bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability of Indices Measured on Infant Hip MRI at Time of Spica Cast Application for Dysplasia
Authors: Jaremko Jacob L. , Wang Charles C. , Dulai Sukhdeep 
Published: June 2014

Purpose Infants with persistent developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) after harness treatment may be treated by operative reduction and spica casting, with post-reduction hip alignment assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which can demonstrate three-dimensional hip geometry. This may provide valuable information regarding prognosis and adequacy of management, but such scans are difficult to assess due to limited spatial resolution and artefacts caused by patient motion. This may account for the limited success in correlating MRI findings to clinical outcomes to date. As a first step to improving these results we tested whether MRI indices of hip deformity and quality of femoral head reduction could be reliably measured. Procedures We retrospectively studied children with DDH, post-spica-cast MRI, and radiographic follow-up. We measured MRI indices adapted from other reports using computed tomography (CT) and MRI, and added new indices. Inter-observer reliability and inter-index correlations were evaluated and indices adapted during the process. Findings We observed 55 dysplastic hips in 41 infants. Despite difficulties inherent to infant hip MRI, several indices were measured with substantial agreement (kappa up to 0.88, intra-class correlation ICC up to 0.91), with highly significant (p<0.01) correlation with each other (up to r = 0.72). Reliable indices included coronal acetabular angle, pulvinar fat-pad thickness, presence of a barrier to reduction, and grades of subluxation and dysplasia. Conclusion Indices on MRI scan post hip spica cast placement can be measured reliably, assessing acetabular geometry, degree of hip reduction and barriers to reduction.
Mountaineering-Induced Bilateral Plantar Paresthesia
Authors: Henderson Kyle K. , Parker Justine , Heinking Kurt P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Context: Flat feet (pes planus) have been implicated in multiple musculoskeletal complaints, which are often exacerbated by lack of appropriate arch support or intense exercise.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) on a patient (K.K.H.) with mountaineering-induced bilateral plantar paresthesia and to assess the association of pes planus with paresthesia in members of the mountaineering expedition party that accompanied the patient.

Methods: A patient history and physical examination of the musculoskeletal system were performed. The hindfoot, midfoot, forefoot, big toe, and distal toes were evaluated for neurologic function, specifically pin, vibration, 10-g weight sensitivity, and 2-point discrimination during the 4-month treatment period. To determine if OMT could augment recovery, the patient volunteered to use the contralateral leg as a control, with no OMT performed on the sacrum or lower back. To determine if pes planus was associated with mountaineering-induced paresthesia, a sit-to-stand navicular drop test was performed on members of the expedition party.

Results: Osteopathic manipulative treatment improved fibular head motion and muscular flexibility and released fascial restrictions of the soleus, hamstring, popliteus, and gastrocnemius. The patient's perception of stiffness, pain, and overall well-being improved with OMT. However, OMT did not shorten the duration of paresthesia. Of the 9 expedition members, 2 experienced paresthesia. Average navicular drop on standing was 5.1 mm for participants with no paresthesia vs 8.9 mm for participants with paresthesia (t test, P<.01; Mann-Whitney rank sum test, P=.06).

Conclusion: These preliminary findings suggest that weakened arches may contribute to mountaineering-induced plantar paresthesia. Early diagnosis of pes planus and treatment with orthotics (which may prevent neuropathies)—or, less ideally, OMT after extreme exercise—should be sought to relieve tension and discomfort.
Primary Care Evaluation and Treatment of Men With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Authors: Hale Nathan , Choi Kellen , Lohri Joshua 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) affect 50% to 90% of men aged 50 years or older. Primary care physicians should be knowledgeable about the diagnosis and management of this condition. The authors performed detailed PubMed searches using the terms lower urinary tract symptoms, benign prostatic hyperplasia, benign prostatic enlargement, and overactive bladder. The authors then reviewed the relevant literature on the evaluation and treatment of men with LUTS. According to the literature, accurate recognition of LUTS is predicated on a focused history and physical examination, as well as serum prostate-specific antigen measurement and urinalysis. For patients with mild symptoms, watchful waiting with ongoing monitoring and lifestyle modifications may be appropriate. For patients with moderate to severe symptoms, pharmacologic therapy is effective. When substantial LUTS persist despite appropriate pharmacologic therapy, specialty urologic evaluation and treatment is warranted.
