bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processes in anoxic environments
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
During organic material degradation in oxic environments, electrons from organic material (the electron donor) are transferred to oxygen (the electron acceptor) in the process of aerobic respiration. Other compounds, such as nitrate, iron, sulphate, and carbon dioxide, take the place of oxygen during anaerobic respiration in anoxic environments. The order in which these compounds are used by bacteria and archaea is set by thermodynamics. However, concentrations and chemical state also determine the relative importance of electron acceptors in organic carbon oxidation. Oxygen is most important in the biosphere, while sulphate dominates in marine systems, and carbon dioxide in environments with low sulphate concentrations. Nitrate respiration is important in the nitrogen cycle but not in organic material degradation, because of low nitrate concentrations. Organic material is degraded and oxidized by a complex consortium of organisms – the anaerobic food chain – in which the byproducts from physiological type of organisms becomes the starting material of another. The consortium consists of biopolymer hydrolysis, fermentation, hydrogen gas production, and the reduction of either sulphate or carbon dioxide. The byproduct of sulphate reduction – sulphide and other reduced sulphur compounds – is oxidized back eventually to sulphate by either non-phototrophic, chemolithotrophic organisms or by phototrophic microbes. The byproduct of another main form of anaerobic respiration – carbon dioxide reduction – is methane, which is produced only by specific archaea. Methane is degraded aerobically by bacteria and anaerobically by some archaea, sometimes in a consortium with sulphate-reducing bacteria.
The nitrogen cycle
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Nitrogen is required for the biosynthesis of many compounds occurring in organisms and, unlike phosphorus – another element often limiting growth in many environments – can take on many oxidation states, ranging from -3 to +5. Consequently, nitrogen compounds can act as either electron donors (chemolithotrophy) or electron acceptors (anaerobic respiration). The nitrogen cycle starts with nitrogen fixation, the reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonium. Nitrogen fixation is carried out only by prokaryotes, mainly some cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. The ammonium resulting from nitrogen fixation is quickly used by many organisms for biosynthesis, being preferred over nitrate as a nitrogen source. It is also oxidized aerobically by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and archaea during the first step of nitrification. The second step, nitrite oxidation, is carried out by other microbes not involved in ammonia oxidation, resulting in the formation of nitrate, which can then be reduced to nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide during denitrification, or to ammonium. Nitrogen gas is also released by anaerobic oxidation of ammonium, which is carried out by bacteria in the Planctomycetes phylum. The anaerobic ammonium oxidation pathway seems most important in producing nitrogen gas in deep oceanic sediments receiving low fluxes of organic material. Another gas in the nitrogen cycle – nitrous oxide – is a greenhouse gas produced by ammonia-oxidizing microbes. Most models indicate that the global nitrogen cycle is in balance, with losses from nitrogen gas production equalling gains via nitrogen fixation.
Health assessment and epidemiology
Authors: Muehlenbein Michael P. , Lewis Cari M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This chapter outlines the major methods of collecting and analyzing samples taken invasively and noninvasively from primates. It outlines the utility of health assessment in wild primates, suggests how this information may be used for important research and conservation purposes, and identifies some considerations for choosing appropriate research methods. These include finding an expert for collaboration; involving local colleagues beyond sample collection; choosing the research questions before the research methods; collecting multiple samples from each animal across time; trying to sample across seasons; being conservative in interpretations; realizing that not all infections are virulent in primates; and measuring immune function.
