bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation of Aryl(2‐lithiophenyl)methanone O‐Methyl Oximes and Their Use for the Synthesis of N‐(3‐Alkyl‐1‐aryl‐ or 1,3‐diaryl‐1H‐isoindol‐1‐yl)‐O‐methylhydroxylamines via the Reaction with Nitriles
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Matsumoto Kota , Shirai Yuu , Ishikawa Hiroaki , Inouchi Hiroki , Tanmatsu Miyuki 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn efficient two‐step procedure for the preparation of a new type of 1H‐isoindoles, i.e., N‐(3‐alkyl‐1‐aryl‐ or 1,3‐diaryl‐1H‐isoindol‐1‐yl)‐O‐methylhydroxylamines 5, from readily available aryl(2‐bromophenyl)methanones 1 has been developed. Aryl(2‐bromophenyl)methanone O‐methyloximes 2, derived from the corresponding ketones, were treated with BuLi in Et2O at 0° to generate novel lithium compounds, aryl(2‐lithiophenyl)methanone O‐methyloximes 3, which were allowed to react with nitriles to give the desired products 5 in moderate‐to‐fair yields.
Brillouin spectroscopy as a new method of screening for increased CSF total protein during bacterial meningitis
Authors: Steelman Zachary , Meng Zhaokai , Traverso Andrew J. , Yakovlev Vladislav V. 
Published: July 2014

Bacterial meningitis is a disease of pronounced clinical significance, especially in the developing world. Immediate treatment with antibiotics is essential, and no single test can provide a conclusive diagnosis. It is well established that elevated total protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is associated with bacterial meningitis. Brillouin spectroscopy is a widely used optical technique for noninvasive determination of the elastic moduli of materials. We found that elevated protein levels in CSF alter the fluid elasticity sufficiently to be measurable by Brillouin spectroscopy, with model healthy and diseased fluids distinguishable to marked significance (P = 0.014), which increases with sample concentration by dialysis.
Typical raw output of a 2‐stage VIPA Brillouin spectrometer: inelastically scattered Brillouin peaks (arrows) and elastically scattered incident radiation (center cross).magnified imageTypical raw output of a 2‐stage VIPA Brillouin spectrometer: inelastically scattered Brillouin peaks (arrows) and elastically scattered incident radiation (center cross).
Variability in Secondary Structure of 18S Ribosomal RNA as Topological Marker for Identification of Paramecium species
Authors: Shakoori Farah R. , Tasneem Fareeda , Al‐Ghanim K. , Mahboob S. , Al‐Misned F. , Jahan Nusrat , Shakoori Abdul Rauf 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBesides cytological and molecular applications, Paramecium is being used in water quality assessment and for determination of saprobic levels. An unambiguous identification of these unicellular eukaryotes is not only essential, but its ecological diversity must also be explored in the local environment. 18SrRNA genes of all the strains of Paramecium species isolated from waste water were amplified, cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic comparison of the nucleotide sequences of these strains with 23 closely related Paramecium species from GenBank Database enabled identification of Paramecium multimicronucleatum and Paramecium jenningsi. Some isolates did not show significant close association with other Paramecium species, and because of their unique position in the phylogenetic tree, they were considered new to the field. In the present report, these isolates are being designated as Paramecium caudatum pakistanicus. In this article, secondary structure of 18SrRNA has also been analyzed as an additional and perhaps more reliable topological marker for species discrimination and for determining possible phylogenetic relationship between the ciliate species. On the basis of comparison of secondary structure of 18SrRNA of various isolated Paramacium strains, and among Paramecium caudatum pakistanicus, Tetrahymena thermophila, Drosophila melanogaster, and Homo sapiens, it can be deduced that variable regions are more helpful in differentiating the species at interspecific level rather than at intraspecific level. It was concluded that V3 was the least variable region in all the organisms, V2 and V7 were the longest expansion segments of D. melanogaster and there was continuous mutational bias towards G.C base pairing in H. sapiens. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 2077–2088, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short‐term outcomes of seniors aged 80 years and older with acute illness: Hospitalist care by geriatricians and other internists compared
