bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aiming for better glucose control: is HbA1c of 7% the ‘holy grail’? The clinical approach or seven clinical questions about 7
Authors: Koren Shlomit , Rapoport Micha J. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe diabetes epidemic imposes a substantial burden on health systems and economy all over the world. Over the last two decades, many health systems adopted health care quality and performance measures for diabetes mellitus, most notably haemoglobin A1c. This article raises concerns regarding the significance of HbA1c as a performance measure and emphasizes the need for individualized therapy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progressive change of intra‐islet GLP‐1 production during diabetes development
Authors: O'Malley Thomas J. , Fava Genevieve E. , Zhang Yanqing , Fonseca Vivian A. , Wu Hongju 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundGlucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) and glucagon share the same precursor molecule proglucagon, but each arises from a distinct posttranslational process in a tissue‐specific manner. Recently, it has been shown that GLP‐1 is co‐expressed with glucagon in pancreatic islet cells. This study was aimed to investigate the progressive changes of GLP‐1 versus glucagon production in pancreatic islets during the course of diabetes development.MethodsBoth type 1 (non‐obese diabetes mice) and type 2 (db/db mice) diabetes models were employed in this study. The mice were monitored closely for their diabetes progression and were sacrificed at different stages according to their blood glucose levels. GLP‐1 and glucagon expression in the pancreatic islets was examined using immunohistochemistry assays. Quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate the significance of the changes.ResultsThe ratio of GLP‐1‐expressing cells to glucagon‐expressing cells in the islets showed significant, progressive increase with the development of diabetes in db/db mice. The increase of GLP‐1 expression was in agreement with the upregulation of PC1/3 expression in these cells. Interestingly, intra‐islet GLP‐1 expression was not significantly changed during the development of type 1 diabetes in non‐obese diabetes mice.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated that GLP‐1 was progressively upregulated in pancreatic islets during type 2 diabetes development. In addition, the data suggest clear differences in intra‐islet GLP‐1 production between type 1 and type 2 diabetes developments. These differences may have an effect on the clinical and pathophysiological processes of these diseases and may be a target for therapeutic approaches. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bulky Titanium Amides: C–H Bond Activation under Mild Conditions
Authors: Adler Christian , Bekurdts Alexander , Haase Detlev , Saak Wolfgang , Schmidtmann Marc , Beckhaus Rüdiger 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe bulky titanium monoamido complex Cl3TiNCy2 (1) was synthesized from TiCl4 and dicyclohexylamine (Cy2NH). The solid‐state structure of 1 demonstrates a close intramolecular contact between the metal centre and one ipso carbon atom of the amido ligand. This contact may indicate an agostic interaction analogous to those of transition metal alkyl compounds. The alteration of the coordination sphere of 1 with neutral ligands [pyridine (2), 2,2′‐bipyridyl (3), N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethane‐1,2‐diamine (tmeda, 4), and 1,2‐bis(dimethylphosphanyl)ethane (dmpe, 5)] results in octahedral compounds with a meridional arrangement of the ligands. The solid‐state structure of 5 reveals a significantly closer contact between the titanium atom and one ipso carbon atom of the ligand. The magnesium reduction of 1 in the presence of adamantylidenepentafulvene yields the dark green complex (η5,η1‐adamantylidenepentafulvene)Ti(NCy2)Cl (8). The exchange of the last chlorine atom with other bulky amido ligands [NCy2, N(SiMe3)2] by salt metathesis reactions initiates a spontaneous C–H activation at room temperature. The titanaaziridine (η5‐CpAd)(η2‐NCy2)TiNCy2 (9) formed after a β‐C–H activation with LiNCy2. The use of NaN(SiMe3)2 results in a γ‐C–H activation and the formation of the azatitanacyclobutane (10). The alkylation of ClTi(NCy2)3 (7) with methyllithium produces the reactive complex MeTi(NCy2)3 (11). The spontaneous reaction of 11 at room temperature by β‐C–H activation to release methane and cyclohexene yields the dinuclear imido‐bridged complex [(Cy2N)2Ti(NCy)]2 (12). The formation of 12 can also be observed by 1H NMR spectroscopic measurements.
