bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does general exercise training before and during pregnancy influence the pelvic floor “opening” and delivery outcome? A 3D/4D ultrasound study following nulliparous pregnant women from mid-pregnancy to childbirth
Authors: Bø Kari , Hilde Gunvor , Stær-Jensen Jette , Siafarikas Franziska , Tennfjord Merete Kolberg , Engh Marie Ellstrøm 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundIt has been suggested that women who are regular exercisers have a tighter pelvic floor and thereby have more difficulty during childbirth than non-exercising women. We investigated whether women exercising before and during pregnancy have a narrower levator hiatus (LH) area than their sedentary counterparts. We also studied whether regular exercise at gestational week 37 influences delivery outcome.MethodsCohort study of 274 nulliparous pregnant women assessed at mid-pregnancy and gestational week 37 by three-dimensional/four-dimensional transperineal ultrasonography of the LH area. Exercisers were defined as those exercising ≥30 min three times per week and non-exercisers as not exercising. Exercise data were collected via electronic questionnaire at mean gestational weeks 21 and 37. Labour and delivery outcomes were collected from the women's electronic medical birth records. Differences between exercisers and non-exercisers were analysed using independent sample t test or χ2test. p Value was set to ≤0.05.ResultsAt gestational week 37, exercisers had a significantly larger LH area than non-exercisers at rest and during PFM contraction (mean difference −1.6 cm2(95% CI −3.0 to −0.3), p=0.02 and −1.1 cm2(95% CI −2.0 to −0.1), p=0.04, respectively). No significant differences were found between exercisers and non-exercisers at week 37 in any labour or delivery outcomes.ConclusionsThe results of the present study do not support the hypothesis that women exercising regularly before or during pregnancy have a narrower LH area or more complicated childbirths than non-exercising women.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov:NCT01045135.
Cross-sectional survey of salt content in cheese: a major contributor to salt intake in the UK
Authors: Hashem Kawther M , He Feng J , Jenner Katharine H , MacGregor Graham A 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate the salt (sodium chloride) content in cheese sold in UK supermarkets.Study designWe carried out a cross-sectional survey in 2012, including 612 cheeses available in UK supermarkets.MethodsThe salt content (g/100 g) was collected from product packaging and nutrient information panels of cheeses available in the top seven retailers.ResultsSalt content in cheese was high with a mean (±SD) of 1.7±0.58 g/100 g. There was a large variation in salt content between different types of cheeses and within the same type of cheese. On average, halloumi (2.71±0.34 g/100 g) and imported blue cheese (2.71±0.83 g/100 g) contained the highest amounts of salt and cottage cheese (0.55±0.14 g/100 g) contained the lowest amount of salt. Overall, among the 394 cheeses that had salt reduction targets, 84.5% have already met their respective Department of Health 2012 salt targets.Cheddar and cheddar-style cheese is the most popular/biggest selling cheese in the UK and has the highest number of products in the analysis (N=250). On average, salt level was higher in branded compared with supermarket own brand cheddar and cheddar-style products (1.78±0.13 vs 1.72±0.14 g/100 g, p<0.01). Ninety per cent of supermarket own brand products met the 2012 target for cheddar and cheddar-style cheese compared with 73% of branded products (p=0.001).ConclusionsSalt content in cheese in the UK is high. There is a wide variation in the salt content of different types of cheeses and even within the same type of cheese. Despite this, 84.5% of cheeses have already met their respective 2012 targets. These findings demonstrate that much larger reductions in the amount of salt added to cheese could be made and more challenging targets need to be set, so that the UK can continue to lead the world in salt reduction.
