bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfonylurea Use and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Prospective Cohort Study Among Women
Authors: Li Yanping , Hu Yang , Ley Sylvia H. , Rajpathak Swapnil , Hu Frank B. 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE
Evidence is inconsistent for the association between sulfonylurea use and risk of cardiovascular disease among patients with diabetes. We aimed to prospectively evaluate this association using the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), a well-established cohort of U.S. women with long-term follow-up.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We followed 4,902 women (mean age 68 years) with diabetes (mean duration 11 years), but without cardiovascular disease at baseline. The use of sulfonylureas and other medications was self-reported at baseline and during the follow-up period of up to 10 years. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% CI for the association between the sulfonylurea use and incident cardiovascular disease while accounting for potential confounders, including age, diabetes duration, diabetes-related complications, other antihyperglycemic medications, BMI, lifestyle factors, family history of cardiovascular diseases, and present chronic conditions. We also applied the propensity score stratification method to address the possibility of residual confounding.

RESULTS
We identified 339 incident cases of cardiovascular disease, including 191 cases of coronary heart disease (CHD) and 148 cases of stroke. A longer duration of sulfonylurea use was significantly associated with a higher risk of CHD (P for trend = 0.002); the RRs for CHD were 1.24 (95% CI 0.85–1.81) for patients who used sulfonylurea therapy for 1–5 years, 1.51 (0.94–2.42) for 6–10 years, and 2.15 (1.31–3.54) for &gt;10 years, compared with nonusers. Compared with users of metformin monotherapy, the RR for CHD was 3.27 (1.31–8.17) for those who were treated with the combination of metformin and sulfonylurea. The analysis using propensity score stratification yielded similar results. We did not observe a significant association between sulfonylurea therapy and stroke risk.

CONCLUSIONS
Long-term use of sulfonylureas was associated with a significantly higher risk of developing CHD among women with diabetes.
Maternal Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Predicts Adiposity of the Offspring
Authors: Kubo Ai , Ferrara Assiamira , Windham Gayle C. , Greenspan Louise C. , Deardorff Julianna , Hiatt Robert A. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Laurent Cecile , Mirabedi Anousheh S. , Kushi Lawrence H. 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE
To investigate associations between maternal pregnancy hyperglycemia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and offspring adiposity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We evaluated these associations in a longitudinal study of 421 mother-daughter pairs at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Maternal pregnancy glucose values were obtained from maternal medical records. Outcomes included three measures of girls’ adiposity, measured annually: 1) ≥85th age-specific percentile for BMI; 2) percent body fat (%BF); and 3) waist-to-height ratio (WHR).

RESULTS
Adjusting for maternal age at delivery, race/ethnicity, pregravid BMI, girl’s age, and girl’s age at onset of puberty, having a mother with GDM increased a girl’s risk of having a BMI ≥85th percentile or having %BF or WHR in the highest quartile (Q4), compared with those in the lowest quintile of blood glucose (odds ratio [OR] 3.56 [95% CI 1.28–9.92]; OR 3.13 [95% CI 1.08–9.09]; and OR 2.80 [95% CI 1.00–7.84], respectively). There was a significant interaction between the presence of GDM and pregravid BMI; girls whose mothers had both risk factors had the highest odds of having a BMI ≥85th percentile (OR 5.56 [95%CI 1.70–18.2]; Q4 %BF, OR 6.04 [95%CI 1.76–20.7]; and Q4 WHR, OR 3.60 [95%CI 1.35–9.58]). Similar, although weaker, associations were found in the association between hyperglycemia and offspring adiposity.

CONCLUSIONS
Girls who were exposed to maternal GDM or hyperglycemia in utero are at higher risk of childhood adiposity; risk increases if the mother is overweight or obese. Screening and intervention for this high-risk group is warranted to slow the intergenerational transmission of obesity and its sequelae.
