bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unicortical condylar fracture of the Thoroughbred fetlock: 45 cases (2006–2013)
Authors: Ramzan P. H. L. , Palmer L. , Powell S. E. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyFracture of the metacarpal/tarsal condyle is usually preceded by prodromal pathology. Early recognition of injury is desirable to minimise the risk of serious breakdown; however, the clinical and diagnostic characteristics of unicortical condylar fractures have been poorly documented to date.ObjectivesTo describe the clinical, imaging and outcome features of racehorses in first opinion practice diagnosed with short unicortical fracture of the metacarpal/tarsal condyle.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsAll flat racehorses sustaining a unicortical condylar fracture while under the primary care of a single first opinion UK veterinary practice (2006–2013) were identified from imaging records and histories analysed for clinical presentation, lesion location, treatment, rehabilitation guidance and outcome.ResultsForty‐five cases were identified during the period of study. Forelimb injuries predominated (35/45, 77.8%). Mean age of cases was 3.4 ± 1.3 years. Palpable clinical abnormality referable to the fetlock region was not a feature. The majority (35/45, 77.8%) of injuries were diagnosed with radiography (flexed dorsopalmar/plantar projection), with the remainder requiring magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosis. Seven horses underwent surgery either at the time of original diagnosis or following reinjury. Twenty‐eight of 30 horses (93.3%), not retired for unrelated reasons, returned to racing, with 5 (16.7%) conservatively managed horses sustaining reinjury at a median of 305 days. Misdiagnosis resulted in progression to catastrophic fracture in 2 cases.ConclusionsClinical findings associated with unicortical condylar fractures can be mild and appropriate diagnostic imaging is necessary for injury detection. Failure to detect injury can lead to catastrophic fracture. Most cases respond to conservative management and return to racing, but risk of reinjury merits consideration of surgery in selected cases. Veterinary vigilance and timely intervention has the potential to considerably reduce the incidence of complete condylar fracture of the fetlock in the racehorse.The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting information.
Effect of Gray Scale Binder Levels on Additive Manufacturing of Porous Scaffolds with Heterogeneous Properties
Authors: Vlasea Mihaela , Toyserkani Ehsan , Pilliar Robert 
Published: September 2014

