bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuronal and extraneuronal release of ATP and NAD+ in smooth muscle
Authors: Mutafova‐Yambolieva Violeta N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAdenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) are key intracellular constituents involved in energy transfer and redox homeostasis in the cell. ATP is also released in the extracellular space and in the past half century it has been assumed to be the purinergic neurotransmitter in many systems including smooth muscle. In some smooth muscles (i.e., the human urinary bladder detrusor muscle), ATP does appear to be primarily released from nerves upon action potential firings, but in other smooth muscles (i.e., the human large intestine), ATP does not mimic the endogenous purine neurotransmitter. It was recently found that NAD+, another ubiquitous intracellular adenine nucleotide, also follows a regulated release in neurosecretory cells, vascular and visceral smooth muscles, and the brain. In some cases, NAD+ fulfills presynaptic and postsynaptic criteria for a neurotransmitter better than ATP. Therefore, the purine hypothesis of neural regulation in smooth muscle is in need of reevaluation. This article will briefly review the current understanding of neuronal and extraneuronal release of purines in smooth muscle with emphasis on the roles of extracellular ATP and NAD+ and, further, will discuss more recent information about the likely involvement of multiple purines in smooth muscle neurotransmission. © 2012 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 2012, IUBMB Life, 64(10):817–824, 2012
STATE DEPENDENCE AND HETEROGENEITY IN HEALTH USING A BIAS‐CORRECTED FIXED‐EFFECTS ESTIMATOR
Authors: Carro Jesus M. , Traferri Alejandra 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYThis paper estimates a dynamic ordered probit model of self‐assessed health with two fixed effects: one in the linear index equation and one in the cut‐points. This robustly controls for heterogeneity in unobserved health status and in reporting behavior, although we cannot separate both sources of heterogeneity. We find important state dependence effects, and small but significant effects of income and other socioeconomic variables. Having dynamics and flexibly accounting for unobserved heterogeneity matters for those estimates. We also contribute to the bias correction literature in nonlinear panel models by comparing and applying two of the existing proposals to our model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Failure Mode Analysis of Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) for PEMFC under Low Humidity Operation
Authors: Wang Cheng‐hong , Lai Chien‐ming , Huang Wei‐han , Lin Jiunn‐nan , Tsai Li‐duan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe degradation mechanisms and phenomena of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC under low humidity operation were investigated by means of several on‐line electrochemical methods and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of catalyst and hydrogen crossover of MEA were evaluated by cyclic voltagram (CV) and linear sweep voltagram (LSV), respectively. The decrease of catalytic active site and degradation of membrane were evident by ECSA loss and hydrogen crossover rate increase after long‐term discharging test. Membrane degradation played the major role for MEAs failure under low humidity operation in this study. The Pt clusters were also observed in the membrane, formed by Pt ions migration and reduction in the membrane, which can react with the crossover gases to produce free radicals that attack membrane and ionomers in the catalyst layer.Those phenomena will drive membrane to rupture and cause a short circuit in MEA. By AST experiments and fluoride release rate results, the MEA with Pt‐alloy/C catalyst can show better performance and durability due to its high selectivity on ORR to depress the free radicals formation.
Organic Thin Film Transistors Based on 2,3‐Dimethylpentacene and 2,3‐Dimethyltetracene
Authors: Valiyev Famil , Huang Chi‐Wei , Sheu Hwo‐Shuenn , Tao Yu‐Tai 
Published: September 2012

Abstract2,3‐Dimethylpentacene (DMP) and 2,3‐dimethyltetracene (DMT) were synthesized, characterized and employed as the channel material in the fabrication of thin‐film transistors. The two methyl groups increase the chemical stability of the compounds versus the pristine acene analogues. The crystals maintain herringbone‐like molecular packing, whereas the weak dipole associated with the unsymmetrical molecule induces an anti‐parallel alignment among the neighbors. This structural motif favors layered film growth on SiO2/Si surface. Thin film transistors prepared on SiO2/Si and n‐nonyltrichlorosilane‐modified SiO2/Si at different substrate temperatures were compared. DMP‐based transistors prepared on rubbed n‐nonyltrichlorosilane‐modified SiO2/Si substrate gave the highest field‐effect mobility of 0.46 cm2/Vs, whereas DMT‐based transistor gave a mobility of 0.028 cm2/Vs.
THE IMPACT OF THE 2008–2009 CRISIS ON COMMODITY‐DEPENDENT LOW‐INCOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES: CONFIRMING THE RELEVANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF POVERTY TRAP?
