bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Break out that Perl script’: The imaging and imagining of code in The Social Network and Catfish
Authors: Dinnen Zara 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
For most users of digital technology, code is the hidden engine of their experience: silent, disguised, unknown and possibly unknowable. It is this experience of code that will be the subject of this article. Code, which is often perceived as textual, runs software, which is predominantly received as graphical. As with printing and handwritten script, all text is technically graphical, but this observation refers specifically to the increasing use of graphic icons, and visual media, to form the language of digital communications – the egg-timer, the pointer, Twitter and Facebook ‘buttons’, video CVs and avatars.
This article will consider how the user encounter with code, as image, can perhaps be brought to our attention through visual narratives that attempt to represent digital communication and programming. The article will begin with a consideration of code itself as a problematic imagetext: that is, code as a semantic, or linguistic, material that is not readable in a human context, that persists as a sign until the instance of its being run – an instance of potential performativity. It will do so through a discussion of critical interventions in the field of code studies by scholars such as Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, Alexander Galloway and Adrian Mackenzie. Having established this reading, the article will move on to consider how code might resist representation in narrative form, particularly in film. It will do so through a discussion of Matthew Kirschenbaum’s term ‘medial ideology’, a construct that references fictional representations of code and coding that wilfully obscure the actual mechanical process. The main section of the article will be given over to tracing Kirschenbaum’s term through two recent films that creatively interpret the difficulties of depicting computing and communication on screen, The Social Network (Fincher, 2010), and Catfish (Joost and Schulman, 2010).
The genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) in Malaysia, including new records and a key to species inferred from morphology-based phylogeny
Authors: Teng Sing Tung , Leaw Chui Pin , Lim Hong Chang , Lim Po Teen 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Species of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia are known to produce domoic acid that is responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). To investigate the potential risk of ASP and species occurrence of toxic or potentially toxic Pseudo-nitzschia in Malaysian waters, plankton samples were collected from 17 locations. Samples were examined through transmission electron microscopy. Species of Pseudo-nitzschia were identified on the basis of the frustule morphology and morphometric measurements. Twenty-two well-described species were recorded, of which 14 are new records for Malaysia. A new morphotype, closely resembling species in the pseudodelicatissima complex, was also discovered. The morphotype differs from other species in the complex by its lower densities of fibulae and striae. Nine of the species have previously been associated with ASP events worldwide. Our study recorded for the first time high species richness of Pseudo-nitzschia in the confined coasts of Malaysia. In addition, we performed a morphology-based phylogeny and proposed a key to Pseudo-nitzschia species, with a special emphasis on the poroid structure of the striae, to aid in species identification.
Educating medical professionals about suicide prevention among military veterans
Authors: Ganz Debora , Sher Leo 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The aim of this paper was to discuss the results of a review of literature related to suicide in military veteran populations. Suicide in veteran populations has been increasing in recent years, and continues to be a medical and social problem across the globe. For medical health professionals, knowledge of the risk factors for suicide, careful assessment, and appropriate interventions are key to suicide prevention. The main aim of this review is to better understand the risk factors present in veteran suicide and find ways by which to educate medical professionals in suicide prevention. Key suicide risk factors found in veteran populations include posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, physical injuries, substance use disorders, traumatic brain injury, combat-related guilt, access to firearms, and insufficient social support. Some psychosocial difficulties are unique to veteran populations, and medical professionals should be culturally sensitive to these factors. Psychosocial changes upon discharge from active duty, as well as stigma against mental health disorders and treatment, should also be considered and assessed. Given that general practitioners may be the first line of defense for these veterans, they should be educated in risk factors for veteran suicide and proper assessment techniques. Any suicide risk in a veteran population should be taken very seriously, and responded to appropriately.
An adolescent with chronic giardiasis mimicking anorexia nervosa
Authors: Thomas IV Lewis J. , Zweig Alex P. , Tosh Aneesh K. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
A 13-year-old Hispanic female presented with symptoms of abdominal pain, amenorrhea, and unintentional weight loss of 11 kg. Preliminary investigation yielded no immediate causes, and an initial differential included inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, as well as viral, bacterial, or parasitic gastrointestinal infection. Evaluation of these potential diagnoses yielded negative results; thus, the team thought that the patient may be suffering from anorexia nervosa. The patient was discharged to outpatient care, and was treated in our adolescent health clinic, where repeat laboratory testing yielded a positive Giardia-antigen test. The patient was placed on metronidazole, rapidly gained weight, and resumed menstruation soon after. The final diagnosis was chronic giardiasis. Chronic giardiasis is a rare and enigmatic disease that presents with many symptoms similar to chronic gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. IBD and celiac disease) and anorexia nervosa. Practitioners involved in the diagnosis and treatment of anorexia nervosa should be aware of this disorder and include it in differential diagnoses of patients presenting with anorexia nervosa symptoms.
Mammal species richness and biogeographic structure at the southern boundaries of the Nearctic region
Authors: Escalante Tania , Rodríguez-Tapia Gerardo , Linaje Miguel , Morrone Juan J. , Noguera-Urbano Elkin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe analyzed whether the spatial variation in mammal species richness reflects the southern boundaries of the Nearctic region as previously established by endemism patterns. Records from 710 mammal species were drawn on a map of North America (from Canada and Alaska to Panama) gridded at 4° latitude-longitude. We evaluated the probable existence of unknown species through three richness estimators (Chao2, ICE, and Jack1), modeled the potential distribution of species, and mapped the predicted pattern of species richness through the number of coexisting potential distributions. The poorest grid cells are in the northern areas, whereas the richest ones are in the southern areas, coinciding with the pattern of collecting points. The average richness of 4° grid cells comprising the Nearctic region was 18 species, and the richest 4° grid cells had 150 species, coinciding with the 26° latitude. From the 406 mammal species of the Nearctic region, 104 are restricted to it, and 305 species situated south of it are not distributed in the region. The map of predicted richness shows the classical latitudinal diversity gradient, with the number of species increasing to the tropics. We conclude that the Nearctic region has a low mammal richness, with a richness pattern corresponding with previously described patterns of endemism, with a boundary situated at 26°–30° latitude.
Catalysis by gold nanoparticles: carbon-carbon coupling reactions
Authors: Li Gao , Jin Rongchao 
Published: July 2013

