bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unexpected benzimidazole ring formation from a quinoneimide species in the presence of ammonium acetate as supporting electrolyte used in the coupling of electrochemistry with mass spectrometry
Authors: Bussy Ugo , Jurva Ulrik , Boisseau Renaud , Andresen‐Bergström Moa , Silvestre Virginie , Galland Nicolas , Jacquemin Denis , Boujtita Mohammed 
Published: January 2015

RationaleElectrochemistry (EC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) has been used to study different phase‐I reactions. Despite of the versatility of EC/MS, the effect of the nature of the supporting electrolyte on the formation of oxidation products has seldom been discussed during EC/MS experiments. Here, we present a comparison of two different supporting electrolytes and their effect on the identification of unstable intermediate oxidation species is discussed.MethodsThe oxidation of acebutolol was performed with a coulometric cell in the presence of two supporting electrolytes namely ammonium acetate and lithium acetate. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOFMS) using a binary gradient (water/acetonitrile) with positive electrospray ionization was used to identify the oxidation products in the presence and absence of glutathione. Chemical structure elucidations of the oxidation products were performed by high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and were also supported by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements.ResultsFrom the electrochemical study and HRMS measurements, we demonstrate that the quinoneimide species resulting from the oxidative hydrolyses of acebutolol gives a benzimidazole ring product in the presence of ammonium acetate. Through the example of the oxidation of acebutolol, a correlation between the supporting electrolyte nature and oxidation product formation was established. The obtained results were supported by quantum mechanical calculations.ConclusionsWe present here evidence of the side reactions induced by the presence of ammonia as supporting electrolyte during EC/MS measurements. Acebutolol was used as a model to postulate an uncommon and unexpected side reaction leading to benzimidazole ring formation. The findings may help to understand the identification of the intermediate species in the oxidative degradation process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed node‐to‐node consensus of multi‐agent systems with stochastic sampling
Authors: Wan Ying , Wen Guanghui , Cao Jinde , Yu Wenwu 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the mean square node‐to‐node consensus tracking problem for multi‐agent systems with nonidentical nonlinear dynamics and directed topologies. The randomly occurred uncertainties in the sampling devices may result in stochastically varied sampling periods, which lead to the investigation of node‐to‐node consensus problem under stochastic sampling. By employing the input‐delay method and discontinuous Lyapunov functional approach, it arrives at some sufficient conditions under which the state of each follower can track that of the corresponding leader asymptotically in the mean square sense. Finally, some numerical simulations are provided to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general two‐party bi‐input private function evaluation protocol
Authors: Sun Yi , Wen Qiaoyan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the past, researchers have discussed the problem of two‐party single‐input private function evaluation (PFE), where P1 holds a private input x while P2 holds a private circuit Cf, and their goal is to securely compute Cf(x) without revealing x and Cf. Herein, we further consider a more general case, two‐party bi‐input PFE, where P2 also participates in the PFE by contributing a private input y. The research in this general case is of great value not only in theory but also in practice. In this paper, we focus on this problem and propose the first constant‐round two‐party bi‐input PFE protocol, which is with linear complexity and without relying on universal circuit or fully homomorphic encryption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noncoding RNAs and their annotation using metagenomics algorithms
Authors: Ray Shubhra Sankar , Maiti Sonam 
Published: January 2015

This article provides an overview of noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) involving their structure, function, computational methods for structure prediction and the algorithms for analyzing ncRNAs from metagenome samples. Different techniques for ncRNA structure prediction such as dynamic programming (DP), genetic algorithm (GA), artificial neural network (ANN) and stochastic context‐free grammar (SCFG) are discussed. The basic concepts of metagenomics along with their biological basis are mentioned and the relevance of ncRNAs in metagenomics is also explored. Similarity and composition based computational methods for analyzing noncoding sequences in metagenomes are then mentioned along with their biological findings. An extensive bibliography is included. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2015, 5:1–20. doi: 10.1002/widm.1142Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Biological Data Mining
