bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divided Multimodal Attention: Sensory Trace and Context Coding Strategies in Spatially Congruent Auditory and Visual Presentation
Authors: Kristjánsson Tómas , Páll Thorvaldsson Tómas , Kristjánsson Árni 
Published: July 2014

Previous research involving both unimodal and multimodal studies suggests that single-response change detection is a capacity-free process while a discriminatory up or down identification is capacity-limited. The trace/context model assumes that this reflects different memory strategies rather than inherent differences between identification and detection. To perform such tasks, one of two strategies is used, a sensory trace or a context coding strategy, and if one is blocked, people will automatically use the other. A drawback to most preceding studies is that stimuli are presented at separate locations, creating the possibility of a spatial confound, which invites alternative interpretations of the results. We describe a series of experiments, investigating divided multimodal attention, without the spatial confound. The results challenge the trace/context model. Our critical experiment involved a gap before a change in volume and brightness, which according to the trace/context model blocks the sensory trace strategy, simultaneously with a roaming pedestal, which should block the context coding strategy. The results clearly show that people can use strategies other than sensory trace and context coding in the tasks and conditions of these experiments, necessitating changes to the trace/context model.
Wood Anatomy of the Subfamily Euphorbioideae
Authors: Mennega Alberta M. W. 
Published: July 2014

The wood anatomy was studied of 82 species from 34 out of 54 genera in the subfamily Euphorbioideae, covering all five tribes recognized in this subfamily.
In general the woods show a great deal of similarity. They are characterized by a relative paucity of vessels, often arranged in short to long, dumbbell-shaped or twin, radial multiples, and by medium-sized to large intervessel pits; fibres often have gelatinous walls; parenchyma apotracheal in short, wavy, narrow bands and diffuse-in-aggregates; mostly uni- or only locally biseriate rays, strongly heterocellular (except Hippomane, Hura and Pachystroma). Cell contents, either silica or crystals, or both together, are nearly always present and often useful in distinguishing between genera. Radiallaticifers were noticed in most genera, though they are scarce and difficult to trace. The laticifers are generally not surrounded by special cells, except in some genera of the subtribe Euphorbiinae where radiallaticifers are comparatively frequent and conspicuous.
WOOD IDENTIFICATION IN THE CAPPELLA PALATINA CEILING (12th CENTURY) IN PALERMO (SICILY, ITALY)
Authors: Romagnolj M. , Sarlatto M. , Terranova F. , Bizzarrj E. , Cesettj S. 
Published: July 2014

Anatomical studies were made on the structural and decorative elements of the wooden ceiling of the 12th century Cappella Palatina in Palermo, Sicily, to identify the timbers used, analyse their likely provenance, and discuss the selection criteria used by the builders. One hundred and fifty fragments were examined. Abies sp., Pinus sp., Betula sp., Populus sp. and Fagus sylvatica were found and all are most probably from Sicily. Some of the Abies fragments probably belong to Abies nebrodensis as they have exceptionally long tracheids, very tall rays, and abundant crystals. This species was over-Iogged in the past and now only 29 trees remain in the Madonie Natural Reserve in Sicily. Abies and Pinus are found in vertieal and horizontal painted panels, while Populus, Betula and Fagus were used in smaller parts of the muqarnas (painted niches). The choice of species seems to have been related to original tree size. The large size of the Abies boles meant that quarter sawn panels could be used. Sieilian Abies was highly valued at that time for its wood quality.Special attention was paid to the problem of distinguishing partly degraded Abies and Cedrus woods. However, the scalloped torus in some sampies displayed ambiguous features and these sampies were therefore classified as Abies/Cedrus.
Conceptualizing punctuated and non-punctuated policy change: tobacco control in comparative perspective
Authors: Studlar Donley T. , Cairney Paul 
Published: July 2014

