bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphoanatomical and phytochemical studies of Salvia lachnostachys (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Erbano Marianna , Ehrenfried Carlos Augusto , Stefanello Maria Élida Alves , Dos Santos Élide Pereira 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSalvia lachnostachys Benth., Lamiaceae, is a endemic species from southern Brazil. The essential oil of its leaves and flowers is mainly constituted by aliphatic compounds, such as dodecanoic acid, with sesquiterpenes as minor constituents. This work evaluated the morphology, anatomy, microchemistry, and phytochemistry of S. lachnostachys to provide advanced knowledge of Brazilian plants with medicinal potential. Light and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used in the anatomical and microchemical studies. Compounds were isolated by chromatographic techniques, identified by analysis of their NMR spectra and compared with published data. S. lachnostachys can be distinguished from other related species mainly by its petiolate leaves, terminal inflorescence, persistent bracts, and villous‐glandular corolla. The stem and leaves of S. lachnostachys display anatomical characteristics common to the family Lamiaceae. However, this species can be distinguished from other family members by the morphology and the presence of eglandular and glandular trichomes, as well as the organization of the vascular bundles of the petiole. The phytochemical results revealed that S. lacnostachys produces oleanolic and ursolic acids in addition to the diterpene fruticuline A, which is a rare compound, previously found only in Salvia fruticulosa Benth. and S. corrugata Vahl. Ursolic and oleanolic acids are bioactive triterpenes that exhibit antiatherosclerotic, anticancer, antihypertensive, antinflammatory, antileukemic, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antiviral activities, and fruticuline A has antibacterial activity. Microsc. Res. Tech. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Requirements for the nuclear entry of polyplexes and nanoparticles during mitosis
Authors: Larsen John D. , Ross Nikki L. , Sullivan Millicent O. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundNonviral gene delivery has a limited efficacy partly as a result of poor nuclear delivery, yet an understanding of the mechanisms of nuclear entry is limited. The present study aimed to test the common hypothesis that most nonviral vehicles enter the nucleus during cell division.MethodsPolystyrene particles with diameters of 24–200 nm and carboxylate or amine surface groups, were either used as is or, alternatively, were functionalized with carboxyl‐, hydroxyl‐ or amine‐ terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and subsequently microinjected into the cytoplasm of NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. The post‐mitotic locations of the particles were analyzed and compared with the locations of cytoplasmically microinjected plasmid DNA (pDNA), pDNA polyplexes or nuclear localization signal (NLS)‐functionalized pDNA polyplexes.ResultsWe observed that all polystyrene particles as well as the NLS‐free polyplexes were excluded from the nucleus post‐mitosis. By contrast, free pDNA and pDNA polyplexes containing an NLS accumulated in the nucleus after division.ConclusionsThese data suggest that biochemically specific modes of association with chromatin‐associated proteins or other nuclear components are necessary for the nuclear inclusion of polyplexes and nanoparticles during mitosis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the olfactory and vomeronasal organs in Discoglossus pictus (Discoglossidae, Anura)
Authors: Královec Karel , Žáková Pavla , Mužáková Vladimíra 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUsing histological techniques and computer‐aided three‐dimensional reconstructions of histological serial sections, we studied the development of the olfactory and vomeronasal organs in the discoglossid frog Discoglossus pictus. The olfactory epithelium in larval D. pictus represents one continuous unit of tissue not divided into two separate portions. However, a small pouch of olfactory epithelium (the “ventromedial diverticulum”) is embedded into the roof of the buccal cavity, anteromedial to the internal naris. The lateral appendix is present in D. pictus through the entire larval period and disappears during the onset of metamorphosis. The disappearance of the lateral appendix at this time suggests that it is a typical larval organ related to aquatic life. The vomeronasal organ develops during hindlimb development, which is comparatively late for anurans. The development of the vomeronasal organ in D. pictus follows the same general developmental pattern recognized for neobatrachians. As with most anurans, the vomeronasal glands appear later than the vomeronasal organ. After metamorphosis, the olfactory organ of adult D. pictus is composed of a series of three interconnected chambers: the cavum principale, cavum medium, and cavum inferius. We suggest that the ventromedial diverticulum at the anterior border of the internal naris of larval D. pictus might be homologous with the ventral olfactory epithelium of bufonids and with the similar diverticulum of Alytes. J. Morphol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of sheep and goat milk adulterations by direct MALDI–TOF MS analysis of milk tryptic digests
