bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test generation with Satisfiability Modulo Theories solvers in model‐based testing
Authors: Cantenot Jérôme , Ambert Fabrice , Bouquet Fabrice 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents a framework for UML/OCL model test generation. This framework is based on three parts. The first part is the transformation from a UML/OCL model into a Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) instance. The metamodel associated with the two models and the transformation rules are presented. The second part is the animation strategies used for the generation of SMT instances to compute test sequences. The paper studies five different types of strategy to build the first‐order formula used by an SMT instance. The paper also gives the results of experiments on six case studies that were used to validate the method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered expression of hypoxia‐Inducible factor‐1α participates in the epileptogenesis in animal models
Authors: Jie Li , Guohui Jiang , Chen Yalan , Chen Ling , Li Zengyou , Wang Zhihua , Wang Xuefeng 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, its mechanism(s) are still not completely understood. Hypoxia can lead to neuronal cell death and angiogenesis, and the same mechanisms were also found in epilepsy. Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) is an important transcription protein that regulates gene expression in the brain and other tissues in response to decreases in oxygen availability. However, little is known regarding the expression of HIF‐1α in the epileptic brain and whether HIF‐1α interventions affect the epileptic process. The aims of this study are to investigate the expression profile of HIF‐1α in rat models and to explore the role of HIF‐1α in epilepsy. We performed Western blots and immunofluorescence in a lithium‐pilocarpine rat epilepsy model. To determine the role of HIF‐1α in epilepsy, we used the HIF‐1α agonist DMOG and inhibitor KC7F2 to detect changes in the animal behavior in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and lithium‐pilocarpine epilepsy models. The expression of HIF‐1α was significantly increased after pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus. DMOG significantly prolonged the latent period in the PTZ kindling model and decreased the rate of spontaneous recurrent seizures during the chronic stage in the lithium‐pilocarpine model. Conversely, the inhibitor KC7F2 produced an opposite behavioral change. Interestingly, both KC7F2 and DMOG had no effect on the acute stage of pilocarpine model and PTZ convulsive model. Our study suggests that upregulated HIF‐1α may be involved in the process of epileptogenesis but not in the acute stage of epilepsy. The modulation of HIF‐1α may offer a novel therapeutic target in epilepsy. Synapse, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outage performance of dual‐hop relaying systems over extended generalized‐K fading channels
Authors: Stefanovic Mihajlo C. , Anastasov Jelena A. , Cvetkovic Aleksandra M. , Djordjevic Goran T. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe outage performance of the amplify‐and‐forward relaying strategies over mutually uncorrelated extended generalized‐K fading channels is addressed in this paper. The attention is dedicated to the analyses of the noise‐limited and also interference‐limited environment. The new analytical expression for outage probability of observed relaying system in the presence of thermal noise is derived using the method for approximating equivalent signal‐to‐noise ratio. In addition, the outage performance is studied for the dual‐hop system when only the single dominant co‐channel interference is inherent at the relay and destination node. The correctness of the proposed mathematical derivations is verified by simulations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive aspects of Fragile X syndrome
Authors: Huddleston Lillie B. , Visootsak Jeannie , Sherman Stephanie L. 
Published: May 2014

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading inherited cause of intellectual disability. It is primarily caused by the expansion of a CGG trinucleodide repeat located in the 5′ untranslated region of the X‐linked FMR1 gene. Individuals with FXS present with variable intellectual quotients (IQs) ranging from the average to the severe intellectual disability level. A range of neurocognitive strengths and challenges are observed in individuals with FXS. This article provides an overview of our current understanding related to cognition and FXS. Cognitive functioning levels, profiles, and IQ trajectories are discussed. Limitations of existing neuropsychological measures are described. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:501‐508. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1296This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition
Maternal control of the Drosophila dorsal–ventral body axis
Authors: Stein David S. , Stevens Leslie M. 
