bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropology and addiction: an historical review
Authors: Singer Merrill 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTAims This paper reviews the world anthropology of drugs and alcohol use literature, identifying key issues addressed by anthropologists, methods and theoretical models in use, trends in focus over time and future directions.Methods Papers and books that comprise the literature were identified through computer search using the keywords: ethnography of drug use (and variants, e.g. drug ethnography, qualitative approaches in drug research), ethnography of drinking, anthropology and drug use, and anthropology and drinking. Search engines included Google Scholar, EBSCOHost, AnthroSource and PubMed. Identified sources were read and integrated into the review.Results and Conclusions The literature search identified a rich and growing literature on the anthropology of drinking and drug use. The research and published literature on the anthropology of drug use has grown and diversified since the 1970s, found acceptance in the wider multi‐disciplinary domain of alcohol and drug studies and developed beyond the socio‐cultural model to include life‐style, critical medical anthropology and experiential explanatory models. Anthropological research has helped to shape the field of addiction science, e.g. ethnographic studies show that the lived worlds and self‐identities of drug users have cultural order and socially constructed purpose and meaning, and experiential research shows that some addictions or aspects of addictions can be affirmative, creative and sustainable, at least at the individual level. The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic has significantly increased anthropological research on drug‐related issues world‐wide.
Home enteral tube feeding in children with inherited metabolic disorders: a review of long‐term carer knowledge and technique
Authors: Evans S. , Preston F. , Daly A. , Ashmore C. , Holden C. , MacDonald A. 
Published: September 2012

How to cite this article
Evans S., Preston F., Daly A., Ashmore C., Holden C. & MacDonald A. (2012) Home enteral tube feeding in inherited metabolic disorders children: a review of long‐term carer knowledge and technique. J Hum Nutr Diet.AbstractBackground:  Home enteral tube feeding (HETF) is commonly used in children with inherited metabolic disorders (IMD). It is unclear how caregiver knowledge and their safety in using tube feeding techniques changes over time.Methods:  Caregivers of children with IMD on HETF from one UK IMD centre had annual interviews over 3 years using a structured questionnaire and observation to assess HETF knowledge and safety techniques.Results:  Thirty‐two caregivers of IMD children (median age 5.3 years; range 0.3–13.6 years) were studied. Seventy‐eight percent (n = 25) of subjects had been on HETF for >5 years. Over 3 years, many caregivers’ HETF techniques deteriorated: accurate feed ingredient measurement decreased from 36% to 11%; correct flushing of tubes decreased from 56% to 44%; checking tube position as recommended decreased from 72% to 56%; and correct hand washing decreased from 38% to 25%. Despite improvements, knowledge of some aspects remained poorly understood: dangers of incorrect tube placement increased from 41% to 56%; correct position for night feeding increased from 38% to 56%; and feed ingredient storage decreased from 87% to 38%.Conclusions:  The HETF techniques of caregivers of children with IMD declined over time. Caregivers need to understand that HETF, particularly in IMD, is a serious procedure associated with life‐threatening risks. Poor HETF practices may cause feed contamination, incorrect feed concentration, feed intolerance, aspiration, peritonitis and even metabolic decompensation. HETF skills should be reassessed annually, with compulsory retraining if basic ‘core’ HETF competencies are not demonstrated.
Resistance to changing practice from pro re nata prescriptions to patient group directions in acute mental health settings
Authors: PRICE O. , BAKER J. A. 
Published: September 2012

Accessible summary

Poor practice associated with pro re nata (PRN) prescriptions in mental health is common and has serious health consequences for mental health service users.

Patient group directions (PGDs) are structured prescribing protocols which increase nurses' accountability for practice associated with the supply of medicines and may improve practice in this area.

Attempts to replace PRN with the PGD throughout two mental health trusts were met with significant resistance by registered mental health nurses. The reasons for this were associated with anxieties over increased responsibility for practice, concerns related to the ‘medicalization’ of the nursing role and the increased paperwork associated with the PGD.

