bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Including Surface Kinetic Effects in Simple Models of Ice Vapor Diffusion
Authors: Zhang Chengzhu , Harrington Jerry Y. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
A model for kinetically limited vapor growth and aspect ratio evolution of atmospheric single ice crystals is presented. The method is based on the adaptive habit model of J. Chen and D. Lamb but is modified to include the deposition coefficients through a theory that accounts for axis-dependent growth. Deposition coefficients are predicted for each axis direction based on laboratory-determined critical supersaturations and therefore extends the adaptive habit approach and the capacitance model to low ice supersaturations. The new model is used to simulate changes in single-crystal primary habit in comparison to a hexagonal growth model. Results show that the new model captures the first-order features of axis-dependent, kinetically limited growth. The model reproduces not only the strong reductions in growth as supersaturations decrease but is also able to reproduce the near cessation of minor axis growth as saturations decline. While the new model reproduces the qualitative features of kinetically limited growth, relative errors are generally between 5% and 20% but can become larger than 50%. Parcel model simulation comparisons show that the new growth method reproduces the general features of axis-dependent growth in a changing temperature environment. The method also produces relatively accurate estimates of mass evolution with spherical particles, indicating that it may have broad applicability. Although the model compares well to a detailed method, uncertainties remain in the knowledge of surface kinetics that future studies need to unravel.
Global Multimodel Analysis of Drought in Runoff for the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: van Huijgevoort M. H. J. , Hazenberg P. , van Lanen H. A. J. , Teuling A. J. , Clark D. B. , Folwell S. , Gosling S. N. , Hanasaki N. , Heinke J. , Koirala S. , Stacke T. , Voss F. , Sheffield J. , Uijlenhoet R. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
During the past decades large-scale models have been developed to simulate global and continental terrestrial water cycles. It is an open question whether these models are suitable to capture hydrological drought, in terms of runoff, on a global scale. A multimodel ensemble analysis was carried out to evaluate if 10 such large-scale models agree on major drought events during the second half of the twentieth century. Time series of monthly precipitation, monthly total runoff from 10 global hydrological models, and their ensemble median have been used to identify drought. Temporal development of area in drought for various regions across the globe was investigated. Model spread was largest in regions with low runoff and smallest in regions with high runoff. In vast regions, correlation between runoff drought derived from the models and meteorological drought was found to be low. This indicated that models add information to the signal derived from precipitation and that runoff drought cannot directly be determined from precipitation data alone in global drought analyses with a constant aggregation period. However, duration and spatial extent of major drought events differed between models. Some models showed a fast runoff response to rainfall, which led to deviations from reported drought events in slowly responding hydrological systems. By using an ensemble of models, this fast runoff response was partly overcome and delay in drought propagating from meteorological drought to drought in runoff was included. Finally, an ensemble of models also allows for consideration of uncertainty associated with individual model structures.
Improved Passive Microwave Retrievals of Rain Rate over Land and Ocean. Part I: Algorithm Description
Authors: Petty Grant W. , Li Ke 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
A new approach to passive microwave retrievals of precipitation is described that relies on an objective dimensional reduction procedure to filter, normalize, and decorrelate geophysical background noise while retaining the majority of radiometric information concerning precipitation. The dimensional reduction also sharply increases the effective density of any a priori database used in a Bayesian retrieval scheme.
The method is applied to passive microwave data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), reducing the original nine channels to three “pseudochannels” that are relatively insensitive to most background variations occurring within each of seven surface classes (one ocean plus six land and coast) for which they are defined. These pseudochannels may be used in any retrieval algorithm, including the current standard Goddard profiling algorithm (GPROF), in place of the original channels. The same methods are also under development for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory Microwave Imager (GMI).
