bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dominant fitness costs of abamectin resistance in Plutella xylostella
Authors: Wang Ran , Wu Yidong 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe TH‐Abm strain of Plutella xylostella, exhibiting 23 670‐fold resistance to abamectin, was selected from a field‐evolved multiresistant population. By repeated backcrossing to a susceptible strain (Roth) and selection with abamectin, the resistance trait of TH‐Abm was introgressed into Roth to generate a near‐isogenic strain (Roth‐Abm). Fitness costs associated with abamectin resistance were examined in Roth‐Abm.RESULTSCompared with Roth, Roth‐Abm obtained 11 500‐fold resistance to abamectin and 364 000‐, 12‐ and 12‐fold cross‐resistance to emamectin benzoate, spinosad and fipronil respectively. Roth‐Abm has a significantly longer pupal development time, lesser female pupal weight and lower larval survival than Roth. Female fecundity and egg viability are significantly lower in Roth‐Abm than in Roth. All of the above fitness components of the F1 progeny from Roth × Roth‐Abm are similar to those of Roth‐Abm and are significantly lower than those of Roth. By comparing with the net replacement rate (R0) of Roth, the fitness of Roth‐Abm, F1a (Roth male × Roth‐Abm) and F1b (Roth female × Roth‐Abm) are 0.50, 0.50 and 0.53 respectively.CONCLUSIONAbamectin resistance in Roth‐Abm results in significant fitness costs, and the fitness costs are autosomal and dominant. Rotation of abamectin with other insecticides without cross‐resistance could be especially useful for delaying abamectin resistance in P. xylostella. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A dual‐character InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well device for electroluminescence and photovoltaic absorption of near‐mutually exclusive wavelengths
Authors: Ho Jian‐Wei , Dolmanan Surani‐bin , Tay Chuan Beng , Wee Qixun , Tay Andrew A. O. , Chua Soo‐Jin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe report on the dual‐character of an InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) device structure epitaxially grown by MOCVD on a 150 mm Si‐on‐insulator (SOI) wafer. The fabricated mesa device exhibits photovoltaic (PV) response mainly for λ < 500 nm and strong electroluminescence (EL) for 470 nm < λ < 750 nm with a major amber component about 580 nm < λ < 620 nm. Multiple, high amplitude oscillations are observed in the luminescence spectra and verified by theoretical modelling as strong Fabry‐Perot interference effects. HR‐XRD ω ‐2θ (0002) scan estimates a mean In composition of ∼22% in the MQWs, consistent with the PV absorption edge and weak photoluminescence (PL) emission when excited by a 518 nm laser at 20K. Under 405 nm laser excitation at low temperatures, PL emission for 600 nm < λ < 740 nm is greatly enhanced. Asymmetric broadening of the spectral peak to 570 nm < λ < 740 nm occurs when the excitation energy is increased with a 325 nm laser, and is attributed to radiative transitions associated with MQW interface defects. This is supported by the (105) reciprocal space map which shows slight relaxation of the MQWs. The strong but broad long‐wavelength emission, is ascribed to the MQW interface defects and highly recombinative In‐rich clusters. These hardly contribute to PV response and are responsible for the protracted Stokes shift that constitutes the apparent near‐mutual exclusion of EL and PV absorption wavelengths. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gallium nitride laser diodes with integrated absorber: on the dynamics of self‐pulsation
Authors: Holc Katarzyna , Lükens Gerrit , Weig Thomas , Köhler Klaus , Wagner Joachim , Schwarz Ulrich T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe dynamics of self‐pulsation in monolithic multi segment GaN‐based laser diodes (LDs) with integrated absorber, and operating at 410 nm is investigated. The bias‐dependent modal absorption of the devices is determined by high resolution Hakki‐Paoli gain spectroscopy. Using a streak camera detection system we measure the pulsation frequency, applying bias voltages up to –40 V to the absorber section of the multi segment LD. Under moderate reverse voltages, to approximately –15 V, the absorption features a quadratic dependence on the bias voltage with a clear minimum corresponding to the flat band conditions. In this regime we observe stabilized relaxation oscillations, with a pulse repetition rate which depends only on the current in the gain section, but not on the reverse bias in the absorber section. At higher reverse voltages a linear increase of the modal absorption is observed. There, the devices switch to the self‐Q‐switching regime which exhibits a linear decrease of the pulsation frequency with increasing reverse bias. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nitrogen ion implantation isolation technology for normally‐off GaN MISFETs on p‐GaN substrate
