bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dixon‐type and subtraction‐type contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography: A theoretical and experimental comparison of SNR and CNR
Authors: Stinson Eric G. , Trzasko Joshua D. , Weavers Paul T. , Riederer Stephen J. 
Published: July 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this work is to compare the behavior of the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) in contrast‐enhanced MR angiography with background suppression performed by either a Dixon‐type or subtraction‐type method.Theory and MethodsTheoretical expressions for the SNR and CNR for both background suppression techniques were derived. The theoretical Dixon:subtraction SNR and CNR ratios were compared to empirical ratios measured from phantom and in vivo studies for Dixon techniques utilizing one, two, and three echoes. Specifically, the SNR and CNR ratios were compared as the concentration of contrast material in the blood changed.ResultsEmpirical measurements of the SNR and CNR ratios compared favorably with the ratios predicted by theory. As the contrast concentration was reduced, the SNR advantage of the Dixon techniques increased asymptotically. In the ideal case, the SNR improvement over subtraction contrast‐enhanced MR angiography was at least twofold for one‐ and two‐echo Dixon techniques and at least a factor of
for the three‐echo Dixon technique.ConclusionExpressions showing a contrast concentration‐dependent SNR and CNR improvement of at least a factor of two when Dixon‐type contrast‐enhanced MR angiography is used in place of subtraction‐type contrast‐enhanced MR angiography were derived and validated with phantom and in vivo experiments. Magn Reson Med 74:81–92, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Representation of transport and scavenging of trace particlesin the Emanuel moist convection scheme
Authors: Pilon Romain , Grandpeix Jean‐Yves , Heinrich Philippe 
Published: July 2014

In the Tropics, cumulus convection has a major influence on precipitation and vertical transport of atmospheric particles, which are subject to scavenging by precipitation. A new parametrization of transport and scavenging of trace particles by convective clouds and precipitation has been developed and introduced in the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique general circulation model (LMDz). This model uses the deep convection scheme of Emanuel, which is particularly suited for the Tropics. Our parametrization of transport and scavenging is closely linked to this scheme and our developments follow step‐by‐step the building of this convection representation. The purpose of this study is to understand better the influence of convection on the tracer vertical distribution and to assess the role of the convection parametrization.Short‐term and long‐term simulations have been performed focusing on the concentrations of the natural radionuclide 7Be, which is produced mainly in the stratosphere and upper troposphere and attaches to available aerosols. Single‐column simulations forced by data from the Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere–Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA–COARE) show the high efficiency of in‐cloud scavenging by convective and large‐scale processes in the removal of the tracer. These simulations show that, in the LMDz model, convection does not affect radionuclide concentrations as much as stratiform clouds and associated precipitation. In the free troposphere and in the boundary layer, below‐cloud evaporation of rain has a major effect on tracer distribution, unlike impaction, which has a negligible effect. Three‐dimensional model simulation results are compared with surface data of a station belonging to the worldwide network of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). We show that this new parametrization is able to reproduce the observed yearly averaged concentrations of 7Be at the surface and decrease by a third the overestimation of radionuclides formerly simulated without convective scavenging. LMDz simulations have been also performed over the year 2007 on a global scale using the terragenic 210Pb and cosmogenic 7Be radionuclides.
Voluntary Genital Ablations: Contrasting the Cutters and Their Clients
Authors: Jackowich R. A. , Vale R. , Vale K. , Wassersug R. J. , Johnson T. W. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Some healthy males voluntarily seek castration without a recognized medical need. There are currently no standards of care for these individuals, which cause many of them to obtain surgery outside of a licensed medical setting. We seek to understand who performs these surgeries.

Aim
This study aims to characterize individuals who perform or assist in genital ablations outside of the healthcare system.

