bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chlorhexidine spray as an adjunct in the control of dental biofilm in children with special needs
Authors: Viana Gilberg Resende , Teiltelbaum Ana Paula , dos Santos Fábio André , Sabbagh‐Haddad Aida , Guaré Renata Oliveira 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of .12% chlorhexidine applied via spray and the acceptance. A total of 26 individuals with mental health issues, aged 7–14, were included into two groups: placebo (control, n = 13) and chlorhexidine (experimental, n = 13). Both groups received two daily applications of spray during 2 months. The periodontal conditions were evaluated by the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI‐S) and gingival index (GI). The evaluation of acceptance of the application method (spray) was assessed by questionnaire. Data were analyzed with nonparametric tests, with a significance level of 5%. Regarding the OHI‐S index, only the experimental group showed significant change during the evaluations (p < 0.001). Regarding the GI, both groups showed significant changes during the evaluations. The method of application was well accepted by patients and caregivers, and .12% chlorhexidine solution applied via spray significantly reduced the rates of dental and gingival biofilm.
A ‘calcium capacitor’ shapes cholinergic inhibition of cochlear hair cells
Authors: Fuchs Paul Albert 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEfferent cholinergic neurons project from the brainstem to inhibit sensory hair cells of the vertebrate inner ear. This inhibitory synapse combines the activity of an unusual class of ionotropic cholinergic receptor with that of nearby calcium‐dependent potassium channels to shunt and hyperpolarize the hair cell. Postsynaptic calcium signalling is constrained by a thin near‐membrane cistern that is co‐extensive with the efferent terminal contacts. The postsynaptic cistern may play an essential role in calcium homeostasis, serving as sink or source, depending on ongoing activity and the degree of buffer saturation. Release of calcium from postsynaptic stores leads to a process of retrograde facilitation via the synthesis of nitric oxide in the hair cell. Activity‐dependent synaptic modification may contribute to changes in hair cell innervation that occur during development, and in the aged or damaged cochlea.
Effect of Recovery Interventions on Cycling Performance and Pacing Strategy in the Heat
Authors: De Pauw Kevin , Roelands Bart , Vanparijs Jef , Meeusen Romain 
Published: February 2014

Purpose:To determine the effect of active recovery (AR), passive rest (PR), and cold-water immersion (CWI) after 90 min of intensive cycling on a subsequent 12-min time trial (TT2) and the applied pacing strategy in TT2.Methods:After a maximal test and familiarization trial, 9 trained male subjects (age 22 ± 3 y, VO2max62.1 ± 5.3 mL · min−1· kg−1) performed 3 experimental trials in the heat (30°C). Each trial consisted of 2 exercise tasks separated by 1 h. The first was a 60-min constant-load trial at 55% of the maximal power output followed by a 30-min time trial (TT1). The second comprised a 12-min simulated time trial (TT2). After TT1, AR, PR, or CWI was applied for 15 min.Results:No significant TT2 performance differences were observed, but a 1-samplettest (within each condition) revealed different pacing strategies during TT2. CWI resulted in an even pacing strategy, while AR and PR resulted in a gradual decline of power output after the onset of TT2 (P≤ .046). During recovery, AR and CWI showed a trend toward faster blood lactate ([BLa]) removal, but during TT2 significantly higher [BLa] was only observed after CWI compared with PR (P= .011).Conclusion:The pacing strategy during subsequent cycling performance in the heat is influenced by the application of different postexercise recovery interventions. Although power was not significantly altered between groups, CWI enabled a differently shaped power profile, likely due to decreased thermal strain.
First Report of KPC-2 Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Japan
Authors: Saito Ryoichi , Takahashi Rieko , Sawabe Etsuko , Koyano Saho , Takahashi Yutaka , Shima Mari , Ushizawa Hiroto , Fujie Toshihide , Tosaka Naoki , Kato Yuko , Moriya Kyoji , Tohda Shuji , Tojo Naoko , Koike Ryuji , Kubota Tetsuo 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

We investigated a novel Japanese isolate of sequence type 11 (ST11), the
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemase-2 (KPC-2)-producing
K. pneumoniae
strain Kp3018, which was previously obtained from a patient treated at a Brazilian hospital. This strain was resistant to various antibiotic classes, including carbapenems, and harbored the gene
bla
KPC-2
, which was present on the transferable plasmid of ca. 190 kb, in addition to the
bla
CTX-M-15
gene. Furthermore, the ca. 2.3-kb sequences (IS
Kpn8-bla
KPC-2
–IS
Kpn6
-like), encompassing
bla
KPC-2
, were found to be similar to those of
K. pneumoniae
strains from China.
