bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Stream Is Always Giving Life: Communities Reclaim Native Science and Traditional Ways to Prevent Diabetes and Promote Health
Authors: Satterfield Dawn , DeBruyn Lemyra , Francis Carolee , Allen Aiko 
Published: July 2015

Rare in Indian country just sixty years ago, type 2 diabetes mellitus is now woven into the fabric of losses in tribal communities across North America. Westernized lifestyles, with coincident obesity and physical inactivity, are powerful risk factors for this relatively new "disease of civilization." The web of causation is thicker and wider than obesity and physical activity alone, intertwined by historical, economic, environmental, and sociological roots. As diabetes-related morbidity, disability, and mortality continue to increase in communities around the globe, many tribal elders recall when diabetes was almost unknown. They remember being taught how to stay healthy, lessons that were part of their "traditional ecological knowledge," a symbolic and informational knowledge that is grounded in cultural values and practices, and refined through generations of observation, experimentation, and adaptation. In these conversations, the elders' traditional ecological knowledge richly illustrates the cultural capital that supported their survival and helped maintain the health of their communities even when they had to face challenging times.
The purpose of this article is to describe a number of dynamic, tribally driven efforts that draw on traditional ecological knowledge to address the problem of diabetes in American Indian and Alaska Native communities.
Physiological Basis for Triazine Herbicide Tolerance in Bermudagrass, Seashore Paspalum, and Zoysiagrass
Authors: Singh Rashmi , Sidhu Sudeep S. , McCullough Patrick E. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTAtrazine and simazine control weeds in warm‐season turfgrasses, but excessive injury limits applications to sensitive species. The objective of this research was to evaluate the physiological basis for differential tolerances of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) to atrazine and simazine. In greenhouse experiments, hierarchical shoot mass reductions from the nontreated by species were: seashore paspalum > bermudagrass > zoysiagrass for atrazine and seashore paspalum > bermudagrass = zoysiagrass for simazine. Atrazine and simazine treatments to soil only or foliar plus soil reduced shoot mass similarly, averaging 45% from nontreated, while foliar‐only treatments reduced shoot mass 22% from the nontreated. Species rank for root absorption of both herbicides after 48 h from high to low was seashore paspalum > bermudagrass > zoysiagrass. All species had acropetal translocation of 14C‐atrazine and 14C‐simazine, but bermudagrass and zoysiagrass translocated ∼10% more 14C than seashore paspalum after 48 h. Hierarchical species rank for nonmetabolized 14C‐atrazine translocation to shoots after 8 h from high to low was seashore paspalum > bermudagrass > zoysiagrass. All species metabolized 14C‐atrazine to hydroxyatrazine and two unidentified metabolites in root and shoots. All species metabolized simazine to hydroxysimazine and two other metabolites in shoots. Seashore paspalum had less total metabolism of 14C‐simazine than bermudagrass and zoysiagrass and produced fewer metabolites in roots. Results suggest bermudagrass and seashore paspalum susceptibility to atrazine is associated with greater absorption and translocation of the parent herbicide to shoots than zoysiagrass. Seashore paspalum susceptibility to injury from simazine is associated with differences in absorption and metabolism from tolerant turfgrasses bermudagrass and zoysiagrass.
Physiological Basis for Glyphosate Tolerance in Hard Fescue and Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars
Authors: McCullough Patrick E. , Yu Jialin , Shilling Donn G. , Czarnota Mark A. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTGlyphosate effectively controls susceptible biotypes of numerous weed species, but applications are often injurious to turfgrass. ‘Aurora Gold’ hard fescue (Festuca longifolia Thuill.) and ‘JS‐501’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) have enhanced tolerance to glyphosate compared with traditional varieties, but the mechanisms that convey tolerance are not well understood. The objectives of this research were to investigate the physiological basis for glyphosate tolerance in Aurora Gold hard fescue and JS‐501 perennial ryegrass. In greenhouse experiments, the estimated glyphosate rate required to reduce dry shoot mass 50% from the nontreated shoots at 4 wk after treatment measured >3360, >3360, 1850, and 1310 g acid equivalent (a.e.) ha−1 for Aurora Gold, JS‐501, ‘Manhattan V’ perennial ryegrass, and ‘Stonehenge’ hard fescue, respectively. Absorption of 14C‐glyphosate was similar between hard fescue cultivars and averaged 5% of the applied radioactivity. However, Aurora Gold accumulated 20% less shikimate than Stonehenge when incubated at ≥250 μM of glyphosate in leaf disk assays. JS‐501 perennial ryegrass absorbed less 14C‐glyphosate than Manhattan V (13 vs. 22% of the applied) and accumulated ∼50% less shikimate. All cultivars translocated the majority of absorbed radioactivity out of the treated leaf. Based on these findings, glyphosate has less target‐site inhibition in Aurora Gold compared with a more susceptible hard fescue cultivar. The glyphosate tolerance of JS‐501 perennial ryegrass involves two mechanisms including less absorption and target‐site inhibition from a more susceptible cultivar.
Pyramiding rag3, rag1b, rag4, and rag1c Aphid‐Resistant Genes in Soybean Germplasm
Authors: Chandrasena Desmi , Wang Yang , Bales Carmille , Yuan Jiazheng , Gu Cuihua , Wang Dechun 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, poses a significant threat to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Use of resistant cultivars is one of the most effective control tactics. Pyramiding multiple resistance genes has great potential to provide durable resistance to soybean aphids. The objectives of this study were to evaluate soybean aphid damage on soybean lines containing individual or a combination of rag3, rag4, rag1b, and rag1c aphid‐resistant genes, and to identify the genetic interactions of these loci in the greenhouse and field conditions. A breeding population derived from a cross between advanced breeding lines, E08907 with rag3 and rag1b from PI 567598B and E09907 with rag4 and rag1c from PI 567541B, was evaluated for aphid resistance in four trials in the field and greenhouse. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers linked to these genes were used for selection of 12 combinations of resistant genes. Lines with rag3 or rag1c alone or a combination of these genes confer a significant level of resistance. Additionally, additive × additive interaction between rag3 and rag1c was detected. Lines with rag4 or rag1b had lower levels of resistance in the greenhouse and field studies, and their combination (rag4+rag1b) is the least effective against soybean aphids.
Performance of a ‘Transitioned' Infiltration Basin Part 2: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removals
Authors: Natarajan Poornima , Davis Allen P. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT: Infiltration basins have been widely used for stormwater runoff management. However, their longevity could be compromised over time, up to the point of operational failure. This research study showed that a ‘failed' infiltration basin can ‘transition' into a wetpond/wetland‐like practice and provide water quality benefits. Performance evaluation over three years showed that the transitioned infiltration basin reduced the discharge event mean concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), dissolved phosphorus (DP), particulate phosphorus (PP), NOx‐N (nitrate + nitrite), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), organic‐N (ON), and total nitrogen (TN) during most storm events. Exports of TP, DP, ON, and TKN masses were observed only during the coldest periods. The cumulative mass removals were 61% TP, 53% DP, 63% PP, 79% NOx‐N, 51% TKN, 45% ON, and 64% TN. The dry‐weather nutrient concentrations combined with the environmental conditions at the transitioned basin indicated that sedimentation, adsorption, denitrification, and volume reduction were the removal mechanisms.
Risk factors for hydrocephalus requiring external ventricular drainage in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage
Authors: Hughes Joshua D. , Puffer Ross , Rabinstein Alejandro A. 
Published: July 2015

