bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Characterization of Some 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (MDA) Analogs
Authors: Dal Cason TA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The seizure in 1986 of a large-scale clandestine laboratory producing both the N-ethyl and the N,N-dimethyl analogs of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine [MDA]) and the recent identification of N-hydroxy MDA hydrochloride (HCl) indicate an interest by illegal laboratory operators in the synthesis of noncontrolled MDA analogs. Currently, identification of these new analogs may be hampered due to lack of available standards or reference data or both. This potential problem prompted the synthesis of the following N-substituted MDA analogs: N-methyl, N-ethyl, N-propyl, N-isopropyl, N-hydroxy, and N,N-dimethyl MDA. Each compound was prepared by reductive amination of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP-2-P) using the appropriate amine hydrochloride and sodium cyanoborohydride. In addition, the acetyl derivatives of MDA, N-hydroxy MDA, and MDP-2-P oxime are reported. Spectral and chromatographic data are presented for each of the compounds synthesized.
Isotopic Analogue as the Internal Standard for Quantitative Determination of Benzoylecgonine: Concerns with Isotopic Purity and Concentration Level
Authors: Liu RH , Diane Baugh L , Ellen Allen E , Salud SC , Fentress JG , Chadha H , Walia AS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Empirical data is used to demonstrate the observation and quantification of benzoylecgonine in negative test samples when high concentrations of deuterated benzoylecgonine are used as the internal standard in the assay process. On the quantitative determination of true positive samples, inaccuracy introduced by the isotopic impurity of the internal standard is calculated as a function of the impurity and the concentration levels of the internal standard used.
The Use of Radiocarbon (14C) to Identify Human Skeletal Materials of Forensic Science Interest
Authors: Taylor RE , Myers Suchey J , Payen LA , Slota PJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The radiocarbon (14C) method is a well-known isotopic dating technique by which age can be assigned to organic materials, including human bone. Natural and anthropogenic anomalies in 14C activity in the biosphere over the last few centuries, including the presence of artificial or “bomb” 14C after 1950, can be used as an isotopic tracer to assign human bone samples with high degrees of probability to one of three temporal periods within the recent past: a Non-modern period (before about A.D. 1650) of no forensic science interest, a Pre-modern period (A.D. 1650 to 1950) of possible or potential forensic science interest, and a Modern period (A.D. 1950 to the present) of definite forensic science interest. We illustrate the use of the 14C method to assign human bone in five forensic science cases to one of these time periods.
A Study on the Standard for Forensic Anthropologic Identification of Skull-Image Superimposition
Authors: Dong-Sheng C , Yu-Wen L , Cheng T , Run-Ji G , Yong-Chuan M , Jian-Hai F , Wei-Dong W , Jiang Z 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
By means of X-ray photography tests were made of 224 (100 males and 124 females) volunteer Chinese adults of Han nationality to study the related regular patterns of superimposed projection of face landmarks onto the skull. On the basis of these tests, the present article reveals from a forensic anthropology angle the related regular patterns of plane projection of the human face with its skull. Study shows that there exist a strict individual identity and exclusiveness in relation between the human face and skull. The related regularity of displacement of face landmarks appears in projection of the skull with the human head at different photographic positions and angles. On the basis of this discovery, 52 indexes in 4 groups were established as a standard for judging the identification of a skull's body origin by means of skull-image superimposition. Based on forensic anthropology, the technique has raised to a great extent the credibility of unknown skull identification. In the past 8 years, 89 unknown skulls have been identified with their body origins which provided important and accurate evidence for the solution of murders with dismembered bodies, skeletonized bodies, and unidentified dead bodies.
Recovery and Identification of World War II Dead: American Graves Registration Activities in Europe
Authors: Wood WR , Stanley LA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
About two thirds of the 281 000 Americans who died in World War II (WWII) fell in the European Theater. Of the 148 000 bodies recovered from Europe, nearly 99% were identified. Through the efforts of the Graves Registration Service and the American Graves Registration Command, more than 171 000 Americans who died overseas worldwide during WWII were eventually returned to the United States for final burial. The procedures used at the Central Identification Point in Strasbourg, France, for the identification of unknown remains is illustrated by the case of an Eighth Air Force crewman killed over Germany in 1943 whose body was recovered in 1947.
The Identification of Domestic and Foreign Automobile Manufacturers Through Body Primer Characterization
Authors: Dabdoub G , Severin P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Primer layers of domestic and foreign automobiles were studied according to color and layer sequences used by the various manufacturers. This was achieved by collecting paint samples, sanding them, examining them under a stereomicroscope, and performing various spot tests. The data were tabularized and grouped according to color and layer sequences. This method is expected to aid in the identification of many automobiles.
