bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Old English poetic diction not in Old English verse or prose – and the curious case of Aldhelm's five athletes
Authors: Griffith Mark 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThree contexts characterized by the occasional appearance of Old English poetic diction outside of Old English poetry — debased verse, rhythmical prose, and prose passages with rhetorical heightening — have been surveyed by previous scholars, but no serious consideration has been given to the use of poetic lexis to be found in the surviving glosses and glossaries. The article first looks at some examples in these non-poetic texts of poetic words used as markers of the heroic, the elegiac, the sublime, the exotic and the monstrous, before moving on to a detailed analysis of a significant discovery. The glosses and glossary batches to Aldhelm's extended simile in De Virginitate comparing the educational development of Christian nuns to the exertions of various athletes display (when taken together) a unique cluster of poetic diction, comparable in density (and perhaps also in motivation) to that found only in the most enriched passages of traditional heroic poetry.
ECONOMIC COST OF TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD EPILEPSY IN ENUGU, SOUTHEAST NIGERIA
Authors: Ughasoro Maduka D. , Onwujekwe Obinna E. , Ojinnaka Ngozika C. 
Published: November 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the economic costs and the level of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) due to childhood epilepsy.Methods: The study was conducted at the Paediatric Neurology Clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Data were collected using pre-tested questionnaires that were administered to caregivers of the children. The indirect and direct expenditure due to childhood epilepsy were computed. A 40 percent of monthly non-food expenditure was used to estimate CHE.Results: The average annual direct and indirect expenditures were USD 162.6 and USD 82.3, respectively. Most of direct costs were drugs (25.4 percent versus 35.3 percent) and investigations (48.7 percent versus 61.3 percent) for out-patient and in-patient, respectively. CHE was 34.1 percent and 63.6 percent for out-patient and in-patient care, respectively. The total annual costs: (direct and indirect), for childhood epilepsy of USD244.9. Considering the estimated 190,000 epileptic children in Nigeria, it will amount to USD46.53 million annually, approximately 0.018 percent of Nigeria Gross Domestic Product (GDP). All payments were made out-of-pocket with no health insurance for financial risk protection.Conclusions: The cost of treatment of childhood epilepsy is high and catastrophic for many households. There was lack of usage of health financial risk mechanisms. Scale-up use of health financial risk protection mechanisms such as health insurance can reduce the economic burden.
Is the interchromosomal effect present in embryos derived from Robertsonian and reciprocal translocation carriers particularly focusing on chromosome 10 rearrangements?
Authors: Tulay Pinar , Gultomruk Meral , Findikli Necati , Yagmur Erbil , Bahceci Mustafa 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe aim of this study was to analyse the possible occurrence of the interchromosomal effect (ICE) in human preimplantation embryos obtained from Robertsonian and reciprocal translocation carriers focusing on ones with chromosome 10 rearrangements who were undergoing preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and to investigate whether offering aneuploidy screening would be beneficial to these patients. Cleavage stage embryos from translocation carriers undergoing PGD were biopsied. Multicolour fluorescencein situhybridisation for the chromosomes involved in the translocation in addition to nine more chromosomes (13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, X and Y) was used in the analysis. The control group involved embryos obtained from age-matched patients undergoing preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). Cumulative aneuploidy rate in embryos derived from both Robertsonian and reciprocal translocation carriers was found to be similar with the control group. Therefore no ICE was observed in cleavage stage embryos obtained from these carriers. More than half of the embryos with chromosome 10 rearrangements had aneuploidy for which an increased aneuploidy rate was more apparent in male carriers. Thus, it is possible that there is a risk of ICE in reciprocal carriers with chromosome 10 rearrangements. This study showed that there is no ICE in embryos derived from Robertsonian and reciprocal translocation carriers. However high rates of aneuploidy in structurally normal chromosomes were detected in embryos derived from these carriers and thus aneuploidy screening in addition to PGD may increase the pregnancy rates of these patients.
Fluid consistencies. Material relationality in human engagements with water
Authors: Strang Veronica 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMaterial things are not just passive recipients of human categories, meanings and values, nor mere subjects of human agency. Their particular characteristics and behaviours are formative of human–non-human relations. The common material properties of things, and the shared cognitive and phenomenological processes through which people interact with them, generate recurrent ideas and patterns of engagement in diverse cultural and historical contexts. Despite growing instrumentalism in human ‘management’ of the material world, and the emergence of new relational forms, these patterns persist.
Assembling archaeological pedagogy. A theoretical framework for valuing pedagogy in archaeological interpretation and practice
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDrawing on relational theoretical perspectives in archaeological discourse, this paper considers how we can address the undervaluation of pedagogy and pedagogic research in archaeology. Through examining the relationships between fieldwork, teaching, and research, in light of Ingold's concept of the meshwork and DeLanda's assemblage theory, the division between teaching and research is undermined, and students and pedagogy are recentred as fundamental to the production of archaeological knowledge. This paper provides a theoretical grounding for resituating our current practices, suggests practical means for change, and highlights the benefit to the archaeological discipline arising from a revaluation of archaeological pedagogic research and an enmeshed understanding of archaeological practice.
