bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Established Status Epilepticus Trial 2013
Authors: Bleck Thomas , Cock Hannah , Chamberlain James , Cloyd James , Connor Jason , Elm Jordan , Fountain Nathan , Jones Elizabeth , Lowenstein Daniel , Shinnar Shlomo , Silbergleit Robert , Treiman David , Trinka Eugen , Kapur Jaideep 
Published: September 2013

SummaryBenzodiazepine‐refractory status epilepticus (established status epilepticus, ESE) is a relatively common emergency condition with several widely used treatments. There are no controlled, randomized, blinded clinical trials to compare the efficacy and tolerability of currently available treatments for ESE. The ESE treatment trial is designed to determine the most effective and/or the least effective treatment of ESE among patients older than 2 years by comparing three arms: fosphenytoin (fPHT) levetiracetam (LVT), and valproic acid (VPA). This is a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, Bayesian adaptive, phase III comparative effectiveness trial. Up to 795 patients will be randomized initially 1:1:1, and response‐adaptive randomization will occur after 300 patients have been recruited. Randomization will be stratified by three age groups, 2–18, 19–65, and 66 and older. The primary outcome measure is cessation of clinical seizure activity and improving mental status, without serious adverse effects or further intervention at 60 min after administration of study drug. Each subject will be followed until discharge or 30 days from enrollment. This trial will include interim analyses for early success and futility. This trial will be considered a success if the probability that a treatment is the most effective is >0.975 or the probability that a treatment is the least effective is >0.975 for any treatment. Proposed total sample size is 795, which provides 90% power to identify the most effective and/or the least effective treatment when one treatment arm has a true response rate of 65% and the true response rate is 50% in the other two arms.
Stiripentol in refractory status epilepticus
Authors: Grosenbaugh Denise K. , Mott David D. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryBenzodiazepines (BZDs), which enhance γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor–mediated inhibition, are the first‐line therapy for treatment of status epilepticus (SE). However, pharmacoresistance to BZDs develops rapidly after SE initiation. This is due to an activity‐dependent internalization of BZD‐sensitive GABAA receptors during SE. Stiripentol (STP) is a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors with a unique subunit selectivity profile. We report that in a rodent model of SE, STP terminates behavioral seizures and remains effective in established SE when seizures have become BZD resistant. The anticonvulsant effects of STP are age dependent, with greater potency in juvenile animals. Whole cell recordings from dentate granule cells in hippocampal slices reveal that STP potentiates GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and tonic GABAergic currents by acting at a site on the GABAA receptor that is separate from the benzodiazepine binding site. This potentiation persists in established SE, whereas potentiation of GABAergic inhibition by BZDs is lost. STP potentiates IPSCs in juvenile animals with greater potency than in adult animals. We suggest that STP, either alone or as add‐on therapy, may prove useful in treating established and BZD‐resistant status epilepticus. Furthermore, STP may be particularly effective in terminating SE in children when SE is most prevalent.
Indirect Information Transfer: Three‐Spined Sticklebacks Use Visual Alarm Cues From Frightened Conspecifics About an Unseen Predator
Authors: Hogan Kelly E. , Laskowski Kate L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAnimals can attempt to reduce uncertainty about their environment by gathering information personally or by observing others' interactions with the environment. There are several sensory modalities that can be used to transmit social information from chemical to visual to audible cues. When predation risk is variable, visual cues of conspecific behavior might be especially telling about the presence of a potential threat; however, most studies couple visual and chemical cues together. Here, we tested whether visual behavioral cues from frightened conspecifics were sufficient to indirectly transfer information about the presence of an unseen predator in three‐spined sticklebacks. Our results demonstrate that visual behavioral cues from conspecifics about the presence of a predator are sufficient to induce an antipredator response. This suggests that information transfer can occur rapidly in the absence of chemical cues and that some individuals weigh social information more heavily than others.
