bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction Between Phonological and Semantic Representations: Time Matters
Authors: Chen Qi , Mirman Daniel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractComputational modeling and eye‐tracking were used to investigate how phonological and semantic information interact to influence the time course of spoken word recognition. We extended our recent models (Chen & Mirman, 2012; Mirman, Britt, & Chen, 2013) to account for new evidence that competition among phonological neighbors influences activation of semantically related concepts during spoken word recognition (Apfelbaum, Blumstein, & McMurray, 2011). The model made a novel prediction: Semantic input modulates the effect of phonological neighbors on target word processing, producing an approximately inverted‐U‐shaped pattern with a high phonological density advantage at an intermediate level of semantic input—in contrast to the typical disadvantage for high phonological density words in spoken word recognition. This prediction was confirmed with a new analysis of the Apfelbaum et al. data and in a visual world paradigm experiment with preview duration serving as a manipulation of strength of semantic input. These results are consistent with our previous claim that strongly active neighbors produce net inhibitory effects and weakly active neighbors produce net facilitative effects.
Soluble CD163 levels are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and are associated with impaired peripheral nerve function
Authors: Kallestrup M. , Møller H. J. , Tankisi H. , Andersen H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimsTo measure soluble CD163 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of people with Type 2 diabetes, with and without polyneuropathy, and to relate the findings to peripheral nerve function.MethodsA total of 22 people with Type 2 diabetes and 12 control subjects without diabetes were included in this case–control study. Participants with diabetes were divided into those with neuropathy (n = 8) and those without neuropathy (n = 14) based on clinical examination, vibratory perception thresholds and nerve conduction studies. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid soluble CD163 levels were analysed using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsSoluble CD163 levels were significantly higher in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of the participants with Type 2 diabetes compared with the control participants [cerebrospinal fluid: median (range) 107 (70–190) vs 84 (54–115) μg/l, P < 0.01 and serum: 2305 (920–7060) vs 1420 (780–2740) μg/l, P < 0.01). Cerebrospinal fluid soluble CD163 was positively related to impaired peripheral nerve conduction (nerve conduction study rank score: r = 0.42; P = 0.0497) and there was a trend for higher levels of soluble CD163 in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum in participants with neuropathy than in those without neuropathy [cerebrospinal fluid: median (range) 131 (86–173) vs 101 (70–190) μg/l, P = 0.08 and serum: 3725 (920–7060) vs 2220 (1130–4780), P = 0.06).ConclusionsCerebrospinal fluid soluble CD163 level is associated with impaired peripheral nerve function. Higher levels of soluble CD163 in people with diabetic polyneuropathy suggest that inflammation plays a role in the development of neural impairment. The relationship between cerebrospinal fluid soluble CD163 level and peripheral nerve conduction indicates that soluble CD163 may be a potential biomarker for the severity of diabetic polyneuropathy.
Gender differences and patterns of cardiovascular risk factors in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes: a population‐based analysis from a Scottish region
Authors: Collier A. , Ghosh S. , Hair M. , Waugh N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo explore the gender differences, along with the relationships between BMI, glycaemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of diabetes complications, in a representative population‐based group of people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.MethodsData were obtained from general practices in Ayrshire and Arran, Scotland for 15 351 patients.ResultsIn the cohort with Type 1 diabetes, after adjustment for age, men had a significantly lower BMI (P = 0.007) and significantly lower total cholesterol (P = 0.005), HDL‐cholesterol (P = 2.5*10‐17) and HbA1c levels (P = 0.003) than women. By contrast, men had higher blood pressure, both systolic (P = 0.034) and diastolic (P = 0.0003), and higher non‐fasting triglyceride levels (P = 0.001). Men with Type 1 diabetes had a higher prevalence of neuropathy (P = 0.021). Among people with Type 2 diabetes, men had a significantly lower BMI (P = 4.26*10‐37), and significantly lower total cholesterol (P = 2.96*10‐62) and HDL‐cholesterol levels (P = 8.25*10‐141) but higher non‐fasting triglyceride levels (P = 0.0002). In Type 2 diabetes, men had a higher prevalence of ischaemic heart disease (P = 1.66*10‐25), stroke (P = 0.002) and peripheral vascular disease (P = 1.68*10‐12), while women were older (P = 4.83*10‐23), heavier and had a higher prevalence of hypertension (P = 5.32*10‐12). More people with Type 2 diabetes were on lipid‐lowering treatment (84.7 vs 52.4%; P = 5.51*10‐8) than were those with Type 1 diabetes. The prevalence of retinopathy was higher among non‐smokers thank smokers in people with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (Type 1, P = 0.016; Type 2, P = 0.001).ConclusionsThe study shows gender differences between Type 1 and 2 diabetes that are of clinical significance and require further investigation. Follow‐up of the patients included in the present study should give us much greater understanding of the importance of gender in the development of metabolic abnormalities and diabetes complications.
