bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR and biochemical tests to characterize Lactococcus garvieae
Authors: Ture M , Altinok I , Capkin E 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBiochemical test, pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence PCR (ERIC‐PCR) were used to compare 42 strains of Lactococcus garvieae isolated from different regions of Turkey, Italy, France and Spain. Twenty biotypes of L. garvieae were formed based on 54 biochemical tests. ERIC‐PCR of genomic DNA from different L. garvieae strains resulted in amplification of multiple fragments of DNA in sizes ranging between 200 and 5000 bp with various band intensities. After cutting DNA with ApaI restriction enzyme and running on the PFGE, 11–22 resolvable bands ranging from 2 to 194 kb were observed. Turkish isolates were grouped into two clusters, and only A58 (Italy) strain was connected with Turkish isolates. Similarities between Turkish, Spanish, Italian and French isolates were <50% except 216‐6 Rize strain. In Turkey, first lactococcosis occurred in Mugla, and then, it has been spread all over the country. Based on ERIC‐PCR, Spanish and Italian strains of L. garvieae were related to Mugla strains. Therefore, after comparing PFGE profiles, ERIC‐PCR profiles and phenotypic characteristics of 42 strains of L. garvieae, there were no relationships found between these three typing methods. PFGE method was more discriminative than the other methods.
Effect of multiple infections with white spot syndrome virus and Vibrio anguillarum on Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (L.): mortality and viral replication
Authors: Jang I K , Qiao G , Kim S‐K 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMultiple infections are commonly found in practical shrimp culture and may cause more serious consequences than infections by one pathogen only. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of multiple infections with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Vibrio anguillarum on Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (L.), mortality, WSSV replication in vivo and host immune response. In the WSSV single‐infection group (WSSV load, 2 × 102 copies μL−1), mean cumulative mortality was 29.2%. In the V. anguillarum single‐infection group, cumulative mortality was 12.5% when shrimp were challenged by 105 CFU mL−1 of bacteria. In the co‐ and super‐infection groups, 37.5% and 50% cumulative mortalities, respectively, were observed at a lower bacterial concentration of 103 CFU mL−1, suggesting that shrimp with multiple infections died earlier and more frequently than singly infected shrimp. WSSV load after injection was tracked over time by TaqMan quantitative PCR. WSSV load increased more rapidly in the multiple‐infection groups than in the single‐infection group. Additionally, mRNA expression of the genes encoding prophenoloxidase 1 and 2, which are closely involved in innate immunity in shrimp, was down‐regulated more extensively in multiple‐infection groups than in single‐infection groups, as indicated by quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR.
Saccharification and Fermentation of Waste Sweet Potato for Bioethanol Production
Authors: Dewan Alim , Li Zheng , Han Binbing , Karim Muhammad Nazmul 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe have investigated the relative performance of the two enzymes, α‐amylase and amyloglucosidase, and two microbial strains, Zymomonas mobilis AX101 and 8b, for saccharification and fermentation of sweet potato. Modified Michaelis–Menten and Monod‐type mathematical models were developed and verified with experimental results for saccharification using amyloglucosidase and fermentation using Z. mobilis 8b, respectively. The results showed that 91.5% of the starch and sucrose were converted to glucose and fructose using amyloglucosidase at pH 3.5 and 55C. The Z. mobilis 8b was able to convert more than 90% of the total sugars into ethanol within 18 h with 87.2% of the theoretical yield and 49.07 g/L final concentration of ethanol. A mass balance and cost analysis show that commercial production of ethanol from sweet potato is limited by the feedstock cost.Practical ApplicationsThis study shows that sweet potatoes that are unmarketable, small in size, bruised, cut or damaged otherwise from the harvesting process, supplied by a local farmer in the Central Texas area, can be used to produce bioethanol. Normally, farmers do not collect the damaged sweet potatoes because there is no demand for those in the market. This is supported by the fact that 20% of the total sweet potatoes cultivated are left in the ground due to damage while harvesting with plows. If collected and used for ethanol production, local farms can earn additional revenue.
