bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of the olfactory recess in olfactory airflow
Authors: Eiting Thomas P. , Smith Timothy D. , Perot James B. , Dumont Elizabeth R. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The olfactory recess-a blind pocket at the back of the nasal airway-is thought to play an important role in mammalian olfaction by sequestering air outside of the main airstream, thus giving odorants time to re-circulate. Several studies have shown that species with large olfactory recesses tend to have a well-developed sense of smell. However, no study has investigated how the size of the olfactory recess relates to air circulation near the olfactory epithelium. Here we used a computer model of the nasal cavity from a bat to test the hypothesis that a larger olfactory recess improves olfactory airflow. We predicted that during inhalation, models with an enlarged olfactory recess would have slower rates of flow through the olfactory region (i.e. the olfactory recess plus airspace around the olfactory epithelium), while during exhalation these models would have little to no flow through the olfactory recess. To test these predictions we experimentally modified the size of the olfactory recess while holding the rest of the morphology constant. During inhalation we found that an enlarged olfactory recess resulted in lower rates of flow in the olfactory region. Upon exhalation, air flowed through the olfactory recess at a lower rate in the model with an enlarged olfactory recess. Taken together, these results indicate that an enlarged olfactory recess improves olfactory airflow during both inhalation and exhalation. These findings add to our growing understanding of how the morphology of the nasal cavity may relate to function in this understudied region of the skull.
Production of all female progeny: an evidence for the presence of male sex determination factor on Y chromosome
Authors: Shukla Jayendra N. , Palli Subba R. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum follows XX (female) and XY (male) sex determination system. Maternal supply of Transformer (Tra) is required for XX insects to follow the female pathway. The nature and the source of signal that regulates male sex determination in XY beetles are not known. Parental RNAi aided knockdown in expression of tra masculinizes genetic females (XX) that are fertile. The virgin females mated with these masculinized genetic females produced all female progeny. We present the genetic evidence to show that the factor responsible for male sex determination is present on Y chromosome. These data also suggest that Y chromosome in T. castaneum is not required for male fertility.
Is gastrointestinal plasticity in king quail (Coturnix chinensis) elicited by diet-fibre or diet-energy dilution?
Authors: Williamson Sean A. , Jones Stephanie K.C. , Munn Adam J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity of organ size allows some animals to manage fluctuations of resource quality or availability. Here, we examined the phenotypic plasticity of the gastrointestinal tract of king quail (Coturnix chinensis) in a diet-fibre manipulation study. Quail were offered either a control low-fibre (high-quality) food (8.5% neutral-detergent fibre; NDF), or one of two experimental diets of higher fibre contents of 16% NDF (i.e. low quality food). To examine whether phenotypic plasticity of organ size was associated with the fibre content per se , or as a consequence of diluting the diet energy contents by adding fibre, one of the high-fibre feeds was 'balanced' with additional energy to match that of the low-fibre control diet. Total empty dry mass of the gastrointestinal tract was significantly heavier among birds offered the unbalanced high-fibre diet as compared with those offered the control diet, with birds offered the fibrous but energy-balanced diet having guts of intermediate size. The heavier entire-gut mass (dry) of quail offered the unbalanced high-fibre diet was associated mainly with these birds having significantly heavier gizzards. Notably, the larger gizzard in the birds offered the unbalanced high-fibre diet was associated with marked increases their metabolisability (digestion) of diet fibre. Our findings suggest that the available energy in the diet may be more important for eliciting phenotypic changes in the gut of these herbivorous birds rather than simple physical effects of diet fibre on feed intakes or on muscular compensation to fibrous ingesta.
Conjugated Polymer-coated Counter Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Employing Solid Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Kang Moon-Sung 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The photovoltaic performances of dye-sensitized solar cells employing solid polymer electrolytes have been greatly improved by the introduction of a chemically doped (p-type) conjugated polymer junction layer onto a conventional platinum-layered counter electrode. The increased energy conversion efficiency would be primarily due to the decrease in the interfacial charge-transfer resistances between the polymer electrolyte and the Pt-layered counter electrode, as confirmed by the results of FE-SEM and impedance spectroscopy.
Light-transmittable Ultrasmooth Gold Film for Gap-mode Tip-enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
Authors: Oguchi Masahiro , Mochizuki Masahito , Yano Taka-aki , Hara Masahiko , Hayashi Tomohiro 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We report light-transmittable ultrasmooth gold film enabling gap-mode tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) spectroscopy measurements with extremely low background signals. An ultrasmooth Au substrate was fabricated by introducing a wetting layer of germanium (Ge). We also found that high mechanical and chemical stability of the substrate along with flexibility in chemical modification provides versatile platforms for gap-mode TERS measurements in various environments, such as air, water, and organic solvents.
The constrictor knot is the best ligature
Authors: Taylor H , Grogono AW 
Published: February 2014