Rescuing degrading aquifers in the Central Coastal Plain of North Carolina (USA): Just process, effective groundwater management policy, and sustainable aquifers
Authors: Manda Alex K. , Klein Wendy A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractStrategic management of degrading coastal aquifers in eastern North Carolina (USA) became imperative after a severe imbalance occurred between withdrawal and recharge rates. To ameliorate this growing problem, an aggressive water policy was developed through public input by creating the Central Coastal Plain Capacity Use Area (CCPCUA) to maintain beneficial use of groundwater resources. Insights from social psychology, and socio‐legal studies are used to evaluate how procedural justice and public participation played major roles to resolving groundwater resource management problems. A mixed methods approach uses archival data and interviews with various rule‐making participants to assess the process of stakeholder involvement that led to creation of the policy. In addition, data analysis techniques are utilized to evaluate the effects of the policy on aquifer health (through water levels) over a ∼10 year period. Results suggest that not only did a stakeholder group participate in a process that was deemed fair, understandable, and relatively easy to administer for users and regulators, but public participation resulted in an effective plan that ensures the long‐term sustainable use of groundwater. Declining groundwater withdrawals and recovering water levels suggest that the rule is achieving its intended goal of protecting the aquifers from depletion and degradation. This paper touches on global themes that are essential to water demand and consumption, water management techniques, and water resources protection.
The Cobb hot spot: HIMU‐DMM mixing and melting controlled by a progressively thinning lithospheric lid
Authors: Chadwick John , Keller Randall , Kamenov George , Yogodzinski Gene , Lupton John 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Cobb Seamount Chain in the northeast Pacific basin records the composition of the Cobb hot spot for the past 33 Myr, as the migrating Juan de Fuca Ridge approached and ultimately overran it ca. 0.5 Myr ago. In this first comprehensive geochemical study of the Cobb chain, major and trace element compositions and Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf isotopic ratios were measured for whole‐rock samples from throughout the chain, and He isotopes were acquired for olivine phenocrysts from one seamount. Trace element modeling indicates increased melting along the chain over time, with progressively more depleted lavas as the ridge approached the hot spot. The isotopic data reveal the first evidence of the high µ (µ = 238U/204Pb) (HIMU) mantle component in the north Pacific basin and are consistent with a progressively decreasing mixing proportion of HIMU melts relative to those from depleted mid‐ocean ridge basalt mantle (DMM) in the chain over time. Decreasing lithospheric thickness over the Cobb hot spot due to the approach of the migrating Juan de Fuca ridge allowed adiabatic melting to continue to shallower depths, leading to increased melt fractions of the refractory DMM component in the hot spot and more depleted and MORB‐like lavas in the younger Cobb seamounts.
Molecular constraints on particle growth during new particle formation
Authors: Bzdek Bryan R. , Lawler Michael J. , Horan Andrew J. , Pennington M. Ross , DePalma Joseph W. , Zhao Jun , Smith James N. , Johnston Murray V. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAtmospheric new particle formation (NPF) produces large numbers of nanoparticles which can ultimately impact climate. A firm understanding of the identity and contribution of the inorganic and carbonaceous species to nanoparticle growth is required to assess the climatic importance of NPF. Here, we combine elemental and molecular nanoparticle composition measurements to better define the composition and contribution of carbonaceous matter to nanoparticle growth in a rural/coastal environment. We show that carbonaceous matter can account for more than half of the mass growth of nanoparticles and its composition is consistent with that expected for extremely low volatility organic compounds. An important novel finding is that the carbonaceous matter must contain a substantial amount of nitrogen, whose molecular identity is not fully understood. The results advance our quantitative understanding of the composition and contribution of carbonaceous matter to nanoparticle growth, which is essential to more accurately predict the climatic impacts of NPF.
