bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Teledermatology: A Survey of Usage, Perspectives, and Practice
Authors: Fogel Alexander L. , Teng Joyce M. C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPediatric dermatology is one of the smallest subspecialties, and expanding the availability of care is of great interest. Teledermatology has been proposed as a way to expand access and improve care delivery, but no current assessment of pediatric teledermatology exists. The objective of the current study was to assess usage and perspectives on pediatric teledermatology. Surveys were distributed electronically to all 226 board‐certified U.S. pediatric dermatologists; 44% (100/226) responded. Nearly all respondents (89%) have experience with teledermatology. Formal teledermatology reimbursement success rates have increased to 35%. Respondents were positive about teledermatology's present and future prospects, and 41% want to use teledermatology more often, although they viewed teledermatology as somewhat inferior to in‐person care regarding accuracy of diagnosis and appropriation of management plans. Significant differences were found between formal teledermatology users and nonusers in salary structure, practice environment, sex, and region. Substantial increases in pediatric teledermatology have occurred in the last 5 to 10 years, and there remains cause for optimism for teledermatology's future. Concerns about diagnostic confidence and care quality indicate that teledermatology may be best for care of patients with characteristic clinical presentations or management of patients with established diagnoses.
Montanide ISA 71 VG is Advantageous to Freund's Adjuvant in Immunization Against S. aureus Infection of Mice
Authors: Klimka A. , Michels L. , Glowalla E. , Tosetti B. , Krönke M. , Krut O. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe enormous capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to acquire antibiotic resistance makes it a permanent task to search for and to develop new anti‐infectives. One of the possible approaches is the early active immunization of risk patients and animal stocks to prevent S. aureus infections. Based on a S. aureus proteome screen with S. aureus‐specific human antiserum, we have previously identified several anchorless cell wall proteins to be used as novel vaccine candidates. To develop an efficient anti‐S. aureus vaccine, the supplemented adjuvants Montanide™ ISA 71 VG and ISA 206 were compared to Freund's adjuvant in terms of handling, induction of cytokine profile, triggering antigen‐specific immunoglobulin production of different IgG subclasses and provision of increased survival rates in our S. aureus sepsis mouse model. Immunization with ISA 71 VG in comparison with Freund's adjuvant induced slightly delayed but comparably strong increase of antigen‐specific antibody titres and conferred protective effect against S. aureus challenge. In contrast using ISA 206 as adjuvant, significantly lower IgG titres and consequently, no protective effect against S. aureus infection were observed. Handling and tolerability of the Montanide is superior to Freund's adjuvant. Montanide™ ISA 71 VG can serve as an effective adjuvant replacement for Freund's adjuvant in research with a prospective usage in animal and human vaccines against bacterial pathogens.
GALILEO STILL GOES TO JAIL: CONFLICT MODEL PERSISTENCE WITHIN INTRODUCTORY ANTHROPOLOGY MATERIALS
Authors: Aechtner Thomas 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHistorians have long since rejected the dubious assertions of the conflict model, with its narratives of perennial religion versus science combat. Nonetheless, this theory persists in various academic disciplines, and it is still presented to university students as the authoritative historical account of religion–science interactions. Cases of this can be identified within modern anthropology textbooks and reference materials, which often recapitulate claims once made by John W. Draper and Andrew D. White. This article examines 21st‐century introductory anthropology publications, demonstrating how such works perpetuate religion–science myths and the notion that history has been replete with inevitable religion versus science warfare. In particular, this study reveals how such introductory materials propagate discord narratives associated with the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. Affiliated with these anecdotes are oversimplified accounts of religious responses to heliocentrism and evolutionary theory, as well as claims that science has invariably led to the usurpation of religious belief and secularization from Galileo onwards.
Vascular and circulating microRNAs in renal ischaemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Lorenzen Johan M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIschaemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury of the kidney is a major cause of acute kidney injury. It may result in worsening or even loss of organ function. Transient occlusion of the renal vessel is followed by a reperfusion period, which induces further tissue damage by release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Ischaemia–reperfusion injury of the kidney may be associated with surgical interventions in native kidneys and is also a common and unavoidable phenomenon in kidney transplantation. MicroRNAs are fascinating modulators of gene expression. They are capable of post‐transcriptional silencing of genetic information by targeting the 3′‐untranslated region of mRNAs, culminating in a suppression of protein synthesis or an increase in mRNA degradation. They might therefore be useful diagnostic and therapeutic entities during renal I/R injury; for instance, miR‐21 has been shown to be enriched in kidney tissue in mice and humans with acute kidney injury. Interestingly, most recent literature suggests that modulation of vascular microRNAs might result in the amelioration of kidney function during renal I/R injury. To that end, miR‐126 and miR‐24, which have been demonstrated to be highly enriched in endothelial cells, were therapeutically modulated and shown to ameliorate renal I/R injury in mice. MicroRNAs in plasma, urine or enriched in microvesicles have been shown to serve as non‐invasive tools for disease monitoring and to have potential impact on downstream mechanisms in recipient cells. This review highlights the latest developments regarding the role of microRNAs in renal I/R injury.
A New Approach to the Challenge of Machinery Prognostics
Authors: Hansen Robert J. , Hall David L. , Kurtz Stewart K. 
Published: February 2015