Introduction An ideal ligature should tighten readily and remain tight. Ligature failure can be a critical complication of invasive procedures in human and veterinary surgical practice. Previous studies have tested various knots but not the constrictor knot. Methods A new test bench was employed to compare six ligatures using four suture materials. As tension in a ligature is not readily measured, the study employed a surrogate measurement: the force required to slide a ligature along a rod. Benchmark values tested each suture material wrapped around the rod to establish the ratio between this force and the ligature tension for each material. Each ligature was tested first during tightening and then again afterwards. The benchmark ratios were employed to calculate the tensions to evaluate which ligature and which suture material retained tension best. Results The model provided consistent linear relationships between the tension in the suture and the force required to pull the ligature along the rod. The constrictor knot retained tension in the ligature best (55–107% better than the next best ligature). Among the suture materials, polydioxanone had the greatest ability to retain the tension in a ligature and polyglactin the least. Conclusions The constrictor knot showed superior characteristics for use as a ligature, and should be introduced into teaching and clinical practice for human and veterinary surgery. The new test bench is recommended for future testing of ligatures as well as objective comparison of suture materials.
Fracture healing following high energy tibial trauma: Ilizarov versus Taylor Spatial Frame
Authors: Menakaya CU , Rigby AS , Hadland Y , Barron E , Sharma H 
Published: February 2014

IntroductionThe optimal treatment of high energy tibial fractures remains controversial and a challenging orthopaedic problem. The role of external fixators for all these tibial fractures has been shown to be crucial.MethodsA five-year consecutive series was reviewed retrospectively, identifying two treatment groups: Ilizarov and Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF; Smith & Nephew, Memphis, TN, US). Fracture healing time was the primary outcome measure.ResultsA total of 112 patients (85 Ilizarov, 37 TSF) were identified for the review with a mean age of 45 years. This was higher in women (57 years) than in men (41 years). There was no significant difference between frame types (p=0.83). The median healing time was 163 days in both groups. There was no significant difference in healing time between smokers and non-smokers (180 vs 165 days respectively, p=0.07), open or closed fractures (p=0.13) or age and healing time (Spearman's r=0.12, p=0.18). There was no incidence of non-union or re-fracture following frame removal in either group.ConclusionsDespite the assumption of the rigid construct of the TSF, the median time to union was similar to that of the Ilizarov frame and the TSF therefore can play a significant role in complex tibial fractures.
Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Enzyme Assay for UDP-Galactose 4′-Epimerase: Use of Fragment Intensity Ratio in Differentiation of Structural Isomers
Authors: Li Yijun , Huang Xiaoping , Harmonay Lauren , Liu Ying , Kellogg Mark D , Fridovich-Keil Judith L , Berry Gerard T 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDDistinction between asymptomatic and potentially clinically significant forms of galactosemia due to UDP-galactose 4′-epimerase (GALE) deficiency requires enzyme measurement in erythrocytes and other cells. We sought to develop a GALE assay using a novel liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based method.METHODSThe reversible GALE assay was conducted with UDPGal as a substrate. The coeluting reaction product, uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPGlc), and its isomeric substrate, uridine diphosphate galactose (UDPGal), were detected by MS/MS at mass transitions 565 &gt; 280, 565 &gt; 241 and 565 &gt; 403. The UDPGal was enriched in mass transition 565 &gt; 403 compared with UDPGlc, whereas the UDPGlc was enriched in the mass transition 565 &gt; 241 compared with UDPGal. The percentage of UDPGal in the reaction mixture was calculated by use of the ratio of ion intensities of the 2 daughter ions and a fourth-order polynomial calibrator curve.RESULTSThe method yielded a mean (SD) GALE activity of 9.8 (2.2) μmol · g−1 hemoglobin · h−1 in erythrocyte extracts from 27 controls. The apparent Km of the substrate, UDPGal, was 0.05 mmol/L. The GALE activity ranged from 433 to 993 μmol · g−1 protein · h−1 in control lymphoblast extracts. In a blinded test of 22 subjects suspected of GALE deficiency, we identified 6 individuals whose residual activities were below the range of controls, compatible with intermediate GALE deficiency.CONCLUSIONSThis assay can be used to distinguish the different forms of GALE deficiency. From an analytical standpoint, differentiating isomers on the basis of fragment intensity ratios should also prove useful for analogous enzymatic studies involving substrates and products that are structural isomers.
Recent research on the Maitreya Monastery in Inner Mongolia (China)
Authors: Charleux Isabelle 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This review article evaluates recent Chinese publications (5 books and 30 articles) on Mayidari Juu (Maitreya Monastery, Ch. Meidaizhao 美岱召), in Inner Mongolia, China) – a remarkable fortified Tibetan Buddhist monastery that has preserved sixteenth- to nineteenth-century mural paintings and architecture. Its study is not only important for the history of the Tümed Mongols, but also for the history of Mongol monasteries, art, architecture, religion, society, economy, and funerary practices. The recent books reviewed here, correspond to a new campaign of restoration of the monastery, and reflect the modern revalorisation of Inner Mongol tangible heritage. Besides introducing recently discovered archives, they provide excellent quality photographs of the murals and framework décor, as well as new hypotheses on the dating and function of buildings, and on the dating, iconography and authors of mural paintings. By synthesizing the main debates on history, architecture and painting of Mayidari Juu, the present review essay aims at helping global scholarship on this major part of the Mongol heritage move on to a new stage.
Dynamical perspective of protein-DNA interaction
Authors: Batabyal Subrata , Choudhury Susobhan , Sao Dilip , Mondol Tanumoy , Kumar Pal Samir 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe interactions between protein-DNA are essential for various biological activities. In this review, we provide an overview of protein-DNA interactions that emphasizes the importance of dynamical aspects. We divide protein-DNA interactions into two categories: nonspecific and specific and both the categories would be discussed highlighting some of our relevant work. In the case of nonspecific protein-DNA interaction, solvation studies (picosecond and femtosecond-resolved) explore the role environmental dynamics and change in the micropolarity around DNA molecules upon complexation with histone protein (H1). While exploring the specific protein-DNA interaction at λ-repressor-operator sites interaction, particularly OR1 and OR2, it was observed that the interfacial water dynamics is minimally perturbed upon interaction with DNA, suggesting the labile interface in the protein-DNA complex. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) study revealed that the structure of the protein is more compact in repressor-OR2 complex than in the repressor-OR1 complex. Fluorescence anisotropy studies indicated enhanced flexibility of the C-terminal domain of the repressor at fast timescales after complex formation with OR1. The enhanced flexibility and different conformation of the C-terminal domain of the repressor upon complexation with OR1 DNA compared to OR2 DNA were found to have pronounced effect on the rate of photoinduced electron transfer.
Étale duality for constructible sheaves on arithmetic schemes
Authors: Jannsen Uwe , Saito Shuji , Sato Kanetomo 
Published: February 2014