X-ray imaging of chemically active valence electrons during a pericyclic reaction
Authors: Bredtmann Timm , Ivanov Misha , Dixit Gopal 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTime-resolved imaging of chemically active valence electron densities is a long-sought goal, as these electrons dictate the course of chemical reactions. However, X-ray scattering is always dominated by the core and inert valence electrons, making time-resolved X-ray imaging of chemically active valence electron densities extremely challenging. Here we demonstrate an effective and robust method, which emphasizes the information encoded in weakly scattered photons, to image chemically active valence electron densities. The degenerate Cope rearrangement of semibullvalene, a pericyclic reaction, is used as an example to visually illustrate our approach. Our work also provides experimental access to the long-standing problem of synchronous versus asynchronous bond formation and breaking during pericyclic reactions.
Novel method for the high-throughput processing of slides for the comet assay
Authors: Karbaschi Mahsa , Cooke Marcus S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSingle cell gel electrophoresis (the comet assay), continues to gain popularity as a means of assessing DNA damage. However, the assay's low sample throughput and laborious sample workup procedure are limiting factors to its application. “Scoring”, or individually determining DNA damage levels in 50 cells per treatment, is time-consuming, but with the advent of high-throughput scoring, the limitation is now the ability to process significant numbers of comet slides. We have developed a novel method by which multiple slides may be manipulated and undergo electrophoresis, in batches of 25 rather than individually and, importantly, retains the use of standard microscope comet slides, which are the assay convention. This decreases assay time by 60% and benefits from an electrophoresis tank with a substantially smaller footprint and more uniform orientation of gels during electrophoresis. Our high-throughput variant of the comet assay greatly increases the number of samples analysed, decreases assay time, number of individual slide manipulations, reagent requirements and risk of damage to slides. The compact nature of the electrophoresis tank is of particular benefit to laboratories where bench space is at a premium. This novel approach is a significant advance on the current comet assay procedure.
Fast Response and High Sensitivity ZnO/glass Surface Acoustic Wave Humidity Sensors Using Graphene Oxide Sensing Layer
Authors: Xuan Weipeng , He Mei , Meng Nan , He Xingli , Wang Wenbo , Chen Jinkai , Shi Tianjin , Hasan Tawfique , Xu Zhen , Xu Yang , Luo J. K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe report ZnO/glass surface acoustic wave (SAW) humidity sensors with high sensitivity and fast response using graphene oxide sensing layer. The frequency shift of the sensors is exponentially correlated to the humidity change, induced mainly by mass loading effect rather than the complex impedance change of the sensing layer. The SAW sensors show high sensitivity at a broad humidity range from 0.5%RH to 85%RH with < 1 sec rise time. The simple design and excellent stability of our GO-based SAW humidity sensors, complemented with full humidity range measurement, highlights their potential in a wide range of applications.
Enzymatic turnover of macromolecules generates long-lasting protein–water-coupled motions beyond reaction steady state
Authors: Dielmann-Gessner Jessica , Grossman Moran , Conti Nibali Valeria , Born Benjamin , Solomonov Inna , Fields Gregg B. , Havenith Martina , Sagi Irit 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The solvent in biological reactions plays an active role in protein function; however, correlating solvation dynamics with specific biological scenarios remains a scientific challenge. Here, we followed time-dependent changes in solvation dynamics using terahertz absorption spectroscopy during proteolysis of collagen substrates by a metalloproteinase. Unexpectedly, we revealed that solvation dynamics do not follow the traditional enzymatic steady-state kinetic theory but generate long-lasting protein–water-coupled motions that last longer than a single catalytic cycle and are substrate-specific. These prolonged solvation dynamics contribute to the net enzyme reactivity impacting substrate binding, positional catalysis, and product release.
Invariance property of wave scattering through disordered media
Authors: Pierrat Romain , Ambichl Philipp , Gigan Sylvain , Haber Alexander , Carminati Rémi , Rotter Stefan 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The diffusion of particles and waves through disordered media encompasses a large variety of phenomena, from the motion of insects to the scattering of electrons or light in complex environments. One of the core features of diffusive transport is that the mean length of trajectories traversing a system depends only on the size of the system and of its boundary, which are both independent of the microscopic structure of the underlying medium. Here we show, based on insights from wave-scattering theory, that this fundamental invariance property can be significantly extended beyond the diffusive random walk picture. Our result not only provides an interesting link between all the diverse fields in which wave scattering plays a role but also holds promise for a number of practical applications.
Dissecting the clonal origins of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia by single-cell genomics
Authors: Gawad Charles , Koh Winston , Quake Stephen R. 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceA better understanding of intratumor heterogeneity is required to more fully dissect the events which mediate cancer formation and treatment resistance. We used a novel experimental and computational single-cell sequencing approach to directly measure the clonal structures of childhood ALL samples at diagnosis. This approach enabled us to determine the mutation segregation patterns within a single sample and to reconstruct the tumor’s clonal structures with rigorously validated quantitative analysis. We then identified features of each leukemia sample that were shared across patients, including multiple dominant clonal populations at varied stages in differentiation arrest, clone-specific punctuated cytosine mutagenesis, and the late acquisition of proliferative oncogenic point mutations. Together, these findings provide a high-resolution view of the development of childhood ALL.
Salvation in Plato and St. Paul: An Essay in Normative Ethics
Authors: Nakhnikian George 
Published: November 2014

