bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphine exposure induces age‐dependent alterations in pentylenetetrazole‐induced epileptic behaviors in prepubertal rats
Authors: Gholami Morteza , Saboory Ehsan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOpioids show both pro‐ and anti‐epileptogenic effects in different experimental models of epilepsy. In the present study, the pentylentetrazole (PTZ)‐induced seizure model was used to test the hypothesis that neonatal morphine administration affects seizure susceptibility in prepubertal rats. Female rats were subcutaneously injected with either morphine or saline on postnatal days 8–14 (P8–P14). To verify the long‐term effect of morphine (or saline), the animals were treated second time with morphine (21 mg/kg; or saline) on either P25 or P32. Morphine administration decreased latency of myoclonic jerks and time to onset and increased tonic–clonic seizure rate at P25, but these findings were inversed at P32. Results showed a significant age difference in seizure behaviors between P25 and P32 animals. Blood corticosterone (COS) levels were significantly higher in P32 rats than in P25 rats. These findings show that neonatal morphine exposure plays an important role in increasing seizure vulnerability in P25 prepubertal rats but not in P32 rats. We conclude that early exposure to chronic morphine in infant rats might change their susceptibility to PTZ‐induced seizure in an age‐dependent manner. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 881–887, 2013.
The comparator model of infant visual habituation and dishabituation: Recent insights
Authors: Kavšek Michael 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCurrent knowledge of the perceptual and cognitive abilities in infancy is largely based on the visual habituation–dishabituation method. According to the comparator model [e.g., Sokolov (1963a) Perception and the conditioned reflex. Oxford: Pergamon Press], habituation refers to stimulus encoding and dishabituation refers to discriminatory memory performance. The review also describes the dual‐process theory and the attention disengagement approach. The dual‐process theory points to the impact of natural stimulus preferences on habituation–dishabituation processes. The attention disengagement approach emphasizes the contribution of the ability to shift the attention away from a stimulus. Moreover, arguments for the cognitive interpretation of visual habituation and dishabituations are discussed. These arguments are provided by physiological studies and by research on interindividual differences. Overall, the review shows that current research supports the comparator model. It emphasizes that the investigation of habituation and dishabituation expands our understanding of visual attention processes in infants. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 793–808, 2013.
Global remote sensing of water–chlorophyll ratio in terrestrial plant leaves
Authors: Kushida Keiji 
Published: September 2012

AbstractI evaluated the use of global remote sensing techniques for estimating plant leaf chlorophyll a + b (Cab; μg cm−2) and water (Cw; mg cm−2) concentrations as well as the ratio of Cw/Cab with the PROSAIL model under possible distributions for leaf and soil spectra, leaf area index (LAI), canopy geometric structure, and leaf size. First, I estimated LAI from the normalized difference vegetation index. I found that, at LAI values <2, Cab, Cw, and Cw/Cab could not be reliably estimated. At LAI values >2, Cab and Cw could be estimated for only restricted ranges of the canopy structure; however, the ratio of Cw/Cab could be reliably estimated for a variety of possible canopy structures with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.56 to 0.90. The remote estimation of the Cw/Cab ratio from satellites offers information on plant condition at a global scale.
Stressful environments induce novel phenotypic variation: hierarchical reaction norms for sperm performance of a pervasive invader
Authors: Purchase Craig F. , Moreau Darek T. R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGenetic variation for phenotypic plasticity is ubiquitous and important. However, the scale of such variation including the relative variability present in reaction norms among different hierarchies of biological organization (e.g., individuals, populations, and closely related species) is unknown. Complicating interpretation is a trade‐off in environmental scale. As plasticity can only be inferred over the range of environments tested, experiments focusing on fine tuned responses to normal or benign conditions may miss cryptic phenotypic variation expressed under novel or stressful environments. Here, we sought to discern the presence and shape of plasticity in the performance of brown trout sperm as a function of optimal to extremely stressful river pH, and demarcate if the reaction norm varies among genotypes. Our overarching goal was to determine if deteriorating environmental quality increases expressed variation among individuals. A more applied aim was to ascertain whether maintaining sperm performance over a wide pH range could help explain how brown trout are able to invade diverse river systems when transplanted outside of their native range. Individuals differed in their reaction norms of phenotypic expression of an important trait in response to environmental change. Cryptic variation was revealed under stressful conditions, evidenced through increasing among‐individual variability. Importantly, data on population averages masked this variability in plasticity. In addition, canalized reaction norms in sperm swimming velocities of many individuals over a very large range in water chemistry may help explain why brown trout are able to colonize a wide variety of habitats.
