bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence Analysis and Molecular Characterization of Salmonella at Different Processing Steps in Broiler Slaughter Plants in South Korea
Authors: Park Hyun‐Jung , Chon Jung‐Whan , Lim Jong‐Soo , Seo Kun‐Ho , Kim Young‐Jo , Heo Eun‐Jeong , Wee Sung‐Hwan , Sung Kidon , Moon Jin‐San 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this study, changes in the prevalence of Salmonella during the processing of broiler chicken carcasses were investigated. A total of 1040 fecal swabs and chicken carcasses samples were collected from 2 processing plants at the 4 stages of broiler processing, which included live birds in slaughter line, postevisceration/prewashing, postwashing/prechilling, and postchilling, respectively. The intraspecific biodiversity of the Salmonella isolates was determined using a DiversiLab automated repetitive sequence‐based PCR (rep‐PCR) system. In both plants, the prevalence of Salmonella increased considerably after evisceration (from 4.6% to 30.8%, P < 0.05) and decreased after washing (from 30.8% to 25.4%, P < 0.05). However, the chilling step had little effect on Salmonella prevalence (from 25.4% to 22.7%, P > 0.05). The most frequent Salmonella serovar in plant A was Infantis (35.8%), followed by Enteritidis (26.2%) and Montevideo (15.0%), while Montevideo (43.6%) and Enteritidis (35.9%) were most prevalent in plant B. A difference in the rep‐PCR banding pattern was found to be related to the processing plant origin and serovar rather than sampling point or sampling day, although there were some exceptional strains.
Stability of Silica‐ and Enzyme‐Treated Palm Oil Under Deep Frying Conditions
Authors: Karim Nur Azwani Ab , Noor Ahmadilfitri Md , Lee Yee‐Ying , Lai Oi‐Ming 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe oxidative and thermal stability of low diglycerides palm oil produced via silica treatment (sPO) and enzymatic treatment (ePO) compared with standard quality palm oil (SQ) and premium quality palm oil (PQ) was investigated. Both of the oils displayed better oxidative stability compared with SQ as well as significantly higher (P < 0.05) thermal resistance and oxidative strength than SQ and PQ due to lower amounts of partial glycerides. Although the initial induction periods (IPs) of sPO and ePO were significantly lower compared with SQ and PQ, both the oils showed slower drops in their IP values. The darkening effect after frying was significantly (P < 0.05) slower in sPO compared with SQ, PQ, and ePO. Besides, there is no difference p > 0.05 in the rate of FFA formation between sPO and PQ. The anisidine value and peroxide values were lowest in sPO, followed by ePO, PQ, and SQ.
Chocolate Milk with Chia Oil: Ideal Sweetness, Sweeteners Equivalence, and Dynamic Sensory Evaluation Using a Time‐Intensity Methodology
Authors: Rodrigues J.B , Paixão J.A. , Cruz A.G. , Bolini H.M.A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe ideal sucrose concentration and equivalent concentrations of the stevia, sucralose, aspartame, and neotame in chocolate milk with chia oil as well as the dynamic behavior of certain sensory attributes were investigated using a time‐intensity methodology. The use of just‐about‐right (JAR) identified an ideal sucrose concentration of 9% (w/w). In addition, the magnitude estimation method showed that stevia had the lowest sweetness power whereas neotame presented the highest. Furthermore, the time‐intensity analysis indicated that there was no significant change between the maximum intensities of the sweetness for any evaluated sweeteners. In general, the desired sensory profile and some economic considerations are decisive on the choice of which sweetener is better to be used in chocolate milk formulation added with chia oil.
