bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical copper extraction from sulphate electrolyte
Authors: Demina E. G. , Darintseva A. B. , Murashova I. B. 
Published: February 2015

Copper and nickel ions are accumulated in the solution during electrolytic refining of copper. These ions need to be extracted from the solution from time to time. In industry copper extraction is carried out in two stages. It results in copper ions concentration reducing to 1 g/l. Numerical simulation was used to define dependence of the process of copper extraction from particular parameters: mixing of electrolyte, volume of electrolyte, area of cathodic surface. The process of copper extraction was investigated in still electrolyte and during mixing of the solution. Smooth and compact precipitate crystallized on the cathode in all experiments. Rate of copper extraction during mixing of electrolyte is higher than in still electrolyte. The industrial method of abuseive sulphate electrolyte results in the formation on the cathode dendritic sediment copper ions which are restored in extreme conditions. The decrease in the concentration of copper at I = const causes the formation of dendritic sludge that is easily crumbles to the bottom of the cell, enriching copper sludge. Guarantee smooth sediment when basmajian with obtaining compact copper, excluding besides the recovery of arsenic emitting poisonous arsina cars is the organization of intensive mixing or electrolyte circulation, ensuring the recovery of copper ions in limitless conditions smooth and sediment.
Europamodelle und imperiale Kontexte
Authors: Osterhammel Jürgen 
Published: February 2015

The European Model and Imperial Contexts This article presents a typology of contemporary understandings for a history of Europe. It distinguishes between seven different basic models: two models for the analysis of tendencies towards homogenization; two models, which focus on cultural realms, choose as its beginning point center-periphery arguments for understanding inner-European differences; the institutional integration model, the communications model, and the «essence» model. The development of the imperial dimension can, at the same time, help avoid the danger inherent in isolationist and identity-bound tendencies in European historiography. This contribution makes it possible to thematicize a number of phenomena that bind the history of individual European nations with the history of empires and with other continents, reaching from national frontiers, inter-empire conflicts and the militarization of peripheries, to migrations, port cities, hegemonic symbolism, and selfdemarcation strategies towards outsiders. In this sense, imperial understandings include central aspects of Modern European History.
Vorwort: Ländliche Gesellschaften im Zeichen von Agrarmodernisierung und politischer Mobilisierung
Authors: Raphael Lutz 
Published: February 2015

Rural Societies in the Face of Agrarian Modernisation and Political Mobilisation (1848–1914) The market, state and nation altered rural societies in Europe between the Revolution of 1848 and the First World War. The articles in this volume point out the options open to rural social groups and the flexible adaptations to these alterations; the articles also underline the multiplicity of political constellations and emphasise the role of the brokers between local societies and the nation or state.
Les dynamiques des sociétés rurales en France de la révolution de 1848 à la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Mayaud Jean-Luc 
Published: February 2015

The Dynamics of Rual Societies in France from the Revolution of 1848 to the First World War Two concepts, that of small scale rural enterprises (petite exploitation rurale) and the local community (micropolis), form the focal point of the article. The paper examines the new questions, methods and results which the micro-historical approach to French rural history has developed, in order to understand the economic dynamism and the political mobilisation of rural societies between 1848 and 1914. Collective biographies, studies of villages and the micro-history of rural economy bring the local level into focus. Based on highly varied social, economic and geographical elements, the rural, proto-industrial and commercial as well as small and mid-sized agrarian family businesses became established as the backbone of rural societies in France in the second half of the 19th century. At the same time, in a process dating back to the Revolution of 1789, the institutions of the local community (commune) became the autonomous point of reference for the political system. The rural classes, especially peasants, were firmly integrated into the nation during the Third Republic, agrarian interests had a strong impact on national politics. The very complex struggle of group interests and political ideas in the local communities generated numerous variations in local political language – oriented toward the right as well as to the left.
Einleitung Christliche Glaubenswelten im 20. Jahrhundert
Authors: Graf Friedrich Wilhelm , Raphael Lutz 
Published: February 2015

Spheres of Christian Belief in the 20th Century From the current perspective, religion, Christianity and the Church have been gaining greater importance for 20th century European history than had been accorded them for a long time by contemporary historians. The articles in this periodical take up some key themes of the history of religion: A primary dimension addresses interrelations of religion and politics, the state and Christian Churches, political and religious movements; the presence of religion and the Church in the new media of the century, that is, radio, film and television, opens up a second dimension. A third key topic of a history of European religion of the last four decades addresses the interaction of social change with the genesis of new forms of belief and religiosity. Investigating all these subjects as well as numerous other themes requires opening up the methodology of the study of the history of religion to approaches of «religious economics», the precise knowledge of theological approaches to and interpretations of problems and the intensive intellectual exchange with the other disciplines of religious scholarship.
Entwicklungslinien des europäischen Katholizismus im 20. Jahrhundert
Authors: Damberg Wilhelm 
Published: February 2015

