bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High cost burden and health consequences of antibiotic resistance: the price to pay
Authors: Chandy Sujith J , Naik Girish S , Balaji Veeraraghavan , Jeyaseelan Visalakshi , Thomas Kurien , Lundborg Cecilia Stalsby 
Published: September 2014

Introduction: Rising antibiotic resistance may negatively affect the health and cost of care for patients. This study aimed to determine the impact of antibiotic resistance on costs and health consequences for patients. Methodology: A one-year observational study was conducted at Christian Medical College, Vellore, a tertiary care hospital, on patients admitted into medical wards with a preliminary diagnosis of suspected sepsis. Patients with confirmed bacteremia were analysed in two groups – resistant and susceptible – based on susceptibility of causative bacteria to the empiric antibiotics administered. Clinical data and details about costs incurred were collected from hospital records. Costs and health consequences were compared using Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test. For median difference in costs, 95% bootstrap confidence interval was determined. Results: Overall, 220 patients were included. The median difference between resistant and susceptible groups in overall costs, antibiotic costs, and pharmacy costs was rupees (INR)/USD 41,993/700 (p = 0.001), 8,315/139 (p < 0.001) and 21,492/358 (p < 0.001), respectively. Health consequences such as intensive care admissions, complications, mortality, and length of stay were significantly higher in the resistant group as compared to susceptible group: 44% vs. 21% (p < 0.001), 56% vs. 37% (p = 0.006), 12% vs. 2% (p = 0.011), and 14 vs. 11 days (p = 0·027), respectively. Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance has a significant impact on cost and health consequences. These findings provide a key message for policymakers and other stakeholders to initiate feasible strategies to tackle resistance and reduce the burden.
Vitrectomy Alone in the Management of Giant Retinal Tears
Authors: Jain Nieraj , Kozak Jennifer A. , Niziol Leslie M. , Musch David C. , Zacks David N. 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the outcomes of vitrectomy without adjuvant scleral buckling for giant retinal tear (GRT) detachment and assess the impact of preoperative lens status on these outcomes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Retrospective review of consecutive cases of vitrectomy alone for primary GRT detachment at the University of Michigan from October 1992 through October 2012. The primary outcome measure was Kaplan-Meier–estimated single-surgery reattachment rate at 3 months.

RESULTS:
Eligibility criteria were met by 41 eyes of 40 patients. Six eyes (15%) had grade C proliferative vitreoretinopathy at baseline. The single-surgery reattachment rate was 83% (95% CI: 67%, 91%) at 3 months, with no significant difference between phakic and nonphakic eyes.

CONCLUSION:
Based on this retrospective series, and within the confines of our eligibility criteria, adjuvant scleral buckling does not appear to be necessary in the management of primary GRT detachment.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2014;45:421–427.]
Sports Discourse
Authors: Schirato Tony 
Published: September 2014

This book both defines sports discourse, and provides an account of the different discourses that are utilized and come into play when the field of sport speaks. It shows how the sports communities have been addressed over time by various speakers, across various multimodal genres. Tony Schirato looks first at how discourse can be viewed as a form of work, something that produces and naturalizes meanings, and habituates the way we see the world.
Grounding this exploration is an account of the development of the field of sport as a specific discursive regime, one that is both reflected and refracted by the dominant discourses and values of the time. These discourses have become naturalized and shape activities and materialities at local and global levels.
The book ends with an examination of how new technologies and the Web are changing sports discourse, in some cases radically via online commentary, Twitter and user-generated content.
The Trojan Horse
Authors: Philips Deborah , Whannel Garry 
Published: September 2014

The Trojan Horse traces the growth of commercial sponsorship in the public sphere since the 1960s, its growing importance for the arts since 1980 and its spread into areas such as education and health. The authors’ central argument is that the image of sponsorship as corporate benevolence has served to routinize and legitimate the presence of commerce within the public sector. The central metaphor is of such sponsorship as a Trojan Horse helping to facilitate the hollowing out of the public sector by private agencies and private finance.
The authors place the study in the context of the more general colonization of the state by private capital and the challenge posed to the dominance of neo-liberal economics by the recent global financial crisis. After considering the passage from patronage to sponsorship and outlining the context of the post-war public sector since 1945, it analyses sponsorship in relation to Thatcherism, enterprise culture and the restructuring of public provision during the 1980s. It goes on to examine the New Labour years, and the ways in which sponsorship has paved the way for the increased use of private-public partnerships and private finance initiatives within the public sector in the UK.
Aesthetics and Morality
Authors: Schellekens Elisabeth 
Published: September 2014

