bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation Damage from Fine Particulate Invasion: An Example from the Lost Soldier Tensleep Formation
Authors: Rickford R. L. , Finney T. P. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT
The Tensleep Formation in the Lost Soldier Field has been pattern waterflooded since 1976. Injection wells have historically exhibited large declines in injectivity which required frequent workovers. Since those declines were originally attributed to near-well damage from poor injection water quality, a cleanup program was initiated that significantly reduced the amount and size of suspended particles in the injection water. Despite the improvements, injectivity continued to decline in many of the wells. Subsequent analysis of well histories, PFOTs, and reservoir petrophysical properties suggest the reservoir damage in many instances was not only a sandface phenomena, but also caused by deep particle invasion. Workover procedures were altered to treat the formation beyond the near wellbore area resulting in increased injectivities when compared to the historical norm.
A Mechanical Diversion Method for Ultradeep and HP-HT Wells
Authors: Giacon P. , Toffolo G. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
In the HP-HT field of Villafortuna Trecate, located in northern Italy, five horizontal drain holes have been drilled in the last few years. Existing wells have been sidetracked to access trapped reserves and to enhance production. Since the field is the deepest onshore European field, these wells are amongst the deepest horizontal wells ever drilled.
Final measured depths are over 6300 m with an average true Vertical Depth of about 6000 m.
Several technical problems related to the extremely severe HP-HT environment were met, both in drilling, completion and stimulation phase.
This paper briefly describes the Trecate 9 drain hole drilling and completion execution, with emphasis on the stimulation technique adopted to obtain an effective acid diversion along 250 meters of open hole section, the longest in the field.
Without getting into complicated analysis involving fluodynamics, kinetic of chemical reactions, effects of bridging and chemical diverting agents that would necessitate separate studies, the description of this technique is focused on basic design concepts and how operations have been carried out on this field application. Nevertheless we believe that this simple and cost effective technique represents a real opportunity in all the cases when diversion of treating fluids is a concern, and hope that in the future, more work done following this basic guideline will lead to many other successful field applications.
Macroeconomic Uncertainty and Management Earnings Forecasts
Authors: Kim Kyonghee , Pandit Shailendra (Shail) , Wasley Charles E. 
Published: October 2015

