bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of combined ultrasound and biochemistry for risk evaluation of chromosomal abnormalities during the first trimester in Sweden
Authors: Ingvoldstad Charlotta , Georgsson Öhman Susanne , Lindgren Peter 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate how the first trimester risk evaluation for Down syndrome is offered and performed.SettingSweden.SampleAll 52 known units working with obstetric ultrasound.MethodsStudy‐specific questionnaire and descriptive statistical analyses.Main outcome measuresRoutines for offering combined ultrasound and biochemistry (CUB), questions about information, questions about tests and analysis used for diagnosis.ResultsCUB was performed in 28 600 (26%) of the expected 110 000 pregnancies in Sweden during 2011. Of all pregnant women, 15% were living in a county not offering CUB (only invasive prenatal diagnosis); 44% regardless of age; 15% to women ≥33 years; 24% to women ≥35 years; and 2% to women ≥38 years old. Amniocentesis was the most common method offered when the risk was estimated as high. Of the 47 units that replied, 29 (61.7%) offered only amniocentesis. On the questions about information, 40 (95.2%) stated that they gave verbal information. In addition to verbal information, 17 (40.5%) gave written information. Forty‐one of the units (71.9%) stated that the CUB is offered to non‐Swedish‐speaking women.ConclusionWithout consistent national guidelines, the prenatal diagnostic CUB method is offered in an inequitable manner to pregnant women in Sweden. More than half of all pregnant women live in a county where CUB is not offered or is only offered based on age. The results demonstrate the importance of national consistency before the introduction of new prenatal tests, to enhance equal care for all pregnant women.
Prognostic scores after surgical treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a proposed model and possible implications for post‐operative follow‐up
Authors: Andrade Carlos E.M.C. , Scapulatempo‐Neto Cristovam , Longatto‐Filho Adhemar , Vieira Marcelo A. , Tsunoda Audrey T. , Da Silva Ismael D.C.G. , Fregnani José Humberto T.G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a prognostic model for women who underwent surgical treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.DesignCohort study. Patient inclusion and follow‐up occurred retrospectively and prospectively.SettingBarretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.PopulationWomen (n = 242) diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia who were submitted to conization.MethodsImmediately prior to surgical treatment, a cervical cytology sample was collected from each individual included in the study by endocervical brushing and stored in a preservative solution with methanol. A human papilloma virus‐DNA test was conducted using an aliquot of the endocervical brushings. The surgical specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of p16 (immunohistochemical analysis 4a) protein expression.Main outcome measuresTwo‐year disease‐free survival rates calculated for each study variable. Identified variables in the multivariate Cox model were used for elaboration of prognostic scores.ResultsVariables associated with outcome included age (p = 0.033), tobacco use (p < 0.001), final histopathological diagnosis (p = 0.007), surgical margins (p < 0.001), high‐risk human papilloma virus status (p = 0.008), human papilloma virus‐16 status (p < 0.001) and immunoexpression of p16 in the cytoplasm (p = 0.049). By the Cox model, independent risk factors for disease recurrence/persistence were: tobacco use (hazard risk = 3.0; 95% confidence interval 1.6–5.6), positive surgical margins (hazard risk = 3.2; 95% confidence interval 1.6–6.1), human papilloma virus‐16 (hazard risk = 3.3; 95% confidence interval 1.6–6.9) and age over 45 years (hazard risk = 2.7; 95% confidence interval 1.1–6.6).ConclusionsEstablishment of a prognostic score can represent a valuable tool for determining the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia recurrence after conization. The use of clinical (age and tobacco use), pathological (surgical margins) and molecular (human papilloma virus‐16 genotyping) factors can facilitate more appropriate patient follow up according to risk stratification.
A randomized controlled trial on early induction compared to expectant management of nulliparous women with prolonged latent phases
Authors: Bräne Elena , Olsson Ann , Andolf Ellika 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo compare early induction and expectant management regarding delivery outcomes and the experience of delivery in nulliparous women with prolonged latent phases.DesignRandomized controlled trial.SettingOne delivery unit in a Swedish hospital.PopulationNulliparous women at term experiencing continuous contractions impeding rest (women's report) and exceeding 18 h, a cervical dilation of less than 4 cm, intact membranes and with a singleton fetus in cephalic presentation.MethodsThe women were randomly allocated to either early induction (n = 65) or expectant management (n = 64). All participants received medication for therapeutic rest. The early induction group was induced five hours after medication, and the expectant group awaited spontaneous onset of labor. The Wijma Delivery Experience Questionnaire (W‐DEQ version B) was filled in after delivery.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was mode of delivery. Secondary outcomes included birth experience, duration of labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and neonatal outcomes.ResultsThe cesarean section rate was 15 of 65 (23.1%) in the early induction group and 24 of 64 (37.5%) in the expectant group (p = 0.076, OR 2.00, 95% CI 0.93–4.31). No significant differences were shown regarding delivery, neonatal outcomes or birth experience.ConclusionsNo significant differences were shown between the two groups in the rate of cesarean sections or the experience of delivery. According to the actual results, the power to detect a difference was only 45%. The cesarean section rate was high in both groups, regardless of intervention.
