bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Advantages of Higher Protein Diets and Benefits of Dairy Foods on Weight Management, Glycemic Regulation, and Bone
Authors: Pasiakos Stefan M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Inst. of Medicine and World Health Organization have determined that 0.8 to 0.83 g protein·kg−1·d−1 is the quantity of protein required to establish nitrogen balance in nearly all healthy individuals. However, consuming higher protein diets may be metabolically advantageous, particularly for overweight and obese adults attempting weight loss, and for physically active individuals such as athletes and military personnel. Studies have demonstrated that higher protein diets may spare lean body mass during weight loss, promote weight management, enhance glycemic regulation, and increase intestinal calcium absorption, which may result in long‐term improvements in bone health. The extent to which higher protein diets are beneficial is largely attributed to the digestive and absorptive properties, and also to the essential amino acid (EAA) content of the protein. Proteins that are rapidly digested and absorbed likely contribute to the metabolic advantages conferred by consuming higher protein diets. The EAA profiles, as well as the digestive and absorptive properties of dairy proteins, such as whey protein and casein, are particularly advantageous because they facilitate a rapid, robust, and sustained delivery of EAAs to the periphery. This article reviews the scientific literature assessing metabolic advantages associated with higher protein diets on weight management, glycemic regulation, and bone, with emphasis given to studies evaluating the potential benefits associated with dairy.
Inoculum selection influences the biochemical methane potential of agro‐industrial substrates
Authors: De Vrieze Jo , Raport Linde , Willems Bernard , Verbrugge Silke , Volcke Eveline , Meers Erik , Angenent Largus T. , Boon Nico 
Published: March 2015

SummaryObtaining a reliable estimation of the methane potential of organic waste streams in anaerobic digestion, for which a biochemical methane potential (BMP) test is often used, is of high importance. Standardization of this BMP test is required to ensure inter‐laboratory repeatability and accuracy of the BMP results. Therefore, guidelines were set out; yet, these do not provide sufficient information concerning origin of and the microbial community in the test inoculum. Here, the specific contribution of the methanogenic community on the BMP test results was evaluated. The biomethane potential of four different substrates (molasses, bio‐refinery waste, liquid manure and high‐rate activated sludge) was determined by means of four different inocula from full‐scale anaerobic digestion plants. A significant effect of the selected inoculum on the BMP result was observed for two out of four substrates. This inoculum effect could be attributed to the abundance of methanogens and a potential inhibiting effect in the inoculum itself, demonstrating the importance of inoculum selection for BMP testing. We recommend the application of granular sludge as an inoculum, because of its higher methanogenic abundance and activity, and protection from bulk solutions, compared with other inocula.
Review on Cardiovascular Risk Prediction
Authors: Ruwanpathirana Thilanga , Owen Alice , Reid Christopher M. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe objectives were to review the currently available and widely used cardiovascular risk assessment models and to examine the evidence available on new biomarkers and the nonclinical measures in improving the risk prediction in the population level.Identification of individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), to better target prevention and treatment, has become a top research priority. Cardiovascular risk prediction has progressed with the development and refinement of risk prediction models based upon established clinical factors, and the discovery of novel biomarkers, lifestyle, and social factors may offer additional information on the risk of disease. However, a significant proportion of individuals who have a myocardial infarction still are categorized as low risk by many of the available methods. Although novel biomarkers can improve risk prediction, including B‐type natriuretic peptides which have shown the best predictive capacity per unit cost, there is concern that the use of risk prediction strategies which rely upon new/or expensive biomarkers could further broaden social inequalities in CVD. In contrast, nonclinical factors such as work stress, social isolation, and early childhood experience also appear to be associated with cardiovascular risk and have the potential to be utilized for the baseline risk stratification at the population level.A stepwise approach of nonclinical methods followed by risk scores consisting of clinical risk factors may offer a better option for initial and subsequent screening, preserving more specialized approaches including novel biomarkers for enhanced risk stratification at population level in a cost‐effective manner.
