bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AA5483 after Combination of ECAP and Hydrostatic Extrusion SPD Processes
Authors: Kulczyk M. , Skiba J. , Pachla W. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Al-Mg alloys of the 5xxx series are strain hardenable and have moderately high strength, excellent corrosion resistance even in salt water, and very high toughness even at cryogenic temperatures to near absolute zero, which makes them attractive for a variety of applications, e.g. in systems exploited at temperatures as low as -270°C, and marine applications. The present study is concerned with the effect of a combination of 2 processes, which generate serve plastic deformation (SPD), equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and hydrostatic extrusion (HE), on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an alloy that contain Al and Mg. The alloy was subjected to multi-pass ECAP followed by cumulative HE with a total true strain of 5.9. The microstructure of SPD samples was evaluated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests and microhardness measurements. The combination of the two processes gave a uniform nanostructure with an average grain size of 70nm. The grain refinement taking place during the SPD processing resulted in the increase of the mechanical strength by 165% (YS) with respect to that of the material in the as- received state. The experiments have shown that the combination of HE and ECAP permits producing homogeneous nanocrystalline materials of large volumes.
Role of the Contact Layer in Continuous Casting of thin Metal Rods
Authors: Lipnicki Z. , Pantoł K. , Weigand B. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
An analytical heat transfer model has been development and applied for calculating the shape of the solid thickness profile for continuous casting of thin metal rods. The stationary solidification front relative to the crystallizer was received from superposition of the motions of the liquid metal flow in the axial direction and the solidifying metal in the radial direction. The shape of the solidified crust depends on several parameters. The influence of the contact layer between the frozen crust and the internal surface of a crystallizer on the solidification process is also studied. The results are presented as an analytical model and are graphically shown for different selected parameters.
Modification of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Surface by EPD-PEO Process in ZrSiO4 Suspension
Authors: Krząkała A. , Młynski J. , Dercz G. , Michalska J. , Maciej A. , Nieuzyła Ł. , Simka W. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Investigations on the surface modification of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation are reported here. The oxidation process was carried out in a solution containing a zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) suspension and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Anodising was realised at voltages in a range from 100 V to 250 V. It was found that the morphology of the sample surface did not change during the oxidation of the alloy at 100 V. Application of voltages higher than 100 V led to the incorporation of zirconium silicate into the formed oxide layer and to significant changes of the surface morphology.
Effects of Process Parameters on Tensile Shear Strength of Friction Stir Spot Welded Aluminium Alloy (EN AW 5005)
Authors: Kulekci M.K. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Aluminium and its alloys have been used in automotive technology since the first model of the car. The need for aluminium material is getting increased for weight reduction, improved fuel economy and vehicle performance. The amount of the aluminium used in a car is mainly related with joining processes of aluminium alloy. This can be achieved by developing the welding techniques for aluminium alloys. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of friction stir spot welding parameters on tensile shear strength of friction stir spot welded lap joint EN AW 5005 Aluminium alloy. The variable parameters were tool rotation (rpm), dwell time (s) and the tool pin height (mm). Tensile shear test results indicated that the weld performance was significantly affected by the tool rotation, dwell time and the tool pin height. The results of the study indicates that there are optimum process parameters which give the highest tensile shear strength.
Evaluation of Influence of the Addition Nanofillers on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties Terpolymers Ester-Ether-Amide
Authors: Kozłowska A. , Piatek-Hnat M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The results of studies of mechanical and thermal properties of synthesized elastomeric nanocomposites have been presented. An elastomeric multiblock terpoly(ester-b-ether-b-amide)s as polymeric matrix and nanoparticles SiO2 i TiO2 used as fillers. It was shown that the introduction of multiblock thermoplastic elastomer matrix of SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles allows to obtain nanocomposite materials with improved mechanical properties compared to the terpolymer before modification. An increase in glass transition temperature, which has a positive effect for the processing of terpolymers.
PCDDs/Fs Pollution from Metallurgical Processes in the Town of Sisak, Croatia
Authors: Sofilić T. , Jendričko J. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In order to calculate the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from metallurgical processes located in the town of Sisak, Croatia, this research has built on experiences from developed countries, where the emission factor values from individual metallurgical processes have been taken from the reference data and used for the estimate of the emission of these pollutions in the European countries. The calculation of the emission polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from metallurgical processes located in the town of Sisak took into account annual outputs of sinter, pig iron, steel blooms and steel billets, as well as steel casts.
The metallurgical processes installed in the town of Sisak between 1950 and 2010 emitted from Q1-TEQ =17 mg a-1 PCDDs/Fs in 2001 to Q1-TEQ =5823 mg a-1 in 1989, depending on the activity of these processes. Within the observed period, the largest source of PCDDs/Fs emission was the iron ore sintering plant. Within the observed timeframe, the town of Sisak did not experience any excessive air, soil or water pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from the local metallurgical processes.