Published: May 2014

The pathway that generates the dorsal–ventral (DV) axis of the Drosophila embryo has been the subject of intense investigation over the previous three decades. The initial asymmetric signal originates during oogenesis by the movement of the oocyte nucleus to an anterior corner of the oocyte, which establishes DV polarity within the follicle through signaling between Gurken, the Drosophila Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)‐α homologue secreted from the oocyte, and the Drosophila Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) that is expressed by the follicular epithelium cells that envelop the oocyte. Follicle cells that are not exposed to Gurken follow a ventral fate and express Pipe, a sulfotransferase that enzymatically modifies components of the inner vitelline membrane layer of the eggshell, thereby transferring DV spatial information from the follicle to the egg. These ventrally sulfated eggshell proteins comprise a localized cue that directs the ventrally restricted formation of the active Spätzle ligand within the perivitelline space between the eggshell and the embryonic membrane. Spätzle activates Toll, a transmembrane receptor in the embryonic membrane. Transmission of the Toll signal into the embryo leads to the formation of a ventral‐to‐dorsal gradient of the transcription factor Dorsal within the nuclei of the syncytial blastoderm stage embryo. Dorsal controls the spatially specific expression of a large constellation of zygotic target genes, the Dorsal gene regulatory network, along the embryonic DV circumference. This article reviews classic studies and integrates them with the details of more recent work that has advanced our understanding of the complex pathway that establishes Drosophila embryo DV polarity.This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cytoplasmic Localization
Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Gradients
Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling
Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Prenatal exposure to integerrimine N‐oxide impaired the maternal care and the physical and behavioral development of offspring rats
Authors: Sandini Thaísa M. , Udo Mariana S.B. , Reis‐Silva Thiago M. , Bernardi Maria Martha , Spinosa Helenice de S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPlants that contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) have been reported as contaminants of pastures and food, as well as being used in herbal medicine. PAs are responsible for poisoning events in livestock and human beings. The aim of this present study was to evaluate effects of prenatal exposure to integerrimine N‐oxide, the main PA found in the butanolic residue (BR) of Senecio brasiliensis, on both physical and behavioral parameters of Wistar rat offspring. The toxicity and maternal behavior were also evaluated. For this, pregnant Wistar rats received integerrimine N‐oxide from the BR of Senecio brasiliensis, by gavage, on gestational days 6–20 (during organogenesis and fetal development period) at doses of 3, 6 and 9 mg/kg. During treatment, maternal body weight gain, and food and water intake were evaluated. After parturition, maternal behavior and aggressive maternal behavior were analyzed. In addition, physical development and behavioral assessments were observed in both male and female pups. Results showed that prenatal exposure to integerrimine N‐oxide of S. brasiliensis induced maternal toxicity, impairment in maternal behavior and aggressive maternal behavior, mainly in the highest dose group. Between sexes comparison of pups showed loss of body weight, delayed physical development such as pinna detachment, hair growth, eruption of incisor teeth, eye and vaginal openings. These pups also showed a delay of palmar grasp, surface righting reflex, negative geotaxis and auditory startle reflexes. Thus, prenatal exposure to integerrimine N‐oxide induces maternal toxicity, impairment of maternal care and delayed in physical and behavioral development of the offspring.
Leiomyosarcoma of oral cavity: Rare presentation in retromolar trigone
Authors: Gokavarapu Sandhya , Jeevan Kumar K.A. , Chander Ravi , Murthy Sudha 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMost of head and neck Leiomyosarcoma present with primary lesion in skin and soft tissue, minority are found in mucosal sites, Leiomyosarcoma is derived from vascular smooth muscles or arrector pili muscles of hair follicles, intraoral presentation is extremely rare of which tongue appears to be most common intraoral site followed by palate.We present a case report of large (4.5 cm × 5.5 cm × 3.5 cm) Leiomyosarcoma of retromolar trigone.A 68 years old male patient presented with a history of painless lump in the oral cavity since a period of 4 months. Clinical examination revealed a large nodular growth in the left retro molar trigone. Radiological features suggested lingual and buccal extension of the lesion with destruction of mandible. Incision biopsy was suggestive of spindle cell tumour. Metastatic work up was negative for metastasis, following which patient was treated by surgical resection and reconstruction.Final histology was suggestive of high grade leiomyosarcoma based on morphological findings and panel of IHC reports. Patient was further managed with post operative adjuvant radiotherapy and is under follow up since a period of 6 months.
