bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature and Antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Pages Holdings, Inc.
Authors: GIMENA JUDY ANN ONG FERRATER 
Published: October 2014

Generally, various acts of citizenship exhibited by workers influence thesuccess of an organization. The study assessed the extent of manifestation of thevarious dimensions of the organizational citizenship behaviour and its antecedentsin Pages Holdings, Inc. (PHI) for crafting an intervention scheme. This studywas done because majority of the employees in PHI exhibit complacency inaccomplishing their tasks. This study utilized the descriptive survey method.Researcher-made questionnaire was used for data gathering. Statistical treatmentsused for data analysis were percentages, weighted mean and Fisher’s T-test ofdifference. The respondents were the regular management staff and the rankand-fileemployeesof the companies under PHI.Considering the findings, thestudyconcludes that organizational citizenshipbehaviour is necessaryfor thesustainabilityand the good functioning of PHI.The presenceof employeeswhowillinglydo thingsthat beyondtheir respectivejobdescriptionsindicatesthatthePHIworkersaremotivatedto performwellbyexertingeffortsaboveandbeyondthe formal workrequirements. Inspite of these positiveresults,the PHImanagementneeds to revisitcertainaspects of its operating policies and mandatetosustain the willingness of their workersto engage in OCB.Keywords: Social Science, organizational citizenship behavior, altruism, descriptivedesign, Philippines
The impact of changing surface ocean conditions on the dissolution of aerosol iron
Authors: Fishwick Matthew P. , Sedwick Peter N. , Lohan Maeve C. , Worsfold Paul J. , Buck Kristen N. , Church Thomas M. , Ussher Simon J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe proportion of aerosol iron (Fe) that dissolves in seawater varies greatly and is dependent on aerosol composition and the physicochemical conditions of seawater, which may change depending on location or be altered by global environmental change. Aerosol and surface seawater samples were collected in the Sargasso Sea and used to investigate the impact of these changing conditions on aerosol Fe dissolution in seawater. Our data show that seawater temperature, pH, and oxygen concentration, within the range of current and projected future values, had no significant effect on the dissolution of aerosol Fe. However, the source and composition of aerosols had the most significant effect on the aerosol Fe solubility, with the most anthropogenically influenced samples having the highest fractional solubility (up to 3.2%). The impact of ocean warming and acidification on aerosol Fe dissolution is therefore unlikely to be as important as changes in land usage and fossil fuel combustion. Our experimental results also reveal important changes in the size distribution of soluble aerosol Fe in solution, depending on the chemical conditions of seawater. Under typical conditions, the majority (77–100%) of Fe released from aerosols into ambient seawater existed in the colloidal (0.02–0.4 µm) size fraction. However, in the presence of a sufficient concentration of strong Fe‐binding organic ligands (10 nM) most of the aerosol‐derived colloidal Fe was converted to soluble Fe (<0.02 µm). This finding highlights the potential importance of organic ligands in retaining aerosol Fe in a biologically available form in the surface ocean.
Energetic electron bursts in the plasma sheet and their relation with BBFs
Authors: Duan A. Y. , Cao J. B. , Dunlop M. , Wang Z. Q. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe studied energetic electron bursts (EEBs) (40–250 keV) in the plasma sheet (PS) and their relation to bursty bulk flows (BBFs) using the data recorded by Cluster from 2001 to 2009. The EEBs in the PS can be classified into four types. Three types of EEBs are dispersionless, including EEBs accompanied with BBFs (V > 250 km/s) but without dipolarization front (DF); EEBs accompanied with both dipolarization front (DF) and BBF; and EEBs accompanied with DF and fast flow with V < 250 km/s. One type of EEB, i.e., EEBs not accompanied with BBFs and DFs, is dispersed. The energetic electrons (40–130 keV) can be easily transported earthward by BBFs due to the strong dawn‐dusk electric field embedded in BBFs. The DFs in BBFs can produce energetic electrons (40 to 250 keV). For the EEBs with DF and BBFs, the superposed epoch analyses show that the increase of energetic electron flux has two phases: gradual increase phase before DF and rapid increase phase concurrent with DF. In the PS around x = −18 RE, 60%–70% of EEBs are accompanied with BBFs, indicating that although hitherto there have been various acceleration mechanisms of energetic electrons, most of the energetic electrons in the PS are related with magnetic reconnection, and they are produced either directly by magnetic reconnection or indirectly by the DFs within BBFs. In the BBF's braking region of −12 RE < x < −10 RE, 20% of EEBs are accompanied with BBFs. The corresponding ratio between EEBs and BBFs shows a dawn‐dusk asymmetry.
The life cycle of a sudden stratospheric warming from infrasonic ambient noise observations
Authors: Smets P. S. M. , Evers L. G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA method is presented to study the life cycle of a SSW using infrasonic ambient noise observations. The potential of infrasound is shown to provide the missing observations required by numerical weather prediction to better resolve the upper atmosphere. The 2009 major SSW is reanalyzed using the Evers and Siegmund (2009) data set. Microbarom observations are evaluated to identify detections that cannot be explained by the analysis of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. Identified differences can be related to either the altitude limit of the analysis, not resolving thermospheric ducts, or to an actual error in the analysis. Therefore, a first‐order model is used to relate observations with the analysis, existing of the Waxler et al. (2007) microbarom source model, including bathymetry to allow column resonances, and an atmospheric propagation model using 3‐D ray tracing. Daily normalized spectral powers are proposed to distinguish stratospheric from thermospheric return height, based on the different signature of solar tidal amplitude fluctuations. It is shown that a SSW is not a smooth event as following from the analysis but a series of abrupt changes with a period of 10 to 16 days, increasing in intensity and duration. This is in agreement with the wave period of Rossby waves, interacting with the stratospheric circumpolar vortex. The type of vortex disturbance, split or reversal, can be deduced from the combined effect of the change in back‐azimuth direction, solar tidal signature type, and/or phase variation of the amplitude variation of the observed microbaroms.
Bacteriology
Authors: Madigan Michael T 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Bacteriology is the study of bacteria, small cells that live an independent existence and play important roles in the biosphere. Structurally, bacteria are prokaryotic cells and comprise two major phylogenetic lineages, Bacteria and Archaea. The science of bacteriology developed from investigations of the nature of infectious disease, and medical bacteriology remains a major area of emphasis in microbiology today. Bacteriology also played a major role in the development of molecular biology and genetics, and bacteria have traditionally been used as experimental tools for addressing seminal questions in basic biological research. More recently, bacteria have been harnessed to produce valuable commercial products and clean up the environment. Unlike higher organisms, bacteria are absolutely essential for maintaining the biosphere and are the foundation upon which all higher life on Earth is supported.

