bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the co-fluctuation matrix transmission network based on financial multi-time series
Authors: Li Huajiao , An Haizhong , Gao Xiangyun , Fang Wei 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe co-fluctuation of two time series has often been studied by analysing the correlation coefficient over a selected period. However, in both domestic and global financial markets, there are more than two active time series that fluctuate constantly as a result of various factors, including geographic locations, information communications and so on. In addition to correlation relationships over longer periods, daily co-fluctuation relationships and their transmission features are also important, since they can present the co-movement patterns of multi-time series in detail. To capture and analyse the features of the daily co-movements of multiple financial time series and their transmission characteristics, we propose a new term—“the co-fluctuation relation matrix”—which can reveal the co-fluctuation relationships of multi-time series directly. Here, based on complex network theory, we construct a multi-time series co-fluctuation relation matrix transmission network for financial markets by taking each matrix as a node and the succeeding time sequence as an edge. To reveal the process more clearly, we utilize daily time series data for four well-known stock indices—the NASDAQ Composite (COMP), the S&P 500 Index, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Russell 1000 Index—from 22 January 2003 to 21 January 2015, to examine the concentration of the transmission networks and the roles of each matrix—in addition to the transmission relationships between the matrices—based on a variety of coefficients. We then compare our results with the statistical features of the stock indices and find that there are not many discernible patterns of co-fluctuation matrices over the 12-year period, and few of these play important roles in the transmission network. However, the conductibility of the few dominant nodes is different and reveals certain novel features that cannot be obtained by traditional statistical analysis, such as the “all positive co-fluctuation matrix”, which is the most important node, although one stock index has negative correlation with the other three. This research therefore provides a novel method for analysing the co-movement behaviour of multiple financial time series, which can help researchers obtain the roles and relations of co-fluctuation patterns both over short and long terms. The findings also provide an important basis for further investigations into financial market simulations and the fluctuation of multiple financial time series.
Direct determination of protonation states and visualization of hydrogen bonding in a glycoside hydrolase with neutron crystallography
Authors: Wan Qun , Parks Jerry M. , Hanson B. Leif , Fisher Suzanne Zoe , Ostermann Andreas , Schrader Tobias E. , Graham David E. , Coates Leighton , Langan Paul , Kovalevsky Andrey 
Published: September 2015

SignificanceMost enzymatic reactions involve hydrogen or proton transfer among the enzyme, substrate, and water at physiological pH. Thus, enzyme catalysis cannot be fully understood without accurate mapping of hydrogen atom positions in these macromolecular catalysts. Direct information on the location of hydrogen atoms can be obtained using neutron crystallography. We used neutron crystallography and biomolecular simulation to characterize the initial stage of the glycoside hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by a family 11 glycoside hydrolase. We provide evidence that the catalytic glutamate residue alternates between two conformations bearing different basicities, first to obtain a proton from the bulk solvent, and then to deliver it to the glycosidic oxygen to initiate the hydrolysis reaction.
The Consequences of Claw Removal on Stone Crabs Menippe spp. and the Ecological and Fishery Implications
Authors: Duermit Elizabeth , Kingsley-Smith Peter R. , Wilber Dara H. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The practice of claw removal in the fishery for stone crab Menippe spp. can affect fished populations in an atypical way because harvested individuals are not necessarily killed. In all stone crab fisheries, crabs are returned to the water after their claws are harvested with the expectation that claws may be regenerated, thus “renewing” the fishery. The number of legal-sized claws that can be removed from an individual differs (with local regulations) throughout the stone crabs' range. We examined the direct and indirect consequences of removing one and two claws by monitoring mortality and prey consumption in the short term (14 d) and mortality and growth over the long term (11 months). Claw removal induced mortality within days when wound widths were greater than 7 mm, regardless of the number of claws removed. Wound widths created by autotomy were similar to those created by a clean, forced break along the natural fracture plane. These results suggest that direct mortality following claw removal may be low in a two-claw fishery for stone crabs that do not incur large wounds; however, indirect effects that result from altered feeding abilities may be substantial. Stone crabs with one claw removed (the crusher) consumed fewer bivalves than control (intact) crabs, whereas stone crabs with two claws removed did not consume any bivalves but ate fish flesh. Consequently, bivalves, an important prey resource throughout the stone crabs' geographical range, are eliminated from a clawless crab's diet until its claws are regenerated. No stone crabs regenerated a legal-sized claw on the first molt after claw removal, and no stone crabs larger than 104 mm carapace width molted within 11 months. Thus, the long intermolt duration of legal-sized stone crabs and the reduced prey consumption for stone crabs that lost claws indicate that the return to the fishery of previously harvested stone crabs is probably an uncommon occurrence.
