bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of MTA/blood mixture to induce hard tissue healing in a root fractured maxillary central incisor. Case report and treatment considerations
Authors: Chaniotis A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo report the use of MTA/blood mixture for the induction of hard tissue healing of multiple horizontal root fractures in a maxillary incisor.SummaryAn 18‐year‐old male patient was referred after suffering trauma to the anterior maxilla. Radiographic evaluation revealed multiple horizontal fractures in the middle and cervical third of his maxillary right central incisor. Clinical evaluation revealed third grade mobility of the coronal segment. The patient's accompanying radiographs revealed that root canal treatment of all segments had been previously initiated and both segments had been rendered pulpless. The coronal segment was repositioned and stabilized. A bi‐antibiotic mixture, containing equal parts of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole, was used for the disinfection of the root canal segments. A blood clot was induced from the periapical area and MTA powder was mixed with the blood creating a bioceramic mixture covering all the fractures. Thick MTA was placed as a coronal barrier and the tooth was restored. Recall examination after 24 months revealed healing of the horizontal fractures. The MTA mixed with the blood lost its radio‐opacity over time. Tooth mobility returned to normal limits.Key learning points

A low range of 5–25% of all horizontally root fractured cases develop pulp necrosis, confined in the coronal segment, leaving the apical segment with vital tissue.

In the unfortunate situation that the pulp of both segments becomes necrotic or the entire pulp tissue is removed, the use of MTA/blood mixture may be beneficial for the induction of hard tissue healing.

MTA when mixed with blood seems to lose its radio‐opacity over time.
Early hyperglycaemia and the early‐term death in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Tan X. , He J. , Li L. , Yang G. , Liu H. , Tang S. , Wang Y. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackground and AimsStroke is often accompanied by hyperglycaemia, and this has an important impact on prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between early hyperglycaemia and the outcome of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH).MethodsA systematic literature search on PubMed, Embase, Cochran, WANFANG DATA, VIP and CNKI databases was conducted, and eight eligible studies were retrieved. Relative risks and 95% confidence interval (CI) in the hyperglycaemia group compared with the non‐hyperglycaemia group were calculated and meta‐analysed when possible.ResultsEight controlled trials and cohort studies totalling 3756 patients addressing early hyperglycaemia and the outcome of sICH were compiled for this meta‐analysis. Cut‐off points for defining hyperglycaemia was 6.1–8.3 mmol/L, and the median cut‐off value was 7.5 mmol/L. Studies were assigned to one of the two subgroups: the group A (for studies with the values of glucose concentrations above the median cut‐off) and the group B (for studies with the values of glucose concentrations below the median cut‐off). The RR for short‐term death associated with hyperglycaemia was 3.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) (3.08, 4.33); P < 0.0001). In the subgroup analysis, the relative risk values were 3.46 (95% CI (1.66, 7.20); P = 0.0009) and 3.53 (95% CI (2.92, 4.26); P < 0.00001) for the groups A and B respectively. The publication bias showed that Egger's test (P > 0.1), Begg's test (P > 0.05) and Nfs0.05 exceeded included studies.ConclusionsEarly hyperglycaemia can significantly increase the rate of early‐term death in patients with sICH, independent of the cut‐off points for hyperglycaemia.
Using periodic point‐prevalence surveys to assess appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing in Australian private hospitals
Authors: Cotta M. O. , Robertson M. S. , Upjohn L. M. , Marshall C. , Liew D. , Buising K. L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackground and AimsAppropriateness of antimicrobial use is a measure of key importance in evaluating safety and quality of prescribing but has been difficult to define and assess on a wide scale. Published work is limited and has generally focused on tertiary public hospitals, whereas the private sector provides a significant proportion of care in many countries. Information on prescribing in the private hospital context is needed to identify where intervention might be required. An antimicrobial prescribing survey tool was utilised to assess the appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing among large private hospitals in Australia.Methods‘Appropriateness’ of antimicrobial therapy was evaluated by a team consisting of an infectious diseases physician and specialist infectious diseases pharmacist based on clear criteria.ResultsThirteen hospital‐wide point‐prevalence surveys were conducted. Three thousand, four hundred and seventy‐two inpatient medication charts were reviewed to identify 1125 (32.4%) inpatients on 1444 antimicrobials. An indication was documented in 911 (63.1%) of surveyed prescriptions, and overall, 757 (52.4%) of antimicrobials were assessed as appropriate. Antimicrobials prescribed for treatment had a higher proportion of appropriateness when compared with antimicrobials prescribed for surgical prophylaxis (80.4% vs 40.6%). The main reason for a treatment prescription to be considered inappropriate was incorrect selection, while prolonged duration (>24 h) was the main reason for inappropriate surgical prophylaxis prescriptions.ConclusionsThis study provides important data on antimicrobial prescribing patterns in Australian private hospitals. Results can be used to target areas for improvement, with documentation of indication and surgical antibiotic prophylaxis requiring initial attention.
Employment choice and mobility in multi‐sector labour markets: Theoretical model and evidence from Ghana
Authors: TAIWO Olumide 
Published: December 2013