The Discovery Process in Drug Use Testing Litigation
Authors: Long KL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The war on illegal drug use has spread to public as well as private employers. Employers have tightened terms and conditions of employment related to drug use; consequently, drug use testing has emerged as a primary means of determining whether an employee has used a drug or drugs prohibited by an employer. Litigation in this area has increased dramatically. This article focuses on the broad legal principles implicated by employer reliance on drug use testing and the role of discovery in litigation in this area. A discovery checklist highlights points that should be examined by the individual charged with the responsibility of evaluating a testing program, possible litigation exposure, or in preparing for discovery in litigation.
A Review of Road Users and Traffic Safety
Authors: Tate LR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The nine chapters of Road Users and Traffic Safety represent material originally presented at Groningen, Netherlands in 1987 for the Second International Conference on Road Safety. The editors seek to make accessible information that would not otherwise be available either because the original language of the paper was not one of great universality or because the research was performed within a particular agency and would not generally be dispersed beyond that agency. The editors have succeeded in their goal.
Fluorescent Metal-Ruhemann's Purple Coordination Compounds: Applications to Latent Fingerprint Detection
Authors: Menzel ER , Bartsch RA , Hallman JL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ruhemann's Purple (RP), the reaction product of ninhydrin with amino acids, forms coordination compounds with many metals. However, only a few of them fluoresce. A model for the structural and photophysical features that underlie the formation of fluorescent metal-RP compounds has been developed to establish guidelines for the design of optimized ninhydrin analogs and metal-RP complexes. The application of such complexes to the detection of latent fingerprints, a special surface analytical chemistry problem, is discussed.
Evaluation of a Nonequilibrium Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) Method for the Simultaneous Typing of Esterase D (EsD), Red Cell Acid Phosphatase (AcP1), Phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), Adenylate Kinase (AK), and Adenosine Deaminase (ADA)
Authors: Stockwell DC , Gregonis DJ , Jones DT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A nonequilibrium isoelectric focusing method incorporating the chemical spacers MOPS and HEPES was developed and subsequently evaluated for its ability to reliably discriminate common and rare phenotypes in the esterase D (EsD), red cell acid phosphatase (AcP1), phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), adenylate kinase (AK), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) isoenzyme systems. The validation procedures used were blind testing, comparison of results to conventional methods, and evaluation of known rare variant phenotypes. This method proved to be a quick and reliable method for typing all five isoenzyme systems, while providing an excellent probability of discrimination (PD = 0.96).
Comparison of Fingernail Ridge Patterns of Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Diaz AA , Boehm AF , Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The ridge patterns on the fingernails of corresponding fingers of a pair of twins were compared microscopically and found to be readily distinguishable from one another. Based on blood grouping in six blood group systems (ABO, Rhesus, Ss, Duffy, Kidd, and Kell), the probability that the twins were monozygotic was calculated to be 89.1%.
Disappearing Ink: Its Use, Abuse, and Detection
Authors: Throckmorton GJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A personal check was cashed by a local merchant in the amount of $200.00, but when the check was eventually processed by the bank, it reflected only $2.00. The subsequent investigation and research verified the use of an easily accessible disappearing ink that is commonly used throughout the United States by numerous people. This paper will trace the method involved in executing and also detecting this particular type of fraud. The strengths and weaknesses in detecting this type of activity will also be discussed as they pertain to the questioned document examiner.
A Review of The Controlled Substances Act: A Resource Manual of the Current Status of the Federal Drug Laws
Authors: Hearn WL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In compiling this reference work, Dr. Shulgin has done a great service for those who work in drug enforcement. This should be a valuable reference for the criminalist who must know the legal status of substances detected in the crime laboratory and drug enforcement agents, attorneys, judges, and legislators who must make sense of the complex laws dealing with drugs. It will also save a vast amount of time and energy of those who must research the history and current status of drug law.
An Investigation of Known Blue, Red, and Black Dyes Used in the Coloration of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Grieve MC , Dunlop J , Haddock P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Previous work on blue, red, and black cotton samples dyed with unknown dyes showed that, within a color class, the use of microspectrophotometry can give a significantly higher degree of discrimination than is possible using microscopy alone. The present study was undertaken (1) to assess the frequency of matching spectra being produced from dyes known to be different; (2) to show what extra level of discrimination, if any, is obtained when thin-layer chromatography (TLC) can be carried out on the extracted dyes; and (3) to examine the extent of intrasample spectral variation.
Spectra were recorded from 77 blue, 32 red, and 26 black cotton samples dyed with known examples of sulfur, leucosulfur, direct, reactive, and vat dyes. TLC was attempted on all spectrally matching samples. Spectral variations (shifts of peak maxima and peak reversals) were noted for each sample.
