bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Frame Switching
Authors: No Sun 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCultural frame switching refers to the phenomenon of shifting from one cultural mindset to another as a result of recent exposure to a cultural prime. Biculturals shift their interpretive frames based on which of their cultures was most recently activated, whether they are primed with iconic images of a culture, symbols such as language, or group‐based stereotypes. Primed biculturals exhibit responses to subsequent measures (e.g., causal attribution, values, group identification, personality traits) that match those of typical monocultural individuals in prior cross‐cultural research. For example, used cross‐cultural finding that European North Americans project emotions egocentrically (e.g., perceive one's own emotional state as being experienced by others) and Asian North Americans project emotions relationally (e.g., perceive emotions in others that are relationally linked to one's own emotional state, for instance perceiving fear in others when one experiences anger) to show that Korean Americans primed with American cultural icons responded as typical White Americans would on a measure of emotion projection (e.g., more egocentrically), yet responded as typical Koreans in Korea would when primed with Korean cultural icons (e.g., more relationally).
Cultural Psychology
Authors: Valsiner Jaan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCultural psychology is a sub‐part of general psychology that is built on the axiom that all human cognitive, affective, and behavioral forms of existence are regulated by socially constructed meanings. From that starting point cultural psychology overcomes the limitations of behavioral and cognitive traditions in psychology, restoring the study of higher – intentional – psychological processes to the center of psychological science. It has developed extensively since the 1980s and is currently integrating different sub‐fields of psychology (developmental, social). It is a transdisciplinary scholarly project building relations between psychology, anthropology, sociology, and history. Its methodological orientation is that of qualitative analyses, with quantitative methods allowable only if proven conceptually adequate and not eliminative of the phenomena under study.
Culturally Adapted Treatment
Authors: Hwang Wei‐Chin 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The term culturally adapted treatment refers to the modification and tailoring of services for people of different backgrounds. Because of access, utilization, and mental health outcome disparities among ethnic minorities, the term has traditionally referred to the adaptation of services for underserved ethnic populations in the United States. However, the term has also been applied to adapting services for other forms of diversity (e.g., gender, age, sexual orientation, and specific clinical issues).
Culturally Sensitive Psychotherapy and Culture Analysis
Authors: Dwairy Marwan 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Psychotherapeutic approaches developed in the individualistic, liberal societies of the West. They share one assumption: that the individual is an autonomous entity directed by intra‐psychic constructs and processes. The Western view is that, when a person experiences psychological disorder, psychotherapy can restore psychological functioning. This assumption does not always prove true among people who live in collectivist cultures, where the self is collective rather than autonomous. In such cultures individuals are not autonomous, and are psychologically dependent upon their family or tribe. The self is interdependent, and needs, attitudes, and values are collective rather than personal. Wellbeing is based on familial support that is conditioned on submissiveness to collective values and norms. Psychological distress is typically associated with intra‐familial conflicts rather than intra‐psychic ones.
Culture‐Bound (or Culturally Salient?)
Authors: López Irene , Ho Avril 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn established body of research has documented the role of culture in mental disorders and notes that culture not only shapes the experiences and symptomatology of disorders, but is a key factor in the organization and clustering of symptoms. As a result, disorders across cultures can be composed of an array of symptoms that do not easily or directly correspond to the disorders listed in the North American nomenclature of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM). To account for such difficulties, the DSM‐IV‐R has a glossary titled “culture‐bound syndromes” that lists 25 of the most frequently studied experiences (see Table 1). These experiences are defined as recurrent patterns of abnormal behaviors and distressing experiences that are “bound” to particular populations or regions, which may or may not be associated with specific DSM diagnoses.
Dai, Bingham
Authors: Rose Anne C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Was a Chinese‐born theorist and therapist who practiced in China and the United States. He combined Western ideas about culture and personality with Confucian, Taoist, and Buddhist teachings. As a resident of the American South from World War II on, he explored the psychology of racial identity and contributed to the landmark legal case
Brown v. Board of Education
(1954).
De Vos, George A
Authors: Feren Laura 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGeorge Alfphonse De Vos (1922–2010) was Professor Emeritus of Anthropology and pioneer in cultural psychology and ethnic identity studies at the University of California, Berkeley. He earned international recognition for his groundbreaking research of cultures and personality studies, interpersonal and economic exploitation, psychological anthropology, and the cross‐cultural application of psychological tests such as the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
Decoding
Authors: Padakannaya Prakash 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The term decoding refers to the recoding process of print (orthography) to speech sounds (phonology) while reading. Reading involves decoding (mapping between orthography and phonology) and comprehension processes. Although comprehension is a higher‐order, culture‐independent general cognitive process, decoding is a more basic cognitive process concerned with phonological recoding of orthographic units of a language. The specific mechanism and the ease with which decoding is performed depends on the characteristic features of the specific writing system used in a particular culture.
