bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial diversity, is it a blessing to an organization? Examining its organizational consequences in municipal police departments
Authors: Hur Yongbeom 
Published: March 2013

The present study, with a focus on ethnic and racial diversity, tested an implicit assumption of diversity studies that diversified workforces perform better and bring more benefits to organizations. Using data from 464 police departments of cities with more than 50,000 residents, this study found decreased crime control performance and increased employee turnover as workforces became more diversified. According to the findings in this study, managers are advised to consider introducing diversity management practices to reduce negative results of being diverse while protecting and increasing the benefits derived from diversity to make diversified workforces help enhance organizational productivity. Points for practitioners According to the findings in this study, managers are advised to consider introducing diversity management practices to reduce negative results of being racially diverse while protecting and increasing the benefits derived from racial diversity to make diversified workforces help enhance organizational productivity.
Changing governance structures and the evolution of Public Service Bargains in Hong Kong
Authors: Burns John P , Wei Li , Peters B Guy 
Published: March 2013

The perspective of Public Service Bargains has been used to analyze the relationships between politicians and senior civil servants based on the premise of stable expectations about the roles of both parties. Changing governance arrangements and leadership changes, however, may destabilize and increase ambiguity about these expectations. Hong Kong provides a case of changing governance arrangements that has destabilized the roles of senior civil servants, providing them with new opportunities to slide back and forth between administrative and political roles. We discuss the case of Hong Kong, analyzing the move from a colonial trustee-type bargain to an agency-type bargain. The case study provides new insights into the applicability of the PSB concept in conditions of changing governance arrangements and unstable political and administrative roles. Points for practitioners The roles of politicians and civil servants may be less stable than is sometimes assumed. Changing governance structures may also upset these relationships, leading to contests for power and instability.
The success of an international development project: lessons drawn from a case between Morocco and Canada
Authors: Brière Sophie , Proulx Denis 
Published: March 2013

According to the literature on decisive criteria for the success of international development projects, this article presents a case of cooperation between Morocco and Canada on the implementation of projects to institutionalize gender equality within the Moroccan public administration. Based on a triangulation of data and starting from an analytical framework on the factors decisive for the success of international development projects, this case study illustrates the limited success of the project. Although the elements that are decisive for the success of Tier 1 of the FAES projects have resulted in the involvement of stakeholders in the implementation of the projects, the creation of local expertise and the production of tools and strategies that aid institutionalization of gender equality, this study highlights significant barriers to institutionalization. These relate mainly to the difficulty of involving stakeholders throughout the project lifecycle, the lame functioning of the projects’ governance structures and the struggle to take ownership of projects designed on the basis of a management by results logic based on models specific to the donor. This case feeds the critical reflection on the various issues and challenges inherent to the management of international development projects and suggests various avenues of research. Points for practitioners The case presented in this article involves the implementation of projects to institutionalize gender equality within the Moroccan civil service supported by the Canadian cooperation agency. Although its success requires the involvement of the stakeholders, the development of local expertise and the production of institutionalization tools, this case brings to light significant obstacles to institutionalization, such as the difficulty of involving the stakeholders in the project, the limited functioning of the governance structures and the struggle to secure the ownership of the projects, designed according to models specific to the donor. It also reveals the limits of a management by results style and its consequences.
Modelling of water demand in building supply systems using fuzzy logic
Authors: Oliveira LH , Cheng LY , Gonçalves OM , Massolino PMC 
Published: March 2013

