bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative effect of solder flux chemistry on the humidity related failures in electronics
Authors: Verdingovas Vadimas , Jellesen Morten Stendahl , Ambat Rajan 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to investigate the effect of no-clean flux chemistry with various weak organic acids (WOAs) as activators on the corrosion reliability of electronics with emphasis on the hygroscopic nature of the residue.

Design/methodology/approach
– The hygroscopicity of flux residue was studied by quartz crystal microbalance, while corrosive effects were studied by leakage current and impedance measurements on standard test boards. The measurements were performed as a function of relative humidity (RH) in the range from 60 to ∼99 per cent at 25°C. The corrosiveness of solder flux systems was visualized by the ex situ analysis using a gel with tin ion indicator.

Findings
– The results showed that the solder flux residues are characterized by different threshold RH, above which a sudden increase in direct current leakage by 2–4 orders of magnitude and a significant reduction in surface resistance in the impedance measurements were observed.

Practical implications
– The findings are attributed to the deliquescence RH of the WOA(s) in the flux and chemistry of water-layer formation. The results show the importance of WOA type in relation to its solubility and deliquescence RH on the corrosion reliability of printed circuit boards under humid conditions.

Originality/value
– The classification of solder flux systems according to IPC J-STD-004 standard does not specify the WOAs in the flux; however, ranking of the flux systems based on the hygroscopic property of activators would be useful information when selecting no-clean flux systems for electronics with applications in humid conditions.
Realistic warpage evaluation of printed board assembly during reflow process
Authors: Chung Soonwan , Kwak Jae B. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to develop an estimation tool for warpage behavior of slim printed circuit board (PCB) array while soldering with electronic components by using finite element method. One of the essential requirements for handheld devices, such as smart phone, digital camera, and Note-PC, is the slim design to satisfy the customers’ desires. Accordingly, the printed circuit board (PCB) should be also thinner for a slim appearance, which would result in decreasing the PCB’s bending stiffness. This means that PCB deforms severely during the reflow (soldering) process where the peak temperature goes up to 250°C. Therefore, it is important to estimate PCB deformation at a high temperature for thermo-mechanical quality/reliability after reflow process.

Design/methodology/approach
– A numerical simulation technique was devised and customized to accurately estimate the behavior of a thin printed board assembly (PBA) during reflow by considering all components, including PCB, microelectronic packages and solder interconnects.

Findings
– By applying appropriate constraints and boundary conditions, it was found that PBA’s warpage can be accurately predicted during the reflow process. The results were also validated by warpage measurement, which showed a fairly good agreement with one and another.

Research limitations/implications
– For research limitations, there are many assumptions regarding numerical modeling. That is, the viscoplastic material property of solder ball is ignored, the reflow profile is simplified and the accurate heat capacity is not considered. Furthermore, the residual stress within the PCB, generated at PCB manufacturing process, is not included in this paper.

Practical implications
– This paper shows how to calculate PBA warpage during the reflow process as accurately as possible. This methodology helps a PCB designer and surface-mount technology (SMT) process manager to predict a PBA warpage issue and modify PCB design before PCB real fabrication. Practically, this modeling and simulation process can be easily performed by using a graphical user interface (GUI) module, so that the engineer can handle an issue by inputting some numbers and clicking some buttons.

Social implications
– In a common sense manner, a numerical simulation method can decrease time and cost in manufacturing real samples. This PCB warpage method can also decrease product development duration and produce a new product earlier. Furthermore, PCB is a common component in all the electronic devices. So, this PCB warpage method can have various applications.

