bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of inadequate complementary feeding practices among children aged 6–23 months in Ghana
Authors: Issaka Abukari I , Agho Kingsley E , Burns Penelope , Page Andrew , Dibley Michael J 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo explore complementary feeding practices and identify potential risk factors associated with inadequate complementary feeding practices in Ghana by using the newly developed WHO infant feeding indicators and data from the nationally representative 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey.DesignThe source of data for the analysis was the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Analysis of the factors associated with inadequate complementary feeding, using individual-, household- and community-level determinants, was done by performing multiple logistic regression modelling.SettingGhana.SubjectsChildren (n 822) aged 6–23 months.ResultsThe prevalence of the introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods among infants aged 6–8 months was 72·6 % (95 % CI 64·6 %, 79·3 %). The proportion of children aged 6–23 months who met the minimum meal frequency and dietary diversity for breast-fed and non-breast-fed children was 46·0 % (95 % CI 42·3 %, 49·9 %) and 51·4 % (95 % CI 47·4 %, 55·3 %) respectively and the prevalence of minimum acceptable diet for breast-fed children was 29·9 % (95 % CI 26·1 %, 34·1 %). Multivariate analysis revealed that children from the other administrative regions were less likely to meet minimum dietary diversity, meal frequency and acceptable diet than those from the Volta region. Household poverty, children whose mothers perceived their size to be smaller than average and children who were delivered at home were significantly less likely to meet the minimum dietary diversity requirement; and children whose mothers did not have any postnatal check-ups were significantly less likely to meet the requirement for minimum acceptable diet. Complementary feeding was significantly lower in infants from illiterate mothers (adjusted OR=3·55; 95 % CI 1·05, 12·02).ConclusionsThe prevalence of complementary feeding among children in Ghana is still below the WHO-recommended standard of 90 % coverage. Non-attendance of postnatal check-up by mothers, cultural beliefs and habits, household poverty, home delivery of babies and non-Christian mothers were the most important risk factors for inadequate complementary feeding practices. Therefore, nutrition educational interventions to improve complementary feeding practices should target these factors in order to achieve the fourth Millennium Development Goal.
Toward Site-Specific Dopant Contrast in Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Druckmüllerová Zdena , Kolíbal Miroslav , Vystavěl Tomáš , Šikola Tomáš 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSince semiconductor devices are being scaled down to dimensions of several nanometers there is a growing need for techniques capable of quantitative analysis of dopant concentrations at the nanometer scale in all three dimensions. Imaging dopant contrast by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a very promising method, but many unresolved issues hinder its routine application for device analysis, especially in cases of buried layers where site-specific sample preparation is challenging. Here, we report on optimization of site-specific sample preparation by the focused Ga ion beam (FIB) technique that provides improved dopant contrast in SEM. Similar to FIB lamella preparation for transmission electron microscopy, a polishing sequence with decreasing ion energy is necessary to minimize the thickness of the electronically dead layer. We have achieved contrast values comparable to the cleaved sample, being able to detect dopant concentrations down to 1×1016 cm−3. A theoretical model shows that the electronically dead layer corresponds to an amorphized Si layer formed during ion beam polishing. Our results also demonstrate that contamination issues are significantly suppressed for FIB-treated samples compared with cleaved ones.
FINSLER METRIZABLE ISOTROPIC SPRAYS AND HILBERT’S FOURTH PROBLEM
Authors: BUCATARU IOAN , MUZSNAY ZOLTÁN 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIt is well known that a system of homogeneous second-order ordinary differential equations (spray) is necessarily isotropic in order to be metrizable by a Finsler function of scalar flag curvature. In our main result we show that the isotropy condition, together with three other conditions on the Jacobi endomorphism, characterize sprays that are metrizable by Finsler functions of scalar flag curvature. We call these conditions the scalar flag curvature (SFC) test. The proof of the main result provides an algorithm to construct the Finsler function of scalar flag curvature, in the case when a given spray is metrizable. Hilbert’s fourth problem asks to determine the Finsler functions with rectilinear geodesics. A Finsler function that is a solution to Hilbert’s fourth problem is necessarily of constant or scalar flag curvature. Therefore, we can use the constant flag curvature (CFC) test, which we developed in our previous paper, Bucataru and Muzsnay [‘Sprays metrizable by Finsler functions of constant flag curvature’, Differential Geom. Appl.31 (3)(2013), 405–415] as well as the SFC test to decide whether or not the projective deformations of a flat spray, which are isotropic, are metrizable by Finsler functions of constant or scalar flag curvature. We show how to use the algorithms provided by the CFC and SFC tests to construct solutions to Hilbert’s fourth problem.
