bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Rate Measurement by Hydrogen Effusion In Dynamic Aqueous Systems At Elevated Temperature and Pressure
Authors: KRULFELD M. , BLOOM M. C. , SEEBOLD R. E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A method of applying the hydrogen effusion method to the measurement of corrosion rates in dynamic aqueous systems at elevated temperature and pressure is described. Data obtained in low carbon steel systems are presented, including (1) reproducibility obtained in measured hydrogen effusion rates at a flow velocity of 1 foot per second at a temperature of 600 F and 2000 psi, and (2) a quantitative comparison between the hydrogen effusion rates in static and in low flow velocity dynamic systems at this temperature and pressure.
Some observations are included on corrosion rate measurements in a high flow velocity (30 feet per second) loop by the hydrogen effusion method. Implications of these measurements with regard to the comparison between high flow velocity corrosion and low flow velocity corrosion are mentioned and some data indicating high local sensitivity of the hydrogen effusion method are noted. Some possible difficulties involved in the method are pointed out. 2.3.4
Minimum Corrosion For Butane Isomerization Units—A Contribution to the Work of NACE Group Committee T-8 On Refining Industry Corrosion(1),★
Authors: Mason J. F. , Schillmoller C. M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A review is made of corrosion problems associated with butane isomerization units. In this connection, vapor-phase and liquid-phase butane isomerization are considered separately. Data reported include corrosion rates of nickel and Monel in HCl at 30 C, corrosion of Hastelloy alloys A and B in HCl at room temperature, effect of temperature on corrosion of nickel and Monel in 5 percent HCl, and corrosion of Type 1 Ni-Resist in unaerated HCl at room temperature.
In butane isomerization units it is important that the feed be kept dry and that such impurities as sulfur, pentanes and olefins be reduced to a minimum. Adequate guard chamber capacity is a must. Alloys must be carefully selected for use in locations where corrosion is severe. 8.4.3
Photoelectric Information Selector
Authors: RIDE By R. N. , KNUCKEY P. J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Selector equipment has been developed to sort specific data on corrosion and metal protection topics from an extensive abstract reference library. The original data are coded and punched on cards which are photographed on 16mm film. In the selection operation, the film is scanned at 200 frames per minute by a light beam and photo-electric cell. Correspondence of code patterns with holes in a pre-punched search card “blacks out” the photo-electric cell and registers the serial number of the relevant reference on a paper strip.
The principles of operation, lay-out, advantages and limitations of a prototype machine are described. 2.4.4
A Laboratory Method for Evaluating Corrosion Inhibitors for Secondary Recovery★
Authors: NEWMAN T. R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A new test method is presented for evaluating corrosion inhibitors for secondary recovery systems. The test is characterized by its relatively high ratio of volume of water to surface area of metal exposed.
Variables studied included dissolved oxygen, H2S, dissolved solids and pH. Corrosivity of a brine was found to be almost directly related to the dissolved oxygen level. It was found also that a high H2S system was not necessarily more corrosive than one having a low level of H2S, but that the attack became more localized. The higher the H2S level, the higher the inhibitor level required to obtain an equivalent level of protection. The greatest effects of variations in dissolved solids are indirect. The solubilities of dissolved gases and organic inhibitors are inversely proportional to the level of dissolved solids. The variation of pH in the range from 5 to 8 did not affect the performance of a typical inhibitor in a system without H2S. When H2S was present, the protection with this inhibitor dropped off slightly as the pH was lowered to 5.
This test method was used to evaluate a number of commercial water flood inhibitors. Experimental inhibitors were tested until one was found that exceeded the performance of those now being used. This one was tested in several floods and the excellent performance, predicted from the laboratory results, was confirmed. 5.8.1
Corrosion of Die Casting Alloys in Detergent Solutions Measured by Electrical Resistance Method★
Authors: SMITH H. J. , HADLEY R. L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An electrical resistance method was adapted to test both aluminum and zinc die cast materials in tap water, detergent solutions, and detergent solutions plus bleach. Since the rate of attack of these materials in aqueous media is sometimes low, with consequent small resistance changes, low resistance circuitry is necessary. Plotted data show comparative corrosion resistance of zinc and aluminum materials and establishes the technique satisfactory for the intended use. Conclusions reached are: (1.) In all three test media the aluminum-silicon alloy No. 13 and the aluminum-silicon-magnesium alloy No. A360 are superior to the aluminum-copper-silicon alloy (A380) and the zinc die-cast material (D3), (2.) In solutions of detergent (not chlorinated) a reasonable amount of inhibition is conferred by the silicates which are present, (3.) No. 13 (aluminum-silicon) alloy appears to offer the maximum resistance to corrosion and No. 360 (aluminum-silicon-magnesium) alloy the next best. (4.) The method offers a satisfactory laboratory means of comparing corrosion resistance of metals. 2.3.5
Endometrial stromal sarcoma
Authors: Tanz Rachid , Mahfoud Tarik , Bazine Aziz , Aassab Rachid , Benjaafar Nourredine , Gueddari Brahim El Khalil El , Ichou Mohamed , Errihani Hassan 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) are rare uterine neoplasms. Surgery remains the cornerstone of treatment for early stages and consists of an abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy. Despite appropriate surgical treatment, relapse rates are high (18% to 45%) and the value of adjuvant therapies is not clear. We evaluated prognostic factors and the impact of adjuvant treatment on localized ESS (stages I and II).

