bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using time‐to‐event analysis to complement hierarchical methods when assessing determinants of photographic detectability during camera trapping
Authors: Bischof Richard , Hameed Shoaib , Ali Hussain , Kabir Muhammad , Younas Muhammad , Shah Kursheed A. , Din Jaffar U. , Nawaz Muhammad A. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryCamera trapping, paired with analytical methods for estimating occupancy, abundance and other ecological parameters, can yield information with direct consequences for wildlife management and conservation. Although ecological information is the primary target of most camera trap studies, detectability influences every aspect from design to interpretation.Concepts and methods of time‐to‐event analysis are directly applicable to camera trapping, yet this statistical field has thus far been ignored as a way to analyse photographic capture data. To illustrate the use of time‐to‐event statistics and to better understand how photographic evidence accumulates, we explored patterns in two related measures of detectability: detection probability and time to detection. We analysed camera trap data for three sympatric carnivores (snow leopard, red fox and stone marten) in the mountains of northern Pakistan and tested predictions about patterns in detectability across species, sites and time.We found species‐specific differences in the magnitude of detectability and the factors influencing it, reinforcing the need to consider determinants of detectability in study design and to account for them during analysis. Photographic detectability of snow leopard was noticeably lower than that of red fox, but comparable to detectability of stone marten. Site‐specific attributes such as the presence of carnivore sign (snow leopard), terrain (snow leopard and red fox) and application of lures (red fox) influenced detectability. For the most part, detection probability was constant over time.Species‐specific differences in factors determining detectability make camera trap studies targeting multiple species particularly vulnerable to misinterpretation if the hierarchical origin of the data is ignored. Investigators should consider not only the magnitude of detectability, but also the shape of the curve describing the cumulative process of photographic detection, as this has consequences for both determining survey effort and the selection of analytical models. Weighted time‐to‐event analysis can complement occupancy analysis and other hierarchical methods by providing additional tools for exploring camera trap data and testing hypotheses regarding the temporal aspect of photographic evidence accumulation.
Effects of Uremic Toxin p‐Cresol on Proliferation, Apoptosis, Differentiation, and Glucose Uptake in 3T3‐L1 Cells
Authors: Tanaka Sayuri , Yano Shozo , Sheikh Abdullah M. , Nagai Atsushi , Sugimoto Toshitsugu 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMalnutrition is a common feature seen in chronic dialysis patients, and the survival rate of obese patients receiving such treatment is higher than that of lean patients. Irrespective of obesity or diabetes, dialysis patients commonly have insulin resistance, and the leading cause of death is cardiovascular (CV) disease. It has been reported that the concentration of p‐cresol, a uremic toxin, is highly associated with CV events. As uremic toxin levels are high in dialysis patients, they may be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and CV disease in this population. However, little is known so far. Thus, we focused on this uremic toxin to examine its effects on adipocytes and their precursors. 3T3‐L1 cells, a mouse preadipocyte cell line, were cultured until 90% confluency. The cells were then differentiated with 500 μM 3‐isobutyl‐methylxanthine, 250 nM dexamethasone, and 10 μg/mL insulin. Cell proliferation was evaluated by cell counting and bromodeoxyuridine (Brd‐U) incorporation assay. Glucose uptake was estimated using radiolabeled 2‐deoxyglucose. The range of concentrations of p‐cresol used in the experiments was from 2 to 200 μM. The investigation of cell proliferation by cell counting revealed that, compared with control, 3T3‐L1 cells treated with 100 and 200 μM p‐cresol were significantly decreased in number at day 3 and day 7 of culture. The Brd‐U incorporation assay also demonstrated similar inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, suggesting that p‐cresol affected the normal cell cycle. Oil Red O staining at day 7 showed that the number of mature adipocytes was decreased by treatment with 200 μM p‐cresol. Consistent with that finding, the number of apoptotic cells at day 7 was increased by treatment with 100 and 200 μM p‐cresol. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mRNA expression increased time‐dependently during the differentiation process of 3T3‐L1 cells. p‐Cresol dose‐dependently decreased differentiation‐induced mRNA expression of PPARγ. Uptake of 3H‐labeled 2‐deoxyglucose was markedly decreased by 200 μM p‐cresol in the presence or in the absence of insulin, mainly because of the decreased number of mature adipocytes. High concentrations of p‐cresol disturbed the cell cycle, induced apoptosis, inhibited the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes, and decreased glucose uptake at baseline and after insulin stimulation. These findings indicate that accumulated p‐cresol may induce reduction in adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and malnutrition, eventually leading to poor outcomes in chronic dialysis patients.
κ Opioid receptor ligands regulate angiogenesis in development and in tumours
Authors: Yamamizu Kohei , Hamada Yusuke , Narita Minoru 
Published: January 2014

