bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paediatric supracondylar humeral fractures: Epidemiology, mechanisms and incidence during school holidays
Authors: Barr L. V. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of paediatric patients sustaining supracondylar humeral fractures, to identify common mechanisms of injury and to corroborate the anecdotal evidence that fractures occur more frequently during school holidays. Methods All paediatric patients who presented to the accident and emergency department with a supracondylar distal humerus fracture over the 3-year period from 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2011 were included in the study. Data were collected from the electronic medical records and radiology picture archiving and communication system (PACS) regarding age at injury, sex, Gartland type, date of injury, mechanism and management. The dates of all school holidays during the study period were obtained from the local education authority website. Results A total of 159 patients were identified, with a median age of 6 years 1 month (range 1 year to 14 years 4 months); 53 % of patients were male. The 155 extension-type injuries comprised 46, 28 and 26 % Gartland I, II and III fractures, respectively. Sixty-five patients (41 %) were treated operatively. Six patients had either neurological and/or vascular complications; however, none had any long-term neurological compromise and none required vascular surgical intervention. The mechanism of injury was recorded in 118 cases, the majority (37 %) of which were sustained during falls from play equipment. Among the patients, 115 were of school age. The weekly incidence during school holidays was significantly higher than that during term-time (1.16 vs. 0.60, p = 0.0005). Conclusions This study demonstrates the epidemiology of paediatric supracondylar fractures managed at a district general hospital over a 3-year-period. This work supports the long-standing anecdotal evidence that play equipment carries a high risk of injury and that the incidence of supracondylar fractures is significantly higher during school holidays.
Comparative measures of aggregated uncertainty representations
Authors: Elmore Paul , Petry Fred , Yager Ronald 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Uncertainty must be taken into account in all aspects of ambient intelligence and human decisions and activities. We investigate how to utilize both probabilistic and possibilistic sources of information for use in humanized decision-making. In particular we examine aspects of the possibilistic conditioning of probability developed by Yager. To provide bounding of the resulting probability analysis of the cases of completely certain and uncertain probability and possibility distribution are carried out. Additionally the cases of intermediate uncertainty and a general case of possibilities are analyzed. The Zadeh consistency measure is also used to assess these cases. To consider whether the conditioned probability is more informative for decision-making, three measures, Shannon entropy, Gini index and Renyi entropy are used to compare the original probability distributions and the conditioned distribution for the cases described.
China's Rare Earth Trade: Health and the Environment
Authors: Kilby Charles 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRare earth elements (REE) captured a startled world's attention during the 2010 Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands crisis, when it appeared that China withheld access to them during its border dispute with Japan. China asserts that its sovereign right to environmental regulation and national production quotas is unassailable. However, China's trade measures appear to be inconsistent with WTO rules, as well as with environmental protection and conservation, since they incentivize illegal mining and smuggling practices. In an upcoming case (DS431), the United States, the European Union, Japan and 16 third parties will argue before the WTO that China's trade measures on rare earths, tungsten and molybdenum constitute discriminatory behaviour and are illegal. This raises the question of whether China is inappropriately using the environment as a defence against allegations that its rare earth trade policies are in violation of its WTO obligations.
Association of interleukin-10 polymorphisms with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in a case-control study and its effect on the response to combined pegylated interferon/ribavirin therapy
Authors: KHAN A. J. , SARASWAT V. A. , CHOUDHURI G. , PARMAR D. , NEGI T. S. , MOHINDRA S. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYWe conducted a case-control study involving 150 genotype 3 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients and 150 healthy controls to investigate the association of polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene with chronic HCV infection and the association of these polymorphic variants with the combination of pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin therapy response. Our data revealed that the GG genotype of IL-10 –1082A/G exhibited significant association with genotype 3 chronic HCV infection compared to controls. Treatment response data also showed a significant increase in risk for the GG genotype of IL-10 –1082A/G in response-relapse patients or non-responder patients compared to sustained virological response patients. Further, a significant increase in risk was also revealed for the CC genotype of IL-10 –592A/C in response-relapse patients or non-responder patients compared to sustained virological response patients, suggesting a role of the GG genotype of IL-10 –1082A/G and CC genotype of IL-10 –592A/C in the treatment outcome of combined Peg-IFN/ribavirin therapy.
