bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of High Density Pad Design and Work Flow in Shale Hydrocarbon Developments
Authors: DeMong Karl , Longmuir Karman , Affleck Brad , Elgar Tyler , Boulton Ken 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The design of shale development pads with a high density of wells is driven out of a desire to become more efficient in the use of scarce infrastructure such as land, roads and pipelines and to more efficiently utilize drilling and completion resources. The pad designs and work flows for these hydraulically stimulated multistage horizontal wells have focused on reducing surface impacts while utilizing resources more efficiently by way of a manufacturing philosophy. These planning activities are significantly influenced by the team's perceptions of, versus the reality of, the reliability of equipment and processes demonstrated in the field operations.
In the Horn River, the remote location and challenging technical environment meant that early drilling and completions projects were costly. The immediate focus in the play was to boost efficiency to improve the project economics. Increases in efficiency have two main goals: improving the results (or productivity) and/or reducing the capital cost. Moving to multi-well pads and inventorying wells to allow the move to 24 hr. completions operations had a profound impact on the unit cost of adding production in the basin. An examination of the changes in pad design and execution in the Horn River Basin over the past few years will show the evolution from �reactive' designs meant to mitigate reliability problems to proactive pad execution designs that take advantage of efficient, reliable processes.
This paper will examine the original assumptions about technical and operational capability and initial thoughts about reliability and the resulting pad design and workflow decisions that followed. It will follow through several iterations in pad designs and site work flow in drilling, completions and logistical management. What the current experiences tell us about what the future may hold for these developments will also be discussed.
Dynamic Optimization of Capacity Management Under the Uncertainty of Reservoir Properties and Market Volatility
Authors: Bukhari A. , Shcherbakova A. , Ertekin T. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
"We are running out of hydrocarbon", is what we have been hearing for the last few decades. This kind of information can pressure major hydrocarbon producers to invest more in exploration. Recently, exploration activities, especially for gas, have increased in the US and the Middle-East. Moreover, a significant amount of optimization research studies focus on field developments (i.e. well placements and configurations) that maximizes profits or recovery. It appears that most of the major hydrocarbon producers and researchers have not addressed the issue of Capacity Management (CM) and its potential of adding reserves with respect to time and delaying development projects without any significant additional cost. Managing production capacity across a portfolio of producing assets is a complex optimization problem. There are field level constraints including technical attributes (e.g. crude type and reservoir properties), facility limitations, and costs. Moreover, there are corporate level constraints (e.g. supply and spare capacity commitments). While complex, such a problem can be specified and solved deterministically; however, the presence of uncertainty, in reservoir performance and the hydrocarbon markets, makes the stochastic approach more realistic. This paper investigates this problem in three sections: (1) We specify an integrated stochastic optimization model that solves for the optimal production allocation for a portfolio of producing assets under the uncertainties of the markets and reservoir performances, (2) We then perform a sensitivity analysis for different market and reservoir models, and (3) We perform a value of information analysis to estimate the value of more accurate reservoir model.
CM can significantly affect the production allocation of a portfolio of producing assets and hence affect the profit; however, it is shocking that little research has addressed it. Here, we address this issue by specifying an integrated stochastic optimization model that simulates reservoir performance and decision-maker behavior. Using this model, we compare and contrast the various production allocation decisions that result from different economic and reservoir models with the goal of understanding the impact of these model assumptions on decision-making. The results show that the optimum production allocation is a function of market and reservoir (i.e. reservoir maturity, size, and quality) parameters.
An Evaluation of Zonal Isolation After Hydraulic Fracturing; Results From Horizontal Marcellus Shale Gas Wells at NETL&apos;s Greene County Test Site in Southwestern Pennsylvania
Authors: Hammack Richard , Zorn Erich , Harbert William , Capo Rosemary , Sharma Shikha , Siriwardane Hema 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This field study employs multiple methods to detect the potential migration of natural gas and fluids from six hydraulically fractured, horizontal Marcellus Shale gas wells upward and into an overlying Upper Devonian gas field that is 3000-4000 ft above the Marcellus Shale but at least 3000 ft below underground sources of drinking water. Microseismic monitoring during the hydraulic fracturing of 56 stages located 10,288 events, including both event clusters and isolated events with maximum height above the Marcellus Shale of about 1900 ft and 2500 ft, respectively. Moment magnitudes ranged between -3.15 and -0.56. Assuming that the periphery of the microseismic event cloud represents the maximum possible extent of hydraulic fracture growth, the induced fractures do not extend to producing zones in the Upper Devonian gas field. This hypothesis is supported by pressure monitoring in the normally-pressured to under-pressured Upper Devonian gas reservoirs. No observed pressure increase in the Upper Devonian wells in the three-month period after hydraulic fracturing implies that there is no communication with the over-pressured Marcellus Formation below. Perfluorocarbon tracers were injected with hydraulic fracturing fluids into 10 stages (stages 5-14) of a 14-stage, horizontal Marcellus Shale gas well. For eight months after completion of the Marcellus Shale well, natural gas samples were collected from two vertical Upper Devonian wells that directly overlie the horizontal Marcellus Shale well where the tracers were injected. Perfluorocarbon tracers were not detected in sorbent tubes placed in the production lines from overlying wells (detection limit ≍ 1 femtoliter (fL)).
Samples of gas and produced water were collected from five Upper Devonian gas wells that overlie the hydraulically fractured, horizontal, Marcellus Shale wells. Monthly sampling at these wells commenced two months prior to and has continued for nine months after hydraulic fracturing. Produced water samples were analyzed for major and trace ions, and for isotopes of strontium and lithium; natural gas samples were analyzed for isotopes of carbon and hydrogen. Isotopic analysis of natural gas from the Upper Devonian wells has shown no evidence of communication with the hydraulically fractured Marcellus Shale. Isotopic analysis of produced water samples from Upper Devonian gas wells is currently in progress, but incomplete.
Contribution à l'étude des stèles discoïdales du Languedoc
Authors: Ucla Pierre 
Published: August 2013

