bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital radiography exposure indices: A review
Authors: Mothiram Ursula , Brennan Patrick C. , Lewis Sarah J. , Moran Bernadette , Robinson John 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDigital radiography (DR) technologies have the advantage of a wide dynamic range compared to their film‐screen predecessors, however, this poses a potential for increased patient exposure if left unchecked. Manufacturers have developed the exposure index (EI) to counter this, which provides radiographers with feedback on the exposure reaching the detector. As these EIs were manufacturer‐specific, a wide variety of EIs existed. To offset this, the international standardised EI has been developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM). The purpose of this article is to explore the current literature relating to EIs, beginning with the historical development of the EI, the development of the standardised EI and an exploration of common themes and studies as evidenced in the research literature. It is anticipated that this review will provide radiographers with a useful guide to understanding EIs, their application in clinical practice, limitations and suggestions for further research.
How do Medical Radiation Science educators keep up with the [clinical] Joneses?
Authors: Giles Eileen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIntroductionMedical radiation science (MRS) disciplines include medical imaging, radiation therapy and nuclear medicine. These allied health fields are technology driven and evolving rapidly with regard to imaging and treatment techniques within the clinical environment. This research aims to identify the activities academics are currently participating in to maintain clinical currency and offer strategies to support academics to connect with an ever‐changing clinical environment.MethodsA cross‐sectional designed survey was sampled across the nine Australian universities where MRS programmes are offered. The survey targeted academic teaching staff that were working in MRS programmes at the time of distribution (n ≈ 90). Enablers and barriers to maintaining clinical currency as well as support to participate in continuing professional development were rated by the respondents. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse quantitative data, and free‐text comment responses were collated and themed.ResultsThere were 38 responses to the survey (42%) and all three disciplines were represented. Responses highlighted activities valued by academics as contributing to their knowledge of current practice and as resources to inform their teaching. Positive elements included participating in clinical work and research, attending clinical sites and training days and attending scientific meetings. Common barriers identified by academics in this area were time constraints, workload allocation and employer/financial support.ConclusionThis research has identified that Australian MRS academics participate in a broad range of activities to inform their teaching and maintain knowledge of contemporary clinical practice. A connection with the clinical world is valued highly by academics, however, access and support to maintain that link is often a difficulty and as a result for MRS teaching staff keeping up with the clinical [MRS] Joneses is often a challenge.
Analysis of precipitation based on ensembles of regional climate model simulations and observational databases over Ethiopia for the period 1989–2008
Authors: Reda Daniel T. , Engida Agizew N. , Asfaw Dereje H. , Hamdi Rafiq 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThis study examines the performance of multimodel numerical simulations and multiobservational databases focusing on seasonal cycles and spatial variations of precipitation over Ethiopia. Seven regional climate models (RCMs) driven by the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) Interim reanalysis (ERA‐Interim) and generated in the framework of COordinated Regional climate Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX) project, and four observational databases computed using different interpolation techniques and blending strategies were evaluated against typical observational database produced by Climate Research Unit (CRU) over Ethiopia on monthly basis. All were produced at 48.8 km grid resolution for the period 1989–2008. The preliminary results showed that ensembles [multimodel ensemble (MME) + multiobservational ensemble (MOE)] were as good as CRU in reproducing the temporal variability and the geographical distribution of precipitation. Comparison of seasonal means and temporal correlation results revealed that there were good agreements between ensembles and CRU at each grid point and in close proximity to each other. Results of rotated principal components (RPCs), rotated empirical orthogonal functions (REOFs), and the associated power spectra showed that every ensemble's element was able to simulate the seasonal cycles and homogeneous precipitation zones of CRU reasonably well. Excessive and deficient rainfall periods, which were seen in every ensemble's RPCs, matched CRU historical records.
