bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vergleich von zwei Verfahren zur Messung der Rißüberbrückung / Comparison of two different methods to determine the crack bridging capacity
Authors: Stenner R. , Magner J. , Asendorf K. , Biskop D. , Huth W. , Kalousek H. , Sager H. , Stöckl F. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Testing of coating systems for the surface protection of directly trafficable concrete areas is based on different national guidelines, e.g. ZTV-SIB and the guidelines for the protection and the repair of concrete structures (Rili-SIB of DAfStb) with the systems of class OS-F and OS 11 resp. One of the basic parameters to judge the durability is the testing of the crack bridging capacity in case of temperature and load dependent movements. In addition to the „mortar prism method", originally worked out by BAM and being referred to in the guidelines, different test methods, such as the „concrete slab method", are alternatively used in practice. This investigation aimed at the comparison of the different substrate sand testing principles. The tests revealed comparable results between crackbridging tests of coatings on cement mortar prisms and concrete slabs for the chosen testing parameters. The results will be taken into consideration in the elaboration of the European standardization for surface protection systems.
Elektrochemische, zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für Zustandsanalysen und Qualitätssicherung bei Instandsetzung von Stahlbetonbauten / Electrochemical non-destructive test methods for the assessment and quality control of restoration measures of reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Wojtas H. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In this state of the art report the electrochemical, non destructive techniques for the survey, assessment and the quality control of reinforced concrete structures such as the potential mapping, the measuring of concrete resistivity and the polarisation resistance for on-site applications are described. Along with a short description of each technique especially those aspects are discussed, that are important for on-site applications: possibilities and limits of the technique as well its suitability for use in the different stages of rehabilitation works. The examples from practical on-site applications will be presented in a following report.
pH-Wert der Porenlösung in Beton / pH-Value of the Pore Solution in Concrete
Authors: Gerdes A. , Schwarz W. , Wittmann F. H. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The risk for corrosion is substantially increased in carbonated concrete. Recently, methods for realcalization of carbonated structural concrete elements have been proposed and applied. A stable pH-value higher than 10 is aimed to be achieved by impregnation with aqueous solutions of alcali carbonates. Analyses of impregnated concrete elements in practice has shown, however, that the pH-value of the pore solution drops to values below 10 despite an apparently sufficient alcali content. Results described in this contribution are used to develop a hypothesis in order to explain the time-dependent decrease ofpH-value. It is concluded that the composition of the pore solution and the chemical equilibrium is changed in the presence of dissolved sulfates. Under these conditions, a comparatively high content of alcali carbonates is not sufficient any more to ascertain a pH-value higher than 10. The chemical mechanisms suggested here are used to interprete observations in practical cases. The complex interactions of dissolved ions in the pore solution of concrete has hardly been taken into account up to now. For this reason, the application of realcalization as discussed in this contribution cannot be recommended so far
The Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi after the Earthquake of 26 September 1997 / Die Basilika des Heiligen Franziskus von Assisi nach dem Erdbeben vom 26. September 1997
Authors: Croci G. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi was hit by strong earthquakes in September 1997. Two frescoed vaults collapsed. Other parts of the convent were seriously damaged and cracked. The Tympanum of the left transept was badly damaged and had to be temporarily fixed by a steel frame. Vaults collapsed in two zones of the nave. The vaults which survived remained in a precarious state. Urgent measures were undertaken during the first month. Then the vaults were definitively consolidated. Cracks were filled with a special mortar and the vaults were suspended from the roof with a system of tie bars. All operations followed the same philosophy: (a) to use the most up-to-date techniques and technologies, (b) to respect the historic value, and (c) to obtain adequate.
Kapillares Eindringen von Wasser und Salzlösungen in Beton / Penetration of Water and Salt Solutions into Concrete by Capillary Suction
Authors: Lunk P. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Capillary suction plays a dominant role in the ingress of chlorides and therefore in the durability of concrete. The capillary absorption of fluids into concrete is analysed in terms of a simple capillary-model. With the help of this model and under given conditions, the water and chloride transport by capillary suction can be described in a realistic way. The fundamental influences of different parameters such as porosity, pore size distribution, moisture content and interaction between fluid and concrete are outlined. The retardation effect as regards capillary chloride transport ('Huckepack-Transport') is characterised by a retardation coefficient. The calculation of time-dependent spatial distribution of water and chloride allows the durability of different concrete grade to be predicted. Here, the service life of the back wall of a rehabilitated avalanche-gallery is calculated under defined requirements.
