bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information Structure and Discourse Particles
Authors: Grosz Patrick G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFocusing on German as its object language, this chapter explores the interactions between discourse particles (e.g. ja, doch) and information structure. The first half of the chapter explores the traditional idea that discourse particles form a watershed between thematic (old) and rhematic (new) information. Concerning the ‘theme’, it is argued that unstressed elements to the left of discourse particles (in the ‘middle field’ between C0 and the verbal complex) must be aboutness topics. Concerning the ‘rheme’, it is shown that the focus exponent generally has to follow discourse particles. The second half of the chapter discusses current issues relating to the interactions of discourse particles and focus. Specifically, it investigates ‘relational’ discourse particles (e.g. doch and schon), which operate on a contextually salient alternative proposition q, giving rise to a discussion of the potential role that focus may play in the interpretation of such particles.
The Media and the Fostering of Political (Dis)Trust
Authors: Barthel Michael , Moy Patricia 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Citizens’ trust in government, a vital component of any functioning democracy, can be affected by media content, but these media effects depend on numerous factors. This chapter first illustrates the normative significance of political trust, then reviews its various conceptualizations and operationalizations. It reviews the key empirical linkages between media and political trust, focusing on differences in medium, modality, presentation formats, and mechanisms of influence. The relationship between media use and political trust is discussed in light of an evolving landscape – one in which the media are no longer centralized, content consumers also produce messages, and media and politics are inextricably linked. The chapter calls for additional research on the effects of new media and emerging political cultures on political trust.
Rest and Activity Resumption Following Concussion
Authors: Iverson Grant L. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Rest is a cornerstone of concussion management. Unfortunately, however, there has been very little research on the definition of rest and how long to rest. The purpose of this chapter is to review the rationale for rest and the published research on rest following concussion. It is concluded that too much rest can be counterproductive, and even harmful in some cases. In the absence of specific evidence to guide clinical recommendations, it seems reasonable to recommend a brief period of rest, followed by a gradual return to normal daily routines.
Black American Muslims
Authors: Mohammed Basheer 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the views of black American Muslims on a range of political issues. It draws on nationally representative surveys as well as in-depth interviews and focus groups to show the similarities and differences of black American Muslims when compared with other Muslim Americans, other African Americans, and the larger US public. On certain issues, such as how society should view homosexuality, black American Muslims tend to share the social conservatism common among American Muslims. On other issues, such as immigration, black American Muslims have more in common with non-Muslim blacks in the United States than with US Muslims of other racial and ethnic backgrounds. Finally, black American Muslims express more skepticism about the US government’s efforts to combat terrorism than either other US Muslims or other African Americans.
Desistance from Sexual Offending
Authors: Harris Danielle Arlanda , Cudmore Rebecca M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAlthough it has received comparatively little research attention, the phenomenon of desistance from sexual offending is just as inevitable as the process of desistance from general crime. This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding how and why men convicted of sexual offenses come to deescalate or desist from such behaviors. Next, it describes the relevant theoretical explanations of desistance and behavioral change that have emerged from both criminology and psychology. Finally, desistance is discussed in light of the impact of current public policies and recently enacted sex offender–specific legislation. Areas for future empirical research and public policy are highlighted.
Off-Pump Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting with a Heart Positioner Direct Retraction for a Better Exposure
Authors: Kikuchi Keita , Une Dai , Suzuki Koutaro , Endo Yoshiki , Matsuyama Takayoshi , Osaka Shin-ichi , Kurata Atsushi 
Published: July 2015

Objective Lateral and inferior territories are difficult to expose during off-pump minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (MICS CABG). The use of cardiopulmonary bypass is required at times. We initiated a direct retraction method by using a cardiac positioner for a better exposure, in order to complete off-pump, multivessel MICS CABG safely. Methods We recently initiated multivessel MICS CABG, performed via a 6- to 9-cm left thoracotomy. For distal anastomoses, the lateral pericardial edge was pulled to the chest wall to optimize exposure of the lateral and inferior area. Next, a single- or multisuction cardiac positioner was put on the sides of the target vessel through the small thoracotomy and pulled directly toward the incision. Finally, a distal anastomosis was made with an epicardial stabilizer via the thoracotomy, as in standard off-pump CABG. Results There was no mortality or conversion to sternotomy. A total of 10 cases were targeted for off-pump multivessel MICS CABG with this approach. Nine were completed, while 1 still required pump assist. The average number of distal anastomoses was 2.8 ± 0.8. Two were successful off-pump quadruple bypass grafting with sequential anastomoses. All patients were discharged and remain well to this day. Conclusions Most multivessel MICS CABG was feasible without pump assist even at the initiation period. This approach is easy and helpful in providing good exposure of target vessels without requirement of additional incisions.
Physics and chemistry of the influence of excited molecules on combustion enhancement
Authors: Starik A. M. , Loukhovitski B. I. , Sharipov A. S. , Titova N. S 
Published: July 2015

