bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Titration of Bactericidal Activity against Smooth and Rough Strains of Salmonella which Are Resistant in Isotonic Medium
Authors: Ihara Izumi , Kawakami Masaya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBactericidal factors in antisera against various chemotype strains of Salmonella were assayed by means of the spot method. Certain smooth and rough strains were resistant to the killing effect of immune mouse sera when the activity was assayed in an isotonic salt medium and guinea pig complement was used. However, the sensitivity was found to be increased in various degrees by assaying it in a medium containing hypotonic concentrations of NaCl or tris(hydroxymethyl)‐aminomethane‐HCl (Tris‐HCl). Keeping the resistant bacteria in hypotonic solutions before or after treatment with complement increased the titer of antiserum, indicating that the hypotonic solution increases the sensitivity of bacterial cells to the antiserum and/or complement. The optimal salt concentration for the assay of serum‐sensitive and ‐resistant smooth strains was 0.02 M NaCl. With Ra through Rd chemotype strains, 0.1 m NaCl before complement treatment and 0.05 m NaCl after the treatment was the best. Isotonic medium was necessary for the titration of the Re chemotype strain. Specificity of the killing effect which was assayed by the hypotonic spot method was shown by adsorption studies on the immune sera. Use of C4‐deficient guinea pig complement resulted in low titers against certain strains of bacteria and high titers were restored by the addition of the C4 component of complement. These results indicate that serologically specific bactericidal factors including antibody can be assayed by the spot method using hypotonic NaCl or Tris‐HCl.
Studies on the Bacterial Spore Coat: IX. The Role of Surface Charge in Germination of Bacillus megaterium Spores
Authors: Nishihara Tsutomu , Yoshimoto Ikuko , Kondo Masaomi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe surface charge of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 spores was estimated to be negative, ‐0.2 and ‐0.4 μeq/mg by colloidal titration using glycol chitosan (GCh) and methylglycol chitosan (MGCh), respectively, as positive colloids. MGCh, which reacts with all of the negatively charged groups including carboxylate, inhibited the second stage of the germination to result in semirefractile spores, but GCh, which reacts only with strong acidic groups such as phosphate, did not. The spores produced in a medium with limited phosphate had coats with low phosphate content and carried less negative charge, and they were induced to germinate with 0.4 mm KNO3, which is one‐tenth of the minimum concentration required for the germination of the control spores. A similar increase in germinability was observed in spores incubated with calcium acetate.These results suggest that the role of the surface charge in germination is as follows. Strong acidic groups (such as phosphate) in the coat may block the action of ionic germinants and act as a barrier against the initiation of ionic germination. Positively charged compounds (such as calcium) may compensate for this blocking effect. Weak acidic groups (such as carboxylate) may be involved in the later stage of germination.
Effect of α‐Tocopherol on Endotoxicosis
Authors: Sakaguchi Osamu , Kanda Norio , Sakaguchi Shuhei , Hsu Cheng‐Chin , Abe Hiroharu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of α‐tocopherol in endotoxicosis was studied. The α‐tocopherol level significantly decreased in mouse liver 18 hr after endotoxin administration, thereafter tending to increase to approach the normal range. In endotoxin‐tolerant mouse liver, the lipid peroxide level was reduced to less than half of that in nontolerant animals following endotoxin challenge. The liver lipid peroxide level and serum lactate dehydrogenase or acid phosphatase leakage were studied in mice fed a vitamin E‐deficient (ED) diet and a vitamin E‐supplemented (ES) diet for 40 days. ED mouse liver exhibited a higher formation of lipid peroxide after endotoxin was given while there was a markedly lower level in ES mouse liver. There was significantly more serum lactate dehydrogenase or acid phosphatase leakage in ED mice than in ES mice after endotoxin administration. There was about a 25% decrease in liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in endotoxin‐poisoned mice fed both the normal and the ED diets, while the activity was at a higher level in ES‐fed mice. These results suggest that α‐tocopherol may be helpful in preventing membrane instability in endotoxin poisoning.
