bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language Revitalization
Authors: Grenoble Lenore A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLinguists have become increasingly engaged in language documentation, working to record languages while they are still spoken. Speaker communities often turn to revitalization programs, attempting to strengthen the speaker base of their ancestral languages and make them vital again. This chapter addresses the factors that enter into the decision of what kind of revitalization to pursue and then discusses different kinds of models for language revitalization. It examines revitalization as a response to language endangerment, language attitudes, language domains and social networks, the role of the external linguist, and a successful revitalization in the case of the Hebrew language.
Sociolinguistics and Social Activism
Authors: Hudley Anne H. Charity 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the history of social activism in sociolinguistics, with a particular focus on efforts in the United States. It exemplifies ways that the study of sociolinguistics is critical for increased social justice and social change, and demonstrates how sociolinguistic models might better reflect a social justice framework if they are co-constructed by linguists and the communities in which they learn and teach. At the heart of a linguistics-centered social justice framework is the most basic right of a speaker: the right to speak his or her language of choice at all times. Sociolinguistics has made great advances in helping to demonstrate the links between language use and social justice across racial and cultural groups.
Evolving Concepts of Sustainability in Environmental Policy
Authors: Hempel Lamont C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the evolution and application of sustainability concepts in environmental politics and policy, paying particular attention to the challenges of operationalizing and measuring sustainability in the highly dynamic environment of twenty-first-century politics and policy. It first surveys the concept's historical roots, and then examines the struggle to refine and apply the concept in contemporary policy analysis. It reviews the key policy initiatives that have incorporated sustainability language or contributed to its development within each branch of government. It then focuses on the pragmatic adoption of sustainability principles in policy making, culminating in a discussion of future directions and research needs.
Courts, Legal Analysis, and Environmental Policy
Authors: Duane Timothy P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews the role of the courts and legal analysis in relation to U.S. environmental policy. The key theme is that the courts play a vital and distinctive role in the dynamic development of U.S. environmental policy that directly affects both the power relationships among key policy stakeholders and the substantive outcomes of both legislative and regulatory processes. It emphasizes the structural features of the American judicial system and how that structure influences the dynamics of environmental policy making and implementation. It summarizes those features and describes the most important constitutional provisions and cases driving those dynamics across a wide range of substantive issues.
Public Participation, Citizen Engagement, and Environmental Decision Making
Authors: Daley Dorothy M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews literature that explores civic engagement and environmental decision making in American politics; assesses its strengths and weaknesses; identifies broad areas of agreement and divergence; and pinpoints knowledge gaps that future research should address. Specifically, it examines the background and history of public participation and environmental policy, emphasizing the tension between scientifically informed decision making, democratic ideals, and broad changes in environmental policy. It also outlines the arguments for and against widespread participation in environmental decision making. The article explores the notion of what constitutes a community and the challenges inherent in identifying and defining “the public” in a decentralized political system. It describes and assesses different decision-making approaches that utilize public participation, ranging from traditional public hearings and comments to more involved collaborative decision processes. Finally, it discusses the ways in which public participation influences environmental decision making and suggests areas of inquiry for future research.
Ecosystem-Based Management and Restoration
Authors: Layzer Judith A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article begins by recounting the origins of ecosystem-based management (EBM) and describing early efforts to implement an ecosystem-based approach. It details the theoretical benefits of EBM and the criticisms leveled against it, and then summarizes the results of recent assessments, noting the strengths and weaknesses of these analyses. It concludes by articulating several unanswered questions and offering suggestions for further research. Evidence suggests that the theoretical benefits of EBM, although widely touted, do not always materialize in practice. In cases where EBM has been fully implemented, landscape-scale planning has yielded discernible benefits, but the effects of collaboration with stakeholders and flexible, adaptive implementation have been more ambiguous.
Environmental Policy Evaluation and the Prospects for Public Learning
Authors: Susskind Lawrence , Schulman Alexis 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews conventional approaches to environmental policy evaluation, outlines their presumed relevance to policy making and implementation, and points out the main reasons why they have been subject to challenge. It contrasts the conventional approach to environmental policy evaluation—which presumes the identity of the policy analyst is unimportant—with the “collaborative approach,” which emphasizes the need to engage relevant stakeholders (i.e., the users of policy analyses and those affected by them) in the process of environmental policy evaluation. The article also describes the emergence of “adaptive” approaches to resource management and sustainable development, and explains why they represent an important shift away from emphasizing “success” and “failure” in environmental policy making and toward ongoing public learning for purposes of improvement.