Originality/value
– Because of an economic advantage, the development of a numerical simulation tool for estimating the thin PBA warpage behaviour during reflow process was attempted. The developed tool contains the features of detailed modeling for electronic components and contact boundary conditions of the supporting rails in the reflow oven.
Age‐related decrease in CD271+ cells in human skin
Authors: Akamatsu Hirohiko , Hasegawa Seiji , Yamada Takaaki , Mizutani Hiroshi , Nakata Satoru , Yagami Akiko , Matsunaga Kayoko 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAccording to recent studies, stem cells are found in various tissues in our bodies. It has been reported that stem cells can reside in the skin tissues, including the epidermis, dermis, hair follicles and subcutaneous tissues. Homeostasis of the skin is maintained because these stem cells collaborate with each other to form new cells. We previously identified the CD271(p75NTR)+ cell as a stem cell that was present in the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue, and further investigated the role of stem cells in wound healing and their association with skin disease. In this study, we investigated the localization of CD271+ cells in human skin (epidermis and dermis) and its age‐related changes in stem cells using CD271+ cells. The study revealed that the number of CD271+ cells in the epidermis and dermis decreased with aging. It is possible that such an age‐related decrease in stem cells causes impaired regenerative ability and is associated with various skin diseases. If the relationship between stem cells and skin aging and diseases can be elucidated by investigations such as this study, it may lead to the development of novel anti‐aging technologies and medical treatments for skin diseases in the future.
Serum levels of immunoglobulins G1 and G4 targeting the non‐collagenous 16A domain of BP180 reflect bullous pemphigoid activity and predict bad prognosis
Authors: Zhou Xi‐Ping , Liu Bing , Xu Qun , Yang Yang , He Chun‐Xia , Zuo Ya‐Gang , Liu Yue‐Hua 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune subepidermal bullous disease, and different immunoglobulin (Ig)G autoantibody subclasses may play different roles in the pathogenesis of BP. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between specific IgG subclasses and BP. Enzyme‐linked immunoassays (ELISA) were developed to test the IgG subclasses targeting the non‐collagenous 16A (NC16A) domain of BP180. A statistical analysis was carried out to assess the relationship of BP and IgG subclasses as well as other factors. The correlation coefficients between the ELISA scores for four IgG subclasses and disease severity scores were 0.586 for IgG, 0.441 for IgG1, 0.594 for IgG2, 0.345 for IgG3, and 0.448 for IgG4 before treatment. After treatment, the correlation coefficient was 0.376 for IgG, 0.522 for IgG1, 0.314 for IgG2, 0.582 for IgG3 and 0.503 for IgG4. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was 0.801 for IgG1, 0.66 for IgG2, 0.575 for IgG3 and 0.463 for IgG4 between the ELISA scores of IgG subclasses and the disease severity score variation. The ELISA scores of IgG subclasses in patients with mucosal involvement were higher than those without. Survival analysis showed that sex, IgG1 and IgG4 were the independent predictors for BP. In conclusion, the serum levels of IgG1 and IgG4 targeting BP180NC16A were paralleled with disease severity in BP patients. IgG1 and IgG4 and sex were the independent prognostic factors for an early prognosis of BP.
Measurement and validation of frailty as a predictor of outcomes in women undergoing major gynaecological surgery
Authors: George EM , Burke WM , Hou JY , Tergas AI , Chen L , Neugut AI , Ananth CV , Hershman DL , Wright JD 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveFrailty is the loss of physical or mental reserve that impairs function, often in the absence of a defined comorbidity. Our aim was to determine whether a modified frailty index (mFI) correlates with morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing hysterectomy.