bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
III. Electrophysiological Studies of Face Processing in Williams Syndrome
Authors: Mills Debra L. , Alvarez Twyla D. , St. George Marie , Appelbaum Lawrence G. , Bellugi Ursula , Neville Helen 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Williams Syndrome (WMS) is a genetically based disorder characterized by pronounced variability in performance across different domains of cognitive functioning. This study examined brain activity linked to face-processing abilities, which are typically spared in individuals with WMS. Subjects watched photographic pairs of upright or inverted faces and indicated if the second face matched or did not match the first face. Results from a previous study with normal adults showed dramatic differences in the timing and distribution of ERP effects linked to recognition of upright and inverted faces. In normal adults, upright faces elicited ERP differences to matched vs. mismatched faces at approximately 320 msec (N320) after the onset of the second stimulus. This “N320” effect was largest over anterior regions of the right hemisphere. In contrast, the mismatch/match effect for inverted faces consisted of a large positive component between 400 and 1000 msec (P500) that was largest over parietal regions and was symmetrical. In contrast to normal adults, WMS subjects showed an N320-mismatch effect for both upright and inverted faces. Additionally, the WMS subjects did not display the N320 right-hemisphere asymmetry observed in the normal adults. WMS subjects also displayed an abnormally small negativity at 100 msec (N100) and an abnormally large negativity at 200 msec (N200) to both upright and inverted faces. This ERP pattern was observed in all subjects with WMS but was not observed in the normal controls. These results may be linked to increased attention to faces in subjects with WMS and might be specific to the disorder. These results were consistent with our ERP studies of language processing in WMS, which suggested abnormal cerebral specialization for spared cognitive functions in individuals with WMS.
Industrial Ecology and Clean Development in East Asia
Authors: Rock Michael T. , Angel David P. , Feridhanusetyawan Tubagus 
Published: July 2002

SummaryRapid industry‐led growth in East Asia over the past three decades has resulted in deteriorating air and water quality, escalating energy use and attendant increases in greenhouse gas emissions, and other serious environmental concerns. Current efforts to strengthen environmental regulatory institutions are in many cases overridden by the scale effects of urban‐industrial growth. We examine policy approaches that support a shift toward an alternative trajectory of economic development that is less energy, materials, and pollution intensive. Given that a large proportion of the capital stock in the developing market economies of Asia has yet to be built, we argue that influencing the energy, materials, and pollution intensity of new industrial investment is both a critical opportunity and a policy imperative. Our research indicates a need for greater integration of environmental, industrial and technology policies within the region. Such policy integration should link reductions in energy, materials and pollution intensity to efforts to upgrade the technology and industrial capability of the developing market economies of East Asia.
FILLING IN HISTORICAL GAPS: HOW DID JORAM REALLY DIE?, OR, THE INVENTION OF MILITARISM
Authors: Knauf Ernst Axel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWas there a chance, between 853 and 841 bce, to prevent the rise of Assyria to supreme power in the Near East, and thus the invention of imperialism as a political concept? Which imperfections in human behaviour in general, or which flaws in the characters of the protagonists specifically, must have been absent to ensure a more favourable course of events? No deuteronomism without Assyria: thus the present essay tries to forecast how the world of today would look if this way of thought had never arisen.
THE TRIUMPH OF THE LAMB: PSALM 23 AND TEXTUAL FITNESS
Authors: Pyper Hugh 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPsalm 23 is a remarkable text in its longevity and its permeation of contemporary cultures and in the number of versions in which it circulates. This paper takes it as a pre-eminent example of a 'successful' text in the sense this term is used in neo-Darwinian studies. Richard Dawkins' concept of the meme is used to examine the features of the psalm which ensure both its propagation and its diversity. The polysemy of the metaphor of the lamb is central to this. The text survives, it is argued, because it is is read as offering different models of survival to a variety of reading communities.
