bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Opening Chapter of the First Generation of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: The First Rutgers AIM Workshop, June 1975
Authors: Kulikowski C. A. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe first generation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medicine methods were developed in the early 1970’s drawing on insights about problem solving in AI. They developed new ways of representing structured expert knowledge about clinical and biomedical problems using causal, taxonomic, associational, rule, and frame-based models. By 1975, several prototype systems had been developed and clinically tested, and the Rutgers Research Resource on Computers in Biomedicine hosted the first in a series of workshops on AI in Medicine that helped researchers and clinicians share their ideas, demonstrate their models, and comment on the prospects for the field. These developments and the workshops themselves benefited considerably from Stanford’s SUMEX-AIM pioneering experiment in biomedical computer networking. This paper focuses on discussions about issues at the intersection of medicine and artificial intelligence that took place during the presentations and panels at the First Rutgers AIM Workshop in New Brunswick, New Jersey from June 14 to 17, 1975.
Patient-Centred Coordinated Care in Times of Emerging Diseases and Epidemics
Authors: Cummings E. , Dexheimer J. W. , Gong Y. , Kennebeck S. , Kushniruk A. , Kuziemsky C. , Saranto K. , Weber J. , Takeda H. , Borycki E. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Objectives: In this paper the researchers describe how existing health information technologies (HIT) can be repurposed and new technologies can be innovated to provide patient-centered care to individuals affected by new and emerging diseases.
Methods: The researchers conducted a focused review of the published literature describing how HIT can be used to support safe, patient-centred, coordinated care to patients who are affected by Ebola (an emerging disease).
Results: New and emerging diseases present opportunities for repurposing existing technologies and for stimulating the development of new HIT innovation. Innovative technologies may be developed such as new software used for tracking patients during new or emerging disease outbreaks or by repurposing and extending existing technologies so they can be used to support patients, families and health professionals who may have been exposed to a disease. The paper describes the development of new technologies and the repurposing and extension of existing ones (such as electronic health records) using the most recent outbreak of Ebola as an example.
Prenatal Risk Factors and Outcomes in Gastroschisis: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: D’Antonio Francesco , Virgone Calogero , Rizzo Giuseppe , Khalil Asma , Baud David , Cohen-Overbeek Titia E. , Kuleva Marina , Salomon Laurent J. , Flacco Maria Elena , Manzoli Lamberto , Giuliani Stefano 
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Gastroschisis is a congenital anomaly with increasing incidence, easy prenatal diagnosis and extremely variable postnatal outcomes. Our objective was to systematically review the evidence regarding the association between prenatal ultrasound signs (intraabdominal bowel dilatation [IABD], extraabdominal bowel dilatation, gastric dilatation [GD], bowel wall thickness, polyhydramnios, and small for gestational age) and perinatal outcomes in gastroschisis (bowel atresia, intra uterine death, neonatal death, time to full enteral feeding, length of total parenteral nutrition and length of in hospital stay).METHODS:Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched electronically. Studies exploring the association between antenatal ultrasound signs and outcomes in gastroschisis were considered suitable for inclusion. Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data regarding study characteristics and pregnancy outcome. All meta-analyses were computed using individual data random-effect logistic regression, with single study as the cluster unit.RESULTS:Twenty-six studies, including 2023 fetuses, were included. We found significant positive associations between IABD and bowel atresia (odds ratio [OR]: 5.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1–9.8), polyhydramnios and bowel atresia (OR: 3.76, 95% CI 1.7–8.3), and GD and neonatal death (OR: 5.58, 95% CI 1.3–24.1). No other ultrasound sign was significantly related to any other outcome.CONCLUSIONS:IABD, polyhydramnios, and GD can be used to an extent to identify a subgroup of neonates with a prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis at higher risk to develop postnatal complications. Data are still inconclusive on the predictive ability of several signs combined, and large prospective studies are needed to improve the quality of prenatal counseling and the neonatal care for this condition.
Umbilical Cord Milking Versus Delayed Cord Clamping in Preterm Infants
Authors: Katheria Anup C. , Truong Giang , Cousins Larry , Oshiro Bryan , Finer Neil N. 
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Delayed cord clamping (DCC) is recommended for premature infants to improve blood volume. Most preterm infants are born by cesarean delivery (CD), and placental transfusion may be less effective than in vaginal delivery (VD). We sought to determine whether infants &lt;32 weeks born by CD who undergo umbilical cord milking (UCM) have higher measures of systemic blood flow than infants who undergo DCC.

METHODS:
This was a 2-center trial. Infants delivered by CD were randomly assigned to undergo UCM or DCC. Infants delivered by VD were also randomly assigned separately. UCM (4 strippings) or DCC (45–60 seconds) were performed. Continuous hemodynamic measurements and echocardiography were done at site 1.

