bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyses of several recently proposed group key management schemes
Authors: Liu Niu , Tang Shaohua , Xu Lingling , He Daojing 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTDesigning group key management schemes is a troubled field. In this paper, we review three schemes recently proposed, including Kayam's scheme for groups with hierarchy, Piao's group key management (KM) scheme, Purushothama's group KM schemes. We point out the problems in each scheme. Kayam's scheme is not secure to collusion attack. Piao's group KM scheme is not secure. The hard problem it bases is not really hard, and the way their scheme uses a hard problem is improper. Purushothama's scheme has an unnecessary design that costs lots of resources and does not give an advantage to the security level and dynamic efficiency of it. We also briefly analyze the underlying reasons why these problems emerge and give suggestions on designing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study on seismic performance of concrete‐filled steel tabular frame‐shear wall structure with buckling‐resistant braces
Authors: Ren Fengming , Zhou Yun , Chen Guangming , Liang Jianwei 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThree specimens of concrete‐filled steel tubular (CFST) frame‐shear wall structures with a scaling ratio of 1:4 were designed and tested in the present study. Two of them were installed with triple‐steel tube buckling‐resistant braces (BRBs). The seismic performances of the specimens were evaluated by testing them under lateral cyclic loading with constant axially compressive load being applied on the tops of the columns and the shear wall. The structural performances, such as failure characteristics, hysteretic behaviour, skeleton curve, strength degradation, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation capacity and strains at different locations of the three specimens, were measured and analysed in detail. The results showed that the load‐bearing capacity, the deformation capacity and the energy dissipation of the CFST frame‐shear wall structure were significantly improved due to the dissipation capacity of the BRBs, with the strength and stiffness degradation being obviously reduced. The results also showed that the CFST frame‐shear wall structure with BRBs has preferable mechanical behaviour and more reasonable failure mode. It was verified that the BRB can be used to improve the seismic performance of the CFST frame‐shear wall structure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges in computational organic chemistry
Authors: Bachrach Steven M. 
Published: March 2014

Despite tremendous progress over the past four decades, challenges remain in the field of computational organic chemistry. Challenges that are likely to be addressed in the near term include tackling the complexity of large configuration spaces, reactions where dynamic effects dictate product outcomes, design of enzymes to catalyze specific reactions, and the quest for a standard computational method. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2014, 4:482–487.This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis
C. N. R. Rao and the Growth of Solid State and Materials Chemistry as a Central Domain of Research
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Jagannatha 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn celebrating Professor C. N. R. Rao's 80th birthday, this article recalls his singular contributions to solid state and materials chemistry for about sixty years. In so doing, the article also traces the growth of the field as a central domain of research in chemical sciences from its early origins in Europe. Although Rao's major work lies in solid state and materials chemistry – a field which he started and nurtured in India while its importance was being recognized internationally – his contributions to other areas of chemistry (and physics), viz., molecular spectroscopy, phase transitions, fullerenes, graphene, nanomaterials and multiferroics are equally significant. Illustrative examples of his work devoted to rare earth and transition metal oxides, defects and nonstoichiometry, metal‐insulator transitions, investigation of crystal and electronic structures of a variety of solids by means of electron microscopies and photoelectron spectroscopy, superconducting cuprates, magnetoresistive manganites, multiferroic metal oxides of various structures and, last but not the least, development of new strategies for chemical synthesis of a wide variety of solids including nanomaterials and framework solids in different dimensionalities, are highlighted. The article also captures his exemplary role as a science teacher, science educationist and institution builder in post‐Independence India.
Alignment of vorticity and rods with Lagrangian fluid stretching in turbulence
Authors: Ni Rui , Ouellette Nicholas T. , Voth Greg A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractStretching in continuum mechanics is naturally described using the Cauchy–Green strain tensors. These tensors quantify the Lagrangian stretching experienced by a material element, and provide a powerful way to study processes in turbulent fluid flows that involve stretching such as vortex stretching and alignment of anisotropic particles. Analysing data from a simulation of isotropic turbulence, we observe preferential alignment between rods and vorticity. We show that this alignment arises because both of these quantities independently tend to align with the strongest Lagrangian stretching direction, as defined by the maximum eigenvector of the left Cauchy–Green strain tensor. In particular, rods approach almost perfect alignment with the strongest stretching direction. The alignment of vorticity with stretching is weaker, but still much stronger than previously observed alignment of vorticity with the eigenvectors of the Eulerian strain rate tensor. The alignment of strong vorticity is almost the same as that of rods that have experienced the same stretching.
X.—Water Movements in the Firth of Forth
Authors: Craig R. E. 
