bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell lineage tracing in human epithelial tissues using mitochondrial DNA mutations as clonal markers
Authors: Walther Viola , Alison Malcolm R. 
Published: August 2015

The study of cell lineages through heritable genetic lineage tracing is well established in experimental animals, particularly mice. While such techniques are not feasible in humans, we have taken advantage of the fact that the mitochondrial genome is highly prone to nonpathogenic mutations and such mutations can be used as clonal markers to identify stem cell derived clonal populations in human tissue sections. A mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation can spread by a stochastic process through the several copies of the circular genome in a single mitochondrion, and then through the many mitochondria in a single cell, a process called ‘genetic drift.’ This process takes many years and so is likely to occur only in stem cells, but once established, the fate of stem cell progeny can be followed. A cell having at least 80% of its mtDNA genomes bearing the mutation results in a demonstrable deficiency in mtDNA‐encoded cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), optimally detected in frozen tissue sections by dual‐color histochemistry, whereby CCO activity stains brown and CCO deficiency is highlighted by subsequent succinate dehydrogenase activity, staining the CCO‐deficient areas blue. Cells with CCO deficiency can be laser captured and subsequent mtDNA sequencing can ascertain the nature of the mutation. If all cells in a CCO‐deficient area have an identical mutation, then a clonal population has been identified; the chances of the same mutation initially arising in separate cells are highly improbable. The technique lends itself to the study of both normal epithelia and can answer several questions in tumor biology. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:103–117. doi: 10.1002/wdev.203This article is categorized under:

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Methods and Principles
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Disease
Pathologic Assessment of Pancreatic Fibrosis for Objective Prediction of Pancreatic Fistula and Management of Prophylactic Drain Removal After Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Kiyochi Hidenori , Matsukage Shouichi , Nakamura Taro , Ishida Naoki , Takada Yasutsugu , Kajiwara Shinsuke 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundSoft pancreatic texture is a commonly accepted risk factor associated with pancreatic fistula (PF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). However, its evaluation is subjective and its predictive value is limited. The present study was performed to establish intraoperative PF prediction parameter: the pathological assessment of pancreatic fibrosis, which was an objective evaluation that was strongly related to pancreatic consistency.MethodsBased on the results of a retrospective investigation on grades of pancreatic fibrosis and PF occurrence in 51 consecutive patients, an algorithm for intraoperative selection of early prophylactic drain removal was established. Prophylactic drains of patients with pancreatic fibrosis ≥30 % in the frozen section of pancreatic stump were removed on postoperative day (POD) 4. As CRP ≥10 mg/dL on POD 4 was a strong risk factor for PF in patients with fibrosis <30 %, the drains of these patients were maintained.ResultsThe algorithm was applied to 26 consecutive patients. Prophylactic drains were removed in 14 patients and retained in 12 patients on POD 4. No PF was observed in patients with pancreatic fibrosis ≥30 % (n = 8). Among six patients with fibrosis <30 %, CRP <10 mg/dL, and without infection in the drain fluid, only two developed grade A PF. All nine patients with pancreatic fibrosis <30 % and CRP ≥10 mg/dL developed grade B PF. No grade C PF was observed in any group.ConclusionsThe pathological evaluation of pancreatic fibrosis could objectively predict PF occurrence. Intraoperative assessment of pancreatic fibrosis could be applied to tailor postoperative drain management after PD.
Expression of plectasin in Bacillus subtilis using SUMO technology by a maltose-inducible vector
Authors: Zhang Licong , Li Xiaodan , Wei Dandan , Wang Jue , Shan Anshan , Li Zhongyu 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Plectasin, the first fungus defensin, is especially efficient against Gram-positive bacteria. To explore an effective approach for expressing plectasin in Bacillus subtilis, the sequence encoding plectasin fused with the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) gene, the 6 × His gene and the signal peptide of SacB were cloned into an E. coli–B. subtilis shuttle vector pGJ148 in which the maltose utilization operon promoter Pglv directed the expression. The fusion protein successfully secreted in culture and approximately, 41 mg of the recombinant fusion protein SUMO-plectasin was purified per liter of culture supernatant. After purification by Ni-NTA resin column and digestion by SUMO protease, 5.5 mg of plectasin with a purity of 94 % was obtained from 1 L fermentation culture. Recombinant plectasin was found inhibition activity against S. pneumoniae, S. aureus and S. epidermidis. These results indicate that the maltose-induced expression system may be a safe and efficient way for the large-scale production of soluble peptides in B. subtilis.
