bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
External Financial Flows, Fiscal Policy and Human Development Index in Nigeria
Authors: Ebenezer Ariyibi, M. , O Akingunola, Richard. , A Obadeyi, James. 
Published: July 2024

The sustainable development goals that were rolled out and adjusted from the un-attainment of Millennium development goals of 2015, lacks a notable financial option and channel that would help developing countries like Nigeria to achieve goal 3, goal 4 and goal 8, which this study captured with the human development index. This study examines the effect of external financial flows, fiscal policy and human development index in Nigeria. The used the secondary data that was collected from World development indicators and Central bank of Statistical Bulletin. The period was between 1991 to 2022 bot year inclusive. The external financial flows was captured with foreign direct investment, foreign aid, remittances, net exports, external debt while fiscal policy was captured with government expenditure for education and government expenditure for health. The findings from the external financial flows revealed that foreign direct investment and remittances have a negative significant effect on human development index while net export have a positive significant human development index. The fiscal policy measures revealed that government expenditure on education have a positive significant effect on human development index while government expenditure on health have a negative significant effect on health. The Nigerian government should focus on policies that boost export sectors, especially those that add significant value to raw materials. This can be achieved through subsidies, tax incentives, and investment in infrastructure. The Nigerian government should allocate a larger portion of the national budget to education. This increase in funding should aim to address infrastructural deficits, enhance teacher training, and provide adequate learning materials. Implement robust mechanisms to ensure that health funds are used efficiently and transparently.
Ameliorative Effect of Bambara Nut on Cognito-motor Functions of Konzo-induced Wistar Rats Model
Authors: V. O. Dimkpa , L. K. David , A. A. Ajah 
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Konzo is a neurological disease characterized by a sudden onset of symmetrical and spastic paraparesis due to selective upper motoneuron damage.
Aim: To determine the Cognito-motor modulatory functions of Bambara nut (Vigna subterranea) extract in improperly processed bitter cassava (Manihot esculenta) flour Konzo-induced male Wistar rats.
Methodology: Twenty-five (25) Adult Male Wistar rats weighing between 180–200g were randomly divided into five (5) groups of five rats per group. The rats were allowed to acclimatize for 2 weeks. Konzo was induced following unprocessed bitter cassava flour feeding for a period of three weeks and fed with Bambara nut (BN). Feeding was as follows for 28 days: Group 1: Control group - rats in this group were fed with water and rat feed; Group 2 rats were fed with improperly processed bitter cassava flour to induce Konzo: Groups 3-5 rats were fed with different doses of Bambara nut extract 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg respectively. Neurobehavioral assessments were conducted weekly using barnes maze and hand grip tasks to assess cognition, perception, motor functions and muscular strength. The data was analyzed using Graphpad Prism and Microsoft Excel 2019.
Results: In weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 trials, konzo-induced rats (Group 2) displayed significantly increased trial times for both cognitive and motor functions compared to Group 1 rats (p < 0.05). Administration of graded doses of BN extract amongst Groups 3, 4, and 5 rats resulted in significant reduction in trial times compared to Group 2 rats (p < 0.05), suggesting a possible modulatory function of the extract of Bambara nut in bitter cassava induced neurotoxicity.
Conclusion: Bambara nut extract improved cognito-motor functions in a dose dependent manner, resulting in a possible prevention of Konzo in male Wistar rats.
Ionospheric disturbance dynamo associated to a coronal hole: Case study of 5–10 April 2010
Authors: Fathy I. , Amory‐Mazaudier C. , Fathy A. , Mahrous A. M. , Yumoto K. , Ghamry E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this paper we study the planetary magnetic disturbance during the magnetic storm occurring on 5 April 2010 associated with high‐speed solar wind stream due to a coronal hole following a coronal mass ejection. We separate the magnetic disturbance associated to the ionospheric disturbance dynamo (Ddyn) from the magnetic disturbance associated to the prompt penetration of magnetospheric electric field (DP2). This event exhibits different responses of ionospheric disturbance dynamo in the different longitude sectors (European‐African, Asian, and American). The strongest effect is observed in the European‐African sector. The Ddyn disturbance reduces the amplitude of the daytime H component at low latitudes during four consecutive days in agreement with the Blanc and Richmond's model of ionospheric disturbance dynamo. The amplitude of Ddyn decreased with time during the 4 days. We discuss its diverse worldwide effects. The observed signature of magnetic disturbance process in specific longitude sector is strongly dependent on which Earth's side faces the magnetic storms (i.e., there is a different response depending on which longitude sector is at noon when the SSC hits). Finally, we determined an average period of 22 h for Ddyn using wavelet analysis.
