bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turnaround / Shutdown Best Practice of Centralized Dispatch, Distribution and Qa/Qc of Safety Services
Authors: Dowd Darrell , Daher Elie 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In shutdowns and turnarounds there are three groups interacting together during the event. The operation team (owners who get the equipment ready to work on), the mechanical maintenance team (typically made up of various contractors who perform the work) and the shared services team that support both of the above in getting their tasks completed, one of which is Safety Services.
Items such as, Breathing air delivery, gas detection/testing, confined space entry monitoring, high angle rescue and other constitute the main bulk of the shared safety services typically used on site during the shutdowns and turnarounds.
In most places, these services are thought of as extra requirement and as a cost center, although necessary and supported, safety isn't viewed as one of the productivity tools in a turnaround. They are typically left to the contractors to manage independently or in isolation creating redundancy in the amount of equipment available, incompatibility in the variety of brands and systems and duplication of efforts resulting in delays in tasks and a general poor perception of safety.
This paper demonstrates the effective use of a system of a a QA/QC process and a centralized distribution and dispatch for on site safety services such as Q-Cycle™, Resource Track™ and Site Courier™ of United Safety, in achieving safety goals as well as schedule productivity gains. This system and process can benefit both the owner/ operating companies as well as the general contractors as either or both can use it. It reviews an electronic method of tracking, reporting and data capture of the distribution and management of site safety services. Centralized distribution and dispatch system can manage daily needs as well as provide data for future planning. In addition, the paper covers the case study and results of this system used in a large, major IOC turnaround; how the data benefited the operator and the mechanical contracting group as well as saved time and money through service quality and inventory management.
Novel Drilling Technology Improves Verticality in Top Hole Sections While Reducing Drilling Time and Costs
Authors: Barton Steve , Herrington David , Prill Jonathan , Neil Paul 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The challenges involved in maintaining straight and truly vertical bores in the vertical section of the well continue to plague the drilling industry. These challenges result in massive losses in drilling efficiency, and subsequently excessive costs associated with complications caused by "corkscrew" wells. Increasingly complex drilling programs are being designed, often involving extended lateral and horizontal sections to be drilled to optimize production through multiple payzones. As the reach of these wells is extended further each year, the importance of maintaining a truly straight and vertical top section becomes more and more critical. The deeper the well and the deviated reach extends, the more difficult it becomes to move the drill string through the well bore and continue drilling ahead to target. The vertical section of the well has a particularly high impact in these wells as the weight that is transferred though this section must be efficiently transferred down the well bore in order to effectively provide weight on the bit to penetrate the formation and continue to drill ahead.
As the drill string drills ahead vertically, natural variations in the earth or tendencies in the formation caused by formation layers that are deposited at an angle to the surface or random deposits of hard rock can push the bit off of its true vertical trajectory. When this occurs, a correction must be made to steer the bit and drill string back on course for true vertical. The more curves or kinks created by correcting the drift of the bit, the more points of contact exist through the vertical section.
The number of deviations and corrections in a well is often referred to as its tortuosity. These points of contact each have a frictional impact on the drill string and ultimately result in increased levels of torque and drag. These forces ultimately hinder the drilling process by interfering with the transfer of weight through the vertical section to the drill string below as well as causing a resistance to the rotation of the drill string.
Enhance Recovery of Methane from Gas Hydrate Reservoirs with CO2 sequestration
Authors: Nisha Gulshan , Harini Ch Geeta 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Gas hydrates are an energy resource composed of natural gas in a solid state, in which water molecules, are in a relatively stable composition, surround the gas molecules. One volume of gas hydrates is equivalent to about 164 volumes of methane. Gas hydrates may represent more than twice the energy content of all other hydrocarbon resources. Gas hydrates are in equilibrium under conditions of high pressures and low temperatures; they occur in arctic regions (permafrost) and on the continental shelf - in marine surface and subsurface deposits. The importance of gas hydrates is related to their potential for exploration and production as a source of natural gas; to the known problems they cause in drilling and production systems; to their climate change effects - negative (GHG) and positive (CO2 sequestration).
