bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rat Serum “Bound” Insulin: In Vivo Biologic Effects in Rats
Authors: Antoniades Harry N 
Published: December 2014

Intravenous administration of partially purified preparations of rat serum “bound” insulin into hypophysectomized rats, produced hypoglycemia and stimulated the incorporation of glucose carbon into the glycogen of muscle and adipose tissue and into the fat of the adipose tissue of these animals. Intraperitoneal injections of rat “bound” insulin into intact, fed rats also stimulated the incorporation of glucose carbon into the glycogen of muscle and adipose tissue and into the fat of the adipose tissue. Rat “bound” insulin, like human, was less effective in stimulating glycogen synthesis than fat synthesis on adipose tissue, as compared with crystalline insulin.
The in vivo biologic effects of rat “bound” insulin in rats correspond to those produced by human “bound” insulin or crystalline bovine insulin. The properties of rat “bound” insulin appear to be similar to those of human “bound” insulin. Rat “bound” insulin, like human, was obtained from sera by resin adsorption and elution, was biologically active in vivo, inactive on isolated hemidiaphragm, unless adipose tissue extract (ATE) was added into the incubating medium, and unreactive with anti-insulin antisera.
Effects of Insulin upon Glucose Metabolism and Protein Synthesis by the Anterior Pituitary in Vitro
Authors: Goodner Charles J 
Published: December 2014

The effects of insulin upon the metabolism of glucose by single rat anterior pituitary glands in vitro have been compared with the effects of raising the concentration of glucose in the suspending medium. The pattern of stimulation with insulin differed from that induced by increasing glucose. Insulin enhanced glucose oxidation, glycogenesis and lipogenesis out of proportion to the increase in glucose uptake.
The anterior pituitary exhibited relative insensitivity to insulin in vitro compared to muscle and adipose tissue. Stimulation of glucose metabolism was detectable at 1,000 uU. insulin per milliliter medium, and maximum stimulation occurred between 0.1 and 1.0 U. per milliliter. Insulin sensitivity was not altered by fasting. The effect of insulin was attenuated upon substituting phosphate for bicarbonate as buffer in the incubation medium.
The incorporation of glycine C-14 into tissue protein was stimulated by insulin and this effect was undiminished in the absence of glucose in the medium. The incorporation of C-14-alpha-amino-isobutyric acid from the medium into the anterior pituitary was greater than that reported for rat diaphragm and was not affected by insulin.
The data indicate that insulin could potentially affect hormonogenesis in anterior pituitary through stimulation of protein synthesis. The cell types responsive to insulin and the physiologic consequences of insulin activity upon the anterior pituitary remain to be established.
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test in Pregnancy in Women Living in Chronic Hypoxia
Authors: Calderón Rolando , Llerena L Alberto , Munive Leopoldo , Kruger Francisco 
Published: December 2014

Rapid intravenous glucose tolerance tests have been performed in women living at high altitude in an environment of chronic hypoxia (average values: barometric pressure 445 mm. Hg, alveolar p02 46.0 mm. Hg, arterial p02 45.1 mm. Hg). The hypoxic group had a curve of the same shape but with lower values when compared with that of women born and living at sea level.
At sea level pregnancy modified the curve obtained when compared with that of nonpregnant women, but at high altitude pregnancy did not modify the curve. As a possible explanation a higher basal level of insulin in the high altitude group is suggested.
Studies of Glucose Metabolism Immediately Following Total Pancreatectomy
Authors: Kosaka Kinori , Mizuno Yoshiatsu , Ogata Yasuzo , Kuzuya Nobusada 
Published: December 2014

Blood sugar changes were studied in anesthetized dogs before and after pancreatectomy, which was carried out in two stages, the latter being relatively atraumatic. The blood sugar remained normal for 1.5 to 4 hrs. after total pancreatectomy, then increased to the diabetic level.
Comparison of glucose tolerance before and immediately after acute pancreatectomy revealed no significant change by either intravenous or intraduodenal route.
Thus, a sudden cessation of insulin supply does not necessarily result in immediate hyperglycemia. A normal glucose tolerance appears possible temporarily in the absence of any increase in insulin secretion.
A Comparison of the Oral Sodium Tolbutamide Test and the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Selected Hospital Patients
Authors: Tittle C Robert , Kerr John H 
Published: December 2014

