bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The time scale of the silicate weathering negative feedback on atmospheric CO2
Authors: Colbourn G. , Ridgwell A. , Lenton T. M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe ultimate fate of CO2 added to the ocean‐atmosphere system is chemical reaction with silicate minerals and burial as marine carbonates. The time scale of this silicate weathering negative feedback on atmospheric pCO2 will determine the duration of perturbations to the carbon cycle, be they geological release events or the current anthropogenic perturbation. However, there has been little previous work on quantifying the time scale of the silicate weathering feedback, with the primary estimate of 300–400 kyr being traceable to an early box model study by Sundquist (1991). Here we employ a representation of terrestrial rock weathering in conjunction with the “GENIE” (Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system) model to elucidate the different time scales of atmospheric CO2 regulation while including the main climate feedbacks on CO2 uptake by the ocean. In this coupled model, the main dependencies of weathering—runoff, temperature, and biological productivity—were driven from an energy‐moisture balance atmosphere model and parameterized plant productivity. Long‐term projections (1 Myr) were conducted for idealized scenarios of 1000 and 5000 PgC fossil fuel emissions and their sensitivity to different model parameters was tested. By fitting model output to a series of exponentials we determined the e‐folding time scale for atmospheric CO2 drawdown by silicate weathering to be ∼240 kyr (range 170–380 kyr), significantly less than existing quantifications. Although the time scales for reequilibration of global surface temperature and surface ocean pH are similar to that for CO2, a much greater proportion of the peak temperature anomaly persists on this longest time scale; ∼21% compared to ∼10% for CO2.
Climate variability and relationships between top‐of‐atmosphere radiation and temperatures on Earth
Authors: Trenberth Kevin E. , Zhang Yongxin , Fasullo John T. , Taguchi Shoichi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe monthly global and regional variability in Earth's radiation balance is examined using correlations and regressions between atmospheric temperatures and water vapor with top‐of‐atmosphere outgoing longwave (OLR), absorbed shortwave (ASR), and net radiation (RT = ASR − OLR). Anomalous global mean monthly variability in the net radiation is surprisingly large, often more than ±1 W m−2, and arises mainly from clouds and transient weather systems. Relationships are strongest and positive between OLR and temperatures, especially over land for tropospheric temperatures, except in the deep tropics where high sea surface temperatures are associated with deep convection, high cold cloud tops and thus less OLR but also less ASR. Tropospheric vertically averaged temperatures (surface = 150 hPa) are thus negatively correlated globally with net radiation (−0.57), implying 2.18 ± 0.10 W m−2 extra net radiation to space for 1°C increase in temperature. Water vapor is positively correlated with tropospheric temperatures and thus also negatively correlated with net radiation; however, when the temperature dependency of water vapor is statistically removed, a significant positive feedback between water vapor and net radiation is revealed globally with 0.87 W m−2 less OLR to space per millimeter of total column water vapor. The regression coefficient between global RT and tropospheric temperature becomes −2.98 W m−2 K−1 if water vapor effects are removed, slightly less than expected from blackbody radiation (−3.2 W m−2 K−1), suggesting a positive feedback from clouds and other processes. Robust regional structures provide additional physical insights. The observational record is too short, weather noise too great, and forcing too small to make reliable estimates of climate sensitivity.
