bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal soil health dynamics in soy-wheat relay intercropping
Authors: Thompson Jennifer B. , Döring Thomas F. , Bowles Timothy M. , Kolb Steffen , Bellingrath-Kimura Sonoko D. , Reckling Moritz 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
There is growing interest in intercropping as a practice to increase productivity per unit area and ecosystem functioning in agricultural systems. Relay intercropping with soy and winter wheat may benefit soil health due to increased diversity and longer undisturbed soil cover, yet this remains largely unstudied. Using a field experiment in Eastern Germany, we studied the temporal dynamics of chemical, biological, and physical indicators of soil health in the topsoil over a year of cultivation to detect early effects of soy-wheat relay intercropping compared to sole cropping. Indicators included microbial abundance, permanganate-oxidizable carbon, carbon fractions, pH, and water infiltration. Relay intercropping showed no unique soil health benefits compared to sole cropping, likely affected by drought that stressed intercropped soy. Relay intercropping did, however, maintain several properties of both sole crops including an increased MAOM C:N ratio and higher soil water infiltration. The MAOM C:N ratio increased by 4.2 and 6.2% in intercropping and sole soy and decreased by 5% in sole wheat. Average near-saturated soil water infiltration rates were 12.6, 14.9, and 6.0 cm hr−1 for intercropping, sole wheat, and sole soy, respectively. Cropping system did not consistently affect other indicators but we found temporal patterns of these indicators, showing their sensitivity to external changes.
Metakognitives Training bei Depression (D-MKT) für Arabisch
sprechende Patient*innen mit Fluchterfahrung: Kulturelle Adaptation und
Pilotierung
Authors: Alkailani Heba , Metzner Franka , Uhr Cornelia , Jelinek Lena , Dietrichkeit Mona , Pawils Silke 
Published: August 2024

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Trotz hohem Bedarf sind kulturell adaptatierte Therapien
für Arabisch sprechende geflüchtete Patient*innen mit Depression selten. Ziel
der Studie war, das Gruppenprogramm Metakognitives Training bei Depression
(D-MKT) für sie kulturell anzupassen und zu erproben.
Methodik Die kulturelle Adaptation des D-MKTs umfasste die Übersetzung und
Oberflächenadaptation sowie eine Expert*innendiskussion. Anschließend wurden in
einer unkontrollierten Pilotstudie mit n=11 geflüchtete Patient*innen die
Verständlichkeit, Akzeptanz und Durchführbarkeit des ambulant durchgeführten,
kulturell adaptierten D-MKTs (KA-D-MKT) geprüft.
Ergebnisse Die Expert*innen bewerteten 83% der Übersetzungen und 78% der
Abbildungen als unproblematisch hinsichtlich der Äquivalenz. Die Akzeptanz und
Durchführbarkeit der acht Module wurden überwiegend positiv bewertet.
Schlussfolgerung Das adaptierte Training weist aus Sicht der Patient*innen
eine hohe Akzeptanz und Verständlichkeit für den kultursensiblen,
Dolmetscher*innen-gestützten Einsatz auf.
Ofatumumab in der Behandlung der Multiplen Sklerose – Eine Übersicht
der präklinischen und klinischen Daten
Authors: Klehmet Juliane , Bopp Tobias 
Published: August 2024

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund  B-Zell-gerichtete Therapien sind hochwirksam bei Multipler
Sklerose (MS). Die meisten dieser Therapien sind in langen Intervallen
intravenös zu applizieren. Seit 2021 ist aber auch Ofatumumab zur Behandlung der
MS zugelassen, ein Anti-CD20-Antikörper, der aufgrund hoher Affinität zur
Zielstruktur niedrig dosiert und monatlich subkutan verabreicht wird.
Methoden  Es wird eine Übersicht über aktuelle praxisrelevante
immunologische und klinische Daten zu Ofatumumab gegeben.
