bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic disparity: the dilemma of lower socioeconomic status, multiple listing, and death on the liver transplant waiting list
Authors: Schwartz Adam , Schiano Thomas , Kim‐Schluger Leona , Florman Sander 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDue to the current regionally based allocation system, some patients list for and are transplanted away from home in regions with shorter waits and higher transplant rates. Of 147 included patients, 120 died waiting and 27 received transplants at outside centers during the study (32.5 months). Those transplanted elsewhere had higher median incomes than patients dying on the waitlist ($84 946 vs. $55 250, p = 0.0001). Those with median incomes <$60 244 were more likely to die than those with incomes >$60 244 (94% vs. 70%, RR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.14–1.59). Patients with Medicaid were more likely to die waiting than those with other insurance (100% vs. 77%, RR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.18–1.44). Our analysis demonstrates that those who died waiting were more likely to have lower incomes and Medicaid compared with those transplanted elsewhere. Even when we controlled for Medicaid status, patients who died waiting had lower incomes compared with those transplanted elsewhere. Increased organ sharing over geographically broader regions, as recommended by the Institute of Medicine in 1999, may reduce incentives for patients to travel to receive a liver and reduce inequities. Current efforts to address this disparity continue to fall short of the Institute of Medicine recommendations, United States Department of Health and Human Services regulations and the Final Rule.
To What did They Consent? Understanding Consent Among Low Literacy Participants in a Microbicide Feasibility Study in Mazabuka, Zambia
Authors: Munalula‐Nkandu Esther , Ndebele Paul , Siziya Seter , Munthali JC 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe conducted a study to review the consenting process in a vaginal Microbicide feasibility study conducted in Mazabuka, Zambia. Participants were drawn from those participating in the microbicide study. A questionnaire and focus group discussion were used to collect information on participants understanding of study aims, risks and benefits. Altogether, 200 participants took part in this study. The results of the study showed that while all participants signed or endorsed their thumbprints to the consent forms, full informed consent was not attained from most of the participants since 77% (n = 154) of the participants had numerous questions about the study and 34% (n = 68) did not know who to get in touch with concerning the study. Study objectives were not fully understood by over 61% of the participants. Sixty four percent of the participants were not sure of the risks of taking part in the microbicide study. A significant number thought the study was all about determining their HIV status. Some participants were concerned that their partners were not on the trial as they were convinced that being on the study meant that that they had a lifetime protection from HIV infection. The process of obtaining consent was inadequate as various phases of the study were not fully understood. We recommend the need for researchers to reinforce the consenting process in all studies and more so when studies are conducted in low literacy populations.
A novel large deletion and single nucleotide insertion in the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein gene
Authors: Gulácsy Vera , Soltész Beáta , Petrescu Carmen , Bataneant Mihaela , Gyimesi Edit , Serban Margit , Maródi László , Tóth Beáta 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDeletion mutations of WAS are relatively rare and the precise localization of large deletions in the genome has rarely been described in previous studies. We report here a 5‐month‐old boy with a large deletion mutation in WAS that completely abolished protein expression. To localize the deletion, a 2816‐bp‐length sequence that spans between exons 9 and 12 was amplified. PCR amplification of the patient's sample revealed a single band of about 1 kb in contrast to the 2816‐bp‐amplicon in the control. Genomic DNA sequencing of the patient revealed a 1595‐bp‐deletion and an adenine insertion (g.5247_6841del1595insA). This large deletion of WAS resulted in partial loss of exon 10 and intron 11, and a complete loss of intron 10 and exon 11.
