bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance and ERP components in the equiprobable go/no‐go task: Inhibition in children
Authors: Barry Robert J. , De Blasio Frances M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe equiprobable go/no‐go task lacks the dominant go imperative found in the usual go/no‐go task, and hence we previously regarded it as involving little inhibition. However, children have relative difficulty with this task, and demonstrate large frontal no‐go N2s. We investigated whether this child N2 plays an inhibitory role, using performance measures to illuminate the link between N2 and inhibition. Forty children aged 8 to 13 were presented with four stimulus blocks each containing 75 go and 75 no‐go tone stimuli in random order. A temporal PCA with unrestricted varimax rotation quantified the mean go and no‐go ERP component amplitudes. Most identified components were differentially enhanced to go or no‐go as in adults, supporting a previously proposed differential processing schema. Between subjects, larger frontocentral no‐go N2bs were associated with fewer commission errors. Hence, the no‐go N2b in this paradigm can be interpreted as an individual marker of inhibition in children.
How Not to Increase Participation in Local Government: The Advantages of Experiments When Testing Policy Interventions
Authors: Arceneaux Kevin , Butler Daniel M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLocal governments benefit from nonelected committees that provide citizen input on important issues. Although these committees offer a valuable tool for policy makers, they suffer from low participation and tend to underrepresent economically disadvantaged citizens. This article reports the results of a randomized survey experiment that evaluated the relative effectiveness of offering social recognition or skills training. The findings show that entreaties to participate premised on gaining social recognition had no effect on willingness to participate and that offers to provide training actually decreased citizens’ willingness to participate, especially among economically disadvantaged citizens. Even though these approaches may hold promise, this particular policy intervention did not live up to that promise. The article concludes with a discussion of the importance of testing policy interventions before wide‐scale implementation and the utility of randomized experiments in this process.
Hospitalisation impacts on oral hygiene: an audit of oral hygiene in a metropolitan health service
Authors: Danckert Rachael , Ryan Anna , Plummer Virginia , Williams Cylie 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundPoor oral health has been associated with systemic diseases, morbidity and mortality. Many patients in hospital environments are physically compromised and rely upon awareness and assistance from health professionals for the maintenance or improvement of their oral health. This study aimed to identify whether common individual and environment factors associated with hospitalisation impacted on oral hygiene.MethodsData were collected during point prevalence audits of patients in the acute and rehabilitation environments on three separate occasions. Data included demographic information, plaque score, presence of dental hygiene products, independence level and whether nurse assistance was documented in the health record.ResultsData were collected for 199 patients. A higher plaque score was associated with not having a toothbrush (p = 0.002), being male (p = 0.007), being acutely unwell (p = 0.025) and requiring nursing assistance for oral hygiene (p = 0.002). There was fair agreement between the documentation of requiring assistance for oral care and the patient independently able to perform oral hygiene (ICC = 0.22).ConclusionOral hygiene was impacted by factors arising from hospitalisation, for those without a toothbrush and male patients of acute wards. Establishment of practices that increase awareness and promote good oral health should be prioritised.
‘A Common Sense of the Times’? Neo‐liberalism and Changing Public Opinion in New Zealand and the UK
Authors: Humpage Louise 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNeo‐liberalism represents a significant and enduring shift in the politics shaping social policy. Although frequently ascribed a hegemonic, all‐powerful status that focuses our attention on the coherence found in neo‐liberal policies, this article builds on scholarly work highlighting variegation in the neo‐liberal project across different policy areas, national settings and time periods. Specifically, it employs Peck's and Tickell's (2002) view that neo‐liberalism has gone through multiple phases in response to both external and internal crises as an entry point for studying neo‐liberalism's impact on public support for the welfare state. Drawing upon New Zealand and British attitudinal data, the article argues that public reactions to an early period of retrenchment (‘roll‐back’ neo‐liberalism) differ from those reported in the ‘roll‐out’ or embedding phase of neo‐liberalism implemented by Third Way Labour Governments in both countries. Indeed, continuing public support in many policy areas arguably contributed to the internal crisis that provoked an adaptation to the neo‐liberal project. The article further explores public support for the welfare state following the external crisis provoked by the financial meltdown of 2008–09 asking whether New Zealand and British attitudes showed signs of resisting austerity measures or whether they, instead, indicated a third, ‘roll‐over’ period of neo‐liberalism where the public accepted not only a neo‐liberal economic agenda but also the need for further retrenchment of the welfare state. Conclusions about the politics of social policy at the level of public opinion offer both good and bad news for welfare state advocates.
