bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Executive functioning and psychopathological profile in relatives of individuals with deficitv.non-deficit schizophrenia: a pilot study
Authors: Scala S. , Lasalvia A. , Seidman L. J. , Cristofalo D. , Bonetto C. , Ruggeri M. 
Published: April 2013

Aims.Heterogeneity of schizophrenia is known to be reflected in neuropsychological functioning of patients, but its expression in relatives is understudied. This study aims at exploring relationship between executive functioning and clinical profiles of first-degree relatives of patients who are classified as having or not having the deficit subtype of schizophrenia (DSRELsv.non-DSRELs), with the prediction of greater executive impairment in DSRELs.Methods.DSRELs (n = 15) and non-DSRELs (n = 40) were compared with community controls (CCs,n = 55) on executive functioning measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the phonemic verbal fluency (PVF), and clinical measures. Effects of psychopathology and intelligence quotient (IQ) measures were investigated to determine their association with executive performance.Results.DSRELs showed more executive dysfunction on WCST and poorer social functioning than CCs and more severe negative symptoms than non-DSRELs. Differences on WCST-categories achieved (WCST-CA) remained significant after adjustment for clinical confounders and IQ. WCST-CA was associated with apathy and paranoid ideation only within the DSREL subgroup.Conclusions.Executive functioning and negative symptoms are severely impaired in first-degree relatives of deficit syndrome patients, thus suggesting that some neurocognitive deficits in patients may be transmitted within families according to the pathophysiology of the probands.
Enzyme-Based Listericidal Nanocomposites
Authors: Solanki Kusum , Grover Navdeep , Downs Patrick , Paskaleva Elena E. , Mehta Krunal K. , Lee Lillian , Schadler Linda S. , Kane Ravi S. , Dordick Jonathan S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCell lytic enzymes represent an alternative to chemical decontamination or use of antibiotics to kill pathogenic bacteria, such as listeria. A number of phage cell lytic enzymes against listeria have been isolated and possess listericidal activity; however, there has been no attempt to incorporate these enzymes onto surfaces. We report three facile routes for the surface incorporation of the listeria bacteriophage endolysin Ply500: covalent attachment onto FDA approved silica nanoparticles (SNPs), incorporation of SNP-Ply500 conjugates into a thin poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) film; and affinity binding to edible crosslinked starch nanoparticles via construction of a maltose binding protein fusion. These Ply500 formulations were effective in killing L. innocua (a reduced pathogenic surrogate) at challenges up to 105 CFU/ml both in non-growth sustaining PBS as well as under growth conditions on lettuce. This strategy represents a new route toward achieving highly selective and efficient pathogen decontamination and prevention in public infrastructure.
Structural ensemble and microscopic elasticity of freely diffusing DNA by direct measurement of fluctuations
Authors: Shi Xuesong , Herschlag Daniel , Harbury Pehr A. B. 
Published: April 2013

Significance
Deformation of the double helix is a ubiquitous feature of the protein–DNA interactions that regulate, replicate, repair, and pack DNA in cells. Understanding the energetics of DNA deformation is therefore of central importance. DNA is generally modeled as a linear elastic rod, but it has not been possible to test this directly by observing the nanometer-scale bending and twisting of the helix. Using an X-ray interferometry technique, we measured the structural fluctuations of a short B-form duplex. The results expose a potential nonlinearity of DNA elasticity and illustrate how to measure the structural ensemble of a freely diffusing macromolecule.
Genome-wide reprogramming of the chromatin landscape underlies endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer
Authors: Magnani Luca , Stoeck Alexander , Zhang Xiaoyang , Lánczky András , Mirabella Anne C. , Wang Tian-Li , Gyorffy Balázs , Lupien Mathieu 
Published: April 2013

SignificanceResistance to treatment with endocrine therapy occurs in ∼50% of all breast cancer patients. The pathway(s) leading to drug resistance is ill-defined. We show that accessibility to the genome is altered in drug-resistant compared with responsive breast cancer cells. This coincides with the overactivation of the NOTCH pathway in drug-resistant compared with responsive cancer cells. The transcription factor PBX1, a known NOTCH target gene, is required for the growth of endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer cells. Accordingly, a gene expression signature based on NOTCH-PBX1 activity can discriminate a priori breast cancer patients that are responsive or not to endocrine therapy.
Neural progenitors organize in small-world networks to promote cell proliferation
Authors: Malmersjö Seth , Rebellato Paola , Smedler Erik , Planert Henrike , Kanatani Shigeaki , Liste Isabel , Nanou Evanthia , Sunner Hampus , Abdelhady Shaimaa , Zhang Songbai , Andäng Michael , El Manira Abdeljabbar , Silberberg Gilad , Arenas Ernest , Uhlén Per 
Published: April 2013

