bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing adolescents' oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL)
Authors: Foster Page Lyndie A. , Thomson W. Murray , Ukra Ali , Farella Mauro 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundOHRQoL comprises an apparently complex array of biological and psychological aspects of oral health.AimTo determine the relative contribution of sociodemographic, psychosocial, or clinical characteristics to OHRQoL in adolescents.DesignA cross‐sectional study of Dunedin adolescents was carried out. Each participant completed a self‐administered questionnaire and underwent a clinical examination. Information collected included sociodemographic characteristics (sex, ethnicity, and household deprivation), psychosocial characteristics (self‐esteem, psychological well‐being, somatisation, and self‐perception scores for body image), and clinical measures (DMFS and Dental Aesthetic Index). OHRQoL was measured using the 16‐item impact short‐form CPQ11–14 questionnaire. Linear regression analyses used the CPQ11–14 as the dependent variable, with independent variables entered in related groups.ResultsThree hundred and fifty‐three children (48.4% females) took part, representing a 58.8% response rate. Linear regression modelling of the CPQ11–14 score showed that sociodemographic characteristics were predictors, but the model's overall explanatory power was low (R2 = 0.05). This increased slightly with inclusion of the clinical variables. When the psychosocial variables were added, however, the R2 increased to 0.50; all psychosocial variables (except self‐esteem) were strongly associated with the CPQ11–14 score. Psychological well‐being was the strongest predictor.ConclusionPsychosocial characteristics are important contributors to OHRQoL in adolescents and appear to be more important than sociodemographic or clinical characteristics.
Children's understandings and motivations surrounding novelty sweets: a qualitative study
Authors: Stewart Kate F. , Fairchild Ruth M. , Jones Rhiannon J. , Hunter Lindsay , Harris Carole , Morgan Maria Z. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundNovelty sweets resemble or can be used as toys, are brightly coloured, with striking imagery, and sold at pocket money prices. They encourage regular consumption as packaging can be resealed, leading to prolonged exposure of these high‐sugar and low pH products to the oral tissues, risk factors for dental caries and erosion, respectively.AimTo determine how children conceptualise novelty sweets and their motivations for buying and consuming them.DesignFocus groups conducted using a brief schedule of open‐ended questions, supported by novelty sweets used as prompts in the latter stages. Participants were school children (aged 9–10) from purposively selected state primary schools in Cardiff, UK.ResultsKey findings related to the routine nature of sweet eating; familiarity with and availability of novelty sweets; parental awareness and control; lack of awareness of health consequences; and the overall appeal of novelty sweets.ConclusionsParents reported vagueness regarding consumption habits and permissiveness about any limits they set may have diluted the concept of treats. Flexible permissiveness to sweet buying applied to sweets of all kinds. Parents' reported lack of familiarity with novelty sweets combined with their low cost, easy availability, high sugar content, and acidity give cause for concern.
Influenza in pregnancy
Authors: Memoli Matthew J. , Harvey Hillery , Morens David M. , Taubenberger Jeffery K. 
Published: November 2012

Please cite this paper as: Memoli et al. (2012) Influenza in pregnancy. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 00(00), 000–000.The 2009 pandemic served as a strong reminder that influenza‐induced disease can have a great impact on certain at‐risk populations and that pregnant women are one such important population. The increased risk of fatal and severe disease in these women was appreciated more than 500 years ago, and during the last century, pregnant women and their newborns have continued to be greatly affected by both seasonal and pandemic influenza. In this review, we briefly discuss the data collected both before and after the 2009 pandemic as it relates to the impact of influenza on pregnant women and their fetuses/newborns, as well as risk variables, clinical features, clues to pathophysiologic mechanisms, and approaches to treatment and prevention.
Carnivores and carotenoids are associated with adaptive behavioural divergence in a radiation of gall midges
Authors: HEATH JEREMY J. , WELLS BRENDA , CIPOLLINI DON , STIREMAN JOHN O. 
