bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and Management of Bile Leaks After Hepatectomy: Results of a Prospective Analysis of 475 Hepatectomies
Authors: Donadon Matteo , Costa Guido , Cimino Matteo , Procopio Fabio , Del Fabbro Daniele , Palmisano Angela , Torzilli Guido 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe diagnosis and management of bile leaks after hepatectomy are heterogeneous because there is no agreement on the definition of post‐hepatectomy biliary fistula. The aim of this study was to validate our definition and management of biliary fistulas after hepatic resection and to compare our results with those proposed by other authors.MethodsA prospective series of patients who underwent hepatic resection from 2004 to 2012 were established. Drains were maintained for 7 days, and bilirubin was measured on postoperative days (PODs) 3, 5, and 7. Drains were removed if the bilirubin on POD 7 was less than that on POD 5 and less than 171 µmol/l (10 mg/dl). A statistical analysis of prognostic factors for biliary fistula was performed.ResultsAmong 475 consecutive patients, 39 (8 %) had biliary fistulas. Only 8 (1.7 %) patients required postoperative interventions. In comparison with other studies, we observed a higher rate of bile leaks, but at the same time, we observed a lower rate of interventional procedures. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve on POD 7 had the highest predictive value (0.81; P < 0.001). Pringle maneuvers lasting ≥90 min (OR = 3.4; P < 0.001), extended resections (OR = 6.4; P = 0.007), blood transfusions (OR = 2.4; P = 0.035), and resections including segment I (OR = 1.9; P = 0.033) or segment V (OR = 1.8; P = 0.024) were independently associated with an increased risk of bile leak.ConclusionsThe proposed definition of biliary fistula provides effective recognition of those that are clinically relevant with a reduction of the risk of unrecognized collections and minimal postoperative morbidity. Registration Number: NCT02056028 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Finger Injuries in a Developing Sport: Cachibol (Newcomb Ball)
Authors: Farkash Uri , Borisov Oleg , Bain Orit , Sagiv Paul , Nyska Meir 
Published: July 2015

Background Cachibol (also known as Newcomb ball) is a team ball game with characteristics similar to volleyball. Cachibol is becoming increasingly popular, particularly among middle-age women, and is now the fastest growing female sport in our country. Despite its growing popularity, there is a lack of information about the epidemiology of injuries incurred from this activity. The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence and pattern of finger injuries among female cachibol players competing in a 3-day tournament. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey and an observational cohort study of 612 amateur female cachibol players participating in a 3-day national tournament; 355 players completed questionnaires (58 % response rate). All injuries sustained during the tournament were reported. Results Fingers were the most commonly injured part of the body; 148 of 355 respondents reported sustaining a finger injury. During the tournament, 26 players reported a total of 27 injuries, 15 to the fingers. Most finger injuries resulted from a direct hit by the ball. Finger injuries, though considered “mild,” have long-term implications; over 50 % of injured players reported long-term discomfort. Conclusions Finger injuries are more prevalent in cachibol than volleyball due to the unique characteristics of the game. Cachibol-related injuries are a growing cause for concern due to the growing number of cachibol players. This study may be useful in developing effective treatment protocols and injury prevention programs for cachibol players.
Exact two-dimensionalization of low-magnetic-Reynolds-number flows subject to a strong magnetic field
Authors: Gallet Basile , Doering Charles R. 
Published: July 2015

We investigate the behaviour of flows, including turbulent flows, driven by a horizontal body force and subject to a vertical magnetic field, with the following question in mind: for a very strong applied magnetic field, is the flow mostly two-dimensional, with remaining weak three-dimensional fluctuations, or does it become exactly 2-D, with no dependence along the vertical direction? We first focus on the quasi-static approximation, i.e. the asymptotic limit of vanishing magnetic Reynolds number, $\mathit{Rm}\ll 1$: we prove that the flow becomes exactly 2-D asymptotically in time, regardless of the initial condition and provided that the interaction parameter $N$ is larger than a threshold value. We call this property absolute two-dimensionalization: the attractor of the system is necessarily a (possibly turbulent) 2-D flow. We then consider the full magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations and prove that, for low enough $\mathit{Rm}$ and large enough $N$, the flow becomes exactly 2-D in the long-time limit provided the initial vertically dependent perturbations are infinitesimal. We call this phenomenon linear two-dimensionalization: the (possibly turbulent) 2-D flow is an attractor of the dynamics, but it is not necessarily the only attractor of the system. Some 3-D attractors may also exist and be attained for strong enough initial 3-D perturbations. These results shed some light on the existence of a dissipation anomaly for MHD flows subject to a strong external magnetic field.