Untersuchungen zur Abschätzung des Einflusses des Bohrerverschleißes auf das Ergebnis von Bohrwiderstandsmessungen / Estimation of the influence of abrasion of the drilling device on the result of experiments to determine the resistance with respect to drilling
Authors: Pfefferkorn St. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The precision of drilling resistance measurements depends to a different degree on the abrasive properties of the tested material due to the wear of the boring bit. The paper shows a formulation of model which may be able to eliminate the influences of wear by connecting a material's specific coefficient of abrasion with the square root of boring time. For the investigation of this coefficient by experimental means a special testing procedure and a technique of analysis have been developed.
Rechnerische Bestimmung der lonenbeweglichkeit in Ziegelstein unter Zuhilfenahme von Ergebnissen aus nichtstationären Diffusionsversuchen / Numerical Determination of Ion Diffusivity in Bricks Based on Non-Stationary Diffusion Experiments
Authors: Sadouki H. , Buchwald A. , Wittmann F.H. , Kaps Ch. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Ion concentration profiles in sandwich-brick specimens have been determined experimentally at different degrees of water saturation. Based on the experimental data, ion diffusion coefficients were determined by inverse analysis. The diffusion equation served as a basis for an optimization technique. It has been shown that the ion diffusivity in bricks decreases markedly as the moisture content decreases. The interface between two adjacent bricks slows down the ion migration at low water content in particular. It is planed to investigate the interface between mortar and bricks in further experimental and numerical studies.
Kolloidale Kieselsäure für das Festigen von Naturstein / Colloidal Silica in Stone Conservation
Authors: Chandra S. , Liping Wu 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Gypstop, a new product based on silica colloid, has been developed by Eka Chemicals Company in Sweden. It is used in the restoration and conservation of cultural heritagestone monuments. These deteriorate due to the combined effect of gases and salts which may have a synergystic effect. This paper describes the principle of desalination and subsequent consolidation of porous stone and the procedure of using Gypstop. Some of the deteriorated limestone blocks have been treated with the Gypstop in Egypt. It has shown that the Gypstop protects the stone from further weathering. Restoration and conservation of different stone monuments have been carried out. The periodical evaluation of the field treatment has confirmed that the Gypstop has unique characterstic of desalination and subsequent consolidation of the stone monuments. It thus strengthens them and significantly improves their durability.
Bestimmung der Dauerhaftigkeit von Hochleistungsbeton mit Hilfe des CDF-Tests / Determination of the durability of high performance concrete by means of CDF-test
Authors: Krumbach R. , Schmelter U. , Seyfarth K. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Variable obsen>ations concerning frost resistance of high performance concrete have been made. The question arises which are the decisive factors influencing durability under the action of frost and de-icing salt. The proposed experiments are to be carried out in cooperation with F.A.- Finger - Institute of Bauhaus University Weimar. The aim of this study is to determine possible change of durability of high strength concrete, and to investigate the origin thereof. Measures to reduce the risk of reduced durability have to be found.
Wasser- und ölabweisende Oberflächenschutzmassnahmen mit fluorierten Acrylaten auf Naturstein und Beton / Fluorinated Acrylics as an Alternative for Hydrophobie and Oleophobic Coating for Stone and Concrete
Authors: Stempf A. , Muller P. , Pabon M. , Corpart J.M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Fluorinated acrylics are used as oil and water repellent finishes for papers, textiles and leather. Those polymers are available in different forms: water emulsions, aqueous solutions, organic solutions. It seemed to be interesting to test one of these products as an alternative for the impregnation of construction materials. In this paper, we study the efficiency of one specific fluorinated acrylic resin, presented in aqueous solution, produced by Elf-Atochem under the trade name ,,FORAPERLEx 321". Our work will describe the product and give some information about its effectiveness. It will be shown that water absorption decrease without change in permeability to water vapour of the treated samples. In order to have a better understanding of the capability of this product, some experiments have been made with a silicone-based product widely used.
Schäden, die durch Imprägnierungsmittel verursacht werden - Ursachen und Gegenmassnahmen / Damage caused by Water Repellent Agents - Reasons and Counter-measures
Authors: Sauder M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In several discussions, but also on the sites, the following thesis can often be heard: "Hydrophobic agents cause damage on stone surfaces!" or "Water repellent properties vanish in a few years!" In spite of this we know that great efforts have been done in research and development of water repellent agents in the past 20 years. So we can choose today between a great amount of different products for nearly every type of application. A lot of damage still occurs. This paper describes the typical destructions from some examples out of 15 years of practical experience and gives an explanation for the origin of the damage. In almost every case there are 2 main factors responsible for the damage: Caused by the lack of essential preliminary examinations on the building, there is no sufficient knowledge about facts and dates concerning the building materials. On the other side application is an important factor, and there is only a very small progress to be seen during the past decades. Mistakes in application lead in a very short time to a great amount of damage - and this may be the main reason for the general "bad reputation" of water repellent agents. Last not least, the architects, civil engineers and the building owners carry a certain responsibility too, especially for the lack of information on these complex topics and the lack of control during application.