Aesthetic and moral value are often seen to go hand in hand. They do so not only practically, such as in our everyday assessments of artworks that raise moral questions, but also theoretically, such as in Kant’s theory that beauty is the symbol of morality. Some philosophers have argued that it is in the relation between aesthetic and moral value that the key to an adequate understanding of either notion lies. But difficult questions abound. Must a work of art be morally admirable in order to be aesthetically valuable? How, if at all, do our moral values shape our aesthetic judgements - and vice versa?
Aesthetics and Morality is a stimulating and insightful inquiry into precisely this set of questions. Elisabeth Schellekens explores the main ideas and debates at the intersection of aesthetics and moral philosophy. She invites readers to reflect on the nature of beauty, art and morality, and provides the philosophical knowledge to render such reflection more rigorous. This original, inspiring and entertaining book sheds valuable new light on a notably complex and challenging area of thought.
Religion and the Inculturation of Human Rights in Ghana
Authors: Atiemo Abamfo Ofori 
Published: September 2014

It has been maintained that the secular nature of modern human rights makes them incompatible with the religious orientation of African and non-Western societies. However, in view of the resilience of religion in the global and local public sphere, it is important to explore how religion can contribute to the promotion and enjoyment of human rights.
Based on fieldwork conducted in Ghana, Abamfo Ofori Atiemo here establishes a convergence between human rights and local religious and cultural values in African societies. He argues that human rights represent universal ‘dream values’. This allows for a cultural embedding of human rights in Ghana and other non-Western societies. He argues that ‘dream values’ are usually presented in religious language and proclaimed, for example, by prophets and seers or expressed in certain forms of taboo, proverbs or legal norms. He employs the concept of inculturation, adaptation of the way Church teachings are presented to non-Christian cultures, as a hermeneutical tool for developing a model to understand the encounter between universal human rights and local cultures.
Offering a new model for explaining the relation between religion and human rights, Religion and the Inculturation of Human Rights in Ghana offers a novel perspective on the links between global trends and local cultures underpinned by strong currents of religious ideas.
Pragmatic Syntax
Authors: Kiaer Jieun 
Published: September 2014

Jieun Kiaer puts forward an argument in this book that the grammar of a language directly underpins the processing of the language, in real time. This is a view that runs against the orthodoxy of linguistic theorizing for the last 50 years, which has insisted that languages have to be characterized in terms that make little or no reference to the dynamics of language use.
This orthodox view fails to fit languages in which the verb has to be at the end of the clause - which encompasses more than half of the world’s languages. Thus, as this book shows, these languages remain very problematic for conventional theories. Using a mixture of corpus methods, sentence structure analysis, prosody and psycholinguistic theory, Kiaer redresses this imbalance. The data features both Korean and English example and it functions as one of the very first general introductions to Dynamic Syntax available.
Working the Spaces of Power
Authors: Newman Janet 
Published: September 2014

This book highlights the way in which contemporary forms of governance, policy and politics have been reframed by women 'working the spaces of power'. It shows how they took activist commitments into their working lives, in the process negotiating the terrain of neoliberal governance. Their work generated new political movements, community initiatives, public policies, organizational logics and forms of 'knowledge work'.
Newman draws on over 50 interviews with women from four generations to interrogate, develop and challenge existing approaches to understanding social and political change. In a postscript she traces ways in which the analysis might 'speak to the present' and offer resources for contemporary politics and practice.
Confessions
Authors: Docherty Thomas 
Published: September 2014

