bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deletion or inhibition of Fc gamma receptor 2B (CD32) prevents FVIII-specific activation of memory B cells in vitro
Authors: Vollack Nadine , Hornung Marcus von , Kalippke Katy , Kutzschbach Julia , Trummer Arne , Ganser Arnold , Tiede Andreas , Werwitzke Sonja 
Published: August 2015

SummaryDevelopment of inhibitory antibodies against factor VIII (FVIII) is a severe complication of replacement therapy in haemophilia A. Patients with inhibitors are treated with high FVIII doses in the context of immune tolerance therapy (ITT). Data from haemophilia A mouse model suggest that high FVIII concentrations prevent the formation of antibody secreting cells (ASCs) from memory B cells (MBCs) by inducing apoptosis. Fc gamma receptor 2B (CD32) is an important regulator of B cell function, mediating inhibitory signals after cross-linking with the B cell receptor. Here, the role of CD32 in the regulation of FVIII-specific MBCs was investigated using F8-/- and F8-/-CD32-/- knockout mice and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The initial immune response was similar between F8-/- and F8-/-CD32-/- mice, including concentration of anti-FVIII antibodies and number of FVIII-specific ASCs in spleen and bone marrow. In contrast, formation of ASCs from MBCs upon rhFVIII re-stimulation in vitro was abolished in F8-/-CD32-/- mice, whereas FVIII/anti-FVIII immune complexes significantly enhanced ASC formation in F8-/- mice. Inhibition of CD32 by mAbs or F(ab)2 fragments prevented ASC formation in a dose-dependent manner. Transfer of B cell-depleted splenocytes using CD45R (B220) depletion from CD32-competent mice did not restore ASC formation in F8-/-CD32-/- cells confirming that CD32 is required on B cells. We conclude that CD32 is a crucial regulator of FVIII-specific B cells and is required for the differentiation of MBCs into ASCs. Inhibition of CD32 could potentially improve the efficacy of FVIII in the context of ITT.
Fibrillar cellular fibronectin supports efficient platelet aggregation and procoagulant activity
Authors: Maurer Eric , Schaff Mathieu , Receveur Nicolas , Bourdon Catherine , Mercier Luc , Nieswandt Bernhard , Dubois Christophe , Jandrot-Perrus Martine , Goetz Jacky G. , Lanza François , Gachet Christian , Mangin Pierre H. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThe ability of cellular fibronectin, found in the vessel wall in a fibrillar conformation, to regulate platelet functions and trigger thrombus formation remains largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated how parietal cellular fibronectin can modulate platelet responses under flow conditions. A fibrillar network was formed by mechanically stretching immobilised dimeric cellular fibronectin. Perfusion of anticoagulated whole blood over this surface resulted in efficient platelet adhesion and thrombus growth. The initial steps of platelet adhesion and activation, as evidenced by filopodia extension and an increase in intracellular calcium levels (419 ± 29 nmol/l), were dependent on integrins α5β1 and αIIbβ3. Subsequent thrombus growth was mediated by these integrins together with the GPIb-V-IX complex, GPVI and Toll-like receptor 4. The involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 could be conveyed via its binding to the EDA region of cellular fibronectin. Upon thrombus formation, the platelets became procoagulant and generated fibrin as revealed by video-microscopy. This work provides evidence that fibrillar cellular fibronectin is a strong thrombogenic surface which supports efficient platelet adhesion, activation, aggregation and procoagulant activity through the interplay of a series of receptors including integrins α5β1 and αIIbβ3, the GPIb-V-IX complex, GPVI and Toll-like receptor 4.
Clipping and Coiling of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Among Medicare Beneficiaries, 2000 to 2010
Authors: Jalbert Jessica J. , Isaacs Abby J. , Kamel Hooman , Sedrakyan Art 
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose—
Endovascular coiling therapy is increasingly popular for obliteration of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, but older patients face higher procedural risks and shorter periods during which an untreated aneurysm may rupture causing subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We assessed trends in clipping and coiling of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, outcomes after clipping and coiling of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, and in SAH among Medicare beneficiaries.

