bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomass and nutrients in tree root systems–sustainable harvesting of an intensively managedPinus pinaster(Ait.) planted forest
Authors: Augusto Laurent , Achat David L. , Bakker Mark R. , Bernier Frederic , Bert Didier , Danjon Frederic , Khlifa Rim , Meredieu Celine , Trichet Pierre 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTo develop sources of renewable energy and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increasing attention has been given to the extraction of forest biomass, especially in the form of harvest residues. However, increasing the removal of biomass, and hence nutrients, has raised concerns about the sustainability of site fertility and forest productivity. The environmental cost of harvesting belowground biomass is still not fully understood. The objectives of this study were to (i) estimate the stocks of belowground biomass that potentially can be collected; (ii) measure the nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations of the different root compartments (stumps, coarse and thin roots); and to (iii) quantify the biomass and nutrient exports under different scenarios, including harvests of above and belowground compartments. The study was carried out onPinus pinasterstands located in south‐western France. Results showed that roots could be a significant fuelwood resource, particularly at forest clear cutting. Negative relationships between root diameter and root nutrient concentration were observed, independently of root function or tree age. Such relationships can be used to accurately simulate nutrient concentrations in roots as well as nutrient exports. Combining our original results on roots with previously published data on the aboveground compartments showed that nutrient losses were higher in canopy harvest scenarios than in root harvest scenarios. This was mainly due to high nutrient concentrations of needles. We concluded that stump and root harvest could be sustainable in our study context, conversely to foliage harvest. Because thin roots have higher nutrient concentrations than coarse roots and the proportion of thin roots increased with an increase in the distance from the tree, collecting roots only in the close vicinity of the stumps should limit nutrient exports (particularly N) without unnecessarily reducing fuelwood biomass.
Sparing Land for Nature in theBrazilianAmazon: Implications from Location Rent Theory
Authors: Walker Robert 
Published: January 2014

Land change has become a key environmental issue, with special interest focusing on theAmazonBasin. This article addressesAmazonian deforestation by considering two relevant land change phenomena: indirect land use change (ILUC) and land sparing (LS).ILUC, a forest threat, happens when cattle pastures displaced by mechanized crops are reconstituted on forest frontiers. In contrast,LSbrings environmental hope that improved farm technologies will release lands to native vegetation. Although discussions ofILUCandLShave arisen in theAmazonian context, theoretical description remains absent, which this article redresses with a location rent model. Using the model, the article establishes conditions consistent withILUCandLS, then uses them to interpret land change regimes governing Amazonian deforestation. It concludes by noting that market conditions could end deforestation but not leave sufficient standing forest to avoid a climatic “tipping point” and continental desiccation.El cambio de uso y cobertura de tierras se ha convertido en un tema medioambiental clave, especialmente en la cuenca amazónica. Este artículo aborda la deforestación amazónica considerando dos fenómenos de relevancia actual: el cambio indirecto del uso de la tierra (indirect land use change—ILUC) y la reservación o separación de tierra (land sparing—LS). En casos ILUC típicos, una amenaza que afecta a los bosques ocurre cuando por ejemplo, los pastos dedicados a la alimentación de ganado son desplazados por los cultivos mecanizados, y se reinstalan en las fronteras forestales. En contraste, el caso LS implica la esperanza que la mejora en las tecnologías agrícolas liberará tierras en favor de vegetación nativa. A pesar de ya existir discusiones acerca de los méritos de ILUC y LS en el contexto amazónico, lo que sigue haciendo falta es una descripción teórica. Este artículo busca corregir este vacío vía un modelo de localización de renta. Mediante el uso de dicho modelo, este estudio establece condiciones compatibles para ambos ILUC y LS y las utiliza para interpretar los regímenes de cambio de uso de tierra que conducen la deforestación amazónica. El artículo concluye señalando que las condiciones del mercado tienen la capacidad de detener definitivamente la deforestación, pero no para preservar suficiente bosque en pie como para evitar alcanzar un “punto de inflexión” climático y desencadenar la aridización continental.土地变化已成为一个备受关注的环境问题，特别是在亚马逊流域。本文通过考虑两种相关的土地变化现象研究亚马逊的森林砍伐问题：间接土地利用变化(ILUC)和土地节约(LS)。当位于森林边界的原生牧草被机械化的农作物种植所取代时，ILUC作为一种森林威胁就会发生。与此相反，LS则是通过改善耕种技术释放土地为原生植被，从而为环境保护带来希望。关于亚马逊地区ILUC和LS的研究中比较欠缺理论描述，本文试图通过区位租金模型寻求解决办法。本文应用该模型建立了与ILUC和LS相一致的条件，进而利用它们来解释控制亚马逊森林砍伐的土地变更制度。土地变更制度导致亚马逊的森林砍伐变化。因此，市场条件可终止森林的滥砍滥伐，但仍未留出足够的永久森林以避免气候的“临界点”变化和陆地干旱化。
Comparison of Hydraulic Tomography with Traditional Methods at a Highly Heterogeneous Site
