bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Anodic Aluminum Oxide Template and Cu Nanowire Surface Fastener
Authors: Teshima Hiromasa , Kojima Kohei , Ju Yang 
Published: January 2014

There is an urgent need in surface mount technology (SMT) for a nontoxic, reusable and low temperature bonding technique which can afford good mechanical support as well as electrical contact. Meanwhile in the nanotechnology, many excellent and unique structure-related properties such as the high mechanical strength, the high conductivity and the adhesion ability of gecko feet have been studied. Our lab proposes a new patterned structure of Au nanowire array named nanowire surface fastener (NSF), which cold bonding for surface mount technology can be realized at room temperature. Then various methods have been developed to fabricate nanowire, such as arc discharge, catalytic CVD growth and template synthesis, and so on. Among these methods, the template method has been widely used for preparing one-dimensional nanostructures such as metals, semiconductors, polymers, and other materials by electrochemical, electroless deposition or sol-gel technique. Especially anodic aluminum oxide template assisted way has attached considerable attention due to its unique structure properties, such as controllable pore diameter, extremely narrow pore size distribution with high densities, high aspect ratios, and ideally cylindrical pore shape.
The well arranged porous anodic aluminum oxide membrane is fabricated from aluminum film by two steps zM oxalic acid electrolytes. The anodic aluminum oxide membrane was investigated for features such as pore size, interpore distance, and thickness by 40 V. It is important for fabrication of porous anodic aluminum oxide template to find out elimination of the barrier layer of oxide and the pore extending rate by 0.5 M phosphoric acid. Morphologies of surface of aluminum film between anodization process and the anodic aluminum oxide barrier layer was researched by using atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope. Results showed that the anodic aluminum oxide having the same diameter of the pore and the well arranged pore array without branching channel was obtained. The diameter of the pore before the pore extending treatment is 42 nm and the diameter of the pore after the pore extending treatment for 30 minutes is 86 nm. It was found that the diameter of the pore increased per 15 nm by the pore extending treatment for 10 minutes. We fabricated the through-hole anodic aluminum oxide template and made Cu nanowire by the template of our own making. By using Cu nanowire, we try to produce nanowire surface fastener and evaluate its properties.
Data Center Trends Toward Higher Ambient Inlet Temperatures and the Impact on Server Performance
Authors: Vallury Aparna , Matteson Jason 
Published: January 2014

With the extension of the 2011 ASHRAE Thermal Design Guidelines to incorporate a broader Class A3 and A4 specification, the server industry is trying to adapt to the changing landscape of industry best practices and initiatives, and adopt the new ASHRAE Class A3 and A4 environments. In order to accommodate the high ambient inlet conditions while meeting the IT efficiency initiatives in the industry, certain design considerations must occur and it becomes very important to understand the implication of adhering to Class A3 and A4 environments on the performance of the servers.
This paper describes a study that was conducted to understand the impact on performance of different servers under various workloads and inlet ambient conditions specifically adhering to class A3 specification only. The results from the study are presented in this paper which shows that no performance impact was observed in a 35°C environment, and bounded by 2% running worst case applications at 40°C and 0% when running lighter loads.
Maximizing Data Center Energy Efficiency by Utilizing New Thermal Management and Acoustic Control Methodology
Authors: Matteson Jason A. , Vallury Aparna , Medlin Billy 
Published: January 2014

Today’s server designs continue to package more electronics consuming higher levels of power in smaller and smaller spaces which increases the demand on the cooling subsystem within a server. These trends continue to drive the total cooling power and airflow demands up, resulting in increased acoustics. Due to the imposed high cooling requirements, data centers are frequently limited by the amount of flow that the raised floor environments are capable of providing. Server cooling demands are outpacing the data center airflow capabilities, resulting in energy inefficient scenarios as well as increasingly high acoustics levels.
Given these concerns, there is a dire need for new thermal management techniques. This paper describes a new technique that offers more advanced yet simplified user controls, which provide the end user the ability to minimize acoustic signature and cooling energy spent, while maximizing the server performance.
