bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction Pathways for the Deoxygenation of Vegetable Oils and Related Model Compounds
Authors: Gosselink Robert W. , Hollak Stefan A. W. , Chang Shu‐Wei , van Haveren Jacco , de Jong Krijn P. , Bitter Johannes H. , van Es Daan S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractVegetable oil‐based feeds are regarded as an alternative source for the production of fuels and chemicals. Paraffins and olefins can be produced from these feeds through catalytic deoxygenation. The fundamentals of this process are mostly studied by using model compounds such as fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and specific triglycerides because of their structural similarity to vegetable oils. In this Review we discuss the impact of feedstock, reaction conditions, and nature of the catalyst on the reaction pathways of the deoxygenation of vegetable oils and its derivatives. As such, we conclude on the suitability of model compounds for this reaction. It is shown that the type of catalyst has a significant effect on the deoxygenation pathway, that is, group 10 metal catalysts are active in decarbonylation/decarboxylation whereas metal sulfide catalysts are more selective to hydrodeoxygenation. Deoxygenation studies performed under H2 showed similar pathways for fatty acids, fatty acid esters, triglycerides, and vegetable oils, as mostly deoxygenation occurs indirectly via the formation of fatty acids. Deoxygenation in the absence of H2 results in significant differences in reaction pathways and selectivities depending on the feedstock. Additionally, using unsaturated feedstocks under inert gas results in a high selectivity to undesired reactions such as cracking and the formation of heavies. Therefore, addition of H2 is proposed to be essential for the catalytic deoxygenation of vegetable oil feeds.
Comparing human and nonhuman primate handedness: Challenges and a modest proposal for consensus
Authors: Hopkins William D. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIn the past 20–25 years, there have been a number of studies published on handedness in nonhuman primates. The goal of these studies has been to evaluate whether monkeys and apes show patterns of hand preference that resemble the right‐handedness found in the human species. The extant findings on handedness in nonhuman primates have revealed inconsistent evidence for population‐level handedness within and between species. In this article, I discuss some of the methodological and statistical challenges to comparative studies of handedness in human and nonhuman primates. I further offer a framework for developing some consensus on evaluating the validity of different handedness measures and the characterization of individual hand preferences. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 621–636, 2013.
The C. elegans TIA‐1/TIAR homolog TIAR‐1 is required to induce germ cell apoptosis
Authors: Carlos Giovanni Silva‐García , Rosa Estela Navarro 
Published: August 2013

SummaryIn Caenorhabditis elegans, physiological germ cell apoptosis eliminates more than half of the cells in the hermaphrodite gonad to support gamete quality and germline homeostasis by a still unidentified mechanism. External factors can also affect germ cell apoptosis. The BH3‐only protein EGL‐1 induces germ cell apoptosis when animals are exposed to pathogens or agents that produce DNA damage. DNA damage‐induced apoptosis also requires the nematode p53 homolog CEP‐1. Previously, we found that heat shock, oxidative, and osmotic stresses induce germ cell apoptosis through an EGL‐1 and CEP‐1 independent mechanism that requires the MAPKK pathway. However, we observed that starvation increases germ cell apoptosis by an unknown pathway. Searching for proteins that participate in stress‐induced apoptosis, we found the RNA‐binding protein TIAR‐1 (a homolog of the mammalian TIA‐1/TIAR family of proteins). Here, we show that TIAR‐1 in C. elegans is required to induce apoptosis in the germline under several conditions. We also show that TIAR‐1 acts downstream of CED‐9 (a BCL2 homolog) to induce apoptosis under stress conditions, and apparently does not seem to regulate ced‐4 or ced‐3 mRNAs accumulation directly. TIAR‐1 is expressed ubiquitously in the cytoplasm of the soma as well as the germline, where it sometimes associates with P granules. We show that animals lacking TIAR‐1 expression are temperature sensitive sterile due to oogenesis and spermatogenesis defects. Our work shows that TIAR‐1 is required for proper germline function and demonstrates that this protein is important to induce germ cell apoptosis under several conditions. genesis 51:690–707. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Control of e2f1 and PCNA by Drosophila transcription factor DREF
Authors: Kawamori Akihito , Shimaji Kouhei , Yamaguchi Masamitsu 
Published: August 2013

