bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commentaries on the IAALS' Honoring Families Initiative White Paper
Authors: Babb Barbara A. 
Published: October 2014

Family courts are not likely to disappear, as they currently constitute the largest proportion of trial court filings in most states. It appears as though family courts have become an emergency room for family problems. Thus, we need to enhance our efforts to improve the family justice system. In order to revamp family courts most effectively, there must be a focus on the creation of unified family courts that are grounded in therapeutic jurisprudence and the ecology of human development. This framework allows for a more responsive and holistic approach to families' legal and underlying nonlegal needs. The goal of a unified family court is to aim to improve the lives of families and children through judicial action, informal court proceedings, alternative dispute resolution, and the provision of appropriate social services.
Key Points for the Family Court Community
The need for family court reform
An underlying theoretical foundation to guide the family court reform process
Employing therapeutic jurisprudence to ensure an outcome that can positively affect the lives of the families and children involved in each legal proceeding
Utilizing the ecology of human development to assist with obtaining a holistic view of families' legal and underlying nonlegal issues
A blueprint to create a unified family court to provide an effective, efficient, comprehensive resolution to each family's dispute
Book Review: Leonard Edwards' The Role of the Juvenile Court Judge: Practice and Ethics
Authors: Rosa Janice M. 
Published: October 2014

This article reviews the first of its kind book on judicial ethics for juvenile and family court judges, written by Judge Leonard Edwards, retired California judge and national leader for the voice of families and children engaged in court action. The author's unique style of instructing by scenarios is both engaging and easily available to judges and nonlawyers alike.
Key Points for the Family Court Community
Judge Edwards brings decades of real‐time experience to the many questions that confront juvenile and family court judges
Edwards' organization of the material by topic and issue makes it quickly understandable, the logic easy to follow
It is the only book published to focus entirely on everyday events, and the ethical implications, faced by every juvenile and family court judge
Those who desire to act as judicial leaders for systems change will find a roadmap through ethical quagmires that will empower.
Ignorance is not Bliss: Why States Should Adopt California's Independent Counsel Requirement for the Enforceability of Prenuptial Agreements
Authors: Kennedy Sandra 
Published: October 2014

Prenuptial agreements are gaining popularity among Americans as an effective means of financial protection in the event of death or divorce. It is widely accepted that prenuptial agreements merit additional procedural and substantive fairness requirements. However, states have very different requirements for enforcement, and courts often enforce agreements despite the use of unfair bargaining tactics. Requiring the advice of independent counsel ensures that the parties to a prenuptial agreement are aware of the terms of the agreement and demonstrates to the court that it was executed voluntarily. While independent counsel is often one factor that courts consider when examining procedural fairness, it is not a dispositive factor in the majority of states. In order to promote enforceability, create more predictable outcomes, and achieve greater equality in the bargaining process, this Note proposes that states adopt California's statutory provision, or a similar standard, which requires that the party against whom enforcement is sought obtained independent legal counsel prior to the execution of the agreement. In order to preserve the freedom of contract, the statute includes a waiver provision, which allows a party to waive the right to independent counsel as long as that party is fully informed, typically by the other party's lawyer, of the basic terms and effect of the agreement and the rights and obligations he or she is giving up by signing it.
Key Points for the Family Court Community
Prenuptial agreements differ from ordinary commercial contracts because the parties do not deal at arm's length with each other.
States have varying procedural and substantive fairness standards for prenuptial agreements, but many do not provide sufficient protection for vulnerable parties.
California requires independent counsel, or waiver, to find that a prenuptial agreement has been voluntarily executed.
By adopting an independent counsel requirement like California's, states can ensure informed consent and bargaining equality, while promoting enforceability and predictability.
Land‐use effects on terrestrial consumers through changed size structure of aquatic insects
Authors: Stenroth Karolina , Polvi Lina E. , Fältström Emma , Jonsson Micael 
Published: October 2014

Summary

We assessed the influence of agricultural land use on aquatic–terrestrial linkages along streams arising from changes in the emergence of aquatic insects. We expected that terrestrial predators would respond to a change in the abundance and/or the size structure of the emerging aquatic insects by an increase or decrease in population size.

We measured the flux of emergent aquatic insects and the abundance of terrestrial invertebrate predators and birds along 10 streams across a forest‐to‐agriculture land‐use gradient. We also performed stable isotope analyses (hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen) of terrestrial invertebrate predators.

