bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in the Management of Type 1 Diabetes Among Adults Under Excellent Control Compared With Those Under Poor Control in the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry
Authors: Simmons Jill H. , Chen Vincent , Miller Kellee M. , McGill Janet B. , Bergenstal Richard M. , Goland Robin S. , Harlan David M. , Largay Joseph F. , Massaro Elaine M. , Beck Roy W. ,   for the T1D Exchange Clinic Network
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE
Optimizing glycemic control in type 1 diabetes is important to minimize the risk of complications. We used the large T1D Exchange clinic registry database to identify characteristics and diabetes management techniques in adults with type 1 diabetes, differentiating those under excellent glycemic control from those with poorer control.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The cross-sectional analysis included 627 participants with HbA1c &lt;6.5% (excellent control) and 1,267 with HbA1c ≥8.5% (fair/poor control) at enrollment who were ≥26 years of age (mean ± SD 45.9 ± 13.2 years), were not using continuous glucose monitoring, and had type 1 diabetes for ≥2 years (22.8 ± 13.0 years).

RESULTS
Compared with the fair/poor control group, participants in the excellent control group had higher socioeconomic status, were more likely to be older and married, were less likely to be overweight, were more likely to exercise frequently, and had lower total daily insulin dose per kilogram (P &lt; 0.0001 for each). Excellent control was associated with more frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), giving mealtime boluses before a meal rather than at the time of or after a meal, performing SMBG before giving a bolus, and missing an insulin dose less frequently (P &lt; 0.0001 for each). Frequency of severe hypoglycemia was similar between groups, whereas diabetic ketoacidosis was more common in the fair/poor control group.

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes self-management related to insulin delivery, glucose monitoring, and lifestyle tends to differ among adults with type 1 diabetes under excellent control compared with those under poorer control. Future studies should focus on modifying diabetes management skills in adult type 1 diabetes patients with suboptimal glycemic control.
Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy Affects Symptom Generation and Brain-Gut Axis
Authors: Brock Christina , Søfteland Eirik , Gunterberg Veronica , Frøkjær Jens Brøndum , Lelic Dina , Brock Birgitte , Dimcevski Georg , Gregersen Hans , Simrén Magnus , Drewes Asbjørn Mohr 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE
Long-term diabetes leads to severe peripheral, autonomous, and central neuropathy in combination with clinical gastrointestinal symptoms. The brain-gut axis thus expresses a neurophysiological profile, and heart rate variability (HRV) can be correlated with clinical gastrointestinal symptoms.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Fifteen healthy volunteers and 15 diabetic patients (12 with type 1 diabetes) with severe gastrointestinal symptoms and clinical suspicion of autonomic neuropathy were included. Psychophysics and evoked brain potentials were assessed after painful rectosigmoid electrostimulations, and brain activity was modeled by brain electrical source analysis. Self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms (per the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorder Severity Symptom Index) and quality of life (SF-36 Short Form Survey) were collected.

RESULTS
Diabetic patients had autonomous neuropathy, evidenced by decreased electrocardiographic R-R interval (P = 0.03) and lower HRV (P = 0.008). Patients were less sensitive to painful stimulation (P = 0.007), had prolonged latencies of evoked potentials (P ≤ 0.001), and showed diminished amplitude of the N2–P2 component in evoked potentials (P = 0.01). There was a caudoanterior shift of the insular brain source (P = 0.01) and an anterior shift of the cingulate generator (P = 0.01). Insular source location was associated with HRV assessments (all P &lt; 0.02), and the shift (expressed in mm) correlated negatively with physical health (P &lt; 0.001) and positively with nausea (P = 0.03) and postprandial fullness (P = 0.03). Cingulate source shift was correlated negatively with physical health (P = 0.005) and positively with postprandial fullness (P ≤ 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
This study provides evidence for interaction between autonomic neuropathy and peripheral nervous degeneration, as well as changes in dipole sources in diabetic patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. The findings may lead to improved treatment modalities targeting pharmacological neuroprotection or neuromodulation.
Association Between Sleep Duration and Diabetes in Black and White Adults
Authors: Jackson Chandra L. , Redline Susan , Kawachi Ichiro , Hu Frank B. 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE
To examine racial differences in sleep duration and its relationship with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (n = 130,943) participating in the National Health Interview Survey from 2004 to 2011. Usual sleep duration was self-reported and categorized as &lt;7 h (short), 7 h (optimal), and &gt;7 h (long). Diabetes status was based on self-reported diagnosis from a health professional.