Genetic, clinical and pharmacological determinants of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: rationale and outline of the AmsteRdam Resuscitation Studies (ARREST) registry
Authors: Blom M T , van Hoeijen D A , Bardai A , Berdowski J , Souverein P C , De Bruin M L , Koster R W , de Boer A , Tan H L 
Published: August 2014

IntroductionOut-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major public health problem. Recognising the complexity of the underlying causes of OHCA in the community, we aimed to establish the clinical, pharmacological, environmental and genetic factors and their interactions that may cause OHCA.Methods and analysisWe set up a large-scale prospective community-based registry (AmsteRdam Resuscitation Studies, ARREST) in which we prospectively include all resuscitation attempts from OHCA in a large study region in the Netherlands in collaboration with Emergency Medical Services. Of all OHCA victims since June 2005, we prospectively collect medical history (through hospital and general practitioner), and current and previous medication use (through community pharmacy). In addition, we include DNA samples from OHCA victims with documented ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation during the resuscitation attempt since July 2007. Various study designs are employed to analyse the data of the ARREST registry, including case–control, cohort, case only and case-cross over designs.Ethics and disseminationWe describe the rationale, outline and potential results of the ARREST registry. The design allows for a stable and reliable collection of multiple determinants of OHCA, while assuring that the patient, lay-caregiver or medical professional is not hindered in any way. Such comprehensive data collection is required to unravel the complex basis of OHCA. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant scientific symposia.
Mechanisms of tissue uptake and retention of paclitaxel-coated balloons: impact on neointimal proliferation and healing
Authors: Granada Juan F , Stenoien Mark , Buszman Piotr P , Tellez Armando , Langanki Dan , Kaluza Greg L , Leon Martin B , Gray William , Jaff Michael R , Schwartz Robert S 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundThe efficacy of paclitaxel-coated balloons (PCB) for restenosis prevention has been demonstrated in humans. However, the mechanism of action for sustained drug retention and biological efficacy following single-time drug delivery is still unknown.Methods and resultsThe pharmacokinetic profile and differences in drug concentration (vessel surface vs arterial wall) of two different paclitaxel coating formulations (3 µg/mm2) displaying opposite solubility characteristics (CC=crystalline vs AC=amorphous) were tested in vivo and compared with paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES). Also, the biological effect of both PCB formulations on vascular healing was tested in the porcine coronary injury model. One hour following balloon inflation, both formulations achieved similar arterial paclitaxel levels (CC=310 vs AC=245 ng/mg; p=NS). At 24 h, the CC maintained similar tissue concentrations, whereas the AC tissue levels declined by 99% (p<0.01). At this time point, arterial levels were 20-fold (CC) and 5-fold (AC) times higher compared to the PES group (p<0.05). At 28 days, arterial levels retained were 9.2% (CC) and 0.04% (AC, p<0.01) of the baseline levels. Paclitaxel concentration on the vessel surface was higher in the CC at 1 (CC=36.7% vs AC=13.1%, p<0.05) and 7 days (CC=38.4% vs AC=11%, p<0.05). In addition, the CC induced higher levels of neointimal inhibition, fibrin deposition and delayed healing compared with the AC group.ConclusionsThe presence of paclitaxel deposits on the vessel surface driving diffusion into the arterial tissue in a time-dependent fashion supports the mechanism of action of PCB. This specific pharmacokinetic behaviour influences the patterns of neointimal formation and healing.
Trim32 Facilitates Degradation of MYCN on Spindle Poles and Induces Asymmetric Cell Division in Human Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Izumi Hideki , Kaneko Yasuhiko 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a physiologic process during development and tissue homeostasis. ACD produces two unequal daughter cells: one has stem/progenitor cell activity and the other has potential for differentiation. Recent studies showed that misregulation of the balance between self-renewal and differentiation by ACD may lead to tumorigenesis in Drosophila neuroblasts. However, it is still largely unknown whether human cancer stem–like cells exhibit ACD or not. Here, using human neuroblastoma cells as an ACD model, we found that MYCN accumulates at spindle poles by GSK-3β phosphorylation during mitosis. In parallel, the ACD-related ubiquitin ligase Trim32 was recruited to spindle poles by CDK1/cyclin B–mediated phosphorylation. Trim32 interacted with MYCN at spindle poles during mitosis, facilitating proteasomal degradation of MYCN at spindle poles and inducing ACD. Trim32 also suppressed sphere formation of neuroblastoma-initiating cells, suggesting that the mechanisms of ACD produce differentiated neuroblastoma cells that will eventually die. Thus, Trim32 is a positive regulator of ACD that acts against MYCN and should be considered as a tumor-suppressor candidate. Our findings offer novel insights into the mechanisms of ACD and clarify its contributions to human tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 74(19); 5620–30. ©2014 AACR.
