bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duration of Fungicidal Effect Following Injection of Apple Trees with Fosetyl‐Al
Authors: Long P. G. , Miller S. A. , Davis L. K. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractInjection of 4 g a.i. of fosetyl‐Al into 10‐year‐old apple trees in the growing season gave fungicidal effects in both unlignified xylem tissue and phloem/cortical tissue of the shoots and trunk base within three days. These fungicidal effects persisted for at least 15 months.Phytotoxicity, manifested as browning of the lignified xylem, was found in trees injected in November, May and August but was most severe in August injected trees where there were also extensive lesions in the bark tissues.Bioassay of mature fruit indicated fungicidal effects up to 15 months after tree injection but residue levels were below permitted tolerance levels for avocados — a crop for which use of fosetyl‐Al is registered in Australia.ZusammenfassungDauer des Fungizideffekts von Forestyl‐Al nach der Injektion in ApfelbäumenInnerhalb von 3 Tagen nach einer Einspritzung von 4 g a.i. Fosetyl‐Al konnte eine fungizide Wirkung in nichtholzigem Xylem‐ und Phloem‐/Rindenzellengewebe der Schößlinge und des Stammfußes in 10 Jahre alten Apfelbäumen festgestellt werden. Diese fungiziden Wirkungen hielten mindestens 15 Monate an.Phytotoxität, die sich als eine Braunfärbung des holzigen Xylems äußerte, wurde in Bäumen beobachtet, die im November, Mai und August behandelt worden waren. Diese Erscheinung war am gravierendsten bei Bäumen, die im August behandelt waren, wo ausgedehnte Läsionen auch im Rindengewebe festzustellen waren.Ein Bioassay von reifen Früchten zeigte, daß eine fungizide Wirkung bis zu 15 Monate nach der Behandlung festgestellt werden konnte. Nach einer Analyse der Rückstände in den Früchten wurden Werte ermittelt, die niedriger als die zugelassenen Werte für Avocado waren. In Australien ist eine Anwendung von Fosetyl‐Al bei Avocados zugelassen.
The Effect of Addition to Field Soil of Inoculum of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici on Take‐All of Wheat
Authors: Cotterill P. J. , Aram K. Srvasith Amp 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn 1986, axenically‐colonized inoculum of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici was incorporated with wheat seed at a field site in Western Australia. This resulted in a significant enhancement of the infectivity of the soil and of take‐all in a wheat crop sown on the site the following year. Variability of data was also reduced markedly. It is proposed that this inoculation technique may be suitable for take‐all experiments on sites which have low levels of field inoculum or where this is unevenly distributed.ZusammenfassungDer Einfluß der Beimischung eines künstlichen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici‐Inokulums zu Feldböden auf die Schwarzbeinigkeit beim WeizenIm Jahre 1986 wurde ein axenisches Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici‐Inokulum mit Weizensamen zusammengemischt und auf einer Feldversuchsfläche in Westaustralien ausgesät. Die Auswirkung dieser Maßnahme war eine erhöhte Infektivität des Bodens und ein höherer Schwarz‐beinigkeitsbefall in einem Weizenbestand, der ein Jahr später auf dieser Versuchsfläche ausgesät wurde. Schwankende Ergebnisse wurden auch deutlich reduziert. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß diese Inokulationsmethode dort Anwendung findet, wo das natürliche Inokulum nur ein niedriges Niveau hat oder wo es ungleichmäßig im Feld verteilt ist.
Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity of Acrophialophora levis Samson and Tariq Mahmood
Authors: TURHAN GÜLAY , GROSSMANN F. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn studies conducted to gain information on the antagonistic potential of Acrophialophora levis, an isolate obtained from the rhizosphere of olive trees in Aegean Region (Turkey) was assayed in vitro for its antibiotic activity against 16 important soil‐borne plant pathogenic fungi belonging to Mastigomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina, and six bacteria by using the streak method. The results of this study clearly demonstrated that A levis exhibited an antagonistic activity against all of the test fungi and three of the test bacteria through antibiosis.As evidenced by the respective zones of inhibition, Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum proved to be extremely susceptible; Pythium debaryanum, Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora capsici appeared to be the most resistant among the fungi tested.Among the test bacteria, Cory neb acterium michiganense pv. michiganense, Bacillus subtilis and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria showed some sensitivity to the antibiotic effect of this antagonist.ZusammenfassungAntagonistische Wirksamkeit von Acrophialophora levis Samson and Tariq MahmoodIn Untersuchungen, die Aufschluß über das antagonistische Potential von Acrophialophora levis in vitro geben sollten, wurde ein Isolat, das aus der Rhizosphäre von Olivenbäumen in der ägäischen Region (Türkei) gewonnen worden war, auf seine antibiotische Wirkung gegenüber 16 bodenbürtigen phytopathogenen Pilzen aus den Gruppen der Mastigomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina und Deuterornycotina sowie gegenüber sechs Bakterien‐Arten geprüft. Dabei konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß A. levis eine antagonistische Wirkung auf aile Testpilze und auf drei der Testbakterien ausübt,Gemessen an der Breite der Hemmzonen, erwiesen sich Botrytis cinerea und Sclerotinia sclerotiorum als besonders empfindlich; dagegen waren Pythium debaryanum, Rhizoctonia solani und Phytophthora capsici die widerstandsfähigsten unter den geprüften Pilzen. Von den Testbakterien ließen Corynebacterium michiganense pv. michiganense, Bacillus subtilis und Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria eine gewisse Sensitivitat gegenüber der antibiotischen Wirkung des Antagonisten erkennen.
Taxonomie bekannter und neuer Ceratocystis‐Arten an Eiche (Quercus robur L.) Institut für Pflanzenschutz im Forst der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land‐ und Forstwirtschaft Braunschweig
Authors: Kowalski T. , Butin H. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTaxonomy of known and new species of Ceratocystis from oak (Quercus robur L.)A description is given of six species of the ascomycetous genus Ceratocystis isolated from Quercus robur L. in Poland. Two of these — Ceratocystis grandicarpa sp. nov. and C. prolifera sp. nov. — are described as new species based on the characteristics of their ascospores, ascocarps and conidial states in culture; Ceratocystis introcitrina Olchow. & Reid, C. moniliformis (Hedge.) C. Moreau, C. piceae (Münch) Bakshi and C. stenoceras (Robak) C. Moreau were isolated more or less frequently from oak xylem.ZusammenfassungEs wird die Beschreibung von sechs Ceratocystis‐hrten gegeben, die in Polen aus dem Holz stehender Stieleichen isoliert worden sind. Neben den bekannten Formen von Ceratocystis introcitrina Olchow. & Reid, C. moniliformis (Hedge.) C. Moreau, C. piceae (Münch) Bakshi und C. stenoceras (Robak) C. Moreau werden Ceratocystis grandicarpa sp. nov. und C. proliféra sp. nov. als neue Arten vorgestellt.
A Scale of Reaction Types of Groundnut to Puccinia arachidis Speg.
Authors: Savary S. , Rao P. V. Subba , Zadoks J. C. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA scale of reaction types of groundnut to Puccinia arachidis Speg. is proposed based on observations of infected leaves taken from the field. A variety of reaction types was described and ranked in two ways, according to ontogenic development and to host susceptibility. The reaction types thus described were grouped into few classes, and the resulting scale was compared with the widely‐used scales of cereal rusts. The application of the proposed typological scale for a quick, qualitative assessment of groundnut varieties for rust resistance is discussed.ZusammenfassungEine Reaktionstypskala für Erdnüsse gegen Puccimia arachidis Speg.Vorgeschlagen wird eine Reaktionstypskala für Erdnüsse gegen Puccinia arachidis Speg., die sich auf Beobachtungen von feldgesammelten, infizierten Blättern stützt. Eine Vielfalt von Reaktionstypen wurde beschrieben und nach zwei Gesichtspunkten eingeordnet, nach der ontogenischen Entwicklung und der Wirtsanfälligkeit. Die so beschriebene Reaktionstypen wurden in einigen Klassen zusammengestellt und die daraus gebildete Skala mit der breitangewandten Getreiderostskala verglichen. Diskutiert wird die Anwendung dieser vorgeschlagenen typologischen Skala für eine schnelle, qualitative Beurteilung der Rostresistenz von Erdnußsorten.
