bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The awkward relations between EU innovation policies and environmental law
Authors: Ala‐Lahti Tellervo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe European Union is actively advancing the green and digital transformation of its industries by seeking to integrate disruptive and novel technologies to enhance efficiency in existing production lines. However, the introduction of these technologies, pivotal for this transformation, has encountered challenges within the current regulatory framework. This article systematically examines the legal framework to understand how authorisation procedures, influenced by environmental legislation interpreted in conjunction with the precautionary principle, might hinder the adoption of disruptive and novel technologies. Additionally, the article evaluates the effectiveness of experimentation rules, such as legal sandboxes, in addressing scientific uncertainties linked to these technologies. Despite tensions between innovation policies and environmental regulations, embracing the precautionary principle in decision‐making procedures could facilitate the adoption of sustainable innovations while prioritising long‐term environmental and societal well‐being.
Social policy in a political vacuum: Women's experiences of hunger during the Cost‐of‐Living Crisis in Northern Ireland
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ciara , Chapman Alexandra , Harding Siobhán 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBetween 2022 and 2024, there was no devolved government functioning in Northern Ireland. This protracted absence of government occurred in the aftermath of the Covid‐19 pandemic and during what is arguably the worst economic crisis of recent years. Women are more vulnerable to hardship during economic crisis and thus it is unsurprising that the Cost‐of‐Living Crisis is hitting women hardest. This paper examines increasing food insecurity for women in Northern Ireland and the implications for the realisation of their human right to an adequate standard of living. The UK Government has ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which provides a legal duty to ensure that everyone has adequate access to food. However, increasing numbers of food banks and ill health related to insufficient food intake indicates that there is a fundamental problem. This article draws on 20 focus groups with 250 women on a low‐income to explore their experiences of the Cost‐of‐Living Crisis in Northern Ireland. The research found that women routinely skipped meals; described feelings of shame and guilt associated with struggling to feed their children; and discussed difficulties associated with purchasing food. Much of the pain associated with the hunger experienced by these women and children is hidden within the private sphere of the home. This article intends to shine a light on women's experiences and will reflect on the necessary policy change required to ensure compliance with international human rights obligations.
The interactive effect of geopolitical risk and natural resource rent on political instability: Evidence from Ghana
Authors: Adabor Opoku , Ayesu Enock Kojo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackgroundAccording to economists, political instability is regarded as a serious malaise harmful to economic development, which results in frequent switches of policies, creating instability to impede economic performance. The widespread political instability in many developing countries, along with its harmful effects on social welfare and economic performance, has heightened the interest of policymakers and economists in understanding the factors that contribute to political instability to inform better policy formulation. It is therefore imperative to examine the interactive effect of geopolitical risk and natural resource rent on political instability to provide strong empirical grounds for policy implementation.ObjectivesThis study employs a long time series dating from the period of 1824–2020 to examine how natural resource rent and geopolitical risk influence political instability in Ghana. First, we examine long‐run effects using linear methods. Second, we employ nonparametric methods to investigate the nonlinear link between natural resource rent and political instability as well as between geopolitical risk and political instability.MethodsThe study applied linear methods and nonparametric methods to historical time series data dating from the period of 1824–2020.ResultsThe results from the linear methods show that the interaction of natural resource rent and geopolitical risk exerts a positive and larger impact on political instability compared to their separate effects. The results from the nonparametric methods show a weak nonlinear link between these variables (i.e., natural resource rent, geopolitical risk, and political instability), although consistent with the linear long‐run results, the links are positive.ConclusionOverall, the results demonstrate that the observed positive relationship between natural resource rent and political instability is not just a recent phenomenon but holds for over more than 100 years in Ghana. Therefore, to attain a stable political environment, both long‐ and short‐term policies on political stability should be formulated.
A split herbicide application strategy reduces surface runoff
Authors: Scannell Shane , Healy Mark G. , Sambrano Gustavo , McGinley John , Ryan Paraic C. , Mellander Per‐Erik , Morrison Liam , Harmon O’Driscoll Jenny , Siggins Alma 
Published: July 2024

AbstractHerbicides, such as MCPA and clopyralid, may be transported to surface waters via runoff, which can have unintended environmental consequences. A split herbicide application strategy, wherein applications are spread across a season, may improve herbicide effectiveness, although impacts of this strategy on runoff mitigation have not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) quantify the impact of split‐dose applications of MCPA and clopyralid on herbicide losses in surface runoff and (2) assess the impact of split‐dose applications of MCPA on the quantity and classification of MCPA‐degrading soil bacteria. Intact grassed soil sods were placed in 1 m‐long × 0.25 m‐wide × 0.1 m‐deep laboratory flumes, onto which either MCPA or clopyralid were applied in one full‐dose (13.5 kg MCPA ha−1; 2 kg clopyralid ha−1) or two split‐doses (each 6.75 kg MCPA ha−1; 1 kg clopyralid ha−1) 42 days apart. On days 2, 7 and 21 following herbicide applications, flumes were subjected to controlled rainfall simulations at an intensity of 11 mm h−1, and the herbicides in the runoff were quantified. MCPA and clopyralid concentrations in the runoff were highest immediately after the initial application. Both herbicides were below the limit of detection (0.1 μg l−1 for MCPA and 0.45 μg l−1 for clopyralid) by 44 days. No herbicides were detected in the runoff following the second split‐dose application. For MCPA, this was attributed to an adaptation in the microbial community with the emergence of bacteria possessing the tfdA class III gene in the soil. These results support split‐dose herbicide application as a strategy for agricultural management.