This paper presents a method to establish the design flow rate adopting probabilistic and possibilistic approaches to model the subjective behaviour of the users that affects strongly the duration of usage of sanitary appliances. At first, the Monte Carlo method is used to determine the instance of usage of the sanitary appliances. After that, fuzzy logic is applied to determine the duration of the shower. As a result, historical records of the use of the sanitary appliances and the flow rate during the peak period can be generated. The design flow rate obtained by the simulation is about 23% lower than that assessed by the Brazilian standard, based on deterministic approach, and closer to the values calculated by the probabilistic model. Practical application: As the processing cost is extremely low, the simulation based on the proposed method is also an efficient means to obtain a quite accurate estimate of the flow rate for the sizing of water supply systems and water meters in water sub-metering systems.
Arthroscopic Versus Posterior Endoscopic Excision of a Symptomatic Os Trigonum
Authors: Ahn Jae Hoon , Kim Yoon-Chung , Kim Ha-Yong 
Published: March 2013

Background: Both subtalar arthroscopic and posterior endoscopic techniques are used to treat posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS). However, there have been no studies comparing the 2 procedures. Hypothesis: Both arthroscopic and endoscopic excisions of the os trigonum are safe and effective in treating PAIS. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Twenty-eight patients were treated with excision of the os trigonum either by an arthroscopic (16 patients) or endoscopic (12 patients) technique. The mean patient age was 29.8 years (range, 17-55 years), and the mean follow-up period was 30 months (range, 18-58 months). Preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and Maryland Foot Score (MFS) were used to analyze the functional results. Duration of surgery, time to return to sports (RTS), and patient satisfaction were evaluated as well. The size of the os trigonum was measured using T1-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The clinical and MRI results were compared between the 2 groups. Results: The VAS score, AOFAS score, and MFS for both the arthroscopic group (preoperative: 6.3, 63.8, and 61.5, respectively; postoperative: 1.2, 89.9, and 89.6, respectively) and endoscopic group (preoperative: 6.7, 64.8, and 62.5, respectively; postoperative: 1.2, 89.9, and 88.4, respectively) improved significantly ( P < .01). The mean surgery and RTS times were 39.4 minutes and 7.5 weeks in the arthroscopic group and 34.8 minutes and 8.0 weeks in the endoscopic group, respectively ( P > .05). All patients were satisfied with the results. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the preoperative and postoperative VAS score, AOFAS score, or MFS ( P > .05). The mean size of the os trigonum was 11.1 × 8.8 mm2 in the arthroscopic group and 12.6 × 10.4 mm2 in the endoscopic group, and the difference was significant ( P < .05). Two patients underwent both arthroscopic and endoscopic procedures because of technical difficulty in removing the large os trigonum arthroscopically. Conclusion: Both arthroscopic and posterior endoscopic excisions of the os trigonum were safe and effective in treating PAIS. The arthroscopic procedure was more demanding, especially in cases of a large os trigonum. The posterior endoscopic approach had the advantage of addressing problems in the posterior ankle joint and allowed a more extensive release of the flexor hallucis longus.
Understanding the Experiences of Mothers Who Are Breastfeeding an Infant with Tongue-Tie
Authors: Edmunds Janet Elizabeth , Fulbrook Paul , Miles Sandra 
Published: March 2013

Background: Tongue-tie or ankyloglossia is a congenital condition that negatively affects breastfeeding. The thickened, tightened, or shortened frenulum affects the infant’s ability to suck and frequently results in sore and painful nipples. Although several studies have investigated outcomes associated with treatment of tongue-tie, none have investigated mothers’ experiences of breastfeeding an infant with tongue-tie. Objective: This study aimed to understand the breastfeeding experiences of women whose infants have tongue-tie. Methods: A hermeneutic phenomenological design was employed. Data were collected using focused interviews and, following transcription, were analyzed in the phenomenological tradition. Ten women who presented at a breastfeeding clinic with feeding problems, and were diagnosed with tongue-tie, were interviewed on 2 occasions. Results: The analysis revealed a common story of tension between the mothers’ expectations and the breastfeeding challenges they faced. Their journey was characterized by 6 distinct phases described in the following themes: Expectations; Something is wrong; Questioning, seeking advice, no real answers; Symptoms and perseverance; Approaching the wall—it’s all too much; and finally, Relief. Conclusion: The women in this study described a somewhat harrowing journey, which was at odds with the natural experience they had anticipated. They encountered health professionals who were found to have limited knowledge of tongue-tie and its potential effect on breastfeeding and were unable to provide appropriate advice concerning their breastfeeding difficulties. However, following treatment with frenotomy, their breastfeeding experience improved dramatically. The reported incidence of tongue-tie is significant, and early identification and prompt and effective management would contribute to improved breastfeeding.
Mothers’ Knowledge of and Attitudes toward Human Milk Banking in South Australia
Authors: Mackenzie Catherine , Javanparast Sara , Newman Lareen 
Published: March 2013

