bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Water Stress and Potassium on Growth, Flowering, and Proline Content of Zinnia hybrid
Authors: Fadhil Tariq Zaid , Mohsin Riyadh Mannaa , Salih Ziyad Khalf 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This field study was conducted in lath house to produce Zinnia x hybrid as flowering potted plant during spring of 2023. The experiment included two factors; the first representd water irrigation at three levels (100, 75, and 50% of field capacity FC). The second factor was addition of potassium at four concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 g l-1). The experiment was laid out according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with a split-plot system. There were foure pots in each experimental unit with three replications. The results were as follow: the irrigation treatment of 100% of FC was significantly superior in plant height(117.50 cm), plant diameter (21.24 cm), and highest potassium content in the leaves (3.006%). Irrigation with 75% of FC also recorded significant plant height (118.00 cm). Treating 50% of FC displayed highest value of proline acid in the plant leaves (8.102 mg g-1) and the number of flowers per plant (7.67 Plant -1). Potassium addition at (3 g l-1) had significant superiority in all of the traits studied. Interaction between the two factors was significant. Irrigating 100% FC with potassium at (3 g l-1) significantly increased plant height (125.00 cm). Number of leaves (125.00 plant-1), plant diameter (21.30 cm), and potassium content (3.633%) were also influnced. The treatment of 50% FC with 3 gm l-1 potassium had the highest values of proline acid and number of flowers. Each of which reached 8.620 mg g-1 and 8.306 flowers plant-1, respectively.
Effect of Packaging Type and Calcium Spraying on Some Chemical Traits of Seedless Pomegranate Variety Rawa
Authors: Alani Omar M. T. , Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A study was conducted in the district of Rawa, located 224 km away from the city of Ramadi, on pomegranate trees of the Rawa seedless variety. The study investigated the effect of fruit packaging and calcium spraying on some chemical properties of the fruits of those trees. The study included two factors: the first factor involved using different types of bags to cover the fruits, including (untreated control, double-layered muslin clothes, white paper bags, and Saran). The second factor included calcium spraying at concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 g L-1. The results indicated that fruit covering treatments significantly influenced all studied chemical properties. Saran covering contributed to achieving the best results for the fruit peel content of elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, iron, and manganese at (2.78%, 0.42%, 74.59 mg kg-1, 181.98 mg kg-1, and 47.85 mg kg-1) respectively. On the other hand, the treatment of covering with white paper bags showed a significant effect on the fruit peel content of potassium (1.60%). Regarding calcium spraying, the high concentration (2 grams per liter) achieved the best values for all traits (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, iron, and manganese), at (2.80%, 0.45%, 1.66%, 75.43 mg kg-1, 183.42 mg kg-1, and 47.31 mg kg-1) respectively. The interaction between the study factors reached a significant level in influencing all studied traits. The treatment combination (M3C2) excelled in achieving the best values for most of the studied traits.
Root Growth of Olive Seedlings Olea europaea (Khastawi cultivar) by the Effect of Spraying with Garlic Extract and Yeast Extracts
Authors: Hassan M. A. F. , Kamil Y. S. , Abood R. H. , AlRubaei S. M. , Jasim M. M. , Qasim F.A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A lath house situated within the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, was utilised for the research. The purpose of this study was to determine whether targeting root traits was affected by spraying olive seedlings of the Khastawi variety with garlic juice extract and bread yeast. The duration of the experiment was between mid-March and late June of 2022. A randomised complete block design (RCBD) was utilised in this research, taking the form of a factorial arrangement with three replicates and two factors: dried bread yeast extract at three concentrations (0, 2, and 4 g.L-1) and garlic juice extract at three concentrations (0, 2, and 10 ml.L-1). The seedlings were subjected to two applications of spraying, separated by one week, commencing on March 15. The day before the application of the spray treatments, the seedlings were irrigated. At the culmination of the investigation, the data were recorded in writing. The collected data underwent statistical analysis, and a comparison of means was performed using the least significant difference (LSD) test with a probability level of 0.05. The main results indicated that the utilisation of garlic juice extract at a concentration of 10 ml.L-1 led to notably improved performance in all parameters assessed, including the mean values for longest root length (cm), root volume (cm3), root diameter (cm3), and root system dry weight (g.seedling-1) in comparison to the other concentrations. Furthermore, the application of a dry yeast extract treatment at a rate of 4 g.L-1 had no observable effect on the average root diameter (cm3), despite achieving significant superiority in the majority of investigated root growth traits (e.g., average of longest root length (cm), root volume (cm3), and root weight of the root system g.seedling-1). The interaction between the two experimental variables had a substantial effect on the average root volume (cm3). However, there was no significant effect observed on the average length (cm), average root diameter (cm3), or desiccated weight (g.seedling-1) of the root system.
