bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
h5ebsd: an archival data format for electron back-scatter diffraction data sets
Authors: Jackson Michael A , Groeber Michael A , Uchic Michael D , Rowenhorst David J , Graef Marc De 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe present an archival format for electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) data based on the HDF5 scientific file format. We discuss the differences between archival and data work flow file formats, and present details of the archival file layout for the implementation of h5ebsd, a vendor-neutral EBSD-HDF5 format. Information on sample and external reference frames can be included in the archival file, so that the data is internally consistent and complete. We describe how the format can be extended to include additional experimental modalities, and present some thoughts on the interactions between working files and archival files. The complete file specification as well as an example h5ebsd formatted data set are made available to the reader.
FGFR4 Polymorphic Variants Modulate Phenotypic Features of Cushing Disease
Authors: Nakano-Tateno Tae , Tateno Toru , Hlaing Maw Maw , Zheng Lei , Yoshimoto Katsuhiko , Yamada Shozo , Asa Sylvia L. , Ezzat Shereen 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCushing disease is a potentially lethal condition resulting from hormone excess, usually due to a small pituitary tumor that fails to respond to negative feedback inhibition. A minority of patients develop larger, more aggressive tumors of the same lineage but with modest hormone excess. Here we show that a common polymorphism in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) transmembrane domain yields receptor isoforms with distinct properties that mediate these biological differences. Forced expression of the major FGFR4-G388 variant allele supports pY-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) responses. In contrast, expression of the minor FGFR4-R388 allele enhances STAT3 serine phosphorylation, driving cellular growth. In addition, FGFR4-R388 enhances glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Consistent with these findings, glucocorticoid administration resulted in enhanced hormone negative feedback in mice with knock-in of the FGFR4 variant allele. Moreover, clinical data from patients with pituitary tumors revealed that those homozygous for the R388 allele have a higher frequency of silent corticotroph macroadenomas than FGFR4-G388 carriers, who were more likely to have small but hormonally active microadenomas. These findings demonstrate that the FGFR4 transmembrane polymorphic variants can modulate cellular growth and sensitivity to glucocorticoid hormone negative feedback through distinct STAT3 modifications of relevance to the human forms of Cushing disease.
Is pre-trial quality assurance necessary? Experiences of the CONVERT Phase III randomized trial for good performance status patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Groom N , Wilson E , Lyn E , Faivre-Finn C 
Published: March 2014

Objective:
This study is an analysis of the pre-trial quality assurance (QA) exercises submitted by clinicians from radiotherapy (RT) centres across Europe and Canada to qualify for participation in the CONVERT trial.

Methods:
QA exercises submitted by 64 clinicians at 64 RT centres were included in this analysis. The exercises included the completion of a trial-specific questionnaire and submission of a treatment plan, for both trial arms, for a patient fitting the eligibility criteria of the trial. This article describes the QA programme set up for the CONVERT trial and identifies deviations from the trial protocol. Patient eligibility, disease and critical structure outlining and treatment planning technique were assessed.

Results:
Results from QA trial-specific questionnaires received between February 2008 and September 2011, returned as part of the QA exercise, indicated that the majority of centres (70.3%) were using 6-MV photons and type B treatment planning system algorithms (57.8%). 90.6% of clinicians assessed submitted data for patients who fitted the eligibility criteria for the trial. There were inconsistencies in outlining of gross tumour volume (GTV) and organs at risk, mainly heart and oesophagus, and in the use of margins around the GTV.

Conclusion:
Such a QA programme helps to ensure that centres conform to trial protocol and should reduce inconsistencies in RT planning that may confound the results of the CONVERT trial.

