bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ermittlung der Empirie. Zu Ernst Machs Methode des Gedankenexperiments
Authors: Krauthausen Karin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractInvestigation of Empiricism. On Ernst Mach’s Conception of the Thought Experiment. The paper argues that Ernst Mach’s conception of the thought experiment from 1897/1905 holds a singular position in the lively discussions and repeated theorizations that have continued up to the present in relation to this procedure. Mach derives the thought experiment from scientific practice, and does not oppose it to the physical experiment, but, on the contrary, endows it with a robust relation to the facts. For Mach, the thought experiment is a reliable means of determining empiricism, and at the same time a real, because open and unbiased, experimenting. To shed light on this approach, the paper carries out a close reading of the relevant texts in Mach’s body of writings (in their different stages of revision) and proceeds in three steps: first, Mach’s processual understanding of science will be presented, which also characterizes his research and publication practice (I. ‘Aperçu’ and ‘Sketch’. Science as Process and Projection); then in a second step the physiological and biological justification and valorization of memory and association will be examined with which Mach limits the relevance of categories such as consciousness and will (II. The Biology of Consciousness. Or The Polyp Colony); against this background, thirdly, the specific empiricism can be revealed that Mach inscribes into the thought experiment by on the one hand founding it in the memory and association, and on the other by tracing it back to geometry, which he deploys as an experimenting oriented to experience (III. Thinking and Experience. The Thought Experiment).
Defective interfering viruses and their impact on vaccines and viral vectors
Authors: Frensing Timo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDefective interfering particles (DIPs) have been found for many important viral pathogens and it is believed that most viruses generate DIPs. This article reviews the current knowledge of the generation and amplification of DIPs, which possess deletions in the viral genome but retain the ability to replicate in the presence of a complete helper virus. In addition, mechanisms are discussed by which DIPs interfere with the replication of their helper virus leading to the production of mainly progeny DIPs by coinfected cells. Even though DIPs cannot replicate on their own, they are biologically active and it is well known that they have a huge impact on virus replication, evolution, and pathogenesis. Moreover, defective genomes are potent inducers of the innate immune response. Yet, little attention has been paid to DIPs in recent years and their impact on biotechnological products such as vaccines and viral vectors remains elusive in most cases. With a focus on influenza virus, this review demonstrates that DIPs are important for basic research on viruses and for the production of viral vaccines and vectors. Reducing the generation and/or amplification of DIPs ensures reproducible results as well as high yields and consistent product quality in virus production.
Fluoro amino acids: A rarity in nature, yet a prospect for protein engineering
Authors: Odar Corinna , Winkler Margit , Wiltschi Birgit 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFluoro amino acids are highly valuable compounds constantly gaining relevance in diverse fields of the biosciences as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. The value of these compounds can be attributed to the properties of the extremely electronegative fluorine atom. This atom forms a highly polarized bond of extraordinary strength with carbon. The formation of the fluorine–carbon bond is challenging: its chemical synthesis demands harsh reaction conditions and to date only one class of enzyme has been found capable of introducing the fluoride ion into an organic compound. Most of these fluorinating enzymes participate in the biosynthesis of 4‐fluoro‐L‐threonine, the only fluoro amino acid of natural origin discovered so far. Despite their scarcity in nature, fluoro amino acids are valuable tools to fluorinate proteins. The fluoro protein variants often show improved stability and folding as well as altered activity and fluorescence characteristics. This review details the biosynthesis of 4‐fluoro‐L‐threonine with a special focus on the fluorinating enzymes. Moreover, we elaborate on the application of fluoro amino acids as building blocks for fluorinated protein variants. Insight into different techniques to incorporate fluoro amino acids into proteins is also provided. We highlight prospects and the current relevance of fluoro amino acids as a tool to engineer proteins with novel traits.
