bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population and spatial breeding dynamics of a Critically Endangered Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis colony in Sindh Province, Pakistan
Authors: MURN CAMPBELL , SAEED UZMA , KHAN UZMA , IQBAL SHAHID 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe Critically Endangered Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis has declined across most of its range by over 95% since the mid-1990s. The primary cause of the decline and an ongoing threat is the ingestion by vultures of livestock carcasses containing residues of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, principally diclofenac. Recent surveys in Pakistan during 2010 and 2011 revealed very few vultures or nests, particularly of White-backed Vultures. From 2011 in the Tharparkar District of Sindh Province we monitored a colony of Oriental White-backed Vultures. Between 2011 and 2014 the number of active nests in this colony increased from 11 to 34 while nest density decreased from 13.7 to 9.2 nests km-2, suggesting that the colony is expanding. We conclude that the rate of increase is being subsidised by immigration, as the population demographics do not support the observed rate of increase in nests. We present the first analysis of spatial breeding dynamics for the Oriental White-backed Vulture and describe how a clustered pattern of nest trees in colonies supports a highly clustered pattern of nests. The spatial pattern of nests relies on both the distribution of trees and the ability of trees to support more than one nest. These results highlight that the preservation of larger nest trees and the sustainable management of timber resources are essential components for the conservation management of this species. We emphasise the high importance of this colony and a nearby Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus colony in this area of Pakistan. Recommended conservation management actions include the continuation of a Vulture Safe Zone established in 2012, measuring breeding success, assessing dispersal and determining the impact of mortality on these populations.
Decidability of the Clark's completion semantics for monadic programs and queries
Authors: HAYKAZYAN LEVON 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThere are many different semantics for general logic programs (i.e. programs that use negation in the bodies of clauses). Most of these semantics are Turing complete (in a sense that can be made precise), implying that they are undecidable. To obtain decidability one needs to put additional restrictions on programs and queries. In logic programming it is natural to put restrictions on the underlying first-order language. In this note, we show the decidability of the Clark's completion semantics for monadic general programs and queries.
Trust and prosocial behaviour in a process of state capacity building: the case of the Palestinian territories
Authors: ANDRIANI LUCA , SABATINI FABIO 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper contributes to the literature by conducting the first empirical investigation into the determinants of prosocial behaviour in the Palestinian Territories, with a focus on the role of trust and institutions. Drawing on a unique dataset collected through the administration of a questionnaire to a representative sample of the population of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, we have found that institutional trust is the strongest predictor of prosociality. This result suggests that, in collectivist societies with low levels of generalized trust, the lack of citizens’ confidence in the fairness and efficiency of public institutions may compromise social order. The strengthening of institutional trust may also reinforce prosocial behaviour in individualist societies, where a decline in generalized trust has been documented by empirical studies.
Incidental Encoding of the Serial Order of Visual-Spatial Events in Working Memory
Authors: Santana Jeanny Joana Rodrigues Alves de , Galera César 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe investigated the incidental encoding in working memory of event serial order in tasks in which the relevant dimension was visual appearance, spatial location, or visual-spatial conjunction. The participants (n = 60) were asked whether two sequences were identical based on the relevant dimension, and to ignore changes in the irrelevant dimension, that is the order of events. Changes in serial order impaired the performance when sequences were identical; this effect was more pronounced in spatial sequences. It is suggested that the order was incidentally encoded with the relevant information to the task in an earlier stage in the information processing, which explains a different pattern of serial order effect according to the relevant dimension. Although encoded, the serial order may not have affected the visual storage in working memory because it might have been kept in a distinct subcomponent rather than the one that stores the visual characteristic. Moreover, the order may have affected spatial storage because the maintenance of this dimension might be related to a rehearsal mechanism based on serial order of sequence. This conclusion qualifies models that admit the architecture of working memory based on the specificity of encoding and functional interaction between subcomponents of storage.
