bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dress and Identity
Authors: Owen‐Crocker Gale R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The aspects of twenty-first century clothing and identity that are taken for granted include: choice of natural and man-made fibres; commercial distribution and customer choice; economically-driven fashion changes accompanied by acceptance of obsolescence and a decrease in repairing; ownership of a wardrobe of clothes which are regularly changed, laundered, and selected; global fashion; a blurring of gender and social distinctions in dress-style; and selective use of traditional costumes for religious, ceremonial, and festive purposes. This article addresses the evidence for Anglo-Saxon dress in relation to these criteria. From the evidence of grave-goods, it is possible to sketch reconstructions of clothing. Women's costume changed several times during the Anglo-Saxon period, apparently in response to foreign and religious stimuli, men's hardly at all. Anglo-Saxon clothing styles were subject to influence by an influx of foreign styles and the people that brought them. Dress was also clearly indicative of identity.
Settlement Hierarchy
Authors: Ulmschneider Katharina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article concentrates on determining some of the areas of debate in the Anglo-Saxon settlement hierarchy, reviews current approaches, and suggests which areas may warrant exploration in the future. The picture of social hierarchy being closely reflected in the archaeological record holds. One of the most important changes that have been recognized in the mid Saxon period is the great expansion in different settlement and site types. Social ranking may not have been the only factor influencing and shaping the mid Saxon settlement hierarchy. The current picture gained from archaeological and literary sources would suggest that, towards the late Saxon period, social hierarchy was once more clearly reflected in the settlement record, with kings visibly wielding a much tighter control over the landscape, economy, and people. At the other end of the hierarchy, this would also appear to hold true for the peasant class.
Overview: Mortuary Ritual
Authors: Dickinson Tania M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe mortuary rituals practised in Anglo-Saxon England have bequeathed a source of information that permeates almost every part of understanding of the period. Whilst the mid Victorian period was formative in establishing a concentration on early Anglo-Saxon grave-goods and an interpretative framework in terms of ethnicity and religion, these were mostly prosecuted in a sketchy manner. Mortuary rituals should be understood as technologies of remembrance, which transformed the deceased bodily and metaphysically, drawing symbolically on their identity in life and at death, and thereby constituted a new identity in the minds of witnesses and potentially of those who come after. The contexts of burial extend to the regional, national, and beyond, offering means to explore and test hypotheses. The variability and complexity of the evidence and the range of competing interpretative approaches make Anglo-Saxon mortuary rituals a rich field for research, but a challenge to summarize.
Late Saxon Burial Practice
Authors: Hadley Dawn M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Written records has nothing to say about those seventh- and early eighth-century cemeteries that were apparently not located near to churches but which include artefacts incorporating Christian symbolism. The variety inherent in the form of graves within individual cemeteries is, perhaps, an indication of the involvement of the family and community in funerary preparations. There is considerable evidence from a wide array of sites to suggest that behaviour and status in life and anticipated fate in the afterlife informed burial provision in later Anglo-Saxon England. Archaeologists of the early Anglo-Saxon centuries have long since demonstrated the potential of incorporating burial evidence into the histories of early medieval society, and have elucidated the ways in which social, ethnic, and gendered identities were both reflected in, and constructed through, mortuary ritual. However, only recently have the cemeteries of the later Anglo-Saxon period been afforded the same level of scrutiny.
Style: Influences, Chronology, and Meaning
Authors: Webster Leslie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the Anglo-Saxon style from several angles: as part of a complex artistic tradition, and — despite limitations — as a tool in securing the chronological framework for material culture. Style study provides an unexpectedly revealing window onto the Anglo-Saxon world. The Saxon Relief Style overlapped with the relatively short lifespan of the Quoit-Brooch Style. Style 1 played a part in expressing local cultural identity. Carolingian influences increased under Alfred. By the end of the ninth century, the influence of Carolingian models becomes ever more visible. Winchester was a great focus of patronage and production in the arts of tenth and eleventh centuries. Throughout the tenth century, Scandinavian styles had been influential on metalwork and sculpture in areas of Viking settlement in the north; they entered the repertoire of southern England. The Bayeux Tapestry is Anglo-Saxon in style and workmanship.
The Fate of Late Roman Towns
Authors: Henig Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article addresses the similarities of function that Roman and medieval towns might have as centres of trade, administration, religion, and political power, one or a combination of which could cause ‘continuity’. It also highlights the variety of religious purpose that some Roman towns retained — ranging from their survival as centres of British Christianity to shrines that attracted pilgrimage. Winchester certainly has a ‘Dark Age’ history. Lincoln became a regional urban centre and the seat of a bishop by the early fourth century. York was a site of considerable importance, though excavation down to Roman levels has only been sporadic on both banks of the Ouse. The Dorchester, Caerwent, Caistor, and Bath serve to put a more positive gloss on what happened. Each of these towns is briefly discussed. The towns of Roman Britain survived as symbols of power and so most of them proudly retained their names.