PILRα and PILRβ have a siglec fold and provide the basis of binding to sialic acid
Authors: Lu Qiong , Lu Guangwen , Qi Jianxun , Wang Han , Xuan Yifang , Wang Qihui , Li Yan , Zhang Yanfang , Zheng Chunfu , Fan Zheng , Yan Jinghua , Gao George F. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
The paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor α (PILRα) and β (PILRβ) are important surface molecules which, upon ligand binding, can deliver opposing signals to modulate the host immune responses. In this study, we elucidated the molecular basis on the ligand binding of PILRs by systematic structural and functional assays. Both PILRα and PILRβ show a typical siglec-like fold but exhibit variant binding avidities for sialic acid (SA). We further identified key residues responsible for SA binding and elucidated the atomic interaction details via a complex crystal structure. In conclusion, the SA recognition mechanism for the PILR receptors has been, for the first time to our knowledge, systematically investigated and clearly presented.
Removing T-cell epitopes with computational protein design
Authors: King Chris , Garza Esteban N. , Mazor Ronit , Linehan Jonathan L. , Pastan Ira , Pepper Marion , Baker David 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceProteins represent the fastest-growing class of pharmaceuticals for a diverse range of clinical applications. Computational protein design has the potential to create a novel class of therapeutics with tunable biophysical properties. However, the immune system reacts to T-cell epitope sequences in non-human proteins, leading to neutralization and elimination by the immune system. Here, we combine machine learning with structure-based protein design to identify and redesign T-cell epitopes without disrupting function of the target protein. We test the method experimentally, removing T-cell epitopes from GFP andPseudomonasexotoxin A while maintaining function.
Genetic and educational assortative mating among US adults
Authors: Domingue Benjamin W. , Fletcher Jason , Conley Dalton , Boardman Jason D. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
It is well established that individuals are more similar to their spouses than other individuals on important traits, such as education level. The genetic similarity, or lack thereof, between spouses is less well understood. We estimate the genome-wide genetic similarity of spouses and compare the magnitude of this value to a comparable measure of educational similarity. We find that spouses are more genetically similar than two individuals chosen at random but this similarity is at most one-third the magnitude of educational similarity. Furthermore, social sorting processes in the marriage market are largely independent of genetic dynamics of sexual selection.
Inferring fitness landscapes by regression produces biased estimates of epistasis
Authors: Otwinowski Jakub , Plotkin Joshua B. 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceThe dynamics of evolution depend on an organism’s fitness landscape: the mapping from genotypes to reproductive capacity. Knowledge of the fitness landscape can help resolve questions, such as how quickly a pathogen will acquire drug resistance or by what pattern of mutations. However, direct measurement of a fitness landscape is impossible because of the vast number of genotypes. Here, we critically examine regression techniques used to approximate fitness landscapes from data. We find that such regressions are subject to two inherent biases that distort the biological quantities of greatest interest, often making evolution seem less predictable than it actually is. We discuss methods that may mitigate these biases in some cases.
Chronic and intensive bottom trawling impairs deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
Authors: Pusceddu Antonio , Bianchelli Silvia , Martín Jacobo , Puig Pere , Palanques Albert , Masqué Pere , Danovaro Roberto 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Deep-sea ecosystem processes play a key role in global functioning of the planet. These functions are largely dependent upon deep-sea biodiversity. Industrial fisheries, after the depletion of fish stocks and destruction of the marine habitats on continental shelves, are now rapidly moving deeper into the ocean interior. We show here that bottom trawling along continental slopes has a major impact on deep-sea sedimentary ecosystems, causing their degradation and infaunal depauperation. Deep-sea fisheries, indeed, cause the collapse of benthic biodiversity and ecosystem functions, with potential consequences on the biogeochemical cycles. These findings support the claim of immediate actions for a sustainable management of fisheries in deep-sea environments.
Boundary singularities produced by the motion of soap films
Authors: Goldstein Raymond E. , McTavish James , Moffatt H. Keith , Pesci Adriana I. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
The dynamics of topological rearrangements of surfaces are generically associated with singularities. It is not yet understood whether the location of a singularity (in the bulk or at boundaries) is a general consequence of the surface topology, nor how this dependence could arise from an equation of motion for the surface. Here we use experiments on soap films, computation, and theory to introduce simple and intuitive concepts to describe generic transitions and their singularities. In particular, we propose a criterion to predict, from the configuration of the initial state, the location of the singularity. This criterion involves the topological linkage between the bounding curve of the surface and a local systole, the local nontrivial minimum-length closed curve on the surface.
Gas loss in simulated galaxies as they fall into clusters
Authors: Cen Renyue , Pop Ana Roxana , Bahcall Neta A. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Observations show that galaxies located in dense environments such as clusters of galaxies are mostly dominated by an old stellar population with little or no star formation or cold gas. This effect is likely caused by ram pressure stripping of the gas in galaxies as they travel with high speed through the hot intracluster gas that permeates all clusters. But where and when do galaxies start losing their cold gas? What are their trajectories, and how long does it take them to lose their gas? In this article, we use high-resolution cosmological simulations to investigate these questions of how galaxies lose their cold gas as they fall into clusters of galaxies.
