bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parents' experiences of managing their child's diabetes using an insulin pump: a qualitative study
Authors: Rankin D. , Harden J. , Noyes K. , Waugh N. , Barnard K. , Lawton J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimsContinuous subcutaneous insulin infusion delivered via a pump is increasingly recommended for younger children with Type 1 diabetes. Our aims were: to understand the impact on parents who care for young children using insulin pumps; to help interpret psychological outcomes reported in quantitative research; and to inform provision of support to future parents.MethodsWe conducted in‐depth interviews with 19 parents of children (aged ≤ 12 years) with Type 1 diabetes who used an insulin pump. Data were analysed thematically.ResultsParents reported multiple benefits from using insulin pumps, including: no longer having to administer painful injections; fewer restrictions on the frequency, timing and carbohydrate contents of snacks and meals; and improvements in family life and their child's glycaemic control. Parents liked and felt less anxious about using bolus calculators to determine insulin doses; however, parents also described undertaking additional and unanticipated work to manage their child's diabetes using a pump. This included performing more blood glucose tests to calculate insulin doses for snacks and to address their concerns that the pump increased their child's risk of hypoglycaemia. Some parents reported doing additional blood glucose checks because they could adjust pump settings to better manage hypo‐ and hyperglycaemia.ConclusionsParents liked and perceived benefits for their child and themselves from using an insulin pump; however, parents would benefit from being made aware of the additional work involved in using a pump and also from education and support to address concerns about hypoglycaemia. Better measures to evaluate parents' experiences are also recommended.
Difficulties in screening for peripheral neuropathies in children with diabetes
Authors: Hirschfeld G. , von Glischinski M. , Knop C. , Wiesel T. , Reinehr T. , Aksu F. , Blankenburg M. , Hirsch J. , Zernikow B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimsTo assess the diagnostic utility of a novel abbreviated monofilament test in comparison with the tuning fork test to detect diabetic peripheral neuropathy in children.MethodsA total of 88 children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus were screened for diabetic peripheral neuropathy using the monofilament test and the tuning fork. Nerve conduction studies were performed according to the ‘gold standard’ for neuropathy. We assessed the diagnostic utility and inter‐rater agreement of the two screening methods.ResultsA total of 43 (49%) children (aged 6–18 years) had at least one abnormal nerve conduction study result. Diagnostic utility and inter‐rater agreement were very low for both screening methods. The monofilament test yielded a sensitivity of 18% and a specificity of 80%. The tuning fork yielded a sensitivity of 0% and a specificity of 98%.ConclusionThe present study found that an abbreviated monofilament test has low diagnostic utility for the detection of early diabetic peripheral neuropathy because of its low reliability. The problem of reliability needs to be more thoroughly addressed in order to improve the screening procedures in diabetes management in childhood and adolescence.
Multi‐country retrospective observational study of the management and outcomes of patients with Type 2 diabetes during Ramadan in 2010 (CREED)
Authors: Babineaux S. M. , Toaima D. , Boye K. S. , Zagar A. , Tahbaz A. , Jabbar A. , Hassanein M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimTo describe the characteristics and management of patients with diabetes who chose to fast during Ramadan in 2010.MethodsThis was a multi‐country, retrospective, observational study, supplemented with physician and patient questionnaires, with data captured before, during and after Ramadan. A total of 508 physicians in 13 countries enrolled 3777 patients and a total of 3394 evaluable cases were analysed. We report on the subset of patients with Type 2 diabetes, which included 3250 patients (95.8%).ResultsOral anti‐hyperglycaemic therapy was the predominant pre‐Ramadan therapy for most patients (76.6%). The treatment regimen was modified before Ramadan for 39.3% of all patients (34.9% for patients on oral drugs alone, 47.1% for patients on injectable drugs alone). Almost all physicians (96.2%) reported providing fasting‐specific advice to patients and 62.6% report using guidelines or recommendations for the management of diabetes during Ramadan. In all, 64% of patients reported fasting everyday of Ramadan and 94.2% fasted for at least 15 days.ConclusionsPhysicians have increasingly adopted multiple approaches to the management of fasting during Ramadan, including the adoption of international and/or national guidelines, providing fasting‐specific advice and adjusting treatment regimens, such that patients are able to fast for a greater number of days without acute complications. Additional research is needed to explore physician and patient beliefs and practices to inform the evidence‐based management of diabetes while fasting, both during and outside of Ramadan, and to identify and address barriers to the universal uptake of techniques to facilitate that management.