Two intuitions about free will—Some afterthoughts
Authors: Rabinowicz Wlodek 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn 2014, Christian List and I published a paper that delineated our view regarding what it takes for an agent to act freely. We suggested that this requires the action to be endorsed by the agent and caused by this endorsement and yet not be necessitated. Free action requires indeterminism at the agential level—the kind of indeterminism that is compatible with physical determinism. I still think that our proposal was on the right track, but I believe it needs elaboration. As we already noted in the paper, our formal modelling—a standard branching model—was too extensional, and therefore in need of revision. Also, on a substantive side, what we say about the causal component of our proposal does not quite take care of the danger of ‘flukishness’ of an undetermined action. It was this threat to agential control that the requirement of causation by endorsement was meant to disarm in the first place. But the threat still remains and needs to be confronted. Revising the formal model and finding a solution to the problem of flukishness are my two objectives in this paper.
Microphthalmia with multiple ocular abnormalities in a foal
Authors: Cho Peter W. , Park Shin Ae , Sledge Dodd , Gruenwald Rachael , Townsend Wendy M. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this report was to provide a clinical description and clinical, ultrasonographic, and histologic images of a foal with microphthalmia and multiple ocular abnormalities.Animals StudiedA 12‐h old Friesian‐American Paint Horse crossbred filly presented for blindness, microphthalmia and marked ventral strabismus in both eyes.ProcedureA complete ophthalmic examination was performed. Ultrasound biomicroscopy and B‐mode ultrasonography were performed. The globes were submitted for histopathology.ResultsUltrasound biomicroscopy demonstrated a hyperechoic cornea void of the typical epithelium, stroma, and Descemet's membrane layers. The anterior chamber was spanned by thick strands of hyperechoic tissue extending from the iris to the cornea. The lens was not visualized. B‐mode ultrasound showed aphakia and mild, mottled echogenicity within the vitreous with no evidence of retinal detachment. On histopathology, both globes were microphthalmic with poorly defined corneal tissue. The anterior chambers were poorly formed and contained lacrimal glandular tissue. Portions of iridal tissue were present, but no lenses were noted. The retinas were segmentally detached and markedly atrophied with areas of retina dysplasia noted.ConclusionsThis report provides a clinical, ultrasonographic and histologic description of a rare, congenital condition in a foal characterized by microphthalmia, aphakia, poorly defined corneal tissue, choristomatous differentiation of the anterior segment and retinal dysplasia.
Palatal dysgenesis in a feline causing complete obstruction of the nasopharynx: A case report
Authors: Gardiner Destinee , Berryessa Nick , Eitzer Andrew 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe nasopharyngeal disease is common in felines. Nasopharyngeal stenosis is uncommonly a congenital problem, with most cases being secondary to other diseases. An 8‐month‐old male neutered domestic shorthair presented with a chief complaint of chronic nasal congestion, open‐mouth breathing, and discharge. CT was performed, and palatal dysgenesis resulting in complete nasopharyngeal obstruction, secondary nasopharyngitis, and rostral nasal turbinate lysis were found. This was confirmed by an endoscopic evaluation of the nasopharynx region, which demonstrated a lack of connection between the nasopharynx and oropharynx. This is the first CT report documenting congenital palate dysgenesis resulting in complete obstruction of the nasopharynx.
Parentheticals in spoken Indian and Sri Lankan English
Authors: Degenhardt Julia 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWhile an increasing number of studies into the pragmatics of world Englishes indicate that sociobiographic factors—such as the speakers’ age or gender—influence pragmatic choices, most empirical investigations do not include sociobiographic information beyond said speaker characteristics. This study investigates parenthetical I assume/believe/feel/ guess/suppose/think in the spoken parts of the Indian and Sri Lankan English components of the International Corpus of English to answer the question of to what extent parenthetical function, that is, expressing either the speaker's opinion or insufficient knowledge, is influenced by structural, contextual and sociobiographic factors. Based on 1265 parentheticals, the results of multifactorial statistical analyses indicate that the speakers’ educational background and additional languages spoken at home are important predictors for the choice of parenthetical function. Therefore, the study calls for the inclusion of wide‐ranging sociobiographic factors (and combinations thereof) in the description of pragmatic speaker choices in world Englishes.
