bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogeography of western Mediterranean butterflies: combining turnover and nestedness components of faunal dissimilarity
Authors: Dapporto Leonardo , Fattorini Simone , Vodă Raluca , Dincă Vlad , Vila Roger 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimUnpartitioned dissimilarity indices such as the Sørensen index (βsor) tend to categorize areas according to species number. The use of turnover indices, such as the Simpson index (βsimp), may lead to the loss of important information represented by the nestedness component (βnest). Recent studies have suggested the importance of integrating nestedness and turnover information. We evaluated this proposition by comparing biogeographical patterns obtained by unpartitioned (βsor) and partitioned indices (βsimp and βnest) on presence data of western Mediterranean butterflies.LocationWestern Mediterranean.MethodsWe assessed the regionalization of 81 mainland and island faunas according to partitioned and unpartitioned dissimilarity by using cluster analyses with the unweighted pair‐group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) combined with non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). We also carried out dissimilarity interpolation for βsor, βsimp, βnest and the βnest/βsor ratio, to identify geographical patterns of variation in faunal dissimilarity.ResultsWhen the unpartitioned βsor index was used, the clustering of sites allowed a clear distinction between insular and mainland species assemblages. Most islands were grouped together, irrespective of their mainland source, because of the dominant effect of their shared low richness. βsimp was the most effective index for clustering islands with their respective mainland source. βsimp clustered mainland sites into broader regions than clusters obtained using βsor. A comparison of regionalization and interpolation provided complementary information and revealed that, in different regions, the patterns highlighted by βsor could largely be determined either by nestedness or turnover.Main conclusionsPartitioned and unpartitioned indices convey complementary information, and are able to reveal the influence of historical and ecological processes in structuring species assemblages. When the effect of nestedness is strong, the exclusive use of turnover indices can generate geographically coherent groupings, but can also result in the loss of important information. Indeed, various factors, such as colonization–extinction events, climatic parameters and the peninsular effect, may determine dissimilarity patterns expressed by the nestedness component.
Deletion of N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 attenuates reactive astrogliosis and inflammatory response in a mouse model of cortical stab injury
Authors: Takarada‐Iemata Mika , Kezuka Dai , Takeichi Toshiaki , Ikawa Masahito , Hattori Tsuyoshi , Kitao Yasuko , Hori Osamu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractN‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 (Ndrg2) is a differentiation‐ and stress‐associated molecule predominantly expressed in astrocytes in the CNS. In this study, we examined the expression and the role of Ndrg2 after cortical stab injury. We observed that Ndrg2 expression was elevated in astrocytes surrounding the wounded area as early as day 1 after injury in wild‐type mice. Deletion of Ndrg2 resulted in lower induction of reactive astroglial and microglial markers in the injured cortex. Histological analysis showed reduced levels of hypertrophic changes in astrocytes, accumulation of microglia, and neuronal death in Ndrg2−/− mice after injury. Furthermore, activation of the IL‐6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, including the expression of IL‐6 family cytokines and phosphorylation of STAT3, was markedly reduced in Ndrg2−/− mice after injury. In a culture system, both of Il6 and Gfap were up‐regulated in wild‐type astrocytes treated with forskolin. Deletion of Ndrg2 attenuated induction of these genes, but did not alter proliferation or migration of astrocytes. Adenovirus‐mediated reexpression of Ndrg2 rescued the reduction of IL‐6 expression after forskolin stimulation. These findings suggest that Ndrg2 plays a key role in reactive astrogliosis after cortical stab injury through a mechanism involving the positive regulation of IL‐6/STAT3 signaling.Astrocytes play a key role in central nervous system (CNS) injury. We demonstrate that Ndrg2 (N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 2) is up‐regulated in the early phase after brain injury, and that its deletion alters astrogliosis, inflammation, and neuronal death in vivo. The function of Ndrg2 could correlate with the interleukin IL‐6 pathway in astrocytes. Our findings have important implications for the modulation of inflammation in the CNS.image