Treatment of Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension with Bosentan after Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation
Authors: LaRue Shane J. , Garcia‐Cortes Rafael , Nassif Michael E. , Vader Justin M. , Ray Shuddhadeb , Ravichandran Ashwin , Rasalingham Ravi , Silvestry Scott C. , Ewald Gregory A. , Wang I‐Wen , Schilling Joel D. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryIntroductionSecondary pulmonary hypertension (PH) and right ventricular dysfunction are common and associated with poor prognosis in HF patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). The role of pulmonary vasodilator therapy for these patients is currently unclear.AimsWe sought to evaluate the safety and clinical course of patients treated with bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, after the implementation of a LVAD.ResultsBetween 10/2008 and 5/2011, 50 consecutive patients with mean PAP >25 mmHg were treated with bosentan after LVAD implantation for a mean duration of 15.7 (±12.4) months. Ten patients discontinued the drug for possible side effects, including three for LFT abnormalities. Comparison of baseline to 6‐month follow‐up data revealed laboratory evidence for decongestion with a decrease in bilirubin (2.3–0.6, P < 0.0001) and an improvement in pulmonary hemodynamics with echocardiographically calculated mean PVR decreasing 1.4 woods units (3.93 ± 1.53 to 2.58 ± 1.05, P < 0.0001).ConclusionIn this single‐centered retrospective case series, we provide evidence that the tolerability of bosentan in LVAD‐supported patients with secondary PH is comparable to prior experience in patients with heart failure.
The volatility of comprehensive income and its association with market risk
Authors: Khan Shahwali , Bradbury Michael E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFinancial statement preparers claim that the ‘excess’ volatility of comprehensive income (CI) confuses financial statement users. We examine the volatility and risk relevance of CI, relative to net income, for a sample of 92 New Zealand nonfinancial firms for the period 2003–2010. The results show that CI is more volatile than net income. However, the volatility of CI incremental to net income is not related to market risk. Furthermore, the incremental volatility of CI does not modify the pricing of net income. These results hold when asset revaluations are excluded from other CI.
Parental transmission of risk for cannabis use disorders to offspring
Authors: Kosty Derek B. , Farmer Richard F. , Seeley John R. , Gau Jeff M. , Duncan Susan C. , Lewinsohn Peter M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimsWe investigated the risk of cannabis use disorder (CUD) among probands as a function of parental psychopathology and explored parent–offspring gender concordance as a mechanism of parental CUD transmission to offspring.DesignFour waves of data collection from a longitudinal epidemiological study of psychopathology among a regionally representative sample.SettingParticipants were selected randomly from western Oregon, USA, and were initially assessed during mid‐adolescence.ParticipantsThe reference sample included 719 probands and their biological mothers and fathers.MeasurementsCUD episodes among probands were assessed with semistructured diagnostic interviews between mid‐adolescence and young adulthood. Life‐time psychiatric disorders among parents of probands were assessed when probands were approximately 24 years of age.FindingsThere was an increased risk for CUD onset among probands with parental histories of CUD [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30–2.88], hard drug use disorders (HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.32–2.90) or antisocial personality disorder (HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.06–2.82). A significant parent–offspring gender concordance effect indicated that females with a maternal CUD history were at higher risk for CUD onset compared with females without a maternal CUD (HR = 3.10, 95% CI = 1.52–6.34). Maternal CUD was not associated with CUD onset among males (P = 0.570), nor was there evidence for parent–offspring gender concordance effects for paternal CUD‐specific transmission (P = 0.114).ConclusionsParental histories of antisocial personality and illicit substance use disorders are associated with increased risk for cannabis use disorder onset in offspring, especially among females with maternal cannabis use disorder histories.
