bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fortalecimiento de la prevención en la inseguridad social
Authors: Sinfield Adrian 
Published: December 2012

ResumenLos consistentes programas de seguridad social que promueven la seguridad colectiva y personal pueden realizar una importante contribución a la prevención de la inseguridad social porque actúan como estabilizadores automáticos integrados y aportan beneficios sociales, políticos y económicos a toda la sociedad. Por el contrario, los sistemas frágiles ejercen un efecto desestabilizador que reduce su eficacia preventiva. Las distintas contribuciones de los sistemas de seguridad social a la prevención de la inseguridad social y económica han perdido intensidad en muchos países. Los motivos del relativo descuido de la prevención se consideran junto a los cambios que han debilitado los elementos de prevención del sistema. El contexto estructural en el que deben operar las políticas de seguridad social, en particular la calidad y la cantidad del empleo, así como la interacción con otros programas públicos, obviamente, ejerce grandes repercusiones en su capacidad de prevención. Los regímenes aún pueden alcanzar muchos logros si prestan más atención a los elementos necesarios para prevenir la inseguridad. Se presentan proposiciones para reforzar la prevención dentro de los programas de seguridad social a fin de promover un debate más amplio de estas cuestiones para que la prevención se considere nuevamente un objetivo central.
Implementing the trinomial mark–recapture–recovery model in program mark
Authors: Bonner Simon J. 
Published: December 2012

Summary

Time‐varying individual covariates present a challenge in modelling data from mark–recapture–recovery (MRR) experiments of wild animals. Many values of the covariate will be unknown because they can be observed only when an individual is captured, and the missing values cannot be ignored.

Catchpole et al. [Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 70, 445–460, 2008] presents one solution to this problem by constructing a conditional likelihood depending only on the observed covariate information – the so‐called trinomial model.

This paper describes the link between the trinomial model and the mark–recapture–recovery model of Burnham (Marked Individuals in the Study of Bird Population, 199–213, 1993) and shows how the trinomial model can be implemented in the software package program mark. This provides the user with access to all of the features of program mark including the facilities for model building and model selection without having to write custom code.

I provide details on the analysis of a simulated data set and discuss an r package developed to help users format their data and to implement the model through the existing rmark package.
Associations of uric acid and gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) with obesity and components of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents
Authors: Kong A. P. S. , Choi K. C. , Ho C. S. , Chan M. H. M. , Ozaki R. , Chan C. W. H. , Chan J. C. N. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
Associations between concentrations of uric acid and cardiovascular risk factors are known.
The associations between gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels and cardiovascular disease are also known.
But no study has ever investigated the combined effects of both GGT and uric acid in cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents.
What this study adds
Our study is the first to date reporting a significant combined effect of uric acid and GGT in association with cardiovascular risk factors in the youth populations.
The results of our study add to our knowledge regarding the relationship between uric acid, GGT and cardiovascular risk factors.
Based on our results, measurements of these biochemical markers should be considered in the cardiovascular risk stratification in children and adolescents.
The results of our study also raise the alertness of clinicians in identifying at‐risk young individuals for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
BackgroundThe combined effect of uric acid, gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) and cardiovascular risk factors clustering in the youth remains under‐explored.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the association between uric acid, GGT, obesity and the individual components of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional observational study of 2067 children and adolescents (875 boys and 1192 girls) aged 6–20 years who were healthy volunteers and were recruited from primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong between 2007 and 2008. Subjects were divided into two strata (75th percentile as cut‐off) for comparison between odds of cardiovascular risk factors.ResultsAfter adjustment by multivariable logistic regression, subjects in upper stratum, i.e. >75th percentile, of either serum uric acid or GGT levels were associated with obesity, low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) level and high blood pressure (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] ranged from 1.63 to 5.82, all P < 0.005) compared with those in the lower stratum. There were combined effect for upper stratum of both uric acid and GGT in the association with obesity, low HDL‐C and high blood pressure (AOR ranged from 2.60 to 10.69, all P < 0.05) after adjustment for age, sex and body mass index z‐score (except for obesity status) as well as body height (for high blood pressure).ConclusionUric acid and GGT have combined effect in association with obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents.
