bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal Routefinding Across Landscapes Featuring High‐cost Linear Obstacles
Authors: Dean Denis J. , Thakar Vaishnavi , Sirdeshmukh Neeraj 
Published: September 2015

AbstractExisting GIS‐based least‐cost routefinding approaches can in some cases be confounded by linear features in the landscape whose crossing costs are high relative to other traversing costs found throughout the landscape. Unfortunately, such high‐cost linear features are not uncommon; they frequently occur in the form of hydrologic features whose crossing costs are high relative to costs of traversing the surrounding dry land. This study (1) enumerates the situations where existing approaches can fail, (2) proposes a simple method for overcoming the limitations of the existing approaches, and (3) conducts an experiment to assess the impact of the weaknesses of existing approaches and the magnitude of the differences between the results produced by existing and revised approaches. Our results show that in mountainous terrain, linear hydrologic features with high crossing costs can have a profound impact on least‐cost routes, and the choice of solution method has equally profound impacts on the optimal route produced by the analysis.
AmicroRNAallele that emerged prior to apple domestication may underlie fruit size evolution
Authors: Yao Jia‐Long , Xu Juan , Cornille Amandine , Tomes Sumathi , Karunairetnam Sakuntala , Luo Zhiwei , Bassett Heather , Whitworth Claire , Rees‐George Jonathan , Ranatunga Chandra , Snirc Alodie , Crowhurst Ross , de Silva Nihal , Warren Ben , Deng Cecilia , Kumar Satish , Chagné David , Bus Vincent G. M. , Volz Richard K. , Rikkerink Erik H. A. , Gardiner Susan E. , Giraud Tatiana , MacDiarmid Robin , Gleave Andrew P. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe molecular genetic mechanisms underlying fruit size remain poorly understood in perennial crops, despite size being an important agronomic trait. Here we show that the expression level of amicroRNAgene (miRNA172) influences fruit size in apple. A transposon insertional allele ofmiRNA172showing reduced expression associates with large fruit in an apple breeding population, whereas over‐expression ofmiRNA172in transgenic apple significantly reduces fruit size. The transposon insertional allele was found to be co‐located with a major fruit size quantitative trait locus, fixed in cultivated apples and their wild progenitor species with relatively large fruit. This finding supports the view that the selection for large size in apple fruit was initiated prior to apple domestication, likely by large mammals, before being subsequently strengthened by humans, and also helps to explain why signatures of genetic bottlenecks and selective sweeps are normally weaker in perennial crops than in annual crops.
Phosphorylation of CONSTANS and its COP1‐dependent degradation during photoperiodic flowering of Arabidopsis
Authors: Sarid‐Krebs Liron , Panigrahi Kishore C. S. , Fornara Fabio , Takahashi Yasuyuki , Hayama Ryosuke , Jang Seonghoe , Tilmes Vicky , Valverde Federico , Coupland George 
Published: September 2015

SummarySeasonal flowering involves responses to changes in day length. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the CONSTANS (CO) transcription factor promotes flowering in the long days of spring and summer. Late flowering in short days is due to instability of CO, which is efficiently ubiquitinated in the dark by the CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) E3 ligase complex. Here we show that CO is also phosphorylated. Phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms are detected throughout the diurnal cycle but their ratio varies, with the relative abundance of the phosphorylated form being higher in the light and lower in the dark. These changes in relative abundance require COP1, because in the cop1 mutant the phosphorylated form is always more abundant. Inactivation of the PHYTOCHROME A (PHYA), CRYPTOCHROME 1 (CRY1) and CRYPTOCHROME 2 (CRY2) photoreceptors in the phyA cry1 cry2 triple mutant most strongly reduces the amount of the phosphorylated form so that unphosphorylated CO is more abundant. This effect is caused by increased COP1 activity, as it is overcome by introduction of the cop1 mutation in the cop1 phyA cry1 cry2 quadruple mutant. Degradation of CO is also triggered in red light, and as in darkness this increases the relative abundance of unphosphorylated CO. Finally, a fusion protein containing truncated CO protein including only the carboxy‐terminal region was phosphorylated in transgenic plants, locating at least one site of phosphorylation in this region. We propose that CO phosphorylation contributes to the photoperiodic flowering response by enhancing the rate of CO turnover via activity of the COP1 ubiquitin ligase.
