bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socio-Cognitive Specializations in Nonhuman Primates: Evidence from Gestural Communication
Authors: Cartmill Erica A. , Maestripieri Dario 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews primate cognitive abilities in physical, social, and communicative realms and asks (1) whether primates exhibit abilities that differ from those of other animals, and (2) what selective pressures primates face that may have led to the emergence of specific cognitive abilities. The authors focus on communication as the most likely realm for primate cognitive specialization and on the gestural communication of great apes as the modality in which primates exhibit the most advanced cognitive abilities. Findings from studies of natural communication systems of both wild and captive primates as well as studies involving communication with human experimenters are presented and discussed. Apes demonstrate flexibility, learning, and sensitivity to social cues in their gestural communication, but further studies are needed to determine how gestures are acquired and how they are perceived. Studies of comparative development of gestural communication and social cognition have the greatest potential to reveal the cognitive abilities used during gesturing, and they will help to determine whether those abilities are truly specializations for communication.
The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Silk Joan B. , House Bailey R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHumans rely on cooperation among large numbers of unrelated group members to a much greater extent than any other animals do. Moreover, most people have social preferences that motivate them to feel concern for the welfare of others and take advantage of opportunities to behave altruistically toward others. This raises two important questions: Are differences in the form, extent, and scope of cooperation among humans and other primates associated with differences in the nature of their social preferences? How do social preferences unfold over the course of development in humans? Here, we review a growing body of research that addresses these two questions. We focus on a set of experiments that were inspired by research in behavioral economics. In these experiments, subjects are presented with choices that have different material payoffs for themselves and others, and the choices that subjects make reveal their underlying preferences. This work is allowing researchers to begin to map out the phylogeny and ontogeny of social preferences in humans and other primates.
Comparative Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence
Authors: Newton-Fisher Nicholas E. , Thompson Melissa Emery 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPerhaps more than for any other human behavior, the evolutionary heritage of violence has been the subject of vigorous debate: whether shared patterns of intraspecific aggression between humans and other species doom us to a bloody existence. This chapter reviews intraspecific aggression and violence among mammalian species, focusing on primates. It highlights three themes: (1) aggression is a part of everyday life for most social animals, (2) the vast majority of conflicts in animal societies are of low intensity, and (3) there are extraordinary examples within the broad spectrum of aggressive behaviors seen in nonhumans that conform to even the most anthropocentric definitions of violence. To illustrate this third theme, the chapter reviews violence in chimpanzees, the extant species most closely related to humans and that, next to humans, exhibits the most spectacularly gruesome and varied aggressive repertoire in mammals.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Male-Male Competition, Violence, and Homicide
Authors: Kruger Daniel J. , Fitzgerald Carey J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAggression and violence are common elements of male mating competition across animal species. The level of violence across species, across human populations, and across individuals within societies corresponds with the intensity of male mating competition. In humans, peak rates of violence and homicide occur as males reach reproductive maturity and contest directly for mates, as well as for the social status and resources that facilitate attraction of prospective partners. In modern societies, levels of mortality from violence decrease considerably as males marry, start families, and undergo a life history shift from mating effort to paternal investment. In other societies, especially those with extended male fertility from additional sequential and/or simultaneous mating partners, risky behaviors including violence persist at higher levels throughout adulthood. Across species, those with higher degrees of male reproductive inequality (polygyny) have higher rates of violence and male mortality. There is a parallel pattern for the degree of polygyny across human populations, as well as for the degree of inequality in social status and resource holdings that are historically tied to male reproductive success. Temporal fluctuations in social stressors such as higher extrinsic mortality and higher socioeconomic inequality also elevate rates of violent behavior and mortality from homicide within societies. Androgen production mirrors the pattern of risky and violent male behavior across the life span, indicating a physiological basis in the mechanisms underlying male sexuality.
