bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical and numerical stability of partial differential equations with piecewise constant arguments
Authors: Wang Qi , Wen Jiechang 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article is concerned with the stability analysis of the analytic and numerical solutions of a partial differential equation with piecewise constant arguments of mixed type. First, by means of the similar technique in Wiener and Debnath [Int J Math Math Sci 15 (1992), 781–788], the sufficient conditions under which the analytic solutions asymptotically stable are obtained. Then, the θ‐methods are used to solve the above‐mentioned equation, the sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability of numerical methods are derived. Finally, some numerical experiments are given to demonstrate the conclusions.Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 1‐16, 2014
A connection between filter stabilization and eddy viscosity models
Authors: Olshanskii Maxim A. , Xiong Xin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRecently, a new approach for the stabilization of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations for high Reynolds numbers was introduced based on the nonlinear differential filtering of solutions on every time step of a discrete scheme. In this article, the stabilization is shown to be equivalent to a certain eddy‐viscosity model in Large Eddy Simulation. This allows a refined analysis and further understanding of desired filter properties. We also consider the application of the filtering in a projection (pressure correction) method, the standard splitting algorithm for time integration of the incompressible fluid equations. The article proves an estimate on the convergence of the filtered numerical solution to the corresponding Navier‐Stokes solution. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
Associations of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue with markers of cardiac and metabolic risk in obese adults
Authors: Neeland Ian J. , Ayers Colby R. , Rohatgi Anand K. , Turer Aslan T. , Berry Jarett D. , Das Sandeep R. , Vega Gloria L. , Khera Amit , McGuire Darren K. , Grundy Scott M. , de Lemos James A. 
Published: May 2013

Objective: Visceral (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues contribute to obesity but may have different metabolic and atherosclerosis risk profiles. We sought to determine the associations of abdominal VAT and SAT mass with markers of cardiac and metabolic risk in a large, multiethnic, population‐based cohort of obese adults.Design and Methods: Among obese participants in the Dallas Heart Study, we examined the cross‐sectional associations of abdominal VAT and SAT mass, assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and indexed to body surface area (BSA), with circulating biomarkers of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and inflammation (n = 942); and with aortic plaque and liver fat by MRI and coronary calcium by computed tomography (n = 1200). Associations of VAT/BSA and SAT/BSA were examined after adjustment for age, sex, race, menopause, and body mass index.Results: In multivariable models, VAT significantly associated with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), lower adiponectin, smaller LDL and HDL particle size, larger VLDL size, and increased LDL and VLDL particle number (p < 0.001 for each). VAT also associated with prevalent diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hepatic steatosis, and aortic plaque (p < 0.001 for each). VAT independently associated with C‐reactive protein but not with any other inflammatory biomarkers tested. In contrast, SAT associated with leptin and inflammatory biomarkers, but not with dyslipidemia or atherosclerosis. Associations between SAT and HOMA‐IR were significant in univariable analyses but attenuated after multivariable adjustment.Conclusion: VAT associated with an adverse metabolic, dyslipidemic, and atherogenic obesity phenotype. In contrast, SAT demonstrated a more benign phenotype, characterized by modest associations with inflammatory biomarkers and leptin, but no independent association with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, or atherosclerosis in obese individuals. These findings suggest that abdominal fat distribution defines distinct obesity sub‐phenotypes with heterogeneous metabolic and atherosclerosis risk.
