bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Presence of Low Molecular Weight Germinative Substances in Bacillus cereus T Spore Extract
Authors: Shibata Hirofumi , Odahara Yoshihiko , Sasaki Fumiko , Hirota Osamu , Nishida Mikio , Tani Isamu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn extract from intact spores of Bacillus cereus T having a germination‐inducing activity was studied. Two distinct germinative principles were found through dialysis of the extract. One was diffusible through the dialysis membrane and the other was non‐diffusible. The activity of the former fraction was inhibited by the addition of 1 mM glycoletherdiamine‐N, N, N', N'‐tetraacetic acid (GEDTA), whereas the latter fraction was inactive unless GEDTA was added to the assay system. The diffusible principle maintained the major portion of the activity found in the crude spore extract. By means of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a gel permeation chromatography column, 9 fractions were obtained from the deproteinized diffusible fraction. Of those fractions, two fractions (No. 1 and No. 8) were responsible for the germination‐inducing activity, but no reconstituted activity was observed unless both fractions No. 1 and No. 8 were added to the assay system. Amino acid analysis of fraction No. 1 revealed that the fraction was rich in free amino acids, especially in alanine. On the other hand, by the use of reverse‐phase HPLC and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, it was concluded that the effective substance in fraction No. 8 was inosine. Based on these findings, it was suggested that the active substances in fraction No. 1 might be a free amino acid such as L‐alanine and/or Ca2+ and a Ca2+‐binding substance.
Evaluation of Salmonella Porins as a Broad Spectrum Vaccine Candidate
Authors: Tabaraie Bahman , Sharma Bal Krishan , Sharma Praveen Rishi nee , Sehgal Rakesh , Ganguly Nirmal Kumar 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPorins were prepared from smooth strain of Salmonella typhi 0–901 and chemotype of rough mutant of S. typhimurium Ra‐30. Mice were immunized with both the porin preparations in different groups and challenged with S. typhimurium LT2–71 and S. enteritidis SH‐1269. Porin immunized mice showed significant protection (P <0.01) against challenge with homologous as well as heterologous strains. Hence, the use of porins may be attempted in future to protect against salmonellosis.
Migration of Murine Epidermal Langerhans Cells to Regional Lymph Nodes: Engagement of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Antigens Induces Migration of Langerhans Cells
Authors: Yamashita Keizo , Yano Akihiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLangerhans cells are resident dendritic cells in the epidermis. Once they are loaded with epicutaneously‐delivered antigens, they leave the epidermis and migrate to the regional lymph nodes where they initiate primary T cell responses as antigen‐presenting cells. However, the stimulus that initiates such migration remains unknown. Because major histocompatibility complex class II (Ia) antigens on B lymphocytes or monocytic cells have been shown to function as signal transducers, we evaluated the effect of the engagement of Ia antigens on the migration of murine epidermal Langerhans cells. The intradermal injection of an anti‐Ia monoclonal antibody (mAb) reduced the density of Langerhans cells in epidermis and produced a dose‐ and time‐dependent increase in the frequency of cells reactive with NLDC145 (Langerhans cell‐ and dendritic cell‐specific mAb) within the regional lymph nodes. Injection of a control mAb had no effect. The NLDC145+ cells that were induced to accumulate in the regional lymph nodes were Ia+, large dendritic cells, some of which were positive for both NLDC145 and F4/80, a phenotype corresponding to that of murine epidermal Langerhans cells. Thus, the engagement of Ia antigens on Langerhans cells by mAb induces the migration of Langerhans cells from the epidermis to the regional lymph nodes. Analysis of these changes in Langerhans cells in vitro may help to reveal the biochemical sequence of events involved in the activation and differentiation of Langerhans cells.
