bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF THE MARCH 18, 1973 OIL SPILL NEAR CABO ROJO, PUERTO RICO ON TROPICAL MARINE COMMUNITIES
Authors: Nadeau Royal J. , Bergquist Eugene T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the early morning hours of March 18, 1973 the Greek tanker, Zoe Colocotronis spilled 37,000 barrels of Venezuelan crude oil into the coastal waters of southern Puerto Rico. About 24,000 bbl of oil washed ashore at Cabo Rojo, contaminating sandy beaches, turtle grass, and rocky shore communities.
Within 48 hours following the spill, dead and moribund invertebrates, representing several distinct phyla were being deposited along the beach and intertidal zone. Population analysis of the affected mangrove prop root and sublittoral turtle grass (Thalassia) communities revealed a sparse and impoverished fauna. Subsequent survey trips have revealed marked increases within certain affected populations. In one area (1.0 hectare)the red (Rhizophora mangle) and black (Avicinnia nitita) mangrove trees have defoliated and died during the three years following the spill. Analysis of the sediments in this area indicates significant levels of petroleum hydrocarbon residues were present as of January 1976.
OIL POLLUTION AND TROPICAL LITTORAL COMMUNITIES: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE 1975 FLORIDA KEYS OIL SPILL
Authors: Chan Elaine I. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This study reports biological effects of the July 1975 oil spill in the Florida Keys for a one-year period. Floating seagrass served as a natural sorbent for oil and stranded in the intertidal zone. A soluble component of oil, or possibly an organic cleaning solvent, leaching from this debris, was probably responsible for a mass mortality of subtidal echinoderms on the rocky platform. Several crab species were eliminated from the rocky shores, mangrove fringes, and Batis marsh communities for several months. Subtidal pearl oysters (Pinctada radiata) from the grass flat community suffered extensive mortalities, also attributable to a soluble component of oil. Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle)seedlings on the fringe and in the mangrove swamp, sustaining greater than 50% oiling of their leaves, were killed. Dwarf black mangroves (Avicennia nitida) with greater than 50% oiling of pneumatophores also died, as did some where the substrate remained oiled one year later. Elevated temperatures, exceeding lethal limits for many intertidal organisms, were observed in oil-covered substrates. Oil persisted in the substrate of rocky shores and mangrove-marsh areas for at least one year after the spill.
THE FIVE-YEAR RECRUITMENT OF MARINE LIFE AFTER THE 1971 SAN FRANCISCO OIL SPILL
Authors: Chan Gordon L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 18, 1971, two Standard Oil tankers collided underneath the Golden Gate Bridge, releasing about 840,000 gallons of Bunker C fuel. An estimated 4.2 million to 7.5 million intertidal invertebrates, chiefly barnacles, were smothered by the oil. Five-year observations of marine life recruitment following the spill indicate that population densities of some marine species have significantly increased in the San Francisco Bay area intertidal zones at Sausalito and Duxbury Reef. With some fluctuations, the barnacles Balanus glandula and Chthamalus dalli have increased from July 1971 to May 1976—from 93 to 189 barnacles per dm2 at Sausalito and from nine to 34 per dm2 at Duxbury Reef. The large bed of mussels, Mytilus californianus, showed a steady rise from 5.9/m2 in April 1971 to 14.0/dm2 in July 1976. The density of mobile organisms, such as limpets, snails, crabs, and starfish, all show cyclical variations; some show an overall increase. The limpets, Collisella spp., which suffered high mortality during the spill have increased threefold over pre-oil counts.
In 1975, some significantly low sample means were recorded for barnacles in Sausalito and for 18 composite species at Duxbury Reef, probably due to natural ecological forces. The five-year recruitment (1971-76), however, shows no evidence of lasting detrimental effects of Bunker C oil on the populations of marine life within the transect sites.
WATER SOLUBLE COMPONENTS OF CRUDE OILS, FUEL OILS, AND USED CRANK-CASE OILS
Authors: Winters Kenneth , Parker Patrick L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The major components of water soluble fractions (WSFs) prepared from representative crude, fuel, and used crankcase oils have been identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Classes of hydrocarbons identified include alkyl phenols, anilines, indoles, quinolines, and benzothiophenes. Aromatic aldehydes and ketones were also identified.
