bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Discrepancies in Satellite Rainfall Estimates over Ethiopia
Authors: Young Matthew P. , Williams Charles J. R. , Chiu J. Christine , Maidment Ross I. , Chen Shu-Hua 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Tropical Applications of Meteorology Using Satellite and Ground-Based Observations (TAMSAT) rainfall estimates are used extensively across Africa for operational rainfall monitoring and food security applications; thus, regional evaluations of TAMSAT are essential to ensure its reliability. This study assesses the performance of TAMSAT rainfall estimates, along with the African Rainfall Climatology (ARC), version 2; the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 product; and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), against a dense rain gauge network over a mountainous region of Ethiopia. Overall, TAMSAT exhibits good skill in detecting rainy events but underestimates rainfall amount, while ARC underestimates both rainfall amount and rainy event frequency. Meanwhile, TRMM consistently performs best in detecting rainy events and capturing the mean rainfall and seasonal variability, while CMORPH tends to overdetect rainy events. Moreover, the mean difference in daily rainfall between the products and rain gauges shows increasing underestimation with increasing elevation. However, the distribution in satellite–gauge differences demonstrates that although 75% of retrievals underestimate rainfall, up to 25% overestimate rainfall over all elevations. Case studies using high-resolution simulations suggest underestimation in the satellite algorithms is likely due to shallow convection with warm cloud-top temperatures in addition to beam-filling effects in microwave-based retrievals from localized convective cells. The overestimation by IR-based algorithms is attributed to nonraining cirrus with cold cloud-top temperatures. These results stress the importance of understanding regional precipitation systems causing uncertainties in satellite rainfall estimates with a view toward using this knowledge to improve rainfall algorithms.
Comparison of Global and Seasonal Characteristics of Cloud Phase and Horizontal Ice Plates Derived from CALIPSO with MODIS and ECMWF
Authors: Hirakata Maki , Okamoto Hajime , Hagihara Yuichiro , Hayasaka Tadahiro , Oki Riko 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This study analyzed the global and seasonal characteristics of cloud phase and ice crystal orientation (CTYPE-lidar) by using the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) on board the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). A dataset from September 2006 to August 2007 was used to derive the seasonal characteristics. The discrimination scheme was originally developed by Yoshida et al., who classified clouds mainly into warm water, supercooled water, and randomly oriented ice crystals or horizontally oriented ice plates. This study used the following products for the comparison with CTYPE-lidar: (i) the vertical feature mask (VFM) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), (ii) the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and (iii) European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Overall, the results showed that the CTYPE-lidar discrimination scheme was consistent with the outputs from VFM, MODIS, and ECMWF. The zonal mean water cloud cover in daytime from this study showed good agreement with that derived from MODIS; the slope of the linear regression was 1.06 and the offset was 0.002. The CTYPE-lidar ice cloud occurrence frequency and the ECMWF ice supersaturation occurrence frequency were also in good agreement; the slope of the linear regression of the two products was 1.02 in the temperature range −60°C ≤ T ≤ −30°C. The maximum occurrence frequencies in this study and ECMWF were recognized around −60°C of the equator, with their peak shifted from several degrees north (~9°N) in September–November (SON) to south (~9°S) in December–February (DJF) and back to north (~7°N) in March–May (MAM) and June–August (JJA).
Occupational Performance Coaching for stroke survivors: A pilot randomized controlled trial protocol
Authors: Kessler Dorothy E. , Egan Mary Y. , Dubouloz Claire-Jehanne , Graham Fiona P. , McEwen Sara E. 
Published: August 2014

Background. Many stroke survivors report participation challenges. Occupational Performance Coaching for stroke survivors (OPC-Stroke) is designed to assist stroke survivors to develop the ability to plan and manage engagement in occupation. This approach combines emotional support, individualized education, and goal-focused problem solving to promote occupational engagement. Purpose. This study will explore the potential efficacy of OPC-Stroke and the feasibility of the research methods for use in a larger trial. Method. A pilot randomized controlled trial will be undertaken. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive 10 sessions of OPC-Stroke or usual care. Participation, perceived goal performance, satisfaction and self-efficacy, emotional well-being, and cognition will be measured at three time points. Implications. This research will test the potential usefulness of OPC-Stroke as well as the study methods, and thereby inform the continuing development of OPC-Stroke and further studies to measure its effectiveness.
The Treatment and Outcomes of Medial Malleolar Stress Fractures
Authors: Irion Val , Miller Timothy L. , Kaeding Christopher C. 
Published: August 2014

