bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Limits of Entrapment: The Negotiations on EU Reduction Targets, 2007–11
Authors: Skovgaard Jakob 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn 2007, the EU decided to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 20/30 per cent, something which was considered a proof of the EU's willingness to take on high targets independently of others. In the period 2009–11, the EU was debating but could not reach an agreement on stepping up to a 30 per cent reduction target. This raises the question: why did the EU go from being capable of adopting high targets independently of others to being incapable of agreeing whether it should increase its mitigation effort? It is argued that whereas actors sceptical of a high target could be rhetorically entrapped in 2007, such entrapment was impossible in the 2009–11 period. The lack of entrapment can be explained in terms of changes in the international and socio‐economic contexts, which led to changes in the policy processes and the normative environment, which again made effective entrapment impossible.
Age‐associated changes of islet endocrine cells and the effects of body mass index in Japanese
Authors: Mizukami Hiroki , Takahashi Kazunori , Inaba Wataru , Osonoi Sho , Kamata Kosuke , Tsuboi Kentaro , Yagihashi Soroku 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAims/IntroductionImpaired growth and premature death of β‐cells are implicated in the progression of islet pathology in type 2 diabetes. It remains unclear, however, how aging affects islet cells, or whether the islet change in diabetes is an augmented process of aging. We studied age‐related changes of the islet structure in Japanese non‐diabetic subjects and explored the underlying mechanism of the changes.Materials and MethodsA total of 115 non‐diabetic autopsy cases were subjected to morphometric analysis for volume densities of islets, β‐ and non‐β‐cells, as well as their masses. Proliferation activity identified by Ki67, and expressions of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox (PDX)‐1, cell cycle inhibitor P16, and oxidative stress marker γH2AX were also examined.ResultsThere was a gradual and marginal decline of volume densities of islets, β‐ and non‐β‐cells with aging, while masses of these components were increased during maturation and slowly decreased after the 40s. Islet density was high in the young, but reduced after maturation. There was only a minimal influence of increased body mass index (BMI) on the increase in β‐cell mass, but not on the other variables. Ki67 positivity and PDX‐1 expressions were high in the young, but low after maturation, whereas expressions of P16 and γH2AX were elevated in the aged.ConclusionsAge‐associated decline of β‐cell mass is marginal after maturation, and the reduction of β‐cell mass could be a specific process in diabetes. The impact of BMI on the islet structure is limited in Japanese with normal glucose tolerance.
Correlation of nerve ultrasound, electrophysiological, and clinical findings in post Guillain‐Barré syndrome
Authors: Kerasnoudis Antonios , Pitarokoili Kalliopi , Behrendt Volker , Gold Ralf , Yoon Min‐Suk 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe aimed to correlate functional disability, electrophysiology, and nerve ultrasound in patients after Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS). Seventy‐five healthy controls and 41 post‐GBS patients (mean 3.4 years, SD ± 2.91 years after onset) underwent clinical, sonographic, and electrophysiological evaluation. Compared to healthy controls, the post‐GBS patients showed: (1) a mean Rasch‐built Overall Disability Scale score of 31.8 (SD ± 11.6), modified Rasch‐built fatigue severity scale score of 15.6 (SD ± 3.2), Medical Research Council sum score of 22 (SD ± 5.6); (2) electrophysiological signs of permanent axonal loss in the majority of the peripheral nerves; (3) sonographical evidence of higher cross‐sectional area values (CSA) of the ulnar (elbow, p < 0.001), radial (spiral groove, p < 0.001), tibial nerve (popliteal fossa, p < 0.001) and brachial plexus (supraclavicular space, p < 0.001). No correlation between sonographic and electrophysiological findings was found. Neither nerve ultrasound nor electrophysiology correlated with muscle strength, overall disability, and fatigue scale. Compared to healthy controls, post‐GBS patients had significant functional disability. Despite significant abnormalities in both electrophysiology and ultrasound compared to healthy controls, neither electrophysiology nor nerve ultrasound correlated with functional disability of these patients.
Two novel MPZ mutations in Chinese CMT patients
Authors: Liu Lei , Li Xiaobo , Zi Xiaohong , Huang Shunxiang , Zhan Yajing , Jiang Mingming , Guo Jifeng , Xia Kun , Tang Beisha , Zhang Ruxu 
Published: August 2013

AbstractTo investigate the myelin protein zero (MPZ) gene mutation and related clinical features in Chinese Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) patients, we screened the coding sequence of MPZ in 70 unrelated CMT index patients after excluding the PMP22 duplication, Cx32 and MFN2 mutations. We found four different missense mutations: c.194C>T, c.242A>T, c.371C>T, and c.419C>G. The frequency of MPZ mutation was approximately 4.35% of the total, 3.08% of CMT1, and 6% of CMT2. Mutations c.242A>T and c.419C>G are novel. The mutation c.242A>T exhibited late onset and rapidly progressive CMT2 phenotype. The mutation c.419C>G exhibited relatively late onset and slowly progressive CMT1 phenotype.
A meta‐analysis of the relationships of age and tenure with innovation‐related behaviour
Authors: Ng Thomas W. H. , Feldman Daniel C. 
Published: August 2013

