bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Decision Support Approach for Modeling Sustainability Consequences in an Aerospace Value Chain
Authors: Hallstedt Sophie , Thompson Anthony W. , Isaksson Ola , Larsson Tobias C. , Ny Henrik 
Published: February 2014

Next generation jet engine technologies are typically driven by performance, value and environmental challenges, and appropriate technologies are developed in international research programs. One on-going engine component technology project at an aerospace component manufacturer aims to develop an engine with less fuel consumption. A likely consequence is higher pressure in the core engine, which leads to higher temperature. One way to handle the higher temperature is using a more advanced Ti-alloy for the product component, which will render a different sustainability profile. One weakness in current decision situations is the inability to clarify and understand the “value” and “sustainability” implications compared to e.g. performance features of concepts. Both “value” and “sustainability” include a rich set of features important for successful introduction of new products and product-service solutions to the market. The purpose with this research is to provide decision support for companies in early development phases for assessment of value and sustainability consequences over product-service system lifecycles.
A workshop was held with the aerospace component manufacturer and a value chain partner focusing on material handling, to: i) get a better understanding of activities, flows and ownership related to the studied materials at the two companies, ii) to understand the companies’ perspective at new suggested scenarios with regard to these materials, and iii) define relevant scenarios to look into more in depth from a sustainability and value perspective. Three different scenarios were developed with differences in ownership, responsibilities and value streams. It is therefore essential to be able to quickly assess and optimize consequences of such alternative scenarios.
Based on the workshop experiences and scenarios, a modeling and simulation approach to assess sustainability and value consequences for the scenarios is proposed. The sustainability consequences are based on a sustainability life cycle assessment and a risk assessment. Key features of the proposed tool include: consideration of the time dimension, societal sustainability consequences, risk assessment, company value assessment, and cost/revenue perspectives.
Examining Efficiency in Bioinspired Design
Authors: O’Rourke Julia M. , Seepersad Carolyn C. 
Published: February 2014

In what ways and to what extent are bioinspired designs (BIDs) and the biological systems that inspire them ‘efficient’? The answer to this question provides insight into the potential role BID could have in the generation of energy- and materials-efficient designs. By qualifying and clarifying efficiency-related claims in the context of biological evidence, this paper contributes to the theoretical foundation for BID for efficiency and provides guidance to those developing design tools and methodologies aimed at using BID to enhance the efficiency of engineered products and systems.
This paper is organized into three main sections. First, a study is presented examining the reasons authors in the BID community cite when motivating their work. Of the 127 sources analyzed, 40 referenced ‘efficiency’, establishing empirically that efficiency of BIDs and the biological organisms that inspire them is a central motivation for work in BID.
Second, efficiency-related claims most commonly made by authors in BID are explained and analyzed using authoritative biological and BID literature. Ultimately, some of the claims prove problematic. However, when qualified appropriately, these claims provide significant insight into how the oft-cited examples of efficiency in biology and BID have arisen.
Finally, a study uncovering trends in sustainable BIDs is presented, and the efficiency-related trends are discussed. This study provides examples of some efficiency-related characteristics of biological systems that are successfully being transferred to engineered products and systems through BID. Specifically, the sustainable BIDs analyzed are shown to frequently meet four efficiency-related green design guidelines (GDGs) better than functionally-equivalent non-bioinspired alternatives. Additionally, passive mechanisms, multifunctional designs, and optimized geometries are discussed and shown to be prevalent in the sample of sustainable BIDs studied.
Application of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Based Actuation for Refreshable Display of Braille
Authors: Singhal Anshul , Jain Pranay , Chanana Piyush , Jain Dhruv , Paul Rohan , Balakrishnan M. , Rao P. V. M. 
Published: February 2014

Persons with blindness access computers with the help of refreshable Braille displays and speech synthesis softwares. Braille has distinguished advantages over synthetic speech, especially because of its important role in uplifting education, employment and income. However, commercially available Braille displays are typically priced in the range of 2500–4000 USD (65–100 USD per Braille character) and are thus inaccessible to users in both developed and developing countries. Development of affordable Braille displays is thus a critical need.
Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) based actuation is a potential low-cost alternative to currently employed piezoelectric actuation, and is being used here to develop an affordable Braille display. This paper discusses key challenges identified in SMA based actuation and proposes methods to overcome the same. Prior attempts at developing tactile displays employing SMA based actuation are reviewed and important considerations for the present study are drawn. The configuration and the design of the actuator are thus arrived at. This paper further discusses the performance of fabricated prototypes and the feedback received from limited user trials. It concludes with a discussion on future scope of the work.
Development of Model-Based Embedded Control Course Curriculum for Next Generation of Automotive Engineers
Authors: Chen Bo , Luo Wei , Agashe Pushkar , Feng Lei , Ge Zicheng , Li Yang 
Published: February 2014

