bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling strategies for horizontally loaded infill masonry / Modellierungsansätze für horizontal beanspruchtes Ausfachungsmauerwerk
Authors: Kubalski Thomas , Butenweg Christoph 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe realistic modelling of seismically loaded infill masonry is a complicated task due to the complex interaction of the infill with the surrounding frame. Practical approaches, that take into consideration the non‐linear behaviour of the infill and the frame, are especially lacking at the moment. Within the framework of the European project INSYSME (Innovative Systems for Earthquake Resistant Masonry Enclosures in R.C. Buildings [1]), the behaviour of infill masonry in reinforced concrete frames is being investigated experimentally to derive different strategies for the modelling of infill masonry. In addition, systems for the improvement of the seismic behaviour will be developed. In the following, some initial results of the different modelling strategies are presented.
New standard publication on plastering and rendering of masonry / Neues Standardwerk für das Verputzen von Mauerwerk
Authors: Riechers Hans‐Joachim 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe work of plastering and rendering masonry and concrete is covered by a huge range of standards and guidelines. The new publication “Guidelines for plastering and rendering masonry and concrete” presents a standard work, which clarifies the issues for designers and contractors alike.
Distinct calcium signals in developing cortical interneurons persist despite disorganization of cortex by Tbr1 KO
Authors: Easton C. R. , Dickey C. W. , Moen S. P. , Neuzil K. E. , Barger Z. , Anderson T. M. , Moody W. J. , Hevner R. F. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTCortical development involves the structuring of network features by genetically programmed molecular signaling pathways. Additionally, spontaneous ion channel activity refines neuronal connections. We examine Ca2+ fluctuations in the first postnatal week of normal mouse neocortex and that expressing knockout of the transcription factor T‐brain‐1 (Tbr1): a signaling molecule in cortical patterning and differentiation of excitatory neurons. In cortex, glutamatergic neurons express Tbr1 just before the onset of population electrical activity that is accompanied by intracellular Ca2+ increases. It is known that glutamatergic cells are disordered with Tbr1 KO such that normal laying of the cortex, with newer born cells residing in superficial layers, does not occur. However, the fate of cortical interneurons is not well studied, nor is the ability of Tbr1 deficient cortex to express normal physiological activity. Using fluorescent proteins targeted to interneurons, we find that cortical interneurons are also disordered in the Tbr1 knockout. Using Ca2+ imaging we find that population activity in mutant cortex occurs at normal frequencies with similar sensitivity to GABAA receptor blockade as in nonmutant cortex. Finally, using multichannel fluorescence imaging of Ca2+ indicator dye and interneurons labeled with red fluorescent protein, we identify an additional Ca2+ signal in interneurons distinct from population activity and with different pharmacological sensitivities. Our results show the population activity described here is a robust property of the developing network that continues in the absence of an important signaling molecule, Tbr1, and that cortical interneurons generate distinct forms of activity that may serve different developmental functions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 705–720, 2016
Dielectric Breakdown Properties of Polylactic Acid with Spherulite Growth
Authors: MATSUGASAKI NARU , SHINYAMA KATSUYOSHI , FUJITA SHIGETAKA 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYPolylactic acid (PLA) is a bioplastic and a biomass material that is made from corn starch, and so on. Having studied the potential of PLA as an electrical insulation material, the authors have demonstrated that PLA has high resistivity, high dielectric breakdown strength, and other outstanding electrical insulation properties, equivalent to those of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and other petroleum‐based plastics, within a temperature range from room temperature to approximately 70°C. The degree of crystallinity of PLA was increased by heat treatment, and the dielectric breakdown strength (EB) and mechanical properties of the obtained PLA with different spherulite sizes were studied. PLA heat‐treated at a temperature of 120°C or higher showed rapid increases in spherulite size. At both measurement temperatures of 25°C and 80°C, the EB showed rapid falls when the heat treatment temperature was 120°C or higher. At a measurement temperature of 25°C, the tensile strength at break and breaking elongation showed rapid falls when the heat treatment temperature was 120°C or higher.