Prisa Radio, desde los orígenes de la radio en España hasta la expansión en el ámbito hispanoamericano
Authors: Mancinas-Chávez Rosalba , Ruiz Acosta María José , Figuereo Benítez Juan Carlos 
Published: July 2024

PRISA es el grupo español con mayor proyección internacional. El factor que le ha llevado a dicha proyección es su expansión por Hispanoamérica a través de la radio gracias al idioma, a los rasgos culturales y a factores históricos en común de los países que conforman la región. Prisa Radio tiene presencia en España, México, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panamá y Estados Unidos; y a través de franquicias: en Ecuador, Paraguay, Guatemala, Honduras y República Dominicana.
En este trabajo se aborda el desarrollo de Prisa Radio a partir de una revisión histórica desde sus orígenes hasta su desarrollo como empresa transnacional. Se aborda su desarrollo, crecimiento a través de las distintas etapas hasta llegar a la integración en un conglomerado multimedia y la incursión en el contexto hispanoamericano. La clave de su éxito consiste en repetir fórmulas que funcionan en España y llevarlas a otros países implementando rasgos locales.
Multiphysics Coupling in IGBT Modules: A Review
Authors: Tian Weiqiang , Chen Naichao 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Since insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a core component for power conversion in a power electronic system, guaranteeing the safety of IGBT becomes a crucial task for the maintenance of the power system. However, the mechanism of IGBT failure is a considerably complicated process related to the dynamic process, involving electric, thermal, and mechanical. Hence, understanding the behaviors of IGBT under multiphysics fields coupling plays an important role in the design and reliability studies of IGBT. In this paper, we review the multiphysics coupling effects, namely, electrical–thermal coupling, thermal–mechanical coupling, and mechanical–electrical coupling, inside IGBT modules. The basic principles of each coupling, coupling models, reliability analysis, as well as key issues and development trends are discussed in detail, respectively.
Thoracic endometrial syndrome with unilateral exudative pleural effusion
Authors: Wong Carol , Booth Samuel Hallsor , Thein Onn Shaun , Sahal Adeel 
Published: July 2024

A woman in her 40s presented with exertional dyspnoea with an absence of haemoptysis, cough, fever and weight loss. The patient had a medical history of extensive endometriosis. Investigations revealed a large right-sided pleural effusion. The effusion was aspirated and was exudative in nature.A contrast-enhanced CT thorax was performed to help exclude dual pathology. The only positive finding was bilateral breast nodules, subsequently found to be benign fibroadenomas on histological analysis of biopsy samples.After malignancy was ruled out as a cause, the patient was referred for medical thoracoscopy for a biopsy and other investigations. Histology demonstrated the presence of endometrial tissue in the pleura and thereby confirmed the diagnosis of thoracic endometrial syndrome.Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery repair of diaphragm and talc pleurodesis was carried out in an uncomplicated procedure and the patient was discharged with good recovery.
Development and evaluation of a large language model of ophthalmology in Chinese
Authors: Zheng Ce , Ye Hongfei , Guo Jinming , Yang Junrui , Fei Ping , Yuan Yuanzhi , Huang Danqing , Huang Yuqiang , Peng Jie , Xie Xiaoling , Xie Meng , Zhao Peiquan , Chen Li , Zhang Mingzhi 
Published: July 2024

BackgroundLarge language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have considerable implications for various medical applications. However, ChatGPT’s training primarily draws from English-centric internet data and is not tailored explicitly to the medical domain. Thus, an ophthalmic LLM in Chinese is clinically essential for both healthcare providers and patients in mainland China.MethodsWe developed an LLM of ophthalmology (MOPH) using Chinese corpora and evaluated its performance in three clinical scenarios: ophthalmic board exams in Chinese, answering evidence-based medicine-oriented ophthalmic questions and diagnostic accuracy for clinical vignettes. Additionally, we compared MOPH’s performance to that of human doctors.ResultsIn the ophthalmic exam, MOPH’s average score closely aligned with the mean score of trainees (64.7 (range 62–68) vs 66.2 (range 50–92), p=0.817), but achieving a score above 60 in all seven mock exams. In answering ophthalmic questions, MOPH demonstrated an adherence of 83.3% (25/30) of responses following Chinese guidelines (Likert scale 4–5). Only 6.7% (2/30, Likert scale 1–2) and 10% (3/30, Likert scale 3) of responses were rated as ‘poor or very poor’ or ‘potentially misinterpretable inaccuracies’ by reviewers. In diagnostic accuracy, although the rate of correct diagnosis by ophthalmologists was superior to that by MOPH (96.1% vs 81.1%, p>0.05), the difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionThis study demonstrated the promising performance of MOPH, a Chinese-specific ophthalmic LLM, in diverse clinical scenarios. MOPH has potential real-world applications in Chinese-language ophthalmology settings.