Authors: Calvano Cosima Damiana , De Ceglie Cristina , Monopoli Antonio , Zambonin Carlo Giorgio 
Published: September 2012

In dairy field, one of the most common frauds is the adulteration of higher value types of milk (sheep's and goat's) with milk of lower value (cow's milk). This illegal practice has an economic advantage for milk producers and poses a threat for consumers' health because of the presence ofhidden allergensas, for example, cow milk proteins, in particular,αs1‐casein andβ‐lactoglobulin. The urgent need of sensitive techniques to detect this kind of fraud brought to the development of chromatographic, immunoenzymatic, electrophoretic and mass spectrometric assays.In the current work, we present a fast, reproducible and sensitive method based on the direct matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization–time‐of‐flight (MALDI–TOF) MS analysis of milk tryptic digests for the detection of milk adulteration by evaluating specie‐specific markers in the peptide profiles. Several pure raw and commercial milk samples and binary mixtures containing cows' and goats', cows' and sheep's and goats' and sheep's milk (concentrations of each milk varied from 0% to 100%) were prepared, and tryptic digests were analyzed by MALDI–TOF MS. The use of the new MALDI matrixα‐cyano‐4‐chlorocinnamic acid allowed to detect cow and goat milk peptide markers up to 5% level of adulteration. Finally, from preliminary data, it seems that the strategy could be successfully applied also to detect similar adulterations in cheese samples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of breath by proton transfer reaction time of flight mass spectrometry in rats with steatohepatitis induced by high‐fat diet
Authors: Aprea Eugenio , Morisco Filomena , Biasioli Franco , Vitaglione Paola , Cappellin Luca , Soukoulis Christos , Lembo Vincenzo , Gasperi Flavia , D'Argenio Giuseppe , Fogliano Vincenzo , Caporaso Nicola 
Published: September 2012

Breath testing has been largely used as a diagnostic tool, but the difficulties in data interpretation and sample collection have limited its application.We developed a fast (< 20 s), on‐line, non‐invasive method for the collection and analysis of exhaled breath in awake rats based on proton transfer reaction time of flight mass spectrometry (PTR‐ToF‐MS) and applied it to investigate possible relationships between pathologies induced by dietary regime and breath composition.As a case study, we investigated rats with dietary induced non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and modifications induced by coffee addition to the diet. We considered two different diets (standard and high fat) complemented with two different drinking possibilities (water or decaffeinated coffee) for a total of four groups with four rats each.Several spectrometric peaks were reliable markers for both dietary fat content and coffee supplementation. The high resolution and accuracy of PTR‐ToF‐MS allowed the identification of related compounds such as methanol, dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl sulphone and ammonia.In conclusion, the rapid and minimally invasive breath analysis of awake rats permitted the identification of markers related to diet and specific pathologic conditions and provided a useful tool for broader metabolic investigations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructed drought variability in southeastern Sweden since the 1650s
Authors: Seftigen Kristina , Linderholm Hans W. , Drobyshev Igor , Niklasson Mats 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTIn this study, we present the first regional reconstruction of summer drought for southeastern Sweden. The June–July standardized precipitation index (SPI) was reconstructed over the period 1650–2002 based on Pinus sylvestris L. tree‐ring width data, where the reconstruction could account for 41.6% of the total variance in the instrumental record over 1901–2002. Our reconstruction suggests an overall wet 18th century and a dry 19th century. The most outstanding pluvial phase in the pre‐instrumental period took place in the mid‐1720s and lasted over 50 years, while multi‐decadal periods of below average moisture conditions were reconstructed in the 1660s–1720s, 1800s‐early 30s, and in the 1840s–50s. Several of these dry spells have previously been found in reconstructions from Sweden and Finland, indicating that our reconstruction reflects large‐scale moisture anomalies across eastern Fennoscandia. Comparison of the SPI estimates with mid‐tropospheric pressure patterns suggests that summertime drought is associated with positive pressure anomalies over British Isles and the North Sea, while an eastward movement of the Icelandic low‐pressure systems over the western part of central Fennoscandia results in wetter than normal June–July conditions over the region of interest.
