bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-Situ Stress Test Data – Revelation to Optimization of Stimulation Strategy of an Unconventional Reservoir
Authors: Gupta Anish , Chowdhury Manabesh , Mathur Mohit , Ojha Aditya , Shukla Sourabh 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Characterization of in-situ stress is critical for fracture modeling and developing low permeability reservoirs. An optimum stimulation strategy is required to achieve and sustain the economically viable production from such reservoirs with hydraulic fracturing on the basis of robust formation stress information and modeling.
The Barmer Basin is situated in Western part India in the state of Rajasthan. Though the main prolific reservoir is Fatehgarh Formation, in northern part of the basin the shallower low permeability Barmer Hill (BH) Formation also contains significant hydrocarbon resources. The reservoir is a finely laminated siliceous unit of probable diatomitic origin with high porosity (25- 35%) but low mobility (0.01-0.3 mD/cp). Hydraulic fracturing has been established the key to develop this reservoir.
An integrated formation evaluation was undertaken in Mangala Field to address the uncertainty in the in-situ stress properties of different units of the reservoir. Wireline formations tester’s dual packer module was used to measure the in-situ stress in several zones of the Barmer Hill and shallower Dharvi Dunger formations using the micro-frac technique. The shallower Dharvi Dunger (DD) Formation was also a part of the stress testing to achieve the well integrity and confirming as a frac containment unit for Barmer Hill frac growth.
In-situ stress data was successfully acquired and profiling in the wells X and Y quantified and proved that a significant stress contrast exists among several layers of the BH and DD Formations. This critical information may lead to the revision of the planned hydraulic fracturing design wherein earlier assumption was less stress heterogeneity in different units. The results obtained were used to calibrate and update the frac model by developing an in-house stress correlation to quantify proper frac growth.
This procedure and application can be applied in successful exploitation strategy for other low permeability unconventional reservoirs.
Dynamic Imaging of Fluid Mobility in Low-Permeability Rocks Using High-Resolution Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Maucec Marko , Dusterhoft Ron , Rickman Richard , Gibson Ron , Buffler Andy , Stankiewicz Maciek , van Heerden Michael 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) continues to have wide-ranging medical application and is based on the detection of gamma radiation emitted from the decay of certain types of radionuclides. Modern PET scanners produce three-dimensional (3D) images of the radiation source, in discrete time steps, using tomography analysis. This paper presents an application of PET for studying fluid mobility in pressurized low-permeability rocks in the presence of natural fractures. This technique uses a high-resolution PET scanner and image reconstruction based on filtered back-projection. Traditional techniques have been limited to pressure measurement of fracture conductivity and effective permeability, but little is understood about the dynamic flow and velocity profiles within the fracture.
The objective of this work was to investigate if it is possible to measure the dynamic (e.g., time-lapse and continuous) distribution of the fluid flow as a function of the overburden stress. PET imaging was applied to the flow of brine solution, which was tagged with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emitting radionuclide, through nonfractured sandstone and naturally fractured shale cores. A special composite container was manufactured to sustain high-pressure conditions and minimize the absorption of emitted gamma rays. The experimental apparatus is described, and it is demonstrated that the 3D images obtained with a grid resolution of 2 *2 *2 mm3 allow clear determination of the fluid flow rate through the core as a function of overburden pressure and time. PET images are direct observations of the radiation source and allow an unambiguous determination of the fluid distribution in the core. The results of this research can be used to validate the numerical modeling of fluid flow through fractured rock matrices, to enable more accurate estimates on the directionality of fractures from the fluid distribution as a function of time, and to obtain more quantitatively sound estimates of fracture connectivity.
Comprehensive Formation Evaluation of HF Carbonate Reservoir by Integrating the Static and Dynamic Parameters
Authors: Zhu Guangya , Wang Xiaodong , Guo Rui 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This paper presents some new laboratory parameters and a process to describe and characterize the low permeability carbonate reservoir. The objective is to provide a method integrating both static and dynamic data with the physical rock properties for low-permeability reservoirs. Based on the laboratory experiments by using the mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), relative permeability curves and physical simulation experiments of core samples, the pore microstructure features of low permeability carbonate reservoir and its influence on the formation petrophysics were analyzed. New formation evaluation parameters for low permeability carbonate reservoir are proposed involving mean pore-throat radius, movable oil saturation and threshold pressure gradient. Results of the MICP indicated that there mainly 6 type pore-throat distribution. Good exponentiation interrelationship between permeability and the mean pore- throat radius. Results of core flooding experiments indicated that the pore structure have eminent influence on the threshold pressure gradient. Results indicate that there are good relationship between the movable fluid saturation and the permeability. New parameter had been proposed to identify the fluid mobility such as irreducible water, movable oil and residual oil. Results show that moving oil saturation should be an assessment indicator to water drive oil well. Nonlinear flow would occur and reduce deliverability in low permeability reservoir. Incorporated with petrophysics, mean-pore throat radius, threshold pressure gradient and movable fluid saturation a comprehensive evaluation method has beenestablished. According to this method, reservoirs can be classified into 4 types. Results indicatedthat the new parameters and method presented in this paper would have broad application prospect ingeological selection area techniques and well effective spacing evaluation for the development of low permeability carbonate reservoirs.
