bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of the Microbial Stability and Quality of Carrot Juice Treated by High‐Pressure Processing Combined with Mild Temperature and Conventional Heat Treatment
Authors: Gong Yi , Yu Jian‐Yong , Qian Ping , Meng Jun , Zhang Xiao‐Juan , Lu Rong‐Rong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHigh‐pressure processing at mild temperatures (HPMTs) could be an alternative to thermal processing for destroying pressure‐resistant bacteria and achieving commercial sterilization. In this study, carrot juice was pressure‐treated at 300, 400 and 500 MPa for 15 min at 40, 50 and 60C, and afterward stored at 4, 25 and 37C. The results showed that 400–500 MPa/50C and 300–500 MPa/60C‐treated samples had a shelf life of 28 days at 4C, lasting just as long as heat‐treated samples. HPMT reduced peroxidase activity to 16–50%. The vitamin C content of the HPMT‐treated samples was 28.7–60.7% higher than that of the heat‐treated samples. HPMT conditions, except 500 MPa/60C, preserved lightness (L*) and redness (a*) better than heat treatment (P < 0.05). Carotenoid was stable under both HPMT and heat treatment. Sensory analysis indicated that the HPMT‐treated samples were more acceptable to consumers than heat‐treated samples. It can be concluded that the HPMT parameters of 400–500 MPa/50C and 300–400 MPa/60C showed comparable effects on microbial stability at 4C and better quality preservation performance than heat treatment.Practical ApplicationsHigh‐pressure synergetic technologies are a research hot spot in the nonthermal sterilization field and are expected to find application in food processing as an alternative to thermal sterilization. It is necessary to assess the performance of this novel technology in terms of microbiological stability and quality preservation. In practice, processing parameters should be explored to ensure that the treatment not only kills microorganism effectively but also retains the quality of the food as much as possible. This study suggests some processing and preservation conditions for carrot juice demonstrating the advantages of high‐pressure processing at mild temperature over traditional thermal sterilization, which will be of benefit to the fruit and vegetable juice industry.
Effect of glycemic control on corneal nerves and peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic C57Bl/6J mice
Authors: Yorek Matthew S. , Obrosov Alexander , Shevalye Hanna , Lupachyk Sergey , Harper Matthew M. , Kardon Randy H. , Yorek Mark A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe sought to determine the impact that duration of hyperglycemia and control has on corneal nerve fiber density in relation to standard diabetic neuropathy endpoints. Control and streptozotocin‐diabetic C57Bl/6J mice were analyzed after 4, 8, 12, and 20 weeks. For the 20‐week time point, five groups of mice were compared: control, untreated diabetic, and diabetic treated with insulin designated as having either poor glycemic control, good glycemic control, or poor glycemic control switched to good glycemic control. Hyperglycemia was regulated by use of insulin‐releasing pellets. Loss of corneal nerves in the sub‐epithelial nerve plexus or corneal epithelium progressed slowly in diabetic mice requiring 20 weeks to reach statistical significance. In comparison, slowing of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity developed rapidly with significant difference compared with control mice observed after 4 and 8 weeks of hyperglycemia, respectively. In diabetic mice with good glycemic control, average blood glucose levels over the 20‐week experimental period were lowered from 589 ± 2 to 251 ± 9 mg/dl. All diabetic neuropathy endpoints examined were improved in diabetic mice with good glycemic control compared with untreated diabetic mice. However, good control of blood glucose was not totally sufficient in preventing diabetic neuropathy.