The primary and recycling sources of OH during the NACHTT‐2011 campaign: HONO as an important OH primary source in the wintertime
Authors: Kim Saewung , VandenBoer Trevor C. , Young Cora J. , Riedel Theran P. , Thornton Joel A. , Swarthout Bob , Sive Barkley , Lerner Brian , Gilman Jessica B. , Warneke Carsten , Roberts James M. , Guenther Alex , Wagner Nicholas L. , Dubé William P. , Williams Eric , Brown Steven S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe present OH observations from Nitrogen, Aerosol Composition, and Halogens on a Tall Tower 2011 (NACHTT‐11) held at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory in Weld County, Colorado. Average OH levels at noon were ~ 2.7 × 106 molecules cm−3 at 2 m above ground level. Nitrous acid (HONO) photolysis was the dominant OH source (80.4%) during this campaign, while alkene ozonolysis (4.9%) and ozone photolysis (14.7%) were smaller contributions to OH production. To evaluate recycling sources of OH from HO2 and RO2, an observationally constrained University of Washington Chemical Mechanism (UWCM) box model (version 2.1) was employed to simulate ambient OH levels over several scenarios. For the base run, not constrained by observed HONO, the model significantly underestimated OH by a factor of 5.3 in the morning (9:00–11:00) and by a factor of 3.2 in the afternoon (13:00–15:00). The results suggest that known chemistry cannot constrain HONO and, subsequently, OH during the observational period. When HONO is constrained in the model by observations (< 50 m), the discrepancy between observation and model simulation improves to a factor of 1.3 in the morning and a factor 1.1 in the afternoon, within the 35% estimated instrumental uncertainty. However, the model produces both a morning and afternoon maximum in OH, in contrast to the observations, which show strong evidence for morning OH production but no distinct morning maximum. Two additional OH sources were also considered, although they do not improve the differences in modeled and measured temporal OH profiles. First, the impact of daytime HONO gradients near the ground surface (< 20 m) was evaluated. Strong HONO gradients were observed between 06:00 and 09:00 MST (mountain standard time), especially within 20 m of the surface. When constrained to HONO observed below 20 m (rather than 50 m), the model produced an even larger morning OH maximum, in contrast to the observations. Second, Cl atoms from ClNO2 photolysis producing RO2 from reaction with alkanes, while significant, produced steady state Cl atom levels (~ 103 atoms cm−3) that were too low to significantly perturb measured OH through reactions of organic peroxy radicals produced from Cl reactions with volatile organic compounds.
To what extent can interannual CO2 variability constrain carbon cycle sensitivity to climate change in CMIP5 Earth System Models?
Authors: Wang Jun , Zeng Ning , Liu Yimin , Bao Qing 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe analyze the carbon‐climate feedback in eight Earth System Models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). We focus on tropical land carbon change and find decreases (−31.02 to −169.32 GtC K−1) indicating tropical ecosystems will release carbon as temperature warms, thus contributing to a positive feedback identified in earlier studies. We further investigate the relationship between tropical land carbon change and sensitivity of historical atmospheric CO2 growth rate to tropical temperature variability and find a weak linear relationship. This sensitivity for most models is stronger than observed. We further use this “emergent constraint” to constrain uncertainties in model‐projected future carbon‐climate changes and find little effect in narrowing the model spread, but the mean sensitivity is slightly smaller. This contrasts with earlier Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate Model Intercomparison Project results, highlighting the challenge in constraining future projections by modern observations and the necessity for evaluating such relationships continuously.
