bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between Trichinella spiralis infection and induced colitis in mice
Authors: Ashour D.S. , Othman A.A. , Shareef M.M. , Gaballah H.H. , Mayah W.W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing inflammation afflicting any part of the bowel wall as a result of a deregulated and inappropriate immune response. In recent years, experimental and clinical evidence has demonstrated that infection with parasitic worms could protect hosts from IBD. The aims of this study were to determine if the underlying mechanism of the host immune regulation inherent to Trichinella spiralis infection involves Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells, and to gain insight about time-related interactions between intestinal nematode infection and induced colitis using an experimental model for ulcerative colitis. Mice were experimentally subjected to acetic acid-induced colitis, which was either preceded or followed by T. spiralis infection. Assessment of colitis was done by histopathological examination of the colon and determination of pentraxin 3 levels. Immunohistochemistry was done for demonstration of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells in colonic tissues. It was evident that T. spiralis infection ameliorated the severe inflammation induced by acetic acid, evidenced by amelioration of histopathological changes and diminution of pentraxin 3 levels. The amelioration was more pronounced when T. spiralis infection preceded the induction of colitis. Regarding the immunohistochemical staining of regulatory T cells, T. spiralis infection induced recruitment of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells to areas of inflammation. In conclusion, T. spiralis regulatory mechanism can improve inflammation of the colon through the ‘inflammatory–regulatory’ axis. Finally, it would be of great importance to apply these results to the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
Negative pion stopping in ultra dense and hot DT targets of ICF fast ignition concern
Authors: DEUTSCH CLAUDE , FROMY PATRICE 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn order to implement a Scenario of π− catalysis of Deuterium–Tritium (DT) thermonuclear reactions in a dense and hot precompressed target plasma envisioned in the Intertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) fast ignition approach, we pay detailed attention to the stopping of negative pions arising from electro-disintregration of target D and T nuclei by ultra-relativistic e-beams. Emphasis is put on a mostly non-relativistic pion velocity regime (E ≤ 10 MeV).
Growth rates are related to production efficiencies in juveniles of the sea urchinLytechinus variegatus
Authors: Heflin L.E. , Gibbs V.K. , Jones W.T. , Makowsky R. , Lawrence A.L. , Watts S.A. 
Published: February 2013