Low cerebral blood flow is associated with lower memory function in metabolic syndrome
Authors: Birdsill Alex C. , Carlsson Cynthia M. , Willette Auriel A. , Okonkwo Ozioma C. , Johnson Sterling C. , Xu Guofan , Oh Jennifer M. , Gallagher Catherine L. , Koscik Rebecca L. , Jonaitis Erin M. , Hermann Bruce P. , LaRue Asenath , Rowley Howard A. , Asthana Sanjay , Sager Mark A. , Bendlin Barbara B. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS)—a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors—is linked with cognitive decline and dementia. However, the brain changes underlying this link are presently unknown. In this study, we tested the relationship between MetS, cerebral blood flow (CBF), white matter hyperintensity burden, and gray matter (GM) volume in cognitively healthy late middle‐aged adults. Additionally, the extent to which MetS was associated with cognitive performance was assessed.Design and MethodsLate middle‐aged adults from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention (N = 69, mean age = 60.4 years) underwent a fasting blood draw, arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI, T1‐weighted MRI, T2FLAIR MRI, and neuropsychological testing. MetS was defined as abnormalities on three or more factors, including abdominal obesity, triglycerides, HDL‐cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting glucose.ResultsMean GM CBF was 15% lower in MetS compared to controls. Voxel‐wise image analysis indicated that the MetS group had lower CBF across a large portion of the cortical surface, with the exception of medial and inferior parts of the occipital and temporal lobes. The MetS group also had lower immediate memory function; a mediation analysis indicated this relationship was partially mediated by CBF. Among the MetS factors, abdominal obesity and elevated triglycerides were most strongly associated with lower CBF.ConclusionsThe results underscore the importance of reducing the number of cardiovascular risk factors for maintaining CBF and cognition in an aging population.
Aerobic exercise + weight loss decreases skeletal muscle myostatin expression and improves insulin sensitivity in older adults
Authors: Ryan A.S. , Li G. , Blumenthal J.B. , Ortmeyer H.K. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveTo determine whether aerobic exercise training + weight loss (AEX + WL) would affect the expression of myostatin and its relationship with insulin sensitivity in a longitudinal, clinical intervention study.Design and MethodsThirty‐three obese sedentary postmenopausal women and men (n = 17 and 16, age: 61 ± 1 years, body mass index: 31 ± 1 kg/m2, VO2max: 21.9 ± 1.0 mL/kg/min, X ± Standard error of the mean (SEM)) completed 6 months of 3 days/week AEX + WL. During an 80 mU m−2 min−1 hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp, we measured glucose utilization (M), myostatin, myogenin, and MyoD gene expression by real‐time RT‐PCR in vastus lateralis muscle at baseline and 2 h.ResultsBody weight (−8%) and fat mass (−17%) decreased after AEX + WL (P < 0.001). Fat‐free mass (FFM) and mid‐thigh muscle area by computed tomography did not change but muscle attenuation increased (P < 0.05). VO2max increased 14% (P < 0.001). AEX + WL increased M by 18% (P < 0.01). Myostatin gene expression decreased 19% after AEX + WL (P < 0.05). Basal mRNA myostatin levels were negatively associated with M before the intervention (r = −0.43, P < 0.05). Insulin infusion increased myoD and myogenin expression before and after AEX + WL (both P < 0.001) but basal levels did not change. The insulin effect on myostatin expression was associated with the change in M after AEX + WL (r = 0.56, P < 0.005).ConclusionsExercise and weight loss results in a downregulation of myostatin mRNA and an improvement in insulin sensitivity in obese older men and women.
Heritability of eleven metabolic phenotypes in Danish and Chinese twins: A cross‐population comparison
Authors: Li Shuxia , Duan Hongmei , Pang Zengchang , Zhang Dongfeng , Duan Haiping , Hjelmborg Jacob v.B. , Tan Qihua , Kruse Torben A. , Kyvik Kirsten O. 
Published: May 2013

Objectives: A twin‐based comparative study on the genetic influences in metabolic endophenotypes in two populations of substantial ethnic, environmental, and cultural differences was performed.Design and Methods: Data on 11 metabolic phenotypes including anthropometric measures, blood glucose, and lipids levels as well as blood pressure were available from 756 pairs of Danish twins (309 monozygotic and 447 dizygotic twin pairs) with a mean age of 38 years (range: 18‐67) and from 325 pairs of Chinese twins (183 monozygotic and 142 dizygotic twin pairs) with a mean age of 40.5 years (range: 18‐69). Twin modeling was performed on full and nested models with the best fitting models selected.Results: Heritability estimates were compared between Danish and Chinese samples to identify differential genetic influences on each of the phenotypes. Except for hip circumference, all other body measures exhibited similar heritability patterns in the two samples with body weight showing only a slight difference. Higher genetic influences were estimated for fasting blood glucose level in Chinese twins, whereas the Danish twins showed more genetic regulation over most lipids phenotypes. Systolic blood pressure was more genetically controlled in Danish than in Chinese twins.Conclusions: Metabolic endophenotypes show disparity in their genetic determinants in populations under distinct environmental conditions.