Identification and quantification of neuropeptides in naïve mouse spinal cord using mass spectrometry reveals [des‐Ser1]‐cerebellin as a novel modulator of nociception
Authors: Su Jie , Sandor Katalin , Sköld Karl , Hökfelt Tomas , Svensson Camilla I. , Kultima Kim 
Published: April 2014

AbstractNeuropeptide transmitters involved in nociceptive processes are more likely to be expressed in the dorsal than the ventral horn of the spinal cord. This study was designed to examine the relative distribution of neuropeptides between the dorsal and ventral spinal cord in naïve mice using liquid chromatography, high‐resolution mass spectrometry. We identified and relatively quantified 36 well‐characterized full‐length neuropeptides and an additional 168 not previously characterized peptides. By extraction with organic solvents we identified seven additional full‐length neuropeptides. The peptide [des‐Ser1]‐cerebellin (desCER), originating from cerebellin precursor protein 1 (CBLN1), was predominantly expressed in the dorsal horn. Immunohistochemistry showed the presence of CBLN1 immunoreactivity with a punctate cytoplasmic pattern in neuronal cell bodies throughout the spinal gray matter. The signal was stronger in the dorsal compared to the ventral horn, with most CBLN1 positive cells present in outer laminae II/III, colocalizing with calbindin, a marker for excitatory interneurons. Intrathecal injection of desCER induced a dose‐dependent mechanical hypersensitivity but not heat or cold hypersensitivity. This study provides evidence for involvement of desCER in nociception and provides a platform for continued exploration of involvement of novel neuropeptides in the regulation of nociceptive transmission.
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Neuropeptides involved in nociceptive processes are more likely to be expressed in the dorsal than the ventral horn of spinal cord. Well‐characterized full‐length neuropeptides as well as uncharacterized neuropeptides were quantified by mass spectrometry. The CBLN1‐derived peptide [des‐Ser1]‐cerebellin (desCER) is predominantly expressed in the dorsal horn, and intrathecal injection of desCER induced a dose‐dependent mechanical hypersensitivity.
Translational Neuroendocrinology: Control of Human Growth
Authors: Clayton P. E. , Gill M. S. , Tillmann V. , Westwood M. 
Published: April 2014

Human growth is driven by both basic cell processes as well as hormones, in particular the growth hormone (GH)–insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1 axis. Understanding how these mechanisms are coordinated is not only critical to achieving a normal growth rate, but also to recognising potential new causes of disordered growth and how they might be treated.We have demonstrated in healthy children that height is gained by periods of rapid growth interspersed by periods of very slow growth or even stasis. We have also shown that a lower order organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, grows in a similar manner. By contrast, secretion of GH from somatotrophs occurs on a daily basis in discrete pulses over a 24‐h period. We have used the measurement of GH in urine as a surrogate marker of GH secretion to show that there are rhythms of GH output with frequencies of several days. We then assessed which attributes of these GH profiles were related to growth and found that disorderliness in the GH profile (as measured by approximate entropy) was related to better growth rate.This feature was then tested in the dwarf rat using different GH regimens to introduce variation into the administration of daily GH injections. Better long bone growth was associated with week‐to‐week or even random dose variation compared to the same amount of GH delivered as a standard daily dose.Understanding the control of growth has implications in clinical practice for modelling GH treatment regimens based on physiological principles.
