bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Radiation Dose to Pediatric Patients During Computed Tomography Examinations
Authors: Kharbanda Anupam B. , Krause Ernest , Lu Yi , Blumberg Karen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundComputed tomography (CT) utilization has increased rapidly over the past 15 years. CT is the most common source for radiation exposure.ObjectivesThe objective was to measure the effective dose of radiation delivered during routine head and abdominal CT examinations at a children's hospital.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of emergency department (ED) patients < 20 years of age who underwent head or abdominal CT scans in 2012 at a single children's hospital. The authors abstracted the dose‐length product from the CT scanners and calculated the effective radiation dose delivered. Patient demographics were abstracted from the medical record. The relationship between effective dose and age, patient weight, and reason for examination were evaluated.ResultsA total of 478 subjects were included: 255 underwent head CT, and 223 underwent abdominal CT. The median age was 8.1 years (interquartile range = 2.71 to 14.40 years) and 56.9% were male. The median effective dose for head CT was 2.68 mSv (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.54 to 2.84 mSv) and decreased as age increased. For abdominal CT, the median effective dose was 5.06 mSv (95% CI = 4.58 to 6.03 mSv) and increased as age increased (3.67 to 11.12 mSv, p < 0.001). For abdominal CT, 8% of 5‐ to 10‐year‐olds, 28% of those 10 to 15 years, and 60% of patients over age 15 years received effective doses over 10 mSv.ConclusionsThe amount of radiation delivered to pediatric patients during routine CT examinations of the head and abdomen was low. Regardless, a large proportion of older patients were exposed to elevated effective doses of radiation during abdominal CT.
Effect of GABA Extract of Black Sticky Rice with Giant Embryo on Alcohol‐Related Indices After Acute Alcohol Intake in Social Drinkers
Authors: Jung Woo‐Young , Kim Sung‐Gon , Kim Hyeon‐Kyeong , Lee Jin‐Seong , Han Sang‐Ik , Choe Sangmin , Son Beung‐Gu 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundThis study was performed to evaluate the effect and safety of a high‐gamma‐aminobutyric acid‐containing extract (GABA extract) of black sticky rice with giant embryo (BSRGE) on alcohol‐related indices after acute alcohol intake in social drinkers.MethodsSubjects were randomized to the GABA extract (G) group, GABA extract and alcohol drinking (GA) group, or placebo intake and alcohol drinking (PA) group in a double‐blind design. All subjects were administered GABA extract (200 mg GABA) or placebo at 9 am on study days 2 and 3, respectively. Subjects in the GA and PA groups were administered an equivalent dose of alcohol that was diluted in a drinking beverage for a total amount of 240 ml at 11 am on day 3. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale were measured just before alcohol drinking, and 6 times after alcohol drinking.ResultsThe peak and area under the curve (AUC) of the total stimulation scale score after alcohol intake in females were significantly higher in the GA than in the PA group, whereas no significant difference was found between the 2 groups in males. The peak and AUC of the total score on the sedation scale after alcohol intake in males were significantly lower in the GA than in the PA group, whereas both were significantly higher in the GA than in the PA group of females. The AUC for BAC in males was significantly lower in the GA than in the PA group, whereas no significant difference was found in females. No adverse events were reported in any of the groups including the G group.ConclusionsCoadministration of a GABA extract to social drinkers while drinking alcohol is supposed to affect alcohol‐related indices in terms of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics and did not induce any adverse events.
