bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ytterbium-doped fiber laser passively mode locked by few-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) saturable absorber functioned with evanescent field interaction
Authors: Du Juan , Wang Qingkai , Jiang Guobao , Xu Changwen , Zhao Chujun , Xiang Yuanjiang , Chen Yu , Wen Shuangchun , Zhang Han 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBy coupling few-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) with fiber-taper evanescent light field, a new type of MoS2 based nonlinear optical modulating element had been successfully fabricated as a two-dimensional layered saturable absorber with strong light-matter interaction. This MoS2-taper-fiber device is not only capable of passively mode-locking an all-normal-dispersion ytterbium-doped fiber laser and enduring high power laser excitation (up to 1 W), but also functions as a polarization sensitive optical modulating component (that is, different polarized light can induce different nonlinear optical response). Thanks to the combined advantages from the strong nonlinear optical response in MoS2 together with the sufficiently-long-range interaction between light and MoS2, this device allows for the generation of high power stable dissipative solitons at 1042.6 nm with pulse duration of 656 ps and a repetition rate of 6.74 MHz at a pump power of 210 mW. Our work may also constitute the first example of MoS2-enabled wave-guiding photonic device and potentially give some new insights into two-dimensional layered materials related photonics.
GSAASeqSP: A Toolset for Gene Set Association Analysis of RNA-Seq Data
Authors: Xiong Qing , Mukherjee Sayan , Furey Terrence S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRNA-Seq is quickly becoming the preferred method for comprehensively characterizing whole transcriptome activity and the analysis of count data from RNA-Seq requires new computational tools. We developed GSAASeqSP, a novel toolset for genome-wide gene set association analysis of sequence count data. This toolset offers a variety of statistical procedures via combinations of multiple gene-level and gene set-level statistics, each having their own strengths under different sample and experimental conditions. These methods can be employed independently, or results generated from multiple or all methods can be integrated to determine more robust profiles of significantly altered biological pathways. Using simulations, we demonstrate the ability of these methods to identify association signals and to measure the strength of the association. We show that GSAASeqSP analyses of RNA-Seq data from diverse tissue samples provide meaningful insights into the biological mechanisms that differentiate these samples. GSAASeqSP is a powerful platform for investigating molecular underpinnings of complex traits and diseases arising from differential activity within the biological pathways. GSAASeqSP is available at http://gsaa.unc.edu.
Content Coverage of Single-Word Tests Used to Assess Common Phonological Error Patterns
Authors: Kirk Cecilia , Vigeland Laura 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
This review evaluated whether 9 single-word tests of phonological error patterns provide adequate content coverage to accurately identify error patterns that are active in a child's speech.

Method
Tests in the current study were considered to display sufficient opportunities to assess common phonological error patterns if they provided at least 4 opportunities for each of 11 error patterns. The target phonemes for these error patterns had to occur as singletons (except for final consonant deletion and cluster reduction) and in stressed syllables (except for weak syllable deletion). Error patterns for which positional asymmetries have been documented (velar fronting, stopping of fricatives and affricates, and cluster reduction) required 4 opportunities in both word-initial and word-final position to meet the study's criterion.

Results
None of the tests provided 4 opportunities for every error pattern, the criterion level used in this study. Error patterns that tended to be underrepresented across tests included weak syllable deletion, reduction of word-final clusters, fronting of velars, gliding of liquids, and deaffrication.

Conclusion
This review will allow clinicians to gain a deeper understanding of the methods used to assess phonological error patterns in single-word tests.
The Disfluent Speech of Bilingual Spanish–English Children: Considerations for Differential Diagnosis of Stuttering
Authors: Byrd Courtney T. , Bedore Lisa M. , Ramos Daniel 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
The primary purpose of this study was to describe the frequency and types of speech disfluencies that are produced by bilingual Spanish–English (SE) speaking children who do not stutter. The secondary purpose was to determine whether their disfluent speech is mediated by language dominance and/or language produced.

