bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Patterns of Sea Surface Temperature Change: A Source of Uncertainty in Future Projections of Precipitation and Atmospheric Circulation*
Authors: Ma Jian , Xie Shang-Ping 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Precipitation change in response to global warming has profound impacts on environment for life but is highly uncertain. Effects of sea surface temperature (SST) warming on the response of rainfall and atmospheric overturning circulation are investigated using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project simulations. The SST warming is decomposed into a spatially uniform SST increase (SUSI) and deviations from it. The SST pattern effect is found to be important in explaining both the multimodel ensemble mean distribution and intermodel variability of rainfall change over tropical oceans. In the ensemble mean, the annual rainfall change follows a “warmer-get-wetter” pattern, increasing where the SST warming exceeds the tropical mean, and vice versa. Two SST patterns stand out both in the ensemble mean and intermodel variability: an equatorial peak anchoring a local precipitation increase and a meridional dipole mode with increased rainfall and weakened trade winds over the warmer hemisphere. These two modes of intermodel variability in SST account for one-third of intermodel spread in rainfall projection.
The SST patterns can explain up to four-fifths of the intermodel variability in intensity changes of overturning circulations. SUSI causes both the Hadley and Walker circulations to slow down, as articulated by previous studies. The weakening of the Walker circulation is robust across models as the SST pattern effect is weak. The Hadley circulation change, by contrast, is significantly affected by SST warming patterns. As a result, near and south of the equator, the Hadley circulation strength change is weak in the multimodel ensemble mean and subject to large intermodel variability due to the differences in SST warming patterns.
First growth curves based on the World Health Organization reference in a Nationally-Representative Sample of Pediatric Population in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): the CASPIAN-III study
Authors: Mansourian Marjan , Marateb Hamid Reza , Kelishadi Roya , Motlagh Mohammad Esmaeil , Aminaee Tahereh , Taslimi Mahnaz , Majdzadeh Reza , Heshmat Ramin , Ardalan Gelayol , Poursafa Parinaz 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) is in the process of establishing a new global database on the growth of school children and adolescents. Limited national data exist from Asian children, notably those living in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This study aimed to generate the growth chart of a nationally representative sample of Iranian children aged 10–19 years, and to explore how well these anthropometric data match with international growth references.MethodsIn this nationwide study, the anthropometric data were recorded from Iranian students, aged 10–19 years, who were selected by multistage random cluster sampling from urban and rural areas. Prior to the analysis, outliers were excluded from the features height-for-age and body mass index (BMI)-for-age using the NCHS/WHO cut-offs. The Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) method was used to calculate height-for-age and BMI-for-age Z-scores for our study participants. Then, children with overweight, obesity, thinness, and severe thinness were identified using the BMI-for-age z-scores. Moreover, stunted children were detected using the height-for-age z-scores. The growth curve of the Iranian children was then generated from the z-scores, smoothed by cubic S-plines.ResultsThe study population comprised 5430 school students consisting of 2312 (44%) participants aged 10–14 years , and 3118 (58%) with 15–19 years of age. Eight percent of the participants had low BMI (thinness: 6% and severe thinness: 2%), 20% had high BMI (overweight: 14% and obesity: 6%), and 7% were stunted. The prevalence rates of low and high BMI were greater in boys than in girls (P < 0.001). The mean BMI-for-age, and the average height-for-age of Iranian children aged 10–19 years were lower than the WHO 2007 and United states Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 (USCDC2000) references.ConclusionsThe current growth curves generated from a national dataset may be included for establishing WHO global database on children’s growth. Similar to most low-and middle income populations, Iranian children aged 10–19 years are facing a double burden of weight disorders, notably under- and over- nutrition, which should be considered in public health policy-making.
OMG: Open Molecule Generator
Authors: Peironcely Julio E , Rojas-Chertó Miguel , Fichera Davide , Reijmers Theo , Coulier Leon , Faulon Jean-Loup , Hankemeier Thomas 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Computer Assisted Structure Elucidation has been used for decades to discover the chemical structure of unknown compounds. In this work we introduce the first open source structure generator, Open Molecule Generator (OMG), which for a given elemental composition produces all non-isomorphic chemical structures that match that elemental composition. Furthermore, this structure generator can accept as additional input one or multiple non-overlapping prescribed substructures to drastically reduce the number of possible chemical structures. Being open source allows for customization and future extension of its functionality. OMG relies on a modified version of the Canonical Augmentation Path, which grows intermediate chemical structures by adding bonds and checks that at each step only unique molecules are produced. In order to benchmark the tool, we generated chemical structures for the elemental formulas and substructures of different metabolites and compared the results with a commercially available structure generator. The results obtained, i.e. the number of molecules generated, were identical for elemental compositions having only C, O and H. For elemental compositions containing C, O, H, N, P and S, OMG produces all the chemically valid molecules while the other generator produces more, yet chemically impossible, molecules. The chemical completeness of the OMG results comes at the expense of being slower than the commercial generator. In addition to being open source, OMG clearly showed the added value of constraining the solution space by using multiple prescribed substructures as input. We expect this structure generator to be useful in many fields, but to be especially of great importance for metabolomics, where identifying unknown metabolites is still a major bottleneck.