Centrifugal Castings Locally Reinforced with Porous AL2O3 Preform
Authors: Dolata A.J. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The main objective of presented researches were tests of infiltration of the porous ceramic preforms at the pressure in centrifugal casting process. Make an assumption that the porous preform will be create the local reinforcement layer in specific area of the casting. For investigations the alumina porous ceramic preforms were applied (Al2O3). The pressure to infiltrate molten aluminum alloy into ceramic preforms was generated by centrifugal force. The structure of composites was examined by light and electron microscope. The investigations of composites microstructure exhibited high degree of infiltration of spherical macropores in Al2O3 ceramic preforms by the molten aluminium alloy. On the basis of structural studies has been shown that centrifugal force is effective as a driving force for the infiltration of porous preforms.
Microstructure and Tribological Properties of the Copper Matrix Composite Materials Containing Lubricating Phase Particles
Authors: Juszczyk B. , Kulasa J. , Malec W. , Malara Sz. , Czepelak M. , Ciura L. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The paper presents results of the studies into influence of individual particles of lubricating phase on microstructure and tribological properties of copper based composite materials for slide bearings. The studied material was composed of copper alloys with lubricating phase particles, e.g. in a form of graphite and glassy carbon. The metallic matrix of composite materials consisted of Cu-Sn type alloys. Production of the examined materials included processes with complete or partial participation of liquid phase and was conducted in two ways. In production of composites both classical powder metallurgy technology was applied and a method of melting with simultaneous mechanical stirring in liquid state (stir casting). Particles of lubricating phases were heated up to the temperature of 200°C and introduced into a liquid metal and then stirring process at constant rate of 1500 rpm rotational speed was applied. To improve wettability of graphite and glassy carbon particles titanium was introduced into the metallic matrix.
In production of the composites by powder metallurgy methods the process consisted of mixing of bronze powders and particles of non-metallic phases and then their consolidation. Both quantitative and qualitative structure analysis of the produced composites was performed. Also through evaluation of tribological properties (friction coefficient, wear) with CSM Instruments high temperature tribometer THT was conducted.
Formation Enthalpy of Bli Intermediate Phase
Authors: Gąsior W. , Dębski A. , Major R. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The formation enthalpy of the BLi (B48Li52) intermetallic phase was measured with the use of the water reaction and the direct reaction calorimetric method. The phase was prepared of weighed amounts of B and Li in a glove-box filled with high purity argon. The BLi phase was confirmed with using the X-ray diffraction investigations. The experiments were carried out with the use of a water reaction calorimeter (water reaction calorimetric technique) at 25°C (298 K) in air, as well as a direct reaction calorimeter at 752°C in high purity argon. The formation enthalpy value obtained for the BLi phase in the case of the water reaction calorimetric method equaled -30.3±2.2 kJ/mole of atoms and in the case of the direct synthesis technique - 29.4±2.0 kJ/mole of atoms.
Diatoms of the lower Vistula River phytoseston
Authors: Dembowska Ewa 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on the phytoseston of the Vistula River along a distance of 163 km. The research was conducted between 1994 and 2010. A total of 218 diatom taxa were identified in the phytoseston. A large number of diatoms were represented by only a few specimens, and, in some cases, only in one of the 312 samples examined. Only nine species had the highest constancy of occurrence in the lower Vistula River; however, mostly periphyton and benthos species predominated the phytoseston in the Vistula River at all of the stations. Most of the species were cosmopolitan. The eutrophic conditions of the Vistula River were confirmed by the great number of eutraphentic diatom taxa. The 86 diatom species identified that have high or very high oxygen requirements confirm that oxygen conditions in the river are good. The ecological potential of the Vistula River was rated based on concentrations of chlorophyll a. The worst state, which was moderate, was recorded in 1998 at positions above the dam in Włocławek. Research on the river segment in Torun in the 2007-2010 period indicated the ecological potential had improved from good to maximum. Despite high anthropogenic pressure and major engineering projects, the Vistula River is characterized by good and maximum ecological potential and great biodiversity.
