bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power, Politics, Domination, and Oppression
Authors: Lloyd Moya 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSince the late 1960s, the second-wave feminists have looked for ways to understand women’s oppression, finally focusing on the topic of power. This article identifies four currents that help present an understanding of power. These currents serve as an alternative to a theory of power, since there is no single, unified, feminist, or gendered version of this theory. The first current treats power as an unequal resource distributed throughout society, where men are considered as its primary beneficiaries. The second current centers on the power of men over women and is responsible for introducing the concept of patriarchy. The third current introduces the notion of a specifically female—if not feminist—understanding of power as “capacity.” The fourth and final current discussed in the article views power as “productive.”
The Body and Politics
Authors: Coole Diana 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article focuses on the concept of the body in political thought, which has been widely ignored. In gender studies, however, the body serves as a relevant dimension of politics. Some of the main approaches to the body in the field of gender studies were created by feminists, and emphasis has been placed on women’s embodiment. The article addresses the theoretical questions that arise when the (gendered–sexed) body is brought into political life and discourse and then summarizes several lasting questions and lists some distinctive approaches. Finally, using a study of representative authors and texts, it presents a detailed analysis of these approaches.
Reproductive Rights
Authors: Mottier Véronique 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article discusses feminist scholarship on three specific areas of the politics of reproduction. It first defines the concept of reproduction as the production of offspring; reproduction is also considered as a key theme of feminist theory and political practice before and after Simone de Beauvoir. The article then studies state control over the procreative choices of the citizens, specifically the eugenic population policies introduced during the first few decades of the twentieth century. The next section focuses on feminist mobilization around abortion and contraceptive rights and outlines the ways reproductive rights have been included in the political arena due to women’s movements. The article concludes with a study of the impact of the latest reproductive technologies on modern politics of gender along with the feminist responses to the challenges posed by recent improvements in this area.
Gender and (International) Political Economy
Authors: Rai Shirin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article introduces gender and (international) political economy, which is the study of gendered social relations in the context of (international) political economy. It explores three areas of gender and political economy scholarship: namely, the regimes of accumulation, production and consumption, the regimes of governance, and the struggles for reform and transformation. The article also tries to show the tense relationship between gender and (international) political economy and (international) political economy, along with the key contribution of gender and (international) political economy to a more distinctive and gender sensitive understanding of modern politics.
Political Systems and Gender
Authors: Tripp Aili Mari 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article explores the debates on political systems and gender equality. It begins with a section on general cross-national studies and a close study of the patterns located in socialist states, authoritarian regimes, democracies, and hybrid regimes. The article also examines the impact of transitions to democracy on gender equality. A comparison of different political formations within regime types is also included.
Party Politics
Authors: Kittilson Miki Caul 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article focuses on political parties that are considered to be relevant to women’s political representation and participation, addresses the issue of the gender gap in party support, and identifies the external factors that influence the partisan preferences of men and women. Other topics it discusses are gendered party organizational structures, the effectiveness of inclusion into mainstream party channels, and party change in favor of women.
Policy Making
Authors: Lombardo Emanuela , Meier Petra , Verloo Mieke 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article is concerned with policy making, which can help (re)produce gender and gender inequality, beginning with a wider overview of feminist policy studies and then connecting the available knowledge from different subdisciplines. It then examines the early studies on the analysis of the lack of women in the policy-making process. The next section explains the broader context and process of policy making and how political goals or interests that come from different feminist movements manage in the policy-making process. The article also discusses the genderedness of policy making, gendered bias, and recent developments in research on gender and gender equality.
Equality and Universalism
Authors: Squires Judith 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article examines the normative and theoretical contents of the concept of equality. It considers some of the feminist debates on equality as cultural “recognition,” political “representation,” sameness and difference, and socioeconomic “redistribution.” The article also identifies the risks of the arrival of the concept of multiple equality strands and intersectionality. Finally, it takes a look at the shift toward diverse groups and multiple equality considerations, along with the implications of the “feminism versus multiculturalism” debate for equality.
Gender, Nations, and Nationalisms
Authors: Thapar-Björkert Suruchi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article summarizes the development of the scholarship on nation and nationalism. It explains the gender blindness of the literature and then presents the relevant contributions of feminists on women and the nation and women’s integration in modern nationhood. The article discusses the interrelatedness of national and gendered identities at the symbolic level and the politicization of the lives of women in both the public and private spheres. It ends with a study of the connection between religion, violence, and nationalism and introduces the recent “new Arab Nationalism.”