Control of Quaternary sea‐level changes on gas seeps
Authors: Riboulot Vincent , Thomas Yannick , Berné Serge , Jouet Gwénaël , Cattaneo Antonio 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGas seeping to the seafloor through structures such as pockmarks may contribute significantly to the enrichment of atmospheric greenhouse gases and global warming. Gas seeps in the Gulf of Lions, Western Mediterranean, are cyclical, and pockmark “life” is governed both by sediment accumulation on the continental margin and Quaternary climate changes. Three‐dimensional seismic data, correlated to multi‐proxy analysis of a deep borehole, have shown that these pockmarks are associated with oblique chimneys. The prograding chimney geometry demonstrates the syn‐sedimentary and long‐lasting functioning of the gas seeps. Gas chimneys have reworked chronologically constrained stratigraphic units and have functioned episodically, with maximum activity around sea level lowstands. Therefore, we argue that one of the main driving mechanisms responsible for their formation is the variation in hydrostatic pressure driven by relative sea level changes.
Rapid subsurface warming and circulation changes of Antarctic coastal waters by poleward shifting winds
Authors: Spence Paul , Griffies Stephen M. , England Matthew H. , Hogg Andrew McC. , Saenko Oleg A. , Jourdain Nicolas C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe southern hemisphere westerly winds have been strengthening and shifting poleward since the 1950s. This wind trend is projected to persist under continued anthropogenic forcing, but the impact of the changing winds on Antarctic coastal heat distribution remains poorly understood. Here we show that a poleward wind shift at the latitudes of the Antarctic Peninsula can produce an intense warming of subsurface coastal waters that exceeds 2°C at 200–700 m depth. The model simulated warming results from a rapid advective heat flux induced by weakened near‐shore Ekman pumping and is associated with weakened coastal currents. This analysis shows that anthropogenically induced wind changes can dramatically increase the temperature of ocean water at ice sheet grounding lines and at the base of floating ice shelves around Antarctica, with potentially significant ramifications for global sea level rise.
A global view of gravity waves in the thermosphere simulated by a general circulation model
Authors: Miyoshi Yasunobu , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Jin Hidekatsu , Shinagawa Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn order to study the dynamical role of gravity waves (GWs) propagating upward from the lower atmosphere to the thermosphere, numerical simulation using a high‐resolution general circulation model that contains the region from the ground surface to the exobase (about 500 km height) has been performed. Our results indicate that the zonal momentum drag due to breaking/dissipation of GWs (GW drag) plays an important role not only in the mesosphere but also in the thermosphere. In particular, the GW drag at high latitudes in the150–250 km height region exceeds 200 ms−1 (d)−1 and is important for the zonal momentum balance. The semidiurnal variation of the GW drag is dominant in the 100–200 km height region, while the diurnal variation of the GW drag prevails above a height of 200 km. The GW drag in the thermosphere is mainly directed against the background zonal wind, indicating the filtering effect by the background wind. A global view of the GW activity in the middle and upper atmosphere is also investigated. The global distribution of the GW activity in the thermosphere is not uniform, and there are some enhanced regions of the GW activity. The GW activity in the thermosphere is stronger in high latitudes than in low latitudes. The GW activity in the winter thermosphere is influenced by the mesospheric jet and the planetary wave activity in the mesosphere.
