bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐Stage Approach to Small‐Object Detection
Authors: Yu Mingrui , Leung Henry 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTUnmanned aerial systems (UAS) are increasingly finding applications in civilian and commercial sectors. The utilization of machine learning techniques in UAS image analysis significantly advances target detection and tracking algorithms. In the field of systems engineering, the integration of advanced object detection techniques within UAS represents a pivotal advancement. However, existing object detection and tracking systems encounter challenges when applied to aerial object detection, primarily due to the rapid changes and rotations of obstacles within the UAS's field of view during flight. This paper proposes a fast and accurate real‐time small object detection system based on a two‐stage architecture. Our solution addresses the challenges of small object detection by integrating traditional target detection with deep learning techniques. Specifically, it employs conventional background subtraction and deep learning algorithms to obtain initial detection boxes. Subsequently, we utilize target tracking techniques to refine and enhance the accuracy of the final detection results. By seamlessly integrating traditional and deep learning methods within a two‐stage architecture, our system effectively captures the dynamic nature of UAS flights, demonstrating improved accuracy and efficiency in small object detection. We evaluated our approach on small object datasets, and experimental results show that the proposed method enhances aerial object detection performance compared to conventional approaches. This research contributes to ongoing efforts to advance UAS applications across various domains. And by demonstrating the efficacy of our integrated approach, this research underscores the role of systems engineering in enhancing UAS capabilities.
A revised typification of the Linnaean name Urena procumbens (Malvaceae: Malvoideae)
Authors: Ferrer‐Gallego P. Pablo 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe typification of the Linnaean name Urena procumbens (Malvaceae) is revisited. This name was lectotypified on a specimen in LINN. However, while the lectotype is original material, it lacks sufficient provenance information to unambiguously be recognized as a syntype through the citation of a collector and locality in the protologue. Therefore, it does not compete equally with a specimen in SBT that belongs to a gathering that was cited in the protologue and is a syntype. The current lectotype in LINN is overturned and is replaced with the specimen in SBT.
Innovative Techniques in Agriculture: Transitioning From Traditional Farming to Precision and Hydroponic Agriculture
Authors: Manimozhi Rajalakshmi , Krishnamoorthy Gunasekaran 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTPrecision agriculture and hydroponics are the main topics of this review, which examines the shift from conventional farming practices to modern innovations in agriculture. Despite the long history and significance of traditional agriculture, it is increasingly confronting challenges such as the need for sustainable food production, water scarcity, climate change, and environmental degradation. Precision farming maximizes agricultural yields while cutting resource consumption by 20%–30% by utilizing data‐driven methods such as satellite images, IoT‐enabled sensors, and AI algorithms. According to studies, installing precision irrigation systems can greatly lessen the environmental impact by increasing water‐use efficiency by up to nearly 40%. Based on data techniques for improving crop yields, minimizing environmental impact, and maximizing resource utilization are provided by precision agriculture. By conserving water, permitting nutrient recycling, and supporting urban and vertical farming, hydroponics is a soilless agricultural technique that offers a sustainable solution. The hydroponics market in India is also covered in this assessment, with an emphasis on its prospects for expansion and contributions to urban food security. The use of these novel methods promises an agricultural future that is more adaptable, effective, and environmentally friendly, solving the immediate problems of the present while ensuring future generations' access to food. This review investigates how hydroponic systems and precision agriculture can be combined to provide automated changes and real‐time nutrient monitoring. Such collaboration not only reduces labor costs and the environmental impact, but it also increases productivity by 25%–50%. These methods are used, for instance, by hydroponic farms in places like Singapore to grow fresh vegetables all year round in small areas, addressing the problem of urban food security.
