bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entanglement of Conjugated Polymer Chains Influences Molecular Self‐Assembly and Carrier Transport
Authors: Zhao Kui , Khan Hadayat Ullah , Li Ruipeng , Su Yisong , Amassian Aram 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe influence of polymer entanglement on the self‐assembly, molecular packing structure, and microstructure of low‐Mw (lightly entangled) and high‐Mw (highly entangled) poly (3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and the carrier transport in thin‐film transistors, are investigated. The polymer chains are gradually disentangled in a marginal solvent via ultrasonication of the polymer solution, and demonstrate improved diffusivity of precursor species (coils, aggregates, and microcrystallites), enhanced nucleation and crystallization of P3HT in solution, and self‐assembly of well‐ordered and highly textured fibrils at the solid–liquid interface. In low‐Mw P3HT, reducing chain entanglement enhances interchain and intrachain ordering, but reduces the interconnectivity of ordered domains (tie molecules) due to the presence of short chains, thus deteriorating carrier transport even in the face of improving crystallinity. Reducing chain entanglement in high‐Mw P3HT solutions increases carrier mobility up to ≈20‐fold, by enhancing interchain and intrachain ordering while maintaining a sufficiently large number of tie molecules between ordered domains. These results indicate that charge carrier mobility is strongly governed by the balancing of intrachain and interchain ordering, on the one hand, and interconnectivity of ordered domains, on the other hand. In high‐Mw P3HT, intrachain and interchain ordering appear to be the key bottlenecks to charge transport, whereas in low‐Mw P3HT, the limited interconnectivity of the ordered domains acts as the primary bottleneck to charge transport.
Formation of CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 Thin‐Films Deposited by Three‐Stage Thermal Co‐Evaporation: A Real‐Time X‐Ray Diffraction and Fluorescence Study
Authors: Rodriguez‐Alvarez Humberto , Weber Alfons , Lauche Jakob , Kaufmann Christian Alexander , Rissom Thorsten , Greiner Dieter , Klaus Manuela , Unold Thomas , Genzel Christoph , Schock Hans‐Werner , Mainz Roland 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThin film solar cells based on co‐evaporated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber films present the highest efficiencies among current polycrystalline thin‐film technologies. Thanks to the development of a novel experimental setup for in situ growth studies, it was possible to follow the formation of the crystalline phases during such deposition processes for the first time. This synchrotron‐based energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction and fluorescence setup is suited for real‐time studies of thin film vapor deposition processes. Focusing on the growth of CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 fabricated by three‐stage processing, we find that the phase transitions in the Cu‐In‐Se system follow the reported pseudo‐binary In2Se3‐Cu2Se phase diagram. This requires a transformation of the Se sublattice during the incorporation of Cu‐Se into the In2Se3 precursor film from the first process stage. In the Cu‐Ga‐Se system, besides an increase in the lattice spacings, we observe no transformation of the Se sublattice. Furthermore, the structural defects of the Ga‐Se precursor film are preserved until the CuGaSe2 stoichiometry is reached. By means of model calculations of the fluorescence signals, we confirm in both systems the segregation of Cu2Se at the surface near a concentration of 25 at.% Cu shortly after the recrystallization of the films. The modeling also reveals that Cu2Se penetrates into the CuInSe2 film, whereas it remains at the surface of the CuGaSe2 film.
