bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TRAIL–Receptor Costimulation Inhibits Proximal TCR Signaling and Suppresses Human T Cell Activation and Proliferation
Authors: Lehnert Corinna , Weiswange Maxi , Jeremias Irmela , Bayer Carina , Grunert Michaela , Debatin Klaus-Michael , Strauss Gudrun 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The TRAIL–receptor/TRAIL system originally described to induce apoptosis preferentially in malignant cells is also known to be involved in T cell homeostasis and the response to viral infections and autoimmune diseases. Whereas the expression of TRAIL on activated NK and T cells increases their cytotoxicity, induction of TRAIL on APCs can turn them into apoptosis inducers but might also change their immunostimulatory capacity. Therefore, we analyzed how TRAIL–receptor (TRAIL–R) costimulation is modulating TCR-mediated activation of human T cells. T cells triggered by rTRAIL in combination with anti-CD3 and -CD28 Abs exhibited a strong decrease in the expression of activation markers and Th1 and Th2 cytokines compared with CD3/CD28-activated T cells. Most importantly, proliferation of TRAIL–R costimulated T cells was strongly impaired, but no apoptosis was induced. Addition of exogenous IL-2 could not rescue T cells silenced by TRAIL–R costimulation, and TRAIL-mediated inhibition of T cell proliferation only prevented TCR-triggered proliferation but was ineffective if T cells were activated downstream of the TCR. Inhibition of T cell proliferation was associated with abrogation of proximal TCR signaling by inhibiting recruitment of TCR-associated signaling molecules to lipid rafts, followed by abrogation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation of ZAP70, phospholipase C-γ1, and protein kinase C-θ, and impaired nuclear translocation of NFAT, AP-1, and NF-κB. Most importantly, TRAIL–R costimulation efficiently inhibited alloantigen-induced T cell proliferation and CD3/28-induced activation and proliferation of autoreactive T cells derived from patients with Omenn syndrome, indicating that coactivation of TRAIL–R and TCR represents a mechanism to downmodulate T cell immune responses.
MCPIP1 Suppresses Hepatitis C Virus Replication and Negatively Regulates Virus-Induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Responses
Authors: Lin Ren-Jye , Chu Jan-Show , Chien Hsu-Ling , Tseng Chung-Hsin , Ko Pin-Chen , Mei Yung-Yu , Tang Wei-Chun , Kao Yu-Ting , Cheng Hui-Ying , Liang Yu-Chih , Lin Shyr-Yi 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Human MCP-1–induced protein 1 (MCPIP1, also known as ZC3H12A and Regnase-1) plays important roles in negatively regulating the cellular inflammatory response. Recently, we found that as an RNase, MCPIP1 has broad-spectrum antiviral effects by targeting viral RNA. In this study, we demonstrated that MCPIP1 expression was induced by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Huh7.5 hepatoma cells. MCPIP1 expression was higher in liver tissue from patients with chronic HCV infection compared with those without chronic HCV infection. Knockdown of MCPIP1 increased HCV replication and HCV-mediated expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1. However, overexpression of MCPIP1 significantly inhibited HCV replication and HCV-mediated expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Various mutants of functional domains of MCPIP1 showed disruption of the RNA binding and oligomerization abilities, as well as RNase activity, but not deubiquitinase activity, which impaired the inhibitory activity against HCV replication. On immunocytochemistry, MCPIP1 colocalized with HCV RNA. Use of a replication-defective HCV John Cunningham 1/AAG mutant and in vitro RNA cleavage assay demonstrated that MCPIP1 could directly degrade HCV RNA. MCPIP1 may suppress HCV replication and HCV-mediated proinflammatory responses with infection, which might contribute to the regulation of host defense against the infection and virus-induced inflammation.
IL-33 Is an Unconventional Alarmin That Stimulates IL-2 Secretion by Dendritic Cells To Selectively Expand IL-33R/ST2+ Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Matta Benjamin M. , Lott Jeremy M. , Mathews Lisa R. , Liu Quan , Rosborough Brian R. , Blazar Bruce R. , Turnquist Hēth R. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
IL-33 is a recently characterized IL-1 family member that is proposed to function as an alarmin, or endogenous signal of cellular damage, as well as act as a pleiotropic cytokine. The ability of IL-33 to potentiate both Th1 and Th2 immunity supports its role in pathogen clearance and disease immunopathology. Yet, IL-33 restrains experimental colitis and transplant rejection by expanding regulatory T cells (Treg) via an undefined mechanism. We sought to determine the influence of IL-33 on hematopoietic cells that drives Treg expansion and underlies the therapeutic benefit of IL-33 administration. In this study, we identify a feedback loop in which conventional mouse CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC) stimulated by IL-33 secrete IL-2 to selectively expand IL-33R(ST2+)– suppressive CD4+Foxp3+ Treg. Interestingly, this occurs in the absence of classical DC maturation, and DC-derived (innate) IL-2 increases ST2 expression on both DC and interacting Treg. ST2+ Treg represent an activated subset of Foxp3+ cells, demonstrated to be ICOShighCD44high compared with their ST2− counterparts. Furthermore, although studies have shown that IL-33–exposed DC promote Th2 responses, we reveal that ST2+ DC are required for IL-33–mediated in vitro and in vivo Treg expansion. Thus, we have uncovered a relationship between IL-33 and innate IL-2 that promotes the selective expansion of ST2+ Treg over non-Treg. These findings identify a novel regulatory pathway driven by IL-33 in immune cells that may be harnessed for therapeutic benefit or for robust expansion of Treg in vitro and in vivo.
