bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Concussion Symptom Severity and Delayed Symptom Resolution
Authors: Grubenhoff Joseph A. , Deakyne Sara J. , Brou Lina , Bajaj Lalit , Comstock R. Dawn , Kirkwood Michael W. 
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Up to 30% of children who have concussion initially evaluated in the emergency department (ED) display delayed symptom resolution (DSR). Greater initial symptom severity may be an easily quantifiable predictor of DSR. We hypothesized that greater symptom severity immediately after injury increases the risk for DSR.

METHODS:
We conducted a prospective longitudinal cohort study of children 8 to 18 years old presenting to the ED with concussion. Acute symptom severity was assessed using a graded symptom inventory. Presence of DSR was assessed 1 month later. Graded symptom inventory scores were tested for association with DSR by sensitivity analysis. We conducted a similar analysis for post-concussion syndrome (PCS) as defined by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision. Potential symptoms characteristic of DSR were explored by using hierarchical cluster analysis.

RESULTS:
We enrolled 234 subjects; 179 (76%) completed follow-up. Thirty-eight subjects (21%) experienced DSR. Initial symptom severity was not significantly associated with DSR 1 month after concussion. A total of 22 subjects (12%) had PCS. Scores &gt;10 (possible range, 0–28) were associated with an increased risk for PCS (RR, 3.1; 95% confidence interval 1.2–8.0). Three of 6 of the most characteristic symptoms of DSR were also most characteristic of early symptom resolution. However, cognitive symptoms were more characteristic of subjects reporting DSR.

CONCLUSIONS:
Greater symptom severity measured at ED presentation does not predict DSR but is associated with PCS. Risk stratification therefore depends on how the persistent symptoms are defined. Cognitive symptoms may warrant particular attention in future study. Follow-up is recommended for all patients after ED evaluation of concussion to monitor for DSR.
Early-Onset Basal Cell Carcinoma and Indoor Tanning: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Karagas Margaret R. , Zens M. Scot , Li Zhigang , Stukel Therese A. , Perry Ann E. , Gilbert-Diamond Diane , Sayarath Vicki , Stephenson Rita S. , Barton Dorothea , Nelson Heather H. , Spencer Steven K. 
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE:
Indoor tanning with UV radiation–emitting lamps is common among adolescents and young adults. Rising incidence rates of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) have been reported for the United States and elsewhere, particularly among those diagnosed at younger ages. Recent epidemiologic studies have raised concerns that indoor tanning may be contributing to early occurrence of BCC, and younger people may be especially vulnerable to cancer risk associated with this exposure. Therefore, we sought to address these issues in a population-based case–control study from New Hampshire.

METHODS:
Data on indoor tanning were obtained on 657 cases of BCC and 452 controls ≤50 years of age.

RESULTS:
Early-onset BCC was related to indoor tanning, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.3–2.1). The strongest association was observed for first exposure as an adolescent or young adult, with a 10% increase in the OR with each age younger at first exposure (OR per year of age ≤23 = 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.0–1.2). Associations were present for each type of device examined (ie, sunlamps, tanning beds, and tanning booths).

CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings suggest early exposure to indoor tanning increases the risk of early development of BCC. They also underscore the importance of counseling adolescents and young adults about the risks of indoor tanning and for discouraging parents from consenting minors to this practice.
Efficacy and Safety of Saccharomyces boulardii for Acute Diarrhea
Authors: Feizizadeh Sahar , Salehi-Abargouei Amin , Akbari Vajihe 
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
The efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii for treatment of childhood diarrhea remains unclear. Our objective was to systematically review data on the effect of S. boulardii on acute childhood diarrhea.

METHODS:
Our data sources included Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library up to September 2013 without language restrictions. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized trials that evaluated effectiveness of S. boulardii for treatment of acute diarrhea in children were included. Two reviewers independently evaluated studies for eligibility and quality and extracted the data.

RESULTS:
In total, 1248 articles were identified, of which 22 met the inclusion criteria. Pooling data from trials showed that S. boulardii significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea (mean difference [MD], −19.7 hours; 95% confidence interval [CI], −26.05 to −13.34), stool frequency on day 2 (MD, −0.74; 95% CI, −1.38 to −0.10) and day 3 (MD, −1.24; 95% CI, −2.13 to −0.35), the risk for diarrhea on day 3 (risk ratio [RR], 0.41; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.60) and day 4 (RR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.59) after intervention compared with control. The studies included in this review were varied in the definition of diarrhea, the termination of diarrhea, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and their methodological quality.