Epidemiological associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and incarceration in the National Survey of American Life
Authors: Anderson RaeAnn E. , Geier Timothy J. , Cahill Shawn P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn spite of an elevated prevalence of trauma histories among prisoners, there has been little research examining the relationship between incarceration and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); this is especially true for Black Americans.AimsTo examine relationships between PTSD and incarceration in a nationally representative sample of Black Americans.MethodsWe conducted analysis of data from the National Survey of American Life sample of 5008 Black American adults in the USA. Multivariate logistic regression analyses controlling for demographic factors including age, gender, home region and education were conducted to examine whether incarceration status was independently associated with PTSD.ResultsIncarceration was significantly associated with trauma exposure, PTSD in the 12 months prior to interview and lifetime PTSD, even while controlling for demographic covariates.Conclusions and implications for practiceIncarceration, trauma exposure and PTSD share a significant number of risk factors and co‐vary frequently in some populations, including the one of Black Americans investigated in this study. Interventions that can reduce shared risk factors for incarceration and PTSD and/or facilitate successful treatment of the established condition have the potential to make a large positive impact among incarcerated and formerly incarcerated people. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Multiple Roles of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids in Transition‐Metal Catalysis: The Palladium‐Catalyzed Telomerization of 1,3‐Butadiene with Acetic Acid
Authors: Balbino João M. , Peral Daniel , Bayón J. Carles , Dupont Jairton 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe telomerization of 1,3‐butadiene with acetic acid catalyzed by palladium(II) acetate associated with a series of phosphines in 3‐(2‐methoxyethyl)‐1‐methylimidazolium acetate was used to investigate the role of the ionic liquid. The ionic liquid plays multiple roles in this reaction as it acts as the solvent, stabilizer, ligand, and cocatalyst. The reaction performed in the presence of Dan2phos, a trifluoromethylated sulfonated triarylphosphine, at 100 °C for 24 h gave a turnover number of 14 600 with 89 % selectivity to telomers at 75 % 1,3‐butadiene conversion and complete acetic acid conversion.
Treatment of Heart Failure in Real‐World Clinical Practice: Findings From the REFLECT‐HF Registry in Patients With NYHA Class II Symptoms and a Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Böhm Michael , Tschöpe Carsten , Wirtz Jost Henner , Lokies Jan , Turgonyi Eva , Bramlage Peter , Lins Katharina , Strunz Anke M. , Tebbe Ulrich 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundOptimal medical therapy (OMT) for patients with chronic heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction (HF‐REF) includes angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, β‐blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, plus a diuretic.HypothesisWe hypothesized that OMT is less often prescribed in HF‐REF patients (≤35%) with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II symptoms compared with those with NYHA class III/IV symptoms.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional, observational, multicenter survey of hospital‐based cardiologists, office‐based cardiologists, and general practitioners in Germany.ResultsOut of a total of 384 patients enrolled, 144 had REF ≤35%. Patients with REF had NYHA class II symptoms in 39.6% (n = 57) and NYHA class III/IV symptoms in 60.4% (n = 87). The REF/NYHA class II group had a higher proportion of males than the REF/NYHA class III/IV group. For angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and β‐blockers, prescription rates were high and comparable between groups. However, prescription rates for mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists were lower compared with other guideline‐recommended treatments. Multivariate analyses indicated that OMT prescription was reduced for older patients and increased for patients cared for by an office‐based cardiologist.ConclusionsGiven the high proportion of patients with reduced left ventricular systolic function but only minor symptoms, HF‐REF appears to be underdiagnosed, and a higher proportion of patients than are currently recognized could potentially be candidates for OMT.
Circulating vitamin D, vitamin D–related genetic variation, and risk of fatal prostate cancer in the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium
Authors: Shui Irene M. , Mondul Alison M. , Lindström Sara , Tsilidis Konstantinos K. , Travis Ruth C. , Gerke Travis , Albanes Demetrius , Mucci Lorelei A. , Giovannucci Edward , Kraft Peter ,   for the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium Group
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDEvidence from experimental animal and cell line studies supports a beneficial role for vitamin D in prostate cancer (PCa). Although the results from human studies have been mainly null for overall PCa risk, there may be a benefit for survival. This study assessed the associations of circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and common variations in key vitamin D–related genes with fatal PCa.METHODSIn a large cohort consortium, 518 fatal cases and 2986 controls with 25(OH)D data were identified. Genotyping information for 91 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 7 vitamin D–related genes (vitamin D receptor, group‐specific component, cytochrome P450 27A1 [CYP27A1], CYP27B1, CYP24A1, CYP2R1, and retinoid X receptor α) was available for 496 fatal cases and 3577 controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of 25(OH)D and SNPs with fatal PCa. The study also tested for 25(OH)D‐SNP interactions among 264 fatal cases and 1169 controls.RESULTSNo statistically significant relationship was observed between 25(OH)D and fatal PCa (OR for extreme quartiles, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.65‐1.14; P for trend = .22) or the main effects of the SNPs and fatal PCa. There was evidence suggesting that associations of several SNPs, including 5 related to circulating 25(OH)D, with fatal PCa were modified by 25(OH)D. Individually, these associations did not remain significant after multiple testing; however, the P value for the set‐based test for CYP2R1 was .002.CONCLUSIONSStatistically significant associations were not observed for either 25(OH)D or vitamin D–related SNPs with fatal PCa. The effect modification of 25(OH)D associations by biologically plausible genetic variation may deserve further exploration. Cancer 2015;121:1949–1956. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Potential and limitations of X‐Ray micro‐computed tomography in arthropod neuroanatomy: A methodological and comparative survey
