bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATING THE VOLUME OF OIL LEAKING FROM ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS
Authors: Mould Kevin , Watson Steve , Renga Mike , Siegmann Lora 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An order-of-magnitude estimate of the volume of oil potentially leaking from aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) has two primary components: estimating a relationship between AST age and the probability of failure due to corrosion; and determining thresholds, based on current technologies and/or methods, below which oil leaking from ASTs would not be detected. A distribution of ASTs by five storage capacities (50,000, 200,000, 876,000, 1,000,000 and 4,000,000 gallons) and five age categories (0–10 years old, 11–20 years old, 21–30 years old, 31–40 years old, and 40 years old or older) was used to demonstrate the relationship between tank capacity, tank age, and volume of oil leaked.
AREA CONTINGENCY PLANS: THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE EVER-EVOLVING
Authors: White Carolyn M. , Donahue Patricia 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The existence of area contingency plans, at least in draft form, for coastal and inland areas, combined with the National Contingency Plan's emphasis on and deferral to area committees, presents a timely opportunity for area committees to address vital response issues. By drawing upon each others’ plans, area committees can enhance their own plans and assist the development of a comprehensive and consistent system for oil spill response. This presentation identifies specific area committee responsibilities imposed under the National Contingency Plan. Materials to be available at the conference will suggest key issues for inclusion in plan revisions and offer helpful samples from existing plans.
SAFETY SYSTEMS INTEGRATION IN A LARGE OIL SPILL RESPONSE ORGANIZATION
Authors: Magasis Steven , Redden John , LeBlanc Dan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Improvements in oil spill and hazardous materials response organizations are designed to increase the effectiveness of response efforts. Parallel improvements in employee safety and health can be made by integrating some of the same organizational and technological systems developed to support the primary mission of response (for example, oil collection or site remediation). Examples can be seen in two safety programs developed by a large marine oil spill response organization: a vessel-based level-B site assessment and characterization system, and a computer-based spill operating system that integrates site-specific site safety plan (SSP) templates.
RISK MANAGEMENT IN OIL PIPELINES AND GAS PIPELINES
Authors: de Lima Buzelin Luiz , Alves Anibal José Constantino 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several methods have been developed by Dutos e Terminais do Centro-Oeste e São Paulo, a subdivision of Petrobrás's Transportation Department, to guarantee the mitigation of identified risks in pipeline installations, using a managerial approach rather than the traditional technical approach.
SHORELINE OIL FROM EXXON VALDEZ: CHANGE FROM 1991 TO 19931
Authors: Gibeaut James C. , Piper Ernest 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During summer of 1993, the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation surveyed 45 sites in Prince William Sound that were oiled by the March 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. The data describe the oil's visual properties and extent. Comparisons provide estimates of oil reduction since 1991.
From 1991 to 1993, an estimated 50 percent reduction in the amount of asphalt, surface oil residue, and mousse was largely caused by manual removal and raking. Subsurface oil reduced by about 65 percent. Sites mechanically tilled or from which oiled sediment was removed improved the most, but natural reduction was still greater than 50 percent.
NOAA'S EXXON VALDEZ LONG-TERM SHORELINE ECOSYSTEM MONITORING PROGRAM—1990–1994 TRENDS
Authors: Mearns Alan J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Halfway through a 10-year monitoring program, NOAA continues to track biological, chemical, and shoreline profile recovery at nearly three dozen sites in Prince William Sound, Alaska. By simple measures (percent visible oil, percent plant cover) all but three or four sites recovered in two to three years. However, by a more integrated biological, chemical, and physical profile, most previously oiled and treated sites are still recovering.
