bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic analysis of D-xylose metabolism pathways in Gluconobacter oxydans 621H
Authors: Zhang Minhua , Wei Liujing , Zhou Yi , Du Liqin , Imanaka Tadayuki , Hua Qiang 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
D-xylose is one of the most abundant carbohydrates in nature. This work focuses on xylose metabolism of Gluconobacter oxydans as revealed by a few studies conducted to understand xylose utilization by this strain. Interestingly, the G. oxydans 621H Δmgdh strain (deficient in membrane-bound glucose dehydrogenase) was greatly inhibited when grown on xylose and no xylonate accumulation was observed in the medium. These experimental observations suggested that the mgdh gene was responsible for the conversion of xylose to xylonate in G. oxydans, which was also verified by whole-cell biotransformation. Since 621H Δmgdh could still grow on xylose in a very small way, two seemingly important genes in the oxo-reductive pathway for xylose metabolism, a xylitol dehydrogenase-encoding gox0865 (xdh) gene and a putative xylulose kinase-encoding gox2214 (xk) gene, were knocked out to investigate the effects of both genes on xylose metabolism. The results showed that the gox2214 gene was not involved in xylose metabolism, and there might be other genes encoding xylulose kinase. Though the gox0865 gene played a less important role in xylose metabolism compared to the mgdh gene, it was significant in xylitol utilization in G. oxydans, which meant that gox0865 was a necessary gene for the oxo-reductive pathway of xylose in vivo. To sum up, when xylose was used as the carbon source, the majority of xylose was directly oxidized to xylonate for further metabolism in G. oxydans, whereas only a minor part of xylose was metabolized by the oxo-reductive pathway.
Peer Substance Use and Homelessness Predicting Substance Abuse from Adolescence Through Early Adulthood
Authors: Tompsett Carolyn J. , Domoff Sarah E. , Toro Paul A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAdolescents who experience homelessness are at higher risk for abusing substances, and for being exposed to substance‐using peers. The current study used a longitudinal design to track substance abuse, affiliation with substance‐using peers, and episodes of homelessness among a sample of 223 adolescents who were housed at the baseline data collection and 148 adolescents who were housed at baseline. Participants were interviewed at six waves over 6.5 years, covering an age range from 13 to 25. Many participants experienced a recurrence of homelessness during follow‐up, with 64.6 % of the baseline homeless group and 22.6 % of the baseline housed group reporting an additional episode of homelessness. Both alcohol abuse and other drug abuse symptoms showed an increase in adolescence followed by slowing in early adulthood. Recent homelessness and friend alcohol use predicted alcohol abuse symptoms, and the strength of the influence of friend use decreased over time. Recent homelessness and friend drug use predicted other drug abuse symptoms. Duration of the initial episode of adolescent homelessness showed no influence on substance abuse over time, or the effects of other predictors, highlighting the importance of conceptualizing the experience of homelessness as a recent stressor rather than an enduring personal characteristic.
Aspekte der interprofessionellen Kooperation im Gesundheitsnetz QuE Nürnberg
Authors: Lindenthal Jörg , Wambach Veit 
Published: February 2013

Einleitung
Der verbindliche Zusammenschluss von niedergelassenen Ärzten mit Kooperationspartnern aus Pflege, Klinik, Selbsthilfe und komplementären Dienstleistern sowie die Einführung innovativer Versorgungsansätze haben dazu geführt, dass es dem Gesundheitsnetz QuE Nürnberg als einem der ersten Praxisnetze in Deutschland dauerhaft gelungen ist, die Prozess-, Struktur- und Ergebnisqualität der Netzversorgung transparent abzubilden und fortlaufend zu verbessern.