AN APPRAISAL OF END‐OF‐LIFE CARE IN PERSONS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE DYING IN HOSPITAL WARDS
Authors: Noble Helen , Brown Joan , Shields Joanne , Fogarty Damian , Maxwell Alexander P. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYAimTo review end‐of‐life care provided by renal healthcare professionals to hospital in‐patients with chronic kidney disease, and their carers, over a 12‐month period in Northern Ireland.MethodsRetrospective review of 100 patients.ResultsMean age at death was 72 years (19–95) and 56% were male. Eighty three percent of patients had a ‘Not For Attempted Resuscitation’ order during their last admission and this was implemented in 42%. Less than 20% of all patients died in a hospital ward. No patients had an advanced care plan, although 42% had commenced the Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient. Patients suffered excessive end‐of‐life symptoms. In addition, there was limited documentation of carer involvement and carer needs were not formally assessed.ConclusionEnd‐of‐life care for patients with advanced chronic renal disease can be enhanced. There is significant variation in the recording of discussions regarding impending death and little preparation. There is poor recording of the patients' wishes regarding death. Those with declining functional status, including those frequently admitted to hospital require holistic assessment regarding end‐of‐life needs. More effective communication between the patient, family and multi‐professional team is required for patients who are dying and those caring for them.
Exploring the Drivers of Purchase Intent and Consumer Satisfaction of Chicken Eggs Using Principal Component Analysis and the Kano Model
Authors: Wardy Wisdom , Mena Behannis , Nongtaodum Sinee , No Hong Kyoon , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTwenty egg product attributes considered important by consumers (n = 400) were identified and their contribution to the satisfaction of quality requirements and purchase intent was examined using principal component analysis and the Kano model. Consumers considered freshness, absence of cracks, sale price and label stating “packing/best‐before‐date” as key attributes affecting purchase intent. Five principal components (PC1–PC5) were extracted, altogether explaining 57.43% of the total variance. Based on the PC loadings, the following groups emerged: PC1 (intrinsic quality), PC2 (aesthetic value), PC3 (extrinsic quality), PC4 (expediency) and PC5 (wholesomeness and safety). From the Kano analysis, eight variables (freshness, shell cleanness, absence of cracks, USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)‐certified farm eggs, label stating “packing/best‐before‐date”, egg grade, secure packaging and availability) corresponding mostly to PC3, PC4 and PC5 were categorized as “must‐be attributes,” with dissatisfaction coefficients ranging from 0.87 (freshness) to 0.38 (egg grade). Sale price and egg size were classified as one‐dimensional and attractive attributes, respectively.Practical ApplicationsThe Kano model is an efficient tool to prioritize product development efforts to prevent consumer dissatisfaction while increasing satisfaction. In this study, principal component analysis and the Kano model were utilized to understand the relationships between egg quality variables driving purchase intent and their impact on consumer satisfaction. Findings from this investigation present egg processors and retailers with valuable insights for successful differentiation from the competition and to increase profits, by identifying the essential product attributes with the most potential to delight consumers.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of four potential anti‐endotoxaemic drugs assessed in vitro using equine whole blood assays
Authors: Bauquier J. R. , Tudor E. , Bailey S. R. 
Published: November 2014

Despite the severity and common occurrence of equine endotoxaemia, the available anti‐endotoxic treatments do not effectively target key inflammatory mechanisms such as leucocyte activation and cytokine production. In this study, four compounds with potential anti‐endotoxic effects, namely rolipram, azithromycin, ethyl pyruvate and metformin, were investigated in vitro using equine whole blood stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. TNF‐α and IL‐1β production were measured in plasma. Rolipram was the most potent inhibitor of cytokine production (IC50 0.84 and 4.68 μm for TNF‐α and IL‐1β, respectively) with almost complete inhibition of TNF‐α, but inhibited IL‐1β by only 39.46%. Azithromycin produced almost complete inhibition of both cytokines, but tended to be less potent than rolipram (IC50 10.66 and 17.4 μm for TNF‐α and IL‐1β, respectively). Metformin inhibited TNF‐α production with similar potency to rolipram and azithromycin (IC50 3.35 μm) but showed significantly lower efficacy (45.93%; P < 0.05), and had no inhibitory effect on IL‐1β. Ethyl pyruvate was the least potent (IC50 68.35 μm and >10 mm for TNF‐α and IL‐1β production, respectively). Further work is required to investigate whether these or related compounds may have potential use in the treatment of equine endotoxaemia in vivo.
