bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Need for Immunization Against Hepatotropic Viruses in Children With Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Srivastava Anshu , Mathias Amrita , Yachha Surender Kumar , Agarwal Jaya , Aggarwal Rakesh 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:Infection with hepatotropic viruses is a common cause of acute deterioration and adverse outcome in children with chronic liver disease (CLD). Such superimposed infections may be preventable through vaccination. The present study aimed to evaluate the exposure rates of hepatitis A, B, and E viruses in children with CLD and suggest an optimal vaccination strategy.Methods:Children with CLD were prospectively evaluated with a demographic, clinical, and investigative proforma. Hepatitis B surface antigen positive cases were labeled as hepatitis B virus–CLD, and all other etiologies as non–HBV‐related CLD. Patients were tested for exposure to hepatitis A (total anti–hepatitis A virus [HAV], immunoglobulin M anti‐HAV), hepatitis B (hepatitis B surface antigen, total anti‐hepatitis B core, anti–hepatitis B surface), and hepatitis E (IgG anti–hepatitis E virus).Results:A total of 142 children with CLD (age 9.1 ± 3.7 years, 83 [58.5%] boys) were enrolled. A total of 3.5% (5/142) and 38.7% (55/142) had received HAV and HBV vaccines, respectively. A total of 134 (94.4%) were total anti‐HAV positive including 5 postimmunization patients, with higher positivity in those older than 5 years (19/25 vs 115/117; P = 0.001). Of the 115 patients with non–HBV‐related CLD, 45 (39.1%) had exposure to HBV (40 total anti–hepatitis B core positive and 5 anti‐HBs positive without immunization). Only 28 of 142 (19.7%) patients were IgG anti‐HEV positive, with no difference across age.Conclusions:A total of 90.8%, 39.1%, and 19.7% of children with CLD from the developing world are exposed to hepatitis A, B, and E infections, respectively. Selective hepatitis A vaccination (patients younger than 5 years of age) and universal hepatitis B vaccination are required to protect children with CLD. Sanitation improvement and HEV vaccine trial are needed for prevention against HEV.
Effects of Term Infant Formulas Containing High sn‐2 Palmitate With and Without Oligofructose on Stool Composition, Stool Characteristics, and Bifidogenicity
Authors: Yao Manjiang , Lien Eric L. , Capeding Maria R.Z. , Fitzgerald Margaret , Ramanujam Kalathur , Yuhas Rebecca , Northington Robert , Lebumfacil Jowena , Wang Lin , DeRusso Patricia A. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:Levels of stool fatty acid soaps and beneficial bacteria differ between formula‐fed and breast‐fed infants; addition of specific formula ingredients may reduce these differences. This study evaluated the effects of a term infant formula containing high sn‐2 palmitate term infant formula (sn‐2) or an identical formula supplemented with oligofructose (OF) at 2 concentrations (sn‐2+3 g/L OF, sn‐2+5 g/L OF) on stool composition, stool characteristics, and fecal bifidobacteria.Methods:Healthy, term formula‐fed infants 7 to 14 days old (n = 300) were randomized in a double‐blind manner to receive standard formula (control), sn‐2, sn‐2+3 g/L OF, or sn‐2+5 g/L OF for 8 weeks. Human milk (HM)–fed infants (n = 75) were studied in parallel. Stool samples were collected from all subjects at week 8 for fatty acid soaps and mineral content, and from a subset at baseline and week 8 for bifidobacteria. Stool characteristics were assessed via 3‐day diary.Results:The sn‐2 group had 46% less stool soap palmitate (P < 0.001) and softer stools than control (20% more mushy soft stools, P = 0.026; 50% fewer formed stools, P = 0.003). Addition of OF resulted in even fewer formed stools versus control (65% fewer for sn‐2+3 g/L OF, 79% fewer for sn‐2+5 g/L OF), with 5 g/L OF more closely resembling that of HM‐fed infants. Both sn‐2 (P < 0.05) and sn‐2 with OF groups (P < 0.01) had significantly higher fecal bifidobacteria concentrations than control at week 8, not differing from HM‐fed infants.Conclusions:High sn‐2‐palmitate formulas led to reduced stool soaps, softer stools, and increased bifidobacteria, whereas addition of OF further improved stool consistency. Those modifications brought outcomes in formula‐fed infants closer to that in HM‐fed infants.
