bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A large proportion ofNorthAmerican net ecosystem production is offset by emissions from harvested products, river/stream evasion, and biomass burning
Authors: Turner David P. , Jacobson Andrew R. , Ritts William D. , Wang Weile L. , Nemani Ramakrishna 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDiagnostic carbon cycle models produce estimates of net ecosystem production (NEP, the balance of net primary production and heterotrophic respiration) by integrating information from (i) satellite‐based observations of land surface vegetation characteristics; (ii) distributed meteorological data; and (iii) eddy covariance flux tower observations of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) (used in model parameterization). However, a full bottom‐up accounting ofNEE(the vertical carbon flux) that is suitable for integration with atmosphere‐based inversion modeling also includes emissions from decomposition/respiration of harvested forest and agricultural products,CO2evasion from streams and rivers, and biomass burning. Here, we produce a daily time stepNEEfor North America for the year 2004 that includesNEPas well as the additional emissions. ThisNEEproduct was run in the forward mode through the CarbonTracker inversion setup to evaluate its consistency withCO2concentration observations. The year 2004 was climatologically favorable forNEPoverNorthAmerica and the continental total was estimated at 1730 ± 370 TgC yr−1(a carbon sink). Harvested product emissions (316 ± 80 TgC yr−1), river/stream evasion (158 ± 50 TgC yr−1), and fire emissions (142 ± 45 TgC yr−1) counteracted a large proportion (35%) of theNEPsink. Geographic areas with strong carbon sinks included MidwestUScroplands, and forested regions of theNortheast,Southeast, andPacificNorthwest. The forward mode run with CarbonTracker produced good agreement between observed and simulated wintertimeCO2concentrations aggregated over eight measurement sites aroundNorthAmerica, but overestimates of summertime concentrations that suggested an underestimation of summertime carbon uptake. As terrestrialNEPis the dominant offset to fossil fuel emission overNorthAmerica, a good understanding of its spatial and temporal variation – as well as the fate of the carbon it sequesters ─ is needed for a comprehensive view of the carbon cycle.
Climate effects on amphibian distributions depend on phylogenetic resolution and the biogeographical history of taxa
Authors: Duarte L. D. S. , Both C. , Debastiani V. J. , Carlucci M. B. , Gonçalves L. O. , Cappelatti L. , Seger G. D. S. , Bastazini V. A. G. , Brum F. T. , Salengue E. V. , Bernardo‐Silva J. S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimDisentangling the effects of climate and historical factors on biodiversity distribution remains a challenge for biogeographers. Here, we provide an analytical framework to discriminate the contributions of contemporary climate and the biogeographical history of taxa to the geographical distributions of phylogenetic lineages. Furthermore, we evaluate the constraint that the biogeographical history of clades exerts on the association between climate and clade distribution, i.e. the historical legacy of climatic effects. As a case study, we analysed the distributions of amphibian lineages across the Americas.LocationThe Americas.MethodsWe tallied the number of amphibian species per genus in each of 262 ecoregions. Each ecoregion was described by the composition of phylogenetic lineages using phylogenetic fuzzy weighting. The composition of amphibian genera and phylogenetic clades represented the distributions of shallow and deep phylogenetic nodes, respectively. We characterized each ecoregion by the biogeographical history of amphibian taxa and its current climate, whose influences on shallow and deep phylogenetic nodes were analysed using variation partitioning analysis.ResultsThe association between climate and the distributions of deep phylogenetic nodes showed a strong historical legacy, although the distribution of amphibian genera was mostly associated with climate. Hyloidea were associated with a Gondwanan origin and higher annual mean temperatures, whereas other clades (e.g. Caudata) were related to a Laurasian origin and higher temperature seasonality. Microhylidae were related to occurrence in the Early Jurassic in Gondwana and recent occurrence in the Neotropics.Main conclusionsBiogeographical patterns can be thought of as the net outcome of evolutionary, historical and ecological processes. Although temperature is likely to affect the ecology of amphibians, the effects of climate on the distributions of deep phylogenetic nodes were strongly constrained by the biogeographical history of clades. Nevertheless, local, climatically driven processes are likely to influence the distributions of shallow phylogenetic nodes. The historical biogeography of clades might help to explain the interplay between evolutionary and environmental processes in determining assembly patterns found elsewhere.
