bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change and glacier area shrinkage in the Qilian mountains, China, from 1956 to 2010
Authors: Tian Hongzhen , Yang Taibao , Liu Qinping 
Published: March 2014

AbstractGlaciers in the Qilian mountains, located in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, constitute an important freshwater resource for downstream populations and natural systems. To enhance our understanding of the variability of the glaciers, temporally and spatially comprehensive information on them is needed. In this study, the glacier outlines of ~1990, ~2000 and ~2010 for the whole area were delineated in a semi-automated manner using band TM3/TM5 ratio images of Landsat ETM+ or TM scenes with the help of a merged ASTER GDEM/SRTM v4.1 digital elevation model. Combining our own results with those of previously published studies that span the period back to 1956, we found that the glacier area shrank by 30 ±8% from 1956 to 2010 and the shrinkage accelerated remarkably in the past two decades. The linear trends of annual air temperature and precipitation measured at weather stations within the glacierized areas were 0.03-0.05°Ca-1 (significant only after 2000) and 0.37-1.58 mm a–1 (not significant) respectively from 1961 to 2010. Glaciers shrank mainly due to the increasing temperature. Glaciers in the Qilian mountains are very unlikely to have experienced positive mass balance over the past decade. Moreover, given the trend toward higher temperatures, the glaciers in this region will continue to shrink.
Development of a flow cytometric bead immunoassay and its assessment as a possible aid to potency evaluation of enterotoxaemia vaccines
Authors: Buys Angela , Macdonald Raynard , Crafford Jannie , Theron Jacques 
Published: March 2014

Enterotoxaemia, an economically important disease of sheep, goats and calves, is caused by systemic effects of the epsilon toxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens type D. The only practical means of controlling the occurrence of enterotoxaemia is to immunise animals by vaccination. The vaccine is prepared by deriving a toxoid from the bacterial culture filtrate and the potency of the vaccine is tested with the in vivo mouse neutralisation test (MNT). Due to ethical, economic and technical reasons, alternative in vitro assays are needed. In this study an indirect cytometric bead immunoassay (I-CBA) was developed for use in vaccine potency testing and the results were compared with those obtained using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) and the MNT. Sera were collected from guinea pigs immunised with three different production batches of enterotoxaemia vaccine and the levels of anti-epsilon toxin antibodies were determined. Although the intra- and inter-assay variability was satisfactory, epsilon antitoxin levels determined by both the I-ELISA and indirect cytometric bead immunoassay (I-CBA) tests were higher than those of the MNT assay. In contrast to the MNT, all of the serum samples were identified as having antitoxin levels above the required minimum (not less than 5 U/mL). These results indicate that the respective in vitro tests in their current formats are not yet suitable alternatives to the in vivo MNT. The growing demand for a more humane, cost-effective and efficient method for testing the potency of enterotoxaemia vaccines, however, provides a strong impetus for further optimisation and standardisation of the I-CBA assay but further analytical research is required.
Restriction Operators Acting on Radial Functions on Vector Spaces over Finite Fields
Authors: Koh Doowon 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe study Lp → Lr restriction estimates for algebraic varieties V in the case when restriction operators act on radial functions in the finite field setting. We show that if the varieties V lie in odd dimensional vector spaces over finite fields, then the conjectured restriction estimates are possible for all radial test functions. In addition, assuming that the varieties V are defined in even dimensional spaces and have few intersection points with the sphere of zero radius, we also obtain the conjectured exponents for all radial test functions.
