bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of the environment on patient experiences of hospital admissions in palliative care
Authors: Robinson Jackie , Gott Merryn , Gardiner Clare , Ingleton Christine 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo explore the impact of environment on experiences of hospitalisation from the perspective of patient's with palliative care needs.MethodsA qualitative study design using longitudinal semistructured, face-to-face interviews were used to elicit the views of patients with palliative care needs admitted to hospital in 1 large urban acute hospital in New Zealand. The sample comprised of 14 patients admitted to hospital between July 2013 and March 2014 who met one of the Gold Standard Framework Prognostic Indicators for palliative care need.ResultsAlmost all participants described a range of factors associated with the environment which impacted negatively on their experiences of hospitalisation. This included challenges with the physical surroundings, the impact on social relationships with other patients, families and health professionals and the influence of the cultural milieu of the hospital setting.ConclusionsEmulating the ‘ideal’ environment for palliative care such as that provided in a hospice setting is an unrealistic goal for acute hospitals. Paying attention to the things that can be changed, such as enabling family to stay and improving the flexibility of the physical environment while improving the social interplay between patients and health professionals, may be a more realistic approach than replicating the hospice environment in order to reduce the burden of hospitalisations for patients with palliative care needs.
Reproductive health knowledge, attitudes and practices of adolescents attending an obstetric unit in Georgetown, Guyana
Authors: Rose Elizabeth M , Rajasingam Daghni , Derkenne Ruth C , Mitchell Vivienne , Ramlall Anita A 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundTeenage pregnancy continues to be a serious maternal health issue globally. Problems faced by teenage mothers are biological, social, and psychological, and may include sexual coercion and violence. This study sought to explore formally the knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant teenagers in Georgetown, Guyana, which has one of the highest rates of teenage pregnancy in Latin America and the Caribbean.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional, prospective study. After ethical approval had been granted, 50 pregnant girls attending Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation (GPHC) were interviewed during a 6-week period. Using a convenience sample approach, the principal investigator used a questionnaire to collect data. This was then analysed using Stata/SE V.9.2 and Microsoft Excel programs.FindingsAs well as overall poor sexual and reproductive health knowledge and high-risk sexual health practices, our study revealed a high rate of rape and sexual coercion among the 50 girls interviewed. Almost a quarter (22%) admitted to having been raped in the past, and 80% stated a lack of power in their sexual relationships.ConclusionsThere is a need for more targeted sexual and reproductive health services for teenagers attending GPHC, and for more research into sexual violence among this group of women. The establishment of a screening and referral system for those at risk should begin to address specific issues and optimise health outcomes for the women and their babies.
Different risk factors for poor outcome between patients with positive and negative susceptibility vessel sign
Authors: Yan Shenqiang , Liu Keqin , Tong Lusha , Yu Yannan , Zhang Sheng , Lou Min 
Published: September 2015