Femtosecond Time‐Resolved Electron Microscopy
Authors: YANG JINFENG , YOSHIDA YOICHI , SHIBATA HIROMI 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYThe revealing and understanding of ultrafast structural‐change induced dynamics not only are essential in physics, chemistry, and biology, but also are indispensable for the development of new materials, new devices, and applications. A new radio‐frequency electron gun‐based ultrafast relativistic electron microscopy (UEM) is being developed at Osaka University to for direct probing structural changes at the atomic scale with sub‐100 fs temporal resolution in materials. The first prototype femtosecond time‐resolved relativistic‐energy UEM was constructed at end of October 2012. Both relativistic‐energy electron diffraction and image measurements have been successfully performed using a femtosecond electron beam. In this paper, the development of the UEM prototype and the first experiments on relativistic‐energy electron imaging are reported.
Influence of a Naphthaldiimide Substituent at the Diimine Ligand on the Photophysics and Reverse Saturable Absorption of PtII Diimine Complexes and Cationic IrIII Complexes
Authors: Liu Rui , Dandu Naveen , McCleese Christopher , Li Yuhao , Lu Taotao , Li Hui , Yost Dillon , Wang Chengzhe , Kilina Svetlana , Burda Clemens , Sun Wenfang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTwo PtII complexes containing benzothiazolylfluorenyl (BTF) acetylide ligands and different diimine (NN) ligands [NN = 1,10‐phenanthroline (1), 5‐naphthaldiimide–1,10‐phenanthroline (2)] and two heteroleptic cationic IrIII complexes containing the 5‐naphthaldiimide–1,10‐phenanthroline ligand and different phenylpyridine (CN) ligands [CN = 2‐phenylpyridine (3), 2‐{3‐[7‐(benzothiazol‐2‐yl)fluoren‐2‐yl]phenyl}pyridine (4)] were synthesized and characterized. The influence of naphthaldiimide (NDI) attached to the NN ligands and benzothiazolylfluorene attached to the CN ligands on the photophysical properties of these PtII/IrIII complexes has been investigated spectroscopically and theoretically. All complexes exhibit ligand‐localized 1π,π* transitions below 400 nm, and broad and structureless metal‐to‐ligand/ligand‐to‐ligand charge transfer (1MLCT/1LLCT) transitions between 400 and 550 nm. Complexes 1 and 4 show red phosphorescence in toluene solutions at room temperature, where the emitting state is assigned predominantly to the 3π,π* state for complex 1 and 3LLCT/3MLCT states for complex 4. Incorporation of the NDI substituent to the NN ligand completely or partially quenches the emission of complexes 2–4. Complexes 1–4 all possess broad singlet transient absorption from 400 to 800 nm, which is ascribed to 1π,π*/1MLCT/1LLCT states for complex 1, and to 1NDI–· for complexes 2–4. The ns transient absorption study reveals that complex 1 exhibits a broad triplet excited‐state absorption from the 3π,π*/3MLCT states, while complexes 2–4 give moderately strong triplet excited‐state absorption from 3NDI–·. Nonlinear transmission experiments at 532 nm using nanosecond laser pulses demonstrate that these complexes all exhibit strong reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at 532 nm for ns laser pulses. Introduction of the NDI substituent to the NN ligand causes charge transfer to the NDI component, which in turn increases the RSA of the PtII complex 2 in comparison with that of the PtII complex 1; while attaching the BTF component to the CN ligands enhances the RSA of the IrIII complex 4 in comparison with that of complex 3.