Method
Spanish and English narratives (a retell and a tell in each language) were elicited and analyzed relative to the frequency and types of speech disfluencies produced. These data were compared with the monolingual English-speaking guidelines for differential diagnosis of stuttering.

Results
The mean frequency of stuttering-like speech behaviors in the bilingual SE participants ranged from 3% to 22%, exceeding the monolingual English standard of 3 per 100 words. There was no significant frequency difference in stuttering-like or non-stuttering-like speech disfluency produced relative to the child's language dominance. There was a significant difference relative to the language the child was speaking; all children produced significantly more stuttering-like speech disfluencies in Spanish than in English.

Conclusion
Results demonstrate that the disfluent speech of bilingual SE children should be carefully considered relative to the complex nature of bilingualism.
Molecular discrimination of shelf-spawned eggs of two co-occurring
Trachurus spp. (Carangidae) in southeastern Australia: a
key step to future egg-based biomass estimates
Authors: Neira Francisco J. , Perry Robert A. , Burridge Christopher P. , Lyle Jeremy M. , Keane John P. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A molecular approach was successfully developed to discriminate between spawned eggs of the pelagic carangids Trachurus declivis and Trachurus novaezelandiae collected during ichthyoplankton surveys conducted in October 2002 and 2003 along shelf waters of Queensland (Qld) and New South Wales (NSW), in southeastern Australia (25o50′–37o30′S). Visually identified Trachurus eggs were subjected to mtDNA analysis by targeting specific fragments of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes, with three diagnostic sites (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) within a 297 bp segment of Cyt b (558, 588, 825) providing the best approach to discriminate between species. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of 608 suspected Trachurus eggs resulted in 586 (96.4%) high-quality sequences that unequivocally identified 315 and 207 eggs as T. declivis and T. novaezelandiae, respectively, as well as 18 “variant haplotype” eggs that exhibited a base substitution at one of the diagnostic sites; the remaining 46 sequences aligned to three different genera in GenBank including two carangids, thus highlighting the effectiveness of molecular methods for egg identification. Rehydrated, mtDNA-verified eggs of T. declivis were significantly larger (0.97 ± 0.01 mm) than those of T. novaezelandiae (0.82 ± 0.01 mm), though still proved problematic to identify to species when relying on morphology alone. Egg distributions showed main spawning areas of T. declivis and T. novaezelandiae confined mostly to southern NSW (&gt;32°S) and northern NSW/southern Qld (&lt;32°S), respectively, with T. novaezelandiae likely to continue spawning further south during summer with the gradual temperature increase associated with the south-flowing East Australian Current. Overall findings support the adoption of comparable molecular protocols to verify identification of wild spawned eggs to species level, especially eggs collected during the application of the daily egg production method to estimate spawning biomass of pelagic species, as well as biological fish studies.
Feasibility and Validity of the Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index in Routine Clinical Practice
Authors: Dotson Jennifer L. , Crandall Wallace V. , Zhang Peixin , Forrest Christopher B. , Bailey L. Charles , Colletti Richard B. , Kappelman Michael D. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:The Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI) is a noninvasive disease activity index developed as a clinical trial endpoint. More recently, practice guidelines have recommended the use of PUCAI in routine clinical care. We therefore sought to evaluate the feasibility, validity, and responsiveness of PUCAI in a large, diverse collection of pediatric gastroenterology practices.Methods:We extracted data from the 2 most recent encounters for patients with ulcerative colitis in the ImproveCareNow registry. Feasibility was determined by the percentage of patients for whom all PUCAI components were recorded, validity by correlation of PUCAI scores across physician global assessment (PGA) categories, and responsiveness to change by the correlation between the change in PUCAI and PGA scores between visits.Results:A total of 2503 patients were included (49.5% boys, age 15.2 ± 4.1 years, disease duration 3.7 ± 3.2 years). All items in the PUCAI were completed for 96% of visits. PUCAI demonstrated excellent discriminatory ability between remission, mild, and moderate disease; discrimination between moderate and severe disease was less robust. There was good correlation with PGA (r = 0.76 [P < 0.001] and weighted kappa κ = 0.73 [P < 0.001]). The PUCAI change scores correlated well with PGA change scores (P < 0.001). Test–retest reliability of the PUCAI was good (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.72 [95% confidence interval 0.70–0.75], P < 0.001). Guyatt responsiveness statistic was 1.18, and the correlation of ΔPUCAI with ΔPGA was 0.69 (P < 0.001).Conclusions:The PUCAI is feasible to use in routine clinical settings. Evidence of its validity and responsiveness supports its use as a clinical tool for monitoring disease activity for patients with ulcerative colitis.