Significance
Synchronized activity among groups of interconnected cells is essential for diverse functions in the brain. Most studies on neuronal networks have been performed in the mature brain when chemical synapses have been established. However, less is known about networking during embryonic development. We have studied neural progenitors and found that they form gap junction-mediated small-world networks, which, via electrical depolarization, drive spontaneous calcium activity to stimulate cell proliferation. Our data underscore the critical role of intricate cell signaling during embryonic development and show that complex networks of immature cells exist in the brain before birth.
Genetic Population Structure of Bull Trout in the East Fork Bitterroot River Drainage, Montana
Authors: Nyce Leslie G. , Eby Lisa , Clancy Christopher G. , Painter Sally , Leary Robb F. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Investigation of the genetic population structure of Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus is useful for developing biologically sound conservation and management strategies. We focused on the East Fork Bitterroot River (hereafter, East Fork), Montana, because it is a relatively undisturbed, connected watershed that contains a migratory life history form of Bull Trout. Fin clips were collected from 17 sites: nine East Fork tributaries, the main-stem East Fork, and seven other tributaries across the Bitterroot River drainage. Considering all the population samples, principal components analysis of allele frequencies at 15 microsatellite loci indicated that the East Fork samples formed a cluster that was distinct from the other Bitterroot River tributary samples. Within the East Fork, there was significant divergence among population samples, with pairwise FST ranging from 0.016 to 0.188 and a global FST of 0.063. Relative to other Bull Trout studies, levels of genetic variation within our samples were typically higher, while the overall level of differentiation among samples was lower. Based on ONCOR analyses of multiple-locus genotypes, most individuals in the East Fork basin were assigned to their water body of capture, with an average probability of 88%. Within the East Fork, 16 fish that were collected in the main stem were assigned to tributary populations; 26 individuals sampled from seven tributaries were assigned to the main-stem population. In addition, there were five tributaries in which sampled individuals were assigned to tributary populations other than the water body of capture. Based on GeneClass2 analysis, 76 individuals were identified as first-generation migrants. These observations suggest movement and potential gene flow between the main-stem East Fork and its tributaries and between tributaries via the main stem. The main-stem East Fork therefore appears to be an integral component for maintaining the migratory form of Bull Trout in the drainage and may serve as an important vehicle for genetic exchange among tributary populations.
Received May 18, 2012; accepted January 9, 2013
Sparing Fish Oil with Soybean Oil in Feeds for White Seabass: Effects of Inclusion Rate and Soybean Oil Composition
Authors: Trushenski Jesse , Mulligan Bonnie , Jirsa David , Drawbridge Mark 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Fish oil sparing has proven difficult for some fish species, especially marine carnivores like White Seabass Atractoscion nobilis that require one or more long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). Recent studies have suggested that the use of saturated fatty acid (SFA)–rich lipids instead of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid–rich (C18 PUFA) lipids may be advantageous in maintaining tissue levels of LC-PUFAs; SFA-rich lipids may also offer a strategic advantage in terms of meeting the LC-PUFA requirements of marine carnivores while minimizing dietary fish oil inclusion. Accordingly, we assessed the performance and tissue fatty acid composition of White Seabass (3.8 ± 0.2 g [mean ± SE]) fed diets containing fish oil or graded levels of C18 PUFA–rich standard soy oil or SFA-rich hydrogenated soy oil (replacing 25, 50, 75, or 100% of dietary fish oil) for 8 weeks. Feed conversion ratio, weight gain, and specific growth rate were not impaired by partial or complete replacement of dietary fish oil with hydrogenated soy oil; however, fish oil sparing with standard soy oil was associated with declining performance. The tissue fatty acid profiles of fish fed the hydrogenated soy oil–based diets were very similar to those of fish fed the fish oil–based feed, but the standard soy oil–based feeds resulted in concomitant loss of n-3 fatty acids and LC-PUFAs. In all cases, the magnitude of the dietary effect was greater among liver and fillet tissues than among brain and eye tissues. These data suggest a limitation, potentially related to LC-PUFA deficiency, associated with replacing fish oil with standard soybean oil, but not with hydrogenated soybean oil. Our data suggest that the LC-PUFA requirements of White Seabass can be effectively reduced by feeding SFA-rich alternative lipids, allowing for a greater level of fish oil sparing without growth impairment or tissue profile modification than is possible with C18 PUFA–rich lipids.