Six Zone Intelligent Completion Installation Benefits and Lessons Learned Before Production in Offshore Indonesia
Authors: Jugdaw Sanjay , Mclauchlan Alan , Leith John C. , Dave Rajat 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Since the late 1990’s, the intelligent completion market has been struggling with the challenge of increasing the number of segmented zonal isolations by minimizing risk and consequently increasing overall production. Risk has been manipulated by restricting the number of zonal segmentations which results in loss of potential zones, non-optimized reservoir drainage due to commingling two or more zones into a single zone impacting reservoir performance.
The obvious benefits of intelligent completions are often not visualized until after deployment; the active management of the reservoir with the aided faculty to monitor reservoir performance through down hole gauges and surface digital infrastructure.
The often overlooked benefits of intelligent completions are the ones that are invaluable during the installation providing seamless operational excellence with the manipulation of the interval control valves (ICV) for the purpose of testing, and to control potential well issues such as fluid loss and well control.
This paper presents a case history from Indonesia in which a six zone intelligent completion was installed inside a single trip multi-zone (six zones) sand control system with complete zonal isolation, control and the ability to measure a total of twelve (12) pressure and temperature points from the subsea well.
This document will highlight the challenges involved in bringing a custom solution to reality in a short time from concept to installation. At the same time it will also demonstrate the benefits brought to the operator when managing fluid loss and maintaining well control through the use of the down hole intelligent completion interval control valves prior to landing the completion.
Deployment challenges, solutions, successes experienced at the well site and the actual performance of the operations will be detailed in the paper.
Using new Technology to Improve "Production Efficiency" and "Lower Operational Risk"
Authors: Mackay Iain , Singh Neil 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The Oil and Gas industry currently faces some of the greatest challenges in its history; increasing demands to deliver sustainable operational improvements, regulatory scrutiny, crippling maintenance backlogs, poor plan accuracy and below optimum plan attainment results. As stakeholder expectation of operational performance continues to rise, organisations need to have deeper insight into frontline activities, in order to improve.
At the heart of the problem is the complex interaction between the work management business process, asset integrity management (barrier management and impairment) and their impact on overall operational risk. Typically organisations manage the work identification and planning phases of the business process with software systems. However most still use antiquated paper based systems characterised by forms in triplicates or limited standalone electronic systems to manage the work execution phase. These systems provide a limited static view of work risk, no tactical or strategic appreciation of the cumulative work risk arising from planned and emergent work, and virtually no holistic consideration of barrier impairments and the impact of work risk. Finally with no data, no end to end integration and thus no feedback loop it is virtually impossible for these systems to help improve the understanding that drives better decision making and to cultivate asafer, more productive environment
In this whitepaper, we will demonstrate how fully integrated technology systems can be used to intelligently link integral safe work planning and risk management processes to safe work control. In doing so, these systems can provide the means to complete the planning to execution work management business process, safely and sustainably. The data and information collected as a part of routine work completes the feedback loop as it is sent back to the other systems supporting the business process. Plan accuracy and plan attainment are improved as the planners have the actual details of what it took to do the job, improving the inputs to the plan the next time the work orders are executed. Contractor wait time can be reduced dramatically and frontline supervisors have the tools to optimise of the safe work plan to reduce operational risk and operational inefficiencies.
By utilising new technology for the work management business process, senior management can, for the first time better understand and balance the relationship between delivering performance and operational risk.
State-of-the Art Low Salinity Waterflooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Dang Cuong .T. , Nghiem Long X. , Chen Zhangxin , Nguyen Quoc P. , Nguyen Ngoc .T. 
Published: October 2013

Summary
Low salinity waterflooding (LSW) is an emerging enhanced oil recovery technique in which the salinity of the injectedwater is controlled to improve oil recovery vs. conventional, higher salinity waterflooding. Despite significant growing interest in LSW, a consistent mechanistic study has not yet emerged, and the mechanisms behind the LSW process have been debated for the last decade due to the complexity of the crude oil-brine-rock interactions. The intent of this paper is to:
Provide a concise review of the current understanding of LSW mechanism and prediction methods; Address the current development and challenges of LSW modeling and numerical simulation; Summarize and highlight the success and failur of LSW implementation in pilot tests; Discuss the potential of a Hybrid LSW in the current and future projects.