Small aquatic insects (Nematocera) were most abundant under agricultural land use, whereas larger bodied aquatic insects (Plecoptera and Trichoptera) were more associated with forest land use. Carabid beetles and linyphiid spiders were associated with agricultural streams (where there was a high abundance of small aquatic insects), whereas lycosid spiders and birds were associated with forest streams and a high abundance of large‐sized aquatic insects.

The contribution of aquatic insects to the diets of riparian Lycosidae, Linyphiidae and Carabidae was estimated to be 44%, 60% and 43%, respectively, indicating the importance of aquatic subsidies to the terrestrial system.

Our results show that agricultural land use in an overall forested landscape can have significant effects on the abundance and diet of terrestrial consumers through its impact on the size structure of the assemblage of emerging insects, rather than the overall magnitude (numbers) of the aquatic subsidy. Hence, our results suggest that the composition, not just quantity, of a cross‐habitat resource may influence the recipient system.
Microbial methane cycling in the bed of a chalk river: oxidation has the potential to match methanogenesis enhanced by warming
Authors: Shelley Felicity , Abdullahi Frah , Grey Jonathan , Trimmer Mark 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Many rivers are oversaturated in methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) relative to the atmosphere, but we know little about the biological controls on the balance between these two important greenhouse gases and how they might respond to warming.

We characterise the potential response to temperature in the biological production of CO2 and CH4 and the subsequent microbial oxidation of that CH4, that is the sink and source components of the CH4 cycle, in contrasting river bed sediments: fine sediments, which are largely anoxic, and oxic, coarse gravels.

In the fine sediments, anaerobic production of both CH4 and CO2 increased with temperature, with apparent activation energies for each being 0.51 eV and 0.24 eV, respectively. The difference between the two resulted in a 4% increase in the ratio of CH4:CO2 production for a 1 °C increase in temperature.

In the coarse gravels, microbial CH4 oxidation showed no response to temperature at CH4 concentrations characteristic of these gravel beds (30–200 nmol CH4 L−1), due to strong substrate limitation. In contrast, at higher (although still rate limiting) CH4 concentrations, more characteristic of the fine sediment patches (2–4 μmol CH4 L−1), CH4 oxidation exhibited an increasingly strong response to temperature, eventually exceeding that for CH4 production.

In the fine sediment, the surface layers had a CH4 oxidation capacity over 100 times greater than the gravels and the kinetic response to differing pore water CH4 concentrations meant CH4 was oxidised some 2000 times faster in the fine sediment patches compared with the coarse gravels.

The calculated kinetic and temperature responses showed that with warming, methanogenesis is unlikely to outstrip methanotrophy and the ratio of CO2 to CH4 emitted could be conserved. Consequently, any changes in the efflux ratio of CH4 to CO2 are unlikely to be due to the incapacity of methanotrophy to respond to CH4 production, but rather to a physical bypassing of the methanotrophic community (e.g. through ebullition or transport via plant stems) or contraction of the oxic layer.
Characterisation of the hypoglycaemic activity of glycoprotein purified from the edible brown seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida
Authors: Rafiquzzaman S.M. , Min Lee Jong , Ahmed Raju , Lee Jong‐Hee , Kim Jin‐Man , Kong In‐Soo 
Published: October 2014

SummarySeaweed has been reported to control postprandial hyperglycaemia in various ways. We recently reported the characterisation of a glycoprotein from Undaria pinnatifida (UPGP) with antioxidant activities. In this study, we characterised the hypoglycaemic effect of UPGP through monitoring α‐glucosidase inhibition and glucose transport across yeast cell. Dose‐dependent inhibitions of UPGP against yeast and rat intestinal α‐glucosidase were observed with IC50 values of 0.11 and 0.29 mg mL−1, respectively. UPGP showed stable inhibition following incubation at different temperatures and metal ions. Regarding bioaccessibility, the inhibition was decreased slightly during the gastric phase compared to undigested UPGP, with an increase during the duodenal phase. Kinetics and membrane dialysis revealed mixed and reversible inhibition, respectively. Furthermore, UPGP with acarbose showed synergistic inhibition against α‐glucosidase, and UPGP increased the rate of glucose transport across the yeast cell. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that UPGP may be used as bioaccessible food additives for controlling postprandial hyperglycaemia.
Synthesis of ZrC–SiC Powders from Hybrid Liquid Precursors with Improved Oxidation Resistance
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Fei , Liu Jia‐Chen , Hou Feng , Hu Ji‐Dong , Sun Xin , Zhou Yan‐Chun 
Published: October 2014