Presently, depressurization, thermal stimulation, inhibitor injection, or a combination of these methods have been considered as possible means of producing gas hydrate. Another method for gas hydrate production involves the injection of CO2. The idea of swapping CO2 for CH4 in gas hydrates was first advanced by Ohgaki et al. (1996) and then for ethane hydrate by Nakano et al. (1998). Their concept involves injecting CO2 gas, which is then allowed to equilibrate with methane hydrate along the three-phase equilibrium boundary. Because of the difference in chemical affinity for CO2 versus methane in the sI hydrate structure, the mole fraction of methane would be reduced to approximately 0.48 in the hydrate and rise to a value of 0.7 in the gas phase at equilibrium.
The concept for enhanced gas hydrate recovery (EGHR) discussed in this paper takes advantage of the physical and thermodynamic properties of CO2 combined with control of multiphase flow, heat, and transport processes hydrate mass in porous media carriers.
Execution of a Field Development under Changing Environments Influenced by the Arab Spring - Applied Risk Management Strategies and Mitigation Measurements
Authors: Schick Klaus Juergen , Krusche Klaus 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
OMV is currently developing the Habban Oil Field in the Shabwa Region of Yemen. During the Arab Spring the security situation in the Country deteriorated and OMV had to suspend its operations. This Case study describes how OMV handled the new situation dealing with increased uncertainty about the political stability in Yemen and the consequences arising from this uncertainty.
Optimized Shale Resource Development: Proper Placement of Wells and Hydraulic Fracture Stages
Authors: Kennedy Robert L. , Gupta Rajdeep , Kotov Sergey , Burton W. Aaron , Knecht William N. , Ahmed Usman 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
During the past six years, the technology for shale gas/oil developments in North America has seen many improvements and optimizations as the industry experiences a sharp rise in the contribution of hydrocarbons from these resources. More recently, Europe and Australia have joined the US in expanding recoverable hydrocarbons from these unconventional resources, and initial activities are on the rise in Latin America, China, Saudi Arabia and India. Despite such improvements and optimizations, a closer look at the performance reveals that not all wells are producing commercially. In addition, the hydraulic fracture stages are not all contributing within the producing wells. This scenario potentially suggests that it is important to target the field's sweet spots while dealing with shale resources (like most other hydrocarbon-bearing formations). Hence, resource development based on the current concepts of geometric placement of hydraulic fracture stages (e.g., using fixed well/fracture spacing) may not be appropriate to develop such heterogeneous unconventional resource basins. In the discussion we illustrate certain well-defined criteria that can identify the sweet spot locations within a field/basin for the optimal well placement. We further document the vital formation/zone characteristics that define the locations for hydraulic fracture stages and thus move away from the arbitrary geometric placement.
The paper will discuss the well-placement optimization process and identify the required combination of proposed special petrophysical, geochemical, and geomechanical investigations (wireline, Logging While Drilling and cores). The hydraulic fracture stage placement analysis as presented, shoulders on the need to understand the existing natural fracture system. This understanding is achieved through geophysical log measurements and comprehensive analysis of the hydraulic fracture development pattern, as well as interaction of hydraulic fractures at each stage with the natural fractures. A naturally fractured reservoir can be drained more efficiently if a complex fracture network can be created by the hydraulic fracture stimulation. This begins by drilling the well in the direction of minimum principle horizontal stress in the area.