Abstract.

In this note we relate the following three topics for arithmetic schemes: a general duality for étale constructible torsion sheaves, a theory of étale homology, and the arithmetic complexes of Gersten–Bloch–Ogus type defined by K. Kato (1986).

In brief, there is an absolute duality using certain dualizing sheaves on these schemes, we describe and characterize the dualizing sheaves to some extent, relate them to symbol maps, define étale homology via the dualizing sheaves, and show that the niveau spectral sequence for the latter, constructed by the method of Bloch and Ogus (1974),
leads to the complexes defined by Kato. Some of these relations may have been expected by experts, and some have been used implicitly in the literature, although we do not know any explicit reference for statements or proofs. Moreover, the main results are used in a crucial way in a paper by
Jannsen and Saito (2003). So a major aim is to fill a gap in the literature, and a special emphasis is on precise formulations, including the determination of signs. But the general picture developed here may be of interest itself.
Turbulence, orbit equivalence, and the classification of nuclear C*
-algebras
Authors: Farah Ilijas , Toms Andrew S. , Törnquist Asger 
Published: February 2014

Abstract.

We bound the Borel cardinality of the isomorphism relation for nuclear simple separable C*
-algebras: It is turbulent, yet Borel reducible to the action of the automorphism group of the Cuntz algebra

𝒪
2

$\mathcal {O}_2$

on its closed subsets. The same bounds are obtained for affine homeomorphism of metrizable Choquet simplexes. As a by-product we recover a result of Kechris and Solecki, namely, that homeomorphism of compacta in the Hilbert cube is Borel reducible to a Polish group action. These results depend intimately on the classification theory of nuclear simple C*
-algebras by

K

$\mathrm {K}$

-theory and traces. Both of necessity and in order to lay the groundwork for further study on the Borel complexity of C*
-algebras, we prove that many standard C*
-algebra constructions and relations are Borel, and we prove Borel versions of Kirchberg's

𝒪
2

$\mathcal {O}_2$

-stability and embedding theorems. We also find a C*
-algebraic witness for a

K
σ

$K_\sigma $

hard equivalence relation.
New classes of Hermite–Tricomi functions and generating relations
Authors: Al-Gonah Ahmed A. , Khan Subuhi 
Published: February 2014

Abstract.
In this paper, new and general classes of multi-variable Hermite–Tricomi functions are introduced and some properties of these functions are established. Further, generating relations for Laguerre–Hermite polynomials involving various forms of Hermite–Tricomi functions are derived.
On the uniqueness property of non-separable extensions of invariant Borel measures and relative measurability of real-valued functions
Authors: Beriashvili Mariam , Kirtadze Aleks 
Published: February 2014

