bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A conceptual framework for tackling knowable unknown unknowns in project management
Authors: Ramasesh Ranga V. , Browning Tyson R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUnderstanding and dealing with the unknown is a major challenge in project management. An extensive body of knowledge—theory and technique—exists on the “known unknowns,” i.e., uncertainties which can be described probabilistically and addressed through the conventional techniques of risk management. Although some recent studies have addressed projects where the existence of unknown unknowns (unk unks) is readily apparent or may be assumed given the type of project—e.g., new product development or new process implementation—very little work has been reported with respect to projects in general on how a project manager might assess its vulnerability to unk unks. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework to deal with (i.e., recognize and reduce) knowable unk unks in project management. The framework is supported by insights from a variety of theories, case analyses, and experiences. In this framework, we first present a model of the key factors—relating to both project design and behavioral issues—that increase the likelihood of unk unks and a set of propositions linking these factors to unk unks. We then present a set of design and behavioral approaches that project managers could adopt to reduce knowable unk unks. Our framework fills a gap in the project management literature and makes a significant practical contribution: it helps project managers diagnose a project to recognize and reduce the likelihood of unk unks and thus deal more effectively with the otherwise unrecognized risks and opportunities.
Multi-oscillations of a bubble in a compressible liquid near a rigid boundary
Authors: Wang Qianxi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBubble dynamics near a rigid boundary are associated with wide and important applications in cavitation erosion in many industrial systems and medical ultrasonics. This classical problem is revisited with the following two developments. Firstly, computational studies on the problem have commonly been based on an incompressible fluid model, but the compressible effects are essential in this phenomenon. Consequently, a bubble usually undergoes significantly damped oscillation in practice. In this paper this phenomenon will be modelled using weakly compressible theory and a modified boundary integral method for an axisymmetric configuration, which predicts the damped oscillation. Secondly, the computational studies so far have largely been concerned with the first cycle of oscillation. However, a bubble usually oscillates for a few cycles before it breaks into much smaller ones. Cavitation erosion may be associated with the recollapse phase when the bubble is initiated more than the maximum bubble radius away from the boundary. Both the first and second cycles of oscillation will be modelled. The toroidal bubble formed towards the end of the collapse phase is modelled using a vortex ring model. The repeated topological changes of the bubble are traced from a singly connected to a doubly connected form, and vice versa. This model considers the energy loss due to shock waves emitted at minimum bubble volumes during the beginning of the expansion phase and around the end of the collapse phase. It predicts damped oscillations, where both the maximum bubble radius and the oscillation period reduce significantly from the first to second cycles of oscillation. The damping of the bubble oscillation is alleviated by the existence of the rigid boundary and reduces with the standoff distance between them. Our computations correlate well with the experimental data (Philipp & Lauterborn,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 361, 1998, pp. 75–116) for both the first and second cycles of oscillation. We have successively reproduced the bubble ring in direct contact with the rigid boundary at the end of the second collapse phase, a phenomenon that was suggested to be one of the major causes of cavitation erosion by experimental studies.
The Captured Garden: The Political Ecology of Subsistence under Capitalism
Authors: Stoll Steven 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHousehold subsistence food production did not disappear under capitalism; instead, it functioned within the circulation of capital. British lords and American mining company managers realized that the same practices that once resulted in autonomy for peasants and mountain-dwelling households could be absorbed, “captured,” to subsidize wages. This article considers the captured garden in two forms. The first resulted in capital accumulation, while the second sustained the unemployed without public assistance. Both appeared in West Virginia between the 1880s and the 1930s. Gardens moved into the coal camps, encouraged and compelled by the companies. During the Great Depression the Roosevelt administration established the Division of Subsistence Homesteads, combining gardens and factory wages as a relief program. Both forms illustrate the paradox of subsistence production under capitalism: A practice that for centuries created no surplus value could be made to do just that; an institution once the stronghold of the household could cause dependency and immiseration.
Who are the poor? Measuring wealth inequality to aid understanding of socioeconomic contexts for conservation: a case-study from the Solomon Islands
Authors: DAVIES TAMMY E. , PETTORELLI NATHALIE , CRESSWELL WILL , FAZEY IOAN R. A. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYUnderstanding the local socioeconomic context is important for the design of appropriate conservation initiatives and associated monitoring strategies, especially in areas with high degrees of inequality, to ensure conservation interventions do not inadvertently further disadvantage vulnerable people. Typical assessments of wealth inequality in remote rural areas are constrained by limited engagement with a cash economy, complex family and tribal ties, and an absence of basic infrastructure. This paper presents a simple participatory approach to measure wealth inequality that does not predefine indicators, such as income or assets, but allows the local people choose the most appropriate indicators. A case study from the Solomon Islands revealed poor households in Kahua were characterized by fewer members, fewer members of working age, and fewer male members than wealthier households. The poor also owned fewer of the locally defined indicators of wealth that were collectively correlated with limited land tenure, and, consequently, conservation or development initiatives that are tied to land in Kahua will be less likely to assist the poorest. Adopting this participatory approach could improve the effectiveness of community-based conservation, through facilitating opportunities to explore local poverty and routes for alleviation.
Compact helical antenna with small ground fed by spiral‐shaped microstrip line
Authors: Liu Longsheng , Li Yue , Zhang Zhijun , Feng Zhenghe 
Published: March 2014