Empowering the People: Public Responses to Welfare Policy Change
Authors: Bendz Anna 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHow and when does welfare policy contribute to shape public opinion? This article departs from the policy feedback research tradition and seeks to contribute to the understanding of how policy influences public opinion (public responsiveness). The argument here suggests that personal experiences in terms of empowerment condition the dynamics between policy and opinion. The empirical case concerns the implementation of a consumer's choice model in Swedish primary health care, which resulted an intended increase in private health care centres. In this case, empowerment is assumed to be enhanced by increased exit options and freedom of choice. The specific question in the analysis is whether citizens who have empowering experiences, as a consequence of the reform, are more likely to be positive towards further privatization of welfare services. The results show few effects in general, but there seems to be a correlation between the experience of exiting and more positive attitudes towards privatization.
Efficacy and community effectiveness of larvivorous fish for dengue vector control
Authors: Han W. W. , Lazaro A. , McCall P. J. , George L. , Runge‐Ranzinger S. , Toledo J. , Velayudhan R. , Horstick O. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and community effectiveness of larvivorous fish for the control of dengue vectors and dengue transmission, when used as a single agent or in combination with other vector control methods.MethodComprehensive literature search of published and grey literature using PubMed, EMBASE (DMDI), Web of Science, WHOLIS, WILEY, LILACS, GIFT, Cochrane Library, ELDIS, New York Academy of Medicine Grey Literature Report and Google. All results were checked for duplicates and examined for eligibility. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed using RoBANS.ResultsThirteen articles were considered eligible for inclusion. Incorporating a wide range of interventions and outcome measures, three were efficacy studies and 10 assessed community effectiveness. None of the studies were randomised or cluster‐randomised controlled trials. All three efficacy studies and seven community effectiveness studies investigated fish as a single agent. All efficacy studies reported elimination of Aedes larvae from treated containers, while community effectiveness studies reported reductions in immature vector stages, two of which also detected a continuous decline over 2 years. An impact on adult mosquitoes was shown in only two community effectiveness studies. Reductions in dengue cases following intervention were reported in two studies, but it was not possible to attribute this to the intervention.ConclusionWhile the use of larvivorous fish as a single agent or in combination with other control measures could lead to reductions in immature vector stages, considerable limitations in all the studies restricted any conclusions with respect to the evaluation of community effectiveness. Evidence for the community effectiveness of larvivorous fish as a single agent remains minimal and cluster‐randomised controlled studies that include the assessment of impact on dengue are recommended.
Augmented endothelial l‐arginine transport ameliorates pressure‐overload‐induced cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Rajapakse Niwanthi W. , Johnston Tamara , Kiriazis Helen , Chin‐Dusting Jaye P. , Du Xiao‐Jun , Kaye David M. 
Published: May 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
What is the potential role of endothelial NO production via overexpression of the l‐arginine transporter, CAT1, as a mitigator of cardiac hypertrophy?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Augmentation of endothelium‐specific l‐arginine transport via CAT1 can attenuate pressure‐overload‐dependent cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Our findings support the conclusion that interventions that improve endothelial l‐arginine transport may provide therapeutic utility in the setting of myocardial hypertrophy. Such modifications may be introduced by exercise training or locally delivered gene therapy, but further experimental and clinical studies are required.