Comparison of Single Port Access Versus Multiple Port Access Systems in Elective Laparoscopy: 98 Dogs (2005–2014)
Authors: Gonzalez‐Gasch Esteban , Monnet Eric 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo report and compare the duration of surgery, the frequency of complications, and the frequency of open conversion for elective surgeries performed with 2 laparoscopic techniques: a single incision port access system (SPAS) and a multiple port access system (MPAS) using a Veress needle.Study DesignRetrospective case series.AnimalsNinety‐eight consecutive, client owned dogs.MethodsMedical records of dogs undergoing an elective laparoscopic procedure were reviewed. Dogs were classified as SPAS or MPAS according to the initial surgical approach. Duration of surgery, intraoperative complications, reason for open conversion, and postoperative complications were recorded and compared.ResultsThe duration of surgery for SPAS gastropexy (P = .0039), ovariectomy (P = .0052), and gastropexy/ovariectomy combined (P = .0002) were significantly reduced compared to corresponding MPAS procedures. Nine splenic punctures occurred during MPAS. The frequency of intraoperative complications was significantly less for SPAS (0/44) than MPAS (12/54, P = .004). Elective conversion was performed because of gastric malpositioning in 1 dog and emergent conversion was required because of bleeding from the ovarian pedicle in 2 dogs (0/44 SPAS, 3/54 MPAS, P = .250). There were 14/76 dogs with followup to suture removal with postoperative complications, all incisional (7/31 SPAS, 7/45 MPAS, P = 1.0).ConclusionThe use of SPAS for laparoscopy reduced surgical time and intraoperative complications in elective procedures.
Relative Age Effect in Young Swiss Alpine Skiers From 2004 to 2011
Authors: Gorski Tatiane , Rosser Thomas , Hoppeler Hans , Vogt Michael 
Published: September 2015

Purpose:To verify whether relative age effects (RAEs) occur among young male and female Swiss Alpine skiers of different age groups and performance levels. In addition, the efficacy of normalizing performance in physical tests to height and body mass to attenuate RAEs eventually present was tested.Methods:The Swiss Ski Power Test consists of anthropometric measures and physical tests for coordination and speed, endurance, and strength and has been used since 2004 to evaluate 11- to 19-y-old Swiss competitive Alpine skiers. The authors analyzed the distribution of 6996 tests performed by 1438 male and 1031 female Alpine skiers between 2004 and 2011 according to the athletes’ respective relative age quartiles. Differences in anthropometric measures and performance in physical tests according to quartile were assessed, and the possibility of attenuating eventual RAEs on performance by normalization of results to height and body mass was tested.Results:RAEs were found among all female and male age groups, with no differences between age groups. While performance level did not affect RAE for male skiers, it influenced RAE among female skiers. RAEs also influenced results in all physical tests except upper-limb strength. Normalization of results to body mass attenuated most RAEs identified.Conclusion:Small RAEs are present among young Swiss competitive Alpine skiers and should be taken into account in training and selection settings to prevent the waste of possible future talents. When ranking junior athletes according to their performance in physical tests, normalization of results to body mass decreases the bias caused by RAEs.
Intrasession and Intersession Reliability of Running Mechanics During Treadmill Sprints
Authors: Girard Olivier , Brocherie Franck , Morin Jean-Benoit , Millet Grégoire P. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose:To determine the intrasession and intersession (ie, within- and between-days) reliability in treadmill sprinting-performance outcomes and associated running mechanics.Methods:After familiarization, 13 male recreational sportsmen (team- and racket-sport background) performed three 5-s sprints on an instrumented treadmill with 2 min recovery on 3 different days, 5–7 d apart. Intrasession (comparison of the 3 sprints of the first session) and intersession (comparison of the average of the 3 sprints across days) reliability of performance, kinetics, kinematics, and spring-mass variables were assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CV%).Results:Intrasession reliability was high (ICC > .94 and CV < 8%). Intersession reliability was good for performance indices (.83 < ICC < .89 and CV < 10%, yet with larger variability for mean velocity than for distance covered or propulsive power) and kinetic parameters (ICC > .94 and CV < 5%, yet with larger variability for mean horizontal forces than for mean vertical forces) and ranged from good to high for all kinematic (.88 < ICC < .95 and CV ≤ 3.5%) and spring-mass variables (.86 < ICC < .99 and CV ≤ 6.5%). Compared with intrasession, minimal detectable differences were on average twice larger for intersession designs, except for sprint kinetics.Conclusion:Instrumented treadmill sprint offers a reliable method of assessing running mechanics during single sprints either within the same session or between days.