Long‐term results of the cutting seton for high anal fistula
Authors: Patton Vicki , Chen Chung Ming , Lubowski David 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundNo single procedure for high anal fistula delivers a high cure rate while also completely protecting sphincter function. This paper reports our long‐term results with the cutting seton for high fistulae and draws comparisons with advancement flap and ligation of intersphincteric fistula track (LIFT) procedures.MethodsA retrospective study of prospectively collected data in consecutive patients undergoing treatment with cutting seton for high cryptoglandular fistulae was carried out. A strict protocol dictated tightening intervals of at least 4 weeks and no muscle division. In 59 patients (male : female = 39:20) followed‐up at mean 9.4 years (range 1.7–15.6 years) healing rates, continence (St Mark's score 0–24), patient‐perceived overall change in bowel control (−5 to +5), faecal incontinence quality of life (FIQL) and overall patient satisfaction (visual analogue score 0–10) were assessed.ResultsPrimary and secondary healing rates were 93% and 98%. Mean continence score was 4.1, significantly worse in women than men (median 6, range 0–22 versus median 1, range 0–17; P = 0.006). Seventy‐eight per cent of patients had normal continence or minor incontinence (score 0–6), 13.5% moderate incontinence (score 7–12) and 8.5% severe incontinence (score >12). Sixty‐three per cent of patients had no change or improved patient‐perceived overall bowel control. Mean FIQL scores were high and significantly correlated with continence. Median satisfaction score was 9.ConclusionCutting seton for high anal fistula achieved healing in 98% with good continence in the majority, particularly in males, and a high level of patient satisfaction. Multicentre prospective studies are needed to adequately compare cutting seton, flap and LIFT procedures.
7 Sun, Sand, and… Sacred Pyramids: The Mayanization of Cancun's Tourist Imaginary
Authors: Muñoz‐Fernández Carmen 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTFrom its construction in the early 1970s, Cancun has gone through a rapid demographic change accompanied by a transformation in the tourism industry, from having 117 inhabitants in 1969 to over 734,000 in 2014, being visited by more than 3.3 million tourists per year. As a result, Cancun has had to offer up something other than its original Caribbean advertising of “sun, sand, and sex,” now it is offering its Maya heritage. This paper analyzes the origin, development, and evolution of the “Mayanization” of Cancun—the use of Maya imagery and iconography in advertisements, architecture and souvenirs—and the promotion of a “Maya imaginary” through the laborers who fuel the tourism industry, turning cultural, archaeological, and historical patrimony into a commodity.
10 Three Generations of Cooperation: Voices from Tula, Hidalgo
Authors: Anderson J. Heath 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTTula is well known in the archaeological community and in popular consciousness as the capital of the Toltecs. Less well known are the three generations of local residents who have devoted their labor to archaeological projects in the Tula region over the past 70+ years. Since Acosta's foundational work in the 1940s to the present day, archaeologists working at Tula have enjoyed the local population's solid support. This chapter uses interviews with the inhabitants of Tula de Allende to illustrate the seldom‐acknowledged backbone of local support that makes all archaeology at Tula possible and suggests directions for future ethnographic research.
Results of patient‐reported outcome in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis: Evaluation of the severity and progression of gait disability
Authors: Nakashima Ichiro , Harada Naozumi , Nakaya Fuyuki 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the degree of severity and disability progression in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) using descriptive study methods.MethodsPostal questionnaires were sent to patients through three Japanese MS patients' associations. Survey participants were asked to evaluate their disability and MS severity based on two scales: the Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS) and the Short Form‐8 Health Survey.ResultsA total of 789 MS patients were surveyed. Approximately 45% of patients had gait disability (PDDS score of 3) or higher. Patients with a higher age of MS onset had rapid progression of disease. The mean duration from first symptom of MS to treatment initiation was 4.5 years. The time to treatment initiation was longer for the younger onset group, ≤29 years‐of‐age, than that of the older onset group, ≥40 years‐of‐age (6.2 years vs 2.2 years, respectively). The PDDS showed two‐stage disability progression: while progression time to a PDDS score of 2 varied, progression time from a PDDS score of 2 to a score of 4 was similar across the participants.ConclusionsBased on the patient‐reported disability progression of MS, we showed that the possibility of severity and MS disease progression between Japanese and Western countries might be similar. The PDDS could be a useful alternative to assess MS disability.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia developing within a port wine stain
Authors: Manton Robert N. , Itinteang Tinte , de Jong Sophie , Brasch Helen D. , Tan Swee T. 