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and pure Electric Vehicle (EV) are potential technologies to reduce fuel consumption and emissions in transportation sector. To educate next generation of automotive engineers with strong background in hybrid/electric drive vehicles, Michigan Technological University and partnering institutions General Motors, AVL, Argonne National Laboratory, Woodward, and MathWorks, have built an HEV/EV interdisciplinary program to develop curriculum for the education and outreach in transportation electrification.
Model-based design is emerging as an effective method to solve complicated control problems in automotive and aerospace industries. This paper presents the development of model-based embedded control course curriculum, one of the courses of Michigan Tech HEV/EV interdisciplinary program, to prepare students for their future career in automotive controls. The course goals, the development of teaching materials and associated laboratories, and the design of final project, are discussed. The developed course has been offered in Spring semesters since 2011 and received very positive feedback from students both in Mechanical Engineering – Engineering Mechanics (MEEM) and Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Departments at Michigan Tech.
Getting to the Novel Ideas: Exploring the Alternative Uses Test of Divergent Thinking
Authors: Kudrowitz Barry , Dippo Caitlin 
Published: February 2014

The Alternative Uses Test is a measure of divergent thinking in which participants are asked to list non-obvious uses for a common object in a fixed amount of time. In this study, participants were asked to list alternative uses for a paperclip in three minutes. From a pool of over 2000 participants including engineering professionals and students, 293 were chosen and evaluated. Using infrequency of responses as a measure of novelty, it was found that participants that produced more responses had more novel responses and a higher average novelty score. Later responses were significantly more novel than early responses and unoriginality of responses decreased with quantity. On average, a participant would list 9 responses before arriving at highly novel responses. Participants that did not reach 9 responses in the study were likely to have few if any highly novel responses.
If this test maps to real world problem solving, it suggests that the first ideas we think of are likely to have been suggested already by others and thus not original. The results of this study can help restructure the format of the Alternative Uses Test.
Identifying the Material Information Requirements for Sustainable Decision Making
Authors: Narayanan Anantha , Witherell Paul , Lee Jae Hyun , Morris K. C. , Rachuri Sudarsan 
Published: February 2014

Materials play a central role in product manufacturing, contributing to each phase of product development in the form of either a component or process material. As the product revolves around materials, so does much of the product information. Material information plays a significant role in the decision making process at any stage of the product life cycle, especially with respect to the sustainability of a product. Material information in the manufacturing stages of a product’s life cycle will relate to the processes used in manufacturing and assembling individual components. The material properties may determine what processes can be used and how these processes should be controlled.
To support sustainable manufacturing, the impacts of material choice should be considered during design, when resources are being committed. When comparing material alternatives at design time, it is not as simple as saying one material is “more sustainable” than another. Many different factors determine the sustainability of a product, and each of these factors may be influenced by multiple material properties represented through various information requirements. In order to develop a material information model that can satisfy these information requirements, we need to carefully study the requirements from an information modeling perspective. In this paper, we use activity models to describe design and manufacturing scenarios that rely on the availability of proper material information for sustainability decision making. We will use these models to first define specific scenarios and then to identify the types of material information that is typically required in these scenarios, and collect and categorize key concepts. Based on this study, we will make recommendations that will aid the development of a useful material information model for sustainable decision making.
Performance of Foldcores Mechanical Properties and Testing
Authors: Grzeschik Marc 
Published: February 2014

Foldcores are folded open cellular structures which are currently under development at Institute of Aircraft Design (IFB). The IFB has generated an integrated manufacturing process to produce foldcores, starting with the mathematical methods to design the required foldcore geometry to the point of realizing them in an automated and continuous fashion. By isometric folding of planar base materials foldcores can and have already been manufactured out of a large variety of materials: cardboard, papers, metals (aluminum, steel, titanium), different thermoplastic films (PC, PVC, PPSU, PEEK) as well as advanced fibre reinforced materials (glass, carbon, aramid fibres).
For the technical use of foldcores in sandwich structures it is necessary to supply a competitive level of mechanical performance. We discuss the mechanical properties of foldcores compared to other state of the art core materials. We detail the testing methods used to determine compression and shear strengths and stiffnesses, which are based upon international standards. Evaluation of the test results show potential for the use of foldcores in high performance lightweight structures, especially considering their unique multifunctional applicability.
Comparison of Cylindrical Wrapping Geometries to Via Points for Modeling Muscle Paths in the Estimation of Sit-to-Stand Muscle Forces
Authors: Norman-Gerum Valerie , McPhee John 
Published: February 2014