Women and Aggression
Authors: Campbell Anne , Cross Catharine 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSex differences in aggression can be traced ultimately to sex differences in parental investment. Higher variance in reproductive success in men, resulting from lower parental investment, creates incentives for competition to achieve intrasexual dominance, while women's greater investment and role in caring for offspring creates costs for dangerous confrontations. Data suggest that, at a proximal psychological level, sex differences in fear, but not anger, mediate involvement in aggression. Although biparental care brings with it two-way sexual selection, female competition is chiefly conducted either intersexually (through the display of qualities attractive to men) or through indirect aggression (gossip and social exclusion), both of which are low-risk strategies. Under resource scarcity, competition between women can escalate to direct confrontation, but even then the severity of aggression is lower than that of men. Women and men are equal in the frequency of aggressive acts directed at intimate partners, which poses an explanatory problem for any theory of sex differences in aggression. We propose that the fear reduction in women necessary to permit sexual intimacy, possibly mediated by oxytocin, also diminishes women's normal restraint on aggressive behavior.
If, When, and Why Adolescent Bullying Is Adaptive
Authors: Volk Anthony , Camilleri Joseph A. , Dane Andrew , Marini Zopito 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAdolescent bullying appears to be a cross-cultural, worldwide phenomenon. A substantial literature has addressed this phenomenon due to the important implications bullying presents for adolescents. The ubiquity of bullying, along with its heritability, suggests the possibility that some bullying may be the result of evolved adaptations. Unfortunately, the bullying literature has failed to formally examine this possibility in depth. The current chapter is an effort to redress this situation as we look at if, when, and why adolescent bullying is adaptive. We find significant evidence for the functionality of modern bullying and the absence of psychopathologies typically associated with maladaptive development, supporting the claim that bullying may be an evolved adaptation. Evidence from hunter-gatherers and historical data further support this claim. We examine the individual differences, contextual factors, and developmental pathways that may lead to bullying being an important, functional, adaptive behavior among adolescents. We end the chapter with a discussion of the implications an adaptive view of bullying has for intervention, research, and adolescents.
A Feminist Evolutionary Analysis of the Relationship Between Violence Against and Inequitable Treatment of Women, and Conflict Within and Between Human Collectives, Including Nation-States
Authors: Hudson Valerie M. , den Boer Andrea M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter we examine the theoretical linkage between the security of women and the security of states, drawing insights from evolutionary biology and psychology, political sociology, and psychology. A feminist evolutionary approach demonstrates the way in which male reproductive interests can and often do lead to strategies of sexual coercion of females, including violence. That violence can be directed at other males and other groups as male dominance hierarchies develop a parasitical approach to resource accumulation, involving coalitional aggression against outgroups in order to strip such groups of their resources. The mitigation of male dominance hierarchies is thus, we argue, key to the mitigation of dysfunctional, conflictual intergroup relations. We illustrate the effects of male dominance and structural patriarchy through an examination of polygyny and through historical cases before finally discussing strategies for mitigating male dominance hierarchies.
Band of Brothers or Band of Siblings?: An Evolutionary Perspective on Sexual Integration of Combat Forces
Authors: Browne Kingsley R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSexual integration of combat forces presents underappreciated challenges. Sex differences in physical capacity remain important in modern warfare, and the sexes also differ in combat-relevant psychological traits, including risk taking and aggressiveness. Moreover, group dynamics have consequences for unit cohesion and combat performance. Men more easily participate in coalitions organized to mete out violence, a tendency enhanced in the presence of intergroup competition. Men's coalitions require lower levels of investment and can persist for longer in the face of within-group conflict than women's coalitions. Combat units rely on cohesion to enable performance, and introduction of women tends to reduce cohesion because, among other reasons, men often find it difficult to trust women. The attributes that soldiers value in comrades are ones that would have been important for primitive warriors, including strength, physical courage, and other aspects of masculinity, which may mean that women cannot evoke trust in their male comrades the way other men can.
The Extremes of Conflict in Literature: Violence, Homicide, and War
Authors: Carroll Joseph 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLiterature depicts emotions arising from conflict and makes them available to readers, who experience them vicariously. Literary meaning lodges itself not in depicted events alone but also, and more importantly, in the interpretation of depicted events: in the author's treatment of the depicted events; the reader's response to both the depicted events and the author's treatment; and the author's anticipation of the reader's responses. This chapter outlines possible stances toward violence, makes an argument for the decisive structural significance of violence in both life and literature, and then presents a representative sampling of violent acts in literature. The examples from literature are organized into the main kinds of human relationships: one's relation to oneself (suicide); sexual rivals, lovers, and marital partners; family members (parents, children, siblings, aunts, uncles, and cousins); communities (violence within social groups); and warfare (violence between social groups).