Published: May 2015

A 19‐year‐old male with a port wine stain on the base of his neck presented with a 5‐month history of gradual thickening of the involved skin which interfered with clothing and caused repeated bleeding. The lesion was excised and histopathologic examination revealed angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) arising from the pre‐existing port wine stain – a rare finding with only one previously reported case. Additionally the lesion was associated with elevated serum renin levels which virtually normalized following excision of the lesion. We further demonstrated the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptors 1 and 2 by the lesion and discuss the possible role of the renin–angiotensin system in this condition.
S1 guideline on occupational skin products: protective creams, skin cleansers, skin care products (ICD 10: L23, L24) – short version
Authors: Fartasch Manigé , Diepgen Thomas L. , Drexler Hans , Elsner Peter , John Swen Malte , Schliemann Sibylle 
Published: May 2015

SummaryJob‐related hand dermatitis heads up the list of reported occupational diseases. So‐called skin products – understood to mean protective creams, skin cleansers and skin care products – are used for the primary and secondary prevention of job‐ related hand dermatitis. In the interests of evidence‐based medicine, the only preventive measures and/or occupational skin products that should be used are those whose potential uses and efficacy are underpinned by scientific research. To this end, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Berufs‐ und Umweltdermatologie e.V. (Working Group for Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, ABD) of the DDG (German Dermatological Society) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Arbeits‐ und Umweltmedizin (German Society for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, DGAUM) have summed up the latest scientific findings and recommendations in the updated guideline. The benefit of the combined application of protective creams and skin care products in the primary and secondary prevention of work‐related contact dermatitis has been widely confirmed by recent clinical‐epidemiological studies. The guideline clearly explains the necessity of demonstrating the efficacy of protective creams and cleansing products by means of in vivo methods in the sense of repetitive applications. Transferable standardised testing systems designed to examine the irritation potential and thus the compatibility of occupational skin cleansers and the reduction of irritation by protective skin creams have now been developed and validated by multicentre studies for skin protection creams and cleansers. The status of the current assessment of the safety of occupational skin products is also summarised.
Febuxostat improves endothelial function in hemodialysis patients with hyperuricemia: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Tsuruta Yuki , Kikuchi Kan , Tsuruta Yukio , Sasaki Yuko , Moriyama Takahito , Itabashi Mitsuyo , Takei Takashi , Uchida Keiko , Akiba Takashi , Tsuchiya Ken , Nitta Kosaku 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEndothelial dysfunction is often found in both hyperuricemia and hemodialysis patients. Recent studies have shown that treating hyperuricemia with allopurinol improves endothelial dysfunction. This study is performed to assess the effect of febuxostat on endothelial dysfunction in hemodialysis patients with hyperuricemia. We randomly assigned 53 hemodialysis patients with hyperuricemia to a febuxostat (10 mg daily) group and a control group and measured flow‐mediated dilation, serum uric acid (UA) levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, malondialdehyde‐modified low‐density lipoprotein (MDA‐LDL), and highly sensitive C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) at baseline and at the end of a 4‐week study period. Flow‐mediated dilation increased from 5.3% ± 2.4% to 8.9% ± 3.6% in the febuxostat group but did not change significantly in the control group. Treatment with febuxostat resulted in a significant decrease in serum UA level and a significant decrease in MDA‐LDL compared with baseline, but no significant difference was observed in hsCRP level or blood pressure. No significant differences were observed in the control group. Febuxostat improved endothelial dysfunction and reduced serum UA levels and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with hyperuricemia.
