bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innate Cosmopolitan Dialectics at the ICJ: Changing Perceptions of International Community, the Role of the Court, and the Legacy of Judge Álvarez
Authors: GORDON GEOFFREY 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTraditional conceptions of the international community have come under stress in a time of expanding international public order. Various initiatives purport to observe a reconceived international community from a variety of perspectives: transnational, administrative, pluralist, constitutional, etc. The perspectives on this changing dynamic evidenced by the International Court of Justice, however, have been largely neglected. But as the principal judicial institution tasked with representing the diversity of legal perspectives in the world, the Court represents an important forum by which to understand the changing appreciation of international community. While decisions of the Court have been restrained, an active discourse has been carried forward among individual judges. I look at part of that discourse, organized around one perspective, which I refer to as innate cosmopolitanism, introduced to the forum of the ICJ by the opinions of Judge Álvarez. The innate cosmopolitan perspective reflects an idea of the international community as an autonomous collectivity, enjoying a will, interests, or ends of its own, independent of constituent states. The application of that perspective under international law is put most to test in matters of international security, in particular where the interest in a discrete, global public order runs up against the right to self-defence vested in states. The innate cosmopolitan perspective has not, in these cases, achieved a controlling position – but, over time, it has been part of a dialectical process showing a change in the appreciation of international community before the Court, and a changing perception from the bench of the role of the Court in that community.
Changing patterns and widening of antibiotic resistance inShigellaspp. over a decade (2000–2011), Andaman Islands, India
Authors: BHATTACHARYA D. , BHATTACHARYA H. , SAYI D. S. , BHARADWAJ A. P. , SINGHANIA M. , SUGUNAN A. P. , ROY S. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYThis study is a part of the surveillance study on childhood diarrhoea in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; here we report the drug resistance pattern of recent isolates ofShigellaspp. (2006–2011) obtained as part of that study and compare it with that ofShigellaisolates obtained earlier during 2000–2005. During 2006–2011, stool samples from paediatric diarrhoea patients were collected and processed for isolation and identification ofShigellaspp. Susceptibility to 22 antimicrobial drugs was tested and minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for third-generation cephalosporins, quinolones, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combinations and gentamicin. A wide spectrum of antibiotic resistance was observed in theShigellastrains obtained during 2006–2011. The proportions of resistant strains showed an increase from 2000–2005 to 2006–2011 in 20/22 antibiotics tested. The number of drug resistance patterns increased from 13 in 2000–2005 to 43 in 2006–2011. Resistance to newer generation fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins and augmentin, which was not observed during 2000–2005, appeared during 2006–2011. The frequency of resistance inShigellaisolates has increased substantially between 2000–2006 and 2006–2011, with a wide spectrum of resistance. At present, the option for antimicrobial therapy in shigellosis in Andaman is limited to a small number of drugs.
Seroepidemiology ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection in free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) of Central Ethiopia
Authors: GEBREMEDHIN E. Z. , TESFAMARYAM G. , YUNUS H. A. , DUGUMA R. , TILAHUN G. , DI MARCO V. , VITALE M. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYWe performed a seroepidemiological study ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection in free-range chickens from October 2012 to May 2013. We used cross-sectional two-stage cluster sampling to collect blood samples from wing veins of 601 chickens from central Ethiopia.T. gondii-specific antibodies were assayed by modified agglutination test (MAT). We collected information about risk factors by questionnaire and used univariable and multivariable logistic regression to assess risk factors. An overall seroprevalence of 30·5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 26·27–34·14] and 54·2% (95% CI 47·06–61·36) was found at animal- and flock-level, respectively. The MAT end titre of seropositive chickens (n = 183) were 1 : 60 in 46, 1 : 180 in 28, 1 : 540 in 29, ⩾1 : 1620 in 48, 1 : 6000 in 22, 1 : 18 000 in five, 1 : 54 000 in one, and ⩾1 : 162 000 in four. Animal-level risk factors identified using multivariable logistic regression model were: midland altitude [odds ratio (OR) 2·53, 95% CI 1·12–5·72], cross and exotic breeds (OR 3·17, 95% CI 1·39–7·23), increased age of chickens (OR 2·32, 95% CI 1·19–4·49), extensive management (OR 6·92, 95% CI 1·34–35·86) and the presence of cats (OR 2·08, 95% CI 1·20–3·61). Similarly, flock-level risk factors were midland altitude (OR 3·62, 95% CI 1·31–9·99) and the presence of cats (OR 1·19–4·94). The knowledge of the local people about the health risk of cats to humans and animals is poor. Housing and management of cats and chickens are also poor. The widespread presence ofT. gondiiinfection in free-range chickens of Central Ethiopia provides suggestive evidence for the high level of contamination of the living environment of people withT. gondiioocysts. Meat from free-range chickens might be an important source of infection for humans. Altitude, breed, age, management and presence of cats are independent predictors of seropositivity. Education of farmers about toxoplasmosis and further studies to elucidate the burden of toxoplasmosis in animals and humans warrants consideration.