Why Religion Is Unable to Minimize Lethal and Nonlethal Societal Dysfunction Within and Between Nations
Authors: Paul Gregory S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe widely held premise that godly religion is important if not critical to maximizing the socioeconomic success of societies while suppressing criminal violence and war is undergoing growing historical and scientific scrutiny. Research indicates that theism is not reliably efficacious even when moderate or progressive, and often contributes to societal dysfunction and war when it is conservative or reactionary in nature. Theism cannot be part of the solution because theism is popular only when socioeconomic conditions are sufficiently defective to compel the majority to relieve their chronic anxiety by petitioning supernatural forces for aid and protection. The most successful and pacific societies in history have been the most nontheistic modern democracies, in part because a high level of secure prosperity always suppresses mass religion. So rather than being universal and integral to human psychology, religious supernaturalism is superficial and elective, and it is poorly developed even in some hunter-gatherers. The best human option is atheistic liberal democracy.
Peace and the Human Animal: Toward Integration of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology and Peace Studies
Authors: Dess Nancy K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPeace is arguably the problem of the 21st century. Peacefulness is not uniquely human, but a dearth of it among humans disproportionately threatens people and other animals around the globe. The urgent need for peace—if not immediately, everywhere, at any cost, then soon, as a pervasive norm—coincides with unprecedented scholarly attention to peace and to the implications of evolution for psychological functioning in the context of complex sociality. The time is ripe to integrate evolutionary perspectives into peace studies. Toward that end, this chapter describes potential impediments to an evolutionary peace project, provides a basic lexical and conceptual tool kit, and identifies some promising research directions.
An International Perspective on Ethics Codes for Psychology: A Focus on Test Development and Use
Authors: Oakland Thomas , Leach Mark M. , Bartram Dave , Lindsay Geoff , Smedler Ann-Charlotte , Zhang Houcan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to describe and discuss the international status of ethics codes and other documents that address test development and use in light of fundamental characteristics of such codes. The selection of issues associated with test development and use to assist in a discussion of ethics codes was due, in part, to the early onset and international nature of their development and use. Models of ethics codes and documents are examined, including similarities and differences in their emphasis on principles and standards, as well as professionals impacted by a code. Test issues are discussed in light of codes and documents that apply to individual countries, a regional code for countries that have considerable diversity, a regional code for countries that have considerable cultural consistency, and internationally. Information in this article may assist national psychological associations engaged in developing or revising their ethics codes.
Professional Ethics and Enhancement of Competent Practice
Authors: Soudijn Karel A. , Poortinga Ype H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractProfessional codes of ethics are meant to set standards for the competence of psychologists and the quality of their professional actions (for which we will also use the term interventions). The codes encourage psychologists to continuously improve their level of competence. This chapter presents arguments as to how the standards or rules in such codes can contribute to the overall objective of competent practice and to the enhancement of competence practice. First we show that standards of competence can never be absolute. We also mention some distinctions between categories of rules in professional codes of ethics, adding one further distinction to existing categorizations; namely, between constituent rules that define a game and the tactical rules that are used by players. We see tactical rules as indicating ways in which psychologists can improve the level of quality of their actions. We then address the question of what constitutes the foundation for the competence of psychologists in some of the internationally better known codes. We subsequently describe four ways of anchoring ethically competent actions. Three of these are a matter of the profession and its members, viz: (i) the fund of scientific knowledge that exists in psychology and the psychologist's familiarity with this through education; (ii) the fund of professional knowledge and expertise; and (iii) professional experience. The fourth mode of anchoring places competence in broader contexts, referring to clients, sponsors, the public at large, and the legislation in a country that applies to the profession of psychology. This mode refers to the interactions between the profession and stakeholders from outside. In the concluding section we list four questions that refer to four sets of stakeholders. These questions set a frame for competent practice of psychologists; they are interrelated in the sense that an answer to one of them imposes constraints on how the others should be answered.
A Call for Ethical Standards and Guidelines for Cross-Cultural Research Conducted by American Psychologists
Authors: Lyons Brent J. , Leong Frederick T. L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn light of expansive globalization, the lack of ethical guidelines regulating the cross-cultural international research of American psychologists reflects an emerging ethical challenge. The American Psychological Association (APA) code of ethics (2002) is silent on ways to cope with cross-cultural ethical dilemmas, and the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists (Gauthier, 2008 ), though a useful framework for shedding light on the issue, offers no practical recommendations for researchers. Considering the cross-cultural ethical gaps that exist, in this chapter we provide examples of ethical dilemmas faced by American psychologists conducting cross-cultural international research, such as dilemmas with institutional approval, informed consent, participant inducement, research involving deception, and the dissemination of research results. We conclude with a “Call to Action” and present frameworks that may aid in the APA's development of a code of ethics specific to American psychologists who conduct cross-cultural international research.