Published: March 2014

Even a superficial attempt to record the earlier studies on the Firth of Forth brings out the importance of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in supporting research on the underlying principles of estuarine water conditions.My bibliography starts with the Transactions of that society for 1816, though it is not until 1884, with the studies of H. R. Mill, that we come to work which is really useful to our present purpose. Mill worked from a floating laboratory at Granton Sea Quarry. He carried out twice-daily observations at the Quarry, and systematic observations over a long period at 12 stations in mid-Firth, from Alloa to the Isle of May, and also at several points on the south coast. He reports on variations (largely seasonal) in temperature and on density as an index of salinity, and on the alkalinity of the water. These latter, of course, vary largely with the river inflow, which has a rather imprecise correlation with season.
XIV.—Occurrence of Specific Pollutants in Fish in the Forth and Tay Estuaries
Authors: Holden A. V. , Topping G. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAlthough no particular studies have been made of pollutants in fish of the Forth and Tay estuaries, samples from these areas have been examined together with similar samples from other Scottish coastal waters, as part of a national survey of marine pollution. The contaminants investigated so far have been organochlorine compounds, including pesticide residues and polychlorinated biphenyls, mercury (including organic mercury), lead, cadmium, copper and zinc. Pelagic and demersal fish, molluscs and Crustacea have been sampled, although not all contaminants have been determined in all species.Few samples have been obtained from the upper sections of the two estuaries, but in comparison with residue levels found in other Scottish waters the species in the two areas contained concentrations little different from those considered to be normal. The selection of species and tissues for analysis, and the problems of interpretation of the analytical data, in terms of locating the sources of pollution and assessing the effects of the pollutants on fish, are discussed. More detailed surveys would be required to identify any localised areas of high contamination.
Algal Removal Studies on a Pilot Scale Water Treatment Plant at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Johnson D. , Farley M. R. , Youngman R. E. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisDuring 1970 a pilot-scale water treatment plant was operated at Loch Leven to investigate the feasibility of producing a potable water from such a source.The study showed that while no particular problems were encountered in producing a water of satisfactory chemical quality it was rarely possible to produce a water of satisfactory biological quality. This was due to the fact that the water treatment processes investigated were unable to retain sufficiently large numbers of the small algae so characteristic of Loch Leven and as a consequence the finished water nearly always contained unacceptably high numbers of algae.
Factors affecting the Distribution and Productivity of Emergent Vegetation at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Britton R. H. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe extent of emergent vegetation at Loch Leven has declined considerably within historical times. In 1972 only 5 per cent of the shoreline and less than 0·01 per cent of the area of the loch was occupied by emergent vegetation, the principal species being Phragmites communis Trin. and Polygonum amphibium L. The production of Phragmites communis was estimated from standing crop measurements and is low for a eutrophic lake. The maximum aerial shoot biomass varies from 1148 to 513 g dry wt/m2 in the different beds. The total production of all species of emergent vegetation is insignificant when compared to other sources of primary production. Possible factors causing the low production and decline in emergent vegetation are discussed. These include water level changes, soil types, exposure to wind and wave action and grazing by wildfowl and domestic stock.
The Energy Requirements of Certain Larval Chironomid Populations in Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: McLusky D. S. , McFarlane A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisUtilising data on biomass, mean weight and oxygen consumption, the energy requirements for four genera of larval chironomid populations in Loch Leven have been calculated on a monthly and annual basis. Applying the formula of McNeill and Lawton (1970), estimates for annual production have also been derived.
Bioenergetics of Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Laughlin K. F. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe tufted duck was chosen as the subject of an energy study at Loch Leven because it is a diving duck which feeds mainly from within the loch and it is present throughout the year, about 500 to 600 pairs nest annually.Using data from population counts, breeding biology and feeding studies and the analysis of body and egg composition an energy budget for the population has been computed. The values for respiration, R, are calculated on the basis that ‘existence energy’ requirements are 2·5 × Standard Metabolic Rate. Values for rejecta assume an assimilation efficiency of 75 per cent.The figures have been presented on a monthly basis as there are wide fluctuations in population size, and therefore energy demand during the year and between years. In 1970 very large numbers of tufted ducks were present on the loch during autumn. The additional demands of these birds over 4 months represent an increase in the annual energy requirements of almost 50 per cent.Chironomid larvae account for 60 per cent of the food of the tufted ducks at Loch Leven; other important food items are caddis larvae and molluscs (mainly Valvata spp.).Expressed on a /m2 basis and over a full year the energy demands of the tufted ducks represent a small proportion of the total energy available at Loch Leven. However, water depth and the depth of the food in the substrate reduce the actual availability of the food and probably reduce the usable feeding area to 20 per cent of the total loch area.
The Helminth Parasites of Aquatic Birds from Loch Leven, Kinross: The Trematodes of Laridae
Authors: Fraser P. G. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisTwelve species of trematode are described from 70 gulls of 5 species examined at Loch Leven. Observations on these trematodes are given with additional morphological details. The environmental origins of the parasites are discussed and related to the habits of the hosts.
