bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Afrikas Genome
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDie Erforschung menschlicher Genome hat lange den afrikanischen Kontinent vernachlässigt. Dabei gibt es gute Gründe, sich mit den dortigen Genomen zu beschäftigen. Sie sind vielfältiger als die anderer Kontinente und zeigen einige Besonderheiten, die der medizinischen Forschung Erkenntnisse liefern.
Von Automation bis Umweltschutz
Authors: Romund Stefanie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDie Achema 2015, die 31. internationale Messe der Prozessindustrie, findet Mitte Juni in Frankfurt am Main statt. Neben den Ausstellern kann der Besucher an den Praxisforen, Kongressen, Diskussionen, Werksbesichtigungen und weiteren Veranstaltungen teilnehmen. Diesjährige Schwerpunkte sind Bioökonomie, Prozessanalytik und industrielles Wassermanagement.
Association rule mining in the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)
Authors: Wei Lai , Scott John 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPurposeSpontaneous adverse event reporting systems are critical tools for monitoring the safety of licensed medical products. Commonly used signal detection algorithms identify disproportionate product–adverse event pairs and may not be sensitive to more complex potential signals. We sought to develop a computationally tractable multivariate data‐mining approach to identify product–multiple adverse event associations.MethodsWe describe an application of stepwise association rule mining (Step‐ARM) to detect potential vaccine‐symptom group associations in the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Step‐ARM identifies strong associations between one vaccine and one or more adverse events. To reduce the number of redundant association rules found by Step‐ARM, we also propose a clustering method for the post‐processing of association rules.ResultsIn sample applications to a trivalent intradermal inactivated influenza virus vaccine and to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccine and in simulation studies, we find that Step‐ARM can detect a variety of medically coherent potential vaccine‐symptom group signals efficiently. In the MMRV example, Step‐ARM appears to outperform univariate methods in detecting a known safety signal.ConclusionsOur approach is sensitive to potentially complex signals, which may be particularly important when monitoring novel medical countermeasure products such as pandemic influenza vaccines. The post‐processing clustering algorithm improves the applicability of the approach as a screening method to identify patterns that may merit further investigation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A promising unisource thermal evaporation for in situ fabrication of organolead halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 thin film
Authors: Liang Guang‐Xing , Fan Ping , Luo Jing‐Ting , Gu Di , Zheng Zhuang‐Hao 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this work, a new method of fabricating organolead halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 thin film by unisource thermal evaporation was proposed, which ensured high‐quality film with composition, crystal‐structure homogeneity, full surface coverage, well‐defined grain structure, high crystalline, and reproducibility, suggesting its promising applicability for significant optimization in efficient. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial determinants of Chinese parental HPV vaccination intention for adolescent girls: preventing cervical cancer
Authors: Wang Linda Dong‐Ling , Lam Wendy Wing Tak , Wu Joseph , Fielding Richard 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundIntention is an important precursor of decisions to undergo vaccination. Using an extensively modified theory of planned behaviour, we explored psychosocial determinants of vaccination intention against human papillomavirus (HPV) among Hong Kong Chinese parents.MethodsA random sample of 368 (response rate 54.6%) Chinese parents who had at least one daughter aged 12–17 years, had heard of HPV vaccine before but had not vaccinated daughters against HPV and had completed telephone interviews between February and April 2014. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis examined the additive effect of theoretical constructs. Stepwise multiple regression analysis determined which variables contributed the most to the prediction of vaccination intention.ResultsPrincipal determinants of parental HPV vaccination intention were anticipated worry if not vaccinated (β = 0.23,p = 0.001), anticipated anxiety reduction after HPV vaccination (β = 0.19,p = 0.005), proneness to peer influence (β = 0.17,p = 0.002), private health insurance for children (β = 0.14,p = 0.009), perceiving daughter's susceptibility to cervical cancer (β = 0.17,p = 0.003), number of daughters (β = −0.13,p = 0.011), descriptive norms of HPV vaccination (β = 0.13,p = 0.021), perceiving cervical cancer as behaviour‐preventable disease (β = −0.11,p = 0.031) and anticipated regret if not vaccinated (β = 0.14,p = 0.046). Cervical cancer‐related worry/anxiety explained 32.8% of the variance in parental HPV vaccination intention.ConclusionsResults suggest that cervical cancer‐related worry/anxiety is the most important predictor of parental HPV vaccination intention in Hong Kong Chinese and possibly other populations. Social influences also play an important role affecting parental vaccination intention, particularly peer influence and descriptive norm beliefs. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of future HPV vaccination promotion and cervical cancer prevention programme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of antiviral drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C at an accelerating pace
Authors: De Clercq Erik 
Published: June 2015

SummaryAnno2015, the race for developing the ideal therapy, or what is now called “cure,” for hepatitis C virus infection has continued unabatedly. The targets (NS3/4A protease, NS5A protein, and NS5B polymerase) have remained the same, and the number of compounds [direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs)] interacting with these targets has continued to increase. Whereas pan‐genotypic activity has remained a mandatory requirement, the problem of virus drug resistance has become less crucial. The need for combining DAAs acting at different sites has remained compelling, with the drugs used for combinations emanating from the same pharmaceutical company, that is, Gilead (sofosbuvir and ledipasvir) (Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA) (AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA), AbbVie (ABT/r, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir), and BMS (Bristol‐Myers Squibb), (New York City, NY, USA) (asunaprevir and daclatasvir) among the leading contenders. At stake is the definitive cure of HCV infection [as reflected by a sustained viral response (SVR) after 12 weeks of treatment]. This SVR is expected to reduce cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, two complications inherently linked to HCV infection. Unlike hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus, HCV infection can be definitely and permanently cured by antiviral therapy because HCV has no long‐term reservoir in the body. Peginterferon combined with ribavirin and even the first‐wave protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir now belong to the milestones that had an important, although historical, role in the final conquest of hepatitis C. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multirobot Cooperative Learning for Semiautonomous Control in Urban Search and Rescue Applications
Authors: Liu Yugang , Nejat Goldie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe use of cooperative multirobot teams in urban search and rescue (USAR) environments is a challenging yet promising research area. For multirobot teams working in USAR missions, the objective is to have the rescue robots work effectively together to coordinate task allocation and task execution between different team members in order to minimize the overall exploration time needed to search disaster scenes and to find as many victims as possible. This paper presents the development of a multirobot cooperative learning approach for a hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) based semiautonomous control architecture in order to enable a robot team to learn cooperatively to explore and identify victims in cluttered USAR scenes. The proposed cooperative learning approach allows effective task allocation among the multirobot team and efficient execution of the allocated tasks in order to improve the overall team performance. Human intervention is requested by the robots when it is determined that they cannot effectively execute an allocated task autonomously. Thus, the robot team is able to make cooperative decisions regarding task allocation between different team members (robots and human operators) and to share experiences on execution of the allocated tasks. Extensive results verify the effectiveness of the proposed HRL‐based methodology for multi‐robot cooperative exploration and victim identification in USAR‐like scenes.
Reclaiming Race as a Topic of the U.S. Biology Textbook Curriculum
Authors: DONOVAN BRIAN M. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTEven though human racial difference has been a longstanding topic of the school biology curriculum, there is little evidence that contemporary biology textbooks challenge stereotypical racial beliefs that are based in biological thinking. Rather, the modern biology curriculum may be a place where such beliefs about race are perpetuated unwittingly. Drawing upon a theoretical framework of racial conceptualization based in psychological essentialism, this paper argues that biology textbook curricula ought to directly challenge problematic and unscientific racial beliefs to increase understanding of human genetic variation and decrease racial beliefs associated with prejudice.