Phosphorylation‐dependent and Phosphorylation‐independent Regulation of Helicobacter pylori Acid Acclimation by the ArsRS Two‐component System
Authors: Marcus Elizabeth A. , Sachs George , Wen Yi , Scott David R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe pH‐sensitive Helicobacter pylori ArsRS two‐component system (TCS) aids survival of this neutralophile in the gastric environment by directly sensing and responding to environmental acidity. ArsS is required for acid‐induced trafficking of urease and its accessory proteins to the inner membrane, allowing rapid, urea‐dependent cytoplasmic and periplasmic buffering. Expression of ArsR, but not its phosphorylation, is essential for bacterial viability. The aim of this study was to characterize the roles of ArsS and ArsR in the response of H. pylori to acid.Materials and MethodsWild‐type H. pylori and an arsR(D52N) phosphorylation‐deficient strain were incubated at acidic or neutral pH. Gene and protein expression, survival, membrane trafficking of urease proteins, urease activity, and internal pH were studied.ResultsPhosphorylation of ArsR is not required for acid survival. ArsS‐driven trafficking of urease proteins to the membrane in acid, required for recovery of internal pH, is independent of ArsR phosphorylation. ArsR phosphorylation increases expression of the urease gene cluster, and the loss of negative feedback in a phosphorylation‐deficient mutant leads to an increase in total urease activity.ConclusionsArsRS has a dual function in acid acclimation: regulation of urease trafficking to UreI at the cytoplasmic membrane, driven by ArsS, and regulation of urease gene cluster expression, driven by phosphorylation of ArsR. ArsS and ArsR work through phosphorylation‐dependent and phosphorylation‐independent regulatory mechanisms to impact acid acclimation and allow gastric colonization. Furthering understanding of the intricacies of acid acclimation will impact the future development of targeted, nonantibiotic treatment regimens.
The cultivable microbiota of primary and secondary infected root canals, their susceptibility to antibiotics and association with the signs and symptoms of infection
Authors: Łysakowska M. E. , Ciebiada‐Adamiec A. , Sienkiewicz M. , Sokołowski J. , Banaszek K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimTo examine the presence of microbial species in primary and secondary infections and identify the signs and symptoms associated with them.MethodologyA total number of 37 root canals from 33 patients undergoing root canal treatment were selected. Samples were taken using a sterile paper point following chemomechanical canal instrumentation. Microbiological identification was performed by macromorphological, micromorphological and commercial biochemical tests (ATBsystem). The antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolatedEnterococcus,StreptococcusandPropionibacteriumspp. was evaluated.ResultsA total number of 54 species were isolated. The most common wasE. faecalisfollowed byPropionibacterium acnesandStreptococcus spp. Five multidrug‐resistant enterococcal strains were isolated. However, resistance to linezolid or glycopeptides was not found. Radiolucency was observed significantly more often in symptomatic infections (P = 0.0061) caused byActinomycesspp. than in asymptomatic ones.ConclusionsEnterococci and streptococci were the most commonly isolated bacteria from root canals. The resistance of enterococci to many antimicrobials may pose a problem in their eradication.
Physical Punishment, Mental Health and Sense of Coherence Among Parents of Children with Intellectual Disability in Japan
Authors: Kimura Miyako , Yamazaki Yoshihiko 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundAlthough sense of coherence (SOC) moderates parental stress, the relationship between SOC, parental mental health and physical punishment of children with intellectual disabilities remains uncertain. The present authors describe parental physical punishment towards children with intellectual disabilities and investigate its related demographic characteristics, SOC and parental mental health.Materials and MethodsWith the cooperation of Tokyo's 10 special needs schools, the present authors obtained 648 questionnaire responses from parents of children with intellectual disabilities.ResultsOf the parents, 69.7% reported having physically punished their children with intellectual disabilities. This was positively associated with parents’ younger age, poorer mental health, lower SOC, children's younger age, birth order (firstborns) and disability type (autism/pervasive developmental disorder).ConclusionsThis is the first study supporting the relationship between SOC, mental health and physical punishment use among parents of children with intellectual disabilities. It may assist the development of strategies to prevent physical abuse of children with disabilities.