Effect of Bacterial Biofertilizer, Buffalo’s Organic Manure and Moringa Leaves Extract Spray in Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Local Orange Transplants
Authors: Hameed Al-Marsoumi Fatima Saad , Al-Hadethi Mustafa E. A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in 2023 season of spring growth cycle in a special canopy in Al-Radwaniyah city, Baghdad Governorate to study effect of adding bacterial biofertilizer, buffalo organic fertilizer, and spraying moringa extract on growth and leaves mineral content of local orange transplants of two years old planted in plastic pots, as 108 are selected. A transplants of uniform in their vegetative growth, as far as possible, free of disease and insect infestations, study included addition of bacterial biofertilizer at four treatments: no addition (A1), addition of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteria (A2), addition of Azospirillum brasilense bacteria (A3) and addition of both types of bacteria (A4) and organic fertilizer (Decomposing buffalo manure) at three levels (0, 250 and 500 gm.soil-1), which are denoted by B0, B1, and B2, respectively and spray moringa extract at three levels (0, 20 and 40 gm.L-1), which are denoted M0, M1, and M2, respectively. Treatments were replicated three times (one transplant per experimental unit) at factorial experiment in a RCBD and thus number of transplants used was 108. experimental results showed that adding two types of bacteria (A4) and buffalo manure at a concentration of 500 gm.soil-1 (B2) and spraying moringa extract at a concentration of 40 gm.l-1 (M2) as interaction treatment A4B2M2 gave best results in plant height, leaves number, leaf area, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content, It reached (45.33) cm, (230.1) leaves.plant-1, (41.67) cm2, (2.43) % and (0.236)%, respectively, compared to control treatment (without addition and without spraying).
Effect of Nano-Iron and Some Growth Regulators on the Volatile Oil Content of Dill Plants and Its Active Compounds
Authors: Abdul-Abbas Jihad Sabah , Mijwel Abbas K. , Hussein Ban Mohammed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture at the University of Babylon, during the 2022-2023 season to study the effect of combinations of growth regulators and nano-iron in the volatile essential oil and its content of active compounds of the dill plant. The experiment was conducted according to the split plate system, with three replicates in each replicate five. Ten treatments. The results were as follows: The treatment (gibberellin 50 and benzyl adenine 25 mg.L-1) was significantly excelled in oil density and specific gravity of the oil, and the treatment (gibberellin 50 and benzyl adenine 50 mg.l-1) was significantly excelled in the percentage of active compounds in the essential oil (a-phellandrene, p- cymene, limonene, myricetin) compared to the control treatment. The spraying treatment with nano-iron at a concentration of 100 mg.L-1 was significantly excelled in the density of the volatile oil, the specific gravity of the oil, and the active compounds in the oil (a-phellandrene, myricetin) compared to the control treatment. As for the results of the interaction coefficients between the combinations of growth regulators and nano-iron, the treatment (gibberellin 50 mg.L-1, benzyl adenine 50 mg.L-1, and nano-iron at a concentration of 50 mg.L-1) was significantly excelled and achieved the highest rate of flavonoids (36.304 mg.kg-1).), and the amount of active compounds in the volatile oil under study: carvone (63.66%), a-phellandrene (5.71%), p-cymene (3.85%), limonene (21.60%) and myricetin (2.59%). As for the treatment (gibberellin 100 mg L-1, benzyl adenine 50 mg.L-1, and nano-iron at a concentration of 100 mg.L-1) were significantly excelled in the rate of phenols (0.969 mg.kg-1) compared to the control treatment.