Adaptation to a novel predator inDrosophila melanogaster: How well are we able to predict evolutionary responses?
Authors: DeNieu Michael , Pitchers William , Dworkin Ian 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEvolutionary theory is sufficiently well developed to allow for short-term prediction of evolutionary trajectories. In addition to the presence of heritable variation, prediction requires knowledge of the form of natural selection on relevant traits. While many studies estimate the form of natural selection, few examine the degree to which traits evolve in the predicted direction. In this study we examine the form of natural selection imposed by mantid predation on wing size and shape in the fruitfly,Drosophila melanogaster. We then evolve populations ofD. melanogasterunder predation pressure, and examine the extent to which wing size and shape have responded in the predicted direction. We demonstrate that wing form partially evolves along the predicted vector from selection, more so than for control lineages. Furthermore, we re-examined phenotypic selection after ∼30 generations of experimental evolution. We observed that the magnitude of selection on wing size and shape was diminished in populations evolving with mantid predators, while the direction of the selection vector differed from that of the ancestral population for shape. We discuss these findings in the context of the predictability of evolutionary responses, and the need for fully multivariate approaches.
New Labour, New Narrative? Political Strategy and the Discourse of Globalisation
Authors: Dye Daniel T. 
Published: May 2014

Research Highlights and Abstract Contrary to conventional analyses, the British Labour Party most closely pursued a ‘median voter’ strategy before 1994, to little success. ‘Globalisation-as-inevitability’ was a key organising trope of ‘New Labour’ discourse across the subsequent Blair and Brown eras. Globalisation was represented in public texts in a way that buttressed New Labour's new strategic agenda of emphasising economic competence and pragmatism over ideology. The globalisation discourse also changed over time, containing greater emphases on the constraining effect of globalisation after Labour came to power in 1997. New Labour's risky rhetorical support for the EU was linked to globalisation claims and further served to distinguish Labour modernisation from Tory dogmatism. At the Labour Party conference in 2005, Tony Blair declared that debating globalisation would be like debating ‘whether autumn should follow summer’. This articulation of the imperatives of a newly-globalised world was central to the creation of ‘New’ Labour. How should we understand this turn from the autonomous socialism promised a generation earlier? In this article, I propose that Labour's discourse was produced in response to strategic demands of political competition. Synthesising Riker's concept of heresthetics with insights from discourse analysis, the article proposes parties as discursive-herestheticians who constructively use rhetorical tropes to achieve concrete ends. This approach is applied to Labour through qualitative textual analysis of speeches and documents, read in the context of electoral strategy. The analysis produces an alternative interpretation of New Labour strategy that serves as a corrective to the ‘cartel party’ account of Labour having abandoned real political competition in favour of the centre ground.
Characterization of Blue Pigments Used in Automotive Paints by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Zięba‐Palus Janina , Michalska Aleksandra 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMicro‐Raman spectroscopy was applied to forensic identification of pigments in paint chips and provided differentiation between paint samples. Sixty‐six blue automotive paint samples, 26 solid and 40 metallic were examined. It was found that the majority of the collected Raman spectra provided information about the pigments present. However, in some cases, fluorescence precluded pigment identification. Using laser excitation at longer wavelengths or pretreatment to effect photobleaching often resulted in reduced fluorescence, particularly for solid color samples, and allowed pigment identification. The examined samples were compared pairwise taking into account number, location, and intensity of absorption bands in their infrared spectra. The estimated discrimination power ranged from 97% for solid paint samples to 99% for metallic paint samples.
Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Red Seal Inks on Questioned Document
Authors: Nam Yun Sik , Park Jin Sook , Kim Nak‐Kyoon , Lee Yeonhee , Lee Kang‐Bong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSeals are traditionally used in the Far East Asia to stamp an impression on a document in place of a signature. In this study, an accuser claimed that a personal contract regarding mining development rights acquired by a defendant was devolved to the accuser because the defendant stamped the devolvement contract in the presence of the accuser and a witness. The accuser further stated that the seal ink stamped on the devolvement contract was the same as that stamped on the development rights application document. To verify this, the seals used in two documents were analyzed using micro‐attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and infrared spectra. The findings revealed that the seals originated from different manufacturers. Thus, the accuser's claim on the existence of a devolvement contract was proved to be false.