SYNOPSIS
To provide evidence on the role macroeconomic uncertainty plays in managers' decision to issue management earnings forecasts (MFs), this study develops and tests hypotheses about how such uncertainty affects the issuance and characteristics of MFs. Macroeconomic uncertainty is measured using the dispersion in GDP forecasts and the CBOE's Volatility Index (VIX). We find that during periods of high macroeconomic uncertainty there is a decrease in the likelihood of MF issuance, consistent with managers assigning a higher cost to releasing forward-looking information as macroeconomic uncertainty increases. We also find that managers issue fewer good and bad news MFs, but more neutral MFs, during periods of high macroeconomic uncertainty. Macroeconomic uncertainty also affects the characteristics of the MFs that managers do issue; for example, managers shift to more earnings preannouncements and to shorter-horizon, but more precise, MFs. Further analysis indicates that the regulatory changes imbedded in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act increased the costs of providing MFs, thereby increasing the sensitivity of MF issuance to macroeconomic uncertainty. The findings provide insight into the role macroeconomic uncertainty plays in managers' decision to issue MFs and the characteristics of the MFs they choose to issue.
Efficacy of endotracheal tube disinfection strategies for elimination of Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Bordetella bronchiseptica
Authors: Crawford Sarah , Weese J. Scott 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of various endotracheal tube disinfection strategies for elimination of Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Bordetella bronchiseptica.
Design—Experimental in vitro study.
Sample—12 sterile endotracheal tubes.
Procedures—Endotracheal tubes were inoculated with S zooepidemicus or B bronchiseptica and subjected to 1 of 5 treatments (spraying with accelerated hydrogen peroxide solution [AHP] or soaking in one of the following: AHP, 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate solution [CHG], 0.3% triclosan-containing soap solution, or tap water) or left untreated (controls). After 5 minutes, tubes were rinsed with water and swabbed for direct and enrichment culture. Culture results were scored semiquantitatively. Each isolate was tested separately (10 endotracheal tubes/isolate/treatment).
Results—No growth was identified by direct culture of any samples collected from CHG-treated endotracheal tubes, whereas S zooepidemicus and B bronchiseptica were each identified from 1 of 10 tubes sprayed or soaked with AHP and from all tubes (10/10 each) treated by other methods or used as controls. The CHG and AHP treatments resulted in significantly lower median growth scores after direct culture than did other treatments. After enrichment culture, samples from CHG-treated tubes had significantly lower growth scores than samples from AHP-treated tubes, which had significantly lower scores than samples from other treatment groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—High-level disinfection (ie, elimination of all vegetative bacterial growth) was not achieved with any treatment tested. Although optimal approaches are not known, processing of endotracheal tubes with CHG or AHP appears to be the best approach when sterilization is not feasible.
Combination Therapy Using IL-2/IL-2 Monoclonal Antibody Complexes, Rapamycin, and Islet Autoantigen Peptides Increases Regulatory T Cell Frequency and Protects against Spontaneous and Induced Type 1 Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Manirarora Jean N. , Wei Cheng-Hong 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a crucial role in the maintenance of self-tolerance. In this study, we sought to expand Ag-specific Tregs in vivo and investigate whether the expanded Tregs can prevent or delay the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the NOD mouse model. NOD mice were treated with a combination of IL-2/anti–IL-2 Ab complex, islet Ag peptide, and rapamycin. After the combined treatment, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs were significantly expanded in vivo, they expressed classical Treg markers, exerted enhanced suppressive functions in vitro, and protected against spontaneous development of T1D in NOD mice. Moreover, treated mice were almost completely protected from the adoptively transferred, aggressive form of T1D caused by in vitro–activated cytotoxic islet Ag-specific CD8 T cells. Protection from T1D was transferrable by Tregs and could be attributed to reduced islet infiltration of immune cells as well as the skewing of the immune response toward a Th2 cytokine profile. This new method of peripheral immune regulation could potentially contribute to development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies to prevent the development of T1D or to promote tolerance to islet transplants without using immunosuppressive drugs for long terms.
Oral Immunization with a Recombinant Lactococcus lactis–Expressing HIV-1 Antigen on Group A Streptococcus Pilus Induces Strong Mucosal Immunity in the Gut
Authors: Chamcha Venkateswarlu , Jones Andrew , Quigley Bernard R. , Scott June R. , Amara Rama Rao 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The induction of a potent humoral and cellular immune response in mucosal tissue is important for the development of an effective HIV vaccine. Most of the current HIV vaccines under development use the i.m. route for immunization, which is relatively poor in generating potent and long-lived mucosal immune responses. In this article, we explore the ability of an oral vaccination with a probiotic organism, Lactococcus lactis, to elicit HIV-specific immune responses in the mucosal and systemic compartments of BALB/c mice. We expressed the HIV-1 Gag-p24 on the tip of the T3 pilus of Streptococcus pyogenes as a fusion to the Cpa protein (LL-Gag). After four monthly LL-Gag oral immunizations, we observed strong Gag-specific IgG and IgA responses in serum, feces, and vaginal secretions. However, the Gag-specific CD8 T cell responses in the blood were at or below our detection limit. After an i.m. modified vaccinia Ankara/Gag boost, we observed robust Gag-specific CD8 T cell responses both in systemic and in mucosal tissues, including intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes of the small intestine, Peyer’s patches, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Consistent with strong immunogenicity, the LL-Gag induced activation of CD11c+ CD11b+ dendritic cells in the Peyer’s patches after oral immunization. Our results demonstrate that oral immunization with L. lactis expressing an Ag on the tip of the group A Streptococcus pilus serves as an excellent vaccine platform to induce strong mucosal humoral and cellular immunity against HIV.
Tunability, Frequency, and Temperature Behavior of Cofired LTCC-Integrated Barium-Strontium-Titanate Shunt Capacitors up to 8 GHz
Authors: Rentsch Sven , Müller Jens , Hein Matthias 
Published: October 2015

A new approach toward embedding barium-strontium-titanate (BST) patches into a commercial low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) is described, using a tape transfer technique. Pressure-assisted sintering is successfully employed to achieve flat multilayer multimaterial modules without internal cracks or delaminations. Apart from the description of the processing technology, the paper also presents a specific procedure of determining the microwave properties of embedded thick BST films, which is based on using the experimental evaluation of a shunt capacitor.
The permittivity of the embedded BST determined at room temperature is about 214 and remains constant at least from 100 MHz up to 8 GHz. In addition, the effects of temperature and bias voltages on the microwave properties of LTCC BST were studied systematically from 1 MHz up to 8 GHz. We observed a tuning of the permittivity by about −49%, either by raising the temperature from 21°C to 125°C, or by applying a bias electrical field of up to 10 V/μm. Additionally, breakdown voltages were investigated. The embedded BST withstands field strengths of more than 20 V/μm under laboratory conditions.
Aerosol Printing of High Resolution Films for LTCC-Multilayer Components
Authors: Ihle Martin , Partsch Uwe , Mosch Sindy , Goldberg Adrian 
Published: October 2015