An Overview of Italy’s Economic Growth
Authors: Toniolo Gianni 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBetween 1861 and 2011, Italy's GDP per person multiplied by about twelve times. An initially backward country, Italy converged to the productivity leaders in 1898-1992, whereas between 1861 and 1896, and again between 1992 and 2011, Italy's economic growth was weaker than that of the main advanced countries. Drawing also on the main results of the research presented in the rest of the book, Chapter 1 outlines Italy's initial backwardness, the causes of poor economic performance in the thirty-odd years after unification, and the features and reasons for Italy's secular convergence to the productivity leaders. The final part is devoted to a discussion, in a comparative perspective, of the causes of the country's slow growth in the early twenty-first century, arguing that, while some of the previous growth factors lost momentum from the 1990s onward, Italy's problems are mostly to be found in the inability by firms and institutions to adapt to the conditions of the international economy during the so-called "second globalization".
The Golden Age and the Second Globalization in Italy
Authors: Crafts Nicholas , Magnani Marco 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAfter the Golden Age, Italy experienced increasing difficulties in adjusting its economy to the changing external context and to the requirements for sustaining catch-up growth at a higher level of economic development. The adjustment issue is common to advanced countries, but the difficulties experienced in Italy look particularly severe. Cushioned by inflation and devaluation, growth remained relatively high in the 1970s. In the subsequent decade, in spite of improved conditions for addressing macroeconomic disequilibria, structural adjustments were neglected. Major supply-side reforms were eventually implemented in the aftermath of the 1992 crisis. Nevertheless, in the second half of the decade, growth fell below the EU average. These necessary reforms fell short of what was required. Participation in EMU did not help as far as the improvement of growth prospects was concerned. In the last section, some of the economic and meta-economic factors explaining the ineffectiveness of the reform process are briefly explored.
Public Debt and Economic Growth
Authors: Balassone Fabrizio , Francese Maura , Pace Angelo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter investigates the link between the government debt-to-GDP ratio and real per capita income growth in Italy over 1861-2007. By estimation of a standard production function, we find support for the hypotheses of a negative relation between the two variables which appears to work mainly through reduced investment. A descriptive analysis of fiscal policy in 1880-1914 (when the negative correlation between the two variables is particularly strong) and 1985-2007 (when the correlation appears to break down when debt starts declining) suggests that differences in the timing of fiscal consolidation, as well as in the size and composition of the budget, are additional significant explanatory factors.
Resistant Starch Escaped from Ethanol Production: Evidence from Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)
Authors: Li Jihong , Vasanthan Thava , Gao Jun , Naguleswaran Sabaratnam , Zijlstra Ruurd T. , Bressler David C. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe origin of resistant starch (RS) in distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) of triticale, wheat, barley, and corn from dry‐grind ethanol production was studied. A considerable portion of starch (up to 18% in DDGS) escaped from either granular starch hydrolysis or conventional jet‐cooking and fermentation processes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that some starch granules were still encapsulated in cells of grain kernel or embedded in protein matrix after milling and were thus physically inaccessible to amylases (type RS1). The crystalline structures of native starch granules were not completely degraded by amylases, retaining the skeletal structures in residual starch during granular starch hydrolysis or leaving residue granules and fragments with layered structures after jet‐cooking followed by the liquefaction and saccharification process, indicating the presence of RS2. Moreover, retrograded starch molecules (mainly amylose) as RS3, complexes of starch with other nonfermentable components as RS4, and starch–lipid complexes as RS5 were also present in DDGS. In general, the RS that escaped from the granular starch hydrolysis process was mainly RS1 and RS2, whereas that from the jet‐cooking process contained all types of RS (RS1 to RS5). Thus, the starch conversion efficiency and ethanol yield could be potentially affected by the presence of various RS in DDGS.
First Report of Burkholderia glumae Causing Bacterial Panicle Blight on Rice in Ecuador
Authors: Riera-Ruiz C. , Vargas J. , Cedeño C. , Quirola P. , Escobar M. , Cevallos-Cevallos J. M. , Ratti M. , Peralta E. L. 