Context: The medial malleolus is considered a high-risk stress fracture and can be debilitating to the highly active or athletic populations. A range of treatment methods have been described with varying outcomes. Currently, there is no gold standard treatment option with optimal results described. Objective: A systematic search of the literature to determine treatment options and outcomes in medial malleolus stress fractures. Data Sources: OVID/Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from 1950 to September 2013. Study Selection: Included studies mentioned treatment and outcomes of medial malleolus stress fractures. Study Design: Systematic review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Data Extraction: The searches used combinations of the terms stress fracture, medial malleolus, management, and treatment. Two authors independently reviewed the selected articles and created individual tables, which were later compiled into a master table for final analysis. Results: Six retrospective case series were identified (n = 31 patients). Eighty percent (25/31) of patients were men, with an average age of 24.5 years. Ninety percent (28/31) of patients were at least involved in recreational athletics. All patients were able to return to sport. Complications were seen in both groups ranging from minor stiffness to nonunion requiring open reduction internal fixation. Conclusion: Nonoperative and operative interventions have proven to be successful with regard to healing and return to play for medial malleolar stress fractures in the recreational and competitive athlete. However, early operative intervention can possibly create a higher likelihood of early healing, decrease in symptoms, and return to play.
Mycobacterial diseases developed during anti-tumour necrosis factor-α therapy
Authors: Yoo Jung-Wan , Jo Kyung-Wook , Kang Bo-Hyung , Kim Mi Young , Yoo Bin , Lee Chang-Keun , Kim Yong-Gil , Yang Suk-Kyun , Byeon Jeong-Sik , Kim Kyung-Jo , Ye Byong Duk , Shim Tae Sun 
Published: August 2014

Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease and tuberculosis (TB) develop during anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α therapy. We compared clinical characteristics and outcomes between the two diseases.A total of 1165 patients were screened for TB and treated with TNF-α antagonists from July 2004 to July 2013 for the following conditions: inflammatory bowel disease (n = 422), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 320), and ankylosing spondylitis (n = 389).TB and NTM disease were diagnosed at baseline screening in four and three patients, respectively, and developed during anti-TNF-α therapy in 19 and six patients, respectively. The incidence rate of TB and NTM disease was 747.7 per 100 000 and 238.2 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. Patients with NTM disease were older, with a greater proportion of females. All cases of NTM disease involved the lung, with rheumatoid arthritis (83.3%) being the most frequent underlying disease. The most common radiological feature was consolidation in NTM disease, and honeycombing was present in two rheumatoid arthritis patients with NTM disease. The most common pathogen wasMycobacterium intracellulare(n = 3) followed byMycobacterium avium(n = 2). Both the NTM and TB group showed favourable outcomes.The clinical characteristics differed between NTM disease and TB that developed on anti-TNF-α agents, but clinical outcomes were favourable in both diseases.
Superhydrophobic ZnO networks with high water adhesion
Authors: Florica Camelia , Preda Nicoleta , Enculescu Monica , Zgura Irina , Socol Marcela , Enculescu Ionut 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
ZnO structures were deposited using a simple chemical bath deposition technique onto interdigitated electrodes fabricated by a conventional photolithography method on SiO2/Si substrates. The X-ray diffraction studies show that the ZnO samples have a hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure. The scanning electron microscopy observations prove that the substrates are uniformly covered by ZnO networks formed by monodisperse rods. The ZnO rod average diameter and length were tuned by controlling reactants' concentration and reaction time. Optical spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that all the samples display bandgap values and emission bands typical for ZnO. The electrical measurements reveal percolating networks which are highly sensitive when the samples are exposed to ammonia vapors, a variation in their resistance with the exposure time being evidenced. Other important characteristics are that the ZnO rod networks exhibit superhydrophobicity, with water contact angles exceeding 150° and a high water droplet adhesion. Reproducible, easily scalable, and low-cost chemical bath deposition and photolithography techniques could provide a facile approach to fabricate such ZnO networks and devices based on them for a wide range of applications where multifunctionality, i.e., sensing and superhydrophobicity, properties are required.