Published: November 2012

1. Adaptive divergence in sympatry is supposed to be inhibited by the homogenizing role of gene flow. However, studies continue to uncover examples of sympatric divergence. In this study, two divergent phenotypes in a complex of four syntopic gall midge morphotypes [nominallyAsteromyia carboniferaOsten Saken, Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Alycaulini] are characterised. The first is a behavioural phenotype governing within‐host tissue preference and the second is a trait governing accessory‐gland carotenoid quality and quantity.2. One gall morphotype (crescents) lay most of their eggs on mature tissue whereas the other three gall morphotypes oviposit only on young emerging leaves. Ecological maintenance of this divergent trait appears to be driven by enemy‐reduced space. That is, nearly 40% of the crescent morphotype galls that develop high on the plant are attacked by the egg parasitoidPlatygaster solidaginisAshmed, whereas those low on the plant are relatively protected.3. All morphotypes contain carotenoids in their accessory glands, but the quality and quantity of these pigments differs significantly between the morphotypes and is positively associated with the probability of parasitism byP. solidaginis.4. Larval salivary glands also contain carotenoids and the plant hormone abscisic acid, which in plants is synthesized from carotenoid precursors and is involved in regulating plant defences. This hormone may facilitate gall development and influence gall morphology.5. Ecological fitness trade‐offs between carotenoids, parasitoid attack, and plant resistance may be fostering adaptive divergence in ovipositional phenotypes and sympatric speciation in this complex of gall midge morphotypes.
Communication through in‐person interpreters: a qualitative study of home care providers' and social workers' views
Authors: Brämberg Elisabeth B , Sandman Lars 
Published: November 2012

Aims and objectivesTo describe the experiences of home care providers and social workers in communication, via in‐person interpreters, with patients who do not share a common language, and to offer suggestions for practice based on this description.BackgroundThe use of interpreters is essential for successful communication to provide equal access to health care for patients not sharing a common language with care providers. Successful bilingual communication is probably even more complex within the home care services with its focus on medical treatment, care and daily support in relation to the more exclusive focus on medical treatment within hospital care.DesignAn explorative, qualitative, descriptive study.MethodsData were collected in seven focus group interviews. A total of 27 persons, working as registered nurses, assistant nurses and social workers in municipal home care, participated. The analysis was inspired by inductive content analysis.ResultsThe results express a traditional view on interpretation where the in‐person interpreter is supposed to act to a greater or lesser extent as an objective and neutral conduit or communicator of what is said. The interpreter is also expected to observe when medical terms and other concepts need to be explained, which thus exceeds the basic role as a communicator of what was said.ConclusionsThis study emphasises the need to view the interpreter as an active and explicit party in a three‐way communication.Relevance to clinical practiceViewing the interpreter as an active and explicit party in a three‐way communication and as an essential part of the care team might reduce the possible threat to patient confidentiality, and could contribute to solve the problem of interpreting the patient's non‐verbal signs.