Methods
A cross-sectional Internet survey posted on eunuch.org received 2,871 responses. We identified individuals who had performed or assisted in human castrations (“cutters”; n = 98) and compared this group with all other survey respondents (n = 2,773), who had not assisted in castrations. Next we compared the cutters with the voluntary eunuchs. Lastly, because many of the cutters have themselves been castrated, we also divided the physically castrated population (n = 278) into cutters (n = 44) and noncutters (n = 234) and compared them.

Main Outcome Measures
Self-reported questionnaires were used to collect demographic information, gender identity and presentation, selected childhood experiences, and history of aggressive behaviors, self-harming behaviors, and hospitalization.

Results
Distinguishing characteristics of cutters included: (i) presenting themselves as very masculine, (ii) having had their longest sexual relationship with a man, (iii) growing up on a farm, (iv) witnessing animal castrations, (v) having a history of sexually inappropriate behavior, (vi) having been threatened with genital mutilation as a child, (vii) having a history of self-harm, (viii) being raised in a devoutly Christian household, (ix) having had an underground castration themselves, and (x) having body piercings and/or tattoos.

Conclusions
This study may help identify individuals who are at risk of performing illegal castrations. That information may help healthcare providers protect individuals with extreme castration ideations from injuring themselves or others.
DOCK2 Is Critical for CD8+TCR− Graft Facilitating Cells to Enhance Engraftment of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
Authors: Wen Yujie , Elliott Mary J. , Huang Yiming , Miller Thomas O. , Corbin Deborah R. , Hussain Lala-Rukh , Ratajczak Mariusz Z. , Fukui Yoshinori , Ildstad Suzanne T. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
CD8+TCR− graft facilitating cells (FCs) enhance engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in allogeneic and syngeneic recipients. The mechanisms by which FCs promote HSC engraftment and tolerance induction have not been fully elucidated. Here, we provide data to support a critical role for dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) in multiple aspects of FCs function. DOCK2−/− FCs exhibit compromised facilitative function in vivo as evidenced by the loss of engraftment-enhancing capability for c-Kit+Sca-1+lineage− (KSL) cells, and compromised ability to promote KSL cell homing and lodgment in hematopoietic niche. Deletion of DOCK2 abrogates the ability of FCs to induce differentiation of naïve CD4+CD25− T cells into FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and interleukin-10-producing type 1 regulatory T cells in vitro. Moreover, DOCK2−/− FCs are unable to promote survival of KSL cells when cocultured with KSL cells. DOCK2−/− FCs also exhibit compromised migration to stroma-derived factor-1 in vitro and impaired homing to the bone marrow in vivo. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that DOCK2 is critical for FCs to maintain its immunomodulatory function and exert its trophic effects on KSL cells. These findings may have direct clinical relevance to promote HSC engraftment for treatment of autoimmunity, hemoglobinopathies, and to induce transplantation tolerance. Stem Cells 2014;32:2732–2743
Developmental exposure to the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan alters expression of proteins associated with neurotransmission in the frontal cortex
Authors: Wilson W. Wyatt , Onyenwe Wellington , Bradner Joshua M. , Nennig Sadie E. , Caudle W. Michael 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTExposure to environmental contaminants, such as organochlorine insecticides during critical periods of neurodevelopment has been shown to be a major contributor to several neuropsychological deficits seen in children, adolescence, and adults. Although the neurobehavioral outcomes resulting from exposure to these compounds are known the neurotransmitter circuitry and molecular targets that mediate these endpoints have not been identified. Given the importance of the frontal cortex in facilitating numerous neuropsychological processes, our current study sought to investigate the effects of developmental exposure to the organochlorine insecticide, endosulfan, on the expression of specific proteins associated with neurotransmission in the frontal cortex. Utilizing in vitro models we were able to show endosulfan reduces cell viability in IMR‐32 neuroblastoma cells in addition to reducing synaptic puncta and neurite outgrowth in primary cultured neurons isolated from the frontal cortex of mice. Elaborating these findings to an in vivo model we found that developmental exposure of female mice to endosulfan during gestation and lactation elicited significant alterations to the GABAergic (GAT1, vGAT, GABAA receptor), glutamatergic (vGlut and GluN2B receptor), and dopaminergic (DAT, TH, VMAT2, and D2 receptor) neurotransmitter systems in the frontal cortex of male offspring. These findings identify damage to critical neurotransmitter circuits and proteins in the frontal cortex, which may underlie the neurobehavioral deficits observed following developmental exposure to endosulfan and other organochlorine insecticides. Synapse 68:485–497, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Procedure‐related risk of miscarriage following amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Akolekar R. , Beta J. , Picciarelli G. , Ogilvie C. , D'Antonio F. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo estimate procedure‐related risks of miscarriage following amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) based on a systematic review of the literature and a meta‐analysis.MethodsA search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and The Cochrane Library (2000–2014) was performed to review relevant citations reporting procedure‐related complications of amniocentesis and CVS. Only studies reporting data on more than 1000 procedures were included in this review to minimize the effect of bias from smaller studies. Heterogeneity between studies was estimated using Cochran's Q, the I2 statistic and Egger bias. Meta‐analysis of proportions was used to derive weighted pooled estimates for the risk of miscarriage before 24 weeks' gestation. Incidence–rate difference meta‐analysis was used to estimate pooled procedure‐related risks.ResultsThe weighted pooled risks of miscarriage following invasive procedures were estimated from analysis of controlled studies including 324 losses in 42 716 women who underwent amniocentesis and 207 losses in 8899 women who underwent CVS. The risk of miscarriage prior to 24 weeks in women who underwent amniocentesis and CVS was 0.81% (95% CI, 0.58–1.08%) and 2.18% (95% CI, 1.61–2.82%), respectively. The background rates of miscarriage in women from the control group that did not undergo any procedures were 0.67% (95% CI, 0.46–0.91%) for amniocentesis and 1.79% (95% CI, 0.61–3.58%) for CVS. The weighted pooled procedure‐related risks of miscarriage for amniocentesis and CVS were 0.11% (95% CI, –0.04 to 0.26%) and 0.22% (95% CI, –0.71 to 1.16%), respectively.ConclusionThe procedure‐related risks of miscarriage following amniocentesis and CVS are much lower than are currently quoted. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Lesser Tuberosity Avulsions in Adolescents
Authors: Nardo Lorenzo , Ma Benjamin C. , Steinbach Lynne S. 
Published: July 2014