Starting with the pseudochannel definitions, a new Bayesian algorithm for retrieving the surface rain rate is described. The algorithm uses an a priori database populated with matchups between the TRMM precipitation radar (PR) and the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI). The explicit goal of the algorithm is to retrieve the PR-derived best estimate of the surface rain rate in portions of the TMI swath not covered by the PR. A unique feature of the new algorithm is that it provides robust posterior Bayesian probabilities of pixel-averaged rain rate exceeding various thresholds.
Validation and intercomparison of the new algorithm is the subject of a companion paper.
Reexamining the Vertical Development of Tornadic Vortex Signatures in Supercells
Authors: French Michael M. , Bluestein Howard B. , PopStefanija Ivan , Baldi Chad A. , Bluth Robert T. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Observations from a hybrid phased-array Doppler radar, the Mobile Weather Radar, 2005 X-band, Phased Array (MWR-05XP), were used to investigate the vertical development of tornadic vortex signatures (TVSs) during supercell tornadogenesis. Data with volumetric update times of ∼10 s, an order of magnitude better than that of most other mobile Doppler radars, were obtained up to storm midlevels during the formation of three tornadoes. It is found that TVSs formed upward with time during tornadogenesis for two cases. In a third case, missing low-level data prevented a complete time–height analysis of TVS development; however, TVS formation occurred first near the ground and then at storm midlevels several minutes later. These results are consistent with the small number of volumetric mobile Doppler radar tornadogenesis cases from the past ∼10 years, but counter to studies prior to that, in which a descending TVS was observed in roughly half of tornado cases utilizing Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data. A comparative example is used to examine the possible effects relatively long WSR-88D volumetric update times have on determining the mode of tornadogenesis.
Asymmetric Hurricane Boundary Layer Structure from Dropsonde Composites in Relation to the Environmental Vertical Wind Shear
Authors: Zhang Jun A. , Rogers Robert F. , Reasor Paul D. , Uhlhorn Eric W. , Marks Frank D. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This study investigates the asymmetric structure of the hurricane boundary layer in relation to the environmental vertical wind shear in the inner core region. Data from 1878 GPS dropsondes deployed by research aircraft in 19 hurricanes are analyzed in a composite framework. Kinematic structure analyses based on Doppler radar data from 75 flights are compared with the dropsonde composites. Shear-relative quadrant-mean composite analyses show that both the kinematic and thermodynamic boundary layer height scales tend to decrease with decreasing radius, consistent with previous axisymmetric analyses. There is still a clear separation between the kinematic and thermodynamic boundary layer heights. Both the thermodynamic mixed layer and height of maximum tangential wind speed are within the inflow layer. The inflow layer depth is found to be deeper in quadrants downshear, with the downshear right (DR) quadrant being the deepest. The mixed layer depth and height of maximum tangential wind speed are alike at the eyewall, but are deeper outside in quadrants left of the shear. The results also suggest that air parcels acquire equivalent potential temperature θe from surface fluxes as they rotate through the upshear right (UR) quadrant from the upshear left (UL) quadrant. Convection is triggered in the DR quadrant in the presence of asymmetric mesoscale lifting coincident with a maximum in θe. Energy is then released by latent heating in the downshear left (DL) quadrant. Convective downdrafts bring down cool and dry air to the surface and lower θe again in the DL and UL quadrants. This cycling process may be directly tied to shear-induced asymmetry of convection in hurricanes.
Classification and Conceptual Models for Heavy Snowfall Events over East Vancouver Island of British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Wu Mingling R. , Snyder Bradley J. , Mo Ruping , Cannon Alex J. , Joe Paul I. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe East Vancouver Island region on the west coast of Canada is prone to heavy snow in winter due to its unique geographical setting, which involves complicated interactions among the atmosphere, ocean, and local topography. The challenge for operational meteorologists is to distinguish a weather system that produces extreme snow amounts from one that produces modest amounts in this region. In this study, subjective, objective, and hybrid classification techniques are used to analyze the characteristics of 81 snowstorms observed in this region over a 10-yr period (2000–09). It is demonstrated that there are four principal weather patterns (occluded front, lee low, warm advection, and convective storm) conducive to heavy snow in East Vancouver Island. The occluded front pattern is the most ubiquitous for producing snow events, while the lee low pattern is the most extreme snow producer that poses the biggest forecast challenge.Based on the identified weather patterns and a further investigation of five key weather ingredients, four conceptual models are developed to illustrate the meteorological processes leading to significant snowfalls in East Vancouver Island. These conceptual models have the potential to help meteorologists better understand and identify weather systems that would produce heavy snowfalls in this region and, therefore, improve forecasting and warning performance.
