bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calorimetric Estimation Employing the Unscented Kalman Filter for a Batch Emulsion Polymerization Reactor
Authors: Rincón Franklin David , Esposito Marcelo , de Araújo Pedro Henrique Hermes , Sayer Claudia , Le Roux Galo Antonio Carrillo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractReaction calorimetry is a very useful tool to monitor exothermic polymerization reactions as it is based on the estimation of the heat generated by the reaction. The objective of this work is to analyze the performance of an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for online monitoring of batch vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization reactions. Reactions are performed in isoperibolic and isothermal conditions. The UKF is compared to an extended Kalman filter that has a very poor performance. The results show that the UKF is able to provide good estimates for the conversion, for the reactor and jacket temperatures, for the overall heat transfer coefficient between the reaction medium and the jacket, and for the heat loss from the jacket to the surroundings. magnified image
Two‐phase dynamic analysis by material point method
Authors: Jassim Issam , Stolle Dieter , Vermeer Pieter 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYThis paper extends the material point method to analyze coupled dynamic, two‐phase boundary‐valued problems via a velocity formulation, in which solid and fluid phase velocities are the variables. Key components of the proposed approach are the adoption of Verruijt's sequence of update steps when integrating over time and the enhancement of volumetric strains. The connection between fractional step method and the time‐stepping algorithm presented in this paper is addressed.Enhancement of volumetric strains allows lower order variations in pressure and mitigates spurious pressure fields and locking that plague low‐order finite‐element implementations.A stress averaging technique to smoothen stress variations is proposed, and the local damping procedure adopted by FLAC is extended to handle two‐phase problems. Special Kelvin‐Voigt boundaries are developed to suppress reflections at artificial boundaries. Idealized examples are presented to demonstrate the capability of the proposed framework to accurately capture the physics of wave propagation, consolidation and wave attack on a sea dike. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The microbiome in wound repair and tissue fibrosis
Authors: Scales Brittan S , Huffnagle Gary B 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBacterial colonization occurs in all wounds, chronic or acute, and the break in epithelium integrity that defines a wound impairs the forces that shape and constrain the microbiome at that site. This review highlights the interactions between bacterial communities in the wound and the ultimate resolution of the wound or development of fibrotic lesions. Chronic wounds support complex microbial communities comprising a wide variety of bacterial phyla, genera, and species, including some fastidious anaerobic bacteria not identified using culture‐based methods. Thus, the complexity of bacterial communities in wounds has historically been underestimated. There are a number of intriguing possibilities to explain these results that may also provide novel insights into changes and adaptation of bacterial metabolic networks in inflamed and wounded mucosa, including the critical role of biofilm formation. It is well accepted that the heightened state of activation of host cells in a wound that is driven by the microbiota can certainly lead to detrimental effects on wound regeneration, but the microbiota of the wound may also have beneficial effects on wound healing. Studies in experimental systems have clearly demonstrated a beneficial effect for members of the gut microbiota on regulation of systemic inflammation, which could also impact wound healing at sites outside the gastrointestinal tract. The utilization of culture‐independent microbiology to characterize the microbiome of wounds and surrounding mucosa has raised many intriguing questions regarding previously held notions about the cause and effect relationships between bacterial colonization and wound repair and mechanisms involved in this symbiotic relationship.
