bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirische Analyse sicherheitskritischer Ereignisse in urbanisierten Gebieten
Authors: Fischer Kai , Siebold Uli , Vogelbacher Georg , Häring Ivo , Riedel Werner 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSowohl der Schutz kritischer Infrastruktur als auch Verwundbarkeitsanalysen von städtischen Gebieten gewinnen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Gründe dafür sind eine wachsende Urbanisierung und die steigende Zahl neuer Bedrohungsszenarien. Immer mehr Menschen leben in Städten und in Zukunft wird dieser Trend noch zunehmen. Angesichts der wachsenden Bedrohung, wie beispielsweise globalem Terrorismus oder Naturkatastrophen, ist es essenziell, diese außergewöhnlichen Belastungsszenarien im Rahmen der Sicherheitsforschung zu berücksichtigen. Ziel ist hierbei, dass eine Schutzauslegung fester Bestandteil in der Gebäude‐ und Städteplanung wird.Um urbane Gebiete oder einzelne Gebäude auszulegen, müssen in einem ersten Schritt maßgebende Szenarien als Bemessungsgrundlage definiert werden, um eine schematische Gefährdungs‐ und Risikoanalyse durchzuführen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Resultate einer empirischen Ereignisanalyse vorgestellt. Im Rahmen dieser Analyse wurden sicherheitskritische Ereignisse in städtischen Gebieten mithilfe der “Terrorist Event Database” ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse liefern die Grundlage der empirischen Auswertung und weiterführender quantitativer Risikoanalysen für sicherheitskritische Ereignisse.Empirical analysis of security critical events in urban areasSecurity for critical infrastructure and the vulnerability analysis of urban areas is a topic of growing interest. Reasons for this are a growing urbanization and an increasing number of new hazard scenarios. More and more people are living in urban areas and this trend is set to continue. When faced with the increasing hazards, like global terrorism or natural disasters for example, it is essential to consider these exceptional scenarios in the context of safety and security research. Therefore, it is the aim to integrate protection design as an inherent part of building development and urban planning.In a first step, a decisive scenario as assessment basis has to be defined to evaluate urban areas or single buildings. This is essential to build a basis for a schematic hazard and risk analysis. In this paper, the results of an empirical event analysis are presented. Within this work security critical events are evaluated using the ”Terrorist Event Database". The results build the basis for the empirical evaluation and pursuing quantitative risk analyses for safety critical scenarios.
Geschichte der Bautechnik: Anmerkungen eines Beratenden Ingenieurs
Authors: Stiglat Klaus 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDie folgenden kurzen Anmerkungen gelten dem bauenden Ingenieur als einer Kernperson in der neueren Geschichte der Bautechnik; sie entspringen meinem Alltag als selbstständiger, beratender, planender und prüfender Bauingenieur und, parallel dazu, einem viertel Jahrhundert Erfahrung als Schriftleiter von Beton‐ und Stahlbetonbau. Die Zeit seit meinem Ausscheiden aus dem aktiven Beruf 2001 ist weitergegangen, doch grundlegende Fragen zu Entwicklung und Bedeutung unseres Berufes sind unverändert geblieben.Als Bauingenieure brauchen wir drei Säulen, um als – nicht nur – dienend rechnende, sondern auch schöpferische, erfindende, gestaltende und sichernde Gruppe auf dem Feld der Bautechnik wahrgenommen zu werden. Wir sind bedeutende Mitgestalter der Baukunst, seit der Aufspaltung des Baumeisters in Architekt und Ingenieur. Unser Berufsbild ist hervorragend, es weist jedoch übersehene und vernachlässigte Façetten auf. Davon will ich erzählen.
Einfache Ermittlung von Plattenstärken nach EC2 – Fortschreibung der Grundgleichungen
Authors: Göttlich Peter 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAuf der Grundlage von [1] werden die dort vorgestellten Gleichungen erweitert, um noch einfachere und effizientere Bemessungshilfen für die Biegeschlankheit von Platten und Balken aus Stahlbeton zu erzeugen. Im Zuge der Bearbeitung erwies es sich als sinnvoll, Platten und Unterzüge getrennt zu behandeln. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird der Entwurf von Platten und Kragplatten behandelt.Simple determination of plate thicknesses according to EC2 – Development of the basic equationsIn order to create easier and more efficient dimensioning guidelines for the flexural slenderness of plates and beams made out of reinforced concrete the equations are extended on the basis of [1]. It turned out to be useful to consider plates and downstand beams separately. In the following the design of plates and cantilever plates is discussed.