Opioid systems mainly regulate physiological functions such as pain, emotional tone and reward circuitry in neural tissues (brain and spinal cord). These systems are also found in extraneural tissues (ganglia, gut, spleen, stomach, lung, pancreas, liver, heart, blood and blood vessels), and recent studies have elucidated their roles in various organs. The current review focuses on the roles of opioid systems in blood vessels, especially angiogenesis, during development and tumour malignancy. The balance between endogenous activators and inhibitors of angiogenesis delicately maintains a normally quiescent vasculature to sustain homeostasis. Disturbance of this balance causes pathogenic angiogenesis and, especially in tumours, several activators such as VEGF are highly expressed in the tumour microenvironment and strongly induce tumour angiogenesis, the so‐called angiogenic switch. Recently, we demonstrated that κ opioid receptor agonists function as anti‐angiogenic factors, which impede the angiogenic switch, in vascular development and tumour angiogenesis by inhibiting the expression of receptors for VEGF. In clinical medicine, angiogenesis inhibitors that target VEGF signalling such as bevacizumab are used as anti‐cancer drugs. Although therapies that inhibit tumour angiogenesis have been highly successful for tumour therapy, most patients eventually develop resistance to this anti‐angiogenic therapy. Thus, we must identify novel targets for anti‐angiogenic agents to sustain inhibition of angiogenesis for tumour therapy. The regulation of responses to κ opioid receptor ligands could be useful for controlling vascular formation under physiological conditions and in cancers, and thus could offer therapeutic benefits beyond the relief of pain.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
The value of plant functional groups in demonstrating and communicating vegetation responses to environmental flows
Authors: Campbell C. J. , Johns C. V. , Nielsen D. L. 
Published: January 2014

Summary

This study compares the effectiveness of using plant species, genera, family or water plant functional group (WPFG) classifications for demonstrating differences in vegetation communities associated with inundation history.

Vegetation surveys were undertaken annually for 5 years from 2007–2008 to 2011–2012 at 18 floodplain wetlands. These wetlands are from two geographically separate locations situated along the lower Murray River. Wetlands have different inundation histories and have received varied amounts of environmental water since 2004. All plant species recorded were classified into WPFGs. An inundation classification was determined for each wetland at each survey time based on inundation history and inundation status at the time of survey (wet or dry).

This study found that plant species composition at individual wetlands is often unique with few species recorded across multiple wetlands. The use of WPFGs reduced the variability of plant communities between individual wetlands, between the two geographic locations and within inundation classifications. By reducing the variability between samples, broad trends in vegetation responses to different watering histories can be identified.

Individual wetlands can develop completely different suites of plant species in response to the same watering regime, particularly when separated over large distances. This variability can reduce the confidence managers have in predicting the plant communities likely to develop in response to prescribed watering regimes. Adaptively applying knowledge gained from monitoring to different wetlands or wetlands in different geographical regions is also difficult if responses are highly variable.