RESULTS
Participants’ mean age was 50.6 years, 49% were men, and 13% were black. Compared with whites, blacks were more likely to report short sleep (37 vs. 28%) and less likely to get 7 h of sleep (24 vs. 33%). Diabetes (9,643 cases [9%] in whites and 3,612 cases [15%] in blacks) had a U-shaped distribution with sleep in whites (10, 7, and 9%, for short, optimal, and long sleep, respectively) and blacks (16, 13, and 15%). Suboptimal sleep duration was more strongly associated with diabetes in whites than in blacks among short (prevalence ratio 1.49 [95% CI 1.40–1.58] vs. 1.21 [1.09–1.34]) and long (1.32 [1.25–1.40] vs. 1.11 [1.00–1.23]) sleepers on the relative scale. Adjustment for socioeconomic status (SES) attenuated the short sleep–diabetes association in blacks (1.15 [1.02–1.29]), and the racial/ethnic difference in the short sleep–diabetes association became nonsignificant after SES adjustments.

CONCLUSIONS
Suboptimal sleep duration was positively associated with diabetes in blacks and whites, although diabetes prevalence was higher at any level of sleep in blacks. Socioeconomic factors appear to partly explain the association for short sleep in blacks as well as disparity between racial groups.
Methylmercury Exposure and Incident Diabetes in U.S. Men and Women in Two Prospective Cohorts
Authors: Mozaffarian Dariush , Shi Peilin , Morris J. Steven , Grandjean Philippe , Siscovick David S. , Spiegelman Donna , Hu Frank B. 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE
Emerging in vitro and animal evidence suggests that methylmercury could increase type 2 diabetes, but little evidence exists in humans. We aimed to prospectively determine associations of mercury exposure, as assessed by biomarker measurement, with incident diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used neutron activation analysis to measure toenail mercury, an objective biomarker of methylmercury exposure, in 9,267 adults free of diabetes at baseline in two separate U.S. prospective cohorts. Incident diabetes was identified from biennial questionnaires and confirmed by validated supplementary questionnaire using symptoms, diagnostic tests, and medical therapy. Associations of mercury exposure with incident diabetes were assessed using Cox proportional hazards.

RESULTS
During mean ± SD follow-up of 19.7 ± 7.0 years, 1,010 new cases of diabetes were diagnosed. The 95th percentile of toenail mercury was 1.32 μg/g in men and 0.76 μg/g in women, corresponding to exposures ∼3.5-fold and 2-fold higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose. In multivariable analyses, toenail mercury concentrations were not associated with higher incidence of diabetes in women, men, or both cohorts combined. Comparing the highest to lowest quintile of exposure, the hazard ratio (95% CI) for incident diabetes was 0.86 (0.66–1.11) in women, 0.69 (0.42–1.15) in men, and 0.77 (0.61–0.98) in the combined cohorts. Findings were similar when more extreme categories (deciles) of mercury were compared, and in analyses stratified by fish or omega-3 consumption, BMI, and age.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings from two separate large prospective cohorts do not support adverse effects of methylmercury on development of diabetes in men or women at usual levels of exposure seen in these populations.
Dairy Consumption, Type 2 Diabetes, and Changes in Cardiometabolic Traits: A Prospective Cohort Study of Middle-Aged and Older Chinese in Beijing and Shanghai
Authors: Zong Geng , Sun Qi , Yu Danxia , Zhu Jingwen , Sun Liang , Ye Xingwang , Li Huaixing , Jin Qianlu , Zheng He , Hu Frank B. , Lin Xu 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE
To prospectively investigate associations of dairy consumption with risk of type 2 diabetes and changes of cardiometabolic traits.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 2005, 2,091 middle-aged and older Chinese men and women were recruited and followed for 6 years. Baseline dairy consumption was assessed by a 74-item food frequency questionnaire. Erythrocyte fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with flame ion detector. Cardiometabolic traits were measured at both baseline and follow-up visits.