Gender and Gender Roles
Authors: Lucy Sam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article addresses how the current understandings of gender and gender roles have arisen, before investigating the possibilities for how it might be interpreted and understood through the archaeological evidence available today. The apparent gender division within early Anglo-Saxon burial archaeology arises from the inclusion of distinct grave-good assemblages. The studies outlined have helped to delineate the major patterning present in early Anglo-Saxon gendered grave furnishing: use of restricted sets of grave-goods, mainly limited to certain adult males and females, but with some adaptations for those aged twelve and over, and sometimes a concomitant decline in gender signaling in older age groups. Artefacts associated with particular types of craft production can give some indications as to the location of gendered activity. Historical and legal sources for the Anglo-Saxon period can also contribute to the picture derived from archaeological evidence.
The Material Culture of the Anglo‐Saxon Church
Authors: Coatsworth Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRelatively few textiles or metalwork objects which specifically relate to church function survive. Donations to churches could include textiles originally made for secular use. It might appear to be difficult to distinguish secular from ecclesiastical textiles; in practice, however, the most substantial textile remains from Anglo-Saxon England have all been preserved within ecclesiastical contexts, either tombs or church treasuries. The most famous textile associated with Anglo-Saxon England is the embroidery known as the Bayeux Tapestry. Tiles are rare finds from the pre-Conquest period, all associated with major minsters and cathedrals, from Bury St Edmunds, St Albans, Winchester, and York. Stone sculpture forms the largest category of objects expressing religious observance to have survived, and the greatest majority has survived preserved in and around the fabric of later churches. Sculpture is found in all areas of Anglo-Saxon England, with some famous examples coming from what is now Scotland.
Overview: Signals of Power
Authors: Carver Martin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The archaeological agenda is intended to illuminate the way that power was exercised and how it changed. Changes in the degree of investment in burial may not indicate changes in social structure so much as the need to signal it. In other words, the social structure of life may have always been hierarchical but the need to mention such ranking in death changes with ideology. Ethnicity and demographic movement were not unknown to the Anglo-Saxons and must have been highly significant at some periods. The neutral scientific role that archaeologists have adopted with respect to the past has been moderated by the realization that everything made by humans — artefacts, buildings, and graves, as well as texts — is potentially skewed by optimism, fear, and aspiration.
Image and Power in the Early Saxon Period
Authors: Gaimster Märit 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reports that artefacts, their ornament and imagery are powerful markers of ideology and politics. It also demonstrates how the metalwork can be deconstructed and read in terms of displayed belief. Style I decorated objects and gold bracteates are known from many regions in northern and Western Europe, with the largest concentration of finds outside Scandinavia from Anglo-Saxon England. Gold bracteates show the adoption of new ways of expressing social and political power through symbolic objects. The spectacular finds from Gudme and Cologne reveal something of the symbolic meaning of necklaces and the social position of the women who wore them. The necklaces were not a simple display of wealth, but embodied a complex sphere of religious, political, and ideological messages. The imagery of seventh-century decorated metalwork has played a marginal role in discussions of power and regional organization.
Anthropology and Archaeology
Authors: Gosden Chris 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCultural anthropology and archaeology are allied through common interests in materials, landscapes, and bodies. Both also link into broader forms of cultural theory which are described in this article. The article concentrates on four areas key to contemporary anthropology which might prove to be useful if pursued further by Anglo-Saxonists. These include two broad orientations — relational thought and practice theory — and the two topic areas of materiality and identity. Relational thought stresses change, mutability, and instability. Furthermore, ideas around the material culture of the Anglo-Saxons form a fertile and fast-developing area of debate and these are briefly summarized. Ideas of materiality have an ultimate root in work such as that of Bourdieu, but focusing more fully than he did on the material requirements objects have of the human body. The Roman world offered a set of cultural resources people could draw on to reformulate their identities both before and after incorporation into the Empire.
Not What it was
Authors: Orchard Andy 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article emphasizes the linkage of the theme of exile with elegy, and observes what ‘elegiac instinct’ was pervasive in Anglo-Saxon literature, ‘as befits a culture torn between worlds’. This is also haunted by the spectre of an entire earlier elegiac tradition now lost to silence. This pervasive attitude has made the particular identification of individual poems as ‘elegies’ something of a tendentious business. Beowulf is particularly rich in an elegiac ethos, which is perhaps only appropriate for a poem that begins and ends with a funeral, and offers a sometimes surprisingly sympathetic Christian view of the heroic pagan past. If the mechanism of transmission has necessarily emphasised the central importance of literate and Latinate and Christian influence on what has survived in written form, there remain deep traces of an earlier elegiac tradition based on spoken words now lost to silence, distant echoes of which seem to have lived on.
