bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The corrections to the metric of Reissner-Nordström black hole from the generalized uncertainty principle
Authors: Sefiedgar A S , Jabbari Firoozjah H 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The emergence of the minimal observable length is commonly accepted in most of the quantum gravitational candidates. The existence of such a minimal length in high energy physics necessitates some revisions to the standard uncertainty principle. The generalized uncertainty principle is particularly suitable for incorporating such a finite resolution of the space-time and may provide a useful phenomenological approach to study the physics of quantum gravity. It is possible to use the generalized uncertainty principle to modify the black hole thermodynamics straightforwardly. However, it is also possible to use the generalized uncertainty principle to modify the black hole metric itself. In this paper, we are going to modify the Reissner-Nordström metric in the presence of the quantum gravitational effects via the generalized uncertainty principle. Then, we use the modified charged black hole metric to study the black hole thermodynamics. The modified metric is also applied to study the light deflection angle.
Compressive behavior and deformation mechanisms of gradient microstructures in a dissimilar welded joint
Authors: Wang S Q , Zhang Y , Wen G D , Qi J L , Zhai W Y , Gao W 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this study TC4/TC17 titanium alloy dissimilar joints were obtained via vacuum electron beam welding. The compressive behavior of base metals and joint at different strain levels was studied, along with microstructural and fracture surface observations. The true stress–strain curves of base metals and joint at different strains demonstrated smooth and continuous plastic deformation characteristics. The compressive yield strength of the joint (1065 MPa) was basically equivalent to that of TC17 alloy (1196 MPa), which was significantly higher than that of TC4 alloy (920 MPa) for the failed samples. However, the compressive fracture strain of the joint was lower than that of base metals. Comparison of the microstructures of base metals and joint deformed at different strains, it revealed that the equiaxed α phase in TC4 alloy mainly underwent the deformation, while the TC17 alloy mainly relied on the rotation of lamellar grains to resist the deformation. In the dissimilar joint with a large microstructural gradient, the compressive deformation of several zones, including the weld zone, far heat-affected zone and the base metal, was also related to the rotation of finer grains.
The atmospheric Ekman spiral for piecewise-uniform eddy viscosity
Authors: Stefanescu Eduard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We investigate the boundary-value problem of atmospheric Ekman flows with piecewise-uniform eddy viscosity. In addition we present a method for finding more general solutions by considering eddy viscosity as an arbitrary step-function. We discuss the existence and uniqueness of the solutions obtained through this method, providing detailed proofs for cases with one and two ‘jumps’ in eddy viscosity. For scenarios with more ‘jumps,’ we establish results inductively. Furthermore, we examine the angle between the bottom surface of the Ekman layer and geostrophic winds by extremizing variables such as the eddy viscosity and its point of change. These calculations reveal how the angle can differ from 45°, demonstrating that the extreme values of 0° and 90° are achievable, indicating the potential range of the deflection angle.
Efficiency enhancement and optimization of lead-free Cs2PtI6 perovskite solar cell
Authors: Srivastava Anupam , Ullas A V , Roy Nirmal 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are famous for their potential to produce efficient, flexible, and low-cost solar energy. This study explores the possibility of eco-friendly, lead-free, inorganic solar cells using Cs2PtI6 as the light-absorbing layer and NiO as the hole transport layer (HTL). It carefully optimizes various factors, including the thickness, doping concentration, defect density, and the effects of radiative recombination of the absorber layer, along with different hole and electron transport layers. The study also examines interfacial defects and resistances within the device. The density of defects at the interface between the HTL and the absorber layer is a crucial factor influencing the device’s performance. Additionally, the study evaluates different metal back contacts, changes in temperature, light intensity, and the spectrum of light. The optimized structure (FTO/ZnO/Cs2PtI6/NiO/Au) achieves an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.34 V, a short-circuit current (JSC) of 32.34 mAcm−2, a fill factor (FF) of 75.70%, and an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 32.70%, showing great promise in solar cell technology.
