bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amplification and the Limits of Loyalty
Authors: Klamert Marcus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In this Chapter, what is referred to as the amplification of Union law by virtue of loyalty is discussed. Loyalty is thus examined as the basis for extending the application of competition law and the fundamental freedoms to matters originally not covered by the Treaty. The role of loyalty in resolving incompatibilities between Union law and Member State treaties is explored. Moreover, this Chapter discusses whether loyalty can transform non-binding Union law. The question of the existence of a general principle of Most Favoured Nation in EU law is explored, as are the Hurd case and Matteucci case. Finally, the Chapter uses the concept of amplification for inquiring whether loyalty creates legally binding obligations for the Member States in conjunction with mere Treaty objectives, or could bar them from acting outside the Treaty regime on enhanced cooperation under certain circumstances.
Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Gallen James 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter considers the potential for jus post bellum to operate as an interpretive framework for international law as applied to societies in transition. It examines the relationship between transitional justice, peacebuilding, security sector reform, and economic development in international law. Despite substantive diversity, these fields purport to contribute to restoring civic trust and the rule of law as components of the re-constitution of a sovereign political community. This chapter contends that, when using law for these purposes, the explicit use of integrity among public officials and international organizations offers a new principle and process to consciously strive to avoid fragmentation between these areas relevant to jus post bellum. An interpretive approach to jus post bellum that operates from integrity manifests itself through organizing principles of accountability, stewardship, and proportionality and provides a method of interpreting the practices of substantively diverse fields across the structural commitments in each field.
The Concept of Jus Post Bellum in International Law
Authors: Brabandere Eric De 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the usefulness and accuracy of jus post bellum as a legal concept. It argues that the concept presents a challenge to the objectivity of the post-conflict phase by linking the rights and obligations of foreign actors to the legality of the use of force, or by bringing together already existing obligations. It questions to what extent there is a legal void to which the concept would respond. It further discusses dilemmas that the concept may pose in relation to the ad hoc and neutral character of post-conflict reconstruction, including existing rules on responsibility for post-conflict reconstruction.
Navigating the Unilateral/Multilateral Divide
Authors: Fox Gregory H. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter warns of the dilemma facing the nascent jus post bellum should it seek to regulate all actors in a post-conflict environment: the unilateral/multilateral divide. This manifests itself in three ways post-conflict. First, applicable law regulates states but not international organizations. Second, the UN Security Council has authority to substitute its policy preferences for existing state-centric law on post-conflict states. Third, the Council has multilateralized almost every post-conflict state in recent history. This chapter explores the possibility of a variegated jus post bellum that imposes on international organizations only those obligations they can fulfill, while continuing to subject states to the full spectrum of post-conflict norms. Second, it reviews the actors and law applicable to four prominent efforts at post-conflict reconstruction: East Timor, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya. It analyzes how a uniform jus post bellum would fare in these cases if international law continued to adhere to unilateral/multilateral distinction.
Targeting the State in Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Jacobs Dov 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter will discuss the relevance of sovereignty, both as a legal norm and a concept, in the context of jus post bellum situations. The chapter first illustrates this relevance through a number of examples that bring sovereignty into play in contemporary international law that might apply in post-conflict situations (self-determination, statehood, accountability mechanisms), before suggesting a conceptual framework to think about these transformations of sovereignty in a holistic way, through a re-adaptation of Georges Scelle’s Role-Splitting theory. What this chapter suggests is that, while the evolutions of sovereignty need to be acknowledged, post-conflict policies need to aim at religitimizing the state, rather than target it as an obstacle.
Imagining the Past
Authors: Manassa Colleen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis book examines four tales within the corpus of ancient Egyptian literature. During the Ramesside Period, the ancient Egyptians composed stories set two or even three centuries earlier. Known by their modern titles, The Quarrel of Apepi and Seqenenre, The Capture of Joppa, Thutmose III in Asia, and The Libyan Battle Story, each tale uses historically-attested figures within a plausible, yet fictional, narrative. Plot elements range from a witty exchange of letters to the first attested stratagem in world military history. Imagining the Past draws upon ancient Egyptian sources as well as modern literary theory to define a genre of historical fiction within New Kingdom literature; this book also presents the first application of Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of the chronotope to ancient Egyptian literature. New translations and extensive commentary on the literary, social, and political context of the tales appear within each chapter and a concluding analysis summarizes the audience and function of historical fiction as well as theology and historiography within the tales.