Infectivity and Early Antibody Response to Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Isolated in Japan in Outbred Mice
Authors: Masuzawa Toshiyuki , Kurita Toru , Kawabata Hiroki , Muramatsu Koichi , Uchikawa Kimito , Yanagihara Yasutake 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBorrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated from Ixodes ovatus (B. japonica), I. persulcatus and patients with erythema migrans (EM) in Japan were determined on infectivity and arthritis induction‐activity in outbred mice. Infectivity of B. japonica was weak and did not induce the development of footpad swelling by subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation into the footpad. Challenged strain, NO129‐M of B. japonica, to ddY mice were reinoculated to the mice at various cell numbers (1 × 10‐1 × 106 cells/mouse). The strain isolated from the mouse did not reinfect ddY mice and did not induce the production of specific antibody to the homologous strain. On the other hand, strains from I. persulcatus and patients with EM in Japan infected the mice and induced a serious inflammatory response in Borrelia‐inoculated footpad as well as strains belonging to the three genospecies, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, and B. afzelii, related to Lyme disease, from North America and Europe. The mice were infected with 10 cells of strain HP1 isolated from I. persulcatus in Hokkaido and of strain 297 isolated from a patient in the U.S.A. by subcutaneous inoculation into the hind footpad, or by intradermal inoculation into the back. Antigens of ca. 20, 23–24 (Osp C), 29, 39, 41 (flagellin) and 45 kDa reacted with the pooled sera from mice inoculated with strains HP1 and 297, but Osp A and Osp B did not.
Possible Mechanism of Action of β‐Lactam‐Enhancing Factor on Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Tajima Yutaka , Nagasawa Zenzo , Tanabe Ichiro , Kusaba Koji , Tadano Jutaro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe have recently found a factor (Factor T) in aged mixtures of tungstate and phosphate which greatly enhances the antibacterial effects of β‐lactams on methicillin‐resistant strains of staphylococcal species such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but shows only weak effects on methicillin‐susceptible S. aureus and bacterial strains other than staphylococci. Factor T alone did not strongly inhibit cell metabolism and bacterial growth unless an excess amount was added. When Factor T was added to the culture medium beforehand, the growth of MRSA cells was rapidly suppressed just after addition of oxacillin (MPIPC). However, the growth of the cells was inhibited gradually when these two reagents were added in reverse order. For full expression of the enhancing effect, it seemed necessary for cells of MRSA strains to be incubated with Factor T for at least 2–3 hr. When the cells were washed after being sensitized by incubating them for 5 hr with Factor T, it took approximately 1 hr for the cells to recover their resistance to MPIPC. Factor T reduced the amount of penicillin‐binding protein‐2′ (PBP 2′), and thus sensitized the MRSA strains to β‐lactams.
A Similar Expression Pattern of Adhesion Molecules between Intermediate TCR Cells in the Liver and Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in the Intestine
Authors: Ohtsuka Kazuo , Hasegawa Katsuhiko , Sato Kazunari , Arai Katsumitsu , Watanabe Hisami , Asakura Hitoshi , Abo Toru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo major populations of extrathymically differentiated T cells exist in the liver and intestine. Such T cells in the liver have TCR of intermediate intensity (i.e., intermediate TCR cells) and constitutively express IL‐2 receptor β‐chain (IL‐2Rβ), whereas those in the intestine, especially intraepithelial lymphocytes, have TCR of bright intensity, consisting of a mixture of IL‐2Rβ+ and IL‐2Rβ–. All mature thymocytes and thymus‐derived T cells seen in the peripheral immune organs are TCR‐bright+IL‐2Rβ– under resting conditions. When the expression pattern of adhesion molecules, including CD44, L‐selectin, LFA‐1 and ICAM‐1, was compared among these T‐cell populations, they displayed quite unique patterns of expression. All extrathymic T cells in the liver, intestine, and even other organs were CD44+L‐selectin– LFA‐1++ICAM‐1+, whereas thymocytes and thymus‐derived T cells were CD44– L‐selectin+LFA‐1+ICAM‐1–. This inverted expression of adhesion molecules between extrathymic T cells and thymus‐derived T cells might be associated with their unique tissue‐localization.
Approach to the Involvement of Influenza B Neuraminidase in the Cleavage of HA by Host Cell Protease Using Low pH‐Induced Cell Fusion Reaction
Authors: Yamamoto‐Goshima Fumi , Maeno Koichiro 
Published: November 2013

Abstractts7, a temperature‐sensitive mutant defective in neuraminidase (NA) of influenza B/Kanagawa/73, lacks NA enzymatic activity at the nonpermissive temperature (37.5 C). When MDCK cells were infected with the mutant at the permissive temperature (32 C) and exposed to pH 5.2 medium, extensive cell fusion occurred. In contrast, at the nonpermissive temperature cells did not show cell fusion at all unless they were pretreated with trypsin, suggesting that at 37.5 C the hemagglutinin (HA) of ts7 is expressed at the cell surface in an uncleaved form. It was also found that the replacement of RNA segment 6 of ts7 with that of wild‐type B/Lee resulted in the emergence of low pH‐induced fusion activity as well as NA enzymatic activity at the incubation temperature of 37.5 C and that the addition of bacterial NA to the cultures infected with ts7 at 37.5 C early in infection brought about low pH‐induced cell fusion. We suggest that the removal of neuraminic acid from the carbohydrate moiety of HA by NA is essential for the cleavage of HA by cellular protease.