SummaryDREF (DNA replication‐related element‐binding factor), a zinc finger type transcription factor required for proper cell cycle progression in both mitotic and endocycling cells, is a positive regulator of E2F1, an important transcription factor which regulates genes related to the S‐phase of the cell cycle. DREF and E2F1 regulate similar sets of replication‐related genes, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and play roles in the G1 to S phase transition. However, the relationships between dref and e2f1 or PCNA during development are poorly understood. Here, we provided evidence for novel control of e2f1 and PCNA involving DREF in endocycling cells. Somatic clone analysis demonstrated that dref knockdown stabilized E2F1 expression at posttranscriptional levels in endocycling salivary gland cells. Similarly, PCNA expression was up‐regulated in the endocycling salivary gland cells. Genetic interaction analysis indicated that the endoreplication defects are partly caused via possible enhancement of E2F1 activity. From these results and previous reports, we conclude that regulation of e2f1 and PCNA by DREF in vivo is complex and the regulation mechanism may differ with the tissue and/or positions in the tissue. genesis 51:741–750. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of experimental warming on stomatal traits in leaves of maize (Zea may L.)
Authors: Zheng Yunpu , Xu Ming , Hou Ruixing , Shen Ruichang , Qiu Shuai , Ouyang Zhu 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe examined the warming effects on the stomatal frequency, stomatal aperture size and shape, and their spatial distribution pattern of maize (Zea may L.) leaves using a light microscope, an electron scanning microscope, and geostatistic techniques. A field manipulative experiment was conducted to elevate canopy temperature by 2.08°C, on average. We found that experimental warming had little effect on stomatal density, but significantly increased stomatal index due to the reduction in the number of epidermal cells under the warming treatment. Warming also significantly decreased stomatal aperture length and increased stomatal aperture width. As a result, warming significantly increased the average stomatal aperture area and stomatal aperture circumference. In addition, warming dramatically changed the stomatal spatial distribution pattern with a substantial increase in the average nearest neighbor distance between stomata on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The spatial distribution pattern of stomata was scale dependent with regular patterns at small scales and random patterns at larger scales on both leaf surfaces. Warming caused the stomatal distribution to become more regular on both leaf surfaces with smaller L(t) values (Ripley's K‐function, L(t) is an expectation of zero for any value of t) in the warming plots than the control plots.
Local density and group size interacts with age and sex to determine direction and rate of social dispersal in a polygynous mammal
Authors: Marjamäki Paula H. , Contasti Adrienne L. , Coulson Tim N. , McLoughlin Philip D. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMovement away from an area or social group in response to increasing density (density‐dependent dispersal) is known for most species; why it evolves is fundamental to our understanding of ecology and evolution. However, we have yet to fully appreciate how individuals of varying conditions (e.g., age and sex) might differently consider effects of density (quorum) when deciding to disperse or not, and scale dependence in their sense of quorum. We tracked movements of all individuals of a naturalized population of feral horses (Equus ferus caballus; Sable Island National Park Reserve, Nova Scotia, Canada) during a period of rapid population growth (N increased from 375 to 484 horses from 2008 to 2010). Permanent dispersal from breeding groups (bands) was positively density dependent for all age and sex categories with respect to local density (horses/km2, bounded by the 99th percentile of individual movements [8000 m]), but was negatively and positively density dependent for males and females, respectively, in relation to group (band) size. Dispersal was generally female biased, with the exception of foals which moved with their mothers (no sex effect), and for yearlings and subadults when band sizes were smaller than average, in which case males dispersed at higher rates than females. Dispersal distance was positively related to local density. We conclude that dispersal rate can be both positively and negatively density dependent for feral horses, contingent on the state of individuals and the scale at which quorum with respect to choosing to disperse or not is assessed. Scale effects and interactions of density‐dependent and sex‐ and age‐biased dispersal may have both ecological and evolutionary consequences through effects on resource and mate competition.
