bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depths of Formation of the Meikle and Betze/Post Deposits
Authors: Lamb Jan B. , Cline Jean 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Meikle and Betze/Post orebodies are two Carlin-type, sedimentary rock-hosted, disseminated gold deposits, located in north-central Nevada along the Carlin trend (Fig. 1). They display important differences in size, alteration, sihcification, pyritization, and gold grade. The Post/Betze deposit, 14 km northwest of Carlin, Nevada, is fairly representative of Carlin-type deposits. It is a medium- to high-grade, disseminated gold deposit with alteration effected by argillization, decalcification, and local silicification. Published ore reserves are 23.4 million ounces of gold at an average grade of 0.19 oz/ton of gold (Barrick Gold Corp. Annual Report, 1997). The Meikle deposit, is located 2 km northwest along strike of the Betze/Post deposit. It is a high-grade, sediment-hosted gold deposit with extensive silicification, brecciation, and pyritization and contains gold reserves of 6.1 million ounces of gold averaging 0.72 oz/ton of gold (Barrick Gold Corp. Annual Report, 1997). Petrographie and microfhermometric data were gathered from each deposit to determine the mineral paragenesis, pressure, temperature, fluid composition, and depths of formation.
Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction
Authors: Gammons Christopher H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This paper will explore the significance of thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) to the origin of sediment-hosted disseminated gold (SHDG) deposits. TSR provides a means of generating abnormally high concentrations of H2S at moderate temperatures (e.g., 100 to 200°C). A high H2S content is a prerequisite for mobilizing gold and other metals associated with SHDG deposits (Ag, Hg, Sb, As), and is also necessary to form ore bodies with a high Au/Ag ratio. Field and sulfurisotopic evidence supporting the TSR hypothesis will be reviewed. The discussion will focus on SHDG deposits in the Carlin Trend and similar deposits in China, as well as the Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario, a possible Archean analog of this deposit type. If valid, the TSR hypothesis has significance to the minerals exploration industry as a means to discriminate between favorable vs. unfavorable source rocks.
The Relationship of Structure, Alteration and Stratigraphy to Formation of the Deep Star Gold Deposit, Eureka County, Nevada
Authors: Clode C.H. , Grusing S.R. , Heitt D.G. , Johnston I.M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Deep Star is a compact, high-grade gold deposit located in the northern Carlin Trend, Eureka County, Nevada. The deposit is a significant underground gold producer for Newmont Gold Company with an average daily gold production of over 500 ounces. Deep surface exploration drill holes and the first year of close spaced underground definition drilling have defined an insitu undiluted resource of 1,428,329 ounces of gold averaging 0.949 oz/st. Although Deep Star shares some similarities with other disseminated gold deposit;, it is not a typical “Carlin-Type” and represents the structural end-member of this important class of deposits. The calc-silicate hornfels, skarn and intrusive host rocks are replaced by quartz, clay and gold-rich iron sulfides. Surface core holes and underground mapping supported by petrography and XRD data result in an interpretation of alteration assemblages that is related to grade. The geochemical signature is typical of “Carlin-Type” systems with the pathfinder elements arsenic, antimony, mercwy, and thallium, in addition to tungsten showing strong enrichment within the Deep Star ore body.
Geology of the Mike Gold-Copper Deposit, Eureka County, Nevada
Authors: Teal Lewis , Branham Alan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Mike is a subhorizontal, sedimentary rock-hosted gold and copper deposit located in the Maggie Creek subdistrict within the greater southern Carlin trend, approximately two miles north of Newmont Mining's Gold Quarry mine, Eureka County Nevada (Fig. 1). Mike forms the northernmost of a belt of deposits including Gold Quarry and Tusc, that occur alongthe southwestern margin of the Carlin tectonic window and are controlled by the northwest trending Good Hope fault.
On a district scale, the Carlin tectonic window forms a fault -bounded, anticlinorium of autochthonous lower Paleozoic sedimentary carbonate rocks, flanked by siliciclastic and carbonate-clastic rocks of the Roberts Mountains allochthon (Fig. 2). The Good Hope fault is a N45 o- 55 ow striking, high-angle reverse fault that bounds the southwestern margin of the window (Rota, 1987,1991,1993,1995~ Cole, 1995). The vast majority of gold mineralization within the Maggie Creek subdistrict occurs at intersections of the Good Hope fault with a series of northeast striking, high angle eros~ faults (Fig. 3).