Growth rates of newly-metamorphosed urchins from a single spawning event (three males and three females) were highly variable, despite being held en masse under identical environmental and nutritional conditions. As individuals reached ~5 mm diameter (0.07–0.10 g wet weight), they were placed in growth trials (23 dietary treatments containing various nutrient profiles). Elapsed time from the first individual entering the growth trials to the last individual entering was 121 days (N = 170 individuals). During the five-week growth trials, urchins were held individually and proffered a limiting ration to evaluate growth rate and production efficiency. Growth rates among individuals within each dietary treatment remained highly variable. Across all dietary treatments, individuals with an initially high growth rate (entering the study first) continued to grow at a faster rate than those with an initially low growth rate (entering the study at a later date), regardless of feed intake. Wet weight gain (ranging from 0.13–3.19 g,P<0.0001, R2 = 0.5801) and dry matter production efficiency (ranging from 25.2–180.5%,P = 0.0003, R2 = 0.6162) were negatively correlated with stocking date, regardless of dietary treatment. Although canalization of growth rate during en masse early post-metamorphic growth is possible, we hypothesize that intrinsic differences in growth rates are, in part, the result of differences (possibly genetic) in production efficiencies of individualLytechinus variegatus. That is, some sea urchins are more efficient in converting feed to biomass. We further hypothesize that this variation may have evolved as an adaptive response to selective pressure related to food availability.
Celiac Disease–Associated Autoimmune Hepatitis in Childhood
Authors: Nastasio Silvia , Sciveres Marco , Riva Silvia , Filippeschi Irene P. , Vajro Pietro , Maggiore Giuseppe 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:Celiac disease (CD) is common in patients with autoimmune liver disease (AILD); however, the long‐term response to treatment of patients with AILDs coexistent with CD has not been explored in detail. The aim of the present study was to analyze the features and the long‐term response to immunosuppressive treatment in children with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) associated with CD.Methods:Retrospective and prospective evaluation of patients followed at a single center.Results:Among 79 patients with AIH, 15 (19%) had CD (9 type 1, 3 type 2, 3 seronegative). In the group of patients with AIH and CD, female sex was significantly more represented than in the group of patients with AIH alone; also, in the former group, diagnosis was made significantly earlier (P < 0.05). All of the 15 patients on a gluten‐free diet achieved sustained remission when treated with prednisone and azathioprine or cyclosporine. The mean period of follow‐up was 73 months; discontinuation of therapy was attempted in 9 patients while in remission: 4 patients relapsed, 5 (33%) could definitively stop immunosuppressive treatment with a mean period of treatment‐free sustained remission of 89 months (range 26–174). In the same period, treatment discontinuation, attempted in 24 of 64 patients with AIH without CD, was successful in 5 patients (8%; P < 0.05).Conclusions:Patients with AIH coexisting with CD achieve treatment‐free sustained remission in a significantly higher proportion, when compared with patients with AIH without CD, suggesting a possible long‐term adjuvant effect of a gluten‐free diet.
High Helicobacter pylori Resistance to Metronidazole and Clarithromycin in Brazilian Children and Adolescents
Authors: Ogata Silvio K. , Godoy Anita P. Ortiz , da Silva Patricio Francy R. , Kawakami Elisabete 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the present study was to assess the primary and secondary resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains to clarithromycin, amoxicillin, furazolidone, tetracycline, and metronidazole, the conventional antibiotics presently used in Brazilian children and adolescents.Methods:Seventy‐seven consecutive H pylori strains, 71 of 77 strains obtained from patients without previous eradication treatment for H pylori infection, and 6 strains from patients in whom previous eradication treatment had failed.Results:Global rate of resistance was 49.3% (38/77): 40% of strains were resistant to metronidazole, 19.5% to clarithromycin, and 10.4% to amoxicillin. All of the tested H pylori strains were susceptible to furazolidone and tetracycline. Multiple resistance were detected in 18.2% (14/77 patients) of the strains: 6 of 14 (43%) simultaneously resistant to clarithromycin and metronidazole; 5 of 14 (36%) to amoxicillin and metronidazole; 2 of 14 (14%) to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole; and 1 of 14 (7%) to clarithromycin and amoxicillin.Conclusions:The high resistance rate to metronidazole and clarithromycin observed in clinical H pylori isolates can exclude these antimicrobials in empirical eradication treatment in Brazil. Otherwise, furazolidone and tetracycline presented no resistance. Properly assessing the risks and benefits, these 2 antimicrobials and their derivatives could be used in empirical eradication schedules, both associated with amoxicillin, which showed a low resistance rate despite its wide use in pediatric patients.
Healthy Range of Serum Alanine Aminotransferase and Its Predictive Power for Cardiovascular Risk in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Park Hong Kyu , Hwang Jin Soon , Moon Jin Soo , Lee Jun Ah , Kim Dong Ho , Lim Jung Sub 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTBackground and Aim:Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is not only a surrogate marker of chronic liver disease but also predictive of future development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults; however, pediatric reference data are rare, and “healthy‐range ALT limits” have not been assessed to predict cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents.Methods:Data from 2242 examinees (1171 boys and 1071 girls; 10–18 years of age) in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007–2009) were analyzed. The reference values of ALT levels were determined according to age and sex. Multiple logistic regressions were used to assess the association between healthy‐range ALT limits (ALT level >30 IU/L for boys and >19 IU/L for girls) and each cardiovascular risk factor.Results:The 50th, 90th, and 95th percentiles of ALT levels were respectively 14, 27, and 35 IU/L in boys and 11, 19, and 24 IU/L in girls. Subjects with ALT levels higher than healthy‐range ALT limits not only exhibited higher odds ratios for metabolic syndrome but also showed higher each cardiovascular risk related to obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia compared with subjects whose ALT levels were within the healthy range (P < 0.001).Conclusions:The present study shows normal ALT reference data of Korean children and adolescents. The present study also showed the effectiveness of healthy‐range ALT limits in predicting each cardiovascular risk factor in a national representative population.
A Stereotype Threat Account of Boys' Academic Underachievement
Authors: Hartley Bonny L. , Sutton Robbie M. 
Published: February 2013

