bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PAYMENTS, PROMOTION, AND THE PURPLE PILL
Authors: Ridley David B. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYUnderstanding competition in the US drug market requires knowing how sensitive demand is to prices. The relevant prices for insured consumers are copayments. There are many studies of copayment elasticity in the health literature, but they are of limited applicability for studies of competition. Because of a paucity of data, such studies typically control for neither competitor copayment nor advertising. Whereas previous studies examined copayment sensitivity when copayments for branded drugs move in unison, this study examines copayment sensitivity when copayments diverge. This study uses unique panel data of insurance copayments and utilization for 77 insurance groups, as well as data on advertising. The results indicate that demand can be much more sensitive to copayment than previously recognized. Manufacturers selling drugs with higher copayments than branded competitors can lose substantial market share. Manufacturers can offset the loss of demand by increasing advertising to physicians, but it is costly. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidized alginate hydrogels as niche environments for corneal epithelial cells
Authors: Wright Bernice , De Bank Paul A. , Luetchford Kim A. , Acosta Fernando R. , Connon Che J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractChemical and biochemical modification of hydrogels is one strategy to create physiological constructs that maintain cell function. The aim of this study was to apply oxidised alginate hydrogels as a basis for development of a biomimetic niche for limbal epithelial stem cells that may be applied to treating corneal dysfunction. The stem phenotype of bovine limbal epithelial cells (LEC) and the viability of corneal epithelial cells (CEC) were examined in oxidised alginate gels containing collagen IV over a 3‐day culture period. Oxidation increased cell viability (P ≤ 0.05) and this improved further with addition of collagen IV (P ≤ 0.01). Oxidised gels presented larger internal pores (diameter: 0.2–0.8 µm) than unmodified gels (pore diameter: 0.05–0.1 µm) and were significantly less stiff (P ≤ 0.001), indicating that an increase in pore size and a decrease in stiffness contributed to improved cell viability. The diffusion of collagen IV from oxidised alginate gels was similar to that of unmodified gels suggesting that oxidation may not affect the retention of extracellular matrix proteins in alginate gels. These data demonstrate that oxidised alginate gels containing corneal extracellular matrix proteins can influence corneal epithelial cell function in a manner that may impact beneficially on corneal wound healing therapy. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A Published byWiley Periodicals, Inc. Part A: 102A: 3393–3400, 2014.
Continuous lipase esterification using process intensification technologies
Authors: Elgue Sébastien , Conté Annelyse , Marty Alain , Condoret Jean‐Stéphane 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDNowadays, developing continuous enzymatic processes, especially when a two‐phase medium is required, remains a great challenge. So, there is a need to provide a technical solution for generating highly controlled interfacial area in a small volume. In this study, four types of reactors conventionally used for chemical process intensification and marketed by Corning, Chart Industries, NiTech Solutions and AM Technology, were tested for continuous lipase‐catalysed esterification in two‐phase medium.RESULTSThe NiTech oscillating reactor proved to be the more efficient to transform the input mechanical power into mass transfer performance while proposing easily adjustable residence time. Nevertheless, Corning and Chart heat‐exchanger reactors were shown to be very suitable candidates even if mass transfer performances depend on the flow‐rate and therefore are not uncoupled from the residence time. This results in a less convenient choice of operating conditions. The Coflore system was not so convincing but it may be due to the injection device not well adapted to this system.CONCLUSIONThis work demonstrates that novel technologies, recently proposed for intensification of chemical processes, are indeed very suitable and provide a relevant alternative to conventional processes for enzymatic reactions and therefore for two‐phase reactions limited by the interfacial area value. Also, it has been shown here that the model reaction considered could be a simple way to characterize mass transfer performances of these technologies. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing the detection of human papillomavirus late mRNA in liquid base cytology samples for risk stratification of cervical disease
