bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009–2014
Authors: Cohen Adam L. , Sahr Philip K. , Treurnicht Florette , Walaza Sibongile , Groome Michelle J. , Kahn Kathleen , Dawood Halima , Variava Ebrahim , Tempia Stefano , Pretorius Marthi , Moyes Jocelyn , Olorunju Steven A. S. , Malope-Kgokong Babatyi , Kuonza Lazarus , Wolter Nicole , von Gottberg Anne , Madhi Shabir A. , Venter Marietjie , Cohen Cheryl 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Background.  Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is a common cause of acute respiratory tract infections, but little is known about PIV infection in children and adults in Africa, especially in settings where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence is high.
Methods.  We conducted active, prospective sentinel surveillance for children and adults hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) from 2009 to 2014 in South Africa. We enrolled controls (outpatients without febrile or respiratory illness) to calculate the attributable fraction for PIV infection. Respiratory specimens were tested by multiplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3.
Results.  Of 18 282 SARI cases enrolled, 1188 (6.5%) tested positive for any PIV type: 230 (19.4%) were type 1; 168 (14.1%) were type 2; 762 (64.1%) were type 3; and 28 (2.4%) had coinfection with 2 PIV types. After adjusting for age, HIV serostatus, and respiratory viral coinfection, the attributable fraction for PIV was 65.6% (95% CI [confidence interval], 47.1–77.7); PIV contributed to SARI among HIV-infected and -uninfected children &lt;5 years of age and among individuals infected with PIV types 1 and 3. The observed overall incidence of PIV-associated SARI was 38 (95% CI, 36–39) cases per 100 000 population and was highest in children &lt;1 year of age (925 [95% CI, 864–989] cases per 100 000 population). Compared with persons without HIV, persons with HIV had an increased relative risk of PIV hospitalization (9.4; 95% CI, 8.5–10.3).
Conclusions.  Parainfluenza virus causes substantial severe respiratory disease in South Africa among children &lt;5 years of age, especially those that are infected with HIV.
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Secondary to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Histoplasmosis
Authors: Castelli Anthony A. , Rosenthal David G. , Bender Ignacio Rachel , Chu Helen Y. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in immunocompromised hosts is a fulminant syndrome of immune activation with high rates of mortality that may be triggered by infections or immunodeficiency. Rapid diagnosis and treatment of the underlying disorder is necessary to prevent progression to multiorgan failure and death. We report a case of HLH in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus, disseminated histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, and Escherichia coli bacteremia. We discuss management of acutely ill patients with HLH and treatment of the underlying infection versus initiation of HLH-specific chemotherapy.
Radiotherapy in the Management of Orbital Lymphoma
Authors: Kharod Shivam M. , Herman Michael P. , Morris Christopher G. , Lightsey Judith , Mendenhall William M. , Mendenhall Nancy P. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose:
To report our institution’s treatment techniques, disease outcomes, and complication rates after radiotherapy for the management of lymphoma involving the orbits.

Patients and Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 44 patients curatively treated with radiotherapy for stage IAE (75%) or stage IIAE (25%) orbital lymphoma between 1969 and 2013. Median follow-up was 4.9 years. Thirty-eight patients (86%) had low-grade lymphoma and 6 (14%) had high-grade lymphoma. Radiation was delivered with either a wedge-pair (61%), single-anterior (34%), or anterior with bilateral wedges (5%) technique. The median radiation dose was 25.5 Gy (range, 15 to 47.5 Gy). Lens shielding was performed when possible. Cause-specific survival and freedom from distant relapse were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results:
The 5-year local control rate was 98%. Control of disease in the orbit was achieved in all but 1 patient who developed an out-of-field recurrence after irradiation of a lacrimal tumor. The 5-year regional control rate was 91% (3 patients failed in the contralateral orbit and 1 patient failed in the ipsilateral parotid). Freedom from disease, cause-specific survival, and overall survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 70% and 55%, 89% and 89%, and 76% and 61%, respectively. Acute toxicity was minimal. Ten patients (23%) reported worsened vision following radiotherapy, and cataracts developed in 17 patients. Cataracts developed in 13 of 28 patients treated without lens shielding (46%) and 4 of 16 patients (25%) treated with lens shielding.