The orbit and dynamical evolution of the Chelyabinsk object
Authors: Emel'yanenko Vacheslav V. , Naroenkov Sergey A. , Jenniskens Peter , Popova Olga P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe orbit of the Chelyabinsk object is calculated, applying the least‐squares method directly to astrometric positions. The dynamical evolution of this object in the past is studied by integrating equations of motion for particles with orbits from the confidence region. It is found that the majority of the Chelyabinsk clones reach the near‐Sun state. Sixty‐seven percent of these objects have collisions with the Sun for 15 Myr in our numerical simulations. The distribution of minimum solar distances shows that the most probable time for the encounters of the Chelyabinsk object with the Sun lies in the interval from −0.8 Myr to −2 Myr. This is consistent with the estimate of a cosmic ray exposure age of 1.2 Myr (Popova et al. 2013). A parent body of the Chelyabinsk object should experience strong tidal and thermal effects at this time. The possible association of the Chelyabinsk object with 86039 (1999 NC43) and 2008 DJ is discussed.
The effect of oxygen as a light element in metallic liquids on partitioning behavior
Authors: Chabot Nancy L. , Wollack E. Alex , Humayun Munir , Shank Ellen M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOxygen has been considered a potentially important light element in metallic liquids during a range of planetary processes, yet the influence of O in a metallic melt on element partitioning behavior is largely unknown. To investigate the effect of O in such systems, we conducted experiments in the Fe‐S‐O system, doped with 25 trace elements, which produced two immiscible metallic liquids. Our results indicate that the presence of O in the metallic liquid produces a distinctive chemical signature for W and Ga in particular. Tungsten shows an affinity for O in the metallic liquid and partitions more strongly into the metallic melt in the presence of O. The partitioning of Ga is relatively constant despite the presence of O, which is in contrast to the majority of the other siderophile elements in the study. Our experiments from 1400 to 1600 °C show no significant effect from temperature on the partitioning behavior of any trace elements over this limited temperature range. This distinctive chemical signature due to the presence of O in the metallic liquid has potential implications for modeling core formation, evaluating isotopic signatures produced by core crystallization, and interpreting chemical assemblages observed in meteorites.
Metaphysical Rationalism
Authors: Dasgupta Shamik 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Principle of Sufficient Reason states that everything has an explanation. But different notions of explanation yield different versions of this principle. Here a version is formulated in terms of the notion of a “grounding” explanation. Its consequences are then explored, with particular emphasis on the fact that it implies necessitarianism, the view that every truth is necessarily true. Finally, the principle is defended from a number of objections, including objections to necessitarianism. The result is a defense of a “rationalist” metaphysics, one that constitutes an alternative to the contemporary dogmas that some aspects of the world are “metaphysically brute” and that the world could in so many ways have been different.
Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies
Authors: O'Neill S. , O'Driscoll L. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryObesity is reaching epidemic proportions with recent worldwide figures estimated at 1.4 billion and rising year‐on‐year. Obesity affects all socioeconomic backgrounds and ethnicities and is a pre‐requisite for metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors, such as central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension that together culminate in the increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. As these conditions are among the leading causes of deaths worldwide and metabolic syndrome increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus fivefold and cardiovascular disease threefold, it is of critical importance that a precise definition is agreed upon by all interested parties. Also of particular interest is the relationship between metabolic syndrome and cancer. Metabolic syndrome has been associated with a plethora of cancers including breast, pancreatic, colon and liver cancer. Furthermore, each individual risk factor for metabolic syndrome has also an association with cancer. Our review collates internationally generated information on metabolic syndrome, its many definitions and its associations with life‐threatening conditions including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer, providing a foundation for future advancements on this topic.