Influence of environmental variables in the efficiency of phage therapy in aquaculture
Authors: Silva Yolanda J. , Costa Liliana , Pereira Carla , Cunha Ângela , Calado Ricardo , Gomes Newton C. M. , Almeida Adelaide 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAquaculture facilities worldwide continue to experience significant economic losses because of disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug‐resistant strains. This scenario drives the search for alternative methods to inactivate pathogenic bacteria. Phage therapy is currently considered as a viable alternative to antibiotics for inactivation of bacterial pathogens in aquaculture systems. While phage therapy appears to represent a useful and flexible tool for microbiological decontamination of aquaculture effluents, the effect of physical and chemical properties of culture waters on the efficiency of this technology has never been reported. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of physical and chemical properties of aquaculture waters (e.g. pH, temperature, salinity and organic matter content) on the efficiency of phage therapy under controlled experimental conditions in order to provide a basis for the selection of the most suitable protocol for subsequent experiments. A bioluminescent genetically transformed Escherichia coli was selected as a model microorganism to monitor real‐time phage therapy kinetics through the measurement of bioluminescence, thus avoiding the laborious and time‐consuming conventional method of counting colony‐forming units (CFU). For all experiments, a bacterial concentration of ≈ 105 CFU ml−1 and a phage concentration of ≈ 106–8 plaque forming unit ml−1 were used. Phage survival was not significantly affected by the natural variability of pH (6.5–7.4), temperature (10–25°C), salinity (0–30 g NaCl l−1) and organic matter concentration of aquaculture waters in a temperate climate. Nonetheless, the efficiency of phage therapy was mostly affected by the variation of salinity and organic matter content. As the effectiveness of phage therapy increases with water salt content, this approach appears to be a suitable choice for marine aquaculture systems. The success of phage therapy may also be enhanced in non‐marine systems through the addition of salt, whenever this option is feasible and does not affect the survival of aquatic species being cultured.
Pathways between neurocognition, social cognition and emotion regulation in bipolar disorder
Authors: Van Rheenen T. E. , Meyer D. , Rossell S. L. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveConverging evidence suggests that in bipolar disorder (BD), social cognition and emotion regulation are affected by the capacity for effective neurocognitive function. Adaptive emotion regulation may also rely on intact social cognition, and it is possible that social cognition acts as a mediator in its relationship with neurocognition. We aimed to address this hypothesis by explicitly examining interrelationships among neurocognition, social cognition and emotion regulation in an out‐patient sample meeting criteria for a DSM‐IV‐TR diagnosis of BD compared with controls.MethodFifty‐one BD patients and 52 healthy controls completed a battery of tests assessing neurocognition, social cognition (emotion perception and theory of mind) and emotion regulation.ResultsPath analysis revealed that in BD, neurocognition was associated with social cognition, but social cognition was not associated with emotion regulation as expected. In contrast, a component of social cognition was found to mediate the relationship between neurocognition and emotion regulation in healthy controls.ConclusionThese findings highlight differences in the pattern of associations between neurocognition, social cognition and emotion regulation across BD patients and controls. In the present data, these results appear to indicate that neurocognitive and social cognitive abilities generally operate in isolation from emotion regulation in BD.