Glycaemic control and self‐management behaviours in Type 2 diabetes: results from a 1‐year longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Houle J. , Beaulieu M.‐D. , Chiasson J.‐L. , Lespérance F. , Côté J. , Strychar I. , Bherer L. , Meunier S. , Lambert J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimTo better understand the associations between changes in self‐management behaviours and glycaemic control.MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational study of 295 adult patients with Type 2 diabetes evaluated at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Four self‐management behaviours were evaluated using the Summary of Diabetes Self‐Care Activities instrument, which assesses healthy diet, physical activity, medication taking and self‐monitoring of blood glucose. Using hierarchical linear regression models, we tested whether changes in self‐management behaviours were associated with short‐term (6‐month) or long‐term (12‐month) changes in glycaemic control, after controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics.ResultsImproved diet was associated with a decrease in HbA1c level, both at 6 and 12 months. Improved medication taking was associated with short‐term improvement in glycaemic control, while increased self‐monitoring of blood glucose frequency was associated with a 12‐month improvement in HbA1c. Completely stopping exercise after being physically active at baseline was associated with a rise in HbA1c level at 6‐month follow‐up. Interaction analysis indicated that a healthy diet benefitted all participant subgroups, but that medication taking was associated with glycaemic control only for participants living in poverty and more strongly for those with lower educational levels. Finally, a higher self‐monitoring of blood glucose frequency was associated with better glycaemic control only in insulin‐treated participants.ConclusionsEven after adjusting for potential confounders (including baseline HbA1c), increased frequency of healthy diet, medication taking and self‐monitoring of blood glucose were associated with improved HbA1c levels. These self‐management behaviours should be regularly monitored to identify patients at risk of deterioration in glycaemic control. Barriers to optimum self‐management should be removed, particularly among socio‐economically disadvantaged populations.
Effect of particle size on calcium release and elevation of pH of endodontic cements
Authors: Saghiri Mohammad Ali , Asatourian Armen , Orangi Jafar , Lotfi Mehrdad , Soukup Jason W. , Garcia‐Godoy Franklin , Sheibani Nader 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackground/AimElevation of pH and calcium ion release are of great importance in antibacterial activity and the promotion of dental soft and hard tissue healing process. In this study, we evaluated the effect of particle size on the elevation of pH and the calcium ion release from calcium silicate‐based dental cements.Material and methodsTwelve plastic tubes were divided into three groups, filled with white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA), WMTA plus 1% methylcellulose, and nano‐modified WMTA (nano‐WMTA), and placed inside flasks containing 10 ml of distilled water. The pH values were measured using a pH sensor 3, 24, 72, and 168 h after setting of the cements. The calcium ion release was measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer with same sample preparation method. Data were subjected to two‐way analysis of variance (anova) followed by post hoc Tukey tests with significance level of P < 0.05.ResultsNano‐WMTA showed significant pH elevation only after 24 h (P < 0.05) compared with WMTA, and after 3, 24, and 72 h compared with WMTA plus 1% methylcellulose (P < 0.05). Nano‐WMTA showed significantly higher calcium ion release values compared to the other two groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionsNano‐modification of WMTA remarkably increased the calcium ion release at all time intervals postsetting, which can significantly influence the osteogenic properties of human dental pulp cells and as a consequence enhance mineralized matrix nodule formation to achieve desirable clinical outcomes. However, the increase in pH values mainly occurred during the short time postsetting. Addition of 1% methylcellulose imposed a delay in elevation of pH and calcium ion release by WMTA.
