bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competition and Price Wars in the U.S. Brewing Industry
Authors: Gokhale Jayendra , Tremblay Victor J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe behavior of the macro or mass-production segment of the U.S. brewing industry appears to be paradoxical. Since the end of Prohibition in 1934, the number of independent brewers has continuously declined while the major national brewers, such as Anheuser-Busch, Miller, and Coors, have gained market share. In spite of this decline in the number of competitors, profits and market power have remained low in brewing. Iwasaki et al. (2008) explain this result by providing evidence that changes in marketing and production technologies favored larger brewers and forced the industry into a war of attrition, in which only a handful of firms could survive. This led to fierce competition, especially from the 1960s through the mid 1980s. Since the late 1990s, the war appears to have subsided. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine whether price competition diminished after the mid-1990s. We find evidence that competition has diminished but not enough to substantially increase market power. (JEL Classification: D22, L11, L66)
Specialized psychosocial treatment plus treatment as usual (TAU) versus TAU for patients with cannabis use disorder and psychosis: the CapOpus randomized trial
Authors: Hjorthøj C. R. , Fohlmann A. , Larsen A.-M. , Gluud C. , Arendt M. , Nordentoft M. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundCannabis abuse in psychotic patients is associated with rehospitalizations, reduced adherence and increased symptom severity. Previous psychosocial interventions have been ineffective in cannabis use, possibly because of low sample sizes and short interventions. We investigated whether adding CapOpus to treatment as usual (TAU) reduces cannabis use in patients with cannabis use disorder and psychosis.MethodA total of 103 patients with psychosis and cannabis use disorder were centrally randomized to 6 months of CapOpus plus TAU (n = 52) or TAU (n = 51). CapOpus consisted mainly of motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). TAU was targeted primarily at the psychotic disorder. The primary outcome was self-reported days with cannabis use in the preceding month.ResultsPre-randomization cannabis use frequency was 14.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.7–17.1] days/month. Post-treatment, the ratio of days/month with cannabis use in CapOpus versus TAU was 0.76 (95% CI 0.38–1.50) (p = 0.42), and 0.80 (95% CI 0.21–3.10) (p = 0.75) at the 4-month follow-up. From 46.4 (95% CI 36.4–56.3) monthly joints pre-randomization, consumption fell to 27.3 (95% CI 12.6–41.9) joints in CapOpus and 48.2 (95% CI 31.8–64.6) in TAU (p = 0.06). Follow-up amounts were 28.4 (95% CI 13.5–43.2) and 41.6 (95% CI 25.2–58.0) joints (p = 0.23). Several subgroup analyses suggested benefits of CapOpus.ConclusionsCapOpus did not reduce the frequency, but possibly the amount, of cannabis use. This is similar to the findings of previous trials in this population. Implementation of CapOpus-type interventions is thus not warranted at present but subgroup analyses call for further trials.
Iron localization inAcarosporacolonizing schist on Signy Island
Authors: Purvis O.W. , Convey P. , Flowerdew M.J. , Peat H.J. , Najorka J. , Kearsley A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA small, inconspicuous lichen,Acarosporacf.badiofusca, was discovered colonizing iron-stained quartz mica schists on the lower slope of Manhaul Rock, a recently exposed nunatak on the McLeod Glacier, Signy Island, South Orkney Islands. Thallus colour ranged from rust on exposed rock surfaces to paler orange and green in shaded crevices. This study addressed the hypothesis that colour reflects element localization, and considered substance localization within lichen tissues and responses to stress. Electron microprobe analysis of specimens confirmed that Fe is localized principally in the outer rust-coloured part of the cortex, confirming that the colour reflects Fe localization. Oxalates, widely reported as contributing to tolerance mechanisms to environmental stress, were not detected using X-ray diffraction. The upper thallus surface consisted of sub-micron particulate phases containing Fe, Al and O, suggesting mixed oxide/hydroxide phases are present and play a role in photoprotection.