RESULTS:
A total of 197 infants were enrolled (mean gestational age 28 ± 2 weeks). Of the 154 infants delivered by CD, 75 were assigned to UCM and 79 to DCC. Of the infants delivered by CD, neonates randomly assigned to UCM had higher superior vena cava flow and right ventricular output in the first 12 hours of life. Neonates undergoing UCM also had higher hemoglobin, delivery room temperature, blood pressure over the first 15 hours, and urine output in the first 24 hours of life. There were no differences for the 43 infants delivered by VD.

CONCLUSIONS:
This is the first randomized controlled trial demonstrating higher systemic blood flow with UCM in preterm neonates compared with DCC. UCM may be a more efficient technique to improve blood volume in premature infants delivered by CD.
Optically active II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals via chiral phase transfer
Authors: Mukhina Maria V. , Maslov Vladimir G. , Korsakov Ivan V. , Purcell Milton Finn , Loudon Alexander , Baranov Alexander V. , Fedorov Anatoly V. , Gun’ko Yurii K. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTWe report optically active ensembles of II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals prepared via chiral phase transfer, which is initiated by exchange of the original achiral ligands capping the nanocrystals surfaces for chiral L- and D-cysteine. We used this method to obtain ensembles of CdSe, CdS, ZnS:Mn, and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots and CdSe/CdS quantum rods exhibited Circular Dichroism (CD) and Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) signals. The optically active nanocrystals revealed the CD and CPL bands strongly correlated with absorption and luminescence bands with unique band “pattern” for each material and the nanocrystal shape.
Flexibilizar el currículum de las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) en un entorno de complejidad: un análisis de casos desde la perspectiva cultural del socio-constructivismo
Authors: Benavides-Lara Mario Alberto 
Published: June 2015

This paper presents an analysis using a case study methodology, on how the trend of flexibility in designing curricula within Higher Education Institutions (HEI) is developed within the paradigm of complexity. Since the initial premise of this research is that the curriculum is a tool of acculturation, we propose that flexibility should be considered within the socio- cultural perspective of constructivism. Thus, the conclusion arrived at is that flexibility as a trend in curricular design should recover its cultural meaning and epistemological function as part of a complex reality; in other words, that the university should be an institution involved and active in the advancement, development and meeting of cultures and their knowledge.
Estimation of arsenic in nail using silver diethyldithiocarbamate method
Authors: Bhuiyan Habiba Akhter , Tshering Kipchu , Misbahuddin Mir 
Published: June 2015

<p>Spectrophotometric method of arsenic estimation in nails has four steps: a) washing of nails, b) digestion of nails, c) arsenic generation, and finally d) reading absorbance using spectrophotometer. Although the method is a cheapest one, widely used and effective, it is time consuming, laborious and need caution while using four acids. </p><p><strong>Introduction</strong></p><p>Estimation of total arsenic in water and biological samples are important for the diagnosis of arsenicosis (Misbahuddin, 2015). Biological samples include blood, urine, hair and nail. The normal amount of arsenic in blood is very low and requires sophisticated instrument to detect. Presence of arsenic in urine indicates recent exposure of arsenic. Absence of arsenic in urine sometimes does not exclude the diagnosis of arsenicosis. High concentration of arsenic in hair and nail indicates chronic exposure. The accumulation of arsenic in hair is less than the nail. There is superstition in some countries not to give hair sample. Compared to urine or blood samples, nails have the advantage of facilitating specimen collection, storage, and transportation. Therefore, the estimation of arsenic in nail is the preferred biological sample for easy collection (Karagas et al., 1996).</p><p>Estimation of arsenic in nail can be done using spectrophotometer, atomic absorption spectrometer with hydride generator (AAS-HG), High performance liquid chromatography with hydride generation with atomic fluorescence spectrometer (HPLC-HG-AFS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Chen et al., 1999), proton particle-induced X-ray emission and neutron activation analysis. Among these methods spectrophotometric method using silver diethyldithiocarbamate (SDDC) is still an effective, widely used and cheapest method.</p><p>In this method, arsenic reacts with zinc in presence of acid to produce arsine gas (AsH<sub>3</sub>) which is scrubbed through lead acetate impregnated glass wool (remove hydrogen sulfide) and is absorbed in SDDC dissolved in hexamethylenetetramine. The red color developed due to arsine silver diethyldithio-carbamate reaction is measured by spectrophotometer at wavelength of 535 nm.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Video Clips</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/V9bapA0cp1g">Nail wash</a>: 3.2 min</p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/BrG2TIWOATI">Digestion of nail</a>: 7.0 min</p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/LfnNzHnIGT8">Arsine generation</a>: 10.0 min</p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/kyCP0rumD1k">Reading absorbance</a>: 1.2 min</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p> </p>
Nouveaux bourgeois et métiers à Amiens au XVe siècle
Authors: Desportes Pierre 
Published: June 2015

