bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal and perinatal consequences of antepartum haemorrhage of unknown origin
Authors: Bhandari S , Raja EA , Shetty A , Bhattacharya S 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo explore the risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in women with antepartum bleeding of unknown origin (ABUO).DesignCohort study based on data extracted from the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal Databank. Exposure was antepartum haemorrhage occurring after the first trimester not attributable to placenta praevia or placental abruption.SettingAberdeen Maternity Hospital, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.PopulationAll primigravidae delivering between 1976 and 2010.MethodsData were analysed using univariate and multivariate statistical methods.Main outcome measuresPre‐eclampsia, induced labour, mode of delivery, preterm delivery, postpartum haemorrhage, admission to neonatal unit, perinatal death.ResultsBetween 1976 and 2010, there were 7517 women with ABUO and 68 423 women without ABUO in the cohort. Women with ABUO were more likely to be non‐smokers, belong to a lower social class, and have a higher body mass index. ABUO was a significant risk factor for induced labour (adjusted odds ratio, aOR, 1.23; 95% CI 1.16–1.31), preterm delivery at <37 weeks of gestation (aOR 2.30; 95% CI 2.11–2.50), and postpartum haemorrhage (aOR 1.15; 95% CI 1.06–1.25). There was no significant association detected with pre‐eclampsia (aOR 0.93; 95% CI 0.83–1.05). Whereas there was an increased risk of low birthweight (aOR 0.90; 95% CI 0.79–1.03) and stillbirth (aOR 0.92; 95% CI 0.66–1.30) with ABUO on univariate analysis, once adjusted for confounding factors this risk was non‐significant.ConclusionPregnancies complicated by ABUO are at a greater risk of preterm delivery and induced labour. There was no increase seen in perinatal mortality after adjusting for preterm birth.
Analysis of the Costs and Economic Feasibility of Requiring Postharvest Processing for Raw Oysters
Authors: Muth Mary K. , Viator Catherine L. , Karns Shawn A. , Cajka James C. , O'Neil Maggie 
Published: October 2013

Abstract Because of concerns about Vibrio vulnificus, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is considering requirements for postharvest processing (PHP) of oysters harvested from the Gulf of Mexico during warm‐weather months and intended for raw consumption. As described in the paper, feasible PHP methods for warm‐weather‐harvested oysters include cool pasteurization, high hydrostatic pressure, and low‐dose gamma‐irradiation. We estimate that the costs of applying PHP are approximately 5 to 6 cents per half‐shell oyster intended for raw consumption. However, most oyster processors have insufficient volumes to cost‐effectively install PHP equipment. To assist these smaller operations, central PHP facilities operated by a 3rd party would be needed. A geographic information system analysis that minimized volume‐weighted travel distances from each Gulf oyster operation identified 6 optimal PHP facility locations in the Gulf region. Even with the establishment of central PHP facilities, some oyster operations will become unprofitable and be at risk for closure.
Estimating heritability using genomic data
Authors: Stanton‐Geddes John , Yoder Jeremy B. , Briskine Roman , Young Nevin D. , Tiffin Peter 
Published: October 2013

Summary

Heritability (h2) represents the potential for short‐term response of a quantitative trait to selection. Unfortunately, estimating h2 through traditional crossing experiments is not practical for many species, and even for those in which mating can be manipulated, it may not be possible to assay them in ecologically relevant environments.
We evaluated an approach, GCTA, that uses relatedness estimated from genomic data to estimate the proportion of phenotypic variance due to genotyped SNPs, which can be used to infer h2. Using phenotypic and genotypic data from eight replicates of experimentally grown plants of the annual legume Medicago truncatula, we examined how h2 estimates from GCTA (h2GCTA) related to traditional estimates of heritability (clonal repeatability for these inbred lines). Further, we examined how h2GCTA estimates were affected by SNP number, minor allele frequency, the number of individuals assayed and the exclusion of causative SNPs.
