bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SWAT 1: what effects do site visits by the principal investigator have on recruitment in a multicentre randomized trial?
Authors: Smith Valerie , Clarke Mike , Devane Declan , Begley Cecily , Shorter Gillian , Maguire Lisa 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe SWAT (Study Within A Trial) programme has been established to develop a series of studies that would embed research within research, so as to resolve uncertainties about the effects of different ways of designing, conducting, analyzing and interpreting evaluations of health and social care. It was described in an Education piece in the Journal of Evidence‐Based Medicine in 2012. We have now prepared the first example of the design summary for a SWAT, using the template that will be used for other SWAT. This is presented in this article.
The psychophysiological and health corollaries of child problem behaviours in caregivers of children with autism and ADHD
Authors: Lovell B. , Moss M. , Wetherell M. A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe positive relationship between problem behaviours of children with additional complex needs and psychological distress in their caregivers has been widely evidenced. Fewer studies, however, have assessed the relationship between care recipients’ problem behaviours and key physiological processes, relevant for the physical health status of their care providers. This study examined the psychological, endocrine and health corollaries of child problem behaviours in caregivers of children with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.MethodsCaregivers (n = 18) completed self‐report measures of psychological distress, child problem behaviours and incidences of commonly occurring ailments. To capture important parameters of the basal diurnal cortisol pattern, caregivers collected saliva samples at waking, 30 min post waking, 1200 h and 2200 h on two consecutive weekdays.ResultsData revealed a positive relationship between caregivers’ perceived levels of stress and problems with child conduct behaviours. In addition, caregivers who reported more problems with child emotional and hyperactivity behaviours displayed atypical cortisol patterns characterised by flatter diurnal cortisol slopes and reduced cortisol awakening response magnitude. Subjective reports of commonly occurring ailments were also greater in caregivers experiencing more problems with child emotional behaviours.ConclusionsThese findings have implications for interventions that aim to improve the psychophysiological well‐being of the caregiver by targeting problem behaviours of the care recipient.
Aspects of Orthodontic‐Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Dentofacial Anomalies
Authors: Ajduković Zorica , Janošević Mirjana , Filipović Gordana , Arsić Stojanka , Janošević Predrag , Petrović Nenad 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSkeletal class III malocclusion is one of the most difficult dentofacial anomalies, characterized by deviation in the development of the mandible and maxilla in the sagittal plane, where the mandible is dominant in relation to the maxilla. In patients with class III malocclusion, anomalies in the dentoalveolar level and esthetic discrepancies are also frequent. The etiology of class III malocclusion is multifactorial due to the interaction of hereditary and environmental factors. Rehabilitation and treatment of malocclusion is one of the major goals of modern dentistry. This article presents the orthodontic‐prosthetic therapy and rehabilitation of a 45‐year‐old patient with an abnormal occlusal vertical dimension and a skeletal class III malocclusion. The patient came to the clinic complaining about degraded esthetics and disordered functions of the orofacial region (functions of eating, swallowing, speech) and also pain in the temporomandibular joint. After the diagnosis was made, the patient was first referred to orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances (self‐ligating brackets system Rot 0.22). Upon completion of the orthodontic treatment, the patient was sent for further prosthetic treatment. Fixed prosthetic restorations were made in the upper and lower jaw, thus achieving a satisfactory result in terms of esthetics and function of the stomatognathic system.
The structure of the small animal consultation
Authors: Everitt S. , Pilnick A. , Waring J. , Cobb M. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesTo analyse the structure of small animal consultations in order to increase understanding of the consultation processes, locate decision‐making in the wider practice context and stimulate further research.MethodsAnalysis of 48 video‐recorded consultations from first opinion small animal practices. These consultations were time and thematically coded in order to enable analysis.ResultsThe mean length of the recorded consultations was 11 minutes and 45 seconds with a range of 4–28 minutes. Analysis indicates that both the clinical tasks and communication taking place in the consultation are often performed in an iterative and interactive fashion in contrast to the sequential methods frequently being taught.Clinical SignificanceThis study shows that the consultation is a complex process that is often performed in an iterative and interactive fashion and that may be difficult to complete within the 10 minutes frequently allocated. This warrants further research.