Interspecies Transmission of Animal Rotaviruses to Humans as Evidenced by Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hypervariable Region of the VP4 Protein
Authors: Shirane Koji , Nakagomi Osamu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA phylogenetic tree constructed for the hypervariable region (aa 71–203) of the VP4 protein of 28 human and animal rotaviruses that were previously reported to belong to 13 distinct VP4 genotypes revealed unique positions of human rotavirus strains HCR3 and Ro1845, together with feline strain FRV64 and canine strains K9 and CU‐1, in the animal rotavirus lineages, lending strong support to the view that both HCR3 and Ro1845 were of animal rotavirus origin.
Thermal Stability of an Oral Killed‐Cholera‐Whole‐Cell Vaccine Containing Recombinant B‐Subunit of Cholera Toxin
Authors: Ahmed Zia Uddin , Hoque Mohammad Mainul , Rahman Abu Syed Mohammad Hamidur , Sack Richard Bradley 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn oral killed cholera vaccine containing 1×1011 cells of Vibrio cholerae O1 (heat‐ or formalin‐killed) representing the Ogawa and Inaba biotypes and containing 1 mg of B‐subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) produced by recombinant DNA technology (the WC/rCTB vaccine) was subjected to temperatures of 4 C, 30 C or 42 C for up to 6 months time. Lipopolysaccharide antigen (LPS) and CTB content of the vaccine samples determined at various times remained unchanged during the study except for the CTB component which decreased by about 50% after 6 months of storage at 42 C. Immunogenicity determined by immunization of rabbits with the vaccine in Freund's complete adjuvant and measuring anti‐LPS and anti‐CTB antibody titers in the serum by an ELISA was also found to be unaltered. Lyophilization of the vaccine and storage at room temperature for 7 days also did not have any adverse effect on antigen content or immunogenicity as tested above. There was up to one log reduction in serum antibody titers after immunization without using any adjuvant or using Freund's incomplete adjuvant, and up to two logs following oral immunization. Immunization by oral feeding of the vaccine followed by RITARD challenge with a virulent V. cholerae O1 strain showed evidence of protection against severe or lethal diarrhea. The results suggest that the vaccine retains its antigen content and ability to induce antibodies unchanged when maintained at elevated temperatures for relatively long periods of time.
Nucleotide Sequence of Polymerase Chain Reaction Product Amplified from Rickettsia japonica DNA Using Rickettsia rickettsii 190‐Kilodalton Surface Antigen Gene Primers
Authors: Yan Yansheng , Uchiyama Tsuneo , Uchida Takahiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe PCR product amplified from Rickettsia japonica with the primer pair Rr 190.70p and Rr 190.602n of R. rickettsii 190‐kDa antigen gene was cloned into M13mp19 RF DNA at the EcoRI site and sequenced by chemiluminescent DNA sequencing. The sequence revealed a molecular size of 533 base pairs (bp). The primer‐flanking region of 491 bp, an open reading frame, was compared with the corresponding region of R. rickettsii, demonstrating 35 nucleotide substitutions in R. japonica. The sequence of primer portions in R. japonica DNA was also analyzed, revealing one nucleotide substitution in the Rr 190.70p and two in the Rr 190.602n portion. The homology in the overall sequence of PCR‐amplified regions between R. japonica and R. rickettsii was 93% in nucleotide and 85% in putative amino acid structure. The sequence contains no cleavage site for the restriction endonuclease AfaI but two PstI sites giving three fragments of 121, 159, and 253 bp, which differentiated R. japonica from other spotted fever group rickettsiae in addition to R. rickettsii. The cleavage sites for endonucleases AluI, HinfI, and MunI that disappeared or appeared in the sequence by nucleotide substitution differentiated R. japonica from others, as did PstI. The estimation of molecular size of DNA fragments on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is discussed.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) of Genomic DNA of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis Isolates in a Hospital
Authors: Kawakami Yoshiyuki , Ueno Ichiro , Katsuyama Tsutomu , Furihata Ken'ichi , Matsumoto Hideki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEpidemiological typing, based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), was attempted for the 38 clinical isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis obtained at Shinshu University Hospital during the years 1987 and 1993. Digestion with SmaI or NotI generated well separable, 12 to 5 genomic DNA fragments ranging from 1,000 kb to 30 kb and the strains could be classified into 14 or 13 types, respectively. The electrophoretic profile differed with the strain in most of them and was hence useful to distinguish the each strain. Investigation for their RFLP have, however, suggested that majority of them, including the type strain ATCC25238, may have derived from a common ancestor.
