bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Study on CO2 Capture and Storage in Organic-Rich Shale
Authors: Li Yinghui , Pu Hui 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Shale reservoirs, with huge oil and gas resources in place, play an important role as energy resources in the world. In the meantime, widely-distributed organic-rich shales are being considered as one of the important carbon sequestration targets. Some studies have been done to characterize rockfluid properties, and flow mechanisms in the shale reservoirs. Most of these studies, through modifying methods used for conventional reservoirs, fail to capture dynamic features of shale rock and fluids. In confined nano-pore space in shale reservoirs, interaction between the wall of shale and the contained fluid significantly affects fluid properties. The incapability to model capillarity with the consideration of imperative pore size distribution characteristics using commercial software may lead to inaccurate results for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS). This paper presents a novel formulation that consistently evaluates capillary force in the light of using pore size distribution (PSD) directly from core measurements, and develops an adsorption model to achieve a realistic representation of CO2 storage mechanisms. The assumptions in Langmuir isotherm model affect the validity when it is applied to unconventional reservoirs, especially CCUS. An adsorption model was developed to incorporate adsorption behavior using a local density optimization algorithm. Our advances were also designed for multi-component interactions to adsorption sites for a full spectrum of reservoir pressures of interests. This feature allowed us to fully understand the storage and sieving capabilities for CO2 system with remaining reservoir fluids.

Introduction
It is widely regarded that the increasing emission of CO2 and other Greenhouse gases can cause Greenhouse effect and CO2 has been a major challenge to the global climate change. Carbon capture and storage is one of the options under investigation to reduce CO2 emissions in the atmosphere (House et al., 2006; Stefan, 2008). The options for CO2 geological sequestration have been widely investigated and the technical papers and reports are well-documented for almost every aspect of CO2 geological sequestration. Geologic formations have attracted much attention for the purpose of reducing of emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere through storing and sequestration process in recent years.
The role of dynamic surface water‐groundwater exchange on streambed denitrification in a first‐order, low‐relief agricultural watershed
Authors: Rahimi Mina , Essaid Hedeff I. , Wilson John T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe role of temporally varying surface water‐groundwater (SW‐GW) exchange on nitrate removal by streambed denitrification was examined along a reach of Leary Weber Ditch (LWD), Indiana, a small, first‐order, low‐relief agricultural watershed within the Upper Mississippi River basin, using data collected in 2004 and 2005. Stream stage, GW heads (H), and temperatures (T) were continuously monitored in streambed piezometers and stream bank wells for two transects across LWD accompanied by synoptic measurements of stream stage, H, T, and nitrate (NO3) concentrations along the reach. The H and T data were used to develop and calibrate vertical two‐dimensional, models of streambed water flow and heat transport across and along the axis of the stream. Model‐estimated SW‐GW exchange varied seasonally and in response to high‐streamflow events due to dynamic interactions between SW stage and GW H. Comparison of 2004 and 2005 conditions showed that small changes in precipitation amount and intensity, evapotranspiration, and/or nearby GW levels within a low‐relief watershed can readily impact SW‐GW interactions. The calibrated LWD flow models and observed stream and streambed NO3 concentrations were used to predict temporal variations in streambed NO3 removal in response to dynamic SW‐GW exchange. NO3 removal rates underwent slow seasonal changes, but also underwent rapid changes in response to high‐flow events. These findings suggest that increased temporal variability of SW‐GW exchange in low‐order, low‐relief watersheds may be a factor contributing their more efficient removal of NO3.
Spatial slip behavior of large strike‐slip fault belts: Implications for the Holocene slip rates of the eastern termination of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey
Authors: Zabcı Cengiz , Sançar Taylan , Akyüz H. Serdar , Kıyak Nafiye Güneç 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present new data on Holocene slip rates for the eastern end of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) by using the optically stimulated luminescence ages of the offset terrace deposits at two sites, where a total of four displaced landforms was studied. Each offset feature was analyzed independently, and three different assumptions were made for all the offsets, depending on whether the age of the upper tread (upper tread reconstruction), the lower tread (lower tread reconstruction), or all bounding surfaces (intermediate solution) were used in dating of the terrace risers. The deflected geometry of the risers strongly suggests the use of either the intermediate solution or the upper tread reconstruction. The joint slip rate distributions for the upper tread reconstructions and the intermediate solutions were modeled as 13.0 + 1.8 / −1.4 and 14.3 + 5.8 / −2.4 mm/yr (2σ), respectively. Although the intermediate solution covers the full range of ages for the measured displacements, the curved geometry of the terrace risers suggests that the initiations of the riser offsets are most probably close to the abandonment ages of the upper terrace treads. Therefore, we accepted the joint slip rate of the intermediate solution but suggested that the average rate for the main displacement zone of the eastern NAF should be close to its lower limits. This slower rate with respect to previous estimates suggests that the total deformation is not only accommodated on the main displacement zone but is also distributed along the secondary faults to the south of the easternmost segments of the NAF.