DESIGN AND SETTING:
Retrospective, case-control study conducted at the National institute of oncology in Rabat, Morocco over 10 years from 2000 to 2009.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Twenty-one cases of localized ESS were included in the analysis.

RESULTS:
standard surgery was performed in 71.4% of our patients. Myometrial invasion was noted in 57.1% of cases. mitotic activity was considered high in five patients. Adjuvant treatment was given to 52.3% of patients: endocrine therapy in five patients and radiotherapy in six. Survival was significantly longer in the group of patients who underwent standard surgical treatment (P=.0007), in the absence of deep myometrial invasion (P=.0248) in cases with a low mitotic index (P<.0001) and in patients who received adjuvant therapy (hormone or radiotherapy) (P=.0048). In a multivariate analysis independent risk factors for monitoring were inadequate surgical treatment and absence of adjuvant treatment.

CONCLUSIONS:
Myometrial invasion and mitotic index appear to be important prognostic factors. The reference surgery is hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy. Lymph node dissection does not appear to provide a benefit. Finally adjuvant treatment may carry a significant survival benefit.
REGULATING EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION IN CHINA: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Authors: Lin Lin 
Published: July 2014

Executive compensation is an essential element of a corporate governance system and an issue of public concern and academic debate. However, the existing literature on executive compensation has primarily focused on the United States, United Kingdom and continental European jurisdictions. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative study of the law and practices of executive pay in China. It critically examines the processes that produce compensation arrangements, as well as the various legal strategies and market forces that act on these processes in the context of China.Based on extensive empirical evidence, it finds that excessive pay in China is less prevalent than that in the United States. Nevertheless, Chinese executive compensation is not optimal in that there are both excessive executive pay and low levels of equity incentives for executives in Chinese listed companies. Meanwhile, executives of state-owned enterprises are largely compensated by on-duty consumption, grey income and political reward. The article argues that the fundamental problem of executive pay in Chinese listed companies lies in the internal defects of its unique governance institutions, as well as the prevalence of concentrated state ownership in listed companies. It concludes that the primary role of Chinese law in regulating executive compensation should not simply be to curb excessive executive pay, but it should be to improve the regulatory structure for setting executive pay in a fairer and more transparent way. To achieve this, regulatory strategies, especially heightened disclosure and strengthening the independence of the compensation committee, must be taken.
Radium isotopes as a tracer of sediment‐water column exchange in the North Sea
Authors: Burt W. J. , Thomas H. , Pätsch J. , Omar A. M. , Schrum C. , Daewel U. , Brenner H. , de Baar H. J. W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSediment‐water column exchange plays an important role in coastal biogeochemistry. We utilize short‐lived radium isotopes (224Ra and 223Ra) to understand and quantify the dominant processes governing sediment‐water column exchange throughout the North Sea. Our comprehensive survey, conducted in September 2011, represents the first of its kind conducted in the North Sea. We find that two main sources regulate surface Ra distributions: minor coastal input from rivers and shallow mudflats and North Sea sediments as the dominant source. Pore waters show 100‐fold larger activities than the water column. North Sea sediment characteristics such as porosity and mean grain size, as well as turbulence at the sediment‐water interface, are the dominant factors contributing to variability of Ra efflux. Ra inventory and mass balance approaches consistently yield high benthic Ra effluxes in the southern North Sea, driven by strong tidal and wind mixing, which in turn cause high sediment irrigation rates. These results exceed incubation‐based Ra flux estimates and the majority of previously reported Ra flux estimates for other regions. Ra‐based estimates of benthic alkalinity fluxes compare well to observed values, and the high rates of Ra efflux imply a potentially significant exchange of other products of sedimentary reactions, including carbon and nutrient species. Passive tracer simulations lend strong support to the Ra source attribution and imply seasonal variation in the surface water Ra distribution depending on stratification conditions.