The paper addresses detailed analysis of kinetic processes in the H
2
−O
2
, CO−O
2
and CH
4
−O
2
-reactive systems upon the presence of singlet oxygen molecules O
2
(
a
1
Δ
g
) and

and the influence of the activation of oxygen molecules in electric discharge on the acceleration of ignition in the H
2
−O
2
and CH
4
−O
2
mixtures. The possibility of the intensification of CO oxidation due to excitation of O
2
and N
2
molecule vibrations and generation of singlet oxygen molecules is also considered. It is shown that the effect of accelerating the ignition strongly depends on the reduced electric field and, as a consequence, on the composition of discharge plasma as well as on the features of chain mechanism development in oxy-fuel systems. It is revealed that the most effective approach for the intensification of CO oxidation both in the moist air and in the products of hydrocarbon combustion in air is the generation of O
2
(
a
1
Δ
g
) molecules by electric discharge. Computations showed that the presence of 1% O
2
(
a
1
Δ
g
) in the total oxygen allowed one to convert CO to CO
2
even at the temperature
T
=850–900 K in the time of 10
−2
s. The excitation of O
2
and N
2
molecule vibrations is less effective for such a conversion.
The distribution and impact of common copy-number variation in the genome of the domesticated apple,MalusxdomesticaBorkh
Authors: Boocock James , Chagné David , Merriman Tony R , Black Michael A 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundCopy number variation (CNV) is a common feature of eukaryotic genomes, and a growing body of evidence suggests that genes affected by CNV are enriched in processes that are associated with environmental responses. Here we use next generation sequence (NGS) data to detect copy-number variable regions (CNVRs) within theMalusxdomesticagenome, as well as to examine their distribution and impact.MethodsCNVRs were detected using NGS data derived from 30 accessions ofM. xdomesticaanalyzed using the read-depth method, as implemented in the CNVrd2 software. To improve the reliability of our results, we developed a quality control and analysis procedure that involved checking for organelle DNA, not repeat masking, and the determination of CNVR identity using a permutation testing procedure.ResultsOverall, we identified 876 CNVRs, which spanned 3.5% of the apple genome. To verify that detected CNVRs were not artifacts, we analyzed the B-allele-frequencies (BAF) within a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array dataset derived from a screening of 185 individual apple accessions and found the CNVRs were enriched for SNPs having aberrant BAFs (P < 1e-13, Fisher’s Exact test). Putative CNVRs overlapped 845 gene models and were enriched for resistance (R) gene models (P < 1e-22, Fisher’s exact test). Of note was a cluster of resistance gene models on chromosome 2 near a region containing multiple major gene loci conferring resistance to apple scab.ConclusionWe present the first analysis and catalogue of CNVRs in theM. xdomestica genome. The enrichment of the CNVRs with R gene models and their overlap with gene loci of agricultural significance draw attention to a form of unexplored genetic variation in apple. This research will underpin further investigation of the role that CNV plays within the apple genome.
Accelerating Protein Structure Prediction using Particle Swarm Optimization on GPU
Authors: Khakzad Hamed , Karami Yasaman , Arab Seyed Shahriar 
Published: July 2015