Effect of Treatment of Soil with Keratinaceous Material on Soil Fungi
Authors: Moubasher Abdel‐Aal H. , Abdel‐Fattah Hassan M. , Maghazy Soad M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn the early periods of soil storage, the total number of fungi almost regularly and significantly increased with the concentration of keratinaceous material (ground buffalo hooves) between 1% and 10%. A concentration of 20% was stimulative after 7 days and became toxic after 15 days and remained so through the end of the experiment. With increase in the storage period, the beneficial effect of all concentrations was lost and in the case of high concentrations (5–20%) toxic ammonia was produced.The occurrence of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Cephalosporium acremonium, Chrysos‐porium tropicum, C. indicum, and C. keratinophilum increased markedly, especially at the higher concentrations of the keratinaceous material and after long periods of incubation.With increase in the concentration of keratinaceous material, the rate of evolution of ammonia from the soil sharply increased during the second week after treatment and fell off sharply during the third and fourth weeks.In soil stored at 35 C, the rate of decline in total fungi after longer periods of incubation was sharper at 35 C than at 25 C. Also the amount of evolved ammonia during the first and the second weeks was almost always higher at 35 C than at 25 C.Fourteen species were tested for keratinolytic activity. Three of them were highly keratinolytic and five moderately so.
An L‐Form of Staphylococcus aureus Adapted to a Brain Heart Infusion Medium without Osmotic Stabilizers
Authors: Takahashi Toyozoh , Tadokoro Ichiro , Adaghi Shoji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn L‐form derived from halotolerant Staphylococcus aureus Tasaki was adapted to growth in a brain heart infusion medium without any supplemental osmotically protective solutes (360 mOsm/kg). This L‐form had no chemically detectable peptidoglycan residues on its surface. Electron microscopic observations confirmed morphologically the absence of the structures and also of other osmotically protective polymers within or exterior to the cytoplasmic membrane. The osmotic stability and susceptibility to bacitracin, d‐cycloserine, and vancomycin of the L‐form adapted to growth in 360 mOsm osmotically unprotective medium was higher than that of the L‐form grown in 1,950 mOsm supplemented with 4.5% NaCl. The adapted L‐form tended to be more sensitive to almost all of the antibiotics examined, other than the inhibitors for cell wall‐synthesis, than the original L‐form strain requiring osmotic protection for growth. Chemical analysis of the membrane of the adapted L‐form indicated 16.3% total lipids and 20.6% proteins by dry weight of the membrane, and it contained larger amounts of lipid phosphorus (20.0 μ/mg).
Essential Role of T Cells in the Postexposure Prophylaxis of Rabies in Mice
Authors: Mifune Kumato , Takeuchi Eriko , Napiorkowski Patricia A. , Yamada Akira , Sakamoto Kuniaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAthymic nude mice injected intramuscularly with a street strain of rabies virus were not protected against rabies by postexposure administration of beta‐propiolactone‐inactivated rabies vaccine. In contrast, their normal littermates were completely protected from death by the same vaccination regimens. Nude mice did not produce IgG antibody as a result of the vaccine during the test period of 15 days, whereas normal littermates produced IgG antibody from day 5 after vaccination. However, passive immunization with antirabies hyperimmune mouse ascites showed that antibody was completely ineffective in protecting either nude mice or their normal littermates against rabies when given later than 2 days after infection. No significant difference in the induction of circulating interferon by the vaccination was noted in these mice. Passive transfer of immune spleen cells to nude mice immediately after infection resulted in 30 to 37.5% protection of the mice. Passively transferred spleen cells did not produce detectable amounts of neutralizing antibody in the recipient mice except on day 2 after the transfer, when a low level of antibody was detected. These observations demonstrate the essential role of T cells in the postexposure prophylaxis of rabies in mice. The mechanisms of the failure of postexposure vaccination in nude mice are discussed.
