bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of the controlled chain‐growth polymerization of poly(3,6‐phenanthrene)
Authors: Verswyvel Michiel , Hoebers Charly , De Winter Julien , Gerbaux Pascal , Koeckelberghs Guy 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis manuscript investigates the possibilities to obtain helical conjugated polymers following a controlled chain‐growth polymerization mechanism with external initiation. Attempts to prepare poly(3,6‐(9,10‐di(octyloxy))phenanthrene)s with the existing chain‐growth mechanisms using existing Kumada or Negishi couplings were unsuccessful because of the difficulty to quantitatively prepare the Grignard metathesis reagent starting from the envisaged precursor, namely 3,6‐dibromo‐(9,10‐di(octyloxy))phenanthrene. On the other hand, a Suzuki–Miyaura coupling polymerization using Pd(PtBu3) as the catalyst clearly allows the polymerization to proceed. The reaction conditions were optimized and an in‐depth study with gel permeation chromatography and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐ToF) of the underlying mechanisms was performed. Nevertheless, a prolonged chain‐growth mechanism was not achieved for the targeted polymers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 5067–5074
Elevated fatty acid synthase expression in prostate needle biopsy cores predicts upgraded Gleason score in radical prostatectomy specimens
Authors: Hamada Shinsuke , Horiguchi Akio , Kuroda Kenji , Ito Keiichi , Asano Tomohiko , Miyai Kosuke , Iwaya Keiichi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe examined whether fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression in prostate biopsy cores had valuable information and could predict a Gleason score (GS) upgraded from biopsy to radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens.METHODSImmunostaining with a FAS antibody was performed on paraffin‐embedded prostate biopsy cores with GS 5–6 obtained from 80 patients who subsequently underwent RP. The correlations between FAS expression and clinicopathological parameters, upgrading group, and clinicopathological parameters including FAS expression were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify a significant set of independent predictors for upgrading GS.RESULTSA total of 46 patients (57.5%) with biopsy GS 5–6 were upgraded to GS ≥7 at RP. FAS expression was significantly associated with clinical T stage (P = 0.0232) and positive core rate (P = 0.0245). Upgrading from biopsy GS 5–6 to GS ≥7 at RP was significantly associated with clinical T stage (P = 0.0337), positive core rate (P = 0.0262), and FAS expression (P < 0.0001). FAS expression was a significant predictor for upgrading from biopsy GS 5–6 to GS ≥7 at RP in multivariate analysis (P < 0.0001; odds ratio, 12.35). FAS scores showed the largest area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve (AUC) in preoperative parameters (AUC = 0.753).CONCLUSIONSIncreased FAS expression in prostate biopsy cores could be a novel parameter for upgrading from biopsy GS 5–6 to GS ≥7 at RP. If a biopsy GS is low, the treatment strategy for patients with high FAS expression in prostate biopsy cores should be carefully determined. Prostate 74:90–96, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tropical convection: the effects of ambient vertical and horizontal vorticity
Authors: Kilroy Gerard , Smith Roger K. , Wissmeier Ulrike 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe present a series of idealized numerical model experiments to investigate aspects of deep convection in tropical depressions, including the effects of boundary‐layer wind structure on storm structure, especially on vertical vorticity production and updraught splitting, and the combined effects of horizontal and vertical shear on vertical vorticity production, with and without background rotation.In warm‐cored disturbances such as tropical depressions, the vertical shear and horizontal vorticity change sign at some level near the top of the boundary layer so that, unlike in the typical middle‐latitude ‘supercell’ storm, the tilting of horizontal vorticity by a convective updraught leads not only to dipole patterns of vertical vorticity, but to a reversal also in sign of the updraught rotation with height. This finding has implications for understanding the merger of convectively induced vorticity anomalies during vortex evolution. Ambient cyclonic horizontal shear and/or cyclonic vertical vorticity favour amplification of the cyclonically rotating gyre of the dipole.Consistent with an earlier study, storm splitting occurs in environments with pure horizontal shear as well as pure vertical shear, but the morphology of splitting is different. In both situations, splitting is found to require a relatively unstable sounding and relatively strong wind shear.