Evaluation of the Effects of Menhaden Oil and Soybean Oil Levels in Purified Diets on Growth and Gonad Production in Adult Sea Urchin Lytechinus variegatus
Authors: Gibbs Victoria K , Powell Mickie L , Hammer Hugh S , Jones Warren T , Watts Stephen A , Lawrence Addison L , Lawrence John M 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Development of a standardized reference diet will facilitate the determination of nutritional requirements for sea urchins. A purified diet, containing only chemically defined ingredients, provides consistency in diet formulations for reproducibility across different laboratories. In the present study, the growth performance of small Lytechinus variegatus (11.9 ± 1.3 g [mean ± SD] wet weight, 28.4 ± 1.1 mm test diameter; 16 per treatment) fed ad libitum daily (16 weeks) one of seven purified diets differing in the level (0, 2.4, or 4.8% as fed) and source of neutral lipid (refined menhaden oil and soy oil) was compared with the growth performance of individuals fed a semipurified diet previously shown to support high growth rates and gonad production. Survival was ≥88% for all dietary treatments, and the growth rates of individuals fed the 1.2% menhaden oil and 1.2% soybean oil purified diet (215% wet weight gain) were approximately 65% of those for individuals fed the semipurified diet (326% wet weight gain). The growth rates and wet organ weights for individuals fed purified diets were not significantly affected by lipid source. However, increased total dietary lipid resulted in higher dry gut weights. Ovary weight was higher than testis weight for all treatments. Although no significant differences were detected among the purified diet treatments, qualitative performance (survival, weight gain, and gonad production) for individuals fed the purified diet containing 1.2% menhaden oil and 1.2% soybean oil was best under the conditions of this study. The purified diet used in this study is adequate to evaluate specific nutrients on sea urchin weight gain and organ production.
Effects of Increasing Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Arachidonic Acid (ARA) in Brood Diets of Monodactylus sebae on Fecundity, Egg and Larval Quality, and Egg Fatty Acid Composition
Authors: Ohs C L , DiMaggio M A , Grabe S W , Broach J S , Watson C A , Breen N E , Barrows F T 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The Guinean Fingerfish Monodactylus sebae is a popular euryhaline ornamental fish species with limited aquaculture production. One of the bottlenecks to commercial production is lack of knowledge of the nutritional requirements for broodstock. Therefore, three broodfish diets were formulated and fed to Guinean Fingerfish broodstock to determine their quantitative and qualitative effects on egg production and egg and larval morphology. The dietary treatments consisted of a control, a diet with increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and a diet with increased DHA and arachidonic acid (DHA + ARA). Broodfish fed the DHA + ARA diet spawned more frequently than broodfish fed the DHA diet and those fed the control diet. The greatest egg production was also observed from broodfish fed the DHA + ARA diet. The mean hatching success of floating eggs was not significantly different among diets. The mean egg and oil globule diameters for both floating and sinking eggs were significantly smaller for broodfish fed the DHA + ARA diet rather than the other diets. At both 24 and 48 h, survival was significantly greater for fish fed the control diet than for those fed the DHA and DHA + ARA diets. At both 24 and 48 h posthatch, notochord length was significantly shorter for larvae from broodfish fed the DHA + ARA diet than for larvae from fish fed the control diet. The fatty acid profiles of the eggs closely resembled the fatty acid profiles of the diets with respect to DHA and ARA levels. Guinean Fingerfish females appear to have the ability to regulate the levels of DHA and ARA assimilated into developing eggs, although there is not clear evidence that they can elongate and desaturate C18 fatty acids into DHA and ARA.
Histamine 4 receptor plays an important role in auto-antibody-induced arthritis
