bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competitive interactions affect introgression and population viability amidst maladaptive hybridization
Authors: Reed Thomas Eric , Kane Adam , McGinnity Philip , O'Sullivan Ronan James 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe deliberate release of captive‐bred individuals, the accidental escape of domesticated strains, or the invasion of closely related conspecifics into wild populations can all lead to introgressive hybridization, which poses a challenge for conservation and wildlife management. Rates of introgression and the magnitude of associated demographic impacts vary widely across ecological contexts. However, the reasons for this variation remain poorly understood. One rarely considered phenomenon in this context is soft selection, wherein relative trait values determine success in intraspecific competition for a limiting resource. Here we develop an eco‐genetic model explicitly focussed on understanding the influence of such competitive interactions on the eco‐evolutionary dynamics of wild populations experiencing an influx of foreign/domesticated individuals. The model is applicable to any taxon that experiences natural or human‐mediated inputs of locally maladapted genotypes (‘intrusion’), in addition to phenotype‐dependent competition for a limiting resource (e.g. breeding sites, feeding territories). The effects of both acute and chronic intrusion depended strongly on the relative competitiveness of intruders versus locals. When intruders were competitively inferior, density‐dependent regulation limited their reproductive success (ability to compete for limited spawning sites), which prevented strong introgression or population declines from occurring. In contrast, when intruders were competitively superior, this amplified introgression and led to increased maladaptation of the admixed population. This had negative consequences for population size and population viability. The results were sensitive to the intrusion level, the magnitude of reproductive excess, trait heritability and the extent to which intruders were maladapted relative to locals. Our findings draw attention to under‐appreciated interactions between phenotype‐dependent competitive interactions and maladaptive hybridization, which may be critical to determining the impact captive breeding programmes and domesticated escapees can have on otherwise self‐sustaining wild populations.
Diversification in birds is promoted by plant diversity, topographic heterogeneity and stable paleoclimate
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Miao Lu , Huang Xiongwei , Mao Lingfeng , Cai Tianlong , Svenning Jens‐Christian , Feng Gang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAimsLong‐term climate stability, contemporary climate and environmental heterogeneity have been linked to bird diversity patterns through their direct impacts on diversification rate, as well as through their indirect effects on plant species richness, which could also directly and indirectly affect bird diversity. This study aimed to quantitatively assess whether these potential drivers could indirectly affect bird species richness through their direct effects on the diversification rate in birds in eastern Asia.LocationMainland China.TaxonBirds.MethodsUsing the distribution data of 1127 bird species across 320 prefecture cities in China and a phylogenetic tree of these bird species, we analysed the distribution patterns of bird species richness and diversification rate of all birds, passerine birds and non‐passerine birds, respectively. We also investigated their relationships with long‐term climate stability, contemporary climate, elevation range and plant diversity using ordinary least squares regression model and simultaneous autoregressive model. In addition, structural equation model was used to analyse whether these drivers could indirectly affect bird species richness through their direct effects on bird diversification rate.ResultsThe results showed that bird species richness and diversification rate were highest in southwestern China. Additionally, diversification rate for passerine birds was higher than non‐passerine birds and all birds. Regression analyses revealed that plant species richness was the variable most associated with bird species richness and diversification rate across the three groups. Notably, results from structural equation model indicated that plant species richness, elevation range and glacial–interglacial climate change can indirectly influence bird species richness by directly affecting diversification rates.Main ConclusionsThese findings emphasize the importance of considering diversification rate when understanding the geographic distribution patterns of bird diversity. The direct and indirect effects of plant species richness, elevation range and glacial–interglacial climate change on bird diversity highlight the crucial role of mountain regions with higher plant diversity and stable paleoclimate in forming and maintaining biodiversity.
A grader for fresh jujube with electromagnetic synchronous actuator assembly
Authors: Zhang Jun , Yu Hao , Kang Ningbo , Qu Qianjin , Cheng Bo , He Peng 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn recent years, the post‐harvest commercialization of fresh jujube sorting technology is backward, the efficiency of manual grading is low, and the application of machine vision technology in fruit grading has been a research hotspot. To improve the grading accuracy and speed of the fresh jujube machine vision grading machine, this study designs a method of fresh jujube machine vision grading using an electromagnetic synchronous actuator. The grading machine consists of an automatic distribution and arrangement system, an image acquisition and processing system, and a synchronous actuator assembly, which uses a sensitive electromagnet to adsorb a silicon steel switching buckling plate to execute the action. The image processing process includes an image color component, Sobel operator filtering, Otsu method binarization, and ellipse fitting to extract the color and size eigenvalues. The experimental results show that the date images can be acquired quickly and processed accurately with a processing speed of 50 ms per frame. In addition, the proposed actuator can be sensitively triggered with a response time of 40 ms. The grader successfully classified jujube into five size classes and one color class. The grading accuracy and non‐destructive rate reached 93.7% and 100%, respectively. The grading efficiency is 20 jujubes per second, with a maximum production rate of 1400 kilograms per hour. This grading machine realizes the requirements of high accuracy, high speed, and non‐destructive grading of fresh jujube and provides an important technical and theoretical basis for the development of machine vision jujube rapid grading technology.Practical applicationsIn recent years, sorting technology in the post‐harvest commercialization of fruits has been outdated, and manual grading has been inefficient. The application of machine vision technology in fruit grading has been a research hotspot in recent years. This study designs a machine vision grading of fresh dates with an electromagnetic synchronous actuator. The grader was composed of a roller conveyor, synchronous actuator assembly, image main processor, and actuator controlling co‐processor. Experimental results indicated that jujube images could be acquired rapidly and processed accurately, with a processing speed of 50 ms per frame. In addition, the proposed actuator could be sensitively triggered with a response time of 40 ms. Finally, the grader successfully sorted jujubes into five size classes and one color class. The grading accuracy rate and non‐destructive rate reached 93.7% and 100%, respectively. The grading efficiency was 20 jujubes per second, and the maximum productivity was 1400 kg/h.
Numerical simulation of three physical fields in counter‐current ultrasound
Authors: Li Kexin , Ma Haile , Li Shujun , Wang Chuyan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPower ultrasound is a kind of green and environmentally friendly processing technology. Still, because of its uneven distribution of acoustic pressure in the propagation medium, the large‐scale industrial application of ultrasound is limited. In order to make more effective use of ultrasound waves, this paper uses a counter‐current ultrasound‐assisted extraction container as the geometric model of simulation, calculates the distribution of the acoustic pressure field in the container by COMSOL Multiphysics software, and investigates the effect of acoustic pressure on the fluid field, and temperature field. The simulation results showed that the acoustic pressure increased with the increase of ultrasound power and frequency, tended to balance with the rise of propagation distance, and the cavitation effect was more likely to occur. The propagation of ultrasound in the fluid medium increased the velocity and vorticity of the fluid, which was conducive to the generation of mixing effects. Under the ultrasound pulse working mode for 4 min, the fluid temperature on the central axis increased in a stepped order, with a maximum increase of 19.3°C. We can see that the establishment of the simulation model provides some theoretical guidance for the more practical application of ultrasound in the food industry.Practical ApplicationsThe limitation of ultrasound application mainly lies in the nonuniform distribution of acoustic pressure when ultrasound propagates in the fluid medium. Therefore, mastering the distribution of multiple physical fields in the reaction zone through simulation has important technical support and theoretical guiding significance for designing efficient ultrasound‐assisted extraction equipment and large‐scale industrial production of ultrasound.
Prevention of vertical transmission of hepatitis B: A retrospective review of a 5‐year maternal–infant cohort in London
Authors: O'Mahony Elizabeth , Raghunanan Sophie , Brown Ashley , Foster Caroline 
Published: July 2024