Mike is a buried deposit, covered by 450 to 800 feet of post-mineral, Tertiary Carlin Formation. The geology of the deposit is interpreted from 57 drill holes that range from 150 to 1000 foot spacings. Within the deposit, the Good Hope fault juxtaposes upper Silurian Roberts Mountains Formation in the hanging wall against parallochthonous, late Devonian siliciclastic rocks of the Rodeo Creek unit. While drilling indicates that disseminated gold and oxide copper mineralization straddles the fault zone, the bulk of mill-grade oxidized gold mineralization
Geologic Setting and Characteristics of Mineral Deposits in the Central Wasatch Mountains, Utah
Authors: John David A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Base- and precious-metal deposits in the central Wasatch Mountains southeast of Salt Lake City were mined for more than 100 years beginning in 1868. Deposits present in the Park City, Little Cottonwood, and Big Cottonwood mining districts include Ag-Pb-Zn ± Cu ± Au replacements and veins, a low-grade porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Cu-bearing skarns, a quartz monzonite-type (low F) porphyry Mo deposit, and high sulfidation (quartz-alunite) Au deposits. Most production came from polymetallic replacement and vein deposits in the Park City mining district, which has a recorded production of more than 1.4 million oz Au, 253 million oz Ag, 2.7 billion lbs Pb, 1.5 billion lbs Zn, and 129 million lbs Cu from 1872 to 1978. Production in the Little and Big Cottonwood districts, mostly from Pb-Ag replacement deposits, was much smaller.
Most mineral deposits in the central Wasatch Mountains are genetically related to the Wasatch igneous belt, a series of high-K calc-alkaline stocks and cogenetic volcanic rocks that formed about 41(?) to 30 Ma. The mineral deposits mostly formed near the end of magmatic activity between about 36 to 31.4 Ma. A subeconomic porphyry Mo deposit in the Little Cottonwood stock is notably younger having formed about 26 to 23.5 Ma. The intrusive rocks were emplaced mostly along the westward extension of the west-trending Uinta arch during a period of NW-SE-directed extension, and much of the mineralization in the Park City district was controlled by ENE-striking normal faults. About 15 degrees of eastward tilting of the central Wasatch Mountains during Late Cenozoic Basin and Range extension has resulted in progressively deeper levels of exposure from &lt;1 km on the east to about 11 km on the west and in profound variations in the types of mineral deposits exposed in different parts of the range. Most deposits formed at paleodepths ≤5 km, and the most productive deposits in the Park City district formed at depths of 1 to 2 km. The porphyry Mo deposit in the Little Cottonwood stock formed at greater depths of about 6 km.
Ages of Volcanic and Intrusive Rocks in the Bingham Mining District, Utah
Authors: Deino Alan , Keith Jeffrey D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Latitic volcanic rocks about 39 to 38 Ma and 33 to 31 Ma occur along the eastern flank of the Oquirrh Mountains in the vicinity of the Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit. Extrapolation of the basal contact of the 39 Ma volcanic rocks shows that they likely covered parts of the Bingham intrusions less than 500 m above the pre-mining surface. Some Bingham intrusions may have vented to the surface to help form the volcanic sequence. Minette and shoshonite lavas occur in subordinate amounts within the volcanic sequence. Minette dikes (37.74 ±0.11 Ma) in the Bingham Canyon ore body are the same age as late mineralized porphyry dikes (37.72 ± 0.09 Ma) and unaltered minette flows (37.82 ± 0.14 Ma). These ages confirm that minette magma may have played a role in the petrogenesis of ore-related intrusions in the Bingham mining district.
Epithermal gold deposits
Authors: Hedenquist Jeffrey W. , Arribas Antonio 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Epithermal ore deposits form in the shallow portions of hydrothermal systems, from the surface to less than about 1-km depth. The hydrothermal activity is associated with contemporaneous volcanism and related magma intrusions, and the ore is hosted typically by volcanic rocks. There have been many major exploration successes since the late 1970s, e.g., El Indio (Chile), Hishikari (Japan), Ladolam (Papua New Guinea) and Yanacocha (Peru). As a result, epithermal deposits have become increasingly important producers of gold during the past 20 years and are now one of the main targets of gold exploration in volcanic belts of any age.