Education and Training Initiatives for Crisis Management in the European Union: A Web-based Analysis of Available Programs
Authors: Ingrassia Pier Luigi , Foletti Marco , Djalali Ahmadreza , Scarone Piercarlo , Ragazzoni Luca , Corte Francesco Della , Kaptan Kubilay , Lupescu Olivera , Arculeo Chris , von Arnim Gotz , Friedl Tom , Ashkenazi Michael , Heselmann Deike , Hreckovski Boris , Khorrram-Manesh Amir , Komadina Radko , Lechner Kostanze , Patru Cristina , Burkle Frederick M. , Fisher Philipp 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIntroductionEducation and training are key elements of disaster management. Despite national and international educational programs in disaster management, there is no standardized curriculum available to guide the European Union (EU) member states. European- based Disaster Training Curriculum (DITAC), a multiple university-based project financially supported by the EU, is charged with developing a holistic and highly-structured curriculum and courses for responders and crisis managers at a strategic and tactical level. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively assess the prevailing preferences and characteristics of disaster management educational and training initiatives (ETIs) at a postgraduate level that currently exist in the EU countries.MethodsAn Internet-based qualitative search was conducted in 2012 to identify and analyze the current training programs in disaster management. The course characteristics were evaluated for curriculum, teaching methods, modality of delivery, target groups, and funding.ResultsThe literature search identified 140 ETIs, the majority (78%) located in United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Master level degrees were the primary certificates granted to graduates. Face-to-face education was the most common teaching method (84%). Approximately 80% of the training initiatives offered multi- and cross-disciplinary disaster management content. A competency-based approach to curriculum content was present in 61% of the programs. Emergency responders at the tactical level were the main target group. Almost all programs were self-funded.ConclusionAlthough ETIs currently exist, they are not broadly available in all 27 EU countries. Also, the curricula do not cover all key elements of disaster management in a standardized and competency-based structure. This study has identified the need to develop a standardized competency-based educational and training program for all European countries that will ensure the practice and policies that meet both the standards of care and the broader expectations for professionalization of the disaster and crisis workforce.IngrassiaPL, FolettiM, DjalaliA, ScaroneP, RagazzoniL, DellaCorte F, KaptanK, LupescuO, ArculeoC, von ArnimG, FriedlT, AshkenaziM, HeselmannD, HreckovskiB, Khorrram-ManeshA, KomadinaR, LechnerK, PatruC, BurkleFMJr., FisherP. Education and training initiatives for crisis management in the European Union: a web-based analysis of available programs. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(2):1-12.
Ultrastructural Analysis of Healthy Synovial Fluids in Three Mammalian Species
Authors: Matei Constantin I. , Boulocher Caroline , Boulé Christelle , Schramme Michael , Viguier Eric , Roger Thierry , Berthier Yves , Trunfio-Sfarghiu Ana-Maria , Blanchin Marie-Geneviève 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA better knowledge of synovial fluid (SF) ultrastructure is required to further understand normal joint lubrication and metabolism. The aim of the present study was to elucidate SF structural features in healthy joints from three mammalian species of different size compared with features in biomimetic SF. High-resolution structural analysis was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and environmental SEM/wet scanning transmission electron microscopy mode complemented by TEM and SEM cryogenic methods. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy (LCM) was used to locate the main components of SF with respect to its ultrastructural organization. The present study showed that the ultrastructure of healthy SF is built from a network of vesicles with a size range from 100 to a few hundred nanometers. A multilayered organization of the vesicle membranes was observed with a thickness of about 5 nm. LCM study of biological SF compared with synthetic SF showed that the microvesicles consist of a lipid-based membrane enveloping a glycoprotein gel. Thus, healthy SF has a discontinuous ultrastructure based on a complex network of microvesicles. This finding offers novel perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of synovial joint diseases.
A CARTOPT METHOD FOR BOUND-CONSTRAINED GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION
Authors: ROBERTSON B. L. , PRICE C. J. , REALE M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA stochastic algorithm for bound-constrained global optimization is described. The method can be applied to objective functions that are nonsmooth or even discontinuous. The algorithm forms a partition on the search region using classification and regression trees (CART), which defines a region where the objective function is relatively low. Further points are drawn directly from the low region before a new partition is formed. Alternating between partition and sampling phases provides an effective method for nonsmooth global optimization. The sequence of iterates generated by the algorithm is shown to converge to an essential global minimizer with probability one under mild conditions. Nonprobabilistic results are also given when random sampling is replaced with points taken from the Halton sequence. Numerical results are presented for both smooth and nonsmooth problems and show that the method is effective and competitive in practice.
