bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Trends in Psychostimulant-Related Deaths: 1999–2009
Authors: Calcaterra Susan , Binswanger Ingrid A. 
Published: October 2012

Background: Increased methamphetamine use occurred during the last decade and little is known about factors associated with death. This study assesses trends in psychostimulant deaths in the United States. Methods: Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Wonder Database, the authors searched deaths among 15- to 64-year-olds from 1999 to 2009 for decedents who died with “psychostimulants with abuse potential, excluding cocaine.” The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code T43.6 was used to identify methamphetamine-related deaths. Trends in death rates and the most common underlying causes of death were determined. For recent trends, age-adjusted death rates/100,000 person-years (p-y) and (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) among those who died with psychostimulants were calculated. Results: The rate of psychostimulant-related deaths increased 3-fold from 1999 (0.37/100,000 p-y; 95% CI: 0.354–0.39) to 2005 (1.05/100,000 p-y; 95% CI: 1.01–1.10). Deaths steadily declined from 2006 to 2008, but rose again in 2009 to 0.97/100,000 p-y (95% CI: 0.92–1.01). Across all age groups, men had a 2 to 3 times higher rate of death than women. American Indians/Alaska Natives were twice as likely to die a psychostimulant-related death as compared with non-Hispanic whites. The northwestern/western region of the US had the highest rates of psychostimulant-related deaths, whereas the northeastern region had the lowest death rates. “Accidental poisonings” (ICD-10: X40–49) was the most frequently listed cause of death among those who died with psychostimulants. Conclusions: Psychostimulant-related deaths increased from 1999 to 2006, declined from 2006 to 2008, but rebounded in 2009. Interventions targeting those at highest risk of death must be implemented and studied to prevent increasing deaths.
Radiative properties and radiative transfer in high pressure thermal air plasmas
Authors: Peyrou B , Chemartin L , Lalande Ph , Chéron B G , Rivière Ph , Perrin M-Y , Soufiani A 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate radiative properties of thermal air plasmas in wide ranges of pressure and temperature, and to analyse the accuracy of some spectral and geometrical approximations in high-pressure radiative transfer applications. Comprehensive calculations of absorption spectra, including molecular, atomic and ionic line and continuum radiation, are presented and the dependence of these spectra on the pressure level is analysed. The high resolution spectra, in association with a rigorous ray-tracing method, are then used to study the accuracy of the P1 and the simplified SP3 geometrical approximations in 1D axisymmetric geometries. Cylindrical plasma columns at uniform pressure and with a non-uniform pressure distribution are considered. The P1 approximation provides acceptable results but the SP3 approximation is found to be more accurate. Concerning the spectral approximations, the use of band averaged Rosseland mean absorption coefficients yields volumetric radiative powers in fairly good agreement with line-by-line calculations.
Late-time asymptotic solution of nonlinear advection-diffusion equations with equal exponents
Authors: Fayard François , Ramakrishnan T. 
Published: October 2012

We derive the late-time asymptotic solution of a nonlinear advection-diffusion equation,

u
t

=
[
α

/

(
q
−
1
)
]
(

u
q

)
x

+
(
1

/

q
)
(

u
q

)

x
x

u_t = [\alpha /(q-1)](u^q)_x + (1/q) (u^q)_{xx}

, where

α
≠
0

\alpha \ne 0

and

q
>
2

q > 2

. The equation is a more general form of the purely quadratic nonlinearity for advection and diffusion considered previously. For initial conditions with compact support, the solution has left and right moving boundaries, the distance between which is the width of the “plume”. We show the width to grow as

t

1

/

q

t^{1/q}

, with a constant correction term. The outer solution is dominated by the nonlinear advective term, the leading-order solution of which is shown to satisfy the partial differential equation and the right boundary condition exactly, but with a

t
t

-dependent shifted argument. To satisfy the left boundary of vanishing plume thickness, a boundary layer is introduced, for which the inner solution may be obtained up to second order, again by using a shifted coordinate with respect to the wetting front. A leading-order composite solution for

u
u

, uniformly correct to

O
(
1

/

t

1

/

q

)

O(1/t^{1/q})

, is obtained. The first and second-order terms are correct to

O
(
(
1

/

t

2

/

q

)
ln
⁡
t
)