Broadband third-order optical nonlinearities of layered franckeite towards mid-infrared regime
Authors: Xu 徐 Zhi-Qiang 志强 , Zhou 周 Tian-Tian 甜甜 , Li 李 Jie 洁 , Liu 刘 Dong-Yang 东阳 , He 何 Yuan 源 , Li 李 Ning 宁 , Liu 刘 Xiao 潇 , Miao 缪 Li-Li 丽丽 , Zhao 赵 Chu-Jun 楚军 , Wen 文 Shuang-Chun 双春 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The study of nonlinear optical responses in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) regime is essential for advancing ultrafast mid-IR laser applications. However, nonlinear optical effects under mid-IR excitation are rarely reported due to the lack of suitable nonlinear optical materials. The natural van der Waals heterostructure franckeite, known for its narrow bandgap and stability in air, shows great potential for developing mid-IR nonlinear optical devices. We have experimentally demonstrated that layered franckeite exhibits a broadband wavelength-dependent nonlinear optical response in the mid-IR spectral region. Franckeite nanosheets were prepared using a liquid-phase exfoliation method, and their nonlinear optical response was characterized in the spectral range of 3000 nm to 5000 nm. The franckeite nanosheets exhibit broadband wavelength-dependent third-order nonlinearities, with nonlinear absorption and refraction coefficients estimated to be about 10−7 cm/W and 10−11 cm2/W, respectively. Additionally, a passively Q-switched fluoride fiber laser operating around a wavelength of 2800 nm was achieved, delivering nanosecond pulses with a signal-to-noise ratio of 43.6 dB, based on the nonlinear response of franckeite. These findings indicate that layered franckeite possesses broadband nonlinear optical characteristics in the mid-IR region, potentially enabling new possibilities for mid-IR photonic devices.
Robust entropy rate estimation for nonstationary neuronal calcium spike trains based on empirical probabilities
Authors: Ande Sathish , Avasarala Srinivas , Swain Sarpras , Karunarathne Ajith , Giri Lopamudra , Jana Soumya 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective. Temporal patterns in neuronal spiking encode stimulus uncertainty, and convey information about high-level functions such as memory and cognition. Estimating the associated information content and understanding how that evolves with time assume significance in the investigation of neuronal coding mechanisms and abnormal signaling. However, existing estimators of the entropy rate, a measure of information content, either ignore the inherent nonstationarity, or employ dictionary-based Lempel–Ziv (LZ) methods that converge too slowly for one to study temporal variations in sufficient detail. Against this backdrop, we seek estimates that handle nonstationarity, are fast converging, and hence allow meaningful temporal investigations. Approach. We proposed a homogeneous Markov model approximation of spike trains within windows of suitably chosen length and an entropy rate estimator based on empirical probabilities that converges quickly. Main results. We constructed mathematical families of nonstationary Markov processes with certain bi/multi-level properties (inspired by neuronal responses) with known entropy rates, and validated the proposed estimator against those. Further statistical validations were presented on data collected from hippocampal (and primary visual cortex) neuron populations in terms of single neuron behavior as well as population heterogeneity. Our estimator appears to be statistically more accurate and converges faster than existing LZ estimators, and hence well suited for temporal studies. Significance. The entropy rate analysis revealed not only informational and process memory heterogeneity among neurons, but distinct statistical patterns in neuronal populations (from two different brain regions) under basal and post-stimulus conditions. Taking inspiration, we envision future large-scale studies of different brain regions enabled by the proposed tool (estimator), potentially contributing to improved functional modeling of the brain and identification of statistical signatures of neurodegenerative diseases.
Adaptive spatial attention dual-branch fishing boat detection network
Authors: Yang Jiaxuan , Liu Xiang 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Aiming at the harbor environment, the target detection accuracy of fishing vessels is low, and it is prone to the problems of fishing vessel misdetection and omission detection. In this paper, we propose a fishing vessel target detection algorithm called ASDNet based on YOLOX. Firstly, an Adaptive Spatial Attention Module (ASAM) was designed and used to improve the detection of fishing vessel targets; secondly, a two-branch backbone network was designed for multidimensional fishing vessel feature extraction. Meanwhile, a bilateral enhanced fusion strategy (BFFS) is designed to fuse the branch features to improve the characterization ability of the network; finally, the loss function is improved by introducing the Focal-CIOU loss bounding box loss function to reduce the effects of the detection position deviation of the fishing vessel target and the overlap of the vessel hull to improve the detection performance. The above methods are validated using the homemade fishing vessel dataset, and the results show that the precision rate (P) and recall rate (R) are greatly improved. The average precision rate (mAP@50-95) value reaches 80.25%, which is 2.39% higher than that of the 77.86% of the YOLOX. It significantly improves the precision of the detection, meets the requirements of the performance of the target detection of the fishing vessel, and has certain practical significance in engineering.
A comprehensive analysis of evaluating robustness and generalization ability of models in AES
Authors: Liu Ruijie , Wang Xiaoyi , Liu Jie , Zhou Jianshe 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Large language models are capable of impressive performance in standard benchmark testing, but are often fragile when deployed in real-world scenarios and cannot be deployed in many scenarios directly, such as navigation and autonomous driving. When some adversarial samples require continuous learning of new data distributions, the robustness and generalization abilities of the model require detailed evaluations and further mining. Therefore, it is very necessary to use tools to evaluate the robustness and generalization ability of the model before deploying models in real-world scenarios. The robustness and generalization capabilities of models were extensively assessed before their implementation in Automatic essay Scoring. This was achieved through a comprehensive series of experiments aimed at validating the efficacy of various models. Our findings underscored the significance of different models and their impact, providing valuable insights for practitioners seeking to forecast the performance of deployed models across diverse distributions.