The Response of Ficus carica Seedlings to Foliar Spraying with α-Tocopherol and Organic Fertilization with SMC
Authors: Hassooni Zainab M. , Khalil Nazik H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of α-Tocopherol and levels of organic fertilization with spent mushroom compost (SMC) on some vegetative growth traits of two-year-old fig seedlings (Black Diala variety) planted in 30 cm diameter plastic pots at the Research Station of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during the 2023 growing season. The experiment included foliar spraying with α-Tocopherol at four concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300 mg L-1), and fertilizing seedlings with three levels of spent mushroom compost (0, 1, 2 kg per seedling). The experiment was designed using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed a significant increase in all studied traits. Foliar spraying with α-Tocopherol at 300 mg L-1 concentration had significant increases in NPK elements, chlorophyll content, leaf number, leaf area, carbohydrates, and phenolic content in leaves. Meanwhile, seedlings fertilized with SMC at a ratio of 2:1 showed superiority significant in the mentioned traits.
Impact of Zinc Sulphate and Boric Acid Spraying on Production and Quality Characteristics of Potato Plants
Authors: Ibraheem Fathel F. R. , Mahmoud Israa E. F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An investigation was conducted in the vegetable field division of the College of Agriculture and Forestry’s Horticulture and Landscape Design at the University of Mosul throughout the spring growing season of 2023. The experimental design comprised two components. The initial component involved applying zinc sulphate sprays to the vegetative growth at three different concentrations (0, 1500, and 3000 mg l-1). The subsequent component involved applying boric acid sprays to the vegetative growth at three different concentrations (0, 200, and 400 mg l-1). The experiment was replicated three times, and at a 5% level of probability, the means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. The field experiment was conducted utilising a factorial design with a Randomised complete block design (RCBD). Plants subjected to treatment with zinc sulphate at a concentration of 1500 mg l-1 exhibited a substantial increase in the majority of the traits under investigation. Similarly, plants sprayed with boric acid at a concentration of 400 mg l-1 demonstrated a significant increase in the majority of the traits under study.
Effect of Cultivars and Spraying With Boron on Growth, Production and Quality of Potato Tubers
Authors: Ibraheem Fathel F. R. , Mahmoud Israa E. F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A study was conducted at the Horticulture Department & Landscape Design/College of Agriculture at the University of Mosul. The study involved two factors: the first factor was two cultivars of imported potatoes (Elbeida and Laperla), and the second factor was the application of boron at three different concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg l-1) to promote vegetative growth. The experiment was replicated three times, and the means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a significance level of 5%. The experiment was conducted in the field using a factorial experiment following a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD). The features of vegetative growth and the quantitative and qualitative output may be summarised as follows: When comparing the two cultivars, the Laperla cultivar shown substantial superiority in majority of the evaluated attributes. When boron was sprayed at a dosage of 100 mg, it was observed that majority of the evaluated features showed a considerable increase.
The Impact of Seaweed Extract and Biofertilizer on Root Growth and some Mineral Content of Orange Seedlings
Authors: Daadoush Hawraa Kazem , Lateef Al-Doori Mahmood Fadhil 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
During the 2023 growing season, researchers from Tikrit University’s College of Agriculture’s Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering carried out the experiment. Orange seedlings’ root development and mineral content were intended to be studied in relation to seaweed extract and the mycorrhizal fungus biofertilizer. Here is a brief summary of the results: Significant increases of 2.85% in nitrogen, 0.56% in phosphorus, 2.67% in potassium, and 2.67% in the percentage of carbohydrates were observed in the leaves after applying seaweed extract at a concentration of 10 ml/L. The root mass as a percentage was 51.91%. The nitrogen concentration in the leaves increased by 2.59%, the phosphorus concentration by 0.51%, the potassium concentration by 2.51%, and the protein content by 2.51% after applying 10 grams of biofertilizer per seedling. Carbohydrates make up 16.31% of the plant, while leaves include 16.82% and roots 51.31 % of dry matter. At a concentration of 5 g seedlings per day, the nitrogen content in the leaves was much higher than 2.52%.
The Influence of Optimus-Plus Organic Fertilizer and Salicylic Acid on Flowers from Two Varieties of Hyacinthus orientalis L.