Western Disturbances: A review
Authors: Dimri A. P. , Niyogi D. , Barros A. P. , Ridley J. , Mohanty U. C. , Yasunari T. , Sikka D. R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCyclonic storms associated with the midlatitude Subtropical Westerly Jet (SWJ), referred to as Western Disturbances (WDs), play a critical role in the meteorology of the Indian subcontinent. WDs embedded in the southward propagating SWJ produce extreme precipitation over northern India and are further enhanced over the Himalayas due to orographic land‐atmosphere interactions. During December, January, and February, WD snowfall is the dominant precipitation input to establish and sustain regional snowpack, replenishing regional water resources. Spring melt is the major source of runoff to northern Indian rivers and can be linked to important hydrologic processes from aquifer recharge to flashfloods. Understanding the dynamical structure, evolution‐decay, and interaction of WDs with the Himalayas is therefore necessary to improve knowledge which has wide ranging socioeconomic implications beyond short‐term disaster response including cold season agricultural activities, management of water resources, and development of vulnerability‐adaptive measures. In addition, WD wintertime precipitation provides critical mass input to existing glaciers and modulates the albedo characteristics of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, affecting large‐scale circulation and the onset of the succeeding Indian Summer Monsoon. Assessing the impacts of climate variability and change on the Indian subcontinent requires fundamental understanding of the dynamics of WDs. In particular, projected changes in the structure of the SWJ will influence evolution‐decay processes of the WDs and impact Himalayan regional water availability. This review synthesizes past research on WDs with a perspective to provide a comprehensive assessment of the state of knowledge to assist both researchers and policymakers, and context for future research.
Coupled and uncoupled hydrogeophysical inversions using ensemble Kalman filter assimilation of ERT‐monitored tracer test data
Authors: Camporese Matteo , Cassiani Giorgio , Deiana Rita , Salandin Paolo , Binley Andrew 
Published: April 2015

AbstractRecent advances in geophysical methods have been increasingly exploited as inverse modeling tools in groundwater hydrology. In particular, several attempts to constrain the hydrogeophysical inverse problem to reduce inversion errors have been made using time‐lapse geophysical measurements through both coupled and uncoupled (also known as sequential) inversion approaches. Despite the appeal and popularity of coupled inversion approaches, their superiority over uncoupled methods has not been proved conclusively; the goal of this work is to provide an objective comparison between the two approaches within a specific inversion modeling framework based on the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). Using EnKF and a model of Lagrangian transport, we compare the performance of a fully coupled and uncoupled inversion method for the reconstruction of heterogeneous saturated hydraulic conductivity fields through the assimilation of ERT‐monitored tracer test data. The two inversion approaches are tested in a number of different scenarios, including isotropic and anisotropic synthetic aquifers, where we change the geostatistical parameters used to generate the prior ensemble of hydraulic conductivity fields. Our results show that the coupled approach outperforms the uncoupled when the prior statistics are close to the ones used to generate the true field. Otherwise, the coupled approach is heavily affected by “filter inbreeding” (an undesired effect of variance underestimation typical of EnKF), while the uncoupled approach is more robust, being able to correct biased prior information, thanks to its capability of capturing the solute travel times even in presence of inversion artifacts such as the violation of mass balance. Furthermore, the coupled approach is more computationally intensive than the uncoupled, due to the much larger number of forward runs required by the electrical model. Overall, we conclude that the relative merit of the coupled versus the uncoupled approach cannot be assumed a priori and should be assessed case by case.
Assimilation of stream discharge for flood forecasting: Updating a semidistributed model with an integrated data assimilation scheme
Authors: Li Yuan , Ryu Dongryeol , Western Andrew W. , Wang Q. J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractReal‐time discharge observations can be assimilated into flood models to improve forecast accuracy; however, the presence of time lags in the routing process and a lack of methods to quantitatively represent different sources of uncertainties challenge the implementation of data assimilation techniques for operational flood forecasting. To address these issues, an integrated error parameter estimation and lag‐aware data assimilation (IEELA) scheme was recently developed for a lumped model. The scheme combines an ensemble‐based maximum a posteriori (MAP) error estimation approach with a lag‐aware ensemble Kalman smoother (EnKS). In this study, the IEELA scheme is extended to a semidistributed model to provide for more general application in flood forecasting by including spatial and temporal correlations in model uncertainties between subcatchments. The result reveals that using a semidistributed model leads to more accurate forecasts than a lumped model in an open‐loop scenario. The IEELA scheme improves the forecast accuracy significantly in both lumped and semidistributed models, and the superiority of the semidistributed model remains in the data assimilation scenario. However, the improvements resulting from IEELA are confined to the outlet of the catchment where the discharge observations are assimilated. Forecasts at “ungauged” internal locations are not improved, and in some instances, even become less accurate.