Methods—
Using 2000 to 2010 Medicare Provider Analysis and Review data, we identified 2 cohorts of patients admitted electively for clipping or coiling of an unruptured aneurysm: (1) utilization cohort (2000–2010): patients ≥65 years enrolled ≥1 month in a given year and (2) outcomes cohort (2001–2010): patients ≥66 years of age enrolled in Medicare for ≥1 year. We calculated rates of clipping, coiling, and SAH per 100 000 Medicare beneficiaries. We tested for trends in the risk of in-hospital mortality and complications, discharge destination, 30-day mortality, 30-day readmissions, and length of hospitalization.

Results—
Characteristics of patients undergoing clipping (n=4357) or coiling (n=7942) did not change appreciably. Overall, 30-day mortality, in-hospital complications, and 30-day readmissions decreased, generally reaching their lowest levels in 2008 to 2010 (1.6%, 25.0%, and 14.5% for clipping and 1.5%, 13.8%, and 11.0% for coiling, respectively). Procedural treatment rates per 100 000 beneficiaries increased from 1.4 in 2000 to 6.0 in 2010, driven mainly by increased use of coiling but SAH rates did not decrease.

Conclusions—
Although outcomes tended to improve over time, increased preventative treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms among Medicare beneficiaries did not result in a population-level decrease in SAH rates.
The Impact of the Temperature Inversion Breakup on the Exchange of Heat and Mass in an Idealized Valley: Sensitivity to the Radiative Forcing
Authors: Leukauf Daniel , Gohm Alexander , Rotach Mathias W. , Wagner Johannes S. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The breakup of a nocturnal temperature inversion during daytime is studied in an idealized valley by means of high-resolution numerical simulations. Vertical fluxes of heat and mass are strongly reduced as long as an inversion is present; hence it is important to understand the mechanisms leading to its removal. In this study breakup times are determined as a function of the radiative forcing. Further, the effect of the nocturnal inversion on the vertical exchange of heat and mass is quantified. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model is applied to an idealized quasi-two-dimensional valley. The net shortwave radiation is specified by a sine function with amplitudes between 150 and 850 W m−2 during daytime and at zero during the night. The valley inversion is eroded within 5 h for the strongest forcing. A minimal amplitude of 450 W m−2 is required to reach the breakup, in which case the inversion is removed after 11 h. Depending on the forcing amplitude, between 10% and 57% of the energy provided by the surface sensible heat flux is exported out of the valley during the whole day. The ratio of exported energy to provided energy is approximately 1.6 times as large after the inversion is removed as before. More than 5 times the valley air mass is turned over in 12 h for the strongest forcing, whereas the mass is turned over only 1.3 times for 400 W m−2.
Subsidence Warming as an Underappreciated Ingredient in Tropical Cyclogenesis. Part I: Aircraft Observations
Authors: Kerns Brandon W. , Chen Shuyi S. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The development of a compact warm core extending from the mid-upper levels to the lower troposphere and related surface pressure falls leading to tropical cyclogenesis (TC genesis) is not well understood. This study documents the evolution of the three-dimensional thermal structure during the early developing stages of Typhoons Fanapi and Megi using aircraft dropsonde observations from the Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific (ITOP) field campaign in 2010. Prior to TC genesis, the precursor disturbances were characterized by warm (cool) anomalies above (below) the melting level (~550 hPa) with small surface pressure perturbations. Onion-shaped skew T–logp profiles, which are a known signature of mesoscale subsidence warming induced by organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), are ubiquitous throughout the ITOP aircraft missions from the precursor disturbance to the tropical storm stages. The warming partially erodes the lower-troposphere (850–600 hPa) cool anomalies. This warming results in increased surface pressure falls when superposed with the upper-troposphere warm anomalies associated with the long-lasting MCSs/cloud clusters. Hydrostatic pressure analysis suggests the upper-level warming alone would not result in the initial sea level pressure drop associated with the transformation from a disturbance to a TC. As Fanapi and Megi intensify into strong tropical storms, aircraft flight-level (700 hPa) and dropsonde data reveal that the warm core extends down to 850–600 hPa and has some characteristics of subsidence warming similar to the eyes of mature TCs.