Conclusion:
Radiotherapy is a safe and effective local treatment in the management of orbital lymphoma.
Initial Experience With the New Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Model M4: Short-term Results
Authors: Cvintal Victor , Moster Marlene R. , Shyu Andrew P. , McDermott Katie , Ekici Feyzahan , Pro Michael J. , Waisbourd Michael 
Published: September 2015

Purpose:
To evaluate the clinical outcomes of the new Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) model M4. The device consists of a porous polyethylene shell designed for improved tissue integration and reduced encapsulation of the plate for better intraocular pressure (IOP) control.

Methods:
Medical records of patients with an AGV M4 implantation between December 1, 2012 and December 31, 2013 were reviewed. The main outcome measure was surgical failure, defined as either (1) IOP<5 mm Hg or >21 mm Hg and/or <20% reduction of IOP at last follow-up visit, (2) a reoperation for glaucoma, and/or (3) loss of light perception.

Results:
Seventy-five eyes of 73 patients were included. Postoperative IOP at all follow-up visits significantly decreased from a baseline IOP of 31.2 mm Hg (P<0.01). However, IOP increased significantly at 3 months (20.4 mm Hg), 6 months (19.3 mm Hg), and 12 months (20.3 mm Hg) compared with 1 month (13.8 mm Hg) postoperatively (P<0.05). At 6 months and 1 year, the cumulative probability of failure was 32% and 72%, respectively.

Conclusions:
The AGV M4 effectively reduced IOP in the first postoperative month, but IOP steadily increased thereafter. Consequently, failure rates were high after 1 year of follow-up.
An analysis of supply chain issues relating to information flow during the automotive product development
Authors: Madenas Nikolaos , Tiwari Ashutosh , Turner Christopher , Peachey Sophie 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to identify measure and prioritise the perceived importance of supply chain issues within the automotive industry related to information flow during product development (PD).

Design/methodology/approach
– This study analyses empirical data captured from semi-structure interviews with 15 multinational companies operating in the automotive sector. Data collected are analysed using a standard methodology identified from the literature. The individual issues captured are classified against 14 clusters that represent the core and the fundamental supply chain issues of information flow.

Findings
– This study showed that half of the issues captured are related to the inadequate information systems used. The cluster that had the majority of individual issues is related to suppliers that are not directly connected with their customers through an enterprise system. However it was identified that two fundamental clusters justify the decision of not being directly connected. Implementing and maintaining multiple enterprise systems can be a big overhead for multinational companies working with a high number of customers.