Authors: Sindzingre Alice 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFocusing on low‐income commodity‐dependent sub‐Saharan African countries, the paper argues that the impact of the 2008–2009 crisis, and more generally, these countries' growth trajectories, can be explained by the concept of the poverty trap. This is not trivial, because commodity‐based traps remain debated: some countries have grounded their growth on the export of commodities, and the impact of commodity price fluctuations may be analysed through other concepts (such as cycles). Against these views, it shows that these countries' growth trajectories exhibit the three key theoretical features of poverty traps: threshold effects, cumulative causation and low equilibria. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential growth and yield by canola (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) arising from alterations in chemical properties of sandy soils due to additions of fly ash
Authors: Yunusa Isa A M , Manoharan Veeragathipillai , Harris Rob , Lawrie Roy , Pal Yash , Quiton Jonathan T , Bell Richard , Eamus Derek 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThere is a need for field trials on testing agronomic potential of coal fly ash to engender routine use of this technology. Two field trials were undertaken with alkaline and acidic fly ashes supplied at between 3 and 6 Mg ha−1 to acidic soils and sown to wheat and canola at Richmond (Eastern Australia) and to wheat only at Merredin (Western Australia).ResultsAsh addition marginally (P< 0.10) raised the pH in the top soil layers at both sites. The exceptionally dry season at both sites constrained yields and thwarted any likelihood of gaining yield benefits from ash‐induced improvements in soil conditions. Yield improvements due to ash addition were absent at Merredin and only marginal at Richmond, where no elevated accumulation of B, Mo, Se, P or S in either the straw or seeds of wheat was observed; canola increased accumulation of Mo and Se in its shoot with acidic fly ash, but it was well below phyto toxic levels. Simulations of wheat using APSIM at Richmond over a 100‐year period (1909–2008) predicted yield increases in 52% of years with addition of ash at 3.0 Mg ha−1 compared with 24% of years with addition of ash at 6.0 Mg ha−1. The simulated yield increases did not exceed 40% over the control with addition of 6 Mg ha−1 ash, but was between 40% and 50% with an addition rate of 3 Mg ha−1.ConclusionWe found no evidence of phytotoxicity in either crop in this unusually dry year and there is still a need for further field assessment in years with favourable rainfall to enable development of clear recommendations on fly ash rates for optimum yield benefits.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake predicts pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Jin Soyoung , Kim Sung‐Bae , Ahn Jin‐Hee , Jung Kyung Hae , Ahn Sei Hyun , Son Byung Ho , Lee Jong Won , Gong Gyungyub , Kim Hye Ok , Moon Dae Hyuk 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground and Objectives18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) uptake may identify poorly differentiated tumors with a high proliferation rate that are more responsive to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 273 patients (mean age, 44.2 years; range 23–78 years) newly diagnosed with stage II or III invasive ductal breast cancer between 2006 and 2010. All patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery. The ability of parameters to predict pathological complete response (pCR), was assessed by multivariate analysis.ResultsOf the 273 breast cancer patients, 30 (11.0%) achieved pCR. Univariate analysis revealed that higher histologic grade (P < 0.001), lack of estrogen receptor (ER, P < 0.001); and a higher maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax, P < 0.001) were associated with pCR, whereas HER2/neu amplification and Ki‐67 expression were not (P > 0.05 for each comparison). Multivariate analysis showed that negative ER (odds ratio [OR] = 9.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.88–34.52, P < 0.001) and the SUVmax of 18F‐FDG uptake (OR per one unit increase in SUVmax = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.02–1.16, P = 0.008) were independent predictors of pCR.ConclusionsER status and 18F‐FDG uptake are independent predictors of pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:180–187. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compact Optical systems for Micromanipulation
Authors: Sinzinger Stefan , Oeder Andreas , Stoebenau Sebastian , Kampmann Ronald 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHighly focused laser beams offer exciting possibilities for the handling and manipulation of small particles. Even though the technique of “optical tweezing” has been discussed and applied in research labs for more than 40 years a breakthrough in industrial applications has not taken place so far. Major obstacles result from the complex systems used to generate the necessary focus distribution. Our latest research indicates that optical tweezers based on compact and integrated optical systems are feasible. Such systems could open the field to a wide variety of new applications.