Africans in the American Labor Market
Authors: Elo Irma T. , Frankenberg Elizabeth , Gansey Romeo , Thomas Duncan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe number of migrants to the United States from Africa has grown exponentially since the 1930s. For the first time in America’s history, migrants born in Africa are growing at a faster rate than migrants from any other continent. The composition of African-origin migrants has also changed dramatically: in the mid-twentieth century, the majority were white and came from only three countries; but today, about one-fifth are white, and African-origin migrants hail from across the entire continent. Little is known about the implications of these changes for their labor market outcomes in the United States. Using the 2000–2011 waves of the American Community Survey, we present a picture of enormous heterogeneity in labor market participation, sectoral choice, and hourly earnings of male and female migrants by country of birth, race, age at arrival in the United States, and human capital. For example, controlling a rich set of human capital and demographic characteristics, some migrants—such as those from South Africa/Zimbabwe and Cape Verde, who typically enter on employment visas—earn substantial premiums relative to other African-origin migrants. These premiums are especially large among males who arrived after age 18. In contrast, other migrants—such as those from Sudan/Somalia, who arrived more recently, mostly as refugees—earn substantially less than migrants from other African countries. Understanding the mechanisms generating the heterogeneity in these outcomes—including levels of socioeconomic development, language, culture, and quality of education in countries of origin, as well as selectivity of those who migrate—figures prominently among important unresolved research questions.
Reactions of iron with calcium carbonate at 6 GPa and 1273–1873 K: implications for carbonate reduction in the deep mantle
Authors: Martirosyan N.S. , Litasov K.D. , Shatskiy A.F. , Ohtani E. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Experimental data on Fe–CaCO3 interaction at 6 GPa and 1273–1873 K are presented. The system models the hypothetical redox interaction in subducting slabs at the contact with the reduced mantle and a putative process at the core–mantle boundary. The reaction is accompanied by carbonatite melt formation. It also produces Fe3C and calcium wüstite, which form solid or liquid phases depending on experimental conditions. In iron-containing systems at 6 GPa, calcium carbonate melts in the range 1473–1573 K, which is consistent with aragonite disappearance from complex carbonate systems. The composition of calcium carbonate liquid is not influenced by metallic Fe. It corresponds to nearly pure CaCO3. Along the mantle adiabat or at slightly higher temperatures, nearly pure CaCO3 coexists with metallic iron or calcium wüstite. This hypothesis explains the coexistence of metallic iron and carbonate inclusions in lithospheric and superdeep diamonds.
Complex regional pain syndrome following viper-bite
Authors: Kleggetveit Inge Petter , Skulberg Per Kristian , Jørum Ellen 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Background
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) may occur following fractures, surgery or different trauma. Development of CRPS following snake-bite has only been published in three reports (from Turkey, Nepal and Korea), although snake bites occur frequently world-wide. There has been no report from Western Europe. Vipera Berus is a common snake in European countries and the only venomous snake in Norway. We here describe the development of CRPS in a young woman as a consequence of a viper bite (Vipera Berus) in the right arm.

Methods
We performed a clinical investigation (inspection, measurement of skin temperatures, sensory and motor evaluation) of the patient six months following the viper-bite, measurement of thermal thresholds (quantitative sensory testing, QST), measurement of resting sweat output (RSO) and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex (QSART) from both arms.

Results
The patient fulfilled the Budapest criteria for a CRPS-condition, with continuous pain and symptoms and findings of autonomic dysfunction. In addition, we found elevated thresholds of warmth and cold, evidence of an affection of afferent A-delta and C-fibres as well as an affection of the efferent sympathetic sudomotor C-fibres by QSART. An increased RSO-volume was in inverse relationship to the decreased QSART result.