Authors: Sombke Andy , Lipke Elisabeth , Michalik Peter , Uhl Gabriele , Harzsch Steffen 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTClassical histology or immunohistochemistry combined with fluorescence or confocal laser scanning microscopy are common techniques in arthropod neuroanatomy, and these methods often require time‐consuming and difficult dissections and sample preparations. Moreover, these methods are prone to artifacts due to compression and distortion of tissues, which often result in information loss and especially affect the spatial relationships of the examined parts of the nervous system in their natural anatomical context. Noninvasive approaches such as X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) can overcome such limitations and have been shown to be a valuable tool for understanding and visualizing internal anatomy and structural complexity. Nevertheless, knowledge about the potential of this method for analyzing the anatomy and organization of nervous systems, especially of taxa with smaller body size (e.g., many arthropods), is limited. This study set out to analyze the brains of selected arthropods with micro‐CT, and to compare these results with available histological and immunohistochemical data. Specifically, we explored the influence of different sample preparation procedures. Our study shows that micro‐CT is highly suitable for analyzing arthropod neuroarchitecture in situ and allows specific neuropils to be distinguished within the brain to extract quantitative data such as neuropil volumes. Moreover, data acquisition is considerably faster compared with many classical histological techniques. Thus, we conclude that micro‐CT is highly suitable for targeting neuroanatomy, as it reduces the risk of artifacts and is faster than classical techniques. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1281–1295, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compartmentalization of the chick cerebellar cortex based on the link between the striped expression pattern of aldolase C and the topographic olivocerebellar projection
Authors: Vibulyaseck Suteera , Luo Yuanjun , Fujita Hirofumi , Oh‐Nishi Arata , Ohki‐Hamazaki Hiroko , Sugihara Izumi 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe avian cerebellum is organized into multiple longitudinal stripes defined by expression profiles of aldolase C (zebrin II) in Purkinje cells. The relationship between the aldolase C striped pattern and the olivocerebellar projection pattern is crucial in understanding cerebellar functional compartmentalization. We identified all aldolase C stripes across all lobules with the serial section alignment analysis method and then looked at this relationship by anterograde and retrograde labeling of olivocerebellar axons in the chick cerebellum. Aldolase C stripes were generally consistent and continuous from lobule I through VII and to the medial part of lobules VIII–IXb. The dorsal and ventral lamellas (DL, VL) of the inferior olive projected to the stripes in these areas with a simple mediolateral topographic relation. A few aldolase C stripes appeared at the lateral edge of lobules VI–VIII. Several more stripes were added in the lateral parts of lobules IXa–IXb and IXc–X. The medial column (MC) of the inferior olive projected to the stripes in lobules VIII–X, including the added lateral stripes, with a complex topographic relation. Sharp boundaries between aldolase C‐positive and ‐negative stripes often accompanied a gap in the Purkinje cell layer and bordered topographically distinct groups of axons. Although the compartmental organization of the chick cerebellum is comparable to that of the mammalian cerebellum, several significant differences in the organization suggest partly separate evolutionary lineages of the mammalian and avian cerebella. We propose that rostral lobules may be evolved by rostral extension of medial stripes from caudal lobules in the avian cerebellum. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1886–1912, 2015 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigating the Drivers of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Global Tea Supply Chain: A Case Study of Eastern Produce Limited in Malawi
Authors: Mzembe Andrew Ngawenja , Lindgreen Adam , Maon François , Vanhamme Joëlle 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUsing a case study of the tea producer Eastern Produce Malawi, this research investigates which factors which influence companies upstream in the global supply chains to adopt a corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda. Although external pressures, such as demands from Western consumers or international organizations and their related initiatives, may have shaped Eastern Produce Malawi's CSR agenda, strong internal organizational contingencies, including transformational leaders who recognize the significance of ethical issues and strong organizational values, led it to adopt this CSR agenda in practice. This study underscores the significance of using an integrative framework to explain various CSR drivers for companies. It concludes with managerial and public policy implications, as well as areas for further research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
CFD Simulations of Hydrodynamics of Conical Spouted Bed Nuclear Fuel Coaters
Authors: Şentürk Lüle Senem , Colak Uner , Koksal Murat , Kulah Gorkem 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe ability of the two fluid method (TFM) to predict the gas‐solid flow phenomenon in conical spouted beds operated with high density (6050 kg m−3) particles simulating the nuclear fuel coating conditions is investigated. The effects of geometric and operational factors, such as conical angle and static bed height, are also assessed. The results show that TFM predicts the time‐averaged bed pressure drop quite well. The qualitative variation of the particle velocity, solids volume fraction, and axial particle flux with axial height are captured by the simulations. The simulated trends observed in the investigation of the effects of static bed height and conical angle on the particle velocity, solids volume fraction, and axial particle flux agree well with those of the experimental measurements.