Recognition of speed limit signs in night scene images in Japan
Authors: Kageyama Yoichi , Kameya Hiromichi , Nishida Makoto , Ishizawa Chikako 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA method to recognize speed limit signs in night scene images is proposed in this paper. The proposed method involves two main stages. First, sign candidates are detected by using the outline of white domain on the signs. This region has little influence on the change of color information or size. Next, the feature and common parts in speed limit signs are distinguished on the basis of their layout. We extract a suitable label from sign candidates and recognize it as a sign through a matching experiment. Experimental results for 596 images show that the proposed method is able to recognize speed limit signs with an accuracy of 94.3%. It is also shown that 423 images without speed limit signs are perfectly distinguished as images having no speed limit signs. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
GH52 xylosidase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus: characterization and introduction of xylanase activity by site-directed mutagenesis of Tyr509
Authors: Huang Zongqing , Liu Xiaoshuang , Zhang Shaowei , Liu Ziduo 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
A xylosidase gene, gsxyn, was cloned from the deep-sea thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus, which consisted of 2,118 bp and encoded a protein of 705 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 79.8 kDa. The GSxyn of glycoside hydrolase family 52 (GH52) displayed its maximum activity at 70 °C and pH 5.5. The K m and k cat values of GSxyn for ρNPX were 0.48 mM and 36.64 s−1, respectively. Interestingly, a new exo-xylanase activity was introduced into GSxyn by mutating the tyrosine509 into glutamic acid, whereas the resultant enzyme variant, Y509E, retained the xylosidase activity. The optimum xylanase activity of theY509E mutant displayed at pH 6.5 and 50 °C, and retained approximately 45 % of its maximal activity at 55 °C, pH 6.5 for 60 min. The K m and k cat values of the xylanase activity of Y509E mutant for beechwood xylan were 5.10 mg/ml and 22.53 s−1, respectively. The optimum xylosidase activity of theY509E mutant displayed at pH 5.5 and 60 °C. The K m and k cat values of the xylosidase activity of Y509E mutant for ρNPX were 0.51 mM and 22.53 s−1, respectively. This report demonstrated that GH52 xylosidase has provided a platform for generating bifunctional enzymes for industrially significant and complex substrates, such as plant cell wall.
The Impact of Demographic Factors and Comorbidities on Distal Radius Fracture Outcomes
Authors: Wilson Kenneth , Heyde Rebecca von der , Sparks Megan , Hammerschmidt Kathryn , Pleimann Derek , Ranz Erin , Rector Jessica , Sniezak Daniel 
Published: October 2013

Background Despite the prevalence and consequences of distal radius fracture (DRF), there is limited research that analyzes the effects of demographic factors and comorbidities as they relate to pain, perceived disability, and functional outcomes. Methods All data for this study were examined retrospectively within an established clinical database. Patients with DRF were evaluated during their first and final visits with a criterion-based numeric pain scale (CR12), the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, and a global rate of change scale to assess outcomes of pain, perceived disability, and function, respectively. Results The number of days between injury and initial therapy evaluation were inversely correlated with changes in perceived pain and perceived disability ( r = −0.315, p =0.000; r =–0.348, p =0.000). In addition, moderate and statistically significant correlations were noted between work status and average CR12 and DASH scores at final re-evaluation ( r =0.392, p =0.000, r =0.473, p =0.000). No significant relationships were noted between additional demographic factors or comorbidities and pain, perceived disability, or function during statistical analysis. Conclusions Patients without diabetes, hypertension, or depression and those who were not smokers had better outcomes in terms of pain, perceived disability, and function in this study. In addition, earlier timing of initial evaluation after injury and full duty work status were significantly related to improvement in pain and perceived disability. Timing of initiation of therapy and return to work are suggested as avenues for future research.