To better understand the complexities of rising from a seated to a standing position, a model of the human has been created. Sit-to-stand kinematics as well as ground reaction forces were measured experimentally and are used in an inverse dynamics analysis to estimate nine muscle forces during motion.
Calculated muscle forces are sensitive to assumptions made when modeling muscle paths. Changes in the line of action of a muscle due to interaction with anatomical constraints are often accounted for by including fixed via points in a model. Here an alternate approach of representing anatomical constraints using three-dimensional cylindrical geometries is derived and presented. In this mathematical model the course of the muscle is determined as the minimum-length path where the muscle is allowed to wrap freely over the surface of the cylinder.
Muscle forces are estimated for sit-to-stand by resolving net joint torques using an objective function giving preference to solutions minimizing both muscle stresses and abrupt changes in muscle forces. This is the first time muscle forces have been presented for sit-to-stand using a musculoskeletal model with included anatomical constraints represented using cylindrical wrapping geometries alone. A comparison of calculated muscle force patterns using fixed via points and wrapping points versus three-dimensional wrapping surfaces is made with reference to electromyographic phase data. For the sit-to-stand motion, the inclusion of anatomical constraints as three-dimensional cylindrical geometries results in calculation of muscle forces more true to the experimental data and more consistent with the belief that gradual motions are created by gradual changes in muscle force over time.
Exploring the Effects of the Design Prompt on Students’ Design Cognition
Authors: Williams Christopher B. , Lee Yoon , Gero John , Paretti Marie C. 
Published: February 2014

Engineering design educators often provide their students a task (or “prompt”) to guide their design projects. Similarly, engineering design educational researchers also provide research participants with a design task to guide their activity during experimental sessions. In both contexts, there is a fundamental underlying assumption that the design task has no significant effect on the students’/participants’ design cognition. Specifically, the authors test the hypothesis that a design task does affect a student’s design experience. Failing to disprove this hypothesis could significantly impact both design education practice and design education experimental research.
To determine the effect of a design task on students’ design cognition, experimental sessions were conducted wherein student design teams worked together to solve a speculative design task. The student teams were presented with two nearly identical design tasks; however, one featured an additional design requirement. A task-independent protocol analysis method grounded in the Function-Behavior-Structure design ontology is performed on audio and video recordings of the design sessions to provide a common basis for comparing the two groups. Differences in design cognition are identified by analyzing and comparing the percent occurrences of the design issues and design processes and the Problem-Solution indices.
Modeling and Simulation of a Multiple-Regime Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Cheng Rui , Dong Jian , Dong Zuomin 
Published: February 2014