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingHospitals across the USA participating in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP).SamplePatients who underwent hysterectomy from 2008 to 2012.MethodsAn mFI was calculated using 11 variables in NSQIP. The associations between mFI and morbidity and mortality were assessed. Model fit statistics (c‐statistics) were utilised to evaluate the ability of mFI to distinguish outcomes.Main outcome measureWound infection, severe complications and mortality.ResultsA total of 66 105 patients were identified. Wound complications increased from 2.4% in patients with an mFI of zero to 4.8% in those with mFI ≥ 0.5 (P < 0.0001). Similarly, severe complications increased from 0.98% to 7.3% (P < 0.0001), overall complications rose from 3.7% to 14.5% (P < 0.0001) and mortality increased from 0.06% to 3.2% (P < 0.0001) for patients with a frailty index of zero compared with those with an index of ≥0.5. Versus chance, the goodness‐of‐fit c‐statistics suggested that mFI increases the ability to detect wound complications by 11.4%, severe complications by 22.0% and overall complications by 11.0%.ConclusionsThe mFI is easily reproducible from routinely collected clinical data and predictive of outcomes in patients undergoing hysterectomy. Frailty may be useful in the preoperative risk assessment of women undergoing gynaecological surgery.Tweetable abstractFrailty may be useful in the preoperative risk assessment of women undergoing gynaecological surgery.
Midgut bacterial communities in the giant Asian honeybee (Apis dorsata) across 4 developmental stages: A comparative study
Authors: Saraithong Prakaimuk , Li Yihong , Saenphet Kanokporn , Chen Zhou , Chantawannakul Panuwan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBacterial communities are known to play important roles during the developmental stages of insects, but current knowledge of bacteria associated with the midgut of Apis dorsata, the giant Asian honeybee, is limited. Using polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis (PCR‐DGGE) and 16S rRNA sequencing, the aim of this study was to determine the dynamics of bacterial community structure across four A. dorsata life stages in different geographical locations. The results reveal that bacterial diversity increased as the bee progressed through larval stage to newly emerged worker and old worker. However, in the pupal stage, no bands identified as bacteria could be observed. Overall, 2 bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria and Firmicutes) and 4 classes (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacilli) were identified, but the frequency varied among the different stages and locations. The classes of Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli dominated among larval, newly emerged worker and old worker developmental stages.
Temporal variation of diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Butalia Sonia , Johnson Jeffrey A. , Ghali William A. , Southern Danielle A. , Rabi Doreen M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundSeasonality in health outcomes has long been recognized for conditions such as colds and flus. The aim of the present study was to determine whether hospitalizations for acute complications of type 1 diabetes (T1D) vary by month and season.MethodsAn observational study was performed of national administrative health data. Hospitalizations for acute complications in adults (aged ≥18 years) with T1D were identified using ICD‐10 (Canadian revision) codes between 2004 and 2010. Monthly and seasonal counts per year were determined for the study period. For each acute complication, the ratio of the number of observed hospitalizations/expected number of hospitalizations was calculated for each month and season per year, adjusting for varied lengths of month, season, and year.ResultsIn all, there were 21 568 hospitalizations for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and 5349 hospitalizations for hypoglycemia during the study period. December had higher than expected hospitalizations for DKA and March had higher than expected hospitalizations for hypoglycemia. There did not appear to be variation for either DKA or hypoglycemia hospitalizations by season.ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest temporal variation in hospitalizations for DKA and hypoglycemia, and therefore signal important times of patient vulnerability. Potential mechanisms underlying this pattern warrant further examination. Prevention strategies and resources for patients with T1D may need to be increased at specific times during the year.
Spatial autocorrelation in fitness affects the estimation of natural selection in the wild
Authors: Marrot Pascal , Garant Dany , Charmantier Anne 
Published: August 2015