One‐Pot Transformation of Carboxylic Acids into Nitriles
Authors: Miyagi Kotaro , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Togo Hideo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA variety of aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids were smoothly converted into the corresponding nitriles in good yields in a one‐pot procedure by treatment with ethyl iodide/K2CO3/18‐crown‐6, followed by sodium diisobutyl‐tert‐butoxyaluminium hydride (SDBBA‐H), and finally treatment with molecular iodine or 1,3‐diiodo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (DIH), and aqueous ammonia. This method is useful for the conversion of various aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids into the corresponding nitriles in a one‐pot procedure.
Cyclization Cascade of Hydrazono Ugi Adducts towards Pyrazoles
Authors: Agrebi Asma , Allouche Fatma , Chabchoub Fakher , El Kaïm Laurent 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAcidic hydrolysis of Ugi adducts formed from α‐hydrazonocarboxylic acids and aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal leads to the fragmentation of aminoacetaldehyde residues with final formation of pyrazoles. An aldol‐type reaction of the hydrazone is proposed as the key step of the cascade.
3‐dimensional numerical calculations for tunnels with high overburden / Dreidimensionale numerische Berechnungen für tiefliegende Tunnelbauvorhaben
Authors: Volderauer Christian , Galler Robert , Marcher Thomas 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe present article discusses the results of 3D numerical simulations of a deep section of the west bore of the Gotthard Base Tunnel in the geological formation of the Clavaniev Zone. For the calibration of the numerical model, the geological and geotechnical documentation from both the design and the construction phase as well as the daily and monthly reports from the site were made available by the AlpTransit Gotthard AG. Working from this documentation, three‐dimensional simulations were performed with various material models. The objective of the investigations was to realistically determine geotechnical data, both for the deformation of the sidewalls and in an axial direction ahead of the face, for future 3D calculations of deep tunnels.Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse dreidimensionaler numerischer Simulationen eines tiefliegenden Abschnitts der Weströhre des Gotthard Basistunnels in der geologischen Formation der Clavaniev Zone diskutiert. Für die Eichung des numerischen Modells wurden von der AlpTransit Gotthard AG die geologische und geotechnische Dokumentation sowohl aus der Planungs‐ als auch der Ausführungsphase sowie die Tages‐ und Monatsberichte der Baustelle zur Verfügung gestellt. Auf Basis dieser Dokumentation wurden dreidimensionale Simulationen unter Verwendung verschiedener Materialmodelle durchgeführt. Zielsetzung der Untersuchungen war, die geotechnischen Messergebnisse, sowohl die Verschiebungen der Laibung als auch jene in axialer Richtung vor der Ortsbrust für zukünftige dreidimensionale Berechnungen tiefliegender Tunnel realgetreu ermitteln zu können.
Is the North American monsoon self‐limiting?