RESULTS
Only 1,202 (57.5%) participants reported any dairy consumption, with a median intake of 0.89 (interquartile range 0.19–1.03) serving/day. Compared with nonconsumers, the relative risks (RRs) of type 2 diabetes among those having 0.5–1 serving/day and &gt;1 serving/day were 0.70 (95% CI 0.55–0.88) and 0.65 (0.49–0.85), respectively, after multivariate adjustment (Ptrend &lt; 0.001), which were attenuated by further adjusting for changes in glucose during follow-up (Ptrend = 0.07). Total dairy consumption was associated with favorable changes in glucose, waist circumference, BMI, diastolic blood pressure (all Ptrend &lt; 0.05), and systolic blood pressure (Ptrend = 0.05) after multivariate adjustment, including baseline values of dependent variables. Erythrocyte trans-18:1 isomers were significantly correlated with total dairy consumption (rs = 0.37, Ptrend &lt; 0.001), and these dairy food biomarkers were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. The RR of type 2 diabetes comparing extreme quartiles of trans-18:1 isomers was 0.82 (0.65–1.04, Ptrend = 0.02), which was attenuated after adjustment for dairy consumption (Ptrend = 0.15).

CONCLUSIONS
Dairy consumption was associated with a significantly lower risk of type 2 diabetes and favorable changes of cardiometabolic traits in Chinese.
Pulmonary Function Reduction in Diabetes With and Without Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Kinney Gregory L. , Black-Shinn Jennifer L. , Wan Emily S. , Make Barry , Regan Elizabeth , Lutz Sharon , Soler Xavier , Silverman Edwin K. , Crapo James , Hokanson John E. ,   the COPDGene Investigators
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE
Diabetes damages major organ systems through disrupted glycemic control and increased inflammation. The effects of diabetes on the lung have been of interest for decades, but the modest reduction in pulmonary function and its nonprogressive nature have limited its investigation. A recent systematic review found that diabetes was associated with reductions in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide of the lung and increased FEV1/FVC. They reported pooled results including few smokers. This study will examine measures of pulmonary function in participants with extensive smoking exposure.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined pulmonary function in participants with a &gt;10–pack-year history of smoking with and without diabetes with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We measured pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and pulmonary-related quality of life in 10,129 participants in the Genetic Epidemiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPDGene) Study.

RESULTS
Participants with diabetes were observed to have reduced pulmonary function after controlling for known risk factors and also significant reductions in exercise capacity and quality of life across functional stages of COPD.