An additive manufacturing platform was developed for fabricating constructs with heterogeneous properties. The liquid binder amount was investigated in calcium polyphosphate bone substitutes. Two part categories were produced with 150 and 190 μm layer thickness and 70, 80, 90, 100, and 90/70% gray scale. It was shown that the gray scale level had an effect on samples with 150 μm layer thickness where porosity ranged between 43 ± 1% and 49 ± 2% and the compressive strength varied between 4.8 ± 1.3 MPa and 15.5 ± 1.9 MPa. The results suggest that the binder gray scale level can be used to locally predict porous properties.
The Role of Scale and Technology Maturity in Life Cycle Assessment of Emerging Technologies: A Case Study on Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Gavankar Sheetal , Suh Sangwon , Keller Arturo A. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryLife cycle assessment (LCA) has been applied for assessing emerging technologies, where large‐scale production data are generally lacking. This study introduces a standardized scheme for technology and manufacturing readiness levels to contextualize a technology's development stage. We applied the scheme to a carbon nanotube (CNT) LCA and found that, regardless of synthesis technique, CNT manufacturing will become less energy intensive with increased levels of readiness. We examined the influence of production volume on LCA results using primary data from a commercial CNT manufacturer with approximately 100 grams per day production volume and engineering design of a scaled‐up process with 1 tonne per day production capacity. The results show that scaling up could reduce 84% to 94% of its cradle‐to‐gate impacts, mainly as a result of the recycling of feedstock that becomes economically viable only beyond certain minimum production volume. This study shows that LCAs on emerging technologies based on immature data should be interpreted in conjunction with their technology and manufacturing readiness levels and reinforces the need of standardizing and communicating information on these readiness levels and scale of production in life cycle inventory practices.
Evolutionary radiation of the Panax bipinnatifidus species complex (Araliaceae) in the Sino‐Himalayan region of eastern Asia as inferred from AFLP analysis
Authors: Zuo Yun‐Juan , Wen Jun , Ma Jin‐Shuang , Zhou Shi‐Liang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe Panax bipinnatifidus species complex (P. bipinnatifidus and its close relatives) in the Sino‐Himalayan region has been taxonomically difficult. Evolutionary analyses using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were carried out on 125 individuals representing 11 populations of the P. bipinnatifidus species complex and one population of P. stipuleanatus Tsai & Feng as an outgroup. The populations from the eastern Himalayan region, sampled from Nepal and eastern Tibet, formed two main groups in the neighbor‐joining and split network analyses. The Pailong population (Tibet‐PL) in eastern Tibet showed a highly distinct AFLP profile and was placed as the most basally branched group in the neighbor‐joining tree. The remaining Himalayan populations showed three subgroups: the Nepal‐HB and Nepal‐HS subgroup, the Nepal HH subgroup, and the Tibet‐BY subgroup. The three Himalayan subgroups had very limited gene flow among them and showed subtle morphological differences. The populations in eastern, central, and western China showed clear geographic patterns and can be sorted into several geographical groups. Each major group in the species complex has strong bootstrap support, but relationships among them are poorly resolved, which is consistent with a pattern of evolutionary radiation. The strong geographic grouping, high Nei's population differentiation index, and limited gene flow among populations in different regions support the importance of geographic isolation in the diversification of the P. bipinnatifidus species complex in the Sino‐Himalayan region.
A systematic review of physical activity interventions among African American adults: evidence from 2009 to 2013
Authors: Whitt‐Glover M. C. , Keith N. R. , Ceaser T. G. , Virgil K. , Ledford L. , Hasson R. E. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThis review extends findings from four previous reviews of physical activity (PA) interventions among African Americans (AA) and includes papers published between January 2009 and August 2013. Eligible papers were retrieved using strategies employed in previous reviews. Overall, 16 relevant papers were identified, including four pilot studies and 12 full trials. Interventions were based on a variety of behavioural sciences theories. The most common setting for interventions was churches. Most interventions lasted >6 months; few interventions included >6 months of post‐intervention follow‐up. Overall, studies identified within‐group differences showing positive improvements in PA, and most studies showed statistically significant between‐group differences in at least one measure of PA. A quality score was used to rate various elements of the studies and provide a numerical assessment of each paper; scores ranged from 3 to 10 out of 13 possible points. The current review indicates a continued need for studies that use objective PA measures, assess long‐term intervention impact, provide specific PA goals for interventions, include more attention to strategies that can increase retention and adherence among AA study participants, include AA men and determine the independent and synergistic effects of individual and environmental (socio‐cultural and built) change strategies.
Obesity interventions in African American faith‐based organizations: a systematic review
Authors: Lancaster K. J. , Carter‐Edwards L. , Grilo S. , Shen C. , Schoenthaler A. M. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryAfrican Americans, especially women, have higher obesity rates than the general US population. Because of the importance of faith to many African Americans, faith‐based organizations (FBOs) may be effective venues for delivering health messages and promoting adoption of healthy behaviours. This article systematically reviews interventions targeting weight and related behaviours in faith settings. We searched literature published through July 2012 for interventions in FBOs targeting weight loss, diet and/or physical activity (PA) in African Americans. Of 27 relevant articles identified, 12 were randomized controlled trials; seven of these reported a statistically significant change in an outcome. Four of the five quasi‐experimental and single‐group design studies reported a statistically significant outcome. All 10 pilot studies reported improvement in at least one outcome, but most did not have a comparison group. Overall, 70% of interventions reported success in reducing weight, 60% reported increased fruit and vegetable intake and 38% reported increased PA. These results suggest that interventions in African American FBOs can successfully improve weight and related behaviours. However, not all of the findings about the success of certain approaches were as expected. This review identifies gaps in knowledge and recommends more rigorous studies be conducted to strengthen the comparative methodology and evidence.
Pure Quotation
Authors: Maier Emar 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPure quotation, as in ‘cat’has three letters, is a linguistic device designed for referring to linguistic expressions. I present a uniform reconstruction of the four classic philosophical accounts of the phenomenon: the proper name theory, the description theory, the demonstrative theory, and the disquotational theory. I evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each proposal with respect to fundamental semantic properties like compositionality, productivity, and recursivity.
Cronartium rust sporulation on hemiparasitic plants
Authors: Kaitera J. , Hiltunen R. , Hantula J. 
Published: September 2014