Gamma‐delta t‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Foppoli Marco , Ferreri Andrés J. M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGamma‐delta T‐cell lymphomas are aggressive and rare diseases originating from gamma‐delta lymphocytes. These cells, which naturally play a role in the innate, non‐specific immune response, develop from thymic precursor in the bone marrow, lack the major histocompatibility complex restrictions and can be divided into two subpopulations: Vdelta1, mostly represented in the intestine, and Vdelta2, prevalently located in the skin, tonsils and lymph nodes. Chronic immunosuppression such as in solid organ transplanted subjects and prolonged antigenic exposure are probably the strongest risk factors for the triggering of lymphomagenesis. Two entities are recognised by the 2008 WHO Classification: hepatosplenic gamma‐delta T‐cell lymphoma (HSGDTL) and primary cutaneous gamma‐delta T‐cell lymphoma (PCGDTL). The former is more common among young males, presenting with B symptoms, splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia, usually with the absence of nodal involvement. Natural behaviour of HSGDTL is characterised by low response rates, poor treatment tolerability, common early progression of disease and disappointing survival figures. PCGDTL accounts for <1% of all primary cutaneous lymphomas, occurring in adults with relevant comorbidities. Cutaneous lesions may vary, but its clinical behaviour is usually aggressive and long‐term survival is anecdotal. Available literature on gamma‐delta T‐cell lymphomas is fractioned, mostly consisting of case reports or small cumulative series. Therefore, clinical suspicion and diagnosis are usually delayed, and therapeutic management remains to be established. This review critically analyses available evidence on diagnosis, staging and behaviour of gamma‐delta T‐cell lymphomas, provides recommendations for therapeutic management in routine practice and discusses relevant unmet clinical needs for future studies.
Role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Cohen Jonathon B. , Burns Linda J. , Bachanova Veronika 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDespite a wide spectrum of treatment options, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) remains a challenging hematologic malignancy to manage. Advances in front‐line therapy, including the monoclonal antibody rituximab and increasing use of cytarabine, have improved remission rates. Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) can effectively consolidate remission of MCL, leading to encouraging survival beyond 5 yr. However, nearly all patients with MCL will relapse and require salvage therapy. Novel agents such as ibrutinib, bortezomib, and lenalidomide have dramatically expanded the options for treating relapsed MCL. In this review, we summarize the clinical evidence supporting the use of allogeneic donor HCT in MCL and make recommendations on indications for its use. Data suggest that allogeneic donor HCT is the only curative therapy for patients with poor prognosis or aggressive MCL. Patient selection, timing, and optimal use remain a matter of scientific debate and given the rapidly changing therapeutic landscape of MCL, the outcomes of allogeneic HCT should be interpreted in the context of novel therapeutics.
Methylation‐regulated miR‐149 modulates chemoresistance by targeting GlcNAc N‐deacetylase/N‐sulfotransferase‐1 in human breast cancer
Authors: He Dong‐Xu , Gu Xiao‐Ting , Li You‐Ran , Jiang Li , Jin Jian , Ma Xin 
Published: August 2014

Dysregulation of microRNA is strongly implicated in the chemoresistance of cancer. In this study, we found that miR‐149 was downregulated and involved in chemoresistance in adriamycin (ADM)‐resistant human breast cancer cells (MCF‐7/ADM). Downregulation of miR‐149 was related to hypermethylation of its 5′‐UTR; this methylation also affected the expression of the glypican 1 gene, which is both the host and the target gene of miR‐149. Furthermore, we found that miR‐149 modulated chemoresistance through targeting the expression of GlcNAc N‐deacetylase/N‐sulfotransferase‐1 (NDST1). With downregulated miR‐149, NDST1 expression was increased in chemoresistant MCF‐7/ADM cells versus control MCF‐7 wild‐type cells. The increased NDST1 then activated a heparan sulfate‐related pathway involving activation of heparanase. Finally, expression of miR‐149 and NDST1 was confirmed in clinical chemoresistant samples of breast cancers receiving anthracycline/taxane‐based chemotherapies. The high expression of NDST1 was also an unfavorable predictor for distant relapse‐free survival in Her2 and basal breast cancers. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that miR‐149 is regulated by methylation, and is a modulator of cancer chemoresistance by targeting NDST1.