The paper concludes by presenting examples demonstrating the practical application of some of the specific aspects of the methodology discussed and with a number of specific conclusions. In summary, the three key points to Proper Placement of Wells and Hydraulic Fracture Stages, in order to maximize the net value of an operator's asset are:
Begin With a Complete Understanding of the Reservoir Use a Multidiscipline and Integrated Approach Across Each Phase of the Life Cycle Effectively Use Modern Technology
Executing Mega Projects and Key Lessons Learned
Authors: Shaukat Azfar 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Mega projects are easy to identify and are usually defined as those requiring investment of $1 billion or more. Typical projects include Olympic developments, numerous airports, hydropower and large power generation schemes, major rail developments and even relatively modest Oil & Gas projects. The Middle East, of course, is no stranger to mega projects and Masdar City, Yas Island, and the Bmj Khalifa are just some recent examples successfully completed in the UAE alone. This paper considers the challenges of managing mega projects and identifies some key lessons learned.
Considerable effort is being applied worldwide to understand the success factors better for mega projects so that expensive and damaging mistakes can be avoided. The following summary of lessons learned is drawn from Mott MacDonald's experience of undertaking mega projects across many sectors all over the world, particularly from Oil & Gas:
No single project owner or leader Poor project definition Technical solutions too far beyond the state-of-the-art Realism overtaken by enthusiasm for the project Political interference Not keeping stakeholders involved Weak procedures and processes to effectively manage the project Economic climate at time of construction quite different from the planning stage Client or project team inexperience Contractual disputes Not being prepared for things going wrong - they inevitably will Not retaining learnings for the next mega project
More is known now on the challenges of managing mega projects than ever before, however, the learnings from previous projects are not always disseminated to help with the next one. It is hoped this paper will go some way towards improving the understanding of why mega projects often struggle and what can be done to make sure they don't.
Mega projects are usually defined as those requiring investment of $1 billion or more and are easy to identify. Under this definition even relatively modest Oil & Gas projects easily qualify automatically as "mega-projects," as well as the more obvious major LNG and GTL schemes. Other typical examples include Olympic developments, airports, hydropower and large power generation schemes, and major rail developments. The Middle East, of course, is no stranger to mega projects and Masdar City, Yas Island, and the Bmj Khalifa are just some recent examples successfully completed in the UAE alone. Almost by definition, a specific mega project will not have been done before in that particular location, hence almost every aspect will be new, with problems being encountered for the first time there.
Increase LNG Exports by Innovative Use of Communications Technology
Authors: Khader Emad S , Voorspoels Kris 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The safe loading/unloading of LNG tankers depends on high integrity communications links between the tanker and shore systems to ensure the fail-safe operation of a two way shut-down signal.
The most common existing system is fiber optic cable-based and was developed in the 1980s. While it has the advantage of simplicity and reasonable reliability, it fails to meet the changing requirements of LNG tanker operations. A more flexible system is overdue.
Our company in cooperation with international telecommunications solutions providers is developing a microwave-based system that addresses the shortcoming of the existing system. Importantly, by having the potential to shave a few hours off loading and unloading times, more shipments can be delivered from existing terminals.
The proposed system utilizes the same standards-based fiber optic multiplexing equipment currently popular with LNG plants, integrates it with carrier-grade microwave radios and automatic antennae alignment units to allow automatic connectivity while the tanker is approaching the jetty. The advantages of this approach are, Shorter loading/unloading turnaround times as system testing can start before the tanker is tied to the loading jetty.By having seamless integration with LNG plant systems and networks, smarter services and functionality can be developed in the future.By having bandwidth orders of magnitude higher than existing system and a flexible multiplexor, more services can be made available now to tanker and crew.
Petrographic Features of Kerogen in Unconventional Shales and Their Effect on Hydrocarbon Petrophysics
Authors: Chen Jin-Hong , Li Baoyan , Georgi Daniel , Chen Jacie , Yang Wendy 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Despite the extensive use of new technologies for the exploration of unconventional organic rich shale resources and vast work on the prediction of the quantities of light hydrocarbons (Gas in Place, GIP), many questions remaining concerning the storage, migration and production of natural gas in unconventional gas shales. There is a need for a deeper understanding of the physics and chemistry of light hydrocarbon molecules within the micro- and nanopores in the kerogen. A number of research results have been published that emphasize the importance of nanopores in kerogen for the unconventional shale resource plays, and our previously published laboratory results have shown that it is possible for gas to condense into liquid in the nanopores of kerogen once the Kelvin equation is satisfied.