A SYNTACTICAL AND CONTEXTUAL CONSIDERATION OF 'SH IN QOH. IX 9
Authors: Yeong Sik Pahk Johan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article is concerned with the interpretative problems relating to 'sh and 'sr in ix 9. It begins by considering the various solutions of scholars up to the present, then considers the textual problems regarding the second accusative kl ymy hblk, conclusion of which persuades us to remain with the Masoretic text. The article deals not only with the formula constructed with 'sh, but also with the sociocultural context of Qohelet's teachings, rendering possibly a new understanding of the according to which 'sr ntn lk modifies 'sh. The paper arrives at the conclusion Qohelet intentionally did not use the definite article before 'sh because of the linguistic formula ntn 'sh l ("to give a woman as wife"), in which 'sh can only mean and not "any woman".
LEVITEN- UND ASYLSTÄDTE IN NUM. XXXV UND JOS. XX; XXI 1-42
Authors: Schmidt Ludwig 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFür das Problem, ob Leviten- und Asylstädte Realität oder Theorie waren, ist die Analyse von Num. xxxv und Jos. xx l-xxi 42 von entscheidender Bedeutung. Diese Texte sind unterschiedlich voneinander abhängig. Der Verfasser von Num. xxxv 1-29* setzt in V. 9ff. den nachexilischen Grundbestand der Erzählung über Asylstädte in Jos. xx* voraus, die als Ausführungsbericht zu Dtn. xix 1ff. entstand. Ein Bearbeiter glich Jos. xx an Num. xxxv 9-15 an und verfaßte als Ausführungsbericht zu Num. xxxv 1ff.* den Grundbestand der Erzählung über Levitenstädte in Jos. xxi*. Er verteilte hier 48 Städte so auf die Leviten, daß die Aaroniden nicht weniger Städte als die anderen drei Gruppen erhielten. Die Zahl der Levitenstädte wurde in Num. xxxv 6f. nachgetragen. Da Num. xxxv und Jos. xx l-xxi 42 durchgehend erst aus nachexilischer Zeit stammen, gab es keine Leviten- und Asylstädte. Die Theorie der Asylstädte geht auf das deuteronomische Gesetz zurück, die Levitenstädte sind eine (spät)nachexilische Theorie.
AWAKENING TO OUR ROLE IN THE GREAT WORK
Authors: Kaza Stephanie 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThomas Berry breaks new ground in The Great Work, with a reassessment of "wild" as it applies to both humans and nature. He challenges traditional western dualisms, showing how creative or chaotic energy is in continuous relationship with the stabilizing force of discipline or form. In his view of modern globalization, all conflicts reduce to the central tension between environmentalist and developer, a clash of worldviews and resource uses. Berry urges a serious rethinking of what it means to be human in order to break the deep entrancement with industrial civilization.
Ritual Intuitions: Cognitive Contributions to Judgments of Ritual Efficacy
Authors: Barrett Justin , Lawson E. Thomas 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLawson and McCauley (1990) have argued that non-cultural regularities in how actions are conceptualized inform and constrain participants' understandings of religious rituals. This theory of ritual competence generates three predictions: 1) People with little or no knowledge of any given ritual system will have intuitions about the potential effectiveness of a ritual given minimal information about the structure of the ritual. 2) The representation of superhuman agency in the action structure will be considered the most important factor contributing to effectiveness. 3) Having an appropriate intentional agent initiate the action will be considered relatively more important than any specific action to be performed. These three predictions were tested in two experiments with 128 North American Protestant college students who rated the probability of various fictitious rituals to be effective in bringing about a specified consequence. Results support Lawson and McCauley's predictions and suggest that expectations regarding ordinary social actions apply to religious rituals.