Wellenbeanspruchung auf hydrodynamisch kompakte Betonstrukturen für Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Schmidt Boso , Marx Steffen , Göhlmann Joachim , Göthel Oliver , Grünberg Jürgen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFür die Ermittlung von Wellen‐ und Strömungslasten auf Offshore‐Gründungskonstruktionen wird häufig die Morison‐Gleichung verwendet. Diffraktionseffekte und vertikale Kraftanteile werden von ihr nicht berücksichtigt. Dass dies nicht nur an hydrodynamisch kompakten Gründungsstrukturen zu unsicheren Ergebnissen führen kann, wird durch Vergleichsrechnungen nach Morison sowie mittels CFD‐Methoden an einer Schwergewichtsgründung gezeigt. Für möglichst realistische Wellenzüge werden hierzu maßgebende Wellenparameter aus langjährigen Messzeitreihen bestimmt und in vergleichenden hydrodynamischen Analysen angesetzt. An definierten Punkten der Struktur werden die resultierenden Schubkräfte und Momente beider Verfahren für eine häufig auftretende Welle moderater Abmessungen und eine Extremwelle verglichen. Hierbei werden auch bei im Verhältnis zur Struktur sehr großen Wellen Effekte bei der Umströmung aufgezeigt, welche zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Beanspruchung führen. In einer alleinigen Berechnung nach Morison werden diese Effekte nicht detektiert.Wave loads on hydrodynamically compact concrete structures for offshore wind turbinesFrequently the Morison equation is used to determine wave and current loads on offshore foundations. This approach does not consider diffraction effects and vertical load components. It is demonstrated that it may lead to uncertain results not only for hydrodynamically compact foundation structures by comparative calculations according to Morison equation and CFD methods on a gravity base foundation. Characteristic wave parameters are determined from long measurement time series for realistic wave trains. They are recognized in the comparative calculations. The shear forces and moments resulting from a frequently occurring and an extreme wave are compared for both methods at defined points of the structure. Flow effects which lead to significantly increasing loads can be detected even for very large waves in relation to the structure. These effects are not detected in calculations according to Morison equation.
Baceridin, a Cyclic Hexapeptide from an Epiphytic Bacillus Strain, Inhibits the Proteasome
Authors: Niggemann Jutta , Bozko Przemyslaw , Bruns Nicole , Wodtke Anne , Gieseler Marc Timo , Thomas Kevin , Jahns Christine , Nimtz Manfred , Reupke Inge , Brüser Thomas , Auling Georg , Malek Nisar , Kalesse Markus 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA new cyclic hexapeptide, baceridin (1), was isolated from the culture medium of a plant‐associated Bacillus strain. The structure of 1 was elucidated by HR‐HPLC‐MS and 1D and 2D NMR experiments and confirmed by ESI MS/MS sequence analysis of the corresponding linear hexapeptide 2. The absolute configurations of the amino acid residues were determined after derivatization by GC‐MS and Marfey's method. The cyclopeptide 1 consists partially of nonribosomal‐derived D‐ and allo‐D‐configured amino acids. The order of the D‐ and L‐leucine residues within the sequence cyclo(‐L‐Trp‐D‐Ala‐D‐allo‐Ile‐L‐Val‐D‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐) was assigned by total synthesis of the two possible stereoisomers. Baceridin (1) was tested for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity and displayed moderate cytotoxicity (1–2 μg mL−1) as well as weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus. However, it was identified to be a proteasome inhibitor that inhibits cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis in tumor cells by a p53‐independent pathway.
