bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of unexplained fatigue and major depression in the community: The Baltimore ECA Follow-up, 1981–1994
Authors: ADDINGTON A. M. , GALLO J. J. , FORD D. E. , EATON W. W. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Fatigue is a common, non-specific, subjective symptom associated with several medical and psychiatric illnesses. The purpose of this investigation was to explore further the epidemiology of unexplained fatigue in the general population and the relationship between fatigue and depression.Methods. The design was a prospective population-based study. Subjects included community-dwelling adults who were participants of the Baltimore sample of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program in 1981 and who were reinterviewed 13 years later. Lay interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule interviewed subjects.Results. Number of somatization symptoms and history of a dysphoric episode at baseline were the two strongest predictors of both new onset of fatigue as well as recurrent/chronic fatigue over the 13-year follow-up interval. In addition, individuals who reported a history of unexplained fatigue at baseline as well as during the follow-up, were at markedly increased risk for new onset major depression as compared to those who never reported such fatigue, (RR = 28·4, 95% CI) (11·7, 68·0). Similarly, respondents who developed new fatigue or had remitted fatigue after 1981 were also at increased risk for developing major depression.Conclusions. Somatization was the strongest predictor of both new and chronic fatigue with unknown cause. In addition, fatigue was both predictive and a consequence of the depression syndrome.
Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal
evidence for a familial subtype
Authors: FARAONE S. V. , BIEDERMAN J. , JETTON J. G. , TSUANG M. T. 
Published: July 2002

Background. An obstacle to the successful
classification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is
the frequently reported co-morbidity between ADHD and conduct disorder
(CD). Prior work suggested that from a familial perspective, ADHD
children with CD may be aetiologically distinct from those without
CD.Methods. Using family study methodology and three
longitudinal assessments over 4 years, we tested hypotheses about
patterns of familial association between ADHD, CD, oppositional
defiant disorder (ODD) and adult antisocial personality disorder
(ASPD).Results. At the 4-year follow-up, there were 34 children
with lifetime diagnoses of ADHD + CD, 59 with ADHD + ODD and 33 with
ADHD only. These were compared with 92 non-ADHD, non-CD, non-ODD
control probands. Familial risk analysis revealed the following: (1)
relatives of each ADHD proband subgroup were at significantly greater
risk for ADHD and ODD than relatives of normal controls; (2) rates
of CD and ASPD were elevated among relatives of ADHD + CD probands
only; (3) the co-aggregation of ADHD and the antisocial disorders could

not be accounted for by marriages between ADHD and antisocial spouses;

and (4) both ADHD and antisocial disorders occurred in the same
relatives more often than expected by chance alone.Conclusions. These findings suggest that ADHD with and
without antisocial disorders may be aetiologically distinct disorders
and provide evidence for the nosologic validity of ICD-10 hyperkinetic
conduct disorder.
Changes in classification of suicide in England and Wales: time
trends and associations with coroners' professional
backgrounds
Authors: NEELEMAN JAN , WESSELY SIMON 
Published: July 2002

Background. The legal definition of suicide in
England and Wales (E & W) gives rise to a high proportion of open
verdicts and an underestimated suicide rate. We examined whether the
ratio between open and suicide verdicts in E & W has changed between
1974 and 1991 and whether it varies according to coroners'
qualifications.Methods. Temporal changes of the ratio of open and suicide
verdicts were examined using logistic regression adjusting for
confounders such as changing age and gender distributions of suicide
victims and the methods they use.Results. Adjusted for age at death and suicide method, the
ratio between open and suicide verdicts had, over successive 3-year
time periods, increased with a factor 1·21 (95% CI
1·20–1·23) for male and 1·15 (95% CI
1·14–1·17) for female deaths. Medical coroners
were 1·25 (1·08–1·44) times more likely
than non-medical coroners to return open rather than suicide
verdicts.Conclusions. As a likely result of factors in the death
registration system, the ratio between open and suicide verdicts has
increased substantially in E & W since the early 70s. In 1990 it was
higher than in any other comparable country. This has important
implications for comparisons of time trends in suicide between E &
W
and other countries.
Effects of attention training on hypochondriasis:

a brief case series
Authors: PAPAGEORGIOU COSTAS , WELLS ADRIAN 
Published: July 2002