Originality/value
– Although several studies have proved the benefits that can be obtained through supply chain collaboration, there are relatively little empirical studies that seek to explore the understanding of supply chain issues in regards to information flow especially during PD. By identifying, measuring and prioritising the importance of supply chain issues this study provides researchers and practitioners guidance in developing better tools and defining more efficient processes.
Bicarotid Trunk in the Domestic Cat
Authors: More S. , Watson A. , Stein L. E. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe origin of the pair of common carotid arteries in the cat is inadequately described, and there are conflicting accounts in English veterinary anatomy textbooks published in the USA. We found one‐quarter of 40 adult domestic cats dissected had a bicarotid trunk (5 female, 5 male). When present, the bicarotid trunk arose from the brachiocephalic trunk approximately midway between the expected origins of the more frequently independently arising left and right common carotid arteries, and on average, it was 5.6 mm in length. Our findings make the incidence, topographical and measurement information available so that students and veterinarians can be aware of this not insignificant variation in branching of the major arteries, forming a bicarotid trunk, in the cranial mediastinum of domestic cats.
Auditory processing deficits in bipolar disorder with and without a history of psychotic features
Authors: Zenisek RyAnna , Thaler Nicholas S , Sutton Griffin P , Ringdahl Erik N , Snyder Joel S , Allen Daniel N 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesAuditory perception deficits have been identified in schizophrenia (SZ) and linked to dysfunction in the auditory cortex. Given that psychotic symptoms, including auditory hallucinations, are also seen in bipolar disorder (BD), it may be that individuals with BD who also exhibit psychotic symptoms demonstrate a similar impairment in auditory perception.MethodsFifty individuals with SZ, 30 individuals with bipolar I disorder with a history of psychosis (BD+), 28 individuals with bipolar I disorder with no history of psychotic features (BD−), and 29 normal controls (NC) were administered a tone discrimination task and an emotion recognition task.ResultsMixed‐model analyses of covariance with planned comparisons indicated that individuals with BD+ performed at a level that was intermediate between those with BD− and those with SZ on the more difficult condition of the tone discrimination task and on the auditory condition of the emotion recognition task. There were no differences between the BD+ and BD− groups on the visual or auditory–visual affect recognition conditions. Regression analyses indicated that performance on the tone discrimination task predicted performance on all conditions of the emotion recognition task. Auditory hallucinations in BD+ were not related to performance on either task.ConclusionsOur findings suggested that, although deficits in frequency discrimination and emotion recognition are more severe in SZ, these impairments extend to BD+. Although our results did not support the idea that auditory hallucinations may be related to these deficits, they indicated that basic auditory deficits may be a marker for psychosis, regardless of SZ or BD diagnosis.
Selection of aphid prey by a generalist predator: do prey chemical defences matter?
Authors: NESBIT CHRIS M. , WILBY ANDREW , ROBERTS MIKE R. , MENÉNDEZ ROSA 
Published: September 2015

1. For predators, prey selection should maximise nutrition and minimise fitness costs. In the present study, it was investigated whether a generalist predator [Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) lacewing larvae] rejected harmful, chemically‐defended prey [Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) aphids] when non‐defended prey [Myzus persicae (Sulzer) aphids] were available.2. It was tested: (i) whether consuming different prey species affects predator mortality; (ii) whether naïve predators reject chemically‐defended prey while foraging when non‐defended prey are available; (iii) whether the relative abundance of each prey affects the predator's prey choice; and (iv) whether predators learn to avoid consuming chemically‐defended prey after exposure to both prey species.3. Consumption of B. brassicae yielded greater C. carnea mortality than M. persicae consumption, but naïve C. carnea did not reject B. brassicae in favour of M. persicae during foraging. When presented at unequal abundances, naïve predators generally consumed each aphid species according to their initial relative abundance, although, predation of non‐defended prey was less than expected when defended prey were initially more abundant, indicating a high consumption of B. brassicae impeded M. persicae consumption. With experience, C. carnea maintained predation of both aphid species but consumed more M. persicae than B. brassicae, indicating a change in behaviour.4. Although prey choice by C. carnea may change with experience of available prey, prey chemical defences do not appear to influence prey choice by naïve predators. This inability to avoid harmful prey could facilitate wider, indirect interactions. Myzus persicae may benefit where high consumption of B. brassicae hinders predators in the short term, and in the long term, increases predator mortality.
Overactive visuomotor connections underlie the photoparoxysmal response. A TMS study
Authors: Strigaro Gionata , Falletta Lina , Varrasi Claudia , Rothwell John C. , Cantello Roberto 
Published: September 2015

