bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF A PROGRAM OF INTENSIVE COACHING ON SAT SCORES
Authors: Dear Robert E. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis study is the third study in a series of studies of coaching for the Scholastic Aptitude Test which have been carried out by the Educational Testing Service for the College Board. The first two studies in this series utilized coaching in classroom situations. Small gains in SAT scores were found to result from this coaching but these gains were not large enough to suggest that the coached students were obtaining a substantial, unfair advantage over other students. The present study was set up to investigate whether an intensive and individualized coaching program would lead to more substantial gains.In the study reported here, students in 10 schools took part in one coaching session for the Verbal section of the SAT and one coaching session for the Mathematics section during each week of the program and in addition did one hour of homework each week. The coaching was carried on during most of the weeks from mid November 1956 to early March 1957.The main statistical hypotheses of the study were tested using the analysis of covariance with the students' junior year May scores serving as the covariate. Some of the main findings were that: (1) the coached students showed no significant gains over control students on SAT‐V scores, (2) the coached group showed a gain of about 26 points over the pooled control groups on the March 1957 SAT‐M scores, and (3) a substantial subgroup of the coached students who had also taken the SAT at the January 1957 administration showed a gain of about 21 points over control students on the January SAT‐M scores. These average gains in Mathematics scores though statistically significant are probably not of sufficient magnitude to give coached students an unfair advantage in college admission proceedings.
Evaluation of enhanced soil washing process with tea saponin in a peanut oil–water solvent system for the extraction of PBDEs/PCBs/PAHs and heavy metals from an electronic waste site followed by vetiver grass phytoremediation
Authors: Ye Mao , Sun Mingming , Wan Jinzhong , Fang Guodong , Li Huixin , Hu Feng , Jiang Xin , Orori Kengara Fredrick 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDProblems associated with PBDEs/PCBs/PAHs and heavy metals mixed contaminated sites have received wide attention. To address the associated environmental concerns, innovative remediation techniques are urgently needed.RESULTS5.0 mL L−1 peanut oil and 5.0 g L−1 tea saponin were found to be effective in extracting 94.6%, 97.1%, 95.1%, 83.5%, and 87.1% of PBDEs, PCBs, PAHs, Pb, and Ni, respectively, after two successive washing cycles. Cultivation of vetiver grass and addition of nutrients for 4 months further degraded 45.1%, 36.2%, and 40.2% of the residual PBDEs, PCBs and PAHs, respectively. Pb and Ni removal efficiencies by phytoextraction were 4.1% and 2.0%, respectively. The combined treatment partially restored the microbiological functions of washed soil, as indicated by a significant increase in the number, biomass C, N, and functioning diversity of soil microorganisms (P < 0.05). After treatment, the residual organic pollutants and heavy metals mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions and residual fractions, as evaluated by Tenax extraction combined with a first‐three‐compartment model and sequential extraction. The secondary environmental risk of residual mixed pollutants in the remediated soil was limited.CONCLUSIONThe proposed combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of the relative values of alternatives on preference for free‐choice in humans
Authors: Rost Kristen A. , Hemmes Nancy S. , Alvero Alicia M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOrganisms often prefer conditions that allow selection among alternatives (free‐choice) to conditions that do not (forced‐choice), particularly when response alternatives in free‐choice produce equal or greater reinforcer magnitudes than those available under forced‐choice. We present data on free‐choice preference for human participants who gained or lost points by selecting images of cards on a computer screen under a concurrent‐chains schedule. Responding during the initial link gained access to a terminal link offering a single‐card set (forced‐choice) or a three‐card set (free‐choice). The alternatives in free‐choice produced reinforcer magnitudes (points) that were: (a) equal to forced‐choice; (b) equal to and greater than forced‐choice; and (c) equal to and less than forced‐choice. Participants showed reliable preference for free‐choice under some conditions; however, preference decreased as reinforcer magnitude for some alternatives in free‐choice was reduced. This occurred even though it was possible to obtain the same number of points across free‐ and forced‐choice. Although preference for free‐choice was clearly demonstrated, the effect of points available in the terminal link suggests that this phenomenon is subject to modulation by other processes, such as reinforcement or punishment by obtained outcomes in the terminal link. Context (reinforcer‐gain or ‐loss) was not a reliable predictor of preference.