Climate‐change‐driven deterioration of the condition of floodplain forest and the future for the avifauna
Authors: Mac Nally Ralph , Lada Hania , Cunningham Shaun C. , Thomson James R. , Fleishman Erica 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimWe used models of remotely sensed estimates of forest‐stand condition (degree of die‐back) with models of avian responses to stand condition to determine how the avifauna responded to a 13‐year drought, and how the avifauna might respond to a predicted much warmer and drier climate in the next 60 years.LocationFloodplain forests of the southern Murray–Darling Basin, Australia.MethodsWe selected 45 2‐ha locations that spanned the full range of stand condition and conducted bird surveys and rapid assessments of breeding, which involved repeated measurements over the breeding season. These values were modelled as functions of stand condition and several other on‐site predictors. We made hindcast estimates of the proportions of forest in different stand‐condition classes. We developed a trajectory of change in these proportions under the regionally downscaled estimates of climate change under the A1F1 IPCC emission scenario, which were linked with patterns of change in drier, hotter extant forests. The hindcast and projected values were coupled with the results of the statistical models for the avifauna to provide future projections for the avifauna.ResultsThree avifaunal variables (measures of abundance, effective species richness and total breeding score summed for all species) were strongly related to stand condition. Hindcast estimates based on the assumption of original good condition suggested that the response variables had declined by > 25% since 1750. Projected declines in the response variables from 2009 to 2070 were > 29%, while differences between 1750 and 2070 were > 58%.ConclusionsStand condition strongly influences birds, so that reliable estimates of avifaunal change can be made by using remotely sensed estimates of stand condition. Given probable changes in forest condition under climate change, we project that the prospects for these avifauna are dire under the A1F1 or more extreme emission scenarios.
The relationship between neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and vascular calcification in end‐stage renal disease patients
Authors: Turkmen Kultigin , Ozcicek Fatih , Ozcicek Adalet , Akbas Emin Murat , Erdur Fatih Mehmet , Tonbul Halil Zeki 
Published: July 2013

AbstractChronic inflammation was found to be correlated with coronary (CAC) and thoracic peri‐aortic calcification (TAC) in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was introduced as a potential marker to determine inflammation in cardiac and noncardiac disorders. Data regarding NLR and its association with TAC and CAC are lacking. We aimed to determine the relationship between NLR and vascular calcification in ESRD patients. This was a cross‐sectional study involving 56 ESRD patients (22 females, 34 males; mean age, 49.9 ± 14.2 years) receiving peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis for ≥6 months in the Dialysis Unit of Necmettin Erbakan University. TAC and CAC scores were measured by using an electrocardiogram‐gated 64‐multidetector computed tomography. NLR was calculated as the ratio of the neutrophils and lymphocytes. There was a statistically significant correlation between NLR, TACS and CACS in ESRD patients (r = 0.43, P = 0.001 and r = 0.30, P = 0.02, respectively). The stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that age, as well as NLR were independent predictors of TACS. However, increased age was the only independent predictor of CACS according to linear regression analysis. Simple calculation of NLR can predict vascular calcification in ESRD patients.