RECOVERY OF SAUDI ARABIAN SHORE BIOTA FOLLOWING THE GULF WAR
Authors: Jones David A. , Plaza Jaime , Watt Iain , al Sanei Mahmoud 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Five months after the impact of oil on the shores of Dawhat ad Dafi and Dawhat al Musallamiya, long-term biological monitoring was initiated on permanent transects (PTL) on representative habitats and similar but uncontaminated control habitats outside the area. Upper shore biota was virtually eliminated on all oiled shores, while lower shores showed a 60 to 90 percent mortality, depending on the substrate type. By September 1994, species diversity comparable to that of controls was present on the mid and lower regions of impacted shores. Abundances are still generally lower for most species on affected shores, and abnormal population density fluctuations for some species are still apparent.
VISUAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND GIS IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Authors: Sheppard Stephen R. J. , Blatchford David R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In an emergency, visual information is the most rapid and powerful means of communication available. Emerging computer-based technologies such as user-friendly geographic information systems (GIS), live-link monitoring, video CDs, and 3-D visualization have already proven effective in communications and decision support when appropriately applied to oil and gas operations.
MANGROVE RESTORATION: CARTAGENA, COLOMBIA, COASTAL OIL SPILL CASE STUDY
Authors: Ibáñez Mauricio 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On June 26, 1990, an accidental oil spill occured at a refinery located in Cartagena, Colombia, affecting a 2.5 ha coastal mangrove area and killing all its associated fauna. A special manual cleanup program made it possible to restore part of the polluted soil without harming most of the mangrove plants nor affecting water exchange conditions in the site. Further comparative monitoring programs showed that the ecosystem was totally restored and has grown to a 10 ha forest which is now being used for coastal remediation research.
CONTINGENCY PLANS FOR THE SALVAGE OF A BARGE CONTAINING BUNKER C OIL AND PCB: THE IRVING WHALE EXPERIENCE
Authors: Jarry Vincent , Theriault Eric , Percy Roger , Rivet Claude 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To illustrate the Canadian approach in developing contingency plans, we will use the example of lessons learned in the framework of the Irving Whale recovery project. The Irving Whale sank in 1970, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada), between the Iles-de-la-Madeleine (Québec) and Prince Edward Island. The barge came to rest in 67 meters (220 feet) of water, and contained an estimated 3100 tons of Bunker C oil and 7.5 tons of PCB s (Aroclor 1242). The recovery operation was successfully completed in the summer of 1996. Descriptions of some of the various tools, strategies, and emergency measures implemented to protect the environment are presented, including: (1) a brief description of the coordination of scientific and technical advice; (2) the geographic information system used for resource mapping and a shore-line restoration guide; (3) remote sensing; (4) trajectory modelling for oil and PCB spills; and (5) wildlife protection activities. All of these tools were coordinated through two regional environmental emergencies teams (REETs) established in Canada. The two REETs (one for the Atlantic region and the other for the Quebec region) provided the lead government authority for oil spill response, in this case the Canadian Coast Guard, with scientific and technical advice on environmental issues related to the project
MODELING AIRBORNE LEVELS OF SOME VOLATILE COMPONENTS IN OIL SPILLS
Authors: Zhou Tianhong , Wong Kau-Fui V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A Monte-Carlo particle model, along with a mass-transfer evaporation model, was used to investigate the air levels of some hazardous volatile components arising from oil spills. When the mathematical models were used to simulate the M/V Braer oil spill incident, the modeled air levels of C3-C8 hydrocarbons were consistent with the field measurement. Using these verified mathematical models, a series of numerical experiments were performed to investigate the possible air levels of the volatile components under various conditions, including the worst scenarios. The modeled results indicated that the exposures to most of the volatile hydrocarbons besides benzene and n-hexane were negligible, since the space with air levels of these volatile components higher than the exposure criteria only existed directly over the oiled surface. No overexposure air levels of these hydrocarbons were found within the human breath zone. However, for n-hexane, the exposure is possible, depending on the exposure limit adopted. For the sulfur compounds, like hydrogen sulfide, exposure exists, but the duration is very short.