Authors: Kasai Hayao , Ogawa Hiroki , Nishimura Tomoaki , Nakamura Tohru 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNitrogen ion implanted isolation technology to prevent leakage current between adjacent devices fabricated on p‐GaN layers on sapphire substrate is described. Leakage current due to n‐type inversion layers caused by Fermi level pinning at the p‐GaN surface and buffer layers between sapphire substrate and GaN epitaxial layer is greatly reduced. With nitrogen ion implanted isolation technology of this study, leakage current between adjacent devices reduced five orders of magnitude compared to that without isolation layers. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neurological aspects of human parvovirus B19 infection: a systematic review
Authors: Barah Faraj , Whiteside Sigrid , Batista Sonia , Morris Julie 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYParvovirus B19 has been linked with various clinical syndromes including neurological manifestations. However, its role in the latter remains not completely understood. Although the last 10 years witnessed a surge of case reports on B19‐associated neurological aspects, the literature data remains scattered and heterogeneous, and epidemiological information on the incidence of B19‐associated neurological aspects cannot be accurately extrapolated. The aim of this review is to identify the characteristics of cases of B19‐associated neurological manifestations. A computerized systematic review of existing literature concerning cases of B19‐related neurological aspects revealed 89 articles describing 129 patients; 79 (61.2%) were associated with CNS manifestations, 41 (31.8%) were associated with peripheral nervous system manifestations, and 9 (7.0%) were linked with myalgic encephalomyelitis. The majority of the cases (50/129) had encephalitis. Clinical characteristic features of these cases were analyzed, and possible pathological mechanisms were also described. In conclusion, B19 should be included in differential diagnosis of encephalitic syndromes of unknown etiology in all age groups. Diagnosis should rely on investigation of anti‐B19 IgM antibodies and detection of B19 DNA in serum or CSF. Treatment of severe cases might benefit from a combined regime of intravenous immunoglobulins and steroids. To confirm these outcomes, goal‐targeted studies are recommended to exactly identify epidemiological scenarios and explore potential pathogenic mechanisms of these complications. Performing retrospective and prospective and multicenter studies concerning B19 and neurological aspects in general, and B19 and encephalitic syndromes in particular, are required. © 2014 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A protocol for the management of pediatric type I open fractures
Authors: Iobst Christopher A. , Spurdle Craig , Baitner Avi C. , King Wesley F. , Tidwell Michael , Swirsky Stephen 
Published: January 2014

Background The management of pediatric type I open fractures remains controversial. There has been no consistent protocol established in the literature for the non-operative management of these injuries. Methods A protocol was developed at our institution for the non-operative management of pediatric type I open forearm fractures. Each patient was given a dose of intravenous antibiotics at the time of the initial evaluation in the emergency department. The wound was then irrigated and a closed reduction performed in the emergency department. The patient was admitted for three doses of intravenous antibiotics (over approximately a 24-h period) and then discharged home without oral antibiotics. Results In total, 45 consecutive patients were managed with this protocol at our hospital between 2004 and 2008. The average age was 10 (range 4–17) years. The average number of doses of intravenous antibiotics was 4.06 per patient. Thirty patients (67 %) received cefazolin (Ancef®) as the treating medication and 15 patients received clindamycin (33 %). There were no infections in any of the 45 patients. Conclusion In this study we outline a consistent management protocol for type I open pediatric forearm fractures that has not previously been documented in the literature. Our results corroborate the those reported in the literature that pediatric type I open fractures may be managed safely in a non-operative manner. There were no infections in our prospective series of 45 consecutive type I open pediatric forearm fractures using our protocol. Using a protocol of only four doses of intravenous antibiotics (one in the emergency department and three additional doses during a 24-h hospital admission) is a safe and efficient method for managing routine pediatric type I open fractures non-operatively.