Authors: Nent Elisa , Frommholz David , Gajda Mieczyslaw , Bräuer Rolf , Illges Harald 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a widespread autoimmune disease. In the murine K/B×N arthritis model, anti-GPI (anti-glucose 6-phosphate isomerase) antibodies lead to the formation of immune complexes. In the course of pathogenesis, these complexes activate the immune system and induce degranulation of mast cells, which are essential in this model of rheumatoid arthritis. A major mediator in mast cell granules is histamine, which is proven to be indispensable for joint inflammation in K/B×N mice. Histamine is known to bind to four different receptors (HR1–4), which have different expression profiles and exert a variety of different functions, including activation of the immune system. To analyze the contribution of the different histamine receptors, we employed histamine receptor antagonists (cetirizine, ranitidine, thioperamide and clozapine) blocking the receptors in C57BL/6 mice. Arthritis was induced via K/B×N serum injection. The results demonstrated that mice treated with all four histamine receptor antagonists simultaneously showed no arthritic symptoms, while positive control mice injected with K/B×N serum and vehicle suffered from severe symptoms. When antagonists specific for HR1–4 were applied individually, only the HR4 antagonist clozapine could protect mice from arthritis, reflecting its expression and functionality in the immune system.
Microscopic Colitis in Children With Chronic Diarrhea
Authors: Singh Prashant , Das Prasenjit , Jain A.K. , Mathan Minnie , Mathur Meera , Bhat Abdus Sami , Varma Sharat , Chaturvedi Mona K. , Gupta Siddhartha Datta , Bhatnagar Shinjini 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the present study was to study microscopic colitis (MC) in children with special reference to its role in chronic diarrhea and changes in mucosal biopsies.Methods:A total of 100 consecutive children ages 3 to 12 years, with nonbloody diarrhea (passage of ≥3 loose stools per day) of >12 weeks' duration were screened and 26 were enrolled in the study in which no specific etiology could be found and colonoscopy did not reveal any mucosal abnormality. Colonic biopsies were evaluated for the presence of lymphocytic colitis or collagenous colitis and those with the characteristic changes were defined to have MC (group A). Colonic biopsies from patients with MC were compared with biopsies from patients with chronic diarrhea but no evidence of MC (group B). One hundred children ages 3 to 12 years with bleeding per rectum were screened and colonic biopsies from 45 patients (group C) who had colonic mucosal changes but no vascular or polyp lesion were compared with patients with MC.Results:Of the 26 patients with chronic diarrhea, MC was found in 5 (3 lymphocytic colitis and 2 collagenous colitis). Significantly higher polymorphonuclear infiltration was seen in group A as compared with group B (13.8 [5.4–20.6] vs 7.2 [0–19.6]; P = 0.03) or group C (13.8 [5.4–20.6] vs 4 [0–13.4]; P = 0.007). Intraepithelial lymphocytes (12 [4–32] vs 4 [0–24]; P = 0.008) and basement membrane thickening (3.5 [2.9–10.6] vs 2.5 [1.6–5.86]; P = 0.008) were also significantly higher in group A as compared with group C.Conclusions:MC was found to be present in children with nonbloody chronic diarrhea in children. Further multicentric studies may provide adequate data on its prevalence.
Anti‐inflammatory Effect of Obestatin and Ghrelin in Dextran Sulfate Sodium–Induced Colitis in Rats
Authors: Pamukcu Ozge , Kumral Zarife Nigar Ozdemir , Ercan Feriha , Yegen Berrak Ç. , Ertem Deniz 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives:Obestatin and ghrelin are hormones derived from the same gene but have opposing effects. Ghrelin has anti‐inflammatory activities; however, the role of obestatin in the inflammatory processes has not been clearly demonstrated yet. The aim of the study was to analyse and compare the anti‐inflammatory effect of exogenous ghrelin and obestatin in a rat model of colitis.Methods:Acute and chronic colitis was induced in 96 rats by adding 3% dextran sulfate sodium to the drinking water for 5 and 10 days, respectively. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with ghrelin or obestatin was started before the induction of colitis, and continued for 5 and 10 days. Clinical signs of the disease and histopathological changes were evaluated. By‐products of neutrophil activation, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines were measured in colonic tissues.Results:Obestatin and ghrelin significantly ameliorated clinical and histopathological severity of chronic colitis, whereas they were less effective in the acute form. Therapeutic effect of ghrelin and obestatin in acute colitis was associated with reduced lipid peroxidation and TH1‐induced inflammatory response, whereas obestatin in chronic colitis was protective via the suppression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and enhancement of glutathione synthesis. Moreover, therapeutic effects of ghrelin and obestatin in chronic colitis appear to be associated with inhibition of inflammatory and activation of anti‐inflammatory cytokines.Conclusions:This study demonstrated the novel anti‐inflammatory effect of obestatin and ghrelin in an experimental model of colitis. Although both obestatin and ghrelin exerted anti‐inflammatory effects in chronic colitis, they were less effective in acute colitis.
Nitrogen and amino acids in nectar modify food selection of nectarivorous bats
Authors: Rodríguez‐Peña Nelly , Stoner Kathryn E. , Ayala‐Berdon Jorge , Flores‐Ortiz Cesar M. , Duran Angel , Schondube Jorge E. 
Published: April 2013