Authors: Berg Steven J. , Illman Walter A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOver the past several decades, different groundwater modeling approaches of various complexities and data use have been developed. A recently developed approach for mapping hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (Ss) heterogeneity is hydraulic tomography, the performance of which has not been compared to other more “traditional” methods that have been utilized over the past several decades. In this study, we compare seven methods of modeling heterogeneity which are (1) kriging, (2) effective parameter models, (3) transition probability/Markov Chain geostatistics models, (4) geological models, (5) stochastic inverse models conditioned to local K data, (6) hydraulic tomography, and (7) hydraulic tomography conditioned to local K data using data collected in five boreholes at a field site on the University of Waterloo (UW) campus, in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The performance of each heterogeneity model is first assessed during model calibration. In particular, the correspondence between simulated and observed drawdowns is assessed using the mean absolute error norm, (L1), mean square error norm (L2), and correlation coefficient (R) as well as through scatterplots. We also assess the various models on their ability to predict drawdown data not used in the calibration effort from nine pumping tests. Results reveal that hydraulic tomography is best able to reproduce these tests in terms of the smallest discrepancy and highest correlation between simulated and observed drawdowns. However, conditioning of hydraulic tomography results with permeameter K data caused a slight deterioration in accuracy of drawdown predictions which suggests that data integration may need to be conducted carefully.
Internationalisation and Religious Inclusion in United Kingdom Higher Education
Authors: Stevenson Jacqueline 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAlthough not new, the concept of internationalisation, the inclusion of intercultural perspectives and the development of cross‐cultural understanding, has gained particular currency and support across the United Kingdom (UK) higher education sector over the last decade. However, within the academic literature, as well as within institutional policy and practice, there has been little disaggregation of the concept of ‘culture’; rather there appears to be a tacit belief that all aspects of students' cultures should be valued and ‘celebrated’ on campus. Through the stories told by fifteen Sikh, Muslim, Jewish and Christian students studying at a UK post‐1992 university the paper highlights the ways in which religion, a fundamental aspect of the cultural identity, values and practices of many students, is rarely recognised or valorised on campus. This lack of recognition can act to ‘other’, marginalise and isolate students and thus undermine the aims of internationalisation, in particular cross‐cultural understanding. The paper concludes by arguing that religion should be considered within debates around internationalisation so that all students are represented within a multicultural institutional ethos and to ensure meaningful cross‐cultural engagement for all students.
Quality evaluation of black CTC teas based upon seasonal variations
Authors: Laddi Amit , Prakash Neelam R. , Kumar Amod 
Published: January 2014

SummaryEffects of seasonal variations on the colour and chemical constituents of Indian black tea were investigated. The experimentation involved collection of different black tea samples that were cultivated at the same tea garden but harvested in three different seasons. Measurement of moisture content was done along with theaflavins (TFs), thearubigins (TRs) and colour (CIE La*b* values) of the brewed tea liquor using spectrophotometric approach. The correlation analysis between chemical constituents, that is, TFs and TRs, moisture content, colour and quality grading was done by using principal component analysis (PCA). The results suggest that quality of tea is dependent upon seasonal variations in terms of chemical changes such as TFs, TRs and moisture content, which also correlate well with colour. The efficacy of the colour of brewed tea liquor in explaining the changes in tea quality due to seasonal variations can be beneficial for scientific fixation of prices at tea auction centres.
What do community pharmacists do?: results from a work sampling study in London
Authors: Davies James E , Barber Nicholas , Taylor David 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveGovernment and professional groups within the pharmacy have sought to extend the role of pharmacists from dispensing-focused towards the provision of further pharmaceutical services. The aim of this research was to describe how pharmacists in current English community pharmacy practice spend their time using a work sampling method.MethodsTen community pharmacies across London were purposively selected. Trained observers visited one pharmacy each to record the activities of the responsible pharmacist, using a fixed-interval work sampling technique. Activities were recorded every minute, into one of 18 predefined, piloted and tested activity codes. Data were recorded for 4 h each day for 1 week at each pharmacy during 2011.Key findingsA total of 12 306 observations were recorded across the pharmacies. The pharmacists spent the majority of their time assembling and labelling products (median 25.2%; quartiles 19.0, 31.0) and monitoring prescriptions for clinical appropriateness (10.6%; 8.3, 13.0). The next most prevalent activity code was rest, waiting and breaks (8.6%; 6.9, 15.3). They spent more time offering non-prescription medicines advice (6.6%; 3.5, 7.6) than prescription medicines counselling (3.8%; 2.8, 5.6). The provision of pharmaceutical services accounted for 3.2% (0.8, 7.5) of pharmacists' time. Overall, 46.2 % (35.2, 56.2) of their time was spent on activities deemed to be ‘Professional’.ConclusionsDespite repeated attempts during the last decade to shift pharmacists' roles towards patient-care activities, on the basis of this research, community pharmacists continue to spend the majority of their time on technical dispensing (as opposed to cognitive patient-centred) tasks.
