bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF AN INTERVENTION FOR INJURY PREVENTION IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS APPLYING SDT
Authors: Vercruysse S 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundPE teachers are at high risk of injuries because of the total package of physically active tasks123, so a good injury prevention intervention is needed.ObjectiveThe main research goal was to develop, optimize and trace the feasibility of an SDT-grounded intervention of injury prevention in PE teachers. The second aim was improving the awareness and knowledge for injury prevention in PE teachers in order to motivate towards change in teachers' actual behavior.DesignThe two trainings were each given 5 times and adjusted 2 times. Also a pre-post (awareness and knowledge) and baseline (injury history) was completed.SettingPE teachers of 9 different schools in Flanders (BE).Participants20 PE teachers (13 men, 7 women; mean age: 42.1±2.2 years) of nine different schools in Flanders (Belgium), voluntarily participated. The PE teachers had to give at least some hours of PE in secondary school and this for the hole period of investigation. There was a drop-out of 3 PE teachers.Interventions8 prevention strategies were offered, consisting of: one theoretical (Part I) and two practical parts (Part II & III), which were spread over two trainings. Training A included part I and II, training B consisted of part III.Main outcome measurementsAppreciation, opinions and suggestions of the usefulness, presentation and form of the different parts of the intervention (focus groups and questionnaires). Secondly self-reported behavior, awareness and knowledge to motivate the PE teachers towards injury prevention.ResultsBoth the suggestions and adjustments of the PE teachers resulted into an optimized and feasible intervention. The weekly average of applied prevention strategies was 70.7min/week in males and 38.0min/week in females. Behavior (P=.015), awareness (P<.001) and knowledge (P<.001) improved.ConclusionsThere is a big appreciation for the intervention and first results show an improved behavior, knowledge and awareness.
THE IMPORTANCE OF INJURY AND ILLNESS SURVEILLANCE IN PARALYMPIC ATHLETES
Authors: van de Vliet P 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundInjury and illness surveillance plays an integral role in the prevention of injury and the protection of athletes' health, and there are few epidemiological studies documenting injury and illness in Paralympic athletes.ObjectiveA prospective cohort study to report incidence and characteristics of injuries and illnesses in Paralympic athletes.DesignDaily injury and illness data were obtained from team physicians and through the London 2012 Medical services medical encounters over the full period of the London 2012 Paralympic Games.SettingLondon 2012 Paralympic Games.Participants3 565 athletes (85%) that participated in any of the 20 sports of the London 2012 Paralympic Games.Risk factor assessmentData collection was carried out on a daily basis through the Games' Medical Encounter System and through a web-based Injury and Illness survey populated by the team physicians.Main outcome measurementsIncidence rates and incidence proportion have been recorded, as well as sport-specific analysis.ResultsThe incidence rate of injury during competiton was 12.1/1000 athlete-days, with and incidence proportion of 11.6%. Upper limb injuries (35%), particularly of the shoulder (17%) were most common. Higer injury rates were found in older athletes and certain sports like Football-5-a-side (22.4/1000). Most commonly injured region was the shoulder, followed by wrist/hand, elbow and knee. The incidence rate of illness was 12.8/1000 athlete-days with an incidence proportion of 10.2%. The incidence proportion was highest in the respiratory system, skin, gastrointestinal and genitourinary system. Athletes in the sports of cycling, table tennis, swimming and athletes reported most frequently for medical care.ConclusionsInjury and illness rates in Paralympic Games are similar to those in other events in able-bodied sports, but patterns of injuries and illness are different. Athletes, team physicians, International Federations and event organizers can plan different prevention and intervention strategies based on this information.
