bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Audit on Preoperative Fasting of Elective Surgical Patients in an African Academic Medical Center
Authors: Gebremedhn Endale Gebreegziabher , Nagaratnam Vidhya Bates 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground
Preoperative fasting is a requisite before anesthesia. The main reason for preoperative fasting is to reduce gastric volume and acidity and thus decrease the risk of pulmonary aspiration. However, preoperative fasting is usually prolonged beyond the recommended time for various reasons. Despite the many adverse effects of prolonged fasting, patients sometimes fasted for a prolonged time when surgery was delayed for different reasons at the University of Gondar Hospital. The aim of this study was to assess the duration of preoperative fasting for elective surgery.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted from March 10 to April 10, 2013. Patients were interviewed 24 h after surgery. All 43 patients who were under anesthesia while operated on during the study period were included.Result
Of the 43 patients included in the study, 35 were adults and 8 were children. The minimum, maximum, and mean fasting hours for food were 5, 96, and 19.60, respectively, and more than 50 % of the patients fasted from food twice as long as recommended. The minimum, maximum, and mean fasting hours for fluid were 5, 19, and 12.72, respectively. More than 95 % of the patients fasted from fluid longer than recommended.ConclusionMost patients fasted from both food (92 %) and fluid (95 %) longer than the fasting time recommended by the AAGBI, ASA, RCOA, and RCN fasting guidelines. Anesthetists, surgeons, and nurses need to revise operation lists every day in the operating theatres and resuscitate the patients when surgery is delayed for various reasons. A preoperative fasting guideline should be developed and implemented in the University of Gondar Hospital.
The Relative Proportions of Different Lipid Classes and their Fatty Acid Compositions Change with Culture Age in the Cariogenic Dental Pathogen Streptococcus mutans UA159
Authors: Custer Jenny E. , Goddard Bryan D. , Matter Stephen F. , Kaneshiro Edna S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe oral cariogenic bacterial pathogen Streptococcus mutans strain UA159 has become an important research organism strain since its genome was sequenced. However, there is a paucity of information on its lipidome using direct analytical biochemical approaches. We here report on comprehensive analyses of the major lipid classes and their fatty acids in cells grown in batch standing cultures. Using 2‐D high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography lipid class composition changes were detected with culture age. More lipid components were detected in the stationary‐phase compared to log‐phase cells. The major lipids identified included 1,3‐bis(sn‐3′‐phosphatidyl)‐sn‐glycerol (phosphatidylglycerol), 1,3‐diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin), aminoacyl‐phosphatidylglycerol, monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, diglucosyldiacylglycerol, diglucosylmonoacylglycerol and, glycerophosphoryldiglucosyldiacylglycerol. Culture age also affected the fatty acid composition of the total polar lipid fraction. Thus, the major lipid classes detected in log‐phase and stationary‐phase cells were isolated and their fatty acids were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography to determine the basis for the fatty acid compositional changes in the total polar lipid fraction. The analyses showed that the relative proportions of these acids changed with culture age within individual lipid classes. Hence fatty acid changes in the total polar lipid fraction reflected changes in both lipid class composition and fatty acid compositions within individual lipid classes.
Rumen Metabolism of 22:6n‐3 In Vitro is Dependent on its Concentration and Inoculum Size, but Less Dependent on Substrate Carbohydrate Composition
Authors: Vlaeminck B. , Braeckman T. , Fievez V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRuminal disappearance of linoleic and linolenic acid has been studied extensively. Less is known of the metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3). The aim of this study was to identify factors which affect the disappearance of 22:6n‐3 during in vitro batch incubations using rumen fluid from sheep. In experiment 1, the effect of the rumen fluid/buffer ratio (0.2 or 0.4), substrate (cellulose or cellulose/glucose), time of 22:6n‐3 addition (0.08 mg/mL after 0 or 6 h of incubation) and incubation time (24 or 48 h) was evaluated. A mixture design was used in experiment 2 to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate type (cellulose, glucose, cellobiose and starch) on 22:6n‐3 disappearance (0.08 mg/mL). In experiment 3, several concentrations of 22:6n‐3 (0.05–0.30 mg/mL) were evaluated with different substrate mixtures (combinations of cellobiose, starch and cellulose). In a final experiment, the effect of the rumen fluid/buffer ratio (0.20, 0.35 and 0.50) and substrate (glucose, cellobiose and starch) was evaluated. In this experiment, 22:6n‐3 was added as a proportion of rumen fluid ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/mL rumen fluid, contrary to former experiments where concentrations were relative to culture medium. Low levels of 22:6n‐3 (0.05 mg/mL) allowed extensive metabolism whereas increasing amounts of 22:6n‐3 hampered its disappearance. A greater proportion of rumen fluid resulted in increased disappearance of 22:6n‐3. The effect of carbohydrate type was small compared with the former two factors. These results suggest that in vitro metabolism of 22:6n‐3 is mostly dictated by the conditions at the start of the incubation, i.e., inoculum, probably reflecting the density of bacteria able to metabolize 22:6n‐3.
