bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protocol Comparison: Laboratory versus Natural Weathering Tests for Performance Evaluation of Coatings on Preservative-Treated Wood
Authors: Nejad Mojgan , Ung Tony , Cooper Paul 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Fourteen stains were tested in the laboratory to compare water uptake and leaching reduction of wood treated with chromated copper arsenate, alkaline copper quat, and copper azole. Based on results of a 2-week test, eight stains were selected to be evaluated over 3 months of accelerated weathering and five stains over 3 years of natural exposure in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. These comparisons were made in order to find a quick and reliable method for replacing natural exposure tests.
Comparison of different weathering techniques showed significant correlations between leaching and water uptake results from laboratory tests and natural weathering. The cumulative percentage of inorganic elements leached from coated samples was highly correlated with the cumulative percentage leached during 3 years of natural weathering. Also, the average moisture content of treated-coated samples after 1 and 3 days of water immersion showed a relatively strong positive correlation with the average moisture content of treated-coated wood samples during wet periods of natural weathering (moisture content above 20%, average of 17 reading times). Thus, this quick laboratory test is a reliable short-term test for evaluating the ability of coatings to reduce leaching and water uptake when applied on preservative-treated wood.
Effect of Pinus radiata Bark Polyphenols on Phenol Liquefaction of Cellulose in the Presence of p-Toluene Sulfonic Acid Catalyst
Authors: Mun Sung Phil , Jang Jeong Phil , Kim Moon G. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The influence of Pinus radiata bark polyphenol components in the phenol liquefaction of P. radiata bark was investigated using p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) and sulfuric acid (SA) as acid catalysts. A series of the phenol liquefaction reactions were carried out using mixtures of pure cellulose with increasing amounts of hot-water extract (HWE) of P. radiata bark—the polyphenol-rich component of bark. The yields of liquefied product reactions and combined phenol amounts in them were determined, and the liquefaction residues were also analyzed for determination of acid-soluble and insoluble polyphenols and residual cellulose fractions.
The yield of cellulose liquefaction decreased linearly with increasing amounts of HWE with the effect being more pronounced for SA than for PTSA. The combined phenol amount increased with liquefaction yield increases for both SA and PTSA catalysts, but at liquefaction yield levels above 83 percent, more phenol was combined for SA catalyst than for PTSA catalyst. The liquefaction residues contained lower cellulose and higher polyphenol components for SA catalyst than for PTSA catalyst at the same liquefaction time. The results indicate that the bark polyphenol components can significantly interfere in the acid-catalyzed bark phenol liquefaction reactions by their excessive condensation with cellulose and/or phenol, especially in the presence of SA catalyst.
Financial Assessment of Logging Residue Collection in the Southeast United States
Authors: Smidt Mathew F. , Zhang Yaoqi , Zheng Bin 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Logging residue and nonmerchantable stems are an important component of present and future bioenergy resources. Integrated harvesting systems that chip or grind logging residues and nonmerchantable stems with the harvest of roundwood may be the most feasible technology and most likely to produce material at a competitive cost. We conducted simulated harvests on a wide range of southeastern US pine forests using a sample of Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) inventory plots and Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) to model silvicultural treatments and intensities of pine management. In the simulation break-even marginal costs for biomass were typically present when residue volume exceeded 100 m3 ha−1 or ratios of roundwood to biomass were less than 4:1. Increased roundwood harvesting productivity also increased the rate at which residue arrived at the landing for processing, which improved chipper utilization and lowered costs. In integrated systems some roundwood that meets pulpwood specifications may be merchandized as biomass because of the cost savings available from increasing chipper utilization. Cost savings from merchandizing all pulpwood as biomass could support stumpage payments that may be equivalent to pulpwood stumpage in areas with low pulpwood prices and low pulpwood demand.