CONCLUSIONS
Pulmonary function in patients with ≥10 pack-years of smoking and diabetes is reduced, and this decrease is associated with significant reductions in activity-related quality of life and exercise capacity.
Global sea level trends in the presence of variable sea level velocities, and variable accelerations
Authors: Bâki Iz H. , Ding X.L. , Shum C.K. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract This study investigates, using a new variable-acceleration model, the validity of the implicit assertion in previous studies regarding global constant sea level rise accelerations. Thirteen out of twenty seven globally distributed tide gauge stations, with records longer than 80 years, exhibit statistically significant quartic coefficients (p < 0.05) revealing the presence of variable sea level accelerations though not as a global phenomenon. Most of these stations initially exhibit decreasing negative velocities until early 20th century and increasing positive velocities after 1970’s following a period of constant velocities. It is shown that, for those locations experiencing statistically significant variable sea level accelerations, the estimates based on the conventional linear representation of linear sea level trends are not appropriate, and are notably biased for a number of stations. All solutions account for serial correlations, which otherwise induce biases in solution statistics. It is also demonstrated that the omission of non-linearities in sea level changes will bias the sea level trends for short records, such as those from satellite altimetry, as large as 3 mm/yr.
The brake within: Mechanisms of intrinsic regulation of axon growth featuring the Cdh1-APC pathway
Authors: Stegmüller Judith 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNeurons of the central nervous system (CNS) form a magnificent network destined to control bodily functions and human behavior for a lifetime. During development of the CNS, neurons extend axons that establish connections to other neurons. Axon growth is guided by extrinsic cues and guidance molecules. In addition to environmental signals, intrinsic programs including transcription and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) have been implicated in axon growth regulation. Over the past few years it has become evident that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cdh1-APC together with its associated pathway plays a central role in axon growth suppression. By elucidating the intricate interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms, we can enhance our understanding of why axonal regeneration in the CNS fails and obtain further insight into how to stimulate successful regeneration after injury.
Glioma cell migration and invasion as potential target for novel treatment strategies
Authors: Naumann Ulrike , Harter Patrick , Rubel Jennifer , Ilina Elena , Blank Anna-Eva , Esteban Hugo , Mittelbronn Michel 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDiffuse human gliomas constitute a group of most treatment-refractory tumors even if maximum treatment strategies including neurosurgical resection followed by combined radio-/chemotherapy are applied. In contrast to most other neoplasms, diffusely infiltrating gliomas invade the brain along pre-existing structures such as axonal tracts and perivascular spaces. Even in cases of early diagnosis single or small clusters of glioma cells are already encountered far away from the main tumor bulk. Complex interactions between glioma cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix and considerable changes in the cytoskeletal apparatus are prerequisites for the cellular movement of glioma cells through the brain thereby escaping from most current treatments. This review provides an overview about classical and current concepts of glioma cell migration/invasion and promising preclinical treatment approaches.
Anatomical location of transcallosal sensorimotor fibers in the human brain: Diffusion tensor tractography study
Authors: Seo Jung , Jang Sung 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMany diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) studies have reported on the topography of transcallosal fibers (TCF). However, little detailed anatomical information on TCF that can be easily applied for clinical purposes is known. Using probabilistic DTT, we attempted to determine the anatomical location of the TCF for motor and sensory function in the human brain. A total of 51 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Diffusion tensor images (DTIs) were obtained at 1.5 T, and four TCF for the premotor cortex (PMC), the primary motor cortex (M1) for hand and leg, and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) were obtained using FMRIB software. Locations of the TCF were defined as the highest probabilistic location on the midsagittal slice of the corpus callosum. We measured distances between the most anterior and posterior points of the corpus callosum. The relative mean distances of the highest probabilistic location for the precentral knob PMC (Brodmann area 6 anterior to the precentral knob), hand M1, leg M1, and precentral knob S1 (postcentral gyrus posterior to the precentral knob) TCF were 48.99%, 59.78%, 67.93%, and 73,48% from the most anterior point of the CC, respectively. According to our findings, the precentral knob PMC, hand M1, leg M1, and precentral knob S1 TCF were located at the anterior body, posterior body, posterior body, and isthmus according to Witelson’s classification, respectively.
Breath-hold diving as a brain survival response
Authors: Dujic Zeljko , Breskovic Toni , Bakovic Darija 
Published: September 2013