The role of ergonomic and psychosocial workplace factors in the reporting of back injuries among U.S. home health aides
Authors: Arlinghaus Anna , Caban‐Martinez Alberto J. , Marino Miguel , Reme Silje Endresen 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundDue to the aging population and a shift to patient home care, home health aides (HHAs) are a fast‐growing occupation. Since little is known about workplace risk factors for back injuries among HHAs, we examined the role of ergonomic and psychosocial factors in injury reporting among HHAs.MethodsWe used the 2007 U.S. National Home Health Aide Survey data (weighted n = 160,720) to predict the risk of back injuries by use of/need for ergonomic equipment and supervisor support with logistic regression, adjusted for socio‐demographic variables.ResultsThe annual prevalence of back injuries for U.S. HHAs was 5.2%. Injury risk was increased in HHAs reporting the need of additional ergonomic equipment in patient homes, and marginally associated with low reported supervisor support.ConclusionsImprovement of workplace ergonomic and psychosocial factors could be targeted as a strategy to decrease work‐related injuries in HHAs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1239–1244, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimating occupational exposure to carcinogens in Quebec
Authors: Labrèche France , Duguay Patrice , Ostiguy Claude , Boucher Alexandre , Roberge Brigitte , Peters Cheryl E. , Demers Paul A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundWe estimated the extent of exposure to occupational carcinogens in Quebec, Canada, to help raise awareness of occupational cancers.MethodsProportions of workers exposed to 21 recognized and 17 probable carcinogens (according to Quebec occupational health regulation and the International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC] classification) were extracted from various sources: workplace monitoring data, research projects, a population survey, radiation protection data, exposure estimates from the Carcinogen Exposure Canada (CAREX Canada) Project database, and published exposure data. These proportions were applied to Quebec labor force data.ResultsAmong the 38 studied, carcinogens with the largest proportions of exposed workers were solar radiation (6.6% of workers), night shift work/rotating shift work including nights (6.0%), diesel exhaust fumes (4.4%), wood dust (2.9%) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (2.0%). More than 15 carcinogens were identified in several industrial sectors, and up to 100,000 young workers are employed in these sectors.ConclusionAlthough crude, estimates obtained with different data sources allow identification of research and intervention priorities for cancer in Quebec. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1040–1050, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surperhydrophobic polyurethane foam modified by graphene oxide
Authors: Liu Hai‐dong , Liu Zheng‐ying , Yang Ming‐bo , He Qi 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTGraphene with amine group was covalently grafted on the polyurethane foam with nitrile group to form superhydrophobic foam. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), optical contact angle measuring device, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the foam, showing the dodecane diamine was successfully grafted onto graphene oxide and the graphene oxide modified by dodecane diamine was successfully grafted onto polyurethane foam. Moreover, the modified foam exhibited a high contact angle (159.1 ± 2.3°) compared to unmodified foam (121.4 ± 3.2°). And that is due to the foam modified by amidation of graphene oxide can enhance the surface roughness and reduce the surface energy of the foam. Owing to modified foam was extremely hydrophobic and preferentially adsorbed oil other than water, the sorption capacity of the modified foam for toluene, gasoline, and diesel is 41, 27, and 26 g/g, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3530–3536, 2013
Recent advances in flexible sensors for wearable and implantable devices
Authors: Pang Changhyun , Lee Chanseok , Suh Kahp‐Yang 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTFlexible devices are emerging as important applications for future display, robotics, in vitro diagnostics, advanced therapies, and energy harvesting. In this review, we provide an overview of recent achievements in flexible mechanical and electrical sensing devices, focusing on the properties and functions of polymeric layers. In the order of historical development, sensing platforms are classified into four types: electronic skins for robotics and medical applications, wearable devices for in vitro diagnostics, implantable devices for human organs or tissues for surgical applications, and advanced sensing devices with additional features such as transparency, self‐power, and self‐healing. In all of these examples, a polymer layer is used as a versatile component including a flexible structural support and a functional material to generate, transmit, and process mechanical and electrical inputs in various ways. We briefly discuss some outlooks and future challenges toward the next steps for flexible devices. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1429–1441, 2013
Crystal structure transformations and orientation in crosslinked elastic fibers of an ethylene‐octene copolymer in response to deformation and heat treatment
