bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation and experimental validation of acoustic properties of hollow sphere structures
Authors: Janousch C. , Winkler R. , Wiegmann A. , Pannert W. , Merkel M. , Öchsner A. 
Published: May 2014

Customers nowadays regard the noise and vibration behavior as an essential product property. Cellular character materials, in particular hollow sphere structures, are predestined to absorb sound in a very efficient manner due to their cellular character. Depending on the constituent material, the geometric parameters like the diameter of the spheres, the thickness of the walls and the assembling schema of single spheres, the absorption coefficient can be reduced to very low levels. In contrast to other cellular materials, the frequency and bandwidth can actively be influenced by the variation of the above mentioned parameters.In order to predict the acoustic behavior of a structure, FE or CFD analyses are used as standard tools. In addition, there exist some parameter based models, e.g. the BIOT theory, which characterizes the absorption, transmission and reflection coefficients using a few macroscopic parameters.Within this contribution, the acoustic properties of hollow sphere structures are investigated by a so‐called virtual material laboratory GeoDict (by Math2Market GmbH, originally by the Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics). The results for the absorption and reflection coefficients are compared to those gained by classical analysis methods and experiments based on Kundt's tube.
Reversible hyperphagia and obesity in rats with gastric bypass by central MC3/4R blockade
Authors: Mumphrey Michael B. , Hao Zheng , Townsend R. Leigh , Patterson Laurel M , Morrison Christopher D. , Münzberg Heike , Stylopoulos Nicholas , Ye Jianping , Berthoud Hans‐Rudolf 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo test the commonly held assumption that gastric bypass surgery lowers body weight because it limits the ability to eat large amounts of food.MethodsCentral melanocortin signaling was blocked by ICV infusion of the melanocortin‐3/4 receptor antagonist SHU9119 for 14 days in rats whose high‐fat diet‐induced obesity had been reversed by Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery.ResultsSHU9119 increased daily food intake (+ 100%), body weight (+30%), and fat mass (+50%) in rats with RYGB, surpassing the presurgical body weight and that of saline‐treated sham‐operated rats. Doubling of food intake was entirely due to increased meal frequency, but not meal size. After termination of SHU9119, body weight promptly returned to near preinfusion levels. In sham‐operated rats, SHU9119 produced even larger increases in food intake and body weight.ConclusionsRYGB rats do not settle at a lower level of body weight because they cannot eat more food as they can easily double food intake by increasing meal frequency. The reversible obesity suggests that RYGB rats actively defend the lower body weight. However, because both RYGB and sham‐operated rats responded to SHU9119, central melanocortin signaling is not the critical mechanism in RYGB rats responsible for this defense.
Low‐dose aspirin for prevention of adverse outcomes related to abnormal placentation
Authors: Bujold Emmanuel , Roberge Stéphanie , Nicolaides Kypros H. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTMeta‐analysis of randomized studies on the use of low‐dose aspirin in women at high risk of preeclampsia (PE) has demonstrated that if treatment is initiated at ≤16 weeks' gestation, there is significant reduction in the risk of PE [relative risk (RR) 0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.62], fetal growth restriction (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.33–0.64), preterm birth (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.22–0.57) and perinatal death (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.19–0.92), whereas the effect of treatment after 16 weeks is substantially less (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.61–0.99; RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.88–1.08; RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.83–0.97; and RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.73–1.19, respectively). Moreover, the decrease in the risk of PE from early onset treatment seems to be related to the dose of aspirin, and a dose of >80 mg daily should be considered for optimal benefits. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of ordered array of core/shell ZnS/Ge/ZnS nanostructures by thermal evaporation method
Authors: Beltiukov A. , Valeev R. , Romanov E. , Mukhgalin V. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper reports the results of studies of ZnS/Ge/ZnS nanostructures, obtained by high vacuum thermal deposition of ZnS and Ge powders into porous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) with different diameters of pores. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations reveal two types of nanostructures having the form of rings (sample with diameter of pores 70 nm) and rods (samples with diameter of pores 80 and 110 nm). It is also shown that the other porosity parameters such as interporous distances affect the formation of a particular type of nanostructures. X‐ray and electron diffraction study show two phases, ZnS and Ge. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Seasonal variation of performance in concentrator photovoltaic system