Advances in knowledge:
Few studies reporting pre-trial QA have been published to date. This article outlines the importance of such a QA programme in the context of multicentre Phase III studies.
Remote Predictive Mapping 5. Using a Lidar Derived DEM to Test the Influence of Variable Overburden Thickness and Bedrock on Drainage and Basin Morphology
Authors: Webster Tim L. , Gosse John C. , Spooner Ian , Murphy J. Brendan 
Published: March 2014

A 4–m lidar digital elevation model (DEM) provides sufficient resolution to examine the impact of variable till cover on the incision history of multiple small (5 km2) catchments in eastern Canada. The study site was selected because it has homogeneous bedrock geology that dips parallel to the land surface, is tectonically stable, has undergone common base level changes, and has a common ice history, with variable overburden thickness, from thin cover in the west to thick cover in the east. Basin morphometrics were compared for similar-size basins that have variable till cover thicknesses. Basins with thicker till cover are wider and show differences in hypsometries compared to those where till cover is thin. Two basins representing end members of till thickness were measured for stream discharge and water chemistry. Thick till (> 1 m) on the eastern half of North Mountain retards infiltration sufficiently to promote overland flow and accelerate incision relative to areas with thinner till. Till thickness and continuity therefore are expected to impede the achievement of steadiness and may also delay stream power law relationships in larger catchments until till cover has been effectively eroded.SOMMAIREUn modèle altimétrique numérique (MAN) par lidar 4 m offre une résolution suffisante pour étudier l'impact des divers dépôts de till sur l'histoire de l'érosion linéaire de multiples petits (5 km2) bassins versants dans l'Est du Canada. Le site d'étude a été choisi parce que sa géologie est homogène et que son pendage est parallèle à la surface du sol, qu’il est tectoniquement stable, qu’il a subi des changements similaires du niveau de base d’érosion, de même qu’ une histoire glaciaire similaire, avec une épaisseur de mort-terrain variable, d’une couverture mince à l'ouest jusqu'à une couverture épaisse à l'est. La morphométrie du bassin a été comparée à celle de bassins de taille semblable aux épaisseurs de till variables. Les bassins aux couvertures de till plus épaisses sont plus larges et montrent des différences hypsométriques comparé à ceux aux couvertures minces. Deux bassins représentant les termes extrêmes de l'épaisseur du till ont été mesurées quant au débit du courant et à la chimie de l'eau. Les till épais (>1 m) sur la moitié est du mont Nord retardent l'infiltration, ce qui favorise l'écoulement en surface et accélèrent l’érosion linéaire par rapport aux zones couvertes de couches de till plus minces. On s’attend donc à ce que l'épaisseur de la couche de till et sa continuité agissent comme une entrave à la stabilité et puissent aussi retarder les effets de la loi de puissance de l’écoulement dans les grands bassins récepteurs jusqu'à ce que la couverture de till a été effectivement érodée.
Managing the open abdomen in a district general hospital
Authors: De Siqueira J , Tawfiq O , Garner J 
Published: March 2014