Numerous incomplete studies on the discoidal stelae known in several countries of the South of France helped the author to carry out their survey. Some visits on sites, photographic surveys and, bibliographical researches concerning destroyed stelae permitted him to finish iff the existing informations and to find some stelae which were still unknown. The issue of that survey is an attempt at a classification concerning more than 300 specimens. It is the most important set of monuments existing in France with the exception of the Pays Basque.
The numerous documents both printed and photographie which were found during this prospecting can be consulted in the library and the photographie library of «Centre d'Archéologie Médiévale du Languedoc» .
La motte du Mourrel à Molleville et la motte du Puy Redon à Laurac (Aude)
Authors: Dauzat Michel 
Published: August 2013

Depuis 1981, les deux mottes castrales du Mourrel et de Puy-Redon ont fait l'objet d'une étude englobant une série de procédés de recherche complémentaires. Les diverses constatations effectuées permettent d'envisager des hypothèses de travail pour une meilleure connaissance des mottes castrales du Lauragais. L'auteur livre ici, les points communs observés entre les deux sites notamment au niveau de la morphologie et de la situation dans le paysage de ces deux mottes.
De même, une similitude a été décelée, malgré des sondages archéologiques limités, dans le type de structures rencontrées et dans le mobilier céramique recueilli.
Le cimetière médiéval de Maison Rouge à Marvejols (Lozère)
Authors: Crubezy Éric , Thomas-Beeching José 
Published: August 2013

Avant la destruction d'un cimetière médiéval à Marjevols (Lozère) 136 tombes ont été levées sur plan, 5 fouillées minutieusement et 10 observées partiellement.
Des éléments originaux concernant l'architecture des tombes (dalles de chevet) et les rites funéraires ont pu être observés. Le mode de construction ainsi qu'une datation C 14 sur os confirment l'utilisation du cimetière durant la période mérovingienne.
Les chapiteaux de type corinthien altéré de Sorèze (Tarn)
Authors: Pousthomis-Dalle Nelly 
Published: August 2013