Nation and History
Authors: Watterson William C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the emergence of the English pastoral elegy. It reviews the importance of the socio-economic circumstances that inform the pastoral elegy. Renaissance pastoral derived from Theocritus the two principal strands of pastoral elegy: the first ‘Idyll’ mourns the death of Daphnis and the eleventh ‘Idyll’ expresses the cyclops' pathetic unrequited love for Gallatea. In Jacobean pastoral elegy, the two strands often coincide, and the love depicted and/or mourned could be either heterosexual or homosexual in orientation. Although the word ‘elegy’ occurs only twice in Shakespeare's plays, in both instances referring to poems about unrequited love, Shakespeare's vision of English history was able to encompass his own variation on pastoral elegy. The characterization of Shakespeare's conflation of pastoral elegy is finally addressed.
In the Tense of Decadence
Authors: Sherry Vincent 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article reviews modernism in the terms of its anxieties about decline in general. Modernism lies through its own engagement with the culture of decadence of the 1890s. Concentrating primarily on Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot, the article states that modernist poetry was haunted by its precarious time in history, its fragmented sense of a grasp after the new even as the present is swiftly fading from the poets' conceptual grasp. Eliot's investment in the idea of empire shows most of its imaginative value and literary interest in the poetic uses. The presentiment draws upon the major resources of decadence to turn the loss Eliot has felt into an elegy for British civilisation. If Pound holds the war to account for his generation's outliving the appeal of the Nineties myth, it is also because, in that ordeal, he and they have lived it out.
Fresh Woods
Authors: Costello Bonnie 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article presents observations about elegy and ecology in twentieth-century poetry and remarks upon the endurance of both pastoral and elegy. It also shows that modern poetry has not given up ‘the pastoral contextualization of death’, but the pastoral is now also the very subject of mourning. Modern modifications to pastoral elegy are most evident in the lack of closure and consolation in the work of mourning, reflecting modern poetry's more general preference for exposure over resolution of problems. The examples of Elizabeth Bishop and Harpers Ferry can suffice to demonstrate the remarkable resilience of the pastoral elegy in modern poetry, and the rich ways in which it has been revised and updated for the modern imagination. The ecoelegy has provided a new turn in what poet Susan Howe has termed the ‘Elegiac Western Imagination’. Elegy is the record of a cycle broken, then repaired at some other level of renewal.
‘That the People might Live’
Authors: Krupat Arnold 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a discussion on American Indian elegy. It specifically deals with Gerald Vizenor's theorization of what is called ‘continuance and survivance — this latter term a compound of the notion of survival through resistance’. Native American writers regularly express a deep sense of loss in their work. Native narratives of continuance and survivance construct the past and the future very differently from Euramerican narratives of progress and dominance. The wide range of American Indian writing in the elegiac mode from the nineteenth century up to the present and the genre of Indian autobiography are described. Furthermore, several prose texts by Vizenor are addressed. Writing in the elegiac mode may be found in the work of many contemporary Native American poets.
‘Anguish no Cessation Knows’
Authors: Mellor Anne K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article addresses the female-authored elegy. By far the greatest number of elegies penned by women between 1660 and 1834 confront the loss of a dearly beloved family member or friend. Additionally, it describes Mary Chudleigh's three elegies at length because they provide a brilliant representation of the emotional continuum upon which other female elegists map the work of grieving. At the end of the eighteenth century, the female-authored elegy underwent a significant literary development. In the hands of its most skilled practitioners — Charlotte Smith, Helen Maria Williams, Mary Robinson, Letitia Landon, and Felicia Hemans — the poetic elegy became an exploration. The female-authored elegies functioned on occasion as a vehicle of culturally repressed sexual desire. Many of them are more specific in their political critique, taking the occasion to support particular parties, policies or public figures.
Between Men
Authors: Goldberg Jonathan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the homosexual elegy in the Renaissance. It is primarily concerned with Sir Thomas Wyatt and Earl of Surrey, Spenser, and Mary Sidney. The homoerotics of Thomas Carew's elegy for Dr. John Donne represents one possible way in which literary history and the restitution of loss that is the work of mourning gets figured in the poems. For a contrasting instance, the article turns to Ben Jonson's ‘To the Memory of My Beloved, the Author Mr William Shakespeare: And What he Hath Left Us’. Daniel Juan Gil reminds the consideration that Surrey's poetic stance is a consequential one, not simply to be equated with modernity and with heterosexuality. Furthermore, the understanding on Astrophel's place in the poem and its relationship to heteroerotic representations is provided. It then describes John Milton's Lycidas and the ‘Epitaphium Damonis’, arguably the most significant examples of elegy produced in the early modern period.