Authors: Mohammed Rahma A. , Al-Taee Alaa H. Y. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was carried out within the wooden canopy of the Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, from November 1st to June 1st, 2023. The aim of this research was to see how two Hyacinthus orientalis L. varieties, “Carnegie” of white flowers and “Woodstock” with purple flowers, responded to three treatments with Optimus-plus fertilizer (0,1.5,3) ml L-1. additionally to three treatments of salicylic acid (0, 150, and 300) mg L-1given three times to the vegetative system. The factorial experiment was implemented on a split plot using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates and eight plants per treatment. The results showed the following: * Spraying plants with the organic fertilizer Optimus-Plus at a concentration of 3 ml L-1. produced the highest rates in all the characteristics studied for the white variety (Carnegie), and spraying plants with Salicylic acid 300 mg L-1 give the highest significant values in all the flower characteristics studied. * According to data pertaining to the triple interactions among the factors under investigation, the plants of the white variety (Carnegie) exhibited the largest significant values in the studied traits when sprayed with a combination of 3 mlL-1 of Optimum-Plus organic fertilizer and 300 mgL-1 of Salicylic acid. * The data from the triple interactions between the factors under study indicated that spraying the plants purple variety (Woodstock) with Optimus-Plus at a concentration of (3) mlL-1 combined with spraying with Salicylic acid at a concentration of (300) mgL-1 produced the highest significant values in the characteristics studied.
Effect of Calcium Chloride, Magnesium Sulfate and Malic Acid Spraying on the Storage Characteristics of Two cvs. of Potato Tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Authors: Agha Badran S. , Fadhil Nameer N. , Hassan AL-Hamadany Shamil Younis 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study assessed the suitability of two potato varieties, Riviera and Argana, for storage under foliar sprinkling with calcium and magnesium fertilizers at four concentrations: 0% (serving as the control), 0.5%, 1% calcium chloride, and 0.4%. Magnesium sulphate) was sprayed at three concentrations (0, 250, and 500 mg L-1) with malic acid. The findings of the study revealed that the Riviera variety exhibited noteworthy advantages in weight reduction, hardness, and alpha-amylase enzyme activity when compared to the Argana variety. On the contrary, in terms of total sugar content and pectinase enzyme activity, the Argana variety exhibited a marked advantage over the Riviera variety. Weight loss and the activity of pectinase and alpha-amylase enzymes were found to be significantly enhanced in the control treatment compared to the other spray treatments, respectively, upon the addition of magnesium sulfate and calcium chloride. However, hardness and sugar content did not differ significantly. In addition, the administration of 500 mg L-1 malic acid resulted in the least amount of weight loss reduction.
Impact of NPK and Cytokinin on Growth Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Ficus Nitida Plants
Authors: Awad Bushra A. , Ahmed Mahmood SH. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research was conducted in a greenhouse at the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Ramadi City, to study the impact of NPK supplementation and CPPU cytokinin spraying on the vegetative and root growth characteristics of Ficus nitida L. The study encompassed two primary factors. The first factor comprises the NPK chemical fertilizer in four distinct concentrations: F0 (no addition), F1 (1g urea, 3g DAB, 2g potassium sulfate), F2 (2g urea, 6g DAB, 4g potassium sulfate), and F3 (3g urea, 9g DAB, 4g potassium sulfate). The second factor involves the cytokine CPPU at three concentrations: C0 (no addition), C1 (3 mg L-1), and C2 (6 mg/liter). The study was designed using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of three replications, with three pots allocated to each experimental unit. Each replicate consisted of 36 treatments, meaning the experiment contained 108 experimental units in all blocks. The results indicated a significant increase in the interaction coefficients between the study factors in plant height, leaf area, nitrogen percentage in the leaf, total chlorophyll content, root surface area, and root length.. Specifically, these parameters were measured at 21.333 cm, 30.837 cm2, 2.666%, 1.384 g, 55.223 cm2, and 13.947 cm, respectively.
