bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implements from the Higher Raised Beaches of Sussex
Authors: Calkin J. Bernard 
Published: October 2013

The Raised Beaches on the marine plain between Portsmouth and Brighton are well-known. With the lowest beach at Brighton we are not here concerned. The chief exposures of the so-called 100 ft. beach lie between Chichester and Arundel. In this area the rock platform of the marine plain consists of Chalk and Eocene, and these together with the overlying beach deposits are generally covered by Coombe Rock. The true beach consists of a shingle of varying degrees of coarseness, and though generally associated with a deposit of fine soft sand known locally as “lug sand,” the term “beach” will be used in this paper of the former deposit only.The implements here described have been obtained from four different beach exposures. Those at Pear Tree Knapp, East Hampnett, and in Aldingbourne Park clearly form part of a single beach, the surface of which ranges from 80 to 90 ft. above O.D. The fourth exposure in Slindon Park, where the beach reaches 135 ft. will be described separately (see Fig. 1). From this pit in 1912, Dr. Eliot Curwen obtained an Acheulean hand-axe, whilst Mr. Fowler has more recently described ten artefacts from the same site, though non e was found in situ.
Grime's Graves, Norfolk. Report on the Excavation of Pit 12: The Percy Sladen Trust Excavations
Authors: Armstrong A. Leslie 
Published: October 2013

The excavation of this pit was commenced in 1928, continued in 1930 and 1932 and completed in 1933. A brief account of the work up to the end of 1932 is included in the Interim Report of the Percy Sladen Trust Excavations 1927–1932 published in Proceedings, viii. 5. p. 60.Pit 12 is situated at the extreme eastern end of the West Field the boundary fence of which intersected a segment of the shaft and was removed during the excavations. Consequently, the pit is only a few yards distant from the nearest pit of the visible series and within the zone which in my Presidential Address, in 1926, (Proceedings v, 13, p. 125) it is postulated that the type of mining represented by the deep visible pits commenced. In the same Address, (p.95), it was indicated on the evidence of the polished stone celts and the methods adopted in mining, that the visible pits were clearly of Neolithic date, therefore the fortunate discovery of typical Neolithic pottery in Pit 12, is not surprising, though of first class importance for dating purposes in the light of our fuller knowledge of Neolithic pottery. It also confirms and definitely establishes the conclusions arrived at in 1926 relative to the age of the deep pits and furnishes for the first time a datable horizon for the commencement of this mining phase.
Nesting habitat selection of Mediterranean raptors in managed pinewoods: searching for common patterns to derive conservation recommendations
Authors: BARRIENTOS RAFAEL , ARROYO BERNARDO 
Published: October 2013