Endothelial dysfunction has been postulated to play a central role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, probably as a result of reduced NO bioavailability. We tested the hypothesis that increased endothelial NO production, mediated by increased l‐arginine transport, could attenuate pressure‐overload‐induced cardiac hypertrophy. Echocardiography and blood pressure measurements were performed 15 weeks after transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in wild‐type (WT) mice (n = 12) and in mice with endothelium‐specific overexpression of the l‐arginine transporter, CAT1 (CAT+; n = 12). Transverse aortic constriction induced greater increases in heart weight to body weight ratio in WT (by 47%) than CAT+ mice (by 25%) compared with the respective controls (P ≤ 0.05). Likewise, the increase in left ventricular wall thickness induced by TAC was significantly attenuated in CAT+ mice (P = 0.05). Cardiac collagen type I mRNA expression was greater in WT mice with TAC (by 22%; P = 0.03), but not in CAT+ mice with TAC, compared with the respective controls. Transverse aortic constriction also induced lesser increases in β‐myosin heavy chain mRNA expression in CAT+ mice compared with WT (P ≤ 0.05). Left ventricular systolic pressure after TAC was 36 and 39% greater in WT and CAT+ mice, respectively, compared with the respective controls (P ≤ 0.001). Transverse aortic constriction had little effect on left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure in both genotypes. Taken together, these data indicate that augmenting endothelial function by overexpression of l‐arginine transport can attenuate pressure‐overload‐induced cardiac hypertrophy.
Massive atomics for massive parallelism on GPUs
Authors: Egielski Ian J. , Huang Jesse , Zhang Eddy Z. 
Published: May 2015

One important type of parallelism exploited in many applications is reduction type parallelism. In these applications, the order of the read-modify-write updates to one shared data object can be arbitrary as long as there is an imposed order for the read-modify-write updates. The typical way to parallelize these types of applications is to first let every individual thread perform local computation and save the results in thread-private data objects, and then merge the results from all worker threads in the reduction stage. All applications that fit into the map reduce framework belong to this category. Additionally, the machine learning, data mining, numerical analysis and scientific simulation applications may also benefit from reduction type parallelism. However, the parallelization scheme via the usage of thread-private data objects may not be vi- able in massively parallel GPU applications. Because the number of concurrent threads is extremely large (at least tens of thousands of), thread-private data object creation may lead to memory space explosion problems.
In this paper, we propose a novel approach to deal with shared data object management for reduction type parallelism on GPUs. Our approach exploits fine-grained parallelism while at the same time maintaining good programmability. It is based on the usage of intrinsic hardware atomic instructions. Atomic operation may appear to be expensive since it causes thread serialization when multiple threads atomically update the same memory object at the same time. However, we discovered that, with appropriate atomic collision reduction techniques, the atomic implementation can out- perform the non-atomics implementation, even for benchmarks known to have high performance non-atomics GPU implementations. In the meantime, the usage of atomics can greatly reduce coding complexity as neither thread-private object management or explicit thread-communication (for the shared data objects protected by atomic operations) is necessary.
Hydrogen Sulfide Prevents Advanced Glycation End-Products Induced Activation of the Epithelial Sodium Channel
Authors: Wang Qiushi , Song Binlin , Jiang Shuai , Liang Chen , Chen Xiao , Shi Jing , Li Xinyuan , Sun Yingying , Wu Mingming , Zhao Dan , Zhang Zhi-Ren , Ma He-Ping 
Published: May 2015

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are complex and heterogeneous compounds implicated in diabetes. Sodium reabsorption through the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) at the distal nephron plays an important role in diabetic hypertension. Here, we report that H2S antagonizes AGEs-induced ENaC activation in A6 cells. ENaC open probability(PO)in A6 cells was significantly increased by exogenous AGEs and that this AGEs-induced ENaC activity was abolished by NaHS (a donor of H2S) and TEMPOL. Incubating A6 cells with the catalase inhibitor 3-aminotriazole (3-AT) mimicked the effects of AGEs on ENaC activity, but did not induce any additive effect. We found that the expression levels of catalase were significantly reduced by AGEs and both AGEs and 3-AT facilitated ROS uptake in A6 cells, which were significantly inhibited by NaHS. The specific PTEN and PI3K inhibitors, BPV(pic) and LY294002, influence ENaC activity in AGEs-pretreated A6 cells. Moreover, after removal of AGEs from AGEs-pretreated A6 cells for 72 hours, ENaCPOremained at a high level, suggesting that an AGEs-related “metabolic memory” may be involved in sodium homeostasis. Our data, for the first time, show that H2S prevents AGEs-induced ENaC activation by targeting the ROS/PI3K/PTEN pathway.