Prevalence and Correlates of Smoking and Cessation-Related Behavior among Survivors of Ten Cancers: Findings from a Nationwide Survey Nine Years after Diagnosis
Authors: Westmaas J. Lee , Alcaraz Kassandra I. , Berg Carla J. , Stein Kevin D. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Background: Smoking is detrimental to recovery and survival from cancer, but many cancer survivors continue to smoke. Information is lacking on smoking patterns of survivors many years after diagnosis and correlates of smoking status and patterns, likelihood of quitting, and intentions to quit.
Methods: Cross-sectional analyses were conducted among survivors of 10 cancers recruited by stratified random sampling from cancer registries in a nationwide, longitudinal, quality-of-life study (n = 2,938).
Results: Approximately 9 years after diagnosis, 9.3% of all survivors were current (past 30-day) smokers. Smoking prevalence was highest among survivors of bladder (17.2%), lung (14.9%), and ovarian (11.6%) cancers. Most current smokers (83%) smoked daily, averaging 14.7 cigarettes per day (cpd). Forty percent of daily smokers smoked more than 15 cpd. Nondaily smokers smoked a mean of 10.9 days in the last 30 days and averaged 5.7 cpd on smoking days. Current smoking was associated with younger age, lower education and income, and greater alcohol consumption. Quitting after diagnosis was associated with having a smoking-related cancer. Roughly, a third of current smokers intended to quit, 40% within the next month. The odds of intending to quit were lower if survivors were married, older, or smoked more.
Conclusions: This population-based study indicated that smoking can persist long after initial diagnosis and at high levels and identified characteristics associated with quitting and intentions to quit.
Impact: Findings can be used to identify survivors most at risk for continued smoking and to inform tailoring of cessation treatments for survivors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(9); 1783–92. ©2014 AACR.
ATM Regulates 3-Methylpurine-DNA Glycosylase and Promotes Therapeutic Resistance to Alkylating Agents
Authors: Agnihotri Sameer , Burrell Kelly , Buczkowicz Pawel , Remke Marc , Golbourn Brian , Chornenkyy Yevgen , Gajadhar Aaron , Fernandez Nestor A. , Clarke Ian D. , Barszczyk Mark S. , Pajovic Sanja , Ternamian Christian , Head Renee , Sabha Nesrin , Sobol Robert W. , Taylor Michael D. , Rutka James T. , Jones Chris , Dirks Peter B. , Zadeh Gelareh , Hawkins Cynthia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAlkylating agents are a first-line therapy for the treatment of several aggressive cancers, including pediatric glioblastoma, a lethal tumor in children. Unfortunately, many tumors are resistant to this therapy. We sought to identify ways of sensitizing tumor cells to alkylating agents while leaving normal cells unharmed, increasing therapeutic response while minimizing toxicity. Using an siRNA screen targeting over 240 DNA damage response genes, we identified novel sensitizers to alkylating agents. In particular, the base excision repair (BER) pathway, including 3-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), as well as ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), were identified in our screen. Interestingly, we identified MPG as a direct novel substrate of ATM. ATM-mediated phosphorylation of MPG was required for enhanced MPG function. Importantly, combined inhibition or loss of MPG and ATM resulted in increased alkylating agent–induced cytotoxicity in vitro and prolonged survival in vivo. The discovery of the ATM–MPG axis will lead to improved treatment of alkylating agent–resistant tumors.Significance: Inhibition of ATM and MPG-mediated BER cooperate to sensitize tumor cells to alkylating agents, impairing tumor growth in vitro and in vivo with no toxicity to normal cells, providing an ideal therapeutic window. Cancer Discov; 4(10); 1198–1213. ©2014 AACR.See related commentary by Wick and Platten, p. 1120This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1103
The Influence of Consequence-Based Messages on Public Responses to Tornado Warnings
Authors: Ripberger Joseph T. , Silva Carol L. , Jenkins-Smith Hank C. , James Mark 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The Central Region Headquarters of the National Weather Service (NWS) recently launched an experimental product that supplements traditional tornado and severe thunderstorm warning products with information about the potential impact of warned storms. As yet, however, we know relatively little about the influence of consequence-based messages on warning responsiveness. To address this gap, we fielded two surveys of U.S. residents that live in tornado-prone regions of the country. Both surveys contained an experiment wherein participants were randomly assigned a consequence-based tornado warning message and asked to indicate how they would respond if they were to receive such a warning. Respondents that were assigned to higher-impact categories were more likely choose protective action than respondents assigned to lower-impact categories. There was, however, a threshold beyond which escalating the projected consequences of the storm no longer increased the probability of protective action. To account for this, we show that the relationship between consequence-based messages and protective action depends on the type of action being considered. At lower levels of projected impact, increasing the expected consequences of the storm simultaneously increased the probability that respondents selected a “shelter in place” or “leave residence” option. At higher levels of projected impact, this relationship changed—increasing the projected consequences of the storm decreased the probability that respondents would shelter in place and increased the probability that they would leave their residence for what they perceived to be a safer location. In some severe storm situations, this behavior may increase rather than decrease the risks.
