bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AssessingHebrew
Authors: Inbar‐Lourie Ofra 
Published: November 2013

The majority of Hebrew first language speakers presently reside in Israel where Hebrew has enjoyed a special ideological status as the national unifying language since its revival. The assessment of Hebrew in the Israeli educational framework is targeted at different populations: mother tongue Hebrew speakers, Arabic speaking children who learn Hebrew as a third language (following spoken and standard Arabic), the language of instruction in academic settings, and speakers of other languages who immigrate to Israel for permanent or temporary residence. In addition, Hebrew is studied and assessed outside Israel as a foreign language in K‐12 Hebrew day schools, bilingual programs, and academic frameworks, as well as for vocational purposes.This chapter presents the current assessment practices of Hebrew prevalent in the above settings and their ramifications. It will first describe the heavily assessment laden Israeli educational environment, where national and international tests dominate the scene used mostly for monitoring summative purposes, but also with a formative orientation. At the academic level it looks at the university entrance exams with their academic Hebrew component, and the bias created when using some of the translated versions. Special emphasis is placed on the Hebrew assessment of immigrant children, and the testing requirements of students who completed their high school studies in languages other than Hebrew. The international mother tongue PISA and PIRLS tests which have become major players in the Israeli educational system are critically surveyed. The assessment of Hebrew as a foreign language outside Israel focuses on assessment projects in Jewish schools, academic studies and teachers in bilingual education, as well as tests of Hebrew proficiency and Hebrew placement tests for US‐based universities.
Ongoing Challenges in Language Assessment
Authors: Bachman Lyle F. 
Published: November 2013

Many challenges that language testers have faced over the years continue to engage us. New challenges engendered by changes in the economic, social, and educational contexts of the 21st century assure that the field will be vibrant and exciting. Continuing issues include the validity of interpretations, ethics and professionalism, the use of language assessments in accountability decisions, and washback. New challenges include classroom language assessment, training classroom teachers in language assessment, and language assessment for citizenship and naturalization.The needs for language assessments have increased and there is greater demand for language testers to be accountable to stakeholders.Assessment justificationis the process of providing a rationale and evidence to justify the use of a particular assessment. An assessment use argument (AUA) provides a conceptual framework for linking assessment performance to assessment use. Assessment justification is applicable to the wide range of situations and uses that characterize language testing practice in the 21st century, and provides a basis for addressing the challenges these raise.
Assessing
Nepali
Authors: Pokharel Madhav P. 
Published: November 2013

Nepali is an Indo‐Aryan language primarily spoken in Nepal. It has also been spoken for a few centuries in southern Bhutan and several states of northeast India. It is the official language of Nepal, the Indian state of Sikkim, and the Darjeeling Hill Council of West Bengal, and is one of the 22 constitutional languages of India. It is often called the language of the Khasa, the original inhabitants of Central Asia during the Bronze Age, who finally moved to the sub‐Himalayan region as far as Nepal. Nepali is typologically closer to the northern (Kashmiri) and western (Rajasthani, Gujarati, and Sindhi) than the neighboring Indo‐Aryan languages.
The Nepali language is older than the formation of Nepal. It is written in the Devanagari script. The earliest inscription in Nepali is dated to the 11th century. It is likely that Nepali may have taken shape around the 10th century, comparable to its New Indo‐Aryan sister languages. Nepali has three historical, 12 geographical dialects, and many social dialects because of multilingualism. The eastern dialect of Nepali is standardized. Nepali follows the subject–object–verb order. Passivization and causativization are represented both morphologically and syntactically. Both transitive and intransitive sentences can be passivized. Evidential mood distinguishes Nepali from other Indo‐Aryan languages. There are 11 patterns of nominative verb agreement triggered by countability, animacy, human–nonhuman distinction, honorificity, gender, size, number, person, and passivization. There are at least four grades of morphological honorific. Nepali is a classifier language using about 500 classifiers. Case distinction is controlled by post‐positions, morphology, and agreement. Onomatopoeia is a productive area of the vocabulary. Nepali has linked and influenced other languages in the country and is grammatically influenced. It borrows words less from neighboring languages than from Persian Arabic, English, and Sanskrit.