Risk of being undernourished in a cohort of community‐dwelling 85‐year‐olds: The Octabaix study
Authors: Farre Teresa Badia , Formiga Francesc , Ferrer Assumpta , Plana‐Ripoll Oleguer , Almeda Jesus , Pujol Ramon 
Published: September 2013

ObjectivesTo describe the prevalence of the risk of being undernourished in a community‐dwelling population of 85‐year‐olds, and to study associated factors.MethodsA cross‐sectional community‐based survey of 328 inhabitants assigned to seven primary healthcare teams was carried out. Geriatric assessment was based on sociodemographic variables, the Barthel Index (BI), the Lawton Index (LI), the Spanish version of the Mini‐Mental State Examination, the Charlson Comorbidity Index, chronic diseases, social risk measured by Gijon's Social‐Familial Evaluation Scale, prescriptions and blood tests. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Participants were defined as being at risk of undernourishment when they had a MNA score above or equal to 23.5. A comparative analysis was carried out between patients with and without risk of being undernourished, and a multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out.ResultsThe prevalence risk of being undernourished was 34.5%. A statistically significant association was found with being female (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.28–4.54), LI (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.29–1.66), social risk (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02–1.29) and prescription drugs taken (OR 5.58, 95% CI 2.09–14.92). Cardiovascular prescription showed a protective association (OR 4.34, 95% CI 1.78–10.0). No statistical differences between the risks of being undernourished were found in the laboratory analysis.ConclusionsThere is a high risk of being undernourished in 85‐year‐old subjects. This nutritional status was positively associated with being female, disability, increased social risk and a high number of prescription drugs, whereas there was a protective relationship with cardiovascular prescription. In evaluations of nutritional status in the community, a multidisciplinary assessment is more valid than analytical findings. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 702–709.
Efficacy and long‐term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation in the elderly with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yamazaki Hajime , Tsuji Kunihiko , Nagai Kazumasa , Tomonari Akiko , Matsui Takeshi , Kang Jong‐Hon , Kodama Yoshihisa , Sakurai Yasuo , Maguchi Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2013

AimThe use of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in elderly patients is increasing in those with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study compares the elderly (≥75 years old) to non‐elderly patients (<75 years old) in the outcomes of the efficacy and safety of RFA.MethodsThree hundred and thirty‐five patients, 103 elderly and 232 non‐elderly, with naive HCC who were treated with RFA from 1999 to 2012 were enrolled. Patient characteristics, complications, length of hospital stay, overall survival (OS), median survival time (MST), recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and factors related to OS were analyzed.ResultsMedian age was 79 years (range, 75–88) in the elderly group and 65 years (38–74) in the non‐elderly group. The proportion of women (45.6% and 28.0%), hepatitis C virus infection (63.1% and 50.4%) and comorbidities (78.6% and 44.0%) in the elderly group compared to the non‐elderly group, respectively, was significantly higher. No difference existed in the complications and length of hospital stay. The 5‐year OS rates and MST were 67.3% and 90.5 months in the elderly group and 60.9% and 86.4 months in the non‐elderly group, respectively (P = 0.486). The median RFS time was 20 months in the elderly group and 18.7 months in the non‐elderly group (P = 0.429). In multivariate analysis, the Child–Pugh grade and tumor–node–metastasis stage were significantly associated with OS (P < 0.001, =0.003); age was not (P = 0.355).ConclusionRFA in elderly patients is as effective and safe as in non‐elderly patients for the treatment of HCC.
Factors associated with self‐reported use of mouthwashes in southern Brazil in 1996 and 2009
Authors: Montenegro MM , Flores MF , Colussi PRG , Oppermann RV , Haas AN , Rösing CK 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association between sociodemographic factors and self‐reported use of mouthwashes in a city in the south of Brazil over a time span of 13 years.MethodsThe study involves a comparison of two household surveys conducted in 1996 and 2009. Respectively, 850 and 982 households were included in each year. The mother of the family answered to a structured questionnaire to provide sociodemographic data. Self‐reported use of mouthwash was evaluated in a binary manner (yes/no). Multivariate Poisson regression models were used to estimate proportion ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).ResultsThe proportion of mouthwash use increased significantly from 10.8% to 24.2% after 13 years. The probability of using mouthwashes increased more than two times from 1996 to 2009 (PR = 2.25 95% CI 1.80–2.82). Higher probabilities for using mouthwashes were observed in households with higher income (PR = 2.63 95% CI 1.97–3.51) and in those households where the mothers had higher educational levels (PR = 1.46 95% CI 1.05–2.03).ConclusionHigher family income and higher maternal educational level were associated with self‐reported use of mouthwashes in a higher proportion of households.