Contrasting effects of landscape features on genetic structure in different geographic regions in the ornate dragon lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus
Authors: Levy Esther , Tomkins Joseph L. , LeBas Natasha R. , Kennington W. Jason 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHabitat fragmentation can have profound effects on the distribution of genetic variation within and between populations. Previously, we showed that in the ornate dragon lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus, lizards residing on outcrops that are separated by cleared agricultural land are significantly more isolated and hold less genetic variation than lizards residing on neighbouring outcrops connected by undisturbed native vegetation. Here, we extend the fine‐scale study to examine the pattern of genetic variation and population structure across the species' range. Using a landscape genetics approach, we test whether land clearing for agricultural purposes has affected the population structure of the ornate dragon lizard. We found significant genetic differentiation between outcrop populations (FST = 0.12), as well as isolation by distance within each geographic region. In support of our previous study, land clearing was associated with higher genetic divergences between outcrops and lower genetic variation within outcrops, but only in the region that had been exposed to intense agriculture for the longest period of time. No other landscape features influenced population structure in any geographic region. These results show that the effects of landscape features can vary across species' ranges and suggest there may be a temporal lag in response to contemporary changes in land use. These findings therefore highlight the need for caution when assessing the impact of contemporary land use practices on genetic variation and population structure.
ICEA of Mycoplasma agalactiae: a new family of self‐transmissible integrative elements that confers conjugative properties to the recipient strain
Authors: Dordet Frisoni Emilie , Marenda Marc Serge , Sagné Eveline , Nouvel Laurent Xavier , Guérillot Romain , Glaser Philippe , Blanchard Alain , Tardy Florence , Sirand‐Pugnet Pascal , Baranowski Eric , Citti Christine 
Published: July 2013

SummaryHorizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a major force of microbial evolution but was long thought to be marginal in mycoplasmas. In silico detection of exchanged regions and of loci encoding putative Integrative Conjugative Elements (ICE) in several mycoplasma genomes challenged this view, raising the prospect of these simple bacteria being able to conjugate. Using the model pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae, we demonstrated for the first time that one of these elements, ICEA, is indeed self‐transmissible. As a hallmark of conjugative processes, ICEA transfers were DNase resistant and required viable cells. ICEA acquisition conferred ICE‐negative strains with the new ability to conjugate, allowing the spread of ICEA. Analysis of transfer‐deficient mutants indicated that this process requires an ICEA‐encoded lipoprotein of unknown function, CDS14. Formation of a circular extrachromosomal intermediate and the subsequent chromosomal integration of ICEA involved CDS22, an ICEA‐encoded product distantly related to the ISLre2 transposase family. Remarkably, ICEA has no specific or no preferential integration site, often resulting in gene disruptions. Occurrence of functional mycoplasma ICE offers these bacteria with a means for HGT, a phenomenon with far‐reaching implications given their minute‐size genome and the number of species that are pathogenic for a broad host‐range.
A mechanical signal transmitted by the flagellum controls signalling in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Cairns Lynne S. , Marlow Victoria L. , Bissett Emma , Ostrowski Adam , Stanley‐Wall Nicola R. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryIn the natural environment bacteria predominantly live adhered to a surface as part of a biofilm. While many of the components needed for biofilm assembly are known, the mechanism by which microbes sense and respond to contact with a surface is poorly understood. Bacillus subtilis is a Gram‐positive model for biofilm formation. The DegS–DegU two‐component system controls several multicellular behaviours in B. subtilis, including biofilm formation. Here we identify the B. subtilis flagellum as a mechanosensor that activates the DegS–DegU regulatory pathway. Inhibition of flagellar rotation by deletion or mutation of the flagellar stator gene, motB, results in an increase in both degU transcription and DegU∼P driven processes, namely exoprotease production and poly‐γ‐dl‐glutamic acid biosynthesis. Similarly, inhibition of flagellar rotation by engaging the flagellar clutch or by tethering the flagella with antibodies also promotes an increase in degU transcription that is reflective of increased DegU∼P levels in the cell. Collectively, these findings strongly indicate that inhibition of flagellar rotation acts as a mechanical trigger to activate the DegS–DegU two‐component signal transduction system. We postulate that inhibition of flagellar rotation could function as a mechanical trigger to activate bacterial signal transduction cascades in many motile bacteria upon contact with a surface.