Authors: Liu Li‐Zhi , Paradkar Rajesh , Bensason Selim 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTCrosslinked elastic fibers, made from a low density (0.875 g/cc) ethylene‐octene copolymer, were studied after constrained at 300% elongation and annealed at different temperatures (40–80°C) to simulate conditions encountered in yarn and textile processing. It is surprisingly found that the transition from pseudo hexagonal to orthorhombic structure is much faster under simultaneously constraining and annealing than that without strain. Almost a neat orthorhombic structure can be produced when the fiber is annealed at 60°C. Annealing above 60°C leads to mixed orthorhombic and pseudo‐hexagonal structures. The average melting point increases with an increase in the fraction of orthorhombic phase. It is also surprisingly noted that the simultaneously constraining and annealing of the fiber can produce highly oriented crystals, even annealed at 80°C (above the average melting point of 65°C). The unique effect of annealing under large strain can be attributed to the crosslinking of the fiber, which makes it possible for the fiber to have strong chain orientation (even in molten state) under large strain. The strong chain orientation in melt leads to a faster structural transition from pseudo hexagonal to more stable orthorhombic structure. The strong chain orientation is also very likely the reason why highly oriented crystal and amorphous phases are formed, including the case where the fiber is annealed above melting point. These findings could be leveraged for improving thermal and mechanical properties of the fabrics made with such fibers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3565–3573, 2013
An environment‐friendly thermal insulation material from cellulose and plasma modification
Authors: Shi Jianjun , Lu Lingbin , Guo Wantao , Sun Yujia , Cao Yang 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTCellulose aerogels were prepared by combining the NaOH/thiourea/H2O solvent system and the freeze‐drying technology. Hydrophobic aerogels were obtained with the cold plasma modification technology. The results showed that cellulose aerogel had good heat insulation performance, while the main factors affecting thermal conductivity were density and porosity. Thermal conductivity decreased with the decrease of density and the increase of porosity. It could be as low as 0.029 W/(m K). Cellulose aerogel adsorbed moisture easily. The moisture adsorption had a significant influence on the heat insulation performance of aerogel. After conducting hydrophobic modification using CCl4as plasma, cellulose aerogel was changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and water contact angle was as high as 102°. Hydrophobic modification did not affect the heat insulation performance of aerogel. This work provided a foundation for the possibility of applying cellulose aerogels in the insulating material field. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3652–3658, 2013
Comparative Study on State Estimation in Elastic Joints
Authors: Chen Wenjie , Tomizuka Masayoshi 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn robots with elastic joints, discrepancies exist between the motor side and the load side (i.e., the link of the robotic joint) due to joint elasticity. Thus, sensing only at the motor side does not precisely provide the information of interest at the load side. In view that the load side states determine the position and orientation of the end‐effector, it is critical to have the load side states sensed and/or estimated. In this paper, we present a comprehensive comparative study on load side state estimation utilizing two different models of robotic elastic joints. Low‐cost MEMS inertia sensors, such as gyroscopes and accelerometers, are adopted on the load side to supplement the motor side sensing. We also incorporate sensor noises and biases in the measurement dynamics. Kalman filtering methods are designed based on the extended dynamic/kinematic models for the fusion of multiple sensor signals. We also study the specific issue related to the noise covariance adaptation. The effectiveness of the proposed schemes is experimentally demonstrated and compared on a robotic elastic joint testbed.
A Balancing Act: A Family Perspective to Sibling Sexual Abuse
Authors: Keane Michael , Guest Andrea , Padbury Jo 
Published: June 2013

This article will focus on responding to harmful sexual behaviour by young people towards their siblings and other young children in their family network. It will explore a framework for practice of engaging children and their families following disclosure of sexual abuse, developed by the Sexual Abuse Counselling and Prevention Program at the Children's Protection Society (CPS) in Melbourne, Australia. This article will detail statutory and policy frameworks that provide a context for therapeutic intervention. This particularly applies to consideration of the separation of young people from their families, and where this occurs, to the matter of their reunification with their families. The CPS is particularly exercised by the challenge of achieving a balance in individual safety and the wellbeing of all family members. The article will look at examples of work in which balancing the best interests of different family members which at times are in potential if not actual conflict poses a challenge to counselling staff. The article will provide ideas and approaches to consider for those programmes that walk this difficult journey with families. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘This article will detail statutory and policy frameworks that provide a context for therapeutic intervention’Key Practitioner Messages

In working with sibling sexual abuse, therapeutic work should equally consider the needs of the victim and the offending sibling.