O((1/t^{2/q})\ln t)

and

O
(
1

/

t

2

/

q

)

O(1/t^{2/q})

respectively. The composite second-order correction involves an arbitrary constant, implying its dependence on an unknown initial condition. Numerical results that agree with the analytical solutions are given along with an expression for the unknown constant computed with an impulse initial data.
Cornelia Sorabji
Authors: Gooptu Suparna 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This book presents the biography of Cornelia Sorabji (1866–1954), the first woman to study law at Oxford. A Parsee and daughter of a converted Christian, Cornelia was among the early Indian women to practice at the Calcutta High Court. Appointed to a senior office under the British Indian government, she championed the cause of opening up the legal profession to women much before they were formally allowed to plead before the courts of law. Her story as a pioneer remains largely untold till date. Characterized by conservatism, individualism, and feelings against Indian nationalism, Cornelia was one of the early woman legal professionals in India who played a pivotal role in protecting the interests of the purdahnashins.
The Roving Practitioner of Law: 1893–1904
Authors: Gooptu Suparna 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Cornelia Sorabji was aware of the difficulties that she would have to face in pursuing a career in the legal profession when she returned to India. She spent her time in trying to secure a foothold in India's legal world, first as a roving practitioner of law, and subsequently as a lawyer for zenana women in colonial bureaucracy. Her early experiences are described. It is stated that there was a need for legal protection for women in colonial India. Despite the objections to and criticisms of Cornelia's project, the Secretary of State intervened in the matter and consulted the Government of India. Ultimately, in 1904, the British government sanctioned Cornelia's project of providing legal assistance to the purdahnashins in Bengal, which, was partitioned in 1905 into two provinces — Bengal and Eastern Bengal and Assam.
Conclusion
Authors: Hasan Mushirul 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The British Orientalist H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971) once commented on the atomism, discreteness, and intensity of the Arab imagination, as well as its aversion to rationalism. However, his conception of the ‘Arab imagination’ is problematic since the reformist and traditionalist strands are so mingled that any period in history must be considered and judged in its entirety. This is best illustrated by how many Muslim intellectuals in nineteenth-century India (Nazir Ahmad, Mohammad Zakaullah and Sayyid Ahmad Khan, among others) expressed their deep-seated convictions. These intellectuals did not attempt to establish the Mughal glory of the past to evoke amongst Muslims a parochial consciousness. Instead, they argued that true Islam teaches family virtues, true equality, and the application of reason. This concluding chapter examines issues that have implications for those who wish to know what advocates of pluralism in nineteenth-century India were saying, and why their appeal diminished in the 1920s and 1930s.
Unravelling of the State in Manipur
Authors: Hassan M. Sajjad 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis chapter looks at how agencies of the state in Manipur perform in terms of their basic functions. In Manipur, the state's failure to dominate the rule system and provide secure property rights has undermined its centrality in the lives of its citizens. Community-specific ‘tribal’ organizations have obtained de facto authority in society, undermining state leaders' social control. Quality of revenue governance, including poor performance of tax collection machinery and a poor tax structure, are some of the reasons contributing to poor revenue extraction in Manipur. Rising unemployment sets up the issue of conflicts over opportunities, resources, and power that fuelled the breakdown in Manipur. A variety of factors have led to the reduced ability of state agencies to monopolize security in Manipur and provide protection to its citizens. Paralysis of state agencies, their weaknesses, and poor authority have undermined the state's role in resolving intercommunity conflicts.
Seeing the Old Monuments
Authors: Edib Halidé 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In this chapter, the author comments on the old monuments of Delhi, whose domestic architecture she considered a happy discovery. Many low circular, immaculate buildings with colourful gardens are situated in Delhi. The monument in Delhi which impressed the author the most was Tughlak's tomb with its daring, bold, and original design. She also got a glimpse of the Taj Mahal in Agra, the Viceroy's palace, and the Parliament. These are the architectural remains of British rule. The only breath-taking sight is the Mogul gardens seen from the windows of the Viceroy's palace. The author mentions that India would never be the same as it was before British rule, just as it had never been the same since Muslim rule.
‘Raghuwar Tumko Meri Laj’
Authors: Edib Halidé 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In this chapter, the author recalls her first encounter with Mahatma Gandhi, who she thinks represented the Hindu of Hindus, the essence of the oldest India. On her way to Gandhi's house she met Professor Malkhani, the prominent Hindu worker and writer and Joint General Secretary to the Association for the Abolition of Untouchability. When she reached her destination, she met Gandhi's secretary, Mahadev Desai. The pandit sang ‘Raghuwar Tumko meri laj...’ while he played with his sitar. Everyone in the house dissolved in the music. The prayer meetings were attended by people of mixed faith.