L'abbaye Notre-Dame de la Sagne ou de Sorèze est située dans le Sud de l'actuel département du Tarn. Fondée au début du IXe s., elle connaît une période d'ascension et de prospérité jusqu'au milieu du XIVe s. La Guerre de Cent ans inaugure alors une période de dépression à peine interrompue dans la lre moitié du XVIe s. par un bref redressement avant la destruction totale par les protestants en 1571 et 1573. Rétablie et reconstruite au XVIIe s., les mauristes y créent un collège.
Parmi une cent-cinquantaine d'éléments sculptés médiévaux inventoriés, dispersés à Sorèze et dans ses environs, une dizaine de chapiteaux présentent des caractères communs. Il s'agit de chapiteaux volumineux, destinés à être engagés et attribuables à la structure intérieure d'une église. La composition en est simple, privilégiant la structure aux dépens d'un répertoire décoratif assez restreint et constant. Le relief est vigoureux. La question de la datation de ces œuvres est liée à celle de leurs sources ou des influences possibles. Des comparaisons avec des chapiteaux géographiquement éloignés, mais présentant une parenté de conception sinon de style, pourraient permettre de rattacher ces oeuvres à un vaste courant qui, pendant le XIe s., privilégie le caractère monumental du chapiteau avec un répertoire décoratif assez limité.
Reprise des fouilles en l'abbatiale de Cruas
Authors: Tardieu Joëlle 
Published: August 2013

Archaeological research is currently being carried out by the Direction des Antiquités Historiques of the Rhône- Alpes, collaborating with the Conservation des Monumuments Historiques, in the abbey-church of Cruas in the Ardèche. This church is the last relie of a Benedictine Abbey which was already very important in the Carolingian era. Traditional understanding of the building will have to be revised as a result of this work. The dig which extends over the whole of the nave touches, among other things, Gallo-Roman, early Christian, Carolingian and Medieval levels. As the work has not yet been completed and the material not yet studied, the fragments which have been found are difficult to date.
Various structures have appeared : two west cells on to which were later grafted a building, possibly with three naves, which seems to be important (the present crypt may be its contemporary) . It would have been abandoned (destroyed ?) and partly re-used in an era as yet unknown, to give way to another, much bigger church. The latter, modified and enlarged would become the present building ; primordial for the history of the art and architecture of the Rhône valley. (Lombard style apses one above the other, extended by the addition of a monk's gallery in the nave ; western bay with a chapel above in the German style, séries of sculptures...).
The 1984 campaign will be crucial for the completion of these data, for attempts to interpret them and perhaps for dating.
L'habitat médiéval de Saint-Andrieu (Fenouillet-du-Razès, Aude)
Authors: Baudreu Dominique , Dauzat Michel 
Published: August 2013

An inventory of the Saint Andrieu deposit was made in 1981, after a large part of it had been destroyed by extensive agricultural levelling works. To make up for the lack of digs, the most thorough possible methodology was implemented : toponomy, old cadastres, vertical photographs of the I. G. N., systematic prospecting and textual notes. The ceramics collected from the site enabled us to suggest the 11th-12th centuries.
The site is put back into the local context of how the ground was occupied in the Middle Ages. It must hâve been part of the settlement immediately prior to the stabilising of the présent parish network. Nevertheless its exact nature remains hypothetical : mound or settlement organized around a church and its cemetery.
A propos des céramiques ornementales sur les édifices médiévaux du sud de la France
Authors: Nicolaï Alexandre , Vallauri Lucy 
Published: August 2013

En France continentale, un seul édifice ayant comporté un décor de bacini (céramique ornant les surfaces externes d'un édifice) était recensé : il s'agit de « L'Hôtel de Ville » de Saint-Antonin (Tarn-et-Garonne). La France du sud, à l'exception de la Corse, semblait ainsi s'être tenue à l'écart de ce parti décoratif qui connut, pourtant, au Moyen Age, une assez large diffusion dans le bassin méditerranéen.
Cette première enquête permet, après de nouvelles et parfois spectaculaires découvertes, comme Silvacane, Pont-Saint-Esprit, Utelle, de mieux appréhender l'aire de diffusion de ce parti ornemental. Les édifices actuellement recensés font l'objet d'une notice. Les bacini de l'église Saint- Véran d'Utelle soulèvent des problèmes complexes, plus particulièrement développés.
La production de l'atelier de potier de Surieu à la fin du Moyen Age (Saint-Romain de Surieu, Isère)
Authors: Boucharlat Élise , Vicard Tommy 
Published: August 2013

