bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peel Effects on Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Making of Pomegranate Juice and Wine
Authors: Wasila Humaira , Li Xuan , Liu Linwei , Ahmad Imran , Ahmad Sajjad 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPomegranate peel was used in juicing to find out its effects on the juice products’ (storable juice and wine) sensory property, polyphenols composition, and antioxidant ability. Macroporous resin was used to purify the polyphenols, and 6 different in vitro assays were used to comprehensively determine the antioxidant activity of each. The results showed that juicing with peel made the juice bitter and astringent, but contributed better sensory quality to wine. Peel contributed higher total polyphenols and flavonoids, but lower anthocyanins to the juice products, and caused the phenolics content to fluctuate more dramatically during making wine than the storable juice. Polyphenols purified from the juice products containing peel showed higher total reducing ability and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid radical elimination abilities, but their clearance activity of hydroxyl radicals was not positive, and their superoxide anion radical elimination ability showed no significant difference when compared to polyphenols purified from juice products without peel.
Microbiological and Fermentative Properties of Baker's Yeast Starter Used in Breadmaking
Authors: Reale A. , Di Renzo T. , Succi M. , Tremonte P. , Coppola R. , Sorrentino E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study assessed the levels of microbial contaminants in liquid, compressed and dry commercial baker's yeasts used as starters in breadmaking. Eumycetes, Enterobacteriaceae, total and fecal coliforms, Bacillus spp., and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), in particular enterococci, were quantified. Results obtained in this study highlighted that baker's yeast could represent a potential vehicle of spoilage and undesirable microorganisms into the baking environment, even if these do not influence the leavening activity in the dough, as ascertained by rheofermentometer analysis. Different microbial groups, such as spore‐forming bacteria and moulds, were found in baker's yeast starters. Moreover, different species of LAB, which are considered the main contaminants in large‐scale yeast fermentations, were isolated and identified by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rDNA sequencing. The most recurrent species were Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus durans, isolated from both compressed and dry starters, whereas strains belonging to Leuconostoc and Pediococcus genera were found only in dry ones. Nested‐Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nested‐PCR) and Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA–PCR (RAPD‐PCR) were also used to highlight the biodiversity of the different commercial yeast strains, and to ascertain the culture purity.
Impact of Rearing Conditions on the Microbiological Quality of Raw Retail Poultry Meat
Authors: Hardy Bridgshe , Crilly Nate , Pendleton Sean , Andino Ana , Wallis Audra , Zhang Nan , Hanning Irene 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThere is a gap in knowledge of microbiological quality in raw chicken products produced by nonconventional methods and no studies have reported the microbiological quality of turkeys produced under different rearing environments. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the microbiological quality of conventionally and organically reared whole chicken and turkey carcasses purchased from 3 retail outlets in Knoxville, Tenn., U.S.A. A total of 100 raw broiler chickens organically (n = 50) and 50 raw turkey carcasses consisting of 3 brands reared either conventionally (n = 25) or organically (n = 25) were evaluated. The FDA BAM protocol for rinsing poultry carcasses was used to enumerate of aerobic bacteria, Campylobacter, and Staphylococcus spp., and for qualitative analysis of Salmonella. Organic chickens from one brand had the highest average counts of aerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus spp. and Campylobacter (4.8, 4.8, and 4.7 Log10 CFU/mL rinsate, respectively) while the other organic brand had the lowest average counts (3.4, 3.3, and 3.1, respectively) of all 4 brands evaluated. The organic turkeys had the highest average counts of these same bacteria (4, 3.9, and 3.8, respectively) compared to the 2 brands of conventional turkeys evaluated. Salmonella (5% prevalence) was isolated only from organic chickens and turkeys. From these data, it appears that the microbiological quality of the raw product was not dependent on rearing conditions and, thus, it cannot be assumed that organic raw poultry is safer than conventionally raised poultry in terms of microbiological quality.
Inactivation of Polyphenoloxidase by Pulsed Light
Authors: Manzocco Lara , Panozzo Agnese , Nicoli Maria Cristina 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe effect of pulsed light on the inactivation of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in model solutions was investigated focusing on the effect of enzyme concentration and total energy dose of the treatment. PPO inactivation increased with the dose of the treatment. Complete enzyme inactivation was achieved by pulsed light doses higher than 8.75 J cm−2. At low PPO concentrations (4 to 10 U), the enzyme resulted highly inactivated by pulsed light treatment. Further increase in enzyme units determined a progressive decrease in PPO inactivation. The latter was attributed to protein structural modifications including cleavage and unfolding/aggregation phenomena. PPO amounts higher than 10 U probably favoured enzyme conformations that were less prone to intermolecular rearrangements leading to inactivation.