AbstractProtein tertiary structure prediction (PSP) is one of the most challenging problems in bioinformatics. Different methods have been introduced to solve this problem so far, but PSP is computationally intensive and belongs to the NP-hard class. One of the best solutions to accelerate PSP is the use of a massively parallel processing architecture, such graphical processing unit (GPU), which is used to parallelize computational algorithms. In this paper, we have proposed a parallel architecture to accelerate PSP. A bio-inspired method, particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been used as the optimization method to solve PSP. We have also performed a comprehensive study on implementing different topologies of PSO on GPU to consider the acceleration rate. Our solution belongs to ab-initio category which is based on the dihedral angles and calculates the energy-levels to predict the tertiary structure. Indeed, we have studied the search space of a protein to find the best pair of angles that gives the minimum free energy. A profile-level knowledge-based force field based on PSI-BLAST multiple sequence alignment has been applied as a fitness function to calculate the energy values. Different topologies and variations of PSO are considered here and the experimental results show that the speedup gain using GPU is about 34 times faster than CPU implementation of the algorithm with an acceptable precision. The energy values of predicted structures confirm the robustness of the algorithm.
Diagnostic Assessment of Osteosarcoma Chemoresistance Based on Virtual Clinical Trials
Authors: Rejniak K.A. , Lloyd M.C. , Reed D.R. , Bui M.M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOsteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor in pediatric and young adult patients. Successful treatment of osteosarcomas requires a combination of surgical resection and systemic chemotherapy, both neoadjuvant (prior to surgery) and adjuvant (after surgery). The degree of necrosis following neoadjuvant chemotherapy correlates with the subsequent probability of disease-free survival. Tumors with less than 10% of viable cells after treatment represent patients with a more favorable prognosis. However, being able to predict early, such as at the time of the pre-treatment tumor biopsy, how the patient will respond to the standard chemotherapy would provide an opportunity for more personalized patient care. Patients with unfavorable predictions could be studied in a protocol, rather than a standard setting, towards improving therapeutic success. The onset of necrotic cells in osteosarcomas treated with chemotherapeutic agents is a measure of tumor sensitivity to the drugs. We hypothesize that the remaining viable cells, i.e., cells that have not responded to the treatment, are chemoresistant, and that the pathological characteristics of these chemoresistant tumor cells within the osteosarcoma pre-treatment biopsy can predict tumor response to the standard-of-care chemotherapeutic treatment. This hypothesis can be tested by comparing patient histopathology samples before, as well as after treatment to identify both morphological and immunochemical cellular features that are characteristic of chemoresistant cells, i.e., cells that survived treatment. Consequently, using computational simulations of dynamic changes in tumor pathology under the simulated standard of care chemotherapeutic treatment, one can couple the pre- and post-treatment morphological and spatial patterns of chemoresistant cells, and correlate them with patient clinical diagnoses. This procedure, that we named ‘Virtual Clinical Trials’, can serve as a potential predictive biomarker providing a novel value added decision support tool for oncologists.
Gibbs Free Energy of Protein-Protein Interactions reflects tumor stage
Authors: Rietman Edward A. , Bloemendal Alex , Platig John , Tuszynski Jack A. , Klement Giannoula Lakka 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe sequential changes occurring with cancer progression are now being harnessed with therapeutic intent. Yet, there is no understanding of the chemical thermodynamics of proteomic changes associated with cancer progression/cancer stage. This manuscript reveals a strong correlation of a chemical thermodynamic measure (known as Gibbs free energy) of protein-protein interaction networks for several cancer types and 5-year overall survival and stage in patients with cancer. Earlier studies have linked degree entropy of signaling networks to patient survival data, but not with stage. It appears that Gibbs free energy is a more general metric and accounts better for the underlying energetic landscape of protein expression in cells, thus correlating with stage as well as survival.This is an especially timely finding because of improved ability to obtain and analyze genomic/proteomic information from individual patients. Yet, at least at present, only candidate gene imaging (FISH or immunohistochemistry) can be used for entropy computations. With continually expanding use of genomic information in clinical medicine, there is an ever-increasing need to understand the thermodynamics of protein-protein interaction networks.
Islamic Cross Currency Swap (ICCS): hedging against currency fluctuations
Authors: Rahman Aisyah Abdul , Md Ramli Raudha 
Published: July 2015

Subject area
The case is suitable for use in the topics related to the functions and roles of hedging and the Islamic derivatives/hedging instruments.

Study level/applicability
The case is designed for undergraduate students, taking courses in Islamic Banking, Islamic Finance and Risk Management for Islamic Banking Institutions.

Case overview
This case describes the theory and application of Islamic Cross Currency Swap (ICCS) in the market. Having this understanding enables case analysts to understand the functions and roles of hedging and the Islamic derivatives or hedging instruments of ICCS comprehensively. The case begins with Yusof, the new finance officer of Al-Yemeni Sdn. Bhd to analyse the permissibility of hedging and derivatives to hedge against currency fluctuations from Islamic perspective. Yusof had to complete the report before the Board of Director's quarterly meeting, which was within a week. Having in mind that the company's mission was to be a Shariah-compliant stock by 2012, Yusof was responsible for ensuring that the company was administrated in an Islamic way. Besides, he also had to ensure that the company generated income and profit as planned. In doing so, he had to strategise all possible risk exposures that could be mitigated or hedged. This case ends by giving the case analyst information on ICCS offered by Al-Rizky Bank Berhad (ARBB). In this case, Yusof had to find out whether hedging is allowed in Islam. What are the Islamic derivatives? What are the different views of Shariah scholars on various types of derivatives? What is the modus operandi of ICCS? Is the ICCS offered by ARBB Shariah compliant? What are the possible risk exposures being hedged in ICCS?

