bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of policy and actions to tackle obesity in England
Authors: Jebb S. A. , Aveyard P. N. , Hawkes C. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryTackling obesity has been a policy priority in England for more than 20 years. Two formal government strategies on obesity in 2008 and 2011 drew together a range of actions and developed new initiatives to fill perceived gaps. Today, a wide range of policies are in place, including support for breastfeeding and healthy weaning practices, nutritional standards in schools, restrictions on marketing foods high in fat, sugar and salt to children, schemes to boost participation in sport, active travel plans, and weight management services. Data from annual surveys show that the rate of increase in obesity has attenuated in recent years, but has not yet been reversed. This paper considers the actions taken and what is known about the impact of individual policies and the overarching strategy to tackle obesity in England.
Enamel roughness and incidence of caries after interproximal enamel reduction: a systematic review
Authors: Koretsi V. , Chatzigianni A. , Sidiropoulou S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interproximal enamel reduction (IER) on tooth surfaces regarding the level of enamel roughness after applying different IER methods and the caries risk of treated teeth. Seven electronic databases were systematically searched. Two independent reviewers rated the articles at every step according to predetermined eligibility criteria. Data on enamel roughness were pooled if the same IER method was used and arithmetic values were available. Data on occurrence of caries were suitable for the analysis if the same units for caries development were used. From 2396 citations initially identified, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria and were further considered (14 studying enamel roughness and four studying the risk of caries after IER). A meta‐analysis of quantitative data regarding enamel roughness was not possible due to statistical heterogeneity; instead, the enamel roughness findings are only described. The meta‐analysis of studies focusing on the incidence of caries revealed no statistical difference between treated and untreated enamel surfaces (p = NS) from 1 to 7 years after IER. Drawing reliable conclusions on enamel roughness after IER is difficult owing to the diversity of the available studies. Statistically, the occurrence of caries on surfaces previously treated with IER was the same as that on intact surfaces, indicating that IER does not increase the risk of caries on treated teeth.
Cadmium uptake in Elodea canadensis leaves and its interference with extra‐ and intra‐cellular pH
Authors: Javed M. T. , Lindberg S. , Greger M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis study investigated cadmium (Cd) uptake in Elodea canadensis shoots under different photosynthetic conditions, and its effects on internal (cytosolic) and external pH. The plants were grown under photosynthetic (light) or non‐photosynthetic (dark or in the presence of a photosynthetic inhibitor) conditions in the presence or absence of CdCl2 (0.5 μm) in a medium with a starting pH of 5.0. The pH‐sensitive dye BCECF‐AM was used to monitor cytosolic pH changes in the leaves. Cadmium uptake in protoplasts and leaves was detected with a Cd‐specific fluorescent dye, Leadmium Green AM, and with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. During cultivation for 3 days without Cd, shoots of E. canadensis increased the pH of the surrounding water, irrespective of the photosynthetic conditions. This medium alkalisation was higher in the presence of CdCl2. Moreover, the presence of Cd also increased the cation exchange capacity of the shoots. The total Cd uptake by E. canadensis shoots was independent of photosynthetic conditions. Protoplasts from plants exposed to 0.5 μm CdCl2 for 3 days did not exhibit significant change in cytosolic [Cd2+] or pH. However, exposure to CdCl2 for 7 days resulted in increased cytosolic [Cd2+] as well as pH. The results suggest that E. canadensis subjected to a low CdCl2 concentration initially sequesters Cd into the apoplasm, but under prolonged exposure, Cd is transported into the cytosol and subsequently alters cytosolic pH. In contrast, addition of 10–50 μm CdCl2 directly to protoplasts resulted in immediate uptake of Cd into the cytosol.
Foreground‐background discrimination indicated by event‐related brain potentials in a new auditory multistability paradigm
Authors: Szalárdy Orsolya , Winkler István , Schröger Erich , Widmann Andreas , Bendixen Alexandra 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFor studying multistable auditory perception, we propose a paradigm that evokes integrated or segregated perception of a sound sequence, and permits decomposition of the segregated grouping into foreground and background sounds. The paradigm combines 3‐tone pitch patterns with alternating timbres, resulting in a repeating 6‐tone structure that can be perceived as rising based on temporal proximity, or as falling based on timbre similarity. Listeners continuously report their percept while EEG is recorded. Results show an ERP modulation starting at ∼70 ms after sound onset that can be explained by whether a sound belongs to perceived foreground or background, with no additional effect of integrated versus segregated grouping. Auditory grouping as indexed by the mismatch negativity did not correspond with reported sound grouping. The paradigm offers a new possibility for investigating effects of conscious perceptual organization on sound processing.