SummaryInvestigating habitat selection is a key step in improving the population conservation of forest species in areas managed for different purposes, from timber harvesting to hunting or recreation. Because economic resources allocated to conservation are limited, studies that assess cost-effective strategies are necessary, especially when concerning non-threatened species. We studied nest-site habitat selection of two raptor communities (totalling 245 nests from the five most common species: Short-Toed EagleCircaetus gallicus, GoshawkAccipiter gentilis, SparrowhawkA. nisus, Common BuzzardButeo buteoand Booted EagleAquila pennata) in two pinewoods in central Spain separated by 200 km. Using a Generalised Linear Mixed Model for each species and with locality as a random factor, we obtained five models of habitat selection. We highlighted the common nesting patterns in order to facilitate an integrated management of forestry in relation to raptor nesting habitat selection. The most important variable for all species, with the exception of the Sparrowhawk was the nest-tree diameter at breast height, with raptors preferentially selecting nesting trees of large width. Tall trees and a high amount of tree cover around the nesting tree were also important habitat features for several species. Our results suggest that pinewoods should retain unharvested patches with moderate tree coverage (30–70%) containing not only several large trees (diameter at breast height > 40 cm) but also small ones. At the landscape level, open forests and heterogeneous habitats are preferred. These forest patches should be dispersed throughout the landscape.
Promoting quality breast cancer care: Psychosocial distress screening
Authors: Knobf M. Tish , Major-Campos Maureen , Chagpar Anees , Seigerman Andrea , Mccorkle Ruth 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the feasibility of implementing psychosocial distress screening in a breast center of a comprehensive cancer center, using a model of structure (personnel, resources), process (screening), and outcome (number of patients screened, number referred).Methods:The first step in the project was to establish administrative support, educate and engage breast center staff, identify stakeholders and persons with expertise in the conduct of evidence based initiatives. A two-phase implementation approach was agreed upon with Phase I being screening of new patients in surgical oncology and Phase II being screening women in medical oncology.Results:A total of 173 patients were screened. The new patients screened in surgical oncology reported higher average distress scores compared to patients in medical oncology (5.7 vs. 4.0). However, a greater number of patients in medical oncology reported scores >4 compared to the new patients screened in surgery (54% vs. 35%). Psychological distress was the most commonly reported distress for patients in surgery. In contrast, 60% of scores >4 in medical oncology were symptom related, managed by the nurse or physician.Significance of results:Nurse led implementation of psychosocial distress screening is feasible, addressing this important quality indicator of patient-centered care.
Bringing the Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols into the twenty-first century
Authors: Henckaerts Jean-Marie 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe ICRC Commentaries on the 1949 Geneva Conventions date back to the 1950s, and those on the 1977 Additional Protocols were written in the 1980s. Since the original Commentaries were published, the Conventions and Protocols have been put to the test, and practice with respect to their application and interpretation has developed significantly. In order to capture these new developments a major ICRC project to update the Commentaries on these six treaties is now well underway. Its goal is to contribute to a better understanding of, and respect for, international humanitarian law. Ultimately, the project seeks to enhance protection for the victims of armed conflicts.
A universal strategy for visually guided landing
Authors: Baird Emily , Boeddeker Norbert , Ibbotson Michael R. , Srinivasan Mandyam V. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
In this study, we investigate the cues that honey bees use to land on vertical surfaces. We show that bees use the apparent rate of expansion of the image generated by the surface to smoothly reduce their speed when landing. From our results, we develop a mathematical model for visually guided landing that, unlike all current engineering-based methods, does not require knowledge about either the distance to the surface or the speed at which it is approached. This strategy is not only specific to landings on vertical surfaces or to honey bees but represents a universal strategy that any flying agent (animal or machine) could use to land safely on surfaces of any orientation.
Fibrinogen-specific antibody induces abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice through complement lectin pathway activation
Authors: Zhou Hui-fang , Yan Huimin , Bertram Paula , Hu Ying , Springer Luke E. , Thompson Robert W. , Curci John A. , Hourcade Dennis E. , Pham Christine T. N. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common and potentially fatal vascular disease. Although surgery is recommended for large aneurysms, surgical repair offers no clear survival advantage for small AAAs. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms that underlie disease pathogenesis could suggest strategies for medical intervention. Herein we identify a natural mouse IgG antibody that recognizes fibrinogen deposited in human AAA tissues and induces aneurysm in a mouse model through activation of the complement lectin pathway (LP). Conversely, absence of antibody or complement proteins abrogates AAA development. These results support the concept that antibody directed against aortic wall epitopes initiates LP activation that culminates in AAA formation. The antibody response and complement LP may provide therapeutic targets for halting disease progression.
Beyond second-order convergence in simulations of binary neutron stars in full general relativity
Authors: Radice David , Rezzolla Luciano , Galeazzi Filippo 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Despite the recent rapid progress in numerical relativity, a convergence order less than the second has so far plagued codes solving the Einstein–Euler system of equations. We report simulations of the inspiral of binary neutron stars in quasi-circular orbits computed with a new code employing high-order, high-resolution shock-capturing, finite-differencing schemes that, for the first time, go beyond the second-order barrier. In particular, without any tuning or alignment, we measure a convergence order above three both in the phase and in the amplitude of the gravitational waves. Because the new code is already able to calculate waveforms with very small phase errors at modest resolutions, we are able to obtain accurate estimates of tidal effects in the inspiral that are essentially free from the large numerical viscosity typical of lower order methods, and even for the challenging large compactness and small-deformability binary considered here. We find a remarkable agreement between our Richardson-extrapolated waveform and the one from the tidally corrected post-Newtonian (PN) Taylor-T4 model, with a de-phasing smaller than 0.4 rad during the seven orbits of the inspiral and up to the contact point. Because our results can be used reliably to assess the validity of the PN or other approximations at frequencies significantly larger than those considered so far in the literature, at these compactnesses, they seem to exclude significant tidal amplifications from next to next-to-leading-order terms in the PN expansion.
First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne hispanica, Infecting Sunflower in Greece
Authors: Tzortzakakis E. A. , Anastasiadis A. I. , Simoglou K. B. , Cantalapiedra-Navarrete C. , Palomares-Rius J. E. , Castillo P. 
Published: October 2013