Background: The beneficial effects of breastfeeding for mothers and babies are well recognized. When maternal breast milk is not available in sufficient quantity, donor breast milk is recommended as an alternate source of nutrition, particularly in preterm and other high-risk infants. Australia lags behind the rest of the developed world in establishing and promoting human milk banks; there is no human milk bank in South Australia and little is known concerning mothers’ perceptions of using human milk banks in that state. Objective: This study explored mothers’ knowledge of and attitudes toward human milk banks, to inform the development of human milk banking policies and guidelines in South Australia should a milk bank be established. Methods: In-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 mothers who were breastfeeding and/or had preterm or sick babies. In addition, 2 focus groups were conducted—1 with breastfeeding mothers as potential donors (n = 5) and the other with mothers of preterm or high-risk infants (n = 4)—to answer questions raised by early analysis of the individual interview data. Results: Breastfeeding mothers, as potential donors, unanimously supported donating their breast milk to a human milk bank, provided it would be easy (especially if required to drop off milk) and not overly time consuming. Mothers of preterm or sick infants would use a human milk bank if they were assured the milk was safe and appropriate for their babies. Conclusion: Study participants would welcome having access to a human milk bank for both donating and receiving milk in South Australia.
Factors Associated With the Variability in Caregiver Assessments of the Capacities of Patients With Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Conde-Sala Josep L. , Reñé-Ramírez Ramón , Turró-Garriga Oriol , Gascón-Bayarri Jordi , Juncadella-Puig Montserrat , Moreno-Cordón Laura , Viñas-Diez Vanesa , Vilalta-Franch Joan , Garre-Olmo Josep 
Published: March 2013

Background: Several studies have identified certain caregiver factors that can produce variability in their assessments of the capacities of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Objectives: To identify the caregiver variables associated with variability in their ratings of patients’ capacities. Methods: Consecutive sample of 221 outpatients with AD and their family caregivers. The capacities evaluated by caregivers were the degree of functional disability, using the Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD); psychological and behavioral symptoms, via the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI); anosognosia, with the Anosognosia Questionnaire-Dementia (AQ-D); and quality of life, using the Quality of Life in AD (QOL-AD). The relationship between these measures and caregiver’s gender, burden, depression, and health was analyzed by means of a bivariate analysis, calculating the effect size (Cohen d) and subsequently by a regression analysis, calculating the contribution coefficient (CC). Results: The greatest variability in caregiver assessments was observed in relation to patients with early-stage dementia, where caregiver’s burden was the main factor associated with a more negative evaluation ( d = 1.02-1.25). Depression in the caregiver was associated with less variability and only in the assessments of patients with moderate dementia ( d = 0.38-0.69). In the regression analysis, caregiver factors were associated with greater variance in scores on the NPI (CC = 37.4%) and QOL-AD (CC = 27.2%), and lower variance in AQ-D (CC = 21.6%) and DAD (CC = 10.3%) scores. Conclusions: Caregiver’s burden and depression were associated with more negative assessments of patients’ psychological and behavioral symptoms and quality of life.
Firing tests of hybrid engine with varying oxidiser nature and operating conditions
Authors: Gascoin Nicolas , Mangeot Alexandre , Marin Camille , Gillard Philippe , Rouvreau Stéphane , Prevost Jacques , Piton Dominique 
Published: March 2013