Key Concepts:

The science of bacteriology deals with Earth's tiniest living cells, the
Bacteria
and
Archaea
, collectively called prokaryotes.

Using key genes shared by all cells, bacteriological studies have revealed the evolutionary relationships of all life on Earth.

Bacteriology encompasses many subdisciplines including in particular the study of infectious diseases.

Bacteriology spawned the field of molecular biology and gave birth to the genomics revolution in biology.

Industrial microbiology and biotechnology employ bacteria to make products of commercial value.
Green Fluorescent Protein (
GFP
)
Authors: Shaner Nathan C 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Green fluorescent protein (GFP), a fluorescent molecule, found in the jellyfish

Aequorea victoria

, was the first of a diverse family of fluorescent proteins cloned from marine invertebrates. Fluorescent proteins are useful reporter molecules for
in vitro
and whole organism gene expression studies and for tracking subcellular localisation of proteins in living cells. Because they fold robustly in nearly all biological systems studied and require no cofactors for development of fluorescence, fluorescent proteins have become ubiquitous tools in a broad range of cell biology subdisciplines. Colour variants covering the entire visible spectrum have been engineered from various wild‐type fluorescent proteins, allowing the simultaneous imaging of multiple proteins within the same cell, as well as advanced applications such as biochemical activity reporters. Additional engineering has produced variants that change colour upon illumination or whose fluorescence can be switched on and off, making them useful for other advanced imaging techniques.

