bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Mirror Therapy in Training Upper Limb Hemiparesis after Stroke
Authors: Toh Sharon Fong Mei , Fong Kenneth N.K. 
Published: February 2013

Objective/Background This study aims to review the current evidence on effectiveness of mirror therapy (MT) in improving motor function of the hemiplegic upper limb (UL) among the adult stroke population in the last 12 years. Methods A systematic review of studies published in English from 1999 to 2011, retrieved from four electronic databases MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Sage Online, and ScienceDirect, was performed. Only articles focusing on the effects of MT to train UL motor function were included. The methodological quality of the studies was appraised based on the design and Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale. Results Of the 1,129 articles, nine (six randomised controlled trials and three case reports) were reviewed. The majority of the studies were heterogeneous in design. The review indicated that the strength of current evidence for the use of MT with the stroke population is moderate and seemed to benefit participants with subacute stroke. Little is known about its long-term sustainability, the right target group of the stroke population, and the optimal time to start intervention. Conclusion More research is needed to determine the optimal dose of therapy, optimal time to start this intervention, and the right target group. Accordingly, no firm conclusions can now be drawn on the effectiveness of MT until more evidence is present.
Acceleration response spectra for the earthquakes of the southwestern flank of the Baikal Rift Zone
Authors: Drennov A.F. , Dzhurik V.I. , Serebrennikov S.P. , Bryzhak E.V. , Drennova N.N. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The acceleration response spectra of earthquakes with M = 4–6.5 in the southwestern part of the Baikal Rift Zone have been studied. The absorption properties of the medium and the attenuation of seismic signals in the study area were determined. Average acceleration response spectra were obtained for regional earthquakes. A comparative analysis of the acceleration response spectra was made for earthquake focal mechanisms with different senses of motion: reverse fault, reverse slip, strike slip, and oblique slip. The effect of the sense of fault motion in the seismic source on acceleration response spectra was determined.
The Dark Side of Immunity: Is There Any Individual Right for Activities Jure Imperii?
Authors: SARZO MATTEO 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe following contribution interprets the ICJ decision on the case Jurisdictional Immunities of the State in a broader picture. The article focuses on the cause of action underlying the domestic civil claims, i.e. the primary rules providing for individual rights. Indeed, the traditional view, which conceives immunity as a ‘procedural’ rule, vigorously upheld by the Court, is not the only way to address this topic. In our view, state immunity is a substitute for other more sensitive questions, namely the definition of ‘state’, its prerogatives, and the individuals as right holders under international law. This approach points out a different rationale under state immunity, leading to major practical consequences in terms of the assessment of international jurisdiction.
The Making of Global Legal Culture and International Criminal Law
Authors: CAMPBELL KIRSTEN 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt is commonly agreed that international criminal law (ICL) is a ‘hybrid’ legal culture, which mixes the legal traditions of the common law and civil law. However, the precise nature of this legal culture remains a contentious legal and theoretical issue. The paper identifies the two dominant models of ICL within these debates as either a clash of cultures or asui generissystem, and shows how neither satisfactorily engages with the concept of legal culture itself. To address this problem, the paper develops a new account of ICL as a global legal culture. The paper first identifies the distinctive ‘cultural logic’ of ICL, drawing on the example of recent developments in sexual violence offences. It then examines how ICL takes a global legal form, which ‘globalizes’ liberal legal culture. Finally, the paper shows how this process of making the legal culture of ICL ‘global’ creates its cultural contradictions, but also enables the possibility of making a new legal culture at the international level.
Rethinking East Asian Regional Order and China's Rise
Authors: XUEFENG SUN 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAfter the end of World War II, East Asia gradually formed what can be referred to as a quasi-anarchical regional order. The quasi-anarchy system is defined by the anarchy system associated with a sub-hierarchical system, so this system possesses the characteristics of both anarchy and hierarchy in terms of security relations among states. The states in a quasi-anarchical order can be differentiated into three types according to the method through which they seek security. They comprise that of self-help states, the state that provides security guarantees to client states (security guarantor), and states that receive security protection from the security guarantor (client states) within the quasi-anarchy. The standard security relationship between states consists of two types: the first is a competitive security relationship; the second is a security-dependent relationship. The quasi-anarchical order in East Asia has restricted the continuance and positive effect of a rising China's reassurance policy through three mechanisms: dependence, reliance on support, and imitation.
The Philosophy of Heidegger
Authors: Watts Michael 
Published: February 2013