Investigation of vacuum forming techniques for reduction of loss in mouthguard thickness: part 2—effects of sheet grooving and thermal shrinkage
Authors: Takahashi Mutsumi , Koide Kaoru , Mizuhashi Fumi , Sato Toshihide 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate vacuum forming techniques for reduction of loss in mouthguard thickness effects of sheet grooving and thermal shrinkage of extruded sheets on molded mouthguard thickness. Mouthguards were fabricated with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheets (4.0 mm thick) using a vacuum forming machine. Sheet form was a convexing v‐shaped groove toward the back, 10–40 mm from the anterior end. The sheets were placed in the forming machine with the sheet extrusion direction either vertical or parallel to the model's centerline of right and left. Molding was performed by crimping the sheet using suction when the most descending portion of the sheet sagged downwards from the clamp, 15 mm below the basal surface. Postmolding thickness was determined using a measuring device. Measurement points were the incisal portion (incisal edge and labial surface) and molar portion (cusp and buccal surface). Differences in molded mouthguard thickness with the sheet orientation of extruded EVA sheets were analyzed by student's t‐test. The sheet in parallel axis orientation with the model's centerline yielded higher thickness than vertical orientation at the labial surface and the buccal surface. The present results suggested that addition of a groove to the sheet in conjunction with placement of the sheet with its axis of orientation parallel the centerline of the working model can effectively reduce thickness loss in the molded mouthguard with the equipment and materials used in this study.
Dewey and Video Games: From Education through Occupations to Education through Simulations
Authors: Waddington David I. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCritics like Leonard Waks argue that video games are, at best, a dubious substitute for the rich classroom experiences that John Dewey wished to create and that, at worst, they are profoundly miseducative. Using the example of Fate of the World, a climate change simulation game, David Waddington addresses these concerns through a careful demonstration of how video games can recapture some of the lost potential of Dewey's original program of education through occupations. Not only do simulation games realize most of the original goals of education through occupations, but they also solve some of the serious practical problems that Dewey's curriculum generated. Waddington concludes the essay with an analysis of Waks's critiques and some cautionary notes about why it is important to be temperate in our endorsement of educational video gaming.
Friendship and the Public Stage: Revisiting Hannah Arendt's Resistance to “Political Education”
Authors: Schutz Aaron , Sandy Marie G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHannah Arendt's essays about the 1957 crisis over efforts of a group of youth, the “Little Rock Nine,” to desegregate a high school in Little Rock, Arkansas, reveal a tension in her vision of the “public.” In this article Aaron Schutz and Marie Sandy look closely at the experiences of the youth desegregating the school, especially those of Elizabeth Eckford, drawing upon them to trace a continuum of forms of public engagement in Arendt's work. This ranges from arenas of “deliberative friendship,” where unique individuals collaborate on common efforts, to a more conflictual “public stage,” where groups act in solidarity to change aspects of the public world. While Arendt famously asserted in her essay “The Crisis in Education” that political capacities should not be taught in schools, it makes more sense to see this argument as focused on what she sometimes called the conflictual “public stage,” reflecting the experience of the Little Rock Nine. In contrast, Schutz and Sandy argue that Arendt's own work implies that “deliberative friendship,” as described in her essay “Philosophy and Politics” and elsewhere, should be part of everyday practices in classrooms and schools.
Glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurons in the mouse ventral tegmental area
Authors: Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Qi Jia , Wang Hui‐Ling , Zhang Shiliang , Morales Marisela 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe ventral tegmental area (VTA) comprises dopamine (DA), γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) neurons. Some rat VTA Glu neurons, expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2), co‐express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). While transgenic mice are now being used in attempts to determine the role of VGluT2/TH neurons in reward and neuronal signaling, such neurons have not been characterized in mouse tissue. By cellular detection of VGluT2 mRNA and TH immunoreactivity (TH‐IR), we determined the cellular expression of VGluT2 mRNA within VTA TH‐IR neurons in the mouse. We found that some mouse VGluT2 neurons coexpressed TH‐IR, but their frequency was lower than in the rat. To determine whether low expression of TH mRNA or TH‐IR accounts for this low frequency, we evaluated VTA cellular coexpression of TH transcripts and TH protein. Within the medial aspects of the VTA, some neurons expressed TH mRNA but lacked TH‐IR; among them a subset coexpressed VGluT2 mRNA. To determine if lack of VTA TH‐IR was due to TH trafficking, we tagged VTA TH neurons by Cre‐inducible expression of mCherry in TH::Cre mice. By dual immunofluorescence, we detected axons containing mCherry, but lacking TH‐IR, in the lateral habenula, indicating that low frequency of VGluT2 mRNA (+)/TH‐IR (+) neurons in the mouse is due to lack of synthesis of TH protein, rather than TH protein trafficking. In conclusion, VGluT2 neurons are present in the rat and mouse VTA, but they differ in the populations of VGluT2/TH and TH neurons. Under normal conditions, the translation of TH protein is suppressed in the mouse mesohabenular TH neurons.
Implication of delta opioid receptor subtype 2 but not delta opioid receptor subtype 1 in the development of morphine analgesic tolerance in a rat model of chronic inflammatory pain
Authors: Beaudry H. , Gendron L. , Morón J. A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOpioids are well known for their robust analgesic effects. Chronic activation of mu opioid receptors (MOPs) is, however, accompanied by various unwanted effects such as analgesic tolerance. Among other mechanisms, interactions between MOPs and delta opioid receptors (DOPs) are thought to play an important role in morphine‐induced behavioral adaptations. Interestingly, certain conditions such as inflammation enhance the function of the DOP through a MOP‐dependent mechanism. Here, we investigated the role of DOPs during the development of morphine tolerance in an animal model of chronic inflammatory pain. Using behavioral approaches, we first established that repeated systemic morphine treatment induced morphine analgesic tolerance in rats coping with chronic inflammatory pain. We then observed that blockade of DOPs with subcutaneous naltrindole (NTI), a selective DOP antagonist, significantly attenuated the development of morphine tolerance in a dose‐dependent manner. We confirmed that this effect was DOP mediated by showing that an acute injection of NTI had no effect on morphine‐induced analgesia in naive animals. Previous pharmacological characterizations revealed the existence of DOP subtype 1 and DOP subtype 2. As opposed to NTI, 7‐benzylidenenaltrexone and naltriben were reported to be selective DOP subtype 1 and DOP subtype 2 antagonists, respectively. Interestingly, naltriben but not 7‐benzylidenenaltrexone was able to attenuate the development of morphine analgesic tolerance in inflamed rats. Altogether, our results suggest that targeting of DOP subtype 2 with antagonists provides a valuable strategy to attenuate the analgesic tolerance that develops after repeated morphine administration in the setting of chronic inflammatory pain.
Aging of adhesive interfaces treated with benzalkonium chloride and benzalkonium methacrylate
Authors: Sabatini Camila , Pashley David H. 
Published: January 2015

Inhibition of endogenous dentin matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) within incompletely infiltrated hybrid layers can contribute to the preservation of resin–dentin bonds. This study evaluated the bond stability of interfaces treated with benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and benzalkonium methacrylate (MBAC), and the inhibitory properties of these compounds on dentin MMP activity. Single‐component adhesive ALL‐BOND UNIVERSAL, modified with BAC or MBAC at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%, was used for microtensile bond strength (μTBS) evaluation after 24 h, 6 months, and 1 yr. Beams produced from human dentin were treated with 37% phosphoric acid, dipped in 0.5% BAC, 1.0% BAC, or water (control) for 60 s, and then incubated in SensoLyte generic MMP substrate to determine MMP activity. A significant decrease in the μTBS after 6 months and 1 yr was observed for the control group only. No significant differences among groups were shown at 24 h. After 6 months and 1 yr, the control group demonstrated significantly lower μTBS than all treatment groups. When applied for 60 s, 0.5% BAC inhibited total MMP activity by 31%, and 1.0% BAC inhibited total MMP activity by 54%. Both BAC and MBAC contributed to the preservation of resin–dentin bonds, probably because of their inhibitory properties of endogenous dentin proteinases.