We Are All Probing Each Other, All the Time
Authors: McCONNELL MIKE 
Published: July 2013

The recent scandal of the National Security Agency (NSA) “Hoovering” up the metadata on US and foreign citizens from Google, Facebook and Yahoo exposes in the full light of day the central paradox of the new digital age: The Internet enables us to know and learn more than ever before, but enables more to be known and learned about us by both snooping governments and monetizing information corporations alike.In this section, Google's Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen discuss this paradox. We also reprint an interview from 2009 with Mike McConnell, a former chief of the National Security Agency and the driving force behind Booz, Allen, Hamilton's digital security operation. Edward Snowden, the systems administrator who blew the whistle, was employed by the NSA as a subcontractor from Booz, Allen, Hamilton.
Obstetrical Interventions for Term First Deliveries in the US
Authors: Ananth Cande V. , Wilcox Allen J. , Gyamfi‐Bannerman Cynthia 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundLabour induction and caesarean are increasingly done without clinical indication. However, little is known about the prevalence of such interventions, or the characteristics of women who receive them. We used the 2003 revision of the US birth certificates to summarise recorded interventions and to characterise maternal profiles associated with such interventions.MethodsWe carried out a retrospective study of 2.35 million primiparous women delivering singleton live births at 37–44 weeks in the US from 2005 to 2008. We used the 2003 revision of the birth certificate to define delivery categories: ‘indicated’ were those with induced labour or pre‐labour caesarean for hypertension, diabetes, chorioamnionitis, failed cephalic version at ≥40 weeks, growth restriction (<3rd centile), or post‐term (≥42 weeks); those with pre‐labour caesarean with breech at ≥39 weeks; or those with caesarean with labour lasting ≥12 h, failed trial of labour, vacuum/forceps extraction, or fetal intolerance to labour. Remaining deliveries with induction/caesarean were classified as ‘non‐indicated’ and all other deliveries ‘spontaneous’.ResultsHalf of all term first births (50%) were delivered after intervention, and half of interventions were non‐indicated (26% of all deliveries). Women with interventions were more likely to deliver on a weekday. Non‐indicated interventions were more common among socially advantaged women.ConclusionsNearly a quarter of US term first deliveries had an indicated intervention, and another quarter received intervention without a recorded clinical indication. Both numbers are probably underestimates.