Establishing physician to patient ratios and predicting workforce needs for Canadian pediatric hematology‐oncology programs
Authors: Halton Jacqueline M. , Hand Jack , Byron Patricia , Strother Douglas , Blanchette Victor ,   for the C17 Council of Canadian Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Transplantation Directors
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundA Human Resources (HR) Committee of C17, the national network of Canadian academic pediatric hematology/oncology programs, obtained comprehensive data enabling analysis and planning for the physician workforce. This study establishes physician to patient ratios and predicts workforce needs for Canadian pediatric hematology/oncology programs.ProceduresOver a 10‐year period, six surveys were sent to the 17 pediatric tertiary care centers treating children with cancer and blood disorders. Data were obtained on physician demographics, full time equivalent (FTE) positions, and time spent in clinical, research, education, and administrative activities. Survey results were debated at the C17 national meetings to obtain consensus on workload ratios.ResultsSince 1999, the pediatric hematologist/oncologist workforce has increased from 71 FTE (43 oncology, 20 hematology, 8 BMT) to 109.5 FTE positions (69.7 oncology, 29.4 hematology, and 10.4 BMT). The median age of pediatric hematologists/oncologists increased from 46 years to 52 years and the male to female ratio changed from 1.8:1 to 0.9:1. The 2011 job profile showed the median time spent on activities was 60% clinical, 15% education, 15% research, and 10% administration. After assessing workload, models of care, and optimal physician FTE per program, the C17 HR Committee recommended a ratio of one oncologist per 15 newly diagnosed patients with malignancy and a ratio of one BMT physician per 15 transplants. For every 2.5 oncologists, a 1.0 hematologist is the minimum required.ConclusionPhysician staffing ratios for pediatric hematology/oncology programs have been established and should be adopted across Canadian academic institutions as a standard. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 564–569. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HPLC Determination of the Major Active Flavonoids and GC–MS Analysis of Volatile Components of Dysphania graveolens (Amaranthaceae)
Authors: Álvarez‐Ospina Harry , Rivero Cruz Isabel , Duarte Georgina , Bye Robert , Mata Rachel 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTIntroductionDysphania graveolens is used mainly in Mexican traditional medicine against gastrointestinal ailments. Previous investigations revealed that its flavonoids are important active principles; however, there is not a reliable and accurate analytical method for determining these compounds in the crude drug or preparations of the plant. In addition, its volatile chemical composition remains unknown.ObjectiveThe main goals were to develop a validated HPLC method for quantifying the active flavonoids (pinostrobin (1), pinocembrin (2) and chrysin (3)) of D. graveolens and to establish its volatile composition.MethodologySeparation was carried out on a Licrospher100 RP18 column with a linear gradient acetonitrile 0.1% formic acid and aqueous 0.1% formic acid. Accuracy was determined by spiking the crude drug with the standards, the recoveries were between 99% and 101%. A systematic description of the volatile components of D. graveolens was assessed via GC–MS using headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS–SPME) and hydrodistillation extraction methods.ResultsThe developed HPLC method represented a powerful technique for the quality control of D. graveolens allowing the quantification of the three active flavonoids. For each compound a linear response was evaluated within the range of 0.5–2.0 mg/mL for pinostrobin (1), 0.25–1.25 mg/mL for pinocembrin (2) and 0.05–0.5 mg/mL for chrysin (3). According to SPME the major components in D. graveolens were p‐cymene (84.85%) and eucalyptol (11.26%). On the other hand, the essential oil had eucalyptol (42.89%) and p‐cymene (16.51%) and did not contain ascaridol. Thus the most relevant volatile components in the species were monoterpenoids. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radical ring‐opening polymerization of five‐membered cyclic vinyl sulfone using p‐toluenesulfonyl halides
Authors: Tanaka Shimon , Furusho Yoshio , Endo Takeshi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractRadical ring‐opening polymerizations of a five‐membered cyclic vinyl sulfone monomer, 2‐vinylthiolane‐1,1‐dioxide (VTDO), was carried out by using p‐toluenesulfonyl iodide (TosI) and bromide (TosBr) as radical initiators, and the corresponding ring‐opened polymer (PVTDO) was obtained. Both TosI and TosBr were found to work as the radical initiators for the polymerization of VTDO in bulk. The use of TosI gave PVTDOs with a broad, multimodal distribution of molecular weight in low yields. When 10 mol % of TosBr was employed, the isolated yield of PVTDO reached 49%, and the obtained PVTDO had a relatively narrow, monomodal molecular weight distribution of 1.8 with an Mn of 4100. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Effect of Testing Temperature on Retained Austenite Stability of Cold Rolled CMnSi Steels Treated by Quenching and Partitioning Process
Authors: Feng Weijun , Wu Zhibing , Wang Li , Speer John G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe effect of testing temperature on retained austenite (RA) stability of industrially cold rolled CMnSi sheet steel treated by quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process has been investigated by observing the deformation and transformation behavior of RA at different testing temperatures. Uniaxial tensile properties at different temperatures were determined and a correlation between RA stability and mechanical properties were also established. Ultimate tensile strength increases monotonously when temperature decreases, while total elongation reaches an optimum value between 0 and 20°C, where RA exhibits the greatest TRIP effect. Work hardening rate was calculated to decrease through three different stages in an oscillation manner, leading to significant enhancement in both strength and ductility. The kinetic of deformation‐induced martensite transformation is also studied and the stability of RA can be evaluated by comparing the kinetic parameter β.