Genetic evidence of Quaternary demographic changes in four rain forest tree species sampled across the Isthmus of Panama
Authors: Andrew Jones F. , Cerón‐Souza Ivania , Hardesty Britta Denise , Dick Christopher W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimWe examined and compared population genetic structure in a suite of four co‐occurring Panamanian tree species and performed coalescent‐based analyses of demographic history to evaluate hypotheses of tropical vegetation change during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).LocationIsthmus of Panama.MethodsNuclear microsatellite variation was assayed in multiple populations (1179 trees, 21 locations, 6–13 locations per species) in Jacaranda copaia (Bignoniaceae), Luehea seemannii (Malvaceae), Simarouba amara (Simaroubaceae) and Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae). Population structure was analysed using FST‐based statistics and a Bayesian clustering approach (baps). Bayesian coalescent methods (msvar) were used to infer demographic histories.ResultsHigh levels of genetic diversity were found in all of the species (HE range, 0.56–0.79). Jacaranda copaia and L. seemannii showed lower FST and fewer Bayesian clusters across similar spatial scales than did S. globulifera and Simarouba amara. For each species examined, the current effective population sizes (Ne) are much lower than ancient Ne, within all inferred baps demes. In light‐demanding pioneer species J. copaia, L. seemannii and S. amara, estimates of the number of generations since the bottleneck events overlap with the end of the LGM (median site posterior estimates ranged from 16 to 19 ka) while Symphonia globulifera estimates are consistent with earlier population declines (median 202 ka) in the early Pleistocene and late Pliocene.Main conclusionsThe wind‐dispersed deciduous species J. copaia and L. seemannii showed lower FST and spatially extensive demes, while the animal‐dispersed evergreen Symphonia globulifera and Simarouba amara showed spatially restrictive demes and higher FST. Each deme examined shows evidence of historical bottlenecks. For three of the four species which are also light‐demanding pioneer species, the mean estimated time and 95% highest posterior density of the bottleneck events coincides with the end of the LGM. These results suggest that these species have undergone historical bottlenecks as a result of reduced forest cover during the Pleistocene and provide evidence of shared demographic histories among co‐occurring tropical forest trees.
Improving the dietary intake of under nourished older people in residential care homes using an energy‐enriching food approach: a cluster randomised controlled study
Authors: Leslie W. S. , Woodward M. , Lean M. E. J. , Theobald H. , Watson L. , Hankey C. R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundTo examine whether the nutritional status of aged undernourished residents in care could be improved through dietary modification to increase energy intake but not portion size.MethodsA 12‐week cluster randomised controlled trial was carried out in 21 residential care homes. Participants comprised undernourished residents with a body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg m–2. All menus were analysed to evaluate nutrient provision. Energy and macronutrient intakes of undernourished residents were estimated using 3‐day weighed food intake diaries. Those resident in homes randomised to intervention had their usual meals enriched with energy‐dense foods to a maximum of +1673 kJ day−1.ResultsOf 445 residents screened, 41 (9%) had a BMI <18.5 kg m–2 and entered the study. Despite adequate food provision, energy and macronutrient intakes were below UK dietary reference values. Mean (SEM) energy intake increased [+556 (372) kJ, P = 0.154] in residents allocated to intervention but fell in those residents in ‘control homes’ receiving usual care [−151 (351) kJ, P = 0.676]. Weight change [+1.3 (0.53) kg, P = 0.03] was seen in intervention residents but not in controls [−0.2 (1.5) kg, P = 0.536]. Between‐group differences for changes in weight and energy intake were not significant (P = 0.08 and 0.20, respectively). Six residents allocated to the intervention increased their BMI >18.5 kg m–2 (P = 0.018).ConclusionsAchieving weight gain in frail older people is difficult. These results suggest that enriching food could help address undernutrition and slow chronic weight loss. Interventions of a longer duration are needed to confirm or exclude the value of food enrichment.