Introduction The need to manage an open abdomen is becoming more common in general surgical practice and a variety of methods of temporary abdominal closure (TAC) are available. The evidence for the efficacy of the various forms of TAC as well as the subsequent definitive fascial closure (DFC) rates and complications comes mainly from large trauma series in the US, which represent a different patient population to those in the UK in whom TAC is usually required. Methods All cases of open abdomen management in our hospital over a five-year period were reviewed to ascertain the methods of TAC used, our success in achieving DFC and the applicability of managing such cases in a district hospital environment. Results Nineteen patients underwent TAC, with two deaths (10.5%) and an overall DFC rate at hospital discharge of 12/17 (70.6%). The median lengths of critical care and hospital stays were 19.5 and 38.0 days respectively. Thirteen out of seventeen survivors had at least one significant complication. Conclusions The management of the open abdomen can be achieved safely in a district general hospital setting with acceptable outcomes for the non-trauma patients commonly seen in UK practice but it is a resource intensive and expensive undertaking.
R-MnO2 nanourchins: a promising catalyst in Li-O2 batteries
Authors: Landa-Medrano Imanol , de Larramendi Idoia Ruiz , de Aberasturi Dorleta Jimenez , Pinedo Ricardo , Ortiz-Vitoriano Nagore , Rioja-Monllor Laura , Ruiz de Larramendi José Ignacio , Rojo Teófilo 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIn the present work nanostructures of manganese dioxide have been synthesized and characterized as potential catalysts for Li-air batteries. The R-MnO2 nanourchin-shaped catalyst was synthesized by mild hydrothermal conditions under autogeneous pressure. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used to confirm the formation of single R-MnO2. The microstructure of the obtained nanostructures was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) showing the presence of acicular manganese oxide aggregates (5-10 nm wide) which tend to form spherical clusters, taking on an urchin-shaped form of roughly 6 microns diameter. The cyclability analyses reveal an enhanced performance and efficiency for the batteries with higher amounts of catalyst. This catalyst is thought to promote alternative reaction pathways in the Li2CO3 decomposition which attenuate the instability of the electrolyte and/or carbon electrode during the discharge resulting in an improved cyclability.
Fabrication and Properties Analysis of the Thin Walled β''-Alumina Tube
Authors: Zeng Shimeng , Kim Hwan , Ahn Jin-Soo , Park Young-Min , Sammes Nigel Mark 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTDense thin β/β’’-alumina electrolyte films of less than 50 μm thickness were fabricated using vacuum dip-coating on porous substrate tubes. The porous substrate tubes were fabricated using a slip casting method. Fine Na-β/β’’-alumina powder was obtained via traditional solid state reaction processing. It was found that vacuum dip-coating is an effective method for fabricating thin dense layers coated on the porous tube. The mechanical properties of the porous tube, with and without the dense layer, were tested using a C-ring method. The optimized sintering process was also studied.
High resolution dynamic electrostatic force microscopy technique: quantifying electrical properties at the nanoscale.
Authors: Maragliano C. , Heskes D. , Stefancich M. , Chiesa M. , Souier T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), a conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip is electrically biased against a grounded sample and electrostatic forces are investigated. This methodology has been broadly used in the scientific community to characterize dielectric properties of samples at the nanoscale. Two are the main operating conditions associated with this technique. The oscillation amplitude is usually kept to very small values to allow a linearized approach to the force reconstruction and the tip-sample distance is maintained elevated. However, this latter condition negatively affects the lateral resolution of the technique. Thus, electrostatic interaction should be probed in the vicinity of the sample. Theoretically, in this region the force can be linearized using oscillation amplitudes in the order of Å. This might cause the trapping of the tip on the surface (snap-in). Furthermore, at small distances, short-range forces (i.e. Van der Waals’) might reach values comparable to electrostatic forces.Here we present a framework that combines EFM and dynamic amplitude modulation AFM to achieve decoupled reconstruction of forces. It permits reconstructing the real shape of the electrostatic force and the capacitance of the tip-sample system even in the vicinity of the surface. This is done using a technique proposed in literature by Sader and Katan to reconstruct the force without the linearization approximation. The steps needed to decouple short-range and electrostatic forces are explained in detail. This data can be employed to derive the electrical properties of thin films with enhanced lateral resolution with respect to the commonly used EFM techniques.
Dentists’ Willingness to Provide Expanded HIV Screening in Oral Health Care Settings: Results From a Nationally Representative Survey
Authors: Pollack Harold A. , Pereyra Margaret , Parish Carrigan L. , Abel Stephen , Messinger Shari , Singer Richard , Kunzel Carol , Greenberg Barbara , Gerbert Barbara , Glick Michael , Metsch Lisa R. 
Published: March 2014

Objectives. Using a nationally representative survey, we determined dentists’ willingness to provide oral rapid HIV screening in the oral health care setting. Methods. From November 2010 through November 2011, a nationally representative survey of general dentists (sampling frame obtained from American Dental Association Survey Center) examined barriers and facilitators to offering oral HIV rapid testing (n = 1802; 70.7% response). Multiple logistic regression analysis examined dentists’ willingness to conduct this screening and perceived compatibility with their professional role. Results. Agreement with the importance of annual testing for high-risk persons and familiarity with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s recommendations regarding routine HIV testing were positively associated with willingness to conduct such screening. Respondents’ agreement with patients’ acceptance of HIV testing and colleagues’ improved perception of them were also positively associated with willingness. Conclusions. Oral HIV rapid testing is potentially well suited to the dental setting. Although our analysis identified many predictors of dentists’ willingness to offer screening, there are many barriers, including dentists’ perceptions of patients’ acceptance, that must be addressed before such screening is likely to be widely implemented.
Life-Course Accumulation of Neighborhood Disadvantage and Allostatic Load: Empirical Integration of Three Social Determinants of Health Frameworks
Authors: Gustafsson Per E. , San Sebastian Miguel , Janlert Urban , Theorell Töres , Westerlund Hugo , Hammarström Anne 
Published: March 2014

