bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social network sites: an innovative form of political communication? A socio-technical approach to media innovation
Authors: Roginsky Sandrine 
Published: September 2014

This article’s objective is to explore the interrelations between social media technology and users in order to assess whether and how actors drive innovation. I am interested in understanding how social media technology configure users, how users reconfigure technologies to meet their needs and what users do with social media technology. The mainstream perspective on politicians who use social media has been based on the premise that social media technology is, by nature, an innovative tool and that politicians are not using it to its full potential. However I argue that technology is not innovative by nature and further that emerging practices are actually accompanying the use of social media by political actors but that those practices are related to the collaborative production of speech and rearrangement of editorial rules in political communication. Thus the bulk of the paper is devoted to showing that, through the use of social media technology, media and political communication are converging. The article builds upon examples from the use of social media technology by Members of the European Parliament (MEPs). I provide empirical insights into how Members of the European Parliament and their staff adapt to social media technology while using it in a creative way and how uses contribute to changes in the technology itself. This article is empirically grounded and aims at providing examples to highlight the role of actors in defining and developing innovation in the field of media technology. The argument of the paper is that innovation in media technology takes place at the level of practices. Yet new and old practices are interfering as more established practices meet social media technology, challenging the notion of newness and pointing out to the role and influence of the institutional context on innovation. This article finally outlines some of the existing claims made for the innovative potential of social media regarding politics and lays out a number of issues and questions that should lead us to be wary about celebratory accounts.
Overview of Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Aimone Lisa D. , de Lannoy Inés A.M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn addition to having selective potency against the molecular target(s), a compound must be able to reach its intended site of action in vivo in sufficient quantity and for the appropriate duration of time to exert a biological effect. The fate of a compound after in vivo administration depends upon its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), as well as its target residence time. The concentration of the compound in the blood, plasma, and other tissues represents the sum of all of these processes. Described in this unit are protocols for administering a compound by various routes to rats and for collecting the appropriate samples to determine the pharmacokinetics profile. The basic terms used in pharmacokinetics studies are defined, and representative examples are given to illustrate important variables to consider. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 66:7.1.1‐7.1.31. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Vitro Assays of Lipidation of Mammalian Atg8 Homologs
Authors: Tanida Isei , Ueno Takashi , Kominami Eiki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAtg8 modifier in yeast is conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine via ubiquitylation‐like reactions essential for autophagy. Mammalian Atg8 homologs (Atg8s) including LC3, GABARAP, and GATE‐16, are also ubiquitin‐like modifiers. The carboxyl termini of mammalian Atg8 homologs are cleaved by Atg4B, a cysteine protease, to expose carboxyl terminal Gly which is essential for this ubiquitylation‐like reaction. Thereafter, the Atg8 homologs are activated by Atg7, an E1‐like enzyme, to form unstable Atg7‐Atg8 E1‐substrate intermediates via a thioester bond. The activated Atg8 homologs are transferred to mammalian Atg3, an E2‐like enzyme, to form unstable Atg3‐Atg8 E2‐substrate intermediates via a thioester bond. Finally, Atg8 homologs are conjugated to phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Here, we describe a protocol for the reconstituted conjugation systems for mammalian Atg8 homologs in vitro using purified recombinant Atg proteins and liposomes. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 64:11.20.1‐11.20.13. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Best Practices for Mapping Replication Origins in Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Authors: Besnard Emilie , Desprat Romain , Ryan Michael , Kahli Malik , Aladjem Mirit I. , Lemaitre Jean‐Marc 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the regulatory principles ensuring complete DNA replication in each cell division is critical for deciphering the mechanisms that maintain genomic stability. Recent advances in genome sequencing technology facilitated complete mapping of DNA replication sites and helped move the field from observing replication patterns at a handful of single loci to analyzing replication patterns genome‐wide. These advances address issues, such as the relationship between replication initiation events, transcription, and chromatin modifications, and identify potential replication origin consensus sequences. This unit summarizes the technological and fundamental aspects of replication profiling and briefly discusses novel insights emerging from mining large datasets, published in the last 3 years, and also describes DNA replication dynamics on a whole‐genome scale. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 64:22.18.1‐22.18.13. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diurnal cross‐shore thermal exchange on a tropical forereef
Authors: Molina L. , Pawlak G. , Wells J. R. , Monismith S. G. , Merrifield M. A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObservations of the velocity structure at the Kilo Nalu Observatory on the south shore of Oahu, Hawaii show that thermally driven baroclinic exchange is a dominant mechanism for cross‐shore transport for this tropical forereef environment. Estimates of the exchange and net volume fluxes are comparable and show that the average residence time for the zone shoreward of the 12 m isobath is generally much less than 1 day. Although cross‐shore wind stress influences the diurnal cross‐shore exchange, surface heat flux is identified as the primary forcing mechanism from the phase relationships and from analysis of momentum and buoyancy balances for the record‐averaged diurnal structure. Dynamic flow regimes are characterized based on a two‐dimensional theoretical framework and the observations of the thermal structure at Kilo Nalu are shown to be in the unsteady temperature regime. Diurnal phasing and the cross‐shore momentum balance suggest that turbulent stress divergence is an important driver of the baroclinic exchange. While the thermally driven exchange has a robust diurnal profile in the long term, there is high temporal variability on shorter time scales. Ensemble‐averaged diurnal profiles indicate that the exchange is strongly modulated by surface heat flux, wind speed/direction, and alongshore velocity direction. The latter highlights the role of alongshore variability in the thermally driven exchange. Analysis of the thermal balance in the nearshore region indicates that the cross‐shore exchange accounts for roughly 38% of the advective heat transport on a daily basis.