Carbon Emission Reduction Impacts from Alternative Biofuels*
Authors: Lippke Bruce , Puettmann Maureen E. , Johnson Leonard , Gustafson Richard , Venditti Richard , Steele Philip , Katers John F. , Taylor Adam , Volk Timothy A. , Oneil Elaine , Skog Kenneth , Budsberg Erik , Daystar Jesse , Caputo Jesse 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The heightened interest in biofuels addresses the national objectives of reducing carbon emissions as well as reducing dependence on foreign fossil fuels. Using life-cycle analysis to evaluate alternative uses of wood including both products and fuels reveals a hierarchy of carbon and energy impacts characterized by their efficiency in reducing carbon emissions and/or in displacing fossil energy imports. Life-cycle comparisons are developed for biofuel feedstocks (mill and forest residuals, thinnings, and short rotation woody crops) with bioprocessing (pyrolysis, gasification, and fermentation) to produce liquid fuels and for using the feedstock for pellets and heat for drying solid wood products, all of which displace fossil fuels and fossil fuel–intensive products. Fossil carbon emissions from lignocellulosic biofuels are substantially lower than emissions from conventional gasoline. While using wood to displace fossil fuel–intensive materials (such as for steel floor joists) is much more effective in reducing carbon emissions than using biofuels to directly displace fossil fuels, displacing transportation fuels with ethanol provides the opportunity to also reduce dependence on imported energy. The complex nature of wood uses and how wood fuels and products interact in their environments, as well as the methods needed to understand these impacts and summarize the relative benefits of different alternatives, are discussed herein. Policies designed to increase biofuel use by subsidies or mandates may increase prices enough to divert biomass feedstock away from producing products, such as for composite panels, resulting in increased emissions from fossil fuel–intensive substitutes. Policies that fail to consider life-cycle implications are discussed, identifying their unintended consequences.
Analysis on the Dynamic Relationship between the Research and Development Capacity, Net Exports, and Profits of China's Furniture Industry
Authors: Cheng Baodong , Tian Yuan , Hao Kai , Wan Lu 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
China's furniture industry has grown rapidly over the past 10 years, which makes China an important furniture exporter in the world. This article focuses on the evolution of research and development (R&D) capacity, net exports of China's furniture industry, and their relationship; analyzes the impact of changes in external factors on R&D capacity, net exports, and profits; and makes predictions for R&D capacity, net exports, and profits. A dynamic model of R&D capacity, net exports, and profits for China's furniture industry is established based on the data from 1993 to 2008; ordinary least squares methods are used for model estimation. The positive correlation between R&D capacity and net exports in regression results illustrates that R&D capacity is conducive to enhancing the competitiveness of Chinese furniture enterprises and likely contributes to export growth as well. If the world economic environment changed radically, exports would decline under the influence of external factors, and then profits would also fall. At present, however, companies are often interested in expanding their exports by increasing R&D investment and, in turn, enhancing their competitiveness. If the world economy grows in a stable manner, China's furniture industry development of R&D capacity and net exports should conform with Virasa and Tang's model (J. High Technol. Manag. Res. 9(2):195–205, 1998). If a sharp fluctuation in the international market occurs, however, the development of China's furniture industry most likely will be unstable.
Detection of Metabolic Gas Emitted by Termites Using Semiconductor Gas Sensors
Authors: Yanase Yoshiyuki , Fujii Yoshihisa , Okumura Shogo , Yoshimura Tsuyoshi 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
The feasibility of using three types of semiconductor gas sensors to detect the metabolic gas generated by termites was investigated. Odor, methane, and hydrogen sensors made of a tin oxide semiconductor were tested. A polypropylene container was prepared with three sensors in the lid to investigate the relationship between the number of termites and food material on gas concentration over time. Worker and soldier termites (Coptotermes formosanus), collected from a laboratory colony, were put into the container with and without food material (wood specimen). The variation in the electrical resistance of the sensors during the detection of gas components was monitored, and the detected voltage was converted into gas concentration.