Aerosol radiometric properties at Western Spain (Cáceres station)
Authors: Obregón M. A. , Serrano A. , Cancillo M. L. , Cachorro V. E. , Toledano C. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the radiometric properties of aerosol column over Western Spain. It is based on 7‐year data series of aerosol parameters at the AERONET Cáceres station (Spain) as measured by CIMEL sun‐photometers. The study period extends along almost 7 years: from July 2005 to June 2012. The paper aims at analysing the temporal evolution, mean values and spectral dependence of some fundamental aerosol parameters such as aerosol optical depth (τ), Ångström parameter (α), single scattering albedo (ω), asymmetry parameter (g) and volume size distribution (dV dlogr−1); and their relationship with the most frequent air masses that arrive at Western Spain. Mean values correspond to aerosols of small size and low concentration (mean τ500 = 0.11; mean α = 1.38). In fact, 50% of days correspond to ‘continental‐clean’ type. However, there is a certain variability of conditions, with more than 25% of medium and high turbidity cases with τ500 higher than 0.20. These episodes of high turbidity occur more frequently in August and September and are usually due to the influence of desert‐dust aerosol, biomass burning, continental aerosol, or a mixture of them. The analysis of the all basic and derived aerosol parameters is explained by the main influences: continental location, exposed to maritime aerosols coming from the Atlantic Ocean, and affected by Saharan dust intrusions.
Snowfall variations in Japan and its linkage with tropical forcing
Authors: Ueda Hiroaki , Kibe Ayumi , Saitoh Mika , Inoue Tomoshige 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, the causes of inter‐annual variability of wintertime snowfall in the coastal plain facing the Sea of Japan over the past 33 years (1980–2012) are investigated. The observational evidence showed that intensified cold air intrusion from the Eurasian continent towards Japan in combination with anomalous cyclonic circulation favours in situ heavy snowfall. The composite analysis of the tropical convection during the heavy snow winters indicates that enhancement of convection in the vicinity of the Philippines, including the eastern Indian Ocean, is responsible for the emergence of anti‐cyclonic circulation over the Asian continent and subsequent anomalous cyclonic circulation around Japan. Idealized experiments by use of the linear baroclinic model (LBM) were conducted to elucidate the origin of the teleconnection. We put idealized diabatic heating in the LBM under the wintertime atmospheric circulation and examined the heat‐induced response. The experimental results clearly indicated that the intensified convection over the maritime continents and the neighbouring oceans is primarily responsible for the pair of the anti‐cyclonic and cyclonic circulation. Thus, a study of the predictability of the tropical forcing may shed light on the predictable dynamics of snowy winters in Japan.
Tibiofemoral alignment in posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty: Static alignment does not predict dynamic tibial plateau loading
Authors: Miller Emily J. , Pagnano Mark W. , Kaufman Kenton R. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTFor total knee arthroplasty (TKA), neutral mechanical alignment produces balanced static knee loading. Dynamically, knee loading is affected by more than limb static alignment. We compared static and dynamic knee loading following TKA. Fifteen TKA patients were evaluated pre‐operatively and 2 months and 2 years post‐operatively. Tibiofemoral angles and medial tibial plateau loading were calculated. Pre‐operatively, static medial load was greater for varus than valgus knees. Post‐operatively, no relationship existed between tibiofemoral angle and static medial plateau load. Pre‐operatively and post‐operatively, dynamic medial load was not dependent on tibiofemoral angle. While all patients achieved equal static plateau load distributions at 2 years, only 47% had dynamic medial load distributions of 50 ± 10%. Static tibiofemoral alignment alone does not predict dynamic tibial loading. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:???–???, 2014.
