bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kommos
Authors: Shaw Joseph , Shaw Maria 
Published: February 2013

AbstractKommos was lightly settled as early as the Late Neolithic/Early Minoan period, especially on the sloping side of the small southernmost hills known as Tou Spanou Ta Kephalia. Like most Minoan sites, Kommos was mainly an agricultural community, with its inhabitants sustained by farming and herding but also by the sea. In about 1020 bc, locals established a small temple upon the Minoan ruins. With this broad review in mind, this article turns to specific aspects relating to the town: its topography, the architecture of the houses, and the activities as implied both by architectural features and finds. With regard to town planning, the article talks about one main road that ran north to south, which it nicknamed the Rampa dal Mare.
Malia
Authors: Driessen Jan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe ancient name of the site of Malia is still unknown. Some suggestions have included setoija and Milatos, a place name assumed to have later moved eastward. Located in a fertile, terra rossa coastal valley a few hours by foot from the main Minoan site of Knossos and majestically encircled by the Selena mountains, Malia is a type site for Minoan archaeology for several reasons. Not only was it abandoned at the end of the Bronze Age and hence its ruins were less affected by later occupation, but it has also been more thoroughly excavated and documented than other Cretan sites. Its main contribution to Minoan archaeology concerns its Middle Bronze Age remains, which are exceptionally rich and well preserved. The site was discovered in 1915 by S. Xanthoudides, who, after making the discovery, grasped the size of the operation and invited the French School at Athens to continue his work from 1920 onward.
Phaistos
Authors: La Rosa Vincenzo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPhaistos, identified by Captain T. Spratt in 1851–1853 and known then as Kastri, was systematically investigated by an Italian mission from June 1900 to 1909. Investigations were resumed from 1928 to 1932, during which time small soundings were conducted in order to verify the stratigraphy encountered, and a number of restoration and consolidation works were conducted that were concluded in 1936. The site is located in a readily visible position in the Mesara plain, which is crossed by the Ieropatomos River and bordered by Mount Ida to the north and the Asterousia mountain chain to the south. The earliest sign of frequentation dates back to the Final Neolithic period and is contemporary with the most recent of the ten levels identified in the test pits opened beneath the palace at Knossos.
Tiryns
Authors: Maran Joseph 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTiryns is the one closest to the sea of all of the palatial centers in Mycenae. This fact, together with the strong archaeological indications for its participation in long-distance exchange, underlines the site's importance as a major Mediterranean harbor during the Bronze Age. Geoarchaeological research by Eberhard Zangger points to significant changes of the distance from the site to the coast during the Holocene. In Mycenaean times, the shoreline had moved outward due to massive sedimentation as a consequence of soil erosion, reaching a position approximately half as far as the current modern coast. In the late 1950s, restoration works under the direction of Nikolaos Verdelis revealed the underground cisterns in the Lower Citadel and thereby initiated the resumption of fieldwork by the German Archaeological Institute. These excavations extended the focus to areas that had been neglected until then, namely the Lower Citadel and the Lower Town.
Egypt
Authors: Phillips Jacke 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAncient Egypt essentially encompassed some 1,180 kilometers of the Nile Valley where the river fans out into multiple branches and ultimately reaches the Mediterranean Sea. The ancient Egyptians themselves viewed their homeland as the “Two Lands,” Upper (southern, riverine) and Lower (northern, Delta) Egypt, unified by a king traditionally named Meni and over which his successors ruled for nearly three millennia. Bronze Age Egyptian history after this unification and its succeeding Early Dynastic period is divided into the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, periods of centralized royal authority, separated by numbered “Intermediate Periods,” when instability and loss of this authority divided Egypt into multiple smaller political units, some even ruled by foreigners. Despite these interruptions, the concept of Egypt as one unified “Two Lands” remained unshakeable and all pervasive to the ancient Egyptians themselves.
GOAT vowel variants in the Diachronic Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English (DECTE)
Authors: Corrigan Karen P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Diachronic Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English (DECTE) is the product of two earlier corpora: the Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English (NECTE) and a monitor sub-corpus, the Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English 2 (NECTE2). Both corpora record synchronic generational differences as well as diachronic communal change in North-East England. Researchers on NECTE transformed sound-data collected in the 1960s–1970s and in 1991–1994 into an electronic resource that conformed to the latest standards for encoding text. DECTE is a constituent element in a collaborative programme called the “Enhanced Repository for Language and Literature Researchers” (ENROLLER), completed in 2011 and linking it to documents such as the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the Historical Thesaurus of the OED, and the SCOTS Corpus. This article explores how DECTE and its constituents capture both residualisms from earlier periods of English as well as local innovations. It focuses on variants of the GOAT vowel, which is of interest not only for the historical phonology of the English language but also with respect to regional and social variation in Modern English.
