bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Návrh ucelenej sústavy riadenia slovenského lesného hospodárstva vo forme téz do lesného zákona
Authors: Greguš Ctibor 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe paper presents basic conception (system) of long term and sustainable forest management. Forest benefits divides into timber production and provision of public functions. It characterizes a new categorization of forests. The basic forest feature and also the basic forest management feature is a long- -term. Therefore, it is necessary to develop such a system of a long-term planning, resulting in forest management plan. The paper presents main principles of long-term forest management development. It defines consequent key decisions (determining the forest category, management targets, management method, deriving the allowable cut, etc.). At the end, it presents the control system of management that should ensure improvement of the whole long-term process of forest management. It involves a complex concept of long-term and sustainable forest management development, with a practical application in a view of management system into the forest legislation, especially, the new forest act.
Prélèvements fiscaux et prestations sociales en Belgique : l’impact de vingt années de réformes
Authors: Decoster André , Perelman Sergio , Vandelannoote Dieter , Vanheukelom Toon , Verbist Gerlinde 
Published: May 2015

Au cours des vingt dernières années la Belgique a connu une série importante de réformes aussi bien au niveau des prélèvements fiscaux, y compris les cotisations sociales personnelles, que des transferts sociaux. Ces réformes ont joué un rôle déterminant sur l’offre de travail et sur l’évolution du revenu disponible des ménages. Cet article analyse simultanément l’ensemble des changements intervenus dans l’impôt sur le revenu des personnes, les cotisations sociales et les prestations de sécurité sociale sur la période 1992-2012. Afin de prendre en compte l’hétérogénéité des ménages, on simule les effets des réformes à l’aide du modèle de micro-simulation Mefisto-Euromod et des données EU-SILC. Les résultats montrent qu’au cours de cette période, les réformes ont été favorables aux catégories les plus pauvres de la population et que, de manière générale, les inégalités de revenu ont été réduites. Cependant ces avancées ont eu comme contrepartie l’augmentation du coût marginal des fonds publics. Le bonus à l’emploi a eu un effet favorable sur le taux d’imposition implicite affectant la participation au marché du travail ; en revanche, l’augmentation des revenus de remplacement, en particulier des allocations de chômage, a eu l’effet inverse.
Characterization of Serum Cytokine Profile in Predominantly Colonic Inflammatory Bowel Disease to Delineate Ulcerative and Crohn's Colitides
Authors: Korolkova Olga Y. , Myers Jeremy N. , Pellom Samuel T. , Wang Li , M'koma Amosy E. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundAs accessible diagnostic approaches fail to differentiate between ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's colitis (CC) in one-third of patients with predominantly colonic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), leading to inappropriate therapy, we aim to investigate the serum cytokine levels in these patients in search of molecular biometric markers delineating UC from CC.MethodsWe measured 38 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors using magnetic-bead-based multiplex immunoassay in 25 UC patients, 28 CC patients, and 30 controls. Our results are compared with those from a review of current literature regarding advances in serum cytokine profiles and associated challenges preventing their use for diagnostic/prognostic purposes.ResultsUnivariate analysis showed statistically significant increases of eotaxin, GRO, and TNF-α in UC patients compared to controls (Ctrl); interferon γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-7 in CC group compared to Ctrl; and IL-8 in both UC and CC versus Ctrl. No cytokines were found to be different between UC and CC. A generalized linear model identified combinations of cytokines, allowing the identification of UC and CC patients, with area under the curve (AUC) = 0.936, as determined with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.ConclusionsThe current knowledge available about circulating cytokines in IBD is often contradictory. The development of an evidence-based tool using cytokines for diagnostic accuracy is still preliminary.
The Effect of PIPS on Three Different Types of Dentin: A Surface Observational Study
Authors: Srilatha S , Dixit Vignesh , Vangala Amulya , Jain Paresh 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTAimTo study the effect of 17% EDTA with PIPS on dentinal surfaces of pediatric, adolescent and geriatric teeth using scanning electron microscope (SEM).Background dataThe debriding ability of an Er:YAG laser system equipped with a new tapered and stripped tip of 400 micron diameter and auxiliary irrigating solutions after mechanical preparation.Materials and methodsFor each group, 20 single rooted human mandibular premolars were selected. The groups were categorized as group 1 pediatric, group 2 adolescent and group 3 geriatric. These groups were further divided as subgroup A (control)—saline and subgroup B—EDTA and PIPS. Access opening was done for all the samples and respective irrigation protocol was followed. The samples were then sectioned and observed under SEM.ResultsThe observational study shows that the efficacy of smear layer removal was better in the pediatrics group followed by adolescent and geriatric groups.ConclusionThe PIPS technique resulted in effective debriding and decontamination of the root canal system in all the three types of dentin.How to cite this articleHegde V, Vangala A, Jain P, Srilatha S, Dixit V. The Effect of PIPS on Three Different Types of Dentin: A Surface Observational Study. World J Dent 2015;6(1):5-9.
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Cleaning of Root Canals using Protaper and K3 Rotary Systems: A SEM Study
Authors: Shashikala K , Keshava Prasad BS , Tyagi Anukriti 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the debris and smear layer removal following root canal preparation using two different rotary systems with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The rotary systems used were Protaper and K3. Forty single rooted permanent mandibular premolars were chosen for the study. They were assigned two groups on the basis of instrumentation used.
The teeth were sectioned at the level of cementoenamel junction and instrumented with Protaper in group A and with K3 in group B. The root canals were thoroughly irrigated with 5 ml of 2.5 % NaOCl during instrumentation. After instrumentation, 5 ml of normal saline was used as a final rinse.
The teeth were split longitudinally and the specimens were prepared for SEM evaluation. Scanning electron microscope photomicrographs showed presence of debris and smear layer. The SEM photomicrographs were scored, based on the standard score rating system, and the scores were tabulated accordingly.
The scores obtained from the specimens were subjected to statistical analysis. Results showed opening of dentinal tubules and effective removal of smear layer in group A (Protaper) and no significant difference between both the groups (groups A and B) regarding debris.