AbstractUsing detailed household survey data on male workers in Ghana, the author tests a theoretical model incorporating capital market failure and labour market segmentation into sectors of (largely formal) wage employment and (largely informal) self‐employment and family enterprise employment, in which credit‐constrained individuals draw self‐employment capital from family assets. The data show very low rates of mobility across the three sectors, the highest mobility being observed among family enterprise workers, and the lowest, among the self‐employed. The findings show no robust evidence that wage earnings ease liquidity constraints, while suggesting that both liquidity and skill transferability constraints are important for mobility.
Extending social security coverage to self‐employed workers in Brazil
Authors: NAGAMINE COSTANZI Rogério , DUARTE BARBOSA Edvaldo , DA SILVA BICHARA Julimar 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSelf‐employed workers in Brazil are to a large extent excluded from the national social security system. This article describes two programmes introduced in the 2000s that have achieved good results in terms of the “formalization” and protection of these workers. The programmes offer microentrepreneurs and self‐employed workers simplified administrative procedures, commercial benefits (ability to take out bank loans and issue invoices) and levels of social security contributions adapted to their incomes. The data provided by the authors illustrate the effectiveness of the programmes, which could also be implemented in other countries.
Chronic unexplained orchialgia: a concept analysis
Authors: Quallich Susanne A. , Arslanian‐Engoren Cynthia 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimsTo conduct an analysis of the concept of chronic unexplained orchialgia.BackgroundChronic unexplained orchialgia is a concept unique to men's health; however, clarity is lacking regarding the precise meaning of the key attributes of this important concept.DesignWalker and Avant's framework was used to guide this concept analysis.Data sourcesLiterature sources included bibliographic databases.Review methodsLiterature published in English from January 1970 to December 31, 2012 was reviewed. Thematic analysis identified critical attributes, antecedents and consequences of the concept.ResultsBased on the analysis, a contemporary definition for chronic unexplained orchialgia is proposed, rooted in the concept of chronic pain. This definition is based on the concept analysis and the defining attributes that were identified in the literature. Chronic unexplained orchialgia is a subjective negative experience of adult men, perceived as intermittent or continuous pain of variable intensity, present at least three months, localizing to the testis(es) in the absence of objective organic findings and that interferes with quality of life.ConclusionThis analysis provides a precise definition for chronic unexplained orchialgia and distinguishes it from other similar terms. This concept analysis provides conceptual clarity that can guide understanding and development of a conceptual framework, middle range theory, or situation‐specific theory. Further exploration of this concept is recommended to uncover the influence of social, sexual and cultural factors.
How women caregivers deal with their own long‐term illness: a qualitative study
Authors: Martinez‐Marcos Mercedes , De la Cuesta‐Benjumea Carmen 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo explore the strategies used by women caregivers to deal with their own chronic health conditions.BackgroundProviding care has a negative impact on the physical and mental health of caregivers. When caregivers suffer chronic health problems, it increases the burden of caring, making them more vulnerable and less likely to look after their own health.DesignQualitative study carried out between April 2010–December 2011.MethodThirty‐nine women with long‐term illness who care for dependent family members took part in the study, 23 in semi‐structured interviews and 16 in two focus groups. The data were analysed using the grounded theory method.FindingsWomen caregivers feel that they cannot let their own chronic health problems prevent them from caring for others. Dealing with their health problems enables them to provide the time and effort their family member requires. They do this by: (1) normalizing their chronic conditions; (2) neutralizing the effects of their long‐term illness; and (3) forgetting that they are chronic sufferers.ConclusionsThis study analyses the strategies that family caregivers use to deal with their own chronic health problems, so that they can continue to provide family care. It shows that, to forget about their own illnesses, these women must take charge of them. Nurses need to recognize and value the strategies that caregivers use to deal with their own health problems. They also need to encourage them to use the most effective strategies, to improve their quality of life.
Gymnodinium smaydae n. sp., a New Planktonic Phototrophic Dinoflagellate from the Coastal Waters of Western Korea: Morphology and Molecular Characterization
