bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Super‐resolution reconstruction in frequency, image, and wavelet domains to reduce through‐plane partial voluming in MRI
Authors: Gholipour Ali , Afacan Onur , Aganj Iman , Scherrer Benoit , Prabhu Sanjay P. , Sahin Mustafa , Warfield Simon K. 
Published: November 2015

Purpose:To compare and evaluate the use of super‐resolution reconstruction (SRR), in frequency, image, and wavelet domains, to reduce through‐plane partial voluming effects in magnetic resonance imaging.Methods:The reconstruction of an isotropic high‐resolution image from multiple thick‐slice scans has been investigated through techniques in frequency, image, and wavelet domains. Experiments were carried out with thick‐slice T2‐weighted fast spin echo sequence on the Academic College of Radiology MRI phantom, where the reconstructed images were compared to a reference high‐resolution scan using peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity image metric (SSIM), mutual information (MI), and the mean absolute error (MAE) of image intensity profiles. The application of super‐resolution reconstruction was then examined in retrospective processing of clinical neuroimages of ten pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) to reduce through‐plane partial voluming for improved 3D delineation and visualization of thin radial bands of white matter abnormalities.Results:Quantitative evaluation results show improvements in all evaluation metrics through super‐resolution reconstruction in the frequency, image, and wavelet domains, with the highest values obtained from SRR in the image domain. The metric values for image‐domain SRR versus the original axial, coronal, and sagittal images were PSNR = 32.26 vs 32.22, 32.16, 30.65; SSIM = 0.931 vs 0.922, 0.924, 0.918; MI = 0.871 vs 0.842, 0.844, 0.831; and MAE = 5.38 vs 7.34, 7.06, 6.19. All similarity metrics showed high correlations with expert ranking of image resolution with MI showing the highest correlation at 0.943. Qualitative assessment of the neuroimages of ten TSC patients through in‐plane and out‐of‐plane visualization of structures showed the extent of partial voluming effect in a real clinical scenario and its reduction using SRR. Blinded expert evaluation of image resolution in resampled out‐of‐plane views consistently showed the superiority of SRR compared to original axial and coronal image acquisitions.Conclusions:Thick‐slice 2D T2‐weighted MRI scans are part of many routine clinical protocols due to their high signal‐to‐noise ratio, but are often severely affected by through‐plane partial voluming effects. This study shows that while radiologic assessment is performed in 2D on thick‐slice scans, super‐resolution MRI reconstruction techniques can be used to fuse those scans to generate a high‐resolution image with reduced partial voluming for improved postacquisition processing. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation showed the efficacy of all SRR techniques with the best results obtained from SRR in the image domain. The limitations of SRR techniques are uncertainties in modeling the slice profile, density compensation, quantization in resampling, and uncompensated motion between scans.
Impact of Leukoaraiosis Burden on Hemispheric Lateralization of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Deficit in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Helenius Johanna , Goddeau Richard P. , Moonis Majaz , Henninger Nils 
Published: November 2015

Background and Purpose—
The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) awards higher deficit scores for infarcts in the dominant hemisphere when compared with otherwise similar infarcts in the nondominant hemisphere. This has been shown to adversely affect stroke recognition, therapeutic decisions, and outcome. However, factors modifying the association between infarct side and deficit severity are incompletely understood. Thus, we sought to determine whether age and age-related leukoaraiosis alter the relation between NIHSS deficit score and the side and volume of infarction.

Methods—
We studied 238 patients with supratentorial, nonlacunar ischemic infarcts prospectively included in our stroke registry between January 2013 and January 2014. NIHSS deficit severity was assessed at the time of presentation. Infarct volumes were assessed by manual planimetry on diffusion-weighted imaging. Leukoaraiosis burden was graded on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images according to the Fazekas scale and dichotomized to none-to-mild (0–2) versus severe (3–6). Multivariable linear regression with backward elimination was used to identify independent predictors of the admission NIHSS.