Mitogenicity and Adjuvanticity of a Marine Bacterium, Vibrio anguillarum, in Mice
Authors: Shimizu Tadayori , Nitta Masamichi , Itoh Yoshiaki , Yanagihara Yasutake , Mifuchi Ichiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effects of whole cells of three different O serotypes of Vibrio anguillarum on the murine immune response were studied. The addition of different doses (1–100/ig/ml) of V. anguillarum cells, as well as Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide, markedly increased the incorporation of [3H] thymidine into in vitro cultured spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice. All three serotype strains of V. anguillarum were able to induce the mitogenic effect at 10 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml, but serotype I strains were more potent than the others. Since pretreatment of spleen cells with rabbit anti‐mouse thymocyte antiserum did not affect the mitogenic activity of V. anguillarum, Vibrio cells may be a B‐lymphocyte mitogen.When sheep or horse erythrocytes and Vibrio cells were injected intraperitoneally into ddY mice, Vibrio cells exhibited an enhancing effect on antibody response in vivo, regardless of the different serotypes. Vibrio cells, when injected intraperitoneally into mice before the antigen, markedly suppressed the antibody response. Several days after the injection of Vibrio cells, these mice showed an enhanced carbon clearance activity. Acid phosphatase activity in their peritoneal cells was also augmented, suggesting that Vibrio cells activated macrophages in the mice.
Preparation of Stable Target Cells for Anti‐Herpes Simplex Virus Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Authors: Sonoda Shunro , Hitsumoto Yasuo , Utsumi Sayaka , Tarami Shunsai , Oseto Mitsuaki , Minamishima Yoichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractUsing an avirulent strain of herpes simplex virus (HSV), SKa, and a methylcholanthrene induced sarcoma cell line, Meth A cells, we have developed a reliable target cell system for detection of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity directed against HSV‐infected cells. SKa‐infection in Meth A produced no progeny virus but induced HSV‐specific surface antigens as revealed by radioimmunoassay using 125I‐labeled HSV antibody. Spontaneous release of 51Cr from the SKa‐infected Meth A cells was no more than that from uninfected control cells but a strong spontaneous 51Cr release was produced in Meth A cells infected with KOS, a virulent strain which produced a progeny virus in Meth A and was lytic for the cells. When used as a target, SKa‐infected Meth A cells could detect HSV‐specific cytotoxicity by spleen and lymph node lymphocytes of mice immunized with SKa and KOS. This system also detected effector cytotoxic lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by mixed cultures of immune spleen cells and KOS‐infected Meth A cells. Thus, the system should be valuable in studies of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity directed against HSV‐infected cells.
Effect of Immune Heterozygous Spleen Cell Transfer on Resistance to Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection in Nude Mice
Authors: Kai Chieko , Tamura Teruko , Fujiwara Kôsaku 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe role of cell mediated immune response to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection in mice was studied by transferring spleen cells from immune heterozygous littermates (nu/+). A suppressive effect on viral growth was seen in infected nude (nu/nu) mice, whereas immune nu/+ serum transfer had no effect. The protective effect of immune nu/+ spleen cells was significantly reduced by treatment with anti‐theta serum plus complement but not with anti‐Ig serum. In infected nu/nu mice which received transfers of immune nu/+ cells, neutralizing antibody appeared although the titer was not high enough to protect nu/nu mice from fatal infection. Histopathologically, lymphocyte infiltration in hepatic lesions was evident in infected nu/nu mice with nu/+ cell transfer, while it was slight without nu/+ cell transfer.
A Micro‐Neutralization System for Detection of s‐CRN Antibody to Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Abe Kazuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIt was learned that the ordinary micro‐neutralization system with herpes simplex virus (HSV) gave a composite result of the initial neutralization and the effect of antibody on subsequent growth of unneutralized virus. In the case of slow‐reacting complement‐requiring neutralizing (s‐CRN) antibody, which was detected by incubating virus‐serum mixtures at 4 C for 3 days before addition of complement, the titer obtained was lower than expected from the result of the plaque reduction test. This was thought ascribable to its low ability to prevent viral breakthrough caused by growth of unneutralized virus. This was overcome by adding an appropriate amount of hyperimmune antibody at 3 hr after addition of cells. The endpoint of s‐CRN antibody so determined was but slightly lower than that obtained by the plaque reduction test. Early (1‐week) rabbit sera, which were negative in the ordinary micro‐neutralization test, titered 1:2,560 to 1:5,120 when tested by this method. When the 3‐day sensitization in the cold was substituted by 5‐hr incubation at 37 C, the titer obtained was 2 to 4‐fold lower; in this case, however, the whole process could be finished within 3 days. Also, s‐CRN antibody reactive with type 2 HSV in homologous and heterologous sera could be detected by the same method using type 1 hyperimmune serum as the additional antibody.
