bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OIL SPILLS, SEABIRDS, AND NRDA: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN U.S. WEST, EAST, AND GULF COASTS
Authors: Helm Roger C. , Ford R. Glenn , Carter Harry R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil released into the marine environment killed millions of seabirds in the twentieth century and every year tens of thousands of sick, debilitated, moribund, and dead oiled seabirds are beached or sink at sea (Piatt et al. 1990a, Camphuysen & Heubeck 2001, Wiese & Ryan 2003). In the U.S., hundreds to thousands of birds are killed each year by oil released from pipelines, platforms, and vessels (Burger & Fry 1993, Carter 2003, USFWS 2005). Huge oil spills from tankers have killed tens to hundreds of thousands of seabirds in a single event (e.g., Exxon Valdez, Prestige) and even relatively small volumes of oil released from a vessel at sea can kill thousands of seabirds (Page et al. 1990, Piatt et al. 1990b, Burger 1993).
Prior to the March 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, little attention was paid to the loss of seabirds from oil spills and damage claims for injury to natural resources, such as seabirds, were rare. Since the Exxon Valdez spill, and the subsequent passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), the pursuit of damages for injury to natural resources has become an expected element of the overall cost of an oil spill. This paper discusses: (1) how the enactment of OPA 90 appears to have affected the oil and marine transportation industries in the U.S., especially along the west coast, (2) how, following the Exxon Valdez spill, natural resource damage (NRD) claims for injury to seabirds have become commonplace, but distinctly different when comparing U.S. west coast oil spills with those on the U.S. east and Gulf of Mexico (hereafter “gulf”) coasts, and (3) predictions on the future source of vessel spills and the changing nature of NRD claim resolution nationwide. An earlier version of this manuscript was provided in Helm et al. (2006); this updated version is similar but provides more details on certain points.
OIL SPILL SIMULATIONS IN THE AFTERMATH OF TANKER ACCIDENT AT THE TANKER ROUTES IN THE MARMARA SEA
Authors: Basar Ersan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Marmara is a small inland sea in Turkey, connected to the Black Sea by the Istanbul Strait (Bosporus) and to the Aegean Sea by the Canakkale Strait (Dardanelles), separating the continents of Europe and Asia; area 11,140 square km/4,300 square mi. In parts it reaches depths of over 1,200 m/3,936 ft. International importance of the Sea of Marmara stands in the forefront even though it is an inland sea of Turkey and it deals with increasing ecological problems for the last 50 years. The Pollution in the Sea of Marmara which threatens all living species cause dramatic falling in fishing potential. Increase in the volume of maritime traffic on the Strait and the Sea of Marmara have increased the risk of the maritime accidents over the years and since 1948 the number of ship accidents have been recorded as around 700. Furthermore, being on the transportation way of hazardous and dangerous materials, pose environmental and safety hazards for the Bosphorus Strait and the Marmara Sea with the surrounding residential areas. The increasing sea traffic also causes considerable congestion on the northern entrance of the Bosphorus Strait. Increase in the volume of maritime traffic on the Bosphorus and Marmara Sea heightens the risk of maritime accidents.
In the present work, the risky region of Marmara Sea is chosen for simulation studies. It is assumed that 1000 tonnes of medium crude oil is spilled in the aftermath of a tanker accident. The distribution of oil spill is then determined with respect to time and space by considering 2 different wind directions and scale. The simulation code GNOME™ version 1.2.7 is utilized to generate the oil spill scenarios. As a result of these runs, spillage areas were identified as risky areas and necessary actions to minimize the effect of spill were discussed in the Marmara Sea.
