bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GENESIS OF COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE AS EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE AT GERMAN UNIVERSITIES IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY
Authors: Кресин Алексей , Kresin Aleksey 
Published: December 2013

The transformation of higher legal education in the German
states in 1810–1820s has been investigated on the basis of the
new scholarly materials, entered into the scientific use. The author
comes to the conclusion about the interrelation between of pozitivist
and komparativist aspects. At the heart of a complex of disciplines
devoted to comparative legal knowledge of foreign law, was the idea
of comparative law as a relatively independent legal science. Also,
there is the relation of this discipline with the comparative history
of the law.
CUSTOMS CONTROL AFTER THE RELEASE OF THE GOODS IN THE MEMBER STATES OF THE CUSTOMS UNION: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Агамагомедова Саният , Agamagomedova Saniyat 
Published: December 2013

At the present time customs control after the release of the
goods is the priority for the customs authorities in consideration of
Customs Union and the formation of the Eurasian Economic
Space. The procedure of customs control after the release of the
goods in the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan is
regulated at the international, regional and national levels. Despite
the processes of unification of the regulation of follow-up customs
control in the Customs Union, some differences in the timing and
the manner of its implementation still exist in the member states of
the Customs Union. Harmonization and unification of regulation
and enforcement in this area will improve the efficiency of customs
control after the release of the goods in the Customs Union.
INFLUENCE OF GERMAN FEDERATION UPON EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
Authors: Саломатин Алексей , Salomatin Alexey , Меликов Алексей , Melikov Aleksey 
Published: December 2013

Germany as the most economically developed member of
European Union is also a key factor in European integration. Its
experience as federal state, traditionally taking into account the
interest of its lands is very instructive to European bureaucrats who
artificially speed up integration. German politics in European Union
is realistic – it provides for consultation with organs of EU but it
doesn’t yield state sovereignty. German public opinion is very positive
toward European political institutions and democracy in the
country.
Beyond the sentence: Towards a cognitive-linguistic approach to textual reference
Authors: Ziem Alexander 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBased on the results of a cognitive-linguistic study on associative anaphors, the paper introduces a new approach to textual reference at the interface of lexical semantics and text semantics. Theoretical tools and concepts, particularly semantic frames and concept types, also relevant for follow-up studies on related text-linguistic phenomena, are introduced and discussed. In the corpus-based study presented here, anaphors are systematically identified and manually annotated according to linguistic features yielding reference resolution. Investigating contextual features of associative anaphors in a great number of cases facilitates a fine-grained analysis of anaphoric reference, paving the way to a comprehensive cognitive approach to textual reference
‘Can I ask you something?’: The influence of functional factors on the L1-acquisition of yes-no questions in English
Authors: Kania Ursula 
Published: December 2013

AbstractUsage-based, constructivist approaches to first language acquisition assume that children’s linguistic abilities emerge in a piecemeal fashion through interaction with mature language users (Tomasello 2003). In spite of the fact that both formal and functional characteristics of the linguistic constructions involved are thought to be of importance in this process, most previous studies have focused exclusively on form.The current study aims at exploring the contribution of functional factors in the learning of a subset of yes-no questions: providing an in-depth analysis of the emergence of
Constructions of purpose: A corpus-based analysis of corporate mission statements
Authors: Meex Birgitta , Brône Geert , Wermuth Cornelia 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe various incarnations of cognitive linguistics can be characterized by a common contextualized view on linguistic structure. Emerging from this philosophical cornerstone of the cognitive-linguistic enterprise is a growing body of research that systematically inquires into the intricate interplay of the cognitive, social and situational dimensions determining grammatical and lexical choice. The present paper ties in with current explorations of the interface between cognition, pragmatics and grammar through a corpus-based study of the grammatical and discursive construction of purpose. We argue that constructions marking such goal-oriented actions provide a valuable resource for the study of the grammar-discourse interface, because they (implicitly or explicitly) involve a positioning on various axes, including modal, temporal, force-dynamic and interpersonal.In order to answer the onomasiological question of how purpose is expressed in discourse, and how the above axes interact in motivating the choice for a specific grammatical construction, we conducted an exploratory corpus study, based on authentic German data. The specific text genre that we selected for our analysis is that of corporate mission statements (
Three ways to view a sonnet: Metaphor and poetic structure in three translations of Shakespeare’s sonnet XC
Authors: Kassner Laura 
Published: December 2013