The occurrence of matching spectra from different dyes in each color class was very small (0.2% for blue dyes, 1.5% for red dyes, and 1.5% for black dyes). TLC was only effective in separating 5 out of 21 spectrally matching sample pairs. All color classes showed occasional examples of peak reversal, especially in pale blue and pale black samples. Shifts of absorption maxima were sometimes considerable. The casework implications of these results are discussed.
Synthesis and Spectral Properties of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Ethoxyamphetamine and Its Precursors
Authors: By AW , Dawson BA , Lodge BA , Neville GA , Sy WW , Zamecnik J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine (MEM) was synthesized by two routes. The gas liquid chromatographic data and ultraviolet, infrared, proton magnetic resonance, carbon-13 magnetic resonance, and mass spectra are presented for this amphetamine as well as its precursors. This amphetamine was found to be identical to the sample submitted by the police.
The Polygraph and Psychiatrists
Authors: Goldzband MG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The use of the polygraph as a supposed lie detector is reviewed, as well as some of the literature purporting to uphold claims of scientific reliability and validity for the technique. Interviews with individuals involved with polygraphic lie detection indicate that any effectiveness of the technique may be, in the main, due to the suggestibility of the examinees and the coercive mystique of the instrument. The 1988 Polygraph Protection Act may have placed some effective restrictions on what was formerly untrammeled and overtly abusive use of the polygraph in private industry. However, considerable potential for current and future abuse continues to exist. Psychiatrists and all mental health experts are especially warned about the ethical problems resulting therefrom.
A Modification of the Microplate Method for Reverse ABO Typing of Bloodstains and Additional Validation Studies
Authors: Mudd JL , Adams DE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The results of additional validation studies of a sensitive microplate hemagglutination assay for ABO reverse grouping of bloodstains are presented. The results of the validation study demonstrate the reliability of the microplate assay for the in routine serological casework. Based on these studies, the microplate assay has now replaced the Lattes crust test for ABO reverse grouping of bloodstains in the FBI Laboratory.
The Effects of Heat Upon the Glyoxalase I Isoenzyme
Authors: Parigian MJ , Schaeffer MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It was observed during the course of routine casework that different bloodstains from the same individual could produce anomalies in the glyoxalase I band patterns. Blood-stains were heated at different temperatures for periods of 4 and 6 h and then examined using electrophoretic techniques. It was demonstrated that upon heating, band alterations in the glyoxalase I Type 1 phenotype can occur, causing the analyst to render the results inconclusive.
Single Wound Produced by Simultaneous Discharge of Both Shells from a Double-Barrel Shotgun
Authors: Medich MG , Cohle SD , Burritt M , Davison P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We present the case of a man who was killed by simultaneous discharge of both barrels of a double-barrel shotgun. Externally, there was a single wound simulating a wound made by a discharge of a single barrel. Test-firing of the shotgun against cloth, paper, and naugahyde targets revealed defects similar in shape to the wound in the victim. Simultaneous discharge of both barrels from a double-barrel shotgun may simulate the wound made by discharge of a single barrel.
Killer Pop Machines
Authors: Spitz DJ , Spitz WU 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Abuse and misuse of soda vending machines has resulted in a considerable number of injuries and deaths. The machines fall forward when rocked or tilted and crush those in front. These accidents are all preventable by a simple and cheap device. There should be a law compelling safety requirements for these machines. This is a report of a recent case in which a young man was crushed to death.
Abuse of Smoking Methamphetamine Mixed with Tobacco: II. The Formation Mechanism of Pyrolysis Products
Authors: Sekine H , Nakahara Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The pyrolysis products of smoking methamphetamine mixed with tobacco were determined by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods. The mainstream smoke contained methamphetamine (14.5% of the initial methamphetamine), phenylacetone (3.1%), N-cyanomethylmethamphetamine (1.9%), trans-β-methylstyrene (1.7%), N-formylmethamphetamine (1.5%), and other products (each &lt;1%). The amount of each pyrolysis product in the sidestream smoke was less than that in the mainstream smoke by a factor of over 5, except for methamphetamine (10.5%) and N-formylmethamphetamine (1.4%). The formation mechanism of these products was investigated, by use of a pyrolyzer, from the standpoint of the material, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis atmosphere. Although several products (for example, dimethylamphetamine and trans-β-methylstyrene) were formed by thermal self-decomposition of methamphetamine alone, most of the products, except N-cyanomethylmethamphetamine, were formed chiefly by the thermal reaction of methamphetamine with cigarette components. The formation of N-cyanomethylmethamphetamine required air and a high pyrolysis temperature. Air and a high pyrolysis temperature generally accelerated the formation of the pyrolysis products.