Structure and Rheological Behavior of Thermoreversible Supramolecular Polymers with Weak Multiple Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Chen Yujie , Wu Wei , Himmel Tobias , Wagner Manfred H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThermoreversible supramolecular polymers are prepared from polyamide oligomers as backbones with weak multiple hydrogen bonds. The supramolecular polymers behave like elastic polymers with a high rubber plateau and a low melting temperature, which is favorable for low temperature processing. The end‐capped sulfonyl isocyanate increases the diversity of the self‐complementary hydrogen bonds. The melt rheology of the supramolecular polymers is highly dependent on temperature and is related to the structure of the physical network. The supramolecular polymers are yield stress fluids with a high yield stress of about 2557 kPa. The temperature dependence of hydrogen‐bonding is analyzed. Tensile tests are performed and are discussed in relation to the network structure. magnified image
Arrangement of C60 via the Self‐Assembly of Post‐Functionalizable Polyisocyanate Block Copolymer
Authors: Min Joonkeun , Shah Priyank N. , Chae Chang‐Geun , Lee Jae‐Suk 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPoly(furfuryl isocyanate) (PFIC), which includes the reactive furan group, was synthesized by anionic polymerization using a sodium benzhydroxide (Na‐BH), self‐assembly initiator. We determined the optimum polymerization conditions by varying both the reaction time and the molar ratio of the monomer to the initiator. Block copolymer, poly(furfuryl isocyanate)‐b‐poly(n‐hexyl isocyanate), was synthesized under optimized polymerization conditions. The PFIC was modified by Diels–Alder reactions with C60 for functionalization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the self‐assembly of block copolymers and modified block copolymer with C60. C60 formed highly ordered aggregates on the PFIC domains via self‐assembly of the block copolymer.
A New Approach To The Middle East Conflict: The Analytic Hierarchy Process
Authors: Saaty Thomas L. , Zoffer H.J. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTIn most long‐lasting conflicts, each party's grievances increase while the concessions they are willing to make decline in number, quality, and perceived value. Both parties lose sight of what they are willing to settle for, generally exaggerate their own needs, and minimize the needs of the other side over time. But, it is precisely the matter of trading that needs to be made more concrete and of higher priority for both sides, if a meaningful resolution is to be found. Without a formal way of trading off the concessions and packages of concessions, both sides are likely to suspect that they are getting the short end of the bargain. After the parties have agreed to a trade, very specific binding language about the terms of the agreement, clear implementation policies and outside guarantors are needed. The worth of the concessions traded, as perceived by both the giver and receiver, needs to be accurately determined and recorded. All of these require going beyond verbal descriptions of the concessions to more broadly include their economic, social, geographic, humanitarian, and historical worth. It is critical that all of these need to be translated into priorities derived in terms of the different values and beliefs of the parties. Priorities are universal and include the diversity of measures in terms of which economic, social, and other values are measured. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) provides a way to perform such an assessment with the participation of negotiators for the parties. It is a positive approach that makes it possible to reason and express feelings and judgements with numerical intensities to derive priorities. It has been used productively in the past to deal with the conflicts in South Africa and Northern Ireland and with other controversies throughout the world. With the assistance of panels of Israeli participants and Palestinian participants brought together in 2009 and 2010, AHP was applied for the first time to the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. The process makes it clear that moderation in different degrees by both sides is essential to arrive at acceptable agreements on concessions proposed and agreed upon by both sides. AHP makes it possible to evaluate moderate and extreme viewpoints and determine their effect on the trading of concessions. The results obtained encourage us to advocate its use in the negotiation process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pareto‐Set Analysis: Biobjective Clustering in Decision and Objective Spaces