Timing of Late Cretaceous shortening and basin development, Little Hatchet Mountains, southwestern New Mexico, USA – implications for regional Laramide tectonics
Authors: Clinkscales Christopher A. , Lawton Timothy F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLaser ablation‐multi collector‐inductively coupled mass spectrometry U‐Pb geochronology, detailed field mapping and stratigraphic data offer improved insights into the timing and style of Laramide deformation and basin development in the Little Hatchet Mountains, southwestern New Mexico, USA, a key locality in the ‘southern Laramide province.’ The Laramide synorogenic section in the northern Little Hatchet Mountains comprises upper Campanian to Maastrichtian strata consisting of the Ringbone and Skunk Ranch formations, with a preserved maximum thickness of >2400 m, and the correlative Hidalgo Formation with a total thickness >1700 m. The Ringbone Formation and superjacent Skunk Ranch Formation are each generally composed of (1) a basal conglomerate member; (2) a middle member consisting of lacustrine shale, limestone, sandstone, and interbedded ash‐fall tuffs; and (3) an upper sandstone and conglomerate member. Basaltic andesite flows are intercalated with the upper member of the Ringbone Formation and the middle member of the Skunk Ranch Formation. The Hidalgo Formation, which crops out in the northern part of the range, is dominantly composed of basaltic andesite breccias and flows equivalent to those of the Ringbone and Skunk Ranch formations. The Laramide section was deposited in an intermontane basin partitioned across intrabasinal thrust structures, which controlled growth‐stratal development. U‐Pb zircon ages from five tuffs indicate that the age range of the Laramide sedimentary succession is ca. 75–70 Ma. U‐Pb detrital‐zircon age data (n = 356 analyses) from the Ringbone Formation and a Lower Cretaceous unit indicate sediment contribution from uplifted Lower and Upper Cretaceous rocks adjacent to the basin and the contemporary Tarahumara magmatic arc in nearby northern Sonora, Mexico. The new ages, combined with published data, indicate that uplift, basin development, and magmatism in the region proceeded diachronously northeastwards as the subducting Farallon slab flattened under northern Mexico and southern New Mexico from Campanian to Palaeogene time.
Human interleukin-27: wide individual variation in plasma levels and complex inter-relationships with interleukin-17A
Authors: Forrester M A , Robertson L , Bayoumi N , Keavney B D , Barker R N , Vickers M A 
Published: June 2014

Summary
Although it is widely believed that interleukin (IL)-27 is anti-inflammatory, its role in controlling human immune responses is not fully established. In particular, its interactions with T helper type 17 (Th)17 cytokines are unclear. Our aims were to establish the relationships between IL-27 and proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-17A, in human sera and cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Plasma IL-27 levels in 879 healthy humans from 163 families varied widely, but with relatively low heritability (19%). Despite IL-27 including a subunit encoded by Epstein–Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3), there was no correlation of levels with serological evidence of infection with the virus. Although IL-27 has been reported to inhibit IL-17A production, we demonstrated a strong positive correlation in sera, but lower correlations of IL-27 with other proinflammatory cytokines. We verified that IL-27 inhibited IL-17A production by human peripheral blood T cells in vitro, but not that it stimulated IL-10 secretion. Importantly, addition of IL-17A decreased IL-27 production by stimulated T cells but had the opposite effect on resting T cells. Together, these data suggest a model whereby IL-27 and IL-17A exerts complex reciprocal effects to boost inflammatory responses, but restrain resting cells to prevent inappropriate activation.
Novel type of regulatory B cell in central nervous system autoimmunity
Authors: Miyake Sachiko 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA recent article published in Nature introduced interleukin‐35‐producing B cells as novel regulatory B cells. Mice with a specific interleukin‐35 deficiency in B cells lost their ability to recover from autoimmune experimental encephalomyelitis. Plasma cells were the major B cell type producing interleukin‐35. The present study provides new opportunities for the immune intervention of autoimmune diseases.