When the body is past fixing: caring for bodies, caring for people
Authors: Melia Kath M 
Published: October 2013

Aims and objectivesTo discuss the social context within which end‐of‐life nursing care takes place and to consider palliative options of last resort and the differences between societal and professional views on these.BackgroundThe distinction between life and death is not so straightforward as was once the case. Resuscitation and the increasing capability of intensive care to ‘save’ patients have implications for nursing practice in a society where there is an increasing demand that individuals should be able to choose the time of their death.MethodsThis is a discursive paper.ConclusionsThere are differences between the professional view on end‐of‐life options and the societal debates calling for a more libertarian approach. The problem for professionals is that the call for choice of the individual involves a different approach to end‐of‐life care, an approach that does not sit well with current professional ethics. One way forward might be a gradual reconsidering of what end‐of‐life care might reasonably encompass.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses are the healthcare workers who have the most prolonged and intimate contact with bodies. The way in which we conceptualise the body is central to much of the work carried out in the transition between life and death and is an important part of nursing.
The mediating effect of severity of client aggression on burnout between hospital inpatient and community residential staff who support adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Hensel Jennifer M , Lunsky Yona , Dewa Carolyn S 
Published: October 2013

Aims and objectivesTo compare exposure to client aggressive behaviour, perceived self‐efficacy in managing this behaviour and burnout between community residential group home and specialised hospital inpatient staff who provide care for adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). To assess the mediating role of aggression exposure on burnout in these two staff groups.BackgroundAggressive behaviour is a common indication for admission to hospital so these staff typically experience more frequent and severe forms compared to staff working in the community. There have been mixed results in few studies examining burnout and perceived self‐efficacy between these two groups.DesignThis study used a demographically matched sample of cross‐sectional survey data from community residential group home and hospital staff who care for adults with ID in Ontario, Canada.MethodsExposure to aggression, perceived self‐efficacy and burnout were compared for 42 matched pairs using descriptive statistics. A mediation analysis was used to examine the role of aggression severity in the relationship between care setting and burnout.ResultsHospital staff were exposed to more severe client aggression and scored higher in emotional exhaustion (EE). There were no differences in perceived self‐efficacy. Severity of aggression was a partial mediator of the higher EE among hospital staff.ConclusionsExposure to more severe forms of client aggression among hospital staff contributes, at least in part, to them feeling more emotionally exhausted. This study contributes to further understanding exposure to aggression in these different settings and the impact it can have on emotional outcomes.Relevance to clinical practiceThere may be a role for policy and resource development aimed at reducing aggression and preventing or managing the associated emotional consequences. This is particularly true in hospitals, where aggression is most severe.
Benefits of sensory garden and horticultural activities in dementia care: a modified scoping review
Authors: Gonzalez Marianne T , Kirkevold Marit 
Published: October 2013

Aims and objectivesTo provide a review on the benefits associated with the use of sensory gardens and horticultural activities in dementia care.BackgroundMaintaining quality of life is important in dementia care. Sensory gardens and horticultural activities are increasingly used in dementia care, yet their benefits are uncertain.DesignA modified scoping review with descriptive analysis of selected empirical studies.MethodsSystematic searches in Amed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Embase and Scopus were used. Search terms were the free‐text concepts ‘healing garden’, ‘horticultural therapy’, ‘restorative garden’ and ‘wander garden’ which were combined with dementia and Alzheimer.ResultsSixteen studies were included with included participants ranging from eight to 129 participants. Research designs were case studies (n = 2), survey (n = 1), intervention studies with pretest/post‐test design (n = 11) and randomised controlled studies (n = 2). Of these 16 studies, eight examined the benefits of sensory gardens, seven examined horticultural therapy or therapeutic horticulture and one examined the use of plants indoors. This study offers a review of the research addressing benefits of sensory gardens, therapeutic horticulture, horticultural therapy and other purposeful use of plants in dementia care. The reported findings are mainly on issues related to behaviour, affect and well‐being. The findings are in general mutually supportive, however, with some contradictory findings. In addition, sleep pattern, well‐being and functional level seem to improve.ConclusionsThese types of nonpharmacological interventions may improve well‐being and affect and reduce the occurrence of disruptive behaviour. Additionally, the use of psychotropic drugs, incidents of serious falls, sleep and sleep pattern also seem to improve.Relevance to clinical practiceTo further improve the use of the existing or planned gardens, an educational programme for staff that also includes skill training is recommended.