Silyloxy Amino Alcohol Organocatalyst for Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrones to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes
Authors: Otsuki Teppei , Kumagai Jun , Kohari Yoshihito , Okuyama Yuko , Kwon Eunsang , Seki Chigusa , Uwai Koji , Mawatari Yasuteru , Kobayashi Nagao , Iwasa Tatsuo , Tokiwa Michio , Takeshita Mitsuhiro , Maeda Atushi , Hashimoto Akihiko , Turuga Kana , Nakano Hiroto 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe catalytic activity of a simple amino alcohol that contains a bulky super silyl group [i.e., tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl (TTMSS)] bonded to the oxygen atom at the γ‐position along with a primary amine moiety was examined in the enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. The organocatalyst successfully provided optically active isoxazolidines in good chemical yields (up to 86 %) with excellent diastereoselectivities (endo/exo, up to 96:4) and enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee). Furthermore, the obtained isoxazolidines were easily converted into γ‐amino diols that contain three contiguous stereogenic centers.
Morphological signatures of normal faulting in low‐gradient alluvial rivers in south‐eastern Louisiana, USA
Authors: Gasparini Nicole M. , Fischer Glenn C. , Adams Jordan M. , Dawers Nancye H. , Janoff Arye M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe explore the fluvial response to faulting in three low‐gradient, sand‐bed rivers in south‐eastern Louisiana, USA, that flow across active normal faults from footwall (upstream) to hangingwall (downstream). We calculate sinuosity, migration rate and migration direction in order to identify anomalies spatially associated with fault scarps. In two of the rivers we model one‐dimensional steady water flow to identify anomalies in surface water slope, width‐to‐depth ratio, and shear stress. In each of these rivers there is one location where flow modeling suggests potential channel incision through the footwall, as indicated by relatively high surface water slopes and shear stress values. In one of these footwall locations, the river straightens and width‐to‐depth ratios decrease, likely contributing to higher surface water slopes and shear stress. This is in contrast to previous studies that have proposed increased sinuosity across fault footwalls and decreased sinuosity across hangingwalls. However, in two hangingwall locations we also observe relatively less sinuous channels. Other planform changes on the hangingwall include topographic steering of channels along and towards the fault and one example of an avulsion. The most notable anomaly in migration rate occurs on the hangingwall of a fault where a river has cut off a meander loop. Although fluvial response to faulting varies here, comparatively large and small channels exhibit similar responses. Further, Pleistocene fault slip rates are orders of magnitude lower than the channel migration rates, suggesting that faulting should not be a major influence on the fluvial evolution. Nonetheless, notable channel anomalies exist near faults, suggesting that recent fault slip rates are higher than Pleistocene rates, and/or that low‐gradient alluvial channels are more sensitive to faulting than previous studies have suggested. Rivers appear to be influenced by faulting in this setting, however background rates of meander loop cutoff may be just as influential as faulting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Live‐cell imaging of rice cytological changes reveals the importance of host vacuole maintenance for biotrophic invasion by blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Mochizuki Susumu , Minami Eiichi , Nishizawa Yoko 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae grows inside living host cells. Cytological analyses by live‐cell imaging have revealed characteristics of the biotrophic invasion, particularly the extrainvasive hyphal membrane (EIHM) originating from the host plasma membrane and a host membrane‐rich structure, biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC). Here, we observed rice subcellular changes associated with invasive hyphal growth using various transformants expressing specifically localized fluorescent proteins. The invasive hyphae did not penetrate across but were surrounded by the host vacuolar membrane together with EIHM even after branching. High‐resolution imaging of BICs revealed that the host cytosol was accumulated at BIC with aggregated EIHM and a symplastic effector, Pwl2, in a punctate form. The vacuolar membrane did not aggregate in but closely surrounded the BIC. A good correlation was observed between the early collapse of vacuoles and damage of invasive hyphae in the first‐invaded cell. Furthermore, a newly developed, long‐term imaging method has revealed that the central vacuole gradually shrank until collapse, which was caused by the hyphal invasion occurring earlier in the neighboring cells than in the first‐invaded cells. These data suggest that M. oryzae may suppress host vacuole collapse during early infection stages for successful infection.