Objectives. We examined if the accumulation of neighborhood disadvantages from adolescence to mid-adulthood were related to allostatic load, a measure of cumulative biological risk, in mid-adulthood, and explored whether this association was similar in women and men. Methods. Data were from the participants in the Northern Swedish Cohort (analytical n = 818) at ages 16, 21, 30, and 43 years in 1981, 1986, 1995, and 2008. Personal living conditions were self-reported at each wave. At age 43 years, 12 biological markers were measured to operationalize allostatic load. Registered data for all residents in the cohort participants’ neighborhoods at each wave were used to construct a cumulative measure of neighborhood disadvantage. Associations were examined in ordinary least-squares regression models. Results. We found that cumulative neighborhood disadvantage between ages 16 and 43 years was related to higher allostatic load at age 43 years after adjusting for personal living conditions in the total sample (B = 0.11; P = .004) and in men (B = 0.16; P = .004), but not in women (B = 0.07; P = .248). Conclusions. Our findings suggested that neighborhood disadvantage acted cumulatively over the life course on biological wear and tear, and exemplified the gains of integrating social determinants of health frameworks.
Neighborhood Contributions to Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Obesity Among New York City Adults
Authors: Lim Sungwoo , Harris Tiffany G. 
Published: March 2014

Objectives. We assessed neighborhood confounding on racial/ethnic obesity disparities among adults in New York City after accounting for complex sampling, and how much neighborhood factors (walkability, percentage Black or Hispanic, poverty) contributed to this effect. Methods. We combined New York City Community Health Survey 2002–2004 data with Census 2000 zip code–level data. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) for obesity with 2 sets of regression analyses. First, we used the method incorporating the conditional pseudolikelihood into complex sample adjustment. Second, we compared ORs for race/ethnicity from a conventional multilevel model for each neighborhood factor with those from a hybrid fixed-effect model. Results. The weighted estimate for obesity for Blacks versus Whites (OR = 1.8; 95% confidence interval = 1.6, 2.0) was attenuated when we controlled neighborhood confounding (OR = 1.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.2, 1.6; first analysis). Percentage of Blacks in the neighborhood made a large contribution whereas the walkability contribution was minimal (second analysis). Conclusions. Percentage of Blacks in New York City neighborhoods explained a large portion of the disparity in obesity between Blacks and Whites. The study highlights the importance of estimating valid neighborhood effects for public health surveillance and intervention.
Incentive System Design in Creativity-Dependent Firms
Authors: Grabner Isabella 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
I empirically investigate the impact of an organization's creativity dependency on the design of its incentive system. In firms for which the primary source of value creation is the creativity of core employees, the designs of incentive systems are particularly challenging. The nature of creative work constrains the feasibility of extrinsic incentives, but at the same time creates a need for them. Accordingly, there is concern that the use of incentives renders people not creative enough, but a lack of incentives makes employees “too creative.” I argue that a solution to this dilemma is the acknowledgment that the decision to use performance-based pay is not made in isolation, but as part of a set of complementary choices. I theoretically argue and empirically show that subjective evaluations of non-task-related performance and performance-based pay are complements in a creativity-dependent setting. I further argue that the intense use of both control mechanisms is the incentive system that best accommodates the control requirements of creativity-dependent firms, and show that the likelihood of choosing this system increases with the creativity dependency.
Use of Antidiabetic Drugs in the U.S., 2003–2012
Authors: Hampp Christian , Borders-Hemphill Vicky , Moeny David G. , Wysowski Diane K. 
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE
To describe market trends for antidiabetic drugs, focusing on newly approved drugs, concomitant use of antidiabetic drugs, and effects of safety concerns and access restrictions on thiazolidinedione use.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Nationally projected data on antidiabetic prescriptions for adults dispensed from U.S. retail pharmacies were extracted from IMS Health Vector One National and Total Patient Tracker for 2003–2012 and from Encuity Research Treatment Answers and Symphony Health Solutions PHAST Prescription Monthly for 2012.