Impact of a half‐space interface on the wireless link between tiny sensor nodes
Authors: Penkin Dmitriy , Janssen Gerard , Yarovoy Alexander 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe power budget of a wireless link between two electrically small sensor nodes located close to an interface between two media is studied. The model includes both the propagation channel losses and input impedance of the radio frequency antennas. It is shown that a highly inductive half‐space significantly enhances the received power due to the contribution of the surface wave while not resulting in considerable mismatch losses between the antennas and electronics. Hence, such a half‐space improves the link gain, which may compensate the limited energy available for transmission from electrically and physically small nodes.
Assessing active faulting by hydrogeological modeling and superconducting gravimetry: A case study for Hsinchu Fault, Taiwan
Authors: Lien Tzuyi , Cheng Ching‐Chung , Hwang Cheinway , Crossley David 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe develop a new hydrology and gravimetry‐based method to assess whether or not a local fault may be active. We take advantage of an existing superconducting gravimeter (SG) station and a comprehensive groundwater network in Hsinchu to apply the method to the Hsinchu Fault (HF) across the Hsinchu Science Park, whose industrial output accounts for 10% of Taiwan's gross domestic product. The HF is suspected to pose seismic hazards to the park, but its existence and structure are not clear. The a priori geometry of the HF is translated into boundary conditions imposed in the hydrodynamic model. By varying the fault's location, depth, and including a secondary wrench fault, we construct five hydrodynamic models to estimate groundwater variations, which are evaluated by comparing groundwater levels and SG observations. The results reveal that the HF contains a low hydraulic conductivity core and significantly impacts groundwater flows in the aquifers. Imposing the fault boundary conditions leads to about 63–77% reduction in the differences between modeled and observed values (both water level and gravity). The test with fault depth shows that the HF's most recent slip occurred in the beginning of Holocene, supplying a necessary (but not sufficient) condition that the HF is currently active. A portable SG can act as a virtual borehole well for model assessment at critical locations of a suspected active fault.
Change in surface energy balance in Alaska due to fire and spring warming, based on upscaling eddy covariance measurements
Authors: Ueyama Masahito , Ichii Kazuhito , Iwata Hiroki , Euskirchen Eugénie S. , Zona Donatella , Rocha Adrian V. , Harazono Yoshinobu , Iwama Chie , Nakai Taro , Oechel Walter C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWarming in northern high latitudes has changed the energy balance between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. This study evaluated changes in regional surface energy exchange in Alaska from 2000 to 2011 when substantial declines in spring snow cover due to spring warming and large‐scale fire events were observed. Energy fluxes from a network of 20 eddy covariance sites were upscaled using a support vector regression (SVR) model, by combining satellite remote sensing data and global climate data. Based on site‐scale analysis, SVR reproduced observed net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground heat flux; 8 day root‐mean‐square errors for these variables were 15, 10, 9, and 3 W m−2, respectively. Based on upscaled fluxes, decreases in spring snow cover induced an increase in surface net radiation, a net heating effect, of 0.56 W m−2 decade−1. This heating effect was comparable to the net cooling effect due to increased fire extent during the study period (up to 0.59 W m−2 decade−1). These land cover effects were larger than the change in the energy forcing associated with CO2 balance for the Alaska region. Spring warming and postfire land cover change increased the regional latent heat flux. The regional sensible heat flux decreased with the postfire land cover change. Our results highlight the importance of positive spring snow albedo feedback to climate and a postfire negative feedback under the expected warming climate in the Arctic.