Authors: Chambers George , Millan David , Cuschieri Kate , Cubie Heather A. , Graham Sheila V. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMolecular human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is an important and developing tool for cervical disease management. However there is a requirement to develop new HPV tests that can differentiate between clinically significant and benign, clinically insignificant infection. Evidence would indicate that clinically significant infection is linked to an abortive HPV replication cycle. In particular the later stages of the replication cycle (i.e., production of late messenger (m) RNAs and proteins) appear compromised. Compared to current DNA‐based tests which indicate only presence or absence of virus, detecting virus mRNAs by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT‐PCR) may give a more refined insight into viral activity and by implication, clinical relevance. A novel quantitative (q)RT‐PCR assay was developed for the detection of mRNAs produced late in the viral replication cycle. Initially this was validated on HPV‐containing cell lines before being applied to a panel of 223 clinical cervical samples representing the cervical disease spectrum (normal to high grade). Samples were also tested by a commercial assay which detects expression of early HPV E6/E7 oncoprotein mRNAs. Late mRNAs were found in samples associated with no, low and high grade disease and did not risk‐stratify HPV infection. The data reveal hidden complexities within the virus replication cycle and associated lesion development. This suggests that future mRNA tests for cervical disease may require quantitative detection of specific novel viral mRNAs. J. Med. Virol. 86:627–633, 2014. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Medical Virology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α expression in regulatory T cells on nasal polypogenesis
Authors: Jin Jun , Chang Dong‐Yeop , Kim Sung Ha , Rha Ki‐Sang , Mo Ji‐Hun , Shin Eui‐Cheol , Kim Yong Min 
Published: October 2013

Objectives/HypothesisHypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) is considered as a key molecule in regulating Th17:regulatory T‐cells (Tregs) balance. The aims of this study were to investigate whether HIF‐1α is associated with the RORγ (RAR‐related orphan receptor gamma) expression of Tregs in nasal polyps and to verify whether Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) is involved in this process.Study DesignClinical experimental study.MethodsForty patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis were enrolled and divided into eosinophilic nasal polyps (EPs) and noneosinophilic nasal polyps (NEPs) according to the proportion of eosinophils. Fifteen subjects who were undergoing septoplasty were enrolled as control subjects. Expression of HIF‐1α in the tissue was measured using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Western blot, and flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of RORC (RAR‐related orphan receptor C) and HIF‐1α in Tregs separated from tissues were measured by RT‐PCR. Double immunofluorescent staining for RORC/FOXP3 and HIF‐1α/FOXP3 were conducted on the tissues. Expression of RORC and HIF‐1α in Tregs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured using flow cytometry after stimulation with SEB.ResultsExpression of RORC and HIF‐1α in Tregs was significantly higher in EPs and NEPs compared with control mucosa, and there was a significant correlation between RORC and HIF‐1α expression in Tregs. Expression of RORC and HIF‐1α mRNA in Tregs separated from the tissues was also significantly higher in nasal polyps compared with control mucosa. Expression of RORC and HIF‐1α in Tregs were increased after 24‐hour stimulation with SEB in the PBMCs.ConclusionsHIF‐1α–induced RORC expression in Tregs may play a key role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 124:E151–E159, 2014
Steroids in aminoglycoside‐containing ear drops: Do they reduce cochlear toxicity?