Carabid beetles (Coleoptera:Carabidae) in coniferous plantations inHokkaido,Japan: effects of tree species and environmental factors
Authors: Kaizuka Jun , Iwasa Mitsuhiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe distribution, species composition and abundance of carabid beetles in monospecific plantations of three different coniferous tree species (Japanese spruce,Sakhalin fir and larch) were investigated by baited pitfall traps inHokkaido,Japan. In total, 16 150 carabid beetles consisting of 31 species in 13 genera were collected in 2011 and 2012. The most predominant species wasPterostichus thunbergii Morawitz, followed bySynuchus melantho(Bates) andCarabus opaculus(Putzeys). Average numbers of beetles per trap were significantly reduced in larch. Large‐sizedCarabusspecies (C. arboreus arboreus Lewis andC. opaculus) were collected in large numbers inJapanese spruce. There was no significant difference in diversity and equitability among the three kinds of plantation. The ordination of redundancy analysis showed that medium‐sized forest generalists,Pterosticus subovatus(Motschulsky) andP. thunbergii, were highly associated withJapanese spruce andSakhalin fir, and the forest specialistSynuchus nitidus(Motschulsky) was withSakhalin fir. In contrast, in larch there was no such associated forest species, and some species ofCarabus,PterostichusandSynuchuswere considerably reduced in number, suggesting that larch has unfavorable effects on some forest species. The most important environmental variables influencing carabid assemblages were soil moisture and foliage layer cover. Practices in forest management to minimize the effects of plantations on carabid assemblages are discussed.
Exocrine glands of the ant Myrmoteras iriodum
Authors: Billen Johan , Mandonx Tine , Hashim Rosli , Ito Fuminori 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper describes the morphological characteristics of nine major exocrine glands in workers of the formicine ant Myrmoteras iriodum. The elongate mandibles reveal along their entire length a conspicuous intramandibular gland, which contains both class‐1 and class‐3 secretory cells. The secretory cells of the mandibular glands show a peculiar appearance, with a branched end apparatus, which is unusual for ants. The other major glands (pro‐ and postpharyngeal gland, infrabuccal cavity gland, labial gland, metapleural gland, venom gland and Dufour gland) show common features for formicine ants. The precise function of the glands could not yet be experimentally demonstrated, and to clarify this will depend on the availability of live material of these enigmatic ants in future.
Retrograde flexible ureteroscopic approach of upper urinary tract pathology: What is the status in 2014?
Authors: Geavlete Petrisor , Multescu Razvan , Geavlete Bogdan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFlexible uretero‐renoscopy witnessed dramatic technological improvements, ultimately translating in more diverse indications, better instrument durability, procedural efficacy and safety. Diagnostic exploration of the upper urinary tract, treatment of selected cases of ureteral and especially pyelocaliceal stones, caliceal diverticulum and infundibular stenosis, treatment, and follow‐up of upper urinary tract tumors are the main indications for this approach. We review the technique, results and complications of retrograde flexible ureteroscopy, with an emphasis on the latest developments of the method.
Probing Site Symmetry Around Eu3+ in Nanocrystalline ThO2 Using Time Resolved Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Gupta Santosh K. , Bhide Madhusudan Krishnadas , Godbole Shrikant Vasant , Natarajan Venkataraman 
Published: August 2014