Structural Diversity of Hydrogen-Bonded Networks of [Co(NH3)6]3+ Complex Cations and Acetylenedicarboxylic Acid Anions
Authors: Seidel Rüdiger W. , Goddard Richard , Gramm Verena , Ruschewitz Uwe 
Published: March 2014

2011
The crystal structure of [Co(NH3)6](ADC)(HADC) · 2H2O (1) (ADC2- =acetylenedicarboxylate) (P21=n, Z = 4) was mistakenly described as containing the [Co(H2O)6]3+ ion [I. Stein, U. Ruschewitz, Z. Naturforsch. , 66b, 471 - 478]. A revision is reported. While attempting to reproduce 1, we isolated phase-pure crystalline material of [Co(NH3)6]Cl2(HADC) · H2O (2), the crystal structure of which was also reported in the article above. Upon standing in the aqueous mother liquor at room temperature for several days, the needle-shaped crystals of 2disappear, while blockshaped crystals of the formerly unknown compound [Co(NH3)6](ADC)(HADC) (3) grow. Satellite peaks in the X-ray diffraction frames indicate that the crystal structure is incommensurately modulated. Dissolving crystals of 3 in water at elevated temperature leads to plate-shaped crystals of the new compound [Co(NH3)6]2(ADC)3 · 3H2O (4) upon slow cooling to room temperature. Compounds 2- 4 were investigated by elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Structural characterization of 4 by single-crystal X-ray analysis was also achieved (P1̅ , Z = 2). Complex 1, however, could not be reproduced
Constraining a compositional flow model with flow‐chemical data using an ensemble‐based Kalman filter
Authors: Gharamti M. E. , Kadoura A. , Valstar J. , Sun S. , Hoteit I. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIsothermal compositional flow models require coupling transient compressible flows and advective transport systems of various chemical species in subsurface porous media. Building such numerical models is quite challenging and may be subject to many sources of uncertainties because of possible incomplete representation of some geological parameters that characterize the system's processes. Advanced data assimilation methods, such as the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), can be used to calibrate these models by incorporating available data. In this work, we consider the problem of estimating reservoir permeability using information about phase pressure as well as the chemical properties of fluid components. We carry out state‐parameter estimation experiments using joint and dual updating schemes in the context of the EnKF with a two‐dimensional single‐phase compositional flow model (CFM). Quantitative and statistical analyses are performed to evaluate and compare the performance of the assimilation schemes. Our results indicate that including chemical composition data significantly enhances the accuracy of the permeability estimates. In addition, composition data provide more information to estimate system states and parameters than do standard pressure data. The dual state‐parameter estimation scheme provides about 10% more accurate permeability estimates on average than the joint scheme when implemented with the same ensemble members, at the cost of twice more forward model integrations. At similar computational cost, the dual approach becomes only beneficial after using large enough ensembles.
Causes of failure in endoscopic frontal sinus surgery in chronic rhinosinusitis patients
Authors: Valdes Constanza J. , Bogado Mariana , Samaha Mark 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe frontal sinus is the most challenging area to address in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Incomplete surgery or iatrogenic injury in the narrow space of the frontal recess with synechia formation can lead to recurrence or persistence of disease. The goal of this study was to identify causes of failure of endoscopic frontal sinus surgery and to determine complication rates.MethodsA cross‐sectional retrospective study was conducted. Charts and preoperative sinus computed tomography (CT) scans of patients who underwent revision frontal ESS for chronic frontal rhinosinusitis, between 2006 and 2012 were reviewed.ResultsOf 829 patients who underwent ESS during the study period, 740 had the frontal recess dissected and frontal sinus opened. Of these, 66 patients had revision surgery of the frontal sinus, with a total of 109 frontal sinuses. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age was 52 ± 12.9 years. Forty patients were male (59.1%). The most common findings were the following: edematous or hypertrophic mucosa (92.7%); retained agger nasi cell (73.4%); neo‐osteogenesis within the frontal recess (45.9%); lateral scarring of the middle turbinate (47.7%); residual anterior ethmoid air cell (32.1.%); and residual frontal cells (24.8%).ConclusionWith the exception of mucosal disease and neo‐osteogenesis, all identified causes of failure of frontal sinus surgery are a result of surgical technique. Careful preoperative planning and meticulous and complete surgical execution are therefore critical for a successful surgical outcome in primary frontal sinus surgery.
