bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the success of enzyme bioprospecting through metagenomics: current status and future trends
Authors: Ferrer Manuel , Martínez‐Martínez Mónica , Bargiela Rafael , Streit Wolfgang R. , Golyshina Olga V. , Golyshin Peter N. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryRecent reports have suggested that the establishment of industrially relevant enzyme collections from environmental genomes has become a routine procedure. Across the studies assessed, a mean number of approximately 44 active clones were obtained in an average size of approximately 53 000 clones tested using naïve screening protocols. This number could be significantly increased in shorter times when novel metagenome enzyme sequences obtained by direct sequencing are selected and subjected to high‐throughput expression for subsequent production and characterization. The pre‐screening of clone libraries by naïve screens followed by the pyrosequencing of the inserts allowed for a 106‐fold increase in the success rate of identifying genes encoding enzymes of interest. However, a much longer time, usually on the order of years, is needed from the time of enzyme identification to the establishment of an industrial process. If the hit frequency for the identification of enzymes performing at high turnover rates under real application conditions could be increased while still covering a high natural diversity, the very expensive and time‐consuming enzyme optimization phase would likely be significantly shortened. At this point, it is important to review the current knowledge about the success of fine‐tuned naïve‐ and sequence‐based screening protocols for enzyme selection and to describe the environments worldwide that have already been subjected to enzyme screen programmes through metagenomic tools. Here, we provide such estimations and suggest the current challenges and future actions needed before environmental enzymes can be successfully introduced into the market.
Using Fly Ash as a Marker to Quantify Culturally‐Accelerated Sediment Accumulation in Playa Wetlands
Authors: Tang Zhenghong , Gu Yue , Drahota Jeff , LaGrange Ted , Bishop Andy , Kuzila Mark S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWetlands in the Rainwater Basin in Nebraska are vulnerable to sediment accumulation from the surrounding watershed. Sediment accumulation has a negative impact on wetland quality by decreasing the depth and volume of water stored, and the plant community species composition and density growing in the wetland. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of sediment that has accumulated in five selected wetlands in the Rainwater Basin in Nebraska. Soil cores were taken at five or six locations along transects across each wetland. This study used the fly ash, which is generated by coal‐burning locomotives that were present generally in the late 1800s and early 1900s, as a marker to quantify the sediment deposition rates. The cores were divided into 5 cm sections and the soils were analyzed using a fly ash extraction and identification technique. Results indicate that the average depth of sediment ranged from 23.00 to 38.00 cm. The annual average depth of sediment accumulation ranged from 0.18 cm/yr to 0.29 cm/yr. The annual sediment accumulation rate from both wind erosion and water erosion in these five sampling wetlands was between 1.946 and 3.225 kg/m2/yr. The results of this research can be used to develop restoration plans for wetlands. The fly ash testing technology can also be applied to other areas with the railroads across the United States.
Exploring the relationship between anaesthesiologists’ non‐technical and technical skills
Authors: Gjeraa K. , Jepsen R. M. H. G. , Rewers M. , Østergaard D. , Dieckmann P. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundA combination of non‐technical skills (NTS) and technical skills (TS) is crucial for anaesthetic patient management. However, a deeper understanding of the relationship between these two skills remains to be explored. We investigated the characteristics of trainee anaesthesiologists’ NTS and TS in a simulated unexpected difficult airway management scenario.MethodsA mixed‐method approach was used to explore the relationship between NTS and TS in 25 videos of 2nd year trainee anaesthesiologists managing a simulated difficult airway scenario. The videos were assessed using the customised version of the Anaesthetists’ Non‐Technical Skills System, ANTSdk, and an adapted TS checklist for calculating the correlation between NTS and TS. Written descriptions of the observed NTS were analysed using directed content analysis.ResultsThe correlation between the NTS and the TS ratings was 0.106 (two‐tailed significance of 0.613). Inter‐rater reliability was substantial. Themes characterising good NTS included a systematic approach, planning and communicating decisions as well as responding to the evolving situation. A list of desirable, concrete NTS for the specific airway management situation was generated.ConclusionThis study illustrates that anaesthesiologist trainees’ NTS and TS were not correlated in this setting, but rather intertwined and how the interplay of NTS and TS can impact patient management. Themes describing the characteristics of NTS and a list of desirable, concrete NTS were developed to aid the understanding, training and use of NTS.