AimsThe World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3.5% of the population live with hepatitis B virus (HBV); migrants to Europe are disproportionately affected. UK birth dose HBV vaccination is limited to infants born to those living with HBV (LWHBV). High‐risk infants (high maternal infectivity, low birthweight) also receive HBV immunoglobulin (HBIG). The Family Hepatitis Clinic follows infants and those LWHBV working towards WHO goals of combating viral hepatitis by 2030.MethodsA trust‐wide electronic note review of outcomes for infants born to those LWHBV (2016–2020).ResultsTwo hundred and eighty‐three infants, 134 (47%) females, born to those LWHBV were referred. Two hundred and thirty‐one (82%) attended follow‐up with a vertical transmission rate of 0%. Twenty (7%) individuals LWHBV received tenofovir disoproxil fumerate in pregnancy; median viral load (VL) at initiation 125 416 376 DNA IU/mL, one having birth VL. Twenty‐eight (10%) infants were stratified as high risk and all received HBIG and birth dose vaccination with 9 (32%) subsequently lost to follow‐up, compared to 48 (19%) low‐risk infants. 267/283 (94%) had birth dose vaccination documented and 206/283 (73%) received at least four vaccine doses. 215/283 (76%) infants had serology by 24 months; 17 (6%) with suboptimal vaccine responses: hepatitis B surface antibody <100 IU/mL. Serology before 18 months resulted in higher rates of maternal hepatitis B core antibody detection (15% vs. 3%).ConclusionPrevention of vertical transmission of HBV was universal in those attending, although high‐risk infants were more likely lost to follow up. HBV post‐vaccine serological protection was comparable with national data from 2021 (77% >4 doses, 77% HBsAb >100).
Associations between COVID‐19 therapies and outcomes in rural and urban America: A multisite, temporal analysis from the Alpha to Omicron SARS‐CoV‐2 variants
Authors: Anzalone A. Jerrod , Beasley William H. , Murray Kimberly , Hillegass William B. , Schissel Makayla , Vest Michael T. , Chapman Scott A. , Horswell Ronald , Miele Lucio , Porterfield J. Zachary , Bunnell H. Timothy , Price Bradley S. , Patrick Sharon , Rosen Clifford J. , Santangelo Susan L. , McClay James C. , Hodder Sally L. ,   the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Consortium
Published: July 2024