Differences in central and non‐central keratoconus, and their effect on the objective screening thresholds for keratoconus
Authors: Prakash Gaurav , Srivastava Dhruv , Choudhuri Sounak , Thirumalai Sandeep Mark , Bacero Ruthchel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the differences in central and non‐central keratoconus (based on cone location), and their effect on the objective screening thresholds for keratoconus.MethodsThis comparative case series was performed at tertiary care cornea and refractive surgery service. Three groups were made: KC apex within central 2 mm (central keratoconus, n = 50), apex outside central 2mm (non‐central keratoconus, n = 50) and normal controls (n = 100, with 50 cases each with apex within and outside central 2 mm). All cases underwent clinical evaluation and corneal topography (CSO, Sirius, Italy). Apex keratometry (ApexK), simulated keratometry at 3 mm (SimK), central corneal thickness (CCT) and minimum corneal thickness (MCT), anterior corneal higher‐order aberrations root mean square (HOARMS), and Zernike's coefficients up to fourth order at different zones were measured.ResultsIn spite of the keratoconic groups having comparable ApexK (p > 0.05), central keratoconus had higher SimK and thinner CCT and MCT (p < 0.001). HOARMS was significantly more for central keratoconus at 3 mm zones. These findings had moderate to large effect size (Cohen's d). Receiver operating curve analysis was carried out to compare central keratoconus and non‐central keratoconus with control group. ApexK and HOARMS had best discriminative parameters. Using single parametric suspicion cut‐offs of ‘either SimK steep >47.2 D or CCT < 491.6 μ’ had a good sensitivity (0.98) for central keratoconus, but not for non‐central keratoconus (0.80). Changing this cut‐off to ‘either SimK steep K ≥ 45.8 D or CCT ≤ 503 μ’ gave a sensitivity and specificity of 0.95 and 0.87 for non‐central keratoconus and 0.99 and 0.87 for central keratoconus.ConclusionNon‐central keratoconus has lesser effect on SimK, pachymetry and smaller‐aperture HOARMS. Using ‘SimK steep >47.2 D or CCT < 491.6 μ’ may miss timely referral for topography in many of these cases. Using more stringent criteria of SimK steep K ≥ 45.8 D or CCT ≤ 503 μ to get a corneal topography done to rule out keratoconus is recommended, especially in cohorts with higher risk.
Lamina cribrosa defects in eyes with glaucomatous disc haemorrhage
Authors: Kim Young Kook , Park Ki Ho 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the frequency of focal abnormalities of the lamina cribrosa (LC) in eyes with glaucomatous disc haemorrhage (DH) using swept‐source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT).MethodsWe analysed 72 glaucomatous eyes with DH (72 subjects) detected by masked grading of stereophotographs along with 63 glaucomatous eyes without DH (63 subjects) consecutively recruited from the cohort of DH Study from Seoul National University Hospital. All of the subjects underwent stereoscopic optic disc photography and in vivo SS‐OCT LC imaging based on a customized optic disc scanning protocol (Topcon, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Two masked graders evaluated each eye's serial en face images for focal LC defects. En face image/optic disc photograph overlay images were evaluated to determine the relationship between the respective focal LC defect and DH locations.ResultsAmong the eyes with DH, the proportion with ≥1 LC defect was 80.6% (58 of 72 eyes), significantly higher than that for eyes without DH (39.7%, 25 of 63 eyes; p < 0.001). In the 58 eyes with DH and ≥1 LC defect, the location of the focal LC defect corresponded with that of the RNFL defect in 47 eyes (81.0%), and the location of the focal LC defect corresponded with the DH in 36 eyes (62.1%).ConclusionsFocal LC defects are more frequently visible in eyes with glaucomatous DH than in eyes without DH. DH and LC defects, moreover, are often spatially correlated. These findings suggest that DH is associated with focal abnormalities of the LC.