Improved nurse–parent communication in neonatal intensive care unit: evaluation and adjustment of an implementation strategy
Authors: Weis Janne , Zoffmann Vibeke , Egerod Ingrid 
Published: April 2014

Aims and objectivesTo evaluate and adjust systematic implementation of guided family‐centred care in a neonatal intensive care unit.BackgroundFamily‐centred care is valued in neonatal intensive care units internationally, but innovative strategies are needed to realise the principles. Guided family‐centred care was developed to facilitate person‐centred communication by bridging the gap between theory and practice in family‐centred care. Main mechanisms of guided family‐centred care are structured dialogue, reflection and person‐centred communication.DesignQualitative and quantitative data were used to monitor participatory implementation of a systematic approach to training and certification of nurses delivering guided family‐centred care.MethodsSystematic implementation of guided family‐centred care included workshops, supervised delivery and certification. Evaluation and adjustment of nurse adherence to guided family‐centred care was conducted by monitoring (1) knowledge, (2) delivery, (3) practice uptake and (4) certification.ResultsImplementation was improved by the development of a strategic framework and by adjusting the framework according to the real‐life context of a busy neonatal care unit. Promoting practice uptake was initially underestimated, but nurse guided family‐centred care training was improved by increasing the visibility of the study in the unit, demonstrating intervention progress to the nurses and assuring a sense of ownership among nurse leaders and nonguided‐family‐centred‐care‐trained nurses.ConclusionsAn adjusted framework for guided family‐centred care implementation was successful in overcoming barriers and promoting facilitators.Relevance to clinical practiceInsights gained from our pioneering work might help nurses in a similar context to reach their goals of improving family‐centred care.
Nurses' attitudes towards medical devices in healthcare delivery: a systematic review
Authors: Zhang Wei , Barriball K Louise , While Alison E 
Published: April 2014

Aims and objectivesTo describe nurses' attitudes towards medical devices and the factors influencing these attitudes.BackgroundNurses work in an increasingly technological environment with many medical devices supporting healthcare delivery. Understanding nurses' attitudes towards medical devices is important for their successful use. There has been no published systematic review which has examined nurses' attitudes towards the use of medical devices within nursing practice.DesignA systematic review including all study designs.MethodsA search of six databases was undertaken for publications written in English dating from 1985–June 2013. The search yielded 30 studies.ResultsNurses reported a multidimensional perception of medical devices. While some nurses recognised the potential contribution of medical devices to better outcomes for patients and themselves, the use of medical devices was also associated with increased personal stress, decreased autonomy and increased administrative time. The design of devices, knowledge and training relating to device management and use were identified as key factors influencing nurses' attitudes.ConclusionTo ensure adequate knowledge and skill, the provision of training on device management and use, together with good device designs, is essential to foster positive attitudes. Further studies focusing on developing improved understanding of nurses' attitudes are needed.Relevance to clinical practiceHealthcare delivery increasingly incorporates the use of medical devices so that understanding nurses' attitudes towards medical devices is essential for their safe implementation.
A retrospective study of positive pressure ventilation in 58 dogs: indications, prognostic factors and outcome
Authors: Bruchim Y. , Aroch I. , Sisso A. , Kushnir Y. , Epstein A. , Kelmer E. , Segev G. 
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVESTo assess the usefulness of clinical and clinicopathological parameters as prognostic markers of survival in dogs undergoing positive pressure ventilation.METHODSRetrospective study of case records of 58 client‐owned dogs undergoing positive pressure ventilation. Dogs were divided into two groups; inadequate oxygenation due to pulmonary parenchymal disease (Group 1) and inadequate ventilation (Group 2).RESULTSMedian duration of positive pressure ventilation was 30 (range 10 to 136) hours. Survival rate was 32% (19 dogs). Survivors were significantly younger (P<0·005) and had significantly higher (P<0·002) medianPaO2/FiO2ratio at 4 to 12 hours postinitiation of positive pressure ventilation, and immediately before weaning (P<0·006) compared to non‐survivors. A receiver operator characteristics analysis ofPaO2/FiO2immediately before weaning as predictor of survival had an area under the curve of 0·76 (95% confidence interval 0·54 to 0·97), with optimal cut‐off point of 252mmHg, corresponding to a sensitivity and specificity of 0·80 and 0·79, respectively. The survival rates of dogs withPaO2/FiO2less than 200mmHgat 4 to 12 hours postinitiation of positive pressure ventilation, or immediately before weaning were 15% (3/20 dogs) and 6% (1/16 dogs), respectively.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThePaO2/FiO2ratio is an early prognostic indicator of successful weaning in dogs undergoing positive pressure ventilation.