PurposeThe absence of the susceptibility vessel sign (negative SVS) on gradient-recalled echo or susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in thrombolytic therapy has not been well studied. Since positive and negative SVS may have different components, we aimed to investigate the difference in risk factors for clinical outcome between patients with positive and negative SVS.MethodsWe retrospectively examined clinical and imaging data from 85 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke with middle cerebral artery occlusion who underwent SWI before intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). We then examined the predictors of negative SVS and the risk factors for a poor outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale score ≥3) 3 months after IVT in subgroup analysis.ResultsMultivariate regression analysis indicated that previous antiplatelet use (OR 0.076; 95% CI 0.007 to 0.847; p=0.036) and shorter time from onset to treatment (OR 1.051; 95% CI 1.003 to 1.102; p=0.037) were inversely associated with poor outcome in patients with negative SVS, while higher baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was associated with poor outcome in patients with positive SVS (OR 1.222; 95% CI 1.084 to 1.377; p=0.001).ConclusionsThe risk factors for clinical outcome after IVT in patients with negative SVS may differ from those with positive SVS.
IL17 Functions through the Novel REG3β–JAK2–STAT3 Inflammatory Pathway to Promote the Transition from Chronic Pancreatitis to Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Loncle Celine , Bonjoch Laia , Folch-Puy Emma , Lopez-Millan Maria Belen , Lac Sophie , Molejon Maria Inés , Chuluyan Eduardo , Cordelier Pierre , Dubus Pierre , Lomberk Gwen , Urrutia Raul , Closa Daniel , Iovanna Juan L. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) offers an optimal model for discovering “druggable” molecular pathways that participate in inflammation-associated cancer development. Chronic pancreatitis, a common prolonged inflammatory disease, behaves as a well-known premalignant condition that contributes to PDAC development. Although the mechanisms underlying the pancreatitis-to-cancer transition remain to be fully elucidated, emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that the actions of proinflammatory mediators on cells harboring Kras mutations promote neoplastic transformation. Recent elegant studies demonstrated that the IL17 pathway mediates this phenomenon and can be targeted with antibodies, but the downstream mechanisms by which IL17 functions during this transition are currently unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that IL17 induces the expression of REG3β, a well-known mediator of pancreatitis, during acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and in early pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions. Furthermore, we found that REG3β promotes cell growth and decreases sensitivity to cell death through activation of the gp130-JAK2-STAT3-dependent pathway. Genetic inactivation of REG3β in the context of oncogenic Kras-driven PDAC resulted in reduced PanIN formation, an effect that could be rescued by administration of exogenous REG3β. Taken together, our findings provide mechanistic insight into the pathways underlying inflammation-associated pancreatic cancer, revealing a dual and contextual pathophysiologic role for REG3β during pancreatitis and PDAC initiation. Cancer Res; 75(22); 4852–62. ©2015 AACR.
Differential Immune Microenvironments and Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade among Molecular Subtypes of Murine Medulloblastoma
Authors: Pham Christina D. , Flores Catherine , Yang Changlin , Pinheiro Elaine M. , Yearley Jennifer H. , Sayour Elias J. , Pei Yanxin , Moore Colin , McLendon Roger E. , Huang Jianping , Sampson John H. , Wechsler-Reya Robert , Mitchell Duane A. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Despite significant strides in the identification and characterization of potential therapeutic targets for medulloblastoma, the role of the immune system and its interplay with the tumor microenvironment within these tumors are poorly understood. To address this, we adapted two syngeneic animal models of human Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-driven and group 3 medulloblastoma for preclinical evaluation in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice.
Experimental Design and Results: Multicolor flow cytometric analyses were used to phenotype and characterize immune infiltrating cells within established cerebellar tumors. We observed significantly higher percentages of dendritic cells, infiltrating lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor-associated macrophages in murine SHH model tumors compared with group 3 tumors. However, murine group 3 tumors had higher percentages of CD8+ PD-1+ T cells within the CD3 population. PD-1 blockade conferred superior antitumor efficacy in animals bearing intracranial group 3 tumors compared with SHH group tumors, indicating that immunologic differences within the tumor microenvironment can be leveraged as potential targets to mediate antitumor efficacy. Further analysis of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody localization revealed binding to PD-1+ peripheral T cells, but not tumor infiltrating lymphocytes within the brain tumor microenvironment. Peripheral PD-1 blockade additionally resulted in a marked increase in CD3+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment.
Conclusions: This is the first immunologic characterization of preclinical models of molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma and demonstration that response to immune checkpoint blockade differs across subtype classification. Our findings also suggest that effective anti-PD-1 blockade does not require that systemically administered antibodies penetrate the brain tumor microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res; 22(3); 582–95. ©2015 AACR.
Evaluation of PD-L1 Expression and Associated Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Vassilakopoulou Maria , Avgeris Margaritis , Velcheti Vamsidhar , Kotoula Vassiliki , Rampias Theodore , Chatzopoulos Kyriakos , Perisanidis Christos , Kontos Christos K. , Giotakis Aris I. , Scorilas Andreas , Rimm David , Sasaki Clarence , Fountzilas George , Psyrri Amanda 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1; also known as CD274 or B7-H1) expression represents a mechanism of immune escape for cancer. Our purpose was to characterize tumor PD-L1 expression and associated T-cell infiltration in primary laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC).
Experimental Design: A well-annotated cohort of 260 operable primary laryngeal SCCs [formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens] was morphologically characterized for stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), on hematoxylin/eosin-stained whole sections and for PD-L1 mRNA expression by qRT-PCR in FFPE specimens. For PD-L1 protein expression, automated quantitative protein analysis (AQUA) was applied on tissue microarrays consisting of two cores from these tumors. In addition, PD-L1 mRNA expression in fresh-frozen tumors and normal adjacent tissue specimens was assessed in a second independent cohort of 89 patients with primary laryngeal SCC.
Results: PD-L1 mRNA levels were upregulated in tumors compared with surrounding normal tissue (P = 0.009). TILs density correlated with tumor PD-L1 AQUA levels (P = 0.021). Both high TILs density and high PD-L1 AQUA levels were significantly associated with superior disease-free survival (DFS; TILs: P = 0.009 and PD-L1: P = 0.044) and overall survival (OS; TILs: P = 0.015 and PD-L1: P = 0.059) of the patients and retained significance in multivariate analysis.
Conclusions: Increased TILs density and PD-L1 levels are associated with better outcome in laryngeal squamous cell cancer. Assessment of TILs and PD-L1 expression could be useful to predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res; 22(3); 704–13. ©2015 AACR.
Distinct First Trimester Cytokine Profiles for Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia
Authors: Tangerås Line H. , Austdal Marie , Skråstad Ragnhild B. , Salvesen Kjell Å. , Austgulen Rigmor , Bathen Tone F. , Iversen Ann-Charlotte 
Published: September 2015