Gastroenterology Training and Career in Women: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Manthopoulou Eleni , Catalan‐Serra Ignacio , Corsetti Maura , Nowak Andrea , Perugorria María Jesús , Simsek Cem , Ciacci Carolina 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis review highlights gender gaps in training, career, and work‐life balance in gastroenterology. Stereotypes and biases toward women’s abilities and commitment to their careers can influence evaluations, advancement in gastroenterology training, and career progression. The findings indicate that lack of or limited access to mentorship and sponsorship, as well as support networks, can hinder the professional development of women. Moreover, results indicate that we must improve work‐life balance measures, for example offering flexible working hours and compensation and support for women during pregnancy, after childbirth, and motherhood. However, reports on such equity measures are scarce, and we lack scientific evidence of their impact. This review concludes that to reduce gender gaps and make a positive impact, we need educational and promotional programs and monitoring of their outcomes.
Modeling compaction effects on soil water retention across the full moisture range: Calibration and validation
Authors: Peters Andre , Tian Zhengchao , Heitman Joshua L. , Iden Sascha C. , Rolfes Lennart , Germer Kai , Lorenz Marco 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSoil compaction leads to an increase in bulk density () and results in a shift in pore‐size distribution toward smaller pores. These changes alter the soil hydraulic properties (SHPs), that is, the water retention curve and the hydraulic conductivity curve. Most existing models that address the impact of changes in on SHP have been confined to SHP models that consider only capillary water, neglecting water stored and transmitted within adsorbed films (noncapillary water). Recently, a new prediction model was developed that combines the Peters–Durner–Iden (PDI) SHP model system, which accounts for capillary and noncapillary water, with a prediction scheme for compaction effects. However, this new approach has yet to be calibrated and tested against data from soils with varying textures. The objective of this study was to calibrate and evaluate the new water retention model using a comprehensive dataset from the literature. Two different variants, which vary in the number of degrees of freedom have been tested. Remarkably, the variant with only one adjustable parameter, the one that shifts the pore‐size distribution by scaling the pressure head, was sufficient to accurately describe the data. All other parameters can either be fixed at the reference value or scaled based on straightforward physical reasoning. The model achieved low calibration errors (median root mean square error [RMSE]: 0.013; median mean error [ME]: 0.0014) and performed satisfactorily in validation (median RMSE: 0.025; median ME: −0.014). Based on our results, we hypothesize that the scaling approach is independent of the capillary saturation function and that this method might be applied to other models within the PDI system without new calibration.
Lacustrine Records of Past Seismic Shaking
Authors: Moernaut Jasper , Howarth Jamie , Kremer Katrina , Wils Katleen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Reliable seismic hazard analysis builds upon a robust reconstruction of spatiotemporal rupture variability over multi-millennial timescales. Lacustrine sediment sequences can provide long and complete records of strong seismic shaking due to the generally continuous nature of subaqueous sedimentation, allowing for high record sensitivity, continuity and accurate age control. Seismic shaking, which can originate from different seismic sources in a region, is typically recorded as in-situ deformation structures or deposits resulting from subaqueous mass-wasting, lake water oscillations or earthquake-related processes in the catchment of the lake. Several calibration methods have been developed to relate the type and size of lacustrine sedimentary earthquake imprints to ground shaking parameters for recent events. By integrating multi-lake records with other paleoseismic archives, this quantitative information enabled evaluation of the possible location, extent and magnitude of prehistoric earthquakes. This chapter introduces the principles of quantitative lacustrine paleoseismology and illustrates its value by three comprehensive case studies from intraplate, transform and subduction zone settings.
Spondylodiscitis relevant tissue concentrations of cefuroxime - a large animal microdialysis study
Authors: Bastian Jake Paul Lawrence , Hvistendahl Magnus A. , Høy Kristian , Stilling Maiken , Bue Mats 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Purpose
Spondylodiscitis is a serious condition requiring prolonged antibiotic therapy. Relevant pharmacokinetic tissue understanding of antibiotics in a spondylodiscitis setting is limited. The study aimed to investigate cefuroxime concentrations in the L4/L5 intervertebral disc, lumbar bone, paravertebral muscle and subcutaneous tissue using microdialysis.