Authors: Ding Yew Yoong , Sun Yan , Tay Jam Chin , Chong Wai Fung 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUNDAlthough acute geriatric units have improved the outcomes of hospitalized seniors, it is uncertain as to whether hospitalist care by geriatricians outside of these units confers similar benefit.OBJECTIVETo determine whether hospitalist care by geriatricians reduces short‐term mortality and readmission, and length of stay (LOS) for seniors aged 80 years and older with acute medical illnesses compared with care by other internists.DESIGNRetrospective cohort study using administrative and chart review data on demographic, admission‐related, and clinical information of hospital episodes.SETTINGGeneral internal medicine department of an acute‐care hospital in Singapore from 2005 to 2008.PATIENTSSeniors aged 80 years and older with specific focus on 2 subgroups with premorbid functional impairment and acute geriatric syndromes.INTERVENTIONHospitalist care by geriatricians compared with care by other internists.MEASURESHospital mortality, 30‐day mortality or readmission, and LOS.RESULTSFor 1944 hospital episodes (intervention: 968, control: 976), there was a nonsignificant trend toward lower hospital mortality (15.5% vs 16.9%) but not 30‐day mortality or readmission, or LOS for care by geriatricians compared with care by other internists. A marginally stronger trend toward lower hospital mortality for care by geriatricians among those with acute geriatric syndromes (20.2% vs 23.1%) was observed. Similar treatment effects were found after adjustment for demographic, admission‐related, and clinical factors.CONCLUSIONSFor seniors aged 80 years and over with acute medical illness, hospitalist care by geriatricians did not significantly reduce short‐term mortality, readmission, or LOS, compared with care by other internists. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:634–639. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Quantifying intra‐ and inter‐fractional motion in breast radiotherapy
Authors: Jones Scott , Fitzgerald Rhys , Owen Rebecca , Ramsay Jonathan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe magnitude of intra‐ and inter‐fractional variation in the set up of breast cancer patients treated with tangential megavoltage photon beams was investigated using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID).MethodsDaily cine‐EPID images were captured during delivery of the tangential fields for ten breast cancer patients treated in the supine position. Measurements collected from each image included the central lung distance (CLD), central flash distance (CFD), superior axial measurement (SAM) and the inferior axial measurement (IAM). The variation of motion within a fraction (intra‐fraction) and the variation between fractions (inter‐fraction) was analysed to quantify set up variation and motion due to respiration.ResultsAltogether 3775 EPID images were collected from 10 patients. The effect of respiratory motion during treatment was <0.1 cm standard deviation (SD) in the anterior–posterior (AP) direction. The inter‐fraction movement caused by variations in daily set up was larger at 0.28 cm SD in the AP direction. Superior–inferior (SI) variation was more difficult to summarise and proved unreliable as the measurements were taken to an ambiguous point on the images. It was difficult to discern true SI movement from that implicated by AP movement.ConclusionThere is minimal intra‐fractional chest wall motion due to respiration during treatment. Inter‐fractional variation was larger, however, on average it remained within departmental tolerance (0.5 cm) for set up variations. This review of our current breast technique provides confidence in the feasibility of utilising advanced treatment techniques (field‐in‐field, intensity modulated radiotherapy or volumetric modulated arc therapy) following a review of the current imaging protocol.
Late Quaternary (15 ka to present) development of a sandy landscape in the Mol area, Campine region, north‐east Belgium
Authors: BEERTEN K. , VANDERSMISSEN N. , DEFORCE K. , VANDENBERGHE N. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe geomorphological analysis of two sections cut into a sandy landscape in north‐east Belgium enabled the establishment of a chronology for a sequence of events during the last 15 ka that illustrate the polycyclical nature of the evolution of such landscapes. Field descriptions, analytical sediment and soil characterization, and pollen analysis are combined with the optically stimulated luminescence dating method to unravel the recent geomorphological history of the investigated site. The principal results include apparently discontinuous sand deposition between ∼15 and 12 ka, landscape stabilization and Podzol formation between ∼12 and 1 ka, the development of a drift sand landscape between ∼650 and 200 a, and renewed stabilization over the last two centuries. The results are discussed in the light of climate, land‐use and vegetation changes and compared with findings at similar sites in the European Sand Belt.