Severe plant stunting, chlorosis, and extensive root galling were observed on sunflower (Helianthus annus Pioneer Hi-bred PR64LE19, Dupont) in a commercial field at Agios Athanasios, Drama Province, northeastern Greece at the end of May 2013. Disease symptoms were observed about 1.5 months after planting, and were distributed in patches that covered approximately 2% of the whole cultivated area. Examination of the soil and root samples from selected infected plants revealed the presence of abundant root-knot nematodes. Juveniles, males, and females were extracted by sieving, decanting, and root dissection for identification using morphological traits. Nematode population densities ranging from 100 to 150 J2s per 100 cm3 of soil, and 150 to 3,000 eggs per g of fresh sunflower roots were observed. Identification was confirmed by perineal patterns of females and by sequencing of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S ribosomal RNA gene (1,3,4). All identification methods were consistent with typical Meloidogyne hispanica. Morphology of perineal patterns of females and measurements of the second-stage juveniles (J2s) matched those of the original description of M. hispanica (3). Alignment indicated that the D2-D3 sequence (GenBank Accession No. KF501128) was 99% homologous to other sequences of M. hispanica deposited in GenBank from Brazil, Portugal, and Spain (EU443606, EU443608, and GQ375158, respectively), differing in only one nucleotide. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood of this sequence placed the Meloidogyne sp. in a highly supported (100%) clade that included all M. hispanica sequences available from the GenBank database (4). Root-knot nematodes in general have been reported to cause economic losses in sunflower in Europe (2), but there are no reports of M. hispanica. M. hispanica was first found in Seville Province, southern Spain, infecting rootstocks of Prunus spp. (3). Its distribution has been confirmed worldwide on different agricultural crops. However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of M. hispanica infecting sunflower in Europe and the first report of this species on any crop for Greece. The identification of M. hispanica in sunflower is relevant because it may represent a threat for sunflower production in Greece. Research to develop sunflower varieties resistant to root-knot nematodes should now also consider M. hispanica along with other species of Meloidogyne. References: (1) K. R. Barker. Page 19 in: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Vol. II, Methodology. K. R. Barker et al., eds. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, NC, 1985. (2) M. Di Vito et al. Nematol. Mediterr. 24:109, 1996. (3) H. Hirschmann. J. Nematol. 18:520, 1986. (4) B. B. Landa et al. Plant Dis. 92:1104, 2008.
An experimental test of host specialization in a ubiquitous polar ectoparasite: a role for adaptation?
Authors: Dietrich Muriel , Lobato Elisa , Boulinier Thierry , McCoy Karen D. 
Published: October 2013

Summary

The evolution of host specificity is considered to be an essential mechanism driving parasite diversity. It may be governed by adaptive constraints that lead to host‐dependent fitness trade‐offs. Alternatively, specificity may arise via transmission constraints that isolate parasite populations, without necessarily involving adaptation per se.

Here, we ask whether the repeated observation of host‐associated genetic races across the worldwide distribution of the seabird ectoparasite Ixodes uriae is associated with host adaptation.

We conducted a field‐based experiment to test for adaptive specialisation in host races of I. uriae. We transferred unengorged ticks of two life stages (nymphs and adults) originating from three host species (black‐legged kittiwake, common guillemot and Atlantic puffin) onto young kittiwake nestlings and followed attraction and attachment rates, engorgement times and feeding success of the transplanted ticks. All ticks were also typed genetically to match exploitation patterns with genetic differences among races.

Ticks from atypical hosts were significantly less attracted to nestlings than ticks from the typical host, and showed lower feeding success and higher mortality. The degree of host specificity matched patterns of neutral genetic variation among races, with puffin ticks being more specific than guillemot ticks. Differences in specificity were also apparent among tick life stages, suggesting that nymphal ticks may be less discriminating of host type than adult ticks.