Ensuring Data Security for Drilling Automation and Remote Drilling Operations
Authors: Cavazos Catherine J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The data of drilling contractor and operator assets is extremely valuable, and its loss, corruption, or theft can translate into potential safety hazards, significant monetary damages, and negative impacts to their business. As technology has improved the accuracy, rapidity, and remote accessibility of data, so too must it be used to ensure data security.
Today’s methods for addressing data security could be described as security obscurity. Some erroneously believe that security is inherent. Others depend on data standards that involve communication protocols allowing connectivity, but many of these standards inadequately address security in the upstream digital oilfield. With the petroleum industry increasingly becoming a target for virus attacks, which can adversely impact rigsite safety, operations, and performance, thorough security understanding and ensuing changes are needed to improve information controls and defenses.
Any organization operating in this cyber security climate can apply practical questions and identify salient variables to ensure its data is being delivered securely and managed effectively according to best practices and ISO/IEC 27001:2005 standards. This includes effective monitoring and management of rigsite information which is essential to securing data. Knowing what determines a secure environment, identifying what variables are involved, and understanding what questions to ask are all important concerns that this paper addresses.
The in-depth understanding gained in establishing a security framework thus diminishes risks and the negative impacts a virus has on rig automation and control systems. Additionally, these practices make real-time (RT) security of information management more sound and robust.
This paper also highlights the requirements needed to support cyber security in an age when companies are practicing lean business practices and leveraging resources for increased efficiency within the business structure. The area of data security is an exception to the rule of leveraged system resources. Keeping networks and architecture separate and secure minimizes safety risks and maximizes data integrity.
A Practical Method of Predicting Chemical Scale Formation in Well Completions
Authors: Hamid Syed , De Jesus Orlando , Jacinto Carlos Magno , Izetti Ronaldo , Pinto Hardy , Drougett Enrique , Edwards Chris , Cassidy Juanita , Zhang Haoyue , Dagenais Pete , Batocchio Marcelo 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Scale formation in downhole tubular-flow passages can cause partial to complete plugging that will affect production or injection rates adversely. In an intelligent well completion in which the interval control valve (ICV) positions must be changed in order to control flow rate; the completion will become ineffective, if plugging of clearances prevents valve actuation. To mitigate these problems, a method to predict the potential rate of scale formation under realistic conditions has been developed.
This paper describes this method, which allows prediction of tool performance under scale-forming conditions for downhole applications. This semi-empirical method uses chemical data and flow fields generated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for downhole tools. Chemical data are obtained from laboratory tests on coupons using brines matching the chemistry of connate fluids. Tests in a high-pressure, corrosion-resistant vessel over a range of high pressures (100 to 10,000 psi) and high temperatures (75 to 150°C) to simulate downhole well conditions have been conducted. Two test sets each with fluid at rest and where an impeller generates low velocity in the reaction vessel were conducted, ranging from 4 hours to 4 days with scaling rates determined from coupon weight gain. Concentrations in the range of 50% to 125% of the typical connate fluid concentration were used.
The laboratory test data are used with velocity field data to develop an artificial-intelligence-based mathematical model to determine scale formation rates. The model can be applied to any tool geometry as long as the operating conditions are within allowable limits of the model. The model also provides some insight into the mechanism of scale formation.
To verify accuracy, scale formation in a 4.5-inch interval control valve was predicted at high-pressure, high-temperature conditions at a low flow rate. Laboratory tests on the valve matched the model predictions reasonably well, enabling Petrobras to design a better completion and fluid-handling system for a pre-salt well.
On certain transformations of Archimedean copulas:
Application to the non-parametric estimation of their
generators
Authors: Di Bernardino Elena , Rullière Didier 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We study the impact of certain transformations within the
class of Archimedean copulas. We give some admissibility
conditions for these transformations, and define some equivalence
classes for both transformations and generators of
Archimedean copulas. We extend the r-fold composition of
the diagonal section of a copula, from r ∈ N to r ∈ R. This extension,
coupled with results on equivalence classes, gives us
new expressions of transformations and generators. Estimators
deriving directly from these expressions are proposed
and their convergence is investigated. We provide confidence
bands for the estimated generators. Numerical illustrations
show the empirical performance of these estimators.
