bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF LOCALISED AND GLOBALISED FATIGUE ON CENTRE OF PRESSURE EXCURSIONS IN HEALTHY AND FUNCTIONALLY UNSTABLE PARTICIPANTS FOLLOWING A SINGLE LEG DROP JUMP LANDING; ANALYSING A SUBCONSCIOUS TIME PERIOD
Authors: Gautrey C , Watson T , Mitchell A 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIt has been reported that fatigue and stability deficits may be predispositions to musculoskeletal injury in functional ankle instability (FAI) sufferers. Analysis of subconscious time periods (initial 200 ms) may identify deficits in FAI sufferers that are not observed when analysing a conscious time frame.ObjectiveTo determine whether FAI participants suffer from subconscious neuromuscular deficits compared to healthy controls, as measured by COP excursion, following localised and globalised fatigue.DesignNon-randomised experimental.SettingUniversity biomechanics laboratory.ParticipantsA convenience sample was used to recruit twenty males with unilateral FAI and twenty male healthy controls. Inclusion criteria included males, aged 18-25 years, who participated in semi-professional soccer and who were right leg dominant.Risk factor assessmentTwo localised fatigue protocols were investigated; isokinetic ankle inversion-eversion exercise and hip abduction-adduction exercise. Maximal repetitions were performed until three consecutive repetitions fell below 50% of participants 1RM. The soccer specific Drust protocol was used to elicit globalised fatigue. Three single leg drop jump landings from a 30 cm high bench onto a force platform were performed before and after fatigue. Subject group and fatigue protocols were the independent variables.Main outcome measureCOP excursion in the anterior, posterior, anteroposterior, medial, lateral and mediolateral directions, following a single leg drop jump landing, before and after localised and globalised fatigue.ResultsThe globalised soccer specific fatigue protocol caused the greatest significant increase (P<.0125) in medial, lateral and mediolateral excursion in both ankles of the FAI and healthy groups. The hip and ankle localised fatigue protocols found a significant increase (P<.0125) in COP excursion in the lateral and mediolateral directions in the FAI group alone.ConclusionClinically, the results show that the fatigued individual may be at greater risk of injury, especially during more globalised prolonged exercise involving multiple joints, such as a simulated soccer protocol.
THE EFFECT OF LOCALISED AND GLOBALISED FATIGUE ON MUSCLE LATENCY IN HEALTHY AND FUNCTIONALLY UNSTABLE PARTICIPANTS FOLLOWING A SIMULATED ANKLE SPRAIN
Authors: Gautrey C , Watson T , Mitchell A 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundAnecdotally, most injuries occur during the final third of the second half of a soccer match when fatigue is present. To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated muscular latency times to a simulated ankle sprain mechanism before and immediately after localised and globalised fatigue.ObjectiveTo determine whether functional ankle instability (FAI) participants suffer from a neuromuscular deficit compared to healthy controls, as measured by muscle latency following localised and globalised fatigue.DesignNon-randomised experimental.SettingUniversity biomechanics laboratory. Participants played at a semi-professional level of soccer.ParticipantsA convenience sample was used to recruit twenty males with unilateral FAI and twenty male healthy controls. Inclusion criteria included males, aged 18–25 years, who participated in semi-professional soccer and who were right leg dominant.Risk factor assessmentTwo localised fatigue protocols were investigated; isokinetic ankle inversion-eversion exercise and hip abduction-adduction exercise. Maximal repetitions were performed until three consecutive repetitions fell below 50% of participants 1RM. The soccer specific Drust protocol was used to elicit globalised fatigue. Three perturbations on a standing tilt platform simulating the mechanics of an inversion and plantar-flexion ankle sprain were performed before and after fatigue. Subject group and fatigue protocols were the independent variables.Main outcome measureMuscle latency in milliseconds of the peroneus longus, tibialis anterior and gluteus medius to the tilt platform perturbation, before and after localised and globalised fatigue.ResultsAll fatigue conditions when compared to the pre-test showed no significant difference in muscle latency for all muscles tested, in both groups.ConclusionIt has been suggested that injuries occur during the latter stages of soccer when fatigue is present. The present study found that localised and globalised fatigue did not lead to increased muscle latencies, and therefore, other factors must be present that lead to this increased injury rate.