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the enduring disparities in adverse COVID‐19 events between urban and rural communities in the United States, focusing on the effects of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination and therapeutic advances on patient outcomes.MethodsUsing National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) data from 2021 to 2023, this retrospective cohort study examined COVID‐19 hospitalization, inpatient death, and other adverse events. Populations were categorized into urban, urban‐adjacent rural (UAR), and nonurban‐adjacent rural (NAR). Adjustments included demographics, variant‐dominant waves, comorbidities, region, and SARS‐CoV‐2 treatment and vaccination. Statistical methods included Kaplan‐Meier survival estimates, multivariable logistic, and Cox regression.FindingsThe study included 3,018,646 patients, with rural residents constituting 506,204. These rural dwellers were older, had more comorbidities, and were less vaccinated than their urban counterparts. Adjusted analyses revealed higher hospitalization odds in UAR and NAR (aOR 1.07 [1.05–1.08] and 1.06 [1.03–1.08]), greater inpatient death hazard (aHR 1.30 [1.26–1.35] UAR and 1.37 [1.30–1.45] NAR), and greater risk of other adverse events compared to urban dwellers. Delta increased, while Omicron decreased, inpatient adverse events relative to pre‐Delta, with rural disparities persisting throughout. Treatment effectiveness and vaccination were similarly protective across all cohorts, but dexamethasone post‐ventilation was effective only in urban areas. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir better protected rural residents against hospitalization.ConclusionsDespite advancements in treatment and vaccinations, disparities in adverse COVID‐19 outcomes persist between urban and rural communities. The effectiveness of some therapeutic agents appears to vary based on rurality, suggesting a nuanced relationship between treatment and geographic location while highlighting the need for targeted rural health care strategies.
Dietary magnesium supplementation in cats with chronic kidney disease: A prospective double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tang Pak‐Kan , van den Broek Dirk Hendrik Nicolaas , Jepson Rosanne E. , Geddes Rebecca F. , Chang Yu‐Mei , Lötter Nicola , Moniot Delphine , Biourge Vincent , Elliott Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackgroundPlasma total magnesium concentration (tMg) is a prognostic indicator in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), shorter survival time being associated with hypomagnesemia. Whether this risk factor is modifiable with dietary magnesium supplementation remains unexplored.ObjectivesEvaluate effects of a magnesium‐enriched phosphate‐restricted diet (PRD) on CKD–mineral bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) variables.AnimalsSixty euthyroid client‐owned cats with azotemic CKD, with 27 and 33 allocated to magnesium‐enriched PRD or control PRD, respectively.MethodsProspective double‐blind, parallel‐group randomized trial. Cats with CKD, stabilized on a PRD, without hypermagnesemia (tMg >2.43 mg/dL) or hypercalcemia (plasma ionized calcium concentration, (iCa) >6 mg/dL), were recruited. Both intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol (eating ≥50% of study diet) analyses were performed; effects of dietary magnesium supplementation on clinicopathological variables were evaluated using linear mixed effects models.ResultsIn the per‐protocol analysis, tMg increased in cats consuming a magnesium‐enriched PRD (β, 0.25 ± .07 mg/dL/month; P < .001). Five magnesium supplemented cats had tMg >2.92 mg/dL, but none experienced adverse effects. Rate of change in iCa differed between groups (P = .01), with decreasing and increasing trends observed in cats fed magnesium‐enriched PRD and control PRD, respectively. Four control cats developed ionized hypercalcemia versus none in the magnesium supplemented group. Log‐transformed plasma fibroblast growth factor‐23 concentration (FGF23) increased significantly in controls (β, 0.14 ± .05 pg/mL/month; P = .01), but remained stable in the magnesium supplemented group (β, 0.05±.06 pg/mL/month; P =.37).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceMagnesium‐enriched PRD is a novel therapeutic strategy for managing feline CKD‐MBD in cats, further stabilizing plasma FGF23 and preventing hypercalcemia.
Invasive fungal infections in wars, following explosives and natural disasters: A narrative review
Authors: El Eid Rozana , Chowdhary Anuradha , El Zakhem Aline , Kanj Souha S. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractInfections are well‐known complications in patients following traumatic injuries, frequently leading to high morbidity and mortality. In particular, trauma occurring in disaster settings, both natural and man‐made, such as armed conflicts and explosives detonation, results in challenging medical conditions that impede the best management practices. The incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFI) is increasing in trauma patients who lack the typical risk factors like an immune compromised state or others. This narrative review will focus on IFI as a direct complication after natural disasters, wars, and man‐made mass destruction with a summary of the available evidence about the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, risk factors, microbiology, and proper management. In this setting, the clinical manifestations of IFI may include skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, visceral infections, and pneumonia. IFI should be considered in the war inflicted patients who are exposed to unsterile environments or have wounds contaminated with soil and decaying organic matter.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi of Douglas‐fir retain newly assimilated carbon derived from neighboring European beech
Authors: Audisio Michela , Muhr Jan , Polle Andrea 
Published: July 2024