Reliability of Bonded Interfaces for Automotive Power Electronics
Authors: DeVoto Douglas , Paret Paul , Narumanchi Sreekant , Mihalic Mark 
Published: January 2014

In automotive power electronics packages, conventional thermal interface materials such as greases, gels, and phase change materials pose bottlenecks to heat removal and are also associated with reliability concerns. There is an industry trend towards high thermal performance bonded interfaces. However, due to coefficient of thermal expansion mismatches between materials/layers and resultant thermomechanical stresses, adhesive and cohesive fractures could occur, posing a problem from a reliability standpoint. These defects manifest themselves in increased thermal resistance in the package.
The objective of this research is to investigate and improve the thermal performance and reliability of emerging bonded interface materials for power electronics packaging applications. We present results for thermal performance and reliability of bonded interfaces based on thermoplastic (polyamide) adhesive, with embedded near-vertical aligned carbon fibers, as well as sintered silver material. The results for these two materials are compared to conventional lead-based (Sn63Pb37) bonded interfaces. These materials were bonded between 50.8-mm × 50.8-mm cross-sectional footprint silicon nitride substrates and copper base plate samples. Samples of the substrate/base plate bonded assembly underwent thermal cycling from −40°C to 150°C according to Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council standard Number 22-A104D for up to 2,000 cycles. The dwell time of the cycle was 10 minutes and the ramp rate was 5°C/minute. Damage was monitored every 100 cycles by acoustic microscopy as an indicator of an increase in thermal resistance of the interface layer. The acoustic microscopic images of the bonded interfaces after 2,000 thermal cycles showed that thermoplastics with embedded carbon fibers performed quite well with no defects, whereas interface delamination occurred in the case of sintered silver material. Both these materials showed a superior bond quality as compared to the lead-based solder interface even after 1,000 thermal cycles.
Heat Transfer in Nanoelectronics by Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Prevenslik Thomas 
Published: January 2014

Today, the transient Fourier heat conduction equation is not considered valid for the derivation of temperatures from the dissipation of Joule heat in nanoelectronics because the dimension of the circuit element is comparable to the mean free path of phonon energy carriers. Instead, the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) for ballistic transport based on the scattering of phonons within the element is thought to govern heat transfer. However, phonons respond at acoustic frequencies in times on the order of 10–100 ps, and therefore the BTE would not have meaning if the Joule heat is conserved by a faster mechanism.
Unlike phonons with response times limited by acoustic frequencies, heat transfer in nanoelectronics based on QED induced heat transfer conserves Joule heat in times < 1 fs by the creation of EM radiation at optical frequencies. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics. In effect, QED heat transfer negates thermal conduction in nanoelectronics because Joule heat is conserved well before phonons respond.
QED induced heat transfer finds basis in Planck’s QM given by the Einstein-Hopf relation in terms of temperature and EM confinement of the atom as a harmonic oscillator. QM stands for quantum mechanics and EM for electromagnetic. Like the Fourier equation, the BTE is based on classical physics allowing the atom in nanoelectronic circuit elements to have finite heat capacity, thereby conserving Joule heat by an increase in temperature. QM differs by requiring the heat capacity of the atom to vanish. Conservation of Joule heat therefore proceeds by QED inducing the creation of excitons (hole and electron pairs) inside the circuit element by the frequency up-conversion of Joule heat to the element’s TIR confinement frequency. TIR stands for total internal reflection. Under the electric field across the element, the excitons separate to produce a positive space charge of holes that reduce the electrical resistance or upon recombination are lost by the emission of EM radiation to the surroundings.
TIR confinement of EM radiation is the natural consequence of the high surface to volume ratio of the nanoelectronic circuit elements that concentrates Joule heat almost entirely in their surface, the surfaces coinciding with the TIR mode shape of the QED radiation. TIR confinement is not permanent, present only during the absorption of Joule heat.
Charge creation aside, QM requires nanoelectronics circuit elements to remain at ambient temperature while dissipating Joule heat by QED radiation to the surroundings. Hot spots do not occur provided the RI of the circuit element is greater than the substrate or surroundings. RI stands for refractive index.
