bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential delay aware instantaneous recovery scheme with traffic splitting
Authors: Al Muktadir Abu Hena , Oki Eiji 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThis paper proposes a differential delay aware instantaneous recovery scheme with traffic splitting, in order to tackle multiple link failures, for networks with the coding capability. In the proposed scheme, traffic at the source is split intoKequal parts and sent throughKworking paths.Pprotection paths carry encoded traffic created from theKsplit parts at the source. In order to recover from anytfailure(s), where 1≤t≤P, the destination node has to buffer the remaining (K+P−t) parts, until the part experiencing the longest delay reaches the destination. The amount of memory buffers depends on the maximum allowable differential delay Δ, the highest difference of delays of any two among the (K+P) disjoint paths, supported at the destination. A large value of Δ increases the amount of required memory buffers, which negatively affects the achievable resource saving because of splitting. We thoroughly investigate how routing with splitting is influenced with respect to Δ, encoding/decoding costs, optical interface rates, buffering costs, the number of protection paths, the number of nodes in the network, and the minimum number of adjacent nodes. The path setup, encoding, synchronization, and merging (decoding) operations are discussed in order to support the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential impact of upward and downward comparisons on diverse women's disordered eating behaviors and body image
Authors: Rancourt Diana , Schaefer Lauren M. , Bosson Jennifer K. , Thompson J. Kevin 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveEtiological models of disordered eating are limited in their consideration of racial/ethnic differences in risk factors. Appearance comparisons are consistent predictors of disordered eating outcomes, but research predominantly examines these associations among White women and overlooks the potential differential impact of upward (comparing to someone perceived as better off) versus downward comparisons (comparing to someone perceived as worse off). This study investigated race/ethnicity as a moderator of the associations between upward and downward appearance comparisons and disordered eating outcomes and body satisfaction of young adult women.MethodMeasures of upward and downward appearance comparisons, body satisfaction, and disordered eating were administered to 1,014 young adult women. A multiple group (by race/ethnicity) path analysis was estimated using maximum likelihood estimation for each disordered eating and body satisfaction outcome, controlling for age and BMI.ResultsUpward comparisons were associated with higher levels of disordered eating behaviors and lower body satisfaction for women of all racial/ethnic groups. Downward appearance comparisons emerged as detrimental for Hispanic/Latina women, but were protective for Asian and White women.DiscussionFindings challenge the belief that appearance comparisons impact all women similarly and that downward comparisons are universally protective, a position often promulgated by clinical treatment approaches. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:519–523).
Niche divergence builds the case for ecological speciation in skinks of thePlestiodon skiltonianusspecies complex
Authors: Wogan Guinevere O. U. , Richmond Jonathan Q. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAdaptation to different thermal environments has the potential to cause evolutionary changes that are sufficient to drive ecological speciation. Here, we examine whether climate‐based niche divergence in lizards of thePlestiodon skiltonianusspecies complex is consistent with the outcomes of such a process. Previous work on this group shows that a mechanical sexual barrier has evolved between species that differ mainly in body size and that the barrier may be a by‐product of selection for increased body size in lineages that have invaded xeric environments; however, baseline information on niche divergence among members of the group is lacking. We quantified the climatic niche using mechanistic physiological and correlative niche models and then estimated niche differences among species using ordination techniques and tests of niche overlap and equivalency. Our results show that the thermal niches of size‐divergent, reproductively isolated morphospecies are significantly differentiated and that precipitation may have been as important as temperature in causing increased shifts in body size in xeric habitats. While these findings alone do not demonstrate thermal adaptation or identify the cause of speciation, their integration with earlier genetic and behavioral studies provides a useful test of phenotype–environment associations that further support the case for ecological speciation in these lizards.
Maternal response to environmental unpredictability
Authors: Barbosa Miguel , Lopes Isabel , Venâncio Catia , Janeiro Maria João , Morrisey Michael Blair , Soares Amadeu M.V.M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMothers are expected to use environmental cues to modify maternal investment to optimize their fitness. However, when the environment varies unpredictably, cues may not be an accurate proxy of future conditions. Under such circumstances, selection favors a diversifying maternal investment strategy. While there is evidence that the environment is becoming more uncertain, the extent to which mothers are able to respond to this unpredictability is generally unknown. In this study, we test the hypothesis that Daphnia magna increase the variance in maternal investment in response to unpredictable variation in temperature consistent with global change predictions. We detected significant variability across temperature treatments in brood size, neonate size at birth, and time between broods. The estimated variability within‐brood size was higher (albeit not statistically significant) in mothers reared in unpredictable temperature conditions. We also detected a cross‐generational effect with the temperature history of mothers modulating the phenotypic response of F1's. Notably, our results diverged from the prediction that increased variability poses a greater risk to organisms than changes in mean temperature. Increased unpredictability in temperature had negligible effects on fitness‐correlated traits. Mothers in the unpredictable treatment, survived as long, and produced as many F1's during lifetime as those produced in the most fecund treatment. Further, increased unpredictability in temperature did not affect the probability of survival of F1's. Collectively, we provide evidence that daphnia respond effectively to thermal unpredictability. But rather than increasing the variance in maternal investment, daphnia respond to uncertainty by being a jack of all temperatures, master of none. Importantly, our study highlights the essential need to examine changes in variances rather than merely on means, when investigating maternal responses.