One particularly persistent and prevalent negative age stereotype is that older workers are less innovative and more resistant to change. Because older workers are also more likely to have longer organizational tenure, negative age stereotypes contribute to the perception that long‐tenured workers are less innovative and more resistant to change, too. Guided by human capital theory, this study argues that the capacity to contribute to innovation‐related behaviours (IRB) might actually grow with age and tenure, counteracting the presumed age‐related declines in this type of job performance. Using a meta‐analysis that included 98 empirical studies, the present research examines the relationships of age and organizational tenure with the generation, dissemination, and implementation of new ideas. Overall, the pattern of results in the study suggests that older workers and longer‐tenured workers do not engage in less innovation‐related behaviour than their younger and more junior counterparts. In addition, there is little evidence of curvilinearity in the relationships of age and tenure with IRB; workers at the high end of the age and tenure distributions did not perform especially poorly on these tasks.Practitioner points

Contrary to common belief, the results of this study show that age and tenure are not negatively related to innovation‐related behaviours.

That is, older and longer‐tenured workers do not engage in less innovation‐related behaviour than younger, more junior workers.

These results hold true even at the high end of the age and years‐of‐service continuum.

This study concludes that the negative stereotype that older and longer‐tenured workers are less innovative is not based on accumulated empirical evidence.

As such, excluding older workers from innovation‐related tasks is counterproductive.
Influence of Cement Film Thickness on the Retention of Implant‐Retained Crowns
Authors: Mehl Christian , Harder Sönke , Steiner Martin , Vollrath Oliver , Kern Matthias 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPurposeThe main goal of this study was to establish a new, high precision procedure to evaluate the influence of cement film thickness on the retention of cemented implant‐retained crowns.Materials and MethodsNinety‐six tapered titanium abutments (6° taper, 4.3 mm diameter, Camlog) were shortened to 4 mm. Computer‐aided design was used to design the crowns, and selective laser sintering, using a cobalt‐chromium alloy, was used to produce the crowns. This method used a focused high‐energy laser beam to fuse a localized region of metal powder to build up the crowns gradually. Before cementing, preset cement film thicknesses of 15, 50, 80, or 110 μm were established. Glass ionomer, polycarboxylate, or resin cements were used for cementation. After 3 days storage in demineralized water, the retention of the crowns was measured in tension using a universal testing machine.ResultsThe cement film thicknesses could be achieved with a high level of precision. Interactions between the factors cement and cement film thickness could be found (p ≤ 0.001). For all cements, crown retention decreased significantly between a cement film thickness of 15 and 50 μm (p ≤ 0.001). At 15 μm cement film thickness, the resin cement was the most retentive cement, followed by the polycarboxylate and then the glass ionomer cement (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionsThe results suggest that cement film thickness has an influence on the retentive strength of cemented implant‐retained crowns.
Peer Networks and the Development of Illegal Political Behavior Among Adolescents
Authors: Dahl Viktor , van Zalk Maarten 
Published: August 2013