In this paper, QED radiation is illustrated with memristors, PC-RAM devices, and 1/ f noise in nanowires, the latter of interest as the advantage of QM in avoiding hot spots in nanoelectronics may be offset by the noise from the holes created in the circuit elements by QED induced radiation.
Effect of Cold Aisle Containment Leakage on Flow Rates and Temperatures in a Data Center
Authors: Alkharabsheh Sami A. , Shrivastava Saurabh K. , Sammakia Bahgat G. 
Published: January 2014

Many modern data centers utilize containment systems as a practical and inexpensive thermal management solution. In this paper we investigate the effect of various containment leakage ratios on the flow rates and the temperatures in a representative data center. The modular data center is an actual contained cold aisle system in an experimental laboratory. The numerical model is validated using experimental measurements presented in a previous study for uncontained and contained cold aisle data center configurations [1]. The model takes into account the fan curves in the CRAC and IT-equipment.
A commercial CFD code is used to conduct this study. The k-ε model and the Boussinesq approximation are used to model the turbulent airflow and the buoyancy effect, respectively. An approximate overall leakage model in the cold aisle is used in this study rather than a detailed model where the simulated leakage sources include floor tiles, containment surfaces, and racks. Several parametric studies are conducted by varying the leakage ratios ranging between 0% (perfectly sealed containment system) to 100% (uncontained cold aisle). The results are used to investigate the effect of leakage ratios on the flow rates of the CRAC unit and the IT-equipment. Ultimately the effect on the inlet temperatures is also investigated. Leakage in containment system is found to have a critical effect on the containment systems performance. A threshold leakage ratio is found after which the containment system does not have benefits over the conventional uncontained cold aisle system. This approach can be used to characterize the leakage in contained systems.
A Proposed Geotechnical Risks Management Plan for Pipeline Integrity
Authors: Oliveira Hudson Régis 
Published: January 2014

Linear works, such as highways, power lines, gas and oil pipelines among others, as well as other types of engineering works can be threaten by natural hazards, such as landslides, floods, erosions, earthquakes, hurricanes, seaquakes and others, which could lead to great environmental impacts, very high sum of money lost and even deaths.
Aiming to reduce geological and geotechnical risks, preventive or corrective actions can be executed from the design phase to the operational and maintenance stages in pipelines. In this last phase, an integrity management plan of these facilities can be adopted, with the purpose of mitigating residual risks that had not been covered on the design and construction phases.
One of the alternatives to implement an integrity management of gas pipelines is found in the code “Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines” – ASME B31.8S (2005). However, this code has some limitations in actions concerning to prevention, identification and correction of geological and geotechnical problems.
This paper presents information about geotechnical risks in transmission pipelines and tools applied in identification, prevention and correction of geotechnical problems in pipelines, as well as, others with potential to be applied in pipelines.
A basic pipeline integrity management plan focused in geotechnical risks is proposed in the paper, transcribed as a contribution to ASME B31.8S Code. This plan is composed by actions: from identification, prevention, evaluation and analysis to correction of geotechnical instabilities in pipelines. The plan is composed by a flowchart with all actions selected for the geotechnical risk care. The plan was developed based on directions set in ASME B31.8S Code, together with Brazilian, Italian and Canadian experiences.