Securing social difference: Militarization and sexual violence in an Afro‐Nicaraguan community
Authors: GOETT JENNIFER 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTRenewed violence in Nicaragua in the aftermath of the 1980s Contra War is tied to the drug trade, drug war militarization, and the rise of the postwar security state. State sexual violence in an Afro‐Nicaraguan community under counternarcotics military occupation vividly demonstrates this linkage. I argue that state sexual violence in this case has served as a mechanism for asserting mestizo state sovereignty in a minoritized security zone. The forms of racial and patriarchal power that enabled the violence permeate the social body and structure political life in Nicaragua, and their diffuse nature has made it difficult for local people to find political redress for the abuses of state power that occurred in their community. Politically engaged feminist ethnography can illuminate the relationship between state security projects, preexisting social hierarchies, and endemic forms of insecurity and violence that remain difficult to politicize in postwar Central America.
Spectacular infrastructure and its breakdown in socialist Vietnam
Authors: SCHWENKEL CHRISTINA 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTNo material resource and public good is more critical to sustaining urban life than water. During postwar reconstruction in Vietnam, planners showcased urban infrastructure as a spectacular socialist achievement. Water‐related facilities, in particular, held the potential for emancipation and modernity. Despite East German–engineered systems, however, taps remained dry in socialist housing. Lack of water exposed existing hierarchies that undermined the goal of democratic infrastructure yet enabled new forms of solidarity and gendered social practice to take shape in response to the state's failure to meet basic needs. Infrastructural breakdown and neglect thus catalyzed a collective ethos of maintenance and repair as the state shifted responsibility for upkeep to disenchanted tenants. I track these processes in a housing complex in Vinh City, where water signified both the promises of state care and a condition of its systemic neglect. [materiality, infrastructure, socialist modernity, urbanization, decay, maintenance and repair, water, Vietnam]
Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the 5' upstream region of the porcine myosin heavy chain 4 gene with meat quality traits in pigs
Authors: Cho Eun‐Seok , Lee Kyung‐Tai , Kim Jun‐Mo , Lee Si‐Woo , Jeon Hyeon‐Jeong , Lee Seung‐Hwan , Hong Ki‐Chang , Kim Tae‐Hun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe identified a potential molecular marker associated with meat quality traits in the myosin heavy chain 4, MYH4 gene of Landrace pigs. Sequencing revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; g.‐1398G>T) in the 5' upstream region of MYH4. It was significantly associated with the number of type IIa muscle fibers and water‐holding capacity based on filter‐paper fluid uptake. The GG genotype groups had a greater number of type IIa fibers and a larger area composed of type IIa fibers than the other genotype group (P = 0.004 and P = 0.061, respectively). Expression level of MYH4 gene in the genotype TT or GT was higher than in genotype of GG (P < 0.0001). The T allele may enhance expression level of MYH4 gene and then the portion of IIb type fiber in the muscle be increased by the T allelle. Therefore, we suggest that the g.‐1398G>T in the 5' upstream region of the porcine MYH4 may be used as a molecular marker for meat quality traits, although its functional effect is not defined yet.
Systematic review on the prevalence, frequency and comparative value of adverse events data in social media
Authors: Golder Su , Norman Gill , Loke Yoon K 
Published: August 2015

AimThe aim of this review was to summarize the prevalence, frequency and comparative value of information on the adverse events of healthcare interventions from user comments and videos in social media.MethodsA systematic review of assessments of the prevalence or type of information on adverse events in social media was undertaken. Sixteen databases and two internet search engines were searched in addition to handsearching, reference checking and contacting experts. The results were sifted independently by two researchers. Data extraction and quality assessment were carried out by one researcher and checked by a second. The quality assessment tool was devised in‐house and a narrative synthesis of the results followed.ResultsFrom 3064 records, 51 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies assessed over 174 social media sites with discussion forums (71%) being the most popular. The overall prevalence of adverse events reports in social media varied from 0.2% to 8% of posts.Twenty‐nine studies compared the results from searching social media with using other data sources to identify adverse events. There was general agreement that a higher frequency of adverse events was found in social media and that this was particularly true for ‘symptom’ related and ‘mild’ adverse events.Those adverse events that were under‐represented in social media were laboratory‐based and serious adverse events.ConclusionsReports of adverse events are identifiable within social media. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the frequency and type of events reported, and the reliability or validity of the data has not been thoroughly evaluated.