Depression, depressive symptoms, and rate of hippocampal atrophy in a longitudinal cohort of older men and women
Authors: Elbejjani M. , Fuhrer R. , Abrahamowicz M. , Mazoyer B. , Crivello F. , Tzourio C. , Dufouil C. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundSeveral studies have reported smaller hippocampal volume (HcV) in depression patients; however, the temporality of the association remains unknown. One proposed hypothesis is that depression may cause HcV loss. This study evaluates whether previous depression and recent depressive symptoms are associated with HcV and HcV loss.MethodWe used a prospective cohort of older adults (n= 1328; age = 65–80 years) with two cerebral magnetic resonance imaging examinations at baseline and 4-year follow-up. Using multivariable linear regression models, we estimated, in stratified analyses by gender, the association between indicators of history of depression and its severity (age at onset, recurrence, hospitalization for depression), proximal depressive symptoms [Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale], baseline antidepressant use, and the outcomes: baseline HcV and annual percentage change in HcV.ResultsAt baseline, women with more depressive symptoms had smaller HcV [−0.05 cm3, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.1 to −0.01 cm3per 10-unit increase in CES-D scores]. History of depression was associated with a 0.2% faster annual HcV loss in women (95% CI 0.01–0.36%). More baseline depressive symptoms and worsening of these symptoms were also associated with accelerated HcV loss in women. No associations were observed in men. Treatment for depression was associated with slower HcV loss in women and men.ConclusionsWhile only concomitant depressive symptoms were associated with HcV, both previous depression and more proximal depressive symptoms were associated with faster HcV loss in women.
Phoenician and Luwian in Early Iron Age Cilicia
Authors: Yakubovich Ilya 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe relationship between the Luwian and Phoenician versions of the bilingual texts emanating from Cilicia has never been systematically studied from the philological viewpoint. In this paper I endeavour to demonstrate that a converging set of formal arguments supports the primary character of the Phoenician versions of the ÇINEKÖY and KARATEPE 1 bilinguals and the secondary character of their Luwian versions. I interpret this as a metaphor for the relationship between two ethnic constituents of the Neo-Hittite principality of Que, whose coexistence was earlier argued for on independent grounds. According to the proposed interpretation, the Phoenician language was emblematic of the rulers of Que, who claimed Greek descent and therefore attempted to distance themselves from the traditional elites of the neighbouring Neo-Hittite states. The use of the Luwian language was a concession to the indigenous population of Que. The adoption of Phoenician as a language of written expression by the Greek colonists in Cilicia happened at the point when the Linear B script had been forgotten and represented the first step toward the creation of the Greek alphabet.
“Teaching is so WEIRD”
Authors: Lancy David F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDirect active teaching by parents is largely absent in children's lives until the rise of WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized rich, democratic) society. However, as mothers become schooled and missionized – like Kline's Fijian subjects – they adopt “modern” parenting practices, including teaching. There is great variability, even within WEIRD society, of parental teaching, suggesting that teaching itself must be culturally transmitted.
Childhood and the evolution of higher-effort teaching
Authors: Nielsen Mark , Shipton Ceri 
Published: July 2015

AbstractKline presents an excellent synthesis of teaching theory and research, with cogent arguments regarding its prevalence. In this, she claims that “active teaching” is human specific, and presents tangible reasons why. But in doing so, she overlooks a critical aspect of the human condition that may have arisen only recently in our evolutionary history: Childhood as a life stage.
Is tolerance really teaching?
Authors: Rapaport Lisa G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractKline succeeds in demonstrating the value of an approach that integrates information from various scientific and social disciplines, but her framework does not uniformly provide clarity. Specifically, inclusion of situations in which knowledgeable individuals do not actively donate information is misguided. Passive tolerance by demonstrators should continue to be excluded from definitions of teaching, in order to focus on situations in which selection has favored behaviors that are specifically geared to promoting learning in others.
Cognitive universals and cultural variation in teaching
Authors: Strauss Sidney , Ziv Margalit , Frye Douglas 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe address three issues: (1) There is a need for a comprehensive multidisciplinary understanding of teaching; (2) teaching is a natural cognitive ability for humans; and (3) there is a need to incorporate the mentalistic and cultural approaches to teaching. We suggest certain research studies that can help deepen our understanding of the cognition of teaching.
Surprise as an ideal case for the interplay of cognition and emotion
Authors: Foster Meadhbh I. , Keane Mark T. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe target article is a timely exposition on the impact of how emotion and cognition interact, a specifically important issue in surprise research. Psychologists debate whether disconfirmed expectations or sense-making processes determine surprise levels experienced for an event. We posit that, in surprise, cognition and emotion are intertwined, making it an interesting test case for the proposals in this article.