The Libyan Battle Story
Authors: Manassa Colleen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractComposed only a generation after the Battle of Perire, in year 5 of the reign of Merneptah, The Libyan Battle Story is attested in a single papyrus, Louvre N 3136. Two columns of text describe an army appearing before the king and then preceding to battle. The king is not named, but the mention of the toponym Perire makes it certain that the events within the story took place during the reign of Merneptah. The addition of Sea People and Libyan components only attested from the reign of Ramesses III (the probable time of the text’s composition) suggests that the author intended to make the earlier battle more relevant to the Libyan invasions of Ramesses III’s reign. The preservation of so many hieroglyphic historical texts from the reign of Merneptah and Ramesses III enables a thorough analysis of the historiography of the tale.
Diets, Nutrition, and Poverty
Authors: Gaiha Raghav , Jha Raghbendra , Kulkarni Vani S. , Kaicker Nidhi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter addresses a persistent tension in current debates over food security, with illustrative data from India. The case allows us to disaggregate concepts in food policy that are often lumped together, so as to better understand what is at stake in rapidly changing economies more generally. Despite rising incomes, there has been sustained decline in per capita nutrient intake in India in recent years. The assertion by Deaton and Dreze (2009) that poverty and undernutrition are unrelated is critically examined. A demand-based model in which food prices and expenditure played significant roles proved robust, while allowing for lower calorie “requirements” due to less strenuous activity patterns, life-style changes, and improvements in the epidemiological environment. This analysis provides reasons for not delinking nutrition and poverty; it confirms the existence of poverty-nutrition traps in which undernutrition perpetuates poverty. A new measure of child undernutrition that allows for multiple anthropometric failures (e.g., wasting, underweight, and stunting) points to much higher levels of undernutrition than conventional ones. Dietary changes over time, and their nutritional implications, have welfare implications at both ends of the income and social-status pyramids. Since poverty is multidimensional, money-metric indicators such as minimum income or expenditure are not reliable, because these cannot adequately capture all the dimensions. The emergent shift of the disease burden toward predominately food-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) poses an additional challenge. Finally, the complexity of normative issues in food policy is explored. Current approaches to food security have veered toward a “right-to-food” approach. There are, however, considerable problems with creating appropriate mechanisms for effectuating that right; these are explored briefly. Cash transfers touted to avoid administrative costs and corruption involved in rural employment guarantee and targeted food-distribution programs are likely to be much less effective if the objective is to enable large segments of the rural population to break out of nutrition-poverty traps. The chapter ends by exploring an alternative model, based on the same normative principle: a “right to policies,” or a “right to a right.”
Grace/Gift in Paul
Authors: Barclay John M. G. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Paul’s understanding of divine ‘grace’ stands at the centre of recent debates concerning Paul’s relationship to Second Temple Judaism and his adaptation of the benefactor ideologies of the Graeco-Roman world. After outlining the diversity of ways in which Jewish texts configure the benevolence of God, two distinctively Pauline features are highlighted: that the gift of God is enacted in the Christ-event, and that this gift is given without regard to the ethnic, moral, or social worth of its recipients. This incongruity matches Paul’s own experience and his practice of the Gentile mission; it also shapes his understanding of Israel’s history, past and future, while undergirding a social ethic for communities formed in the mutuality of gift-exchange. It is noted how the history of interpretation has tended to extend this Pauline theme, by ‘perfecting’ the theme of grace in a variety of additional ways.
Participation in Christ
Authors: Eastman Susan 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
For Paul, human participation in Christ is inaugurated and sustained by God’s apocalyptic incursion into the realm of sin and death through the incarnation and death of Christ in solidarity with sinful humanity. Human personhood is constructed in union with larger powers—on the one hand, sin, and on the other hand, the grace of God in Christ. Through Christ’s interchange with humanity under the power of sin, to the point of death on a cross, humanity is set free from sin’s power and joined with Christ.
Early Number Competencies and Mathematical Learning
Authors: Jordan Nancy C. , Fuchs Lynn , Dyson Nancy 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Early number competencies predict later mathematical learning. Weaknesses in number, number relations, and number operations can be reliably identified before school entry in first grade. Income status, associated early home and preschool opportunities, and general cognitive capacity all influence children’s level of numerical knowledge. Interventions based on a developmental progression and targeted to specific areas of number, such as the ability to count and sequence numbers, compare numerical quantities, and add and subtract small quantities, have shown positive, meaningful, and lasting effects on children’s achievement. Guided practice is effective when configured to support efficient counting strategies, frequent correct responding, and meta-cognitive behaviour and when contextualized with a strong focus on number knowledge tutoring.
