bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Occurrence of Physical Defects in Turkey Poults / Częstotliwość występowania wad budowy piskląt indyczych
Authors: Mróz Emilia , Stępińska Monika , Orłowska Aneta , Michalak Katarzyna 
Published: August 2013

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine poult quality in the first breeding season of turkeys. The study was conducted over a 24-week laying season of white broad-breasted Big 6 turkeys. Starting from the first week of laying, at three-week intervals, 504 eggs laid on the same day were weighed and the percentages of eggs weighing 70 to 100 g and more than 100 g were calculated. Results from the 21st week of laying season were not used due to failure of ventilation equipment. Each egg was visually inspected to determine the percentages of eggs with normal shell structure, rough-shelled eggs and eggs without shell pigmentation. Nine incubation cycles were carried out. Egg fertilization rates and hatch rates were determined. At the end of each incubation cycle, poults were weighed individually and divided into morphologically normal and morphologically defective. The latter were further subdivided into weak poults with poor motor skills, poults with abnormal feathers, eyes, legs and umbilicus, and poults with unabsorbed yolk sacs. Eggs with weight exceeding 100 g accounted for 17.9% and 46.6% of the analysed eggs at 12 and 24 weeks of the laying season, respectively. In week 12, eggs without shell pigmentation accounted for 8.3%. In week 24, the percentage of rough-shelled eggs was 6.7%. Most poults with physical defects hatched in weeks 1 and 3 of the laying period (65.67% and 76.84%, respectively). Weak poults with poor motor skills accounted for 0.2-2.5% of the examined birds. Wet feathers were noted in 0.9% to 4.1% of poults over the laying season. Leg abnormalities were observed in 6.5% to 7.8% of poults. Eye defects were encountered least frequently. In 41-70% of poults long black scabs were visible on their navels, and umbilical vessels were long. Unabsorbed yolk sacs were noted in 0.5% to 3.2% of poults.
Infrared Thermography as a Method for Evaluating the Welfare of Animals Subjected to Invasive Procedures – A Review / Termografia jako metoda oceny dobrostanu zwierząt poddanych inwazyjnym zabiegom – artykuł przeglądowy
Authors: Godyń Dorota , Herbut Eugeniusz , Walczak Jacek 
Published: August 2013

Abstract In recent years, there has been a growing interest in animal welfare. Consumers of animal products are paying more attention to maintaining good husbandry conditions on the farms, but also to some of the procedures entailing pain and suffering. The most invasive procedures are castration and dehorning (disbudding), which are often performed without anaesthesia. Pain associated with tissue damage causes behavioural and physiological changes. Observation of behaviour combined with measurements of autonomic nervous system activation, and hormones of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis, is the main method for assessing the emotional state of an animal. Immobilization and blood collection may themselves be a source of stress for these animals. There is a strong prerequisite for the development of non-invasive methods of assessing the level of animal welfare. One of them is infrared thermography. The study of eye temperature changes in cattle, measured with an infrared thermography camera, confirmed the activation of the autonomic nervous system in response to pain.
Relationship Between Glycolytic Potential and Meat Quality of Duroc Pigs with Consideration of Carcass Chilling System / Związek potencjału glikolitycznego z cechami jakości mięsa tuczników rasy Duroc, z uwzględnieniem systemu chłodzenia tusz
Authors: Zybert Andrzej , Sieczkowska Halina , Antosik Katarzyna , Krzęcio-Nieczyporuk Elżbieta , Adamczyk Grzegorz , Koćwin-Podsiadła Maria 
Published: August 2013

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine phenotypic relations between glycolytic potential (GP) measured 45 min postmortem and meat quality traits of stress-resistant fatteners, with consideration of carcass chilling system. The investigations involved 35 Duroc fattening pigs whose left halfcarcasses were chilled conventionally (4ºC for 24 h) and right half-carcasses were rapidly chilled in a three-phase chilling tunnel (-10ºC for 15 min, -15ºC for 25 min and -5ºC for 40 min with air velocity of 3 m/s). In this study we showed that rapid chilling significantly slows the rate of pH fall from 2 to 96 h after slaughter. The negative relationship between glycolytic potential and pH (especially 24 h postmortem) was stronger for conventionally chilled carcasses but the regression coefficient (b) does not suggest increased rate of pH fall in meat of conventionally chilled carcasses (especially compared to rapid chilling) at the later stages of conversion of muscle to meat (from 24 to 144 h after slaughter). In this investigation GP was positively correlated to drip loss at 48 h postmortem, and a stronger correlation was noted for rapidly chilled carcasses. Moreover, the regression coefficient indicates that rapid chilling to 48 h postmortem can cause a slightly higher drip loss from meat than when the carcasses are chilled conventionally (0.55 vs. 0.46 percentage points per 10 μmol/g GP). At the later stages of conversion of muscle to meat (96 and 144 h postmortem) the correlation and regression coefficients were the same regardless of the chilling system.