Chemotaxis of Kupffer Cells Isolated from Rodent Liver
Authors: Katano Mitsuo , Miyazaki Kohji , Aso Masakazu , Torisu Motomichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractKupffer cells (KC) were isolated from the liver of guinea pigs, rats, and mice using enzymatic digestion with collagenase, followed by differential centrifugation and plastic adherence. Purity of the isolated KC was 96.0±2.2, 97.2±2.1, and 96.0±2.3 per cent in guinea pigs, rats, and mice respectively. These isolated KC were tested for migratory response to bacterial factor, which is one of the representative chemotactic factors for inflammatory macrophages, using a modified Boyden chamber technique. KC from the three animal species similarly migrated to the bacterial factor. The migratory response of the KC to the bacterial factor is due to Chemotaxis but not chemokinesis. These results show the possibility that KC may recognize a chemoattractant and directionally migrate to it.
Sensitivity in Detection of Monoclonal Immunoglobulins by Thin‐Layer Isoelectric Focusing and Certain Electrophoreses in Laboratory Use
Authors: Kamiya‐Harada Yasuko , Sato Yoshiko , Otani Hideki , Kawakami Masaya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBy applying sera containing various myeloma proteins to thin‐layer isoelectric focusing at various pH ranges, we found that the best range of pH gradient for the detection of the band group specific for monoclonal immunoglobulin was from 5 to 8. The lowest concentration of monoclonal immunoglobulin detected by this method was approximately 0.1 mg/ml which was 8 to 32 times lower than the concentration detectable by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis or immunoelectrophoresis in routine laboratory use. Monoclonal protein concentration from 0.1 to 20 mg/ml was determined quantitatively. Blind tests on sera resulted in a disagreement between the concentration of monoclonal immunoglobulin assumed from the results of cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis and that determined by isoelectric focusing. These results suggest that isoelectric focusing is useful for the surveillance of monoclonal immunoglobulinemia provided that the technique and equipment are improved for laboratory tests.
T Cell Growth Factor from Human Splenic Cell Cultures: Conditions for Its Production, and Its Utilization for Maintenance of Cytotoxic T Cell Lines
Authors: Tanaka Yuetsu , Sugamura Kazuo , Hinuma Yorio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe prepared the T cell growth factor (TCGF) from human spleen cell cultures stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Various cell culture conditions and agents supporting the active TCGF production of the spleen cells were examined. The highest TCGF activity was obtained in the supernatants under the conditions that 2 × 106/ml spleen cells were stimulated with PHA for 48 hr. Production of TCGF from spleen cells depended markedly on their individual sources. Addition of indomethacin to the culture or irradiation of the responding spleen cells increased TCGF activity in the supernatant of the culture. Further, addition of irradiated cells of an Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) to spleen cell cultures stimulated with PHA greatly enhanced TCGF production.Human splenic TCGF facilitated the establishment of human cytotoxic T cell (Tc) lines specific for EBV‐transformed LCL cells when those Tc line cells were stimulated periodically with irradiated autologous LCL cells but not with the other two types (K‐562 or Molt‐4) of cells. Allogeneic LCL stimulators allowed the Tc line cells to proliferate. However, Tc line cells cocultured once with allogeneic LCL stimulators no longer exhibited EBV‐specificity in their cytotoxicities.