Safety and usefulness of the Sweet Tip™ type screw‐in lead for pacemakers
Authors: Nakazato Yuji 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn the current cardiac device implantation practice, screw‐in leads are important for stability of atrial and ventricular pacing. There are two screw‐in leads, the Sweet Tip™ and the retractable screw‐in lead; both are widely used. The difference between them is the exposure of the helix during placement. The Sweet Tip lead has an exposed screw covered with mannitol to prevent undesirable entrapment or perforations before fixation. The mannitol melts within several minutes, after which direct fixation is feasible. The Sweet Tip™ has a simple mechanical structure, which facilitates fixation. This review emphasizes the usefulness of the Sweet Tip™ screw‐in lead and suggests how to apply it safely.
The cutoff level of free/total prostate specific antigen (f/t PSA) ratios in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: A validation study on a Turkish patient population in different age categories
Authors: Erol Bulent , Gulpinar Murat Tolga , Bozdogan Gurdal , Ozkanli Seyma , Onem Kadir , Mungan Görkem , Bektas Sibel , Tokgoz Husnu , Akduman Bulent , Mungan Aydin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe investigated an optimal cutoff level of free/total PSA ratios (f/t PSA) in predicting prostate cancer in different age groups, focusing on the avoidance of unnecessary prostate biopsies. A total of 4955 men were enrolled into the study. Serum tPSA, fPSA, and f/t PSA ratios were determined for the study population. All males who had suspicious digital rectal examination and tPSA > 4 ng/mL underwent transrectal ultrasonography‐guided prostate biopsy. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for each group were generated by plotting the sensitivity versus 1‐specificity for the f/t PSA ratio. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were obtained using various f/t PSA ratio cutoffs for different age groups. There were 657 patients with a PSA level of 4–10 ng/mL. According to sensitivity and specificity f/t% PSA cutoff points were determined to be 10%, 15%, 15%, and 10% in 50–59 years, 60–69 years, >70 years, and all ages categories, respectively, in patients with initial PSA level of 4–10 ng/mL. f/t PSA ratio had an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.81 (95% confidence level: 0.80–0.82) for all age groups in detecting prostate cancer. f/t PSA ratio has an AUC value of 0.669 (0.632–0.705) in detecting prostate cancer among patients with a PSA level of 4–10 ng/mL. Ten percent of f/t PSA ratio had the highest specificity with PLR and 30% f/t PSA ratio had the highest sensitivity with lower NLR in the all‐age categories. The current study shows that the use of f/t PSA ratio in patients with PSA levels of 4–10 ng/mL should enhance the specificity of PSA screening and decrease the number of unnecessary biopsies. The age‐related changes warrant further investigation in a large, multicentric, and multinational population to improve the clinical use of f/t PSA cutoffs.
