bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outpatient prescription practices in rural township health centers in Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Jiang Qian , Yu Bo Nancy , Ying Guiying , Liao Jiaqiang , Gan Huaping , Blanchard James , Zhang Juying 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
Sichuan Province is an agricultural and economically developing province in western China. To understand practices of prescribing medications for outpatients in rural township health centers is important for the development of the rural medical and health services in this province and western China.

Methods
This is an observational study based on data from the 4th National Health Services Survey of China. A total of 3,059 prescriptions from 30 township health centers in Sichuan Province were collected and analyzed. Seven indicators were employed in the analyses to characterize the prescription practices. They are disease distribution, average cost per encounter, number of medications per encounter, percentage of encounters with antibiotics, percentage of encounters with glucocorticoids, percentage of encounters with combined glucocorticoids and antibiotics, and percentage of encounters with injections.

Results
The average medication cost per encounter was 16.30 Yuan ($2.59). About 60% of the prescriptions contained Chinese patent medicine (CPM), and almost all prescriptions (98.07%) contained western medicine. 85.18% of the prescriptions contained antibiotics, of which, 24.98% contained two or more types of antibiotics; the percentage of prescriptions with glucocorticoids was 19.99%; the percentage of prescriptions with both glucocorticoids and antibiotics was 16.67%; 51.40% of the prescriptions included injections, of which, 39.90% included two or more injections.

Conclusions
The findings from this study demonstrated irrational medication uses of antibiotics, glucocorticoids and injections prescribed for outpatients in the rural township health centers in Sichuan Province. The reasons for irrational medication uses are not only solely due to the pursuit of maximizing benefits in the township health centers, but also more likely attributable to the lack of medical knowledge of rational medication uses among rural doctors and the lack of medical devices for disease diagnosis in those township health centers. The policy implication from this study is to enhance professional training in rational medication uses for rural doctors, improve hardware facilities for township health centers, promote health education to rural residents and establish a public reporting system to monitor prescription practices in rural township health centers, etc.
A global model of malaria climate sensitivity: comparing malaria response to historic climate data based on simulation and officially reported malaria incidence
Authors: Edlund Stefan , Davis Matthew , Douglas Judith V , Kershenbaum Arik , Waraporn Narongrit , Lessler Justin , Kaufman James H 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe role of theAnophelesvector in malaria transmission and the effect of climate onAnophelespopulations are well established. Models of the impact of climate change on the global malaria burden now have access to high-resolution climate data, but malaria surveillance data tends to be less precise, making model calibration problematic. Measurement of malaria response tofluctuationsin climate variables offers a way to address these difficulties. Given the demonstrated sensitivity of malaria transmission to vector capacity, this work tests response functions to fluctuations in land surface temperature and precipitation.MethodsThis study of regional sensitivity of malaria incidence to year-to-year climate variations used an extended Macdonald Ross compartmental disease model (to compute malaria incidence) built on top of a globalAnophelesvector capacity model (based on 10 years of satellite climate data). The predicted incidence was compared with estimates from the World Health Organization and the Malaria Atlas. The models and denominator data used are freely available through the Eclipse Foundation’s Spatiotemporal Epidemiological Modeller (STEM).ResultsAlthough the absolute scale factor relating reported malaria to absolute incidence is uncertain, there is a positive correlation between predicted and reported year-to-year variation in malaria burden with an averaged root mean square (RMS) error of 25% comparing normalized incidence across 86 countries. Based on this, the proposed measure of sensitivity of malaria to variations in climate variables indicates locations where malaria is most likely to increase or decrease in response to specific climate factors. Bootstrapping measures the increased uncertainty in predicting malaria sensitivity when reporting is restricted to national level and an annual basis. Results indicate a potential 20x improvement in accuracy if data were available at the level ISO 3166–2 national subdivisions and with monthly time sampling.ConclusionsThe high spatial resolution possible with state-of-the-art numerical models can identify regions most likely to require intervention due to climate changes. Higher-resolution surveillance data can provide a better understanding of how climate fluctuations affect malaria incidence and improve predictions. An open-source modelling framework, such as STEM, can be a valuable tool for the scientific community and provide a collaborative platform for developing such models.
Comparative effects of amlodipine and benazepril on Left Atrial Pressure in Dogs with experimentally-induced Mitral Valve Regurgitation
Authors: Suzuki Shuji , Fukushima Ryuji , Ishikawa Taisuke , Yamamoto Yuta , Hamabe Lina , Kim Soomin , Yoshiyuki Rieko , Machida Noboru , Tanaka Ryou 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
One of the purposes of treatment for dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR) is lowering left atrial pressure (LAP). There has been few study of the amlodipine in dogs with MR and amlodipine’s effect on LAP has not been fully evaluated in a quantitative manner because of difficulties in directly measuring LAP. The objective of our study was to compare the short-term effects of amlodipine (0.2 mg/kg PO q12h) vs benazepril (0.5 mg/kg PO q12h), on LAP and echocardiographic parameters in five beagle dogs with experimentally-induced MR. LAP of eight dogs that has own control were measured using radiotelemetry system at baseline and again on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 of the drug administration.