Comparison between zimeldine and amitriptyline of efficacy and adverse symptoms — a combined analysis of four British clinical trials in depression
Authors: Huitfeldt B. , Montgomery S. A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— The similarities and differences in the clinical response and incidence of adverse symptoms between zimeldine and amitriptyline have been evaluated by use of a combined analysis of four double‐blind clinical trials in depression. In total, 197 patients were included in this series of studies.The efficacy of the drugs was assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D). Reports of adverse symptoms were actively elicited by use of a check‐list of symptoms and rated for severity. The overall clinical efficacy of the two drugs was shown to be equivalent with a high degree of statistical confidence. However, there exist differences in the profile of action. Amitriptyline has a significant advantage in insomnia problems. In spite of this zimeldine was shown to be at least as effective as amitriptyline in reducing anxiety. Amitriptyline is associated with significantly more anticholinergic side‐effects, whereas headache is more disturbing during zimeldine treatment.The combination of several independent trials based on similar protocols can be a useful tool to increase the statistical reliability of conclusions relative to that which can be achieved in standard sized, individual studies in depression.
A double‐blind, controlled evaluation of zimeldine, imipramine and placebo in patients with primary affective disorders
Authors: Merideth C. H. , Feighner J. P. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— Zimeldine, imipramine and placebo were studied in a randomized, double‐blind, parallel group comparison of 119 patients with primary affective disorders. These out‐patients were between 18 and 65 years of age and all received placebo single‐blind during an initial 3–7‐day washout period. During the subsequent 6‐week double‐blind period, patients were titrated from 50 mg b.d. to 150 mg b.d. with zimeldine, a potent and selective inhibitor of 5‐HT reuptake, with imipramine, an inhibitor of noradrenaline and 5‐HT reuptake, or with a corresponding number of placebo capsules.The zimeldine treatment group had significantly lower mean HAM‐D scale total scores than the placebo and imipramine groups at week 4 and last available assessment. There was a significantly greater proportion of patients showing an improvement of 50% or more in HAM‐D score, among the zimeldine group than in the placebo group at week 4, and among the imipramine group at weeks 4, 6 and last available assessment. The Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scales and the 56‐item Hopkins Symptom Check‐list (HSCL‐56) self‐rating inventory both showed significantly more improvement in the zimeldine patients than in the placebo or the imipramine patients.Fewer zimeldine patients reported adverse experiences than imipramine patients. Dry mouth was the most frequently reported adverse experience, occurring significantly more often in the imipramine group than the zimeldine or the placebo groups; significantly more zimeldine than placebo patients reported dry mouth. Headache was the only other adverse experience which occurred more often in the zimeldine than in the placebo group. The imipramine group had consistently higher mean pulse rates than the other two groups, and postural hypotension was also more common in the imipramine group.
The new antidepressant zimeldine in general practice. A surveillance study of 15,000 patients
Authors: Fünfgeld E. W. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— The safety and efficacy of zimeldine – the 5‐HT reuptake blocker – was investigated in a 3‐week open surveillance study of 15,000 out‐patients with depressive illness. In general, a single daily dose of 200 mg of zimeldine was given to adults for a minimum of 3 weeks. Patients of 65 years or over received 100 mg.The drug was well tolerated and troublesome side‐effects occurred in only a small percentage of patients. No previously unencountered side‐effects or new pattern of side‐effects emerged from this study. The general impression of the efficacy of zimeldine confirmed previous findings (i.e. that zimeldine is an effective antidepressant).
The effects of zimeldine and amitriptyline on car driving and psychomotor performance
Authors: Hindmarch I. , Subhan Z. , Stoker M. J. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— The development of an objective measure of car driving performance, brake reaction time (BRT), is described, and the effects of amitriptyline and zimeldine on this measure are compared in a placebo‐controlled, acute, single dose, volunteer study.The effects of treatment on laboratory tests of critical flicker fusion (CFF) threshold, choice reaction time (CRT) and tracking accuracy and on self‐assessments of sedation are also examined. At 2 hours post‐treatment, amitriptyline produced a significant increase in brake reaction time when compared to both placebo and zimeldine. At 4 hours post‐treatment, a significant reduction in “tracking accuracy” and a significant increase in CRT was observed after treatment with amitriptyline, while no such effects were seen with zimeldine. Measures of CFF threshold and self‐ratings of sedation also revealed that amitriptyline produced a significant degree of sedation at 4 hours when compared to zimeldine and placebo. In contrast, zimeldine produced elevated CFF threshold, but did not affect self‐ratings of sedation.