Compared to other types of gold deposit, epithermal deposits are among the best understood in terms of diagnostic characteristics, variations in styles of mineralization and genetic processes. Part of this understanding, particularly of the basic geological and mineralogical features, comes from early studies that were detailed and insightful (e.g., Ransome, 1907; Lindgren, 1933). However, our understanding of the nature of the fluids responsible for metal transport, and the processes that lead to epithermal mineral deposition and associated wallrock alteration is due to recent detailed geological and geochemical studies both of ore deposits and, importantly, active hydrothermal systems and volcanoes. For example, hydrothermal systems that have been explored and developed for their geothermal energy potential provide direct evidence on the composition, distribution, and flow of fluids, the patterns of temperature and pressure, and processes such as boiling and mixing (Henley and Ellis, 1983). More recently, the study of discharges from volcanoes and
Epithermal Mineralization of the Tokaj Mountains, Northeast Hungary
Authors: Molnár Ferenc , Zelenka Tibor , Mátyás Ernõ , Pécskay Zoltán , Bajnóczi Bernadett , Kiss János , Horváth István 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Tokaj Mountains are situated in northeastern Hungary and host one of the oldest Au-Ag-base metal mining districts of the Tertiary-Quaternary volcanic arc of the Carpathians. The first documentation of mining activity of the Telkibánya area in the northern Tokaj Mtns. (Fig. 1) was a 14th century order from the Hungarian Royal Court, in which the borders of the mining field — coincident with the presently known distribution of mineralization — were defined (Benke, 1988). During the Medieval Ages Telkibánya reached the rank of a ‘Royal Mining Town’ and was a regular member of the Council of the Lower-Hungarian Mining Court.
In addition to the mining of precious metals, the Tokaj Mtns. have attracted several generations of Hungarian and foreign geologists, not only because of the world famous ‘Tokaji Aszu’ wine, but because of the volcanological, petrological and mineralogical interest of the area. Desciptions of mining sites and mineral occurrences can be found in old geological publications such as Beudant (1822). Petrological work on volcanic rocks carried out by József Szabó, the ‘Father of Hungarian Geology’ in th Tokaj Mtns. and similar areas of the Carpathians during the second part of the 19th century led to the revision of the classification of ‘trachytes’ (the old name of volcanic rocks) on the basis of plagioclase composition, rock-fabric and genesis.
During the 20th century the Tokaj Mtns. were intensively explored for precious metals and exploited for raw materials such as clays (kaolinite, illite, bentonite), zeolites, pure silica and alunite, as well as
Multiple Stages of Mineralization at the Rozália Mine, Hodruša
Authors: Lexa Jaroslav , Koděra Peter , Prcúch Ján , Veselý Michal , Šály Jozef 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Rozália mine is one of the youngest in the Štiavnica-Hodruša ore district. The mine was operated by the state company Rudné Bane until 1992, and since 1994 by the private company Slovenská Banská, s.r.o. Interestingly, three different types of ore have been extracted successively during the existence of this mine. Initial steps to mine Cu ores of the Rozália vein were taken in the year 1939; however, the war interrupted mining until 1948. Exploitation was finally restarted in 1951. In total 1,864,000 tons of copper ore was produced through 1990 with an average Cu content of 0.74 wt% (Fajbík, 1997). The vein was developed and exploited down to the 14th level (+230 m above sea level, corresponding to a depth of 350 to 400 m below the surface). After exhaustion of the Cu ores of the Rozália vein, the richest parts of the stockwork and disseminated base-metal ores, located in the hanging wall of the Rozália vein on the 8 to 10th levels, were exploited in 1991 — 1992. According to Kana (1997) from 1. 11. 1990 through 31. 12. 1991 a total of 62,137 tons of ore was mined with an average metal concentration of 1.31 % Pb, 1.59 % Zn and 0.34 % Cu. In January, 1992, underground exploration of newly discovered gold mineralization was started on the 14th level of the Rozália mine. Exploration work was successful (Šály and Kámen, 1992; Šály et al., 1994) and exploitation began in 1993 and is still in progress. Today
Field Stops
Authors: Hayashi Toshihiko 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Kasuga mine is located 4 km west of Makurazaki city on the southern tip of Satsuma peninsula, Kagoshima Prefecture. Among several silica bodies scattered in the Kasuga area, Kasuga Honkotai (the main orebody) is the major gold producer; it has a cumulative gold production to date of approximately 9.3 tons (t) of gold.
The silica body of the main orebody extends 500 m east- west and 100 m north-south with a thickness of about 80 m (Figs. 1 and 2). The average gold content of the silica body ranges from 2 to 3 ppm, and relatively high-grade ore grades 5 to 10 ppm along fissures or brecciated zones (Urashima et al., 1987).
