bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COLONIZATION OF A VIRGIN SHORELINE IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, 2000 TO 2007, COMPARED TO RECOVERY OF OILED AND CLEANED SHORELINES
Authors: Mearns Alan , Shigenaka Gary , Whitney John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new landslide-created shoreline in Prince William Sound offered an opportunity to monitor colonization of virgin rock and to compare that colonization with that of nearby oiled and cleaned sites monitored during the early 1990'S. The intertidal zone of six well-separated vertical landslide surfaces were photographed annually from 2001 to 2007 and the photos used to estimate changes in cover of conspicuous intertidal seaweeds. Colonization by rockweed (Fucus sp.) was rapid and by 2003 appeared to converge with density comparable to adjacent undisturbed (control) shoreline. Percent cover of Fucus declined in 2005, then increase again in 2006 and 2007. This pattern of evolving zonation, and rapid increase and then decrease in Fucus cover, was nearly identical to the patterns observed at oiled and cleaned sites in the early 1990'S suggesting that what was seen then was an entirely normal process of intertidal colonization. Additional monitoring would be useful to determine (1) the development of the supra-littoral black lichen (Verrucaria) zone and (2) if variation in the cover, patchiness and zonation at the landslide sites parallels the longterm variation at reference sites.
PLANNING FOR SPILL RESPONSE TACTICS SURROUNDING AN ACTIVE WETLANDS RESTORATION PROJECT
Authors: McFarland Barry A 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Bolsa Chica Lowlands Restoration Project is located in Orange County, California adjacent to active oil production areas. The purpose of the project is to restore portions of the wetland ecosystem of the Bolsa Chica lowlands. The project area covers about 1,247 acres and will restore tidal influence from the Pacific Ocean to about half of this area to reinvigorate the wetland ecosystem. To achieve the biological benefits of tidal restoration, a direct connection to the Pacific Ocean was reestablished through the creation of a new tidal inlet that cuts through Bolsa Chica State Beach and under the Pacific Coast Highway near the Huntington Mesa. Construction began in October, 2004 and was completed in 2006, and minimizes impacts to fish and wildlife resources, coastal traffic, and beach recreation. The challenges for the oil production company include planning for a significant change in operations. Portions of the field were abandoned to construct the tidal basin. Continued surrounding operations of the oil field required preemptive spill response planning and preparation to ensure operational integrity at a high level. A Tactical Response Manual was developed in response to the changing conditions at the facility. This paper details the pre-planning for response to an active project. Unlike many spill response planning efforts, real time conditions could not be monitored to provide accurate information critical to developing the plan. In this case planning was required before the construction of the tidal basin was completed. The paper also details lessons learned from the process and evolving tactical response strategies based on changing conditions at the site.
DEVELOPING AN UNDERSTANDING OF “NEW GENERATION” EMULSIFIED FUELS
Authors: Gunter Paul , Carmichael Nancy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Previous research and development on emulsified fuels has essentially concentrated on the fate & behaviour, environmental impacts and response techniques for the specific trademarked fuel ORIMULSION®. However, it is recognised that this is just one example from the wider family of emulsified fuels, and they may not all necessarily behave in the same way due to differences in formulation/composition. A considerable database exists for this particular emulsion but as “new generation” emulsified fuels are developed and commercialised it will be necessary to gain an understanding of how similar (or different) they are in terms of their behaviour, potential impacts and appropriate mitigation measures.
The current paper describes the typical characteristics of the emulsified fuel called MSAR™ (Multiphase Superfine Atomised Residue), and outlines the approach and early findings from an Environmental Studies Programme that has been initiated for this fuel. In order to provide a baseline and context this paper looks at similarities and differences compared to ORIMULSION® and Group V oils. Information is also provided on the general approach being adopted to better understand these emulsified fuels.
Initial work investigating the likely fate and behaviour of MSAR™ spills has shown many similarities compared to ORIMULSION®. Both fuels are initially highly dispersible but, depending on the circumstances that prevail at the time of the spill, some coalescence can be expected to occur. Some potential differences are also highlighted between the two fuels, and the significance and implications will be taken into account in a planned on-going Environmental Studies Programme.