Long-Acting Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Ameliorates Obesity-Induced Adipose Tissue Inflammation
Authors: Varol Chen , Zvibel Isabel , Spektor Lior , Mantelmacher Fernanda Dana , Vugman Milena , Thurm Tamar , Khatib Marian , Elmaliah Elinor , Halpern Zamir , Fishman Sigal 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Obesity induces low-grade chronic inflammation, manifested by proinflammatory polarization of adipose tissue innate and adaptive resident and recruited immune cells that contribute to insulin resistance (IR). The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone that mediates postprandial insulin secretion and has anabolic effects on the adipose tissue. Importantly, recent evidence suggested that GIP is a potential suppressor of inflammation in several metabolic models. In this study, we aimed to investigate the immunoregulatory role of GIP in a murine model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) using the long-acting GIP analog [d-Ala2]GIP. Administration of [d-Ala2]GIP resulted in adipocytes of increased size, increased levels of adipose tissue lipid droplet proteins, indicating better lipid storage capacity, and reduced adipose tissue inflammation. Flow cytometry analysis revealed reduced numbers of inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes and F4/80hiCD11c+ macrophages, associated with IR. In addition, [d-Ala2]GIP reduced adipose tissue infiltration of IFN-γ–producing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, [d-Ala2]GIP treatment induced a favorable adipose tissue adipokine profile, manifested by a prominent reduction in key inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL8, and CCL5) and an increase in adiponectin. Notably, [d-Ala2]GIP also reduced the numbers of circulating neutrophils and proinflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes in mice fed regular chow or a high-fat diet. Finally, the beneficial immune-associated effects were accompanied by amelioration of IR and improved insulin signaling in liver and adipose tissue. Collectively, our results describe key beneficial immunoregulatory properties for GIP in DIO and reveal that its augmentation ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation and improves IR.
IFN-Stimulated Gene LY6E in Monocytes Regulates the CD14/TLR4 Pathway but Inadequately Restrains the Hyperactivation of Monocytes during Chronic HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Xu Xuan , Qiu Chao , Zhu Lingyan , Huang Jun , Li Lishuang , Fu Weihui , Zhang Linxia , Wei Jun , Wang Ying , Geng Yunqi , Zhang Xiaoyan , Qiao Wentao , Xu Jianqing 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Owing to ongoing recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, immune activation and upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are sustained in the chronically infected host. Albeit most ISGs are important effectors for containing viral replication, some might exert compensatory immune suppression to limit pathological dysfunctions, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we report that the ISG lymphocyte Ag 6 complex, locus E (LY6E) is a negative immune regulator of monocytes. LY6E in monocytes negatively modulated CD14 expression and subsequently dampened the responsiveness to LPS stimulation in vitro. In the setting of chronic HIV infection, the upregulation of LY6E was correlated with reduced CD14 level on monocytes; however, the immunosuppressive effect of LY6E was not adequate to remedy the hyperresponsiveness of activated monocytes. Taken together, the regulatory LY6E pathway in monocytes represents one of negative feedback mechanisms that counterbalance monocyte activation, which might be caused by LPS translocation through the compromised gastrointestinal tract during persistent HIV-1 infection and may serve as a potential target for immune intervention.
Pediatric Dental Sedation Practice: Evolution and Current State-of-the-Art
Authors: Gauba Krishan , Goyal Ashima , Kapur Aditi , Mittal Neeti 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
The practice of the pediatric dental sedation has evolved continuously during the past few decades. Newer agents continuously seem to replace older agents and the pediatric dentists need to update themselves timely to efficiently administer sedation to their young and anxious patients. The practice and the research of pediatric dental sedation is very diverse throughout the world. In this paper, we attempt to review the diversity of pediatric dental sedation research through a systematic review. Further, we review the pharmacopoeia of pediatric dental sedation with brief description of commonly used agents. We also touch upon evolution of pediatric dental sedation guidelines in different countries and international variation in pediatric dental sedation practice. Lastly, we review the future perspective of research pertaining to field of pediatric dental sedation research.