No correlation between body mass index and striatal dopamine transporter availability in healthy volunteers using SPECT and [123I]PE2I
Authors: Thomsen G. , Ziebell M. , Jensen P. S. , da Cuhna‐Bang S. , Knudsen G. M. , Pinborg L. H. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveDopamine plays an important role in both the rewarding and conditioning effects of food. These effects involve mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal pathways. In humans, the most consistent finding has been reduced striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor availability. In striatum, dopamine is inactivated by reuptake via the dopamine transporter (DAT). The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis of lower DAT availability in obese healthy subjects using a selective DAT radiotracer in a sample of subjects with a wide range of BMI values.Design and MethodsThirty‐three healthy subjects with a mean age of 48.4 ± 13.3 (range, 21‐71) years and a mean BMI of 29.6 ± 7.8 kg/m2 (range, 21.0‐49.5) were included in the study. We used [123I]PE2I and SPECT to measure DAT availability.ResultsUsing multiple linear regression analyses with striatal DAT as the dependent variable and BMI, age and gender as predictors was performed. We found no correlation between BMI and striatal DAT availability in striatum (P = 0.99), caudate nucleus (P = 0.61), and putamen (P = 0.30). Furthermore, we found no group difference between obese/severely obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and normal weight controls (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2).ConclusionsWe did not find any correlation between BMI and DAT availability in healthy volunteers.
The effect of leptin, caffeine/ephedrine, and their combination upon visceral fat mass and weight loss
Authors: Liu Ann G. , Smith Steven R. , Fujioka Ken , Greenway Frank L. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of combination caffeine/ephedrine and leptin A‐200 on visceral fat mass and weight loss over 24 weeks.Design and MethodsIn this randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐arm trial, 90 obese subjects received one of the three treatments for 24 weeks: 200 mg caffeine/20 mg ephedrine t.i.d. (CE), leptin A‐200 (recombinant methionyl human Fc‐leptin, 20 mg q.d.) (L), or combination leptin A‐200 and caffeine/ephedrine (LCE). Outcomes included change in weight, visceral fat mass by computed tomography, lean mass and fat mass by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry.ResultsGroups treated with CE and LCE lost significant amounts of weight (−5.9 ± 1.2% and −6.5 ± 1.1%, P < 0.05) and whole body fat mass (−9.6 ± 2.4% and −12.4 ± 2.3%, P < 0.05) compared to leptin only group. Only treatment with LCE significantly reduced visceral fat mass (−11.0 ± 3.3%, P < 0.05). There were no differences in lean mass between treatment groups.ConclusionsOur study provides evidence that CE is a modestly effective weight loss agent and produces significant reductions in fat mass. Leptin A‐200 was not effective in producing weight loss and did not have any significant additive or synergistic actions when combined with CE.