Mechanistic Aspects of Ligand Substitution on the Hydroxopentaaquarhodium(III) Ion in Aqueous Solution by Sulfur‐Containing Bioactive Ligands
Authors: MONDAL SUBALA , RAY SUMON , CHATTOPADHYAY ANIMESH , NANDI DEBABRATA , SARKAR (SAIN) ROSHNI , GHOSH ALAK KUMAR 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe kinetics of the interactions between three sulfur‐containing ligands, thioglycolic acid, 2‐thiouracil, glutathione, and the title complex, have been studied spectrophotometrically in aqueous medium as a function of the concentrations of the ligands, temperature, and pH at constant ionic strength. The reactions follow a two‐step process in which the first step is ligand‐dependent and the second step is ligand‐independent chelation. Rate constants (k1 ∼10−3 s−1 and k2 ∼10−5 s−1) and activation parameters (for thioglycolic acid: ΔH1≠ = 22.4 ± 3.0 kJ mol−1, ΔS1≠ = −220 ± 11 J K−1 mol−1, ΔH2≠ = 38.5 ± 1.3 kJ mol−1, ΔS2≠ = −204 ± 4 J K−1 mol−1; for 2‐thiouracil: ΔH1≠ = 42.2 ± 2.0 kJ mol−1, ΔS1≠ = −169 ± 6 J K−1 mol−1, ΔH2≠ = 66.1 ± 0.5 kJ mol−1, ΔS2≠ = −124 ± 2 J K−1 mol−1; for glutathione: ΔH1≠ = 47.2 ± 1.7 kJ mol−1, ΔS1≠ = −155 ± 5 J K−1mol−1, ΔH2≠ = 73.5 ± 1.1 kJ mol−1, ΔS2≠ = −105 ± 3 J K−1 mol−1) were calculated. Based on the kinetic and activation parameters, an associative interchange mechanism is proposed for the interaction processes. The products of the reactions have been characterized from IR and ESI mass spectroscopic analysis. A rate law involving the outer sphere association complex formation has been established as urn:x-wiley:05388066:media:kin20873:kin20873-math-0002
Rethinking nasal tip support: A finite element analysis
Authors: Shamouelian David , Leary Ryan P. , Manuel Cyrus T. , Harb Rani , Protsenko Dmitriy E. , Wong Brian J. F. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveWe employ a nasal tip finite element model (FEM) to evaluate contributions of two of the three major tip support mechanisms: attachments between the upper and lower lateral cartilages and attachment of the medial crura to the caudal septum.Study DesignThe nasal tip FEM computed stress distribution and strain energy density (SED) during nasal tip compression. We examined the impact of attachments between the upper and lower lateral cartilages and the attachment of the medial crura to the caudal septum on nasal tip support.MethodsThe FEM consisted of three tissue components: bone, cartilage, and skin. Four models were created: A) control model with attachments present at the scroll and caudal septum; B) simulated disruption of scroll; C) simulated disruption of medial crura attachments to caudal septum; and D) simulated disruption of scroll and medial crura attachments to caudal septum. Spatial distribution of stress and SED were calculated.ResultsThe keystone, intermediate crura, caudal septum, and nasal spine demonstrated high concentration of stress distribution. Across all models, there was no difference in stress distribution. Disruption of the scroll resulted in 1% decrease in SED. Disruption of the medial crura attachments to the caudal septum resulted in 4.2% reduction in SED. Disruption of both scroll and medial crural attachments resulted in 9.1% reduction in SED.ConclusionThe nasal tip FEM is an evolving tool to study structural nasal tip dynamics and demonstrates the loss of nasal tip support with disruption of attachments at the scroll and nasal base.Level of EvidenceN/A Laryngoscope, 125:326–330, 2015
An animal model for laryngotracheal injuries: An experimental study
Authors: Kumar Saravanam P. , Ravikumar Arunchalam , Thanka J. 