Authors: Saini Roop , Barlow Mathew , Hoell Andrew 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe North American monsoon is accompanied by large‐scale changes in circulation and precipitation over much of Mexico and the United States during summer. Here, the influence of the North American monsoon is analyzed in terms of midlevel changes to the thermodynamic energy equation, circulation, and precipitation associated with the monsoon onset in northwest Mexico, for the 1948–2004 period. In addition to the well‐known strong increase in rising motion over the core region of the monsoon during the onset, there is also a decrease in upward motion over the northern Baja California Peninsula and into the southwest United States, directly in the path of monsoon development. This area of decreased vertical motion is linked to cold advection caused by the onset itself, as the Gill‐Matsuno response to the monsoon precipitation thermodynamically interacts with the mean circulation. It is in this sense that we propose that the monsoon is self‐limiting.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder without comorbidity is associated with distinct atypical patterns of cerebral microstructural development
Authors: Adisetiyo Vitria , Tabesh Ali , Di Martino Adriana , Falangola Maria F. , Castellanos Francisco X. , Jensen Jens H. , Helpern Joseph A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDifferential core symptoms and treatment responses are associated with the pure versus comorbid forms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, comorbidity has largely been unaccounted for in neuroimaging studies of ADHD. We used diffusional kurtosis imaging to investigate gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) microstructure of children and adolescents with ADHD (n = 22) compared to typically developing controls (TDC, n = 27) and examined whether differing developmental patterns are related to comorbidity. The ADHD group (ADHD‐mixed) consisted of subgroups with and without comorbidity (ADHD‐comorbid, n = 11; ADHD‐pure, n = 11, respectively). Age‐related changes and group differences in cerebral microstructure of the ADHD‐mixed group and each ADHD subgroup were compared to TDC. Whole‐brain voxel‐based analyses with mean kurtosis (MK) and mean diffusivity (MD) metrics were conducted to probe GM and WM. Tract‐based spatial statistics analyses of WM were performed with MK, MD, fractional anisotropy, and directional (axial, radial) kurtosis and diffusivity metrics. ADHD‐pure patients lacked significant age‐related changes in GM and WM microstructure that were observed globally in TDC and had significantly greater WM microstructural complexity than TDC in bilateral frontal and parietal lobes, insula, corpus callosum, and right external and internal capsules. Including ADHD patients with diverse comorbidities in analyses masked these findings. A distinct atypical age‐related trajectory and aberrant regional differences in brain microstructure were detected in ADHD without comorbidity. Our results suggest that different phenotypic manifestations of ADHD, defined by the presence or absence of comorbidity, differ in cerebral microstructural markers. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2148–2162, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanical and cytotoxicity testing of acrylic bone cement embedded with microencapsulated 2‐octyl cyanoacrylate
Authors: Brochu Alice B. W. , Evans Gregory A. , Reichert William M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe water‐reactive tissue adhesive 2‐octyl cyanoacrylate (OCA) was microencapsulated in polyurethane shells and incorporated into Palacos R bone cement. The tensile and compressive properties of the composite material were investigated in accordance with commercial standards, and fracture toughness of the capsule‐embedded bone cement was measured using the tapered double‐cantilever beam geometry. Viability and proliferation of MG63 human osteosarcoma cells after culture with extracts from Palacos R bone cement, capsule‐embedded Palacos R bone cement, and OCA were also analyzed. Incorporating up to 5 wt % capsules had little effect on the compressive and tensile properties of the composite, but greater than 5 wt % capsules reduced these values below commercial standards. Fracture toughness was increased by 13% through the incorporation of 3 wt % capsules and eventually decreased below the toughness of the capsule‐free controls at capsule contents of 15 wt % and higher. The effect on cell proliferation and viability in response to extracts prepared from capsule‐embedded and commercial bone cements were not significantly different from each other, whereas extracts from OCA were moderately toxic to cells. Overall, the addition of lower wt % of OCA‐containing microcapsules to commercial bone cement was found to moderately increase static mechanical properties without increasing the toxicity of the material. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 181–189, 2014.