Occurrence and Structure of the Ikiryu Sinter, Kuju Volcanic Region, North-Central Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Nakanishi Tetsuya , Taguchi Sachihiro , Watanabe Koichiro , Izawa Eiji 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Siliceous sinter forms around geysers and hot springs by the deposition of amorphous silica and is well preserved in fossil systems. Except for geyserite, siliceous sinter has biogenic structures principally derived from thermophilic bacteria, which live in the hot water of pools, outflow channels, and sinter terraces. The species of bacterium process unique temperature ranges, and much work on thermophilic bacteria at Yellowstone National Park has been undertaken by a number of biologists (e.g., Castenholz, 1969; Brock, 1978). Structural studies on present-day siliceous sinter forming in Yellowstone National Park have been well documented by Walter (1976).
Origin of Five Types of Proterozoic Magnetite Deposits in the New Jersey Highlands
Authors: Puffer John H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Losee Metamorphic Suite, granites of the Vernon Supersuite, amphibolites, the Franklin Marble, and the Chestnut Hill Formation each contain magnetite or hematite deposits that were mined in the New Jersey Highlands during the last half of the 20th century and the first half of the 21st century. How-ever, not all of these Proterozoic magnetite deposits are the same. Grenvillian Losee-hosted magnetite de-posits occur as concordant veins and disseminations that precipitated from fluids released during the prograde granulite-facies breakdown of biotite, coeval with subduction of its dacitic arc protolith. The Vernon Supersuite-hosted magnetite deposits are chemically and structurally similar to the Losee de-posits and precipitated in a similar deep crustal environment during early or pre-Ottawan orogenic intrusive activity at ca. 1100 Ma. The Vernon Supersuite deposits may have precipitated out of late-mag-matic or deuteric iron-rich fluids that were generated during the local conversion of granite to iron-depleted alaskite. Although magnetite in most of the granite- and gneiss-hosted deposits contains 1 to 3 wt% TiO2, magnetite in some Grenvillian amphibolite-hosted deposits has up to 10 wt % TiO2, consistent with the higher temperature magmatic history of their basaltic protolith. The TiO2 content of magnetite in the Grenvillian carbonate-hosted deposits is less than 0.2 wt % with high MnO contents consistent with distal volcanogenic marine deposition. Chestnut Hill-hosted deposits share some of the char-acteristics of banded iron formation.
Geology and Geochemistry of Besshi-Type Massive Sulfide Deposits of the Vermont Copper Belt
Authors: Slack John F. , Offield Terry W. , Woodruff Laurel G. , Shanks Wayne C. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Massive sulfide deposits of the Vermont copper belt yielded approximately 3.6 Mt of ore during intermittent production from 1793 to 1958. The deposits consist of stratabound and generally stratiform pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and minor sphalerite and pyrite within metasedimentary rocks and minor mafic metavolcanic rocks of Silurian to Early Devonian age. At the largest deposits (Elizabeth, Ely, Pike Hill), massive sulfides are generally associated with metabasaltic amphibolite. The deposits are structurally complex, and have been deformed together with their host rocks during two stages of nappe-related, largely isoclinal folding, and during a later stage of dome-related folding; syntectonic shears and thrust faults commonly mark the contacts between massive sulfide bodies and silicate wall rocks. Postore re-gional metamorphism took place under amphibolite-grade conditions, producing locally abundant kyanite and staurolite in pelitic country rocks during peak prograde events.
Geochemical studies of clastic metasedimentary host rocks in the district indicate a significant mafic component that suggests a continental island-arc provenance. The amphibolites, in contrast, have immobile trace element and rare earth element (REE) geochemical signatures similar to that of midocean ridge basalt (MORB). Lithologically unusual wall rocks at the Elizabeth deposit, including coarse garnet-mica schist, laminated plagioclase-rich granofels, quartz-mica-carbonate schist, tremolite-phlogopite schist, and quartz-albite tourmalinite, have high contents of Cr and MORB-type REE patterns that suggest protoliths of tholeiitic basalt. Massive sulfide, metachert, Mn-rich garnet-quartz rocks (coticule), and magnetite iron formation in the district are believed to have formed as exhalative chemical precipitates on the sea floor. Chemical analyses of unoxidized massive sulfide from the Elizabeth, Ely, and Pike Hill mines show that in addition to very high Cu (to 23.6 %) and in rare cases very high Zn (to 26.2 %), some ore samples contain minor Ag (to 100 ppm), Au (to 0.85 ppm), Cd (to 1500 ppm), Co (to 1469 ppm), Mn (to 5600 ppm), Mo (to 420 ppm), and Se (to 87 ppm). The ores have uniformly low As, Ba, Bi, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, REEs, Sb, Sn, Te, Th, Tl, U, and W.