Northern European summer temperature variations over the Common Era from integrated tree‐ring density records
Authors: ESPER JAN , DÜTHORN ELISABETH , KRUSIC PAUL J. , TIMONEN MAURI , BÜNTGEN ULF 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTTree‐ring chronologies of maximum latewood density are most suitable to reconstruct annually resolved summer temperature variations of the late Holocene. The two longest such chronologies have been developed in northern Europe stretching back to the 2nd century BC, and the 5th century AD. We show where similarities between the two chronologies exist, and combine portions of both into a new summer temperature reconstruction for the Common Era. To minimize the transfer of potential biases, we assess the contribution of the candidate reconstructions' measurements, and exclude data (i) from exceptionally young and old trees, and (ii) produced by different laboratory technologies. Our new composite reconstruction reveals warmer conditions during Roman, Medieval and recent times, separated by prolonged cooling during the Migration period and Little Ice Age. Twentieth century warmth, as indicated in one of the existing density records, is reduced in the new reconstruction, also affecting the overall, millennial‐scale, cooling trend over the late Holocene (−0.30 °C per 1000 years). Due to the reduced biological memory, typical for tree‐ring density measurements, the new reconstruction is most suitable for evaluating the rate and speed of abrupt summer cooling following large volcanic eruptions.
Pressure Dependence and Kinetic Isotope Effects in the Absolute Rate Constant for Methoxy Radical Reacting with NO2
Authors: CHAI JIAJUE , DIBBLE THEODORE S. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the kinetics for the reaction CH3O• + NO2 in N2 bath gas. The rate constants are well‐fit by the Troe expression over the temperature (250–335 K) and pressure range (30–700 Torr) investigated. The termolecular rate constant is given by cm6 molecule−2 s−1, and the rate constant at the high‐pressure limit is given by cm3 molecule−1 s−1. We also studied the kinetics of the reaction of CD3O• + NO2 as a function of temperature and pressure under similar conditions as those for CH3O• + NO2. The resulting low‐ and high‐pressure limiting rate constants are cm6 molecule−2 s−1 and cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively. The rate constants for the two isotopologues track each other closely as the high‐pressure limit is approached. The present results agree with most previous results at 295 K over a range of pressures, but there is substantial disagreement about the temperature dependence.
Evolution and changing trends in surgery for benign Parotid tumors
Authors: Mantsopoulos Konstantinos , Koch Michael , Klintworth Nils , Zenk Johannes , Iro Heinrich 
Published: July 2014

Objective/HypothesisThe ideal extent of surgical intervention for benign parotid tumors remains a matter of controversy. The aim of the study was to trace the development of surgical therapy in a large cohort, explore its changes in a single institution specializing in salivary gland pathologies over the last 12 years, and determine the extent to which a possible shift in the surgical therapy of parotid benign tumors toward less radical methods was correlated with a change in the incidence of facial palsy and Frey's syndrome.Study DesignRetrospective clinical study.MethodsA retrospective evaluation of the records for all patients treated for benign parotid tumors between 2000 and 2012 at a tertiary referral center was carried out. Surgical methods were classified into four groups: extracapsular dissection, partial superficial parotidectomy, superficial parotidectomy, and complete parotidectomy.ResultsA total of 1,624 patients were included in the study. Our analysis demonstrated an increase in the total number of parotidectomies for benign lesions from 71 (2000) to 184 (2012), mostly due to the increase in extracapsular dissections (from 9 to 123). Increased performance of less radical surgery was associated with a significantly decreased incidence of temporary and permanent facial palsies (from 22.8% to 9% and 9.8% to 5.9%, respectively) and Frey's syndrome (from 11.3% to 1.6%).ConclusionsOne of the most controversial issues in the treatment of benign parotid tumors is the best therapeutic approach to be taken in such patients. Our study showed that increased performance of less radical surgery was associated with better functional outcomes.Level of Evidence2b. Laryngoscope, 125:122–127, 2015
Dynamic laser prototyping for biomimetic nanofabrication
Authors: Liu Dong‐Xu , Sun Yun‐Lu , Dong Wen‐Fei , Yang Rui‐Zhu , Chen Qi‐Dai , Sun Hong‐Bo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMicronanofabrication technologies developed so far pursue faithful conversion from digital models to matter structures. This is vital for microdevices in optics, mechanics, and electronics, where device shape and size matter. However, biotissues grow under rich environmental factor interactions, as demands novel manufacturing approaches for biomimetic and biological fabrication. Here, a concept of dynamic laser prototyping is reported, which is based on a new finding of a multilayered three‐dimensional (3D) wrinkling phenomenon. The 3D wrinkling started with formation of a photocrosslinked hydrogel sheet by femtosecond laser direct writing. It was followed by spontaneous self‐bending of the sheet, caused by a purposely designed sheet–substrate stress mismatch. The flower blooming process has been successfully mimicked, indicating broader usages of the technology in biotissue‐growth‐related manufacturing.