Eye Movements Reveal Mental Looking Through Time
Authors: Stocker Kurt , Hartmann Matthias , Martarelli Corinna S. , Mast Fred W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPeople often make use of a spatial “mental time line” to represent events in time. We investigated whether the eyes follow such a mental time line during online language comprehension of sentences that refer to the past, present, and future. Participants' eye movements were measured on a blank screen while they listened to these sentences. Saccade direction revealed that the future is mapped higher up in space than the past. Moreover, fewer saccades were made when two events are simultaneously taking place at the present moment compared to two events that are happening in different points in time. This is the first evidence that oculomotor correlates reflect mental looking along an abstract invisible time line during online language comprehension about time. Our results support the idea that observing eye movements is likely to “detect” invisible spatial scaffoldings which are involved in cognitively processing abstract meaning, even when the abstract meaning lacks an explicit spatial correlate. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Bargaining within the Supply Chain and Its Implications in an Industry
Authors: Baron Opher , Berman Oded , Wu Desheng 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTOur main objective is to investigate the influence of the bargaining power within a chain on its industry. As a building block, we first discuss the implications of bargaining within a single chain by considering an asymmetric Nash bargaining over the wholesale price (BW). We show that both Manufacturer Stackelberg (MS) and vertical integration (VI) strategies are special cases of the BW contract. We then develop the Nash equilibrium in an industry with two supply chains that use BW. We identify the profit‐maximizing (coordinating) bargaining power within this industry. We show that when a chain is not monopolistic, VI does not coordinate the chain and that the MS contract, where the manufacturer has all the bargaining power, is coordinating when competition is intense. We find that the main determinant of the equilibrium in mature industries is to respond well to the actions of the competing chain rather than to directly maximize the profit of each chain. That is, the equilibrium does not necessarily maximize the profit of the entire industry. While a coordination of the industry could then increase the profitability of both chains, such a coordination is likely against antitrust law. Moreover, if one chain cannot change its actions, the other chain may unilaterally improve its profitability by deviating from the equilibrium. Our results lead to several predictions supported by empirical findings, such as that in competitive industries chains will work “close to” the MS contract.
Alignment of classification paradigms for communication abilities in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Hustad Katherine C , Oakes Ashley , McFadd Emily , Allison Kristen M 
Published: November 2015

AimWe examined three communication ability classification paradigms for children with cerebral palsy (CP): the Communication Function Classification System (CFCS), the Viking Speech Scale (VSS), and the Speech Language Profile Groups (SLPG). Questions addressed interjudge reliability, whether the VSS and the CFCS captured impairments in speech and language, and whether there were differences in speech intelligibility among levels within each classification paradigm.MethodEighty children (42 males, 38 females) with a range of types and severity levels of CP participated (mean age 60mo, range 50–72mo [SD 5mo]). Two speech‐language pathologists classified each child via parent–child interaction samples and previous experience with the children for the CFCS and VSS, and using quantitative speech and language assessment data for the SLPG. Intelligibility scores were obtained using standard clinical intelligibility measurement.ResultsKappa values were 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55–0.79) for the CFCS, 0.82 (95% CI 0.72–0.92) for the VSS, and 0.95 (95% CI 0.72–0.92) for the SLPG. Descriptively, reliability within levels of each paradigm varied, with the lowest agreement occurring within the CFCS at levels II (42%), III (40%), and IV (61%). Neither the CFCS nor the VSS were sensitive to language impairments captured by the SLPG. Significant differences in speech intelligibility were found among levels for all classification paradigms.InterpretationMultiple tools are necessary to understand speech, language, and communication profiles in children with CP. Characterization of abilities at all levels of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health will advance our understanding of the ways that speech, language, and communication abilities present in children with CP.