Background. Empirical evidence indicates that manipulations

of attention may facilitate changes in

cognition and stress symptoms in emotional disorder.Methods. The present study reports the effects of Attention

Training (ATT) in a brief case series of

three patients with primary hypochondriasis using an

A–B–A design.Results. ATT produced clinically significant improvements

in self-reported measures of affect, and

illness-related behaviour and cognition. Treatment gains were

maintained at 6 months follow-up

assessments. Measures of body-focused attention indicated that the

ATT procedure acted on attentional processes as intended.Conclusions. The present case series extends the effects of

ATT to problems of hypochondriasis. A

number of studies now suggest that ATT is associated with a reduction

in anxiety and negative

beliefs across disorders of panic, social phobia and hypochondriasis.

Controlled clinical trials are

now required to establish firmly the effects of ATT as a component of

cognitive therapy.
‘Theory of mind’ skills during an acute episode of
psychosis and following recovery
Authors: DRURY V. M. , ROBINSON E. J. , BIRCHWOOD M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. A neuropsychological formulation of
schizophrenia has suggested that problems with
meta-representation underpin both positive and negative symptoms.
This study tested Frith's
account by asking patients experiencing an acute episode of psychosis
to complete a set of tasks that involved Theory of Mind (ToM) skills.Methods. Fourteen patients who fulfilled criteria for schizophrenia,

10 deluded patients who were
suffering from psychotic disorders other than schizophrenia and 12 depressed
patients completed
second-order false belief tasks, a test which involved substitution
of a co-referential term in a
linguistic description of an event, and metaphor and irony tasks.
The battery of tests was completed
during the acute phase and following recovery. Selection of these patient
groups allowed
comparisons to be made between schizophrenia patients and non-schizophrenia
patients and
between patients with and without persecutory delusions.Results. Schizophrenia patients, who had a multiplicity of

positive and negative symptoms,
performed significantly worse than non-schizophrenia patients on some
of the ToM tasks during an
acute episode. Patients with delusions of persecution and reference
did not perform significantly
worse than non-deluded patients on ToM tasks. There was no significant
difference
between groups in performance on any of the tasks at recovery.Conclusions. The results provide at best weak support for
Frith's account and it remains unclear
whether the ToM deficits demonstrated are genuine deficits or are
a result of information-processing
overload. However, it is clear that difficulties interpreting
interpersonal contexts, as shown by some
schizophrenia patients, are state rather than trait characteristics.
Genetic and environmental risk factors for the weight
and shape concerns characteristic of bulimia nervosa
Authors: WADE T. , MARTIN N. G. , TIGGEMANN M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This study seeks to identify the genetic
and environmental risk factors for the
overvalued ideas that are characteristic of bulimia nervosa, using a biometrical
model fitting
approach with twin data.Methods. The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), which can be

used to gain continuous
measures of dietary restraint, eating concern, weight concern and shape