Effectiveness of Teleassistance at Improving Quality of Life in People with Neuromuscular Diseases
Authors: Martínez Oscar , Jometón Amaia , Pérez Manuel , Lázaro Esther , Amayra Imanol , López-Paz Juan Francisco , Oliva Mireia , Parada Pamela , Berrocoso Sarah , Iglesias Andrea , Caballero Patricia , De Nicolás y Martínez Luis , Bárcena José Eulalio 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRare neuromuscular diseases (NDs) are a group of inherited or acquired neurological pathologies affecting the muscles and the nervous system. Their low prevalence and high geographical dispersion can cause isolation and difficulties in social interaction between affected equals. New technologies, such as videoconferencing, offer a complementary option for improving the health of this population. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a teleassistance program at improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL) through social interaction in adults with NDs. The sample consisted of 45 participants affected by rare NDs. Twenty-four participants were assigned to the experimental group (EG), which participated in the videoconferencing sessions, and 21 to the control group. Three questionnaires were administered: WHO-DAS II, Sickness Impact Profile, and SF-36 Health Survey. Effectiveness was assessed by a pre-post design. An online psychosocial program was applied over three-month period. Data revealed an improvement of the EG in psychosocial variables, e.g. “Getting along with people” (z = –2.289, r = –.47, p ≤ .05) or “Psychosocial Domain” (z = –2.404, r = –.49, p ≤ .05), and in physical variables, e.g. “Life activities” (z = –2.844, r = –.58, p ≤ .05). Social interaction appeared as a relevant factor at improving HRQoL levels. High levels of satisfaction about the teleassistance program were reported.
Multizentrische Katamnese zur stationären Behandlung von pathologischen Glücksspielern
Authors: Premper Volker , Schwickerath Josef , Missel Peter , Feindel Holger , Zemlin Uwe , Schwarz Susanne , Petry Jörg 
Published: December 2014

Fragestellung: Es wurde anhand eines Entlassungsjahrganges stationär behandelter pathologischer Glücksspieler untersucht, wie hoch die katamnestische Erfolgsquote, definiert als Glücksspielfreiheit zum Nachbefragungszeitpunkt, ist. Weiter wurden die Anlässe für erneutes Glücksspielen und Veränderungen der Involvierheit in das Glücksspielen untersucht. Ferner wurde der Frage nachgegangen, wie sich die Lebenssituation der Betreffenden entwickelt hat, und ob sich spezifische Risikofaktoren für die Aufrechterhaltung von Glücksspielfreiheit bestimmen lassen. Methodik: Erhoben wurden soziodemographische Merkmale, Kennzeichen des Störungsverlaufes, die gedankliche und emotionale Involviertheit in das Glücksspielen, komorbide Störungen sowie Behandlungsmerkmale. Datenbasis: Untersucht wurden 617 Patienten, die zwischen dem 01. 10. 2009 und dem 30. 09. 2010 mit der Zuweisungsdiagnose Pathologisches Glücksspielen in fünf Fachkliniken für Psychosomatik und Abhängigkeitserkrankungen behandelt wurden. Die Messungen fanden statt bei Aufnahme (T1), bei Entlassung (T2) und 12 Monate nach der Behandlung (T3). Ergebnisse: Die Rücklaufquote lag bei 55,9 % (N = 345). Die katamnestische Erfolgsquote lag berechnet auf Basis der Gesamtstichprobe bei 39,7 % und berechnet auf Basis der Katamneseantworter bei 71,0 %. Die soziale und ökonomische Situation hat sich für einen erheblichen Teil der Befragten verbessert. Als Risikofaktoren für die Aufrechterhaltung von Glücksspielfreiheit erwiesen sich: Eine geringe Fähigkeit zum Umgang mit negativ getönten Affekten, eine hohe Anzahl von Spieltagen pro Monat, eine hohe kognitive und emotionale Involviertheit in das Glücksspielen, eine geringe Anzahl glücksspielfreier Tage vor Behandlungsbeginn, sowie das Vorliegen von Arbeitslosigkeit. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Rücklaufquote kann als gut bewertet werden. Die katamnestischen Erfolgsquoten sind vergleichbar denen aus der Behandlung alkoholabhängiger Patienten. Sie liegen über denjenigen, die von ambulanten Behandlungsprogrammen berichtet werden. In zukünftigen Katamnesestudien sollten die bisher identifizierbaren Risikofaktoren für die Aufrechterhaltung von Glücksspielfreiheit genauer untersucht werden. Weiter sollten Wege gefunden werden, die Rücklaufquoten noch zu verbessern.