Hybrid combustors are of increasing interest for space and civilian propulsion. A test facility has been settled to investigate high-density polyethylene combustion (propellant of length 0.15 m). A parametric study has been conducted on the oxidiser nature (gaseous oxygen diluted in nitrogen, from 31.4 vol.% to 69.2 vol.% of O2), on the oxidiser flow rate (from 28.6 g/s to 53.1 g/s), on the combustor pressure (from 11.4 bar to 25 bar) and on the nozzle diameter (from 6.4 mm to 12.9 mm). The regression rate has been estimated by weight loss (mean value of 0.207 mg/s) and by thermocouples (0.198 mg/s). Its values are compared to existing data through the Marxman law; this enlarges the range of validity of this law. The conduction heat flux in the solid reducer is estimated around 6000–8000 W; which is related to the low regression rate of the solid fuel. The axial thrust has been measured in addition to other parameters (pressures, temperatures and mass flow rates). Solid particles have been gathered at the combustor outlet to conduct additional chemical analyses. These particles were formed at the surface of the reducer and extracted by the oxidiser from the solid surface.
Single-Incision Medial Approach for Double Arthrodesis of Hindfoot in Posterior Tibialis Tendon Dysfunction
Authors: Anand Prashanth , Nunley James A. , DeOrio James K. 
Published: March 2013

Background: Triple arthrodesis through a 2-incision approach has been the primary salvage procedure for rigid hindfoot malalignment resulting from posterior tibialis dysfunction. However, complications like calcaneocuboid joint nonunion, lateral wound dehiscence, and adjacent joint arthritis have been reported after triple arthrodesis. Hence we adopted single-incision medial approach arthrodesis of subtalar and talonavicular joints, sparing the uninvolved calcaneocuboid joint and lateral skin. Method: We report the results of a series of 18 feet with posterior tibialis dysfunction that had correction of malalignment by this approach. Mean age at surgery was 65 years. The mean follow-up was 24 months. Results: There was statistically significant improvement in all the radiological parameters measured. There were no wound-related complications. The union rate was 89%. There were 2 malunions, and 2 feet developed valgus ankle deformity. The overall satisfaction rate among patients was 78%. Conclusion: We present a case series of treatment of posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction by arthrodesis of the subtalar and talonavicular joints through an isolated medial approach. The results were not encouraging enough to recommend adopting this approach as an alternative to triple arthrodesis. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.
MRI Evaluation of the MTP Plantar Plates Compared With Arthroscopic Findings
Authors: Nery Caio , Coughlin Michael J. , Baumfeld Daniel , Mann Tania Szejnfeld , Yamada André Fukunishi , Fernandes Eloy Avila 
Published: March 2013

Background: Instability of the lesser metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints has been widely reported and plantar plate insufficiency is a key part of this pathologic process. The diagnosis is made clinically but can be aided by imaging studies, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, the sensitivity and accuracy of this method compared to direct visualization of these lesions has not yet been established, nor has interobserver accuracy of MRI been assessed for evaluation of plantar plate pathology. In this study, our goals were to identify the accuracy of the MRI in describing plantar plate tears when compared to direct arthroscopic visualization using an anatomic grading system and to test the influence of an anatomic grading system in the accuracy of the MRI readings. Methods: We evaluated the clinical exam, MRI scans, and arthroscopic findings of 35 patients with lesser MTP instability. Results: Using an anatomic grading system, a distinct improvement in the radiological evaluation and interpretation occurred. Knowledge of the pattern of plantar plate tears by a radiologist enabled them to locate and describe the type of tears of the plantar plate on the MRI. The amount of training and the experience of the radiologist were also important factors in our study. The senior radiologists had much better levels of accuracy (Group A, 77.0%; Group B, 88.5%) than less experienced radiologists. Conclusion: Prior knowledge of the pathophysiology and morphological types of lesions of the plantar plates was helpful for accurate identification and description of the tears by the radiologist. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective comparative study.
Nonoperative Treatment in Lumbar Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Authors: Garet Matthew , Reiman Michael P. , Mathers Jessie , Sylvain Jonathan 
Published: March 2013