Objective—
Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia involve dysregulated maternal inflammatory responses to pregnancy, but whether such responses differ between the disorders has not been determined. We aimed to investigate disease-specific early pregnancy serum cytokine profiles of women subsequently developing gestational hypertension or preeclampsia for new insight into the underlying pathogeneses and differences between the disorders.

Approach and Results—

The study cohort consisted of 548 pregnant Norwegian women who were either multiparous with previous gestational hypertension or preeclampsia or were nulliparous. Maternal sera at gestational weeks 11
0
–13
6
were assayed for 27 cytokines, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, creatinine, calcium, uric acid, and placental growth factor. Compared with normotensive women, women with both hypertensive conditions presented an atherogenic lipid profile at early gestation, but only those later developing gestational hypertension had significantly higher serum levels of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-12. Comparing the 2 hypertensive pregnancy disorders, women subsequently developing gestational hypertension had higher serum levels of IL-1β, IL-5, IL-7, IL-8, IL-13, basic fibroblast growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor than the women subsequently developing preeclampsia.

Conclusions—
This study identifies early pregnancy differences in serum cytokine profiles for gestational hypertension and preeclampsia.
Deficiency of HIF1α in Antigen-Presenting Cells Aggravates Atherosclerosis and Type 1 T-Helper Cell Responses in Mice
Authors: Chaudhari Sweena M. , Sluimer Judith C. , Koch Miriam , Theelen Thomas L. , Manthey Helga D. , Busch Martin , Caballero-Franco Celia , Vogel Frederick , Cochain Clément , Pelisek Jaroslav , Daemen Mat J. , Lutz Manfred B. , Görlach Agnes , Kissler Stephan , Hermanns Heike M. , Zernecke Alma 
Published: September 2015

Objective—
Although immune responses drive the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, mechanisms that control antigen-presenting cell (APC)–mediated immune activation in atherosclerosis remain elusive. We here investigated the function of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in APCs in atherosclerosis.