Ethical and medico-legal implications of capacity of patients in geriatric surgery
Authors: Terranova Claudio , Cardin Fabrizio , Pietra Laura Di , Zen Margherita , Bruttocao Andrea , Militello Carmelo 
Published: July 2013

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the decision-making capacity of elderly patients hospitalized in a geriatric surgery division, and the clinician’s ability to assess that capacity. Subjects and methods The study was conducted on patients (aged >66 years) undergoing surgical procedures. Exclusion criteria were a diagnosis of psychogeriatric disorders interfering with decision-making capacity; hearing or visual impairment; and inability to communicate. Patients previously declared legally incompetent were also excluded. The methodological approach consisted of additional interviews to collect data on patients’ awareness of the reasons for their hospitalization, their informed consent, and their ability to sign a consent form. The interview was integrated with a clinical-behavioral assessment by means of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clock Drawing Test. Data were collected anonymously. Results The inclusion criteria were met by 123 patients, with a mean age ± SD of 77.65 ± 7.91 years (range 67–98). Their mean (±SD) Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clock Drawing Test scores were 24.53 ± 4.29 and 5.36 ± 2.41, respectively. Mild-to-severe cognitive impairment was identified in 39 patients (31.7%). The consent form was signed by 111 patients (90.25%), including 33 patients (29.72%) with mild-severe cognitive impairment; 18 patients (16.21%) were unaware of the reason for their admission to hospital. Discussion Many factors may interfere with elderly patients’ ability to give their valid consent to treatment, and this study reveals that clinicians may overestimate their patients’ decision-making capacity. Physicians should be aware of this problem, and intellectual capacity assessments and/or enhanced consent procedures should be considered when treating elderly patients.
Histological Effects of Inhaled Corticosteroids and ß2‐agonists on Laryngeal Mucosa in an Allergic Rat Model
Authors: Akpinar Meltem Esen , Tekke Nihal Seden , Yigit Ozgur , Ercan Feriha , Durna Yusuf , Kiran Demir 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo constitute an animal model of laryngeal allergy and evaluate the laryngeal effects of inhaled corticosteroids and ß2‐agonists on the laryngeal mucosa in an allergic rat model.Study DesignProspective randomized.SettingThe Experimental Medical Research Institute (DETAE) at Istanbul University.Subjects and MethodsWistar Albino rats (n = 32) were sensitized with ovalbumin. Unsensitized rats (n = 8) served as controls. The rats were exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin (1%). On days 28 through 42, every 2 days preceeding ovalbumin exposure, rats were further exposed to aerosolized phosphate buffered saline (n = 8), fluticasone propionate (n = 8), salbutamol (n = 8), and combined salbutamol+fluticasone propionate (n = 8). Inflammatory cell infiltration was graded semi‐quantitatively. The quantitative data included mast cell count and degranulation. Ultrathin sections were investigated under transmission electron microscope.ResultsThe simultaneous and pairwise comparison of groups (Kruskal‐Wallis) revealed statistically significant difference among groups at supraglottic level (critical P <. 05, <.01) and no difference at glottic level. In ovalbumin+phosphate buffered saline exposed rats, the light microscopy of supraglottic mucosa revealed regular epithelium with severe inflammatory cell infiltration and increased mast cell count. Electron microscopy revealed increased mast cell degranulation. Increased inflammatory cell infiltration was detected along with reduced mast cell count among fluticasone propionate treated rats. Mild inflammatory cell infiltration was encountered in combined salbutamol+fluticasone propionate treated rats.ConclusionThis study supported the presence of localized allergic reaction in the supraglottic laryngeal mucosa through the observation of increased mast cell number and degranulation. It was also shown that inhaled corticosteroids increase inflammation whereas combined inhaled corticosteroids and ß2‐agonists minimize allergic and inflammatory reactions in supraglottic laryngeal mucosa providing a safer therapeutic option.