Cortical potentials in an auditory oddball task reflect individual differences in working memory capacity
Authors: Yurgil Kate A. , Golob Edward J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis study determined whether auditory cortical responses associated with mechanisms of attention vary with individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) and perceptual load. The operation span test defined subjects with low versus high WMC, who then discriminated target/nontarget tones while EEG was recorded. Infrequent white noise distracters were presented at midline or ±90° locations, and perceptual load was manipulated by varying nontarget frequency. Amplitude of the N100 to distracters was negatively correlated with WMC. Relative to targets, only high WMC subjects showed attenuated N100 amplitudes to nontargets. In the higher WMC group, increased perceptual load was associated with decreased P3a amplitudes to distracters and longer‐lasting negative slow wave to nontargets. Results show that auditory cortical processing is associated with multiple facets of attention related to WMC and possibly higher‐level cognition.
Null Subjects in Swabian
Authors: Bohnacker Ute 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFew studies have investigated referential null subjects in present‐day non‐standard varieties of German. This paper explores the distribution of 4,000 null and overt referential subjects in finite clauses in a new corpus of spoken Swabian, a North Alemannic dialect spoken in Southwest Germany. The paper describes Swabian subject use as it emerges from the corpus data with regard to morphological form, syntactic distribution, reference and informational status. Swabian, unlike Standard German, allows and in some cases prefers clause‐internal referential subjects to be null, whilst in other contexts, referential null subjects are ruled out. There is a robust second person null‐subject property, with 61% of 2nd singular subject pronouns being dropped clause‐internally, i.e. from a position following the finite verb in main clauses or following a complementiser in embedded clauses. 1st singular and 3rd singular neuter subjects are dropped clause‐internally as well, but at much lower frequencies and only in very specific phonological and lexical constellations, not previously noted in the literature. The empirical findings are compared with an earlier unquantified study of Swabian (Haag‐Merz 1996) and discussed in light of other work on present‐day Germanic vernaculars and previous accounts of partial null subject languages.
Fulminant and fatal encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba in a kidney transplant recipient: case report and literature review
Authors: Satlin M.J. , Graham J.K. , Visvesvara G.S. , Mena H. , Marks K.M. , Saal S.D. , Soave R. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAcanthamoeba is the most common cause of granulomatous amebic encephalitis, a typically fatal condition that is classically described as indolent and slowly progressive. We report a case of Acanthamoeba encephalitis in a kidney transplant recipient that progressed to death within 3 days of symptom onset and was diagnosed at autopsy. We also review clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of all published cases of Acanthamoeba encephalitis in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Ten cases were identified, and the infection was fatal in 9 of these cases. In 6 patients, Acanthamoeba presented in a fulminant manner and death occurred within 2 weeks after the onset of neurologic symptoms. These acute presentations are likely related to immunodeficiencies associated with solid organ transplantation that result in an inability to control Acanthamoeba proliferation. Skin lesions may predate neurologic involvement and provide an opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment. Acanthamoeba is an under‐recognized cause of encephalitis in SOT recipients and often presents in a fulminant manner in this population. Increased awareness of this disease and its clinical manifestations is essential to attain an early diagnosis and provide the best chance of cure.
The Application of Geometric Constraint Programming to the Design of Motion Generating Six-Bar Linkages
Authors: Mirth John A. 
Published: September 2013

This paper looks at the application of Geometric Constraint Programming (GCP) to the synthesis of six-bar planar linkages. GCP is a synthesis method that relies on the built-in geometric capabilities of commercial solid-modeling programs to produce linkage designs while operating in the “sketch” mode for these programs. GCP provides the user with the opportunity to create mechanisms in their entirety at multiple design positions.
The complexity of analyzing potential defects (such as circuit or branch defects) within a six-bar mechanism poses significant challenges to the user who might try to design such a mechanism in a single step. The methods presented in this paper apply GCP in a stepwise manner to create six-bar linkages that are less likely to suffer from defects than if they were created in a single step. Stepwise approaches are presented for six-bar mechanisms designed to solve a problem involving rigid-body guidance (motion generation). The linkages considered include the Stephenson I, II, and III chains, as well as the Watt I six-bar. The Watt II six-bar is not included since this mechanism’s application to rigid-body guidance can be handled by GCP methods previously developed for four-bar linkages.
Model Reduction of a Parametrically Excited Drivetrain
Authors: Pumhoessel Thomas , Hehenberger Peter , Zeman Klaus 
Published: September 2013

The complexity of engineering systems is continuously increasing, resulting in mathematical models that become more and more computationally expensive. Furthermore, in model based design, for example, system parameters are subject of change, and therefore, the system equations have to be evaluated repeatedly. Hence, there is a need for providing reduced models which are as compact as possible, but still reflect the properties of the original model in a satisfactory manner.