Statistical properties of precipitation as observed by the TRMM precipitation radar
Authors: Yang Song , Nesbitt Stephen W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe statistical properties of tropic‐subtropic precipitation are revealed with 13 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) measurements. About 3% of PR observations are raining pixels. The average daily rainfall over 37.5°N–37.5°S is 1.28, 1.18, and 2.46 mm d−1 for convective, stratiform, and total rain, respectively, indicating 51.85% from convective rain and 48.09% from stratiform rain. The related values are 1.300, 1.272, and 2.573 mm d−1 over ocean and 1.22, 0.97, and 2.19 mm d−1 over land, indicating a convective rain fraction of 50.51% over ocean and 55.77% over land. The 92% (93%) and 73% (55%) of rain events over ocean (land) are from stratiform and convective rain <5 mm h−1, respectively, while the associated rainfall contributions in stratiform and convective rain are 62% (68%) and 27% (15%) over ocean (land). Results demonstrate that contributions from large rain intensity events are very importation in total precipitation, especially over land. The rainfall missed by TRMM PR is mostly light rain and does not significantly impact large‐scale statistics of convective and stratiform rain amount. Light rain will increase the total precipitation by about 10% and, if considered a separate category, decrease the observed convective and stratiform rain contributions about 10% over the PR domain. These statistical properties of precipitation could be utilized as a baseline in the assessment of precipitation from operational numerical weather prediction and climate models.
Spherical harmonic stacking for the singlets of Earth's normal modes of free oscillation
Authors: Chao Benjamin F. , Ding Hao 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe extend the spherical harmonic stacking (SHS) method of Buland et al. (1979) for the radial (vertical) component in the seismogram to the transverse (horizontal) components of the displacement field. Taking advantage of the orthogonality of the spherical harmonic functions (scalar and vectorial), SHS isolates and accentuates the signals of individual singlets of the Earth's normal modes of free oscillation. We apply the SHS on the broadband Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) seismograms from up to 97 IRIS seismic stations for the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake, in experiments targeted to spheroidal as well as toroidal modes—2S1, 0S3, 2S2, 3S1, 1S3, 0T2, and 0T3. We report the complete resolution of the singlet frequencies of these multiplets, some for the first time, and estimate the singlets' complex frequencies using the frequency domain autoregressive method of Chao and Gilbert (1980). The latter contain useful information to be used in inversions for the 3‐D structure of the Earth's interior.
Properties of the unusually short pulse sequences occurring prior to the first strokes of negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes
Authors: Kolmašová Ivana , Santolík Ondřej , Farges Thomas , Rison William , Lán Radek , Uhlíř Luděk 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe analyze broadband magnetic and electric field measurements of pulse sequences occurring prior to first return strokes of negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes. Our observations take place a few tens of kilometers from the thunderstorm but we also report the first simultaneous observations of preliminary breakdown pulses from a distance of 400 km. Their amplitudes reach up to 50% of the corresponding return stroke peak and typically decrease by ~40% during the sequences. A typical time interval between neighboring pulses was several tens of microseconds. We observe an unusually short duration of the prestroke activity (1–7 ms) reported for the first time during a summer thunderstorm, with a low height of initiation (3‐4 km). A very fast propagation speed (~106 m/s) is probably maintained for the entire prestroke process. A possible explanation can be based on a hypothesis of unusually strong negative charge sources in the observed thundercloud.
Observation of double layer in the separatrix region during magnetic reconnection
Authors: Wang Rongsheng , Lu Quanming , Khotyaintsev Yuri V. , Volwerk Martin , Du Aimin , Nakamura Rumi , Gonzalez Walter D. , Sun Xuan , Baumjohann Wolfgang , Li Xing , Zhang Tielong , Fazakerley Andrew N. , Huang Can , Wu Mingyu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe present in situ observation of double layer (DL) and associated electron measurement in the subspin time resolution in the separatrix region during reconnection for the first time. The DL is inferred to propagate away from the X line at a velocity of about ion acoustic speed and the parallel electric field carried by the DL can reach −20 mV/m. The electron displays a beam distribution inside the DL and streams toward the X line with a local electron Alfvén velocity. A series of electron holes moving toward the X line are observed in the wake of the DL. The identification of multiple similar DLs indicates that they are persistently produced and therefore might play an important role in energy conversion during reconnection. The observation suggests that energy dissipation during reconnection can occur in any region where the DL can reach.