Key Mechanistic Insight into the Direct Gas‐Phase Epoxidation of Propylene by the RuO2–CuO–NaCl/SiO2 Catalyst
Authors: Seubsai Anusorn , Zohour Bahman , Noon Daniel , Senkan Selim 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe discovery of the RuO2–CuO–NaCl/SiO2 catalyst for the direct gas‐phase epoxidation of propylene to propylene oxide created a potentially promising path towards developing a high‐performing catalyst of substantial commercial value and opened a new challenge in catalysis research. In this work, studies following up this discovery are presented to reveal critical insight into the catalytic mechanism on the trimetallic catalyst. Small crystalline CuO particles, in close proximity of RuO2, were determined from temperature‐programmed reduction and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy studies to be the site for propylene oxide synthesis. In addition, the presence of NaCl was confirmed to suppress the formation of CO2.
CC Coupling of N‐Heterocycles at the fac‐Re(CO)3 Fragment: Synthesis of Pyridylimidazole and Bipyridine Ligands
Authors: Viguri Maialen Espinal , Pérez Julio , Riera Lucía 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA new family of cationic rhenium tricarbonyl complexes with either two N‐alkylimidazole (N‐RIm) and one pyridine (Py) ligand, or two pyridine and one N‐RIm ligand, [Re(CO)3(N‐RIm)(3−x)(Py)x]+, has been prepared. The reaction of these complexes with a strong base, followed by an oxidant, selectively afforded 2,2’‐pyridylimidazole complexes as the result of intramolecular dehydrogenative CC coupling reactions. For tris(pyridine) complexes [Re(CO)3(Py)3]+ the reaction pattern upon a deprotonation/oxidation sequence is maintained, which allows the generation of complexes with 2,2’‐bipyridine ligands. In the particular combination of two different types of pyridine ligand in the cationic fac‐Re(CO)3 complexes only the cross‐coupling products with asymmetric 2,2’‐bipyridine ligands were obtained; the homocoupling products were not observed.
The prognosis of N2b and N2c lymph node disease in oral squamous cell carcinoma is determined by the number of metastatic lymph nodes rather than laterality: Evidence to support a revision of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system
Authors: Ebrahimi Ardalan , Gil Ziv , Amit Moran , Yen Tzu‐Chen , Liao Chun‐Ta , Chaturvedi Pankaj , Agarwal Jai Prakash , Kowalski Luiz P. , Kohler Hugo F. , Kreppel Matthias , Cernea Claudio R. , Brandao Jose , Bachar Gideon , Bolzoni Villaret Andrea , Fliss Dan , Fridman Eran , Robbins K. Thomas , Shah Jatin P. , Patel Snehal G. , Clark Jonathan R. ,   The International Consortium for Outcome Research (ICOR) in Head and Neck Cancer.
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUNDA study was conducted to assess for prognostic heterogeneity within the N2b and N2c classifications for oral cancer based on the number of metastatic lymph nodes and to determine whether laterality of neck disease provides additional prognostic information.METHODSAn international multicenter study of 3704 patients with oral cancer undergoing surgery with curative intent was performed. The endpoints of interest were disease‐specific survival and overall survival. Model fit was assessed by the Akaike Information Criterion and comparison of models with and without the covariate of interest using a likelihood ratio test.RESULTSThe median number of metastatic lymph nodes was significantly higher in patients with N2c disease compared to those with N2b disease (P < .001). In multivariable analyses stratified by study center, the addition of the number of metastatic lymph nodes improved model fit beyond existing N classification. Next, the authors confirmed significant heterogeneity in prognosis based on the number of metastatic lymph nodes (≤ 2, 3‐4, and ≥ 5) in patients with both N2b and N2c disease (P < .001). A proposed reclassification combining N2b and N2c disease based on the number of metastatic lymph nodes demonstrated significant improvement in prognostic accuracy compared with the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system, and no improvement was noted with the addition of a covariate for contralateral or bilateral neck disease (P = .472).CONCLUSIONSThe prognosis of patients with oral cancer with N2b and N2c disease appears to be similar after adequate adjustment for the burden of lymph node metastases, irrespective of laterality. Based on this finding, the authors propose a modified lymph node staging system that requires external validation before implementation in clinical practice. Cancer 2014;120:1968–1974. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Striking dichotomy in outcome of MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma in the contemporary era