Received December 17, 2014; accepted June 15, 2015
Feynman's Operational Calculus and Beyond
Authors: Johnson Gerald W , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis book provides an abstract theory of Feynman’s operational calculus for functions of (typically) noncommuting operators. Although it is inspired by Feynman’s original heuristic suggestions and time-ordering (or disentangling) rules in his seminal 1951 paper, as is made clear in the introduction (Chapter 1) and elsewhere in the text, the theory developed in this book also goes well beyond them in a number of directions which were not anticipated in Feynman’s work. In particular, the work presented in this volume is oriented towards dealing with abstract and (typically) noncommuting linear operators acting on some Banach space, rather than operators arising from some variety of path integration. Some of the key structures developed in this volume enable us to obtain, in some sense, an appropriate abstract substitute for a generalized functional integral associated with the Feynman operational calculus attached to a given n-tuple of pairs {(Aj,μj)}j=1n of typically noncommuting bounded operators Aj and probability measures μj, for j = 1, …, n and n ≥ 2.
The fossil record and evolution of avian egg nesting and incubation
Authors: Deeming D.C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe fossil record of avian reproduction is relatively sparse. Despite the long history of birds since the Jurassic there are few examples of intact fossilised eggs and other signs of reproduction, such as nests, are extremely rare. This chapter reviews the fossil history of avian reproduction and appraises the validity of interpretation of fossil remains. In some instances, our understanding of the evolutionary history of bird reproduction can be considered as quite robust but in many cases the existing interpretation of material is over ambitious and so not necessarily very helpful. The chapter examines the fossil record particularly in light of reproductive physiology, morphology and behaviour. There is particular emphasis on how the nest environment has been investigated using fossilised materials. The evolution of reproduction is considered and the chapter concludes with a discussion of the reasons why avian reproduction is so poorly represented in the fossil record.
The influence of predation on the location and design of nests
Authors: Mainwaring M.C. , Reynolds S.J. , Weidinger K. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe risk of predation is ubiquitous for birds and natural selection favours those individuals with effective anti-predator responses. Accordingly, breeding birds employ a wide range of defences including the location and design of their nests. Birds preferentially locate their nests in positions that minimise the risk of predation, but as there are a diversity of nest types, locations range from those providing background matching to those where aggressive heterospecifics provide protection. Meanwhile, the design of nests also minimises the risk of predation and species alter the shape, size and building materials in relation to the risk of predation. Nevertheless, the chapter concludes that birds’ nests are multi-functional structures and that whilst their location and design are strongly influenced by the requirement to minimise predation risk, other factors such as the creation of suitable microclimates for offspring development also determine their location and design.
Nest construction and incubation in a changing climate
Authors: Mainwaring M.C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOptimal embryonic and offspring development only occurs within relatively narrow thermal limits and prolonged periods of time spent outside of these limits result in sub-optimal development and, sometimes, mortality. Therefore, climate change may negatively influence birds during nest construction and incubation in a number of ways. The most serious direct threats to nest-building birds are from inundation of seabirds’ nests and sub-optimal sex allocation in megapodes, whilst the most serious indirect threats include the reduced availability of nest sites and building materials and changes in host-parasite interactions. Meanwhile, the most serious threat to incubating birds is the reduced viability of eggs. However, nest construction and incubation are relatively plastic parental behaviours that may enable birds to adapt to climate change. During nest construction, birds can change their nesting phenology, nest-site selection and nest design and during incubation, birds can make behavioural changes to keep their eggs at the optimum temperature.
Control of invertebrate occupants of nests
Authors: López-Rull I. , Macías Garcia C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAvian nests are built to provide a secure, insulated environment for the developing chicks. This, inevitably, also provides a convenient habitat for their ectoparasites—bugs, mites, ticks, flies and lice—which, in addition to warmth and refuge, find in them a predictable source of food in the form of blood and other tissues of chicks and parents. First the chapter describes the different ectoparasites that afflict birds in their nests, their life cycles, and the damage they can cause to chicks and/or parents, either because of the resources they take from the growing chicks or from the diseases such as bird malaria that they transmit. Then the chapter describes the physiological, immunological and behavioural defences that birds have evolved to reduce the risk or the severity of the nest ectoparasites’ attacks. The chapter describes how grooming, appropriate nest-site selection, nest maintenance and selection of nest materials can all contribute to stave off ectoparasites.