Context: Both spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis can be diagnosed across the life span of sports-participating individuals. Determining which treatments are effective for these conditions is imperative to the rehabilitation professional. Data Sources: A computer-assisted literature search was completed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases (1966-April 2012) utilizing keywords related to nonoperative treatment of spondylolysis and/or spondylolisthesis. Reference lists were also searched to find all relevant articles that fit our inclusion criteria: English language, human, lumbar pain with diagnosed spondylolysis and/or spondylolisthesis, inclusion of at least 1 nonoperative treatment method, and use of a comparative study design. Data Extraction: Data were independently extracted from the selected studies by 2 authors and cross-referenced. Any disagreement on relevant data was discussed and resolved by a third author. Results: Ten studies meeting the criteria were rated for quality using the GRADE scale. Four studies found surgical intervention more successful than nonoperative treatment for treating pain and functional limitation. One study found no difference between surgery and nonoperative treatment with regard to future low back pain. Improvement was found in bracing, bracing and exercises emphasizing lumbar extension, range of motion and strengthening exercises focusing on lumbar flexion, and strengthening specific abdominal and lumbar muscles. Conclusion: No consensus can be reached on the role of nonoperative versus surgical care because of limited investigation and heterogeneity of studies reported. Studies of nonoperative care options suffered from lack of blinding assessors and control groups and decreased patient compliance with exercise programs.
Clinical profile of cluster headaches in China – a clinic-based study
Authors: Dong Zhao , Di Hai , Dai Wei , Pan Meiyan , Li Zheng , Liang Jingyao , Zhang Mingjie , Zhou Zhibin , Liu Ruozhuo , Yu Shengyuan 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
The clinical profile of cluster headache in Chinese patients have not been fully studied.

Methods
The classification and clinical features of 120 consecutive patients with cluster headache (105 males, 15 females; mean age, 34.9 ± 10.5 years) visiting at International Headache Center from May 2010 to August 2012 were analyzed.

Results
Patients came from 16 different regions of China. Mean age at onset of cluster headache was 26.7 ± 10.9 years. Only 13 patients (10.8%) had previously been diagnosed with cluster headache. Mean time to diagnosis from first symptoms was 8.2 ± 7.1 years (range, 0–35 years). Chronic cluster headache was observed in only 9 patients (7.5%). The most commonly reported location of cluster headache was temporal region (75.0%), followed by retro-orbital region (68.3%), forehead (32.5%), vertex (32.5%) and occipital (22.5%). Lacrimation was the most consistently reported autonomic feature (72.5%). During acute attacks, 60.0% of patients experienced nausea, and 41.7% experienced photophobia and 40.8% experienced phonophobia. In addition, 38.3% reported restless behavior and 45.8% reported that physical activity exacerbated the pain. None of patients experienced visual or other kinds of aura symptoms before cluster attacks. We found that 38.3% of patients had <1 cluster period and 35.8% for 1–2 cluster periods per year with these periods occurring less frequently during the summer than during other seasons. Cluster duration was 1–2 months in 32.5% of patients. During cluster periods, 73.3% of patients had 1–2 attacks per day, and 39.2% experienced cluster attacks ranging in duration from 1 h to less than 2 h. The duration of attacks were 1.5 (1–2.25) hours for males and 1.5 (1-3) for females respectively. The World Health Organization quality of life-8 questionnaire showed that cluster headache reduced life quality.

Conclusions
Compared to Western patients, Chinese patients showed a relatively low prevalence of chronic cluster headaches, pain sites mainly focused on areas distributed by the first division of the trigeminal nerve, a low frequency of restlessness and absent aura. These clinical features may be more common in Eastern populations, including mainland Chinese, Japanese and Taiwanese patients, than in Western patients.