Placental magnetic resonance imaging T2* measurements in normal pregnancies and in those complicated by fetal growth restriction
Authors: Sinding M. , Peters D. A. , Frøkjær J. B. , Christiansen O. B. , Petersen A. , Uldbjerg N. , Sørensen A. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) variable transverse relaxation time (T2*) depends on multiple factors, one important one being the presence of deoxyhemoglobin. We aimed to describe placental T2* measurements in normal pregnancies and in those with fetal growth restriction (FGR).MethodsWe included 24 normal pregnancies at 24–40 weeks' gestation and four FGR cases with an estimated fetal weight below the 1st centile. Prior to MRI, an ultrasound examination, including Doppler flow measurements, was performed. The T2* value was calculated using a gradient echo MRI sequence with readout at 16 different echo times. In normal pregnancies, repeat T2* measurements were performed and interobserver reproducibility was assessed in order to estimate the reproducibility of the method. Placental histological examination was performed in the FGR cases.ResultsThe method was robust regarding the technical and interobserver reproducibility. However, some slice‐to‐slice variation existed owing to the heterogeneous nature of the normal placenta. We therefore based T2* estimations on the average of two slices from each placenta. In normal pregnancies, the placental T2* value decreased significantly with increasing gestational age, with mean ± SD values of 120 ± 17 ms at 24 weeks' gestation, 84 ± 16 ms at 32 weeks and 47 ± 17 ms at 40 weeks. Three FGR cases had abnormal Doppler flow, histological signs of maternal hypoperfusion and a reduced T2* value (Z‐score < –3.5). In the fourth FGR case, Doppler flow, placental histology and T2* value (Z‐score, −0.34) were normal.ConclusionsThe established reference values for placental T2* may be clinically useful, as T2* values were significantly lower in FGR cases with histological signs of maternal hypoperfusion. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Placental volume and uterine artery Doppler evaluation at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation in pregnancies conceived with in‐vitro fertilization: comparison between autologous and donor oocyte recipients
Authors: Rizzo G. , Aiello E. , Pietrolucci M. E. , Arduini D. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo compare first‐trimester uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI) and three‐dimensional (3D) placental volume in pregnancies conceived through in‐vitro fertilization (IVF) using autologous or donor oocytes and pregnancies conceived naturally, and to relate these measurements to the development of pre‐eclampsia (PE).MethodsUtA‐PI and placental volume were measured at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation in 416 IVF pregnancies (307 with autologous and 109 with donor oocytes) and in 498 spontaneously conceived pregnancies. We recruited nulliparous women with singleton pregnancy. The measured mean UtA‐PI and placental volume values were converted to multiples of the expected normal median (MoM), adjusted for gestational age. MoM values of IVF pregnancies were compared with MoM values of the naturally conceived pregnancies and related to PE development.ResultsPlacental volume was significantly reduced in IVF pregnancies (K = 169.3; P < 0.0001) compared with natural pregnancies. No difference was found in UtA‐PI MoM between the two groups. Among IVF pregnancies, significantly lower placental volumes were seen in those that received donor oocytes when compared with those with autologous oocytes (z = 3.89; P < 0.001). In IVF pregnancies that developed PE, lower values of placental volume were demonstrated with respect to normotensive pregnancies (donor: U = 6.8; P = 0.009; autologous: U = 5.1; P = 0.023), whereas no difference was found in UtA‐PI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that placental volume (odds ratio (OR), 1.97 (95% CI, 1.33–2.27)) and donor oocytes in IVF pregnancy (OR, 2.24 (95% CI, 1.5–2.83)) were independent predictors of PE, whereas autologous oocytes in IVF pregnancy were not found to be significant in the model.ConclusionsFirst‐trimester placental volume, as assessed by 3D ultrasound, is reduced in IVF pregnancies and this reduction is more marked in those involving donor oocyte recipients. The relative decrease in placental volume in IVF pregnancies that developed PE suggests an etiological mechanism different from uterine perfusion in such patients. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2‐Amino‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)‐thiadiazole as Bidentate Ligand
Authors: Huxel Timo , Demeshko Serhiy , Klingele Julia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe amino substituted bidentate chelating ligand 2‐amino‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (H2L) was used to prepare 3:1‐type coordination compounds of iron(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II). In the iron(II) perchlorate complex [FeII(H2L)3](ClO4)2·0.6MeOH·0.9H2O a 1:1 mixture of mer and fac isomers is present whereas [FeII(H2L)3](BF4)2·MeOH·H2O, [CoII(H2L)3](ClO4)2·2H2O and [NiII(H2L)3](ClO4)2·MeOH·H2O feature merely mer derivatives. Moessbauer spectroscopy and variable temperature magnetic measurements revealed the [FeII(H2L)3]2+ complex core to exist in the low‐spin state, whereas the [CoII(H2L)3]2+ complex core resides in its high‐spin state, even at very low temperatures.