A compact helical antenna with a small ground is proposed for 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN applications. The proposed antenna can be easily mounted in the space‐limited systems. Good impedance matching is achieved by a spiral‐shaped microstrip line feed structure. Relatively uniform current along the helix is observed owing to the travelling‐wave current on the feed structure, which contributes to high‐gain performance even with a small ground. The measured 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth and impedance bandwidth for S11 ≤ −10 dB overlap over 5–6 GHz, whereas the realised gain of about 13–14 dBic is achieved over the 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN band.
Group delay measurement method based on narrow‐band spread spectrum signals
Authors: Xiao Zhi Bin , Liu Yingxiang , Tang Xiaomei , Zhu Xiang Wei , Wang Feixue 
Published: March 2014

The group delay fluctuation of navigation equipment will cause signal distortion, thus bringing on ranging bias, and therfore needs to be measured and compensated. The vector network analyser method commonly adopted cannot satisfy high measuring accuracy and high frequency resolution at the same time; the higher the frequency resolution, the bigger the measuring error. To resolve this problem, a new group delay measurement method based on narrow‐band spread spectrum signals is proposed. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that this method can implement high measuring accuracy with any frequency resolution, and the system bias of the method is much less than 0.1 ns.
Questioning in common law criminal courts
Authors: Gibbons John 
Published: March 2014

Questions in everyday discourse consist of a situated exchange in which the questioner and answerer are in a roughly symmetrical relationship in which each is entitled to request information from the other. Questioners typically do not have the information that they are requesting. The answerer is not obliged to answer, but there is a normal Gricean expectation that the answer will provide the information requested. Courtroom questioning differs markedly, in that lawyers usually have a particular version of events in mind that they are attempting to confirm with the witness. Usually witnesses are compelled to answer, and do not have the right to ask questions. Therefore courtroom questions differ from everyday questions in both their social and their information characteristics.
These differences mean that courtroom questions are different from everyday questions along a range of linguistic parameters. At the overall narrative or spoken text level, the lawyer is constructing a version of events element by element – neither he nor the witness normally provides a full narrative during the interaction. At the exchange level, normally only the lawyer asks questions, and only the witness answers questions – an asymmetrical pattern – and evaluative lawyer third parts are common. At the level of question structure, coercive grammatical forms are strongly over-represented when compared to everyday conversation.
Translating tragedy into Kannada
Authors: Tharakeshwar V.B. 
Published: March 2014

Despite an apparently rich literary heritage in nineteenth-century India, Indians and English Orientalists were bewildered that literary cultures in the ‘Indian’ context lacked what they perceived as the culmination of aesthetic complexity, the tragic form. Although the explanations they came up with might fall short of a convincing answer, the debate and the consequent translation of Greek tragedies into Indian languages so as to address this lack offer a fertile ground for investigating the issues of politics of genre and the question of colonialism and nationalism. This paper argues that translations of Greek tragedies into Kannada, the official language of Karnataka, reflected the colonial subject’s negotiation with white literary supremacy.
6. Interpreter ethics versus customary law
Authors: Cooke Michael S. 
Published: March 2014

This is is an exploration of the tensions between interpreting ethics and customary law distilled from interviews with interpreters in Aboriginal languages as part of research commissioned by the Law Reform Commission of Western Australia (2006). While accuracy, impartiality and confidentiality are key principles in interpreting ethics, it was found that for Australian Indigenous interpreters each of these principles may be seriously compromised in practice by rules of customary law. Suggested strategies for resolving potential conflict between interpreting ethics and customary law include: Indigenous communities requiring public education about the interpreter’s role; health and legal professionals undertaking cultural awareness training; requiring use of trained and accredited interpreters; and an expanded role for interpreters to occasionally act as cultural broker.
9. Asymmetry reversal
Authors: Lichtenberk Frank 
Published: March 2014

