bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Le Rachel J. , Kane Garvan C. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The normal pulmonary circulation has low-pressure, low-resistance flow through compliant, thin-walled vessels. Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mm Hg at rest. Clinically significant pulmonary hypertension is usually associated with substantially higher pulmonary artery pressures. Although a suspicion of pulmonary hypertension can be based on echocardiographic estimates, the diagnosis cannot be established without right heart catheterization. This chapter covers the diagnosis, assessment, and approach to treatment for patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Systemic Disease and the Heart
Authors: Lin Grace , McEvoy Marian T. , Murphy Joseph G. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Many systemic diseases affect the heart either directly or indirectly. This chapter summarizes the systemic diseases most frequently encountered in clinical practice that affect the heart. An important issue is how the systemic disease modifies either the diagnosis or the management of the cardiac problem and how the cardiac disease, in turn, modifies the approach to the systemic disease.
Noncardiac Anesthesia in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Torsher Laurence C. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The perioperative period stresses the cardiovascular system due to hemodynamic and neuroendocrine physiologic changes induced by surgical trauma, underlying disease, fluid shifts, inflammation, blood loss as well as anesthetic medications and interventions. At the same time these changes are being heaped upon the patients, they are in a highly monitored setting surrounded by skilled and dedicated individuals actively intervening to minimize the magnitude and effects of the challenges the patient is facing. The challenges of providing anesthesia for patients with cardiovascular disease are addressed in this chapter.
Reflex and Humoral Control of the Circulation
Authors: Clavell Alfredo L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Optimal regulation of the circulation is dependent on an integration of cardiovascular reflexes with local and circulating humoral factors that regulate myocardial contractility, vascular tone, and intravascular volume (intravascular volume is regulated primarily through renal sodium excretion). Under physiologic conditions, cardiovascular reflexes affect short-term cardiovascular control, whereas humoral mechanisms function more as long-term modulators of cardiovascular homeostasis. This chapter examines reflexes and humoral factors and their control of circulation.
Right Ventricular Failure and Cor Pulmonale
Authors: Frantz Robert P. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Right ventricular failure is a clinical syndrome that is often challenging to diagnose and treat. It should not be considered a freestanding diagnosis but instead should lead to a search for an underlying disease. Right ventricular failure most often occurs secondary to pulmonary hypertension or left heart failure when it is often a harbinger of a poor prognosis. Cor pulmonale is disease of the right side of the heart which initially presents as structural and morphological changes in the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy and or right ventricular dilatation) which may progress further over time to clinical right ventricular failure. This chapter reviews diagnosis and management of these related conditions.
Pharmacologic Therapy of Systolic Ventricular Dysfunction and Heart Failure
Authors: Rodeheffer Richard J. , Redfield Margaret M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter outlines guidelines and principles of pharmacologic treatment for systolic ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, digitalis glycosides, aldosterone antagonists, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, inotropic agents, diuretics, hydralazine, and isosorbide are reviewed.
Myocarditis
Authors: Cooper Leslie T. , Blauwet Lori A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Myocarditis is defined histologically as inflammation of the myocardium associated with injury to cardiac myocytes. Common viral infections are the most frequent cause of myocarditis, but other pathogens, hypersensitivity reactions, and systemic and autoimmune diseases should be considered and excluded during the initial evaluation. Patients with myocarditis present with a range of symptoms varying from mild dyspnea and fatigue to cardiogenic shock or even sudden death. The diagnosis of probable myocarditis can usually be made from clinical findings and noninvasive imaging, but endomyocardial biopsy may be considered in certain cases.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Ommen Steve R. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The clinical definition of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of other causes of left ventricular hypertrophy. The size and volume of the left ventricle are usually normal or smaller. Most cases are familial disease with autosomal dominant inheritance. Histologically, loose connective tissue is surrounded by myocyte hypertrophy and disarray. Arrhythmias and systolic left ventricular outflow tract gradients are common, and premature sudden death occurs in approximately 1% of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients annually. This chapter reviews the pathogenesis, pathologic and morphologic features, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Cardiac Transplantation
Authors: Boilson Barry A. , Daly Richard C. , Kushwaha Sudhir S. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In the United States, an estimated 5.7 million people carry a diagnosis of heart failure and almost 300,000 people die of heart failure each year. Orthotopic cardiac transplant is a highly successful procedure for the treatment of end-stage heart disease and is the result of over 100 years of investigation and research. Despite major advances since that first transplant, the number of transplants performed worldwide has plateaued, primarily because of the limited supply of donor organs. Approximately 2,000 cardiac transplants are performed yearly in the United States, and cardiac transplant is the gold standard of cardiac replacement therapy. This chapter reviews indications for cardiac transplant, donor-recipient matching, operative details, immunosuppression, and complications related to transplantation.
Percutaneous Treatment of Structural Heart Disease
Authors: Lloyd Margaret A. , Murphy Joseph G. , Rihal Charanjit S. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter reviews the principles of interventional cardiology as they pertain to structural heart disease, including the indications for aortic valvuloplasty, transcutaneous aortic valve implantation, percutaneous repair of paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation, and experimental procedures for severe mitral regurgitation.
Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the akirin 2 gene with economically important traits in Korean native cattle
Authors: Kim H. , Lee S. K. , Hong M. W. , Park S. R. , Lee Y. S. , Kim J. W. , Lee H. K. , Jeong D. K. , Song Y. H. , Lee S. J. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe akirin 2 gene, located on chromosome 9 in cattle, was previously reported to be associated with nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), involved in immune reactions and marbling of meat. To determine whether a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in akirin 2 is associated with economically important traits of Korean native cattle, the c.*188G>A SNP DNA marker in the 3′‐UTR region of akirin 2 was analyzed for its association with carcass weight, longissimus muscle area and marbling. The c.*188G>A SNP was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism, and the frequency of the AA, AG, and GG genotypes were 6.82%, 71.29% and 21.88% respectively. This SNP was significantly associated with longissimus muscle area (Bonferroni corrected P < 0.05), and marbling score (Bonferroni corrected P < 0.01). These results suggest that the c.*188G>A SNP of akirin 2 might be useful as a DNA marker for longissimus muscle area and marbling scores in Korean native cattle.
They Can't Have My Embryo: The Ethics of Conditional Embryo Donation
Authors: Frith Lucy , Blyth Eric 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThere are substantial numbers of frozen embryos in storage that will not be used by those who produced them for their own fertility treatment. One option for such embryos is to donate them to others to use in their fertility treatment. There has been considerable debate about how this process should be organized. In the US, there are embryo adoption programmes that mediate between those relinquishing embryos and potential recipients. This is a form of conditional embryo donation, where the relinquishing couple can choose the recipient of their embryo. This article examines the ethical debate over conditional embryo donation for family building and explores the question of whether those who have unused frozen embryos should be able to determine who receives their embryos. The main objections to conditional embryo donation are examined: first, the embryo is not a person and therefore such concern over the placement of an embryo is unwarranted; secondly, potential donors might impose morally problematic conditions on who should receive their embryo; and thirdly, there are practical difficulties regarding organizational arrangements and the associated costs involved. It will be concluded that these objections can be countered and that if people wish to donate and receive embryos in this way there is no ethical objection to them doing so.
The current role of T cell depletion in paediatric stem cell transplantation
Authors: Booth Claire , Lawson Sarah , Veys Paul 
Published: May 2013