Context in constructions
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiko 
Published: May 2014

This paper illustrates the importance of context for grammar by examining discourse data of the nonsubject honorific construction o – Verb (stem) – suru. Building upon previous studies that argued that non-subject honorifics are subject to a pragmatic condition of benefit transfer between the subject and nonsubject referents, I argue that the targeted referents of nonsubject honorification are reorganized to the two participants of the discourse: the speaker and the addressee. The variations in the o-Verb (stem) – suru form are explained from the constructional and frame semantics perspectives as a process of cognitive and intersubjective (e.g., Traugott and Dasher 2002) reorganization of grammatical constructions motivated by contextual conditions of use and the speaker’s intention with respect to the addressee.
Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling in Schistosoma‐Induced Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Chabon Jacob J. , Gebreab Liya , Kumar Rahul , Debella Elias , Tanaka Takeshi , Koyanagi Dan , Garcia Alexandra Rodriguez , Sanders Linda , Perez Mario , Tuder Rubin M. , Graham Brian B. 
Published: May 2014

There is significant evidence that Th2 (T helper 2)‐mediated inflammation supports the pathogenesis of both human and experimental animal models of pulmonary hypertension (PH). A key immune regulator is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is produced by Th2 inflammation and can itself contribute to Th2 pulmonary responses. In this study, we interrogated the role of VEGF signaling in a murine model of schistosomiasis‐induced PH with a phenotype of significant intrapulmonary Th2 inflammation, vascular remodeling, and elevated right ventricular pressures. We found that VEGF receptor blockade partially suppressed the levels of the Th2 inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐13 in both the lung and the liver after Schistosoma mansoni exposure and suppressed pulmonary vascular remodeling. These findings suggest that VEGF positively contributes to schistosomiasis‐induced vascular inflammation and remodeling, and they also provide evidence for a VEGF‐dependent signaling pathway necessary for pulmonary vascular remodeling and inflammation in this model.
Variable Screening and Decolonization Protocols for Staphylococcus aureus Carriage Prior to Surgical Procedures
Authors: Kline Susan , Highness Maya , Herwaldt Loreen A. , Perl Trish M. 
Published: May 2014

We surveyed the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Research Network, the Minnesota Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, and the Minnesota Hospital Association to assess presurgical Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization practices. The practices varied widely among responding facilities. The majority of respondents (63%) did not screen for S. aureus preoperatively.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(7):880–882
Quality of surgical care and readmission in elderly glioblastoma patients
Authors: Nuño Miriam , Ly Diana , Mukherjee Debraj , Ortega Alicia , Black Keith L. , Patil Chirag G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThirty-day readmissions post medical or surgical discharge have been analyzed extensively. Studies have shown that complex interactions of multiple factors are responsible for these hospitalizations.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Medicare database of newly diagnosed elderly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients who underwent surgical resection between 1991 and 2007. Hospitals were classified into high- or low-readmission rate cohorts using a risk-adjusted methodology. Bivariate comparisons of outcomes were conducted. Multivariate analysis evaluated differences in quality of care according to hospital readmission rates.ResultsA total of 1,273 patients underwent surgery in 338 hospitals; 523 patients were treated in 228 high-readmission hospitals and 750 in 110 low-readmission hospitals. Patient characteristics for high-versus low-readmission hospitals were compared. In a confounder-adjusted model, patients treated in high- versus low-readmission hospitals had similar outcomes. The hazard of mortality for patients treated at high- compared to low-readmission hospitals was 1.06 (95% CI, 0.095%–1.19%). While overall complications were comparable between high- and low-readmission hospitals (16.3% vs 14.3%; P = .33), more postoperative pulmonary embolism/deep vein thrombosis complications were documented in patients treated at high-readmission hospitals (7.5% vs 4.1%; P = .01). Adverse events and levels of resection achieved during surgery were comparable at high- and low-readmission hospitals.ConclusionsFor patients undergoing GBM resection, quality of care provided by hospitals with the highest adjusted readmission rates was similar to the care delivered by hospitals with the lowest rates. These findings provide evidence against the preconceived notion that 30-day readmissions can be used as a metric for quality of surgical and postsurgical care.