Bioacoustics for species management: two case studies with a Hawaiian forest bird
Authors: Sebastián‐González Esther , Pang‐Ching Joshua , Barbosa Jomar M. , Hart Patrick 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe management of animal endangered species requires detailed information on their distribution and abundance, which is often hard to obtain. When animals communicate using sounds, one option is to use automatic sound recorders to gather information on the species for long periods of time with low effort. One drawback of this method is that processing all the information manually requires large amounts of time and effort. Our objective was to create a relatively “user‐friendly” (i.e., that does not require big programming skills) automatic detection algorithm to improve our ability to get basic data from sound‐emitting animal species. We illustrate our algorithm by showing two possible applications with the Hawai'i ‘Amakihi, Hemignathus virens virens, a forest bird from the island of Hawai'i. We first characterized the ‘Amakihi song using recordings from areas where the species is present in high densities. We used this information to train a classification algorithm, the support vector machine (SVM), in order to identify ‘Amakihi songs from a series of potential songs. We then used our algorithm to detect the species in areas where its presence had not been previously confirmed. We also used the algorithm to compare the relative abundance of the species in different areas where management actions may be applied. The SVM had an accuracy of 86.5% in identifying ‘Amakihi. We confirmed the presence of the ‘Amakihi at the study area using the algorithm. We also found that the relative abundance of ‘Amakihi changes among study areas, and this information can be used to assess where management strategies for the species should be better implemented. Our automatic song detection algorithm is effective, “user‐friendly” and can be very useful for optimizing the management and conservation of those endangered animal species that communicate acoustically.
Vervet monkeys use paths consistent with context‐specific spatial movement heuristics
Authors: Teichroeb Julie A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAnimal foraging routes are analogous to the computationally demanding “traveling salesman problem” (TSP), where individuals must find the shortest path among several locations before returning to the start. Humans approximate solutions to TSPs using simple heuristics or “rules of thumb,” but our knowledge of how other animals solve multidestination routing problems is incomplete. Most nonhuman primate species have shown limited ability to route plan. However, captive vervets were shown to solve a TSP for six sites. These results were consistent with either planning three steps ahead or a risk‐avoidance strategy. I investigated how wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) solved a path problem with six, equally rewarding food sites; where site arrangement allowed assessment of whether vervets found the shortest route and/or used paths consistent with one of three simple heuristics to navigate. Single vervets took the shortest possible path in fewer than half of the trials, usually in ways consistent with the most efficient heuristic (the convex hull). When in competition, vervets' paths were consistent with different, more efficient heuristics dependent on their dominance rank (a cluster strategy for dominants and the nearest neighbor rule for subordinates). These results suggest that, like humans, vervets may solve multidestination routing problems by applying simple, adaptive, context‐specific “rules of thumb.” The heuristics that were consistent with vervet paths in this study are the same as some of those asserted to be used by humans. These spatial movement strategies may have common evolutionary roots and be part of a universal mental navigational toolkit. Alternatively, they may have emerged through convergent evolution as the optimal way to solve multidestination routing problems.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Hydrolytic Behavior of Diorganotin(IV) Coordination Polymers with Layered Structural Motifs
Authors: Shankar Ravi , Singla Nisha , Mendiratta Swati , Kociok‐Köhn Gabriele , Molloy Kieran C. , Shestakova Pavletta 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe synthesis and structural characterization of the layered diorganotin coordination polymers nBu2Sn(HL)(OSO2Me) (1) and nBu2Sn(HL1)(OSO2Me) (2) derived from the silaalkylphosphonic acids RR12Si(CH2)3P(O)(OH)2 [R = Ph, R1 = Me (H2L); R = R1 = Et (H2L1)] are presented. The structure of H2L exhibits O–H···O hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions to form a unique three‐dimensional supramolecular assembly in the solid state. The asymmetric units of 1 and 2 are composed of centrosymmetric eight‐membered [–Sn–O–P–O–]2 cyclic rings with appended sulfonate groups, which provide layered connectivity to the structures. For 1, the presence of C–H···π interactions between the dangling phenyl rings of the silaalkyl chains favors a lamellar arrangement with an interlayer spacing of 16.9 Å. Upon exposure to humid conditions, these polymers undergo slow transformation to nBu2Sn[O3P(CH2)3SiRR12] with the elimination of methanesulfonic acid.