Authors: Nomura Kei , Ota Yasuyuki , Minemoto Takashi , Nishioka Kensuke 
Published: May 2014

AbstractConcentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) system was installed in the University of Miyazaki, Japan. The system's output parameters and meteorological condition experienced by the system i.e. incident irradiance, incident spectrum distribution, and cell temperature were recorded. A statistical analysis method was proposed so that the influences of spectrum distribution variations and cell temperature on the output performance of the system can be observed separately. It was found that the performance of the CPV system significantly depended on the variation of the incident solar spectrum distribution rather than cell temperature. Using this method, the performance of CPV system was analysed throughout the seasons. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural, electrical and optical properties of CuGaTe2 absorber for thin‐film solar cells
Authors: Messous Ammar , Bouloufa Abdesselam , Djessas Kamal , Bouchama Idris 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNear‐stoichiometry composition CuGaTe2 (CGT) thin films prepared by close‐spaced vapour transport (CSVT) with copper excess in the source has been investigated and was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. The influence of temperature substrate on structural properties of CGT was studied, with the optimal substrate temperature at 480 °C. Morphological and structural analyses allowed identifying the type of crystallites. Crystalline phases of the films were examined using X‐ray diffraction. A strong (112) orientation perpendicular to substrate plane was observed and additional reflections planes were also detected. The electrical resistivity was determined using the four probe method and lies in the 0.127‐0.271 Ω cm range. The direct bandgap is about 1.7 eV and resistivity showed a low value. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
3D‐Membrantheorie
Authors: Corte Carsten 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFür die Ermittlung des Kräftegleichgewichts bei Membranstrukturen können nur innere elastische Zugnormalspannungen und Schubspannungen herangezogen werden, die tangential zur Membranfläche gerichtet sind. Für Belastungen, die aus der Membranebene heraus auftreten, weisen Membrane mit geringer Krümmung eine entsprechend geringe Steifigkeit auf. Unter Verwendung des Prinzips der virtuellen Verschiebungen wird eine konsistente Finite‐Elemente‐Diskretisierung vorgestellt, welche eine näherungsweise Ermittlung des Membranverformungs‐ und des Membranspannungszustandes ermöglicht. Das Berechnungsverfahren wird für den verwendeten Elementtyp analysiert und auf eine Hyparmembran unter Verkehrslast sowie auf eine Spinnakermembran unter horizontaler Belastung angewendet.3D Membrane Theory. For the force equilibrium of membrane structures only inner tensile normal stresses and shear stresses tangential to the membrane surface can be considered. For load that acts in out‐of‐membrane‐plane direction membranes with small curvature appropriately show only small stiffness. By application of the principle of virtual displacement a consistent finite element discretization is presented that allows an approximate determination of membrane displacement and membrane stress state. The presented computational approach is analyzed for the applied element type and is applied to a hypar membrane exposed to work load as well as to a spinnaker membrane exposed to horizontal load.
“Why Would Our Heavenly Father Do that to Anyone”: Oppressive Othering through Sexual Classification Schemes in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐Day Saints
Authors: Sumerau J. Edward , Cragun Ryan T. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this article, we examine how leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐Day Saints (LDSorLDSChurch) responded to the emergence of homosexuality as a prominent social issue by engaging in “oppressive othering” (Schwalbe et al.), which refers to the process whereby elites classify members of other groups as morally inferior. On the basis ofLDSarchival materials, we analyze howLDSelites accomplished “oppressive othering” by constructing sexual classification schemes defining homosexuality as the result of (1) familial, (2) gendered, and (3) sexual dysfunctions. In conclusion, we draw out implications for understanding (1) how elites, religious, or otherwise, construct sexual classification schemes that facilitate the ongoing subordination of sexual minorities, (2) the importance of taking an intersectional approach to oppressive othering, and (3) the ways elites revise institutional doctrines in response to shifting societal issues and concerns.