What is a good man, and how does he become good? My aim in this paper is to unravel and to assess Plato's and St. Paul's very different answers to these questions. The pivotal texts are the Republic and Paul's Epistles.A good man, according to Plato, is a man who is dikaios (righteous, just), temperate, wise, and courageous. A just man is one each one of the three parts (elements, components) of whose soul is doing its own [work, ergon]. We must pause a moment at the crucial passage in 441 DE. Cornford's translation of it is somewhat ambiguous. “ ... each one of us likewise will be a just person, fulfilling his proper function, only if the several parts of our nature fulfil theirs.” According to this rendition Plato may be construed to be saying that a human being is doing his own work as a just person only if each part of his inner nature (=soul) is doing its own work.
Can a Moral Man Raise the Question, “Should I Be Moral?”
Authors: Snare Frank 
Published: November 2014

Let it be allowed, though virtue or moral rectitude does indeed consist in affection to and pursuit of what is right and good, as such; yet, that when we sit down in a cool hour, we can neither justify to ourselves this or any other pursuit, till we are convinced that it will be for our happiness, or at least not contrary to it.—Butler, Sermon XIThere are a number of different grounds on which philosophers have argued that the question “Should I be moral?” is unintelligible or at least somewhat odd. Some evidently are unable to understand ‘should’ in any other way than ‘morally ought’, with the consequence that the question can admit of no answer but the affirmative. Others, influenced by the later Wittgenstein, hold that, although ‘should ’-questions have a role within the moral language game, the ‘should’ in the question above has no real function, it is like a ‘machine idling,’ and we can attribute no real sense to it. Now I consider neither of these arguments to be successful or even very plausible, but I do wish to consider a further argument which is logically independent of the above and which appears, initially at least, to be quite plausible.
An Epistemic Criterion of the Mental
Authors: Levison Arnold B. 
Published: November 2014

‘When we see, hear, smell, taste, feel, meditate, or will anything, we know that we do so. … Consciousness … is inseparable from thinking, and essential to it. …’John Locke,EssayConcerning HumanUnderstanding(II, 27)‘Psycho-analysis … cannot accept the identity of the conscious and the mental. It defines what is mental as processes such as feeling, thinking and … willing. … ’Sigmund Freud,Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis(Lecture 1 ).In this paper I shall provide a novel version of a traditional epistemic criterion for distinguishing mental entities from nonmental ones, and defend it from likely sorts of objections. By the phrase ‘criterion of the mental’ I mean a set of conditions which is necessary and sufficient for an entity's being mental (or psychological).
On Showing Invalidity
Authors: McKay Thomas J. 
Published: November 2014

