bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-Cost Voltage Zero-Crossing Detector for AC-Grid Applications
Authors: Vorobyov Maxim , Vitols Kristaps 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Renewable energy sources and energy storage devices are becoming more popular. Some of them like small hydropower turbines, wind turbines and diesel generators produce AC voltage with different frequency and voltage than the main grid. For them power electronics converters are necessary. Power electronics converters presented in industry use two or three level energy conversion, although direct AC to AC converters exist, but one of the main problems is the switch commutation when current or voltage is crossing the zero point. Zero crossing sensors are used to solve this problem. They consist of current or voltage measurement unit and zero crossing detector. Different approaches are used for zero crossing: hardware or software. Hardware approach is simple but it has low precision. Software approach has high precision but it is complicated and expensive. In this paper a simple low cost high precision approach is presented. It takes all advantages from both approaches. While tested with two types of microcontrollers the precision of experimental measurement is 25 μs - 40 μs.
Attenuation of enoyl coenzyme A hydratase short chain 1 expression in gastric cancer cells inhibits cell proliferation and migration in vitro
Authors: Zhu Xiao-San , Gao Peng , Dai Yi-Chen , Xie Jun-Pei , Zeng Wei , Lian Qing-Na 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEnoyl coenzyme A hydratase short chain 1 (ECHS1) is an important part of the mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation pathway. Altered ECHS1 expression has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation. This study assessed ECHS1 expression in human gastric cancer cell lines and investigated the effects of ECHS1 knockdown on gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration. The human gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901, BGC-823 and MKN-28, and the immortalized human gastric epithelial mucosa GES-1 cell line were analyzed for ECHS1 protein levels using western blot. The effectiveness of ECHS1-RNA interference was also determined using western blot. Proliferation and migration of the siECHS1 cells were respectively measured with the CCK-8 and transwell assays. Phosphorylation of PKB and GSK3β was assessed using western blot. ECHS1 protein levels were significantly higher in poorly differentiated cells than in well-differentiated cells and immortalized gastric epithelial mucosa cells. Stable expression of ECHS1 shRNA was associated with an over 41% reduction in the ECHS1 protein levels of siECHS1 cells. Constitutive knockdown of the ECHS1 gene in siECHS1 cells was associated with significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration. We also observed decreased levels of PKB and GSK3β phosphorylation in siECHS1 cells. ECHS1 expression is increased in human gastric cancer cells. Increased ECHS1 expression activates PKB and GSK3β by inducing the phosphorylation of the two kinases. ECHS1 may play important roles in gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration through PKB- and GSK3β-related signaling pathways.
Den abandonment and transitional day bed use by black bears Ursus americanus in Newfoundland
Authors: Rayl Nathaniel D. , Fuller Todd K. , Organ John F. , McDonald John E. , Otto Robert D. , Mahoney Shane P. 
Published: October 2014

The use of day beds for extended periods during the transition into and out of the physiological state of hibernation has been documented in many bear populations, but has never been quantifi ed. Additionally, den abandonment by black bears Ursus americanus has rarely been observed at northern latitudes except after den visits by researchers. In three areas on the northern island of Newfoundland, where male and female black bears spent an average of 158 and 178 d denning, respectively, we identified den sites and extended‐use day beds (occupied continuously for 6–26 d) remotely using GPS collars, and here provide the first systematic description of the use of these day beds by bears. We documented den abandonment in 6 (9%; 3 F, 3 M) of 67 bear‐winters (6 [14%] of 44 radio‐collared bears) and the use of extended‐use transitional day beds in 16 (24%) of 67 bear‐winters (15 [34%] of 44 radio‐collared bears, 8 F, 7 M). In 5 of 10 instances bears left their fall day beds on days with > 15 mm of rain (mean = 28.2 mm, range = 15.6–63.6 mm), which was more than would be expected by chance (p < 0.01). We had more than one year of denning data for 17 bears, 6 (35%) of which reused den sites in diff erent years. Further, we observed some bears using day bed and den sites interchangeably. Though we hypothesized that environmental (flooding) or anthropogenic disturbance (researcher‐, forestry‐related, or recreational) may have played a role in den abandonment, we found no such relationships, nor was there a difference in the rate of abandonment or day bed use between male and female bears. We could not assess the eff ects of microhabitat attributes, condition, or reproductive status, but acknowledge that these factors may have played a role in den changes.
