bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Global Food Traceability Regulations and Requirements
Authors: Charlebois Sylvain , Sterling Brian , Haratifar Sanaz , Naing Sandi Kyaw 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe food traceability regulations of 21 Organization for Economic Co‐Operation and Development (OECD) countries were examined with attention to whether these regulations are comprehensive for all food commodities and processed foods. The countries were evaluated based on responses to a series of questions that were developed to allow assessment of their traceability programs. The questions sought background information on whether: mandatory traceability regulation(s) exists at the national level within a given country; regulations include imported products, and the nature of required documentation for imports; an electronic database(s) for traceability exists and, if present, its accessibility; and labeling regulations allow consumer access and understanding of traceability. The examination ranked the countries that have specific traceability regulations for all commodities, both domestic and imports, as “Progressive,” while countries with less broad or stringent regulations were ranked as “Moderate,” and countries that were still in the developmental stage of mandatory or industry‐led traceability requirements were ranked as “Regressive.” Aggregate scores were developed from all of the rankings, determined on the basis of the questions, for each of the 21 countries, to provide an overall world ranking score. The aggregate scores were “Superior,” “Average,” or “Poor.”
Lysozyme in Wine: An Overview of Current and Future Applications
Authors: Liburdi K. , Benucci I. , Esti M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLysozyme, a muramidase enzyme from egg whites (EC 3.2.1.17), is widely used in soluble form to control lactic acid bacteria in different foods. Moreover, hen egg white lysozyme is a hydrolytic enzyme that can be used to the control malolactic fermentation (MLF) during winemaking. MLF is only desirable in red and in some white wine, this suggest that MLF is at fault and needs to be controlled in all other types of wine. Lysozyme exhibits selective antimicrobial activity based on the hydrolysis of peptidoglycan cell wall constituents in lactic acid bacteria. In the last decade, several studies identified allergic reactions due to the presence of lysozyme in food. Given this relatively high incidence of lysozyme sensitization, and in accordance with the recently changed EC food legislation (1266/2010/CE), the use of lysozyme as an additive has to be declared on the ingredient label. To overcome this problem, the immobilization of the enzyme on insoluble supports, which allows the enzyme to be removed, has been the preferred strategy. In this context, this article offers a review of reports on lysozyme enological use over the last decade. It surveys the immobilization techniques and support materials used for lysozyme food preservation. This study attempts to provide useful guidance from the wealth of available immobilization data in the literature and, more importantly, to develop an integrated perspective on how to customize lysozyme for future enological uses.
Whitefly‐transmitted RNA viruses that affect intensive vegetable production
Authors: Navas‐Castillo J. , López‐Moya J.J. , Aranda M.A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntensive vegetable production is constantly facing the emergence of new viral diseases. Apart from the intrinsic features of viruses as plant pathogens, the highly dynamic turnover of cultivars and cultural practices, and the global trade of seeds and products characteristic of intensive vegetable production may favour the emergence of new viruses, as well as the expansion of the geographical range of vectors responsible for their dissemination. Indeed, the efficient transmission of viruses plays a major role in the impact and outcome of viral epidemics. Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) that belong to the genera Bemisia and Trialeurodes are efficient virus vectors. Whiteflies transmit viruses of at least four genera, one of DNA viruses, the genus Begomovirus, and three of RNA viruses, Crinivirus, Ipomovirus and Torradovirus. Begomoviruses have been the subject of recent reviews. In this article we review the genome structure, epidemiology and control of whitefly‐transmitted RNA viruses that belong to the genera Crinivirus, Ipomovirus and Torradovirus, with an extended discussion on the particular viruses within these genera that are currently causing important outbreaks, such are Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV), Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and Tomato torrado virus (ToTV).
Elevated dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex suppresses cocaine seeking via D1 receptor overstimulation
Authors: Devoto Paola , Fattore Liana , Antinori Silvia , Saba Pierluigi , Frau Roberto , Fratta Walter , Gessa Gian Luigi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPrevious investigations indicate that the dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitors disulfiram and nepicastat suppress cocaine‐primed reinstatement of cocaine self‐administration behaviour. Moreover, both inhibitors increase dopamine release in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and markedly potentiate cocaine‐induced dopamine release in this region. This study was aimed to clarify if the suppressant effect of DBH inhibitors on cocaine reinstatement was mediated by the high extracellular dopamine in the rat mPFC leading to a supra‐maximal stimulation of D1 receptors in the dorsal division of mPFC, an area critical for reinstatement of cocaine‐seeking behaviour. In line with previous microdialysis studies in drug‐naïve animals, both DBH inhibitors potentiated cocaine‐induced dopamine release in the mPFC, in the same animals in which they also suppressed reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Similar to the DBH inhibitors, L‐DOPA potentiated cocaine‐induced dopamine release in the mPFC and suppressed cocaine‐induced reinstatement of cocaine‐seeking behaviour. The bilateral microinfusion of the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 into the dorsal mPFC not only prevented cocaine‐induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking but also reverted both disulfiram‐ and L‐DOPA‐induced suppression of reinstatement. Moreover, the bilateral microinfusion of the D1 receptor agonist chloro‐APB (SKF 82958) into the dorsal mPFC markedly attenuated cocaine‐induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. These results suggest that stimulation of D1 receptors in the dorsal mPFC plays a crucial role in cocaine‐induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking, whereas the suppressant effect of DBH inhibitors and L‐DOPA on drug‐induced reinstatement is mediated by a supra‐maximal stimulation of D1 receptors leading to their inactivation.