Genetic detection of Dobrava-Belgrade hantavirus in the edible dormouse (Glis glis) in central Serbia
Authors: STANOJEVIC M. , NIKOLIC V. , STAJKOVIC N. , STAMENKOVIC G. , BOZOVIC B. , CEKANAC R. , MARUSIC P. , GLIGIC A. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYHantaviruses are endemic in the Balkans, particularly in Serbia, where sporadic cases and/or outbreaks of hantaviral human disease have been reported repeatedly, and evidenced serologically. Here, we present genetic detection of Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV) hantaviral sequences in wild rodents trapped in central Serbia. All the animals were pre-screened serologically by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test and only those with a positive finding of hantaviral antigens were further tested by polymerase chain reaction. Of the total of 104 trapped animals, 20 were found to be IF positive and of those three were positive for hantaviral RNA: one Microtus arvalis for Tula virus, and one each of Apodemus agrarius and Glis glis for DOBV. Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences implies putative DOBV spillover infection of A. agrarius and G. glis from Apodemus flavicollis. However, future investigations should help to identify the most common natural host and geographical distribution of DOBV in its reservoir hosts in Serbia.
Dietary availability in elderly Portuguese households
Authors: Santos Débora M , Rodrigues Sara SP , Oliveira Bruno MPM , de Almeida Maria Daniel V 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo identify dietary availability and its time trends in elderly Portuguese households.DesignA set of four cross-sectional studies based on the Household Budget Surveys was used. The dietary data were described using the daily per capita availability of food and beverages, energy and selected nutrients (macronutrients, different lipid fractions and simple sugars). Differences between elderly household types and time trends were studied.SettingPortuguese Household Budget Survey data from 1989/1990, 1994/1995, 2000/2001 and 2005/2006.SubjectsHouseholds with members aged ≥65 years were selected and categorized as solitary elderly female, solitary elderly male or couple (composed of one elderly female and one elderly male).ResultsWhile cereals, fats/oils, potatoes and sugar/sugar products decreased, an increase occurred in milk/milk products, fruits, bottled water, fruit/vegetable juices and soft drinks (P<0·05). The highest values for foods and beverages were mostly found in couples, while the lowest ones were from solitary males. Exceptions were observed for cereals, eggs, milk/milk products, vegetables, fruits and non-alcoholic beverages, higher in solitary females; and for sugar/sugar products and alcoholic beverages, higher in solitary males. Over time, total energy and carbohydrates decreased while proteins and saturated fatty acids increased (P<0·001). Lipids increased in solitary males and couples (P<0·05). Simple sugars increased in solitary males but decreased in solitary females and couples (P<0·05).ConclusionsThe increases in fruits and vegetables in solitary females accord with a healthier food pattern, but overall imbalances in the macronutrient profile for all elderly households may imply a decreasing diet quality.