Improvements in our understanding of behaviour during incubation
Authors: Marasco V. , Spencer K.A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe importance of incubation behaviour in driving breeding success and ultimately individual fitness has been the focus of a great deal of work over the last few decades. Here, the chapter reviews the current empirical evidence for the many biotic and abiotic factors that can influence both parental and embryonic behaviour during the incubation period. The chapter shows that although studying individual behaviour is important, understanding how parents interact with each other and with their developing offspring can give further insights into how incubation behaviours can drive breeding success and the long-term success of their offspring. Importantly the chapter also describes the latest work on our understanding of what physiological mechanisms underlie these differing patterns of behaviour, including oxidative stress and endocrine mechanisms. The chapter also highlights the fact that there are many questions that remain unanswered in this field and it urges an integrative approach to solve these remaining puzzles.
Advances in techniques to study incubation
Authors: Smith J.A. , Cooper C.B. , Reynolds S.J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractKnowledge of incubation is vital for conservation and management of birds that provide ecosystem services. However, incubation is problematic to study because this is when many species are at their most secretive and sensitive to disturbance. Direct observations at nests permit quantification of a wide range of incubation behaviours. However, they are time-consuming, labour-intensive and can disturb breeding birds. Therefore, under most circumstances we must rely on other methods. Over the last century numerous methods have been developed to investigate incubation that automate direct observations. This chapter provides an account of various methods used to monitor incubation remotely. In particular, it critically appraises the advantages and disadvantages of an automated device that is widely used in studies of captive and free-living species. In so doing the chapter provides practical and theoretical advice that can be employed to adopt the most appropriate method to study incubation within various contexts.
Function Spaces and Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Taheri Ali 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis book, which is the first volume of two, presents a comprehensive treatment of aspects of classical and modern analysis relating to theory of ‘partial differential equations’ and the associated ‘function spaces’. It begins with a quick review of basic properties of harmonic functions and Poisson integrals and then moves into a detailed study of Hardy spaces. The classical Dirichlet problem is considered and a variety of methods for its resolution ranging from potential theoretic (Perron’s method of sub-harmonic functions and Wiener’s criterion, Green’s functions and Poisson integrals, the method of layered potentials or integral equations) to variational (Dirichlet principle) are presented. Parallel to this is the development of the necessary function spaces: Lorentz and Marcinkiewicz spaces, Sobolev spaces (integer as well as fractional order), Hardy spaces, the John-Nirenberg space BMO, Morrey and Campanato spaces, Besov spaces and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces. Harmonic analysis is deeply intertwined with the topics covered and the subjects of summability methods, Tauberian theorems, convolution algebras, Calderon-Zygmund theory of singular integrals and Littlewood-Paley theory that on the one hand connect to various PDE estimates (Calderon-Zygmund inequality, Strichartz estimates, Mihlin-Hormander multipliers, etc.) and on the other lead to a unified characterisation of various function spaces are discussed in great depth. The book ends by a discussion of regularity theory for second order elliptic equations in divergence form— first with continuous and next with measurable coefficients—and covers, in particular, De Giorgi’s theorem, Moser iteration, Harnack inequality and local boundedness of solutions. (The case of elliptic systems and related topics is discussed in the exercises.)
Perron’s Method of Sub-Harmonic Functions
Authors: Taheri Ali 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe solvability of the classical Dirichlet problem via the method of sub-harmonic functions (or Perron’s method) is presented in this chapter. Boundary regularity via existence of barriers and various sufficient conditions: exterior cone, exterior sphere conditions are discussed in detail. Wiener’s remarkable criterion is presented and various applications including existence of Green’s functions and the Riemann mapping theorem are discussed.
Harmonic-Hardy Spaces hp(ℍ)
Authors: Taheri Ali 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHarmonic-Hardy spaces and Poisson integrals in the upper half-space are discussed in this chapter. Convergence to boundary function in vertical and non-tangential manners is also presented. Kelvin transform and various properties of harmonic functions are studied and then Hardy spaces of holomorphic functions in the upper half-plane are discussed at some length at the end.
Littlewood-Paley Theory, Lp-Multipliers and Function Spaces
Authors: Taheri Ali 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this chapter, Littlewood-Paley theory is developed using the theory of vector-valued singular integral operators. Various applications including multiplier theorem and Strichartz estimates for the wave operator are then discussed. Characterisation of various function spaces on ℝn via Littlewood-Paley theory is also presented.