Agency‐Communion and Interest in Prosocial Behavior: Social Motives for Assimilation and Contrast Explain Sociocultural Inconsistencies
Authors: Gebauer Jochen E. , Sedikides Constantine , Lüdtke Oliver , Neberich Wiebke 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIdentifying the “prosocial personality” is a classic project in personality psychology. However, personality traits have been elusive predictors of prosocial behavior, with personality‐prosociality relations varying widely across sociocultural contexts. We propose the social motives perspective to account for such sociocultural inconsistencies. According to this perspective, a focal quality of agency (e.g., competence, independence, openness) is the motive to swim against the social tide—agentic social contrast. Conversely, a focal quality of communion (e.g., warmth, interdependence, agreeableness) is the motive to swim with the social tide—communal social assimilation. We report two cross‐sectional studies. Study 1 (N = 131,562) defined social context at the country level (11 European countries), whereas Study 2 (N = 56,395) defined it at the country level (11 European countries) and the city level (296 cities within these countries). Communion predicted interest in prosocial behavior comparatively strongly in sociocultural contexts where such interest was common and comparatively weakly where such interest was uncommon. Agency predicted interest in prosocial behavior comparatively strongly in sociocultural contexts where such interest was uncommon and comparatively weakly where such interest was common. The results supported the social motives perspective. Also, the findings help to reestablish the importance of personality for understanding prosociality.
In Vivo Confocal Endomicroscopy of Small Intestinal Mucosal Morphology in Dogs
Authors: Sharman M.J. , Bacci B. , Whittem T. , Mansfield C.S. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundConfocal endomicroscopy (CEM) is an endoscopic technology that permits in vivo cellular and subcellular imaging of the gastrointestinal mucosa.ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility of CEM to evaluate small intestinal mucosal topologic morphology in dogs and to characterize the appearance in healthy dogs.AnimalsFourteen clinically healthy research colony dogs.MethodsExperimental study. Dogs were anesthetized for standard endoscopic evaluation of the small intestine followed by CEM. Two fluorophores were used to provide contrast: fluorescein (10% solution, 15 mg/kg IV) before administration of topical acriflavine (0.05% solution) via an endoscopy spray catheter. A minimum of 5 sites within the small intestine were assessed and at each location, sequential adjustment of imaging depth allowed collection of a three‐dimensional volume equivalent to an ‘optical biopsy’. CEM‐guided pinch biopsies were obtained for histologic examination.ResultsCEM provided high‐quality in vivo cellular and subcellular images. Intravenous administration of fluorescein provided sufficient contrast to allow assessment of the vasculature, cellular cytoplasmic features and goblet cell numbers, and distribution. Topical application of acriflavine preferentially stained cellular nucleic acids, allowing evaluation of nuclear morphology. Quality of captured images was occasionally affected by motion artifact, but improved with operator experience.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceCEM provides in vivo images that allow for cellular and subcellular assessment of intestinal mucosal morphology during endoscopy. This has implications for aiding in vivo diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease.