How to cite this article
Mittal N, Gauba K, Goyal A, Kapur A. Pediatric Dental Sedation Practice: Evolution and Current State-of-the-Art. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(3):139-147.
Traumatic Basal Ganglia Hematoma
Authors: Agrawal Amit 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
Traumatic basal ganglia hemorrhage (TBGH) is characterized as a hemorrhagic lesion located in the basal ganglia or in internal capsule or thalamus. Outcome of TBGH is mainly determined by the extent of associated brain injuries particularly the larger the size, presence of coagulation disorders, diffuse, presence of intraventricular or brain stem hemorrhage, age ≥60, pupillary asymmetry, abnormal motor response, and severe head injury all are associated with poorer outcome. In present case, we discuss a case of adult male traumatic basal ganglia hemorrhage with good outcome.

How to cite this article
Agrawal A. Traumatic Basal Ganglia Hematoma. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(3):154-156.
KLAXON EM MARSELHA
Authors: De Oliveira Faria Maria Alice 
Published: September 2014

A autora apresenta a revista francesa La Criée, editada cm Marselhaentre 1921 e 1923, e que foi citada na revista modernista brasileiraKlaxon. La Criée, por sua vez, cita Klaxon, reproduz um artigode Sérgio Milliet sobre Henri Mugnier e uma tradução de "0 discobolo", de Guilherme de Almeida.Além de mostrar as relações entre as duas revistas, a autora pretende dar subsídios para fixar-se objetivamente a divulgação deKlaxon na França e para se compreender até onde chegava a participação vanguardista dos colaboradores de Klaxon.
THE CREATIVE PROCESS IN SANDBURG'S "PRAYERS OF STEEL"
Authors: Rénaux Sigrid 
Published: September 2014

The aim of this analysis is to show how Carl Sandburg, one of the pioneers of "The Little Renaissance" in American poetry, was able to project, through his poem "Prayers of Steel", not only many characteristics of the new poetry but he succeeded in making the poem become iconic of the creative process the artist is passing through, while working on his work of art.
A MORTE EM ELOY E EM CRÔNICA DE UMA MORTE ANUNCIADA
Authors: Nodoca Takeuchi Nair 
Published: September 2014

A narração das duas obras começa algumas horas antes da morte de suas personagens. Alguns aspectos do léxico relacionados com a morte fazem refletir, nas palavras,as relações entre os antagonistas, suas profissões, seu íntimo.O verbo matar e seus equivalentes foram mais abundantesem Eloy (127 vezes) do que em Crônica de uma Morte Anunciada (87 vezes), e as palavras que denotam medo, desconfiança, raiva por um lado, e valentia, ternura, compaixão por outra, estão presentes em Eloy, enquanto que estão totalmente ausentes em Crônica. A arma utilizada nesta, é a faca, citada 35 vezes e que é o instrumento de trabalho dos assassinos. O bandido Eloy e os policiais, seus perseguidores, usam revólveres, carabinas, facas e navalha. Enquanto a morte de Santiago é descrita em não mais que nas seis últimas páginas, a de Eloy foi sendotecida ao longo do texto a partir de sutis indícios lingüísticos.
LO QUEVEDESCO Y EL POETA COMO HOMBRE ENTRE BASTIDORES EN EL RAYO QUE NO CESA, DE MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ
Authors: Dale Scott 
Published: September 2014

