bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advance directives lessen the decisional burden of surrogate decision‐making for the chronically critically ill
Authors: Hickman Ronald L , Pinto Melissa D 
Published: December 2013

Aims and objectivesTo identify the relationships between advance directive status, demographic characteristics and decisional burden (role stress and depressive symptoms) of surrogate decision‐makers (SDMs) of patients with chronic critical illness.BackgroundAlthough the prevalence of advance directives among Americans has increased, SDMs are ultimately responsible for complex medical decisions of the chronically critically ill patient. Decisional burden has lasting psychological effects on SDMs. There is insufficient evidence on the influence of advance directives on the decisional burden of surrogate decision‐makers of patients with chronic critical illness.DesignThe study was a secondary data analysis of cross‐sectional data. Data were obtained from 489 surrogate decision‐makers of chronically critically ill patients at two academic medical centres in Northeast Ohio, United States, between September 2005–May 2008.MethodsData were collected using demographic forms and questionnaires. A single‐item measure of role stress and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CESD) scale were used to capture the SDM's decisional burden. Descriptive statistics, t‐tests, chi‐square and path analyses were performed.ResultsSurrogate decision‐makers who were nonwhite, with low socioeconomic status and low education level were less likely to have advance directive documentation for their chronically critically ill patient. The presence of an advance directive mitigates the decisional burden by directly reducing the SDM's role stress and indirectly lessening the severity of depressive symptoms.ConclusionsMost SDMs of chronically critically ill patients will not have the benefit of knowing the patient's preferences for life‐sustaining therapies and consequently be at risk of increased decisional burden.Relevance to clinical practiceStudy results are clinically useful for patient education on the influence of advance directives. Patients may be informed that SDMs without advance directives are at risk of increased decisional burden and will require decisional support to facilitate patient‐centred decision‐making.
Strategies for recreating normal life: Iranian coronary heart disease patients' perspectives on coping strategies
Authors: Najafi Ghezeljeh Tahereh , Emami Azita 
Published: December 2013

Aims and objectivesTo identify coping strategies used by Iranian patients with coronary heart disease.BackgroundOne of the most important nursing interventions is facilitating adjustment for patients. A deeper understanding of patients' coping strategies for controlling illness and its consequences is needed.DesignA qualitative design.MethodsParticipants were hospitalised patients diagnosed with coronary heart disease, based on documented angiographic results. A qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews was conducted, and purposive sampling was performed. The qualitative content analysis determined categories and subcategories for describing and understanding coping strategies.ResultsThe term ‘coping strategies’ refers to the strategies used by participants living with coronary heart disease as they attempt to understand and control their chronic condition and return to a social and physical state as similar to their predisease condition as possible. During the data analysis, six strategies emerged: searching for meaning and information; trying to achieve comfort and control; resting more, doing less and slowing down; motivating, prioritising and caring for self; turning to religion and spirituality; and expectations and receiving assistance and support.ConclusionsThis qualitative study describes the coping strategies of Iranian patients with coronary heart disease and the commonalities with strategies for others dealing with chronic illnesses in Iran. The patients were found to use a variety of coping strategies to deal with their illness and its impacts on their lives.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study contributes to the existing body of knowledge about optimal nursing care strategies for patients with coronary heart disease. Through increasing awareness of coping strategies, nurses can help their patients employ the most effective tools and reinforce constructive successful coping styles for patients who are dealing with coronary heart disease.
The BlackBerry Project: The Hidden World of Adolescents' Text Messaging and Relations With Internalizing Symptoms
Authors: Underwood Marion K. , Ehrenreich Samuel E. , More David , Solis Jerome S. , Brinkley Dawn Y. 
Published: December 2013