Comparative Activity of N‐Formimidoyl Thienamycin with Third Generation Cephalosporins and Ureido Penicillins against Multiple Resistant Serratia marcescens
Authors: Miller Marcia A. , Lefrock Jack L. , Vercler Mary J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwenty multiple resistant clinical isolates were tested with N‐formimidoyl thienamycin, moxalactam, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, and the three ureidopenicillins: azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin. A concentration of < 0.97 μg/ml inhibited 100% of organisms for N‐f‐thienamycin and cefotaxime, 90% for moxalactam, and 60% for cefoperazone. An increase in inoculum from 103 to 106 cells reduced activity fourfold for 95% of isolates with cefoperazone, 70% with N‐formimidoyl thienamycin, 65% for cefotaxime, but only 15% for moxalactam. For ureidopenicillins, 85% of strains tested had MIC's ≤ 15.6 μg/ml. An inoculum effect was observed in only 35–50%. At 103, the cidal concentration was the same or twofold greater than the inhibitory level for N‐f‐thienamycin and cephalosporins in 70% of strains tested and 65% for penicillins. With 106, the 70% value remained for N‐f‐thienamycin but was reduced to 45% for cefotaxime and 25% for moxalactam; 85% demonstrated > eightfold differences with cefoperazone. Single step high‐level resistance was observed to moxalactam (20%). Carbenicillin resistant strains were cross‐resistant to the ureidopenicillins. N‐f‐thienamycin and cefotaxime appeared comparable, although important differences between morphological alteration and metabolism may influence their therapeutic effectiveness.
Sensitivity to Ultraviolet Light of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Modified by Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide
Authors: Abe Tetsuya , Watanabe Motoo , Sai Toshiyuki , Asano Taisuke , Kiho Yukio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) modified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virions so that the intrinsic fluorescence changed, viral infectivity decreased, sensitivity to RNase or UV irradiation increased, and coat protein subunits were released by the addition of Triton X‐100. The change in fluorescence emission at 320 nm shifted to 340 nm was observed at 100 μg of CTAB per ml. This represents a change in the tryptophan environment inside the virion. At a lower concentration of CTAB, intersubunit contact was weakened, resulting in the release of coat protein subunits and an increase in RNase sensitivity. The release of coat protein took place gradually and two relatively stable intermediates were observed. Increase in UV sensitivity was observed at a lower concentration of CTAB and formation of pyrimidine hydrate was involved in this inactivation. The nature of the minor structural change leading to UV inactivation is discussed.
Role of T Cells in the Mitogen‐Induced Proliferation and Polyclonal Antibody Response of Murine B Cells
Authors: Ishikawa Hiromichi , Saito Kazuhisa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T cells) on the responsiveness of bone marrow‐derived lymphocytes (B cells) to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was determined in in vitro experiments. Radiation resistant splenic T cells obtained from euthymic nu/+ mice increased the number of proliferating cells in the cultures of splenic B cells from athymic nu/nu mice even in a nonstimulated state. The radiation resistant T cells augmented significantly the responsiveness of B cells to LPS, as determined by an increase in proliferating cells and polyclonally induced anti‐sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) IgM hemolysin plaque‐forming cells (PFC). Addition of the T cells to B cell cultures not only augmented the responsiveness of B cells to suboptimal doses of LPS but also enabled B cells to respond to supraoptimal doses of LPS. As is well documented, the radiation resistant T cells were unable to induce the generation of anti‐SRBC PFC in B cell cultures, unless the cultures were simultaneously stimulated with SRBC.Colcemid, a specific inhibitor of cell mitosis, blocked almost completely the exponential generation of anti‐SRBC PFC in B cell cultures responding to SRBC with the aid of radiation resistant T cells. In contrast, colcemid did not affect the exponential generation of anti‐SRBC PFC of a polyclonal nature in B cell cultures responding to LPS, either in the presence or absence of radiation resistant T cells.
Cloning of a 1.1‐kb Fragment Including srnB+ Gene in the F Plasmid and Isolation of an srnB Mutant
Authors: Ohnishi Yoshinari , Ono Tsuneko , Ito Masaki , Akimoto Shigeru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe srnB+ gene, promoting stable RNA degradation at 42 C in the presence of rifampin, was cloned by using pBR322 as a vector; it was located on a 1.1‐kilobase (kb) EcoRI/BamHI fragment between 1.4 and 2.5 kb of the F plasmid. The region between 93.3 and 4.0 kb of the F plasmid was physically mapped by using restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI, PstI, and SmaI, with reference to a standard HindIII site in IS3. An srnB1 mutant was isolated from a chimeric plasmid, pOY54, after treatment of its DNA with hydroxylamine. The srnB1 allele on the F fragment of the mutant plasmid was recessive to the wild‐type allele. Thermal elevation of cell cultures to 39 C was high enough to promote RNA degradation in strain YS12 carrying plasmid pOY54.