RESULTS
Since 2003, the number of adult antidiabetic drug users increased by 42.9% to 18.8 million in 2012. Metformin use increased by 97.0% to 60.4 million prescriptions dispensed in retail pharmacies in 2012. Among antidiabetic drugs newly approved for marketing between 2003 and 2012, the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor sitagliptin had the largest share with 10.5 million prescriptions in 2012. Rosiglitazone use plummeted to &lt;13,000 prescriptions dispensed in retail or mail-order pharmacies in 2012. Concomitancy analyses showed that 44.9% of metformin use was for monotherapy. Between 33.4 and 48.1% of sulfonylurea, DPP-4 inhibitor, thiazolidinedione, and glucagon-like peptide 1 analog use was not accompanied by metformin.

CONCLUSIONS
The antidiabetic drug market is characterized by steady increases in volume, and newly approved drugs experienced substantial uptake, especially DPP-4 inhibitors. The use of rosiglitazone has been negligible since restrictions were put in place in 2011. Further study is needed to understand why one-third to one-half of other noninsulin antidiabetic drug use was not concomitant with metformin use despite guidelines recommending that metformin be continued when other agents are added to treatment.
Alleviation of nickel toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings by selenium supplementation
Authors: Gajewska Ewa , Drobik Daniel , Wielanek Marzena , Sekulska-Nalewajko Joanna , Gocławski Jarosław , Mazur Janusz , Skłodowska Maria 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Hydroponically grown wheat seedlings were treated with 50 μM N i and/or 15 μM Se. After a 7-day culture period, their growth parameters, N i, Se, F e, and M g contents, electrolyte leakage, photosynthetic pigment concentrations, and photochemical activity of photosystem II were determined. Exposure of wheat seedlings to N i alone resulted in reduction in the total shoot and root lengths, by 22% and 50%, respectively. Addition of Se to the N i-containing medium significantly improved the growth of these organs, compared to the seedlings subjected to N i alone. Application of Se decreased the accumulation of N i in shoots and roots and partially alleviated the N i-induced decrease in F e and M g concentations in shoots. Electrolyte leakage increased in response to N i stress, but in shoots it was diminished by Se supplementation. Exposure to N i led to a decrease in chlorophyll a and b contents and enhancement of chlorophyll a/b ratio, but did not influence the concentration of carotenoids. Enrichment of the N i-containing medium with Se significantly increased chlorophyll b content, compared to the seedlings treated with N i alone. Photochemical activity, estimated in terms of the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II , decreased in response to N i treatment but was significantly improved by simultaneous addition of Se. Results of our study suggest that alleviation of N i toxicity in wheat seedlings by Se supplementation may be related to limitation of N i uptake.
Communities of mites (Acari) in litter and soil under the invasive red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and native pedunculate oak (Q. robur L.)
Authors: Kohyt Joanna , Skubała Piotr 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Because of thoughtless decisions or unintentional introduction, alien species disturb native ecosystems. Red oak (Quercus rubra), among other alien woody plants, is still used to rehabilitate degraded land because of its better resistance to pollution and faster growth, as compared to native tree species. Soil mites, especially Oribatida, are good bioindicators of ecosystem disturbance, so the main goal of this study was to explore the influence of invasive and native oaks on mite communities. F orest stands dominated by 40-year-old Q. rubra or 35-year-old Q. robur were compared. Over 2300 soil mites were extracted from 20 soil and 20 litter samples. M ite densities in the communities were higher in red oak litter, which is probably a result of the thicker layer of shed leaves. Changes in species composition of oribatid communities were observed in litter, in contrast to a lack of differences in soil. These observations are consistent with other researches on invasive woody plants. W e expect that over time these changes will also be noticeable in the soil and will increase in litter.