In this naturalistic study of adolescents' text messaging, participants (N = 172, 81 girls, age 14) were given BlackBerry devices configured to save their text messages to a secure archive for coding. Two 2‐day transcripts collected 4 months apart within the same academic year were microcoded for content. Results showed that most text message utterances were positive or neutral and that adolescents sent text messages primarily to peers and to romantic partners. Only a few sex differences emerged. Frequency of text messages containing negative talk positively predicted overall internalizing symptoms and anxious depression. Text messaging about sex was positively associated with overall internalizing and somatic complaints for girls, but not for boys.
Periodontal effects of 0.25% sodium hypochlorite twice‐weekly oral rinse. A pilot study
Authors: Galván M. , Gonzalez S. , Cohen C. L. , Alonaizan F. A. , Chen C. T‐L. , Rich S. K. , Slots J. 
Published: December 2013

Background and ObjectiveThe study aimed to evaluate the effect of 0.25% sodium hypochlorite twice‐weekly oral rinse on plaque and gingivitis in patients with minimally treated periodontitis.Material and MethodsThe study included 30 patients with periodontitis, it lasted 3 mo, and it was performed as a randomized, controlled, single‐blinded, clinical trial in parallel groups. Fifteen patients rinsed for 30 s with 15 mL of a fresh solution of 0.25% sodium hypochlorite (test) and 15 patients rinsed with 15 mL of water (control). Clorox® regular bleach was the source of the sodium hypochlorite. At baseline and at 2 wk, the study patients received professional subgingival irrigation for 5 min with either 0.25% sodium hypochlorite or water, but no subgingival or supragingival scaling. The presence or absence of supragingival plaque on facial and lingual surfaces was determined by visual inspection; each tooth was dried with air and mouth mirror rotation was used to provide light reflection to identify plaque on smooth surfaces and at the tooth line angles. Gingival bleeding within 30 s after probing to full pocket depth was assessed in six sites of each tooth. Adverse events were evaluated by questionnaire and visual examination.ResultsAll 30 patients in the study completed the baseline and the 2 wk parts of the study and a subset of 12 participants completed the 3 mo part of the study. The sodium hypochlorite rinse group and the water rinse group, respectively, showed increases from baseline to 3 mo of 94% and 29% (3.2‐fold difference) in plaque‐free facial surfaces, of 195% and 30% (6.5‐fold difference) in plaque‐free lingual surfaces, and of 421% and 29% (14.5‐fold difference) in number of teeth with no bleeding on probing. The differences in clinical improvement between the sodium hypochlorite rinse group and the water rinse group were statistically significant. No adverse events were identified in any of the study patients, except for minor complaints about the taste of bleach.ConclusionA twice‐weekly oral rinse with 0.25% sodium hypochlorite produced marked decreases in dental plaque level and bleeding on probing and may constitute a promising new approach to the management of periodontal disease. Long‐term controlled studies on the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite oral rinse are needed and encouraged.
A tool for selecting patients with a high probability of sustained virological response to peginterferon alfa‐2a (40kD)/ribavirin
Authors: Ferenci Peter , Aires Rodrigo , Ancuta Ioan , Arohnson Andrew , Cheinquer Hugo , Delic Dragan , Gschwantler Michael , Larrey Dominique , Tallarico Ludovico , Schmitz Manuela , Tatsch Fernando , Ouzan Denis 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsPretreatment identification of patients likely to achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) with peginterferon alfa‐2a/ribavirin would be useful for individualizing treatment choices. The aim of this analysis was to devise a simple scoring system to identify patients with high probability of achieving an SVR with peginterferon alfa‐2a/ribavirin.MethodsUsing data from 2109 Caucasian treatment‐naive hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 mono‐infected patients from the PROPHESYS cohorts, the relationship between favourable baseline characteristics and SVR was explored using generalized additive model analysis, and a scoring system was devised to predict SVR.ResultsPoints were assigned for: age (years) (≤35: 2; >35, ≤45: 1; >45: 0); body mass index (kg/m2) (≤20: 2; >20, ≤22: 1; >22: 0); HCV RNA (IU/ml) (≤100 000: 3; >100 000–400 000: 2; >400 000–800 000: 1; >800 000: 0); platelets (>150 ×109/l: 1; ≤150 ×109/l: 0); alanine aminotransferase [×upper limit of normal (ULN)] (>3: 1; ≤3: 0); serum aspartate aminotransferase (×ULN) (≤1: 1; >1: 0). 