bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tourisme affinitaire
Authors: Bachimon Philippe , Dérioz Pierre 
Published: July 2014

Revenir plus ou moins régulièrement sur les lieux de ses origines familiales avérées, supposées ou imaginaires pour y faire des séjours de vacances et de loisirs, voilà une mobilité rétroactive — à la marge, certes, mais significative — aux migrations de travail orientées vers les grandes métropoles, fussent-elles régionales, nationales ou internationales.
Reste que le phénomène est diversifié, notamment en ce qui concerne l’implication du migrant temporaire (en général), qui va de la simple consultation généalogiste d’un registre paroissial à l’implantation plus durable d’actifs ou de retraités. Si le prétexte identitaire est en apparence le même, les déclinaisons qu’il prend sont multiples et complexes, particulièrement en termes de recomposition territoriale.
Cet article, après avoir traité de la complexité du phénomène, aborde à travers la question biaisée de sa légitimité le problème de sa représentation, avant d’évaluer enfin les retombées locales paradoxales en termes d’impact spatial, de présentiel (forme et intensité de la présence des touristes : répartition dans le temps, durée) voire d’identité territoriale.
Recherche-action participative et collaborative autochtone
Authors: Blangy Sylvie , McGinley Robin , Harvey Lemelin Raynald 
Published: July 2014

Les initiatives de tourisme autochtone se multiplient sur tous les continents et rencontrent un intérêt grandissant sur les marchés d’Europe et d’Amérique du Nord. Dans les régions nordiques du Canada, les Premières Nations ont développé des offres de séjour qui sont extrêmement prometteuses, mais restent encore en nombre limité et ne répondent pas toujours aux aspirations des hôtes (valorisation des territoires, reconquête culturelle et identitaire) et au désir d’immersion culturelle des visiteurs. La région de la baie James habitée par les Premières Nations cries du Québec et de l’Ontario pourrait devenir une destination touristique phare pour le tourisme autochtone au Canada à condition que ses habitants développent une gamme de produits culturels à forte valeur ajoutée identifiée autour de la culture crie, des territoires traditionnels de Eeyou Istchee et de Wiinipekw et de la région naturelle de la baie James.Cet article illustre comment les partenaires cris accompagnés par les chercheurs ont pu développer des routes à thème, des produits culturels, et créer une synergie autour d’un projet d’écologe (forme d’habitat destiné à l’accueil de touristes qui se veut à la fois un lieu d’accueil touristique économiquement viable, mais qui s’insère également dans le milieu naturel qui l’entoure, le but étant de limiter au maximum les impacts négatifs liés au tourisme (Echoway, 2010 )) qui réaffirme les valeurs locales et l’appartenance au territoire. Grâce à des techniques d’enquête collaborative et d’engagement communautaire adaptées au contexte autochtone mobilisant les connaissances et les expertises locales mises en commun dans le cadre d’ateliers de travail, les chercheurs ont pu documenter les processus, revisiter la recherche-action participative et développer une approche mieux adaptée aux Premières Nations qui s’appuie sur le coconstructivisme, la coproduction de connaissances et la valorisation des savoirs locaux. À travers ces ateliers et ces partenariats chercheurs/consultants/Premières Nations se développent des nouvelles méthodologies de recherche autochtone au service du développement économique et de l’autodétermination.
The Hardangervidda wild reindeer herd: a problematic management history
Authors: Bjerketvedt Dag K. , Reimers Eigil , Parker Howard , Borgstrøm Reidar 
Published: July 2014

The unique and internationally important wild reindeer Rangifer tarandus herd on the Hardangervidda plateau of southern Norway has shown frequent and extreme fluctuations in harvest numbers for the past 60 years, despite considerable effort to stabilize the herd size at a winter carrying capacity of 9000 – 12 000 animals . In the absence of large mammalian predators, herd size is managed through hunting. Here we attempt to unravel the causes of the management problems related to this population by examining the relative roles of historical, biological and management-related processes. From 1900 - 1950 the population remained mainly low due to a combination of generous harvest quotas, poaching and competition from domestic reindeer. From 1950 - 2012 three extreme harvest peaks of between 4500 - 9500 animals occurred, followed by three equally extreme troughs including two shorter periods of total protection. This extreme harvest fluctuation contrasts with the estimated annual harvest of 2300 - 3000 needed to stabilize the winter herd between 9000 - 12 000 animals. We conclude that this population has been difficult to manage mainly because of 1) a management based on frequently unreliable population data on herd size (especially before 2001), 2) lack of in depth analyses and evaluation of both recruitment and sex and age composition and 3) a low and highly variable harvest success (harvest/quota) due mainly to poor hunter mobility, a disadvantage when reindeer must be harvested from large flocks that constantly move upwind, seeking refuge on small areas with few hunters. More reliable population data to create better harvest models plus increased hunter mobility are necessary to attain a more sustainable herd size, implying an improvement of the current herd survey methodology available to local reindeer boards. Finally, a critical and independent evaluation of the scientific methodology employed to study and manage this herd is needed.
Analysis of mitochondrial control region nucleotide sequences from Baffin Bay beluga, (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>): detecting pods or sub-populations?
Authors: Palsbøll Per Jakob , Heide-Jørgensen Mads Peter , Bérubé Martine 
Published: July 2014