CONCLUSIONS:
This review and meta-analysis show that S. boulardii is safe and has clear beneficial effects in children who have acute diarrhea. However, additional studies using head-to-head comparisons are needed to define the best dosage of S. boulardii for diarrhea with different causes.
Death of a Child in the Emergency Department
Authors:   AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine,   AMERICAN COLLEGE OF EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS Pediatric Emergency Medicine Committee,   EMERGENCY NURSES ASSOCIATION Pediatric Committee, O’Malley Patricia J. , Barata Isabel A. , Snow Sally K. , Shook Joan E. , Ackerman Alice D. , Chun Thomas H. , Conners Gregory P. , Dudley Nanette C. , Fuchs Susan M. , Gorelick Marc H. , Lane Natalie E. , Moore Brian R. , Wright Joseph L. , Benjamin Lee S. , Alade Kiyetta , Arms Joseph , Avarello Jahn T. , Baldwin Steven , Brown Kathleen , Cantor Richard M. , Cohen Ariel , Dietrich Ann Marie , Eakin Paul J. , Gausche-Hill Marianne , Gerardi Michael , Graham Charles J. , Holtzman Doug K. , Hom Jeffrey , Ishimine Paul , Jinivizian Hasmig , Joseph Madeline , Mehta Sanjay , Ojo Aderonke , Paul Audrey Z. , Pauze Denis R. , Pearson Nadia M. , Rosen Brett , Russell W. Scott , Saidinejad Mohsen , Sloas Harold A. , Schwartz Gerald R. , Swenson Orel , Valente Jonathan H. , Waseem Muhammad , Whiteman Paula J. , Woolridge Dale , Vicioso Michael , Nagle Jason T. , Renaker Anne M. , Tomoyasu Flora , Cadwell Sue , Herrin Shari , Brecher Deena 
Published: June 2014

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed September 2019 and November 2024.
The American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Emergency Nurses Association have collaborated to identify practices and principles to guide the care of children, families, and staff in the challenging and uncommon event of the death of a child in the emergency department in this policy statement and in an accompanying technical report.
Magnetostrictive Materials
Authors: Hathaway Kristl B. , Clark Arthur E. 
Published: June 2014

