bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of carbon fiber surface modification on the flexural mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone biocomposites
Authors: Pan Yusong , Chen Yan , Shen Qianqian , Pan Chengling 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is one of the most promising orthopedic implant biomaterials. In this paper, CF reinforced PEEK biocomposites were fabricated by hot press molding technology. The influence of the CF surface modification on the flexural mechanical properties of CF/PEEK biocomposites was investigated. Studies on the flexural mechanical properties of CF/PEEK biocomposites revealed that the flexural stress-strain behavior of the biocomposites possessed linear elastic characteristics. The fracture mechanism of the biocomposites was predominated by brittle rupture. Both flexural strength and modulus of the biocomposites obviously increased with the rise of CF content. The influence degree of different CF modification on the flexural properties of CF/PEEK biocomposites increased with the rise of CF content. Moreover, the CF modified by concentrated HNO3 is beneficial for the flexural strength of the CF/PEEK biocomposites improvement. Conversely, CF modified by KH-560 coupling agent played an adverse influence on the flexural strength of the biocomposites.
Does clinical experience affect the reproducibility of cervical vertebrae maturation method?
Authors: Rongo Roberto , Valleta Rosa , Bucci Rosaria , Bonetti Giulio Alessandri , Michelotti Ambrosina , D'Antò Vincenzo 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To assess interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility of the cervical vertebrae maturation method (CVMM) among three panels of judges with different levels of orthodontic experience (OE).

Materials and Methods:
Fifty individual lateral cephalograms of good quality with complete visualization of cervical vertebrae 1 to 4 were selected. Thirty clinicians, divided according to their OE into three groups (junior group, JU, OE ≤ 1 year; postgraduate group, PG, 2 ≤ OE ≤ 4 years; specialist group, SP, OE ≥ 7 years), evaluated the cephalograms in two sessions (T1 and T2) at 3 weeks apart. Kendall's W and weighted Cohen's kappa (κ) coefficients were performed to assess interobserver and intraobserver agreement. The level of significance was set as P &lt; .05. For both the interobserver and the intraobserver datasets, the percentage of perfect agreement (PPA) and the number of stages apart for each disagreement were calculated.

Results:
Kendall's W at T1 was SP  =  0.61, PG  =  0.70, and JU  =  0.87; at T2 it was SP  =  0.78, PG  =  0.85, and JU  =  0.86. The percentage of total interobserver perfect agreement (Inter-PPA) was 42.3% at T1 and 46.3% at T2. The JU group had the highest Cohen's κ coefficient at 0.78, while the PG and SP had coefficients of 0.64 each. The percentage of total intraobserver perfect agreement (Intra-PPA) was 54.2%.

Conclusions:
The reproducibility of the method was not improved by the level of orthodontic experience. The group with the lowest level of orthodontic experience had the best performance.
From Traditional Drug Design to Catalytic Metallodrugs: A Brief History of the Use of Metals in Medicine
Authors: Bradford Seth S. , Cowan J. A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTraditional drug design has been effective in the development of therapies for a variety of disease states but there is a need for new approaches that will tackle new challenges and complement current paradigms. The use of metals in medicine has resulted in several successes and allows for the introduction of properties that cannot be achieved by use of organic compounds alone, but also introduces new challenges that can be addressed by a careful understanding of the principles of inorganic chemistry. Toward this end, the unique structural and coordination chemistry, as well as the reactivity of metals, has been used to design novel classes of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. This review briefly summarizes progress in the field of therapeutics, from the earliest use of metals to more recent efforts to design catalytic metallodrugs that promote the irreversible inactivation of therapeutically relevant targets.
Scotland the Brand – Marketing the Myth?
Authors: Black Gillian , Smith Rachael Craufurd , Kheria Smita , Porter Gerard 
Published: January 2015

