bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Dignitizing” Free Speech in Israel: The Impact of the Constitutional Revolution on Free Speech Protection
Authors: Carmi Guy E. 
Published: December 2012

This article examines the changes in the approach to the analysis of free speech rights in Israel. It demonstrates the growing shift from the American liberty-based influence in the 1980s to a more dignity-based, and principally Canadian- and German-inspired, model following the adoption of the partial bill of rights in the 1990s. This is demonstrated both by a statistical analysis of the Israeli Supreme Court free speech rulings in the past thirty years and by a substantive analysis of recent rulings in the areas of prior restraint, pornography, and libel.
The statistical findings demonstrate that while human dignity rarely played a role in free speech rulings in the past, it plays a significant role today. Another indication of the “dignitization process” lies in the reference to foreign rulings. Moreover, a substantive examination of the Israeli Supreme Court’s free speech rulings from the last decade reveals the dignitization process both in rhetoric and outcomes.
This article offers a means of strengthening the protection that free speech receives in Israel by divorcing the constitutional protection of free speech from the concept of human dignity, and by focusing on the value of liberty. This can be achieved by the incorporation of the unenumerated right to free speech via the liberty clause within Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty.
L’abus de droit : l’anténorme — Partie 1
Authors: Moyse Pierre-Emmanuel 
Published: December 2012

La théorie de l’abus de droit est une théorie de la législation. Elle a pour objectif d’encadrer l’application des droits prescrits par les lois. Le titulaire d’un droit engage sa responsabilité lorsque l’acte qu’il autorise ordinairement est animé par l’intention de nuire. C’est là la formule du Code civil du Québec qui, en 1994, en a consacré le principe. Le principe de responsabilité que pose l’abus demeure toutefois problématique en ce sens qu’il vise des activités que la loi permet a priori. La théorie de l’abus donne en effet aux tribunaux le moyen de lever cette immunité de sorte que l’acte pourtant conforme à la lettre de la loi devient contraire à son esprit, c’est-à-dire au droit. C’est en ce sens que l’on peut dire que l’abus est l’anténorme. Ce principe de superlégalité donne une place de premier plan au pouvoir judiciaire : « par la jurisprudence, mais au-delà de la jurisprudence », écrivait Josserand. Il ne s’agit pas de donner aux tribunaux le droit de légiférer, mais plutôt d’éviter, dans des cas exceptionnels, la tyrannie des droits. L’étude de la théorie de l’abus de droit nous invite à redécouvrir les premiers mouvements de la pensée socialisante du début du vingtième siècle. Est abusif l’usage asocial d’un droit individuel. L’abus doit être ainsi replacé dans le contexte d’une doctrine civiliste fleurissante qui s’inscrit contre la méthode de l’exégèse et le subjectivisme juridique. Mais l’intérêt de son étude n’est pas simplement historique. Elle offre l’hypothèse particulièrement attrayante d’une nouvelle application. Né à une époque où le juriste s’interroge sur les imperfections d’une législation qui se complexifie, l’abus semble tout particulièrement adapté pour s’appliquer dans des disciplines fortement réglementées et sujettes au changement, telle la propriété intellectuelle ; une matière dont on déplore régulièrement les dérives et les abus. Ce texte est la première partie d’un article publié en deux numéros.
Les rapports entre la constitution et les accords politiques dans les États africains : Réflexion sur la légalité constitutionnelle en période de crise
Authors: Mambo Paterne 
Published: December 2012

Depuis l’avènement du multipartisme dans certains États africains, des crises plus ou moins violentes y agitent régulièrement la scène politique. Les désaccords entre les gouvernants et l’opposition créent un climat de tensions permanentes, débouchant quelquefois sur des confrontations armées d’une rare violence.
Les acteurs politiques africains recourent assez fréquemment à des accords et autres compromis pour sortir des crises nées de leurs désaccords. Ces arrangements politiques comportent souvent un contenu juridique destiné à pallier les insuffisances et les lacunes de la constitution, dont l’instrumentalisation par le pouvoir exécutif est l’une des causes du malaise des sociétés politiques africaines.