Susceptibility of potential alternate host plants to pine stem rusts belonging to Cronartium spp. was artificially tested in Finland during 2012–2013. Forty‐three species representing 11 plant families were inoculated in the laboratory; 34 species (11 families) were inoculated in the greenhouse with aeciospores of Cronartium flaccidum or C. ribicola. Twenty‐one selected species (10 families) were also exposed to natural inoculum of C. flaccidum in the field in two severely affected Pinus sylvestris stands. After 5–8 weeks’ incubation, C. flaccidum sporulated on 17 species (nine families) in the laboratory, 17 species (eight families) in the greenhouse and seven species (five families) in the field. Cronartium ribicola sporulated on three species (three families) in the laboratory or greenhouse. All of the hemiparasitic plants that belong to Orobanchaceae were infected by C. flaccidum, and several species supported rust sporulation when exposed to natural inoculum. Susceptible species belonged to genera Veronica, Euphrasia, Castilleja, Pedicularis, Rhinanthus, Saxifraga, Loasa, Ribes, Tropaeolum, Swertia, Physalis, Nicotiana, Hyoscyamus, Paeonia, Apocynum, Impatiens, Vincetoxicum and Myrica.
Subjective ratings of prolonged inspiratory resistive loaded breathing in males and females
Authors: Miller Sarah , Davenport Paul W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDyspnea and fear of suffocation are burdensome to patients with respiratory disease. Inspiratory resistive loads offer an experimental respiratory stimulus to quantify the discriminative domain of respiratory perception. Resistive (R) load magnitude estimation (ME) and subjective ratings were measured over sustained multiple breaths in healthy subjects. There was no significant group difference between the ME for Breath 1 and 20 for small R loads, but a significant gender difference for large R loads. Subjective responses of fear, fear of suffocation, displeasure, chest pressure, faintness, dizziness, fear of losing control, trembling, and tingling were significantly greater for females. These results demonstrate that ME of large resistive sustained loads elicits nonsignificant increases in ME in females, but a significant decrease in ME for males. The maintenance of ME in females co‐occurs with increased aversive processing relative to males.
Validity of the Session Rating of Perceived Exertion for Monitoring Exercise Demands in Youth Soccer Players
Authors: Rodríguez-Marroyo Jose A. , Antoñan Carlos 
Published: September 2014

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the concurrent and construct validity of the Borg (0–10) and children’s OMNI scales for quantifying the exercise intensity and training load (TL) in youth soccer players.Methods:Twelve children (mean ± SD age 11.4 ± 0.5 y, height 154.3 ± 6.5 cm, body mass 39.5 ± 5.4 kg) took part in this study. Exercise intensity and TL were calculated on the basis of the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and heart rate (HR; Edwards method) during 20 technical-tactical training sessions. Players’ sRPEs were obtained from the Borg and OMNI scales.Results:Low correlations between HR-based TL and sRPE TL based on the Borg (r= .17,P= .335) and OMNI (r= .34,P= .007) scales were obtained. Significant (P< .001) relationships in sRPE (r= .76) and TL (r= .79) between RPE scales were found.Conclusion:The current data do not support the relationship between the sRPE and HR methods for quantifying TL in youth soccer players. However, the sRPE method could be considered a better indicator of global internal TL, since sRPE is a measure of both physical and psychological stress. In addition, the authors demonstrated the construct validity for the OMNI scale to control exercise demands.
Angle-Specific Eccentric Hamstring Fatigue After Simulated Soccer
Authors: Cohen Daniel D. , Zhao Bingnan , Okwera Brian , Matthews Martyn J. , Delextrat Anne 
Published: September 2014