Mixing Driven by Radiative and Evaporative Cooling at the Stratocumulus Top
Authors: de Lozar Alberto , Mellado Juan Pedro 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The stratocumulus-top mixing process is investigated using direct numerical simulations of a shear-free cloud-top mixing layer driven by evaporative and radiative cooling. An extension of previous linear formulations allows for quantifying radiative cooling, evaporative cooling, and the diffusive effects that artificially enhance mixing and evaporative cooling in high-viscosity direct numerical simulations (DNS) and many atmospheric simulations. The diffusive cooling accounts for 20% of the total evaporative cooling for the highest resolution (grid spacing ~14 cm), but this can be much larger (~100%) for lower resolutions that are commonly used in large-eddy simulations (grid spacing ~5 m). This result implies that the κ scaling for cloud cover might be strongly influenced by diffusive effects. Furthermore, the definition of the inversion point as the point of neutral buoyancy allows the derivation of two scaling laws. The in-cloud scaling law relates the velocity and buoyancy integral scales to a buoyancy flux defined by the inversion point. The entrainment-zone scaling law provides a relationship between the entrainment velocity and the liquid evaporation rate. By using this inversion point, it is shown that the radiative-cooling contribution to the entrainment velocity decouples from the evaporative-cooling contribution and behaves very similarly as in the smoke cloud. Finally, evaporative and radiative cooling have similar strengths, when this strength is measured by the integrated buoyancy source. This result partially explains why current entrainment parameterizations are not accurate enough, given that most of them implicitly assume that only one of the two mechanisms rules the entrainment.
Propagation of Strong Rainfall Events from Southeastern South America to the Central Andes
Authors: Boers Niklas , Barbosa Henrique M. J. , Bookhagen Bodo , Marengo José A. , Marwan Norbert , Kurths Jürgen 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Based on high-spatiotemporal-resolution data, the authors perform a climatological study of strong rainfall events propagating from southeastern South America to the eastern slopes of the central Andes during the monsoon season. These events account for up to 70% of total seasonal rainfall in these areas. They are of societal relevance because of associated natural hazards in the form of floods and landslides, and they form an intriguing climatic phenomenon, because they propagate against the direction of the low-level moisture flow from the tropics. The responsible synoptic mechanism is analyzed using suitable composites of the relevant atmospheric variables with high temporal resolution. The results suggest that the low-level inflow from the tropics, while important for maintaining sufficient moisture in the area of rainfall, does not initiate the formation of rainfall clusters. Instead, alternating low and high pressure anomalies in midlatitudes, which are associated with an eastward-moving Rossby wave train, in combination with the northwestern Argentinean low, create favorable pressure and wind conditions for frontogenesis and subsequent precipitation events propagating from southeastern South America toward the Bolivian Andes.
Wavelet-Based Optical Flow for Two-Component Wind Field Estimation from Single Aerosol Lidar Data
Authors: Dérian Pierre , Mauzey Christopher F. , Mayor Shane D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA motion estimation algorithm was applied to image sequences produced by a horizontally scanning elastic backscatter lidar. The algorithm, a wavelet-based optical flow estimator namedTyphoon, produces dense two-component vector flow fields that correspond to the apparent motion of microscale aerosol features. To validate the efficacy of this approach for the remote measurement of wind fields in the lower atmosphere, an experiment was conducted in Chico, California, in 2013 and 2014. The flow fields, estimated every 17 s, were compared with measurements from an independent Doppler lidar. Time series of wind speed and direction, statistical assessment of the 10-min averages, and examples of wind fields are presented. The comparison of 10-min averages at 100 m AGL reveals excellent correlations between estimates from theTyphoonalgorithm and measurements from the Doppler lidar. Power spectra and spectral transfer functions are computed to estimate the filtering effects of the algorithm in the spatial domain.
Pulse Pressure Amplification and Arterial Stiffness in Low-Risk, Uncomplicated Pregnancies
Authors: Gomez YH , Hudda Zahra , Mahdi Noha , Hausvater Anais , Opatrny Lucie , El-Messidi Amira , Gagnon Robert , Daskalopoulou Stella S. 
Published: August 2015