Differential Management of Economic and Financial Illegalisms: Anti-Money Laundering and “Tax Issues”
Authors: Amicelle Anthony 
Published: August 2014

Alors que la problématique fiscale a longtemps été tenue à l’écart de la mobilisation contre le blanchiment de capitaux, cette frontière historiquement négociée est aujourd’hui en cours de recomposition, en France comme à l’international. En analysant les modalités d’intégration des questions fiscales au cœur de l’anti-blanchiment, il s’agit de rendre compte des transformations travaillant actuellement la lutte contre l’« argent sale ». Dans quelle mesure assiste-t-on à un renouvellement normatif dans les activités de différenciation, de hiérarchisation et de gestion des illégalismes économiques et financiers ?
Provirus Activation Plus CD59 Blockage Triggers Antibody-Dependent Complement-Mediated Lysis of Latently HIV-1–Infected Cells
Authors: Lan Jie , Yang Kai , Byrd Daniel , Hu Ningjie , Amet Tohti , Shepherd Nicole , Desai Mona , Gao Jimin , Gupta Samir , Sun Yongtao , Yu Qigui 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Latently HIV-1–infected cells are recognized as the last barrier toward viral eradication and cure. To purge these cells, we combined a provirus stimulant with a blocker of human CD59, a key member of the regulators of complement activation, to trigger Ab-dependent complement-mediated lysis. Provirus stimulants including prostratin and histone deacetylase inhibitors such as romidepsin and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid activated proviruses in the latently HIV-1–infected T cell line ACH-2 as virion production and viral protein expression on the cell surface were induced. Romidepsin was the most attractive provirus stimulant as it effectively activated proviruses at nanomolar concentrations that can be achieved clinically. Antiretroviral drugs including two protease inhibitors (atazanavir and darunavir) and an RT inhibitor (emtricitabine) did not affect the activity of provirus stimulants in the activation of proviruses. However, saquinavir (a protease inhibitor) markedly suppressed virus production, although it did not affect the percentage of cells expressing viral Env on the cell surface. Provirus-activated ACH-2 cells expressed HIV-1 Env that colocalized with CD59 in lipid rafts on the cell surface, facilitating direct interaction between them. Blockage of CD59 rendered provirus-activated ACH-2 cells and primary human CD4+ T cells that were latently infected with HIV-1 sensitive to Ab-dependent complement-mediated lysis by anti–HIV-1 polyclonal Abs or plasma from HIV-1–infected patients. Therefore, a combination of provirus stimulants with regulators of complement activation blockers represents a novel approach to eliminate HIV-1.
The Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on In Vitro Human NK Cell Development from Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Weeres Matthew A. , Robien Kim , Ahn Yong-Oon , Neulen Marie-Luise , Bergerson Rachel , Miller Jeffery S. , Verneris Michael R. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is the biologically active form of vitamin D and is immunoregulatory. 1,25(OH)2D3 binds the vitamin D receptor complex present in many immune populations and can illicit transcriptional responses that vary among different immune subsets. The effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on mature and developing human NK cells are not well characterized. In the present study, we examined the influence of 1,25(OH)2D3 using an established NK cell differentiation system. Briefly, umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells were isolated and cultured in conditions optimal for NK cell differentiation, and varying concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3 were administered. At physiological concentrations (10 nM), 1,25(OH)2D3 impaired NK cell development. Moreover, the NK cells that did develop under the influence of 1,25(OH)2D3 showed a significant reduction in function (cytotoxicity and cytokine production). Conversely, 1,25(OH)2D3 strongly induced hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate along a myeloid pathway, giving rise to CD14+ cells. Mechanistically, 1,25(OH)2D3 drives hematopoietic progenitor cells to rapidly upregulate monocyte genes (i.e., C/EBP-α and CD14). There were no effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on mature NK cytotoxicity or cytokine production. Collectively, these studies provide novel data showing the negative regulatory effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on NK cell development.