Authors: Ulrich Tamara 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTMultiobjective problems usually contain conflicting objectives. Therefore, there is no single best solution but a set of solutions that represent different tradeoffs between these objectives. Knowledge of this front can help in understanding the optimization problem better, as promising designs can be identified, and it can be seen what the achievable tradeoffs between the objective values are. Although for real‐world problems, this interpretation of the front is usually not straightforward.This paper proposes a method to help the decision maker by clustering a given set of tradeoff solutions. It does so by extending the standard approach of clustering the solutions in objective space, such that it finds clusters that are compact and well separated both in decision space and in objective space. It is not the goal of the method to provide the decision maker with a single preferred solution. Instead, it helps the decision maker by structuring the tradeoff solutions such that he or she can learn about the problem. More precisely, a good clustering of the tradeoff solutions both in decision space and in objective space elicits information from the front about what design types lead to what regions in objective space. The novelty of the presented approach over existing work is its general nature, as it does not require the identification of distinct design variables or feature vectors. Instead, the proposed method only requires that a distance measure between a given pair of solutions can be calculated both in decision space and in objective space.As good clusters in decision space do not necessarily correspond to good clusters in objective space, we formulate this clustering problem as a biobjective optimization problem and propose PAN, a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm, to generate promising partitionings. Tests on artificial datasets are used to identify a suitable representation and a suitable partitioning goodness measure for PAN. Results from applying PAN to a knapsack problem and a bridge construction problem show that PAN is able to find multiple tradeoffs between good clustering in decision space and in objective space. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A critique of available scales and presentation of the non‐human primate dyskinesia rating scale
Authors: Fox Susan H. , Johnston Tom H. , Li Qin , Brotchie Jonathan , Bezard Erwan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLevodopa‐induced dyskinesia (LID) is a major limitation of long‐term management of Parkinson's disease. The roadblocks that have hindered the development of new treatments for levodopa‐induced dyskinesia were discussed at a meeting organized by the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's research (New York, NY, March 2011). Among these, the lack of consensus methodology and clinical applicability for eliciting and rating LID in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)–treated monkeys was highlighted as a particular concern. Here we present an update on the practical use of rating scales for evaluating LID in MPTP‐lesioned primate models of PD, with a focus on macaques, and present specifics on the Non‐Human Primate Dyskinesia Rating Scale. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 promoter deletion causes dopa‐responsive dystonia
Authors: Theuns Jessie , Crosiers David , Debaene Luc , Nuytemans Karen , Meeus Bram , Sleegers Kristel , Goossens Dirk , Corsmit Ellen , Elinck Ellen , Peeters Karin , Mattheijssens Maria , Pickut Barbara , Del‐Favero Jurgen , Engelborghs Sebastiaan , De Deyn Peter Paul , Cras Patrick , Van Broeckhoven Christine 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground:Autosomal dominant dopa‐responsive dystonia (AD‐DRD) is caused by a biochemical defect primarily resulting from guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 gene (GCH1) mutations. Few families have been reported without mutations in GCH1.Methods:Genome‐wide linkage analysis and positional cloning to identify the genetic defect in a Belgian AD‐DRD family was carried out.Results and Conclusion:In this study, we report on the identification and characterization of a novel 24‐kb deletion spanning exon 1 and the 5′ regulatory region of GCH1 causing a wide spectrum of motor and nonmotor symptoms in a large Belgian AD‐DRD family. This large‐scale deletion of regulatory sequences leads to decreased GCH1 activity in all carriers, most probably resulting from allelic loss of transcription. We mapped the breakpoints of this deletion to the nucleotide level, allowing the development of a straightforward polymerase chain reaction assay for fast, efficient detection of this large deletion, which will prove valuable for preimplantation genetic diagnosis. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Striatal neuronal loss correlates with clinical motor impairment in Huntington's disease