Do not pay for a Danish interest guarantee. The law of the triple blow
Authors: Guillén Montserrat , Konicz Agnieszka Karolina , Nielsen Jens Perch , Pérez-Marín Ana M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe have investigated the performance of pension schemes of with-profit policies containing a guaranteed minimum rate of return and we have found that the price of the guarantee measured in terms of lost returns is enormous. We use simple simulations rather than complex pricing methods to illustrate that the price of an interest guarantee is high in pension products that are currently commercialised in the market. We have found that the customer loses up to about 0.75% yearly in the rate of return when an interest guarantee is purchased, compared to the return of an equivalent saving strategy with the same risk at the level 95%. This can explain why such arrangements are not widely popular. Our approach can be used to inform clients, who are not experts in modern financial models, the impact of paying for an interest guarantee.
An empirical determination of proton auroral far ultraviolet emission efficiencies using a new nonclimatological proton flux extrapolation method
Authors: Knight H. K. , Strickland D. J. , Correira J. , Hecht J. H. , Straus P. R. 
Published: October 2012

Model‐derived electron and proton auroral FUV emission efficiencies of relevance to auroral FUV remote sensing methods are evaluated using coincident observations by Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) and Special Sensor J/5 (SSJ/5), both on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite F16. This follows earlier work by Knight et al. (2008), which reported higher than expected proton Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield (LBH) emission efficiencies based on F16 SSUSI and SSJ/5 comparisons, and Correira et al. (2011), which suggested a downward revision in the proton LBH efficiencies from Knight et al. (2008). These proton efficiency results rely on proton extrapolation methods to supply the unmeasured proton flux above 30 keV (the upper limit of SSJ/5). Correira et al. (2011) determined that there was a bias in the proton extrapolation method used by Knight et al. (2008) that was caused by column emission rate (CER) thresholding in the coincident SSUSI and SSJ/5 sets. In the latest work, a more robust proton flux extrapolation method is introduced which does not have the problem of CER threshold dependence. The new extrapolation method uses coincident SSUSI Lyman alpha observations to constrain the extrapolated proton flux above 30 keV in such a way that unknown Lyman alpha model yield errors and SSUSI and SSJ/5 calibration errors drop out without biasing the extrapolation. With the latest extrapolation method, SSUSI‐SSJ/5 comparisons indicate that proton aurora is typically a factor of ∼4.5 more efficient per unit of energy flux in producing LBH than electron aurora.
Fragment-guided design of subnanomolar β-lactamase inhibitors active in vivo
Authors: Eidam Oliv , Romagnoli Chiara , Dalmasso Guillaume , Barelier Sarah , Caselli Emilia , Bonnet Richard , Shoichet Brian K. , Prati Fabio 
Published: October 2012

Fragment-based design was used to guide derivatization of a lead series of β-lactamase inhibitors that had heretofore resisted optimization for in vivo activity. X-ray structures of fragments overlaid with the lead suggested new, unanticipated functionality and points of attachment. Synthesis of three derivatives improved affinity over 20-fold and improved efficacy in cell culture. Crystal structures were consistent with the fragment-based design, enabling further optimization to aKiof 50 pM, a 500-fold improvement that required the synthesis of only six derivatives. One of these, compound5, was tested in mice. Whereas cefotaxime alone failed to cure mice infected with β-lactamase-expressingEscherichia coli, 65% were cleared of infection when treated with a cefotaxime:5combination. Fragment complexes offer a path around design hurdles, even for advanced molecules; the series described here may provide leads to overcome β-lactamase-based resistance, a key clinical challenge.
A new loss mechanism in graphene nanoresonators due to the synthetic electric fields caused by inherent out-of-plane membrane corrugations
Authors: Firsova N E , Firsov Yu A 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
For the first time the influence of out-of-plane deformations, which always exist in graphene, on the non-stationary processes is considered for the case of a monolayer graphene nanoresonator. A new loss mechanism for this device caused by dissipative intra-valley currents stipulated by synthetic electric fields is studied. These fields are generated by time-dependent gauge fields arising in a graphene membrane due to its intrinsic out-of-plane distortions and the influence of the external periodic electromotive force. The corresponding formula for the quality factor has a quantum mechanical origin and includes quantum mechanical parameters. This loss mechanism accounts for an essential part (about 40%) of losses in a graphene nanoresonator and it is specific just for graphene. The ways of minimization of this kind of dissipation (an increase in the quality factor of the electromechanical system) are discussed. It is explained why one can enhance the quality factor by correctly choosing a combination of strains (by strain engineering). In addition, it is shown that the quality factor can be increased by switching on a magnetic field perpendicular to the graphene membrane.