Cause Lawyering
Authors: Agrikoliansky Eric 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAll social movements have, at one point or another in their development, been confronted with the question of legality. This may come about either because the movement aims to change the law, or because it is itself facing legal repression. In addition, this could reflect that “the state usually acts through law, the state can be constrained by law” (Abel 1998: 69). However, the use of law, and the legal system, as tools of protest is not an easy task, and there are indeed a number of limits to legal strategies of protest. The field of critical legal studies has emphasized that the legal system has an underlying tendency to treat disadvantaged groups less fairly and, above all, that legal decisions are insufficient on their own to bring about changes in the economic and social order (see, for example, Rosenberg 1991). However, this position has been challenged in recent years by a number of pieces of work which have reconsidered the importance of contentious uses of law.
Charisma
Authors: Andreas Joel 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Charisma was introduced as a social scientific concept by Max Weber, who used the term to identify one of three types of legitimate authority. In Weber's framework, bureaucratic (or legal‐rational) authority is based on respecting rational rules, traditional (or patriarchal) authority is based on following traditional ways, and charismatic authority is based on challenging existing rules and traditions. The first two, he wrote, are conservative in that they underpin existing institutions, while charismatic authority is revolutionary in that it challenges the legitimacy of existing institutions. Weber used social movements as examples of the power of charismatic authority and following his logic all social movements that challenge some aspect of the status quo must rely on charismatic authority.
Class Consciousness: The
M
arxist Conception
Authors: Crossley Nick 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Within the Marxist tradition “class consciousness” refers to the awareness of itself as a class which the dominated class within capitalism, the proletariat, is predicted to arrive at, historically. When the proletariat become aware of themselves as a class and of their collective strength, Marx claims, they will rise up in revolution and overthrow their bourgeois masters.
Consensual Decision‐Making
Authors: Polletta Francesca 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Consensual decision‐making requires that all participants agree on an option before it is adopted. Consensual decision‐making can be contrasted with nonparticipatory forms of decision‐making (i.e., by representatives or experts) and with majority voting. In a typical consensus process, an issue is introduced and discussed and a proposal is formulated; then the facilitator or a participant calls for consensus. Participants may signal their agreement with the proposal, may “stand aside” if they do not agree but do not want to block the proposal's adoption, or may voice objections to the proposal. Participants discuss dissenters' concerns and may amend the proposal before calling for consensus once again. The process may continue until participants reach consensus or decide to table the issue. In some processes, a single veto may prevent the adoption of a proposal; in others, near but not complete unanimity is required.
Demobilization
Authors: Fillieule Olivier 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
We know little about the mechanisms governing the decline of social movements and the varied forms of individual or collective demobilization that prompt this decline or end it. Indeed, as Verta Taylor emphasizes, “scholars generally are more interested in movements undergoing cycles of mass mobilization and have done little research on movements in decline or equilibrium” (1989: 772; see also McAdam 2005: 67). Yet, the logical counterpart of the initial recruitment and mobilization processes is clearly collective demobilization and individual disengagement.
Democratization and Democratic Transition
Authors: della Porta Donatella , Federico M. Rossi 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Social movements are increasingly considered as relevant actors in theorizations about democracy. Recently, an empirical linkage between movements and democratization processes has also been established. On the one hand, many of the processes that cause democratization generally promote social movements and “democratization as such further encourages people to form social movements” (Tilly 2004: 131). On the other, “under some conditions and in a more limited way, social movements themselves promote democratization” (Tilly 2004: 131). When looking at the impact of movements on democracy, the evidence is however mixed. First, some social movements support democracy, but some do not. Second, their relevance in democratization processes is discussed: while a “populist” approach to democracy emphasizes participation from below, with movements as important actors in the creation of democratic public spheres, the “elitist” approach considers democratization as mainly a top‐down process.
Discourse Analysis and Social Movements
Authors: Johnston Hank 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The discourse of a social group or community is the whole of its verbal and textual production. It represents its communicative repertoire and the symbolic space and structure of that repertoire. Regarding social movements, it is common that oppositional discourse draws upon the conflicts, struggles, and divisions of the broader social, political, and cultural environment, and articulates these elements to make the ideas it expresses both challenging to opponents and familiar to potential supporters. Analysts sometimes use the plural form,
discourses,
to emphasize that what is being discussed and acted upon is never unanimous, but often challenged and negated by opposing groups. These researchers sometimes stress the emergent and agentic character of textual production, variably called the rhetorical approach (Billig 1995), the rhetorical turn (Simon 1990), or the dialogic perspective (Steinberg 2001). These approaches treat meaning as context‐specific, multifaceted, ever evolving, and contested, which is widely recognized to be true. The operative question, however, is if these qualities make traditional social‐science analysis that focuses on the measurement of causal variables and relationships suspect.