The Philosophy of Heidegger is a readable and reliable overview of Heideggers thought, suitable both for beginning and advanced students. Strikingly free from jargon, with many illustrations and concrete examples, the book provides a very accessible introduction to key Heideggerian notions, such as thrownness, the clearing, authenticity, falling, moods, nullity, temporality, Ereignis, enframing, dwelling and Gelassenheit. Organized under clear headings, Watts exposition avoids complicated involvement with the secondary literature, or with wider philosophical debates, which gives his writing a fresh, immediate character. Ranging widely across Heideggers numerous writings, the book displays an impressively thorough knowledge of his corpus, navigating the difficult relationship between earlier and later Heidegger texts, and giving the reader a strong sense of the fundamental motives and overall continuity of Heideggers thought. With a comprehensive glossary of Heideggerian terms, the book will be an asset for any student grappling with Heidegger's challenging work.
Realism and Anti-Realism
Authors: Brock Stuart 
Published: February 2013

Questions about the plausibility and character of realism and its alternatives are at the heart of all metaphysical disputes today. However it is not a straightforward matter to know when some contentious realm of entities is real, or to understand and appreciate what is at issue between those on either side of the dispute. This book aims to make clear what is really at stake in the contemporary realism debate. The first part of the book examines the realist and anti-realist debate abstracted away from any particular application of it. The authors explain local realism and anti-realism and look at the motivations that might support one position over the other with regard to a particular subject matter. In addition, they examine particular types of global anti-realism  idealism, Kantianism, verificationism  and show how each is motivated by intricate combinations of semantic, epistemological and metaphysical reasons. In the second part of the book the authors explore how the ideas outlined in Part 1 can and have been applied to different subject matters. They examine the respective cases for realism and anti-realism about colours, morality, science, mathematics, modality, and fiction. The authors show that the realism and anti-realism debates within various different domains are much more unified than we are often led to believe, and that a comparison of the realism debates in different areas can give us an appreciation of the need for a kind of consistency in our views that is often lacking. Realism and Anti-Realism offers readers a clear introduction to a subject central to contemporary work in metaphysics, epistemology and philosophy of language.
Understanding Utilitarianism
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: February 2013

Utilitarianism  a philosophy based on the principle of the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people  has been hugely influential over the past two centuries. Beyond ethics, utilitarian assumptions and arguments abound in modern economic and political life, especially in public policy. An understanding of utilitarianism is indeed essential to any understanding of contemporary society. Understanding Utilitarianism presents utilitarianism very much as a living tradition. The book begins with a summary of the classical utilitarianism of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries while subsequent chapters trace the development of the central themes of utilitarian thought over the twentieth century. Questions covered include: What is happiness? Is happiness the only valuable thing? Is utilitarianism about acts or rules or institutions? Is utilitarianism unjust, or implausibly demanding, or impractical? Where might utilitarianism go in the future?
Understanding Rationalism
Authors: Huenemann Charlie 
Published: February 2013

The three great historical philosophers most often associated with rationalism  Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz  opened up ingenious and breathtaking vistas upon the world. Yet their works are so difficult that readers often find themselves stymied. Understanding Rationalism offers a guide for anyone approaching these thinkers for the first time. With clear explanations, elegant examples and insightful summaries, Understanding Rationalism unlocks their intricate metaphysical systems, which are by turns surprising, compelling and sometimes bizarre. It also lays out their controversial stances on moral, political and religious problems. The study is framed by an opening discussion of the broad themes and attitudes common to these three philosophers and a closing analysis of the legacy they left for the rest of philosophy.
Introducing Greek Philosophy
Authors: Wright M. R. 
Published: February 2013