Researching in the community: the value and contribution of nurses to community based or primary health care research
Authors: Barthow Christine , Jones Bernadette , Macdonald Lindsay , Vernall Sue , Gallagher Peter , McKinlay Eileen 
Published: March 2014

AimTo describe the role, contribution and value of research nurses in New Zealand community-based or primary health care research.BackgroundResearch nurses are increasingly recognised as having a key role in undertaking successful research in hospitals and clinical trial units however only limited work has been undertaken to examine their role in community-based research. Undertaking health research in the community has unique challenges particularly in relation to research design and recruitment and retention of participants.MethodsWe describe four community-based research projects involving research nurses, each with particular recruitment, retention and logistical problems. Vignettes are used to illustrate the role, contribution and value of research nurses in a diverse range of community research projects.FindingsThe knowledge and skills used by research nurses in these projects included familiarity with communities, cultural competence, health care systems and practice philosophies and in particular with vulnerable populations. Their research actions and activities include competence with a broad range of research methodologies, organisational efficiency, family-centred approach, along with advocacy and flexibility. These are underpinned by nursing knowledge and clinical expertise contributing to an ability to work autonomously. These four projects demonstrate that research nurses in community-based research possess specific attributes which facilitate successful study development, implementation and outcome.
General practitioner and physiotherapist communication: how to improve this vital interaction
Authors: Hayward Christopher , Willcock Simon 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundAppropriate communication between general practitioners (GPs) and physiotherapists is vital for providing optimal care. Differing opinions exist as to key inclusion in this communication. This study aims to identify the key components that both GPs and physiotherapists would include in inter-professional communication.MethodsQualitative study design, using 14 in-depth, semi-structured telephone interviews.ResultsPhysiotherapists identified relevant past medical history, psycho-social history, yellow flags, anticipated time frame for follow-up and objective measures of current function as the more useful inclusions in written communication. GPs identified the inclusion of a working diagnosis, treatment summary and likely long-term outcomes as the key components to effective communication.DiscussionEffective interprofessional communication requires the provision of information that is both succinct and relevant. While there are individual preferences, this study suggests that certain key characteristics exist, and the inclusion of these in interprofessional communication may lead to improved communication and patient outcomes.
Erratum: Using network analysis to explore co-occurrence patterns in soil microbial communities
Authors: Barberán Albert , Bates Scott T , Casamayor Emilio O , Fierer Noah 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Correction to: The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 343–351; doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.119; published online 8 September 2011 Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed that there is a missing supplementary file. The missing file appears in the online version of this corrigendum. The authorswould like to apologise for any inconvenience this may have caused.
Modulation of synaptic function through the α-neurexin–specific ligand neurexophilin-1
Authors: Born Gesche , Breuer Dorothee , Wang Shaopeng , Rohlmann Astrid , Coulon Philippe , Vakili Puja , Reissner Carsten , Kiefer Friedemann , Heine Martin , Pape Hans-Christian , Missler Markus 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Communication between neurons via synapses is essential for information processing and cognitive function in our brains and is found impaired in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Synaptic transmission is remarkably variable in strength, and cell-adhesion molecules as neurexins and their binding partners are candidates to regulate neurotransmission. This study changes our understanding of how neurotransmission can be adapted to local demands by investigating the previously undescribed functions of neurexophilins, arguably the most elusive ligands of α-neurexins. Neurexophilins are expressed only in subpopulations of synapses, and their presence is able to change short-term plasticity and molecular composition at these terminals.
Kinetic evidence for a two-stage mechanism of protein denaturation by guanidinium chloride
Authors: Jha Santosh Kumar , Marqusee Susan 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) has been used to modulate the stability of proteins for more than 50 years; surprisingly, however, the molecular mechanism of its action is still poorly understood. Here, we provide direct kinetic evidence for the hypothesis that GdmCl unfolds proteins by a two-step mechanism. In the first step, it binds to the protein surface, resulting in the formation of a “dry molten globule,” an expanded form of the native protein with a dry core. Core solvation and global structural disruption occur in the second step. The observation of a dry molten globule during unfolding indicates that dispersion forces, and not only the hydrophobic effect, also play an important role in stabilizing proteins.
Toward global mapping of river discharge using satellite images and at-many-stations hydraulic geometry
Authors: Gleason Colin J. , Smith Laurence C. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Political and practical realities limit our knowledge of water resources in many parts of the world. Here, we present a radically different approach for quantitative remote sensing of river discharge (flow rate) that is enabled by advancing a classic theory of river hydraulics and adapting it for use with satellite or aerial images. Because no ground-based information is required, the approach holds promise for addressing pressing societal, ecological, and scientific problems through global mapping of river flow.
The reputational and social network benefits of prosociality in an Andean community
Authors: Lyle Henry F. , Smith Eric A. 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceScientists have long debated how group cooperation can be maintained. From many standard evolutionary and economic perspectives, the best decision for an individual is to engage in free riding on the cooperation of others (i.e., share in the benefits but pay no costs). Such free riding, however, reduces the collective benefits of group cooperation and can unravel cooperation. Some propose that this “tragedy of the commons” can be solved if cooperators are compensated with reputational benefits. Our research in an Andean community found that cooperative households have better reputations for various qualities and have larger support networks, with the latter associated with healthier households. This finding supports the argument that positive reputations gained by cooperators can solve the tragedy of the commons.