Cognitive Aids in Medicine Assessment Tool (CMAT): preliminary validation of a novel tool for the assessment of emergency cognitive aids
Authors: Evans D. , McCahon R. , Barley M. , Norris A. , Khajuria A. , Moppett I. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryApplying human factors principles to the design of clinical emergency guidelines is important. The UK Civil Aviation Authority uses a Checklist Assessment Tool for evaluating the content and usability of emergency drills before introduction into service on aircraft. We hypothesised that this model could be used to develop a generic medical tool. A three‐stage modified Delphi process was used to adapt the above tool for use in designing medical emergency guidelines. The resulting Cognitive aids in Medicine Assessment Tool was then used to score and rank seven published difficult airway guidelines; the scores were used to assess its validity and reliability. Pearson's rank coefficient between these scores and scores from independent assessors was 0.89 (p = 0.007). Internal consistency, as assessed by Cronbach's alpha, was 0.74, 0.96 and 0.72 for the tool's three constituent domains of physical characteristics, content and layout/format, respectively. Inter‐rater reliability, as assessed by Cohen's kappa, ranged from 0.33 to 0.72. The adoption of our tool has the potential to improve the usability of medical emergency guidelines.
Gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone analogue or dienogest plus estradiol valerate to prevent pain recurrence after laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis: a multi‐center randomized trial
Authors: Granese Roberta , Perino Antonino , Calagna Gloria , Saitta Salvatore , De Franciscis Pasquale , Colacurci Nicola , Triolo Onofrio , Cucinella Gaspare 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of dienogest + estradiol valerate (E2V) and gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone analogue (GnRH‐a) in reducing recurrence of pain in patients with chronic pelvic pain due to laparoscopically diagnosed and treated endometriosis.DesignMulti‐center, prospective, randomized study.SettingThree university departments of obstetrics and gynecology in Italy.PopulationSeventy‐eight women who underwent laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis combined with chronic pelvic pain.MethodsPost‐operative administration of dienogest + E2V for 9 months (group 1) or GnRH‐a monthly for 6 months (group 2).Main outcome measuresA visual analogue scale was used to test intensity of pain before laparoscopic surgery at 3, 6 and 9 months of follow up. A questionnaire to investigate quality of life was administered before surgery and at 9 months of follow up.ResultsThe visual analogue scale score did not show any significant differences between the two groups (p = 0.417). The questionnaire showed an increase of scores for all women compared with pre‐surgery values, demonstrating a marked improvement in quality of life and health‐related satisfaction with both treatments. No significant differences were found between the groups. The rate of apparent endometriosis recurrence was 10.8% in group 1 and 13.7% in group 2 (p = 0.962).ConclusionBoth therapies seemed equally efficacious in preventing endometriosis‐related chronic pelvic pain recurrence in the first 9 months of follow‐up.
New onset idiosyncratic liver enzyme elevations with biological therapy in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Shelton E. , Chaudrey K. , Sauk J. , Khalili H. , Masia R. , Nguyen D. D. , Yajnik V. , Ananthakrishnan A. N. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryBackgroundAnti‐tumour necrosis factor α (anti‐TNF) agents have been implicated in drug‐induced liver injury. There is minimal data on this occurrence in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients.AimTo identify the characteristics of liver enzyme elevations following anti‐TNF therapy initiation in IBD.MethodsA retrospective cohort of patients initiating anti‐TNF therapy were analysed for new onset alanine transaminase (ALT) elevation (≥60 U/L). We collected data on natural history, outcomes and patient characteristics compared with controls with persistent normal liver enzymes. Likelihood of causal association was assessed using the RUCAM score.ResultsFrom 1753 patients initiating an anti‐TNF (1170 infliximab, 575 adalimumab, 8 certolizumab), 102 (6%) developed new onset ALT elevation. In 54 (53%), this could be linked to an alternate aetiology. Among those with idiopathic ALT elevations, the median time to ALT elevation from anti‐TNF initiation was 18 weeks and median peak ALT was 96 U/L. Six underwent liver biopsy, all demonstrating hepatitis with autoimmune features. Compared to controls, cases were on a lower dose of infliximab (5.7 vs. 6.7 mg/kg, P = 0.02) but were otherwise similar in body mass index, sex and age. On follow‐up, 34 continued the anti‐TNF, 14 stopped therapy and 4 initiated steroids. Most (85%) normalised their LFTs after a median of 17 weeks including 28 (82%) of those who continued anti‐TNF therapy. Ten patients were transitioned to a second anti‐TNF without recurrence.ConclusionsALT elevations occurred in 6% of IBD patients initiating anti‐TNF therapy. Most idiopathic elevations were mild, transient and resolved despite therapy continuation.
