bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of family, culture and sex on linguistic development across 20 languages
Authors: Ibbotson Paul , Browne William J. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractLanguages vary in their complexity; caregivers vary in the way they structure their communicative interactions with children; and boys and girls can differ in their language skills. Using a multilevel modelling approach, we explored how these factors influence the path of language acquisition for young children growing up around the world (mean age 2‐years 9‐months; 56 girls). Across 43 different sites, we analysed 103 mother–child pairs who spoke 3,170,633 utterances, 16,209,659 morphemes, divided across 20 different languages: Afrikaans, Catalan, Cantonese, Danish, Dutch, English, Farsi, French, German, Hebrew, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Mandarin, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish and Turkish. Using mean length of utterance (MLU) as a measure of language complexity and developmental skill, we found that variation in children's MLU was significantly explained by (a) between‐language differences; namely the rate of child MLU growth was attuned to the complexity of their mother tongue, and (b) between‐mother differences; namely mothers who used higher MLUs tended to have children with higher MLUs, regardless of which language they were learning and especially in the very young (<2.5 years‐old). Controlling for family and language environment, we found no evidence of MLU sex differences in child speech nor in the speech addressed to boys and girls. By modelling language as a multilevel structure with cross‐cultural variation, we were able to disentangle those factors that make children's pathway to language different and those that make it alike.Research Highlights
The speech of 103 mother–child pairs from 20 different languages showed large variation in the path of early language development.
Language, family, but not the sex of the child, accounted for a significant proportion of individual differences in child speech, especially in the very young.
The rate at which children learned language was attuned to the complexity of their mother tongue, with steeper trajectories for more complex language.
Results demonstrate the relative influence of culture, family, and sex in shaping the path of language acquisition for different children.
Disaster preparedness among Asian, Pacific Islander, and Desi American communities
Authors: Rao Smitha , Kang Joonmo , Lee Joyce Y. , Takeuchi David T. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDisaster experiences and explorations of preparedness among Asian, Pacific Islander, and Desi Americans (APIDA) in the United States are often overlooked owing to their relatively smaller population share. APIDA are not homogenous, and their disaster experiences warrant further examination. This paper does so by investigating disaster preparedness using disaggregated information about APIDA. The study utilises nationally representative data from the 2017 American Housing Survey, analysing sociodemographic covariates. The disaster preparedness score among APIDA communities was approximately 4.81 on a zero to nine scale. APIDA renters and non‐US citizens were less prepared than homeowners and US citizens. Among subgroups, Korean, Chinese, and Vietnamese respondents who were non‐US citizens were less prepared than those who were US citizens. Marital status was significantly and positively associated with preparedness among Indians, Japanese, Vietnamese, and multiracial respondents. The findings underscore the importance of data disaggregation and tailored preparedness information and resources to address specific challenges APIDA communities face instead of a one‐size‐fits‐all approach.
Multi‐risk instruments for emergency response: a multi‐hazard and multi‐risk assessment of the European Union's Solidarity and Emergency Aid Reserve
Authors: Hochrainer‐Stigler Stefan , Trogrlić Robert Šakić , Reiter Karina 
Published: July 2024

AbstractNatural hazard‐related disasters are on the rise and have significant impacts on the public and private sector. Different mechanisms and instruments exist on the pan‐European level to deal with them, including the European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF). Recently, the EUSF expanded its scope to incorporate public health emergencies and merged with the Emergency Aid Reserve to become the Solidarity and Emergency Aid Reserve. It therefore became a multi‐hazard and multi‐risk instrument to assist countries during the emergency phase of disasters. As different types of hazards and risks are drawing from the same fund there is concern about what capitalisation levels have to be assumed to make it sustainable. Hence, it is important to understand to which hazards and risks the fund is most exposed and whether there are regional differences within Europe. To address these issues, this paper takes a risk‐based approach and estimates the capitalisation levels needed for major hazards and risks, noting regional differences across Europe.
Increasing prevalence of cerebral palsy in children born very preterm in Denmark
Authors: Fogh Martha Veber , Greisen Gorm , Clausen Tine Dalsgaard , Krebs Lone , Larsen Mads Langager , Hoei‐Hansen Christina Engel 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAimTo analyse the rising prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) in children born preterm in Denmark.MethodWe included all live‐born children born preterm in Denmark from 1997 to 2013. The prevalence of CP in children born preterm was categorized by gestational age and correlated with neonatal mortality and changes in clinical factors.ResultsAmong 70 876 children, 824 (1.2%) had CP. The overall CP prevalence in children born preterm decreased substantially until 2001, from when it increased annually by 2.8% (95% confidence interval 0.6–5.0). When categorized, the prevalence only increased significantly in children born very preterm (gestational weeks 28–31). Neonatal mortality rates decreased steadily at all gestational ages during the entire study period. Clinical factors that changed during the study period were increasing numbers of high‐risk pregnancies, maternal obesity, emergency caesarean sections, neonatal admissions, and usage of assisted ventilation.InterpretationThe increasing prevalence of CP in children born preterm was driven by the subgroup born very preterm and matched their decrease in neonatal mortality. In similar population studies, decreased mortality was not followed by increased CP prevalence. An increase in clinical risk factors was unlikely to explain our findings, but more active neonatal life support may have played a role.