UNITED KINGDOM TRAINING STANDARDS: IMPLEMENTATION AND ACCREDITATION
Authors: Bennett Bernard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To comply with the OPRC Convention, and having limited spill response training resources, the U.K. Competent National Authority for Oil Spill Response has elected to invite other training bodies to conduct training on their behalf. Standards were drawn up and training bodies were invited to submit course plans meeting such standards. Organizations will be vetted by an independent body, the Nautical Institute, and if successful, will gain accreditation. The U.K. course standard development took full account of IMO level training.
DEMULSIFYING DISPERSANT FOR AN EXTENDED WINDOW OF USE
Authors: Fiocco Robert J. , Lessard Richard R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent data with a modern demulsifying oil spill dispersant (Corexit 9500) challenge old viscosity limits for the window of opportunity for dispersant use on viscous oils and emulsions. The demulsification capability of the dispersant to reverse and significantly reduce the viscosity of emulsified oil was demonstrated. This demulsification effect is a prelude to dispersion of the oil. In addition, high effectiveness was demonstrated on no. 6 fuel oil fractions with viscosities over 40,000 cP, well beyond previous indicated limits.
GETTING IT CORRECT, WITH THE RIGHT TOOLS INTERNATIONALLY
Authors: Neilson David E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper addresses the international situation regarding oil spill preparedness drills or exercises. It attempts to cover the requirements of planning, developing, and managing exercises internationally. The paper discusses certain key points in the planning, development, and exercise-execution phases, and offers a process flow methodology for these important stages. Following the exercise, the debrief methods and collation of data to provide the exercise report are also discussed.
ACUTE AQUATIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALLY DISPERSED AND UNDISPERSED CRUDE OIL
Authors: Singer Michael M. , George Saji , Jacobson Susan , Weetman Lisa L. , Tjeerdema Ronald S. , Aurand Donald , Blondina Gloria , Sowby Michael L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The acute aquatic toxicity of untreated and chemically dispersed Prudhoe Bay crude oil has been investigated using spiked-exposure toxicity tests. Testing was accomplished under closed, flow-through conditions using the sensitive early life stages of three coastal California marine species. Water-accommodated fractions of untreated oil were prepared using low-energy, equilibrium methods, whereas chemical dispersions were prepared at somewhat higher energies. Results showed substantial differences in toxicity both among species and between dispersed and undispersed oil.
JOINT TRUSTEE/INDUSTRY COOPERATIVE PRESPILL AND NRDA PLANNING
Authors: Helm Roger C. , Ammann Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On the west coast of North America, representatives of several natural resource trustee agencies and several major oil companies have organized a cooperative working group named the Joint Assessment Team (JAT). To date, the JAT has (1) improved the working relationships among the trustees and oil companies, (2) discussed how each agency and company is organized and the role each plays if a spill occurs, (3) reached considerable consensus on how the trustees will interact with a company in the event of a spill, and (4) shared in the review of oil-spill response and damage assessment documents. Future goals are to (I) continue to develop the relationships between the groups, (2) develop geography-specific pre-spill NRDA planning exercises, (3) develop written agreements between trustees and industry, and (4) jointly understand the principles and applications of basic restoration methodologies and economic valuation techniques.
This paper reports on the formation of a unique association between several state and federal natural resource trustee agencies and several major oil companies for the purpose of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of conducting natural resource injury and damage assessments. It discusses the impetus for formation of the group, the persons involved, the group's goals and accomplishments, and future plans.
COMPARATIVE PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE METULA SPILL SITE, 21 YEARS LATER
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The area subjected to heavy oiling from the 1974 Metula spill of 53,500 tons along the south side of the First Narrows in the eastern Strait of Magellan (Chile) was revisited in December 1995. The marsh/tidal flat at Espora marsh shows some regrowth of vegetation, but oiled areas remain common with 5 to 15 cm of liquid oil present below a thin layer of fine sediment. The asphalt pavement in the sheltered area behind Espora split shows only a minor (≈2 m) reduction in extent. The previous band of asphalt pavement on the exposed, gravel-dominated low-tide terrace along the First Narrows of the strait has mostly been eroded, but disconnected remnants still remain. The Metula spill site continues to provide a field laboratory to study the long-term persistence of spilled oil.
HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES DURING COLD WEATHER OIL SPILL RESPONSES
Authors: Hazel William Edward , Rancilio Michael J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill operations present responders with the difficult task of establishing site safety protocols during emergency conditions. Often these safety protocols must be established when standard operating procedures have either broken down, as is the case during disasters at sea, or are nonexistent, as occurs when spills happen in remote areas. To perform oil spill operations in a safe and effective manner, recovery technicians on the management and field level must initially prepare themselves for dangerous operations by an extensive training program (including that training required of hazardous materials workers by OSHA 1910.120). Beyond this, oil spill responders must develop, implement, and monitor safety protocols at the outset and through the conclusion of each response operation. This paper will present a case study of an operation where these principles were successfully implemented despite the fact that weather conditions on the site were extremely harsh.
FACTORS AFFECTING CRISIS MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Roosen John T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Effective crisis management depends on good judgment, good information, effective preplanning, and luck. Three out of these four elements can be affected before a catastrophic event occurs. If successful strategies are used for the first three elements, they greatly influence the fourth. This paper discusses these three areas against the backdrop of a crisis. Of these, first and foremost is judgment. In normal decision making, many errors in judgment occur. These errors are greatly accelerated during a crisis event. We will examine how being aware of these errors can facilitate an efficient and effective response. Another characteristic of crises, especially in the early hours, is lack of information. Ambiguity overlies initial actions as the emergency unfolds and sometimes escalates uncontrollably. Crisis management includes defining information needs, dealing with short time frames and only a few hard facts, coping with pressure from inside and outside, eliminating destructive reaction patterns, and firmly deciding on and executing a plan for recovery. Lastly, this paper examines crisis in relation to contingency planning. There is little that can be done after an emergency that has not been thought about before the event. Preplanning must be part of any integrated system for emergencies. Dealing with “crises” begins with handling day-to-day procedures, identifying the best practices, developing the “what if's” within contingency planning, and exercising as a continuous process system.
UNITED KINGDOM IN-SITU BURN TRIALS, LOWESTOFT, 1996
Authors: Thornborough James 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On June 12, 1996, in a location 40 miles offshore of Lowestoft, an international audience gathered to watch Oil Spill Response Limited conduct the first controlled in-situ burn (ISB) in the United Kingdom. Two burns were completed using a response-prepared ISB system. The first burn involved fresh crude oil and was lit with a hand-held igniter using a standard gel mix. The second burn involved an emulsified crude and was lit using the Helitorch and an emulsion-breaking ignition mix. The trials were performed with the aim of determining operational practicalities under realistic conditions when responding to a weathered oil situation in an offshore location. Peripheral attention was paid to atmospheric sampling, except that air samples were collected aboard the main deployment vessel to assess worker safety. Oil analysis was carried out primarily to assess the values of the emulsion that was left as residue.
TANK BARGE BUFFALO 292: A UNIFIED RESPONSE
Authors: Eldridge Kevin J. , Leonard Joseph J. , Kutz Dean W. , Rochester Monica L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Buffalo 292 was a 275-foot bunker barge loaded with 17,000 barrels of IFO 380. On March 18, 1996, Buffalo 292 was heading southbound along the Houston Ship Channel. High winds, rough seas, and the barge's loading condition caused the barge to buckle and spill 3000 barrels of product into Galveston Bay. Operational success was linked to the training and experience of the responding agencies, local government assistance, rapid assessment team operations, and the dedicated efforts of the planning section. Responding agencies demonstrated that a unified response is the only way to cope with an environmental disaster of this magnitude.
