emissions were well below the required limits.
Regional radiation dose susceptibility within the parotid gland: Effects on salivary loss and recovery
Authors: Clark Haley , Hovan Allan , Moiseenko Vitali , Thomas Steven , Wu Jonn , Reinsberg Stefan 
Published: April 2015

Purpose:Xerostomia is one of the most likely late toxic effects of radiotherapy treatment in patients with head‐and‐neck cancers. Modern treatment techniques can incorporate knowledge of complication risk into treatment plans. To this end, the authors attempt to quantify the regional radiotherapy dose‐dependence of salivary output loss and recovery in a prospective study.Methods:Salivary output was collected from patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment for head‐and‐neck cancers at the BC Cancer Agency between February 2008 and May 2013. Regional dose‐dependence (i.e., dose susceptibility) of loss and recovery is quantified using nonparametric (Spearman's rank correlation coefficients, local linear regression) and parametric (least‐sum of squares, least‐median of squares) techniques.Results:Salivary flow recovery was seen in 79 of 102 patients considered (p < 0.0001, Wilcoxon sign rank test). Output loss was strongly correlated with left‐ and right parotid combined dose φ = min (DL,  45 Gy) + min (DR,  45 Gy), and can be accurately predicted. Median early loss (three months) was 72% of baseline, while median overall loss (1 yr) was 56% of baseline. Fitting an exponential model to whole parotid yields dose sensitivities A3m = 0.0604 Gy−1 and A1y = 0.0379 Gy−1. Recovery was not significantly associated with dose. Hints of lateral organ sub‐segment dose–response dimorphism were observed.Conclusions:Sub‐segmentation appears to predict neither loss nor recovery with any greater precision than whole parotid mean dose, though it is not any worse. Sparing the parotid to a combined dose φ of <50 Gy is recommended for a patient to keep ≈40% of baseline function and thus avoid severe xerostomia at 12 months post‐treatment. It seems unlikely that a population's mean recovery will exceed 20%–30% of baseline output at 1 yr after radiotherapy treatment using current (whole‐organ based) clinical guidelines.
Association Between Television Viewing and Physical Activity in 10-Year-Old Brazilian Children
Authors: Ferrari Gerson Luis de Moraes , Araujo Timoteo Leandro , Oliveira Luis , Matsudo Victor , Mire Emily , Barreira Tiago V. , Tudor-Locke Catrine , Katzmarzyk Peter T. 
Published: April 2015

Background:Studies have found an association between television (TV) viewing and physical activity levels. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between TV viewing and physical activity in 10-year-old Brazilian children.Methods:The sample consisted of 485 children. Self-reported TV viewing on weekdays and weekends was assessed by questionnaire. An Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer was used to monitor the range of physical activity intensities (including moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; MVPA), sedentary behavior (SB) and steps/day over 7 days.Results:Daily MVPA was highest among children viewing TV <1 hour/day (69 min) compared with children viewing 1 to 2 hours/day (61 min), 3 to 4 hours/day (55 min) and ≥ 5 hours/day (59 min) on weekdays (P = .0015). Differences in MVPA were not observed across TV categories on weekends. The prevalence of reaching 60 min/day of MVPA and 12,000 steps/day on weekdays was significantly greater in children viewing ≤ 2 hours/day (51.7% and 23.5%, respectively) compared with those viewing > 2 hours/day (38.6%, P = .0058; and 15.1%, P = .0291, respectively). There was no difference in SB across TV viewing categories.Conclusion:Time spent in MVPA and the frequency of meeting MVPA guidelines were significantly higher among children viewing ≤ 2 hours/day of TV on weekdays compared with those viewing more.
Using Shared Treadmill Workstations to Promote Less Time Spent in Daily Low Intensity Physical Activities: A Pilot Study
Authors: Bouchard Danielle R. , Strachan Shaelyn , Johnson Leslie , Moola Fiona , Chitkara Radhika , McMillan Diana , Myrie Semone , Giesbrecht Gordon 
Published: April 2015

Objective:Our objective was to test the feasibility of sharing treadmill workstations among office workers to reduce time spent at low intensity and explore changes in health outcomes after a 3-month intervention.Methods:Twenty-two office workers were asked to walk 2 hours per shift on a shared treadmill workstation for 3 months. Physical activity levels (ie, low, light, moderate, and vigorous), health-related measures (eg, sleep, blood pressure), treadmill usage information, and questions regarding participants’ expectation and experiences were collected.Results:Physical activity time at low intensity during workdays was reduced by 20.1% (P = .007) in the 71% of participants completing the study. Participants were 70% confident that they would keep using the treadmill workstations. Interestingly, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and sleep quality scores were significantly improved (P < .05).Conclusions:The use of such equipment to replace a few hours of sitting is feasible and might offer important health benefits.
Gender Differences in C-Reactive Protein and Muscle Strengthening Activity
Authors: Richardson Michael R. , Johnson Tammie M. , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Ford Earl S. , Boyer William R. , Churilla James R. 
Published: April 2015

Background:Few studies have examined the gender differences between C-reactive protein (CRP) and muscle strengthening activity (MSA).Methods:The sample (n = 7533) included U.S. adult (≥20 years of age).participants in the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Created categories of MSA participation included no MSA (referent group), some MSA (≥1 to <2 days/week), and meeting the 2008 Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) recommendation (≥2 days/week). The dependent variable was elevated CRP (>3 to 10 mg/L).Results:Analysis revealed significantly lower odds of having elevated CRP for women reporting some MSA (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.44–0.93, P = .0191). Significantly lower odds of men having elevated CRP was observed in those reporting MSA volumes meeting the DHHS recommendation (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.59–0.88, P = .0019). Following adjustment for waist circumference (WC) these odds remained significant in men but not women.Conclusions:These results suggest that WC may mediate the associations between MSA and CRP and this relationship may be stronger in women.