AbstractPoor practice associated with pro re nata (PRN) prescriptions in mental health is known to be common and can increase the risk of serious and potentially fatal side effects. A contributing factor to poor practice is the lack of a clear chain of accountability between the decision to prescribe and administer PRN prescriptions. To address this problem, a patient group direction (PGD) for acute behavioural disturbance (lorazepam 0.5–2 mg) and staff training materials were developed. The intention was to replace PRN prescriptions with the PGD in two mental health trusts. One of the potential benefits of this would be the removal of the contribution of PRN to high and combined dose antipsychotic prescriptions. This proposal, however, was met with significant resistance in both trusts and did not replace PRN as a result. A series of interviews and focus groups were conducted with 16 RMNs working in the two trusts, to explore the reasons why the PGD was met with resistance. Senior nurses perceived resistance to be associated with anxieties over increased responsibility for decision making. Junior nurses reported concerns regarding the medicalization of the nursing role, the paperwork associated with the PGD and the training approach used. Future efforts to implement PGDs in mental health settings must carefully consider the methods for engaging effectively with participating organizations, in terms of managing change and completing the necessary groundwork for successful implementation.
The effect of cognitive behavioural psycho‐education on premenstrual syndrome and related symptoms
Authors: TAGHIZADEH Z. , SHIRMOHAMMADI M. , FEIZI A. , ARBABI M. 
Published: September 2012

Accessible summary

As the emerging of PMS and related symptoms is at the onset of reproductive age, interventions related to it should focus on adolescents as a high risk group.

As a result of current study researchers can use high schools as an appropriate setting for counselling and education especially in developing countries by the healthcare providers.

Interventions aiming to modify and promote lifestyle include changes in diet and physical activity pattern can alleviate symptoms appropriately.

Stress management strategies are main part of interventions regarding psychological symptoms of PMS (somatization, anxiety and hostility).

According to this study some psychological symptoms (such as depression and interpersonal sensitivity) may need more professional intervention.

AbstractPremenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a distressing group of symptoms related to menstrual cycle during reproductive age. Its substantial burden on daily function and quality of life, particularly on mental aspects, was to the impetus for this study with the aim of determining the effectiveness of a psycho‐educational package on premenstrual syndrome and related symptoms. In a randomized clinical trial, 123 (17–19‐year‐old) adolescent girls with PMS were randomized to psycho‐educational intervention (including 62 subjects) and control (including 61) groups. The participants completed a demographic questionnaire, premenstrual syndrome symptom daily record scale and the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised (SCL‐90‐R). A paired and two independent samples t‐test and chi‐squared test were used for analysing data using spss statistical package. At the end of the study there was statistically significant decrease in severity of total PMS in intervention compared with control group (P < 0.001). Also, a significant difference in somatization, anxiety and hostility was observed between two groups (P < 0.05). However, depression marginally decreased (P < 0.1) in intervention group, and interpersonal sensitivity was not statistically different between intervention and control groups. Intervention alleviated the severity of PMS and related somatization, anxiety and hostility, yet it could not change the severity of depression and interpersonal sensitivity.
Anaphylactic reaction to probiotics. Cow’s milk and hen’s egg allergens in probiotic compounds
Authors: Martín‐Muñoz María Flora , Fortuni Monserrat , Caminoa Magdalena , Belver Teresa , Quirce Santiago , Caballero Teresa 
Published: September 2012