Stature Estimation from Fragmentary Femora: A Revision of the Steele Method
Authors: Simmons T , Jantz RL , Bass WM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The skeletal remains presented to forensic anthropologists are often fragmentary. Previously described methods of estimating stature from segments of long bones have not proved satisfactory because of the difficulty involved in identifying the precise anatomical landmarks by which they are defined. This study represents an assessment of the feasibility of stature estimation from fragmentary femora. A sample of 200 males and females, blacks and whites (total sample = 800), was obtained from the Terry Collection. New regression equations for the estimation of maximum femur length and stature from three well-defined and easy-to-measure segments of the femur are presented. This technique represents an improvement over methods currently in use for estimating stature from femur fragments; the location of the anatomical landmarks and the accuracy of the prediction are enhanced. The applicability of these formulae to a modern forensic sample is addressed with regard to secular trends in stature increase and changes in body segment proportions.
Independent Instances of “Souvenir” Asian Skulls from the Tampa Bay Area
Authors: Wienker CW , Wood JE , Diggs CA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the summer of 1984, police in Pinellas County, Florida, confiscated six identically colored imported Asian skulls (in a shipping case) from a private citizen. In May 1988, in nearby Hillsborough County, police confiscated a very similar skull from another private citizen, who allegedly had found it in an abandoned house. Aside from slight color differences between the six found in Pinellas County and the one found in Hillsborough County, the skulls are virtually identical in their osteological characteristics and condition and in the vital statistics derived from each. Each skull is as clean and dry as those typically sold by commercial scientific supply outlets in the United States. Each is edentulous (primarily premortem), between approximately 20 and 60 years of age at death, and morphologically Asian. Five of the seven are morphologically male, one is morphologically female, and one is a mosaic with respect to gender-related features. Police, medical examiners, coroners, and forensic anthropologists should be aware of such “souvenir” specimens, in the event that they encounter similar skulls. Discriminant function analyses for race and sex yield considerably conflicting results, which underscores the need for using extreme caution when interpreting forensic science estimates based on such techniques.
A Reevaluation of the Aerospace Corporation Final Report on Particle Analysis—When to Stop Searching for Gunshot Residue (GSR)?
Authors: Owens AD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although the technique of scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) has gained widespread acceptance for the identification of gunshot residues (GSR), the time required (especially for manual searches) is still considered excessive. As a result, statistical considerations are commonly used to justify a reduction in the total specimen area to be searched. A detailed statistical analysis was presented in the Aerospace Corporation Final Report on Particle Analysis for Gunshot Residue Detection published in September 1977, and its conclusions have had significant influence in the forensic science community as concerns the determination of acceptable particle analysis search areas. A close examination of the Aerospace Corporation report has revealed a significant programming error which resulted in statistical probability errors ranging from 30% to well over ten orders of magnitude. Corrected results, presented in this paper, suggest that a great deal of caution should be exercised in applying statistical analysis to justify a reduction in search area. In particular, the probability of a false negative report increases rapidly as the number of gunshot residue (GSR) particles assumed to be present decreases. Since the investigator cannot know in advance the number of GSR particles present on a sample, the corrected Aerospace analysis suggests that statistical considerations may not provide sufficient justification for any significant reduction in the sample area to be searched.
Sulfide Concentrations in Postmortem Mammalian Tissues
Authors: Nagata T , Kage S , Kimura K , Kudo K , Noda M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Postmortem changes in sulfide concentrations in body tissues were examined in autopsied rats exposed to hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 550 to 650 ppm, and in nonexposed rats and humans. Analyses were made by gas chromatography, following an extractive alkylation. Sulfide concentrations in the blood, liver, and kidneys of rats increased in both the exposed and nonexposed groups, depending on the lapse of time after death. On the other hand, the lung, brain, and muscle showed little or no change in sulfide concentration with elapse of time after death. The data obtained from human tissues were almost the same as those for rats, except data for blood, in which no or little increase of sulfide was observed.
A Review of Quality Assurance of Chemical Measurements
Authors: Lucas DM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There are probably few people as qualified to write a book on quality assurance as Dr. Taylor because of his long association with the National Bureau of Standards. In this book, the author has presented everything one would want or need to know about the subject. The book is intended for use principally by “producers and users of chemical measurement data.” Since such a small proportion of the work of a forensic science laboratory is based upon quantitative chemical measurements it might be assumed that this book would have limited appeal to forensic scientists. However, forensic scientists are concerned about quality and most, if not all, laboratories have some form of quality assurance program. Thus, some of the material presented could be of value to them.
A Review of A Primer of Drug Action, Fifth Edition
Authors: Cravey RH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A Primer of Drug Action is a concise, nontechnical guide to the disposition, actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs in man. In short, this is pharmacology for the layman and is an excellent text for on-the-job training for analysts in training in forensic toxicology and criminalistics laboratories who have no formal training in pharmacology. The section on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination is exceptionally well illustrated and written. Dr. Julien covers sedatives, tranquilizers, opiates, stimulants, alcohol, and psychedelic drugs, among others.