Results—

Left-hemispheric infarction (
P
<0.001), severe leukoaraiosis (
P
=0.001), their interaction term (
P
=0.005), infarct volume (
P
<0.001), and sex (
P
=0.013) were independently associated with the NIHSS deficit. Analysis of the individual NIHSS components showed that severe leukoaraiosis was associated with an increase of the lateralizing components of the NIHSS in patients with right-hemispheric infarction (
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—
Severe leukoaraiosis substantially attenuates the classic hemispheric lateralization of the NIHSS deficit by relating to greater NIHSS scores of components that are typically assigned to left hemisphere function.
Quantifying Marine Boundary Layer Water Vapor beneath Low Clouds with Near-Infrared and Microwave Imagery
Authors: Millán Luis , Lebsock M. , Fishbein E. , Kalmus P. , Teixeira J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis study investigates the synergy of collocated microwave radiometry and near-infrared imagery to estimate the marine boundary layer water vapor beneath uniform cloud fields. Microwave radiometry provides the total column water vapor, while the near-infrared imagery provides the water vapor above the cloud layers. The difference between the two gives the vapor between the surface and the cloud top, which may be interpreted as the boundary layer water vapor. In combining the two datasets, we apply several flags as well as proximity tests to remove pixels with high clouds and/or intrapixel heterogeneity. Comparisons against radiosonde and ECMWF reanalysis data demonstrate the robustness of these boundary layer water vapor estimates. Last, it is shown that the measured AMSR-MODIS boundary layer water vapor can be analyzed using sea surface temperature and cloud-top pressure information by employing simple equations based on the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship.
On Anomalous Ocean Heat Transport toward the Arctic and Associated Climate Predictability
Authors: Årthun Marius , Eldevik Tor 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
A potential for climate predictability is rooted in anomalous ocean heat transport and its consequent influence on the atmosphere above. Here the propagation, drivers, and atmospheric impact of heat anomalies within the northernmost limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation are assessed using a multicentury climate model simulation. Consistent with observation-based inferences, simulated heat anomalies propagate from the eastern subpolar North Atlantic into and through the Nordic seas. The dominant time scale of associated climate variability in the northern seas is 14 years, including that of observed sea surface temperature and modeled ocean heat content, air–sea heat flux, and surface air temperature. A heat budget analysis reveals that simulated ocean heat content anomalies are driven by poleward ocean heat transport, primarily related to variable volume transport. The ocean’s influence on the atmosphere, and hence regional climate, is manifested in the model by anomalous ocean heat convergence driving subsequent changes in surface heat fluxes and surface air temperature. The documented northward propagation of thermohaline anomalies in the northern seas and their consequent imprint on the regional atmosphere—including the existence of a common decadal time scale of variability—detail a key aspect of eventual climate predictability.
A Bayesian Approach for Integrated Raindrop Size Distribution (DSD) Retrieval on an X-Band Dual-Polarization Radar Network
Authors: Yoshikawa Eiichi , Chandrasekar V. , Ushio Tomoo , Matsuda Takahiro 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA raindrop size distribution (DSD) retrieval method for a weather radar network consisting of several X-band dual-polarization radars is proposed. An iterative maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for DSD retrieval in a single radar was developed in the authors’ previous work, and the proposed algorithm in this paper extends the single-radar retrieval to radar-networked retrieval, where ML solutions in each single-radar node are integrated based on a Bayesian scheme in order to reduce estimation errors and to enhance accuracy. Statistical evaluations of the proposed algorithm were carried out using numerical simulations. The results with eight radar nodes showed that the bias and standard errors are −0.05 and 0.09 in log(Nw); and Nw (mm−1 m−3) and 0.04 and 0.09 in D0 (mm) in an environment with fluctuations in dual-polarization radar measurements (normal distributions with standard deviations of 0.8 dBZ, 0.2 dB, and 1.5° in ZHm, ZDRm, and ΦDPm, respectively). Further error analyses indicated that the estimation accuracy depended on the number of radar nodes, the ranges of varying μ, the raindrop axis ratio model, and the system bias errors in dual-polarization radar measurements.
Montreal cognitive assessment and analysis of related factors for cognitive impairment in patients with chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency
Authors: Zhang Lin , Dong Wenjing , Han Jie , Wang Zhe , Sun Dayong , Ji Xiaofei , Li Ming , Zhang Bingwei 
Published: November 2015