Trainee Involvement in Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections Associated With Increased Incidence of Vasovagal Reactions
Authors: Schneider Byron , Kennedy David J. , Casey Ellen , Smuck Matthew , Conrad Bryan , Plastaras Christopher 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate whether trainee involvement (resident and fellow) during transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESI) results in greater rates of vasovagal reactions.DesignRetrospective study on consecutive patients.SettingSingle academic medical center with multiple attending physicians and trainees.ParticipantsA total of 2642 consecutive subjects undergoing 4482 TFESI were analyzed from March 8, 2004, to January 30, 2009.Main Outcome MeasuresThe Pearson χ2 test was used to determine the relationship between vasovagal reactions and level of trainee involvement.ResultsA total of 4482 TFESIs were performed, with 157 (3.5%) of procedures complicated by a vasovagal reaction. An attending physician performed 2884 (64.3%) procedures without trainee involvement, with only 79 (2.7%) vasovagal reaction noted. A fellow was involved in 723 (16.1%) procedures, with 30 (4.1%) noted to have a vasovagal reaction. A resident was involved in 875 (19.5%) procedures, with 48 (5.5%) having a vasovagal reaction. Overall, trainees were involved in 1598 (35.7%) cases, of which 78 (4.9%) were complicated by vasovagal reaction. When a trainee was involved in the case, there was a greater incidence of vasovagal episodes (P < .001, χ2 = 16.047). Although there was a trend towards greater vasovagal rates with residents over fellows, this did not reach statistical difference.ConclusionsVasovagal reactions can occur with spine injection procedures and may result in premature procedure termination or other adverse events. Although this retrospective study has significant potential for bias, it appears that trainee involvement in a TFESI is associated with a greater incidence of vasovagal reaction (P < .001, χ2 = 16.047).
Pronounced zonal heterogeneity in Eocene southern high-latitude sea surface temperatures
Authors: Douglas Peter M. J. , Affek Hagit P. , Ivany Linda C. , Houben Alexander J. P. , Sijp Willem P. , Sluijs Appy , Schouten Stefan , Pagani Mark 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Reconstructions of ancient high-latitude climates can help to constrain the amplification of global warming in polar environments. Climate models cannot reproduce the elevated high-latitude temperature estimates in the Eocene epoch, possibly indicating problems in simulating polar climate change. Widely divergent near-Antarctic Eocene sea surface temperature (SST) estimates, however, question the evidence for extreme warmth. Our analysis of multiple temperature proxies near the Antarctic Peninsula improves intersite comparisons and indicates a substantial zonal SST gradient between the southwest Pacific and South Atlantic. Simulations of Eocene ocean temperatures imply that the formation of deep water in the southwest Pacific partly accounts for this SST gradient, suggesting that climate models underestimate Eocene SSTs in regions where the thermohaline circulation leads to relatively high temperatures.
The evolution of self-control
Authors: MacLean Evan L. , Hare Brian , Nunn Charles L. , Addessi Elsa , Amici Federica , Anderson Rindy C. , Aureli Filippo , Baker Joseph M. , Bania Amanda E. , Barnard Allison M. , Boogert Neeltje J. , Brannon Elizabeth M. , Bray Emily E. , Bray Joel , Brent Lauren J. N. , Burkart Judith M. , Call Josep , Cantlon Jessica F. , Cheke Lucy G. , Clayton Nicola S. , Delgado Mikel M. , DiVincenti Louis J. , Fujita Kazuo , Herrmann Esther , Hiramatsu Chihiro , Jacobs Lucia F. , Jordan Kerry E. , Laude Jennifer R. , Leimgruber Kristin L. , Messer Emily J. E. , de A. Moura Antonio C. , Ostojić Ljerka , Picard Alejandra , Platt Michael L. , Plotnik Joshua M. , Range Friederike , Reader Simon M. , Reddy Rachna B. , Sandel Aaron A. , Santos Laurie R. , Schumann Katrin , Seed Amanda M. , Sewall Kendra B. , Shaw Rachael C. , Slocombe Katie E. , Su Yanjie , Takimoto Ayaka , Tan Jingzhi , Tao Ruoting , van Schaik Carel P. , Virányi Zsófia , Visalberghi Elisabetta , Wade Jordan C. , Watanabe Arii , Widness Jane , Young Julie K. , Zentall Thomas R. , Zhao Yini 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Although scientists have identified surprising cognitive flexibility in animals and potentially unique features of human psychology, we know less about the selective forces that favor cognitive evolution, or the proximate biological mechanisms underlying this process. We tested 36 species in two problem-solving tasks measuring self-control and evaluated the leading hypotheses regarding how and why cognition evolves. Across species, differences in absolute (not relative) brain volume best predicted performance on these tasks. Within primates, dietary breadth also predicted cognitive performance, whereas social group size did not. These results suggest that increases in absolute brain size provided the biological foundation for evolutionary increases in self-control, and implicate species differences in feeding ecology as a potential selective pressure favoring these skills.