Conclusion and implications
It is important to be aware of viper-bite as a possible eliciting event for CRPS for early diagnosis and treatment of a patient. As long-lasting pain and oedema are known complications, it is probable that CRPS after viper-bites previously may have been underdiagnosed. As many patients are unaware of being bit, viper bite should be considered in cases of unexplained sudden pain and swelling of a limb.
CAEP 2014 Academic Symposium: “How to make research succeed in your department: Promoting excellence in Canadian emergency medicine resident research”
Authors: Calder Lisa A. , Abu-Laban Riyad B. , Artz Jennifer D. , McLeod Shelley , Blackie Barbara , Das Bijon , Woods Robert , Perry Jeffrey J. , Vaillancourt Christian , Stiell Ian G. , Frank Jason R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo characterize the current state of Canadian emergency medicine (EM) resident research and develop recommendations to promote excellence in this area.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, and ERIC using search terms relevant to EM resident research. We conducted an online survey of EM residency program directors from the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) and College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC). An expert panel reviewed these data, presented recommendations at the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians 2014 Academic Symposium, and refined them based on feedback received.ResultsOf 654 potentially relevant citations, 35 articles were included. These were categorized into four themes: 1) expectations and requirements, 2) training and assessment, 3) infrastructure and support, and 4) dissemination. We received 31 responses from all 31 RCPSC-EM and CFPC-EM programs. The majority of EM programs reported requiring a resident scholarly project; however, we found wide-ranging expectations for the type of resident research performed and how results were disseminated, as well as the degree of completion expected. Although 93% of RCPSC-EM programs reported providing formal training on how to conduct research, only 53% of CFPC-EM programs reported doing so. Almost all programs (94%) reported having infrastructure in place to support resident research, but the nature of support was highly variable. Finally, there was marked variability regarding the number of resident-published abstracts and manuscripts.ConclusionsBased on the literature, our national survey, and discussions with stakeholders, we offer 14 recommendations encompassing goals, expectations, training, assessment, infrastructure, and dissemination in order to improve Canadian EM resident research.
Maternal supplementation of seaweed-derived polysaccharides improves intestinal health and immune status of suckling piglets
Authors: Heim G. , O'Doherty J. V. , O'Shea C. J. , Doyle D. N. , Egan A. M. , Thornton K. , Sweeney T. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe experiment investigated the effect of maternal dietary supplementation of seaweed-derived polysaccharides (SDP) (–SDPv.+SDP,n 20) from day 83 of gestation until weaning (day 28) on selected sow faeces and piglet digesta microbiota populations, piglet small-intestinal morphology, and intestinal nutrient transporter and inflammatory cytokine gene expression at birth, 48 h after birth and weaning. The effect of maternal dietary treatment on the piglet gene expression profile of inflammatory cytokines in the colon following a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was also investigated. Dietary SDP reduced sow faecal Enterobacteriaceae gene numbers at parturition. Small-intestinal morphology, nutrient transporter and cytokine gene expression in newborn piglets did not differ between maternal dietary treatments (P > 0·10). At 48 h after birth, sodium–glucose-linked transporter 1 gene expression was down-regulated in the ileum of piglets suckling the SDP-supplemented sows compared with those suckling the basal sows (P = 0·050). There was a SDP × LPS challenge interaction onIL-1andIL-6gene expression in the colon of piglets (P < 0·05). The gene expression ofIL-1andIL-6was down-regulated in the LPS-challenged colon of piglets suckling the SDP sows compared with those suckling the basal sows (P < 0·05). However, there was no difference inIL-1andIL-6gene expression in the unchallenged colon between treatment groups. At weaning, piglets suckling the SDP-supplemented sows had increased villus height in the jejunum and ileum compared with those suckling the basal-fed sows (P < 0·05). In conclusion, maternal dietary SDP supplementation enhanced the immune response of suckling piglets and improved gut morphology, making them more immune competent to deal with post-weaning adversities.