Discursive Fields
Authors: Snow David A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The concept of “discursive fields” is used to conceptualize an aspect of the context in which discourse and meaning‐making processes, such as framing and narration, are generally embedded. Discursive fields, like the kindred concepts of multiorganizational fields and identity fields, are constitutive of the genre of concepts in the social sciences that can be thought of as “embedding” concepts in that they reference broader enveloping contexts in which discussions, decisions, and actions take place. Discursive fields evolve during the course of discussion and debate, sometimes but not always contested, about relevant events and issues, and encompass cultural materials (e.g., beliefs, values, ideologies, myths) of potential relevance and various sets of actors (e.g., targeted authorities, social control agents, countermovements, media) whose interests are aligned, albeit differently, with the issues or events in question, and who thus have a stake in how those events and issues are framed and/or narrated.
Dramaturgy and Social Movements
Authors: Benford Robert D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSocial movements are replete with drama. Indeed, some observers have suggested that social movementsaredramas. Benford and Hunt (1992) define social movements as dramas in which protagonists and antagonists clash as they seek to affect audiences' interpretations of power relations in various institutional domains (e.g., religion, politics, economy, etc.). Drawing on Goffman's (1959) dramaturgical perspective in which the theater provides a metaphor for analyzing everyday life, social movement scholars have examined how movement activists construct and communicate grievances in a fashion that maximizes their potential impact on social change. Often that entails deploying dramatic tactics that capture the attention of media, targets of change, bystander publics, and potential recruits. The US civil rights movement, for example, consistently employed a variety of nonviolent direct action tactics including lunch‐counter sit‐ins, boycotts, freedom rides, marches, and other forms of civil disobedience in defiant protest of racial segregation. As the civil rights leaders intended, many of these tactics elicited a violent response from their opponents (McAdam 1996). The movement's disruptive actions and the repressive actions of local authorities yielded dramatic news coverage and hence increased popular and political support for their cause.
Feminism and Social Movements
Authors: Rupp Leila J. , Taylor Verta 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Feminist movements, in the broadest sense, are collective efforts to improve the situation of women, and they have emerged in most parts of the world, beginning in the mid‐nineteenth century and continuing into the present. Feminism has also influenced other social movements, such as the peace, environmental, global justice, reproductive rights, and gay/lesbian movements, through its ideologies, collective identities, tactics, and organizational forms. Scholarship on feminist movements has focused on their origins; different waves or cycles; feminist ideologies, collective identities, tactics, and organizational forms across time and place; and the impact of feminism on other social movements.
Journalism and Social Movements
Authors: Mattoni Alice 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
When looking at journalism from a social movement perspective, there are two possible viewpoints. On the one side, the journalistic field, its rules and values, routines and practices, is external to the social movement milieu. On the other side, the very notion of journalism has always intertwined with grassroots communities of activists that rethink and reshape journalistic practices from a bottom‐up perspective. In the first case, scholars investigate the interactions between social movements and journalism at large, where journalism denotes mainstream journalistic practices. In the second case, conversely, scholars research the development of so‐called alternative and grassroots journalistic practices within activist communities and networks.
Master Frame
Authors: Benford Robert D. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The term “master frame” was originally conceptualized in order to account for the empirical observation that
cycles of protest
occasionally emerge in the absence of a favorable political opportunity structure (POS). Given that POS had been theorized as the engine driving cycles of protest, an alternative explanation was sought from the social movement framing perspective to account for those instances when a number of movements clustered together during a period even though the structural conditions did not appear conducive for widespread mobilization. Under such conditions a cycle of protest could be attributed in part to the development of a
resonant
master frame. A master frame refers to a generic type of
collective action frame
that is wider in scope and influence than run‐of‐the‐mill social movement frames (Snow & Benford 1992). Whereas most collective action frames are context specific (e.g., drunk driver frame, cold war frame, exploited worker frame, environmental justice frame, etc.), a master frame's articulations and attributions are sufficiently elastic, flexible, and inclusive enough so that any number of other social movements can successfully adopt and deploy it in their campaigns. Typically, once a social movement fashions and espouses a highly resonant frame that is broad in interpretive scope, other social movements within a cycle of protest will modify that frame and apply it to their own cause. For example, once the US civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s experienced a number of successes based on an equal rights and opportunities frame, several other movements, including the American Indian, women's, gay and lesbian, Chicano/a, and Gray Panthers, adopted and proffered a similar frame to their specific movement campaigns.