We found that the average h2GCTA estimates for each trait made with the full data set (>5 million SNPs, 200 individuals) were strongly correlated (r = 0·99) with estimates of clonal repeatability. However, this result masks considerable variation among replicate estimates of h2GCTA, even in relatively uniform greenhouse conditions. h2GCTA estimates with 250 000 and 25 000 SNPs were very similar to those obtained with >5 million SNPs, but with 2500 SNPs, h2GCTA were lower and had higher variance than those with ≥25 k SNPs. h2GCTA estimates were slightly lower when only common SNPs were used. Excluding putatively causative SNPs had little effect on the estimates of h2GCTA, suggesting that genotyping putatively causative SNPs is not necessary to obtain accurate estimates of h2. The number of accessions sampled had the greatest effect on h2GCTA estimates, and variance greatly increased as fewer accessions were included. With only 50 accessions sampled, the range of h2GCTA ranged from 0 to 1 for all traits.
These results indicate that the GCTA method may be useful for estimating h2 using data sets of a size that are available from reduced‐representation genotyping but that hundreds of individuals may need to be sampled to obtain robust estimates of h2.
Beyond the species–area relationship: improving macroecological extinction estimates
Authors: Kitzes Justin , Harte John 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe species–area relationship is often used to predict extinction rates following habitat loss and climate change. This metric, however, has several shortcomings for conservation applications, as it does not predict extinction risk for individual species, only predicts the expected number of extinctions without an associated measure of uncertainty, and assumes that a species is protected if one individual of a species remains in a landscape.Here, we propose two new metrics, the extinction–area relationship and probabilistic species–area relationship, that address these shortcomings, and present equations for each metric based on empirically well‐supported species abundance and spatial abundance distributions.Extinction predictions are found to be strongly influenced by the choice of a minimum abundance required for a species to be considered protected, a parameter that cannot be adjusted explicitly in the classic power law form of the species–area relationship.These new metrics provide a flexible and theoretically grounded means of applying macroecological principles to the prediction of extinction.
Parental Anxiety at Initial Acute Presentation Is Not Associated With Prolonged Symptoms Following Pediatric Concussion
Authors: Zemek Roger , Clarkin Chantalle , Farion Ken J. , Vassilyadi Michael , Anderson Peter , Irish Brendan , Goulet Kristian , Barrowman Nick , Osmond Martin H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectivesAnxiety modulates symptom perception in adults following concussion, prolonging the time to full recovery. The authors sought to determine whether parental anxiety was associated with persistent postconcussive symptoms (PCS) in their children following concussion.MethodsA prospective observational cohort with 98 children aged 5 to 17 years following concussion participated from a tertiary pediatric emergency department (ED). The main exposure was parental anxiety at the time of acute presentation following pediatric concussion, measured using the self‐administered, validated Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory‐State Anxiety Scale (STAI‐S). The primary outcome measured was presence of PCS in the child at 1 month, per the validated Post‐Concussive Symptom Inventory (PCSI). Secondary outcome measures included parental anxiety score over time, school absenteeism, and return to sports. Data were collected during the initial ED visit and at 3‐day, 7‐day, 2‐week, 1‐month, and 3‐month follow‐ups.ResultsOf 98 children enrolled, 27% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 19% to 36%) developed PCS at 1 month. No significant associations were detected between parental anxiety at the index visits and the number of previous pediatric concussions (p = 0.73), sex (p = 0.61), loss of consciousness (p = 0.43), history of migraines (p = 0.31), or history of anxiety diagnosed in the patients (p = 0.09). A significant association was noted between patient diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and parental anxiety at the index visits (p = 0.001). Parental anxiety at acute presentation was not associated with children's prolonged symptoms at 1 month (p = 0.63). Parental anxiety remained elevated in parents whose children had prolonged symptoms compared to those parents whose children's symptoms resolved (median = 30, interquartile range [IQR] = 22 to 44; and median = 21, IQR = 20 to 25, respectively; p < 0.001). Initial parental anxiety presentation was not associated with school absenteeism (p = 0.23) or not returning to sport or gym class (p = 0.89). There were no significant effects involving ADHD alone (p = 0.44) or together with baseline parental anxiety (p = 0.36 for ADHD and p = 0.55 for anxiety) using logistic regression analysis to examine potential predictive effects of child's ADHD combined with parental anxiety at the index visit on persistent symptoms at 1 month.ConclusionsParental anxiety at time of acute presentation does not appear to be associated with prolongation of postconcussive symptoms in their children. However, parents of persistently symptomatic children remain significantly more anxious than those whose children's symptoms have resolved. Future research should attempt to reduce the familial burden of concussion through expectation management strategies.