Habitat assessment and species niche modeling
Authors: Rode E. Johanna , Stengel Carrie J. , Nekaris K. Anne-Isola 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of classic habitat assessment techniques, how such studies can be carried out on various budgets, and with a range of equipment from traditional to modern. It also addresses the important issue of how to decide where to look for these elusive species, and whether it is always worth going to the field at all through a discussion of the merits of species niche modelling (SNM) — computer-based models that predict potential species distributions, futures, and fates from existing distribution and habitat data. These models hold considerable promise and how they can be used with field data to enhance species research and conservation is discussed.
5 The Langevin approach to modelling Brownian motion
Authors: Richmond Peter , Mimkes Jürgen , Hutzler Stefan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis chapter expands on the essential points of the theory of Brownian motion. It follows Langevin's approach, developed in 1908, and described by him as ‘infinitely more simple’ than Einstein's derivation from 1905. Most physicists know that Einstein put forward the explanation that the motion of the particles in the small grains of pollen in water was due to impact with the individual molecules of water whose velocities followed the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. It is not so commonly known within the physics community that the French researcher Bachelier independently developed the same statistical analysis and applied it to fluctuations of stocks five years earlier in 1900. Bachelier spent most of his career in a small provincial French college, and his work, published only in his PhD thesis, remained largely obscure for half a century, despite Bachelier having had the eminent mathematician and physicist Poincare as an examiner.
17 A simple model of trade
Authors: Richmond Peter , Mimkes Jürgen , Hutzler Stefan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis chapter introduces a simple model of trade, together with a theory of supply and demand. It presents a simple two-island world as the basis of the study: on one island, coconut island, people harvest 100 coconuts per day; on the other, banana island, people collect 100 bananas per day. The people on both islands live off their crops. One islander, a trader, owns a boat. This trader sails between the two islands and makes a living exchanging bananas and coconuts. The trader makes a profit on each trade by buying at low prices and selling at high prices. The exchange rate, however, drops continuously until bananas and coconuts are nearly evenly distributed on both islands. At this point, no further profitable trading is possible. This is the solution to the old problem of trade: the people on both islands are not robbed. Nature is being ‘robbed’ as the environment provides nutrients and energy for the growing of the food and the traders and islanders share the spoils.
Asking questions, analysing answers: relative importance revisited
Authors: Holt Gary D. 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– Construction management research (CMR) surveys frequently use questionnaires that employ “Likert-type” items, Likert-items, and Likert scales to capture respondents
'
self-reported attitudes. This Editorial builds substantially on earlier observations by Holt regarding the significance of appropriate questionnaire response scale design and, use of the relative importance index (RII) method to analyse those data such scales yield. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– Several RII models are examined by their application to a data set. Objectives include to contrast their practicality in use, compare outputs, highlight limitations of some models and discuss methods of RII data analysis, interrogation and interpretation.