Published: August 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo establish an animal model for post‐intubation laryngotracheal injuries resulting in significant laryngotracheal insult without compromising the survival of the animal for a minimum period of 12 weeks post‐extubation. To study the extent of injury based on morphometric and histopathological change seen at 12 weeks post‐extubation.Study DesignRandomized block, single‐blinded, experimental study.MethodsTwelve New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. The rabbits were randomly divided into three groups depending on the duration of intubation (6 hours, 4 hours, and 2 hours, respectively). The technique of intubation was standardized. Post‐extubation, these rabbits were humanely sacrificed after observation for 12 weeks or when they developed severe respiratory distress. The larynx and trachea were subjected to gross and histopathological examination.ResultsHistopathological examination and statistical analysis showed significant subglottic injury in all group B rabbits (intubated for 4 hours), and all of them survived for 12 weeks.ConclusionIn this study, an animal model for inducing and studying laryngotracheal injuries due to endotracheal intubation has been established. This study has the potential applications in research on etiopathogenesis and management of post‐intubation laryngotracheal injuries.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 125:E23–E27, 2015
Laryngoscopic characteristics in vocal leukoplakia: Inter‐rater reliability and correlation with histology grading
Authors: Young Chi‐Kuang , Lin Wan‐Ni , Lee Li‐Yu , Lee Li‐Ang , Hsin Li‐Jen , Liao Chun‐Ta , Li Huesh‐Yu , Chen I‐How , Fang Tuan‐Jen 
Published: August 2014

Objectives/HypothesisVocal cord leukoplakia is a clinical diagnosis that comprises a spectrum of benignities, premalignancies, and malignancies. Accurate recordings of the visual characteristics of the affected area are important for communication between physicians and are helpful in further management. The objective of this study was to determine the laryngoscopic characteristics among patients with vocal cord leukoplakia and the reliability of examinations between different raters.Study DesignRetrospective chart review conducted in a tertiary referral center in Taiwan.MethodsFrom January 2010 to April 2013, 107 consecutive patients with vocal leukoplakia who had accepted excisional biopsy were recruited and classified into two groups according to histologic findings. The patients without clear preoperative flexible laryngoscope images stored in the picture archiving and communication system were excluded. There were 68 patients who met the inclusion criteria, and the preoperative laryngoscope images were reviewed by two laryngologists. The inter‐rater reliabilities of the recordings were assessed. Correlation between the variables and histologic classification was also performed.ResultsThe inter‐rater reliability of the assessment was significant in the recordings of color, texture, size, hyperemia, thickness, and symmetry (κ = 0.267 to 0.573, P < .05) but not in vocal cord edema. The laryngoscopic findings including color, texture, size, and hyperemia were associated with the grade of dysplasia (P < .05).ConclusionsThe specific proposed laryngoscopic characteristics are consistent in the recordings between raters and can be potentially used for stratifying patients' risk.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:E62–E66, 2015
Venous thromboembolism after Diaphragm Pacing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Rezania Kourosh , Gottlieb Ori , Guralnick Amy , Prachand Vivek , Sweitzer Bobbie J. , Vigneswaran Wickii , White Steven R. , Roos Raymond P. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are prone to venous thromboembolism (VTE) and secondary complications. Because there is an increased incidence of VTE after surgical procedures, placement of a Diaphragm Pacing System (DPS) in ALS patients as treatment for respiratory muscle weakness could potentially increase the incidence of VTE, especially in patients with limited mobility. Methods: We implanted a DPS in 10 ALS patients who met the criteria for this procedure. They underwent a preoperative evaluation as recommended by the guidelines. Results: We report 2 patients with no symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) before the surgical procedure who then developed perioperative VTE. Conclusions: These patients highlight the need to consider preoperative screening for DVT and postoperative thromboprophylaxis in high‐risk ALS patients who undergo DPS placement. Muscle Nerve 50: 863–865, 2014