Metal Cutting with Multi kW Diode Laser
Authors: Lentjes Marco , Bruns Peter 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCutting roughness lower than 10 μm and a wall‐plug efficiency of 30% including cooling are two nameable advantages when speaking about direct diode laser cutting of metals. Emphasizing in this context “direct diode laser” stress that metal cutting with a diode laser is not a conventional process. However, steady developments in diode bar technology enabled the design of a high brightness diode laser system with 2 kW output power and a beam parameter product of 22 mm*mrad. This now commercially available “DIOCUT” system is ready to enter the laser macro cutting market. The applicability of this system is demonstrated by cutting aluminum, stainless steel, copper and mild steel. The cutting edge quality is comparable with CO2 laser cuts. On our roadmap is higher output power at equal beam quality in near future.
Saving gasoline is What counts!
Authors: Wenzlau Carsten 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe automobile industry is assuming a leading role in environmentally friendly technology as R & D departments are continuously working on improving processes to boost efficiency and effectiveness. Fuel efficiency is what counts! customers have come to rely on fuel efficiency and attach great importance to economically and ecologically friendly products. As a result, the decision when purchasing an automobile is often associated with gasoline consumption and emission volume.
A Novel Type of Crown Ether‐Containing Metal Ions Optical Sensors Based on Polymer‐Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Films
Authors: Stroganov Vladislav , Ryabchun Alexander , Bobrovsky Alexey , Shibaev Valery 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFor the first time, the films based on polymer‐stabilized cholesteric composites containing crown ether fragments with the optical properties sensitive to the complexation with potassium and barium ions were obtained. The complexation with these ions leads to blue spectral shift of the selective light reflection of planar cholesteric texture of composite films. Peculiarities of spectral changes and kinetics of selective light reflection shift were studied. The proposed approach can be used for the creation of the effective and selective sensor materials for different ions or groups of ions.
Do campaign strategies and tactics matter? Exploring party elite perceptions of what matters when explaining election outcomes
Authors: Strömbäck Jesper , Grandien Christina , Falasca Kajsa 
Published: September 2012

In research on political campaign communication, it is often assumed that campaign strategies and tactics are highly important for explaining election outcomes. In contrast, most research in political science tends to emphasize the importance of political substance, long‐term factors such as party identification, and real‐world conditions for explaining election outcomes.Although political parties in practice treat election campaigns as highly important and consequential, there is virtually no research on how party elites perceive the importance of campaign strategies and tactics when explaining election outcomes. Hence, drawing on a survey among Swedish members of parliament, this study investigates party elite perceptions of what matters when people decide which party to vote for and of what matters when explaining election outcomes. In brief, the results show that members of parliament perceive campaign strategies and tactics as significantly less important than the substance of politics. In the concluding analysis, the implications of the results are analyzed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schilddrüsentherapeutika
Authors: Merk Daniel , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMit höchstens 25 g beim gesunden Erwachsenen ist die Schilddrüse ein relativ kleines Organ. Ihrer geringen Größe zum Trotz kann sie jedoch für zahlreiche teilweise gravierende endokrine Erkrankungen verantwortlich sein, da sie die lebenswichtigen Schilddrüsenhormone bildet.
Schilddrüsenhormone
Authors: Lamers Christina , Ude Christian , Wurglics Mario 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSchilddrüsenhormon‐Präparate gehören zu den in Deutschland am häufigsten verordneten Arzneimitteln überhaupt. Nach Aussage des Arzneimittelverordnungsreports 2011 ist das in Deutschland am häufigsten verschriebene Arzneimittel ein Schilddrüsenhormon‐Präparat. Daneben befinden sich noch drei weitere Schilddrüsenhormon‐Präparate unter den Top 20.
Rekombinant hergestelltes schilddrüsenstimulierendes Hormon
Authors: Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDas Schilddrüsenkarzinom gehört eher zu den seltenen Krebsarten und ist zum überwiegenden Teil sehr gut behandelbar. Nachteilig ist allein das hohe Rezidivrisiko durch verbliebene Resttumorzellen, die meist sehr langsam wachsen und auch nach Jahrzehnten wieder zu einem manifesten Karzinom führen können. Deshalb ist die Nachsorge ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Therapie. Seit 2000 ist mit Thyrotropin alfa ein Wirkstoff verfügbar, der die Durchführung der Nachsorgeuntersuchungen beschleunigt und die Belastung der Patienten während der Hypothyreose verringert. Seit 2010 ist Thyrogen® zusätzlich als prätherapeutischer Stimulus für die Radioiod‐Ablation der Resttumorzellen zugelassen.