Efficacy of two mouthwashes on 3‐day supragingival plaque regrowth: a randomized crossover clinical trial
Authors: Marchetti E , Casalena F , Capestro A , Tecco S , Mattei A , Marzo G 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the antiplaque effects of an alcohol‐free essential oil (alcohol‐free EO) mouthwash and an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride with zinc lactate (SnFl‐Zn) mouthwash compared to a positive control of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash, using an in vivo plaque regrowth model of 3 days.Materials and methodsThe study was designed as a double‐masked, randomized, crossover clinical trial, involving 20 volunteers to compare two different mouthwashes, using a 3‐day plaque accumulation model. After receiving thorough professional prophylaxis at baseline, over the next 3 days, each volunteer refrained from all oral hygiene measures and performed two daily rinses with 20 ml of the test mouthwashes. A 0.20% CHX rinse served as a positive control. At the end of each experimental period, plaque was assessed, and the panellists completed a questionnaire. Each subject underwent a 14‐day washout period, and then, there was another allocation.ResultsThe SnFl‐Zn mouthwash has shown a better inhibitory activity on plaque regrowth compared to the alcohol‐free EO mouthwash in the whole mouth (plaque index = 1.93 against 2.45, respectively), but there was less of an effect compared to the CHX group, with an overall plaque index of 1.41. The differences of 0.52 between alcohol‐free EO and SnFl‐Zn and between SnFl‐Zn and CHX and of 0.96 between alcohol‐free EO and CHX were all statistically significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe alcohol‐free EO mouthwash seemed to have less of an inhibiting effect on plaque regrowth than the amine fluoride/SnFl‐Zn mouthwash and the CHX control.
Derogating obese individuals: the role of blame, contempt, and disgust
Authors: Wirtz Coen , van der Pligt Joop , Doosje Bertjan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWeight stigma is pervasive and has profound negative consequences for obese individuals. The attribution‐emotion approach of stigmatization holds that blame attributions relate to derogation stigmatized groups indirectly through anger and pity. Other research suggests that disgust is related to weight stigma. In the present studies, we investigate whether contempt is a reliable predictor of biases against obese individuals. Study 1 (N = 297) shows that contempt partially mediates the relation between blame and both prejudice and support for weight related discrimination policies. Studies 2 and 3 (total N = 406) added disgust and show that both contempt and disgust relate to social distance and prejudice. Contempt mediated the relation between blame and negative reactions toward obese individuals, even after controlling for other emotions, while disgust only mediated these relations in Study 2. Anger and pity did not show this mediating role, but pity was moderately associated with weight bias. Contempt is likely to play an important role in how people react to members of this stigmatized group.
The role of western Mediterranean islands in the evolutionary diversification of the spotted flycatcher Muscicapa striata, a long‐distance migratory passerine species
Authors: Pons J.‐M. , Thibault J.‐C. , Aymí R. , Grussu M. , Muntaner J. , Olioso G. , Sunyer J. R. , Touihri M. , Fuchs J. 
Published: November 2015

We investigated the evolutionary history of the spotted flycatcher Muscicapa striata, a long distance migratory passerine having a widespread range, using mitochondrial markers and nuclear introns. Our mitochondrial results reveal the existence of one insular lineage restricted to the western Mediterranean islands (Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia) and possibly to the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy that diverged from the mainland lineages around 1 Mya. Mitochondrial genetic distance between insular and mainland lineages is around 3.5%. Limited levels of shared nuclear alleles among insular and mainland populations further support the genetic distinctiveness of insular spotted flycatchers with respect to their mainland counterparts. Moreover, lack of mitochondrial haplotypes sharing between Balearic birds (M. s. balearica) and Corso‐Sardinian birds (M. s. tyrrhenica) suggest the absence of recent matrilineal gene flow between these two insular subspecies. Accordingly, we suggest that insular spotted flycatchers could be treated as one polytypic species (Muscicapa tyrrhenica) that differs from M. striata in morphology, migration, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and comprises two subspecies (the nominate and M. t. balearica) that diverged recently phenotypically and in mitochondrial DNA and but still share the same nuclear alleles.This study provides an interesting case‐study illustrating the crucial role of western Mediterranean islands in the evolution of a passerine showing high dispersal capabilities. Our genetic results highlight the role of glacial refugia of these islands that allowed initial allopatric divergence of insular populations. We hypothesize that differences in migratory and breeding phenology may prevent any current gene flow between insular and mainland populations of the spotted flycatcher that temporarily share the same insular habitats during the spring migration.