Improving Discrimination and Face Matching with Caricature
Authors: McIntyre Alex H. , Hancock Peter J. B. , Kittler Josef , Langton Stephen R. H. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryIdentification of faces from photographs is a common security measure, but matching unfamiliar faces produces high rates of error. Caricatures of familiar people are highly identifiable because they exaggerate distinctive features. We investigated whether exaggerating unfamiliar faces through caricaturing could also improve face‐matching accuracy. In Experiment 1, face‐matching arrays were caricatured relative to an average by 30%, 50% and 70%. Correct rejection of the target‐absent arrays was improved at all levels. Accurate matches increased at 30%, but at 70%, the transformation was too extreme, and all of the arrays were more likely to be rejected. In Experiment 2, photographic identification (ID) images were caricatured by 30% and 50% and matched to life‐size photographs. Rejection of foils improved, but the ID of matching images was impaired. Modest levels of caricature may improve discrimination in unfamiliar face matching, but at stronger levels, a conservative response bias may inhibit accurate ID. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crowd Effects in Unfamiliar Face Matching
Authors: White David , Burton A. Mike , Kemp Richard I. , Jenkins Rob 
Published: November 2013

SummaryPsychological research shows that humans can not reliably match unfamiliar faces. This presents a practical problem, because identity verification processes in a variety of occupational settings depend on people to perform these tasks reliably. In this context, it is surprising that very few studies have attempted to improve human performance. Here, we investigate whether distributing face matching tasks across groups of individuals might help to solve this problem. Across four studies, we measure the accuracy of the ‘crowd’ on a standard test of face matching ability and find that aggregating individual responses produces substantial gains in matching accuracy. We discuss the practical implications of this result and also suggest ways in which this approach might be used to improve our understanding of face perception more generally. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive Effects of Imagery on Police Officers' Shooting Performance under Threat
Authors: Colin Laura , Nieuwenhuys Arne , Visser Aad , Oudejans Raôul R. D. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryWe investigated the effects of imagery on police officers' shooting performance under threat. To this end, 66 officers executed a realistic shooting exercise against an opponent that initially did not shoot back with painful coloured‐soap cartridges (low‐threat condition) followed by a condition in which he did [high‐threat (HT) condition]. In between conditions, participants performed an imagery intervention: one group imagined ‘successful shot execution’ and one imagined ‘successful shot execution under threat, including the accompanying emotions’; a control group received no imagery intervention. Although for the control group shot accuracy was significantly lower in the HT condition than under low‐threat conditions, both imagery groups were able to maintain their shot accuracy in the HT condition, despite increased levels of anxiety. It is concluded that focusing on successful shot execution is pivotal, whereas adding emotional statements does not seem to have an additional positive effect. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Wetting to the Agglomeration of Dispersed Particles in an Aqueous Medium
Authors: Fritzsche Jörg , Teichmann Jakob , Heuzeroth Fabian , van den Boogaart Karl Gerald , Peuker Urs Alexander 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo produce high quality casted steel or aluminum products the step of filtration is essential. To improve this filtration process an experimental study to estimate the influence of the wettability is carried out using a model system. With this model system an atomic force microscope (AFM) study to measure the adhesive force is done. The results of this study are used to simulate the agglomeration behavior of a dynamic particle system. To confirm the results of the AFM study and the computer simulation, filtration experiments are realized.These experiments as well as the simulations show a significant effect of the wetting behavior on the filtration efficiency. A high contact angle between the solid and liquid leads to an agglomeration of the impurities and with it to larger particle sizes. This finally results in a significant higher retention rate within the ceramic filter.
