bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF SALMONELLA TYPHI AND PARATYPHI INFECTIONS PRESENTING AS FEVER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN IN A TROPICAL COUNTRY.
Authors: Iqbal Nayyar , Basheer Aneesh , Mookkappan Sudhagar , Ramdas Anita , Varghese Renu G'Boy , Padhi Somanath , Shrimanth Bhairappa , Chidambaram Saranya , S Anandhalakshmi , Kanungo Reba 
Published: February 2015

Background: Enteric fever, a common infection in the tropics and endemic to India, often manifests as an acute febrile illness. However, presentation as fever of unknown origin (FUO) is not uncommon in tropical countries. Methods: We aim to describe the clinical, laboratory and pathological features of cases hospitalized with fever of unknown origin and diagnosed as enteric fever. All culture proven cases of enteric fever were analyzed retrospectively over a period of three years from January 2011 to December 2013.Results: Seven of 88(8%) cases with enteric fever presented as FUO. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom besides fever. Relative bradycardia and splenomegaly were uncommon. Thrombocytopenia was the most common haematological abnormality, while leucopenia was rare. Transaminase elevation was almost universal. S.Typhi and S.Paratyphi were isolated from six cases and one case respectively. Yield of organisms from blood culture was superior to that of bone marrow aspirate. Multiple granulomas were identified in 4 out of 6 (67%) of the bone marrows studied, including that due to S. Paratyphi and histiocytic hemophagocytosis was noted in two cases.Conclusion: FUO is a relatively common manifestation of enteric fever in the tropics. Clinical and laboratory features may be atypical in such cases, including absence of relative bradycardia, leucopenia and presence of thrombocytopenia, bicytopenia or pancytopenia. Moreover, in endemic countries, enteric fever should be considered as a differential diagnosis, next to tuberculosis, in the evaluation of bone marrow granulomas in cases with FUO and culture correlation should be mandatory.
Serratus Anterior and Lower Trapezius Muscle Activities During Multi-Joint Isotonic Scapular Exercises and Isometric Contractions
Authors: Tsuruike Masaaki , Ellenbecker Todd S. 
Published: February 2015

Context:
Proper scapular function during humeral elevation, such as upward rotation, external rotation, and posterior tilting of the scapula, is necessary to prevent shoulder injury. However, the appropriate intensity of rehabilitation exercise for the periscapular muscles has yet to be clarified.

Objective:
To identify the serratus anterior, lower trapezius, infraspinatus, and posterior deltoid muscle activities during 2 free-motion exercises using 3 intensities and to compare these muscle activities with isometric contractions during quadruped shoulder flexion and external rotation and abduction of the glenohumeral joint.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Health Science Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 16 uninjured, healthy, active, male college students (age = 19.5 ± 1.2 years, height = 173.1 ± 6.5 cm, weight = 68.8 ± 6.6 kg).

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Mean electromyographic activity normalized by the maximal voluntary isometric contraction was analyzed across 3 intensities and 5 exercises. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for electromyographic activity of the 4 muscles in each free-motion exercise.

Results:
Significant interactions in electromyographic activity were observed between intensities and exercises (P &lt; .05). The quadruped shoulder-flexion exercise activated all 4 muscles compared with other exercises. Also, the modified robbery free-motion exercise activated the serratus anterior, lower trapezius, and infraspinatus compared with the lawn-mower free-motion exercise. However, neither exercise showed a difference in posterior deltoid electromyographic activity.