Summary

Natural selection is typically estimated in the wild using Lande and Arnold's multiple regression approach. Despite its utility for evolutionary ecologists, this method is subject to the classical assumptions of multiple regressions, which could result in potential analytical problems. In particular, spatial autocorrelation in fitness violates the assumption of residuals independence. Although widespread in the wild, the consequences of this effect have yet to be investigated in the context of Lande and Arnold's regression and resulting selection estimation.

Here we first described four spatially explicit models that allow to control for spatial autocorrelation in residuals of the Lande and Arnold's regression: a generalized least square (GLS) model with a distance‐based exponential covariance function, two simultaneous autoregressive models (SAR, the lagged‐response model (SAR‐lag) and the spatial error model (SAR‐err)) and a 5‐step procedure using the principal coordinates of neighbour matrices (PCNM) method based on the extraction of spatial descriptors. We then compared the four spatially explicit models of selection to non‐spatial models for three life‐history traits recorded over 6 years in a wild blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) population. We also compared the performance of the four spatially explicit models of selection using a simulation approach.

Our analyses revealed strong spatial autocorrelation in residuals of selection models, which was completely described by the two SAR and the PCNM models, while only partially described by the GLS model. The magnitude of selection gradients and differentials decreased systematically in the 4 spatially explicit models while the degree of fit of these models increased (except for the GLS model). Moreover, we showed using simulations that the selection coefficients extracted from the SAR‐lag model were systematically biased compared to those extracted from the GLS, SAR‐err and PCNM models.

We hereby showed that spatial autocorrelation in fitness can severely affect selection differentials and gradients, even at a relatively small spatial scale. By using geostatistical models such as PCNM or SAR‐err models, it is possible to control for this spatial autocorrelation. Finally, since spatial autocorrelation is closely linked to spatial environmental variation, this approach can also be used to explore environmental components of covariance between fitness and traits.
Predictors of binge drinking in elderly Americans
Authors: Parikh Roopali B. , Junquera Patricia , Canaan Yusef , Oms Juan D. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundThe increasing trend in elderly binge drinking in the U.S. is cause for alarm. We sought to describe the predictors of binge drinking in elderly men and women and evaluate the relationship between binge drinking and mental health disorders in this population.MethodsThe 2008 Centers for Disease Control's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey was utilized to identify a cohort of 4,815 individuals in the U.S. of age 65 or older. The primary outcome of interest was self‐reported binge drinking, defined as an affirmative response to the question: “How many times in the past 30 days have you had more than five drinks (in men) or more than four drinks (in women) on an occasion?”ResultsAmong 4,815 elderly participants studied, a total of 466 (9.7%) participants reported binge drinking over the past 30 days while 4,349 (90.3%) participants reported no binge drinking. Binge drinking was not associated with anxiety or depressive disorders in the overall population, however, elderly women reporting binge drinking had higher rates of depressive disorders. In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of binge drinking in elderly participants included younger age, male gender, smoking, absence of college education, lower annual income, and absence of coronary artery disease. Predictors of binge drinking differed in elderly men and women.Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceYounger age, male gender, smoking, lack of college education, lower annual income, and absence of coronary artery disease are independently associated with higher rates of binge drinking among elderly Americans. Elderly men and women had disparate predictors of binge drinking. This study provides valuable information to be applied to the substance abuse screening process in elderly men and women. (Am J Addict 2015;XX:1–7)
Social factors and readmission after inpatient detoxification in older alcohol‐dependent patients
Authors: Van den Berg Julia F. , Van den Brink Wim , Kist Nicolien , Hermes Jolanda S. J. , Kok Rob M. 
Published: August 2015