The data on the new «bourgeois» of Amiens in the XVth century which can be gathered from the municipal accounts, provide us mostly with information on the trades, their situation in the local political life and on the respective importance of each of them in the urban economy.
The ancient link between citizenship and belonging to a trade was progressively transformed at the end of the Middle Ages into a link between mastership and «bourgeois» right as the professional communities organised themselves on a corporative basis.
The informations gathered enable us to catch a glimpse at the major sectors of activity among which the professional man-power was scattered. One sees that the town was not merely animated by the textile industry but that it also found important ressources in the leather and metal crafts.
Opposing Roles of Dectin-1 Expressed on Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Th2 Polarization
Authors: Joo HyeMee , Upchurch Katherine , Zhang Wei , Ni Ling , Li Dapeng , Xue Yaming , Li Xiao-Hua , Hori Toshiyuki , Zurawski Sandra , Liu Yong-Jun , Zurawski Gerard , Oh SangKon 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can induce and control host immune responses. DC subset-dependent functional specialties and their ability to display functional plasticity, which is mainly driven by signals via pattern recognition receptors, identify DCs as immune orchestrators. A pattern recognition receptor, Dectin-1, is expressed on myeloid DCs and known to play important roles in Th17 induction and activation during fungal and certain bacterial infections. In this study, we first demonstrate that human plasmacytoid DCs express Dectin-1 in both mRNA and protein levels. More interestingly, Dectin-1–activated plasmacytoid DCs promote Th2-type T cell responses, whereas Dectin-1–activated myeloid DCs decrease Th2-type T cell responses. Such contrasting outcomes of Th2-type T cell responses by the two DC subsets are mainly due to their distinct abilities to control surface OX40L expression in response to β-glucan. This study provides new insights for the regulation of host immune responses by Dectin-1 expressed on DCs.
Self-Perceived Educational Preparedness of Entry-Level Athletic Trainers Regarding Preventing Sudden Death in Sport
Authors: Pagnotta Kelly D. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Yabor Thomas M. , Salvatore Anthony C. , Casa Douglas J. 
Published: June 2015

ContextAs the first medical professionals on scene when emergency situations arise in sport, athletic trainers (ATs) need to be proficient in recognizing and managing these conditions. Recent evidence regarding exertional heatstroke indicates a lack of educational training as a factor preventing implementation of best practices, yet other causes of sudden death exist, and little is known about the educational training provided to the AT.ObjectiveTo gain insight into the entry-level AT and athletic training students' (ATSs') perceptions of education received in the area of emergency care techniques.DesignMixed methods study.SettingAthletic training programs (ATPs) and practice settings.Patients or Other ParticipantsThirteen first-year ATs (n = 7) or recent ATS graduates before employment (n = 6).Data Collection and AnalysisOne-on-one phone interviews were conducted and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed inductively using a grounded theory approach and open coding. Close-ended questions were analyzed by calculating frequencies, means, and standard deviations. Multiple analyst triangulation and peer review were used to establish data credibility.ResultsOne main theme emerged: participants revealed they perceived their education to be compartmentalized. Compartmentalization comprised 3 subthemes: cognitive knowledge, skill implementation, and clinical integration. Participants received the cognitive knowledge through traditional teaching methods but had minimal hands-on laboratory practice in the area of basic emergent and immediate care skills. Instructors placed greater focus on situations or cases that educators had encountered versus on the broader scope of conditions. Contrived, discussion-based instructional methods rather than real-life integration were used to evaluate the ATSs' ability to apply the knowledge and skills.ConclusionsBeyond providing ATSs with the necessary didactic knowledge and hands-on practice through structured laboratory sessions, educators must also provide the opportunity for clinical application of knowledge and skills. Athletic training students must be provided opportunities to apply emergent care skills in order to demonstrate competency and critical thinking.
Perceived Cultural Competence Levels in Undergraduate Athletic Training Students
Authors: Volberding Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2015