Current generation mechanical diagnostic equipment is designed to identify individual events or trends in the output of sensors mounted on a mechanical component, subsystem, or system. Such equipment can provide a useful indication that a failure condition may be developing, but it cannot provide reliable predictions of the remaining safe or operational life. Typically, these diagnostic systems simply compare the output of individual sensors against a priori thresholds to establish a measure of the system’s health. Two problems result from this approach: (1) there is no advantage taken of possible synergy among the sensors, i.e., the determination of health is one dimensional; and (2) the diagnosis provides only a statement regarding the current equipment health, but docs not provide a prediction of the time remaining to failure. This often leads to an operational environment in which diagnostic equipment outputs arc either ignored because of frequent false alarms or frequent (and costly) time-based preventive maintenance is performed to avoid hazardous failures. This paper describes a new approach to the development of a more robust diagnosis and prognostic capability. It is based on the fusion of sensor-based and model-based information. Sensor-based information is the essence of current diagnostic systems. Model-based information combines dynamic models of individual mechanical components with micromechanical models of relevant failure mechanisms, such as fracture and crack propagation. These micromechanical models must account for initial flaw size distribution and other microstructural parameters describing initial component condition.
A specific application of this approach is addressed, the diagnosis of mechanical failure in meshing gears. Four specific issues are considered: (a) how to couple a validated numerical simulation of gear transmission error (due to tooth spacing irregularity, contour irregularity, or material inhomogeneity) with physically and empirically-based descriptions of fatigue crack growth to predict a failure precursor signature at the component level; (b) how to predict the manifestation of this signature at the subsystem or system level where sensors are located; (c) how to fuse this model-based information with the corresponding sensor-based information to predict remaining safe or operational life of a gear; and (d) issues associated with extending this methodology to bearings and other rotating machinery components.
Retrofitting Turbocompressor Unit and Station Controls
Authors: Leuw Jack P. 
Published: February 2015

For TransCanada PipeLines, the need to retrofit station and compressor unit controls has been driven by the requirements to improve reliability, availability and cost and difficulties associated with interfacing new digital control systems with existing analog systems. TransCanada’s massive four year expansion program has exacerbated this need.
TransCanada’s turbo compressor controls are becoming obsolete, they are difficult to troubleshoot and maintain, do not control a unit as effectively as newer digital controls and do not have adequate operator or technician interfaces and diagnostics.
This paper describes TransCanada PipeLines reasons and experiences in retrofitting state-of-the-art digital controls in a cost effective manner while minimizing service interruptions.
Velocity Measurements Downstream of the Impellers in a Multistage Centrifugal Blower
Authors: Amulfi G. L. , Micheli D. , Pinamonti P. 
Published: February 2015

The paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on a four-stage centrifugal blower, having the aim of obtaining an accurate description of the flow field behind the impellers in several operative conditions and for different geometrical configurations. Actually, the test plant allows to change the turbomachinery characteristics assembling one, two, three or four stages and three different types of diffusers.
In this first research step, the blower has been tested in the four-stage vaneless diffuser configuration.
The unsteady flow field behind the impellers and in the diffusers has been measured by means of a hot-wire anemometer. A Phase Locked Ensemble Averaging Technique has been utilised to obtain the relative flow field from the instantaneous signals of the stationary hot-wire probes.
Several detailed measurements sets have been performed using both single and crossed hot-wire probe, to obtain the velocity vectors and turbulence trends, just behind the blower impellers and in several radial positions of the vaneless diffusers. These measurements have been done at different flow rate conditions, covering unsteady flow rate phenomena (rotating stall) too.
The results obtained allowed to get a detailed flow field analysis in the multistage centrifugal blower, in relation to the geometrical configuration and to the differing operating conditions.
Simulation of Cooling Systems in Gas Turbines
Authors: Ebenhoch G. , Speer T. M. 
Published: February 2015

The design of cooling systems for gas turbine engine blades and vanes calls for efficient simulation programs. The main purpose of the described program is to determine the complete boundary condition at the coolant side to support a temperature calculation for the solid.
For the simulation of convection and heat pick up of the coolant flow, pressure loss, and further effects to be found in a rotating frame, the cooling systems are represented by networks of nodes and flow elements. Within each flow element the fluid flow is modelled by a system of ordinary differential equations based on the one-dimensional conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. In this respect, the computer program differs from many other network computation programs.
Concerning cooling configurations in rotating systems, the solution for a single flow element or the entire flow system is not guaranteed to be unique. This is due to rotational forces In combination with heat transfer and causes considerable computational difficulties which can be overcome by a special path following method in which the angular velocity is selected as the parameter of homotopy.
Results of the program are compared with measurements for three applications.
Thorium Cycle in High Temperature Gas-Cooled Gas Turbine Reactors (HTG-GT) Using Highly Enriched Uranium Obtained From the Dismantling of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Cerullo Nicola , Guglielmini Giovanni , Di Pietro A. 
Published: February 2015

The closed thorium fuel cycle is based on the use of fissile U-233 produced by the thorium fertilization in the original fuel element without any refabrication action, which is very difficult, due to the high activity of Thorium activated products.
The need of a consistent amount of fissile material for beginning the U-Th cycle activity, in order to sustain the Thorium conversion reactions, requires an high initial U-235 enrichment. This condition, due to high investment costs, stopped, in the last years, any initiative in this field.
The end of the cold war and the disarmament agreements pose the problem of the use of military grade fissile materials resulting from the dismantling of nuclear weapons both Russian and American.
In this paper the problem is analyzed and a High Temperature Gas-cooled Gas Turbine (HTG-GT) reactor, using a nuclear U-Th fuel cycle utilizing military grade highly enriched uranium, is proposed.
Wall Proximity Effects in Pneumatic Measurement of Turbomachinery Flows
Authors: Smout Peter D. , Ivey Paul C. 
Published: February 2015

Conventional 3-hole wedge probes fail to measure the correct static pressure when operating in close proximity to a wall or boundary through which the probe is inserted. The free stream pressure near the outer wall of a turbomachine annulus may be over indicated by upto 20% of the dynamic head.
This paper reports a factorial experiment in which the effects of probe wedge angle, stem length, stem shape, flow yaw and pitch angles on this so-called ‘wall proximity effect’ are quantified at representative flow Mach numbers and turbulence intensities. For a given wedge angle, the probe stem length and Mach number are shown to be statistically the most significant of the tested variables. Wall proximity effect is also shown to be influenced by the probe pitch angle, but is largely independent of yaw angle and free stream turbulence intensity.
A Rotary Heat Exchanger for Automotive and Other Ground Based Gas Turbines
Authors: Day J. Paul 
Published: February 2015