Governance of biodiversity in Poland before and after the accession to the EU: the tale of two roads
Authors: NIEDZIAŁKOWSKI KRZYSZTOF , PAAVOLA JOUNI , JĘDRZEJEWSKA BOGUMIŁA 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYAccession of the Central and Eastern European countries to the European Union involved considerable institutional changes in the field of environmental governance that undermined existing policy practices. Such changes in biodiversity governance are examined through two case studies from Poland concerning road development schemes in ecologically sensitive areas. Documentary material and semi-structured interviews are analysed and interpreted in light of the policy arrangement approach and historical institutionalism. After the EU accession there was a rapid shift from a government-monopolized arrangement towards a multi-level governance arrangement with regard to conflicts between infrastructure and natural areas. Previously, the government controlled practically all aspects of environmental policymaking, despite potential routes for greater involvement of non-state actors. Only the formal rules of Natura 2000 and environmental impact assessment, guarded by a coalition of powerful supranational bodies, non-governmental organizations and scientists, changed the pattern of governmental policy-making. New policy arrangements have increased capacity and legitimacy in the implementation of the European Union rules.
High supersaturation inside cirrus in well‐developed tropical tropopause layer over Indonesia
Authors: Inai Y. , Shibata T. , Fujiwara M. , Hasebe F. , Vömel H. 
Published: October 2012

The relationship between relative humidity and cirrus clouds in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is investigated using balloon‐borne cryogenic frostpoint hygrometers (CFH) and quasi‐collocated measurements of space‐borne Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) over Biak (1.17°S, 136.06°E) and Kototabang (0.20°S, 100.32°E) both in Indonesia in Januaries 2007 and 2008. At Kototabang, thin layers of high supersaturation, up to ∼160% in relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi), are often observed co‐existing with cirrus clouds at altitudes of ∼15–18 km. At Biak, RHi inside cirrus is around 100% or less without large supersaturation layers, and most clouds are limited to altitudes below 16 km. We found that the presence and the degree of supersaturation may strongly depend on the phases of large‐scale disturbances such as the MJO rather than geographical difference.
EXPLAINING VARIATION IN WORK ETHIC IN EUROPE
Authors: Stam Kirsten , Verbakel Ellen , De Graaf Paul M. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
This paper presents unique descriptive and explanatory analyses of cross-national variation in work ethic in 44 European countries (European Values Study 2008). A strong work ethic is the conviction that people have a moral duty to work. To explain differences in the adherence of the work ethic between countries two alternative theories are tested: modernisation theory and social institutional theory. Modernisation theory hypothesises that richer, more highly educated and urbanised countries have a weaker work ethic. Alternatively, social institutional theory predicts that countries' religious heritage, generosity of the welfare state and political history can explain differences in work ethic between countries. Multilevel regression models on an unprecedented set of 44 countries show that the modernisation hypotheses are supported. With regard to institutions, it is shown that work ethic is stronger in countries with an Islamic and Orthodox heritage as compared to a Protestant and Catholic heritage and in ex-communist countries and countries with less generous welfare states. When both theories are tested simultaneously, variance decomposition suggests that social institutional theory has more explanatory power than modernisation theory. Religious heritage is shown to be the most important factor to explain variation in work ethic between countries. Thus, although our modern societies become increasingly secularised, religious heritage still impacts our norms and values about work in a significant manner.