A comparative study on the free volume theories for diffusivity through polymeric membrane in pervaporation process
Authors: Mafi Amirhossein , Raisi Ahmadreza , Hatam Mohsen , Aroujalian Abdolreza 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, free volume theories are coupled with a thermodynamic model and generalized Fick's law to develop a mass transfer model based on solution‐diffusion mechanism for pervaporation process with a hydrophobic polymeric membrane. The Wesselingh, Fujita and Vrentas‐Duda's theories are used to calculate concentration‐dependent diffusion coefficient of permeants inside polydimethylsiloxane membrane. The sorption and pervaporation experiments on aqueous ethanol solutions are performed to validate the sorption and pervaporation models. The results reveal that the proposed models are able to predict influences of feed concentration and temperature as well as permeate‐side pressure on partial fluxes through the membrane. The comparative investigation indicated that Wesselingh's free volume theory underestimated the diffusion coefficients inside the membrane and the accuracy of the model used this theory is very low for prediction of the permeation flux. Generally, Fujita and Vrentas‐Duda's theories are found to be much more accurate especially for dilute aqueous feed solutions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40581.
Castor oil and PEG‐based shape memory polyurethane films for biomedical applications
Authors: Bonfil Mirey , Sirkecioglu Ahmet , Bingol‐Ozakpinar Ozlem , Uras Fikriye , Güner F. Seniha 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTA series of polyurethane film were prepared from poly(ethylene glycol) with different molecular weight (PEG 1500, 3000, and 8000) and castor oil by one‐shot bulk polymerization method. Hexamethylene diisocyanate and 1,4‐buthane diol were used as diisocyanate and chain extender, respectively. In order to characterize the samples, their density, swelling ratio, water contact angle, surface free energy, gel content, thermal, and viscoelastic properties were determined. The effect of the soft segment length (SSL) and hard segment content (HSC) of all polyurethane films on their shape memory behavior such as shape fixity (Rf) and shape recovery (Rr) rates were investigated by bending test. Direct contact and MTT tests were used for assessment of cell adhesion and proliferation. The relatively high Rf and Rr values were obtained for the samples programmed at high temperature difference. Rf increased with decreasing HSC. On the other hand, Rr tended to decrease with increasing SSL. After evaluating experimental data by a nonlinear equation, it was found that HSC is more effective parameter on shape memory property than SSL. The gel content, swelling ratio, and water contact angle of the samples were dependent on both SSL and HSC in their structures. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40590.
Survival Analysis in Medicine and Genetics by LI, JIALIANG and MA, SHUANGGE
Authors: Lee Seungyeoun 
Published: March 2014

EDITOR: TAESUNG PARKSurvival Analysis in Medicine and Genetics(Jialiang Li and Shuangge Ma)Seungyeoun LeeBayesian Methods in Health Economics(Gianluca Baio)Man‐Suk OhMethods of Statistical Model Estimation(Joseph M. Hilbe and Andrew P. Robinson)Jae‐kwang Kim
Information policy and mobile privacy
Authors: Begany Grace 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEDITOR'S SUMMARYWith mobile devices now Americans' primary source of Internet access, privacy issues have prompted the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to issue voluntary best practices for the industry to respect consumer privacy and avoid enforcement scrutiny. The FTC calls on mobile platform operating system providers, mobile app developers, advertising networks and analytics firms and others to build in privacy disclosures, alerts and management tools. California has issued mobile privacy recommendations, and the U.S. Department of Commerce National Telecommunication and Information Administration is developing a consumer data privacy code of conduct. Recent cases illustrate the need for governmental oversight, and industry stakeholders and consumer groups agree in principle, but the degree and details are debatable. Regulators should not delay laying groundwork for firm mobile privacy legislation.
