bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solution‐Processable Donor–Acceptor Polymers with Modular Electronic Properties and Very Narrow Bandgaps
Authors: Foster Michael E. , Zhang Benjamin A. , Murtagh Dustin , Liu Yi , Sfeir Matthew Y. , Wong Bryan M. , Azoulay Jason D. 
Published: June 2014

Bridgehead imine‐substituted cyclopentadithiophene structural units, in combination with highly electronegative acceptors that exhibit progressively delocalized π‐systems, afford donor–acceptor (DA) conjugated polymers with broad absorption profiles that span technologically relevant wavelength (λ) ranges from 0.7 < λ < 3.2 μm. A joint theoretical and experimental study demonstrates that the presence of the cross‐conjugated substituent at the donor bridgehead position results in the capability to fine‐tune structural and electronic properties so as to achieve very narrow optical bandgaps (Egopt < 0.5 eV). This strategy affords modular DA copolymers with broad‐ and long‐wavelength light absorption in the infrared and materials with some of the narrowest bandgaps reported to date.
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A Deeper Insight into the Postpolymerization Modification of Polypenta Fluorophenyl Methacrylates to Poly(N‐(2‐Hydroxypropyl) Methacrylamide)
Authors: Mohr Nicole , Barz Matthias , Forst Romina , Zentel Rudolf 
Published: June 2014

This work provides a detailed insight into the synthesis of N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) polymers employing the activated ester approach. In this approach, polypenta fluorophenyl methacrylate (PFPMA)‐activated ester polymers are synthesized by the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and transferred into HPMA‐based systems by the use of 2‐hydroxypropylamine. To prove quantitative conversion in the absence of side reactions, special attention is devoted to investigate different reaction conditions by different analytical methods (1H, 19F, inverse‐gated 13C NMR, and zeta potential measurements). Furthermore the influence of common solvent impurities, such as water, is investigated. Besides differences in polymer tacticity, the poly(N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) (PHPMA) synthesized under water‐free conditions display the same properties like the conventional synthesized control‐PHPMA. However, 3% water content in the dimethylsulfoxide are already sufficient to yield PHPMA polymers with a negative zeta potential of –15.8 mV indication the presence of carboxylic groups due to partial hydrolysis of the activated ester.
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Hölder shadowing on finite intervals
Authors: TIKHOMIROV SERGEY 
Published: June 2014

For any ${\it\theta},{\it\omega}>1/2$, we prove that, if any $d$-pseudotrajectory of length ${\sim}1/d^{{\it\omega}}$ of a diffeomorphism $f\in C^{2}$ can be $d^{{\it\theta}}$-shadowed by an exact trajectory, then $f$ is structurally stable. Previously it was conjectured [S. M. Hammel et al. Do numerical orbits of chaotic dynamical processes represent true orbits. J. Complexity3 (1987), 136–145; S. M. Hammel et al. Numerical orbits of chaotic processes represent true orbits. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.19 (1988), 465–469] that for ${\it\theta}={\it\omega}=1/2$, this property holds for a wide class of non-uniformly hyperbolic diffeomorphisms. In the proof, we introduce the notion of a sublinear growth property for inhomogeneous linear equations and prove that it implies exponential dichotomy.
An analysis of Meyer and Allen's continuance commitment construct
Authors: Jaros Stephen , Culpepper Robert A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractResearchers have disagreed recurrently over the years concerning the nature of continuance commitment as developed within the Meyer and Allen paradigm, specifically whether continuance commitment consists of ‘high sacrifices’ and ‘low alternatives’ subdimensions. To address this, Edward's analytical strategy was used to examine continuance commitment as having superordinate, aggregate, or multivariate structural forms. Results suggest that (1) continuance commitment is not a multidimensional construct, (2) that the ‘high sacrifices’ subscale alone taps continuance commitment, and (3) the ‘low alternatives’ subscale measures neither continuance commitment nor perceived employment alternatives. Implications for further exploration of the continuance commitment construct are discussed.