Conclusions:
Three intensities exposed the nature of the periscapular muscle activities across the different exercises. The free-motion exercise in periscapular muscle rehabilitation may not modify serratus anterior, lower trapezius, and infraspinatus muscle activities unless knee-joint extension is limited.
Synthesis and Chelation Properties of a New Polymeric Ligand Derived from 1-Amino-2-Naphthol-4-Sulfonic Acid
Authors: Manivannan Dhanasekaran , Biju Valsala Madhavan Nair 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A novel chelating resin for preconcentration of heavy metals from various seawater samples has been developed by condensing 1-amino-2-hydroxy-7-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl] naphthalene-4-sulfonic acid (AHDNS) with formaldehyde (1:2 mole ratio) in the presence of oxalic acid as the catalyst. The resin thus obtained was used as a solid sorbent for the separationof divalent metal ions present attrace levels in seawater. The functionalized phenol (AHDNS) was characterized by spectral studies. The polymeric resin AHDNS-formaldehyde (AHDNS-F) obtained by condensing thefunctionalized phenol and formaldehyde was characterized by IR and NMR spectral studies. The chelating property of the AHDNS-F resin towards divalent metal ions was studied as a function of pH and in the presence of electrolyte. The metal uptake properties of the resin were determined by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This procedure was validated for recovery of divalent metal ions from seawater samples. The recoveries of cadmium, cobalt, copper, manganese, lead, and zinc were above 92% under the optimum preconcentration conditions. The LOD was &lt;0.73 μg/L and the RSDs were &lt;2%. Thus, the AHDNS-F resin can be widely used as a solid sorbent for the preconcentration of trace metals at ppm levelsin seawater samples.
Determination of Arsenic, Chromium, Lead, Manganese, and Mercury in Certifiable Color Additives by Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Hepp Nancy Morris 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Specifications in the Code of Federal Regulationslimit the levels of As, Pb, and Hg in most certifiable color additives, and some have additional specification limits for Cr and Mn. A new ICP/MS method wasdeveloped and validated for the quantitative determination of these elements in various certifiable color additives. One dissolution and two microwave-assisted digestion sample preparation procedures were optimized to address initial low Hg and enhanced As recoveries. Results using the three sample preparation procedures were generally equivalent for all of the elements determined. LOQ values were 0.3 mg/kg for As, 0.7 mg/kg for Cr, 0.4 mg/kg for Pb, 0.7 mg/kg forMn, and 0.1 mg/kg for Hg.
Real‐time eruption forecasting using the material Failure Forecast Method with a Bayesian approach
Authors: Boué A. , Lesage P. , Cortés G. , Valette B. , Reyes‐Dávila G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMany attempts for deterministic forecasting of eruptions and landslides have been performed using the material Failure Forecast Method (FFM). This method consists in adjusting an empirical power law on precursory patterns of seismicity or deformation. Until now, most of the studies have presented hindsight forecasts based on complete time series of precursors and do not evaluate the ability of the method for carrying out real‐time forecasting with partial precursory sequences. In this study, we present a rigorous approach of the FFM designed for real‐time applications on volcano‐seismic precursors. We use a Bayesian approach based on the FFM theory and an automatic classification of seismic events. The probability distributions of the data deduced from the performance of this classification are used as input. As output, it provides the probability of the forecast time at each observation time before the eruption. The spread of the a posteriori probability density function of the prediction time and its stability with respect to the observation time are used as criteria to evaluate the reliability of the forecast. We test the method on precursory accelerations of long‐period seismicity prior to vulcanian explosions at Volcán de Colima (Mexico). For explosions preceded by a single phase of seismic acceleration, we obtain accurate and reliable forecasts using approximately 80% of the whole precursory sequence. It is, however, more difficult to apply the method to multiple acceleration patterns.
Systemic mastocytosis in adults: 2015 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management
Authors: Pardanani Animesh 
Published: February 2015