FUTSAL ATHLETES' ASSESSMENT: PRESEASON AND SIX MONTHS FOLLOW UP
Authors: Bolling C , Leite M , Reis D 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundFutsal has high injury's incidence due to intensive training and reduced recovery time between games. Intrinsic factors, which predispose to injury could be investigated by preseason assessment.ObjectiveTo compare the preseason and 6 months follow up results of single leg hop test and seat and reach test in futsal athletes.DesignThis is an observational longitudinal and prospective study to compare preseason results and follow up in different categories futsal athletes.SettingAthletes from 7 competitive categories under 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 years old and professionals of a Brazilian sports club, competing in national level.Participants75 male athletes, mean age of 14.71 years (±2.44), mean weight of 56.95 kg (±12.33) and average height of 166.44 cm (±10.47).Risk factor assessmentThe athletes were evaluated using single leg hop test and sit and reach test in February (preseason) and September of 2012.Main outcome measurementsTwo tests were analyzed (single leg hop test and seat and reach test) to compare preseason and 6 months follow up results. The paired t-test was used for statistical analysis by SPSS software, version 19.0.ResultsAll categories except under 17 and 18 showed improvement in values of the single leg hop test (P<.005) on both sides. No significant difference in single leg hop test symmetry were observed except in under 20 (P=.037). The seat and reach test values improved in all categories with a significant difference (P<.005) in under 12, 14 and 15.ConclusionsThe changes between preseason and 6 months later were expected and could be associated with improvements in strenght, power and flexibility. The tests changes indicated a physical capacity enhancement revolving around injury prevention by intrinsic factors management.
THE KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF FEMALE SUBJECTS AFTER DOUBLE-BUNDLE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION DURING SINGLE-LEG SQUATTING
Authors: Yamazaki J , Muneta T , Ju YJ , Koga H , Morito T , Sekiya I 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe kinematic characteristics of female anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-injured subjects were recognized in our previous study using an electromagnetic device comparing both female control groups and male ACL-injured subjects during single-leg squatting.ObjectiveTo assess the kinematic characteristics of female subjects after double-bundle ACL reconstruction during single-leg squatting.DesignCase control study.ParticipantsFemale patients after double-bundle ACL reconstruction.Risk factor assessmentThree-dimensional motion analysis was performed for single-leg squatting in female subjects after ACL reconstruction. We evaluated the relative angles between the pelvis, thigh, and lower leg using an electromagnetic device during single-leg squatting in 28 female subjects with ACL reconstruction. All patients included in this study restored their sports performance level to 90% or higher.Main outcome measurementsThe lower limb of female subjects after double-bundle ACL reconstruction exhibited asymmetric kinematic results during single-leg squatting in comparison with the involved leg with the uninjured leg.ResultsComparing the involved leg to the uninjured leg of female subjects after ACL reconstruction, the involved leg demonstrated significantly more hip adduction and less knee varus than the uninjured leg. Comparing the ACL-reconstructed female subjects to the healthy female controls, the involved leg after ACL reconstruction demonstrated significantly less hip flexion, more hip external rotation, more hip adduction, and more knee flexion than the dominant leg of the control group.ConclusionThis kinematic study exhibited kinematic characteristics of ACL-reconstructed knees of female subjects. Double-bundle ACL reconstruction could not quite restore the normal kinematics of female-involved legs compared with both uninjured legs of female subjects and healthy female controls. In future studies, restoring the correct alignment of ACL reconstructed knee during single-leg squatting would be expected to reduce ACL re-injury and to assist a safe return to sport activities.