How to cite this article
Tyagi A, Prasad BSK, Shashikala K. Evaluation of Effectiveness of Cleaning of Root Canals using Protaper and K3 Rotary Systems: A Sem Study. World J Dent 2015;6(1):20-25.
Force Degradation of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chain due to Commonly Consumed Liquids: An in vitro Study
Authors: Al-Shahrani Ibrahim , Nachan Rameez Asif , Kalia Ajit 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Forces delivered by elastomeric chains are not constant and degrade overtime. The degree of degradation could result in forces that fall below the threshold value, precluding any therapeutic effect. Correct evaluation of degradation of force of these materials under various environmental conditions is the need of hour.

Objective
To analyze and compare the effects of commonly consumed liquids, such as Cola, tea and mouthwash, on the force degradation of orthodontic elastomeric chains was conducted.

Materials and methods
An in vitro study was done to assess factors which affect the decay properties of the three elastomeric modules (Ormco Power Chain, 3M Unitek Alastik Chain and American Orthodontics) in the following food stimulants: black tea, milk, aerated drink, mouthwash and artificial saliva. Two different module lengths (long and short) of each product were used for the initial load-comparison study and force decay was evaluated over 21 days at constant extension and at decreasing extension. Means of percentage change in tensile strength were calculated and analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's correction for multiple group comparisons. p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results
The evaluated force degradation in percentage in tensile strength on 21 days post-treatment in tea was significantly higher in product A compared to products B and C with product type short. The evaluated force degradation in percentage in tensile strength on 21 days post-treatment in Cola was significantly higher in products A and C as compared to product B with product type short. The force degradation of product B was significantly less compared to the products A and C initially. However, it degrades at the end of the 21 days and is equivalent with other products.

Conclusion
Irrespective of the solvents used, the force degradation varies for different products.