Developmental Aspects of European Catholicism in the 20th Century European Catholicism retained into the 1960s essential principles it had formed in the 19th century as a European social movement against economic liberalism and socialism. It focused on the Catholic idea of an ideal society, a utopia critical of modernity, on the evolution of manifold social and socio-political activities as well as on the centralisation and modernisation of Church organisation according to the model of the modern nation state. The development of specific milieus or exclusive societies in this kind of Catholicism was successful in particular in those countries of Central and Northwestern Europe where Catholics formed the minority. World War I introduced a process of depolitising Catholicism, individualising religious ties and developing Catholic professional and elite organisations. World War II marked the end of the corporatist social utopia as well as the rise of Christian democratic parties. The Second Vatican Council concluded the cultural struggle between the Catholic Church and the liberal-pluralistic nation state in Europe. It introduced the orientation toward a global society, which has, since then, been accompanied in Europe by vastly differentiated changes in religious practice, organisational forms and Catholic values.
‹Deep Occidentalism›? Europa und ‹der Westen› in der Wahrnehmung hinduistischer Intellektueller und Reformer ca.1890–1930
Authors: Fischer-Tiné Harald 
Published: February 2015

‹Deep Occidentalism›? Europe and the ‹West› in the Perception of Hindu Intellectuals and Reformers 1890–1930 The present article seeks to understand the counter-hegemonic politics pursued by Hindu elites around the turn to the 20th century. It argues that the West certainly played a central role as a point of reference, but that there have always been successful attempts at contesting its project of cultural hegemony. The first part looks at the intellectual and structural interfaces between ‹Europe› and ‹India› in the 19th century. In the subsequent sections, the representations and ‹translations› of Europe by three Hindu intellectuals of various backgrounds are analysed to demonstrate the broad scope of strategies deployed to contest western hegemonic claims: The popular ‹nativist› approach by Har Bilas Sarda at the same time challenged and presupposed ‹Western› criteria of civilization. Swami Vivekananda instead suggested a ‹universal division of labour›, in which ‹the West› was constructed as responsible for material well-being and ‹the East› as the spiritual teacher of mankind. Benoy Kumar Sarkar refused any ‹exoticising› essentialisation of India and tried to deconstruct European preconceptions and stereotypes about the Orient. Arguably, much of the intellectual effort in ‹provincializing Europe›, so in vogue today, is anticipated in his work.
Panafrikanismus, afrikanische Intellektuelle und Europa im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert
Authors: Eckert Andreas 
Published: February 2015

Pan-Africanism, African Intellectuals and Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries This article discusses the efforts of African (and some African-American) intellectuals and political activists to counteract European racism and claims to superiority and to develop their own visions of modernity. The paper focuses on individuals and networks which could be linked to Pan-Africanist ideas. It discusses the projects and visions of early African nationalists such as James Africanus Horton and Edward Blyden, then briefly sketches the main features of Pan-Africanism as designed by W. E. B Du Bois and finally looks at two different trajectories of the Pan-African movement in the 1920s and ’30s: first, activities linked to the International Communist movement and secondly, the Négritude which gained prominence among francophone intellectuals from African and the Carribean in the 1930s. The paper argues that the many different trajectories of Pan-Africanism represented the rising mobility of colonized people and the emergence of politically active and well connected diaspora communities, a development which colonial powers regarded as a dangerous threat to their order of the world. The central vision behind the reflections and activities of such different figures as Blyden, Du Bois, Padmore, Kenyatta, and Senghor was to unify and integrate peoples of African descent all over the world and to challenge Western claims to superiority. Thus Pan-Africanism played an important part in anti-colonial and anti-western developments which contributed to the erosion of the global colonial order of the 20th century. Similar to other non-European anti-imperial and pan-movements, Pan- Africanism combined a critique of Western politics and culture with a modernization project that – although conceptualized as an alternative modernity – included many elements of the dominant Western modernity.
Learning by Doing: Notes about the Making of the Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History
Authors: Saunier Pierre-Yves 
Published: February 2015