Mapping the chemistry of resinite, funginite and associated vitrinite in coal with micro‐FTIR
Authors: CHEN Y. , CARO L.D. , MASTALERZ M. , SCHIMMELMANN A. , BLANDÓN A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMicro‐FTIR mapping is a powerful tool for nondestructive, in situ chemical characterization of coal macerals at high resolution. In this study, the chemistry of resinite, funginite and associated vitrinite is characterized via reflectance micro‐FTIR for Cenozoic high volatile C bituminous coals from Colombia. In comparison with the micro‐FTIR spectra of vitrinite and inertinite, the corresponding spectra of liptinite macerals in the same coals are characterized by stronger aliphatic CHx absorbance at 3000–2800 and 1460–1450 cm−1, but less intense aromatic C=C ring stretching vibration and aromatic CHx out‐of‐plane deformation at 700–900 cm−1. The aliphatic components in resinite have the longest carbon chains and are least branched, bestowing the highest hydrocarbon generation potential on resinite among the three macerals studied. In contrast, funginite exhibits the strongest aromatic character, the highest aromaticity, the lowest ‘A’ factor values and the lowest C=O/C=C ratios among the three maceral groups. Vitrinite generally displays intermediate chemical characteristics. Reflectance micro‐FTIR mapping of coal samples further confirms the aliphatic character of resinite and the aromatic nature of funginite. In addition, chemical mapping of resinite and adjacent vitrinite shows that vitrinite immediately adjacent to resinite displays higher aliphatic CHx stretching intensity than more distant vitrinite, suggesting that chemical components from resinite can diffuse over short distances into adjacent vitrinite, specifically causing hydrogen enrichment. It needs to be pointed out, however, that the region of influence is localized and limited to a narrow zone, whose extent likely depends on resinite's properties, such as its size and aliphatic material content. This way, the chemical map of resinite and associated vitrinite provides direct evidence of the intermaceral effects occurring during the peat forming stage or during later coalification. No influence of funginite (primarily fungal spores and sclerotia) on the chemistry of adjacent vitrinite has been demonstrated, which is likely due to the highly aromatic structure of this type of funginite.
PER3 and ADORA2A polymorphisms impact neurobehavioral performance during sleep restriction
Authors: Rupp Tracy L. , Wesensten Nancy J. , Newman Rachel , Balkin Thomas J. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThe objective of the study was to determine whether ADORA2A or PER3 polymorphisms contribute to individual responsivity to sleep restriction. Nineteen healthy adults (ages 18–39, 11 males, 8 females) underwent sleep restriction (SR) which consisted of seven nights of 3 h time in bed (TIB) (04:00–07:00). SR was preceded by seven in‐laboratory nights of 10 h TIB (21:00–07:00) and followed by three nights of 8 h TIB (23:00–07:00). Volunteers underwent psychomotor vigilance, objective alertness, and subjective sleepiness assessments throughout. Volunteers were genotyped for the PER3 VNTR polymorphism (PER34/4 n = 7; PER34/5 n = 10; PER35/5 n = 2) and the ADORA2A c.1083T>C polymorphism, (ADORA2AC/T n = 9; ADORA2AT/T n = 9; ADORA2AC/C n = 1) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Separate mixed‐model anovas were used to assess contributions of ADORA2A and PER3 polymorphisms. Results showed that PER34/4 and ADORA2AC/T individuals expressed greater behavioral resiliency to SR compared to PER4/5and ADORA2AT/T individuals. Our findings contrast with previously reported non‐significant effects for the PER3 polymorphism under a less challenging sleep restriction regimen (4 h TIB per night for five nights). We conclude that PER3 and ADORA2A polymorphisms become more behaviorally salient with increasing severity and/or duration of sleep restriction (based on psychomotor vigilance). Given the small sample size these results are preliminary and require replication.
General practitioners as supervisors in postgraduate clinical education: an integrative review
Authors: Wearne Susan , Dornan Tim , Teunissen Pim W , Skinner Timothy 
Published: November 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46: 1161–1173Context  General practice supervisors are said to serve as the cornerstones of general practice postgraduate education and therefore it is important to clearly define their roles and what makes them effective. The commonly used definition of a supervisor is not primarily based on general practice and does not cover aspects predicted to be important according to work‐based learning theory.Methods  We searched for papers published between 1991 and 2011 inclusive, categorised them according to whether they provided empirical evidence, descriptions or recommendations, open‐coded the empirical evidence, and used the resulting coding scheme as an analytic framework within which to present a narrative summary of findings.Results  Recommendations and descriptions far outweighed empirical evidence, which showed how supervisors intertwined clinical and educational activities and formed educational alliances with resident doctors that provided a foundation for learning. Residents needed a balance of challenge, usually provided by patients, and support, provided by supervisors. Supervisors established learning environments, assessed residents' learning needs, facilitated learning, monitored the content and process of learning and the well‐being of residents, and summarised learning in ways that turned ‘know that’ into ‘know how’.Conclusions  General practice must be expert in ensuring patients are well cared for ‘by proxy’ and in giving residents just the right amount of support they need to face the challenges posed by those patients. As general practice responds to contemporary clinical demands and rising numbers of undergraduate medical students, it is essential that the ability of general practice supervisors to develop and sustain supportive supervisory relationships with residents is preserved.