In Vitro Propagation of Lemon Citrus Lemon Local
Authors: Shakor Irfan Fateh , Noori Ali Mohammed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was conducted at the University of Kirkuk-IRAQ Department of Horticulture’s Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory from 3/15/2023 to 12/1/2023. The response rates for all BA-MS regimens were 100% after four weeks of proliferation, whereas the control treatment achieved a rate of 50%. Kin-MS 8.0 milligrams. The response rate to L-1 treatment was the highest among all therapies, at 100%. The average word per minute (WPM) reaction rates for the (Kin) and (BA) interventions were both 100%, whereas the control treatment achieved a rate of 60%. The greatest average leaf count observed after eight weeks of multiplication was 15.80. Part 1 had the highest mean number of branches at 3.80. Part-1 of the plant had the longest MS-BA medium branch, measuring 1.79 cm on average. 1,0 milligrams, 1,5%, and 1 mg.L-1 was incorporated into the regimens. Eight milligrams of Kin-MS is one of these treatments. In all aspects, L-1 performed admirably, earning 9.20 leaves. Section 1 of the plant comprises 2.70 branches. 0.80 cm is the maximal branch length in plant part 1. One milligram of BA-WPM medium was utilized for multiplication. The maximal leaf yield was observed at 17.10 leaves per L-1. Part 1 contains the greatest number of branches, 4.60. The segment-1 plant. The branch with the greatest length was 1.65 cm when treated with 0.5 mg.l-1.
The Effect of Preharvest Spraying with Some Nutrients and Anti-Transpiration on the Storage Characteristics of Apple Fruits (Ibrahimi cultivar)
Authors: Mulan Hamid Rashid , Hussein Al-Shammari Ghalib Nasser 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe experiment was carried out in one of the refrigerated warehouses in the city of Baqubah, Al-Hadid District, Diyala Governorate, during the 2021 season to study the effect of spraying the treatments (nutrients, anti-transpiration, and the interaction between them) on the characteristics of stored apple fruits (Ibrahimi cultivar). Spraying with nano-calcium carbonate gave the lowest value of total damage of fruit (3.569%), respiration rate (2.636 mg CO2/kg/hour), and total acidity in the fruits (0.214%), it gave the highest hardness rate in the fruits, (1.007 kg/cm2), sugar content in the fruits (12.06%), ascorbic acid content in the fruits (15.93 mg. 100 ml-1), and calcium content in the fruits (895.9 mg/L), while spraying with nano-iron gave the highest rate in the total soluble solids in fruits (14.56%), as for spraying anti-transpiration, spraying of Kaolinite gave the lowest value of total damage of fruit (4.259%), fruit respiration rate (2.559 mg CO2/kg/hour), and total acidity in the fruits (0.222%), it gave the highest total soluble solids in fruits (14.32 %), content of ascorbic acid in the fruits, (14.51mg. 100 ml-1), whereas potassium silicate recorded the highest rate of fruit hardness (1.005 kg/cm2).
Influence of Zeolite Application and Sorbitol Spraying on Cauliflower Growth and Yield
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Hajar S. T. , Mahmood Saad A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was conducted at the Abu Ghraib Research Station - College of Agriculture - University of Anbar during the growing season of 2024 to investigate the effect of adding zeolite at levels of (0, 150, 250, 350 g plant-1) and spraying with sorbitol at levels of (0, 8, 16, 32 g L-1) on the growth and yield of cauliflower. A factorial experiment was carried out according to a randomized completely block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The results indicated significant differences upon adding zeolite. Treatment with 350 grams plant-1 showed superiority in plant height (70.79 cm), leaf number (29.05 leaves plant-1), total leaf area (262.9 cm2 plant-1), stem diameter (31.06 mm), dry weight of the total green matter (275.5 grams plant-1), dry weight of the total roots (64.58 grams plant-1) respectively, flower disc diameter (22.570 cm), flower disc circumference (71.08 cm), yield plant-1 (2.690 kg plant-1), and total yield of flower discs (80.68 tons per hectare), compared to the lowest values in the control treatment. As for the interaction between the study factors, the treatment with 350 grams of zeolite plant-1 and spraying with 32 grams of sorbitol liter-1 showed significant superiority in all vegetative growth and yield traits. Plant height was 73.20 cm, total leaf area was 299.5 cm2 plant-1, stem diameter was 35.85 mm, dry weight of total green matter was 340.0 grams plant-1, dry weight of total roots was 76.33 grams plant-1, flower disc circumference was 76.08 cm, flower disc diameter was 24.167 cm, yield plant-1 was 3.123 kg plant-1, and total yield of flower discs was 93.43 tons ha-1 respectively, compared to the lowest values in the control treatment.