Reduction in dental plaque in patients with mental disorders through the dental hygiene care programme
Authors: Mun S‐J , Chung W‐G , Min S‐H , Park J‐K , Kim C‐B , Kim N‐H , Seo H‐Y , Chang S‐J 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a dental hygiene care programme based on the specific needs of patients with mental disorders and to suggest practical guidelines to improve the oral health care of these patients.MethodsA total of 73 patients with mental illness participated in the study. The patients were randomly classified into three groups and followed over 12 weeks at 4‐week intervals. A newly designed dental hygiene care programme using flash‐based video, brochures and a toothpick method was implemented by five dental hygienists. Plaque index, stimulated saliva, subjective oral dryness and dental caries activity were analysed as outcome variables.ResultsResults showed that the dental plaque index significantly decreased after each session (P < 0.0001) in all three groups, and significant differences were found between groups (P = 0.036). Patients’ oral dryness decreased significantly, but stimulated saliva and dental caries activity did not improve.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that the dental hygiene care programme, which made use of a short, 10‐min flash‐based video and brochures every 4 weeks, was effective in reducing the dental plaque index of patients with mental disorders.
Enzymatic synthesis of medium‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerols–enriched structured lipid from Cinnamomum camphora seed oil and camellia oil by Lipozyme RM IM
Authors: Zhao Man‐Li , Hu Jiang‐Ning , Zhu Xue‐Mei , Li Hong‐Yan , Li Jing , Fan Ya‐Wei , Deng Ze‐Yuan 
Published: September 2013

SummaryMedium‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs)–enriched structured lipid (SL) was synthesised through enzymatic interesterification from Cinnamomum camphora seed oil (CCSO) and camellia oil (CO) using Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei as a biocatalyst. Effects of different reaction conditions including substrate molar ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated. Results showed that 55.81% of total MLCT species (CCO/LaCL, LaCO/LCL, COO/OCO and LaOO/OLaO) was obtained in the interesterified product under the optimal conditions of substrate molar ratio of 1:1.5 (CCSO/CO) at 60 °C for 3 h. Thereafter, fatty acid profiles, tocopherol contents and physiochemical characteristics of the interesterified product and physical blend were comparatively investigated. The fatty acid composition of the interesterified product consisted of capric acid (26.33%), lauric acid (21.29%) and oleic acid (42.33%). It should be mentioned that the interesterified product contained predominantly oleic acid (88.69%) at Sn‐2 position, while MCFAs (68.05%) at Sn‐1,3 positions. Compared with physical blend, the reduction in tocopherol contents and changes of physiochemical characteristics occurred in SL. The smoke point of the interesterified product was much higher than that of the physical blend, which meant that such MLCTs‐enriched SL could be better for cooking purpose.
Improvement in emulsifying properties of soy protein isolate by conjugation with maltodextrin using high‐temperature, short‐time dry‐heating Maillard reaction
Authors: Zhang Jinbo , Wu Nana , Lan Ting , Yang Xiaoquan 
Published: September 2013

SummarySoy protein isolate (SPI)–maltodextrin (MD) conjugates were synthesised using Maillard reaction under high‐temperature (90, 115 and 140 °C), short‐time (2 h) dry‐heating conditions. The loss of free amino groups in proteins and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) profile confirmed that SPI‐MD conjugates were formed and higher dry‐heated temperatures could increase the glycosylation degree. The emulsifying properties of SPI and SPI‐MD conjugates were evaluated in oil‐in‐water emulsions. The emulsions stabilised with SPI‐MD conjugates synthesised at 140 °C exhibited higher emulsifying stability and excellent storage stability against pH, ionic strength and thermal treatment compared with those synthesised at 90 °C, 115 °C and SPI stabilised emulsions. This might be due to a greater proportion of conjugated MD in SPI‐MD conjugates synthesised at 140 °C because of the higher glycosylation degree, and more conjugated MD on the droplet surface could provide steric effect and enhance the stability of the droplets in the emulsions.