Does remembering past ingroup harmdoing promote postwar cross‐group contact? Insights from a field‐experiment in Liberia
Authors: Mazziotta Agostino , Feuchte Friederike , Gausel Nicolay , Nadler Arie 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn the aftermath of the Liberian civil wars, we investigated whether it is possible to systematically influence how people construe their group's role during the conflict and how this affects intergroup emotions and behavioral intentions. In a field experiment, 146 participants were randomly assigned to think about incidents of violence during the war that were either committed by fellow ingroup members (perpetrator‐focus) or against fellow ingroup members (victim‐focus). Adopting a perpetrator‐focus led to greater willingness to engage in cross‐group contact, greater need for acceptance, and greater intergroup empathy. The focus manipulation did not affect participants' need for empowerment.Key message: Appraising the ingroup as “victim” or “perpetrator” after conflicts with reciprocal harmdoing is largely a matter of psychological construction. A promising avenue for promoting positive cross‐group contact consists in widening the ingroup's victim role by also remembering the harm that the ingroup inflicted upon others. This amplifies the need of acceptance, which leads to greater intergroup empathy and greater willingness to engage in cross‐group contact. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of 80 years of ancient‐badlands restoration in Saldaña, Spain
Authors: Hevia Joaquín Navarro , de Araújo José Carlos , Manso Jorge Mongil 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the history of badland generated in the Saldaña region, Spain; as well as the main responses eight decades after the start of restoration – in terms of vegetation, soil and erosive processes. The restoration consisted of intense reforestation and construction of more than 100 check dams and numerous wattle fences. Presently, the dense vegetation (87% cover) contrasts markedly with the degraded landscape from the early 20th century (5% cover). The thickness of litter and the natural presence of some species (Quercus pyrenaica, Paeonia broteroi and Lactarius deliciosus) clearly indicate the recovery of the site. The development of the forest cover shows that the intervention has the potential to recover almost 90% of the area. There is also evidence of soil regeneration, although some properties (erodibility, resistance to penetration and shear‐strength resistance) are not that different between the forested and degraded areas. In the restored zones, runoff is negligible, since a thick layer of moss covers the spillways of all the check dams. Erosion has almost been stopped by the effects of vegetation cover, litter and higher infiltration rates (infiltration rate in forested slopes is 43.4 times greater than in bare slopes). Sediment detachment, such as landslides, mudflows and piping, still occur, but are restricted to the degraded zones. Furthermore, even when sediments are mobilized from the upper degraded hillslopes during the larger storms events (2000–2010), check dams and the lower elevation restored forest‐buffers effectively work to reduce the sediment yield into the Carrión River by almost three orders of magnitude (<102 mg L‐1), compared with data from the 1930s and 1940s (>105 mg L‐1). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paleoflood events recorded by speleothems in caves
Authors: Gázquez Fernando , Calaforra José María , Forti Paolo , Stoll Heather , Ghaleb Bassam , Delgado‐Huertas Antonio 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTSpeleothems are usually composed of thin layers of calcite (or aragonite). However, cemented detrital materials interlayered between laminae of speleothemic carbonate have been also observed in many caves. Flowstones comprising discontinuous carbonate layers form due to flowing water films, while flood events introduce fluviokarstic sediments in caves that, on occasion, are recorded as clayey layers inside flowstones and stalagmites. This record provides a potential means of understanding the frequency of palaeofloods using cave records. In this work, we investigate the origin of this type of detrital deposit in El Soplao Cave (Northern Spain). The age of the lowest aragonite layer of a flowstone reveals that the earliest flood period occurred before 500 ka, though most of the flowstone formed between 422 +69/‐43 ka and 400 +66/‐42 ka. This suggests that the cave was periodically affected by palaeoflood events that introduced detrital sediments from the surface as a result of occasional extreme rainfall events, especially at around 400 ka. The mineralogical data enable an evolutionary model for this flowstone to be generated based on the alternation of flood events with laminar flows and carbonate layers precipitation that can be extrapolated to other caves in which detrital sediments inside speleothems have been found. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel pattern of proglacial rivers: topographic forcing due to glacier retreat
Authors: Marren Philip M. , Toomath Shamus C. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTGlacier retreat leads to changes in channel pattern during deglaciation, in response to changing water, sediment and base level controls. Recent ongoing retreat at Skaftafellsjökull, Iceland (c. 50 m per year since 1998) has resulted in the formation of a sequence of river terraces, and several changes in river channel pattern. This paper compares widely used models of river channel pattern against the changes observed at Skaftafellsjökull. Doing this reveals the role of topographic forcing in determining proglacial channel pattern, whilst examining the predictive power and limitations of the various approaches to classifying river channels. Topography was found to play a large role in determining channel pattern in proglacial environments for two reasons: firstly, glacier retreat forces rivers to flow through confined moraine reaches. In these reaches, channels which theory predicts should be braided are forced to adopt a single channel. Secondly, proximal incision of proglacial rivers, accompanied by