Mechanisms
Authors: Tarrow Sidney 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A intellectual movement has been growing in the social sciences around the adoption of mechanism‐based explanations, as complements to, or even substitutes for, variable‐based explanations (Bunge 1997). In sociology, Arthur Stinchcombe recently emphasized studying causal mechanisms as part of a larger repertoire of methods of sociological research (2005). Peter Hedström and Richard Swedberg, working in the rationalist tradition, moved in the same direction (1998). John Campbell has identified a number of common mechanisms in social movement and organizational research (2005).
Micro‐Meso Mobilization
Authors: Boekkooi Marije , Klandermans Bert 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSocial movement events do not spontaneously occur, they need to be organized and mobilized. This involves two steps of mobilization: mesomobilization followed by micromobilization. Mesomobilization refers to the efforts of an initiator(s) of a campaign, trying to mobilize other organizers to jointly set up and organize the event (Gerhards & Rucht 1992), while micromobilization refers to the joint effort of the organizers to mobilize participants for the event (McAdam 1988). The mobilization process thus involves two steps: the mobilization of other organizers by the initiators and the mobilization of participants by the organizers.
Organizations, Community‐Based
Authors: Walker Edward T. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Community‐based organizations (CBOs) are local organizations, active in low‐ or moderate‐income communities, which mobilize individual community members in order to develop the civic and political power of local residents. They do so mainly through canvassing rather than building upon pre‐existing community institutions. Although the term “community organizing” refers to a broad range of organizations (McCarthy & Walker 2004), the focus here is not on organizations that use congregations as recruitment blocs. CBOs have become an important part of our national civic and political discourse, especially as the 2008 election of Barack Obama brought community organizing into the national spotlight.
Pacifism
Authors: Alcalde Javier 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The term “pacifism” was first used in 1901, although the idea can be traced back to the beginning of recorded human history across all cultures. Anglo‐American pacifism opposes war and other forms of violence by combining advocacy of personal nonparticipation in war with a commitment to use nonviolent means of resolving conflict. From the European perspective, pacifism would include the efforts to achieve international peace and mutual understanding. Whether pacifism is expressed through a political movement or as a specific ideology, it can be based on moral, religious, or pragmatic principles. From a strictly rational perspective, pacifists are aware of the costs of war and violence and therefore believe in other ways of resolving conflicts.
Precipitating Events and Flashpoints
Authors: Owens Peter B. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
It is often the case that certain critical events can have enormous impacts on the dynamics of collective action. When such events appear to “trigger” or “spark” collective action by convincing potential participants that action is necessary or desirable, or mark a critical turning point in the dynamics of a particular pattern of mobilization, they may be thought of as precipitating events. These events will tend to fall along a varied range of characteristics. Some may be violent and traumatic, such as an assassination or an instance of police brutality, while others may be relatively civil or even celebratory, such as the election of a supported political candidate or the victory of a sports team. Some events may appear to be relatively isolated and singular, while others may occur in a cumulative pattern over time. An event might be planned and executed by movement participants, or be completely unexpected. One event might trigger explosive episodes such as riots, while others might lead to long‐term changes in a cycle of protest, such as shifts in a movement's strategy. Despite such variation, the defining feature of a precipitating event is that it serves as some form of social‐cognitive “trigger” that defines, in part, the forms of collective action that occurs in its wake.
Public Opinion and Movements
Authors: Vráblíková Kateřina 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Although public opinion would seem to be a crucial factor for achieving a large‐scale mobilization and impacting politics and public policy, it has not yet received much attention in the social movement literature. There are probably a number of reasons for this lack of attention: (1) data on public opinion suitable for social movement scholars are not usually covered in publicly available opinion surveys and to gather them is costly; (2) requirements for data gathering would be even more demanding than for standard surveys because more developed research designs going beyond one survey at one time, such as public opinion across geographical units or longitudinal data, are needed; (3) public opinion is frequently studied by political science, while social movements are a primary focus of sociology. The following will first define what public opinion is, and how social movements can influence it, and then present two ways in which public opinion can play a significant role for social movement activism.
Quotidian Disruption
Authors: Borland Elizabeth 
Published: January 2013

AbstractQuotidian disruption refers to the breakdown or interruption of everyday practices, routines, and expectations which leads to a heightened likelihood of the emergence of collective action. The word “quotidian” means the routines of daily life, and encompasses the everyday practices we all take for granted. A modern variant of breakdown theory, the central argument of the quotidian disruption model, proposed first by Snow and colleagues (1998), is that actual or threatened disruption of the quotidian is the key element which connects social breakdown to movement emergence.