Future orientation and smoking cessation: secondary analysis of data from a smoking cessation trial
Authors: Beenstock Jane , Lindson‐Hawley Nicola , Aveyard Paul , Adams Jean 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimsTo examine the association between future orientation (how individuals consider and value outcomes in the future) and smoking cessation at 4 weeks and 6 months post quit‐date in individuals enrolled in a smoking cessation study.DesignCohort analysis of randomized controlled trial data.SettingUK primary care.ParticipantsAdults aged ≥18 years smoking ≥15 cigarettes daily, prepared to quit in the next 2 weeks.MeasurementsFuture orientation was measured prior to quitting and at 4 weeks post‐quitting using the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale. Smoking cessation at 4 weeks and 6 months was confirmed biochemically. Those lost to follow‐up were assumed to not be abstinent. Potential confounders adjusted for were: age, gender, educational attainment, nicotine dependence and longest previous period quit.FindingsA total of 697 participants provided data at baseline; 422 provided information on future orientation at 4 weeks. There was no evidence of an association between future orientation at baseline and abstinence at 4 weeks [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.05, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.80–1.38] or 6 months (aOR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.60–1.20). There was no change in future orientation from baseline to 4 weeks and no evidence that the change differed between those who were and were not quit at 4 weeks (adjusted regression coefficient = −0.04, 95% CI = −0.16 to 0.08).ConclusionsIn smokers who are prepared to quit in the next 2 weeks, the extent of future orientation is unlikely to be a strong predictor of quitting over 4 weeks or 6 months and any increase in future orientation following quitting is likely to be small.
‘High’ risk? A systematic review of the acute outcomes of mixing alcohol with energy drinks
Authors: Peacock Amy , Pennay Amy , Droste Nicolas , Bruno Raimondo , Lubman Dan I. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimsAlcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) is a relatively new consumption trend generating increasing concern regarding potential adverse effects. Despite the political and health imperative, there has been no systematic and independent synthesis of the literature to determine whether or not AmED offers additional harms relative to alcohol. The aim of this study was to review the evidence about whether co‐consumption of energy drinks and alcohol, relative to alcohol alone, alters: (i) physiological, psychological, cognitive and psychomotor outcomes; (ii) hazardous drinking practices; and (iii) risk‐taking behaviour.MethodsPubmed, PsycInfo and Embase databases were searched until May 2013 for papers outlining descriptive, observational analytical and human experimental studies which compared target outcomes for AmED versus alcohol consumers (between‐subjects), or AmED versus alcohol consumption (within‐subjects). Odds ratios were calculated for target outcomes following screening, data extraction and quality assessment.ResultsData were extracted from 19 papers. Analyses typically revealed increased odds of self‐reported stimulation‐based outcomes and decreased odds of sedation‐based physiological and psychological outcomes relative to when alcohol was consumed alone, as indicated by rigorous cross‐sectional descriptive research. These findings typically have not been reflected in experimental research, due possibly to the low doses administered relative to typical self‐reported ‘real‐life’ intake. AmED consumers generally report more hazardous alcohol consumption patterns and greater engagement in risk‐taking behaviour than alcohol consumers. While most studies had equivocal findings, two studies showed lower odds of risk‐taking behaviour for AmED relative to alcohol drinking sessions but limitations with respect to the outcome measures used restrict conclusions with regard to the behavioural outcomes of AmED use.ConclusionsMixing alcohol with energy drinks may exert a dual effect, increasing stimulation‐based effects and reducing sedation‐based outcomes; the clinical severity and dose threshold has not been established. At this stage it is unclear whether these changes in the nature of intoxication translate into greater alcohol intake and risk‐taking behaviour.
Power Consumption of Rotary Blood Pumps: Pulsatile Versus Constant‐Speed Mode
Authors: Pirbodaghi Tohid , Cotter Chris , Bourque Kevin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe investigated the power consumption of a HeartMate III rotary blood pump based on in vitro experiments performed in a cardiovascular simulator. To create artificial‐pulse mode, we modulated the pump speed by decreasing the mean speed by 2000 rpm for 200 ms and then increasing speed by 4000 rpm (mean speeds plus 2000 rpm) for another 200 ms, creating a square waveform shape. The HeartMate III was connected to a cardiovascular simulator consisting of a hydraulic pump system to simulate left ventricle pumping action, arterial and venous compliance chambers, and an adjustable valve for peripheral resistance to facilitate the desired aortic pressure. The simulator operated based on Suga's elastance model to mimic the Starling response of the heart, thereby reproducing physiological blood flow and pressure conditions. We measured the instantaneous total electrical current and voltage of the pump to evaluate its power consumption. The aim was to answer these fundamental questions: (i) How does pump speed modulation affect pump power consumption? (ii) How does the power consumption vary in relation to external pulsatile flow? The results indicate that speed modulation and external pulsatile flow both moderately increase the power consumption. Increasing the pump speed reduces the impact of external pulsatile flow.