concern, was administered
to 325 female twins, both monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ). For each
subscale, questions were
asked concerning the month prior to interview and lifetime prevalence (‘ever’).Results. Model fitting indicated that there is a powerful
role of the environment in shaping women's
attitude towards weight, shape, eating and food, ranging from 38% to 100%
of the variance. For
all subscales, with the exception of weight concern, the best
explanation for individual variation was
one that incorporated additive genetic and non-shared environmental
influences. In contrast, model
fitting indicated that non-shared and shared environmental influences best
explained the variance
of weight concern.Conclusions. With the exception of the Shape Concern
subscale, environmental factors make a
greater contribution than genetic factors to the development of
the overvalued ideas that are seen
to be one of the triggers for the development of bulimia nervosa.
Given this substantial role of the
environment influences, it seems likely that environmental manipulation
can be effective in the
prevention of bulimia nervosa.
Increased cortical inhibition in depression: a
prolonged silent period with transcranial magnetic
stimulation (TMS)
Authors: STEELE J. D. , GLABUS M. F. , SHAJAHAN P. M. , EBMEIER K. P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Motor slowing in depression may be associated with a relative dopaminergic (DA)
deficit. Bradykinesia in Parkinson's syndrome is associated with an abnormally short silent period
(SP) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We hypothesized that depression would also
be associated with a short SP.Methods. Sixteen patients with DSM-IV depression and 19 matched controls participated. SPs were
elicited by exercising the contralateral abductor policis brevis (APB) during TMS.Results. The SP was significantly increased in the patient group. No correlation was found between
SP and depression score.Conclusion. A long SP suggests increased motor cortical inhibition in depression. This finding is
inconsistent with the hypothesis of behavioural motor slowing in depression being associated with
Parkinsonian-like mechanisms including the dopaminergic deficit. There is a need for studies
incorporating larger patient groups to investigate potential correlations between SP and depression
indices.
Enhanced corticotropin response to corticotropin-releasing hormone as a predictor of mania in
euthymic bipolar patients
Authors: VIETA E. , MARTÍNEZ-DE-OSABA M. J. , COLOM F. , MARTÍNEZ-ARÁN A. , BENABARRE A. , GASTÓ C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Dysregulation of corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol response after corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation has been reported in bipolar patients. Most findings involve
the pathophysiology of the depressive phase of the illness and its prediction. However, the possible
predictive value of the CRH challenge test with respect to manic episodes remains unknown.Methods. The ACTH and free cortisol response to the injection of 100 μg of synthetic human CRH
and plasma cortisol-binding globulin levels were measured in 42 lithium-treated patients suffering
from Research Diagnostic Criteria bipolar I disorder in remission, and 21 age- and sex-matched
normal controls. A 1-year follow-up was conducted to assess any possible relationship between
outcome and the hormonal response.Results. Bipolar patients showed higher baseline and peak ACTH concentrations than control
subjects. A higher area under ACTH concentration curve after CRH stimulation predicted
manic/hypomanic relapse within 6 months by multiple regression analysis.Conclusion. Bipolar patients in remission show mild abnormalities in ACTH levels before and after
CRH stimulation. CRH challenge may be a potentially good predictor of manic or hypomanic
relapse in remitted bipolar patients.
Psychosocial and health belief variables associated
with frequent attendance in primary care
Authors: BELLÓN J. Á. , DELGADO A. , DE DIOS LUNA J. , LARDELLI P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The reasons for high use of primary care, and in particular the role of psychosocial
factors, remain unclear.Methods. We identified and interviewed 236 frequent attenders and 420 normal users, matched by
age and sex, of a public Health Centre in Granada, Spain. Users were questioned about mental
health (GHQ-28), social support (Duke-UNC-11), family dysfunction (family APGAR) and health
beliefs (health belief model, locus of health control and medical care expectations). We also
measured a set of individual, social and illness variables.Results. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that mental health was the main factor
associated with frequent attender status (odds ratio = 3·1; 2·4–3·9). The association was stronger
than that between frequent attender status and perceived illness, and between the former and
reported chronic illness. Family dysfunction and perceived susceptibility to and severity of disease
were also significantly but more weakly associated with frequent attender status. Affective support
was more strongly associated with FA status than was confidant support, but both associations
disappeared when mental health and family function were controlled for.Conclusions. Our findings document the association of psychosocial factors and primary health
care use. We suggest that the effective management of mental health problems from a family-based
approach may reduce primary health care high use.
How does the dreaming brain explain the dreaming mind?
Authors: Antrobus John S. 
Published: July 2002

Recent work on functional brain architecture during dreaming provides invaluable clues for an understanding of dreaming, but identifying active brain regions during dreaming, together with their waking cognitive and cognitive functions, informs a model that accounts for only the grossest characteristics of dreaming. Improved dreaming models require cross discipline apprehension of what it is we want dreaming models to “explain.”[Hobson et al.; Neilsen; Revonsuo; Solms]
Stability and change in late-life friendships
Authors: JERROME DOROTHY , WENGER G. CLARE 
Published: July 2002