1029, 698 and 382 patients had scores of 0–2, 3–4 and ≥5, respectively, among whom SVR rates were 35.0, 54.9 and 76.7%. SVR in patients with scores ≥5 and undetectable HCV RNA by week 4 was 86.7%. The score was tested against two databases of patients who received peginterferon alfa‐2a/ribavirin in other clinical trials; similar high SVR rates in patients with scores ≥5 were reported.ConclusionsThe scoring system can reliably identify treatment‐naive HCV genotype 1 mono‐infected Caucasian patients who have a high probability of achieving an SVR with peginterferon alfa‐2a/ribavirin and will be particularly useful where protease inhibitors are not readily available.
Expression of toll‐like receptors 1–5 but not TLR 6–10 is elevated in livers of patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Kanuri Giridhar , Ladurner Ruth , Skibovskaya Julia , Spruss Astrid , Königsrainer Alfred , Bischoff Stephan C. , Bergheim Ina 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsAnimal models of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) suggest that an increased translocation of bacterial endotoxins, leading to an activation of toll‐like receptor‐dependent signalling cascades (TLRs) and increased formation of reactive oxygen species, may add to development of insulin resistance and induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) in the liver. If similar mechanisms are also involved in the development of NAFLD in humans remains to be determined.MethodsToll‐like receptor (1–10), myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD88), interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF‐3) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS‐1) mRNA expression was determined in liver samples of 11 patients with NAFLD and 11 controls. Hepatic PA1‐1 and 4‐hydroxynonenal protein adducts (4‐HNE) levels were determined by immunohistochemistry.ResultsHepatic TLR 1–5 mRNAs expression was significantly higher in livers of NAFLD patients than in controls, whereas expression of TLR 6–10 mRNAs did not differ between groups. Expression of MyD88 but not IRF‐3 was also significantly higher in livers of NAFLD patients than in controls. These alterations were associated with significantly higher levels of 4‐HNE and PAI‐1 protein levels in livers of NAFLD patients than in controls, whereas IRS‐1 mRNA expression was ~80% lower in livers of NAFLD patients than in controls.ConclusionsTaken together, these findings add further weight to the hypothesis that alterations at the level of intestine and intestinal barrier function may be critical in the development of NAFLD in humans.
Perspectives on Language as a Source of Social Markers
Authors: Roberts Gareth 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBecause linguistic forms vary between groups of speakers, language serves as a source of social markers, allowing people to distinguish between those who do and do not belong to the same social group. This review surveys interdisciplinary perspectives on four issues concerning social markers: (a) the role of inter‐ and intra‐individual variation, (b) the purpose of social markers, (c) language as an especially good source of social markers and (d) social marking as a source of new dialects.
Low‐Ir IAB irons from Morasko and other locations in central Europe: One fall, possibly distinct from IAB‐MG