A comparison of clinical characteristics and course predictors in early‐ and childhood‐onset schizophrenia
Authors: Baykal Saliha , Bozkurt Abdullah , Çobanoğlu Osmanlı Cansu , Önal Bedia Sultan , Şahin Berkan , Karadoğan Zeynep Nur , Karadağ Mehmet , Hangül Zehra , Kılıçaslan Fethiye , Ayaydın Hamza , Uzun Necati , Demirdöğen Esen Yıldırım , Akıncı Mehmet Akif , Bilaç Öznur , Büber Ahmet , Tufan Ali Evren , Aksu Gülen Güler , Taner Hande Ayraler , Sarı Burcu Akın , Kütük Meryem Özlem , Kaba Duygu , Karaçizmeli Müge , Kavcıoğlu Rabia , Görker Işık , Karabekiroğlu Koray 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics of childhood‐onset schizophrenia (COS) and early‐onset schizophrenia (EOS) during the first‐ episode psychosis and the stable period, to examine psychopharmacological treatment approaches, and to investigate potential predictive factors for prognosis.MethodsDemographic, clinical, and psychopharmacological therapy data for 31 patients diagnosed with COS and 66 with EOS were retrieved from the file records in this multicenter study. Symptom distribution and disease severity and course were evaluated twice, in the acute psychotic stage and in the latest stable phase, during follow‐up using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and clinical global impression (CGI) scales.ResultsA statistically significant difference was observed between the groups' CGI improvement rates and median last stable stage PANSS positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptom scores (p = .005, p = .031, p = .005, and p = .012, respectively). Premorbid neurodevelopmental disorder and obsessive‐compulsive disorder and comorbidities were more common in the COS group (p = .025 and p = .030, respectively), and treatment required greater multiple antipsychotic use in that group (p = .013). When the independent variables affecting the difference between pre‐ and post‐treatment PANSS scores were examined using linear regression analysis, the model established was found to be statistically significant (F = 5.393; p = .001), and the group variable (p = .024), initial disease severity (p = .001), and socioeconomic level (p = .022; p = .007) emerged as predictive factors for the disease course.ConclusionAlthough early diagnosis and treatment is an important factor in improving prognosis in schizophrenia, more specific predictors for schizophrenia need to be identified. Additionally, preventive programs and pharmacological methods need to be developed in children with neurodevelopmental problems, particularly those from low socioeconomic status families.
A scoping review on intraoperative and postoperative surgical castration complications in domesticated equids
Authors: Rodden Elise B. K. , Suthers Joanna M. , Busschers Evita , Burford John H. , Freeman Sarah L. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackgroundCastration is the most common surgical procedure in domesticated equids; surgical techniques used and perioperative management vary considerably.ObjectivesTo identify and chart the current evidence on perioperative complications associated with different methods of surgical castration in domesticated equids.Study designJoanna Briggs Institute systematic scoping review.MethodCAB Abstracts, Medline and Embase databases were searched using terms related to equine castration complications. Two authors independently and blindly screened publications against eligibility criteria. Data on study methods, perioperative management, surgical techniques, and perioperative complications were extracted. Surgical techniques were grouped into categories depending on technique; open, closed or half‐closed, and whether the parietal tunic was open or closed at the end of surgery.ResultsThe search identified 1871 publications; 71 studies met the final inclusion criteria. The data reported 76 734 castrations, most of which were open or closed, with the vaginal tunic remaining open at the end of surgery. Twenty‐five studies reported information regarding surgical techniques and perioperative management, allowing detailed charting and comparisons, of which analgesia and antimicrobial usage varied notably. Eighteen different complications were reported, with swelling or oedema being the most common. Evisceration was most commonly reported in draught breeds and Standardbreds, and the risk appeared low if the parietal tunic was closed at the end of surgery.Main limitationsGrey literature and studies not available in English were not included. Existing studies varied greatly in perioperative management, surgical techniques and reporting of outcomes, making evidence consolidation problematic.ConclusionA lack of consensus regarding complication definitions creates uncertainty and discrepancies between complication rates associated with different surgical techniques and perioperative management. The implementation of standardised systems for describing surgical techniques and complications is recommended for future studies. A number of studies did not follow current recommendations for perioperative analgesia and use of antimicrobials.