Quantifying slip balance in the earthquake cycle: Coseismic slip model constrained by interseismic coupling
Authors: Wang Lifeng , Hainzl Sebastian , Mai P. Martin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe long‐term slip on faults has to follow, on average, the plate motion, while slip deficit is accumulated over shorter timescales (e.g., between the large earthquakes). Accumulated slip deficits eventually have to be released by earthquakes and aseismic processes. In this study, we propose a new inversion approach for coseismic slip, taking interseismic slip deficit as prior information. We assume a linear correlation between coseismic slip and interseismic slip deficit and invert for the coefficients that link the coseismic displacements to the required strain accumulation time and seismic release level of the earthquake. We apply our approach to the 2011M9 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake and the 2004M6 Parkfield earthquake. Under the assumption that the largest slip almost fully releases the local strain (as indicated by borehole measurements), our results suggest that the strain accumulated along the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake segment has been almost fully released during the 2011M9 rupture. The remaining slip deficit can be attributed to the postseismic processes. Similar conclusions can be drawn for the 2004M6 Parkfield earthquake. We also estimate the required time of strain accumulation for the 2004M6 Parkfield earthquake to be ~25 years (confidence interval of [17, 43] years), consistent with the observed average recurrence time of ~22 years forM6 earthquakes in Parkfield. For the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, we estimate the recurrence time of ~500–700 years. This new inversion approach for evaluating slip balance can be generally applied to any earthquake for which dense geodetic measurements are available.
Conjugate rifted margins width and asymmetry: The interplay between lithospheric strength and thermomechanical processes
Authors: Svartman Dias Anna Eliza , Lavier Luc L. , Hayman Nicholas W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNumerical experiments have been used to relate the range in the distribution and the style of deformation observed in rifted margins to localizing/delocalizing thermomechanical processes. The experiments give rise to four end‐members of margins for varying initial lithospheric strength and extension rates. The first two end‐members are narrow and asymmetric and narrow and near‐symmetric, conjugate margins. The third end‐member is asymmetric conjugate margins, wherein one side is <100 km wide and the other is >100–300 km wide. Lastly, we explore wide rift systems that may form very asymmetric conjugate margins with one narrow margin and a very wide conjugate, 200 km to > 350 km across. With initial and boundary conditions close to that inferred from the North and South Atlantic margins, we find that not all margins experience a polyphase rifting history of stretching‐thinning‐exhumation. Instead, the stretching mode can be very short or protracted, and the thinning or the exhumation modes can be incomplete or absent. The deformation localization of the thinning mode is in places associated with the formation of a keystone block or “block H.” A new mechanism for the formation of the unstable crustal root under block H is described, wherein the bounding border faults lead to differential thinning of the crust and mantle lithosphere. Nonuniform extension also occurs in both types of wide rift systems and is related to the sequential deformation migration outward of an initial graben, associated with effective lithospheric strengthening that occurs during crustal thinning and bending.
Experimental constraints on the role of dynamic recrystallization on resetting the Ti‐in‐quartz thermobarometer
Authors: Nachlas W. O. , Hirth G. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe conducted deformation experiments on Ti‐doped quartz aggregates to investigate the effect of crystal‐plastic deformation and dynamic recrystallization on Ti substitution in quartz. Shear experiments were conducted at 1.0 GPa and 900°C at a constant shear strain rate (~5 × 10−6 s−1) for progressively longer intervals of time (24, 48, and 72 h). Equivalent experiments were conducted under hydrostatic stress to compare the effect of deformation relative to static crystallization. A novel quartz‐doping technique is used to synthesize a quartz aggregate consisting of two layers with Ti concentrations above and below the predicted solubility level for the experimental conditions. Samples deformed to progressively higher shear strain by dislocation creep accommodated by a combination of subgrain rotation and grain boundary migration recrystallization show a strengthening of the crystallographic preferred orientation that correlates with a progressive evolution of Ti concentrations. Quartz grains in the highest strain, most strongly recrystallized samples have Ti concentrations that are most similar to undeformed quartz grown in hydrostatic annealing experiments. Cathodoluminescence (CL) analysis of intragrain variations in Ti content reveals core and rim zoning present in the starting material that becomes progressively homogenized with increasing strain—recrystallized quartz in the highest‐strain samples exhibits a uniform CL signal. We conclude that dynamic recrystallization enhances the kinetics of trace element equilibration in quartz, illustrating that Ti‐in‐quartz thermobarometry is capable of recording the conditions of ductile shearing.