Effect of self‐absorption on attenuation of lightning and transmitter signals in the lower ionosphere
Authors: Marshall R. A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe attenuation of VLF signals from lightning and ground‐based VLF transmitters during transionospheric propagation has been the subject of recent interest, as discrepancies have been found between satellite data and model calculations. Previous modeling efforts, however, have not considered the self‐absorption effect due to nonlinear heating and ionization in the lower ionosphere. A self‐consistent model of ionospheric heating is presented here using a time‐domain model of VLF wave propagation through the ionosphere. The model is able to estimate the attenuation of signals due to heating below ∼100 km altitude. In this model, the ionospheric state is updated as the fields propagate, leading to changes in collision frequency and electron density, which in turn affect the wave propagation. We use this model for ground‐based VLF transmitters at different frequencies, amplitudes, and latitudes (i.e., magnetic dip angle), and for lightning‐generated sferics with different amplitudes, at different latitudes, and using a variety of ionospheric density profiles. We find that the inclusion of self‐consistent heating causes a change in the transionospherically propagating wave amplitude that varies considerably with the source amplitude and other parameters. Typical values for the heating contribution to wave attenuation are 1−2 dB for VLF transmitters, but greater than 10 dB for large amplitude lightning discharges. An interesting effect is observed for VLF transmitters and low‐amplitude lightning, where the signal is actually enhanced due to heating, rather than attenuated, in the direction propagating across the Earth's magnetic field.
Field‐Assisted Sintering Technology/Spark Plasma Sintering: Mechanisms, Materials, and Technology Developments
Authors: Guillon Olivier , Gonzalez‐Julian Jesus , Dargatz Benjamin , Kessel Tobias , Schierning Gabi , Räthel Jan , Herrmann Mathias 
Published: April 2014

AbstractField‐assisted sintering technology/Spark plasma sintering is a low voltage, direct current (DC) pulsed current activated, pressure‐assisted sintering, and synthesis technique, which has been widely applied for materials processing in the recent years. After a description of its working principles and historical background, mechanical, thermal, electrical effects in FAST/SPS are presented along with the role of atmosphere. A selection of successful materials development including refractory materials, nanocrystalline functional ceramics, graded, and non‐equilibrium materials is then discussed. Finally, technological aspects (advanced tool concepts, temperature measurement, finite element simulations) are covered.
Microbial Synthesis of Medium‐Chain α,ω‐Dicarboxylic Acids and ω‐Aminocarboxylic Acids from Renewable Long‐Chain Fatty Acids
Authors: Song Ji‐Won , Lee Jung‐Hoo , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Park Jin‐Byung 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBiotransformation of long‐chain fatty acids into medium‐chain α,ω‐dicarboxylic acids or ω‐aminocarboxylic acids could be achieved with biocatalysts. This study presents the production of α,ω‐dicarboxylic acids (e.g., C9, C11, C12, C13) and ω‐aminocarboxylic acids (e.g., C11, C12, C13) directly from fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, lesquerolic acid) using recombinant Escherichia coli‐based biocatalysts. ω‐Hydroxycarboxylic acids, which were produced from oxidative cleavage of fatty acids via enzymatic reactions involving a fatty acid double bond hydratase, an alcohol dehydrogenase, a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase and an esterase, were then oxidized to α,ω‐dicarboxylic acids by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, AlkJ) from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 or converted into ω‐aminocarboxylic acids by a serial combination of ADH from P. putida GPo1 and an ω‐transaminase of Silicibacter pomeroyi. The double bonds present in the fatty acids such as ricinoleic acid and lesquerolic acid were reduced by E. coli‐native enzymes during the biotransformations. This study demonstrates that the industrially relevant building blocks (C9 to C13 saturated α,ω‐dicarboxylic acids and ω‐aminocarboxylic acids) can be produced from renewable fatty acids using biocatalysis.magnified image
Modular Synthesis of Ar‐BINMOL‐Phos for Catalytic Asymmetric Alkynylation of Aromatic Aldehydes with Unexpected Reversal of Enantioselectivity
Authors: Song Tao , Zheng Long‐Sheng , Ye Fei , Deng Wen‐Hui , Wei Yun‐Long , Jiang Ke‐Zhi , Xu Li‐Wen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn interesting group of multifunctional phosphines (Ar‐BINMOL‐Phos; Ar‐BINMOL=1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2‐α‐arylmethanol‐2′‐ol) with multi‐stereogenic centers of axial and sp3‐central chirality has been prepared successfully from a single chiral source through a concise synthetic route, in which the neighbouring lithium‐promoted [1,2]‐Wittig rearrangement proceeding with excellent diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity is the key process in this approach. Also, in the catalytic alkynylation of aromatic aldehydes with terminal alkynes, the combination of these Ar‐BINMOL‐Phos ligands with dimethylzinc was found to be an effective catalyst system to afford predominantly the S‐configured propargylic alcohols, whereas the additional use of calcium hydride and n‐butyllithium along with the same Ar‐BINMOL‐Phos ligands gave the R‐configured products in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee).magnified image
Tetrabutylammonium Iodide‐Catalyzed Radical Alkoxycarbonylation of 2‐Isocyanobiphenyls with Carbazates: Synthesis of Phenanthridine‐6‐carboxylates