In this contribution, the reduction of differential equations with time-periodic coefficients, termed as parametrically excited systems, is investigated using the method of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). A reduced model is set up based on the solution of the original system for a certain parametric combination resonance of the difference type, resulting in an additional stability margin of the trivial solution. It is shown that the POD reduced model approximates the stability behavior of the original system much better than a modally reduced model even if system parameters are subject of change.
The Accessible Region of Space and Workspace for Robots With Intermittent Flight Phases
Authors: Kean Michael , Cipra Raymond J. 
Published: September 2013

For traditional robotic chassis driven by wheeled contact with the environment, the accessible region of space can be determined by examining the obstacles that obstruct locomotion. For robots capable of leaving contact with intermittent ballistic flights, the accessible space is not readily apparent. In order to plan robotic exploration in unknown environments, the robot must first have an estimate for the region of space accessible through the use of a ballistic trajectory.
This work defines the region of accessible space for a robot capable of intermittent flight phases. This includes hopping robots, swinging robots, and wheeled robots with the capability of jumping away from contact. The accessible space will also be identified for the case where there are limitations on the direction of actuation.
Since hopping can be used for climbing vertical walls in some instances, a climbing subspace is defined within the accessible space. This subspace is derived and several examples are shown.
Simple Leg Placement Strategy for a One Legged Running Model
Authors: Sullivan Timothy , Seipel Justin 
Published: September 2013

The Spring Loaded Inverted Pendulum (SLIP) model was developed to describe center of mass movement patterns observed in animals, using only a springy leg and a point mass. However, SLIP is energy conserving and does not accurately represent any biological or robotic system. Still, this model is often used as a foundation for the investigation of improved legged locomotion models. One such model called Torque Damped SLIP (TD-SLIP) utilizes two additional parameters, a time dependent torque and dampening to drastically increase the stability. Forced Damped SLIP (FD-SLIP), a predecessor of TD-SLIP, has shown that this model can be further simplified by using a constant torque, instead of a time varying torque, while still maintaining stability.
Using FD-SLIP as a base, this paper explores a leg placement strategy using a simple PI controller. The controller takes advantage of the fact that the energy state of FD-SLIP is symmetric entering and leaving the stance phase during steady state conditions. During the flight phase, the touch down leg angle is adjusted so that the energy dissipation due to dampening, during the stance phase, compensates for any imbalance of energy. This controller approximately doubles the region of stability when subjected to velocity perturbations at touchdown, enables the model to operate at considerably lower torque values, and drastically reduces the time required to recover from a perturbation, while using less energy. Finally, the leg placement strategy used effectively imitates the natural human response to velocity perturbations while running.
Prototypes of a Field Disruption Energy Harvester
Authors: El-Rayes Karim , Abdel-Aziz Ahmed , Abdel-Rahman Eihab M. , Mansour Raafat , El-Saadany Ehab 
Published: September 2013

Energy harvesting from vibrations offers a prevailing non-traditional energy source. We introduce a novel electromagnetic transduction mechanism that can be used to harvest low-frequency vibrations. The mechanism induces a current in a coil by disrupting the electromagnetic field around the coil. The harvester is composed of a coil wound around track and surrounded by a magnetic field. The coil and magnetic field source remain stationary while a ferromagnetic ball material moves freely along the track cutting the field lines, disrupting the magnetic field, and inducing current in the coil.
We present a prototype and experiments validating our energy harvesting mechanism as well as a model for the energy harvester. We find that our harvester can generate as much as 2mV and 21 μW from base vibrations of 0.9g amplitude. Our harvester demonstrates low-frequency harvesting with a center frequency as low as 9.4 Hz and a 3db harvesting bandwidth as wide as 5.8 Hz.
Evolution of Velovations: A Bicycle Design Enterprise in Lieu of Capstone Design
Authors: Gershenson John K. 
Published: September 2013

In fewer than three years, Velovations, Michigan Tech’s Bicycle Design Enterprise, has already tallied over twenty industry supported research and development projects. Our students (undergraduate and graduate) and faculty have worked with SRAM, Pearl Izumi, Saris, Cane Creek, Rolf Prima, RockyMounts, World Bicycle Relief, and others in the bicycle industry. We have worked closely with engineers, designers, and executives at these companies to co-create products that are actually coming to the market. Students have become well versed in innovating products from need understanding all the way through to tooling, including invention disclosures, costing, and industrial design. Students have used their backgrounds in Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical and Electrical Technology, Exercise Science, Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Social Sciences in combination with a structured innovation process that borrows heavily from our undergraduate course in capstone design and our graduate course in design thinking to add value to the bicycle industry.