Good virtual fences make good neighbors: opportunities for conservation
Authors: Jachowski D. S. , Slotow R. , Millspaugh J. J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFences can both enhance and detract from the conservation of wildlife, and many detrimental impacts are associated with creating physical barriers. By contrast, virtual fences can restrict, control or minimize animal movement without the creation of physical barriers, and present key benefits over traditional fences, including: (1) no need for construction, maintenance or removal of traditional fences; (2) rapid modification of boundaries both temporally and spatially based on specific conservation concerns; (3) application of novel conservation approaches for wildlife that integrate monitoring, research and management; and (4) social‐psychological benefits that may increase support for conservation. We review the various types of sensory, biological and mechanical virtual fences, and the potential benefits and costs associated with fully integrating virtual fences into protected area management and wildlife conservation. The recent development of real‐time virtual fences represents the potential for a new ‘virtual management’ era in wildlife conservation, where it is possible to initiate management actions promptly in response to real‐time data. Wide‐scale application of virtual fences faces considerable technological and logistical constraints; however, virtual fences are increasingly popular and soon will offer realistic management strategies for both terrestrial and avian wildlife conservation.
Long‐term follow‐up after urethral injection with polyacrylamide hydrogel for female stress incontinence
Authors: Mouritsen Lone , Lose Gunnar , Møller‐Bek Karl 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUrethral injection therapy for treatment of stress urinary incontinence has been in use for years, but only a few long‐term follow‐up studies have been published. Twenty‐five women, injected with polyacrylamide hydrogel 8 years earlier, were invited for follow‐up. Twenty‐four could be contacted; 15 had had no further treatment, seven had been re‐operated with placement of mid‐urethral slings, and two had been re‐injected with polyacrylamide hydrogel. Eleven women attended for objective examination; all non‐attenders were interviewed by telephone. Subjectively, in 44% the stress incontinence was cured or much improved, with a positive outcome according to the King′s Health Questionnaire. Objectively, all patients had visible polyacrylamide hydrogel deposits on vaginal ultrasonography. No local adverse reactions were seen in the vaginal mucosa. The results of a later mid‐urethral sling were unaffected by previous polyacrylamide hydrogel injection.
Postnatal nutrition in extremely low birth weight infants and its impact on growth until the age of 6 years
Authors: Peiler Annika , Woelfle Joachim , Stutte Sonja , Schreiner Felix , Bartmann Peter , Gohlke Bettina 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimTo examine the impact of postnatal nutrition on long‐term growth in extremely low birth weight infants.MethodRetrospective analysis of postnatal nutrition and observational study of growth in 52 ELBW infants until the age of six.ResultsChanges (Δ) in weight and length standard deviation scores (SDS) between birth to term correlated with protein intake (rw = 0.36; p = 0.009; rL = 0.35; p = 0.01), whereas ΔHC correlated with lipid intake (rHC = 0.38; p = 0.005). Analysis of various intervals (0–2, 3–5, 6–8 and 9–11 weeks) only showed significant impact on growth for energy (r = 0.3; p < 0.05) and lipids (r = 0.23; p < 0.05) at 6–8 weeks. No significant correlations were found between postnatal nutritional parameters and long‐term growth. However, postnatal growth restraint was negatively associated with length SDS (r = −0.34; p = 0.015) and body mass index SDS (r = −0.34; p = 0.018) at the age of six. Infants with postnatal growth restraint (n = 25) caught up more in length (+1.78 SDS) than in weight (+0.43 SDS), whereas small for gestational age infants (n = 8) caught up more in weight (+1.35 SDS) than in length (+1.07 SDS). This difference remained significant at the age of six.ConclusionAlthough no direct association between postnatal nutrition and long‐term growth was found, weight at discharge was a strong predictor for long‐term growth.