Revascularization of immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis
Authors: Moreno‐Hidalgo M. C. , Caleza‐Jimenez C. , Mendoza‐Mendoza A. , Iglesias‐Linares A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe aim of this minireview was to identify and review the scientific evidence regarding regenerative endodontic protocols claiming to revascularize permanent immature teeth with apical periodontitis. The literature was identified using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Scirus, EMBASE and Cochrane databases up to February 2013. Studies were selected independently by two different researchers (kappa index: 0.88), based on established inclusion/exclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the reviewed papers was classified as high, medium or low (HQ, MQ, LQ). The search strategy identified 285 titles. Nine studies, both human and animal based, were selected after application of the criteria (LQ:5; MQ:4). In most of these studies (seven of nine), the revascularization protocol included a triple antibiotic combination as canal disinfectant for a period of 1–4 weeks after blood clot formation (LQ:5; MQ:4), although there is no clear consensus about the treatment protocol. Two studies reported tooth discoloration after the revascularization process (LQ:2), and only three (LQ:1; MQ:2) reported a success rate of 54.9% in dogs and 73.6% and 80% in humans, respectively.Revascularization of immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis is possible and preferable to apexification. Nevertheless, there is a widespread lack of randomized clinical trials and blinded measures. In addition, the small sample sizes that are common in these studies as well as the generally low quality of the analysed publications require the results to be viewed with caution. There is a high risk of bias, with a low quality of available information, for developing clinical guidelines for regenerative endodontic protocols; rigorous randomized clinical trials are therefore needed.
Reduction in Enteroccocus faecalis counts – a comparison between rotary and reciprocating systems
Authors: Ferrer‐Luque C. M. , Bejarano I. , Ruiz‐Linares M. , Baca P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimTo compare the chemomechanical reduction and regrowth of Enterococcus faecalis between rotary and reciprocating systems in root canal preparation.MethodologySeventy‐six single‐rooted human mandibular premolars were selected and standardized to 15 mm in length. Root canals were enlarged up to a size 25 K‐file and irrigated with distilled water and then were infected with E. faecalis for 4 weeks. The specimens were divided into 3 groups (n = 24) for instrumentation with Mtwo, Twisted File and WaveOne. Each group was further divided into two subgroups (n = 12) according to the irrigant used: distilled water or 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Before and after rotary preparation, microbiological samples were collected using three sterilized paper points, and efficacy was expressed as reduction in percentage. The proportion of grown samples for 60 days was evaluated using nonparametric Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Differences amongst groups were tested using the log‐rank test at a significance level of 0.05.ResultsIn the main root canal, the percentage reduction in the distilled water and 5.25% NaOCl groups ranged from 95.9% to 100%, with no significant differences amongst the three systems (P > 0.05). The bacterial regrowth in NaOCl groups revealed that Mtwo had the lowest number of samples regrown at 60 days, giving statistically significant differences with respect to Twisted File (P = 0.029) and WaveOne (P = 0.005).ConclusionsReciprocating and rotary systems resulted in similar percentage reduction in E. faecalis when using either distilled water or 5.25% NaOCl solution. Over time, the Mtwo system was more effective regarding disinfection.
An evaluation of the periapical status of teeth with necrotic pulps using periapical radiography and cone‐beam computed tomography
Authors: Abella F. , Patel S. , Durán‐Sindreu F. , Mercadé M. , Bueno R. , Roig M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate the presence or absence of periapical (PA) radiolucencies on individual roots of teeth with necrotic pulps, as assessed with digital PA radiographs and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT).MethodologyDigital PA radiographs and CBCT scans were taken from 161 endodontically untreated teeth (from 155 patients) diagnosed with non‐vital pulps (pulp necrosis with normal PA tissue, symptomatic apical periodontitis, asymptomatic apical periodontitis, acute apical abscess and chronic apical abscess). Images were assessed by two calibrated endodontists to analyse the radiographic PA status of the teeth. A consensus was reached in the event of any disagreement. The data were analysed using a McNemar's test, and significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.ResultsThree hundred and forty paired images of roots were assessed with both digital PA radiographs and CBCT images. Fifteen additional roots were identified with CBCT. PA radiolucencies were present in 132 (38.8%) roots when assessed with PA radiographs, and in 196 (57.6%) roots when assessed with CBCT. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In teeth diagnosed with pulp necrosis, symptomatic apical periodontitis or acute apical abscess, CBCT images revealed a statistically larger number of PA radiolucencies than did PA radiographs (P < 0.05). No statistical differences were observed between PA radiographs and CBCT in teeth classified with asymptomatic apical periodontitis (P = 0.31) or chronic apical abscess (P = 1).ConclusionsUnlike PA radiographs, CBCT revealed a higher prevalence of PA radiolucencies when endodontically untreated teeth with non‐vital pulps were examined.