Expected learning outcomes
To provide exposure on the concepts of hedging from Islamic perspectives; to provide exposure on the concepts of Islamic derivatives/Islamic hedging instruments; to stimulate understanding on the modus operandi of ICCS in ARBB; and to help case analysts understand what makes the Islamic hedging instruments become Shariah compliant.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Virtual currency schemes – the future of financial services
Authors: Mikołajewicz-Woźniak Alicja , Scheibe Anna 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of the paper is to determine the future role of virtual currencies. This paper indicates their pros and cons as alternatives to “real” money and explains their appearance as the reflection of the present trends. It also presents the possible scenarios of their development.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper is based on the former foresight research results and literature review. It highlights the main trends in contemporary economy and their impact on financial services. The Bitcoin case is the starting point for the virtual currencies’ market analysis and construction of possible market changes scenarios.

Findings
– Virtual currency schemes are the reflection of present trends. They are just ahead of our times but may become a common means of payment, changing the way of providing financial services, eliminating intermediaries and marginalizing the role of financial institutions.

Research limitations/implications
– The multiplicity of virtual currencies and ceaseless introduction of innovations impede the presentation of the complete market picture. The lack of reliable statistical data makes the estimation of the market growth difficult.

Practical implications
– This paper indicates influence of technology development, virtualization and networking on payment systems’ functioning.

Social implications
– This paper shows the impact of environmental changes on consumers’ acceptance of virtual currencies.

Originality/value
– The virtual currency as a payment system is quite new and still a marginalized phenomenon. Nevertheless, the pace of virtual currency market growth after its recent introduction and appearance of Bitcoin successors seems to be the signs of future changes in financial service sector.
Designing for public sector innovation in the UK: design strategies for paradigm shifts
Authors: Sangiorgi Daniela 
Published: July 2015

Purpose– The aim of this work is to provide an initial picture of how some design agencies are contributing toward a paradigm shift and how they are developing in the future to better inform design policies and interdisciplinary work. There is a general agreement that the current government and public sector structure and modes of operation need radical transformation. In this scenario, a shift from New Public Management towards New Public Governance paradigm has been auspicated. Design has attracted attention as a potential approach to support this transformation, but research into Service Design, as well as discussions on its future development, for public sector innovation is limited. This paper is an exploratory study into the individual work of seven representative UK design agencies operating for and within the public sector.Design/methodology/approach– The paper reviews literature on public sector reform and innovation to inform comparative studies of contemporary design agencies working for public sector reform. Interviews with seven designers from NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement, Participle, Innovation Unit, Uscreates, Collaborative Change, Futuregov and Snook are conducted to review their perceived role for public sector reform, their design approaches, exemplar projects and main challenges.Findings– Emerging design strategies for Public Sector reform are: a collaborative design approach that considers all stakeholders as equal co-creators of public value; operating at different complementary levels to aim at systemic change; designing from the inside out (innovation culture) and outside in (market change). These different strategies imply the development of possible different business models. Existing creative tensions appear between embedding and outsourcing strategies, acting as facilitators vs designers, developing both designing and service delivery roles.Research limitations/implications– This paper is based on a limited sample of design agencies, and it is not a systematic study into the impact of their design work, which should be the object of a following study.Practical implications– This paper brings Service Design practice into public sector innovation debate to inform future interdisciplinary research and innovation policies. It positions existing design innovation strategies within the wider picture of public sector reform to support a more informed design practice.Originality/value– Few studies have looked at the UK design agencies for public sector innovation and discussed their possible future developments. This paper provides an original and holistic description of design for public sector innovation with considerations on how it should be interpreted when developing supporting innovation and design policies.
Sharing resources of Russian libraries: 10 years of consortia services development
Authors: Plemnek Alexander , Sokolova Natalia 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the current situation and history of cooperation and resource sharing in Russian libraries. The resources and services provided cooperatively are described.

Design/methodology/approach
– A narrative combining description, surveys, analysis and evaluation.

Findings
– Fundamental changes have occurred in Russian libraries as a result of the development of consortia services development, particularly in resource sharing.

Research limitations/implications
– Digital libraries and databases subscriptions were not within the scope of this study.

Social implications
– The paper demonstrates the efforts of many libraries cooperatively producing services at a national level.

Originality/value
– One of the few articles to describe the current state of resource sharing and consortia development in Russia.
The digital article service at the State and University Library, Aarhus, Denmark
Authors: Haagensen Henrik 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a new service providing Danish citizens access to articles from printed journals delivered in a digital form.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper describes the interlibrary loan infrastructure between Danish libraries and the legal agreement between the copyright holders and the State and University Library.

Findings
– The service already covers 82 per cent of the Danish population.

Originality/value
– The digital article service is a rather unique service, especially regarding the delivery of articles from popular printed magazines in digital form to the patrons.