TIMED AND UNTIMED GRAMMATICALITY JUDGMENTS MEASURE DISTINCT TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Godfroid Aline , Loewen Shawn , Jung Sehoon , Park Ji-Hyun , Gass Susan , Ellis Rod 
Published: July 2015

Grammaticality judgment tests (GJTs) have been used to elicit data reflecting second language (L2) speakers’ knowledge of L2 grammar. However, the exact constructs measured by GJTs, whether primarily implicit or explicit knowledge, are disputed and have been argued to differ depending on test-related variables (i.e., time pressure and item grammaticality).Using eye-tracking, this study replicates the GJT results in R. Ellis (2005). Twenty native and 40 nonnative English speakers judged sentences with and without time pressure. Analyses revealed that time pressure suppressed regressions (right-to-left eye movements) in nonnative speakers only. Conversely, both groups regressed more on untimed, grammatical items. These findings suggest that timed and untimed GJTs measure different constructs, which could correspond to implicit and explicit knowledge, respectively. In particular, they point to a difference in the levels of automatic and controlled processing involved in responding to the timed and untimed tests. Furthermore, untimed grammatical items may induce GJT-specific task effects.
A case-control study of risk factors for rotavirus infections in adults, Denmark, 2005–2009
Authors: DORLEANS F. , FALKENHORST G. , BÖTTIGER B. , HOWITZ M. , MIDGLEY S. , NIELSEN J. , MØLBAK K. , ETHELBERG S. 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYRotavirus (RV) infections affect young children, but can also occur in adults. We sought to identify risk factors for RV infections in adults aged ⩾18 years in Denmark, and to describe illness and genotyping characteristics. From March 2005 to February 2009, we recruited consecutive cases of laboratory-confirmed RV infection and compared them with healthy controls matched by age, gender and municipality of residence. We collected information on illness characteristics and exposures using postal questionnaires. We calculated univariable and multivariable matched odds ratios (mOR) with conditional logistic regression. The study comprised 65 cases and 246 controls. Illness exceeded 10 days in 31% of cases; 22% were hospitalized. Cases were more likely than controls to suffer serious underlying health conditions [mOR 5·6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·7–18], and to report having had close contact with persons with gastrointestinal symptoms (mOR 9·4, 95% CI 3·6–24), in particular young children aged <3 years and adults aged >18 years. Close contact with young children or adults with gastrointestinal symptoms is the main risk factor for RV infection in adults in Denmark. RV vaccination assessments should consider that RV vaccination in children may indirectly reduce the burden of disease in adults.
Seed dormancy in six cold desert Brassicaceae species with indehiscent fruits
Authors: Lu Juan J. , Zhou Yuan M. , Tan Dun Y. , Baskin Carol C. , Baskin Jerry M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe dispersal unit of many species of Brassicaceae is an indehiscent fruit, but relatively few studies have tested the effect of the pericarp on seed germination in this family. Our aim was to determine the effect of the pericarp on seed dormancy in six species of Brassicaceae native to the cold desert of north-west China. Intact dispersal units and isolated seeds of Chorispora sibirica, Euclidium syriacum, Goldbachia laevigata, Spirorrhynchus sabulosus, Sterigmostemum fuhaiense and Tauscheria lasiocarpa were stored dry at ambient laboratory conditions for 0–12 months and tested for germination in light and in dark at 5/2, 15/2 and 30/15°C. The amount of water absorbed by fruits and by seeds within the fruits was determined. For four species, intact fruits, isolated seeds and isolated seeds plus the removed pericarps were used to test for the mechanical versus possible chemical role of the pericarp in seed dormancy. Fresh isolated seeds, which have a fully developed embryo, germinated to lower percentages and rates than afterripened seeds. Thus, seeds have non-deep physiological dormancy. The pericarp significantly reduced germination, but inhibition was not due to lack of water uptake by seeds or to chemical inhibitors. Afterripened seeds of the six species germinated to 0–50% inside the fruits. We conclude that the pericarp plays a dominant role in seed dormancy of the six study species, and it does so by mechanically restricting embryo growth. Thus, the pericarp has the potential to spread germination over an extended period of time.
Christian Democratic Internationalism: TheNouvelles Equipes Internationalesand the Geneva Circles between European Unification and Religious Identity, 1947–1954
Authors: ACANFORA PAOLO 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article analyses Christian Democratic International organisations after the Second World War, namely theNouvelles Equipes Internationales(NEI) and the Geneva Circles (secret discussion groups), in order to understand how and to what extent this international network has been important for European Christian Democratic Parties and for the overall process of European unification. The goal is to describe the relationship between the Christian-inspired parties and their efforts to define a common ideological framework and a successful Europeanism capable of competing with other political groups and ideologies, especially communist and nationalist forces. The main sources used are the minutes of meetings of the NEI and the Geneva Circles.