Purpose:To evaluate the effect of simulated soccer on the hamstrings eccentric torque-angle profile and angle of peak torque (APTeccH), and on the hamstrings:quadriceps torque ratio at specific joint angles (ASHecc:Qcon).Methods:The authors assessed dominant-limb isokinetic concentric and eccentric knee flexion and concentric knee extension at 120°/s in 9 semiprofessional male soccer players immediately before and after they completed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST).Results:The LIST resulted in significant decreases in eccentric hamstrings torque at 60°, 50°, and 10° and a significant (21.8%) decrease in ASHecc:Qcon at 10° (P < .05). APTeccH increased from 7.1° ± 1.0° to 18.8° ± 4.2° (P < .05). Eccentric hamstrings peak torque significantly declined from 185.1 ± 70.4 N·m pre-LIST to 150.9 ± 58.5 N·m post-LIST (P = .002), but there were no significant changes in hamstrings or quadriceps concentric peak torque (P = .312, .169, respectively).Conclusions:Simulated soccer results in a selective loss of eccentric hamstrings torque and hamstrings-to-quadriceps muscle balance at an extended joint position and a shift in the eccentric hamstrings APT to a shorter length, changes that could increase vulnerability to hamstrings injury. These findings suggest that injury-risk screening could be improved by evaluating the eccentric hamstrings torque-angle profile and hamstrings strength-endurance and that the development of hamstrings fatigue resistance and long-length eccentric strength may reduce injury incidence.
Draft Genome Sequences of Four Strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Three of Which Cause Early Mortality Syndrome/Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease in Shrimp in China and Thailand
Authors: Yang Yi-Ting , Chen I-Tung , Lee Chung-Te , Chen Chien-Yu , Lin Shih-Shun , Hor Lien-I , Tseng Ta-Chien , Huang Yun-Tzu , Sritunyalucksana Kallaya , Thitamadee Siripong , Wang Han-Ching , Lo Chu-Fang 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

We sequenced four
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
strains, three of which caused serious acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. Sequence analysis of the virulent strains revealed not only genes related to cholera toxin and the type IV pilus/type IV secretion system but also a unique, previously unreported, large extrachromosomal plasmid that encodes a homolog to the insecticidal
Photorhabdus
insect-related binary toxin PirAB.
Complete Genome Sequence of Methanolinea tarda NOBI-1
T
, a Hydrogenotrophic Methanogen Isolated from Methanogenic Digester Sludge
Authors: Yamamoto Kyosuke , Tamaki Hideyuki , Cadillo-Quiroz Hinsby , Imachi Hiroyuki , Kyrpides Nikos , Woyke Tanja , Goodwin Lynne , Zinder Stephen H. , Kamagata Yoichi , Liu Wen-Tso 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

Here, we report a 2.0-Mb complete genome sequence of
Methanolinea tarda
NOBI-1
T
, a methanogenic archaeon isolated from an anaerobic digested sludge. This is the first genome report of the genus
Methanolinea
isolate belonging to the family
Methanoregulaceae
, a recently proposed novel family within the order
Methanomicrobiales
.
Lamivudine/telbivudine-associated neuromyopathy: neurogenic damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA depletion
Authors: Xu Hongliang , Wang Zhaoxia , Zheng Lemin , Zhang Wei , Lv He , Jin Suqin , Yuan Yun 
Published: September 2014