This study examined to what extent peer influence explains the development of illegal political behavior controlling for peer selection, legal political peer influence, and gender effects. Late adolescents who filled out questionnaires at two annual measurements were used in a longitudinal social network approach (N = 1006; Mage = 16.62). Results showed that peers' involvement in illegal political behavior predicted adolescents' increases in illegal political behavior. Adolescents did not select other peers with similar illegal political behavior. Nevertheless, adolescents selected peers with similar legal political behavior. Findings were discussed in light of a stage process where adolescents initially chose peers with similar legal political behavior. Subsequently, peers influence adolescents on both legal and illegal political behavior.
Importance of Correct Instructions in the Tetrad Test
Authors: Rousseau Benoît , Ennis John M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractUse of the tetrad test has increased recently as both theoretical and experimental results have shown that it is statistically more powerful than the triangle test. In this article, although, we show that this power advantage depends on the choice of instructions. Specifically, we show that if experimenters ask respondents to select the two most similar samples out of four, instead of asking respondents to group the four samples into two groups of two based on similarity, then the resulting test will have approximately the same power as the triangle test. This fact serves as a reminder of the importance of correct test instructions in difference testing, as specific wording can clearly affect a test power and thus the final conclusion of an investigation.Practical ApplicationsBusinesses are increasingly considering the tetrad test as an alternative to the triangle test within their difference testing programs. This article clarifies the correct test instructions for the tetrad test, and shows that its power advantage over the triangle test will be compromised if incorrect instructions are given. Thus, it is essential that practitioners provide correct task instructions in order to realize the full potential of the tetrad test.
Comparative Molecular Analyses of Phytoplasmas infecting Sophora japonica cv. golden and Robinia pseudoacacia
Authors: Ren Zheng Guang , Lin Cai Li , Li Yong , Song Chuan Sheng , Wang Xi Zhuo , Piao Chun Gen , Tian Guo Zhong 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPhytoplasmas were detected in Sophora japonica cv. golden and Robinia pseudoacacia with diseased branches of witches'‐broom collected in Haidian district, Beijing, China. Phytoplasma cells were observed in phloem sieve elements of symptomatic S. japonica cv. golden by transmission electron microscopy. The presence of phytoplasmas was further confirmed by sequence determination of partial gene sequences of 16S rDNA, rp (ribosomal protein) and secY. Phylogenetic trees and virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses indicated that the phytoplasmas causing S. japonica cv. golden witches'‐broom (SJGWB) and R. pseudoacacia witches'‐broom (RPWB) belong to the 16SrV (elm yellows) group, and they are most closely related to subgroup 16SrV‐B, rpV‐C and secYV‐C jujube witches'‐broom (JWB) phytoplasma. Comparative analyses indicated that the phytoplasma of RPWB was closer to the JWB and that R. pseudoacacia might serve as an alternative host plant of JWB phytoplasma.
Interferon‐associated retinopathy during the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review
Authors: Raza A. , Mittal S. , Sood G. K. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe incidence of retinopathy in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon‐based regimens has been variably reported in the literature. There is no consensus regarding ophthalmologic screening before and during treatment with interferon‐based therapy. To assess the incidence of retinopathy in patients with chronic hepatitis C being treated with interferon‐based regimens and estimate the rate of resolution. A systematic literature search was performed to locate all relevant publications. Pooled incidence of retinopathy was calculated in patients treated with interferon or pegylated interferon. We also estimated the rate of discontinuation of treatment and resolution after the treatment was stopped. A total of 21 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The overall incidence of retinopathy using random effect model was 27.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 20.9–34.5%). The pooled incidence of retinopathy in 10 studies that only used pegylated interferon was 20.9% (95% CI: 11.6–29.8). The incidence of retinopathy with pegylated interferon in diabetic and hypertensive patients (high‐risk group) was 65.32% and 50.7%, respectively. This was significantly higher compared with the incidence of retinopathy (11.7%) in patients without these risk factors. Overall pooled estimate for the resolution of retinopathy was 87% (95% CI 75.7–98.4%). The rate of discontinuation of treatment was 6.3%. The incidence of retinopathy with pegylated interferon in patients without hypertension and diabetes is low, but the risk is higher in patients with diabetes and hypertension. Routine pretreatment fundoscopic screening may not be warranted in all patients and can be limited to the patients with these risk factors.
Signature whistles in free‐ranging populations of Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus
Authors: Gridley Tess , Cockcroft Victor G. , Hawkins Elizabeth R. , Blewitt Michelle Lemon , Morisaka Tadamichi , Janik Vincent M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCommon bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) use individually distinctive signature whistles which are highly stereotyped and function as contact calls. Here we investigate whether Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (T. aduncus) use signature whistles. The frequency trace of whistle contours recorded from three genetically distinct free‐ranging populations was extracted and sorted into whistle types of similar shape using automated categorization. A signature whistle identification method based on the temporal patterns in signature whistle sequences of T. truncatus was used to identify signature whistle types (SWTs). We then compared the degree of variability in SWTs for several whistle parameters to determine which parameters are likely to encode identity information. Additional recordings from two temporarily isolated T. aduncus made during natural entrapment events in 2008 and 2009 were analyzed for the occurrence of SWTs. All populations were found to produce SWTs; 34 SWTs were identified from recordings of free‐ranging T. aduncus and one SWT was prevalent in each recording of the two temporarily isolated individuals. Of the parameters considered, mean frequency and maximum frequency were the least variable and therefore most likely to reflect identity information encoded in frequency modulation patterns. Our results suggest that signature whistles are commonly used by T. aduncus.
Evidence for a diffusible factor that induces susceptibility in the Colletotrichum–maize disease interaction
Authors: Torres Maria F. , Cuadros Diego F. , Vaillancourt Lisa J. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryColletotrichum graminicola, the causal agent of maize anthracnose, is a hemibiotrophic fungus that initially infects living host cells via primary hyphae surrounded by a membrane. A nonpathogenic mutant disrupted in a gene encoding a component of the signal peptidase complex, and believed to be deficient in protein processing and secretion, regained pathogenicity when it was inoculated onto maize leaf sheaths close to the wild‐type fungus. Evidence is presented suggesting that the wild‐type produces a diffusible factor(s) that induces the localized susceptibility of host cells at the borders of expanding colonies, causing them to become receptive to biotrophic invasion. The induced susceptibility effect is limited to a distance of approximately eight cells from the edge of the wild‐type colony, is dosage dependent and is specific to C. graminicola.
Arabidopsis RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 are important for FERONIA‐mediated developmental but not environmental regulation of root hair growth
Authors: Huang Guo‐Qiang , Li En , Ge Fu‐Rong , Li Sha , Wang Qun , Zhang Chun‐Qing , Zhang Yan 
Published: August 2013