ZrC–SiC powders are synthesized by high‐temperature pyrolysis of hybrid liquid precursors, which are prepared from organic Zr‐containing precursor (PZC) and liquid polycarbosilane (LPCS). Due to the excellent miscibility between PZC and LPCS, the hybrid liquid precursors are formed by dissolving PZC into LPCS without adding organic solvent. The viscosity and elemental content of Zr and Si of the hybrid precursors are readily adjustable by controlling the LPCS/PZC mass ratio. SEM and TEM observations reveal that the ZrC–SiC powders pyrolyzed at 1550°C exhibit spherical morphology with characteristic dimension of less than 60 nm, and the two phases are uniformly distributed in composite powders. The advantage of the ZrC–SiC powders synthesized by this novel method is demonstrated by investigating the oxidation behavior of powders with different amount of SiC and ZrC. Below 700°C, ZrC quickly oxidizes to generate an almost nonprotective ZrO2 scale, whereas at ~ 1000°C, dense and protective SiO2 forms that improves the oxidation resistance of the ZrC–SiC composite powders.
Why some children with externalising problems develop internalising symptoms: testing two pathways in a genetically sensitive cohort study
Authors: Wertz Jasmin , Zavos Helena , Matthews Timothy , Harvey Kirsten , Hunt Alice , Pariante Carmine M. , Arseneault Louise 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundChildren with externalising problems are at risk of developing internalising problems as they grow older. The pathways underlying this developmental association remain to be elucidated. We tested two processes that could explain why some children with externalising problems develop internalising symptoms in preadolescence: a mediation model whereby the association between early externalising and later new internalising symptoms is explained by negative experiences; and a genetic model, whereby genes influence both problems.MethodsWe used data from the Environmental Risk (E‐Risk) Study, a 1994–1995 birth cohort of 2,232 twins born in England and Wales. We assessed externalising and internalising problems using combined mothers’ and teachers’ ratings at age 5 and 12. We measured bullying victimisation, maternal dissatisfaction and academic difficulties between age 7 and 10 and used linear regression analyses to test the effects of these negative experiences on the association between early externalising and later internalising problems. We employed a Cholesky decomposition to examine the genetic influences on the association.ResultsChildren with externalising problems at age 5 showed increased rates of new internalising problems at age 12 (r = .24, p < .001). Negative experiences accounted for some of the association between early externalising and later internalising problems. Behavioural‐genetic analyses indicated that genes influencing early externalising problems also affected later internalising problems.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the role of genetic influences in explaining why some children with externalising problems develop internalising symptoms in preadolescence. Negative experiences also contribute to the association, possibly through gene–environment interplay. Mental health professionals should monitor the development of internalising symptoms in young children with externalising problems.
Economic Regulation of Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Evans Barbara J. 
Published: October 2014

The genetic testing industry is in a period of potentially major structural change driven by several factors. These include weaker patent protections after Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics (the “Myriad decision”) and Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.; a continuing shift from single-gene tests to genome-scale sequencing; and a set of February 2014 amendments to the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) regulations and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule. This article explores the nature of these changes and why they strain existing regulatory frameworks for protecting patients, research subjects, and other consumers who receive genetic testing.Oversight of genetic testing has, at least to date, had two major thrusts: (1) privacy and ethical protections and (2) traditional consumer health and safety regulations. Examples of the first are the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act and the HIPAA Privacy Rule, which after 2013 amendments expressly protects genetic privacy as well as other medical privacy.
Finding Meaning in Life Following Emergency Postpartum Hysterectomy: What Doesn't Kill Us Makes Us Stronger
Authors: Elmir Rakime 
Published: October 2014