downstream aggradation, leads to changes in slope which force the river to cross channel pattern thresholds. The findings of this work indicate that in the short term, the majority of channel pattern change in proglacial rivers is due to topographic forcing, and that changes due to changing hydrology and sediment supply are initially relatively minor, although likely to increase in significance as deglaciation progresses. These findings have implications for palaeohydraulic studies, where changes in proglacial channel pattern are frequently interpreted as being due to changes in water or sediment supply. This paper shows that channel pattern can change at timescales faster than hydrological or sediment budget changes usually occur, in association with relatively minor changes in glacier mass balance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The significance of landforms – the contribution of geomorphology to the World Heritage Programme of UNESCO
Authors: Migoń Piotr 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis discussion paper addresses the role of geomorphology in designating UNESCO World Heritage properties. Two of the defined criteria employed in the process are explicitly relevant to geomorphology. Criterion (vii) emphasizes the occurrence of superlative natural phenomena, while criterion (viii) directly refers to landforms and on‐going surface processes, along with historical geological values. Superlative natural phenomena may be singular features, but in recent nominations the focus has tended to be on geomorphic diversity over limited areas. Overall, this is a criterion significantly influenced by subjective judgement. The significance of landforms, as included in the wording of criterion (viii), may be considered in three ways. Landforms may be significant for the science of geomorphology itself, and/or for other natural science disciplines, particularly biology and ecology, and/or be of wider cultural significance, including for history, architecture, general landscape aesthetics, art, or religion, underpinning cultural developments. To better determine the conditions to be fulfilled by a property to be considered as geomorphologically significant at the highest global level required for World Heritage listing seems a timely and useful exercise. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Landscape Evolution Modelling of naturally dammed rivers
Authors: van Gorp Wouter , Temme Arnaud J.A.M. , Baartman Jantiene E.M. , Schoorl Jeroen M. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTNatural damming of upland river systems, such as landslide or lava damming, occurs worldwide. Many dams fail shortly after their creation, while other dams are long‐lived and therefore have a long‐term impact on fluvial and landscape evolution. This long‐term impact is still poorly understood and landscape evolution modelling (LEM) can increase our understanding of different aspects of this response. Our objective was to simulate fluvial response to damming, by monitoring sediment redistribution and river profile evolution for a range of geomorphic settings. We used LEM LAPSUS, which calculates runoff erosion and deposition and can deal with non‐spurious sinks, such as dam‐impounded areas. Because fluvial dynamics under detachment‐limited and transport‐limited conditions are different, we mimicked these conditions using low and high erodibility settings, respectively. To compare the relative impact of different dam types, we evaluated five scenarios for each landscape condition: one scenario without a dam and four scenarios with dams of increasing erodibility. Results showed that dam‐related sediment storage persisted at least until 15 000 years for all dam scenarios. Incision and knickpoint retreat occurred faster in the detachment‐limited landscape than in the transport‐limited landscape. Furthermore, in the transport‐limited landscape, knickpoint persistence decreased with increasing dam erodibility. Stream capture occurred only in the transport‐limited landscape due to a persisting floodplain behind the dam and headward erosion of adjacent channels. Changes in sediment yield variation due to stream captures did occur but cannot be distinguished from other changes in variation of sediment yield. Comparison of the model results with field examples indicates that the model reproduces several key phenomena of damming response in both transport‐limited and detachment‐limited landscapes. We conclude that a damming event which occurred 15 000 years ago can influence present‐day sediment yield, profile evolution and stream patterns. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bicarbonate toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and the freshwater shrimp Paratya australiensis and its influence on zinc toxicity
Authors: Vera Carolina Lopez , Hyne Ross V. , Patra Ron , Ramasamy Sunderam , Pablo Fleur , Julli Moreno , Kefford Ben J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Bicarbonate is often a major ionic constituent associated with produced waters from methane gas extraction and coal mining, yet few studies have determined its specific toxicity. Currently, the environmental risk of bicarbonate anion in water discharges is assessed based on the toxicity of sodium chloride or artificial seawater and is regulated via electrical conductivity. Increased NaHCO3 added to Ceriodaphnia dubia in synthetic or natural water gave similar 48-h 10% effective concentration (EC10) values of 1750 ± 125 mg NaHCO3/L (mean ± standard error) and 1670 ± 180 mg NaHCO3/L, respectively. Bicarbonate was toxic to C. dubia in both waters with conductivities above 1900 µS/cm. In contrast, when conductivity was elevated with NaCl, toxicity to C. dubia was observed only above 2800 µS/cm. Bicarbonate also impaired C. dubia reproduction with an EC10 of 340 mg NaHCO3/L. Major ion composition also influenced Zn bioavailability, a common co-occurring metal contaminant in coal mine waters, with sublethal concentrations of NaHCO3 and elevated pH increasing Zn toxicity. Higher pH was the dominant parameter determining a 10-fold increase in the 48-h 50% effective concentration (EC50) for Zn toxicity to C. dubia at pH 8.6 of 34 µg Zn/L (95% confidence limit = 32–37 µg Zn/L) compared with the Zn toxicity at approximately circumneutral pH. Exposure of the freshwater shrimp Paratya australiensis (Atyidae) in natural water to increasing bicarbonate gave a mean 10-d 10% lethal concentration (LC10) of 850 ± 115 mg NaHCO3/L, associated with a mean conductivity EC10 of 1145 µS/cm, which is considerably lower than toxicity of NaCl and artificial seawater to this species reported elsewhere. Because toxicity was influenced by salt composition, specific ions should be regulated rather than conductivity alone in mine wastewater discharges. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1179–1186. © 2014 SETAC