Process consistency in models: The importance of system signatures, expert knowledge, and process complexity
Authors: Hrachowitz M. , Fovet O. , Ruiz L. , Euser T. , Gharari S. , Nijzink R. , Freer J. , Savenije H. H. G. , Gascuel‐Odoux C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHydrological models frequently suffer from limited predictive power despite adequate calibration performances. This can indicate insufficient representations of the underlying processes. Thus, ways are sought to increase model consistency while satisfying the contrasting priorities of increased model complexity and limited equifinality. In this study, the value of a systematic use of hydrological signatures and expert knowledge for increasing model consistency was tested. It was found that a simple conceptual model, constrained by four calibration objective functions, was able to adequately reproduce the hydrograph in the calibration period. The model, however, could not reproduce a suite of hydrological signatures, indicating a lack of model consistency. Subsequently, testing 11 models, model complexity was increased in a stepwise way and counter‐balanced by “prior constraints,” inferred from expert knowledge to ensure a model which behaves well with respect to the modeler's perception of the system. We showed that, in spite of unchanged calibration performance, the most complex model setup exhibited increased performance in the independent test period and skill to better reproduce all tested signatures, indicating a better system representation. The results suggest that a model may be inadequate despite good performance with respect to multiple calibration objectives and that increasing model complexity, if counter‐balanced by prior constraints, can significantly increase predictive performance of a model and its skill to reproduce hydrological signatures. The results strongly illustrate the need to balance automated model calibration with a more expert‐knowledge‐driven strategy of constraining models.
Real‐Time Ultrasound‐Guided Needle Injection of the Mouse Jugular Vein
Authors: Abrahams Dominique , Jeune‐Smith Yolaine , Bode Aimee , Baldwin Margaret , Choi Jung W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis unit describes a novel method for direct venous injection into mice that offers potentially significant advantages over commonly used mouse vein injection techniques. This is achieved via percutaneous needle placement into the mouse jugular vein under real‐time B‐mode ultrasound (US) imaging. Real‐time US imaging of the injection process allows for immediate determination of the overall success of injection. Unique, and potentially significant, advantages of this technique over others include: (1) direct visual confirmation of needle tip placement in the lumen of the vein, (2) immediate visual detection of extravascular extravasation of injectate, when compared to blinded techniques, such as tail vein injections, and (3) reduced morbidity and mortality compared to surgical vascular access techniques (i.e., jugular vein cannulation). This technique may lead to more accurate determination of the success of the injection procedure for each mouse, thus improving the quality of acquired data in dependent mouse experiments. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 4:141‐150 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Consumer Willingness to Pay for Catechin‐enriched Yogurt: Evidence from a Stated Choice Experiment
Authors: Moro Daniele , Veneziani Mario , Sckokai Paolo , Castellari Elena 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIn recent years, food manufacturers have been devoting a large portion of their R&D budgets to the development of functional foods. Although functional foods exhibit a significant level of information asymmetry, consumers appear to be increasingly appreciative, recognizing their role in preventing or reducing health risks and/or improving other physiological functions. This paper quantifies the willingness to pay of a representative sample of 600 Italian consumers for a hypothetical yogurt using a web‐based stated choice experiment. The willingness to pay for two functional attributes (probiotics and catechin enrichment) was measured using the panel data version of a Random Parameters Logit model. The results show that respondents are willing to pay a premium for a catechin‐enriched yogurt (0.38 €/jar), which is well above their willingness to pay for the probiotic attribute (0.21 €/jar). Averaging the individual values across sample sub‐groups indicates that the willingness to pay for catechin enrichment may be related to age, income, health status, lifestyle and education. [EconLit citation: C25, C93, D12]
Environmental controls and avoidance measures
Authors: Krouse Helene J. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundEnvironmental control measures refer to using 1 or more interventions aimed at avoiding, reducing, or eliminating allergens and irritants in the environment to improve symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Although avoiding known allergens is highly effective, completely eliminating an allergen from one's environment is often impractical or even impossible.MethodsThe purpose of this work is to review evidence on the efficacy of various environmental control measures aimed at preventing the development of new sensitizations, reducing the progression of allergic rhinitis, and improving its symptoms and quality of life.ResultsCurrent literature examining the protective effects of specific measures such as breastfeeding and early pet exposure against the development of allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis has been inconclusive. Environmental measures such as frequently washing cats and dogs, encasing bedding within impermeable covers, air filtration, and chemicals can effectively reduce levels of allergens in the home. Although environmental control measures reduce allergen exposure levels, significant alleviation in symptoms or improvement in quality of life in patients with allergic rhinitis have not been shown.ConclusionAn evidence‐based approach can assist health providers in educating patients and helping them to make informed decisions in selecting the most appropriate and cost‐effective environmental control strategies to manage their disease. The greatest benefits can be achieved from using a multifaceted environmental approach aimed at routinely and systematically reducing exposure to allergens over time.