SAHKE seismic‐scatter imaging of subduction beneath Wellington, North Island, New Zealand
Authors: Kurashimo Eiji , Henrys Stuart , Sato Hiroshi , Iwasaki Takaya , Okaya David , Sutherland Rupert , Stern Tim , Iidaka Takashi , Ishiyama Tatsuya , Savage Martha 
Published: April 2015

AbstractScattering reflectivity analysis of onshore seismic data (Seismic Array HiKurangi Experiment) images slab geometry and crustal structure at a geodetically locked subduction boundary. A broad seismic scattering zone (BSZ) up to 10 km thick above the subduction interface at depths of 16–30 km has seismic properties (Vp, Vp/Vs, and Q) that imply high fluid pressures, probably associated with underplated sediments. The listric strike‐slip Wairarapa Fault and other splay faults that sole into the BSZ imply long‐term weakness. High rates of intraslab seismicity with low rates above the slab imply stress decoupling across the BSZ. Association of high fluid pressures and long‐term weakness with geodetic locking is in contrast to similar observations at zones of slow slip at the northern Hikurangi margin and suggest that either (1) pore fluid pressure or locking behavior may cycle over times longer than two decades or (2) local material properties play a significant role in determining if slow slip or locking occurs.
Lunar semidiurnal tide in the terrestrial airglow
Authors: von Savigny C. , Lednyts'kyy O. , Forbes J. M. , Zhang X. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe report on lunar semidiurnal tidal signatures in several parameters of the terrestrial airglow, including OI green line emission rates, OH(3‐1) emission rates, as well as OH emission altitude, atomic oxygen, and OH(3‐1) rotational temperature in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere region. The parameters were retrieved from spaceborne measurements of nightglow emissions at low latitudes with the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography instrument on the Envisat satellite. The identified lunar tidal signatures in airglow emissions have amplitudes of a few percent and are highly significant statistically. Moreover, the signatures observed in the different parameters analyzed show a coherent behavior consistent with the view that they are caused by vertical motions associated with vertical transport of atomic oxygen and adiabatic cooling/heating. The observed lunar semidiurnal tidal signature in temperature is in good agreement with model simulations with the global scale wave model.
Watershed geomorphology and snowmelt control stream thermal sensitivity to air temperature
Authors: Lisi Peter J. , Schindler Daniel E. , Cline Timothy J. , Scheuerell Mark D. , Walsh Patrick B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHow local geomorphic and hydrologic features mediate the sensitivity of stream thermal regimes to variation in climatic conditions remains a critical uncertainty in understanding aquatic ecosystem responses to climate change. We used stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen to estimate contributions of snow and rainfall to 80 boreal streams and show that differences in snow contribution are controlled by watershed topography. Time series analysis of stream thermal regimes revealed that streams in rain‐dominated, low‐elevation watersheds were 5–8 times more sensitive to variation in summer air temperature compared to streams draining steeper topography whose flows were dominated by snowmelt. This effect was more pronounced across the landscape in early summer and less distinct in late summer. Thus, the impact of climate warming on freshwater thermal regimes will be spatially heterogeneous across river basins as controlled by geomorphic features. However, thermal heterogeneity may be lost with reduced snowpack and increased ratios of rain to snow in stream discharge.