Southern Ocean jets and how to find them: Improving and comparing common jet detection methods
Authors: Chapman Christopher C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study undertakes a detailed comparison of different methods used for detecting and tracking oceanic jets in the Southern Ocean. The methods under consideration are the gradient thresholding method, the probability density function (PDF) method, and the contour method. Some weaknesses of the gradient thresholding method are discussed and an enhancement (the WHOSE method), based on techniques from signal processing, is proposed. The WHOSE method is then compared to the other three methods. Quantitative comparison is undertaken using synthetic sea‐surface height fields. The WHOSE method and the contour method are found to perform well even in the presence of a strong eddy field. In contrast, the standard gradient thresholding and PDF methods only perform well in high signal‐to‐noise ratio situations. The WHOSE, PDF, and the contour methods are then applied to data from the eddy‐resolving Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator. While the three methods are in broad agreement on the location of the main ACC jets, the nature of the jet fields they produce differ. In particular, the WHOSE method reveals a fine‐scale jet field with complex braiding behavior. It is argued that this fine‐scale jet field may affect the calculation of eddy diffusivities. Finally, recommendations based on this study are made. The WHOSE and gradient thresholding methods are more suitable for the study of jets as localized strong currents, useful for studies of tracer fluxes. The contour and PDF methods are recommended for studies linking jets to hydrographic fronts.
Effects of mangroves and tidal flats on suspended‐sediment dynamics: Observational and numerical study of Darwin Harbour, Australia
Authors: Li Li , Wang Xiao Hua , Andutta Fernando , Williams David 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe suspended‐sediment dynamics in Darwin Harbour, Australia were investigated using field measurements and numerical modeling. The model suspended‐sediment concentration (SSC) agreed well with observation; the root‐mean‐square error was less than 0.02 kg m−3 and the anomaly correlation coefficient greater than 0.6. Model results indicate that the tide is the dominant forcing for suspended‐sediment transport: total sediment transport was seaward in the channel and landward at the East and Middle Arm entrances, dominated by the Eulerian residual current. Further numerical experiments indicate that mangroves and tidal flats play key roles in redistributing suspended sediment and affecting total sediment transport by modulating the tides and the tidal asymmetry. In Darwin Harbour, if these areas were reclaimed, there would be a significant transport of sediment into the inner harbor. However, the water in East Arm would be less turbid, with about 70% lower bottom SSC during spring tides. The landward sediment flux at its entrance would decrease by 99%, because of reduced currents in the Arm due to a weakened tidal choking effect. Tidal pumping would then dominate sediment transport in the channel and at the entrances of East and Middle Arms. Dredging for the East Arm Wharf affected the SSC upstream in East Arm. According to the model, material from dredging disposed of at a location outside the harbor will be transported back into the outer harbor, generating higher SSC values there. Although this study is site‐specific, the findings may be applicable to suspended‐sediment dynamics in other harbors and estuaries with extensive tidal flats and mangroves.
Heightened hurricane surge risk in northwest Florida revealed from climatological‐hydrodynamic modeling and paleorecord reconstruction
Authors: Lin Ning , Lane Philip , Emanuel Kerry A. , Sullivan Richard M. , Donnelly Jeffrey P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHistorical tropical cyclone (TC) and storm surge records are often too limited to quantify the risk to local populations. Paleohurricane sediment records uncover long‐term TC activity, but interpreting these records can be difficult and can introduce significant uncertainties. Here we compare and combine climatological‐hydrodynamic modeling (including a method to account for storm size uncertainty), historical observations, and paleohurricane records to investigate local surge risk, using Apalachee Bay in northwest Florida as an example. The modeling reveals relatively high risk, with 100 year, 500 year, and “worst case” surges estimated to be about 6.3 m, 8.3 m, and 11.3 m, respectively, at Bald Point (a paleorecord site) and about 7.4 m, 9.7 m, and 13.3 m, respectively, at St. Marks (the head of the Bay), supporting the inference from paleorecords that Apalachee Bay has frequently suffered severe inundation for thousands of years. Both the synthetic database and paleorecords contain a much higher frequency of extreme events than the historical record; the mean return period of surges greater than 5 m is about 40 years based on synthetic modeling