Sunflower genetic, genomic and ecological resources
Authors: Kane Nolan C. , Burke John M. , Marek Laura , Seiler Gerald , Vear Felicity , Baute Gregory , Knapp Steven J. , Vincourt Patrick , Rieseberg Loren H. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractLong a major focus of genetic research and breeding, sunflowers (Helianthus) are emerging as an increasingly important experimental system for ecological and evolutionary studies. Here, we review the various attributes of wild and domesticated sunflowers that make them valuable for ecological experimentation and describe the numerous publicly available resources that have enabled rapid advances in ecological and evolutionary genetics. Resources include seed collections available from germplasm centres at the USDA and INRA, genomic and EST sequences, mapping populations, genetic markers, genetic and physical maps and other forward‐ and reverse‐genetic tools. We also discuss some of the key evolutionary, genetic and ecological questions being addressed in sunflowers, as well as gaps in our knowledge and promising areas for future research.
Barcoding of aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae and Adelgidae): proper usage of the global data set
Authors: Rakauskas Rimantas , Bašilova Jekaterina 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBasics of DNA barcoding suppose the creation and operation of an extensive library based on reliably (including possibility for validation) identified specimens. Therefore, information concerning morphological identification of the individual samples used for DNA barcoding, for example, identification keys and descriptions used, must be clearly explained. In addition, the maximum available data set of sequences must be used. Access to currently private data appears to be of special interest, especially when such possibility is provided by the database regulations, because it encourages the cooperation of research and saves both time and resources. The cryptic aphid species complexes Aphis oenotherae‐holoenotherae and A. pomi‐spiraecola are used to illustrate the above statements.
State‐related alterations of gene expression in bipolar disorder: a systematic review
Authors: Munkholm Klaus , Vinberg Maj , Berk Michael , Kessing Lars Vedel 
Published: October 2012

Munkholm K, Vinberg M, Berk M, Kessing LV. State‐related alterations of gene expression in bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 684–696. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objective:  Alterations in gene expression in bipolar disorder have been found in numerous studies. It is unclear whether such alterations are related to specific mood states. As a biphasic disorder, mood state‐related alterations in gene expression have the potential to point to markers of disease activity, and trait‐related alterations might indicate vulnerability pathways. This review therefore evaluated the evidence for whether gene expression in bipolar disorder is state or trait related.Methods:  A systematic review, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guideline for reporting systematic reviews, based on comprehensive database searches for studies on gene expression in patients with bipolar disorder in specific mood states, was conducted. We searched Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and The Cochrane Library, supplemented by manually searching reference lists from retrieved publications.Results:  A total of 17 studies were included, comprising 565 patients and 418 control individuals. Six studies evaluated intraindividual alterations in gene expression across mood states. Two of five studies found evidence of intraindividual alterations in gene expression between a depressed state and a euthymic state. No studies evaluated intraindividual differences in gene expression between a manic state and a euthymic state, while only one case study evaluated differences between a manic state and a depressed state, finding altered expression in seven genes. No study investigated intraindividual variations in gene expression between a euthymic state and multiple states of various polarities (depressive, manic, hypomanic). Intraindividual alterations in expression of the same genes were not investigated across studies. Only one gene (the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene; BDNF) was investigated across multiple studies, showing no alteration between bipolar disorder patients and control individuals.Conclusions:  There is evidence of some genes exhibiting state‐related alterations in expression in bipolar disorder; however, this finding is limited by the lack of replication across studies. Further prospective studies are warranted, measuring gene expression in various affective phases, allowing for assessment of intraindividual differences.