Chemical composition of sediments in Baikal deep-water boreholes as a basis for reconstructions of climatic and environmental changes
Authors: Kuz’min M.I. , Bychinskii V.A. , Kerber E.V. , Oshchepkova A.V. , Goreglyad A.V. , Ivanov E.V. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEarlier reconstructions of climatic and environmental changes from data of deep-water drilling on the Akademichesky Ridge in Lake Baikal were based both on the content of biogenic silica or the abundance of diatom valves and on the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the sediment mineralogy. It was established that clay minerals are the main carrier of information about climatic variations in a drainage basin. The content of biogenic silica strictly correlates with two chrystallochemical parameters: the abundance of smectite beds in illite–smectite and the abundance of illite. However, detailed analysis of clay minerals calls for exclusive XRD techniques without mass determination of minerals in the sediments of long Baikal cores. We propose a new approach to determine the mineral composition of bottom sediments, based on their chemical composition. We compared the average chemical compositions of Pleistocene, Pliocene, and Miocene core sediments from the boreholes BDP-96 and BDP-98 and sediments of the Paleo-Barguzin River avandelta and recognized groups of chemical elements marking warm and cold climatic periods. However, the difference in the chemical compositions of sediments in warm and cold periods is insignificant. Since an XRD analysis of mineral composition is usually performed for short time intervals, it was necessary to identify cold and warm intervals by the mineral composition calculated from the chemical composition of sediments. The mineral contents were estimated using the Selektor software. Based on the average contents of chemical elements, we computed the mineral composition of the bottom sediments throughout the BDP-98 section and studied its warm and cold periods. We have established that feldspars weakly respond to climatic changes, their contents show minor variations in warm and cold epochs, whereas the contents of mica minerals change seriously. Thus, clay minerals, together with biogenic silica, are a good indicator of paleoclimatic environmental changes.
Unique location of hydrothermal biota in the Lower Cambrian sedimentary-volcanogenic complex of the Kyzyl–Tashtyg ore field (Eastern Tuva)
Authors: Terleev A.A. , Simonov V.A. , Kanygin A.V. , Tokarev D.A. , Stupakov S.I. , Kotlyarov A.V. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Study of Early Cambrian sedimentary-volcanogenic complexes hosting the Kyzyl–Tashtyg pyrite deposit in Eastern Tuva has revealed cyanobacteria and algae that existed in zones of ore-forming hydrothermal systems similar in characteristics to present-day “black smokers” at ocean bottoms. Along with archaeocyaths and Cyanophyta from the host sedimentary rocks and microfossils from basalt amygdules, various cyanobacteria, monocyatheans, and sponge spicules have been found in ferrosiliceous deposits and metasedimentary rocks. Scanning electron microscopic, mineralogical, and thermobarogeochemical studies helped to reconstruct their hydrothermal environment.
Deep structure and margins of the Kurai Basin (Gorny Altai), from controlled-source resistivity data
Authors: Nevedrova N.N. , Deev E.V. , Sanchaa A.M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The deep structure of the Kurai basin and its junction with the flanking mountains has been studied by controlled-source resistivity surveys (vertical electric sounding and transient electromagnetic methods). According to the data processing results, the basin is the deepest along its northern, southern, and eastern margins. The sedimentary fill comprises two resistivity units corresponding to two sequences deposited at different stages of the basin history. The lower, less resistive unit consists of Paleogene–Neogene lacustrine clay and the higher-resistivity upper unit represents coarser Quaternary deposits. In Paleogene–Neogene time, the basin formed by the left-lateral pull-apart mechanism. The earliest Quaternary strike-slip faulting in the setting of overall compression produced the Central Kurai basin within the northern Kurai basin, while the flanking ranges and fault blocks thrust upon the basin transforming it into a ramp. Thus, piedmont steps rose along the basin margins, and the marginal grabens became ramps and half-ramps.