Complement Component C5a Permits the Coexistence of Pathogenic Th17 Cells and Type I IFN in Lupus
Authors: Pawaria Sudesh , Ramani Kritika , Maers Kelly , Liu Youhua , Kane Lawrence P. , Levesque Marc C. , Biswas Partha S. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a type I IFN (IFN-I)–driven autoimmune disorder with exaggerated B and Th cell responses. Th17 cells, a recently identified Th cell subset, have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE. Because IFN-I suppresses the generation and expansion of Th17 cells in an IL-27–dependent manner, it is unclear how pathogenic Th17 cells are generated in SLE in the presence of an environment characterized by high IFN-I levels. In this study, we showed that activation of c5aR on murine macrophages blocked IFN-I–mediated IL-27 production, thus permitting the development of Th17 cells. C5aR activation on IFN-I–responsive macrophages inhibits IRF-1–mediated transactivation of IL-27 gene expression via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Consistently, C5aR-deficient mice exhibited increased IL-27 expression and fewer Th17 cells and consequently developed reduced lupus nephritis in comparison with wild-type mice. In support of these findings in mice, we found that C5a inhibited IFN-I–induced IL-27 production from macrophages of lupus subjects. Moreover, the level of serum C5a correlated with Th17 frequency in peripheral blood. Collectively, these data indicate an essential role for C5a in the generation of pathogenic Th17 responses in SLE. Thus, therapeutic strategies to block C5aR activation may be beneficial for controlling pathogenic Th17-mediated inflammation in SLE.
Proceedings: Cell Therapies for Parkinson's Disease From Discovery to Clinic
Authors: Canet-Aviles Rosa , Lomax Geoffrey P. , Feigal Ellen G. , Priest Catherine 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

In March 2013, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, in collaboration with the NIH Center for Regenerative Medicine, held a 2-day workshop on cell therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD), with the goals of reviewing the state of stem cell research for the treatment of PD and discussing and refining the approach and the appropriate patient populations in which to plan and conduct new clinical trials using stem cell-based therapies for PD. Workshop participants identified priorities for research, development, and funding; discussed existing resources and initiatives; and outlined a path to the clinic for a stem cell-based therapy for PD. A consensus emerged among participants that the development of cell replacement therapies for PD using stem cell-derived products could potentially offer substantial benefits to patients. As with all stem cell-based therapeutic approaches, however, there are many issues yet to be resolved regarding the safety, efficacy, and methodology of transplanting cell therapies into patients. Workshop participants agreed that designing an effective stem cell-based therapy for PD will require further research and development in several key areas. This paper summarizes the meeting.
In situ characterization of shallow elastic nonlinear parameters with Dynamic Acoustoelastic Testing
Authors: Renaud G. , Rivière J. , Larmat C. , Rutledge J.T. , Lee R.C. , Guyer R.A. , Stokoe K. , Johnson P.A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn situ measurement of the elastic nonlinear site response is advantageous to provide optimal information for prediction of strong ground motion at a site. We report the first implementation of a technique known as Dynamic Acoustoelastic Testing (DAET) in situ with the ultimate goal of developing a new approach for site characterization. DAET has shown promising results at the laboratory scale for the study of nonlinear elasticity of Earth materials, detailing the full nonlinear elastic properties of the studied sample. We demonstrate the feasibility of DAET in situ and compare it to other methods (nonlinear resonance spectroscopy, wave amplitude dependence of propagation velocity, and wave distortion). Nonlinear elastic properties are characterized by DAET with the advantage of providing a local assessment compared to other methods, here at a depth of 4 m to 5 m. A vertical dynamic strain amplitude of 5 ×10−5produces a relative change in compressional wave modulus of 6%. We measure an effective parameter of quadratic elastic nonlinearity of order −103, the same order of magnitude measured at the laboratory scale in rocks and in packs of unconsolidated glass beads. Hysteresis is observed in the variation in soil elasticity as a function of the instantaneous dynamic strain that evolves as the dynamic strain amplitude is increased from 9 ×10−7to 5 ×10−5.
