bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excitonic emissions of AgInS2 crystals with chalcopyrite and orthorhombic structure
Authors: Wakita Kazuki , Miyamoto Umihito , Paucar Raul , Honjo Kazuhiro , Shim YongGu , Tokuda Takahiro , Yoshino Kenji 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMicro‐structure of AgInS2 grown by the hot‐press method has been examined by the properties of free‐exciton emission using a scanning confocal‐microscopy system. The crystal structures are distinguished by a two‐dimensional image of free‐exciton emission at RT. The excitonic emissions with the orthorhombic structure were also analyzed and a bound exciton emission was observed in addition to a free exciton emission. Furthermore, it is indicated that the two‐dimensional image of decay‐time constant is more insusceptible to resolve the structures than that of emission intensity. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasmonic protection of the hot‐electron energy
Authors: Kempa Krzysztof 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIt is shown, that hot electrons generated in a semiconductor can transfer their excess free energy into an embedded/adjacent plasmonic metallic structure (reservoir), before it is lost irreversibly to phonons in the semiconductor. Since the plasmon–phonon (and plasmon–photon) scattering in the metallic structure could be much slower than the electron–phonon scattering in the semiconductor, free energy of the hot electrons can be this way effectively protected from phonon emission for a significant amount of time. While the cubic point‐dipole crystal is proposed and studied here specifically as the plasmonic reservoir, other plasmonic structures including planar can be employed. It is also shown how the plasmon‐protected energy can by recycled in a novel, 3rd generation solar cell, be employing a planar plasmonic structure that is simultaneously also an electron collector of the cell. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
β‐D‐Glucosidase Assisted Gold Dissolution as Non‐Optical and Quantifiable Detection Technique for Immunoassays
Authors: Koehler F. M. , Raso R. A. , Grass R. N. , Stark W. J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractImmunoassays are used for detecting protein targets for various applications. Here, a modification of immunoassays to allow a purely electrical detection of the target protein concentration is shown. The modification comprises a β‐D‐glucosidase as reporter enzyme and a cyanogenic glycoside as substrate. The enzymatic reaction produces cyanide in small quantities. For electrical detection of the cyanide, a novel sensor is developed, based on a gold micro wire. The cyanide dissolves the gold wire and changes the electrical resistance of the wire. Monitoring the resistance change allows a quantitative measurement of the target human C‐reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) in blood plasma in the physiological relevant concentration range.
Adiabatic Carbon Rate of Alternative Ironmaking Processes to Produce Hot Metal
Authors: Jiang Xin , Wang Lin , Shen Fengman , Lu Weikao 
Published: May 2013

AbstractFrom economic viability and sustainable development of view, the future alternative ironmaking processes, in general, may be classified into two representative routes, “Pre‐reduction‐Smelting reduction” process and “Direct reduction‐Melting” process. In the present work, aimed for hot metal production, the carbon rate (in kg tHM−1) is considered as the yardstick for the measurement of the “goodness” of these two processes, because it reflects the consumption of coal and energy, and the amount of carbon dioxide eventually to be emitted to atmosphere. By the thermodynamic calculation, under the idealized conditions, the total adiabatic carbon rate along “Direct reduction‐Melting” process is approximately 145 kg tHM−1 lower than that along “Pre‐reduction‐Smelting reduction” process. Therefore, direct reduction would likely lead to an alternative process with much lower carbon rate, and it should be reasonable and successfully developed.
K13CoSn17–x (x = 0.1): A New Ternary Phase Containing ­Cobalt Centered [Sn9] Cluster Synthesized via High‐Temperature Reaction
Authors: Yue Cheng‐Yang , Wang Ming‐Feng , Yuan Zhuang‐Dong , Zhou Fang‐Xia , Zhang Hui‐Ping , Lei Xiao‐Wu 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA new ternary potassium cobalt stannide, K13CoSn17–x (x = 0.1), was obtained by reacting the mixture of the corresponding pure elements at high temperature, and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study. K13CoSn17–x (x = 0.1) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca (No. 61) with a = 26.2799(7) Å, b = 24.1541(6) Å, c = 29.8839(6) Å, V = 18969.3(8) Å3, and Z = 16. Its structure contains isolated [CoSn9] monocapped square antiprism and [Sn4] tetrahedron in the ratio 1:2, forming a hierarchical variant of Laves phase MgZn2. The structural relation between the title compound with MgZn2 as well as other binary stannides is also discussed.
THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF MANGO (Mangifera indicaL.): A REVIEW
Authors: CARR M. K. V. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYThe results of research on the water relations and irrigation requirements of the mango fruit tree are collated. The stages of development (including roots) are summarised, followed by reviews of plant water relations, water requirements, water productivity and water management. This long-lived tree is well adapted to a wide range of tropical and subtropical environments. In the low-latitude tropics, flowering is initiated after a period of water stress (at least six weeks duration) and is ended by rain or irrigation. In the high-latitude tropics and subtropics, flower buds are initiated during the cool winter months (<15 °C). Less than 1% of the flowers that set fruit reach maturity. Roots can reach depths of 5 m. Stomata occur mainly on the lower (abaxial) leaf surface. They are sensitive to dry air, closing as the saturation deficit increases (from 0.5 to 4.0 kPa). In humid tropical areas, the mean seasonal potential evapotranspiration rates (ETc) average 4–5 mm d−1, with peak rates of 5–6 mm d−1. The crop coefficient (Kc) varies between 0.65 and 1.05. Water productivities are in the range 3–6 kg (fresh fruit) m−3(irrigation). Micro-sprinklers and drip irrigation are the preferred methods of irrigation. The trend towards greater intensification of production will impact on the water relations and irrigation needs of mango and provide a focus for future research.
The Arctic Council and the Search and Rescue Agreement: the case of Norway
Authors: Rottem Svein Vigeland 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTOn 12 May 2011 at the seventh ministerial meeting, the member states of the Arctic Council (AC) signed the Arctic SAR agreement, the first legally binding agreement negotiated under the auspices of the AC. Its objective is to strengthen search and rescue cooperation and coordination in the Arctic. The purpose of this article is to explore why an agreement on search and rescue under the auspices of the AC has been negotiated; what its key features are; and lastly, how it is and will be implemented. It is argued that the SAR agreement is more important for the AC than for Norway. It has had limited practical consequences in that country. The agreement may be politically and symbolically significant but it has neither financially nor organisationally changed Norwegian search and rescue policy.
Transdiagnostic and disorder-specific models of intergenerational transmission of internalizing pathology
Authors: Starr L. R. , Conway C. C. , Hammen C. L. , Brennan P. A. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundNumerous studies have supported an association between maternal depression and child psychiatric outcomes, but few have controlled for the confounding effects of both maternal and offspring co-morbidity. Thus, it remains unclear whether the correspondence between maternal and offspring depressive and anxiety disorders is better explained by associations between shared features of maternal and offspring internalizing disorders or by specific effects exerted by unique aspects of individual disorders.MethodPairs of mothers and offspring overselected for maternal depression (n = 815) were assessed at offspring age 15 years for anxiety and depressive disorders; 705 completed a follow-up at offspring age 20 years. For both mothers and offspring, structural equation modeling was used to distinguish transdiagnostic internalizing pathology – representing the overlap among all depressive and anxiety disorders – from diagnosis-specific forms of pathology. To discriminate between general versus specific pathways of intergenerational transmission of psychopathology, we examined (a) the general association between the maternal and offspring internalizing factors and (b) the correlations between maternal and offspring diagnosis-specific pathology for each disorder.ResultsFor mothers and offspring, a unidimensional latent variable model provided the best fit to the correlations among depressive and anxiety disorders. The maternal transdiagnostic internalizing factor strongly predicted the corresponding factor among offspring. In addition, the unique component of post-traumatic stress disorder among offspring was significantly related to the analogous unique component among mothers, but specific components of other maternal disorders, including depression, did not predict corresponding offspring pathology.ConclusionsResults suggest that intergenerational transmission of internalizing disorders is largely non-specific.