Bacteriocins In Poultry Nutrition – A Review / Bakteriocyny w żywieniu drobiu – artykuł przeglądowy
Authors: Józefiak Damian , Sip Anna 
Published: August 2013

Abstract In recent years, a number of studies have shown a close relationship between broiler performance, health and the gastrointestinal microbiota. However, taking the complexity and biodiversity of the micro-ecosystem into consideration, a manipulation of the microbiota in a way that is profitable both for the host bird and for the farmer seems a difficult goal to achieve. Bacteriocins are extracellular proteinaceous compounds, synthesized by many bacterial species. Due to their different bacteriostatic effects, they have been used in human nutrition for decades. However, limited information is available regarding their effects in poultry, even though that similar mode of action as in other animals is possible. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to discuss present bacteriocin classification, mode of action and their potential role in poultry nutrition.
The Effectiveness of Maize DDGS in Rabbit Diets / Efektywność zastosowania suszonego wywaru kukurydzianego w dietach dla królików
Authors: Chełmińska Agnieszka , Kowalska Dorota 
Published: August 2013

Abstract The development of biofuel production in the European Union is expected to increase the production of distillers grains, which can be a good feed material after concentration, centrifugation and drying. Research shows that dried distillers grains that meet microbiological and toxicological standards can be a nutritious feed for different species of animals. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of adding different levels (5 or 10%) of maize dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) to complete feeds on rearing performance and meat quality of young rabbits. The study was carried out with New Zealand White rabbits from weaning at 35 days to 90 days of age. The results obtained showed that the introduction of 5% DDGS to rabbit diets had no negative effect on rearing performance of rabbits from 35 to 90 days of age and on the quality of their meat. Despite using a detoxifier, the 10% level was hazardous to rabbits due to the high level of mycotoxins in the purchased DDGS and markedly decreased the quality of their meat. Therefore it appears necessary to analyse the distillers grains fed to this group of animals for mycotoxins, in particular to determine their safe levels for rabbits.
Labelling the Behaviour of Piglets and Activity Monitoring from Video as a Tool of Assessing Interest in Different Environmental Enrichments / Oznaczanie zachowania i monitorowanie aktywności prosiąt na podstawie zapisu wideo jako narzędzie oceny ich zainteresowania różnymi elementami wzbogacającymi środowisko
Authors: Ismayilova Gunel , Costa Annamaria , Fontana Ilaria , Berckmans Daniel , Guarino Marcella 
Published: August 2013

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the preference and the duration of interest of weaned pigs to two different types of environmental enrichments using labelling techniques and activity monitoring. Two pens each housing 14 Dalland piglets were monitored using a video camera. The videos were labelled during the weaning phase from 30 to 60 days of age. During this time, the video recording software continuously calculated the activity index of the pigs. To detect pig exploratory and playing behaviour, a wooden block and chain enrichment were introduced into each pen for 30 days. Each video frame was manually labelled during the Day 1, 5 and 30 (24 hours a day) for each pen using the Labelling Tool software. To identify the duration and frequency of interactive episodes with environmental enrichments, pig behaviour was labelled as either: no activity, interacting with chain or interacting with the wooden block. The mean duration of interactive episodes for the chain was greater than for the wooden block (P<0.001), while the frequency of interactive episodes was 28.8% higher for the wooden block than for the chain. By day 5, the mean duration of interaction episodes decreased in both pens and by day 30, only a few interaction episodes were observed. The number of interactive episodes were strictly related to the activity index and depended on the time of the day. The peaks of the mean number of interactive episodes calculated for all days of observations corresponded to the peaks of the mean activity index.
