bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trabecular Bone Score: A Noninvasive Analytical Method Based Upon the DXA Image
Authors: Silva Barbara C , Leslie William D , Resch Heinrich , Lamy Olivier , Lesnyak Olga , Binkley Neil , McCloskey Eugene V , Kanis John A , Bilezikian John P 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

The trabecular bone score (TBS) is a gray-level textural metric that can be extracted from the two-dimensional lumbar spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) image. TBS is related to bone microarchitecture and provides skeletal information that is not captured from the standard bone mineral density (BMD) measurement. Based on experimental variograms of the projected DXA image, TBS has the potential to discern differences between DXA scans that show similar BMD measurements. An elevated TBS value correlates with better skeletal microstructure; a low TBS value correlates with weaker skeletal microstructure. Lumbar spine TBS has been evaluated in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. The following conclusions are based upon publications reviewed in this article: 1) TBS gives lower values in postmenopausal women and in men with previous fragility fractures than their nonfractured counterparts; 2) TBS is complementary to data available by lumbar spine DXA measurements; 3) TBS results are lower in women who have sustained a fragility fracture but in whom DXA does not indicate osteoporosis or even osteopenia; 4) TBS predicts fracture risk as well as lumbar spine BMD measurements in postmenopausal women; 5) efficacious therapies for osteoporosis differ in the extent to which they influence the TBS; 6) TBS is associated with fracture risk in individuals with conditions related to reduced bone mass or bone quality. Based on these data, lumbar spine TBS holds promise as an emerging technology that could well become a valuable clinical tool in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and in fracture risk assessment. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
First Mouse Model for Combined Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Chen Frieda , Guo Ruolin , Itoh Shousaku , Moreno Luisa , Rosenthal Esther , Zappitelli Tanya , Zirngibl Ralph A , Flenniken Ann , Cole William , Grynpas Marc , Osborne Lucy R , Vogel Wolfgang , Adamson Lee , Rossant Janet , Aubin Jane E 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

By using a genome-wide N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced dominant mutagenesis screen in mice, a founder with low bone mineral density (BMD) was identified. Mapping and sequencing revealed a T to C transition in a splice donor of the collagen alpha1 type I (Col1a1) gene, resulting in the skipping of exon 9 and a predicted 18-amino acid deletion within the N-terminal region of the triple helical domain of Col1a1. Col1a1Jrt/+ mice were smaller in size, had lower BMD associated with decreased bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) and reduced trabecular number, and furthermore exhibited mechanically weak, brittle, fracture-prone bones, a hallmark of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Several markers of osteoblast differentiation were upregulated in mutant bone, and histomorphometry showed that the proportion of trabecular bone surfaces covered by activated osteoblasts (Ob.S/BS and N.Ob/BS) was elevated, but bone surfaces undergoing resorption (Oc.S/BS and N.Oc/BS) were not. The number of bone marrow stromal osteoprogenitors (CFU-ALP) was unaffected, but mineralization was decreased in cultures from young Col1a1Jrt/+ versus +/+ mice. Total collagen and type I collagen content of matrices deposited by Col1a1Jrt/+ dermal fibroblasts in culture was ∼40% and 30%, respectively, that of +/+ cells, suggesting that mutant collagen chains exerted a dominant negative effect on type I collagen biosynthesis. Mutant collagen fibrils were also markedly smaller in diameter than +/+ fibrils in bone, tendon, and extracellular matrices deposited by dermal fibroblasts in vitro. Col1a1Jrt/+ mice also exhibited traits associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS): Their skin had reduced tensile properties, tail tendon appeared more frayed, and a third of the young adult mice had noticeable curvature of the spine. Col1a1Jrt/+ is the first reported model of combined OI/EDS and will be useful for exploring aspects of OI and EDS pathophysiology and treatment. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Clinical and Radiographic Findings in Adults With Persistent Hypophosphatasemia
Authors: McKiernan Fergus Eoin , Berg Richard L , Fuehrer Jay 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