Odds of death after glioblastoma diagnosis in the United States by chemotherapeutic era
Authors: Wachtel Mitchell S. , Yang Shengping 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBevacizumab (BZM) and temozolomide (TMZ) have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of patients with glioblastoma. We sought evidence for the benefit of BZM in the general patient population at large. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results SEER database was queried for patients diagnosed with glioblastoma between 2000 and 2009, divided into a pre‐TMZ era (January 2000–June 2003), a transitional era (July 2003–March 2005), a TMZ era (April 2005–October 2007), and a BZM‐TMZ era (November 2007–December 2009). Binomial logit regression analyzed odds of death, taking into account age at diagnosis, tumor size, gender, race, marital status, radiotherapy, and extensive surgery. Compared with the pre‐TMZ era, odds of death were decreased in the TMZ era by 12% (97.5% CI [confidence interval] 3–20%) 6 months after diagnosis and 36% (30–42%) a year after diagnosis; corresponding values for BZM‐TMZ were 31% (24–37%) and 50% (45–55%). For era comparisons, decreases in odds of death were larger at 12 than 6 months; the opposite was true for extensive surgery and radiotherapy (P < 0.025, Wald χ2 test, for each analysis). For both 6 and 12 month comparisons, odds of death in the BZM‐TMZ era were lower than in the TMZ era (P < 0.025, Wald χ2 test, for each analysis). The results provide evidence that TMZ positively impacted survival of glioblastoma patients and that the addition of BZM further improved survival, this lends support to the addition of BZM to the chemotherapeutic armamentarium. Evaluation of odds of death is an attractive alternative to Cox regression when proportional hazards assumptions are violated and follow‐up is good.
Mass Transfer in Molybdenum Extraction from Aqueous Solutions Using Nanoporous Membranes
Authors: Ghadiri Mehdi , Ashrafizadeh Seyed N. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractModeling of non‐disperse solvent extraction of molybdenum(VI) with PC‐88A as extractant and a nanoporous hollow‐fiber membrane contactor as extractor was performed. Computational fluid dynamics was applied for modeling and simulation of molybdenum extraction. Concentration, pressure, and velocity distributions for molybdenum were determined. The extraction of Mo6+ was greatly influenced by the flow rate of feed solution. The extraction efficiency was reduced with higher feed flow rate and increased with the molybdenum content in the feed. The pressure drop along the shell side of the membrane extractor was found to be not significant, being one of the advantages of membrane extractors which assist in reducing the operational costs. The proposed simulation method is capable to prognosticate the performance of solvent extraction of molybdenum in membrane extractors.
Cometabolic Degradation Kinetics of Trichloroethylene Based on Toluene Enhancement by Encapsulated Burkholderia cepacia G4
Authors: Hamid Shanawar , Amin Muhammad T. , Alazba Abdulrahman A. , Manzoor Umair , Amin Muhammad N. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe ability of encapsulated Burkholderia cepacia G4 (ATCC 53617) for trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation (1.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/L) in the presence of toluene (10 and 60 mg/L) as enhancement substrate was evaluated experimentally. Burkholderia cepacia G4 cultures were encapsulated in cylindrical pellets (4 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height (preferred)) using polyethylene glycol (PEG). Higher transformation capacities were observed for the encapsulated cultures for both toluene concentrations. The highest transformation capacities measured for the encapsulated cultures and suspended cultures were 46.98 and 5.94 μg TCE/mg biomass, respectively. The Monod equation was used to simulate the degradation rates of toluene and Haldane's equation was employed to describe the degradation kinetics of TCE. The first‐order reaction rate constant (k/Ks) for toluene degradation in the encapsulated cultures was 2.3‐fold higher than the value of the suspended cultures, whereas the kc/Ksc value for TCE was 4.3‐fold higher compared to the suspended cultures. The higher kinetic values of the encapsulated cultures indicate that the degradation efficiency and capability of B. cepacia G4 was enhanced through PEG encapsulation. Moreover, the higher inhibition constant value for the encapsulated cultures compared with the suspended cultures demonstrated that PEG‐encapsulated B. cepacia G4 can tolerate and degrade much higher TCE concentrations.
Phase 2 trial of erlotinib combined with cisplatin and radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer
Authors: Nogueira‐Rodrigues Angelica , Moralez Giulliana , Grazziotin Rachele , Carmo Claudio C. , Small Isabele A. , Alves Flavia V.G. , Mamede Marcelo , Erlich Felipe , Viegas Celia , Triginelli Sergio A. , Ferreira Carlos G. 