Increasing use of the two-hour postprandial blood glucose test in screening for diabetes detection has resulted in an increased number of borderline oral glucose tolerance tests, and the dilemma of their proper interpretation. In spite of controlled pretest precautions, the two-hour-lag oral glucose tolerance test with fasting normoglycemia may lack specificity as an index of latent diabetes. The intravenous tolbutamide test as a supplemental test may offer greater specificity in the diagnosis of early diabetes, and a recent oral modification of this test offers added convenience and safety without sacrificing reliability.
This is a report based upon the oral test performed on a group of 105 hospital patients selected because each had an elevated second-hour blood sugar level with fasting normoglycemia on a standard oral glucose tolerance test. An abnormal oral sodium tolbutamide test was elicited in fifty-two of this group of 105, and the abnormal tolbutamide test correlated significantly with a positive family history of diabetes, an obstetrical history suggestive of diabetes, or those patients with an elevated third-hour blood sugar level on oral glucose tolerance. In only six of the 105 patients studied were the results of the oral sodium tolbutamide tests classified as borderline between normal and abnormal by the criteria of Boshell and Vecchio.
We conclude that the oral sodium tolbutamide test seems to be a valuable additional study in the appraisal of minimally abnormal oral glucose tolerance results at least in the presence of obesity, liver disease, hyperthyroidism, uremia, myocardial infarction, chronic pancreatitis, spontaneous hypoglycemia, and lymphomas and related neo-plasia representing the major disease categories in our study group.
Effect of Human Serum Albumin on the Glucose Metabolism of Isolated Rat Diaphragm and Its Response to Insulin
Authors: Buse Maria G , McMaster Jan , Buse John 
Published: December 2014

The effect of human serum albumin prepared by Cohn method 6 on the glucose metabolism of isolated rat diaphragms was studied. In the absence of insulin 5 per cent albumin slightly inhibited glucose uptake and lactate production but not glycogen synthesis. Albumin partially inhibited the stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose uptake, lactate production and glycogen synthesis. The insulin antagonistic effect of 5 per cent albumin was due in part only to increased H+ ion concentration in the medium. Albumin (1.25 per cent) did not affect glucose utilization or lactate production with or without insulin. Albumin (5 per cent) alone slightly but significantly augmented the penetration of d-xylose into “intact” diaphragms. In the presence of insulin and albumin the space of distribution of d-xylose was significantly less than with insulin alone.
The albumin preparations contained free fatty acids and citrate; however, the insulin antagonism of 5 per cent albumin could not be reproduced with palmitate or citrate. Following dialysis and lyophilization 5 per cent albumin assayed at controlled pH did not affect glucose uptake, lactate production or glycogen synthesis either in the presence or absence of insulin. The noninhibitory albumin was extracted with TCA-ethanol, dialyzed, lyophilized and assayed as above. It significantly inhibited the stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose uptake, lactate production and glycogen synthesis.
It is suggested that several factors can be associated with albumin and antagonize the stimulatory effect of insulin on muscles in vitro. These factors will have to be separated and characterized before the biological significance of the “synalbumin antagonist” of insulin can be evaluated.
Metabolism of Lactate in Alloxan Diabetic Acidosis
Authors: Steenrod William J , Prahl James W , Barron Edward J 
Published: December 2014

Normal and alloxan diabetic rats were injected with DL-lactate-l-C-14, DL-lactate-2-C-14 and L(+) lactate-l-C-14 and the total excretion of radioactivity determined. The uncontrolled diabetic rat expired about 15–20 per cent less C-14-O2 than the normal animals. The diabetic animals excreted about twice as much radioactivity in the urine as the normal animals; in these diabetic animals essentially all of the radioactivity was found in glucose.
After evaluation of all the possible reasons for the difference in amount of C-14-O2 expired by normal and diabetic animals it was concluded that lactate is metabolized at essentially the same rate in both animals but that in the diabetic animal, a greater portion of the carbon atoms of lactate is incorporated into glucose and less converted to CO2.
Sulfated Insulin in Mild, Moderate, Severe and Insulin-resistant Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Little J Alick , Arnott James H 
Published: December 2014