Summary

We investigated a genetic pathway in root hair development in Arabidopsis thaliana, involving the receptor‐like kinase FERONIA (FER), two guanine nucleotide exchange factors for ROPs (RopGEF4 and RopGEF10), and the small GTPase Rho of plants (ROPs).

Loss‐ and gain‐of‐function analyses demonstrated distinct roles of RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 such that RopGEF4 is only important for root hair elongation, while RopGEF10 mainly contributes to root hair initiation. Domain dissection by truncation and domain‐swapping experiments indicated that their functional distinctions were mainly contributed by the noncatalytic domains.

Using fluorescent ratio imaging, we showed that functional loss of RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 additively reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments demonstrated that RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 had the same interaction specificity as ROPs, suggesting common downstream components.

We further showed that the promoting effects of environmental cues such as exogenous auxin and phosphate limitation on root hair development depended on FER. However, although functional loss of RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 largely abolished FER‐induced ROS production, it did not compromise the responses to FER‐mediated environmental cues on root hair development. Our results demonstrated that RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 are genetic components in FER‐mediated, developmentally (but not environmentally) regulated, root hair growth.
Leaf‐herbivore attack reduces carbon reserves and regrowth from the roots via jasmonate and auxin signaling
Authors: Machado Ricardo A. R. , Ferrieri Abigail P. , Robert Christelle A. M. , Glauser Gaétan , Kallenbach Mario , Baldwin Ian T. , Erb Matthias 
Published: August 2013

Summary

Herbivore attack leads to resource conflicts between plant defensive strategies. Photoassimilates are required for defensive compounds and carbon storage below ground and may therefore be depleted or enriched in the roots of herbivore‐defoliated plants. The potential role of belowground tissues as mediators of induced tolerance–defense trade‐offs is unknown.

We evaluated signaling and carbohydrate dynamics in the roots of Nicotiana attenuata following Manduca sexta attack. Experimental and natural genetic variability was exploited to link the observed metabolite patterns to plant tolerance and resistance.

Leaf‐herbivore attack decreased sugar and starch concentrations in the roots and reduced regrowth from the rootstock and flower production in the glasshouse and the field. Leaf‐derived jasmonates were identified as major regulators of this root‐mediated resource‐based trade‐off: lower jasmonate levels were associated with decreased defense, increased carbohydrate levels and improved regrowth from the rootstock. Application and transport inhibition experiments, in combination with silencing of the sucrose non‐fermenting (SNF) ‐related kinase GAL83, indicated that auxins may act as additional signals that regulate regrowth patterns.

In conclusion, our study shows that the ability to mobilize defenses has a hidden resource‐based cost below ground that constrains defoliation tolerance. Jasmonate‐ and auxin‐dependent mechanisms may lead to divergent defensive plant strategies against herbivores in nature.
Quantification of tomato and Arabidopsis mobile RNAs trafficking into the parasitic plant Cuscuta pentagona
Authors: LeBlanc Megan , Kim Gunjune , Patel Beneeta , Stromberg Verlyn , Westwood James 
Published: August 2013

Summary

The cross‐species movement of mRNA from hosts to the parasitic plant Cuscuta pentagona has been reported previously, but has not been characterized quantitatively or with attention to uptake patterns and the fate of specific mRNAs.

Real‐time PCR and RNA‐Seq approaches were used to identify and characterize mobile transcripts from tomato and Arabidopsis hosts into C. pentagona.

Tomato transcripts of Gibberellic Acid Insensitive (SlGAI) and Cathepsin D Proteinase Inhibitor (SlPI) differed significantly in the rate of uptake into the parasite, but were then distributed over the length of the parasite shoot. When parasite shoots were detached from the hosts, the SlPI transcript concentrations in the parasite showed the greatest decrease within the first 8 h. Arabidopsis transcripts also varied in mobility into the parasite, and assay of specific regions of a Salt‐inducible Zinc Finger Protein (AtSZF1) transcript revealed distinct patterns of abundance in the parasite.

The uptake and distribution of host mRNAs into C. pentagona appears to vary among mRNAs, and perhaps even with the region of the mRNA under investigation. We propose that mRNAs traffic into the parasite via multiple routes, or that other mechanisms for selective uptake and mobility exist between host and parasite.