Riparian buffer zones on selected rivers in Lower Silesia – an important conservation practice and the management strategy in urban planning
Authors: Adamska Maryna 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Buffer zones are narrow strips of land lying along the surface water, covered with appropriately selected vegetation. They separate aquatic ecosystems from the direct impact of agricultural land and reduce the movement of nutrients in the environment. In 2008 the European Commission established requirements for the implementation of buffer strips along water courses. Poland committed to the enforcement of these requirements until 1 January 2012. This was one of the reasons of this study. The subject of the analysis included the following rivers in Lower Silesia: Smortawa, Krynka, Czarna Woda and the selected transects of Ślęza and Nysa Łużycka. Detailed studies were designed to estimate the buffer zones occurring on these watercourses and assess these zones’ structure. This will be used to develop clear criteria for the selection of the width of these zones based on land use land management. It can be used in the implementation of executive acts at different levels of space management. Field research consisted of inventory the extent of riparian buffer strips on selected water courses and photographic documentation. Species composition of the vegetation forming a buffer zone was identified by using Braun-Blanquet method. There was lack of continuity of the riparian buffer zones on investigated rivers. Buffer zones should have carefully formulated definition and width because they are element of the significant ecological value, they perform important environmental protective functions and they are also the subject of Community law.
Conception of vadose zone research in the area of Goczałkowice reservoir.
Authors: Czekaj Joanna , Trepka Kamil 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Goczałkowice reservoir is one of the main source of drinking water for Upper Silesia Region. In reference to Water Frame Directive matter since 2010 the strategic research project: „Integrated system supporting management and protection of dammed reservoir (ZiZoZap)”, which is being conducted on Goczałkowice reservoir, has been pursued. In the framework of this project complex groundwater monitoring is carried on. One aspect is vadose zone research, conducted to obtain information about changes in chemical composition of infiltrating water and mass transport within this zone. Based on historical data and the structural model of direct catchment of Goczałkowice reservoir location of the vadose zone research site was selected. At the end of November 2012 specially designed lysimeter was installed with 10 MacroRhizon samplers at each lithological variation in unsaturated zone. This lysimeter, together with nested observation wells, located in the direct proximity, create the vadose zone research site which main aim is specifying the amount of nitrate transport in the vertical profile.
Stibnite vein from Dębowina near Bardo (polish Sudetes)
Authors: Kotula Piotr 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In the contact zone of the Bardo Structure and Kłodzko-Złoty Stok Intrusion and Kłodzko Metamorphic, metasomatic orebearing quartz-carbonate veins rich in Sb, Zn, Cu, Ag, Au, Pb are present. In 1771 the mine ,,Reiche Silber Gluck” within stibnite vein was founded in Dębowina near Bardo. Its entrance was discovered again in 2007. The stibnite vein is mainly build of stibnite and sphalerite and of quartz and dolomite rich in Mn. Stibnite crystallizes as columnar or forming radiate centres and aciculars. Its crystals reach size to 2 mm. Sphalerite appears as individual anhedral and polymineralic grained concentrations reaching size to 2,5 mm. Earlier pyrite and arsenopyrite crystallized - they occur locally in this deposit. There were found also in the deposit tetrahedrite rich in Ag, what wasn't reported earlier in studies from the mine in Dębowina.
Aromatic hydrocarbons from the Middle Jurassic fossil wood of the Polish Jura
Authors: Smolarek Justyna , Marynowski Leszek 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
Aromatic hydrocarbons are present in the fossil wood samples in relatively small amounts. In almost all of the tested samples the dominating aromatic hydrocarbon is perylene and its methyl and dimethyl derivatives. The most important biomarkers present in the aromatic fraction are dehydroabietane, siomonellite and retene, compounds characteristic for conifers. The distribution of discussed compounds is highly variable due to such early diagenetic processes affecting the wood as oxidation and the activity of microorganisms. MPI1 parameter values (methylphenanthrene index) for the majority of the samples are in the range of 0.1 to 0.5, which results in the highly variable values of Rc (converted value of vitrinite reflectance) ranging from 0.45 to 0.70%. Such values suggest that MPI1 parameter is not useful as maturity parameter in case of Middle Jurassic ore-bearing clays, even if measured strictly on terrestrial organic matter (OM). As a result of weathering processes (oxidation) the distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons changes. In the oxidized samples the amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, both polycyclic as well as aromatic biomarkers decreases.
The large superpredators’ teeth from Middle Triassic of Poland
Authors: Surmik Dawid , Brachaniec Tomasz 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
An unusual large teeth, finding from time to time in marine sediments of Muschelkalk, Silesia, Poland indicate the superpredators occurrence. According to size and morphological features the teeth are similar to archosaurs or giant marine reptiles.
Preliminary results of fractal analysis of the poligonal survey from cave: case study of Małołączniak area (Tatra Mts.)