Magnetic-field effect on thermal convection of a nematic liquid crystal at large Rayleigh numbers
Authors: Weiss Stephan , Ahlers Guenter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe report on near-turbulent thermal convection of a nematic liquid crystal heated from below in a cylindrical cell with an aspect ratio (diameter/height) equal to 0.50 for Rayleigh numbers$2\times 1{0}^{7} \lesssim \mathit{Ra}\lesssim 3\times 1{0}^{8} $and a Prandtl number of about 355. The Nusselt number$\mathit{Nu}$as a function of$\mathit{Ra}$did not differ significantly from that of an isotropic fluid. In a vertical magnetic field$\mathbi{H}$, we found$\mathit{Nu}(H)/ \mathit{Nu}(0)= 1+ a(\mathit{Ra}){H}^{2} $, with$a(\mathit{Ra})= 0. 24{\mathit{Ra}}^{0. 75} ~{\mathrm{G} }^{- 2} $. We present a model that describes the$H$dependence in terms of a change of the thermal conductivity in the thermal boundary layers due to a field-induced director alignment.
On the bubble shape in a magnetically compensated gravity environment
Authors: Duplat Jérôme , Mailfert Alain 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe investigate the shape of bubbles in liquid oxygen under magnetic levitation conditions: a magnetic field is applied that polarizes bulk oxygen, and its spatial variation induces a body force opposed to its weight. In these conditions, bubbles appear to have a smooth ellipsoidal shape, which may be prolate (elongated in the vertical direction), oblate (elongated in the horizontal plane) or perfectly spherical. The dependence of the elongation ratio $\eta $ on the volume and levitation position is explored. It is found that the bubble shape is prescribed by the minimization of the sum of surface tension, demagnetization and magnetic–gravitational potential energies.
Heritability of the metabolic syndrome and its components in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS)
Authors: ZARKESH MARYAM , DANESHPOUR MARYAM SADAT , FAAM BITA , FALLAH MOHAMMAD SADEGH , HOSSEINZADEH NIMA , GUITY KAMRAN , HOSSEINPANAH FARHAD , MOMENAN AMIR ABBAS , AZIZI FEREIDOUN 
Published: February 2013

SummaryGrowing evidence suggests that metabolic syndrome (MetS) has both genetic and environmental bases. We estimated the heritability of the MetS and its components in the families from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). We investigated 904 nuclear families in TLGS with two biological parents and at least one offspring (1565 parents and 2448 children), aged 3–90 years, for whom MetS information was available and had at least two members of family with MetS. Variance component methods were used to estimate age and sex adjusted heritability of metabolic syndrome score (MSS) and MetS components using SOLAR software. The heritability of waist circumference (WC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), fasting blood sugar (FBS), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) as continuous traits after adjusting for age and gender were 27, 46, 36, 29, 25, 26 and 15%, respectively, and MSS had a heritability of 15%. When MetS components were analysed as discrete traits, the estimates of age and gender adjusted heritability for MetS, abdominal obesity, low HDL-C, high TG, high FBS and high blood pressure (BP) were 22, 40, 34, 38 and 23%, respectively (P < 0·05). Three factors were extracted from the six continuous traits of the MetS including factor I (BP), factor II (lipids) and factor III (obesity and FBS). Heritability estimation for these three factors were 7, 13 (P < 0·05) and 2%, respectively. The highest heritability was for HDL-C and TG. The results strongly encourage efforts to identify the underlying susceptibility genes.
Capital Allocation by Public and Private Firms
Authors: Mortal Sandra , Reisel Natalia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe compare investment policies across public and private firms in different institutional settings. Using a large cross-country data set, we find that public listed firms are better positioned to take advantage of growth opportunities than private firms. Specifically, public listed firms exhibit higher investment sensitivity to growth opportunities than private firms. This differential, however, only exists in countries with well-developed stock markets. Furthermore, the relative advantage public firms have at allocating capital depends on the degree of agency costs and reliance on external equity.
CEO Overconfidence and International Merger and Acquisition Activity
Authors: Ferris Stephen P. , Jayaraman Narayanan , Sabherwal Sanjiv 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis study examines the role that chief executive officer (CEO) overconfidence plays in an explanation of international mergers and acquisitions during the period 2000–2006. Using a sample of CEOs of Fortune Global 500 firms over our sample period, we find that CEO overconfidence is related to a number of critical aspects of international merger activity. Overconfidence helps to explain the number of offers made by a CEO, the frequencies of nondiversifying and diversifying acquisitions, and the use of cash to finance a merger deal. Although overconfidence is an international phenomenon, it is most extensively observed in individuals heading firms headquartered in Christian countries that encourage individualism while de-emphasizing long-term orientation in their national cultures.