This study demonstrates that by classifying wetland vegetation into WPFGs the variability observed between samples can be reduced and the influence of floristic differences between individual wetlands and geographic locations can be negated or lessened. We discuss how the use of WPFGs can assist scientists and managers in demonstrating, predicting and communicating trends in vegetation community responses as a result of different watering regimes. The adoption and application of a consistent approach to the classification of plant species into WPFGs has the potential to enable responses and predictions to watering events to be made across broad spatial scales.
The role of aluminum sensing and signaling in plant aluminum resistance
Authors: Liu Jiping , Piñeros Miguel A. , Kochian Leon V. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAs researchers have gained a better understanding in recent years into the physiological, molecular, and genetic basis of how plants deal with aluminum (Al) toxicity in acid soils prevalent in the tropics and sub‐tropics, it has become clear that an important component of these responses is the triggering and regulation of cellular pathways and processes by Al. In this review of plant Al signaling, we begin by summarizing the understanding of physiological mechanisms of Al resistance, which first led researchers to realize that Al stress induces gene expression and modifies protein function during the activation of Al resistance responses. Subsequently, an overview of Al resistance genes and their function provides verification that Al induction of gene expression plays a major role in Al resistance in many plant species. More recent research into the mechanistic basis for Al‐induced transcriptional activation of resistance genes has led to the identification of several transcription factors as well as cis‐elements in the promoters of Al resistance genes that play a role in greater Al‐induced gene expression as well as higher constitutive expression of resistance genes in some plant species. Finally, the post‐transcriptional and translational regulation of Al resistance proteins is addressed, where recent research has shown that Al can both directly bind to and alter activity of certain organic acid transporters, and also influence Al resistance proteins indirectly, via protein phosphorylation.Leon V. Kochian
Psychometric Support of the School Climate Measure in a Large, Diverse Sample of Adolescents: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Zullig Keith J. , Collins Rani , Ghani Nadia , Patton Jon M. , Scott Huebner E. , Ajamie Jean 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe School Climate Measure (SCM) was developed and validated in 2010 in response to a dearth of psychometrically sound school climate instruments. This study sought to further validate the SCM on a large, diverse sample of Arizona public school adolescents (N = 20,953).METHODSFour SCM domains (positive student‐teacher relationships, academic support, order and discipline, and physical environment) were available for the analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were established to construct validity, and criterion‐related validity was assessed via selected Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) school safety items and self‐reported grade (GPA) point average.RESULTSAnalyses confirmed the 4 SCM school climate domains explained approximately 63% of the variance (factor loading range .45‐.92). Structural equation models fit the data well χ2 = 14,325 (df = 293, p < .001), comparative fit index (CFI) = .951, Tuker‐Lewis index (TLI) = .952, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .05). The goodness‐of‐fit index was .940. Coefficient alphas ranged from .82 to .93. Analyses of variance with post hoc comparisons suggested the SCM domains related in hypothesized directions with the school safety items and GPA.CONCLUSIONSAdditional evidence supports the validity and reliability of the SCM. Measures, such as the SCM, can facilitate data‐driven decisions and may be incorporated into evidenced‐based processes designed to improve student outcomes.
Tropes or Universals: How (Not) to Make One's Choice
Authors: Benovsky Jiri 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article discusses a familiar version of trope theory as opposed to a familiar version of the theory of universals, examining how these two rivals address the problem of “attribute agreement”—a problem that has been at the root of the very reason for developing these theories in the first place. The article shows that there is not much of a difference between the ways these two theories handle the problem, and in a more general way it argues that there is little reason for preferring one theory over the other. It is not interested in this claim only for the sake of the debate between trope theory and the theory of universals. Indeed, the reasons why it claims that it is so difficult to choose one theory over the other can be applied to other cases as well (where they might lead to claims of metaphysical equivalence).
The Philosophical Role of Illness
Authors: Carel Havi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article examines the philosophical role of illness. It briefly surveys the philosophical role accorded to illness in the history of philosophy and explains why illness merits such a role. It suggests that illness modifies, and thus sheds light on, normal experience, revealing its ordinary and therefore overlooked structure. Illness also provides an opportunity for reflection by performing a kind of suspension (epoché) of previously held beliefs, including tacit beliefs. The article argues that these characteristics warrant a philosophical role for illness. While the performance of most philosophical procedures is volitional and theoretical, however, illness is uninvited and threatening, throwing the ill person into anxiety and uncertainty. As such it can be viewed as a radical philosophical motivation that can profoundly alter our outlook. The article suggests that illness can change the ways in which we philosophise: it may shape philosophical methods and concerns and change one's sense of salience and conception of philosophy.
Two Key Differences between Science and Philosophy
Authors: Cavallo Andrew M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractC. S. Peirce made the following claim: If science reveals truth, then consensus among scientists can be expected in the limit. This article does not dispute this claim; it simply assumes it. On the basis of this assumption, the following question is asked: Is it possible to extend Peirce's claim to philosophy in a natural way? It is argued that two important differences between science and philosophy strongly militate against such an extension. Does this mean that there is no truth to be found in philosophy? Are there, perhaps, different kinds of truth (scientific, philosophical, religious, and so on)? But such questions, though related to the present investigation, are nevertheless well beyond the scope of this article.