In vitro allergy testing
Authors: Osguthorpe John David 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundHistory and physical examination are the first, and most important steps, in the evaluation of a patient suspected of having an allergy. The diagnosis can be confirmed with either skin or serum testing for evidence of immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated reactivity.MethodsThe recent literature on serum‐based testing for the detection and quantitation of allergen specific IgE (sIgE) was reviewed, identifying where available the “best practices” from high level of evidence studies and/or physician organization guidelines.ResultsCurrent practices for documenting sIgE are detailed, including enzyme‐linked immunoassays on conventional extracts (standardized or not), similar on microarrays of highly purified or recombinant allergens, and basophil activation testing.ConclusionSerum testing is an equal alternative to skin testing for establishing the presence of IgE‐mediated sensitivity and for identifying the allergens involved. Like skin testing, limitations include the availability of fully detailed allergenic extracts, particularly for foods, drugs, and occupational agents, and the possibility of non‐IgE mediated issues.
Synthesis and gas permeation parameters of metathesis polytricyclononenes with pendant Me3E‐groups (E = C, Si, Ge)
Authors: Bermeshev Maxim , Bulgakov Boris , Starannikova Lyudmila , Dibrov Georgii , Chapala Pavel , Demchuk Dmitry , Yampolskii Yurii , Finkelshtein Eugene 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTMetathesis polytricyclononenes were synthesized via ROMP polymerization in the presence of the 1‐st generation Grubbs catalyst and their gas‐transport properties were studied for the first time. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of Me3E‐groups (E = C, Si, Ge) on gas permeation parameters of ROMP materials. New metathesis poly(3‐tert‐butyltricyclononene‐7) and poly(3‐trimethylgermyltricyclononene‐7) were obtained with high yields (up to 95%) and high‐molecular weights (Mw∼3–7×105 g mol−1). The glass transition temperatures of the ROMP polytricyclononenes with Me3E‐groups decreased when E was changed from C to Si and then to Ge. It was shown that the polytricyclononene containing Me3Si‐groups has the highest gas permeability while the polytricyclononene containing Me3C‐substituents has the lowest gas permeability. In addition, the gas permeation parameters were estimated for ROMP Me3Si‐ and Me3Ge‐substituted polytricyclonona‐3,7‐dienes. So the influence of the second double bond in the monomer units on the permeability of the polymers obtained was studied. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41395.
Vascular limb defects and maternal age
Authors: Nasri Hanah Z. , Westgate Marie‐Noel , Macklin Eric A. , Holmes Lewis B. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundThe prenatal diagnosis procedure chorionic villus sampling is associated with increased risk of vascular disruption limb defects. Some studies have suggested that these defects are more common among infants born to women 35 years and older while other studies have shown a correlation with younger mothers.MethodsAll infants with vascular disruption defects were identified in the Active Malformations Surveillance Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital in the years 1972–1974, 1979–2011. We compared the rate of occurrence of infants with vascular limb defects among women in theses age groups: ≤19, 20 to 34, and ≥35 years to the rate of occurrence of infants with preaxial polydactyly, adjusting for race. Infants with an identifiable cause of their defects were excluded.Results106 infants with vascular disruption defects and 67 with preaxial polydactyly were identified. Seventeen percent of the infants with vascular disruption defects and 25% of the infants with preaxial polydactyly were born to women 35 and older (p = 0.23). In contrast, 16% of the infants with vascular disruption defects were born to young mothers (≤19 years) compared with 6.0% of the mothers of infants with preaxial polydactyly (adjusted odds ratio vs. 35+ years = 5.3, 95% confidence interval 1.4–21, p = 0.017).ConclusionWomen 35 years old or older did not have increased risk for having a child with vascular disruption defects, but these defects were more common among infants of young (≤19) mothers, compared with the preaxial polydactyly group. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:760–763, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.