To cite this article: Martín‐Muñoz MF, Fortuni M, Caminoa M, Belver T, Quirce S, Caballero T. Anaphylactic reaction to probiotics. Cow’s milk and hen’s egg allergens in probiotic compounds. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012: 23: 778–784.AbstractBackground:  Probiotics are used in the treatment of allergic diseases. We investigated the safety of probiotics for subjects with food allergy.Material and methods:  Labels of probiotics commercially available in Spain were examined to assess their content of cow’s milk or hen’s egg. Skin prick tests with these compounds (20 mg/ml) were performed in five children allergic to cow’s milk, five children allergic to hen’s white egg, and five control subjects non‐allergic to food. Three serum pools: I (positive‐specific IgE to cow’s milk and hen’s egg white proteins), II (positive‐specific IgE to cow’s milk and negative to hen’s egg white proteins), and III (negative‐specific IgE to cow’s milk and positive to hen’s egg white proteins) were used to detect cow’s milk and hen’s egg white allergens in probiotics. ImmunoCAP® (Phadia), in‐house ELISA, SDS‐PAGE immunoblotting, and inhibition studies of these assays were performed. Proteins were quantified by enzyme‐immunoassay.Results:  Eleven probiotics were studied. No label advertised about egg content, eight labels warned about lactose, lactic acid or cow’s milk, one label claimed to be milk‐free, and two gave no information. Cow’s milk proteins were detected, by at least one lab technique, in 10/11 probiotics, three over 2.5 mg/kg (21, 52, 112 mg/kg). Hen’s egg white proteins were detected in 3/11 probiotics, only one had more than 2.5 mg/kg (47 mg/kg).Conclusion:  Probiotic compounds may contain hidden allergens of food and may not be safe for subjects with allergy to cow’s milk or hen’s egg.
Specific oral tolerance induction with raw hen’s egg in children with very severe egg allergy: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Dello Iacono Iride , Tripodi Salvatore , Calvani Mauro , Panetta Valentina , Verga Maria Carmela , Miceli Sopo Stefano 
Published: September 2012