Novel mode of action of plant defense peptides – hevein‐like antimicrobial peptides from wheat inhibit fungal metalloproteases
Authors: Slavokhotova Anna A. , Naumann Todd A. , Price Neil P. J. , Rogozhin Eugene A. , Andreev Yaroslav A. , Vassilevski Alexander A. , Odintsova Tatyana I. 
Published: August 2014

The multilayered plant immune system relies on rapid recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns followed by activation of defense‐related genes, resulting in the reinforcement of plant cell walls and the production of antimicrobial compounds. To suppress plant defense, fungi secrete effectors, including a recently discovered Zn‐metalloproteinase from Fusarium verticillioides, named fungalysin Fv‐cmp. This proteinase cleaves class IV chitinases, which are plant defense proteins that bind and degrade chitin of fungal cell walls. In this study, we investigated plant responses to such pathogen invasion, and discovered novel inhibitors of fungalysin. We produced several recombinant hevein‐like antimicrobial peptides named wheat antimicrobial peptides (WAMPs) containing different amino acids (Ala, Lys, Glu, and Asn) at the nonconserved position 34. An additional Ser at the site of fungalysin proteolysis makes the peptides resistant to the protease. Moreover, an equal molar concentration of WAMP‐1b or WAMP‐2 to chitinase was sufficient to block the fungalysin activity, keeping the chitinase intact. Thus, WAMPs represent novel protease inhibitors that are active against fungal metalloproteases. According to in vitro antifungal assays WAMPs directly inhibited hyphal elongation, suggesting that fungalysin plays an important role in fungal development. A novel molecular mechanism of dynamic interplay between host defense molecules and fungal virulence factors is suggested.
Small‐scale Inference: Empirical Bayes and Confidence Methods for as Few as a Single Comparison
Authors: Bickel David R. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryEmpirical Bayes methods of estimating the local false discovery rate (LFDR) by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), originally developed for large numbers of comparisons, are applied to a single comparison. Specifically, when assuming a lower bound on the mixing proportion of true null hypotheses, the LFDR MLE can yield reliable hypothesis tests and confidence intervals given as few as one comparison. Simulations indicate that constrained LFDR MLEs perform markedly better than conventional methods, both in testing and in confidence intervals, for high values of the mixing proportion, but not for low values. (A decision‐theoretic interpretation of the confidence distribution made those comparisons possible.) In conclusion, the constrained LFDR estimators and the resulting effect‐size interval estimates are not only effective multiple comparison procedures but also they might replacep‐values and confidence intervals more generally. The new methodology is illustrated with the analysis of proteomics data.
The Phylogenetic Position of Kofoidia loriculata (Parabasalia) and its Implications for the Evolution of the Cristamonadea
Authors: Tai Vera , Gile Gillian H. , Pan Jingwen , James Erick R. , Carpenter Kevin J. , Scheffrahn Rudolf H. , Keeling Patrick J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTKofoidia loriculata is a parabasalid symbiont inhabiting the hindgut of the lower termite Paraneotermes simplicicornis. It was initially described as a lophomonad due to its apical tuft of multiple flagella that disintegrate during cell division, but its phylogenetic relationships have not been investigated using molecular evidence. From single cell isolations, we sequenced the small subunit rRNA gene and determined that K. loriculata falls within the Cristamonadea, but is unrelated to other lophomonads. This analysis further demonstrates the polyphyly of the lophomonads and the necessity to re‐assess the morphological and cellular evolution of the Cristamonadea.