Summary

Chiropterophilic flowers secrete sugar nectar with low‐Nitrogen (N hereafter) content and small amounts of amino acids, which may function to attract animals; nevertheless, the role that micronutrients have on the foraging decisions of Neotropical nectarivorous bats is unknown.

We offered the nectar specialist Leptonycteris yerbabueanae and the omnivore Glossophaga soricina pairs of experimental diets mimicking either the N content or the relative abundance of 17 amino acids found in the floral nectar from the main plant species visited by these bats in a tropical dry forest. We addressed the following research questions: (i) Do bats select N‐containing or sugar‐only nectar differently based on bats' N nutritional status? (ii) Does the presence of N in nectar affect the capacity of bats to discriminate and select other nectar traits such as sugar concentration? and (iii) Are bats able to distinguish among the flavours generated by the amino acid relative abundance present in the nectar from plants they typically encounter in nature?

Our results showed that: (i) bats did not consider nectar N content regardless of their N nutritional condition, (ii) the nectar specialist L. yerbabuenae showed a preference for the most concentrated sugar‐only nectar but changed to be indifferent when nectar contained N, and (iii) L. yerbabuenae preferred diets without amino acids and preferred the taste of the amino acids present in the nectar of Pachycereus pecten (Cactaceae) over those present in the nectar of Ceiba aesculifolia (Bombacaceae).

Our results suggest that regardless of the low concentrations at which N and amino acids are present in floral nectar, their presence affects bats' food selection by interfering with the bats' ability to detect differences in sugar concentrations, and by offering particular flavours that can be perceived and selected by nectarivorous bats. We discuss the ecological implications of the presence of N and amino acids in nectar on bats' foraging decisions.
British Brinkmanship and Gaelic Games: EU Treaty Ratification in the UK and Ireland from a Two Level Game Perspective
Authors: Hodson Dermot , Maher Imelda 
Published: April 2013

Research Highlights and Abstract Viewed from the theory of two-level games, the European Union (EU) Act (2011) is a rare example of a government tying its hands in international diplomacy. The UK government could find its hands more tightly bound than anticipated under the EU Act, inter alia, due to the enhanced role of the courts in EU treaty ratification. The EU Act could convey bargaining advantages to the UK, but it could also encourage other EU member states to walk away from the negotiating table. The risks posed by tighter ratification rules are borne out by Ireland's experience of EU treaty ratification since the Supreme Court ruling Crotty v. An Taoiseach (1987). David Cameron's ‘veto’ of plans for a new EU treaty in December 2011 illustrates the difficulties of knowing ex ante when a referendum is required under the EU Act. The European Union (EU) Act (2011) provides for greater parliamentary oversight and the possibility of a referendum before EU treaties can be ratified. This article explores the EU Act from a two-level game perspective, seeing it as a rare example of a government tying its hands in international diplomacy. That the UK government could find its hands more tightly bound than anticipated is suggested by Ireland's turbulent experience of treaty ratification in the light of Crotty v. An Taoiseach (1987), a landmark ruling by the Irish Supreme Court and an inspiration for the EU Act. This situation could, the theory of two-level games predicts, bolster the UK's bargaining position in Brussels, but it could also damage the country's credibility and encourage other member states to walk away from the negotiating table. This last point helps to shed some light on the UK's ‘veto’ of the Fiscal Compact in December 2011.