AbstractGold nanoparticles have been demonstrated to be efficient catalysts for a wide range of reactions in the past decades, such as oxidation and hydrogenation. In recent research, gold nanoparticle catalysts have been utilized in carbon-carbon coupling reactions. These coupling reactions have been established as convenient and general approaches toward biaryl or propargylamines, which are biologically active compounds, natural products, and pharmaceutical organic compounds. This review aims to highlight the current achievements in the field of gold nanoparticle-catalyzed coupling reactions, including Ullmann homocoupling of halides, oxidative homocoupling of organoboronates, Suzuki cross-coupling of phenylboronic acid and halides, Sonogashira cross-coupling of iodobenzene and phenylacetylene, and A3-coupling reaction of phenylacetylene, amines, and aryl or alkyl aldehydes. The catalytic mechanisms of these carbon-carbon coupling reactions are discussed. Finally, we provide our perspectives on some future work on gold nanocatalysis in coupling reactions.
Variation and Trends in ED Use of Radiographs for Asthma, Bronchiolitis, and Croup in Children
Authors: Knapp Jane F. , Simon Stephen D. , Sharma Vidya 
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVES:
The objectives were (1) to determine trends in radiograph use in emergency department (ED) care of children with asthma, bronchiolitis, and croup; and (2) to examine the association of patient and hospital factors with variation in radiograph use.