Fatal cutaneous anthrax in a heroin user
Authors: Meghji S , Judd O , Carr E 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground and objective:Cutaneous anthrax usually has a mortality rate of less than 1 per cent. However, since December 2009 there have been more than 13 deaths in the UK due to anthrax-contaminated heroin. We therefore wish to raise clinical awareness of this treatable disease.Case report:We describe the case of a heroin user with an equivocal presentation of cellulitis in the neck. Within 36 hours, this led to death due to cutaneous anthrax.Conclusion:Whilst cutaneous anthrax remains rare, this case report aims to raise awareness of the fact that the symptoms and signs of this condition in intravenous drug users may not always fit the typical picture.
Cervical neck dissection without drainage in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Abboud B , Tannoury J , Sleilaty G , Daher R , Abadjian G , Ghorra C 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjective:To review the safety of thyroidectomy combined with cervical neck dissection without drainage, in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.Materials and methods:Two groups were defined depending on whether cervical neck dissection was or was not performed (groups one and two, respectively).Results:Group one included 153 patients with central neck dissection and 52 patients with central and lateral neck dissection. Group two included 121 patients. Post-operative drainage was not used in either group. Overall, 17 patients (5 per cent) developed post-operative haematoma and/or seroma: 12 patients (6 per cent) in group one and 5 patients (4 per cent) in group two. There were no major bleeding episodes; only minor bleeding or seroma was encountered, not requiring surgical intervention. Overall, 91 per cent of patients had a post-operative stay of 1 day. The number of peri-operative local complications and length of stay did not differ significantly between the two groups.Conclusion:Thyroidectomy plus cervical neck dissection without drainage is safe and effective in the treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Ego function of morality and developing tensions that are “within”
Authors: Rochat Philippe , Robbins Erin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe applaud Baumard et al.'s mutualistic account of morality but detect circularity in their articulation of how morality emerged. Contra the authors, we propose that mutualism might account for a sensitivity to convention (the ways things are done within a group) rather than for a sense of fairness. An ontogenetic perspective better captures the complexity of what it means to be moral.
Athletes’ Age, Sex, and Years of Education Moderate the Acute Neuropsychological Impact of Sports-Related Concussion: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Dougan Brooke K. , Horswill Mark S. , Geffen Gina M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe objective of this study is to determine which pre-existing athlete characteristics, if any, are associated with greater deficits in functioning following sports-related concussion, after controlling for factors previously shown to moderate this effect (e.g., time since injury). Ninety-one independent samples of concussion were included in a fixed+systematic effects meta-analysis (n = 3,801 concussed athletes; 5,631 controls). Moderating variables were assessed using analogue-to-ANOVA and meta-regression analyses. Post-injury assessments first conducted 1–10 days following sports-related concussion revealed significant neuropsychological dysfunction, postural instability and post-concussion symptom reporting (d = −0.54, −1.10, and −1.14, respectively). During this interval, females (d = −0.87), adolescent athletes competing in high school competitions (d = −0.60), and those with 10 years of education (d = −1.32) demonstrated larger post-concussion neuropsychological deficits than males (d = −0.42), adults (d = −0.25), athletes competing at other levels of competition (d = −0.43 to −0.41), or those with 16 years of education (d = −0.15), respectively. However, these sub-groups’ differential impairment/recovery beyond 10 days could not be reliably quantified from available literature. Pre-existing athlete characteristics, particularly age, sex and education, were demonstrated to be significant modifiers of neuropsychological outcomes within 10 days of a sports-related concussion. Implications for return-to-play decision-making and future research directions are discussed. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–17).