A 3D Polyoxometalate‐Based Framework Constructed from Ag/trz Metal‐Organic Ribbons and P2W18 Polyoxoanions: Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Wang Xiang , Zhang Rui , Tian Aixiang , Wang Xiuli 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA Wells‐Dawson Polyoxometalate‐based hybrid, Ag9(trz)3(Htrz)4 (H2O)(P2W18O62)·3H2O (1) (Htrz = 1,2,4‐1H‐triazole) was hydrothermally synthesized through using trz ligand and silver nitrate in the presence of [P2W18O62]6– polyoxoanion. In the 3D framework structure of compound 1, two kinds of wave‐like Ag/trz chains originated from trz ligands and silver cations are aggregated in a “2+1” mode by {Ag2/trz} linkages to result in a 1D Ag/trz metal‐organic ribbon, which is further extended into a 3D framework structure by [P2W18O62]6– polyoxoanions through Ag‐O covalent bonds. Additionally, the electrochemical properties of compound 1 have also been investigated.
Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine for Postoperative Analgesia Following Laparoscopic Surgery: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ventham Nicholas T. , Kennedy Ewan D. , Brady Richard R. , Paterson Hugh M. , Speake Doug , Foo Irwin , Fearon Kenneth C. H. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground
Intravenous (IV) lidocaine has analgesic and anti‐inflammatory properties. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of IV lidocaine in controlling postoperative pain following laparoscopic surgery.MethodsA meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing IV lidocaine versus placebo/routine treatment for postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic surgery. The primary outcome was opiate requirement at 24 h. Secondary outcomes included cumulative opiate requirement, numerical pain scores (2, 12, 24, 48 h at rest and on movement), recovery indices (nausea and vomiting, length of stay, time until diet resumption, first flatus and bowel movement) and side effects (cardiac/neurological toxicity). Subgroup analyses were performed according to operation type and to compare IV lidocaine with intraperitoneal lidocaine.ResultsFourteen RCTs with 742 patients were included. IV lidocaine was associated with a small but significant reduction in opiate requirement at 24 h compared with placebo/routine care. IV lidocaine was associated with reduced cumulative opiate requirement, reduced pain scores at rest at 2, 12 and 24 h, reduced nausea and vomiting and a shorter time until resumption of diet. The length of stay did not differ between groups. There was a low incidence of IV lidocaine‐associated toxicity. In subgroup analyses, there was no difference between IV and intraperitoneal lidocaine in the measured outcomes.ConclusionsIV lidocaine has a multidimensional effect on the quality of recovery. IV lidocaine was associated with lower opiate requirements, reduced nausea and vomiting and a shorter time until resumption of diet. Whilst IV lidocaine appears safe, the optimal treatment regimen remains unknown. Statistical heterogeneity was high.