SEA EMPRESS SPILL: IMPACTS ON MARINE AND COASTAL HABITATS
Authors: Moore Jon , Evans Stephen , Bullimore Blaise , Hodges Jane , Crump Robin , Cremona Julian , Bunker Francis , Rostron Dale , Little Annette , Chamberlain Yvonne , Dyrynda Peter , Worley Adrian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil from the Sea Empress spill in February 1996 contaminated more than 120 miles of South Wales coastline, including rocky shores, sand and shingle shores, mudflats, and salt marsh. Some aerosol sprays also contaminated some maritime cliff along wave-exposed coasts. Some areas of shore, including areas with a high nature conservation value, were heavily oiled. Although much of the affected shore lies on the open coast and is exposed to wave action, large amounts of oil remained on the shores for many months, becoming buried and bound with sediments, percolating deep into cobble and shingle shores, and pooling behind rock features. Oil persistence has been greatest on sheltered shores, particularly where heavy fuel oil stranded. Cleanup activities on these shores have included the use of dispersants, high-pressure washing, low-pressure deluge, trenching, and berm relocation. Numerous studies of the effects of the oil and the cleanup techniques on the intertidal and coastal communities are being undertaken by biologists from various organizations. This paper presents a summary of the results so far.
THE IMPACT OF THE SEA EMPRESS OIL SPILL ON BIRDS OF THE PEMBROKESHIRE COAST AND ISLANDS
Authors: Parr Stephen J. , Haycock Robert J. , Smith Malcolm E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Much of the Pembrokeshire coast and islands, together with its inshore waters, are of international importance for their breeding seabirds and wintering seaduck. Although the Sea Empress oil spill occurred before the breeding season, some 7000 oiled birds were recovered dead or alive. The impact of the oil spill on birds can be classified as follows: immediate mortality especially of more than 4500 wintering common scoter in Carmarthen Bay; sublethal effects on productivity of colonies and reduced adult survival from oil or dispersant ingestion; and chronic effects on bird populations from long-term pollution, particularly of prey. A range of monitoring and research projects are under way to investigate the impact, but it is premature to provide many results. The oil spill probably caused significant local declines in seabird colony sizes, especially of guillemot. The impact on common scoter will prove difficult to determine because of the poor quality and high variability of preincident data. Large numbers of oiled birds, particularly common scoter, were treated and subsequently released. The successful rehabilitation of such released birds is controversial; research and review results will be reported.
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE SEA EMPRESS SPILLAGE
Authors: Hill Stephen , Bryan Jane 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Sea Empress oil spillage has had a substantial impoverishing effect on what was already a poor part of a poor region. The major negative impact has been on the local tourism industry, although the much smaller local fishing industry was also badly hit. However, the cleanup operation did provide a much needed, albeit temporary, injection of local spending. The Sea Empress spillage has also colored local attitudes to other environmentally sensitive projects, with long-term consequences that may dwarf the direct effects of the oil spillage.
SHORELINE CLEANUP BY ACCELERATION OF CLAY-OIL FLOCCULATION PROCESSES
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Lunel Tim , Wood Peter , Swannell Richard , Stoffyn-Egli Patricia 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the cleanup operations following the Sea Empress oil spill, it was observed that the oil emulsion did not adhere strongly to the shoreline and that fine mineral particles present in the surf waters interacted with oil to form clay-oil floes. In an attempt to enhance clay-oil flocculation, Amroth beach was subjected to repeated “surf washing”: the oiled cobbles from the high water mark were moved down to the intertidal zone using an excavator at low tide. After 4 days of treatment, most of the oil emulsion was removed from the cobbles. We estimate that the majority of the oil was removed as clay-oil flocs and that the remainder was released from the cobbles as a broken surface slick. Microscopic and chemical analysis of samples of flocs and oiled sediments showed that energy imparted to the surf zone resulted in clay-oil flocculation, which increased biodegradation rates of the residual oil. Surf washing increased the availability of fine mineral particles, which (1) minimized the contact of oil directly with the substrate, thereby reducing the adhesion of oil to the shoreline, and (2) prevented the recoalescence of oil droplets, thereby promoting the dispersion of oil within the surf zone.