These three years have led us to a very new model for a design experience; one that is both rewarding for students and faculty and challenging to the status quo of research and student projects at universities. The purpose of this paper is to share lessons learned in our program and look towards replication in other industries.
Optimal Design of Compliant Joint and Gripper for Miniature Robotic Devices: Application to Surgery
Authors: Rotinat-Libersa Christine , Solano Belen 
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we present the different steps towards the development of miniature compliant bending joint and gripper with high mechanical performances. These low encumbrance structures (5 mm cross-section) should deliver, with few actuation force, a large output displacement (90° bending, and 60° jaws opening respectively) under large output loads.
Firstly, we describe the theoretical studies that have been investigated in order to optimally dimension these structures. For the bending joint, the design has been inspired from the literature and optimized. For the gripper, a non-intuitive design has been generated using a multi-objective optimal synthesis method. Finally, these compliant structures have been prototyped, and characterized.
As an applicative example, they have been integrated into the end-effector of a surgical instrument. Despite the limited output load performances obtained (12.5 mN.m output torque with a 2.1 N actuation force, and 0.2 N gripping force respectively), these new building blocks demonstrate the ability of millimeter-size robotic devices further miniaturization.
Causal Evidence that Rotational Moisture Advection is Critical to the Superparameterized Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Pritchard Michael S. , Bretherton Christopher S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe authors investigate the hypothesis that horizontal moisture advection is critical to the eastward propagation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Consistent diagnostic evidence has been found in recent MJO-permitting global models viewed from the moisture-mode dynamical paradigm. To test this idea in a causal sense, tropical moisture advection by vorticity anomalies is artificially modulated in a superparameterized global model known to produce a realistic MJO signal. Boosting horizontal moisture advection by tropical vorticity anomalies accelerates and amplifies the simulated MJO in tandem with reduced environmental gross moist stability. Limiting rotational horizontal moisture advection shuts the MJO down. These sensitivities are robust in that they are nearly monotonic with respect to the control parameter and emerge despite basic-state sensitivities favoring the opposite response. Speedup confirms what several diagnostic lines of evidence already suggest—that anomalous moisture advection is fundamental to MJO propagation. The rotational component is shown to be especially critical. Amplification further suggests it may play a role in adiabatically maintaining the MJO.
GNSS Radio Occultation Constellation Observing System Experiments
Authors: Bauer Peter , Radnóti Gábor , Healy Sean , Cardinali Carla 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Observing system experiments within the operational ECMWF data assimilation framework have been performed for summer 2008 when the largest recorded number of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation observations from both operational and experimental satellites were available. Constellations with 0%, 5%, 33%, 67%, and 100% data volume were assimilated to quantify the sensitivity of analysis and forecast quality to radio occultation data volume. These observations mostly constrain upper-tropospheric and stratospheric temperatures and correct an apparent model bias that changes sign across the upper-troposphere–lower-stratosphere boundary. This correction effect does not saturate with increasing data volume, even if more data are assimilated than available in today’s analyses. Another important function of radio occultation data, namely, the anchoring of variational radiance bias corrections, is demonstrated in this study. This effect also does not saturate with increasing data volume. In the stratosphere, the anchoring by radio occultation data is stronger than provided by radiosonde and aircraft observations.
Evaluation of Various Approximations in Atmosphere and Ocean Modeling Based on an Exact Treatment of Gravity Wave Dispersion
Authors: Dukowicz John K. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Various approximations of the governing equations of compressible fluid dynamics are commonly used in both atmospheric and ocean modeling. Their main purpose is to eliminate the acoustic waves that are potentially responsible for inefficiency in the numerical solution, leaving behind gravity waves. The author carries out a detailed study of gravity wave dispersion for seven such approximations, individually and in combination, to exactly evaluate some of the often subtle errors. The atmospheric and oceanic cases are qualitatively and quantitatively different because, although they solve the same equations, their boundary conditions are entirely different and they operate in distinctly different parameter regimes. The atmospheric case is much more sensitive to approximation. The recent “unified” approximation of Arakawa and Konor is one of the most accurate. Remarkably, a simpler approximation, the combined Boussinesq–dynamically rigid approximation turns out to be exactly equivalent to the unified approximation with respect to gravity waves. The oceanic case is insensitive to the effects of any of the approximations, except for the hydrostatic approximation. The hydrostatic approximation is inaccurate at large wavenumbers in both the atmospheric and oceanic cases because it eliminates the entire buoyancy oscillation flow regime and is therefore to be restricted to low aspect ratio flows. For oceanic applications, certain approximations, such as the unified, dynamically rigid, and dynamically stiff approximations, are particularly interesting because they are accurate and approximately conserve mass, which is important for the treatment of sea level rise.