Genomic organization and reproductive regulation of a large lipid transfer protein in the varroa mite, Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman)
Authors: Cabrera A. R. , Shirk P. D. , Duehl A. J. , Donohue K. V. , Grozinger C. M. , Evans J. D. , Teal P. E. A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe complete genomic region and corresponding transcript of the most abundant protein in phoretic varroa mites, Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman), were sequenced and have homology with acarine hemelipoglycoproteins and the large lipid transfer protein (LLTP) super family. The genomic sequence of VdLLTP included 14 introns and the mature transcript coded for a predicted polypeptide of 1575 amino acid residues. VdLLTP shared a minimum of 25% sequence identity with acarine LLTPs. Phylogenetic assessment showed VdLLTP was most closely related to Metaseiulus occidentalis vitellogenin and LLTP proteins of ticks; however, no heme binding by VdLLTP was detected. Analysis of lipids associated with VdLLTP showed that it was a carrier for free and esterified C12‐C22 fatty acids from triglycerides, diacylglycerides and monoacylglycerides. Additionally, cholesterol and β‐sitosterol were found as cholesterol esters linked to common fatty acids. Transcript levels of VdLLTP were 42 and 310 times higher in phoretic female mites when compared with males and quiescent deutonymphs, respectively. Coincident with initiation of the reproductive phase, VdLLTP transcript levels declined to a third of those in phoretic female mites. VdLLTP functions as an important lipid transporter and should provide a significant RNA interference target for assessing the control of varroa mites.
Cytochrome P450‐encoding genes from the Heliconius genome as candidates for cyanogenesis
Authors: Chauhan R. , Jones R. , Wilkinson P. , Pauchet Y. , ffrench‐Constant R. H. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCytochrome P450s are important both in the metabolism of xenobiotics and the production of compounds such as cyanogenic glucosides, which insects use in their defence. In the present study, we use transcriptomic and genomic information to isolate and name P450‐encoding genes from the butterfly Heliconius melpomene. We classify each of the putative genes into its appropriate superfamily and compare the distribution of P450s across sequenced insects. We also identify homologues of two P450s known to be involved in cyanogenesis in the six‐spot Burnet moth, Zygaena filipendulae. Classification of Heliconius P450s should be an important step in the dissection of their role in the exploitation of their host plant, the passion vine Passiflora.
Pharmaceutical supply chain networks with outsourcing under price and quality competition
Authors: Nagurney Anna , Li Dong , Nagurney Ladimer S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we present a pharmaceutical supply chain network model with outsourcing under price and quality competition, in both equilibrium and dynamic versions. We consider a pharmaceutical firm that is engaged in determining the optimal pharmaceutical flows associated with its supply chain network activities in the form of manufacturing and distribution. In addition to multimarket demand satisfaction, the pharmaceutical firm seeks to minimize its total cost, with the associated function also capturing the firm's weighted disrepute cost caused by possible quality issues associated with the contractors. Simultaneously, the contractors, who compete with one another noncooperatively in prices in the manner of Bertrand, and in quality, seek to secure manufacturing and distribution of the pharmaceutical product from the pharmaceutical firm. This game theory model allows for the determination of the optimal pharmaceutical product flows associated with the supply chain in‐house and outsourcing network activities and provides the pharmaceutical firm with its optimal make‐or‐buy decisions and the optimal contractor selections. We state the governing equilibrium conditions and derive the equivalent variational inequality formulation. We then propose dynamic adjustment processes for the evolution of the product flows, the quality levels, and the prices, along with stability analysis results. The algorithm yields a discretization of the continuous‐time adjustment processes. We present convergence results and compute solutions to numerical examples to illustrate the generality and applicability of the framework.