A Three‐Way Switchable Process for Suzuki Cross‐Coupling, Hydrodehalogenation, or an Assisted Tandem Hydrodehalogenation and Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Sequence
Authors: Sandtorv Alexander H. , Bjørsvik Hans‐René 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA three‐way switchable Pd‐catalyzed and microwave assisted process appropriate for selective arylation or hydrodehalogenation of the imidazole backbone was discovered and entirely optimized. The “arylation switch position” was adapted and optimized for the synthesis of 4,5‐diaryl‐1H‐imidazoles, while the “hydrodehalogenation switch position” was used for the preparation of 4(5)‐iodo‐1H‐imidazole. The hydrodehalogenation and the cross‐coupling reactions were also successfully combined in “the third switch position” that performs an assisted tandem reaction sequence that produced 4(5)‐aryl‐1H‐imidazole. All of the three pathways produced their corresponding products in excellent yield.magnified image
Methylsulfinyl (Dimsyl) Anion as Umpolung Catalyst for the Chemoselective Cross‐Benzoin Reaction of α‐Diketones with Aldehydes
Authors: Bortolini Olga , Fantin Giancarlo , Ferretti Valeria , Fogagnolo Marco , Giovannini Pier Paolo , Massi Alessandro , Pacifico Salvatore , Ragno Daniele 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe hitherto unreported ability of the methylsulfinyl carbanion (dimsyl anion) to generate acyl anion equivalents is described. The dimsyl anion, in fact, efficiently catalyzes chemoselective intermolecular cross‐benzoin condensations of diaryl α‐diketones (benzils) with various aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to give the corresponding aryl‐aryl and aryl‐alkyl benzoin benzoates in an atom‐economic fashion. The dimsyl anion acts as an environmentally friendly alternative to the toxic cyanide anion and it is obtained by in situ deprotonation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent with a catalytic amount of a strong base, potassium tert‐butoxide (t‐BuOK) the optimal promoter. The assumption that the methylsulfinyl carbanion is the active catalyst in the title transformation is supported by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) experiments.magnified image
A case of paraparesis with thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and the ligamentum flavum induced by falling down on the abdomen
Authors: Nagayama Masataka , Yanagawa Youichi , Okuda Takatoshi , Yonezawa Ikuho , Iba Toshiaki , Kaneko Kazuo 
Published: November 2013

AimTo describe an educational case.MethodsCase report.ResultsA 71‐year‐old female was transported to our emergency department with complaints of lower abdominal pain and gate disturbance after falling down on her abdomen. She had lower abdominal painful paresthesia in the dermatome from the twelfth thoracic to the first lumbar level without signs of peritoneal stimulation. Paraparesis and dysesthesia of the lower extremities was predominant on the left side. Abdominal computed tomography revealed severe thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and the ligamentum flavum at the thoracic level 10/11. Laminectomy and spinal fusion with rods resulted in recovery of the patient's symptoms.ConclusionPhysician should pay attention to thoracic spinal cord injury induced by hyperextensive stress on the spine, even in cases of minor trauma, among patients with preexisting bony pathologies at the thoracolumbar level.
Identification of New N‐Acylhomoserine Lactone Signalling Compounds of Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL‐12T by Overexpression of luxI Genes
Authors: Neumann Alexander , Patzelt Diana , Wagner‐Döbler Irene , Schulz Stefan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBacteria of the Roseobacter clade are widespread in the ocean and occur in many different habitats. In the genome of Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL‐12, luxI homologous genes that encode synthases responsible for the formation of N‐acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) have been described. These compounds are known autoinducers that regulate several biological traits—namely, flagella formation and cell differentiation—in D. shibae through quorum sensing. The AHLs produced by D. shibae mainly consisted of N‐octadecadienoylhomoserine lactone (C18:2‐AHL) and N‐octadecenoylhomoserine lactone (C18:1‐HSL). In the wild type these AHLs are synthesized only in low abundance. The luxI genes were therefore expressed in Escherichia coli; this resulted in the formation of AHLs mostly different from those found in the D. shibae wild type. A luxI1‐deficient mutant of D. shibae was then reprovided with an overexpressed luxI1 gene. This strain produced large amounts of C18:2‐AHL and C18:1‐AHL, allowing full characterization of these compounds by mass spectrometric techniques and derivatization. Synthesis of the proposed structures confirmed that the major compound is (2E,11Z)‐N‐octadeca‐2,11‐dienoylhomoserine lactone (6, C18:2‐HSL), accompanied by (Z)‐N‐octadec‐11‐enoylhomoserine lactone (5, C18:1‐HSL). AHL 6 has not been reported before from other organisms and contains an unusual 2E double bond.