Authors: Kang Nam Seon , Jeong Hae Jin , Moestrup Øjvind , Lee Sung Yeon , Lim An Suk , Jang Tae Young , Lee Kyung Ha , Lee Moo Joon , Jang Se Hyeon , Potvin Eric , Lee Sook Kyung , Noh Jae Hoon 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe marine phototrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium smaydae n. sp. is described from cells prepared for light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Also, sequences of the small (SSU) and large subunits (LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2) of ribosomal DNA were analyzed. This newly isolated dinoflagellate possessed nuclear chambers, nuclear fibrous connective, an apical groove running in a counterclockwise direction around the apex, and a major accessory pigment peridinin, which are four key features for the genus Gymnodinium. The epicone was conical with a round apex, while the hypocone was ellipsoid. Cells growing photosynthetically were 6.3–10.9 μm long and 5.1–10.0 μm wide, and therefore smaller than any other Gymnodinium species so far reported except Gymnodinium nanum. Cells were covered with polygonal amphiesmal vesicles arranged in 11 horizontal rows, and the vesicles were smaller than those of the other Gymnodinium species. This dinoflagellate had a sharp and elongated ventral ridge reaching half way down the hypocone, unlike other Gymnodinium species. Moreover, displacement of the cingulum was 0.4–0.6 × cell length while in other known Gymnodinium species it is less than 0.3 × cell length. In addition, the new species possessed a peduncle, permanent chloroplasts, pyrenoids, trichocysts, pusule systems, and small knobs along the apical furrow, but it lacked an eyespot, nematocysts, and body scales. The sequence of the SSU, ITS1–5.8S–ITS2, and LSU rDNA region differed by 1.5–3.8%, 6.0–17.4%, and 9.1–17.5%, respectively, from those of the most closely related species. The phylogenetic trees demonstrated that the new species belonged to the Gymnodinium clade at the base of a clade consisting of Gymnodinium acidotum, Gymnodinium dorsalisulcum, Gymnodinium eucyaneum, etc. Based on morphological and molecular data, we suggest that the taxon represents a new species, Gymnodinium smaydae n. sp.
Sequence Diversity of the Nucleoprotein Gene of Peanut bud necrosis virus Isolates from South India
Authors: Yeturu Sivaprasad , Bhaskara Reddy Bommu Veera , Asadhi Sujitha , Sai Gopal Divi Venkata Ramana 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPeanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV), genus Tospovirus (family Bunyaviridae), is an important virus infecting peanut and other crops in South India. PBNV isolates naturally infecting groundnut, brinjal, tomato, black gram, field bean, cowpea, cotton, jute, taro and Calotropis plants were collected from different regions of South India and characterized. Infection was confirmed by direct antigen‐coating enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (DAC‐ELISA) using PBNV‐specific antiserum. The coat protein gene was further amplified using PBNV coat protein‐specific primers. The amplicon (830 bp) was cloned and sequenced; sequence analysis revealed that the N gene shared 93–100% and 95–100% sequence identity with PBNV at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively.
Relations between daytime pre‐ejection period reactivity and sleep in late childhood
Authors: Bagley Erika J. , El‐Sheikh Mona 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe sympathetic nervous system and children's sleep serve critical arousal regulation functions. Shortened pre‐ejection period, a reliable indirect index of greater sympathetic nervous system activity, has been associated with reduced sleep duration and quality in adults, but limited evidence exists in children regarding associations between pre‐ejection period and sleep. We examined relations between pre‐ejection period reactivity in response to a laboratory‐based stressor and multiple parameters of actigraphy‐based sleep duration and quality in children. The sample included 123 boys and 112 girls [mean age = 11.31 years, standard deviation (SD) = 0.63 years]. Controlling for body mass index, sex and pre‐ejection period baseline, increased sympathetic nervous system reactivity, indexed by a lower level of pre‐ejection period during the challenge than the baseline, was associated with worse sleep quality indicated by lower sleep efficiency, greater sleep activity and greater long wake episodes. The findings add to a small literature on relations between sympathetic nervous system functioning and children's sleep, suggesting that poor sleep quality is related to dysregulation of this stress response system.
Establishment of Fracturability Standard Reference Scale by Instrumental and Sensory Analysis of Chinese Food
Authors: Duan Huiling , Gu Shuqin , Zhao Lei , Lu Daxin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTwenty kinds of fracturable food were tested using instrumental measurement, and the result was analyzed with cluster analysis. Seven kinds of food were selected by coefficient of variation and were estimated by magnitude estimation. The result indicates that the correlation coefficient between estimated sensory value and instrument measured value is significant (R2=0.9248), which fits well with the Stevens' power law. The selected references of food fracturability were accurate, effective and traceable. The research could provide reliable theoretical basis for the determination of sensory evaluation references as well as instrumental measurement.Practical ApplicationsThis study was to establish the fracturability reference scale by choosing Chinese well‐known foods according to Szczesniak's studies and Chinese characteristics. The research provides reliable theoretical basis and practical reference for quantitative study on food texture sensory parameters, and is a basis for further development of Chinese food texture research. Research will benefit textural studies through an improvement of consistent textural definitions and development of standard scales and evaluation techniques.
Pharmacokinetics and ex‐vivo pharmacodynamics of cefquinome against Klebsiella pneumonia in healthy dogs
Authors: Zhang B. , Gu X. , Li X. , Gu M. , Zhang N. , Shen X. , Li Y. , Ding H. 
Published: December 2013