Background: Arterial stiffness, a composite indicator of vascular health and predictor of future cardiovascular (CV) disease and events, was assessed in low-risk, uncomplicated pregnancies. Methods: Women with low-risk pregnancy were recruited consecutively (recruitment across the 3 trimesters). Vessel hemodynamics and arterial stiffness were measured every 4 weeks from recruitment until delivery and at 6.5 weeks postpartum. Results: Sixty-three women (maternal age: 32.7 ± 4.9 years) with low-risk, uncomplicated pregnancy were recruited. Mean arterial pressure ( P = .04) and aortic pulse pressure ( P = .03) decreased during pregnancy, whereas heart rate gradually increased until delivery ( P = .0002) and decreased postpartum ( P = .06). Pulse pressure amplification (PPA) and carotid-to-radial pulse wave velocity initially decreased in the second trimester, followed by a steady increase until delivery ( P = .01 and P = .04, respectively). Interestingly, PPA sharply decreased postpartum ( P = .01). Augmentation index and the subendocardial viability ratio significantly increased postpartum ( P = .03 and .02, respectively). Conclusion: The PPA increased steadily after the second trimester and was sharply decreased postpartum in low-risk, uncomplicated pregnancy. Longer and larger longitudinal studies will evaluate changes in PPA and its potential as a marker of CV risk later in women’s life.
Planning in England: New Public Management, Network Governance or Post-Democracy?
Authors: Laffin Martin 
Published: August 2015

Three frameworks – New Public Management, Network Governance and Post-Democracy – are applied to identify and explain the direction of institutional travel in the field of land-use planning in England. These frameworks are used to assess the extent to which land-use planning has been centralized or decentralized over the last 20 years. The last Labour government (1997–2010) is contrasted with the Conservative-led Coalition government (2010–2015). Labour introduced planning policies and an underpinning regional administrative machinery that the latter has replaced with a ‘localist’ planning system and sub-regional Local Enterprise Partnerships. The article concludes that both Labour and the Conservative-led Coalition embarked on policies that involved increased centralization, but that the centralization took different forms, though both parties denied sub-state institutions the political or other resources to challenge the central government in Westminster. Points for practitioners The dominant analytical perspectives on public administration are New Public Management and Network Governance. This article introduces a third perspective – Post-Democracy – not yet applied in public administration. Post-Democracy is developed here to depict government ministers as ‘political-bureaucratic managers’ oriented towards maintaining national economic competitiveness and mobilizing electoral support in new ways as the traditional, mass political party is declining. Consequently, ministers increasingly defer to business interests and default to a populist politics that often challenges established bureaucratic and professional interests within government. This article examines the implications of this political shift in the case of land-use planning in England.
Determinants of public trust in government: empirical evidence from urban China
Authors: Zhao Dahai , Hu Wei 
Published: August 2015

Several studies suggest that public trust in government in China remains high and without any trend of decline despite the fact that public trust in government has declined dramatically in developed countries. This article analyses public trust in government in contemporary urban China with a comprehensive representative survey and tests the factors associated with public trust in government. Trust in government in China is found to be much lower than previous studies have indicated. Furthermore, the variables of citizen satisfaction with the quality of public services, general democracy, participation in government and the transparency of government are positively associated with public trust in government in China at both the city and central level. In addition, this research also finds that citizens who are younger, more highly educated and well-paid have a lower probability of trust in government in China. These findings suggest that maintaining political trust will be a challenge for the Chinese government. Points for practitioners The findings in this study suggest that public managers and policymakers in China should pay full attention to the challenge posed by maintaining public trust in government, and need to consider formulating specific and feasible measures to enhance public trust based on the determinants of public trust in government. Moreover, in terms of the fact that the determinants that make public trust in government decline in developed countries also affect public trust in government in China, such public managers and policymakers need to strengthen communication with developed countries to improve the handling of the common challenge of maintaining public trust in government.
The relationship between the prescription of pyschotropic drugs and suicide rates in adults in England and Wales
Authors: Zhinchin Galina , Zarate-Escudero Sofia , Somyaji Manjunath , Shah Ajit 
Published: August 2015