The Emergence of Linezolid Resistance among Enterococci in Intestinal Microbiota of Treated Patients Is Unrelated to Individual Pharmacokinetic Characteristics
Authors: Bourgeois-Nicolaos N. , Nguyen T. T. , Defrance G. , Massias L. , Alavoine L. , Lefort A , Noel V. , Senneville E. , Doucet-Populaire F. , Mentré F. , Andremont A. , Duval X. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Linezolid is an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of multiresistant Gram-positive infections. We assessed the impact of linezolid on the microbiota and the emergence of resistance and investigated its relationship with plasma pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic. Twenty-eight patients were treated for the first time with linezolid administered orally (
n
= 17) or parenterally (
n
= 11) at 600 mg twice a day. Linezolid plasma pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on day 7. Colonization by fecal enterococci, pharyngeal streptococci, and nasal staphylococci were assessed using selective media with or without supplemental linezolid. The resistance to linezolid was characterized. The treatment led to a decrease of enterococci, staphylococci, and streptococci in the fecal (
P
= 0.03), nasal, and pharyngeal (
P
< 0.01) microbiotas. The appearance of resistant strains was observed only in enterococci from the fecal microbiota between the 7th and 21st days of treatment in four patients (14.3%). The resistance was mainly due for the first time to the mutation G2447T in the 23S rRNA gene. No pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly different between the patients, regardless of the appearance of resistance. The emergence of linezolid resistance during treatment was observed only in the intestinal microbiota and unrelated to pharmacokinetic parameters. However, colonization by Gram-positive bacteria was reduced as a result of treatment in all microbiotas.
Activity of Host Antimicrobials against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Acquiring Colistin Resistance through Loss of Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: García-Quintanilla Meritxell , Pulido Marina R. , Moreno-Martínez Patricia , Martín-Peña Reyes , López-Rojas Rafael , Pachón Jerónimo , McConnell Michael J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter baumannii
can acquire resistance to the cationic peptide antibiotic colistin through complete loss of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) expression. The activities of the host cationic antimicrobials LL-37 and human lysozyme against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of
A. baumannii
that acquired colistin resistance through lipopolysaccharide loss were characterized. We demonstrate that LL-37 has activity against strains lacking lipopolysaccharide that is similar to that of their colistin-sensitive parent strains, whereas human lysozyme has increased activity against colistin-resistant strains lacking LPS.
Neurons Are Host Cells for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Randall Philippa J. , Hsu Nai-Jen , Lang Dirk , Cooper Susan , Sebesho Boipelo , Allie Nasiema , Keeton Roanne , Francisco Ngiambudulu M. , Salie Sumayah , Labuschagné Antoinette , Quesniaux Valerie , Ryffel Bernhard , Kellaway Lauriston , Jacobs Muazzam 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection of the central nervous system is thought to be initiated once the bacilli have breached the blood brain barrier and are phagocytosed, primarily by microglial cells. In this study, the interactions ofM. tuberculosiswith neuronsin vitroandin vivowere investigated. The data obtained demonstrate that neurons can act as host cells forM. tuberculosis.M. tuberculosisbacilli were internalized by murine neuronal cultured cells in a time-dependent manner after exposure, with superior uptake by HT22 cells compared to Neuro-2a cells (17.7% versus 9.8%). Internalization ofM. tuberculosisbacilli by human SK-N-SH cultured neurons suggested the clinical relevance of the findings. Moreover, primary murine hippocampus-derived neuronal cultures could similarly internalizeM. tuberculosis. InternalizedM. tuberculosisbacilli represented a productive infection with retention of bacterial viability and replicative potential, increasing 2- to 4-fold within 48 h.M. tuberculosisbacillus infection of neurons was confirmedin vivoin the brains of C57BL/6 mice after intracerebral challenge. This study, therefore, demonstrates neurons as potential new target cells forM. tuberculosiswithin the central nervous system.