Cost‐Effective Analysis of Screening for Biliary Atresia With the Stool Color Card
Authors: Mogul Douglas , Zhou Mo , Intihar Paul , Schwarz Kathleen , Frick Kevin 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTBackground:Biliary atresia (BA) is the leading cause of pediatric end‐stage liver disease and liver transplantation in the United States. Early diagnosis leads to improved outcomes, but diagnosis is often delayed, leading to increased rates of transplantation and mortality.Methods:A Markov model was developed to simulate the natural history and transplant‐related outcomes of patients with BA in a US cohort studied for 20 years. Data regarding proportions of individuals in different health states, including transplant and death, were obtained from published literature. Costs were derived from the literature and the Johns Hopkins database of charges using the cost‐to‐charge ratio. Strategy A represented the status quo and assumed no screening. Strategy B used nationwide screening with the stool color card developed by the Taiwan Health Bureau. The cost associated with both strategies was compared with the number of life‐years gained, deaths, and the number of transplants for a 20‐year interval. A dominant strategy was one that was associated with lower cost alongside improved outcomes, including increases in life‐years gained, reductions in number of deaths, and reductions in number of transplants. One‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.Results:In strategy A, the 20‐year cost was $142,479,725 with 3702 life‐years, 74 deaths and 158 liver transplants. For strategy B, the cost was $133,893,563 with 3731.7 life‐years, 71 deaths and 147 liver transplants. There was a >97% probability that screening with the stool color card would be cost saving and associated with an increase in life‐years gained. Among all parameters, only stool color card specificity was associated with the potential for screening to no longer be cost saving.Conclusions:Compared with no screening, screening with the stool color card is a dominant strategy associated with lower costs and better outcomes. These findings suggest that screening with the stool color card could be an important, economically feasible strategy for improving outcomes in BA in the United States.
Improving the early detection of alien wood‐boring beetles in ports and surrounding forests
Authors: Rassati Davide , Faccoli Massimo , Petrucco Toffolo Edoardo , Battisti Andrea , Marini Lorenzo 
Published: September 2014

SummaryInternational ports are generally considered the most likely points of entry for alien wood‐boring beetles. A better understanding of the factors affecting their arrival and establishment at ports and their surrounding areas is of utmost importance to improve the efficacy and the cost‐effectiveness of early detection programmes. Our work aimed at understanding how port size and the characteristics of the landscape surrounding the port, in terms of forest cover and forest composition, influence the occurrence of alien wood‐boring beetles.From May to September 2012, 15 Italian international ports and the surrounding forests were monitored with multi‐funnel traps baited with a multi‐lure blend (α‐pinene, ethanol, ipsdienol, ipsenol, methyl‐butenol), three in each port and three in forests located 3–5 km away from the port. We identified both alien and native Scolytinae, Cerambycidae and Buprestidae beetles.Fourteen alien species, among which four are new to Italy, were trapped. Alien species richness was positively related to the amount of imported commodities at the port scale. Broadleaf forests surrounding ports received larger number of alien species than conifer forests. By contrast, total forest cover in the landscape surrounding ports was positively related to the occurrence of native but not alien species. The alien and native species richness was higher in the surrounding forests than in the ports.Synthesis and applications. The simultaneous use of traps in ports with large volume of imported commodities and in their surrounding broadleaf forests can strongly increase the probability of alien wood‐boring beetle interceptions. The identification of sites where the arrival and establishment of alien species is more probable, combined with an efficient trapping protocol, can substantially improve the efficacy of early detection. Similar approaches may be used in other countries as early warning systems to implement timely measures to eradicate or contain alien invasions at the European scale.