Three studies examined the role of stereotype threat in boys' academic underachievement. Study 1 (children aged 4–10, n = 238) showed that girls from age 4 years and boys from age 7 years believed, and thought adults believed, that boys are academically inferior to girls. Study 2 manipulated stereotype threat, informing children aged 7–8 years (n = 162) that boys tend to do worse than girls at school. This manipulation hindered boys' performance on a reading, writing, and math test, but did not affect girls' performance. Study 3 counteracted stereotype threat, informing children aged 6–9 years (n = 184) that boys and girls were expected to perform similarly. This improved the performance of boys and did not affect that of girls.
The political transnationalism of Ecuadorians in Barcelona, Madrid and Milan: the role of individual resources, organizational engagement and the political context
Authors: MORALES LAURA , PILATI KATIA 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this article, we examine the transnational political engagement of Ecuadorians in three European cities – Barcelona, Madrid and Milan. Drawing on previous studies that emphasize the role of organizational and institutional resources for political mobilization (as well as those that take into consideration respondents’ resources and the migration process), we analyse the results of a survey conducted between 2006 and 2008 on approximately 300 Ecuadorian individuals in each of these three cities. We examine two different dimensions of Ecuadorian political transnationalism at the individual level, namely attitudinal and participatory. Contrary to previous findings, our results show that recently arrived Ecuadorians and those with less stable household conditions are more involved in transnational politics. Associational involvement shows multiple effects. Engagement in Ecuadorian associations fosters political interest in and information about Ecuador, whereas involvement in any organization promotes electoral transnational politics. The political context is only relevant when accounting for participation in Ecuadorian elections.
Thermal and Oxidation Response of UHTC Leading Edge Samples Exposed to Simulated Hypersonic Flight Conditions
Authors: Parthasarathy Triplicane A. , Petry Melvin D. , Cinibulk Michael K , Mathur Tarun , Gruber Mark R. 
Published: February 2013

Sharp leading edge (LE) samples of UHTC (20 vol%SiC–HfB2) and SiC were exposed to simulated hypersonic flight conditions using a direct‐connect scramjet rig and their thermal and oxidation responses measured. The measured back‐wall temperatures and scale thicknesses were significantly smaller than might be expected from stagnation temperatures at the LE. Furthermore, the scale that formed around the LE was more uniform than expected from the steep drop in cold wall heat flux with distance from the tip. These results were interpreted and rationalized using physics‐based models. An aerothermal model in combination with an oxidation model accounted for the observed scale thicknesses at the tip and their slight variation with distance. The scale thicknesses were similar to values reported for exposures in furnaces at temperatures calculated for the tip, but less than those reported in arc jet tests. The formation of hafnon (HfSiO4) and the absence of external glassy layer and of silica in the outer portions of the oxide region are unique to scramjet tested samples, presumably due to the high fluid flow (high shear and evaporation) rates.
High‐Energy Density Dielectrics and Capacitors for Elevated Temperatures: Ca(Zr,Ti)O3
Authors: Lee Haijoon , Kim Jeong Ryeol , Lanagan Michael J. , Trolier‐McKinstry Susan , Randall Clive A. 
Published: February 2013

