bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the use of plant hormones and biostimulators in forage pastures to enhance shoot dry biomass production by perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.)
Authors: Zaman Mohammad , Kurepin Leonid V , Catto Warwick , Pharis Richard P 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFertilisation of established perennial ryegrass forage pastures with nitrogen (N)‐based fertilisers is currently the most common practice used on farms to increase pasture forage biomass yield. However, over‐fertilisation can lead to undesired environmental impacts, including nitrate leaching into waterways and increased gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere. Additionally, there is growing interest from pastoral farmers to adopt methods for increasing pasture dry matter yield which use ‘natural’, environmentally safe plant growth stimulators, together with N‐based fertilisers. Such plant growth stimulators include plant hormones and plant growth promotive microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi (‘biostimulators’, which may produce plant growth‐inducing hormones), as well as extracts of seaweed (marine algae). This review presents examples and discusses current uses of plant hormones and biostimulators, applied alone or together with N‐based fertilisers, to enhance shoot dry matter yield of forage pasture species, with an emphasis on perennial ryegrass. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Biodegradable Polymeric Films and Membranes Processing and Forming for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Suntornnond Ratima , An Jia , Yeong Wai Yee , Chua Chee Kai 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis paper critically reviews the overall process of biodegradable polymer films and membranes scaffold fabrication for tissue engineering (TE). Various fabrication techniques including both the processing and the post‐processing methods are presented. The processing methods are categorized systematically into basic casting technique, porogen technique, and tooling technique. A comprehensive discussion on post‐processing steps and surface patterning techniques is also included to showcase the potential of membrane in TE applications. This paper also evaluates the requirements of films and membrane scaffolds for specific TE applications. The challenges and future outlook of membrane scaffolds are highlighted with potential application in 3D vascularized tissues fabrication.
Pain with sitting related to injury of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Authors: Dellon A. Lee 
Published: April 2015

PurposeThe ischial tuberosity, referred to as the “sit bone” by patients with pain, is surrounded by critical nerves. This research relates, for the first time, the involvement of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (PFCN), including its perineal and inferior cluneal branches to the symptom of “sitting pain.” An experience with PFCN resection for treatment of pain with sitting is reported.Patients and methods: The computer records were searched from 2010 through August of 2013, identifying 17 patients who had surgery on PFCN. Fifteen of these 17 were women. Mean age of 17 patients was 54.6 years (range 30–74 years). Each patient had pain with sitting, and spent much of the day standing or lying down. Each had symptoms involving posterior thigh and buttock. Three patients had bilateral problems. Each of 17 patients in this series had resection of PFCN through an incision in the gluteal crease. Resection included inferior cluneal branches and perineal branch.ResultsOf 17 patients, at a mean of 19.4 months (range 6 to 42 months) after surgery, the visual analog scale improved from a mean of 9.2 to a mean of 2.1 (P < 0.0001). There were 7 excellent, 6 good, 3 fair, and 1 poor result, for 76% good to excellent result in terms of pain relief and improvement in being able to sit.ConclusionPain with sitting can be due to injury to PFCN, a previously unreported etiology. Good to excellent results can be expected in 76% of carefully selected patients. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:463–468, 2015.
MR elastography for evaluating regeneration of tissue‐engineered cartilage in an ectopic mouse model
Authors: Khalilzad‐Sharghi Vahid , Han Zhongji , Xu Huihui , Othman Shadi F. 