How should we conceptualize major institutional and policy changes that take place in the absence of crises, shocks or big bangs? This article uses the case study of tobacco policy (in 23 democracies) to highlight the concept of phased transition towards paradigm change. It recognizes the importance of fundamental policy change while going beyond the binary distinction between the world at one point in time replaced by a fundamentally new political world in the next. It uses multiple measures of policy change over time to identify the magnitude and speed of change and considers how the current literature conceptualizes such outcomes. Points for practitioners Major policy change need not be associated solely with crisis or a major event. Rather, it can follow a series of steps or phases during which a series of key factors change and those changes reinforce each other to produce momentum. The case of tobacco control highlights the potential for relatively coherent policy change over three decades.
Global search demand for varicose vein information on the internet
Authors: El-Sheikha Joseph 
Published: July 2014

Background Changes in internet search trends can provide healthcare professionals detailed information on prevalence of disease and symptoms. Chronic venous disease, more commonly known as varicose veins, is a common symptomatic disease among the adult population. This study aims to measure the change in global search demand for varicose vein information using Google over the past 8 years. Methods The Google Trends instrument was used to measure the change in demand for the use of the local name for varicose veins in several countries across the world between January 2006 and December 2012. The measurements were normalised onto a scale relative to the largest volume of search requests received during a designated time and geographical location. Comparison of national levels of private healthcare and healthcare spending per capita to search demand was also undertaken using Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development economic measurements. Results Global interest has increased significantly, with linear regression demonstrating a 3.72% year-on-year increase in demand over the 8-year time period (r2 = 0.385, p < 0.001). Annual demand significantly increased in the northern hemisphere (p < 0.001 Friedman) yet decreased in the southern hemisphere (p < 0.001 Friedman). Significant seasonality was observed, with warmer months experiencing greater search demand compared to cooler winter months (<0.001 Kruskal–Wallis). National levels of private healthcare did not appear to correlate in search demand (r2 = 0.120 p = 0.306). Healthcare spending per capita did not relate to search demand (r2 = 0.450 p = 0.077). Conclusion There is increasing demand for information about varicose veins on the internet, especially during the warmer months of the year. Online search demand does not appear to be related to healthcare spending.
Progressive resistance exercise in women with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jorge Renata Trajano Borges , Souza Marcelo Cardoso de , Chiari Aline , Jones Anamaria , Fernandes Artur da Rocha Correa , Júnior Império Lombardi , Natour Jamil 
Published: July 2014

Objective: To determine the effect of a progressive resistance exercise (PRE) program on women with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Methods: Eligible subjects included women aged 40 to 70 years with pain between 3 and 8 on a 10-cm pain scale. Among the 144 subjects screened, 60 met the eligibility criteria and were randomized to the experimental group (EG) or control group (CG). Subjects in the EG participated in a 12-week PRE program twice a week and CG remained on a waiting list for physical therapy. The PRE program consisted of strengthening exercises for knee extensors, knee flexors, hip abductors and hip adductors, all performed with 50% and 70% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) using machines with free weights. Resistance was reevaluated every two weeks. Assessments of pain, muscle strength, walking distance, function and quality of life were performed at baseline, six weeks and 12 weeks by a blinded assessor. Results: Twenty-nine female subjects were randomly assigned to the EG and 31 were randomly assigned to the CG. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significantly better results in the EG pain (from 7.0±1.3 to 4.3±3.1 in the EG and from 7.0±1.2 to 6.6±1.5 in the CG - p<0.001), function ( p<0.001), some domains of quality of life (physical function: p=0.002; physical role limitation: p=0.002; and pain: p=0.044) and muscle strength (extensors: p<0.001; flexors: p=0.002; and abductors: p<0.001). Conclusion: The PRE program was effective in reducing pain and improving function, some quality of life domains and strength in women with OA of the knee.
Antenatal detection of Edwards (Trisomy 18) and Patau (Trisomy 13) syndrome: England and Wales 2005-2012
Authors: Springett Anna L , Morris Joan K 
Published: July 2014