The Ca(Zr1−xTix)O3 (CZT) solid solution system is a linear dielectric that is of interest for high‐temperature power capacitor applications. This dielectric was synthesized by conventional solid‐state processes and prototyped into single‐layer CZT capacitors, which were fabricated with interdigitated electrodes cofired between dielectric layers ~10‐μm thick. The dielectric properties of these capacitors were extensively investigated as a function of Zr/Ti ratio on the CaZrO3 side of the solid solution. The electrostatic energy density and breakdown strength of the CZT capacitors were investigated by measuring polarization–electric field curves as a function of temperature from room temperature to 250°C. The Ca(Zr0.80Ti0.20)O3 capacitors show high electrostatic energy density of 4 J/cm3 at 250°C. Highly accelerated life testing (HALT) was also performed on these dielectrics, and we quantified the thermal stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) to access the major point defects in the CZT system.
Electrical Properties of Stoichiometric BiFeO3 Prepared by Mechanosynthesis with Either Conventional or Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Perejón Antonio , Masó Nahum , West Anthony R. , Sánchez‐Jiménez Pedro E. , Poyato Rosalía , Criado José M. , Pérez‐Maqueda Luis A. 
Published: February 2013

Phase‐pure powders of stoichiometric BiFeO3 have been prepared by mechanosynthesis. Ceramics sintered by either conventional heating in air or spark plasma sintering (SPS) followed by oxidative anneal in air are highly insulating at room temperature with resistivity, extrapolated from the Arrhenius plots, of ~1016 Ωcm and activation energy 1.15(2) eV, comparable with those of a good‐quality BiFeO3 single crystal. By contrast, the as‐prepared SPS sample without the postsinter anneal shows lower resistivity, e.g., ~1010 Ωcm at 25°C and activation energy 0.67(3) eV, indicating some reduction in the sample by the SPS process. The reason for the high conductivity reported for some ceramic samples in the literature remains unclear at present.
Diffusion Properties of Tm3+ in Congruent LiNbO3 Crystal
Authors: Zhang De‐Long , Zhang Wen‐Zhu , Hua Ping‐Rang , Yu Dao‐Yin , Pun Edwin Yue‐Bun 
Published: February 2013

Diffusion properties of Tm3+ in congruent LiNbO3 crystal have been investigated, together with other two related issues, i.e., Tm3+‐doping contribution to refractive index of LiNbO3 substrate and Li out‐diffusion. Four X‐cut and four Z‐cut congruent LiNbO3 substrates locally coated with 15–31 nm‐thick Tm‐metal films were annealed in surrounding air under different temperatures of 1030°C–1130°C for different durations of 20–70 h. After anneal, refractive index at Tm3+‐doped and Tm3+‐free parts of crystal surface was measured at the wavelengths of 1311 and 1553 nm and surface Li2O contents were evaluated from measured refractive index. The results show that Tm3+ doping has a weak effect on substrate index and a small contribution to index increment in waveguide layer in comparison with Ti4+‐ or Zn2+ doping. The Li2O content at the Tm3+‐doped surface equals that at the Tm3+‐free surface. The Li out‐diffusion depends mainly on the diffusion temperature. Below 1100°C, the Li out‐diffusion is not measurable. At 1130°C, a 30‐h diffusion procedure may cause 0.2–0.3 mol% slight loss of Li2O content. Secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to study the Tm3+ diffusion properties. The results show that the diffused Tm3+ ions in all samples follow a complementary error function profile. From measured Tm3+ profiles, characteristic diffusion parameters such as diffusivity, diffusion constant, activation energy, solubility, solubility constant, and heat of solution were obtained and discussed in comparison with the case of Er3+ diffusion. In comparison with Er3+ diffusion, the Tm3+ diffusion shows similar anisotropy and temperature dependence of solubility. In the aspect of diffusivity, under lower temperature the Tm3+ has a lower diffusivity than the Er3+, and their diffusivity difference reduces with the increased temperature and becomes null at 1130°C.
Narratives of Female Suffering in the Petitionary Literature of Civil War Period and its Aftermath
Authors: Thorne Alison 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the symbiotic relationship between narratives of female suffering in the civil war period and its aftermath and the polemical agendas promulgated by various religious sects. It focuses on three specific groups: the female petitioners of the 1640s, the Levellers (1645–53) and the first generation Quakers (1652–1670). The aim is to show how closely intertwined political, legalistic and affective discourses were in the petitionary literature of that era. At the heart of this discursive matrix stands the iconic image of the suffering woman which can be analysed on both a symbolic and literal plane, whether as an emblem of the war‐torn body politic or in terms of women’s actual struggle for survival. The article considers the ways in which women were emboldened in this period, either through their involvement in political debates and civic agitation in relation to parliament or due to their religious faith. It also notes the limits of their battle for civil rights, freedom of speech and sexual equality. Tales of female adversity, it is argued, were used both to evoke an empathetic response and as a means of legitimising women’s bold speaking and, by extension, the political agendas of their menfolk.
The response of the maize nitrate transport system to nitrogen demand and supply across the lifecycle
Authors: Garnett Trevor , Conn Vanessa , Plett Darren , Conn Simon , Zanghellini Juergen , Mackenzie Nenah , Enju Akiko , Francis Karen , Holtham Luke , Roessner Ute , Boughton Berin , Bacic Antony , Shirley Neil , Rafalski Antoni , Dhugga Kanwarpal , Tester Mark , Kaiser Brent N. 
Published: February 2013