Dementia
Authors: Trottier Kaylee , Reckow Jaclyn , Ferraro F. Richard 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTheDiagnostic and Statistical Manual(DSM‐IV‐TR) of explains dementia as the development of multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment and at least one additional impairment in executive functioning – aphasia, apraxia, or agnosia. Memory impairment, often an early symptom, develops in individuals with dementia as a decreased ability to learn new material and/or forgetting previously learned material. Cognitive impairments must be due to physiological effects of a general medical condition, effects of a substance, or combined etiologies. Disorders considered dementia are differentiated by their etiologies (e.g., dementia of the Alzheimer's type, vascular dementia, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia due to head trauma), but share symptom presentation. Age is the greatest risk factor for dementia, as evidenced by increased prevalence rates with age; approximately 1.4–1.6% of individuals aged 65–69 years and 16–25% of individuals over the age of 85 have a diagnosis of dementia.
Depression
Authors: Stewart Sunita M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDepression is a chronic disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and likely to become the second most debilitating disease worldwide by 2020. As defined by theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV), depression is the persistent presence over a period of at least two weeks of at least five of nine of its cardinal symptoms: depressed mood and anhedonia (of which at least one must be present), clinically significant weight gain/loss or increase/decrease in appetite, sleep disturbance, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or of excessive guilt, decrease in concentration, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Culture can influence numerous processes interfacing with this disorder, including symptom presentation, prevalence, utilization of services, and selection of and response to treatment.
Dimensions of Culture (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Overview
Authors: Niu Jianghe , Bell Callimarie , Zagumny Matthew J. , Rahman Hartini Abdul , Reid Laura M. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Israeli psychologist Shalom H. Schwartz has theorized, in a framework of cultural dimensions, that there are seven cultural value types (
affective autonomy, egalitarianism, embeddedness, harmony, hierarchy, intellectual autonomy, and mastery
).
Disability
Authors: Johnson Ebonee T. , Dent Gitchel W. , Mpofu Elias 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDisability is a diverse phenomenon. There is no one understanding or perspective that can capture the complexities of disability. However it is understood though, disability is a global experience. According to the World Health Organization, disability is a multidimensional phenomenon that affects a significant portion of the global population. Definitions of disability have evolved over time both within and across cultural settings, as has the range of areas of human functioning to which disability applies. In Western societies for instance, disability has historically been associated with physical impairment, and only more recently with limitations in normative activities of daily living within typical environments. The defines disability in terms of activity restrictions and participation limitations. This model understands disability as a complex interaction between a person with a health or psychological impairment and his or her physical and sociocultural environment. Thus, the current understanding of disability emphasizes human functioning. An impairment, in and of itself, does not necessarily result in a disability.
Distortions of Diagnostic Judgment
Authors: Draguns Juris G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAssignment of a psychiatric diagnosis is based upon a complex interpersonal transaction in which a diagnostician's professional training, experience, and skill are applied to the detection of signs and indications of a specific mental disorder in a person who is typically experiencing distress, discomfort, and helplessness. In the ideal case, this determination is construed as an inference from the observations and communications gathered, subject to minimal distortions, if any. In actuality, the attainment of veridical psychiatric diagnosis across all populations and diagnostic categories was an ambitious and elusive goal throughout the twentieth century. By this time, substantial advances in formulating and applying rules of diagnosis have been made, exemplified by the changes in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manualsof the American Psychiatric Association from the first to the current fourth edition, the development of observational rating and self‐report symptom scales, and the improvement of interviewing procedures. Nonetheless, problems with the validity of diagnostic judgment persist – a continuing task for the mental health professions throughout the world is to reduce errors and distortions.
Diversity Education in Psychology
Authors: MacDonald Don 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Psychologists work with clients who represent a wide array of global cultural and subcultural identities. Applied psychologists must learn how to effectively serve such a diverse clientele, and research psychologists will produce more valid outcomes and processes by accounting for multicultural effects in their studies. Efforts to provide services become problematic when psychologists attempt to make sense of clients’ worldviews solely through their own cultural lens. This is particularly the case when it results in a lack of understanding of differing cultural viewpoints. Regardless of psychologists’ roles, multicultural understanding and skills are not intuitive; preparation programs and psychological organizations have professional and ethical responsibilities to educate psychologists about diversities.