Keystone resources available to wild pollinators in a winter‐flowering tree crop plantation
Authors: Saunders Manu E. , Luck Gary W. , Gurr Geoff M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Homogeneous tree crop plantations can adversely impact wild pollinator communities by limiting the temporal continuity of food and the availability of nesting sites. Identifying how structural differences between plantations and natural vegetation influence pollinator communities is necessary for ecological management of agroecosystems.
Communities of potential wild pollinators (native bees, wasps, flies) were compared between monoculture almond plantations and native vegetation in a semi‐arid region of southern Australia, before, during and after the late winter almond flowering period. Abundance and richness of each insect group were related to site heterogeneity and keystone structural resources at each site, focusing on food and nesting resources.
Relationships with site heterogeneity varied between taxa and across months. Native bee abundance and richness were strongly associated with specific keystone resources, despite showing no association with site heterogeneity.
The present study highlights the value of focusing on biologically meaningful resources when investigating relationships between insects and habitat, rather than on generalized heterogeneity metrics. The results suggest that maintaining keystone resources in agroecosystems can support the conservation of insects and ecosystem services, especially in areas where homogeneous agricultural systems overlap dynamic natural ecosystems.
Serious hepatic complications of selective internal radiation therapy with yttrium‐90 microsphere radioembolization for unresectable liver tumors
Authors: Kuo James C , Tazbirkova Andrea , Allen Robert , Kosmider Suzanne , Gibbs Peter , Yip Desmond 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimSelective internal radiation therapy with yttrium‐90 microsphere radioembolization has been used to treat unresectable liver tumors and its acute toxicity has been well described. Subacute and long‐term hepatic complications related to radioembolization however may be underreported in the literature. This retrospective study describes the incidence and sequelae of serious hepatic complications in patients who underwent radioembolization for unresectable liver tumors.MethodsA retrospective review of clinical notes of patients who received radioembolization for unresectable liver tumors from 2001 to 2011 at two Australian institutions was performed to identify those who developed clinically significant hepatic complications. Relevant clinical data were obtained and analyzed to determine their incidence and sequelae.ResultsA total of 205 patients were identified, of whom 10 (4.9%) developed serious hepatic complications with 7 (3.4%) attributable to radioembolization‐induced liver disease. None had preexisting underlying liver disease or progressive hepatic metastases at the time of developing hepatic complication. The median time to the onset of hepatic complications was 3.5 months (range 1–67 months); six patients had a complete resolution eventually, including one patient who subsequently underwent hepatic metastasectomy safely. Three patients died as a result of fulminant hepatic failure.ConclusionSelective internal radiation therapy with radioembolization was associated with serious hepatic complications with an incidence of 4.9% and a mortality rate of 1.5% in 205 patients from two Australian institutions. The risk of serious hepatic toxicity therefore needs to be discussed when counseling patients regarding this potential treatment option.
The composition and function of all‐male herds of Thornicroft's giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti, in Zambia
Authors: Bercovitch Fred B. , Berry Philip S. M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTemporary all‐male social groups are formed in a number of animal species. We examined 34 years of data collected from 36 male Thornicroft's giraffe in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia, to test a set of predictions related to five possible functions of all‐male herds (predator protection, practicing aggressive skills, prolonging life, nutritional demands and resource learning). We found that all‐male herds were significantly smaller than mixed‐sex herds, usually contained a mature bull, and were not dependent upon season or habitat. Dyadic associations between males in single sex herds were quite weak, with <25% of potential male dyads sighted together in an all‐male herd. Our data are best explained as a resource learning strategy adopted by males to obtain more extensive knowledge about the habitat, including both food and female distribution. However, other benefits in the form of predator protection, dietary intake and sharpening competitive skills for future contests over estrous females also seem to mediate formation of giraffe all‐male groups. We conclude that the primary advantage of roaming in all‐male herds changes during the life history of males.