A serum alkaline phosphatase value below the age-adjusted lower limits of normal (hypophosphatasemia) is uncommonly encountered in clinical practice. The electronic and paper medical records of 885,165 patients treated between 2002 and 2012 at a large, rural, multispecialty health clinic were interrogated to estimate the prevalence and characterize the clinical and radiographic findings of adults whose serum alkaline phosphatase was almost always low (persistent hypophosphatasemia). We hypothesized that some of these patients might harbor previously unrecognized hypophosphatasia, a rare, inherited condition of impaired mineralization of bones and teeth. Persistent hypophosphatasemia (serum alkaline phosphatase ≤30 IU/L) was found in 1 of 1544 adult patients. These adult patients had more crystalline arthritis, orthopedic surgery, chondrocalcinosis, calcific periarthritis, enthesopathy, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis than a general adult patient population. A gender effect was observed. The clinical and radiographic findings of adult patients with persistent hypophosphatasemia resemble those of the adult form of hypophosphatasia. Clinicians should take notice of persistent hypophosphatasemia, consider the diagnosis of hypophosphatasia, and be cautious when considering potent anti-remodeling therapy in these adults. This population warrants further evaluation. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Dairy Food Intake, Peripheral Bone Structure, and Muscle Mass in Elderly Ambulatory Women
Authors: Radavelli-Bagatini Simone , Zhu Kun , Lewis Joshua R , Prince Richard L 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Previous studies suggest that dairy intake may be associated with reduced bone and muscle loss with aging, but there are limited data in the very old. We evaluated the association between intake of dairy foods and peripheral bone structure and muscle mass in 564 elderly women aged 80 to 92 (mean 84.7) years, who were participants of the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome Study/CAIFOS Aged Extension Study (CAIFOS/CARES) cohort and attended the 10-year follow-up. Assessments included dairy consumption (milk, yogurt, and cheese) by a validated food frequency questionnaire, 15% tibia bone mass, area and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and appendicular bone and skeletal muscle mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Women were categorized according to tertiles of dairy intake: first tertile (≤1.5 servings/d), second tertile (1.5 to 2.2 servings/d) and third tertile (≥2.2 servings/d). Controlling for confounding factors, pQCT assessment at the 15% tibia showed that compared with those in the first tertile of dairy intake, women in the third tertile had 5.7% greater total bone mass (p = 0.005), principally because of an increase in cortical and subcortical bone mass (5.9%, p = 0.050), resulting in a 6.2% increase in total vBMD (p = 0.013). Trabecular but not cortical and subcortical vBMD was also higher (7.8%, p = 0.044). DXA assessment showed that women in the third tertile of dairy intake had greater appendicular bone mass (7.1%, p = 0.007) and skeletal muscle mass (3.3%, p = 0.014) compared with tertile 1. The associations with bone measures were dependent on dairy protein and calcium intakes, whereas the association with appendicular muscle mass was not totally dependent on dairy protein intake. Our results suggest a positive association of dairy intake with appendicular bone mineralization and muscle mass in elderly women. Because many fractures in this age group are of the appendicular skeleton often associated with falls, dairy intake may be a modifiable lifestyle factor contributing to healthy aging. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Bisphosphonates Inhibit Osteosarcoma-Mediated Osteolysis Via Attenuation of Tumor Expression of MCP-1 and RANKL
Authors: Ohba Tetsuro , Cole Heather A , Cates Justin MM , Slosky David A , Haro Hirotaka , Ando Takashi , Schwartz Herbert S , Schoenecker Jonathan G 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone and accounts for around 50% of all primary skeletal malignancies. In addition to novel chemotherapies, there is a need for adjuvant therapies designed to inhibit osteosarcoma proliferation and tumor-induced osteolysis to attenuate tumor expansion and metastasis. As such, studies on the efficacy of bisphosphonates on human osteosarcoma are planned after feasibility studies determined that the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ZOL) can be safely combined with conventional chemotherapy. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for, and means of inhibiting, osteosarcoma-induced osteolysis are largely unknown. We establish that osteosarcoma growth directly correlates with tumor-induced osteolysis and activation of osteoclasts in vivo. In vitro, tumor cells were determined to expresses surface, but not soluble, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and stimulated osteoclastogenesis in a manner directly proportional to their malignant potential. In addition, an aggressive osteosarcoma cell line was shown to secrete monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), resulting in robust monocyte migration. Because MCP-1 is a key cytokine for monocyte recruitment and surface-bound RANKL strongly supports local osteoclastogenesis, we suggest that high levels of these signaling molecules are associated with the aggressive potential of osteosarcoma. Consistent with these findings, abundant expression of RANKL/MCP-1 was observed in tumor in vivo, and MCP-1 plasma levels strongly correlated with tumor progression and osteolysis. ZOL administration directly attenuates osteosarcoma production of RANKL/MCP-1, reducing tumor-induced bone destruction. In vivo, these findings also correlated with significant reduction in osteosarcoma growth. ZOL attenuates tumor-induced osteolysis, not only through direct inhibition of osteoclasts, but also through direct actions on tumor expression of osteoclast activators. These data provide insight regarding the effect of ZOL on osteosarcoma essential for designing the planned upcoming prospective randomized trials to determine the efficacy of bisphosphonates on osteosarcoma in humans. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Emodin Regulates Bone Remodeling by Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis and Stimulating Osteoblast Formation
Authors: Kim Ju-Young , Cheon Yoon-Hee , Kwak Sung Chul , Baek Jong Min , Yoon Kwon-Ha , Lee Myeung Su , Oh Jaemin 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Bone remodeling, a physiological process in which new bone is formed by osteoblasts and the preexisting bone matrix is resorbed by osteoclasts, is vital for the maintenance of healthy bone tissue in adult humans. Imbalances in this process can cause various pathological conditions, including osteoporosis. Emodin, a naturally occurring anthraquinone derivative found in Asian herbal medicines, has numerous beneficial pharmacologic effects, including anticancer and antidiabetic activities. However, the effect of emodin on the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activity has not yet been investigated. We show here that emodin is a potential target for osteoporosis therapeutics, as treatment with this agent enhances osteoblast differentiation and bone growth and suppresses osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. In this study, emodin suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) and the bone-resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts by inhibiting RANKL-induced NF-κB, c-Fos, and NFATc1 expression. Emodin also increased ALP, Alizarin Red-mineralization activity, and the expression of osteoblastogenic gene markers, such as Runx2, osteocalcin (OCN), and ALP in mouse calvarial primary osteoblasts, as well as activated the p38-Runx2 pathway, which enhanced osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, mice treated with emodin showed marked attenuation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bone erosion and increased bone-forming activity in a mouse calvarial bone formation model based on micro-computed tomography and histologic analysis of femurs. Our findings reveal a novel function for emodin in bone remodeling, and highlight its potential for use as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of osteoporosis that promotes bone anabolic activity and inhibits osteoclast differentiation. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Effect of Nano‐support and Type of Active Metal on Reforming of CH4 with CO2
Authors: Al‐Fatesh Ahmed Sadeq , Naeem Muhammad Awais , Khan Wasim Ullah , Abasaeed Ahmed Elhag , Fakeeha Anis Hamza 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTwo series of Co and Ni based catalysts supported over commercial (ZrO2, CeO2, and Al2O3) nano supports were investigated for dry reforming of methane. The catalytic activity of both Co and Ni based catalysts were assessed at different reaction temperatures ranging from 500—800 °C; however, for stability the time on stream experiments were conducted at 700 °C for 6 h. Various techniques such as N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherm, temperature‐programmed reduction (H2‐TPR), temperature‐programmed desorption (CO2‐TPD), temperature‐programmed oxidation (TPO), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied for characterization of fresh and spent catalysts. The catalytic activity and stability tests clearly showed that the performance of catalyst is strongly dependent on type of active metal and support. Furthermore, active metal particle size and Lewis basicity are key factors which have significant influence on catalytic performance. The results indicated that Ni supported over nano ZrO2 exhibited highest activity among all tested catalysts due to its unique properties including thermal stability and reducibility. The minimum carbon deposition and thus relatively stable performance was observed in case of Co‐Al catalyst, since this catalyst has shown highest Lewis basicity.