Clinical presentation and outcome of dengue viral infection in live‐related renal transplant recipients in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Nasim A. , Anis S. , Baqi S. , Akhtar S.F. , Baig‐Ansari N. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIntroductionIn Pakistan, dengue viral infection has become hyper‐endemic. Renal transplantation is also expanding. We aimed to study dengue in renal transplant recipients (RTR).MethodsWe conducted a study of RTR reported to be anti‐dengue immunoglobulin‐M antibody positive from January 2009 to December 2010 at our institution in Karachi and follow their clinical course and outcome.ResultsMedian age was 28 years; 75 (73.7%) were males. Clinical presentation included fever in 82 (80.4%), gastrointestinal symptoms in 35 (34.3%), hemorrhagic complications in 9 (8.8%), and thrombocytopenia in 97 (95%), which was of >15 days duration in 24%. Fever was seen less frequently in patients on high‐dose (>7.5 mg) steroids as compared with low‐dose (≤7.5 mg) steroids. Forty‐four patients (43%) had primary and 58 (56.8%) had secondary dengue infection. Dengue fever (DF) occurred in 90 (88%), and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) occurred in 12 (11.7%). DHF/DSS was seen in 3 (6.8%) of those with primary and in 9 (15.5%) of those with secondary infection (P < 0.22). In secondary infection, patients on cyclosporine‐containing regimen had less severe disease, with DHF/DSS in 22% as opposed to DF in 59% (P < 0.04). Of 102 RTR, 68 (66.7%) had graft dysfunction, 5 of whom died. Of the remaining 63, in 54 patients (85.7%) creatinine returned to baseline by an average of 12.6 days. Of 102 patients, 95 (93%) recovered and 7 (6.9%) died, 6 of whom had bacteremia with sepsis and 1 had respiratory failure. None died due to dengue infection alone.ConclusionIn conclusion, in RTR without life‐threatening co‐morbidities, the clinical course of dengue infection is mild, with good recovery and preserved renal function.
Foreign Wage Premium, Gender and Education: Insights from Vietnam Household Surveys
Authors: Fukase Emiko 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis paper investigates the differential impacts of foreign ownership on wages for different types of workers (in terms of educational background and gender) in Vietnam using the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys of 2002 and 2004. Whereas most previous studies have compared wage levels between foreign and domestic sectors using firm‐level data (thus excluding the informal sector), one advantage of using the Living Standards Surveys in this paper is that the data allow wage comparison analyses to extend to the informal wage sector. A series of Mincerian earnings equations and worker‐specific fixed effects models are estimated. Several findings emerge. First, foreign firms pay higher wages relative to their domestic counterparts after controlling for workers' personal characteristics. Second, the higher the individual workers' levels of education, the larger on average are the wage premiums for those who work for foreign firms. Third, longer hours of work in foreign firm jobs relative to working in the informal wage sector are an important component of the wage premium. Finally, unskilled women experience a larger foreign wage premium than unskilled men, reflecting the low earning opportunities for women and a higher gender gap in the informal wage sector.
Pressure Sensitivity of HCCI Auto-Ignition Temperature for Oxygenated Reference Fuels
Authors: Truedsson Ida , Tuner Martin , Johansson Bengt , Cannella William 
Published: July 2013

The current research focuses on creating an HCCI fuel index suitable for comparing different fuels for HCCI operation. One way to characterize a fuel is to use the Auto-Ignition Temperature (AIT). The AIT can be extracted from the pressure trace. Another potentially interesting parameter is the amount of Low Temperature Heat Release (LTHR) that is closely connected to the ignition properties of the fuel.
The purpose of this study was to map the AIT and amount of LTHR of different oxygenated reference fuels in HCCI combustion at different cylinder pressures. Blends of n-heptane, iso-octane and ethanol were tested in a CFR engine with variable compression ratio. Five different inlet air temperatures ranging from 50°C to 150°C were used to achieve different cylinder pressures and the compression ratio was changed accordingly to keep a constant combustion phasing, CA50, of 3±1° after TDC. The experiments were carried out in lean operation with a constant equivalence ratio of 0.33 and with a constant engine speed of 600 rpm.
The amount of ethanol needed to suppress LTHR from different PRFs was evaluated. The AIT and the amount of LTHR for different combinations of n-heptane, iso-octane and ethanol were charted.
Low Temperature Gasoline Combustion With Diesel Micro-Pilot Injection in a Six-Cylinder Heavy Duty Engine
Authors: Bach Florian , Hampe Clemens , Wagner Uwe , Spicher Ulrich , Sauer Christina 
Published: July 2013

This paper describes the operation of a heavy duty six-cylinder engine in a dual fuel, Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) mode with very low engine-out NOx und soot emissions according to the US EPA Tier IV final emission limits in the corresponding C1 test cycle. This operation mode makes use of a short pilot injection of diesel fuel, which is injected directly into the cylinder, to ignite a highly diluted, premixed gasoline air mixture. Multicylinder engine operation could be demonstrated over the entire engine operating map with loads of up to 2 MPa BMEP. Expensive aftertreatment systems for NOx and soot emissions are not required.