Estimation of birthweight by measurement of fetal thigh soft‐tissue thickness improves the detection of macrosomic fetuses
Authors: Scioscia Marco , Stepniewska Anna , Trivella Giamberto , De Mitri Paola , Bettocchi Stefano 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe accuracy of sonographic estimation of birthweight in suspected macrosomic fetuses is compromised by the imprecision of the biometrical measurements. This prospective study evaluated the performance of an equation based on linear measurement of the soft tissue above the external side of the fetal femur. The performance of this algorithm was compared with two classical algorithms. Sonographic measurements were taken within 48 h before of delivery. Sixty‐two patients with fetuses with suspected macrosomia were enrolled. The studied formulas were compared between them and showed a significant correlation with birthweight (p < 0.0001) and satisfactory statistical performances (r > 0.9). The new formula showed a reduced standard deviation that means a lower internal error in the prediction. This study supports the potential of this new approach for the estimation of birthweight in large fetuses based on sonographic linear measurements only.
Succession in salt marshes – large‐scale and long‐term patterns after abandonment of grazing and drainage
Authors: Rupprecht Franziska , Wanner Antonia , Stock Martin , Jensen Kai 
Published: August 2014

AbstractQuestionsIn the early 1990s, grazing and drainage have been abandoned in many artificially created mainland salt marshes of the Wadden Sea to increase their natural character and heterogeneity of vegetation composition. We asked: how did vegetation succession in the low and high marsh respond to this change in management from a large‐scale and long‐term perspective, and what were the major drivers of successional change?LocationWadden Sea coast, Schleswig‐Holstein, Germany.MethodsWe used vegetation data from the Trilateral Monitoring and Assessment Program (TMAP) for around half of the Wadden Sea mainland salt marshes to identify main successional pathways of the TMAP vegetation types Puccinellia maritima and Festuca rubra, dominating low and high marsh areas, respectively, prior to the change in management. Drivers of succession were analysed using classification and regression tree models, a non‐parametric vegetation modelling technique.ResultsSince the abandonment of grazing and drainage, progressive succession towards the TMAP vegetation types Atriplex portulacoides and Elymus athericus strongly increased and mostly occurred in abandoned areas at medium to high elevation. Retarded and retrogressive succession decreased and mostly occurred in grazed and low‐lying areas. Persistance of the early successional vegetation type Puccinellia maritima in the salt marshes of the northern Wadden Sea suggests that large‐scale gradients of salinity, inundation frequency and sedimentation lead to geographical variation in the pace of succession.ConlusionsConsidered from a large‐scale and long‐term perspective, abandonmnent of grazing and drainage caused spread of grazing‐sensitive plant species from mid‐ and late‐successional stages. This change in vegetation composition affects species diversity and ecosystem functions of the Wadden Sea mainland salt marshes. Grazing regime and elevation were found to be the most important drivers of succession. To achieve and maintain large‐scale heterogeneity in vegetation composition, we recommend management to maintain a mosaic of grazed and ungrazed areas, and to consider the role of large‐scale gradients of environmental factors driving succession.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of thiazide‐induced hyponatraemia: time to reconsider electrolyte monitoring regimens after thiazide initiation?
Authors: Barber Jennifer , McKeever Tricia M. , McDowell Sarah E. , Clayton Jennifer A. , Ferner Robin E. , Gordon Richard D. , Stowasser Michael , O'Shaughnessy Kevin M. , Hall Ian P. , Glover Mark 
Published: August 2014

AimsHyponatraemia is one of the major adverse effects of thiazide and thiazide‐like diuretics and the leading cause of drug‐induced hyponatraemia requiring hospital admission. We sought to review and analyze all published cases of this important condition.MethodsOvid Medline, Embase, Web of Science and PubMed electronic databases were searched to identify all relevant articles published before October 2013. A proportions meta‐analysis was undertaken.ResultsOne hundred and two articles were identified of which 49 were single patient case reports. Meta‐analysis showed that mean age was 75 (95% CI 73, 77) years, 79% were women (95% CI 74, 82) and mean body mass index was 25 (95% CI 20, 30) kg m−2. Presentation with thiazide‐induced hyponatraemia occurred a mean of 19 (95% CI 8, 30) days after starting treatment, with mean trough serum sodium concentration of 116 (95% CI 113, 120) mm and serum potassium of 3.3 (95% CI 3.0, 3.5) mm. Mean urinary sodium concentration was 64 mm (95% CI 47, 81). The most frequently reported drugs were hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide and bendroflumethiazide.ConclusionsPatients with thiazide‐induced hyponatraemia were characterized by advanced age, female gender, inappropriate saliuresis and mild hypokalaemia. Low BMI was not found to be a significant risk factor, despite previous suggestions. The time from thiazide initiation to presentation with hyponatraemia suggests that the recommended practice of performing a single investigation of serum biochemistry 7–14 days after thiazide initiation may be insufficient or suboptimal. Further larger and more systematic studies of thiazide‐induced hyponatraemia are required.