Anti‐diabetic effects of the ethanol extract of a functional formula diet in mice fed with a fructose/fat‐rich combination diet
Authors: Cheng Qian , Zhang Xiaofeng , Wang Ou , Liu Jia , Cai Shengbao , Wang Ruojun , Zhou Feng , Ji Baoping 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDRhizoma dioscorea, Lycium barbarum, Prunella vulgaris and hawthorn are well known in both traditional food and folk medicine. Each of these plants reportedly possesses beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetes. In this study an anti‐diabetic health‐promoting diet was formulated by mixing the herbs in a ratio of 6:4:2:3, and the anti‐diabetic effect and underlying mechanism were elucidated in vivo.RESULTSCompared with the model control group, the formula, especially its ethanol extract (EF), could improve glucose intolerance and normalize the lipid profile. The mechanisms responsible for the amelioration of glucose and lipid metabolism in mice were an increase in peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity, a decrease in serum free fatty acid level, enhanced hepatic glucokinase activity and glycogen content and improved serum antioxidant activity. Hepatic histopathological examination also showed that EF administration markedly decreased fatty deposits in the liver of mice.CONCLUSIONThe results of the present study demonstrated that the prepared functional formula diet is a potent alternative as an anti‐diabetic health‐promoting diet. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Strategies for Adopting Consumer‐generated Media in Small‐sized to Medium‐sized Tourism Enterprises
Authors: Burgess Stephen , Sellitto Carmine , Cox Carmen , Buultjens Jeremy 
Published: May 2014

AbstractConsumer‐generated media (CGM) are created when consumers submit, review or respond to online content. The bulk of research into CGM has focussed upon its use by consumers, with less research examining the use of CGM by small businesses. This article discusses small business sector use of online technologies such as CGM, concentrating on tourism small businesses as a key industry sector affected by CGM activities. A CGM ‘strategy’ framework, developed from an existing small business strategy framework, is proposed. This serves as a practical tool for developing CGM strategies and as a theoretical foundation for conducting research into the use of CGM. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual classification of tympanoplasty
Authors: Bellucci Richard J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn order to understand the limitations imposed by middle ear pathology encountered in tympanoplasty and to compare statistically postoperative results of the various techniques used, a classification of cases is required. Until recently attempts to represent adequately each case in a classification seemed impossible because of the large number of variables to be considered; however, the variables can be included in two broad groups: one group represents the pathology of the conductive mechanism in the middle ear. This relates directly to the type of reconstruction possible and the degree of hearing improvement expected. The second group of variables relates to middle ear infection. Long lasting good hearing depends on a stable postoperative ear, free of infection. This classification is valuable as a guide for evaluating and grading of the pre‐operative ear with respect to the chances for obtaining a postoperative, stable ear free of infection. A dual classification is, therefore, proposed, representing the major variable factors which are basic to all cases and significantly influence the results obtained in tympanoplasty.
Fundamental frequency characteristics of Japanese Asai Speakers
Authors: Curry E. Thayer , Snidecor John C. , Isshiki Nobuhiko 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the Asai procedure in terms of the postoperative fundamental vocal frequency of a group of native Japanese Asai speakers and to ascertain if auditory impressions are related in fact to acoustical impressions of higher fundamental vocal frequency. Study results indicate a postoperative vocal frequency of 97 Hz, which is significantly higher than the previous frequencies reported near 65 Hz. Of special note is the much higher percentage of aperiodicity among the Asai speakers when compared with a group of United States superior esophageal speakers.
An instrument for cannulation of the thoracic duct
Authors: Dedo Douglas D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA new thoracic duct cannulation needle has been created by modifying a Vim‐Silverman biopsy needle. Its use in 10 experiments is described. The needle was shown to facilitate cannulation by preventing lymph leakage and duct collapse. It allowed recannulation of the duct when the cannula clotted during long‐term thoracic duct drainage.
Posterior nasal packing, spontaneous perforation of the esophagus and gram negative septicemia: Report of a case
Authors: Becker Gary D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA posterior nasal pack was inserted to control epistaxis. Four days later a spontaneous esophageal perforation with gram negative septicemia and shock resulted in the patient's rapid demise. These entities have not previously been reported in association with posterior nasal packing. A brief discussion is given of the symptomatology and treatment of these conditions, as well as the influence of antibiotics on the nasopharyngeal flora and its possible role in the production of gram negative sepsis.
