bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between amount of soda consumed and intention to reduce soda consumption among adults exposed to the Choose Health LA ‘Sugar Pack’ health marketing campaign
Authors: Robles Brenda , Blitstein Jonathan L , Lieberman Alicea J , Barragan Noel C , Gase Lauren N , Kuo Tony 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo examine behavioural intention to reduce soda consumption after exposure to the Choose Health LA ‘Sugar Pack’ campaign in Los Angeles County, California, USA.DesignA cross-sectional street-intercept survey was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes, health behaviours and behavioural intentions after exposure to the ‘Sugar Pack’ campaign. A multivariable regression analysis was performed to examine the relationships between the amount of soda consumed and self-reported intention to reduce consumption of non-diet soda among adults who saw the campaign.SettingThree pre-selected Los Angeles County Metro bus shelters and/or rail stops with the highest number of ‘Sugar Pack’ campaign advertisement placements.SubjectsRiders of the region’s Metro buses and railways who were the intended audience of the campaign advertisements.ResultsThe overall survey response rate was 56 % (resulting n 1041). Almost 60 % of respondents were exposed to the advertisements (619/1041). The multivariable logistic regression analysis suggested that the odds of reporting intention to reduce soda consumption among moderate consumers (1–6 sodas/week) were 1·95 times greater than among heavy consumers (≥1 soda/d), after controlling for clustering and covariates. Respondents with less than a high-school education and who perceived sugary beverage consumption as harmful also had higher odds; in contrast, respondents aged ≥65 years had lower odds.ConclusionsResults suggest that future campaigns should be tailored differently for moderate v. heavy consumers of soda. Similar tailoring strategies are likely needed for younger groups, for those with less educational attainment and for those who do not perceive consumption of soda as harmful.
Artificial tektites: an experimental technique for capturing the shapes of spinning drops
Authors: Baldwin Kyle A. , Butler Samuel L. , Hill Richard J. A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDetermining the shapes of a rotating liquid droplet bound by surface tension is an archetypal problem in the study of the equilibrium shapes of a spinning and charged droplet, a problem that unites models of the stability of the atomic nucleus with the shapes of astronomical-scale, gravitationally-bound masses. The shapes of highly deformed droplets and their stability must be calculated numerically. Although the accuracy of such models has increased with the use of progressively more sophisticated computational techniques and increases in computing power, direct experimental verification is still lacking. Here we present an experimental technique for making wax models of these shapes using diamagnetic levitation. The wax models resemble splash-form tektites, glassy stones formed from molten rock ejected from asteroid impacts. Many tektites have elongated or ‘dumb-bell’ shapes due to their rotation mid-flight before solidification, just as we observe here. Measurements of the dimensions of our wax ‘artificial tektites’ show good agreement with equilibrium shapes calculated by our numerical model and with previous models. These wax models provide the first direct experimental validation for numerical models of the equilibrium shapes of spinning droplets, of importance to fundamental physics and also to studies of tektite formation.
Ambulante Operationen in HNO-Ausbildungskliniken – ökonomischer (Un)sinn?
Authors: Bermüller C. , Hahn J. , Franzen M. , Sommer F. 
Published: January 2015

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Zunehmender Kostendruck und von Politik und Krankenkassen geforderte Effizienzsteigerungen im Gesundheitssystem führen zu mehr ambulant durchgeführten Operationen, die im Vergleich zu stationären Operationen reduziert vergütet werden. Daher werden von der Hochschulmedizin und der Deutschen Krankenhausgesellschaft Ausbildungszuschläge gefordert. Bisher existieren nur wenige Studien, welche die Diskrepanz von OP-Zeiten und den dadurch entstehenden Mehrkosten in der Ausbildung von Fachärzten genauer untersucht haben.
Methoden: Retrospektive Analyse aller 2012 ambulant durchgeführten Adenotomien mit oder ohne Parazentese bzw. Paukendrainageneinlage in 2 HNO-Ausbildungs-Kliniken bei Kindern unter 13 Jahren. Es wurde die OP-Dauer in Abhängigkeit des Ausbildungsstands des Operateurs analysiert und stratifiziert nach Weiterbildungsjahr untereinander und gegen Fachärzte verglichen.