Authors: Li Xiaoqing , Fang Mingwu , Hu Peizhu , Hong Guo , Tang Yucai , Xu Xiangsheng 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA practical and environmentally friendly strategy for generating alkoxycarbonyl radicals from readily available carbazates under metal‐free conditions has been developed. In the presence of tetrabutylammonium iodide and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide, 2‐isocyanobiphenyls smoothly underwent radical alkoxycarbonylation with carbazates to afford phenanthridine‐6‐carboxylates.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Picolinamide‐Directed Acetoxylation of Unactivated γ‐C(sp3)H Bonds of Alkylamines
Authors: Li Qiong , Zhang Shu‐Yu , He Gang , Nack William A. , Chen Gong 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe report a new protocol for palladium‐catalyzed acetoxylation of the γ‐C(sp3)H bonds of N‐alkylpicolinamide substrates using PhI(OAc)2 oxidant. These reactions involve the use of substoichiometric amounts of Li2CO3 additive, which effectively suppresses the competing intramolecular CH amination process. Under these conditions, N‐propylpicolinamides bearing α substituents can be cleanly converted to γ‐acetoxylated amine products in excellent yield. This CH acetoxylation can also be used in concert with other Pd‐catalyzed picolinamide‐directed CH functionalization reactions for rapid scaffold diversification.magnified image
CH Activation by Amide Chelation Control: Ruthenium‐ Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐3‐furanamides
Authors: Zhao Yigang , Snieckus Victor 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA new, catalytic methodology for the synthesis of heterobiaryls by the ruthenium‐catalyzed CH activation/cross‐coupling of heterocyclic amides with aryl boroneopentylates is surveyed. From this survey, the highly regioselective reaction of furan‐3‐carboxamide to give 2‐aryl‐3‐furanamides is optimized and generalized in scope with respect to the aryl boroneopentylate coupling partners. Established thereby is a one‐step synthetic method which may supercede the broadly applied two‐step directed ortho metalation (DoM)–cross coupling reaction involving cryogenic and strong base conditions and which has potential for further ortho and remote metalation chemistry.magnified image
Directed CH Alkenylation of Quinoline N‐Oxides at the C‐8 Position Using a Cationic Rhodium(I) Catalyst
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Matsuo Yusuke 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe cationic rhodium‐catalyzed alkenylation proceeds at the C‐8 position of quinoline N‐oxides. Regioselective CH bond activation was achieved by the directing effect of the anionic oxygen of an N‐oxide moiety, which can be readily removed by reductive treatment. A variety of 8‐alkenylated quinoline N‐oxides was obtained in moderate to high yields.magnified image
Using multivariate adaptive regression splines to estimate subadult age from diaphyseal dimensions
Authors: Stull Kyra E. , L'Abbé Ericka N. , Ousley Stephen D. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTSubadult age estimation is considered the most accurate parameter estimated in a subadult biological profile, even though the methods are deficient and the samples from which they are based are inappropriate. The current study addresses the problems that plague subadult age estimation and creates age estimation models from diaphyseal dimensions of modern children. The sample included 1,310 males and females between the ages of birth and 12 years. Eighteen diaphyseal length and breadth measurements were obtained from Lodox Statscan radiographic images generated at two institutions in Cape Town, South Africa, between 2007 and 2012. Univariate and multivariate age estimation models were created using multivariate adaptive regression splines. k‐fold cross‐validated 95% prediction intervals (PIs) were created for each model, and the precision of each model was assessed. The diaphyseal length models generated the narrowest PIs (2 months to 6 years) for all univariate models. The majority of multivariate models had PIs that ranged from 3 months to 5 and 6 years. Mean bias approximated 0 for each model, but most models lost precision after 10 years of age. Univariate diaphyseal length models are recommended for younger children, whereas multivariate models are recommended for older children where the inclusion of more variables minimized the size of the PIs. If diaphyseal lengths are not available, multivariate breadth models are recommended. The present study provides applicable age estimation formulae and explores the advantages and disadvantages of different subadult age estimation models using diaphyseal dimensions. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:376–386, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper‐Chelating Azides for Efficient Click Conjugation Reactions in Complex Media
Authors: Bevilacqua Valentina , King Mathias , Chaumontet Manon , Nothisen Marc , Gabillet Sandra , Buisson David , Puente Céline , Wagner Alain , Taran Frédéric 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe concept of chelation‐assisted copper catalysis was employed for the development of new azides that display unprecedented reactivity in the copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. Azides that bear strong copper‐chelating moieties were synthesized; these functional groups allow the formation of azide copper complexes that react almost instantaneously with alkynes under diluted conditions. Efficient ligation occurred at low concentration and in complex media with only one equivalent of copper, which improves the biocompatibility of the CuAAC reaction. Furthermore, such a click reaction allowed the localization of a bioactive compound inside living cells by fluorescence measurements.