Growth Medium Containing Cyclodextrin and Low Concentration of Horse Serum for Cultivation of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Morshed Muhammad Golam , Karita Mikio , Konishi Hisanori , Okita Kiwamu , Nakazawa Teruko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe growth of Helicobacter pylori, a Gram‐negative microaerophilic bacterium, is often difficult and requires complex media with the supplementation of 5% to 10% blood or blood derivatives. We have found that Brucella broth supplemented with 1% heated horse serum and 0.1% β‐cyclodextrin supports the good growth of H. pylori. The degree of growth and production of urease and vacuolating cytotoxin in this medium were equal to those in the medium supplemented with 5% horse serum. This medium was found to be suitable for both the routine laboratory culture and primary isolation of H. pylori from biopsy samples.
Strand‐Specific Detection of Hantaan Virus RNA Sequences by In Vitro DNA Amplification
Authors: Isegawa Yuji , Ohshima Atsushi , Sokawa Yoshihiro , Yamanishi Koichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHantaan virus often causes a fatal human disease, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). An assay for strand‐specific detection and quantitation of Hantaan virus RNA was developed based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A protocol for the efficient detection of both genomic RNA and its transcript is presented, in which a reverse transcriptase reaction (RTR) followed by PCR with two common primers was used to distinguish between positive‐ and negative‐stranded RNA. Using this method, the growth characteristics of Hantaan virus, strain 76‐118, were studied in Vero E6 cells. Positive‐stranded RNA was detected on the next day after infection, and the amount increased remarkably beginning from 3 days after infection. The negative‐stranded RNA (genomic), was detected at 2 days after infection which predominated over the transcript RNA. Three days after infection, the amount of viral RNA attained 80% of the maximum amount which was detected by 6 days after infection, while, 4 days after infection the amount of the positive‐stranded RNA became over 80% of the maximum amount of 6 days after infection and reached the amount of viral RNA. Both RNAs reached plateaus at 6 days after infection and after that the amounts of synthesized viral RNA and its transcripts were constant.
Failure of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophage Activation by the Purified Excreted/Secreted Antigens of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Cazabonne Patrick , Bessières Marie‐Hélène , Pipy Bernard , Séguéla Jean‐paul 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis study was carried out to evaluate the effect of excreted/secreted antigens on macrophages infected by Toxoplasma gondii. Six proteins 28, 30, 45, 58, 63 and 145 kDa were separated by different chromatographic techniques. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated in vitro and in vivo with these purified fractions. Penetration and proliferation assays of T. gondii in the macrophages were performed in vitro. The different antigens used did not change the rate of penetration and proliferation of the parasites. Therefore, the secreted products, which are capable of provoking an immune response, could not directly activate the macrophages. Furthermore, the secreted products were not cytotoxic and neither did they possess a visible phospholipasic activity which would have increased penetration.
Thy.1lowCD3− Cells Sorted from Nylon Wool‐Passed Bone Marrow Cells Can Augment the H‐2 Identical but Not Non‐Identical Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Precursors in Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Mukouyama Hideki , Tanabe Masao J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThy. 1lowCD3– cells obtained from nylon wool‐passed murine bone marrow (NW‐BM) cells by cell sorting did not express CD4, CD8, or T cell receptor‐α/β and ‐γ/δ on their cell surfaces. An extremely limited number of B10.BR (H‐2k) responder lymph node (LN) cells were stimulated with B10. D2 (H‐2d) stimulator spleen cells in cultures containing the minimum required dose of rat T cell growth factor (TCGF). In these cultures, the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was very low. B10.BR Thy.1lowCD3– NW‐BM cells, added to these cultures, could augment the CTL generation vigorously, but neither B10 (H‐2b) nor B10.D2 cells could. When B10 LN cells were used as responder cells in these cultures, B10 Thy. 1lowCD3– NW‐BM cells could augment the CTL generation, but neither B10.BR nor B10.D2 cells could. Similar findings were obtained when Lyt‐2+ cells or Thy.1+ L3T4– (CTL precursor) cells sorted from spleen cells were used as responder cells. Both elements, rat‐TCGF and Thy.1low CD3– NW‐BM cells, were essential for this augmentation of the CTL generation in this culture system because neither one alone could augment generation, and rat‐TCGF could be replaced by Thy.1+ Lyt‐2– helper T (Th) cells sorted from spleen cells. These findings showed that NW‐BM cells could augment CTL precursors in a self‐major histocompatibility complex (self‐MHC)‐antigen restricted manner, and further that both NW‐BM cells and Th cells had different and independent functions to induce CTL.