Neste estudo, analisa-se a visão de amor em El rayo que no cesa, de Miguel Hernández (1910-1942), tendo como referencia a poesia amorosa de Francisco de Quevedo (1580-1645). Enquanto o poeta barroco oferece uma interpretação idealizada e abstrata do amor, o poeta contemporâneo expressa o amor através de sua própria paixão, sua alma, seu impulso criador e revela sua intensa inspiração. El rayo que no cesa é principalmente uma obra que desenvolve os temas corporais de amor, pena e morte. Os fatores mais íntimos que salpicam a sua poética - a morte dos amigos Sijé e Manresa, e possivelmente, do seu primeiro filho - , são as forças que levam Hernández a imaginar uma poética tão profunda e emotiva.
Flax Fiber
Authors: Preisner Marta , Wojtasik Wioleta , Kulma Anna , Żuk Magdalena , Szopa Jan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFlax fiber is among the strongest natural fibers and its household history is long and rich, dating back 30 000 years. Classified as a bast fiber, it is a complex assembly of different polymers, polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, and the phenolic‐derived lignin. However, what distinguishes flax from other fibers and ensures its biological activity, is a wide group of secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. With such a complex structure, it comes as no surprise that there are many factors determining fiber properties and any alteration in one of those factors has an impact on fiber quality and quantity, influencing its most valued properties: tensile strength, absorptivity and biological activity.In the last decades a decline in flax fiber popularity has been detected. The reason for this is poor elasticity, time‐consuming straw processing and the sensitivity of the crop to various biotic and abiotic factors. Nowadays, owing to a great demand for natural fibers, prospective applications of flax fiber have emerged: in biocomposites, bioremediation, biofuels, and medicine. Therefore, it is a challenge for growers to overcome certain flaws in flax that contributed to the eclipse of its glorious years. It is expected that a better understanding of the genes involved in flax productivity and quality, as well as an increased knowledge of cell wall development in relation to fiber properties, will provide targets for fiber improvements by the novel tools of molecular breeding, leading to more diverse products based on flax fibers.
Folic Acid
Authors: Rawalpally Thimma R. , by Staff Updated 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFolic acid belongs to the group of B vitamins. It is also known as vitamin M, vitamin B9and vitamin Bc. The term folate is used to designate all members of the family of compounds based on theN‐(6‐peteridinyl)‐p‐aminobenzoic acid skeleton. Humans cannot synthesize folic acid so it is necessary to use a supplement. Folic acid when converted to folate is essential for numerous body functions, eg, synthesizes and repairs DNA. Good food sources of folate are liver, fresh, dark, leafy green vegetables, beans, wheat germ, and yeasts. Total folate content of food varies and depends on the method of preparation and length of storage. The first synthesis of folic acid was based on a three component one pot reaction. Folic acid is also synthesized in microorganisms and in plants. Folic acid is safe, even at levels of daily oral supplementation up to 5–10 mg. Folic acid deficiency results in an inability to produce DNA, RNA, and certain proteins. Daily requirements are listed. Folic acid is used for feed enrichment in animal nutrition. In the pharmaceutical industry it is used as a rescue dose during cancer chemotherapy. It prevents the majority of neural tube defects when a supplement is used during pregnancy. It is also used a delivery agent for targeting drug delivery and as an imaging agent.
Acidity and Hydrogen Exchange Dynamics of Iron(II)‐Bound Nitroxyl in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Gao Yin , Toubaei Abouzar , Kong Xianqi , Wu Gang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNitroxyl‐iron(II) (HNO‐FeII) complexes are often unstable in aqueous solution, thus making them very difficult to study. Consequently, many fundamental chemical properties of FeII‐bound HNO have remained unknown. Using a comprehensive multinuclear (1H, 15N, 17O) NMR approach, the acidity of the FeII‐bound HNO in [Fe(CN)5(HNO)]3− was investigated and its pKa value was determined to be greater than 11. Additionally, HNO undergoes rapid hydrogen exchange with water in aqueous solution and this exchange process is catalyzed by both acid and base. The hydrogen exchange dynamics for the FeII‐bound HNO have been characterized and the obtained benchmark values, when combined with the literature data on proteins, reveal that the rate of hydrogen exchange for the FeII‐bound HNO in the interior of globin proteins is reduced by a factor of 106.
An improved ARS2‐derived nuclear reporter enhances the efficiency and ease of genetic engineering in Chlamydomonas
Authors: Specht Elizabeth A. , Nour‐Eldin Hussam Hassan , Hoang Kevin T. D. , Mayfield Stephen P. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been used to pioneer genetic engineering techniques for high‐value protein and biofuel production from algae. To date, most studies of transgenic Chlamydomonas have utilized the chloroplast genome due to its ease of engineering, with a sizeable suite of reporters and well‐characterized expression constructs. The advanced manipulation of algal nuclear genomes has been hampered by limited strong expression cassettes, and a lack of high‐throughput reporters. We have improved upon an endogenous reporter gene – the ARS2 gene encoding an arylsulfatase enzyme – that was first cloned and characterized decades ago but has not been used extensively. The new construct, derived from ARS2 cDNA, expresses significantly higher levels of reporter protein and transforms more efficiently, allowing qualitative and quantitative screening using a rapid, inexpensive 96‐well assay. The improved arylsulfatase expression cassette was used to screen a new transgene promoter from the ARG7 gene, and found that the ARG7 promoter can express the ARS2 reporter as strongly as the HSP70‐RBCS2 chimeric promoter that currently ranks as the best available promoter, thus adding to the list of useful nuclear promoters. This enhanced arylsulfatase reporter construct improves the efficiency and ease of genetic engineering within the Chlamydomonas nuclear genome, with potential application to other algal strains.
Prospective validation study of transorbital Doppler ultrasound imaging for the detection of transient cerebral microemboli
Authors: Saedon M , Dilshad A , Tiivas C , Virdee D , Hutchinson C E , Singer D R J , Imray C H E 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
Transient cerebral microemboli are independent biomarkers of early risk of ischaemic stroke in acute carotid syndromes. Transcranial Doppler imaging (TCD) through the temporal bone is the standard method for detection of cerebral microemboli, but an acoustic temporal bone window for TCD is not available in around one in seven patients. Transorbital Doppler imaging (TOD) has been used when TCD is not possible. The aim of this study was to validate the use of TOD against TCD for detecting cerebral microemboli.