Joint work with all family members can contribute to creating a safe environment, which promotes family healing.
Safety planning needs to occur in partnership with parents and statutory bodies.‘Safety planning needs to occur in partnership with parents and statutory bodies’
‘If it makes you feel good it must be right’: Embodiment strategies for healthy eating and risk management
Authors: Kristensen Dorthe Brogård , Askegaard Søren , Jeppesen Lene Hauge 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe following arguments are constructed around the encounter of embodied experiences and societal discourses. On the basis of an ethnographic study of 34 Danish consumers, we present different consumers' strategies in relation to their perception of healthy food and management of food‐related health risk. Drawing on a subsample representing particular subject positions in relation to healthy eating, we argue for an increased role of embodiment in consumers' risk handling. The study shows that because of the overload of information, consumers increasingly turn to personal experiences and bodily feelings as the instrument and strategy for evaluating possible health risk and benefit. Furthermore, the study shows how these evaluations are related to broader political and socio‐economic issues as well as closely intertwined with notion of trust and mistrust. Through embodied feelings, consumers navigate and negotiate their position in relation to social discourses of health and risk. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Direct Stereoselective Preparation of a Fish Pheromone and Application of the Zinc Porphyrin Tweezer Chiroptical Protocol in Its Stereochemical Assignment
Authors: Ouedraogo Yannick P. , Huang Longchuan , Torrente Mariana P. , Proni Gloria , Chadwick Ekaterina , Wehmschulte Rudolf J. , Nesnas Nasri 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTA two‐step stereoselective preparation of a goldfish pheromone, 17α,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one, is reported from the readily available cortexolone in 64% overall yield. The (20S)‐epimer was also synthesized in three steps from cortexolone with an overall yield of 47%. A microscale chiroptical technique based on a host/guest complexation mechanism between the substrate and a dimeric metalloporphyrin host (tweezer) was used to confirm the stereochemical assignment, while Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed to explain the high stereoselectivity induced by the 17α‐hydroxyl and C18‐methyl groups. Chirality 00:000–000:, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonlinear Dynamics of Neuronal Excitability, Oscillations, and Coincidence Detection
Authors: Rinzel John , Huguet Gemma 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe review some widely studied models and firing dynamics for neuronal systems, both at the single cell and network level, and dynamical systems techniques to study them. In particular, we focus on two topics in mathematical neuroscience that have attracted the attention of mathematicians for decades: single‐cell excitability and bursting. We review the mathematical framework for three types of excitability and onset of repetitive firing behavior in single‐neuron models and their relation with Hodgkin's classification in 1948 of repetitive firing properties. We discuss the mathematical dissection of bursting oscillations using fast/slow analysis and demonstrate the approach using single‐cell and mean‐field network models. Finally, we illustrate the properties of Type III excitability in which case repetitive firing for constant or slow inputs is absent. Rather, firing is in response only to rapid enough changes in the stimulus. Our case study involves neuronal computations for sound localization for which neurons in the auditory brain stem perform extraordinarily precise coincidence detection with submillisecond temporal resolution. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Energy‐Transfer Mechanisms in IrIII–EuIII Bimetallic Complexes