JUNIOR GYMNASTIC: INCIDENCE AND INJURY PROFILE
Authors: Bolling C , Leite M , Reis D 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundJunior is the transition to senior category reflected by training load increase and element's difficulty. The higher physical demands modify the injury profile.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe junior gymnasts' injury profile in the seasons 2011–2012 in a sports club.DesignThis is an observational study, transversal, about the injuries in 2011–2012 season.SettingThis study was developed with national and international level gymnasts, in a Brazilian sports club.ParticipantsThe sample was composed of 6 junior male gymnasts, mean age of 15.8 years, exposed to the same training load.Risk factor assessmentThe physiotherapist reported all injuries during the season. The injury definition was time loss and/or any symptom that result in a training modification.Main outcome measurementsThe injuries were reported related to type (acute/chronic), location, affected structure and injury mechanism.ResultsThe injury incidence was 37 in 2 years, with an annual average of 3.08 injuries/athlete. According to the injury type, acute lesions were 46% and 54% chronic. The most affected location was the upper limbs (56%), highlighting the shoulder (29%). Shoulder injuries were 18% in 2011 and 21% in 2012, and elbow injuries indicate a decrease from 13% to 4%. In lower limbs (24%), ankle was the more affected joint (10%). Tendon was most common injured structure (32%) followed by muscular (18%). The most frequent mechanism was tendinopathy, especially rotator cuff tendons.ConclusionGymnastic's injury profile highlights the demand on upper limbs. The higher shoulder injuries incidence are associated to greater difficulty in pommel horse, rings, parallel bars, and horizontal bar. Lower elbow injuries reflect a technique improvement. Ankle injuries incidence are associated to repeated jumps and landings. Junior injury profile is important to guide the prevention strategies for healthy senior athletes.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A PROTOCOL FOR THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF EXERTIONAL HEAT ILLNESS IN SPORT
Authors: Broman D , Fearn R , Wittenberg M 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe risk of heat-related illness in sport is significant. It can range from minor symptoms, through heat exhaustion to heat stroke, coma and possible death. Early recognition and cooling can reduce morbidity and mortality associated with exertional heat illness (EHI).ObjectiveThe aim of our study was to establish a protocol for the prevention, recognition and prompt management of EHI, in athletes, who are participating in potentially dangerous weather conditions/environments.DesignWe performed a prospective, cohort study of the incidence of EHI occurring during a multi-sport event.SettingOur study was performed at the Maccabiah Games 2013 in Israel. This event compromised a variety of skill levels, including amateur, semi-professional and Olympic level athletes. The weather conditions in Israel in July 2013, ranged from temperatures of 23°c −41°c.PatientsIn our role, as the medical team for Team GB, we studied all athletes for Great Britain. This included 424 participants, both male and female, at all age levels from 14–58 years old, including a variety of skill levels from amateur to professional athletes.InterventionsWe established a 'heat policy' which we implemented during the Games. The medical team reviewed every athlete with common symptoms of EHI at the pitch-side, recording their temperature, and if necessary removing them from sport and initiating management of hyperthermia.Main outcome measurementsThe main outcome measurement, which was formulated before the data collection began, was to establish risk factors for which athletes developed EHI. We also studied what interventions successfully reduced the risk of developing EHI.Results & conclusionsWe documented 21 cases of EHI, across a spectrum of severity, but with no cases of severe heat stroke/coma. Despite the high-intensity and frequency of sport, in extreme heat, none of our athletes needed tertiary/specialist care.
SURVEY OF SPORT PARTICIPATION AND SPORT INJURY IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Carnduff R , Tan B , McKay C , Kang J , Doyle-Baker P , Emery CA 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundParticipation rates in youth sport in Canada are high. Sport injury epidemiology studies in youth primarily focus on adolescents (ages 13–18). There is a paucity of literature examining sport injury risk in children where injury prevention practices require development and evaluation.ObjectiveTo examine sport participation and sport injury rates in elementary school students (ages 9–12).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA survey was sent home with students in randomly selected Calgary (Canada) elementary schools (grades 4–6).ParticipantsElementary schools in Calgary (Canada) were randomly selected to participate (N=26 schools). A survey was completed by 540 children and parent/guardian.Risk factor assessmentThe primary risk factors of interest include age, sport of choice, and time spent participating in sport.Main outcome measuresSport injury was defined as any injury sustained in the previous year that required medical attention.ResultsOverall, 81% of participants reported participating in sport in the past year. The highest sport-specific participation was reported in soccer (18.9%), swimming (13.5%), and dance (10.8%). The overall injury incidence proportion (IIP) was 28.3 injuries/100 children/year. The medical attention IIP was 9.8 injuries/100 children/year for males and 11.4 injuries/100 children/year for females. The highest IIP for males occurred in soccer (26.0%), cycling (19.5%) and hockey (9.1%). The highest IIP for females occurred in basketball (10.6%), soccer (10.6%), and dance (9.1%).ConclusionsThe IIP (28.3%) and medical attention IP (10.6%) was lower than previously reported in adolescents (ages 12–18), suggesting less severe injuries in younger children. The greatest burden of sport injury occurred in soccer, cycling, and basketball. This study will inform the development of future targeted interventions within specific sports as well as within school-based curriculums to prevent sport injury in children.