Methods
Eight pigs received 1,500 mg of cefuroxime by intravenous bolus infusion over 10 min. Prior to cefuroxime administration, microdialysis catheters were placed in the L4/L5 intervertebral disc, lumbar bone, paravertebral muscle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue for sampling across an 8-h dosing interval. Plasma samples were obtained for reference. Based on prior time-kill modelling for cefuroxime, 40% of the dosing interval with concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (40% T > MIC) for Staphylococcus aureus was chosen as the primary endpoint.

Results
The 40% T > MIC target exposure was surpassed in all investigated compartments in 5/8 pigs at the lowest MIC-target of 1
$$\:\mu\:$$
g/mL. None of the pigs achieved the 40% T > MIC at the clinical breakpoint MIC for S. aureus of 4
$$\:\mu\:$$
g/mL. Mean %T > MIC was comparable across the spondylodiscitis relevant tissues at MICs of 1 (range: 43–60%), 2 (range: 30–38%)
$$\:,$$
and 4
$$\:\mu\:$$
g/mL (range: 16–26%).

Conclusion
Short-infused cefuroxime dosing standards may under-treat S. aureus spondylodiscitis, increasing the risk of inadequate bacterial killing and resistance development. Given the severity of spondylodiscitis, alternate clinical dosing strategies for cefuroxime may be necessary, such as shorter dosing intervals or prolonged/continuous infusion.
Genetic risk factors for periodontitis: a genome-wide association study using UK Biobank data
Authors: Gao Chenyi , Iles Mark M. , Bishop David Timothy , Larvin Harriet , Bunce David , Wu Bei , Luo Huabin , Nibali Luigi , Pavitt Susan , Wu Jianhua , Kang Jing 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Objectives
Periodontitis is linked with many health conditions, but its genetic basis is not yet understood. This genome-wide association study (GWAS) aimed to investigate the genetic variants associated with periodontitis.

Materials and methods
This study utilised UK Biobank participants of European descent. Individuals were categorised as “having periodontitis” if they self-reported having ‘painful gums’, ‘bleeding gums’ or ‘loose teeth’ (n = 68,482), or as “controls” for those without these symptoms (n = 307,342). We conducted GWAS of this binary periodontitis phenotype using logistic regression models with PLINK2.0 adjusting for age, sex and the first 15 principal components to account for population stratification.

Results
There were 376,611 participants (mean baseline age = 57 ± 7.9 SD) included in the GWAS, and four significant loci were identified: rs775476621 on chromosome 11 (Odds Ratio, OR[T]: 3.08, p = 1.01 × 10− 8), rs751014048 on chromosome 11 (OR[G]: 3.07, p = 1.04 × 10− 8), rs149922301 on chromosome 4 near gene RP11-61G19.1 (OR[A]: 1.18, p = 2.71 × 10− 8) and rs368467810 on chromosome 6 near gene HIST1H3L (OR[TTTA]: 0.96, p = 3.88 × 10− 8).

Conclusions
Within the current limitations, such as self-reported phenotype and older age of the study population, four loci were detected for periodontitis that have not previously been linked with this condition. Further exploration of the function of these loci may contribute to improved understanding of periodontitis aetiology and subsequent drug development.

Clinical relevance
These findings offer new targets for future research to investigate the genetic impact on periodontitis and aid the future understanding of periodontitis pathology and the disease’s progression.
The diagnostic performance of automatic B-lines detection for evaluating pulmonary edema in the emergency department among novice point-of-care ultrasound practitioners
Authors: Ienghong Kamonwon , Cheung Lap Woon , Gaysonsiri Dhanu , Apiratwarakul Korakot 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Purpose
B-lines in lung ultrasound have been a critical clue for detecting pulmonary edema. However, distinguishing B-lines from other artifacts is a challenge, especially for novice point of care ultrasound (POCUS) practitioners. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of automatic detection of B-lines using artificial intelligence (Auto B-lines) for detecting pulmonary edema.

Methods
A retrospective study was conducted on dyspnea patients treated at the emergency department between January 2023 and June 2024. Ultrasound documentation and electronic emergency department medical records were evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of auto B-lines in detection of pulmonary edema.

Results
Sixty-six patients with a final diagnosis of pulmonary edema were enrolled, with 54.68% having positive B-lines in lung ultrasound. Auto B-lines had 95.6% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92–0.98) and 77.2% specificity (95% CI: 0.74–0.80). Physicians demonstrated 82.7% sensitivity (95% CI: 0.79–0.97) and 63.09% sensitivity (95% CI: 0.58–0.69).