A Summary of the Loch Leven IBP Results in relation to Lake Management and Future Research
Authors: Morgan N. C. , McLusky D. S. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe International Biological Programme provided resources and enabled the work of a considerable number of researchers to be focused on physical, chemical and biological studies on Loch Leven, Kinross. In this paper the results are summarised with the help of an energy flow diagram and relationships between different trophic levels discussed. Major gaps in our knowledge, which have still to be worked on before all the relationships between different trophic levels can be well understood, have been highlighted. The causes of changes which have been recorded at Loch Leven and the unusual variability in the ecosystem are discussed and hypotheses presented. Profitable lines for future research are suggested, particularly in relation to the management of the loch as a National Nature Reserve and a brown trout fishery.
The hydrography and plankton of the Moray Firth
Authors: Adams J. A. , Martin J. H. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe Moray Firth forms part of the north British coastal area of the North Sea and is distinguished by its depth, hydrography and plankton from the offshore northern North Sea. The 35·0 or 35·1 × 103 isohaline can be taken as the boundary between the two areas.Geographical and seasonal variations in temperature and salinity are described in terms of a belt of low salinity coastal water in the inner firth and along its southern shore and of “mixed” water to the north and east. During the winter the “mixed” water is warmer than the coastal water, during the summer it is colder. Tidal streams are dominantly semi-diurnal, relatively weak in the inner firth and relatively strong in the outer firth. Residual currents are largely wind driven, and some are caused by tidal effects.Geographical variation in the seasonal changes in the phytoplankton standing stock is related to water column stratification. The early spring standing stocks are highest in the inner firth and off the southern shore. During the summer and early autumn, phytoplankton is most abundant below the pycnocline. Average zooplankton standing stocks increase from 0·2–0·6 g dry weight (100m3) 1 in winter to 1.0 g (100m3) 1 exceptionally 4·5 g (100m3) 1. in summer. Standing stocks in November–December range from 0·3 to 1·8 g (100m3) 1.
Exploited fish and shellfish species in the Moray Firth
Authors: Hopkins P. J. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe Moray Firth has been intensively fished for many years and has been of great historic importance to the development of Scottish fisheries. The stocks of exploited species in the firth and their relations to other stocks in Scottish waters are described.Exploited demersal species include haddock, cod, whiting, plaice and lemon sole. The firth is an important nursery area for plaice, and is the most important plaice spawning ground in the North Sea.The Moray Firth is also an important nursery area for herring. Evidence suggests that these fish recruit to adult stocks in the Minch. In the early 1960s a pair trawl fishery for sprats started and the firth became the most important sprat fishing area in Scotland. However, recruitment of recent year classes has been too poor to sustain the fishery, which has now been closed in order to protect the juvenile heiring which were landed as by-catch.The distributions of shellfish species are closely related to the bottom sediments. Landings have become increasingly important as the demersal and pelagic fisheries have declined or moved further offshore. The fishery on the Norway lobster is now of particular importance and the catch per unit effort data do not suggest any decline in stock size. Other exploited species include squid, scallops, crabs and lobster.
Trends of population change at colonies of cliff-nesting seabirds in the Moray Firth
Authors: Mudge G. P. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAvailable information on the sizes and locations of seabird breeding colonies in the Moray Firth is reviewed. Guillemot is the most abundant species with a population of about 149,000 individuals at thirteen main colonies. The bulk of the populations of each species occur in east Caithness. Comparison of counts made in 1969 with more recent censuses indicate substantial increases in population size in the 1970s for most species. The results of annual counts at detailed study plots in five Caithness colonies between 1980 and 1984 suggest that this trend of increase has ceased for guillemots, razorbills and kittiwakes.
A study of the littoral fauna of some soft shores of the Inverness, Cromarty and Dornoch Firths
Authors: Rendall D. , Hunter J. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe littoral macrobenthic fauna of soft shores at three sites in the Cromarty Firth, two sites in the Dornoch Firth and seven sites in the Inverness Firth (northeast Scotland) was studied in 1982 and 1983 respectively.At each site ten replicate samples were taken from each of three stations at 0·65, 1·15 and 1·7 m above Chart Datum. Estimation of environmental disturbance caused by the Inverness sewage discharge and a comparison of the three firths was made using both diversity indices and multivariate techniques.