Covariate measurement error correction methods in mediation analysis with failure time data
Authors: Zhao Shanshan , Prentice Ross L. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryMediation analysis is important for understanding the mechanisms whereby one variable causes changes in another. Measurement error could obscure the ability of the potential mediator to explain such changes. This article focuses on developing correction methods for measurement error in the mediator with failure time outcomes. We consider a broad definition of measurement error, including technical error, and error associated with temporal variation. The underlying model with the “true” mediator is assumed to be of the Cox proportional hazards model form. The induced hazard ratio for the observed mediator no longer has a simple form independent of the baseline hazard function, due to the conditioning event. We propose a mean‐variance regression calibration approach and a follow‐up time regression calibration approach, to approximate the partial likelihood for the induced hazard function. Both methods demonstrate value in assessing mediation effects in simulation studies. These methods are generalized to multiple biomarkers and to both case‐cohort and nested case‐control sampling designs. We apply these correction methods to the Women's Health Initiative hormone therapy trials to understand the mediation effect of several serum sex hormone measures on the relationship between postmenopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk.
Common misconceptions about data analysis and statistics
Authors: Motulsky Harvey J 
Published: August 2014

Linked ArticleThis article is part of a Virtual Themed Issue on Best Practice in Statistical Reporting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1476‐5381/homepage/statistical_reporting.htm. The latest BJP Instructions to Authors on statistics can be found in the editorial Curtis et al. (2014). DOI:10.1111/bph.12856
Bone augmentation using a synthetic hydroxyapatite/silica oxide‐based and a xenogenic hydroxyapatite‐based bone substitute materials with and without recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2
Authors: Thoma D. S. , Kruse A. , Ghayor C. , Jung R. E. , Weber F. E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo test whether or not bone regeneration using deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) is comparable to hydroxyapatite/silica oxide (HA/SiO) and to test the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) as an adjunct to DBBM for localized bone regeneration.Materials and methodsIn each of the 10 rabbits, 4 titanium cylinders were placed on the external cortical plates of their calvaria. Four treatment modalities were randomly allocated: (i) empty, (ii) HA/SiO, (iii) DBBM, and (iv) DBBM plus rhBMP‐2 (DBBM/BMP). The animals were sacrificed at week 8. Descriptive histology and histomorphometric assessment using a superimposed test grid of points and cycloids were performed.ResultsThe mean number of points of the test grid coinciding with bone within the cylinder reached 124 ± 35 bone points for empty controls, 92 ± 40 bone points for DBBM, 98 ± 44 bone points for synthetic HA/SiO, and 146 ± 34 bone points DBBM/BMP. The P‐value for DBBM with and without BMP reached a borderline statistical significance of 0.051. However, the area of bone regeneration within the cylinders peaked for DBBM/BMP and was statistically significantly higher compared with empty cylinders (P < 0.05). The bone‐to‐bone substitute contact ranged between 32.9% ± 21.7 for DBBM, 39.6 ± 18.4% for HA/SiO, and 57.8% ± 10.2 for DBBM/BMP. The differences between DBBM/BMP and controls (DBBM, HA/SiO) were statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionsDBBM and HA/SiO rendered comparable amounts of bone regeneration. The addition of rhBMP‐2 to DBBM resulted in more favorable outcomes with respect to the area of bone regeneration and to bone‐to‐implant contact, thereby indicating the potential of this growth factor to enhance bone regeneration within this animal model.
Topics of internal medicine for undergraduate dental education: a qualitative study
Authors: Kunde A. , Harendza S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntroductionDue to the ageing population, internal medicine has become increasingly important for dental education. Although several studies have reported dentists' dissatisfaction with their internal medicine training, no guidelines exist for internal medicine learning objectives in dental education. The aim of this study was to identify topics of internal medicine considered to be relevant for dental education by dentists and internists.MethodsEight dentists from private dental practices in Hamburg and eight experienced internal medicine consultants from Hamburg University Hospital were recruited for semi‐structured interviews about internal medicine topics relevant for dentists. Internal diseases were clustered into representative subspecialties. Dentists and internists were also asked to rate medical diseases or emergencies compiled from the literature by their relevance to dental education.ResultsCoagulopathy and endocarditis were rated highest by dentists, whilst anaphylaxis was rated highest by internists. Dentists rated hepatitis, HIV, organ transplantation and head/neck neoplasm significantly higher than internists. The largest number of different internal diseases mentioned by dentists or internists could be clustered under cardiovascular diseases. The number of specific diseases dentists considered to be relevant for dental education was higher in the subspecialties cardiovascular diseases, haematology/oncology and infectiology.ConclusionWe identified the internal medicine topics most relevant for dental education by surveying practising dentists and internists. The relevance of these topics should be confirmed by larger quantitative studies to develop guidelines how to design specific learning objectives for internal medicine in the dental curriculum.