ContextAs the patient population continues to diversify, it is essential that athletic training students (ATSs) are educated to provide culturally competent care. This high-quality health care within the context of a patient's race, ethnicity, language, religious beliefs, or behaviors is a foundation of professional practice.ObjectiveDetermine undergraduate ATSs' levels of cultural competence and their variability by gender, race, and year in school.DesignCross-sectional design.SettingCommission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education–accredited undergraduate athletic training programs.Patients or Other ParticipantsATSs enrolled in their programs' professional-education phase (N = 421), of which 366 were Caucasian and 55 were students of color.InterventionStudents completed a 20-question online Likert survey using Qualtrics. Items were based on prior research and a nursing measurement tool, rated on a 1 to 4 scale (from strongly disagree to strongly agree, respectively; maximum score of 80), and found to be reliable (Cronbach α = 0.721).Main Outcome MeasurementsOverall cultural competence score, means, and standard deviations were calculated for all students by gender, race/ethnicity, and year. One-way analyses of variance also compared each category.ResultsHigher scores on the research tool demonstrate higher levels of cultural competence. There were no significant differences found between gender and year in school. Students of color showed higher overall cultural competence scores than Caucasians (F1,420 = 29.509, P &lt; .01). The mean overall cultural competence score was 58.36 ± 5.26.ConclusionsStudents of color demonstrated higher levels of cultural competence, which is possibly because of their personal history and experiences. The current study demonstrates that athletic training programs must seek to better educate students on providing culturally competent care.
Application of “Earl's Assessment as, Assessment for, and Assessment of Learning Model” with Orthopaedic Assessment Clinical Competence
Authors: Lafave Mark R. , Katz Larry , Vaughn Norman 
Published: June 2015

ContextIn order to study the efficacy of assessment methods, a theoretical framework of Earl's model of assessment was introduced.Objective(1) Introduce the predictive learning assessment model (PLAM) as an application of Earl's model of learning; (2) test Earl's model of learning through the use of the Standardized Orthopedic Assessment Tool (SOAT); and (3) establish construct validity of the SOAT.DesignQuasi-experimental.SettingThree Canadian universitiesPatients or Other ParticipantsA convenience sample of 57 third-year undergraduate athletic therapy students from three universities were randomly assigned into three experimental groups.Intervention(s)Treatment group 1 gave the instructor access to the SOAT, but the instructor could not explicitly share it. Treatment group 2 gave both the instructor and students access to the SOAT throughout the semester to use formatively. Group three was the comparison.Main Outcome Measure(s)All students were tested using the SOAT at the end of the semester using expert raters. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P &lt; .05) was used to determine whether there was a difference between groups in their final examination grades.ResultsThe ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference between groups (F2,56 = 28.6, P &lt; .01). The effect size, calculated using η2, was 0.51. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference between treatment group 2 and the other treatment group and comparison group.ConclusionsSmall sample size and the quasi-experimental design prevent definitive conclusions, but the SOAT was able to discriminate between various groups, supporting our construct validity objective. The SOAT was introduced as a predictive tool that may assist orthopaedic assessment skill development. The treatment group exposed to the SOAT demonstrated that formative assessment of students using the SOAT was an effective means of teaching relative to no exposure or where only the instructor was exposed to the SOAT.
Improving Preceptor Behavior Through Formative Feedback in Preceptor Training
Authors: Groh Nancy , Gill Diane , Henning Jolene , Stevens Susan W. , Dondanville Abbey 
Published: June 2015

Context
Clinical instructor educators (CIEs) prepare athletic trainers (ATs) to serve as preceptors. Structured performance observation and supervisory conferencing is a well-established method to improve teaching practice that may prove effective for training preceptors.

Objective
To explore the impact of a systematic preceptor training program on preceptor behaviors.

Design
Mixed-methods, quasi-experimental, pre-post design using a systematic observational tool for measuring preceptor behaviors, postintervention survey, and focus group interview.

Setting
Two collegiate athletic training facilities.

Patients or Other Participants
Three ATs serving as preceptors (2 men, 1 woman) with 5.7 ± 5.5 years supervising students.

Intervention(s)
Preceptor training including a CIE-preceptor planning conference, video-recorded observation session that was coded using an Observational Record of Clinical Educator Behavior (ORCEB) coding form, and CIE-preceptor feedback conference conducted over a 4-week period.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
We used the ORCEB to count the frequency of 4 categories of preceptor behaviors demonstrated every 5 seconds during a 30-minute clinical education session. Frequency counts for each category of behavior and percentage of change preintervention to postintervention were calculated. A postintervention survey and focus group interview evaluated perceptions of intervention effectiveness.

Results
Aggregate mean frequency counts for the giving information category increased by 272.8% preintervention (41.7 ± 27.5) to postintervention (155.3 ± 62), evaluating students increased 185.7% preintervention (4.7 ± 8.1) to postintervention (13.3 ± 11.1), and behaviors that promote problem solving increased 257.9% preintervention (6.3 ± 2.3) to postintervention (22.7 ± 13.4). Behaviors that do not promote student engagement decreased 45.1% preintervention (307.3 ± 33.3) to postintervention (168.7 ± 55.8). The survey (4.0–4.7 ± 0.0–0.6) and focus group results support a positive perception on impact of the intervention on the role as preceptor.

Conclusions
Our study supports a systematic training program as a favorable method for increasing effective preceptor behaviors. Limitations of our study include a small sample size and inclusion of only 1 athletic training education program.