A taxonomical analysis, current methods and objectives on location‐routing problems
Authors: Lopes Rui Borges , Ferreira Carlos , Santos Beatriz Sousa , Barreto Sérgio 
Published: July 2013

AbstractLocation‐routing is a branch of locational analysis that takes into account distribution aspects. This paper proposes a taxonomy, with two levels, for location‐routing problems. The first level focuses on the structural characteristics of the problems. The second level branches into the different algorithmic approaches and objective perspectives. An introduction to the previously defined problems is presented, categorising the papers in the literature (a total of 149 references) according to the proposed classification. Moreover, an overview of the most significant aspects of the different solution methods and main objectives, with special emphasis on multi‐objective approaches, is provided. Some data providing a better insight into the publication progress are also included. Finally, several promising research directions are identified.
MIP‐and‐refine matheuristic for smart grid energy management
Authors: Fischetti Matteo , Sartor Giorgio , Zanette Arrigo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn the past years, we have witnessed an increasing interest in smart buildings, in particular for optimal energy management, renewable energy sources, and smart appliances. In this paper, we investigate the problem of scheduling smart appliance operation in a given time horizon with a set of energy sources and accumulators. Appliance operation is modeled in terms of uninterruptible sequential phases with a given power demand, with the goal of minimizing the energy bill fulfilling duration, energy, and user preference constraints. A mixed‐integer linear programming (MIP) model and greedy heuristic algorithm are given, which are used in a synergic way. We show how a general purpose (off‐the‐shelf) MIP‐refining procedure can be effectively used for improving, in short computing time, the quality of the solutions provided by the initial greedy heuristic. Computational results confirm the viability of the overall approach, in terms of both solution quality and speed.
Sleepiness in Spanish nursing staff – influence of chronotype and care unit in circadian rhythm impairment: research protocol
Authors: Moreno‐Casbas María Teresa , Ruzafa‐Martinez Maria , Rol Maria Angeles , Madrid Juan Antonio , Serrano Pinto Antonio , González‐María Esther , Fuentelsaz‐Gallego Carmen ,   The SYCE Network
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimsTo determine how prevalent circadian rhythm impairments are in nurses working in medical, surgical and intensive care units in five Spanish hospitals and how the quality of night‐time sleeping and sleepiness affect the nurses′ morning and evening chronotypes.BackgroundShift work is a recognized work pattern for nurses in all countries. Given the important role that nurses play in hospital care, it is vital to establish what repercussions this has on the nurses′ working schedules and how any disturbance in circadian rhythm affects patient safety.DesignA multicentre, observational, descriptive and cross‐sectional study in seven hospitals in the Spanish National Health System.MethodA stratified sample of 1,300 nurses is being collected in three types of units: medical, surgical and intensive care. The 3‐year study started in January 2012 and will continue until December 2014, with no exclusion criteria. The Kronowise® will be used to monitor the nurses' circadian rhythms, by recording their activity, position and wrist temperature. We will also use three questionnaires to evaluate sleep quality, daytime drowsiness and chronotype: (a) Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index; (b) Epworth Daytime Sleepiness Scale; and (c) Morning and Evening Questionnaire. Data will be collected from each hospital and statistical analysis will be carried out using the SPSS 19.0.DiscussionThe study findings will show the current state of the nurses' circadian rhythms and how shift work can affect them and their job performance. Funding for this 3‐year study was granted in December 2011 by the Spanish Health Research Fund (PI 11/00646, Health Ministry). This project is also funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (RETICEF, RD12/0043/0011, RD12/0043/0006).