Role of Toll‐like receptor 2 (–196 to –174) polymorphism in susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistani population
Authors: Khan Abrar‐ul‐Haq , Aslam M. A. , Hussain I. , Naz A. G. , Rana I. A. , Ahmad M. M. , Ali M. , Ahmad S. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryTuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem and a source of preventable deaths each year, with 8.8 million new cases of TB and 1.6 million deaths worldwide. Pakistan ranks sixth on the list of 22 high‐burden tuberculosis countries in the world. The transitions from infection to clinical disease are very few signifying that host‐defence factors could lead to the development of active disease. Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 polymorphisms have been associated with regulation of TLR expression and development of active TB. In this study, blood samples of 187 subjects including 100 healthy and 87 TB positive were collected from three districts of Pakistan. DNA was extracted from blood and TLR 2 (–196 to –174del) polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results suggest that the frequency of –196 to –174del/del polymorphism of TLR2 was significantly higher in TB‐positive patients compared with healthy. Results revealed that (–196 to –174del) polymorphism may increase the susceptibility to TB in healthy population of Pakistan. Moreover, males with heterozygous genotype (I/D) are more prone to TB than females with the same genotype. The occurrence of TB infection has been found positively associated with the age, suggesting that the population within the range of 21–45 years is more susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis than other age groups studied. A significant association is also observed between smoking and the chances of developing TB, confirming that smoking strongly promotes its incidence.
Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms of IRF8 gene are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in Chinese Han population
Authors: Li S.‐W. , He Y. , Zheng Z.‐H. , Liu D.‐W. , Liu Z.‐S. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryInterferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) has been shown to have diverse roles in the regulation of the immune system. Two recent studies had revealed the association between the single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs11644034 and rs2280381) of IRF8 and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a multiethnic population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the association could be replicated in a Chinese Han population. Genotypes were determined by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction–ligase detection reaction (PCR–LDR) in 358 patients and 357 geographically matched healthy controls. Significant differences in genotype frequency were found between SLE and control individuals (rs11644034: AA vs. GG, P = 0.014, odds ratio (OR) = 0.980, 95% confidence internal (CI): 0.964–0.996; rs2280381: CC vs. TT, P = 0.005, OR = 0.150, 95% CI: 0.033–0.676). Conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the association of rs2280381 remained significant (P adjusted = 0.028) after adjustment for rs11644034, but not vice versa (P adjusted = 0.361).When stratifying patients with SLE according to clinical subtypes, SNP rs2280381 was found to be associated with low complement in patients with SLE. However, SNP rs11644034 was not found to be associated with SLE clinical subgroups. Analysis of the haplotypes revealed that haplotype G‐T and G‐C were also significantly associated with SLE (P = 0.002 and P = 0.012, respectively). Our study indicated that the IRF8 gene polymorphisms might be associated with susceptibility to SLE and with disease‐related clinical manifestations in Chinese Han population.