Validation of Pedigree Relationships Using a Multiplex Microsatellite Marker Assay in Iranian Holstein Cattle / Walidacja rodowodów irańskiego bydła holsztyńskiego przy użyciu analizy multipleks markerów mikrosatelitarnych
Authors: Hashemi Mona , Amirinia Cyrus , Harkinezhad Mohammad Taher , Banabazi Mohammad Hossein , Javanmard Arash , Amiri Fateme 
Published: August 2013

Abstract In the present study, the pedigree and genotype data of 94 individuals were examined for accuracy of parentage allocations and identity test using 12 fluorescent-labelled microsatellite markers in a highly sensitive and accurate ABI system. The panel of 12 markers showed mean PIC value of 0.71 and Shannon index of 1.65 and 7.58 alleles per locus, which suggests that these markers are highly polymorphic and could be useful for parentage control. Based on scoring allele sizes, a total of 91 alleles were observed within the studied population. The highest and lowest number of alleles was observed for TGLA227 locus and TGLA126 and BM1818 loci, respectively. The pedigree was considered incorrect in seven (35%) out of all the evaluated progeny, as their genotype did not match their parents. Combined EP value obtained for all loci in both parentage and identification analysis was 0.99, which indicates the high efficiency of the studied marker set and the accuracy of genotyping in ABI systems. Finally, the present findings confirmed the importance of surveying the pedigree structure and efficiency of 12 fluorescent-labelled microsatellite markers in a single multiplex PCR for parentage testing in the sampled Holstein cattle population.
The effect of shoot training on yield, fruit quality and leaf chemical composition of eggplant in greenhouse cultivation
Authors: Ambroszczyk Anna Magdalena , Cebula Stanisław , Sękara Agnieszka 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The aim of the investigations was to determine the best method of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) pruning in greenhouse production. The investigations were carried out in 1999 - 2001 in the experimental greenhouse of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland. The ‘Tania F1’ hybrid was used in the early spring-summer production in a heated greenhouse. Plants were pruned to one or two shoots. In the case of two-shoot plants, the second shoot was led out from the first, third, sixth and ninth node. The intense pruning positively affected the PAR conditions in the plant profile. The most effective fruit setting was observed in the intensely pruned plants. The greatest number of fruits was set at the lowest nodes. Pruning affected the total but not marketable yield of fruits. Two-shoot plants with the second shoot led out from the sixth node produced the greatest fruits, both in early and total yield. A high level of reducing sugar was found in the fruits of moderately pruned plants. Fruits of two-shoot plants with the second shoot led out from the sixth node and pruned to one shoot contained the greatest level of L-ascorbic acid. The greatest levels of reducing sugar and starch were found in the leaves of moderately pruned plants, having the best PAR conditions. The method of pruning slightly affected the level of pigments in the eggplant leaves.
Estimation of growth and yielding of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivated on soil developed from weakly loamy sand
Authors: Wach Dariusz 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
In the years 1996 - 1999 an estimation of the growth and yielding of highbush blueberry cultivated on soil developed from weakly loamy sand was carried out. The study covered the initial years of fruit bearing (3-6 years after planting) of six cultivars of highbush blueberry: ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Blueray’, ‘Darrow’, ‘Ivanhoe’, ‘Northland’ and ‘Spartan’. The strongest vegetative growth was characteristic for bushes of ‘Northland’ and ‘Bluecrop’ cultivars, while the weakest was found in ‘Darrow’ and ‘Spartan’. ‘Northland’ proved to be the best yielding cultivar, although its fruits were the smallest. Berries of the ‘Darrow’ cultivar were the largest. In the study, the highest ranking was awarded to ‘Bluecrop’ (for growth, yielding, fruit size) and ‘Northland’ (for growth and yielding).
