bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overfishing of marine resources: some lessons from the assessment of demersal stocks off Mauritania
Authors: Meissa B. , Gascuel D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe recent, rapid development of fishing in Mauritania offers a good case study for a comparative approach of the resilience of the species exploited there, in the face of increasing fishing pressure. First, we assessed the health of 22 demersal stocks with differing ecological requirements, demographic strategies, and states of exploitation. A dynamic production model was fitted in a framework of Bayesian statistics to abundance indices estimated from scientific trawl surveys or commercial catch per unit efforts. We show that 12 of the 22 stocks assessed are overexploited and 3 are fully exploited. The combined assessment of all 22 stocks demonstrates an overall overexploitation, with total demersal biomass decreasing by ∼75% since 1982 and fishing effort 30% higher than that at maximum sustained yield (40% higher for finfish). Second, relations between states of stocks and life history traits were analysed. The stocks of large and vulnerable species currently undergo the highest fishing pressure and are those that are the most overexploited. At the scale of the community represented by the stocks considered, surveys-based indictors of the mean intrinsic vulnerability, the mean maximum length, and the mean trophic level exhibit a significant decrease from 1990 to 2010. Changes observed in catch-based indicators depend on fishing strategies and are impacted by the recent development of the small-scale fishery. But indicators expressed as a function of a multiplier of fishing effort or fishing mortality clearly decrease, thus confirming that the intensification of exploitation leads to communities dominated by smaller species and lower trophic levels. We conclude that large and high trophic level species, such as white grouper, meagre, guitarfish, and smooth-hound, are markers of ecosystem health and should be considered as sentinel species.
Utamu wa Afrika (the sweet taste of Africa): The vegetable garden as part of resettled African refugees' food environment
Authors: Gichunge Catherine , Kidwaro Fanson 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo examine the role of gardening as a component of resettled African refugees' food environment.MethodsThis was a qualitative study that collected data using in‐depth interviews from 13 gardeners who were purposively sampled to include those participating in community and home gardens. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis was used to identify themes in the data.ResultsThematic analysis of the interviews revealed three emerging themes: food provision (access, availability and affordability), enhanced wellbeing (mental and physical) and barriers encountered in the food environment (limited knowledge on crop seasonality, size of garden and cost of manure). By having access to a vegetable garden, participants were able to access healthy foods and utilise familiar and culturally acceptable foods.ConclusionsThrough gardening, the resettled refugees' traditional foods are not only made available but easily accessible at little or no cost ensuring households are able to make healthy food choices. The pillars of food security—food availability, access, utilisation and stability—are enhanced through gardening, making community and home gardens an important component of the resettled refugees' food environment.
Structural, Compositional, and Sensorial Properties of United States Commercial Ice Cream Products
Authors: Warren Maya M. , Hartel Richard W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCommercial vanilla ice cream products from the United States (full fat, low fat, and nonfat) were analyzed for their structural, behavioral (i.e., melt rate and drip‐through), compositional, and sensorial attributes. Mean size distributions of ice crystals and air cells, drip‐through rates, percent partially coalesced fat, percent overrun and total fat, and density were determined. A trained panel carried out sensory analyses in order to determine correlations between ice cream microstructure attributes and sensory properties using a SpectrumTM descriptive analysis. Analyses included melt rate, breakdown, size of ice particulates (iciness), denseness, greasiness, and overall creaminess. To determine relationships and interactions, principle component analysis and multivariate pairwise correlation were performed within and between the instrumental and sensorial data. Greasiness and creaminess negatively correlated with drip‐through rate and creaminess correlated with percent total fat and percent fat destabilization. Percent fat did not determine the melt rate on a sensorial level. However, drip‐through rate at ambient temperatures was predicted by total fat content of the samples. Based on sensory analysis, high‐fat products were noted to be creamier than low and nonfat products. Iciness did not correlate with mean ice crystal size and drip‐through rate did not predict sensory melt rate. Furthermore, on a sensorial level, greasiness positively correlated with total percent fat destabilization and mean air cell size positively correlated with denseness. These results indicate that commercial ice cream products vary widely in composition, structure, behavior, and sensory properties.