A two‐period cross‐over study was carried to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and ex‐vivo pharmacodynamics (PD) of cefquinome when administrated intravenously (IV) and intramuscularly (IM) in seven healthy dogs at a dose of 2 mg/kg of body weight. Serum concentrations were determined by HPLC‐MS/MS assay and cefquinome concentration vs. time data after IV and IM were best fit to a two‐compartment open model. Cefquinome mean values of area under concentration–time curve (AUC) were 5.15 μg·h/mL for IV dose and 4.59 μg·h/mL for IM dose. Distribution half‐lives and elimination half‐lives after IV dose and IM dose were 0.27 and 0.44 h, 1.53 and 1.94 h, respectively. Values of total body clearance (ClB) and volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vss) were 0.49 L·kg/h and 0.81 L/kg, respectively. After IM dose, Cmax was 2.53 μg/mL and the bioavailability was 89.13%. For PD profile, the determined MIC and MBC values against K. pneumonia were 0.030 and 0.060 μg/mL in MHB and 0.032 and 0.064 μg/mL in serum. The ex vivo time‐kill curves also were established in serum. In conjunction with the data on MIC, MBC values and the ex vivo bactericidal activity in serum, the present results allowed prediction that a single cefquinome dosage of 2 mg/kg may be effective in dogs against K. pneumonia infection.
Middle Devonian liverwort herbivory and antiherbivore defence
Authors: Labandeira Conrad C. , Tremblay Susan L. , Bartowski Kenneth E. , VanAller Hernick Linda 
Published: December 2013