Applying research in nutrition education planning: a dietary intervention for Bangladeshi chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: de Brito‐Ashurst I. , Perry L. , Sanders T. A. B. , Thomas J. E. , Dobbie H. , Yaqoob M. M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundEffective nutrition health interventions are theory‐based, as well as being drawn from practice and research, aiming to successfully accomplish dietary behavioural changes. However, the integration of theory, research and practice to develop community dietary educational programmes is a challenge that many interventionists feel ill equipped to achieve.MethodsIn the present study, a community‐based education programme was designed for Bangladeshi patients with chronic kidney disease and hypertension. The goal of this programme was to reduce dietary salt intake in this population group, with a view to reducing their blood pressure and slowing kidney disease progression.ResultsThe present study sets out the first four steps of a six‐step model for creating a behaviour change programme.ConclusionsThese four steps were concerned with the translation of theory and evidence into intervention objectives, and illustrate how a practical, community‐based intervention was developed from behavioural theory, relevant research, knowledge of practice and the target patient group. Steps 5 and 6, which are concerned with implementation and evaluation, will be reported separately.
High‐mobility group box 1 from reactive astrocytes enhances the accumulation of endothelial progenitor cells in damaged white matter
Authors: Hayakawa Kazuhide , Miyamoto Nobukazu , Seo Ji Hae , Pham Loc‐Duyen D. , Kim Kyu‐Won , Lo Eng H. , Arai Ken 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHigh‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was initially described as a damage‐associated‐molecular‐pattern (DAMP) mediator that worsens acute brain injury after stroke. But, recent findings suggest that HMGB1 can play a surprisingly beneficial role during stroke recovery by promoting endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) function and vascular remodeling in cortical gray matter. Here, we ask whether HMGB1 may also influence EPC responses in white matter injury. The standard lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) injection model was used to induce focal demyelination in the corpus callosum of mice. Immunostaining showed that within the focal white matter lesions, HMGB1 was up‐regulated in GFAP‐positive reactive astrocytes, along with the accumulation of Flk1/CD34‐double‐positive EPCs that expressed pro‐recovery mediators such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Astrocyte–EPC signaling required the HMGB1 receptor RAGE as treatment with RAGE‐neutralizing antibody significantly decreased EPC accumulation. Moreover, suppression of HMGB1 with siRNA in vivo significantly decreased EPC numbers in damaged white matter as well as proliferated endothelial cell numbers. Finally, in vitro cell culture systems confirmed that HMGB1 directly affected EPC function such as migration and tube formation. Taken together, our findings suggest that HMGB1 from reactive astrocytes may attract EPCs to promote recovery after white matter injury.
Phospholipase C‐η2 is required for retinoic acid‐stimulated neurite growth
Authors: Popovics Petra , Gray Alexander , Arastoo Mohammed , Finelli Deana K. , Tan Audrey J. L. , Stewart Alan J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPhospholipase C‐η2 is a recently identified phospholipase C (PLC) implicated in the regulation of neuronal differentiation/maturation. PLCη2 activity is triggered by intracellular calcium mobilization and likely serves to amplify Ca2+ signals by stimulating further Ca2+ release from Ins(1,4,5)P3‐sensitive stores. The role of PLCη2 in neuritogenesis was assessed during retinoic acid (RA)‐induced Neuro2A cell differentiation. PLCη2 expression increased two‐fold during a 4‐day differentiation period. Stable expression of PLCη2‐targetted shRNA led to a decrease in the number of differentiated cells and total length of neurites following RA‐treatment. Furthermore, RA response element activation was perturbed by PLCη2 knockdown. Using a bacterial two‐hybrid screen, we identified LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1) as a putative interaction partner of PLCη2. Immunostaining of PLCη2 revealed significant co‐localization with LIMK1 in the nucleus and growing neurites in Neuro2A cells. RA‐induced phosphorylation of LIMK1 and cAMP‐responsive element‐binding protein was reduced in PLCη2 knock‐down cells. The phosphoinositide‐binding properties of the PLCη2 PH domain, assessed using a FRET‐based assay, revealed this domain to possess a high affinity toward PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Immunostaining of PLCη2 together with PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in the Neuro2A cells revealed a high degree of co‐localization, indicating that PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 levels in cellular compartments are likely to be important for the spatial control of PLCη2 signaling.