Profiling Isokinetic Strength by Leg Preference and Position in Rugby Union Athletes
Authors: Brown Scott R. , Brughelli Matt , Bridgeman Lee A. 
Published: September 2015

Context:Muscle imbalances aid in the identification of athletes at risk for lower-extremity injury. Little is known regarding the influence that leg preference or playing position may have on lower-extremity muscle strength and asymmetry.Purpose:To investigate lower-extremity strength profiles in rugby union athletes and compare isokinetic knee- and hip-strength variables between legs and positions.Methods:Thirty male academy rugby union athletes, separated into forwards (n = 15) and backs (n = 15), participated in this cross-sectional analysis. Isokinetic dynamometry was used to evaluate peak torque, angle of peak torque, and strength ratios of the preferred and nonpreferred legs during seated knee extension/flexion and supine hip extension/flexion at 60°/s.Results:Backs were older (ES = 1.6) but smaller in stature (ES = –0.47) and body mass (ES = –1.3) than the forwards. The nonpreferred leg was weaker than the preferred leg for forwards during extension (ES = –0.37) and flexion (ES = –0.21) actions and for backs during extension (ES = –0.28) actions. Backs were weaker at the knee than forwards in the preferred leg during extension (ES = –0.50) and flexion (ES = –0.66) actions. No differences were observed in strength ratios between legs or positions. Backs produced peak torque at longer muscle lengths in both legs at the knee (ES = –0.93 to –0.94) and hip (ES = –0.84 to –1.17) than the forwards.Conclusions:In this sample of male academy rugby union athletes, the preferred leg and forwards displayed superior strength compared with the nonpreferred leg and backs. These findings highlight the importance of individualized athletic assessments to detect crucial strength differences in male rugby union athletes.
Stress orientations in subduction zones and the strength of subduction megathrust faults
Authors: Hardebeck Jeanne L. 
Published: September 2015

Faults well oriented for failure
A deck of cards will remain motionless while pressed on from above, but easily separates when sheared. Similarly, the ease by which geological faults rupture depends on the geometry of the fault relative to the size and direction of stress. Hardebeck finds that faults are well oriented for failure in subduction zones worldwide, suggesting a low-stress environment (see the Perspective by Bürgmann). Subduction zone faults unleash powerful earthquakes. These estimates on the state of stress constrain potential generation mechanisms of destructive subduction zone earthquakes.

Science
, this issue p.
1213
; see also p.
1162
Six enzymes from mayapple that complete the biosynthetic pathway to the etoposide aglycone
Authors: Lau Warren , Sattely Elizabeth S. 
Published: September 2015

Transplanting the wisdom of the mayappleEtoposide, a topoisomerase inhibitor, is used to treat various cancers. However, etoposide isn't that easy to get. Its precursor comes from the very slow-growing mayapple plant. Lau and Sattely used bioinformatics, heterologous enzyme expression, and kinetic characterization, to work out the pathway that makes the precursor in mayapple (see the Perspective by O'Connor). They then successfully transplanted the full biosynthetic pathway into tobacco plants.Science, this issue p.1224; see also p.1167
Complete Genome Sequence of Classical Swine Fever Virus Strain JSZL, Belonging to a New Subgenotype, 2.1d, Isolated in China in 2014
Authors: Zhang Hongliang , Feng Liping , Liu Chunxiao , Chen Jiazeng , Leng Chaoliang , Bai Yun , Peng Jinmei , An Tongqing , Cai Xuehui , Yang Xufu , Tian Zhijun , Tong Guangzhi 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
The complete genome sequence of classic swine fever virus (CSFV) strain JSZL was determined in this study. JSZL was originally isolated from an immune pig farm in Jiangsu Province, China. JSZL is more closely related to subgenotype 2.1b than to 2.1a and 2.1c. Importantly, JSZL was classified into a new subgenotype, 2.1d.