Lys05 – ein neuer Ansatz zur Tumortherapie?
Authors: Schmidt Ines , Holzgrabe Ulrike 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAuch wenn es in den letzten Jahrzehnten Fortschritte in der Tumortherapie gegeben hat, so fehlt es an innovativen Ansätzen. Die Arbeitsgruppe um R. K. Amaravadi an der University of Sciences, Philadelphia, USA, untersuchte Inhibitoren der Autophagie, durch deren Einsatz die bisherige Chemotherapie ergänzt werden kann.
Antikörper bei Hypercholesterinämie?
Authors: Brunn David , Kühn Benjamin , Schaub Verena , Sitzler Ramona , Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEs mag etwas merkwürdig klingen, dass nun auch bei Hypercholesterinämie Antikörper zum Einsatz kommen sollen. Aber es gibt eben durchaus Patienten, deren Lipidspiegel mit der bisher verfügbaren Standardtherapie nicht ausreichend gesenkt werden können. Hier könnten eventuell Antikörper helfen.
Tumortherapie mit SMAC‐Mimetika?
Authors: Lobentanzer Sebastian , Gebel Tatjana , Kaminski Helen , Lohnherr Tanja , Oksas Stephan , Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTL32711, inzwischen unter dem Namen Birinapant von TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals entwickelt, könnte eine neue Klasse unspezifischer Zytostatika – die SMAC‐Mimetika – begründen. Es befindet sich momentan in klinischen Studien der Phase II als Monotherapeutikum und als Add‐On bei soliden Tumoren und in Phase I/II als Monotherapeutikum bei akuter myeloischer Leukämie.
Diskrete Physik und schnelle Transformationen
Authors: Krenn Heinz 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDigitale Signalverarbeitung und schnelle Transformationsalgorithmen gestatten eine effiziente Berechnung physikalischer Filterungsprozesse in reziproken Räumen. Bei linearen, stationären und kausalen Übertragungssystemen, etwa elektronischen Verstärkern oder optischen Medien, sind Amplitude und Phase der Signale nicht unabhängig voneinander wählbar. Sie gehorchen deshalb der Hilbert‐Transformation zwischen den reziproken Räumen. Digitalisierung verformt generell die Analogsignale und erzeugt künstliche Alias‐Oberwellen. Da Materie selbst aus Atomen besteht, ist sie diskret. Deshalb kann man Eigenschaften physikalischer Systeme elegant mit Methoden der digitalen Signalverarbeitung simulieren.
Die Vermessung des Protons
Authors: Pohl Randolf 
Published: September 2012

AbstractZu den fundamentalen Fragen der Physik gehört die nach der Größe des Protons. Sein Ladungsradius wird traditionell über die elastische Streuung von Elektronen am Kern von Wasserstoffatomen bestimmt. Seit den 1990er Jahren ist der Protonenradius aus der Elektronenstreuung der limitierende Faktor beim Test fundamentaler Theorien (Quantenelektrodynamik) mit hochpräziser Laserspektroskopie an Wasserstoffatomen. Schon in den 1960er Jahren gab es die Idee, den Protonenradius mit Hilfe von Myonen zu messen, die das leichtere Elektron ersetzen. Myonen halten sich länger im Kern auf als Elektronen, sind also sensiblere Sonden. 2009 gelang uns ein Experiment am Paul Scherrer Institut, das die Lamb‐Verschiebung zwischen 2S‐ und 2P‐Zustand in myonischem Wasserstoff nutzt. Es bestimmte den Ladungsradius des Protons mit zuvor unerreichter Genauigkeit. Überraschenderweise war der gemessene Ladungsradius um 4 % kleiner als die bisherigen offiziellen CODATA‐Werte. Die Ursache dieser Diskrepanz ist bis heute ungeklärt.
Haben wir das Higgs‐Boson entdeckt?
Authors: Müller Thomas 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIm Dezember letzten Jahres verkündeten die Sprecher der beiden am Large Hadron Collider (LHC) eingesetzten Großexperimente ATLAS und CMS erste Hinweise auf das lang gesuchte Higgs‐Boson. Nun wurden am 4. Juli dieses Jahres die neuen Ergebnisse von beiden Experimenten in einem weltweit übertragenen Seminar vorgestellt. Die damals gefundenen Signale haben sich deutlich verstärkt, so dass die Entdeckung eines neuen Teilchens als sicher gilt. Sehr wahrscheinlich handelt es sich um das vom Standardmodell verhergesagte Higgs‐Boson.