Environmental uncertainty affects inter-organisational partner selection: The mediating role of cost and strategy in alliance motivations among SMEs
Authors: Lee Wei-Long 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper investigate the degree to which environment uncertainty affects inter-organisational alliance partner selection in small to medium-sized enterprises and blends the resource-based view in a multiple-mediator model in which different dimensions of alliance motivation (cost and strategy) act as mediating mechanisms that transmit the positive effects of environment uncertainty to partner selection criteria. Four hypotheses are developed and then tested on a survey data sample of 108 firms in the Taiwanese steel industry. Our research findings show the mediating effects of alliance motivation cost and strategy and understanding how environment uncertainty impacts alliance motivation (cost and strategy) within small to medium-sized enterprises.
Frederick A. Cook: the role of photography in the making of his polar explorer-hero image
Authors: Millar Pat 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper aims to show how the photography of Frederick A. Cook (1865–1940) played an important role in the making of his polar explorer-hero image. It considers portraits and Arctic and Antarctic photographs that Cook used in his own publications and illustrated lectures, and which he provided for press articles. The paper is underpinned by discourse analysis and the concept of the photograph as a representation of reality filtered through various lenses. The visual impact and discursive messages of the photographs were aimed at situating readers and audiences in responsive attitudes that would generate a public persona which he exploited to increase his fame and heroic reputation. In time, Cook's photography also played a critical part in the collapse of the hero image.
Heroic-Idyllic Philosophizing: Nietzsche and the Epicurean Tradition
Authors: Ansell-Pearson Keith 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis essay looks at Nietzsche in relation to the Epicurean tradition. It focuses on his middle period writings of 1878–82 – texts such as Human, all too Human, Dawn, and The Gay Science – and seeks to show that an ethos of Epicurean enlightenment pervades these texts, with Epicurus celebrated for his teaching of modest pleasures and cultivation of philosophical serenity. For Nietzsche, Epicurus is one of the greatest human beings to have ever graced the earth and the inventor of ‘heroic-idyllic philosophizing’. At the same time, Nietzsche claims to understand Epicurus differently to everybody else. The essay explores the main figurations of Epicurus we find in his middle period and concludes by taking a critical look at his later and more ambivalent reception of Epicurus.
Modern Japanese Philosophy: Historical Contexts and Cultural Implications
Authors: Arisaka Yoko 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe paper provides an overview of the rise of Japanese philosophy during the period of rapid modernization in Japan after the Meiji Restoration (beginning in the 1860s). It also examines the controversy surrounding Japanese philosophy towards the end of the Pacific War (1945), and its renewal in the contemporary context. The post-Meiji thinkers engaged themselves with the questions ofuniversalityandparticularity; the former represented science, medicine, technology, and philosophy (understood as ‘Western modernity’) and the latter, the Japanese – ‘non-Western’ – tradition. Within the context, the question arose whether or not Japan, the only non-Western nation to succeed in modernization at the time, could also offer a philosophy that was universal in scope? Could Japanese philosophy offer an alternative form of modernity to the global domination of Western modernity? In this historical context, the philosophies of Kitaro Nishida and Tetsuro Watsuji, two of the tradition's most prominent thinkers, are introduced. Nishida is considered the ‘father of modern Japanese philosophy’ and his followers came to be known as the ‘Kyoto School’. The essay ends with a brief reflection on the influence of philosophy on culture, focusing on the aftermath of the tsunami catastrophe in 2011.
Philosophical Modernities: Polycentricity and Early Modernity in India
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe much-welcomed recent acknowledgement that there is a plurality of philosophical traditions has an important consequence: that we must acknowledge too that there are many philosophical modernities. Modernity, I will claim, is a polycentric notion, and I will substantiate my claim by examining in some detail one particular non-western philosophical modernity, a remarkable period in 16th to 17th century India where a diversity of philosophical projects fully deserve the label ‘modern’.
The ‘Continental’ Tradition?