Background A few studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between the general population and suicide rates and antidepressant prescribing rates. Correlations between general population suicide rates and prescribing rates of other psychotropic drugs have also been observed. There have not been any studies during the last decade. Methods The relationship between adult suicide rates and prescription rates of psychotropic drugs by the broad British National Formulary (BNF) categories, for individual psychotropic drug groups within the BNF categories (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and for individual psychotropic drugs was examined over a 12-year period (1995–2006) was examined using Spearman’s rank correlation. All data were ascertained from the archives of the Office for National Statistics. Results There was an absence of significant correlations between adult suicides rates and rates of prescriptions of psychotropic drugs in the broad BNF categories, individual psychotropic drug groups and individual psychotropic drugs. Discussion The findings may be due to methodological errors. Should the findings be accurate, then the following approaches require consideration to reduce suicide rates further: (i) development of strategies to ensure continued prescription of psychotropic drugs at the current level; (ii) development of strategies to improve non-pharmacological measures, including improved mental health services provision for adults, improved assessment of suicide risk, increased availability of psychosocial interventions and restricting the availability of methods of suicide; and (iii) development of strategies to implement improvement in distal risk (e.g. societal socio-economic status) and protective (e.g. societal educational attainment) factors for suicide at a societal level.
From cadavers to clinical practice: the anatomy of lifelong learning
Authors: Bradley Alison , Khan Khurram , Madurska Marta , Riddell Alexis , Saldanha James 
Published: August 2015

Background Much has been postulated about the perceived deterioration of anatomy knowledge amongst graduates. Little is known about levels of confidence in, and educational needs concerning, clinical anatomy knowledge amongst foundation year doctors. Aims To establish foundation year doctors’ perceptions of anatomy related to: importance to career, confidence in anatomy knowledge and its application, preferred methods of teaching. Secondarily, to determine impact of an integrated clinical approach to anatomy teaching on foundation year doctors’ level of knowledge and confidence in its clinical application of anatomy. Methods A course teaching anatomy through common surgeries and related radiology was delivered to foundation year doctors. A pre- and post-course assessment based on anatomy competence score assessed holistic knowledge acquisition. Foundation year doctors’ perceptions of anatomy and course satisfaction were measured through questionnaire. Results Confidence in applying anatomy knowledge was low. The average pre- and post-course assessment score increased from 55% to 81%; 92.86% felt an integrated clinical approach to anatomy teaching improved their confidence on the subject and 58.62% felt it improved their clinical skills. Conclusion This study identified a need for ongoing educational support for foundation year doctors regarding anatomy teaching. An integrated clinical approach to teaching anatomy proved both highly relevant and popular, as well as an effective teaching approach.
Outcome of open reduction for the neglected posterior dislocation of the elbow in a low-to-middle income country
Authors: Nicola Lollino , Birhanu Ayana , Aselefech Gelan , Giovanni Merolla 
Published: August 2015

Background Neglected posterior dislocation of the elbow is common in developing countries. We evaluated the clinical results of open reduction focusing on range of motion (ROM), stability and pain. Materials and Methods Sixteen patients were treated for neglected dislocation of the elbow between January 2008 and December 2012 at St. Luke’s Catholic Hospital and College of Nursing, Wolisso, Ethiopia. Mean time from injury was 2.8 months (range, 2–48 months). All patients underwent open reduction using Speed’s technique. Mean follow-up was 12 months (range, 12–36 months). Range of motion (ROM) was measured, stability was checked with the lateral pivot shift apprehension test. Results All patients improved their range of motion (ROM). Pain decreased. One patient developed instability during the rehabilitation programme; in the remaining patients pivot shift test was negative. Conclusion Open reduction is an effective method to restore joint stability, improve function of neglected posterior dislocation of the elbow.