How to cite this article
Nachan RA, Kalia A, Al-Shahrani I. Force Degradation of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chain due to Commonly Consumed Liquids: An in vitro Study. World J Dent 2015;6(1):31-38.
Distribución espacial de dos especies de encinos y atributos ecológicos del bosque de pino-encino en Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca
Authors: Ruiz-Aquino Faustino , Valdez-Hernández Juan I. , Romero-Manzanares Angélica , Manzano-Méndez Filemón , Fuentes-López Martha E. 
Published: May 2015

La estructura y diversidad de un bosque de pino-encino se analizaron en tres unidades de muestreo (UM) de 50 x 50 m, en Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca. Se determinó la distribución espacial de los individuos con diámetro normal ≥ 2.5 cm. Las variables dasométricas se registraron; se calcularon dos índices de importancia estructural (índice de valor de importancia relativa [IVIR] y de valor forestal [IVF]) y tres índices de diversidad (índice de entropía de Shannon-Weiner, número efectivo de diversidad e índice de Sorensen). Se registraron 799 individuos de 11 familias y 19 especies; la familia más abundante fue Fagaceae (628 individuos, cuatro especies). La especie más importante en la UM1 fue Quercus crassifolia (IVIR = 53, IVF = 57). Los valores más altos del IVIR e IVF en la UM2 correspondieron a Q. laurina (IVIR = 48, IVF = 63). En la UM3, la especie más importante fue Q. crassifolia (IVIR = 49, IVF = 62). El análisis de las dos especies en conjunto reveló distribución aleatoria en prácticamente todas las distancias. El patrón agregado de las especies individuales se atribuyó a estrategias de regeneración y prácticas silvícolas. Ambas especies pueden coexistir modificando la importancia estructural y el patrón de distribución horizontal.
Identificación del insecto agallador (Trioza rusellae Tuthill) en hojas de Brosimum alicastrum Swartz en Yucatán, México
Authors: Ascencio-Álvarez Ada , Martín-Mex Rodolfo , Tucuch-Haas Jorge I. , Valdez-Carrasco Jorge , Huchin-Poot Emy G. , Andrade-Canto Silvia B. , Gámez-Vázquez A. Josué , Larqué-Saavedra Alfonso 
Published: May 2015

El insecto Trioza rusellae Tuthill (Hemiptera-Triozidae) produce agallas en las hojas del árbol de ramón (Brosimum alicastrum Swartz), especie con alto valor nutricional de la península de Yucatán. El insecto fue aislado e identificado a partir de colectas en los municipios de Muna y Sacalum, Yucatán. Los árboles de cinco a 10 años de edad se muestrearon seleccionando ramas con hojas que presentaban agallas. Las muestras se colocaron en bolsas de plástico y se trasladaron al laboratorio confinándolas en jaulas entomológicas. Los adultos se recolectaron con un aspirador manual, mientras que las agallas se disectaron para colectar las ninfas directamente con un pincel (0001). Las muestras se conservaron en alcohol (70 %) y en fijador formol-alcohol-agua (FAA). Las ninfas y adultos de las muestras en alcohol se montaron y observaron en el microscopio estereoscópico. Las muestras en FAA se procesaron y observaron en el microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB). Como resultado, se obtuvieron fotografías y se identificaron las fases de desarrollo de T. rusellae mediante claves entomológicas.
Respuesta del crecimiento radial a la evaporación, a partir de maderas temprana y tardía
Authors: Chacón-de la Cruz José E. , Pompa-García Marín 
Published: May 2015