Bacteria–bacteria interactions within the microbiota of the ancestral metazoan Hydra contribute to fungal resistance
Authors: Fraune Sebastian , Anton-Erxleben Friederike , Augustin René , Franzenburg Sören , Knop Mirjam , Schröder Katja , Willoweit-Ohl Doris , Bosch Thomas C G 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Epithelial surfaces of most animals are colonized by diverse microbial communities. Although it is generally agreed that commensal bacteria can serve beneficial functions, the processes involved are poorly understood. Here we report that in the basal metazoan Hydra, ectodermal epithelial cells are covered with a multilayered glycocalyx that provides a habitat for a distinctive microbial community. Removing this epithelial microbiota results in lethal infection by the filamentous fungus Fusarium sp. Restoring the complex microbiota in gnotobiotic polyps prevents pathogen infection. Although mono-associations with distinct members of the microbiota fail to provide full protection, additive and synergistic interactions of commensal bacteria are contributing to full fungal resistance. Our results highlight the importance of resident microbiota diversity as a protective factor against pathogen infections. Besides revealing insights into the in vivo function of commensal microbes in Hydra, our findings indicate that interactions among commensal bacteria are essential to inhibit pathogen infection.
Correlates of virulence in a frog-killing fungal pathogen: evidence from a California amphibian decline
Authors: Piovia-Scott Jonah , Pope Karen , Joy Worth S , Rosenblum Erica Bree , Poorten Thomas , Refsnider Jeanine , Rollins-Smith Louise A , Reinert Laura K , Wells Heather L , Rejmanek Dan , Lawler Sharon , Foley Janet 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused declines and extinctions in amphibians worldwide, and there is increasing evidence that some strains of this pathogen are more virulent than others. While a number of putative virulence factors have been identified, few studies link these factors to specific epizootic events. We documented a dramatic decline in juvenile frogs in a Bd-infected population of Cascades frogs (Rana cascadae) in the mountains of northern California and used a laboratory experiment to show that Bd isolated in the midst of this decline induced higher mortality than Bd isolated from a more stable population of the same species of frog. This highly virulent Bd isolate was more toxic to immune cells and attained higher density in liquid culture than comparable isolates. Genomic analyses revealed that this isolate is nested within the global panzootic lineage and exhibited unusual genomic patterns, including increased copy numbers of many chromosomal segments. This study integrates data from multiple sources to suggest specific phenotypic and genomic characteristics of the pathogen that may be linked to disease-related declines.
Characterizing inner-shell with spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction
Authors: Mashiko Hiroki , Yamaguchi Tomohiko , Oguri Katsuya , Suda Akira , Gotoh Hideki 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn many atomic, molecular and solid systems, Lorentzian and Fano profiles are commonly observed in a broad research fields throughout a variety of spectroscopies. As the profile structure is related to the phase of the time-dependent dipole moment, it plays an important role in the study of quantum properties. Here we determine the dipole phase in the inner-shell transition using spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER) with isolated attosecond pulses (IAPs). In addition, we propose a scheme for pulse generation and compression by manipulating the inner-shell transition. The electromagnetic radiation generated by the transition is temporally compressed to a few femtoseconds in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) region. The proposed pulse-compression scheme may provide an alternative route to producing attosecond pulses of light.