Ergebnisse  Die hohe Affinität von Ofatumumab zur Zielstruktur erlaubt
eine niedrige Dosierung in kleinem Volumen, wobei das Freisetzungs- und
Resorptionsverhalten nach subkutaner Applikation hohe Konzentrationen in den
Lymphknoten und eine graduelle B-Zell-Depletion ermöglicht. Ein schneller
Wirkeintritt ist ebenso gegeben wie eine B-Zell-Repletion innerhalb weniger
Monate bei Therapieabbruch. Langzeitdaten zeigen über bis zu vier Jahre stabile
IgG-Spiegel und eine nachhaltig hohe Wirksamkeit hinsichtlich Schubrate,
Progression und Kognition, wobei der Vorteil gegenüber Teriflunomid in den
klinischen Studien größer war, je früher die Therapie begonnen wurde. Ofatumumab
zeigt ein spezifisches B-Zell-Depletionsmuster. CD20-exprimierende
B-Zell-Vorläuferzellen im Knochenmark bleiben erhalten und damit auch die
Induzierbarkeit und Ausdifferenzierung von Plasmazellen. Die Ausbildung eines
humoralen immunologischen Gedächtnisses ist daher möglich.
Vierjahres-Studiendaten zeigten keine Auffälligkeiten in der Rate schwerer
Infektionen oder maligner Erkrankungen.
Schlussfolgerung  Ofatumumab ist eine innovative B-Zell-gerichtete
Therapie. Es ist hochwirksam bei guter Sicherheit und Verträglichkeit und gut
steuerbar bei erhaltener Immunkompetenz gegenüber Pathogenen.
Precision Psychiatry Approach to Treat Depression and Anxiety
Targeting the Stress Hormone System – V1b-antagonists as a Case in
Point
Authors: Holsboer Florian , Ising Marcus 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe future of depression pharmacotherapy lies in a precision medicine approach
that recognizes that depression is a disease where different causalities drive
symptoms. That approach calls for a departure from current diagnostic
categories, which are broad enough to allow adherence to the “one-size-fits-all”
paradigm, which is complementary to the routine use of “broad-spectrum”
mono-amine antidepressants. Similar to oncology, narrowing the overinclusive
diagnostic window by implementing laboratory tests, which guide specifically
targeted treatments, will be a major step forward in overcoming the present drug
discovery crisis.A substantial subgroup of patients presents with signs and symptoms of
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) overactivity. Therefore, this stress
hormone system was considered to offer worthwhile targets. Some promising
results emerged, but in sum, the results achieved by targeting corticosteroid
receptors were mixed.More specific are non-peptidergic drugs that block stress-responsive
neuropeptides, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and arginine vasopressin
(AVP) in the brain by antagonizing their cognate CRHR1-and V1b-receptors. If a
patientʼs depressive symptomatology is driven by overactive V1b-signaling then a
V1b-receptor antagonist should be first-line treatment. To identify the patient
having this V1b-receptor overactivity, a neuroendocrine test, the so-called
dex/CRH-test, was developed, which indicates central AVP release but is too
complicated to be routinely used. Therefore, this test was transformed into a
gene-based “near-patient” test that allows immediate identification if a
depressed patient’s symptomatology is driven by overactive V1b-receptor
signaling. We believe that this precision medicine approach will be the next
major innovation in the pharmacotherapy of depression.
Imaging Guidelines during Percutaneous Liver Ablation to Optimize Outcomes and Patient Safety
Authors: Hammett J. Tyler , Patel Milan N. , Odisio Bruno C. , Shah Ketan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractImage-guided ablation procedures have become a mainstay in cancer therapy. Typically performed from a percutaneous approach, thermal-based ablation procedures rely heavily on imaging guidance both prior to and during the procedure itself. Advances in imaging as they relate to ablation procedures are as important to successful treatments as advancements in the ablation technology itself. Imaging as it relates to procedural planning, targeting and monitoring, and assessment of procedural endpoint is the focus of this article.
Imaging for Interventional Radiology Liver-Directed Therapies for Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases
Authors: Kumari Divya , Bruyn Elise de , Al-Qawasmi Faisal 
Published: August 2024

AbstractNeuroendocrine tumors are an indolent, heterogeneous group of tumors that primarily arise from the gastropancreatic tract and lungs. Most patients present with liver metastases at the time of diagnosis, which cause significant morbidity and mortality due to excess hormone secretion, bile duct obstruction, and liver damage. A small percentage of these patients are eligible for potential cure through surgical resection. However, interventional radiology provides liver-directed therapies, such as percutaneous ablation, transarterial embolization, chemoembolization, and radioembolization, for palliative care and potential bridging to debulking and surgical resection of neuroendocrine liver metastases. This article aims to provide a brief overview of these liver-directed therapies focusing on the pre-, intra-, and postprocedural imaging findings.