Results
Mean LAP decreased significantly after amlodipine (11.20 ± 4.19 mmHg vs 14.61 ± 3.81 mmHg at baseline, p < .01) but not after benazepril treatment (13.19 ± 3.47 mmHg, p > .05). LAP was lower after 7 days of amlodipine treatment than after 7 days of benazepril treatment. Significant reduction was seen for the first time 4 days after the administration amlodipine. The rate of the maximal area of the regurgitant jet signals to the left atrium area (ARJ/LAA) of the amlodipine treatment was significantly lower (p < .05) after 7 days compared to baseline. Other echocardiographic parameters did not change significantly.

Conclusions
LAP was significantly decreased after amlodipine treatment in dogs with surgically-induced MR but not after benazepril treatment. Although this study did not focus on adverse effects, amlodipine may be an effective drug for helping the patients with acute onset of severe MR, such as rupture of chordae tendinae or end stage patients were the LAP is likely to be elevated. Additional studies in clinical patients with degenerative mitral valve disease and acute chordal rupture are warranted because the blood-pressure lowering effects of amlodipine can decrease renal perfusion and this can further activate the RAAS.
Towards a Universal SMILES representation - A standard method to generate canonical SMILES based on the InChI
Authors: O’Boyle Noel M 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
There are two line notations of chemical structures that have established themselves in the field: the SMILES string and the InChI string. The InChI aims to provide a unique, or canonical, identifier for chemical structures, while SMILES strings are widely used for storage and interchange of chemical structures, but no standard exists to generate a canonical SMILES string.

Results
I describe how to use the InChI canonicalisation to derive a canonical SMILES string in a straightforward way, either incorporating the InChI normalisations (Inchified SMILES) or not (Universal SMILES). This is the first description of a method to generate canonical SMILES that takes stereochemistry into account. When tested on the 1.1 m compounds in the ChEMBL database, and a 1 m compound subset of the PubChem Substance database, no canonicalisation failures were found with Inchified SMILES. Using Universal SMILES, 99.79% of the ChEMBL database was canonicalised successfully and 99.77% of the PubChem subset.

Conclusions
The InChI canonicalisation algorithm can successfully be used as the basis for a common standard for canonical SMILES. While challenges remain – such as the development of a standard aromatic model for SMILES – the ability to create the same SMILES using different toolkits will mean that for the first time it will be possible to easily compare the chemical models used by different toolkits.
A new measure based on degree distribution that links information theory and network graph analysis
Authors: Hadley Michael W , McGranaghan Matt F , Willey Aaron , Liew Chun Wai , Reynolds Elaine R 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
Detailed connection maps of human and nonhuman brains are being generated with new technologies, and graph metrics have been instrumental in understanding the general organizational features of these structures. Neural networks appear to have small world properties: they have clustered regions, while maintaining integrative features such as short average pathlengths.