Diverse Toll-Like Receptors Mediate Cytokine Production by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Macrophages
Authors: Park Se-Ra , Kim Dong-Jae , Han Seung-Hyun , Kang Min-Jung , Lee Jun-Young , Jeong Yu-Jin , Lee Sang-Jin , Kim Tae-Hyoun , Ahn Sang-Gun , Yoon Jung-Hoon , Park Jong-Hwan 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTToll-like receptors (TLRs) orchestrate a repertoire of immune responses in macrophages against various pathogens.Fusobacterium nucleatumandAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansare two important periodontal pathogens. In the present study, we investigated TLR signaling regulating cytokine production of macrophages in response toF. nucleatumandA. actinomycetemcomitans. TLR2 and TLR4 are redundant in the production of cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) inF. nucleatum- andA. actinomycetemcomitans-infected macrophages. The production of cytokines by macrophages in response toF. nucleatumandA. actinomycetemcomitansinfection was impaired in MyD88-deficient macrophages. Moreover, cytokine concentrations were lower in MyD88-deficient macrophages than in TLR2/TLR4 (TLR2/4) double-deficient cells. An endosomal TLR inhibitor, chloroquine, reduced cytokine production in TLR2/4-deficient macrophages in response toF. nucleatumandA. actinomycetemcomitans, and DNA fromF. nucleatumorA. actinomycetemcomitansinduced IL-6 production in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), which was abolished by chloroquine. Western blot analysis revealed that TLR2/4 and MyD88 were required for optimal activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in macrophages in response toF. nucleatumandA. actinomycetemcomitans, with different kinetics. An inhibitor assay showed that NF-κB and all MAPKs (p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK], and Jun N-terminal protein kinase [JNK]) mediateF. nucleatum-induced production of cytokines in macrophages, whereas NF-κB and p38, but not ERK and JNK, are involved inA. actinomycetemcomitans-mediated cytokine production. These findings suggest that multiple TLRs may participate in the cytokine production of macrophages against periodontal bacteria.
Escherichia coli Pathotypes Occupy Distinct Niches in the Mouse Intestine
Authors: Meador Jessica P. , Caldwell Matthew E. , Cohen Paul S. , Conway Tyrrell 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Since the first step of the infection process is colonization of the host, it is important to understand how
Escherichia coli
pathogens successfully colonize the intestine. We previously showed that enterohemorrhagic O157:H7 strain
E. coli
EDL933 colonizes a niche in the streptomycin-treated mouse intestine that is distinct from that of human commensal strains, which explains how
E. coli
EDL933 overcomes colonization resistance imparted by some, but not all, commensal
E. coli
strains. Here we sought to determine if other
E. coli
pathogens use a similar strategy. We found that uropathogenic
E. coli
CFT073 and enteropathogenic
E. coli
E2348/69 occupy intestinal niches that are distinct from that of
E. coli
EDL933. In contrast, two enterohemorrhagic strains,
E. coli
EDL933 and
E. coli
Sakai, occupy the same niche, suggesting that strategies to prevent colonization by a given pathotype should be effective against other strains of the same pathotype. However, we found that a combination of commensal
E. coli
strains that can prevent colonization by
E. coli
EDL933 did not prevent colonization by
E. coli
CFT073 or
E. coli
E2348/69. Our results indicate that development of probiotics to target multiple
E. coli
pathotypes will be problematic, as the factors that govern niche occupation and hence stable colonization vary significantly among strains.