Analyzing the ONZE data as evidence for sound change
Authors: Hay Jennifer 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLaunched in 1989, when Elizabeth Gordon became aware of the existence of a set of recordings of early New Zealand English, the Origins of New Zealand English Project (ONZE) provides a unique opportunity to investigate sound change. These “Mobile Unit” (MU) recordings were made in the 1940s for radio broadcast, and included reminiscences from speakers born as early as the 1850s. The recordings are significant because they date to the first stages of large-scale immigration to New Zealand from the British Isles, representing the first generation of English speakers born in New Zealand. These recordings, which are in the possession of the University of Canterbury, form the core of the ONZE project. Interviews with more than 100 of these early speakers have now been compiled, digitized, transcribed, time-aligned, and then automatically segmented at the phoneme level. The Mobile Unit recordings have been a valuable tool for testing theories of the formation of new dialects.
Variability-based neighbor clustering: A bottom-up approach to periodization in historical linguistics
Authors: Gries Stefan Th. , Hilpert Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOne of the linguistic sub-disciplines that has benefited most from corpora is historical linguistics, and many new diachronic resources have become available especially during the last ten to fifteen years. However, the longitudinal nature and the more constrained sampling of diachronic corpora present a number of challenges for historical linguists. One central problem that has received little attention is the periodization of a linguistic phenomenon P; that is, how the development of P over time can be divided into periods or stages. Because neither the year-by-year development of P nor the pre-defined historical periods distinguished by corpus compilers may be particularly meaningful or revealing for P, a bottom-up approach might be more appropriate for determining the stages of P’s development. However, this is difficult to accomplish using existing methods. This article describes a new clustering method, “Variability-based Neighbor Clustering” (VNC), to identify periods in the historical development of P that accounts for the temporal ordering of the data.
The commodification of language: English as a global commodity
Authors: Cameron Deborah 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWhen languages are called “commodities,” it suggests the existence of a market or markets in which languages and language varieties, like other tradable commodities, have an economic exchange value. The concept of a “linguistic market” is not a new idea; linguists can trace it to the work of Pierre Bourdieu. This article focuses on the transnational or global linguistic market in which English is a highly-valued commodity. One area of activity in which languages have long been treated as commercial commodities is foreign language instruction; English has been commodified by the modern English Language Teaching industry. However, this is only one of the possible forms of language commodification. This article considers some other forms which are associated with recent processes of economic globalization, and how an analysis of them may contribute to rethinking the history of the English language. English has played, and is expected to continue to play for some time, a significant role in the new forms of capitalism which have emerged in the global era.
Democratization
Authors: Farrelly Michael , Seoane Elena 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the “democratization” of discourse in the history of the English language. An important aspect of rethinking the study of the history of English, in terms of democratization, is the relationship between the democratization of language and the wider democratization of social life and of politics. This article first considers the duality in the way language and discourse can be understood in the context of socio-cultural processes: people alter their use of language in response to social change and people influence social change through their use of language. Through a greater recognition of both sides of the language/socio-cultural change duality, historical linguists could come to a richer account of democratization. The article summarizes work that has addressed the first half of the duality: democratization understood as a discourse-pragmatic process present in the evolution of English as a response to social change and which is different from colloquialization and informalization. It then suggests areas in which study of the democratization of discourse could engage with work on the study of wider social and political democratization.
Attitudes, prescriptivism, and standardization
Authors: Percy Carol 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe prescriptive dictum that some linguistic variants are superior to others has strong roots in the eighteenth-century grammatical tradition. Synthesizing contemporary research on prescriptivism, this chapter uses the grammarian Robert Lowth as a lens for reinvestigating its linguistic and social dynamics. Eventually elevated to a bishopric, Lowth is popularly stereotyped as imposing latinate rules on English usage. Yet recent corpus-based studies suggest that prescriptive rules sometimes reflected rather than triggered standardization of such variants as adjective comparison, negative concord, preposition placement, and the subjunctive. Such studies also confirm that when tracking prescriptive traditions we need to consider media other than grammars and codifiers earlier than Lowth, such as James Greenwood. Indeed, linguistic variation in a corpus of Lowth’s own correspondence reminds us of the social distinctions and dynamics that can be correlated with prescriptivism. Though many professional linguists have traditionally dismissed prescriptivism, others are redirecting this attention into research and public outreach.