The effect of nitrogen fertilizer form and foliar application on the concentrations of twenty-five elements in carrot
Authors: Smoleń Sylwester , Sady Włodzimierz 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Among all elements taken into consideration in this research (Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Co, Cr, Fe, Ga, In, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Ti and V), only the concentration of Na in the ‘Kazan F1’ carrot was affected by the interaction of foliar application and nitrogen fertilization. In the case of plants fertilized by Ca(NO3)2, foliar application significantly raised Na concentration in storage roots. Compared to the control, all applied nitrogen fertilizers (results analysed independently from the foliar application factor) increased concentrations of Mg and Se in carrot. Fertilization with (NH4)2SO4 resulted in a decrease of Ba and Mo concentrations and an increase of Mn concentration, while fertilization with Ca(NO3)2 raised the contents of Sr and Be in carrot. Foliar application (analysed independently from nitrogen fertilization) considerably increased Bi and Be concentrations, yet it did not affect the contents of other elements in storage roots.
The effect of temperature and crown size on asparagus yielding
Authors: Gąsecka Monika , Krzesińsk Włodzimierz , Stachowiak Jerzy , Knaflewski Mikołaj 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
In order to determine the effect of temperature on asparagus yielding in the case of different crown sizes, asparagus plants were planted in growth chambers, in an aeroponic system with recirculation. The results show that asparagus yield was dependent on air temperature and crown size; however, crown size had a greater influence on the yield. The diameter and weight of the asparagus spears were also dependent on crown size. Higher dry weight content, degrees Brix, fructan and total carbohydrate content in storage roots were documented in large crown asparagus plants before and after harvest. Large sized crowns were also shown to build thicker and higher ferns.
The effect of placement and light conditions during foliar application of Insol U fertilizer on gas exchange, yield and the quality of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Authors: Borowski Edward , Michałek Sławomir 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Pot experiments conducted in a growth chamber studied the effectiveness of foliar fertilization of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) with macro- and microelements in the form of a 1% water solution of Insol U fertilizer applied with fluorescent light of the PAR intensity of 200 μmol m-2 s-1 and with dispersed daylight of the intensity of 600 μmol m-2 s-1. Insol U was applied three times, supplied on the upper, lower or both sides of the leaf blades. The control consisted of plants sprayed with distilled water. The obtained results pointed out that foliar fertilization of spinach with Insol U significantly increased the leaf gas exchange, the yield of the fresh leaf mass, the content of vitamin C, chlorophyll, carotenoids, as well as potassium and phosphorus in the leaves. The application of the fertilizer onto the upper and the lower side of the leaf blade had the most positive effect on the analysed property of the leaves. Independently of the side leaf, the application of the fertilizer at a higher light intensity had a significantly better consecutive effect on all the analysed properties of the leaves.
Parasitic wasps of the Pimplinae, Poemeniinae and Diacritinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) subfamilies at Kórnik Arboretum
Authors: Piekarska-Boniecka Hanna , Ratajczak Justyna , Dolańska-Niedbała Ewa 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The research was carried out in 2005 − 2007 in the area of the Kórnik Arboretum and covered parasitoids of the Pimplinae, Poemeniinae and Diacritinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) subfamilies, which control a number of plantdamaging phytophages. The quality and quantity composition of the parasitoids was defined, and the characterization of Pimplinae communities was carried out on the basis of the following biocenotic indices: Shannon’s diversity index H’, Pielou’s evenness index J’ and Simpson’s diversity index d. The Pimplinae communities were compared in terms of quality using the method of the Marczewski-Steinhaus MS index. Thirty-one species of Pimplinae were found; they account for 23.3% of the national fauna and 43.0% of species reported for Wielkopolska. Three species of Poemeniinae and one species of Diacritinae were also found. Among Pimplinae the prevailing species were those which decrease the number of pests belonging to exo- and endophytophages of Micro- and Macrolepidoptera. The dominants were: Pimpla contemplator (Muelle.) − 24.9%, Pimpla flavicoxis Thoms. − 12.3%, Pimpla insignatoria (Grav.) − 9.1%, Itoplectis maculator (F.) − 6.3% and I. alternans (Grav.) − 5.9%. Poemeniinae included Poemenia brachyura Holmgr. and P. herctica (Grav.), belonging to parasitoids of xylophages. Diacritinae were represented by Diacritus aciculatus (Voll.), whose trophic links are not yet known.