Authors: Montefiore Alan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThere is – of course – no one such thing as the continental tradition in philosophy, but rather a whole discordant family of notably distinct traditions. They are, nevertheless, broadly recognisable to each other. For much of the last century, however, most of those engaged in or with philosophy in continental Europe, on the one hand, and in the English-speaking world, on the other hand, had surprisingly little knowledge of, interest in or even respect for what was going on in the other. Happily, the situation today is vastly improved on each side of the philosophical channel. What follows is an attempt to gain some understanding of the background to this long-standing (and still to some diminishing extent persistent) mutual incomprehension from the standpoint of one who came to philosophy as a PPE student in the Oxford of the late 1940s.
Self, Other, God: 20thCentury Jewish Philosophy
Authors: Wright Tamra 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMartin Buber, Franz Rosenzweig and Emmanuel Levinas are three of the most prominent Jewish philosophers of the 20thcentury. This paper looks at the different understandings each author offers of intersubjectivity and authentic self-hood and questions the extent to which for each author God plays a role in interpersonal relationships.
Longevity of moons around habitable planets
Authors: Sasaki Takashi , Barnes Jason W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe consider tidal decay lifetimes for moons orbiting habitable extrasolar planets using the constantQapproach for tidal evolution theory. Large moons stabilize planetary obliquity in some cases, and it has been suggested that large moons are necessary for the evolution of complex life. We find that the Moon in the Sun–Earth system must have had an initial orbital period of not slower than 20 h rev−1for the moon's lifetime to exceed a 5 Gyr lifetime. We assume that 5 Gyr is long enough for life on planets to evolve complex life. We show that moons of habitable planets cannot survive for more than 5 Gyr if the stellar mass is less than 0.55 and 0.42 M⊙forQp=10 and 100, respectively, whereQpis the planetary tidal dissipation quality factor. Kepler-62e and f are of particular interest because they are two actually known rocky planets in the habitable zone. Kepler-62e would need to be made of iron and haveQp=100 for its hypothetical moon to live for longer than 5 Gyr. A hypothetical moon of Kepler-62f, by contrast, may have a lifetime greater than 5 Gyr under several scenarios, and particularly forQp=100.
Effects of duodenal switch alone or in combination with sleeve gastrectomy on body weight and lipid metabolism in rats
Authors: Gudbrandsen O A , Kodama Y , Mjøs S A , Zhao C-M , Johannessen H , Brattbakk H-R , Haugen C , Kulseng B , Mellgren G , Chen D 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Background:
A combined procedure of sleeve gastrectomy and duodenal switch (SG+DS) has been applied to the treatment of super obesity. The aim of the present study was to test whether duodenal switch alone (DS) leads to similar weight loss and changes in lipid metabolism as SG+DS.

Methods:
Male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent sham surgery (Sham, N=7), duodenal switch alone (DS, N=5) or sleeve gastrectomy followed by duodenal switch (SG+DS, N=5). Body weight, feed and water intakes, and ambulatory activity were recorded 2 months post surgery. Tissue and faecal lipids, faecal bile acids, plasma cytokines and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in adipose tissue and liver were analysed.

Results:
Daily energy intake, relative feed uptake, ambulatory activity and body weight reduction were similar between DS and SG+DS rats. The hepatic triacylglycerol content was higher and faecal secretion of triacylglycerol was lower after SG+DS compared to DS (P<0.05). Faecal bile acid secretion was higher in SG+DS than in DS rats (P<0.05) despite similar hepatic CYP7A1mRNA level. Plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and tumour necrosis factor alpha were higher in SG+DS than in DS rats (P<0.05).

Conclusions:
Although DS and SG+DS had similar efficacy in terms of body weight loss, SG+DS resulted in a poorer regulation of lipid metabolism than DS.