Background Subscapularis tendon avulsions of the lesser tuberosity are relatively rare and often missed acutely and their characteristic appearance is frequently not recognized or is misinterpreted for an osteochondroma or a neoplastic process. Questions/Purposes This report reviews our experience with six adolescents who had subscapularis tendon avulsions of the lesser tuberosity. Methods Six male adolescents (12–15 years) presented with shoulder pain following history of trauma during amateur sport. Clinical notes including range of motion, strength tests, and pain assessment were reviewed along with imaging studies pre- and post treatment. Treatment consisted of either surgical or conservative measures. Results Two of the six patients had a large avulsion that simulated an exostosis of the proximal humerus that was misdiagnosed as an osteochondroma at two different outside institutions. All six cases were diagnosed with subscapularis tendon avulsion of the lesser tuberosity following clinical and imaging evaluation at our institution. Five of the patients underwent surgical repair and fixation of the tendon and the lesser tuberosity with suture anchors. One patient was treated conservatively. All patients had a good outcome with recovery of full shoulder strength and motion upon follow-up. Conclusion Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion of lesser tuberosity avulsions in adolescents who present with loss of internal rotation and anterior shoulder pain following traumatic injuries. In addition, an osseous fragment or exostosis along the inferomedial humeral head should suggest a subscapularis tendon avulsion and also should not be confused with an osteochondroma or a neoplastic process.
Massive parallele Sequenzierung in der Diagnostik hereditärer BRCA1-/-2-Mutationen
Authors: Auber B. , Heinecke K. , Morlot S. , Schlegelberger B. , Steinemann D. 
Published: July 2014