and paleoreconstruction, whereas it is about 400 years based on historical storm analysis. Apalachee Bay surge risk is determined by storms of broad characteristics, varies spatially over the area, and is affected by coastally trapped Kelvin waves, all of which are important features to consider when accessing the risk and interpreting paleohurricane records. In particular, neglecting size uncertainty may induce great underestimation in surge risk, as the size distribution is positively skewed. While the most extreme surges were generated by the uppermost storm intensities, medium intensity storms (categories 1–3) can produce large to extreme surges, due to their larger inner core sizes. For Apalachee Bay, the storms that induced localized barrier breaching and limited sediment transport (overwash regime; surge between 3 and 5 m) are most likely to be category 2 or 3 storms, and the storms that inundated the entire barrier and deposited significantly more coarse materials (inundation regime; surge > 5 m) are most likely to be category 3 or 4 storms.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Gold–Olefin Complexes
Authors: Dash Chandrakanta , Rasika Dias H. V. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Gold catalysts have been used at an increasing frequency to facilitate a wide variety of organic transformations in synthetic organic chemistry. Among these, the functionalization of CC multiple bonds (alkenes or alkynes) in the presence of gold catalysts are some of the most important strategies utilized for the construction of CC, CO and CN bonds. A majority of these reactions are believed to proceed
via
gold‐bound alkene (olefin) or alkyne intermediates. This chapter highlights some of the recent developments on the syntheses of gold‐olefin complexes and their spectroscopic data and structural features. In addition, gold mediated inter‐ and intra‐molecular nucleophilic addition reactions of nitrogen, oxygen or carbon nucleophiles to olefins are discussed. Reaction mechanisms of these nucleophilic addition reactions, in which goldolefin adducts have been proposed as intermediates, are also presented.
Further observations on associations between the ADA gene and past malaria morbidity in Sardinia
Authors: Gloria‐Bottini Fulvia , Saccucci Patrizia , Meloni Gianfranco , Bottini Egidio 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesAdenosine Deaminase (ADA) contributes to the regulation of adenosine concentration and in turn to T cell activation. Genetic variability of ADA activity may have, therefore, an important role in resistance to malaria. Indeed, previous studies in Sardinia have shown a lower frequency of ADA1*2 allele (associated with low ADA activity) in areas, where malaria was heavily endemic compared to areas where malaria was not endemic. We have now studied the ADA2 locus, another polymorphic site with two alleles ADA2 *1 and ADA2 *2 within the ADA gene.MethodsIn the area of Oristano (where malaria was endemic in the past) 51 consecutive newborns and in the area of Nuoro (where malaria was not as endemic) 48 consecutive newborns were examined.ADA1 and ADA2 genotypes were determined by DNA analysis.ResultsThe low frequency of the ADA1*2 allele in the area where malaria was endemic is confirmed. The frequency of the ADA2*2 allele is higher in Oristano than in Nuoro resulting in a higher frequency of the ADA1*1/ADA2*2 haplotype in Oristano as compared to Nuoro. This suggests a selective advantage of this haplotype in a malarial environment.ConclusionsThe ADA gene shows other polymorphic sites further studies on their role in human adaptation to malaria could be rewarding. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:716–718, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MnxOy/NC and CoxOy/NC Nanoparticles Embedded in a Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Matrix for High‐Performance Bifunctional Oxygen Electrodes
Authors: Masa Justus , Xia Wei , Sinev Ilya , Zhao Anqi , Sun Zhenyu , Grützke Stefanie , Weide Philipp , Muhler Martin , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractReversible interconversion of water into H2 and O2, and the recombination of H2 and O2 to H2O thereby harnessing the energy of the reaction provides a completely green cycle for sustainable energy conversion and storage. The realization of this goal is however hampered by the lack of efficient catalysts for water splitting and oxygen reduction. We report exceptionally active bifunctional catalysts for oxygen electrodes comprising Mn3O4 and Co3O4 nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen‐doped carbon, obtained by selective pyrolysis and subsequent mild calcination of manganese and cobalt N4 macrocyclic complexes. Intimate interaction was observed between the metals and nitrogen suggesting residual M–Nx coordination in the catalysts. The catalysts afford remarkably lower reversible overpotentials in KOH (0.1 M) than those for RuO2, IrO2, Pt, NiO, Mn3O4, and Co3O4, thus placing them among the best non‐precious‐metal catalysts for reversible oxygen electrodes reported to date.