bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Robust Portfolio Optimization Approach to System of System Architectures
Authors: Davendralingam Navindran , DeLaurentis Daniel. A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe realization of military capability as a System of Systems (SoS), presents significant development challenges across technical, operational and programmatic dimensions. In particular, tools for deciding how to form and evolve SoS which consider performance and risk are lacking. This research leverages tools from financial engineering and operations research perspectives in portfolio optimization to assist decision making in this setting. Our approach facilitates evolutions of SoS architecture through a framework that supports architecture selection at a given decision‐epoch of the evolutionary process. The approach models hierarchies of interdependent systems as generic nodes on a network that, subject to connectivity and compatibility constraints, work cohesively to fulfill overarching capability objectives. A robust portfolio algorithm is employed to address inherent real world issues of data uncertainty, inter‐nodal performance and developmental risk. A naval warfare scenario illustrates application of the method to find “portfoliosˮ of systems from a candidate list of available systems. Results show how the framework effectively reduces the combinatorial complexity of tradespace exploration (e.g., connectivity rules, feasibility of solutions, optimality of solutions) by allowing the optimization problem to handle the mathematically intensive aspects of the decision‐making process. As a result, human decision‐makers can focus on choosing the appropriate weights for risk aversion in making final decisions.
Computational Biology in microRNA
Authors: Li Yue , Zhang Zhaolei 
Published: April 2015

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of small endogenous noncoding RNA species, which regulate gene expression post‐transcriptionally by forming imperfect base‐pair at the 3′ untranslated regions of the messenger RNAs. Since the 1993 discovery of the first miRNA let‐7 in worms, a vast number of studies have been dedicated to functionally characterizing miRNAs with a special emphasis on their roles in cancer. A single miRNA can potentially target ∼400 distinct genes, and there are over a 1000 distinct endogenous miRNAs in the human genome. Thus, miRNAs are likely involved in virtually all biological processes and pathways including carcinogenesis. However, functionally characterizing miRNAs hinges on the accurate identification of their mRNA targets, which has been a challenging problem due to imperfect base‐pairing and condition‐specific miRNA regulatory dynamics. In this review, we will survey the current state‐of‐the‐art computational methods to predict miRNA targets, which are divided into three main categories: (1) sequence‐based methods that primarily utilizes the canonical seed‐match model, evolutionary conservation, and binding energy; (2) expression‐based target prediction methods using the increasingly available miRNA and mRNA expression data measured for the same sample; and (3) network‐based method that aims identify miRNA regulatory modules, which reflect their synergism in conferring a global impact to the biological system of interest. We hope that the review will serve as a good reference to the new comers to the ever‐growing miRNA research field as well as veterans, who would appreciate the detailed review on the technicalities, strength, and limitations of each representative computational method. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:435–452. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1286This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
Assembly, Structures, and Properties of a Series of Metal‐Organic Coordination Polymers Derived from a Semi‐rigid Bis‐pyridyl‐bis‐amide Ligand
Authors: Wang Xiu‐Li , Sha Xiao‐Ting , Liu Guo‐Cheng , Chen Nai‐Li , Gong Chun‐Hua , Qu Yun 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFour metal‐organic coordination polymers [Cd(4‐bpcb)1.5Cl2(H2O)] (1), [Cd(4‐bpcb)0.5(mip)(H2O)2]·3H2O (2), [Co(4‐bpcb)(oba)(H2O)2] (3), and [Ni(4‐bpcb)(oba)(H2O)2] (4) [4‐bpcb = N,N′‐bis(4‐pyridinecarboxamide)‐1, 4‐benzene, H2mip = 5‐methylisophthalic acid, and H2oba = 4, 4′‐oxybis(benzoic acid)] were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, and TG analysis. In complex 1, two Cl– anions serve as bridges to connect two Cd‐(μ1‐4‐bpcb) subunits forming a dinuclear unit, which are further linked by μ2‐bridging 4‐bpcb to generate 1D zigzag chain. Complex 2 shows a 2D 63 network constructed by [Cd‐mip]n zigzag chains and μ2‐bridging 4‐bpcb ligands. Complexes 3 and 4 are isostructural 2D (4, 4) grid networks derived from [M‐oba]n (M = Co, Ni) zigzag chains and [M‐(4‐bpcb)]n linear chains. The 1D chains for 1 and the 2D networks for 2–4 are finally extended into 3D supramolecular architectures by hydrogen bonding interactions. The roles of dicarboxylates and central metal ions on the assembly and structures of the target compounds were discussed. Moreover, the thermal stabilities, photoluminescent properties, and photocatalytic activities of complexes 1–4 and the electrochemical properties of complexes 3 and 4 were investigated.