Background Chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency (CCCI) refers to cerebral dysfunctions that lead to cerebral vascular pathological changes. Our aim is to identify factors related to cognitive impairment in CCCI. Methods CCCI patients ( n = 102) were assessed with the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) to analyze cognitive impairment. Patients were divided into two groups according to MoCA scores: (1) cognitive dysfunction and (2) normal cognitive function. We compared the clinical information with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses and identified major risk factors related to cognitive impairment in CCCI. Results Age ( p = 0.007, OR = 3.768, χ2 = 7.173), leukoaraiosis ( p = 0.002, OR = 6.231, χ2 = 9.478), a history of hypertension ( p = 0.021, OR = 3.078, χ2 = 5.307), a history of hyperlipidemia ( p = 0.016, OR = 3.429, χ2 = 5.795), and the number of vascular risk factors ( p = 0.019, χ2 = 9.921) were related to cognitive impairment by univariate analysis. Age ( p = 0.070, OR = 2.689, 95% CI = 0.923 ± 7.837) and leukoaraiosis ( p = 0.012, OR = 4.531, 95% CI = 1.401 ± 14.667) were significant by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Age ( r = −0.585, p < 0.01) had a marked negative correlation with MoCA scores. There were significant differences in the MoCA subscale scores, including visuospatial and executive capacity ( p < 0.01), attention and calculation ( p < 0.01), and delayed recall ( p < 0.01), in patients with different degrees of leukoaraiosis. Patients with CCCI had a higher incidence of cognitive impairment (78.4%). Conclusions Changes in visuospatial and executive capacity, delayed recall, and language function represent cognitive manifestations in CCCI. Age and leukoaraiosis have the strongest effects on cognitive impairment morbidity and can aggravate cognitive impairment.
Triticeous Cartilage CT Imaging Characteristics, Prevalence, Extent, and Distribution of Ossification
Authors: Alqahtani Eman , Marrero Daniel E. , Champion Walter L. , Alawaji Ahmed , Kousoubris Philip D. , Small Juan E. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveThe triticeous cartilage is a small ovoid cartilaginous structure variably present as a component of the laryngeal skeleton. This structure has received scant attention in the literature and has yet to be described adequately on cross‐sectional imaging.Study Design and SettingRetrospective study in a tertiary medical center.Subjects and MethodsWe investigated triticeous cartilage prevalence in a large population utilizing computed tomography images. The cases of all patients with computed tomography angiography images of the neck from October 1, 2013, to September 31, 2014, were examined. A total of 663 patients were included in this study (age: range, 18‐97 years; mean ± SD, 65 ± 15 years), 58.4% men and 41.6% women. The presence of a triticeal cartilage and its site, number, and degree of ossification were recorded.ResultsA total of 53.1% of patients had at least 1 triticeous cartilage (352 of 663). Prevalence was 57.4% (222 of 387) among men and 47.1% (130 of 276) among women. The presence of bilateral triticeous cartilages was more common than unilateral (63.1%, 222 of 352). A minority of patients (4.5%, 16 of 352) had a cartilaginous triticeous with no appreciable ossification, and more than half (54.0%, 190 of 352) had mild triticeal ossification. Moderate ossification was found in 34.9% of patients (123 of 352) and marked ossification in 6.5% (23 of 352).ConclusionThe presence of a triticeous cartilage is common and of variable appearance. As the clinical and surgical significance of this anatomic structure may be misinterpreted, it is important for imaging interpreters to be familiar with this seldom‐recognized anatomic structure and recognize its variable appearance on cross‐sectional imaging to avoid a misdiagnosis.
Comparing individual and group intervention for psychological adjustment in people with multiple sclerosis: a feasibility randomised controlled trial
Authors: das Nair Roshan , Kontou Eirini , Smale Kathryn , Barker Alex , Lincoln Nadina B 
Published: November 2015