Findings
– Principal messages are: all components of response scales should be carefully designed; alternative RII models can produce similar results of analysis; “simple percentage” RII models may not yield “real” percentages; the minimum rating scale integer should accurately reflect its descriptor; only rating scales offering a “0” response, or an “adjusted percentage” RII model can achieve unity; and RII outputs should be interpreted cautiously.

Research limitations/implications
– Uncertain application of the RII has been observed within CMR literature, so implications of the Editorial will be of direct relevance to this research community (and beyond).

Originality/value
– Aside from that cited above, no additional literature has been identified that specifically links RII usage to CMR.
Product innovation processes and the trade-off between product innovation performance and business performance
Authors: Löfsten Hans 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– This paper is concerned with the management and organization of product innovation processes, and how innovation performance relates to business performance. The underlying rationale is that encouraging firms to innovate will lead to a better business performance.Design/methodology/approach– This study leverages a data set of 99 medium-sized technology firms in Sweden. The first part of the analysis in this study aims at finding determinants of product innovation processes, and the second part is the analysis and trade-off between innovation performance and business performance. First, a research framework is developed in which the link between strategic dimensions, process dimensions and organizational dimensions of product innovation activity and product innovation performance is tested. Second, the research framework tests the relationship between innovation performance and business performance (sales and profitability).Findings– Product innovation performance (patent) is affected by seven variables of the 14 variables that represent product innovation processes. Product innovation performance is not affected by firm size, firm age, branch and product life cycles and, in the regression model, all three innovation performance variables (patents, copyrights and licenses) have a positive effect on the firm's sales, but there were no connections to the firm's profitability.Originality/value– The main implication of the study is the idea supporting a multi-aspects approach to the product innovation processes and performance since product innovation process dimensions (variables used in the study) have only partial influence on innovation-/business performance.
The FSA, “credible deterrence”, and criminal enforcement – a “haphazard pursuit”?
Authors: Wilson Gary , Wilson Sarah 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– Located within growing scholarly interest in linking the global financial crisis with revelations of financial crime, this piece utilises Roman Tomasic's suggestion that the financial crisis has marked something of a turning point in regulatory responses to financial crime worldwide. Tomasic attributes this to changing attitudes towards light-touch regulation and risk assessment, and the demand for existing agencies to be replaced with new tougher authorities. In the UK, this can be illustrated by the imminent replacement of the FSA with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– Discussion of the FSA's financial crime fighting activity is an important forecast for the likely directional focus of the FCA in this regard. A focus only on “market abuse” enforcement within this arises on account of the effects for financial systems widely attributed to this activity, with threats to systemic stability being a hallmark of the 2007-2008 financial crisis. This methodology also encourages coherence in focus and management of sources within the article. Market abuse enforcement provides a lens for exploring the FSA's adoption of the philosophy and ethos of “credible deterrence”, and FCA commitment to retain it, and ultimately for applying the hypothesis of the “haphazard pursuit of financial crime” to pre-crisis criminal enforcement relating to financial crime undertaken by the FSA.Findings– The FSA and FCA appear acutely aware that the financial crisis has marked something of a turning point for the enforcement of financial crime, and for signalling changes in approach, for the reasons explored by Tomasic. Tomasic correctly identifies factors encouraging a range of undesirable practices pre-crisis, and ones signalling tougher and more sustained attention being paid to financial crime henceforth. It is noted that, pre-crisis, the FSA's pursuit of criminal enforcement of market abuse was conscious, comprehensively resourced, well publicised, and actually extensive.Originality/value– This exploration of the FSA's criminal enforcement of market abuse given the Authority's own perceptions that it was not, and could never be, a “mainstream” criminal prosecutor considers the likely lasting legacy of this determined pursuit, when domestic politics and pan-European policies suggested against this. This is likely to be enormously valuable as the FCA undertakes this task in a domestic arena which is markedly in contrast from this, and where European agendas are pushing in favour of criminal enforcement, with the “more Europe, or less” debate providing a further dimension of interest.
SMEs and the business reality of criminality (the case of Estonia)
Authors: Gordon Dickinson Paul 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– The aim of the paper is to identify key areas of criminality that affects SMEs and assess and link academic literature on criminality in relation to those areas with the empirical research. In effect to explore the business reality of the criminality environment and its significant aspects that have an impact on SME organisations and their managers and assist their decision making. Additionally, to consider the impact of Estonia's Soviet historical background and her EU membership criminal law obligations within such an evaluation.

Design/methodology/approach
– This exploratory paper makes use of World, European and domestic surveys and primary criminal and business law sources as well as interviews from a business within the country assessed and a former Estonian police inspector. Together this gives an academic and grass-roots perspective for an assessment of the criminality reality for SMEs.

Findings
– The investigation reaffirms the importance of SMEs within former economies from a Soviet background such as Estonia. It also emphasises the correlation between economic growth, business regulation and criminality and identifies the significance and “key” aspects of criminality for an SME. Furthermore, that Estonia's criminal law that affects SMEs is generally as it is written and that Estonia has a positive compliance with EU directives and regulations. It emphasises that overall a very positive progression has been made by Estonia within its criminal law environment which is considered stable and encouraging for SME activity. The recording of crime is relatively low by EU standards and has an effect, albeit small, on the reality for SMEs.

Practical implications
– This research demonstrates the reality of the extent of criminality in Estonia and its positive progression in dealing with it. Corruption, a legacy from the Soviet period, is relatively small within the Estonian system as well as protection costs for an SME. There is, however, an acceptance of the existence of organized crime in Estonia although it is an under researched area. Some of the gaps within the World, European and domestic surveys are filled by the interviews although further evaluation is needed from other academics.