Après la présentation du four de Surieu dans cette même revue (Tome 2, 1984), nous proposons l'étude de la production de ce petit atelier rural du bas Moyen Age. Près de 9.000 tessons ont été examinés provenant de la charge même du four, de son dépotoir et de ramassages de surface réalisés dans les proches parages. La production est extrêmement homogène, puisque 92 % des formes identifiables se rapportent, à quelques variantes près, au même type de récipients : marmite à deux anses, pourvue d'un col court, d'une lèvre triangulaire et d'un fond bombé ou sphérique. Une autre forme de poterie culinaire retient l'attention : pot globulaire, sans col, pourvu d'une lèvre très éversée et rabattue sur la panse. La fabrication de pièces glaçurées en cuisson oxydante ou réductrice apparaît tout à fait marginale.
On manque d'éléments déterminants pour dater avec précision l'activité de l'atelier de Surieu. Des comparaisons avec le mobilier céramique fourni par des fouilles régionales récentes nous conduit à placer sa production à la charnière des XVe et XVIe siècles. On est encore moins renseigné sur la durée d'activité et l'aire de diffusion de cet atelier. Toutefois, la connaissance que nous avons de l'artisanat de la terre cuite dans le département de l'Isère (carte de répartition établie à partir de sources écrites modernes) conduit à envisager une installation éphémère, liée à des débouchés commerciaux limités et dans le temps et dans l'espace.
Les céramiques de raffinage du sucre : typologie - technologie
Authors: Régaldo-Saint-Blancard Pierre 
Published: August 2013

There are two kinds of ceramics to refine sugar : the sugar-loaf mould in which sugar crystallizes and the recipes or molasses pots. Thèse jars used in great quantities by refiners were produced in various places but mostly in Marseille, Orléans and Bordeaux (Sadirac) during the XVIIth/XIXth centuries. Records and technical treatises of the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries as well as the materials dug out - in Sadirac particularly - émerge on a typology of chapes and sizes.
Their making which fulfilled utilization necessities and accurate codification was very specifie, in particular concerning the moulds. Brognard reports observations he made in Orleans, but his description does not accountfor some of the characteristics which can be observed in pieces found somewhere else or in other periods. Resorting to experimental ways has been necessary to permit us to propose ajustified reconstitution of the making technologies.
Nice, fouille d'une maison du XIVe siècle (Alpes-Maritimes)
Authors: Grasse Marie-Christine , Luciani Pierre , Perez Florence , Pasnot Jean-Jacques 
Published: August 2013

Une opération de fouilles archéologiques s'est déroulée de décembre 1986 à février 1987, à la limite de la ville médiévale et de son élargissement aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. Le rempart médiéval et les vestiges d'une maison du XIVe siècle ont été mis au jour. Le sol de cette demeure était composé de briques de couleurs variant du jaune au rouge et disposées en chevrons ; des lauses constituaient sa toiture.
La céramique découverte est issue de la vie quotidienne. Elle comprend autant de cruches que de pégaus, jattes, bols... et peut être datée du XIVe siècle. L'abondance et la qualité de ce matériel culinaire, importé d'Italie et d'Espagne, contraste avec l'absence de vaisselle raffinée fabriquée localement.
Maisons des XV-XVIe à Béziers (Hérault)
Authors: Bonifas Brigitte 
Published: August 2013

L'étude appronfondie de l'architecture privée de la ville de Béziers nous a amené à redécouvrir un riche patrimoine qui occupe une période charnière entre le XVe et le XVIe siècle. A partir de dix exemples choisis de demeures biterroi- ses nous avons essayé de dégager les grandes lignes de cette architecture civile pour établir une typologie de la maison privée en milieu urbain dès la fin du XVe siècle. Ces maisons sont étudiées à la fois dans leur contexte général : la ville, ainsi qu'individuellement à travers leur plan et leur décor.
L'ensemble de ces constructions s'étalant sur une courte période permet de cerner avec précision un habitat localisé.
Habitat et genèse villageoise du haut Moyen Age. Exemple d'un terroir du biterrois nord-oriental
Authors: Schneider Laurent 
Published: August 2013