Zusammenfassung
Die massive parallele Sequenzierung (MPS) findet in der molekulargenetischen Diagnostik erblicher Krebserkrankungen zunehmend Einsatz, hier insbesondere bei Verdacht auf erblichen Brust- und Eierstockkrebs. Die potenziellen Vorteile von MPS im Vergleich zu bisher verwendeten (z. B. Sanger-sequenzbasierten) Methoden sind ein höherer Probendurchsatz, kürzere Bearbeitungszeiten und verminderte Kosten. Der Einsatz in der Routinediagnostik wird durch die Verfügbarkeit von zertifizierten Kits für die Probenvorbereitung vereinfacht. Hier wird die Validierung von 2 verschiedenen MPS-Geräten für die BRCA1-/-2-Diagnostik beschrieben. Bei Verwendung der Technik müssen die jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteile der einzelnen Geräte bedacht werden. Die Ergebnisse der MPS-Sequenzierung entsprechen denen, die mit Sanger-Sequenzierung ermittelt wurden.
Society of Fetal Medicine Practice Guidelines for the Second Trimester Anomalies Scan
Authors: Khurana Ashok , Makhija Bela , Deka Dipika , Rama Murthy B. S. , Sachdev Rahul , Chawla Deepak , Lulla Chander P. , Chaubal Nitin , Acharya Prashant , Shah Mohit V. , Malhotra Narendra , Praveen T. L. N. , Radhakrishnan Prathima , Gokhale Sudheer , Sahani Bimal J. , Pai Muralidhar V. ,   (Committee for the Guidelines)
Published: July 2014