Perceptual and videofluoroscopic analyses of relation between backed articulation and velopharyngeal closure following cleft palate repair
Authors: Tezuka Masahiro , Ogata Yuko , Matsunaga Kazuhide , Mitsuyasu Takeshi , Hasegawa Sachiyo , Nakamura Norifumi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPurpose: Perceptual and videofluoroscopic (VF) analyses were performed to analyze velopharyngeal (VP) closure motions and tongue backing movement in subjects with postalveolar, palatal, and velar backed articulation (BA).Materials and methods: For perceptual analysis, the timing of the appearance of BA and the VP closure level of 22 children with BA following palatal repair were compared to those of 17 subjects with normal articulation, 17 subjects with lateral articulation, and 11 subjects with glottal stop. For VF analysis, 16 subjects with BA and two healthy adult males as references were enrolled. On VF images, the proportions of the time required to complete VP closure and the duration of articulation (VPC/DA) were recorded and then analyzed based on the various degrees of tongue backing movement.Results: The appearance of BA was recognized just after the acquisition of VP closure, and it was later than that of glottal stop and earlier than lateral articulation. On VF images, VP closure was achieved before tongue movement in healthy individuals, but after tongue movement in BA subjects. VPC/DA on articulation of both /ta/ and /sa/ were significantly smaller for healthy individuals than for BA subjects (P < 0.05). The timing of the complete VP closure approached that of articulation when the site of articulation shifted posteriorly (P < 0.01).Conclusions: BA may result from precedent tongue backing movement before the completion of VP closure, as a process that may assist the VP closure motion for articulation.
Design of a kJ-class HiLASE laser as a driver for inertial fusion energy
Authors: Lucianetti Antonio , Sawicka Magdalena , Slezak Ondrej , Divoky Martin , Pilar Jan , Jambunathan Venkatesan , Bonora Stefano , Antipenkov Roman , Mocek Tomas 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
We present the results of performance modeling of a diode-pumped solid-state HiLASE laser designed for use in inertial fusion energy power plants. The main amplifier concept is based on a He-gas-cooled multi-slab architecture similar to that employed in Mercury laser system. Our modeling quantifies the reduction of thermally induced phase aberrations and average depolarization in

${\mathrm{Yb}}^{{3+}}$

:YAG slabs by a combination of helium cryogenic cooling and properly designed (doping/width) cladding materials.
Effect of raw milk on allergic responses in a murine model of gastrointestinal allergy
Authors: Hodgkinson Alison J. , McDonald Natalie A. , Hine Brad 
Published: May 2014

Epidemiological studies have shown an association between the consumption of raw farm milk and reduced incidence of allergy. In the present study, we fed untreated raw milk, gamma-sterilised milk, heat-treated milk or water to mice and compared their responses to allergen exposure and challenge treatment in a mouse model of gastrointestinal allergy. From weaning (3 weeks old), groups of BALB/c female mice (n8) received raw milk, gamma-sterilised milk, heated milk or water via drink bottles, with the control group receiving water. All mice were fed a standard (dairy protein-free) rodent diet. At 6 and 8 weeks, groups were given intra-peritoneal injections with ovalbumin (OVA)/alum to sensitise them to the antigen. Controls were sham immunised. At week 10, mice were fasted and challenged four times on alternate days by intra-gastric administration with 50 mg OVA or saline. Levels of bacteria and milk proteins were assessed in milk samples. Mouse serum levels of specific IgE, IgG1and IgG2aantibodies and mouse mast cell protease-1 (MMCP-1) were determined. Cytokine responses to 48 h activation with OVA were measured in cultured splenocytes from mice. Sterilised and heated milks contained no viable bacteria and reduced detectable levels of many milk proteins, in contrast to raw milk. Mice drinking raw milk had highest serum MMCP-1 and specific-OVA IgE responses. Cultured splenocytes from OVA-primed mice produced similar levels of IL-4 in response to the antigen; however, IL-10 levels were highest from mice drinking raw milk. Overall, the present study adds to the evidence that consuming different types of milk can affect allergic responses to a non-related dietary antigen.