Moloney and co-workers prepared sulfated insulin and showed it to be less antigenic and less neutralizable by antibodies than unmodified insulin. The present study compares sulfated insulin with commonly used insulins (Regular, Protamine Zinc, Lente and NPH) in twenty-four hospitalized adult diabetics. The bases of comparison were units of insulin per day, three daily blood glucose levels and urine glucose content.
In six severe, ketosis-prone diabetic patients, sulfated insulin in approximately equal doses failed to control the disease nor did the usual long acting insulins.
In four mild diabetic patients sulfated insulin had no apparent advantage over other insulins.
For nine of twelve moderate diabetic patients less or equal units of sulfated insulin provided better control.
In two insulin resistant patients sulfated insulin very greatly reduced insulin requirements (to 5 per cent and 37 per cent) and provided much better control.
Hypoglycemia was no more frequent with sulfated insulin and there were no important toxic side effects. It appears to be a promising advance in the treatment of insulin resistant diabetes and prolonging its action may further enhance its usefulness.
Arterial Fluorescein Studies in Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Kohner E M , Dollery C T , Paterson J W , Oakley N W 
Published: December 2014

Fifteen patients with diabetic retinopathy were studied by fluorescence angiography after injections of sodium fluorescein into the innominate artery. This method allows individual capillaries to be visualized in life and restudied at intervals.
Microaneurysms were the most conspicuous feature. Many were situated on vessels at the edge of areas of capillary closure but others were located on capillaries which appeared otherwise normal. Regions of capillary closure were common and occurred even in the milder retinopathies. The areas involved ranged from about 0.1 mm. up to 5 mm. in diameter. Other capillary changes included general dilatation, shunt vessel formation and new vessel systems. Abnormalities of arterioles were seen in severe retinopathy. Three patients who had extensive destruction of the perimacular capillary bed also had occlusion of arterioles and venules surrounding the macula.
These observations are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinal vascular disease.
Triamcinolone Provocative Test in Offspring of Two Diabetic Parents
Authors: Navarrete Victoriano N , Torres Isabel H 
Published: December 2014

In fifty-five subjects, with two diabetic parents, and who had a previous normal glucose tolerance test, 67.2 per cent showed abnormalities when tested by a triamcinolone glucose tolerance test (54.5 per cent abnormals and 12.7 per cent suspicious). This result contrasted with an incidence of 1.6 per cent abnormal tests and an additional 1.6 per cent suspicious tests in a control group matched for age and sex.
It is suggested that the triamcinolone provocative test be further employed in the search for diabetic tendencies in suspicious or likely subjects.
Insulin-like Activity in Children as Measured by Epididymal Fat Pad Assay
Authors: Wolfe Ava J 
Published: December 2014

Age-matched series of control and “latent diabetic” children were given intravenous glucose tolerance tests and sera obtained for assay of insulin-like activity (ILA). The rat epididymal fat pad method was used, measuring incorporation of C-14 of glucose-1-C-14 into both CO2 and glycogen. Glycogen yielded the lower results and the greater statistical precision.
ILA was divided into “suppressible” and “nonsuppres-eible” fractions on the basis of inactivation by a guinea pig anti-insulin serum. Extraction with acid-ethanol did not increase the “suppressible” fraction, and added very little useful information to the study.
The chief difference between the two series was the smaller response of “suppressible” ILA after glucose in the “latent diabetics” than in the controls. This difference was most marked (p &lt; .001) at fifteen minutes when the control response was maximal. By contrast, “nonsuppres-sible” ILA was not altered by a glucose load, but the baseline level was higher in the controls (p &lt; .05).
In the fasting state, “suppressible” ILA was higher in the “latent diabetics” than in the controls when CO2 was measured, but this difference was not seen with glycogen.
In each series, the fifteen-minute ILA response depended on the k value for rate of glucose disappearance as determined by simultaneous capillary blood glucose levels. But even when matched for similar k values, this response was greater in the controls than in the “latent diabetics.” In the controls with k values &gt; 2.3, “suppressible” ILA attained fifteen minutes after glucose showed an upward trend with increasing age.
Effects of Different Levels of Glucose upon the Development of Granulated Beta Cells in Cultures of Pancreatic Primordia from Normal Rat Embryos
Authors: Wells Lemen J , Schweisthal Michael R , Marx Ruth Nunamaker , McKay Marguerite , Saccoman Frank M , Lazarow Arnold 
Published: December 2014