Effect of cashew nut shell liquid on metabolic hydrogen flow on bovine rumen fermentation
Authors: Mitsumori Makoto , Enishi Osamu , Shinkai Takumi , Higuchi Koji , Kobayashi Yosuke , Takenaka Akio , Nagashima Kyo , Mochizuki Masami , Kobayashi Yasuo 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEffect of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a methane inhibitor, on bovine rumen fermentation was investigated through analysis of the metabolic hydrogen flow estimated from concentrations of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) and methane. Three cows were fed a concentrate and hay diet without or with a CNSL‐containing pellet. Two trials were conducted using CNSL pellets blended with only silica (trial 1) or with several other ingredients (trial 2). Methane production was measured in a respiration chamber system, and energy balance and nutrient digestibility were monitored. The estimated flow of metabolic hydrogen demonstrated that a part of metabolic hydrogen was used for hydrogen gas production, and a large amount of it flowed into production of methane and SCFA in both trial 1 and 2, when CNSL was administered to the bovine rumen. The results obtained by regression analyses showed that the effect of CNSL supply on methane reduction was coupled with a significant (P < 0.01) decrease of acetate and a significant (P < 0.01) increase of propionate and hydrogen gas. These findings reveal that CNSL is able to reduce methane and acetate production, and to increase hydrogen gas and propionate production in vivo.
Reliability in somatic cell count measurement of clinical mastitis milk using DeLaval cell counter
Authors: Kawai Kazuhiro , Hayashi Tomohito , Kiku Yoshio , Chiba Tomoyuki , Nagahata Hajime , Higuchi Hidetoshi , Obayashi Tetsu , Itoh Seigo , Onda Ken , Arai Sachiko , Sato Reiichiro , Oshida Toshio 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSomatic cell counts (SCC) measurements are typically performed using quantitative methods, such as the Breed method (Breed) and the Fossomatic method (FSCC). The DeLaval cell counter (DCC) developed recently is a quantitative somatic cell counter with a low initial cost and superior portability. However, since the DCC was specifically developed for measuring SCC of ≤ 4 × 106 cells/mL milk from bulk tanks or individual cows, its reliability for estimating SCC that exceed this concentration has not yet been clarified. This study therefore examined whether it is possible to accurately measure SCC by diluting milk samples with initial SCC of 4 × 106 cells/mL, as seen in clinical mastitis milk. We collected milk samples from 99 quarters of 99 Holstein cows with clinical mastitis. These milk samples were diluted 10‐fold with saline and thoroughly mixed before performing SCC measurement with the DCC. The correlation coefficients of SCC measured by the FSCC, Breed and DCC methods indicated strong correlations between each pair of methods. The findings showed that DCC can be used to identify bovine clinical mastitis milk and is useful as a quantitative SCC measurement device on farm sites.