Doi, Takeo
Authors: Kaji Akiko 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Takeo Doi was a Japanese psychiatrist born in Tokyo, Japan in 1920. He graduated from the Schools of Health Science and Medicine at the University of Tokyo in 1942 and became a dermatologist. He was drafted to military service during World War II. After the war, he worked at St. Luke's International Hospital in Tokyo as an internal medicine doctor. At the time the hospital served as an American military hospital. Doi was allowed to use the library, containing American journals, including a journal of internal medicine. He learned about the ideas of psychosomatic illness and psychoanalysis while reading articles in the library. After Doi had worked as an internal medicine doctor for four years, the director of the hospital recommended that he become a psychiatrist. He followed this recommendation, applied for a scholarship to study in the United States and obtained fellowships at the Menninger School of Psychiatry from 1950 to 1952.
Draguns, Juris G
Authors: Chin Eugene , Drescher Christopher F. , Johnson Laura R. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Juris G. Draguns is a pioneer in international psychology and cross‐cultural research. Overcoming geographical and language barriers, he has collaborated with researchers from nations such as Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Throughout his career he has lectured in five different languages and taught internationally at the University of Mainz in Germany; Lund University in Sweden; East‐West Center in Hawaíi; Flinders University of South Australia; National Taiwan University in Taipei; University of the Americas‐Puebla in Cholula, Mexico; University of Latvia and Baltic Russian Institute, both in Riga; and the Pennsylvania State University in the United States.
Dreams
Authors: Richmond Lee Joyce 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Possibly no subject in psychology has been more elusive yet more examined than dreams. Interest in dreams is as ancient as the beginning of humankind and as modern as present day studies in neuroscience. The cause of dreams, the content of dreams, and the meaning of dreams have been studied in all cultures using the belief systems and tools available at the time. Dreams are commonly believed to affect waking behavior.
DSM‐IV‐TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Authors: Chao Ruth Chu‐Lien , Manita Jessica 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), is used for clinical, research, and educational purposes. The focus of the DSM is on diagnostic codes for psychological disorders and on medical record keeping. The DSM is also used for communication of information to governmental agencies, private insurers, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The DSM is now in its fourth edition. In 1952, the first edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM‐I) was recognized as the manual of mental health categorization. It developed as a variant of the “Mental Disorders” section of the sixth edition of the World Health Organization's
International Classification of Diseases
(ICD).
Egalitarianism
Authors: Bell Callimarie , Zagumny Matthew J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Egalitarianism is a philosophical doctrine that describes a belief in human equality. Egalitarianism, commonly contextualized in political, social, and economic affairs, advocates the reduction of inequalities among individuals in social realms such as work, legal systems, gender issues, and wealth. Justice and fairness are commonly associated with egalitarianism stemming from multiple studies in political philosophy.
Ekman, Paul
Authors: Rich Grant J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Paul Ekman was born February 15, 1934 in Washington, DC. His mother committed suicide when he was 14, and Ekman reported that this led to his desire to become a psychologist. He attended the University of Chicago from 1949 to 1952, and received his B.A. from New York University in 1954. He completed the Ph.D. at Adelphi University in 1958. He served in the U.S. Army Medical Corps from 1958 to 1960, as chief psychologist at Fort Dix, New Jersey, and became a first lieutenant. In 1972 he became a professor of psychology at the University of California, San Francisco, where he remained until 2004. Ekman married Mary Ann Mason, the past dean of graduate studies (2000–2007), and professor at the School of Law at the University of California‐Berkeley. They have two children.
Emotion Recognition
Authors: Matsumoto David , Hwang Hyi Sung 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEmotion recognitionrefers to the ability of humans to identify emotional states. Most of the research in this area has focused on the ability of humans to recognize the emotional states of others, primarily through facial expressions of emotion. Charles Darwin suggested that expressive behaviors associated with emotion are the residual actions of more complete behavioral responses. Facial and vocal expressions are part of those actions, and occur in combination with other bodily responses – postural, gestural, skeletal muscle movements, and physiological responses. This perspective suggests that different emotions are associated with specific, unique facial configurations, and that each facial configuration occurs because it complements the behavioral response associated with the aroused emotion. Thus, we express anger in our faces by furrowing the brow and tightening the lips with teeth displayed because these actions are part of an attack response; we express disgust with an open mouth, nose wrinkle, and tongue protrusion as part of a vomiting response. Facial expressions are part of the coordinated response involving multiple systems.