Objective: To modify a published group intervention for adjustment to multiple sclerosis (MS) to suit an individual format, and to assess the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to compare individual and group intervention for people with multiple sclerosis and low mood. Design: Feasibility randomised controlled trial. Setting: Participants were recruited through healthcare professionals at a hospital-based multiple sclerosis service and the MS Society. Subjects: People with multiple sclerosis. Interventions: Adjustment to multiple sclerosis in individual or group delivery format. Main measures: Participants completed mood and quality of life assessments at baseline and at four-month follow-up. Measures of feasibility included: recruitment rate, acceptability of randomisation and the intervention (content and format), and whether the intervention could be adapted for individual delivery. Participants were screened for inclusion using the General Health Questionnaire-12 and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and were randomly allocated to receive either individual or group intervention, with the same content. Results: Twenty-one participants were recruited (mean age 48.5 years, SD 10.5) and were randomly allocated to individual ( n=11) or group ( n=10) intervention. Of those offered individual treatment, nine (82%) completed all six sessions. Of those allocated to group intervention, two (20%) attended all six sessions and three (30%) attended five sessions. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups on the outcome measures of mood and quality of life. Conclusions: The intervention could be provided on an individual basis and the trial design was feasible. There were lower attendance rates at group sessions compared to individual sessions.
Impact of antibacterials on subsequent resistance and clinical outcomes in adult patients with viral pneumonia: an opportunity for stewardship
Authors: Crotty Matthew P. , Meyers Shelby , Hampton Nicholas , Bledsoe Stephanie , Ritchie David J. , Buller Richard S. , Storch Gregory A. , Kollef Marin H. , Micek Scott T. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Respiratory viruses are increasingly recognized as significant etiologies of pneumonia among hospitalized patients. Advanced technologies using multiplex molecular assays and polymerase-chain reaction increase the ability to identify viral pathogens and may ultimately impact antibacterial use.

Method
This was a single-center retrospective cohort study to evaluate the impact of antibacterials in viral pneumonia on clinical outcomes and subsequent multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infections/colonization. Patients admitted from March 2013 to November 2014 with positive respiratory viral panels (RVP) and radiographic findings of pneumonia were included. Patients transferred from an outside hospital or not still hospitalized 72 hours after the RVP report date were excluded. Patients were categorized based on exposure to systemic antibacterials: less than 3 days representing short-course therapy and 3 to 10 days being long-course therapy.

Results
A total of 174 patients (long-course, n = 67; short-course, n = 28; mixed bacterial-viral infection, n = 79) were included with most being immunocompromised (56.3 %) with active malignancy the primary etiology (69.4 %). Rhinovirus/Enterovirus (23 %), Influenza (19 %), and Parainfluenza (15.5 %) were the viruses most commonly identified. A total of 13 different systemic antibacterials were used as empiric therapy in the 95 patients with pure viral infection for a total of 466 days-of-therapy. Vancomycin (50.7 %), cefepime (40.3 %), azithromycin (40.3 %), meropenem (23.9 %), and linezolid (20.9 %) were most frequently used. In-hospital mortality did not differ between patients with viral pneumonia in the short-course and long-course groups. Subsequent infection/colonization with a MDRO was more frequent in the long-course group compared to the short-course group (53.2 vs 21.1 %; P = 0.027).

Conclusion
This study found that long-course antibacterial use in the setting of viral pneumonia had no impact on clinical outcomes but increased the incidence of subsequent MDRO infection/colonization.
I drink for my liver, Doc: emerging evidence that coffee prevents cirrhosis
Authors: Feld Jordan J. , Lavoie Élise G. , Fausther Michel , Dranoff Jonathan A. 
Published: November 2015