La relation entre la constitution et les conventions politiques en période de crise pose problème. Elle se révèle être une relation à la fois conflictuelle et pacifique, dont les manifestations dépendent des règles en présence. La grille de lecture de l’analyse constitutionnelle classique se trouve affectée par le caractère atypique de cette normativité constitutionnelle pénétrée par la politique. La pyramide des normes, en particulier, est bouleversée par ces accords politiques qui, dans certains cas, sont prioritaires par rapport à la constitution. Cette hétérodoxie normative, dans laquelle la norme constitutionnelle semble affaiblie, a néanmoins l’intérêt de favoriser parfois son enrichissement par la norme politique.
A sensitive and specific diagnostic test for hearing loss using a microdroplet PCR‐based approach and next generation sequencing
Authors: Schrauwen Isabelle , Sommen Manou , Corneveaux Jason J. , Reiman Rebecca A. , Hackett Nicole J. , Claes Charlotte , Claes Kathleen , Bitner‐Glindzicz Maria , Coucke Paul , Van Camp Guy , Huentelman Matthew J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractImplementing DNA diagnostics in clinical practice for extremely heterogeneous diseases such as hearing loss is challenging, especially when attempting to reach high sensitivity and specificity in a cost‐effective fashion. Next generation sequencing has enabled the development of such a test, but the most commonly used genomic target enrichment methods such as hybridization‐based capture suffer from restrictions. In this study, we have adopted a new flexible approach using microdroplet PCR‐based technology for target enrichment, in combination with massive parallel sequencing to develop a DNA diagnostic test for autosomal recessive hereditary hearing loss. This approach enabled us to identify the genetic basis of hearing loss in 9 of 24 patients, a success rate of 37.5%. Our method also proved to have high sensitivity and specificity. Currently, routine molecular genetic diagnostic testing for deafness is in most cases only performed for the GJB2 gene and a positive result is typically only obtained in 10–20% of deaf children. Individuals with mutations in GJB2 had already been excluded in our selected set of 24 patients. Therefore, we anticipate that our deafness test may lead to a genetic diagnosis in roughly 50% of unscreened autosomal recessive deafness cases. We propose that this diagnostic testing approach represents a significant improvement in clinical practice as a standard diagnostic tool for children with hearing loss. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fakten sind der Feind der Wahrheit – Betrachtungen über Zufallsentdeckungen und ungeahnte Entwicklungen der asymmetrischen Katalyse
Authors: Noyori Ryoji 
Published: December 2012

Abstract“Der Zufall begünstigt nur den vorbereiteten Geist”, sagte Louis Pasteur. Zufallsereignisse, die dem Weg der Wissenschaft eine neue Richtung geben, geschehen oft infolge von Handlungen passionierter Individuen mit unverwechselbarem kulturellen und erzieherischen Hintergrund, einem ursprünglichen Wertempfinden und festen Prinzipien. Wissenschaft ist die Quelle menschlichen Wissens und besitzt einen unverzichtbaren kulturellen Wert. Wissenschaftsbasierte Technologien und die aus ihnen abgeleiteten Innovationen sind die Grundlage der zivilisierten Gesellschaft, in der wir heute leben. Alle wissenschaftlichen Bestrebungen beginnen mit Beobachtungen oder Fakten. Das eigentliche Ziel der Forschungsaktivität ist es aber, das gesammelte Wissen in etwas umzuwandeln, das neuen technologischen, ökonomischen oder sozialen Wert hat. Innovation ist ein entscheidender Aspekt, der den Fortbestand der Menschheit gewährleistet. Und wie die 50 Jahre meiner Forschung zeigen, wird das Umwandeln von Fakten in Werte durch den Dialog erleichtert. Wissenschaftler können die notwendige Gesamterfahrung nur erwerben, wenn sie in laufendem Gespräch mit den Gesellschaften, in deren Dienst sie stehen, sowie mit ihren Kollegen in anderen Nationen bleiben.
Wie Thiostrepton im Labor synthetisiert wurde
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThiostrepton, ein zu der Klasse der Thiopeptide gehörendes potentes Antibiotikum, wurde zum ersten Mal im Jahre 2004 im Zuge einer anstrengenden Kampagne mit neuen Strategien und Taktiken, Umwegen und unerwarteten Hindernissen im Labor synthetisiert. In diesem Aufsatz schildert der Autor die lange Reise zum Erfolg, die Odysseus’ Rückkehr nach Ithaka nicht unähnlich war und voller Abenteuer, Wissen und Weisheit steckte.