Postprandial cell defense system responses to meal formulations: Stratification through gene expression profiling
Authors: Drew Janice E. , Farquharson Andrew J. , Horgan Graham W. , Duthie Susan J. , Duthie Garry G. 
Published: July 2014

ScopeCell defenses regulating homeostatic control of postprandial stress are influenced by interindividual variation, food composition and health status. This study investigates effects of food composition on individual postprandial responses and associations with health.Methods and resultsVolunteers (n = 16) consumed four food formulations (50% unsaturated/saturated fat, with/without beetroot extract 10 g/100 g) on separate occasions. GeXP assay measured whole blood postprandial gene expression profiles of 28 cell defense markers at baseline and postprandial time points 1, 2, 4, 6, 24 h. Plasma markers of metabolic lipids, hormones, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and DNA damage/repair were also assessed. SIRT 1, UCP2, HO1, GSS, PTGS2, TP53, CDKN2A, PPIA, SOCS3, and APE1 expression profiles revealed distinct stratified subgroups associated with plasma HDLs, TNF‐α and postprandial responses of SOCS3, and PPIA. Leptin, IL6, and DNA strand breaks revealed differing responses to fat type consumed.ConclusionThis study demonstrates postprandial immune, inflammatory, redox, metabolic, and DNA repair responses that are largely independent of fat type consumed (unsaturated/saturated) or addition of beetroot extract, in apparently healthy individuals. However, postprandial responses can be characterized by regulation of gene expression associated with markers linked to health status and are subject to interindividual variation that can influence postprandial responses.
Overcoming limitations in diffusion‐weighted MRI of breast by spatio‐temporal encoding
Authors: Solomon Eddy , Nissan Noam , Furman‐Haran Edna , Seginer Amir , Shapiro‐Feinberg Myra , Degani Hadassa , Frydman Lucio 
Published: July 2014

PurposeEvaluating the usefulness of diffusion‐weighted spatio‐temporal encoding (SPEN) methods to provide quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)‐based characterizations of healthy and malignant human breast tissues, in comparison with results obtained using techniques based on spin‐echo echo planar imaging (SE‐EPI).MethodsTwelve healthy volunteers and six breast cancer patients were scanned at 3T using scanner‐supplied diffusion‐weighted imaging EPI sequences, as well as two fully refocused SPEN variants programmed in‐house. Suitable codes were written to process the data, including calculations of the actual b‐values and retrieval of the ADC maps.ResultsSystematically better images were afforded by the SPEN scans, with negligible geometrical distortions and markedly weaker ghosting artifacts arising from either fat tissues or from strongly emitting areas such as cysts. SPEN‐derived images provided improved characterizations of the fibroglandular tissues and of the lesions' contours. When translated into the calculation of the ADC maps, there were no significant differences between the mean ADCs derived from SPEN and SE‐EPI: if reliable images were available, both techniques showed that ADCs decreased by nearly two‐fold in the malignant lesion areas.ConclusionSPEN‐based sequences yielded diffusion‐weighted breast images with minimal artifacts and distortions, enabling the calculation of improved ADC maps and the identification of decreased ADCs in malignant regions. Magn Reson Med 73:2163–2173, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetic analysis of hyperpolarized data with minimum a priori knowledge: Hybrid maximum entropy and nonlinear least squares method (MEM/NLS)
Authors: Mariotti Erika , Veronese Mattia , Dunn Joel T. , Southworth Richard , Eykyn Thomas R. 