The paper considers the role of Scottish culture and history, real or imagined, in the commercialisation of iconic Scottish creations such as tartan and Scotch whisky. It notes that many of the forms of legal protection available to the producers of such products were developed to encourage individual innovation, not designed to address communal interests in the preservation of national or group identities and heritage. This may be one reason why, as is illustrated by the case of tartan, these rights offer patchy and incomplete protection to ‘authentic’ Scottish products. Over time, however, the UK has developed various forms of collective protection for cultural products such as Harris Tweed, the effectiveness of which is explored in this article. The final part of the paper considers the importance, in a globalising world, of European Union and international protection for valuable cultural ‘products’. But protection, whether at the national or international level, necessitates a difficult balance to be drawn between the interest in cultural innovation and development, on the one hand, and cultural preservation and the protection of the commercial interests of specific communities, on the other. The article concludes by exploring some of the practical and conceptual challenges associated with determining whether a product should be considered part of the cultural patrimony of the world or, rather, the property of a specific nation or cultural group. ‘…cultural diversity is strengthened by the free flow of ideas, and…is nurtured by constant exchanges and interaction between cultures…’ (Preamble to the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions)
Comparative epigenomics: an emerging field with breakthrough potential to understand evolution of epigenetic regulation
Authors: Deakin Janine E. , Domaschenz Renae , Lim Pek Siew , Ezaz Tariq , Rao Sudha 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEpigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression, thereby mediating the interaction between environment, genotype and phenotype. Changes to epigenetic regulation of genes may be heritable, permitting rapid adaptation of a species to environmental cues. However, most of the current understanding of epigenetic gene regulation has been gained from studies of mice and humans, with only a limited understanding of the conservation of epigenetic mechanisms across divergent taxa. The relative ease at which genome sequence data is now obtained and the advancements made in epigenomics techniques for non-model species provides a basis for carrying out comparative epigenomic studies across a wider range of species, making it possible to start unraveling the evolution of epigenetic mechanisms. We review the current knowledge of epigenetic mechanisms obtained from studying model organisms, give an example of how comparative epigenomics using non-model species is helping to trace the evolutionary history of X chromosome inactivation in mammals and explore the opportunities to study comparative epigenomics in biological systems displaying adaptation between species, such as the immune system and sex determination.
The Drosophila gonads: models for stem cell proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation
Authors: Marca John E. La , Somers Wayne Gregory 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe male and female gonads of Drosophila melanogaster have developed into powerful model systems for both the study of stem cell behaviours, and for understanding how stem cell misregulation can lead to cancers. Using these systems, one is able to observe and manipulate the resident stem cell populations in vivo with a great deal of licence. The tractability of the testis and ovary also allow researchers to explore a range of cellular mechanisms, such as proliferation and polarity, as well as the influence exerted by the local environment through a host of highly-conserved signalling pathways. Importantly, many of the cellular behaviours and processes studied in the Drosophila testis and ovary are known to be disrupted, or otherwise misregulated, in human tumourigenic cells. Here, we review the mechanisms relating to stem cell behaviour, though we acknowledge there are many other fascinating aspects of gametogenesis, including the invasive behaviour of migratory border cells in the Drosophila ovary that, though relevant to the study of tumourigenesis, will unfortunately not be covered.
MYC function and regulation in flies: how Drosophila has enlightened MYC cancer biology
Authors: Lee Jue Er Amanda , Parsons Linda May , Quinn Leonie M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractProgress in our understanding of the complex signaling events driving human cancer would have been unimaginably slow without discoveries from Drosophila genetic studies. Significantly, many of the signaling pathways now synonymous with cancer biology were first identified as a result of elegant screens for genes fundamental to metazoan development. Indeed the name given to many core cancer-signaling cascades tells of their history as developmental patterning regulators in flies—e.g. Wingless (Wnt), Notch and Hippo. Moreover, astonishing insight has been gained into these complex signaling networks, and many other classic oncogenic signaling networks (e.g. EGFR/RAS/RAF/ERK, InR/PI3K/AKT/TOR), using sophisticated fly genetics. Of course if we are to understand how these signaling pathways drive cancer, we must determine the downstream program(s) of gene expression activated to promote the cell and tissue over growth fundamental to cancer. Here we discuss one commonality between each of these pathways: they are all implicated as upstream activators of the highly conserved MYC oncogene and transcription factor. MYC can drive all aspects of cell growth and cell cycle progression during animal development. MYC is estimated to be dysregulated in over 50% of all cancers, underscoring the importance of elucidating the signals activating MYC. We also discuss the FUBP1/FIR/FUSE system, which acts as a ‘cruise control’ on the MYC promoter to control RNA Polymerase II pausing and, therefore, MYC transcription in response to the developmental signaling environment. Importantly, the striking conservation between humans and flies within these major axes of MYC regulation has made Drosophila an extremely valuable model organism for cancer research. We therefore discuss how Drosophila studies have helped determine the validity of signaling pathways regulating MYC in vivo using sophisticated genetics, and continue to provide novel insight into cancer biology.
Near‐subsurface imaging in an absorbing embedding medium with a multistatic/single frequency scanner
Authors: Nounouh Soufiane , Eyraud Christelle , Litman Amélie , Tortel Hervé 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTProbing the near‐subsurface in the presence of absorbing media is a very challenging problem. Within that framework, we analyse the capabilities of a mono‐frequency/multistatic set‐up for detecting shallowly buried targets. As the antennas constitute an important part of the probing device, an accurate method for modelling the antennas behaviour is proposed. This modelling, performed thanks to a correct balanced set of elementary sources, is then incorporated in the calculation of the scattered field, performed with a home‐made Finite Element Method software. Efforts have also been put into the measurement procedure. The measured fields are thus post‐processed with an efficient method which takes profit of the spectral bandwidth properties of the scattered field. These fields serve as input data for the inversion algorithm, an extension of the DORT method to elongated targets. This qualitative and fast imaging procedure, which exploits the spectral properties of the multistatic scattering matrix, has been adapted to the present stratified configuration. Imaging results of shallowly buried targets embedded in a high losses medium are presented to assess the well‐behaviour of the proposed methodology.
Interpretation of self‐potential anomaly over idealized bodies and analysis of ambiguity using very fast simulated annealing global optimization technique
Authors: Biswas Arkoprovo , Sharma Shashi Prakash 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTAn efficient and reliable approach is developed for the interpretation of self‐potential anomaly measured over idealized bodies (sphere, horizontal and vertical cylinder) using a very fast simulated annealing (VFSA) global optimization method. Since VFSA optimization lends itself to a number of good‐fitting models in a vast multidimensional model space, the nature of ambiguity in the interpretation has also been investigated simultaneously. The study reveals that, while optimizing all model parameters (electric dipole density, horizontal location, depth, polarization angle and shape factor) together, the VFSA approach yields a number of equivalent solutions. It has been observed that the shape factor plays an important role in finding a reliable estimate of other model parameters. The analysis of ambiguity shows that a small change in the shape factor produces a large change in the estimated electric dipole density. Accordingly, inaccurate estimates of other model parameters have also been obtained. It has been observed that the optimization method is able to determine all the model parameters accurately when shape factor is fixed. Therefore, interpretation of Self‐potential data is carried out by adapting a two‐step procedure. In the first step, all the model parameters are optimized. The inversion results obtained after the first step indicates the value of shape factor is around 1.5, 1.0 or 0.5. Subsequently in the second step, the shape factor is fixed to 1.5, 1.0 or 0.5 and other model parameters are optimized. In this way, the most reliable result has been obtained, and ambiguity in the interpretation has become insignificant. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated using noise‐free and noisy synthetic data and three field examples from different areas. One field example is interpreted using multiple targets to show the efficacy of the developed approach in dealing with optimization of a large number of model parameters. The computation time of the two‐step procedure is very short (35 s for each step). It is highlighted that, even if the shape factor is known either from a priori geological information or anomaly contour map, interpretation should be performed in two steps to obtain the most reliable estimate of various model parameters as well as confirmation of geometrical shape of the subsurface structure.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use and Endurance During Running in Male Long-Distance Runners
Authors: Da Silva Eduardo , Pinto Ronei S. , Cadore Eduardo L. , Kruel Luiz F. 
Published: January 2015