Results
We captured the structural characteristics of clustered networks with short average pathlengths through our own variable, System Difference (SD), which is computationally simple and calculable for larger graph systems. SD is a Jaccardian measure generated by averaging all of the differences in the connection patterns between any two nodes of a system. We calculated SD over large random samples of matrices and found that high SD matrices have a low average pathlength and a larger number of clustered structures. SD is a measure of degree distribution with high SD matrices maximizing entropic properties. Phi (Φ), an information theory metric that assesses a system’s capacity to integrate information, correlated well with SD - with SD explaining over 90% of the variance in systems above 11 nodes (tested for 4 to 13 nodes). However, newer versions of Φ do not correlate well with the SD metric.

Conclusions
The new network measure, SD, provides a link between high entropic structures and degree distributions as related to small world properties.
Guideline for the Management of Fever and Neutropenia in Children With Cancer and/or Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation
Authors: Lehrnbecher Thomas , Phillips Robert , Alexander Sarah , Alvaro Frank , Carlesse Fabianne , Fisher Brian , Hakim Hana , Santolaya Maria , Castagnola Elio , Davis Bonnie L. , Dupuis L. Lee , Gibson Faith , Groll Andreas H. , Gaur Aditya , Gupta Ajay , Kebudi Rejin , Petrilli Sérgio , Steinbach William J. , Villarroel Milena , Zaoutis Theoklis , Sung Lillian 
Published: September 2012

Purpose To develop an evidence-based guideline for the empiric management of pediatric fever and neutropenia (FN). Methods The International Pediatric Fever and Neutropenia Guideline Panel is a multidisciplinary and multinational group composed of experts in pediatric oncology and infectious disease as well as a patient advocate. The Panel was convened for the purpose of creating this guideline. We followed previously validated procedures for creating evidence-based guidelines. Working groups focused on initial presentation, ongoing management, and empiric antifungal therapy. Each working group developed key clinical questions, conducted systematic reviews of the published literature, and compiled evidence summaries. The Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach was used to generate summaries, and evidence was classified as high, moderate, low, or very low based on methodologic considerations. Results Recommendations were made related to initial presentation (risk stratification, initial evaluation, and treatment), ongoing management (modification and cessation of empiric antibiotics), and empiric antifungal treatment (risk stratification, evaluation, and treatment) of pediatric FN. For each recommendation, the strength of the recommendation and level of evidence are presented. Conclusion This guideline represents an evidence-based approach to FN specific to children with cancer. Although some recommendations are similar to adult-based guidelines, there are key distinctions in multiple areas. Implementation will require adaptation to the local context.
Abnormal expression of Tie1 on the valves of great saphenous varicose vein
Authors: Wang Xin , Zhao Rong , Liu Changjian , Qiao Tong 
Published: September 2012

Objective To investigate the abnormal expressions of Tie1 on the valves of great saphenous varicose vein, and to discuss the relationship between the phenomenon and pathogenesis of varicose vein of lower extremity. Methods Varicose veins group 18 samples, normal control group 14 samples. Immunohistochemistry staining has investigated the expression of CD31 and Tie1 in the first valves of great saphenous veins. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has checked mRNA expression of Tie1. Western blot has checked the expression of Tie1 protein in venous valves. Results In normal control group valves, there was no difference between proximal and distal sides endothelium, which expressing CD31 in both valvar basement and valve cusp (positive endothelial cells [ECs] percentage: P > 0.05, P > 0.05). However, the endothelium of the proximal side demonstrates Tie1 stronger than distal side in valvar basement (positive ECs percentage: P < 0.05), which was not found at valve cusp (positive ECs percentage: P > 0.05). In varicose veins group, the endothelium of proximal side cells expresses CD31 weaker than distal side at both valvar basement and valve cusp (positive ECs percentage: P < 0.05, P < 0.05) besides the morphological alteration of valves. Moreover, it expresses Tie1 much weaker than diatal side (positive ECs percentage: P < 0.01). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that valves of varicose veins group expressed Tie1 much weaker than the normal control group ( P < 0.01). Western blot could not detect the expression of Tie1 in venous valves. Conclusion The decreasing expression of Tie1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of primary lower extremity varicose veins.
Advanced Fire Design of Timber Structures Using Computational Techniques - Simple Indeterminate Structures
Authors: Hopkin D. , El-Rimawi J. , Silberschmidt V. , Lennon T. 
Published: September 2012