A conformational switch is responsible for the reversal of the 6S RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibition in Escherichia coli
Authors: Steuten Benedikt , Wagner Rolf 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
6S RNA is a bacterial transcriptional regulator, which accumulates during stationary phase and inhibits transcription from many promoters due to stable association with σ70-containing RNA polymerase. This inhibitory RNA polymerase~6S RNA complex dissociates during nutritional upshift, when cells undergo outgrowth from stationary phase, releasing active RNA polymerase ready for transcription. The release reaction depends on a characteristic property of 6S RNAs, namely to act as template for the de novo synthesis of small RNAs, termed pRNAs. Here, we used limited hydrolysis with structure-specific RNases and in-line probing of isolated 6S RNA and 6S RNA~pRNA complexes to investigate the molecular details leading to the release reaction. Our results indicate that pRNA transcription induces the refolding of the 6S RNA secondary structure by disrupting part of the closing stem (conserved sequence regions CRI and CRIV) and formation of a new hairpin (conserved sequence regions CRIII and CRIV). Comparison of the dimethylsulfate modification pattern of 6S RNA in living cells at stationary growth and during outgrowth confirmed the conformational change observed in vitro. Based on our results, a model describing the individual steps of the release reaction is presented.
Du handicap aux besoins éducatifs particuliers
Authors: Thomazet Serge 
Published: September 2012

La loi du 11 février 2005 permet aux élèves reconnus handicapés d’accéder de droit à l’école ordinaire, en accordant cependant un statut spécial aux élèves « handicapés ». Ce statut particulier nous semble devoir être interrogé, car il conduit à maintenir dans l’école des catégories d’enfants, non pas en fonction de leurs besoins scolaires mais en fonction de l’origine supposée d’un déficit. À partir de quelques exemples, nous montrons la nécessité de repenser les catégorisations actuellement utilisées dans l’enseignement. La conséquence de cette analyse n’est pas d’abandonner toute catégorisation, mais, dans les limites du champ scolaire, de construire des catégories qui soient pertinentes à la fois du point de vue des besoins des élèves et de l’exercice du métier d’enseignant. Cette construction pourrait être un préalable à la nécessaire évolution de l’école pour qu’elle devienne enfin l’école pour tous.
Apprendre à lire aux élèves avec une déficience intellectuelle
Authors: Cèbe Sylvie , Paour Jean-Louis 
Published: September 2012

Cet article présente une revue de questions sur les capacités cognitives des élèves qui présentent une déficience intellectuelle, et leurs effets sur l’apprentissage de la lecture. Il recense les études les plus récentes portant sur les objectifs pédagogiques qu’il est possible de viser avec ces élèves et sur les pratiques les plus efficaces pour les atteindre. Il s’agit donc d’un article pluridisciplinaire qui allie les aspects psychologiques (cognitifs), pédagogiques et didactiques. Le point de vue défendu est essentiellement pragmatique et s’inscrit dans la revendication d’un domaine de recherche et de formation professionnelle capable d’intégrer les connaissances relatives à l’enseignement des savoirs disciplinaires avec celles des difficultés d’apprentissage associées aux déficits : spécialiser l’enseignement vs un enseignement spécial pour reprendre la distinction de K.A. Kavale et S.R. Forness (1999) dont la méta-analyse – ancienne mais toujours pertinente – démontre la supériorité de la première approche sur la seconde. Les études plus récentes portant sur l’enseignement spécialisé de la lecture, que nous recensons dans cet article, montrent combien il est décisif et pertinent de ne pas perdre de vue les contenus d’enseignement scolaires quand on exerce auprès d’élèves qui présentent une déficience intellectuelle.
Comparative Genomics Approaches and Technologies
Authors: Smith Cassandra L. , Oh Herin , Stamenović Dimitrije 
Published: September 2012

AbstractComparative molecular approaches used DNA sequencing and less costly alternatives. Today new DNA sequencing methods are dramatically impacting comparative genomics studies and many old approaches are being adapted or enhanced by the ultra‐high‐throughput sequencing (UHTPS) methods. Even so, the expenses of the newer methods limits their access, while the older methods continue to be improved and applied widely. This article reviews comparative genomics approaches used today but does not review UHTPS methods. A subsequent article by us (Smith and Oh, in preparation) will focus on the impact of the new UHTPS methods on comparative genomics.