Petrographic features of several Woodford shale core samples were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on splintered and Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milled surfaces. The morphologic features and the connectivity of the pores in kerogen were recorded. We performed gas condensation experiments on these samples using hexane and found that there is a close relationship between the amount of condensed gas and the porosity within the kerogen. Based on the nanopore physics the flow of gas within the organic matter will be significantly impacted by capillary condensation. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) measurement on the samples with condensed gas components show that the relaxation is also significantly affected by the properties of the nanopores within the kerogen of the unconventional shale samples and must be properly accounted for in the formation evaluation.
H2S Risk Management
Authors: El-Sanabary Mohamed , Macwan Nancy 
Published: November 2012

Manuscript

Description
This paper is developed for highlighting the required balance between establishment of minimum requirements for PREVENTING accidents related to toxic gas and Oxygen deficiency exposure and being prepared in case of emergency.

Significance of this paper
This paper could help in better understanding and prevention of future toxic or hazardous atmosphere accidents.
The "Tie Bow" graph shown hereunder is explaining barriers and controls prior to reaching the top event (accident). It is explaining as well the control and recovery measures post happening of the "top event" too. So, it is not a matter of just distributing personnel detector and emergency escape sets.
Utility and Integration of Non Seismic Data in Kurdistan
Authors: Mumaw Gary R 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The increasing complexity of new exploration targets requires the use of both seismic and non-seismic methods in the exploration process. This is readily achieved by integrated workstation software that enables simultaneous interpretation and modelling of both data sets. Where 2D seismic control is sparse and highly ambiguous, Gravity and Magnetic data provide additional independent measurement of the subsurface; and a more reliable integrated interpretation of complex geologic structure, adding value and reducing risk. Further, continuous improvement in data resolution and sensitivity [from land, marine and airborne acquisition and processing systems] are making completely new applications possible, expanding Potential Fields methods from regional ‘reconnaissance’ tools into prospect scale and to some extent, reservoir scale, including both 3D full tensor gravity (3D-FTG) and magnetic gradiometry technology. Unfortunately, turmoil in the region has prevented their airborne survey deployment to date but this could readily change with improving political stability in Iraq-Kurdistan. Meanwhile, high quality public domain regional space mission ‘satellite derived’ gravity and magnetic data provides the focus for understanding and mapping the tectonic framework: basement architecture and distribution of igneous bodies. Structural information so derived can be combined with basement depth estimation to improve understanding of basin morphology, evolution and the petroleum system. It can also prove valuable in identifying continuity between well and seismic data. This paper demonstrates the utility and integration of regional scale public domain non seismic data to assist with the local scale structural model and prospectivity assessments of some high fold zone blocks of interest in NE Iraq/Kurdistan. The Bazian (Block) anticline is used to illustrate a typical local scale feature for evaluation.
Le holding onirique dans le néogroupe famille-thérapeutes
Authors: Joubert Christiane 
Published: November 2012

Résumé « Le holding onirique dans le néogroupe famille-thérapeutes. » À partir des travaux de J. Guillaumin qui souligne que le rêve est le lieu primordial de la communication inconsciente, A. Ruffiot développe la notion de holding onirique familial. En proposant l’utilisation du rêve comme mode de communication et d’échange, dans un creuset groupal familial en interfantasmatisation, il s’est aussi appuyé sur les travaux de Didier Anzieu. Le rêve est alors abordé dans la transsubjectivité et comme miroir groupal. La polyphonie du rêve de René Kaës continue à explorer ces pistes. L’auteure illustre le holding onirique croisé famille-thérapeutes au sein d’une thérapie familiale psychanalytique.
