bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical use of tobramycin inhalation solution (TOBI®) shows sustained improvement in FEV1 in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Konstan Michael W. , Wagener Jeffrey S. , Pasta David J. , Millar Stefanie J. , Morgan Wayne J. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryObjectivesTobramycin inhalation solution (TIS; TOBI®) has improved forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) in cystic fibrosis (CF) trials. Using data from the Epidemiologic Study of CF (ESCF), we assessed the change in level and trend of FEV1 % predicted (pred) over a 2‐year period associated with initiation of TIS during routine clinical practice.MethodsPatients age 8–38 years and in ESCF for ≥2 years before treatment with TIS as a chronic therapy were selected if they remained on therapy for 2 years, defined as being on TIS for at least 3 months per year (C‐TIS group). Comparator intervals age 8–38 years used TIS <10% of the time. For each interval, we estimated the level and trend (rate of decline) in FEV1 % pred before and after the index using a piecewise linear mixed‐effects model adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsDuring the 2‐year pre‐index period the C‐TIS group (n = 2,534) had a more rapid decline in FEV1 (−2.49% vs. −1.39% pred/year) and a lower FEV1 at index (62.6% vs. 74.7% pred) than the comparator group (N = 17,656 intervals). After starting chronic TIS, the FEV1 trend line over the 2‐year post‐index period was higher, but the comparator group's FEV1 was essentially unchanged (difference 2.22, P < 0.001). Change in slope was not different between groups (0.06, P = 0.82).ConclusionsInitiating chronic TIS therapy in the routine clinical care of patients with CF was associated with improvement in FEV1 % pred but no change in rate of decline, which means that this benefit was sustained over the 2 years studied. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:529–536. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Capillary hemangiomatosis like‐lesions in lung biopsies from children with congenital heart defects
Authors: Aiello Vera Demarchi , Thomaz Ana Maria , Pozzan Geanete , Lopes Antonio Augusto 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThe morphological findings in the lung vessels of children with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with uncorrected congenital cardiac shunts may be qualitatively and quantitatively assessed by lung biopsy in selected cases. Among 297 lung biopsies collected over a period of 11 years two cases were detected presenting the typical findings of pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, a rare disorder usually associated with pulmonary veno‐occlusive disease. We report the clinical and histological findings and discuss about the impact of this unexpected and not‐previously described associated lesion on the prognosis and on the therapeutic strategy in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:E82–E85. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Impact of Family Transitions on Child Fostering in Rural Malawi
Authors: Grant Monica J. , Yeatman Sara 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Despite the frequency of divorce and remarriage across much of sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about what these events mean for the living arrangements of children. We use longitudinal data from rural Malawi to examine the effects of family transitions on the prevalence and incidence of child fostering, or children residing apart from their living parents. We find that between 7 % and 15 % of children aged 3–14 are out-fostered over the two-year intersurvey period. Although divorce appears to be a significant driver of child fostering in the cross-sectional analysis, it is not significantly associated with the incidence of out-fostering. In contrast, maternal remarriage has both a lagged and an immediate effect on the incidence of out-fostering. Furthermore, the likelihood of out-fostering is even higher among children whose mother remarried and had a new child during the intersurvey period. Using longitudinal data collected from living mothers rather than from children’s current foster homes offers new insights into the reasons children are sent to live with others besides their parents.
Unveiling the Influence of Dark Matter in Axially Symmetric Galaxies
Authors: Caranicolas Nicolaos D. , Zotos Euaggelos E. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe investigate the regular or chaotic nature of orbits of stars moving in the meridional plane (R,z) of an axially symmetric galactic model with a dense, massive spherical nucleus and a dark matter halo component. In particular, we study the influence of the fractional portion of the dark matter, by computing in each case the percentage of chaotic orbits, as well as the percentages of orbits of the main regular resonant families. In an attempt to distinguish between regular and chaotic motion, we use the fast Lyapunov indicator method to extensive samples of orbits obtained by integrating numerically the equations of motion as well as the variational equations. Furthermore, a technique which is based mainly on the field of spectral dynamics that utilises the Fourier transform of the time series of each coordinate is used for identifying the various families of regular orbits and also to recognise the secondary resonances that bifurcate from them. Two cases are studied in our work: (i) the case where we have a disk galaxy model and (ii) the case where our model represents an elliptical galaxy. A comparison with early related work is also made.
IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY, WATER AND ENERGY USE EFFICIENCY IN LOWLAND RICE (ORYZA SATIVA) THROUGH APPROPRIATE ESTABLISHMENT METHODS AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN THE MID-ALTITUDE OF NORTH-EAST INDIA
Authors: DAS ANUP , PATEL D. P. , MUNDA G. C. , RAMKRUSHNA G. I. , KUMAR MANOJ , NGACHAN S. V. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYRice is the major staple food crop in the North Eastern Region of India (26.2 million hectare geographical area) and the region has a deficit of 1.40 million tones of rice, mainly due to low productivity (1.72 t ha−1). Field experiments were conducted for the first time to evaluate the new techniques of rice cultivation, viz. the system of rice intensification (SRI) and integrated crop management (ICM) along with conventional rice culture (CRC) for improving productivity, water and energy use efficiency during the rainy seasons of 2004–07 at the ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam, Meghalaya (950 m msl), India. Three stand establishment methods, viz. SRI, ICM and CRC in main plots, and five nutrient management practices, viz. recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF = 80:26:33 kg NPK ha−1), farmyard manure (FYM) 10 t ha−1, RDF + FYM 5 t ha−1, 50% RDF + FYM 10 t ha−1, and a control (no fertilizer and manure) in sub-plots, were tested in a split-plot design; only few meaningful interactions were found. Results showed a higher number of panicles per square metre under CRC and ICM compared with SRI. However, the number of panicles per hill, grains per panicle and the test weight remained higher in the SRI method. In terms of mean grain yield, ICM (4.86 t ha−1) and SRI (4.72 t ha) produced 12.8 and 9.6%, respectively, higher grain yield over CRC (4.3 t ha−1). Among the nutrient management practices, the application of RDF + FYM 5 t ha−1(5.0 t ha−1) and 50% RDF + FYM 10 t ha−1(4.87 t ha−1) not only produced higher grain yield of rice (23.8 and 20.5%, respectively, higher yield over control) but also maintained higher soil available N, P and organic carbon at harvest compared with other nutrient management practices. Photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency were found to be significantly (p< 0.05) higher under SRI, whereas the transpiration rate was higher under CRC. The ICM method recorded maximum net return and energy output to input ratio, which was followed by SRI and CRC. Therefore, the ICM method of rice cultivation would be the preferred option for the sub-tropical mid-hills of eastern Indian Himalayas.
SOIL AGGREGATION AND ORGANIC CARBON AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN LEVELS IN THE MAIZE–WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM
Authors: LENKA SANGEETA , SINGH A. K. , LENKA N. K. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYBest management practices in agriculture have the potential to sequester carbon and improve soil aggregation. Hence, in the present investigation, different levels of irrigation and nitrogen (inorganic and organic) were used in the maize–wheat cropping system to study their effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation and aggregation. The treatments consisted of three levels of water regimes (namely W1, W2 and W3 referring to limited, medium and maximum irrigation) and five nitrogen levels (T1, 0% N; T2, 75% N; T3, 100% N; T4, 150% N; T5, 100% N from organic source), with three replications taken in a split plot design. Positive and significant correlation between SOC and mean weight diameter (MWD) was observed, implying that increasing SOC improved soil structure and increased the MWD. The quantification of water and nitrogen interaction on SOC was done by developing a multiple regression equation, which, when validated with SOC of the subsequent year, resulted in significant correlation. Irrigation and N was found to have a significant effect on soil aggregation and organic carbon build-up. Two N treatments (T4: 150% N and T5: 100% N from organic source) improved soil aggregation (macro-aggregates) and SOC when accompanied with W3 water regime (maximum amount of irrigation). Across N treatments, the W3 regime registered significantly higher SOC by more than 30% over control in the 0–15-cm soil depth.
Explaining counterfactuals of freedom
Authors: PRUSS ALEXANDER R. , RASMUSSEN JOSHUA L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCounterfactuals of creaturely freedom (CCFs) are notoriously puzzling. One puzzle has to do with truth-making: we wonder how any CCFs could be true prior to the existence of all creatures. Another, less addressed puzzle has to do with truth-explaining: what antecedent conditions or facts might explain a given CCF? The usual answer to the ‘explanation’ question is that true CCFs are brute: nothing explains them. We motivate an alternative answer by arguing that there can be an explanation of CCFs if there can be an explanation of free actions. Our argument reveals that theoretical frameworks, such as Molinism, that make use of CCFs do not automatically carry an explanatory cost.
Processing of S-cone signals in the inner plexiform layer of the mammalian retina
Authors: MIYAGISHIMA KIYOHARU J. , GRÜNERT ULRIKE , LI WEI 
Published: September 2013

AbstractColor information is encoded by two parallel pathways in the mammalian retina. One pathway compares signals from long- and middle-wavelength sensitive cones and generates red-green opponency. The other compares signals from short- and middle-/long-wavelength sensitive cones and generates blue-green (yellow) opponency. Whereas both pathways operate in trichromatic primates (including humans), the fundamental, phylogenetically ancient color mechanism shared among most mammals is blue-green opponency. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how signals from short-wavelength sensitive cones are processed in the primate and nonprimate mammalian retina, with a focus on the inner plexiform layer where bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cell processes interact to facilitate the generation of blue-green opponency.