A Research Note on Time With Children in Different- and Same-Sex Two-Parent Families
Authors: Prickett Kate C. , Martin-Storey Alexa , Crosnoe Robert 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPublic debate on same-sex marriage often focuses on the disadvantages that children raised by same-sex couples may face. On one hand, little evidence suggests any difference in the outcomes of children raised by same-sex parents and different-sex parents. On the other hand, most studies are limited by problems of sample selection and size, and few directly measure the parenting practices thought to influence child development. This research note demonstrates how the 2003–2013 American Time Use Survey (n = 44,188) may help to address these limitations. Two-tier Cragg’s Tobit alternative models estimated the amount of time that parents in different-sex and same-sex couples engaged in child-focused time. Women in same-sex couples were more likely than either women or men in different-sex couples to spend such time with children. Overall, women (regardless of the gender of their partners) and men coupled with other men spent significantly more time with children than men coupled with women, conditional on spending any child-focused time. These results support prior research that different-sex couples do not invest in children at appreciably different levels than same-sex couples. We highlight the potential for existing nationally representative data sets to provide preliminary insights into the developmental experiences of children in nontraditional families.
Hotelling revisits the lab: equilibration in continuous and discrete time
Authors: Kephart Curtis , Friedman Daniel 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe investigate experimentally the impact of continuous time on a four-player Hotelling location game. The static pure strategy Nash equilibrium (NE) consists of firms paired-up at the first and third quartiles of the linear city. In a repeated simultaneous move (discrete time) treatment, we largely replicate previous findings in which subjects fail to converge to the NE. However, in asynchronous move (continuous time) treatments we see clear convergence towards the NE.
Physiological phenotyping of dementias using emotional sounds
Authors: Fletcher Phillip D. , Nicholas Jennifer M. , Shakespeare Timothy J. , Downey Laura E. , Golden Hannah L. , Agustus Jennifer L. , Clark Camilla N. , Mummery Catherine J. , Schott Jonathan M. , Crutch Sebastian J. , Warren Jason D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIntroductionEmotional behavioral disturbances are hallmarks of many dementias but their pathophysiology is poorly understood. Here we addressed this issue using the paradigm of emotionally salient sounds.MethodsPupil responses and affective valence ratings for nonverbal sounds of varying emotional salience were assessed in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) (n = 14), semantic dementia (SD) (n = 10), progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA) (n = 12), and AD (n = 10) versus healthy age‐matched individuals (n = 26).ResultsReferenced to healthy individuals, overall autonomic reactivity to sound was normal in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but reduced in other syndromes. Patients with bvFTD, SD, and AD showed altered coupling between pupillary and affective behavioral responses to emotionally salient sounds.DiscussionEmotional sounds are a useful model system for analyzing how dementias affect the processing of salient environmental signals, with implications for defining pathophysiological mechanisms and novel biomarker development.
Simulación en Educación Médica
Authors: Dávila-Cervantes Andrea 
Published: April 2015

La simulación en la Educación Médica ha presentado un desarrollo importante a nivel mundial, ésta se ha convertido en una herramienta mediante la cual se favorece la adquisición de habilidades clínicas previo al contacto real con el paciente y fomenta la seguridad para éste, mediante la realización de destrezas para disminuir la posibilidad de errores o complicaciones en la realización de procedimientos. Los avances en la tecnología de la simulación han creado un cambio en el paradigma de la educación y se ha dirigido la atención en la adquisición de competencias y habilidades necesarias para la práctica médica. Las aplicaciones de la simulación son múltiples y cuentan con un potencial ilimitado, la mayoría de las experiencias involucran el entrenamiento de habilidades y la adquisición del conocimiento cognitivo. La simulación en la Educación Médica sirve como plataforma para la Educación Médica Continua, ésta provee a los profesionales en la salud la oportunidad para conocer nuevos avances y procedimientos, favorece la exploración de diversas áreas con deficiencia en competencias y provee de poderosas herramientas de intervención para mejorar las habilidades que requieren mayor entrenamiento. En este artículo se ofrece un panorama conceptual respecto a la simulación, se describe el desarrollo, las características de la misma, las ventajas que ofrece esta herramienta educativa y se analizan los diversos estudios que se están realizando en este campo.
Dynamics of laser-induced bubble pairs
Authors: Han Bing , Köhler Karsten , Jungnickel Kerstin , Mettin Robert , Lauterborn Werner , Vogel Alfred 
Published: April 2015

The interaction of two laser-induced bubbles in bulk water is investigated. The strength and direction of the emerging liquid jets can be controlled by adjusting the relative bubble positions, the time difference between bubble generation, and the laser pulse energies determining the bubble sizes. Experimental and numerical studies are performed for millimetre-sized bubble pairs. Taking bubbles of equal energy, a maximum jet velocity is found for close anti-phase bubbles, i.e. when the second bubble is produced at the maximum volume of the first one and the bubble walls are almost touching and not merging. Under these conditions, one bubble produces a fast jet with a peak velocity of about$150~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$that reaches a distance into the surrounding liquid of at least three times the maximum bubble radius. Collapse of the other bubble results in a slow jet of large mass that rapidly converts into a ring vortex. Correspondingly, the interaction with adjacent structures is dominated either by localized jet impact or by shear stresses extending over a larger area. Furthermore, interactions between micrometre-sized bubble pairs are investigated numerically to understand and predict how the effects of the physical parameters on bubble dynamics would change when the bubbles become smaller. The results are discussed with respect to micropumping and opto-injection.