Circulation of modified Circumpolar Deep Water and basal melt beneath the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica
Authors: Herraiz‐Borreguero Laura , Coleman Richard , Allison Ian , Rintoul Stephen R. , Craven Mike , Williams Guy D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAntarctic ice sheet mass loss has been linked to an increase in oceanic heat supply, which enhances basal melt and thinning of ice shelves. Here we detail the interaction of modified Circumpolar Deep Water (mCDW) with the Amery Ice Shelf, the largest ice shelf in East Antarctica, and provide the first estimates of basal melting due to mCDW. We use subice shelf ocean observations from a borehole site (AM02) situated ∼70 km inshore of the ice shelf front, together with open ocean observations in Prydz Bay. We find that mCDW transport into the cavity is about 0.22 ± 0.06 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1). The inflow of mCDW drives a net basal melt rate of up to 2 ± 0.5 m yr−1 during 2001 (23.9 ± 6.52 Gt yr−1 from under about 12,800 km2 of the north‐eastern flank of the ice shelf). The heat content flux by mCDW at AM02 shows high intra‐annual variability (up to 40%). Our results suggest two main modes of subice shelf circulation and basal melt regimes: (1) the “ice pump”/high salinity shelf water circulation, on the western flank and (2) the mCDW meltwater‐driven circulation in conjunction with the “ice pump,” on the eastern flank. These results highlight the sensitivity of the Amery's basal melting to changes in mCDW inflow. Improved understanding of such ice shelf‐ocean interaction is crucial to refining projections of mass loss and associated sea level rise.
Fast Food
Authors: Bugge Annechen Bahr 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Fast food is often described as simple snacks served from restaurants, snack bars, kiosks, bars or shops. A characteristic of these types of dishes is that they are quick to prepare, serve, and eat. Also often known as “street food,” due to portability and informality, fast food can be traced back to the ancient Roman cities and so is not exclusively tied to the hamburger, pizza, and hot dog meals arising in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Obesity
Authors: Kumanyika Chenjerai 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In addition to the strict scientific definition denoting the condition as an important risk factor for other diseases, the term “obesity” has come to be associated with a variety of other cultural meanings related to both moral character and consumption. Factors such as dramatic changes in food production and the marketing of food products, more sedentary modern lifestyles, the proliferation of public and private sector intervention strategies, cultural influences, and representations of obesity in the mass media have influenced societal understandings of the relationship between obesity and consumption.
Bortezomib‐based therapy combined with high cut‐off hemodialysis is highly effective in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients with severe renal impairment
Authors: Zannetti Beatrice Anna , Zamagni Elena , Santostefano Marisa , De Sanctis Lucia Barbara , Tacchetti Paola , Mancini Elena , Pantani Lucia , Brioli Annamaria , Rizzo Raffaella , Mancuso Katia , Rocchi Serena , Pezzi Annalisa , Borsi Enrica , Terragna Carolina , Marzocchi Giulia , Santoro Antonio , Cavo Michele 
Published: April 2015

Multiple myeloma (MM) is often associated with renal insufficiency (RI) which adversely influences the prognosis. Several studies demonstrated that bortezomib can improve both renal function and outcome. We prospectively evaluated 21 newly diagnosed MM patients with severe renal impairment secondary to tubular‐interstitial damage, most of them due to myeloma kidney, who were primarily treated with bortezomib‐based therapy combined with high cut‐off hemodialysis (HCOD). The median serum creatinine level at baseline was 6.44 mg dL−1 and calculated median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), according to Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) creatinine equation, was 8 mL/min/1.73 m2. Serum free light chain (sFLC) median concentration was 6,040 mg L−1. Post induction and best stringent complete response rates were 19 and 38%, respectively. Responses were fast, occurring within a median of 1.4 months. The combination of bortezomib and HCOD led to a prompt and remarkable (>90%) decrease in sFLC levels. Sixteen patients (76%) became dialysis independent within a median of 32 days. With a median follow up of 17.2 months, the 3‐year PFS and OS were 76 and 67%, respectively. No early deaths were observed. This study demonstrates that incorporation of bortezomib into induction therapy combined with HCOD is a highly effective strategy in rescuing renal function and improving outcomes in patients with MM and RI. Am. J. Hematol. 90:647–652, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computer‐assisted staging of chronic rhinosinusitis correlates with symptoms