The hydrogen concentration increased with an increase in the number of termites and was not influenced by gases released from the wood specimen. Similar findings were obtained for the odor sensor, even though it detected odor components from both termites and the wood specimen. The methane sensor did not detect any significant increase in gas concentration. The results showed that the hydrogen emission depended on the feeding activity of worker termites, whereas soldier termites that were supplied with food material by worker termites made a small contribution to hydrogen emission.
These findings suggest that because of the high selectivity and sensitivity of the hydrogen sensor, its performance is better than that of the odor and methane sensors for the detection of termite attacks.
Physical Properties and Consumer Reaction to Use of Compressed Wood Bricks in Southeast Alaska
Authors: Brackley Allen M. , Gorman Robert , Petersen Karen 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
In late 2008, a group of business people and entrepreneurs in southeast Alaska became aware of a compressed wood brick product that could be used as an alternative fuel in existing wood-burning stoves and heating equipment. The product differed from many others on the market in that it contained no additive to promote binding and burn characteristics. In 2009, local materials in the form of sawmill residuals and chipped material from land clearing were collected, dried, and shipped to a producer in the northeast United States. A set of returned samples was sent to the University of Alaska Fairbanks Forest Products Laboratory for evaluation of physical properties. Survey methods were used to determine characteristics of wood-burning equipment and conditions at the time of test burns and to assess consumer reactions to the product as an alternative to cordwood. The price that people were willing to pay for such a product was also evaluated. Few differences were detected between bricks made from material available in southeast Alaska and those from outside the region. In addition, the duration of burn was significantly greater for consumers using modern wood-burning stoves approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Consumers expressed a high degree of satisfaction with the product, but their reported fuel of choice was still traditional cordwood. Twenty-nine percent of surveyed consumers were willing to pay a price of $200 a ton for the brick product.
Effects of Wheat Protein as a Biological Binder in the Manufacture of Particleboards Using a Mixture of Canola, Hemp, Bagasse, and Commercial Wood
Authors: Nikvash Neda , Kharazipour Alireza , Euring Markus 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This article deals with the feasibility of the use of wheat protein glue to produce general purpose particleboards from bagasse, canola, and hemp chips and of decreasing the formaldehyde emission by using a bioproduct adhesive. Three series of panels were produced using wood chips in the surface layers and a mixture of annual plants with industrial wood in the middle layers. Particleboards were manufactured using various annual plants. Wheat protein was used in combination with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin in the surface layers. Pure UF was only used in the middle layer. Panels were tested for some physical and mechanical properties. In addition, the formaldehyde emission according to the perforator method and the bottle method was determined. The data were compared with the respective properties specified by the Deutsches Institut für Normung EN 312-2 standard for commercial wood-based particleboard. The results showed that all mechanical properties greatly exceeded the standard requirements for wood particleboards. An increase of more than 50 percent canola particles in the core negatively affected the internal bond (IB) strength. All of the particleboards produced from hemp and bagasse had modulus of rupture and IB strength higher than required. With those containing up to 50 percent annual plant particles in the middle layer, thickness swelling values met the standard requirement. It was found that applying wheat protein as a bonding agent reduced the formaldehyde emission in comparison to when pure UF resin was applied. This study demonstrated that consistent, high-performance agricultural fiber composite panels with desirable environmental attributes can be successfully developed.