SummaryHaematopoeitic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative procedure for children with malignant and non‐malignant haematological disease as well as an expanding number of inherited disorders. Most patients lack a human leucocyte antigen‐matched related donor, making alternative donors, such as closely matched unrelated donors, unrelated umbilical cord blood donations and haploidentical donors, necessary choices. T cell depletion (TCD) has been employed for over 30 years to reduce the risk of graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) associated with non‐genoidentical HSCT. However, until recently overall survival had not improved with TCD due to increased rates of graft failure, disease relapse and delayed immune reconstitution. Recent advances in graft manipulation and reduced toxicity conditioning regimens have offered renewed hope, particularly for children undergoing haploidentical HSCT, where encouraging results have been achieved using negative depletion techniques to retain beneficial accessory cells, which speed immune reconstitution and reduce disease relapse. Translational work building on megadose CD34+ selected grafts, including pathogen‐specific immunotherapy, suicide gene therapy and other adoptive cellular immunotherapies, has also offered improved outcomes for such patients.
It's good to talk: developing the communication skills of an adult with an intellectual disability through augmentative and alternative communication
Authors: Hagan Leigh , Thompson Helen 
Published: May 2013

Accessible summary

People with intellectual disabilities often have difficulty communicating with others.

Supporting people to get their message across can include using pictures, objects or electronic devices.

This case study describes a lady who uses an electronic device to help her talk. When she presses icons on the device, a computerised voice speaks her message.

Devices like this could be considered for other people with similar difficulties.

SummaryAugmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems have been repeatedly identified as a means of improving an individual's communication abilities and their ability to participate in interactions. However, existing literature indicates that dynamic display speech generating devices (SGDs) are not commonly introduced for adults with moderate intellectual disabilities (ID). This case study reports the impact of using an SGD on the communication abilities of a nonverbal individual with a moderate ID. Clinical assessment and therapy outcome measures include semi‐structured interviews with staff and communication dyad analyses. These measures were conducted before and after collaborative intervention from speech and language therapy and behaviour support. Findings from the study reveal that when using an SGD the individual experienced improvements in expressive communication abilities and pragmatic skills including topic maintenance, taking conversational turns and reduced communication breakdown. The clinical implications of this intervention are discussed.
Environmental Derivatives, Risk Analysis, and Conservation Management
Authors: Little L. Richard , Parslow John , Fay Gavin , Grafton R. Quentin , Smith Anthony D.M. , Punt André E. , Tuck Geoffrey N. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTwo key challenges in conservation management are: (1) how to quantify and manage the risk that natural populations will fall below critical thresholds and (2) how to fund recovery plans should a population do so. Statistically estimated, process‐based simulation models of two distinct fish populations are used to forecast the species population levels, and capture the risk of crossing a management defined trigger point. We show how to calculate the environmental derivative price, which is the amount a risk‐neutral investor would require for promising a pay‐out should the species abundance fall below the trigger level. The approach provides the potential for environmental derivatives to support species recovery, and a method for measuring the underlying “health” of a managed population and calculating risk‐cost tradeoffs among alternative management strategies.
The use of cochineal and Monascus purpureus as dyes for cotton fabric
Authors: Velmurugan Palanivel , TamilSelvi Algumuthu , Lakshmanaperumalsamy Perumalsamy , Park Joonhong , Oh Byung‐Taek 
Published: May 2013

This study describes the dyeing efficiency of cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa) and Monascus purpureus colorants on cotton fabric. The effects of mordant, dyeing time and temperature on the shades and fastness properties of both colorants were studied. The colour coordinate values indicate that the cochineal colorant exhibited higher colour strength than M. purpureus for premordanted cotton fabric (4% owf). Optimum dyeing with M. purpureus was observed at a temperature of 80 °C for 80 min at a 30:1 liquor ratio. However, for cochineal, the optimum dyeing conditions were 60 °C for 60 min at a 40:1 liquor ratio. Furthermore, both colorants demonstrated moderate to good fastness properties. The results of the study indicate that cochineal has better dyeing properties than M. purpureus colorants.
Graft‐versus‐host disease of the skin and adjacent mucous membranes
Authors: Ziemer Mirjana 
Published: May 2013

SummaryGraft‐versus‐host disease is a complex multiorgan disease which mainly occurs in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The skin is the most frequently affected organ. Care and therapy of patients requires an interdisciplinary approach with dermatology in a key position. Due to the increasing use of peripheral blood stem cells, the increasing age of transplanted patients, the increasing use of unrelated donors, and the broadening of the indications for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the incidence of GVHD has been rising in the last decade. Based on extensive clinical and investigational data, the following article tries to give a practical overview for the specialistís daily routine.
Reforming corporate law in an emerging market
Authors: Korkeamäki Timo , Rainio Elina , Takalo Tuomas 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA sweeping and protracted reform of corporate law took place in Finland in the 1970s. We document how the reform brought significant improvements to investor protection and tightened disclosure rules at the cost of increasing the workload in corporate reporting. To study the economic consequences of the reform we develop a simple coordination game where the effects of investor protection on corporate valuation vary with equilibria. Then, using firm‐level daily stock return data, we find that the Finnish stock market generally reacts negatively to news of increased investor protection and workload, whereas news of delays in implementation of reform generate largely positive market responses. These results raise the question of whether stronger investor protection and greater transparency unambiguously promote development of stock markets.
Dothistroma Needle Blight in Slovenia is caused by two cryptic species: Dothistroma pini and Dothistroma septosporum
Authors: Piškur B. , Hauptman T. , Jurc D. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryDothistroma Needle Blight (DNB) has been known in Slovenia since 1971, but the disease symptoms have intensified in recent years. With this study, the DNB symptoms in Slovenia are for the first time connected to both phytopathogenic Dothistroma species: D. pini and D. septosporum. Based on the ITS‐rDNA comparisons, the Slovenian isolates of D. pini group with the D. pini isolates from France, Hungary and the USA and not with the D. pini isolates from Russia and Ukraine. Both mating types MAT1 and MAT2 of D. septosporum are present in Slovenia, while for D. pini, only MAT2 was found. The current widespread occurrence of D. pini in native forest stands indicates the prolonged presence of this species in Slovenia.
Politics and Religion, Community and Modernity: David Underdown in the Historiography of English Puritanism
Authors: Beaver Dan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis essay argues for “political puritanism” as a unifying theme in Underdown's work, indebted to the ideas of Christopher Hill and Michael Walzer, among others, but original in its role in Underdown's narrative of England's political culture and political transformation during the Revolution of 1648/1649. This evolving idea of “political puritanism” also makes sense of Underdown's studies of “popular politics” following Pride's Purge (1971) and makes it possible to analyze a consistent interest in problems of political ideology, from his early work on royalism to his Ford Lectures on “national politics.” A concluding section briefly considers the implications of some important recent work for Underdown's historiographic achievement.
Mice genetically inactivated in interleukin‐17A receptor are defective in long‐term control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Freches Danielle , Korf Hannelie , Denis Olivier , Havaux Xavier , Huygen Kris , Romano Marta 
Published: May 2013