Synergistic effect on the visible light activity of Ti3+ doped TiO2 nanorods/boron doped graphene composite
Authors: Xing Mingyang , Li Xiao , Zhang Jinlong 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTiO2/graphene (TiO2-x/GR) composites, which are Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 nanorods decorated on boron doped graphene sheets, were synthesized via a simple one-step hydrothermal method using low-cost NaBH4 as both a reducing agent and a boron dopant on graphene. The resulting TiO2 nanorods were about 200 nm in length with exposed (100) and (010) facets. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD results suggest that the prepared samples have an anatase crystalline structure. All of the composites tested exhibited improved photocatalytic activities as measured by the degradation of methylene blue and phenol under visible light irradiation. This improvement was attributed to the synergistic effect of Ti3+ self-doping on TiO2 nanorods and boron doping on graphene.
Defection and extortion as unexpected catalysts of unconditional cooperation in structured populations
Authors: Szolnoki Attila , Perc Matjaž 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe study the evolution of cooperation in the spatial prisoner's dilemma game, where besides unconditional cooperation and defection, tit-for-tat, win-stay-lose-shift and extortion are the five competing strategies. While pairwise imitation fails to sustain unconditional cooperation and extortion regardless of game parametrization, myopic updating gives rise to the coexistence of all five strategies if the temptation to defect is sufficiently large or if the degree distribution of the interaction network is heterogeneous. This counterintuitive evolutionary outcome emerges as a result of an unexpected chain of strategy invasions. Firstly, defectors emerge and coarsen spontaneously among players adopting win-stay-lose-shift. Secondly, extortioners and players adopting tit-for-tat emerge and spread via neutral drift among the emerged defectors. And lastly, among the extortioners, cooperators become viable too. These recurrent evolutionary invasions yield a five-strategy phase that is stable irrespective of the system size and the structure of the interaction network and they reveal the most unexpected mechanism that stabilizes extortion and cooperation in an evolutionary setting.
Functional diversity and grazing intensity in sub‐alpine and alpine grasslands inAndorra
Authors: Komac Benjamin , Pladevall Clara , Domènech Marta , Fanlo Rosario 
Published: June 2014

AbstractQuestionsHumans are altering land use and impacting grazing intensities worldwide in alpine and sub‐alpine grasslands, and functional diversity (FD) is a useful tool for predicting changes in these grassland communities and for improving biodiversity conservation. We asked: (1) how does functional richness (FRic) differ between the five predominant grassland types in Andorra (2) of these five grassland types, which plant communities are subject to high habitat filtering and which are driven primarily by competitive interactions; (3) are certain grassland communities more prone to degradation than others; and (4) how do grazing intensity and elevation influence variations inFDindices?LocationsFive types of sub‐alpine and alpine grassland communities dominated byFestuca airoides,F. eskia,F. gautieri,F. paniculataandNardus strictain Andorra, at various elevations and with differing grazing intensities within a grassland type.MethodsWe used multiple functional diversity indices and structural equation modelling (SEM) to determine how grazing intensity, elevation, species richness and productivity affect functional diversity in 222 vegetation transects.ResultsBoth plant diversity and functional richness were higher at higher grazing intensities, with the highest values found in theF. gautieriandF. paniculatagrasslands and lowest in theNardus stricta,F. airoidesandF. eskiagrasslands. Habitat filtering was observed inF. airoidesgrasslands. There was a general tendency for higher competitive interactions among plants at higher elevations and/or when species diversity increased. None of the five grassland communities considered appears disturbed, and all present similar functional attributes between dominant species.ConclusionsOur results highlight the fact that grazing is an integral part of Andorran mountain grasslands, acting as a structural component and providing higher functional richness in the most grazed communities.