Ubuntu
Authors: Murove Munyaradzi Felix 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn this article I am arguing that the concept of Ubuntu which means humanness was articulated against a situation of the dehumanization that was meted to the Africans during the eras of slavery and colonialism. It is further argued that since Ubuntu implies character qualities such as compassion, kindness, courtesy and respect for other persons, the ethic of Ubuntu remains indispensable to the reconstruction of post-colonial African societies. Ubuntu is indispensable to the post-colonial African quest for an identity in the spheres such as the public sector and the business sector because Ubuntu is mostly valued as the ideal for human conduct in all spheres of life. Lastly, I have also argued that because of its relational worldview and individual ontology, Ubuntu connected with the concept of Ukama implies that human existence cannot be separated from the generality of existence.
Anal intraepithelial neoplasia: review and recommendations for screening and management
Authors: Smyczek Petra , Singh Ameeta E , Romanowski Barbara 
Published: July 2013

Anal cancer is a rare malignancy of the distal gastrointestinal tract, often associated with human papillomavirus, the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Currently available screening methods for anal intraepithelial neoplasia, a precursor for anal cancer, combine anal Papanicolaou cytology and high resolution anoscopy with biopsy of suspicious lesions. Significant barriers to establishing anal cancer screening programmes include the small number of healthcare professionals performing high resolution anoscopy and the lack of data showing that anal cancer screening can reduce morbidity and mortality related to anal carcinoma. Despite several controversies surrounding anal cancer screening, the rising incidence of this disease in some groups supports routine screening programmes in high-risk populations, especially in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. This review outlines the epidemiology of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer and summarizes issues related to the introduction of anal cancer screening programmes.
Comanagement of Geriatric Patients With Hip Fractures
Authors: Rocca Gregory J. Della , Moylan Kyle C. , Crist Brett D. , Volgas David A. , Stannard James P. , Mehr David R. 
Published: July 2013

The objective of this 3-year retrospective, controlled, cohort study is to characterize an interdisciplinary method of managing geriatric patients with hip fracture. All patients aged 65 years or older admitted to a single academic level I trauma center during a 3-year period with an isolated hip fracture were included as participants for this study. Thirty-one geriatric patients with hip fracture were treated with historical methods of care (cohort 1). The comparison group of 115 similar patients was treated under a newly developed, institutional comanagement hip fracture protocol (cohort 2). There were no differences in age, sex distribution, or comorbidity distribution between the 2 cohorts. Patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission decreased significantly from 48% in cohort 1 to 23% in cohort 2 ( P = .0091). Length of ICU stay for patients requiring ICU admission also decreased significantly, from a mean of 8.1 days in cohort 1 to 1.8 days in cohort 2 ( P = .024). Total hospital stay decreased significantly, from a mean of 9.9 days in cohort 1 to 7.1 days in cohort 2 ( P = .021). Although no decrease in in-hospital mortality rates was noted from cohort 1 to cohort 2, a trend toward decreased 1-year mortality rates was seen after implementation of the hip fracture protocol. Hospital charges decreased significantly, from US$52 323 per patient in cohort 1 to US$38 586 in cohort 2 ( P = .0183). Implementation of a comanagement protocol for care of geriatric patients with hip fracture, consisting of admission to a geriatric primary care service, standardized perioperative assessment regimens, expeditious surgical treatment, and continued primary geriatric care postoperatively, resulted in reductions in lengths of stay, ICU admissions, and hospital costs per patient. On an annualized basis, this represented a savings of over US$700 000 for our institution.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor usage, treatment outcome, and prognostic scores in CML: report from the population-based Swedish CML registry
Authors: Höglund Martin , Sandin Fredrik , Hellström Karin , Björeman Mats , Björkholm Magnus , Brune Mats , Dreimane Arta , Ekblom Marja , Lehmann Sören , Ljungman Per , Malm Claes , Markevärn Berit , Myhr-Eriksson Kristina , Ohm Lotta , Olsson-Strömberg Ulla , Själander Anders , Wadenvik Hans , Simonsson Bengt , Stenke Leif , Richter Johan 
Published: July 2013

Key Points
Patients up to age 70 years with CML treated within a decentralized health care setting had a relative survival close to 1.0. Sokal, but not EUTOS, score at diagnosis predicted overall and relative survival in a population-based cohort of patients with CML.