MAPPING OIL SPILL THICKNESS WITH A PORTABLE MULTISPECTRAL AERIAL IMAGER
Authors: Svejkovsky Jan , Muskat Judd , Mullin Joseph 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Rapid determination of oil thickness patterns within a spill at sea is vital for efficient planning and management of spill response activities. Presently such determinations are made almost solely by airborne visual surveys which require specially trained observers and are prone to errors due to variations in illumination, water color, and other environmental conditions. Our goal is to eliminate the subjectivity of visual assessment techniques by developing a computerized portable imaging system that could provide detailed maps of oil-on-water thickness distributions in near-realtime. We have developed oil thickness determination algorithms that utilize multispectral images from a 4-channel sensor providing oil reflectance data in the UV and three channels between 500 and 700nm. A neural network-based algorithm first isolates all oil-on-water areas from oil-free water, sunglint and other potential artifacts. A fuzzy ratio classification algorithm then maps the oil-contaminated areas for thickness classes. The reflectance ratio-based algorithms were tested with several types of crude and fuel oils at MMS’ Ohmsett facility as well as over natural oil seepage areas in the Santa Barbara Channel, California. The methodology yielded accurate thickness estimates over oil films ranging from sheens to 0.2–0.3mm thick. Although the location of thicker films can be accurately mapped, their absolute thickness cannot be established using the UV-visible wavelength range. The addition of an infrared channel may expand the system'S thickness measurement range and is presently being investigated. The imager also allows the identification of emulsified vs. unemulsified oil, thus providing additional information to help guide efficient spill response. Real-time image processing capabilities are presently being developed to allow the system to disseminate a GIS-compatible map immediately after image data acquisition.
T/B MORRIS J. BERMAN OIL SPILL: RESTORATION PROJECTS OVERVIEW
Authors: Iliff John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The January 7, 1994, barge Morris J. Berman grounding and oil spill off Punta Escambrín, near San Juan, Puerto Rico, resulted in injury to natural resources along the shoreline and impaired their use for an extended time. Three major injury categories were pursued by the Trustees and the restoration projects for these injuries are presented in this paper. Including interest, approximately $10M in settlement funds are being used to fund 6 restoration projects. About $6 million of the settlement funds is being used for three projects to restore eolianite reef habitat, a type of fossilized sand dune, and other reef resources injured by the barge grounding and subsequent spill. One project, called the Condado Coral Trail project, will install artificial reef modules in the Condado Lagoon, approximately 1 mile southeast of the barge grounding site. Also in the Condado Lagoon, a 32-acre dredge hole will be brought back to historic elevations through beneficial use of dredged marine sediments. The third reef project entails acquisition of shoreline and coastal property which is intended to provide reef resource services comparable to those lost as a result of the oil spill and grounding. This parcel provides habitat for over 40 rare species of plants and animals including a major nesting beach for the endangered Leatherback Sea Turtle. The acquisition project also serves as the sole compensatory restoration project for lost recreational beach use. The parcel is being designated as a Puerto Rico Natural Reserve thereby allowing the public to use the land, including its unspoiled beaches, for recreational purposes. Finally, three restoration projects are being implemented to compensate for the lost historic visitor use services at the San Juan National Historic Site. More than 123,000 visitors to the El Morro and San Cristobal forts were affected by the spill for approximately six weeks. The first of the three projects includes Improving and Extending the Coastal Promenade, a walkway at the base of El Morro. The second is restoration of El Morro Water Battery and the third is cleaning and stabilizing certain exterior walls of the El Morro Fort.
ADVANCED DETECTION TECHNOLOGY FOR EARLY WARNING - THE KEY TO OIL SPILL PREVENTION
Authors: Chase Chris R. , Roberts Leonard G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the development of an oil spill detection and alarm system that provides industry with a reliable, cost-saving mechanism for containing and/or preventing accidental discharges of hydrocarbon-based pollutants.
By utilizing an automated spill detection system, hydrocarbon releases are detected in real-time (analogous to a ‘smoke alarm’ for oil spills). Early warning and automated response capabilities allows early containment of oil pollution, thereby reducing the volume spilled and minimizing damage to the environment, wildlife, public waterways and/or commercial assets. This technology provides a new weapon in the pollution prevention arsenal, offering Health Safety & Environment (HSE) personnel a critical compliance tool in accordance with National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), US EPA Spill Prevention Control & Countermeasure (SPCC), and other regulations stipulating spill prevention, planning and response.