Published: July 2014

PurposeTo assess the feasibility of using a hybrid Maximum‐Entropy/Nonlinear Least Squares (MEM/NLS) method for analyzing the kinetics of hyperpolarized dynamic data with minimum a priori knowledge.Theory and MethodsA continuous distribution of rates obtained through the Laplace inversion of the data is used as a constraint on the NLS fitting to derive a discrete spectrum of rates. Performance of the MEM/NLS algorithm was assessed through Monte Carlo simulations and validated by fitting the longitudinal relaxation time curves of hyperpolarized [1‐13C] pyruvate acquired at 9.4 Tesla and at three different flip angles. The method was further used to assess the kinetics of hyperpolarized pyruvate‐lactate exchange acquired in vitro in whole blood and to re‐analyze the previously published in vitro reaction of hyperpolarized 15N choline with choline kinase.ResultsThe MEM/NLS method was found to be adequate for the kinetic characterization of hyperpolarized in vitro time‐series. Additional insights were obtained from experimental data in blood as well as from previously published 15N choline experimental data.ConclusionThe proposed method informs on the compartmental model that best approximate the biological system observed using hyperpolarized 13C MR especially when the metabolic pathway assessed is complex or a new hyperpolarized probe is used. Magn Reson Med 73:2332–2342, 2015. © 2014 The authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.
Neuromuscular fatigue of the knee extensors during repeated maximal intensity intermittent‐sprints on a cycle ergometer
Authors: Pearcey Gregory E.P. , Murphy Justin R. , Behm David G. , Hay Dean C. , Power Kevin E. , Button Duane C. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: We studied the time course of neuromuscular fatigue during maximal intensity intermittent‐sprint cycling. Methods: Eight participants completed 10, 10‐s sprints interspersed with 180 s of recovery. The power outputs were recorded for each sprint. Knee extensor maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force, voluntary activation, and evoked contractile properties were recorded presprint, postsprint 5, and postsprint 10. Results: Total work over the 10 sprints decreased significantly (P < 0.05) and could be described by 2 linear relationships from sprints 1–5 compared with sprints 6–10. Participants had significantly (P < 0.05) lower MVC and twitch forces postsprint 5 compared with presprint. MVC, voluntary activation, and twitch force were decreased (P < 0.05) postsprint 10 compared with postsprint 5. Conclusions: The maximal intermittent sprints induced neuromuscular fatigue. Neuromuscular fatigue in the first 5 sprints was mainly peripheral, whereas in the last 5 sprints it was both peripheral and central. Muscle Nerve 51: 569–579, 2015
A physically and geometrically nonlinear scaled‐boundary‐based finite element formulation for fracture in elastomers
Authors: Behnke R. , Mundil M. , Birk C. , Kaliske M. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYThis paper is devoted to the formulation of a plane scaled boundary finite element with initially constant thickness for physically and geometrically nonlinear material behavior. Special two‐dimensional element shape functions are derived by using the analytical displacement solution of the standard scaled boundary finite element method, which is originally based on linear material behavior and small strains. These 2D shape functions can be constructed for an arbitrary number of element nodes and allow to capture singularities (e.g., at a plane crack tip) analytically, without extensive mesh refinement. Mapping these proposed 2D shape functions to the 3D case, a formulation that is compatible with standard finite elements is obtained. The resulting physically and geometrically nonlinear scaled boundary finite element formulation is implemented into the framework of the finite element method for bounded plane domains with and without geometrical singularities. The numerical realization is shown in detail. To represent the physically and geometrically nonlinear material and structural behavior of elastomer specimens, the extended tube model and the Yeoh model are used. Numerical studies on the convergence behavior and comparisons with standard Q1P0 finite elements demonstrate the correct implementation and the advantages of the developed scaled boundary finite element. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.