OBJECT
External ventricular drainage (EVD) after intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) without symptomatic hydrocephalus is controversial. The object of this study was to examine indicators or the timeframe for hydrocephalus in patients not immediately treated with EVD after IVH.

METHODS
Records from 2007 to 2014 were searched for “intraventricular hemorrhage” or “IVH.” Inclusion criteria were IVH after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), trauma, tumor, or vascular anomalies. Exclusion criteria were IVH with more than minimal subarachnoid hemorrhage, catastrophic ICH, layering IVH only, or hydrocephalus treated immediately with EVD. IVH was measured with the modified Graeb Score (mGS). An mGS of 5 indicates a full ventricle with dilation. Statistics included chi-square, Student’s t-test, and Mann-Whitney tests; receiver operating characteristics; and uni- and multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS
One hundred five patients met the criteria; of these, 30 (28.6%) required EVD. Panventricular IVH was the most common pattern (n = 49, 46.7%), with 25 of these patients (51%) requiring EVD. The median mGS was 18 ± 5.4 (range 12–29) and 9 ± 4.5 (range 2–21) in the EVD and No-EVD groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Factors associated with EVD were radiological hydrocephalus at presentation, midline shift > 5 mm, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score < 8, mGS > 13, third ventricle mGS = 5, and fourth ventricle mGS = 5. On multivariate analysis, GCS score < 8 [4.02 (range 1.13–14.84), p = 0.032], mGS > 13 [3.83 (range 1.02–14.89), p = 0.046], and fourth ventricle mGS = 5 [5.01 (range 1.26–22.78), p = 0.022] remained significant. Most patients treated with EVD (n = 25, 83.3%) required it soon after presentation [6.4 ± 3.3 (range 1.5–14) hrs]. The remaining 5 patients (16.7%) had a delayed EVD requirement [70.7 ± 22.7 (range 50–104.5) hrs].

CONCLUSIONS
In this study population, the risk for EVD was variable, but greater with mGS > 13, coma, and a dilated fourth ventricle. While the need for EVD occurs within the 1st day after IVH in most patients, a minority require EVD after 48 hours.
Corrective spinal surgery may be protective against stroke in patients with blunt traumatic vertebral artery occlusion
Authors: Foreman Paul M. , Griessenauer Christoph J. , Chua Michelle , Hadley Mark N. , Harrigan Mark R. 
Published: July 2015

OBJECT
Approximately 10% of patients with blunt traumatic extracranial cerebrovascular injury have a complete occlusion of the vertebral artery (VA). Ischemic stroke due to embolization of thrombus from an occluded VA following cervical spine surgery has been observed. The risk of ischemic stroke with cervical spine surgery in the presence of an occluded VA, however, has never been determined.

METHODS
A retrospective chart review of 52 patients with a VA occlusion following a blunt trauma was performed. Clinical and radiographic characteristics were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS
Ten patients (19.2%) suffered an ischemic stroke attributable to a traumatic VA occlusion. Univariate analysis demonstrated that patients with ischemic stroke were significantly older (p = 0.042) and had a lower rate of cervical spine surgery (p < 0.005). Multivariate analysis found cervical spine surgery to be protective against ischemic stroke (OR 0.049 [95% CI 0.014–0.167], p = 0.014); increasing age and bilateral VA injury (bilateral occlusion or unilateral occlusion with contralateral dissection) were risk factors for ischemic stroke (OR 1.05 [95% CI1.02–1.07], p = 0.065 and OR 13.2 [95% CI 2.98–58.9], p = 0.084, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
Traumatic VA occlusion is associated with a risk of ischemic stroke and mortality. Corrective cervical spine surgery potentially decreases the risk of ischemic stroke by stabilizing the spine and thereby reducing motion across the occluded segment of the VA and preventing embolization of thrombus. While a high stoke risk may be inherent to the disease, novel therapies should be investigated.
Quels auteurs pour l’industrie de Mancy à Saint-Brisson-sur-Loire (Loiret) ? Réévaluation d’un assemblage présumé magdalénien en région Centre
Authors: Chehmana Lucie , Debout Grégory , Valentin Boris , Bazin Pierre , Bignon Olivier 
Published: July 2015