A mate to die for? A model of conditional monogyny in cannibalistic spiders
Authors: Fromhage Lutz , Schneider Jutta M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMonogynous males in various species actively limit themselves to mating with a single female in their lifetime. Whereas previous models have considered monogyny as an obligate mating strategy, here we explore the potential of monogyny to evolve as a context‐specific (conditional) behavior. Using a state‐dependent dynamic game model based on the biology of the cannibalistic spider Argiope bruennichi, we confirm that conditional monogyny can evolve under broad conditions, including an even sex ratio. We predict that males should make a terminal investment when mating with large, virgin females, especially if population density is low and the encounter occurs late in the season. We encourage empirical tests for the existence of conditional monogyny in all species where monogyny occurs in the absence of strict morphological constraints that would make it obligatory.
Challenges to the Legitimacy of Private Forest Governance – the Development of Forest Certification in Sweden
Authors: Johansson Johanna 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTSubstantial scholarly attention has been given to the effectiveness and legitimacy of private forest governance, especially the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Research has suggested that such cooperation between forest corporations and ENGOs may develop shared norms for responsible forestry. At least initially, however, conflicts are likely to occur since these stakeholders are accountable to different constituencies.Yet there are comparatively few studies on how such conflicts have affected the development and legitimacy of forest certification on the national level, which is where conflicts must be managed. This study explores how stakeholders' search for accountability has influenced the legitimacy of forest certification schemes, drawing on developments in Sweden. The study relies on the theoretical foundations of governance, legitimacy and accountability, and on reports from forest corporations and ENGOs. The results show that these stakeholders have continuously disagreed on the input and output legitimacy of forest certification, though the positions have changed over time, eventually making ENGOs reject forest certification schemes. These repeated conflicts have been fuelled by the stakeholders' search for public reputational accountability and market accountability. In effect, the very meaning of the FSC label is today being questioned. Thereby forest certification in Sweden has, at least temporarily, left the suggested path to the evolution of shared norms. These results call for related studies on how to manage accountability issues and power relations in forest certification. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Biaryl Cyclic Peptides Containing a 3‐Aryltyrosine
Authors: Afonso Ana , Cussó Olaf , Feliu Lidia , Planas Marta 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA concise and efficient solid‐phase synthesis of biaryl cyclic peptides containing a Phe–Tyr or a Tyr–Tyr linkage has been accomplished. The key steps include a Miyaura borylation of a resin‐bound 3‐iodotyrosine and a microwave‐assisted Suzuki–Miyaura reaction for the formation of the macrocycle. First, the feasibility of the solid‐phase Miyaura borylation of a 3‐iodotyrosyltripeptide was established. Then, the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction was applied to the cross‐coupling of linear 3‐boronotyrosine‐containing peptidyl resins with iodobenzene and with halogenated aromatic amino acids. Finally, this methodology was extended to the synthesis of biaryl cyclic peptides through the preparation of a linear peptidyl resin containing both the required boronate and halogenated derivatives, followed by a microwave‐assisted Suzuki–Miyaura macrocyclization.
Asymmetric Michael Addition Induced by the Anion of an Imidazolium Salt
Authors: Gauchot Vincent , Gravel Julien , Schmitzer Andreea R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe describe the application of a chiral catalytic imidazolium salt derived from trans‐L‐hydroxyproline, the anion being the catalytic entity, as a catalyst for the asymmetric Michael addition. We report the first example of a catalytic Michael addition using this type of catalyst, leading to excellent yields (up to 99 %) and good selectivities (up to 99:1 dr, up to 82 % ee).