This book explores what is at stake in our confessional culture. Thomas Docherty examines confessional writings from Augustine to Montaigne and from Sylvia Plath to Derrida, arguing that through all this work runs a philosophical substratum - the conditions under which it is possible to assert a confessional mode - that needs exploration and explication.
Docherty outlines a philosophy of confession that has pertinence for a contemporary political culture based on the notion of ‘transparency'. In a postmodern ‘transparent society', the self coincides with its self-representations. Such a position is central to the idea of authenticity and truth-telling in confessional writing: it is the basis of saying, truthfully, ‘here I take my stand'.
The question is: what other consequences might there be of an assumption of the primacy of transparency? Two areas are examined in detail: the religious and the judicial. Docherty shows that despite the tendency to regard transparency as a general social and ethical good, our contemporary culture of transparency has engendered a society in which autonomy (or the very authority of the subject that proclaims ‘I confess') is grounded in guilt, reparation and victimhood. background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) Courier New
Personality of correction officers and their attitudes towards resocialization tasks
Authors: Gordon Maria 
Published: September 2014

The main aim of the study is to identify factors that promote or hinder the fulfilment of tasks by people working in Polish prisons in positions of educators. Correction officers plan, organize and implement corrective actions towards persons deprived of their freedom. The question whether they have the relevant skills and abilities to use existing resources is important from the point of view of the prison rehabilitation tasks. The results of a survey conducted on 97 officers have shown that they have personality and professional competence, but they do not fully apply its potential in working with persons deprived of their freedom. The correction officers do not accept regulations for the treatment of convicts and evaluate these regulations as too mild. On the other hand, they perceive many external factors as reducing the motivation to engage in the process of resocialization.
The determinants of metamemory beliefs: the effect of Self-relevance and Friend-relevance. How important is anxiety?
Authors: Szepietowska Ewa 
Published: September 2014

<b>Background</b><br />
Metacognitive beliefs (beliefs about one’s own possibilities) are an object of research in several clinical groups. Personality characteristics determine the contents of such beliefs.<br />
<br />
<b>Participants and procedure</b><br />
In the study of the general population, judgment of learning (JOL) techniques were used. This technique is based on estimating the level of material (words) memorized, then learning and memorizing. There were two types of tasks used: for Self-relevance and Friend-relevance. The task was to express judgments about a friend’s (he/she) beliefs (<i>I think he/she thinks</i>...) and about the friend’s performance (<i>I think he/she will perform</i>...) in the described task.<br />
<br />
<b>Results</b><br />
A higher level of trait anxiety led to negative self-evaluations of one’s capabilities. Higher levels of state anxiety promoted more positive assessment of the friend’s possibilities.<br />
<br />
<b>Conclusions</b><br />
Anxiety analyzed as an isolated variable does not explain the character of metacognitive self-beliefs and beliefs regarding a friend. Both our findings and the results of previous studies (3) suggest that the tendency to under-evaluate one’s abilities is a frequent characteristic of metacognitive beliefs, being independent of anxiety levels. Future research should center around similar analyses of persons diagnosed with specific types of anxiety-related disorders.
Changes in the perception of self-image and the sense of purpose and meaning in life, among women who lost their child before birth
Authors: Guzewicz Monika , Steuden Stanisława , Szymona-Pałkowska Katarzyna 
Published: September 2014

<b>Background</b><br />
The article is concerned with descriptions of self-image and the sense of purpose in life, among women who have experienced the loss of a child through miscarriage, premature birth or stillbirth. The loss of a child at the prenatal stage is a very difficult experience for the mother. Such women experience a wide range of emotions and often show unpredictable behaviours, both of which can influence their future functioning and mental health.<br />
<b>Participants and procedure</b><br />
The goal of the current study was to look at the differences between women who had given birth to a healthy child, and those who lost an unborn child. A total of 125 women participated in the study. The Gough and Heilbrun Adjective Check List (ACL) as well as Wong’s Personal Meaning Profile tests were used as research methods.<br />
<b>Results</b><br />
As expected, significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of their self-image and perceived sense of purpose and meaning in life. Women who lost an unborn child had a tendency for lower self-esteem, higher perceived guilt and lower needs.<br />
<b>Conclusions</b><br />
The obtained results suggest the need for observation of mothers who experienced a prenatal child loss. The access to professional help and support from physicians and, more importantly, psychologists and therapists has an influence on their self-image, and the sense of purpose in both the present and the future. Adequate professional assistance has an influence on their family relations and their ability to plan another pregnancy (further attempts at conception), without a perception of guilt associated with the loss of the previous child.
Early psychomotor development of children from triple pregnancy – case study
Authors: Bieleninik Łucja , Bidzan Mariola , Koszewska Aneta 
Published: September 2014