Authors: Yu Gang , Xing Yadong , Chen Fangfang , Han Ruimin , Wang Jianqiang , Bian Zuqiang , Fu Limin , Liu Zhiwei , Ai Xicheng , Zhang Jianping , Huang Chunhui 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe bridging ligands in d–f bimetallic complexes play an important role in the excitation energy transfer (EET) process. To elaborate on the effect of the ligand on the EET process, a series of bridging ligands (μ‐L), 1‐(1′,10′‐phenanthrolin‐2′‐yl)‐4,4,4‐trifluorobutane‐1,3‐dione (phen3f), 1‐(1′,10′‐phenanthrolin‐2′‐yl)‐4,4,5,5,5‐pentafluoropentane‐1,3‐dione (phen5f), 1‐(2,2′‐bipyridine‐6‐yl)‐4,4,4‐trifluorobutane‐1,3‐dione (bpy3f), and 1‐(2,2′‐bipyridine‐6‐yl)‐4,4,5,5,5‐pentafluoropentane‐1,3‐dione (bpy5f), and their corresponding iridium complexes, [(dfppy)2Ir(μ‐L)] (dfppy=2‐(4′,6′‐difluorophenyl)pyridinato‐N,C2′), as well as their corresponding heteroleptic IrIII–EuIII complexes [{(dfppy)2Ir(μ‐L)}3EuCl]Cl2 were synthesized and characterized. Photophysical and kinetic results revealed that the alternation of the bridge ligand resulted in a systemic difference in the lowest triplet‐state energy (T1) of the iridium complexes, the EET efficiency from iridium complexes to the EuIII ion, and a significant difference in the total luminescence quantum yields. Based on the nanosecond time‐resolved phosphorescence spectra, a model for the energy‐transfer mechanism was proposed for d–f bimetallic complexes, which indicated that the nonradiative relaxation of the excited energy of EuIII, especially energy dissipation by means of the T1 state, was the main reason for the discrepancy in the quantum yields of the four IrIII–EuIII complexes.
Reproductive isolation and cryptic introgression in a sky island enclave of Appalachian birds
Authors: Davidson Brian S. , Sattler Gene D. , Via Sara , Braun Michael J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractReproductive isolation is central to the speciation process, and cases where the strength of reproductive isolation varies geographically can inform our understanding of speciation mechanisms. Although generally treated as separate species, Black‐capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) and Carolina chickadees (P. carolinensis) hybridize and undergo genetic introgression in many areas where they come into contact across the eastern United States and in the northern Appalachian Mountains. The Great Smoky Mountains harbor the last large breeding population of atricapillus in the southern Appalachians, isolated from the species’ main range by nearly 200 km. This population is believed to be reproductively isolated from local carolinensis due to an unusual, behaviorally mediated elevational range gap, which forms during the breeding season and may function as an incipient reproductive isolating mechanism. We examined the effectiveness of this putative isolating mechanism by looking for genetic introgression from carolinensis in Great Smoky Mountain atricapillus. We characterized this population and parental controls genetically using hundreds of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci as well as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data from cytochrome‐b. Great Smoky Mountain atricapillus have experienced nuclear genetic introgression from carolinensis, but at much lower levels than other populations near the hybrid zone to the north. No mitochondrial introgression was detected, in contrast to northern contact areas. Thus, the seasonal elevational range gap appears to have been effective in reducing gene flow between these closely related taxa.
High evolutionary potential of marine zooplankton
Authors: Peijnenburg Katja T. C. A. , Goetze Erica 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOpen ocean zooplankton often have been viewed as slowly evolving species that have limited capacity to respond adaptively to changing ocean conditions. Hence, attention has focused on the ecological responses of zooplankton to current global change, including range shifts and changing phenology. Here, we argue that zooplankton also are well poised for evolutionary responses to global change. We present theoretical arguments that suggest plankton species may respond rapidly to selection on mildly beneficial mutations due to exceptionally large population size, and consider the circumstantial evidence that supports our inference that selection may be particularly important for these species. We also review all primary population genetic studies of open ocean zooplankton and show that genetic isolation can be achieved at the scale of gyre systems in open ocean habitats (100s to 1000s of km). Furthermore, population genetic structure often varies across planktonic taxa, and appears to be linked to the particular ecological requirements of the organism. In combination, these characteristics should facilitate adaptive evolution to distinct oceanographic habitats in the plankton. We conclude that marine zooplankton may be capable of rapid evolutionary as well as ecological responses to changing ocean conditions, and discuss the implications of this view. We further suggest two priority areas for future research to test our hypothesis of high evolutionary potential in open ocean zooplankton, which will require (1) assessing how pervasive selection is in driving population divergence and (2) rigorously quantifying the spatial and temporal scales of population differentiation in the open ocean.