We report the results of an analysis of the variation in the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial control region obtained in 218 samples collected from belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, around the Baffin Bay. We detected multiple instances of significant heterogeneity in the distribution of genetic variation among the analyzed mitochondrial control region sequences on a spatial as well as temporal scale indicating a high degree of maternal population structure. The detection of significant levels of heterogeneity between samples collected in different years but within the same area and season was unexpected. Re-examination of earlier results presented by Brown Gladden and coworkers also revealed temporal genetic heterogeneity within the one area where sufficient (n>15) samples were collected in multiple years. These findings suggest that non-random breeding and maternally directed site-fidelity are not the sole causes of genetic heterogeneity among belugas but that a matrilineal pod structure might cause significant levels of genetic heterogeneity as well, even within the same area. We propose that a maternal pod structure, which has been shown to be the cause of significant genetic heterogeneity in other odontocetes, may add to the overall level of heterogeneity in the maternally inherited DNA and hence that much of the spatial heterogeneity observed in this and previous studies might be attributed to pod rather than population structure. Our findings suggest that it is important to estimate the contribution of pod structure to overall heterogeneity before defining populations or management units in order to avoid interpreting heterogeneity due to sampling of different pods as different populations/management units.
Stock identity of beluga (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>) in Eastern Canada and West Greenland based on organochlorine contaminants in their blubber
Authors: Innes Stuart , Muir Derek CG , Stewart Robert EA , Heide-Jørgensen Mads Peter , Dietz Rune 
Published: July 2014

Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) caught by hunters from various hamlets in the Arctic differed in the concentrations of organochlorine contaminants in their blubber. By applying Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) it was possible to separate all seven sampling locations from each other. Over 90% of the samples could be classified back to their landing location based on the data transformations developed by CDA. This analysis suggested that “stock” or management unit for belugas is best described by the culturally transmitted behaviour of their migration route. The analysis also provides evidence that most belugas caught by hunters from Grise Fiord are not the same as belugas caught while migrating along West Greenland; that some belugas caught in Sanikiluaq are not the same as beluga caught in the Nastapoka River estuary; and that the belugas caught in Kimmirut are not the same as belugas caught in Cumberland Sound. There is a need to redefine the stock descriptions of some belugas in Canada and Greenland.
Catch statistics for belugas in West Greenland 1862 to 1999
Authors: Heide-Jørgensen MP , Rosing-Asvid A 
Published: July 2014

Information and statistics including trade statistics on catches of white whales or belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) in West Greenland since 1862 are presented. The period before 1952 was dominated by large catches south of 66o N that peaked with 1,380 reported kills in 1922. Catch levels in the past five decades are evaluated on the basis of official catch statistics, trade in mattak (whale skin), sampling of jaws and reports from local residents and other observers. Options are given for corrections of catch statistics based upon auxiliary statistics on trade of mattak, catches in previous decades for areas without reporting and on likely levels of loss rates in different hunting operations. The fractions of the reported catches that are caused by ice entrapments of whales are estimated. During 1954-1999 total reported catches ranged from 216 to 1,874 and they peaked around 1970. Correcting for underreporting and killed-but-lost whales increases the catch reports by 42% on average for 1954-1998. If the whales killed in ice entrapments are removed then the corrected catch estimate is on average 28% larger than the reported catches.
Size and trends of the bowhead whale, beluga and narwhal stocks wintering off West Greenland
Authors: Heide-Jørgensen MP , Acquarone Mario 
Published: July 2014

To assess the size and trends of the abundance of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus), the beluga, or white whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and the narwhal (Monodon monoceros) visual aerial surveys were conducted in West Greenland in March 1998 and 1999. An estimated 49 bowhead whales (95% CI: 13 to 188) were present at the surface in 1998. Data from land-based observations enabled correction for bowhead whales that were not available at the surface to be seen during the survey. By applying a rounded average of 80% (SE=3) for submergence an estimate of 246 bowhead whales (95% CI: 62 to 978) in 1998 was obtained. The 76 and 47 sightings of beluga pods in 1998 and 1999, respectively, had distributions similar to those of previous surveys with the highest concentration at the northern edge of the northern part of Store Hellefiskebanke. No belugas were seen in the southernmost area between Maniitsoq and Paamiut. The index estimate of the abundance of belugas comparable with previous surveys was 929 (95% CI: 563 to 1,533) in 1998 and 735 (95% CI: 436 to 1,239) in 1999. When analysing the sightings as a line-transect survey and correcting for whales that were either submerged or at the surface but missed by the observers an estimated 7,941 (95% CI: 3,650 to 17,278) belugas wintered in West Greenland in 1998-1999. The uncorrected estimate of narwhal abundance was 524 (95% CI: 214 to 1,284) and correcting for the same biases as for the belugas gives a total abundance of 2,861 (95% CI: 954 to 8,578) narwhals in 1998-1999.
Population size and yield of Baffin Bay beluga (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>) stocks
Authors: Innes Stuart , Stewart Robert EA 
Published: July 2014