Use of a new availability index to evaluate the effect of policy changes to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) on the food environment in New Orleans
Authors: O’Malley Keelia , Luckett Brian G , Dunaway Lauren Futrell , Bodor J Nicholas , Rose Donald 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveChanges to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) occurred in 2009 when supplemental foods offered through the programme were updated to align with current dietary recommendations. The present study reports on a new index developed to monitor the retail environment’s adoption of these new food supply requirements in New Orleans.DesignA 100-point WIC Availability Index (WIC-AI) was derived from new minimum state stocking requirements for WIC vendors. A sample of supermarkets, medium and small food stores was assessed in 2009 before changes were implemented and in 2010 after revisions had gone into effect. WIC-AI scores were utilized to compare differences in meeting requirements by store type, WIC vendor status and year of measurement.SettingSupermarkets, medium and small WIC and non-WIC food stores in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.ResultsAt baseline supermarkets had the highest median WIC-AI score (93·3) followed by medium (69·8) and small food stores (48·0). Small WIC stores had a higher median WIC-AI score at baseline than small non-WIC stores (66·9v. 38·0). Both medium and small WIC stores significantly increased their median WIC-AI scores between 2009 and 2010 (P<0·01). The increased median WIC-AI score in small food stores was largely attributed to increased availability of cereals and grains, juices and fruit, and infant fruit and vegetables.ConclusionsThe WIC-AI is a simple tool useful in summarizing complex food store environment data and may be adapted for use in other states or a national level to inform food policy decisions and direction.
‘How many calories are in my burrito?’ Improving consumers’ understanding of energy (calorie) range information
Authors: Liu Peggy J , Bettman James R , Uhalde Arianna R , Ubel Peter A 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveEnergy (calorie) ranges currently appear on menu boards for customized menu items and will likely appear throughout the USA when menu-labelling legislation is implemented. Consumer welfare advocates have questioned whether energy ranges enable accurate energy estimates. In four studies, we examined: (i) whether energy range information improves energy estimation accuracy; (ii) whether misestimates persist because consumers misinterpret the meaning of the energy range end points; and (iii) whether energy estimates can be made more accurate by providing explicit information about the contents of items at the end points.DesignFour studies were conducted, all randomized experiments.SettingStudy 1 took place outside a Chipotle restaurant. Studies 2 to 4 took place online.SubjectsParticipants in study 1 were customers exiting a Chipotle restaurant (n306). Participants in studies 2 (n205), 3 (n290) and 4 (n874) were from an online panel.ResultsEnergy ranges reduced energy misestimation across different menu items (studies 1–4). One cause of remaining misestimation was misinterpretation of the low end point’s meaning (study 2). Providing explicit information about the contents of menu items associated with energy range end points further reduced energy misestimation (study 3) across different menu items (study 4).ConclusionsEnergy range information improved energy estimation accuracy and defining the meaning of the end points further improved accuracy. We suggest that when restaurants present energy range information to consumers, they should explicitly define the meaning of the end points.
Mothers’ behaviour contributes to suboptimal iodine status of family members: findings from an iodine-sufficient area
Authors: Nazeri Pantea , Mirmiran Parvin , Asghari Golaleh , Shiva Nilufar , Mehrabi Yadollah , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveIodine deficiency still remains a major public health concern worldwide despite global progress in its elimination. The aims of the present study were to evaluate dietary iodine status in the mother and one adult member of each family and the association between mothers’ knowledge, attitude and behaviour and the dietary iodine status of adult family members in Tehran.DesignIn this cross-sectional study, 24 h urinary iodine and Na concentrations and the iodine content of household salt were measured. Mothers’ knowledge, attitude and behaviour were assessed using a questionnaire administered in face-to-face interviews.SettingHealth-care centres from four distinct areas of Tehran.SubjectsMother–adult family member pairs aged ≥19 years (n290), enrolled through randomized cluster sampling.ResultsIn mothers and adult family members, median 24 h urinary iodine concentration was 73 (interquartile range (IQR) 36–141) µg/l and 70 (IQR 34–131) µg/l, dietary iodine intake was 143 (IQR 28–249) µg/d and 130 (IQR 26–250) µg/d and dietary salt intake was 8·0 (IQR 5·9–10·2) g/d and 7·5 (IQR 5·3–10·0) g/d, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between mothers’ attitude and behaviour and the 24 h urinary iodine concentration, dietary iodine intake and iodine content of salt of adult family members. In multiple analysis, lower quartiles of salt iodine content and salt intake and inappropriate behaviour scores in mothers increased the risk of urinary iodine concentration <100 µg/l in adult family members.ConclusionsThe present study showed that mothers’ behaviour, but not knowledge and attitude, was among major contributors to the suboptimal dietary iodine status observed in adult family members.