The composition of freshly prepared WSF and WSF exposed to air for from 6 hours to 5 days was determined. Alkyl benzenes, indans, and naphthalenes were rapidly lost from solution with negligible concentrations remaining after 24 hours. In contrast alkyl phenols, anilines, and indoles were generally present at greater than 50% of their initial concentration after 5 days.
EFFECTIVENESS OF A LARGE-SCALE BALLAST TREATMENT PROCESS
Authors: Lysyj Ihor , Rushworth Ron , Melvold Robert , Farlow John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study dealing with the effectiveness of large-scale treatment of ballast water was conducted at the terminal treatment facility of the Alaska Pipeline in Port Valdez, Alaska. Three principal questions addressed by the study were: the effectiveness of petroleum removal from ballast water; the nature of the chemical changes in the process stream; and the suitability of various analytical techniques for monitoring plant operation and measuring the quality of the final effluent.
The following analytical operations were performed on-site in Port Valdez: determination of “total oil” by Freon 113 extraction, followed by IR and gravimetric measurement methods; determination of nonvolatile dissolved and nonvolatile suspended organic materials by TOC analysis; determination of volatile organics by gas chromatography; and accumulator column separation and chloroform extraction of dissolved nonvolatile organic matter for subsequent HPLC and GC/MS analysis.
It was found that the final effluent contained volatile organic matter composed primarily of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and xylenes) (48 percent), dissolved organic materials of petroleum nonhydrocarbon type (36 percent), and suspended organic matter which is traditionally defined as water-insoluble “oil” (16 percent).
The bulk of the separation of oil from water, it was found, takes place in primary gravity separators (more than 99 percent), and that the secondary aeration-flocculation operation removes only approximately one-half of the remaining fraction of one percent.
The studies also showed that standard methods for determination of “total oil” by extraction and either IR or gravimetric methods are insufficient for monitoring the quality of the final treated effluent. This is because the principal organic components in treated effluent are volatile aromatic hydrocarbons and dissolved petroleum non-hydrocarbons. The standard method for “total oil” analysis by extraction-IR is not calibrated for detection of such components, while evaporation of solvent during the gravimetric procedure results in the loss of the largest single group of organics present in the effluent: aromatic hydrocarbons.
UNIT OPERATIONS, UNIT PROCESSES AND LEVEL OF RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CLEANUP OF THE OIL SPILL FROM THE SUPERTANKER AMOCO CADIZ
Authors: Hann Roy W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The March 1978 oil spill from the tanker Amoco Cadiz will serve as a landmark reference point for many decades for those interested in dealing with large oil spills. This paper1 describes the apparent strategy and the timing of resources used for cleanup of the spill, investigates the cleanup operations in terms of the individual unit operations and unit processes, and examines the level of financial resources, manpower, supply and equipment used in dealing with the spill at the various stages of the cleanup operation. The paper concludes with an extensive discussion of the lessons which have become apparent or are being reinforced by this particular spill with regard to the technology and administrative structure needed to effectively deal with very large oil spills.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MOUSSE AND SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES FROM THE AMOCO CADIZ OIL SPILL
Authors: Overton E. B. , Patel J. R. , Laseter J. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Mousse, biota, soil, sediment and reference mousse (collected immediately adjacent to the wreck) samples were collected during and immediately after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. A medium Arabian crude oil was used as a nonweathered control sample. The extracts were fractionated by liquid/solid chromatography and analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography and GC-MS techniques (mass spectrometry). GC-MS analysis had identified most of the major components in the 40 percent benzene in n-hexane fractions of the samples. Relative concentrations of selected aromatic components in the various samples were compared using a unique three-dimensional plotting format. The presence of oxidation products from the diben-zothiophenes were characterized in methanol fractions of actual environmental samples. Laboratory experiments conducted under simulated environmental conditions suggest that these oxidized products may arise by photochemical transformations. Products were identified by GC and GC-MS techniques and representative mass spectra are included.