For the electronic packaging of sensor stable and cost-efficient fine line printing technologies on LTCC and high frequency laminates are needed. Especially common technologies like screen printing and thin film techniques are unsuitable for fine structures or too expensive. In addition, there is no direct write technology for 3D LTCC designs as well as for high reliability cofiring structures. Closing this gap, aerosol printing technology is used to print high resolution conductors on planar and nonplanar substrates.
Aerosol printing is a direct write noncontact printing technology of functional layers. After pneumatic atomization, the ink is transformed into 1–5 μm droplets. The resulting continuous aerosol stream is focused by a sheath gas in the printing head. Thus, the long standoff distance between the substrate and the deposition tip of max. 5 mm allows 3D printing on nonplanar substrates. With optimized inks and printing parameters, line widths of 10 μm are achievable. This paper will present applications for aerosol printed functional layers on LTCC. These are, for example, aerosol printed films embedded in cofired LTCC, fine line structures for high frequency applications, and the evaluation of printed 3D structures like LTCC stairways. Furthermore, the 90° contact of unconventional sensor designs will be presented.
Design, Fabrication, and Operation of a Nitrogen Monoxide Measurement Device Based on LTCC
Authors: Geiling Thomas , Welker Tilo , Ehrling Christiane , Müller Jens 
Published: October 2015

We present a so-called micro total analytical system (μTAS) for the measurement of low nitrogen monoxide (NO) concentrations in gas flows. The measurement principle is based on the chemiluminescent reaction of NO with ozone (O3). The presented system scales down this measurement principle into the realm of microfluidics and microsensors. Low temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) have proven to be the ideal technology for the realization of a μTAS, as they offer high chemical and thermal stability as well as high degree of freedom of design.
The system consists of four components: an ozone generator, an ozone concentration measurement via UV transmission, a chemiluminescent detection (CLD) chamber, and an exhaust gas treatment.
The ozone generator is a microplasma device in which ozone is produced by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) mechanism. From the generator, the ozone is fed into a chamber with an optical port, where the concentration is determined by UV transmission measurements. Then it is brought into contact with the NO-containing analyte gas inside the reaction chamber, where the chemiluminescent reaction occurs. The reaction chamber is outfitted with an optical port as well, so that the emitted radiation can be detected and analyzed with a photodiode. The gas mixture leaving the reaction chamber is fed through a platinum catalyst, in order to decompose leftover ozone and prevent buildup of hazardous concentrations in the surroundings of the device.
This paper presents the design of each component as well as the integrated system and gives detailed measurements of its operation.
Combined Temperature and Vibration Testing for Wire Bond Interconnections in Harsh Environment Electronics
Authors: Mirgkizoudi M. , Liu C. , Conway P. P. , Riches S. 
Published: October 2015

The performance of electronics in harsh environments is often affected by a combination of environmental factors. Qualification tests on such electronics are normally carried out by separate environmental tests such as temperature storage, temperature cycling and vibration tests. This approach may miss the effects of combined parameters, where for example, there may be degradation in a vibration environment that may be accelerated by temperature related effects on material properties.
This paper presents results from a study of the combined effects of temperature and vibration on wire bonded interconnections that are used in the production of high temperature electronic components. The study is focused on the testing of electronic components under the combination of temperature exposure up to 250°C and vibration loading with a frequency range between 500 Hz and 2,000 Hz and acceleration up to 20 Grms. The study covers aspects of wire bond connections and their failure mechanisms, where the effect of wire loop height and length under separate and combined vibration and temperature tests has been investigated. The study has also assessed the effect on packaged Silicon on Insulator (SOI) devices assembled into ceramic packages under representative combined temperature and vibration profiles. The work has shown that the combined effect of temperature and vibration has increased the susceptibility of wire bond interconnections to vibration-induced failures.
Tin Nanoparticle-Based Solder Paste for Low Temperature Processing
Authors: Diaz Alfredo J. , Ma David , Zinn Alfred , Quintero Pedro O. 
Published: October 2015

Materials have shown a tendency to modify their bulk properties depending on powder particle size. Nanoparticles' coalescence temperature tends to decrease as particle size decreases. Taking advantage of this behavior, a nanoparticle-based solder paste has been developed as a proof-of-concept and is described in this paper for attaching electronic components at a lower processing temperature to avoid thermally induced damage and reduce energy consumption.
Tin nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a wet chemistry route. The synthesis consists on the use tin (II) chloride dehydrated as the Sn precursor, 1,10-phenanthroline as the surfactant, and sodium borohydride as the reducing agent. A flux system was developed based on ethylene glycol. The solder paste based on the synthesized Sn nanoparticles showed good surface wetting, but not a sufficient metal volume to produce an attachment because the paste required high flux content, thus resulting in a poor metallic load paste. By using commercially procured Sn nanoparticles the results showed acceptable coalescence of the noncapped nanoparticles at temperatures as low as 200°C with a processing time of 20 min. A reduction in processing temperature of approximately 40°C has been found when comparing the developed solder paste with typical SAC lead-free solders. The mechanical and electrical properties of the resulting structure were characterized by means of lap-shear testing and a four-wire Kelvin test showing acceptable shear strength and electrical conductivity.
Advanced Thermal Management Solutions on PCBs for High Power Applications
Authors: Langer Gregor , Leitgeb Markus , Nicolics Johann , Unger Michael , Hoschopf Hans , Wenzl Franz P. 
Published: October 2015