Research on U.S. Environmental Policy in the New Century
Authors: Kraft Michael E. , Kamieniecki Sheldon 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis book has provided a broad and detailed review and assessment of the literature on U.S. environmental policy and politics. Numerous studies on this topic have been conducted in response to the changing nature of environmental politics and increased federal government intervention. This article offers a general summary of the discussions in this text, including recommendations for future research.
Evidence of rational addiction to carbonated soft drinks?
Authors: Liu Xiaoou , Lopez Rigoberto 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to apply the Becker‐Murphy theory of rational addiction to the case of carbonated soft drinks. The research aims to reveal the rational addiction evidence of carbonated soft drinks and derive policy implications under this evidence. Consumers' rational addictive evidence for carbonated soft drinks provides a warning for the Chinese government to regulate the industry, due to its bad health consequences.Design/methodology/approachThe authors empirically apply a time‐varying parameter model and scanner data set from 46 US cities.FindingsEmpirical results provide strong evidence that carbonated soft drinks are rationally addictive, thus opening the door to taxation and regulation. Taking rational addition into account, estimated demand elasticities are much lower than previous estimates using scanner data, which implies a limited role for taxes to curb consumption but a strong role to raise revenue to fund health promotion programs.Originality/valueThis is the first study to test the rational addiction nature of carbonated soft drinks, thus adding to the scarce economic literature on food addiction. Although the empirical results derived are based on soft drink consumption in the USA, China is experiencing a similar consumption increase in carbonated soft drinks as in the USA, in the examined period. Therefore, the lessons from the USA are also valuable for the public policy makers in China.
Painted gobies sing their quality out loud: acoustic rather than visual signals advertise male quality and contribute to mating success
Authors: Amorim Maria Clara P. , Pedroso Silvia S. , Bolgan Marta , Jordão Joana M. , Caiano Manuel , Fonseca Paulo J. 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Females use multiple cues from different sensory modalities to choose males of high phenotypic or genetic quality to mate with. Fish may use visual and acoustic communication during mating, but few studies have associated multimodal signals with male quality and reproductive success.

We examined whether visual and acoustic courtship signals reflect male quality and influence mating success in the painted goby (Pomatoschistus pictus), a highly visual and vocal fish species with paternal care. Painted gobies make conspicuous courtship visual displays such as body quivering and eight‐shaped swimming patterns and two types of sounds: drums that are composed of a sequence of low‐frequency pulses and a thump‐like non‐pulsed sound. We predicted that both sensory modalities would advertise male size and condition and influence mating success.

We found that larger number of pulses in a drum, lower fatigue (where fatigue is the increase in pulse period during drum production) and higher drum absolute amplitude levels were good predictors of larger male size. Males with high condition factor (Fulton's K) showed high drumming activity and low thumping and visual courtship levels. Drumming activity was a good predictor of male fat reserves.

Males that succeeded to mate emitted sounds with higher number of pulses and longer pulse periods and showed higher drumming but lower thumping activity than unsuccessful males. All traits (except pulse period) reflected higher male Fulton's K or fat reserves, suggesting that females are selecting for male condition. Neither male size nor visual courtship was apparently used in mate selection.

Contrary to our expectations, females did not seem to prefer larger or vigorous visually displaying males but chose mates in better condition using multiple cues of drumming sounds. We suggest that preference for high mate condition is related to preference for increased parental ability and hatching success in species with paternal care. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that addresses the relative role of signals from different sensory modalities including acoustics, in advertising male quality and in contributing to reproductive success in fish.
Fat provisioning in winter impairs egg production during the following spring: a landscape‐scale study of blue tits
Authors: Plummer Kate E. , Bearhop Stuart , Leech David I. , Chamberlain Dan E. , Blount Jonathan D. 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Provisioning of garden birds is a growing phenomenon, particularly during winter, but there is little empirical evidence of its true ecological impacts. One possibility is that winter provisioning could enhance subsequent breeding performance, but this seems likely to depend on the types of nutrients provided. For example, whereas effects of macronutrients such as fat are unlikely to be carried over to influence breeding in small passerines, micronutrients such as dietary vitamin E (an antioxidant) may be stored or have lasting health benefits.
Here, we examine the carry‐over effects of winter food supplements on egg production in wild populations of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). Over three consecutive years, birds were provisioned with fat, fat plus vitamin E or remained unfed (controls).
The provision of fat in winter resulted in smaller relative yolk mass in larger eggs and reduced yolk carotenoid concentrations in early breeders. However, these effects were not seen in birds provisioned with fat plus vitamin E. Lay date, clutch size, egg mass and yolk vitamin E concentrations were not significantly affected by winter provisioning treatment.