Summary

To test the extent of herbivory in early terrestrial ecosystems, we examined compression–impression specimens of the late Middle Devonian liverwort Metzgeriothallus sharonae, from the Catskill Delta deposit of eastern New York state.

Shale fragments of field‐collected specimens were processed by applying liquid nitrocellulose on exposed surfaces. After drying, the film coatings were lifted off and mounted on microscope slides for photography. Unprocessed fragments were photographed under cedarwood oil for enhanced contrast.

An extensive repertoire of arthropodan‐mediated herbivory was documented, representing three functional feeding groups and nine subordinate plant–arthropod damage types (DTs). The herbivory is the earliest occurrence of external foliage‐feeding and galling in the terrestrial fossil record. Our evidence indicates that thallus oil body cells, similar to the terpenoid‐containing oil bodies of modern liverworts, were probably involved in the chemical defence of M. sharonae against arthropod herbivores.

Based on damage patterns of terrestrial plants and an accompanying but sparse body‐fossil record, Devonian arthropodan herbivores were significantly smaller compared to those of the later Palaeozoic. These data collectively suggest that a broad spectrum herbivory may have had a more important role in early terrestrial ecosystems than previously thought.
Drivers of leaf‐out phenology and their implications for species invasions: insights from Thoreau's Concord
Authors: Polgar Caroline , Gallinat Amanda , Primack Richard B. 
Published: December 2013

Summary

To elucidate climate‐driven changes in leaf‐out phenology and their implications for species invasions, we observed and experimentally manipulated leaf out of invasive and native woody plants in Concord, MA, USA.

Using observations collected by Henry David Thoreau (1852–1860) and our own observations (2009–2013), we analyzed changes in leaf‐out timing and sensitivity to temperature for 43 woody plant species. We experimentally tested winter chilling requirements of 50 species by exposing cut branches to warm indoor temperatures (22°C) during the winter and spring of 2013.

Woody species are now leafing out an average of 18 d earlier than they did in the 1850s, and are advancing at a rate of 5 ± 1 d °C−1. Functional groups differ significantly in the duration of chilling they require to leaf out: invasive shrubs generally have weaker chilling requirements than native shrubs and leaf out faster in the laboratory and earlier in the field; native trees have the strongest chilling requirements.

Our results suggest that invasive shrub species will continue to have a competitive advantage as the climate warms, because native plants are slower to respond to warming spring temperatures and, in the future, may not meet their chilling requirements.
Interfamilial recombination between viruses led to acquisition of a novel translation‐enhancing RNA element that allows resistance breaking
Authors: Miras Manuel , Sempere Raquel N. , Kraft Jelena J. , Miller W. Allen , Aranda Miguel A. , Truniger Veronica 
Published: December 2013

Summary

Many plant viruses depend on functional RNA elements, called 3′‐UTR cap‐independent translation enhancers (3′‐CITEs), for translation of their RNAs. In this manuscript we provide direct proof for the existing hypothesis that 3′‐CITEs are modular and transferable by recombination in nature, and that this is associated with an advantage for the created virus.

By characterizing a newly identified Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV; Tombusviridae) isolate, which is able to overcome eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)‐mediated resistance, we found that it contains a 55 nucleotide insertion in its 3′‐UTR. We provide strong evidence that this insertion was acquired by interfamilial recombination with the 3′‐UTR of an Asiatic Cucurbit aphid‐borne yellows virus (CABYV; Luteoviridae).

By constructing chimeric viruses, we showed that this recombined sequence is responsible for resistance breaking. Analysis of the translational efficiency of reporter constructs showed that this sequence functions as a novel 3′‐CITE in both resistant and susceptible plants, being essential for translation control in resistant plants.

In conclusion, we showed that a recombination event between two clearly identified viruses from different families led to the transfer of exactly the sequence corresponding to a functional RNA element, giving rise to a new isolate with the capacity to infect an otherwise nonsusceptible host.
Unusual presentation of postdural puncture headache requiring repeat epidural blood patch in a 4‐year‐old child
Authors: Borges Bruno C. R. , Wong Gail , Isaac Lisa , Hayes Jason 
Published: December 2013

SummaryWe present the case of a 4‐year‐old child who required two epidural blood patches (EBPs) to treat a delayed onset postdural puncture headache (PDPH) caused by lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drain. The first EBP was unsuccessful with 0.41 ml·kg−1 of blood injected. A second EBP with 0.76 ml·kg−1 of blood was performed 2 days later with the complete resolution of symptoms. The volume of blood necessary for effective treatment for symptomatic cerebrospinal fluid leaks in children remains controversial, and a repeat EBP may be required for resolution of symptoms.