Derivation of operation rules for reservoirs in parallel with joint water demand
Authors: Zeng Xiang , Hu Tiesong , Xiong Lihua , Cao Zhixian , Xu Chongyu 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to derive the general optimality conditions of the commonly used operating policies for reservoirs in parallel with joint water demand, which are defined in terms of system‐wide release rules and individual reservoir storage balancing functions. Following that, a new set of release rules for individual reservoirs are proposed in analytical forms by considering the optimality conditions for the balance of total water delivery utility and carryover storage value of individual reservoirs. Theoretical analysis indicates that the commonly used operating policies are a special case of the newly derived rules. The derived release rules are then applied to simulating the operation of a parallel reservoir system in northeastern China. Compared to the performance of the commonly used policies, some advantages of the proposed operation rules are illustrated. Most notably, less water shortage occurrence and higher water supply reliability are obtained from the proposed operation rules.
Complementary‐relationship‐based 30 year normals (1981–2010) of monthly latent heat fluxes across the contiguous United States
Authors: Szilagyi Jozsef 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThirty year normal (1981–2010) monthly latent heat fluxes (ET) over the conterminous United States were estimated by a modified Advection‐Aridity model from North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) radiation and wind as well as Parameter‐Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) air and dew‐point temperature data. Mean annual ET values were calibrated with PRISM precipitation (P) and validated against United States Geological Survey runoff (Q) data. At the six‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code level (sample size of 334) the estimated 30 year normal runoff (P – ET) had a bias of 18 mm yr−1, a root‐mean‐square error of 96 mm yr−1, and a linear correlation coefficient value of 0.95, making the estimates on par with the latest Land Surface Model results but without the need for soil and vegetation information or any soil moisture budgeting.
Surgical treatment of gastrointestinal hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Yen Min‐Hsuan , Chen Chiung‐Nien 
Published: November 2015

CaseA 48‐year‐old man with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding from Osler–Weber–Rendu disease presented with recurrent hematemesis and tarry stool. He received repeated endoscopic therapy, but profound component therapy was still needed. Because repeated gastrointestinal bleeding was caused by same bleeder, tattoo‐assisted laparoscopic gastric wedge resection was carried out.OutcomeThe pathology showed vascular abnormalities that involved gastric mucosal and submucosal layers. After surgery, the blood transfusion for the patient is not seen.ConclusionOsler–Weber–Rendu is a hereditary disease characterized by vascular abnormalities of the nose, skin, lung, brain, and gastrointestinal tract. Management of gastrointestinal bleeding requires medical treatment first, and there are rare reports of surgical treatment. Our pathology findings showed a transmucosal vessel lesion, which had poor response to endoscopic treatment. Surgical intervention may be considered in the patient with gastrointestinal bleeding refractory to endoscopic therapy.
Thermal and dielectric properties of electrospun fiber membranes from polyimides with different structural units
Authors: Li Penggang , Liu Leipeng , Ding Ling , Lv Fengzhu , Zhang Yihe 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, electrospinning technique was used to prepare low dielectric constant membranes. First, three kinds of polyimide (PI) fiber membranes were fabricated by electrospinning of poly(amic acid) (PAA) solutions which are from polycondensation of 4,4′‐oxidianiline (ODA) and three dianhydrides, pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), 2,2′‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluropropane dianhydride (6FDA) and 1,2,4,5‐cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride(HPMDA), followed by imidization at higher temperature. The relationship of the fiber morphology, thermostability and dielectric properties of the membranes with the polymer structure were discussed. Under the same conditions, PAAs with more flexible structure are easier to form low viscosity solution and fabricate high pore fraction membranes which are low dielectric constant materials. Under the coupling effect of fluorine‐containing groups and contribution of pores, the dielectric constant of 6FDA‐containing PI is lowered to 1.21 at 1 KHz with lower dielectric loss which accords with the calculated one. Also the 5% weight loss temperature of the three kinds of PIs is all higher than 400°C. The formed electrospun membranes are thermostable low dielectric constant materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43081.
Identification of vanishing tophi by three‐dimensional dual‐energy computed tomography in a patient with chronic tophaceous gout
Authors: Jung Seung Min , Ju Ji Hyeon 
Published: November 2015

Key clinical messageLarge gout tophi are difficult to treat and sometimes needs operation for its elimination. Dual‐energy computed tomography (DECT) is now being used for detection of tophi in patients with gouty arthritis. After intensive treatment, we could observe vanishing tophi with DECT.