Seismic response of steel structures with seesaw systems using viscoelastic dampers
Authors: Kang Jae‐Do , Tagawa Hiroshi 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYVibration control systems are being used increasingly worldwide to provide enhanced seismic protection for new and retrofitted buildings. This paper presents a new vibration control system on the basis of a seesaw mechanism with viscoelastic dampers. The proposed vibration control system comprises three parts: brace, seesaw member, and viscoelastic dampers. In this system, only tensile force appears in bracing members. Consequently, the brace buckling problem is negligible, which enables the use of steel rods for bracing members. By introducing pre‐tension in rods, long steel rods are applicable as bracing between the seesaw members and the moment frame connections over some stories. Seesaw mechanisms can magnify the damper deformation according to the damper system configuration. In this paper, first, the magnification factor, that is, the ratio of the damper deformation to the story drift, is delivered, which includes the rod deformation. Results of a case study demonstrate that the magnification factor of the proposed system is greater than unity for some cases. Seismic response analysis is conducted for steel moment frames with the proposed vibration control system. Energy dissipation characteristics are examined using the time‐history response results of energy. The maximum story drift angle distributions and time‐history response results of displacement show that the proposed system can reduce the seismic response of the frames effectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic response evaluation of the linked column frame system
Authors: Malakoutian Mohammad , Berman Jeffrey W. , Dusicka Peter 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYThe linked column frame (LCF) system is proposed as a seismic load resisting system that uses conventional components to limit seismic damage to relatively easily replaced elements. The LCF features a primary lateral system, denoted the linked column, which is made up of dual columns connected with replaceable links, and a secondary flexible moment frame system with beams having fully restrained connections at one end and simple connections at the other. The linked columns are designed to limit seismic forces and provide energy dissipation via link yielding, while preventing damage to the moment frame under certain earthquake hazard levels. A design procedure is proposed that ensures plastic hinges develop in the links of the linked columns at a significantly lower story drift than when plastic hinges develop in the moment frame beams. The large drift difference helps enable design of this system for two distinct performance states: rapid return to occupancy, where only link damage occurs and relatively simple link replacement is possible, and collapse prevention, where both the links and the beams of the moment frame may be damaged. A series of 3‐story, 6‐story, and 9‐story prototype LCF buildings were designed using the proposed design approach. Nonlinear models were developed for the designs with the link models validated using recent experimental results. The seismic response of these systems was investigated for ground motions representing various seismic hazard levels. Results show that the LCF system not only provides collapse prevention, but also has the capability of limiting economic loss by reducing structural damage and allowing for rapid return to occupancy following earthquakes with shorter return periods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An introduction to context and its role in evaluation practice
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jody L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEvaluators have written about the need to consider context in conducting evaluations, but most such admonitions are broad. Context is not developed fully. This chapter reviews the evaluation literature on context and discusses the two areas in which context has been more carefully considered by evaluators: the culture of program participants when their culture is different from the predominant one and the cultural norms of program participants in countries outside the West. We have learned much about how the culture of participants or communities can affect evaluation and should continue our learning there. Evaluators also need to expand their consideration of context to consider the program itself and its setting and the political norms of audiences, decision makers, and other stakeholders of the program. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
The social context of water quality improvement evaluation
Authors: Thurston Linda P. , Smith Christa A. , Genskow Kenneth , Stalker Prokopy Linda , Hargrove William L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe complexity of physical and social contexts for water resource management presents considerable problems for designing, implementing, and evaluating interventions for water quality and quantity problems. Water resource management is increasingly being conducted on a watershed scale, where watersheds are areas of land that drain into the same water body. Deborah Rog's model of context‐sensitive evaluation provides a framework for understanding and addressing the complexity of watersheds and watershed management, restoration, and protection. This chapter discusses the problems inherent in evaluating watershed projects. It presents three overarching considerations for evaluating these types of projects: diversity of stakeholder groups, complexity of identifying and measuring outcomes, and evaluation ethos. Finally, the chapter stresses the need for specifically evaluating the social dimensions of watershed projects and provides an example of a water quality evaluation that addresses regional social indicators. Rog's five areas of context are described in this example. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
A first step forward: Context assessment
Authors: Conner Ross F. , Fitzpatrick Jody L. , Rog Debra J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this chapter, we revisit and expand the context framework of Debra Rog, informed by three cases and by new aspects that we have identified. We then propose a way to move the framework into action, making context explicit. Based on the framework's components, we describe and illustrate a process we label context assessment (CA), which provides a means of identifying important contextrelated factors and integrating the implications of these within the three main stages of evaluation. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Experimental study on tire fire penetration into a motorcoach passenger compartment