When Language Gives Out: Conceptualization, and Aspect‐Seeing as a Form of Judgment
Authors: Agam‐Segal Reshef 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article characterizes aspect‐perception as a distinct form of judgment in Kant's sense: a distinct way in which the mind contacts world and applies concepts. First, aspect‐perception involves a mode of thinking about things apart from any established routine of conceptualizing them. It is thus a form of concept application that is essentially reflection about language. Second, this mode of reflection has an experiential, sometimes perceptual, element: in aspect‐perception, that is, we experience meanings—bodies of norms. Third, aspect‐perception can be “preparatory”: it may help us to decide what linguistic norms to develop and how to conceptualize—make the world thinkable. Fourth, the article discusses the forms of justification for which aspect‐perception allows—the necessity and normativity involved in employing this form of judgment.
Effects of sunscreen on skin cancer and photoaging
Authors: Iannacone Michelle R. , Hughes Maria Celia B. , Green Adèle C. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryApplication of sunscreen to the skin is widely used as an adjunct strategy, along with wearing protective clothing and seeking shade, to protect against skin cancer and photoaging that result from excessive sun exposure. Many epidemiological studies of case–control and cohort study design have studied the effects of sunscreen use on skin cancer, and more recently photoaging, but their findings have been mostly uninformative. This review of results of randomized controlled trials shows that the evidence, though limited, supports beneficial effects of sunscreen application on the occurrence of skin cancers and skin photoaging.
Labor Training and Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Liu Qing , Qiu Larry D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEvidence shows that most foreign direct investment (FDI) flows from developed to developed countries (North–North) in skilled labor‐intensive industries. This paper builds a model that incorporates labor training into the proximity–concentration tradeoffs to analyze the entry mode of multinationals to a foreign country. Production requires both skilled labor and unskilled labor.. A multinational pursuing FDI needs to provide training to some workers in the host country to equip them with skills that are specific to the production of the firm. Labor training and skill specificity lead to contract friction. It is shown that in skilled labor‐intensive industries, FDI increases along with the economic development level of the host country, whereas in unskilled labor‐intensive industries, the reverse is true. This paper provides a theoretical explanation for the empirical findings on the prevalence of North–North FDI in skilled labor‐industries and North–South FDI in unskilled labor‐intensive industries.
The Gain from International Trade in Pool Goods and Private Goods
Authors: Fishburn Geoffrey , Kemp Murray C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIt is well known that perfectly competitive free trade is potentially beneficial for all countries if all goods are both rivalrous and excludable in consumption (“private goods”) and recently (2011) the proposition has been modified to accommodate non‐rivalrous and non‐excludable goods (“public goods”), as well as non‐rivalrous and excludable goods (“club goods”). In the present paper the proposition is modified again, to accommodate rivalrous and non‐excludable goods (“pool goods”). The primary focus is on ocean fisheries, access to which is shared (not necessarily equally) by all countries. However the central proposition to be established is valid for all international pool goods.
Systematic evaluation of evidence on veterinary viscoelastic testing Part 1: System comparability
Authors: McMichael Maureen , Goggs Robert , Smith Stephanie , Wagg Catherine , Warman Sheena , Wiinberg Bo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically examine the evidence on system comparability between the thromboelastography and the rotational thromboelastometry viscoelastic point‐of‐care instruments and to identify knowledge gaps.DesignStandardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality, and development of consensus on conclusions for application of the concepts to clinical practice.SettingAcademic and referral veterinary medical centers.ResultsMedline via PubMed, CAB abstracts, and Google Scholar were searched. A total of 8 relevant articles were chosen, none were in support of the question, 1 was neutral to the question (level of evidence [LOE] 6, Poor), and 7 were in opposition to the question (LOE 3 Good; LOE 6 Good; LOE 6 Fair; LOE 6 Poor).ConclusionsResults from the 2 analyzers are not directly comparable and extrapolation of the results from one machine to the other should be avoided. Standardization of the preanalytical variables (eg, blood collection, holding time, and temperature during holding) is strongly recommended. It is recommended that each site create their own “site specific” reference values for each machine and that test samples be compared only to the standardized reference values established at that center. Start‐up and consumable costs vary between countries and local comparisons should be performed. Decisions should be made based on the expected use of the machine and if multiple operators will be using it.
Competitive Fitness Assays Indicate that the E138A Substitution in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Decreases
In Vitro
Susceptibility to Emtricitabine
Authors: Sluis-Cremer Nicolas , Huber Kelly D. , Brumme Chanson J. , Harrigan P. Richard 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
We characterized the relative fitness of multiple nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant HIV-1 variants in the presence of etravirine (ETV), rilpivirine (RPV), and/or the nucleoside RT inhibitor emtricitabine (FTC) by simultaneous competitive culture and 454 deep sequencing. The E138A substitution, typically associated with decreased virologic responses to ETV- and RPV-containing regimens, confers a clear fitness advantage to the virus in the presence of FTC and decreases FTC susceptibility 4.7-fold.