PACS

81.07.-b; 81.05.Dz; 68.08.Bc
Synergistic antitumor effects of S-1 with eribulin in vitro and in vivo for triple-negative breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Terashima Masato , Sakai Kazuko , Togashi Yosuke , Hayashi Hidetoshi , De Velasco Marco A , Tsurutani Junji , Nishio Kazuto 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with a higher incidence of recurrence and distant metastasis and a poor prognosis, whereas effective treatment strategies remain to be established. Finding an effective treatment for TNBC has become imperative. We examined the effect of the combination of S-1 (or 5-FU in an in vitro study) and eribulin in TNBC cell lines. The in vitro effect of the combination was examined in four TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, BT-549 and MX-1) using a combination index and isobolograms. In addition, we assessed the effect of the combination in an MDA-MB-231 tumor xenograft model. A synergistic effect was observed in three TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and MX-1), and in an in vivo study, the combination of S-1 and eribulin resulted in significantly higher antitumor effects compared with S-1 or eribulin alone. 5-FU induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) change in the TNCB cell line, as supported by the decreased expression of epithelial marker and the increased expression of mesenchymal markers. Meanwhile, TGF-beta induced EMT changes in a TNBC cell line and decreased the sensitivity to 5-FU. This result suggests that 5-FU-induced EMT changes reduce the sensitivity to 5-FU. In contrast, eribulin induced a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) in a TNBC cell line. The EMT phenotype induced by 5-FU was also canceled by eribulin. We demonstrate that the combination of S-1 (5-FU) and eribulin exerts a synergistic effect for TNBC cell lines through MET-induction by eribulin. Therefore, this combination therapy may be a potential treatment option for TNBC.
Genomic alterations in abnormal neutrophils isolated from adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Singh Namrata , Traisak Pamela , Martin Kayla A , Kaplan Mariana J , Cohen Philip L , Denny Michael F 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an abnormal population of neutrophils, called low-density granulocytes (LDGs), that express the surface markers of mature neutrophils, yet their nuclear morphology resembles an immature cell. Because a similar discrepancy in maturation status is observed in myelodysplasias, and disruption of neutrophil development is frequently associated with genomic alterations, genomic DNA isolated from autologous pairs of LDGs and normal-density neutrophils was compared for genomic changes.

Methods
Alterations in copy number and losses of heterozygosity (LOH) were detected by cytogenetic microarray analysis. Microsatellite instability (MSI) was detected by capillary gel electrophoresis of fluorescently labeled PCR products.

Results
Control neutrophils and normal-density SLE neutrophils had similar levels of copy number variations, while the autologous SLE LDGs had an over twofold greater number of copy number alterations per genome. The additional copy number alterations found in LDGs were prevalent in six of the thirteen SLE patients, and occurred preferentially on chromosome 19, 17, 8, and X. These same SLE patients also displayed an increase in LOH. Several SLE patients had a common LOH on chromosome 5q that includes several cytokine genes and a DNA repair enzyme. In addition, three SLE patients displayed MSI. Two patients displayed MSI in greater than one marker, and one patient had MSI and increased copy number alterations. No correlations between genomic instability and immunosuppressive drugs, disease activity or disease manifestations were apparent.