Quantification of furocoumarins in hydroalcoholic fragrances by a liquid chromatography–high resolution/accurate mass method
Authors: Corbi Elise , Pérès Christophe , David Nathalie 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTFurocoumarins are secondary metabolites that occur in various plant species used as ingredients in fragrances and cosmetics. Those compounds have received an increased interest in those matrices since they are known to induce photosensitization and to have potential carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic effects. To date, there are no restricted limits regarding these compounds; however, some committees proposed following seven targeted compounds at low level concentration in finished cosmetic products (≤1 mg/l). This implies the need for a robust and specific analytical method to control and determine their concentrations in essential oils or more complex matrices such as fragrances. An innovative RP‐HPLC high‐resolution/accurate‐mass MS method based on Orbitrap technology was developed to quantify seven furocoumarins in fragrances in the range 0.01–1 mg/l. This method was developed and validated according to accuracy profile methodology. Accurate mass and high resolution provides a robust and highly specific approach to quantify the compounds and minimize tedious sample preparation. The method was finally used to quantify more than 50 perfumes (eaux de toilette, eaux de parfum, extraits). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of neural network and genetic algorithm techniques in simulating spatio‐temporal fluctuations of groundwater
Authors: Jha Madan K. , Sahoo Sasmita 
Published: February 2014

AbstractGroundwater modelling has emerged as a powerful tool to develop a sustainable management plan for efficient groundwater utilization and protection of this vital resource. This study deals with the development of five hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) models and their critical assessment for simulating spatio‐temporal fluctuations of groundwater in an alluvial aquifer system. Unlike past studies, in this study, all the relevant input variables having significant influence on groundwater have been considered, and the hybrid ANN technique [ANN‐cum‐Genetic Algorithm (GA)] has been used to simulate groundwater levels at 17 sites over the study area. The parameters of the ANN models were optimized using a GA optimization technique. The predictive ability of the five hybrid ANN models developed for each of the 17 sites was evaluated using six goodness‐of‐fit criteria and graphical indicators, together with adequate uncertainty analyses. The analysis of the results of this study revealed that the multilayer perceptron Levenberg–Marquardt model is the most efficient in predicting monthly groundwater levels at almost all of the 17 sites, while the radial basis function model is the least efficient. The GA technique was found to be superior to the commonly used trial‐and‐error method for determining optimal ANN architecture and internal parameters. Of the goodness‐of‐fit statistics used in this study, only root‐mean‐squared error,r2and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency were found to be more powerful and useful in assessing the performance of the ANN models. It can be concluded that the hybrid ANN modelling approach can be effectively used for predicting spatio‐temporal fluctuations of groundwater at basin or subbasin scales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a multiparametric in vitro model of skin sensitization
Authors: Guyard‐Nicodème Muriel , Gerault Eloise , Platteel Marion , Peschard Olivier , Veron Wilfried , Mondon Philippe , Pascal Svinareff , Feuilloley Marc G. J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTMost animal experiments on cosmetics safety are prohibited and since March 2013, this obligation includes sensitization tests. However, until now there has been no validated alternative in vitro method. In this work, 400 compounds used in the cosmetic industry were selected to cover the greatest diversity of structures, biological activities and sensitizing potential. These molecules were submitted to a series of tests aimed at reproducing essential steps in sensitization and to distinguish between sensitization and irritations, i.e., transcutaneous permeation (factor A), haptenation (factor B), sensitization cytokines production (factor C) and acute toxicity (factor D). The transcutaneous diffusion was measured on human skin explants using Franz cells. Haptenation was tested in solution on human serum albumin. Sensitization cytokine production was investigated by measurement of interleukin‐18 release by keratinocytes. Acute toxicity was determined using an 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide75 cell viability test. As only sufficiently stable, soluble and detectable compounds are usable, 33, 72, 68 and 68 molecules were finally tested on factors A, B, C and D, respectively, and 32 were completely screened by the four factors. The individual correlation of the four factors with the reference in vivo tests was limited but the combination of these factors led to a correlation between in vivo and in vitro assays of 81.2% and the safety of the test (risk of false negative) reached 96.8%. The techniques employed are simple and inexpensive and this model of four tests appears as a promising technique to evaluate in vitro the skin sensitization potential of unknown molecules. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.