The α‐subunit of the trimeric GTPase Go2 regulates axonal growth
Authors: Baron Jens , Blex Christian , Rohrbeck Astrid , Rachakonda Sivarama Krishna , Birnbaumer Lutz , Ahnert‐Hilger Gudrun , Brunk Irene 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Goα splice variants Go1α and Go2α are subunits of the most abundant G‐proteins in brain, Go1 and Go2. Only a few interacting partners binding to Go1α have been described so far and splice variant‐specific differences are not known. Using a yeast two‐hybrid screen with constitutively active Go2α as bait, we identified Rap1GTPase activating protein (Rap1GAP) and Girdin as interacting partners of Go2α, which was confirmed by co‐immunoprecipitation. Comparison of subcellular fractions from brains of wild type and Go2α−/− mice revealed no differences in the overall expression level of Girdin or Rap1GAP. However, we found higher amounts of active Rap1‐GTP in brains of Go2α deficient mutants, indicating that Go2α may increase Rap1GAP activity, thereby effecting the Rap1 activation/deactivation cycle. Rap1 has been shown to be involved in neurite outgrowth and given a Rap1GAP‐Go2α interaction, we found that the loss of Go2α affected axonal outgrowth. Axons of cultured cortical and hippocampal neurons prepared from embryonic Go2α−/− mice grew longer and developed more branches than those from wild‐type mice. Taken together, we provide evidence that Go2α regulates axonal outgrowth and branching.
The exogenous fluorophore, fluorescein, enables in vivo assessment of the gastrointestinal mucosa via confocal endomicroscopy: optimization of intravenous dosing in the dog model
Authors: Sharman M. J. , Mansfield C. S. , Whittem T. 
Published: December 2012

This study described the pharmacokinetics of the intravenous fluorophore, fluorescein, and aimed to evaluate its utility for use in upper gastrointestinal confocal endomicroscopy (CEM). Six healthy, mature, mixed‐breed dogs were anesthetized and then dosed intravenously with fluorescein at 15 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time‐points. Dogs were examined by upper gastrointestinal confocal endomicroscopy and monitored for adverse effects. Plasma fluorescein concentrations were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV/Vis detection. Mean plasma concentration at 5 min was 57.6 ± 18.2 mg/L, and plasma concentrations decreased bi‐exponentially thereafter with a mean concentration of 2.5 mg/L ± 1.26 at 120 min. Mean terminal plasma elimination half‐life (t½β) was 34.8 ± 8.94 min, and clearance was 9.1 ± 3.0 mL/kg/min. Apparent volume of distribution at steady‐state was 0.3 ± 0.06 L/kg. Fluorescein provided optimal fluorescent contrast to enable in vivo histologically equivalent evaluation of topologic mucosal morphology within the first 30 min following intravenous administration. Adverse effects were not observed. Based upon the calculated clearance, a constant rate infusion at a rate of 0.18 mg/kg/min is predicted to be adequate, following an initial loading dose (2 mg/kg), to maintain plasma concentration at 20 mg/L for optimal CEM imaging during the study period.
“Blogging and Academic Identity”
Authors: Estes Heide 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAs a blogger, I write about issues that arise in my academic work, but in a different context, a different style, with a different audience. My academic and pedagogical approaches to the environment in literature are descriptive, while in the blog I take an activist ecological stance. I live in the realm of disability studies, and in the blog I try to make sense of the impacts on my academic identity of negotiating the demands of chronic illness. The hidden nature of much disability, mine included, poses a challenge to disability narratives within both academic and popular cultural formations; insights from queer, feminist, and post‐colonial theories complicate the ways in which disability studies imagines the body and its social contexts. Narrative scholarship and questions about the place of activism within scholarship provide points of contact between ecocriticism, disability studies, and the study of blogging as social and academic phenomenon. Blogging provides a forum for quick feedback and for conversation with a more diverse audience than traditional academic publishing venues, and can enrich and extend academic discourse.