Coexpression analysis of large cancer datasets provides insight into the cellular phenotypes of the tumour microenvironment
Authors: Doig Tamasin N , Hume David A , Theocharidis Thanasis , Goodlad John R , Gregory Christopher D , Freeman Tom C 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
Biopsies taken from individual tumours exhibit extensive differences in their cellular composition due to the inherent heterogeneity of cancers and vagaries of sample collection. As a result genes expressed in specific cell types, or associated with certain biological processes are detected at widely variable levels across samples in transcriptomic analyses. This heterogeneity also means that the level of expression of genes expressed specifically in a given cell type or process, will vary in line with the number of those cells within samples or activity of the pathway, and will therefore be correlated in their expression.

Results
Using a novel 3D network-based approach we have analysed six large human cancer microarray datasets derived from more than 1,000 individuals. Based upon this analysis, and without needing to isolate the individual cells, we have defined a broad spectrum of cell-type and pathway-specific gene signatures present in cancer expression data which were also found to be largely conserved in a number of independent datasets.

Conclusions
The conserved signature of the tumour-associated macrophage is shown to be largely-independent of tumour cell type. All stromal cell signatures have some degree of correlation with each other, since they must all be inversely correlated with the tumour component. However, viewed in the context of established tumours, the interactions between stromal components appear to be multifactorial given the level of one component e.g. vasculature, does not correlate tightly with another, such as the macrophage.
Analysis and annotation of the hexaploid oat seed transcriptome
Authors: Gutierrez-Gonzalez Juan J , Tu Zheng Jin , Garvin David F 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundNext generation sequencing provides new opportunities to explore transcriptomes. However, challenges remain for accurate differentiation of homoeoalleles and paralogs, particularly in polyploid organisms with no supporting genome sequence. In this study, RNA-Seq was employed to generate and characterize the first gene expression atlas for hexaploid oat.ResultsThe software packages Trinity and Oases were used to produce a transcript assembly from nearly 134 million 100-bp paired-end reads from developing oat seeds. Based on the quality-parameters employed, Oases assemblies were superior. The Oases67-kmer assembly, denoteddnOST (de novoOat Seed Transcriptome), is over 55 million nucleotides in length and the average transcript length is 1,043 nucleotides. The 74.8× sequencing depth was adequate to differentiate a large proportion of putative homoeoalleles and paralogs. To assess the robustness ofdnOST, we successfully identified gene transcripts associated with the biosynthetic pathways of three compounds with health-promoting properties (avenanthramides, tocols, β-glucans), and quantified their expression.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this study provides the first direct performance comparison between two major assemblers in a polyploid organism. The workflow we developed provides a useful guide for comparable analyses in other organisms. The transcript assembly developed here is a major advance. It expands the number of oat ESTs 3-fold, and constitutes the first comprehensive transcriptome study in oat. This resource will be a useful new tool both for analysis of genes relevant to nutritional enhancement of oat, and for improvement of this crop in general.