La révision de l’industrie lithique découverte sur le site de Mancy (Loiret) a soulevé quelques incertitudes au sujet de son attribution culturelle.
À la fin des années quatre-vingt, les caractéristiques du débitage laminaire avaient conduit certains auteurs à la rapprocher du Magdalénien supérieur. Aujourd’hui, la reconnaissance de plusieurs microgravettes et de nombreux burins-nucléus à partir desquels les supports des microgravettes semblent extraits indique toutefois qu’une partie de l’industrie est attribuable au Gravettien (plutôt à sa phase récente). Par ailleurs, compte tenu des nouvelles études sur le sujet, il n’est pas exclu que le débitage laminaire puisse, lui aussi, y être finalement rattaché. Le contexte de découverte de l’industrie de Mancy (ramassage de surface) ne permet toutefois pas d’écarter l’hypothèse d’une double composante, l’une magdalénienne et l’autre gravettienne. Des éléments de réponses plus définitifs ne pourront être obtenus que si des travaux de terrain sont engagés. Ils sont particulièrement motivés par le fait que Mancy pourrait se révéler comme le premier gisement de production de grandes lames du Gravettien récent de la moitié nord de la France que l’on pourrait comparer aux sites de références de Corbiac et de Rabier (Dordogne). En outre, la présence de restes de faune offre la possibilité de réaliser des datations radiométriques qui permettraient enfin de caler plus précisément ce type d’industrie au sein de la
phase récente du Gravettien.
Apport de l’archéologie expérimentale à la compréhension du creusement des tranchées d’implantation des allées couvertes de la fin du Néolithique. En marge des fouilles au champ mégalithique de Wéris (Belgique)
Authors: Toussaint Michel 
Published: July 2015

The digging of the foundation pits of the semi-buried allées couvertes
from the Late/ Final Neolithic were remarkable achievements whose technical and social requirements had not previously been experimented. This paper describes experiments conducted to test several aspects of this ‘ megalithic engineering’. A number of practical and potentially significant questions were examined, among them the efficiency of the different sets of tools possibly used for the operation, how the material dug out was disposed of, how many people were involved and, finally, the maximum length of time needed for such endeavours.
Environmental and genetic correlates of allocation to sexual reproduction in the circumpolar plant Bistorta vivipara
Authors: Bills John W. , Roalson Eric H. , Busch Jeremiah W. , Eidesen Pernille B. 
Published: July 2015

• Premise of the study: Sexual reproduction often requires more energy and time than clonal reproduction. In marginal arctic conditions, species that can reproduce both sexually and clonally dominate. Plants with this capacity may thrive because they can alter reproduction depending on environmental conditions. Bistorta vivipara is a circumpolar herb that predominately reproduces clonally, but certain environmental conditions promote higher investment in flowers (and possible sexual reproduction). Despite largely reproducing clonally, the herb has high levels of genetic variation, and the processes underlying this paradoxical pattern of variation remain unclear. Here we identified environmental factors associated with sexual investment and examined whether sexual reproduction is associated with higher levels of genetic variation.• Methods: We sampled 20 populations of B. vivipara across the high Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. In each population, we measured reproductive traits, environmental variables, and collected samples for genetic analyses. These samples permitted hypotheses to be tested regarding sexual investment and ecological and genetic correlates.• Key results: Increased soil nitrogen and organic matter content and decreased elevation were positively associated with investment in flowers. Increased investment in flowers significantly correlated with more genotypes per population. Linkage disequilibrium was consistent with predominant clonality, but several populations showed higher genetic variation and lower differentiation than expected. There was no geographical genetic structure.• Conclusions: In B. vivipara, sexual investment is positively associated with habitat quality. Bistorta vivipara predominantly reproduces clonally, but occasional outcrossing, efficient clonal reproduction, and dispersal by bulbils can explain the considerable genetic variation and weak genetic structure in B. vivipara.
Resolving Australian analogs for an Eocene Patagonian paleorainforest using leaf size and floristics
Authors: Merkhofer Lisa , Wilf Peter , Haas M. Tyler , Kooyman Robert M. , Sack Lawren , Scoffoni Christine , Cúneo N. Rubén 
Published: July 2015