This paper details: 1) Development of a reliable, economical, optical, non contact, UV/fluorometry-type, hydrocarbon pollution detection sensor system 2) Performance results drawn from an array of performance tests and real-world deployments, 3) A variety of existing applications and deployment opportunities for which this new technology offers a reliable solution and easy-to-use tool for both regulatory compliance and realization of cost benefits associated with minimizing spill risk(s).
Design features have evolved to reflect feedback from existing industrial users, as well as input from environmental consultants and regulatory agencies. These key system attributes include: 1) Near-zero maintenance, 2) Micron- level sensitivity for a comprehensive range of oils (from crude-oil to jet-A), and 3) Sensor/system flexibility and adaptability for varied application requirements and a wide range of installation settings (i.e. freshwater, marine, industrial, harbor, offshore, etc.).
Finally this paper describes how any entity that produces, stores, uses, or transports hydrocarbons, can best employ the detection sensor/alarm to realize cost-benefits, strengthen compliance, and eliminate the expense, environmental damage, and bad publicity inherent with any oil spill.
MAPPING DECISIONS TO IMPROVE CRISIS RESPONSE
Authors: Healy William 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Judgment and decision making are key components of every response and most current contingency plans fail to acknowledge this fully. Decision Mapping is a concept that provides planners with the tools to identify and analyze key decisions that may present themselves during the event timeline, and it prepares leaders to make quick and informed decisions. It provides an organized method to identify stakeholders, information needs, authorities, and consideration thresholds in a prioritized structure to give leaders the right perspective for balancing competing needs. It is a new way to approach contingency planning that goes beyond the listing of resources and views a response as a dynamic event with many uncertain components.
THE ROLE OF PRE-IMPACT SITE ASSESSMENT IN EMERGENCY OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING
Authors: Tan S H , Lerdphomsuttirat N. , Tisavipaksakul A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An oil spill in marine waters can have serious consequences, particularly in the tropical regions, where sensitive resources are abundant and accessibility is poor. The impacts are more significant if the oil reaches the coast and contaminates the shoreline. An oil spill contingency plan (OSCP), which prescribes the actions to be performed under emergency conditions, can greatly reduce the damage to the environment and the disruption in human economic activities.
However, due to the lack of resources, countries in Asia do not always have developed and up to date OSCPs. This paper proposes the use of pre-impact site assessment (PISA) as a strategy to overcome some of the problems arising from such a situation.
Combined with a stochastic and trajectory modeling which are used to predict the locations that are likely to be oiled, the pre-impact site assessment allows the collection of essential information, such as shoreline profile, site accessibility and sensitive resources, within a short period of time to aid the decision making for response planning. This rationale approach can be very useful during salvage operations when there is a risk of having the casualty spilling more oil, or for sunken ships with oil onboard. Oil Spill Response and East Asia Response Limited (OSRL/EARL) has been engaged to conduct PISA in a few incidents of the above condition. These incidents showed that a very quick action was required in order to greatly influence the outcome of the response.
The authors will share the operational experience and the lessons learnt from the few recent case studies mentioned above to demonstrate the significance of this methodology for emergency oil spill response planning.