Key Concepts:

The green fluorescent protein from
Aequorea victoria
was the first intrinsically fluorescent protein to be discovered.

A diverse family of fluorescent proteins has been cloned from a wide variety of marine invertebrates including jellyfish, corals, copepods and lancelets.

Fluorescent proteins are highly useful reporter genes in a wide variety of biological systems.

Fluorescent proteins have been the subject of heavy engineering efforts to improve their physical and optical properties as genetically encoded tools.

Colour variants of fluorescent proteins allow multicolour protein tracking in living cells.

Advanced uses for fluorescent proteins include optical sensing of important signalling molecules such as calcium and biochemical activities such as kinase activation.

Photoactivatable and photoswitchable fluorescent proteins can be used for ‘superresolution’ imaging of cellular structures below the optical diffraction limit.
History of Palaeontology
Authors: Donovan Stephen K 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAlthough shells in prehistoric deposits were accepted as preserved remnants of ancient organisms by Greek philosophers, this fundamental idea was essentially lost until the seventeenth century, and the science of palaeontology was not truly established until the nineteenth century. The progression of life demonstrated in the fossil record led to many advances in geology, most notably in biostratigraphy and delineation of the geological column. For the public, giant Mesozoic saurians, fossil humans and Ice Age mammals have been a fascination since the nineteenth century.Conservitat Lagerstättesuch as the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale have produced diverse and bizarre primitive invertebrates that now rival dinosaurs, Neanderthal man and mammoths in the popular imagination. But it is the unique contribution that palaeontology makes to the understanding of biological evolution by natural selection in time and space that underlines its importance to the modern life sciences.Key Concepts:Fossils have been recognised as curiosities of nature since at least the Palaeolithic.William Smith is father of modern biostratigraphy.Charles Darwin was a leading geologist of the mid‐nineteenth century.Fossils are the principal tools for the correlation of rock successions, both locally and internationally.Palaeontology has provided independent data for testing continental displacement.Palaeontological data provided evidence for salutatory evolution (punctuated equilibrium) that would not otherwise be apparent.Only one mass extinction, at the Cretaceous‐Paleogene boundary, has provided consistent and reproducible hard evidence for an extraterrestrial driving mechanism.Conservitat Lagerstätte(‘fossil mother lodes’) are rare deposits in which fossils are exceptionally preserved, for example, ‘soft tissues’ are mineralised and complex skeletons articulated.
Philosophy of Ecology
Authors: Taylor Peter J 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAlthough philosophy of ecology was slow to become established as an area of formal philosophical interest, there is a rich history of developing and debating conceptual frameworks in ecological and environmental science. A key challenge in conceptualising ecological complexity is to allow simultaneously for particularity, contingency and structure – structure, moreover, that changes, is internally differentiated, and has problematic boundaries. In contrast to ambitions of earlier decades for identifying general principles about systems and communities, ecologists now widely assert historical contingency, nonequilibrium formulations, local context and individual detail. Given that all organisms – humans included – live in dynamic ecological contexts, philosophy of ecology raises more general questions about conceptualising the positionality of humans and other organisms in the dynamic flux of their intersecting worlds.Key Concepts:Although philosophy of ecology was slow to become established as an area of formal philosophical interest, there is a rich history of developing and debating conceptual frameworks in ecological and environmental science.A challenge faced by all ecologists is to deal with ongoing change in the structure of situations that have built up over time from heterogeneous components and are embedded or situated within wider dynamics.All organisms live in an ecological context that has structure and dynamics, so all philosophy of biology depends on some implicit conceptualization of ecological relations.Ecologists of a particularistic bent question many of community ecology's models, rejecting them when their fit to data was no better than alternative ‘null’ hypotheses or ‘random’ models.Observation and experiment can contribute to the generation of theory in many ways other than through crucial hypothesis tests.Models need not be seen simply as representations intended to capture the necessary and sufficient conditions to explain observed phenomena – exploration of models can produce new concepts, questions and hypotheses.In contrast to ambitions of earlier decades for identifying general principles about systems and communities, ecologists now widely assert historical contingency, nonequilibrium formulations, local context and individual details.Under the label ‘political ecology’, environmental problems can be analysed in terms of intersecting economic, social and ecological processes, which operate across various spatial and temporal scales and are mutually implicated in the production of any outcome and in their own ongoing transformation.Self‐consciousness about the social interactions involved in producing ecological knowledge extends a post‐modernist critique of unified science that argues that people's reasonings can only be rooted in historically specific life practices.
Parent–Offspring Conflict, Sibling Rivalry and Coadaptation
Authors: Gini Beatrice , Hager Reinmar 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Conflict arises in families because of a fundamental relatedness asymmetry. When parents are equally related to all offspring they would prefer to divide resources equitably among young. However, offspring only share half of their genes with siblings. Thus each will be selected to demand the largest share of resources for itself, which conflicts with the interest of both parents and other siblings. Mathematical models have demonstrated that the resolution of this conflict depends on the degree to which parental provisioning and offspring solicitation influences resource allocation. Because levels of parental provisioning and offspring solicitation are affected by underlying genetic variation, they can evolve and coevolve, leading to coadapted parental and offspring traits. The Reactions Norms approach successfully captures both variation and consistency in parent and offspring strategies and is a promising tool for the investigation of family conflict.