Ergebnisse: 255 Datensätze wurden erfasst. Es ließen sich statistisch signifikante Operationsdauer-Unterschiede je nach Weiterbildungsstand gegenüber Fachärzten feststellen. So findet sich über alle erfassten Eingriffe eine durchschnittlich 2,4-fach erhöhte OP-Zeit eines Weiterbildungsassistenten im ersten Jahr gegenüber der OP-Zeit eines Facharztes.
Schlussfolgerung: Anhand eines klassisch ambulant durchzuführenden HNO-ärztlichen Eingriffs konnte gezeigt werden, dass aufgrund der längeren OP-Zeiten von jungen Weiterbildungsassistenten bei ambulanten Operationen keine Kostendeckung möglich ist. Zur Sicherstellung und Verbesserung der Ausbildung sind an Ausbildungskliniken Zuschläge erstrebenswert und sinnvoll.
Model-driven discovery of underground metabolic functions in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Guzmán Gabriela I. , Utrilla José , Nurk Sergey , Brunk Elizabeth , Monk Jonathan M. , Ebrahim Ali , Palsson Bernhard O. , Feist Adam M. 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Organisms have evolved to take advantage of their environment. Enzymes drive this adaptability by displaying flexibility in terms of substrate specificity and catalytic promiscuity. This enzyme promiscuity has been observed in a limited number of laboratory experiments; however, a larger underground network of reactions may occur within a cell below the level of detection. It is not until a cell’s metabolic capabilities are probed that these novel functions come to light. In this study, a workflow is presented for probing promiscuous activity at the genome scale. This workflow combines genome-scale reconstructions of metabolic networks with gene KOs and adaptive laboratory evolution. Such tools become increasingly important when designing drugs targeting pathogenic bacteria or engineering enzymes and bacteria for biotechnology applications.
Structure-based design and synthesis of a bivalent iminobiotin analog showing strong affinity toward a low immunogenic streptavidin mutant
Authors: Kawato Tatsuya , Mizohata Eiichi , Shimizu Yohei , Meshizuka Tomohiro , Yamamoto Tomohiro , Takasu Noriaki , Matsuoka Masahiro , Matsumura Hiroyoshi , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Kanai Motomu , Doi Hirofumi , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Sugiyama Akira 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The streptavidin/biotin interaction has been widely used as a useful tool in research fields. For application to a pre-targeting system, we previously developed a streptavidin mutant that binds to an iminobiotin analog while abolishing affinity for natural biocytin. Here, we design a bivalent iminobiotin analog that shows 1000-fold higher affinity than before, and determine its crystal structure complexed with the mutant protein.
Structural insights into stereospecific reduction of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl substrates by old yellow enzyme from Gluconobacter oxydans
Authors: Yin Bo , Deng Jian , Lim Lirong , Yuan Y Adam , Wei Dongzhi 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
We report the crystal structure of old yellow enzyme (OYE) family protein Gox0502 (a.a 1–315) in free form at 3.3 Å. Detailed structural analysis revealed the key residues involved in stereospecific determination of Gox0502, such as Trp66 and Trp100. Structure-based computational analysis suggested the bulky side chains of these tryptophan residues may play important roles in product stereoselectivity. The introduction of Ile or Phe or Tyr mutation significantly reduced the product diastereoselectivity. We hypothesized that less bulky side chains at these critical residues could create additional free space to accommodate intermediates with different conformations. Notably, the introduction of Phe mutation at residue Trp100 increased catalytic activity compared to wild-type Gox0502 toward a set of substrates tested, which suggests that a less bulky Phe side chain at residue W100F may facilitate product release. Therefore, Gox0502 structure could provide useful information to generate desirable OYEs suitable for biotechnological applications in industry.