Benign Thyroid Nodule Interventions: A Review and Imaging Considerations for the Interventional Radiologist
Authors: Park Tyler , Huber Timothy , Marchak Katherine , Hart James , Walker Lisa 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThyroid radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive procedure that can be used to treat patients with benign thyroid nodules and is a good alternative to thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine. Thyroid RFA is commonly performed with local lidocaine or minimal/moderate sedation and has a minimal risk profile and few side effects. The efficacy of thyroid RFA has been well documented in the literature, with a volume reduction rate of 67 to 75% at 1 year. Another emerging technique for nodule size reduction is thyroid artery embolization which is a minimally invasive procedure that may be performed in patients with nodular goiters, particularly with substernal thyroid nodule extension, and who are either poor surgical candidates or do not want surgery. This article reviews thyroid RFA, focusing on the relevant preprocedural, procedural, and postprocedural imaging, as well as a discussion on the emerging role of thyroid artery embolization.
Temperature dependent electrical resistance and mesoscopic electronic transport mechanisms on aerographite and single-walled carbon nanotube aerogel
Authors: Zhang Hao , Tian Jie , Liu Nana , Yan Qiao 
Published: August 2024

We investigate temperature dependent electrical resistance properties of aerographite and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) aerogel in the temperature range of 2–300 K by employing the four-probe method with magnetic field effects (in the range 0–9 T, in steps of 2 T). The current–voltage (I–V) curves were taken for several temperatures varying from 5 to 300 K, and the electrical resistance values of aerographite and SWCNT aerogel were decreased from 7.30 Ω (5 K, 0 T) to 4.88 Ω (300 K, 0 T) and 22.56 Ω (5 K, 0 T) to 0.99 Ω (300 K, 0 T) with temperature increases, respectively. Experimental results show that the electrical resistance falls exponentially as the temperature increases. Such temperature dependence of R(T) points to a form of tunneling conduction or hopping. Two mesoscopic mechanisms for electronic transport, fluctuation-induced tunneling conduction (FITC) and variable range hopping (VRH), are employed to explicate possible electrical conduction mechanisms occurring in aerographite and SWCNT aerogel, respectively. These mainly result in disorder-induced symmetry-breaking, which are modified by their structural symmetries and electronic band structures, both play important roles in temperature dependent electrical resistance properties of aerographite and SWCNT aerogel. Characteristic parameters (T0, T1, and R0) have been estimated using the morphology and the uncertainty principle for aerographite and the percolation theory for SWCNT aerogel. While the FITC mechanism captures a wide temperature range of data for aerographite, the VRH model provides an explanation for SWCNT aerogel. This study provides groundwork for further development of carbon aerogel systems with high conductivity in large-scale preparation.