Signal Transmission through MHC Class II Molecules in a Human B Lymphoid Progenitor Cell Line: Different Signaling Pathways Depending on the Maturational Stages of B Cells
Authors: Naitoh Keiko , Ichigi Yasuhisa , Miyake Kensuke , Muraguchi Atsushi , Kimoto Masao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe function of MHC class II HLA‐DR molecules expressed on a human B lymphoid progenitor cell line FL8.2.4.4 (abbreviated as FL4.4) was examined. FL4.4 cells expressed HLA‐DR molecules and stimulation of the DR molecules by anti‐DR mAb or by superantigen TSST‐1 induced strong augmentation of homocytic aggregation and protein tyrosine phosphorylation in FL4.4 cells. Induced homocytic aggregation in FL4.4 consists both of LFA‐1/ICAM‐1‐dependent and ‐independent pathways as revealed by mAb blocking experiments. Metabolic inhibitors, NaN3 and cytochalasin B, blocked the induced homocytic aggregation of FL4.4. Early mature Daudi B cell lines also showed a similar type of homocytic aggregation by stimulation with anti‐DR mAb. Daudi cells are more sensitive to protein kinase inhibitors herbimycin A and H7 than FL4.4 cells in their blocking of induced homocytic aggregation, while W7 showed stronger inhibitory effects on FL4.4 cells than on Daudi cells. Western blotting analysis revealed that the stimulation of DR molecules induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation of 100‐kDa, 90‐kDa, 60‐kDa and 55‐kDa proteins in FL4.4 cells, while, in Daudi cells 110‐kDa, 100‐kDa and 80‐kDa proteins were phosphorylated. These results suggest that different signaling pathways through class II molecules are employed depending on the maturational stage of B‐cell differentiation.
Characterization of the Mode of Hantaan Virus Infection in Adult Mice Using a Nested Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: Transient Virus Replication in Adult Mice
Authors: Kariwa Hiroaki , Kamimura Mizuho , Arikawa Jiro , Yoshimatsu Kumiko , Takashima Ikuo , Hashimoto Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of hantavirus genome was established and applied to analyze the mode of infection of Hantaan virus in adult ICR mice. The cDNA for the S genome segment of Hantaan virus was reverse‐transcribed from the total RNA of organs of the infected mice. The sequence in the S genome segment of Hantaan virus was successfully amplified by reverse transcriptase (RT)‐PCR followed by nested PCR. In 5‐week‐old ICR mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Hantaan virus, strain 76‐118 (1.3 × 105 FFU/mouse), the virus was detected in clots and lungs from 3 to 10 days post‐inoculation (p.i.) by nested PCR and virus‐isolation techniques. No virus was detected in any specimens collected on 1 day and after 28 days p.i., and in spleens and brains through the observation period by both methods. The antibody which was measured by indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) appeared at 7 days p.i. and the geometric mean titer was elevated to its maximum level of 1: 203 at 10 days p.i., maintaining the same level until 35 days p.i. These results suggest that adult mice are transiently infected with Hantaan virus.
Comparison of a Reversed Passive Latex Agglutination and a Polymerase Chain Reaction for Identification of Cholera Toxin Producing Vibrio cholerae O1
Authors: Honma Yasuko , Higa Naomi , Tsuji Takao , Iwanaga Masaaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProduction of cholera toxin (CT) in AKI medium and conservation of CT gene (ctx) of 49 strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 were compared by reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The production of CT agreed with conservation of the ctx in 48 out of the 49 strains. Ten strains were positive, and 38 strains were negative by both methods. Only one strain was negative in RPLA and positive in PCR. This suggested that the combination of AKI‐SW and RPLA is comparable to PCR to identify CT‐producing V. cholerae O1.