This concise and accessible introduction to ancient Greek philosophy is aimed at beginning students of classical studies and philosophy who wish to find their bearings in what can seem a complex maze of names and schools. The book begins by providing a basic mapping of the territory and an introduction to the language and literary form of philosophy in the period. Eschewing the method of most histories of ancient philosophy of addressing one thinker after another through the centuries, the book goes on to examine the great themes that preoccupied the Greeks from the fifth century to the first century BCE and charts how, through argument and counter-argument, philosophical ideas developed, and flourished, in the period. Exploring the ideas of the Presocratics, the sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and the early Hellenistic philosophers, the book illuminates this formative period in the history of philosophy and shows how many of the themes that engaged the Greeks  such as the origins of the universe, divine creation, the search for truth, ethics, material minds and immortal souls, the search for happiness and the best way to live  still engage us today. Introducing Greek Philosophy is ideal preparatory reading for students taking courses on ancient philosophy and classical studies and for the non-specialist seeking an authoritative introduction.
Communication: Transfer of more than half the population to a selected rovibrational state of H2 by Stark-induced adiabatic Raman passage
Authors: Mukherjee Nandini , Dong Wenrui , Harrison John A. , Zare Richard N. 
Published: February 2013

By using Stark-induced adiabatic Raman passage (SARP) with partially overlapping nanosecond pump (532 nm) and Stokes (683 nm) laser pulses, 73% ± 6% of the initial ground vibrational state population of H2 (v = 0, J = 0) is transferred to the single vibrationally excited eigenstate (v = 1, J = 0). In contrast to other Stark chirped Raman adiabatic passage techniques, SARP transfers population from the initial ground state to a vibrationally excited target state of the ground electronic surface without using an intermediate vibronic resonance within an upper electronic state. Parallel linearly polarized, co-propagating pump and Stokes laser pulses of respective durations 6 ns and 4.5 ns, are combined with a relative delay of ∼4 ns before orthogonally intersecting the molecular beam of H2. The pump and Stokes laser pulses have fluences of ∼10 J/mm2 and ∼1 J/mm2, respectively. The intense pump pulse generates the necessary sweeping of the Raman resonance frequency by ac (second-order) Stark shifting the rovibrational levels. As the frequency of the v = 0 → v = 1 Raman transition is swept through resonance in the presence of the strong pump and the weaker delayed Stokes pulses, the population of (v = 0, J = 0) is coherently transferred via an adiabatic passage to (v = 1, J = 0). A quantitative measure of the population transferred to the target state is obtained from the depletion of the ground-state population using 2 + 1 resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The depletion is measured by comparing the REMPI signal of (v = 0, J = 0) at Raman resonance with that obtained when the Stokes pulse is detuned from the Stark-shifted Raman resonance. No depletion is observed with either the pump or the Stokes pulses alone, confirming that the measured depletion is indeed caused by the SARP-induced population transfer from the ground to the target state and not by the loss of molecules from photoionization or photodissociation. The two-photon resonant UV pulse used for REMPI detection is delayed by 20 ns with respect to the pump pulse to avoid the ac Stark shift originating from the pump and Stokes laser pulses. This experiment demonstrates the feasibility of preparing a large ensemble of isolated molecules in a preselected single quantum state without requiring an intermediate vibronic resonance.
Negative spin-exchange splitting in the exciton fine structure of AlN
Authors: Feneberg Martin , Fátima Romero María , Neuschl Benjamin , Thonke Klaus , Röppischer Marcus , Cobet Christoph , Esser Norbert , Bickermann Matthias , Goldhahn Rüdiger 
Published: February 2013