The Tandem Etalon Magnetograph of the Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope (SMART) at Hida Observatory
Authors: Nagata Shin’ichi , Morita Satoshi , Ichimoto Kiyoshi , Nishida Keisuke , Nakatani Yoshikazu , Kimura Goichi , Kaneda Naoki , Kitai Reizaburou , UeNo Satoru , Ishii Takako T. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The imaging photospheric magnetograph using tandem Fabry–Perot filters is newly installed in the Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope (SMART) of Hida Observatory, Kyoto University. The instrument, Tandem Etalon Magnetograph (TEM), consists of a rotating wave plate, tandem Fabry–Perot filters which scan the Fe i 6302.5 Å line with ∼ 130 mÅ bandwidth, a polarizing beam splitter, and two CCD cameras simultaneously taking orthogonally polarized light with a frame rate of 30 frames per second. We have confirmed that the Stokes vector map deduced from 20 s integration achieves a polarimetric sensitivity of ∼ 5 × 10−4 for all polarization states at one wavelength, which is higher than is achieved with a space instrument such as the Spectro-Polarimeter aboard Hinode or the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager aboard the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO). We expect the complementary observations by SMART/TEM, Hinode, and SDO can shed new light on the trigger and energy storage mechanism of solar flares.
Victimhood and Attitudes towards Dealing with the Legacy of a Violent Past: Northern Ireland as a Case Study
Authors: Brewer John D. , Hayes Bernadette C. 
Published: May 2014

Research Highlights and Abstract Using Northern Ireland as a case study, this article provides the first nationally representative and systematic study of victims' views on how to deal with the past; Focusing specifically on Northern Ireland, it both investigates and provides a comprehensive account of the marked divisions between the various religious groupings—Protestants, Catholics and the non-affiliated—in terms of a range of truth recovery mechanisms to deal with legacy of its violent past; It empirically investigates and validates two key predictors—perceptions of victimhood and general attitudes towards the past—in determining the source of these divisions It outlines the implications of our findings for other societies emerging from conflict. Truth recovery mechanisms have become a cornerstone of peacebuilding efforts in societies emerging from conflict. Yet, to date, the view of victims in post-conflict societies concerning such arrangements remains highly anecdotal and often second-hand in nature. Mindful of this omission and using Northern Ireland as a case study, this article investigates the views of victims towards a range of mechanisms to deal with the legacy of Northern Ireland's violent past. Based on the 2011 Northern Ireland Social and Political Attitudes Survey, the results suggest some marked divisions in relation to this issue, with victims within the Catholic community being significantly more supportive of such initiatives than either Protestants or those with no religion. Moreover, while perceptions of victimhood emerge as the key predictor of attitudes among Protestants and the non-affiliated, general opinions on how to deal with the past are the key determinant of views among members of the Catholic community.
Pilot study assessing the novel use of musculoskeletal ultrasound in patients with rheumatoid arthritis to improve patient attitudes and adherence to medication
Authors: Joplin Samantha K. , van der Zwan Rick , Bagga Hanish , Joshua Fred , Wong Peter K. K. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if showing patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ultrasound (US) images of their inflamed joints: (i) increased belief in the necessity of medication; (ii) encouraged patient activation, that is, confidence and understanding in managing their health; and (iii) facilitated medication adherence.MethodEighteen patients aged ≥ 18 years old with active RA (DAS28 [Disease Activity Score of 28 joints] > 2.6) requiring increased immunosuppression were included. The following questionnaires were administered at baseline (T1), 3 days post‐US (T2) and 10 days post‐US (T3): (i) Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) to measure the cost‐benefit analysis made by patients regarding the necessity versus concern of medication; (ii) Patient Activation Measure (PAM‐13) to assess patient activation; (iii) Compliance Questionnaire‐Rheumatology (CQR) to measure medication adherence; and (iv) Routine Assessment of Patient Index‐3 (RAPID3) to assess physical function, pain and global status. US of ≥ 1 clinically affected joints was performed on one occasion with an explanation of findings.ResultsPatient cost‐benefit decisions shifted positively following US, that is, favored belief in the necessity of medication with a mean ± SD cost‐benefit ratio (possible range − 20 to + 20) at T1 of 1.17 ± 6.10 which increased to 2.54 ± 5.38 at T2 and 4.06 ± 5.76 at T3, P = 0.043 by analysis of variance (anova). PAM‐13, CQR and RAPID3 scores remained stable (all P > 0.05 by anova).ConclusionShowing patients with RA ‘real‐time’ US images of clinically inflamed joints resulted in a more favorable cost‐benefit analysis, that is, increased patient belief in the necessity of medication versus concern about taking medication. There was no change in patient activation, medication adherence or disease severity.
Variations of the sciatic nerve anatomy and blood supply in the gluteal region: a review of the literature
Authors: Kanawati Andrew James 
Published: May 2014

AbstractVariations of the sciatic nerve anatomy and blood supply are complex and largely not dealt with in common anatomy texts. Variations of the sciatic nerve anatomy can be divided into the height of division of its branches, relation of the branches to the piriformis muscle, and its blood supply. These variations should be well known to any surgeon operating in this anatomical region. It is unknown whether these variations increase the risk of surgical injury and consequent morbidity. This paper will review the current knowledge regarding anatomical variations of the sciatic nerve and its blood supply.