Kostenstufen der Betonsanierung, oder warum es nicht immer besser ist, sofort zu sanieren / Stages of expenses for restoration of concrete structures, or why it is not always the best solution to restore immediately
Authors: Wolfseher R. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Restoration of concrete structures implies repair of damage and a surface treatment which prevents future damage of the load bearing structure in case it is renewed in time. Depending on the performance of the protective surface treatment the substrate has to be prepared more or less carefully. On the one hand it is worth while to apply an inexpensive solution appropriate for a given situation and on the other hand to predict the optimal time for a necessary intervention. Different types of surface treatments can be attributed to discrete stages of expenses. In this contribution it is shown that based on a reliable analysis of the actual state, the cheapest type of restoration can be found in an unambiguous way and executed at the right moment. At the end examples are given. The necessary investment can be optimized. Finally, it will be underlined that money spent for quality control during the construction process can be considered to be an investment yielding 17% interest.
Ziegel und Terrakotta - Wissenszuwachs aus der BMBF-Forschung für die Denkmalpflege / Burnt clay bricks and terracotta - gain of knowledge by BMBF supported research for the protection of monuments
Authors: Ruebesam H. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
First of all it is pointed out that ten years ago little was known on deterioration and repair of exposed brick masonry or terracotta. A comprehensive research programme has been initiated and financially supported by the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (BMFT). One aim of this research programme was to identify deterioration mechanisms in close cooperation between representatives from services for the protection of monuments and from research institutes. In addition repair methods meeting both practical needs and requirements of the protection of monuments were to be developed. Different types of damage have been characterized at numerous buildings. As a result repair methods specific for each building have been established. In this contribution most important results of the huge research programme are briefly mentioned.
Ursachen der Festigkeit alter römischer und gothischer Gebäude und die Mittel, gleiche Dauerhaftigkeit bei neuen Mauerwerken zu erhalten / Reasons for the strength of old Roman and Gothic buildings and ways how to achieve the same durability with new masonry
Authors: Ziegler C.L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The Preussian Royal Directorate for Finance, Military and Property has published the following prize question in 1775: in which way depends durability of Gothic and Roman masonry on time, on specific local conditions, on the stones and mortars used, and on the design, the execution and curing conditions? And how is new masonry to be built in order to achieve the same durability? The text which has been selected for this award is presented in full length in this contribution. First some observations made in Roman buildings are described. The observations are explained based on Roman literature on architecture and buildings. The durability of frequently used mortar and stones is discussed. The preparation of durable mortars is treated in detail. Different types of masonry are described. In conclusion it is stated that for external renderings and for mortars in masonry exposed to humid conditions cement mortar, i.e. mortar made with lime mixed with puzzolanas as a mineral binder, are to be applied exclusively. Internal renderings can be made with plaster of Paris or lime mortar. In an appendix it is pointed out that the thickness of a wall has a major influence on durability. In Holland durable and thin masonry walls are being built, however. This is possible because high quality cement mortars and bricks burnt at high temperature (clinkers) are used
Black Crusts: "Fossil" and Modern. A Comparison from two Case studies in Coimbra Monuments (Central Portugal) / Schwarze Krusten: "Fossil" und von heute. Ein Vergleich von zwei Fallstudien durchgeführt an Baudenkmalen in Coimbra, Zentral-Portugal
Authors: Aires-Barros L. , Basto M.J. , Charola A.E. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
On two limestone monuments in Coimbra, which are located near each other, two different kinds of "black crusts" were observed: "fossil" and modern. The crusts were analyzed and the data compared. The very thin "fossil" black crusts of Santa Clara-a-Velha Monastery are formed by pellicules of gypsum, anhydrite and syngenite rich in Fe and Mn and depleted of Pb,Ti, Zn, Cu and Ba. The anthropogenic, modern crusts of the Santa Cruz Church are thicker, richer in gypsum and trace elements such as Ti, Pb, Zn, Cu and Ba. Calcium oxalates, weddellite and whewellite, appear in areas where lichens are growing. While the "fossil" black crusts have resulted from burial for at least 300 years, representing a geogenic weathering product in a rural area, the black crusts of the Santa Cruz Church represent an anthropogenic product generated from limestone attack in an urban modern environment
Bohrwiderstandsmessungen, eine neue und standardisierbare Methode zur Bestimmung der Kohäsion von Naturstein: Entwicklung eines Prototypes und dessen Erprobung / Drilling force measurement system, a new standardisa i methodology to determine the stone cohesion: Prototype design and validation
Authors: Tiano P. , Filareto C. , Ponticelli S. , Ferrari M. , Valentini E. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In the field of conservation of monumental buildings actually a standard methodology is lacking, with which it is possible to determine with the same sensitivity and reliability the "stone hardness" both at the superficial surface and at larger depths (few centimetres), both in laboratory and in situ. The use of the drilling resistance to determine the stone hardness is a very recent application and few working outdoor devices exist. The objective of this work is to validate a new and improved system to assess the drilling resistance of stones. The DFMS is portable and a quasi non-destructive device for direct determination of the "cohesion" of stone materials through the determination of their drilling resistance. The best operational features of the prototype have been established together with the assessment of the sensitivity and reliability of the system.