The overall geologic and geochemical features of the Vermont copper belt ores are similar to those of the Besshi deposits in Japan. Possible modern analogs include the actively forming massive sulfides of Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California, Escanaba Trough on the Gorda Ridge, and Middle Valley on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.
KONTRIBUSI PEMIKIRAN ISLAM DALAM PERADABAN MODERN
Authors: Walian Anang , Rusli Ris'an , Mardiah Anisatul 
Published: August 2024

Modern civilization is indicated by the sophistication and advancement of technology in many sectors: such as information, communication, transportation, and science. Islam as one of the largest religion followed by human who contributed to thinking in this modern civilization. However, it is not well known how the contribution of Islamic thinking in modern civilization is and become a problem and urgency of this research. This research aims to explore the contribution of Islamic thinking in modern civilization. This research using library research. To collecting the data by conducting content analysis on relevant data related to the research object. The results of the research show that Islam has contributed to modern civilization in many aspects, including aspects of the development of science and technology by providing scientific foundation and scientific cue as modern science sources such as breastfeeding, lack of oxygen at height, differences in fingerprints humans, the existence of a human superego, and Big Bang theory.

Peradaban modern diindikasikan dengan kecanggihan dan kemajuan teknologi di pelbagai sektor: seperti informasi, komunikasi, transportasi, serta ilmu pengetahuan. Islam sebagai salah satu agama terbesar yang dianut umat manusia turut memberikan kontribusi pemikiran dalam peradaban modern ini. Akan tetapi belum diketahui dengan baik, bagaimana kontribusi pemikiran Islam dalam peradaban modern ini. Dan ini menjadi permasalahan dan urgensi riset ini. Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kontribusi pemikiran Islam dalam peradaban modern. Jenis riset ini ialah library research (penelitian pustaka). Pengumpulan data dengan cara melakukan konten analisis (content analysis) terhadap data relevan terkait objek riset. Hasil riset menunjukkan bahwa Islam turut berkontribusi dalam peradaban modern dalam berbagai aspek, termasuk pada aspek pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dengan memberikan dasar dan isyarat ilmiah sumber sains modern seperti tentang pemberian air susu ibu (ASI) yang ideal, kurangnya oksigen di ketinggian, perbedaan sidik jari manusia, adanya superego yang dimiliki manusia, dan teori Big Bang.
STRATEGI DAKWAH KH. AHMAD RIF’AN DI PONPES BAHRUL ULUM RANTAU JAYA KABUPATEN MURATARA
Authors: Tusa’diyah Nurhidayah , Prasetyo Heru , Putri Depi , Agussalim Agussalim 
Published: August 2024

Da'wah is an obligation that must be done by Muslims. And to support one's success in preaching is needed the right and good strategy. KH. Ahmad Rif'an is an exemplary figure who is the leader of the bahrul ulum boarding school which is known by the surrounding community and the assets of the preacher in the northern musi rawas district. This is inseparable from the right da'wah strategy, especially in the environment of pesantren bahrul ulum huts. The purpose of the research is to describe what da'wah strategies kh uses. Ahmad Rif'an, and any things that hinder his da'wah activities. This research uses a type of qualitative descriptive research. The results of this study explain that various da'wah strategies are oral bil da'wah, da'wah bil hal and da'wah bil mal. Then the inhibiting factor of KH da'wah. Ahmad Rif'an covers the economic and family background of the santri.

Dakwah merupakan kewajiban yang mesti dilakukan oleh umat islam. Dan untuk menunjang kesuksesan seseorang dalam berdakwah sangat diperlukan strategi yang tepat dan baik. KH. Ahmad Rif’an tokoh yang teladan yang merupakan pimpinan pondok pesantren bahrul ulum yang dikenal oleh masyarakat sekitar dan aset pendakwah di kabupaten musi rawas utara. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari strategi dakwah yang tepat, khususnya di lingkungan pondok pesantren bahrul ulum. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendeskripsikan strategi dakwah apa saja yang gunakan KH. Ahmad Rif’an, dan hal-hal apa saja yang menjadi penghambat aktifitas dakwahnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menerangkan bahwa macam-macam strategi dakwahnya adalah dakwah bil lisan, dakwah bil hal dan dakwah bil mal. Kemudian faktor penghambat dakwah KH. Ahmad Rif’an meliputi latarbelakang ekonomi maupun keluarga dari santri.