Disease overview: Systemic mastocytosis (SM) results from a clonal proliferation of abnormal mast cells (MC) in one or more extracutaneous organs.Diagnosis: The major criterion is presence of multifocal clusters of morphologically abnormal MC in the bone marrow. Minor diagnostic criteria include elevated serum tryptase level, abnormal MC expression of CD25 and/or CD2, and presence of KITD816V.Risk stratification: The 2008 World Health Organization classification of SM has been shown to be prognostically relevant. Classification of SM patients into indolent SM (ISM), aggressive SM (ASM), SM associated with a clonal non‐MC lineage disease (SM‐AHNMD), and mast cell leukemia (MCL) subgroups is a useful first step in establishing prognosis.Management: SM treatment is generally palliative. ISM patients have a normal life expectancy and receive symptom‐directed therapy; infrequently, cytoreductive therapy may be indicated for refractory symptoms. ASM patients have disease‐related organ dysfunction; interferon‐α (+/−corticosteroids) can control dermatological, hematological, gastrointestinal, skeletal, and mediator‐release symptoms, but is hampered by poor tolerability. Similarly, cladribine has broad therapeutic activity, with particular utility when rapid MC debulking is indicated; the main toxicity is myelosuppression. Imatinib has a therapeutic role in the presence of an imatinib‐sensitive KIT mutation or in KITD816‐unmutated patients. Treatment of SM‐AHNMD is governed primarily by the non‐MC neoplasm; hydroxyurea has modest utility in this setting; there is a role for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in select cases.Investigational Drugs: Recent data confirms midostaurin's significant anti‐MC activity in patients with advanced SM. Am. J. Hematol. 90:251–262, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Alkylation of Polyfluoroarenes through Direct CH Bond Functionalization
Authors: Xu Shuai , Wu Guojiao , Ye Fei , Wang Xi , Li Huan , Zhao Xia , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe copper(I)‐catalyzed alkylation of electron‐deficient polyfluoroarenes with N‐tosylhydrazones and diazo compounds has been developed. This reaction uses readily available starting materials and is operationally simple, thus representing a practical method for the construction of C(sp2)C(sp3) bonds with polyfluoroarenes through direct CH bond functionalization. Mechanistically, copper(I) carbene formation and subsequent migratory insertion are proposed as the key steps in the reaction pathway.
High‐Affinity Anion Binding by Steroidal Squaramide Receptors
Authors: Edwards Sophie J. , Valkenier Hennie , Busschaert Nathalie , Gale Philip A. , Davis Anthony P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractExceptionally powerful anion receptors have been constructed by placing squaramide groups in axial positions on a steroidal framework. The steroid preorganizes the squaramide NH groups such that they can act cooperatively on a bound anion, while maintaining solubility in nonpolar media. The acidic NH groups confer higher affinities than previously‐used ureas or thioureas. Binding constants exceeding 1014 M−1 have been measured for tetraethylammonium salts in chloroform by employing a variation of Cram’s extraction procedure. The receptors have also been studied as transmembrane anion carriers in unilamellar vesicles. Unusually their activities do not correlate with anion affinities, thus suggesting an upper limit for binding strength in the design of anion carriers.
From an Electron‐Rich Bis(boraketenimine) to an Electron‐Poor Diborene
Authors: Böhnke Julian , Braunschweig Holger , Dellermann Theresa , Ewing William C. , Kramer Thomas , Krummenacher Ivo , Vargas Alfredo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe reaction of the bisboracumulene (CAAC)2B2 (CAAC=1‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐3,3,5,5‐tetramethylpyrrolidin‐2‐ylidene) with excess tert‐butylisocyanide resulted in complexation of the isocyanide at boron. Though this compound might be formally drawn with a lone pair on boron, these electrons are highly delocalized throughout a conjugated π‐network consisting of the π‐acidic CAAC and isocyanide ligands. Heating this compound to 110 °C liberated the organic periphery of both isocyanide ligands, yielding the first example of a dicyanodiborene. Cyclic voltammetry conducted on this diborene indicated the presence of reduction waves, making this compound unique among diborenes, which are otherwise highly reducing.
Virtual Reconstruction of Modern and Fossil Hominoid Crania: Consequences of Reference Sample Choice
