bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALLY AND PHYSICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON THE BRAIN CORAL DIPLOMA STRIGOSA (DANA)—A SUMMARY REVIEW
Authors: Knap Anthony H. , Wyers Sheila C. , Dodge Richard E. , Sleeter Thomas D. , Frith Harold R. , Smith S. Robertson , Cook Clayton B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Coroil project in Bermuda has been an intensive, multidisciplinary study of the effects of physically and chemically dispersed Arabian light crude oil on the main reef-building coral in Bermuda, Diploria strigosa.
This paper reviews the results of this three year study. Corals were exposed to dispersed oil in a flow system, using spectrofluorimetry and gas chromatography to characterize and quantify the dose. Appropriate controls were included in all experiments. The studies included effects of dispersed oil on survival and behavior, the uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons, photosynthesis by symbiotic zoo-xanthellae, and skeletal growth.
In behavioral and growth studies, corals were dosed in the laboratory or in the field. Laboratory-dosed colonies were returned to the field to determine long-term effects. Exposure to 20 ppm of chemically dispersed oil for 24 hours induced various behavioral reactions, including tentacle retraction, tissue contraction and mesenterial filament extrusion. However, effects were typically sublethal, and recovery was usually evident within four days. These symptoms were not significant in long-term transplants. Using the alizarin red staining technique, no long-term effects on skeletal growth could be detected following any of our treatments.
Depuration studies using (9-I4C) -phenanthrene and gas chromatographic analysis showed that the uptake of petroleum hydrocarbons by the tissue of Diploria was rapid, but 75 percent of the hydrocarbon dose was eliminated within 14 days. Photosynthesis studies showed a short-term inhibition of photosynthesis only by chemically dispersed oil, with lipid synthesis being most severely affected. Total recovery occurred within 24 hours of exposure.
TIDAL AREA DISPERSANT EXPERIMENT, SEARSPORT MAINE: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Gilfillan Edward S. , Page David S. , Hanson Sherry A. , Foster Judith C. , Hotham Janet , Vallas Donna , Pendergast Erin , Hebert Sandy , Pratt Sheldon D. , Gerber Ray 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On August 19, 1981, two test spills of Murban crude oil were carried out in Long Cove, Searsport, Maine. One spill was chemically dispersed; the other was not. Measurements were made to make quantitative comparisons of the chemical fates and biological effects of the two spills.
Hydrocarbon analyses were carried out on water samples, animal tissue samples, intertidal sediment samples, and subtidal sediment samples. Biological measurements were carried out at the community level, whole animal level, and biochemical level of organization.
No significant biological effects attributable to the dispersed oil spill were observed. This lack of effects is, in part, a result of changes in the physical and chemical properties of dispersed oil which help limit its availability and toxicity.
The chemical fate and biological effects of the undispersed oil spill were typical of those reported from actual oil spill sites. Oil was incorporated into sediments and animal tissue. On the community level of organization mortality, reduced diversity and evenness, increased population density, and increased dominance by opportunists were all observed immediately after the spill, and up to 1 year later. On the whole animal level of organization, no effects on scope-for-growth were observed in two filter feeding bivalves. On the biochemical level of organization, activities of two sensitive enzyme systems were elevated.
EARLY EXPERIENCES WITH A SINGLE-VESSEL OFFSHORE SPILL CLEANUP SYSTEM
Authors: Dalton William J. , Heikamp A. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An oil spill cleanup system was developed to operate offshore with minimal requirements for vessel and personnel coordination. This Vessel of Opportunity Skimming System (VOSS) consists of a skimming barrier towed alongside a single vessel with an outrigger. Suction hoses run to pumps on deck, which are powered by a diesel-hydraulic powerpack. Recovered fluid is pumped through an oil-water separator before being directed to storage.
The first VOSS units were installed aboard the LOOP Vigilance, a shrimp boat modified for oil spill response by the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP). The use of these units in two small offshore spills is described. This field experience helped to identify operational practices for maximum system efficiency in various spill situations. System improvements have been made and areas for further development determined.
THE BAFFIN ISLAND OIL SPILL (BIOS) PROJECT: A SUMMARY
Authors: Sergy Gary A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
After four years of multidisciplinary experimental investigations in the Canadian Arctic, the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project has successfully completed studies which address oil spill fate, effects, and countermeasures. In particular, the findings are relevant to decisions on the nearshore use of chemical dispersants and the cleanup of oiled shorelines. Much of the information gathered can be extrapolated to other geographic areas.
Within the context of the project design, the experimental results offer no compelling ecological reasons to prohibit use of dispersants on oil slicks in the arctic nearshore environment and they enable recognition of situations in which dispersant use would be advisable. The results also suggest that for much of the arctic coastline the cleanup of stranded oil is not essential. Shoreline cleanup efforts should focus on low energy beaches with characteristics conducive to the long term retention of oil, but there will be many situations where cleanup will be severely limited and impractical.