EFFICACY OF A PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER EDUCATION-INHERENT INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM
Authors: Goossens L , Cardon G , Witvrouw E , De Clercq D 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundSince physical education teacher education (PETE) students have to deal with a considerable amount of non-contact injuries to the lower limbs (Goossenset al., 2013), strategies relying on preventive exercises might reduce injury incidence in this population.ObjectiveIs a prevention program for injuries to the lower limbs efficacious in reducing the injury incidence and does it enhance functional performance, self-reported behaviour and consciousness, motivation and knowledge towards injury prevention?.DesignThe study followed a historically controlled design with prospective injury registration and a pre-post design without control group concerning the other outcomes.SettingFreshmen academic bachelor PETE students (±7 hours of intracurricular sports activities weekly) of three consecutive years took part in the study.ParticipantsThe control group (CG) consisted of 128 freshmen students in academic year (AY) 2010–11 and 102 freshmen students in AY 2011–12. The intervention group (IG) consisted of 88 freshmen students in AY 2012–13.InterventionThe prevention program ran during 1 AY and had 2 main components: an injury awareness program (information brochure, theoretical course, posters, website, technical training) and the application of active strategies (warm-up, cool-down, stretching, dynamic stabilization, functional strength and core stability).Main outcome measurementsInjury risk and incidence rate were the primary outcomes. Functional performance of Lateral Step Down (LSD) and Single Leg Hop and Hold for Distance (SLHHD), self-reported behaviour, consciousness, motivation and knowledge towards injury prevention were secondary outcomes.ResultsThe IG had a lower injury risk (0.77 Vs. 0.89) and incidence rate (2.34 Vs. 2.72) than the CG. Self-reported behaviour (P<.01), consciousness (P<.01) and knowledge (P=.01) towards injury prevention and functional performance of LSD (P<.01) and SLHHD (P<.01) were significantly better after the intervention.ConclusionsAn intervention for the prevention of injuries to the lower limbs in PETE students is efficacious, but more feasibility studies are needed.
EQUIPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT OF FITNESS FACILITIES: THE PERSPECTIVE OF FITNESS INDUSTRY EMPLOYEES
Authors: Gray S , Keyzer P , Norton K , Dietrich J , Sekendiz B , Coyle I , Finch C 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundFitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity, however it is important that these facilities do all in their power to reduce the likelihood of injuries occurring. The attitudes and practices of those employed in the fitness industry with respect to risk management are important for implementation of injury prevention measures, as are risk management procedures currently in place.ObjectiveTo identify views of the fitness industry employees about injury risks and hazards associated with equipment and training environments within fitness facilities and their risk management and hazard identification practices in relation to them.DesignA 6-week nationwide online survey.SettingAustralia-wide fitness industry.Participants1 178 adults across Australia who own, manage or work in the fitness industry.Main outcome measurementsResponses to 6-point Likert scale questions.Results79.1% of survey respondents held the safety of the fitness premises in high importance, and 80.2% stated that the location and condition of their facility (access, lighting, floor surfaces etc.) was very/extremely safe. The layout of equipment in the facility was very/extremely good in 61.9% of cases, and fitness equipment maintenance was reported to have been conducted frequently by 68.5% of the respondents. Fitness employees frequently observed hazardous conditions of the exercise areas with respect to objects lying around (43.8% of cases), equipment misuse (41.9% of cases), and facility users lifting weights that were considered too heavy (47.8% of cases).ConclusionThe findings suggest that facility users should be provided with further education regarding their physical activity programs and behaviours that could reduce injury risk, and that guidelines for using the facility should be made more obvious. The findings also indicate that fitness industry employees should be given risk management training, and that in facilities where hazards were observed and hazardous practices are engaged in, that risk analysis and management protocols need to be implemented.
SINGLE-LEG HOP BIOMECHANICAL ADAPTIONS FOLLOWING AN INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM
Authors: Greska E , Cortes N , Mincy C , Ambegaonkar J , Caswell S , Onate J 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundInjury prevention programs (IPP) have demonstrated positive results in reducing the incidence of traumatic lower extremity (LE) injuries. However, it is not well documented how biomechanical alterations caused by IPP's contribute to improved physical performance.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of an IPP on bilateral LE biomechanics during a single-leg hop task (SLH).DesignQuasi-experimental.SettingCollegiate Soccer Players.Participants16 athletes (19.3±1.0 years; 1.67±0.05 m; 62.7±5.9 kg) free of any LE injuries.InterventionsA 3-D motion-capture system assessed LE biomechanics at pre- and post-IPP, while participants performed 3 SLH (cm) bilaterally from a force-plate. A 10-week IPP, which included agility and plyometric drills, was integrated into the normal team practice during the off-season period.Main outcome measurementsMean peak knee flexion (KF) and abduction (KA) were appraised during propulsion phase (PP), takeoff, touchdown, and landing phase (LP). Peak ground reaction forces (GRF), normalized to body weight, were also measured during PP. Repeated measures ANOVAs assessed the effects of training and leg dominance.ResultsPre-IPP, SLH displacement significantly differed between legs (P=.013), and post-IPP, training significantly improved for both legs (P=.026), resulting in a significant interaction effect (P=.035). KF significantly decreased pre-to-post-IPP at PP for training (P=.017) and dominance (P=.015). KA significantly differed pre-to-post-IPP during PP for training (P=.025) and dominance (P=.026), takeoff for training (p=0.016), touchdown for training (P=.001), and LP for training (P=.002). Pre-to-post-IPP, training significantly increased GRF anteriorly (P=.001).ConclusionsPrevious researchers have suggested increased LE injury risk due to inter-limb differences. Our results demonstrated inter-limb equivalence in SLH force-production and displacement post-IPP, with KA shifting toward a more neutral frontal-plane alignment. Thus, the increased ability and frontal-plane neutrality exhibited between legs may be an influencing factor in how the IPP can reduce LE injury risk.