CONTRAFREELOADING IN STARLINGS: TESTING THE INFORMATION HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Bean  , Mason G.J. , Bateson  
Published: July 2002

AbstractContrafreeloading (CFL) behaviour, in which animals forage persistently in patches that require effort to exploit when patches containing ad lib. food are easily available, seems to contradict the predictions of optimal foraging theory. However, it has been proposed that contrafreeloaders are in fact exploiting a hidden resource, namely information about patches that may be useful in future foraging attempts. We performed two experiments on starlings Sturnus vulgaris to test this hypothesis by determining the circumstances in which CFL occurs and assessing whether any useful information is acquired by animals performing the behaviour. In accordance with previous results we found that CFL is reduced when foragers are previously deprived of food and also when there are means of gathering information aside from sampling (namely when patches that require effort to exploit can be visually inspected). We also found that useful information is acquired by birds that perform CFL, in that when subsequently tested in extinction with the best patch removed they reliably chose the patch that had been the second best. These results are consistent with the information gain hypothesis. However, birds with low levels of CFL did not perform discernably worse in this test of patch knowledge and experimental reductions in CFL achieved through deprivation treatments did not produce apparent reductions in useful information possessed.
THE ROLE OF EXPERIENCE IN MATING PREFERENCES OF THE UNISEXUAL AMAZON MOLLY
Authors: Korner Kay , Lutjens Ole , Parzefall Jakob , Schlupp Ingo 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The all-female fish Poecilia formosa uses sperm of Poecilia latipinna or P. mexicana for its gynogenetic reproduction. Normally, P. formosa lives in sympatry with only one of these species. Near Tampico, Mexico, one population of P. formosa is living in sympatry with both sperm-donor species. In the present study, using animated videos as stimuli, we examined whether P. formosa from Tampico show a sexual preference for males of one of the two species. We raised P. formosa females with males of P. latipinna or P. mexicana only, and as a control with males of both species simultaneously. We found that previous experience affects mating preferences in P. formosa. Females tend to prefer males of the species they were raised with.
FAMILY CONFLICTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF NESTLING MOUTH COLOUR
Authors: Kilner R.M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA variety of family conflicts can influence provisioning behaviour at the passerine nest. There can be sexual and parent-offspring conflict over the amount of food provided for young, and sibling conflict over how food is allocated among the brood. Whatever the type of conflict, its resolution may be determined by nestling begging displays, and its intensity will vary between species with variation in % EPY. Begging intensity is therefore predicted to vary with % EPY. One component of the begging display, that varies widely between species, is nestling mouth colour. Recent empirical work on canaries and great tits has shown that parents prefer to feed young with redder mouths, even if offspring naturally possess yellow gapes. I use comparative analyses to explain the diversity of nestling mouth colour between species in terms of the various family conflicts. In species where there are high rates of % EPY, and sibling and sexual conflicts are more intense, offspring that are reared in well-lit nests display redder mouths. Offspring reared in dark nests, however, show no such relationship and have yellower mouths generally. A comparison of Cuculinae species and host nestling mouth colour showed that cuckoo young have the redder mouths, which might be the result of more intense parent-offspring conflict. I suggest that nestling mouth colour reflects the intensity of family battles waged in the past, but only at nests where there is sufficient light for such visual displays to be perceived by parents. The diversity of nestling mouth colour can therefore be explained by both 'strategic' and 'tactical' influences on signal design. I conclude by discussing how variation in the choice of nest site within species might cause family differences in conflict resolution.