Algorithmic Development > Structure Discovery
Application Areas > Science and Technology
Generating ensembles of heterogeneous classifiers using Stacked Generalization
Authors: Sesmero M. Paz , Ledezma Agapito I. , Sanchis Araceli 
Published: January 2015

Over the last two decades, the machine learning and related communities have conducted numerous studies to improve the performance of a single classifier by combining several classifiers generated from one or more learning algorithms. Bagging and Boosting are the most representative examples of algorithms for generating homogeneous ensembles of classifiers. However,Stackinghas become a commonly used technique for generating ensembles of heterogeneous classifiers since Wolpert presented his study entitledStacked Generalizationin 1992. Studies that have addressed theStackingissue demonstrated that when selecting base learning algorithms for generating classifiers that are members of the ensemble, their learning parameters and the learning algorithm for generating the meta‐classifier were critical issues. Most studies on this topic manually select the appropriate combination of base learning algorithms and their learning parameters. However, some other methods use automatic methods to determine goodStackingconfigurations instead of starting from these strong initial assumptions. In this paper, we describeStackingand its variants and present several examples of application domains.WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov2015, 5:21–34. doi: 10.1002/widm.1143This article is categorized under:Technologies > Classification
Crystal Structure Determination of Ag3Pb4Bi11Se22 by Microfocussed Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Heinke Frank , Meyer Ralf , Wagner Gerald , Oeckler Oliver 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe structure of a Ag3Pb4Bi11Se22 microcrystal was determined using microfocussed synchrotron radiation. Several crystals from an inhomogeneous sample were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the unit‐cell dimensions and the quarternary composition. A crystallite that was pre‐characterized this way was used for the microfocus experiment. The structure of Ag3Pb4Bi11Se22 [space group C2/m, a = 13.853(3) Å, b = 4.2108(8) Å, c = 19.721(4) Å, β = 104.57(3)°, Z = 1, R1(all) = 0.032] is similar to that of the mineral dantopaite, which belongs to the pavonite‐type family. Slabs that correspond to sections of the NaCl structure type are interconnected by ribbon‐like elements from the GeS (SnS) structure type.
Effect of HIV Housing Services on Engagement in Care and Treatment, New York City, 2011
Authors: Terzian Arpi S. , Irvine Mary K. , Hollod Laura M. , Lim Sungwoo , Rojas John , Shepard Colin W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe federal Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA) program addresses housing needs of low-income persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene oversees 22 HOPWA contracts for over 2,400 clients, and manages the NYC HIV Registry. HOPWA clients (N = 1,357) were matched to a random 20 % sample of other PLWHA (N = 13,489). Groups were compared on HIV care retention, viral suppression, and rebound. HOPWA clients were, on average, 3 years younger and more likely to be concurrently diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. While HOPWA clients were more likely to be retained in care (94 vs. 82 %; mOR = 2.97, 95 % CI 2.35–3.74), they were no more likely to achieve suppression (84 vs. 86 %; mOR = 0.85, 95 % 0.70–1.03) and were more likely to rebound (11 vs. 7 %; mOR = 1.45; 95 % CI 1.10–1.91). HIV care retention does not fully translate to virologic suppression in this low-income service population.
Appendicitis caused by ingestion of metal foreign body
Authors: de Almeida Neto José Inácio , Guerini Bruna Schawn , de Almeida Felipe Fernandes Nogueira 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Introduction The ingestion of foreign bodies is a frequent occurrence, especially among children. The majority of these objects travel safely through the gastrointestinal tract, without causing symptoms or leaving sequelae. Acute appendicitis is the emergency surgical pathology of greater prevalence. However, the impaction of a foreign body into the appendicular lumen as an etiologic agent of appendicitis is a very rare event.