Improving the lens design and performance of a contemporary electromagnetic shock wave lithotripter
Authors: Neisius Andreas , Smith Nathan B. , Sankin Georgy , Kuntz Nicholas John , Madden John Francis , Fovargue Daniel E. , Mitran Sorin , Lipkin Michael Eric , Simmons Walter Neal , Preminger Glenn M. , Zhong Pei 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Electromagnetic (EM) shock wave lithotripters are widely used for noninvasive treatment of kidney stone patients. Here, we report the design of a new acoustic lens to rectify three fundamental drawbacks in contemporary EM lithotripters, based on in situ pulse superposition, leading to significantly improved stone comminution both in vitro and in vivo with minimal tissue injury. The new lens design improves the pressure distribution around the lithotripter focus with better alignment of the peak pressure and cavitation activities with the kidney stones under clinically relevant treatment conditions. The general principle of the new lens design is applicable to different lenses or reflectors and with further optimizations may enhance the performance and safety of contemporary EM lithotripters.
Aβ-induced Golgi fragmentation in Alzheimer’s disease enhances Aβ production
Authors: Joshi Gunjan , Chi Youjian , Huang Zheping , Wang Yanzhuang 
Published: March 2014

Significance
In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), formation of the Aβ aggregates occurs by the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) during its trafficking inside the nerve cells. The Golgi apparatus plays a critical role in APP trafficking; fragmentation of the normally highly ordered Golgi structure occurs in nerve cells of AD patients. Here we report that Aβ accumulation triggers Golgi fragmentation by activating cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (cdk5), which phosphorylates Golgi structural proteins such as GRASP65. Rescue of Golgi structure by inhibiting cdk5 or by expressing nonphosphorylatable GRASP65 mutants reduced Aβ secretion. Our study provides a molecular mechanism for Golgi fragmentation and its effects on APP trafficking and processing, suggesting Golgi as a potential drug target for AD treatment.
Using ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens across the Pacific
Authors: Thomson Vicki A. , Lebrasseur Ophélie , Austin Jeremy J. , Hunt Terry L. , Burney David A. , Denham Tim , Rawlence Nicolas J. , Wood Jamie R. , Gongora Jaime , Girdland Flink Linus , Linderholm Anna , Dobney Keith , Larson Greger , Cooper Alan 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceAncient DNA sequences from chickens provide an opportunity to study their human-mediated dispersal across the Pacific due to the significant genetic diversity and range of archaeological material available. We analyze ancient and modern material and reveal that previous studies have been impacted by contamination with modern chicken DNA and, that as a result, there is no evidence for Polynesian dispersal of chickens to pre-Columbian South America. We identify genetic markers of authentic ancient Polynesian chickens and use them to model early chicken dispersals across the Pacific. We find connections between chickens in the Micronesian and Bismarck Islands, but no evidence these were involved in dispersals further east. We also find clues about the origins of Polynesian chickens in the Philippines.
Embryonic thermosensitive TRPA1 determines transgenerational diapause phenotype of the silkworm,Bombyx mori
Authors: Sato Azusa , Sokabe Takaaki , Kashio Makiko , Yasukochi Yuji , Tominaga Makoto , Shiomi Kunihiro 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceDiapause has evolved as a specific subtype of dormancy in most insect species and as a seasonal polyphenism that ensures survival under unfavorable environmental conditions and synchronizes populations. InBombyx mori, embryonic diapause is induced transgenerationally as a maternal effect. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the perception of environmental temperature and in linking thermal information to neuroendocrine functions are still unknown. Here, we show that theBombyxtransient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) could be thermally activated during embryogenesis, and an unknown signaling pathway linked to the release of diapause hormone may then be activated to affect the induction of diapause in progeny. TheBombyxTRPA1 acts as a molecular switch for the development of an alternative phenotype in an animal with seasonal polyphenism.
Shifts in flowering phenology reshape a subalpine plant community
Authors: CaraDonna Paul J. , Iler Amy M. , Inouye David W. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Seasonal timing of biological events, phenology, is one of the strongest bioindicators of climate change. Our general understanding of phenological responses to climate change is based almost solely on the first day on which an event is observed, limiting our understanding of how ecological communities may be responding as a whole. Using a unique long-term record of flowering phenology from Colorado, we find that the number of species changing their flowering times likely has been underestimated and the magnitude of phenological change overestimated. In addition to earlier first flowering, we document a diverse assortment of other changes, such as delayed last flowering, as temperatures warm. This variety of species-level phenological shifts has ultimately reshaped various temporal components of the plant community.