Finite element method-based investigation of heat exchanger hydrodynamics: Effects of triangular vortex generator shape and size on flow characteristics
Authors: Alqahtani Sultan , Kaid Noureddine , Haque Mohammad Salman , Menni Younes 
Published: August 2024

Heat exchangers (HEs) play a critical role in numerous industrial and engineering applications by facilitating efficient thermal energy transfer. In the pursuit of enhancing the performance of such systems, this study focuses on the hydrodynamic effects of two distinctive vortex generators (VGs) within a turbulent airflow channel, operating under steady-state conditions. Arranged in a staggered manner, the first vortex generator (VG) adopts a rectangular structure positioned in the upper section, while the second VG, triangular in shape, is situated on the opposing wall at varying heights, ranging from 40 to 80 mm in 10 mm increments. A further examination of the triangular VG includes two cases, one featuring an inclined front-face and the other showcasing an inclined rear-face. The turbulent airflow within the channel is accurately represented using the Newtonian fluid model and the standard k-epsilon turbulence model, while the governing equations are solved through the finite element method. A non-uniform mesh, consisting of triangular and square elements with a specific focus on refining the mesh near walls, is designed to capture boundary layer effects and effectively resolve intricacies in near-wall flow dynamics. The investigation unveils dynamic responses within the channel, characterized by notable flow distortions and prominent regions of recirculation, demonstrating the effectiveness of both rectangular and triangular VGs. Importantly, the analysis shows that tilting the triangular VG’s back-face notably improves the hydrodynamic structure of the HE channel, leading to enhanced recirculation cells and substantially increased performance. In particular, increasing the height of triangular VGs significantly enhances flow velocity within the channel. For instance, the axial velocity increased by 33.8% when the VG height was raised from 40 to 80 mm in the first triangular case, while an increase of about 37.9% was observed in the second triangular case at the lowest inlet velocity of 7.8 m/s. In addition, triangular VGs with an inclined back-surface achieved higher axial velocities compared to those with an inclined front-surface, with a 13.5% increase at the smallest height and a 17.0% increase at the maximum height. Furthermore, increasing the inlet velocity to 9.8 m/s resulted in a 17.1% higher axial velocity in the second model, reaching 55.4 m/s compared to 47.3 m/s in the first model. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing the triangular VG shape, height, and inlet conditions to maximize the hydrodynamic performance of HE systems, leading to potential energy savings and improved efficiency.
Up-conversion luminescence and energy transfer of Tm3+-Yb3+ co-doped NaLaSiO4 crystalline phase glass-ceramics
Authors: Zhang Guodong , Zhang Hongbo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In recent years, up-conversion luminescence has attracted much attention due to its wide range of applications, and the choice of host material often determines the luminescence properties. Despite the remarkable scientific and technological development of glass-ceramics in the last decades, research on up-conversion luminescence in silicate glass-ceramics still needs to be further developed. In this research work, glass ceramics with NaLaSiO4 crystalline phase were successfully precipitated in precursor glass co-doped with Tm3+-Yb3+. The transmittance of glass-ceramics was about 73% in the visible range. Efficient up-conversion of Tm3+ with blue emission was achieved by adjusting the concentration of Yb3+ under pumping at 980 nm. The optimal concentration of Yb3+ was 0.7%, above which a concentration burst occurred. The chromaticity coordinates at the optimum luminous intensity are (0.1101, 0.1495), which are located in the blue region. The research work suggests that this glass-ceramic has potential as a blue solid-state laser.
Multi-targeting optimization of cladding process parameters based on NSGA-II algorithm and entropy weight method
Authors: Wang Xinyang 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Laser cladding is a new technology that can be used in the field of manufacturing and surface modification. The parameters of cladding 316L powder on 45 steel are studied by designing orthogonal experiments. Three optimal variables including laser power, scanning speed and cladding height are established. The mathematical model of target response with coating width, height and cladding area as indexes is constructed. Based on the Pareto set of NSGA-II, the optimal process parameters are found. The optimal solution on the Pareto front is obtained by the entropy weight method and data normalization. According to the results, when the laser power is 1607.0079 W, the scanning speed is 6.0033 mm/min, and the cladding height is 11.9961 mm, the optimized predicted cladding width is 1.3776 mm, the cladding height is 0.1847 mm, and the cladding area is 2.2907 mm2.
Reliability prediction model of bolted connection based on uncertainty
Authors: Niu Nana , Zhao Yongsheng , Zhang Caixia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
During the service of bolts, their preload exhibits a random decreasing trend due to external loads, affecting contact stiffness and connection reliability. System uncertainties can also lead to preload variations within the same group of bolts. In this paper, we use the Wiener process to model this preload decrease, incorporating drift and wave coefficients to capture temporal variability and system uncertainty. This approach accounts for monotonic preload reduction and random fluctuations, enabling accurate calculations. By integrating the time-varying preload uncertainty into the bolted structure’s contact stiffness model, we establish a limit state function for structural failure and assess the reliability of the bolted connection over time.