Effects of acute‐liver‐failure‐plasma exposure on hepatic functionality of HepaRG‐AMC‐Bioartificial Liver
Authors: Nibourg Geert A. A. , Hoekstra Ruurdtje , van der Hoeven Tessa V. , Ackermans Mariëtte T. , Hakvoort Theodorus B. M. , van Gulik Thomas M. , Chamuleau Robert A. F. M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackground & AimsThe AMC‐bioartificial liver loaded with the human hepatoma cell line HepaRG as biocomponent (HepaRG‐AMC‐BAL) has recently proven efficacious in rats with acute liver failure (ALF). However, its efficacy may be affected by cytotoxic components of ALF plasma during treatment. In this study, we investigated the effects of ALF‐plasma on the HepaRG‐AMC‐BAL.MethodsHepaRG‐AMC‐BALs were connected to the blood circulation of rats with total liver ischaemia, either during the first 5 h after induction of ischaemia (mild ALF group), or during the following 10 h (severe ALF group). After disconnection, the BALs were assessed for cell leakage, gene transcript levels, ammonia elimination, urea production, cytochrome P450 3A4 activity, apolipoprotein A 1 production, glucose and amino acid metabolism.ResultsCell leakage increased 2.5‐fold in the severe ALF group, but remained limited in all groups. Hepatic gene transcript levels decreased (max 40‐fold) or remained stable. In contrast, hepatic functions increased slightly or remained stable. Particularly, urea production increased 1.5‐fold, with a concurrent increase in arginase 2 transcription and arginine consumption, with a trend towards reduced conversion of ammonia into urea. The amino acid consumption increased, however, the net glucose consumption remained stable.ConclusionsThe HepaRG‐AMC‐BAL retains functionality after both mild and severe exposure to ALF plasma, but urea production may be increasingly derived from arginase 2 activity instead of urea cycle activity. Nevertheless, the increase in cell leakage and decrease in various hepatic transcript levels suggest that a decrease in hepatic functionality may follow upon extended exposure to ALF plasma.
Comparative assessment of liver fibrosis by computerized morphometry in naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B and C
Authors: Sturm Nathalie , Marlu Alice , Arvers Philippe , Zarski Jean‐Pierre , Leroy Vincent 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundLiver fibrosis, now assessed by liver biopsy or using non‐invasive methods, might be different in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC).AimTo compare histological amount and pattern of fibrosis in CHB and CHC.MethodsSixty CHB and sixty CHC biopsies from naïve patients, standardized for the spectrum of Metavir fibrosis stages, were analysed for (1) semi‐quantitative Metavir activity, steatosis, perisinusoidal fibrosis, alpha‐smooth muscle actin immunoreactivity, (2) quantitative morphometry of total and perisinusoidal fibrosis ratio (FR and PFR).ResultsBiopsy quality, activity, steatosis, Fibrotest® values were not different between the two groups. Correlation between FR and fibrosis stage was stronger in CHB (r = 0.90) than CHC (r = 0.81). Mean FR was 1.5‐fold higher in CHC than CHB for early fibrosis stages (F ≤ 2, P = 0.001), with higher PFR in CHC for F0 (P = 0.001), F1 (P = 0.08) and F2 (P = 0.004). Hepatic stellate cell activation index was also higher in CHC than in CHB (P = 0.007). Diagnosis performance of FR for significant fibrosis was not statistically different in CHB than CHC (AUROC 0.92 and 0.87 respectively), but cut‐offs optimizing sensitivity and specificity were higher in CHC and their extrapolation to CHB led to 10% decrease in sensitivity. In F ≤ 2 patients, correlation between FR and Fibrotest® was only significant in CHC.ConclusionsAs compared to CHB, amount of fibrosis is greater in CHC for F ≤ 2 patients, mainly because of higher perisinusoidal fibrosis. These data illustrate difficulty to assess early fibrosis stages by non‐invasive methods, and support the need for specific cut‐offs in CHB.