Rethinking clinical reasoning: time for a dialogical turn
Authors: Loftus Stephen 
Published: November 2012

Medical Education 2012:46: 1174–1178Context Clinical reasoning lies at the heart of medical practice and has been the subject of scholarly inquiry and research for some decades. However, despite this, it is still poorly understood. This is largely because current theoretical models are limited in their explanatory power because they are based on particular assumptions of what constitutes clinical reasoning.Discussion A variety of ways of articulating and conceptualising clinical reasoning can provide us with richer means of understanding what is involved in clinical encounters. A dialogical approach to clinical reasoning is proposed. Dialogism provides a vocabulary that encourages us to integrate insights from different frameworks in ways that combine the strengths of each. Dialogism also puts a focus on the complex ways in which we use language in clinical reasoning to generate meaning. The complexity of language includes narrative, rhetoric and metaphor.Conclusions A dialogical approach does not require us to discard the findings of earlier theories about clinical reasoning, but provides us with a means of integrating what we know in ways that are more useful in the reality of clinical practice.
The risk of developing non‐melanoma skin cancer, lymphoma and melanoma in patients with psoriasis in Taiwan: a 10‐year, population‐based cohort study
Authors: Lee Meng‐Sui , Lin Ruey‐Yi , Chang Yun‐Ting , Lai Mei‐Shu 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackground  Hospitalized psoriasis patients are known to have a higher risk of malignancy (e.g., nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC], lymphoma, and melanoma) than the general population; currently, it is unclear whether this risk is affected by psoriasis severity. The aim of this study was to compare the cancer risk of patients with mild and severe psoriasis and the general population.Methods  Data for this retrospective population‐based cohort study were obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. This study included 7061 patients with a first‐time diagnosis of psoriasis. All study individuals were followed up until the end of 2007. The crude incidence density ratio and standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of NMSC, melanoma, and lymphoma were determined.Results  Among psoriasis patients, the most common cancer was NMSC (density ratio: 7.5); women were at a higher risk of NMSC than men (density ratios: 8.08 vs. 7.0). Psoriasis patients in the south geographic group or in the 50‐ to 59‐year‐old age group were most likely to develop NMSC. The NMSC SIR was higher among patients with severe psoriasis than among patients with mild psoriasis (SIR: 3.72 vs. 7.08). The lymphoma and melanoma SIR among patients with severe psoriasis was also high (lymphoma SIR: 4.85; melanoma: 11.01).Conclusions  Psoriasis carries an elevated risk of NMSC and lymphoma. This effect is modified by the severity of psoriasis, age, gender, and geographic location.
Onychomycosis in Cameroon: a clinical and epidemiological study among dermatological patients
Authors: Nkondjo Minkoumou Salvador , Fabrizi Valentina , Papini Manuela 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackground There are currently no studies on epidemiology and clinical aspects of nail fungal infections in the general population of Cameroon.Patients and methods Two series of patients observed at a hospital dermatological service of Yaoundé and in a volunteer service of Douala were evaluated. All the patients, regardless of the reason for the consultation, were examined by an expert dermatologist to discover signs of onychomycosis. Patients with suspected nail lesions underwent mycological examination according to the standard techniques.Results Among 590 subjects (317 males and 273 females), aged 16–83 years, onychomycosis was mycologically confirmed in 52 cases (8.8%). The infection was most common in the fifth decade. Fingernails were affected in 12 cases, toenails in 30 cases, and both fingernails and toenails in 10 cases. Dermatophytes were isolated in 57.7% of cases, the most common species being Trichophyton rubrum (16 cases) and Trichophyton violaceum (eight cases). Non‐dermatophytic mould, including Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, was found in 10 cases. Onychomycosis was more common in patients from low social‐economic classes.Conclusions This is the first investigation dealing with onychomycosis in Cameroon. These data may be useful for future research and in the development of preventive and educational strategies.