Polymorphisms in CYP2D6 have a Greater Effect on Variability of Risperidone Pharmacokinetics than Gender
Authors: Cabaleiro Teresa , Ochoa Dolores , Román Manuel , Moreno Isabel , López‐Rodríguez Rosario , Novalbos Jesús , Abad‐Santos Francisco 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWithin‐subject coefficient of variation (CVw) plays a decisive role in the determination of sample size in bioequivalence clinical trials. Highly variable drugs may require the participation of a large number of subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether gender and polymorphisms in CYP2D6 affect the CVw of risperidone. Two single‐dose, two‐period crossover studies of risperidone (n = 70) were reanalysed to calculate CVw for AUCt and Cmax. Subjects were classified into four different CYP2D6 phenotype groups [poor metabolizers (PM), intermediate metabolizers (IM), extensive metabolizers (EM) and ultrarapid metabolizers (UM)]. The effect of gender was evaluated in EM and IM. CVw was lower in PM (13.3% for AUCt and 10.9% for Cmax) and UM (17.4% and 8.7%) than in EM (28.7% and 34.7%) and IM (33.2% and 27.3%). Variability was slightly lower in women (27.9% for AUCt and 25.7% for Cmax) than in men (33.3% and 37.2%, respectively). Genetic polymorphisms affect within‐subject variability more than gender and could considerably affect sample size calculation. Therefore, subjects participating in bioequivalence trials should be genotyped.
Mathematical modelling can predict adequacy rates and needle passes for fine needle aspiration cytology with rapid on‐site evaluation
Authors: Schmidt R. L. , Kordy M. A. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveFine needle aspiration is widely used to obtain tissue samples. There are two types of sampling processes: fixed and variable. In fixed sampling, the samples are not observed for adequacy during the sampling process. In variable sampling, samples are evaluated for adequacy as they are received, and sampling is stopped as soon as an adequate sample is obtained. Each sample involves a risk of harm to the patient, and so limits are often imposed on the number of samples. The impact of such limits has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sampling limits on the adequacy rate.MethodsA mathematical model of the sampling process was developed. The model describes the per‐case adequacy rate in terms of the per‐pass probability of success, the number of needle passes, the accuracy of the assessor and an upper limit on the number of needle passes.ResultsPer‐case adequacy was positively correlated with the per‐pass adequacy and the accuracy of the assessor. Sampling limits reduced the per‐case adequacy rate. The impact of sampling limits decreased as the sampling limit increased. The model provides good approximations of the adequacy rate even when the constant yield assumption is violated.ConclusionMathematical modelling provides a useful approach to study sampling processes that would be difficult to evaluate with clinical studies.
Incidence of non‐severe hypoglycaemia and intensity of treatment among veterans with Type 2 diabetes in the USA: a prospective observational study
Authors: Wendel C. S. , Fotieo G. G. , Shah J. H. , Felicetta J. , Curtis B. H. , Murata G. H. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimTo quantify the incidence of non‐severe hypoglycaemic events among veterans with Type 2 diabetes and its association with primary care provider prescribing behaviour.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study involving 30 primary care providers and patients enrolled with these primary care providers, identified from computerized pharmacy records. Two sampling frames were created consisting of (1) patients not treated with insulin and receiving sulfonylurea treatment (with or without other oral hypoglycaemic agents) and (2) patients treated with insulin (with or without sulfonylureas or other oral hypoglycaemic agents). Patients recorded the frequency, proximal cause of, and response to each hypoglycaemic event over a 12‐week period and made three visits to a research coordinator over 24 weeks. Data were provided to the primary care provider before their next visit and charts were reviewed for medication changes.ResultsA total of 265 patients were enrolled in study. During the 12 weeks of structured self‐monitoring of blood glucose, patients recorded a mean (sd) of 6.9 (10.3) hypoglycaemic events. Duration of diabetes increased monotonically with increasing category of hypoglycaemic event (P < 0.001). Among insulin users, an increased frequency of hypoglycaemic events was associated with a decreased likelihood of dose intensification by primary care providers (relative risk 0.86 per event; P = 0.02) but no significant increase in tendency for dose reduction (relative risk 1.04 per event; P = 0.06). Increased frequency of hypoglycaemic events was associated with an increased likelihood of dose reduction (relative risk 1.12 per event; P = 0.03) in the sulfonylurea treatment group.ConclusionsNon‐severe hypoglycaemia is common among veterans with Type 2 diabetes receiving insulin or sulfonylureas and influences the prescribing behaviour of primary care providers.