Abstract.
It is shown that the class of all
non-separable extensions of a nonzero

σ

$\sigma $

-finite Borel measure in the topological vector space

ℝ
ℕ

$\mathbb {R}^{\mathbb {N}}$

, which are invariant under some everywhere dense continual subgroup
of

ℝ
ℕ

$\mathbb {R}^{\mathbb {N}}$

and which possess the uniqueness property, has maximal cardinality

2

2
c

$2^{2^{c}}$

.
Some related questions concerning the measurability properties of real-valued
functions with respect to the class of non-separable measures are also discussed.
A Mechanistic Study of Photoinduced Electron
Transfer from Triplet Erythrosin to Various Quinones Using Time
Resolved Absorption and ESR-CIDEP Measurements
Authors: Mansha Asim , Asim Sadia , Grampp Günter , Zahid Muhammad , Landgraf Stephan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer reactions from the triplet
erythrosin (Ery2−) dianion to various quinones (1,4-benzoquinone,
2,5-di-t-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, duroquinone,
2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, chloranil, bromanil,
2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone and 9,10-anthraquinone) and
other organic acceptors like 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane,
2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane and with
tetracyano-1,4-benzoquinone (cyanil), one of the strongest oxidizing
agent reported in literature (E
○ = 0.90 V vs. SCE),
were studied by laser flash photolysis in acetonitrile/water mixtures
at room temperature. Quenching rate constants are obtained from
Stern-Volmer plots. The measured bimolecular quenching rate constants
are close to the diffusion controlled rates. Excitation of a contact
radical-pair or a triplet exciplex as an intermediate in the
photoinduced electron transfer reaction in a slightly polar solvent
(1-propanol) is confirmed by the observation of the net absorptive
chemically induced dynamic electron polarization (CIDEP) spectra. The
unusual net–absorptive CIDEP spectrum is explained by spin-orbit
coupling interactions due to presence of four iodine atoms in the
structure of erythrosin (heavy atom effect). The dependence of the
electron transfer rate constants, k
et, on the driving force,
ΔG
et is slightly parabolic and indicates the Marcus
Inverted Region.
High-Resolution Sex-Specific Linkage Maps of the Mouse Reveal Polarized Distribution of Crossovers in Male Germline
Authors: Liu Eric Yi , Morgan Andrew P , Chesler Elissa J , Wang Wei , Churchill Gary A , Pardo-Manuel de Villena Fernando 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSince the publication of the first comprehensive linkage map for the laboratory mouse, the architecture of recombination as a basic biological process has become amenable to investigation in mammalian model organisms. Here we take advantage of high-density genotyping and the unique pedigree structure of the incipient Collaborative Cross to investigate the roles of sex and genetic background in mammalian recombination. Our results confirm the observation that map length is longer when measured through female meiosis than through male meiosis, but we find that this difference is modified by genotype at loci on both the X chromosome and the autosomes. In addition, we report a striking concentration of crossovers in the distal ends of autosomes in male meiosis that is absent in female meiosis. The presence of this pattern in both single- and double-recombinant chromosomes, combined with the absence of a corresponding asymmetry in the distribution of double-strand breaks, indicates a regulated sequence of events specific to male meiosis that is anchored by chromosome ends. This pattern is consistent with the timing of chromosome pairing and evolutionary constraints on male recombination. Finally, we identify large regions of reduced crossover frequency that together encompass 5% of the genome. Many of these “cold regions” are enriched for segmental duplications, suggesting an inverse local correlation between recombination rate and mutation rate for large copy number variants.
Birth, Death, and Diversification of Mobile Promoters in Prokaryotes
Authors: van Passel Mark W J , Nijveen Harm , Wahl Lindi M 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA previous study of prokaryotic genomes identified large reservoirs of putative mobile promoters (PMPs), that is, homologous promoter sequences associated with nonhomologous coding sequences. Here we extend this data set to identify the full complement of mobile promoters in sequenced prokaryotic genomes. The expanded search identifies nearly 40,000 PMP sequences, 90% of which occur in noncoding regions of the genome. To gain further insight from this data set, we develop a birth–death–diversification model for mobile genetic elements subject to sequence diversification; applying the model to PMPs we are able to quantify the relative importance of duplication, loss, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and diversification to the maintenance of the PMP reservoir. The model predicts low rates of HGT relative to the duplication and loss of PMP copies, rapid dynamics of PMP families, and a pool of PMPs that exist as a single copy in a genome at any given time, despite their mobility. We report evidence of these “singletons” at high frequencies in prokaryotic genomes. We also demonstrate that including selection, either for or against PMPs, was not necessary to describe the observed data.