Our results indicate that winter provisioning can have important downstream consequences, in particular affecting investment in egg production several weeks or months later.
Provisioning is widely applied to support garden bird populations and for the conservation management of endangered species. However, our results challenge the assumption that such practices are always beneficial at the population level and emphasize how the ecological impacts can depend on the specific nutritional profile of provisioned foods.
In search of reliable results: Socialist values and political trust in unified Germany – A comment on Campbell's analyses and conclusions
Authors: Schnaudt Christian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn a recently published article in this journal, Ross Campbell argues that adherence to socialist values establishes a hitherto neglected factor when it comes to the explanation of differences in East and West German citizens’ political trust. As the results of his study indicate, adherence to socialist values impacts negatively on citizens’ political trust, this effect is more pronounced and more stable over time for East German as compared to West German citizens and is sufficiently strong to eliminate aggregate‐level differences in political trust between East and West Germany. However, this research note suggests that Campbell's article contains several substantial inconsistencies and obscurities that question the reliability and validity of the empirical findings presented. It provides a re‐analysis of Campbell's main arguments and shows to what extent his initial conclusions can be upheld after the shortcomings have been remedied. The results of this re‐analysis suggest that socialist values indeed exhibit a negative impact on German citizens’ political trust, which is relatively stronger for East as compared to West German citizens. However, contrary to Campbell's initial results, the negative effect of socialist values on political trust is robust over time for both East and West German citizens. What is more, there is no empirical evidence confirming that differences in adherence to socialist values between East and West German citizens are sufficiently strong to account for aggregate‐level differences in political trust. In light of these findings, two of Campbell's three main conclusions are dubious and call for further examination.
Severe community‐acquired pneumonia treated with β‐lactam–respiratory quinolone vs. β‐lactam–macrolide combination
Authors: KARHU J. , ALA‐ KOKKO T. I. , OHTONEN P. , SYRJÄLÄ H. 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundThis study aimed to compare the outcome of patients with severe community‐acquired pneumonia (SCAP) treated with the combination of either β‐lactam–quinolone (βQ) or β‐lactam–macrolide (βM) antibiotics.MethodsWe retrospectively studied a cohort of patients with SCAP treated from January 2000 to December 2010 at a mixed university‐level intensive care unit (ICU). APACHE II score, SCAP severity assessed by IDSA/ATS score, first antibiotic treatment initiated during the initial 24 h of admission, ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS), and ICU, hospital, 30 and 60‐day mortalities were assessed.ResultsAltogether, 210 patients with SCAP were analyzed, 104 in the βQ arm and 106 in the βM arm. Median APACHE II scores on admission were higher in the βM group (22 vs. 18, P = 0.003). More patients in the βQ group required mechanical ventilation (63.1% vs. 42.5%, P = 0.004) and fulfilled IDSA/ATS SCAP criteria (n = 87; 83.7%) than those in the βM group (n = 73; 68.9%; P = 0.015). Thirty‐day mortality was 16.3% in the βQ group and 24.5% in the βM group (P = 0.17), and with septic shock mortality was 19.6% and 32.6%, respectively (P = 0.16). On APACHE II and IDSA/ATS SCAP score adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis, the βM group had a slightly higher but not significant odds ratio (OR) for a 30‐day mortality compared to the βQ group (OR 1.4; 95% CI, 0.62–3.0; P = 0.44).ConclusionThirty‐day mortality rate of SCAP patients did not differ whether they were treated with either βQ or βM combination.
Discordant and Concordant Alcohol Use in Spouses as Predictors of Marital Dissolution in the General Population: Results from the Hunt Study
Authors: Torvik Fartein A. , Røysamb Espen , Gustavson Kristin , Idstad Mariann , Tambs Kristian 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated that high alcohol consumption is a predictor of divorce. However, there is a lack of studies with prospective data from both spouses. The effects of drinking among husbands versus wives and of concordant versus discordant drinking in couples are therefore unknown. Concordant drinking may lead to increased divorce rates because the malignant effects of heavy drinking are experienced in double doses; alternatively it may lead to marital stability due to partner compatibility.MethodsAll inhabitants in a Norwegian county were invited to participate in a health study. We identified 19,977 married couples where both spouses participated. Respondents provided information on alcohol use and mental distress. Survival analysis was applied to study the risk of divorce over the next 15 years. Demographics and mental distress were used as covariates.ResultsHeavy drinking among men (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.39) and women (HR = 1.41) increased the risk of future marital dissolution, even after adjusting for demography (reference group “light drinkers”). The HR for divorce was 1.51 when only the husband was a heavy drinker, while it was 3.07 when only the wife was a heavy drinker. Moreover, there were strong interaction effects: concordant abstainers (HR = 0.40) and concordant heavy drinkers (HR = 0.35) had lower risks of divorce compared to the risk expected from combining the main effects. Nevertheless, couples with 2 heavy drinkers (HR = 1.63) had higher risk of divorce than couples with 2 light drinkers.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that both the level of alcohol use and compatibility in alcohol use are important predictors of marital dissolution.