A surplus production model within a Sampling, Importance Resampling (SIR) Bayesian analysis was used to estimate stock sizes and yields of Baffin Bay belugas. The catch of belugas in West Greenland increased in 1968 and has remained well above sustainable rates. SIR analysis indicated a decline of about 50% between 1981 and 1994, with a credibility interval that included a previous estimate of 62%. The estimated stock sizes of belugas wintering off West Greenland in 1998 and 1999 were approximately 5,100 and 4,100 respectively and were not significantly different than an estimate based on aerial surveys combined for both years. Projected to 1999 this stock can sustain median landings of 109 whales with a total kill of about 155, based on posterior estimates of struck and lost plus under-reporting. The declining stock size index series did not provide sufficient information to estimate the potential maximum rate of population growth, the number of whales struck and lost, or the shape of the production curve with precision. Estimating these parameters requires an index time series with a marked step change in catch or a series with increasing stock sizes. The stock size estimate for the belugas wintering in the North Water in 1999 was approximately 14,800 but there is no information about the population biology of these whales. The estimated maximum sustainable yield (landed) for the North Water stock was 317 belugas.
Review of the ecology of sealworm, <i>Pseudoterranova</i> sp (p) (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) in Icelandic waters
Authors: Ólafsdóttir Droplaug 
Published: July 2014

The early life cycle of sealworm in Icelandic waters is not known. Various fish serve as transport hosts but benthic coastal fish, especially bull rout (Myoxocephalus scorpius), probably have a major role in transmission of larvae to the final hosts, seals. Grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) are more heavily infected with sealworm than common seals (Phoca vitulina) and the grey seal population, estimated at 6,000, probably plays a larger role in the dynamics of the worm than the estimated 15,000 common seals. Other seals seem to play a small or insignificant role in sealworm dynamics in the area. Sealworm abundances in fish and final hosts are higher off the west coast than in other areas in Iceland. A combination of shallow, temperate waters, large numbers of small islands inhabited by numerous seals and grey seals’ consumption of heavily infected bull rout during the breeding season in autumn are important factors responsible for maintaining an abundance of sealworm in this area. Future research on sealworm in Iceland should focus on long term monitoring of worm abundance in all potential hosts in order to observe, interpret and predict possible changes, the dynamics of infections in fish frequently consumed by seals and on seasonal and spatial variations in worm fecundity.
The diet of the minke whale in Greenland - A short review
Authors: Neve Pia Barner 
Published: July 2014

Information on the diet of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Greenland waters is reviewed. The knowledge is based on reports by whale catchers in Greenland, supplemented by limited scientific studies of stomach contents. The available material indicates that capelin (Mallotus villosus) is the predominant prey item in Greenland waters, particularly in coastal areas. In offshore areas, sand eel (Ammodytes spp) is consumed rather frequently, and krill (euphausids) appears to play a certain role in some areas or periods.
Status and biology of ringed seals (<i>Phoca hispida</i>) in Svalbard
Authors: Lydersen Christian 
Published: July 2014