Draft Genome Sequence of Antarctic
Pseudomonas
sp. Strain KG01 with Full Potential for Biotechnological Applications
Authors: Pavlov María S. , Lira Felipe , Martínez José L. , Olivares Jorge , Marshall Sergio H. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

We report here the draft genome sequence of a free-living psychrotolerant,
Pseudomonas
sp. strain KG01, isolated from an Antarctic soil sample and displaying interesting antimicrobial and surfactant activities. The sequence is 6.3 Mb long and includes 5,648 predicted-coding sequences.
Complete Genome Sequence of Prevotella intermedia Strain 17-2
Authors: Nambu Takayuki , Yamane Kazuyoshi , Maruyama Hugo , Mashimo Chiho , Yamanaka Takeshi 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Prevotella intermedia
, a Gram-negative black-pigmented anaerobic rod, is frequently isolated from not only periodontal pockets but also purulent infections. We report here the complete genome sequence of
P. intermedia
strain 17-2, which is a non-exopolysaccharide-producing variant obtained from exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing
P. intermedia
strain 17 stock culture.
Draft Genome Sequences of Klebsiella variicola Plant Isolates
Authors: Martínez-Romero Esperanza , Silva-Sanchez Jesús , Barrios Humberto , Rodríguez-Medina Nadia , Martínez-Barnetche Jesús , Téllez-Sosa Juan , Gómez-Barreto Rosa Elena , Garza-Ramos Ulises 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Three endophytic
Klebsiella variicola
isolates—T29A, 3, and 6A2, obtained from sugar cane stem, maize shoots, and banana leaves, respectively—were used for whole-genome sequencing. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of circular chromosomes and plasmids. The genomes contain plant colonization and cellulases genes. This study will help toward understanding the genomic basis of
K. variicola
interaction with plant hosts.
Electronic health record-based triggers to detect adverse events after outpatient orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Menendez Mariano E , Janssen Stein J , Ring David 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundAdverse events (AEs) after outpatient orthopaedic surgery are common, but difficult to detect. Electronic health records facilitate abstraction of large quantities of data, and may allow automated identification of ‘triggers’ or clues indicating the possibility of an AE. We evaluated electronic health record-based triggers to detect AEs after outpatient orthopaedic surgery.MethodsThe medical records of 1464 patients undergoing outpatient surgical procedures in one of five orthopaedic services at our institution were manually reviewed for the occurrence of 90-day postoperative AEs. We used electronic health records to identify triggers suggestive of an AE. Each trigger was evaluated for positive predictive value (PPV). We constructed a logistic regression model to determine triggers associated with AEs and used the beta coefficients derived from the model to produce a formula for the likelihood of identifying an AE in the medical record.ResultsThe overall rate of 90-day AEs was 10%, with surgical site infection being the most common (3.3%). Electronic triggers with the highest PPVs for the occurrence of 90-day AEs were antibiotic prescription (75%), emergency department visit (41%), bone/joint or blood culture (41%), repeat surgery (39%) and consult with infectious disease specialist (33%). Using our formula to predict the likelihood of identifying an AE in the medical record, a predicted probability of >0.10 had a specificity of 80% and sensitivity of 53% for actual AE.ConclusionsElectronic health record-based triggers may facilitate quality-improvement efforts to monitor morbidity after outpatient orthopaedic surgery. Further research is needed to understand the optimal use of electronic triggers as surgical quality indicators and as screening tools to flag cases for manual review.Level of evidenceLevel III, prognostic study.
Improving the management of sepsis in a district general hospital by implementing the 'Sepsis Six' recommendations
Authors: Kumar Prashant , Jordan Mark , Caesar Jenny , Miller Sarah 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSepsis is a common condition with a major global impact on healthcare resources and expenditure. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign has been vigorous in promoting internationally recognised pathways to improve the management of septic patients and decrease mortality. However, translating recommendations into practice is a challenging and complex task that requires a multi-faceted approach with sustained engagement from local stakeholders.Whilst working at a district general hospital in New Zealand, we were concerned by the seemingly inconsistent management of septic patients, often leading to long delays in the initiation of life-saving measures such as antibiotic, fluid, and oxygen administration. In our hospital there were no clear systems, protocols or guidelines in place for identifying and managing septic patients.We therefore launched the Sepsis Six resuscitation bundle of care in our hospital in an attempt to raise awareness amongst staff and improve the management of septic patients. We introduced a number of simple low-cost interventions that included educational sessions for junior doctors and nursing staff, as well as posters and modifications to phlebotomy trolleys that acted as visual reminders to implement the Sepsis Six bundle.Overall, we found there to a be a steady improvement in the delivery of the Sepsis Six bundle in septic patients with 63% of patients receiving appropriate care within one hour, compared to 29% prior to our interventions. However this did not translate to an improvement in patient mortality.This project forms part of an on going process to instigate a fundamental culture change among local healthcare professionals regarding the management of sepsis. Whilst we have demonstrated improved implementation of the Sepsis Six bundle, the key challenge remains to ensure that momentum of this project continues and forms a platform for sustainable clinical improvement in the long term.