Museum Elegies
Authors: Gidal Eric 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses elegy in terms of museum culture. Elegy and the elegiac may provide critical purchase upon both the cultural disruptions and political reconfigurations embodied in the museums of the modern era and the increasingly diversifying and recuperative practices of conservation and display at work in the twenty-first century. The association of the elegiac to the museum poetics is reviewed. It is possible to conceive the programmatic rituals performed within the walls of the art museum as fundamentally elegiac. It is recognized that the museum is not as a domain for disinterested aesthetic reflection, objective ethnography, or triumphal history, but as a site of ethical contest among competing memories and identities and, through that contest, a place for cultural regeneration.
The War Memorial as Elegy
Authors: Savage Kirk 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article looks at war monuments, which respond to an increasing scholarly interest in the physical artifacts of memorialization. It argues that the apparent homologies of monument and elegy, anti-monument and anti-elegy, turn out to be misleading. The monument Read envisaged as disillusionment, despair, and destruction gave way to a monument of recuperation. Monumental modernism diverged from the literary modernism Ramazani has so beautifully charted. The age-old types of war memorial were spectacular forms designed to assert the moral and physical triumph of the ruler and the state. The passage through the monument is itself a meaningful process, an elegiac journey, culminating in a ritual climax at the centre. It is true that Lin's memorial does not offer the explicit reassurance of everlasting life that Thiepval incorporates into its Great War Stone. The psychological closure apparently offered by the contemporary war memorial is never really complete.
Grieving Images
Authors: Helsinger Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article investigates the visual elegy on the nineteenth-century painting. It also addresses several kinds of art — primarily paintings — that provide alternatives to memorial and grave arts: pictorial equivalents to the complex reflections of poetic elegies. It concentrates on the elegiac pastoral pictures of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; romantic ruin-painting; some disturbing variations of the Victorian scene of domestic mourning; and twentieth-century images that combine grief with anger relating to the mass brutalities of war or holocaust, mourning too the inadequacies of traditional elegy faced with these forms of modern death. Scenes of domestic death and mourning, particularly those of children, were a staple of Victorian popular fiction and poetry and the prints and paintings that illustrated it. The immediacy of painting is a resource that can make silent images sharpen attention to the most subtle as to the most extreme forms of feeling.
On Photographic Elegy
Authors: Ellenbogen Josh 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article addresses elegy in photography. André Bazin notes that, in photography, ‘for the first time an image of the world is formed automatically, without the creative intervention of man’ and that ‘all the arts are based on the presence of man, only photography derives an advantage from his absence’. Jahan Ramazani's treatment of elegy in modern poetry is rightly seen as the most important that recent scholarship has produced. Lady Elizabeth Eastlake concerns the artistic status of photography. Alexander Gardner takes advantage of recent technical developments in the medium to produce an image of extraordinary detail. Oliver Wendell Holmes turns to the photograph not of an object in motion, but of a still object, a photograph of the home he grew up in as a child. Dr Leonore Sweet is one individual particularly active in spirit photography.
Literature and the Cultural Elites
Authors: Hanna Ralph 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the cultural elites in medieval literature in England. There are two broad categories of cultural elites during this period. The most obvious cultural elite could be described rather broadly as clerical and this group is comprised of persons given professionally to some form of religious life. A second site of elite literacy might be described as magnatial culture, which encompasses the broad and variegated group that governed medieval England. It also describes the private book collectors and medieval book users.
A York Primer and its Alphabet
Authors: McDonald Nicola 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on the primer or the Book of Hours, the most popular reading material for women in England during the medieval period. The primer was at once a first book of prayer and the layperson's primary devotional manual. An abbreviated form of the divine office designed specifically for lay use, the primer emerged in the mid-thirteenth century as a costly aide to the devotions of the elite. It contained the basic prayers that all children were supposed to learn written in easy-to-read letters and often accompanied by an alphabet, as well as a full programme of daily devotions, organized around the hours of the Virgin. The earliest surviving English book of hours, the de Brailes Hours.
Performing Communities
Authors: McGavin John J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines civic religious drama in medieval England. Medieval spectators saw the civic religious drama as emerging from, or alluding to, a broad matrix of generically related forms of play and public ceremony which they could experience on other occasions, such as royal entries, heraldic announcements, and religious ritual including the Mass. This article describes the 2008 Passion Play in Winchester and suggests that this performance was a clear continuation of medieval practice.