bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐parametric Regression for Circular Responses
Authors: DI MARZIO MARCO , PANZERA AGNESE , TAYLOR CHARLES C. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract.Regression with a circular response is a topic of current interest. We introduce non‐parametric smoothing for this problem. Simple adaptations of a weight function enable a unified formulation for both real‐line and circular predictors, whereas these cases have been tackled by quite distinct parametric methods. Additionally, we discuss various methodological extensions, obtaining a number of promising techniques – totally new in circular statistics – such as confidence intervals for the value of a circular regression and non‐parametric autoregression in circular time series. The findings are also illustrated through real data examples.
Clinical characteristics, risk factors and pre‐surgical evaluation of post‐infectious epilepsy
Authors: Sellner J. , Trinka E. 
Published: September 2012

Background and purposeEpilepsy is a frequent complication of central nervous system (CNS) infections. Post‐infectious epilepsy is commonly refractory to medical treatment and plays a pivotal role for the poor long‐term outcome ofCNSinfections.ObjectivesTo provide an overview of clinical characteristics and risk factors of seizures associated withCNSinfections. In addition, to summarize the state of the art of anticonvulsive treatment and the pre‐surgical evaluation process in refractory cases.MethodsA comprehensive literature search for articles published betweenJanuary 1970 andDecember 2011 was carried out.ResultsThe occurrence of seizures during the acute course of meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscess is the main risk factor for the development of post‐infectious epilepsy. There is a shortage of trials evaluating the efficacy of prophylactic and symptomatic treatment during the course of acute infection. Moreover, there are no randomized‐controlled trials studying anticonvulsive drugs and their combinations for the management of post‐infectious epilepsy. In a selected group of patients, however, medically refractory focal epilepsy is potentially curable by surgery.ConclusionsFurther studies are required to improve the pathogenetic understanding of post‐infectious epilepsy in order to develop preventive measures as well as to evaluate additional medical and surgical treatment strategies for the patients currently not considered for surgery.
Transient and sustained cognitive control modulates task‐irrelevant process
Authors: HASEGAWA KUNIHIRO , TAKAHASHI SHIN'YA 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the cognitive conflict task, transient and sustained contexts modulate the congruency effect. Transient modulation is the effect of preceding trial types, while sustained modulation is the effect of context in an experimental block. The present study was conducted with two aims: The first was to reveal which processes, a task‐relevant one and a task‐irrelevant one, are changed by these contexts, and the second was to reveal the difference between the transient and the sustained modulations. The results of two experiments suggested that, although both transient and sustained modulations occurred during the task‐irrelevant process, these modulations may be different in nature. Transient modulation was caused by just an inhibition in using task‐irrelevant information, while sustained modulation showed a newly started use of task‐irrelevant information as a result of the participants' re‐adaptation to the context.
Sense of fairness in the division of labor in close relationships: Procedure and gender role ideology
Authors: NAMEDA AKINOBU 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe present study examined whether the procedures used in establishing a couple's division of labor and each partner's gender role ideology have a significant impact on the perception of fairness in the division of labor. The data collection involved conducting a questionnaire survey of 181 Japanese participants who shared basic household work and paid work. The results from a multiple regression analysis presented a clear pattern of sex differences in the way and degree to which fairness was perceived. In the model for women, the variables of the procedure and gender role ideology had significant predictive power. In particular, the interactive communication procedure was a powerful predictor of women's sense of fairness. In contrast, among men the perception of fairness in the division of labor did not have a significant relation to the variables of the procedure and gender role ideology.
Annual Research Review: Mental health and resilience in HIV/AIDS‐affected children – a review of the literature and recommendations for future research
Authors: Betancourt Theresa S. , Meyers‐Ohki Sarah E. , Charrow Alexandra , Hansen Nathan 
Published: September 2012

Background: To date, research on mental health in HIV‐ affected children (children who have an HIV‐positive caregiver or live with the virus themselves) has focused on risk factors associated with the disease. However, simultaneous identification of factors that contribute to resilience in the face of risks is also needed. A greater understanding of modifiable protective processes that contribute to resilience in the mental health of children affected by HIV can inform the design of interventions that bolster naturally occurring supports and contribute to early prevention or better management of risks.Methods: We reviewed the recent literature on mental health and resilience in children and adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS. Literature searches of PsycInfo and PubMed were conducted during July–December 2011 consistent with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) standards. Qualitative and quantitative studies were included for review if primary research questions pertained to mental health and coping or protective processes in children and families affected by HIV/AIDS. All studies subject to full review were evaluated for quality using a modified Systematic Assessment of Quality in Observational Research (SAQOR) rating system.Results: One hundred and seventy one unique studies were returned from online searches of the literature and bibliography mining. Of these, 29 were evaluated as pertaining directly to mental health and resilience in families and children living with HIV/AIDS. Eight studies presented qualitative analyses. Ten quantitative studies examined individual resources contributing to child resilience and four quantitative studies looked at family‐level resources. Ten studies also investigated community level interactions. Four presented findings from resilience‐focused interventions.Conclusions: There is a clear need for rigorous research on mental health and resilience in HIV‐affected children and adolescents. The evidence base would greatly benefit from more standardized and robust approaches to thinking about resilience from an ecological perspective inclusive of resources at multiple levels and their interactions.
Metabolic and evolutionary costs of herbivory defense: systems biology of glucosinolate synthesis
Authors: Bekaert Michaël , Edger Patrick P. , Hudson Corey M. , Pires J.Chris , Conant Gavin C. 
Published: September 2012