The ringed seal is the most abundant mammal in the Svalbard area. Annual pup production in this area is estimated to be 20,000. No systematic harvest records exist, but some few hundred seals are taken annually, mainly for dog food. The ringed seals in Svalbard are protected from hunting in the period 15 March - 15 April. Peak pupping season is the first week of April. New-born ringed seals weigh an average of 4.6 kg. They are nursed for about 39 days, and weaned at an average body mass of around 22 kg. During the period of maternal care pups consume a total of about 54 litres of milk, that is composed of approximately 38% fat and 10% protein. Asymptotic standard lengths and body masses for adult ringed seal males and females are 131.5 and 127.8 cm, and 52.6 and 59.9 kg,respectively. The maximum values recorded for lengths of males and females in Svalbard are 157 cm and 107 kg, respectively. There is marked seasonal variation in body mass in both sexes with the highest mass records being recorded in early spring before pupping occurs, and with minimum values in the summer after the breeding and moulting seasons. The observed variation in mass is mainly due to changing blubber thickness of the seals. Ringed seal males attain sexual maturity at the age of 5 - 7 years, while females reach maturity when they are 3-5 years of age. The oldest seal collected in Svalbard was aged 45. Ringed seals in the Svalbard area feed on a variety of prey organisms, the most important of which are polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and the crustaceans Parathemisto libellula, Thysanoessa inermis and Pandalus borealis. Ringed seal pups start diving during the nursing period while they are still white-coats, and spend about 50% of the time in thewater prior to weaning. They are capable of diving for up to 12min and dive to the bottom of the study areas (max. 89 m). Nursing females spend more than 80% of their time in the water. Maximum recorded dive duration for mothers was 21.2 min. In order to produce a weaned pup, the net energy expenditure for a ringed seal mother is 1,073 MJ. This energy value corresponds to the consumption of 185 kg of polar cod or 282 kg of P. libellula. The annual gross energy consumption for adult males and females is calculated to be 5,600 MJ and 7,300 MJ, respectively. The main predators of ringed seals in Svalbard are polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). In addition, both glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) and walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) are documented as predators of ringed seals in this area. Heavy predation pressure is probably the main factor explaining why pups of this species start diving at such a young age, why they have access to so many breathing holes (8.7 on average) and why they keep their white coat long after its thermoregulatory properties have vanished. Pollution levels in ringed seals from Svalbard are, generally speaking, similar to levels in other areas of the Arctic.
Status and biology of Saimaa (<i>Phoca hispida saimensis</i>) and Ladoga (<i>Phoca hispida ladogensis</i>) ringed seals
Authors: Sipilä Tero , Hyvärinen Heikki 
Published: July 2014

Saimaa (Phoca hispida saimensis) and Ladoga (P. h. ladogensis) seals are subspecies of ringed seals that live in freshwater lakes. The founding populations for these two subspecies became separated from Arctic ringed seals (P. h. hispida) during the last ice age. The Saimaa seal population currently numbers approximately 200 seals with 36 - 40 pups born annually. The Ladoga seal population contains at least 5,000 seals. The weight of adult animals in Lake Saimaa is 45-100 kg (mean 62 kg) and in Lake Ladoga adults weigh 32-56 kg (mean 47 kg). The lanugo of Saimaa seals is grey. Normally pups in Lake Ladoga are born with white lanugo, although some pups have been found that have black hairs in the natal pelt. Adult Saimaa seal vary a lot in colour, ranging from dark to pale animals, but all colour morphs have regular ringed patterns on the pelt. Ladoga seals are usually quite dark, with irregular, light ringed patterns. Saimaa seals are usually found hauledout alone or in pairs along shorelines. Ladoga seals haul out in herds of up to 300 animals, and are very vocal when they are hauled out. The lairs of Saimaa seals are situated in snowdrifts adjacent to shorelines of islets, which are the only places where snow piles up in Lake Saimaa. Most Ladoga seal lairs are situated near hummocked or ridged ice along the shoreline of the lake, but some lairs are also found along the shorelines of islets in northern Lake Ladoga. Saimaa seals are an endangered population. The main threats to these seals are fisheries conducted using nets and destruction of breeding habitat. The Ladoga seal is vulnerable, and it also is threatened by fishing. Mercury in both lakes presents an anthropogenic risk factor, but present levels probably do not affect the breeding of either seal population.
Failure of reproduction in ringed seals (<i>Phoca hispida</i>) in Amundsen Gulf, Northwest Territories in 1984-1987
Authors: Kingsley Michael C S , Byers Tim J 
Published: July 2014

Ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in Thesiger Bay (about 71 °45'N, 125°00'W), in northwestern Amundsen Gulf in the western Canadian Arctic, suffered a failure of pup production in the years before 1987, starting probably in 1984. Pups taken in the summer hunt in the years before 1987 were reported scarce, and in 1987 were only 2.8% of the total 4+ and older. This low reproduction was associated with poor body condition in females and with an age distribution of adults that was weighted toward older animals (the modal year class was the 8+ class). An unusually high proportion of adult females had never reproduced; the median age of first birth was estimated at 8.6 years. By the summer of 1988 the age distribution had changed toward younger animals (modal age 5+), in better condition (by 20%), which had almost all ovulated. Pups were more numerous in the catch. In 1989 pups were very numerous in the catch (142% of the 4+ adults) and the estimated mean ageof first birth had decreased to 5.3 years; almost all 5-year-olds sampled had borne pups. A similar occurrence of low pup production had been documented in the early 1970s, and resumption of reproductive activity had then also been associated with an apparent turnover of the population, the mean age of adults decreasing from 16-17 years when reproduction was low to 10.9 years in the year before reproduction resumed. Long-term data on ringed seals in the western Canadian Arctic has shown an average age at first ovulation of about 5.55 years and first birth just before age 7, about 1 year older than seen in this sample in 1989. Our 1989 sample may have been able to mature earlier because food was temporarily more abundant, or breeding densities temporarily lower, than long-term average values.