FIELD EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECTS OF OIL AND DISPERSANT ON MANGROVES
Authors: Getter Charles D. , Ballou Thomas G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of oil and dispersant on red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle). Two experimental sites were chosen on the basis of their biological and physical similarity and treated with either undispersed Prudhoe Bay crude oil or with Prudhoe Bay crude and dispersant Corexit 9527. Short- and long-term effects on biota were monitored to determine the effects of using dispersants on spilled oil in mangrove forests. Significant differences were noted in effects on seedling and adult mangroves, most notably in survival and growth of adults. Undispersed oil caused significantly lower survival and growth of seedlings, and significantly lower growth and foliage cover in adults. Addition of dispersant to crude oil greatly increased its mobility in the water column, and decreased its residence time in the intertidal zone. Retention of oil within the mangrove forest was the primary factor in controlling impacts to mangroves, and dispersants appeared to greatly reduce the amount of oil retained in the intertidal zone of the mangrove forest. Additional research is underway to investigate the impact of dispersed oil on the subtidal communities associated with mangrove forests.
MONITORING AN OIL SPILL EXPERIMENT WITH THE SWEDISH MARITIME SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Authors: Fäst Olov 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As part of the long-term agreement between the Swedish Coast Guard and the Swedish Space Corporation concerning further development of the airborne remote sensing system for maritime surveillance, a scanning microwave radiometer for oil spill thickness measurements has been integrated into the system. An overview of the capabilities of the system is given. Registrations of one experimental oil spill using all the different sensors are presented, with emphasis on the microwave radiometer registrations. Further experiments will be carried out, notably in conjunction with synthetic aperture radar registrations from the space shuttle.
GAOCMAO—INDUSTRY'S APPROACH TO COOPERATIVE SPILL RESPONSE IN THE ARABIAN GULF
Authors: Ryan P. Bernard , Brown Derek J. S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1972, a group of oil companies operating in the western half of the Arabian Gulf came together to form an organization for the purpose of improving their capability to combat oil pollution. The companies sought to establish a joint oil spill response capability, not by setting up a separate, operational response group like other more conventional cooperatives, but instead by utilizing the principle of mutual assistance in times of need. The resulting organization, kown as the Gulf Area Oil Companies Mutual Aid Organisation (GAOCMAO), has proved its effectiveness in several major oil pollution incidents over its twelve years of existence and has gained recognition as a credible and responsible representative of the oil industry's views on matters relating to marine pollution in the Gulf region.
Subsequent to the establishment of GAOCMAO, environmental awareness in the Gulf area generally has increased very significantly. Regional and state organizations have been set up by the various Gulf states' governments to monitor the environmental effects of industry of all kinds, including oil, and to develop appropriate control measures. To some extent, these changes have been reflected in an expansion of GAOCMAO's interests to areas outside those purely of oil spill response, but the primary commitment to joint response capability through mutual aid has not diminished.
This paper describes the history and development of GAOCMAO since its formation, examines the manner in which it functions, and describes some of the incidents to which it has responded. The growing interaction between GAOCMAO and the various national and regional environmental groups in the Gulf area is examined and an attempt made to put into perspective the relative responsibilities, in terms of oil spill response, of the Gulf area's oil companies and the corresponding governmental organizations.
RESULTS OF A FULL-SCALE SURPRISE TEST OF SUN'S MAJOR SPILL RESPONSE PLAN
Authors: Kazmierczak Leon J. , Crawford Thomas A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Sun Transport, the Marine division of Sun Refining and Marketing Company, a subsidiary of Sun Company, Inc., has conducted a series of drills to assess the effectiveness of its Oil Spill Response Plan. The latest drill, third in the series, was conducted in September 1982. Papers presented at the 1979, 1981, and 1983 Oil Spill Conference describe the plan, its rationale, and the previous two drills. This paper reviews the training progression of the previous exercises and reports on the findings and experiences of this latest exercise.
As in previous drills, the planning committee and a few others were the only people in Sun Company with any prior knowledge of the drill. This simulation was the most extensive. It involved simultaneous and separate call-out scenarios, full-scale use of contractor cleanup crew and equipment, chartering aircraft, and participation by representatives of the Clean Caribbean Cooperative, the Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement Concerning Liability for Oil Pollution (TOVALOP), and the U.S. Coast Guard.
The realism provided by this exercise allowed each participant to experience firsthand the problems on-scene at a major cleanup operation and to come away with confidence in managing them.
