bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of The Analysis of Cannabinoids in Biological Fluids
Authors: Garriott JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
NIDA Research Monograph 42 is a presentation of their second technical review on development of cannabinoid assays for detection in biological specimens, held in January 1980. In the introduction, the editor discusses the potential utility and significance of use of cannabinoid assays in humans. Whereas determination of past use of Cannabis is now a routine capability (if proper methods are used) he explains why determination of a state of intoxication is much more difficult. The analysis of whole blood and possibly breath or saliva are discussed as potential determinants of intoxication.
A Review of An Eight Peak Index of Mass Spectra of Compounds of Forensic Interest
Authors: Poklis A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This index consists of 3687 eight-peak abbreviated spectra from 2787 compounds, which may be encountered during mass spectral analysis of forensic science samples. The collection was compiled at the Central Research Establishment, Aldermaston, U.K. with the help of forensic science laboratories worldwide.
Evaluation of Antisera for Bloodstain Grouping I. ABH, MN, and Rh
Authors: Gaensslen RE , Lee HC , Pagliaro EM , Bremser JK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Sixty-eight different commercially available blood grouping antisera and lectins with ABH, MN, and Rh D, C, E, c, and e specificities were serologically evaluated for their applicability to bloodstain antigen determination. The characteristics of the antisera were determined with red cells, with fresh bloodstains, and with series of aging bloodstains. The Rh antisera were tested under a variety of serological conditions and with bloodstains on various substrata. Additionally, studies on optimization of absorption-elution procedure variables were carried out, and some data on the storage characteristics of red cells and blood grouping antisera were gathered.
Illicitly Imported Heroin Products: Some Physical and Chemical Features Indicative of Their Origin. Part II
Authors: O'Neil PJ , Gough TA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Samples taken from seizures of imported illicit heroin preparations of known geographical origin have been examined. The typology developed in a previous survey of illicit heroin products is applicable to virtually all the samples studied in this work. On the basis of these observations it is possible to give an opinion as to the origin of some samples of illicit heroin of unknown provenance. The observation in the previous survey that unrelated samples of illicit heroin possess unique chemical profiles has been confirmed by the present results.
An Evaluation of Fused Silica Capillary Columns for the Screening of Basic Drugs in Postmortem Blood: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Koves EM , Wells J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fused silica capillary columns (Durabond®) have been evaluated for the screening of more than 100 basic drugs in postmortem blood samples. The combination of these columns, nitrogen-phosphorus detectors, and SKF-525A (internal standard) allows for the simultaneous screening and quantitation of several basic drugs such as amphetamines, amitriptyline, and codeine. Approximately 2000 blood samples have been analyzed by this procedure. The use of capillary columns results in excellent baseline stability and this, together with an autosampler and data system, enables unattended overnight operation. “Double peaking” associated with splitless injection can be a problem as can sensitivity for some of the polar drugs; however, with the extraction procedure described and the equipment used, the screening of blood for basic drugs is improved when compared with packed column technology.
Psychiatric Evaluations of Sexual Offenders
Authors: Packard WS , Rosner R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ninety-five defendants charged with sexual offenses were evaluated in a forensic psychiatry clinic. Their psychiatric diagnoses, as well as social, demographic, and criminal characteristics, were studied. Almost half were found to have personality disorders, while one-fifth were given a diagnosis of schizophrenia, affective disorder, or an atypical psychosis. Surprisingly few were diagnosed as having a paraphilia.
Geriatric Felons Examined at a Forensic Psychiatry Clinic
Authors: Rosner R , Wiederlight M , Schneider M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Descriptive statistics are presented on 25 defendants in the geriatric age range (aged 62 to 78 years old). Demographic variables, criminal charges, medical, neurological and psychiatric illnesses, prior criminal offenses, and final dispositions of the cases are tabulated, and implications for the criminal justice system and social services are discussed.
Variations in Vitreous Humor Chemical Values As A Result of Instrumentation
Authors: Coe JI , Apple FS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Urea nitrogen, glucose, sodium, potassium, and chloride were measured in common vitreous humor samples using a variety of instruments. There was found to be variation in values obtained by the different procedures for each of these constituents. The variation in electrolyte values between the different procedures can pose real problems in attempting to determine the presence of an antemortem dehydration or low salt condition. Possible reasons for these variations are discussed, and the normal range of values of both sodium and chloride for the different instrumentalities is provided. However, variations in values for both urea nitrogen and glucose would not pose any problems of interpretation for forensic science evaluations.
Microcomputers in Forensic Science
Authors: Neiburger EJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the last few years, there has been a revolution in computer technology. Small, inexpensive, and powerful microcomputers are assuming the work previously done by expensive and limited minicomputers and manual systems. New uses of microcomputers and several forensic science applications of user definable software is discussed. This paper also reviews basic computer systems and cautions for prospective users.