IMPROVED TEST CRITERIA FOR PROTECTORS IN PARAGLIDING HARNESSES CONSIDERING TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY, INJURIES AND INJURY MECHANISMS
Authors: Griesmayr M 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe German hang-glider association reports that approximately 60% of serious injuries resulting from hang-glider accidents are to the spine. The market-approval of back protectors encompasses an impact test.ObjectiveWhen the impact test was introduced, information concerning accident situations was scarce. The objective of this study is to investigate how the impact test can be improved.DesignRelevant load cases were derived from a survey among 61 pilots which have sustained a spinal injury in a paragliding accident. Paragliding accident videos were analysed in terms of impact velocities and angles. Based on the gathered information an enhanced test procedure was proposed. A Finite Element model of a harness was created and validated against impact tests. The baseline model's performance was evaluated according to the enhanced impact test procedure.Risk factor assessmentThe performance was rated using the Dynamic Response-model (DR) and the maximum acceleration.ResultsThe current impact test covers approximately 50% of impact scenarios. In terms of impact velocity far less than 25% of impacts are covered by the current test procedure.ConclusionsAn enhanced test procedure with a vertical impact velocity of 8m/s and an impactor mass of 80 kg is suggested, considering impacts to the side, to the front, to the rear and to the bottom of the protector. The enhanced test procedure covers 80% of impact scenarios, 50% of impact velocities and about 50% of occupants in terms of weight. For the evaluation of injury risk the DR was suggested, as it is sensitive to the load direction. It is shown that current protectors will likely fail in the enhanced test procedure. However, the FE study also shows that room for improvement still exists with regards to the shape of protectors and materials used.
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE OUTCOMES OF SHOULDER INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAMS IN NON-INJURED OVERHEAD ATHLETES – A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Grygorowicz M , Lubiatowski P , Witold D , Romanowski L 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe incidence of shoulder injuries in overhead sports is high. Despite this high rate, insufficient evidence is available on the efficacy of preventive training programs.ObjectiveTo analyze the absolute and relative outcomes of shoulder injury prevention programs in non-injured overhead athletes.DesignSystematic literature review.SettingAmateur and professional.ParticipantsAthletes of different throwing sports.InterventionsWe analyzed different prevention approaches in injury prevention programs, based on neuromuscular components, proprioceptive training, strength, plyometric exercises or other specific prophylaxis exercises. The following electronic databases were searched: MEDLINE, PubMed, PEDro. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO data (PROSPERO 2013: CRD42013005769). Detailed search strategy is available from http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42013005769. Articles quality was assessed according to the 11-item Physiotherapy Evidence-Based Database (PEDro) Scale.Main outcome measurementsPrimary: absolute parameters of the effectiveness of injury prevention programs, such as the reduction of shoulder injury rate during the analyzed period of time. Secondary: relative outcomes such as improvement in biomechanical factors (e.g. throwing velocity, isokinetic strength) as a result of the applied injury prevention and/or performance enhancement programs.ResultsOur searches identified 827 potentially relevant articles. By reviewing titles and abstracts, we identified 26 articles examining the efficacy of shoulder injury prevention programs in overhead athletes. There were no paper reporting absolute outcomes. As the relative outcomes authors most frequently used: shoulder strength, power, throwing velocity, range of motion.ConclusionsConflicting evidence has been found. Not all of the PEDro criteria could be satisfied, as the experimental crossover design implemented by the majority of studies resulted in subject and therapist blinding not being possible. High-quality studies investigating the shoulder injury prevention are needed to reduce the incidence of injuries in non-injured overhead athletes.