AN INLAND OIL SPILL CONTROL COURSE: A NEED PERCEIVED AND MET
Authors: Callaway Joe R. , Burkholder John W. , Olsen Peter F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Texas A&M University's Engineering Extension Service, in order to meet the need for well trained personnel equipped to evaluate and respond to hydrocarbon spills in inland areas, has implemented an Inland Oil Spill Control Course offered in College Station, Texas. The curriculum is based on a 40-hour training program, with course objectives and goals, using practiced training techniques and equipment. Problems containing inland spills are discussed with special emphasis on those encountered with inland waterways. Methods and equipment specifically designed for groundwater contamination detection, monitoring, and recovery are presented. Discussions of specialized techniques are enhanced by photographs and diagrams. The program is adjusted and modified to meet industry needs and to allow for future growth and expansion.
PLANS FOR INTEGRATING DISPERSANT USE IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Pavia Robert , Onstad Lindon A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since the early 1970s both the effectiveness and efficiency of oil spill dispersants have been improved while the toxicity of these chemicals has been reduced. Although a large body of research has been published in the last five years which supports these claims, there has been little experience with the use of dispersants in the United States. This lack of experience has been created, in part, by a cumbersome dispersant approval process and the reluctance of spill responders to invest in dispersants and related application equipment.
The Region IX Regional Response Team has identified four prerequisites for effective use of dispersants: informed decision-makers; a functional decision-making process; coordinated contingency plans; and effective, region-specific application capabilities. This paper explores the approach taken by government and industry to fulfill these prerequisites. The goal of these efforts, which include sponsoring workshops, implementing a dispersant application test program, and requiring specific dispersant contingency planning efforts, is to fully integrate dispersants into the oil spill control efforts of the region.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE ROTATING DISC SKIMMER
Authors: Christodoulou Marios S. , Turner John T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Flow visualization experiments have produced qualitative information about the flow field set up by a rotating disc skimmer. Subsequently, performance data for the recovery rate of the skimmer when operated in oil-only and thin-film conditions was obtained. Based upon this detailed study and the improved understanding of the parameters which govern the performance of the skimmer, it has been possible to construct a system1 showing gains of up to 600 percent, dependent upon the operating conditions. Further investigation of a multiple disc arrangement leads to conclusions about interference effects between adjacent discs which have a bearing on the design of practical skimmer systems.
FIRST AFRICAN OIL SPILL COOPERATIVE: CLEAN NIGERIA ASSOCIATES
Authors: Omene Godwin E. , Odogwu E. C. , Allen Tom E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In November 1981 the petroleum companies operating in Nigeria formed a cooperative with the general purpose of developing an oil industry-sponsored organization for combating oil spills. The organization was named Clean Nigeria Associates (CNA).
Individual oil companies operating in Nigeria now have and have had in the past the capability to combat oil spills, but most were unprepared to handle major oil spills. Thus, the main thrust of the cooperative was to develop an equipment stockpile and response capability commensurate with major spill risks. Through competitive bidding, Halliburton Nigeria, Ltd. was selected as the cooperative contractor.
Agreements were formally signed in September 1984. Since that time the equipment required by the association was procured by Halliburton and put in place at two locations, Warri and Port Harcourt. These two locations were selected because of their proximity to major production areas. Bases were established at Nigerian Ports Authority facilities which were set aside for oil field operations. Thus, equipment warehouses are in excellent positions to respond to marine spills, and to respond to land spills by road. The equipment stockpile consists of 27,000 ft of booms, 28 skimmers—both for protected waters and offshore, 4,000 bales of sorbents, 26 pumps, 14 boats (ten 15 ft and four 49 ft) and an assortment of vehicles and other support equipment. CNA has a dedicated staff of 38. The staff consists of management, equipment operators, mechanics, boat crews, and support personnel. Since December 1984, training of national personnel on spill response and safety has been a high priority and has continued to this date.
OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN THAILAND
Authors: Bender Klavs , Taylor Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1986, an oil contingency plan was developed for the Kingdom of Thailand. The plan includes several aspects, such as:Important fishing grounds, and breeding areas for species of fish, shellfish, and crustaceans of commercial valueAquaculture and mangrove forest areas along the coast of ThailandDistribution of coral reefAreas with rare and endangered reptiles and mammalsSocio-economic information, i.e. amenity beaches and other tourist areas, marine parks, seabird colonies, and industrial sitesDescription of wind patterns, surface current, seawater temperatures, and hydrocarbon levels in marine water and sedimentsAn assessment of the risk of oil pollution in Thai waters, including an evaluation of the frequency and size of a range of possible hydrocarbon releases in Thai waters
The results of the study cover an evaluation of the existing oil spill control capabilities in Thailand as well as recommendations for a national oil spill contingency plan including organization, staffing, reporting, alarm and communication arrangements, oil spill control equipment, recommendations for training and exercises and a cost estimate for the implementation.