Authors: Szczygieł Jacek , Mendecki Maciej J. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Traverses (polygons) from two caves have been tested: Wielka Śnieżna Cave System (2858 vectors) and Śnieżna Studnia cave (742). The box counting technique was applied to evaluate the fractal analysis of spatial orientation of traverses. The polygonal survey of Wielka Śnieżna Cave, Śnieżna Studnia and both caves merged together have a fractal geometry. It may be concluded that these caves are close to the full recognition of passages forming by a hydrological system and they could have close relation with geological structures. The usual explanation of fractal dimension D higher than 1 indicates that caves with such dimension fill more space than those with ideal dimension of 1.00 (for example a straight line), and the geological constraints limit the dimension to be lower than 2 (Verbovsek 2007). It may suggest that systems can be developped into more complicated passages in future. The fact that both caves merged together also have showed fractal geometry indicates that they are belonging to the same hydrological system. It was noticed that D-value of merged caves is slightly larger than individual cave. It can be explained by “occupying” more space in rock mass.
Geochemical and isotopic analyses of PM10 in Lower Silesia - preeliminary data
Authors: Zwolińska Elżbieta , Ciężka Monika 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The main aim of the study was to determine the origin of particulate air pollution in Lower Silesia. Samples of PM10 dust were collected on quartz filters Whatman QM-A by employees of Voivodship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (VIEP) in Wroclaw in 2011. As a pilot researches in Lower Silesia were selected two monitoring points of VIEP: (i) Osieczow and (ii) Zgorzelec. Air sampling point in Osieczow is a point of regional background and it is an excellent reference base for the analyses of PM10 in Lower Silesia. The aim of monitoring in this point is to assess the exposure of ecosystems to air pollution. Sampling point in Zgorzelec reflects the urban background and the measurements will be compared, in the future, to the results of the sampling points investigated the impact of industry and local transport on air quality in the whole Lower Silesia. For further geochemical and isotopic analyses were selected 25 samples from each sampling point, average every two weeks measurement. The concentration of PM10 dust for Osieczow ranged from 7 μg∙m-3 (11.10.2011r.) to 89 μg∙m-3 (4.03.2011r.) with an average of 24 μg∙m-3 and for Zgorzelec between 10 μg∙m-3 (11.10.2011r.) and 85 μg∙m-3 (9.11.2011r.) with an average of 26 μg∙m-3. The mean percentage contribution of carbon in PM10 samples from Osieczow was 47%, while in Zgorzelec 42%. The obtained values of δ03C (PM10) in Osieczow varied from -31.1‰ (5.02.2011r.) to -25.5‰ (26.10.2011r.) with an average of -27.6‰, whereas in Zgorzelec between -28.6‰ (15.07.2011r.) and -25.2‰ (6.01.2011r.) with an average of -26.8‰. At the current stage of research is clearly discernible the different carbon isotope record in the material dust (qualitative information), despite the identical range of concentrations of PM10 in both analysed points (quantitative information). This confirms the appropriateness of the choice both research method and monitoring points.
Soil water content and water balance simulation of Caragana korshinskii Kom. in the semiarid Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Jian Shengqi , Zhao Chuanyan , Fang Shumin , Yu Kai 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In this paper, to evaluate the hydrological effects of Caragana korshinskii Kom., measured data were combined with model-simulated data to assess the C. korshinskii soil water content based on water balance equation. With measured and simulated canopy interception, plant transpiration and soil evaporation, soil water content was modeled with the water balance equation. The monthly variations in the modeled soil water content by measured and simulated components (canopy interception, plant transpiration, soil evaporation) were then compared with in situ measured soil water content. Our results shows that the modeled monthly water loss (canopy interception + soil evaporation + plant transpiration) by measured and simulated components ranges from 43.78 mm to 113.95 mm and from 47.76 mm to 125.63 mm, respectively, while the monthly input of water (precipitation) ranges from 27.30 mm to 108.30 mm. The relative error between soil water content modeled by measured and simulated components was 6.41%. To sum up, the net change in soil water (ΔSW) is negative in every month of the growing season. The soil moisture is approaching to wilting coefficient at the end of the growth season, and the soil moisture recovered during the following season.
Employer branding – a dialogistic communication tool of a competitive employer
Authors: Lubecka Anna 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The present article aims at discussing the value of employer branding, a relatively recent phenomenon in the field of company communication practices, which can be treated as an attempt to develop a dialogistic type of relationships between company employers and employees. The former use this communication strategy to attract quality workers and to retain the currently employed. For the latter it is the means to evaluate their employer by means of all kinds of suggestions, innovative remarks as well as comments, both positive and negative impacting the employer’s image and reputation. As such employer branding may be treated as an important source of information for the employer about their management strengths and weakness, especially as far as their Public Relations (PR) practices are concerned. The author of the present article argues that employer branding can contribute significantly to the employer self-knowledge and verify their self-perception as well as serve to improve the image the company aims at creating only if the employer-employees communication becomes a dialogue. It implies that the communication between them must be founded on humanistic values which means that both parties treat each other with due respect, the information provided by the employees is neither manipulated nor distorted, and the employer acts as an active listener