COMPARISON OF SPORT COMPETITIVE ANXIETY LEVELS OF SAUDI ARABIAN NATIONAL TEAM ATHLETES WITH AND WITHOUT DISABILITIES IN COMPETITIONS
Authors: Halawani H 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study is to compare the individual differences in the levels of somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption of Saudi Arabian national team with and without disabilities in competitions. The purpose of this study was to compare whether significant differences existed in the levels of somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption between individuals of the Saudi Arabian national team with and without disabilities in competitions.DesignCross-sectional.SettingSurvey, where differences in somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption were examined between athletes in an individual or team sport. The Sport Anxiety Sale was employed to measure the subscales.ParticipantsParticipants were 120 Saudi Arabian national team athletes with and without disabilities who participated in competitions during the 2010 competitive season. Sixty Saudi Arabian national team athletes with disabilities from four different sports (track and field, table tennis, wheelchair basketball and volleyball) were surveyed. Another 60 Saudi Arabian national team athletes without disabilities who competed in the same four sports were also surveyed. Athletes' ages ranged from 18-35 years. Furthermore, athletes varied in their level of competitive experience.ResultsResults of the multivariate analysis indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between athletes with and without disabilities or between individual and team sport participants in their levels of somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption. It was found that Saudi Arabian national team athletes with and without disabilities both have relatively the same levels of somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption.ConclusionAt this point and especially in Saudi Arabia, individuals with disabilities who participate in sports are considered athletes. They could definitely use their practices and mental skills training to improve performances and promote their enjoyable sporting experience. Therefore, in terms of the anxiety performance relationship, the psychological profile of athletes with and without disabilities seems similar.
SUBSTANTIAL INTER-INDIVIDUAL AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN JUMP FREQUENCY DURING TRAINING AND MATCHES IN YOUNG ELITE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS – A RISK FACTOR FOR JUMPER'S KNEE?
Authors: Bahr MA , Bahr R 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundMale gender, training volume (# of hours per week) and match exposure (# of games played per week) have been documented as risk factors for jumper's knee among young elite volleyball players (Visnes & Bahr, 2012). However, it is not known whether jump frequency differs between intra-squad players.ObjectiveTo examine inter-individual and gender differences in jump frequency during training and matches in young elite volleyball players.DesignObservational study.SettingNorwegian elite volleyball boarding school training program.ParticipantsStudent-athletes (26 boys and 18 girls, 16–18 yrs).Main outcome measuresIndividual jump counts were recorded based on video recordings obtained from one week of volleyball training (9 training sessions for boys and 10 for girls, 14.1 h and 17.8 h of training, respectively) and 10 matches (5.9 h for boys (16 sets) and 7.7 h for girls (21 sets).ResultsA total of 7805 jumps were recorded during training, 4993 among boys and 2812 among girls. As training attendance and jump frequency varied substantially between players, the total exposure in training ranged from 50 to 666 jumps/week among boys and from 11 to 251 jumps/week among girls. On average, this corresponded to 35.7 jumps/h for boys and 13.7 jumps/h for girls (t-test, P=.002). Total jump exposure ranged between 1 to 339 jumps among boys and between 0 to 379 jumps among girls. Player jump frequency averaged 62.2 jumps/h for boys and 41.9 jumps/h for girls (t-test, P<.039). The inter-individual differences seen in jump frequency were substantially more pronounced than any differences observed between player functions.ConclusionsSubstantial inter-individual and gender differences were observed in jump frequency during training and matches in young elite volleyball players. Thus, jump frequency may represent a more important risk factor for jumper's knee than total training volume and warrants further research attention.
AN EVIDENCE-DRIVEN APPROACH TO SCRUM LAW MODIFICATIONS IN AMATEUR RUGBY PLAYED IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Hendricks S , Micheal L , James B , Clint R , Wayne V 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIn 2012, the South African Rugby Union approved a new set of scrum Laws for amateur rugby, to be implemented at the start of the 2013 rugby season. These Law changes were based on the relatively high proportion of scrum-related catastrophic injury data collected as part of the BokSmart National Rugby Safety Programme over the preceding 4 years.ObjectiveDescribe the scrum-related catastrophic injury data in South Africa between 2008–2012, and discuss how this evidence justified the change in the Amateur Scrum Laws.DesignProspective.SettingThe South African amateur and professional rugby-playing population.ParticipantsJunior and Senior rugby-playing population within South Africa.Risk factor assessmentIndependent variables included playing position, scrum injury mechanism, subjective comments relating to the cause of the injury, possession at the time of the scrum, coaching received on safe scrum techniques, surface footing at the time of the scrum.Main outcome measurementsCatastrophic head, neck and spinal injuries. These were classified into Acute Spinal Cord Injury (ASCI) or Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).ResultsThe scrum accounted for 33% (n=20 of 60) of all catastrophic injuries between 2008 and 2012. Eighteen of the 20 scrum injuries (90%) were confirmed ASCIs, with 13 of these being permanent injuries. For the scrum injury mechanisms (n=19), ‘impact on the engagement’ was the most frequently reported (n=11 of 19, 58%), followed by “collapsed scrum” (n=7 of 19, 37%) and “popping out” (n=1 of 19, 5%).ConclusionsBased on these scrum-related catastrophic injury data, a change in the Amateur Scrum Laws of South African Rugby was justified. The purpose of these Scrum Law changes is to reduce the number of scrum-related catastrophic injuries by minimising impact injury and subsequent scrum collapse in amateur rugby in South Africa.