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUNDCisplatin‐based chemoradiation (CRT) is the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently overexpressed in cervical cancer, and EGFR inhibition itself has antitumor effects and potentiates CRT. Results of a previous phase 1 trial of the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib combined with cisplatin‐based CRT (E + CRT) recommended a phase 2 erlotinib dose of 150 mg/day.METHODSEligibility criteria included International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIB to IIIB epidermoid cervical cancer, no prior therapy, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 2. Patients received erlotinib at a dose of 150 mg/day 1 week before and in combination with cisplatin (40 mg/m2 administered weekly for 5 cycles) and radiotherapy (4500 centigrays in 25 fractions), followed by brachytherapy (4 fractions at a dose of 600 centigrays weekly).RESULTSA total of 36 patients completed treatment with E + CRT. The median duration of therapy was 77 days and the median follow‐up period was 59.3 months. The therapy was well tolerated overall, and 34 patients (94.4%) achieved a complete response. The 2‐year and 3‐year cumulative overall and progression‐free survival rates were 91.7% and 80.6% and 80% and 73.8%, respectively.CONCLUSIONSTreatment with E + CRT appears to be safe and exerts significant activity against locally advanced cervical cancer. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to date to demonstrate that a target agent has promising activity against locally advanced cervical cancer. Cancer 2014;120:1187–1193. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Resistive‐less memcapacitor‐based relaxation oscillator
Authors: Fouda Mohamed E. , Radwan Ahmed G. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryRecently, the realization of the conventional relaxation oscillators was introduced based on memristors. This paper validates the concept using two series memcapacitors in general which is applicable for a capacitor and memcapacitor as well. Furthermore, the necessary conditions for oscillation are introduced, and a generalized closed‐form expression for the oscillation frequency is derived. Two special cases are introduced and verified using PSPICE simulations showing a perfect matching. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secular trends in eating problems among norwegian adolescents from 1992 to 2010
Authors: von Soest Tilmann , Wichstrøm Lars 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study examines secular trends in eating problems among adolescents between 1992 and 2010. The study aims further to investigate whether such trends can be accounted for by secular changes in putative risk factors.MethodThree nationwide surveys of Norwegian senior high‐school students were conducted in 1992, 2002, and 2010 (response rates 97.0, 91.0, and 83.2%). At each time point, approximately 3,000 adolescents participated. Eating problems were assessed by means of the Dieting and the Bulimia and Food Preoccupation subscales of the Eating Attitude Test‐12. Moreover, a variety of potential risk factors that might account for time trends in such problems were measured.ResultsDieting scores increased almost linearly for both genders during the research period. No differences over time in Bulimia and Food Preoccupation scores were seen among boys, whereas these symptoms peaked in 2002 for girls with considerably lower levels in both 1992 and 2010. The increase in Dieting from 1992 to 2010 for both genders could be attributed in part to increasing body mass index levels and, to a lesser degree, to depressive symptoms among females. The girls' time trend in Bulimia and Food Preoccupation was to some extent related to changes in appearance satisfaction, alcohol intoxication, and global self‐worth.DiscussionThis study is one of few to statistically examine how secular trends in eating problems are related to changes in putative risk factors. The study does not however provide conclusive information on the causal direction between putative risk factors and eating problems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:448–457)
Stressful environments can indirectly select for increased longevity
Authors: Savory Fiona R. , Benton Timothy G. , Varma Varun , Hope Ian A. , Sait Steven M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLongevity is modulated by a range of conserved genes in eukaryotes, but it is unclear how variation in these genes contributes to the evolution of longevity in nature. Mutations that increase life span in model organisms typically induce trade‐offs which lead to a net reduction in fitness, suggesting that such mutations are unlikely to become established in natural populations. However, the fitness consequences of manipulating longevity have rarely been assessed in heterogeneous environments, in which stressful conditions are encountered. Using laboratory selection experiments, we demonstrate that long‐lived, stress‐resistant Caenorhabditis elegans age‐1(hx546) mutants have higher fitness than the wild‐type genotype if mixed genotype populations are periodically exposed to high temperatures when food is not limited. We further establish, using stochastic population projection models, that the age‐1(hx546) mutant allele can confer a selective advantage if temperature stress is encountered when food availability also varies over time. Our results indicate that heterogeneity in environmental stress may lead to altered allele frequencies over ecological timescales and indirectly drive the evolution of longevity. This has important implications for understanding the evolution of life‐history strategies.