CONSTITUTIONAL VALUES UNDERLYING GENDER EQUALITY ON THE BOARDS OF COMPANIES: HOW SHOULD THE EU PUT THESE VALUES INTO PRACTICE?
Authors: Szydło Marek 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThere is a large gap between the proportion of employed and well-educated women and those sitting on the boards of EU companies. However, the Commission's proposal for a Directive on improving the gender balance among non-executive directors of companies listed on stock exchanges does not constitute an appropriate legal solution for this problem. The Commission's reasoning underlying the draft Directive is so strongly pervaded by economic considerations that it gives the impression that women are merely instruments useful to attain economic objectives. By contrast, the need for enhancing women's representation in the boards of companies is justified by much more fundamental and incomparably higher-ranked values, and including equality between women and men and the need for democratic legitimization of the EU and of its economic governance. These fundamental values, however, must be achieved in accordance with the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity. The present article proposes some alternatives to compulsory gender quotas that might be used by EU institutions to promote more gender-balanced boards of EU companies.
Stratifying the risk of facial nerve palsy after benign parotid surgery
Authors: Sethi N , Tay P H , Scally A , Sood S 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIntroduction:Post-operative facial palsy is the most important potential complication of parotid surgery for benign lesions. The published prevalence of facial weakness is up to 57 per cent for temporary weakness and up to 7 per cent for permanent weakness. We aimed to identify potential risk factors for post-operative facial palsy.Materials and methods:One hundred and fifty patients who had undergone parotid surgery for benign disease were retrospectively reviewed. Tumour factors (size, location and histopathology), patient factors (age and sex) and operative factors (operation, surgeon grade, surgeon specialty and use of intra-operative facial nerve monitoring) were all analysed for significant associations with post-operative facial palsy.Results and analysis:The overall incidence of facial palsy was 26.7 per cent for temporary weakness and 2.6 per cent for permanent weakness. The associations between facial palsy and all the above factors were analysed using Pearson's chi-square test and found to be non-significant.Conclusion:These outcomes compare favourably with the literature. No significant risk factors were identified, suggesting that atraumatic, meticulous surgical technique is still the most important factor affecting post-operative facial palsy.
Standardization patterns and dialect/standard convergence: A northwestern Italian perspective
Authors: Cerruti Massimo , Regis Riccardo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article is inspired by the typology of “dialect/standard constellations” outlined in Auer (2005, 2011), which aims to detect common dynamics in the current processes of dialect/standard convergence in Europe. The specific sociolinguistic situation addressed in this article involves Italian, Piedmontese, and Occitan in Piedmont, a northwestern region of Italy. We analyze a set of linguistic features with the aim of depicting the dynamics of intralinguistic and interlinguistic convergence as they relate to the ongoing standardization processes in these languages. Some adjustments to the two types of repertoires drawn by Auer (diaglossia and endoglossic medial diglossia) are proposed to better suit them, respectively, to the Italo-Romance continuum between Piedmontese rural dialects and standard Italian (which actually consists of two separate subcontinua with intermediate varieties) and to the relationship between Occitan dialects and their planned standard variety (as well as that between Piedmontese and its “Frenchified” standard variety). (Language standardization, dialect/standard convergence, Italian, Piedmontese, Occitan.)*
Unconscious influences on decision making: A critical review
Authors: Newell Ben R. , Shanks David R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTo what extent do we know our own minds when making decisions? Variants of this question have preoccupied researchers in a wide range of domains, from mainstream experimental psychology (cognition, perception, social behavior) to cognitive neuroscience and behavioral economics. A pervasive view places a heavy explanatory burden on an intelligent cognitive unconscious, with many theories assigning causally effective roles to unconscious influences. This article presents a novel framework for evaluating these claims and reviews evidence from three major bodies of research in which unconscious factors have been studied: multiple-cue judgment, deliberation without attention, and decisions under uncertainty. Studies of priming (subliminal and primes-to-behavior) and the role of awareness in movement and perception (e.g., timing of willed actions, blindsight) are also given brief consideration. The review highlights that inadequate procedures for assessing awareness, failures to consider artifactual explanations of “landmark” results, and a tendency to uncritically accept conclusions that fit with our intuitions have all contributed to unconscious influences being ascribed inflated and erroneous explanatory power in theories of decision making. The review concludes by recommending that future research should focus on tasks in which participants' attention is diverted away from the experimenter's hypothesis, rather than the highly reflective tasks that are currently often employed.