Conclusion
The auto B-lines were highly sensitive in diagnosing pulmonary edema in novice POCUS practitioners. The clinical integration of physicians and artificial intelligence enhances diagnostic capabilities.
Defining and generating multi-level and uncertainty-wise test oracles for cyber-physical systems
Authors: Valle Pablo , Arrieta Aitor , Han Liping , Ali Shaukat , Yue Tao 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) blend digital and physical processes. CPS software is the key to realizing their functionalities. This software needs to evolve to deal with different aspects, such as the implementation of new functionalities or bug fixes. Because of this, design–operation methods, colloquially known as “DevOps,” are paramount to be adopted within these systems. During DevOps phases, automating test execution at design time is a key enabler of streamlined software development and software quality improvement. Likewise, monitoring whether a CPS is behaving as expected at operation is similarly important. In DevOps, test oracles play an important role in enabling automated testing, ensuring the reliability of software deployments, providing feedback to developers, etc. However, defining and generating test oracles in the context of DevOps practices in CPSs need to accommodate aspects specific to CPSs, such as their time-continuous behavior and inherent uncertainties. To this end, in this paper, we propose a domain-specific language (DSL) to ease the definition of test oracles and an automated solution for generating a microservice encapsulating the defined test oracles, which is compatible with a DevOps ecosystem for CPSs. We evaluated our DSL with two industrial case study systems and 9 open-source CPSs. Our evaluation results suggest that our DSL can model around 98% of the requirements of these systems through test oracles. Furthermore, it is possible to generate a microservice to be applicable at different test levels within less than 20 min, being fast enough to be adopted in practice.
Automated Grading of Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) Using a Dual-Stream CNN Model with Deep Supervision
Authors: Chen Guangjie , Su Lixian , Wang Shuxin , Liu Xiaoqing , Wu Wenqian , Zhang Fandong , Zhao Yijun , Zhu Linfeng , Zhang Hongbo , Wang Xiaohao , Yu Gang 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a urinary system disorder characterized by the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureters and kidneys, often leading to renal complications, particularly in children. Accurate grading of VUR, typically determined through voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), is crucial for effective clinical management and treatment planning. This study proposes a novel multi-head convolutional neural network for the automatic grading of VUR from VCUG images. The model employs a dual-stream architecture with a modified ResNet-50 backbone, enabling independent analysis of the left and right urinary tracts. Our approach categorizes VUR into three distinct classes: no reflux, mild to moderate reflux, and severe reflux. The incorporation of deep supervision within the network enhances feature learning and improves the model’s ability to detect subtle variations in VUR patterns. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method effectively grades VUR, achieving an average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.82 and a patient-level accuracy of 0.84. This provides a reliable tool to support clinical decision-making in pediatric cases.
The provenance of trans/gender: on the subject’s willful disappearance from the record
Authors: Wynholds L. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In recent years, health and government information systems have made gender variance more visible and countable in the records. However, being counted has created novel forms of vulnerability for transgender and gender-diverse populations. This paper explores the complexity of records in exposing vulnerabilities of marginalization, illustrating how recordkeeping practices may contribute to erasure and stigma and reproduce systems of social disenfranchisement. The paper introduces the concept of ‘hostile recordkeeping practices’ as a critical analytical lens to articulate observations of marginalization in recordkeeping environments, to discuss indicators of bias, and to develop mechanisms for surfacing issues of trauma, violence, stigma, and repair. Using examples from the published literature, the paper discusses the importance of understanding social interactions which exacerbate marginalization within recordkeeping practices. Based on a case study, the paper argues that the dangers trans and gender-diverse individuals routinely encounter in recordkeeping practices necessitate additional analytical inquiry into hostile recordkeeping practices. The case study contributes to discussions of ethics of care for records for marginalized populations and includes interactional considerations, ethical considerations and historical contexts embedded in recordkeeping systems. The paper closes with an argument for the need to adapt existing recordkeeping practices to safeguard against hostile uses, systemic bias and structural violence. Future archival and medical discourses alike need to engage with the situation(s) of creation, the acts of recording, and, most importantly, personal agency in the negotiations of allowable uses for the records for marginalized populations.
The Ties that Bind or Those That Tear US APART? Co-CEO Constellations and ESG Performance in Family Firms
Authors: Ponomareva Yuliya , Paolone Francesco , Cambrea Domenico Rocco , Goergen Marc 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
While the prevailing perspective on executive leadership has emphasized the effectiveness of a unified command structure, family firms frequently adopt shared leadership structures, such as dyads, triads, or larger co-CEO constellations. Given the widespread use of such structures in family firms, it becomes imperative to understand how family involvement in the firm shapes the dynamics of co-CEO constellations and their implications for firm outcomes. Drawing upon the socioemotional wealth (SEW) perspective, we propose that the salience of extended SEW concerns increases the costs associated with a shared leadership structure. These elevated costs, in turn, result in adverse environmental, social, and governance (ESG) outcomes. Our empirical analysis, based on panel data from 76 Italian firms listed on the Milan Stock Exchange during 2003–2020, suggests that family firms employing a co-CEO structure tend to exhibit lower ESG performance, while a positive relationship emerges in nonfamily firms. We theorize and find empirical support that the negative effect for family firms stems from family-induced cognitive diversity, manifested via the inclusion of both family and nonfamily members or family members from different generations in the co-CEO constellation. Importantly, we identify a key mitigating factor: when one of the co-CEOs also holds the position of the board chair, the negative impact of the co-CEO structure on ESG performance is mitigated and even turns positive. These findings advance our understanding of how family involvement in the shared leadership structure shapes a firm’s ethical orientation, having important implications for the governance of family firms.