Host plant response of Eumusa and Australimusa bananas (Musa spp.) to migratory endoparasitic and root-knot nematodes
Authors: Xuyen Ngo Thi , Verlinden Raf , Stoffelen Ruth , De Waele Dirk , Swennen Rony 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwenty-five banana varieties of section Eumusa (AA-group) and seven of the section Australimusa (Fe'i-group) from Papua New Guinea were evaluated for resistance to Radopholus similis, Pratylenchus coffeae and Meloidogyne spp. The host plant responses were compared with the susceptible reference cvs Grande Naine and Cavendish 901. In vitro propagated plants were transferred to the glasshouse in loamy sand and inoculated with approximately 1000 migratory endoparasitic nematodes at 4 weeks after planting. Reproduction of R. similis and P.coffeae in the roots was determined at 8 or 10 weeks, respectively, after inoculation. Reproduction of Meloidogyne spp. was determined 8 weeks after inoculation with 3300 to 5000 eggs. No resistance to R. similis was found in the diploid varieties. The Fe'i variety Rimina and possibly Menei were resistant to R. similis. All varieties tested were susceptible to P.coffeae and Meloidogyne spp. Tests de résistance de bananiers Eumusa et Australimusa (Musa spp.) envers les nématodes endoparasites migrateurs et galligènes - Vingt-cinq variétés de bananier de la section Eumusa (groupe AA) et sept de la section Australimusa (group Fe'i) provenant de Papouasie-Nouvelle Guinée ont été testées pour leur résistance envers Radopholus similis, Pratylenchus coffeae et Meloidogyne spp. Les résponses de ces variétés ont été comparées à celles des cultivars sensibles de référence Grande Naine et Cavendish 901. Des vitroplants ont été mis en place en serre sur un sol argilo-sableux et inoculés 4 semaines après plantation avec environ 1000 R. similis ou P.coffeae dont la reproduction a été déterminée 8 et 10 semaines, respectivement, après inoculation. La reproduction de Meloidogyne spp. l'a été 8 semaines après inoculation avec 3300 à 5000 oeufs. Aucune résistance à R. similis n'a été observée chez les variétés diploïdes. Les variétés du groupe Fe'i Rimina et Menei se sont montrées résistantes à R. similis, avec un certain doute dans le cas de la dernière. Toutes les variétés testées sont sensibles à P.coffeae et Meloidogyne spp.
Illitization and silicification in Greater Alwyn: I. Assessing and synthesizing experimental data
Authors: Durand C. , Matthews J. C. , Le Gallo Y. , Brosse E. , Sommer F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSilicification and illitization due to diagenesis result in the modification of porosity and permeability in many North Sea reservoirs, including Greater Alwyn. A good estimation of the mineral composition is required as input/output data for geochemical modelling modes intended to reproduce these effects. Using sedimentological studies to determine laterally equivalent facies, three facies were chosen. ‘Initial states’ for modelling were thus defined as the present-day composition of less-evolved laterally-equivalent facies, ‘final states’ as the present-day composition in the most evolved part of the basin. Precise actual mineral compositions were calculated using a reconciliation program, DATREC. Average compositions calculated for each facies in each field provided data useful in constraining input/output values used in modelling, and gave insights into depositional variation. Arithmetic tests assuming isochemical transformations, constraining the chemical compositions of ‘initial states’ to fit actual mineralogical compositions of ‘final states’, were run using this software. They show that, from an arithmetical point of view, if the assumption of equivalent facies holds, isochemical reactions can occur in some, but not in all facies, thereby demonstrating the importance of checking equivalence of facies and diagenesis hypotheses by quantitative calculations.
Retention of OH-Al complexes by dioctahedral smectites
Authors: Volzone C. , Garrido L. B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDioctahedral smectites (Cheto- and Wyoming-type montmorillonites and a beidellite) were treated with two hydrolysed OH-Al solutions (0.02 M in Al) containing different OH-Al complexes. The ratio of ∼3.25 mmol of Al per gram of smectite was used. The total Al and the presence of OH-Al species in solution before and after reaction with smectites were determined by the kinetics of Al-Ferron reaction colour development. The composition of the Al species retained by smectites was not the same as that present in the original solution added. The slow-reacting complexes present in the solution were preferentially adsorbed by dioctahedral smectites. Smectites prepared from slow-reacting polymer solutions showed changes in interlayer separation,b–dimension, order along thecaxis and spectroscopic properties, after storage at room temperature. The OH-Al Cheto-type montmorillonite prepared from both solutions showed more retention of Al, best stability at room temperature and after thermal treatment at 550°C than interlayered OH-Al Wyoming-type montmorillonite and OH-Al beidellite smectites.