Subordination is sometimes said to be characterized by a cognitive asymmetry between a matrix clause and its complement clause: the matrix clause is the profile determinant (Langacker 1991); the state of affairs expressed in the matrix clause but not the one expressed in the subordinate clause is (pragmatically) asserted (Cristofaro 2003).
This paper discusses a situation in Toqabaqita, an Austronesian language, where erstwhile bi-clausal structures have been restructured as mono-clausal ones. Has the original asymmetry undergone a change? And how could one tell?
There is a danger in relying exclusively on linguistic structures when dealing with cognitive asymmetry between states of affairs. There should be other kinds of evidence whether such asymmetry does or does not exist.
Disseisin: The lexeme and the legal fact in Early Middle English
Authors: McConchie R.W. 
Published: March 2014

Revealing the processes of vernacularising the prefix dis- in English requires attention to each lexeme which uses it. This article explores the term disseisin and its associated lexemes from its earliest uses to about 1200 AD. The historical dictionaries suggest that disseisin is the earliest discompound in English. Elucidating its history requires more however than consulting a historical dictionary or amassing corpus data. I show that the differences between lexemes casts doubt on the standard accounts.
The present data suggests that the seiz- disseis- lexemes may predate the dictionary evidence. Other sources reveal a rich legal background and enough tokens to suggest patterns of usage. It seems that, since seisin/disseisin is an antonymic pair only in legal fact, not in connotation, disseisin is privative but not necessarily pejorative. Since the language boundaries in England between French, Latin, and English were not simple, we should consider individual situations, writers, and individual lexemes wherever possible.
Word Order and Minimalism
Authors: Contreras Heles 
Published: March 2014

The minimalist program, with its clear separation between constituency, relevant to LF, and linear order, relevant to PF, makes it possible and, I would claim, natural to pursue an approach to ‘free’ word order as the result of underspecification.
In contrast with the prevailing tradition that identifies one basic order and derives the rest by different ‘movement’ operations, I will suggest that it is the lack of ordering stipulations that allows the free permutations of major sentence constituents in languages like Warlpiri (Hale 1983) and the different subject positions in languages like Spanish.
This proposal is not equivalent to the postulation of ‘flat’ structures for certain languages. The structures delivered to LF are necessarily hierarchical, given the properties of Merge, which combines two elements at a time. In this respect, Warlpiri and English are alike. It is only the PF structures that can differ with respect to how much stipulation is needed.
6. The origin of the Portuguese words in Saramaccan: Implications for sociohistory
Authors: Smith Norval 
Published: March 2014

The aim of this article is to try and trace the source of a phonological change that applies only in the Portuguese-derived lexicon in Saramaccan. Saramaccan is a mainly English-lexifier maroon creole language with a very substantial Portuguese element in its vocabulary.
This phonological change, from /g/ to /k/, cannot have taken place in Surinam, as none of the other contributory languages to Saramaccan shows any sign of it. I identify the change as one that occurs in Kikongo-dominated or Kimbundu-dominated contexts. I then try to identify the particular geographical and historical context of this change.
I work back along a number of possible transfer paths: (1) Cayenne–Surinam; (2) Dutch Pernambuco–Cayenne; (3) Pre-Dutch Pernambuco–Dutch Pernambuco, and conclude that all three paths are involved in the transference of the phonological change. I try, finally, to identify Jewish individuals and families who could have been involved in both Pre-Dutch Paramaribo and Surinam, i.e., both ends of the path.
15. A la recherche du "superstrat": What North American French can and cannot tell us about the input to creolization
Authors: Neumann-Holzschuh Ingrid 
Published: March 2014

Within the field of French creolistics it is above all Robert Chaudenson who, in various publications, has emphasized that a better knowledge of the “marginal Frenches” in North America may help to answer certain questions concerning the European input into creolization. On the basis of data collected for a research project on the varieties of Acadian French I will try to show that a closer investigation of Acadian French does indeed shed light on the language spoken by the settlers, one major component of the “feature pool” (Mufwene) accessible to the slaves, and thus provides the source of numerous specific creole forms and structures.
Apart from being a linguistic “window to the past”, the varieties of North American French enable us to discern areas within French grammar that are particularly prone to intrasystemic changes. The question, however, remains as to what extent the phenomena observed in Acadian French can be usefully applied in explaining the creolization process, especially since some of the developments that are particularly interesting from a creolist’s point of view are rather recent. On the basis of some examples, I will show that the heuristic value of a close examination of marginal Frenches lies above all in retracing the source of specific formal, functional and semantic peculiarities of creole languages; creolization itself, however, implies restructuring processes that go far beyond those that marginal Frenches have undergone in the course of time.
3. The semantics of the perfect progressive in English
Authors: Allan Keith 
Published: March 2014