As Working Memory Grows: A Developmental Account of Neural Bases of Working Memory Capacity in 5- to 8-Year Old Children and Adults
Authors: Kharitonova Maria , Winter Warren , Sheridan Margaret A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Working memory develops slowly: Even by age 8, children are able to maintain only half the number of items that adults can remember. Neural substrates that support performance on working memory tasks also have a slow developmental trajectory and typically activate to a lesser extent in children, relative to adults. Little is known about why younger participants elicit less neural activation. This may be due to maturational differences, differences in behavioral performance, or both. Here we investigate the neural correlates of working memory capacity in children (ages 5–8) and adults using a visual working memory task with parametrically increasing loads (from one to four items) using fMRI. This task allowed us to estimate working memory capacity limit for each group. We found that both age groups increased the activation of frontoparietal networks with increasing working memory loads, until working memory capacity was reached. Because children's working memory capacity limit was half of that for adults, the plateau occurred at lower loads for children. Had a parametric increase in load not been used, this would have given an impression of less activation overall and less load-dependent activation for children relative to adults. Our findings suggest that young children and adults recruit similar frontoparietal networks at working memory loads that do not exceed capacity and highlight the need to consider behavioral performance differences when interpreting developmental differences in neural activation.
Structure refinement, hydrogen-bond system and vibrational spectroscopy of hohmannite, Fe3+2 [O(SO4)2]·8H2O
Authors: Ventruti G. , Della Ventura G. , Orlando R. , Scordari F. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe crystal structure of hohmannite, Fe3+2[O(SO4)2]·8H2O, was studied by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrational spectroscopy. The previous structural model was confirmed, though new diffraction data allowed the hydrogen-bond system to be described in greater and more accurate detail. Ab initio calculations were performed in order to determine accurate H positions and to support the experimental model obtained from XRD data. Infrared and Raman spectra are presented for the first time for this compound and comments are made on the basis of the crystal structure and the known literature for sulfate minerals.
Refikite from Krásno, Czech Republic: a crystal-and molecular-structure study
Authors: Pažout Richard , Sejkora Jiři´ , Maixner Jaroslav , Dušek Michal , Tvrdý Jaromír 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe crystal structure of the organic mineral refikite has been determined. The mineral was found in joints in bark and wood from pine trees in the 'V Borkách' peat deposit near the town of Krásno, Slavkovský les Mountains, western Bohemia, Czech Republic. It forms white to light-yellow polycrystalline crusts or randomly intergrown, transparent, colourless, very thin, acicular crystals up to 0.2–0.5 mm long. Sometimes, colourless-to-white elongated prismatic crystals up to 1–1.5 mm in size were encountered. The mineral is soft (Mohs hardness ∼1) and very brittle, with an uneven fracture. No visible cleavage was discerned. Crystals have a greasy-to-glassy lustre; fine crystal aggregates have a pearly lustre. Refikite, empirical formula C20H34O2 or C19H33COOH, is a derivative of abietic acid. It is orthorhombic, space group P21212, with a = 22.6520(7), b = 10.3328(3), c = 7.6711(2) Å, V = 1795.49(9) Å3, Z = 4. Refikite comprises two closely related compounds based on perhydrophenanthrene. The major component has two axial methyl groups, one terminal carboxylic group and one terminal propan-2-yl (isopropyl) group joined to the three fused rings in the same fashion as in abietic acid. However, the fused ring system is fully reduced (contains single bonds only). In the minor component, the terminal propan-2-yl group is replaced by a propen-2-yl (methylvinyl) group. The crystal structure is stabilized by strong O···H–O hydrogen bonds. High-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) confirmed a molecular mass of 306 and the formula C20H34O2. Hydrogen-1 and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed the presence of four methyl groups in the major component; infrared (IR), Raman and NMR spectra are consistent with the structure. The HRMS, IR and Raman spectroscopy methods confirmed the presence of a minor component containing the propen-2-yl group replacing the propan-2-yl group. This is also reflected in a shortened C15–C17 single bond metric of 1.468(6) Å shown by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The trivial name of the major component of refikite is tetrahydroabietic acid or abietan-18-oic acid. This work represents the first proof of the existence of abietic acid derivatives as naturally occurring species.