IntroductionChildbirth is generally perceived to be a triumphant and joyous moment in a woman's life. However, current research indicates that it can also be a time of fear, dread, and apprehension, particularly when the birth experience is traumatic. Some women attempt to seek the positives of their traumatic or unexpected childbirth experience to be able to cope with their experience. However, little attention is directed toward how women rebuild their lives and grow following traumatic birth experiences such as severe postpartum hemorrhage and emergency hysterectomy.MethodsTwenty‐one Australian women, aged 24 to 57 years, who had experienced severe postpartum hemorrhage and emergency hysterectomy were interviewed in an in‐depth qualitative study about their experiences.ResultsThematic analysis revealed the major theme of moving forward and 4 subthemes: appreciating life and what you have; what really counts: learning and growing; accepting it: it's just the way it is; and reframing the experience: seeking the positives All of the women found meaning following their hysterectomy, which produced a positive perspective on their lives.DiscussionThe way that women find meaning and cope with the trauma of having a severe postpartum hemorrhage and emergency hysterectomy is significant to their ability to move forward and live life to the fullest. Midwives and other health care providers may be in a position to provide support for women in the aftermath of severe postpartum hemorrhage and emergency hysterectomy.
A Socioecological Predication Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Low‐Income, High‐Risk Prenatal Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Women
Authors: Dodgson Joan E. , Oneha Mary Frances , Choi Myunghan 
Published: October 2014

IntroductionOnly recently has perinatal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) been researched in any depth; however, the causes and consequences of this serious illness remain unclear. Most commonly, childbirth trauma and interpersonal violence have been reported as contributing factors. However, not all Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (NHPI) women who experience these events experience PTSD. The factors affecting PTSD are many and complex, intertwining individual, family, and community contexts. Using a socioecological framework, 3 levels of contextual variables were incorporated in this study (individual, family, and social/community). The purpose of this study was to determine the socioecological predictors associated with prenatal PTSD among NHPI.MethodsA case‐control design was used to collect retrospective data about socioecological variables from medical record data. The sample was low‐income, high‐risk NHPI women receiving perinatal health care at a rural community health center in Hawaii who screened positive (n = 55) or negative (n = 91) for PTSD.ResultsHierarchical logistic regression was conducted to determine socioecological predictors of positive PTSD screening. Although the majority of women (66.4%) experienced some form of interpersonal violence, a constellation of significant predictor variables from all 3 levels of the model were identified: depression (individual level), lack of family support and family stress (family level), and violence (social/community level).DiscussionEach of the predictor variables has been identified by other researchers as significantly affecting perinatal PTSD. However, it is because these variables occur together that a more complex picture emerges, suggesting the importance of considering multiple variables in context when identifying and caring for these women. Although additional research is needed, it is possible that the significant predictor variables could be useful in identifying women who are at higher risk for PTSD in other similar populations.
Effects of a continuum of care intervention on frail older persons’ life satisfaction: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Berglund Helene , Hasson Henna , Kjellgren Karin , Wilhelmson Katarina 
Published: October 2014

Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study was to analyse effects of a comprehensive continuum of care (intervention group) on frail older persons’ life satisfaction, as compared to those receiving usual care (control group). The intervention included geriatric assessment, case management, interprofessional collaboration, support for relatives and organising of care‐planning meetings in older persons’ own homes.BackgroundImprovements in older persons’ subjective well‐being have been shown in studies including care planning and coordination by a case manager. However, effects of more complex continuum of care interventions on frail older persons’ life satisfaction are not well explored.DesignRandomised controlled study.MethodsThe validated LiSat‐11 scale was used in face‐to‐face interviews to assess older persons’ life satisfaction at baseline and at three, six and 12 months after the baseline. The odds ratio for improving or maintaining satisfaction was compared for intervention and control groups from baseline to three‐month, three‐ to six‐month as well as six‐ to 12‐month follow‐ups.ResultsOlder persons who received the intervention were more likely to improve or maintain satisfaction than those who received usual care, between 6 and 12 month follow‐ups, for satisfaction regarding functional capacity, psychological health and financial situation.ConclusionsA comprehensive continuum of care intervention comprising several components had a positive effect on frail older persons’ satisfaction with functional capacity, psychological health and financial situation.Relevance to clinical practiceFrail older persons represent a great proportion of the persons in need of support from the health care system. Health care professionals need to consider continuum of care interventions’ impact on life satisfaction. As life satisfaction is an essential part of older persons’ well‐being, we propose that policy makers and managers promote comprehensive continuum of care solutions.