Description of a teaching method for research education for palliative care healthcare professionals
Authors: Rhondali Wadih , My Thi Nguyen Linh , Peck Michelle , Vallet Fabienne , Daneault Serge , Filbet Marilene 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjective:Despite the rapidly growing availability of palliative care services, there is still much to be done in order to better support clinicians who are starting research programs. Among the barriers identified in the literature, methodological issues and lack of research training programs are often reported. Our aim was to describe an educational research method for healthcare professionals working in palliative care and to report the result of a survey conducted among a three-year sample of students.Method:The course was provided for a multidisciplinary group and was open to all healthcare professionals involved in palliative care. It took place over a single session during a full day. We used a 20-question e-survey to assess student outcomes (e.g., satisfaction, current status of their project).Results:We received answers from 83 of the 119 students (70%) who took the course. The majority were physicians (n = 62, 75%), followed by nurses (n = 17, 21%). During the class, students assessed the role of the teacher as an information provider (n = 51, 61%), role model (n = 36, 43%), and facilitator (n = 33, 40%), and considered all of these roles as suitable, with a score of 3.9–4.7 out of 5. Participants reported a high level of support from the teacher, with a mean score of 8.2 (SD, 1.7) out of 10, and good overall satisfaction with a mean score of 7.6 (1.8). Finally, 51 participants (77%) were able to start their research project after the class, 27 (41%) to complete it, and 8 (12%) to submit their research to a journal or conference.Significance of results:Our results suggest that newer teaching methods such as roleplay, group work, and target acquisition are feasible and effective in a palliative research curriculum. Additional studies are needed to confirm the objective outputs of educational interventions, including research outputs.
Realization and calibration of the MIMO radar MIRA-CLE Ka
Authors: Biallawons Oliver , Klare Jens , Saalmann Olaf 
Published: April 2014

This paper presents the technical realization of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar MIRA-CLE Ka (MIMO radar-configurable in Ka-band). This system is a stationary imaging radar without any mechanical moving parts. It is highly portable, ready to use in only a couple of minutes, and it is able to process one radar image per second during continuous radar measurements in the current stage of development. In addition to the image processing, it is possible to detect changes in range of 0.1 mm in the illuminated scene. The MIMO system operates in Ka band and consists of 16 receive and 16 transmit elements, so that 256 virtual elements are generated during signal processing. The size of the antenna's frontend is about 80 cm in width. Owing to its compact size, flexibility, and realtime capability, the system offers a wide field of applications.
Efficient CO2 fixation by surface Prochlorococcus in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Hartmann Manuela , Gomez-Pereira Paola , Grob Carolina , Ostrowski Martin , Scanlan David J , Zubkov Mikhail V 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Nearly half of the Earth’s surface is covered by the ocean populated by the most abundant photosynthetic organisms on the planet—Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria. However, in the oligotrophic open ocean, the majority of their cells in the top half of the photic layer have levels of photosynthetic pigmentation barely detectable by flow cytometry, suggesting low efficiency of CO2 fixation compared with other phytoplankton living in the same waters. To test the latter assumption, CO2 fixation rates of flow cytometrically sorted 14C-labelled phytoplankton cells were directly compared in surface waters of the open Atlantic Ocean (30°S to 30°N). CO2 fixation rates of Prochlorococcus are at least 1.5–2.0 times higher than CO2 fixation rates of the smallest plastidic protists and Synechococcus cyanobacteria when normalised to photosynthetic pigmentation assessed using cellular red autofluorescence. Therefore, our data indicate that in oligotrophic oceanic surface waters, pigment minimisation allows Prochlorococcus cells to harvest plentiful sunlight more effectively than other phytoplankton.