Ultra-responsive soft matter from strain-stiffening hydrogels
Authors: Jaspers Maarten , Dennison Matthew , Mabesoone Mathijs F. J. , MacKintosh Frederick C. , Rowan Alan E. , Kouwer Paul H. J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe stiffness of hydrogels is crucial for their application. Nature’s hydrogels become stiffer as they are strained. This stiffness is not constant but increases when the gel is strained. This stiffening is used, for instance, by cells that actively strain their environment to modulate their function. When optimized, such strain-stiffening materials become extremely sensitive and very responsive to stress. Strain stiffening, however, is unexplored in synthetic gels since the structural design parameters are unknown. Here we uncover how readily tuneable parameters such as concentration, temperature and polymer length impact the stiffening behaviour. Our work also reveals the marginal point, a well-described but never observed, critical point in the gelation process. Around this point, we observe a transition from a low-viscous liquid to an elastic gel upon applying minute stresses. Our experimental work in combination with network theory yields universal design principles for future strain-stiffening materials.
Carrier-dependent magnetic anisotropy of cobalt doped titanium dioxide
Authors: Shao Bin , Feng Min , Zuo Xu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractUsing first-principles calculations, we predict that the magnetic anisotropy energy of Co-doped TiO2 sensitively depends on carrier accumulation. This magnetoelectric phenomenon provides a potential route to a direct manipulation of the magnetization direction in diluted magnetic semiconductor by external electric-fields. We calculate the band structures and reveal the origin of the carrier-dependent magnetic anisotropy energy in k-space. It is shown that the carrier accumulation shifts the Fermi energy and consequently, regulates the competing contributions to the magnetic anisotropy energy. The calculations provide an insight to understanding this magnetoelectric phenomenon and a straightforward way to search prospective materials for electrically controllable spin direction of carriers.
Demonstration of a refractometric sensor based on an optical micro-fiber three-beam interferometer
Authors: Han Chunyang , Ding Hui , Lv Fangxing 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWith diameter close to the wavelength of the guided light and high index contrast between the fiber and the surrounding, an optical micro-fiber shows a variety of interesting waveguiding properties, including widely tailorable optical confinement, strong evanescent fields and waveguide dispersion. Among various micro-fiber applications, optical sensing has been attracting increasing research interest due to its possibilities of realizing miniaturized fiber optic sensors with small footprint, high sensitivity and low optical power consumption. Typical micro-fiber based sensing structures, including Michelson interferometer, Mach-Zenhder interferometer, Fabry-Perot interferometer, micro-fiber ring resonator, have been proposed. The sensitivity of these structures heavily related to the fraction of evanescent field outside micro-fiber. In this paper, we report the first theoretical and experimental study of a new type of refractometric sensor based on micro-fiber three-beam interferometer. Theoretical and experimental analysis reveals that the sensitivity is not only determined by the fraction of evanescent field outside the micro-fiber but also related to the values of interferometric arms. The sensitivity can be enhanced significantly when the effective lengths of the interferometric arms tends to be equal. We argue that this has great potential for increasing the sensitivity of refractive index detection.
Carbon-bearing iron phases and the carbon isotope composition of the deep Earth
Authors: Horita Juske , Polyakov Veniamin B. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Due to its bonding environments, carbon can make up numerous compounds with many other elements. However, the abundance and dynamics of carbon in the deep Earth remains uncertain due to its complex behavior during the primary accretion and differentiation of the Earth in its early history. The naturally occurring stable isotopes of carbon serve as a useful tracer to study the carbon cycle, both on the surface and in the deep Earth. Here, a new model is presented for understanding a first-order carbon cycle within the Earth, including the sources of the building blocks and core formation processes. Low carbon isotope compositions of carbonaceous materials from ancient rocks have to be used with a caution as biosignatures.
Exoplanet orbital eccentricity: Multiplicity relation and the Solar System
Authors: Limbach Mary Anne , Turner Edwin L. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
The Solar System planets have near-circular orbits (i.e., unusually low eccentricity) compared with the known population of exoplanets, planets that orbit stars other than the Sun. This fact has been widely interpreted to indicate that the Solar System is an atypical member of the overall population of planetary systems. We find a strong anticorrelation of orbital eccentricity with the number of planets (multiplicity) in a system that extrapolates nicely to the eight-planet, Solar System case despite the fact that no more than two Solar System planets would be detectable in the sample in which the anticorrelation was discovered. Habitability may be more common in systems with a larger number of planets, which have lower typical eccentricities.