Authors: Kushner Brian H. , Modak Shakeel , Kramer Kim , LaQuaglia Michael P. , Yataghene Karima , Basu Ellen M. , Roberts Stephen S. , Cheung Nai‐Kong V. 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUNDThe authors exploited a large database to investigate the outcomes of patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma in the contemporary era.METHODSAll patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma aged <12 years who were treated during induction at the authors' institution from 2000 through 2011 were studied, including 118 patients with MYCN‐amplified [MYCN(+)] disease and 127 patients aged >18 months with MYCN‐nonamplified [MYCN(−)] stage 4 disease.RESULTSA complete response/very good partial response (CR/VGPR) to induction was correlated with significantly superior event‐free survival (EFS) (P < .001) and overall survival (OS) (P < .001) compared with a partial response or less. Patients with MYCN(+) and MYCN(−) disease had similar rates of CR/VGPR to induction (P = .366), and those with MYCN(+) and MYCN(−) disease who attained a CR/VGPR had similar EFS (P = .346) and OS (P = .542). In contrast, only MYCN(+) patients had progressive disease as a response to induction (P < .001), and early death from progressive disease (<366 days after diagnosis) was significantly more common (P < .001) among those with MYCN(+) disease. Overall, among patients who had a partial response or less, MYCN(+) patients had significantly inferior EFS (P < .001) and OS (P < .001) compared with MYCN(−) patients, which accounted for the significantly worse EFS (P = .008) and OS (P = .002) for the entire MYCN(+) cohort versus the MYCN(−) cohort.CONCLUSIONSPatients with MYCN(−), high‐risk neuroblastoma display a broad, continuous spectrum with regard to response and outcome, whereas MYCN(+) patients either have an excellent response to induction associated with good long‐term outcome or develop early progressive disease with a poor outcome. This extreme dichotomy in the clinical course of MYCN(+) patients points to underlying biologic differences with MYCN(+) neuroblastoma, the elucidation of which may have far‐reaching implications, including improved risk classification at diagnosis and the identification of targets for treatment. Cancer 2014;120:2050–2059. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Fake source‐based source location privacy in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Jhumka Arshad , Bradbury Matthew , Leeke Matthew 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe development of novel wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, such as asset monitoring, has led to novel reliability requirements. One such property is source location privacy (SLP). The original SLP problem is to protect the location of a source node in a WSN from a single distributed eavesdropper attacker. Several techniques have been proposed to address the SLP problem, and most of them use some form of traffic analysis and engineering to provide enhanced SLP. The use of fake sources is considered to be promising for providing SLP, and several works have investigated the effectiveness of the fake sources approach under various attacker models. However, very little work has been done to understand the theoretical underpinnings of the fake source technique. In this paper, we (i) provide a novel formalisation of the fake sources selection problem; (ii) prove the fake sources selection problem to be NP‐complete; (iii) provide parametric heuristics for three different network configurations; and (iv) show that these heuristics provide (near) optimal levels of SLP under appropriate parameterisation. Our results show that fake sources can provide a high level of SLP. Our work is the first to investigate the theoretical underpinnings of the fake source technique. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between Temperature Activation of Charge‐Carrier Generation Efficiency and Hole Mobility in Small‐Molecule Donor Materials
Authors: Koerner Christian , Hein Moritz Philipp , Kažukauskas Vaidotas , Sakavičius Andrius , Janonis Vytautas , Fitzner Roland , Bäuerle Peter , Leo Karl , Riede Moritz 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn organic solar cells, free charge carriers are generated at the interface between an electron‐donating and an electron‐accepting material. The detailed mechanisms of the generation of free charge carriers are still under discussion. In this work, we investigate the influence of temperature on the generation efficiency of free charge carriers in blends of dicyanovinyl substituted oligothiophene (DCVnT) molecules and C60 by quasi‐steady‐state photoinduced absorption (PIA) measurements. The observed positive temperature dependence of charge‐carrier generation can be directly correlated to the charge‐transport behavior. The determined activation energy scales inversely with the hole mobility for all investigated DCVnT derivatives, suggesting higher dissociation probability of bound interfacial charge pairs at high mobility. Furthermore, the energetic disorder parameter, σ, determined by CELIV (charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage) measurements for a DCV6T derivative, matches the activation energy from the PIA measurements. In conclusion, these results underline the need for high‐mobility donor materials for optimal charge‐pair dissociation in organic solar cells.