To cite this article: Dello Iacono I, Tripodi S, Calvani M, Panetta V, Verga MC, Miceli Sopo S. Specific oral tolerance induction with raw hen’s egg in children with very severe egg allergy: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012: 00.AbstractBackground:  Treatment of severe egg allergy is avoidance of hen’s egg (HE) and carrying self‐injectable epinephrine. Specific oral tolerance induction (SOTI) seems a promising alternative treatment. However, some aspects of SOTI are still considered experimental.Methods:  We evaluated the efficacy and safety of an original 6‐month SOTI protocol in children with very severe HE allergy using raw HE emulsion. Twenty children (age range: 5–11 yr) were randomized equally into a SOTI treatment group and a control group. The treatment group started SOTI and underwent a second challenge 6 months later. Control children were kept on an egg‐free diet for 6 months and then underwent a second challenge.Results:  After 6 months, 9/10 children of the SOTI group (90%) achieved partial tolerance (at least 10 ml, but <40 ml of raw HE emulsion, in a single dose) and 1 (10%) was able to tolerate only 5 ml (no tolerance). After 6 months, nine control children tested positive to the second challenge at a dose ≤0.9 ml of raw HE emulsion, and one reacted to 1.8 ml (SOTI vs. control group p < 0.0001). All children in the SOTI group had side effects, but no child had a grade 5 reaction according to the Sampson grading.Conclusion:  Six months of SOTI with raw HE emulsion resulted in partial tolerance, with regular intake, in a significant percentage of children with severe egg allergy.
Pharmacodynamic effects of the oral glucokinase activator AZD6370 after single doses in healthy volunteers assessed with euglycaemic clamp
Authors: Sjöstrand M. , Ericsson H. , Hartford M. , Norjavaara E. , Eriksson J. W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimsThis study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of the glucokinase activator (GKA) AZD6370 in non‐diabetic subjects, using the euglycaemic clamp to avoid the risk of hypoglycaemia.MethodsOral single ascending doses of AZD6370 10–650 mg or subcutaneous short‐acting insulin 4 or 12 U were given to healthy fasting subjects. AZD6370 safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics were assessed. Pharmacodynamic effects on serum (S)‐insulin and glucose infusion rate (GIR) were investigated with euglycaemic clamp. AZD6370 10–20 mg was also assessed when taken with food without euglycaemic clamp.ResultsAZD6370 was well tolerated and no safety concerns were raised. AZD6370 was rapidly absorbed and eliminated, and plasma concentration was proportional to dose. Both S‐insulin and GIR increased following AZD6370 administration. The observed increase in GIR correlated with increasing AZD6370 area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve, demonstrating a dose‐concentration‐dependent pharmacodynamic effect. AZD6370 at doses of 50 and 80 mg had similar effects to short‐acting insulin 4 U on peripheral S‐insulin levels but greater effects on GIR, suggesting an effect beyond the increase of peripheral S‐insulin levels at lower doses. In the food interaction part of the study, performed without euglycaemic clamp, dose escalation was stopped at a low dose (20 mg) because of hypoglycaemia.ConclusionThe euglycaemic clamp was successfully used to avoid hypoglycaemia and to demonstrate pharmacodynamic effects, that is, markedly increased insulin secretion and glucose utilisation, following administration of AZD6370 in healthy fasting subjects. In addition to the effect on pancreatic insulin secretion, the data support an extra‐pancreatic (hepatic) component of GKA action.
Multinational Exposure and the Quality of New Chinese Exports
Authors: Swenson Deborah L. , Chen Huiya 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe exploit information on the geographic, product and trader characteristics of China's 1997–2009 exports to examine how the evolving city‐industry presence of multinational firms influenced the quality, frequency and survival of new export transactions by private Chinese firms. Our results show that own‐industry multinational firm contact was associated with more frequent, higher‐valued, and longer‐lasting new trade transactions. These effects appear to arise from beneficial multinational spillovers, rather than selection effects due to increased multinational competition, as increases in own‐industry or other multinational presence were also associated with an increase in the number of trade transactions introduced by private Chinese firms.
Estimating the efficiency of Portuguese hospitals using an appropriate production technology
Authors: Marques Rui Cunha , Carvalho Pedro 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper investigates the production technology of Portuguese hospitals using various statistical tests and highlights the importance of technology assessment before efficiency estimates are done. Two different models were considered, one based on monetary units and another on quantities for a 4‐year period (2005–2008). An analysis involving all observations (all years) simultaneously led to the conclusion that the technologies of the Portuguese hospitals are globally nonincreasing returns to scale for a confidence interval of 95%. Based on this technology, we found significant inefficiency levels in the Portuguese hospitals. We also concluded that most groups of hospitals had improvements in the studied period and, on average, both models prove that single hospitals and those located in the North were the most efficient. An analysis of returns to scale seems to indicate that hospitals should reach an optimal scale by reducing their cost levels and increasing their assets.
Helicobacter pylori and Nonmalignant Diseases
Authors: Shmuely Haim , Katicic Miroslava , Filipec Kanizaj Tajana , Niv Yaron 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe incidence of peptic ulcer disease has declined over the last few decades, particularly in Western populations, most likely as a result of the decrease in Helicobacter pylori infection and the widespread use of proton‐pump inhibitors (PPI) in patients with dyspepsia. The hospital admission rate for uncomplicated duodenal and gastric ulcers has significantly decreased worldwide. In contrast, admissions for complicated ulcer disease, such as bleeding peptic ulcers and perforation, remained relatively stable. Prophylactic H. pylori eradication was found to be associated with a reduced risk of both gastric and duodenal ulcers and their complications, including bleeding in chronic users of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The recent Helicobacter Eradication Relief of Dyspeptic Symptoms trial presented important data relating to symptoms and quality of life of H. pylori‐positive patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) and also demonstrated significant benefits from eradication compared with the control group. The new Asian consensus report on FD recommended that dyspepsia accompanied by H. pylori infection should be considered a separate disease entity from FD and that H. pylori infection should be eradicated before diagnosing FD. The association of H. pylori with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is still controversial. Treatment for H. pylori does not seem to increase GERD symptoms or reflux esophagitis. However, documented eradication of H. pylori appears to significantly improve GERD symptoms. Additional long‐term intervention studies are needed to provide more information on which to base clinical decisions.
Helicobacter pylori in Pediatrics
Authors: Homan Matjaž , Hojsak Iva , Kolaček Sanja 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis review summarizes important pediatric studies published from April 2011 up to March 2012. Proteomics profile of ulcerogenic Helicobacter pylori strains was defined in the most interesting study of the last year. The antigen stool test is becoming the “gold standard” in prevalence studies, and according to the last epidemiologic studies, the prevalence of H. pylori infection in childhood is not decreasing any more in the developed world. The resistance rate of H. pylori strains is high in children. Therefore, among other important issues concerning H. pylori in pediatrics, guidelines published by ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN last year also recommended culture and susceptibility testing before first‐line treatment in areas with high or unknown antibiotic resistance rates.
Helicobacter spp. Other than H. pylori
Authors: Rossi Mirko , Hänninen Marja‐Liisa 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSignificant advances have been made over the last 12 months in the understanding of the biology of non‐H. pylori Helicobacter species (NHPH). Several studies have investigated the association between NHPH and human disease, including Crohn's disease, lithiasis, liver disease, coronary disease, gastritis, and pyoderma gangrenosum‐like ulcers. Novel Helicobacter taxa were identified in new vertebrate hosts, and new methodologies in the fields of identification of Helicobacter spp. and evaluation of antibiotic resistance were described. The genome of the first human‐derived gastric NHPH strain (Helicobacter bizzozeronii CIII‐1) was sequenced, and several studies elucidated functions of different genes in NHPH. A number of important investigations regarding pathogenesis and immunopathobiology of NHPH infections have been published including the description of a new urease in Helicobacter mustelae. Finally, the effects of the gut microbiota and probiotics on NHPH infections were investigated.
Relationship between Self‐Report and Proxy Ratings on Assessed Personal Quality of Life‐Related Outcomes
Authors: Claes Claudia , Vandevelde Stijn , Van Hove Geert , van Loon Jos , Verschelden Griet , Schalock Robert 
Published: September 2012