Sleep continuity and total sleep time are associated with task‐switching and preparation in young and older adults
Authors: Wilckens Kristine A. , Woo Sarah G. , Erickson Kirk I. , Wheeler Mark E. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryAgeing is associated with changes in sleep and decline executive functions, such as task‐switching and task preparation. Given that sleep affects executive function, age‐related changes in executive function may be attributable to changes in sleep. The present study used a sleep detection device to examine whether or not wake time after sleep onset and total sleep time moderated age differences in task‐switching performance and participants' ability to reduce switch costs when given time to prepare. Participants were cognitively healthy [Mini Mental State Examination > 26] younger (n = 54; mean age = 22.9; 67.8% female) and older (n = 45; mean age 62.8; 71.1% female) adults. Using a task‐switching paradigm, which manipulated preparation time, we found that smaller global switch costs were associated with lower wake time after sleep onset and longer total sleep time. Greater preparation effects on local switch costs and adoption of a task‐set were associated with lower wake time after sleep onset, although this effect was significant only in older adults when stratified by age group. This association was independent of inhibition and working memory abilities. The lack of interactions between sleep and age group indicated that age differences in switch costs were not moderated by better sleep. Our results suggest that young and older adults may benefit similarly from lower wake time after sleep onset and longer total sleep time in overall performance, and individuals with less wake time after sleep onset are more likely to engage preparatory strategies to reduce switch costs and boost task‐switching performance.
A Randomized Study Assessing the Effect of Diet in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Freeman L.M. , Rush J.E. , Cunningham S.M. , Bulmer B.J. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundDiet might influence progression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).ObjectiveTo investigate whether diet composition could alter clinical, biochemical, or echocardiographic variables in cats with HCM.AnimalsTwenty‐nine cats with HCM (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council stage 1b) examined at a university teaching hospital.MethodsRandomized, placebo‐controlled trial. After physical examination, echocardiogram, and blood collection, cats were randomized to 1 of 3 diets, which varied in carbohydrate and fat content and ingredients. Measurements were repeated after 6 months.ResultsThere were no significant differences among the 3 groups at baseline. After 6 months, there were no significant changes in the primary endpoints, left ventricular free wall (Group A, P = .760; Group B, P = .475; Group C, P = .066) or interventricular septal thickness in diastole (Group A, P = .528; Group B, P = .221; Group C, P = .097). Group A had significant increases in BUN (P = .008) and cholesterol (P = .021), while Group B had significant increases in BUN (P = .008), cholesterol (P = .007), and triglycerides (P = .005), and significant decreases in NT‐proBNP (P = .013) and hs‐troponin I (P = .043). Group C had significant decreases in body weight (P = .021), left atrial dimension (P = .035), interventricular septal thickness in systole (P = .038), and liver enzymes (P = .034–.038).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThese data suggest that diet might influence some clinical, biochemical, and echocardiographic variables in cats with HCM.
Contrasting relationships between clade age and temperature along latitudinal versus elevational gradients for woody angiosperms in forests of South America
Authors: Qian Hong 
Published: April 2014

AbstractQuestionIs clade age positively correlated with minimum temperature in angiosperm woody assemblages along elevational thermal gradients, as predicted by the phylogenetic niche conservatism hypothesis and observed along latitudinal gradients?LocationSouth America.MethodsI assembled one latitudinal gradient and one elevational gradient of angiosperm woody plant assemblages in forest plots, both of which started at equatorial humid forests at low elevations. The latitudinal gradient comprised 37 plots and the elevational gradient included 34 forest plots. Each plot is 0.1 ha. Correlation analysis was used to determine relationships among taxonomic richness, mean clade age (measured as mean family age of each forest plot), latitude, elevation and minimum temperature (measured as mean temperature of the coldest month).ResultsWoody plant species richness strongly decreases with increasing latitude and elevation on the two gradients. Mean clade age is positively correlated with minimum temperature for the latitudinal gradient but is negatively correlated with minimum temperature for the elevational gradient.ConclusionThe result of this study based on the latitudinal gradient supports the prediction of the phylogenetic niche conservatism hypothesis for the relationship between clade age and temperature, whereas the result based on the elevational gradient is contrary to the prediction of this hypothesis. The contrasting patterns found in the present study for the clade age‐minimum temperature relationship along the latitudinal vs elevational gradients suggest that more studies are needed in order to determine how general is the positive relationship between clade age and temperature predicted by the PNC along both latitudinal and elevational gradients across the globe.