Consumer Acceptance of Model Soup System with Varying Levels of Herbs and Salt
Authors: Wang Chao , Lee Youngsoo , Lee Soo‐Yeun 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlthough herbs have been reported as one of the most common saltiness enhancers, few studies have focused on the effect of herbs on reducing added sodium as well as the impact of herbs on consumers’ overall liking of foods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effect of varying levels of herbs on reducing added sodium and consumers’ overall liking of soups and identify the impact of salt levels on consumers’ overall liking of soups. Overall liking of freshly prepared and retorted canned soups with varying levels of herbs was evaluated before and after adding salt by consumers ad libitum until the saltiness of the soup was just about right for them. The results of the study demonstrated that when the perceived herb flavor increased, the amount of salt consumers added to fresh soups decreased (P ≤ 0.006); however, consumers’ overall liking decreased (P ≤ 0.013) as well for the highest level of herb tested in the study. Although overall liking of all canned soups was not significantly decreased by herbs, the amount of salt consumers added was also not significantly decreased when herbs were used. Overall liking of all soups significantly increased after more salt was added (P ≤ 0.001), which indicates that salt level was a dominant factor in affecting consumers' overall liking of soups with varying levels of herbs. These findings imply the role of herbs in decreasing salt intake, and the adequate amount of herbs to be added in soup systems.
Developmental State Construction and Strategic Regionalism: The Continental Reach of South Africa's Development Finance Institutions
Authors: Qobo Mzukisi , Motsamai Dimpho 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSouth African development finance institutions (DFIs) have extensive portfolios of projects they finance, with a remit that reaches beyond the domestic scene. Indeed, these DFIs are a product of history and have evolved to correspond to the country's postapartheid dispensation. In the past, South African DFIs were used to reinforce the political ideology of apartheid and its policy of separate development. Postapartheid DFI mandates have however changed significantly. They are not just instruments of the state's developmental agenda at the domestic level, but those also active in the region. We characterise this interlinkage of domestic developmentalism and regional orientation as strategic regionalism. The major focus of this article is to survey the role of South African DFIs in the African continent while also critically reviewing their relationship with the state's developmental paradigm and regional strategy.
Factors influencing donor and recipient decision making in adult‐to‐adult living donor liver transplantation: a survey of a non‐transplant population
Authors: Lansom Joshua D. , Rowe Simon , Sandroussi Charbel , Harrison James D. , Solomon Michael , McCaughan Geoffrey , Crawford Michael 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to (i) investigate the factors that influence donor and recipient decision making in adult‐to‐adult living donor liver transplantation (AALDLT); (ii) quantify the level of risk that would be acceptable to potential donors; and (iii) determine from whom an individual would be willing to receive a donation.MethodsA self‐administered questionnaire using hypothetical scenarios centred on AALDLT was created and administered to participants recruited from the waiting room of an orthopaedic outpatient clinic at a teaching hospital in Sydney (n = 105). The questionnaire asked participants to consider scenarios in which they either (i) were a potential donor for a family member or close friend or (ii) themselves required a liver transplant.ResultsNinety‐five (90%) participants expressed an in‐principal willingness to consider living organ donation. The factors most important in deciding to be living liver donors were the probability of a good outcome for the recipient, the likelihood of the potential recipient's survival until a deceased donor liver became available and the risk of donor death. Donor death was also rated as the least acceptable donor outcome. Participants expressed a willingness to receive a donation from all proposed donor groups equally.ConclusionsThe acceptability of hypothetical living organ donation was very high in the population group studied. Participants were also willing to accept significantly higher risks of complications from organ donation than they would actually be exposed to. Clinicians should feel encouraged to discuss the risks and benefits of living donation frankly with patients and their families.