The extensive study of a communal local seulement of the central Languedoc region, allows the steps of the medieval village structuring to be evoked. The future of the main establishment of the late antiquity, like the perched Carolingian church, the «villa cum turre», the «castrum», the priory, the «villa» and the monastic parish, constitute steps that the inquiry intends to describe, by means of a diversified approach (study of texts and land registers of the XIXth century, surface survey, monument analysis, toponymy).
This work joins in other respects the study of a micro-region : the Lodévois (region of Lodève) and the north-eastern enclave of the Béliers viscountey. This work aims to reveal the role of the big monasteries of Aniane and Gellone, in the elaboration of the village structure and the local parish, by moderating the castle influence in its capacity to regroup the seulement. On these transition lands between the littoral coast and the mountainous hinterland, between Languedoc and Rouergue, the polynuclearisation of the space is a fact which moreover characterizes the landscape ofthe XIIth century. The identification of a village structure on a square layout, often designed by an hagiotoponym, also indicates the originality of the micro- region, and would intro duce a survey allowing the local specificities of the Languedocian village regrouping to beemphasized progressively.
Les résidences de Gaston Fébus en Béarn
Authors: Galés Françoise 
Published: August 2013

Gaston III, né en 1331 du mariage d’Aliénor de Comminges et de Gaston II de Foix-Béarn, hérite du comté de Foix-Béarn en 1343. Alors, il se trouve à la tête de deux territoires distincts: la vicomté de Béarn et le comté de Foix, dans lesquels il possède une dizaine de châteaux. Après une victoire remportée
sur le comte d’Armagnac, ses moyens financiers s’avérant suffisants et sa puissance étant reconnue, il
entreprend, dans les années 1374-75, une ambitieuse campagne de construction de châteaux, la période
antérieure ayant vu la consolidation des édifices hérités pour la plupart du vicomte de Béarn, Gaston VII
Moncade.
Alors que les châteaux érigés au XIIIe siècle sont essentiellement dévolus à la défense, ceux élevés par Fébus sont davantage destinés à la résidence. Un plan centré, dit fébusien, leur sert de modèle. Par son usage systématique, modulé en fonction des contraintes, il est érigé en archétype. Il marque architecturalement le paysage béarnais en imposant un style distinctif, original pour la vicomté, directement associé au nom du
comte.
Les Troubles de la personnalité dans le DSM : les raisons d'une crise nosologique
Authors: Demazeux Steeves 
Published: August 2013

Les Troubles de la personnalité ont toujours constitué une région à part de la nosologie psychiatrique. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à la place que le Manuel Diagnostique et Statistique des Troubles Mentaux (DSM) de l’ American Psychiatric Association leur a réservée au fil de ses éditions successives, et en particulier dans le DSM-III (1980) avec l’invention de l’Axe II. Nous montrons en quoi la place ambiguë qui leur est réservée dans l’économie de la classification explique en partie la crise nosologique qui a entouré la préparation du DSM-5, publié en mai 2013.
An evaluation of web-based homework (WBH) delivery systems: University of Sharjah Experience
Authors: Elmehdi Hussein M 
Published: August 2013

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of the Web-Based Homework (WBH) systems on the performance of University of Sharjah (UAE) students. We have investigated:
1)	student perceptions and acceptability of WBH systems;
2)	compare the studentsâ?? performance in homework assignments conducted using WBH systems and conventional paper-based homework approaches.
Among the students surveyed, 53% preferred WBH systems to the conventional paper-based approach. In addition, 57% of the students felt the WBH system helped them improve their performance in the course. It was also found that students scored higher in homework assignments delivered via the WBH system (by about 17%). The advantages brought by WBH systems appear to motivate students and help improve their performance. It was also found that studentsâ?? maturity plays an important role in accepting the WBH system, where it was evident freshmen college students strongly opposed the use of WBH systems.