Relire Ingarden : l’ontologie des oeuvres musicales, entre fictions et montagnes
Authors: Buch Esteban 
Published: October 2013

Qu’est-ce qu’une oeuvre musicale? La question ontologique soulevée par Roman Ingarden dans sa critique de la phénoménologie de Husserl a de nombreux points communs avec la querelle du “platonisme musical” déployée dans les années quatre-vingt par des philosophes analytiques tels que Jerrold Levinson et Peter Kivy. En 1992, Lydia Goehr a proposé une historicisation radicale du concept d’oeuvre musicale, sans pour autant liquider un projet ontologique qui, tout récemment, insiste dans les réflexions de Roger Pouivet à propos de “l’oeuvre musicale rock”. Cet article fait le point sur ces débats philosophiques avant de signaler la crise sociologique de la notion d’oeuvre liée au virage numérique et à la fragmentation du répertoire classique selon les standards de l’industrie culturelle. Reprenant la définition d’Ingarden de “l’objet purement intentionnel” à partir de cet ébranlement du sens commun, il compare pour finir le statut ontologique de l’oeuvre musicale à celui des êtres de fiction, un personnage de roman par exemple, ainsi qu’à celui d’entités qui, telles les montagnes évoquées par la “théorie granulaire de la réalité” de Barry Smith, résultent de la projection d’une pratique langagière sur la surface sonore du monde.
In Vivo Measurement of Intragastric Pressure with a Rubber Balloon in the Anesthetized Rat
Authors: Zádori Zoltán S. , Gyires Klára 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe protocols described in this unit are designed to measure the intragastric pressure in anesthetized rats by a water‐filled low‐compliance rubber balloon. The balloon is introduced into the stomach either orally (by passing the balloon down the esophagus) or directly via a small incision of the fundus after laparotomy. The effects of both stimulatory (e.g., carbachol) and inhibitory (e.g., oxymetazoline) agents can be evaluated on the gastric tone and phasic contractions. The model allows the evaluation of dose‐response curves and also the time‐course of the effects. Furthermore, by combining centrally or peripherally acting agents the site of action can also be determined. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 57:21.12.1‐21.12.11. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantitative Analysis of Surface Expression of Membrane Proteins Using Cold‐Adapted Proteases
Authors: Ahmad Faraz , Kaila Kai , Blaesse Peter 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis unit presents an improved method for quantitative analysis of surface expression of membrane proteins utilizing a cold‐adapted trypsin. Preservation of the proteolytic activity of the enzyme at 0° to 4°C allows cleavage of surface‐expressed membrane proteins at temperatures at which trafficking of the mammalian plasmalemmal proteins is blocked. This provides an important advantage over established trypsin‐cleavage protocols since it can be applied to membrane proteins with a fast turnover rate of the membrane pool and a fast recycling rate. Compared to surface biotinylation, the method is less time consuming. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 73:3.11.1‐3.11.12. © 2013 by JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.
Protein Knockouts in Living Eukaryotes Using deGradFP and Green Fluorescent Protein Fusion Targets
Authors: Caussinus Emmanuel , Kanca Oguz , Affolter Markus 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis unit describes deGradFP (degrade Green Fluorescent Protein), an easy‐to‐implement protein knockout method applicable in any eukaryotic genetic system. Depleting a protein in order to study its function in a living organism is usually achieved at the gene level (genetic mutations) or at the RNA level (RNA interference and morpholinos). However, any system that acts upstream of the proteic level depends on the turnover rate of the existing target protein, which can be extremely slow. In contrast, deGradFP is a fast method that directly depletes GFP fusion proteins. In particular, deGradFP is able to counteract maternal effects in embryos and causes early and fast onset loss‐of‐function phenotypes of maternally contributed proteins. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 73:30.2.1‐30.2.13. ‐ 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Purification of Vitronectin
Authors: Akiyama Steven K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis unit describes the purification of extracellular vitronectin from plasma or serum by using heparin‐affinity chromatography. First, the plasma is depleted of fibronectin plus other heparin‐ and Sepharose‐binding proteins and treated with urea to activate the heparin‐binding activity of vitronectin, which is subsequently bound to a heparin affinity column and eluted. The resulting vitronectin should be ∼98% pure. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 60:10.6.1‐10.6.7. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Unprecedented recent summer warmth in Arctic Canada
Authors: Miller Gifford H. , Lehman Scott J. , Refsnider Kurt A. , Southon John R. , Zhong Yafang 
Published: October 2013

AbstractArctic air temperatures have increased in recent decades, along with documented reductions in sea ice, glacier size, and snow cover. However, the extent to which recent Arctic warming has been anomalous with respect to long‐term natural climate variability remains uncertain. Here we use 145 radiocarbon dates on rooted tundra plants revealed by receding cold‐based ice caps in the eastern Canadian Arctic to show that 5000 years of regional summertime cooling has been reversed, with average summer temperatures of the last ~100 years now higher than during any century in more than 44,000 years, including the peak warmth of the early Holocene when high‐latitude summer insolation was 9% greater than present. Reconstructed changes in snowline elevation suggest that summers cooled ~2.7°C over the past 5000 years, approximately twice the response predicted by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 climate models. Our results indicate that anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases have led to unprecedented regional warmth.