Pancreatic primordia from normal rat embryos of 14.5 to 15.5 days postcoitum were grown in organ culture on liquid media with 173, 350, 526 and 995 nig. of glucose per 100 ml. The periods of culture were as follows: eight days (14.5 day embryos) and six days (15.5 day embryos). In cultures grown on the standard medium with 173 mg. of glucose per 100 nil., the pancreatic islets had many granulated beta cells. In cultures grown on high-glucose media with 350, 526 and 995 mg. of glucose per 100 nil. the islets had fewer granulated beta cells.
These observations are interpreted to mean that highglucose levels in the media inhibit the production of granulated beta cells in the islets of the cultures.
Diabetes Prevalence and Serum Uric Acid: Observations among 10,000 Men in a Survey of Ischemic Heart Disease in Israel
Authors: Herman J B , Mount F W , Medalie J H , Groen J J , Dublin T D , Neufeld N H , Riss E 
Published: December 2014

In 1963 a long-term incidence study of ischemic heart disease and hypertension was initiated in Israel. A total of 10,059 Jewish men over forty years of age in government service were surveyed. The initial examination included a medical history and determinations of blood sugar, cholesterol,and uric acid. There were 682 men designated as diabetic suspects, because of either a history of diabetes or a casual blood sugar value of at least 130 mg. or both.
Results of previous glucose tolerance tests, fasting blood sugar estimates, and information about treatment were obtained from physicians and clinics, or a glucose tolerance test was done at the survey laboratory. For forty-three men not enough information was obtained to decide whether they actually had diabetes. Seventy-nine men were not diabetic, and sixty-two others were not diabetic but had abnormal glucose tolerance tests. The remaining 498 men were classified as diabetic, and of these 296 had a history of the disease and 202 were newly discovered in the survey.
The prevalence of diabetes was directly related to age. When rates were standardized for age, however, men born in the Middle East, North Africa and Israel had 50 per cent more diabetes than the men born in Europe. Also, there was an association between the prevalence of newly discovereddiabetes and body mass. But this was observed in only one group with respect to prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetics (Middle East-North Africa). Similarly, serum cholesterol was found to have a direct relation to prevalence of newly discovered diabetes, but this association was not established with certainty in respect to the prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes.
A highly significant inverse relation was observed between diabetes and serum uric acid. Serum uric acid values were lower among men with a history of diabetes than those with newly discovered disease. Both groups had values significantly lower than those of the rest of the survey population, however. Men without diabetes but with slightly abnormal glucose tolerance tests had values similar to those of the nondiabetic subjects. It seemed probable that the lower values accompanied rather than preceded the disease. Possible mechanisms causing increased uric acid excretion in diabetes are discucoed.
Evaluation of the Relative Pathogenic Roles of Diabetes and Serum Cholesterol Levels in the Development of Cardiovascular Lesions in Rats
Authors: Wilson Robert B , Martin Julio M , Hartroft W Stanley 
Published: December 2014

Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that in partially pancreatectomized diabetic rats fed an atherogenic diet containing 5 per cent cholesterol, serum lipid levels rose higher and cardiovascular lesions were more frequent than in nondiabetic rats fed the same diet for three to seven months. This experiment posed the question: Didthe diabetic state per se or the higher levels of cholesterol associated with it account for the greater number of lesions in the diabetic animals?
To answer this question, the experiment was repeated, but this time some of the diabetic rats were fed diets with lower amounts of cholesterol than before in order to keep their serum cholesterol levels within the same range as those of the nondiabetic animals (intact or partially pancreatectomized but normoglyceinic) fed the basal atherogenic diet.
As before, diabetic rats fed the athero genie diet containing 5 per cent cholesterol developed higher levels of serum cholesterol and more lesions than similarly fed nondiabetics. Other serum lipids were also higher in this group, especially triglycerides and free cholesterol.
When serum cholesterol levels in the diabetic animals were not permitted to exceed those in the nondiabetics, the incidence of vascular lesions in the two groups did not differ.
The diabetic state per se in this mode, therefore, seemed to play a pathogenic role in atherogenesis by elevating serum lipid levels. Results would indicate that, under theseconditions, at any given level of serum lipid, the diabetic artery is not more susceptible than a nondiabetic artery to this type of atherogenic stimulus.
Glucose Tolerance and Related Factors in Dogs Fed Diets of Suboptimal Protein Value
Authors: Heard C R C , Turner M R 
Published: December 2014