THE PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND COASTAL AREAS OF THE KUWAIT CONFERENCE REGION: THE PROGRAM OF THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM1
Authors: Neuman Lawrence D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On the initiative of the States of the Region, in response to their large-scale development activities and the threat posed to the marine environment, the Kuwait Regional Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Areas was convened by the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Kuwait from 15–23 April 1978. The Conference was attended by Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
The major achievement of the Conference was the adoption of a Final Act which includes an Action Plan containing environmental assessment and management programs as well as the Kuwait Regional Convention for Co-operation in the Protection of the Marine Environment from Pollution and a Protocol concerning Regional Co-operation in Combating Pollution by Oil and other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency. The potential for severe environmental degradation from massive oil spills was recognized as the priority concern.
Initial project activities are scheduled to begin in early 1979 and continue for two years. UNEP will act as the catalytic agent in what is a co-ordinated effort of the United Nations system. In addition to an assessment of the origin and magnitude of pollution in the Region, the unprecedented growth of coastal development, especially industry, will be assessed in order to evaluate environmental consequences and appropriate pollution control measures.
OIL RECOVERY FROM UNDER RIVER ICE
Authors: Telford A. S. , Quam H. A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On March 7, 1978, a successful field test of the recovery of oil from under river ice was conducted on the North Saskatchewan River in Alberta, Canada. The ice was 28 inches (70 cm) thick, the water depth ranged from 1.5 to 7.9 ft (0.5 to 2.4 m) and the average water current was 1.3 ft/second (40 cm/sec). Dyed vegetable oil and crude oil were released under the ice upstream of a recovery slot which was 4 ft (1.2 m) wide, 400 ft (122 m) long, and placed at an angle of 30 degrees to the current. Almost all the vegetable and crude oil that was released under the river ice was intercepted by the slot and diverted to the slower current at the downstream end of the slot where it was readily recovered with a specially-constructed weir skimmer. From experiments in small 4 ft by 4 ft (1.2 m by 1.2 m) slots cut in the ice, it was determined that a slot would hold about a 5 inch (12 cm) layer of oil on the water surface for an ice thickness of 28 inches (70 cm) and an average current of 1.6 ft/sec (50 cm/s).
A trenching machine (Ditch Witch) proved effective for cutting the ice. Ice blocks about 3 ft by 4 ft (1 m by 1.3 m) were formed and pushed along the slot to the river bank. There, each ice block was lifted with a mobile crane by means of a cable and T-bar inserted through a 6 inch (15 cm) diameter hole drilled in the centre of the block. The load bearing capacity of the ice was critical in determining the type and size of equipment that could operate safely on the ice. The project was conducted by the Prairie Region Oil Spill Containment and Recovery Advisory Committee and was financed by the Canadian Petroleum Association, Environment Canada, and the Petroleum Association for the Conservation of the Canadian Environment.
CLEANUP OF A 32,000-BARREL CRUDE OIL SPILL AT THE WEST HACKBERRY DOME STORAGE SITE IN LOUISIANA1
Authors: Wilson Jack E. , Gallagher Jack 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
At 4:00 p.m. on September 21, 1978, a fire and major oil spill occurred at the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve in West Hackberry, Louisiana. Five days later, the fire was extinguished and within another two days, more than 30,000 barrels of oil had been recovered from the adjoining lake. History will record the event as a serious accident that resulted in one death and an injury, but a closer look will reveal one bright spot—an effective oil spill cleanup operation.