AbstractShakespeare’s works have been translated many times throughout different historical eras, and these translations vary considerably both in their poetic form and in their cognitive underpinnings. This paper investigates the cognitive and poetic differences between three translations of Shakespeare’s sonnet XC: a 19th-century translation by F. A. Gelbcke (Gelbcke 1867), a translation by Paul Celan (Celan 1967) and a translation by A. Thalmayr (Thalmayr 1985). In particular, the use of conceptual metaphor across all versions is compared, and it is established that primary conceptual metaphors tend to remain intact across translations whereas complex conceptual metaphors tend to be replaced by different complex metaphors specific to the era and cultural background of the respective translators. This observation has broader implications for metaphor theory in general: Cross-linguistic studies of literary translations may be useable as a metric for the basic-ness or universality of metaphors. The poetic form variation found in the translations reflects the variation in metaphor material, and the mechanisms of foregrounding and parallelism postulated for poetic language by formalist poetics are shown to be useful for investigating the phenomenon of translation.
Counting conjugacy classes of cyclic subgroups for fusion systems
Authors: Park Sejong 
Published: December 2013

Abstract.
Thévenaz [Arch. Math. (Basel) 52 (1989), no. 3, 209–211] made an interesting observation that the number of conjugacy classes of cyclic subgroups in a finite group G is equal to the rank of the matrix of the numbers of double cosets in G. We give another proof of this fact and present a fusion system version of it. In particular we use finite groups realizing the fusion system ℱ as in our previous work [Arch. Math. (Basel) 94 (2010), no. 5, 405–410].
On a conjecture of Karrass and Solitar
Authors: Steinberg Benjamin 
Published: December 2013

Abstract.
We settle an old conjecture of Karrass and Solitar by proving that a finitely generated subgroup of
a non-trivial free product