Authors: Senck Sascha , Bookstein Fred L. , Benazzi Stefano , Kastner Johann , Weber Gerhard W. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTMost hominin cranial fossils are incomplete and require reconstruction prior to subsequent analyses. Missing data can be estimated by geometric morphometrics using information from complete specimens, for example, by using thin‐plate splines. In this study, we estimate missing data in several virtually fragmented models of hominoid crania (Homo, Pan, Pongo) and fossil hominins (e.g., Australopithecus africanus, Homo heidelbergensis). The aim is to investigate in which way different references influence estimations of cranial shape and how this information can be employed in the reconstruction of fossils. We used a sample of 64 three‐dimensional digital models of complete human, chimpanzee, and orangutan crania and a set of 758 landmarks and semilandmarks. The virtually knocked out neurocranial and facial areas that were reconstructed corresponded to those of a real case found in A.L. 444‐2 (A. afarensis) cranium. Accuracy of multiple intraspecies and interspecies reconstructions was computed as the maximum square root of the mean squared difference between the original and the reconstruction (root mean square). The results show that the uncertainty in reconstructions is a function of both the geometry of the knockout area and the dissimilarity between the reference sample and the specimen(s) undergoing reconstruction. We suggest that it is possible to estimate large missing cranial areas if the shape of the reference is similar enough to the shape of the specimen reconstructed, though caution must be exercised when employing these reconstructions in subsequent analyses. We provide a potential guide for the choice of the reference by means of bending energy. Anat Rec, 298:827–841, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ru‐Catalysed CH Arylation of Indoles and Pyrroles with Boronic Acids: Scope and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Sollert Carina , Devaraj Karthik , Orthaber Andreas , Gates Paul J. , Pilarski Lukasz T. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Ru‐catalysed C2H arylation of indoles and pyrroles by using boronic acids under oxidative conditions is reported. This reaction can be applied to tryptophan derivatives and tolerates a wide range of functional groups on both coupling partners, including bromides and iodides, which can be further derivatised selectively. New indole‐based ruthenacyclic complexes are described and investigated as possible intermediates in the reaction. Mechanistic studies suggest the on‐cycle intermediates do not possess a para‐cymene ligand and that the on‐cycle metalation occurs through an electrophilic attack by the Ru centre.
Sex and ethnic‐origin specific BMI cut points improve prediction of 40‐year mortality: the Israel GOH study
Authors: Dankner Rachel , Shanik Michael , Roth Jesse , Luski Ayala , Lubin Flora , Chetrit Angela 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundAlthough obesity has been associated with a higher risk for premature death, the sex and ethnic‐origin specific body mass index (BMI) levels that are associated with increased mortality are controversial. We investigated the 40‐year cumulative all‐cause mortality, in relation to the BMI in adult life, among men and women originating from Yemen, Europe/America, Middle East and North Africa, using sex and ethnic‐origin specific BMI cut points.MethodsA random stratified cohort (n = 5710) was sampled from the central population registry and followed since 1969 for vital status. Weight, height and blood pressure were measured, and smoking status was recorded at baseline. BMI was analysed according to conventional categories and according to sex and ethnic‐origin specific quintiles.ResultsElevated and significant mortality hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.21 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.45] for women and 1.22 (95%CI 1.03–1.44) for men were found for the highest origin‐specific BMI quintile. In men, the lowest ethnic‐origin specific quintile was also significantly associated with increased mortality (HR of 1.22 95% CI 1.03–1.45), adjusting for age, smoking and blood pressure. Obesity was associated with mortality in non‐smokers (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.04–1.61 in men and HR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.19–1.79 in women), whereas leanness was associated with mortality only among smoking men (HR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.09–1.77).ConclusionRefinement of BMI categories using country of origin specific quintiles demonstrated significantly increased mortality in the upper quintile in both sexes, while according to the conventional values this association did not prevail in men. We propose the establishment of sex and origin‐specific BMI categories when setting goals for disease prevention. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cultivar discrimination of Spanish olives by using direct FTIR data combined with linear discriminant analysis
Authors: Vergara‐Barberán María , Lerma‐García María Jesús , Herrero‐Martínez José Manuel , Simó‐Alfonso Ernesto Francisco 
Published: February 2015