Secret Codes of Political Propaganda: The Unknown System of Writing Teams
Authors: Tsai Wen-Hsuan , Kao Peng-Hsiang 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWithin the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), some Party units have established a largely unknown network of writing teams which propagate the policies or perspectives of a particular unit by publishing feature articles in Party journals. These writing teams often make use of a pseudonym in the form of a person's name, leading outsiders to believe that the work is written by a journalist. In fact, the pseudonyms of the Party unit writing teams function as a form of secret code. Through this code, inner Party members can recognize which unit's views an article reflects. In order to reveal exactly which units the codes represent, we have collated the names of over 20 writing teams. In addition, we provide an introduction to the functioning of the writing teams and the manner in which articles are produced. Finally, we propose that the CCP's mechanism of “propaganda codes” is gradually undergoing the process of institutionalization.
Spontaneous regression of a large rhabdomyoma of the interventricular septum
Authors: Milano Elena G. , Prioli Maria A. , Vassanelli Corrado 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe report the case of a large congenital rhabdomyoma of the interventricular septum diagnosed prenatally. The foetus was strictly monitored with ultrasound throughout the gestation period showing that the mass had increased in size until delivery. Despite the size of the mass, which appeared to occupy the right ventricle, the baby presented no symptoms both in utero and after birth. Serial echocardiography was used to document the regression of the mass in childhood.
Electron Backscatter Diffraction in Conservation Science: Phase Identification of Pigments in Paint Layers
Authors: Gambirasi A. , Peruzzo L. , Bianchin S. , Favaro M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractElectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used in Conservation Science for characterization of ancient materials collected from works of art. The results demonstrate the feasibility of EBSD analysis on heterogeneous matrices as very small samples of paint layers collected from paintings. Two reference pigments were selected from those used by artists to investigate the relationship existing between EBSD pattern quality and properties of the investigated material (i.e., average atomic number, density, and Mohs hardness). The technique was also tested to investigate the pigment phases on two real samples collected from Romanino's Santa Giustina altarpiece, an oil on wood painting dated 1514 (Civic Museum, Padova, Italy). Results show for the first time the acquisition of EBSD patterns from painting samples mounted in resin, i.e., painting cross sections, opening a new powerful tool to elucidate the pigment phases avoiding large sampling on works of arts and to further study the complex mechanisms of pigment deterioration.
Inherited Fabric in an Omphacite Symplectite: Reconstruction of Plastic Deformation under Ultra-High Pressure Conditions
Authors: Heidelbach Florian , Terry Michael P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe investigated an eclogitic gneiss from the Western Gneiss Region in Norway, which underwent subduction as part of Baltica lithosphere beneath Laurentia during the Scandian orogeny. Petrologic data indicate that the eclogite was deformed plastically at about 4 GPa and 800°C producing a strong macroscopic foliation and lineation. Whereas garnet remained largely stable during the retrograde uplift, omphacite was transformed statically into a symplectite consisting of lamellar diopside and plagioclase with more equant grains of hornblende and orthopyroxene. Measurements of the crystallographic preferred orientation with electron backscatter diffraction show that diopside and hornblende, as well as orthopyroxene, have a systematic orientation relationship with the macroscopic fabric, as well as the (presumed) orientation of the host omphacite. The orientation relationship between the chain silicates is very sharp with the crystallographic forms {100}, {010}, and ⟨001⟩ being parallel. Their bulk texture shows a maximum of ⟨001⟩ parallel to the lineation and girdles of {010} and {110} perpendicular to the lineation with maxima subparallel to the foliation corresponding to an L-type texture of the original omphacite and indicating constrictional strain with an additional component of pure shear/simple shear component.