Approach and Results—

We found upregulated HIF1α expression in CD11c
+
APCs within atherosclerotic plaques of low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient (
Ldlr
−/−
) mice. Conditional deletion of
Hif1a
in CD11c
+
APCs in high-fat diet–fed
Ldlr
−/−
mice accelerated atherosclerotic plaque formation and increased lesional T-cell infiltrates, revealing a protective role of this transcription factor. HIF1α directly controls Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (
Stat3
), and a reduced STAT3 expression was found in HIF1α-deficient APCs and aortic tissue, together with an upregulated interleukin-12 expression and expansion of type 1 T-helper (Th1) cells. Overexpression of STAT3 in
Hif1a
-deficient APCs in bone marrow reversed enhanced atherosclerotic lesion formation and reduced Th1 cell expansion in chimeric
Ldlr
−/−
mice. Notably, deletion of
Hif1a
in LysM
+
bone marrow cells in
Ldlr
−/−
mice did not affect lesion formation or T-cell activation. In human atherosclerotic lesions, HIF1α, STAT3, and interleukin-12 protein were found to colocalize with APCs.

Conclusions—

Our findings identify HIF1α to antagonize APC activation and Th1 T cell polarization during atherogenesis in
Ldlr
−/−
mice and to attenuate the progression of atherosclerosis. These data substantiate the critical role of APCs in controlling immune mechanisms that drive atherosclerotic lesion development.
Estimates of Global and Regional Premature Cardiovascular Mortality in 2025
Authors: Roth Gregory A. , Nguyen Grant , Forouzanfar Mohammad H. , Mokdad Ali H. , Naghavi Mohsen , Murray Christopher J.L. 
Published: September 2015

Background—
United Nations member states have agreed to reduce premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality 25% by 2025. Global CVD risk factor targets have been recommended. We produced estimates to show how selected risk factor reduction would affect CVD mortality for different regions and countries.

Methods and Results—
We used mortality, risk factor, and relative risk data from the Global Burden of Disease, Risk Factors, and Injuries (GBD) 2013 study to project CVD mortality for 188 countries up to the year 2025. We disaggregated observed CVD mortality in 1990 and 2013 into deaths attributable and unattributable to hypertension, tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, and obesity using an age- and sex-specific population-attributable fraction. Risk factors were projected to 2025 assuming that current trends continue. Counterfactual scenarios were then constructed reflecting CVD premature mortality if United Nations risk factor targets are achieved in the year 2025, adjusting for joint effects of risk factors. We estimate 7.8 million premature CVD deaths in 2025 if current risk factor trends continue. Premature CVD deaths would be reduced to 5.7 million if these risk factors targets are achieved as a result of a 26% reduction for men and a 23% reduction for women in the global risk of premature CVD death. Globally, decreasing the prevalence of hypertension accounted for the largest risk reduction, followed by a reduction in tobacco smoking for men and obesity for women, but these results varied by region. The impact of meeting all risk factor targets on CVD mortality varied widely by region and sex.

Conclusions—
The United Nations target of a 25% reduction in premature CVD mortality by the year 2025 appears achievable for some countries, but more aggressive risk factor targets may be required if all regions are to reach this goal. Without these reductions in CVD risk factors, many countries will see no change or even an increase in premature CVD mortality.
Sulodexide for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Andreozzi Giuseppe M. , Bignamini Angelo A. , Davì Giovanni , Palareti Gualtiero , Matuška Jiří , Holý Martin , Pawlaczyk-Gabriel Katarzyna , Džupina Andrej , Sokurenko German Y. , Didenko Yury P. , Andrei Laurentia D. , Lessiani Gianfranco , Visonà Adriana 
Published: September 2015

Background—
Patients with a first episode of unprovoked venous thromboembolism have a high risk of recurrence after discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy. Extending anticoagulation reduces the risk of recurrence but is associated with increased bleeding. Sulodexide, a glycosaminoglycan, exerts antithrombotic and profibrinolytic actions with a low bleeding risk when administered orally, but its benefit for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism is not well known.

Methods and Results—

In this multicenter, double-blind study, 615 patients with first-ever unprovoked venous thromboembolism who had completed 3 to 12 months of oral anticoagulant treatment were randomly assigned to sulodexide 500 lipasemic units twice daily or placebo for 2 years, in addition to elastic stockings. The primary efficacy outcome was recurrence of venous thromboembolism. Major or clinically relevant bleeding was the primary safety outcome. Venous thromboembolism recurred in 15 of the 307 patients who received sulodexide and in 30 of the 308 patients who received placebo (hazard ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27–0.92;
P
=0.02). The analysis in which lost to follow-up was assigned to failure yielded a risk ratio among treated versus control subjects of 0.54 (95% confidence interval, 0.35–0.85;
P
=0.009). No major bleeding episodes occurred; 2 patients in each treatment group had a clinically relevant bleeding episode. Adverse events were similar in the 2 groups.