In vitro reconstitution of the catabolic reactions catalyzed by PcaHG, PcaB, and PcaL: the protocatechuate branch of the β-ketoadipate pathway in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1
Authors: Yamanashi Tomoya , Kim Seung-Young , Hara Hirofumi , Funa Nobutaka 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The β-ketoadipate pathway is a major pathway involved in the catabolism of the aromatic compounds in microbes. The recent progress in genome sequencing has led to a rapid accumulation of genes from the β-ketoadipate pathway in the available genetic database, yet the functions of these genes remain uncharacterized. In this study, the protocatechuate branch of the β-ketoadipate pathway of Rhodococcus jostii was reconstituted in vitro. Analysis of the reaction products of PcaHG, PcaB, and PcaL was achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography. These reaction products, β-ketoadipate enol-lactone, 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate, γ-carboxymuconolactone, muconolactone, and β-ketoadipate, were further characterized using LC-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance. In addition, the in vitro reaction of PcaL, a bidomain protein consisting of γ-carboxy-muconolactone decarboxylase and β-ketoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase activities, was demonstrated for the first time. This work provides a basis for analyzing the catalytic properties of enzymes involved in the growing number of β-ketoadipate pathways deposited in the genetic database.
Water extract of Cinnamomum cassia suppresses angiogenesis through inhibition of VEGF receptor 2 phosphorylation
Authors: Kim Eok-Cheon , Kim Hye Jin , Kim Tack-Joong 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation, has been a major target for cancer therapy. Antiangiogenic herbal medicines are useful in the treatment of cancer. In this study, we found that a water extract of Cinnamomum cassia (CCWE) was a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, CCWE suppressed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced proliferation, migration, invasion, tube formation, and intracellular signaling events such as phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and VEGFR2, and activation of matrix metalloproteinase. Furthermore, CCWE inhibited VEGF-induced vessel sprouting of rat aorta ex vivo. These findings might be of particular interest for drug development because VEGF signaling is a potential target for treatment of angiogenesis-associated diseases.
Expression and characterization of Streptomyces coelicolor serine/threonine protein kinase PkaE
Authors: Urabe Hiroaki , Ogawara Hiroshi , Motojima Kiyoto 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
We identified and characterized a new eukaryotic-type protein kinase (PkaE) from Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2) M145. PkaE, consisting of 510 amino acid residues, is a cytoplasmic protein kinase and contains the catalytic domain of eukaryotic protein kinases in the N-terminal region. Recombinant PkaE was found to be autophosphorylated at threonine residues only. The disruption of chromosomal pkaE resulted in the overproduction of the actinorhodin-related blue pigment antibiotics. pkaE was expressed during the late growth phase in S. coelicolor A3 (2) M145, which corresponded to the production time of blue pigments. This result indicated that PkaE acts as a negative regulator for production of the secondary metabolites. In addition, PkaE was able to phosphorylate KbpA, a regulator involved in the AfsK–AfsR regulatory pathway.
Activity of temocillin in a murine model of urinary tract infection due to Escherichia coli producing or not producing the ESBL CTX-M-15
Authors: Soubirou J. F. , Rossi B. , Couffignal C. , Ruppé E. , Chau F. , Massias L. , Lepeule R. , Mentre F. , Fantin B. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Objectives
Temocillin is a 6α-methoxy derivative of ticarcillin that is resilient to ESBLs. Prospective data about its in vivo activity remain scarce. Our aims were: (i) to evaluate the activity of temocillin in a urinary tract infection (UTI) model due to ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and compare it with that of imipenem; and (ii) to define in vivo susceptibility breakpoints.

Methods
Mice were infected with a susceptible E. coli CFT073-RR or its transconjugant (CFT073-RR Tc) harbouring a blaCTX-M-15-carrying plasmid, using an ascending UTI model. Therapeutic regimens were chosen in order to reproduce percentage of time of free drug concentrations above MIC (fT&gt;MIC) obtained in humans with standard regimens of temocillin (200 mg/kg every 2 h for 2 g every 12 h) or imipenem (100 mg/kg every 2 h for 1 g every 8 h). Additional regimens of temocillin (200 mg/kg every 4 and 6 h) with reduced fT&gt;MIC were studied.