Serum cytokine pattern in young children with screening detected coeliac disease
Authors: Björck S , Lindehammer S R , Fex M , Agardh D 
Published: September 2014

Summary
Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation localized to the small bowel, but less is known about systemic signs of inflammation. The aim was to measure cytokines of the T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cell patterns in children with screening-detected coeliac disease before and after treatment with a gluten-free diet. Serum samples selected before and after the start of a gluten-free diet from 26 3-year-old children diagnosed with biopsy-proven coeliac disease and from 52 matched controls were assayed in an multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the 10 cytokines: interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Among Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-12p70 were elevated significantly in children with coeliac disease compared to controls (P &lt; 0·001 and P = 0·001, respectively). Similar findings were demonstrated for the Th2 cytokines IL-5 (P &lt; 0·001), IL-10 (P = 0·001) and IL-13 (P = 0·002). No difference in cytokine levels between the two groups was found for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-8. After gluten-free diet, levels of IL-5, IL-12 and IL-10 decreased significantly (P &lt; 0·001, P = 0·002 and P = 0·007) and IFN-γ levels were reduced (P = 0·059). Young children with coeliac disease detected by screening demonstrate elevated levels of serum cytokines at time of diagnosis. A prolonged systemic inflammation may, in turn, contribute to long-term complications known to be associated with untreated coeliac disease.
Capital–Labour and State Dynamics in Export Horticulture in North‐east Brazil
Authors: Selwyn Ben 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis article argues for the primacy of class relations and struggles as determinants of developmental processes and outcomes, emphasizing the evolving, dialectical nature of these relations. It does so by providing a case study of export horticulture in North‐east Brazil. It documents how the region's rural trade union has been able, through mobilizing its membership base, to achieve significant improvements in their livelihoods, pay and conditions. It also shows how the region's employers have responded to these gains by restructuring the labour force in order to attempt to fragment and weaken it. The article pays particular attention to the gender dynamics of class relations.
Introducing Scenario Based Learning interactive to postgraduates in UQ Orthodontic Program
Authors: Naser‐ud‐Din S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntroductionE‐learning has gained momentum in health sciences and seems to have great potential in specialist dental education. Higher acceptability by learners is particularly associated with the surge of smart devices. Currently, there are limited number of e‐learning modules available for dental education, particularly in Orthodontics.Material and methodsScenario Based Learning interactive (SBLi®) software was used for the first time in Orthodontics Postgraduate training at the University of Queensland. Nine interactive modules were created embedded with clinical procedure videos, web‐links, evidence‐based literature, along with opportunity for self‐assessment and evaluation. Qualitative data were collected before and after the administration of the SBLi® for Orthodontics. The purpose of this data was to investigate learning styles and the acceptance of e‐modules as part of postgraduate training.ResultsAdvantages of the package included high acceptance rate, greater confidence in the application of clinical skills covered in the modules and reduced contact time particularly with limited academic staff. E‐modules demonstrated high compatibility with the learning styles of the participants and were considered engaging.ConclusionsIt seems apparent that e‐learning is most effective in a blended learning environment, supplemented with the traditional classroom approach, rather than as a sole mechanism for postgraduate training.
Impact of early remission by induction therapy on allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia with an intermediate‐risk karyotype in first complete remission
Authors: Hemmati Philipp G. , Terwey Theis H. , Na Il‐Kang , le Coutre Philipp , Jehn Christian F. , Vuong Lam G. , Dörken Bernd , Arnold Renate 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFor patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) early achievement of remission during induction treatment is an important predictor for long‐term outcome irrespective of the type of consolidation therapy employed. Here, we retrospectively examined the prognostic impact of early remission (ER) vs. delayed remission (DR) in a cohort of 132 AML patients with an intermediate‐risk karyotype undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) in first complete remission (CR1). In contrast to patients showing DR, patients achieving ER had a significantly higher 3‐yr overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) of 76% vs. 54% (P = 0.03) and 76% vs. 53% (P = 0.03). Likewise, 3 yr after alloSCT the cumulative incidence of relapse (CI‐R) was significantly lower in the ER subgroup as compared to patients achieving DR, that is, 10% vs. 35% (P = 0.004), whereas non‐relapse mortality (NRM) did not differ significantly. Multivariate analysis identified DR as an independent prognosticator for an inferior DFS (HR 3.37, P = 0.002) and a higher CI‐R (HR 3.55, P = 0.002). Taken together, these data may indicate that the rapid achievement of remission predicts a favorable outcome in patients with intermediate‐risk AML undergoing alloSCT in CR1. In turn, the adverse effect of DR may not be fully overcome by alloSCT.