Un «rêve prémonitoire» au cours d'une thérapie familiale psychanalytique : mise en marche d'un processus associatif
Authors: Pilorge Didier , Brégégère Brigitte 
Published: November 2012

Résumé « Un rêve prémonitoire et son traitement dans le cadre familial. » À travers un exemple clinique les auteurs s’attachent à montrer comment les rêves prémonitoires partagés se nourrissent de l’histoire et des traumatismes familiaux et comment les failles de l’appareil psychique groupal favorisent leur apparition.
Polyphonie et polytopie du rêve
Authors: Kaës René 
Published: November 2012

Résumé « Polyphonie et polytopie du rêve. L’espace onirique commun. » L’auteur expose ses recherches sur le rêve et sur l’espace onirique commun et partagé dans le cadre du dispositif psychanalytique de groupe. Il distingue trois espaces de la réalité psychique à la fois spécifiques et articulés les uns aux autres : celui du groupe, celui des liens intersubjectifs et celui du sujet singulier. Il situe ses recherches par rapport à celles de D. Anzieu et de A. Ruffiot sur les rapports du rêve, du groupe et de la famille. Il explore les propriétés de l’espace onirique commun et partagé entre plusieurs rêveurs. Le rêve se forme à partir d’un double ombilic, celui de l’inconscient du rêveur et celui de l’espace psychique groupal. L’analyse du rêve dans les groupes le conduit à formuler une hypothèse plus générale : le rêve est polyphonique, il agence plusieurs voix, plusieurs scènes, plusieurs destinataires. Dans la cure comme dans les groupes, il suppose une alliance inconsciente entre les rêveurs.
Remarques sur la phylogenèse, une théorie mythique des liens familiaux
Authors: Houssier Florian , Truffaut Joséphine , Azincourt Flavie 
Published: November 2012

Résumé « Remarques sur la phylogenèse, une théorie mythique des liens familiaux. » Cet article propose une relecture de la fiction phylogénétique freudienne sur la horde primitive, à la lumière des enjeux spécifiques du lien père-fils au moment du meurtre parricide. Le fantasme infanticide-parricide, inscrit au cœur de la relation archaïque au père primitif, permet notamment d’envisager la fonction transformatrice de l’acte dans la constitution du père œdipien intériorisé. Ce mythe freudien ouvre sur une théorie de la famille dans le sens où l’image du père, entre élaboration œdipienne et fétichisation, est régulièrement mise au travail par notre société contemporaine.
« Le pivot géographique de l'histoire » : une lecture critique
Authors: Lacoste Yves 
Published: November 2012

Cet article est une analyse critique et précise du célèbre article de Mackinder « The geographical pivot of History ». Alors qu’il n’a jamais employé le terme géopolitique, Mackinder est pourtant toujours considéré comme le fondateur de la géopolitique. C’est pourquoi une lecture critique de son article s’impose. Sa notoriété repose sur l’emploi du terme heartland considéré, de nos jours, comme le concept central de sa théorie, qui évoque une région qui est le cœur même du territoire d’une nation, mais il prend aussi, plus loin dans le texte, la signification de « région centrale » connotée alors à l’idée d’Eurasie, espace beaucoup plus vaste que celui de région centrale. Le second terme, considéré comme l’autre concept majeur de la théorie de Mackinder, est celui de pivot. Mais ce terme, appliqué aux immenses plaines d’Eurasie, fait problème, celles-ci ne pouvant logiquement être considérées comme un pivot. Pour expliquer la puissance de l’Empire russe, Mackinder accorde donc la plus grande importance à une donnée de la géologie et de la géographie physique – l’étendue de la plaque eurasiatique. Il tend à minimiser le rôle des structures politiques et militaires qui ont rendu possibles la conquête et le contrôle depuis trois siècles de cet immense territoire, en tentant de l’étendre encore. La thèse de Mackinder est donc étroitement déterministe et somme toute assez rudimentaire.