Coumarinylmethyl Caging Groups with Redshifted Absorption
Authors: Fournier Ludovic , Aujard Isabelle , Le Saux Thomas , Maurin Sylvie , Beaupierre Sandra , Baudin Jean‐Bernard , Jullien Ludovic 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe small and synthetically easily accessible coumarinylmethyl backbone has been modified to generate a family of photolabile protecting groups with redshifted absorption. We relied on introducing electron‐donating groups in the 7 position and electron‐withdrawing groups in the 2‐, and 2‐ and 3 positions. In particular, we showed that the diethylamino‐thiocoumarylmethyl and the diethylamino‐coumarylidenemalononitrilemethyl are relevant for uncaging with cyan light. They both exhibit a significant action cross section for uncaging in the 470–500 nm wavelength range and a low light absorption between 350 and 400 nm. These attractive features are favorable to perform chromatic orthogonal photoactivation with UV and blue‐cyan light sources, respectively.
Efficient Electronic Communication of Two Ruthenium Centers through a Rigid Ditopic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Linker
Authors: Nussbaum Michael , Schuster Oliver , Albrecht Martin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA ditopic benzobis(carbene) ligand precursor was prepared that contained a chelating pyridyl moiety to ensure co‐planarity of the carbene ligand and the coordination plane of a bound octahedral metal center. Bimetallic ruthenium complexes comprising this ditopic ligand [L4Ru‐C,N‐bbi‐C,N‐RuL4] were obtained by a transmetalation methodology (C,N‐bbi‐C,N=benzobis(N‐pyridyl‐N′‐methyl‐imidazolylidene). The two metal centers are electronically decoupled when the ruthenium is in a pseudotetrahedral geometry imparted by a cymene spectator ligand (L4=[(cym)Cl]). Ligand exchange of the Cl−/cymene ligands for two bipyridine or four MeCN ligands induced a change of the coordination geometry to octahedral. As a consequence, the ruthenium centers, separated through space by more than 10 Å, become electronically coupled, which is evidenced by two distinctly different metal‐centered oxidation processes that are separated by 134 mV (L4=[(bpy)2]; bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) and 244 mV (L4=[(MeCN)4]), respectively. Hush analysis of the intervalence charge‐transfer bands in the mixed‐valent species indicates substantial valence delocalization in both complexes (delocalization parameter Γ=0.41 and 0.37 in the bpy and MeCN complexes, respectively). Spectroelectrochemical measurements further indicated that the mixed‐valent RuII/RuIII species and the fully oxidized RuIII/RuIII complexes gradually decompose when bound to MeCN ligands, whereas the bpy spectators significantly enhance the stability. These results demonstrate the efficiency of carbenes and, in particular, of the bbi ligand scaffold for mediating electron transfer and for the fabrication of molecular redox switches. Moreover, the relevance of spectator ligands is emphasized for tailoring the degree of electronic communication through the benzobis(carbene) linker.