Anxiety as part of depression
Authors: Montgomery S. A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— Changes in diagnostic criteria have shown a trend towards a broader definition of depression. Thus, a number of patients who would previously have been considered to be suffering from anxiety states are now classified as having major depressive illness according to the criteria of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual III. Despite this, such patients show a good response to antidepressant drugs (compared to placebo) if their severity of depression is above 15 on the Hamilton Depression scale. It therefore seems likely that there is a common biological substrate underlying both anxiety states and depressive illness, but this issue remains somewhat controversial.The suggestion that the 5‐HT system is involved in the mediation of anxiety is considered. Further evidence is required before definite conclusions can be drawn, but it seems clear that anxiolytic activity is not dependent on sedative properties.
Phylogeography of a marine acanthocephalan: lack of cryptic diversity in a cosmopolitan parasite of mole crabs
Authors: Goulding Tricia C. , Sarah Cohen C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimLittle is known about phylogeography and cryptic diversity of parasites in the marine environment. The acanthocephalan Profilicollis altmani parasitizes intermediate hosts that are broadly distributed around the Americas and final hosts that are highly motile. We investigated the spatial genetic structure of this acanthocephalan found in three species of Emerita crabs: (1) to test whether land masses serve as biogeographic barriers promoting ocean basin divergence among parasite lineages or species; and (2) to test whether the distribution of parasite species matches the distribution of different crab host species.LocationThe Pacific, Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the USA, and the Pacific coast of Panama and Chile.MethodsSequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were obtained from 204 acanthocephalans. Parasites were sampled from crabs in 15 sampling localities. These sequences were analysed with coalescent‐based methods and other population genetic analyses to infer phylogeographic patterns.ResultsHaplotype diversity for COI sequences was high (0.96) among parasites sampled, but nucleotide diversity was low (0.071) and there was no distinct geographic pattern between regions. Pairwise genetic distances were generally low, although there was a degree of population structure between oceans. Sequence comparisons showing an excess of low divergence alleles and a bimodal mismatch distribution provide evidence of either past selective events or demographic expansions. No variation was observed in the ITS sequences.Main conclusionsThe lack of geographic patterning in haplotype diversity of this parasite indicates that gene flow is probably occurring between ocean basins. In addition, the low genetic diversity suggests that the acanthocephalan parasitizing E. analoga in Chile is conspecific to the species found parasitizing several Emerita species along the coasts of North America, and is thus a cosmopolitan parasite that is most likely dispersed long distances by marine birds that serve as definitive hosts.
Optimization of Soy‐Butter from Sprouted Soybean and its Quality Parameters
Authors: Murugkar Dipika Agrahar , Kotwaliwale Nachiket , Gupta Chetan , Gulati Paridhi , Kumar Manoj 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe time and temperature of roasting of sprouted soybean was optimized using response surface method. The effect of roasting on sprouted whole kernel of soybean indicated that roasting time and temperature individually, as well as in combination, had a significant effect on hardness of roasted kernels. Sprouted soybean kernels were roasted at optimized temperature (127C) and time (37 min) and subsequently made into soy‐butter (SB) and compared with reference soy‐butter (RSB) on the basis of nutrient content, particle size, color, sensory quality and rheology. SB contained 38 g/100 g protein and 34 g/100 g fat. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) between RSB and SB in L* values. Sprouting improved flavor scores and SB showed higher organoleptic acceptability compared with RSB on a 9‐point hedonic scale. Rheology showed that SB behaved like viscoelastic shear thinning material; like Bingham plastic at lower shear rates and Herschel‐Bulkley (HB) fluid at higher shear rates.Practical ApplicationsSoybean is an important crop due to its high protein content but soy products are not very popular due to problems of trypsin inhibitor, off‐flavors, etc. Sprouting is a process known to improve the nutritional and functional quality while reducing the content of trypsin inhibitors and off‐flavors of the bean and consequently of the product. SB, a comparatively new product of soybean, offers all positive attributes of soybeans, sprouting and sensory qualities of vegetable butters. A new process for manufacture of SB has been proposed in this paper. The nutrient quality, particle size and rheology have been studied. The process is simple and does not require any expensive or specialized equipment for commercial manufacture. Quality attributes of the product have been modeled so that effect of any change in process on the quality of product can be predicted or the manufacture process can be modified to achieve certain quality attribute.