Short‐Term Hemodynamic and Neuroendocrine Effects of Pimobendan and Benazapril in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease and Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Häggström J. , Lord P.F. , Höglund K. , Ljungvall I. , Jöns O. , Kvart C. , Hansson K. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundPimobendan and benazepril are frequently used with diuretics to treat dogs in congestive heart failure (CHF) caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).AimTo compare the short‐term effects of pimobendan versus benazepril on pump function, heart size, and neuroendocrine profile in dogs withCHFcaused byMMVD.AnimalsSixteen client‐owned dogs.Material and methodsSeven‐day prospective single‐blinded study of dogs stabilized on furosemide monotherapy, randomized to pimobendan (0.4–0.6 mg/kg/day) or benazepril (0.25–1.0 mg/kg/day). Dogs had first‐pass radionuclide angiocardiography, and heart size was measured by radiography and echocardiography. Circulating neuroendocrine hormones were measured.ResultsBaseline variables did not differ between treatment groups. Greater decreases in the pimobendan than in the benazepril group were found for heart rate (P = .001), heart rate‐normalized pulmonary transit time (P = .02), left atrial size (P = .03), and systolic and diastolic left ventricular diameters (P < .001 andP = .03, respectively) and volumes (P < .001 andP = .02, respectively), whereas ejection fraction increased more (P = .02) in the pimobendan group. Of the neuroendocrine hormones, only N‐terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide (NT‐ProANP) differed (P = .04) between groups. Within groups, plasma aldosterone increased (P = .01), and NT‐proANP (P = .01) and NT‐proB‐type (P = .02) natriuretic peptide decreased in the pimobendan group, and NT‐proANP (P = .02) and plasma vasopressin (P = .01) decreased in the benazepril group.Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePimobendan improves short‐term cardiac function more than benazepril in dogs withCHFcaused byMMVD. Pimobendan treatment enables the heart to work at smaller end‐systolic and diastolic dimensions while maintaining adequate forward stroke volume. Some of the treatment responses found in neuroendocrine profile might have therapeutic relevance.
Trace element geochemistry of CR chondrite metal
Authors: Jacquet Emmanuel , Paulhiac‐Pison Marine , Alard Olivier , Kearsley Anton T. , Gounelle Matthieu 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe report trace element analyses by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) of metal grains from nine different CR chondrites, distinguishing grains from chondrule interior (“interior grains”), chondrule surficial shells (“margin grains”), and the matrix (“isolated grains”). Save for a few anomalous grains, Ni‐normalized trace element patterns are similar for all three petrographic settings, with largely unfractionated refractory siderophile elements and depleted volatile Au, Cu, Ag, S. All three types of grains are interpreted to derive from a common precursor approximated by the least‐melted, fine‐grained objects in CR chondrites. This also excludes recondensation of metal vapor as the origin of the bulk of margin grains. The metal precursors were presumably formed by incomplete condensation, with evidence for high‐temperature isolation of refractory platinum‐group‐element (PGE)‐rich condensates before mixing with lower temperature PGE‐depleted condensates. The rounded shape of the Ni‐rich, interior grains shows that they were molten and that they equilibrated with silicates upon slow cooling (1–100 K h−1), largely by oxidation/evaporation of Fe, hence their high Pd content, for example. We propose that Ni‐poorer, amoeboid margin grains, often included in the pyroxene‐rich periphery common to type I chondrules, result from less intense processing of a rim accreted onto the chondrule subsequent to the melting event recorded by the interior grains. This means either that there were two separate heating events, which formed olivine/interior grains and pyroxene/margin grains, respectively, between which dust was accreted around the chondrule, or that there was a single high‐temperature event, of which the chondrule margin records a late “quenching phase,” in which case dust accreted onto chondrules while they were molten. In the latter case, high dust concentrations in the chondrule‐forming region (at least three orders of magnitude above minimum mass solar nebula models) are indicated.