ThO2:Eu3+ nanoparticles were synthesized at 300°C by combustion route using urea as a fuel and characterized by thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescence techniques. To investigate the effect of annealing temperature, as synthesized powder were heated further at 500°C, 700°C, and 900°C. It was observed that extent of asymmetry around Eu3+ at 700°C/900°C is very high as compared to as‐prepared or 500°C annealed sample. Based on the time resolved emission spectroscopic investigations, it was inferred that two different types of Eu3+ ions were present in the ThO2 nanoparticles. In ThO2 structure, Eu3+ ions occupy two sites; cubic (Oh) and noncubic (<C2v) as can be confirmed from our emission studies. Short‐lived species T1 (~1.3–3.4 ms) predominates at higher annealing temperature arises because of Eu3+ ions occupying noncubic (<C2v) sites without inversion symmetry, whereas long‐lived species T2 (~4.6–6.6 ms) can be ascribed to Eu3+ ions occupying cubic sites (Oh) with inversion symmetry.
Association between gastroesophageal reflux and pathologic apneas in infants: a systematic review
Authors: Smits Marije J. , van Wijk Michiel P. , Langendam Miranda W. , Benninga Marc A. , Tabbers Merit M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn infants, apneas can be centrally mediated, obstructive or both and have been proposed to be gastroesophageal reflux (GER) induced. Evidence for this possible association has never been systematically reviewed.PurposeTo perform a systematic review using PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases to determine whether an association between GER and apnea in infants exists. Studies with n ≥ 10 infants, aged <12 months, were included. GER had to be studied by pH‐metry or pH‐impedancemetry. GER episodes were defined as pH <4 for ≥5 s and/or a drop of >50% of baseline in impedance signal in distal channels. An apneic event was defined as a cessation of breathing for >20 s, or ≥10 s with hypoxemia or bradycardia. An epoch of ≤2 min was used to define temporal relation between GER and apnea. Methodological quality of studies was assessed with Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Of 1959 abstracts found, 6 articles met the inclusion criteria. All studies had poor methodological quality. A total of 289 infants were included. The temporal association of GER followed by apnea was assessed in all studies, with epochs varying from 10 s to 2 min. One study found an increase of apneic events after GER, the remaining 5 studies did not find an association. Two studies assessed apnea followed by GER as well, but did not find sufficient evidence for association. This systematic review showed insufficient evidence for an association between GER and apneas in infants. High quality studies using uniform inclusion criteria, definitions according to accepted guidelines, and patient relevant outcome measures are needed.
Productivity Versus Employment: Quantifying the Economic Effects of an EU–Japan Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Benz Sebastian , Yalcin Erdal 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe European Union and Japan recently entered into negotiations over a bilateral free trade agreement intended to stimulate growth and create wealth. Since customs duties are already low, the success of the liberalisation process hinges on the elimination of non‐tariff barriers. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on two possible liberalisation scenarios: a less ambitious liberalisation and a comprehensive liberalisation. In contrast to classic studies, our paper builds on the modern trade literature, accounting for the dominance of intra‐industry trade in both economies and the existence of heterogeneous firms. Furthermore, we model a search‐and‐matching labour market, allowing us to quantify employment effects of trade liberalisation. We find that a comprehensive liberalisation increases Japanese GDP by 0.86 per cent, whereas the EU experiences only an additional 0.21 per cent of real GDP growth. Most of the growth in real GDP is due to firms' efficiency gains, whereas unemployment is reduced by only a small amount. Other world regions experience small reductions of GDP due to trade diversion effects.
NASA’s HSCT — Past and Future Prospects
Authors: Mercure Robert A. 
Published: August 2014