Ethical Issues of Web-Based Interventions and Online Therapy
Authors: Hilgart Michelle , Thorndike Frances P. , Pardo Jose , Ritterband Lee M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIncreased access to and use of the Internet is significantly impacting health care, psychological practice, and clinical research, leading to the development of a new field called eHealth. This chapter highlights the ethical issues associated with providing psychological interventions over the Internet, in the context of both research trials and delivery of clinical services. It covers both the ethical benefits of eHealth (greater access to treatment, increased options for communication, enhanced convenience, potential cost savings, and improved data collection) and the challenges surrounding the delivery of eHealth (informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, appropriateness of online treatment, online assessment, identity verification, data validity, communication, competence, crisis intervention, and legal concerns). By more clearly defining eHealth interventions, the inherent ethical challenges can become more transparent and ethics codes can be more aptly developed. While ethics codes will be challenged to keep pace with evolving technologies, researchers should continue to investigate the ethical benefits and challenges of delivering eHealth interventions and then work to make these benefits and risks known through evolving codes of practice.
Psychological Ethics and Immigration
Authors: Robila Mihaela , Akinsulure-Smith Adeyinka M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the unique challenges faced by immigrants, while exploring the ethical questions that arise when conducting research or providing therapeutic services to this population. An exploration of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct offers guidelines to address ethical challenges encountered in research and service provision to immigrants. The chapter emphasizes the importance of adopting a multicultural perspective to illuminate the key ethical questions from competing perspectives, as well as offering suggestions for consideration in conducting sound ethical research and clinical practice.
Psychologists and Prisoner Interrogations
Authors: Abeles Norman 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRecent estimates suggest that there have been over 300 articles on the topic of detainee interrogations in the last few years. There has been a marked increase in detainee interrogations in the military system accompanied by allegations of abuse and torture of international prisoners and statements that psychologists were directly or indirectly involved. The American Psychological Association authorized a task force to look at the topic of harsh interrogations, with particular focus on ethical concerns. Part of the report of this task force concluded that psychologists must not engage in behaviors that violate the laws of the United States, and may refuse for ethical reasons to follow laws or orders that are unjust or that violate basic principles of human rights. Further, the report stated that psychologists have an ethical responsibility to report acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment to the appropriate authorities.
Ethical/Deontological Issues in Work and Organizational Psychology
Authors: Prieto José M. , Chacón Pedro , Marín Carolina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPragmatism is the prevailing philosophical framework in work and organizational (W/O) psychology and so is an a posteriori perspective, a justification dependent on consequences of psychological actions and values that highlight transactions. Deontological codes are mere descriptions of inappropriate practices, and deontological committees are not final decision makers on ethics in the profession. Conflicts or complaints are examined privately first, and disagreements have recourse to law. Human rights in the workplace have been outcomes of political and legal actions, never based on ethical allegations (too conservative or religious, often). W/O psychology values, issues, and dilemmas were not taken into consideration in the elaboration of deontological codes for decades. Complaints in this area are rare, and controversial issues such as discrimination, plagiarism, and sexual behaviour are understood differently in W/O psychology. Human resources and global economy policies are interconnected and international (ISO) or national standards and norms abound in the field.
Psychological Ethics in Chinese Societies
Authors: Chan Charles C. , Leung Alvin S. , Lee Peter W. , Wang Li-fei , Zhang Kan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviewing the status of psychological ethics will be organized around a coherent concept of the level of receptivity to psychology in the Chinese societies. The common feature of this unified direction of progression of psychology includes three core components. First, the regions’ governmental and circumstantial conditions surrounding statutory registration, or the lack thereof, and regulation of psychological practice; second, the strength and the role of the psychological associations in situ; and finally, the maturity of the marketplace in these regions for consumption of professional psychological services. The readers will be able to note the diversities that exist among these regions while not losing sight of Chinese societies as a collective.