Perpetrator Abhorrence: Disgust as a Stop Sign
Authors: Munch‐Jurišić Ditte Marie 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMost contemporary research on disgust can be divided into “disgust advocates” and “disgust skeptics.” The so‐called advocates argue that disgust can have a positive influence on our moral judgment; skeptics warn that it can mislead us toward prejudice and discrimination. This article compares this disagreement to a structurally similar debate in the field of genocide studies concerning the phenomenon of “perpetrator abhorrence.” While some soldiers report having felt strong disgust in the moment of committing or witnessing atrocity, scholars disagree on whether such disgust is moral in nature. These empirical cases provide us with reasons to reconsider the normative features of disgust. Inspired by the conceptualization of disgust inImmanuelKant andAurelKolnai, and as an alternative to both the disgust advocates and the skeptics, this article argues that the analogy of a stop sign can better help us define disgust responses.
Three Approaches to Doing Philosophy: a Proposal for Grouping Philosophical Exercises in Classroom Teaching
Authors: Kienstra Natascha , Karskens Machiel , Imants Jeroen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractClassroom teaching has two aims: learning philosophy, that is, the great philosophers, and doing philosophy. This article provides an overview of thirty exercises that can be used for doing philosophy, grouped into three approaches. The first approach, doing philosophy as connective truth finding or communicative action, is related to such philosophers as Dewey and Arendt, and is illustrated by the Socratic method. The second, doing philosophy as test‐based truth finding, is related to such philosophers as Popper, and is illustrated by Community of Philosophical Inquiry. The third, doing philosophy as juridical debate, judging truth‐value and making judgment, is related to such philosophers as Foucault, and is illustrated by philosophical debate. The analysis shows that although the classical methods applied by the great philosophers appear to be missing from classroom exercises, they do, in fact, remain at the heart of the matter.
Paracoccidioidomycosis in Mexico: clinical and epidemiological data from 93 new cases (1972–2012)
Authors: López‐Martínez Rubén , Hernández‐Hernández Francisca , Méndez‐Tovar Luis Javier , Manzano–Gayosso Patricia , Bonifaz Alexandro , Arenas Roberto , Padilla‐Desgarennes María del Carmen , Estrada Roberto , Chávez Guadalupe 
Published: April 2014

SummaryParacoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an endemic systemic infection in several countries of Latin America. The few registered cases in Mexico most likely do not reflect the real frequency. Disseminate the epidemiological and clinical data of unreported cases of PCM in Mexico from 1972 until 2012 is the aim of this work. Epidemiological and clinical information of non‐published cases of PCM was requested from the principal mycological diagnosis centres in Mexico. A total of 93 cases were received. The infection was found predominantly in men (95.7%), peasants (88.5%) and individual between 31 and 60 years of age. Most of the cases were found in tropical areas of the Gulf of Mexico (54.84%) and the Pacific littoral (20.3%). The main sites of dissemination were the oral mucosa (39.38%) and skin (34.05%). The most effective treatments were itraconazole alone and the combination of itraconazole with sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim. PCM is a subdiagnosed pathology in Mexico. Therefore, adequate training is necessary to determine the current status of this mycosis.