Post‐filarial cutaneous aspergillosis
Authors: Dhotre Shree V , Hiremath Somayya L 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackground Aspergillus species are widely distributed in nature; however, cutaneous infections due to A. terreus are particularly rare. In this report, we describe a very uncommon case of primary cutaneous aspergillosis presenting as cauliflower‐like skin lesions caused by A. terreus in a patient with preexisting bilateral filarial elephantiasis of the legs.Materials and methods Histopathological examination of the lesions revealed narrow, septate, branching, acute‐angled hyphae with delicate chitinous walls and multinucleated giant cells in the dermis.Results The fungal isolate was identified as A. terreus using standard laboratory procedures.Conclusion Here we report an extremely rare and unusual manifestation of primary cutaneous aspergillosis.
Disseminated dermatophytic pseudomycetoma caused by Microsporum species
Authors: Tirado‐González Mariantonieta , Ball Elizabeth , Ruiz Angela , Rodriguez Ysabel , Goudet Carmen Elena , Finkel Oksana , Golan Haim , de Morentin Helena Martinez , Sprecher Hanna , Sprecher Eli , Gat Andrea 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackground Dermatophyte infection is almost exclusively a superficial cutaneous mycosis usually confined to the stratum corneum of nails and hairs of normal hosts. Deep cutaneous and subcutaneous infections due to dermatophytes are exceedingly rare and usually limited to immunosuppressed individuals. These infections remain chronic and persist in spite of treatment.Materials and methods We report two clinical cases of disseminated dermatophytic pseudomycetoma caused by Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis in immunosuppressed patients.Results Patient 1, in 2008, showed improvement with fluconazole, cephalothin, and terbinafine treatment for Microsporum gypseum. After suspension of the treatment, new lesions appeared and culture from material was positive. In 2009, she presented confluent papules and nodules forming plaques on her face and neck with the isolation of Microsporum canis. Clinical response to this treatment was poor. Patient 2 was affected by both tinea corporis due to Trichophyton rubrum and dermatophytic pseudomycetoma caused by Microsporum canis. The response to treatment was successful with oral itraconazole and local surgical excision.Conclusions It is important to recognize these atypical presentations of dermatophytic infections in immunosuppressed patients, which may warrant a more aggressive treatment in order to achieve resolution.
The variety of photorespiratory phenotypes – employing the current status for future research directions on photorespiration
Authors: Timm S. , Bauwe H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMutations of genes encoding for proteins within the photorespiratory core cycle and associated processes are characterised by lethality under normal air but viability under elevatedCO2conditions. This feature has been described as ‘the photorespiratory phenotype' and assumed to be distinctly equal for all of these mutants. In recent years a broad collection of photorespiratory mutants has been isolated, which has allowed a comparative analysis. Distinct phenotypic features were observed whenArabidopsis thalianamutants defective in photorespiratory enzymes were compared, and during shifts from elevated to ambientCO2conditions. The exact reasons for the mutant‐specific photorespiratory phenotypes are mostly unknown, but they indicate even more plasticity of photorespiratory metabolism. Moreover, a growing body of evidence was obtained that mutant features could be modulated by alterations of several factors, such asCO2:O2ratios, photoperiod, light intensity, organic carbon supply and pathogens. Hence, systematic analyses of the responses to these factors appear to be crucial to unravel mechanisms how photorespiration adapts and interacts with the whole cellular metabolism. Here we review current knowledge regarding photorespiratory mutants and propose a new level of phenotypic sub‐classification. Finally, we present further questions that should be addressed in the field of photorespiration.