Personalizing initial calcineurin inhibitor dosing by adjusting to donor CYP3A‐status in liver transplant patients
Authors: Monostory Katalin , Tóth Katalin , Kiss Ádám , Háfra Edit , Csikány Nóra , Paulik József , Sárváry Enikő , Kóbori László 
Published: August 2015

AimsInter‐individual variability in dose requirements of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) has been linked to genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A enzymes. CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A4*22 alleles of liver grafts may explain about one third of the inter‐individual differences in pharmacokinetics of ciclosporin and tacrolimus in recipients. However, non‐genetic factors, influencing CYP3A expression, can contribute to the variability of CYP3A function due to phenoconversion. The present study evaluated the association between CYP3A4 expression combined with CYP3A5 genotype of donor livers and recipients' CNI therapy after transplantation.MethodsThe contribution of donors' CYP3A5 genotype and CYP3A4 expression to the blood concentrations and dose requirements of CNIs was evaluated in 131 liver transplant recipients.ResultsThe recipients with grafts from normal CYP3A4 expresser donors carrying CYP3A5*3/*3 required CNI maintenance doses more or less similar to the bodyweight‐controlled starting doses (9.1 mg kg−1 of ciclosporin and 0.1 mg kg−1 of tacrolimus). The patients transplanted with grafts from low CYP3A4 expressers required substantial reduction (by about 50%, 4.2 mg kg−1 of ciclosporin, 0.047 mg kg−1 of tacrolimus, P < 0.001), while the recipients with grafts from high expressers or with grafts carrying at least one copy of the functional CYP3A5*1 allele required an increase (by about 50% [12.8–13.8 mg kg−1] for ciclosporin and 100% [0.21 mg kg−1] for tacrolimus, P < 0.001) of the initial CNI dose for achieving target blood concentrations.ConclusionsDonor livers' CYP3A‐status, taking both CYP3A5 allelic variations and CYP3A4 expression into account, can better identify the risk of CNI over‐ or underexposure, and may contribute to the avoidance of misdosing‐induced graft injury in the early post‐operative period.
EU Kids Online II Dataset: A cross‐national study of children's use of the Internet and its associated opportunities and risks
Authors: Livingstone Sonia , Cagiltay Kursat , Ólafsson Kjartan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn the EU Kids Online II project, data were collected from children and parents via in‐home face‐to‐face interviews in 25 European countries to examine children's Internet use, activities and skills, the risk of harm they encountered, parental awareness, and safety strategies regarding children's Internet use and risks. The project provides comparable cross‐national survey data to inform social policies for children's Internet use and protection. Nationally representative survey samples were drawn in each country, with data obtained in a face‐to‐face interview with 25 142 Internet‐using children aged 9–16 years together with one of their parents (c. 1000 child/parent pairs per country). Questions were primarily closed‐ended, with an open‐ended (qualitative) element and with sensitive questions asked of the child in private.
Introducing engineering in elementary education: A 5‐year study of teachers and students
Authors: Diefes‐Dux Heidi A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractEngineering, when integrated into K‐12 education, may offer a number of potential student learning and future success benefits. In a 5‐year study, four cohorts of elementary teachers of grades 2 to 4 in a single US school district were provided with teacher professional development with engineering education. Teachers were prepared to teach lessons to introduce and reinforce the terms engineering and technology, the work of an engineer, and the engineering design process and to engage students in an engineering design unit tied to grade‐level specific science content. Teacher data (interviews) and student data (knowledge and identity development assessments, drawings, and interviews) were used to investigate the relationship between the teacher professional development and teachers' integration of engineering and students' learning and understanding of and interest in engineering. Access to data is restricted to researchers with legitimate research interests, though the research instruments are publicly available.
Longitudinal data on the effectiveness of mathematics mini‐games in primary education
Authors: Bakker Marjoke , Van den Heuvel‐Panhuizen Marja , Robitzsch Alexander 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper describes a dataset consisting of longitudinal data gathered in the BRXXX project. The aim of the project was to investigate the effectiveness of online mathematics mini‐games in enhancing primary school students' multiplicative reasoning ability (multiplication and division). The dataset includes data of 719 students from 35 primary schools in the Netherlands, who were followed from end Grade 1 to end Grade 3. Participating schools were randomly divided over three experimental conditions (playing at school, at home or at home with debriefing at school) and a control group. Tests of multiplicative reasoning ability were administered at the end of Grade 1 (pretest) and the end of Grade 2 and Grade 3 (posttests). In addition to the scores on these tests, the dataset includes measures of gameplay behavior, ie, the time and effort students put in the games, and some student background variables.
The open dataset on students’ perceptions of virtual learning environments in Ireland: Collaborating to listen to the student voice
Authors: Risquez Angelica , Raftery Damien , Costello Eamon 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Irish inter‐institutional virtual learning environments (VLEs) open dataset stems from ongoing work with a rolling longitudinal survey of students’ usage of VLEs which has been ongoing in 12 higher education institutions since 2008. The project has collected over 21 000 student responses to date through the growth of an extended network of educational technologists collaborating from multiple institutions. The survey instrument uses a common set of questions, and on condition of anonymity, the participating institutions pool their data to compare and contrast the results. The large representation of the data collected at national level opens the possibility of international participation to add a cross‐national dimension to the data analysis.