How I treat hypereosinophilic syndromes
Authors: Klion Amy D. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Hypereosinophilic syndromes (HESs) are a group of rare disorders characterized by peripheral blood eosinophilia of 1.5 × 109/L or higher and evidence of end organ manifestations attributable to the eosinophilia and not otherwise explained in the clinical setting. HESs are pleomorphic in clinical presentation and can be idiopathic or associated with a variety of underlying conditions, including allergic, rheumatologic, infectious, and neoplastic disorders. Moreover, the etiology of the eosinophilia in HESs can be primary (myeloid), secondary (lymphocyte-driven), or unknown. Although corticosteroids remain the first-line therapy for most forms of HESs, the availability of an increasing number of novel therapeutic agents, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, has necessarily altered the approach to treatment of HESs. This review presents an updated treatment-based approach to the classification of patients with presumed HES and discusses the roles of conventional and novel agents in the management of these patients.
Hemodynamic characteristics of high-altitude headache following acute high altitude exposure at 3700 m in young Chinese men
Authors: Bian Shi-Zhu , Jin Jun , Li Qian-Ning , Yu Jie , Tang Cai-Fa , Rao Rong-Sheng , Yu Shi-Yong , Zhao Xiao-Hui , Qin Jun , Huang Lan 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Background
This study aimed to identify the systemic and cerebral hemodynamic characteristics and their roles in high-altitude headache (HAH) among young Chinese men following acute exposure.

Methods
The subjects (n = 385) were recruited in June and July of 2012. They completed case report form questionnaires, as well as heart rate (HR), blood pressure, echocardiogram and transcranial Doppler examinations at 3700 m following a two-hour plane flight. A subgroup of 129 participants was examined at two altitudes (500 and 3700 m).

Results
HAH was characterized by increased HR and cardiac output (CO) and lower saturation pulse oxygen (SpO2) (all p < 0.05). The change in tricuspid regurgitation was also different between the HAH positive (HAH+) and HAH negative (HAH-) subjects. Furthermore, the HAH+ subjects exhibited faster mean (Vm), systolic (Vs) and diastolic (Vd) velocities in the basilar artery (BA; all p < 0.05) and a faster Vd ( 25.96 ± 4.97 cm/s vs. 24.76 ± 4.76 cm/s, p = 0.045) in the left vertebral artery (VA). The bilateral VA asymmetry was also significantly different between the two groups. The pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of left VA were lower in the HAH subjects (p < 0.05) and were negatively correlated with HAH (p < 0.05). Baseline CO and Vm in left VA (or right MCA in different regressions) were independent predictors for HAH, whereas CO/HR and ΔVd (Vd difference between bilateral VAs) were independent risk factors for HAH at 3700 m.

Conclusions
HAH was characterized, in part, by increased systemic hemodynamics and posterior cerebral circulation, which was reflected by the BA and left VA velocities, and lower arterial resistance and compliance. Furthermore, baseline CO and Vm in left VA or right MCA at sea level were independent predictors for HAH, whilst bilateral VA asymmetry may contribute to the development of HAH at high altitude.