Objectives Pregnancies with Edwards or Patau syndrome are often detected through screening for Down’s syndrome. We aimed to evaluate the impact of screening for Down’s syndrome on the prevalence of live births and antenatal diagnoses of Edwards and Patau syndrome. Setting England and Wales, 2005 to 2012. Methods Data from the National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register, which contains information on nearly all ante- or postnatally diagnosed cases of Edwards or Patau syndrome in which a karyotype was confirmed, were analysed. Results From 2005 to 2012, 3,941 diagnoses of Edwards syndrome and 1,567 diagnoses of Patau syndrome were recorded (prevalence of 7.0 and 2.8 per 10,000 births respectively). Only 11% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10–12) of diagnoses of Edwards syndrome and 13% (95% CI: 11–14) of Patau syndrome were live births, resulting in live birth prevalences of 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7–0.8) and 0.4 (95% CI: 0.3–0.4) per 10,000 live births respectively. About 90% of pregnancies with Edwards or Patau syndrome were diagnosed antenatally, and this proportion remained constant over time. The proportion of diagnoses detected before 15 weeks increased from 50% in 2005 to 53% in 2012 for Edwards syndrome, and from 41% in 2005 to 63% in 2012 for Patau syndrome. Conclusions Almost 700 women per year had a pregnancy with Edwards or Patau syndrome. Over 90% of these pregnancies were detected antenatally, with the increased use of first trimester screening for Down’s syndrome resulting in the reduction in the mean gestational age at diagnosis of these syndromes.
A Computational Proof of Concept of a Machine-Intelligent Artificial Pancreas Using Lyapunov Stability and Differential Game Theory
Authors: Greenwood Nigel J. C. , Gunton Jenny E. 
Published: July 2014

Background: This study demonstrated the novel application of a “machine-intelligent” mathematical structure, combining differential game theory and Lyapunov-based control theory, to the artificial pancreas to handle dynamic uncertainties. Methods: Realistic type 1 diabetes (T1D) models from the literature were combined into a composite system. Using a mixture of “black box” simulations and actual data from diabetic medical histories, realistic sets of diabetic time series were constructed for blood glucose (BG), interstitial fluid glucose, infused insulin, meal estimates, and sometimes plasma insulin assays. The problem of underdetermined parameters was side stepped by applying a variant of a genetic algorithm to partial information, whereby multiple candidate-personalized models were constructed and then rigorously tested using further data. These formed a “dynamic envelope” of trajectories in state space, where each trajectory was generated by a hypothesis on the hidden T1D system dynamics. This dynamic envelope was then culled to a reduced form to cover observed dynamic behavior. A machine-intelligent autonomous algorithm then implemented game theory to construct real-time insulin infusion strategies, based on the flow of these trajectories through state space and their interactions with hypoglycemic or near-hyperglycemic states. Results: This technique was tested on 2 simulated participants over a total of fifty-five 24-hour days, with no hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic events, despite significant uncertainties from using actual diabetic meal histories with 10-minute warnings. In the main case studies, BG was steered within the desired target set for 99.8% of a 16-hour daily assessment period. Tests confirmed algorithm robustness for ±25% carbohydrate error. For over 99% of the overall 55-day simulation period, either formal controller stability was achieved to the desired target or else the trajectory was within the desired target. Conclusions: These results suggest that this is a stable, high-confidence way to generate closed-loop insulin infusion strategies.
Pitfalls of Insulin Pump Clocks
Authors: Aldasouqi Saleh A. , Reed Amy J. 
Published: July 2014