Absolute plate velocities from seismic anisotropy: Importance of correlated errors
Authors: Zheng Lin , Gordon Richard G. , Kreemer Corné 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe errors in plate motion azimuths inferred from shear wave splitting beneath any one tectonic plate are shown to be correlated with the errors of other azimuths from the same plate. To account for these correlations, we adopt a two‐tier analysis: First, find the pole of rotation and confidence limits for each plate individually. Second, solve for the best fit to these poles while constraining relative plate angular velocities to consistency with the MORVEL relative plate angular velocities. Our preferred set of angular velocities, SKS‐MORVEL, is determined from the poles from eight plates weighted proportionally to the root‐mean‐square velocity of each plate. SKS‐MORVEL indicates that eight plates (Amur, Antarctica, Caribbean, Eurasia, Lwandle, Somalia, Sundaland, and Yangtze) have angular velocities that differ insignificantly from zero. The net rotation of the lithosphere is 0.25 ± 0.11° Ma−1 (95% confidence limits) right handed about 57.1°S, 68.6°E. The within‐plate dispersion of seismic anisotropy for oceanic lithosphere (σ = 19.2°) differs insignificantly from that for continental lithosphere (σ = 21.6°). The between‐plate dispersion, however, is significantly smaller for oceanic lithosphere (σ = 7.4°) than for continental lithosphere (σ = 14.7°). Two of the slowest‐moving plates, Antarctica (vRMS = 4 mm a−1, σ = 29°) and Eurasia (vRMS = 3 mm a−1, σ = 33°), have two of the largest within‐plate dispersions, which may indicate that a plate must move faster than ≈ 5 mm a−1 to result in seismic anisotropy useful for estimating plate motion. The tendency of observed azimuths on the Arabia plate to be counterclockwise of plate motion may provide information about the direction and amplitude of superposed asthenospheric flow or about anisotropy in the lithospheric mantle.
A mechanistic model linking insect (Hydropsychidae) silk nets to incipient sediment motion in gravel‐bedded streams
Authors: Albertson Lindsey K. , Sklar Leonard S. , Pontau Patricia , Dow Michelle , Cardinale Bradley J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPlants and animals affect stream morphodynamics across a range of scales, yet including biological traits of organisms in geomorphic process models remains a fundamental challenge. For example, laboratory experiments have shown that silk nets built by caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) can increase the shear stress required to initiate bed motion by more than a factor of 2. The contributions of specific biological traits are not well understood, however. Here we develop a theoretical model for the effects of insect nets on the threshold of sediment motion, τ*crit, that accounts for the mechanical properties, geometry, and vertical distribution of insect silk, as well as interactions between insect species. To parameterize the model, we measure the tensile strength, diameter, and number of silk threads in nets built by two common species of caddisfly, Arctopsyche californica and Ceratopsyche oslari. We compare model predictions with new measurements of τ*crit in experiments where we varied grain size and caddisfly species composition. The model is consistent with experimental results for single species, which show that the increase in τ*crit above the abiotic control peaks at 40–70% for 10–22 mm sediments and declines with increasing grain size. For the polyculture experiments, however, the model underpredicts the measured increase in τ*crit when two caddisfly species are present in sediments of larger grain sizes. Overall, the model helps explain why the presence of caddisfly silk can substantially increase the forces needed to initiate sediment motion in gravel‐bedded streams and also illustrates the challenge of parameterizing the behavior of multiple interacting species in a physical model.