Upper bounds on subglacial channel development for interior regions of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Dow C.F. , Kulessa B. , Rutt I.C. , Doyle S.H. , Hubbard A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe use a simple numerical model to test whether surface water influx to the bed of the interior Greenland ice sheet has the potential to cause significant subglacial channel growth similar to that observed near the ice-sheet margin and at alpine glaciers. We examine the effects on channel growth from (1) rapid supraglacial lake drainage events and (2) sustained water input into moulins. By assuming that all drainage occurs through subglacial channels and by prescribing favorable pressure conditions at the domain inlet, the model can provide upper bounds on channel growth. Our results indicate that R-channels do not grow significantly within the limited period of high pressure associated with lake drainage events. Subsequent channel growth only occurs with sustained pressures above overburden. Rapid closure of channels at low pressures suggests channels in the interior are unlikely to draw significant quantities of water from nearby distributed networks. These results indicate that other drainage mechanisms such as turbulent sheets or linked-cavity networks are likely to be of greater importance for interior subglacial drainage than the growth of channels.
The Implementation of an Integrated Information System for Substance Use Screening in General Medical Settings
Authors: Sorensen-Alawad A. , Carney B.L. , Persand I. , Cruz A. , Botticelli M. , Pressman K. , Adams W.G. , Brolin M. , Alford D.P. , Shanahan C.W. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe Massachusetts Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (MASBIRT) Program, a substance use screening program in general medical settings, created a web-based, point-of-care (POC), application – the MASBIRT Portal ( the “Portal”) to meet program goals.Objectives: We report on development and implementation of the Portal.Methods: Five year program process outcomes recorded by an independent evaluator and an anonymous survey of Health Educator’s (HEs) adoption, perceptions and Portal use with a modified version of the Technology Readiness Index are described. [8] Specific management team members, selected based on their roles in program leadership, development and implementation of the Portal and supervision of HEs, participated in semi-structured, qualitative interviews.Results: At the conclusion of the program 73% (24/33) of the HEs completed a survey on their experience using the Portal. HEs reported that the Portal made recording screening information easy (96%); improved planning their workday (83%); facilitated POC data collection (84%); decreased time dedicated to data entry (100%); and improved job satisfaction (59%). The top two barriers to use were “no or limited wireless connectivity” (46%) and “the tablet was too heavy/bulky to carry” (29%). Qualitative management team interviews identified strategies for successful HIT implementation: importance of engaging HEs in outlining specifications and workflow needs, collaborative testing prior to implementation and clear agreement on data collection purpose, quality requirements and staff roles.Discussion: Overall, HEs perceived the Portal favorably with regard to time saving ability and improved workflow. Lessons learned included identifying core requirements early during system development and need for managers to institute and enforce consistent behavioral work norms.Conclusion: Barriers and HEs’ views of technology impacted the utilization of the MASBIRT Portal. Further research is needed to determine best approaches for HIT system implementation in general medical settings.Citation: Shanahan CW, Sorensen-Alawad A, Carney BL, Persand I, Cruz A, Botticelli M, Pressman K, Adams WG, Brolin M, Alford DP. The implementation of an integrated information system for substance use screening in general medical settings. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 878–894http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-03-RA-0025
Cultural Science
Authors: Hartley John , Potts Jason 
Published: October 2014

Cultural Science introduces a new way of thinking about culture. Adopting an evolutionary and systems approach, the authors argue that culture is the population-wide source of newness and innovation; it faces the future, not the past. Its chief characteristic is the formation of groups or ‘demes’ (organised and productive subpopulation; ‘demos’). Demes are the means for creating, distributing and growing knowledge. However, such groups are competitive and knowledge-systems are adversarial.