Summary

Here, we describe our updated mathematical model of Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia metabolism, which adds the glucosinolates, an important group of secondary metabolites, to the reactions of primary metabolism. In so doing, we also describe the evolutionary origins of the enzymes involved in glucosinolate synthesis. We use this model to address a long‐standing question in plant evolutionary biology: whether or not apparently defensive compounds such as glucosinolates are metabolically costly to produce.

We use flux balance analysis to estimate the flux through every metabolic reaction in the model both when glucosinolates are synthesized and when they are absent. As a result, we can compare the metabolic costs of cell synthesis with and without these compounds, as well as inferring which reactions have their flux altered by glucosinolate synthesis.

We find that glucosinolate production can increase photosynthetic requirements by at least 15% and that this cost is specific to the suite of glucosinolates found in A. thaliana, with other combinations of glucosinolates being even more costly.

These observations suggest that glucosinolates have evolved, and indeed likely continue to evolve, for herbivory defense, since only this interpretation explains the maintenance of such costly traits.
Hip fracture and urinary incontinence – use of indwelling catheter postsurgery
Authors: Sørbye Liv W. , Grue Else V. 
Published: September 2012

Background:  Norway has a higher incidence of hip fractures than any other country. For older individuals, a hip fracture may cause dramatic changes in health status like incontinence and daily activities. Patients with hip fractures are at high risk of urinary incontinence (UI) after surgical repair. A urinary indwelling catheter (UIC) is inserted preoperatively, but should be removed within 24 hours. Our aims were to identify indicators that might predict clinical challenges related to urinary incontinence 1 year after hip fractures.Methods:  Inclusion criteria were patients with hip fracture age 65 years or older. They were admitted form their own home to two acute‐care hospitals during 2004–2006. We used the Resident Assessment Instrument for Acute Care.Results:  A total of 331 patients were included. Thirty‐five (11%) had UIC 72 hours after surgery. These patients had more frequently experienced delirium, urinary tract infection, cognitive impairment and discouragement than their counterparts. After 12 months, patients with previous UI had lower functioning levels than those with no previous UI. They had moved four times more frequently to a nursing home and had over twice the mortality.Conclusions:  Patient with UI should be followed up with a multidisciplinary team after discharged from hospital.
Effects of grazing strategy on limiting nitrate leaching in grazed grass‐clover pastures on coarse sandy soil
Authors: Hansen E. M. , Eriksen J. , Søegaard K. , Kristensen K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUrinations of ruminants on grazed pastures increase the risk of nitrate leaching. The study investigated the effect of reducing the length of the grazing season on nitrate leaching from a coarse sandy, irrigated soil during 2006–2007 and 2007–2008. In both years, precipitation was above the long‐term mean. The experiment was initiated in a 4‐yr‐old grass‐clover sward in south Denmark. Three treatments were as follows grazing only (G), spring cut followed by grazing (CG) and both spring and autumn cuts with summer grazing (CGC). Nitrate leaching was calculated by extracting water isolates from 80 cm depth using ceramic suction cups. Because of considerable variation in measured nitrate concentrations, the 32 installed suction cups per treatment were insufficient to reveal differences between treatments. However, weighted nitrate leaching estimations for G, CG and CGC showed estimated mean nitrate N concentrations of 23, 19 and 13 mg/L for an estimated proportion area occupied by urine patches of 0.33, 0.26 and 0.16, respectively. Thus, N concentrations in G and CG exceeded the EU limit of 11.3 mg N/L. Under the prevailing conditions, the time of urination did not appear important. The estimated background leaching calculated from suction cups presumably not situated under urine patches resulted in mean nitrate N concentrations of 2.6 mg/L.
The Effect of State Regulatory Stringency on Nursing Home Quality