Inspiriert vom Schreibstil Mahaffys1 hat sich der Autor einige Freiheiten mit dem Stil genommen, in dem dieser Aufsatz geschrieben ist.
Einhundert Jahre Vitamine – eine naturwissenschaftliche Erfolgsgeschichte
Authors: Eggersdorfer Manfred , Laudert Dietmar , Létinois Ulla , McClymont Tom , Medlock Jonathan , Netscher Thomas , Bonrath Werner 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDie Entdeckung der Vitamine als lebenswichtige Verbindungen in der Nahrung vor 100 Jahren stellte einen wissenschaftlichen Durchbruch dar, der die Welt veränderte. Die Erkenntnis, dass sich früher weit verbreitete Krankheiten wie Skorbut, Pellagra, Rachitis und Beriberi durch eine ausgewogene Ernährung vermeiden oder heilen lassen, hatte einschneidende Auswirkungen auf Gesellschaft und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung. Dieser Aufsatz fasst Schlüsselerfolge in Entwicklung und industrieller Herstellung von acht der insgesamt dreizehn Vitamine zusammen.
Vom Aufkommen des Molekülkonzepts zur Kunst der Molekülsynthese
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIm Kern der chemischen Wissenschaft liegen die Struktur des Moleküls, die Kunst der Molekülsynthese und der Entwurf einer Funktion in ihr. Diese Eigenschaften machen die Chemie zu einer essentiellen, unentbehrlichen und mächtigen Disziplin, deren Einfluss auf die Bio‐ und Materialwissenschaften überragend und unbestreitbar ist und stetig zunimmt. In der Tat treibt die Kombination aus Struktur, Synthese und Funktion die Wissenschaft an vielen Fronten voran, einschließlich Wirkstoffdesign und Wirkstoffentwicklung, Biologie und Biotechnologie, Materialwissenschaften und Nanotechnologie. Was Struktur und Funktion verbindet, ist die Synthese, deren Vorzeigedisziplin die Totalsynthese ist – die Kunst, die Moleküle der Natur und deren Derivate aufzubauen. Die Leistungsfähigkeit der chemischen Synthese spiegelt sich zu jeder Zeit im Stand der Totalsynthese wider. In diesem Essay werden das Verständnis der Molekülstruktur, die Entdeckung der organischen Synthese und die Kunst der Totalsynthese vom 19. Jahrhundert bis zum heutigen Tage verfolgt.
Facts are the Enemy of Truth—Reflections on Serendipitous Discovery and Unforeseen Developments in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Noyori Ryoji 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAs Louis Pasteur said, “Chance favors only a prepared mind.” Serendipitous events reorienting the pathway of science often occur through the actions of dedicated individuals with unique cultural and educational backgrounds, an original sense of values, and firm principles. Science is the fountainhead of human knowledge and possesses an indispensable cultural value. Science‐based technologies and the innovations derived from them are the foundation of the civilized society in which we live today. All scientific endeavors begin with observations, or facts. However, the real goal of research activity is to convert accumulated knowledge to something with new technological, economic, or social value. Innovation is an essential aspect to assure the continued survival of humanity. And often, as my half‐century of research reflects, the act of turning facts into values is facilitated by dialogue. Thus, to acquire the necessary combined wisdom, scientists must have ongoing conversations with the societies they serve, as well as with their counterparts in other nations.