Identification and Analysis of the Constituents in an Aqueous Extract of Tricholoma Matsutake by HPLC Coupled with Diode Array Detection/Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ying Xuhui , Ma Jinfang , Liang Qionglin , Wang Yiming , Bai Gang , Luo Guoan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe main constituents in an aqueous extract of Tricholoma matsutake (Tm) were identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC‐DAD/TOF‐MS) and ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC‐DAD/Trap‐MSn). The main factors in the extraction process which affect the yields of nutrients were optimized by single‐factor experiments and orthogonal experiment design. In total, 12 constituents were identified from the aqueous extract of Tm, including tyrosine, cytidine, uridine, eritadenine, phenylalanine, nicotinamide, inosine, guanosine, tryptophan, adenosine, 5′‐deoxy‐5′‐methylthioadenosine and riboflavin. The optimized extraction conditions were: the ratio of water to sample was 10 : 1 (v/w), Tm was extracted by ultrasonic‐assisted extraction for 10 min, followed by water bath heating at 60 °C for 1 h. Among these extraction factors, the heating temperature is significant based on analysis of variance (ANOVA). The yields of nutrients were affected dramatically at high temperature leading to the loss of nutrients, especially for nucleosides and some amino acids.
Stage 0 sporulation gene A as a molecular marker to study diversity of endospore‐forming Firmicutes
Authors: Wunderlin Tina , Junier Thomas , Roussel‐Delif Ludovic , Jeanneret Nicole , Junier Pilar 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this study, we developed and validated a culture‐independent method for diversity surveys to specifically detect endospore‐forming Firmicutes. The global transcription regulator of sporulation (spo0A) was identified as a gene marker for endospore‐forming Firmicutes. To enable phylogenetic classification, we designed a set of primers amplifying a 602 bp fragment of spo0A that we evaluated in pure cultures and environmental samples. The amplification was positive for 35 strains from 11 genera, yet negative for strains from Alicyclobacillus and Sulfobacillus. We also evaluated various DNA extraction methods because endospores often result in reduced yields. Our results demonstrate that procedures utilizing increased physical force improve DNA extraction. An optimized DNA extraction method on biomass pre‐extracted from the environmental sample source (indirect DNA extraction) followed by amplification with the aforementioned primers for spo0A was then tested in sediments from two different sources. Specifically, we validated our culture‐independent diversity survey methodology on a set of 8338 environmental spo0A sequences obtained from the sediments of Lakes Geneva (Switzerland) and Baikal (Russia). The phylogenetic affiliation of the environmental sequences revealed a substantial number of new clades within endospore‐formers. This novel culture‐independent approach provides a significant experimental improvement that enables exploration of the diversity of endospore‐forming Firmicutes.
A comparison of organophosphate degradation genes and bioremediation applications
Authors: Iyer Rupa , Iken Brian , Damania Ashish 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOrganophosphates (OPs) form the bulk of pesticides that are currently in use around the world accounting for more than 30% of the world market. They also form the core for many nerve‐based warfare agents including sarin and soman. The widespread use and the resultant build‐up of OP pesticides and chemical nerve agents has led to the development of major health problems due to their extremely toxic interaction with any biological system that encounters them. Growing concern over the accumulation of OP compounds in our food products, in the soils from which they are harvested and in wastewater run‐off has fuelled a growing interest in microbial biotechnology that provides cheap, efficient OP detoxification to supplement expensive chemical methods. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge of OP pesticide and chemical agent degradation and attempt to clarify confusion over identification and nomenclature of two major families of OP‐degrading enzymes through a comparison of their structure and function. The isolation, characterization, utilization and manipulation of the major detoxifying enzymes and the molecular basis of degradation of OP pesticides and chemical nerve agents are discussed as well as the achievements and technological advancements made towards the bioremediation of such compounds.