Learning by Doing: Einige Bemerkungen zur Erarbeitung des Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History Ausgehend von einer kurzen Zusammenfassung der historischen Forschung zum Phänomen «Transnationalismus» liefert dieser Artikel Anknüpfungspunkte, um die sich abschwächende Euphorie über transnationale Forschung verständlich zu machen. Der Artikel stellt heraus, in welch starkem Maße Phänomene, die heute unter dem Begriff Transnationalismus firmieren, bereits Bestandteil älterer Forschungstraditionen waren. Darüber hinaus werden, aufbauend auf Erfahrungen bei der Erarbeitung des 2009 erscheinenden Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History Probleme und Möglichkeiten transnationaler Geschichtsschreibung be - leuchtet und noch offene Fragen identifiziert. Hierzu gehört das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen dem Bedürfnis, sich von einer staatszentrierten Herangehensweise zu lösen, und der Notwendigkeit, eine Geschichte mit und nicht gegen oder gar ohne Nationen zu schreiben. Zudem, argumentiert der Artikel, darf die Geschichte globaler Netzwerke des «Bösen» nicht ausgeklammert werden.
Wissenschaftler in Bewegung: Der Materialforscher Jan Czochralski zwischen den Weltkriegen
Authors: Steffen Katrin 
Published: February 2015

Researcher in Motion: The Materials Scientist Jan Czochralski between the Wars The text focuses on the materials scientist Jan Czochralski (1885–1953). While working in the metal-laboratories of AEG in Berlin and the Metallgesellschaft in Frankfurt/Main during the years 1908–1928, Czochralski was the author of some major inventions before he transferred his expertise to Warsaw where he held several positions in research institutions and became a professor at the Technical University. Based on his biography, the text looks at the connections between transnational communications in scientific knowledge and technological innovation together with the potential for conflict to which such transfers gave rise. Such conflict arose mainly from the fact that, during the first half of the twentieth century, politics (including public expectations of experts) were organised on a national basis; while, on the other hand, their expert knowledge and capacity for innovation quite frequently emerged from transnational communication and migration across geographical boundaries. By 1939, Czochralski finally became trapped in the German-Polish antagonisms, and, as a consequence, his personal reputation fell into oblivion after World War II (though not, however, the so-called Czochralski process).
Historik der Ungleichzeitigkeit: Zur Temporalisierung politischer Erfahrung im Europa des 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Leonhard Jörn 
Published: February 2015

Historicity of «Non-simultaneity»: On Temporalization of European Political Experience in the Nineteenth Century Behind the problem of «non-simultaneity» lays the question of what has been «non-simultaneous» in terms of the chronology of the historical times. In this context, the article tries to use the «non-simultaneity» in a not-normative manner like «early pioneers» and «latecomers», but by analysing the fundamentaly different temporal structures which are hidden behind the contemporary attempts to establish political power since the French Revolution. The comparison between France, Germany and Great Britain shows how different European societies experienced «non-simultaneity» as a sign for the tensions between the particular historical experiences. It was not a specific German development but the normal case of European societies in the post-revolutionary situation after 1800. Thus the variety of experiences cannot be reduced to one unifying concept of Europe.
Foreign Workers and the Emergence of Minimum International Standards for the Compensation of Workplace Accidents, 1880–1914
Authors: Moses Julia 
Published: February 2015

Foreign Workers and the Emergence of Minimum International Standards for the Compensation of Workplace Accidents, 1880–1914 This essay examines the politics behind creating international norms for the compensation of workplace accidents in the period from the 1880s to the outbreak of the First World War. It focuses on a case study about the treatment of foreign workers in Britain, Germany and Italy in order to illuminate these developments. One of the leading motivations for advocates of international law at this time was the creation and implementation of socially-orientated standards in a range of fields, including social policy. The issue of migrant workers tested whether governments would adopt such a standard for accident compensation. The essay argues that transnational and international communication about workplace accidents during this period facilitated the creation of an international minimum legal standard for the compensation of accidents at work. Yet, the international convergence of policies for accident compensation was limited during the period under consideration. Instead, observations and communication across borders went hand-in-hand with the strengthening of national social security systems.
Les démocraties populaires d'Europe de l'Est ont-elles protégé la santé de leurs travailleurs? La Tchécoslovaquie socialiste face à la silicose
Authors: Mackova Emanuela , Rosental Paul-André 
Published: February 2015

Did East-European people's democracies protect their workers’ health? Socialist Czechoslovakia and silicosis The article studies how Socialist Czechoslovakia coped with silicosis, one of the worst industrial diseases in the twentieth century. The regime claimed to guarantee workers’ sanitary protection through generous legal arrangements and an ambitious network of industrial medicine. It also glorified its financial compensation scheme and its active policies of occupational rehabilitation of diseased workers. Despite these pretensions, post-war mechanization contributed to a quick degradation of health conditions in the mines. Silicosis became a mass disease while prevention, labour organization, radiological detection, dust measurement and statistical investigations were largely ineffective. In the context of labour shortage, young unskilled workers drawn from the countryside and political dissidents were employed for high-risk operations in the mines. In the midst of the Cold War, Czechoslovakia tried to be a kind of balance between the International Labour Office and the Soviet Bloc but it could only regain its role within the important international conferences during the /Détente/. By outlining a comparison with France, the article also offers a more general reflection about health in the workplace in the countries of the former socialist bloc.
An der Grenze des Erlaubten. Ungarische Kontakte der Aktion Sühnezeichen in den 1980er Jahren
Authors: Király Edit 
Published: February 2015