Charging up Battery Recycling Policies: Extended Producer Responsibility for Single‐Use Batteries in the European Union, Canada, and the United States
Authors: Turner James Morton , Nugent Leah M. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryExtended producer responsibility (EPR) policies have proven effective at raising consumer awareness, expanding waste collection infrastructure, and shifting costs of end‐of‐life (EOL) management from municipalities to stewardship organizations. Yet, such policies have been less successful in advancing waste management programs that ensure a net environmental benefit. This article analyzes how EPR policies for single‐use batteries in the European Union (EU), Canada, and the United States address the environmental costs and benefits of EOL management. Considering these EPR policies is instructive, because single‐use batteries have high collection costs and are of relatively low economic value for waste processors. Without deliberate planning, the environmental burdens of collecting and recycling such batteries may exceed the benefits. This article considers how EPR policies for single‐use batteries integrate performance requirements such as collection rates, recycling efficiencies, and best available techniques. It argues that for such policies to be effective, they need to be extended to address waste collection practices, the life cycle consequences of EOL management, and the quality of recovered materials. Such strategies are relevant to EPR policies for other products with marginal secondary value, including some textiles, plastics, and other types of electronic waste.
New pathways for improved quantification of energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectra of semiconductors with multiple X‐ray lines from thin foils investigated in transmission electron microscopy
Authors: PARRI M.C. , QIU Y. , WALTHER T. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryTheoretical approaches to quantify the chemical composition of bulk and thin‐layer specimens using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope are compared to experiments investigating (In)GaAs and Si(Ge) semiconductors. Absorption correctors can be improved by varying the take‐off angle to determine the depth of features within the foil or the samples thickness, or by definition of effective k‐factors that can be obtained from plots of k‐factors versus foil thickness or, preferably, versus the K/L intensity ratio for a suitable element. The latter procedure yields plots of self‐consistent absorption corrections that can be used to determine the chemical composition, iteratively for SiGe using a set of calibration curves or directly from a single calibration curve for InGaAs, for single X‐ray spectra without knowledge of sample thickness, density or mass absorption coefficients.
Faculty Performance on the Genomic Nursing Concept Inventory
Authors: Read Catherine Y. , Ward Linda D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPurposeTo use the newly developed Genomic Nursing Concept Inventory (GNCI) to evaluate faculty understanding of foundational genomic concepts, explore relative areas of strength and weakness, and compare the results with those of a student sample.DesignAn anonymous online survey instrument consisting of demographic or background items and the 31 multiple‐choice questions that make up the GNCI was completed by 495 nursing faculty from across the United States in the fall of 2014.MethodsTotal GNCI score and scores on four subcategories (genome basics, mutations, inheritance, genomic health) were calculated. Relationships between demographic or background variables and total GNCI score were explored.FindingsThe mean score on the GNCI was 14.93 (SD = 5.31), or 48% correct; topical category scores were highest on the inheritance and genomic health items (59% and 58% correct, respectively), moderate on the mutations items (54% correct), and lowest on the genome basics items (33% correct). These results are strikingly similar to those of a recent study of nursing students. Factors associated with a higher total score on the GNCI included higher self‐rated proficiency with genetic/genomic content, having a doctoral degree, having taken a genetics course for academic credit or continuing education, and having taught either a stand‐alone genetic/genomic course or lecture content as part of nursing or related course. Self‐rated proficiency with genetic/genomic content was fair or poor (70%), with only 7% rating their proficiency as very good or excellent.ConclusionsFaculty knowledge of foundational genomic concepts is similar to that of the students they teach and weakest in the areas related to basic science information.Clinical RelevanceGenomics is increasingly relevant in all areas of clinical nursing practice, and the faculty charged with educating the next generation of nurses must understand foundational concepts. Faculty need to be proactive in seeking out relevant educational programs that include basic genetic/genomic concepts.