Concerning Mahatma Gandhi's Activities
Authors: Edib Halidé 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Mahatma Gandhi was involved in many activities, foremost of which was to build Indian society from the ground up. He wanted to see untouchability in India abolished and sought the regeneration of villages as well as communal unity. Most Hindus believed that caste, and, above all, untouchability, was essential to Hinduism. Gandhi's pronouncement about caste was not definite, but he was clear and emphatic in condemning untouchability. He was certain that there were sanctions in the Gita for the abolition of untouchability.
Jamia, Men and Ideas
Authors: Edib Halidé 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The Jamia Millia Islamia (National Muslim University) in New Delhi had two purposes. The first was to train the Muslim youth with definite ideas of their rights and duties as Indian citizens. The second was to co-ordinate Islamic thought and behaviour with Hindus. The university wanted to create a harmonious Indian nationhood without Muslims losing their Islamic identity. The Jamia marked the second turning point in Islam, the first being the Aligarh College. The institution, headed by Dr Zakir Husein, also aimed to introduce extension courses for vocational training. The Jamia bases its education on religion and combines freedom with discipline. Jamia's educators also have strong ties to Mahatma Gandhi.
Economic Growth in India
Authors: Balakrishnan Pulapre 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe book is a comprehensive study of growth in post-Independence India. The theory is both subtle and eclectic, drawing on several strands of the relevant literature, and presented in an original narrative. It uses empirical methods to advantage and in the process of examining the several sensibly-defined historical periods, the book tests whether the conventional wisdom on these stands up to close scrutiny. If it does not, it explains why, and also why the carefully presented narrative is a more convincing explanation. The main body of the book is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 provides a critical exposition of some prominent theoretical representations of growth and a historical perspective on its drivers. The remaining three chapters provide a fresh analysis of three periods, respectively, 1950–64, 1965–91, and 1991 onwards.
A Moribund Economy Quickened, 1950–64
Authors: Balakrishnan Pulapre 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the economic growth in India for the period 1950–64. It concludes that the public policy pursued in the Nehru era contributed to economic recovery after half a century of stagnation under British Raj. This period of unprecedented growth is explained by drawing a parallel between the Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy and the Big Push of development economics. In the evaluation of the Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy, it is argued that critics may have overstated the closure to imports as a source of weakness and understated the long-term debilitating consequences of the failure to have built human capital, in the first instance via the rapid spreading of primary education. This is what distinguishes the Indian economic strategy over the long term from that pursued in East Asia.
Reference-independent comparative metagenomics using cross-assembly: crAss
Authors: Dutilh Bas E. , Schmieder Robert , Nulton Jim , Felts Ben , Salamon Peter , Edwards Robert A. , Mokili John L. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Metagenomes are often characterized by high levels of unknown sequences. Reads derived from known microorganisms can easily be identified and analyzed using fast homology search algorithms and a suitable reference database, but the unknown sequences are often ignored in further analyses, biasing conclusions. Nevertheless, it is possible to use more data in a comparative metagenomic analysis by creating a cross-assembly of all reads, i.e. a single assembly of reads from different samples. Comparative metagenomics studies the interrelationships between metagenomes from different samples. Using an assembly algorithm is a fast and intuitive way to link (partially) homologous reads without requiring a database of reference sequences.
Results: Here, we introduce crAss, a novel bioinformatic tool that enables fast simple analysis of cross-assembly files, yielding distances between all metagenomic sample pairs and an insightful image displaying the similarities.
Availability and implementation: crAss is available as a web server at http://edwards.sdsu.edu/crass/, and the Perl source code can be downloaded to run as a stand-alone command line tool.
Contact: dutilh@cmbi.ru.nl
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Real estate graduates’ employability skills