G
=
A
*
B

${G = A\ast B}$

has finite index if and only if it
intersects each non-trivial normal subgroup of G non-trivially.
This holds, more generally, for subgroups of finite Kurosh rank.
MicroSISAK: continuous liquid–liquid extractions of radionuclides at 0.2 mL/min
Authors: Hild D. , Eberhardt K. , Even J. , Kratz J. V. , Wiehl N. , Löb P. , Werner B. , Hofmann C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Continuous liquid–liquid extraction of short-lived radionuclides has traditionally been performed with the SISAK system
consisting of static mixers and H-centrifuges for phase separation. SISAK operates at flow rates of typically
1 mL/s. Thus, it produces large volumes of radioactive liquid waste that is difficult to dispose of. Therefore, it
has been aimed to develop and use a further miniaturised extraction unit based on microtechnology and precision engineering to
reduce the flow rate by at least two orders of magnitude. The accordingly developed MicroSISAK device is a micro membrane
extractor in which a micromixer element with 2 × 16 feed channels of 30 µm width followed by
a 60 µm high mixing chamber is used for intimately contacting the aqueous and organic phase. Subsequent phase
separation is achieved via hydrophobic Teflon membranes with a pore size of 1 µm. The MicroSISAK device has
been tested and optimized with radiotracers of the group-4 elements Zr and Hf in the system H2SO4/trioctyl amine
(TOA) in toluene. At a temperature of 58°C and a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min of both phases,
extraction yields of 87 ± 3% were achieved. The transport time from the micromixer to the first Teflon membrane was
in this case 3.9 s. It can be shortened to 1.56 s at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Under similar
conditions, the extraction yield of 99m
Tc milked from a 99Mo generator in the system
HNO3/tetraphenyl arsonium chloride (TPAC) in chloroform was 83 ± 3%. In an on-line experiment at the TRIGA
Mainz reactor, short-lived Tc isotopes produced in the fission of 235U with thermal neutrons were transported by
a He/KCl gas-jet to the chemistry apparatus, deposited by impaction, dissolved in 0.01 mol/L HNO3/KBrO3,
and extracted into 10−4 mol/L TPAC in chloroform in MicroSISAK. The separated phases were transported via
capillaries to two separate flow-through cells positioned in front of two Ge detectors. The extraction yield determined as the
ratio of the Tc γ-ray activities in both detectors was 76 ± 1%. With this experiment, it was demonstrated
that MicroSISAK is in principle ready for an on-line experiment for the chemical characterization of the superheavy element
bohrium, element 107. However, the detection of α-particle activities by liquid scintillation counting still needs to
be worked out.
Ion-imprinted polymeric nanoparticles as a novel sorbent to separate radioyttrium from Sr target
Authors: Sarabadani P. , Payehghadr M. , Sadeghi M. , Abbasi K. , Bolourinovin F. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Radioyttrium (containing 86Y, 87Y and 88Y) was produced by irradiating
a natSrCO3 target with 15 MeV proton beam at a current of 30 µA for
12 min. A synthesized ion imprinted (IIP) and control polymer (CP) nanoparticles as sorbents were used for the
separation of radioyttrium from strontium. The sorbents were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR),
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Surface
area analysis. Effect of various parameters such as pH, mass sorbent, nature and volume of eluent were investigated on the
percent extraction of radioyttrium ion using IIP and CP particles. Chemical and radionuclidic purity were determined by ICP-AES
and HPGe detector gamma-ray spectrometry, respectively. The radioyttrium recovery yield was 99.5% and the stable Sr
content in the final product was estimated to be 4.5 µg mL−1. In conclusion, the suggested method in this
manuscript can be used for the production of other 86/87Y radionuclides.
Heterogeneous reduction of 239PuO2 by aqueous Fe(II) in the presence of hematite
Authors: Felmy A. R. , Moore D. A. , Qafoku O. , Buck E. , Conradson S. D. , Ilton E. S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The reduction of PuO2(am) by Fe(II) in the presence and absence of hematite was studied over a range of pH values and
oxidation/reduction potentials. In contrast to thermodynamic predictions, the presence of hematite did not have a major
effect on the overall reduction of PuO2(am) to aqueous Pu(III). Instead the aqueous Pu(III) concentrations at longer time
frames were accurately predicted using the measured Fe(II) concentration and existing thermodynamic data for the reaction:
H2O + H++ Fe2++ PuO2(am) ⇌ Pu3++ Fe(OH)3(am)
with log K =− 0.6. The accuracy of this approach in all solutions containing aqueous Fe(II), coupled with the apparent lack
of oxidation of Fe(II) by O2(g), suggests that the Fe(OH)3(am) is formed by the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) by
radiolysis. The continued generation of reactive amorphous iron hydroxide by radiolysis prevents thermodynamic equilibrium from
being reached with more stable ferric oxide compounds, except possibly under acidic conditions where amorphous ferric hydroxide
is soluble. The use of measured pe values, instead of aqueous Fe(II) measurements, also yields reasonable predictions of the
final Pu(III) concentrations although the predictions are more uncertain.
Investigaton of Kpong carbonatite as a potential source for rare earth elements (REEs) using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA)
Authors: Hayford M. S. , Akiti T. T. , Serfor-Armah Y. , Dampare S. B. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used to investigate REEs
in carbonatite from Kpong southeastern, Ghana. Total rare earth element
(TREEs) obtain were in the range of 540 mg/kg to
705 mg/kg. The total number of rare earth elements (REEs)
determined by INAA in the carbonatite rocks from Kpong were 11, namely; La,
Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu. The INAA results from the carbonatite
show a high enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREEs) deposits, marking
the Kpong carbonatite as a potential REE source.
Cephalometric Evaluation of Craniofacial Pattern of Nepalese Patients with Class III Malocclusion
Authors: Parajuli Umesh , Mishra Praveen , Bhattarai Prakash , Bajracharya Manish , Paudel Keshab Raj , Tuladhar Sapna Laxmi 
Published: December 2013