Authors: Pilski A. S. , Wasson J. T. , Muszyński A. , Kryza R. , Karwowski Ł. , Nowak M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDifferences in texture and discovery location prompted us to analyze 16 irons from Morasko; one from Seeläsgen, known to have a similar composition; and a new mass found at Jankowo Dolne. These were analyzed in duplicate by instrumental neutron‐activation analysis (INAA). The results show that all 18 samples have very similar compositions, distinct from all other IAB irons except Burgavli; we conclude that they are all from a single shower. Eight of the samples were from regions with large amounts of cohenite (but were largely free of inclusions) and six were from samples with very little cohenite; we could find no resolvable difference in composition between these sets, a fact that suggests that the C contents of the metal phases were similar in the two areas. Although Morasko has been classified into the IAB main group (IAB‐MG), its Ir plots well outside the main group field on an Ir‐Au diagram. We considered the possibility that the low Ir reflected contamination by a melt from a IAB region that ponded and experienced fractional crystallization; however, because Morasko has Pt, W, and Ga values that are the same as the highest values in IAB‐MG, we rejected this model. We therefore conclude that Morasko formed from a different melt than the IAB‐MG irons; the Morasko melt was produced by impact heating, but one or more of the main Ir carriers did not melt, leaving much of the Ir in the unmelted residue. Copper is the only element that shows resolvable differences among Morasko samples. Most (13 of 18) samples have 149 ± 4 μg g−1 Cu, but three have 213 ± 10 μg g−1; we interpret this to mean that the low‐Cu samples have equilibrated with a Cu‐rich phase, whereas there was none of the latter phase within a few diffusion lengths of the samples with high Cu contents.
81Kr‐Kr cosmic ray exposure ages of individual chondrules from Allegan
Authors: Strashnov I. , Gilmour J. D. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract81Kr‐Kr cosmic ray exposure (CRE) ages of individual chondrules (6–10 mg) and adjacent matrix samples (5–10 mg) from the Allegan H5 chondrite have been measured using a new highly sensitive resonance ionization mass spectrometer. No conclusive evidence of variations among the CRE ages of individual chondrules or between chondrules and matrix has been observed—average CRE ages of 5.90 ± 0.42 Ma (81Kr‐78Kr) and 5.04 ± 0.37 Ma (81Kr‐80+82Kr) are identical within error to those determined for the matrix (7.42 ± 1.27 Myr, 81Kr‐80+82Kr) and agree well with the literature value for bulk Allegan. If any accumulation of cosmogenic krypton in the early solar system took place, either it was below our detection limit in these samples (<100 atoms), or any such gas was lost during parent body metamorphism. However, this demonstration that useful 81Kr‐Kr ages can be obtained from few milligram samples of chondritic material has clear relevance to the analysis of samples returned by planned missions to asteroids and to the search for a signature of pre‐exposure in other, less processed meteorites.
I‐Xe ages of Campo del Cielo silicates as a record of the complex early history of theIABparent body
Authors: Pravdivtseva O. , Meshik A. , Hohenberg C. M. , Kurat G. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractUsing in situ laser analyses of a polished thin section from theIABiron meteorite Campo del Cielo, we identified two silicate grains rich in radiogenic129*Xe, Cr‐diopside, and oligoclase, excavated them from the metal, and irradiated them with thermal neutrons for I‐Xe dating. The release profiles of129*Xe and128*Xe are consistent with these silicates being diopside and oligoclase, with activation energies, estimated using Arrhenius plots, of ∼201 and ∼171 kcal mole−1, respectively. The 4556.4 ± 0.4 Ma absolute I‐Xe age of the more refractory diopside isyoungerthan the 4558.0 ± 0.7 Ma I‐Xe age of the less refractory oligoclase. We suggest that separate impact events at different locations and depths on a porous initial chondriticIABparent body led to the removal of the melt and recrystallization of diopside and oligoclase at the times reflected by their respective I‐Xe ages. The diopside and oligoclase grains were later brought into the studied inclusion by a larger scale catastrophic collision that caused breakup and reassembly of the debris, but did not reset the I‐Xe ages dating the first events. The metal melt most probably was <1250 °C when it surrounded studied silicate grains. This reassembly could not have occurred earlier than the I‐Xe closure in diopside at 4556.4 ± 0.4 Ma.
Dehydroascorbate: a possible surveillance molecule of oxidative stress and programmed cell death in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Murik Omer , Elboher Ahinoam , Kaplan Aaron 
Published: December 2013