Context:The effect of ibuprofen on pain tolerance during exercise is controversial, and its effects on endurance performance have been poorly investigated.Objective:To investigate the effect of prophylactic administration of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen on the time until the self-report of fatigue (tlim) in runners with exercise-induced muscle damage.Design:Randomized controlled clinical trial.Setting:Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Twenty healthy male long-distance runners (age = 18.8 ± 0.4 years, maximal oxygen consumption = 55.5 ± 5.9 mL·kg−1·min−1).Intervention(s):Participants were assigned to 2 groups (ibuprofen group = 10, placebo group = 10) to perform tlim trials (speed corresponded to their previously determined secondventilatory thresholds) 48 hours before and 48 hours after the induction of a lower limb muscle-damage protocol (isokinetic dynamometry). One hour before the second tlim trial, the ibuprofen group received 1.2 g ibuprofen, and the placebo group received lactose orally.Main Outcome Measure(s):Time until self-reported fatigue, heart rate, respiratory quotient, oxygen consumption, and perceived exertion were recorded during each tlim test.Results:Both groups reported increases in muscle pain in the knee extensors and flexors 48 hours after the muscle-damage protocol. We observed a reduction in the endurance performance of both groups (P &lt; .01) but no difference between groups (P = .55).Conclusions:Ibuprofen did not reduce the effect of muscle damage and pain on performance. Prophylactic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not have an ergogenic effect on running performance after exercise-induced muscle damage in male long-distance runners.
Persistent Neuromuscular and Corticomotor Quadriceps Asymmetry After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Kuenze Christopher M. , Hertel Jay , Weltman Arthur , Diduch David , Saliba Susan A. , Hart Joseph M. 
Published: January 2015