B-Cell Responses to Pregnancy-Restricted and -Unrestricted Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 Antigens in Ghanaian Women Naturally Exposed to Malaria Parasites
Authors: Ampomah Paulina , Stevenson Liz , Ofori Michael F. , Barfod Lea , Hviid Lars 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTProtective immunity toPlasmodium falciparummalaria acquired after natural exposure is largely antibody mediated. IgG-specificP. falciparumEMP1 (PfEMP1) proteins on the infected erythrocyte surface are particularly important. The transient antibody responses and the slowly acquired protective immunity probably reflect the clonal antigenic variation and allelic polymorphism of PfEMP1. However, it is likely that other immune-evasive mechanisms are also involved, such as interference with formation and maintenance of immunological memory. We measured PfEMP1-specific antibody levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and memory B-cell frequencies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay in a cohort ofP. falciparum-exposed nonpregnant Ghanaian women. The antigens used were a VAR2CSA-type PfEMP1 (IT4VAR04) with expression restricted to parasites infecting the placenta, as well as two commonly recognized PfEMP1 proteins (HB3VAR06 and IT4VAR60) implicated in rosetting and not pregnancy restricted. This enabled, for the first time, a direct comparison in the same individuals of immune responses specific for a clinically important parasite antigen expressed only during well-defined periods (pregnancy) to responses specific for comparable antigens expressed independent of pregnancy. Our data indicate that PfEMP1-specific B-cell memory is adequately acquired even when antigen exposure is infrequent (e.g., VAR2CSA-type PfEMP1). Furthermore, immunological memory specific for VAR2CSA-type PfEMP1 can be maintained for many years without antigen reexposure and after circulating antigen-specific IgG has disappeared. The study provides evidence that natural exposure toP. falciparumleads to formation of durable B-cell immunity to clinically important PfEMP1 antigens. This has encouraging implications for current efforts to develop PfEMP1-based vaccines.
Host Inflammatory Response Inhibits Escherichia coli O157:H7 Adhesion to Gut Epithelium through Augmentation of Mucin Expression
Authors: Xue Yansong , Zhang Hanying , Wang Hui , Hu Jia , Du Min , Zhu Mei-Jun 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
O157:H7, a major Shiga toxin-producing pathogen, has a low infectious dose and causes serious illness in humans. The gastrointestinal tract of cattle is the primary reservoir of
E. coli
O157:H7, and thus, it is critical to eliminate or reduce
E. coli
O157:H7 gut colonization. Given that
E. coli
O157:H7 produces effectors that attenuate inflammatory signaling, we hypothesized that the host inflammatory response acts to perturb
E. coli
O157:H7 intestinal colonization. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) treatment of HT-29 cells resulted in increased expression of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-8, and TNF-α genes and increased IL-8 protein and resulted in decreased adhesion of
E. coli
O157:H7. Similarly,
E. coli
O157:H7 adhesion to cattle colonic explants was reduced by TNF-α treatment. Irrespective of the presence of
E. coli
O157:H7, TNF-α enhanced activation of p65, the key mediator of NF-κB inflammatory signaling, whereas
E. coli
O157:H7 infection suppressed this pathway by inhibiting p65 activation in HT-29 cells. To further explore the mechanisms linking the inflammatory response to attenuated
E. coli
O157:H7 adhesion, mucin 2 (MUC2) expression was analyzed, considering that the intestinal mucus layer is the first defense against enteric pathogens and MUC2 is the major secretory mucin in the intestine. MUC2 expression in HT-29 cells was increased by TNF-α treatment and by
E. coli
O157:H7 infection. However, reducing mucin expression by blocking mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and/or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling increased
E. coli
O157:H7 adherence to HT-29 cells. These data suggest that the inflammatory cytokine response acts to protect host epithelial cells against
E. coli
O157:H7 colonization, at least in part, by promoting mucin production.
Genetic Variation on the
BAT1-NFKBIL1-LTA
Region of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class III Associates with Periodontitis
Authors: Kallio K. A. Elisa , Marchesani Marja , Vlachopoulou Efthymia , Mäntylä Päivi , Paju Susanna , Buhlin Kåre , Suominen Anna L. , Contreras Johanna , Knuuttila Matti , Hernandez Marcela , Huumonen Sisko , Nieminen Markku S. , Perola Markus , Sinisalo Juha , Lokki Marja-Liisa , Pussinen Pirkko J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a multifactorial etiology. We investigated whether human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) polymorphisms (6p21.3) are associated with periodontal parameters. Parogene 1 population samples (
n
= 169) were analyzed with 13,245 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MHC region. Eighteen selected SNPs (
P
≤ 0.001) were replicated in Parogene 2 population samples (
n
= 339) and the Health 2000 Survey (
n
= 1,420). All subjects had a detailed clinical and radiographic oral health examination. Serum lymphotoxin-α (LTA) concentrations were measured in the Parogene populations, and the protein was detected in inflamed periodontal tissue. In the Parogene 1 population, 10 SNPs were associated with periodontal parameters. The strongest associations emerged from the parameters bleeding on probing (BOP) and a probing pocket depth (PPD) of ≥6 mm with the genes
BAT1
,
NFKBIL1
, and
LTA
. Six SNPs, rs11796, rs3130059, rs2239527, rs2071591, rs909253, and rs1041981 (
r
2
, ≥0.92), constituted a risk haplotype. In the Parogene 1 population, the haplotype had the strongest association with the parameter BOP, a PPD of ≥6 mm, and severe periodontitis with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 2.63 (2.21 to 3.20), 2.90 (2.37 to 3.52), and 3.10 (1.63 to 5.98), respectively. These results were replicated in the other two populations. High serum LTA concentrations in the Parogene population were associated with the periodontitis risk alleles of the
LTA
SNPs (rs909253 and rs1041981) of the haplotype. In addition, the protein was expressed in inflamed gingival connective tissue. We identified a novel
BAT1-NFKBIL1-LTA
haplotype as a significant contributor to the risk of periodontitis. The genetic polymorphisms in the MHC class III region may be functionally important in periodontitis susceptibility.