Composition and enzymatic function of particle-associated and free-living bacteria: a coastal/offshore comparison
Authors: D’Ambrosio Lindsay , Ziervogel Kai , MacGregor Barbara , Teske Andreas , Arnosti Carol 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We compared the function and composition of free-living and particle-associated microbial communities at an inshore site in coastal North Carolina and across a depth profile on the Blake Ridge (offshore). Hydrolysis rates of six different polysaccharide substrates were compared for particle-associated (&gt;3 μm) and free-living (&lt;3 to 0.2 μm) microbial communities. The 16S rRNA- and rDNA-based clone libraries were produced from the same filters used to measure hydrolysis rates. Particle-associated and free-living communities resembled one another; they also showed similar enzymatic hydrolysis rates and substrate preferences. All six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed inshore. Offshore, only a subset was hydrolyzed in surface water and at depths of 146 and 505 m; just three polysaccharides were hydrolyzed at 505 m. The spectrum of bacterial taxa changed more subtly between inshore and offshore surface waters, but changed greatly with depth offshore. None of the OTUs occurred at all sites: 27 out of the 28 major OTUs defined in this study were found either exclusively in a surface or in a mid-depth/bottom water sample. This distinction was evident with both 16S rRNA and rDNA analyses. At the offshore site, despite the low community overlap, bacterial communities maintained a degree of functional redundancy on the whole bacterial community level with respect to hydrolysis of high-molecular-weight substrates.
Variation in gut microbial communities and its association with pathogen infection in wild bumble bees (Bombus)
Authors: Cariveau Daniel P , Elijah Powell J , Koch Hauke , Winfree Rachael , Moran Nancy A 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Bacterial gut symbiont communities are critical for the health of many insect species. However, little is known about how microbial communities vary among host species or how they respond to anthropogenic disturbances. Bacterial communities that differ in richness or composition may vary in their ability to provide nutrients or defenses. We used deep sequencing to investigate gut microbiota of three species in the genus Bombus (bumble bees). Bombus are among the most economically and ecologically important non-managed pollinators. Some species have experienced dramatic declines, probably due to pathogens and land-use change. We examined variation within and across bee species and between semi-natural and conventional agricultural habitats. We categorized as ‘core bacteria’ any operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with closest hits to sequences previously found exclusively or primarily in the guts of honey bees and bumble bees (genera Apis and Bombus). Microbial community composition differed among bee species. Richness, defined as number of bacterial OTUs, was highest for B. bimaculatus and B. impatiens. For B. bimaculatus, this was due to high richness of non-core bacteria. We found little effect of habitat on microbial communities. Richness of non-core bacteria was negatively associated with bacterial abundance in individual bees, possibly due to deeper sampling of non-core bacteria in bees with low populations of core bacteria. Infection by the gut parasite Crithidia was negatively associated with abundance of the core bacterium Gilliamella and positively associated with richness of non-core bacteria. Our results indicate that Bombus species have distinctive gut communities, and community-level variation is associated with pathogen infection.
Single cell imaging of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase using an irreversible inhibitor
Authors: Turetsky Anna , Kim Eunha , Kohler Rainer H. , Miller Miles A. , Weissleder Ralph 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA number of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are currently in development, yet it has been difficult to visualize BTK expression and pharmacological inhibition in vivo in real time. We synthesized a fluorescent, irreversible BTK binder based on the drug Ibrutinib and characterized its behavior in cells and in vivo. We show a 200 nM affinity of the imaging agent, high selectivity and irreversible binding to its target following initial washout, resulting in surprisingly high target-to-background ratios. In vivo, the imaging agent rapidly distributed to BTK expressing tumor cells, but also to BTK-positive tumor-associated host cells.