Population Pharmacokinetic Assessment of the Effect of Food on Piperaquine Bioavailability in Patients with Uncomplicated Malaria
Authors: Tarning Joel , Lindegardh Niklas , Lwin Khin Maung , Annerberg Anna , Kiricharoen Lily , Ashley Elizabeth , White Nicholas J. , Nosten François , Day Nicholas P. J. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Previously published literature reports various impacts of food on the oral bioavailability of piperaquine. The aim of this study was to use a population modeling approach to investigate the impact of concomitant intake of a small amount of food on piperaquine pharmacokinetics. This was an open, randomized comparison of piperaquine pharmacokinetics when administered as a fixed oral formulation once daily for 3 days with (
n
= 15) and without (
n
= 15) concomitant food to patients with uncomplicated
Plasmodium falciparum
malaria in Thailand. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of piperaquine and the influence of concomitant food intake. A modified Monte Carlo mapped power approach was applied to evaluate the relationship between statistical power and various degrees of covariate effect sizes of the given study design. Piperaquine population pharmacokinetics were described well in fasting and fed patients by a three-compartment distribution model with flexible absorption. The final model showed a 25% increase in relative bioavailability per dose occasion during recovery from malaria but demonstrated no clinical impact of concomitant intake of a low-fat meal. Body weight and age were both significant covariates in the final model. The novel power approach concluded that the study was adequately powered to detect a food effect of at least 35%. This modified Monte Carlo mapped power approach may be a useful tool for evaluating the power to detect true covariate effects in mixed-effects modeling and a given study design. A small amount of food does not affect piperaquine absorption significantly in acute malaria.
Detection of New Bunyavirus RNA by Reverse Transcription–Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
Authors: Huang Xue-Yong , Hu Xiao-Ning , Ma Hong , Du Yan-Hua , Ma Hong-Xia , Kang Kai , You Ai-Guo , Wang Hai-Feng , Zhang Li , Chen Hao-Min , Dumler J. Stephen , Xu Bian-Li 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a newly emerging and epidemic infectious disease in central and northeast China. It is caused by New Bunyavirus and carries an average 12% case fatality rate. Early and rapid detection is critical for prevention and control of New Bunyavirus infection, since no vaccine or antiviral drugs are currently available, and prevention requires careful attention to control of the suspected tick vector. In this study, a simple and sensitive reverse transcription–loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for rapid detection of New Bunyavirus. The detection limit of the RT-LAMP assay was approximately 10
3
50% tissue culture infective doses/ml of New Bunyavirus in culture supernatants, and no cross-reactive amplification of other viruses known to cause similar clinical manifestations was observed. The assay was further evaluated using 138 specimens from clinically suspected SFTS and 40 laboratory-proven hantavirus infection with fever and renal syndrome patients, and the assay exhibited 97% agreement compared to real-time RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR. Using real-time RT-PCR as the diagnostic gold standard, RT-LAMP was 99% sensitive and 100% specific. The RT-LAMP assay could become a useful alternative in clinical diagnosis of SFTS caused by New Bunyavirus, especially in resource-limited hospitals or rural clinics of China.
EGF RECEPTOR DYNAMICS IN EGF-RESPONDING CELLS REVEALED BY FUNCTIONAL IMAGING DURING SINGLE PARTICLE TRACKING
Authors: DE KEERSMAECKER H. , ROCHA S. , FRON E. , UJI-I H. , HOFKENS J. , MIZUNO H. 
Published: January 2014

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor transduces the extracellular EGF signal into the cells. The distribution of these EGF receptors in the plasma membrane is heterogeneous and dynamic, which is proposed to be important for the regulation of cell signaling. The response of the cells to a physiological concentration of EGF is not homogeneous, which makes it difficult to analyze the dynamics related to the response. Here we developed a system to perform functional imaging during single particle tracking (SPT) analysis. This system made it possible to observe the cytosolic Ca2+concentration to monitor the cell response while tracking individual EGF molecules and found that about half of the cells responded to the stimulation with 1.6 nM EGF. In the responding cells, the EGF receptor showed 3 modes of movement: fast (the diffusion coefficient of 0.081 ± 0.009 μm2/sec, 29 ± 9%), slow (0.020 ± 0.005 μm2/sec, 22 ± 6%), and stationary (49 ± 13%). The diffusion coefficient of the fast mode movement in the responding cells was significantly larger than that in the nonresponding cells (0.069 ± 0.009 μm2/sec, p < 0.05). The diffusion coefficient of the fast mode movement is thought to reflect the monomer–dimer equilibrium of the EGF receptor. We assumed that the feedback regulation via the Ca2+signaling pathway slightly shifts the equilibrium from dimer to monomer in the responding cells.[Formula: see text]Special Issue Comment: This research paper is about the diffusion of EGF receptors in the membrane. It is therefore related with various projects in this Special Issue: the reviews about FRET41and enzymes,42and the projects about solving single molecules trajectories.43