EXTRAVERSION, CREOLIZATION, AND DEPENDENCY IN THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
Authors: Lindsay Lisa A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis article considers the Atlantic slave trade in relation to ‘extraversion’ in African history. Drawing especially on the work of Jean-François Bayart, it argues that slaving fit a long-term pattern in which elites drew on external connections in order to further their wealth and power at home. In doing so, they also opened their societies to new goods and ideas, thus bringing about cultural creolization. This is a different approach to the question of creolization than is commonly found among Americanist studies of Atlantic slavery, which tend to treat cultural change without consideration of politics. The concept of extraversion thus helps to link culture and political economy. Nevertheless, it also bears refinement. Recent scholarship on African involvement in the Atlantic slave trade – some of it detailed in this article – makes clear that extraversion may have reflected African agency, as Bayart insisted, but that it also entangled African societies in destructive relationships of dependency.
POLITICS OF THE SOIL: SEPARATISM, AUTOCHTHONY, AND DECOLONIZATION AT THE KENYAN COAST
Authors: Prestholdt Jeremy 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis article examines the perceived interdependence of territorial rights and social identity in colonial Kenya. In the early 1960s, attempts to win full autonomy for a narrow strip of Indian Ocean coastline – the Protectorate of Kenya – encouraged an exclusivist discourse of autochthony. To establish their historical ownership of the coast, both political thinkers who supported and decried coastal separatism emphasized the correlation of race, ethnicity, religion, and physical space. Through competing claims to ‘the soil’, all parties articulated a dually integrative and divisive language of citizenship. As a result, autochthony discourse exacerbated tensions within coastal society, fortified divergent visions of the postcolonial nation, and highlighted reductive definitions of the coast as either maritime or continental in orientation.
Environmental control of germination in semi-arid Mediterranean systems: the case of annuals on gypsum soils
Authors: Sánchez Ana M. , Luzuriaga Arantzazu L. , Peralta Ana L. , Escudero Adrián 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWhether or not it is time for germination is a dilemma for annuals since they have only a single opportunity to reproduce successfully. This is critical for species living in stressful and unpredictable environments such as Mediterranean habitats. In order to clarify the environmental cues of germination, four annuals of different families, all of them occurring very frequently on gypsum soils, were selected and their germination observed under 14 climate scenarios, mimicking temperature and photoperiod conditions from autumn to spring, at two levels of water availability (continuous irrigation versus an initial single irrigation event followed by a progressive soil desiccation). In spring scenarios, two seed-storage conditions were compared: dry cold and room conditions. In the absence of water limitation, germination decreased from early autumn to late spring. Water scarcity always reduced germination, especially in early spring. Our results suggest a facultative winter germination behaviour and highlight the crucial role of dry cold storage in reducing spring germination. In conclusion, Mediterranean ephemerals showed a very plastic germination response that allows them to take advantage of favourable environmental conditions from autumn to spring. This environmental cueing is combined with the ability to dilute the risk through a variable rate of seed dormancy that, according to bet-hedging strategies, increases from secure autumn to riskier spring.
Predicting the impact of increasing temperatures on seed germination among populations of Western AustralianBanksia(Proteaceae)
Authors: Cochrane Anne , Hoyle Gemma L. , Yates Colin J. , Wood Jeff , Nicotra Adrienne B. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTemperature is a significant factor influencing seed germination and for many species temperature-mediated germination cues are vital for plant persistence. Rising temperatures forecast as a result of anthropogenic climate change may have a substantial influence on the population and range dynamics of plant species. Here, we report on the thermal constraints on seed germination in natural populations of four congenericBanksiaspecies collected from a longitudinal climate gradient in Western Australia. We investigated whether germination niche: (1) varied between species; (2) varied among populations of each species; and (3) varied in a consistent manner reflecting the climatic gradients of seed origin. We hypothesized that species would differ and that populations from warmer sites would have a broader temperature window for germination than populations from cooler sites. Species differed in the breadth of their germination niche, but temperatures that stimulated the most rapid and complete germination were similar across all species. A sharp reduction in germination percentage occurred above the optimum temperature, which coincided with significant delays in germination relative to the optimum. The temperatures causing these declines varied among populations. Across the species, there was a significant correlation between optimum germination temperature and mean annual temperature at seed source; however, there was no relationship at the population level for individual species. These data provide insight into the vulnerability ofBanksiaspecies to climate change, with those populations that require lower temperatures for germination, or have narrower optimal ranges for germination, likely to be most vulnerable to a warming climate.