Does General Anesthesia Increase the Diagnostic Yield of Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Fine Needle Aspiration of Pancreatic Masses?
Authors: Ootaki Chiyo , Stevens Tyler , Vargo John , You Jing , Shiba Ayako , Foss Joseph , Borkowski Raymond , Maurer Walter 
Published: October 2012

Background
: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of the pancreas has become the preferred method for tissue diagnosis for pancreatic solid masses. The yield of EUS-FNA in this setting is influenced by multiple factors. We hypothesized that general anesthesia (GA) may improve EUS-FNA yield by improving patient cooperation and stillness during the procedure. Our objective was to assess the association between the sedation method employed and the diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA.

Methods
: A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving consecutive patients who received EUS-FNA for diagnosis of a solid pancreatic mass at the Cleveland Clinic (Cleveland, OH) gastrointestinal endoscopy units from 2007 to 2009. We compared the diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA between patients receiving GA provided by an anesthesiologist (GA group) and patients receiving conscious sedation (CS) provided by a qualified registered nurse (CS group).

Results
: Of 371 patients, a cytological diagnosis was obtained in 73/88 patients (83%) in the GA group and 206/283 patients (73%) in the CS group. Anesthesiologist-delivered GA was associated with an increased odds of having a successful diagnosis as compared with CS (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 2.56 [1.27-5.17], P = 0.01). However, the incidence of complication during or after the procedure was not different between the groups (P > 0.99).

Conclusions
: Anesthesiologist-delivered GA was associated with a significantly higher diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA. GA should be considered a preferred sedation method for EUS-FNA of a solid pancreatic mass.
Improved glycaemic control with vildagliptin added to insulin, with or without metformin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kothny W. , Foley J. , Kozlovski P. , Shao Q. , Gallwitz B. , Lukashevich V. 
Published: October 2012

AimThe aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of vildagliptin 50 mg bid as add‐on therapy to insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis is a multicentre, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel group, clinical trial in T2DM patients inadequately controlled by stable insulin therapy, with or without metformin. Patients received treatment with vildagliptin 50 mg bid or placebo for 24 weeks.ResultsIn all, 449 patients were randomized to vildagliptin (n = 228) or placebo (n = 221). After 24 weeks, the difference in adjusted mean change in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) between vildagliptin and placebo was −0.7 ± 0.1% (p < 0.001) in the overall study population, −0.6 ± 0.1% (p < 0.001) in the subgroup also receiving metformin and −0.8 ± 0.2% (p < 0.001) in the subgroup without metformin. Vildagliptin therapy was well tolerated and had a similarly low incidence of hypoglycaemia compared with placebo (8.4 vs. 7.2%, p = 0.66) in spite of improved glycaemic control, and was not associated with weight gain. (+0.1 vs. −0.4 kg).ConclusionsVildagliptin 50 mg bid added to insulin significantly reduced HbA1c in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled by insulin, with or without metformin. Vildagliptin was well tolerated, with a safety profile similar to placebo. These results were achieved without weight gain or an increase in hypoglycaemia incidence or severity in spite of improved glycaemic control.