Conclusion—
Sulodexide given after discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment reduced the risk of recurrence in patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism, with no apparent increase of bleeding risk.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/
. Identifier: EudraCT number 2009-016923-77.
Słownictwo osobliwe w „Ścieżkach polnych” Leopolda Staffa
Authors: Białoskórska Mirosława 
Published: September 2015

Peculiar vocabulary in Ścieżki polne by Leopold StaffIn the article „Peculiar vocabulary in Ścieżki polne by Leopold Staff” Mirosława Białoskórska presented the roles and functions of peculiar vocabulary, i.e. the words characterized by chronological, geographical, emotional-expressive and stylistical features in creation of images of people, animals and countryside nature against the background of the general vocabulary of the Polish language in the beginning of the XX century. The examined vocabulary (204 vocabulary words in 229 usages) is presented in 52 lyric verses (83,9% of the entire collection), including the average concentration index of evaluative vocabulary in 2400 poetic lines amounts to 10,5. The predominant use of chronologically-evaluative words (old, outdated, and rare words) and geographically-evaluative (lexical regionalisms and dialectisms) words over emotional-expressive words (neologisms, neosemantisms, poetisms) made it possible for the poet to make idealized creations of people, animals and birds who are tired of working against the background of the countryside landscape and different phenomena of Polish nature – the heroes of his poems.
Słowiańskie nazwy ‘źrenicy’ w świetle materiałów gwarowych i źródeł historycznych
Authors: Siatkowski Janusz 
Published: September 2015

Slavic names of the ‘pupil’ (‘źrenica’) in the light of dialect materials and historic sourcesDespite a considerable mixture of names of “the pupil”, their collateral use and not quite distinct borders of ranges of specified lexemes, it is possible to specify several express, albeit not quite well-defined, areals (map 1).In Russia and in eastern regions of Belarus and Ukraine, the name *z//orčьkъ (// > d) dominates. In the areal of this name, it is possible to define the areal of a separate or collateral occurrence of names *Z//ьrъkъ, more rarely *z//irъkъ (Z > s, ž; // > v) southward and eastward from Moscow, names *ględělьce, *ględělьca and *ględělьcь in the vicinity of Pskov and Novgorod and *čьrnyšь, *čьrnyšьkъ and *čьrnyšьko in the north of Russia.In Poland and in the Czech Republic, *GЪpanьnъka (GЪ > ø) occur, besides, *zьrěnica also occurs in Poland.In Ukraine and in eastern Belarus, *čelověčьkъ dominates, while *čelověčьko is less numerous; in southern Bulgaria, Macedonia and in Slavic settlements on the territory of Greece and Turkey the forms *čELoVěčę, *čELověčьlę and *čELoVěčьčь (EL > ø; V > ø) dominate.In Serbia and Croatia and somewhat in Slovenia and south-western Bulgaria, the name *zěnica prevails.Map 2 (motivation map) shows most visibly two types: from the verbs meaning ‘patrzeć’ („to see”), which occur in the prevailing part of the Slavic territory, and from the words meaning persons and things that are reflected in „the pupil” (‘źrenica’) and are represented in western Ukraine and western Belarus, on the prevailing territory of Poland, in the Czech Republic and Moravia, in the south-eastern part of Slovakia and also in Macedonia, southern Bulgaria and in Slavic settlements on the territory of Greece and Turkey. Both of these types were registered as a certain mixed type, in particular, in eastern Ukraine and eastern Belarus.The names that are motivated by the black color of “the pupil” (‘źrenica’) are found mainly in northern russian and in southern Macedonian dialects; less frequently they appear in the territory of Austria and in Łużyce. Motivation types from the names meaning round, shining and luminous objects, and from the names that are diminutive names of the eye are very sporadic and occur in great dispersion.