(+)4-cholesten-3-one/sodium alginate/gelatin hydrogel for full-thickness wound repair and skin regeneration
Authors: Yan Yu , You Aijia , Chen Xianxian , Huang Wenyi , Lu Xiaoting , Gu Cuijin , Ye Sen , Zhong Jun , Huang Haiting , Zhao Yao , Li Yu , Li Chun 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
(+)4-cholesten-3-one has been proved to have potential wound healing effect in the process of wound regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of (+)4-cholesten-3-one/sodium alginate/gelatin on skin injury and reveal its potential molecular mechanism. First, we prepared sodium alginate/gelatin hydrogel (SA/Gel hydrogel) with different ratios and tested their characteristics. Based on these results, different concentrations of (+)4-cholesten-3-one were added into SA/Gel hydrogel. A full-thickness skin injury model was successfully established to evaluate wound healing activity in vivo. HE staining and Masson staining were used to evaluate the thickness of granulation tissue and collagen deposition level. Immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence staining were applied to detect the level of revascularization and proliferation in each group of wounds. Western blot, quantitative-PCR and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression of proteins related to Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in each group of wounds. In vitro results showed that the hydrogel not only created a 3D structure for cell adhesion and growth, but also exhibited good swelling ability, excellent degradability and favorable bio-compatibility. Most importantly, in vivo experiments further indicated that (+)4-cholesten-3-one/SA/Gel hydrogel effectively enhanced wound healing. The effectiveness is due to its superior abilities in accelerating healing process, granulation tissue regeneration, collagen deposition, promoting angiogenesis, tissue proliferation, as well as fibroblast activation and differentiation. The underlying mechanism was related to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study highlighted that (+)4-cholesten-3-one/SA/Gel hydrogel holds promise as a wound healing dressing in future clinical applications.
Socially vulnerable US Pacific Northwest communities are more likely to experience wildfires
Authors: Reilley Caitlyn , Dunn Christopher J , Crandall Mindy S , Kline Jeffrey D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Quantitative wildfire risk assessments increasingly are used to prioritize areas for investments in wildfire risk mitigation actions. However, current assessments of wildfire risk derived from fire models built primarily on biophysical data do not account for socioeconomic contexts that influence community vulnerability to wildfire. Research indicates that despite accounting for only a small proportion of high wildfire hazard areas, communities with fewer socioeconomic resources to devote to wildfire prevention and response may experience outsized exposure and impacts. We examined the distribution of simulated wildfire risk versus observed wildfire experience relative to social vulnerability across communities in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Using three decades of wildfire occurrence data, we investigated whether socially vulnerable communities were more likely to experience ignitions, fires that escaped initial attack (hereafter ‘escaped fires’) (>121 hectares), and large fires (>404 hectares), reasoning that each may reveal key insights into the effectiveness of current wildfire risk mitigation and response efforts. We found that communities located in areas with higher wildfire risk or hazard tended to have lower social vulnerability, but that across landscapes east of the Cascade Range, communities with higher social vulnerability were more likely to be exposed to ignitions, escaped fires, and large fires. Our results draw into question whether the current reliance on biophysical data in wildfire risk assessments, absent consideration of community socioeconomic conditions, may perpetuate social inequities by leading to over-investment in well-resourced communities and under-investment in socially vulnerable communities subject to disproportionate wildfire exposure.
Model-free inference of memory in conformational dynamics of a multi-domain protein
Authors: Vollmar Leonie , Bebon Rick , Schimpf Julia , Flietel Bastian , Celiksoy Sirin , Sönnichsen Carsten , Godec Aljaž , Hugel Thorsten 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Single-molecule experiments provide insight into the motion (conformational dynamics) of individual protein molecules. Usually, a well-defined but coarse-grained intramolecular coordinate is measured and subsequently analysed with the help of hidden Markov models to deduce the kinetics of protein conformational changes. Such approaches rely on the assumption that the microscopic dynamics of the protein evolve according to a Markov-jump process on some network. However, the manifestation and extent of memory in the dynamics of the observable strongly depends on the chosen underlying Markov model, which is generally not known and therefore can lead to misinterpretations. Here, we combine extensive single-molecule plasmon ruler experiments on the heat shock protein Hsp90, computer simulations, and theory to infer and quantify memory in a model-free fashion. Our analysis is based on the bare definition of non-Markovian behaviour and does not require any underlying model. In the case of Hsp90 probed by a plasmon ruler, the Markov assumption is found to be clearly and conclusively violated on timescales up to roughly 50 s, which corresponds roughly to ∼50% of the inferred correlation time of the signal. The extent of memory is striking and reaches biologically relevant timescales. This implies that memory effects penetrate even the slowest observed motions. We provide clear and reproducible guidelines on how to test for the presence and duration of memory in experimental single-molecule data.