Starting from a rereading of Darwinian evolutionary theory, the book utilises multidisciplinary resources: Raymond Williams’s ‘culture is ordinary’ approach; evolutionary science (e.g. Mark Pagel and Herbert Gintis); semiotics (Yuri Lotman); and economic theory (from Schumpeter to McCloskey).
Successive chapters argue that:
–Culture and knowledge need to be understood from an externalist (‘linked brains’) perspective, rather than through the lens of individual behaviour;
–Demes are created by culture, especially storytelling, which in turn constitutes both politics and economics;
–The clash of systems – including demes – is productive of newness, meaningfulness and successful reproduction of culture;
–Contemporary urban culture and citizenship can best be explained by investigating how culture is used, and how newness and innovation emerge from unstable and contested boundaries between different meaning systems;
–The evolution of culture is a process of technologically enabled ‘demic concentration’ of knowledge, across overlapping meaning-systems or semiospheres; a process where the number of demes accessible to any individual has increased at an accelerating rate, resulting in new problems of scale and coordination for cultural science to address.
The book argues for interdisciplinary ‘consilience’, linking evolutionary and complexity theory in the natural sciences, economics and anthropology in the social sciences, and cultural, communication and media studies in the humanities and creative arts. It describes what is needed for a new 'modern synthesis' for the cultural sciences. It combines analytical and historical methods, to provide a framework for a general reconceptualisation of the theory of culture – one that is focused not on its political or customary aspects but rather its evolutionary significance as a generator of newness and innovation.
Web-based, mobile-device friendly, self-report survey system incorporating avatars and gaming console techniques
Authors: Savel Craig , Mierzwa Stan , Gorbach Pamina , Lally Michelle , Zimet Gregory , Meyer Kristin , Souidi Samir 
Published: October 2014

We describe building an avatar-based self-report data collection tool to be used for a specific HIV prevention research project that is evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of this novel approach to collect self-reported data among youth. We discuss the gathering of requirements, the process of building a prototype of the envisioned system, and the lessons learned during the development of the solution. Specific knowledge is shared regarding technical experience with software development technologies and possible avenues for changes that could be considered if such a self-report survey system is used again. Examples of other gaming and avatar technology systems are included to provide further background.
Emergency Medical Text Classifier: New system improves processing and classification of triage notes
Authors: Haas Stephanie W , Travers Debbie , Waller Anna , Mahalingam Deepika , Crouch John , Schwartz Todd A. , Mostafa Javed 
Published: October 2014

Objective: Automated syndrome classification aims to aid near real-time syndromic surveillance to serve as an early warning system for disease outbreaks, using Emergency Department (ED) data. We present a system that improves the automatic classification of an ED record with triage note into one or more syndrome categories using the vector space model coupled with a ‘learning’ module that employs a pseudo-relevance feedback mechanism.Materials and Methods: Terms from standard syndrome definitions are used to construct an initial reference dictionary for generating the syndrome and triage note vectors. Based on cosine similarity between the vectors, each record is classified into a syndrome category. We then take terms from the top-ranked records that belong to the syndrome of interest as feedback. These terms are added to the reference dictionary and the process is repeated to determine the final classification. The system was tested on two different datasets for each of three syndromes: Gastro-Intestinal (GI), Respiratory (Resp) and Fever-Rash (FR). Performance was measured in terms of sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp).Results: The use of relevance feedback produced high values of sensitivity and specificity for all three syndromes in both test sets: GI: 90% and 71%, Resp: 97% and 73%, FR: 100% and 87%, respectively, in test set 1, and GI: 88% and 69%, Resp: 87% and 61%, FR: 97% and 71%, respectively, in test set 2.Conclusions: The new system for pre-processing and syndromic classification of ED records with triage notes achieved improvements in Se and Sp. Our results also demonstrate that the system can be tuned to achieve different levels of performance based on user requirements.
