bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundus Bleeding
Authors: Sethi Sahebaan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Fundus bleeding, commonly known as retinal haemorrhage, is a significant ocular manifestation associated with various systemic and ocular conditions. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management strategies of fundus bleeding. The abstract begins by discussing the underlying pathophysiology of fundus bleeding, which involves the rupture of retinal blood vessels leading to the extravasation of blood into the retinal layers. It highlights the diverse aetiologies of retinal haemorrhage, including trauma, vascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, blood dyscrasias and ocular conditions such as retinal vein occlusion and macular degeneration. The manuscript further delves into the diagnostic modalities used to assess fundus bleeding, including fundus examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiography (FA) and fundus photography. It emphasizes the importance of accurate diagnosis to identify the underlying cause and guide appropriate management. The management strategies for fundus bleeding are discussed, considering both the underlying aetiology and severity of the haemorrhage. This includes conservative approaches, such as observation and control of systemic risk factors, as well as specific interventions like antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy, laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy. In conclusion, this abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of fundus bleeding or retinal haemorrhage. It serves as a valuable resource for clinicians and researchers involved in the care of patients with retinal haemorrhage, aiding in the understanding of its multifactorial aetiology and guiding evidence-based management strategies for improved visual outcomes.
Reliability and Validity of the Chen Depression Scale: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Chen Yi-Lung , Liang Sophie Hsin-Yi , Lu Mong-Liang , Chen Vincent Chin-Hung 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective:
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an important psychiatric illness worldwide. We developed the Chen Depression Scale (CDS) based on the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. In this study, we intended to evaluate the psychometric properties of the CDS.

Methods:
The sample consisted of 135 adult participants aged between 20 and 64 years, including 85 individuals with MDD recruited at a teaching hospital, and 50 community-based non-MDD controls. Depressive symptoms were assessed using CDS and the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (C-PHQ-9). We investigated the psychometric properties of CDS, including test–retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, sensitivity and specificity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and construct validity.

Results:
The result showed that the CDS had excellent internal reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.957) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.843). Construct validity was examined with confirmatory factor analyses to verify the factor structure of the CDS and convergent validity with C-PHQ-9 with a statistically high correlation with Pearson’s r with p < 0.001. When evaluating the impairment criterion for identifying individuals with MDD, those who reported impairment in MDD symptoms and scored a CDS of 17 or above exhibited a sensitivity of 0.86 and a specificity of 0.96 for CDS.

Conclusion:
The CDS has good psychometric properties, including excellent reliability and sensitivity and diagnostic properties at cutoff point 17. It serves effectively as a screening tool for both clinical diagnosis and academic study of depression.
The Performance of ChatGPT on Short-answer Questions in a Psychiatry Examination: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lin Chao-Cheng , Plooy Kobus du , Gray Andrew , Brown Deirdre , Hobbs Linda , Patterson Tess , Tan Valerie , Fridberg Daniel , Hsu Che-Wei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objectives:
We compared ChatGPT’s performance to medical students’ on psychiatry examinations and investigated whether raters could distinguish answers between them.

Methods:
We used a copy of short-answer questions from a psychiatry examination to compare the performance of three randomized groups – ChatGPT, student, and hybrid (student-modified ChatGPT responses). Furthermore, we investigated raters’ ability to identify response origins.

Results:
ChatGPT-assisted answers, both ChatGPT alone (p < 0.001) and hybrid (p < 0.001), had significantly better examination performance than did independent students work. Raters showed high accuracy in identifying the origin of the responses, correctly identifying 92% of both students’ and ChatGPT-assisted responses. But raters were only 61% accurate in making the distinction between ChatGPT and hybrid answers.