L1 word order and sensitivity to verb bias in L2 processing
Authors: LEE EUN-KYUNG , LU DORA HSIN-YI , GARNSEY SUSAN M. 
Published: February 2013

Using a self-paced reading task, this study examines whether second language (L2) learners are flexible enough to learn L2 parsing strategies that are not useful in their first language (L1). Native Korean-speaking learners of English were compared with native English speakers on resolving a temporary ambiguity about the relationship between a verb and the noun following it (e.g.,The student read [that] the article. . .). Consistent with previous studies, native English reading times showed the usual interaction between the optional complementizerthatand the particular verb's bias about the structures that can follow it. Lower proficiency L1-Korean learners of L2-English did not show a similar interaction, but higher proficiency learners did. Thus, despite native language word order differences (English: SVO; Korean: SOV) that determine the availability of verbs early enough in sentences to generate predictions about upcoming sentence structure, higher proficiency L1-Korean learners were able to learn to optimally combine verb bias and complementizer cues on-line during sentence comprehension just as native English speakers did, while lower proficiency learners had not yet learned to do so. Optimal interactive cue combination during L2 sentence comprehension can probably be achieved only after sufficient experience with the target language.
Short-Term Response of Mitomycin C on the Human Rectus Muscle Following Strabismus Surgery: Histological, Ultrastructural, and Biomechanical Evaluation
Authors: Choi Samjin , Cheong Youjin , Shin Jae-Ho , Kim Kyung A , Bang Jae Beum , Jin Kyung-Hyun , Park Hun-Kuk 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis study investigated the inflammatory effect of intraoperative mitomycin C (MMC) on adhesion reformation in human rectus muscles. Ten consecutive patients who underwent medial rectus resection had their postoperative rectus muscles divided into two groups: control group (n= 10) and MMC group (n= 10). In the MMC group, the muscle was soaked for 2 min with MMC, prepared as a 0.2 mg/mL (0.02%) solution. The 0.02% MMC reactions were examined using histological analysis with hematoxylin-eosin (inflammatory response) and Masson's trichrome (collagen fibrils), immunoreactivities of cyclooxygenase-II (inflammatory response), and collagen type I and III, scanning electron microscopy analysis to quantify the diameter and D-periodicity of collagen fibrils, and atomic force microscopy analysis to quantify the diameter, D-periodicity, and adhesion force of collagen fibrils. The rectus muscles treated with 0.02% MMC showed a significantly increased inflammatory response (p< 0.05), increased collagen density (p< 0.0001), increased fibril diameter (p< 0.001 orp< 0.05), and decreased fibril adhesion force (p< 0.005) compared to the rectus muscles in the control group. MMC simultaneously caused an inflammatory response as well as nanostructural and biomechanical property changes in the collagen fibril network.
Low-Dosage Maximum-A-Posteriori Focusing and Stigmation
Authors: Binding Jonas , Mikula Shawn , Denk Winfried 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRadiation damage is often an issue during high-resolution imaging, making low-dose focusing and stigmation essential, in particular when no part of the sample can be “sacrificed” for this. An example is serial block-face electron microscopy, where the imaging resolution must be kept optimal during automated acquisition that can last months. Here, we present an algorithm, which we call “Maximum-A-Posteriori Focusing and Stigmation (MAPFoSt),” that was designed to make optimal use of the available signal. We show that MAPFoSt outperforms the built-in focusing algorithm of a commercial scanning electron microscope even at a tenfold reduced total dose. MAPFoSt estimates multiple aberration modes (focus and the two astigmatism coefficients) using just two test images taken at different focus settings. Using an incident electron dose density of 2,500 electrons/pixel and a signal-to-noise ratio of about one, all three coefficients could be estimated to within <7% of the depth of focus, using 19 detected secondary electrons per pixel. A generalization to higher-order aberrations and to other forms of imaging in both two and three dimensions appears possible.