In recent years, the automotive industry has devoted considerable resources to the research and development of hybrid vehicles. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) present to be the next generation hybrid vehicles that offer the advantages in reducing fossil fuel consumption and lowering emissions without sacrifice vehicle performance, and the ability to utilize renewable energy through charge from the electric grid.
In this work, the powertrain model of a series-parallel, multiple-regime plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (SPMR-PHEV) was introduced. As one of the several parallel powertrain modeling, simulation and control system design approaches at University of Victoria, the presented SPMR-PHEV model was developed using rule-based load-leveling energy management strategy (EMS) under the MATLAB/Simulink and SimDriveline environment. In order to validate the model and evaluate the fuel consumption and performance of SPMR-PHEV, a Simulink based Prius model and two different PHEV powertrain models have also been built using Autonomie — a vehicle simulation tool developed by DOE’s Argonne National Laboratory, using the default control logics. Fuel consumption from the three different models were compared using a test drive case consisting of eight times of the US06-City drive cycle. Under the static modeling and simulation method and different control strategies, the SPMR-PHEV model in Simulink/SimDriveline and rule-based load-leveling EMS showed 12.02% fuel economy and powertrain efficiency improvements over the Autonomie model. The new powertrain system model developed using Simulink and SimDrivline could also be used as a generic, modular and flexible vehicle modeling platform to support the integration of powertrain design and control system optimization.
The magnitude of the association between smoking and the risk of developing cancer in Brazil: a multicenter study
Authors: Moura Marcione Aparecida de Souza , Bergmann Anke , Aguiar Suzana Sales de , Thuler Luiz Claudio Santos 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesTo estimate the magnitude of association and identify the aetiological fraction (AF) attributable to smoking in the development of different types of cancers in Brazil.SettingWe conducted a case–control study, including 231 102 patients registered in the Cancer Hospital Registries (CHR) in the period from 1998 to 2011.ParticipantsA total of 204 131 cancer cases relating to 30 topographies were compared with 26 971 cases of non-melanoma skin cancer.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSmoking exposure was considered at the time of hospital registration. We calculated OR, unadjusted and adjusted for gender, age and alcohol consumption, with 95% CIs.ResultsAfter adjustment, the risk of developing cancer associated with smoking was very high (piriform sinus, bronchi and lung, larynx, hypopharynx, oropharynx and oral cavity), high (oesophagus and bladder), moderate (anus and anal canal stomach, nasal cavity, middle ear and paranasal sinuses, pancreas, nasopharynx, other parts of the biliary tract and kidney and low (liver, gall)). There was no association between smoking and cancers of the central nervous system and myeloid leukaemia. For thyroid cancer there was a decreased risk of developing the disease. The AF was higher than 50% for hypopharynx, larynx, bronchi and lung, oropharynx, oral cavity and oesophagus cancers.ConclusionsThis study confirms a high risk of developing cancer of the hypopharynx, bronchi and lung, larynx, oropharynx and oral cavity, oesophagus and bladder cancer among smokers and establishes the AF attributable to smoking in the development of different types of cancer in Brazil.
Inflammation and echocardiographic parameters of ventricular hypertrophy in a cohort with preserved cardiac function
Authors: Medenwald D , Dietz S , Tiller D , Kluttig A , Greiser KH , Loppnow H , Thiery J , Nuding S , Russ M , Fahrig A , Haerting J , Werdan K 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between inflammation and selective echocardiographic parameters (EP) characteristic for ventricular hypertrophy in cross-sectional and longitudinal population-based analyses.MethodsBaseline (711 men, 659 women: 45–83 years) and 4-year follow-up data (622 men, 540 women) of the prospective, population-based CARdio-vascular disease, Living and Ageing in Halle (CARLA)study after exclusion of participants with cardiacvascular diseases were analysed. Inflammation parameters: soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1), high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). EPs: left ventricular mass (LVM), left atrial systolic dimension (LADS), interventricular septum diameter (IVSD), posterior wall dimension (PWD), left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD), ejection fraction according to Teichholz (EF). For the longitudinal analyses baseline to follow-up differences were considered. Effect sizes were determined by using multiple linear regression and mixed models. Missing values were replaced by means of multiple imputations.ResultsMen had higher sTNF-R1 levels; means of hsCRP and IL-6 were similar in men and women. In multiple regression models, sTNF-R1 was associated with LADS (1.4 mm/1000 pg/mL sTNF-R1, 95% CI 0.6 to 2.1) in men. Respecting confounder hsCRP was associated with LVM (5.2 g/10 mg/L hsCRP, 95% CI 1.6 to 8.8), IVSD (0.2 mm/10 mg/L hsCRP, 95% CI 0 to 0.3) and PWD (0.2 mm/10 mg/L hsCRP, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.3) in women, while there were no relevant effects in analysis of IL-6 in both sexes. The baseline to follow-up change in EPs was not relevantly associated with sTNF-R1, hsCRP or IL-6.ConclusionsSTNF-R1, hsCRP and IL-6 were inadequate predictors for structural changes of the heart at follow-up, while weak cross-sectional associations are restricted to certain EPs and depend on sex.
Molecular Pathways: HER3 Targeted Therapy
Authors: Gala Kinisha , Chandarlapaty Sarat 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases, including EGF receptor (EGFR), HER2, HER3, and HER4, transduce growth-promoting signals in response to ligand binding to their extracellular domains (ECD). This family is deregulated in numerous cancers, with mutations in EGFR and HER2 often serving as “driver” events to activate key growth factor signaling pathways such as the RAS-ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways. Less attention has been paid to the oncogenic functions of HER3 due to its lack of intrinsic kinase activity. Recent work, however, has placed HER3 in the spotlight as a key signaling hub in several clinical contexts. First, HER3 has been shown to play a major role in mediating resistance to HER2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway-directed therapies due to its feedback regulation via AKT signaling. Second, activating mutations in HER3 have been identified in multiple cancer types, including gastric, colon, bladder, and non–small cell lung cancers. As a result, HER3 is now being examined as a direct therapeutic target. In the absence of a strong enzymatic activity to target, the focus has been on strategies to prevent HER3 activation including blocking its most relevant dimerization partner's kinase activity (erlotinib, gefitinib, and lapatinib), blocking its most relevant dimerization partner's ability to dimerize with HER3 (trastuzumab and pertuzumab), and directly targeting the HER3 ECD (MM-121, U3-1287, and LJM716). Although drugs targeting EGFR and HER2 have proven effective even as single agents, the preclinical and clinical data on the antibodies directly targeting HER3 suggest more limited potential for single-agent activity. Possible reasons for this include the lack of a suitable biomarker for activated HER3, the lack of potency of the antibodies, and the lack of relevance of HER3 for growth of some of the cancer types analyzed. Nevertheless, clear improvements in activity are being observed for many of these compounds when they are given in combination. In this snapshot, we will highlight the basis for HER3 activation in cancer, the different pharmacologic strategies being used, and opportunities for further development. Clin Cancer Res; 20(6); 1410–6. ©2014 AACR.