Evidence demonstrating that regular ingestion of coffee has salutary effects on patients with chronic liver disease is accumulating rapidly. Specifically, it appears that coffee ingestion can slow the progression of liver fibrosis, preventing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This should excite clinicians and scientists alike, since these observations, if true, would create effective, testable hypotheses that should lead to improved understanding on fibrosis pathogenesis and thus may generate novel pharmacologic treatments of patients with chronic liver disease.This review is designed to examine the relevant clinical and epidemiological data in critical fashion and to examine the putative pharmacological effects of coffee relevant to the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. We hope that this will inspire relevant critical analyses, especially among “coffee skeptics”. Of note, one major assumption made by this review is that the bulk of the effects of coffee consumption are mediated by caffeine, rather than by other chemical constituents of coffee. Our rationales for this assumption are threefold: first, caffeine’s effects on adenosinergic signaling provide testable hypotheses; second, although there are myriad chemical constituents of coffee, they are present in very low concentrations, and perhaps more importantly, vary greatly between coffee products and production methods (it is important to note that we do not dismiss the “botanical” hypothesis here; rather, we do not emphasize it at present due to the limitations of the studies examined); lastly, some (but not all) observational studies have examined both coffee and non-coffee caffeine consumption and found consistent effects, and when examined, no benefit to decaffeinated coffee has been observed. Further, in the interval since we examined this phenomenon last, further evidence has accumulated supporting caffeine as the effector molecule for coffee’s salutary effects.
Merkel cell carcinoma of right buttock in an elderly patient: a case report
Authors: Debbarma Shiromani , Sharma Rajesh , Sharma Dhaneshor , Singh Th Tomcha 
Published: November 2015

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare primary cutaneous tumor. So far, few cases have been reported. Herewith we report a case of an 87-years-old male with painless, ulceroproliferative growth measuring 6x6 cm, over right upper outer quadrant of buttock; stage IIB (TNM, T3cNoMo). Patient received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, injection of carboplatin 420 mg (day one) and etoposide 140 mg (day one to three) three weekly for three cycles followed external beam radiotherapy by Cobalt 60. At three months post-treatment follow-up, clinically no evidence of residual disease or recurrences noted. The purpose of reporting this case was to emphasize to its rarity, early asymptomatic clinical course leading to possibility of delayed diagnosis and paramount importance of high index of clinical suspicion in definitive diagnosis for better treatment result.
25 years of the Group for Learning in Art and Design: A context
Authors: Journeaux Jill 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In order to inform planning for and discussions at the 2015 Group for Learning in Art and Design (GLAD) Conference, which celebrated the 25th anniversary of the group, I compiled a brief chronological account of key events in that period. This is an edited version of the original, which is offered as an aide-memoire about the recent history of the UK Art and Design higher education (HE). I recognize that educational policy is not uniform across Northern Ireland, England, Scotland and Wales, for example, in relation to student tuition fees, which are not charged in Scotland. However, for the purposes of clarity this article uses the term ‘UK’ to point to general policy positions that relate to some or all of the United Kingdom.
Bitter ends: Some notes on the BBC presentation of the Libya conflict, 2011
Authors: Bartlett Ciarán M. G. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
On 26 October 2011, it was announced that the BBC coverage of the so-called Arab Spring would come under an internal BBC Trust review. The review was led by Edward Mortimer, former UN Director of Communications and an expert in Middle Eastern affairs. Its chief aim was to determine the level of impartiality to which the BBC rose during what Mortimer described as an apparently ‘exciting’ time for journalists. The report was described as ‘remarkable, given the challenges involved, and was generally impartial’. This article will present some notes which contradict the BBC Trust’s self-review while acting as advice for practitioners on misrepresentation and things to avoid while reporting abroad.
Queering the Fall in Ang Lee’s Brokeback Mountain: Queer negotiations and the American audience
Authors: Chatzipapatheodoridis Constantine 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Ang Lee’s Brokeback Mountain (2005) belongs to the body of American cinematic production that has spawned numerous debates regarding portrayals of homosexuality. Specifically, the focus of much of this particular film’s analysis to date has been on its queering of the western genre and its queer(ed) representation of America’s iconic cowboy figure. However, this article proposes that another queering process, concerning the myth of the Fall, runs parallel to the queering of the genre. Applying this particular biblical myth to Brokeback Mountain’s narrative allows for a more complete understanding of how the film deals with the subject matter of homosexuality as well as the purposes of its queering processes in terms of reception. What is ultimately argued here is that the film’s queering of genre/myth is a process of re-historicization that restores queer subjectivity within a rather rigid heteronormative canon.