Results
MICs of temocillin and imipenem were 4/8 and 0.5/0.5 mg/L, for CFT073-RR and CFT073-RR Tc, respectively. In vivo, when given every 2 h (fT&gt;MIC = 82% and 70%), temocillin was bactericidal and as effective as imipenem in kidneys against both strains without selecting resistant mutants. Temocillin remained active even when given every 4 h, generating an fT&gt;MIC of 41% and 35%, which corresponded to a breakpoint of 16 mg/L in humans with the standard regimen.

Conclusions
Our observations support the consideration of a standard regimen of temocillin as an alternative to carbapenems for the treatment of UTI due to CTX-M-producing E. coli strains with an MIC of 16 mg/L or less.
Basic Number Representation and Beyond
Authors: Roggeman Chantal , Fias Wim , Verguts Tom 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe discuss recent computational network models of elementary number processing. One key issue to emerge from this work is a crucial distinction between symbolic and non-symbolic number representation, and the related distinction between number-selective and number-sensitive coding. Empirical predictions from the models were tested, and are here summarized. Another issue is the relation with task-based decision making mechanisms. In both lab and real-life settings, representations are seldomly accessed in a task-neutral manner, rather subjects are usually presented with a task. A related theme is the functional association between number representations and working memory. In these issues also, both modeling and neuroimaging work is summarized. To conclude, we propose that the combined modeling-neuroimaging approach should be extended to tackle more complex questions about number processing (e.g. fractions, development, dyscalculia).
Imam Warith Deen Mohammed
Authors: Mitchell Aneesa 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This essay focuses on Warith Deen Mohammed’s early life and his leadership of the Nation of Islam (NOI). Warith Deen Mohammed inherited the mantle of NOI leadership from his father in 1975. The essay provides a background on NOI through 1975, particularly how it shaped the image of Islam and Muslims in America for much of the twentieth century and attracted African Americans who embraced Islam as an alternative to “white” religions. It then explores the evolution of Imam Warith Deen Mohammed and his community, with emphasis on how his childhood molded him and the significance of what he accomplished between 1933 and 1974. Furthermore, it examines the rise of mainstream Islam and universalism under Warith Deen Mohammed’s leadership, as well as his transformation from community leader to representative of American Muslims in 1981–2008 and his family life and dynamics before concluding with an assessment of the NOI today
Reevaluation of Acetylcholinesterase Staining for the Diagnosis of Hirschsprung Disease and Allied Disorders
Authors: Budianto Iskandar R. , Obata Satoshi , Kinoshita Yoshiaki , Yoshimaru Koichiro , Yanagi Yusuke , Miyata Junko , Nagata Kouji , Ieiri Satoshi , Taguchi Tomoaki 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining has become the gold standard for definitively diagnosing Hirschsprung disease (HD), although some pitfalls have been reported. We reevaluated a large series at our institute in order to validate the accuracy of AChE staining for detecting HD.Methods:A retrospective study of the rectal mucosal specimens of all of the children with suspected HD during a 13‐year period was performed. The specimens were stained according to the modified Karnovsky‐Roots method for AChE staining. The final diagnosis, prognosis, and management after the histopathological diagnosis were analyzed with a questionnaire sent to the patient's original hospital.Results:Three hundred and fifty‐eight specimens were collected. One hundred twenty‐two (34%) specimens were diagnosed as HD, 198 (55%) as nonHD, 25 (7%) as “undetermined,” and 13 (4%) as “inappropriate.” The non‐HD group contained 190 (96%) specimens with a normal appearance and 8 (4%) specimens with suspected intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND). Three hundred and six of 358 questionnaires were returned. The final diagnosis showed that no specimens first diagnosed as HD were identified as non‐HD and vice versa, for a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Four cases were finally diagnosed as chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction (CIIP) in the non‐HD group. All of the patients with HD underwent radical surgery. Most non‐HD patients were managed conservatively, although some continued to have constipation.Conclusions:AChE staining is an accurate tool for differentiating between HD and non‐HD with high sensitivity and specificity. CIIP can be included in cases of non‐HD; therefore, careful follow‐up is mandatory.
Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Childhood
Authors: Thomson Mike A. , Leton Neme , Belsha Dalia 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTBackground/Aims:Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a rare and potentially life‐threatening condition in childhood. In adults with UGIB, validated scoring systems exist, but these are not applicable to children. The aim of this study was to construct a clinical scoring system to accurately predict the need for endoscopic haemostatic intervention.Methods:A retrospective data collection occurred during a 3‐year period at a tertiary children's hospital. A total of 69 patients who had had endoscopic assessment were divided into group 1 (no intervention required) and group 2 (intervention required). A wide range of clinical parameters were collated including preexisting conditions, melaena, haematemesis and degree, transfusion requirement, parameters of hypovolaemia, presenting haemoglobin (Hb), Hb drop during 24 hours, platelet count, coagulation indices, liver function tests, and urea/electrolytes.Results:Parameters that reached statistical significance for endoscopic intervention (group 1 vs group 2) were the presence of significant preexisting condition, melaena, large haematemesis, heart rate (HR) >20 mean HR for age, prolonged capillary refill time (CRT), Hb drop of >20 g/L, need for fluid bolus, need for blood transfusion (Hb < 80 g/L), and need for other blood products. Using these parameters, a number of scoring models were tested, and the most predictive resulted in a scoring system constructed with a total of 24 and a cutoff for intervention of 8. According to this design, there were 4 false‐negatives in the interventional group with 3 false‐positives in the noninterventional group. This resulted in a positive predictive value (PPV) of 91.18% (95% confidence interval [CI] 76.3–98.04), negative predictive value (NPV) of 88.57% (95% CI 73.24–96.73), sensitivity of 88.7% (95% CI 73.24–96.73), and specificity of 91.18% (95% CI 76.3–98.04).Conclusions:In our study population, we were able to formulate a scoring system with reasonable PPV and NPV to predict the need for endoscopic intervention in acute UGIB in children. Prospective evaluation is now required.
Intestinal Inflammation and Impact on Growth in Children With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Dhaliwal Jasbir , Leach Steven , Katz Tamarah , Nahidi Lily , Pang Tamara , Lee J.M. , Strachan Roxanne , Day Andrew S. , Jaffe Adam , Ooi Chee Y. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare faecal markers of intestinal inflammation in children with cystic fibrosis (CF), and determine whether intestinal inflammation adversely affects the nutritional phenotype.Methods:Faecal samples for markers of intestinal inflammation, calprotectin, S100A12, and osteoprotegerin, were collected from children with CF, healthy controls (HCs), and Crohn disease (CD). Associations between inflammatory markers and clinical and nutritional indices were determined in subjects with CF.Results:Twenty‐eight children with CF (mean [standard deviation (SD)] 8.4 [3.3] years old, 22 pancreatic insufficient [PI]), 47 HC, and 30 CD were recruited. Mean (SD) faecal calprotectin in CF (94.3 [100.6] mg/kg) was greater than HC (26.7 [15.4] mg/kg, P < 0.0001), but lower than CD (2133 [2781] mg/kg, P = 0.0003). Abnormal faecal calprotectin was found in subjects only with PI (17/22 (77%), P = 0.001). There was no difference in faecal mean (SD) S100A12 (0.8 [0.9] vs 1.5 [2.2] mg/kg, P = 0.14) and osteoprotegerin concentrations (72.7 [52.2] vs 62.5 [0.0] pg/mL, P = 0.2) between CF and HC. Patients with CD had significantly elevated S100A12 and osteoprotegerin compared with CF and HC. Faecal calprotectin inversely correlated with both weight (r = −0.5, P = 0.003) and height z scores (r = −0.6, P = 0.002) in CF.Conclusions:The pattern of intestinal inflammation in CF is unique and distinct from inflammatory bowel disease, with elevated faecal calprotectin but normal faecal S100A12 and osteoprotegerin concentrations. The severity of intestinal inflammation, based on faecal calprotectin, significantly correlates with poor growth.