Theory of Time-Dependent Freezing. Part I: Description of Scheme for Wet Growth of Hail
Authors: Phillips Vaughan T. J. , Khain Alexander , Benmoshe Nir , Ilotoviz Eyal 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
At subzero temperatures, cloud particles can contain both ice and liquid water fractions. Wet growth of precipitation particles occurs when supercooled cloud liquid is accreted faster than it can freeze on impact.
With a flexible framework, the theory of wet growth of hail is extended to the case of the inhomogeneities of surface temperature and of liquid coverage over the surface of the particle. The theory treats the heat fluxes between its wet and dry parts and radial heat fluxes from the sponge layer through the liquid skin to the air. The theory parameterizes effects of nonsphericity of hail particles on their growth by accretion. Gradual internal freezing of any liquid soaking the hail or graupel particle’s interior during dry growth (“riming”) is treated as well. In this way, the microphysical recycling envisaged by Pflaum in a paper in 1980 is treated, with alternating episodes of wet and dry growth.
The present paper, the first of a two-part paper, describes the scheme to treat wet growth, accounting for dependencies on condensate content, temperature, and particle size. Comparison with the laboratory experiments is presented.
Covarying Hydroclimate Patterns between Monsoonal Asia and North America over the Past 600 Years
Authors: Fang Keyan , Chen Deliang , Li Jinbao , Seppä Heikki 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Proxy data with large spatial coverage spanning to the preindustrial era not only provide invaluable material to investigate hydroclimate changes in different regions but also enable studies on temporal changes in the teleconnections between these regions. Applying the singular value decomposition (SVD) method to tree-ring-based field reconstructions of the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) over monsoonal Asia (MA) and North America (NA) from 1404 to 2005, the dominant covarying pattern between the two regions is identified. This pattern is represented by the teleconnection between the dipole pattern of southern–northern latitudinal MA and the dipole of southwest NA (SWNA)–northwest NA (NWNA), which accounts for 59.6% of the total covariance. It is dominated by an antiphase low MA and SWNA teleconnection, driven by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and is most significant at an interannual time scale. This teleconnection is strengthened (weakened) in periods of increased (decreased) solar forcing and high (low) temperature, which is associated with intensified (weakened) ENSO variability. Additional forcing by SST anomalies in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans appears to be important too.
Impacts of the Oyashio Temperature Front on the Regional Climate
Authors: Nakamura Mototaka , Miyama Toru 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Impacts of a sea surface temperature front (SSTF) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean on the large-scale summer atmospheric state in the region are examined with a regional atmospheric circulation model developed at the International Pacific Research Center. Ensemble simulation experiments with various SSTF strengths and positions show that an SSTF does have strong impacts on the summer atmospheric circulation in the region. A meridional shift in the position of the SSTF generally shifts the tropospheric jet and brings temperature anomalies in the area affected by the shift.