Impact of the Synergistic Collaboration of Oligothiophene Bridges and Ruthenium Complexes on the Optical Properties of Dumbbell‐Shaped Compounds
Authors: Costa Rubén D. , Aragó Juan , Ortí Enrique , Pappenfus Ted M. , Mann Kent R. , Matczyszyn Katarzyna , Samoc Marek , Zafra José L. , López Navarrete Juan T. , Casado Juan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe linear and non‐linear optical properties of a family of dumbbell‐shaped dinuclear complexes, in which an oligothiophene chain with various numbers of rings (1, 3, and 6) acts as a bridge between two homoleptic tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes, have been fully investigated by using a range of spectroscopic techniques (absorption and luminescence, transient absorption, Raman, and non‐linear absorption), together with density functional theory calculations. Our results shed light on the impact of the synergistic collaboration between the electronic structures of the two chemical moieties on the optical properties of these materials. Experiments on the linear optical properties of these compounds indicated that the length of the oligothiophene bridge was critical for luminescent behavior. Indeed, no emission was detected for compounds with long oligothiophene bridges (compounds 3 and 4, with 3 and 6 thiophene rings, respectively), owing to the presence of the 3ππ* state of the conjugated bridge below the 3MLCT‐emitting states of the end‐capping RuII complexes. In contrast, the compound with the shortest bridge (2, one thiophene ring) shows excellent photophysical features. Non‐linear optical experiments showed that the investigated compounds were strong non‐linear absorbers in wide energy ranges. Indeed, their non‐linear absorption was augmented upon increasing the length of the oligothiophene bridge. In particular, the compound with the longest oligothiophene bridge not only showed strong two‐photon absorption (TPA) but also noteworthy three‐photon‐absorption behavior, with a cross‐section value of 4×10−78 cm6 s2 at 1450 nm. This characteristic was complemented by the strong excited‐state absorption (ESA) that was observed for compounds 3 and 4. As a matter of fact, the overlap between the non‐linear absorption and ESA establishes compounds 3 and 4 as good candidates for optical‐power‐limiting applications.
Surface‐Mediated Synthesis of Dimeric Rhodium Catalysts on MgO: Tracking Changes in the Nuclearity and Ligand Environment of the Catalytically Active Sites by X‐ray Absorption and Infrared Spectroscopies
Authors: Yardimci Dicle , Serna Pedro , Gates Bruce C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe preparation of dinuclear rhodium clusters and their use as catalysts is challenging because these clusters are unstable, evolving readily into species with higher nuclearities. We now present a novel synthetic route to generate rhodium dimers on the surface of MgO by a stoichiometrically simple surface‐mediated reaction involving [Rh(C2H4)2] species and H2. X‐ray absorption and IR spectra were used to characterize the changes in the nuclearity of the essentially molecular surface species as they formed, including the ligands on the rhodium and the metal‐support interactions. The support plays a key role in stabilizing the dinuclear rhodium species, allowing the incorporation of small ligands (ethyl, hydride, and/or CO) and enabling a characterization of the catalytic performance of the supported species for the hydrogenation of ethylene as a function of the metal nuclearity and ligand environment. A change in the nuclearity from one to two Rh atoms leads to a 58‐fold increase in the catalytic activity for ethylene hydrogenation, a reaction involving unsaturated, but stable, dimeric rhodium species.
Metformin intake is associated with better survival in ovarian cancer
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Meuter Alexandra , Thapa Prabin , Langstraat Carrie , Giri Shailendra , Chien Jeremy , Rattan Ramandeep , Cliby William , Shridhar Viji 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:The objective of this case‐control study was to identify any association of metformin intake with the survival of patients with ovarian cancer.METHODS:In this retrospective case‐control study, women with ovarian cancer who received metformin (cases) were compared with women with ovarian cancer who did not receive metformin (controls). A 2‐layered analysis was conducted. In preliminary analysis, all cases (the OC cohort) were compared with controls at a 1:2 ratio. Subsequently, in definitive analysis, only patients who had epithelial ovarian cancer (the EOC cohort) were compared with controls at a 1:3 ratio. In the EOC cohort, cases were matched with controls for age (±5 years), International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, and residual disease. Prognostic variables and disease specific survival were compared using chi‐square tests, the Kaplan‐Meier (log‐rank) method, and Cox proportional hazards analysis.RESULTS:In a preliminary analysis of the OC cohort (72 cases and 143 controls), cases had better survival (5‐year disease‐specific survival for cases vs controls, 73% vs 44%; P = .0002). In the definitive analysis of the EOC cohort (61 cases and 178 controls), the distribution of age, disease stage, optimal cytoreduction, serous histology, and platinum chemotherapy remained similar between cases and controls (P > .05). Despite these similarities, cases had significantly better survival (5‐year disease‐specific survival for cases vs controls, 67% vs 47%; P = .007). On multivariate analysis, metformin remained an independent predictor of survival (hazard ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2‐3.8; P = .007) after controlling for disease stage, grade, histology, chemotherapy, body mass index, and surgical cytoreduction.CONCLUSIONS:The results of this study indicated an association of metformin intake with survival in patients with ovarian cancer. The receipt of metformin was associated with better survival, and the authors concluded that metformin is worthy of clinical trials in ovarian cancer. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Microsolvation of the 4‐Aminobenzonitrile Cation (ABN+) in a Nonpolar Solvent: IR Spectra of ABN+Ln (L=Ar and N2, n≤4)
Authors: Schmies Matthias , Patzer Alexander , Kruppe Sarah , Miyazaki Mitsuhiko , Ishiuchi Shun‐ichi , Fujii Masaaki , Dopfer Otto 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIR photodissociation (IRPD) spectra of mass‐selected cluster ions of 4‐aminobenzonitrile (ABN+) with up to four Ar and N2 ligands are recorded over the spectral range of the NH stretching vibrations (νs/a) of ABN+ in its 2B1 ground electronic state. ABN+Ln clusters are produced in an electron impact cluster ion source, which predominantly generates the most stable isomer of a given cluster ion. Vibrational frequency shifts of νs/a provide information about the sequential microsolvation process of ABN+ in a nonpolar solvent. In ABN+(N2)n, the first two ligands fill a first subshell by forming hydrogen bonds to the acidic protons of the amino group, whereas further ligands bind more weakly to the aromatic ring (π bonds). Although the preferred cluster growth sequence in ABN+Arn is similar, several isomers are observed because the hydrogen bonds are only slightly stronger than the π bonds. Quantum chemical calculations at the M06‐2X/aug‐cc‐pVTZ level confirm the cluster growth sequence derived from the IR spectra and provide further details of the intermolecular potential. The calculated binding energies of D0(H)=532 and 895 cm−1 for hydrogen‐bonded and D0(π)=512 and 530 cm−1 for π‐bonded Ar and N2 ligands are consistent with the observed photofragmentation branching ratios. Comparison between ABN+Ln and the corresponding clusters with the aniline cation demonstrates that the NH protons of the amino group become slightly more acidic upon H→CN substitution at the para position. Comparison between charged and neutral ABN(+)L dimers indicates that ionization switches the preferred ion–ligand binding motif from π to hydrogen bonding.
Capacity Decay and Remediation of Nafion‐based All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Luo Qingtao , Li Liyu , Wang Wei , Nie Zimin , Wei Xiaoliang , Li Bin , Chen Baowei , Yang Zhenguo , Sprenkle Vincent 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe relationship between electrochemical performance of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs) and electrolyte composition is investigated, and the reasons for capacity decay over charge–discharge cycling are analyzed and discussed herein. The results show that the reasons for capacity fading over real charge–discharge cycling include not only the imbalanced vanadium active species, but also the asymmetrical valence of vanadium ions in positive and negative electrolytes. The asymmetrical valence of vanadium ions leads to a state‐of‐charge (SOC)‐range decrease in positive electrolytes and a SOC‐range increase in negative electrolytes. As a result, the higher SOC range in negative half‐cells further aggravates capacity fading by creating a higher overpotential and possible hydrogen evolution. Based on this finding, we developed two methods for restoring lost capacity, thereby enabling long‐term operation of VRBs to be achieved without the substantial loss of energy resulting from periodic total remixing of electrolytes.
LINK BETWEEN PAY FOR PERFORMANCE INCENTIVES AND PHYSICIAN PAYMENT MECHANISMS: EVIDENCE FROM THE DIABETES MANAGEMENT INCENTIVE IN ONTARIO
Authors: Kantarevic Jasmin , Kralj Boris 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTPay for performance (P4P) incentives for physicians are generally designed as additional payments that can be paired with any existing payment mechanism such as a salary, fee‐for‐services and capitation. However, the link between the physician response to performance incentives and the existing payment mechanisms is still not well understood. In this article, we study this link using the recent primary care physician payment reform in Ontario as a natural experiment and the Diabetes Management Incentive as a case study. Using a comprehensive administrative data strategy and a difference‐in‐differences matching strategy, we find that physicians in a blended capitation model are more responsive to the Diabetes Management Incentive than physicians in an enhanced fee‐for‐service model. We show that this result implies that the optimal size of P4P incentives vary negatively with the degree of supply‐side cost‐sharing. These results have important implications for the design of P4P programs and the cost of their implementation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.