Conclusion:
ChatGPT showed superior performance in a psychiatry examination compared to students’ work, but raters showed high accuracy in distinguishing them. Further investigation is warranted to optimize the advantages and mitigate the drawbacks of incorporating such technology into psychiatric education and health care.
Toward Malaria Elimination: Understanding Awareness, Prevention, and Health-Seeking Patterns in Odisha, India
Authors: Jabir MM Muhammed , Panigrahi Dilip Kumar , Baig Muhammed Mustafa , Vijayakumar Balakrishnan , Panda Prasant Kumar , Shriram Ananganallur Nagarajan , Rahi Manju , Kumar Ashwani 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT.
Given India’s goal of eliminating malaria by 2030, this study aimed to investigate community perspectives on malaria in highly endemic areas of Odisha, a region historically prone to malaria. The research explores self-reported malaria events, community knowledge, attitudes, practices, health-seeking behaviors, and access to healthcare services. A community-based cross-sectional survey conducted among 387 households between November 2022 and May 2023 served as an extension of our recent project, monitoring malaria elimination efforts in remote and challenging-to-reach communities in Odisha. The participants, who had a mean (SD) age of 41.7 (13.17) years, were predominantly male (88.4%). Self-reported malaria in the last 12 months prior to the survey was 6.2%, with half of the patients opting for primary health centers for treatment, averaging a 5-day recovery per episode. The median cost per malaria treatment episode was U.S. dollars 20.17. A significant majority (79.8%) demonstrated a strong awareness of malaria symptoms and transmission, with 83.3% expressing a favorable attitude toward disease prevention. Notably, 65.1% reported consistent use of long-lasting insecticidal nets. However, nearly half of the participants reported inadequate larval source management and indoor residual spraying services. Although there were slight variations in knowledge, attitude, and practice scores among demographic groups, the overall understanding of and approach to malaria were consistent in the study population, with no statistically significant differences (P >0.05). The study findings offer hope, suggesting that with sustained dedication and focused surveillance, malaria could become a thing of the past.
A Comparative Study of Human Leptospirosis between Mayotte and Reunion Islands Highlights Distinct Clinical and Microbial Features Arising from Distinct Inter-Island Bacterial Ecology
Authors: Desmoulin Anissa , Rajaonarivelo Arline , Maillard Olivier , Collet Louis , Jaffar-Bandjee Marie-Christine , Moiton Marie-Pierre , Poubeau Patrice , Fayeulle Stéphanie , François-Wattrelot Claire , Blondé Renaud , Tortosa Pablo , Raffray Loïc 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT.
Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis for which investigations assessing host-pathogen interaction are scarce. The aim of this study was to compare the severity and bacterial species involved in human cases of leptospirosis on Reunion and Mayotte islands, territories located in the southwest Indian Ocean that have recorded high human leptospirosis incidence but display fairly distinct epidemiological situations. A retrospective multicentric study including all patients over 18 years of age from Mayotte or Reunion with proven leptospirosis was conducted from January 2018 to April 2020. This study collected demographic, geographical, clinical, and biological data. Overall, 490 patients were included, 222 on Mayotte and 268 on Reunion. More patients were hospitalized on Reunion (n = 215, 80%) compared with Mayotte (n = 102, 46%). Severe disease was more common on Reunion (n = 75, 28%) than on Mayotte (n = 22, 10%). The dominant Leptospira species on Reunion was Leptospira interrogans (79%) followed by Leptospira borgpetersenii (21%), contrasting with the epidemiological situation on Mayotte where L. interrogans was found in only a minority of patients (10%). The high frequency of severe cases on Reunion could be explained not only by higher comorbidities but also by the higher occurrence of L. interrogans infections compared with Mayotte. Finally, the distribution of cases linked to L. borgpetersenii was found almost exclusively on the west coast of Reunion, raising the potential role of a ruminant reservoir.
The Epidemiology of Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection within Districts Persistently Endemic for Trachoma in Amhara, Ethiopia
Authors: Nash Scott D. , Sata Eshetu , Chernet Ambahun , Gonzalez Tania A. , Nute Andrew W. , Ontiveros Victoria C. , Gessese Demelash , Zerihun Mulat , Jensen Kimberly A. , Yismaw Gizachew , Zeru Taye , Melak Berhanu , Ayele Zebene , Mihretu Fetene , Seife Fikre , Tadesse Zerihun , Callahan E. Kelly 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT.
Persistent trachoma is a growing concern to trachoma control programs globally and programs serving Ethiopia specifically. Persistent trachoma is defined as a district with two or more trachoma impact surveys (TISs) at which the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) among children ages 1–9 years is ≥5%, the elimination threshold. Because the global target for trachoma elimination as a public health problem is 2030, research is needed to better characterize persistent trachoma. This study described the epidemiology of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection, the causative bacteria of trachoma, in seven contiguous districts experiencing persistent trachoma. In 2019, multistage cluster random sampling TISs were conducted in the seven districts after 10 years of interventions. All individuals ages ≥1 year were examined for trachoma clinical signs by certified graders, and conjunctival swabs were collected from children ages 1–5 years to test for C. trachomatis infection. The district TF prevalence ranged from 11.8% (95% CI:7.6–16.0%) to 36.1% (95% CI:27.4–44.3%). The range of district-level C. trachomatis infection prevalence was between 2.7% and 34.4%. Statistically significant spatial clustering of high-infection communities was observed in the study districts, and children with infection were more likely than those without to be found in households with clinical signs of trachoma and those without latrines. These seven districts appear to constitute a persistent hotspot in Amhara, where an additional 3–5 years or more of interventions will be required. The global program will need to strengthen and enhance intervention strategies within persistent districts if elimination by 2030 is to be achieved.
Algebraic cycles on Gushel-Mukai varieties
Authors: Fu Lie , Moonen Ben 
Published: July 2024