An evaluation of heart rate variability and its modifying factors in children with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Özgür Senem , Ceylan Özben , Şenocak Filiz , Örün Utku A. , Doğan Vehbi , Yılmaz Osman , Keskin Mahmut , Aycan Zehra , Okutucu Sercan , Karademir Selmin 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjective: To evaluate heart rate variability by Holter monitoring in type 1 diabetic children compared with a healthy control group and determine the factors modifying heart rate variability. Methods: This was designed as a prospective study comparing 28 patients, diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and under follow-up, with 27 healthy control group subjects. Results: The patients were aged 9.9 ± 4.2 years in the diabetic group, including 13 (46.5%) girls and 15 (53.5%) boys. The healthy control group comprised 20 (74%) girls and seven boys (26%) with an average age of 8.6 ± 3.7 years. The search for factors modifying heart rate variability yielded the following correlations: for the time-dependent variables, negative between age and both average and maximal heart rate (r = −0.263 and −0.460, respectively), negative between haemoglobin A1c and percentage of differences between adjacent RR intervals >50 ms, positive between diabetes duration and square root of the mean of the sum of squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals. The average heart rate and percentage of differences between adjacent RR intervals >50 ms was significantly higher in the girls than the boys in all groups. With regard to the frequency-dependent factors affecting heart rate variability, correlations were found between haemoglobin A1c level and both total power and very low frequency (r = −0.751 and −0.644) and between very low frequency and diabetes duration. Conclusion: A reduction in heart rate variability parameters was observed in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients who had a long disease duration or were poorly controlled, as compared with healthy controls.
DEATH
Authors: Dore Clement 
Published: September 2013

In the final chapter of his book, The View from Nowhere, the American philosopher, Thomas Nagel, writes as follows about death:We do not regard the period before we were born in the same way we regard the prospect of death, yet most of the things that can be said about death are equally true of the former. Lucretius thought this showed that it was a mistake to regard death as an evil. But I believe it is an example of a more general future-past asymmetry... [Derek] Parfit has explored the asymmetry in connection with other values such as... pain. The fact that a pain (of ours) is in prospect rather than in the past has a very great effect on our attitude toward it, and this effect cannot be regarded as irrational... [the former asymmetry] can't be accounted for in terms of some other difference between past and future nonexistence, any more than the asymmetry in the case of pain can be accounted for in terms of some other differences between past and future pains, which makes the latter worse than the former.Nagel is maintaining in this quote that it is rational for a person to view pains which he is apt to experience in the future in a manner different from the way in which he views pains which he has experienced in the past. Nagel is saying that it is rational for a person to think of his future pains as more undesirable than his past ones. And Nagel claims that there is a similar asymmetry between a rational person's attitude towards a past in which he did not exist and a time in the future when he will not exist. In Nagel's view, just as a rational person will think of pains which he will experience as more undesirable than pains which he had in the past, he will think of his not existing in the future as much more undesirable than his not having existed in the past.
‘Feeling for’ and ‘feeling with’: developmental and neuroscientific perspectives on intersubjectivity and empathy
Authors: Knox Jean 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis paper discusses research by Beatrice Beebe, Bessel van der Kolk and others, exploring the interpersonal processes that underpin early relational trauma and how this contributes to adult psychopathology. An essential feature of early relational trauma, the infant's experience of being unable to evoke an empathic response from the caregiver and the feelings of shame this gives rise to, is discussed and its implications for psychotherapy are considered. The neuroscience that underpins two forms of empathy in the therapeutic relationship, of ‘feeling for’ and ‘feeling with’ the patient is discussed and explored in relation to the concordant and complementary countertransference. I argue that when therapists respond to the projection on to them of the abuser by an increasingly determined adherence to analytic technique, this may become a complementary countertransference identification with the abuser and an enactment of the abusive relationship.
Determinants of cabinet size
Authors: Indridason Indridi H. , Bowler Shaun 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA large literature examines the composition of cabinets in parliamentary systems, but very little attention has been paid to the size of those cabinets. Yet not only is the size of the cabinet related to the division of portfolios that may take place, cabinet size is also related to policy outcomes. In this article, a theory of party size is considered which examines how coalition bargaining considerations, intra‐party politics and efficiency concerns affect the size of cabinets. Hypotheses derived from the theory are examined using an extensive cross‐national dataset on coalition governments which allows us to track changes in cabinet size and membership both across and within cabinets.