Assessing the role of contact in the history of English
Authors: Hickey Raymond 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLanguage contact has long been the subject of extensive research in linguistics, but has recently been the object of increased attention by scholars working on both the history of English and varieties of English worldwide. Most language contact studies that have appeared in recent years rely on databases that differ from those typically used in histories of the English language. Assuming that code-switching refers to instances where bilingual speakers alternate between codes within the same speech event, this process can be hypothesized to be the source of borrowing when the code-switching occurs repeatedly with the same lexical items or sentence structures such that these are no longer felt to be foreign in the receiving code. Both the degree of bilingualism necessary for code-switching and the number of individuals who engage in code-switching are a matter of debate. This article discusses language contact, language ecology, and grammaticalization.
Early English and the Celtic hypothesis
Authors: Hickey Raymond 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines Celtic influence on early Old English, an issue that has recently been debated in detail, and re-examines arguments presented in studies of language contact and change. Scholars argue that Brythonic, the language spoken in England by the Celts at the time of the Germanic invasions, had a significant effect on the development of English. This is known as the Celtic hypothesis. The standard wisdom on contact and transfer has been based on the notion that the language with more status influences that with less. In other words, borrowing is from the superstrate into the substrate, as seen with Latin and French borrowings into English. However, this is a simplistic view of possible influence in a contact scenario. Vocabulary, as an open class with a high degree of awareness by speakers, is the primary source of borrowing from the superstrate. However, borrowing from closed classes in language, chiefly phonology and syntax, often characterises influence of a substrate on a superstrate. A number of key phenomena are considered in this light and reassessed in terms of possible origin.
Language contact and linguistic attitudes in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Machan Tim William 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThinking and talking about language contact in the abstract, especially in the case of the Middle Ages, offers limited evidence. Although large sociolinguistic generalizations have the potential to influence speakers in individual interactions, such generalizations are produced by specific domains that are often bypassed in conventional histories of the language. For the English later Middle Ages, these domains included the domestic, the social, and the political. Throughout the period, merchants introduced goods and services from across Western Europe, bringing with them, particularly to port cities and major trading centers, their languages. Within the context of late-medieval England’s diglossia, English, Latin, and French all helped maintain stable social institutions and point to little inter-language conflict. Beginning with the Norman Conquest, English politics was likewise a stable multilingual matter, involving Latin, Italian, Dutch, and (especially) French.
Pidgins and creoles in the history of English
Authors: Winford Donald 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEnglish colonial expansion and pursuit of trade during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries gave rise to a wide array of colonial Englishes, among them the pidgin and creole varieties that arose in the plantation colonies of the Atlantic and Pacific. This article examines the processes of change that produced these pidgins and creoles, and what they imply for the place of these languages in the history of English, and for their genetic relationship to their lexifier language. It argues that the processes of change that led both pidgins and creoles were not that different from those which have affected most languages, including English, at one time or another. Such changes include simplification, admixture, and both internally and externally-motivated grammaticalization. Since pidgins and creoles only carry further the same tendencies that have operated in the history of English and other languages, it seems odd to deny them status as continuations of their lexifiers, while granting such status to other colonial Englishes.
Lexical typology and typological changes in the English lexicon
Authors: Haselow Alexander 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWhereas the typological change of the English language from syntheticity towards analyticity has been described almost exclusively for the inflectional domain, little attention has been paid to the developments in derivation. Focusing on the changes in inflection, however, ignores the fact that this change was embedded in more general trends which also affected the derivational component of English and thus the lexicon. This article describes an alternative perspective on the change of English’s typological profile by analyzing three major changes (one quantitative and two qualitative ones) that occurred in the English lexicon: changes in the frequency of use of bound morphemes (affixes) employed for the indication of lexical categories; changes in the morphological status of lexical bases and thus in the structure of “words”; changes in how a language packages semantic material into words, that is, in the internal semantic structure of words (conflation).