SummaryObjectiveThe photoparoxysmal response (PPR) involves rapid spread of epileptic activity from visual to parietal and frontal areas. We used a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technique to assess the physiologic connections between primary visual (V1) and motor (M1) areas in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). We hypothesized that in PPR‐positive patients, M1 would respond excessively to inputs from V1.MethodsEleven photosensitive patients with IGE who had a PPR at the time of the study were compared with 10 similar patients without a PPR, and with 11 healthy subjects of similar age and sex. The connection between V1 and M1 was assessed in resting participants by delivering a conditioning stimulus (CS) over the phosphene hotspot of the visual cortex (intensity 90% phosphene threshold, PT) followed at random interstimulus intervals (ISIs; 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 35 and 40 msec) by a test stimulus (TS) over the left motor cortex to elicit a motor evoked potential (MEP) of ~1 mV from the right first dorsal interosseous muscle.ResultsIn healthy subjects, a CS over V1 suppressed M1 at ISIs between 18 and 40 msec. Similar effects occurred in IGE patients without a PPR. This was not true in PPR‐positive IGE patients, in whom this type of physiologic inhibition was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced.SignificanceIGE patients with a PPR have an overactive functional response of M1 to inputs traveling from V1. This may represent one core factor for the anterior spread of the PPR itself and for the origin of the abnormal epileptic motor phenomenon, such as myoclonus.
Saddle fitting, recognising an ill‐fitting saddle and the consequences of an ill‐fitting saddle to horse and rider
Authors: Dyson S. , Carson S. , Fisher M. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryA saddle that does not fit either a horse or a rider correctly has potentially far reaching consequences for both horse and rider health. The saddle should be assessed off and on the horse, without and with a rider. The fit of the saddle for both the horse and rider must be evaluated. A well‐fitted saddle should distribute weight evenly via the panels to the horse's thoracic region, with complete clearance of the spinous processes by the gullet. The saddle should remain fairly still during ridden exercise at all paces. The saddle must also fit the rider to enable them to sit in balance. Signs of an ill‐fitting saddle include equine thoracolumbar pain, focal swellings under the saddle, ruffling of the hair, dry spots under the saddle immediately after exercise surrounded by sweat, and abnormal hair wear. If a saddle does not fit the rider, the rider may not be able to ride in balance with the horse, and this may induce equine thoracolumbar pain. A saddle of inappropriate size and shape for the rider may induce rider back pain, ‘hip’ pain, sores under the ‘seat bones’ and perineal injuries.
The Effect of Probiotics on Gut Microbiota during the Helicobacter pylori Eradication: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Oh Bumjo , Kim Bong‐Soo , Kim Ji Won , Kim Jong Seung , Koh Seong‐Joon , Kim Byeong Gwan , Lee Kook Lae , Chun Jongsik 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundHelicobacter pylori causes chronic gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer, and has been treated with two antibiotics (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) and proton‐pump inhibitors (PPIs). However, antibiotic treatment alters the indigenous gut microbiota to cause side effects. Therefore, the effects of probiotic supplementation on therapy have been studied. Although several studies have covered the probiotics’ effects, details about the gut microbiota changes after H. pylori eradication have not been evaluated. Therefore, we analyzed the influences of antibiotics and their combination with probiotics on the composition of the gut microbiota using high‐throughput sequencing.MethodsSubjects were divided into two groups. The antibiotics group was treated with general therapy, and the probiotics group with general therapy and probiotic supplementation. Fecal samples were collected from all subjects during treatments, and the influences on gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene‐pyrosequencing.ResultsThree phyla, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria, were predominant in the gut microbiota of all subjects. After treatment, the relative abundances of Firmicutes were reduced, whereas those of Proteobacteria were increased in both groups. However, the changed proportions of the gut microbiota in the antibiotics group were higher than those in the probiotics group. In addition, the increase in the levels of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria was higher in the antibiotics group than in the probiotics one.ConclusionProbiotic supplementation can reduce the antibiotic‐induced alteration and imbalance of the gut microbiota composition. This effect may restrict the growth of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in the gut and improve the H. pylori eradication success rate.
Prevalence of Primary Antimicrobial Resistance of H. pylori in Turkey: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kocazeybek Bekir , Tokman Hrisi Bahar 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of clarithromycin resistance has increased to the 20% or more in different regions of the world. Clarithromycin resistance is known to be responsible for most of the treatment failures in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the prevalence of primary antibiotic resistance (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, tetracycline) of H. pylori strains in different geographical regions of Turkey.Material and MethodsAn Internet search was performed using PubMed and the ULAKBIM Turkish Medical Database. The terms “primary antibiotic resistance (separately; amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, tetracycline) of H. pylori” with and without “Turkey” or “different geographical regions of Turkey” were searched among articles published in both English and Turkish language within the time span from 1999 to 2015. Data analysis was performed using MedCalc 12.7.0. Each article was weighted according to the number of isolated H. pylori strains. Pooled proportion analysis was performed.ResultsTwenty‐one Turkish studies including 1059 H. pylori strains were included in this review. The overall primary antibiotic resistance rates of H. pylori strains isolated in Turkey were as follows: amoxicillin 3 (0.971%), clarithromycin 425 (24.864%), metronidazole 75 (33.747%), tetracycline 2 (3.511%), and levofloxacin 31 (23.769%).ConclusionsPrimary antibiotic resistance against H. pylori in Turkey shows differences between geographical regions and population densities. There is an increase in primary resistance rates to clarithromycin and metronidazole in different years. The data are not sufficient for tetracycline, amoxicillin, and levofloxacin. High clarithromycin resistance rates were mostly detected in overpopulated cities like Ankara (north), Izmir (west), Istanbul (west), and Bursa (west).
5. 7‐methylxanthine treatment
Authors: Trier K. 
Published: September 2015