Dupuytren's Disease: Current State of the Art
Authors: Henry Mark 
Published: October 2013

Background This review article critically examines the current literature for Dupuytren's disease. Methods Five procedures are considered: dermofasciectomy, limited fasciectomy, segmental aponeurectomy, needle aponeurotomy, and collagenase injection. Studies regarding the efficacy of these treatments focus primarily on the initial degree of correction, rate of recurrence, and complications. Results No one treatment has been declared superior and substantial controversy exists. Comparison between studies has been hampered by the absence of uniform definitions for clinical success and measurable disease progression. Traditional postoperative care includes formal therapy and night splinting, but recent studies have questioned the value of these adjuncts. Conclusion The extent of involvement at which the surgeon should intervene was previously well accepted by convention, but as the paradigm shifts towards less invasive procedures, treatment may be offered at an earlier stage. Future research should be structured to recognize the value-based decision making used by patients when selecting treatment.
Making a difference in adult–child relationships: Evidence from an adult–child communication intervention in Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique
Authors: Schwandt Hilary M. , Underwood Carol 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGirls are vulnerable to HIV in part because the social systems in which they live have failed to protect them. This study evaluates a program aimed at strengthening adult–child relationships to reduce girls' vulnerability to HIV in Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique. In addition to an extensive process evaluation, a cross‐sectional post‐intervention survey was conducted in the three countries. The total sample size was 1418 adolescent girls (ages 11–18). Bivariate and multilevel, multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the association between adult program exposure and adult–child relationship improvement. In Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique, girls whose mothers and fathers participated in the program, as compared to those whose parents did not participate in the program, were significantly more likely to report that their relationships with their parents had improved. Research has shown the important role that adults can play in the mitigation of youth risk taking behavior.
Foreign Medical Teams: What Role Can They Play in Response to a Catastrophic Disaster in the US?
Authors: Hanfling Dan , Bouri Nidhi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHurricane Katrina demonstrated that a catastrophic event in the continental United States (US) can overwhelm domestic medical response capabilities. The recent focus on response planning for a catastrophic earthquake in the New Madrid Seismic Zone and the detonation of an improvised nuclear device also underscore the need for improved plans. The purpose of this analysis is to identify the potential role of foreign medical teams (FMTs) in providing medical response to a catastrophic event in the US. We reviewed existing policies and frameworks that address medical response to catastrophic events and humanitarian emergencies and assess current response capabilities by a variety of FMTs. While several policies and plans outline the role of the US in providing medical assistance during foreign disasters, further planning is necessary to identify how the US will integrate foreign medical assistance during a domestic catastrophic event. We provide an overview of considerations related to federal roles and responsibilities for managing and integrating FMTs into the overarching domestic medical response to a catastrophic disaster occurring in the continental US. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:555-562)
Characterization ofDicrocoelium dendriticumhaplotypes from sheep and cattle in Iran based on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) and NADH dehydrogenase gene (nad1)
Authors: Gorjipoor S. , Moazeni M. , Sharifiyazdi H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe present study assessed whether the genetic variation among different hosts (sheep and cattle) and geographical isolates (n= 28) ofDicrocoelium dendriticumfrom Iran is present based on mitochondrial (nad1) and ribosomal (ITS-2) DNA markers. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of at least ten and two distinct haplotypes in the NADH dehydrogenase gene (nad1) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2), respectively. Thenad1 and ITS-2 sequence data were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers, JX050110–134 and JQ966972–3. According to the results of our study, ND-D and ITS-A are established as being the predominant haplotypes ofD. dendriticumin Iran. The Iranian isolates showed a higher intraspecific genetic diversity of 0–0.97% fornad1, compared to 0–0.42% for ITS-2. The alignment and comparison ofnad1 and ITS-2 sequences revealed eight and one polymorphic sites, respectively. In thenad1 sequences, six were silent and two nucleotide substitutions were responsible for amino acid alterations. A phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data revealed that host associations and geographic location are not likely useful markers forD. dendriticumhaplotype classification. Consequently, sequencing results obtained from thenad1gene as a mitochondrial marker for the first time in this study would provide a valuable tool to analyse further molecular details ofD. dendriticumworldwide.