Cradle-to-Gate Life-Cycle Inventory and Impact Assessment of Wood Fuel Pellet Manufacturing from Hardwood Flooring Residues in the Southeastern United States*
Authors: Reed Daniel , Bergman Richard , Kim Jae-Woo , Taylor Adam , Harper David , Jones David , Knowles Chris , Puettmann Maureen E. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In this article, we present cradle-to-gate life-cycle inventory (LCI) data for wood fuel pellets manufactured in the Southeast United States. We surveyed commercial pellet manufacturers in 2010, collecting annual production data for 2009. Weighted-average inputs to, and emissions from, the pelletization process were determined. The pellet making unit process was combined with existing LCI data from hardwood flooring residues production, and a life-cycle impact assessment was conducted using the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) model. The potential bioenergy and embodied nonrenewable energy in 907 kg (1 ton, the functional unit of this study) of wood fuel pellets was also calculated. The pelletization of wood requires significant amounts of electrical energy (145 kWh/Mg), but the net bioenergy balance is positive. Wood pellets require 5.8 GJ of fossil energy to produce 17.3 GJ of bioenergy (a net balance of 10.4 GJ/Mg). However, if environmental burdens are allocated to the pellet raw material (flooring residues) by value, then the embodied fossil energy is reduced to 2.3 GJ. The pelletization unit process data collected here could be used in an assessment of the environmental impacts of pellet fuel, or when pellets are a pretreatment step in wood-based biorefinery processes.
Woody Biomass Substitution for Thermal Energy at Softwood Lumber Mills in the US Inland Northwest*
Authors: Puettmann Maureen E. , Lippke Bruce 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Using life-cycle inventory production data, the net global warming potential (GWP) of a typical inland Northwest softwood lumber mill was evaluated for a variety of fuel types used as boiler inputs and for electricity generation. Results focused on reductions in carbon emissions in terms of GWP relative to natural gas as the fossil alternative. Woody feedstocks included mill residues, forest residuals, and wood pellets. In all fuel-substitution scenarios, increasing the use of biomass for heat generation decreased GWP. Using woody biofuels for electricity production is somewhat less effective in lowering carbon emissions than when used for heat energy. Heat generation at the mill under the current practice of using about half self-generated mill residues and half natural gas resulted in a 35 percent reduction in GWP over 100 percent natural gas. The greatest reduction in GWP (66%) was from increased use of forest residuals for heat energy, eliminating the use of fossil fuels as a direct heating fuel at the mill. We summarize the results by documenting that greater use of woody biomass for heat energy will reduce carbon emissions over fossil-based fuels.
Life-Cycle Assessment of Bioethanol from Pine Residues via Indirect Biomass Gasification to Mixed Alcohols*
Authors: Daystar Jesse , Reeb Carter , Venditti Richard , Gonzalez Ronalds , Puettmann Maureen E. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The goal of this study was to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil energy requirements from the production and use (cradle-to-grave) of bioethanol produced from the indirect gasification thermochemical conversion of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) residues. Additional impact categories (acidification and eutrophication) were also analyzed. Of the life-cycle stages, the thermochemical fuel production and biomass growth stages resulted in the greatest environmental impact for the bioethanol product life cycle. The GHG emissions from fuel transportation and process chemicals used in the thermochemical conversion process were minor (less than 1 percent of conversion emissions). The net GHG emissions over the bioethanol life cycle, cradle-to-grave, was 74 percent less than gasoline of an equal energy content, meeting the 60 percent minimum reduction requirement of the Renewable Fuels Standard to qualify as an advanced (second generation) biofuel. Also, bioethanol had a 72 percent lower acidification impact and a 59 percent lower eutrophication impact relative to gasoline. The fossil fuel usage for bioethanol was 96 percent less than gasoline, mainly because crude oil is used as the primary feedstock for gasoline production. The total GHG emissions for the bioethanol life cycle analyzed in this study were determined to be similar to the comparable scenario from the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation model. A sensitivity analysis determined that mass allocation of forest establishment burdens to the residues was not significant for GHG emissions but had significant effects on the acidification and eutrophication impact categories.
Substantial Bark Use as Insulation Material
Authors: Kain Günther , Barbu Marius-Catalin , Teischinger Alfred , Musso Maurizio , Petutschnigg Alexander 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In this study, bark-based insulation boards were made out of pine (Pinus sylvestris) bark. Their properties seem to be promising with regard to thermal conductivity, heat storage capacity, and mechanical characteristics. The influences of panel density, resin content, and particle size on the relevant board properties were studied, showing that it is possible to produce comparatively light (<500 kg/m3) bark boards for thermal insulation. In particular, the panels' heat storage capacity is superior to commonly known insulation materials. For this reason bark-based insulation panels could probably be used efficiently for civil engineering purposes and insulation applications in general.