Determination of ABH Secretor Status by an Electronic Quantitation Method
Authors: Matsuzawa S , Kobayashi Y , Kobayashi R , Suzuki H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood Group A and B substances in secretor (Se) and nonsecretor (se) salivas were tested by means of an electronic data processing-hemagglutinin-inhibition test (EDP-HAIT) with immunoglobulin M (IgM) isohemagglutinins. Besides a difference in quantity, the blood group substances in Se saliva showed high binding efficiencies compared with those in se saliva. EDP-HAIT with IgG isohemagglutinins proved no difference in the binding efficiencies of Se and se salivas. The determination of secretor status by EDP-HAIT with IgM isohemagglutinin was accurate because the conclusion was obtained based on two different quantitative results. Secretor status of some salivas in gargled water could be determined by comparing the binding efficiencies.
Two Bite Mark Cases with Inadequate Scale References
Authors: Bernstein ML 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Most literature addressing comparisons between epidermal bite marks and the perpetrator's bite pattern mandates fastidious coordination between the size of the compared reproductions. While ideal, this is not possible in every case and inability to control this variable in selected cases may not necessarily invalidate the comparison. The first case involves a known perpetrator. All photographic measurements were recorded with acceptable techniques to discover a serious discrepancy in arch size. The second case was degraded by the absence of a ruler in a tangentially made photograph of a bite mark. In both cases, the weight of the conclusions were lessened by these problems but the impartial handling of the evidence and explanation of discrepancies offered credibility to the analyses. Both cases illustrate that a technical infraction in processing and recording bite marks, though serious, need not automatically preempt the analysis.
Concentrations of Lidocaine and Monoethylglycylxylidide (MEGX) in Lidocaine Associated Deaths
Authors: Peat MA , Deyman ME , Crouch DJ , Margot P , Finkle BS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Concentrations of lidocaine and MEGX were determined in a variety of tissues and other samples collected at autopsy. In 13 of the cases examined in which lidocaine was associated with death, tissue concentrations were greater than 15 mg/kg. Tissue concentrations in other patients treated with lidocaine were significantly lower.
Mental Retardation, Organic Brain Dysfunction, and the Forensic Clinician: Some Practical Considerations
Authors: Travin S , Klein N , Protter B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Mental retardation as it is frequently interrelated with a variety of organic brain dysfunctions may present unclear clinical pictures. This has particular relevance for the forensic practitioner who often needs to present his findings to the court in a clearly demarcated manner. This paper outlines the more commonly encountered entities in this area with consideration to forensic science implications.
A Review of Euthanasia
Authors: Tuchler MI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This volume, edited by Judge Amnon Carmi of Haifa, Israel, presents a series of articles by distinguished scientists from Africa, Europe, the United States, and Israel, and makes a serious effort to cope with the technological and engineering advances in the field of medicine which have been responsible for the extraordinary amount of literature and litigation considering euthanasia.
A Review of Human Identification Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Reay DT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is a good book that fuses the methods of human identification with anecdotal experiences of the authors. An occasional chapter has an almost whimsical approach to the subject which makes for enjoyable reading. I particularly enjoyed the chapter on the analysis of osseous material presumably from Jesse James and the melodrama in two acts concerning the identification of a notorious train robber, Ehner J. McCurdy.
Radiologic Examination of Anatomic Parts and Skeletonized Remains
Authors: Murphy WA , Gantner GE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During a 28-month interval, the radiographs of eight cases of skeletonized remains were evaluated by a radiologist. Radiologic evaluation of limited anatomic parts (four cases) was used to establish human or nonhuman origin and was helpful in the assessment of the relative social importance of the part. Radiologic evaluation of more complete skeletons (four cases) contributed data toward estimation of sex, age, stature, and past medical history. It confirmed the presumptive identity in two cases, excluded two possible identities in a third, and could still be useful if a presumptive identity is ever established for the fourth. Therefore, radiologic evaluation of skeletonized remains by a trained observer may be a useful adjunct to a forensic science investigation.
Applicability of Capillary Gas Chromatography to Substance Identification in Toxicology by Means of Retention Indices
Authors: Schepers P , Wijsbeek J , Franke JP , de Zeeuw RA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Three capillary columns, set up in a routine screening system, were tested in temperature-programmed runs. A narrow-bore fused silica capillary, Carbowax deactivated and with a methylsilicone liquid phase, was found to be unstable at higher temperatures, giving irreproducible results and retention indices that varied considerably from those obtained on packed columns. The two other columns, a wide-bore glass capillary and a narrow-bore fused silica capillary, were polysiloxane-deactivated and had a dimethylpolysiloxane liquid phase. Although both showed good stability, reproducibility, and load capacity, retention indices for various drugs still showed discrepancies as compared to corresponding values on packed columns.