Prayer, Politics and the Trinity: Vying Models of Authority in Third–Fourth-Century Debates on Prayer and ‘Orthodoxy’
Authors: Coakley Sarah 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article presents a theory about a distinctive, but still neglected, approach to trinitarianism in the early church which was founded explicitly in demanding practices of prayer and personal transformation. The central thesis of the article is that this approach (with its characteristic appeal to Romans 8, and its Spirit-initiated prayer of an elevated or ascetic sort) was set on a course of almost inevitable tension with certain kinds of episcopal authority, and particularly with post-Nicene renditions of ‘orthodoxy’ as propositional assent. The theory is not to be confused, however, with a rather tired sociological disjunction between institution and ‘charisma’; the matter is spiritually more subtle than that, and implies vying perceptions of theological power, ‘orthodoxy’, and the nature of the ecclesial body. In this article I opt for a focus on the relation between Origen'sDe oratione(one of the finest discussions of the implications of Romans 8 for Christian contemplation), the suggested influence of Origen on early Antonite monasticism, and the still-mysterious motivations for Theophilus’ first attack on Origenism and the monks of Nitria in 399. The picture that emerges, once this distinctive prayer-based approach to the Trinity is clarified, is one of a late fourth-century crisis of simultaneous rejection, domestication and attempted assimilation of this elite spirituality of intra-divine incorporation.
Recruiting a nonlocal language for performing local identity: Indexical appropriations of Lingala in the Congolese border town Goma
Authors: Büscher Karen , D'hondt Sigurd , Meeuwis Michael 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article describes discursive processes by which inhabitants of the Congolese border town Goma attribute new indexical values to Lingala, a language exogenous to the area of which most Goma inhabitants only possess limited knowledge. This creative reconfiguration of indexicalities results in the emergence of three “indexicalities of the second order”: the indexing of (i) being a true Congolese, (ii) toughness (based on Lingala's association with the military), and (iii) urban sophistication (based on its association with the capital Kinshasa). While the last two second-order reinterpretations are also widespread in other parts of the Congolese territory, the first one, resulting in the emergence of a Lingala as an “indexical icon” of a corresponding “language community,” deeply reflects local circumstances and concerns, in particular the sociopolitical volatility of the Rwandan-Congolese borderland that renders publicly affirming one's status as an “autochthonous” Congolese pivotal for assuring a livelihood and at times even personal security. (Lingala, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Goma, orders of indexicality, language community, autochthony, Kiswahili)*
§ I.—Les Recherches archéologiques de l'Armée Française en Macédoine. 1916–1919
Authors: Picard Ch. 
Published: October 2013

Les travaux exécutés par le Service archéologique de l'Armée française en Macédoine ont déjà fait le sujet d'une communication adressée par M. G. Mendel à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.Il a paru bon qu'un compte-rendu complété fût aussi publié par l'Annual of the British School at Athens, auprès des articles où sont exposés les résultats de même ordre obtenus par l'Armée britannique, dans les régions macédoniennes qu'elle occupait.
An Early Minoan Sacred Cave at Arkalokhóri in Crete
Authors: Hazzidakis J. 
Published: October 2013

The village of Arkalokhóri in central Crete lies a short distance to the south-west of Lyttos. To the east of the village is an eminence to which the ruined church on the top has given the name of Prophetes Elias. Below the summit on the western slope is a cave, the mouth of which is shewn in Fig. 1. Many years ago the peasants found bronze objects and potsherds at this point, and began an excavation of the cave in the hope of finding buried treasure. On entering the cave they found more and more pieces of bronze, described as blades of knives and lances, as well as some beads, and in order to get more quickly to the bottom of the cave, where they supposed that the treasure would be, they broke up the greater part of it with dynamite. They say that they collected eighteen okes of bronze objects, for the most part rusted blades, and sold them in Candia as old metal. No report of this had ever reached me, but last year a peasant from Arkalokhóri brought some blades to the Candia Museum from this cave, and thus led me to go and make an examination of the place.The mouth of the cave was then choked with large boulders which had fallen down from above; these I broke up and rolled down the slope. Beneath and amongst them I immediately began to find blades of swords and knives and double-axes, all of bronze with the exception of a small axe which was of silver. The area thus cleared after rolling away the boulders in front of the present cave, is about 4 metres in length, and in width from 1 to 2 metres, and seems to have been the floor of the original cave.