Impact of Electrode Design, Supply Voltage and Interelectrode Distance on Safety Aspects and Characteristics of a Medical DBD Plasma Source
Authors: Helmke A. , Wandke D. , Mahmoodzada M. , Weltmann K.‐D. , Viöl W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn the frame of plasma source development for dermatological applications in the field of plasma medicine, operational safety of the devices is of superior priority. For sources based on the concept of dielectric barrier discharges (DBD), electric potentials with amplitudes in the range of some kV are arranged in close proximity to the skin of patients, wherein dielectric strength of the electrodes and leakage currents are crucial for electrical applicability. In this work, ceramic electrodes of 10 mm in diameter and varying ceramic thickness are operated at input powers up to 300 mW against non‐biological counter electrodes. In a combined experimental and numerical approach, electric fields inside the ceramic are determined, whereas values are well below the dielectric strength of the material. The spectrally weighted plasma emission is within limit values of exposure to human skin as long as daily treatment does not exceeded 7 h. Neutral gas temperatures of up to 310 K are determined which underline the minor thermal impact of the plasma exposure. In contrast, values for reduced electric fields are of the order of some hundred Townsend and thus the electrons can initiate various secondary effects such as chemical reaction chains. Consequently, ozone concentrations in the discharges are quantified between 230 ppm and 1140 ppm in close proximity to the actual discharge volume and the results are discussed in the frame of risk assessment for therapeutic applications in dermatology. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Degradation of Methylene Blue by Microwave Discharge Plasma in Liquid
Authors: Wang Bo , Sun Bing , Zhu Xiaomei , Yan Zhiyu , Liu Yongjun , Liu Hui 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMicrowave plasma in liquid is a new plasma technology and becomes more and more concerned due to its large spatial distribution and high density of plasma. In this paper, methylene blue is degraded using plasma which is generated by 2450 MHz microwave in liquid. Effects of microwave power, initial concentration and pH on the degradation rate of methylene blue are studied respectively. Results show that the degradation rate of methylene blue increases with increasing of microwave power, and decreases with increasing pH in the range of 6‐8; When the initial concentration is less than 12.5 mg/L, the maximum degradation rate of methylene blue increases with increasing of its initial concentration, which can reach 96.56%. However, when the initial concentration is more than 12.5 mg/L, the maximum degradation rate appears decreased. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Influence of Dynamical Screening on the Transport Properties of Dense Plasmas
Authors: Karakhtanov V. S. , Redmer R. , Reinholz H. , Röpke G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe investigate the effects of dynamical screening on the static transport properties. We review the low density expansion for the electron‐electron and electron‐ion correlation functions and give results for a 6‐moment approach within linear response theory. The expansion coefficients are given. The convergence of thermoelectric transport coefficients is examined in dependence of the rank of the collision term determinant. The results are compared with previous calculations and experiments. Effective Debye screening radii derived from the Gould‐DeWitt scheme for the inclusion of strong collisions as well as dynamical effects are discussed. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Model for the Neoclassical Toroidal Viscosity Effect on Edge Plasma Toroidal Rotation
Authors: Miron I. G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA semianalytic expression for the edge plasma angular toroidal rotation frequency that includes the neoclassical toroidal viscosity braking influence is obtained. Based on the model presented in a previous paper [I.G. Miron, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 53, 214 (2013)], the less destabilizing error field spectrum is found in order to minimize the nonlinear effect of the NTV on the toroidal rotation of the edge of the plasma. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasmon‐Enhanced Second‐ and Third‐Order Harmonic Generation in Spherical Free‐Electron Nanoclusters with Diffuse Surface
Authors: Fomichev S. V. , Becker W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe nonlinear scattering of a laser pulse off spherical nanoclusters with free electrons and with a diffuse surface is examined in the collisionless hydrodynamics approximation in the framework of perturbation theory with respect to the laser pulse intensity, as well as of the steady‐state approximation. In a previous publication [S.V. Fomichev and W. Becker, Phys. Rev. A 81, 063201 (2010)] we reported the full nonlinear hydrodynamic model of forced collective electron motion confined to a cluster with diffuse surface and introduced two different perturbation theories corresponding to different laser intensity regimes. In the current paper, in the framework of this hydrodynamic model we focus on the properties of plasmon resonance‐enhanced third‐harmonic generation in a spherical cluster and its dependence on the shape of its diffuse surface whose role increases for nonlinear processes. At the same time, the quadrupole second‐harmonic generation in a spherical cluster is also inspected as a necessary intermediate step. Both cold metal clusters in vacuum or in a dielectric surrounding and hot laser‐heated and laser‐ionized clusters are considered within the same approach for a wide range of the fundamental laser frequency. Nonlinear laser excitation of the dipole plasmon Mie resonance in spherical clusters, as well as of other respective multipole plasmon resonances is investigated analytically and numerically in detail (position, width, and strength) versus the cluster‐surface diffuseness, the outer ionization degree in charged clusters, the electron‐density diffuseness, and their interplay. Under certain conditions, depending on the various cluster parameters, different secondary nonlinear resonances are found. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)