Datasets reflecting students' and teachers' views on the use of learning technology in a UK university
Authors: Limniou Maria , Downes John J. , Maskell Simon 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNowadays, the use of datasets is of crucial importance for the advancement of educational research. Specifically in the field of Higher Education, many researchers might share through online data repositories their research outputs in order for data to be reusable, accessible and accountable to educational community. The aim of this paper is to describe how web surveys along with the resultant datasets were created and how the datasets might be of some use to other researchers. The questionnaires are focused on examining teachers' and students' views about technology‐enhanced teaching and learning when using virtual learning environments (VLEs). The investigation was conducted across three Schools in the same University during the same time period. The datasets may assist other researchers in the development of further educational research concerning the use of technology resulting in more generalisable conclusions.
The synthesis approach to analysing educational design dataset: Application of three scaffolds to a learning by design task for postgraduate education students
Authors: Thompson Kate , Carvalho Lucila , Aditomo Anindito , Dimitriadis Yannis , Dyke Gregory , Evans Michael A. , Khosronejad Maryam , Martinez‐Maldonado Roberto , Reimann Peter , Wardak Dewa 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe aims of the Synthesis and Scaffolding Project were to understand: the role of specific scaffolds in relation to the activity of learners, and the activity of learners during a collaborative design task from multiple perspectives, through the collection and analysis of multiple streams of data and the adoption of a synthesis approach to the research. The Synthesis Approach to Analysing Educational Design (SAAED) dataset is comprised of video, audio and image files, transcripts of the discourse, as well as copies of physical artefacts generated by three groups of three postgraduate education students during a 90‐minute design session. The data were collected in January 2013. Each group was given a different scaffold related to the design process, the social interactions or the use of the tools available to the participants. Researchers interested in analysing the SAAED are required to sign a collaborator agreement to become part of the project team.
A SMOOTH AMBIGUITY MODEL OF THE COMPETITIVE FIRM
Authors: Wong Kit Pong 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the optimal production decision of the competitive firm under price uncertainty when the firm's preferences exhibit smooth ambiguity aversion. Ambiguity is modeled by a second‐order probability distribution that captures the firm's uncertainty about which of the subjective beliefs govern the price risk. Ambiguity preferences are modeled by the (second‐order) expectation of a concave transformation of the (first‐order) expected utility of profit conditional on each plausible subjective distribution of the price risk. Within this framework, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions under which the ambiguity‐averse firm optimally produces less in response either to the introduction of ambiguity or to greater ambiguity aversion when ambiguity prevails. In the case that the price risk is binary, we show that ambiguity and greater ambiguity aversion always adversely affect the firm's production decision.
Comparison of a predictive algorithm with receptionist triage for priority public dental care
Authors: Jones Kelly 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the clinical validity and accuracy of an empirically derived triage model when compared with traditional priority assessment by receptionists.BackgroundThe use of predictive models to support evidence‐based delivery of health care is increasing. Predictive models assist in predicting priority of need or treatment planning for patients and facilitate transparent and consistent decision‐making. A predictive model for determining priority of need for dental care was evaluated against a reference standard dentist assessment and traditional receptionist assessment.MethodsWe sampled 310 patients seeking dental care. Participants were selected from people requesting care at two community dental clinics and who agreed to answer eight questions. Receptionists recorded their judgements of participant priority into three categories: care needed <48 h, 2–7 days or 8+ days. The ‘reference standard’ priority was determined by dental officers using the same categories. Model coefficients generated a predicted probability of requiring care. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and predictive (PPVandNPV) and area under the curve (AUC) values were computed for two thresholds, <48 h versus 2+ days and <2–7 days versus 8+ days.ResultsAt <48‐h threshold, the modelPPVwas higher andNPVlower than receptionists in predicting patients not needing care. At the 2‐ to 7‐day threshold, the model also performed better than receptionists in predicting those needing care for 2–7 days.AUCstatistics show the model performed better than the traditional receptionist method.ConclusionsThe predictive model outperformed traditional receptionist screening in predicting priority of care.
Vision, Identity, and Career in the Clinical and Translational Sciences: Building upon the Formative Years
Authors: Manson Spero M. , Martinez Dominic F. , Buchwald Dedra S. , Rubio Doris M. , Moss Marc 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper is the second in a five‐part series on the clinical and translational science educational pipeline. It focuses on the role that Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) programs can play in supporting science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education in primary and secondary schools, as well as in facilitating these interests during transition to undergraduate training. Special emphasis should be placed on helping to form and sustain an identity as a scientist, and on instilling the persistence necessary to overcome numerous barriers to its actualization. CTSAs can contribute to cementing this sense of self by facilitating peer support, mentorship, and family involvement that will reinforce early educational decisions leading to clinical and translational science research careers. Meanwhile, the interests, skills, and motivation induced by participation in STEM programs must be sustained in transition to the next level in the educational pipeline, typically undergraduate study. Examples of CTSA collaborations with local schools, businesses, interest groups, and communities at large illustrate the emerging possibilities and promising directions with respect to each of these challenges.