Accuracy of Automated Assessment of Sweep in Standing Hybrid Poplar Trees Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning
Authors: Barnett Jennifer , Murphy Glen 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Sweep, in interaction with sawing method, can negatively affect volume and value recovery from logs. Quantitatively assessing sweep in standing trees to determine its impact on product yields, volume recovery, and value recovery can be challenging and time-consuming. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) provides an opportunity to measure three-dimensional sweep in standing trees.
A total of 98 trees from three hybrid poplar stands (one 12-y-old stand and two 7-y-old stands) in eastern Oregon were TLS scanned over bark and automatically assessed for sweep to a maximum height of 17 m. The trees from the three stands were then felled, transported to a mill, and scanned after debarking using an industrial scanning system. Trees from one of the stands were scanned four times: twice using TLS in the forest from two scan points, and then mill scanned once over bark and rescanned using the mill scanner after the bark was removed.
The average root mean squared differences (RMSD) between over bark TLS measurements and under bark mill scan measurements were similar to the average RMSDs between over bark and under bark mill scan measurements. Differences were noted between stands. The average RMSD was higher in the 12-year-old stand than in the two 7-year-old stands.
Gaining Competitive Advantage in the New Normal
Authors: PANWAR RAJAT , VLOSKY RICHARD , HANSEN ERIC 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
The financial crisis that started in mid-2008 has led to a subsequent economic recession. Although officially declared over, global financial degradation may result in a “double-dip” recession with no substantive relief in the near future. Consequently, fundamental shifts within global forestry and the forest industry sectors have taken place with disruptions, dislocations, and uncertainties felt through the entire chain from the forest to markets. This is the worst downturn for forest products markets since the first oil crisis in the 1970s. Manifestations have included decreased demand, fluctuating prices and changed exchange rates, increased competition, overcapacity, low profitability, wood supply problems, and competition for raw materials exacerbated by the emerging bio-based energy sector. Although the ability of the forest sector as a whole to experience strong growth during the recession and when recovery begins is doubtful, there are many actions that individual companies can take to create competitive opportunities during the crisis and solidify position when markets strengthen. This article presents specific actions that can be taken to create or maintain competitive advantage across the forest sector supply chain in this time of crisis.
Counseling for IUDs and Implants: Are Health Educators And Clinicians on the Same Page?
Authors: Thompson Kirsten M.J. , Gelt Marsha , Speidel J. Joseph , Harper Cynthia C. 
Published: October 2013

ContextLow knowledge of long‐acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) and restrictive counseling practices have been documented among contraceptive care clinicians. However, little is known about health educators’ counseling on LARC, how their practices compare with clinicians’ and their specific training needs.MethodsA survey conducted in 2011–2012 assessed knowledge and practices related to LARC counseling and provision among 410 staff at 40 Planned Parenthood clinics. Clinicians’ and health educators’ knowledge and practices were compared via chi‐square tests; use of evidence‐based criteria was assessed in multivariable logistic regression analyses.ResultsAt least half of both types of staff routinely discussed LARC with clients, and nearly all considered the methods safe. Health educators considered a smaller proportion of clients candidates for LARC than did clinicians (57% vs. 77%), and they were less likely to consider IUDs for teenagers (79% vs. 96%), nulliparous women (82% vs. 98%) and unmarried clients (90% vs. 99%). In a multivariable model, health educators were less likely than clinicians to counsel clients using the least restrictive evidence‐based criteria (odds ratio, 0.1). Sixty‐four percent of health educators and 40% of clinicians desired additional LARC training.ConclusionEven in clinics that specialize in reproductive health care, health educators are less likely than clinicians to apply current evidence‐based criteria in counseling about LARC. To provide evidence‐based contraceptive counseling, health educators need training on LARC eligibility and indications.