Solvothermal Preparation and Effects of Mixed Solvent on the Properties of Copper Indium Diselenide Nanoalloys
Authors: Lin Yu‐Chen , Liu Wang‐Lin , Chu Hsiao‐Chun , Chen Tsair‐Rong , Hsu Shih‐Chieh , Chen Ching‐Hsiang 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe have developed a simple solvothermal method by using solvent mixtures of ethylenediamine with ethanol and deionized water to produce the CuInSe2 nanoalloys. The phase structure, morphology, elemental composition and optical band gap (Eg) of synthesized the CuInSe2 nanoalloys were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and zeta potential particle sizer measurements. The factors affecting product purity in the mixed solvent are also discussed. The results showed that CuInSe2 nanoalloys with a chalcopyrite tetragonal structure were produced by adjusting the ratio of ethylenediamine to ethanol (1:2.33 by volume) and their corresponding energy band gap was found to be 1.27 eV. In addition, we prepared and coated the CuInSe2 ink on the Mo substrate by the doctor blade method to produce a compact thin film. The crystallinity and the morphology of these polycrystalline CuInSe2 films were characterized.
Relations between substrate morphological change and oxygen transfer in solid‐state fermentation (SSF) using Penicillium decumbensJUA10
Authors: Wang Lan , Liu Zhihua , Duan Yingyi , Chen Hongzhang 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDSubstrate morphological change caused by microbial growth should affect oxygen transfer and hence solid‐state fermentation (SSF) performance. Relationships between substrate morphological change caused by fungi growth and oxygen transfer in solid‐state substrate were investigated based on porous media theory using fractal dimensions.RESULTSThe fungi biomass and oxygen diffusion rate in solid state fermentation followed the order 85% > 75% > 65% for moisture content experiments and 0.4 cm > 1.5 cm > 4.0 cm for particle length experiments, respectively, while permeability showed the opposite trends. Oxygen diffusion rate and permeability decreased as fermentation time was varied from 12 h to 48 h, and then increased with fermentation progress, which was consistent with the fractal dimension. Results indicated that fungi biomass, oxygen diffusion rate, and substrate permeability can be effectively expressed by a fractal dimension.CONCLUSIONCombining the kinetic model of permeability and fractal‐oxygen exponential model analysis, oxygen transfer was closely related with substrate morphological change expressed by fractal dimension in solid‐state fermentation of steam exploded rice straw using Penicillium decumbens JUA10. Thus, oxygen transfer expressed by a fractal dimension should be a more convenient way in solid‐state fermentation. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Mathematical modelling of ideal and non‐ideal continuous stirred tank bioreactor using simulated solution
Authors: Sarkar Santanu , Chowdhury Ranjana , Mukherjee Alakananda 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDChemostats are characterized by an increase in viscosity of the reaction broth and are prone to non‐ideality. The present study is mainly focused on the identification of non‐idealities, namely dead zone and bypassing of a real chemostat or continuous stirred tank bioreactor.RESULTSExperimental studies were conducted in non‐reactive mode to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of a real chemostat involving Lactobacillus sp. isolated from Indian curd. The influence of change of relative viscosity on non‐ideality parameters was studied. A simulated solution of PVA having the same viscosity range as the growth medium of Lactobacillus sp. were used to understand the hydrodynamic behavior of the reactor by conducting residence time distribution (RTD) experiments in non‐reacting mode. Both steady and unsteady state analyses have been carried out with variation of the two main process parameters, namely dilution rate and substrate concentration.CONCLUSIONA clear portrait of the comparison between non‐ideal and ideal systems has been cited here, and it was observed that the real or non‐ideal system lags behind the ideal one in many aspects. The present study adds to the knowledge of biochemically reacting systems. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Behavioral functions of stimuli signaling transitions across rich and lean schedules of reinforcement
Authors: Everly Jessica B. , Holtyn August F. , Perone Michael 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOn multiple fixed‐ratio schedules, pausing is extended at the start of a component ending in a small reinforcer (a lean component) but only when this component follows a component ending in a large reinforcer (a rich component). In two experiments, we assessed whether a stimulus correlated with a lean component is aversive and how its function is affected by the preceding component. In Experiment 1, pigeons responded on mixed fixed‐ratio schedules ending in large or small reinforcers. Observing responses converted the mixed schedule to a multiple one by producing a stimulus correlated with the current component. Overall, the lean stimulus did not suppress observing, suggesting that it was not sufficiently aversive. In Experiment 2, an escape procedure was used, and pigeons could convert a multiple schedule to a mixed one by pecking a key to remove the discriminative stimuli. Pigeons escaped from the lean‐schedule stimulus more than they did from the rich one. For two pigeons, this effect was enhanced when a rich component preceded the lean stimulus. The results indicate that a stimulus correlated with the leaner of two reinforcement schedules can acquire aversive functions, but observing and escape procedures may differ in their abilities to detect this effect.