This article draws on material from the Bangor Longitudinal Study of Ageing.
The survivors, now all 80 plus, were interviewed first in 1979 and for the last
time in 1995. This paper concentrates on friendship over that period. Answers
to questions about the presence or absence of ‘real friends’ and about
satisfaction with the status quo are related to personal strategies for managing
change in the friendship network. Four types of response to current levels of
friendship are identified: contented, dissatisfied, needy and resigned. Examples
are given from each category, drawing on qualitative data.Findings suggest three types of movement over the 16 years in the relationships
of these very old respondents: contraction in the friendship network,
expansion, and the replacement of departed friends or fading friendships. New
friendships were unusual in departing from same-sex, same age and reciprocal
norms of adult friendship. The findings indicate that older adult friendships
might breach several of the norms of friendship common in earlier adulthood;
the distinctiveness of close relationships in advanced old age calls for its
treatment as a separate life stage.
EFFECT OF PHYSICIAN SPECIALTY ON TREATMENT RECOMMENDATION TO PATIENTS
WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: McDonnell Joseph , Meijler Annejet P. , Kahan James P. , Rigter Henk , Bernstein Steven J. 
Published: July 2002

Objective: To assess the influence of physician specialty and the
way in which patient data are presented in the treatment recommended for
patients with coronary artery disease.Methods: In a prospective study, 3,628 patients with significant
coronary artery disease who had been referred to 1 of 10 heart centers in the
Netherlands as possible candidates for either percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)
were recruited. Within each center, the recommended treatment is determined by
a team consisting of cardiologists only, cardiovascular surgeons only, or
cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons (i.e., composite teams). The main
outcome measures are the proportions of patients for whom PTCA, CABG, or
noninvasive (medical) therapy was recommended.Results: Composite teams made 71% of recommendations, surgeon-only
teams, 12%, and cardiologist-only teams, 17%. Cardiologist-only teams
primarily recommended patients to PTCA, surgeon-only teams to CABG, while
combined teams made more evenly distributed recommendations (p <
.001). Although the patients discussed by the three types of teams were
clinically different, the recommendation patterns remained significant after
adjusting for these differences (p < .001). For patients with
recent myocardial infarction, direct presentation of the case to the team by
the referring cardiologist reduced the likelihood that CABG would be
recommended.Conclusions: The treatment recommended to patients with coronary
artery disease is affected by the composition of the team providing the
recommendation. These findings have important implications for clinical
decision making for patients with cardiovascular disease.
Physical therapy to improve movement performance and functional ability poststroke. Part 1. Existing evidence.
Authors: Pomeroy VM , Tallis RC 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionPhysical therapy has been found to improve sensorimotor function following stroke.–5 Early intervention might be better than late6 but even late poststroke physical therapy may be beneficial.3,7–9 Increased intensity of physical therapy may bring increased benefit,10–12 but this might not always be the case,13 as the severity of motor impairment may influence response to additional treatment.14 Not surprisingly, the content of physical therapy might also influence sensorimotor response,15 but at present, choice of treatment by physiotherapists appears to be mostly determined