The Sound of Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Zhao Zhongxiang , D’Asaro Eric A. , Nystuen Jeffrey A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Underwater ambient sound levels beneath tropical cyclones were measured using hydrophones onboard Lagrangian floats, which were air deployed in the paths of Hurricane Gustav (2008) and Typhoons Megi (2010) and Fanapi (2010). The sound levels at 40 Hz–50 kHz from 1- to 50-m depth were measured at wind speeds up to 45 m s−1. The measurements reveal a complex dependence of the sound level on wind speed due to the competing effects of sound generation by breaking wind waves and sound attenuation by quiescent bubbles. Sound level increases monotonically with increasing wind speed only for low frequencies (&lt;200 Hz). At higher frequencies (&gt;200 Hz), sound level first increases and then decreases with increasing wind speed. There is a wind speed that produces a maximum sound level for each frequency; the wind speed of the maximum sound level decreases with frequency. Sound level at &gt;20 kHz mostly decreases with wind speed over the wind range 15–45 m s−1. The sound field is nearly uniform with depth in the upper 50 m with nearly all sound attenuation limited to the upper 2 m at all measured frequencies. A simple model of bubble trajectories based on the measured float trajectories finds that resonant bubbles at the high-frequency end of the observations (25 kHz) could easily be advected deeper than 2 m during tropical cyclones. Thus, bubble rise velocity alone cannot explain the lack of sound attenuation at these depths.
Exercise, Sedentary Pastimes, and Cognitive Performance in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Steinberg Susanne Inez , Sammel Mary Dupuis , Harel Brian Tal , Schembri Adrian , Policastro Christopher , Bogner Hillary R. , Negash Selamawit , Arnold Steven Edward 
Published: August 2014

Background: Moderately vigorous physical activity (MVPA) provides a protective affect against cognitive decline and cardiovascular risk factors. Less is known about sedentary pastimes or non exercise physical activity (NEPA) and cognitive performance. Method: 125 healthy adults 65 or older with no clinical evidence of cognitive impairment were enrolled. The CogState computerized neurocognitive battery was administered. Leisure activities were measured using the Community Health Activity Program for Seniors (CHAMPS). Results: Sedentary pastimes were associated with executive dysfunction ( P = 0.01); MVPA with high memory scores ( P = 0.05) and NEPA with improved working memory ( P = 0.05). Only sedentary pastimes and executive dysfunction retained significance after correction for multiple comparisons. Smoking and alcohol confounded the association of memory with sedentary pastimes and MVPA. Conclusions: Study highlights: negative impact of sedentary pastimes on executive function, need for additional investigation of sedentary behavior, NEPA, the impact of addictions upon activity in late life.
Adolescent prediabetes in a high-risk Middle East country: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mamtani Ravinder , Lowenfels Albert B , Sheikh Javaid , Cheema Sohaila , Al-Hamaq Abdulla , Matthis Sharoud A , El-Nahas Katie G , Maisonneuve Patrick 
Published: August 2014

Objective To estimate the prevalence of prediabetes in adolescents living in a high-risk country and to detect risk factors associated with this disorder. Design Survey questionnaire combined with physical measurements and blood sugar determination. Setting Doha, capital city of Qatar. Participants A total of 1694 male and female students aged 11–18 years without previously diagnosed diabetes enrolled in four schools. Main outcome measure Blood sugar measurements. Other measured variables included gender, height, weight, abdominal circumference, country of origin, family history of diabetes and frequency of exercise. Results Using a random blood sugar ≥7.8 mmol/L or a fasting blood sugar ≥5.5 mmol/L as cutpoints, we identified 4.2% of students (56 boys, 15 girls) as probable prediabetics. In a multivariate model, being boys (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.7–6.2), having a diabetic parent (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.2) or having a waist-to-height ratio >0.5 (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.0) were significantly associated with being a prediabetic. The parental origin of diabetes had a differential effect upon blood sugar. The mean random blood sugar in students with a maternal inheritance pattern of diabetes was 5.61 mmol/L ± 1.0, compared to 5.39 mmol/L ± 0.89 in students with a paternal inheritance pattern ( p = 0.02). Conclusions In a country with a high risk of adult diabetes, we identified 4.2% of students aged 11–18 as being prediabetic. Risk factors associated with prediabetes included male gender, family history of diabetes and waist-to-height ratio >0.5.