A Review of Lawyers, Psychiatrists, and Criminal Law
Authors: Tuchler MI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The author has served the Tax Division of the United States Department of Justice for two decades as an advocate in cases involving the insanity defense. As a guide to the author's identification and orientation, the Goldfine case is presented in detail as an example of the successful use of lay evidence to contradict an initial finding based on psychiatric testimony offered to establish incompetency to stand trial in a federal court.
A Review of Techniques of Crime Scene Inves tigation
Authors: Lundberg GD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The original publication of this book was entitled Crime Detection—Modern Methods of Criminal Investigation and was written by Arne Svensson and Otto Wendel in 1955. An English translation was made available. In 1965, the second edition appeared with the same title and authors plus Joseph D. Nickle as editor. Now, 16 years later, the third edition appears with a name change and a third author. Despite the fact that the esteemed Arne Svensson and Otto Wendel of the Criminal Investigation Department of Stockholm, Sweden, are still the two lead authors, this appears to be an almost entirely American book. The dozens of persons who are acknowledged as having contributed to this edition are nearly all from the United States or Canada.
Identification Cards and Systems That Incorporate Instant Films
Authors: Kraemer JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A number of firms manufacture or market cameras and allied equipment for the production of driver's licenses, building passes, and other identification cards uith portraits. Systems that use instant film, other than those marketed by Polaroid Corp., are discussed with a view toward their classification and identification by document examiners. Polaroid products were discussed in a previous publication.
Shotgun Diagnosis: “It Ought to Be Something Else”
Authors: Froede RC , Pitt MJ , Bridgemon RR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The problems encountered by the surgeon, the radiologist, and the pathologist in the interpretation of radiopaque fragments within tissue are illustrated by a case report. Deformation, particularly flattening, of round pellets should be recognized as a gross radiographic pitfall. The potential and actual external and internal tissue damage resulting from a closerange shotgun blast are also discussed. Careful study of the radiographs, examination of the weapon and ammunition, and the information obtained from good investigation by trained law-enforcement officers should prevent possible misinterpretation.
Linking a Bloodstain to a Missing Person by Genetic Inheritance
Authors: Kuo MC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The use of the principles of genetic inheritance to link a bloodstain to a missing victim is discussed. Genetic marker typing can determine whether the parents of the missing victim are possible parents of the bloodstain source. Given a parental inclusion, it is possible to calculate the probability that a randomly selected couple would possess the necessary genetic combinations to be the parents of the person who bled. The applications of this concept using several genetic marker systems are examined. General formulas have been developed for the probability calculation using phenotype distribution frequencies and gene frequencies. This approach was applied to a homicide case in which it was shown that the victim's parents were among only 0.8% of couples from the general population who would be able to bequeath the genetic marker types found in the bloodstain. This evidence was helpful in producing a conviction of first degree murder.
The General Toxicology Unknown II. A Case Report: Doxylamine and Pyrilamine Intoxication
Authors: Wu Chen NB , Schaffer MI , Lin R-L , Kurland ML , Donoghue ER , Stein RJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A general toxicology unknown case is presented to demonstrate our systematic approach. A 20-year-old male was found dead with multiple suicide notes. Overdose was suspected but substances were not known. Blood alcohol was negative. Urine was analyzed by enzymemultiplied immunoassay technique and was negative for all drugs assayed. Urine was then extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1) at pH 10 and back-extracted into 1.0N sulfuric acid. The acidic layer was adjusted to pH 10, and re-extracted with ethyl acetate: hexane (1:1). The residue was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) on a 3% OV-101 column. It was found to be negative for all commonly screened substances. However, several unknown peaks were observed. Electron impact mass spectra of these unknown peaks were obtained and searched for in our computer library of more than 25 000 mass spectra. These unknown peaks were identified as doxylamine and pyrilamine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The base peak and molecular ion for pyrilamine were at m/z 121 and 285, respectively. The base peak for doxylamine was at m/z 58. No molecular ion was observed for doxylamine. Both doxylamine and pyrilamine are antihistamines, but are promoted and used in the management of insomnia. Quantitation was performed on a GC using dexbrompheniramine as an internal standard. Blood concentrations for doxylamine and pyrilamine were 0.7 and 7.0 mg/L, respectively. Concentrations in other tissues were determined. Death was caused by combined doxylamine and pyrilamine intoxication; the manner of death was suicide.