Authors: Poon Joanna 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report further on research funded by the Centre for Education in the Built Environment (CEBE) into real estate programmes of study in UK universities (Poon and Hoxley). The aim of this paper is to identify human resource managers’ view on the employability skills of real estate graduates. It also compares the views on the employability skills of real estate graduates between human resource managers, a large sample of real estate employers and real estate course directors.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents the research findings of eight interviews with human resource managers who work in different types of surveying firms. The approach for collecting their view of the employability skills required by real estate graduates was through gathering their opinions on three charts. These charts compare what employers feel graduates require and what they feel graduates demonstrate in 31 knowledge areas, 20 skills and 21 attributes, alongside a list of additional competencies made by graduates and employers which was developed as part of an earlier study.FindingsThe human resource managers identified the key employability skills for real estate graduates as soft skills, in particular report writing skills, communication skills, presentation skills, client care and professional standards. The human resource managers of real estate consultancy firms also voiced their concern regarding graduates’ lack of commercial awareness, which echoed the same view from real estate employers and real estate course directors mentioned in the previous research (Poon, Hoxley and Fuchs). Therefore, it is necessary for universities to embed these soft skills, such as commercial awareness in the curriculum in order to enhance the employability of graduates.Originality/valueThis paper makes an original contribution to existing literature on the identification and discussion of employability skills for real estate graduates. It describes pioneering research focusing on the human resource managers’ perspective of the real estate graduate employability skills.
Surviving a cluster collapse: risk aversion as a core value
Authors: Schiele Holger , Hospers Gert‐Jan , van der Zee Debbie 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThis paper analyses firms, which survived in a collapsed regional cluster. The target is to analyze whether the principles for enduring success identified researching success factors of very old firms also apply in such an environment.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct a series of contrasting case studies, embedded in cluster theory and enduring success research.FindingsFirms survived with very different strategies and levels of outsourcing. However, surviving firms were congruently very conservative in their finances and in innovation behavior. Risk aversion and an early detachment from the declining cluster were found as success patterns for survival.Research limitations/implicationsOwing to the disappearance of most other firms in the cluster, it was not possible to evaluate their unsuccessful strategies, which means that they cannot be excluded for sure if failed firms applied similar tactics than the surviving firms. This study is focused on one cluster in one industry. Future research could feel encouraged to test the enduring success principles on large scale, multi‐industry surveys.Practical implicationsThe conclusions from this research stress the merits of a conservative approach to corporate management, which contrasts with a more risk‐taking attitude managers may feel tempted to take in order to satisfy some (financial) stakeholders.Social implicationsThe “conservatism hypothesis” discussed in this research complements the discussion on corporate ethics.Originality/valueThis paper adds to existing enduring success literature by applying it to the extremely challenging environment of a declining industry. It contributes to cluster theory, in particular to cluster life cycle research.
Going global: how smaller enterprises benefit from strategic alliances
Authors: Veilleux Sophie , Haskell Nancy , Pons Frank 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to focus on understanding three dimensions of international alliance formation by small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs): the role of internal actors, planning/opportunity management, and organizational learning.Design/methodology/approachThe three dimensions form a proposed model of international alliance formation which is examined using semi‐structured interviews with 16 biotechnology SMEs from Montreal (Canada) and 12 from Boston (USA).FindingsFindings deepen the understanding of the firm's internal development of international alliance strategy. Results generally support different roles of organizational actors in international alliance formation, often a combination of planning and opportunity management, and signal rather weak administrative routines to ensure organizational learning from the alliance experience. Interestingly, alliance formation strategies vary across the two cities (countries). Age of the firm, development phase, human and financial resources, and competencies may explain these differences.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations include a single respondent in each firm, sample size, and single sector (biotechnology). Future longitudinal research could combine information from and about the implication of all actors and their networks during alliance formation and examine the process by alliance functions (R&D, production, marketing) and governance modes (equity, non‐equity).Practical implicationsResults suggest weaknesses and potential avenues to be explored by managers.Originality/valueTo the authors' knowledge, this is a first attempt to model the internal dimensions of alliance strategy formation for SMEs, integrating the role of actors, planning and opportunity, as well as learning. Multiple quotations provide a rich environment for understanding practice.