• Premise of the study: The diverse early Eocene flora from Laguna del Hunco (LH) in Patagonia, Argentina has many nearest living relatives (NLRs) in Australasia but few in South America, indicating the differential survival of an ancient, trans‐Antarctic rainforest biome. To better understand this significant biogeographic pattern, we used detailed comparisons of leaf size and floristics to quantify the legacy of LH across a large network of Australian rainforest‐plot assemblages.• Methods: We applied vein scaling, a new method for estimating the original areas of fragmented leaves. We then compared leaf size and floristics at LH with living Australian assemblages and tabulated the climates of those where NLRs occur, along with additional data on climatic ranges of “ex‐Australian” NLRs that survive outside of Australia.• Key results: Vein scaling estimated areas as accurately as leaf‐size classes. Applying vein scaling to fossil fragments increased the grand mean area of LH by 450 mm2, recovering more originally large leaves. The paleoflora has a majority of microphyll leaves, comparable to leaf litter in subtropical Australian forests, which also have the greatest floristic similarity to LH. Tropical Australian assemblages also share many taxa with LH, and ex‐Australian NLRs mostly inhabit cool, wet montane habitats no longer present in Australia.• Conclusions: Vein scaling is valuable for improving the resolution of fossil leaf‐size distributions by including fragmented specimens. The legacy of LH is evident not only in subtropical and tropical Australia but also in tropical montane Australasia and Southeast Asia, reflecting the disparate histories of surviving Gondwanan lineages.
Biodiversity assessment among two Nebraska prairies: a comparison between traditional and phylogenetic diversity indices
Authors: Aust Shelly , Ahrendsen Dakota , Kellar P. Roxanne 
Published: July 2015

Conservation of the evolutionary diversity among organisms should be included in the selection of priority regions for preservation of Earth’s biodiversity. Traditionally, biodiversity has been determined from an assessment of species richness (S), abundance, evenness, rarity, etc. of organisms but not from variation in species’ evolutionary histories. Phylogenetic diversity (PD) measures evolutionary differences between taxa in a community and is gaining acceptance as a biodiversity assessment tool. However, with the increase in the number of ways to calculate PD, end-users and decision-makers are left wondering how metrics compare and what data are needed to calculate various metrics.
In this study, we used massively parallel sequencing to generate over 65,000 DNA characters from three cellular compartments for over 60 species in the asterid clade of flowering plants. We estimated asterid phylogenies from character datasets of varying nucleotide quantities, and then assessed the effect of varying character datasets on resulting PD metric values. We also compared multiple PD metrics with traditional diversity indices (including S) among two endangered grassland prairies in Nebraska (U.S.A.). Our results revealed that PD metrics varied based on the quantity of genes used to infer the phylogenies; therefore, when comparing PD metrics between sites, it is vital to use comparable datasets. Additionally, various PD metrics and traditional diversity indices characterize biodiversity differently and should be chosen depending on the research question. Our study provides empirical results that reveal the value of measuring PD when considering sites for conservation, and it highlights the usefulness of using PD metrics in combination with other diversity indices when studying community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Ours is just one example of the types of investigations that need to be conducted across the tree of life and across varying ecosystems in order to build a database of phylogenetic diversity assessments that lead to a pool of results upon which a guide through the plethora of PD metrics may be prepared for use by ecologists and conservation planners.
Export constraints facing Lesotho-based manufacturing enterprises
Authors: Mokhethi Motšelisi C. , Vögel Adolf J. 
Published: July 2015

Orientation: Exporting is preferred by many enterprises as the mode of foreign entry as it requires less commitment of organisational resources and offers flexibility of managerial actions. However, enterprises face a number of challenges when attempting to initiate exports or expand their export operations.Research purpose: This study was undertaken to determine the characteristics and composition of export barriers constraining exporting by Lesotho-based manufacturing enterprises.Motivation for the study: Lesotho is faced with low destination diversity and low diversity in export products.Research design, approach and method: Data was collected from 162 Lesotho-based manufacturing enterprises through a self-administered questionnaire.Main findings: In its findings, the study firstly identified international constraints, distribution constraints and financial constraints as factors constraining exporting. Secondly, it was determined that three exporting constraints, all internal to the enterprise and all related to one factor (namely financial constraint) hampered exporting. Lastly, the ANOVA results revealed that the perceptions of export constraints differed according to the enterprise characteristics, enterprise size, ownership and type of industry.Contribution/value-add: With the majority of enterprises in this study being identified as micro-enterprises, the government of Lesotho needs to pay particular attention to addressing the export needs of these enterprises in order to enable them to participate in exporting activities − especially considering that they can play a pivotal role in the alleviation of poverty, job creation and economic rejuvenation.