Defeating the Argument from Hubris
Authors: Baertschi Bernard 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBiotechnologies – synthetic biology in particular – are sometimes blamed for playing God or manifesting hubris, that is, for evincing the vicious attitude of transcending the limits of human agency. In trying to create living organisms, we would adopt an attitude that is immoral for human beings. In this article, I want to show that this blame is unwarranted. I distinguish two aspects of the argument, which claims that it is impossible for human beings to create life and immoral to attempt it. I argue that if we adopt a conception of what life consists of in agreement with the scientific world view, there is no place for hubris. Finally, I maintain that even if we accept a non‐scientific conception of life (a vitalist or a supernatural one), we are not in a position to formulate the blame against synthetic biologists because what they do cannot contravene this vitalist or supernaturalist view.
The Effect of Displaced Versus Nondisplaced Pelvic Fractures on Long‐Term Racing Performance in 31 Thoroughbred Racehorses
Authors: Hennessy S.E. , Muurlink M.A. , Anderson G.A. , Puksmann T.N. , Whitton R.C. 
Published: September 2013

AimsTo evaluate the long‐term racing prognosis for Thoroughbred racehorses with displaced vs. nondisplaced fractures of the pelvis, identified scintigraphically.MethodsMedical records of 31 Thoroughbred racehorses presenting to the University of Melbourne Equine Centre, that had fractures of the pelvis identified scintigraphically were reviewed. Pelvic fracture site was determined and defined as displaced or nondisplaced based on ultrasound and/or radiographic findings. Race records were analysed for each horse, with a minimum of 24 months follow‐up, and correlated to fracture type to determine long‐term prognosis for racing. Results are expressed as median and range.ResultsFractures at a single site were more common (n = 22) than fractures involving 2 sites (n = 9) and the ilial wing was the most commonly affected (n = 12). Thoroughbred racehorses with displaced pelvic fractures at any site (n = 12) raced fewer times within 24 months of diagnosis than horses with nondisplaced fractures (n = 19) (0.5, 0–13, vs. 7, 0–24, P = 0.037) but there was no clear statistical difference in race earnings between the 2 groups (0, 0–123,250, vs. 14,440, 0–325,500, P = 0.080). Four horses with displaced fractures (33%) were subjected to euthanasia on humane grounds due to persistent severe pain. When these were excluded from the analysis there were no differences in performance variables between horses with displaced and nondisplaced fractures.Conclusions and practical significanceThoroughbred racehorses with displaced and nondisplaced pelvic fractures that survive the initial post injury period have a good prognosis for racing.Ethical animal researchAll owners consented to use of horse details within this retrospective analysis. Sources of funding: University of Melbourne Equine Centre. Conflicts of interest: None.
Changes in Intestinal Mucosal Microvascular Perfusion Assessed Using Orthogonal Polarisation Spectral Imaging in the Horse
Authors: Croxford A.K. , Bowen I.M. , Hallowell G.D. 
Published: September 2013

AimsAlthough several markers for measuring global tissue perfusion are available, there are currently no practical measurements of capillary microvascular perfusion in horses with hypovolaemia. Orthogonal polarisation spectral (OPS) imaging allows assessment of capillary microvascular perfusion by visualisation of mucosal blood flow. This study aims to demonstrate that administration of the α2 adrenoreceptor agonist detomidine, results in measurable changes in mucosal blood flow that can be determined using OPS. We hypothesise that these changes will mirror known aberrations in total peripheral resistance and cardiac output.MethodsMicrovascular blood flow was recorded using OPS placed manually, per rectum in 6 normal horses (weighing 603 ± 134 kg) undergoing sedation for a range of clinical procedures. The OPS recordings were made prior to and following sedation (5, 10, 20 min) with detomidine (10 ug/kg bwt) and butorphanol (10 ug/kg bwt) administered by i.v. injection. Microvascular perfusion was determined using standardised methods from OPS recordings including proportion of perfused vessels (PPV), functional capillary density (FCD), microvascular flow index (MFI) and vessel density (VD).ResultsDetomidine had a significant effect on microvascular blood flow as demonstrated by changes in MFI, PPV and FCD 5 min following sedation (P<0.001) and changes in VD 10 min after sedation (P<0.02). Microvasculature had returned to the presedation baseline by 20 min for all criterions.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that changes in organ perfusion known to be caused by α2 adrenoreceptor agonists result in observable changes in mucosal blood flow. This appears to mirror changes in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance previously demonstrated after administration of detomidine in the horse.Practical significanceThis technique may be a useful marker to use in early goal‐directed therapy in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and severe intestinal pathology.AcknowledgementsThe staff at DAC Melton Mowbray for their assistance with the conduct of the study.Ethical animal researchThis study was approved by the University of Nottingham ethical review committee. Horses were admitted into the DAC veterinary facility for routine veterinary procedures and sedated for routine dental care or orthopaedic investigation. Full consent was given by the DAC for use of these horses in the study. Sources of funding: Student project undertaken at the University of Nottingham. Competing interests: None.