Childhood Bone Mineral Content Is Associated With Methylation Status of the RXRA Promoter at Birth
Authors: Harvey Nicholas C , Sheppard Allan , Godfrey Keith M , McLean Cameron , Garratt Emma , Ntani Georgia , Davies Lucy , Murray Robert , Inskip Hazel M , Gluckman Peter D , Hanson Mark A , Lillycrop Karen A , Cooper Cyrus 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Maternal vitamin D deficiency has been associated with reduced offspring bone mineral accrual. Retinoid-X receptor-alpha (RXRA) is an essential cofactor in the action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2-vitamin D), and RXRA methylation in umbilical cord DNA has been associated with later offspring adiposity. We tested the hypothesis that RXRA methylation in umbilical cord DNA collected at birth is associated with offspring skeletal development, assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in a population-based mother-offspring cohort (Southampton Women's Survey). Relationships between maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]-vitamin D) concentrations and cord RXRA methylation were also investigated. In 230 children aged 4 years, a higher percent methylation at four of six RXRA CpG sites measured was correlated with lower offspring bone mineral content (BMC) corrected for body size (β = −2.1 to −3.4 g/SD, p = 0.002 to 0.047). In a second independent cohort (n = 64), similar negative associations at two of these CpG sites, but positive associations at the two remaining sites, were observed; however, none of the relationships in this replication cohort achieved statistical significance. The maternal free 25(OH)-vitamin D index was negatively associated with methylation at one of these RXRA CpG sites (β = −3.3 SD/unit, p = 0.03). Thus, perinatal epigenetic marking at the RXRA promoter region in umbilical cord was inversely associated with offspring size–corrected BMC in childhood. The potential mechanistic and functional significance of this finding remains a subject for further investigation. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The R740S mutation in the V‐ATPase a3 subunit results in osteoclast apoptosis and defective early‐stage autophagy
Authors: Ochotny Noelle , Voronov Irina , Owen Celeste , Aubin Jane E. , Manolson Morris F. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTVacuolar‐type H+‐ATPases (V‐ATPases) are located in lysosomes and at the ruffled border in osteoclasts. We showed previously that the R740S mutation is dominant negative for V‐ATPase activity, uncouples proton transport from ATP hydrolysis and causes osteopetrosis in heterozygous mice (+/R740S). Here we show mice homozygous for R740S (R740S/R740S) have more severe osteopetrosis and die by postnatal day 14. Although R740S/R740S osteoclasts express wild‐type levels of a3, it is mislocalized. Acridine orange staining of R740S/R740S osteoclasts grown on a Corning resorptive surface reveals no resorption and no acidification of intracellular compartments. Whereas osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis is normal, R740S/R740S osteoclasts exhibit increased apoptosis compared with wild‐type osteoclasts. Localization of the enzyme tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is also aberrant. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that R740S/R740S osteoclasts do not polarize, lack ruffled borders, and contain fewer autophagosomes. Consistent with an early stage defect in autophagy, expression of LC3II is reduced and expression of p62 is increased in R740S/R740S compared to wild‐type osteoclasts. These results indicate the importance of intracellular acidification for the early stages of autophagy as well as for osteoclast survival, maturation, and polarization with appropriate cytoplasmic distribution of key osteoclast enzymes such as TRAP. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 2823–2833, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simvastatin therapy decreases MMP‐9 levels in obese women
Authors: Andrade Vanessa Leite , Valle Izabella Batistelli do , Sandrim Valeria Cristina 
Published: August 2013

AbstractStatins exert cholesterol‐independent beneficial effects on multiple targets including the cardiovascular system, in addition to modulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of simvastatin treatment in obese women without comorbidities. We recruited 33 obese women that received placebo or simvastatin at 20 mg/day for 45 days. Plasma MMP‐9, MMP‐2, TIMP‐1, and TIMP‐2 levels were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cardiovascular risk was assessed by the Framingham risk score and Castelli indexes I and II. Treatment with simvastatin significantly reduced MMP‐9 levels and the MMP‐9/TIMP‐1 ratio (P < .05) when compared to the placebo group (P > .05). Conversely, we found no effect on MMP‐2, TIMP‐1, and TIMP‐2 levels or on the MMP‐2/TIMP‐2 ratio (P > .05). The Framingham risk score and Castelli I and II indexes were significantly reduced in the simvastatin‐treatment group (P < .05), while we found no effect on the placebo group. These findings may have clinical importance since simvastatin therapy reduced cardiovascular risk and MMP‐9 levels in obese woman without comorbidities, indicating a potentially new therapeutic approach.