Sickle Cell Trait Screening of Collegiate Athletes: Ethical Reasons for Program Reform
Authors: Ferrari Rosalie , Parker Lisa S. , Grubs Robin E. , Krishnamurti Lakshmanan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) requires all student‐athletes have their sickle cell trait (SCT) status confirmed prior to athletic participation. The NCAA approved the screening program in 2010 for institutions participating in Division I athletics and extended it in subsequent years to institutions at Division II and III levels. Ethical concerns about the controversial policy focus on its mandatory nature and potential impact on student‐athletes, particularly through stigmatization of and discrimination against those with SCT. Organizations, such as the American Society of Hematology (ASH), oppose the imposition of SCT testing and instead recommend universal precautions that would protect the entire student‐athlete population without revealing student‐athletes’ SCT statuses. This paper discusses these issues and offers recommendations, including genetic counseling, which would improve the current SCT screening program. It argues that implementation of universal precautions would ensure that the most ethically sound practices are afforded to every student‐athlete.
“Positive Attitude”: A multilevel model analysis of the effectiveness of a Social and Emotional Learning Program for Portuguese middle school students
Authors: Coelho Vítor Alexandre , Marchante Marta , Sousa Vanda 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the impact, reported by students and their teachers, of a universal, school‐based, social‐emotional learning program, implemented in three school years on the social‐emotional competencies of middle school students (7th to 9th grade). It also analyzes, at post‐test and follow‐up, the differential results by gender and among students with lower levels of competence. There were 1091 participants, 855 students received the treatment condition (i.e., Project Attitude) and 236 students the control condition. Self‐reports identified positive intervention results in social awareness, self‐control, self‐esteem, social isolation and social anxiety, teachers reported gains in all dimensions. These positive effects were stably effective along the three cohorts. Self‐reports also identified bigger gains for girls in social awareness and for boys in social anxiety, self‐esteem and leadership. Students with initial lower levels of competence benefited more from the intervention, especially at follow‐up. These results support the effectiveness of social‐emotional learning programs.
There Is No Rawlsian Theory of Corporate Governance
Authors: Singer Abraham 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT:The major aim of this article is to show that John Rawls’s theory of justice cannot be applied effectively to questions of business ethics and corporate governance. I begin with a reading of Rawls that emphasizes both the critical and pragmatic nature of his theory. In the second section I look more closely at the notion of society’s “basic structure” and its place within Rawls’s theory. In the third section, I argue that “the corporation” cannot be understood as part of this basic structure and is not, therefore, a subject of justice for Rawls or his interpreters. Finally, I show that Rawls’s inability to speak to the corporation is a weakness, regardless of one’s particular view on the corporation. I conclude by considering what Rawls’s theory helps us to understand about the problems involved in integrating corporate governance, business ethics, and political philosophy.
HERBRAND’S THEOREM AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
Authors: BEESON MICHAEL , BOUTRY PIERRE , NARBOUX JULIEN 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe use Herbrand’s theorem to give a new proof that Euclid’s parallel axiom is not derivable from the other axioms of first-order Euclidean geometry. Previous proofs involve constructing models of non-Euclidean geometry. This proof uses a very old and basic theorem of logic together with some simple properties of ruler-and-compass constructions to give a short, simple, and intuitively appealing proof.
Bismarck and the Great Game: Germany and Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1871–1890
Authors: Stone James 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOtto von Bismarck, the first chancellor of a unified Germany, was an active participant in the Anglo-Russian rivalry for control of Central Asia. Even though Germany had no direct interests there and was never involved on the ground during the two decades of his chancellorship, Bismarck invested considerable resources in working to shape the course of events in that part of the world, stoking the flames of conflict whenever it suited the dictates ofRealpolitik. Over a twenty-year period, he actively pursued a consistent strategy that focused on tying down Russian troops in the remote Asian steppes, i.e., as far away from Central Europe as possible. At the same time, he manipulated Anglo-Russian rivalry in Asia to achieve various foreign policy goals that would further German interests. This article explores in detail all of these objectives, as well as their interrelationship. In particular, it unravels the perplexing mystery of how Bismarck was able to influence the politics of Central Asia from his distant headquarters in Berlin.