Case report We describe the case of a 21-year-old male patient with lower abdominal pain over approximately six days, in association with vomiting, fever and abdominal distension. After imaging studies, a radiopaque foreign body was identified in a pelvic topography, with distention and air-fluid levels in intestinal loops. Our patient was submitted to an open appendectomy, evidencing acute perforated appendicitis and the presence of two foreign bodies in its lumen. The patient progressed satisfactorily in the post-operative period, with use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Discussion Foreign bodies impacted in the gastrointestinal tract are usually removed by endoscopic techniques. When these bodies cause infections, there should be a resolution, preferably by surgical laparoscopy, which will serve both for diagnostic as therapeutic purposes.
A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial with Agaricus sylvaticus fungus in anthropometric profile of women with colon cancer
Authors: Fortes Renata Costa , Souza Jhuly Amado , Novaes Maria Rita Carvalho Garbi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIntroduction Colorectal cancer is a disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Medicinal fungi and/or its extracts have been used in the adjuvant therapy of cancer because of their pharmacological, nutritional and immunomodulatory properties.Objective To evaluate the anthropometric profile of colorectal cancer women after dietary supplementation with Agaricus sylvaticus fungus.Methods Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in a public hospital in the Federal District – Brazil for six months. Sample of 32 patients with colorectal cancer, female, was separated into two groups: supplemented with Agaricus sylvaticus (30 mg/kg/day) and placebo. We conducted anthropometry (weight, height, body mass index, arm circumference, triceps skinfold, arm muscle circumference and fat percentage) during the treatment. The results were analyzed at three different times (before the start of treatment, three months and after six months supplementation) using the Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS 19.0, using Student's t-test and F, with significance for p ≤ 0.05.Results The Agaricus sylvaticus group showed a significant increase in body mass index, arm circumference, percent body fat and triceps skinfold, and non-significant increase in arm muscle circumference after six months of supplementation. These results were not observed in the placebo group.Conclusion The results suggest that dietary supplementation with Agaricus sylvaticus is capable to have benefits in anthropometric parameters of women with colorectal cancer.
THE EPISTEMIC ANALYSIS OF LUCK
Authors: Stoutenburg Gregory 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDuncan Pritchard has argued that luck is fundamentally a modal notion: an event is lucky when it occurs in the actual world, but does not occur in more than half of the relevant nearby possible worlds. Jennifer Lackey has provided counterexamples to accounts which, like Pritchard's, only allow for the existence of improbable lucky events. Neil Levy has responded to Lackey by offering a modal account of luck which attempts to respect the intuition that some lucky events occur in more than half of the relevant nearby possible worlds. But his account rejects that events which are as likely as those in Lackey's examples are lucky. Instead, they are merely fortunate. I argue that Levy's argument to this effect fails. I then offer a substitute account of the improbability condition which respects this intuition. This condition says that the relevant notion of probability for luck is epistemic.
Granular segregation in circular tumblers: theoretical model and scaling laws
Authors: Schlick Conor P. , Fan Yi , Umbanhowar Paul B. , Ottino Julio M. , Lueptow Richard M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe model bidisperse size segregation of granular material in quasi-two-dimensional circular tumbler flow using the advection–diffusion transport equation with an additional term to account for segregation due to percolation. Segregation depends on three dimensionless parameters: the ratio of segregation to advection, ${\it\Lambda}$; the ratio of advection to diffusion, $\mathit{Pe}$; and the dimensionless flowing layer depth, ${\it\epsilon}$. The degree of segregation in steady state depends only on the ratio of segregation effects to diffusion effects, ${\it\Lambda}\,\mathit{Pe}$, and the degree of segregation increases as ${\it\Lambda}\mathit{Pe}$ increases. The transient time to reach steady-state segregation depends only on advection, which is manifested in ${\it\epsilon}$ and $\mathit{Pe}$ when ${\it\Lambda}\mathit{Pe}$ is constant. This model is also applied to unsteady tumbler flow, where the rotation speed varies with time.