La mayoría de los estudios dendrocronológicos se basan en la relación del crecimiento radial y la precipitación; sin embargo, pocos estudios han considerado las respuestas de la madera temprana (EW, por sus siglas en inglés) y tardía (LW, por sus siglas en inglés) al efecto de la evaporación. En este estudio se usaron índices residuales para evaluar la respuesta de crecimiento de EW y LW de Pinus cooperi Blanco al efecto de la evaporación en bosques del estado de Durango, México, durante el periodo 1964-2010. El software DENDROCLIM fue utilizado para correlacionar datos dendrocronológicos con la evaporación total mensual. En un análisis de intervalo simple se utilizaron datos de evaporación a partir del mes de enero del año previo a la estación de crecimiento a diciembre del año de la formación del anillo. Los coeficientes de correlación indicaron una relación negativa consistente de EW y LW con la evaporación del otoño-invierno previo a la estación de crecimiento. No obstante, el crecimiento de la madera tardía fue más consistente en términos de sensibilidad climática, lo cual puede indicar que la medición de dicha variable puede ser de utilidad en estudios dendroclimáticos.
Assessment of Operational Effectiveness for Education Program Providers
Authors: Carpenter Dale , Corbin Renee , Luke Nancy 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In the current program evaluation and institutional effectiveness climate for educator preparation programs, the focus on demonstrating that institution graduates make an impact on P-12 student learning includes but sometimes overshadows the need to demonstrate the effectiveness of the operations implemented by programs and institutions. The authors provide a proposed definition for the assessment of operational effectiveness and identify assessments that measure operational effectiveness. The use of operational effectiveness assessments is explained from the point of view of one institution discussing the outcomes and changes that enhanced daily operational effectiveness resulting from the data.
Assessment of Student Learning Outcomes for Assurance of Learning at Qatar University
Authors: Al-Thani Shaikha Jabor , Abdelmoneim Ali , Daoud Khaled , Cherif Adel , Moukarzel Dalal 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
From 2006 to 2012 Qatar University transitioned from doing no program level outcomes-based assessment of student learning to implementation of a robust, effective, and institutionally pervasive Student Learning Outcomes Assessment System (SLOAS) that is characterized by a high level of compliance and meaningful improvements to both learning and assessment processes. Keys to the success of the implementation have been support from campus leadership, creation of a structure and processes that support assessment at all levels, and an intensive program of faculty development and faculty incentives. A unique feature of the system is the auditing of annual program assessment reports by external experts. Comparison of results from the fourth and fifth years of the implementation suggest the following trends: a relatively high and increasing tendency to identify learning improvements involving revisions of curriculum and courses, a low and decreasing tendency to identify learning improvements that cost money, and a high and increasing tendency to make changes to assessment processes that make them more meaningful and more manageable.
Hämostaseologische Aspekte in der Onkologie
Authors: Langer F. 
Published: May 2015