Acute Alcohol Intoxication and Suicide Among United States Ethnic/Racial Groups: Findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System
Authors: Caetano Raul , Kaplan Mark S. , Huguet Nathalie , McFarland Bentson H. , Conner Kenneth , Giesbrecht Norman , Nolte Kurt B. 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundTo assess the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of suicide involving acute alcohol intoxication among U.S. ethnic minorities.MethodsData were derived from the restricted 2003 to 2009 National Violent Death Reporting System. The study focused on the sociodemographic and toxicological information of 59,384 male and female suicide decedents for 16 states of the United States. Acute alcohol intoxication was defined as having a blood alcohol content (BAC) ≥0.08 g/dl. Overall, 76% of decedents were tested for the presence of alcohol.ResultsThe proportion of suicide decedents with a positive BAC ranged from 47% among American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIs/ANs) to 23% among Asians/Pacific Islanders (PIs). Average BAC was highest among AIs/ANs. Among those who were tested for BAC, the proportion of decedents legally intoxicated prior to suicide was as follows: Blacks, 15%; AIs/ANs, 36%; Asians/PIs, 13%; and Hispanics, 28%. Bivariate associations showed that most suicide decedents who were legally intoxicated were male, younger than 30 years of age, with a high school education, not married, nonveterans, lived in metropolitan areas, and used a firearm to complete suicide. However, with the exception of Whites, most of these associations became not statistically significant in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsAlcohol use and legal intoxication prior to completing suicide are common among U.S. ethnic groups, especially among men and those who are younger than 30 years of age. The AI/AN group had the highest mean BAC, the highest rate of legal intoxication and decedents who were particularly young. Suicide prevention strategies should address alcohol use as a risk factor. Alcohol problems prevention strategies should focus on suicide as a consequence of alcohol use, especially among AI/AN youth and young adults.
Elevated nitrogen effects on Bromus tectorum dominance and native plant diversity in an arid montane ecosystem
Authors: Concilio Amy L. , Loik Michael E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractQuestionsDominance of the widespread fire‐altering invasive grass, Bromus tectorum, is markedly reduced at upper elevations in the Great Basin Desert. Here, we evaluated whether increased anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition would have an effect on species composition and ecosystem invasibility by B. tectorum at high elevations, and whether B. tectorum cover was associated with decreased native plant diversity.LocationSagebrush steppe of the eastern Sierra Nevada, CA, US, at the western edge of the Great Basin Desert.MethodsWe set up 54 paired plots, half of which were exposed to elevated N deposition (50 kg·ha−1·yr−1 at the time of snowmelt for 4 yr) and half acted as controls, in areas differing in disturbance history (grazed, burned and grazed–burned). We monitored species composition each summer from 2008 to 2011 and then compared species richness, Shannon's diversity (H'), Simpson's dominance (D'), Simpson's evenness (E1/D), B. tectorum dominance and community similarity (with ANOSIM and SIMPER analyses) by N treatment and disturbance history.ResultsSpecies composition differed by disturbance history in all years (ANOSIM, P < 0.05), and the grazed–burned plots consistently had the highest levels of B. tectorum dominance (P ≤ 0.0003) and cover (P ≤ 0.0001). Bromus tectorum cover was inversely related to native forb species richness (r = −0.44, P < 0.0001), H'(rs = −0.73, P < 0.0001), ‐ln(D') (rs = −0.75, P < 0.0001) and E1/D'(rs = −0.49, P < 0.0001). We found no evidence that increased N deposition would affect native plant diversity after 4 yr in this arid montane ecosystem, but the possibility of longer‐term effects cannot be eliminated.ConclusionsResults suggest that high‐elevation plant communities are already experiencing invasion impacts even though changes to the fire cycle have not yet occurred. In the most disturbed areas, B. tectorum cover is approaching the threshold for increased fire risk, which could result in more severe impacts at high elevations.