Cocaine self-administration by rats is inhibited by cyclic GMP-elevating agents: involvement of epigenetic markers
Authors: Deschatrettes Elodie , Romieu Pascal , Zwiller Jean 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) exerts its action via stimulation of the cyclic GMP (cGMP) signalling pathway, which includes the activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases. The pathway can also be activated by inhibitors of phosphodiesterases (PDE) that hydrolyse cGMP. The present report shows that activation of the cGMP pathway by CNP, by bromo-cGMP, a cell-permeant cGMP analogue, or by the PDE inhibitor zaprinast dose dependently reduces intravenous cocaine self-administration by rats. The effect was found when the compounds were injected in situ into the prefrontal cortex, but not when they were injected into the nucleus accumbens. A decrease in the number of cocaine infusions performed by rats was obtained under the fixed ratio-1 schedule of reinforcement as well as under a progressive ratio schedule, which evaluates the motivation of the animals for the drug. Decrease in cocaine self-administration was accompanied with reduced expression of the epigenetic markers methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) in dopaminergic projection areas. An increase in the acetylation level of histone H3, but not of histone H4, was also noticed. Since MeCP2 and HDAC2 are known to modulate dynamic functions in the adult brain, such as synaptic plasticity, our results showing that activation of the cGMP signal transduction pathway decreased both cocaine intake and expression of the epigenetic markers strongly suggest that the MeCP2/HDAC2 complex is involved in the analysis of the reinforcing properties of cocaine in the prefrontal cortex.
Anatolian States
Authors: Bryce Trevor 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the history of state formation in the Anatolian States, focusing on the Hittite state, which it explains arose in north-central Anatolia early in the Late Bronze Age while the Middle Bronze Age saw the rise of an Indo-European dynasty. It also considers the role of Pithana and his son and successor Anitta in establishing the first great Anatolian empire and the conquests made by the Hittites.
The GreekKoinon
Authors: Mackil Emily 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the history of the koinon, a form of regional state in ancient Greece comprised of multiple poleis and in some instances other forms of community, and characterized by the division of sovereignty among the regional government and its constituent communities. It explains that the koinon was a remarkably widespread phenomenon and that almost of mainland Greece and the Peloponnese became part of a koinon. The chapter suggests that the koinon arose amidst a world of poleis against a background of strong group identities and that its nature was profoundly altered in the process of the Roman conquest of Greece in the second century.
The Germanic Successor States
Authors: Wood Ian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the history of the Germanic successor states of the Roman Empire, explaining that it remains unclear whether the Roman territories were conquered or handed over to the German barbarians because the German tribes were not numerous enough to have overthrown the Empire militarily. It suggests that the overall image of the successor kingdoms is one of a run-down version of the late Empire and on a much reduced scale. The chapter also highlights the fact that while the Germanic incomers brought new vitality to the western provinces, it is hard to find much that can be genuinely described as Germanic.
War and Society in Greece
Authors: Sekunda Nicholas V. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter explains Greek warfare and society. The concept of the soldier-citizen was an important component in the Greek city-state or polis. The large-scale wars that took place throughout the Greek world from the death of Alexander until the battle of Corupedium in 281 deprived many of Greek city-states, whic had chronic problems with finances. The Greeks employed a bewildering range of words for payments in kind or cash. The mercenaries were vital in the Hellenistic period. If a city fell after a siege, the impacts on trade and prices were mostly local. The drastic human losses could have important social, political, and demographic effects. It is impossible to quantify the number of persons uprooted by war in the Greek world, but they must have been considerable.
Keeping Military Discipline
Authors: Chrissanthos Stefan G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter offers a brief history of military discipline in ancient armies, and also investigates how and to what degree societies inflicted discipline on their soldiers, and how, in various ways, soldiers imposed discipline on themselves. Then, it addresses the evolution of military discipline from Greece until eventually something similar to a modern system developed in the early Roman Empire. The death of Alexander had precipitated almost fifty years of continuous warfare that ultimately resulted in the development of the Hellenistic monarchies. The Roman army represented something completely new in ancient Mediterranean warfare. It is observed that the Principate represented a major step in the evolution of ancient military discipline.