Originality/value
– The research highlights the importance of the criminal law environment for SMEs within a relatively new EU member state. It provides an original grass-roots perspective on top of an academic assessment providing fuller information on the reality for SME activity. This is helpful for SME's operating or thinking of doing business in Estonia as well as providing indicators for countries from similar Soviet backgrounds as to their criminality reality.
Earnings management practices in India: a study of auditor's perception
Authors: Verma Gakhar Divya 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– Earnings management are euphemisms referring to accounting practices that may follow the letter of the rules of standard accounting practices, but certainly deviate from the spirit of those rules. Companies across the world follow earning management practices in a way so as to show a favourable position to their stakeholders. Satyam scam in India was a similar type of case. The present study has been carried out with the aim of examining the perception of auditors on earnings management in Indian perspective.

Design/methodology/approach
– A questionnaire was administered on 65 auditors and was analysed using descriptive statistics and factor analysis methods.

Findings
– The analysis shows that most of the firms indulge into such practices even in the presence of regulatory framework available to keep a check on these practices. The management tries to interpret and modify the law provisions as per their will and do manipulations in the financial results.

Practical implications
– The research findings would guide regulators and management to curb such malpractices. The auditors, top management and government have to become more aware, socially responsible, have ethical behaviour, become more transparent to protect the interests of stakeholders associated with the organizations.

Originality/value
– The paper provides an insight into auditor's perception on earnings management during a time when financial scams like Satyam in India have taken place and auditor's integrity is questioned.
Personal welfare and intellectual capital: the case of football coaches
Authors: Tomé Eduardo , Naidenova Iuliia , Oskolkova Marina 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a framework that helps to analyze the dependence between personal welfare and individual (personal) intellectual capital (IIC). The authors also introduce the system of proxy indicator for personal intellectual capital (IC) of football coaches.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper employs the idea that personal welfare depends on personal IC, particularly, talent. That is why initially the literature analysis of welfare phenomenon was provided. Then the system of available proxy indicators of football coaches’ IC was designed. To achieve the purpose a linear function is estimated with the help of ordinary least squares method.

Findings
– The chosen set of IC proxy indicators explain the significant part of coaches’ salary. Such proxies as improvement in the championship table and coach's image in media have a significant and positive influence on coach's salary. Whereas, lowering the position of the club does not considerably affect the coach's wealth. A clubs’ financial capacities and budget also influences coaches’ salaries.

Research limitations/implications
– Traditional limitation of proxy indicators-based studies is connected with their eligibility and complexity.

Practical implications
– The possibility to codify IC of a person enables to analyze core competencies necessary in a particular activity or profession for success achievement. Moreover a policy of inequality reduction should take into account that intangible assets are at the base of those persons wealth.

Originality/value
– This is the first paper that employs IC concept to people wealth while previous literature is dedicated to companies’ or countries’ IC.
Transient process and optimal design of receiver coil for small‐loop transient electromagnetics
Authors: Yu Cigong , Fu Zhihong , Zhang Huaiqing , Tai Heng‐Ming , Zhu Xuegui 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTDistributed parameters of the receiver coils greatly affect transient electromagnetic signals over short time periods, causing a delay in the signal's effective sampling time and the loss of shallow exploration information. This paper investigates the influence of transient process on apparent resistivity calculation and analyses the relations between the error of apparent resistivity and receiver coil design. We find that, under the same effective area, different radii of the receiver coils lead to different levels of impact on the estimation of the apparent resistivity. An optimization model is proposed to determine the optimal receiver coil size that gives rise to the smallest estimation error of the apparent resistivity. The relationship between the optimal radius and the effective areas is developed, which serves as a guideline for the optimal receiver coil design. The results may provide a useful means for improving the accuracy of the small loop transient electromagnetic instrumentation for shallow‐depth mapping.