Large timber buildings, formed from both light and heavy timber construction, are becoming increasingly common in Europe. Many multiple-occupancy timber buildings, such as apartment blocks, are now constructed to greater heights and in densely populated urban locations. The fire-resistance performance of such timber buildings is generally related to the standard fire test. Alternatively, EN 1995-1-2 may be used to demonstrate fire resistance by means of calculation or numerical modelling. The latter is currently limited to standard fire exposure. In addition, modelling approaches are often avoided as many numerical codes do not normally offer the capability to model timber exposed to fire. The most obvious barrier is incorporating the different tensile and compressive strength/stiffness degradation with increasing temperature. Unlike many other structural materials, it is not possible to define a single relationship between timber Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) and temperature. When timber design is advanced to a ‘performance-based’ level further complexities will arise. For example, the definition of structure temperatures for non-standard fires is a difficult task, and assessment of strength/stiffness degradation on the basis of temperature alone is not sufficient due to char formation. As a result, when cooling is considered, material properties based upon stress state, temperature and temperature history are needed.To address the above limitations, a number of developments, which can be used with general FEA software, such as DIANA, to design timber structures for fire, are presented. The developments are incorporated via user-supplied subroutines written in FORTRAN code. The routines include code for determining MoE and strength based upon stress state, temperature and temperature history. They are implemented as part of a total strain-based constitutive model. The implementation of the routines is demonstrated using a simple continuous beam. The example is also used to demonstrate how compartmentation provisions and aspects of whole building behaviour can be used to better design large-section timber buildings. Comparisons are made with simple empirical approaches presented in EN 1995-1-2. Extensions to ‘performance-based design’ using parametric fires are also discussed.
REVIEWS
Authors: Zavala Martin , Ashton Carine 
Published: September 2012