In studying logic, one learns how to establish that a conclusion follows from a set of premises. Those arguments that exhibit one of the valid forms of the deductive system under study are valid. There may be questions about what forms are exhibited by various arguments - Is this English conditional (or any other) really truth-functional? Is this disjunction really inclusive? Are the English predicates used with uniform meaning? - but none of these problems undermine the claim that if an argument exhibits a valid form of a system for deductive logic, then that argument is valid.When we move on to study invalidity, however, we find that the situation is not parallel. Every argument is an instance of some invalid argument forms, and we cannot say that every instance of every invalid form is invalid.
Could We be Brains in a Vat?
Authors: Smith Peter 
Published: November 2014

The course of my experience is quite consistent with the hypothesis that it is being produced by a mad scientist who is feeding into my sensory receptors entirely delusive stimuli. Indeed, I could at this very moment be nothing more than a brain floating in a vat of nutrients, my nerve ends linked up to some infernal apparatus by means of which my unknown deceiver induces in me utterly erroneous beliefs about the world.So begins a familiar line of thought which dramatizes an equally familiar sceptical problem about the relation between our experiences and the world. However, Hilary Putnam has recently offered a marvellously ambitious argument which is intended to kill stone-dead the philosophical fantasy that we might be deluded brains in a vat.
Molecular mechanisms underlying the reception and transmission of sour taste information
Authors: Ishimaru Yoshiro 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Taste enables organisms to determine the properties of ingested substances by conveying information regarding the five basic taste modalities: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. The sweet, salty, and umami taste modalities convey the carbohydrate, electrolyte, and glutamate content of food, indicating its desirability and stimulating appetitive responses. The sour and bitter modalities convey the acidity of food and the presence of potential toxins, respectively, stimulating aversive responses to such tastes. In recent years, the receptors mediating sweet, bitter, and umami tastes have been identified as members of the T1R and T2R G-protein-coupled receptor families; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying sour taste detection have yet to be clearly elucidated. This review covers the molecular mechanisms proposed to mediate the detection and transmission of sour stimuli, focusing on polycystic kidney disease 1-like 3 (Pkd1l3), Pkd2l1, and carbonic anhydrase 4 (Car4).
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Genomic Load and Disease Severity Among Children Hospitalized With Bronchiolitis: Multicenter Cohort Studies in the United States and Finland
Authors: Hasegawa Kohei , Jartti Tuomas , Mansbach Jonathan M. , Laham Federico R. , Jewell Alan M. , Espinola Janice A. , Piedra Pedro A. , Camargo Carlos A. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Background
We investigated whether children with a higher respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) genomic load are at a higher risk of more-severe bronchiolitis.

Methods
&gt; Two multicenter prospective cohort studies in the United States and Finland used the same protocol to enroll children aged &lt;2 years hospitalized for bronchiolitis and collect nasopharyngeal aspirates. By using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, patients were classified into 3 genomic load status groups: low, intermediate, and high. Outcome measures were a length of hospital stay (LOS) of ≥3 days and intensive care use, defined as admission to the intensive care unit or use of mechanical ventilation.

Results
Of 2615 enrolled children, 1764 (67%) had RSV bronchiolitis. Children with a low genomic load had a higher unadjusted risk of having a length of stay of ≥3 days (52%), compared with children with intermediate and those with high genomic loads (42% and 51%, respectively). In a multivariable model, the risk of having a length of stay of ≥3 days remained significantly higher in the groups with intermediate (odds ratio [OR], 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–1.69) and high (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.29–1.94) genomic loads. Similarly, children with a high genomic load had a higher risk of intensive care use (20%, compared with 15% and 16% in the groups with low and intermediate genomic loads, respectively). In a multivariable model, the risk remained significantly higher in the group with a high genomic load (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.03–1.99).

Conclusion
Children with a higher RSV genomic load had a higher risk for more-severe bronchiolitis.
Physician report of industry gifts and quality of care
Authors: Lee Doohee , Begley Charles E. 
Published: November 2014

Background:
Physician financial conflict of interest is a concern in the delivery of medicine because of its possible influence on the cost and the quality of patient care. There has been an extensive discussion of the ethical, economic, and legal aspects of this issue but little direct empirical evidence of its magnitude or effects.

Methodology:
A nationally representative survey (n = 4,720) was used to empirically examine physician self-report of receipt of financial gifts from the pharmaceutical and medical devices industry and its association with their ability to provide quality care.

Findings:
Results indicate that the vast majority of physicians receive industry gifts in various forms, and the receipt of gifts is associated with lower perceived quality of patient care. There is also an inverse relationship between the frequency of received gifts and the perceived quality of care.

Practice Implications:
Physicians need to be aware of the widespread receipt of industry gifts in medical practice and the potential adverse impact of such receipts on the delivery of care.