Smart materials combine sensors, intelligence, and actuators to allow a material to respond to its environment. Magnetostrictive materials can be used as both the sensors and actuators in such materials. High-power magnetostrictive actuators can deliver forces greater than 50 MPa with strains of up to 0.6%, while other magnetostrictive sensor materials can provide hundreds of times the sensitivity of semiconductor strain gages. Magnetoelastic materials also have adaptable elastic moduli which may be varied by external magnetic fields.Magnetostriction is the change in any dimension of a magnetic material caused by a change in its magnetic state. In this article we concentrate on ferromagnetic materials exhibiting Joule magnetostriction, which is a change in linear dimension parallel to an applied magnetic field (see Figure 1), and the reciprocal effect in which the material changes its magnetic state under the influence of applied stress.The phenomenon of magnetostriction has been known for well over a century, since Joule discovered in 1847 the change in length of an iron rod when magnetized. The modern era of magnetostrictive materials began in 1963 with the measurement of nearly 1% magnetostrictive strains at low temperatures in the basal planes of Dy and Tb. A search for magnetostrictive materials with high magnetostriction at room temperature led to the alloying of rare earths with transition metals, culminating in the discovery in 1971 of giant room-temperature magnetostriction in the Laves phase compound TbFe2.
Performance Evaluation of a Dual‐Flow Recharge Filter for Improving Groundwater Quality
Authors: Samuel Manoj P. , Senthilvel S. , Mathew Abraham C. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT: A dual‐flow multimedia stormwater filter integrated with a groundwater recharge system was developed and tested for hydraulic efficiency and pollutant removal efficiency. The influent stormwater first flows horizontally through the circular layers of planted grass and biofibers. Subsequently, the flow direction changes to a vertical direction so that water moves through layers of pebbles and sand and finally gets recharged to the deep aquifers. The media in the sequence of vegetative medium:biofiber to pebble:sand were filled in nine proportions and tested for the best performing combination. Three grass species, viz., Typha (Typha angustifolia), Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides), and St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), were tested as the best performing vegetative medium. The adsorption behavior of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) fiber, which was filled in the middle layer, was determined by a series of column and batch studies.The dual‐flow filter showed an increasing trend in hydraulic efficiency with an increase in flowrate. The chemical removal efficiency of the recharge dual‐flow filter was found to be very high in case of K+ (81.6%) and Na+ (77.55%). The pH normalizing efficiency and electrical conductivity reduction efficiency were also recorded as high. The average removal percentage of Ca2+ was moderate, while that of Mg2+ was very low. The filter proportions of 1:1 to 1:2 (plant:fiber to pebble:sand) showed a superior performance compared to all other proportions. Based on the estimated annual costs and returns, all the financial viability criteria (internal rate of return, net present value, and benefit‐cost ratio) were found to be favorable and affordable to farmers in terms of investing in the developed filtration system.
Electrocoagulation Treatment of Metal Finishing Wastewater
Authors: Odongo Isabel E. , McFarland Michael J. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT: Electrocoagulation has been found to be a consistent and reliable industrial wastewater treatment process capable of removing heavy metals to levels well below pretreatment discharge standards. Results from the testing of a 113 L/min pilot scale electrocoagulation unit indicated that electrocoagulation was capable of decreasing the cadmium, chromium, and nickel concentrations from 0.14, 18.1, and 0.06 parts per million (ppm) to 0.029, 0.039, and 0.020 ppm respectively, at a 1‐min hydraulic retention time.In the presence of a strong chelating substance, electrocoagulation performance was found to be effective in reducing both chromium and nickel concentrations to levels well below discharge limits. At a pH of 8.0, chromium and nickel influent concentrations of 0.328 and 0.062 ppm, respectively, were reduced to 0.005 and 0.04 ppm. The electrocoagulation removal efficiency for chromium remained high at over 98% and appeared to be unaffected by the presence of chelating substances.Utilizing aluminum as the sacrificial anode improved the removal efficiency of targeted heavy metals when the industrial wastewater was treated under acidic conditions. At a pH of 5.6, the influent concentrations of the regulated heavy metals cadmium, chromium, and nickel were reduced from 0.55, 49.7, and 13.7 ppm, respectively, to 0.013, 2.7, and 0.8 ppm at a 1‐min hydraulic retention time. The results of these tests suggest that the formation of ferric hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide through the electrocoagulation process may be an effective approach for treating metal finishing wastewaters.
Monitoring and Remediation of Organochlorine Residues in Water
Authors: Derbalah Aly , Ismail Ahmed , Hamza Amany , Shaheen Sabry 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT: This study monitored the presence of organochlorines in drinking water in Kafr‐El‐Sheikh, Ebshan, Elhamoul, Mehalt Aboali, Fowa, Balteem, and Metobess in the Kafr‐El‐Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the efficiencies of different remediation techniques (advanced oxidation processes [AOPs] and bioremediation) for removing the most frequently detected compound (i.e., lindane) in drinking water. The results showed the presence of several organochlorine residues at all water sampling sites. Lindane was detected with high frequency relative to other detected organochlorines in water. Nano photo‐Fenton‐like reagent was the most effective treatment for lindane removal in drinking water. Bioremediation of lindane by effective microorganisms removed 100% of the initial concentration of lindane after 23 days of treatment. The study found that there is no remaining toxicity of lindane‐contaminated water after remediation on treated rats relative to the control with respect to histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys. Therefore, AOPs, particularly those with nanomaterials and bioremediation, can be regarded as safe and effective remediation technologies for lindane in water.
Partial Nitrification in Sequencing Batch Reactors Treating Low Ammonia Strength Synthetic Wastewater
Authors: Yin Jun , Xu Hengjuan , Shen Dongsheng 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT: Sequencing batch reactors fed with low ammonium strength synthetic wastewater under C/N ratios of 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 were used to investigate the transition from full to partial nitrification. Two strategies for establishing partial nitrification, aeration duration control and process parameter control, were compared. The effect of C/N ratio on nitrite accumulation was also evaluated. Results showed that partial nitrification established by controlling aeration duration presented better performance with higher nitrite accumulation. An increase of C/N ratio helped nitrite accumulation; however, non‐filamentous bulking of sludge happened at high C/N ratio. Based on mass balances for nitrogen, results for nitrogen during full and partial nitrification were distinct from one another. For low C/N ratio, during full nitrification, almost 100% of NH4+‐N was oxidized to NO3−‐N without nitrogen loss; however, nitrogen loss increased obviously during partial nitrification, which indicated that dissolved oxygen concentration and C/N ratio influenced nitrogen loss significantly during nitrification.
Hydrogen Production and Wastewater Treatment in a Microbial Electrolysis Cell with a Biocathode
Authors: Xu Yuan , Jiang Yangyue , Chen Yingwen , Zhu Shemin , Shen Shubao 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT: The broad application of microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) requires a system characterized by low cost and high operational sustainability. Biocathode MECs, which only require bacteria as the cathode catalysts, can satisfy these demands and have attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this study, we have examined biocathode alternatives to the typical platinum cathode in a single‐chamber, membrane‐free MEC. This biocathode MEC has been used for simultaneous hydrogen production and wastewater treatment. The results showed that hydrogen production rates increased in response to an increase in voltage. At an applied voltage of 0.9 V, the biocathode MEC achieved a hydrogen production rate of 0.39 m3 m−3 d−1, with a current density of 134 Am−3, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 90%, a coulombic efficiency of 63%, a cathodic hydrogen recovery of 37%, and an energy efficiency based on an electricity input of 67%. The biocathode demonstrated sufficient electrocatalytic activity and achieved a performance level comparable to that of the platinum cathode. Moreover, the substrate that was used to simulate wastewater in this study was efficiently treated by the MEC.
Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants: Relationship With Abnormal Glucose Metabolism and Visceral Adiposity
Authors: Dirinck Eveline L. , Dirtu Alin C. , Govindan Malarvannan , Covaci Adrian , Van Gaal Luc F. , Jorens Philippe G. 
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE
The contribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to the pandemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity has been assumed but remains speculative. Our study aimed at investigating the relationship of POP levels with detailed markers of glucose metabolism and body composition.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Glucose tolerance was determined in a group of normal-weight and obese individuals. Fat distribution was assessed with abdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning, determining subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Selected POPs (28 polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs] and the pesticide p,p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [p,p’-DDE]) were measured in serum. In a subset of obese individuals undergoing bariatric surgery, POPs were also measured in adipose tissue.