Nutrition and dementia care: Informing dietetic practice
Authors: Jansen Sarah , Ball Lauren , Desbrow Ben , Morgan Kate , Moyle Wendy , Hughes Roger 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimThe increasing prevalence of dementia and the nutritional complications associated with dementia suggest an increasing need for health care that focuses on nutrition and dietetic support. The aim of this paper was to summarise existing evidence relating to nutrition in the aetiology, prevention and management of dementia in order to help inform dietitians in the provision of care to people with dementia, their families and carers.MethodsA literature search was undertaken to identify relevant research that investigated the nutritional aetiology of dementia, the effectiveness of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of dementia, or strategies used by carers to provide nutrition‐related support to people with dementia.ResultsThere is currently insufficient evidence to support specific nutrition‐related dementia causality. The role of specific nutrients in slowing cognitive decline in people with dementia is also unclear. People with dementia rarely maintain a stable body weight and often incur numerous feeding‐related challenges that contribute to the risk of malnutrition. High‐calorie dietary supplements may enhance the short‐term energy intake of people with dementia but are unlikely to improve long‐term weight management or other dementia‐related outcomes.ConclusionsPractical, achievable strategies that focus on food items and eating environments to promote oral intake of people with dementia while minimising carer burden should be a focus for nutrition and dietetic interventions.
The BRICS‐led Development Bank: Purpose and Politics beyond the G20
Authors: Chin Gregory T. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article examines why the BRICS Development Bank is being created and the role it will play in the global economy and world development. After describing some of the critical needs that are driving the formation of this new multilateral development bank, I discuss how the creation of the BRICS bank is linked to failures among traditional funders to deliver on their commitments, especially in terms of infrastructure investment. This article also outlines the national interests that each BRICS country has in the BRICS bank, and the main challenges that the BRICS countries are facing in transforming this idea into reality.
Asleep at the Wheel (Again)? Bank Audits During the Lead‐Up to the Financial Crisis
Authors: Doogar Rajib , Rowe Stephen P. , Sivadasan Padmakumar 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe present the first large‐sample empirical evidence on U.S. auditors' responses to changes in entity‐level audit risk during 2006–2007, the period leading up to the financial crisis of 2008–2009. Treating fiscal year 2005 engagements as a pre‐crisis benchmark, we find that audit attention during fiscal year 2006 and 2007 bank audit engagements shifted in line with the shifting audit risks. One implication of these findings is that auditors were able to recognize and respond to financial statement impacts of the macroeconomic shocks that unfolded during the lead‐up to the crisis. Another implication is that auditors' failure to issue advance warnings of increasing auditee riskiness during the time leading up to the financial crisis more likely reflects limitations of extant accounting and auditing rules rather than a lack of auditor awareness or attention to those risks.
Effects of childhood maltreatment on the neural correlates of stress‐ and drug cue‐induced cocaine craving
Authors: Elton Amanda , Smitherman Sonet , Young Jonathan , Kilts Clinton D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractChildhood adversity negatively influences all stages of the addiction process and is associated with persistent alterations in neuroendocrine, autonomic and brain responses to stress. We sought to characterize the impact of childhood abuse and neglect on the neural correlates of stress‐ and drug cue‐induced drug craving associated with cocaine addiction. Cocaine‐dependent men with (n = 20) and without (n = 18) moderate to severe childhood maltreatment histories underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during script‐guided mental imagery of personalized stress, drug use and neutral experiences. Compared to the neutral script, the stress and drug use scripts activated striatal, prefrontal, posterior cingulate, temporal and cerebellar regions consistent with prior studies of induced states of stress and drug craving. For the stress script, maltreated men exhibited reduced activation of the anterior precuneus and supplementary motor area (SMA); the interaction of maltreatment severity and stress‐induced craving responses predicted lesser rostral anterior cingulate cortex activation. For the drug use script, maltreated men exhibited greater left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation. The interaction of maltreatment severity and craving responses was associated with greater activation of the visual cortex and SMA, whereas a maltreatment‐by‐anxiety interaction effect included lesser ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation. The outcomes indicate an association of childhood maltreatment with a heightened appetitive anticipatory response to drug cues and a diminished engagement of regulatory and controlled action selection processes in response to stress‐ or drug cue‐induced drug craving and anxiety responses for cocaine‐dependent men. These findings provide novel insights into possible brain mechanisms by which childhood maltreatment heightens risk for relapse in drug‐dependent individuals.