Comparative Study of Lactide Polymerization with Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, and Zinc Azo­naphthoxide Complexes
Authors: Gallegos Carlos , Tabernero Vanessa , Mosquera Marta E. G. , Cuenca Tomás , Cano Jesús 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA series of lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and zinc azonaphthoxide complexes [M(κm‐{2‐O(C10H6)N=N(C6H4R)})]n (R = H, m = 2; M = Li 1, Na 2, K 3; R = OMe, m = 3; M = Li 4, Na 5, K 6) and [M(κm‐{2‐O(C10H6)N=N(C6H4R)})2]n (R = H, m = 2; M = Mg 7, Zn 8, Ca 9; R = OMe, m = 3; M = Mg 10, Zn 11, Ca 12) have been synthesized and fully characterized. The solid‐state molecular structures of the zinc complexes 8 and 11 and the magnesium derivative 10 have been determined by X‐ray diffraction studies. The alkali‐metal compounds 1–6 are extremely active catalysts for the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of L‐lactide. A catalytic‐activity study has been performed by varying the metal complex and the coordination sphere of the metal in the presence and absence of a coinitiator. Stoichiometric reactions involving the catalysts, BnOH and lactide have been performed to elucidate mechanistic aspects related to the polymerization of L‐lactide.
Improving the sensitivity in chiral capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Sánchez‐López Elena , Marina María Luisa , Crego Antonio L. 
Published: October 2015

CE is known for being one of the most powerful analytical techniques when performing enantioseparations due to its numerous advantages such as excellent separation efficiency and extremely low solvents and reagents consumption, all of them derived from the capillary small dimensions. Moreover, it is worth highlighting that unlike in chromatographic techniques, in CE the chiral selector is generally within the separation medium instead of being attached to the separation column which makes the method optimization a more versatile task. Despite its numerous advantages, when using UV‐Vis detection, CE lacks of sensitivity detection due to its short optical path length derived from the narrow separation capillary. This issue can be overcome by means of different approaches, either by sample treatment procedures or by in‐capillary preconcentration techniques or even by employing detection systems more sensitive than UV‐Vis, such as LIF or MS. The present review assembles the latest contributions regarding improvements of sensitivity in chiral CE published from June 2013 until May 2015, which follows the works included in a previous review reported by Sánchez‐Hernández et al. [Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 12–27].
Examining impacts of current-use pesticides in Southern Ontario using in situ exposures of the amphipod Hyalella azteca
Authors: Bartlett Adrienne J. , Struger John , Grapentine Lee C. , Palace Vince P. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

In situ exposures with Hyalella azteca were used to assess impacts of current-use pesticides in Southern Ontario, Canada. Exposures were conducted over 2 growing seasons within areas of high pesticide use: 1 site on Prudhomme Creek and 3 sites on Twenty Mile Creek. Three sites on Spencer Creek, an area of low pesticide use, were added in the second season. Surface water samples were collected every 2 wk to 3 wk and analyzed for a suite of pesticides. Hyalella were exposed in situ for 1 wk every 4 wk to 6 wk, and survival and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were measured. Pesticides in surface waters reflected seasonal use patterns: lower concentrations in spring and fall and higher concentrations during summer months. Organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos, azinphos methyl, diazinon) and acid herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D], mecoprop) were routinely detected in Prudhomme Creek, whereas neutral herbicides (atrazine, metolachlor) dominated the pesticide signature of Twenty Mile Creek. Spencer Creek contained fewer pesticides, which were measured at lower concentrations. In situ effects also followed seasonal patterns: higher survival and AChE activity in spring and fall, and lower survival and AChE activity during summer months. The highest toxicity was observed at Prudhomme Creek and was primarily associated with organophosphates. The present study demonstrated that current-use pesticides in Southern Ontario were linked to in situ effects and identified sites of concern requiring further investigation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1224–1238. © 2015 Crown in the Right of Canada.