The impact of understaffed shifts on nurse‐sensitive outcomes
Authors: Twigg Diane E. , Gelder Lucy , Myers Helen 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimTo explore the relationship between exposure to understaffed shifts and nurse‐sensitive outcomes at the patient level.BackgroundNurse‐sensitive outcomes are adverse patient outcomes that can be used as indicators of the quality of nursing care.DesignThis study was conducted in 2014 and was a secondary analysis of administrative data from a large acute care hospital in Western Australia. The sample included 36,529 patient admissions over a two‐year period from October 2004–November 2006.MethodsAn understaffed indicator variable was created from nurse staffing data and used to examine patient data to create a variable indicating the total number of understaffed shifts each patient had been exposed to during their hospital stay. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds of acquiring a nurse‐sensitive outcome for those exposed to understaffed shifts.ResultsThe prevalence ratio showed that for each of the nurse‐sensitive outcomes there was an increase in prevalence for those who were exposed to an understaffed shift, with all ratios being greater than one. After adjusting for patient characteristics, nurse‐sensitive outcomes found to have the understaffed variable significant in the logistic regression model were surgical wound infection, urinary tract infection, pressure injury, pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, upper gastrointestinal bleed, sepsis and physiological metabolic derangement. All odds ratios were small effects.ConclusionPreventing understaffing is a consideration for improving the quality of care for patients. Attributing the understaffing variable at the patient level enables exposure to be captured across ward changes increasing the sensitivity with which this variable can be measured.
Reanalysis of the biogeographical hypothesis of range expansion between robust and gracile capuchin monkeys
Authors: Nascimento Fabrícia F. , Lazar Ana , Seuánez Héctor N. , Bonvicino Cibele R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe data used by Lynch Alfaroet al. (2012a,Journal of Biogeography,39, 272–288) and the biogeographical hypothesis postulated by these authors to explain the current distribution of capuchin monkeys were reanalysed including additional cytochromebdata fromSapajus xanthosternosandSapajus flavius. Our reconstructed phylogeny placedS. xanthosternosin a monophyletic clade representing the most basal lineage of this genus. All analyses indicated polyphyletic arrangements for several capuchin species, suggesting that incomplete lineage sorting has occurred during their evolution. These results also suggest that available molecular data lack adequate variation for accurately resolving species relationships. These results suggest that the divergence of capuchin monkey genera may have occurred in the Atlantic Forest. However, a more conclusive scenario and better resolution of the species tree requires correct identification of species, data from several unlinked nuclear loci from a higher number of individuals per species, and careful analysis of ancientDNAdata from museum specimens.
Linear mixed model approach to network meta‐analysis for continuous outcomes in periodontal research
Authors: Tu Yu‐Kang 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimAnalysing continuous outcomes for network meta‐analysis by means of linear mixed models is a great challenge, as it requires statistical software packages to specify special patterns of model error variance and covariance structure. This article demonstrates a non‐Bayesian approach to network meta‐analysis for continuous outcomes in periodontal research with a special focus on the adjustment of data dependency.DataSeventeen studies on guided tissue regeneration were used to illustrate how the proposed linear mixed models for network meta‐analysis of continuous outcomes.Methods & ResultsArm‐based network meta‐analysis use treatment arms from each study as the unit of analysis; when patients are randomly assigned to each arm, data are deemed independent and therefore no adjustment is required for multi‐arm trials. Trial‐based network meta‐analysis use treatment contrasts as the unit of analysis, and therefore treatment contrasts within a multi‐arm trial are not independent. This data dependency occurs also in split‐mouth studies, and adjustments for data dependency are therefore required.ConclusionsArm‐based analysis is the preferred approach to network meta‐analysis, when all included studies use the parallel group design and some compare more than two treatment arms. When included studies used designs that yield dependent data, the trial‐based analysis is the preferred approach.