Emotion Response System Coherence
Authors: Matsumoto David , Hwang Hyi Sung 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Emotions have been defined as
transient, bio‐psycho‐social reactions to events that have consequences for our welfare and potentially require immediate action
(see entry on
Emotion
). They are biological because they involve bodily responses. They are psychological because they involve specific mental processes required for elicitation and regulation of response and affect. And they are social because they are often elicited in interactions, and have meaning to those interactions. (We use the word “social” here in the broadest sense in relation to our evolutionary history, which includes interactions not only with other humans, but also with other living beings, such as snakes, bears, wild pigs, etc.)
Emotions, Basic
Authors: Matsumoto David , Hwang Hyi Sung 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The notion of basic emotions has its roots in the writing of Darwin, who suggested that a certain set of emotions were biologically based, adaptive, and seen across phylogeny. Although Darwin's ideas were challenged for many years, they were bolstered by the first systematic evidence documenting the universality of facial expressions of emotion in what are known as the
universality studies
(see entry, in this
Encyclopedia
). Today there is strong evidence for the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise to be classified as basic emotions. The universality of the facial expressions of these emotions serves as one of the strongest foundations of cultural and cross‐cultural psychology.
Enriquez, Virgilio
Authors: Navarro Atoy M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractVirgilio Gaspar Enriquez was a Filipino psychologist, considered the father ofsikolohiyang Pilipino(Filipino Psychology), who advanced indigenous psychology in the Philippines. Born in Bulacan on November 24, 1942, he was the youngest child of Arsenio Enriquez and Rosario Gaspar. Enriquez finished his elementary education at the Espiritu Santo Parochial School and his secondary schooling at Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He earned his B.A. in philosophy at the University of the Philippines (UP) in 1961. Two years later, he joined the UP Department of Psychology as a faculty member. In 1965, Enriquez was among the few academics teaching psychology in the Filipino language. He took graduate studies at Northwestern University in the United States, where he obtained his M.A. in psychology in 1970 and Ph.D. in social psychology in 1971.
Ethics in Cross‐Cultural Psychology
Authors: Beck Stephanie , de Merode Janet 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCultural differences can create ethical dilemmas among health professions working across cultures. Values, spiritual beliefs, customs, styles of communication, and views of roles and responsibilities take shape within the particular histories of communities and nations. These concerns in turn impact the legal, ethical, and moral standards of particular cultures. For instance, multiple values and procedures engrained in Western psychologists may be defined or understood differently in Eastern cultures. Differing interpretations can lead to ethical dilemmas for Western psychologists working in Eastern cultures, and for Eastern psychologists working in Western cultures. In psychology, five broad areas emerge for considering differences in values and protocols when operating in a cross‐cultural context: competence; informed consent; confidentiality/privacy; diagnosis/treatment; and international testing.
Ethnography
Authors: Priya Kumar Ravi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA paradigm shift in social sciences in the 1960s produced recognition among psychologists of the importance of culture in understanding and explaining human behavior and experiences. Ethnography has acquired an interesting place in psychological research in a variety of areas, including research with the goals of exploring cultural meanings of selfhood, wellbeing, identity and other experiences that may be culturally unique and rendered intelligible only within the specific sociocultural context.
Etic
Authors: Hwang Wei‐Chin , Ting Julia Y. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The words
etic
and
emic
were originally coined by the linguistic anthropologist Kenneth. Etic was derived from the term “phonetic,” and refers to units of sound that are not distinctive to a particular language. Emic was derived from the term “phonemic,” which refers to the units of sound that are distinctive to a particular language. Since their original usage, these terms have been modified and used in various ways and by different fields of study.
Factor Analysis
Authors: Beins Bernard C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Factor analysis is a multivariate statistical technique that permits a researcher to identify factors or latent variables that underlie a data matrix. Measurements (e.g., test scores, responses in survey research) may correlate with one another because a factor (or latent variable) is associated with each of them. Through this statistical approach, the researcher can use the intercorrelations to explain the structure of data with a small number of concepts (i.e., fewer factors than original items). In addition, the investigator can calculate scores for each of the factors rather than needing to evaluate the entire set of measured variables.