THE EFFECT OF A PRE-BIND ENGAGEMENT TECHNIQUE ON THE BIOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUGBY SCRUMMAGING ACROSS MULTIPLE PLAYING LEVELS
Authors: Cazzola D , Preatoni E , Stokes KA , England M , Trewartha G 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe Rugby Union scrum has evolved into a highly dynamic activity, particularly during engagement. Although catastrophic spinal injuries in rugby are extremely rare, approximately 40% of these are associated with the scrum. Repeated scrum engagement may also contribute to premature chronic degeneration of the cervical spine in rugby players.ObjectiveTo compare the biomechanical stresses experienced by rugby forward players during live contested scrummaging under different scrum engagement processes, taking into account different playing standards.DesignA cross-sectional design, where teams from five different playing levels performed live scrums under three engagement processes: 1) CTPE (Crouch-Touch-Pause-Engage, 2011–2012); 2) CTS (Crouch-Touch-Set, 2012–2013); and 3) PreBind (Crouch-Bind-Set, 2013–2014). Measures were made via body-worn sensors and video analysis.SettingOutdoors, natural turf rugby pitches.Participants27 rugby teams (i.e. 54 forward packs, n=432 players) from five playing levels - International, Elite, Community, Women and University.Risk factor assessmentThe three engagement processes. PreBind differs from CTS/CTPE with a legal bind that is taken at the “Bind” call and maintained through the “Set” action.Main outcome measurementsBiomechanical stresses (force, acceleration) and kinematics (engagement speed, joints angles) characterising the scrum motion.ResultsThe PreBind process reduced biomechanical stresses by 15–25% with respect to both CTPE and CTS during the engagement phase without reducing force during the sustained push phase. For front row players, peak cervical acceleration was reduced from 8.2 g (CTPE) and 7.9 g (CTS) to 6.8 g (PreBind), and peak compression forces decreased from 8.4 kN (CTPE) and 8.3 kN (CTS) to 6.3 kN (PreBind). Players' movements/postures did not differ significantly between engagement processes. The mixed design ANOVA did not evidence any significant interaction effect (engagement type-playing level) in any variable.ConclusionsThe PreBind process reduced the mechanical stresses on front row players and may lead to safer conditions without affecting performance.
RISK FACTORS FOR OVERUSE SHOULDER INJURIES AMONG MALE PROFESSIONAL HANDBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Clarsen B , Bahr R , Andersson S , Kristensen RM , Myklebust G 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundOveruse shoulder injuries are common among professional male handball players. However, little is known about risk factors for the development of injury.ObjectiveTo determine whether rotator cuff strength, glenohumeral joint range of motion and scapular stability are associated with the presence of overuse shoulder problems among elite male handball players.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThe Norwegian professional handball league for men (Postenliga).ParticipantsA total of 206 professional players were tested prior to the 2011–12 season and followed prospectively over the course of the season (30 weeks). During this time, shoulder problems were registered bi-weekly using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire. Sufficient data was collected from 162 players to be able to be included in risk-factor analyses.Risk factor assessmentRisk factor measures included: (1) Glenohumeral internal and external rotation range using a digital inclinometer; (2) isometric internal rotation, external rotation and abduction strength using a hand-held dynamometer, and (3) assessment of scapular control, using a validated subjective protocol.Main outcome measurementsA cumulative severity score was calculated for each player based on their questionnaire responses. The score reflects the degree to which they experienced shoulder pain throughout the season, as well as reductions in handball participation and performance due to shoulder problems.ResultsThe average prevalence of shoulder problems throughout the season was 28% (95% CI: 25–31%). A significant associations was found between obvious scapular dyskinesis and shoulder problems (OR 11.6, 95% CI 2.0–68.4, P<.05). Players with shoulder problems also had reduced Glenohumeral total rotational motion (mean difference 9°, P<.05). No significant associations were identified between isometric strength and shoulder problems.ConclusionsThe prevalence of overuse shoulder problems is high among male professional handball players. This study provides important information which may help to guide the development of prevention programs.