HIF‐2α attenuates lymphangiogenesis by up‐regulating IGFBP1 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Geis Theresa , Popp Rüdiger , Hu Jiong , Fleming Ingrid , Henke Nina , Dehne Nathalie , Brüne Bernhard 
Published: March 2015

Background InformationTumour‐associated lymphangiogenesis was identified as an important clinical determinant for the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and significantly influences patient survival. However, in this context, little is known about regulation of lymphangiogenesis by hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIF). In HCC, mainly HIF‐1α was positively correlated with lymphatic invasion and metastasis, whereas a defined role of HIF‐2α is missing.ResultsWe created a stable knockdown (k/d) of HIF‐1α and HIF‐2α in HepG2 cells and generated co‐cultures of HepG2 spheroids with embryonic bodies. This constitutes an in vitro tumour model mimicking the cancer microenvironment and allows addressing the role of distinct HIF isoforms in regulating HCC lymphangiogenesis. In co‐cultures with a HIF‐2α k/d, lymphangiogenesis was significantly increased, whereas the k/d of HIF‐1α showed no effect. The HIF‐2α‐dependent lymphangiogenic phenotype was confirmed in vivo using matrigel plug assays with supernatants of HIF‐2α k/d HepG2 cells. We identified and verified insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) as a HIF‐2α target gene. The potential of HepG2 cells to induce lymphangiogenesis in two independent functional assays was significantly enhanced either by a k/d of HIF‐2α or by silencing IGFBP1. Moreover, we confirmed IGF as a potent pro‐lymphatic growth factor with IGFBP1 being its negative modulator.ConclusionsWe propose that HIF‐2α acts as an important negative regulator of hepatic lymphangiogenesis in vitro and in vivo by inducing IGFBP1 and thus, interfering with IGF signalling. Therefore, HIF‐2α may constitute a critical target in HCC therapy.
300 million years of diversification: elucidating the patterns of orthopteran evolution based on comprehensive taxon and gene sampling
Authors: Song Hojun , Amédégnato Christiane , Cigliano Maria Marta , Desutter‐Grandcolas Laure , Heads Sam W. , Huang Yuan , Otte Daniel , Whiting Michael F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOrthoptera is the most diverse order among the polyneopteran groups and includes familiar insects, such as grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, and their kin. Due to a long history of conflicting classification schemes based on different interpretations of morphological characters, the phylogenetic relationships within Orthoptera are poorly understood and its higher classification has remained unstable. In this study, we establish a robust phylogeny of Orthoptera including 36 of 40 families representing all 15 currently recognized superfamilies and based on complete mitochondrial genomes and four nuclear loci, in order to test previous phylogenetic hypotheses and to provide a framework for a natural classification and a reference for studying the pattern of divergence and diversification. We find strong support for monophyletic suborders (Ensifera and Caelifera) as well as major superfamilies. Our results corroborate most of the higher‐level relationships previously proposed for Caelifera, but suggest some novel relationships for Ensifera. Using fossil calibrations, we provide divergence time estimates for major orthopteran lineages and show that the current diversity has been shaped by dynamic shifts of diversification rates at different geological times across different lineages. We also show that mitochondrial tRNA gene orders have been relatively stable throughout the evolutionary history of Orthoptera, but a major tRNA gene rearrangement occurred in the common ancestor of Tetrigoidea and Acridomorpha, thereby representing a robust molecular synapomorphy, which has persisted for 250 Myr.
Synthesis, characterisation, and study of the photophysical properties of highly stable imidazole‐based novel solid‐state fluorescent azo colourants
Authors: Moolya Preetam N. , Gadilohar Balu L. , Shankarling Ganapati S. 