Immediate Effects of Electroacupuncture and Manual Acupuncture on Pain, Mobility and Muscle Strength in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Plaster Ralph , Vieira Wellington Bueno , Alencar Flávia Alves Duarte , Nakano Eduardo Yoshio , Liebano Richard Eloin 
Published: February 2014

Objective To compare the immediate effects of electroacupuncture and manual acupuncture on pain, mobility and muscle strength in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods Sixty patients with knee osteoarthritis, with a pain intensity of ≥2 on the pain Numerical Rating Scale, were included. The patients were randomised into two groups: manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture. Pain intensity, degree of dysfunction (Timed Up and Go (TUG) test), maximal voluntary isometric contraction and pressure pain threshold were assessed before and after a single session of manual acupuncture or electroacupuncture treatments. Results Both groups showed a significant reduction in pain intensity (p<0.001) and time to run the TUG test after the acupuncture treatment (p=0.005 for the manual acupuncture group and p=0.002 for the electroacupuncture group). There were no differences between the groups regarding pain intensity (p=0.25), TUG test (p=0.70), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (p=0.43) or pressure pain threshold (p=0.27). Conclusions This study found no difference between the immediate effects of a single session of manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture on pain, muscle strength and mobility in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Trial Registration Number RBR-9TCN2X.
Maternal and paternal satisfaction in the delivery room: a cross-sectional comparative study
Authors: Bélanger-Lévesque Marie-Noëlle , Pasquier Marilou , Roy-Matton Naomé , Blouin Simon , Pasquier Jean-Charles 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesMaternal satisfaction during the birthing process has been well documented, whereas little is known about the fathers’ birth experiences. Our objective was to evaluate and compare the birth satisfaction of mothers and fathers.DesignComparative cross-sectional study.SettingNumber of participating centres: one level III maternity centre (2813 births in 2011) in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.Participants200 mothers and 200 accompanying fathers/mother's partner recruited 12–24 h after the birth over a 6-week period.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe Birth Satisfaction Scale (BSS) was used for the mother, and it was adapted to the father's perspective. Paired-samples t tests were used for comparing mothers and fathers for the BSS global and thematic scores. Multiple linear regressions (forward stepwise method) were made to identify predicting factors of mothers’ and fathers’ satisfaction.ResultsGlobal satisfaction scores for mothers (115.5/150) and fathers (114.4/150) were relatively high and similar (p=0.116). The analysis of subthemes showed that more distress during childbirth was reported by mothers (p<0.001), while less support (p<0.001) and care satisfaction (p<0.001) were reported by fathers. The use of epidural anaesthesia during vaginal birth was the sole concordant lower satisfaction predictor. For mothers, other satisfaction predictors were labour length, tearing and type of anaesthesia used in caesarean section. For fathers, lower satisfaction predictors were instrumental delivery, primary caesarean delivery and infant's distress factors after caesarean section.ConclusionsThis study highlights differences in mothers’ and fathers’ birth satisfaction and in their predictors. It is thus important to take into account the birth experience of each parent and to support parents accordingly by adapting care provision surrounding childbirth. More research on this topic from the prenatal to the postnatal period is suggested, as it might have an impact on parents’ satisfaction and on early parenthood experience.