Is it Really God's Century? An Evaluation of Religious Support and Discrimination from 1990 to 2008
Authors: Fox Jonathan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study uses data from the Religion and State Round 2 dataset to examine the trends in religious discrimination and religious support between 1990 and 2008, finding a statistically significant increase in both variables. These findings are based on a longer time span and more comprehensive variables than previous studies, remain constant when controlling for world region and majority religion, and predate the events of September 11, 2001. This undermines the aspects of secularization theory which predict a decline in religion's public influence. Furthermore, economic development, one of the processes predicted by secularization theory decrease religion's public influence, is correlated with increased religious discrimination and support.
The Fight Against the Illicit Trade in Asian Cultural Artefacts: Connecting International Agreements, Regional Co-operation, and Domestic Strategies
Authors: GRUBER Stefan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractLooting and illicit trafficking of cultural artefacts pose major threats to Asia's cultural heritage. This not only causes a continuing loss of cultural objects but also the destruction of large numbers of archaeological and historical sites as objects are often looted from tombs or cut off from larger pieces in order to obtain transportable parts for sale on the international art market. In addition, items are stolen from collections and museums or are trafficked in violation of export bans. This article explores the relevant international conventions dealing with the prevention of the illicit export of cultural artefacts and their repatriation, examines how those legal instruments are implemented in Asia and extended in bilateral agreements between market and source countries, and how particularly regional co-operation between Asian nations, international solidarity and assistance, and relevant domestic approaches can assist in improving the situation.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein is induced by hypoxia and promotes expression of the differentiated phenotype of human articular chondrocytes
Authors: Pelosi Michele , Lazzarano Stefano , Thoms Brendan L. , Murphy Chris L. 
Published: May 2013

PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related protein) is crucial for normal cartilage development and long bone growth and acts to delay chondrocyte hypertrophy and terminal differentiation in the growth plate. After growth plate closure adult HACs (human articular chondrocytes) still produce PTHrP, suggesting a possible role for this factor in the permanent articular cartilage. However, the expression regulation and function of PTHrP in the permanent articular cartilage is unknown. Human articular cartilage is an avascular tissue and functions in a hypoxic environment. The resident chondrocytes have adapted to hypoxia and use it to drive their tissue-specific functions. In the present study, we explored directly in normal articular chondrocytes isolated from a range of human donors the effect of hypoxia on PTHrP expression and whether PTHrP can regulate the expression of the permanent articular chondrocyte phenotype. We show that in HACs PTHrP is up-regulated by hypoxia in a HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor)-1α and HIF-2α-dependent manner. Using recombinant PTHrP, siRNA-mediated depletion of endogenous PTHrP and by blocking signalling through its receptor [PTHR1 (PTHrP receptor 1)], we show that hypoxia-induced PTHrP is a positive regulator of the key cartilage transcription factor SOX9 [SRY (sex determining region on the Y chromosome)-box 9], leading to increased COL2A1 (collagen type II, α1) expression. Our findings thus identify PTHrP as a potential factor for cartilage repair therapies through its ability to promote the differentiated HAC phenotype.
Shrinking the Haystack: Using an AUV in an Integrated Ocean Observatory to Map Atlantic Sturgeon in the Coastal Ocean
Authors: Oliver Matthew J , Breece Matthew W , Fox Dewayne A , Haulsee Danielle E , Kohut Josh T , Manderson John , Savoy Tom 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
Physical processes in the coastal Mid-Atlantic create a complex and dynamic seascape. Understanding how coastal fishes respond to this complexity has been a major motivation in establishing coastal biotelemetry arrays. Most coastal arrays maximize the probability offish detection by positioning hydrophones near geophysical bottlenecks. The development of a real-time ocean observatory allows for synchronous mapping of dynamic hydrographic structures important to coastal fishes. These observations provide important context for interpreting the impact of oceanographic features on the behavior of telemetered animals. In a proofofconcept mission, we deployed a Slocum glider in a real-time ocean observatory to demonstrate how mobile listening assets could be dynamically reallocated in response to the mesoscale physics of the coastal ocean. The Slocum glider detected four Atlantic Sturgeon Acipencer oxyrinchus oxyrinchus that were in a shallow, well-mixed, and relatively warm and fresh water mass in a region of historic Atlantic Sturgeon bycatch.