Reduction of Fe(III) in a high-iron saponite. Pillaring of the reduced samples with Al13 oligomers
Authors: Vicente M. A. , Suarez M. , Bañares-Muñoz M. A. , Pozas J. M. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA high-iron content saponite, of the variety griffithite, was reduced using sodium dithionite and hydrazonium sulphate solutions. An important amount of Fe3+ was reduced during the treatments. When using sodium dithionite as reducing agent, the reduction was accompanied by the substitution of Ca2+ by Na+ as the exchangeable cation. When using hydrazonium sulphate, the reduction was accompanied by acid activation of the clay, the protons being released in the oxidation reaction of the hydrazonium cation. The charge balance in the clay layers is affected by the reduction processes. These structural changes do not significantly affect the pillaring ability of the clay, which is similar in the reduced solids and in the natural griffithite.
Influence of KBr conditioning on the infrared hydroxyl-stretching region of saponites
Authors: Pelletier M. , Michot L. J. , Barrès O. , Humbert B. , Petit S. , Robert J.-L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn order to assess the influence of tetrahedral sheet charge on the hydroxyl-stretching vibration in clay minerals, a series of synthetic Na-saponites, with increasing layer charge, was studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. When recorded after KBr dilution either in transmission or diffuse reflectance, the IR spectra exhibit a component at ~3710 cm-1, the intensity of which increases linearly with increasing layer charge. When experiments are carried out without any dilution of the samples, this component is not observed, suggesting a Na+/K+ exchange upon mixing of the sample with KBr. The spectra obtained for K-saponite confirm this exchange. This shows that the dilution procedure can lead to serious misinterpretations of IR spectra in the OH-stretching region.
Sorption of heavy metals from industrial waste water by low-cost mineral silicates
Authors: Garcia Sanchez A. , Alvarez Ayuso E. , Jimenez de Blas O. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe adsorption by different silicate minerals of some heavy metals, present in industrial waste water, has been studied. These adsorbents (mainly clay minerals) are readily available, inexpensive materials and offer a cost-effective alternative to conventional treatment of wastes from the metal finishing industry. The results show that some mineral species are suitable for the purification of such residual waters down to the limits prescribed by current legislation concerning industrial wastes. The Langmuir model was found to describe such adsorption processes best. Sepiolite (Orera, Spain) has an adsorption capacity of 8.26 mg g-1 for Cd2+, the capacities depending on the metal adsorbed in the order: Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+. This mineral shows the highest sorption capacity relative to the other minerals studied. Factors in the reaction medium such as pH and ionic strength influenced the adsorption process.
Determination of the Ti speciation in commercial kaolins by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Murad E. , Köster H. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRaman spectra of a selection of kaolins with widely varying TiO2 contents revealed the presence of anatase in 17 of 18 samples. A significant positive correlation was observed between the intensity of the main anatase Raman band at ~145 cm-1 and the total TiO2 contents of the kaolins as determined by chemical analysis. No TiO2 modification other than anatase was detected in any of the samples.The determination of the anatase contents in kaolins by XRD becomes increasingly difficult as the concentration of this mineral decreases below ~0.5%. In contrast, anatase and brookite concentrations an order of magnitude lower can still be readily identified by Raman spectroscopy. The specificity and sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy for these TiO2 polymorphs, coupled with the simplicity and rapidity of measurement, therefore make this a viable technique for the routine study of these accessory minerals in kaolins.
Effects of burial on the clay assemblages in the Triassic Skagerrak Formation, Denmark
Authors: Weibel R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSandstones and mudstones of the Skagerrak Formation from the Danish Sub-basin have been studied to assess the origin of the clay minerals, their diagenesis and their transformation/ conversion temperatures (compared to modelled maximum burial temperatures). Detrital smectite and vermiculite occur only at shallow levels. Conversion of smectite into random S-I took place at >47°C and of random S-I into ordered I-S at >74°C. The omnipresent illite increases in amount with burial. The amount of authigenic kaolinite (kaolin) decreases with increasing temperature (>75°C), possibly due to the growth of chlorite. Random S-C is converted into ordered S-C between 70°C and 105°C and chlorite is most abundant at maximum burial temperatures (150°C). This investigation suggests that diagenesis of clay minerals begins at relatively low temperatures, and emphasizes the importance of the availability of necessary ions (K+, Mg2+, Fe2+) for the reactions, besides time and temperature, as controlling parameters.