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN U.S. OIL POLLUTION PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS POLICY
Authors: Yoshioka Gary , Reber Julie , Thompson Ryan , Tilghman Joan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Regulatory agencies in the United States represent the Executive Branch of the Federal Government in implementing and enforcing rules, and these agencies are required to follow certain procedures when writing those rules. At a minimum, the agency must publish a notice explaining the proposed rule, request comments, and state the basis and purpose of the final action. This paper provides examples of instances where an agency has revised the rule as a result of comments received or has otherwise been responsive to the commenter'S argument. For example, with regard to oil pollution planning and preparedness policy, commenters on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency'S proposed revisions to the Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) plan rule raised the idea of a minimum container size for applicability of the SPCC rule and EPA included such a minimum for the first time in the final rule, thus reducing the burden of the rule for many facilities. Federal agencies are required to request public comments on the issues presented in their proposed rules to enable the agencies to evaluate the new or revised provisions. With agencies now accepting electronic comments through web sites, regulated parties can easily participate in this process. As this paper shows, many agencies that regulate oil pollution planning and preparedness are very responsive to suggestions, and members of the regulated community have an opportunity to influence public policy decisions in this area.
DEVELOPING GUIDELINES FOR JOINT TRANS-BOUNDARY RESOURCE AGENCY INPUT TO DISPERSANT USE, IN-SITUBURNING, AND PLACES OF REFUGE DECISION-MAKING: THE CANADA/UNITED States Dixon Entrance Example
Authors: Bergmann Pamela , Ross Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Papers presented at the 2001 and 2005 International Oil Spill Conferences (IOSCs) discussed the development of the first-of-its-kind trans-boundary wildlife response guidelines, which were completed for the area known as Dixon Entrance between British Columbia (BC) in Canada and Alaska in the United States (U.S.). This work was conducted within the framework of Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and United States Coast Guard (USCG) joint contingency planning as outlined in the Annex 5 Canada-United States Dixon Entrance-Geographical Annex to the Canada-United States Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan (Canada-U.S. Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan CANUSDIX Annex). Along with other topics, the 2005 IOSC paper described a number of unanticipated benefits resulting from the development of the guidelines. This included establishing stakeholder partnerships which facilitated additional joint trans-boundary pre-incident planning.
Following the completion of the Canada-U.S. Dixon Entrance (CANUSDIX) wildlife response guidelines in September 2003, attention was turned to examining trans-boundary decision-making associated with dispersant use, in-situ burning, and places of refuge identification. Subsequently, a joint CANUSDIX Resource Agency Working Group was established to address resource-related topics for activities supporting dispersant use, in-situ burning, and places of refuge decision-making in the Dixon Entrance trans-boundary area. Over the next 2.5 years, working group members prepared draft guidelines for resource agency input to those response activities. In March 2006, the Canadian and U.S. Federal, Canadian Provincial, and State of Alaska resource agencies with jurisdiction in the Dixon Entrance area, finalized the CANUSDIX Guidelines for Resource Agency Input to Dispersant Use, In-Situ Burning, and Places of Refuge Decision-Making (CANUSDIX Resource Agency Guidelines) and submitted the document to the CCG and USCG for inclusion in the Canada-U.S. Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan CANUSDIX Annex.
This paper provides an overview of the development of the CANUSDIX Resource Agency Guidelines; a description of the information included in the guidelines; and how the guidelines fit within the CCG and USCG incident management structures. Together, this information will allow other parties in trans-boundary areas around the world to use the CANUSDIX Resource Agency Guidelines, and the process undertaken to develop the document, as a model for conducting similar pre-incident planning.
RESPONDING TO SPILLS IN AN ARCTIC OIL FIELD – LESSONS LEARNED
Authors: Majors Lee , McAdams Fred 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Alaska Clean Seas (ACS) is the Oil Spill Recovery Organization (OSRO) for the North Slope of Alaska. ACS responds to all spill events for member companies operating on the North Slope. In 2006 ACS responded to over 350 reportable spill events.
These spills consist of materials utilized in oil field production activities and include crude oil, produced water, drag reducing agents, freeze protection material, and even sewage The spills occur on frozen tundra in and under snow and ice, and in summer conditions.
This paper outlines some of the spills in past years, the conditions encountered, tactics utilized, and lessons learned.
BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY PROCESSES IN ARCTIC OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Hall Christopher J. , Henry Walter J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Alaska North Slope region is a challenging operating environment. During spill response operations, worksite hazards are magnified and ensuring safety of response personnel becomes more difficult. In the Incident Management Team, the Safety Officer develops a Site Safety Plan to identify hazards and establish guidelines for safe operations. This information is typically communicated to the field workers when they check-in at the Staging Area or other assigned location. The Site Safety Plan alone, however, fails to address specific behaviors of the personnel that lead to unsafe activities. Behavior-Based Safety Processes fill in this missing piece.
The PIRATE Process is an example of behavior-based safety at work. PIRATE - Personal Involvement Reduces Accidents to Everyone - is a fundamental part of the safety culture in the Greater Prudhoe Bay operating area. The March 2006 Gathering Center 2 (GC-2) Transit Line oil spill response presented significant challenges to all involved: extreme weather conditions, congested work areas, spilled oil on frozen lake and tundra environments, and complex field operations competing for personnel and resources. Daily involvement with PIRATE (and similar North Slope Behavior-Based Safety Processes) has made the workforce acutely aware of each individuar'S role in workplace safety, enhancing the overall safety performance of the organization.
This poster shows some of the difficulties of a complex arctic oil spill response, and the application of Behavior-Based Safety Processes to enable safe and efficient operations in the face of these challenges.
EVALUATION OF DETERGENCY, INTERFACIAL TENSION AND CONTACT ANGLE FOR FIVE SURFACE WASHING AGENTS
Authors: Koran Karen M. , Venosa Albert D. , Luedeker Christopher 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a laboratory testing protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of surface washing agents (SWAs) to remove crude oil from a solid substrate. Variables were tested to determine their effect on SWA performance. The protocol was most sensitive to SWA:oil ratio (SOR) and rotational speed of mixing; it was not greatly affected by contact time, mixing time, or SWA concentration when total applied mass is constant. Interfacial tension and contact angle were measured for Prudhoe Bay Crude oil in the presence of six SWAs. SWAs were ranked based on 1) efficiency under the developed protocol, 2) ability to reduce interfacial tension and 3) ability to increase oil-substrate contact angle. In order for oil displacement to be thermodynamically favored, an SWA must have a lower interfacial tension with the substrate than does the oil. Using Young'S equation, the difference between the two solid-liquid interfacial tensions was calculated from the three phase contact angle and the interfacial tension between the two liquids. SWAs were ranked based on each of these criteria, and data were correlated with effectiveness under the protocol.
COLD WATER DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED AT OHMSETT WITH ALASKAN CRUDE OILS USING COREXIT 9500 AND 9527 DISPERSANTS
Authors: Mullin Joseph , Belore Randy , Trudel Ken 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
One untested hypothesis in oil spill response is that “chemical dispersants do not work effectively in cold water”. This is due to the general misconception that cold water inhibits dispersant effectiveness (DE) and the lack of experimental data to indicate otherwise. To address this issue, the U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS) funded and conducted two series of dispersant experiments in very cold water at Ohmsett – The National Oil Spill Response Test facility, located in Leonardo, New Jersey from February-March 2006 and January-March 2007. Four Alaskan crude oils Alaska North Slope (ANS), Endicott, Northstar and Pt. McIntyre and two dispersants Corexit 9500 and Corexit 952 7 were used in the test series. The crude oils were tested fresh, weathered by removal of light ends using air sparging and weathered by placing the oils in the tank in both breaking wave conditions and non-breaking wave conditions. Results from the 2006 and 2007 Ohmsett test series demonstrated that both Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 dispersants were more than 90% effective in dispersing the fresh and weathered crude oils tested. This verified the results from laboratory and small-scale experiments. MMS believes that results from these test series will assist government regulators and responders in making science based decisions on the use of dispersants as a response tool for oil spills in the Arctic. The results from the 2006 and 2007 Ohmsett dispersant effectiveness test series dispel the thought that chemical dispersants cannot be effective in cold water.