Removal of systematic seasonal atmospheric signal from interferometric synthetic aperture radar ground deformation time series
Authors: Samsonov Sergey V. , Trishchenko Alexander P. , Tiampo Kristy , González Pablo J. , Zhang Yu , Fernández José 
Published: August 2014

AbstractApplying the Multidimensional Small Baseline Subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar algorithm to about 1500 Envisat and RADARSAT‐2 interferograms spanning 2003–2013, we computed time series of ground deformation over Naples Bay Area in Italy. Two active volcanoes, Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei, are located in this area in close proximity to the densely populated city of Naples. For the first time, and with remarkable clarity, we observed decade‐long elevation‐dependent seasonal oscillations of the vertical displacement component with a peak‐to‐peak amplitude of up to 3.0 cm, substantially larger than the long‐term deformation rate (<0.6 cm/yr). Analysis, utilizing surface weather and radiosonde data, linked observed oscillations with seasonal fluctuations of water vapor, air pressure, and temperature in the lower troposphere. The modeled correction is in a good agreement with observed results. The mean, absolute, and RMS differences are 0.014 cm, 0.073 cm, and 0.087 cm, respectively. Atmospherically corrected time series confirmed continuing subsidence at Vesuvius previously observed by geodetic techniques.
Peak tornado activity is occurring earlier in the heart of “Tornado Alley”
Authors: Long John A. , Stoy Paul C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTornado frequency may increase as the factors that contribute to severe convection are altered by a changing climate. Attributing changes in tornado frequency to observed global climate change is complicated because observational effort has increased over time, but studies of the seasonal distribution of tornado activity may avoid sampling biases. We demonstrate that peak tornado activity has shifted 7 days earlier in the year over the past six decades in the central and southern US Great Plains, the area with the highest global incidence of tornado activity. Results are largely unrelated to large‐scale climate oscillations, and observed climate trends cannot fully account for observations, which suggest that changes to regional climate dynamics should be further investigated. Tornado preparedness efforts at individual to national levels should be cognizant of the trend toward earlier peak tornado activity across the heart of “Tornado Alley”.
Improving the vertical electron density profile in ionospheric imaging at storm time: A case study on 25–27 September 2011
Authors: Yin Ping , Mitchell Cathryn N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIonospheric responses to geomagnetic storms are important because they can seriously affect radio propagation up to several GHz in frequency, resulting in deterioration of the system performance. There is a key difficulty in the representation of the vertical electron density profile during storms because many tomographic imaging techniques rely on statistical estimations of the profile, which are inadequate in extreme events. The approach here is to use radio occultation observations from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) to provide this missing information. The method is evaluated over Europe and the United States for a major storm on 25–27 September 2011. The use of COSMIC profiles in GPS tomography does help to improve the vertical imaging accuracy of inversions during storm periods when compared to ionosonde and incoherent scatter radar observations. It is interesting to note that COSMIC vertical profiles are also able to facilitate better representation of the E layer. More availability of density profiles from COSMIC or other similar radio occultation satellites would be greatly welcomed in the future.
RCM‐E and AMIE studies of the Harang reversal formation during a steady magnetospheric convection event
Authors: Yang Jian , Toffoletto Frank , Lu Gang , Wiltberger Michael 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a modeling study on the formation of the Harang reversal (HR) during a steady magnetospheric convection event. The Harang reversal is identified as the boundary of the northward and southward electric field in the nightside auroral zone using the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) procedure. We simulate the event with the Rice Convection Model‐Equilibrium (RCM‐E) by adjusting its boundary conditions to approximately match Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) and GOES observations in the nightside magnetosphere. Our results show that the HR is collocated with an upward region 1 field‐aligned current, where converging ionospheric currents cause a southward/northward electric field on the poleward/equatorward side of the HR. Our results also indicate that the electric field reversal is slightly poleward of the ionospheric east–west current reversal and is to the northeast of the ground magnetic reversal, which is consistent with previous observations. We also test the sensitivity of the HR formation to a variety of parameters in the RCM‐E simulations. We find that (1) the reduction of the flux tube entropy parameter PV5/3 near the midnight sector plays a major role in the formation of the HR; (2) a run carried out assuming uniform conductance produced the same major features as the run with more realistic precipitation‐enhanced conductance; and (3) the detailed pattern of the polar cap potential distribution plays a minor role, but its dawn‐dusk asymmetry significantly controls the location of the HR with respect to midnight. The RCM‐E simulations also predict PV5/3 and flow distributions associated with the magnetospheric source of the HR in the plasma sheet, which can be further tested against observations.