Interleukin‐1β triggers the differentiation of macrophages with enhanced capacity to present mycobacterial antigen to T cells
Authors: Schenk Mirjam , Fabri Mario , Krutzik Stephan R. , Lee Delphine J. , Vu David M. , Sieling Peter A. , Montoya Dennis , Liu Philip T. , Modlin Robert L. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThe rapid differentiation of monocytes into macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells is a pivotal aspect of the innate immune response. Differentiation is triggered following recognition of microbial ligands that activate pattern recognition receptors or directly by pro‐inflammatory cytokines. We demonstrate that interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) induces the rapid differentiation of monocytes into CD209+ MΦ, similar to activation via Toll‐like receptor 2/1, but with distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics. The IL‐1β induced MΦ express higher levels of key markers of phagocytosis, including the Fc‐receptors CD16 and CD64, as well as CD36, CD163 and CD206. In addition, IL‐1β‐induced MΦ exert potent phagocytic activity towards inert particles, oxidized low‐density lipoprotein and mycobacteria. Furthermore, IL‐1β‐induced MΦ express higher levels of HLA‐DR and effectively present mycobacterial antigens to T cells. Therefore, the ability of IL‐1β to induce monocyte differentiation into MΦ with both phagocytosis and antigen‐presenting function is a distinct part of the innate immune response in host defence against microbial infection.
Radiographic outcome and complications of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy stabilized with an anatomically contoured locking bone plate
Authors: Kowaleski Michael P. , Boudrieau Randy J. , Beale Brian S. , Piras Alessandro , Hulse Donald , Johnson Kenneth A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the short‐term clinical performance of an anatomically pre‐contoured, locking plate in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) for cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) disease.Study DesignProspective, multi‐center clinical study.AnimalsDogs (n = 56) undergoing TPLO.MethodsSignalment and operative data were recorded. Preoperative, postoperative, and follow‐up tibial plateau angle (TPA) were measured from radiographic images. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded; the latter were categorized as minor if additional surgery was not necessary, and major if surgery was needed to resolve the complication. Bone healing was scored and change in tibial plateau angle (TPACH) between postoperative and follow up radiographic images was calculated.ResultsMean (±SD) preoperative TPA was 28.6 ± 3.8°, and mean postoperative TPA was 4.8 ± 1.9°. Four intraoperative complications (7.1%) including 2 cases of intra‐articular screw placement, 3 minor postoperative complications (5.4%), and no major or catastrophic postoperative complications occurred. Median bone healing grade was 4/4 (excellent union >75% healing). Mean TPACH was 0.15 ± 1.32°.ConclusionsUse of this anatomically contoured, locking TPLO plate by experienced surgeons is associated with accurate tibial plateau leveling, reliably excellent bone union at follow‐up exam, minimal TPACH, and a lower complication rate than previously reported. Confining contouring to the distal shaft of the plate ensures there is precise apposition to the tibial diaphysis and mitigates the risk of intra‐articular screw placement.
Evaluation of percutaneously adjustable hydraulic urethral sphincters with and without induced mechanical failure
Authors: Tong Kim , Nelson Laura L. , Hauptman Joe , Nelson Nathan C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo describe (1) the radiographic appearance of intact hydraulic urethral sphincters (HUS) and (2) the success of leak detection using clinically feasible methods.Study DesignProspective, blinded in vitro study.Sample PopulationThirty HUS devices (10 each of 8, 10, and 12 mm diameter sizes).Materials and MethodsAll devices were inflated with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution to complete occlusion, inspected, and weighed over a 24‐hour period for manufacturing defects. HUS phantoms were created to mimic surrounding soft tissues. One randomly selected HUS of each size was evaluated radiographically at different inflation volumes and angles. All HUS systems were then evaluated in random order before and after puncture with volumetry, manometry, radiography, and contrast fluoroscopy. Volumetry was the total volume (mL) retrieved from each HUS system. Manometry was the pressure (cm H2O) within each HUS system. The HUS devices were filled to a known volume before each measurement.ResultsWhen all HUS sizes were considered, volumetry did not reveal significant differences before and after puncture, but manometry was significantly different (P < .001). Radiography was 63.8% sensitive and 88.3% specific for puncture diagnosis, with inter‐observer agreement of 0.58. Contrast fluoroscopy was 78.4% sensitive and 100% specific, with inter‐observer agreement of 0.97.ConclusionsOf those methods tested, contrast fluoroscopy was the most sensitive, specific, and consistent method of leak detection. Manometry was also helpful, but may be difficult to use clinically. Volumetry and radiography were relatively poor indicators of leakage in this model.