Authors: Blakley Brian W. , Alsaleh Saad , Dewji Zameel , Qureshy Kaiser , Berard Sylvie , Xie Ling 
Published: October 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine whether betamethasone (BM) reduces the cochlear toxicity of otic gentamicin (GM) if given together.Study DesignControlled animal study.MethodsThirty‐four mice were assigned at random to receive intratympanic injections of either 0.1 % BM (11 mice), 0.3% GM (13 mice), or a combination of both (GM/BM) with benzalkonium chloride (10 mice) in the left ear (treated) and saline on the right (untreated). Six injections were given on alternate days. Auditory brainstem response thresholds were assessed at 1 month, 2 months, and >2 months.ResultsThere was a significantly greater degree of hearing loss in the BM‐treated ears compared to the untreated ears (6.48 dB hearing loss, P = .007) and in the GM‐treated ears compared to untreated ears (6.59 dB hearing loss, P = .010,). However, otic GM/BM and benzalkonium chloride did not cause significant additional hearing loss compared with the untreated ears (3.56 dB hearing loss, P = .242).ConclusionsOur data suggest that hearing loss caused by GM otic drops may be reduced by the inclusion of BM and benzalkonium chloride. Our finding that BM alone was associated with hearing loss suggests that the benzalkonium chloride may be the protective agent in combination otic drops.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 124:1209–1213, 2014
First Example of Cyclodextrin‐Mediated Control of UCST‐Type Transitions of Vinylimidazole Terpolymers
Authors: Meiswinkel Georg , Ritter Helmut 
Published: October 2013

An N‐vinylimidazole‐based monomer carrying an adamantyl group, (1‐vinyl‐2‐yl)methyl­adamantan‐1‐ylcarbamate (3), is synthesized. The terpolymerization with N‐vinylimidazole (4) and 1‐vinyl‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)imidazole (2) yields terpolymers (5a–b) with high upper critical solution temperature (UCST)‐type transitions in water. The solubility can be influenced by the addition of various amounts of randomly methylated β‐cyclodextrin (RAMEB‐CD). It is found that supramolecular host/guest interaction clearly controls the solution behavior.
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Cortical and subcortical brain atrophy in Parkinson's disease with visual hallucination
Authors: Watanabe Hirohisa , Senda Jo , Kato Shigenori , Ito Mizuki , Atsuta Naoki , Hara Kazuhiro , Tsuboi Takashi , Katsuno Masahisa , Nakamura Tomohiko , Hirayama Masaaki , Adachi Hiroaki , Naganawa Shinji , Sobue Gen 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the cortical and subcortical brain structures in Parkinson's disease (PD) with visual hallucination (VH), and to elucidate the association between the proposed hypothesis of VH in PD and regional brain volume changes.MethodsWe used 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) to investigate the brain structures of PD patients with VH (PD‐VH; n = 13) and PD patients without VH (PD‐C; n = 13).ResultsThe PD‐VH patients showed significant cortical atrophy compared to the PD‐C patients in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left rostral region of the prefrontal cortex, left ventral section of the cingulate cortex, bilateral primary visual cortex, and secondary visual cortex including the left inferior occipital gyrus, right lingual cortex, right supramarginal gyrus, and left fusiform gyrus. Significant subcortical atrophic changes were observed in the white matter of the right parahippocampal gyrus, the bilateral posterior part of the cingulate gyrus, the left lingual gyrus, and the right middle occipital gyrus.ConclusionsVH in PD can occur due to distinctive neuroanatomical involvement. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Myotonic Dystrophy Health Index: Initial evaluation of a disease‐specific outcome measure
Authors: Heatwole Chad , Bode Rita , Johnson Nicholas , Dekdebrun Jeanne , Dilek Nuran , Heatwole Mark , Hilbert James E. , Luebbe Elizabeth , Martens William , Mcdermott Michael P. , Rothrock Nan , Thornton Charles , Vickrey Barbara G. , Victorson David , Moxley Richard 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIntroduction: In preparation for clinical trials we examine the validity, reliability, and patient understanding of the Myotonic Dystrophy Health Index (MDHI).Methods: Initially we partnered with 278 myotonic dystrophy type‐1 (DM1) patients and identified the most relevant questions for the MDHI. Next, we used factor analysis, patient interviews, and test–retest reliability assessments to refine and evaluate the instrument. Lastly, we determined the capability of the MDHI to differentiate between known groups of DM1 participants.Results: Questions in the final MDHI represent 17 areas of DM1 health. The internal consistency was acceptable in all subscales. The MDHI had a high test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.95) and differentiated between DM1 patient groups with different disease severities.Conclusions: Initial evaluation of the MDHI provides evidence that it is valid and reliable as an outcome measure for assessing patient‐reported health. These results suggest that important aspects of DM1 health may be measured effectively using the MDHI.Muscle Nerve49: 906–914, 2014
The Magic of Narrative in the Emplotment of State‐Subject Relations: Who's Telling Whose Story in the Native Title Process in Australia?