RESULTS
Among obese participants, serum and adipose tissue levels of POPs were significantly correlated to glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test. Logistic regression using a model including age, age2, sex, family history of diabetes, BMI, CT-VAT, smoking behavior, physical activity level score, and a POP level identified serum levels of PCB153, the sum of PCBs and p,p’-DDE as significant predictors of abnormal glucose tolerance (odds ratio 4.6, 4.8, and 3.4, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Adipose tissue levels of p,p’-DDE were also significant predictors (odds ratio 81.6; P &lt; 0.05). Serum levels of PCBs were inversely related to BMI, while serum and adipose tissue levels of all POPs were positively related to the CT-VAT/SAT ratio, suggesting an important role for the visceral fat compartment in POP dynamics.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings further sustain the theory that exposure to environmentally relevant levels of POPs may exert both a diabetogenic and obesogenic effect.
Effect of region of interest and slice thickness on vertebral bone mineral density measured by use of quantitative computed tomography in dogs
Authors: Bae Yeonho , Park Seungjo , Jeon Sunghoon , Lee Gahyun , Choi Jihye 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of region of interest (ROI) setting and slice thickness on trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) measured with quantitative CT in dogs.
Animals—14 healthy Beagles.
Procedures—CT of the lumbar vertebrae and a quantitative CT phantom was performed. The BMD of trabecular bone was measured from L1 to L7 in 2 ways in all dogs. First, sequential 9.6-mm-thick CT images were acquired and then CT images were reconstructed into transverse CT images with slice thicknesses of 2.4, 4.8, and 9.6 mm. The obtained images were analyzed by circular ROI and trace ROI methods. Second, lumbar vertebrae were scanned with the installed quantitative CT protocol with a slice thickness of 10 mm and then the CT images were analyzed by installed automatic BMD software.
Results—Interclass correlation coefficients of the automatic software (0.975 to 1.0) and the circular method (0.871 to 0.996) were high, compared with those of the trace method (0.582 to 0.996). The BMD measured with the automatic software was not significantly different from that measured with circular ROI and a slice thickness of 9.6 mm. The BMD measured by use of the circular method was not different according to slice thickness.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results obtained by use of automatic software were similar to those obtained by use of more manual methods. The CT images with thinner slice thickness (2.4 and 4.8 mm) could be used in dogs of toy and small breeds to measure lumbar vertebrae BMD to reduce the limitations of the standard 10-mm slice thickness.
Evaluation of a topical gel containing a novel combination of essential oils and antioxidants for reducing oral malodor in dogs
Authors: Low Samuel B. , Peak R. Michael , Smithson Christopher W. , Perrone Jeanne , Gaddis Bert , Kontogiorgos Elias 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effectiveness of a topically applied gel containing essential oils (menthol and thymol) and polyphenolic antioxidants (phloretin and ferulic acid) for reducing halitosis in dogs.
Animals—20 dogs.
Procedures—A blinded crossover clinical trial was conducted. Dogs received a dental cleaning and examination (periodontal examination including periodontal probing and assessments of plaque, calculus, and gingivitis). Owners then applied a gel (active or placebo) to oral soft tissues twice daily for a 4-week period. Teeth of the dogs were cleaned again, and owners applied the other gel for a 4-week period. Clinicians scored halitosis immediately after the initial cleaning and at 4 and 8 weeks, and owners scored halitosis weekly.
Results—Halitosis assessment by clinicians revealed that both groups had improvement in halitosis scores. Two dogs were removed because of owner noncompliance. In the active-to-placebo group (n = 9), halitosis was significantly reduced during application of the active gel but increased during application of the placebo. Seven of 9 owners reported increased halitosis when treatment was changed from the active gel to the placebo. In the placebo-to-active group (n = 9), halitosis decreased during application of the placebo and continued to decrease during application of the active gel. Seven of 9 owners reported a decrease in halitosis with the active gel.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An oral topically applied gel with essential oils and polyphenolic antioxidants applied daily after an initial professional dental cleaning decreased oral malodor in dogs.