The aim of this study was to analyze the specificity and dynamics of psychomotor development in children from triplet pregnancy. <br />
The studied group was composed of siblings from triple pregnancy (T1, T2, T3), including two girls and one boy. This longitudinal study comprised three stages: stage I – children aged 25 months, stage II – children aged 29 months, and stage III – children aged 38 months. At each stage, the psychomotor development of children was examined with the Third Edition of Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) and subjectively by their mother. Additionally, medical and nursing documentation was analyzed.<br />
Individual psychomotor development of children from triple pregnancy is different with regards to various spheres, and has different rates and dynamics throughout consecutive years. <br />
Psychomotor development of children from triple pregnancies is determined by gender and postnatal clinical parameters, i.e. birth weight, head circumference, postnatal morbidity, and prematurity-related conditions.
The peculiarities of pathogenesis of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injuries and current prevention strategies
Authors: Święcicki Anatol , Antonienko Antonina 
Published: September 2014

Niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne (NLPZ) są jednymi z najpo­wszechniej stosowanych leków. Spożycie NLPZ jest jednak związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem wystąpienia działań niepożądanych w przewodzie pokarmowym. Te działania niepożądane są spowodowane zdolnością NLPZ do hamowania syntezy prostaglandyn, ich przenikania do błony śluzowej żołądka i powodowania uszkodzeń komórek nabłonkowych. Wiadomo, że takie mediatory, jak prostaglandyny, tlenek azotu i lipoksyny, mają zdolność ochrony przed uszkodzeniami błony śluzowej żołądka. Uszkodzeniom błony śluzowej można zapobiegać poprzez hamowanie wydzielania kwasu żołądkowego (przede wszystkim za pomocą inhibitorów pompy protonowej). W przeciwieństwie do uszkodzeń błony śluzowej żołądka, uszkodzenia błony śluzowej jelita cienkiego pod wpływem NLPZ są słabiej poznane. Problem ewentualnego uzależnienia enteropatii indukowanej przez NLPZ od poziomu wydzielania kwasu żołądkowego nie jest dostatecznie dobrze poznany. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki najnowszych badań, dzięki którym można wyjaśnić niektóre mechanizmy gastropatii i enteropatii indukowanych przez NLPZ z myślą o poprawie leczenia pacjentów.
The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in pediatric rheumatology
Authors: Żuber Zbigniew , Górnicka-Banach Marta , Szymanowska Zofia , Turowska-Heydel Dorota , Sobczyk Małgorzata , Rutkowska-Sak Lidia 
Published: September 2014