Cladistic analysis of self‐grooming indicates a single origin of eusociality in corbiculate bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: de Souza Canevazzi Naila Cristina , Noll Fernando Barbosa 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBehavioural traits have been used extensively in recent years as an important character source for making phylogenetic inferences. The phylogenetic positions of the members of the Apini subtribe are increasingly being debated, and new characters must be examined. We analysed the presence and absence of certain behavioural patterns, as well as the sequences of some of these patterns, to generate 79 characters. Eleven species comprised the ingroup, and Xylocopini comprised the outgroup. Parsimony analysis showed that the most parsimonious tree was (Euglossina(Bombina(Apina+Meliponina))). This topology is consistent with most studies that use morphological data and the few that use behavioural data, which suggests that advanced eusociality arose only once in a common ancestor of the clade Apina plus Meliponina; however, this hypothesis is inconsistent with our molecular data. Thus we considered behavioural, molecular, and morphological data and recovered the same topology, in which eusociality has a single origin in corbiculate bees.
Molecular evidence for bamboo as a new natural host of Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus
Authors: Awasthi P. , Ram R. , Zaidi A. A. , Prakash O. , Sood A. , Hallan V. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryHimalayan ‘maggar’ bamboo (Dendrocalamus hamiltonii), widely distributed in the Himalayas, was found to exhibit mild virus‐like symptoms, which included mosaic, chlorosis, necrotic spots and mottling. Leaf samples from symptomatic plants were subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for the detection of Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV). Sequencing of the amplicon confirmed the presence of the virus. To further establish bamboo as a natural host of CNRMV, 35 varieties of bamboos maintained at CSIR‐IHBT were subjected to double‐antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS‐ELISA) and dot blot hybridization. Our results showed the presence of CNRMV in 21 species of bamboos belonging to five genera, viz. Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Fargesia, Arundinaria and Melocanna. For further confirmation of the results, the coat protein (CP) gene of CNRMV was amplified from two different local ‘maggar’ plants. Sequencing of the CP gene confirmed the presence of the virus. The two isolates characterized from bamboo plants, shared 99.8% nucleotide sequence identity with sweet cherry isolate JK10 characterized from India. This study presents sequence information from two isolates of the virus. CNRMV infection in bamboo is being reported for the first time and only the second virus reported in bamboo after Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV).
Deletion of TRIM32 protects mice from anxiety‐ and depression‐like behaviors under mild stress
Authors: Ruan Chun‐Sheng , Wang Shu‐Fen , Shen Yan‐Jun , Guo Yi , Yang Chun‐Rui , Zhou Fiona H. , Tan Li‐Tao , Zhou Li , Liu Jian‐Jun , Wang Wen‐Yue , Xiao Zhi‐Cheng , Zhou Xin‐Fu 
Published: May 2014

AbstractChronic stress causes a variety of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, but its mechanism is not well understood. Tripartite motif‐containing protein 32 (TRIM32) was strongly associated with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder based on a study of copy number variation, and deletion of TRIM32 increased neural proliferation and reduced apoptosis. Here, we propose that TRIM32 is involved in chronic stress‐induced affective behaviors. Using a chronic unpredictable mild stress mouse depression model, we studied expression of TRIM32 in brain tissue samples and observed behavioral changes in Trim32 knockout mice. The results showed that TRIM32 protein but not its mRNA was significantly reduced in hippocampus in a time‐dependent manner within 8 weeks of chronic stress. These stress‐induced affective behaviors and reduction of TRIM32 protein expression were significantly reversed by antidepressant fluoxetine treatment. In addition, Trim32 knockout mice showed reduced anxiety and depressive behaviors and hyperactivities compared with Trim32 wild‐type mice under normal and mild stress conditions. We conclude that TRIM32 plays important roles in regulation of hyperactivities and positively regulates the development of anxiety and depression disorders induced by chronic stress.