Sex determination of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from footprints in snow
Authors: Gu Jiayin , Alibhai Sky K. , Jewell Zoe C. , Jiang Guangshun , Ma Jianzhang 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) population in China, once widespread, is now reduced to an estimated 20 individuals widely dispersed over a large area. The Chinese government is making concerted efforts to restore this population from the contiguous Russian population. However, they face a challenge in finding an effective monitoring technique. We report on the development of a robust, non‐invasive and cost‐effective technique to identify the sex of Amur tigers from snow footprints. Between December 2011 and December 2012, we collected 523 digital images of left‐hind footprints from 40 known captive Amur tigers (19 F, 21 M), of age range 3–13 years (F mean age = 8.07 ± 0.18, M mean age = 8.36 ± 0.19; F = 1.18, P > 0.05). Images were captured with compact digital cameras according to a standardized photographic protocol (Alibhai et al. 2008). Using JMP software from the SAS Institute, 128 measurements were taken from each footprint according to the protocol developed by Alibhai et al. (2008), and were subjected to a stepwise selection. With just 10 variables, and testing with both Jackknifing and 50% holdout methods, the resulting algorithm for sex determination gave 98% accuracy for individual footprints. The algorithm derived from captive tiger footprints of known sex was then used to identify the sex of 83 footprints from 8 trails collected from unknown free‐ranging Amur tigers in the winter from the end of 2011 to the beginning of 2012. The algorithm predicted 5 trails from females and 3 from males. This technique is a potentially valuable tool for monitoring the recovery of Amur tiger populations at the landscape scale in northeastern China. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Polymorphism in Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Mn): A Variable Temperature Diffraction Study
Authors: Armstrong A. Robert , Sirisopanaporn Chutchamon , Adamson Paul , Billaud Juliette , Dominko Robert , Masquelier Christian , Bruce Peter G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLithium transition metal silicates, Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co), have attracted much interest as positive electrodes for Li‐ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacities and their rich crystal chemistry. Low (β) and high (γ) temperature forms of these tetrahedral structures differ in the ordering/distribution of cations within tetrahedral sites of an hcp based packing of oxygen. We have carried out VT powder neutron and X‐ray diffraction on Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Mn) to characterize the rich polymorphism observed across the Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Mn) system as a function of temperature. For Li2FeSiO4 below 500 °C a βII phase was observed with slight Li/Fe disorder. Above this temperature there was a sluggish transition to the γs phase, which was observed up to ca. 820 °C, with the γII polymorph seen at highest temperatures. Excellent agreement with phases obtained by quenching was observed, except that the γ phases exhibit a statistical distribution of Li/Fe, in contrast to the well‐ordered structures of quenched phases. The Li2MnSiO4 polymorphism is less complex, the βII phase is stable from room temperature to 750 °C, at which temperature it transforms to the γ structure with disordered Li/Mn.
Synthesis of Metastable SiIIX2 Solutions (X = F, Cl). A Novel Binary Halide for Synthesis
Authors: Uhlemann Fabian , Köppe Ralf , Schnepf Andreas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThermodynamic data for gaseous SiF2 and SiCl2 known from literature show that these binary subhalides are formed nearly quantitatively at 1376 °C and 1076 °C, respectively, as products of the reaction of elemental silicon with SiF4 or SiCl4 at 1 × 10–2 mbar. Applying the co‐condensation technique SiF2 as well as SiCl2 can be trapped at –196 °C and prepared in synthetic scale. Herein, first analysis of metastable SiF2 and SiCl2 solutions are presented, showing that SiF2 is more reactive than SiCl2 leading to compounds of low boiling point of so far unknown composition. The metastable SiCl2 solution can be used as a SiCl2 source, which is shown by the trapping reaction with Idipp [Idipp = 1, 3‐bis(2, 6‐iPr2‐C6H3)imidazol‐2‐ylidene] leading to Idipp‐SiCl2. The reactivity of the solution might be fine‐tuned by changing the donor opening the door for further applications.