Metronome
Authors: Bonus Alexander E. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This intellectual-social history of Maelzel’s technology challenges current views that automatic metronomes are, and have always been, universally accepted indicators of an absolute a priori musical beat. Rather than focusing upon the exactitude of historical tempo technologies, this study seeks to answer the larger reasons why ticking machines became the prevailing indicators of musical movement in western educational, compositional, and performance practice traditions. Primary source evidence uncovers that historical attitudes toward metronomes were unlike those of modern-age pedagogues and performers. By contrasting accounts from Maelzel’s and Beethoven’s age with those of modernist musicians, it is shown how a new cultural trend emerged in which automatic metronomes transitioned from limited musical pulse references to essential regulators of a scientifically objective, mathematically reproducible tempo. Ultimately, this survey reveals a cultural paradigm shift, a metronomic turn in the way automatic tempo technologies have come to inform and influence the values underlying musical temporality and musicianship itself.
Empirical investigation on the impact of hydrogen collisions for the formation of C i 1.07 μm lines based on the solar center-to-limb variation
Authors: Takeda Yoichi , UeNo Satoru 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
With the aim of examining the validity of non-LTE line-formation calculations for the strong C i lines of multiplet 1 at 1.068–1.069 μm, especially in terms of the treatment of collisions with neutral hydrogen (H i) atoms, we computed theoretical equivalent widths (Wλ) of these lines corresponding to specific intensities of different angles (μ = cos θ) on the solar disk under various conditions, which were then compared with the empirical Wλ vs. μ relations obtained from our spectroscopic observations with the Domeless Solar Telescope at Hida Observatory. It turned out that our observational data are almost consistent with the theoretical simulations done with the H i collision rates computed with the classical formula, which suggests that the necessity of its significant revision (e.g., considerable reduction) is unlikely.
An investigation into surface temperature distributions of high-magnetic-field pulsars
Authors: Yasutake Nobutoshi , Kotake Kei , Kutsuna Masamichi , Shigeyama Toshikazu 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Bearing in mind the application to high-magnetic-field (high-B) radio pulsars, we investigate two-dimensional (2D) thermal evolutions of neutron stars (NSs). We pay particular attention to the influence of different equilibrium configurations on the surface temperature distributions. The equilibrium configurations are constructed in a systematic manner, in which both toroidal and poloidal magnetic fields are determined self-consistently with the inclusion of general relativistic effects. To solve the 2D heat transfer inside the NS interior out to the crust, we have developed an implicit code based on a finite-difference scheme that deals with anisotropic thermal conductivity and relevant cooling processes in the context of a standard cooling scenario. In agreement with previous studies, the surface temperatures near the pole become higher than those in the vicinity of the equator as a result of anisotropic heat transfer. Our results show that the ratio of the highest to the lowest surface temperatures changes maximally by one order of magnitude, depending on the equilibrium configurations. Despite such difference, we find that the area of such hot and cold spots is so small that the simulated X-ray spectrum could be well reproduced by a single temperature blackbody fitting.
Homoeologous Chromosome Sorting and Progression of Meiotic Recombination inBrassica napus: Ploidy Does Matter!
Authors: Grandont Laurie , Cuñado Nieves , Coriton Olivier , Huteau Virgine , Eber Frédérique , Chèvre Anne Marie , Grelon Mathilde , Chelysheva Liudmila , Jenczewski Eric 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMeiotic recombination is the fundamental process that produces balanced gametes and generates diversity within species. For successful meiosis, crossovers must form between homologous chromosomes. This condition is more difficult to fulfill in allopolyploid species, which have more than two sets of related chromosomes (homoeologs). Here, we investigated the formation, progression, and completion of several key hallmarks of meiosis in Brassica napus (AACC), a young polyphyletic allotetraploid crop species with closely related homoeologous chromosomes. Altogether, our results demonstrate a precocious and efficient sorting of homologous versus homoeologous chromosomes during early prophase I in two representative B. napus accessions that otherwise show a genotypic difference in the progression of homologous recombination. More strikingly, our detailed comparison of meiosis in near isogenic allohaploid and euploid plants showed that the mechanism(s) promoting efficient chromosome sorting in euploids is adjusted to promote crossover formation between homoeologs in allohaploids. This suggests that, in contrast to other polyploid species, chromosome sorting is context dependent in B. napus.
Public private partnerships/private finance initiatives for financing infrastructure in public tertiary institutions in Nigeria
Authors: Taiwo Gbadegesin Job , Tajudeen Aluko Bioye 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that influence the adoption of private finance initiatives (PFIs) for infrastructure projects in tertiary institutions of learning. It also determines the relationship between the levels of awareness, years of experience and the identified factors.

Design/methodology/approach
– Data for this study were gathered from administration of questionnaires. The instruments were administered after validation on the stakeholders in the concerned departments. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive, cluster and correlation analyses.