This paper discusses the ongoing development of a ceramic regenerator for a high temperature automotive gas turbine engine sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy.
The ceramic gas turbine has a steady state gas inlet temperature of 774°C and a 982°C peak acceleration temperature which precludes the use of metallic discs. Ceramic materials have successfully operated to 982°C, with a peak acceleration temperature exceeding 1093°C. Ceramic regenerator temperature capability is currently limited by seal tribomaterial properties.
The requirements of the ceramic regenerator, ceramic disc materials being evaluated, and the processing of these materials to obtain the required strength, chemical resistance, cost, including quality control are discussed. The status of the extruded regenerator program to date will also be described.
Design and Test of a Small, High Pressure Ratio Radial Turbine
Authors: Jones Anthony C. 
Published: February 2015

This paper describes the aerodynamic design and rig test of a radial inflow turbine having a rotor tip diameter of 4.58 inches. The single stage turbine was designed for use in the Sundstrand Power Systems (SPS) T-100 Multipurpose Small Power Unit (MPSPU). The T-100 is a small, single-shaft, simple-cycle gas turbine engine intended for airborne, vehicular, and ground based auxiliary power application. Nominal power output of the engine is 50 hp, with growth capability to 100 hp with minimal modification.
Aggressive specific fuel consumption goals for the engine led to a demanding turbine efficiency target of 87% total to static, referred to exhaust diffuser exit, at an expansion ratio of 5.7:1 and a flow rate of 0.73 lb/s.
Details of the design approach are given, together with test results from the turbodrive rig. The results include overall stage mapping and rotor exit surveys.
Stall Inception Behavior in a Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Chen J. , Hasemann H. , Shi Li , Rautenberg M. 
Published: February 2015

In studying the stall inception process, while most results were reported for axial compressors, the present paper investigates the stall inception behavior typified in a centrifugal compressor. The test was conducted with a radially-bladed impeller and in a speed range of 8000–14000 rpm. Extensive pressure transducers were used to study the frequency characteristics of emerging stall waves.
As a result, stall precursors were detected, all with clear mode seen from frequency analysis, but very much different by the behavior of their onset, existence and development. The first type, called the stable-amplitude precursor, exists in a time range of about 20–90 impeller revolutions, with unpredictable and different frequencies from the fully developed stall. Such perturbation, once appeared, may grow to the full stall straightly, or may appear for several times intermittently before finally reaching the full stall, thus acting as a pre-precursor in the whole stall inception process. The second type is the progressive-amplitude precursor when the perturbation emerges as long as 270 impeller revolutions prior to and progressively develops into the full amplitude stall with no change of frequency during this process. The third type, which has been detected for the rotating stall with evident reverse flow symptom, is the precursive pressure increase accompanied with the stable- or progressive-amplitude perturbation, before the full stall establishes. The inception process is also examined for surge during the test of the same compressor, in which the existence of rotating stall in front of every surge cycle and the low frequency precursive wave before surge cycles is demonstrated. Finally, the blade passage frequencies for precursor pressure signals are further analysed to address the monitoring strategy during stall inception process.
Am Experimental Investigation of the Rib Surface-Averaged Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Rib-Roughened Square Passage
Authors: Taslim M. E. , Wadsworth C. M. 
Published: February 2015