Application of hybrid systems for sustainable energy consumption
Authors: Petrov V , Yordanov K 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A hybrid system is generally a complex combination of different compounds which are connected in accordance with specific rules and controlled by specific algorithms and/or strategies. Indeed, any distribution and usage of the various components can be identified as a hybrid system. Moreover, any device in which different parts are properly combined to fulfill specific demands, even if they are not exchangeable and do not connect with each other, can be classified as a hybrid system. Due to its high energy consumption, the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system often represents the main cause of the high energy requirements of many industries. Another field where hybrid concepts could be applied is related to the design of intelligent and custom applications, such as smart buildings. In this application, the current smart concepts, which are generally designed using different technologies configured in a stand-alone mode, are combined to obtain more efficient systems.
Performance of diffusion absorption refrigerators at variable power input
Authors: Stoyanov Y , Penkova N , Krumov K 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Absorption refrigerators have been used in recent decades for utilization of waste or solar energy to produce heat or cold for industrial purposes or to condition the microclimate in buildings. Although these units are designed at nominal power input in the generator, they can also operate at variable parameters of the heat source, which is possible in the real situations.
An experimental determination of the operating range and the performance of a diffusion absorption refrigerator at heat pump and refrigeration mode were carried out in the present study. The results are useful for predicting the efficiency and the effectiveness of such systems at variable heat source capacities.
Microwave-assisted green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using pistia stratiotes for anticancer and antibacterial applications
Authors: M Abisha Meji , D Usha , B M Ashwin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Green synthesis techniques have recently become more popular due to the expanding interest in nanotechnology and the need for ecologically friendly synthesis processes. This work examines the environment friendly production of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by a microwave-assisted technique, utilizing Pistia Stratiotes leaf extract as a reducing agent. The optical and structural properties of the produced ZnO NPs were analyzed using UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and x-ray Diffraction (XRD). The findings indicated that the ZnO NPs displayed shapes consisting spherical, flower and sheet, with an average size of 35 nm which was verified by SEM and TEM. The XRD examination confirmed the presence of a hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure, while the FTIR analysis identified a distinct peak at 578 cm−1, which indicates the stretching mode of Zn-O bonds. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the substance were evaluated against Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli, and Candida Albicans. The results demonstrated notable effectiveness, as indicated by inhibition zones measuring 16–20.4 mm, 17–21.3 mm, and 13–17.2 mm correspondingly. In addition, the ZnO NPs exhibited specific anti-cancer effects on SK-MEL-28 melanoma cell lines, with an IC50 value of 51.05 μg ml−1, suggesting potential uses in therapy. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using microwave-assisted green synthesis to create ZnO NPs with favorable characteristics for biomedical purposes, with a particular focus on sustainable manufacturing of nanomaterials. The results indicate that these ZnO NPs show great potential for application in antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer therapies, leading to developments in the field of medical nanotechnology.
Introduction
Authors: Holmes Robyn M , Roopnarine Jaipaul L 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
As countries experience increasing cultural diversity both within and between their borders, contemporary researchers are exploring the connection between culture and children’s learning and academic experiences. One important goal is to provide all children with educational experiences that are culturally sensitive, relevant, and effective in helping them reach their maximum potential and preparing them for the future.
With over twenty-five contributing authors, this volume investigates the connection between culture and children’s schooling and learning experiences from multidisciplinary perspectives, diverse methodologies, and cross-cultural and culture-specific approaches. The common thread running through the chapters is the understanding that learning is an activity that takes place within cultural contexts. Together, the chapters highlight the forces that shape children’s everyday learning experiences.
Cultural Lens on Raising the Quality of Early Childhood Teachers in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Pei-Yu , Johnson James E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Quality early childhood education is a top priority across nations, and the central focus is teacher quality. Culture includes a shared system of meaning that provides a framework for values and ways of thinking and behaving. Confucian legacy plays a major role in shaping the purposes and methods of education and the goal of becoming a teacher in Taiwan. This chapter describes early childhood teacher training programs during the past decade in Taiwan. Stepping behind the policies, regulations, and operations, cultural impacts are discernable. By examining teacher education programs and practices, a critical understanding can be made to raise more awareness for empowering early childhood teachers worldwide. Pre- and in-service teacher education and professional development programs and their attributes and goals are discussed in relation to cultural contexts. Who is a quality teacher and how is culture reflected in this person, and this person reflected in the culture?