Authors: Garneau Jonathan , Ramirez Michael , Armato Samuel G. , Sensakovic William F. , Ford Megan K. , Poon Colin S. , Ginat Daniel T. , Starkey Adam , Baroody Fuad M. , Pinto Jayant M. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundThe Lund‐Mackay (LM) staging system for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) does not correlate with clinical parameters, likely due to its coarse scale. We developed a “Modified Lund Mackay” (MLM) system, which uses a three‐dimensional (3D), computerized method to quantify the volume of mucosal inflammation in the sinuses, and sought to determine whether the MLM would correlate with symptoms and disease‐specific quality of life.MethodsWe obtained Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) and 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) data from 55 adult subjects immediately prior to sinus imaging. The volume of each sinus occupied by mucosal inflammation was measured using MATLAB algorithms created using customized, image analysis software after manual outlining of each sinus. Linear regression was used to model the relationship between the MLM and the SNOT‐22 and TNSS. Correlation between the LM and MLM was tested using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.ResultsAdjusting for age, gender, and smoking, a higher symptom burden was associated with increased sinonasal inflammation as captured by the MLM (β = 0.453, p < 0.013). As expected due to the differences in scales, the LM and MLM scores were significantly different (p < 0.011). No association between MLM and SNOT‐22 scores was found.ConclusionThe MLM is one of the first imaging‐based scoring systems that correlates with sinonasal symptoms. Further development of this custom software, including full automation and validation in larger samples, may yield a biomarker with great utility for both treatment of patients and outcomes assessment in clinical trials.
Copper‐Catalyzed Radical/Radical CH/PH Cross‐Coupling: α‐Phosphorylation of Aryl Ketone O‐Acetyloximes
Authors: Ke Jie , Tang Yuliang , Yi Hong , Li Yali , Cheng Yongde , Liu Chao , Lei Aiwen 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe selective radical/radical cross‐coupling of two different organic radicals is a great challenge due to the inherent activity of radicals. In this paper, a copper‐catalyzed radical/radical CH/PH cross‐coupling has been developed. It provides a radical/radical cross‐coupling in a selective manner. This work offers a simple way toward β‐ketophosphonates by oxidative coupling of aryl ketone o‐acetyloximes with phosphine oxides using CuCl as catalyst and PCy3 as ligand in dioxane under N2 atmosphere at 130 °C for 5 h, and yields ranging from 47 % to 86 %. The preliminary mechanistic studies by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) showed that, 1) the reduction of ketone o‐acetyloximes generates iminium radicals, which could isomerize to α‐sp3‐carbon radical species; 2) phosphorus radicals were generated from the oxidation of phosphine oxides. Various aryl ketone o‐acetyloximes and phosphine oxides were suitable for this transformation.
The adsorption behaviors of the multiple stimulus‐responsive poly(ethylene glycol)‐based hydrogels for removal of RhB dye
Authors: Yuan Zhicheng , Wang Yang , Han Xiao , Chen Dajun 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, the multiple stimulus‐responsive organic/inorganic hybrid hydrogels by combining poly(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate‐co‐oligo (ethylene glycol) methacrylate‐co‐acrylic acid) (PMOA) hydrogel with magnetic attapulgite/Fe3O4 (AT‐Fe3O4) nanoparticles were applied to the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye from wastewater. The adsorption of RhB by the hydrogels was carried out under different external environmental, such as pH, temperature and magnetic‐field. The results showed that the hydrogels still possessed temperature, pH and magnetic‐field sensitivity during the adsorption process, which indicated that the adsorption could be controlled by the hydrogels responsive. The dye adsorption had a significant increment at 30°C and the removal of RhB could reach to over 95%. Besides, the low pH values were also favorable for the RhB adsorption, the removal was over 90% at pH = 4.56. Kinetic studies showed that the pseudo‐second order kinetic model well fitted the experimental data. The rate constant of adsorption was 0.0379 g/mg min. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium adsorption for describing the interaction between sorbent and adsorbate. The maximum KL and KF were 2.23 (L/g) and 0.87 (mg/g) at 30°C, respectively. Under the external magnetic‐field, the adsorption rate significantly increased within 250 min and the hydrogels could be separated easily from wastewater. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42244.