Turbine blade cooling, a common practice in modern aircraft engines, is accomplished, among other methods, by passing the cooling air through an often serpentine passage in the core of the blade. Furthermore, to enhance the heat transfer coefficient, these passages are roughened with rib-shaped turbulence promoters (turbulators). Considerable data are available on the heat transfer coefficient on the passage surface between the ribs. However, the heat transfer coefficients on the surface of the ribs themselves have not been investigated to the same extent. In small aircraft engines with small cooling passages and relatively large ribs, the rib surfaces comprise a large portion of the passage heat transfer area. Therefore, an accurate account of the heat transfer coefficient on the rib surfaces is critical in the overall design of the blade cooling system.
The objective of this experimental investigation was to conduct a series of thirteen tests to measure the rib surface-averaged heat transfer coefficient, in a square duct roughened with staggered 90° ribs. To investigate the effects that blockage ratio, e/Dh, and pitch-to-height ratio, S/e, have on hrib and passage friction factor, three rib geometries corresponding to blockage ratios of 0.133. 0.167 and 0.25 were tested for pitch-to-height ratios of 5, 7, 8.5 and 10. Comparisons were made between the rib average heat transfer coefficient and that on the wall surface between two ribs, hflor, reported previously. Heat transfer coefficients of the upstream-most rib and that of a typical rib located in the middle of the rib-roughened region of the passage wall were also compared.
It is concluded that:
1) the rib average heat transfer coefficient is much higher than that for the area between the ribs,
2) similar to the heat transfer coefficient on the surface between the ribs, the average rib heat transfer coefficient increases with the blockage ratio,
3) a pitch-to-height ratios of 8.5 consistently produced the highest rib average heat transfer coefficients amongst all tested,
4) under otherwise identical conditions, ribs in upstream-most position produced lower heat transfer coefficients than the mid-channel positions,
5) the upstream-most rib average heat transfer coefficients decreased with the blockage ratio, and
6) thermal performance decreased with increased blockage ratio. While a pitch-to-height ratio of 8.5 and 10 had the highest thermal performance for the smallest rib geometry, thermal performance of high blockage ribs did not change significantly with the pitch-to-height ratio.
Experimental Heat Transfer and Friction in Channels Roughened With Angled, V-Shaped and Discrete Ribs on Two Opposite Walls
Authors: Taslim M. E. , Li T. , Kercher D. M. 
Published: February 2015

Experimental investigations have shown that the enhancement in heat transfer coefficients for air flow in a channel roughened with angled ribs is on the average higher than that roughened with 90° ribs of the same geometry. Secondary flows generated by the angled ribs are believed to be responsible for these higher heat transfer coefficients. These secondary flows also create a spanwise variation in heat transfer coefficient on the roughened wall with high levels of heat transfer coefficient at one end of the rib and low levels at the other end. In an effort to basically double the area of high heat transfer coefficients, the angled rib is broken at the center to form a V-shape rib and tests are conducted to investigate the resulting heat transfer coefficients and friction factors. Three different square rib geometries, corresponding to blockage ratios of 0.083, 0.125 and 0.167, with a fixed pitch-to-height ratio of 10, mounted on two opposite walls of a square channel in a staggered configuration are tested in a stationary channel for 5000 < Re < 30000. Heat transfer coefficients, friction factors and thermal performances are compared with those of 90°, 45° and discrete angled ribs. The V-shape ribs are tested for both pointing upstream and downstream of the main flow. Test results show that:
a) 90° ribs represent the lowest thermal performance, based on the same pumping power, and is essentially the same for the 2:1 change in blockage ratio, b) low blockage ratio (e/Dh =0.083) V-shape ribs pointing downstream produced the highest heat transfer enhancement and friction factors. Amongst all other geometries with blockage ratios of 0.125 and 0.167, 45° ribs showed the highest heat transfer enhancements with friction factors less than those of V-shape ribs, c) thermal performance of 45° ribs and the lowest blockage discrete ribs are among the highest of the geometries tested in this investigation, and, d) discrete angled ribs, although inferior to 45° and V-shape ribs, produce much higher heat transfer coefficients and lower friction factors compared to 90° ribs.