Induced Accessibility and Inaccessibility of Barley Cells in Seedling Leaves Inoculated with Two Leaf Rust Species
Authors: Niks R. E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPrimary seedling leaves of two barley lines inoculated first with the pathogenic Puccinia hordei and 24 h later with the nonpathogenic P. recondita f. sp. recondita were screened for cells attacked by both rust fungus species. Cells in which P. hordei had formed a haustorium were hardly or not at all able to prevent formation of a haustorium by P. recondita.There was little evidence for diffusion of this induced accessibility to surrounding tissue. Comparison of the maturity degrees of the haustoria of the two species in the same cell suggests an induction of accessibility about or at the moment of cell wall penetration by P. hordei.Observations on leaves first inoculated with P. recondita and 24 h later with P. hordei led to the conclusion that cells in which P. recondita had failed to form a haustorium could still be infected by P. hordei. There was no evidence for induction of inaccessibility in such a cell as the result of an earlier attack by the non‐pathogenic fungus.ZusammenfassungInduzierte Zugänglichkeit und Nichtzugänglichkeit von Zellen in Gerstesämlingsblätter, die mit zwei Blattrostspezies inokuliert wurdenUntersucht wurden die Primärsämlingsblätter von zwei Gestenlinien, die zuerst mit dem Pathogen Puccinia hordei und 24 Stunden später mit dem Nichtpathogen P. recondita f. sp recondita inokuliert worden waren, um festzustellen, ob Zellen durch beide Rostpilzspezies befallen worden waren. Festgestellt wurde, daß Zellen, in denen sich ein P. hordei‐Haustorium gebildet hat, kaum in der Lage waren, die Haustoriumbildung von P. recondita zu unterdrücken.Es gab wenig Hinweise dafür, daß diese induzierte Zugänglichkeit sich im umgebenden Gewebe ausbreitete. Ein Vergleich des Reifegrades der Haustorien der zwei Spezies in einer Zelle deutete darauf hin, daß eine Auslösung der Zugänglichkeit zur Zeit der Zellwandpenetration durch P. hordei stattfand.Beobachtungen an Blättern, die zuerst mit P. recondita und 24 Std. später mit P. hordei inokuliert worden waren, zeigten, daß in Zellen, wo eine P. recondita‐Haustoriumbildung gescheitert war, eine P. hordei‐Infektion noch möglich war. Keine Hinweise deuteten auf einer Auslösung einer Unzugänglichkeit dieser Zellen hin, die durch den Infektionsversuch des nichtpathogenen Pilzes zurückzuführen wäre.
Nitrofurans as Possible Plant Chemotherapeutants for the Control of Foot Rot of Soybean Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
Authors: Deb P. R. , Dutta B. K. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAmong the three nitrofurans tested Furazolidone completely inhibited the in vitro growth of Sclerotium rolfsii, even at 100 μg/ml. Nitrofurantoin affected complete inhibition of mycelial growth only at 1000 μg/ml while nitrofurazone was not toxic even at even at 1000 μg/ml. Sclerotial germination was inhibited by the three nitrofurans. Mild chlorosis developed in the margin of soybean leaves following 24 h of root dip treatment with nitrofurazone. Foliar application of the nitrofurans drastically reduced the fungal and bacterial population in the soybean rhizosphere, whereas actinomycete population was found to be increased significantly. All the three nitrofurans reduced disease severity: but only furazolidone increased the yield.ZusammenfassungNitrofurane als mögliche Pflanzenchemotherapeuten bei der Bekämpfung von Sclerotium rolfsii‐Fußfäule der SojabohneVon den drei getesteten Nitrofuranen wurde das in vitro Wachstum von Sclerotium rolfsii schon bei 100 μg/ml Furazolidon völlig unterdrückt. Dagegen wurde das Myzelwachstum erst bei 1000 μg/ml Nitrofurantoin ganz gehemmt und Nitrofurazon zeigte noch keine Toxität bei 1000 μg/ml. Die Sklerotienkeimung wurde bei allen drei Nitrofuranen gehemmt. Nach einer 24stündigen Wurzeltauchbehandlung mit Nitrofurazon entwickelten sich mittlere Chlorose an den Rändern von Sojabohnenblättern. Eine Blattapplikation der Nitrofurane verursachte eine drastische Reduzierung der pilzlichen und bakteriellen Population der Sojabohnenrhizosphäre, dagegen wurde eine signifikante Erhöhung der Actinomycetenpopulation beobachtet. Alle drei Nitrofurane reduzierten die Befallsstärke, eine Ertragserhöhung wurde jedoch nur nach einer Furazolidonbehandlung ermittelt.