Clinical Issues‐May 2014
Authors: Denholm Bonnie 
Published: May 2014

This MonthTools for reducing pharmaceutical wasteKey words: pharmaceutical waste, medication inventory reduction, nonpharmaceutical alternatives.Determining wound classification for removal of hardwareKey words: wound classification, orthopedic hardware, secondary procedure.Transferring medications to the sterile fieldKey words: sterile transfer, sterile transfer device, rubber stopper, medication vials.Extended work hours that result in sleep deprivationKey words: sleep deprivation, fatigue, shift work, safe on‐call practices, sleep cycles.
Mesenchymal‐like pancreatic cancer cells harbor specific genomic alterations more frequently than their epithelial‐like counterparts
Authors: Sinha Arkadeep , Cherba David , Bartlam Heather , Lenkiewicz Elizabeth , Evers Lisa , Barrett Michael T. , Haab Brian B. 
Published: May 2014

The aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer is associated with the acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics by a subset of pancreatic cancer cells. The factors driving the development of this subset are not well understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype occurs selectively in tumor cells that harbor specific enabling genetic alterations. We obtained whole‐genome comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) measurements on pancreatic cancer cell lines that have either an epithelial‐like (17 cell lines) or a mesenchymal‐like (9 cell lines) phenotype in vitro. The total amounts of amplifications and deletions were equivalent between the epithelial and mesenchymal groups, but 20 genes showed a major difference between the groups in prevalence of alterations. All 20 alterations (18 deletions and 2 amplifications) were more prevalent in the mesenchymal group, confirming the advanced nature of this cellular subtype. CDKN2A was altered in more than 50% of both groups, but co‐deletions in neighboring genes, and concomitant loss of gene expression, were more prevalent in the mesenchymal group, suggesting that the size of the loss around CDKN2A affects cell phenotype. Whole‐genome CGH on 11 primary cancer tissues revealed that the 20 genes were altered at a higher prevalence (up to 55% of the cases for certain genes) than randomly selected sets of 20 genes, with the same direction of alteration as in the cell lines. These findings support the concept that specific genetic alterations enable phenotype plasticity and provide promising candidate genes for further research.
Theory of light sail acceleration by intense lasers: an overview
Authors: Macchi Andrea 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA short overview of the theory of acceleration of thin foils driven by the radiation pressure of superintense lasers is presented. A simple criterion for radiation pressure dominance at intensities around $5 \times 10^{20}\ \mbox{W cm}^{-2}$ is given, and the possibility for fast energy gain in the relativistic regime is discussed.
Postprandial metabolic responses of serum calcium, parathyroid hormone and C-telopeptide of type I collagen to three doses of calcium delivered in milk
Authors: Kruger Marlena C. , von Hurst Pamela R. , Booth Christine L. , Kuhn-Sherlock Barbara , Todd Joanne M. , Schollum Linda M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAcute doses of Ca rapidly increase serum Ca and reduce bone resorption concomitant with a reduction in serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. The physiological response to a dose of Ca in milk and to a Ca salt may be different. The present study investigated Ca absorption patterns with increasing levels of fortification in milk, and the response to one dose of a Ca salt. A group of twenty-eight Asian women aged 20–45 years volunteered to attend the laboratory over several weeks. The fasted volunteers were randomised to one of three experimental drinks: 200 ml skimmed milk containing 250, 500 or 1000 mg Ca. A subgroup of seven volunteers also received a calcium gluconate/carbonate salt containing 1000 mg Ca in 200 ml water. Serial blood samples and urine were collected for 5 h from baseline. Different doses of Ca in milk resulted in a graded response in serum corrected Ca, PTH and C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx) but not ionised Ca. Serum Ca increased in response to all milk drinks and from 2 to 5 h the blood Ca levels were significantly different for the 250 and 1000 mg doses, as was the integrated response between the loads. The PTH response to the two higher doses was significantly more than following the 250 mg dose. The integrated response for CTx and urinary Ca between all three doses of Ca in milk was significantly different. A dose of Ca salt elicited a more immediate response reaching a plateau faster, and declining faster to baseline. Fortified milk is a safe matrix for delivering larger doses of Ca.