ZusammenfassungDer klinische Zusammenhang zwischen Tumor und Thrombose ist spätestens seit den Beobachtungen von Armand Trousseau (1865) bekannt. Die Aktivierung der Hämostase und Fibrinolyse spielt nicht nur in der Ätiologie des Trousseau-Syndroms eine wichtige Rolle, sondern fördert auch direkt die Progression maligner Erkrankungen. Insbesondere der Gewebefaktor (Tissue-Faktor) ist für das primäre Tumorwachstum und die hämatogene Metastasierung von Bedeutung. Dabei unterliegen die bei Krebspatienten beobachteten Gerinnungsstörungen zumindest teilweise der Kontrolle durch definierte (in)aktivierende Mutationen von Tumorsuppressor- oder Onkogenen.Während die langfristige Antikoagulation mit niedermolekularem Heparin (NMH) etablierte Standardtherapie der tumorassoziierten venösen Thromboembolie (VTE) ist, müssen die medikamentöse VTE-Prophylaxe bei ambulanten onkologischen Patienten und das Management von komplexen Hämostase- störungen individuell und risikoadaptiert erfolgen. (Tier)experimentelle Studien legen zudem nahe, dass NMH in der Therapie von Krebspatienten effektiv sein könnte. Dieser Zusatznutzen konnte jedoch bisher nicht zweifelsfrei durch randomisierte Studien belegt werden.
Clinical Application of Plant Sterol and Stanol Products
Authors: Cofán Montserrat , Ros Emilio 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Plant sterols and stanols (PS) are natural, non-nutritive compounds that play important structural roles in plant membranes and abound in seeds and oils derived from them. Because they act within the intestinal lumen and undergo minimal absorption into the enterocytes, PS are non-systemic agents. Their physiological role in plants, natural origin, and non-systemic action, together with their proven capacity to lower serum total and LDL-cholesterol, make them quite attractive as non-pharmacological agents for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Recent meta-analyses have summarized the results of &gt;100 randomized clinical trials and have clearly established that LDL-cholesterol is reduced by 9–12% with consumption of PS-fortified foods in different formats at doses of 2–3 g per day. PS are effective and safe cholesterol-lowering agents with many clinical applications: adjuncts to a healthy diet, common hypercholesterolemia, combination treatment with statins, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. The cholesterol-lowering efficacy appears to be similar in all clinical situations. PS are also ideal agents to treat hypercholesterolemic children who are still not candidates to statin therapy or receive only low-dose statins. In the setting of statin treatment, the expected LDL-cholesterol reduction with PS is equivalent to up titrating twice the statin dose. There is not enough information on the efficacy of PS as add-on therapy to ezetimibe, fibrates, or bile acid binding resins. Attesting to the consistent scientific evidence on the cholesterol-lowering efficacy and safety of functional foods supplemented with PS, several national and international clinical societies have endorsed their use as adjuncts to a healthy diet.
Inter-individual Variability in Response to Plant Sterol and Stanol Consumption
Authors: Jones Peter J H 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Despite the abundance of clinical trial data demonstrating the cholesterol-lowering action of plant sterol supplementation, substantial variability in efficacy exists in responsiveness across individuals. The goal of this review is to examine factors responsible for this heterogeneity in responsiveness of blood cholesterol levels to dietary plant sterols. Although initially thought to be due to random noise in the data, demonstrated consistency in degree of responsiveness in the context of controlled feeding designs from person to person suggests that other systematic drivers are responsible. Genetic explanations explaining this phenomenon appear to be gaining momentum. Particularly, single nucleotide polymorphisms within the genes coding for CYP7A1 and ApoE, as well as possibly other genes including ABCG5 and ABCG8, exist as predictors of whether LDL-C levels will decrease or even increase subsequent to plant sterol administration. In summary, nutrigenetic differences across genes associated with cholesterol trafficking pathways may be important in predicting how well any given individual will respond to dietary interventions. It is anticipated that eventually genetic tests will be developed that can guide health care professionals to optimize dietary strategies for health optimization.
Methodological Aspects of Plant Sterol and Stanol Measurement
Authors: Lütjohann Dieter 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Cholesterol, its biosynthetic precursors, its metabolite 5α-cholestanol and plant sterols are widely used today in clinical lipid research as surrogate markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption. Advances in analytical methods for the determination of serum noncholesterol sterols and stanols within the last century are highlighted. This review focuses on sample preparation, separation, and detection techniques. Various aspects related to sterol and stanol analysis from biological samples are discussed.
Cardiovascular Safety of Plant Sterol and Stanol Consumption
Authors: Silbernagel Guenther , Baumgartner Iris , März Winfried 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Plant sterols and stanols as components of functional foods are widely used for cholesterol lowering. The regular intake of these functional foods is associated with a decrease in low density lipoprotein cholesterol of about 10 % and an increase in plasma plant sterol or stanol concentrations by about a factor of 2. There is no doubt that a decrease in low density lipoprotein cholesterol is beneficial to cardiovascular health. However, due to the concomitant increase in circulating plant sterols safety issues associated with the intake of plant sterol containing functional foods have been raised. Herein, we will review and evaluate those arguments raised against the use of plant sterols and stanols.
The Atherogenicity of Plant Sterols: The Evidence from Genetics to Clinical Trials
Authors: Weingärtner Oliver , Teupser Daniel , Patel Shailendra B 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The human diet is naturally varied and contains not only essential nutrients, but also contains molecules that the body actively excludes or minimizes exposure. Among these molecules are xenosterols, of which plant sterols comprise the greatest exposure risk. These sterols comprise approximately 50% of the total sterols we eat, yet we retain &lt;0.5% of these in our bodies. The bulk of this exclusion takes place in the intestine and the heterodimeric transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 are key to keeping these xenosterols out of our bodies. In normal humans, pharmacological supplementation with plant sterols (and stanols) has been used to lower cholesterol as these impair intestinal absorption/ re-absorption of this molecule; lowering plasma cholesterol has cardiovascular risk benefits. This review challenges whether this intervention is beneficial and may even be harmful. We summarize the evidence involving humans who have genetic disruption of ABCG5/ABCG8 function, from clinical trial data examining plant sterols and cardiovascular risk, from genetic data affecting normal humans and ABCG5/ABCG8 variations to data obtained using animal models. Accumulation of xenosterols in any significant amount is clearly associated with increased toxicity, and data suggest that at even low levels there may be effects. Importantly, there is also a paucity of data showing cardiovascular end-point benefits with plant sterol/stanol supplementation. The summary of evidence highlights not only caution in recommending such strategies to lower plasma cholesterol, but also in investigating how these xenosterols can affect processes ranging from cardiovascular, endocrine, and neurological function.