Antagonistic Effect in vitro of Erwinia uredovora LMG 2678 Against Some Other Bacteria
Authors: Vantomme R. , Mergaert J. , Verdonck L. , De Ley J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe bacteria Erwinia uredovora strain LMG 2678, selected for its antagonistic effect towards the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora, was tested against other erwinias and several members of other phytopathogenic bacterial species. The antagonism appears to be caused by an extracellular, water‐soluble, thermostable factor of unknown nature. All erwinias from the amylovora group, causing wilt or necrotic diseases, were very susceptible. Xanthomonads and agrobacteria were also sensitive, whereas most pseudomonads and all Grampositive phytopathogens tested were resistant. The in vitro inhibitory effect of Erwinia uredovora LMG 2678 could be used as an additional test to differentiate some subspecies of soft rot erwinias.ZusammenfassungDie in vitro antagonistische Wirkung von Erwinia uredovora LMG 2678 auf einige BakterienartenUntersucht wurde der Einfluß des Bakteriums Erwinia uredovora LMG 2678, das aufgrund seiner Wirkung gegen den Feuerbranderreger E. amylovora ausgewählt worden war, auf andere Erwinia‐Arten und einige Vertreter anderen phytopathogener Bakterien‐Spezies. Der Antagonismus scheint auf einem extrazellulären, wasserlöslichen, thermostabilen Faktor mit unbekannter Natur zu basieren. Alle Erwinias aus der Amylovora‐Gruppe, die Welke‐ oder nekrotische Krankheiten verursachen, waren sehr empfindlich. Ebenfalls zeigten sich die Xanthomonaden und Agrobakterien als empfindlich, die Mehrzahl der Pseudomonaden und alle getesteten Gram‐positiven Phytopathogene dagegen erwiesen sich als unempfindlich. Die in vitro hemmende Wirkung von E. uredovora LMG 2678 könnte als zusätzlicher Test benutzt werden, um einige Subspezies von Weichfäule‐Erwinias differenzieren zu können.
Biological mechanisms of early childhood caries
Authors: Seow W. Kim 
Published: April 2013

Abstract—The present paper reviews biological issues in early childhood caries (ECC) in light of the current understanding of the field. Despite the general global decline in dental caries in the past decades, ECC has become a significant problem in many developing countries and some minority communities in western industrialized nations. Like other types of caries, ECC is caused by mutans streptococci that ferment dietary carbohydrates to produce acid attacks on susceptible teeth over a period of time. However, while the general etiology of ECC appears similar to that of other types of caries, the predisposing factors are still unclear. The biology of ECC may be modified by several factors unique to young children, related to the implantation of cariogenic bacteria, immaturity of the host defense systems, as well as behavioral patterns associated with feeding and oral hygiene in early childhood.
Response to Reisine & Douglass: Psychosocial and behavioral issues in early childhood caries
Authors: Milgrom P. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract—The behaviors that are fundamental in early childhood caries are those that initiate and maintain the conditions for transmission of the cariogenic bacteria and block prevention of the disease in the presence of an unfavorable diet. These behaviors have not been the focus of interdisciplinary research involving clinicians, microbiologists, pharmacologists, and behavioral scientists. The current “health promotion product” is not selling. The problem is the “product”, not the potential buyer. Evidence suggests that positive interactions with the dental care system do lead to mothers taking preventive steps. However, dentist's attitudes, knowledge, skills and experience with babies and toddlers are deficient. Primary prevention of early childhood caries will fail unless it begins in the prenatal period and addresses the health of both mother and child.
Early childhood caries — a synopsis
Authors: Davies George N. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract—All the papers presented at the conference are reviewed and comparisons are made with past beliefs on the topic. Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious public health problem in disadvantaged communities in both developing and industrialized countries in which under‐nutrition is common. ECC involves the maxillary primary incisors within months after their eruption and spreads rapidly to involve other primary teeth. The early implantation of mutans streptococci, the use of a feeding bottle containing sugary solutions and prolonged breast‐feeding, especially at night, are important predisposing factors. Attention is drawn to the need for more research into the factors which determine the resistance of the enamel and particularly the elucidation of the relationship established in several countries between early enamel caries, enamel hypoplasia, and perinatal under‐ or malnutrition. Primary preventive measures should be applied during the ante‐ and immediate post‐natal periods. Secondary preventive measures include the use of chemotherapeutic agents such as fluoride, and antimicrobials. The most appropriate tertiary preventive measure is the atraumatic restorative technique (ART). Broadly based committees should be established by governments to address the issues of caries risk in young children. Parents and all personnel involved in infant health and welfare should be shown how to recognize early signs of the condition, as well as to promote early intervention and referral.