Published: January 2014

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the leading crops and the basis of most diets in Ecuador and other countries. Diseases such as bacterial panicle blight (BPB), also known as seedling rot or grain rot, have the potential to threaten rice production worldwide. Burkholderia glumae, a causal agent of BPB, has severely affected the rice industry in many countries of Africa, Asia, and the Americas (1,2,4), but no report of this bacteria in Ecuador can be found in the literature. Rice plantations showing BPB-like symptoms including upright panicles with stained and vain grains were spotted in Palestina city, one of Ecuador's most extensive rice areas, in July 2013, but similar symptoms have been observed in the region since early 2012. Six symptomatic plants from two different groves were collected. Samples were plated on the semi-selective medium S-PG (KH2PO4 1.3 g, Na2HPO4 1.2 g, (NH4)2SO4 5 g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.25 g, Na2MoO4·2H2O 24 mg, EDTA-Fe 10 mg, L-cystine 10 μg, D-sorbitol 10 g, pheneticillin potassium 50 mg, ampicillin sodium 10 mg, cetrimide 10 mg, methyl violet 1 mg, phenol red 20 mg, agar 15 g/liter distilled water) and axenic colonies were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) to test for fluorescence (3). Colonies of the potential pathogen were 1 mm, circular, entire margin, with a smooth and shiny surface. When cultured in PDA, isolates showed a moist texture, dull yellow color, and displayed fluorescence with exposure to UV light. Cells were bacterial gram-negative rods of 1 to 2 × 0.5 μm. Twelve presumptive isolates were submitted to biochemical tests (API 20NE). The biochemical profile (APIWEB) showed that all the isolates belonged to the Burkholderia genus with a 99.9% similarity. To determine the bacterial species, colonies were submitted to ELISA tests using specific antibodies for B. glumae from Agdia, Inc. The two isolates that were positive for B. glumae were sequenced using a part of the 16s rDNA amplified by the primers 536F: 5′-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAATAC-3′ and 1492R: 5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′. The obtained sequences (deposited into GenBank as KF601202) shared 100% similarity with several B. glumae strains after a BLAST query. Isolates were then diluted to 108 UFC/ml and used to inoculate healthy rice plants. Inoculated plants produced BPB-like symptoms including upright panicles with stained vain grains and the bacterium was re-isolated from symptomatic plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of B. glumae in Ecuador. Further research is ongoing to identify and determine the pathogenicity of the remaining Burkholderia strains that tested negative for B. glumae. References: (1) J. Luo et al. Plant Dis. 91:1363, 2007. (2) R. Nandakumar et al. Plant Dis. 93:896, 2009. (3) T. Urakami et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44:235, 1994. (4) X.-G. Zhou. Plant Dis. 98:566, 2014.
Expertly validated models suggest responses to climate change are related to species traits: a phylogenetically-controlled analysis of the Order Lagomorpha
Authors: Leach Katie , Kelly Ruth , Cameron Alison , Montgomery W. Ian , Reid Neil 
Published: January 2014

AbstractClimate change during the last five decades has impacted significantly on natural ecosystems and the rate of current climate change is of great concern among conservation biologists. Species Distribution Models (SDMs) have been used widely to project changes in species’ bioclimatic envelopes under future climate scenarios. Here, we aimed to advance this technique by assessing future changes in the bioclimatic envelopes of an entire mammalian Order, the Lagomorpha, using a novel framework for model validation based jointly on subjective expert evaluation and objective model evaluation statistics. SDMs were built using climatic, topographical and habitat variables for all 87 species under past and current climate scenarios. Expert evaluation and Kappa values were used to validate past and current distribution models and only those deemed ‘modellable’ through our framework were projected under future climate scenarios (58 species). We then used phylogenetically-controlled regressions to test whether species traits were correlated with predicted responses to climate change. Climate change will impact more than two-thirds of the Lagomorpha, with leporids (rabbits, hares and jackrabbits) likely to undertake poleward shifts with little overall change in range extent, whilst pikas are likely to show extreme shifts to higher altitudes associated with marked range declines, including the likely extinction of Kozlov’s Pika (Ochotona koslowi). Smaller-bodied species were more likely to exhibit range contractions and elevational increases, but showing little poleward movement, and fecund species were more likely to shift latitudinally and elevationally. Our results suggest that species traits may be important indicators of future climate change and we believe multi-species approaches, as demonstrated here, are likely to lead to more effective mitigation measures and conservation management.
A Nuclear Factor Y Interacting Protein of the GRAS Family Is Required for Nodule Organogenesis, Infection Thread Progression, and Lateral Root Growth
Authors: Battaglia Marina , Rípodas Carolina , Clúa Joaquín , Baudin Maël , Aguilar O. Mario , Niebel Andreas , Zanetti María Eugenia , Blanco Flavio Antonio 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA C subunit of the heterotrimeric nuclear factor Y (NF-YC1) was shown to play a key role in nodule organogenesis and bacterial infection during the nitrogen fixing symbiosis established between common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Rhizobium etli. To identify other proteins involved in this process, we used the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid system to screen for NF-YC1-interacting proteins. One of the positive clones encodes a member of the Phytochrome A Signal Transduction1 subfamily of GRAS (for Gibberellic Acid-Insensitive (GAI), Repressor of GAI, and Scarecrow) transcription factors. The protein, named Scarecrow-like13 Involved in Nodulation (SIN1), localizes both to the nucleus and the cytoplasm, but in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana cells, bimolecular fluorescence complementation suggested that the interaction with NF-YC1 takes place predominantly in the nucleus. SIN1 is expressed in aerial and root tissues, with higher levels in roots and nodules. Posttranscriptional gene silencing of SIN1 using RNA interference (RNAi) showed that the product of this gene is involved in lateral root elongation. However, root cell organization, density of lateral roots, and the length of root hairs were not affected by SIN1 RNAi. In addition, the expression of the RNAi of SIN1 led to a marked reduction in the number and size of nodules formed upon inoculation with R. etli and affected the progression of infection threads toward the nodule primordia. Expression of NF-YA1 and the G2/M transition cell cycle genes CYCLIN B and Cell Division Cycle2 was reduced in SIN1 RNAi roots. These data suggest that SIN1 plays a role in lateral root elongation and the establishment of root symbiosis in common bean.