Conclusions
The increased level of copy number alterations and LOH in the LDG samples relative to autologous normal-density SLE neutrophils suggests somatic alterations that are consistent with DNA strand break repair, while MSI suggests a replication error-prone status. Thus, the LDGs isolated have elevated levels of somatic alterations that are consistent with genetic damage or genomic instability. This suggests that the LDGs in adult SLE patients are derived from cell progenitors that are distinct from the autologous normal-density neutrophils, and may reflect a role for genomic instability in the disease.
Internet-delivered exposure-based cognitive–behavioural therapy and behavioural stress management for severe health anxiety: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hedman Erik , Axelsson Erland , Görling Anders , Ritzman Carina , Ronnheden Markus , Alaoui Samir El , Andersson Erik , Lekander Mats , Ljótsson Brjánn 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundExposure-based cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) delivered via the internet has been shown to be effective for severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis) but has not been compared with an active, effective and credible psychological treatment, such as behavioural stress management (BSM).AimsTo investigate two internet-delivered treatments – exposure-based CBTv.BSM – for severe health anxiety in a randomised controlled trial (trial registration: NCT01673035).MethodParticipants (n= 158) with a principal diagnosis of severe health anxiety were allocated to 12 weeks of exposure-based CBT (n= 79) or BSM (n= 79) delivered via the internet. The Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI) was the primary outcome.ResultsInternet-delivered exposure-based CBT led to a significantly greater improvement on the HAI compared with BSM. However, both treatment groups made large improvements on the HAI (pre-to-post-treatment Cohen'sd: exposure-based CBT, 1.78; BSM, 1.22).ConclusionsExposure-based CBT delivered via the internet is an efficacious treatment for severe health anxiety.Declarations of interestNone.
Suicide rates in children aged 10–14 years worldwide: changes in the past two decades
Authors: Kõlves Kairi , De Leo Diego 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundLimited research is focused on suicides in children aged below 15 years.AimsTo analyse worldwide suicide rates in children aged 10–14 years in two decades: 1990–1999 and 2000–2009.MethodSuicide data for 81 countries or territories were retrieved from the World Health Organization Mortality Database, and population data from the World Bank data-set.ResultsIn the past two decades the suicide rate per 100 000 in boys aged 10–14 years in 81 countries has shown a minor decline (from 1.61 to 1.52) whereas in girls it has shown a slight increase (from 0.85 to 0.94). Although the average rate has not changed significantly, rates have decreased in Europe and increased in South America. The suicide rates remain critical for boys in some former USSR republics.ConclusionsThe changes may be related to economic recession and its impact on children from diverse cultural backgrounds, but may also be due to improvements in mortality registration in South America.
The stimuli evoking the aerial-righting-posture of falling pea aphids
Authors: Meresman Yonatan , Ribak Gal , Weihs Daniel , Inbar Moshe 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSome wingless insects possess aerial righting reflexes, suggesting that adaptation for controlling body orientation while falling through air could have preceded flight. When threatened by a predator, wingless pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) may drop off their host plant and assume a stereotypic posture that rotates them in midair to land on their feet. The sensory information triggering aphids to assume this posture has so far been unknown. We subjected aphids to a series of tests, isolating the sensory cues experienced during free-fall. Falling aphids assumed the righting posture and landed upright irrespective of whether the experiments were carried out in the light or in complete darkness. Detachment of the tarsi from the substrate triggered the aphids to assume the posture rapidly, but only for a brief period. Rotation (mainly roll and yaw) of the body in air, in the light, caused aphids to assume the posture and remain in it throughout rotation. In contrast, aphids rotated in the dark did not respond. Acceleration associated with falling or airflow over the body per se did not trigger the posture. However, sensing motion relative to air heightened the aphids’ responsiveness to rotation in the light. These results suggest that the righting posture of aphids is triggered by a tarsal reflex, but once airborne, vision and a sense of motion relative to air can augment the response. Hence, aerial righting in a wingless insect could have emerged as a basic tarsal response and developed further to include secondary sensory cues typical of falling.
Opsin expression, physiological characterization and identification of photoreceptor cells in the dorsal rim area and main retina of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria
Authors: Schmeling Fabian , Wakakuwa Motohiro , Tegtmeier Jennifer , Kinoshita Michiyo , Bockhorst Tobias , Arikawa Kentaro , Homberg Uwe 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFor compass orientation many insects rely on the pattern of sky polarization but some species also exploit the sky chromatic contrast. Desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria, detect polarized light through a specialized dorsal rim area (DRA) in their compound eye. To better understand retinal mechanisms underlying visual navigation, we compared opsin expression, spectral and polarization sensitivities and response-stimulus intensity functions in the DRA and main retina of the locust. In addition to previously characterized opsins of long-wavelength-absorbing (Lo1) and blue-absorbing visual pigments (Lo2), we identified an opsin of a UV-absorbing visual pigment (LoUV). DRA photoreceptors exclusively expressed Lo2, had peak spectral sensitivities at 441 nm and showed high polarization sensitivity (PS 1.3-31.7). In contrast, ommatidia in the main eye coexpressed Lo1 and Lo2 in five photoreceptors, expressed Lo1 in two proximal photoreceptors, and Lo2 or LoUV in one distal photoreceptor. Correspondingly, we found broadband blue- and green-peaking spectral sensitivities in the main eye and one narrowly tuned UV peaking receptor. Polarization sensitivity in the main retina was low (PS 1.3-3.8). V-log I functions in the DRA were steeper than in the main retina supporting a role in polarization vision. Desert locusts occur as two morphs, a day-active gregarious and a night-active solitarious form. In solitarious locusts sensitivities in the main retina were generally shifted to longer wavelengths, particularly in ventral eye regions, supporting a nocturnal life style at low light levels. The data support the role of the DRA in polarization vision and suggest trichromatic colour vision in the desert locust.
Conscience Accounting: Emotion Dynamics and Social Behavior
Authors: Gneezy Uri , Imas Alex , Madarász Kristóf 
Published: August 2014

This paper presents theory and experiments where people's prosocial attitudes fluctuate over time following the violation of an internalized norm. We report the results of two experiments in which people who first made an immoral choice were then more likely to donate to charity than those who did not. In addition, those who knew that a donation opportunity would follow the potentially immoral choice behaved more unethically than those who did not know. We interpret this increase in charitable behavior as being driven by a temporal increase in guilt induced by past immoral actions. We term such behavior conscience accounting and discuss its importance in charitable giving and in the identification of social norms in choice behavior through time inconsistency. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1942 . This paper was accepted by Teck-Hua Ho, behavioral economics.
Complementary therapies: integration and interpretation
Authors: Rankin-Box Denise 
Published: August 2014

This paper explores the meaning of complementary therapies and the concept of holism commonly attributed to this field. Whilst it may not be necessary to use complementary therapies in order to practice holistically, without careful exploration and self-reflection of their fundamental values, they could be relegated to just another technique or task and subsumed within the daily case load. In this paper, principles of holistic care are considered and the suggestion made that a shift towards this world view could result in a different system of health care. Nurses represent the largest grouping in the NHS (Department of Health (DoH) 1993). Their increasing interest in the use of complementary therapies is, in part, a response to increasing consumer demand. The community sector is uniquely placed to assess clients ' needs, in direct context to the home environment, work and personal lifestyles. In this respect the primary care sector may perhaps be a most appropriate environment in which to develop complementary therapies.