Objective: The objective was to raise awareness about the importance of ensuring that insulin pumps internal clocks are set up correctly at all times. This is a very important safety issue because all commercially available insulin pumps are not GPS-enabled (though this is controversial), nor equipped with automatically adjusting internal clocks. Special attention is paid to how basal and bolus dose errors can be introduced by daylight savings time changes, travel across time zones, and am-pm clock errors. Correct setting of insulin pump internal clock is crucial for appropriate insulin delivery. Methods: A comprehensive literature review is provided, as are illustrative cases. Results: Incorrect setting can potentially result in incorrect insulin delivery, with potential harmful consequences, if too much or too little insulin is delivered. Daylight saving time changes may not significantly affect basal insulin delivery, given the triviality of the time difference. However, bolus insulin doses can be dramatically affected. Such problems may occur when pump wearers have large variations in their insulin to carb ratio, especially if they forget to change their pump clock in the spring. More worrisome than daylight saving time change is the am-pm clock setting. If this setting is set up incorrectly, both basal rates and bolus doses will be affected. Conclusions: Appropriate insulin delivery through insulin pumps requires correct correlation between dose settings and internal clock time settings. Because insulin pumps are not GPS-enabled or automatically time-adjusting, extra caution should be practiced by patients to ensure correct time settings at all times. Clinicians and diabetes educators should verify the date/time of insulin pumps during patients’ visits, and should remind their patients to always verify these settings.
Prevalence and factors associated with HIV infection among injection drug users at methadone clinics in Taipei, Taiwan
Authors: Yen Yung-Feng , Yen Muh-Yong , Lin Ting , Li Lan-Huei , Jiang Xiao-Ru , Chou Pesus , Deng Chung-Yeh 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background
Methadone treatment was introduced in Taiwan in 2006 as a harm-reduction program for injection drug users (IDUs), among whom HIV was endemic. We examined the association of HIV serostatus with demographic characteristics, substance use, and sexual behaviors among IDUs at methadone clinics in Taipei, Taiwan.

Methods
During 2012–2013, IDUs at methadone clinics in Taipei were recruited to complete a risk assessment interview and undergo serologic testing for HIV infection. Correlates of HIV infection were identified by multivariate logistic regression.

Results
Of the 827 eligible participants, 85.9% were male, median age was 45 years, and mean years of injecting was 18.0 (range 1–56). The prevalence of HIV infection was 17.7%. In multivariate analysis, HIV infection was significantly associated with age ≤45 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–2.62), being divorced (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.06–2.62), deriving the majority of income during the previous 6 months from temporary jobs or other noncriminal sources (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.02–2.30), unstable housing during the previous 6 months (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.003–2.15), higher number of incarcerations (AOR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.03–1.26), and a history of overdose (AOR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.01–2.28).