This paper also discusses the challenges involved with the implementation of this combustion system on a multicylinder engine. When transferring the dual fuel LTC from a single cylinder research engine to a multicylinder engine, the design of some engine components, e.g. the camshaft and the piston, were changed. The intake manifold is modified with port fuel injectors for ideal gasoline mixture preparation and equal distribution to all cylinders. To avoid cylinder imbalances, it is possible to control the injected masses of gasoline and diesel fuel for the pilot injection on a per-cylinder basis. Achieving high dilution for ignition delay via EGR and boosted intake pressure to avoid high pressure rise rates and knocking presents challenges for the two-stage turbocharger design. Additionally, high EGR rates and EGR cooling for increased loads are addressed. Finally, experiments to determine the significant control parameters for the combustion process are performed on the engine.
In the course of these investigations, dual fuel LTC could be transferred from a single cylinder research engine to a multicylinder engine; previously obtained single-cylinder operating conditions could be achieved even at high loads.
Real-Time Monitoring of Combustion Instability in a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine Using Cycle-by-Cycle Exhaust Temperature Measurements
Authors: Gardiner David P. , Neill W. Stuart , Chippior Wallace L. 
Published: July 2013

This paper describes an experimental study concerning the feasibility of monitoring the combustion instability levels of an HCCI engine based upon cycle-by-cycle exhaust temperature measurements. The test engine was a single cylinder, four-stroke, variable compression ratio Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine coupled to an eddy current dynamometer. A rugged exhaust temperature sensor equipped with special signal processing circuitry was installed near the engine exhaust port. Reference measurements were provided by a laboratory grade, water-cooled cylinder pressure transducer. The cylinder pressure measurements were used to calculate the Coefficient of Variation of Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (COV of IMEP) for each operating condition tested.
Experiments with the HCCI engine confirmed that cycle-by-cycle variations in exhaust temperature were present, and were of sufficient magnitude to be captured for processing as high fidelity signal waveforms. There was a good correlation between the variability of the exhaust temperature signal and the COV of IMEP throughout the operating range that was evaluated. The correlation was particularly strong at the low levels of COV of IMEP (2–3%), where production engines would typically operate.
A real-time combustion instability signal was obtained from cycle-by-cycle exhaust temperature measurements, and used to provide feedback to the fuel injection control system. Closed loop operation of the HCCI engine was achieved in which the engine was operated as lean as possible while maintaining the COV level at or near 2.5%.
Effect of Proteins on Film Formation in Bovine Serum Lubricated Contacts Under Rolling/Sliding Conditions
Authors: Vrbka Martin , Navrat Tomas , Krupka Ivan , Hartl Martin , Gallo Jiri 
Published: July 2013

The aim of this study is to perform detail experimental mapping of the lubricating film thickness of bovine serum (BS) within the contact between an artificial metal or ceramic femoral head and a glass disc and analyze effect of proteins on the film formation under rolling/sliding conditions.
The film thickness was studied experimentally using an optical test rig as a function of time under variety of constant mean speeds. Chromatic interferograms were recorded with a high-speed digital camera and evaluated with thin film colorimetric interferometry.
Under pure rolling conditions it was observed that the central film thicknesses increased with time for all measurements. When the disc was slower than head then the measured central film thicknesses achieved values only about some few nanometres, whereas when the tests were realized with faster disc then measured central film thicknesses achieved significantly higher values. Distribution of the film thickness within the contact zone is not homogeneous and two different film thickness regions can be found; thicker protein film and thinner base film that both show specific behaviour over time.
This study showed that protein formation plays an important role in the lubrication processes of artificial joints of the human. Due to challenging of this study the more complex research work is carried out at the present time.