by the treatment approach which was prevalent during their training.16,17 As there are several different physical therapy approaches (Partridge18 describes nine), the potential for variation is extensive. Variation also arises from location of groups of therapists, e.g. the emphasis on the Movement Science Approach in Australia and the emphasis on the Bobath approach in the UK. There is a strong impression that physiotherapy practice has often been shaped by fashion, underpinned by clinical intuitions, based on uncontrolled observations and rationalized by quasi-scientific theories. An example of this is the Bobath approach, which we shall use as an illustration of the current inadequate scientific basis for commonly-used physical therapies.
Aspects of melting and the radar bright band
Authors: Gray W R , Cluckie I D , Griffith R J 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe melting of snow as it falls through the 0 °C level is a significant meteorological process that is important for its impact as the bright band of enhanced reflectivity in radar observations. Thus, it is necessary to understand the variability of the phenomena and to determine the factors upon which it depends. This paper reports on preliminary investigations into the observations of the bright band over the UK using vertically pointing radar. These results are compared with output from a simple model of the melting of snowflakes and with other observations from Canada and the Netherlands. The vertical depth of the bright band was determined from the vertical pointing radar data for four cases of widespread frontal rainfall. An increase in the depth of the bright band was seen with increasing background reflectivities. Depths of 100–150 m at 10 dBZ increased to 200–400 m at 25 dBZ. Results from a simple model of the melting of snowflakes were compared with the vertical pointing radar observations. Similar trends were seen in the model output, but in general the model produced deeper but less intense bright bands. Notable in the model results was the lack of strong dependence of the depth on vertical air motions. Indeed, the bright band depth only increased by approximately 30 m in a downdraft of 1 m s−1. Comparisons of the bright band characteristics with other observations from elsewhere show that the bright band depth was similar to that observed by Klaasen (1988) in the Netherlands, but shallower than those observed by Fabry & Zawadski (1995) in Canada. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparative Genomic Sequencing Identifies Novel Tissue-Specific Enhancers and Sequence Elements for Methylation-Sensitive Factors Implicated in Igf2/H19 Imprinting
Authors: Ishihara Ko , Hatano Naoya , Furuumi Hiroyasu , Kato Reiko , Iwaki Toru , Miura Kiyonori , Jinno Yoshihiro , Sasaki Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2002

A differentially methylated region (DMR) and endoderm-specific enhancers, located upstream and downstream of the mouse H19gene, respectively, are known to be essential for the reciprocal imprinting of Igf2 and H19. To explain the same imprinting patterns in non-endodermal tissues, additional enhancers have been hypothesized. We determined and compared the sequences of human and mouse H19 over 40 kb and identified 10 evolutionarily conserved downstream segments, 2 of which were coincident with the known enhancers. Reporter assays in transgenic mice showed that 5 of the other 8 segments functioned as enhancers in specific mesodermal and/or ectodermal tissues. We also identified a conserved 39-bp element that appeared repeatedly within the DMR and formed complexes with specific nuclear factors. Binding of one of the factors was inhibited when the target sequence contained methylated CpGs. These complexes may contribute to the presumed boundary function of the unmethylated DMR, which is proposed to insulate maternalIgf2 from the enhancers. Our results demonstrate that comparative genomic sequencing is highly efficient in identifying regulatory elements.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to GenBank under accession nos. AF087017 and AF049091.]
Expression Patterns and Promoter Activity of the Cold-Regulated Gene ci21A of Potato
Authors: Schneider A. , Salamini F. , Gebhardt C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Storage of potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers at 4[deg]C is associated with the accumulation of several transcripts. DNA sequence analysis of cDNA clone CI21, which corresponds to one of the cold-induced transcripts, revealed high homology to transcripts of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and wild potato (Solanum chacoense) induced by ripening and water stress. Two homologous, nonallelic genes, ci21A and ci21B, were isolated and sequenced. Northern blot analysis showed that CI21 transcripts were present at the highest levels in cold-stored tubers, at lower levels in stems and roots, and at the lowest levels in leaves and tubers stored at room temperature. Treatment with abscisic acid, heat, and a high concentration of salt had no marked effect on CI21 transcript levels in tubers and leaves. Drought was the only stress treatment that induced CI21 transcripts in leaves, but it did not do so in tubers. Western blot analysis detected CI21 protein only in tubers. Chimeric gene constructs between the putative ci21A promoter region and the uidA reporter gene were tested in transgenic potato plants for induction of β-glucuronidase activity by low temperature. A 2-fold increase of β-glucuronidase activity in response to tuber storage at 4[deg]C was observed for fragments between 380 and 2000 bp of the ci21A promoter region.