Published: March 2015

Novel solid‐state fluorescent azo colourants derived from 5‐amino‐2‐(4‐dimethylaminophenyl) benzimidazole as electron donor were synthesised. The colourants were characterised by means of elemental analysis, 1H NMR, and mass spectrometry. These colourants showed molar extinction coefficients in the range 12 000–48 000 dm3 mol−1 cm−1. These compounds exhibited solid‐state fluorescence under short UV (254 nm). Electron coupling originating from broad π‐electron delocalisation and keto–enol form is responsible for the large Stokes shift as indicated by absorption and fluorescence spectra. These colourants were soluble in polar aprotic high‐boiling solvents such as N,N‐dimethylformamide, N,N‐dimethylacetamide, and dimethyl sulphoxide, whereas they were insoluble in other common organic solvents. Thermogravimetric analysis of solid‐state fluorescent colourants showed that two of the colourants showed thermal stability in the range 230–240 °C, whereas for the rest of the colourants it was found to be lower, and hence the two colourants could find application in the coloration of polymers.
Building a Central Repository for Research Ethics Consultation Data: A Proposal for a Standard Data Collection Tool
Authors: Cho Mildred K. , Taylor Holly , McCormick Jennifer B. , Anderson Nick , Barnard David , Boyle Mary B. , Capron Alexander M. , Dorfman Elizabeth , Havard Kathryn , Reider Carson , Sadler John , Schwartz Peter , Sharp Richard R. , Danis Marion , Wilfond Benjamin S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractClinical research ethics consultation services have been established across academic health centers over the past decade. This paper presents the results of collaboration within the CTSA consortium to develop a standard approach to the collection of research ethics consultation information to serve as a foundation for quality improvement, education, and research efforts. This approach includes categorizing and documenting descriptive information about the requestor, research project, the ethical question, the consult process, and describing the basic structure for a consult note. This paper also explores challenges in determining how to share some of this information between collaborating institutions related to concerns about confidentially, data quality, and informatics. While there is much still to be learned to improve the process of clinical research ethics consultation, these tools can advance these efforts, which, in turn, can facilitate the ethical conduct of research.
Does host‐plant diversity explain species richness in insects? A test usingCoccidae (Hemiptera)
Authors: LIN YEN‐PO , COOK DIANNE H. , GULLAN PENNY J. , COOK LYN G. 
Published: March 2015

1. The megadiverse herbivores and their host plants are a major component of biodiversity, and their interactions have been hypothesised to drive the diversification of both.2. If plant diversity influences the diversity of insects, there is an expectation that insect species richness will be strongly correlated with host‐plant species richness. This should be observable at two levels (i) more diverse host‐plant groups should harbour more species of insects, and (ii) the species richness of a group of insects should correlate with the richness of the host groups it uses. However, such a correlation is also consistent with a hypothesis of random host use, in which insects encounter and use hosts in proportion to the diversity of host plants. Neither of these expectations has been widely tested.3. These expectations were tested using data from a species‐rich group of insects – theCoccidae (Hemiptera).4. Significant positive correlations were found between the species richness of coccid clades (genera) and the species richness of the host‐plant family or families upon which the clades occur. On a global scale, more closely related plant families have more similar communities of coccid genera but the correlation is weak.5. Random host use could not be rejected for many coccids but randomisation tests and similarity of coccid communities on closely related plant families show that there is non‐random host use in some taxa. Overall, our results support the idea that plant diversity is a driver of species richness of herbivorous insects, probably via escape‐and‐radiate or oscillation‐type processes.
The effect of body size on oviposition success of a minute parasitoid in nature
Authors: SEGOLI MICHAL , ROSENHEIM JAY A. 
Published: March 2015

1. Individual fitness is often assumed to be positively correlated with body size, but this has rarely been explored under realistic field conditions. This assumption was tested in a minute parasitoid foraging for planthopper eggs in saltmarsh habitats.2. We used a novel sampling technique that captures females as they naturally die and fall off the vegetation, and estimated their oviposition success according to the number of eggs remaining in their bodies.3. Our results support a positive relationship between oviposition success and body size of female parasitoids.4. Only a single female had exhausted her eggs before she died suggesting that the larger body size advantage is not realised primarily via increased fecundity, but instead via increased longevity or foraging‐efficiency.