Diffusion probe for gas sampling in undisturbed soil
Authors: Petersen S. O. 
Published: September 2014

SummarySoil‐atmosphere fluxes of trace gases such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are determined by complex interactions between biological activity and soil conditions. Soil gas concentration profiles may, in combination with other information about soil conditions, help us to understand emission controls. This paper describes a simple and robust diffusion probe for soil gas sampling as part of flux monitoring programmes. It can be deployed with minimum disturbance of in‐situ conditions, and also at sites with a high or fluctuating water table. Separate probes are used for each sampling depth, in this study ranging from 5 to 100 cm. The probe has a 10‐ml diffusion cell with a 3‐mm diameter opening covered by a 0.5‐mm silicone membrane. At sampling the diffusion cell is flushed with 10 ml N2 containing 50 µl l−1 ethylene (C2H4) as a tracer; tracer recovery is used to calculate sample concentrations. Ethylene is immediately removed by flushing with unamended N2. Equations are presented to correct for dead volumes of connecting tubing and valves. Laboratory tests evaluated recovery of CH4, N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2), removal of C2H4 and equilibration of CH4, N2O and CO2 in air and water. Field tests on peat soils used for grazing showed soil gas concentrations of CH4 and N2O as influenced by topography, site conditions and season. The applicability of the diffusion probe for trace gas monitoring is discussed.
Ischemia preconditioning protects rat submandibular glands from ischemia/reperfusion injuries
Authors: Shi Liang , Xiao Meng , Dai Mei‐Lu , Liu Shao‐Hua , Liu Yun‐Sheng , Wei Feng‐Cai 
Published: September 2014

To investigate the effects of ischemia/reperfusion on rat submandibular glands without denervation and the possible protective effects of ischemia preconditioning on the glands that experienced ischemia/reperfusion, in‐situ ischemia/reperfusion and ischemia preconditioning experimental models of submandibular glands of healthy male Wistar rats were conducted. For ischemia/reperfusion groups, the glands were subjected to 90 min of ischemia without denervation, followed by 1, 12, 24, or 72 h of reperfusion. Ischemia preconditioning was achieved by 3 min of ischemia following 3 min of reperfusion, performed three times before ischemia/reperfusion. Salivary secretion, histological changes, alterations of tight junctions, myeloperoxidase activity, cellular apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species levels were detected. In ischemia/reperfusion glands, rising acute‐inflammation responses, reduced tight‐junction width, and increased myeloperoxidase activity, reactive oxygen species levels, and apoptotic cell numbers were observed, along with secretory dysfunction, especially at 1 and 12 h post‐reperfusion, which seemed to gradually return to normal by 72 h post‐reperfusion. In contrast, ischemia preconditioning showed the potential to ameliorate the injury‐stress responses caused by ischemia/reperfusion. Our study revealed that ischemia/reperfusion could cause a series of injury‐stress responses and ultimately lead to hyposecretion, independently of the parasympathetic nerve supply, which might play an important role in the early‐phase dysfunction of the transplanted glands. Ischemia preconditioning could protect the involved glands and improve ischemia/reperfusion‐induced hyposecretion.
Confrontation of cryptic diversity and mate discrimination within Gammarus pulex and Gammarus fossarum species complexes
Authors: Lagrue Clement , Wattier Remi , Galipaud Matthias , Gauthey Zoe , Rullmann Jean‐Paul , Dubreuil Christine , Rigaud Thierry , Bollache Loic 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Freshwater amphipods Gammarus fossarum and Gammarus pulex are widespread in Europe, with some evidence of cryptic diversity in the former. We used DNA barcoding to assess genetic diversity within and among amphipod populations and examined mate discrimination and pre‐copulatory pair formation between genetically divergent individuals.