IL‐18 Cytokine Levels Modulate Innate Immune Responses and Cryptosporidiosis in Mice
Authors: Bedi Brahmchetna , McNair Nina N. , Förster Irmgard , Mead Jan R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIL‐18 is known to play a key role limiting Cryptosporidium parvum infection. In this study, we show that IL‐18 depletion in SCID mice significantly exacerbates C. parvum infection, whereas, treatment with recombinant IL‐18 (rIL‐18), significantly decreases the parasite load, as compared to controls. Increases in serum IFN‐γ levels as well as the up‐regulation of the antimicrobial peptides, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide and beta defensin 3 (Defb3) were observed in the intestinal mucosa of mice treated with rIL‐18. In addition, C. parvum infection significantly increased mRNA expression levels (> 50 fold) of the alpha defensins, Defa3 and 5, respectively. Interestingly, we also found a decrease in mRNA expression of IL‐33 (a recently identified cytokine in the same family as IL‐18) in the small intestinal tissue from mice treated with rIL‐18. In comparison, the respective genes were induced by IL‐18 depletion. Our findings suggest that IL‐18 can mediate its protective effects via different routes such as IFN‐γ induction or by directly stimulating intestinal epithelial cells to increase antimicrobial activity.
Does the Introduction of Nursing Home Culture Change Practices Improve Quality?
Authors: Miller Susan C. , Lepore Michael , Lima Julie C. , Shield Renee , Tyler Denise A. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesTo understand whether nursing home (NH) introduction of culture change practices is associated with improved quality.DesignNH‐level panel study using multivariate fixed‐effects statistical modeling to estimate the effect of culture change introduction on quality outcomes.SettingEight hundred twenty‐four U.S. NHs with culture change practice involvement beginning between 2005 and 2010.ParticipantsDirectors of nursing and nursing home administrators.MeasurementsA culture change practice score (derived from a 2009/10 national NH survey) was used to stratify NHs according to practice implementation (high (scores in the top quartile; n = 217) vs other (n = 607)). NH‐level outcomes included prevalence of seven care practices and three resident outcomes, health‐related and quality‐of‐life weighted survey deficiencies, and average number of hospitalizations per resident year.ResultsFor NHs with high practice implementation, introduction of culture change was associated with a significant decrease in prevalence of restraints, tube feeding, and pressure ulcers; an increase in the proportion of residents on bladder training programs; and a small decrease in the average number of hospitalizations per resident year (coefficient −0.04, standard error (SE) 0.02, P = .06). For NHs with lower practice implementation (practice scores in lower three quartiles), introduction was associated with fewer health‐related (coefficient −5.26, SE 3.05; P = .09) and quality‐of‐life (coefficient −0.10, SE 0.05; P = .04) survey deficiencies, although these NHs also had small statistically significant increases in the prevalence of residents with urinary tract infections and in average hospitalizations per resident year (coefficient 0.03, SE 0.01, P = .02).ConclusionThe introduction of NH culture change appears to result in significant improvements in some care processes and outcomes in NHs with high practice implementation. For other NHs, culture change introduction results in fewer survey deficiencies.
Clonality of bacterial consortia in root canals and subjacent gingival crevices
Authors: Parahitiyawa Nipuna B. , Chu Frederick C. S. , Leung Wai K. , Yam Wing C. , Jin Li Jian , Samaranayake Lakshman P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimNo oral niche can be considered to be segregated from the subjacent milieu because of the complex community behavior and nature of the oral biofilms. The aim of this study was to address the paucity of information on how these species are clonally related to the subjacent gingival crevice bacteria.MethodsWe utilized a metagenomic approach of amplifying 16S rDNA from genomic DNA, cloning, sequencing and analysis using LIBSHUFF software to assess the genetic homogeneity of the bacterial species from two infected root canals and subjacent gingival crevices.ResultsThe four niches studied yielded 186 clones representing 54 phylotypes. Clone library comparisons using LIBSHUFF software indicated that each niche was inhabited by a unique flora. Further, 42% of the clones were of hitherto unknown phylotypes indicating the extent of bacterial diversity, especially in infected root canals and subjacent gingival crevices.ConclusionsWe believe data generated through this novel analytical tool shed new light on understanding oral microbial ecosystems.