The Effect of Additives on the High‐Temperature Stability of the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Positive Electrolytes
Authors: Kausar Nadeem , Mousa Asem , Skyllas‐Kazacos Maria 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSeveral inorganic additives are investigated as potential precipitation inhibitors for the positive half‐cell electrolyte of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) at elevated temperatures. Electrolyte stability tests on the more concentrated 2 m vanadium electrolyte show that of the additives tested, the best results are obtained with the addition of 1 % phosphoric acid that give induction times of 40, 22 and 18 days for 80, 90 and 95 % state of charge (SOC) solutions at 50 °C, compared with 5, 2 and 1 days respectively for the corresponding blank solution. Several additives are also evaluated at 45 °C in a vanadium redox flow cell operating with a 2 m vanadium electrolyte. In the case of the cell employing the blank solution, a sudden drop in capacity, followed by pump failure is observed after around 70 cycles, while the cells with the additives continue to cycle without failure for 120 and 150 cycles for ammonium sulphate and ammonium phosphate additives respectively. A similar stabilising effect has previously been observed with these additives at low temperatures in the negative half‐cell electrolyte of the VRB, confirming that these stabilising agents have the potential to extend the upper and lower operating temperature limits of a 2 m vanadium electrolyte in the VRB to 45 and 5 °C respectively, while also significantly enhancing its energy density without the need for potentially hazardous chloride additions.
Water Oxidation for Simplified Models of the Oxygen‐Evolving Complex in Photosystem II
Authors: Li Xichen , Siegbahn Per E. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFor the main parts of the mechanism for water oxidation in photosystem II there has recently been very strong experimental support for the mechanism suggested by theoretical model studies. The question addressed in the present study is to what extent this knowledge can be used for the design of artificial catalysts. A major requirement for a useful artificial catalyst is that it is small enough to be synthesized. Small catalysts also have the big advantage that they could improve the catalysis per surface area. To make the mechanism found for PSII useful in this context, it needs to be analyzed in detail. A small model system was therefore used and the ligands were replaced one by one by water‐derived ligands. Only the main chemical step of OO bond formation was investigated in this initial study. The energetics for this small model and the larger one previously used for PSII are remarkably similar, which is the most important result of the present study. This shows that small model complexes have a potential for being very good water oxidation catalysts. It was furthermore found that there is a clear correlation between the barrier height for OO bond formation and the type of optimal structure for the S3 state. The analysis shows that a flexible central part of the complex is the key for efficient water oxidation.
σ Aromaticity Dominates in the Unsaturated Three‐Membered Ring of Cyclopropametallapentalenes from Groups 7–9: A DFT Study
Authors: Hao Yulei , Wu Jingjing , Zhu Jun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAromaticity, an old but still fantastic topic, has long attracted considerable interest of chemists. Generally, π aromaticity is described by π‐electron delocalization in closed circuits of unsaturated compounds whereas σ‐electron delocalization in saturated rings leads to σ aromaticity. Interestingly, our recent study shows that σ aromaticity can be dominating in an unsaturated three‐membered ring (3MR) of cyclopropaosmapentalene. An interesting question is raised: Can the σ aromaticity, which is dominant in the unsaturated 3MR, be extended to other cyclopropametallapentalenes? If so, how could the metal centers, ligands, and substituents affect the σ aromaticity? Here, we report a thorough theoretical study on these issues. The nucleus‐independent chemical shift calculations and the anisotropy of the current‐induced density plots reveal the dominant σ aromaticity in these unsaturated 3MRs. In addition, our calculations show that substituents on the 3MRs have significant effects on the σ aromaticity, whereas the ligand effect is particularly small.
Superior Photostability and Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Coated with Ultrathin TiO2 Layers through Atomic‐Layer Deposition
Authors: Sridharan Kishore , Jang Eunyong , Park Young Min , Park Tae Joo 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAtomic‐layer deposition (ALD) is a thin‐film growth technology that allows for conformal growth of thin films with atomic‐level control over their thickness. Although ALD is successful in the semiconductor manufacturing industry, its feasibility for nanoparticle coating has been less explored. Herein, the ALD coating of TiO2 layers on ZnO nanoparticles by employing a specialized rotary reactor is demonstrated. The photocatalytic activity and photostability of ZnO nanoparticles coated with TiO2 layers by ALD and chemical methods were examined by the photodegradation of Rhodamine B dye under UV irradiation. Even though the photocatalytic activity of the presynthesized ZnO nanoparticles is higher than that of commercial P25 TiO2 nanoparticles, their activity tends to decline due to severe photocorrosion. The chemically synthesized TiO2 coating layer on ZnO resulted in severely declined photoactivity despite the improved photostability. However, ultrathin and conformal ALD TiO2 coatings (≈0.75–1.5 nm) on ZnO improved its photostability without degradation of photocatalytic activity. Surprisingly, the photostability is comparable to that of pure TiO2, and the photocatalytic activity to that of pure ZnO.