NARRATIVES OF DEATH IN RURAL MALAWI IN THE TIME OF AIDS
Authors: Ashforth Adam , Watkins Susan 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe key to understanding the experience of AIDS mortality lies in the stories that people tell each other about those they know who are suspected to have died from AIDS. We use a unique set of texts produced by rural Malawians reporting everyday conversations in their communities. These texts, drawn from the online archive of the Malawi Journals Project, consist of several thousand instances of ordinary people telling each other stories in the ordinary course of their lives. They are a form of insider ethnography, accounts of everyday life written by people immersed in the lives of their communities. Through analysis of these texts, we show that narratives of death are predicated upon the question ‘Who is to blame?’ We argue that a micropolitics of blame arises from practices of narrating death and shapes individual and collective responses to the epidemic. When we pay attention to the details of the production and exchange of these stories, we can see how the fact that narratives of death are predicated upon the question of blame both expresses and produces a desire for justice, both for the righting of wrongs through retributive punishment and for the restoration of harmonious social relations among the living. This desire for justice, we argue, is a central feature of the social impact of AIDS.
A New Date for Concrete in Rome
Authors: Mogetta Marcello 
Published: April 2015

AbstractConcrete is regarded as a quintessentially Roman achievement. The spread of the technology is usually dated to the fourth or third centuriesb.c., and interpreted as a symptom of Rome's early expansion in Italy. In this paper I offer a reappraisal of the available evidence for early concrete construction in Rome. On the basis of stratigraphic evidence, I conclude that a later date should be assigned to most of the remains. I situate the origins of the technological innovation within the radical change in architectural styles that unfolded in the middle of the second centuryb.c., affecting both domestic architecture and public building. The new chronology has an impact on current models of cultural diffusion in Roman Italy, linking the development of Late Republican architecture with the broader debate on the cultural implications of the Roman conquest.
Three-year-olds can predict a noun based on an attributive adjective: evidence from eye-tracking
Authors: TRIBUSHININA ELENA , MAK WILLEM M. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates whether three-year-olds are able to process attributive adjectives (e.g., softpillow) as they hear them and to predict the noun (pillow) on the basis of the adjective meaning (soft). This was investigated in an experiment by means of the Visual World Paradigm. The participants saw two pictures (e.g., a pillow and a book) and heard adjective–noun combinations, where the adjective was either informative (e.g., soft) or uninformative (e.g., new) about the head-noun. The properties described by the target adjectives were not visually apparent. When the adjective was uninformative, the looks at the target increased only upon hearing the noun. When the adjective was informative, however, the looks at the target increased upon hearing the adjective. Three-year-olds were as fast as adult controls in predicting the upcoming noun. We conclude that toddlers process adjective–noun phrases incrementally and can predict the noun based on the prenominal adjective.
Human Rights between Jurisprudence and Social Science
Authors: HUNEEUS ALEXANDRA 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article argues that human rights law – which mediates between claims about universal human nature, on the one hand, and hard-fought political battles, on the other – is in particular need of a richer exchange between jurisprudential approaches and social science theory and methods. Using the example of the Inter-American Human Rights System, the article calls for more human rights scholarship with a new realist sensibility. It demonstrates in what ways legal and social science scholarship on human rights law both stand to improve through sustained, thoughtful exchange.
Legal Realism and its Discontents
Authors: BODANSKY DANIEL 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article provides a brief overview of legal realism and sketches out its implications for international law, using international environmental law as an example. Although the ‘new’ legal realism is not especially new, its anti-formalist, pragmatic perspective still offers important insights about the international legal process, and serves as a useful counterpoint to a new variety of formalism, which continues to resist the social scientific study of international law. Among its distinctive elements, legal realism views international law instrumentally, is empirical in orientation, and focuses on the processes by which international law is developed, implemented, and enforced, rather than limiting itself to international law doctrine. The fear of critics is that, by de-emphasizing the internal point of view and the concept of legal validity, legal realism deprives international law of the very features that make it a distinctive enterprise.