Characterization of long‐term in vitro culture‐related alterations of human tonsil‐derived mesenchymal stem cells: role for CCN1 in replicative senescence‐associated increase in osteogenic differentiation
Authors: Yu Yeonsil , Park Yoon Shin , Kim Han Su , Kim Ha Yeong , Jin Yoon Mi , Jung Sung‐Chul , Ryu Kyung‐Ha , Jo Inho 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAlthough mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissues are known to be subjected to in vitro culture‐related alterations in their stem cell properties, such data have not been reported in human tonsil‐derived MSC (T‐MSC). Here, we investigated the culture‐related changes of phenotypes, the senescence, and the differentiation potential of T‐MSC. T‐MSC were serially passaged by a standard protocol, and their characteristics were assessed, including MSC‐specific surface antigen profiles, the senescence, and the differentiation potentials into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes. Up to at least passage 15, we found no alterations in either MSC‐specific surface marker, CD14, CD34, CD45, CD73 and CD90, or the mRNA expression of embryonic stem cell gene markers, Nanog, Oct4‐A and Sox‐2. However, the expression of CD146, recently identified another MSC marker, dramatically decreased with increasing passages from ~ 23% at passage 3 to ~ 1% at passage 15. The average doubling time increased significantly from ~ 38 h at passage 10 to ~ 46 h at passage 15. From passage 10, the cell size increased slightly and SA‐β‐gal staining was evident. Both Alizarin Red S staining and osteocalcin expression showed that the osteogenic differentiation potential increased up to passage 10 and decreased thereafter. However, the adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential decreased passage‐dependently from the start, as evidenced by staining of Oil Red O and Alcian Blue, respectively. Consistent with a passage‐dependent osteogenic differentiation, the expression of CCN1, an angiogenic protein known to be related to both senescence and osteogenesis, also increased up to passage 10. Furthermore, ectopic expression of small interfering RNA against CCN1 at passage 10 significantly reversed Alizarin Red S staining and osteocalcin expression. Altogether, our study demonstrates the characterization of long‐term in vitro cultured T‐MSC and that CCN1 may be involved in mediating a passage‐dependent increase in osteogenic potential of T‐MSC.
The influence of fixed orthodontic appliances on masticatory and swallowing threshold performances
Authors: Magalhães I. B. , Pereira L. J. , Andrade A. S. , Gouvea D. B. , Gameiro G. H. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryTo test the hypothesis that treatment with orthodontic appliances disturbs masticatory and swallowing performances. Twenty‐seven subjects with malocclusions requiring orthodontic treatment were included in this prospective study. The masticatory and swallowing performances were evaluated at five different times: before bracket placement (T0), immediately after archwire placement (T1), 48 h after archwire placement (T2), 30 days after archwire placement (T3) and 3 months after the initial appointment (T4). Masticatory performance was determined by the median particle sizes for the Optocal test food after 15 chewing strokes, and the swallowing thresholds were registered for both the test food and a natural food (peanuts). Pain during mastication was evaluated using a 100‐mm visual analogue scale. Masticatory performance was significantly reduced at T2, at which time patients reported the highest pain values. The time spent to the first swallow was increased at T2 for the natural food but not for the test food. The values for pain, masticatory and swallowing performances at T3 and T4 were similar to those at T0. Orthodontic patient masticatory function is only reduced during the period of higher pain experience, which could also disrupt the deglutition of harder foods. However, neither mastication nor deglutition processes were disturbed by orthodontic appliances in long‐term treatment.
Stability of Recalled Parental Rearing Behavior in a Community Sample of Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Asselmann Eva , Knappe Susanne , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich , Lieb Roselind , Beesdo‐Baum Katja 
Published: August 2014

This study examined the temporal stability of recalled parental rearing behavior (RPRB) in a community sample of adolescents and young adults (aged 15–19 at first assessment, N = 945) over a period of nearly two years. RPRB (overprotection/control, rejection/punishment, and emotional warmth, separately for mother and father) was assessed at two assessment waves (time interval: M = 21.18 months, SD = 0.09 months) using the Questionnaire of Recalled Parental Rearing Behavior. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) between both assessments were examined. ICCs were similar for maternal and paternal RPRB and slightly higher for emotional warmth (mother: .70; father: .70) than for rejection/punishment (mother: .69; father: .68) and overprotection/control (mother: .66; father: .62). These findings suggest an at least moderate temporal stability of RPRB in adolescents of the community.