Herpesviral helicase-primase subunit UL8 is inactivated B-family polymerase
Authors: Kazlauskas Darius , Venclovas Česlovas 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Motivation: Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses causing a variety of diseases in humans and animals. To develop effective treatment, it is important to understand the mechanisms of their replication. One of the components of the herpesviral DNA replication system is a helicase–primase complex, consisting of UL5 (helicase), UL52 (primase) and UL8. UL8 is an essential herpesviral protein involved in multiple protein–protein interactions. Intriguingly, so far no UL8 homologs outside of herpesviruses could be identified. Moreover, nothing is known about its structure or domain organization.
Results: Here, combining sensitive homology detection methods and homology modeling, we found that the UL8 protein family is related to B-family polymerases. In the course of evolution, UL8 has lost the active site and has undergone a reduction of DNA-binding motifs. The loss of active site residues explains the failure to detect any catalytic activity of UL8. A structural model of human herpes virus 1 UL8 constructed as part of the study is consistent with the mutation data targeting its interaction with primase UL52. It also provides a platform for studying multiple interactions that UL8 is involved in. The two other components of helicase–primase complex show evolutionary links with a newly characterized human primase that also has DNA polymerase activity (PrimPol) and the Pif1 helicase, respectively. The role of these enzymes in recovering stalled replication forks suggests mechanistic and functional similarities with herpesviral proteins.
Contact: venclovas@ibt.lt
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
DSRC 2—Industry-oriented compression of FASTQ files
Authors: Roguski Łukasz , Deorowicz Sebastian 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Summary: Modern sequencing platforms produce huge amounts of data. Archiving them raises major problems but is crucial for reproducibility of results, one of the most fundamental principles of science. The widely used gzip compressor, used for reduction of storage and transfer costs, is not a perfect solution, so a few specialized FASTQ compressors were proposed recently. Unfortunately, they are often impractical because of slow processing, lack of support for some variants of FASTQ files or instability. We propose DSRC 2 that offers compression ratios comparable with the best existing solutions, while being a few times faster and more flexible.
Availability and Implementation: DSRC 2 is freely available at http://sun.aei.polsl.pl/dsrc . The package contains command-line compressor, C and Python libraries for easy integration with existing software and technical documentation with examples of usage.
Contact : sebastian.deorowicz@polsl.pl
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online
High Mortality Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Individuals Before Accessing or Linking to HIV Care: A Missing Outcome in the Cascade of Care?
Authors: Krentz Hartmut B. , MacDonald Judy , John Gill M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Background.  The “cascade of care” displays the proportion of individuals who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), diagnosed, linked, retained, on antiretroviral treatment, and HIV suppressed. We examined the implications of including death in the use of this cascade for program and public health performance metrics.
Methods.  Individuals newly diagnosed with HIV and living in Calgary between 2006 and 2013 were included. Through linkage with Public Health and death registries, the deaths (ie, all-cause mortality) and their distribution within the cascade were determined. Mortality rates are reported per 100 person-years.
Results.  Estimated new HIV infections were 680 (543 confirmed and 137 unknown cases). Forty-three individuals, after diagnosis, were never referred for HIV care. Despite referral(s), 88 individuals (18%) never attended the clinic for HIV care. Of individuals retained in care, 87% received antiretroviral therapy and 76% achieved viral suppression. Thirty-six deaths were reported (mortality rate, 1.50/100 person-years). One diagnosis was made posthumously. Deaths (20 of 35; 57%) occurred for individuals linked but not retained in care (6.93/100 person-years), and 70% were HIV-related. Mortality rate for patients in care was 0.79/100 person-years. Retained patients with detectable viremia had a death rate of 2.49/100, which contrasted with 0.28/100 person-years in those with suppressed viremia. Eight of these 15 deaths (53%) were HIV-related.