Entrainment and mixed layer dynamics of a surface-stress-driven stratified fluid
Authors: Manucharyan G. E. , Caulfield C. P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe consider experimentally an initially quiescent and linearly stratified fluid with buoyancy frequency $N_{Q}$ in a cylinder subject to surface-stress forcing from a disc of radius $R$ spinning at a constant angular velocity ${\rm\Omega}$. We observe the growth of the disc-adjacent turbulent mixed layer bounded by a sharp primary interface with a constant characteristic thickness $l_{I}$. To a good approximation the depth of the forced mixed layer scales as $h_{F}/R\sim (N_{Q}/{\rm\Omega})^{-2/3}({\rm\Omega}t)^{2/9}$. Generalising the previous arguments and observations of Shravat et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 691, 2012, pp. 498–517), we show that such a deepening rate is consistent with three central assumptions that allow us to develop a phenomenological energy balance model for the entrainment dynamics. First, the total kinetic energy of the deepening mixed layer $\mathscr{E}_{KF}\propto h_{F}u_{F}^{2}$, where $u_{F}$ is a characteristic velocity scale of the turbulent motions within the forced layer, is essentially independent of time and the buoyancy frequency $N_{Q}$. Second, the scaled entrainment parameter $E={\dot{h}}_{F}/u_{F}$ depends only on the local interfacial Richardson number $Ri_{I}=(N_{Q}^{2}h_{F}l_{I})/(2u_{F}^{2})$. Third, the potential energy increase (due to entrainment, mixing and homogenisation throughout the deepening mixed layer) is driven by the local energy input at the interface, and hence is proportional to the third power of the characteristic velocity $u_{F}$. We establish that internal consistency between these assumptions implies that the rate of increase of the potential energy (and hence the local mass flux across the primary interface) decreases with $Ri_{I}$. This observation suggests, as originally argued by Phillips (Deep-Sea Res., vol. 19, 1972, pp. 79–81), that the mixing in the vicinity of the primary interface leads to the spontaneous appearance of secondary partially mixed layers, and we observe experimentally such secondary layers below the primary interface.
Public information, public learning and public opinion: democratic accountability in education policy
Authors: Clinton Joshua D. , Grissom Jason A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTheories of political accountability assume citizens use information about the performance of government to hold public officials accountable, but whether citizens actually use information is difficult to directly examine. We take advantage of the importance of citizen-driven, performance-based accountability for education policy in Tennessee to conduct a survey experiment that identifies the effect of new information, mistaken beliefs and differing considerations on the evaluation of public officials and policy reforms using 1,500 Tennesseans. Despite an emphasis on reporting outcomes for school accountability policies in the state, mistaken beliefs are prevalent and produce overly optimistic assessments of the institutions responsible for statewide education policy. Moreover, individuals update their assessments of these institutions in an unbiased way when provided with objective performance data about overall student performance. Providing additional information about race-related performance differences does not alter this relationship, however. Finally, support for specific policies that are intended to improve student performance is unchanged by either type of performance information; opinions about policy reforms are instead most related to race and existing partisan commitments.
Sporadic salmonellosis in Lower Saxony, Germany, 2011–2013: raw ground pork consumption is associated withSalmonellaTyphimurium infections and foreign travel withSalmonellaEnteritidis infections
Authors: RETTENBACHER-RIEFLER S. , ZIEHM D. , KREIENBROCK L. , CAMPE A. , PULZ M. , DREESMAN J. 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARYTo investigate risk factors for sporadic salmonellosis, for each notified case four randomly selected population controls matched for age, sex and geographical region were interviewed via self-administered questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression analysis of 285 matched pairs revealed significant associations for raw ground pork consumption [odds ratio (OR) 6·0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·8–20·1], taking antacids (OR 5·8, 95% CI 1·4–24·5), eating meat outside the home (OR 5·7, 95% CI 2·2–14·6) and daily changing or cleaning of dishcloth (OR 2·1, 95% CI 1·2–3·9). Animal contact and ice cream consumption were negatively associated with salmonellosis (OR 0·5, 95% CI 0·2–1 and OR 0·3, 95% CI 0·1–0·6, respectively).S.Typhimurium infections were significantly associated with raw ground pork consumption (OR 16·7, 95% CI 1·4–194·4) andS.Enteritidis infections with having travelled abroad (OR 9·7, 95% CI 2·0–47·3). Raw egg consumption was not a risk factor, substantiating the success of recently implemented national control programmes in the poultry industry. Unexpectedly, hygienic behaviour was more frequently reported by cases, probably because they overestimated their hygiene precautions retrospectively. Although animal contact might enhance human immunocompetence, underreporting of salmonellosis by pet owners could have occurred. Eating raw pork products is the major risk factor for sporadic humanS.Typhimurium infections in Lower Saxony.