With increasing power loss of electrical components, thermal performance of an assembled device becomes one of the most important quality factors in electronic packaging. Due to rapid advances in semiconductor technology, particularly in the field of high-power components, the temperature distribution inside of a component is a critical parameter of long-term reliability and must be carefully considered during the design phase.
Two main drivers in the electronics industry are miniaturization and reliability. Whereas there is a continuous improvement concerning miniaturization of conductor tracks (i.e., lines and spaces have been reduced continuously over the past years), miniaturization of the circuit carrier itself, however, has mostly been limited to decreased layer counts and base material thickness. This can lead to significant component temperature increase and thence to accelerated system degradation.
Enhancement of the system reliability is directly connected to an efficient thermal management on the PCB level. There are several approaches that can be used to address this issue: optimization of the board design, use of base materials with advanced thermal performance, and use of innovative buildup concepts.
The paper provides a short overview about standard thermal solutions such as thick copper, thermal vias, plugged vias, or metal core based PCBs. Furthermore, attention will be focused on the development of copper filled thermal vias in thin board construction. In another approach, advanced thermal management solutions are presented at the board level, exploring different buildup concepts (e.g., cavities). Advantages of cavity solutions in the board are shown that not only decrease the thermal path leading from the high power component through the board to the heat sink, but also have an impact concerning the mechanical miniaturization of the entire system (reduction of z axis). Such buildups serve as a favorable packaging solution with promising thermal performance.
Moreover, using thermal simulations different setups are compared and a deeper insight into the thermally relevant geometry and material parameters is provided, allowing production efforts to be reduced and to offering optimized designs and board buildups.
Electrical and Mechanical Investigations on Copper Circuit Paths Coated on Fiber-Reinforced Plastics by Atmospheric Plasma Technology
Authors: Schramm Rene , Reitberger Thomas , Franke Joerg 
Published: October 2015

In previous investigations, the additive metallization of conductor paths on thermoplastic substrate materials using printing technologies (e.g., ink jet, Aerosol Jet) was analyzed. Major disadvantages of printing technologies are the two-step process chain divided in printing and sintering and the low current-carrying capacity of the generated structures. Accordingly, printed conductor paths are mainly used for sensor and control currents.
Plasmadust technology, based on a cold-active atmospheric plasma beam, offers the possibility of additive metallization of copper circuit paths on different substrate materials (e.g., thermoplastic, fiber-reinforced plastic, ceramic). During the process, nano- and microscale metal powder (particle size, 0.1–20 μm) is melted by a highly energetic nitrogen gas inside the plasma nozzle. Based on the kinetic and thermal energy of the nitrogen-metal compound, the circuit paths are generated on the substrate surface. Plasmadust technology is characterized by a one-step process chain, a very high coating speed (up to 50 m/min), and a high current-carrying capacity of the generated conductor structures. Hence, it is possible to transfer high currents for various purposes (e.g., illumination applications). In this study, copper circuit paths generated on fiber-reinforced substrate materials, using the Plasmadust technology, were investigated. First, the adhesion of the layers and the current-carrying capacity of the copper structures were analyzed. Second, the specimens were tested in two reliability studies: a temperature-humidity test (85°C/85% relative humidity) and a temperature-cycling test (−40°C/125°C). With the former, the influence of moisture absorption of the sandwich material (up to 7%) on the adhesion of the copper circuit paths was analyzed. With the latter, the substrate compound and the additive metallization was qualified during thermomechanical stress.
Women Entrepreneurship: A Big Motivation
Authors: Balhara Shruti , Singh Ajmer 
Published: October 2015

<p class="ber"><span lang="EN-GB">Women Entrepreneurship is gaining popularity in India and Entrepreneurship amongst Women has been a recent concern which started only after the 1970’s with the introduction of Women in India. Women Entrepreneurship is an important part of social and economic development of country. Women Empowerment is must for a modern developed economy through Women Entrepreneurship. This paper focuses on Women Entrepreneurship – Various Problems encountered by Women while setting up a new venture, To Study the factors which Motivates the Women to start their own venture, To Study the role of Government in the growth of Women Entrepreneurship. This Study also suggested some Supportive Measures for the development of Women while pursuing their business. </span></p>