METHODS:
A retrospective, cross-sectional study of National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data between 1995 and 2009 on radiograph use at ED visits in children aged 2 to 18 years with asthma, aged 3 months to 1 year with bronchiolitis, and aged 3 months to 6 years with croup. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated and adjusted for all factors studied.

RESULTS:
The use of radiographs for asthma increased significantly over time (OR: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–1.09; P &lt; .001 for trend) but were unchanged for bronchiolitis and croup. Pediatric-focused EDs had lower use for asthma (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.29–0.68), bronchiolitis (OR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.23–0.59), and croup (OR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.17–0.68). Compared with the Northeast region, the Midwest and South had statistically higher use of radiographs for all 3 conditions. The Western region had higher use only for asthma (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.07–2.60), and bronchiolitis (OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.48–5.87). No associations were seen for metropolitan statistical area or hospital ownership status.

CONCLUSIONS:
The ED use of radiographs for children with asthma increased significantly from 1995 to 2009. Reversing this trend could result in substantial cost savings and reduced radiation. Pediatric-focused EDs used significantly fewer radiographs for asthma, bronchiolitis, and croup. The translation of practices from pediatric-focused EDs to all EDs could improve performance.
Variation in Emergency Department Diagnostic Testing and Disposition Outcomes in Pneumonia
Authors: Florin Todd A. , French Benjamin , Zorc Joseph J. , Alpern Elizabeth R. , Shah Samir S. 
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To describe the variability across hospitals in diagnostic test utilization for children diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) during emergency department (ED) evaluation and to determine if test utilization is associated with hospitalization and ED revisits.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children aged 2 months to 18 years with ED visits resulting in CAP diagnoses from 2007 to 2010 who were seen at 36 hospitals contributing data to the Pediatric Health Information System. Children with complex chronic conditions, recent hospitalization, trauma, aspiration, or perinatal infection were excluded. Primary outcomes included diagnostic testing, hospitalization, and 3-day ED revisit rates across hospitals. We examined variation in diagnostic testing among hospitals by using multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression.

RESULTS:
A total of 100 615 ED visits were analyzed. Complete blood count (median: 28.7%), blood culture (27.9%), and chest radiograph (75.7%) were the most commonly ordered ED diagnostic tests. After adjustment for patient characteristics, significant variation (P &lt; .001) was found for each test examined across hospitals. High test-utilizing hospitals had increased odds of hospitalization compared with low-utilizing hospitals (odds ratio: 1.86 [95% confidence interval: 1.17–2.94]; P = .008). However, differences in the odds of ED revisit between the low- and high-utilizing hospitals were not significant (odds ratio: 1.21 [95% confidence interval: 0.97–1.51]; P = .09).

CONCLUSIONS:
Emergency departments that use more testing in diagnosing CAP have higher hospitalization rates than lower-utilizing EDs. However, ED revisit rates were not significantly different between high- and low-utilizing EDs. These results suggest an opportunity to reduce diagnostic testing for CAP without negatively affecting outcomes.
Long-Term Follow-Up of UCLP Patients: Surgical and Orthodontic Burden of Care during Growth and Final Orthognathic Surgery Need
Authors: Meazzini Maria Costanza , Capello Alice Varacca , Ventrini Francesca , Autelitano Luca , Morabito Alberto , Garattini Giovanna , Brusati Roberto 
Published: July 2013