Evaluation of the infectivity of selected turnip mosaic virus isolates towards white cabbage cultivars
Authors: Gładysz Karol , Hanus-Fajerska Ewa 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Experiments were carried out to evaluate the reaction of cabbage cultivars to mechanical inoculation with selected isolates of the turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Simultaneously we aimed for the assessment of TuMV pathogenicity towards cultivars chosen to be transformed in order to obtain the resistance trait. The TuMV-CAR37A and TuMV-CAR39 isolates from horseradish proved to be infective towards ‘Amager’ and ‘Langedijker’ B. oleracea subsp. capitata f. alba. The course of symptom expression was assessed and the results of virus detection in symptomless leaves, using DAS-ELISA, were documented. Both tested cultivars showed a similar level of susceptibility. TuMV-CAR37A and TuMV-CAR39 can be useful in the selection of cabbage lines with resistance to the turnip mosaic virus.
Heterogeneity of carrot seeds depending on their position on the mother plant
Authors: Panayotov Nikolay 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The period of vegetation and flowering of carrot usually is very long, and the flowers are formed in different parts of the mother plants. This leads to the formation of seeds with different qualities. Often heterogeneity is of a maternal type, which depends on the position of the umbels on the mother plants. The main goal of the present study was to investigate the quality differences in carrot seeds from different parts of the mother plant. The seedstalks from ‘Nantski’, a typical Bulgarian cultivar, were grown by the conventional method for seed production technology. In botanical maturity the seeds from the primary, secondary and tertiary umbels were extracted separately. The seed yield from umbels, dry weight of the seeds, seed size, length, width and thickness, weight per seed, 1000 seed weight, germination energy (first count), germination capacity (final count), mean germination time, uniformity of germination, fresh weight of seedlings, length of radicle, length of hypocotyls and vigour indexes were investigated. The contents of raw protein, sugar, lipids and the basic calorific values were also analysed. The germination was the highest for the seeds from primary umbels, followed by the ones from secondary umbels and lowest for those from the tertiary umbels. The difference between the highest and the lowest value was 6.30%. These results suggest that it is better to harvest the carrot seeds depending on their position on the plant and divide them into separate lots with different qualities.
Effects of polyethylene film covering the greenhouse, nitrogen fertiliser form, and foliar nutrition on the yield and quality of lettuce
Authors: Kowalska Iwona , Sady Włodzimierz 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This study investigates the effects of two types of polyethylene films covering the greenhouse, differing in PAR transmittance, as well as two forms of nitrogen fertiliser (100% N-NO3 vs. 57% N-NO3+ 43% N-NH4), and the use of foliar nutrition on the quality and yield of lettuce grown in the spring and summer-autumn seasons. Lettuce was grown on rockwool in a film greenhouse divided into two parts, each covered with one type of film. Three times per season the plants were sprayed with a solution of molybdenum, benzyladenine, urea with molybdenum, urea with benzyladenine, and the three substances combined. The yields were examined for dry matter, nitrates, ammonia nitrogen, protein nitrogen, soluble sugars, vitamin C, and macronutrients (phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium). In both seasons, lettuce cultivated in the greenhouse covered with film having a higher PAR transmittance resulted in heavier heads and contained significantly lower levels of nitrates, NH4
+, P and Mg. The effect of plot (type of film) on vitamin C content depended on the season. The form of nitrogen fertiliser influenced dry matter, vitamin C, protein nitrogen, P and Mg contents; in the summer-autumn season it also affected head weight. The plants grown on a nitrate medium produced a higher single head mass and accumulated a larger amount of nitrates than those cultivated on a nitrate-ammonia medium. No effects were observed of foliar nutrition with salt solutions on the yield and quality of lettuce in either season.
Evaluation of the yield and some components in the fruit of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea var. edulis Turcz. Freyn.)
Authors: Małodobry Monika , Bieniasz Monika , Dziedzic Ewa 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in the Garlica Murowana Experimental Station of University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland, between 2005 and 2008. Fruit yield, mass of 100 berries, content of total soluble solids, vitamin C, anthocyanins and titratable acidity were estimated. It was shown that ‘Atut’ honeysuckle started vegetation, flowering and cropping periods earlier than ‘Duet’. However, greater marketable yield and mass of 100 berries were obtained for ‘Duet’. ‘Atut’ fruit revealed a significantly higher content of anthocyanins. The studied honeysuckle cultivars did not differ if estimated on the basis of total soluble solids and vitamin C content in the fruit.