A Protic Ionic Liquid Catalyzes CO2 Conversion at Atmospheric Pressure and Room Temperature: Synthesis of Quinazoline‐2,4(1H,3H)‐diones
Authors: Zhao Yanfei , Yu Bo , Yang Zhenzhen , Zhang Hongye , Hao Leiduan , Gao Xiang , Liu Zhimin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe chemical fixation of CO2 under mild reaction conditions is of significance from a sustainable chemistry viewpoint. Herein a CO2‐reactive protic ionic liquid (PIL), [HDBU+][TFE−], was designed by neutralization of the superbase 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) with a weak proton donor trifluoroethanol (TFE). As a bifunctional catalyst for simultaneously activating CO2 and the substrate, this PIL displayed excellent performance in catalyzing the reactions of CO2 with 2‐aminobenzonitriles at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, thus producing a series of quinazoline‐2,4(1H,3H)‐diones in excellent yields.
Biocatalytic Self‐Assembly of Supramolecular Charge‐Transfer Nanostructures Based on n‐Type Semiconductor‐Appended Peptides
Authors: Nalluri Siva Krishna Mohan , Berdugo Cristina , Javid Nadeem , Frederix Pim W. J. M. , Ulijn Rein V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe reversible in situ formation of a self‐assembly building block (naphthalenediimide (NDI)–dipeptide conjugate) by enzymatic condensation of NDI‐functionalized tyrosine (NDI‐Y) and phenylalanine‐amide (F‐NH2) to form NDI‐YF‐NH2 is described. This coupled biocatalytic condensation/assembly approach is thermodynamically driven and gives rise to nanostructures with optimized supramolecular interactions as evidenced by substantial aggregation induced emission upon assembly. Furthermore, in the presence of di‐hydroxy/alkoxy naphthalene donors, efficient charge‐transfer complexes are produced. The dynamic formation of NDI‐YF‐NH2 and electronic and H‐bonding interactions are analyzed and characterized by different methods. Microscopy (TEM and AFM) and rheology are used to characterize the formed nanostructures. Dynamic nanostructures, whose formation and function are driven by free‐energy minimization, are inherently self‐healing and provide opportunities for the development of aqueous adaptive nanotechnology.
Ester Carbonyl Vibration as a Sensitive Probe of Protein Local Electric Field
Authors: Pazos Ileana M. , Ghosh Ayanjeet , Tucker Matthew J. , Gai Feng 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe ability to quantify the local electrostatic environment of proteins and protein/peptide assemblies is key to gaining a microscopic understanding of many biological interactions and processes. Herein, we show that the ester carbonyl stretching vibration of two non‐natural amino acids, L‐aspartic acid 4‐methyl ester and L‐glutamic acid 5‐methyl ester, is a convenient and sensitive probe in this regard, since its frequency correlates linearly with the local electrostatic field for both hydrogen‐bonding and non‐hydrogen‐bonding environments. We expect that the resultant frequency–electric‐field map will find use in various applications. Furthermore, we show that, when situated in a non‐hydrogen‐bonding environment, this probe can also be used to measure the local dielectric constant (ε). For example, its application to amyloid fibrils formed by Aβ16–22 revealed that the interior of such β‐sheet assemblies has an ε value of approximately 5.6.