Attenuated total reflection Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of spectral data, was used to discriminate olive fruits according to their cultivar. For this purpose, the spectral data of 136 olives coming from 17 cultivars, collected at different Spanish locations, were recorded. Up to 24 frequency regions were selected on the spectra, which corresponded to a peak or shoulder. The normalized absorbance peak areas within these regions were used as predictors. Although a good resolution was achieved among all categories, a second LDA model was also constructed to improve cultivar discrimination. With both models, evaluation set samples were correctly classified with assignment probabilities higher than 95%. Thus, it is demonstrated that FTIR followed by LDA of the spectral data presents a high potential to discriminate olives from a high number of different cultivars.Practical applications: Since virgin olive oil (VOO) quality can be affected by different parameters, such as the varietal and geographic origin, among others, the production of good‐quality VOOs should start with raw materials that possess well‐defined quality standards. Thus, it is necessary to develop analytical methods able to control raw material quality, and also to control its origin since olive oil producers have to include in their manufactured products both the genetic variety (monovarietal oils) and the geographical origin of the olives. In this work, a simple and quick ATR‐FTIR method, capable of predicting the cultivar of several olive samples, after spectral data treatment with LDA, has been developed. With the proposed method, it could be possible to establish in a reliable way to perform cultivar prediction of unknown raw materials arising from VOO samples.ATR‐FTIR data of Spanish olives were used to predict the olive cultivar using LDA.
Intended and unintended (sensory‐)motor coupling between the affected and unaffected upper limb in complex regional pain syndrome
Authors: Bank P.J.M. , Peper C.E. , Marinus J. , van Hilten J.J. , Beek P.J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundMotor dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) has been associated with bilateral malfunction of sensory and motor circuits, which hints at abnormal coupling between the affected and the contralateral unaffected limb. In addition, clinical observations suggest that motor performance may depend on the (voluntary or automatic) context in which movements are executed. The present study aimed to examine the role of voluntary and automatic aspects of interlimb coupling in CRPS.MethodsTwenty patients with unilateral chronic CRPS and 40 healthy controls performed a set of unimanual and bimanual motor tasks that differed in the degree to which intended bilateral planning, intended afference‐based error correction and unintended reflex‐like entrainment were involved.ResultsStability of interlimb coordination was reduced in CRPS patients compared to controls, especially for tasks involving active control of the affected side. In CRPS patients, intended coupling between the hands (planning, error correction) was markedly impaired, whereas unintended coupling between the hands (entrainment) appeared normal.ConclusionsImpaired motor control of the affected limb interfered with bimanual coordination, in particular for tasks involving voluntary (intended) as opposed to automatic (unintended) interlimb coupling. Our findings suggest inappropriate functioning of higher order centres involved in motor control of the affected limb, probably due to pain‐related processes and impaired processing of proprioceptive information. Motor function of the affected limb may benefit from intended synchronization with movements of the unaffected contralateral limb, suggesting that bilateral training may be useful in patients with unilateral CRPS.
The effect of self‐regulated caffeine use on cognition in young adults
Authors: Harvanko Arit M. , Derbyshire Katherine L. , Schreiber Liana R. N. , Grant Jon E. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveBased on previous observational studies that have suggested self‐regulated caffeine use by older adults may enhance reaction time performance and vigilance on cognitive tasks, the current study sought to examine whether this effect held true for young adults as well.MethodsOne hundred and four young adults from two major metropolitan areas, ages 18–29 years, not meeting the criteria for a current psychiatric disorder, completed several cognitive tasks related to decision‐making (Cambridge Gamble Task), response inhibition and reaction time (stop‐signal task), and vigilance and reaction time (Rapid Visual Information Processing). Caffeine usage was self‐reported using a reliable quantity and frequency questionnaire.ResultsSelf‐reported caffeine usage was not significantly associated with any of the cognitive measures used in this study after controlling for age, gender, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, cannabis use, and gambling frequency.ConclusionsThese data suggest that self‐regulated caffeine usage may not have a significant impact on reaction time, vigilance, response inhibition, or decision‐making in young adults, or that these effects are contingent upon other variables not accounted for in the current study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REVIEWS
Authors: Elkin A. P. 
Published: February 2015

American Museum Sourcebooks in Anthropology. The Natural History Press, New York.Gods and Rituals: Readings in Religious Belief and Practices. Edited by John Middleton, 1967. Pp. 1–468. Price $US6.95.Beyond the Frontier: Social Process and Cultural Change. Edited by Paul Bohannan and Fred Plog, 1967. Pp. 1–413. Price $US6.95.Myth and Cosmos: Readings in Mythology and Symbolism. Edited by John Middleton, 1967. Pp. 1–368. Price $US6.95.
REVIEW
Authors: Norton Robert 
Published: February 2015

Ratu Sukuna: Soldier, Statesman, Man of Two Worlds. By Deryck Scarr. Suva: MacMillan Education Ltd. 1980. P. x + 220. Price: $F10.Fiji: The Three‐Legged Stool — Selected Writings of Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna. Edited by Deryck Scarr. Suva: MacMillan. 1980. Pp. xvi +528. Price: $F15.