Context:
Return to activity in the presence of quadriceps dysfunction may predispose individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) to long-term joint degeneration. Asymmetry may manifest during movement and result in altered knee-joint–loading patterns; however, the underlying neurophysiologic mechanisms remain unclear.

Objective:
To compare limb symmetry of quadriceps neuromuscular function between participants with ACLR and participants serving as healthy controls.

Design:
Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:
Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 22 individuals with ACLR (12 men, 10 women) and 24 individuals serving as healthy controls (12 men, 12 women).

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Normalized knee-extension maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque (Nm/kg), quadriceps central activation ratio (CAR) (%), quadriceps motor-neuron–pool excitability (Hoffmann reflex to motor wave ratio), and quadriceps active motor threshold (AMT) (% 2.0 T) were measured bilaterally and used to calculate limb symmetry indices for comparison between groups. We used analyses of variance to compare quadriceps Hoffmann reflex to motor wave ratio, normalized knee-extension MVIC torque, quadriceps CAR, and quadriceps AMT between groups and limbs.

Results:
The ACLR group exhibited greater asymmetry in knee-extension MVIC torque (ACLR group = 0.85 ± 0.21, healthy group = 0.97 ± 0.14; t44 = 2.26, P = .03), quadriceps CAR (ACLR group = 0.94 ± 0.11, healthy group = 1.00 ± 0.08; t44 = 2.22, P = .04), and quadriceps AMT (ACLR group = 1.13 ± 0.18, healthy group = 1.02 ± 0.11; t34 = −2.46, P = .04) than the healthy control group.

Conclusions:
Asymmetries in measures of quadriceps function and cortical excitability were present in patients with ACLR. Asymmetry in quadriceps strength, activation, and cortical excitability persisted in individuals with ACLR beyond return to recreational activity. Measuring the magnitude of asymmetry after ACLR represents an important step in understanding long-term reductions in self-reported function and increased rate of subsequent joint injury in otherwise healthy, active individuals after ACLR.
Witamowikok, « dire » le territoire atikamekw nehirowisiw aujourd’hui
Authors: Jérôme Laurent , Veilleux Vicky 
Published: January 2015