We study algebraic cycles on complex Gushel-Mukai (GM) varieties. We prove the generalised Hodge conjecture, the (motivated) Mumford-Tate conjecture, and the generalised Tate conjecture for all GM varieties. We compute all integral Chow groups of GM varieties, except for the only two infinite-dimensional cases (1-cycles on GM fourfolds and 2-cycles on GM sixfolds). We prove that if two GM varieties are generalised partners or generalised duals, their rational Chow motives in middle degree are isomorphic.Comment: 23 pages, final version, in special volume in honour of C. Voisin
Institution of penal servitude (hard labor) in the domestic legislation of the 20th century
Authors: Белова Н.А. 
Published: July 2024

Статья посвящена вопросам правовой регламентации института каторги (ссылки в каторжные работы) в России на протяжении ХХ столетия. Анализируются нормативные правовые акты, регулировавшие назначение и исполнение данной карательной меры в рассматриваемых хронологических рамках. Отражена трансформация наказания в виде каторги в отечественном законодательстве разных эпох: дореволюционной, периода Временного правительства и советской. Констатируется, что в ХХ в. произошло сужение круга деяний, за которые могло быть назначено это наказание: в имперский период оно применялось за тяжкие государственные и уголовные преступления, при Временном правительстве – только за уголовные преступления, в советский период – за пособничество фашистам и побеги из мест поселения отдельных категорий лиц. Показано, что каторга, вторая по степени тяжести после смертной казни уголовная санкция, сохраняла историческую преемственность и применялась в целях возмездия и устрашения. При исполнении этого наказания законодательство предусматривало не только строгие условия изоляции преступников, но использование их труда на особо тяжелых работах.
The article is devoted to the issues of legal regulation of the institution of penal servitude (hard labor) in Russia during the twentieth century. Normative legal acts regulating the appointment and execution of this punitive measure in the considered chronological framework are analyzed. The transformation of punishment in the form of penal servitude in the domestic legislation of different epochs is reflected: pre-revolutionary, the period of the Provisional Governments and the Soviet one. It is stated that in the twentieth century. there was a narrowing of the range of acts for which this punishment could be imposed: in the imperial period it was used for serious state and criminal offenses, under the Provisional Government – only for criminal offenses, in the Soviet period – for aiding the Nazis and escaping from places of settlement of certain categories of persons. It is shown that penal servitude, the second most severe criminal sanction after the death penalty, preserved historical continuity and was used for the purposes of retribution and intimidation. The legislation provided not only for strict conditions of isolation of criminals, but also for the use of their labor in particularly difficult jobs.
Legal and organizational aspects of harm com- pensation by conditionally convicted persons and the frequency of taking coercive measures against them
Authors: Кириловский О.В. 
Published: July 2024

В статье рассмотрены правовые и организационные аспекты возмещения вреда условно осужденными. Раскрыты последовательность применения мер принуждения и периодичность вынесения предупреждений в случае неисполнения осужденными данной обязанности, выявлены правовые пробелы в части урегулирования периодичности вынесения предупреждений, предложены меры по их устранению. Также исследованы организационные основы взаимодействия уголовно-исполнительных инспекций и территориальных подразделений ФССП России по реализации совместных усилий по возмещению вреда условно осужденными, предложены меры по урегулированию отдельных проблемных вопросов.
The article considers and analyzes the legal and organizational aspects of harm compensation by conditionally convicted persons. The sequence of applied coercive measures and the frequency of issuing warnings in cases of non-fulfillment of this duty by convicts are revealed, legal gaps in the regulation of the frequency of issuing warnings are identified, and measures to eliminate them are proposed. Organizational foundations of interaction between criminal enforcement inspections and territorial divisions of the Federal Penitentiary Service on the implementation of joint efforts to compensate for harm by conditionally convicted persons are also studied, and measures to resolve certain problematic issues are proposed.
Falsification of evidence and results of law enforcement intelligence operations: legal technique issues
Authors: Крутиков И.Л. 
Published: July 2024