RESUMEN
los procesos fisicos que ocurren en zona costera del Atlántico medio generan un paisaje complejo y dinámico. La comprensión de cómo los peces costeros responden a tal complejidad ha sido una motivación importante para establecer un arreglo de biotelemetría en la franja costera. Muchos de los arreglos costeros maximizan la probabilidad de detector peces mediante el uso de hidrófonos cerca de los cuellos de botella geofisicos. El desarrollo de un observatorio oceánico de monitoreo en tiempo real permite un mapeo sincrónico de estructuras hidrográficas dinámicas que son relevantes para los peces costeros. Estas observaciones bindan el contexto para interpretar el impacto que tienen ciertos rasgos oceanográficos en el comportamiento de animates rastreados mediante telemetría. En una misión diseñada para probar este concepto, se desplegó el deslizador Slocum en un observatorio oceánico para demostrar cómo los aparatos móviles de monitoreo pueden ser reubicados de forma dinámica en respuesta a procesos fisicos de mesoescala que ocurren en el océano costero. El deslizador Slocum detectó cuatro especímenes de esturión del Atlántico Acipencer oxyrinchus oxyrinchus encontrados en una masa de agua fresca, somera y relativamente cálida en una region en la que históricamente el esturión del Atlántico ha sido parte de la captura incidental.
pH Dynamics of Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS-222) in Fresh and Artificial Seawater
Authors: Christiansen Emily Fenimore , Stoskopf Michael K 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) solutions are used routinely for clinical and experimental anesthesia of a variety of aquatic organisms. It is commonly accepted that MS-222 alters pH when added to freshwater, and buffering freshwater anesthetic solutions is considered to be the standard of care. However, buffering saltwater solutions is considered by many to be unnecessary; some individuals question whether any water with high natural mineral hardness needs to be buffered when MS-222 is added. To assess the need for buffering, we studied the dynamics of pH change when adding clinically relevant amounts of MS-222 to artificial seawater and to freshwater of varying hardness. We found that artificial seawater does not possess adequate buffering capacity to prevent a physiologically significant drop in pH when MS-222 is added, and hardness does not accurately predict the reaction of water pH to the addition of MS-222 in clinically relevant concentrations. Our data for salt water suggest that MS-222 solutions should be buffered to saturation with sodium bicarbonate and in freshwater should be titrated to the particular water source to satisfy the optimal pH of the species being anesthetized.
Controlling Mortality Caused by External Columnaris in Largemouth Bass and Bluegill with Chloramine-T or Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Bowker James D , Carty Daniel , Trushenski Jesse T , Bowman Molly P , Wandelear Niccole , Matthews Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Columnaris (causative agent, Flavobacterium columnare) is a widespread fish disease of concern among fish culturists in the USA. If left untreated, an entire population of fish may become infected, and morbidity and mortality may reach high levels. In virtually all instances, columnaris outbreaks require intervention to prevent significant losses. A number of sanitizing agents, most notably chloramine-T (CLT) and hydrogen peroxide (HP), have been used to control mortality associated with a variety of bacterial pathogens causing external infections. However, the majority of trials conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of these chemicals, thereby gaining U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for their use in treating fish infected with columnaris, have been conducted on salmonids. Accordingly, we conducted seven experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of CLT or HP to control mortality associated with external columnaris in Florida Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus and Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. Treatment with CLT or HP significantly reduced cumulative mortality in five of the seven experiments. Cumulative mortality was strongly correlated to pretreatment mortality in treated and control tanks in the five Largemouth Bass experiments, suggesting that intervention at later stages of columnaris progression may result in less favorable outcomes. Odds ratios calculated for individual experiments indicated varying degrees of success in controlling mortality; however, meta-analysis of all experiments indicated treatment with either CLT or HP significantly increased probability of survival, regardless of fish species or test article. These results demonstrate that both chemicals can be effective in controlling mortality associated with external columnaris in Largemouth Bass and Bluegills and that timely treatment of fish will likely result in lower overall mortality.