Key Concepts:

Conflict exists within families, with offspring demanding more than parents are willing to provide, and each sibling desiring a larger share of resources than its littermates.

Both parents and offspring are able to influence provisioning, and their strategies are determined in part by genes.

How conflict is resolved depends on parental and offspring strategies; generally, the equilibrium point is somewhere between the parental and offspring optima.

Parental and offspring strategies coevolve to maximise inclusive fitness.

The Reaction Norms approach can be used to reconcile conflict and coadaptation.
Molecular Genetics of Joubert Syndrome
Authors: Mancini Francesca , Romani Marta , Micalizzi Alessia , Valente Enza Maria 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Joubert syndrome (JS) is an autosomal recessive or X‐linked congenital cerebellar ataxia characterised by a peculiar hindbrain–midbrain malformation, the ‘molar tooth sign’ (MTS). JS is characterised by neonatal hypotonia which later evolves into ataxia, developmental delay, abnormal eye movements, breathing abnormalities and intellectual disability. This neurological presentation can be variably complicated by the involvement of multiple organs such as the kidneys, retina, liver and skeleton.
JS is genetically heterogeneous, with 26 causative genes identified to date. All genes encode for proteins of the primary cilium, a nearly ubiquitous subcellular organelle that plays essential roles in embryonic development and cell functioning. Indeed, JS is part of ciliopathies, an expanding group of disorders that share many clinical and genetic determinants. The marked clinical and genetic heterogeneity of JS and ciliopathies may be explained by oligogenic inheritance and the existence of genetic modifiers.

Key Concepts:

Joubert syndrome (JS) is a congenital ataxia with autosomal or X‐linked recessive inheritance.

The diagnostic hallmark of JS is a peculiar cerebellar and brainstem malformation, the so‐called ‘molar tooth sign’ recognisable on brain imaging.

Neurological features of JS include hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, intellectual impairment, oculomotor abnormalities and alterations of the breathing pattern in neonatal age.

JS may present with variable involvement of the eyes, kidneys, liver, polydactyly and oral‐facial defects.

JS is genetically heterogeneous, with 26 genes identified to date, that are overall responsible of about half cases.

JS pathogenesis is related to the dysfunction of the primary cilium, making JS part of the expanding group of ‘ciliopathies’.

The primary cilium is an immotile organelle, located of the surface of nearly every cell type, that plays key roles in cellular functioning and embryonic development.

Ciliopathies are characterised by wide clinical and genetic heterogeneity, and present significant clinical and genetic overlap among distinct conditions.