Influence law of different rotational speed ratios on vertical double drive rolling accuracy of large cone
Authors: Song Yanli , Shen Changrui , Wang Xuchu , Wu Kai , Su Jianjun 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In the international context of increasing tension over fossil energy, hydrogen energy has an important strategic position in the global energy structure due to its advantages of renewable, pollution-free, and high combustion efficiency. As a core component of heavy-duty chemical equipment such as hydrogen storage and hydrogen production, large cones are difficult to manufacture, and the molding accuracy is difficult to guarantee. This paper takes the vertical double-drive rolling process of large cones as the research object and reveals the influence law of different speed ratios on the axial precision error of large cones, suggesting that the axial tilt is minimized when the inner and outer speeds of the intermediate section are kept the same.
Electoral Commissions and Democratization in Africa
Authors: Kerr Nicholas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Why do some countries hold elections that meet global democratic standards, while other countries do not? Electoral Commissions and Democratization in Africa makes a novel contribution to this question. In a departure from the typical story about the ‘boring’ administrative tasks that electoral commissions carry out and their impact on international observers’ assessments of election quality, the book’s core argument is that electoral commissions provide valuable information that helps politicians and citizens resolve uncertainties about electoral fraud and administrative irregularities. Whereas previous research focuses on the institutional design of electoral commissions, this book privileges their actual performance and focuses on two attributes: autonomy and capacity. By serving an informational role, the autonomy and capacity of electoral commissions influences how citizens and elites think about and behave during elections. This includes whether political elites and citizens participate in elections, engage in electoral fraud and violence, accept electoral outcomes, and express confidence in elections. These attitudes and behaviours, in turn, influence whether elections meet democratic standards (election quality) and whether political elites and citizens regard election processes as acceptable (election legitimacy). This book brings together evidence from public opinion surveys, elite surveys, field research, and cross-national databases to give an unusually rich empirical exploration of the dynamics of elections and democracy in sub-Saharan Africa since the 1990s, with a focused case study of Nigeria. This book will be appealing to scholars and policymakers interested in democratization and elections.
Introduction
Authors: Kerr Nicholas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s main argument, academic contributions, and research methods. It starts with a comparison of electoral commissions (ECs) in Kenya and Ghana during the elections of 2007/8 to emphasize the underappreciated role of ECs for understanding election quality. It argues that ECs shape the quality and legitimacy of elections by providing information that elites and non-elites use to guide their electoral behaviour and attitudes. It proposes a theoretical framework that distinguishes the main EC attributes (autonomy and capacity), specifies how elites and citizens learn from these attributes to structure their attitudes and behaviour, and explores their implications for the quality and legitimacy of elections and democracy. The chapter also discusses the book’s contributions to scholarly debates related to electoral administration, institutional approaches, and democratization. Then, it outlines the main methodological approach that combines cross-national analyses with a case study of Nigeria.
Electoral Commissions and African Elites
Authors: Kerr Nicholas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 is the first of two chapters that empirically examine the book’s core theoretical expectations concerning political elites. Specifically, this chapter relies on longitudinal and cross-national linear regression analyses to understand whether, and under what conditions, electoral commission (EC) autonomy and capacity (the main independent variables) influence opposition parties’ decisions to boycott elections and challenge electoral outcomes (the main dependent variables). The chapter’s findings indicate that when ECs display high levels of autonomy in the pre-election period, opposition boycotts are less likely to occur. Further, losing parties base their decisions to comply with electoral outcomes, following an election, primarily on the capacity of ECs, including the existence of adequate voter registration, smooth election operations, and a prompt results announcement system. Chapter 4 reminds readers that political elites care about EC autonomy and capacity but the relevance of these attributes varies between pre- and post-election periods.
Electoral Commissions and Nigerian Elites
Authors: Kerr Nicholas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the consequences of electoral commission (EC) autonomy and capacity on the election-related attitudes and behaviour of political elites in Nigeria. The chapter fills the gaps in our understanding of how elites formulate their attitudes towards ECs and the quality of elections by leveraging an original post-election survey of parliamentary candidates who participated in Nigeria’s 2019 elections. The chapter’s statistical analyses indicate that parliamentary candidates’ trust in Nigeria’s main EC (the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)), their perceptions of election quality, and losing candidates’ compliance with election outcomes depend crucially on the perceived autonomy of INEC senior staff in their respective states and constituencies, as well as the capacity of electronic voter-identification machines in their constituencies on election day. The chapter’s findings reinforce the importance of assessing the local dimensions of election administration and the salience of election technology to understand elites’ trust in elections.