Facial nerve anastomosis
Authors: Scaramella L. F. , Tobias Eli 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA case of traumatic peripheral facial palsy incurred during the removal of an acoustic neuroma via a sub‐occipital craniectomy is presented.The palsy was rehabilitated by using the ingenious method of Dott with a modification. In this, the second anastomosis between the distal end of the peripheral (sural) nerve graft and the distal trunk of the paralyzed facial nerve was performed within the mastoid rather than in the neck. The result obtained is remarkable. The technique is described and illustrated in detail.
Interaural attenuation characteristics in audiometry
Authors: Snyder Jack M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractInteraural attenuation characteristics for air conduction, bone conduction, and speech reception were evaluated through standard clinical audiometry techniques in 256 patients with complete unilateral sensori‐neural hearing loss. Data indicated that differences between ears of about 40 db for air conduction require the use of masking to test the poorer ear. Negative or 0 db interaural attenuation characteristics indicate the general requirement for masking in most tests of bone conduction. Lack of appropriate shadow responses may be indicative of functional involvement.
Total thyroid ablation: A prerequisite to orbital decompression for graves disease ophthalmopathy
Authors: White Irving L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe fundamental cause of the ophthalmopathy of Graves disease is not known. This has precluded a specific means of prevention. Surgical, medical and radiation means of palliation are presented. Our data indicates that total ablation of all active thyroid tissue prevents initiation of ophthalmopathy as well as accomplishing permanent control of progression of already present ophthalmopathy in Graves disease.Improved surgical techniques of orbital decompression are described and recognized as giving excellent palliation of the ophthalmopathy. These extensive procedures do not take into consideration, have no influence on the underlying cause of, nor do they have any effect upon the progression of the ophthalmopathy.Presented are patients with Graves disease ophthalmopathy subjected to orbital decompression who experienced only temporary relief of their ophthalmopathy. Subsequent to the decompression there was progression of the ophthalmopathy with increasing chemosis, diplopia, and exophthalmos. Thyroid scans demonstrated residual active disease in all instances.The temporary benefits of orbital decompression in Graves disease ophthalmopathy are indisputable. It may be vision saving, but also must be considered palliative. A plea is made that all active thyroid tissue be totally ablated before consideration is given to orbital decompression as a therapeutic or palliative procedure, except as an emergency vision saving procedure as in “impending blindness” in Graves disease ophthalmopathy.
External auditory atresia and the deleted chromosome
Authors: Bergstrom Lavonne , Stewart Janet M. , Kenyon Barbara 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFour patients presented with suspected hearing loss and growth and motor retardation. Hearing loss was confirmed, and in three patients was conductive in nature, associated with bilateral atresia or hypoplasia of the bony external auditory canal and essentially normal pinnae. One patient had normal ear canals and mixed hearing loss. The patients had a variety of somewhat subtle associated defects. These included epicanthic folds, strabismus, microcephaly, hypertelorism, hypoplasia of the mid‐face, carpshaped mouth, short stature, foot anomalies, congenital heart disease and absent IgA. Chromosome analysis showed deletion of the long arm or a ring formation of chromosome 18, which defects are potentially transmissible to the next generation. Petrous pyramid polytomography showed atresia plates in the region of the tympanic membrane in the three patients with abnormal external auditory canals. The middle ears appeared normal. Polytomography was entirely normal in the fourth patient with patent canals and a mixed hearing loss.The patient with “isolated” auditory atresia, retardation, relatively minor facial abnormalities and either previously surgically corrected or previously undetected other abnormalities (e.g., congenital heart disease, club foot), should be suspect for this disorder. The diagnosis is confirmed by karyotype. Complete workup also includes audiometry and petrous pyramid polytomography. Karyotypes should be performed on the parents to rule out a balanced translocation. Otologic management is basically the same as that in other children with external auditory atresia, but may be contingent on the control of other health problems.