Authors: Mukamel Dana B. , Weimer David L. , Harrington Charlene , Spector William D. , Ladd Heather , Li Yue 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that more stringent quality regulations contribute to better quality nursing home care and to assess their cost‐effectiveness.Data Sources/SettingPrimary and secondary data from all states and U.S. nursing homes between 2005 and 2006.Study DesignWe estimated seven models, regressing quality measures on the Harrington Regulation Stringency Index and control variables. To account for endogeneity between regulation and quality, we used instrumental variables techniques. Quality was measured by staffing hours by type per case‐mix adjusted day, hotel expenditures, and risk‐adjusted decline in activities of daily living, high‐risk pressure sores, and urinary incontinence.Data CollectionAll states' licensing and certification offices were surveyed to obtain data about deficiencies. Secondary data included the Minimum Data Set, Medicare Cost Reports, and the Economic Freedom Index.Principal FindingsRegulatory stringency was significantly associated with better quality for four of the seven measures studied. The cost‐effectiveness for the activities‐of‐daily‐living measure was estimated at about 72,000 in 2011/ Quality Adjusted Life Year.ConclusionsQuality regulations lead to better quality in nursing homes along some dimensions, but not all. Our estimates of cost‐effectiveness suggest that increased regulatory stringency is in the ballpark of other acceptable cost‐effective practices.
Inhibition of MDMA‐induced increase in cortisol does not prevent acute impairment of verbal memory
Authors: Kuypers KPC , de la Torre R , Farre M , Pujadas M , Ramaekers JG 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundEcstasy use is commonly linked with memory deficits in abstinent ecstasy users. Similar impairments are being found during ecstasy intoxication after single doses of ± 3,4 metylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). The concordance of memory impairments during intoxication and abstinence suggests a similar neuropharmacological mechanism underlying acute and chronic memory impairments. The mechanism underlying this impairment is to date not known. We hypothesized that cortisol might play an important role in this mechanism as cortisol, implicated in the regulation of memory performance, can be brought out of balance by stressors like MDMA.MethodsIn the present study, we aimed to block the MDMA‐induced acute memory defect by giving participants a cortisol synthesis inhibitor (metyrapone) together with a single dose of MDMA. Seventeen polydrug MDMA users entered this placebo‐controlled within subject study with four treatment conditions. The treatments consisted of MDMA (75 mg) and metyrapone (750 mg), alone and in combination, and double placebo. Pre‐treatment with metyrapone or Placebo occurred 1 h prior to MDMA or Placebo administration. Memory performance was tested at peak drug concentrations by means of several memory tests. Cortisol levels were determined in blood and oral fluid; this served as a control measure to see whether manipulations were effective.ResultsMain findings indicated that whereas treatment with metyrapone blocked the expected MDMA‐induced increase in cortisol levels in blood, it did not prevent the MDMA‐induced memory deficit from happening.ConclusionWe therefore conclude that MDMA‐induced increments in cortisol concentrations are not related to MDMA‐induced memory impairments.
The Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Cost of Dyspepsia and Helicobater pylori Gastritis: A Case–Control Analysis in the Southwestern United States
Authors: Mapel Douglas , Roberts Melissa , Overhiser Andrew , Mason Andrew 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundDyspepsia is among the most common complaints evaluated by gastroenterologists, but there are few studies examining its current epidemiology, evaluation, and costs. We examined these issues in a large managed care system in the Southwestern United States.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective case–control analysis of adults with incident dyspepsia or a Helicobacter pylori‐related condition in years 2006 through 2010 using utilization data. Medical record abstraction of 400 cases was conducted to obtain additional clinical information.ResultsA total of 6989 cases met all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Women had a substantially higher risk of dyspepsia than men (14 per 1000 per year vs 10 per 1000; p < .001), and the incidence of dyspepsia increased with age such that persons in their seventh decade had almost twice the risk of those aged 18–29. Hispanic persons had a significantly higher risk of dyspepsia and positive H. pylori testing. Dyspepsia cases had a higher prevalence of other chronic comorbidities than their matched controls. Dyspepsia patients had healthcare costs 54% higher than controls even before the diagnosis was made, and costs in the initial diagnostic period were $483 greater per person, but subsequent costs were not greatly affected. Among those aged 55 and younger, the “test and treat” approach was used in 53% and another 18% had an initial esophagogastroduodenoscopy, as compared to 47 and 27%, respectively, among those over the age of 55.ConclusionsWomen and older adults have a higher incidence of dyspepsia than previously appreciated, and Hispanics in this region also have a higher risk. Current guidelines for dyspepsia evaluation are only loosely followed.
Fever and fever‐related epilepsies
Authors: Cross J. Helen 
Published: September 2012