Objective: To find out the differences in craniofacial pattern between Class lll malocclusion and normal occlusion in Nepalese population.
Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalogram of 30 patients with Class lll malocclusion (11 male and 19 female; mean age, 17.27 ±3.88 years) and 30 patients with normal occlusion (15 males and 15 females; mean age: 19.03 ± 4.94 years) were analyzed for various linear and angular measurements. The variables between the two groups were compared using independent t - test.
Results: The base angle N-S-Ar was significantly smaller ( < 0.05) in Class lll group. The relative position of the maxilla in sagittal relation as indicated by angle of convexity (N-A-Pog) and A to N perpendicular was significantly retrusive in Class lll group ( < 0.05). The length of the maxilla was significantly reduced in Class lll group ( <0.01). The relative sagittal position of the mandible was significant protrusive in Class lll group as indicated by SNB (P< 0.01), facial angle (FH to N Pog) ( <0.05) and N perpendicular to Pog ( <0.001). The upper incisors were proclined and positioned anteriorly ( <0.01) in Class lll group while the lower incisors were retroclined ( <0.05). The upper lip in Class lll was retrusive ( < 0.05) relative to Ricketts esthetic plane and the nasolabial angle was significantly decreased in Class lll groups ( < 0.01).
Conclusion: There are significant differences in craniofacial pattern in Class lll Nepalese population as compared to normal Nepalese population.
Ditadura, Democracia e Esquecimento: 1964 - o acontecimento recalcado e a ascensão do Jornal Folha de São Paulo como canal da democracia
Authors: Meneses Sônia Maria 
Published: December 2013

Este artigo pretende refletir sobre como o Golpe de 1964 foi narrado pelo jornal Folha de São Paulo a partir o processo de abertura política, entre 1978 a 1980. A intenção é compreender como o periódico conseguiu construir uma identidade vinculada às expectativas de democracia, ao mesmo tempo em que formulou um dos mais bem sucedidos projetos de “reconstrução” da memória do Brasil contemporâneo. Discute-se aqui suas estratégias de ação a fim de compreender como alguns grupos conseguem o equilíbrio entre memória e esquecimento na efetivação uma identidade política desejável.
Development and Validation of a RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Authors: Farjahan Nur  , Asma Rahman  , Md. Zakir Sultan  , Md. Gias Uddin  , Mohammad A. Rashid  , Amir Hassan  , Mansoor Ahmed  
Published: December 2013

A simple, fast and economic reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been successfully developed and validated for simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolone analogs namely levofloxacin and moxifloxacin in both pure form (as API) and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was validated according to the guidelines of ICH, FDA and USP with respect to accuracy, precision and linearity. For method development a C-18 bonded silica column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5μ, Phenomenex, Inc) was used with a mobile phase comprising of 10% aqueous solution of acetic acid and acetonitrile in a ratio of 80:20 v/v. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min and effluents were monitored at 300 nm and the retention times were found to be at 7.0±0.1 min and 10.59±0.1 min for levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, respectively. The recovery was found to be more than 99% for each spiked samples of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, demonstrating the accuracy of the protocol. Intra-day and inter-day precisions of the new method were less than the maximum allowable limit (RSD% £ 2.0) according to FDA. The method showed linear response with correlation coefficient value of 0.9975 in both the cases.
Therefore, the developed method was found to be simpler, accurate, reproducible, efficient and less time consuming and can be successfully applied for the simultaneous assay of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin formulations.HPLC, method development, validation, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin.
Delayed onset of runaway and moist greenhouse climates for Earth
Authors: Wolf E. T. , Toon O. B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAs the Sun slowly grows brighter over its main sequence lifetime, habitability on Earth's surface will eventually become threatened probably leading to moist and then runaway greenhouse climates. One‐dimensional climate models predict that a catastrophic thermal runaway will be triggered by a 6% increase in the solar constant above its present level. However, here simulations using a three‐dimensional climate model with fixed carbon dioxide and methane indicate that surface habitability may be maintained at significantly larger solar constants. A 15.5% increase in the solar constant yields global mean surface temperatures of 312.9 K, well short of moist and runaway greenhouse states. Numerical limitations prevent simulation of climates much warmer than this. Nonetheless, our results imply that Earth's climate may remain safe against both water loss and thermal runaway limits for at least another 1.5 billion years and probably for much longer.
On the long‐term stability of Gulf Stream transport based on 20 years of direct measurements
Authors: Rossby T. , Flagg C. N. , Donohue K. , Sanchez‐Franks A. , Lillibridge J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn contrast to recent claims of a Gulf Stream slowdown, two decades of directly measured velocity across the current show no evidence of a decrease. Using a well‐constrained definition of Gulf Stream width, the linear least square fit yields a mean surface layer transport of 1.35 × 105 m2 s−1 with a 0.13% negative trend per year. Assuming geostrophy, this corresponds to a mean cross‐stream sea level difference of 1.17 m, with sea level decreasing 0.03 m over the 20 year period. This is not significant at the 95% confidence level, and it is a factor of 2–4 less than that alleged from accelerated sea level rise along the U.S. Coast north of Cape Hatteras. Part of the disparity can be traced to the spatial complexity of altimetric sea level trends over the same period.
Innate defense regulator peptide 1018 protects against perinatal brain injury
Authors: Bolouri Hayde , Sävman Karin , Wang Wei , Thomas Anitha , Maurer Norbert , Dullaghan Edie , Fjell Christopher D. , Ek C. Joakim , Hagberg Henrik , Hancock Robert E. W. , Brown Kelly L. , Mallard Carina 
Published: December 2013