Objective The goal of this study was to evaluate the craniofacial morphology at 5 and 10 years of age and at the completion of growth, the need for final orthognathic surgery, and the orthodontic burden in a sample of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate consecutively treated by the same surgeon with the same two-step protocol. Design A sample of 62 adult patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate was retrospectively collected (mean age, 17.5 years). Lateral cephalograms at three time points were traced. The need for orthognathic surgery was assessed, subdividing the sample into an orthognathic surgery group and nonorthognathic surgery group. Time and modality of orthodontic treatment were recorded. Results Cephalometric values related to maxillary growth (SNA, SNAns) and maxillomandibular relation (ANB, NAPg) were significantly different between the two groups already at 5 and 10 years of age. All patients presenting an ANB smaller than 2° at 5 years needed a Le Fort I osteotomy. Mandibular protrusion (SNB, SNPg) was not different at 5 and 10 years, but was different at the completion of growth. Patients with the same initial maxillomandibular relation did not show better growth when subjected to earlier or longer orthodontic treatment. Conclusion Patients needing final jaw surgery had a more severe skeletal discrepancy during early childhood. The ANB angle at 5 years allowed doctors to identify 45% of the need for orthognathic surgery. The final craniofacial pattern does not seem to change significantly with early or prolonged orthodontic treatment.
Buoyancy-driven flow and heat transfer in a nanofluid-filled enclosure
Authors: Kosti Siddhartha , Das Malay K. , Saha Arun K. 
Published: July 2013

Numerical study of buoyancy-driven laminar incompressible flow in a 2D rectangular enclosure utilizing copper–water nanofluid has been investigated. Constant heat flux at the left vertical wall while convective boundary condition on the other three walls has been investigated for three different Rayleigh numbers (1 × 105 to 3 × 105) based on the incoming solar heat flux value. Three aspect ratios (AR = H / L where H and L are the height and length of the enclosure, respectively) 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5, three inclination angles α (from the horizontal) 0, 20 and 37° for solar panel, nanoparticle concentration ϕ (varying upto 6%), Prandtl number (Pr = 7·0) for water has been kept constant and Nusselt number (Nuknf) based on the heat-transfer coefficient has been considered in the present study. Increment in average Nusselt number has been observed with increment in Rayleigh number and inclination angle. At low aspect ratio, maximum average Nusselt number has been found. Flow structures are sensitive to solid-particle concentration value, and average Nusselt number increases with solid-particle concentration value. A decrement in average Nusselt number at Ra = 3 × 105 for aspect ratios of 0·5 and 1·5 has been observed.
Successful Treatment with Agomelatine in NES: A Series of Five Cases
Authors: Milano W. , De Rosa M. , Milano L. , Riccio A. , Sanseverino B. , Capasso A. 
Published: July 2013

The NES is an emerging disease in eating behavior that combines eating disorders, sleep, mood and stress. In recent years, the NES is becoming more interested in close association with obesity and depression.In the present study we have followed for 12 weeks 5 patients (2 males and 3 females) with NES and comorbid depression treated with agomelatine (25 mg / day for the first two weeks, then 50 mg / day), an antidepressant similar of melatonin.At the end of the three months of treatment, it was found an improvement in symptoms characteristic of the NES, as assessed by a reduction an average of the NEQ (from 31 to 22.8), improved mood, mean values ​​reduced by 23, 2 to 13.2 on the HAM-D, weight reduction, an average of 3.6 kg reduction in average weekly awakenings from 12 to 6.4 and the time of snoring and motion detected polysomnography. The serum chemistry values ​​remained stable and there were no reported adverse events.The present study showed that the treatment with agomelatine has improved the symptoms of NES and mood, decrease of body weight, reduce, albeit not in an optimal manner, the number of awakenings per night with a reduction of movement time and snoring . Of course, these preliminary data need to be confirmed by controlled trials on a larger sample.
Corneal Nerve Loss Detected With Corneal Confocal Microscopy Is Symmetrical and Related to the Severity of Diabetic Polyneuropathy
Authors: Petropoulos Ioannis N. , Alam Uazman , Fadavi Hassan , Asghar Omar , Green Patrick , Ponirakis Georgios , Marshall Andrew , Boulton Andrew J.M. , Tavakoli Mitra , Malik Rayaz A. 
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE
To establish if corneal nerve loss, detected using in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCCM), is symmetrical between right and left eyes and relates to the severity of diabetic neuropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients (n = 111) with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and 47 age-matched healthy control subjects underwent detailed assessment and stratification into no (n = 50), mild (n = 26), moderate (n = 17), and severe (n = 18) neuropathy. IVCCM was performed in both eyes and corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), branch density (CNBD), and fiber length (CNFL) and the tortuosity coefficient were quantified.