Summary

An understanding of nitrate () uptake throughout the lifecycle of plants, and how this process responds to nitrogen (N) availability, is an important step towards the development of plants with improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE).

uptake capacity and transcript levels of putative high‐ and low‐affinity transporters (NRTs) were profiled across the lifecycle of dwarf maize (Zea mays) plants grown at reduced and adequate .

Plants showed major changes in high‐affinity uptake capacity across the lifecycle, which varied with changing relative growth rates of roots and shoots. Transcript abundances of putative high‐affinity NRTs (predominantly ZmNRT2.1 and ZmNRT2.2) were correlated with two distinct peaks in high‐affinity root uptake capacity and also N availability. The reduction in supply during the lifecycle led to a dramatic increase in uptake capacity, which preceded changes in transcript levels of NRTs, suggesting a model with short‐term post‐translational regulation and longer term transcriptional regulation of uptake capacity.

These observations offer new insight into the control of uptake by both plant developmental processes and N availability, and identify key control points that may be targeted by future plant improvement programmes to enhance N uptake relative to availability and/or demand.
Heavy traffic in the fast lane: long‐distance signalling by macromolecules
Authors: Turnbull Colin G. N. , Lopez‐Cobollo Rosa M. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe two major vascular conduits in plants, the xylem and phloem, theoretically provide opportunities for the long‐distance translocation of almost any type of water‐borne molecule. This review focuses on the signalling functions conveyed by the movement of macromolecules. Here, a signal is defined as the communication of information from source to destination, where it modifies development, physiology or defence through altered gene expression or by direct influences on other cellular processes. Xylem and phloem sap both contain diverse classes of proteins; in addition, phloem contains many full‐length and small RNA species. Only a few of these mobile molecules have proven functions in signalling. The transduction of signals typically depends on connection to appropriate signalling pathways. Incoming protein signals require specific detection systems, generally via receptors. Mobile RNAs require either the translation or presence of a homologous target. Given that phloem sieve elements are enucleate and lack translation machinery, RNA function requires subsequent unloading at least into adjacent companion cells. The binding of RNA by proteins in ribonucleoprotein complexes enables the translocation of some signals, with evidence for both sequence‐specific and size‐specific binding. Several examples of long‐distance macromolecular signalling are highlighted, including the FT protein signal which regulates flowering time and other developmental switches.

Contents

Summary
33

I.
Introduction – plant communication systems
33

II.
The importance of method selection and experimental design
34

III.
Macromolecules in xylem and phloem
37

IV.
Plasmodesmata – complex intercellular exchange junctions enabling short‐ and long‐range signalling
39

V.
Phloem signalling: regulation
40

VI.
Phloem signalling: specific examples
43

VII.
Conclusions and prospects
45

Acknowledgements
46

References
46