Analytical model for probabilistic network coding with delay fairness in multihop wireless network
Authors: Ahmed Shereen A. M. , Ariffin Sharifah H. S. , Fisal Norsheila 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this work, we present an analytical study of the average delay and network throughput for packet dissemination using network coding in multihop wireless network scenario, where the generation of the packets is a stochastic process. The main challenge for the relay when it receives a packet is whether to wait for a coding opportunity and therefore reduce the network congestion or to send the packet directly without coding and reduce the packet delay. So, we propose a probabilistic approach for the relay when it receives a packet, and then we develop an analytical framework to address the trade‐off between the throughput and the delay, we investigate the condition to maintain the stability of the system. We also provide the optimum transmission probability that achieves the minimum fair delay between the two sources and results in an optimum throughput.In the symmetric case (e.g. two flows with the same rate), we show that the optimum fair delay can be achieved with probability of transmission 0.5. We also show that despite of the flow data rate, using this probability in symmetric flows will result in an almost 33 per cent improvement in the bandwidth consumption and in an equal hop delay for both flows that is 0.5/λ where λ is the average flow data rate. Moreover, for asymmetric rate flows, we provide the optimum transmission probability and its corresponding fair delay and throughput improvement. We carry out simulation to verify our analytical model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐analysis of problem solving therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older adults
Authors: Kirkham Julia G. , Choi Namkee , Seitz Dallas P. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveMajor depressive disorder (MDD) affects many older adults and is associated with poor medical and mental health outcomes. Problem Solving Therapy (PST) has emerged as a promising psychotherapy for MDD in older adults, although the efficacy of PST in this population has not been well described. We examined the effectiveness of PST for the treatment of MDD in older adults in a systematic review and meta‐analysis.MethodsWe searched electronic databases to identify randomized controlled trials comparing PST to a control condition or other treatment for MDD in adults with an average age of 60 years or older. We used meta‐analysis to arrive at pooled summary measures of the efficacy of PST when compared to control conditions on the change in depressive symptoms and other outcomes.ResultsNine studies with a total of 569 participants (290 PST, 279 control) met inclusion criteria. Most studies administered PST in person and were between 6 and 12 weeks in duration. Meta‐analysis of six studies evaluating the effect of PST on depression using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression identified a significant reduction in depression associated with PST (pooled mean difference = −6.94, 95%CI −10.91 to −2.97, d = 1.15, P = 0.0006). PST was also effective in reducing disability in studies reporting this outcome.ConclusionsOur review supports the existing research literature on PST suggesting that it is an effective treatment for older people with MDD. Further study is required to understand long‐term outcomes associated with PST and its efficacy when compared to other treatments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drinking behavior among older adults in a planned retirement community: results from The Villages survey
Authors: Fishleder Sarah , Schonfeld Lawrence , Corvin Jaime , Tyler Susan , VandeWeerd Carla 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesResearch indicates increasing trends among older adults toward heavy and abusive drinking, often associated with depressive symptoms. Possible exceptions are residents of planned retirement communities, whose drinking may be associated with social activities. To better understand these relationships, this study examined the relationship of depressive symptoms and drinking in a large retirement community.MethodsThe Villages, a retirement community in central Florida with a focus on healthy, active living, has almost 90 000 residents. In 2012, a population‐based needs assessment was conducted in partnership with University of South Florida Health. In the present study, 11 102 surveys were completed and returned. A structural equation model was utilized to analyze the relationship between depressive symptoms and alcohol use as measured by the three‐item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT‐C).ResultsHazardous drinking was reported in 15.4% of respondents, somewhat higher than the general population of older adults (around 10%). Variables of depressive symptoms, physical activity, total health problems, and poor general health loaded significantly into the factor of depression indicators, which was shown to have a significant, negative correlation with risk of hazardous drinking (λ = 0.16, p < 0.000, R2 = 0.02).ConclusionsResults suggest at‐risk drinking among respondents was not associated with depression, in contrast to studies of older adults living alone where alcohol abuse was often associated with depression. Implications for successful aging are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and analysis of field studies with bees: A critical review of the draft EFSA guidance
Authors: Bakker Frank 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The specific protection goal, primary assessment endpoints, acceptable effect thresholds, and experimental design proposed in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) update of the bee guidance document are subjected to critical review. It is concluded that the negligible effect criteria were established without sufficient regulatory definition and without convincing scientific argumentation. For the assessment endpoints, effects on hive strength lack temporal definition and the reduction to numbers of bees is inappropriate to evaluate effects. Restricting mortality assessments to homing failure is not theoretically justified and specific criteria were incorrectly derived. The combination of acute effect estimates with models for chronic stressors is biased risk assessment and a temporal basis for the acceptability of effects is missing. Effects on overwintering success cannot be experimentally assessed using the proposed criteria. The experimental methodology proposed is inappropriate and the logistical consequences, in particular those related to replication and land use are such that field studies are no longer a feasible option for the risk assessment. It may be necessary to explore new lines of thought for the set-up of field studies and to clearly separate experimentation from monitoring. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:422–428. © 2015 SETAC
Key Points
The draft EFSA guidance for effects on honeybees lacks sufficient regulatory definition and scientific rigor. Restricting mortality assessments to homing failure is not theoretically justified and specific criteria were incorrectly derived. Combining acute effect estimates with models for chronic stressors creates bias. The experimental methodology proposed is inappropriate and has far reaching logistical consequences.