With the termination of the government/industry partnership on the High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) program in late 1998, the prospects for a U.S. SuperSonic Transport (SST) appears uncertain. However, NASA’s goal of “Reducing travel time to the Far East and Europe by 50% within 25 years” remains intact. The decision by industry to build an HSCT has been postponed and there is now more time to explore advanced technologies and revolutionary concepts that could make a supersonic aircraft an environmentally compatible and economically viable success.
Studies will likely continue to examine future constraints regarding flight speed, range, size, market impacts and economics. The technology challenges may appear formidable, but the potential revenue generated and the benefits realized in reduced travel time by an HSCT will provide the incentive to continue the research.
Implementation and Validation of a New Soot Model and Application to Aeroengine Combustors
Authors: Balthasar M. , Mauss F. , Pfitzner M. , Mack A. 
Published: August 2014

The modelling of soot formation and oxidation under industrially relevant conditions has made significant progress in recent years. Simplified models introducing a small number of transport equations into a CFD code have been used with some success in research configurations simulating a reciprocating diesel engine.
Soot formation and oxidation in the turbulent flow is calculated on the basis of a laminar flamelet library model. The gas phase reactions are modelled with a detailed mechanism for the combustion of heptane containing 89 species and 855 reactions developed by Frenklach and Warnatz and revised by Mauss. The soot model is divided into gas phase reactions, the growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the processes of particle inception, heterogeneous surface growth, oxidation and condensation. The first two are modelled within the laminar flamelet chemistry, while the soot model deals with the soot particle processes.
The time scales of soot formation are assumed to be much larger than the turbulent time scales. Therefore rates of soot formation are tabulated in the flamelet libraries rather than the soot volume fraction itself. The different rates of soot formation, e.g. particle inception, surface growth, fragmentation and oxidation, computed on the basis of a detailed soot model, are calculated in the mixture fraction / scalar dissipation rate space and further simplified by fitting them to simple analytical functions. A transport equation for the mean soot mass fraction is solved in the CFD-code. The mean rate in this transport equation is closed with the help of presumed probability density functions for the mixture fraction and the scalar dissipation rate. Heat loss due to radiation can be taken into account by including a heat loss parameter in the flamelet calculations describing the change of enthalpy due to radiation, but was not used for the results reported here.
The soot model was integrated into an existing commercial CFD code as a post-processing module to existing combustion CFD flow fields and is very robust with high convergence rates. The model is validated with laboratory flame data and using a realistic 3-D BMW Rolls-Royce combustor configuration, where test data at high pressure are available. Good agreement between experiment and simulation is achieved for laboratory flames, whereas soot is overpredicted for the aeroengine combustor configuration by 1–2 orders of magnitude.
Introduction of Intercooling in a High Bypass Jet Engine
Authors: Papadopoulos Tilemachos , Pilidis Pericles 
Published: August 2014

In this paper an exercise to introduce intercooling in a high bypass civil turbofan is outlined. The engine selected as the basic propulsion system is a three spool high bypass turbofan with a bypass ratio 6.4. The air leaving the IP compressor is cooled in the bypass duct prior to entering the HP compressor.
This preliminary investigation appears to indicate that the main benefit to be gained is an increase in the net thrust from the engine without increasing the turbine inlet temperature. To keep engine diameter constant, the bypass ratio has not been changed. This results in a requirement to significantly increase the pressure ratio to reduce the SFC levels to an acceptable value.
A sizing exercise has been carried out to understand the weight and volume penalties imposed by heat pipe intercooling hardware. The preliminary sizing exercise indicates that the weight penalty is very large. The performance of the aircraft using the intercooled engines is also investigated and some improvements in performance are predicted.
Overall this investigation is considered to be positive so that further investigations should be considered. It appears that an intercooled engine can produce a somewhat higher thrust at a given turbine entry temperature at similar SFC levels of current engines, or, if a small increase in SFC is acceptable, the increase in thrust is quite important.
Integration of a Gas Turbine (GT) With a Compressed Air Storage (CAES) Plant Provides the Best Alternative for Mid-Range and Daily Cyclic Generation Needs
Authors: Nakhamkin Michael , van der Linden Septimus 
Published: August 2014

There is a significant emphasis on peaking power, particularly recognized in the US power generation market. Orders for gas turbines are at their peaks, with OEMs taking orders for delivery in the year 2002, or later. Though a simple cycle GT is the recognized power plant of choice for daily cycle and peak power supply, it still has the highest fuel consumption rate per kWh produced (heat rate, Btu/kWh or Btu/kWh) with associated high emissions.
The massive additions of GT power plants for primarily peak/cycling applications should generate needs for better utilization of installed capacities. The Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) plant is demonstrated as the best and cost-effective plant for storing significant amounts of the off-peak energy and releasing the peak energy as needed.
This paper presents an innovative power plant concept, which is based on the integration of a conventional GT with the unfired CAES, air-bottoming cycle — denoted as GT-CAES. This concept is analyzed and compared to a conventional CAES cycle.
Also, the paper presents characteristics of this concept based on ABB’s GT24/26 combustion turbine, the characteristics produced for a number of GT-CAES projects which are in various stages of development.
Development of a Maintenance Program for Major Gas Turbine Hot Gas Path Parts
Authors: Moritsuka Hideto , Fujii Tomoharu , Takahashi Takeshi 
Published: August 2014