ObjectiveThere is currently no pharmacological treatment that provides protection against brain injury in neonates. It is known that activation of an innate immune response is a key, contributing factor in perinatal brain injury; therefore, the neuroprotective therapeutic potential of innate defense regulator peptides (IDRs) was investigated.MethodsThe anti‐inflammatory effects of 3 IDRs was measured in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated murine microglia. IDRs were then assessed for their ability to confer neuroprotection in vivo when given 3 hours after neonatal brain injury in a clinically relevant model that combines an inflammatory challenge (LPS) with hypoxia–ischemia (HI). To gain insight into peptide‐mediated effects on LPS‐induced inflammation and neuroprotective mechanisms, global cerebral gene expression patterns were analyzed in pups that were treated with IDR‐1018 either 4 hours before LPS or 3 hours after LPS+HI.ResultsIDR‐1018 reduced inflammatory mediators produced by LPS‐stimulated microglia cells in vitro and modulated LPS‐induced neuroinflammation in vivo. When administered 3 hours after LPS+HI, IDR‐1018 exerted effects on regulatory molecules of apoptotic (for, eg, Fadd and Tnfsf9) and inflammatory (for, eg, interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor α, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules) pathways and showed marked protection of both white and gray brain matter.InterpretationIDR‐1018 suppresses proinflammatory mediators and cell injurious mechanisms in the developing brain, and postinsult treatment is efficacious in reducing LPS‐induced hypoxic–ischemic brain damage. IDR‐1018 is effective in the brain when given systemically, confers neuroprotection of both gray and white matter, and lacks significant effects on the brain under normal conditions. Thus, this peptide provides the features of a promising neuroprotective agent in newborns with brain injury. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:395–410
Self‐Assembly and (Hydro)gelation Triggered by Cooperative π–π and Unconventional CH⋅⋅⋅X Hydrogen Bonding Interactions
Authors: Rest Christina , Mayoral María José , Fucke Katharina , Schellheimer Jennifer , Stepanenko Vladimir , Fernández Gustavo 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWeak CH⋅⋅⋅X hydrogen bonds are important stabilizing forces in crystal engineering and anion recognition in solution. In contrast, their quantitative influence on the stabilization of supramolecular polymers or gels has thus far remained unexplored. Herein, we report an oligophenyleneethynylene (OPE)‐based amphiphilic PtII complex that forms supramolecular polymeric structures in aqueous and polar media driven by π–π and different weak C‐H⋅⋅⋅X (X=Cl, O) interactions involving chlorine atoms attached to the PtII centers as well as oxygen atoms and polarized methylene groups belonging to the peripheral glycol chains. A collection of experimental techniques (UV/Vis, 1D and 2D NMR, DLS, AFM, SEM, and X‐Ray diffraction) demonstrate that the interplay between different weak noncovalent interactions leads to the cooperative formation of self‐assembled structures of high aspect ratio and gels in which the molecular arrangement is maintained in the crystalline state.