Early childhood caries: a positive beginning
Authors: Tinanoff Norman , Kaste Linda M. , Corbin Stephen B. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract—Early childhood caries (ECC) is among the most prevalent health problems of low‐income infants and toddlers, yet little attention and few resources have been allocated to understanding this disease. Since dental caries in infants and toddlers cannot be exclusively ascribed to feeding practices, other concepts regarding its etiology and prevention need to be examined. Furthermore, the establishment of evidence‐based policies regarding this basic health problem is critical for the dissemination of consistent standards of care to health care providers and government agencies. To accomplish these objectives, the scientific community, organizations concerned with children's health and the political process need to be energized to find resources and energy to solve this public health challenge.
Welfare Systems as Emigration Factor: Evidence from the New Accession States
Authors: Kureková Lucia 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the role of welfare systems in shaping migration patterns in central and eastern Europe. It argues that states have played a crucial role in affecting migration by creating and widening opportunities for potential and actual migrants through welfare system policies. This explains whyCEEcountries where social spending figures have been lower, unemployment benefit schemes less extensive and where labour market mismatches remained unaddressed, experienced greater out‐migration. The article contributes to our understanding of how sending countries’ institutional factors affect out‐migration by investigating the role of sending states’ institutions.
European Union–India Trade Negotiations: One Step Forward, One Back?
Authors: Khorana Sangeeta , Garcia Maria 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article contributes to debates on the proliferation of bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs), by analysing novel empirical material: the EU–India FTA negotiations, which have attracted little academic scrutiny. By elaborating on the underlying negotiating interests and strategies of the EU and India, the article examines the significance of overarching interests in ongoing negotiations and articulates the defensive and offensive interests of both parties. It presents a vision of the controversial and milieu‐shaping interests at stake, which offer an alternative theoretical explanation for the pursuit of FTAs, and highlights possible outcome scenarios.
Indirect Effects of Eurosceptic Messages on Citizen Attitudes toward Domestic Politics
Authors: Abbarno Aaron J. , Zapryanova Galina M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDoes criticism of theEuropeanUnion (EU) by elites cultivate support for democratic values among ordinary citizens? All Eurosceptic messages are critical ofEuropean integration; they do not all vilify similar aspects of theEuropeanUnion. This article proposes a framing model of the effects of Euroscepticism on citizens' domestic political attitudes.EUcritiques that are framed in terms of ‘democratic deficit’ lead citizens to consider which political values are desirable in democratic society and may promote support for liberal democratic norms among citizens exposed to these messages.Eurosceptic rhetoric is built into framing experiments that vary the content ofEU‐critical messages. Subjects in theUnitedKingdom andBulgaria are randomly exposed to a ‘cultural threat’ or ‘democratic deficit’ criticism of theEU. Both Eurosceptic frames reduce support for integration, but subjects exposed to the ‘deficit frame’ more strongly embrace liberal democratic values. Under certain conditions, Euroscepticism may carry benefits for representative democracy.
The ‘Mitrailleuse Effect’: The EEAS as an Interstitial Organization and the Dynamics of Innovation in Diplomacy
Authors: Bátora Jozef 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article argues that the European External Action Service (EEAS) could be conceptualized as an interstitial organization – that is, an organization emerging in interstices between various organizational fields and recombining physical, informational, financial, legal and legitimacy resources stemming from organizations belonging to these different organizational fields. This interstitial status creates a situation in which there are different and sometimes conflicting organizational principles and practices introduced within the organization of the EEAS and different and sometimes conflicting sets of expectations in relation to the Service from actors within the organization as well as from outside. Based on empirical data collected in interviews with EEAS officials and study of official documents in 2011 and 2012, the article documents the interstitial nature of the EEAS. In broader terms, the emergence of the EEAS hence provides a fertile ground for studying patterns of institutional innovation in organizational fields via the establishment of interstitial organizations.