AbstractQuality of life scores obtained from self‐reports might not be the same as those obtained from a family member or direct support staff. The purpose of the two studies reported in this article was to evaluate further the impact on quality of life scores of self‐report vs. proxy ratings. The Personal Outcomes Scale was administered to persons with an intellectual disability. The self‐report version, as well as the direct observation version, was administered. In the use of the direct observation form, direct support staff and family members acted as respondents. Study 1, which evaluated the consistency between self‐report and direct observation data using support staff as proxy respondents, found significant mean differences between the two respondent groups in three quality of life domains and an acceptable level of internal consistency for both self‐report and direct observation strategies. Study 2, which evaluated the difference between self‐report (by the client) and proxy ratings (of the same individual) using direct observation interviews with family and support staff as respondents, found some differences between client and staff ratings but no significant differences between client and family ratings. Correlations between respondent group scores fell within the “good category.” The authors noted the need for methodological pluralism in quality of life assessment, the importance of self‐report by persons with intellectual disability, and the need to develop better and more reliably user‐friendly strategies to evaluate quality of life outcomes for those individuals who either do not or cannot respond for themselves.
Risk and the limits of governance: Exploring varied patterns of risk‐based governance acrossEurope
Authors: Rothstein Henry , Borraz Olivier , Huber Michael 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRisk‐based approaches to governance are widely promoted as universally applicable foundations for improving the quality, efficiency, and rationality of governance across policy domains. Premised on the idea that governance cannot eliminate all adverse outcomes, these approaches provide a method for establishing priorities and allocating scarce resources, and, in so doing, rationalise the limits of what governance interventions can, and should, achieve. Yet cursory observation suggests that risk‐based approaches have spread unevenly across countries. Based on a comparison of theUK,France, andGermany, this article explores the ways in which, and why, such approaches have “colonised” governance regimes in theUK, but have had much more limited application inFrance andGermany. We argue that the institutionally patterned adoption of risk‐based governance across these three countries is related to how entrenched governance norms and accountability structures within their national polities handle both the identification and acceptance of adverse governance outcomes.