Published: April 2015

PurposeThe purpose of the present study was to apply noninvasive methods for monitoring regeneration and mechanical properties of tissue‐engineered cartilage in vivo at different growth stages using MR elastography (MRE).MethodsThree types of scaffolds, including silk, collagen, and gelatin seeded by human mesenchymal stem cells, were implanted subcutaneously in mice and imaged at 9.4T where the shear stiffness and transverse MR relaxation time (T2) were measured for the regenerating constructs for 8 wk. An MRE phase contrast spin echo–based sequence was used for collecting MRE images. At the conclusion of the in vivo study, constructs were excised and transcript levels of cartilage‐specific genes were quantitated using reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction.ResultsTissue‐engineered constructs showed a cartilage‐like construct with progressive tissue formation characterized by increase in shear stiffness and decrease in T2 that can be correlated with increased cartilage transcript levels including aggrecan, type II collagen, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein after 8 wk of in vivo culture.ConclusionAltogether, the outcome of this research demonstrates the feasibility of MRE and MRI for noninvasive monitoring of engineered cartilage construct's growth after implantation and provides noninvasive biomarkers for regeneration, which may be translated into treatment of tissue defects. Magn Reson Med 75:1209–1217, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling carbon nanotube reinforced composite materials with the cylindrical method of cells
Authors: Hackett Robert M. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryMicromechanics modeling, utilizing a cylindrical method of cells (CMOC) model, is employed to obtain the effective mechanical properties of an elastic transversely isotropic, isothermal material system consisting of a hollow carbon nanotube (CNT) embedded in an isotropic polymeric material matrix. It is shown that weak interfacial bonding between the CNT and polymeric matrix, which is characteristic of this type of material system, can be modeled with the CMOC. Numerical solutions of the effective independent material constants are obtained, based upon appropriate values of the properties of the carbon nanotube and epoxy matrix. The numerical results are presented graphically and compared with corresponding classical closed‐form solutions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The weak substitution method – an application of the mortar method for patch coupling in NURBS‐based isogeometric analysis
Authors: Dornisch W. , Vitucci G. , Klinkel S. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryIn this contribution, a mortar‐type method for the coupling of non‐conforming NURBS (Non‐Uniform Rational B‐spline) surface patches is proposed. The connection of non‐conforming patches with shared degrees of freedom requires mutual refinement, which propagates throughout the whole patch due to the tensor‐product structure of NURBS surfaces. Thus, methods to handle non‐conforming meshes are essential in NURBS‐based isogeometric analysis. The main objective of this work is to provide a simple and efficient way to couple the individual patches of complex geometrical models without altering the variational formulation. The deformations of the interface control points of adjacent patches are interrelated with a master‐slave relation. This relation is established numerically using the weak form of the equality of mutual deformations along the interface. With the help of this relation, the interface degrees of freedom of the slave patch can be condensated out of the system. A natural connection of the patches is attained without additional terms in the weak form. The proposed method is also applicable for nonlinear computations without further measures. Linear and geometrical nonlinear examples show the high accuracy and robustness of the new method. A comparison to reference results and to computations with the Lagrange multiplier method is given. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal feedback gains determination method for nominal reentry guidance
Authors: Shen Hong‐Xin , Li Hai‐Yang 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThis paper presents a new method for solving feedback gains in guidance based on optimal control theory. The determination of feedback gains is a critical problem for nominal guidance, because landing precision benefits from appropriate feedback gains. The magnitude of the bank angle is determined by minimizing the total error of final altitude as well as downrange requirement to the landing site. The problem is formulated as an optimal control problem by means of the Pontryagin's maximum principle, and backward integration is used to solve the problem based on homogeneous property. The proposed approach not only can avoid linearizing the nonlinear dynamic equations, but also are applicable to different guidance equations. Validation shows that the proposed approach can provide consistent results with that of Apollo. Despite employment of nominal guidance in the entire reentry of lunar mission, the proposed approach demonstrates good performance in all simulation cases while subject to significant disturbances. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase 2 trial of sorafenib in children and young adults with refractory solid tumors: A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Kim AeRang , Widemann Brigitte C. , Krailo Mark , Jayaprakash Nalini , Fox Elizabeth , Weigel Brenda , Blaney Susan M. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundSorafenib is an oral small molecule inhibitor of multiple kinases controlling tumor growth and angiogenesis. The purpose of the phase 2 study was to determine the response rate of sorafenib and gain further information on the associated toxicities, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of sorafenib in children and young adults with relapsed or refractory tumors including rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).ProcedureSorafenib, 200 mg/m2/dose, was administered every 12 hr continuously for 28 day cycles using a two‐stage design in two primary strata (rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms tumor) and two secondary strata (HCC and PTC). Correlative studies in consenting patients included determination of sorafenib steady state trough concentrations and assessments of VEGF and sVEGFR2.ResultsTwenty patients (median age of 11 years; range, 5–21) enrolled. No objective responses (RECIST) were observed in the 10 evaluable patients enrolled in each of the two primary disease strata of rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms tumor. No patients with HCC or PTC were enrolled. Sorafenib was not associated with an excessive rate of dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT). The mean ± SD steady state concentration during cycle 1 day 15 was 6.5 ± 3.9 μg/ml (n = 10).ConclusionsSorafenib was well tolerated in children at 200 mg/m2/dose twice daily on a continuous regimen with toxicity profile and steady state drug concentrations similar to those previously reported. Single agent sorafenib was inactive in children with recurrent or refractory rhabdomyosarcoma or Wilms tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1562–1566. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adipocyte‐derived monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) promotes prostate cancer progression through the induction of MMP‐2 activity
Authors: Ito Yusuke , Ishiguro Hitoshi , Kobayashi Naohito , Hasumi Hisashi , Watanabe Masatoshi , Yao Masahiro , Uemura Hiroji 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUNDObesity is known to be associated with prostate cancer development and progression, but the detailed mechanism is not clear. Monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is secreted from cancer cells, stromal cells, and adipocytes, and it is involved in prostate cancer progression. Here we investigated the biological role of MCP‐1 secreted from adipocytes for prostate cancer cells.METHODSHuman pre‐adipocytes (HPAds) were cultured and differentiated to mature adipocytes. Conditioned medium (CM) from HPAd cells was obtained using phenol red‐free RPMI1640 medium. We performed a cytokine membrane array analysis to detect cytokines in the CM. To characterize the physiological function of MCP‐1 in the CM, we performed an MTT‐assay, a wound‐healing and invasion assay with anti‐MCP‐1 antibody using three prostate cancer cell lines: DU145, LNCaP, and PC‐3. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 activities were evaluated by gelatin zymography. A qPCR and Western blotting were used to examine the mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP‐2.RESULTSThe cytokine membrane array of the CM showed a strong signal of MCP‐1compared to the control medium, and we thus focused our attention on MCP‐1 in the CM. The CM up‐regulated the cancer cell proliferation, and the neutralization by anti‐MCP‐1 antibody inhibited the proliferative effect of the prostate cancer cell lines. The CM greatly increased the invasive activity in the prostate cancer cell lines, and anti‐MCP‐1 antibody decreased the invasiveness. Gelatin zymography revealed that the CM markedly enhanced the enzymatic activity of MMP‐2, and anti‐MCP‐1 antibody down‐regulated its effect. MMP‐2 mRNA expression was undetected and the MMP‐2 protein level was unchanged between the control medium and CM in DU145 cells.CONCLUSIONSMCP‐1 from adipocytes enhances the growth and invasion activity of prostate cancer cells. The inhibition of MCP‐1 derived from adipocytes might be an effective treatment for prostate cancer. Prostate 75:1009–1019, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intraepithelial lymphocytes in relation to NIH category IV prostatitis in autopsy prostate
Authors: Dikov Dorian , Bachurska Svitlana , Staikov Dimitri , Sarafian Victoria 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUNDQuantitative analysis of the number, normal and pathologic ratios between lymphocytes and epithelial cells (ECs), and the significance of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in normal prostatic epithelium, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in relation to NIH category IV prostatitis (histologic prostatitis: HP) was studied in autopsy prostate.METHODSIELs were analysed in 59 autopsy prostates, which was routinely embedded in paraffin and immunohistochemically stained for CD3. An average of 300–500 ECs were counted per case. The number of IELs was calculated as the mean/100 ECs. Category IV prostatitis was evaluated using NIH consensus grading system in terms of anatomical localization and grade.RESULTSIn healthy individuals the mean number of IELs/100 ECs was 0.61 ± 0.34% or ≤1 lymphocyte/100 ECs, which is considered as the normal basal level of prostate IELs. In category IV prostatitis, the mean number of IELs/100 ECs was 8.53 ± 3.25% or 5–11 lymphocytes/100 ECs. The number of IELs in both around and inside inflammation areas correlated to the grade and location of HP (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0003), the presence of acute glandular inflammation (P < 0.0001), the scattered stromal lymphocytes (P = 0.029), and BPH and PIN associated prostatic inflammation (P < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONThe study presents the first attempt to examine and score the basic quantitative values of prostatic IELs in normal prostate and in relation to category IV prostatitis. The detected normal upper limit of CD3+ IELs is 1 lymphocyte/100 ECs in the normal prostate epithelium. This is considered as an organ specific characteristic of the prostate‐associated lymphoid tissue (PALT). Values >5 IELs/100 ECs indicate the presence of category IV prostatitis. The severity of inflammation correlates to the number of IELs. There is an intimate link between the quantity of the IELs, the degree of the severity and the localization of category IV prostatitis. HP is a chronic and dynamic inflammatory process affecting the whole prostate gland. The increased number of IELs suggests the immune or autoimmune character of category IV prostatitis, BPH and inflammatory preneoplastic (PIN) lesions in the prostatic tumor environment. Prostate 75:1074–1084, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protective effect of casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate on enamel erosion: Atomic force microscopy studies