On the Border of Acceptability. Hungarian Contacts of the Action Reconciliation Service for Peace (Aktion Sühnezeichen) in the 1980s Comparing the history of oppositional movements in the GDR and Hungary during the 1980s, their different social backgrounds are especially striking: While the Protestant Church in the GDR became in many cases a refuge for oppositional groups, these acted almost invariably outside of Church in Hungary. The history of the Action Reconciliation Service for Peace (Aktion Sühnezeichen, German Abbreviation: ASZ) is especially interesting in this regard, as its international contacts alone constantly explored the limits of what was allowed. It exploited the advantages of an informal as possible mode of operations and thus also formed a testing ground for internalizing the code of conduct in a grass-roots democratic setting. The 1980s brought internal polarization to the ASZ. Above all, relations to the independent peace movement proved to be crucial. While on the one hand the wish to secure state recognition grew within the leadership, a smaller group tried on the other hand to expand the agenda of the ASZ from resting solely within German history and to rebrand it as critical of the system. The political importance of the Hungarian contacts becomes especially apparent, if one views them in context of the ramified connections between oppositional circles in both countries.
Do the Nordic Lights Shine Bright Again? – Sweden's Response to the 1970s and 1980s Crisis
Authors: Magnusson Lars 
Published: February 2015

Do the Nordic Lights Shine Bright Again? – Sweden's Response to the 1970s and 1980s Crisis Twenty years ago, social scientists questioned whether the kind of «Third Way» Sweden exemplified as a corporatist and welfare state would be able to survive. Without doubt, there were reasons for such pessimism. During the 1980s, Sweden attempted to preserve its model through its so-called «bridging policy» which had unintended consequences: High inflation plus overheated real estate and financial markets stimulated by a negative real rate of interest. After 1991, these triggered an economic depression with high unemployment, which had important social and political repercussions for most of the 1990s. However, the trend seems to have been reversed since around 1996: In comparison to other European countries, unemployment in Sweden is quite low, while economic growth has been high, inflation low, the budget in balance, and the balance of payments positive. This article discusses the reasons behind this recovery and explains why the Swedish economy and politics seem to be quite well prepared at the moment for the coming challenges in the form of economic crisis and globalisation. Sweden is still looked upon as a country with a publicly financed generous welfare regime that is built upon the principle of universalism and the security of income during periods of sickness and unemployment. It is a country where the social partners still have a voice and regulate the labour market cooperatively to a large extent.
La gauche et le défi des changements dans les années 70–80. Les cas français et italien
Authors: Lazar Marc 
Published: February 2015

The French and Italian Left and the Challenge of Change in the 1970s and 1980s All over Europe, the crisis of the seventies and eighties fundamentally reshaped the basic conditions of the political Left. Especially the French and Italian left-wing parties experienced identity crises. While they were particularly accustomed to achieving concrete objectives through collective actions, the communist parties in France and in Italy found themselves confronted with a severe economic downturn profound socio-cultural changes. This paper examines the left-wing parties’ plans for responding to this. In Italy, the adaptation to new circumstances did not succeed: The Partito Comunista Italiano PCI and the Partito Socialista Italiano PSI were both brought down, disorganizing the whole Italian party system. In France, the Parti Communiste Français PCF was also condemned to a shadowy existence and only the Parti socialiste survived the crisis. On the one hand, it benefitted from the trend toward presidentialization of the French political system – in the person of François Mitterrand. On the other hand, it benefitted from the party's strong local roots in towns and regions.
Living to Ourselves: Localising Global Hierarchies in State-Socialist Hungary in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Melegh Attila 
Published: February 2015

Living to Ourselves. Localising Global Hierarchies in State-Socialist Hungary in the 1970s and 1980s This paper analyses how globally framed social changes were intertwined with the history of «local» symbolic and discursive practices during the 1970s and early 1980s, when the economic crisis of the 1970s transformed state socialism and its perspectives in Hungary. This is certainly a very complex history with a very complex set of institutional and social actors. On the basis of statistics, policy documents and public debates in the media I focus on some major economic and demographic changes and related political and discursive developments mainly concerning population policy and related welfare measures. Without assuming any determinant relationship, a key point of the analysis is that problems emerging from long term unequal global social and economic relations and the economic crisis in the 1970s are reflected uniquely: In the midst of the local economic difficulties, they were translated into, or as we call it here, localised (fixed and adapted) to internal hierarchies and class projects. These originated from historically crystallised and partially autonomous local discourses, which themselves were partially linked to global social and economic relations, thus forming a dynamic and historic interplay.