Note on Haidar, Khodja Achmet, Karadja Achmet
Authors: Hasluck F. W. 
Published: October 2013

The local account of the Saint Haidar at Haidar-es-Sultan is given by Crowfoot as follows: ‘Haidar was the son of the king of Persia and came from a town named Yassevi; he was also called Khodja Akhmed and was the disciple of the famous Hadji Bektash. With the latter he travelled to Caesarea, and there took a Christian named Mēnĕ to wife, and together they came to the place of his tomb, where they begat children and died—the whole village claiming descent from him.’The last clause makes clear the identity of Haidar as far as the village is concerned: he is their sainted ancestor. Whether, as Crowfoot suggests, he is confused with Haidar the father (not the son) of Ismail, the founder of the Safi dynasty in Persia, is for present purposes immaterial.The Bektashi addition to the local legend consists, as we shall see, in the identification of Haidar with Khodja Achmet Yassevi, who seems himself confounded with the Bektashi saint Karadja Achmet: both Achmets have been adopted into the Bektashi cycle.
Notes on the Text of Strabo, V. iii
Authors: Van Buren A. W. 
Published: October 2013

Dr. Leaf's article J.H.S. xxxvii. 1917, 19–30, shows the nature of some of the vicissitudes through which the text of Strabo has passed in transmission, and illustrates the possibility of restoring it through the elimination of extraneous marginalia. My own studies in this author's account of Latium have brought to my attention two instructive instances of the other class of marginalia to which Dr. Leaf refers on p. 19 of his article, namely, those due to the author himself, who in revising his manuscript appended, we must suppose, the passages in question, which subsequently became inserted in the text at a wrong point.The first of these two instances occurs in V. iii. 8, in the enthusiastic description of Rome; and failure to realise the transposition which has taken place has impeded full appreciation of the effectiveness of this, one of the few rhetorical climaxes in our author's description of Italy. The existence of the transposition was, however, noted, and properly explained, some years ago, by P. Meyer.
Excavations in Macedonia
Authors: Casson S. 
Published: October 2013

The place known as Chauchitsa lies some sixty kilometres to the north of Salonika (Fig. 1). It was identified first as an ancient site at the end of the year 1917, during military operations. During the digging of trenches and other works antiquities were discovered which were recognised as belonging to the various stages of culture of a period extending from Neolithic to Roman times. The majority of the objects so discovered I published in the Annual of the British School for 1918–1919.On April 15th this year I paid a preliminary visit to the site. While considerable damage had been done by the cutting of trenches, I felt satisfied that sufficient of the original ground remained undisturbed to justify excavation. I therefore commenced excavation on the 28th of April, 1921. As the isolation of the site made the conditions of a small test excavation of this nature somewhat difficult I decided to continue only, for such time as would enable me to ascertain the general nature of the site.
§ XII.—Hagios Elias
Authors: Wace A. J. B. 
Published: October 2013

The citadel of Mycenae owes much of its impressiveness to the fact that it lies at the foot of and between the twin heights of Hagios Elias to the north and Zara to the south. These two bare peaks of limestone rise very steeply, and seem to stand like two sentinels specially posted by nature to add to the dignity of Mycenae. Their mountain wildness is in strong contrast to the smiling fertility of the Argive plain, which stretches away to the south-west. Zara is some 659 m. high, and has no remains of antiquity on its summit. Hagios Elias is higher, some 807 m., and has been known, since the days of Schliemann, to be crowned by the ruins of ancient fortifications.We made an expedition to the summit on the evening of June 18th, 1922, camped for the night there, and spent the next day in planning the walls and making trial excavations within them. The view from the summit is magnificent (Fig. 96). To the south the whole of the Argive plain lies at one's feet; Argos itself, Lerna, Tiryns, Mideia, Nauplia and Asine are all visible.