Exercise increases the binding of MEF2A to the Cpt1b promoter in mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Yuan H. , Niu Y. , Liu X. , Fu L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimMuscle‐type carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1b) plays an important role in skeletal muscle mitochondrial fatty acid β‐oxidation. A myocyte‐specific enhancer factor (MEF2) site that binds MEF2A in the promoter of Cpt1b has been identified. The aim of this study is to determine whether Cpt1b expression is regulated by MEF2 in response to exercise training.MethodsTwelve male, 14‐week‐old C57BL/6 mice underwent 6 weeks of treadmill exercise at 12 m min−1, for 60 min day−1, 5 days week−1. Quadriceps muscles were analysed by real‐time PCR, Western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation.ResultsThe binding of MEF2A to the Cpt1b promoter was elevated in the quadriceps muscle of mice after 6‐week aerobic exercise intervention. The repressor partner of MEF2, histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), binding to the Cpt1b promoter was decreased by exercise training. In C2C12 myoblast, MEF2A overexpression increased the Cpt1b mRNA expression and the Cpt1b promoter transcriptional activity, which were suppressed by HDAC5. Moreover, exercise training induced MEF2A hyperacetylation, which is strongly associated with its enhanced DNA‐binding ability. The binding of both HDAC5 and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) to MEF2A was decreased by exercise training. Overexpression of HDAC5 decreased exogenous MEF2A acetylation level with an increased binding of endogenous HDAC3 to MEF2A. Finally, the phosphorylation levels of HDAC5 Ser259 and Ser498 were increased by exercise training. Exercise training decreased the abundance of HDAC5 in the nucleus while increasing its abundance in the cytoplasm.ConclusionOur results indicated that exercise‐induced CPT1b expression was at least in part mediated by HDAC5/MEF2A interaction.
Early Discontinuation of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Drug Treatment: A Danish Nationwide Drug Utilization Study
Authors: Pottegård Anton , Bjerregaard Bine Kjøller , Kortegaard Lisbeth Sandal , Zoëga Helga 
Published: September 2014

AbstractKnowledge of patterns of treatment discontinuation in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drug treatment is of importance, for both the clinical practice and the study of long‐term treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to describe early discontinuation of ADHD drug treatment. Using the Danish National Prescription Registry, all first‐time users of the ADHD drugs methylphenidate and atomoxetine were identified between 2000 and 2012. Early discontinuation was defined as failing to fill a second prescription for any ADHD drug within 6 months. Analyses were conducted stratified by calendar year, drug formulation, patient sex, age and region of residence. 59,116 first‐time users of methylphenidate and atomoxetine with at least 6 months of eligible follow‐up were identified. Overall, 12.6% (n = 7441) failed to fill a second prescription within 6 months. This proportion changed over time, dropping from 20.8% in 2000 to 12.5% in 2012. The proportion of early discontinuation was considerably lower among children than among adults. Proportions were comparable when stratifying by index drug. Proportions of early discontinuation were similar between regions of Denmark, except in the capital region, where it remained at around 20% among 18‐ to 49‐year‐olds throughout the study period (22.6% in 2012). In conclusion, we found that the proportion of early discontinuation among ADHD drug users in Denmark dropped markedly during the past decade for both sexes, all age groups and all regions, except for adults in the capital region. Overall, early discontinuation was somewhat lower than expected, considering rates of side effects or non‐response to ADHD drug treatment.