Goblet Cell Types in Intestine of Tiger Barb and Black Tetra (Cyprinidae, Characidae: Teleostei)
Authors: Leknes I. L. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryHistochemical properties of goblet cells in intestine of a stomach‐less teleost, tiger barb (Puntius tetrazona), and a stomach‐containing teleost, black tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), are described and compared. The intestine goblet cells were mostly wide in both species, but in tiger barb, some of them were markedly thinner. In black tetra, all the intestine goblet cells displayed magenta colour after PAS, whereas in the tiger barb, only the thinner goblet cells displayed such affinity. The latter cell type was coloured strongly magenta when the tissue was treated with alcian blue (pH 2.5) followed by PAS, whereas the wide goblet cells in tiger barb and all goblet cells in black tetra displayed mainly a blue colour after such treatment. Further, the goblet cells in both species were coloured cleanly blue after high iron diamine followed by alcian blue (pH 2.5). The intestine goblet cells in both species displayed a moderate affinity to WGA and concanavalin A lectins and no affinity to DBA. Most of the goblet cells displayed no affinity to PNA, but some of them in the tiger barb displayed a moderate or strong affinity to this lectin. The affinity to WGA was somewhat strengthened after pre‐treatment with neuraminidase. These results suggest that tiger barb contains two types or variants of intestinal goblet cells: high numbers of wide cells filled by acidic, non‐sulphated mucin and some thinner cells filled by neutral mucin. The intestine goblet cells in black tetra were filled by variable amounts of neutral and acidic mucin, but the total number of such cells is much less than in tiger barb. The present lectin and neuraminidase results suggest that the intestinal mucins in both species contain significant amounts of N‐acetylglucosamine, sialic acid and glucose/mannose, but seem to lack N‐acetylgalactosamine. However, some of these cells in tiger barb contain moderate to large amounts of galactose. Together, these results suggest significant species‐specific features of the intestine goblet cells and mucin types in tiger barb and black tetra. In conclusion, the present results suggest that the diet and feeding habits in stomach‐less teleosts compared with stomach‐containing teleosts, greatly influence the number of intestine goblet cells and type of mucin in these cells.
Paediatric rhinitis: position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Authors: Roberts G. , Xatzipsalti M. , Borrego L. M. , Custovic A. , Halken S. , Hellings P. W. , Papadopoulos N. G. , Rotiroti G. , Scadding G. , Timmermans F. , Valovirta E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractRhinitis is a common problem in childhood and adolescence and impacts negatively on physical, social and psychological well‐being. This position paper, prepared by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Taskforce on Rhinitis in Children, aims to provide evidence‐based recommendations for the diagnosis and therapy of paediatric rhinitis. Rhinitis is characterized by at least two nasal symptoms: rhinorrhoea, blockage, sneezing or itching. It is classified as allergic rhinitis, infectious rhinitis and nonallergic, noninfectious rhinitis. Similar symptoms may occur with other conditions such as adenoidal hypertrophy, septal deviation and nasal polyps. Examination by anterior rhinoscopy and allergy tests may help to substantiate a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. Avoidance of relevant allergens may be helpful for allergic rhinitis (AR). Oral and intranasal antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids are both appropriate for first‐line AR treatment although the latter are more effective. Once‐daily forms of corticosteroids are preferred given their improved safety profile. Potentially useful add‐on therapies for AR include oral leukotriene receptor antagonists, short bursts of a nasal decongestant, saline douches and nasal anticholinergics. Allergen‐specific immunotherapy is helpful in IgE‐mediated AR and may prevent the progression of allergic disease. There are still a number of areas that need to be clarified in the management of rhinitis in children and adolescents.
Intraspecific variation in the skull morphology of the black caiman Melanosuchus niger (Alligatoridae, Caimaninae)
Authors: Foth Christian , Bona Paula , Desojo Julia B. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMelanosuchus niger is a caimanine alligatorid widely distributed in the northern region of South America. This species has been the focus of several ecological, genetic and morphological studies. However, morphological studies have generally been limited to examination of interspecific variation among extant species of South American crocodylians. Here, we present the first study of intraspecific variation in the skull of M. niger using a two‐dimensional geometric morphometric approach. The crania of 52 sexed individuals varying in size were analysed to quantify shape variation and to assign observed shape changes to different types of intraspecific variation, that is, ontogenetic variation and sexual dimorphism. Most of the variation in this species is ontogenetic variation in snout length, skull depth, orbit size and the width of the postorbital region. These changes are correlated with bite force performance and probably dietary changes. However, a comparison with previous functional studies reveals that functional adaptations during ontogeny seem to be primarily restricted to the postrostral region, whereas rostral shape changes are more related to dietary shifts. Furthermore, the skulls of M. niger exhibit a sexual dimorphism, which is primarily size‐related. The presence of non‐size‐related sexual dimorphism has to be tested in future examinations.