Conclusions.  Over half of deaths occurred in those referred but not effectively linked or retained in HIV care, and these cases may be easily overlooked in standard HIV mortality studies. Inclusion of deaths into the cascade may further enhance its value as a public health metric.
Green Herring Syndrome: Bacterial Infection in Patients With Mucormycosis Cavitary Lung Disease
Authors: Peixoto Driele , Hammond Sarah P. , Issa Nicolas C. , Madan Rachna , Gill Ritu R. , Milner Danny A. , Colson Yolonda L. , Koo Sophia , Baden Lindsey R. , Marty Francisco M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal disease in patients with hematological malignancies. The diagnosis of pulmonary mucormycosis is particularly challenging. We describe 3 mucormycosis cases with an uncommon presentation in patients whose cavitary lung disease was attributed to well documented bacterial infection, although evolution and reassessment established mucormycosis as the underlying disease.
Multisite Laboratory Evaluation of a Dual Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Syphilis Point-of-Care Rapid Test for Simultaneous Detection of HIV and Syphilis Infection
Authors: Bristow Claire C. , Adu-Sarkodie Yaw , Ondondo Raphael O. , Bukusi Elizabeth Anne , Dagnra Claver Anoumou , Oo Khin Yi , Pe Eh Htoo , Khamsay Chanthavysouk , Houng Le Thi , Campuzano Roberto Vázquez , Estes Jason , Klausner Jeffrey D. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Background.  Recently, test developers have created rapid point-of-care tests that can simultaneously detect multiple infections within the same specimen using a single device. The SD BIOLINE Duo HIV/Syphilis rapid point-of-care test uses a solid-phase immunochromatographic assay to detect immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM, and IgA antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific antigens (HIV-1 gp41, sub O, HIV-2 gp36) and recombinant Treponema pallidum antigen (17 kDa) in human serum. This study was a multisite laboratory-based evaluation of the performance of SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo test using previously characterized sera in 6 countries.
Methods.  Laboratories in Ghana, Mexico, Laos, Togo, Kenya, and Myanmar participated in the evaluation during 2012–2013. Each site characterized sera using T pallidum particle agglutination assay or T pallidum hemagglutination assay and HIV enzyme immunoassay, Western blot, and/or HIV antibody rapid tests. Those gold standard test results were compared with SD BIOLINE Duo test results. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of test performance and used the exact binomial method to calculate 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results.  The sensitivity and specificity for the HIV antibody test component (n = 2336) were estimated at 99.91% (95% CI, 99.51% and 100%) and 99.67% (95% CI, 99.16% and 99.91%), respectively. For the T pallidum test component (n = 2059), the sensitivity and specificity were estimated at 99.67% (95% CI, 98.82% and 99.96%) and 99.72% (95% CI, 99.29% and 99.92%), respectively.
Conclusions.  The sensitivity and specificity of the SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo test were consistently high across sera specimens from 6 countries around the world. Dual rapid tests should be considered for improved HIV and syphilis screening coverage.
Safety Profile of the Merck Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Clade B gag DNA Plasmid Vaccine With and Without Adjuvants
Authors: Quirk Erin K. , Brown Elizabeth L. , Leavitt Randi Y. , Mogg Robin , Mehrotra Devan V. , Evans Robert K. , DiNubile Mark J. , Robertson Michael N. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The immunogenicity results from 3 phase I trials of the Merck DNA human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine have previously been reported. Because preventive DNA vaccine strategies continue to be leveraged for diverse infections, the safety and tolerability results from these studies can inform the field moving forward, particularly regarding adverse reactions and adjuvants. No serious vaccine-related adverse events were reported during the 3-dose priming phase. Pain at the injection site was more common with adjuvanted formulations than with the phosphate-buffered saline diluent alone. Febrile reactions were usually low grade. Although the AlPO4 or CRL1005 adjuvants used in these studies did not significantly enhance the immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine, adverse events were numerically more common with adjuvanted formulations than without adjuvants.