Such complexity has been partly explained by showing oligogenic inheritance and the existence of genetic modifiers of the phenotype.
Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (
LCAT
) Deficiency: Molecular Genetics
Authors: Calabresi Laura , Ossoli Alice , Franceschini Guido 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

The lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of cholesteryl esters in human plasma and plays a critical role in high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Mutations in the
LCAT
gene leads to the development of two distinct syndromes, classical familial LCAT deficiency (FLD, OMIM
245900
) and fish‐eye disease (FED, OMIM
136120
). FLD and FED are rare disorders of lipoprotein metabolism, both characterised by low HDL cholesterol levels associated with multiple alterations in HDL structure and particle distribution. Clinical manifestations of the disease include corneal opacity, haemolytic anaemia and renal disease, which represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in LCAT‐deficient cases. The pathogenesis of renal injury in LCAT deficiency is not understood. No cure presently exists for patients with genetic LCAT deficiency.

Key Concepts:

LCAT is the enzyme responsible of cholesterol esterification in plasma.

Mutations in the
LCAT
gene lead to two rare diseases of lipid metabolism: Familial LCAT deficiency (FLD) and fish‐eye disease (FED).

FLD and FED cases have very low HDL‐C levels in plasma, not necessarily associated with increased cardiovascular disease.

Clinical manifestations of the disease include corneal opacity, hemolytic anemia, and renal disease.

Renal disease represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in homozygous carriers of LCAT deficiency.
Improving the Efficacy of Security Screening Tasks: A Review of Visual Search Challenges and Ways to Mitigate Their Adverse Effects
Authors: Biggs Adam T. , Mitroff Stephen R. 
Published: October 2014

SummarySecurity checkpoints are used to keep potentially dangerous items and individuals out of secure areas. Although technological advances can enhance security efficacy through both accuracy and speed, ultimate success or failure is largely determined by human performance. As such, it is necessary to minimize any shortcomings that stem from the limits of human cognitive abilities. Cognitive performance can be influenced by numerous factors, including those imposed by the search task (e.g., the number of prohibited items) and the basic abilities of the searchers themselves (e.g., competency and experience). Here, we review and discuss four specific challenges of the task itself that can negatively affect the accuracy of a security screening: target visibility, an unknown target set, the possible presence of multiple targets, and low target prevalence. For each, we present the challenge faced and the potential significance of the challenge and then offer possible solutions on the basis of the existing literature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eine vollsynthetische Vier‐Komponenten‐Antitumor‐Vakzine mit einem MUC1‐Glycopeptid und drei verschiedenen T‐Helferzell‐ Epitopen
Authors: Palitzsch Björn , Hartmann Sebastian , Stergiou Natascha , Glaffig Markus , Schmitt Edgar , Kunz Horst 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn einem neuen Konzept für vollsynthetische Vakzine wird die Rolle von T‐Helferzellen hervorgehoben. In einer solchen synthetischen Antitumor‐Vakzine wurde ein zweifach glycosyliertes tumorassoziiertes MUC1‐Glycopeptid als B‐Zellepitop mit drei verschiedenen T‐Helferzell‐Epitopen durch Quadratsäurekonjugation zweier linearer (Glyco)Peptide kovalent verknüpft. In Mäusen löste die Impfung mit dieser Vier‐Komponenten‐Vakzine ohne zusätzliche Immunstimulantien etwa achtmal höhere MUC1‐spezifische Antikörpertiter aus als eine Vakzine, die nur ein T‐Helferzell‐Epitop enthielt. Diese ermutigenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die gleichzeitige Aktivierung von T‐Helferzellen verschiedener Spezifität nützlich für Anwendungen ist, die eine gesteigerte Immunogenität von Epitopen erfordern. Besonders in der personalisierten Medizin kann der flexible Aufbau der Vakzine als Vorbild dienen, wenn z. B. T‐Helferzell‐Epitope benötigt werden, die zum humanen Leukozytenantigen‐Typ (HLA) verschiedener Patienten passen.