The macrobenthos of the Beatrice Oilfield, Moray Firth, Scotland
Authors: Hartley J. P. , Bishop J. D. D. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe benthic ecology of the Beatrice Oilfield area is described from preproduction surveys carried out in 1977, 1980 and 1981. and from earlier published information. Variations in the water depth (from 33m to > 60 m) over the area were mirrored by sedimentary and faunal gradients. The sediments ranged from very fine, through fine to medium sands and were inhabited by faunal communities characterised by Thyasira flexuosa, Tellina fabula and Tellina pygmaea, respectively. Two fades of the fine sand community were noted, typified by the abundance of Thyasira flexuosa in muddier sediments and Crenella decussala in coarser deposits. Localised patches of shell gravel in which the fauna was characterised by reduced densities of Tellina fabula with elevated numbers of Scoloplos armiger and Lumbrineris gracilis occurred in medium depths. Examination of the faunal composition indicates that the Beatrice Oilfield lies at the interface between Glemarec's infralittoral and coastal étages.Comparison with earlier reports of the benthic communities of the area suggests a degree of long term persistence of the fauna in qualitative and quantitative terms. A list of all taxa found during the recent surveys is given; this includes a number of new records from the North Sea.
The efficacy of the well of the well (WOW) culture system on development of bovine embryos in a small group and the effect of number of adjacent embryos on their development
Authors: Kang Sung-Sik , Ofuji Sosuke , Imai Kei , Huang Weiping , Koyama Keisuke , Yanagawa Yojiro , Takahashi Yoshiyuki , Nagano Masashi 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to clarify the efficacy of the well of the well (WOW) culture system for a small number of embryos and the effect of number of adjacent embryos in a WOW dish on blastocyst development. In conventional droplet culture, embryos in the small-number group (5–6 embryos/droplet) showed low blastocyst development compared with a control group (25–26 embryos/droplet). However, small and large numbers of embryos (5–6 and 25 embryos, respectively) in a WOW dish showed no significant differences in cleavage, blastocyst rates, and mean cell number in blastocysts compared with the control group (25–30 embryos/droplet). In addition, the number of adjacent embryos in a WOW dish did not affect the development to blastocysts and cell number in blastocysts. In conclusion, a WOW dish can provide high and stable blastocyst development in small group culture wherever embryos are placed in microwells of the WOW dish.
Development and characterisation of laser power converters for optical power transfer applications
Authors: Jarvis Scott D. , Mukherjee Jayanta , Perren Matthew , Sweeney Stephen J. 
Published: March 2014

Interest in single‐junction photovoltaic devices has been renewed in recent years due to their potential to produce very high optical to electrical conversion efficiencies under monochromatic illumination. A single‐junction photovoltaic converter was developed for monochromatic radiation (a laser power converter (LPC)) to specifically convert monochromatic light at a wavelength of 1.55 µm (which is eye and skin safe up to a power density of 1 kW/m2) into electrical energy. Such devices find use in space‐based laser power transfer, as well as fibre optic power delivery and the remote powering of subcutaneous equipment and other electrical devices. The LPC design is based on lattice‐matched InGaAsP/InP, which includes elements for photon recycling and efficient carrier extraction. Here, the design process is reported based on computer simulated characteristics, and compare them to experimental data from both laboratory and field tests. The LPC demonstrates a conversion efficiency of 45% ± 1% under illumination at 1.55 µm and 1 kW/m2, and a conversion efficiency of 13.3% under AM1.5 solar illumination for potential dual‐use applications. With further design optimisation, it has been predicted that the conversion efficiency will exceed 50% at 1.55 µm and 1 kW/m2.
Anomalous magneto-structural behavior of MnBi explained: A path towards an improved permanent magnet
Authors: Zarkevich N. A. , Wang L.-L. , Johnson D. D. 
Published: March 2014

Low-temperature MnBi (hexagonal NiAs phase) exhibits anomalies in the lattice constants (a, c) and bulk elastic modulus (B) below 100 K, spin reorientation and magnetic susceptibility maximum near 90 K, and, importantly for high-temperature magnetic applications, an increasing coercivity (unique to MnBi) above 180  K. We calculate the total energy and magneto-anisotropy energy (MAE) versus (a, c) using DFT+U methods. We reproduce and explain all the above anomalies. We predict that coercivity and MAE increase due to increasing a, suggesting means to improve MnBi permanent magnets.
Gene silencing and gene expression in phytopathogenic fungi using a plant virus vector
Authors: Mascia Tiziana , Nigro Franco , Abdallah Alì , Ferrara Massimo , De Stradis Angelo , Faedda Roberto , Palukaitis Peter , Gallitelli Donato 
Published: March 2014

Significance
RNAi is used to elucidate gene functions also in phytopathogenic fungi, where it is expressed by hairpin RNAs delivered through plasmids, sequences integrated in fungal or plant genomes, or by RNAi generated in planta by a plant virus infection. These approaches have drawbacks ranging from instability of hairpin constructs to difficulties in preparing and handling transgenic plants to silence homologous sequences in fungi grown on these plants. Here we show that RNAi can be expressed in phytopathogenic fungi by direct transfection with a plant virus-based vector and that the approach also can be used to obtain foreign protein expression in fungi. This technique could find wider application for functional genomics in filamentous fungi of biomedical and phytopathological interest.