Altered folate metabolism modifies cell proliferation and progesterone secretion in human placental choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells
Authors: Moussa Carolyne , Ross Nikia , Jolette Philippe , MacFarlane Amanda J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFolate is an essential B vitamin required forde novopurine and thymidylate synthesis, and for the remethylation of homocysteine to form methionine. Folate deficiency has been associated with placenta-related pregnancy complications, as have SNP in genes of the folate-dependent enzymes, methionine synthase (MTR) and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1). We aimed to determine the effect of altered folate metabolism on placental cell proliferation, viability and invasive capacity and on progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secretion. Human placental choriocarcinoma (JEG-3) cells cultured in low folic acid (FA) (2 nm) demonstrated 13 % (P<0·001) and 26 % (P<0·001) lower proliferation, 5·5 % (P=0·025) and 7·5 % (P=0·004) lower invasion capacity, and 5 to 7·5 % (P=0·004–0·025) lower viability compared with control (20 nm) or supplemented (100 nm) cells, respectively. FA concentration had no effect on progesterone or hCG secretion. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown ofMTRgene and protein expression resulted in 17·7 % (P<0·0001) lower proliferation and 61 % (P=0·014) higher progesterone secretion, but had no effect on cell invasion and hCG secretion. siRNA knockdown ofMTHFD1gene expression in the absence of detectable changes in protein expression resulted in 10·3 % (P=0·001) lower cell proliferation, but had no effect on cell invasion and progesterone or hCG secretion. Our data indicate that impaired folate metabolism can result in lower trophoblast proliferation, and could alter viability, invasion capacity and progesterone secretion, which may explain in part the observed associations between folate and placenta-related complications.
Prevalence and characteristics of misreporting of energy intake in US adults: NHANES 2003–2012
Authors: Murakami Kentaro , Livingstone M. Barbara E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractUsing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2012, we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of under-reporting and over-reporting of energy intake (EI) among 19 693 US adults ≥20 years of age. For the assessment of EI, two 24-h dietary recalls were conducted using the US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method. Under-reporters, acceptable reporters and over-reporters of EI were identified by two methods based on the 95 % confidence limits: (1) for agreement between the ratio of EI to BMR and a physical activity level for sedentary lifestyle (1·55) and (2) of the expected ratio of EI to estimated energy requirement (EER) of 1·0. BMR was calculated using Schofield’s equations. EER was calculated using equations from the US Dietary Reference Intakes, assuming ‘low active’ level of physical activity. The risk of being an under-reporter or over-reporter compared with an acceptable reporter was analysed using multiple logistic regression. Percentages of under-reporters, acceptable reporters and over-reporters were 25·1, 73·5 and 1·4 %, respectively, based on EI:BMR, and 25·7, 71·8 and 2·5 %, respectively, based on EI:EER. Under-reporting was associated with female sex, older age, non-Hispanic blacks (compared with non-Hispanic whites), lower education, lower family poverty income ratio and overweight and obesity. Over-reporting was associated with male sex, younger age, lower family poverty income ratio, current smoking (compared with never smoking) and underweight. Similar findings were obtained when analysing only the first 24-h recall data from NHANES 1999–2012 (n 28 794). In conclusion, we found that misreporting of EI, particularly under-reporting, remains prevalent and differential in US adults.
Inertial-range kinetic turbulence in pressure-anisotropic astrophysical plasmas
Authors: Kunz M. W. , Schekochihin A. A. , Chen C. H. K. , Abel I. G. , Cowley S. C. 