Bone tissue response to implant surfaces functionalized with phosphate‐containing polymers
Authors: Cardoso Marcio Vivan , Chaudhari Amol , Yoshida Yasuhiro , Van Meerbeek Bart , Naert Ignace , Duyck Joke 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectivesInorganic polyphosphates are said to stimulate the activity of osteoblast‐like cells in vitro. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vivo bone regeneration around implants treated with polyphosphoric acid (PPA) and phosphorylated pullulan (PPL).Material and MethodsTwo types of implants with different surface roughness (R1: Sa ≈ 0.23 μm; R2: Sa ≈ 1.35 μm) were treated with three solutions (distilled water, 10%wt PPA, or 10%wt PPL) prior to implantation in both tibia of twelve female white rabbits. Each animal received six implants randomly positioned according to their surface roughness and treatment: R1 + water; R1 + PPA; R1 + PPL; R2 + water; R2 + PPA; R2 + PPL. Animals were sacrificed after 1 or 4 weeks, and samples were prepared for histological and histomorphometrical analysis. Bone regeneration areas were evaluated for bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) and bone fraction (BF) in areas 100 and 500 μm remote from the implant surface. Data were statistically analyzed by means of Friedman and Wilcoxon matched‐pair tests (P < 0.05).ResultsAfter 1 week, bone tissue was rarely formed in the regeneration areas. After 4 weeks, implants treated with PPA presented higher ratios of BIC (R1 = 52.3 ± 13.1; R2 = 54.6 ± 11.0) than the ones treated with water (R1 = 24.1 ± 15.1; R2 = 32.4 ± 13.0). On the other hand, around the implant surface (100 μm), PPL‐treated implants induced higher BF (R1 = 78.3 ± 34.1; R2 = 71.2 ± 21.8) as compared with the water‐treated ones (R1 = 46.1 ± 22.0; R2 = 49.6 ± 21.0). At 500 μm, however, no statistically significant differences in BF were found among the groups evaluated (P > 0.05). Surface roughness influenced neither BIC nor BF.ConclusionsImplant surface treatment with phosphate‐containing polymers may positively influence osseointegration.
High‐polyphenol chocolate reduces endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress during acute transient hyperglycaemia in Type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mellor D. D. , Madden L. A. , Smith K. A. , Kilpatrick E. S. , Atkin S. L. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimsTo investigate the effects of high‐polyphenol chocolate upon endothelial function and oxidative stress in Type 2 diabetes mellitus during acute transient hyperglycaemia induced following a 75‐g oral glucose challenge.MethodsTen subjects with Type 2 diabetes underwent a double‐blinded randomized controlled crossover study. A 75‐g oral glucose load was used to induce hyperglycaemia, which was administered to participants 60 min after they had ingested either low (control) or high‐polyphenol chocolate. Participants undertook testing at weekly intervals, following an initial cocoa‐free period. Endothelial function was assessed by both functional [reactive hyperaemia peripheral artery tonometry (EndoPAT‐2000) and serum markers (including intercellular adhesion molecule 1, P‐selectin and P‐selectin glycoprotein ligand 1]. Urinary 15‐F2t‐isoprostane adjusted for creatinine was used as an oxidative stress marker. Measurements were made at baseline and 2 h post‐ingestion of the glucose load.ResultsPrior consumption of high‐polyphenol chocolate before a glucose load improved endothelial function (1.7 ± 0.1 vs. 2.3 ± 0.1%, P = 0.01), whereas prior consumption of control chocolate resulted in a significant increase in intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (321.1 ± 7.6 vs. 373.6 ± 10.5 ng/ml, P = 0.04) and 15‐F2t‐isoprostane (116.8 ± 5.7 vs. 207.1 ± 5.7 mg/mol, P = 0.02). Analysis of percentage changes from baseline comparing control and high‐polyphenol chocolate showed a significant improvement for high‐polyphenol chocolate in both measures of endothelial function (P < 0.05) and for urinary 15‐F2t‐isoprostane (P = 0.04).ConclusionHigh‐polyphenol chocolate protected against acute hyperglycaemia‐induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Structure of RdxA – an oxygen‐insensitive nitroreductase essential for metronidazole activation in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Martínez‐Júlvez Marta , Rojas Adriana L. , Olekhnovich Igor , Angarica Vladimir Espinosa , Hoffman Paul S. , Sancho Javier 
Published: October 2012