Systematic review of exercise for Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease
Authors: Sman Amy D. , Hackett Daniel , Fiatarone Singh Maria , Fornusek Ché , Menezes Manoj P. , Burns Joshua 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCharcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT) is a slowly progressive hereditary degenerative disease and one of the most common neuromuscular disorders. Exercise may be beneficial to maintain strength and function for people with CMT, however, no comprehensive evaluation of the benefits and risks of exercise have been conducted. A systematic review was completed searching numerous electronic databases from earliest records to February 2015. Studies of any design including participants of any age with confirmed diagnosis of CMT that investigated the effects of exercise were eligible for inclusion. Of 13,301 articles identified following removal of duplicates, 11 articles including 9 unique studies met the criteria. Methodological quality of studies was moderate, sample sizes were small, and interventions and outcome measures used varied widely. Although the majority of the studies identified changes in one or more outcome measurements across exercise modalities, the majority were non‐significant, possibly due to Type II errors. Significant effects described included improvements in strength, functional activities, and physiological adaptations following exercise. Despite many studies showing changes in strength and function following exercise, findings of this review should be met with caution due to the few studies available and moderate quality of evidence. Well‐powered studies, harmonisation of outcome measures, and clearly described interventions across studies would improve the quality and comparability of the evidence base. The optimal exercise modality and intensity for people with CMT as well as the long‐term safety of exercise remain unclear.
Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome after travelers' diarrhea – a cohort study
Authors: Schwille‐Kiuntke J. , Enck P. , Polster A. V. , Gaile M. , Kremsner P. G. , Zanger P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundThere is sound evidence for the role of gastrointestinal infections in the development of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI‐IBS), but understanding the interaction between mental factors and the infection remains incomplete. This study aims to (i) assess the occurrence of PI‐IBS in a cohort of patients with self‐reported travelers' diarrhea (TD), (ii) assess risk factors for PI‐IBS development, and (iii) investigate the prognosis of PI‐IBS after 1 year.MethodsPatients consulting the travel clinic at the University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany (in 2009 and 2010) were identified from records and questioned in follow‐ups in 2011 and 2012. We used the Rome III modular questionnaire to assess IBS, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess anxiety and depression, and the Patient Health Questionnaire to assess somatization.Key ResultsWe identified 529 eligible subjects from the clinical records. Of 135 subjects (age: 36.6 ± 14.6 years, 58.5% female) included in the study sample 6.7% (95% CI 3.0–11.1) had PI‐IBS. We found more females (88.9% vs 56.3%, p = 0.08) and younger age subjects (mean 29.3 vs 37.1 years, p = 0.02) among the PI‐IBS subjects. A multivariable regression model revealed vomiting at baseline and high somatization scores as strong and independent PI‐IBS risk factors. One year later PI‐IBS occurrence decreased to 3.3% (three cases of 90).Conclusions & InferencesOur findings underline the close linkage of mental and somatic processes for the manifestation of PI‐IBS. Screening for psychiatric comorbidities in patients with severe gastrointestinal infections may allow identifying groups at high risk for PI‐IBS.
Quantitative assessment of the differential impacts of arbuscular and ectomycorrhiza on soil carbon cycling
Authors: Soudzilovskaia Nadejda A. , van der Heijden Marcel G. A. , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Makarov Mikhail I. , Onipchenko Vladimir G. , Maslov Mikhail N. , Akhmetzhanova Asem A. , van Bodegom Peter M. 
Published: May 2015

Summary

A significant fraction of carbon stored in the Earth's soil moves through arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza (EM). The impacts of AM and EM on the soil carbon budget are poorly understood.

We propose a method to quantify the mycorrhizal contribution to carbon cycling, explicitly accounting for the abundance of plant‐associated and extraradical mycorrhizal mycelium. We discuss the need to acquire additional data to use our method, and present our new global database holding information on plant species‐by‐site intensity of root colonization by mycorrhizas. We demonstrate that the degree of mycorrhizal fungal colonization has globally consistent patterns across plant species. This suggests that the level of plant species‐specific root colonization can be used as a plant trait.

To exemplify our method, we assessed the differential impacts of AM : EM ratio and EM shrub encroachment on carbon stocks in sub‐arctic tundra. AM and EM affect tundra carbon stocks at different magnitudes, and via partly distinct dominant pathways: via extraradical mycelium (both EM and AM) and via mycorrhizal impacts on above‐ and belowground biomass carbon (mostly AM).

Our method provides a powerful tool for the quantitative assessment of mycorrhizal impact on local and global carbon cycling processes, paving the way towards an improved understanding of the role of mycorrhizas in the Earth's carbon cycle.