Complex selection processes on invasive crayfish phenotype at the invasion front of the Zambezi floodplains ecoregion
Authors: Nawa Nawa , South Josie , Ellender Bruce R. , Pegg Josephine , Madzivanzira Takudzwa C. , Wasserman Ryan J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Understanding the eco‐evolutionary processes which drive phenotypic variability in non‐native species is crucial to predicting impact and informing spatially explicit management models. Invasive redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, are spreading rapidly through the ecologically and economically important Upper and Middle Zambezi system in south‐central Africa.

We tested whether there was an invasion front effect in the Barotse floodplain and disentangle whether these effects were related to environmental filtering, spatial sorting, or density‐dependent processes along a nonlinear 200 km invasion gradient over seasonal hydrological periods.

Crayfish spread up‐ and down‐stream indicated an expanding population compared to the former invasion front in 2019, facilitated by both sexes. Wet season detection probability and relative abundance were lower than in the dry season. No signals of environmental filtering were detected as a result of high connectivity of habitats in the wet season.

The invasion front population was characterised by lower relative abundance, lower body condition, larger overall body and chelae size, and longer front leg length. There was no effect on sex ratio. This indicated that spatial sorting, density‐dependent processes and predation pressure are acting as selective forces on phenotypic variability across the invasion gradient.

Better understanding of the effects of flood regime and trophic interactions on phenotypic variability and dispersal is urgently needed. Population suppression to reduce spatial sorting and conspecific competition could be a viable management option at the invasion front.
Public Perceptions of the Australian Health System During COVID‐19: Findings From a 2021 Survey Compared to Four Previous Surveys
Authors: Ellis Louise A. , Dammery Genevieve , Gillespie James , Ansell James , Wells Leanne , Smith Carolynn L. , Wijekulasuriya Shalini , Braithwaite Jeffrey , Zurynski Yvonne 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundThis study examines the perceptions of the Australian public canvassed in 2021 during the COVID‐19 pandemic about their health system compared to four previous surveys (2008, 2010, 2012 and 2018).MethodsIn 2021, a nationwide online survey was conducted with a representative sample of Australians (N = 5100) recruited via market research panels. The results were compared to previous nationwide Australian survey samples from 2018 (N = 1024), 2012 (N = 1200), 2010 (N = 1201) and 2008 (N = 1146). The survey included questions consistent with previous polls regarding self‐reported health status and overall opinions of, and confidence in, the Australian health system.ResultsThere was an increase in the proportion of respondents reporting positive perceptions at each survey between 2008 and 2021, with a significantly higher proportion of respondents expressing a more positive view of the Australian healthcare system in 2021 compared to previous years (χ2(8, N = 9645) = 487.63, p < 0.001). In 2021, over two‐thirds of respondents (n = 3949/5100, 77.4%) reported that following the COVID‐19 pandemic, their confidence in the Australian healthcare system had either remained the same (n = 2433/5100, 47.7%) or increased (n = 1516/5100, 29.7%). Overall, respondents living in regional or remote regions, younger Australians (< 45 years) and women held less positive views in relation to the system. In 2021, the most frequently identified area for urgent improvement was the need for more healthcare workers (n = 1350/3576, 37.8%), an area of concern particularly for Australians residing in regional or remote areas (n = 590/1385, 42.6%).ConclusionsIrrespective of disruptions to the Australian healthcare system caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic, Australians' perceptions of their healthcare system were positive in 2021. However, concerns were raised about inadequate workforce capacity and the cost of healthcare, with differences identified by age groups and geographical location.Patient or Public ContributionHealth consumer representatives from the Consumers Health Forum of Australia contributed to the co‐design, deployment, analysis and interpretation of the results of this survey. J.A. and L.W. from the Consumers Health Forum of Australia contributed to the development of the paper.
Combating lookalike product through adapting advertising appeals to consumer value: Strategic implications to brand imitation management
Authors: Wang Liangyan , Tang Yanfei , Wang Chenglu 
Published: July 2024

Abstract“Lookalike” products, including counterfeits and copycats, are increasingly common in today's global marketplace. Four lab experiments were conducted involving 653 participants, and data were analyzed through SPSS 26. Based on social representation (SR) theory and self‐construal theory, this research examines how advertising for original brands impacts purchase intent for counterfeits and copycats differently. The results suggest that ads for the original product using value‐expressive (vs. utilitarian) appeals result in lower intent to purchase copycat versions. However, ads for the original product using utilitarian (vs. value‐expressive) appeals lead to lower purchase intent for counterfeit versions. The results also show that consumer need fulfillment mediates the interactive effect between ad appeal type and product type. The current research provides useful insights for marketers or retailers grappling with ongoing competitive threats posed by lookalike products and underscores the strategic utilization of various advertising tactics to reduce the demand for copycats and counterfeits.