Findings
– There is a high level of awareness and experience in public private partnerships (PPPs) among the respondents on the initiative. It is found that nature of project, risk involvement and the technical capabilities are the three most influential factors. There is correlation between the identified factors. There is also a significant relationship between the respondents’ years of experience in PPP and “technical capabilities factors.”

Research limitations/implications
– The study is limited to four selected public tertiary institutions in a single geo-political zone (six states) in southwestern Nigeria, out of four geo-political zones in Nigeria. Southwestern Nigeria is a major zone where tertiary institutions embrace PPP/PFIs initiative.

Practical implications
– Empirically, PPPs in the educational sector of a developing economy have been explored and consequently implied that there is a relationship among the factors that determine the adoption of PPP. Hence, findings would be useful for the policy makers and stakeholders on decision relating to infrastructure provision in tertiary institutions.

Originality/value
– This study is one of the few empirical studies in relation to educational sector in developing/emerging economies on the subject of PPP/PFIs for infrastructure projects.
Industrial innovation: case study of the Claerwen dam
Authors: D. Holt Gary 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– Societal needs produce infrastructural demands that often, require innovative industrial solutions to optimally satisfy them. One such need is fresh clean water and this has been met in part, by a global infrastructure of dams and reservoirs. Dams have borne witness to their innovative construction design, technology and management (CDTM) over the years and the purpose of this paper is to examine an example of this, relating to Claerwen dam in Great Britain.Design/methodology/approach– The study used historical case study method based on Busha and Harter's (1980) model, to accommodate synthesis of extant, historical and archive data. Subsequent archival data analysis is founded predominately on document synthesis and embraces a longitudinal character.Findings– Benefiting incontrovertibly from industrial innovations, Claerwen was constructed in markedly different ways from its “sister” phase 1 Elan Valley dams built 50 years earlier, to uniquely combine vernacular aesthetic with contemporary CDTM of the time and create a reservoir with capacity almost equal to that of the entire phase 1 dams combined.Research limitations/implications– Findings offset a dearth of historical construction research more generally; and that relating to dam infrastructure, more specifically.Originality/value– Minimal literature exists regarding innovations in British dam building so the study is especially original in that respect.
Value for money and its influential factors: an empirical study of PPP projects in Japan
Authors: Hu Zhen , Chen Shu , Zhang Xueqing 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to study the key influential factors and their impacts on the value for money (VFM) of projects developed through public-private partnerships (PPPs) with an objective to improve the VFM assessment of PPP projects.Design/methodology/approach– This paper has studied the key influential factors and their impacts on VFM of projects developed through PPPs with an objective to improve the VFM assessment of PPP projects.Findings– There are large variations in the VFM of PPP projects in many countries due to a number of factors affecting the setting and attainment of the VFM. This paper has identified the key factors that influence the VFM in PPP projects in Japan and evaluated their impacts on the VFM.Originality/value– Outputs of this study would provide some insights on the improvement in the VFM assessment of PPP projects, in terms of determining a suitable VFM for a particular PPP project in accordance with its specific operational environment, balancing the interests of both public and private sectors, and promoting the participation of the private sector in the timely provision of necessary public works and services.
A model for Chinese transnational migration through the Americas: the Canadian experience
Authors: Janey Chao Sheau-yueh 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– This article was based on the information from The 5th International Conference of Institutes and Libraries for Chinese Overseas Studies held in the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC, Canada in which the author was a presenter in session 4.2.9a of the Early life of Yuan Shikai and the formation of Yuan family. The paper aims to include comprehensive analysis and development of the history of Chinese migration. An annotated bibliography of suggested readings was offered to highlight the subject knowledge for further research in this area.Design/methodology/approach– The paper includes comprehensive analysis and development of the history of Chinese migration and the experiences and family histories of overseas Chinese in Canada. An annotated bibliography of suggested readings was offered to highlight the subject knowledge for further research in this area.Findings– The paper offers full description and comprehensive analysis of the history of Chinese migration and overseas Chinese studies in Canada. A bbibliography of suggested readings was offered for further research in this area.Research limitations/implications– This research study has a strong subject focus on Chinese migration, overseas Chinese studies, and resource-sharing in the subject area. It is a specific field for research in Asian studies.Practical implications– The result of this study will assist students, researchers, and the general public in the area of overseas Chinese studies and developing their interests in the social and historical value of Chinese migration history and resource-sharing in the area.Originality/value– Very little research has been done in the area of Chinese migration and historical development. The paper would offer historians, sociologists, ethnologists, librarians, administrations, professors, as well as students in the fields of Asian history, anthropology, sociology, political science, geography, and other Asian-related interdisciplinary studies.