Authors: Pilbrow Tim 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSince 1992 Australian Aboriginal communities have been engaged in a complex and fraught legal process for the recognition of their traditional rights to country (‘native title’). In this article I argue that it is theoretically and critically illuminating to investigate the broader ‘meaning effects’ of the native title determination process on the subjective experience of the state in Australia. The article demonstrates this through examining the narrative effects of certain discursive moments through which identities get objectified. Through examining such moments in the discourse and practice of native title from the perspective of a participant‐observer, I seek to advance our theoretical understanding of how the narrative properties of speech (or other performative behaviours) in specific contexts structure the subjective experience of the state.
Gifts from the Other Side: Thresholds of Hospitality and Morality in anEasternIndonesian Town
Authors: Erb Maribeth 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe town ofLabuanBajo inWesternFlores,EasternIndonesia has experienced rapid changes in the past decade, primarily associated with the development of tourism. This paper engages with the ideas ofJacquesDerrida on hospitality and sovereignty, to explore the shifting landscapes of hospitality in thisManggaraian town. His musings on ‘the question of the foreigner’, the ‘conditions’ of hospitality, and the idea of the threshold are used to capture the way that hospitality is experienced as a struggle, as a contradiction, as an ‘aporia’.
Investigation of the Chemomarkers Correlated with Flower Colour in Different Organs of Catharanthus roseus Using NMR‐based Metabolomics
Authors: Pan Qifang , Dai Yuntao , Nuringtyas Tri Rini , Mustafa Natali Rianika , Schulte Anna Elisabeth , Verpoorte Robert , Choi Young Hae 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIntroductionFlower colour is a complex phenomenon that involves a wide range of secondary metabolites of flowers, for example phenolics and carotenoids as well as co‐pigments. Biosynthesis of these metabolites, though, occurs through complicated pathways in many other plant organs. The analysis of the metabolic profile of leaves, stems and roots, for example, therefore may allow the identification of chemomarkers related to the final expression of flower colour.ObjectiveTo investigate the metabolic profile of leaves, stems, roots and flowers of Catharanthus roseus and the possible correlation with four flower colours (orange, pink, purple and red).Methods1H‐NMR and multivariate data analysis were used to characterise the metabolites in the organs.ResultsThe results showed that flower colour is characterised by a special pattern of metabolites such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, organic acids and sugars. The leaves, stems and roots also exhibit differences in their metabolic profiles according to the flower colour. Plants with orange flowers featured a relatively high level of kaempferol analogues in all organs except roots. Red‐flowered plants showed a high level of malic acid, fumaric acid and asparagine in both flowers and leaves, and purple and pink flowering plants exhibited high levels of sucrose, glucose and 2,3‐dihydroxy benzoic acid. High concentrations of quercetin analogues were detected in flowers and leaves of purple‐flowered plants.ConclusionsThere is a correlation between the metabolites specifically associated to the expression of different flower colours and the metabolite profile of other plant organs and it is therefore possible to predict the flower colours by detecting specific metabolites in leaves, stems or roots. This may have interesting application in the plant breeding industry. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(arylene ether ether nitrile)s containing flexible alkylsulfonated side chains for polymer electrolyte membranes
Authors: Sheng Li , Higashihara Tomoya , Ueda Mitsuru , Hayakawa Teruaki 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTA series of poly(arylene ether ether nitrile)s with different chain lengths of the alkylsulfonates (SPAEEN‐x: x refers number of the methylene units) are successfully synthesized for fuel cell applications. The polymers produced flexible and transparent membranes by solvent casting. The resulting membranes display a high thermal stability, oxidative stability, and higher proton conductivity than that of Nafion 117 at 80 °C and 95% relative humidity (RH). Furthermore, the SPAEEN‐12 with the longest alkylsulfonated side chain exhibits a higher proton conductivity at 30% RH than that of SPAEEN‐6 despite the lower IEC value, which indicates that the introduction of longer alkylsufonated side chains to the polymer main chain induces an efficient proton conduction by the formation of a well‐developed phase‐separated morphology. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 21–29