A separate manual for oil spill combating operations has been developed as well.
CANADIAN-U.S. SPILL RESPONSE COOPERATION ALONG THE GREAT LAKES
Authors: Kaiser Ted , Godon Wilma , Whitehorne Ron , Gundlach Erich R. , Baca Bart J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The United States and Canada share more than 1,400 miles of aquatic border between the St. Lawrence River and western Lake Superior. To effectively deal with regional oil and hazardous material spills that can equally affect either side of the border, Canadian and U.S. agencies have formed a cooperative agreement under the CANUSLAK plan to share resources and information before and during spill occurrences. Primary agencies involved include the Canadian and U.S. coast guards, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Canadian Environmental Protection Service (Emergencies Program). Examples of prespill cooperation, as discussed in this paper, include the joint preparation of contingency plan annexes and shoreline sensitivity atlases for the St. Lawrence River, Detroit-St. Clair River area, and St. Marys River. Cooperation during spills, also discussed, is illustrated by the exchange of information either by direct participation of both countries during response and cleanup or by advisory representation.
INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ON COOPERATION IN COMBATING MARINE POLLUTION,
Authors: Edwards David T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The severe nuclear accident in Chernobyl at the end of April 1986 highlighted the importance of early notification of any accident having major transboundary environmental consequences and the need to facilitate international assistance and mutual cooperation in dealing with such an accident. Since 1969 many coastal countries have been entering into regional intergovernmental multilateral and bilateral agreements providing for the timely notification of marine pollution emergencies and mutual assistance and cooperation in responding to such incidents involving oil and other hazardous substances.
To date, there are 11 such regional agreements either in effect or under development. This paper discusses the fundamental elements common to them and their status. Current oil company cooperatives or similar arrangements are briefly described as well as activities of the European Economic Communities (EEC). There will be occasions when major marine pollution incidents are beyond the collective response capability of a region. The role of the main international organizations in responding to requests for assistance and recent attention given by the International Maritime Organization to the problems of developing countries in dealing with major marine pollution incidents also are discussed. Although the effectiveness of such agreements largely depends on the capability of the individual participating countries, they all serve to enhance the overall ability of the international community to combat marine pollution through the sharing of knowledge and experience and the pooling of resources.
METHOD FOR MAKING DISPERSANT-USE DECISIONS BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Trudel B. K. , Ross S. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A method for making dispersant use decisions on the basis of environmental impact considerations has been developed. It involves formulating and then comparing predictions of the impact of a given spill if treated with dispersants or if left untreated in order to determine whether the use of dispersants might reduce the overall effects of the spill. A workbook describing the method has been used in numerous workshops in Canada and the U.S.A. to train environmental managers, and has served as a basis for the development of a quick, map-based, decision-making system for the Canadian Beaufort Sea. A similar system is currently being developed for the U.S. Gulf of Mexico.
EMULSION INHIBITORS: A NEW CONCEPT IN OIL SPILL TREATMENT
Authors: Buist I. A. , Ross S. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As a result of a two year program involving bench-scale, small-scale, and meso-scale testing, a new class of oil spill treating agents has been identified. These agents, called emulsion inhibitors, are highly oleophilic surfactants, which, when applied onto oil spills in very low concentrations, not only prevent mousse formation for significant periods of time but also cause a large reduction in oil-water inter-facial tension. Both of these promote the dispersion of the oil into the water column. The best chemicals to effect these results were found to be surfactants normally sold as oil spill “demulsifiers” (that is, surfactants that “break” oil spill mousses once collected). The best of these, a European-manufactured product, was found to prevent emulsification at dosages as low as one part inhibitor to 20,000 parts of fresh oil at 20° C. At dosages on the order of 1:1000, at temperatures higher than 10° C, the chemical also results in significant and rapid dispersion of the oil. For very low temperatures or highly weathered oil the performance of the chemical falls off sharply.
PRELIMINARY MORTALITY EFFECTS OF SEVEN DISPERSANTS ON SUBTROPICAL/TROPICAL SEAGRASSES
Authors: Thorhaug Anitra , Marcus Jeffry H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
One of the most critical habitats throughout the Atlantic subtropics and tropics is seagrasses. Seagrasses function as fisheries nursery habitats, food, and erosion control. If seagrasses are removed, hundreds of fisheries organisms disappear. We carried out toxicity testing on important seagrasses in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and the Greater Caribbean. Seven dispersants were tested for 100 hours on three seagrasses. Methods had previously been established. Results showed dispersant mortality effects differed among seagrasses and among dispersants. We recommend oil spill cleanup plans, and, specifically, spell out exact dispersants and concentrations to be used in areas containing seagrasses.