Shallow or Rational Public Spheres? Indonesian Political Parties in the Twitter-Sphere
Authors: Beers Steve 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Despite the impressive democratic gains of the Indonesian political system since the fall of the authoritarian New Order regime, a noted weakness of the current political party system is the lack of clear ideological positions across parties and the difficulty that voters face in differentiating policy programs in order to hold parties accountable. Yet, with the increasing popularity of social media, new channels of communication are opening up between political parties and their constituents, reshaping Indonesia’s political communication landscape. This raises the question of whether these new forms of media offer spaces that allow, or even encourage, parties to articulate ideological positions and discuss issues of public concern with constituents. This paper addresses this question through a mixed-methods analysis of how political parties are using the popular social media website Twitter and how users are responding to party messaging strategies. Based on a content analysis of party messages, qualitative observation of party-constituent interactions, and a quantitative analysis of user response, the findings suggest that there is reason for modest optimism that the medium of Twitter encourages a less superficial brand of party communication. Whereas other studies have found that the goals or the size of the party as the best explanation for the social media strategy and performance, the Indonesian case suggests that parties that attempt to differentiate themselves ideologically, regardless of their ideological content, and engage the public directly perform better on Twitter. It also finds that tweets about electoral politics receive the most reaction from users. This suggests that Twitter is a medium that will reward more programmatic and engaged party messaging, with potentially positive impacts on the Indonesian political communications landscape.
The effects of urbanization on the rise of the European temperature since 1960
Authors: Chrysanthou A. , van der Schrier G. , van den Besselaar E. J. M. , Klein Tank A. M. G. , Brandsma T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe effects of urbanization on the rise of the European daily mean temperature is quantified by comparing European‐averaged temperatures based on all meteorological stations in the European Climate Assessment and Dataset with those based on three subsets of stations: from rural areas, from areas with low growth in urbanization, and from areas characterized by relatively low‐temperature increase. Land cover information is obtained using the CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) data set, showing that most stations (75%) have a small percentage (up to 10%) of urban area within a 10 km radius and 81% saw no more than 1% change in urbanization between 1990 and 2006. The results show that urbanization explains 0.0026°C/decade of the annual‐averaged pan‐European temperature trend of 0.179°C/decade. This trend has a strong seasonality, being the largest in summer. Averaged over time, the effects of urbanization on the European‐averaged temperature has a strong seasonality as well.
Sources and composition of submicron organic mass in marine aerosol particles
Authors: Frossard Amanda A. , Russell Lynn M. , Burrows Susannah M. , Elliott Scott M. , Bates Timothy S. , Quinn Patricia K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe sources and composition of atmospheric marine aerosol particles (aMA) have been investigated with a range of physical and chemical measurements from open‐ocean research cruises. This study uses the characteristic functional group composition (from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) of aMA from five ocean regions to show the following: (i) The organic functional group composition of aMA that can be identified as mainly atmospheric primary marine (ocean derived) aerosol particles (aPMA) is 65 ± 12% hydroxyl, 21 ± 9% alkane, 6 ± 6% amine, and 7 ± 8% carboxylic acid functional groups. Contributions from photochemical reactions add carboxylic acid groups (15%–25%), shipping effluent in seawater and ship emissions add additional alkane groups (up to 70%), and coastal or continental emissions mix in alkane and carboxylic acid groups. (ii) The organic composition of aPMA is nearly identical to model‐generated primary marine aerosol particles from bubbled seawater (gPMA, which has 55 ± 14% hydroxyl, 32 ± 14% alkane, and 13 ± 3% amine functional groups), indicating that its overall functional group composition is the direct consequence of the organic constituents of the seawater source. (iii) While the seawater organic functional group composition was nearly invariant across all three ocean regions studied and the ratio of organic carbon to sodium (OC/Na+) in the gPMA remained nearly constant over a broad range of chlorophyll a concentrations, the gPMA alkane group fraction appeared to increase with chlorophyll a concentrations (r = 0.66). gPMA from productive seawater had a larger fraction of alkane functional groups (42 ± 9%) compared to gPMA from nonproductive seawater (22 ± 10%), perhaps due to the presence of surfactants in productive seawater that stabilize the bubble film and lead to preferential drainage of the more soluble (lower alkane group fraction) organic components. gPMA has a hydroxyl group absorption peak location characteristic of monosaccharides and disaccharides, where the seawater organic mass hydroxyl group peak location is closer to that of polysaccharides. This may result from the larger saccharides preferentially remaining in the seawater during gPMA and aPMA production.