Cell‐to‐cell transmission in the pathogenesis of human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
Authors: Ohara Yoshiro 
Published: June 2014

AbstractVirus transmission is an important key factor for understanding the pathomechanism(s) of virus‐related neurological diseases. In the past, cell‐free transmission was believed to be a major route of virus spread for almost all viruses. However, attention was paid to “cell‐to‐cell transmission” in the 1960s. Cell‐to‐cell transmission appears to be more effective, as progeny viruses do not have to encounter antibodies. Although this mode of virus transmission was first highlighted in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis caused by a variant of measles virus, human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐I) also utilizes cell‐to‐cell transmission. The transmission is undergone through so‐called “virological synapses”, a structure first described in HTLV‐I. Cell contact induces polarization of the cytoskeleton of the infected cells to the cell–cell junction. HTLV‐I core (Gag protein) complexes and the HTLV‐I genome accumulate at the cell–cell junction and are transferred to the uninfected cell. The intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate regulates the efficiency of intercellular HTLV‐I transmission under the control of expression phosphorylated vasodilator‐ stimulated phosphoprotein.
How do Th17 cells mediate autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system?
Authors: Korn Thomas 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTh17 cells were first discovered in the context of autoimmunity, but it is likely that this subset of T helper cells has its primary function in host defense of pathogens, such as particular fungi against which Th1 or Th2 responses are not protective. In the early days of Th17 research, a great deal of effort was made to prove the identity of Th17 cells as a distinct lineage of T helper cells independent of Th1 and Th2 cells. However, Th17 cells are increasingly considered as a plastic subset of T helper cells that can co‐produce interleukin‐17 with interferon‐γ or interleukin‐17 with interleukin‐10 and then usurp T‐bet or c‐Maf as transcription factors that have been regarded as private to Th1 or Th2 cells, respectively. A coherent concept to explain the importance of Th17 cells in a series of autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis is still missing. However, the prominent role of Th17 cell responses at epithelial surfaces (like the gut) where the discrimination between self and foreign is particularly challenging might contribute to the predominant Th17 skewing of autoreactive T cells when immune tolerance is broken. In the present review, some novel aspects on the generation and biological properties of Th17 cells including trafficking and effector functions with particular emphasis on autoimmunity in the central nervous system are highlighted.
Towards understanding the role of orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 in Th17 cell‐mediated central nervous system autoimmunity: An experimental approach using an animal model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Oki Shinji 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAlthough details of its pathogenesis remain elusive, multiple sclerosis (MS) is now widely accepted as an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which autoreactive helper T cells play a pivotal role in triggering pathogenic cascades. Recently developed drugs and ongoing clinical trials clearly reflect the significance of targeting pathogenic immune cells, such as T helper 17 (Th17) cells, for MS treatment. Through comprehensive gene expression profiling analysis, we previously showed that the orphan nuclear receptor, NR4A2, is selectively upregulated in peripheral blood T cells from relapsing–remitting MS patients. Furthermore, using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS, we have shown that NR4A2 is selectively upregulated in peripheral blood T cells and T cells from inflamed CNS tissues. T cells expressing NR4A2 in vivo were induced only when immunized with self‐peptide, not with irrelevant exogenous peptides. Accordingly, interleukin‐17 (IL‐17)‐producing helper T cells exclusively express NR4A2, whether or not they secrete interferon (IFN)‐γ, suggesting that NR4A2‐expressing T cells represent a pathogenic Th17 subset during autoimmunity. Therefore, NR4A2 could be a useful biomarker to estimate pathogenic Th17 cell behavior in MS patients. In addition, a blockade of NR4A2 expression in differentiating Th17 cells with small interfering RNA not only abolished IL‐17 secretion, but also Th17‐related genes, such as IL‐21, c‐Maf and IL‐23 receptor. Finally, in vivo administration of NR4A2‐specific small interfering RNA significantly ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, implying that NR4A2 is essential for triggering MS/experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and could serve as a novel therapeutic target of the diseases.
Chemokine receptors on T cells in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sato Wakiro 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is usually characterized by alternating periods of relapse and remission. The involvement of CD4+ helper T cells, especially the Th1 and Th17 subsets, during MS relapse is well established. However, recent reports suggest that there is plasticity and functional diversity of Th17 cells in CNS autoimmunity. Therefore, the overall picture of “encephalitogenic” T cells is difficult to draw. The chemokine system is fundamental for T cell trafficking, and plays essential roles in normal physiology and autoimmunity. Each Th subset expresses characteristic chemokine receptors that are critical for homing to inflammation sites. Chemokine receptor expression profiles on T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients reflect certain aspects of the pathology of MS relapse. Mounting evidence suggests that Th1‐ and Th17‐related chemokines, and chemokine receptors mediate MS pathology. The scope of the present review was to discuss recent findings related to chemokine receptor expression and pathogenic Th cells in MS. This review focuses in particular on CCR2+CCR5+CCR6− Th1 cells, a newly identified Th cell subset that we recently showed is enriched in the CSF of relapsing MS patients. Measuring multiple chemokine receptor expression levels could show unique T cell subsets involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases.