<b>Cel pracy:</b> Dożylne preparaty immunoglobulin (<i>intravenous immunoglobulin</i> – IVIG) znajdują zastosowanie w leczeniu niedoborów odporności oraz chorób autoimmunizacyjnych i autozapalnych. Mechanizm przeciwzapalnego działania dużych dawek IVIG jest złożony i zróżnicowany zależnie od choroby podstawowej. Celem pracy było określenie skuteczności i bezpieczeństwa stosowania IVIG u dzieci z chorobami reumatycznymi.<br />
<b>Materiał i metody</b>: Retrospektywnie oceniono skuteczność terapii wlewami immunoglobulin u dzieci z chorobami reumatycznymi. Dzieci były leczone w okresie 1.01.2009–31.12.2013 na Pododdziale Reumatologii Oddziału Dzieci Starszych i Oddziale Dzieci Młodszych Wojewódzkiego Specjalistycznego Szpitala Dziecięcego im. św. Ludwika w Krakowie oraz w Klinice i Poliklinice Reumatologii Wieku Rozwojowego Instytutu Reumatologii im. Eleonory Reicher w Warszawie. W ciągu 5 lat wlewy IVIG zastosowano u 70 pacjentów (27 chłopców – 38,57%), u 16 z nich – zgodnie z rejestracją i protokołem, u pozostałych na podstawie opisywanych w literaturze do­ś­wiadczeń klinicznych, jako terapię uzupełniającą. Średni wiek dzieci wyniósł 6 lat, średnia masa ciała 23,5 kg, wzrost 106 cm. <br />
Wskazaniami do podania IVIG były: młodzieńcze idiopatyczne zapalenie stawów, choroba Kawasaki, idiopatyczna plamica małopłytkowa, młodzieńcze zapalenie skórno-mięśniowe, układowe zapalenia naczyń, młodzieńczy toczeń rumieniowaty układowy, twardzina. Do obliczeń statystycznych zastosowano program Statistica.<br />
<b>Wyniki:</b> U wszystkich badanych obserwowano korzystny efekt leczenia wlewami immunoglobulin, z poprawą kliniczną i normalizacją wyników badań laboratoryjnych. Nie obserwowano działań niepożądanych tej terapii.<br />
<b>Wnioski:</b> Choroby autoimmunizacyjne występują u dzieci rzadko. Charakteryzują się zróżnicowanym klinicznie przebiegiem i nieznaną patogenezą. Terapia IVIG może być zastosowana w leczeniu chorób reumatycznych u dzieci jako skuteczna terapia uzupełniająca leczenie podstawowe. Istotne wydaje się opracowanie jednolitych standardów terapii IVIG u dzieci z chorobami autoimmunizacyjnymi o ciężkim przebiegu, przy braku skuteczności leczenia podstawowego.
New aspects of spondyloarthritis pathogenesis. Part II – environmental factors, microbiome disturbances, extra-articular symptoms
Authors: Kontny Ewa 
Published: September 2014

Spondyloartropatie zapalne (SpA) to grupa chorób o podobnych cechach klinicznych i uwarunkowaniach genetycznych. Zakażenia bakteryjne układu pokarmowego i moczowo-płciowego są głównym czynnikiem środowiskowym związanym z rozwojem SpA. Nowe dane wskazują, że bakterie wewnątrzkomórkowe mogą rozprzestrzeniać zakażenie do innych miejsc anatomicznych. U chorych na SpA często występują objawy pozastawowe, zwłaszcza zapalenie jelit. Postęp w zrozumieniu roli mikrobioty jelitowej w homeostazie oraz nowe dane wskazujące na udział zaburzeń mikrobiomu w rozwoju różnych chorób pozwalają lepiej zrozumieć patogenezę SpA. Przypuszcza się, że SpA może się rozwijać na skutek przeniesienia do stawów odpowiedzi immunologicznej, która jest pierwotnie indukowana w jelicie. Przyczyną zapalenia jelit w SpA może być dysbioza, spowodowana przez czynniki genetyczne i środowiskowe.
Certolizumab pegol – new option in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Majdan Maria , Siwiec Anna , Gryta Aleksandra 
Published: September 2014

Udowodniono, że czynnik martwicy nowotworów (<i>tumor necrosis factor</i> – TNF) jest zaangażowany w patogenezę zmian występujących w łuszczycowym zapaleniu stawów (ŁZS). Wykazano, że inhibitory TNF zmniejszają nasilenie zmian skórnych i stawowych w przebiegu łuszczycy. Wraz z dostępnością leków biologicznych, będących inhibitorami TNF, pojawiły się nowe perspektywy leczenia tej choroby. Do pierwszych inhibitorów TNF zastosowanych w leczeniu ŁZS należały etanercept, adalimumab oraz infliksymab. Z uwagi na pierwotną i wtórną nieskuteczność terapii obserwowaną w dużej grupie chorych na ŁZS ciągle poszukiwane są nowe metody leczenia – skuteczniejsze, bezpieczniejsze i wygodniejsze w praktyce klinicznej. Do takiej opcji terapeutycznej należy inhibitor TNF nowej generacji o strukturze molekularnej różnej od pozostałych inhibitorów TNF – certolizumab pegol. W opracowaniu zostały przeanalizowane aktualne zalecenia dotyczące leczenia ŁZS oraz wyniki badań klinicznych dotyczących zastosowania certolizumabu pegol w leczeniu ŁZS.