Governance of Forest Recreation in Urban Areas: Analysing the role of stakeholders and institutions using the institutional analysis and development framework
Authors: Wilkes‐Allemann Jerylee , Pütz Marco , Hirschi Christian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAmong the different functions forests offer, recreation is increasing in importance to a growing global population. This is at a time when multifunctional forest management can no longer cover its costs solely from the revenue from wood production. The governance of forest recreation is assumed to be different from that of other forest functions but is poorly understood, which limits proper forest management. Meanwhile, conflicting interactions between forest users are increasing. In this paper, we study forest recreation governance with a particular focus on forests in urban areas in developed countries. The paper first identifies key governance challenges for forest recreation and then provides a better understanding of forest recreation governance, focusing on the role of stakeholders and institutions. This is done using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. We use urban forest areas of Switzerland to illustrate and exemplify the developments in forest recreation and their consequences for forest governance. The study draws on different empirical sources and analysis techniques, including statistical data, focus groups and document analyses. The findings show that six main action situations need to be considered when analysing forest recreation governance. In each action situation, several stakeholders are involved. We argue that understanding the governance of forest recreation is one of the future challenges in forest management and planning, particularly in urban areas. Finally, our study shows that the applied framework is appropriate and useful in analysing the structure and arrangements of forest recreation governance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Equity in REDD+: Varying logics in Tanzania
Authors: Rantala Salla , Kontinen Tiina , Korhonen‐Kurki Kaisa , Mustalahti Irmeli 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEquity is frequently cited as one of the key design aspects of environmental governance regimes. In the context of Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), a forest‐based climate change mitigation instrument, the manner in which ‘equity’ is understood will be of critical importance for the impacts and acceptance of REDD + policies and initiatives. Whereas the concept has been extensively studied in the academic literature, references to equity in REDD + policy debates and documents are often vague, leaving room for various interpretations and modes of implementation. In our case study of the Tanzanian national REDD + policy domain, we provide a conceptual framework based on an institutional logics approach for analysing the various underlying rationalities in the ‘equity in REDD+’ debate. We apply it to demonstrate how the involved policy actors draw from heterogeneous equity logics in their support for and opposition to different governance models, highlighting the importance of precise contextualization and operationalization of broad international principles in national REDD + initiatives. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis, Magnetic Properties, and X‐ray Spectroscopy of Divalent Cobalt(II) and Nickel(II) Cubanes [MII4(HL2)4(OAc)4]
Authors: Scheurer Andreas , Korzekwa Jana , Nakajima Takayuki , Hampel Frank , Buling Anna , Derks Christine , Neumann Manfred , Joly Loïc , Petukhov Konstantin , Gieb Klaus , Müller Paul , Kuepper Karsten , Meyer Karsten 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUnder anaerobic conditions, the reactions of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate with 2,6‐pyridinedimethanol (H2L2, 3) in anhydrous acetonitrile afforded two tetranuclear metal(II) complexes [MII4(HL2)4(OAc)4] (4; MII = Co2+, Ni2+) with a [M4(μ3‐O)4]4+ cubane core. X‐ray structural analyses revealed that both MII cubanes 4a·2CH3OH and 4b·2CH3OH are isostructural and crystallize in the tetragonal space group I41/acd with eight molecules in the unit cell. In the solid state, the orientation of the cubane cores of 4 and the formation of a 3D framework were controlled by π–π interactions as well as intra‐ and intermolecular O–H···O hydrogen bonds. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that the cubanes 4 show a ferrimagnetic coupling scheme that leads to a diamagnetic ground state for both complexes. Core‐level X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the Co and Ni ions in 4a and 4b are in a divalent state. X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism was performed to extract the spin and orbital contributions to the Co and Ni magnetic moments. We compared the experimental results of the local electronic structures around the Co2+ ions in 4a and the Ni2+ ions in 4b with charge‐transfer multiplet simulations.
CuPN2: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Electronic Properties
Authors: Pucher Florian J. , Hummel Franziska , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCuPN2 was successfully synthesized from Cu3N and P3N5 at 5 GPa and 1000 °C by employing the Walker‐type multianvil technique. Its crystal structure was elucidated from powder X‐ray diffraction data. CuPN2 is isostructural to LiPN2 and NaPN2 [tetragonal I$\bar {4}$2d, no. 122, a = 4.5029(2) Å, c = 7.6157(2) Å, V = 154.42(1) Å3, Rp = 1.303, wRp = 1.741] with a structure that can be derived from both chalcopyrite and zincblende type. The electronic structure of CuPN2 was investigated by means of DFT calculations. CuPN2 is an indirect semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.67 eV.