Improving patient outcomes with technology and social media in paediatric diabetes
Authors: Ng Sze May 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe UK has the highest number of children and young people with diagnosed Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Europe, but the lowest numbers attaining good diabetes control (1, 2). Novel strategies and incorporation of digital strategies were identified in the team for development to improve overall patient care and outcomes in our population of children and young people with T1DM.Within a dual-site integrated care organisation, 3 digital initiatives were proposed from 2012-2013 to 1) establish Facebook communications with parents/patients, 2) to implement an electronic diabetes information management system (using Twinkle.Net) and 3) to undertake routine uploading of blood glucose meters and insulin pumps (using DIASEND®) with the aim to improve outcomes in paediatric diabetes care. Key objectives for the three initiatives were aimed to optimise the following outcomes:• Reduce HbA1c levels• Decrease emergency admissions, reduce diabetes-related complications and minimise the length of hospital stays• Improve patient satisfaction and communication• Improve efficiencies with mandatory audit submissions• Empower patients, parents, and the multidisciplicnary team with accurate, real-time information.These digital initiatives showed effective use of technology and social media in achieving significant improvements in all the outcomes within the objectives.
Trends and socioeconomic disparities in preadolescent's health in the UK: evidence from two birth cohorts 32 years apart
Authors: Shackleton Nichola , Hale Daniel , Viner Russell M 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundCompared to children and adults, little is known about changes in adolescent health over time. This study profiles the health of preadolescents in two distinct time periods, 1980 and 2012.MethodsSecondary analysis of the British Cohort Study and the Millennium Cohort Study for preadolescents mostly aged between 10 and 11.5 years (range 9.75–13 years). The prevalence/average of, and socioeconomic gradients in, the following were compared between 1980 and 2012; general health problems, anthropometrics, allergic conditions, infectious diseases, health service use, smoking and parental smoking behaviour and maternal adiposity. Socioeconomic status was measured by familial income (3 groups).ResultsThere were decreases in the proportion of hospital admissions (Δ=−0.10(−0.09:−0.11)) smoking (Δ=−0.12(−0.11:−0.13)), parental smoking (mother: (Δ=−0.19(−0.18:−0.21)) father: (Δ=−0.35(−0.34:−0.37), infectious diseases (measles: (Δ=−0.46(−0.45:−0.47)) whooping cough: (Δ=−0.07(−0.06:−0.07)) and hearing problems (Δ=−0.04(−0.03:−0.05)). There were no changes in limiting long-standing illness (Δ=0.00 (−0.00:0.00)), or the proportion of children having two or more accidents requiring medical attention (Δ=−0.02(−0.00:−0.02)). There were increases in the proportion overweight (Δ=0.18(0.17:0.19)), maternal overweight(Δ=0.22(0.21:0.23)) and obesity(Δ=0.12(0.11:0.13)), height for age(Δ=0.47(0.44:0.49)), weight for age (Δ=0.68(0.65:0.71)), proportion reporting chicken pox (Δ=0.28(0.27:0.29)), allergic conditions (eczema Δ=0.19(0.18:0.20)), asthma Δ=0.12(0.11:0.13), hay fever Δ=0.15(0.14:0.16)) and wearing glasses (Δ=0.08(0.07:0.09)). There were increases in socioeconomic gradients for limiting long-standing illness, smoking, overweight, weight for age, height for age, wearing glasses, asthma and the onset of puberty.ConclusionsThere have been reductions in infectious diseases and tobacco exposure among British preadolescents, but overweight and allergic conditions have risen dramatically. Children from deprived families have benefitted least from improvements in health status, and have experienced the largest increases in health risks.