Nonverbal Communication in Expert Testimony
Authors: Miller TH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
I will try to show that nonverbal communication in the courtroom is a little noticed, yet powerfully important part of the communication process. My research suggests that nonverbal communication might, under certain circumstances and conditions, change the outcome of a trial. Second and probably most importantly, I will try to share with you the techniques and insights that I use as a consultant for law firms preparing for trial. I will explicate pretrial preparation; the importance of physical appearance and establishing your expert qualifications; and how to describe your research, use videotape, state your conclusion, transcend your ego, answer hypothetical questions, and handle cross-examination.
Time of Death Estimation in Blacktail Deer by Temperature and Aqueous Humor Glucose
Authors: Pex JO , Meneely KD , Andrews FC 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAqueous humor glucose and body temperature are utilized to estimate the postmortem interval. Sequential sampling of a 15-deer control study provided sufficient data to establish a 95% prediction interval for the first 8 h. Statistical analysis of 187-deer field study shows 94.7% to be inside the prediction interval.
Tool Mark Determination in Cartilage of Stabbing Victim
Authors: Rao VJ , Hart R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Striations produced on rib cartilages by a knife were conclusively matched with the individual characteristics of the cutting edge of the knife. This was accomplished using Dip-Pak $#x00AE; (cellulose acetate butyratE), Coe-Flex $#X00AE (polysulfide dental impression), and comparison microscopy. An absolute identification was made in which all significant striae matched the individual characteristics of the blade's cutting edge.
The Determination of Cocaine and Its Major Metabolite, Benzoylecgonine, in Postmortem Fluids and Tissues by Computerized Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Griesemer EC , Liu Y , Budd RD , Raftogianis L , Noguchi TT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of both cocaine and benzoylecgonine in postmortem fluid and tissue samples has been developed by using computerized gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography using a nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) detector. Both methods are accurate and sensitive and allow the determination of tissue concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine as low as 0.015 μg/mL.
The Lindbergh Case Revisited: A Review of the Criminalistics Evidence
Authors: Haag LC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Lindbergh kidnapping case, now over half a century old, has been the subject of numerous books and articles, several films, and a current lawsuit. Doubts about the guilt of Bruno Richard Hauptmann raised in the late 1930s persist today. The identification of the body of the child found in the woods near the Lindbergh estate approximately two months after the kidnapping is still being questioned. Criticisms of the purported associations between the homemade ladder left at the scene with Hauptmann's tools and with wood in his residence are also still being voiced. The retention of the crucial pieces of physical evidence by the New Jersey State Police and their new accessibility as a result of an executive order makes a contemporary evaluation of these questions possible. In January of 1983 the author, at the invitation of the president of the American Academy, Anthony Longhetti, traveled to New Jersey, viewed the original crime scene, studied the trial exhibits and re-examined the major items of physical evidence exclusive of the kidnap and ransom notes. Certain criminalistic examinations carried out by the New Jersey State Police Forensic Science Bureau in 1977 were also reviewed in preparing this paper for the 1983 plenary session.
A Review of Society, Crime and Criminal Behavior
Authors: Wall JL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book is a basic criminology textbook and, as such, is concerned with the study of crime and criminals. Presumably, this book is directed towards students of academic criminology programs who will ultimately work in various aspects of law enforcement and corrections. However, as the author points out, “Crime is a topic of enduring interest to most Americans.” The study of crime and criminals should certainly be of enduring interest to forensic scientists who are pursuing highly complex disciplines themselves and have supporting parts in the overall drama of crime.
Computer-Aided X-Ray Diffraction Identification of Crystalline Mixtures in Forensic Science Investigations
Authors: Fischer R , Nat R , Goebel R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
X-ray diffraction analysis of multiphase mixtures is sometimes rather painstaking and time-consuming by conventional manual identification using search manuals and the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) file. This is the reason why a search match program has been developed in FORTRAN IV using a 32 kB Data General Nova 3/12 minicomputer with floppy disk storage to evaluate X-ray diffraction patterns in an on-line mode, regardless of intensities, permitting the mixture components to be determined from a compiled data file of forensically relevant substances. This paper discusses the problems of procedure, program setup, and results.
Human Remains Recovered from a Shark's Stomach in South Carolina
Authors: Rathbun TA , Rathbun BC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
When a local fisherman landed a 243-cm (8-ft), 59-kg (130-lb) tiger shark off the coast of South Carolina, the stomach contents included human remains. The distal femur articulations, complete patella, and proximal fourth of the tibia and fibula with connective tissue and a few hairs were present. The forensic science analysis of this material raised some unique questions not usually confronted by a physical anthropologist. Estimations of time since death necessitated research into the feeding and movement habits of tiger sharks, the digestive mechanics and chemistry of the species, and possible alteration of the skeletal material. The fragmentation of the remains spurred extension of usual identification techniques and raised questions of level of confidence of the methods. The current techniques for diagnosis of sex, race, age, stature, and individualized features, and their utility in this case, are reviewed. Areas for further research are proposed.