Authors: Guo Zhihong , Rudow Gay , Pletnikova Olga , Codispoti Kari‐Elise , Orr Brent A. , Crain Barbara J. , Duan Wenzhen , Margolis Russell L. , Rosenblatt Adam , Ross Christopher A. , Troncoso Juan C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is characterized clinically by chorea, motor impairment, psychiatric manifestations, and dementia. Atrophy of the striatum is the neuropathological hallmark of HD, and previous studies have suggested that striatal atrophy correlates more closely with motor impairment than with chorea. Motor impairment, as measured by motor impairment score, correlates with functional disability in HD patients, but chorea does not. In this study, we investigated the relation between neuronal loss and these motor features. We conducted neuropathological and stereologic assessments of neurons in putamen and subthalamic nuclei in HD patients and age‐matched controls. In putamen, we estimated the total number and volume of medium spiny neurons labeled with dopamine‐ and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa (DARPP‐32). In subthalamic nuclei, we estimated the total number of neurons on hematoxylin & eosin/luxol fast blue stains. In putamen of HD, immunohistochemistry showed DARPP‐32 neuronal atrophy with extensive disruption of neurites and neuropil; stereologic studies found significant decreases in both the number and size of DARPP‐32 neurons; we also detected a significant reduction of overall putamen volume in HD patients, compared to controls. In subthalamic nuclei, there was a mild, but significant, neuronal loss in the HD group. The loss of neurons in putamen and subthalamic nuclei as well as putaminal atrophy were significantly correlated with severity of motor impairment, but not with chorea. Our findings suggest that neuronal loss and atrophy in striatum and neuronal loss in subthalamic nuclei contribute specifically to the motor impairment of HD, but not to chorea. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Parkinson's disease medication use and costs following deep brain stimulation
Authors: Weaver Frances M. , Stroupe Kevin T. , Cao Lishan , Holloway Robert G. , Vickrey Barbara G. , Simuni Tanya , Hendricks Ann , Ippolito Dolores 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe costs of treating Parkinson's disease (PD) are significant. Medication reductions usually occur following deep brain stimulation (DBS), but less is known about the relative costs of DBS targets, the globus pallidum (GPi) or the subthalamic nucleus (STN). This article reports medication costs between best medical therapy (BMT) and DBS over 6 months postintervention and by DBS target over 36 months postsurgery. Prescription use and costs for patients (n = 161) with advanced PD from a multisite randomized trial of BMT and DBS were examined overall and by drug category. Medication adjustment occurred at the discretion of the neurologists. PD medications were extracted from the Department of Veterans Affairs Decision Support System database. Levodopa equivalents (LEDD) were significantly lower for DBS than for BMT patients at 6 months (1101 vs 1398 mg; P = .005), but costs were similar (US$1750 vs US$1589; P = .55). LEDD decreased following GPi and STN DBS (1395–1161 mg, P = .014; and 1347–891 mg, P < .0001, respectively) in the first 6 months, but was lower for STN than for GPi over 36 months following DBS (P = .03). Total PD medication costs per 6‐month intervals decreased over 36 months (P < .0001), but did not differ by target (P = .50) in the mixed‐model analysis. However, cumulative medication costs over 36 months were lower for the STN than for GPi patients. PD medication use and costs decreased following DBS in either target over 36 months, but cumulative costs were less for STN than for GPi. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society