Drivers of population genetic differentiation in the wild: isolation by dispersal limitation, isolation by adaptation and isolation by colonization
Authors: Orsini Luisa , Vanoverbeke Joost , Swillen Ine , Mergeay Joachim , De Meester Luc 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEmpirical population genetic studies have been dominated by a neutralist view, according to which gene flow and drift are the main forces driving population genetic structure in nature. The neutralist view in essence describes a process of isolation by dispersal limitation (IBDL) that generally leads to a pattern of isolation by distance (IBD). Recently, however, conceptual frameworks have been put forward that view local genetic adaptation as an important driver of population genetic structure. Isolation by adaptation (IBA) and monopolization (M) posit that gene flow among natural populations is reduced as a consequence of local genetic adaptation. IBA stresses that effective gene flow is reduced among habitats that show dissimilar ecological characteristics, leading to a pattern of isolation by environment. In monopolization, local genetic adaptation of initial colonizing genotypes results in a reduction in gene flow that fosters the persistence of founder effects. Here, we relate these different processes driving landscape genetic structure to patterns of IBD and isolation by environment (IBE). We propose a method to detect whether IBDL, IBA and M shape genetic differentiation in natural landscapes by studying patterns of variation at neutral and non‐neutral markers as well as at ecologically relevant traits. Finally, we reinterpret a representative number of studies from the recent literature by associating patterns to processes and identify patterns associated with local genetic adaptation to be as common as IBDL in structuring regional genetic variation of populations in the wild. Our results point to the importance of quantifying environmental gradients and incorporating ecology in the analysis of population genetics.
Lon protease inactivation, or translocation of the lon gene, potentiate bacterial evolution to antibiotic resistance
Authors: Nicoloff Hervé , Andersson Dan I. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryPrevious work demonstrated that selection for Escherichia coli mutants with low antibiotic resistance frequently resulted in co‐selection of lon mutations and that lon− mutants evolved higher‐level resistance faster than a lon+ strain. Here we show that lon mutation causes a very low multidrug resistance by inducing the AcrAB‐TolC pump via stabilization of the acrAB transcriptional activators MarA and SoxS, which are substrates of the Lon protease. Fast evolution of lon− mutants towards higher resistance involves selection of frequent next‐step mutations consisting of large duplications including acrAB and the mutated lon gene. Resistance results from the combined effects of acrAB duplication and lon mutation increasing dosage of efflux pump. In contrast, when acrAB duplication occurs as the first step mutation, increased Lon activity caused by lon+ co‐duplication mitigates the effect of acrAB duplication on resistance, and faster evolution towards higher resistance is not observed. As predicted, when the functional lon gene is relocated far from acrAB to prevent their co‐duplication, first‐step acrAB duplication confers higher resistance, which then allows selection of frequent next‐step mutations and results in faster evolution towards higher resistance. Our results demonstrate how order of appearance of mutations and gene location can influence the rate of resistance evolution.
Comparison of communication during home medical care between patients with intractable neurological disorders and those with malignant tumors
Authors: Kimura Takuma , Matsuzaki Makoto , Imanaga Teruhiko , Kawai Mitsuru 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimHome medical care is currently a topic of discussion in Japan. It is reported that the key to the success of home medical care is communication. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the characteristics of communication during home medical care of patients with intractable neurological diseases (IND patients) by comparing them with patients with malignant tumors, the representative common disease for home medical care.MethodsA questionnaire survey was sent out in June and July 2011 to 295 families of patients who had previously received home medical care. The response rate was 83.8% (n = 227). Communication backgrounds were compared between those patients whose primary disease was either IND or malignant tumor.ResultsAnalysis of responses from 104 families (IND, 30 and malignant tumors, 74). was undertaken The number of families that experienced “doctor‐patient communication without family” was 15% (n = 4) in the IND group and 35% (n = 24) in the malignant tumor group (P < 0.05). The number of families who had experienced “doctor‐family communication without patient” was 44% (n = 12) in the IND group and 83% (n = 54) in the malignant tumor group (P < 0.01). No statistically significant differences in doctors' stay duration were observed.ConclusionIt is suggested that communication with the patient in the presence of their family is characteristic of communication during home medical care of IND patients, because this was observed to be more frequent than that for malignant tumor patients.