REHABILITATION EXERCISES FOR ATHLETES WITH BICEPS PATHOLOGY AND SLAP LESIONS: A CONTINUUM OF EXERCISES WITH INCREASING LOAD ON THE BICEPS
Authors: Cools A , Borms D , Cottens S , Himpe M , Meersdom S , Cagnie B 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundAlthough conservative treatment is often recommended in biceps related pathology and SLAP lesions in overhead athletes, a progressive exercise protocol with controlled low to moderate load on the biceps has not been described yet.ObjectiveTo describe a continuum of exercises with progressive low to moderate load on the biceps, based on EMG analysis.DesignDescriptive laboratory study.ParticipantsNon-injured participants, age 22.3 yrs (±1.3 yrs).Risk factor assessmentElectromyographic (EMG) activity of 8 muscles (upper (UT), middle (MT), lower (LT) trapezius, serratus anterior (SA), anterior (DA) and posterior (DP) portions of the deltoid, biceps (BB) and triceps (TB) brachii) was measured in 32 healthy subjects performing 16 commonly described shoulder rehabilitation exercises, using surface electromyography.Main outcome measurementsEMG activity, normalized to MIVC.ResultsOut of the 16 exercises, 13 show low (<20% MIVC) and 3 moderate (20-50% MIVC) EMG activity in the BB. Based on the results, a ranking is presented of the exercises with EMG levels between 2.2±1.24 (during internal rotation against resistance in 90° of shoulder abduction) and 35.9±18.82 (during forward flexion in external rotation and supination) % MIVC.ConclusionA continuum of exercises may be used in the rehabilitation of biceps pathology and SLAP lesions, based on the EMG activity of the BB, varying from very low to moderate load. The results may assist the clinician in the appropriate choice of exercises in a graded rehabilitation program of biceps related pathology.
HIP SCREENING IN ELITE YOUTH TENNIS PLAYERS
Authors: Cotorro AR , Philippon M , Briggs K , Boykin R , Dominguez D 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundTennis continues to be a popular sport with increasing participation in youth acadameys. As players begin to play competitive tennis earlier in life, more injuries are possible. Hip problems including femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) have been frequently reported in this population.ObjectiveTo determine how many young tennis players have abnormal findings on clinical exam of the hip.DesignPre-participation screening of youth tennis players.SettingTennis academy.Participants148 tennis players with an average age of the subjects was 15.1 years (range 11–19) with 58 females and 90 males. Started tennis at an average age of 6 years (range 3–14) and participate in average of 20 tournaments per year and play tennis 47 weeks per year (range 39–52).Risk factor assessmentScreening.Main outcome measurement“Hip At-Risk”.A positive test for risk of FAI was defined as positive anterior impingement sign, a positive FABER, or decreased internal rotation (>5 degrees) compared to contralateral hip.Results6 players had previous hip injury and and 3 had history of a sports hernia. 31/148 (21%) had a positive impingement test on one or both hips, 34/148 (23%) had FABER distance difference between hips of greater than 3 cm, and 53/148 (36%) had decreased internal rotation (>5 degrees). Other positive findings included the Thomas test (31%), Ober test (27%), pain with lumbar extension (13%), Trendelenberg (5%), and straight leg raise(3%). Overall 92/148 (62%) were considered to have a hip “at-risk for FAI. The subjects at risk of FAI had played tennis longer (9.5 years) compared to those without risk (8.6 years) P=.041.Conclusion:Hip screening of elite youth tennis players demonstrated that 62% of the athletes have a hip “at-risk” for femeroacetabular impingement based on physical examination, This risk was associated with years of tennis played.