AbstractElite breath-hold divers are unique athletes challenged with compression induced by hydrostatic pressure and extreme hypoxia/hypercapnia during maximal field dives. The current world records for men are 214 meters for depth (Herbert Nitsch, No-Limits Apnea discipline), 11:35 minutes for duration (Stephane Mifsud, Static Apnea discipline), and 281 meters for distance (Goran Čolak, Dynamic Apnea with Fins discipline). The major physiological adaptations that allow breath-hold divers to achieve such depths and duration are called the “diving response” that is comprised of peripheral vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, increased cerebral and myocardial blood flow, splenic contraction, and preserved O2 delivery to the brain and heart. This complex of physiological adaptations is not unique to humans, but can be found in all diving mammals. Despite these profound physiological adaptations, divers may frequently show hypoxic loss of consciousness. The breath-hold starts with an easy-going phase in which respiratory muscles are inactive, whereas during the second so-called “struggle” phase, involuntary breathing movements start. These contractions increase cerebral blood flow by facilitating left stroke volume, cardiac output, and arterial pressure. The analysis of the compensatory mechanisms involved in maximal breath-holds can improve brain survival during conditions involving profound brain hypoperfusion and deoxygenation.
Multisensory integration and neuroplasticity in the human cerebral cortex
Authors: Paraskevopoulos Evangelos , Herholz Sibylle 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThere is a strong interaction between multisensory processing and the neuroplasticity of the human brain. On one hand, recent research demonstrates that experience and training in various domains modifies how information from the different senses is integrated; and, on the other hand multisensory training paradigms seem to be particularly effective in driving functional and structural plasticity. Multisensory training affects early sensory processing within separate sensory domains, as well as the functional and structural connectivity between uni- and multisensory brain regions. In this review, we discuss the evidence for interactions of multisensory processes and brain plasticity and give an outlook on promising clinical applications and open questions.
Solubility of nitrogen in ferrite; the Fe–N phase diagram
Authors: Stein Jendrik , Schacherl Ralf Erich , Jung Minsu , Meka Sairamudu , Rheingans Bastian , Mittemeijer Eric Jan 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
To accurately define important phase boundaries in the iron–nitrogen (temperature–composition) phase diagram as well as the (temperature–potential) Lehrer diagram, the solubility of nitrogen in ferrite was determined as a function of the nitriding potential (which defines the chemical potential of nitrogen) and the temperature. To this end, thin iron foils were homogeneously nitrided in flowing gas mixtures composed of ammonia and hydrogen. Phase identification was performed by means of X-ray diffraction analysis. Further, from the data obtained, the absorption function and the enthalpy for dissolution of nitrogen into ferrite and the enthalpy of the reaction occurring at the α/(α + γ′)-phase boundary were determined. The data obtained were corrected for the occurrence of a stationary state instead of a local equilibrium at the surface of the specimens. It followed that parts of the phase boundaries in the Lehrer diagram do not represent equilibrium states but rather stationary states.
CD8+ Memory T Cells Appear Exhausted within Hours of Acute Virus Infection
Authors: Hosking Martin P. , Flynn Claudia T. , Botten Jason , Whitton J. Lindsay 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
CD8+ memory T cells are abundant and are activated in a near-synchronous manner by infection, thereby providing a unique opportunity to evaluate the coordinate functional and phenotypic changes that occur in vivo within hours of viral challenge. Using two disparate virus challenges of mice, we show that splenic CD8+ memory T cells rapidly produced IFN-γ in vivo; however, within 18–24 h, IFN-γ synthesis was terminated and remained undetectable for ≥48 h. A similar on/off response was observed in CD8+ memory T cells in the peritoneal cavity. Cessation of IFN-γ production in vivo occurred despite the continued presence of immunostimulatory viral Ag, indicating that the initial IFN-γ response had been actively downregulated and that the cells had been rendered refractory to subsequent in vivo Ag contact. Downregulation of IFN-γ synthesis was accompanied by the upregulation of inhibitory receptor expression on the T cells, and ex vivo analyses using synthetic peptides revealed a concurrent hierarchical loss of cytokine responsiveness (IL-2, then TNF, then IFN-γ) taking place during the first 24 h following Ag contact. Thus, within hours of virus challenge, CD8+ memory T cells display the standard hallmarks of T cell exhaustion, a phenotype that previously was associated only with chronic diseases and that is generally viewed as a gradually developing and pathological change in T cell function. Our data suggest that, instead, the “exhaustion” phenotype is a rapid and normal physiological T cell response.