As chapters in these volumes clearly demonstrate, the grammaticalization of temporality varies enormously across languages. No other language has a construction exactly like the English perfect progressive – which, were it a combination of aspects as some claim, would be self-contradictory. The principal purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how a proper semantics for the English perfect progressive locates in time the event to which it applies. I examine the origins and meanings of the progressive and the perfect in English. I affirm that the progressive is an aspect and the perfect a tense, even though the perfect does have some aspectual traits. The default meaning of the progressive is that the activity (event) denoted by the predicate in the scope of the progressive operator prog is incomplete at the temporal deictic centre indicated by the tense used in the clause. The perfect is a retrospective tense, a past tense P relative to whatever time point is indicated by the deictic centre for the clause, be it P, N, or F. The perfect progressive locates an incomplete event as retrospective from the deictic centre for the clause. Given these assumptions there is no contradiction in the concatenation perfect progressive, have + been + Ving, such as would seem to arise if the perfect is analysed as an aspect.
A unified syntactic analysis of Italian and Luganda nouns
Authors: Ferrari-Bridgers Franca 
Published: March 2014

In this paper, I propose a unified syntactic analysis of Luganda and Italian simple nouns. I argue that Italian and Luganda nouns are formed in the syntax via merge and move operations. More specifically, I show that in both languages all nouns are formed via the merger of the nominalizer head [n] with a nominal stem [LP] yielding the nominal structure [nP [n [LP]]] and that syntactic movement is necessary in the noun formation process of Italian nouns to derive the correct morpheme order.
In order to prove that the structure [nP [n [LP]]] is representative for both languages, I demonstrate that the nominalizer head [n] corresponds to both the Italian gender feature and the Luganda class feature and that, therefore, gender and class are the same feature. The data analysis in sections (2) and (3) of this paper supports the claim that gender and class are the same feature because of their identical inflectional and derivational functions. At the inflectional level, gender and class trigger VP and DP agreement and at the derivational level gender and class function as n-marked heads whose merger with an XP yields a noun.
Aspect matters in the middle
Authors: Lekakou Marika 
Published: March 2014

This paper addresses the variation that the middle construction attests
cross-linguistically. In one class of languges middles behave as passives,
whereas in another class they pattern with unergative structures. My
proposal is that this variation is not accidental, and that it reduces to
variation in the morphosyntax of aspect. I put forward a semantic treatment
of middles as disposition ascriptions to a Patient/Theme argument. I then
show how the morphosyntax of the dispositional generic operator that is
argued to be present in such structures determines the syntactic behaviour
of middles. Genericity may be morphosyntactically encoded by means of
grammatical aspect, in particular in languages where such aspectual
distinctions as perfective/imperfective exist. The proposal is that the level
at which the generic operator is present correlates with the level at which
middles are derived. For instance, in Greek and French, genericity is
morphosyntactically encoded and middles are parasitic on passives. In
such languages, middles are derived in the syntax, in virtue of the availability
in the syntax of the relevant operator. In Germanic languages, by contrast,
aspectual distinctions are not encoded in the morphosyntax, and middles
are syntactically unergative. This is implemented in terms of a presyntactic
derivation.
Topic prominence and null subjects
Authors: Modesto Marcello 
Published: March 2014

This chapter presents data from Brazilian Portuguese, Finnish and Chinese
which show that, at least in these languages, phonologically null subjects may be
licensed and identified without the participation of verbal agreement. The analysis
proposed treats those cases of null subjects as elided topics (PF-deleted elements)
and so it relates the presence of null subjects in these languages to a parameter
involving topic prominence. Some implications of the analysis are then discussed,
based on Brazilian Portuguese data.
Language transfer in child SLA: A longitudinal case study of a sequential bilingual
Authors: Kwon Eun-Young , Han ZhaoHong 
Published: March 2014

In this chapter we report on a 26-month longitudinal study of a Korean-speaking child acquiring L2 English in the United States (AoA: 3;6). Focusing on negation, plural, and possessive marking, we examined the nature of language transfer as a function of changes occurring in the participant’s L1 and L2. We subsequently found bidirectional transfer in the child’s placement of the negator, reverse transfer in certain plural constructions, and a delay in the acquisition of possessive marking that is attributable to the lack of a corresponding feature in the participant’s developing L1. Importantly, this pattern of transfer appears to arise from the waxing and waning of the child’s L1 and L2.
Foster-Cohen (2001) suggests a sliding-window approach to understanding child second language acquisition (SLA). She views development as a continuum along a variety of axes, including but not limited to age, cognitive maturity, and proficiency, which are interrelated such that waxing along one axis may coincide with waning along another. Adopting the “sliding window” notion as its conceptual backdrop, this chapter reports on the longitudinal study focusing on language transfer as a function of changes occurring in the child’s L1 and L2. Transfer was herein defined as a process in L2 acquisition (L2A) whereby one language influences the other. This is dubbed substratum transfer when the influence comes from the L1 and reverse transfer when the influence comes from the L2 (Odlin 1989).