Our results indicate that the genetic divergence previously observed among sympatric I. uriae host races is at least partially linked to adaptive specialisation to the host species and not simply to host‐mediated transmission. They also suggest that the adaptation process may evolve differently in different life stages based on trade‐offs with physiological constraints. The identification of the selective forces acting in host specialization will now be necessary to better characterize these patterns and to understand how transmission interacts with the adaptation process to generate parasite biodiversity.
In situ gene expression profiling of the thermoacidophilic alga Cyanidioschyzon in relation to visible and ultraviolet irradiance
Authors: Skorupa Dana J. , Castenholz Richard W. , Mazurie Aurélien , Carey Charles , Rosenzweig Frank , McDermott Timothy R. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryUltraviolet and high‐intensity visible radiation generate reactive intermediates that damage phototrophic microorganisms. In Yellowstone National Park, the thermoacidophilic alga Cyanidioschyzon exhibits an annual seasonal biomass fluctuation referred to as ‘mat decline’, where algal viability decreases as ultraviolet and visible irradiances increase during summer. We examined the role irradiance might play in mat decline using irradiance filters that uncouple ultraviolet and visible effects along with custom microarrays to study gene expression in situ. Of the 6507 genes, 88% showed no response to ultraviolet or visible, implying that at the biomolecular level, these algae inhabit a chemostat‐like environment and is consistent with the near constant aqueous chemistry measured. The remaining genes exhibited expression changes linked to ultraviolet exposure, to increased visible radiation, or to the apparent combined effects of ultraviolet and visible. Expression of DNA repetitive elements was synchronized, being repressed by visible but also influenced by ultraviolet. At highest irradiance levels, these algae reduced transcription of genes encoding functions involved with DNA replication, photosynthesis and cell cycle progression but exhibited an uptick in activities related to repairing DNA damage. This corroborates known physiological responses to ultraviolet and visible radiation, and leads us to provisionally conclude that mat decline is linked to photoinhibition.
A 21‐Locus Autosomal SNP Multiplex and its Application in Forensic Science
Authors: Hou Guangwei , Jiang Xianhua , Yang Yanyan , Jia Fei , Li Qiang , Zhao Jinling , Guo Fei , Liu Limin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTo develop a cost‐effective technique for single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and improve the efficiency to analyze degraded DNA, we have established a novel multiplex system including 21‐locus autosomal SNPs and amelogenin locus, which was based on allele‐specific amplification (ASA) and universal reporter primers (URP). The target amplicons for each of the 21 SNPs arranged from 63 base pair (bp) to 192 bp. The system was tested in 539 samples from three ethnic groups (Han, Mongolian, and Zhuang population) in China, and the total power of discrimination (TPD) and cumulative probability of exclusion (CPE) were more than 0.99999999 and 0.98, respectively. The system was further validated with forensic samples and full profiles could be achieved from degraded DNA and 63 case‐type samples. In summary, the multiplex system offers an effective technique for individual identification of forensic samples and is much more efficient in the analysis of degraded DNA compared with standard STR typing.
Relative Potency of Varenicline or Fluvoxamine to Reduce Responding for Ethanol Versus Food Depends on the Presence or Absence of Concurrently Earned Food
Authors: Ginsburg Brett C. , Lamb Richard J. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundVarenicline, a nicotinic partial agonist, selectively reduces ethanol (EtOH)‐ versus sucrose‐maintained behavior when tested in separate groups, yet like the indirect agonist fluvoxamine, this selectivity inverts when EtOH and food are concurrently available.MethodsHere, we extend these findings by examining varenicline and fluvoxamine effects under a multiple concurrent schedule where food and EtOH are concurrently available in different components: Component 1 where the food fixed‐ratio was 25 and Component 2 where the food fixed‐ratio was 75. The EtOH fixed‐ratio was always 5. Food‐maintained responding predominated in Component 1, while EtOH‐maintained responding predominated in Component 2. In a second experiment, varenicline effects were assessed under a multiple schedule where food, then EtOH, then again food were available in separate 5‐minute components with fixed‐ratios of 5 for each reinforcement.ResultsIn the multiple concurrent schedule, varenicline was more potent at reducing food‐ versus EtOH‐maintained responding in both components and reduced EtOH‐maintained responding more potently during Component 1 (when food was almost never earned) than in Component 2 (where food was often earned). Fluvoxamine was similarly potent at reducing food‐ and EtOH‐maintained responding. Under the multiple schedule, varenicline, like fluvoxamine, more potently decreases EtOH‐ versus food‐maintained responding when only food or EtOH is available in separate components.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that selective effects on drug‐ versus alternative‐maintained behavior depend on the schedule arrangement, and assays in which EtOH or an alternative is the only programmed reinforcement may overestimate the selectivity of treatments to decrease EtOH self‐administration. Thus selective effects obtained under one assay may not generalize to another. Better understanding the behavioral mechanisms responsible for these results may help to guide pharmacotherapeutic development for substance use disorders.
Skin and Plasma Autofluorescence During Hemodialysis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Graaff Reindert , Arsov Stefan , Ramsauer Bernd , Koetsier Marten , Sundvall Nils , Engels Gerwin E. , Sikole Aleksandar , Lundberg Lennart , Rakhorst Gerhard , Stegmayr Bernd 
Published: October 2013

Skin autofluorescence (AF) is related to the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and is one of the strongest prognostic markers of mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether changes in skin AF appear after a single HD session and if they might be related to changes in plasma AF.Skin and plasma AF were measured before and after HD in 35 patients on maintenance HD therapy (nine women and 26 men, median age 68 years, range 33–83). Median dialysis time was 4 h (range 3–5.5). Skin AF was measured noninvasively with an AGE Reader, and plasma AF was measured before and after HD at 460 nm after excitation at 370 nm.The HD patients had on average a 65% higher skin AF value than age‐matched healthy persons (P < 0.001). Plasma AF was reduced by 14% (P < 0.001), whereas skin AF was not changed after a single HD treatment.No significant influence of the reduced plasma AF on skin AF levels was found. This suggests that the measurement of skin AF can be performed during the whole dialysis period and is not directly influenced by the changes in plasma AF during HD.