Authors: Ceci Matteo , Mirando Maria , Beltrami Riccardo , Chiesa Marco , Poggio Claudio 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of a casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP) paste (GC Tooth Mousse‐ TM, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) on preventing enamel erosion, by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). 30 human incisors, were equally assigned to 6 groups: intact enamel, enamel + soft drink, enamel + TM, enamel + TM + soft drink, enamel + soft drink + TM, enamel + soft drink + TM + soft drink. Specimens were observed through atomic force microscopy (AFM). The most common topographical parameters were determined, such as the surface roughness (Rrms). The use of soft drink on intact enamel has roughened the surface of the sample. The application of the CPP‐ACP paste on non‐treated enamel made the surface smoother. A significant decrease in roughness was seen after remineralization with CPP‐ACP paste. Significant differences were recorded when comparing softened enamel with softened enamel remineralized with CPP‐ACP paste. Comparing eroded enamel with demineralized/remineralized specimens, the application of a CPP‐ACP paste leads to a significant reduction in roughness values. AFM images of enamel surface treated with CPP‐ACP resulted in less morphological changes of the tooth substrate when compared with the only eroded enamel surface morphology; thus, indicating that CPP‐ACP paste promoted remineralization. Specimens' surface roughness remained similar regardless that the protective agent is used before or after exposure to coke or between two demineralizing cycles. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the CPP‐ACP paste on preventing enamel erosion produced by soft drinks. SCANNING 37:327–334, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The dynamic influence of cells on the formation of stable emulsions in organic–aqueous biotransformations
Authors: Collins Jonathan , Grund Marcel , Brandenbusch Christoph , Sadowski Gabriele , Schmid Andreas , Bühler Bruno 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Emulsion stability plays a crucial role for mass transfer and downstream processing in organic–aqueous bioprocesses based on whole microbial cells. In this study, emulsion stability dynamics and the factors determining them during two-liquid phase biotransformation were investigated for stereoselective styrene epoxidation catalyzed by recombinant Escherichia coli. Upon organic phase addition, emulsion stability rapidly increased correlating with a loss of solubilized protein from the aqueous cultivation broth and the emergence of a hydrophobic cell fraction associated with the organic–aqueous interface. A novel phase inversion-based method was developed to isolate and analyze cellular material from the interface. In cell-free experiments, a similar loss of aqueous protein did not correlate with high emulsion stability, indicating that the observed particle-based emulsions arise from a convergence of factors related to cell density, protein adsorption, and bioreactor conditions. During styrene epoxidation, emulsion destabilization occurred correlating with product-induced cell toxification. For biphasic whole-cell biotransformations, this study indicates that control of aqueous protein concentrations and selective toxification of cells enables emulsion destabilization and emphasizes that biological factors and related dynamics must be considered in the design and modeling of respective upstream and especially downstream processes.
A practical method for use in epidemiological studies on enamel hypomineralisation
Authors: Ghanim A. , Elfrink M. , Weerheijm K. , Mariño R. , Manton D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWith the development of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) judgment criteria, there has been increasing interest worldwide in investigation of the prevalence of demarcated opacities in tooth enamel substance, known as molar–incisor hypomineralisation (MIH). However, the lack of a standardised system for the purpose of recording MIH data in epidemiological surveys has contributed greatly to the wide variations in the reported prevalence between studies. The present publication describes the rationale, development, and content of a scoring method for MIH diagnosis in epidemiological studies as well as clinic- and hospital-based studies. The proposed grading method allows separate classification of demarcated hypomineralisation lesions and other enamel defects identical to MIH. It yields an informative description of the severity of MIH-affected teeth in terms of the stage of visible enamel destruction and the area of tooth surface affected (i.e. lesion clinical status and extent, respectively). In order to preserve the maximum amount of information from a clinical examination consistent with the need to permit direct comparisons between prevalence studies, two forms of the charting are proposed, a short form for simple screening surveys and a long form desirable for prospective, longitudinal observational research where aetiological factors in demarcated lesions are to be investigated in tandem with lesions distribution. Validation of the grading method is required, and its reliability and usefulness need to be tested in different age groups and different populations.
Rethinking the Very Idea of Egalitarian Markets and Corporations: Why Relationships Might Matter More than Distribution
Authors: Néron Pierre-Yves 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT:What kinds of markets, market regulations, and business organizations are compatible with contemporary egalitarian theories of justice? This article argues that any thoughtful answer to this question will have to draw on recent developments in political philosophy that are concerned not only with the equality of thedistributionof core goods (or as John Rawls famously put it, with the “distribution of the benefits and burdens of social cooperation”) but also with the requirements for equality of status, voice, and so on, in therelationsbetween individuals and within organizations. The dominance of theories of distributive justice in egalitarian political philosophy since Rawls may have contributed, on the one hand, to the oft-recognized gulf between these theories and their theorists and, on the other, to discussions of corporate governance and business ethics. The main purpose of this article is to introduce business ethicists to some of the less-familiar features of recent relational theories of justice and equality, and to suggest that some of these notions may help bridge the gap between business ethics and political philosophy more generally.