Impact of urinary incontinence on medical rehabilitation inpatients
Authors: Mallinson Trudy , Fitzgerald Colleen M. , Neville Cynthia E. , Almagor Orit , Manheim Larry , Deutsch Anne , Heinemann Allen 
Published: October 2015

AimsTo determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and its association with rehabilitation outcomes in patients receiving inpatient medical rehabilitation in the United States.MethodsA retrospective, cohort study of 425,547 Medicare patients discharged from inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) in 2005. We examined prevalence of UI at admission and discharge for 5 impairment groups. We examined the impact of demographics, health, and functional status on the primary outcome, change in continence status, and secondary outcomes of discharge location and 6‐month mortality.ResultsApproximately one‐quarter (26.6%) of men were incontinent at admission compared to 22.2% of women. In all diagnostic groups, continence status remains largely unchanged from admission to discharge. Patients who are older, have cognitive difficulties, less functional improvement, and longer lengths of stay (LOS), are more likely to remain incontinent, compared to those who improved, after controlling for patient factors and clinical variables. UI was significantly associated with discharge to another post‐acute setting (PAC). For orthopedic patients, UI was associated with a 71% increase in the likelihood of discharge to an institutional setting after controlling for patient factors and clinical variables. UI was not associated with death at 6 months post‐discharge.ConclusionsUI is highly prevalent in IRF patients and is associated with increased likelihood of discharge to institutional care, particularly for orthopedic patients. Greater attention to identifying and treating UI in IRF patients may reduce medical expenditures and improve other outcomes. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:176–183, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New encouraging developments in contact prediction: Assessment of the CASP11 results
Authors: Monastyrskyy Bohdan , D'Andrea Daniel , Fidelis Krzysztof , Tramontano Anna , Kryshtafovych Andriy 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis article provides a report on the state‐of‐the‐art in the prediction of intra‐molecular residue‐residue contacts in proteins based on the assessment of the predictions submitted to the CASP11 experiment. The assessment emphasis is placed on the accuracy in predicting long‐range contacts. Twenty‐nine groups participated in contact prediction in CASP11. At least eight of them used the recently developed evolutionary coupling techniques, with the top group (CONSIP2) reaching precision of 27% on target proteins that could not be modeled by homology. This result indicates a breakthrough in the development of methods based on the correlated mutation approach. Successful prediction of contacts was shown to be practically helpful in modeling three‐dimensional structures; in particular target T0806 was modeled exceedingly well with accuracy not yet seen for ab initio targets of this size (>250 residues). Proteins 2016; 84(Suppl 1):131–144. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Template‐free modeling by LEE and LEER in CASP11
Authors: Joung InSuk , Lee Sun Young , Cheng Qianyi , Kim Jong Yun , Joo Keehyoung , Lee Sung Jong , Lee Jooyoung 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTFor the template‐free modeling of human targets of CASP11, we utilized two of our modeling protocols, LEE and LEER. The LEE protocol took CASP11‐released server models as the input and used some of them as templates for 3D (three‐dimensional) modeling. The template selection procedure was based on the clustering of the server models aided by a community detection method of a server‐model network. Restraining energy terms generated from the selected templates together with physical and statistical energy terms were used to build 3D models. Side‐chains of the 3D models were rebuilt using target‐specific consensus side‐chain library along with the SCWRL4 rotamer library, which completed the LEE protocol. The first success factor of the LEE protocol was due to efficient server model screening. The average backbone accuracy of selected server models was similar to that of top 30% server models. The second factor was that a proper energy function along with our optimization method guided us, so that we successfully generated better quality models than the input template models. In 10 out of 24 cases, better backbone structures than the best of input template structures were generated. LEE models were further refined by performing restrained molecular dynamics simulations to generate LEER models. CASP11 results indicate that LEE models were better than the average template models in terms of both backbone structures and side‐chain orientations. LEER models were of improved physical realism and stereo‐chemistry compared to LEE models, and they were comparable to LEE models in the backbone accuracy. Proteins 2016; 84(Suppl 1):118–130. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is It Who You Are or Where You Live? Community Effects on Net Fertility at the Onset of Fertility Decline: A Multilevel Analysis Using Swedish Micro‐Census Data