Differences between observers in interpreting double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenges: A randomized trial
Authors: Brand Paul L. P. , Landzaat‐Berghuizen Marlouk A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundInterpretation of double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) can be difficult, particularly with ambiguous subjective symptoms. Early opening of the challenge key (which day is verum and which placebo) may influence the clinician's interpretation of the DBPCFC result.MethodsFifty‐one clinicians reviewing results of 19 DBPCFCs with ambiguous clinical symptoms were randomized into a key first strategy (opening the DBPCFC key before reviewing the symptoms on both challenge days and deciding on the DBPCFC result) or a symptoms first strategy (reviewing symptoms and interpreting both test days as positive or negative before opening the key and deciding on the DBPCFC result).ResultsThe proportion of DBPCFCs considered inconclusive was comparable between the two strategy groups (p = 0.791). Participants in the symptoms first group were more likely to consider a DBPCFC as positive (in 14 tests, 73.7%) than subjects in the key first group (four tests, 21.1%). The number of positive tests was higher in the symptoms first group (median 50.0%, interquartile range [IQR] 23.1–76.9%) than in the key first groups (44.0%, IQR 12.0–68.0%, p = 0.031). This was independent of the participant's profession (pediatrician or other), age, gender, or years of experience (p > 0.3).ConclusionsClinicians differ in their interpretation of DBPCFC results when symptoms are ambiguous. Opening the key of a DBPCFC before reviewing and interpreting symptoms significantly reduces the likelihood of the challenge being interpreted as positive. Guidelines for performing DBPCFCs should standardize the moment of opening the challenge key.
Diapering Habits: A Global Perspective
Authors: Thaman Lauren A. , Eichenfield Lawrence F. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThere are tremendous variations in diapering practices, reflecting varying cultural practices and regional difference. Around the world, more than 134 million babies are born each year, a rate of 255 births per minute or 4.3 births each second. While global population growth has been steadily declining from its peak in 1963, several regions, including the Middle East and Sub‐Saharan Africa, continue to maintain high birth rates. Though the essential needs of infants are largely similar, family habits and practices during early years of life vary dramatically. This article surveys data documenting variations in diaper frequency, types, and duration of use internationally, including age of toilet training. These factors may influence diaper rash and skin health of infants and young children. Much of this data was collected as part of analysis of the international commercial diaper market, evaluated and organized as part of an international initiative on Global Infant Skin Care, and presented to a panel of experts for critique and commentary in a symposium held in December, 2013.
Steric and Electronic Factors Associated with the Photoinduced Ligand Exchange of Bidentate Ligands Coordinated to Ru(II)
Authors: Albani Bryan A , Whittemore Tyler , Durr Christopher B. , Turro Claudia 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn an effort to create a molecule that can absorb low energy visible or near‐infrared light for photochemotherapy (PCT), the new complexes [Ru(biq)2(dpb)](PF6)2 (1, biq = 2,2′‐biquinoline, dpb = 2,3‐bis(2‐pyridyl)benzoquinoxaline) and [(biq)2Ru(dpb)Re(CO)3Cl](PF6)2 (2) were synthesized and characterized. Complexes 1 and 2 were compared to [Ru(bpy)2(dpb)](PF6)2 (3, bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) and [Ru(biq)2(phen)](PF6)2 (4, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline). Distortions around the metal and biq ligands were used to explain the exchange of one biq ligand in 4 upon irradiation. Complex 1, however, undergoes photoinduced dissociation of the dpb ligand rather than biq under analogous experimental conditions. Complex 3 is not photoactive, providing evidence that the biq ligands are crucial for ligand photodissociation in 1. The crystal structures of 1 and 4 are compared to explain the difference in photochemistry between the complexes. Complex 2 absorbs lower energy light than 1, but is photochemically inert although its crystal structure displays significant distortions. These results indicate that both the excited state electronic structure and steric bulk play key roles in bidentate photoinduced ligand dissociation. The present work also shows that it is possible to stabilize sterically hindered Ru(II) complexes by the addition of another metal, a property that may be useful for other applications.