Impact of long‐term erythrocytapheresis on growth and peak height velocity of children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Bavle Abhishek , Raj Ashok , Kong Maiying , Bertolone Salvatore 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundChildren with sickle cell disease (SCD) lag in weight and height and have a delayed growth spurt compared to normal children. We studied the effect of long‐term erythrocytapheresis (LTE) on the growth of children with SCD and the age at which they attained peak height velocity.ProcedureA retrospective chart review was performed recording weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) measurements of 36 patients with SCD who received LTE every 3–5 weeks for an average duration of 5 years. The z‐scores for weight, height, and BMI of these patients were compared with that of patients with SCD from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD) and a sub‐set of 64 controls matched for age, sex, and initial growth parameter z‐scores at the start of LTE.ResultsThe z‐scores for all parameters improved significantly for our patients on LTE compared to match controls from CSSCD and the entire pediatric CSSCD cohort (P‐value: <0.01). Peak height velocity was achieved 2 months earlier for females (P‐value: 0.94) and 11 months earlier for males (P‐value: 0.02), who started LTE before 14 years of age, compared to matched CSSCD controls. The study subjects who had not been on regular simple transfusions prior to starting LTE had a mean serum ferritin of 681 ng/ml after LTE for an average duration of 63 months.ConclusionLTE improves the growth of children with SCD without the risk of iron overload. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2024–2030. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ovarian insufficiency and pubertal development after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in childhood
Authors: Bresters Dorine , Emons Joyce A.M. , Nuri Nardin , Ball Lynne M. , Kollen Wouter J.W. , Hannema Sabine E. , Bakker‐Steeneveld Johanna D.J. , van der Bom Johanna G. , Oostdijk Wilma 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundOvarian insufficiency (OI) and infertility are common and devastating late effects of cancer treatment and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In children, gonadal insufficiency may subsequently lead to abnormal pubertal development. The aim of this study was to assess the cumulative incidence of OI and the need for hormonal induction of pubertal development after HSCT in childhood. We additionally assessed HSCT‐related risk factors for OI.ProceduresA single center cohort study was undertaken of female patients transplanted during childhood, surviving at least 2 years post‐HSCT and who were at least 10 years old at initiation of the study. Of 141 eligible patients, 109 were included and hormone levels and clinical data of these patients during follow‐up were collected. Risk factors for OI were analyzed by multivariate Cox regression analysis.ResultsCumulative incidence of OI was 56% at a median follow‐up of 7.2 years. Eight patients, initially diagnosed with OI, showed recovery of ovarian function over time. Hormonal induction of puberty was necessary in 44% of females who were pre‐pubertal or pubertal at HSCT. In multivariate analysis, more advanced pubertal stage at HSCT was associated with OI. We found a trend for an association of busulfan with OI in patients conditioned with chemotherapy only.ConclusionsThe incidence of OI after HSCT was high and associated with more advanced pubertal stage at HSCT. Almost half of the females who were pre‐pubertal or pubertal at HSCT required hormonal induction of pubertal development. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2048–2053. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of valproic acid and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Nielsen Nete Munk , Svanström Henrik , Stenager Egon , Magyari Melinda , Koch‐Henriksen Nils , Pasternak Björn , Hviid Anders 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundAnimal studies have suggested that drugs inhibiting the enzyme histone deacetylase might have a beneficial effect on multiple sclerosis (MS). Valproic acid (VPA), an anti‐epileptic drug, is the only widely used human drug with a histone deacetylase inhibitory effect.ObjectiveThe objective of this paper is to examine if VPA use is associated with a reduced risk of MS.MethodsWe conducted a propensity score‐matched cohort study in the period 1997–2011 linking nationwide register data on filled VPA prescriptions, MS cases, and several covariates. The VPA users were matched on propensity scores in a 1:4 ratio with non‐users of VPA. Incidence rates of MS were compared among VPA users and non‐users of VPA using Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs).ResultsAmong 16 028 ever‐users of VPA and 54 172 non‐users, 18 and 26 cases of MS were identified, respectively. Neither current VPA users nor recent users of VPA, who had ceased VPA treatment within the last year, were at a reduced risk of MS compared with non‐users of VPA (HR = 1.30 (95% confidence interval, 0.44–3.80), n = 4, and HR = 1.22 (0.28–5.32), n = 2, respectively). Similarly, in an intention‐to‐treat analysis, ever‐users of VPA were not at reduced risk of MS (HR = 2.41 (1.32–4.43), n = 18).ConclusionIn the first human study addressing a possible beneficial effect of VPA use on the risk of MS, we found no support for a protective effect. However, given the wide confidence intervals, only large effects can be ruled out with sufficient certainty. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Importance of unpaired electrons in organic electronics