SummaryInterleukin‐17A (IL‐17A), a pro‐inflammatory cytokine acting on neutrophil recruitment, is known to play an important role during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but the role of IL‐17A receptor signalling in immune defence against this intracellular pathogen remains poorly documented. Here we have analysed this signalling using C57BL/6 mice genetically inactivated in the IL‐17 receptor A subunit (IL‐17RA−/−). Although early after infection bacterial growth was controlled to the same extent as in wild‐type mice, IL‐17RA−/− mice were defective in exerting long‐term control of M. tuberculosis infection, as demonstrated by a progressively increasing pulmonary bacterial burden and shortened survival time. Compared with infected wild‐type mice, IL‐17RA−/− mice showed impaired recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs at the early but not the late stage of infection. Pulmonary tumour necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6 and particularly IL‐10 levels were decreased in the absence of IL‐17RA signalling, whereas IL‐1β was increased. CD4+‐mediated and γδ‐mediated IL‐17A production was dramatically increased in IL‐17RA−/− mice (confirming part of their phenotype), whereas production of interferon‐γ and expression of the bactericidal enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase were not affected. Collectively, our data suggest that early but not late neutrophil recruitment is essential for IL‐17A‐mediated long‐term control of M. tuberculosis infection and that a functional interferon‐γ response is not sufficient to control M. tuberculosis growth when the IL‐17RA pathway is deficient. As treatment of auto‐immune diseases with anti‐IL‐17A antibodies is actually being tested in clinical studies, our data suggest that caution should be taken with respect to possible reactivation of tuberculosis.
What makes an excellent mental health nurse? A pragmatic inquiry initiated and conducted by people with lived experience of service use
Authors: Gunasekara Imani , Pentland Tina , Rodgers Tracey , Patterson Sue 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMental health nurses are in challenging positions. They have the opportunity to support people hospitalized for the treatment of mental illnesses on their recovery journeys, but are simultaneously required to manage a burgeoning administrative burden, maintain organizational ‘order’, and contain risk. While obliged by policy to engender an environment that promotes recovery, they receive little guidance about how this should be achieved. When feedback from people hospitalized in our service indicated the experience of care was variable, we undertook a pragmatic inquiry examining consumers' views about what makes an excellent mental health nurse. We interviewed 20 people with lived experience of hospitalization and analysed transcripts thematically. To ensure findings were relevant and useful, we consulted mental health nurses about nurses' needs, and incorporated this with the views of service users. The analysis demonstrated that personal qualities, professional skills, and environmental factors all influence the experience of mental health nursing. Our findings highlight a need for renewed attention to the basics of relationships and the importance for nurses of self‐awareness and support. We urge nurses to make time to really get to know the people for whom they provide care, and to work to maintain passion for mental health nursing. It seems likely that attention to the simple things has the potential to improve levels of satisfaction among service users, decrease distress, and support the development of an environment in which can nurture recovery.
Two‐Sided Markets
Authors: King Stephen P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWhenever agents to a transaction (for example, consumers and suppliers) interact through intermediaries or a ‘platform’ that is controlled by a third party, the agents are using a two‐sided platform. Two‐sided platforms are common. However, if a two‐sided platform involves network effects, so that participants on one side of the platform care about the number of participants on the other side of the platform, it is a two‐sided market. These markets raise a variety of important issues for economists and policy‐makers. In this article, I briefly explain the nature of two‐sided markets and, using simple examples, show how they can behave very differently to standard one‐sided markets.
Identity and Foreign Policy: Canada as a Nation of the Americas
Authors: Thérien Jean-Philippe , Mace Gordon 
Published: May 2013

AbstractUsing Canada's relations with the Americas as a case study, this article seeks to better understand the link between identity and foreign policy. It argues that there is a gap between the Canadian government's recent efforts to construct a state identity increasingly turned toward the Americas and Canadians' national identity as it is expressed through public opinion. It concludes that the most plausible explanation for this gap probably has to do with Canada's European cultural heritage. The analysis shows that the projection of national identity into foreign policy is a much more complex process than the projection of state identity.