Published: August 2015

A theoretical framework for low-frequency electromagnetic (drift-)kinetic turbulence in a collisionless, multi-species plasma is presented. The result generalises reduced magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD) and kinetic RMHD (Schekochihinet al.,Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., vol. 182, 2009, pp. 310–377) to the case where the mean distribution function of the plasma is pressure-anisotropic and different ion species are allowed to drift with respect to each other – a situation routinely encountered in the solar wind and presumably ubiquitous in hot dilute astrophysical plasmas such as the intracluster medium. Two main objectives are achieved. First, in a non-Maxwellian plasma, the relationships between fluctuating fields (e.g. the Alfvén ratio) are order-unity modified compared to the more commonly considered Maxwellian case, and so a quantitative theory is developed to support quantitative measurements now possible in the solar wind. Beyond these order-unity corrections, the main physical feature of low-frequency plasma turbulence survives the generalisation to non-Maxwellian distributions: Alfvénic and compressive fluctuations are energetically decoupled, with the latter passively advected by the former; the Alfvénic cascade is fluid, satisfying RMHD equations (with the Alfvén speed modified by pressure anisotropy and species drifts), whereas the compressive cascade is kinetic and subject to collisionless damping (and for a bi-Maxwellian plasma splits into three independent collisionless cascades). Secondly, the organising principle of this turbulence is elucidated in the form of a conservation law for the appropriately generalised kinetic free energy. It is shown that non-Maxwellian features in the distribution function reduce the rate of phase mixing and the efficacy of magnetic stresses, and that these changes influence the partitioning of free energy amongst the various cascade channels. As the firehose or mirror instability thresholds are approached, the dynamics of the plasma are modified so as to reduce the energetic cost of bending magnetic-field lines or of compressing/rarefying them. Finally, it is shown that this theory can be derived as a long-wavelength limit of non-Maxwellian slab gyrokinetics.
Indexing one's own previous action as inadequate: Onah-prefaced repeats as receipt tokens in French talk-in-interaction
Authors: Persson Rasmus 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis article considers a practice in French talk-in-interaction, formally characterized as other-repeats prefaced by the change-of-state particleah. The target practice accomplishes a claim of receipt, while at the same time indexing as somehow inadequate a previous turn by the receipt speaker. Evidence drawn upon includes: (i) the sequential locations of the examined phenomenon; (ii) ensuing developments of the sequence, wherein the indexed inadequacy is more explicitly acknowledged; and (iii) the discriminability of the focal practice with respect to alternative practices. Two phonetically distinguished variants of the practice, and their respective sequential projections (‘problematizing’ topicalization or ‘accepting’ closure), are discussed. This article contributes to the study of how intersubjectivity is managed and administered by participants, and to research on the management of accountability for producing ‘adequate’ turns and actions. Finally, it addresses ongoing discussions concerning the analysis of multiple actions (first- and second-order) conveyed simultaneously in single turns. (French, talk-in-interaction, repetition, receipts, particles, indexicality, intersubjectivity, prosody, phonetics)*
Mtac: A monad for typed tactic programming in Coq
Authors: ZILIANI BETA , DREYER DEREK , KRISHNASWAMI NEELAKANTAN R. , NANEVSKI ALEKSANDAR , VAFEIADIS VIKTOR 
Published: August 2015

AbstractEffective support for custom proof automation is essential for large-scale interactive proof development. However, existing languages for automation via tactics either (a) provide no way to specify the behavior of tactics within the base logic of the accompanying theorem prover, or (b) rely on advanced type-theoretic machinery that is not easily integrated into established theorem provers.We present Mtac, a lightweight but powerful extension to Coq that supports dependently typed tactic programming. Mtac tactics have access to all the features of ordinary Coq programming, as well as a new set of typed tactical primitives. We avoid the need to touch the trusted kernel typechecker of Coq by encapsulating uses of these new tactical primitives in a monad, and instrumenting Coq so that it executes monadic tactics during type inference.
Prosodic Rhythm in Ontario French
Authors: KAMINSKAÏA SVETLANA , TENNANT JEFF , RUSSELL ALEXANDER 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTThis article presents the results of a study of rhythm in Ontario French in local minority and majority contexts. To determine whether French in a minority situation shows a less syllabic rhythm due to English influence than it does in a majority situation, we used the following rhythm measurements: %V, ΔV, ΔC, VarcoV, VarcoC and nPVI-V. The results suggest no effect of language contact on the minority setting data where we find even more syllable-timed rhythm than in the majority variety. In addition, we observe that women and older speakers exhibit a more syllabic rhythm than men and younger speakers.