SummaryFebrile seizures are a common emergency faced by general pediatricians. They are mostly self‐limiting, isolated events with no sequelae in later life. A minority are more complex. In the acute stage, there are a small number of underlying etiologies that are important to recognize in order to determine the prognosis accurately and to optimize management. There has been a long‐standing debate about the relationship of early febrile seizures to the later development of epilepsy. It is now clear that this risk differs for simple and complex febrile seizures: complex febrile seizures may herald the presentation of a number of epilepsy syndromes of which febrile and illness‐related seizures are part of the phenotype. This review examines the existing knowledge on febrile seizures and the various clinical phenotypes to which they are linked.
Hippocampal sclerosis—Origins and imaging
Authors: Malmgren Kristina , Thom Maria 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe association between hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and epilepsy has been known for almost two centuries. For many years, HS was studied in postmortem series; however, since the mid‐20th century, surgical specimens from temporal lobe resections have provided important new knowledge. HS is the most common pathology underlying drug‐resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), a syndrome with a characteristic history and seizure semiology. In the early 1990s, it was recognized that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could detect HS. The standard MRI protocol for temporal lobe abnormalities uses coronal slices perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocampus. The MRI features of HS include reduced hippocampal volume, increased signal intensity on T2‐weighted imaging, and disturbed internal architecture. The histopathologic diagnosis of HS is usually straightforward, with neuronal loss and chronic fibrillary gliosis centered on the pyramidal cell layer. There are several patterns or subtypes of HS recognized from surgical series based on qualitative or quantified assessments of regional neuronal loss. The pathologic changes of HS include granule cell dispersion, mossy fiber sprouting, and alterations to interneurons. There may also be more extensive sclerosis of adjacent structures in the medial temporal lobe, including the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus. Subtle cortical neuropathologies may accompany HS. The revised classification of dysplasias in epilepsy denotes these as focal cortical dysplasias type IIIa. Sometimes, HS occurs with a second lesion, either in the temporal lobe or extratemporal, most often ipsilateral to the HS. HS on preoperative MRI strongly predicts good seizure outcome following temporal lobe resection (TLR). If adequate MRI shows no structural correlate in patients with MTLE, functional imaging studies are valuable, especially if they are in agreement with ictal electroencephalography (EEG) findings. Focal hypometabolism on 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) ipsilateral to the symptomatic temporal lobe predicts a good surgical outcome; the added value of11C‐Flumazenil‐PET (FMZ‐PET) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is less clear. Surgical methods have evolved, particularly resecting less tissue, aiming to preserve function without compromising seizure outcome. Around two thirds of patients operated for MTLE with HS obtain seizure freedom. However, the best surgical approach to optimize seizure outcome remains controversial.
The outlook for adults with epileptic seizure(s) associated with cerebral cavernous malformations or arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Al‐Shahi Salman Rustam 
Published: September 2012

SummaryCerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are common: their asymptomatic prevalence on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is 1 in 625 and 1 in 2,000, respectively. The risk of epileptic seizure(s) for people with AVMs and CCMs affects their domestic, social, and professional lives, and may influence their decisions about treatment. This article summarizes the seizure risks for people with AVMs and CCMs, gleaned from published original articles indexed in OVID Medline and Embase before 1 January 2012. In the absence of prior intracranial hemorrhage and nonhemorrhagic focal neurologic deficit, a population‐based study in Scotland, United Kingdom, found that the 5‐year risks of first seizure were 8% for AVM and 4% for CCM; presentation with intracranial hemorrhage or focal neurologic deficit raised this risk for AVM (23%) but not for CCM (6%). Features associated with the occurrence of epileptic seizures for CCM are lesion multiplicity and cortical CCM location, whereas for AVM the most consistently reported associations are younger age, temporal location, cortical involvement, and nidus diameter >3 cm. In the absence of prior intracranial hemorrhage and nonhemorrhagic focal neurologic deficit, the 5‐year risk of developing epilepsy following a first seizure is 58% for AVM and 94% for CCM, though there is no difference in the chance of achieving 2‐year seizure freedom in this time frame (45% AVM vs. 47% CCM). Observational case series describe encouraging differences in seizure frequency before and after AVM and CCM treatment, but the shortage of studies demonstrating dramatic effects in comparison to concurrent control groups justifies the need for more controlled studies, ideally with randomized treatment allocation when the benefits of AVM or CCM treatment are uncertain.
Alcohol and drugs in epilepsy: Pathophysiology, presentation, possibilities, and prevention
Authors: Leach John Paul , Mohanraj Rajiv , Borland William 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe potentially serious outcomes from ingestion of and dependence on toxins make this an important topic for epileptologists. We must be aware of the potential for harm from compounds that may be freely available, yet patients may try to conceal their use. Problematic compounds may cause seizures either acutely or on withdrawal: Their use may reduce effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs, or may simply promote and enhance chaotic lifestyles. Any or all of these factors may worsen seizure control or even directly cause seizures. This article highlights the pathophysiology behind provoked seizures, provides clues to diagnosis, and then outlines the steps that clinicians should take to reduce the deleterious effects of toxic compounds.