The National Judge as an Ordinary Judge of International Law? Invocability of Treaty Law in National Courts
Authors: EL BOUDOUHI SAÏDA 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSince theSimmenthalcase of the ECJ, the national judge has been coined the ‘ordinary judge of EU law’, meaning that this judge has the primary responsibility for ensuring the effectiveness of EU law through different techniques. While there has been a large amount of research on the role of domestic courts in relation to international law, the question of whether the domestic judge could also be characterized as the ‘ordinary judge of international law’ in the sense the phrase is used regarding EU law has never been raised. This article identifies the contents of the phrase in the context of EU law in order to test it against international law. It undertakes this by transposing the different types of invocability – direct effect, invocability of consistent interpretation, invocability of damages, and invocability of exclusion – which set the national judge as a primary judge of EU law, to international law before domestic judges. While the analysis relies mainly on French case law relating to international law, comparisons are drawn, where relevant, between the case law of this jurisdiction and that of other jurisdictions in order to establish a general trend. This permits the conclusion that, while the French courts remain reluctant to ensure the effectiveness of international law through the adoption of the different techniques of invocability, other domestic judges behave as ordinary judges of international law in a way that is very similar to the way the national judges treat EU law.
Inescapable Dyads: Why the International Criminal Court Cannot Win
Authors: ROBINSON DARRYL 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe International Criminal Court (ICC) is surrounded by controversies and criticisms. This article highlights some patterns in the arguments, showing that many plausible criticisms reflect inescapable dyads. For any position that Court could take, one or more powerful criticisms can inevitably be advanced. The tension can be obscured because shared terms are often recruited for opposite meanings. Awareness of these patterns can (i) provide a framework to better situate arguments, (ii) reveal the deeper complexity of the problems, and (iii) help us to evaluate and improve upon the arguments. Awareness of dyadic structures can lead to a debate that is more generous, as we acknowledge the difficulty and uncertainty of choosing among flawed options, yet also more rigorous, as we attempt to articulate and improve upon our frameworks of evaluation. The goal of this article is to encourage a better conversation that can generate better insights.
Low-buoyancy thermochemical plumes resolve controversy of classical mantle plume concept
Authors: Dannberg Juliane , Sobolev Stephan V. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe Earth’s biggest magmatic events are believed to originate from massive melting when hot mantle plumes rising from the lowermost mantle reach the base of the lithosphere. Classical models predict large plume heads that cause kilometre-scale surface uplift, and narrow (100 km radius) plume tails that remain in the mantle after the plume head spreads below the lithosphere. However, in many cases, such uplifts and narrow plume tails are not observed. Here using numerical models, we show that the issue can be resolved if major mantle plumes contain up to 15–20% of recycled oceanic crust in a form of dense eclogite, which drastically decreases their buoyancy and makes it depth dependent. We demonstrate that, despite their low buoyancy, large enough thermochemical plumes can rise through the whole mantle causing only negligible surface uplift. Their tails are bulky (>200 km radius) and remain in the upper mantle for 100 millions of years.
Evolutionary games of condensates in coupled birth–death processes
Authors: Knebel Johannes , Weber Markus F. , Krüger Torben , Frey Erwin 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCondensation phenomena arise through a collective behaviour of particles. They are observed in both classical and quantum systems, ranging from the formation of traffic jams in mass transport models to the macroscopic occupation of the energetic ground state in ultra-cold bosonic gases (Bose–Einstein condensation). Recently, it has been shown that a driven and dissipative system of bosons may form multiple condensates. Which states become the condensates has, however, remained elusive thus far. The dynamics of this condensation are described by coupled birth–death processes, which also occur in evolutionary game theory. Here we apply concepts from evolutionary game theory to explain the formation of multiple condensates in such driven-dissipative bosonic systems. We show that the vanishing of relative entropy production determines their selection. The condensation proceeds exponentially fast, but the system never comes to rest. Instead, the occupation numbers of condensates may oscillate, as we demonstrate for a rock–paper–scissors game of condensates.
A magneto-electro-optical effect in a plasmonic nanowire material
Authors: Valente João , Ou Jun-Yu , Plum Eric , Youngs Ian J. , Zheludev Nikolay I. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractElectro- and magneto-optical phenomena play key roles in photonic technology enabling light modulators, optical data storage, sensors and numerous spectroscopic techniques. Optical effects, linear and quadratic in external electric and magnetic field are widely known and comprehensively studied. However, optical phenomena that depend on the simultaneous application of external electric and magnetic fields in conventional media are barely detectable and technologically insignificant. Here we report that a large reciprocal magneto-electro-optical effect can be observed in metamaterials. In an artificial chevron nanowire structure fabricated on an elastic nano-membrane, the Lorentz force drives reversible transmission changes on application of a fraction of a volt when the structure is placed in a fraction-of-tesla magnetic field. We show that magneto-electro-optical modulation can be driven to hundreds of thousands of cycles per second promising applications in magneto-electro-optical modulators and field sensors at nano-tesla levels.