SummarySeveral studies have shown that the caffeine metabolite 7‐methylxanthine (7‐mx) prevents myopia and eye elongation in animals subjected to form deprivation. A randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial with up to 8 years of follow‐up including a total of 750 myopic children aged 7–18 years has demonstrated that 7‐mx is safe and without side effects. In the age‐group 8–15 years the myopia progression and the corresponding eye elongation is reduced by around 60% with one tablet of 400 mg 7‐mx twice per day. The efficacy would probably improve if the serum concentration of 7‐mx could be kept more constant by means of a sustained release formulation. 7‐mx appears to work by blocking adenosine receptors in the posterior part of the eye and increasing the concentration of scleral collagen. The accelerated myopia progression found in periods with low ambient lighting may be related to increased accumulation of adenosine in the retina or retinal pigment epithelium. Thus, hypothetically, 7‐mx offsets the myopia‐enhancing effects of low ambient lighting.
Use of directional optical coherence tomography and selected landmarks to determine foveal topography and microstructure. A strategy to characterize differences between normal and expremature cases
Authors: Sjöstrand J. , Rosén R. , Nilsson M. , Popovic Z. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo determine the topography of the different layers of the fovea by combining directional and conventional optical coherence tomography (OCT) images and measuring layer thickness at the foveal center (FC) and selected eccentricity positions. Furthermore, to use a normative model of foveal microstructure to characterize signs of immaturity in cases with a history of prematurity.MethodsSelected eyes from normals and young adults with a history of prematurity were imaged using a commercial spectral domain OCT (SD‐OCT) system. Centered and displaced SD‐OCT entrance beam positions were used to obtain straight and tilted scans, respectively. Horizontal scans through FC with a distinct light reflex were selected for analysis. Straight and tilted SD‐OCT images were registered and averaged prior to flattening to the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer. Retinal layer thickness was measured manually at FC and four lateral positions along the temporal and nasal hemi‐meridians and corrected for axial length differences.ResultsThe distance between FC and foveal wall maximum (FWM) was reduced to 4/5 of that of normals in expremature cases with incomplete extrusion of inner retinal layers (IRL) and reduced foveal pit depth. The Henle fibre layer (HFL) and the combined outer segment and RPE layer (OS+) showed little or no change whereas the outer nuclear layer (ONL) was thickened centrally with a more steep decline of the ONL bulge outside FC in exprematures.ConclusionsOur pilot study in young adults demonstrates that signs of immaturity may still be present in adult life with changes in foveal topography similar to those present at the age of 6.5 years after extremely preterm birth (Rosén et al., 2015). It may be useful to use the FWM as a major landmark in studies of abnormal fovea.