FoxO Transcription Factors Promote AKT Ser473 Phosphorylation and Renal Tumor Growth in Response to Pharmacologic Inhibition of the PI3K–AKT Pathway
Authors: Lin Aifu , Piao Hai-long , Zhuang Li , Sarbassov Dos D. , Ma Li , Gan Boyi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The PI3K–AKT pathway is hyperactivated in many human cancers, and several drugs to inhibit this pathway, including the PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor NVP-BEZ235, are currently being tested in various preclinical and clinical trials. It has been shown that pharmacologic inhibition of the PI3K–AKT pathway results in feedback activation of other oncogenic signaling pathways, which likely will limit the clinical utilization of these inhibitors in cancer treatment. However, the underlying mechanisms of such feedback regulation remain incompletely understood. The PI3K–AKT pathway is a validated therapeutic target in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Here, we show that FoxO transcription factors serve to promote AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 in response to NVP-BEZ235 treatment in renal cancer cells. Inactivation of FoxO attenuated NVP-BEZ235–induced AKT Ser473 phosphorylation and rendered renal cancer cells more susceptible to NVP-BEZ235–mediated cell growth suppression in vitro and tumor shrinkage in vivo. Mechanistically, we showed that FoxOs upregulated the expression of Rictor, an essential component of MTOR complex 2, in response to NVP-BEZ235 treatment and revealed that Rictor is a key downstream target of FoxOs in NVP-BEZ235–mediated feedback regulation. Finally, we show that FoxOs similarly modulate the feedback response on AKT Ser473 phosphorylation and renal tumor growth by other phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or AKT inhibitor treatment. Together, our study reveals a novel mechanism of PI3K–AKT inhibition-mediated feedback regulation and may identify FoxO as a novel biomarker to stratify patients with RCC for PI3K or AKT inhibitor treatment, or a novel therapeutic target to synergize with PI3K–AKT inhibition in RCC treatment. Cancer Res; 74(6); 1682–93. ©2014 AACR.
Inactivation of the CDKN2A Tumor-Suppressor Gene by Deletion or Methylation Is Common at Diagnosis in Follicular Lymphoma and Associated with Poor Clinical Outcome
Authors: Alhejaily Abdulmohsen , Day Andrew G. , Feilotter Harriet E. , Baetz Tara , LeBrun David P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Purpose: Follicular lymphoma, the most common indolent lymphoma, is clinically heterogeneous. CDKN2A encodes the tumor suppressors p16INK4a and p14ARF and frequently suffers deleterious alterations in cancer. We investigated the hypothesis that deletion or hypermethylation of CDKN2A might identify follicular lymphoma cases with distinct clinical or pathologic features potentially amenable to tailored clinical management.
Experimental Design: Deletion of CDKN2A was detected in pretreatment biopsy specimens using a single nucleotide polymorphism–based approach or endpoint PCR, and methylation of CpG elements in CDKN2A was quantified by methylation-specific PCR. Correlations between CDKN2A status and pathologic or clinical characteristics, including overall survival (OS), were investigated in 106 cases using standard statistical methods.
Results: Deletion of CDKN2A was detected in 9 of 111 samples (8%) and methylation was detectable in 22 of 113 (19%). CDKN2A was either deleted or methylated in 29 of 106 cases (27%) and this status was associated with inferior OS especially among patients treated with rituximab (P = 0.004). CDKN2A deletion or methylation was associated with more advanced age (P = 0.012) and normal hemoglobin (P = 0.05) but not with sex, FLIPI score, ECOG stage, LDH, performance status, number of involved nodal sites, B symptoms, histologic grade, the presence of a component of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, proliferation index, or other pathologic factors.
Conclusions: Our results show that deletion or methylation of CDKN2A is relatively common in pretreatment follicular lymphoma biopsy specimens and defines a group of cases associated with reduced survival in the rituximab era presumably on the basis of more aggressive disease biology. Clin Cancer Res; 20(6); 1676–86. ©2014 AACR.