Biogeographic patterns of base‐rich fen vegetation across Europe
Authors: Jiménez‐Alfaro Borja , Hájek Michal , Ejrnaes Rasmus , Rodwell John , Pawlikowski Paweł , Weeda Eddy J. , Laitinen Jarmo , Moen Absjørn , Bergamini Ariel , Aunina Liene , Sekulová Lucia , Tahvanainen Teemu , Gillet François , Jandt Ute , Dítě Daniel , Hájková Petra , Corriol Gilles , Kondelin Hanna , Díaz Tomás E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractQuestionsWhat is the distribution of base‐rich fen vegetation and the specialist species along European biogeographic regions? How do the gradients in species composition correlate to geography and climate at continental scale? What are the implications of such patterns for the classification of these habitats?LocationFifteen countries of Central, Western and Northern Europe.MethodsWe compiled a vegetation plot database of base‐rich fens and related communities including vascular plants and bryophytes. The initial data set with 6943 plots was filtered according to the presence of specialists using discriminant analysis. We used DCA to analyse the correlation of species composition with geography and climate, and kriging interpolation for mapping gradients in the study area. Modified TWINSPAN was used to detect major vegetation groups. The results of the whole data set (plot size 1–100 m2) were compared with those obtained from two subsets with plots of 1–5 m2 and 6–30 m2.ResultsMost of the specialists were distributed among all the biogeographic regions, but many were more represented in the Alpine than in the Atlantic, Boreal and Continental regions. Variation in species composition was mainly correlated to temperature, precipitation and latitude in the three data sets, showing a major gradient from (1) alpine belt fens characterized by spring species to (2) small sedge fens mainly distributed in mountain regions and (3) boreo‐temperate fens reflecting waterlogged conditions.ConclusionsBase‐rich fen communities are widely distributed across European biogeographic regions, but the Alpine region can be considered as the compositional centre of this vegetation type. Large‐scale gradients of species composition are mainly explained by climate, while the influence of latitude is probably correlated to increasing water table in the boreo‐temperate regions. These gradients can be better understood by differentiating three major vegetation types, which should be considered when establishing classification systems of base‐rich fens in Europe.
Association between Clostridium difficile infection and antimicrobial usage in a large group of English hospitals
Authors: Pereira Joao B. , Farragher Tracey M. , Tully Mary P. , Cooke Jonathan 
Published: October 2013

AimsThis study aimed to determine the association between the reduction in the number of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) cases reported by the English National Health Service (NHS) hospitals and concurrent antimicrobial use.MethodsA retrospective ecological study for January 2005 to December 2008 was conducted using data from 26 of the 29 NHS trusts (i.e. a trust manages one or more hospitals) located in the North West Strategic Health Authority of England. Antimicrobial use data, for patients of all ages, were provided by IMS Health, and CDI case data for patients aged ≥65 years were provided by the Health Protection Agency. Antimicrobial use was converted into defined daily doses (DDDs). The overall association between antimicrobial use and CDI for the trusts was investigated using multilevel models.ResultsOur study shows a positive significant association between the CDI cases and the use of the following antimicrobials: ‘third‐generation cephalosporins’ [11.62 CDI cases per 1000 DDDs; 95% confidence interval (CI), 5.92–17.31]; ‘fluoroquinolones’ (4.79 CDI cases per 1000 DDDs; 95% CI, 2.83–6.74); and ‘second‐generation cephalosporins’ (4.25 CDI cases per 1000 DDDs; 95% CI, 1.66–6.83). The strength of this association was not significantly different (95% CI) among the antimicrobial groups.ConclusionsThis study shows that the reduction in the number of CDI cases reported by the English NHS hospitals is associated with concurrent reductions in antimicrobial use. This means that the number of CDI cases over time decreased in a similar fashion to the usage of various antimicrobials.
Public health significance of bipolar disorder: implications for early intervention and prevention
Authors: Conus Philippe , Macneil Craig , McGorry Patrick D 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesEarly intervention and preventive strategies have become major targets of research and service development in psychiatry over the last few years. Compared to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD) has received limited attention in this regard. In this paper, we review the available literature in order to explore the public health significance of BD and the extent to which this may justify the development of early intervention strategies for this disorder.MethodsThe main computerized psychiatric literature databases were accessed. This included Medline and PsychInfo, using the following keywords: bipolar, early intervention, staging model, burden, caregiver, public health, and manic depression.ResultsBD is often recurrent and has an impact that goes well beyond symptomatic pathology. The burden it incurs is linked not only to its cardinal clinical features, but also to cognitive dysfunction, poor functional outcome, poor physical health, high rate of comorbidities, and suicide. At a societal level, BD induces enormous direct and indirect costs and has a major impact on caregivers. The available literature reveals a usually long delay between illness onset and the start of treatment, and the absence of specific guidelines for the treatment of the early phase of BD.ConclusionsConsidering the major impact of BD on patients and society, there is an urgent need for the development of early intervention strategies aimed at earlier detection and more specific treatment of the early phase of the disorder.