Mass Spectrometry of Long‐Lived RadionuclidesUpdate based on the original article by J.S. Becker,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Sabine Becker Johanna , Dietze Hans‐Joachim 
Published: September 2012

AbstractInorganic mass spectrometric methods are powerful multielement analytical techniques for sensitive determination at the trace and ultratrace level, and for isotope ratio measurements in different materials (e.g. conducting, semiconducting, and nonconducting solid samples; technical, environmental, biological, geological, and water samples). An inorganic mass spectrometer consists of the following parts: the ion source for the evaporation, atomization and ionization of samples, the analyzer for the mass (and energy) separation of ion beams which are extracted from the ion source, and the ion detection system. The detection limits of solid‐state mass spectrometric techniques by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICPMS) for the direct analysis of solid samples were determined down to the subnanogram per gram level. Resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) are highly sensitive, selective ultrasensitive mass spectrometric techniques with detection limits up to 106atoms.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) has been applied as the most important and sensitive mass spectrometric technique with its multielement capability for the determination of long‐lived radionuclides in solid and aqueous samples, with detection limits at the subpicogram per liter range. Isotope ratios can be determined by ICPMS using single ion collectors and multicollectors with a precision of 0.02% and 0.006% relative standard deviation (RSD), respectively. This review discusses the most important inorganic mass spectrometric techniques and their application for the quantitative determination of long‐lived radionuclides in metals, alloys, and nonconductors, as well as in environmental, biological, and geological samples, and radioactive waste materials. The application of these methods to isotope ratio measurements is also discussed.
Methods for the Retrospective Detection of Exposure to Toxic Scheduled Chemicals: Analysis of Free Metabolites
Authors: Black Robin M. , Read Robert W , Noort Daan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn cases of investigations into alleged use of chemical warfare agents, biomedical samples such as urine or blood may be collected from casualties for forensic analysis. Analysis of biomedical samples may also be undertaken for diagnostic purposes, to ensure appropriate medical treatment, and for occupational exposure monitoring, e.g. in workers engaged in demilitarization activities. Metabolites excreted in urine, or circulating in the blood, provide unequivocal biological markers of exposure. Metabolic pathways have been identified for the blister agent sulfur mustard and organophosphorus nerve agents. Sensitive analytical methods have been developed for the major metabolites, based on gas or liquid chromatography combined with single stage or tandem mass spectrometry. Methods developed primarily for application in investigations of alleged use of chemical warfare agents have focused on achieving low levels of detection combined with high selectivity. A significant trend over the last decade has been the development of higher throughput methods, aimed primarily at homeland security applications, e.g. in the case of terrorist use.Selected metabolites have been validated in cases of accidental or deliberate human exposure to sulfur mustard, and the nerve agents sarin and VX. Putative metabolites have been identified in animal studies for other nerve agents, nitrogen mustards, Lewisite and the incapacitant BZ. Phosgene and hydrogen cyanide have received much less attention with respect to retrospective identification of exposure in a chemical warfare context. Many analytical methods are available for metabolites of cyanide but significant background levels are present in the general population. A disadvantage of free metabolites is that they are relatively rapidly excreted. The window for identification following an exposure is estimated to be in the region of 14 days, depending on the severity of the exposure and the limit of detection of the analytical method. Covalent adducts with proteins and DNA may offer longer lived biomarkers of exposure.
Civil Commitment
Authors: West Sara , Friedman Susan Hatters , Shand John P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCivil commitment is traditionally a process that involves the involuntary hospitalization of a mentally ill individual based on his or her risk of danger to self or others. It is a complicated topic in which both the medical and legal communities play a role, and subsequently, disparate theories have been developed. The psychiatric community emphasizes the importance of protecting the patient and others at a time when he or she may not be capable of appropriate decision making. The legal community stresses the necessity of maintaining the civil rights guaranteed to all, including the mentally ill. The process that sparked such interest in this topic occurred with the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill combined with a general movement toward the recognition of civil liberties. This complex interplay of law and psychiatry has led to the creation of various laws worldwide. These laws differ to some extent when applied to special groups, including minors, insanity acquittees, inmates, and sexual offenders.