The RdxA oxygen‐insensitive nitroreductase of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori is responsible for the susceptibility of this organism to the redox active prodrug metronidazole [2‐(2‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)ethanol]. Loss‐of‐function mutations in rdxA are primarily responsible for resistance to this therapeutic. RdxA exhibits potent NADPH oxidase activity under aerobic conditions and metronidazole reductase activity under strictly anaerobic conditions. In the present study, we report the crystal structure of RdxA, which is a homodimer exhibiting domain swapping and containing two molecules of FMN bound at the dimer interface. We have found a gap between the side chain of Tyr47 and the isoalloxazine ring of FMN that appears to be appropriate for substrate binding. The structure does not include residues 97–128, which correspond to a locally unstable part of the NTR from Escherichia coli, and might be involved in cofactor binding. Comparison of H. pylori RdxA with other oxidoreductases of known structure suggests that RdxA may belong to a new subgroup of oxidoreductases in which a cysteine side chain close to the FMN cofactor could be involved in the reductive activity. In this respect, the mutation of C159 to A or S (C159A/S) has resulted in a loss of metronidazole reductase activity but not NADPH oxidase activity. The RdxA structure enables the interpretation of the many loss‐of‐function mutations described previously, including those affecting C159, a residue whose interaction with FMN is required for the nitroreduction of metronidazole. The present studies provide unique insights into the redox behaviour of the flavin in this key enzyme for metronidazole activation, including a potential use in gene therapy.DatabaseStructural data have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession number 3QDL.
Oestrogen treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis requires 17β‐oestradiol‐receptor‐positive B cells that up‐regulate PD‐1 on CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Bodhankar Sheetal , Vandenbark Arthur A. , Offner Halina 
Published: October 2012

SummaryIt is now well accepted that sex hormones have immunoregulatory activity and may prevent exacerbations in multiple sclerosis during pregnancy. Our previous studies demonstrated that oestrogen (17β‐oestradiol; E2) protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is mediated mainly through oestrogen receptor‐α (ERα) and the membrane receptor G‐protein‐coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) and is abrogated in the absence of B cells and the co‐inhibitory receptor, Programmed Death‐1 (PD‐1). To critically evaluate the cell source of the E2 and PD‐1 co‐inhibitory pathways in EAE regulation, we assessed the requirement for ERs on transferred B cells and downstream effects on expression of PD‐1/PD‐ligand on CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in B‐cell‐replenished, E2‐treated B‐cell‐deficient (μMT−/−) mice with EAE. The results clearly demonstrated involvement of ERα and GPR30 on transferred B cells that mediated the protective E2 treatment effect on EAE and further showed an E2‐mediated B‐cell‐dependent up‐regulation of PD‐1 on CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells. These findings identify regulatory B‐cell populations as key players in potentiating Treg‐cell activity during E2‐mediated protection against EAE.
Perception of Jordanian mothers to nursing support during their children hospitalisation
Authors: Al‐Akour Nemeh A , Gharaibeh Muntaha , Al‐Sallal Ranyah AK 
Published: October 2012

Aims and objectivesTo describe Jordanian mothers' perceptions of nursing support provided during hospitalisation of their children and identify socio‐demographic characteristic of mothers and children associated with mothers' perceptions of nursing support.BackgroundNursing support is crucial to mothers to ease and relieve pain and stress experience during hospitalisation of their children.DesignA cross‐sectional design.MethodA total of 235 mothers who stayed with their children during their hospitalisations for medical or surgical health problems were recruited for the purpose of the study. Mothers of children of one month to two years old from two governmental hospitals in Amman‐Jordan were interviewed over a period of two months. Data were collected using Nursing Parent Support Tool and demographic data questionnaire.ResultsThis study showed that the perception of Jordanian mothers to nursing support was moderate (M = 3·23, SD = 0·95). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that mothers' satisfaction to nursing support and mothers' education explained (0·332) of the variance in the mother's perception of nursing support.ConclusionSatisfaction with nursing care and level of education are important factors in Jordanian mothers' perception of nursing support. Nurses need to understand the importance of these factors when providing support and holistic care.Relevance to clinical practiceTo enhance high level of satisfaction of nursing care, paediatric nurses in the practice settings should establish parent support groups and provide educational materials that are beneficial for educated and uneducated parents.