Pathways to leadership: what accounts for women’s (in)equitable career paths in the health sectors in India and Kenya? A scoping review
Authors: Saville Naomi M , Uppal Radhika , Odunga Sally Atieno , Kedia Sapna , Odero Henry Owoko , Tanaka Sonja , Kiwuwa-Muyingo Sylvia , Eleh Lawrence , Venkatesh Sucharitha , Zeinali Zahra , Koay Aaron , Buse Kent , Verma Ravi , Hawkes Sarah 
Published: July 2024

ObjectivesWe aimed to capture evidence on enablers and barriers to improving equal opportunity and effective organisational interventions that can advance women’s leadership in India and Kenya’s health sectors.MethodsWe systematically searched JSTOR, PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases, reference lists of selected articles and Google Scholar using string searches. We included studies that were published in English from 2000 to 2022 in peer-reviewed journals or grey literature, focused on paid, formal health professionals in India or Kenya, described factors relating to women’s representation/leadership.ResultsWe identified 26 studies, 15 from India and 11 from Kenya. From each country, seven studies focused on nursing. Participants included women and men health sector workers. Seven studies used mixed methods, 11 were qualitative, 5 were quantitative and 3 were commentaries. Factors influencing women’s career progression at individual/interpersonal levels included family support, personal attributes (knowledge/skills) and material resources. Factors at the organisational level included capacity strengthening, networking, organisational policies, gender quotas, work culture and relationships, flexibility, and work burden. Nursing studies identified verbal/sexual harassment and professional hierarchies as barriers to career progression. Structural barriers included a lack of infrastructure (training institutes and acceptable working environments). Normative themes included occupational segregation by gender (particularly in nursing), unpaid care work burden for women and gender norms.Studies of interventions to improve women’s career progression and sex-disaggregated workforce data in India or Kenya were limited, especially on leadership within career pathways. The evidence focuses on enablers and barriers at work, rather than on organisations/systems to support women’s leadership or address gender norms.ConclusionsWomen in India and Kenya’s health sectors face multiple impediments in their careers, which impact their advancement to leadership. This calls for gender-transformative interventions to tackle discrimination/harassment, provide targeted training/mentorship, better parental leave/benefits, flexible/remote working, family/coworker support and equal-opportunity policies/legislation.
The performance of digital technologies for measuring tuberculosis medication adherence: a systematic review
Authors: Zary Miranda , Mohamed Mona Salaheldin , Kafie Cedric , Chilala Chimweta Ian , Bahukudumbi Shruti , Foster Nicola , Gore Genevieve , Fielding Katherine L , Subbaraman Ramnath , Schwartzman Kevin 
Published: July 2024

IntroductionDigital adherence technologies (DATs), such as phone-based technologies and digital pillboxes, can provide more person-centric approaches to support tuberculosis (TB) treatment. However, there are varying estimates of their performance for measuring medication adherence.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO—CRD42022313526), which identified relevant published literature and preprints from January 2000 to April 2023 in five databases. Studies reporting quantitative data on the performance of DATs for measuring TB medication adherence against a reference standard, with at least 20 participants, were included. Study characteristics and performance outcomes (eg, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) were extracted. Sensitivity was the proportion correctly classified as adherent by the DAT, among persons deemed adherent by a reference standard. Specificity was the proportion correctly classified as non-adherent by the DAT, among those deemed non-adherent by a reference standard.ResultsOf 5692 studies identified by our systematic search, 13 met inclusion criteria. These studies investigated medication sleeves with phone calls (branded as ‘99DOTS’; N=4), digital pillboxes N=5), ingestible sensors (N=2), artificial intelligence-based video-observed therapy (N=1) and multifunctional mobile applications (N=1). All but one involved persons with TB disease. For medication sleeves with phone calls, compared with urine testing, reported sensitivity and specificity were 70%–94% and 0%–61%, respectively. For digital pillboxes, compared with pill counts, reported sensitivity and specificity were 25%–99% and 69%–100%, respectively. For ingestible sensors, the sensitivity of dose detection was ≥95% compared with direct observation. Participant selection was the most frequent potential source of bias.ConclusionThe limited number of studies available suggests suboptimal and variable performance of DATs for dose monitoring, with significant evidence gaps, notably in real-world programmatic settings. Future research should aim to improve understanding of the relationships of specific technologies, settings and user engagement with DAT performance and should measure and report performance in a more standardised manner.