Growth, toxicity and oxidative stress of a cultured cyanobacterium (Dolichospermum sp.) under different CO2/pH and temperature conditions
Authors: Brutemark Andreas , Engström‐Öst Jonna , Vehmaa Anu , Gorokhova Elena 
Published: November 2014

SummaryCyanobacteria blooms are a worldwide nuisance in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Changing environmental conditions due to upwelling, changed mixing conditions or climate change are likely to influence cyanobacteria growth and toxicity. In this study, the response of the toxic cyanobacterium Dolichospermum sp. to lowered pH (−0.4 units by adding CO2) and elevated temperature (+4°C) in an experimental set‐up was examined. Growth rate, microcystin concentration and oxidative stress were measured. The growth rate and intracellular toxin concentration increased significantly as a response to temperature. When Dolichospermum was exposed to the combination of elevated temperature and high CO2/low pH, lipid peroxidation increased and antioxidant levels decreased. Microcystin concentrations were significantly correlated with growth rates. Our results show, although oxidative stress increases when exposed to a combination of high CO2/low pH and high temperature, that growth and toxicity increase at high temperature, suggesting that the cyanobacterium in general seems to be fairly tolerant to changes in pH and temperature. Further progress in identifying biological responses and predicting climate change consequences in estuaries experiencing cyanobacteria blooms requires a better understanding of the interplay between stressors such as pH and temperature.
Strontium isotope composition of Middle Miocene primary gypsum (Badenian of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep Basin): evidence for continual non‐marine inflow of radiogenic strontium into evaporite basin
Authors: Peryt Tadeusz Marek , Anczkiewicz Robert 
Published: November 2014

AbstractStrontium isotope compositions of ancient sulphate deposits not only provide chemostratigraphic information but also offer insight into the system in which the evaporites precipitated. Primary gypsum from two Middle Miocene (Badenian) sections in southern Poland shows steadily higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios than those expected from a marine‐derived formation. The ratios are interpreted as the result of increasing inflow into the basin at the time of gypsum precipitation. Palaeogeographic reconstructions suggest that riverine runoff sources were situated in the West and East European platforms (to the north and east, respectively) and the Carpathians (to the south), which are mostly composed of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks; their dissolution cannot be responsible for the higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios recorded. We conclude that Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic igneous and supracrustal rocks of the Ukrainian Shield were the source of the higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios recorded in the Badenian primary gypsum. A distinctive decreasing trend of 87Sr/86Sr ratios from western Ukraine to southern Poland is explained by a consistent direction of brine inflow during gypsum crystallization (typical cyclonic circulation controlled by the Coriolis effect).
The fibrinogen but not the Factor VIII content of transfused plasma determines its effectiveness at reducing bleeding in coagulopathic mice
Authors: Eltringham‐Smith Louise J. , Lei Xi , Reheman Adili , Lambourne Melissa D. , Pryzdial Edward L. , Ni Heyu , Sheffield William P. 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundThe evidence supporting plasma transfusion as a means to restore hemostatic control and prevent or treat bleeding is weak, leading to uncertainties as to which proteins affect the therapeutic quality of plasma. Some regulators focus on coagulation Factor (F)VIII activity, but whether this measure reflects overall transfusable plasma efficacy is questionable. We developed a mouse model of coagulopathy in which bleeding outcomes were responsive to plasma transfusion and addressed the relative contributions of FVIII and fibrinogen (Fg) to plasma quality.Study Design and MethodsAnesthetized mice were rendered coagulopathic by four rounds of exchange of whole blood for washed red blood cells (RBCs) in 5% human albumin solution (HAS), which reduced RBCs, platelets, and plasma protein levels by 55, 66, and 80% of starting levels, in a blood exchange‐induced coagulopathy approach (BECA). Before tail vein transection, BECA mice were transfused with HAS, wild‐type murine fresh‐frozen plasma (WT mFFP), or mFFP from FVIII−/− or Fg−/− knockout mice. BECA mice were also subjected to laser‐induced arteriolar injury and thrombus formation quantified by intravital microscopy.ResultsTransfusion of WT or FVIII−/− mFFP reduced blood loss by fourfold in BECA mice relative to HAS; Fg−/− mFFP had no effect. WT or FVIII−/− mFFP transfusion, but not that of Fg−/− mFFP, increased thrombus size in laser‐injured BECA mice arterioles. Extended refrigerated storage of mFFP did not reduce its antihemorrhagic effects.ConclusionsThe content of Fg, but not FVIII, determined the efficacy of plasma transfusion in coagulopathic mice.