В статье рассматриваются проблемы отсутствия законодательно закрепленной дефиниции понятия фальсификации доказательств в контексте ст. 303 УК РФ. Анализируются научные точки зрения, иностранное уголовное законодательство, судебная практика применения норм о фальсификации доказательств. Обосновывается решение обозначенной проблемы путем применения правоинтерпретационной техники (техники толкования).
The article considers problems of the lack of a legally fixed definition of the concept of falsification of evidence in the context of Article 303 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The article analyzes scientific points of view, foreign criminal legislation, judicial practice of applying norms on falsification of evidence. A solution to the problem of the absence of the concept of falsification of evidence is proposed and justified through the use of legal interpretation techniques.
On the issue of improving the performance of employees of the penitentiary system of the Russian Federation to neutralize the negative impact of criminal jargon and its use in correctional institutions
Authors: Нарышкина Н.И. , Писарев О.М. 
Published: July 2024

В статье рассматривается проблема специфической роли уголовного жаргона как коммуникативного элемента тюремной субкультуры, актуализирующая его всестороннее изучение в рамках предупредительно-профилактической работы с осужденными. Акцентируется внимание на культурологических, социально-психологических и правовых механизмах его функционирования в местах лишения свободы. Представлены точки зрения ряда ученых пенитенциарного профиля, определено назначение уголовного жаргона в неформальной жизни осужденных, приведен анализ его признаков. Отмечаются сложности правового характера при определении его терминологической базы. Рассматриваются вопросы совершенствования служебной деятельности сотрудников уголовно-исполнительной системы Российской Федерации по нейтрализации негативного влияния уголовного жаргона и его использования в исправительных учреждениях. Сформулирован ряд предложений в области практической и научной деятельности, ведомственного образования, имеющих цель пресечения распространения и влияния рассматриваемого атрибута тюремной субкультуры.
The article deals with the problem of the specific role of criminal jargon as a communicative element of the prison subculture, actualizing its comprehensive study in the framework of preventive work with convicts. Attention is focused on the cultural, socio-psychological and legal mechanisms of its functioning in places of deprivation of liberty. The points of view of a number of scientists of the penitentiary profile are presented, the purpose of criminal jargon in the informal life of convicts is determined, and the analysis of its elements is given. The difficulties of a legal nature in determining its terminological base are noted. The issues of improving the performance of penal system employees to neutralize the negative impact of criminal jargon and its use in correctional institutions are considered. A number of proposals in the field of practical and scientific activities and departmental education to suppress the spread and influence of the considered attribute of the prison subculture are formulated.
Organizational and legal counteraction to the terrorism ideology by services and units of the penal system at the present stage
Authors: Румянцев Н.В. 
Published: July 2024

В статье рассматриваются задачи, стоящие перед подразделениями уголовно-исполнительной системы по противодействию идеологии терроризма в свете требований Комплексного плана противодействия идеологии терроризма в Российской Федерации на 2024–2028 гг. Анализируются отдельные аспекты организационно-правовых норм обеспечения безопасности органов и учреждений УИС в вопросах противодействия идеологии террористической угрозы, а также деятельность служб пенитенциарной системы по противодействию идеологии террористической направленности по итогам 2019–2023 гг. Особое внимание обращено на активизацию мер по повышению результативности в пресечении противоправного поведения и профилактического воздействия на лиц, отбывающих наказание и подверженных влиянию идеологии терроризма и неонацизма, усиление разъяснительной работы о неприятии идей массовых убийств и ответственности за совершение преступлений террористического характера; обеспечение в учреждениях УИС полноты информационно-разъяснительных и просветительных материалов, средств наглядной агитации, дискредитирующих логику террористической идеологии.
The article considers tasks of penal system institutions to counter the terrorism ideology in the light of requirements of the Comprehensive Plan for 2024– 2028. The article analyzes certain aspects of organizational and legal norms for ensuring security of penitentiary bodies and institutions in terms of countering the ideology of the terrorist threat, as well as activities of the penitentiary system services to counter the terrorist ideology based on the results of 2019–2023. Special attention is paid to the intensification of measures to improve effectiveness in suppressing illegal behavior and preventive effects on persons serving sentences and influenced by the ideology of terrorism and neo-Nazism, strengthening explanatory work on the rejection of mass murder ideas and liability for committing terrorism-related crimes; the ensure the completeness of information, explanatory and educational materials, means of visual agitation in penal institutions discrediting the logic of the terrorist ideology.