Arabidopsis WRKY57 Functions as a Node of Convergence for Jasmonic Acid– and Auxin-Mediated Signaling in Jasmonic Acid–Induced Leaf Senescence
Authors: Jiang Yanjuan , Liang Gang , Yang Shizhuo , Yu Diqiu 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Leaf senescence is regulated by diverse developmental and environmental factors. Exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) can induce leaf senescence, whereas auxin suppresses this physiological process. Crosstalk between JA and auxin signaling has been well studied, but not during JA-induced leaf senescence. Here, we found that upon methyl jasmonate treatment, Arabidopsis thaliana wrky57 mutants produced typical leaf senescence symptoms, such as yellowing leaves, low chlorophyll content, and high cell death rates. Further investigation suggested that senescence-associated genes were upregulated in the wrky57 mutants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that WRKY57 directly binds to the promoters of SENESCENCE4 and SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE12 and represses their transcription. In vivo and in vitro experiments suggested that WRKY57 interacts with JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN4/8 (JAZ4/8) and the AUX/IAA protein IAA29, repressors of the JA and auxin signaling pathways, respectively. Consistent with the opposing functions of JA and auxin in JA-induced leaf senescence, JAZ4/8 and IAA29 also displayed opposite functions in JA-induced leaf senescence and competitively interacted with WRKY57. Our results suggested that the JA-induced leaf senescence process can be antagonized by auxin via WRKY57. Moreover, WRKY57 protein levels were downregulated by JA but upregulated by auxin. Therefore, as a repressor in JA-induced leaf senescence, WRKY57 is a common component of the JA- and auxin-mediated signaling pathways.
AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 Links Cell Wall Remodeling, Auxin Signaling, and Cell Expansion in Arabidopsis
Authors: Paque Sébastien , Mouille Grégory , Grandont Laurie , Alabadí David , Gaertner Cyril , Goyallon Arnaud , Muller Philippe , Primard-Brisset Catherine , Sormani Rodnay , Blázquez Miguel A. , Perrot-Rechenmann Catherine 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Cell expansion is an increase in cell size and thus plays an essential role in plant growth and development. Phytohormones and the primary plant cell wall play major roles in the complex process of cell expansion. In shoot tissues, cell expansion requires the auxin receptor AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 (ABP1), but the mechanism by which ABP1 affects expansion remains unknown. We analyzed the effect of functional inactivation of ABP1 on transcriptomic changes in dark-grown hypocotyls and investigated the consequences of gene expression on cell wall composition and cell expansion. Molecular and genetic evidence indicates that ABP1 affects the expression of a broad range of cell wall–related genes, especially cell wall remodeling genes, mainly via an SCFTIR/AFB-dependent pathway. ABP1 also functions in the modulation of hemicellulose xyloglucan structure. Furthermore, fucosidase-mediated defucosylation of xyloglucan, but not biosynthesis of nonfucosylated xyloglucan, rescued dark-grown hypocotyl lengthening of ABP1 knockdown seedlings. In muro remodeling of xyloglucan side chains via an ABP1-dependent pathway appears to be of critical importance for temporal and spatial control of cell expansion.
Dividend Payouts and Information Shocks
Authors: HAIL LUZI , TAHOUN AHMED , WANG CLARE 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWe examine changes in firms’ dividend payouts following an exogenous shock to the information asymmetry problem between managers and investors. Agency theories predict a decrease in dividend payments to the extent that improved public information lowers managers’ need to convey their commitment to avoid overinvestment via costly dividend payouts. Conversely, dividends could increase if minority investors are in a better position to extract cash dividends. We test these predictions by analyzing the dividend payment behavior of a global sample of firms around the mandatory adoption of IFRS and the initial enforcement of new insider trading laws. Both events serve as proxies for a general improvement of the information environment and, hence, the corporate governance structure in the economy. We find that, following the two events, firms are less likely to pay (increase) dividends, but more likely to cut (stop) such payments. The changes occur around the time of the informational shock, and only in countries and for firms subject to the regulatory change. They are more pronounced when the inherent agency issues or the informational shocks are stronger. We further find that the information content of dividends decreases after the events. The results highlight the importance of the agency costs of free cash flows (and changes therein) for shaping firms’ payout policies.