The exact energy position of the free exciton transition and thus the lowest band gap in bulk wurtzite AlN are still under discussion. By combined high resolution optical emission and absorption experiments on a sample with (11¯00) surface, we resolve the fine structure of the lowest energy free exciton and determine an electron-hole spin-exchange interaction constant of j=−4 meV. This results in a low energy Γ1 exciton at 6.032 eV and a high energy Γ5 component at 6.040 eV. Only the latter one is observable for (0001) oriented AlN films due to selection rules.
Differential requirements for mRNA folding partially explain why highly expressed proteins evolve slowly
Authors: Park Chungoo , Chen Xiaoshu , Yang Jian-Rong , Zhang Jianzhi 
Published: February 2013

SignificanceThe expression level of a gene is a leading determinant of its rate of protein sequence evolution, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We show that as the mRNA concentration increases, natural selection for mRNA folding intensifies, resulting in larger fractions of mutations deleterious to mRNA folding and lower rates of protein evolution. Counterintuitively, selection for mRNA folding also impacts the nonsynonymous-to-synonymous nucleotide substitution rate ratio, requiring a revision of the current interpretation of this ratio as a measure of protein-level selection. These findings demonstrate a prominent role of selection at the mRNA level in molecular evolution.
A novel amido–pyrophosphate MnIIchelate complex with the synthetic ligand O{P(O)[NHC(CH3)3]2}2(L): [Mn(L)2{OC(H)N(CH3)2}2]Cl2·2H2O
Authors: Tarahhomi Atekeh , Pourayoubi Mehrdad , Fejfarová Karla , Dušek Michal 
Published: February 2013