Authors: Dribe Martin , Juárez Sol Pía , Scalone Francesco 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper studies contextual effects on fertility at the onset of fertility decline in Sweden. We argue that the community exerts an influence on fertility when individuals belonging to a certain community are more similar to one another (within‐area) in their reproductive behaviour than individuals living in another community (between‐area). Our hypotheses are that community had a strong influence in the past but that it decreased over time as more individualistic values grew in importance. We expect that the community exerted a greater impact in the low socioeconomic groups as the elite were less constrained by proximity and, therefore, more exposed to new ideas crossing community borders. Using micro‐census data from 1880, 1890, and 1900, we use multilevel analysis to estimate measures of intra‐class correlation within areas. We measure net fertility by the number of own children under five living in the household to currently married women with their spouses present. Parish is used as proxy for community. Our results indicate that despite average differences in fertility across parishes, the correlation between individuals belonging to the same community is less than 2.5%, that is, only a negligible share of the number of children observed is attributable to true community effects. Contrary to our expectation, we do not find any substantial change over time. However, as expected, community has a greater impact in the low socioeconomic groups. Our findings suggest that it is who you are rather than where you live which explains fertility behaviour during the initial stages of the transition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digestibility of new dietary fibre materials, resistant glucan and hydrogenated resistant glucan in rats and humans, and the physical effects in rats
Authors: Oku Tsuneyuki , Tanabe Kenichi , Morita Shigeki , Hamaguchi Norihisa , Shimura Fumio , Nakamura Sadako 
Published: October 2015

AbstractResistant glucan (RG) and hydrogenated resistant glucan (HRG) are newly developed non-digestible carbohydrate materials that decrease lifestyle-related diseases. The bioavailability of RG and HRG was investigated byin vitroexperiments using human and rat small intestinal enzymes and byin vivoexperiments using rats in the present study. Oligosaccharides, which are minor components of RG and HRG, were hydrolysed slightly by small intestinal enzymes of humans and rats, and the hydrolysing activity was slightly higher in rats than in humans. The amount of glucose released from HRG was greater than that from RG. However, the high-molecular-weight carbohydrates of the main components were hardly hydrolysed. Furthermore, neither RG nor HRG inhibited disaccharidase activity. When rats were raised on a diet containing 5 % of RG, HRG, resistant maltodextrin or fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) for 4 weeks, all rats developed loose stools and did not recover during the experiment, except for the FOS group. Body weight gain was normal in all groups and was not significantly different compared with the control group. Caecal tissue and content weights were significantly increased by feeding RG or HRG, although other organ and tissue weights were not significantly different among the groups. In conclusion, RG and HRG consist of small amounts of glucose and digestible and non-digestible oligosaccharides, and large amounts of glucose polymers, which were hardly hydrolysed byα-amylase and small intestinal enzymes. RG and HRG, which were developed newly as dietary fibre materials, had no harmful effects on the growth and development of rats.
THE RHINE EXODUS OF 1816/1817 WITHIN THE DEVELOPING GERMAN ATLANTIC WORLD
Authors: BOYD JAMES 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article examines the exodus down the Rhine in 1816 and 1817 of tens of thousands of German migrants, who attempted to reach the United States after the Napoleonic Wars. It establishes the episode as an important link between the mass-migration periods of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which saw more Germans land in North America than any other European group. The article focuses on the active commercial, logistical, social, and religious networks, produced in the eighteenth century, which made the exodus possible, and how it in turn changed future migration patterns. This integrates the exodus into an evolving German Atlantic movement, where previous historiography has treated it as an isolated episode, produced by extraordinary post-war conditions.