Authors: Johnsson Erik , Yang Jiann C. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYTwo full‐scale fire experiments were conducted to determine the mode of penetration of a tire fire into the passenger compartment of a motorcoach. A special burner was designed to imitate the frictional heating of hub and wheel metal caused by failed axle bearings, locked brakes, or dragged blown tires. For the first experiment, heating to obtain tire ignition was initiated on the exterior of the passenger side tag axle wheel and for the second, on the exterior of the passenger side drive axle wheel. Measurements of interior and exterior temperatures, interior heat flux, and heat release rate were performed. Standard and infrared videos and still photographs were recorded. Both experiments showed that the tire fires ignited the plastic fender and glass‐reinforced plastic exterior side panel (below the windows) upon which the fires spread quickly and penetrated the passenger compartment by breaking the windows. Measurements showed that other potential fire penetration routes (flooring and lavatory) lagged far behind the windows in heating and degradation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents of the fruit of Garcinia atroviridis and their antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory activities
Authors: Tan Wen‐Nee , Wong Keng‐Chong , Khairuddean Melati , Eldeen Ibrahim M. , Asmawi Mohd. Zaini , Sulaiman Baharuddin 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThe volatile constituents obtained by hydrodistillation of the fruit of Garcinia atroviridis were analysed by capillary GC and GC‐MS. Fifty‐six compounds representing 94.3% of the isolate were identified, among which sesquiterpenoids dominated. The most abundant components were (−)‐β‐caryophyllene (23.8%), β‐caryophyllene alcohol (15.6%) and α‐humulene (10.7%). The total volatiles and three of the constituents were assayed for antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory activities using the micro‐dilution assay and a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor screening assay kit, respectively. The total volatiles and the three compounds showed stronger activity against Gram‐positive bacteria compared to the Gram‐negative bacteria tested. Regarding anti‐inflammatory activity, the samples tested showed selective inhibitory activity against COX‐2 compared to their activity against COX‐1. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A collocated grid, projection method for time‐accurate calculation of low‐Mach number variable density flows in general curvilinear coordinates
Authors: Kooshkbaghi Mahdi , Lessani Bamdad 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYA time‐accurate algorithm is proposed for low‐Mach number, variable density flows on curvilinear grids. Spatial discretization is performed on collocated grid that offers computational simplicity in curvilinear coordinates. The flux interpolation technique is used to avoid the pressure odd–even decoupling of the collocated grid arrangement. To increase the stability of the method, a two‐step predictor–corrector time integration scheme is employed. At each step, the projection method is used to calculate the hydrodynamic pressure and to satisfy the continuity equation. The robustness and accuracy of the method is illustrated with a series of numerical experiments including thermally driven cavity, polar cavity, three‐dimensional cavity, and direct numerical simulation of non‐isothermal turbulent channel flow. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minocycline and fluorocitrate suppress spinal nociceptive signaling in intrathecal IL‐1β–induced thermal hyperalgesic rats
Authors: Sung Chun‐Sung , Cherng Chen‐Hwan , Wen Zhi‐Hong , Chang Wen‐Kuei , Huang Shi‐Ying , Lin Shinn‐Long , Chan Kwok‐Hon , Wong Chih‐Shung 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that intrathecal IL‐1β caused thermal hyperalgesia in rats. This study was conducted to examine the effects and cellular mechanisms of glial inhibitors on IL‐1β–induced nociception in rats. The effects of minocycline (20 μg), fluorocitrate (1 nmol), and SB203580 (5 μg) on IL‐1β (100 ng) treatment in rats were measured by nociceptive behaviors, western blotting of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, cerebrospinal fluid nitric oxide (NO) levels, and immunohistochemical analyses. The results demonstrated that intrathecal IL‐1β activated microglia and astrocytes, but not neurons, in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord, as evidenced by morphological changes and increased immunoreactivity, phosphorylated p38 (P‐p38) MAPK, and iNOS expression; the activation of microglia and astrocytes peaked at 30 min and lasted for 6 h. The immunoreactivities of microglia and astrocytes were significantly increased at 30 min (6.6‐ and 2.7‐fold, respectively) and 6 h (3.3‐ and 4.0‐fold, respectively) following IL‐1β injection, as compared with saline controls at 30 min (all P < 0.01). IL‐1β induced P‐p38 MAPK and iNOS expression predominantly in microglia and less in astrocytes. Minocycline, fluorocitrate, or SB203580 pretreatment suppressed this IL‐1β–upregulated P‐p38 MAPK mainly in microglia and iNOS mainly in astrocytes; minocycline exhibited the most potent effect. Minocycline and fluorocitrate pretreatment abrogated IL‐1β–induced NO release and thermal hyperalgesia in rats. In conclusion, minocycline, fluorocitrate, and SB203580 effectively suppressed the IL‐1β–induced central sensitization and hyperalgesia in rats. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neck and shoulder function in patients treated for oral malignancies: A 1‐year prospective cohort study
Authors: Speksnijder Caroline M. , van der Bilt Andries , Slappendel Margot , de Wijer Anton , Merkx Matthias A.W. , Koole Ron 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundNeck and shoulder complaints can be a direct result of a neck dissection.MethodsMaximal active lateral flexion of the neck, forward flexion and abduction of the shoulder, and self‐perceived function were determined in 145 patients treated for oral cancer.ResultsNo short‐term influence of radiotherapy was found on measured range of motion and self‐perceived neck and shoulder function (p > .05). One year after a bilateral neck dissection, patients showed deteriorated lateral flexion of the neck, whereas patients treated with a unilateral modified radical neck dissection still reported pain during neck movements. Maximal forward flexion of the shoulder recovered to the level of healthy controls, but maximal abduction was still reduced in all patients.ConclusionsNeck dissection, tumor site, and extensive reconstruction are related to deterioration of shoulder function shortly after intervention. Maximal active shoulder abduction was affected most. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013