THE UNCERTAIN AND MULTIPLE WORLD OF EXPRESSIVE ARTS THERAPY – REFLECTIONS AFTER THE IEATA CONFERENCE IN PERU: ‘LIVING WITH UNCERTAINTY: MULTIPLICITY AS A HEALING PATHWAY THROUGH EEPRESSIVE ARTS’, LIMA, PERU10–14 AUGUST2011
COLOUR MY WELL-BEING: APPLIED ARTS
AND HEALTH CONFERENCE, THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTHAMPTON, 19–20: AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE EXPLORING COLOUR WITHIN APPLIED ARTS, HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
Annular beam shaping system for advanced 3D laser brazing
Authors: Pütsch Oliver , Stollenwerk Jochen , Kogel-Hollacher Markus , Traub Martin 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
As laser brazing benefits from advantages such as smooth joints and small heat-affected zones, it has become established as a joining technology that is widely used in the automotive industry. With the processing of complex-shaped geometries, recent developed brazing heads suffer, however, from the need for continuous reorientation of the optical system and/or limited accessibility due to lateral wire feeding. This motivates the development of a laser brazing head with coaxial wire feeding and enhanced functionality. An optical system is designed that allows to generate an annular intensity distribution in the working zone. The utilization of complex optical components avoids obscuration of the optical path by the wire feeding. The new design overcomes the disadvantages of the state-of-the-art brazing heads with lateral wire feeding and benefits from the independence of direction while processing complex geometries. To increase the robustness of the brazing process, the beam path also includes a seam tracking system, leading to a more challenging design of the whole optical train. This paper mainly discusses the concept and the optical design of the coaxial brazing head, and also presents the results obtained with a prototype and selected application results.
Diverse roles for the p24 family of proteins in eukaryotic cells
Authors: Schuiki Irmgard , Volchuk Allen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMembers of the p24 protein family form a highly conserved family of type I transmembrane proteins that are abundant components of the early secretory pathway. Topologically, the proteins have a large luminal domain and a short cytoplasmic domain that allows for targeting to both coat protein complex II and coat protein complex I vesicles, and thus these proteins cycle between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi compartments. Several functions have been proposed for these proteins including a role in coat protein complex I vesicle biogenesis, cargo protein selection, organization of intracellular membranes, and protein quality control. Recent studies have added to the list of potential cargo substrates for which p24 function is required for normal transport in the secretory pathway. This review focuses on recent developments in the study of p24 proteins and their requirement for secretory and membrane protein transport in eukaryotic cells.
Inter-transcriber reliability for two systems of prosodic annotation: ToBI (Tones and Break Indices) and RaP (Rhythm and Pitch)
Authors: Breen, Mara , Dilley, Laura C. , Kraemer, John , Gibson, Edward 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSpeech researchers often rely on human annotation of prosody to generate data to test hypotheses and generate models. We present an overview of two prosodic annotation systems: ToBI (Tones and Break Indices) (Silverman et al., 1992), and RaP (Rhythm and Pitch) (Dilley & Brown, 2005), which was designed to address several limitations of ToBI. The paper reports two large-scale studies of inter-transcriber reliability for ToBI and RaP. Comparable reliability for both systems was obtained for a variety of prominence- and boundary-related agreement categories. These results help to establish RaP as an alternative to ToBI for research and technology applications.
Introducing a corpus of conversational stories. Construction and annotation of the Narrative Corpus
Authors: Rühlemann, Christoph , O'Donnell, Matthew Brook 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAlthough widely seen as critical both in terms of its frequency and its social significance as a prime means of encoding and perpetuating moral stance and configuring self and identity, conversational narrative has received little attention in corpus linguistics. In this paper we describe the construction and annotation of a corpus that is intended to advance the linguistic theory of this fundamental mode of everyday social interaction: the Narrative Corpus (NC). The NC contains narratives extracted from the demographically-sampled subcorpus of the British National Corpus (BNC) (XML version). It includes more than 500 narratives, socially balanced in terms of participant sex, age, and social class.We describe the extraction techniques, selection criteria, and sampling methods used in constructing the NC. Further, we describe four levels of annotation implemented in the corpus: speaker (social information on speakers), text (text Ids, title, type of story, type of embedding etc.), textual components (pre-/post-narrative talk, narrative, and narrative-initial/final utterances), and utterance (participation roles, quotatives and reporting modes). A brief rationale is given for each level of annotation, and possible avenues of research facilitated by the annotation are sketched out.
Synthesis of novel 2,6-bis(5-t-butylbenzo[b]furan-2-ylcarbonyl)pyridines
Authors: Li Yang , Tao Xiyue , Lin Guihai , Gao Wentao 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
A facile synthesis of new 2,6-bis(5-t-butyl-benzo[b]furan-2-ylcarbonyl)pyridines 3a–e is described. The synthesis mainly relies on the ultrasound-assisted Rap-Stoermer reaction of 2,6-bis(bromoacetyl)pyridine (1) with t-butyl substituted salicylaldehydes 2a–e in MeCN with the presence of PEG-400 as catalyst. This procedure is characterized by short reaction times and good yields.
Activities of FexO in Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-FexO Homogeneous Liquid Slags at 1673 K
Authors: Hasegawa M. , Hayashi T. , Sasaki T. , Iwase M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractElectrochemical measurements of the solid-oxide galvanic cell of the type Mo/Mo + MoO2/ZrO2 (MgO)/Fe + {Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-FexO} slag/Ag/Fe were conducted at 1673 K in order to obtain the activities of FexO in Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-FexO system. The iso-activity curves for FexO at 1673 K were determined for Na2O-(Al2O3 + SiO2)-FexO pseudo-ternary slags with an Al2O3/SiO2 molar ratio of 33/67.