Classical Political Economy
Authors: Stimson Shannon C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe locution, “classical political economy,” was coined by Karl Marx, writing in the first edition ofCapital, volume 1, in order to describe those “economists who, since the time of W[illiam] Petty, have investigated the real internal framework [Zusammenhang] of bourgeois relations of production, as opposed to the vulgar economists who only flounder around with the apparent framework of those relations” (Marx 1977 [1867]: 174–5). Marx's own association with classical political economy was both liminal and critical, characterizing it as belonging to that period in England in which, he argued, “the class struggle was as yet undeveloped” (Marx 1977 [1867]: 96). For Marx, that described a period roughly from the time of Petty'sPolitical Arithmetick(1899 [1690]), through Adam Smith'sAn Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations(1976 [1776]), toThe Principles of Political Economy and Taxation(2005 [1821/1817]) of David Ricardo. The key element common among the “classicals” as Marx characterized them, was recognition of some form of the labor theory of value and the proposition that the keytheoreticalrelations of production to be studied were those between the elements of rent and wages in the early manufactory production, andsocially, those relations among the larger aggregate groupings of society sustained by either rent, wages, or capital (profits), rather than the relations of putative individual actors in the market. Of Ricardo, Marx wrote inCapital, that while his analysis of the magnitude (i.e., measure) of value was “insufficient,” Ricardo had “ultimately (and consciously) made the antagonism of class interests, of wages and profits, of profits and rent, the starting point of his investigations” (Marx 1977 [1867]: 96).
Contingency
Authors: Panagia Davide 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Contingency is the non‐necessity of rule. It is the name we give to events that have no antecedent cause or predictable effect, and it is the concept we deploy to indicate the possibility for things to be other than they are or seem to be by necessity. Often contrasted with either stability or permanence of a political order, the concept of contingency has received renewed attention in recent years by political theorists, especially given the sense of political instability that the contestation of values in democratic pluralism affords. However, the concept's political genealogy is extensive and may be traced as far back as Machiavelli's discussions of
fortuna
in
The Prince
and even to Plato's metaphysics.
Douglass, Frederick (1818–95)
Authors: Shulman George 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey in February 1818, and died February 1895) was born into slavery, and is one of the greatest of the reformers, orators, writers, and statesmen in American history. Before the Civil War, he was a spokesperson and then leader in the abolitionist movement, actively supported the movement for women's rights, and published abolitionist newspapers; in these antebellum years he remained at risk of being returned to slavery, until supporters purchased his freedom during his first trip to Europe. During the Civil War he used speeches and journalism to argue publicly that Lincoln must declare it a war against slavery and not only secession, formally emancipate slaves, and recruit African Americans to fight in the Union armies. After the Civil War he sought a Reconstruction that would truly emancipate former slaves, and after 1876 he resisted the reimposition of white supremacy. During these many years of intense activism, he was constantly writing: he published a newspaper, initially and most famously called
The North Star
; he delivered hundreds of speeches in the United States as well as Europe; and he wrote three autobiographies.
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
(1845),
My Bondage and My Freedom
(1855), and
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
(1881) describe his life as a slave and narrate his struggle to be free, but with differences of emphasis that bespeak his lifelong effort to grasp and depict the meaning of freedom.
Fanon, Frantz (1925–61)
Authors: Cocks Joan 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The ideas and the life of a political thinker have perhaps never been more inextricable than in the case of Frantz Fanon. This ardent champion of anticolonial revolution was born in 1925 to a black and mixed‐race family in Martinique, whose population he later would chastise for marking minute differences in skin color and identifying with the France of its former slave‐owners instead of the Africa of its former slaves. Leaving the island as a teenager to fight for France against the Nazis, Fanon became disillusioned by the racism he discovered under the surface of French universalist ideals.
Foundations of Political Thought
Authors: Donald Moon J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
When political theorists refer to the foundations of political theory, what they frequently, perhaps usually, have in mind are the basic or ultimate terms on which a theory is justified, and much of this entry will focus on that issue. But the term “foundations” is also used more broadly to describe or interpret a political theory – how a theory relates to other forms of thought at the time, the core or basic concepts it employs, and the kind of intellectual project it is or purports to be. These uses are related: how a theory is grounded will have much to do with its connection to other forms of thought, to its basic concepts, and with how the theorist understands the point of theorizing. But this notion of “foundations” is much broader than the concern with justification; it points to the fact that political theories are structured, with some concepts and ideas playing more central roles than others, and that they are necessarily articulated within a broader context, which will affect the ways in which the enterprise of political theory is understood. Political theories are shaped by the important cultural, intellectual, and political currents of their time and place, and it is natural to think of these currents as, in a sense, the “foundations” of a political theory.
Strauss, Leo (1899–1973)
Authors: Zuckert Catherine , Zuckert Michael 
Published: July 2014

AbstractStrauss was one of the pre‐eminent political philosophers of the twentieth century. Most of his work took the form of investigations in the history of political philosophy, but his intentions were not simply those of a historian of ideas. His investigations had a philosophical purpose and even, to a degree, a political purpose. His chief goal in both his historical and his more strictly philosophical writings was the restoration of political philosophy as a meaningful or even urgent enterprise. To that end, he delivered stinging critiques of two modern intellectual movements, positivism and historicism, that made political philosophy impossible. Strauss's historical inquiries led him to put forward a number of highly controversial theses about the course of western philosophical history.