Ambient molecular imaging by laser ablation atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Herdering Christina , Reifschneider Olga , Wehe Christoph A. , Sperling Michael , Karst Uwe 
Published: October 2013

RATIONALEThe functions and properties of compounds are not only specified by their chemical structures, but also by their location inside a sample. Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for imaging, whereby the kind of sample and compound depend on the used sampling and ionization methods. The developed laser ablation mass spectrometry method delivers high resolution images of small molecules in native samples.METHODSA UV laser ablation (LA) system was combined with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometer. The spatially resolved sampling was performed by focusing the 213 nm laser beam onto a sample. The fine aerosol generated by the ns pulsed laser irradiation was then transported to the APCI mass spectrometer by a nitrogen stream. In the APCI source, post‐ionization was accomplished by a corona discharge. The resulting ions were detected with an orbitrap mass spectrometer.RESULTSThe properties of the novel LA‐APCI‐MS setup are demonstrated by spatially resolved analysis of several samples including tablets, TLC plates and dried droplets. The target compounds are detected with high spatial and mass resolution. For higher molecular weight compounds like thyroxine, fragmentation was observed, whereas small molecules like caffeine stayed intact.CONCLUSIONSLA‐APCI‐MS is introduced as an ambient molecular mass spectral imaging method for molecules with high resolution in space and mass. The combination of two independent instruments offers flexible ion source and mass analyzer exchange and therefore LA‐APCI‐MS opens up new possibilities for molecular imaging under ambient conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry of 7‐acetonyloxycoumarins
Authors: Timonen Juri , Romppanen Ritva , Aulaskari Paula , Jänis Janne 
Published: October 2013

RATIONALECoumarins are naturally occurring, oxygen‐containing heterocycles with considerable pharmaceutical potential. For structural elucidation of natural or synthetic coumarins, tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) represents an essential tool. In this study, fragmentation characteristics of twenty‐two 7‐acetonyloxycoumarins, having promising anti‐inflammatory properties, were investigated with low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID).METHODSAccurate mass measurements were performed on a 12‐T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) instrument. Most CID‐MSn measurements were performed on a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) instrument, except some additional CID‐MS2 measurements performed on the FT‐ICR instrument for further confirmation of some fragment ions. Positive‐ion electrospray ionization (ESI) was employed throughout. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations (B3LYP) were carried out to analyze putative ion structures/fragmentation channels.RESULTSThe most favourable dissociation channel for [M + H]+ ions of 7‐acetonyloxycoumarins was the elimination of a C3H5O● radical (57 Da) from the 7‐acetonyloxy group via homolytic bond cleavage. The resulting phenolic radical ion was the primary fragment ion for the most compounds studied. Losses of even‐electron neutrals, C3H4O and C3H6O (56 and 58 Da), were also observed. These primary eliminations were accompanied with other characteristic neutral losses from the coumarin skeleton, including H2O, CO, CO2, and C2H2O (ketene). In addition, propene (C3H6) loss was also observed for 4‐propyl or 3‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐substituted compounds.CONCLUSIONSThe studied coumarins showed interesting characteristics in low‐energy CID due to the presence of a 7‐acetonyloxy group, leading to both even‐ and odd‐electron product ions. The main dissociation channels observed for each compound were highly dependent on the substituents in the benzopyranone ring. The present results will advance our knowledge on the dissociation characteristics of both synthetic and natural coumarins. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.