AbstractUltrasound is now an established tool in the clinical management of pregnancy. Consequent to its major role in clinical decision-making and its remarkable operator dependence, it is necessary to have guidelines for minimum standards of performance of this modality in each area of obstetric ultrasound. The Society of Fetal Medicine guidelines have been developed for use by all the practitioners performing antenatal ultrasound scans. They are intended to provide the entire medical community with standards for the performance of quality ultrasound examinations. Practitioners are encouraged to go beyond these standards in relevant clinical situations. Each guideline in this document has undergone extensive discussion followed by a consensus. In a rapidly evolving technological and research environment, it is imperative to constantly re-evaluate and update these guidelines. Practitioners are advised to be aware of these updates and incorporate these into their daily practice.
Link between hippocampus' raised local and eased global intrinsic connectivity in AD
Authors: Pasquini Lorenzo , Scherr Martin , Tahmasian Masoud , Meng Chun , Myers Nicholas E. , Ortner Marion , Mühlau Mark , Kurz Alexander , Förstl Hans , Zimmer Claus , Grimmer Timo , Wohlschläger Afra M. , Riedl Valentin , Sorg Christian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe hippocampus (HP) is part of the default mode network (DMN), and both are key targets of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because of widespread network degeneration, it has been suggested that increasing HP disconnection from the DMN may lead to progressive disinhibition of intra‐HP synchronized activity.MethodsTo analyze HP local (i.e., within HP) and global (i.e., within DMN) intrinsic functional connectivity (local/global intrinsic functional connectivity [iFC]), healthy controls and patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia were assessed by spatial high and normal resolution resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsAlthough patients' parietal local‐iFC was reduced and positively correlated with reduced global‐iFC within the DMN, HP local connectivity was progressively increased and negatively correlated with HP decreased global connectivity. Increased intra‐HP connectivity was associated with impaired memory.ConclusionOur result demonstrates a link between increased local and reduced global hippocampal connectivity in AD. Increased intra‐HP synchrony may contribute to distinct symptoms such as memory impairment or more speculatively epileptic seizure.
Selective activity over a constitutively active RET‐variant of the oral multikinase inhibitor dovitinib: Results of the CNIO‐BR002 phase I‐trial
Authors: Quintela-Fandino Miguel , Bueno Maria J. , Lombardia Luis , Gil Marta , Gonzalez-Martin Antonio , Marquez Raul , Bratos Raquel , Guerra Juan , Tan Eugene , Lopez Antonio , Colomer Ramon , Salazar Ramon 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundGiven our preclinical data showing synergy between dovitinib and paclitaxel in preclinical models we conducted this phase I trial aiming to define the recommended phase II‐dose (RP2D) on the basis of toxicity and pharmacodynamic criteria while searching for genetic variants that could sensitize patients to the regimen under study.Patients and methodsA 3+3 escalation schedule was adopted. Seriated FGF23 and dovitinib and paclitaxel pharmacokinetic profiles were determined along a single‐agent dovitinib “priming‐phase” followed by a dovitinib + paclitaxel combination phase. RECIST 1.1 criteria and NCI CTCAE V.4.0 were used. In fresh pre‐treatment tumor biopsy samples, FGFR1, 2 and 3 amplifications were revealed by FISH probes; 32 missense variants were genotyped in tumors and peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Taqman genotyping assays (FGFR1‐3 and RET). Constructs encoding for wild‐type and variant genes associated with clinical benefit were transfected into HEK‐293 cells for preclinical experiments checking constitutive activation and dovitinib sensitivity of the variants.Resultstwelve patients were recruited in three dose‐levels. At level 1B (200 mg dovitinib 5‐days‐on/2‐days‐off plus 60 mg/m 2‐week of paclitaxel) more than 50% FGF23 upregulation was observed and no dose‐limiting‐toxicities (DLTs) occurred. The most frequent toxicities were asthenia, neutropenia, nausea/vomiting and transaminitis. Two patients with progressive disease prior to trial inclusion achieved prolonged disease stabilization. Both had the germline variant G2071A in the RET gene, which led to constitutive activation of the protein product and Y‐905 phosphorylation, both in transfectants and in patients with the alteration. This variant was sensitive to dovitinib; in addition both patients experienced progression upon medication withdrawal.ConclusionsLevel 1B was the RP2D as it provided adequate pharmacodynamic exposure to dovitinib. The G2071A germline variant act as a genetic modifier that renders different tumors sensitive to dovitinib.
Biomechanical Deficiencies in Women with Semitendinosus‐Gracilis Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction During Drop Jumps
Authors: Ortiz Alexis , Capo‐Lugo Carmen E. , Venegas‐Rios Heidi L. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo compare landing mechanics and neuromuscular recruitment strategies between women with semitendinosus‐gracilis anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (SG‐ACLr) and noninjured women during double‐ and single‐legged drop jumps.DesignCross‐sectional biomechanical study.SettingSingle university‐based biomechanics laboratory.ParticipantsFourteen women 1‐5 years post–SG‐ACLr and 16 noninjured women participated in this study.MethodsAfter anthropometric measurements, warm‐up, and familiarization procedures, participants performed 5 trials of a double‐ and single‐legged drop jumps.Main Outcome MeasurementsDynamic knee valgus was measured as the distance between knee joints during the landing phase of the double‐leg drop jumps. Medial knee displacement was the outcome considered during the landing phase of the single‐leg drop jumps. For both drop jump tasks, neuromuscular recruitment was evaluated through rectified normalized electromyographic activity of the quadriceps and hamstrings (amplitude and latency), and quadriceps/hamstrings electromyographic co‐contraction ratio.ResultsAlthough the SG‐ACLr group demonstrated a tendency toward a greater dynamic knee valgus during both drop jumps, these differences did not reach statistical significance. EMG data revealed different neuromuscular strategies for each group, depending on the specific jump.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that women with SG‐ACLr have a tendency toward greater dynamic knee valgus that could predispose to additional knee injuries. Rehabilitation specialists need to be aware of existing kinematic and neuromuscular deficiencies years after SG‐ACLr. Taking this into consideration will aid in prescribing appropriate interventions designed to prevent re‐injury.