Depuis trente ans, les Nehirowisiwok sont engagés dans un processus de revendication territoriale avec les gouvernements québécois et canadien. Cet article vise à documenter l’une des voies privilégiées de leur démarche de résistance, d’autodétermination et de reconnaissance de la souveraineté : celle du discours. La prise de parole est considérée comme un acte créatif à l’intérieur duquel s’exprime toute la capacité d’agir des Nehirowisiwok. Des récits récoltés lors de recherches de terrain réalisées depuis 2000 en territoire atikamekw nehirowisiw, ainsi que la production audiovisuelle atikamekw nehirowisiw du projet Wapikoni Mobile, constituent différentes sources permettant de relever les conceptions et les préoccupations des Nehirowisiwok d’aujourd’hui à l’égard de leur territoire. Avant de s’intéresser aux modalités d’appropriation des nouveaux médias par les autochtones, en particulier par les jeunes Nehirowisiwok, les auteurs ancrent d’abord leur propos dans des éléments de continuité de la tradition orale, pour ensuite valoriser le « dire » que des aînés témoins des transformations du territoire adressent aux nouvelles générations de Nehirowisiwok et aux non-autochtones.
L’occupation contemporaine du Nitaskinan par les Nehirowisiwok de Wemotaci
Authors: Wyatt Stephen , Chilton Yvon 
Published: January 2015

Cet article explore les liens contemporains que les Nehirowisiwok entretiennent avec le Nitaskinan, leur territoire ancestral. Des entrevues avec une trentaine de membres de la communauté de Wemotaci ont révélé comment ils s’occupent du territoire en y pratiquant une grande diversité d’activités. Ces activités peuvent être regroupées selon trois thèmes principaux :kapeciwin, la vie au camp et sur le territoire,tipahiskan, les activités de gestion du territoire, etatoskewin, les prélèvements fauniques et végétatifs. Ensemble, ces activités permettent le maintien de la langue et des connaissances, ainsi que la continuation denehirowisi pimatisiwin, la mode de vie nehirowisiw. Cette étude démontre que l’occupation du Nitaskinan n’est pas simplement un fait historique, mais qu’elle est une pratique courante qui reste au coeur de la vie et de l’identité des Nehirowisiwok. En dépit des changements qui les entourent et d’une présence eurocanadienne toujours grandissante, les Nehirowisiwok de Wemotaci continuent à occuper et à s’occuper du Nitaskinan d’une manière à la fois traditionnelle et contemporaine.
Propriétés et territoires autochtones en Nouvelle-France
Authors: Morin Michel 
Published: January 2015

Cet article est publié en deux parties. La première, parue dans notre dernier numéro (43, n

os

2-3), portait sur les débats concernant l’origine du contrôle territorial et sur la recon
naissance des territoires nationaux. La seconde
partie, qui apparaît dans le présent numéro, traite de la gestion des districts de chasse.

Dans le nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord, l’origine précolombienne des territoires familiaux autochtones a suscité une controverse chez les anthropologues, tout comme la possibilité que les Algonquiens aient élaboré par eux-mêmes des mesures de conservation des ressources fauniques. Pourtant, au début du xviie siècle, les Français n’ont aucune difficulté à reconnaître l’existence de territoires dont l’accès est contrôlé par des nations autochtones et qui constituent la propriété collective de l’une d’entre elles ; par conséquent, ses chefs en supervisent l’usage par ses membres. Avec le temps, les représentants du roi s’emploient à convaincre les peuples « frères » de s’accorder un droit mutuel de chasser sur leurs terres. Comme en Acadie, il existe en Nouvelle-France des « districts » de chasse bien délimités exploités sous la direction d’un chef de bande familiale. Les membres d’une autre bande ou les étrangers doivent obtenir la permission d’y chasser, quoique les incursions occasionnelles soient acceptées. À compter de 1660, des mesures de conservation sont observées dans la région des Grands Lacs et même dans celle du lac Champlain, mais au xviiie siècle, elles ne semblent pas connues sur la côte Nord ; cependant il paraît peu probable que les autochtones n’aient pas eu les connaissances suffisantes pour en élaborer eux-mêmes. Dans l’ensemble, leur conception du territoire semble d’origine autochtone plutôt que française. Elle repose sur l’existence de limites nationales et de districts bien définis, même si les observateurs français ne cherchent pas à décrire ceux-ci précisément.