Visible‐Light‐Harvesting Triphenylamine Ethynyl C60‐BODIPY Dyads as Heavy‐Atom‐Free Organic Triplet Photosensitizers for Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation Upconversion
Authors: Huang Dandan , Zhao Jianzhang , Wu Wanhua , Yi Xiuyu , Yang Pei , Ma Jie 
Published: September 2012

AbstractC60‐boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyads (C‐1 and C‐2) were prepared as heavy‐atom‐free organic triplet photosensitizers for triplet‐triplet annihilation (TTA) based upconversion. BODIPY‐C≡C‐triphenylamine chromophores were used as the light‐harvesting antennas and C60 was used as the singlet energy acceptor and the spin convertor to facilitate the intersystem crossing (ISC) of the dyads from the singlet excited state to the triplet excited state. The C60 dyads strongly absorb visible light (molar extinction coefficients of up to 118800 M−1 cm−1 at 539 nm) and have a long‐lived triplet excited state (τT=32.3 μs). The photophysical properties of the C60‐dyads were studied with steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopy. Photoexcitation of the dyad with visible light produces firstly the singlet excited state of the antenna, then the singlet excited state of the C60 unit through intramolecular energy transfer. In turn, the triplet excited state of the C60 unit will be populated because of the intrinsic ISC property of C60. As a proof of concept, the dyads were used as heavy‐atom‐free organic triplet photosensitizers for TTA‐based upconversion.
Dark matter particles in the galactic halo: DAMA/LIBRA results and perspectives
Authors: Bernabei R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMost of the Universe is Dark and a large fraction of it should be made of relic particles; many possibilities are open on their nature and interaction types. Thus, their investigation is an outstanding issue in the field; for this purpose experiments offering a model independent signature for the presence of Dark Matter (DM) particles in the Galactic halo are mandatory. In this paper the DAMA/LIBRA results are described. In particular, the DAMA/LIBRA experiment is mainly devoted to the investigation of DM particles in the Galactic halo by exploiting the model independent DM annual modulation signature. The present DAMA/LIBRA and the former DAMA/NaI (exposed masses: ≈︁ 250 kg and ≈︁ 100 kg of highly radiopure NaI(Tl), respectively) experiments have released so far a total exposure of 1.17 ton × yr collected over 13 annual cycles; they provide a model independent evidence of the presence of DM particles in the galactic halo at 8.9 σ C.L.. Future perspectives are mentioned.
Surface modification of plasmonic nanostructured materials with thiolated oligonucleotides in 10 seconds using selective microwave heating
Authors: Abel B. , Aslan K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis study demonstrates the proof‐of‐principle of rapid surface modification of plasmonic nanostructured materials with oligonucleotides using low power microwave heating. Due to their interesting optical and electronic properties, silver nanoparticle films (SNFs, 2 nm thick) deposited onto glass slides were used as the model plasmonic nanostructured materials. Rapid surface modification of SNFs with oligonucleotides was carried out using two strategies (1) Strategy 1: for ss‐oligonucleotides, surface hybridization and (2) Strategy 2: for ds‐oligonucleotides, solution hybridization), where the samples were exposed to 10, 15, 30 and 60 seconds microwave heating. To assess the efficacy of our new rapid surface modification technique, identical experiments carried out without the microwave heating (i.e., conventional method), which requires 24 hours for the completion of the identical steps. It was found that SNFs can be modified with ss‐ and ds‐oligonucleotides in 10 seconds, which typically requires several hours of incubation time for the chemisorption of thiol groups on to the planar metal surface using conventional techniques.
Rheological characterization of mechanical properties of chemically crosslinked microspheres
Authors: Nguyen Van Nga , Huang Nicolas , Grossiord Jean‐Louis , Moine Laurence , Agnely Florence , Vauthier Christine 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis work presents a rheological method to characterize degradation of microspheres made of chemically crosslinked hydrogels. Conditions to measure rheological properties of microspheres, remaining as individual microspheres during measurement, were established. Relevant and reproducible measurements could be obtained with a rheometer equipped with a parallel plate geometry in which a homogenous and continuous monolayer of microspheres was inserted in a gap between the plates. The storage modulus of microspheres was determined under an imposed strain of 0.04% with an oscillatory measurement mode at various frequencies. The microspheres showed almost purely elastic behavior while their storage modulus was affected by the degree of crosslinking. In the second part of the work, the rheological method was applied to investigate the degradation of microspheres made of a hydrolyzable crosslinked hydrogel. The method was found suitable by measuring the storage modulus over time. A good correlation was identified between acidification of the incubation medium because of the release of degradation products and the decrease of the storage modulus of the microspheres indicating a reduction in the crosslinking of the hydrogel resulting from the degradation process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Fault Estimation for Nonlinear Networked Systems with Time‐Varying Delay and Random Packet Dropout
Authors: Jiang Shun , Fang Huajing 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper, the fault estimation problem is studied for a class of nonlinear networked control systems with imperfect measurements. A novel measurement model is proposed to take time‐varying delays, random packet dropouts, and the packet‐dropout compensation into consideration simultaneously. After properly augmenting the states of the original system and the fault estimation filter, the addressed fault estimation problem is converted into an auxiliary H∞ filtering problem for a stochastic parameter system. In terms of matrix inequalities, a sufficient condition for the existence of the fault estimation filter is derived that depends on the packet dropout rate, the upper and lower bounds of time delays, and the size of the consecutive packet dropouts. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.