Lower apoptosis rate in ovine preantral follicles from ovaries stored in supplemented preservation media
Authors: Gonçalves R.J.S. , Cavalcante A.Y.P. , Gouveia B.B. , Lins T.L.B. , Barberino R.S. , Menezes V.G. , Barros V.R.P. , Macedo T.J.S. , Figueiredo J.R. , Matos M.H.T. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ovarian tissue transportation conditions (medium and period of time) on the morphology, apoptosis and development of ovine preantral follicles cultured in vitro. Each ovarian pair was cut into nine slices, with one fragment being fixed immediately (fresh control). The remaining fragments were placed individually in cryotubes containing conservation medium (minimal essential medium (MEM) without supplementation or MEM+ – with supplementation) and stored at 35ºC for 6 or 12 h without (non-cultured) or with subsequent culture for 5 days. Then, the fragments were processed for histological and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) examination. Preservation of ovarian slices in MEM or MEM+ (non-cultured) resulted in similar percentages of normal follicles when compared with the fresh control. Nevertheless, compared with the fresh control, a decrease in the percentage of normal follicles was observed in tissues cultured for 5 days. Only for tissues preserved in supplemented medium (MEM+) for 6 h, the percentage of TUNEL positive cells was similar between non-cultured tissues and tissues cultured for 5 days. Follicular activation and growth (follicular and oocyte diameter) were higher in cultured tissues than in fresh control or non-cultured tissues, except those from fragments preserved for 6 h in MEM and then cultured for 5 days in which no growth was observed. In conclusion, ovine ovarian tissue was successfully preserved in supplemented medium (MEM+) at a temperature close to physiological values (35°C) for up to 6 h without affecting apoptosis in the ovarian follicles and their ability to develop in vitro.
Rocuronium Versus Suxamethonium: A Survey of First-line Muscle Relaxant Use in UK Prehospital Rapid Sequence Induction
Authors: Hartley Emma L. , Alcock Roger 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIntroductionPrehospital anaesthesia in the United Kingdom (UK) is provided by Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) and British Association for Immediate Care (BASICS), a road-based service. Muscle relaxation in rapid sequence induction (RSI) has been traditionally undertaken with the use of suxamethonium; however, rocuronium at higher doses has comparable intubating conditions with fewer side effects.Hypothesis/ProblemThe aim of this survey was to establish how many prehospital services in the UK are now using rocuronium as first line in RSI.MethodsAn online survey was constructed identifying choice of first-line muscle relaxant for RSI and emailed to lead clinicians for BASICS and HEMS services across the UK. If rocuronium was used, further questions regarding optimal dose, sugammadex, contraindications, and difference in intubating conditions were asked.ResultsA total of 29 full responses (93.5%) were obtained from 31 services contacted. Suxamethonium was used first line by 17 prehospital services (58.6%) and rocuronium by 12 (41.4%). In 11 services (91.7%), a dose of 1 mg/kg of rocuronium was used, and in one service, 1.2 mg/kg (8.3%) was used. No services using rocuronium carried sugammadex. In five services, slower relaxation time was found using rocuronium (41.7%), and in seven services, no difference in intubation conditions were noted (58.3%). Contraindications to rocuronium use included high probability of difficult airway and anaphylaxis.ConclusionUse of rocuronium as first-line muscle relaxant in prehospital RSI is increasing. Continued auditing of practice will ascertain which services have adopted change and identify if complications of failed intubation increase as a result.HartleyEL, AlcockR. Rocuronium versus suxamethonium: a survey of first-line muscle relaxant use in UK prehospital rapid sequence induction. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(2):1-3.