The thermal efficiency of gas turbine combined cycle power generation plants increase significantly in accordance with turbine inlet temperature. Gas turbine combined cycle power plants operating at high turbine inlet temperature are popular as a main thermal power station among our electric power companies in Japan. Thus, gas turbine hot gas parts are working under extreme conditions which will strongly affect their lifetime as well as maintenance costs for repaired and replaced parts. To reduce the latter is of major importance to enhance cost effectiveness of the plant.
This report describes a gas turbine maintenance management program of main hot gas parts (combustor chambers, transition peices, turbine 1st. stage nozzles and 1st. stage buckets) for management persons of gas turbine combined cycle power stations in order to obtain an optimal gas turbine maintenance schedule considering rotation, repair and replacement or exchange of those parts.
Combustion Turbine Inlet Conditioning: A State-of-the-Art Method of Increasing Generating Capacity Without the Addition of New Basic Generation Hardware
Authors: Tisdale Lloyd B. , Hauck Robert L. 
Published: August 2014

While the market for electrical energy has increased at unprecedented rates, (both in the U.S. and other parts of the world), and the simultaneous advent of deregulation adds speculation to the mix, the ability of manufacturers to keep pace with new generating equipment orders has pushed deliveries from months to years. Additionally, as demand increases for new generating equipment, the inevitable market forces elevate prices to new levels. One obvious solution is to find a cost and time effective method to achieve more stable and predictable performance from both new generation equipment and existing generation equipment.
The objective of this paper is to provide a simple guide for engineers, owners, manufacturers, and operators to select the design and concept for producing the maximum, stable and predictable additional capacity on new and existing generating equipment through the use of single lift modular packaged mechanical inlet chilling, or packaged chilling modules (PCM’s).
Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of an Engine Representative Impingement Cooling System
Authors: Son Changmin , Gillespie David , Ireland Peter , Dailey Geoffrey M. 
Published: August 2014

A study of a large-scale model of an engine representative impingement cooling system has been performed. A series of tests have been carried out to fully characterise the behaviour of the system. These include cold flow diagnostic tests to determine the pressure loss and the static pressure distribution, and flow visualisation to assess surface shear. The surface shear stress pattern provided by multiple stripes of coloured paint applied to the target surface yielded important information on the near wall flow features far from the jet axis. The row solved flow and pressure distributions are compared to industry standard predictions.
Heat transfer tests using the transient liquid crystal technique were also conducted using coatings comprised of a mixture of three thermochromic liquid crystals. Analysis of the thermochromic liquid crystal data was enhanced by recent developments in image processing. In addition, an energy balance approach to analysing signals from fast response thermocouples for air temperature measurement was applied to verify the levels of heat transfer coefficients on surfaces not coated with the temperature sensitive liquid crystal.
Flow and Heat Transfer of Confined Impingement Jets Cooling
Authors: Wang Ting , Lin Mingjie , Bunker Ronald S. 
Published: August 2014

Experimental studies on heat transfer and flow structure in confined impingement jets were performed. The objective of this study was to investigate the detailed heat transfer coefficient distribution on the jet impingement target surface and flow structure in the confined cavity.
The distribution of heat transfer coefficients on the target surface was obtained by employing the transient liquid crystal method coupled with a 3-D inverse transient conduction scheme under Reynolds number ranging from 1039 to 5175. The results show that the average heat transfer coefficients increased linearly with the Reynolds number as Nu = 0.00304 Pr0.42Re. The effects of cross flow on heat transfer were investigated. The flow structure were analyzed to gain insight into convective heat transfer behavior.