The title complex,trans-bis(dimethylformamide-κO)bis{N,N′-N′′,N′′′-tetra-tert-butyl[oxybis(phosphonic diamide-κO)]}manganese(II) dichloride dihydrate, [Mn(C16H40N4O3P2)2(C3H7NO)2]Cl2·2H2O, is the first example of a bis-chelate amido–pyrophosphate (pyrophosphoramide) complex containing an O[P(O)(NH)2]2fragment. Its asymmetric unit contains half of the complex dication, one chloride anion and one water molecule. The MnIIatom, located on an inversion centre, is octahedrally coordinated, with a slight elongation towards the monodentate dimethylformamide ligand. Structural features of the title complex, such as the P=O bond lengths and the planarity of the chelate ring, are compared with those of previously reported complexes with six-membered chelates involving the fragments C(O)NHP(O), (X)NP(O) [X = C(O), C(S), S(O)2and P(O)] and O[P(O)(N)2]2. This analysis shows that the six-membered chelate rings are less puckered in pyrophosphoramide complexes containing a P(O)OP(O) skeleton, such as the title compound. The extended structure of the title complex involves a linear aggregate mediated by N—H...O and N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, in which the chloride anion is an acceptor in two additional O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds.
The magnitude of oral health inequalities in Canada: findings of the Canadian health measures survey
Authors: Ravaghi Vahid , Quiñonez Carlos , Allison Paul J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to measure the magnitude of income‐related inequality for four oral health outcomes in Canada. The degree of oral health inequality according to sex was also compared.MethodsData for this study are from the year 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measure Survey (CHMS). The sample size consisted of 4951 Canadians aged 6–79 (2409 men and 2542 women). The oral health indicators used were the number of decayed teeth, number of missing teeth, number of filled teeth, and oral pain in the past year. Socioeconomic status was measured as equivalized household income. We used the relative concentration index to quantify health inequalities. Data analyses were performed using STATA 11.1 and ADePT (4.0).ResultsThe number of decayed teeth, the number of missing teeth and the prevalence of oral pain decreased with increasing income, while the number of filled teeth increased with increasing income. The relative concentration indices for decayed teeth, missing teeth, filled teeth and for oral pain were −0.264, −0.157, 0.085, and −0.120, respectively. There was a statistically significant deviation from equality for the four oral health outcomes and this was generally present for both sexes. The relative concentration indices for decayed teeth were statistically significantly larger than other oral health outcomes. The relative concentration indices for women were greater than those of males indicating a greater magnitude of inequality among women.ConclusionsThere was a higher concentration of decayed teeth, missing teeth and oral pain in the worse off, while the more affluent had a greater concentration of filled teeth. The numbers of decayed teeth was the most unequal aspect of oral health comparatively. There was a sex difference in the pattern of oral health inequalities with greater magnitude of inequality present among women in terms of the number of decayed and missing teeth. Health policymakers should consider the magnitude of health inequalities according to outcome and between sexes in their decision to tackle oral health inequalities.
Dietary plant phenolic improves survival of bacterial infection in Manduca sexta caterpillars
Authors: del Campo Marta L. , Halitschke Rayko , Short Sarah M. , Lazzaro Brian P. , Kessler André 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPlant phenolics are generally thought to play significant roles in plant defense against herbivores and pathogens. Many plant taxa, including Solanaceae, are rich in phenolic compounds and some insect herbivores have been shown to acquire phenolics from their hosts to use them as protection against their natural enemies. Here, we demonstrate that larvae of an insect specialist on Solanaceae, the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), acquire the plant phenolic chlorogenic acid (CA), and other caffeic acid derivatives as they feed on one of their hosts, Nicotiana attenuata L. (Solanaceae), and on artificial diet supplemented with CA. We test the hypothesis that larvae fed on CA‐supplemented diet would have better resistance against bacterial infection than larvae fed on a standard CA‐free diet by injecting bacteria into the hemocoel of fourth instars. Larvae fed CA‐supplemented diet show significantly higher survival of infection with Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes & Horder) Schleifer & Kilpper‐Bälz, but not of infection with the more virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula. Larvae fed on CA‐supplemented diet possess a constitutively higher number of circulating hemocytes than larvae fed on the standard diet, but we found no other evidence of increased immune system activity, nor were larvae fed on CA‐supplemented diet better able to suppress bacterial proliferation early in the infection. Thus, our data suggest an additional defensive function of CA to the direct toxic inhibition of pathogen proliferation in the gut.
Pyrosequencing of the adult tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris, and characterization of messages important in metabolism and development
Authors: Magalhaes Leonardo C. , van Kretschmar Jaap B. , Donohue Kevin V. , Roe R. Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe adoption of Bt transgenic cotton has practically eliminated lepidopteran pests from this crop and has produced a secondary pest problem, with pierce‐sucking insects such as the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae). The future of cotton genetic pest management is threatened by these insects and their development of resistance to chemical insecticides. Lygus lineolaris is also a pest of more than 100 other crops. The development of transcriptome data for this insect should be transformative in essentially all aspects of research on plant bug biology and the development of control strategies. The first 454 tarnished plant bug whole body (WB) and gut (G) transcriptomes were constructed (half plate for each). A total of 116 163 527 bases were obtained, representing 262 555 WB and 229 919 G reads (SRA048217) of which 232 058 (SRS280903) and 168 069 (SRS280894) reads, respectively, were available for assembly. The average read length was 233.1 and 208.5 bp for WB and G, respectively. The whole body and gut reads were assembled together (WB‐G) to produce the most complete transcriptome possible from our sequencing effort and resulted in 6 970 contigs with an average length of 393 bp. The gut transcriptome alone was assembled into 3 549 contigs with an average length of 349 bp. The smallest contig was 55 bp and the largest was 3 466 bp, and there were 62 484 sequences that could not be assembled (singletons) among both transcriptomes. Overall transcriptome analysis was organized according to the Gene Ontology consortium, enzyme commission, and InerPro using the Blast2GO® program. We further characterized metabolic systems and messages associated with development.