Summary

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii tolerates relatively high H2O2 levels that induce an array of antioxidant activities. However, rather than rendering the cells more resistant to oxidative stress, the cells become far more sensitive to an additional H2O2 dose.

If H2O2 is provided 1.5–9 h after an initial dose, it induces programmed cell death (PCD) in the wild‐type, but not in the dum1 mutant impaired in the mitochondrial respiratory complex III. This mutant does not exhibit a secondary oxidative burst 4–5 h after the inducing H2O2, nor does it activate metacaspase‐1 after the second H2O2 treatment.

The intracellular dehydroascorbate level, a product of ascorbate peroxidase, increases under conditions leading to PCD. The addition of dehydroascorbate induces PCD in the wild‐type and dum1 cultures, but higher levels are required in dum1 cells, where it is metabolized faster. The application of dehydroascorbate induces the expression of metacaspase‐2, which is much stronger than the expression of metacaspase‐1.

The presence or absence of oxidative stress, in addition to the rise in internal dehydroascorbate, may determine which metacaspase is activated during Chlamydomonas PCD. Cell death is strongly affected by the timing of H2O2 or dehydroascorbate admission to synchronously grown cultures, suggesting that the cell cycle phase may distinguish cells that perish from those that do not.
Photoacclimation Responses of the Brown MacroalgaSargassum Cymosumto the Combined Influence ofUVRadiation and Salinity: Cytochemical and Ultrastructural Organization and Photosynthetic Performance
Authors: Polo Luz K. , de L. Felix Marthiellen R. , Kreusch Marianne , Pereira Debora T. , Costa Giulia B. , Simioni Carmen , Ouriques Luciane C. , Chow Fungyi , Ramlov Fernanda , Maraschin Marcelo , Bouzon Zenilda L. , Schmidt Éder C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe photoacclimation responses of the brown macroalgaSargassum cymosumwere studied to determine its cytochemical and ultrastructural organization, as well as photosynthetic pigments and performance.S. cymosumwas cultivated in three salinities (30, 35 and 40 psu) under four irradiation treatments:PAR‐only,PAR + UVA,PAR + UVBandPAR + UVA + UVB. Plants were exposed toPARat 70 μmol photons m−2 s−1,PAR + UVBat 0.35 W m−2andPAR +UVAat 0.70 W m−2for 3 h per day during 7 daysin vitro. Growth rate was not significantly affected by any type of radiation or salinity. The amount of pigments inS. cymosumwas significantly influenced by the interaction of salinity and radiation treatments. Compared withPAR‐only,UVRtreatments modified the kinetics patterns of the photosynthesis/irradiance curve. After exposure toUVR,S. cymosumincreased cell wall thickness and the presence of phenolic compounds. The number of mitochondria increased, whereas the number of chloroplasts showed few changes. AlthoughS. cymosumshowed insensitivity to changes in salinity, it can be concluded that samples treated under four irradiation regimes showed structural changes, which were more evident, but not severe, underPAR + UVBtreatment.
Fusarium crown rot under continuous cropping of susceptible and partially resistant wheat in microcosms at elevated CO2
Authors: Khudhair M. , Melloy P. , Lorenz D. J. , Obanor F. , Aitken E. , Datta S. , Luck J. , Fitzgerald G. , Chakraborty S. 
Published: December 2013

This study examines the CO2‐mediated influence of plant resistance on crown rot dynamics under continuous cropping of partially resistant wheat line 249 and the susceptible cultivar Tamaroi. Disease incidence, severity, deoxynivalenol and Fusarium biomass were assessed after each cycle in microcosms established at ambient and 700 mg kg−1 CO2 using soil and stubble of these wheat lines from a field experiment with free to air CO2 enrichment. Monoconidial isolates from wheat stubble were collected initially, and after five cropping cycles, to compare the frequency and aggressiveness of Fusarium species in the two populations. Aggressiveness was measured using a high‐throughput seedling bioassay. At elevated CO2, the higher initial incidence in Tamaroi increased with cropping cycles, but incidence in 249 remained unchanged. Incidence at ambient CO2 did not change for either line. Elevated CO2 induced partial resistance in Tamaroi, but not in 249. Increased Fusarium biomass in wheat tissue at elevated CO2 matched raised deoxynivalenol of the stem base in both lines. After five cycles of continuous wheat cropping, aggressiveness increased in pathogenic F. culmorum and F. pseudograminearum by 110%, but decreased in weakly pathogenic F. equiseti and F. oxysporum by 50%. CO2 and host resistance interactively influenced species frequency, and the highly aggressive F. pseudograminearum became dominant on Tamaroi irrespective of CO2 concentration, while its frequency declined on 249. This study shows that induced resistance at elevated CO2 will not reduce crown rot severity, or impede the selection and enrichment of Fusarium populations with increased aggressiveness.