Anti-diabetic effects of palm fruit juice in the Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus)
Authors: Bolsinger Julia , Pronczuk Andrzej , Sambanthamurthi Ravigadevi , Hayes K. C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWith the increasing incidence of metabolic diseases, numerous bioactive phytochemicals have been proffered in the dietary prevention of these conditions. Palm fruit juice (PFJ) possesses bioactive phenolic compounds (referred to as oil palm phenolics; OPP) that may deter diabetes. The objective of the present experiments was to document the degree to which PFJ reduces diabetes symptoms in a variety of circumstances in the Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus), a novel model for carbohydrate-induced type 2 diabetes (type 2 diabetes mellitus; T2DM) and the metabolic syndrome. Wild-type male Nile rats (n100) were fed laboratory chow or semi-purified diabetogenic diets in five experiments lasting 4–36 weeks. PFJ was provided as a drink or mixed into the diet to provide OPP intakes from 170 to 720 mg gallic acid equivalents/kg body weight per d. Body weight and random and fasting blood glucose were assessed at different time points, and were analysed along with terminal fasting organ weights, insulin, plasma and liver lipids as measures of diabetes progression. PFJ proved to be anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-lipaemic in all experiments relative to untreated controls, delaying T2DM onset and even reversing advancing diabetes. Protection by PFJ was directly related to its OPP content, and no negative effects on energy intake or growth were observed. PFJ was effective both as a drink and mixed into the diet. Results suggest that PFJ may slow the rate of glucose absorption, reduce insulin resistance and/or enhance insulin secretion.
Unruly Beasts: Animal Citizens and the Threat of Tyranny
Authors: Donaldson Sue , Kymlicka Will 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMany commentators—including some animal rights theorists—have argued that non-human animals cannot be seen as members of the demos because they lack the critical capacities for self-rule and moral agency which are required for citizenship. We argue that this worry is based on mistaken ideas about both citizenship, on the one hand, and animals, on the other. Citizenship requires self-restraint and responsiveness to shared norms, but these capacities should not be understood in an unduly intellectualized or idealized way. Recent studies of moral behaviour show that civil relations between citizens are largely grounded, not in rational reflection and assent to moral propositions but in intuitive, unreflective and habituated behaviours which are themselves rooted in a range of pro-social emotions (empathy, love) and dispositions (co-operation, altruism, reciprocity, conflict resolution). Fifty years of ethological research have demonstrated that many social animals—particularly domesticated animals—share the sorts of dispositions and capacities underlying everyday civility. Once we broaden our conception of citizenship to include a richer account of the bases of civic relations, it becomes clear that domesticated animals and humans can be co-creators of a shared moral and political world. We have nothing to fear, and much to gain, by welcoming their membership in the demos.
Earthquake impact on fissure-ridge type travertine deposition
Authors: BROGI ANDREA , CAPEZZUOLI ENRICO 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe role of travertine fissure-ridges in reconstructing tectonics and related earthquakes is a challenging issue of recent debate directed at delineating historical/prehistorical seismic records. Indeed, direct measurements on a travertine fissure-ridge immediately after a seismic event have never been previously performed. We describe the co- and post-seismic effects of a M = 3.6 earthquake on fluid flow and travertine deposition in a geothermal area of Tuscany (Italy). Direct observation allows us to demonstrate that thermal spring (re)activation is directly influenced by transient seismic waves, therefore providing a basis for reconstructing seismic events in the past.
VII.—On the Spectrum of Ordinary Second Order Differential Operators.
Authors: Chaudhuri Jyoti , Everitt W. N. 
Published: May 2014

SynopsisThis paper considers properties of the spectrum of differential operators derived from differential expressions of the second order. The object is to link the spectral properties of these differential operators with the analytic, function-theoretic properties of the solutions of the differential equation. This provides an alternative approach to the spectral theory of these differential operators but one which is consistent with the standard definitions used in Hilbert space theory. In this way the approach may be of interest to applied mathematicians and theoretical physicists.