The problem of consciousness in habitual decision making
Authors: Bernacer Javier , Balderas Gloria , Martinez-Valbuena Ivan , Pastor Maria A. , Murillo Jose Ignacio 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNewell & Shanks (N&S) carry out an extremely sharp and static distinction between conscious and unconscious decisions, ignoring a process that dynamically transfers decisions and actions between the conscious and unconscious domains of the mind: habitual decision making. We propose a new categorisation and discuss the main characteristics of this process from a philosophical and neuroscientific perspective.
How necessary is the unconscious as a predictive, explanatory, or prescriptive construct?
Authors: González-Vallejo Claudia , Stewart Thomas R. , Lassiter G. Daniel , Weindhardt Justin M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe elucidate the epistemological futility of using concepts such as unconscious thinking in research. Focusing on Newell & Shanks' (N&S's) use of the lens model as a framework, we clarify issues with regard to unconscious-thought theory (UTT) and self-insight studies. We examine these key points: Brunswikian psychology is absent in UTT; research on self-insight did not emerge to explore the unconscious; the accuracy of judgments does not necessitate the unconscious; and the prescriptive claim of UTT is unfounded.
Neuroscientific evidence for contextual effects in decision making
Authors: Hytönen Kaisa 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBoth internal and external states can cause inconsistencies in decision behavior. I present examples from behavioral decision-making literature and review neuroscientific knowledge on two contextual influences: framing effects and social conformity. The brain mechanisms underlying these behavioral adjustments comply with the dual-process account and simple learning mechanisms, and are weak indicators for unintentionality in decision-making processes.
Why decision making may not require awareness
Authors: McLaren I. P. L. , Dunn B. D. , Lawrence N. S. , Milton F. N. , Verbruggen F. , Stevens T. , McAndrew A. , Yeates F. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNewell & Shanks (N&S) argue against the idea that any significant role for unconscious influences on decision making has been established by research to date. Inasmuch as this conclusion applies to the idea of an “intelligent cognitive unconscious,” we would agree. Our concern is that the article could lead the unwary to conclude that there are no unconscious influences on decision making – and never could be. We give reasons why this may not be the case.
What we (don't) know about what we know
Authors: Sher Shlomi , Winkielman Piotr 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe hypothesis of unconscious influences on complex behavior is observationally equivalent to the dissociability of cognition and metacognition (reportability). The target article convincingly argues that evidence for unconscious influence is limited by the quality of the metacognitive measure used. However, it understates the empirical evidence for unconscious influences and overlooks considerations of cognitive architecture that make cognitive/metacognitive dissociations likely.
Extremely rigorous subliminal paradigms demonstrate unconscious influences on simple decisions
Authors: Snodgrass Michael , Shevrin Howard , Abelson James A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhile showing unconscious influences on complex decisions is indeed difficult, relevant awareness in relatively simpler subliminal paradigms is more easily assessed. Utilizing objective detection (vs. more typical identification or classification) tasks to assess awareness overcomes longstanding residual methodological problems, and prior work using such methods (e.g., Snodgrass & Shevrin 2006) clearly shows unconscious influences on simple decisions.
Performance and awareness in the Iowa Gambling Task
Authors: Steingroever Helen , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNewell & Shanks (N&S) conclude that healthy participants learn to differentiate between the good and bad decks of the Iowa Gambling Task, and that healthy participants even have conscious knowledge about the task's payoff structure. Improved methods of analysis and new behavioral findings suggest that this conclusion is premature.