Methods
The study included patients undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy; all had confirmed temporal and orbital acoustic windows. Subjects gave written informed consent to postoperative TCD and TOD monitoring, which was performed simultaneously for 30 min by two vascular scientists.

Results
The study included 100 patients (mean(s.e.m.) age 72(1) years; 65 men). Microemboli were detected by one or both methods in 40·0 per cent of patients: by TOD and TCD in 24 patients, by TOD alone in ten and by TCD alone in six. For detecting microemboli, TOD had a sensitivity of 80·0 per cent, specificity of 86·1 per cent, positive predictive value of 71·6 per cent and negative predictive value of 91·2 per cent. Bland–Altman analysis revealed no significant bias (bias 0·11 (95 per cent c.i. −0·52 to 0·74) microemboli; P = 0·810) with upper and lower limits of agreement of +6 and −6 microemboli.

Conclusion
TOD appears a valid alternative to TCD for detecting microembolic signals in patients with no suitable temporal acoustic window.
Systematic review of methodological quality of individual performance measurement in surgery
Authors: Maruthappu M , El-Harasis M A , Nagendran M , Orgill D P , McCulloch P , Duclos A , Carty M J 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
Calls for greater transparency with improved quality, safety and outcomes have led to performance tracking of individual surgeons. This study evaluated the methodology of studies investigating individual performance in surgery.

Methods
MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, AMED and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (from their inception to July 2014) were searched. Two authors independently reviewed citations using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria; 91 data points per study were extracted.

Results
The search strategy yielded 8514 citations; 101 were eligible, comprising 1 006 037 procedures by 14 455 surgeons. Thirty-four studies were prospective and 66 were retrospective. The aim of the studies was either to assess individual performance and describe the learning curve of a procedure, to describe factors influencing performance, or to describe methods for routine performance monitoring. Some 51·5 per cent of the studies investigated 500 or fewer procedures. Most (77 of 101) were single-centre studies. Less than half of the studies (42, 41·6 per cent) employed statistical modelling or stratification to adjust performance measures. Forty studies (39·6 per cent) adjusted outcomes for case mix. Seventeen (16·8 per cent) adjusted metrics for surgeon-specific factors. Thirteen studies (12·9 per cent) considered clustering in their analyses. The most frequent outcome studied was duration of operation (59·4 per cent), followed by complication rate (45·5 per cent) and reoperation rate (29·7 per cent); 15·8 per cent of studies recorded mortality, and 4·0 per cent explored patient satisfaction. Only 48·5 per cent of studies displayed procedural learning curves using a graph.

Conclusion
There exist substantial shortcomings in methodological quality, outcome measurements and quality improvement evaluation among current studies of individual surgical performance. Methodological guidelines should be established to ensure that assessments are valid.