Interpreting the 35 year SBUV PMC record with SOFIE observations
Authors: Hervig Mark E. , Stevens Michael H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObservations of polar mesospheric clouds (PMC) from the solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV) instruments are compared to the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE). SBUV measurements are used to determine the PMC vertical column ice mass abundance (or ice water content, IWC) for comparison with SOFIE. Improved SBUV simulations are employed that accounted for nonspherical particles, and the multiwavelength measurements are used to retrieve particle size as the median radius (rm) of a Gaussian distribution. SBUV IWC retrievals incorporated rm as temporally smoothed values, to reduce propagation of rm errors but capture the effects of variable rm in IWC. For seasonal averages the SBUV‐SOFIE rm differences are 22 ± 6% in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and 22 ± 12% in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and IWC differences were 3 ± 6% in the NH and 7 ± 12% in the SH. The SBUV record was used to derive IWC and particle size for 1979–2013 for 64–74°N. The results indicate a secular increase in rm of 0.23 ± 0.16 nm decade−1 and a linear IWC trend of 2.6 ± 1.2% decade−1. Multiple regression of IWC to solar and trend terms reveals that 1.6% decade−1 of the IWC trend can be attributed to a decline in solar Lyman α since 1979. The residual IWC trend from multiple regression (1.0% decade−1), presumably due to other external forcing such as changing atmospheric composition, is a factor of six less than PMC trends previously reported from a shorter time series of SBUV data.
Quantifying the significance of abrasion and selective transport for downstream fluvial grain size evolution
Authors: Miller Kimberly Litwin , Szabó Tímea , Jerolmack Douglas J. , Domokos Gábor 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIt is well known that pebble diameter systematically decreases downstream in rivers. The contribution of abrasion is uncertain, in part because (1) diameter is insufficient to characterize pebble mass loss due to abrasion and (2) abrasion rates measured in laboratory experiments cannot be easily extrapolated to the field. A recent geometric theory describes abrasion as a curvature‐dependent process that produces a two‐phase evolution: in Phase I, initially blocky pebbles round to smooth, convex shapes with little reduction in axis dimensions; then, in Phase II, smooth, convex pebbles slowly reduce their axis dimensions. Here we provide strong evidence that two‐phase abrasion occurs in a natural setting, by examining downstream evolution of shape and size of thousands of pebbles over ~10 km in a tropical montane stream. The geometric theory is verified in this river system using a variety of manual and image‐based shape parameters, providing a generalizable method for quantifying the significance of abrasion. Phase I occurs over ~1 km, in upstream bedrock reaches where abrasion is dominant and sediment storage is limited. In downstream alluvial reaches, where Phase II occurs, we observe the expected exponential decline in pebble diameter. Using a discretized abrasion model (the so‐called “box equations”) with deposition, we deduce that abrasion removes more than one third of the mass of a pebble but that size‐selective sorting dominates downstream changes in pebble diameter. Overall, abrasion is the dominant process in the downstream diminution of pebble mass (but not diameter) in the studied river, with important implications for pebble mobility and the production of fine sediments.