Littermate dogs were fed from weaning on high-protein diets (HP) or on dietswhich were adequate in calories but marginally deficient in protein (LP). The LP animals grew at a slightly retarded rate but showed no other outward abnormality. In the HP animals, intravenous glucose tolerance (K) increased steadily up to twelve months of age (K = 6) and then declined to the adult value (K = 4.7). These changes were accelerated and exaggerated in LP dogs so that, from seven months onwards, the K values for the LP dogs became progressively lower than those of their HP littermates. Although the LP diet was adequate for adult maintenance and other biochemical signs of proteincalorie deficiency were corrected in the adult, glucose tolerance remained impaired (mean K for HP adults = 4.7 and for LP adults = 3.3). In the LP dog decreasing glucose tolerance was associated with increasing resistance to exogenous insulin.
During pregnancy, the HP animals showed an early increase in K followed by a progressive fall. The LP animals showed little change in K during pregnancy, but after lactation both glucose tolerance and sensitivity to insulin increased. Pups born to LP mothers showed signs of congenital malnutrition; they also showed greatly enhanced glucose tolerance in early life. Young dogs, whether fed HP or LP diets, showed rapid impairment of glucosetolerance when acutely infected with toxocara canis. The findings for dogs are compared with those reported in human diabetes mellitus.
Influence of Age on the Intravenous Tolbutamide Response Test
Authors: Swerdloff Ronald S , Pozefsky Thomas , Tobin Jordan D , Andres Reubin 
Published: December 2014

Intravenous tolbutamide response tests were performed on a selected group of 100 community-dwelling volunteer male subjects aged twenty-one to eighty-one years. A deterioration in performance with age was manifest as a progressively lesser fall and later nadir of blood glucose concentration throughout the early adult years and middle age. There was no further decrease in response after the sixth decade of life.
Many investigations of the tolbutamide response test have been reported since the standards of normality for the test were introduced eight years ago. Those studies, in addition to the present report, show that the application of these standards to diverse population groups results in a very high percentage of “abnormal” or “diabetic” responses. We have considered the reasons for the large variation in response to intravenous tolbutamide reported in the literature. It appears that studies which report relatively large responses to tolbutamide are those in which the subject group was (a) composed predominantly of young adults, or (b) preselected on the basis of superior performance on glucose tolerance tests, or both. Data derived from this type of selection procedure provide standards of normality which are not applicable to the general population. We therefore propose a new approach to the interpretation of the results on the tolbutamide test: A set of nomograms is provided which permits the rapid computation of ageadjusted percentile ranking of an individual's response to intravenous tolbutamide.
Effect upon Insulin Secretion of Physiologic Doses of Glucagon Administered via the Portal Vein
Authors: Ketterer Hermann , Eisentraut Anna Marie , Unger Roger H 
Published: December 2014

Rapid endoportal injections of glucagon in a dose (1 μg.) which does not elevate thearterial glucagon concentration beyond the physiologic range caused a prompt rise in both mean arterial glucose and pancreaticoduodenal insulin concentration to a peak six minutes later. Hyperglycemia of similar magnitude produced by intravenous glucose infusion failed to elicit, as great a rise in insulin release.
With smaller doses of glucagon a more variable response was observed; however, in some dogs doses of glucagon which were too small to cause a significant change in arterial glucagon concentration did cause a rise in both glucose and insulin levels.
It is concluded that glucagon administered in physiologic doses via-the portarvenous system elicits a greater rise in insulin release than can be attributed to the concomitant hyperglycemia and, as suggested by others, does possess the qualifications of a potentiator of insulin secretion.