Eight distinct G. fossarum and four distinct G. pulex molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) were detected. Among the 33 amphipod populations sampled, 11 contained a single MOTU, 11 had two and 11 were composed of three sympatric MOTUs. Genetic divergences between sympatric MOTUs (G. fossarum and G. pulex MOTUs combined) ranged up to 28% (Kimura two parameter estimates).

In amphipod populations containing sympatric MOTUs, pre‐copulatory pair formation was random between MOTUs diverging by <4%. However, pre‐copulatory pairs involving amphipod individuals from MOTUs diverging by >4% were rare, suggesting mate discrimination between sympatric, highly divergent MOTUs.

Although the likelihood decreased with genetic distance between partners, pre‐copulatory pair formation in the laboratory can occur between MOTUs diverging by c. 16% and led to successful mating: most female amphipod carried viable, fertilised eggs 48 h post‐mating.

Data showed high cryptic diversity in the G. fossarum/G. pulex groups, even at a small spatial scale. Mate discrimination between genetically divergent amphipods in natural populations suggests that some of the MOTUs found in G. fossarum and G. pulex may be separated into (sub)species. However, amphipods from different MOTUs can still form pre‐copulatory pairs and females produce viable eggs. Overall, data suggest that cryptic diversity is common in the G. fossarum/G. pulex groups and that pre‐zygotic isolation through mate discrimination, rather than post‐zygotic incompatibility, is likely to drive cryptic speciation.
Microbiological, physical and chemical characteristics of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in modified‐atmosphere packaging
Authors: Simoes Julia S. , Mársico Eliane T. , Lázaro César A. , Ferreira Micheli da S. , Franco Robson M. , Pereira Ana Paula A. A. S. , Conte‐Junior Carlos A. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThis study evaluated the influence of packaging atmosphere (air versus 50% N2/50% CO2) on microbiological (mesophiles, psychrotrophs), physical (gas measurement) and chemical (pH, total volatile basic nitrogen [TVB‐N], NH3, H2S and biogenic amines) parameters in freshwater prawns during storage at 0 ± 1 °C for 240 h. To select the most appropriate packaging, 21 batches of each treatment were analysed. Both the packaging permeability and the combination of gases affected the shelf life, but the modified‐atmosphere packaging (MAP) was more efficient than air packaging, increasing the shelf life by 40 h. The parameters of pH and TVB‐N showed no statistical difference between the two atmosphere conditions all along the storage period. The biogenic amine agmatine showed potential for use as a quality indicator due to the increased concentration during storage. In further studies, this amine can be applied as an indicator for public health issue.
Effect of microwave vacuum drying and hot air drying on the physicochemical properties of durian flour
Authors: Bai‐Ngew Swittra , Therdthai Nantawan , Dhamvithee Pisit , Zhou Weibiao 
Published: September 2014

SummaryUnripe durian cv. Monthong was subjected to microwave vacuum drying (MVD) at 1200, 1600 and 2200 W and hot air drying (HAD) at 40, 50 and 60 °C to produce durian flour. Drying rate of MVD and HAD was 0.34–0.58 kg water kg dry solid−1 min−1 and 0.02–0.06 kg water kg dry solid−1 min−1, respectively. An increase in drying rate by either increasing hot air temperature or increasing microwave power decreased the degree of crystallinity from 21.95% to 2.31% and from 7.72% to 4.05%, respectively. Moreover, the increased drying rate caused a decrease in endothermic enthalpy (ΔHgel) and pasting properties. Starch content of the durian flour was 41.40–47.03%. The starch granule morphology of durian flour was disrupted which indicated gelatinisation of flour during drying. Due to a short drying process, the MVD flour had less a*‐value (P ≤ 0.05) than the HAD flour.