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTS OF AN AIR-JET OIL BOOM1
Authors: Cohen Steven H. , Lindenmuth William T. , Farlow John S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the development of the Air-Jet Boom—a novel boom which has the capability to divert oil slicks under wave and current conditions that normally preclude the deployment of conventional booms. Tests at the EPA's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) facility have demonstrated that this boom can, for example, successfully divert oil slicks at 3 knots with 85 percent efficiency when at 30° to the flow. Moreover, with the addition of steep, 4-foot waves, the boom's performance is virtually unchanged. 1
The key operational feature is a continuous, horizontally-oriented air jet ejected from along the boom near the water surface. The flow interaction and the ensuing momentum transfer from the air jet to the water surface (by viscous and turbulent shear stress) induces a strong local surface current just ahead of the boom. When the boom is deployed at an angle to the flow (diversionary mode), the induced current causes the oncoming oil slick to be deflected and transported across the water surf ace, apart from the clean underlying flow.
Overall, each boom module is about 33 feet long and 2 feet in diameter. Major components include two inflatable sections (ducts) supporting the continuous air-jet nozzle and a center support-float/jet-pump arrangement to supply the high volume, low-pressure (23,000 SCFM at 3 inches of water) air flow required for operation. Some unique features of the structural design are low draft (one inch) and excellent compliance to waves. Furthermore, the sections are lightweight and highly compactible for storage.
CLEANUP OF AN OIL SPILL INTO GROUND WATER AT WILLIAMSPORT, PENNSYLVANIA—A CASE HISTORY
Authors: Villaume James F. , Herre Bernard H. , Voykin Dale P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During 1977, more than 75,000 gallons of No. 2 fuel oil leaked into the ground from a 100,000-gallon storage tank at Pennsylvania Power and Light Company's Williamsport Combustion Turbine and Substation Site, located about 1,000 feet from the Susquehanna River in a highly industrialized area.
Pumping from drilled wells was the preferred method of recovery. To limit the extent of the spill and collect the oil, ground water was artificially drawn down at several points. The clean water from the bottom of the drawdown-recovery wells was discharged to a storm sewer; the oil-water mixture from the top was passed through a gravity separator. The separator underflow was returned to ground through an abandoned drill hole.
The initial oil recovery rate was 1,000 gallons/day, dropping to 100 gallons/day after three months, for a total of almost 45,000 gallons recovered after nine months. Average recovery costs were about $2.50/gallon.
The overall success of the cleanup effort is considered good, although attempts to establish an unattended operation had to be abandoned. Major problems encountered include an influx of sludge and sediment into the wells, chronic pump failures, and numerous restrictions to drilling, which shows that standard practices can not be applied routinely in every case.
ARE PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF MUTAGENS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT?1
Authors: Payne Jerry F. , Maloney Robert , Rahimtula Anver 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
We have now established that the aromatic hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme system for activation of hydrocarbons to mutagens (and carcinogens) is present in all phyla of marine animals common to the coastal northwest Atlantic. Enzyme activity has been shown to increase in all fish species on exposure to petroleum but induction has never been observed in any invertebrate. Further studies have also been carried out on the relation between induction, hydrocarbon metabolism, and mutagen-carcinogen activation by fish liver enzymes. The Ames strains of bacteria sensitive to both frameshift and base pair substitutions have been used for mutagenesis testing. Of several different types (12) of crude and refined petroleum hydrocarbons assessed to date, only used engine oil has been observed to be mutagenic and this mutagenicity is increased in fish induced for AHH by petroleum. Evidence suggests that the mutagenic principal(s) in used engine oil is derived from gasoline combustion and thus only circumstantially related to petroleum pollution. The belief that oil-spill-derived hydrocarbons could be a primary source of mutagenic activity in the marine environment is argued.
C15+ HYDROCARBONS IN THE SEDIMENTS OF THE NEW YORK BIGHT
Authors: Koons Charles B. , Thomas James P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to document the distribution and abundance of C 15+ hydrocarbons in sediment samples taken from the Hudson River, the New York Harbor, and across the continental shelf to the continental rise. Collection of 35 of these samples took place in 1975–76 using a multiple corer, a bottom grab, or the submersible Alvin. Materials obtained from these areas were considered representative and included dredge spoils, sewage sludge, and sediment from both the Deepwater Dumpsite 106 on the continental rise and the comparatively cleaner sea floor of the continental shelf beyond the apex of the New York Bight.