Background and ObjectivesAlcohol dependence is often a chronic relapsing disorder with frequent admissions to inpatient facilities. This study in older alcohol‐dependent inpatients investigates the role of social factors in readmissions after inpatient detoxification.MethodsIn a prospective study, 132 older alcohol‐dependent patients admitted to inpatient detoxification (mean age 63.4, SD = 6.6, 39.4% women) were interviewed with the European version of the Addiction Severity Index (Europ‐ASI). Readmission to inpatient treatment was monitored up to 1 year after discharge. The effect of social factors on readmission, the number of readmissions and the time to first readmission was established using group comparisons, Poisson regression analysis, and Cox' proportional hazards regression analysis, respectively.ResultsSixty‐seven (50.8%) of the 132 patients were readmitted within 1 year. In this group, the median number of readmissions was 2 (IQR = 2, range 1–6) and the median time to first readmission was 88 days (IQR = 116, range 3–356). In a multivariate analysis, spending most leisure time alone predicted fewer readmissions. None of the other social factors predicted readmission, number of readmissions or time to first readmission.Discussion and ConclusionsRehospitalization of older alcohol‐dependent patients after detoxification is very common, and generally not predicted by social factors. Only spending most leisure time alone may play a role.Scientific SignificanceThis study shows that most social factors are—unexpectedly—not associated with rehospitalization of older alcohol‐dependent patients after detoxification. “Spending leisure time alone” warrants further study as a potentially modifiable predictor. (Am J Addict 2015;XX:1–6)
Clinicopathological analysis of mechanic's hand associated with dermatomyositis
Authors: Mori Tatsuhiko , Ohashi Takenobu , Kato Yasunobu , Ohtsuka Mikio , Yamamoto Toshiyuki 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMechanic's hand is often seen in the fingers of patients with dermatomyositis and is frequently associated with anti‐aminoacyl‐transfer RNA synthetase autoantibodies and interstitial lung disease. We analysed the clinical symptoms of 50 patients with dermatomyositis who had visited our department, 26 of whom also had mechanic's hand. A histological examination was carried out in 16 of the 26 cases, which revealed hyperkeratosis in all cases and colloid bodies in the epidermis in 15 cases. The number of cases of interstitial lung disease in patients with mechanic's hand (22/26, 85%) was significantly higher than that in those without mechanic's hand (12/24, 50%) (P < 0.05). Mechanic's hand is an important skin lesion of dermatomyositis, and increases the likelihood of interstitial lung disease
Ultrasound cavitation versus cryolipolysis for non‐invasive body contouring
Authors: Mahmoud ELdesoky Mohamed Taher , Mohamed Abutaleb Enas ELsayed , Mohamed Mousa Gihan Samir 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesThe demand for non‐surgical and non‐invasive devices is continuous and increasing. Such devices have gradually gained ground in the reduction of localised fat and the improvement of body contouring. The study aimed to compare the effects of ultrasound cavitation and cryolipolysis on localised abdominal fat.MethodsIn total, 60 participants with a body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m2, whose age ranged between 25 and 45 years, were included. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups of 20 each, using ultrasound cavitation and diet, cryolipolysis and diet, and diet only (the control group), respectively. Measures were bodyweight, BMI, waist circumference and suprailiac skinfold were measured at the beginning of the study and 2 months later.ResultsThe three groups showed significant improvements in all measured variables after 2 months. There was no statistically significant difference in bodyweight or in BMI among the groups after treatment. However, the groups using ultrasound cavitation and cryolipolysis showed better post‐treatment improvement than the diet‐only group in waist circumference and suprailiac skinfold. There was no statistically significant difference post‐treatment between the cavitation and cryolipolysis groups in waist circumference or suprailiac skinfold.ConclusionBoth ultrasound cavitation and cryolipolysis are safe and effective for the reduction of abdominal fat thickness and for abdominal contouring.
A systematic review and meta‐regression analysis of prophylactic gabapentin for postoperative pain
Authors: Doleman B. , Heinink T. P. , Read D. J. , Faleiro R. J. , Lund J. N. , Williams J. P. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, AMED and CENTRAL databases until December 2014 and included 133 randomised controlled trials of peri‐operative gabapentin vs placebo. Gabapentin reduced mean (95% CI) 24‐h morphine‐equivalent consumption by 8.44 (7.26–9.62) mg, p < 0.001, whereas more specific reductions in morphine equivalents were predicted (R2 = 90%, p < 0.001) by the meta‐regression equation: 3.73 + (−0.378 × control morphine consumption (mg)) + (−0.0023 × gabapentin dose (mg)) + (−1.917 × anaesthetic type), where ‘anaesthetic type’ is ‘1’ for general anaesthesia and ‘0’ for spinal anaesthesia. The type of surgery was not independently associated with gabapentin effect. Gabapentin reduced postoperative pain scores on a 10‐point scale at 1 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h by a mean (95% CI) of: 1.68 (1.35–2.01); 1.21 (0.88–1.55); 1.28 (0.98–1.57); 1.12 (0.91–1.33); and 0.71 (0.56–0.87), respectively, p < 0.001 for all. The risk ratios (95% CI) for postoperative nausea, vomiting, pruritus and sedation with gabapentin were: 0.78 (0.69–0.87), 0.67 (0.59–0.76), 0.64 (0.51–0.80) and 1.18 (1.09–1.28), respectively, p < 0.001 for all. Gabapentin reduced pre‐operative anxiety and increased patient satisfaction on a 10‐point scale by a mean (95% CI) of 1.52 (0.78–2.26) points and 0.89 (0.22–1.57) points, p < 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively. All the effects of gabapentin may have been overestimated by statistically significant small study effects.