Das Konservieren von Baudenkmalen: eine neue Methode, um die Wirksamkeit einer stein festigenden Massnahme nachzuweisen / The conservation of monuments: A new method to evaluate consolidating treatments
Authors: Tiano P. , Rodrigues J. Delgado , De Witte E. , Vergès-Belmin V. , Massey S. , Snethlage R. , Costa D. , Cadot-Leroux L. , Garrod E. , Singer B. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The degradation of monumental stones is the result of the interaction between the material and environmental factors, such as water, heat, atmospheric pollutants and living organisms. This interaction starts at the stone surface, progresses inwards and may reach several millimetres in depth. The common decay processes may lead to significant losses of the strength properties of the outermost layer of some stone materials which results in erosion, cohesionless appearance and disintegration. At present there is no method to measure stone hardness, both at the superficial surface and at larger depths (few centimetres), with the same sensitivity and reliability, which can be used both in laboratory and in situ. The aim of this paper is to present the application of a new methodology for measuring the Drilling Resistance (DR) of natural stones, by the use of the new portable system (DFMS) that can operate in the laboratory and in situ. The results obtained so far show that this new method is highly promising for in situ evaluation of the mechanical properties in order to assess the consolidating treatment applied for the conservation of monuments.
Verstärken von Tragwerken und Baudenkmalen / Strengthening of Structures and Monuments
Authors: Giangreco E. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The author analyzes the different behavior of structures and monuments under restoration works with different types and levels of technical interventions from the safeguard to their strengthening. The article also deals with the concept of seismic protection following the new strategies of the modern seismic engineering and with the new technologies for reducing the seismic risk. Various examples are presented in the text.
Validieren eines Modells zur Beschreibung des Bohrvorganges in Naturstein mit Hilfe von Daten, die mit dem Bohrwiderstandmess- System (DFMS) erhalten / werden Validation of a Model of Rotary Drilling of Rocks with the Drilling Force Measurement System
Authors: Exadaktylos G. , Tiano P. , Filareto C. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The degradation of monumental stones is the result of the interaction between the material and environmental factors, such as mechanical loads, moisture, freezing and thawing, heat, atmospheric pollutants and living organisms. This interaction starts at the stone surface and progresses inwards reaching several millimetres in depth. The common decay or degradation processes result in significant loss of the strength properties of the outermost layers of stone material and quite often these exhibit erosion features, a cohesionless appearance and typical disintegration forms. At present there is no method which can measure with sensitivity, reliability and quasi-non-destructively the cohesive properties of stones both at the exposed surface and at larger depths (few centimetres), which can be used both in laboratory and in situ. The objective of this work is to verify the capability of a phenomenological model to characterize the cohesional properties of stones and the influence of wear on drill-bit performance based on appropriate microdrilling measurements performed by using a new portable Drilling Force Measurement System (DFMS).
Werkstoffaufbau und diffusiver Stofftransport aufgezeigt an ausgewählten Beispielen / Material structure and diffusive mass transport as pointed out by means of selected examples
Authors: Kriegel R. , Buchwald A. , Kaps Ch. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The diffusive mass transport in materials is above all determined by the material structure. The experimental determination of diffusion coefficients is based on diffusion models, which results from special mathematical solutions of Fick's second law and its corresponding boundary conditions. The general usefulness of these diffusion models will be described using some examples, e. g. the diffusion of deteriorating salts in masonry materials, the oxygen ion diffusion in mixed conducting ceramics and the cation exchange in single crystals. The measurement of the diffusion coefficients results in a better comprehension of the transport mechanism as well as of the "morphology" of the transport medium, which allows to optimize the conditions of the mass transport and the material structure and composition, respectively.