Life cycle assessment of eucalyptus short rotation coppices for bioenergy production in southern France
Authors: Gabrielle Benoît , Nguyen The Nicolas , Maupu Pauline , Vial Estelle 
Published: October 2012

AbstractShort rotation coppices (SRC) are considered prime candidates for biomass production, yielding good‐quality feedstock that is easy to harvest. Besides technical, social and economical aspects, environmental issues are important to be taken into account when developing SRC. Here, we evaluated the environmental impacts of delivering 1 GJ of heat from eucalyptus SRC using life cycle assessment (LCA), based on management scenarios involving different rotations lengths, fertilizer input rates, stem densities and harvest methods. Compared to equivalent fossil chains, all eucalyptus scenarios achieved savings of fossil energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the 80–90% range, and had generally lower impacts, except for eutrophication. The 3 year rotation scenario was the most energy and GHG‐intensive, whereas manual felling for the longer rotations resulted in twofold larger photochemical ozone impacts compared to the other scenarios. Transportation of wood chips and fertilization were the top two contributors to the impacts, the latter being more important with the shorter rotation lengths due to the evergreen character of eucalyptus. The possibility of including ecosystem carbon dynamics was also investigated, by translating the temporary sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in the above and belowground biomass of eucalyptus as CO2 savings using various published equivalence factors. This offset the life cycle GHG emissions of heat provision from eucalyptus SRC by 70–400%.
Pleural effusions on the intensive care unit; Hidden morbidity with therapeutic potential
Authors: WALDEN ANDREW P. , JONES QUENTIN C. , MATSA RAMPRASAD , WISE MATTHEW P. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTDespite 50–60% of intensive care patients demonstrating evidence of pleural effusions, there has been little emphasis placed on the role of effusions in the aetiology of weaning failure. Critical illness and mechanical ventilation lead to multiple perturbations of the normal physiological processes regulating pleural fluid homeostasis, and consequently, failure of normal pleural function occurs. Effusions can lead to deleterious effects on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange, and when extensive, may lead to haemodynamic compromise. The widespread availability of bedside ultrasound has not only facilitated earlier detection of pleural effusions but also safer fluid sampling and drainage. In the majority of patients, pleural drainage leads to improvements in lung function, with data from spontaneously breathing individuals demonstrating a consistent symptomatic improvement, while a meta‐analysis in critically ill patients shows an improvement in oxygenation. The effects on respiratory mechanics are less clear, possibly reflecting heterogeneity of underlying pathology. Limited data on clinical outcome from pleural fluid drainage exist; however, it appears to be a safe procedure with a low risk of major complications. The current level of evidence would support a clinical trial to determine whether the systematic detection and drainage of pleural effusions improve clinical outcomes.
Cost‐effective framework for basic surgical skills training
Authors: Jiang Deng‐Jin , Wen Chan , Yang Ai‐Jun , Zhu Zhi‐Li , Lei Yan , Lan Yang‐Jun , Huang Qing‐Yuan , Hou Xiao‐Yu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe importance of basic surgical skills is entirely agreed among surgical educators. However, restricted by ethical issues, finance etc, the basic surgical skills training is increasingly challenged. Increasing cost gives an impetus to the development of cost‐effective training models to meet the trainees' acquisition of basic surgical skills. In this situation, a cost‐effective training framework was formed in our department and introduced here.MethodsEach five students were assigned to a ‘training unit’. The training was implemented weekly for 18 weeks. The framework consisted of an early, a transitional, an integrative stage and a surgical skills competition. Corresponding training modules were selected and assembled scientifically at each stage. The modules comprised campus intranet databases, sponge benchtop, nonliving animal tissue, local dissection specimens and simulating reality operations. The training outcomes used direct observation of procedural skills as an assessment tool. The training data of 50 trainees who were randomly selected in each year from 2006 to 2011 year, were retrospectively analysed.ResultsAn excellent and good rate of the surgical skills is from 82 to 88%, but there is no significant difference among 6 years (P > 0.05). The skills scores of the contestants are markedly higher than those of non‐contestants (P < 0.05). The average training cost per trainee is about $21.85–34.08.ConclusionThe present training framework is reliable, feasible, repeatable and cost‐effective. The skills competition can promote to improve the surgical skills level of trainees.