Conclusions
Taiwanese IDUs at methadone clinics have a relatively high HIV prevalence, which was associated with younger age and history of overdose. It is imperative to educate IDUs’ about HIV transmission, particularly for the younger and overdosed IDUs.
Efficiency enhancement of non-selenized Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells employing scalable low-cost antireflective coating
Authors: Jheng Bao-Tang , Liu Po-Tsun , Wu Meng-Chyi 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this study, a non-selenized CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) solar device with textured zinc oxide (ZnO) antireflection coatings was studied. The ZnO nanostructure was fabricated by a low-temperature aqueous solution deposition method. With controlling the morphology of the solution-grown tapered ZnO nanorod coatings, the average reflectance of the CIGS solar device decreased from 8.6% to 2.1%, and the energy conversion efficiency increased from 9.1% to 11.1%. The performance improvement in the CuInGaSe2 thin-film solar cell was well explained due to the gradual increase of the refractive index between air and the top electrode of solar cell device by the insertion of the ZnO nanostructure. The results demonstrate a potential application of the ZnO nanostructure array for efficient solar device technology.
Distributed source-relay selection scheme for vehicular relaying networks under eavesdropping attacks
Authors: Sun Li , Ren Pinyi , Du Qinghe 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The recent development of vehicular networking technologies brings the promise of improved driving safety and traffic efficiency. Cooperative communication is recognized as a low-complexity solution for enhancing both the reliability and the throughput of vehicular networks. However, due to the openness of wireless medium, the vehicular wireless communications (VWC) is also vulnerable to potential eavesdropping attacks. To tackle with this issue, we in this paper propose a novel user-cooperation scheme with anti-eavesdropping capabilities. Specifically, prior to any frame transmission, a source-relay pair is jointly selected to maximize the achievable secrecy rate. After that, the selected relay assists the source to deliver its data to the destination. The proposed selection scheme can be realized in a fully distributed manner, and the security is guaranteed without using any encryption techniques at the upper layers. The closed-form expressions for the secrecy outage probability and the intercept probability are derived, and the achievable diversity order is also analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the competing counterparts in terms of both the secrecy outage probability and the average secrecy rate.
Habitual exercise plus dietary supplementation with milk fat globule membrane improves muscle function deficits via neuromuscular development in senescence-accelerated mice
Authors: Haramizu Satoshi , Mori Takuya , Yano Michiko , Ota Noriyasu , Hashizume Kohjiro , Otsuka Atsuko , Hase Tadashi , Shimotoyodome Akira 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We examined the effects of habitual exercise plus nutritional intervention through consumption of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), a milk component, on aging-related deficits in muscle mass and function in senescence-accelerated P1 mice. Combining wheel-running and MFGM (MFGMEx) intake significantly attenuated age-related declines in quadriceps muscle mass (control: 318 ± 6 mg; MFGMEx: 356 ± 9 mg; P < 0.05) and in contractile force (1.4-fold and 1.5-fold higher in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles, respectively). Microarray analysis of genes in the quadriceps muscle revealed that MFGMEx stimulated neuromuscular development; this was supported by significantly increased docking protein-7 (Dok-7) and myogenin mRNA expression. Treatment of differentiating myoblasts with MFGM-derived phospholipid or sphingolipid fractions plus mechanical stretching also significantly increased Dok-7 mRNA expression. These findings suggest that habitual exercise plus dietary MFGM improves muscle function deficits through neuromuscular development, and that phospholipid and sphingolipid in MFGM contribute to its physiological actions.
Discriminant validity, responsiveness and reliability of the arthritis-specific Work Productivity Survey assessing workplace and household productivity in patients with psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Osterhaus Jane T , Purcaru Oana 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Introduction
The novel arthritis-specific Work Productivity Survey (WPS) was developed to estimate patient productivity limitations associated with arthritis within and outside the home, which is an unmet need in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The WPS has been validated in rheumatoid arthritis. This report assesses the discriminant validity, responsiveness and reliability of the WPS in adult-onset PsA.

Methods
Psychometric properties were assessed using data from the RAPID-PsA trial (NCT01087788) investigating certolizumab pegol (CZP) efficacy and safety in PsA. WPS was completed at baseline and every 4 weeks until Week 24. Validity was evaluated at baseline via known-groups defined using first and third quartiles of patients’ Disease Activity Score 28 based on C-reactive protein (DAS28(CRP)), Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI), Short Form-36 (SF-36) items and PsA Quality of Life (PsAQoL) scores. Responsiveness and reliability were assessed by comparing WPS mean changes at Week 12 in American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (ACR20) or HAQ-DI Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) 0.3 responders versus non-responders, as well as using standardized response means (SRM). All comparisons were conducted on the observed cases in the Randomized Set, regardless of the randomization group, using a non-parametric bootstrap-t method.

Results
Compared with patients with a better health state, patients with a worse health state had on average 2 to 6 times more household work days lost, more days with reduced household productivity, more days missed of family/social/leisure activities, more days with outside help hired and a significantly higher interference of arthritis per month. Among employed patients, those with a worse health state had 2 to 4 times more workplace days lost, more days with patient workplace productivity reduced, and a significantly higher interference of arthritis on patient workplace productivity versus patients with a better health state. WPS was also responsive to clinical changes, with responders having significantly larger improvements at Week 12 in WPS scores versus non-responders. The effect sizes for changes in productivity in ACR20 or HAQ-DI MCID responders were moderate (0.5 < SRM < 0.8) or small.

Conclusions
These analyses demonstrate the validity, responsiveness and reliability of the WPS, as an instrument for the measurement of patient productivity within and outside the home in an adult-onset PsA population.