From the bench to the farm and back again
Authors: Canton Johnathan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractMy path to becoming a scientist has taken many twists and turns. This is perhaps not unusual to hear. Indeed, in discussions with my colleagues it seems that for many of us the path was never a straight one. Certainly, for me there have been moments when my whole world was encompassed by science and at other times, I have felt strongly that my time in science was up. I like to think that as scientists we ask a lot of questions and, for many of us, those questions extend to our very purpose as a scientist. My intention with this article is not to document my career path in detail or to provide very specific advice. Rather, I hope to describe how questions have defined my journey and to inspire others to occasionally pause and ask themselves what a career in science means to them. Today, I am an Assistant Professor at a major Canadian university, and here are the questions I asked along the way.
External Quality Assessment Program for SARS‐COV‐2 Molecular Detection in Pakistan
Authors: Badar Nazish , Ikram Aamer , Salman Muhammad , Saeed Sidra , Mirza Hamza Ahmed , Ahad Abdul , Ashraf Asiya , Farooq Umer 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACTIntroductionAmid coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, accurate detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is critical for diagnosis management and breaking down transmission chains. We designed a national external quality assessment panel (EQAP) for SARS‐CoV‐2 molecular detection comprising working laboratories nationwide.MethodsA molecular diagnostic EQA panel that consists of five samples for SARS CoV‐2 testing was distributed to 141 public and private sector laboratories across country. These samples contain different concentrations of SARS‐CoV‐2 to evaluate the sensitivity of commercial kits available.ResultsSensitivity among public and private sector laboratories was variable, particularly lower SARS‐CoV‐2 concentrations significantly increased the risk of false‐negative tests, whereas Ct values of accurately tested SARS‐CoV‐2 specimens increased as concentration decreased. These findings highlighted that performance of used commercial kits was not significantly correlated to various extraction or PCR methods.ConclusionThis study highlights the need for a national external quality assessment panel (EQAP) in the country to improve the quality of the healthcare system while ensuring the accuracy and reliability of results. Furthermore, EQAPs can help laboratories meet accreditation and regulatory requirements. However, continued participation in EQAP is recommended for quality enhancement of laboratories.
Risk factors for sternal wound infection after median sternotomy: A nested case–control study and time‐to‐event analysis
Authors: Ma Xiaolong , Chen Dongsheng , Liu Jianchao , Wang Wenqing , Feng Zekun , Cheng Nan , Li Shuanglei , Wang Shan , Liu Lihua , Chen Youbai 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAlthough potential risk factors for sternal wound infection (SWI) have been extensively studied, the onset time of SWI and different risk factors for superficial and deep SWI were rarely reported. This nested case–control study aims to compare the onset time and contributors between superficial and deep SWI. Consecutive adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery through median sternotomy in a single center from January 2011 to January 2021 constituted the cohort. The case group was those who developed SWI as defined by CDC and controls were matched 6:1 per case. Kaplan–Meier analysis, LASSO and univariate and multivariate Cox regressions were performed. A simple nomogram was established for clinical prediction of the risk of SWI. The incidence of SWI was 1.1% (61 out of 5471) in our cohort. Totally 366 controls were matched to 61 cases. 26.2% (16 of 61) SWI cases were deep SWI. The median onset time of SWI was 35 days. DSWI had a longer latency than SSWI (median time 46 days vs. 32 days, p = 0.032). Kaplan–Meier analyses showed different time‐to‐SWI between patients with and without DM (p = 0.0011) or MI (p = 0.0019). Multivariate Cox regression showed that BMI (HR = 1.083, 95% CI: 1.012–1.116, p = 0.022), DM (HR = 2.041, 95% CI: 1.094–3.805, p = 0.025) and MI (HR = 2.332, 95% CI: 1.193–4.557, p = 0.013) were independent risk factors for SWI. Superficial SWI was only associated with BMI (HR = 1.089, 95% CI: 1.01–1.175, p = 0.027), while deep SWI was associated with DM (HR = 3.271, 95% CI: 1.036–10.325, p = 0.043) and surgery time (HR = 1.004, 95% CI: 1.001–1.008, p = 0.027). The nomogram for SWI prediction had an AUC of 0.67, good fitness and clinical effectiveness as shown by the calibration curve and decision curve analyses. BMI, DM and MI were independent risk factors for SWI. DSWI had a longer latency and different risk factors compared to SSWI. The nomogram showed a fair performance and good effectiveness for the clinical prediction of SWI.