Effects of jacalin and follicle-stimulating hormone onin vitrogoat primordial follicle activation, survival and gene expression
Authors: Ribeiro Regislane P. , Portela Antonia M.L.R. , Silva Anderson W.B. , Costa José J.N. , Passos José R.S. , Cunha Ellen V. , Souza Glaucinete B. , Saraiva Márcia V.A. , Donato Mariana A. M. , Peixoto Christina. A. , van den Hurk Robert , Silva José R.V. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThis study aims to investigate the effects of jacalin and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on activation and survival of goat primordial follicles, as well as on gene expression in cultured ovarian tissue. Ovarian fragments were cultured for 6 days in minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with jacalin (10, 25, 50 or 100 μg/ml – Experiment 1) or in MEM supplemented with jacalin (50 μg/ml), FSH (50 ng/ml) or both (Experiment 2). Non-cultured and cultured tissues were processed for histological and ultrastructural analysis. Cultured tissues from Experiment 2 were also stored to evaluate the expression of BMP-15, KL (Kit ligand), c-kit, GDF-9 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results of Experiment 1 showed that, compared with tissue that was cultured in control medium, the presence of 50 μg/ml of jacalin increased both the percentages of developing follicles and viability. In Experiment 2, after 6 days, higher percentages of normal follicles were observed in tissue cultured in presence of FSH, jacalin or both, but no synergistic interaction between FSH and jacalin was observed. These substances had no significant effect on the levels of mRNA for BMP-15 and KL, but FSH increased significantly the levels of mRNA for PCNA and c-kit. On the other hand, jacalin reduced the levels of mRNA for GDF-9. In conclusion, jacalin and FSH are able to improve primordial follicle activation and survival after 6 days of culture. Furthermore, presence of FSH increases the expression of mRNA for PCNA and c-kit, but jacalin resulted in lower GDF-9 mRNA expression.
Authoritarianism, Inner/Other Directedness, and Sensation Seeking in Firefighter/Paramedics: Their Relationship with Burnout
Authors: Palmer Ronald G. , Spaid Wanda M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIntroduction:Burnout in firefighter/paramedics (FF/EMT-Ps) is widely believed to exist, but few empirical data support its existence, symptomatology, or intervention. Understanding the extent, nature, and cause of burnout is crucial to improving employee morale and performance.Study Population:Ninety-one FF/EMT-Ps employed by Salt Lake County Fire Department.Hypotheses:Three specific hypotheses were tested: 1) FF/EMT-Ps who score high on burnout also will score high on authoritarianism; 2) FF/EMT-Ps who score high on burnout also will score high on inner-directedness; and 3) FF/EMT-Ps who score high on burnout also will score high on sensation seeking.Methods:In this descriptive study, FF/EMT-Ps computed four standardized instruments measuring authoritarianism, burnout, inner-directedness versus other-directedness and sensation seeking.Results:Firefighters who scored high on burnout also scored high on authoritarianism and on the sensation-seeking subscale of boredom. Burnout did not correlate with the overall sensation-seeking scale or with its other subscales (thrill, experience, and disinhibition), or inner-directedness versus other-directedness.Conclusion:A focus on control issues needs to be an integral part of programs for decreasing employee burnout among FF/EMT-Ps. Specific components of such programs should include stress management and counseling. In addition, management personnel need to be taught not only to assist direct-service staff, but also to recognize and deal with their own control issues as they affect job performance.