The use of mandibular homografts in reconstructing jaw defects
Authors: Cantrell Robert W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe history of mandibular restoration is reviewed, and the theories of bone regeneration are presented. The indications, techniques, and complications of deFries' method are discussed. deFries' technique involves packing a freeze‐dried mandibular shell with autogenous cancellous bone and marrow taken from the patient's iliac crest or rib. The method is especially helpful in restoring large mandibular defects in which the normal contours are difficult to restore with other grafting techniques.It is probably no better for small segmental defects than autogenous iliac crest, rib, or chrome‐cobalt cage packed with marrow. It should be avoided in: 1. patients who have received irradiation to the jaw or neck; 2. where there is a poor blood supply to these areas; and 3. in patients with anemia or poor nutritional status.
Functional laryngeal abduction following reimplantation of the recurrent laryngeal nerves
Authors: Miglets Andrew W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFunctional reinnervation was established in a patient following complete laryngo‐tracheal separation with avulsion of both recurrent laryngeal nerves. Following reattachment of the larynx to the trachea, the severed stumps of the recurrent laryngeal nerves were implanted into the laryngeal abductors (the posterior crico‐arytenoid muscles). One year later the patient had good abduction and adduction of her vocal cords. The abduction is thought to be a result of reinnervation by the recurrent laryngeal nerves, the adduction due to the action of crico‐thyroid muscle whose innervation was undisturbed by the original injury.
Evaluation and correction of dysphagia‐producing cervical osteophytosis
Authors: Bone Robert C. , Nahum Alan M. , Harris Arthur S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCervical osteophytosis may or may not be causally related to concomitant dysphagia. Several characteristics of the osteophyte suggest relation to dysphagia: 1. large size; 2. location in the cricoid region; and 3. hoarseness or cough (periesophagitis) caused by rapid expansion of the bony mass. Surgical excision and repair are necessary in unremitting dysphagia. For high cervical lesions, a transoral repair has been proposed; for mid and lower cervical disease, an external approach is performed. A careful consideration of the differential diagnosis of cervical dysphagia is necessary prior to beginning therapy.
Hemorrhagic complications of facial fractures
Authors: Frable Mary Ann , Roman Nabeel El , Lenis Armando , Hung John P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTwo hundred ninety‐six facial fracture patients, exclusive of nasal fracture patients treated on an out‐patient basis, came to the Medical College of Virginia Hospitals between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 1972. The various managing services, age and sex of the patients, and the months of occurrences were tabulated. Of interest were six patients who had a hemorrhagic complication after adequate surgical reduction — about a 2 percent incidence. All six patients sustained fractures of the fronto‐naso‐ethmoid complex, medial wall of the maxillary sinus and middle turbinate region.Five patients required transantral ligation of the sphenopalatine branch of the internal maxillary artery and one patient required an anterior ethmoidal artery ligation. All bleeding ceased after surgical ligation of the bleeding vessel.A typical patient was presented and the increased morbidity and prolonged hospital stay reviewed before the proper surgical ligation was performed.The authors stress the importance of careful evaluation of all facial fractures, proper identification of exactly what bones are fractured, and the prompt therapy.
Intranasal sarcoidosis
Authors: Wright Ronald E. , Clairmont Albert A. , Per‐Lee John H. , Butz William C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSarcoidosis is a protean disease which may involve several anatomic sites often examined by the otolaryngologist. Sarcoidosis of the nasal mucosa may cause nasal obstruction, especially in the presence of a concomitant deviated nasal septum. The authors review current knowledge pertaining to the etiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment as a background for presentation of two interesting cases which highlight the usefulness of a topical steroid nasal spray to relieve obstruction and congestion. Topical steroid therapy is effective and is recommended especially when systemic steroids are not otherwise warranted.