Minimizing control energy in a class of bounded‐control linear‐quadratic regulator problems
Authors: Costanza V. , Rivadeneira P. S. , González A. H. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYMinimal‐control‐energy strategies are substantiated and illustrated for linear‐quadratic problems with penalized endpoints and no state‐trajectory cost, when bounds in control values are imposed. The optimal solution for a given process with restricted controls, starting at a known initial state, is shown to coincide with the saturated solution to the unrestricted problem that has the same coefficients but starts at a generally different initial state. This result reduces the searching span for the solution: from the infinite‐dimensional set of admissible control trajectories to the finite‐dimensional Euclidean space of initial conditions. An efficient real‐time scheme is proposed here to approximate (eventually to find) the optimal control strategy, based on the detection of the appropriate initial state while avoiding as much as possible the generation and evaluation of state and control trajectories. Numerical (including model predictive control) simulations are provided, compared, and checked against the analytical solution to ‘the cheapest stop of a train’ problem in its pure‐upper‐bounded brake, flexible‐endpoint setting. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commercial landscape of noninvasive prenatal testing in the United States
Authors: Agarwal Ashwin , Sayres Lauren C. , Cho Mildred K. , Cook‐Deegan Robert , Chandrasekharan Subhashini 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTCell‐free fetal DNA‐based noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) could significantly change the paradigm of prenatal testing and screening. Intellectual property (IP) and commercialization promise to be important components of the emerging debate about clinical implementation of these technologies. We have assembled information about types of testing, prices, turnaround times, and reimbursement of recently launched commercial tests in the United States from the trade press, news articles, and scientific, legal, and business publications. We also describe the patenting and licensing landscape of technologies underlying these tests and ongoing patent litigation in the United States. Finally, we discuss how IP issues may affect clinical translation of NIPT and their potential implications for stakeholders. Fetal medicine professionals (clinicians and researchers), genetic counselors, insurers, regulators, test developers, and patients may be able to use this information to make informed decisions about clinical implementation of current and emerging noninvasive prenatal tests. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation of Paleo-productivity and Terrigenous Input in the Eastern Arabian Sea during the Past 100 ka
Authors: Mir Ishfaq, Ahmad , Pattan J. N. , Matta V. M. , Banakar V. K. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A 4.1m long sediment core from the Eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) is studied using multiple geochemical proxies to understand the variation of productivity and terrigenous matter supply during the past 100 ka. The temporal variation in element concentration and fluxes of CaCO3, organic carbon (Corg) and Barium excess (Baexc), together, in general indicate a higher productivity during the cold climate and highest during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in particular. This cold climate-increased productivity coupling may be attributed to the shoaling of nutricline due to enhanced convective mixing resulting from the intensified winter monsoon. Increased linear sedimentation rates and fluxes of Al, Fe, Mg, Ti, Cr, Cu, Zn, and V during the cold period also suggest increased input of terrigenous matter supporting intensified winter winds. However, the presence of large abundance of structurally unsupported elemental content (e.g.: Mg-86%, Fe-82% and Al-53%) indicate increased input of terrigenous material which was probably enhanced due to intense winter monsoon.
Investigation of Quality of Life Determinants Among Mothers of Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Iran
Authors: Mahani Mohammad Khayatzadeh , Rostami Hamid Reza , Nejad Seyfollah Jahantabi 
Published: May 2013

Objective/Background The objective of the study was to examine the association between socio-economic status (SES), marital satisfaction, and subtypes of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) with quality of life (QOL) in mothers of children with PDDs. Methods The study was conducted using a convenience sample of 210 mothers of children with PDDs. Data were collected using the World Health Organization QOL-BREF, Index of Marital Satisfaction, and SES Questionnaires. Data analysis was done by analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance tests. Results The findings of the study showed that SES is associated strongly with the environmental domain (p < .001, r2 = .421), marital satisfaction with the social domain (p < .001, r2 = .394), and PDDs’ subtype with the psychological domain (p < .001, r2 = .283). Mothers of children with autistic disorder subtype reported lower QOL in all domains compared with other subtypes (p < .05). Conclusion The determinants such as SES, marital satisfaction, and subtypes of PDDs have an important influence on QOL of mothers of children with PDDs. Further investigation in this regard is warranted.
Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms in frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Rubino Elisa , Vacca Alessandro , Govone Flora , De Martino Paola , Pinessi Lorenzo , Rainero Innocenzo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveCase–control studies have not been consistent in showing association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), producing contradictory findings. The study objective was to define and quantify further the disease risk associated with the carriage of different APOE alleles to determine whether APOE gene polymorphism is a risk factor for FTLD.MethodsA systematic review of all case–control studies investigating the association between the APOE gene and FTLD up to December 2011 was conducted. Case–control studies using clinical or pathological criteria for FTLD and reporting APOE allelic or genotypic data were included. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using a random effects model, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsTwenty‐eight case–control studies met the inclusion criteria. Carriage of the ε2 allele had no effect on disease risk. On the contrary, carriage of the ε4 allele was associated with a significantly increased disease risk (ε4 carriers vs non‐ε4 carriers: OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.43–2.64; ε4 vs ε3 allele: OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.34–2.52). Furthermore, a gene–dosage effect for the ε4 allele was found. There was no evidence of publication bias, but heterogeneity between the studies was high.ConclusionsOur study provides evidence for an association between the APOE ε4 allele and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
Unobtrusive measurement of daily computer use to detect mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Kaye Jeffrey , Mattek Nora , Dodge Hiroko H. , Campbell Ian , Hayes Tamara , Austin Daniel , Hatt William , Wild Katherine , Jimison Holly , Pavel Michael 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundMild disturbances of higher order activities of daily living are present in people diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). These deficits may be difficult to detect among those still living independently. Unobtrusive continuous assessment of a complex activity such as home computer use may detect mild functional changes and identify MCI. We sought to determine whether long‐term changes in remotely monitored computer use differ in persons with MCI in comparison with cognitively intact volunteers.MethodsParticipants enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study of unobtrusive in‐home technologies to detect cognitive and motor decline in independently living seniors were assessed for computer use (number of days with use, mean daily use, and coefficient of variation of use) measured by remotely monitoring computer session start and end times.ResultsMore than 230,000 computer sessions from 113 computer users (mean age, 85 years; 38 with MCI) were acquired during a mean of 36 months. In mixed‐effects models, there was no difference in computer use at baseline between MCI and intact participants controlling for age, sex, education, race, and computer experience. However, over time, between MCI and intact participants, there was a significant decrease in number of days with use (P = .01), mean daily use (∼1% greater decrease/month; P = .009), and an increase in day‐to‐day use variability (P = .002).ConclusionsComputer use change can be monitored unobtrusively and indicates individuals with MCI. With 79% of those 55 to 64 years old now online, this may be an ecologically valid and efficient approach to track subtle, clinically meaningful change with aging.
Ideology, Realpolitik, and US Foreign Policy
Authors: Saunders Elizabeth 
Published: May 2013

Explaining the Iraq War: Counterfactual Theory, Logic and Evidence. By Frank P. Harvey. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 360p. $103.00 cloth, $29.99 paper.The Iraq War initiated by the Bush administration in 2003 was and perhaps continues to be an important episode in world politics, US politics, and the politics of the Middle East. The war also galvanized controversy among public intellectuals and broader publics, and generated strong opposition in many European and Middle Eastern countries. In Explaining the Iraq War, Frank P. Harvey offers an interesting analysis of the war and its causes, and does so in a way that raises broader questions about politics and about the scientific study of politics. We have thus invited a distinguished group of political scientists from a variety of subfields to review the book, both as an account of the Iraq War and as a contribution to political science more generally.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Pragmatic Language Assessment in Williams Syndrome: A Comparison of the Test of Pragmatic Language—2 and the Children's Communication Checklist—2
Authors: Hoffmann Anne , Martens Marilee A. , Fox Robert , Rabidoux Paula , Andridge Rebecca 
Published: May 2013

Purpose
Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) are recognized as having a strong desire for social relationships, yet many of them have difficulty forming and maintaining peer relationships. One cause may be impairments in pragmatic language. The current study compared the assessment of pragmatic language skills in individuals with WS using the Test of Pragmatic Language—Second Edition (TOPL–2; Phelps-Terasaki & Phelps-Gunn, 2007) and the Children's Communication Checklist—Second Edition (CCC–2; Bishop, 2003).

Method
Twenty children and adolescents diagnosed with WS were given the TOPL–2, and their parents completed the CCC–2.

Results
The TOPL–2 identified 8 of the 14 older children (ages 8–16 years) as having pragmatic language impairment and all of the 6 younger children (ages 6–7 years) as having such. In comparison, the CCC–2 identified 6 of the 14 older children and 2 of the 6 younger children as having pragmatic language impairment. The older group also had a higher composite score than the younger group on the CCC–2.

Conclusion
The TOPL–2 identified significantly more participants as having pragmatic language impairment than did the CCC–2. The TOPL–2 may be more useful in assessing pragmatic language in older children than younger children. The results offer important preliminary clinical implications of language measures that may be beneficial in the assessment of individuals with WS.