Differentially expressed microRNA in multiple sclerosis: A window into pathogenesis?
Authors: Martin Nellie A. , Illes Zsolt 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMicroRNA are small non‐coding RNA that mediate mRNA translation repression or mRNA degradation, and thereby refine protein expression levels. More than 30–60% of all genes are regulated by microRNA. Exploring disease‐related microRNA signatures is an emerging tool in biomarker discovery, and silencing has already been used in a clinical phase 2a trial. As microRNA regulate translation of more than 100 genes, they could also provide a focused insight into important pathways, and offer a better understanding of diseases with heterogeneous pathogenesis. The number of studies investigating microRNA related to multiple sclerosis has increased significantly in recent years. Differentially expressed microRNA have been identified in the whole blood, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, blood‐derived cell subsets and brain lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis. Most studies applied a non‐candidate approach of screening by microarray and validation by quantitative polymerase chain reaction or next generation sequencing; others used a candidate‐driven approach. Despite a relatively high number of multiple sclerosis‐associated microRNA, just a few could be repeatedly found, even if similar biological materials were examined. Only part of the identified microRNA has been extensively studied, and the biological function has not been explored in the majority. Some of the microRNA related to multiple sclerosis are also differentially expressed in other autoimmune diseases or autoimmune models. In the present review, we discuss microRNA related to disease compartments, activity and phenotype. We also focus on several microRNA with well‐defined functions, or because of particular interest due to either validation by several independent studies or in‐depth exploration of function.
Foundations of Resilience Thinking
Authors: CURTIN CHARLES G. , PARKER JESSICA P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThrough 3 broad and interconnected streams of thought, resilience thinking has influenced the science of ecology and natural resource management by generating new multidisciplinary approaches to environmental problem solving. Resilience science, adaptive management (AM), and ecological policy design (EPD) contributed to an internationally unified paradigm built around the realization that change is inevitable and that science and management must approach the world with this assumption, rather than one of stability. Resilience thinking treats actions as experiments to be learned from, rather than intellectual propositions to be defended or mistakes to be ignored. It asks what is novel and innovative and strives to capture the overall behavior of a system, rather than seeking static, precise outcomes from discrete action steps. Understanding the foundations of resilience thinking is an important building block for developing more holistic and adaptive approaches to conservation. We conducted a comprehensive review of the history of resilience thinking because resilience thinking provides a working context upon which more effective, synergistic, and systems‐based conservation action can be taken in light of rapid and unpredictable change. Together, resilience science, AM, and EPD bridge the gaps between systems analysis, ecology, and resource management to provide an interdisciplinary approach to solving wicked problems.Fundamentos del Pensamiento sobre Resiliencia
Interventions for Reducing Extinction Risk in Chytridiomycosis‐Threatened Amphibians
Authors: SCHEELE BEN C. , HUNTER DAVID A. , GROGAN LAURA F. , BERGER LEE , KOLBY JON E. , MCFADDEN MICHAEL S. , MARANTELLI GERRY , SKERRATT LEE F. , DRISCOLL DON A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWildlife diseases pose an increasing threat to biodiversity and are a major management challenge. A striking example of this threat is the emergence of chytridiomycosis. Despite diagnosis of chytridiomycosis as an important driver of global amphibian declines 15 years ago, researchers have yet to devise effective large‐scale management responses other than biosecurity measures to mitigate disease spread and the establishment of disease‐free captive assurance colonies prior to or during disease outbreaks. We examined the development of management actions that can be implemented after an epidemic in surviving populations. We developed a conceptual framework with clear interventions to guide experimental management and applied research so that further extinctions of amphibian species threatened by chytridiomycosis might be prevented. Within our framework, there are 2 management approaches: reducing Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (the fungus that causes chytridiomycosis) in the environment or on amphibians and increasing the capacity of populations to persist despite increased mortality from disease. The latter approach emphasizes that mitigation does not necessarily need to focus on reducing disease‐associated mortality. We propose promising management actions that can be implemented and tested based on current knowledge and that include habitat manipulation, antifungal treatments, animal translocation, bioaugmentation, head starting, and selection for resistance. Case studies where these strategies are being implemented will demonstrate their potential to save critically endangered species.Intervenciones para Reducir el Riesgo de Extinción en Anfibios Amenazados por la Quitridiomicosis