New Public Management as a Response to the Crisis of the 1970s: The Case of Finland, 1970–1990
Authors: YLIASKA VILLE 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe article gives an overview of Finland's responses to the economic crisis of the 1970s. In particular, it focuses on public sector reforms that fall under the label New Public Management (NPM). These reforms are interpreted in the context of an overproduction crisis. The article contends that in the 1980s and 1990s power in Finland was centralised through the doctrines of NPM in order to reallocate public resources from welfare services to industrial policy and thus confront post-industrialism. In doing so, it provides a new explanation as to why NPM reforms were carried out. The main justification of NPM-reforms – ‘decentralisation’ – is analysed from different angles. In the late 1960s decentralisation referred to the autonomy of the municipalities. In the 1980s it referred to ‘efficient leadership’, which meant in practice more power over resources for the state. The idea was to reallocate public resources from welfare services to research and development and venture capital. In effect, NPM was part of a new kind of state interventionism not part of a neoliberal project to destroy or hollow out the state.
Factors Associated with Discussion of Disasters by Final Year High School Students: An International Cross-sectional Survey
Authors: Codreanu Tudor A. , Celenza Antonio , Alabdulkarim Ali A. Rahman 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe effect on behavioral change of educational programs developed to reduce the community’s disaster informational vulnerability is not known. This study describes the relationship of disaster education, age, sex, and country-specific characteristics with students discussing disasters with friends and family, a measure of proactive behavioral change in disaster preparedness.MethodsThree thousand eight hundred twenty-nine final year high school students were enrolled in an international, multi-center prospective, cross-sectional study using a pre-validated written questionnaire. In order to obtain information from different educational systems, from countries with different risk of exposure to disasters, and from countries with varied economic development status, students from Bahrain, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Romania, and Timor-Leste were surveyed. Logistic regression analyses examined the relationship between the likelihood of discussing disasters with friends and family (dependent variable) and a series of independent variables (age, gender, participation in school lessons about disasters, existence of a national disaster educational program, ability to list pertinent example of disasters, country's economic group, and disaster risk index) captured by the questionnaire or available as published data.ResultsThere was no statistically significant relationship between age, awareness of one’s surroundings, planning for the future, and foreseeing consequences of events with discussions about potential hazards and risks with friends and/or family. The national educational budget did not have a statistically significant influence. Participants who lived in a low disaster risk and high income Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country were more likely to discuss disasters. While either school lessons or a national disaster education program had a unique, significant contribution to the model, neither had a better predictive utility.ConclusionsThe predictors (national disaster program, school lessons, gender, ability to list examples of disasters, country’s disaster risk index, and level of economic development), although significant, were not sufficient in predicting disaster discussions amongst teenagers.CodreanuTA,CelenzaA,AlabdulkarimAAR.Factors associated with discussion of disasters by final year high school students: an international cross-sectional survey.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(4):1–9.
Effect of African leafy vegetables on the micronutrient status of mildly deficient farm-school children in South Africa: a randomized controlled study
Authors: van der Hoeven Marinka , Faber Mieke , Osei Jennifer , Kruger Annamarie , Smuts Cornelius M 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveA randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effect of African leafy vegetable (ALV) consumption on Fe, Zn and vitamin A status in children.DesignChildren were randomly allocated to receive either a 300 g cooked ALV dish and school meal starch (n86) or the normal school meal (n81) five times per week for three months. ALV in the dish consisted mainly ofAmaranthus cruentus(at least 80 %) and the remainder ofCleome gynandra,Cucurbita maximaorVigna unguiculata. Nutrient content and consumer acceptance of the ALV dish were also determined.SettingNorth West Province, South Africa.SubjectsGrade R to grade 4 children (6–12 years old) of two farm schools.ResultsThe ALV dish contributed 11·6–15·8 mg Fe and 1·4–3·7 mg Zn. At baseline, prevalence of deficiencies in the intervention group was 16·0 %, 16·3 %, 7·0 % and 75·6 %, respectively, for anaemia (Hb<11·5 g/dl), Fe (serum ferritin<15 µg/l), vitamin A (serum retinol<20 μg/dl) and Zn (serum Zn<65 μg/dl); and in the control group 10·5 %, 18·5 %, 2·5 % and 75·3 %, respectively. No significant estimated intervention effect was found.ConclusionsThis randomized controlled trial showed that ALV were unable to improve serum retinol, serum ferritin or Hb if there are only mild deficiencies present. Furthermore, despite the low Zn status in the study population, ALV consumption did not improve serum Zn concentrations either.