AimsMyopathy or neuropathy has been associated with lamivudine/telbivudine therapy in hepatitis B patients. We aim to describe the pathological changes of lamivudine/telbivudine-associated neuromyopathy.MethodsWe retrospectively recruited six patients who were diagnosed with nucleotide analogues-associated myopathy or neuropathy. Muscle and nerve biopsy were performed, and the specimens were prepared for the light microscopy and electron microscopy. Genomic DNA was extracted from frozen muscle specimens, and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content was quantified by real-time PCR.ResultsRecovery of the myopathy can be achieved after the discontinuation or changing the drugs to entecavir. Muscle and nerve biopsy revealed similar changes under either the light or electronic microscopy in all the subjects. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed decrease of mtDNA content in the affected muscle.ConclusionsMtDNA depletion results in mitochondrial dysfunction in the lamivudine/telbivudine-associated neuromyopathy. Myopathy was characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied with neurogenic damage due to axonal neuropathy. Ultrastructure changes of mitochondria included vacuolisation, simplification of the cristae and homogenised matrix.
Fetal ultrasound measurements and associations with postnatal outcomes in infancy and childhood: a systematic review of an emerging literature
Authors: Alkandari Farah , Ellahi Awaiss , Aucott Lorna , Devereux Graham , Turner Steve 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundSeveral hypotheses predict that faltering fetal growth is an antecedent for common non-communicable diseases. This is the first systematic review of an emerging literature linking antenatal fetal measurements to postnatal outcomes.MethodsElectronic databases (OVID, EMBASE and Google Scholar) and cohort study websites were searched in July 2014. Studies were selected which examined associations between antenatal fetal ultrasound measurements and postnatal outcomes. Neonatal outcomes, e.g. premature delivery, were not included.ResultsThere were 23 papers identified from cohorts in Western countries, including 11 from a single cohort. Four papers reported outcomes in children aged over 6 years. Small, but not large, for gestational age (SGA) was associated with adverse outcomes except for one study where individuals with the lightest or heaviest estimated fetal weight risk were at increased risk for autistic spectrum disorder. The magnitude of associations was modest, e.g. each z score reduction in fetal size was associated with 10–20% increased risk for delayed development or a 1 mm Hg increase in blood pressure. Both growth acceleration and deceleration were both associated with adverse outcomes.ConclusionsThere is consistency for antenatal SGA and growth deceleration being associated with adverse outcomes determined in early childhood. Accelerating fetal growth was associated with both advantageous and disadvantageous outcomes, and this is consistent with the concept of predictive adaptive responses where exposure to a postnatal environment which was not anticipated predisposes the fetus to adverse health.
End-to-end verification of stack-space bounds for C programs
Authors: Carbonneaux Quentin , Hoffmann Jan , Ramananandro Tahina , Shao Zhong 
Published: September 2014

Verified compilers guarantee the preservation of semantic properties and thus enable formal verification of programs at the source level. However, important quantitative properties such as memory and time usage still have to be verified at the machine level where interactive proofs tend to be more tedious and automation is more challenging.
This article describes a framework that enables the formal verification of stack-space bounds of compiled machine code at the C level. It consists of a verified CompCert-based compiler that preserves quantitative properties, a verified quantitative program logic for interactive stack-bound development, and a verified stack analyzer that automatically derives stack bounds during compilation.
The framework is based on event traces that record function calls and returns. The source language is CompCert Clight and the target language is x86 assembly. The compiler is implemented in the Coq Proof Assistant and it is proved that crucial properties of event traces are preserved during compilation. A novel quantitative Hoare logic is developed to verify stack-space bounds at the CompCert Clight level. The quantitative logic is implemented in Coq and proved sound with respect to event traces generated by the small-step semantics of CompCert Clight. Stack-space bounds can be proved at the source level without taking into account low-level details that depend on the implementation of the compiler. The compiler fills in these low-level details during compilation and generates a concrete stack-space bound that applies to the produced machine code. The verified stack analyzer is guaranteed to automatically derive bounds for code with non-recursive functions. It generates a derivation in the quantitative logic to ensure soundness as well as interoperability with interactively developed stack bounds.
In an experimental evaluation, the developed framework is used to obtain verified stack-space bounds for micro benchmarks as well as real system code. The examples include the verified operating-system kernel CertiKOS, parts of the MiBench embedded benchmark suite, and programs from the CompCert benchmarks. The derived bounds are close to the measured stack-space usage of executions of the compiled programs on a Linux x86 system.
Resugaring
Authors: Pombrio Justin , Krishnamurthi Shriram 
Published: September 2014

Syntactic sugar is pervasive in language technology. It is used to shrink the size of a core language; to define domain-specific languages; and even to let programmers extend their language. Unfortunately, syntactic sugar is eliminated by transformation, so the resulting programs become unfamiliar to authors. Thus, it comes at a price: it obscures the relationship between the user's source program and the program being evaluated.
We address this problem by showing how to compute reduction steps in terms of the surface syntax. Each step in the surface language emulates one or more steps in the core language. The computed steps hide the transformation, thus maintaining the abstraction provided by the surface language. We make these statements about emulation and abstraction precise, prove that they hold in our formalism, and verify part of the system in Coq. We have implemented this work and applied it to three very different languages.