Morphotypic variability of masticatory surface pattern of molars in the recent and Pleistocene Lemmus and Myopus (Rodentia, Cricetidae) of Europe and Western Siberia
Authors: Ponomarev Dmitry , Puzachenko Andrey , Isaychev Konstantin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this article, we present the results of morphological study, applying multivariate statistical analysis, of seven samples of recent Lemmini species (Lemmus lemmus, L. sibiricus, Myopus schisricolor) and eight samples of the ancient Siberian lemmings from the Middle and Late Pleistocene localities, mainly in northeastern Europe. On the basis of studying variability of masticatory surface pattern of molars, 24 morphotypes have been described. The differences in morphotypes frequencies were found between the recent Myopus and Lemmus and between the two Norwegian lemming samples. There are some indications of an evolutionary trend in molar morphology of the Siberian lemmings of the Middle, Late Pleistocene, and the recent of Eastern Europe. The distinctions, at least, between the Middle Pleistocene and modern lemmings exceed a species level.
The Role of Giant Armadillos (Priodontes maximus) as Physical Ecosystem Engineers
Authors: Desbiez Arnaud Léonard Jean , Kluyber Danilo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThrough their excavations, giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) alter their physical surroundings and create new habitats, which influence resources for at least 24 other species of vertebrates in the Brazilian Pantanal. The role of this poorly known species as an ecosystem engineer may be of high value to the community of vertebrates.
Diabetes mellitus and risk of cancer in Takayama: A population‐based prospective cohort study in Japan
Authors: Nakamura Kozue , Wada Keiko , Tamai Yuya , Tsuji Michiko , Kawachi Toshiaki , Hori Akihiro , Takeyama Naoharu , Tanabashi Shinobu , Matsushita Shogen , Tokimitsu Naoki , Nagata Chisato 
Published: August 2013

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of site‐specific cancers; however, few studies have assessed associations of DM with both total and site‐specific cancers in Japan. We examined the association of a history of DM with cancer incidence in a population‐based prospective cohort study in Japan. A total of 14 173 men and 16 547 women over 35 years old, who completed a self‐administered baseline questionnaire in 1992, were followed up for cancer incidence from September 1992 to March 2008. At baseline, 6.3% men and 2.9% women had a history of diabetes. A total of 1974 men and 1514 women were identified as newly diagnosed with cancer. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined using Cox proportional hazards models. After controlling for potential confounders, men with DM had a modest risk increase of total cancer occurrence compared with those without DM (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.93–1.29). Increased risk of cancer of the liver (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.27–3.74), bile duct (HR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.01–4.66), and larynx (HR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.16–11.2) in diabetic men were observed. In women, significant increased risk of total cancer (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.06–1.73) and stomach cancer (HR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.30–3.54) were observed among diabetic subjects. These data suggest that people with DM may be at increased risk of both total and some site‐specific cancers.
Low hepatitis B vaccine response in children with Down syndrome from Brazil
Authors: Nisihara R. , De Bem R. S. , Negreiros P. H. R. , Utiyama S. R. R. , Oliveira N. P. , Amarante H. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundIt has been reported that vaccination against hepatitis B is less effective among people with Down syndrome than in the general population. We aimed to evaluate the rate of seroconversion to hepatitis B vaccine in children with Down syndrome from Brazil.MethodsA total of 120 people with Down syndrome were included. All of them received the vaccine at intervals of 0, 30 and 180 days and serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs) 30 days after the last dose.ResultsIn the studied group, 58.3% (70/120) were male and 41.7% (50/120) female, with the median age of 5 years (range 2–15 years). Fifty‐eight of 120 (48.3%) developed anti‐HBs after vaccination. No association was found between gender and/or age and vaccine response.ConclusionsThe low rate of seroconversion in response to hepatitis B vaccine suggests that all patients with Down syndrome immunized against hepatitis B should be followed and monitored by clinicians.
Prevalence and associated factors of emotional and behavioural problems in Chinese school adolescents: a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Wang J‐N. , Liu L. , Wang L. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundEmotional and behavioural problems are key health issues in adolescence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems in Chinese school adolescents and to explore associated factors.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was conducted during the period of November/December 2009. A questionnaire including the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) self‐reported version, and the characteristics of child (age, gender, only child and study pressure), parents (parent–adolescent relationship and parental expectations) and families (living area, family structure, socio‐economic status and negative life events) was distributed to our study population. A total of 5220 Chinese adolescents (aged 11–18) from 30 public schools in Liaoning province completed the questionnaire. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to explore the factors associated with emotional and behavioural problems.ResultsThe average problem score was 11.28 (SD = 5.86) and the 10.7% scored above the cut‐off for emotional and behavioural problems. Factors that increased the risk of having emotional and behavioural problems were: poor parent–adolescent relationship, experiencing more negative life events, older age, having study pressure, living in rural areas, boys and lower parental expectations.ConclusionsThe prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems among Chinese adolescents was lower level compared with those reported in other countries. We found parent–adolescent relationship, negative life events and age to be the strongest contributing factors of emotional and behavioural problems.