Überraschend großer Brechungsindex für Gammastrahlung
Authors: Habs Dietrich , Jentschel Michael 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNach derzeitigem Lehrbuchwissen wird Gammastrahlung in gewöhnlicher Materie nicht gebrochen. Deswegen gibt es keine, dem optischen Bereich verwandten Gammalinsen. Jetzt hat unsere Gruppe vom Institut Laue‐Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble und von der LMU München jedoch einen unerwartet hohen Brechungsindex bei Silizium gefunden. Er beruht auf Delbrück‐Streuung an den extrem starken elektrischen Kernfeldern. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, dass die Quantenelektrodynamik in diesem Bereich um einen Faktor 105 falsche Ergebnisse liefert. Außerdem weist das Experiment den Weg für zukünftige Gammalinsen.
Optische Tropfenexplosion
Authors: Schlichting H. Joachim 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDurch die Sonne oder ein Blitzlicht erleuchtete Tröpfchen auf einer Fensterscheibe scheinen sich strahlenförmig nach außen zu orientieren. In Wirklichkeit sind sie zufällig verteilt. Wie kommt dieses Phänomen zustande?
Die göttliche Zahl Φ und der Goldene Schnitt
Authors: Rolfs Claus 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEs gibt eine berühmte Zahlenfolge, die Fibonacci‐Reihe, bei der jedes Glied der Reihe aus der Summe der beiden vorangehenden Glieder gebildet wird. Die Zahlenreihe ist aber auch deshalb bemerkenswert, weil die Division der jeweiligen Glieder erstaunlicherweise stets sehr eng um den Wert 1,62 streut, ja mit aufsteigender Reihe den Wert genau erreicht: die göttliche Zahl Φ = 1,62. Sie definiert den Goldenen Schnitt, der in Natur und Kunst eine große Rolle spielt.
Ein Prosit auf die Symmetrieverletzung
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: September 2012

AbstractKlare Sache: Ohne Symmetrien könnte die Physik einpacken. Symmetrien sind das Rückgrat des Standardmodells. Und dass es keine Erhaltungsgröße ohne Symmetrie in der Wirkung gibt, bewies ganz klassisch schon Emmy Noether. Kein Wunder, dass es da in den physikalischen und nicht‐physikalischen Blättern gehörig raschelt, als in den 1950er Jahren eine unerwartete Symmetrieverletzung aufgedeckt wird.
Zerstörte Gele – definierte Cremigkeit
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWer kommt schon auf die Idee, ein ausgebildetes festes Gel, etwa einen Pudding, zu Bruchstücken zu zerkleinern? Köche und Physiker, denn dabei geht es um Mundgefühl und Cremigkeit – und das auf reiner Wasserbasis. Zerstörte Gele zeigen das Zusammenspiel mit Oberflächenwasser, Mikropartikel und Elastizität zwischen Mund und Gaumen.
Development of an instrument to measure self‐efficacy in caregivers of people with advanced cancer
Authors: Ugalde Anna , Krishnasamy Meinir , Schofield Penelope 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveInformal caregivers of people with advanced cancer experience many negative impacts as a result of their role. There is a lack of suitable measures specifically designed to assess their experience. This study aimed to develop a new measure to assess self‐efficacy in caregivers of people with advanced cancer.MethodsThe development and testing of the new measure consisted of four separate, sequential phases: generation of issues, development of issues into items, pilot testing and field testing. In the generation of issues, 17 caregivers were interviewed to generate data. These data were analysed to generate codes, which were then systematically developed into items to construct the instrument. The instrument was pilot tested with 14 health professionals and five caregivers. It was then administered to a large sample for field testing to establish the psychometric properties, with established measures including the Brief Cope and the Family Appraisals for Caregiving Questionnaire for Palliative Care.ResultsNinety‐four caregivers completed the questionnaire booklet to establish the factor structure, reliability and validity. The factor analysis resulted in a 21‐item, four‐factor instrument, with the subscales being termed Resilience, Self‐Maintenance, Emotional Connectivity and Instrumental Caregiving. The test‐retest reliability and internal consistency were both excellent, ranging from 0.73 to 0.85 and 0.81 to 0.94, respectively. Six convergent and divergent hypotheses were made, and five were supported.ConclusionsThis study has developed a new instrument to assess self‐efficacy in caregivers of people with advanced cancer. The result is a four‐factor, 21‐item instrument with demonstrated reliability and validity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.