Recognizing the Non-religious
Authors: Lee Lois 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In recent years, the extent to which contemporary societies are secular has come under scrutiny. At the same time, many countries have increasingly large non-affiliate, ‘subjectively secular’ populations, and actively non-religious cultural movements such as the New Atheism and the Sunday Assembly have come to prominence. Making sense of secularity and irreligion, and the relationship between them, has therefore emerged as a crucial task for those seeking to understand contemporary societies and the nature of ‘modern’ life. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in southeast England, this book develops a new vocabulary, theory, and methodology for thinking about the secular. It distinguishes between separate and incommensurable aspects of so-called secularity as insubstantial and substantial. Recognizing the cultural forms that present themselves as non-religious—as distinct from secularity as the irrelevance or religious and religious-like cultural forms—opens up new, more egalitarian, and more theoretically coherent ways of thinking about people who are ‘not religious’ alongside those who are traditionally religious or alternatively spiritual. Identifying the non-religious in this way not only gives rise to new research questions and theoretical possibilities about how non-religious people sense and perform their difference from religious others, but allows us to reimagine the secular itself, in new and productive ways.
Introduction Revisiting the Secular
Authors: Lee Lois 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This book’s core question is whether ‘not religious’ people are characterized and identifiable by their lack of engagement with religion or whether they are influenced by sensing or performing their difference from religious others. Are they meaningfully non-religious or are they largely indifferent to matters of religion? To what extent should unreligious rituals and practices be understood independently of religion if they have religious equivalents or antecedents? If they are developed in contradistinction to religious cultures, is it sufficient to understand them as insubstantially areligious, post-religious, or secular, rather than as substantively non-religious? This chapter sets out the distinction between the ‘secular’ and the ‘non-religious’ upon which these questions rely, and explores how it might be possible to move from an overly inclusive and therefore slippery notion of secularity to a more specific set of concepts.
Contradistinctions in Terms
Authors: Lee Lois 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This chapter clarifies the core conceptual argument of the book, and presents the wider, relational vocabulary in which it is embedded. The vocabulary also provides one way of distinguishing and managing the multiple relationships with religion that terms like ‘secularity’, ‘non-religion’, ‘secularism’, ‘atheism’, and ‘non-theism’ are supposed to describe. This terminological work is useful in its own right, but it is also bound up with the theoretical problems that the book investigates, in which the insubstantial, purely analytical notions of secularity are confused or conflated with concrete non-religious forms. The relational vocabulary developed provides a solution to those problems, facilitating the ways of recognizing the non-religious and reimagining the secular that the book proposes.
Effect of Moderate Exercise on Mitochondrial Proteome in Heart Tissue of
Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Rocha Luiz Antonio de Oliveira , Oliveira Kleber Souza , Migliolo Ludovico , Franco Octavio Luiz 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Hypertension is a multifactorial disease and an important independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Exercise training is one of the most important non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies for treating hypertension; however, mitochondrial adaptations in the hypertensive heart as a result of exercise remain obscure.

METHODS
Aiming to explore the effects of exercise training of moderate intensity on the mitochondrial proteome in hypertensive animal models before and after the pathology developed, 20 isogenic male spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) were randomly divided into 2 groups, 1 with animals of 6 and 40 weeks of age. Animals were submitted to exercise training on a treadmill for 30 minutes, 5 days per week for 4 weeks at 90% of the anaerobic threshold (AT). A mitochondrial sample extract from the left ventricle was prepared and further analyzed using LC-MS/MS.

RESULTS
Proteomics analyses led to the identification of 143 proteins in all groups. The data showed a considerable and clear increase in the abundance of NADH dehydrogenase and ATP synthase, as well as voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) type 1 decrease in exercise groups. When exercise effects were compared, differential proteins expressed only in exercise increased, such as cytochrome c oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex.

CONCLUSIONS
The results support the proposition that moderate exercise induces a beneficial adaptation in left ventricle myocardial mitochondria in order to attenuate the decrease in ATP production in hypertensive models.
Stx-Producing Shigella Species From Patients in Haiti: An Emerging Pathogen With the Potential for Global Spread
Authors: Gray Miranda D. , Leonard Susan R. , Lacher David W. , Lampel Keith A. , Alam Meer T. , Morris J. Glenn , Ali Afsar , LaBreck Patrick T. , Maurelli Anthony T. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stx) are commonly produced by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and Stx-producing Escherichia coli. However, the toxin genes have been detected in additional Shigella species. We recently reported the emergence of Stx-producing Shigella in travelers in the United States and France who had recently visited Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic). In this study, we confirm this epidemiological link by identifying Stx-producing Shigella from Haitian patients attending clinics near Port-au-Prince. We also demonstrate that the bacteriophage encoding Stx is capable of dissemination to stx-negative Shigella species found in Haiti, suggesting that Stx-producing Shigella may become more widespread within that region.