Total C15+ hydrocarbons are most abundant (3000–6000 parts per million) in areas highly impacted by man—harbor sediments and dredge spoil and sewage sludge disposal areas. Values from the continental shelf are lower (80 ppm) and values from the continental rise are the lowest (40 ppm). Gas chromatographic traces clearly distinguish the hydrocarbons in the dredge spoil and sewage sludge sediment samples from the hydrocarbons found in sediment samples relatively free of sludge or spoil materials.
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN THE NORTH SEA
Authors: Grahl-Nielsen Otto , Westrheim Kjell , Wilhelmsen Svein 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since May 1976, a number of water samples have been collected from various areas in the North Sea. Most of the samples were taken at 1 m depth, but samples were also obtained from depths down to 100 m by the use of a specially-developed water sampler. The analysis was carried out by capillary gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer as detector. By selected ion monitoring, the petrogenic hydrocarbons naphthalene, phenanthrene, and dibenzothiophene as well as their alkyl derivatives were detected. The results show that the level of non-volatile petroleum hydrocarbons in the waters of the North Sea is very low indeed. A short residence time thus keeps the standing stock of petroleum hydrocarbons below the detection limit.
A LEGAL OVERVIEW OF CLEANUP OPERATIONS
Authors: Evans James A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Who must act when an oil spill occurs? What are the legal risks involved? The government can act to clean up a spill. What are the incentives to have owners clean up? What happens if an owner cleans up someone else's oil; can the costs be recovered? What is an oil spill cooperative? What legal forms do they take? There are a number of common elements in most cooperatives. What reliance is placed on oil spill cooperatives under the law? What is the legal risk when oil spill cooperatives are used? What are the combined powers of landlord and government when oil spills are involved? All the powers of government and landlord are brought together. The law and regulations are pervasive. What are the obligations when an oil spill occurs onshore?
NATIONAL STRIKE FORCE RESPONSE IXTOC I BLOWOUT—BAY OF CAMPECHE
Authors: O'Brien J. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the summer of 1979, the Bay of Campeche experienced the world's largest oil spill incident when the Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex) exploratory well Ixtoc I had an uncontrolled oil well blowout. This paper will address how the U.S. Coast Guard's (USCG's) National Strike Force (NSF) became involved in the incident. A detailed account of the NSF equipment utilized on the spill will be offered. This account will include the deployment, operation, and recovery methods employed. An explanation of equipment malfunction and failures suffered will be included as part of the article. The paper will address the logistics of moving the equipment and personnel to the site and will identify the contingency plans deployed to ensure continued operation of the USCG skimming barrier system for the duration of deployment. It will discuss the organizational concepts employed on the incident and the thought processes used in developing the overall containment and recovery game plan in conjunction with other on-scene forces and Pemex authorities. As a result of this deployment, several refinements and modifications were made to the USCG Open Water Oil Containment/Recovery System to improve overall performance and capabilities.
The author served as a technical advisor to the Government of Mexico during part of the incident and was the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) for the USCG National Strike Force response efforts at the well site.
DOME'S PETROLEUM STUDY OF OIL AND GAS UNDER SEA ICE
Authors: Dickins David F. , Buist Ian A. , Pistruzak William M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The main cleanup of an oil spill originating from a late-season oil well blowout in the Beaufort Sea would take place in the spring. It is at this time that the oil trapped in and under the ice would surface to accumulate in melt pools on top of the ice.
To tie all the previous work on oil migration an in-situ burning together, Dome Petroleum Ltd. undertook a major oil spill experiment during the winter of 1979/80 in the Beaufort Sea. The objective of this field experiment was to determine the efficiency of burning as a countermeasure and to optimize burning techniques for oil and gas released from a Beaufort Sea blowout under ice.
The experiment took place in three phases, approximately 8 kilometres offshore from McKinley Bay in the Beaufort Sea, in first-year ice. Approximately 19 cubic metres of crude oil was discharged under the ice in conjunction with gas (air). This oil surfaced in the spring in pools thick enough to burn. Some 80 percent of the oil discharged was removed from the marine environment.