The N- and C-terminal autolytic fragments of CAPN3/p94/calpain-3 restore proteolytic activity by intermolecular complementation
Authors: Ono Yasuko , Shindo Mayumi , Doi Naoko , Kitamura Fujiko , Gregorio Carol C. , Sorimachi Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2014

Significance
CAPN3/p94/calpain-3, a calpain protease family member, has uniquely rapid and exhaustive autolytic activity. Here, we demonstrate that active protease core domain of CAPN3 is reconstituted by de novo intermolecular complementation (iMOC) between its two autolytic fragments. We also show that iMOC between one of the autolytic fragments and an unautolyzed full-length CAPN3 effectively generates autolytic activity. So far, CAPN3 is the only example of calpain that exhibits activity mediated by intermolecular complementation of its autolytic products. Mutations in the human CAPN3 gene cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A or calpainopathy). Understanding the genotype–phenotype links in the pathology of LGMD2A will be accelerated by incorporating iMOC-CAPN3 as one of active CAPN3 entities.
Reinstatement of distributed cortical oscillations occurs with precise spatiotemporal dynamics during successful memory retrieval
Authors: Yaffe Robert B. , Kerr Matthew S. D. , Damera Srikanth , Sarma Sridevi V. , Inati Sara K. , Zaghloul Kareem A. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Our results represent significant contributions to understanding the neural mechanisms and spatiotemporal dynamics governing neural reinstatement in two important ways. First, by using a cued recall memory task, our paradigm offers experimental control over retrieval. We compare reinstatement during correct and incorrect retrieval, and provide evidence that retrieval recovers a gradually changing representation of temporal context. These data provide support for mental time travel hypothesized to underlie episodic memory. Second, leveraging the high temporal precision afforded by intracranial recordings, we investigate the precise timing of reinstatement and demonstrate that retrieval may reactivate cortical representations of a memory on a faster timescale than during encoding. Our data complement previous studies demonstrating faster replay of patterns associated with a prior episode.
Epigenetic targeting of activation-induced cytidine deaminase
Authors: Wang Qiao , Oliveira Thiago , Jankovic Mila , Silva Israel T. , Hakim Ofir , Yao Kaihui , Gazumyan Anna , Mayer Christian T. , Pavri Rushad , Casellas Rafael , Nussenzweig Michel C. , Robbiani Davide F. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a DNA modifying enzyme crucial for the generation of efficacious antibodies. AID also promiscuously introduces DNA lesions at cancer genes, leading to their chromosome translocation and lymphoma. However, how AID is recruited to these off targets is not well understood. Here, we compare AID-induced translocations in two different cell types, B cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. By analyzing the sites where AID is active in a cell type-specific manner, we find that, in addition to transcriptional activity, AID recruitment is mediated by specific epigenetic features associated with active enhancers and transcription elongation. Understanding AID’s targeting mechanism is a fundamental question of immunology with implications for the biology of cancer.
Cellular resolution optical access to brain regions in fissures: Imaging medial prefrontal cortex and grid cells in entorhinal cortex
Authors: Low Ryan J. , Gu Yi , Tank David W. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
High-resolution optical tools provide unprecedented capabilities for probing brain function in behaving animals, but require the ability to deliver and collect light to and from the brain with high spatial precision. This has proven challenging in regions within deep fissures in the brain, including the medial prefrontal and medial entorhinal cortex (mPFC and MEC), which are of broad scientific and clinical interest. We developed a general method for optical access to brain regions situated within deep fissures, and demonstrate its use in the mPFC and MEC by optically measuring the activity of neurons in behaving mice. In the MEC, we recorded the activity of grid cells—a widely studied group of neurons important for memory and spatial information processing—while mice navigated in a virtual reality environment.