Grammaticalization in nonstandard varieties of English and English-based pidgins and creoles
Authors: Schneider Agnes 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThere are many different varieties of the English language all over the world, but it is not clear which of the grammatical properties displayed by these different varieties are innovations and which are directly related to and/or probably descended from English (in the British Isles). This question has been a major challenge for linguists, particularly in the areas of contact linguistics, creolist studies and English dialect studies (for example, of the Celtic Englishes). This article investigates morphosyntactic variation in varieties of English from the perspective of grammaticalization in non-standard varieties of English and English-based pidgins and creoles. It focuses on grammaticalization phenomena found in the domain of the noun phrase, an area of English grammar which has received less attention in the typological and dialectological literature on grammaticalization. The article discusses the distinction between varioversals, angloversals, and areoversals.
Continua and clines in the development of New Englishes
Authors: Sharma Devyani , Wiltshire Caroline R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractResearch on language change has revealed a number of systematic clines along which changes seem to progress. Monolingual, native dialects of English generally involve established norms of use, and so change often takes the form of gradual, incremental shifts along such clines. By contrast, New Englishes (varieties of English spoken in regions where English is neither indigenous nor predominantly native for its speakers) often have fewer established norms, and so change can take place more radically and rapidly. Influenced by the grammars of their native languages as well as by universal cognitive principles, second language (L2) speakers receiving limited native English input may generate similar reanalyses or regularizations. This article assesses the behavior and claimed universality of structural continua and cycles in English within bilingual, postcolonial settings. The discussion examines universal markedness gradients in phonetics, syntax, and semantics, as well as grammaticalization clines.
The loss of local anchoring: From adverbial local anchors to permissive subjects
Authors: Los Bettelou , Dreschler Gea 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUntil about the fifteenth century, main clause word order in English was to a large extent subject to the verb-second (V2) constraint; this order was achieved by (i) movement of the finite verb into second position and (ii) topicalization of a constituent from the clause into first position. The loss of V2 syntax led to a change in the function of first constituent adverbial phrases, which had mostly been used as local anchors in Old English, i.e. links to the immediately preceding discourse. In Early Modern English, the system of local anchoring by adverbials was largely lost; links to the previous discourse came to be expressed primarily by the subject. This added to the functional load of the subject, and led to subjects being able to encode a wider range of semantic roles. The emergence of such "permissive” subjects in PDE, then, developed as a response to the loss of V2.
An International Perspective on Music Education for Adults
Authors: Drummond John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines why and when adults participate in music learning experiences, and what, where, and how they study. Music learning in group settings helps adults attain a high level of personal well-being, both physically and psychologically, as a result of interaction with the music and the social interactions involved. Adults learn music for the same reasons that anyone learns music: to learn more about themselves, and to develop their sense of identity in a familiar or unfamiliar community setting.
Communal Creativity as Sociomusical Practice
Authors: Lapidaki Eleni , Groot Rokus de , Stagkos Petros 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article demonstrates the importance of communal music creativity in music education. The first part reviews the theoretical framework surrounding the relationship between practical socialization and creativity. The second part discusses music creativity as socio-musical practice. The third part describes the creativity-based project C.A.L.M. (Community Action in Learning Music), which aims to help students enrich their experiential learning through the development of musical practices that take place in, and through, the intersection of the musical worlds of the university and the school.
Creativity in Partnership Practices
Authors: Colley Bernadette D. , Eidsaa Randi Margrethe , Kenny Ailbhe , Leung Bo Wah 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCollaborative partnership is becoming an increasingly popular instructional method in arts education. This article examines the relationship between policy agendas and creativity in music education partnerships. It presents four cases from Ireland, Hong Kong, Norway, and the United States. When viewed as a policy option, partnerships—despite their varying missions, structures, participants, forms, processes, and functions—share the key component of commitment to creativity.
Commentary: Music Learning and Teaching through Technology
Authors: Himonides Evangelos 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article presents an overview of Section 5 of the Oxford Handbook of Music Education, Volume 2. The section commences a critical but also constructive discourse about the role of “any” technology within the broader fields of music and education. The contributors have chosen different perspectives and foci in instigating this discourse, all of them diverse but, arguably, all celebrating how essential technology is (or should be) in our music infused modus vivendi.
Music Therapy in Schools: An Expansion of Traditional Practice
Authors: McFerran Katrina 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the role of music therapy in schools. One important aspect is the relationship between music teachers and music therapists. In some schools the availability of both professionals results in a great deal of overlap (i.e., the intuitive and empathic music teacher and the skills oriented music therapist), while in others the combination results in two distinct possibilities for engaging with music.