Authors: Yuen Jonathan D. , Wang Mingfeng , Fan Jian , Sheberla Dennis , Kemei Moureen , Banerji Natalie , Scarongella Mariateresa , Valouch Sebastian , Pho Toan , Kumar Rajeev , Chesnut Eneida C. , Bendikov Michael , Wudl Fred 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe first observation that PBBTPD, a low bandgap, ambipolar conjugated donor‐acceptor (DA) polymer based on benzobisthiadiazole (BBT), possesses an open‐shell singlet ground state as well as a thermally accessible triplet state is described. Similarly, interesting electronic behavior in semiconducting organic DA oligomers based on BBT is also observed. Theoretical predictions have suggested that such behavior is due to the biradicaloid character of BBT and we provide experimental evidence indicating that these predictions are correct. Furthermore, the open shell character strengthens as the conjugation length increases, as observed in the BBT‐based polymer, PBBTPD. We show that this biradicaloid structure is observed in each BBT moiety along the chain and that therefore PBBTPD is in fact a polyradicaloid. This observation will most likely aid in the development of better n‐type polymeric acceptors for organic semiconductor applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 287–293
Cancer family caregiver depression: are religion‐related variables important?
Authors: Williams Anna‐leila , Dixon Jane , Feinn Richard , McCorkle Ruth 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectivePrevalence estimates for clinical depression among cancer family caregivers (CFC) range upwards to 39%. Research inconsistently reports risk for CFC depressive symptoms when evaluating age, gender, ethnicity, or length of time as caregiver. The discrepant findings, coupled with emerging literature indicating religiosity may mitigate depression in some populations, led us to investigate religion‐related variables to help predict CFC depressive symptoms.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study of 150 CFC. Explanatory variables included age, gender, spousal status, length of time as caregiver, attendance at religious services, and prayer. The outcome variable was the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score.ResultsCompared with large national and state datasets, our sample has lower representation of individuals with no religious affiliation (10.7% vs. 16.1% national, p = 0.07 and 23.0% state, p = 0.001), higher rate of attendance at religious services (81.3% vs. 67.2% national, p < 0.001 and 30.0% state, p < 0.001), and higher rate of prayer (65.3% vs. 42.9% national, p < 0.001; no state data available). In unadjusted and adjusted models, prayer is not significantly associated with caregiver depressive symptoms or clinically significant depressive symptomology. Attendance at religious services is associated with depressive symptoms (p = 0.004) with an inversely linear trend (p = 0.002).ConclusionThe significant inverse association between attendance at religious services and depressive symptoms, despite no association between prayer and depressive symptoms, indicates that social or other factors may accompany attendance at religious services and contribute to the association. Clinicians can consider supporting a CFC's attendance at religious services as a potential preventive measure for depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and Simulation of Laser‐Induced Ignition of RDX Using Detailed Chemical Kinetics
Authors: Tian Zhandong , Zhang Zhenyu , Lu Fangyun , Chen Rong 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA laser‐induced ignition model of RDX is developed, in which a detailed chemical kinetics scheme, containing 45 species and 231 reactions, is employed to describe the reaction in the gas phase. The model is spatially one‐dimensional and includes the transient development of two regions: the condensed phase and the gas phase. The condensed phase is composed of solid RDX, liquid RDX, and some decomposition products. The main physicochemical processes include melting, decomposation, vaporization, and radiation absorption. The gas phase is composed of RDX vapor and reaction products and the main processes include convection, diffusion, heat conduction, chemical reaction, and radiation absorption. With interfacial boundary conditions, the governing parameters for the condensed phase are conservation equations of energy and species concentration, whereas those for the gas phase are the conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentration. A finite difference program using FORTRAN is compiled and numerical simulation is carried out. The ignition process of RDX is discussed from the distribution and evolution of temperature and species concentration. The model can provide a reasonable prediction of the phenomenon that the flame moves towards the surface immediately after ignition, and then departed from the surface.