Summary

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi distribute tree‐derived carbon (C) via belowground hyphal networks in forest ecosystems. Here, we asked the following: (1) Is C transferred belowground to a neighboring tree retained in fungal structures or transported within the recipient tree? (2) Is the overlap of ectomycorrhizal fungi in mycorrhizal networks related to the amount of belowground C transfer?

We used potted sapling pairs of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and North‐American Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) for 13CO2 pulse‐labeling. We compared 13C transfer from beech (donor) to either beech or Douglas‐fir (recipient) and identified the ECM species. We measured the 13C enrichment in soil, plant tissues, and ECM fractions of fungal‐containing parts and plant transport tissues.

In recipients, only fungal‐containing tissue of ectomycorrhizas was significantly enriched in 13C and not the plant tissue. Douglas‐fir recipients shared on average one ECM species with donors and had a lower 13C enrichment than beech recipients, which shared on average three species with donors.

Our results support that recently assimilated C transferred belowground is shared among fungi colonizing tree roots but not among trees. In mixed forests with beech and Douglas‐fir, the links for C movement might be hampered due to low mycorrhizal overlap with consequences for soil C cycling.
Deconstructing nursing's paradoxical relationship with the concept of complexity
Authors: Clancy Tracey L. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAlthough nursing seems to understand itself and its practice as complex, the literature is less clear about what this actually means. While complexity is discussed as an attribute of nursing, it is also suggested that complexity in nursing remains misunderstood and poorly articulated, is devalued, is not considered as a measure of health outcomes and remains invisible. Despite the overarching lack of a definition, some nurse scholars have conceptualized complexity as a complex intervention. For these authors, complexity becomes a complex intervention defined as that which is composed of component parts interacting in a variety of ways that influence the delivery of and outcomes of health‐related interventions for populations. Conceptualizing complexity as a complex intervention forces nursing to embrace and adopt a received interpretation of complexity as expressed through complexity theory and complexity science. While complexity theory may afford us some tools for thinking about complexity, when we deconstruct nursing complexity to explicitly determinate and quantifiable tasks, this artificially narrowed orientation to complexity reveals an oversimplified explanation of the complexities associated with nursing and serves to blind us to its real qualities. Through a consideration of complexity from a Western philosophical tradition, I demonstrate that when nursing adopts the received interpretation of complexity as a complex intervention, this perspective on complexity contains nursing epistemologically and ontologically. I offer an extended conceptualization of complexity framed upon the consideration that nurses assume complexity and do not reduce it; that nurses have the capacity to not be paralysed by complexity and have developed logics to mobilize it in productive ways. Mobilizing complexity through navigating paradox and contradiction shapes an orientation to complexity that embraces an extended epistemology. This extended epistemology is characterized by a ‘yes/and’ mindset that expresses the dynamic and generative relationship between forms of knowledge which reflects complexity that characterizes nursing.