RESULTS
All corneal nerve parameters differed significantly between diabetic patients and control subjects and progressively worsened with increasing severity of neuropathy. The reduction in CNFD, CNBD, and CNFL was symmetrical in all groups except in patients with severe neuropathy.

CONCLUSIONS
IVCCM noninvasively detects corneal nerve loss, which relates to the severity of neuropathy, and is symmetrical, except in those with severe diabetic neuropathy.
Prognostic Impact of Aortic Stiffness in High-Risk Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Cardoso Claudia R.L. , Ferreira Marcel T. , Leite Nathalie C. , Salles Gil F. 
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE
The prognostic importance of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), the gold standard measure of aortic stiffness, has been scarcely investigated in type 2 diabetes and never after full adjustment for potential confounders. The aim was to evaluate the prognostic impact of carotid-femoral PWV for cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality in a cohort of 565 high-risk type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Clinical, laboratory, ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring, and carotid-femoral PWV data were obtained at baseline. The primary end points were a composite of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Multiple Cox survival analysis was used to assess the associations between carotid-femoral PWV, as a continuous variable and categorized at 10 m/s, and the end points.

RESULTS
After a median follow-up of 5.75 years, 88 total cardiovascular events and 72 all-cause deaths occurred. After adjustments for potential cardiovascular risk factors, including micro- and macrovascular complications, ambulatory BP, and metabolic control, carotid-femoral PWV was predictive of the composite end point but not of all-cause mortality both as a continuous variable (hazard ratio 1.13 [95% CI 1.03–1.23], P = 0.009 for increments of 1 m/s) and as categorized at 10 m/s (1.92 [1.16–3.18], P = 0.012). On sensitivity analysis, carotid-femoral PWV was a better predictor of cardiovascular events in younger patients (&lt;65 years), in those with microvascular complications, and in those with poorer glycemic control (HbA1c ≥7.5% [58.5 mmol/mol]).

CONCLUSIONS
Carotid-femoral PWV provides cardiovascular risk prediction independent of standard risk factors, glycemic control, and ambulatory BPs and improves cardiovascular risk stratification in high-risk type 2 diabetes.
Isolation rates of Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis from bovine preputial samples via passive filtration on nonselective medium versus selective medium, with and without transport medium
Authors: Chaban Bonnie , García Guerra Alvaro , Hendrick Steven H. , Waldner Cheryl L. , Hill Janet E. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To compare the recovery rates of Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis (Cfv) from preputial scrapings of infected bulls with passive filtration on selective medium versus nonselective medium, with and without transport medium.
Samples—217 preputial scrapings from 12 bulls (4 naturally and 8 artificially infected with Cfv).
Procedures—Preputial scrapings were collected in 2 mL of PBS solution and bacteriologically cultured directly on Skirrow medium or passively filtered through 0.65-μm filters onto blood agar, with or without 24 hour preincubation in modified Weybridge transport enrichment medium (TEM). After 72 hours, plates were examined for Cfv and bacterial and fungal contamination or overgrowth.
Results—Passive filtration of fresh preputial scrapings onto blood agar yielded significantly higher recovery rates of Cfv (86%) than direct plating on Skirrow medium (32%), whereas recovery from TEM was poor for both media (35% and 40%, respectively). Skirrow cultures without TEM were significantly more likely to have fungal contamination than were cultures performed with any other technique, and fungal contamination was virtually eliminated by passive filtration onto blood agar. Bacterial contamination by Pseudomonas spp was significantly more common with Skirrow medium versus passive filtration on blood agar, regardless of TEM use.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The use of transport medium and the choice of culture medium had significant effects on Cfv recovery and culture contamination rates from clinical samples. Both factors should be considered when animals are tested for this pathogen.