Order and Conformation of Biphenyl in Cyanobiphenyl Liquid Crystals: A Combined Atomistic Molecular Dynamics and 1H NMR Study
Authors: Pizzirusso Antonio , Di Pietro Maria Enrica , De Luca Giuseppina , Celebre Giorgio , Longeri Marcello , Muccioli Luca , Zannoni Claudio 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe alignment of biphenyl (2P) in the liquid‐crystal phases of 4‐n‐pentyl‐4′‐cyanobiphenyl (5CB) and 4‐n‐octyl‐4′‐cyanobiphenyl (8CB) is investigated by using a combination of predictive atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and 1H liquid‐crystal nuclear magnetic resonance (LXNMR) residual dipolar coupling measurements. A detailed comparison and validation of the MD results with LXNMR is provided, showing a good agreement between the simulated and experimental dipolar couplings at the same reduced temperature. MD is then used to examine the location of 2P in the smectic phase, which is unavailable to LXNMR, and 2P is found to be rather uniformly distributed. The combination of MD and NMR spectroscopy provides detailed information about the order, interconnection between orientation and conformation, local positional order, and interactions with the liquid‐crystalline solvent.
Highly Efficient Copper–Zinc–Tin–Selenide (CZTSe) Solar Cells by Electrodeposition
Authors: Jeon Jong‐Ok , Lee Kee Doo , Seul Oh Lee , Seo Se‐Won , Lee Doh‐Kwon , Kim Honggon , Jeong Jeung‐hyun , Ko Min Jae , Kim BongSoo , Son Hae Jung , Kim Jin Young 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHighly efficient copper–zinc–tin–selenide (Cu2ZnSnSe4; CZTSe) thin‐film solar cells are prepared via the electrodepostion technique. A metallic alloy precursor (CZT) film with a Cu‐poor, Zn‐rich composition is directly deposited from a single aqueous bath under a constant current, and the precursor film is converted to CZTSe by annealing under a Se atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 600 °C. The crystallization of CZTSe starts at 400 °C and is completed at 500 °C, while crystal growth continues at higher temperatures. Owing to compromises between enhanced crystallinity and poor physical properties, CZTSe thin films annealed at 550 °C exhibit the best and most‐stable device performances, reaching up to 8.0 % active efficiency; among the highest efficiencies for CZTSe thin‐film solar cells prepared by electrodeposition. Further analysis of the electronic properties and a comparison with another state‐of‐the‐art device prepared from a hydrazine‐based solution, suggests that the conversion efficiency can be further improved by optimizing parameters such as film thickness, antireflection coating, MoSe2 formation, and p–n junction properties.
Significant long‐term, but not short‐term, hippocampal‐dependent memory impairment in adult rats exposed to alcohol in early postnatal life
Authors: Goodfellow Molly J. , Lindquist Derick H. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn rodents, ethanol exposure in early postnatal life is known to induce structural and functional impairments throughout the brain, including the hippocampus. Herein, rat pups were administered one of three ethanol doses over postnatal days (PD) 4–9, a period of brain development comparable to the third trimester of human pregnancy. As adults, control and ethanol rats were trained and tested in a variant of hippocampal‐dependent one‐trial context fear conditioning. In Experiment 1, subjects were placed into a novel context and presented with an immediate footshock (i.e., within ∼8 sec). When re‐exposed to the same context 24 hr later low levels of conditioned freezing were observed. Context pre‐exposure 24 hr prior to the immediate shock reversed the deficit in sham‐intubated and unintubated control rats, enhancing freezing behavior during the context retention test. Even with context pre‐exposure, however, significant dose‐dependent reductions in contextual freezing were seen in ethanol rats. In Experiment 2, the interval between context pre‐exposure and the immediate shock was shortened to 2 hr, in addition to the standard 24 hr. Ethanol rats trained with the 2 hr, but not 24 hr, interval displayed retention test freezing levels roughly equal to controls. Results suggest the ethanol rats can encode a short‐term context memory and associate it with the aversive footshock 2 hr later. In the 24 hr ethanol rats the short‐term context memory is poorly transferred or consolidated into long‐term memory, we propose, impeding the memory's subsequent retrieval and association with shock. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1316–1326, 2014.