Faculty development for hospitalists: Structured peer observation of teaching
Authors: Mookherjee Somnath , Monash Bradley , Wentworth Kelly L. , Sharpe Bradley A. 
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUNDHospitalists provide much of the clinical teaching in internal medicine, yet formative feedback to improve their teaching is rare.METHODSWe developed a peer observation, assessment, and feedback program to improve attending hospitalist teaching. Participants were trained to identify 10 optimal teaching behaviors using a structured observation tool that was developed from the validated Stanford Faculty Development Program clinical teaching framework. Participants joined year‐long feedback dyads and engaged in peer observation and feedback on teaching. Pre‐ and post‐program surveys assessed confidence in teaching, performance of teaching behaviors, confidence in giving and receiving feedback, attitudes toward peer observation, and overall satisfaction with the program.RESULTSTwenty‐two attending hospitalists participated, averaging 2.2 years (± 2.1 years standard deviation [SD]) experience; 15 (68%) completed pre‐ and post‐program surveys. Confidence in giving feedback, receiving feedback, and teaching efficacy increased (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree, mean ± SD): “I can accurately assess my colleagues' teaching skills,” (pre = 3.2 ± 0.9 vs post = 4.1 ± 0.6, P < 0.01), “I can give accurate feedback to my colleagues” (pre = 3.4 ± 0.6 vs post = 4.2 ± 0.6, P < 0.01), and “I am confident in my ability to teach students and residents” (pre = 3.2 ± 0.9 vs post = 3.7 ± 0.8, P = 0.026).CONCLUSIONSPeer observation and feedback of teaching increases hospitalist confidence in several domains that are essential for optimizing teaching. Further studies are needed to examine if educational outcomes are improved by this program. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:244–250. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Discharge before noon: An achievable hospital goal
Authors: Wertheimer Benjamin , Jacobs Ramon E. A. , Bailey Martha , Holstein Sandy , Chatfield Steven , Ohta Brenda , Horrocks Amy , Hochman Katherine 
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUNDLate afternoon hospital discharges are thought to contribute to admission bottlenecks, overcrowding, and increased length of stay (LOS). In January 2012, the discharge before noon (DBN) percentage on 2 medical units was 7%, below the organizational goal of 30%.OBJECTIVETo sustainably achieve a DBN rate of 30% and to evaluate the effect of this intervention on observed‐to‐expected (O/E) LOS and 30‐day readmission rate.DESIGNPre‐/post‐intervention retrospective analysis.SETTINGTwo acute care inpatient medical units in an urban, academic medical center.PATIENTSAll inpatients discharged from the units.INTERVENTIONAll staff helped create a checklist of daily responsibilities at a DBN kickoff event. We initiated afternoon interdisciplinary rounds to identify next‐day DBNs and created a website for enhanced communication. We provided daily feedback on the DBN percentage, rewards for success, and real‐time opportunities for case review.MEASUREMENTSCalendar month DBN percentage, O/E LOS, and 30‐day readmission rate.RESULTSThe DBN percentage increased from 11% in the 8‐month baseline period to an average of 38% over the 13‐month intervention (P = 0.0002). The average discharge time moved 1 hour and 31 minutes earlier in the day. The O/E LOS declined from 1.06 to 0.96 (P = 0.0001), and the 30‐day readmission rate declined from 14.3% to 13.1% (P = 0.1902).CONCLUSIONSOur study demonstrates that increased DBN is an achievable and sustainable goal for hospitals. Future work will allow for better understanding of the full effects of such an intervention on patient outcomes and hospital metrics. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:210–214. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine